                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                          No. COA17-475

                                      Filed: 20 March 2018

North Carolina Industrial Commission, I.C. No. TA-24791

JAMIE1 FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, Administrator of the Estate of MARIA J.
FERNANDEZ JIMENEZ, Plaintiff

               v.

WAKE COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, Defendant.

North Carolina Industrial Commission, I.C. No. TA-24792

EDUARDO FERNANDEZ JIMENEZ, Plaintiff

               v.

WAKE COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, Defendant.

North Carolina Industrial Commission, I.C. No TA-24793

JAMIE FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, Plaintiff

               v.

WAKE COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, Defendant.


       Appeal by defendant from order entered 20 January 2017 by the North

Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 15 November 2017.


       Smith Moore Leatherwood LLP, by Matthew Nis Leerberg, and Law Offices of
       James Scott Farrin, by Marie D. Lang, for plaintiffs-appellees.

       Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Olga E.
       Vysotskaya de Brito, Assistant Attorney General Alexander G. Walton, and
       Special Deputy Attorney General Christina S. Hayes, for defendant-appellant.

       1  Although the first name of Mr. Martinez is listed as “Jamie” in the caption of the 20 January
2017 order from which this appeal is being taken, we observe that the record contains a 26 May 2016
affidavit in which he identifies his name as “Jaime.”
                         MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court




      Tin Fulton Walker & Owen, PLLC, by Sam McGee, and Maginnis Law, PLLC,
      by T. Shawn Howard, for North Carolina Advocates for Justice, amicus curiae.


      DAVIS, Judge.


      In this appeal from an action brought under North Carolina’s Tort Claims Act,

we consider the scope of the Industrial Commission’s jurisdiction over negligence

claims related to the operation of school buses. The Wake County Board of Education

(the “Board”) appeals from an order entered by the Commission denying their motion

to dismiss various claims arising from the death of Maria J. Fernandez Jimenez, a

14-year-old girl who was struck by an oncoming vehicle while crossing the street to

board her school bus.

      In its 20 January 2017 order, the Industrial Commission concluded that it

possessed jurisdiction under the Tort Claims Act to hear not only (1) the plaintiffs’

claims for negligence on the part of the school bus driver and maintenance personnel

but also (2) their claims against various administrators within the Wake County

Public School System alleging negligence in the development and design of school bus

routes as well as in making various hiring, training, and staffing decisions. Because

we conclude that the Industrial Commission lacks jurisdiction over this latter

category of claims, we reverse the Commission’s 20 January 2017 order and remand

for further proceedings.

                        Factual and Procedural Background

                                         -2-
                       MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      On 25 March 2013, Maria lived with her parents and her brother Eduardo in

Garner, North Carolina. Their home was located on North Carolina Highway 50, a

divided two-lane road with a posted speed limit of 55 miles per hour. Maria and

Eduardo both attended Garner Magnet High School, a Wake County public school.

The two siblings were transported to and from school each day on a school bus.

      The bus stop for Maria was located across the street from her home and

required her to cross Highway 50 prior to boarding the bus. Upon picking up Maria

and Eduardo, the school bus would then travel southbound on Highway 50 for about

a quarter of a mile before turning around and passing directly in front of their house

while traveling northbound.

      On 25 March 2013, Gloria Smith was the school bus driver assigned to Maria’s

route. That morning, Smith stopped at the designated school bus stop across from

Maria’s house at approximately 6:32 a.m. Maria began crossing the street as Smith

stopped the school bus. Around the same time, a vehicle driving along Highway 50

at a speed of approximately 50 miles per hour failed to stop for the school bus and

fatally struck Maria as she was crossing the road.

      Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1, several of Maria’s family members

and her estate brought an action under the Tort Claims Act in the Industrial

Commission against the Board. In accordance with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-297, they

filed in conjunction with their complaint affidavits naming various Board employees



                                         -3-
                         MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



whose alleged negligent acts formed the basis for their claims against the Board. In

addition to Smith, the individuals listed in the affidavits as having allegedly

committed negligent acts and omissions contributing to Maria’s death included

Anthony Tata, Superintendent of the Wake County Public School System (“WCPSS”);

Stephen Gainey, Interim Superintendent of WCPSS; Drew Cook, Principal of Garner

Magnet High School; Donald Haydon, Jr., Chief Facilities and Operations Officer of

WCPSS; Robert E. Snidemiller, Jr., Senior Director of Transportation for WCPSS;

and unnamed maintenance personnel employed to maintain WCPSS school buses.

      With regard to Smith, Plaintiffs asserted that she was negligent in (1) failing

to report to her supervisor that the assigned bus stop was dangerous and that a safer

alternate stop existed; (2) instructing Maria and Eduardo to cross the street prior to

her arrival at the bus stop; (3) failing to activate her flashers upon arriving at the bus

stop; (4) failing to warn Maria of the oncoming vehicle that struck her; and (5) failing

to conduct a prior inspection of the bus she was operating. Plaintiffs further alleged

that unnamed maintenance workers were negligent in failing to ensure regular

maintenance, inspection, and repair of the bus being operated by Smith, including its

warning lights, signs, and safety signals.

      With respect to the WCPSS administrators named in the affidavits, Plaintiffs

alleged that they had been negligent regarding (1) the development and design of the

bus route and bus stop to which Maria was assigned; (2) the organization and staffing



                                          -4-
                           MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                       Opinion of the Court



of the WCPSS transportation department; (3) the failure to ensure the proper

working order of school buses and their warning systems; (4) the failure to sufficiently

instruct and train school bus drivers; (5) the failure to adequately instruct Maria’s

family members regarding the safest way in which to reach their assigned bus stop;

and (6) the failure to ensure a safe means for Maria to board the school bus.2

       On 1 May 2015, the Board filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ administrative

negligence claims pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1), 12(b)(2), and 12(b)(6) of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure on the ground that “a tort claim cannot be filed in

the North Carolina Industrial Commission against individuals who are not the

driver, transportation safety assistant, or monitor of a public school bus.” The Board

did not move to dismiss the negligence claims premised upon the conduct of Smith or

the unnamed maintenance personnel. On 18 May 2015, Deputy Commissioner J.

Brad Donovan entered an order granting the Board’s motion to dismiss, stating in

pertinent part as follows:

               In the instant case, plaintiffs allege sufficient facts
               regarding negligence on the part of the bus driver to
               survive a motion to dismiss these claims. In fact, [the
               Board] has not moved to dismiss any more than the claims
               of negligent route planning and design. Accordingly, the
               ruling of the undersigned allowing [the Board’s] Motion to
               Dismiss is limited to the alleged negligence on the part of
               members of the school board in the development, design,
               establishment,     implementation,      designation    and
               assignment of routes and school bus stops and instruction,

       2Throughout this opinion, we refer collectively to this category of claims against the WCPSS
administrators as the “administrative negligence claims.”

                                               -5-
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



             training and education of bus drivers and others.

      Plaintiff appealed the deputy commissioner’s decision to the Full Commission.

On 20 January 2017, the Full Commission issued an order vacating Deputy

Commissioner Donovan’s order and denying the Board’s motion to dismiss. The

Board filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court.

                                       Analysis

      The Board’s sole argument on appeal is that the Commission erred in denying

its motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ administrative negligence claims. It contends that

the Industrial Commission possesses jurisdiction under the Tort Claims Act only for

claims arising from the negligence of school bus drivers, bus monitors, transportation

safety assistants, and maintenance personnel.

I.   Appellate Jurisdiction

      As an initial matter, we must determine whether this Court possesses

jurisdiction over the Board’s interlocutory appeal. The Board’s appeal is based on the

denial of their motions under Rules 12(b)(1) and (2) in which they asserted the lack

of both personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction with respect to the

administrative negligence claims. In this appeal, the Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(2)

motions raise a common question — that is, whether the Board is subject to suit in

the Industrial Commission with regard to Plaintiffs’ administrative negligence

claims.



