               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                                  No. 14–0411

                                Filed May 8, 2015


JOSEPH H. SANFORD and SUZANNA L. SANFORD,

      Appellants,

vs.

LYNN FILLENWARTH and JULIE FILLENWARTH, as Executors of the
Estate of KENNETH FILLENWARTH, and JAMES LAWLER,

      Appellees.
________________________________________

KENNETH FILLENWARTH d/b/a FILLENWARTH BEACH
and KENNETH FILLENWARTH,

      Third-Party Plaintiffs,

vs.

CARI LAWLER, JOHN LAWLER, MATT LAWLER, MICHAEL LAWLER, and
TERRY LAWLER,

      Third-Party Defendants.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dickinson County, Don E.

Courtney, Judge.



      An injured person seeks damages based on dramshop liability

against a resort that served alcoholic beverages.     REVERSED AND

REMANDED.



      Erik A. Luthens of Luthens Law Offices, P.C., West Des Moines, for

appellants.
                                   2

      Christopher L. Bruns (until withdrawal), Keith J. Larson, and

Nicholas J. Kilburg of Elderkin & Pirnie, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, and

Michael J. Chozen of Chozen & Saunders, Spirit Lake, for appellees.
                                          3

CADY, Chief Justice.

       In this interlocutory appeal involving dramshop liability of a liquor

license holder, we must primarily determine the meaning of the word

“sold” within the Iowa Dramshop Law, Iowa Code section 123.92 (2011).

The district court held that a beach resort that served alcoholic

beverages without separate charge to resort guests during boat cruises

provided as an advertised amenity of the hotel stay did not, as a matter

of law, sell alcoholic beverages under the dramshop statute. It granted

summary judgment to the resort licensee. On our review, we conclude

the statute can encompass indirect sales under the facts alleged in this

case. Accordingly, we reverse the district court and remand for further

proceedings.

       I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Fillenwarth Beach is a resort in Arnold’s Park, Iowa, on Lake

Okoboji.    It is open every year during the summer season.                  Kenneth

Fillenwarth owned the resort as a sole proprietorship until his death in

2014. 1 Fillenwarth Beach provides a number of amenities to its guests.

The resort has indoor and outdoor pools, basketball and tennis courts,

and a playground. It offers paddleboats and canoes for use on the lake,
maintains a beach, and offers a variety of lessons to its guests. Other

amenities included in a stay at Fillenwarth Beach for guests of the resort

are complimentary cruises on Lake Okoboji in Fillenwarth-owned boats

where free soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, and other beverages are

served.    The cruises are limited to resort guests.                Kenneth, doing



       1Kenneth  Fillenwarth died April 24, 2014. The executors of his estate, Lynn and
Julie Fillenwarth, were substituted as defendants for both Fillenwarth individually and
Fillenwarth d/b/a Fillenwarth Beach.
                                        4

business as Fillenwarth Beach, 2 holds two liquor licenses that authorize

it to sell and serve alcoholic beverages. It offers wine and beer tastings

and occasional social hours under a class “B” license and serves

alcoholic beverages to guests on boat cruises around West Okoboji Lake

under a class “D” license.

      On July 31, 2011, Michael and Tonya Lawler checked into

Fillenwarth Beach for a week stay, with their children Cari, James, and

Kyle. 3 Michael assumed responsibility for the cost of the family stay at

the resort. Vacations at Fillenwarth Beach with the extended family were

a yearly event for the Lawlers.       On the day the family arrived at the

resort, several of them, including James, signed up for an adults-only

lake cruise that served alcoholic beverages. While waiting for the cruise

to start, James and other family members relaxed with alcoholic

beverages they had brought to the resort.

      Joseph and Suzanna Sanford were also guests at the resort on

July 31, 2011.      As with the Lawlers, the Sanfords and their family

vacationed at Fillenwarth Beach each summer. The Sanfords had made

friends among the yearly guests, and their sons enjoyed the resort

activities. As with the Lawlers, the Sanfords signed up for the evening

lake cruise on July 31, along with several friends who were staying at the

resort, including Dr. Bill Weeks.

