                                                                        FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                    May 27, 2009
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                TENTH CIRCUIT


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
               Plaintiff–Appellee,                       No. 08-6188
          v.                                    (D.C. No. 08-CR-00073-HE-1)
 CHARLES DEAN COUCHMAN                                   (W.D. Okla.)
               Defendant–Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HARTZ, McKAY, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.


      Defendant pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm and

ammunition. Based on two prior escape convictions and four prior burglary

convictions, he was sentenced as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. §

924(e)(1) and USSG § 4B1.4. Pursuant to these provisions, the suggested range

of punishment was 180 to 210 months of imprisonment. The district court

imposed a 192-month sentence, in the middle of this range.



      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
      After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).
This case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
      Defendant’s appellate counsel has filed a brief pursuant to Anders v.

California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), explaining why counsel believes there to be no

reasonable grounds for appeal. In response, Defendant has submitted a letter in

which he expresses general dissatisfaction with his attorney’s representation,

complains that his attorney has not communicated with him, and states that he

does not know how to respond to the Anders brief. Defendant does not identify or

suggest any issues he believes his attorney could have or should have raised on

appeal—he simply states that he does not know why his attorney considers an

appeal to be frivolous. The government has declined to file an answer brief.

Because we agree with counsel that Defendant has no meritorious grounds to raise

on appeal, we will grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss the appeal.

      First, Defendant could potentially appeal the procedural reasonableness of

the sentence imposed by the district court. Defendant objected before the district

court to the characterization of his prior felonies as crimes of violence and the

consequent determination that he was an armed career criminal for sentencing

purposes. The district court rejected this objection, holding that there were more

than enough convictions for the armed career criminal enhancement to apply.

Specifically, the court noted that Defendant had six prior convictions that had

been identified by the pre-sentence report as qualifying felonies. The court stated

that it could not tell for certain whether one of the burglaries involved a structure,

but it held that the other five prior convictions qualified as crimes of violence

                                          -2-
under the statute and Tenth Circuit precedent. Two of the five convictions on

which the court based its decision were escape convictions that may no longer

qualify as crimes of violence based on the Supreme Court’s recent decision in

Chambers v. United States, 129 S. Ct. 687 (2009). Nevertheless, we conclude

that Defendant’s three remaining burglary convictions were sufficient to qualify

him for the armed career criminal enhancement under § 924(e). See United States

v. Hill, 53 F.3d 1151, 1154-55 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (finding the generic

burglary elements to be satisfied by language very similar to the charging

language at issue here). We therefore conclude that any appellate challenge to the

district court’s application of the armed career criminal statute would fail.

      Because defense counsel made no other objections to the district court’s

calculation of the advisory sentencing range, Defendant would need to

demonstrate plain error in order to call any other aspects of the procedural

reasonableness of his sentence into question. However, nothing in the record

suggests any error in the court’s calculation, much less error that is plain. We

therefore conclude that Defendant could not raise a meritorious claim of

procedural unreasonableness on appeal.

      As for substantive reasonableness, the record reflects that the district court

carefully weighed the appropriate factors in deciding on a sentence. After noting

that Defendant had been engaged in criminal activity almost continuously for

twenty-five years and had not been deterred by his previous brushes with the

                                          -3-
criminal justice system, the court stated:

      As to where in the guideline range I would sentence Mr. Couchman, I
      think in light of the extensive criminal history, a sentence at the very
      bottom of the range is not appropriate. On the other hand, as the
      various crimes making up his criminal history as well as the offense
      of conviction do not suggest a high level of violence actually being
      employed, I think a sentence at the top of the range is not indicated.
      So in any event, my sentence will be close to but not at the bottom of
      the guideline range.

(Sent. Tr. at 10.) Nothing in the record suggests that this reasoning constituted an

abuse of discretion, nor does the record suggest any other basis on which

Defendant could rebut the presumption of reasonableness attached to his within-

Guidelines sentence. See United States v. McComb, 519 F.3d 1049, 1053 (10th

Cir. 2007). We therefore conclude that Defendant cannot raise a meritorious

challenge to the substantive reasonableness of his sentence.

      Defendant could also potentially argue that the length of his sentence is

grossly disproportionate to the crime he committed and therefore constitutes cruel

and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. However, “[t]he gross

disproportionality principle reserves a constitutional violation for only the

extraordinary case,” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 77 (2003), and we will

generally not regard a sentence within the statutory limits to be cruel and unusual,

United States v. Hughes, 901 F.2d 830, 832 (10th Cir. 1990). Here, Defendant’s

sentence is well within the statutory limits of fifteen years to life. The statutory

minimum of fifteen years has withstood Eighth Amendment challenges by every


                                             -4-
circuit to consider it, United States v. Reynolds, 215 F.3d 1210, 1214 (11th Cir.

2000), and the extra year Defendant received over that minimum certainly does

not make his sentence so extreme as to violate the Eight Amendment. Cf. United

States v. Angelos, 433 F.3d 738, 750-51 (10th Cir. 2006) (listing Supreme Court

cases rejecting Eighth Amendment challenges to very lengthy sentences and

holding that a fifty-five year sentence for possessing a firearm during a drug-

trafficking crime did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment).

      Finally, although Defendant’s letter suggests that he may wish to raise an

ineffective assistance of counsel claim, such claims “should be brought in

collateral proceedings, not on direct appeal.” United States v. Galloway, 56 F.3d

1239, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc). Thus, even if we could identify a specific

ineffectiveness claim from Defendant’s letter, we would not address it here.

      Our thorough review of the record persuades us that Defendant has no

meritorious grounds for appeal. We therefore GRANT counsel’s motion to

withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.

                                               Entered for the Court



                                               Monroe G. McKay
                                               Circuit Judge




                                         -5-