                                          -6-
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



       It is well settled that “[a] county or city board of education is a governmental

agency, and therefore is not liable in a tort or negligence action except to the extent

that it has waived its governmental immunity pursuant to statutory authority.”

Beatty v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 99 N.C. App. 753, 755, 394 S.E.2d 242,

244 (1990) (citation omitted), disc. review improvidently allowed, 329 N.C. 691, 406

S.E.2d 579 (1991). “According to well-established North Carolina law, governmental

immunity is an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability. For that

reason, this Court has held that denial of dispositive motions such as motions to

dismiss that are grounded on governmental immunity affect a substantial right and

are immediately appealable.” Doe v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 222 N.C.

App. 359, 363, 731 S.E.2d 245, 248 (2012) (internal citations, quotation marks,

brackets, and ellipsis omitted). Therefore, we possess jurisdiction to hear the Board’s

appeal.

II.   Jurisdiction of Industrial Commission under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1

       In order to analyze the Board’s arguments, it is helpful to first review the basic

principles surrounding a local school board’s potential waiver of its immunity. As

noted above, due to their status as governmental entities, local boards of education

are immune from tort liability absent a waiver of their governmental immunity. The

North Carolina General Assembly has provided for the waiver of their immunity in

two ways.



                                          -7-
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      First, the Tort Claims Act waives the governmental immunity of school boards

for certain types of negligence claims specified therein. The relevant portion of the

Tort Claims Act dealing with claims arising from the operation of school buses is N.C.

Gen. Stat. §143-300.1. This statute states, in pertinent part, as follows:

                 (a) The North Carolina Industrial Commission shall
             have jurisdiction to hear and determine tort claims against
             any county board of education or any city board of
             education, which claims arise as a result of any alleged
             mechanical defects or other defects which may affect the
             safe operation of a public school bus or school
             transportation service vehicle resulting from an alleged
             negligent act of maintenance personnel or as a result of any
             alleged negligent act or omission of the driver,
             transportation safety assistant, or monitor of a public
             school bus or school transportation service vehicle. . . .

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1(a) (2017).

      Second, the General Assembly has authorized local boards of education to

waive their governmental immunity from other types of tort claims through the

purchase of liability insurance. Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-242, local boards

can elect to waive their governmental immunity from tort actions in North Carolina’s

superior courts by purchasing liability insurance. That statute provides, in relevant

part, as follows:

             Any local board of education, by securing liability
             insurance as hereinafter provided, is hereby authorized
             and empowered to waive its governmental immunity from
             liability for damage by reason of death or injury to person
             or property caused by the negligence or tort of any agent or
             employee of such board of education when acting within the


                                         -8-
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                    Opinion of the Court



             scope of his authority or within the course of his
             employment. Such immunity shall be deemed to have been
             waived by the act of obtaining such insurance, but such
             immunity is waived only to the extent that said board of
             education is indemnified by insurance for such negligence
             or tort.

             ....

             Provided, that this section shall not apply to claims for
             damages caused by the negligent acts or torts of public
             school bus, or school transportation service vehicle drivers,
             while driving school buses and school transportation
             service vehicles when the operation of such school buses
             and service vehicles is paid from the State Public School
             Fund.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-42 (2017).

      We have held that — per the statute’s concluding proviso — N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 115C-42 “by its own terms, apparently does not apply to the type of claims which

are covered by G.S. 143-300.1[.]” Smith v. McDowell Cty. Bd. of Educ., 68 N.C. App.

541, 543 n.1, 316 S.E.2d 108, 110 n.1 (1984). Therefore, the statutory framework

erected by the General Assembly does not provide for concurrent jurisdiction between

the Industrial Commission and North Carolina’s superior courts.              See Stein v.

Asheville City Bd. of Educ., 168 N.C. App. 243, 251, 608 S.E.2d 80, 86 (2005) (“[I]f a

plaintiff’s claim against a Board of Education falls within the scope of N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 143-300.1, then N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-42 excludes the claim from the waiver of

immunity. Without a waiver of immunity, the Board of Education cannot be sued in

superior court.”), rev’d on other grounds, 360 N.C. 321, 626 S.E.2d 263 (2006).