      During the cruise, James consumed a number of alcoholic

beverages. The bartender served James two mixed drinks, and he drank

some beers from a self-serve keg near the bar. Towards the end of the

         2The business was sued as Kenneth Fillenwarth d/b/a Fillenwarth Beach. We

will refer to this party as Fillenwarth Beach to avoid confusion.
        3Because we refer to both Michael and James Lawler throughout this opinion,

we will call each by their first name.
                                      5

cruise, while waiting for drinks near the bar on the boat, James and

Michael   exchanged     heated    words      and   threats    with   Dr. Weeks.

Approximately half an hour after the end of the cruise, the Sanfords and

their friends encountered some members of the Lawler family.                 The

encounter soon escalated into physical violence when James assaulted

Joseph Sanford. 4

      The Sanfords filed a lawsuit against Fillenwarth, Fillenwarth Beach

(collectively Fillenwarth Beach), and James for damages resulting from

the injury.   The legal theories of recovery included dramshop liability

against Fillenwarth Beach, loss of consortium based on the dramshop

liability, assault and battery against James with related loss-of-

consortium claims, and premises liability and related loss-of-consortium

claims against Fillenwarth Beach.

      Fillenwarth    Beach   moved     for    summary        judgment   on   the

dramshop-liability claims. It claimed the dramshop statute only applies

to the sale and service of alcoholic beverages and does not apply to

impose liability in this case because the alcoholic beverages were not

sold but only served as an amenity of the resort. It also claimed no sale

could have been made to James because he was not a paying guest. The

district court granted summary judgment. It found no sale took place

because James did not provide any consideration for the alcoholic

beverages served to him.         The Sanfords sought, and we granted,

interlocutory review.




      4James punched Joseph Sanford once in the head, which caused him to fall

down and strike a low wall or curb, resulting in serious injury.
                                     6

      II. Standard of Review.

      Summary judgment is appropriate only if there is no genuine issue

of material fact entitling the moving party to judgment as a matter of law.

Thomas v. Gavin, 838 N.W.2d 518, 521 (Iowa 2013). We consider the

evidence in the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.

Cox v. Rolling Acres Golf Course Corp., 532 N.W.2d 761, 763 (Iowa 1995).

Review is limited to determining if a genuine issue of material fact is in

question or if the law was correctly applied. See Huck v. Wyeth, Inc., 850

N.W.2d 353, 362 (Iowa 2014).

      “We review a district court’s statutory interpretation for correction

of errors at law.” Godfrey v. State, 847 N.W.2d 578, 582 (Iowa 2014).

When interpreting a statute, we look to the express language of the

statute and, if it is ambiguous, to the legislative intent behind the

statute. Kay-Decker v. Iowa State Bd. of Tax Review, 857 N.W.2d 216,

223 (Iowa 2014). When a word is not defined in the statute, we look to

precedent, similar statutes, dictionaries, and common usage to define the

term. Id.

      III. Analysis.

      The starting point of our analysis is the language of the statute

governing dramshop liability.       The relevant portion of the statute

provides:

      Any person who is injured . . . by an intoxicated person . . .
      has a right of action for all damages actually sustained,
      severally or jointly, against any licensee or permittee . . . who
      sold and served any beer, wine, or intoxicating liquor to the
      intoxicated person when the licensee or permittee knew or
      should have known the person was intoxicated . . . .
                                         7

Iowa Code § 123.92(1)(a) (2011). 5

       Essentially, the parties disagree over the meaning of the word

“sold” in the statute. The Sanfords claim the statute is broad enough to

include alcoholic beverages served by a resort as an amenity while

Fillenwarth Beach claims the statute is restricted to those common

transactions in which a direct exchange of money for the alcoholic

beverage occurs. Thus, the Sanfords assert the statute applies to impose

liability if the other elements are satisfied while Fillenwarth Beach

asserts the statute does not apply to impose liability as a matter of law.

Ultimately, the disagreement is resolved by interpreting the language of

the statute.

