                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                 AT KNOXVILLE
                                 Assigned on Briefs November 1, 2016

                                           IN RE: ADDISON B.

                  Direct Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Jefferson County
                           No. 15-00336    Dennis Roach, II, Judge


                    No. E2016-00966-COA-R3-PT – Filed November 30, 2016


This appeal involves the termination of a father‟s parental rights. The father is currently
serving an eight-year sentence after pleading guilty to two counts of attempted child rape,
with the victims being the child at issue and her older half-sister. The trial court
terminated the father‟s parental rights upon finding by clear and convincing evidence that
six grounds for termination were proven and that termination was in the best interest of
the child. We vacate the trial court‟s findings as to three grounds but affirm the trial
court‟s findings regarding the remaining three grounds and affirm the best interest
finding. We accordingly affirm the trial court‟s order as modified and uphold the
termination of the father‟s parental rights.

    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Vacated in
                       Part, Affirmed as Modified, and Remanded

BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

Kimberly Ruth Grace, Jefferson City, Tennessee, for the appellant, R.B.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, and Rachel Erin Buckler,
Assistant Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee
Department of Children‟s Services.

                                                   OPINION

                                   I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

           Addison B. was born in 2007 to married parents, A.B.1 (“Mother”) and R.B.

1
    In cases involving a minor child, it is this Court‟s policy to redact names in order to protect the child‟s
(“Father”). The Tennessee Department of Children‟s Services (“DCS”) became involved
with the family in 2012 after receiving a referral of possible sexual abuse. During
interviews with DCS case managers, five-year-old Addison and her fifteen-year-old half-
sister both disclosed that they had been touched inappropriately by Father on more than
one occasion. On December 3, 2012, DCS filed a “Petition for Restraining Order and
Petition for Order Controlling Conduct” in the juvenile court of Jefferson County. DCS
sought an order declaring the children dependent and neglected and a restraining order
preventing Father from having any contact with the children. The juvenile court entered
an ex parte restraining order that same day, prohibiting Father from having any contact,
personally or through third parties, with the children.

       On April 16, 2013, Father was arrested and charged with five counts of rape of a
child, with the victims being Addison and her half-sister. On November 15, 2013, the
juvenile court entered a “Final Order Restraining Contact between [Father] and
Children,” which stated that all parties agreed that the children were dependent and
neglected. According to the order, Father waived his right to a hearing and stipulated that
if DCS presented its proof to support the allegations, it would meet its burden of proof by
clear and convincing evidence. The order states that Father agreed to have “absolutely no
contact” with the children until they reached the age of eighteen unless the order was
modified. Because Mother had successfully completed all court-ordered services, the
order provided that the case was closed, but the children would remain within the
protective jurisdiction of the court.

        Six months later, in May 2014, DCS became involved with the family again. DCS
received a referral that Addison was acting out sexually with another child at school.
Upon investigation, DCS learned that Father had posted a $350,000 bond and was
released from jail in January 2014. He was ordered to remain at home or at his mother‟s
house and was required to wear an ankle monitor. During an interview with Addison, she
disclosed that she and Mother were visiting with Father, sometimes overnight, and during
those overnight visits Addison would share a bed with Mother and Father. Mother
initially denied such contact but was later arrested and pled guilty to making a false
report based on her statements to the investigating officer. Based on these developments,
DCS filed a “Petition for Temporary Legal Custody and Ex Parte Order” seeking legal
custody of Addison. The juvenile court entered a protective custody order placing
temporary legal custody of Addison with DCS effective May 3, 2014, and she was placed
in foster care. On May 9, 2014, Father was again ordered to have no contact with
Addison and was ordered to pay child support in the amount of $100 per week. This
amount was later reduced to $60 per month effective July 14, 2014.

identity. In this case, in order to preserve both clarity and the anonymity of the child, we will redact the
names of individuals sharing the child‟s surname and will refer to those individuals by their given name
and the first letter of their surname.
                                                         2
       Father attended a child and family team meeting with DCS on May 29, 2014, but
he refused to sign the permanency plan and related documents. The permanency plan
required Father to complete sex offender training, complete a psychosexual evaluation,
follow all court orders, resolve all current legal matters and refrain from incurring
additional charges, contact DCS twice monthly, pay child support, apply for insurance,
sign releases, provide proof of reliable transportation, adequate income, and a stable
home, and ensure that Addison was safe from abuse and attending school, medical
appointments, and counseling.