                                           -9-
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



      As a result of these statutes, two principles are apparent: (1) the governmental

immunity of local school boards no longer exists for claims falling within N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 143-300.1 and such claims must be brought in the Industrial Commission; and

(2) all other tort claims against school boards not similarly covered by the Tort Claims

Act are barred unless the school board has opted to purchase liability insurance that

provides coverage for the specific claim being asserted and in such cases the claim

must be brought in superior court.

      Based on the statutory language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1(a), it is evident

that the Industrial Commission possesses jurisdiction over claims alleging negligence

by school bus drivers, monitors, transportation safety assistants, or maintenance

personnel.   The question in this appeal, however, is whether the Industrial

Commission also possesses jurisdiction over claims brought pursuant to § 143-300.1

that arise from the negligent acts of administrators.       If so, then the Industrial

Commission properly denied the Board’s motion to dismiss in the present case. If

not, then the Board’s motion to dismiss should have been granted.

      Our Supreme Court has made clear that “[t]he state and its governmental

units cannot be deprived of the sovereign attributes of immunity except by a plain,

unmistakable mandate of the General Assembly. In addition, State statutes waiving

this immunity, being in derogation of the sovereign right to immunity, must be

strictly construed.” Irving v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 368 N.C. 609, 611,



                                          - 10 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



781 S.E.2d 282, 284 (2016) (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets

omitted). “When we review a statute that operates to waive governmental immunity,

the statute must not only be strictly construed, but also be given its plain meaning

and enforced as written, so long as its language is clear and unambiguous.” Id. at

615, 781 S.E.2d at 286 (internal citations omitted).

      In analyzing the parties’ respective arguments in this appeal, we recognize at

the outset that we are not writing on a clean slate. The seminal case from our

Supreme Court addressing the scope of the Industrial Commission’s jurisdiction to

hear claims related to the operation of school buses pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-

300.1 is Huff v. Northampton County Board of Education, 259 N.C. 75, 130 S.E.2d 26

(1963).    In Huff, two high school students riding a school bus operated by the

Northampton County Board of Education were involved in a fight that was broken

up by the bus driver.     Although the driver had been instructed to report any

misconduct on the school bus to the principal of the high school, he failed to report

this incident. Id. at 76, 130 S.E.2d at 27. Seven months later, the same two students

got into another altercation, and one of the students seriously wounded the other with

a knife.    On that day, a substitute bus driver with no knowledge of the prior

altercation was driving the bus. Id. at 77, 130 S.E.2d at 27.

      The victim filed claims in the Industrial Commission pursuant to N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 143-300.1 alleging negligence on the part of the two bus drivers as well as by



                                         - 11 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



the school principal for failing to have a bus monitor present on the date of the

stabbing. Id. at 79-80, 130 S.E.2d at 29. The Commission determined that “the

plaintiff did not suffer any damages by any negligent act or omission of the defendant

County Board of Education, nor were the damages suffered by the plaintiff reasonably

foreseeable by the said Board of Education.” Id. at 77, 130 S.E.2d at 27.

      On appeal, our Supreme Court affirmed the Commission’s decision. In ruling

that the plaintiff could not prevail on her claims arising from the alleged negligence

of the school principal, the Court stated as follows:

             An award against a county board of education under the
             provisions of the Tort Claims Act may not be predicated on
             the negligent act or omission of a school principal or the
             county board of education, but if an award is made it must
             be based on the negligent act or omission of the driver of a
             public school bus who was employed at the time by the
             county or city administrative unit of which such board was
             the governing body.

Id. at 77, 130 S.E.2d at 28 (emphasis added).

      With regard to the victim’s claims of bus driver negligence, the Court

determined that the evidence was “insufficient to support a finding that the negligent

acts or omissions of . . . the drivers of the school bus involved, on the occasions

complained of, were the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.” Id. at 80, 130

S.E.2d at 29. The Court then reiterated that allegations of negligence on the part of

other employees cannot be brought in the Industrial Commission:

             [A]s heretofore pointed out, the Tort Claims Act does not


                                          - 12 -
                         MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                    Opinion of the Court



             authorize a recovery against a county board of education
             for the negligent act or omissions of its agents, servants
             and employees except for a claim based upon a negligent act
             or omission of a driver of a school bus employed by the
             board from which recovery is sought.