       In order to discover the meaning of a statute rendered ambiguous

by a particular set of circumstances, it is often helpful to consider the

proposition sought to be addressed by the legislature. See IBP, Inc. v.

Harker, 633 N.W.2d 322, 325 (Iowa 2001). This is a key inquiry in this

case because the language of the statute and the accompanying

definitions provide little insight into the meaning of a sale.

       The dramshop statute exists within the chapter of the Code

identified as the “Iowa Alcoholic Beverage Control Act.”                Iowa Code

§ 123.1. It was enacted “for the protection of the welfare, health, peace,

morals, and safety of the people of the state.” Id. Its provisions are to be

“liberally construed” to effectuate this purpose. Id. The Act is predicated

on a policy that “traffic in alcoholic liquors” should be strictly regulated

in the public interest. Id. Thus, many provisions of the Act prohibit the

sale of alcoholic liquor, wine, or beer except under specific terms and

       5The parties do not dispute the service requirement in this action or that the
server knew or should have known James Lawler was intoxicated for purposes of this
appeal.
                                    8

conditions. See, e.g., id. § 123.2. Accordingly, the Act only defines the

“sale” of alcoholic beverages in the context of a “prohibited ‘sale.’ ” Id.

§ 123.3(32).   A prohibited “sale” under the Act “includes soliciting for

sales, taking orders for sales, keeping or exposing for sale, delivery or

other trafficking for a valuable consideration promised or obtained, and

procuring or allowing procurement for any other person.”         Id.   This

definition does not fully illuminate the meaning of a “sale” in the context

of the dramshop statute. Accordingly, we proceed to consider further the

background of the statute to identify the problem sought to be addressed

by the statute.

      The dramshop statute was enacted to provide a remedy to innocent

victims harmed by persons who are served excess liquor by licensees and

permittees. Hayward v. P.D.A., Inc., 573 N.W.2d 29, 34 (Iowa 1997). Its

name refers to a place, or shop, where alcoholic beverages are sold by the

dram, or the drink, to be drunk on the premises.        Malkan v. City of

Chicago, 75 N.E. 548, 551 (Ill. 1905); 48 C.J.S. Intoxicating Liquors § 36,

at 203 (2014). The statute was a response to the absence of liability at

common law for furnishing excessive amounts of alcoholic beverages to

people who subsequently caused harm to others. Haafke v. Mitchell, 347

N.W.2d 381, 384 (Iowa 1984), overruled in part on other grounds by Gail

v. Clark, 410 N.W.2d 662, 669–70 (Iowa 1987).        At common law, the

proximate-cause element of a tort claim was viewed to insulate a

saloonkeeper from liability for injuries caused to others by patrons who

drink to excess.   Id.   The dramshop statute obviated this problem by

imposing liability. Walton v. Stokes, 270 N.W.2d 627, 628 (Iowa 1978).

It was enacted to give protection to the public that the common law did

not provide. Wendelin v. Russell, 259 Iowa 1152, 1158, 147 N.W.2d 188,

192 (1966), overruled on other grounds by Lewis v. State, 256 N.W.2d
                                     9

181, 189, 192 (Iowa 1977).       Iowa first enacted a form of dramshop

liability in 1862.    1862 Iowa Acts ch. 47, § 2 (codified at Iowa Code

§ 1557 (1873)).

      Prior to 1986, Iowa’s dramshop statute broadly imposed liability on

a licensee or permittee “who shall sell or give” alcoholic beverages to an

intoxicated person.      See Iowa Code § 123.92 (1985).     In 1986, the

legislature amended the statute to its present “sold and served”

language.   See 1986 Iowa Acts ch. 1211, § 12 (codified at Iowa Code

§ 123.92 (1987)). The primary purpose of the 1986 amendment was to

restrict liability under the statute to situations when alcoholic beverages

are served for consumption on the premises, and specific language was

added to the statute to accomplish this purpose.      Kelly v. Sinclair Oil

Corp., 476 N.W.2d 341, 347 (Iowa 1991), abrogated on other grounds by

Thompson v. Kaczinski, 774 N.W.2d 829, 836, 839 (Iowa 2009).          This

change brought the statute more in line with the traditional concept of

dramshop liability.      However, by removing the word “give” from the

phrase “sell or give,” the amendment also expressed a legislative “intent

to narrow the conduct for which a licensee may be liable.” Summerhays

v. Clark, 509 N.W.2d 748, 751 (Iowa 1993). It meant “purely gratuitous

undertakings” by licensees and permittees no longer created liability

under the statute. Id.