        On August 11, 2014, Father returned to jail upon the revocation of his bond due to
his aforementioned violation of the no-contact order regarding Addison. That same day,
his first child support payment was made, for the sum of $60. To resolve the charges
pending against him for five counts of child rape, in December 2014, Father pled guilty
to two counts of attempted child rape and was sentenced to eight years in the custody of
the Tennessee Department of Correction. His orders of conviction provided that he was
also sentenced to community supervision for life, required to register as a sex offender,
and ordered to have no contact with the victims, Addison and her half-sister.

        On April 28, 2015, DCS filed a petition to terminate Father‟s parental rights. By
that time, Addison was almost eight years old, and she had been in foster care for just shy
of one year. The termination petition alleged that six grounds existed for terminating
Father‟s parental rights: abandonment by an incarcerated parent by failure to pay support;
abandonment by an incarcerated parent due to wanton disregard; substantial
noncompliance with the permanency plan; persistent conditions; severe child abuse; and
sentenced for child abuse. It also alleged that termination was in the best interest of
Addison.

        The termination case was tried on April 1, 2016. The only witnesses were Father
and the DCS family service worker assigned to Addison‟s case. On April 13, 2016, the
trial court entered an order terminating Father‟s parental rights on all grounds asserted in
the petition. Father timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                 II. ISSUES PRESENTED

      On appeal, Father challenges the trial court‟s findings regarding all six grounds for
termination and its conclusion regarding Addison‟s best interest. For the following
reasons, we affirm the decision of the juvenile court as modified and remand for further
proceedings.




                                             3
                               III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “In Tennessee, proceedings to terminate [a] parent‟s parental rights are governed
by statute.” In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 541 (Tenn. 2015). Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-1-113 “sets forth the grounds and procedures for terminating the
parental rights of a biological parent.” Id. at 546. Pursuant to the statute, parties who
have standing to seek termination of a biological parent‟s parental rights must prove two
elements. Id. at 552. First, they must prove the existence of at least one of the statutory
grounds for termination listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g). Id.
Second, the petitioner must prove that terminating parental rights is in the child‟s best
interest, considering, among other things, the factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-1-113(i). Id. In light of the constitutional dimension of the rights at stake in a
termination proceeding, the persons seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both
of these elements by clear and convincing evidence. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586,
596 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215
S.W.3d 793, 808-09 (Tenn. 2007); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002)).
“Clear and convincing evidence” has been defined as “evidence in which there is no
serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.” In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d 636, 640 (Tenn. 2013) (citing In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546). It produces a firm belief or conviction in the fact-finder‟s
mind regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established. In re Bernard T., 319
S.W.3d at 596.


        In sum, in order to terminate parental rights, a trial court must determine by clear
and convincing evidence not only the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for
termination but also that termination is in the child‟s best interest. In re Adoption of
Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 639. Because of this heightened burden of proof in parental
termination cases, on appeal we must adapt our customary standard of review as set forth
in Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(d). In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). First, we review each of the trial court‟s specific factual findings
de novo in accordance with Rule 13(d), presuming the finding to be correct unless the
evidence preponderates against it. In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 639.
Second, we must make our own determination “as to whether the facts, either as found by
the trial court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and
convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental rights.” In re
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 524 (Tenn. 2016) (citing In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d
at 596-97). “The trial court‟s ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports termination of
parental rights is a conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo with no
presumption of correctness.” Id. (citing In re M.L.P., 281 S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn.
2009)).
                                             4
                                            IV. DISCUSSION

                                 A.        Grounds for Termination

                      1.     Abandonment by an Incarcerated Parent

       The first ground for termination listed in the termination statute is abandonment.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1). For purposes of terminating parental rights, there
are five alternative definitions of abandonment. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
102(1)(A)(i)-(v). Subsection (iv) provides “mechanisms by which abandonment may be
proven when the parent is incarcerated at or shortly before the filing of the termination
petition.” In re Navada N., No. M2015-01400-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 3090908, at *13
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2016) (no perm. app. filed). In relevant part, it provides that
abandonment exists when:

       A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an
       action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the
       parent or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4)
       months immediately preceding the institution of such action or proceeding,
       and either has willfully failed to visit or has willfully failed to support or
       has willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the
       child for four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent‟s
       or guardian‟s incarceration, or the parent or guardian has engaged in
       conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the
       welfare of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). Clearly, this definition provides “„multiple
ways‟” to find abandonment by an incarcerated parent. In re Navada N., 2016 WL
3090908, at *13 (quoting In re Kierra B., No. E2012-02539-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL
118504, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2014) (no perm. app. filed)). In this case, DCS
alleged, and the trial court found, abandonment by willful failure to support and
abandonment by wanton disregard. We review each separately.2

                                      a.     Failure to Support

       When the parent or guardian who allegedly failed to support the child was
incarcerated at the time the termination proceeding was instituted, the statute requires us
2
 We noted in In re Navada N. that it is not entirely clear whether “abandonment” is one ground for
termination with several alternative definitions or whether each definition of abandonment presents a
separate and distinct ground for review. See In re Navada N., 2016 WL 3090908, at *7 n.8. We will
review separately each definition of abandonment alleged in the petition and found by the trial court.
                                                    5
to consider the “four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent‟s or
guardian‟s incarceration.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(a)(iv). Here, Father‟s first
period of incarceration lasted from his arrest on April 16, 2013, until his release on bond
on January 13, 2014. He returned to jail on August 11, 2014, when his bond was revoked
for his violation of the no contact order, and he remained there when the termination
petition was filed on April 28, 2015. Thus, prior to the date of filing, his most recent
period of non-incarceration for four consecutive months spanned from April 11, 2014,
through August 10, 2014. This period represents the relevant four-month period with
regard to the allegation of abandonment by willful failure to support for an incarcerated
parent. See In re Navada N., 2016 WL 3090908, at *15 (calculating the most recent
period that the parent was not incarcerated without including the date of incarceration); In
re Abbigail C., No. E2015-00964-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 6164956, at *14 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Oct. 21, 2015) (no perm. app. filed) (same); see also In re Jacob C. H., No. E2013-
00587-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 689085, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2014) (no perm.
app. filed) (“[T]he applicable four month window for determining whether child support
has been paid in the context of the ground of willful failure to support includes the four
months preceding the day the petition to terminate parental rights is filed but excludes the
day the petition is filed. In other words, the last day of the four month period is the day
before the petition is filed.”).


        The relevant statutes define the concept of willful failure to support or to make
reasonable payments toward support as the willful failure to provide monetary support or
“more than token payments toward the support of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
102(1)(D). Token support is support that “under the circumstances of the individual case,
is insignificant given the parent‟s means.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(B). By its
terms, the definition of token support requires consideration of the circumstances of the
individual case. In re K.C., No. M2005-00633-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 2453877, at *9
(Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 4, 2005) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(B)). A finding that
support was “insignificant” in light of the parent‟s “means” cannot be made without
evidence regarding both a parent‟s actual financial support of the child and a parent‟s
“means.” In re Z.J.S., No. M2002-02235-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21266854, at *11
(Tenn. Ct. App. Jun. 3, 2003). “In the context of token support, the word „means‟
connotes both income and available resources for the payment of debt.” In re Adoption
of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d 636, 641 (Tenn. 2013) (citing In re Z.J.S., 2003 WL 21266854,
at *11 n.24; Black’s Law Dictionary 1070 (9th ed.2009)).

       The Tennessee Supreme Court‟s decision in In re Adoption of Angela E., 402
S.W.3d at 641, is instructive. In that case, the Tennessee Supreme Court found that the
petitioners failed to provide clear and convincing evidence of willful failure to support
when there was no evidence presented concerning the defendant-father‟s monthly
                                             6
expenses, even though it was undisputed that he was a physician earning an annual
income of $150,000 and owned lien-free property worth at least $300,000. Id. The
Tennessee Supreme Court deemed the evidence insufficient and reiterated that, in order
to prove the ground of abandonment for failure to support, “[a] party seeking termination
of parental rights must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the [parent who failed
to support] had the capacity to pay support but made no attempt to do so and did not
possess a justifiable excuse.” Id. at 641. Thus, In re Adoption of Angela E. illustrates
“the significance of evidence concerning a parent‟s income and expenses when the
ground of abandonment by willful failure to support is alleged.” In re Navada N., 2016
WL 3090908, at *10.


