         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                             Assigned on Briefs January 8, 2008

                     STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ALVIN GREEN

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                           No. 03-08074    W. Mark Ward, Judge



                     No. W2007-00570-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 19, 2008


The defendant, Alvin Green, was convicted of three counts of especially aggravated kidnapping and
two counts of attempted aggravated robbery and received an effective sentence of forty-six years in
the Department of Correction. On appeal, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to support
his convictions because the State did not adequately rebut his defense of duress. Further, he argues
that the trial court erred in permitting the State to introduce his statements soliciting the murder of
the State’s witnesses; by allowing a lay witness to testify regarding the operation of the weapon used
during the offenses; and in applying an enhancement factor and imposing consecutive sentences.
After review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court and remand for entry of a corrected judgment
in Count 4 to reflect that the defendant was convicted of attempted aggravated robbery, a Class C
felony, rather than attempted robbery.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed and
                      Remanded for Entry of Corrected Judgment

ALAN E. GLENN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES, J., joined. J.C.
MCLIN , J., not participating.

Kevin E. Childress, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Alvin Green.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Stacy McEndree, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                             OPINION

                                               FACTS

                                            State’s Proof
        Chuck Mays, a member of the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team of the Shelby
County Sheriff’s Department, testified that he was dispatched to 8555 Highway 70 around midday
on September 5, 2003, to respond to a possible hostage situation at a residence. When he arrived,
sheriff’s deputies were already on the scene controlling traffic. Mays testified that his team of
approximately ten officers set up a command post one-quarter mile from the residence. He and his
partner took a position on the northeast side of the driveway facing the house. After about ninety
minutes, he saw Marion Gelston, one of the victims, and the defendant walk out onto the carport.
The defendant was holding a rifle. Mr. Gelston remained in the carport while the defendant walked
down the driveway to a maroon Nissan truck and placed the rifle inside. Mays and his partner then
approached the defendant and took him into custody.

         Patricia Gelston testified that she resided with her husband, Marion Gelston, at 8555
Highway 70 in Arlington. On September 5, 2003, she and her husband were both at home when the
defendant arrived around 11:00 a.m. to inquire about a car they were selling. Mrs. Gelston showed
the vehicle to the defendant, and then Mr. Gelston took the defendant out for a test drive. After the
test drive, the defendant told the Gelstons he needed to think about whether he would purchase the
car and visit a bank to discuss financing. He left and returned approximately thirty minutes later.

        When the defendant returned, he negotiated with Mr. Gelston about the price of the car and
left again. As he was leaving, he told the Gelstons he would return within one-half hour if he
decided to purchase the car. Approximately twenty-five minutes later, Mrs. Gelston noticed the
defendant’s truck in her driveway. Mr. Gelston and the defendant then walked into the kitchen, with
the defendant holding a gun to Mr. Gelston’s back. Mrs. Gelston offered to sign the car’s title over
to the defendant if he would leave. He refused and told Mrs. Gelston that his interest in the car was
just a pretext to gain access to the Gelstons’ home and that he wanted money. He forced Mr. and
Mrs. Gelston upstairs at gunpoint to retrieve a bank statement. After Mrs. Gelston showed the
defendant a statement reflecting a balance of seven thousand dollars, the defendant told Mrs. Gelston
to go to her bank and withdraw the entire amount. Before leaving, Mrs. Gelston placed two calls to
her daughter-in-law, ostensibly to tell her that a birthday party planned for later that day had been
cancelled. However, her real purpose in making these calls was to signal her daughter-in-law to
summon help.

        As Mrs. Gelston left to go to the bank, she saw a sheriff’s deputy stopped on Highway 70,
prepared to turn into her driveway. Because she did not want the defendant to see the marked patrol
car, she motioned for the officer to follow her and pulled into a gravel driveway a short distance from
her house. She informed the officer of the situation and waited with him in the driveway until the
defendant was taken into custody. On cross-examination, Mrs. Gelston testified that the defendant’s
demeanor was calm, he did not raise his voice, and he told her “he was sorry but that he needed the
money.”

       Stacy Berretta, the Gelstons’ daughter-in-law, testified that she received two phone calls from
Mrs. Gelston on September 5, 2003. She said that the first call “did not sound like a normal friendly



                                                 -2-
conversation” and that Mrs. Gelston sounded odd. When Ms. Berretta received the second call, she
suspected that something was wrong and dialed 9-1-1 after speaking with Mrs. Gelston.

        Shelby County Sheriff’s Deputy Ronnie Sewell testified that he met Mrs. Gelston at the
entrance to her driveway on September 5, 2003, and followed her to the gravel driveway. When she
told him she needed to go to the bank, he instructed her to remain with him and called a supervisor.
Deputy Sewell remained with Mrs. Gelston for several hours until the defendant was taken into
custody.