      As a result, the legislature has drawn a line between a sale and a

gift under the statute and has limited dramshop liability for licensees

and permittees only when they sell and serve the alcoholic beverage to

the intoxicated person who injured another person.      See id.   We have

recognized the existence of this line and have sought to apply the statute

so the line would not become blurred. See id.
                                        10

       In Summerhays, we held that intoxicating liquor served to

employees at a restaurant and bar during a holiday party hosted by the

employer licensee did not constitute a “sale” under the dramshop law.

Id.   We rejected the argument that consideration to support a “sale”

could be derived from the employee’s goodwill fostered by the party. Id.

at 750–51. Instead, we applied a straightforward notion of consideration

based on commonly understood distinctions to support a sale under the

statute.      Id. at 751.   Similarly, we have implied that the sale of an

alcoholic beverage normally involves a payment by the purchaser,

although proof of payment is not always necessary to prove a sale. See

Smith v. Shagnasty’s Inc., 688 N.W.2d 67, 73–74 (Iowa 2004); see also

Iowa Code § 123.110 (2011) (“It shall not be necessary in every case to

prove payment in order to prove a sale within the meaning and intent of

this chapter.”).

       Clearly, we have taken a pragmatic approach to the meaning of the

word “sale” in the dramshop statute. First, we look for the presence of

consideration, which is a basic element of the traditional notion of a sale.

Summerhays, 509 N.W.2d at 751.               Second, we look to evidence of a

payment, although it may be implied from the circumstances.                Smith,

688 N.W.2d at 73–74. Finally, we have chosen not to adopt the theory

that a sale under the statute can be established by the way a licensee or

permittee may treat the service of alcoholic beverages for accounting and

tax purposes or by the way the basic economic principle of “no free

lunch” 6 may apply to the transaction. Summerhays, 509 N.W.2d at 753

(Lavorato, J., dissenting).


       6The phrase “free lunch” refers to a past common practice in this country of
saloons providing a “free” lunch to patrons who purchased a drink. See Chris
Anderson, Free: The Future of a Radical Price 40–42 (2009) [hereinafter Anderson].
                                          11

       As a statute designed to impose liability on a licensee or permittee

who serves alcoholic beverages, the problem sought to be addressed by

the legislature stems from the conduct of the licensee or permittee. See

Iowa Code § 123.92(1)(a) (2011); see also id. § 123.49(1)(a) (exempting

those not required to hold a permit from civil liability).              The problem

sought to be addressed by the legislature was the conduct of selling and

serving excess alcoholic beverages by licensees or permittees. Yet, the

statute only imposes liability when the licensee or permittee is engaged

in the expected or normal conduct of selling the beverages for which the

license or permit is required. See id. § 123.92. The legislature did not

want to impose liability on a licensee or permittee on those occasions

when they give alcoholic beverages to others without tangibly benefiting

from the action, as opposed to when they profit from selling the alcoholic

beverages.

       Even though the harm to a victim associated with serving excessive

liquor can be the same whether the liquor is sold or provided

gratuitously, there are reasons our legislature may not have wanted to

impose dramshop liability when liquor is served gratuitously. First, the

times when a licensee or permittee might choose to serve liquor to people

without any return consideration or charge would be very limited.