       We likewise conclude that the trial court‟s order in this case contains insufficient
findings regarding whether Father willfully failed to support Addison during the relevant
timeframe. The order states, in pertinent part:

      [Father] has kept jobs in the past and has no physical or mental handicaps.
      After his arrest for five counts of child rape, Mr. Brown posted a $350,000
      bond for his release. In the four months prior to his incarceration, Mr.
      Brown made a child support payment totaling $60. Given the ability of Mr.
      Brown to work, his knowledge of his duty to provide support, and his lack
      of justifiable excuse for his failure to provide reasonable support, the
      support of $60 is considered token.


The lack of additional findings is likely due to the fact that little to no evidence was
presented at trial regarding Father‟s income, ability to work, or expenses. “Without such
evidence, a finding of willfulness cannot be sustained.” In re Navada N., 2016 WL
3090908, at *15 (vacating a finding of willful failure to support by an incarcerated parent
when the order contained no findings regarding the parent‟s income or expenses). The
burden to prove Father‟s abandonment by willful failure to support rested squarely on
DCS as the petitioner. It is not enough for a petitioner to “simply prove that [the parent]
was not disabled during the relevant timeframe” and therefore assume that he or she was
capable of working and paying child support. In re Josephine E.M.C., No. E2013-02040-
COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 1515485 at *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2014), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. July 23, 2014).

        Here, DCS demonstrated that Father was ordered to pay $100 per week in May
2014, the obligation was reduced to $60 per month in July 2014, and he made his first
payment of $60 on the day he returned to jail in August 2014. The DCS case worker
testified that she believed this was insignificant given Father‟s means because he was

                                            7
able to post a bond for $350,000 in order to be released from jail in January 2014.
However, she conceded that she did not know if Father had any jobs during the relevant
four-month time period. The order allowing Father‟s release on bond ordered him to
remain at home with the exception of attending doctor‟s or mental health appointments or
visiting his mother‟s home. Father was wearing an ankle monitor that did not permit him
to travel more than fifty feet from his house. The record contains no evidence regarding
Father‟s assets, obligations, or expenses. Father, who was 41 years old at the time of
trial, simply testified that “in the past” he had worked as a car salesman, at a plastic
company, at a produce store, and building pallets. Without basic information regarding
Father‟s means, we are unable to determine, by clear and convincing evidence, whether
Father had the capacity to provide support or lacked a justifiable excuse for failing to do
so. Thus, we conclude that DCS failed to prove this ground for termination by clear and
convincing evidence and vacate the trial court‟s finding of abandonment by willful failure
to support.

                                 2.    Wanton Disregard

        As noted above, the definition of abandonment for incarcerated parents also
provides that abandonment occurs when the parent “engaged in conduct prior to
incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). This definition “reflects the commonsense notion that
parental incarceration is a strong indicator that there may be problems in the home that
threaten the welfare of the child.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 866 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005). Incarceration severely compromises a parent‟s ability to perform parental duties,
and a parent‟s decision to engage in conduct that carries with it the risk of incarceration is
itself indicative that the parent may not be fit to care for the child. Id. However,
incarceration is not an infallible predictor of parental unfitness. Id. Rather,
“incarceration serves only as a triggering mechanism that allows the court to take a closer
look at the child‟s situation to determine whether the parental behavior that resulted in
incarceration is part of a broader pattern of conduct that renders the parent unfit or poses
a risk of substantial harm to the welfare of the child.” Id. The issue is whether the
parent‟s pre-incarceration conduct displayed a wanton disregard for the welfare of the
child. Id.

