                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]


            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________           FILED
                                               U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            No. 09-12903         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                     JUNE 16, 2010
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                                                      JOHN LEY
                      ________________________
                                                       CLERK

               D. C. Docket No. 08-00451-CR-T-26-MAP


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 versus

TOMAS TEODORO-TORRES,

                                                        Defendant-Appellant.


                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Florida
                    _________________________

                             (June 16, 2010)

Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:



      Tomas Teodoro-Torres appeals his convictions and 135-month concurrent

sentences for cocaine trafficking, in violation of 46 U.S.C. §§ 70503(a), 70506(a),

and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii). No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.

      On appeal, Teodoro-Torres argues that the exercise of jurisdiction over him

violated due process because the criminal offense for which he was charged and

convicted bore no nexus to the United States. This argument squarely is foreclosed

by our prior precedent: we have concluded that the Maritime Drug Law

Enforcement Act, under which Teodoro-Torres was prosecuted, requires no nexus

between the criminal conduct and the United States. See United States v. Rendon,

354 F.3d 1320, 1325 (11th Cir. 2003); United States v. Mena, 863 F.2d 1522, 1527

(11th Cir. 1989). Teodoro-Torres concedes that his argument is foreclosed by

circuit precedent but asks us to adopt the approaches of the Second and Ninth

Circuits, which do require a nexus. But under our prior precedent rule, the ruling

from a prior panel is binding on all later panels “unless and until it is overruled or

undermined to the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this court sitting

en banc.” See United States v. Archer, 531 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 2008).

      Teodoro-Torres also challenges the district court’s denial of a minor role



                                           2
reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. He contends that his role as a low-level

crew member was minimal in comparison with the entire drug trafficking scheme.

We review for clear error the district court’s determination about a defendant’s role

in an offense. United States v. Ryan, 289 F.3d 1339, 1348 (11th Cir. 2002). “The

defendant has the burden of establishing his role by a preponderance of evidence.”

Id. Under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b), “[a] defendant warrants a two-level reduction for

playing a minor role in an offense if he is less culpable than most other

participants, although his role could not be described as minimal.” Id.

      In United States v. De Varon, 175 F.3d 930 (11th Cir. 1999), we set out two

elements that inform the sentencing court’s determination about a defendant’s role

in an offense: (1) the defendant’s role in the relevant conduct for which he has

been held accountable at sentencing; and (2) the defendant’s role as compared to

that of other participants in his relevant conduct. Id. at 940. About the first

element, De Varon explains that “[o]nly if the defendant can establish that [he]

played a relatively minor role in the conduct for which [he] has already been held

accountable -- not a minor role in any larger criminal conspiracy -- should the

district court grant a downward adjustment for minor role in the offense.” Id. at

944. About the second element, De Varon counsels that this relative culpability

inquiry includes “only those participants who were involved in the relevant



                                           3
conduct attributed to the defendant.” Id. The first element is the more important

and, in many cases, will be dispositive. See id. at 945.

       The district court committed no clear error in determining that Teodoro-

Torres’s role in the offense was more than minor. About the first element,

Teodoro-Torres was held accountable at sentencing for the drug quantity attributed

to the entire conspiracy: 4000 to 5000 kilograms of cocaine. In this venture,

Teodoro-Torres served the crew as a cook. He also (1) worked to equip the boat

with a secret compartment so that the vessel could conceal cocaine, (2) helped to

load a large amount of cocaine onto the vessel, and (3) cleaned cocaine residue off

of the vessel to avoid detection. On these undisputed facts, Teodoro-Torres and

the other crew members (also indicted co-conspirators) all played an integral part

in the offense necessary for the successful transport of a large amount of cocaine at

sea. Id. at 944 (“[t]he fact that a defendant’s role may be less than that of other

participants engaged in the relevant conduct may not be dispositive of [his] role in

the offense, since it is possible that none are minor or minimal participants.”). In

addition, the quantity of drugs here was quite large; and a large amount of drugs is

an important factor in determining the availability of a minor role reduction. Id. at

943.

       About the second element, Teodoro-Torres argues that the district court



                                           4
should have compared his role to those people who planned, coordinated and

financed the conspiracy. But Teodoro-Torres fails to identify these people other

than to say that they “necessarily” were part of the larger drug conspiracy. The

district court was not permitted to evaluate Teodoro-Torres’s role as compared to

that of unidentified co-conspirators. Id. at 944 (for the second part, other

participants must be “identifiable or discernible from the evidence” and they must

have participated in some conduct attributed to the defendant).

      We see no error in the district court’s conclusion that Teodoro-Torres failed

to meet his burden in showing that he was less culpable than the other crew

members aboard the drug smuggling boat.

      AFFIRMED.




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