Additionally, the licensee and permittee is treated the same as other

people who act as social hosts when dramshop liability is limited to

sales. See Iowa Code §§ 123.49(1)(a), .92(1)(a). Furthermore, a licensee

_________________________
Economist Milton Friedman also popularized the phrase by using it as the title of one of
his books. Milton Friedman, There’s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch (1975). The phrase
has been used to describe an idea that is at the core of economics, that everything
always has a cost. See Anderson, at 216–17. “Someone, somewhere, is paying for
‘lunch’ regardless of the posted price or absence thereof.” David Adam Friedman, Free
Offers: A New Look, 38 N.M. L. Rev. 49, 52 (2008).
                                     12

or permittee does not engage in profit making by serving excessive liquor

gratuitously.   Thus, the legislature did not seek to address the more

isolated or occasional problem of the gratuitous service of excessive

liquor.   Instead, the problem sought to be addressed was limited to

licensees and permittees who use the license for its common and

expected purpose of selling alcoholic beverages to others.

      A sale can take place under a variety of circumstances in our

advancing world of marketing. The term has both a common definition

and a legal definition.   We look to both in interpreting statutes.       See

Schaefer v. Putnam, 841 N.W.2d 68, 78 (Iowa 2013). Webster’s Dictionary

defines the word “sell” to include “to give up (property) to another for

money or other valuable consideration” and “to deliver the personal

services of for money.”     Webster’s Third New International Dictionary

2061 (unabr. ed. 2002).     Black’s Law Dictionary defines “sell” as “[t]o

transfer (property) by sale.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1567 (10th ed. 2014).

It defines “sale” as “[t]he transfer of property or title for a price.” Id. at

1537. Black’s recognizes four elements of a sale: “(1) parties competent

to contract, (2) mutual assent, (3) a thing capable of being transferred,

and (4) a price in money paid or promised.” Id.

      The facts of each case ultimately reveal if a sale can be established.

See Smith, 688 N.W.2d at 73–74 (noting “[c]ircumstantial evidence is

equally probative as direct evidence”). Yet, we conclude that the intent of

the legislature under the dramshop statute was to capture all direct and

indirect sales supported by consideration tangibly benefiting the

dramshop. This holding allows the statute to be applied to tackle the

problem sought to be addressed by the legislature in enacting the statute

and is consistent with our prior caselaw. It also gives greater definition
                                     13

to the line between a sale and gratuitous service by a licensee or

permittee.

        In this case, the facts support an inference that boat cruises with

alcoholic beverages were part of the consideration for the hotel stay.

They were advertised to prospective guests as one of the amenities of the

stay.    Thus, this case is an example of the problem sought to be

addressed by the legislature in imposing liability on licensees and

permittees who sell and serve excessive liquor as part of their business.

Fillenwarth Beach was serving alcoholic beverages to its guests on the

boat cruises as part of its regular resort package, not as an isolated

occasion as in Summerhays, in which there was no argument that any

contract required the provision of beverages.      See 509 N.W.2d at 749

(employee holiday party). The problem the legislature sought to address

under the dramshop statute applied to the method in which Fillenwarth

served alcoholic beverages on the boat cruises.

        Additionally, the record in this case showed the resort services and

amenities were only available to paying guests or guests who were

intended third-party beneficiaries to the contract between the paying

guests and the resort. Furthermore, Fillenwarth Beach does not provide

the full amenities to all guests. The resort advertising literature provides

that “not all amenities and activities are offered in the 50% discount rate

periods.”    This implies alcoholic beverages were not gratuitous.    If an

amenity is only provided at a specific price point and above, the

necessary implication is that the cost of that amenity is only covered at

the higher price point and is therefore part of the higher price. We see no

evidence that the rate paid by Michael was limited to only the room;

rather, the advertisement of all the amenities strongly suggests the

opposite. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 1 cmt. c, at 6 (1981).
                                    14

(“A contract may consist of a single promise by one person to another, or

of mutual promises by two persons to one another; or there may be,

indeed, any number of persons or any number of promises.”).          The

Lawler family stayed at Fillenwarth Beach at the height of the season,

not a discounted period as designated in the resort’s advertisement, and

so had a right to all of the amenities advertised.    This is the type of

evidence that supports a sale under the statute and that is sufficient to

withstand summary judgment.