             A county board of education, unless it has duly waived
             immunity from tort liability . . . , is not liable in a tort
             action or proceeding involving a tort except such liability
             as may be established under our Tort Claims Act.

Id. at 79, 130 S.E.2d at 29 (emphasis added and citation and quotation marks

omitted).

      Thus, the only logical reading of Huff is that the types of administrative

negligence claims at issue in the present appeal cannot be brought in the Industrial

Commission under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1. To the contrary, Huff makes clear

that only the limited types of claims expressly referenced in the statutory text may

be brought under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1.

      Plaintiffs contend, however, that the Supreme Court’s ruling in Huff was

modified by its later decision in Newgent v. Buncombe County Board of Education,

114 N.C. App. 407, 442 S.E.2d 158 (1994) (Orr, J., dissenting), rev’d per curiam for

reasons stated in dissent, 340 N.C. 100, 455 S.E.2d 157 (1995). In Newgent, an

elementary school student was struck and killed by an automobile while crossing a

busy highway in order to reach his bus stop. Id. at 410, 442 S.E.2d at 160. Prior to

the accident, the school bus driver assigned to the child’s route would “drive by . . . the

side on which the deceased child lived, traveling in a southerly direction. She would


                                           - 13 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



turn the school bus around and travel the same route in a [n]ortherly direction” before

picking up the child on the side of the highway opposite where he lived. Id.

      The administrator of the child’s estate filed a claim under the Tort Claims Act

against the local school board in the Industrial Commission alleging that the bus

driver had been negligent in “failing to inform the principal and decedent’s parents

of facts [she] observed and alternative routes [she] should have taken while operating

the bus in the course of her employment.” Id. No theory of negligence was asserted

against any school board employee other than the driver. The panel majority in this

Court held that the Commission lacked jurisdiction over this claim because the bus

driver could not “be considered to have been operating the bus at the time of the

negligent acts complained of[.]” Id. at 409, 442 S.E.2d at 159.

      In a dissenting opinion ultimately adopted by our Supreme Court, however,

then-Judge Orr determined that the Commission did possess jurisdiction. Id. Judge

Orr explained his reasoning as follows:

             [A]t the time [the bus driver] was operating the bus in the
             course of her employment, she saw the decedent, an
             elementary aged child, cross the busy road twice on his
             own, and she could allegedly see that the bus stop was in
             an area of limited visibility for a pedestrian. Further, while
             she was operating the bus in the course of her employment,
             every morning [she] would drive by Frisbee Road in a
             southerly direction. If [she] had picked up decedent while
             she was traveling in a southerly direction instead of
             turning the bus around and picking him up while she was
             driving the bus in a northerly direction, decedent would not
             have had to cross the highway and thus be exposed to the


                                          - 14 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



             danger of crossing the highway.

             The alleged acts and omissions of failing to inform the
             principal and decedent’s parents arose out of events that
             occurred while [the bus driver] was operating the bus in
             the course of her employment. . . . While the majority
             relies on the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1
             requiring that the driver be operating the public school bus
             “at the time of the alleged negligent act or omission” to
             defeat plaintiff’s claim based on a lack of jurisdiction, I find
             the affidavit sufficient to set out facts arising from the
             actual operation of the school bus[.]

Id. at 411-12, 442 S.E.2d at 160-61. Judge Orr further stated his belief that the

legislature did not intend for N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1 “to preclude the Industrial

Commission from hearing tort claims wherein certain alleged negligent acts or

omissions arose out of, and were inseparably connected to, events occurring at the

time a school bus driver was operating the bus in the course of her employment.” Id.

at 409, 442 S.E.2d at 159.