         The Gelstons’ son, Mark Berretta, received a call from his sister-in-law, Stacy, regarding his
parents on September 5, 2003, around 2:00 p.m. Afterwards, he drove from his workplace to his
parents’ house. When he arrived, his mother’s car was gone and there was an unfamiliar red Nissan
truck in the driveway. He went to the back of the truck, picked up a vacuum cleaner attachment, and
approached the back door, which was locked. Mr. Berretta looked through a window and saw his
father, who was waving him off. He returned the vacuum cleaner attachment to the truck and then
received a call from his father telling him to come inside. He entered and saw the defendant holding
a rifle and motioning him to sit down. The defendant instructed Mr. Berretta to phone his mother
to ascertain her whereabouts. Mr. Berretta called at least three times but received no response.
Eventually, the defendant told him to go find Mrs. Gelston. When he left the house, he was detained
by sheriff’s deputies until the defendant was taken into custody. Mr. Berretta testified that the
defendant possessed the firearm during their entire encounter. He was able to get a good look at the
weapon but could not tell whether the rifle’s safety was on or off because the defendant’s hand was
covering it. On cross-examination, Mr. Berretta testified that the defendant told him he was sorry
and needed the money.

        Marion Gelston testified that he was standing on his carport putting his lawnmower away
when the defendant arrived at his home for the third time on September 5, 2003. The defendant
approached him carrying a rifle and told Mr. Gelston, “I hate to do this, but I’m going to rob you.”
The defendant asked where Mrs. Gelston was, and when Mr. Gelston told him she was in the house,
he ordered Mr. Gelston inside. He told the Gelstons that he wanted to see a bank statement, and the
three went upstairs to retrieve it. The defendant told Mrs. Gelston to go to the bank and withdraw
the entire balance of the account. Mr. Gelston testified that after his son arrived, they unsuccessfully
attempted to convince the defendant to give up and leave. The defendant then allowed Mr. Berretta
to leave to search for Mrs. Gelston. He spoke with Mr. Gelston for around forty minutes before
deciding that they should go look for Mr. Berretta and Mrs. Gelston. When they exited the house,
the defendant placed the rifle in his truck and was apprehended.

       Detective Raymond Sides of the Shelby County Sheriff’s Department investigated the
Gelston residence on September 5, 2003, after the defendant was taken into custody. He identified
two photographs of the rifle recovered from the defendant’s truck, and testified that one of the
photographs depicted the rifle’s safety in the “off” position.




                                                  -3-
          Detective Patrick Fox of the Memphis Police Department Organized Crime Unit testified that
he overheard a phone conversation in which the defendant stated that “he no longer wanted the
victims of this case to exist any more. He did not want them to make it to court to be able to testify
against him.” The defendant said that he wanted some Hispanic or Mexican persons to murder the
victims, believing they could not easily be traced back to him. He negotiated a price of $10,000 to
kill all three victims and stated that he wished to be out of town when the murders occurred, again
in the hope that this would help him avoid detection.

       On cross-examination, Detective Fox testified that he first heard the defendant’s voice around
December 19, 2003, during a phone conversation between the defendant and a confidential informant
working with the Memphis Police Department. He said he personally heard the defendant’s voice
between six and ten times and acknowledged that the informant and the defendant engaged in other
conversations he did not hear. Detective Fox testified that during the first conversation he witnessed
between the defendant and the informant, the informant initiated the discussion of murdering the
victims. He said no money was exchanged and no specific arrangements were made for the murders.

                                           Defense Proof

        The defendant testified that he began transporting drugs between Texas and Mississippi in
the early 1990’s. He decided around 2000 that he no longer wished to transport drugs because he
faced large amounts of jail time if caught. He said that when he informed his superiors of this
decision, they told him he could “buy [his] way out,” beginning with payments of $5000 per month
and escalating to $20,000 per month. He testified that he was initially able to make the monthly
payments but had difficulty making them in July and September 2003.

         In September 2003, the defendant needed money to make his payment and attempted to win
money by gambling in Tunica, Mississippi, but was unsuccessful, losing approximately $10,000.
He met with three individuals at a hotel in Tunica to inform them that he was $10,000 shy of making
his scheduled payment. These individuals told the defendant that they had “a job” for him to do and
that, if he did not acquire the money, they would harm him and his family. The defendant testified
that this frightened him because he had previously seen these individuals kill others.