      Fillenwarth Beach separately argues that a sale cannot be

established with James as a matter of law because Michael was the

person who rented and paid for the room. Yet, we have long recognized

the existence and rights of third-party beneficiaries. See Olney v. Hutt,

251 Iowa 1379, 1384–86, 105 N.W.2d 515, 518–19 (1960) (discussing the

circumstances under which a third-party beneficiary may recover under

a contract).   Indeed, more recently, we have adopted Restatement

(Second) of Contracts on third-party beneficiaries:

      (1) Unless otherwise agreed between promisor and promisee,
      a beneficiary of a promise is an intended beneficiary if
      recognition of a right to performance in the beneficiary is
      appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and
      either
            (a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an
            obligation of the promisee to pay money to the
            beneficiary; or
            (b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee
            intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the
            promised performance.
      (2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an
      intended beneficiary.

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 302 at 439–40; see also Midwest

Dredging Co. v. McAninch Corp., 424 N.W.2d 216, 224 (Iowa 1988)

(adopting the Second Restatement to recognize rights of third-party
                                           15

beneficiaries). If the promisor has reason to know that the benefit to the

third party is contemplated by the promisee, the third party has an

enforceable right to that benefit.              RPC Liquidation v. Iowa Dep’t of

Transp., 717 N.W.2d 317, 320 (Iowa 2006) (noting the promisee’s intent

controls when it comes to third-party beneficiaries).                If the third party

has an enforceable right, then they are party to the sale, even if not to

the contract governing the sale.

       In this case, Michael was the promisee, expressly intending for the

provision of a room and amenities for himself and his immediate family

staying within his room. Fillenwarth Beach was the promisor and had

reason to know that multiple persons were staying in the room with

access to and use of all of the amenities of the resort in exchange for

Michael’s payment. 7 James had an enforceable right to the amenities of

the resort as a third-party beneficiary to his father’s contract with

Fillenwarth Beach. The contracted goods and services included the lake

cruise and the alcoholic beverages served on it.

       We conclude the district court erred by granting summary

judgment to Fillenwarth Beach in this case. Important to our decision is

the goal for the statute to work in a way that addresses the problem the
legislature sought to address.           Additionally, the facts of the case are

vastly different from those in Summerhays.                  First, the restaurant in

Summerhays was closed to the public, permitting only employees and



       7Fillenwarth   argues this construction would necessarily result in sales to all the
minor children who also stayed at the resort. However, minors would not have an
enforceable right to performance due to the illegality of the conduct even if the paying
party intended them to be served, so the minors could not be intended beneficiaries of
the services providing alcohol under our law. See Mlynarik v. Bergantzel, 675 N.W.2d
584, 587 (Iowa 2004) (noting the law will not provide affirmative relief to either party in
an illegal contract).
                                    16

their guests to attend. 509 N.W.2d at 749. At the time the intoxicated

person was served, the restaurant was not an establishment selling

intoxicating beverages because no one served was exchanging or had

earlier provided any consideration for the food and alcoholic beverages.

See id. Fillenwarth Beach’s cruise was not closed to all but employees

and their guests, but rather was provided only to guests staying at the

resort and was closed to those who did not provide consideration.

Second, the Summerhays restaurant was under no obligation to host an

employee holiday party or provide free food and drinks to the employees,

nor did we find the party to be part of the employees’ wages. See id. at

750–51. On the other hand, the cruise here was an advertised amenity

of Fillenwarth Beach, and the resort was obliged to provide the cruise to

its guests.   Even though the cruise was not relied upon by either the

Lawlers or the Sanfords when making the decision to stay at Fillenwarth

Beach, the resort was still required to and did provide the amenity.

      IV. Conclusion.

      We conclude the district court erred in interpreting the word “sold”

in Iowa Code section 123.92(1)(a) to only apply to direct sales. We find

third-party beneficiaries fall within the rubric of a sale for purposes of

this statute and that the sale encompassed the entirety of the contracted

goods and services.     We reverse the district court and remand for

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.
