      MEMORANDUM DECISION
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
      this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                              FILED
      regarded as precedent or cited before any                           Feb 26 2018, 5:42 am

      court except for the purpose of establishing                            CLERK
                                                                          Indiana Supreme Court
      the defense of res judicata, collateral                                Court of Appeals
                                                                               and Tax Court
      estoppel, or the law of the case.


      ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
      Leanna Weissmann                                         Michael D. Kvachkoff
      Tony Walker                                              Crown Point, Indiana
      The Walker Law Group, P.C.
      Indianapolis, Indiana



                                                 IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Roderick Johnson and Theus                               February 26, 2018
      Wilkins,                                                 Court of Appeals Case No.
      Appellants-Petitioners,                                  45A03-1706-MI-1221
                                                               Appeal from the Lake Circuit
              v.                                               Court
                                                               The Honorable Marissa L.
      Thomas Turner, Elsie Foster, et                          McDermott, Judge
      al.,                                                     The Honorable Stephen E.
      Appellees-Respondents.                                   Scheele, Magistrate
                                                               Trial Court Cause No.
                                                               45C01-1508-MI-181



      Mathias, Judge.


[1]   Roderick Johnson and Theus Wilkins (collectively “the Petitioners”) petitioned

      the Lake Circuit Court for a tax deed for certain real estate located in Gary,

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018    Page 1 of 12
      Indiana and owned by Thomas Turner1 and Elsie Foster (collectively “the

      Property Owners”). The Lake Circuit Court denied the petition after finding

      that the Property Owners did not receive constitutionally adequate notice of the

      tax sale. The Petitioners appeal and raise two arguments, which we restate as:


           I. Whether a tax sale purchaser is required to comply with the Due Process
              Clause when providing notice to the Property Owner of the tax sale
              proceedings; and,
          II. Whether the Property Owners received constitutionally adequate notice of
              the tax sale.



[2]   We affirm.


                                      Facts and Procedural History
[3]   The Property Owners failed to pay property taxes for real estate located at 1304

      Garfield Street in Gary, Indiana in 2013 and 2014. As a result, the real estate

      was certified for tax sale. At the auction in September 2015, the property did

      not receive any bids. Therefore, the Lake County Board of Commissioners

      acquired a lien on the property in the amount of the taxes owed, i.e. $5,598.54.

      In March 2016, the Petitioners paid $3,200 to purchase a tax sale certificate for

      the real estate.


[4]   The Petitioners mailed all required notices, i.e. notice of the tax sale certificate

      and of the redemption deadline, to the Property Owners via certified mail. The




      1
          Thomas Turner is listed as an owner of the real estate, but he died in 2013. Elsie Foster is Turner’s sister.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018               Page 2 of 12
      certified mail was returned to the Petitioners marked “attempted -not known”

      and “unable to forward.” Ex. Vol. Addendum, Ex. C. Also, both envelopes

      were marked with the handwritten letters “ANK,” meaning address not known.

      April 24, 2017 Tr. pp. 29–30. The certified mailing containing notice of the

      redemption period that was sent to Thomas Turner was also marked “return to

      sender –vacant –unable to forward.” Ex. Vol. Addendum, Ex. D.


[5]   In August 2016, the Petitioners filed a verified petition for tax deed for the real

      estate and sent notice to the Property Owners. At a hearing held on September

      23, 2016, Elsie Foster appeared by counsel and objected to issuance of the tax

      deed.


[6]   On January 31, 2017, the trial court held a final hearing on the petition. The

      Petitioners argued that the certified mailings sent as required by statute were

      sufficient to notify the Property Owners that the real estate had been purchased

      at a tax sale. Elsie Foster argued that she had not received the notice, the

      Petitioners knew she had not received the notice because the certified mail was

      returned to them, and due process requires more than the notice attempted in

      this case. Foster, who resides in Georgia, and her daughter testified that

      Foster’s daughter was responsible for caring for the real estate and collecting the

      mail in Foster’s absence.