       A parent‟s “poor judgment and bad acts that affect the children constitute a
wanton disregard for the welfare of the children.” State, Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v.
Hood, 338 S.W.3d 917, 926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (citing State v. Harville, No. E2008-
00475-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 961782, *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 9, 2009)). For example,
“probation violations, repeated incarceration, criminal behavior, substance abuse, and the
failure to provide adequate support or supervision for a child can, alone or in
combination, constitute conduct that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of a
                                              8
child.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 867-68.


        In this case, the trial court found that the ground of wanton disregard was proven
by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court found that Father had been arrested and
ultimately pled guilty to two counts of attempted child rape, with one victim being the
child at issue in this case and the other victim being the half-sister. The trial court
recognized that despite his guilty plea, Father now denies any wrongdoing. At trial,
Father testified at length about his decision to enter an Alford best interest plea in an
attempt to maintain his innocence before the court. He also described the instances of
alleged abuse and claimed that he was only innocently applying cream to a rash, with no
sexual intention or motive. The trial court, in its order, emphasized that it did not intend
to relitigate Father‟s guilty plea to attempted child rape. However, the trial court also
explained that it had carefully considered Father‟s testimony, and that it found, by clear
and convincing evidence, that Father did in fact commit the particular act alleged and
commit severe abuse. The trial court found that his actions established wanton disregard
for the welfare of the minor child. Giving due deference to the trial court‟s credibility
determination, we conclude that the evidence supports the trial court‟s factual findings,
and we agree with the trial court‟s conclusion that these facts demonstrate a wanton
disregard for the welfare of the child. See, e.g., In re T.L.G., No. E2014-01752-COA-R3-
PT, 2015 WL 3380896, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 26, 2015) (no perm. app. filed)
(concluding that sexual acts against one‟s own child, leading to a lengthy prison sentence,
“without question reflects a wanton disregard for the Child‟s welfare”); In re G.M.H., No.
M2006-02665-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 1527003, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 24, 2007)
(finding that sexual abuse and child rape of a step-sibling exhibited wanton disregard for
the welfare of the parent‟s children).


       We also note that even after Father was released on bond, he continued to have
contact with the child in violation of the no-contact order and even slept in the same bed
with her.3 The no-contact order clearly provided that if it was violated, the child could be
removed from her home and her parents‟ custody. As a result of Father‟s subsequent
contact with Addison, her mother was arrested, and Addison was placed in foster care.
These facts further demonstrate Father‟s wanton disregard for Addison‟s welfare. We
affirm the trial court‟s finding that this ground for termination was proven by clear and
convincing evidence.


3
 At trial, Father denied that he had any direct contact with Addison after he was released on bond.
However, the trial court found that Mother knowingly allowed Father and Addison to be in the same bed
together, indicating that it did not believe Father‟s claim of no contact. The evidence does not
preponderate against the trial court‟s finding that such contact did in fact occur.
                                                       9
                                  2.    Substantial Noncompliance

       The next ground for termination asserted by DCS and found by the trial court was
substantial noncompliance.4 This ground is found in Tennessee Code Annotated section
36-1-113(g)(2) and applies when “[t]here has been substantial noncompliance by the
parent . . . with the statement of responsibilities in a permanency plan pursuant to the
provisions of title 37, chapter 2, part 4.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2). As clearly
stated in the statute, in order for a parent‟s noncompliance to justify the termination of
parental rights, it must be “substantial.” In re Angel S.F., No. M2012-02089-COA-R3-
PT, 2013 WL 1136551, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2013). Terminating parental
rights based on this ground “requires more proof than that a parent has not complied with
every jot and tittle of the permanency plan.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 656 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2004). The petitioner must demonstrate that the parent‟s noncompliance is
substantial considering “the degree of noncompliance and the importance of the
particular requirement that has not been met.” Id. “Substantial” means “of real worth
and importance.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 548 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting Black’s
Law Dictionary 1428 (6th ed.1990)). A parent‟s “[i]mprovement toward compliance
should be considered in a parent‟s favor.” Id. at 549 (citing State Dep’t of Human Servs.
v. Defriece, 937 S.W.2d 954, 961 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)).