        The three individuals told the defendant that his job was to take elderly people hostage and
rob them and instructed him to purchase a weapon from a Wal-Mart in Hernando, Mississippi. The
three individuals followed the defendant to Wal-Mart and then to two houses in Memphis which
were unoccupied when they arrived. They then led the defendant to the Gelston residence, and
instructed him to use the car for sale as a pretext to gain entry to the house. The defendant spoke
with the Gelstons and test drove the car. He then left the Gelston residence and drove to a nearby
real estate development project where the three individuals were waiting. He told them that no one
was home, but they did not believe him and told him to return to the house.

       The defendant returned and negotiated with Mr. Gelston about the price of the car. He told
the Gelstons he was leaving again to try to secure a loan for the purchase. He returned to the real


                                                 -4-
estate project and again told the three individuals that the Gelstons were not home. They did not
believe him and told him to go back to the house and that he and his family would be killed if he did
not return with the money. The defendant returned to the house, removed the rifle from his truck,
and confronted Mr. Gelston. The defendant apologized to Mr. Gelston and told him that he had to
rob him because “they” were threatening him. He followed Mr. Gelston into the house, explained
that he did not wish to hurt anyone, and asked for money to take to the three individuals. Mrs.
Gelston told him that she was expecting visitors, and the defendant allowed her to call her daughter-
in-law to tell them not to come. He then ordered the Gelstons to accompany him upstairs to retrieve
a bank statement. Afterwards, they descended the stairs and Mrs. Gelston made a second call to her
daughter-in-law. The defendant then told the Gelstons to decide who would go to the bank to
withdraw the money.

        While Mrs. Gelston was gone, Mr. Berretta approached the house. The defendant initially
told Mr. Gelston not to allow him inside the house but then changed his mind. When Mr. Berretta
entered the house, the defendant told him not to worry, that he did not intend to harm anyone, and
that he was in a bad way and needed money. Mr. Berretta expressed concern about his mother’s
health, and the defendant allowed him to leave to find her. Later, after Mrs. Gelston had not
returned, the defendant decided to take Mr. Gelston to find her, using Mr. Gelston’s vehicle. He
elected to leave the rifle in his truck, so he unloaded it and walked to the truck while Mr. Gelston
waited at the carport. When he placed the rifle in the truck, he was apprehended by SWAT officers.

         The defendant testified that he was unwilling to reveal the names of the three individuals
forcing him to rob the Gelstons because they remained at large and he was afraid they would seek
retribution against him. He said he did not call the police while he was inside the Gelstons’ house
because of the threat against him and his family. Regarding Detective Fox’s testimony about the
conversations with the confidential informant, the defendant testified that the informant’s brother
brokered the initial conversation between the informant and the defendant. The defendant said he
told the informant’s brother he was not interested in having the victims murdered but acknowledged
he discussed a drug deal with the informant. He stated that he discussed the drug deal to determine
if the informant was capable of completing the transaction, in the hopes of testifying against him in
exchange for a reduced sentence on his current charges.

       On cross-examination, the defendant acknowledged that he did not report the three
individuals to any law enforcement agency throughout his entire tenure as a drug courier. He said
he could not recall the name of the hotel in Tunica where he met the three individuals to disclose that
he could not make his September 2003 payment. He testified that his wife and children moved to
Nashville in July and that the three individuals did not know his address in Nashville.

         The defendant stated that after purchasing the rifle, he spent the night of September 4, 2003,
in his truck in a parking lot in south Memphis, unaccompanied by the three individuals. He met
them around 8:00 a.m. on September 5 at a gas station in Memphis, where they instructed him to
follow them to the three houses. He acknowledged that the three individuals rode in a separate
vehicle during their travels on September 5, and no one rode in his truck and held a gun to him.


                                                 -5-
        The defense recalled Patricia Gelston, who testified that the defendant apologized to her and
told her he needed the money and that his wife and children were being held at gunpoint. On cross-
examination Mrs. Gelston testified that the defendant did not appear scared, nervous, or worried
about his family.

       The defense also recalled Marion Gelston, who testified that the defendant said someone was
holding his family and had instructed him to force Mr. Gelston to produce a bank statement and
withdraw the money. On cross-examination, Mr. Gelston testified, as had his wife, that the
defendant did not seem nervous, scared, or worried about his family. He said that although the
defendant had a cell phone, he never called to check on his family.

       Following deliberations, the jury found the defendant guilty of the especially aggravated
kidnappings of Patricia Gelston, Marion Gelston, and Mark Berretta and the attempted aggravated
robberies of Patricia Gelston and Marion Gelston.

                                        Sentencing Hearing

        Patricia Gelston testified about the impact the crime had on her family and said that her
family felt “terroriz[ed]” by the defendant’s actions. Marion Gelston testified that the crime had
affected the way his family lives by making them more cautious about watching who comes to their
house.