      Thus, Newgent broadened the circumstances under which a school bus driver

could be held liable under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1. However, the fatal flaw in

Plaintiffs’ argument is that Newgent did not involve claims premised upon a theory

of negligence against any school board employee other than the bus driver herself.

Accordingly, it did not authorize — or, for that matter, even address — the type of

administrative negligence claims foreclosed by Huff and at issue in the present

appeal.




                                          - 15 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      This Court has applied the principles set out in Newgent in two published

decisions. Stein involved the failure of a school bus driver and bus monitor to report

a conversation the bus monitor overheard on a school bus in which two juveniles with

behavioral disabilities discussed a plan to commit armed robbery and murder. Stein,

168 N.C. App. at 245, 608 S.E.2d at 82. Although the bus monitor informed the bus

driver of the conversation, neither the driver nor the monitor informed anyone else

associated with the school system of the juveniles’ statements. One week later, the

two juveniles participated in a crime in which two persons were robbed and shot. Id.

at 245-46, 608 S.E.2d at 82.

      The victims filed suit in superior court against the Asheville City Board of

Education alleging that the bus driver and monitor were negligent in failing to report

the conversation they had overheard. Id. at 251, 608 S.E.2d at 86. The trial court

dismissed the claims, holding that they were required to have been brought in the

Industrial Commission. In affirming the trial court’s ruling, we stated as follows:

             Plaintiffs argue that the statute does not apply because
             their claims do not arise as a result of any mechanical or
             other defect in the bus caused by a negligent act or
             omission of the driver.

             The plain language of the statute, however, makes it
             applicable not only to mechanical defects affecting the bus,
             but also claims arising “as a result of any alleged negligent
             act or omission” of a driver or monitor.

             ....



                                         - 16 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                      Opinion of the Court



             Huff, Newgent, and our review of other cases involving N.C.
             Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1 establish that the Industrial
             Commission possesses jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims
             against the Asheville Board.

Id. at 250, 608 S.E.2d at 85 (citation omitted). Notably, no administrative negligence

claims were asserted by the plaintiffs in Stein.

      The second published case from this Court applying Newgent is Stacy v.

Merrill, 191 N.C. App. 131, 664 S.E.2d 565 (2008). In Stacy, an elementary school

student riding his bicycle home from school lost control and fell into the path of a

moving school bus, resulting in his death. Id. at 132, 664 S.E.2d at 566. The child’s

father filed a civil action against the Alamance-Burlington Board of Education and

several of its administrators in superior court. The complaint alleged, in pertinent

part, the following negligent acts:

             (1) designing a pedestrian, bicycle and vehicular traffic
             plan with no clearly marked pedestrian or bicycle lanes,
             with no fence, sidewalk, curb or other structure to separate
             pedestrian and bicycle traffic and vehicular traffic; (2)
             failing to supervise the elementary school children leaving
             the school campus; (3) failing to supervise or provide
             adequate training of bus drivers . . . ; (4) failing to provide
             a reasonably safe exit route for the students at Andrews
             Elementary; (5) failing to ensure a safe, alternate means of
             travel between home and school for students who were not
             provided transportation by defendants; and (6) failing to
             teach children who were not provided transportation the
             safe manner in which to walk, ride, and travel in order to
             avoid injury and/or death.

Id. at 133, 664 S.E.2d at 566.



                                             - 17 -
                           MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                       Opinion of the Court



       On the same day that the plaintiff filed the lawsuit in superior court, he also

filed an action under the Tort Claims Act in the Industrial Commission. Id. at 133,

664 S.E.2d at 566-67. In that proceeding, he alleged that the child’s death was the

result of negligence on the part of the school bus driver. Id. at 133, 664 S.E.2d at 567.