        In this case, Father participated in a child and family team meeting for the
development of a permanency plan on May 29, 2014. However, he refused to sign it
because he wanted to speak with an attorney and feared that he might unknowingly sign
over his parental rights. Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-2-403(a)(2)(C) provides
that substantial noncompliance by a parent with the statement of responsibilities in a
permanency plan provides grounds for terminating parental rights “notwithstanding the
failure of the parent to sign or to agree to such statement if the court finds the parent was
informed of its contents, and that the requirements of the statement are reasonable and are
related to remedying the conditions that necessitate foster care placement.” “Conditions
necessitating foster care placement may include conditions related both to the child‟s
removal and to family reunification.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547. “Terms which
are not reasonable and related are irrelevant, and substantial noncompliance with such
terms is irrelevant.” Id. at 548-49. We therefore turn to whether the requirements of the
permanency plan were reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that
necessitated foster placement.

4
 Even though the termination statute only requires the existence of one ground to justify terminating
parental rights, our supreme court has instructed the court of appeals to review the trial court‟s findings of
fact and conclusions of law as to each ground for termination asserted, in order to further the policies of
permanently placing children, reaching just and speedy resolutions of cases, and preventing unnecessary
remands of cases heard by the supreme court. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 251 n.14 (Tenn. 2010).
Therefore, we will proceed to consider the other grounds for termination found by the trial court.
                                                     10
       By the time the May 29, 2014 permanency plan was ratified by the court on
October 1, 2014, Father had already returned to jail due to revocation of his bond.
Although amended permanency plans were entered thereafter, they did not alter Father‟s
responsibilities in light of his incarceration. The permanency plan required Father to
complete sex offender training, complete a psychosexual evaluation, follow all court
orders, resolve all current legal matters and refrain from incurring additional charges,
contact DCS twice monthly, pay child support, apply for insurance, sign releases, provide
proof of reliable transportation, adequate income, and a stable home, and ensure that
Addison was safe from abuse and attending school, medical appointments, and
counseling. Some of these requirements were clearly unreasonable given Father‟s
incarceration and the no-contact order. Father was listed as one of the persons
responsible for ensuring that Addison attended school and appointments and was safe.
However, it is difficult to understand how Father could be expected to comply with these
responsibilities under the circumstances, as he had no control over Addison or her
caregivers.

        Father either complied or attempted to comply with other requirements. He
testified that he has always had suitable housing, and the DCS case worker‟s testimony
confirmed that Father had a home and that there was no indication that he would not have
a stable home upon release. He was earning a miniscule income while in jail, was paying
child support, and was current on his obligation at the time of trial. No evidence was
presented to suggest that Father did not have adequate transportation.5 The record does
not reflect that Father failed to follow court orders or incurred any additional charges
after the permanency plan was entered. He testified that he had no disciplinary
infractions while in jail. Although Father failed to complete a psychosexual evaluation or
sex offender training and did not maintain twice monthly contact with DCS, the record
contains no clear evidence indicating that Father would have been able to complete these
requirements while incarcerated. At trial, the DCS case worker vaguely asserted that the
prison system could assist Father with anything that would be required in a permanency
plan, but she later admitted that she had trouble getting in touch with the prison system
herself and was not even allowed to meet with Father when she attempted to visit to
review the permanency plan with him. She was unable to tell Father about the prison
programs that might be available to him. Despite this, Father testified that he was
enrolled in a program to obtain his GED and seven to eight other programs, spanning all
day, five days per week, including some programs specifically designed for fathers.
Father believed these programs would help him become a better parent. There is no
indication that Father turned down any services that were available to him, and he
testified that he was taking all the programs he could.