        Shelby County Sheriff’s Department Detective Chris Harris testified that following the
defendant’s trial, members of the Shelby County Jail staff asked him to open an investigation
because they had intercepted a letter from an inmate sharing a cell with the defendant. The letter
requested that a female appear at the defendant’s sentencing hearing and provide personal
information about the defendant in exchange for money. Harris testified that the letter contained
information about the defendant’s birth date, hometown, physical characteristics, and children. After
receiving the letter, Harris opened an investigation but discovered nothing else out of the ordinary.
On cross-examination, he acknowledged that he did not see the letter being written.

         For the defense, Dr. Joseph Angelillo, a clinical psychologist, testified that he examined the
defendant six times following his arrest and found that he suffered from major depression and a high
level of anxiety. He stated that the defendant had a schizoid personality, meaning he was withdrawn
and preferred to be alone. The defendant told Dr. Angelillo that he heard voices which insulted him.
Dr. Angelillo said the defendant was motivated to seek the approval of others and be seen as a good,
bright, and successful person. He testified that the defendant was not sociopathic and that his mental
state at the time of the crimes did not prevent his knowing that his actions were wrong.

        The trial court found that the defendant was a Range I, standard offender for purposes of the
attempted aggravated robbery convictions and a Range I, violent offender for purposes of the
especially aggravated kidnapping convictions. After discussing Tennessee’s sentencing statutes,
principles, and guidelines which the court would follow, one enhancement factor was applied:


                                                 -6-
              With that in mind, I am first directed to look at the enhancement factors. I do
       find enhancement factor on my list, number two;

              The defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions, or criminal
       behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range.

               The defendant has no criminal convictions, but he does have a history of
       criminal behavior. And I will state that I find this, primarily, based upon the
       defendant’s testimony at the trial that he ran drugs for thirteen to fourteen years for
       three individuals, during which time he observed people being killed.

              Somewhere around the year 2000 he wanted out and they required him to give
       then $5,000.00 a month.

               Basically, he testified about being a drug runner for thirteen to fourteen years.

        The trial court reviewed at length what mitigating factors might be applicable. The court
determined that, based upon the psychological evaluation of the defendant, factor (8), he was
suffering from a mental or physical condition that significantly reduced his culpability, was
applicable, although little weight was afforded to it. The court determined that the defendant’s claim
of duress was not entitled to be treated as a mitigating factor, pursuant to factor (12), for the court
found it to be both “incredible” and not worthy of belief. Applying the applicable enhancement and
mitigating factors, the court sentenced the defendant to twenty-one years for each of the especially
aggravated kidnapping convictions, noting that the defendant would not be eligible for parole on the
sentences. The court sentenced the defendant to four years on the attempted aggravated robberies.
As for whether the sentences should be served consecutively, as the State had requested, the court
found to be applicable several of the factors on which consecutive sentencing could be based:

                I do find that, especially in the circumstances regarding the attempt to solicit
       the killing of these victims. I do believe under any interpretation by the United States
       Supreme Court that I may consider this for consecutive and concurrent sentencing
       purposes. And so I do find him to be a dangerous offender.

               Based upon that, I do find, also, that confinement for an extended period of
       time is necessary to protect society from the defendant’s unwillingness to lead a
       productive life and the defendant’s resort to criminal activity and furtherance of an
       anti-societal lifestyle.

              I do find that the aggregate length of the sentences reasonably relate to the
       offense for which the defendant stands convicted.

               ....



                                                 -7-
        . . . I am hard pressed not to find him a dangerous offender based upon this
solicitation to kill these people. If under the law I can base the aggravation on
criminal activity for which the defendant is not currently being sentenced, then that
would be applicable.

        More importantly to me, though, I believe two other things are applicable in
this case that the state has not asked me for.

        Number one, the defendant is an offender who[se] record of criminal activity
is extensive.

        ....

       Again, the defendant testified that he ran drugs for thirteen, or fourteen years,
in which he observed people getting killed.

        ....

        More importantly, and even more applicable, I find that the defendant is a
professional criminal who has knowingly devoted such defendant’s life to criminal
acts as a major source of his livelihood.

        Again, I find that based upon his testimony about his drug running for thirteen
or fourteen years.

         Also, the presentence report only reflects one job. He testified that he decided
– if anything he said is true, which I am going to take this part of being a drug runner
is true, he decided somewhere around 1999, or 2000 to get out of the drug running
business. The only job that’s listed in the presentence report is a job that he started
around 2000, where he made, according to the presentence report, $72,000.00 a year.
A little over $6,000.00 a month, yet he has to pay $5,000.00 a month to these people
to keep him out of trouble, assuming this is true.