       In the lawsuit filed in superior court, the trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s

claims for lack of jurisdiction. On appeal, this Court upheld that ruling. Id. at 134,

664 S.E.2d at 567. Citing Newgent, we summarily stated — without any mention of

Huff or any explanation of how administrative negligence claims could be

encompassed within the narrow language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1 — that

“[u]nder the facts alleged in their amended complaint, plaintiffs’ claims are

inseparably connected to events occurring at the time a school bus driver was

operating the bus in the course of his employment, and thus fall within the scope of

N.C. Gen. Stat. 143-300.1.” Id. at 136, 664 S.E.2d at 568 (citation, quotation marks,

and brackets omitted).3

       Having reviewed the relevant case law, we now apply the principles contained

therein to the present case. All of the parties to this appeal submit that confusion

exists within the bench and bar as to the proper scope of the Industrial Commission’s

jurisdiction over administrative negligence claims in connection with the operation



       3   We further held in the alternative that even assuming arguendo the Industrial Commission
did not have exclusive jurisdiction, the board had not purchased liability insurance covering the
plaintiff’s claims and, therefore, the board’s governmental immunity had not been waived.

                                              - 18 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



of school buses. We believe the source of this confusion is that our decision in Stacy

cannot be reconciled with the Supreme Court’s ruling in Huff. Quite simply, Huff

makes clear that the Industrial Commission lacks jurisdiction over any claims other

than those falling within the express language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1,

meaning that the types of administrative claims asserted by Plaintiffs here cannot be

brought in the Industrial Commission under the Tort Claims Act. Stacy, however,

reaches the opposite result.

      As a general proposition, “[w]here a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided

the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is

bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.” In re Civil

Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989); see also State v. Jones, 358 N.C.

473, 487, 598 S.E.2d 125, 134 (2004) (“While . . . a panel of the Court of Appeals may

disagree with, or even find error in, an opinion by a prior panel and may duly note its

disagreement or point out that error in its opinion, the panel is bound by that prior

decision until it is overturned by a higher court.”).

      However, it is equally clear that “this Court has no authority to reverse

existing Supreme Court precedent.” Respess v. Respess, 232 N.C. App. 611, 625, 754

S.E.2d 691, 701 (2014); see also Mahoney v. Ronnie’s Rd. Serv., 122 N.C. App. 150,

153, 468 S.E.2d 279, 281 (1996) (“[I]t is elementary that we are bound by the rulings




                                          - 19 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



of our Supreme Court[.]” (citation omitted)), aff’d per curiam, 345 N.C. 631, 481

S.E.2d 85 (1997).

      In Respess, we declined to follow a prior decision of this Court where the

decision “directly conflicts with prior holdings of . . . our Supreme Court and therefore

does not control our decision in the instant case.” Respess, 232 N.C. App. at 625, 754

S.E.2d at 700-01; see State v. Jones, __ N.C. App. __, __, 802 S.E.2d 518, 523 (2017)

(“We have examined [two Court of Appeals decisions] and conclude that these cases

fail to follow the binding precedent established by [our Supreme Court], and as a

result, do not control the outcome in the present case.”); see also Cannon v. Miller,

313 N.C. 324, 327 S.E.2d 888 (1985) (holding that this Court lacks authority to

overrule decisions of our Supreme Court and possesses a “responsibility to follow

those decisions, until otherwise ordered by the Supreme Court”). Based on those

cases, it is clear that where a prior ruling of this Court is in conflict with binding

Supreme Court precedent, we must follow the decision of the Supreme Court rather

than that of our own Court.

      Accordingly, we are compelled to follow Huff instead of Stacy because Huff is

a decision from our Supreme Court that has never been overruled. The only way that

the holding in Huff would not be binding upon us would be if Newgent constituted a

change in the law on this issue by the Supreme Court, thereby expressly or implicitly

overruling Huff. However, that is not the case. As discussed above, Newgent dealt



                                          - 20 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



solely with the issue of bus driver negligence. The alleged negligent acts or omissions

in Newgent that arose out of and were inseparably connected to the operation of the

bus at the time of the accident were on the part of the driver herself. Administrative

negligence claims simply were not at issue in Newgent.

      Thus, while Newgent had the effect of broadening the extent to which a school

board may be found liable in the Industrial Commission under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-

300.1 based on a theory of bus driver negligence, it had no effect on the entirely

separate question of where administrative negligence claims filed in conjunction with

the operation of a school bus must be brought. Based on Huff, these claims can only

be asserted in superior court — assuming that the board has waived its governmental

immunity through the purchase of liability insurance.