5
 The permanency plan referred to the requirements of transportation, a permanent home, and adequate
income as “guidelines and policies which must be followed when a child is in state‟s custody.”
                                                  11
        When considering this ground for termination, “[o]ur focus is on the parent‟s
efforts to comply with the plan, not the achievement of the plan‟s desired outcomes.” In
re Aiden R., No. E2015-01799-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 3564313, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 23, 2016) (no perm. app. filed) (citing In re B.D., No. M2008-01174-COA-R3-PT,
2009 WL 528922, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 2, 2009)). “Clearly in most situations an
incarcerated parent is going to be unable to complete at least some significant portion of
the permanency plan.” In re Jonathan F., No. E2014-01181-COA-R3PT, 2015 WL
739638, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2015) (no perm. app. filed). “„An incarcerated
parent is not absolved of his or her parental responsibilities while in jail or prison.
However, incarceration is a relevant consideration when judging that parent‟s ability to
fulfill his or her responsibilities to the child.‟” In re Aiden R., 2016 WL 3564313, at *9
(quoting In re Jonathan F., 2015 WL 739638, at *13); see, e.g., In re M.B.R., No. E2015-
01906-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 3568183, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 23, 2016) (no perm.
app. filed) (declining to find substantial noncompliance “given the fact that [the parent‟s]
incarceration inherently restricted his access to the means to address some of his
requirements”). Although Father certainly failed to comply with some requirements of
the permanency plan, considering his efforts under the circumstances, the evidence does
not clearly and convincingly establish that Father‟s noncompliance with the reasonable
requirements was substantial. We therefore vacate the trial court‟s finding that this
ground for termination was proven by clear and convincing evidence.

                                C.    Persistent Conditions

       The next ground asserted by DCS and found by the trial court is persistent
conditions. The statutory ground for termination that is commonly referred to as
“persistent conditions” is defined in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(3) as
existing when:


       The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by
       order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:
               (A) The conditions that led to the child‟s removal or other conditions
       that in all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to
       further abuse or neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child‟s safe return
       to the care of the parent or parents or the guardian or guardians, still persist;
              (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at
       an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent or parents
       or the guardian or guardians in the near future; and
              (C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship
       greatly diminishes the child‟s chances of early integration into a safe, stable
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      and permanent home[.]


As the statute indicates, for this ground to apply, the child must “ha[ve] been removed
from the home of the parent or guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6)
months.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). We have previously held that the order
removing the child must be “based on a judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or
abuse.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 874. Accordingly, in considering whether the
ground of persistent conditions has been established, we begin by examining the orders
entered in the prior proceedings. See, e.g., In re Alleyanna C., No. E2014-02343-COA-
R3-PT, 2015 WL 4773313, at *14 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 10, 2015) (no perm. app. filed)
(describing the presence of the necessary court order of removal as “the threshold
consideration for this statutory ground”); In re Makenzie L., No. M2014-01081-COA-R3-
PT, 2015 WL 3793788, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 17, 2015), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
Oct. 15, 2015) (considering the sufficiency of the removal order as a threshold matter for
the ground of persistent conditions even though it was not raised as an issue by either
party on appeal).


        DCS concedes on appeal that this ground for termination was not sufficiently
proven because of the lack of an appropriate order removing Addison from the home
based on a finding of dependency and neglect. The juvenile court‟s 2013 order did not
remove Addison from her home, and the proceedings that were instituted in 2014 were
still pending when the termination trial occurred. We therefore vacate the trial court‟s
finding that this ground for termination was proven.

                                D.   Severe Child Abuse

       The next ground for termination found by the trial court was severe child abuse.
The termination statute provides that grounds for termination exist when:

      The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child
      abuse as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found
      by the court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition
      for adoption to have committed severe child abuse against the child who is
      the subject of the petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of such
      child, or any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of
      such parent or guardian[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4). The trial court independently considered Father‟s
guilty plea, his prior statements to investigating officers, and his testimony at trial

                                           13
regarding the alleged abuse, and the court concluded that Father did in fact digitally
penetrate the minor child and commit “what this Court has determined by clear and
convincing evidence to be severe abuse” within the meaning of the termination statute.6
“As set out above, Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(4) allows for
termination of parental rights when the court that is hearing the petition finds that a party
has committed severe child abuse against the child.” In re S.S.-G., No. M2015-00055-
COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 7259499, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 16, 2015) (no perm. app.
filed).


       On appeal, Father continues to assert his innocence and questions whether his
conduct would meet the definition of “severe child abuse” provided in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 37-1-102(b)(22)(A), which requires “knowing” exposure to abuse or
neglect. However, the trial court found that Father did in fact digitally penetrate the child
and commit severe child abuse, referencing the definition of “severe child abuse” found
in section 37-1-102(b)(22)(C). That subsection references the commission of any act
toward the child prohibited by, among other things, Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-13-522, “Rape of a child.” We discern no error in the trial court‟s findings or its
conclusion that this ground for termination was proven by clear and convincing evidence.