       Not only was he a drug runner for thirteen, or fourteen years, he was,
apparently, continuing his life of crime, if his story is true, to support this.

         I think combined upon his own admissions in Court as being a drug runner
for thirteen, or fourteen years and his lack of any indication of a prior employment
history in the presentence report, he is a person who qualifies as a professional
criminal.

        ....



                                          -8-
               [W]ith all of those considerations in mind I have decided to run count one and
        two, twenty-one years, each, I am going to run those concurrent to each other, but
        consecutive to count three, twenty-one years as to the son.

                When the defendant first arrived he had two people that he was holding, those
        two people, that will be concurrent time. It will be consecutive for the son who
        arrived later and was held. I think that that is a significantly different and additional
        culpability there.

               With regards to the criminal attempt[ed] aggravated robberies, I am going to
        run those concurrent to each other, but consecutive to the first and third counts.

                All that together, according to my calculation is an effective sentence of forty-
        six years. Forty-two years without parole and after he serves that, four years with
        parole.

                                             ANALYSIS

        The defendant presents four issues for our review. He argues that the evidence was
insufficient to support his convictions and that the trial court erred in allowing the State to introduce
statements in which he solicited the murder of the victims, in permitting a lay witness to testify
regarding the operation of the rifle used in the offenses, and in sentencing him to an effective forty-
six-year sentence. The State responds that the evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s
convictions and that the trial court did not err in the admission of evidence or the sentencing of the
defendant.

                                   I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions because
he asserted a defense of duress and, in his view, the State did not meet its burden of rebutting that
defense. The State counters in the alternative, arguing that the defendant did not sufficiently
establish the defense of duress and that the defense was not available because he had a reasonable
opportunity to escape the compulsion without committing an offense and knowingly became
involved in a situation in which it was likely that he would be subjected to compulsion.

        Where sufficiency of the convicting evidence is challenged, the relevant question for the
reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); see also
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall
be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835
S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).


                                                  -9-
        All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the
evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d
620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge,
accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory
of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our supreme court explained the
rationale for this rule:

               This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
       jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their demeanor
       on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary instrumentality of justice
       to determine the weight and credibility to be given to the testimony of witnesses. In
       the trial forum alone is there human atmosphere and the totality of the evidence
       cannot be reproduced with a written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212 Tenn. 464,
370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)).

       A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with which a defendant is initially
cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal, a convicted defendant has the burden of
demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. See State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn.
1982).

        Especially aggravated kidnapping is, inter alia, the knowing removal or confinement of a
person so as to substantially interfere with that person’s liberty, when accomplished with a deadly
weapon. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-302(a), -305(a)(1) (2003). Aggravated robbery is the
intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting the person
in fear, when accomplished with a deadly weapon. Id. §§ 39-13-401(a), -402(a)(1). As relevant
here, a person commits criminal attempt who acts with intent to cause a result that is an element of
the offense and believes the conduct will cause the result without further conduct on the person’s
part. Id. § 39-12-101(a)(2).

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-504 provides:

               (a) Duress is a defense to prosecution where the person or a third person is
       threatened with harm which is present, imminent, impending and of such a nature to
       induce a well-grounded apprehension of death or serious bodily injury if the act is not
       done. The threatened harm must be continuous throughout the time the act is being
       committed, and must be one from which the person cannot withdraw in safety.
       Further, the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm must clearly outweigh,
       according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm sought to be prevented
       by the law proscribing the conduct.




                                                 -10-
              (b) This defense is unavailable to a person who intentionally, knowingly, or
       recklessly becomes involved in a situation in which it was probable that the person
       would be subjected to compulsion.

If admissible evidence supporting a duress defense is introduced, the State must negate the defense
beyond a reasonable doubt before the defendant may be convicted. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-
201(a)(3) (2003).

        We will review whether the defendant introduced sufficient evidence of duress to trigger the
State’s responsibility to negate the defense beyond a reasonable doubt. To support the defense, the
defendant offered only his self-serving testimony, which was non-specific in several material
respects. He refused to provide the names of the three individuals who allegedly coerced him into
the kidnappings and attempted robberies. While he articulated a generalized apprehension that these
three individuals would harm him and his family if he did not comply with their orders, he did not
provide a specific basis for his belief that his family was in imminent and impending danger. In
rebuttal, the State introduced evidence that, the night before the offenses, the defendant was alone
in a Wal-Mart parking lot with access to a cell phone, providing ample opportunity to seek assistance
from law enforcement rather than commit the offenses.