[7]   The trial court denied the petition for a tax deed and found that “the notice

      given by Petitioners was insufficient.” Appellants’ App. Vol. 2, p. 136.

      Thereafter, the Petitioners filed a motion to correct error and a hearing was held


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 3 of 12
      on their motion on April 24, 2017. The Petitioners argued that they sent the

      statutorily required notices by certified and regular mail. However, the

      Petitioners never presented evidence that the notices were sent by regular mail.

      The Petitioners also argued that Foster received due process because both the

      Lake County Auditor and the Petitioners complied with the statutes concerning

      notice to property owners of tax sales.


[8]   The trial court denied the motion to correct error, and in its order, the court

      reasoned in pertinent part:


              The Respondents assert, as they did at the 2/27/2017 trial, that
              the Petitioners’ notice with respect to their tax deed petition was
              not reasonably calculated to inform as required by law, and was
              constitutionally inadequate. The Petitioners assert that their
              posting of the notice via certified mail to the Respondents’
              address of record with County taxing authorities, with nothing
              more, is all the notice that is legally or reasonably or
              constitutionally required, even where -as here- the certified
              mailing was returned by the Postal Service as “RETURN TO
              SENDER, ATTEMPTED -NOT KNOWN, UNABLE TO
              FORWARD” and/or “RETURN TO SENDER, VACANT,
              UNABLE TO FORWARD.” No evidence was presented to
              show that the Petitioners, aside from sending the certified
              mailings, also sent first class mail or physically posted notice on
              the property or did anything else to inform the Respondents of
              the tax sale process, in spite of all certified mailings having been
              returned [to] Petitioners. At trial, this Court found that “the
              notice given by Petitioners was insufficient,” and the Petition for
              Tax Deed was denied.


      Appellees’ App. Vol. 2, pp. 9–10. The Petitioners now appeal.



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 4 of 12
                                      Discussion and Decision
[9]    When a real estate owner fails to pay property taxes, the property may be sold

       to satisfy the tax obligation. Schaefer v. Kumar, 804 N.E.2d 184, 191 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2004), trans. denied.


               A tax sale is purely a statutory creation, and material compliance
               with each step of the statute is required. While a tax deed creates
               a presumption that a tax sale and all of the steps leading to the
               issuance of the tax deed are proper, the presumption may be
               rebutted by affirmative evidence to the contrary. An order to
               issue a tax deed will be given if the court finds that the notices
               have been provided pursuant to the statutes. However, title
               conveyed by a tax deed may be defeated if the notices were not in
               substantial compliance with the manner prescribed by the
               pertinent statutes.


       Iemma v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 992 N.E.2d 732, 738 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013)

       (internal quotations and citations omitted).


[10]   “A tax deed is void if the former owner was not given constitutionally adequate

       notice of the tax sale proceedings.” Schaefer, 804 N.E.2d at 192; see also Ind.

       Code § 6-1.1-25-16(7).

               Before the government may sell property due to unpaid property
               taxes, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to
               the United States Constitution requires the government to
               provide the owner with “notice and opportunity for hearing
               appropriate to the nature of the case.” Due process does not
               require that a property owner receive actual notice before the
               government may take his property. Rather, the government must
               provide notice reasonably calculated, under all the


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 5 of 12
               circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the
               action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.


       Prince v. Marion County Auditor, 992 N.E.2d 214, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013)

       (internal citations omitted), trans. denied.


[11]   A person may defeat a tax deed only by proving one of the seven defects set

       forth in Indiana Code section 6-1.1-25-16. Swami, Inc. v. Lee, 841 N.E.2d 1173,

       1177 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. One such defect exists if the three

       notices required by Indiana Code sections 6-1.1-24-4 (notice of tax sale), 6-1.1-

       25-4.5 (notice of the right of redemption), and 6-1.1-25-4.6 (notice of petition

       for tax deed) were not in substantial compliance with the requirements

       prescribed in those sections. I.C. § 6-1.1-25-16(7); Schaefer, 804 N.E.2d at 191.