      Because it is clear that Huff mandates our reversal of the Industrial

Commission’s order denying the Board’s motion to dismiss, our analysis could end

there. However, we take this opportunity to explain why this result faithfully applies

the language actually used by the General Assembly in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1.

      As noted above, in construing a statute courts must look first to the plain

meaning of the statutory language. See Sharpe v. Worland, 137 N.C. App. 82, 85, 527

S.E.2d 75, 77 (“We preface our analysis by noting that statutory interpretation begins

with the plain meaning of the words of the statute. Where the plain meaning of the

statute is clear, no further analysis is required. Where the plain meaning is unclear,



                                         - 21 -
                         MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



legislative intent controls.” (internal citations omitted)), disc. review denied, 352 N.C.

150, 542 S.E.2d 228 (2000).

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1 sets out the exclusive circumstances under which

the Industrial Commission possesses jurisdiction to hear claims against local boards

of education arising from the operation of a school bus. Based on its clear text, the

statute confers jurisdiction upon the Industrial Commission over claims alleging two

discrete theories of negligence: (1) claims that arise as the result of a mechanical

defect based on the negligence of maintenance personnel; and (2) claims that arise

“as a result of any alleged negligent act or omission of the driver, transportation

safety assistant, or monitor of a public school bus[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1(a).

Nowhere in this statutory language is there any indication that claims based on

separate theories of negligence relating to administrative matters such as the design

of bus routes or staffing decisions within the school system are meant to be included

therein.

      Reading N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-300.1 to nevertheless encompass such claims

would require this Court to judicially rewrite the statute — a power that courts

clearly lack. See Orange Cty. ex rel. Byrd v. Byrd, 129 N.C. App. 818, 822, 501 S.E.2d

109, 112 (1998) (“Where there is no contention that the actions of the legislature

violate constitutional safeguards, we are not free to either ignore or amend legislative

enactments because when the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, the



                                          - 22 -
                        MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



courts must give it its plain meaning.” (citation omitted)). Indeed, this Court has

previously stated that “the wording . . . in G.S. 143-300.1 particularly, is clear and

unambiguous.” Smith, 68 N.C. App. at 545, 316 S.E.2d at 111.

      Plaintiffs and amicus curiae make various policy arguments in support of their

contention that the administrative negligence claims at issue should be adjudicated

in the Industrial Commission based primarily on their concerns about the potentially

preclusive effect of governmental immunity on their ability to bring such claims in

superior court. But such policy decisions are solely within the purview of the General

Assembly. See, e.g., Rhyne v. K-Mart Corp., 358 N.C. 160, 169, 594 S.E.2d 1, 8 (2004)

(“The General Assembly is the policy-making agency because it is a far more

appropriate forum than the courts for implementing policy-based changes to our

laws.” (quotation marks omitted)); Shera v. N.C. State Univ. Veterinary Teaching

Hosp., 219 N.C. App. 117, 126-27, 723 S.E.2d 352, 358 (2012) (holding that “this Court

is not in the position to expand the law” and that “the numerous policy considerations

presented by the issue raised in this case . . . [are] more appropriately addressed to

our Legislature”); see also Jones v. City of Durham, 183 N.C. App. 57, 64, 643 S.E.2d

631, 636 (2007) (“Any change in [the governmental immunity] doctrine should come

from the General Assembly.” (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted)).




                                         - 23 -
                       MARTINEZ V. WAKE CTY. BD. OF EDUC.

                                Opinion of the Court



      Therefore, we conclude that the Industrial Commission lacked jurisdiction to

hear Plaintiffs’ administrative negligence claims.     Accordingly, we hold that the

Commission erred in denying the Board’s motion to dismiss those claims.

                                   Conclusion

      For the reasons stated above, we reverse the 20 January 2017 order of the

Industrial Commission and remand for proceedings not inconsistent with this

opinion.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      Judges CALABRIA and TYSON concur.




                                       - 24 -