        The jury was instructed on the definition of duress and told that if evidence was introduced
supporting the defense of duress, the State had the burden to rebut the defense beyond a reasonable
doubt and that any reasonable doubt on the issue of whether the defendant acted from duress required
the defendant to be found not guilty. The jury is presumed to follow its instructions. State v. Young,
196 S.W.3d 85, 111 (Tenn. 2006). The jury’s guilty verdicts indicate that it found that the State
rebutted the defendant’s duress defense beyond a reasonable doubt, and the record is sufficient for
a reasonable jury to make this determination.

        To the extent that the defendant challenges generally the sufficiency of the evidence, we
conclude that his claim is without merit. The proof at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the
State, showed that the defendant, brandishing a loaded rifle, entered the home of Marion and Patricia
Gelston. He knowingly confined the Gelstons and their son, Mark Berretta, and attempted to take
money from the Gelstons through fear by ordering Mrs. Gelston to withdraw money from their bank
while holding Mr. Gelston at gunpoint. The evidence was sufficient to support the defendant’s
convictions for especially aggravated kidnapping and attempted aggravated robbery.

                                      II. Evidentiary Rulings

        The defendant argues that the trial court erred in admitting testimony regarding the
defendant’s solicitation of the murder of the victims and the operation of the rifle the defendant used
in the offenses. The admission of evidence generally lies within the sound discretion of the trial
court and will not be reversed on appeal absent a showing of an abuse of discretion. See State v.
Gilliland, 22 S.W.3d 266, 270 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Edison, 9 S.W.3d 75, 77 (Tenn. 1999); State
v. Cauthern, 967 S.W.2d 726, 743 (Tenn. 1998). As our supreme court has explained:


                                                 -11-
       Because the term “discretion” essentially “denotes the absence of a hard and fast
       rule,” we will reverse a decision to admit evidence “only when the ‘court applied an
       incorrect legal standard, or reached a decision which is against logic or reasoning that
       caused an injustice to the party complaining.’”

Gilliland, 22 S.W.3d at 270 (quoting State v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tenn. 1999)).

                 A. Testimony Regarding Solicitation of the Victims’ Murder

        The defendant argues that the trial court should have excluded evidence that he solicited the
murder of the victims because it was irrelevant and, alternatively, because the probative value of the
evidence was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The State responds that
the trial court properly admitted the evidence as relevant to demonstrate the defendant’s
consciousness of guilt and that the probative value of the evidence was not outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice. As we will explain, we agree with the State.

        Relevant evidence is evidence “having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that
is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Generally, relevant evidence is admissible and
irrelevant evidence is inadmissible. Tenn. R. Evid. 402. However, even relevant evidence may be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Tenn.
R. Evid. 403.

        Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person
in order to show action in conformity with the character trait. Such evidence is admissible for other
purposes, however, provided that the trial court (1) upon request, holds a hearing outside the jury’s
presence; (2) determines that a material issue exists other than conduct conforming with a character
trait and, upon request, states the basis for its determination; (3) finds proof of the other crime,
wrong, or act to be clear and convincing; and (4) determines that the probative value of the evidence
is not outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). Generally, Rule 404(b)
is one of exclusion, and evidence that an accused has committed some other crime or bad act
independent of that for which he is charged is inadmissible, even though it may be a crime or act of
the same character as that for which the accused is on trial. See State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238,
254 (Tenn. 1993). If, however, evidence that a defendant has committed a crime separate from the
one for which he is being tried is relevant to some matter actually in issue in the case on trial and if
its probative value is not outweighed by the danger of its prejudicial effect, the evidence may be
admitted. See id.

        “Any attempt by an accused to conceal or destroy evidence, including an attempt to suppress
the testimony of a witness, is relevant as a circumstance from which guilt of the accused may be
inferred.” Tillery v. State, 565 S.W.2d 509, 511 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). “Generally, evidence of
threats against witnesses attributed to the accused is probative as being either (1) conduct
inconsistent with the accused's claim of innocence or (2) conduct consistent with the theory that the


                                                 -12-
making of such threats evinces a consciousness of guilt.” State v. Austin, 87 S.W.3d 447, 477
(Tenn. 2002).

        During the State’s case-in-chief, defense counsel requested a jury-out hearing regarding the
admissibility of the testimony of Detective Fox, who would testify about telephone conversations
he overheard between the defendant and a confidential informant in which the defendant solicited
the murder of the victims. During this hearing, Detective Fox testified that the defendant told the
informant that he “wanted those subjects that were on his case physically removed so that they would
not be able to come and testify against him.” The defendant said there were two individuals, who
lived together, and their son, who lived at a different address. The defendant said that, after the
murder, he would cease contact with the informant so their phone calls would not be traced and
discussed with the informant potential alibis for the time of the murder.

       Following Detective Fox’s testimony, the trial court considered its admissibility:

                Well, I beli[e]ve this is governed by [Tennessee] Rule [of Evidence] 404(b),
       and if it’s not, I would rather be safe and determine that it is 404(b).