[12]   The notice of tax sale is governed by Indiana Code section 6-1.1-24-4(b) which

       provides in pertinent part:


               Not less than twenty-one (21) days before the earliest date on
               which the application for judgment and order for sale of real
               property eligible for sale may be made, the county auditor shall
               send a notice of the sale by certified mail, return receipt
               requested, and by first class mail to:


                   (1) the owner of record of real property with a single owner;
                       or


                   (2) at least one (1) of the owners, as of the date of
                       certification, of real property with multiple owners;



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 6 of 12
               at the last address of the owner for the property as indicated in
               the transfer book records of the county auditor under IC 6-1.1-5-4
               on the date that the tax sale list is certified. If both notices are
               returned, the county auditor shall take an additional reasonable
               step to notify the property owner, if the county auditor
               determines that an additional reasonable step to notify the
               property owner is practical.


                                                        ***

               Failure by an owner to receive or accept the notice required by
               this section does not affect the validity of the judgment and order.
               The owner of real property shall notify the county auditor of the
               owner’s correct address. The notice required under this section is
               considered sufficient if the notice is mailed to the address or
               addresses required by this section.


[13]   Next, Indiana Code section 6-1.1-25-4.5 governs notices of the right of

       redemption. That statute provides in relevant part that a person who purchases

       property at a tax sale must send notice of the sale and of the right of redemption

       “by certified mail, return receipt requested” to “the owner of record at the time

       of the [] sale of the property . . . at the last address of the owner for the property,

       as indicated in the records of the county auditor;” and “any person with a

       substantial property interest of public record at the address for the person

       included in the public record that indicates the interest.” Indiana Code

       subsection 6-1.1-25-4.5(h) provides that a notice that was mailed to “the last

       address of the owner for the property, as indicated in the records of the county

       auditor” is “considered sufficient.”




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 7 of 12
[14]   Finally, if the owner of record does not redeem the property from the tax sale

       within the required period, the purchaser may petition the trial court for

       issuance of a tax deed. I.C. § 6-1.1-25-4.6. Indiana Code section 6-1.1-25-4.6

       requires a tax sale purchaser to provide


               [n]otice of the filing of this petition . . . to the same parties as
               provided in section 4.5 of this chapter, except that, if notice is
               given by publication, only one (1) publication is required. The
               notice required by this section is considered sufficient if the
               notice is sent to the address required by section 4.5(d) of this
               chapter.


[15]   First, the Petitioners claim that because the Lake County Auditor gave notice to

       the Property Owners of the tax sale as required by statute, and the Property

       Owners have not challenged the notice provided prior to the tax sale, the

       government met its constitutional burden and a tax sale certificate holder must

       only comply with the notice requirements in Indiana Code sections 6-1.1-25-4.5

       and -4.6. Contrary to the Petitioners’ argument, our courts have routinely held

       that property owners are entitled to sufficient notice that satisfies the Due

       Process Clause of the post-tax sale notices required under our statutory scheme.

       See e.g. Iemma, 992 N.E.2d at 740; Marion County Auditor v. Sawmill Creek, LLC,

       964 N.E.2d 213, 218–19 (Ind. 2012).


[16]   The Petitioners also argue that Indiana’s tax sale notice statutes are “clearly

       designed to satisfy, if not surpass, requirements of Due Process under the 14th

       Amendment to the United States Constitution.” Appellants’ Br. at 17.

       Furthermore, the Petitioners contend that they are not required to comply with

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 8 of 12
       the Due Process Clause because they are not state actors. Our court has held

       otherwise.


[17]   In Iemma, our court held that “a non-governmental tax purchaser must comply

       with the notice requirements of the due process clause.” 992 N.E.2d at 740. Our

       court observed that


                when private parties make use of state procedures with the overt,
                significant assistance of state officials, state action may be found.
                The government is significantly involved in tax sale proceedings
                as the taxing authority that files an application for judgment and
                order for sale; indeed, it is the county government that takes the
                property and sells it for unpaid taxes.