                                   E.    Sentenced for Child Abuse

        The final ground for termination found by the trial court provides:

        The parent or guardian has been sentenced to more than two (2) years‟
        imprisonment for conduct against the child who is the subject of the
        petition, or for conduct against any sibling or half-sibling of the child or
        any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of such
        parent or guardian, that has been found under any prior order of a court or
        that is found by the court hearing the petition to be severe child abuse, as
        defined in § 37-1-102. Unless otherwise stated, for purposes of this
        subdivision (g)(5), “sentenced” shall not be construed to mean that the
        parent or guardian must have actually served more than two (2) years in
        confinement, but shall only be construed to mean that the court had
        imposed a sentence of two (2) or more years upon the parent or guardian[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(5). The evidence in the record on appeal shows that
Father was sentenced to eight years‟ imprisonment for conduct against Addison that was
6
 In the interest of protecting the privacy of the children involved, we do not find it necessary to set out in
detail the evidence of sexual abuse against the children that is shown by the record.
                                                       14
found by the trial court to be severe child abuse within the meaning of section 37-1-102.
Again, we discern no error in the trial court‟s determination that this ground was proven
by clear and convincing evidence.


        Father attacks the validity of his best interest plea and asserts that his conviction
could be overturned in the appeal process. However, we have previously rejected the
notion that this ground for termination is inapplicable simply because the possibility of an
appeal exists. In re Kason C., No. M2013-02624-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 2768003, at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 17, 2014) (no perm. app. filed) (applying this ground for
termination even though the parent‟s conviction was on direct appeal). “„Statutory
grounds may be proved by evidence of conviction, and we find no basis for a requirement
that a child remain ineligible for adoption and the possibility of a permanent home while
her parent pursues reversal of the conviction.‟” Id. at *4 (quoting In re C.M.R., No.
M2001-00638-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL 192562 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 7, 2002)).


                                     B.    Best Interest

       Because one or more grounds exist for termination, we now turn to Addison‟s best
interest. Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i) provides a list of factors that are
relevant when deciding what is in a child‟s best interest, but the list is not exhaustive. The
best interest of a child must be determined from the child‟s perspective and not the
parent‟s. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). “[W]hen the
interests of the parent and the child conflict, courts are to resolve the conflict in favor of
the rights and best interest of the child.” In re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W.3d 565, 573 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2013) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d)). “Facts relevant to a child‟s best
interests need only be established by a preponderance of the evidence, although [the
petitioner] must establish that the combined weight of the proven facts amounts to clear
and convincing evidence that termination is in the child‟s best interests.” In re
Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 535 (citing In re Kaliyah, 455 S.W.3d at 555).


       Regarding best interest, the trial court found:


              The Court finds that [Father] has shown no adjustment of
       circumstances which would make it safe and in the child‟s best interest to
       be in [his] home or return to [his] custody. A lasting adjustment does not
       now appear reasonably possible. The parents have not had regular visitation
       with the child due to the no contact order and they have no meaningful
       relationship with the minor child. [Father] is serving an effective eight-year
                                             15
       sentence upon his guilty plea for attempted child rape, with the victim of
       one count being the herein child. [Father] will reside in jail until at least
       2019. [Father] continues to deny that he digitally penetrated his daughter,
       the herein minor child. [Mother] knowingly failed to protect the child from
       sexual abuse by [Father]. . . . The evidence has shown that the minor child
       has been in a healthy preadoptive home for several months. In the opinion
       of the Court, the Court finds it is in the best interests of the minor child that
       the parental rights of [Father] be terminated.


The evidence in the record does not preponderate against the trial court‟s factual findings,
and the combined weight of these facts amounts to clear and convincing evidence that
termination of Father‟s parental rights is in Addison‟s best interest.


                                      V. CONCLUSION

        For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the juvenile court is hereby
vacated in part, affirmed as modified, and remanded for further proceedings. Costs of
this appeal are taxed to the appellant, R.B. Because R.B. is proceeding in forma pauperis
in this appeal, execution may issue for costs if necessary.



                                                   _________________________________
                                                   BRANDON O. GIBSON, JUDGE




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