               ....

              I’ve had a jury out hearing. The question for me is that I might must
       determine [sic] if the evidence is relevant to a material issue other than propensity.

              And I must exclude the evidence if its probative value is outweighed by the
       danger of unfair prejudice.

               ....

              . . . I do think it’s relevant. I do think that it certainly goes to show the
       defendant’s consciousness of guilt.

              And so I think it’s . . . highly relevant that someone with a pending trial
       would solicit someone to kill the witnesses against him. I mean, I think it’s
       extremely – extremely relevant.

               ....

               But I do think it’s relevant and as far as weighing the probative value versus
       the prejudicial effect, I don’t find that the probative value is outweighed by the
       danger of unfair prejudice.

       The trial court determined that Detective Fox’s testimony was relevant and admissible as
proof of another crime, wrong, or act because it was offered for a purpose other than to prove


                                               -13-
conduct in conformity with a character trait, i.e. to show consciousness of guilt. The record supports
this determination.

                  B. Lay Witness Testimony Regarding the Rifle’s Operation

         The defendant argues that the trial court erred in permitting Mark Berretta, a former
Tennessee State Guard member with federal law enforcement training and experience with weapons,
“to examine the weapon used by the [defendant], to give extensive testimony regarding the technical
operation of the weapon, and to give testimony from a photograph regarding the gun safety feature
not being activated during the commission of the offense.” He contends that, because Berretta was
not accepted by the court as a ballistics expert, he should not have been permitted to offer such
“technical or specialized testimony” regarding the rifle. He also asserts that the testimony should
have been excluded for irrelevance. The State responds that the defendant has waived this issue by
failing to raise it in his motion for new trial.

         Issues related to the admission or exclusion of evidence which are not specifically stated in
a motion for a new trial are treated as waived on appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e). However, even if
we were to reach the merits of the defendant’s argument, he would not be entitled to relief. Berretta
testified about the operation of the rifle’s safety and demonstrated whether one could see if the safety
was engaged or disengaged while the rifle was being held. The trial court correctly found that such
testimony did not require the specialized knowledge of an expert. Berretta’s opinions were rationally
based on his experience and training as a law enforcement officer and helpful to a clear
understanding of his testimony. See State v. Augustine John Lopez, III, No. M2003-02307-CCA-
R3-CD, 2005 WL 1521826, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 28, 2005), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn.
Dec. 5, 2005) (police officer’s testimony regarding how the orientation of a fingerprint may reveal
how an item was held did not require the qualification of an expert because it was rationally based
upon his experience and training and was helpful in understanding a fact in issue in the case). This
assignment is without merit.

                                            III. Sentencing

         The defendant argues that the trial court erred in sentencing him to an effective forty-six-year
sentence. He asserts that the trial court improperly applied the previous criminal history
enhancement factor because, in his view, the court made contradictory findings regarding the
credibility of his testimony. He contends that it was improper for the court to credit his testimony
that he transported drugs for many years in applying the enhancement factor, yet refuse to credit his
testimony regarding proof of duress while considering mitigating factors. He also argues that the
trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentencing. The State responds that the assessment of
witness credibility is entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court, the court properly considered
the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances, and the court properly imposed
consecutive sentencing. As we will explain, we agree with the State that the trial court properly
sentenced the defendant.



                                                  -14-
        When an accused challenges the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence, it is the
duty of this court to conduct a de novo review on the record with a presumption that “the
determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-401(d) (2003). This presumption is “conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record
that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.”
State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). The presumption does not apply to the legal
conclusions reached by the trial court in sentencing the accused or to the determinations made by the
trial court which are predicated upon uncontroverted facts. State v. Butler, 900 S.W.2d 305, 311
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Smith, 891 S.W.2d 922, 929 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v.
Bonestel, 871 S.W.2d 163, 166 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds by State v.
Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2000). However, this court is required to give great weight to the
trial court’s determination of controverted facts as the trial court’s determination of these facts is
predicated upon the witnesses’ demeanor and appearance when testifying.

        In conducting a de novo review of a sentence, this court must consider (a) any evidence
received at the trial and/or sentencing hearing, (b) the presentence report, (c) the principles of
sentencing, (d) the arguments of counsel relative to sentencing alternatives, (e) the nature and
characteristics of the offense, (f) any mitigating or enhancement factors, (g) any statements made by
the accused in his own behalf, and (h) the accused’s potential or lack of potential for rehabilitation
or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-103, -210 (2003); State v. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d 400, 411
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). Enhancement factors may be considered only if they are “appropriate for
the offense,” and “not themselves essential elements of the offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114
(2003).