       Id. (citations and quotations omitted). We agree with the Iemma Court and turn

       our attention to whether the Petitioners’ notices comply with due process

       requirements.2


[18]   The Petitioners sent the notices required in Indiana Code sections 6-1.1-25-4.5

       and -4.6 by certified mail.3 But the Property Owners argue that because the




       2
         Arguing that a tax sale purchaser should not be considered a state actor, the Petitioners emphasize that the
       post-tax sale notices are sent by the tax sale purchaser, not the government. The Petitioners’ argument
       ignores the significant involvement of the government in tax sales and the tax sale purchaser’s role in
       depriving the owner of his or her property.
       3
        At the hearing on the motion to correct error, the Petitioners told the trial court that the notices were also
       sent via first class mail. However, they presented no evidence to support their claim, and therefore, the trial
       court found that no evidence was presented to establish that the Petitioners sent the notices via first class
       mail. For this reason, we do not credit the Petitioners’ claim in their brief that the notices were sent via first
       class mail. The Petitioners also argue that Foster must have received notice because she hired an attorney and
       appeared at the hearing on their petition for a tax deed. We agree that Foster must of received notice of the
       petition, but we cannot also assume that she received the notices required in Indiana Code sections 6-1.1-25-
       4.5 and -4.6.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018             Page 9 of 12
       notices were returned to the Petitioners, the Petitioners had an additional

       obligation under the Due Process Clause to take some other means to notify the

       Property Owners of the tax sale of their real estate.


[19]   To comply with due process, a purchaser must give notice that is “reasonably

       calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the

       pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their

       objections.” Sawmill Creek, 964 N.E.2d at 218. “‘But if with due regard for the

       practicalities and peculiarities of the case these [notice] conditions are

       reasonably met, the constitutional requirements are satisfied.’” Id. at 219

       (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314–15

       (1950)). Ultimately, the issue is not the Property Owner’s actual knowledge, but

       whether the Petitioners “gave notice under the circumstances of this case in a

       manner reasonably calculated to inform” the Property Owners of the pending

       loss of its interest in the real estate. See Iemma, 992 N.E.2d at 741–42.


[20]   “[T]he review of whether notice efforts satisfied this standard is a fact-intensive

       process that requires consideration of every relevant fact.” Sawmill Creek, 964

       N.E.2d at 219 (citing Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 227 (2006)). In Sawmill

       Creek, the court concluded that because the certified mailing was returned “Not

       deliverable as addressed, unable to forward,” re-mailing the notice by first class

       mail would be unreasonable. Id. at 220; see also Flowers, 547 U.S. at 234 (stating

       “[w]hat steps are reasonable in response to new information depends upon

       what the new information reveals”).



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 10 of 12
[21]   The Petitioners took no additional steps to give the Property Owners notice of

       the tax sale. Under the facts of this case, mailing the notice by first class mail

       would not have been a reasonable method of attempting notice because the

       certified mail was returned with the notifications “attempted -not known” and

       “unable to forward.” Ex. Vol. Addendum, Ex. C. Also, both envelopes were

       marked with the handwritten letters “ANK,” or address not known. April 24,

       2017 Tr. pp. 29–30.

[22]   However, with regard to residential property, the Sawmill Court noted in dicta

       that posting notice on the property would have been appropriate and effective,

       or in other words, “reasonably calculated under all the circumstances, to

       apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an

       opportunity to present their objections.” 964 N.E.2d at 218. Under the facts and

       circumstances of this case, the Petitioners could and should have taken this

       additional step of posting notice on the property. There is nothing in the record

       that would lead us to conclude that posting notice would have been difficult.

       And there is conflicting evidence concerning whether the property was

       occupied. The Property Owners testified that the property was not vacant.

[23]   For these reasons, we conclude that the Petitioners did not give notice that was

       reasonably calculated under all the circumstances to notify the Property Owners

       that the Petitioners had purchased their real estate at a tax sale and that they

       had the right to redeem the property. We therefore affirm the trial court’s order

       denying the petition for a tax deed.



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 11 of 12
[24]   Affirmed.


       Najam, J., and Barnes, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1706-MI-1221 | February 26, 2018   Page 12 of 12