        The party challenging the sentence imposed by the trial court has the burden of establishing
that the sentence is erroneous. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Commission Cmts.;
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. In this case, the defendant has the burden of illustrating the sentence
imposed by the trial court is erroneous. If our review reflects that the trial court, following the
statutory sentencing procedure, imposed a lawful sentence, after having given due consideration and
proper weight to the factors and principles set out under the sentencing law and made findings of fact
that are adequately supported by the record, then we may not modify the sentence even if we would
have preferred a different result. State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

        Initially, we note that, from the record, it is clear that the trial court thoroughly considered
the relevant sentencing principles, facts, and circumstances. Therefore, our review is de novo with
a presumption that the trial court’s determinations were correct.

              A. Application of Previous Criminal History Enhancement Factor

        The defendant argues that the trial court should not have applied the previous criminal history
enhancement factor to his sentences because the court credited his testimony regarding his extensive
activity as a drug courier, but did not credit that regarding his claim of duress. We disagree with the
defendant that these findings are “contradictory.” There is nothing inherently inconsistent in the trial


                                                 -15-
court’s findings that the defendant transported drugs for the three individuals for many years, yet the
three individuals did not coerce the defendant into committing the offenses against the victims.
Regardless, the defendant cites no authority for the proposition that a trial court must accredit either
all or none of a witness’s testimony. “Questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight
and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved
by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). The defendant is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

                                     B. Consecutive Sentencing

        The defendant also challenges the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentencing, arguing
that the court erred by finding him to be a dangerous offender. He contends that the trial court
improperly considered his solicitation of the murder of the victims in finding that his behavior
indicated little or no regard for human life. The State responds that, since the trial court found two
additional alternative bases for imposing consecutive sentencing, the imposition of consecutive
sentencing was proper, regardless of whether the court erred in finding the defendant was a
dangerous offender. As we will explain, we agree with the State.

        As a general rule, consecutive sentences are imposed at the discretion of the trial court upon
its consideration of one or more of the following statutory criteria:

       (1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted such
       defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood;

       (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive;

       (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person as declared by a
       competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result of an investigation prior to
       sentencing that the defendant’s criminal conduct has been characterized by a pattern
       of repetitive or compulsive behavior with heedless indifference to consequences;

       (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no
       regard for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk
       to human life is high;

       (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving sexual
       abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating circumstances arising from
       the relationship between the defendant and victim or victims, the time span of
       defendant’s undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts and
       the extent of the residual, physical and mental damage to the victim or victims;

       (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on probation; or

       (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.

                                                 -16-
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b) (2003). These criteria are stated in the alternative; therefore, only
one need exist to support the appropriateness of consecutive sentencing.

         As the basis for consecutive sentencing, the trial court applied three of the seven statutory
criteria:

               I think combined upon his [the defendant’s] own admissions in Court as
       being a drug runner for thirteen, or fourteen years and his lack of any indication of
       a prior employment history in the presentence report, he is a person who qualifies as
       a professional criminal.

               And I base that upon many decisions of the Court of Criminal Appeals. So
       I do find him primarily to be a professional criminal, number one.

               Number two, that the defendant’s record of criminal activity is extensive, as
       I have interpreted the record, and;

              Number three, to be a dangerous offender, assuming that I can take into
       consideration the solicitation of murder.

              So I think that there are three reasons that justify consecutive sentencing in
       this matter.

         The defendant challenges only the trial court’s finding that he is a dangerous offender, not
its findings that he is a professional criminal or has an extensive record of criminal activity.
Therefore, we need not determine whether the trial court was correct in finding the defendant a
dangerous offender because even were we to find that this determination was erroneous, there remain
two alternative bases for imposing consecutive sentencing. The existence of any one of the seven
criteria of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) is sufficient to justify the imposition of
consecutive sentencing. State v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 307 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). This
assignment is without merit.

                                 IV. Clerical Error in Judgment

        Although not called to our attention by either party, our review of the appellate record reveals
that the judgment for Count 4 contains a clerical error. The judgment lists the conviction offense
as “CA: Robb” and does not indicate the conviction class. The record reflects that, on this count,
the defendant was convicted of criminal attempt to commit aggravated robbery, a Class C felony.
Accordingly, we remand the matter to the trial court for entry of a corrected judgment reflecting the
correct conviction offense and felony class. In all other respects, the judgments of the trial court are
affirmed.

                                          CONCLUSION


                                                 -17-
        Based on the foregoing reasoning and authorities, the judgments of the trial court are
affirmed, and this matter is remanded to the trial court for entry of a corrected judgment in Count
4, as set out herein.

                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




                                               -18-
