                                                             FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                          Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT O F APPEALS
                                                                 September 19, 2007
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court

 U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellant,                        No. 06-7071
                                              (D.C. Nos. CIV-02-556-FH S and
 v.                                                     CR-00-002)
                                                        (E.D. Okla.)
 FRED LLOYD HO LDER,

          Defendant - Appellee.



                              OR DER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before H E N RY, L UC ER O and HA RTZ, Circuit Judges.




      On October 8, 2002, Fred Holder filed a petition for habeas relief under 28

U.S.C. § 2255, alleging claims of ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to

his convictions for murder in the second degree in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

1111(a) and for assaulting, resisting, or impeding a federal officer while in the

performance of official duties in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111. The district court

denied this motion without a hearing, and Holder appealed. In United States v.

Holder, 410 F.3d 651 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Holder II”), we reversed the denial of


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Holder’s § 2255 motion and remanded for an evidentiary hearing. Upon remand,

the court held a hearing in which Holder’s trial counsel testified. On June 21,

2006, the court granted Holder’s motion for § 2255 relief with respect to both

counts of conviction. 1 The government now appeals the grant of habeas relief with

respect to the second degree murder conviction. Assuming jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, we A FFIR M .

                                          I

      W e have previously recounted the factual history of this case in some

detail. See United States v. Holder, 256 F.3d 959 (10th Cir. 2001) (affirming

Holder’s conviction on direct appeal) (“Holder I”); Holder II, 410 F.3d 651

(reversing the denial of H older’s § 2255 motion and remanding for an evidentiary

hearing). W e set forth the facts of this case and its procedural history as they

pertain to Holder’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

                                          A

      In the late 1990s, the BC W etlands Partnership, a group of duck hunting

enthusiasts, purchased an easement that allowed them to conduct limited

recreational activities on a federal wetlands parcel. Kenneth Sw ift, a federal

      1
         The district court also granted habeas relief on separate grounds for
Holder’s conviction for assaulting, resisting, or impeding a federal officer w hile
in the performance of official duties in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 111. In its brief
before this court, the government does not set forth any argument against the
grant of habeas relief with respect to Holder’s conviction on this count. We hold
this issue waived. See State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. M hoon, 31 F.3d 979, 984 n.7
(10th Cir. 1994).

                                         -2-
employee of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, oversaw the sale of this

easement. Holder’s family owned property adjacent to the wetlands parcel, and

used their property to raise cattle.

      Because livestock were forbidden on the wetlands under the terms of the

easement, BC W etlands partners, including David Pickens, sought to prevent

Holder’s cattle from entering the parcel. These attempts caused serious

disagreement between Holder and the BC W etlands Partnership. In response to

the cattle problem, the Natural Resources Conservation Service agreed to

construct a fence along the property line. On September 23, 1999, Pickens

accompanied Swift on a four-w heeled vehicle and began marking the property

boundary with flags in preparation for construction. W hile engaged in this task,

Sw ift and Pickens spotted two men on horseback. Recognizing one of the men as

Holder, Pickens told Swift to stay behind him. Pickens had a pistol in his holster,

which he slid to his back before approaching the pair on horseback. W hat

happened next is disputed.

      At trial, Holder testified that he was hog hunting on his property with

George David Smith on that same day. Holder stated he was carrying a shotgun

with him, and removed the gun from its scabbard prior to his encounter with

Pickens because he was afraid it w ould fall out w hile he was crossing a creek.

W hen Holder encountered Pickens, the two had a conversation in which,

according to Holder, Pickens kept “a rambling and a raging and slinging his hands


                                        -3-
and cussing.” Holder could see that Pickens had a gun. During the conversation,

H older testified, he stood across from Pickens and kept his gun pointed “down

towards the ground.” A t some point, Pickens began to move his hand toward his

pistol, and Holder told him, “Fellow, don’t you go for that gun.” W hen Pickens

continued to move his hand “faster” toward the gun, Holder stated that he loaded

a shell into his shotgun. According to Holder, Pickens then proceeded to remove

his pistol from its holster and pointed it at Holder. Only then, Holder testified,

did he fire a shot at Pickens. Holder explained to the jury that he did so because

he was afraid “[Pickens] w as going to kill me.”

         Swift’s testimony at trial differed from Holder’s in important respects.

Sw ift testified that when he saw Holder and Pickens arguing about thirty feet

away from himself, Holder was already pointing a shotgun at Pickens. At some

point during the argument, Pickens began to fumble for his pistol, which was

located toward the center of his back. According to Sw ift, Holder then yelled, “I

told you never pull a gun on me again,” and shot Pickens. Sw ift clearly stated

before the jury that Pickens “never got [his] gun out of the holster” before Holder

fired.

         Smith, the third and final witness to the shooting, was not called to testify

at trial. In his testimony before the grand jury, Smith corroborated much of

Holder’s version of events. Smith testified that he was hog hunting with Holder

on the morning of the shooting. W hile on horseback, the two men came across a


                                           -4-
four-wheeled vehicle. Smith told the grand jury that Holder’s gun had been in a

scabbard shortly before this point. He guessed that Holder pulled the gun out of

the scabbard either around the time they passed the four-wheeled vehicle or

afterw ards, but testified that he did not know for sure when Holder drew the gun.

Soon after seeing the four-wheeled vehicle, Holder and Smith encountered

Pickens and Swift. Smith, who was riding ahead of Holder, first exchanged

greetings with Pickens. Immediately afterwards, Holder spoke up and accused

Pickens of cutting Holder’s fences. Smith testified:

      And then right after that, just kind of as soon as [Pickens] said, no, I
      didn’t, I seen him reach with his right hand back. And then there
      was a little bit of a hesitation, I don’t know what, and then he jerked
      out a gun. I don’t know if his arm was extended. And just as soon as
      he jerked it out – it all happened just like that – Fred shot. It just
      happened just like that.

Later in his grand jury testimony, Smith confirmed that he saw Pickens’ pistol

come out of the holster before Holder fired. According to Smith, “[Pickens]

reached kind of slow and then there was a hesitation. That’s – that’s kind of –

just a hesitation for a moment. And then he come out and then [H older’s

shotgun] shot.” Smith also testified that he did not hear Holder load his shotgun

prior to shooting Pickens. W hen the government asked, “So . . . the shell was

already in the barrel ready to fire?” Smith responded, “I would say so. I know

that may look bad but I didn’t hear it.”




                                           -5-
      At several points in his testimony before the grand jury, Smith expressed

his view that Holder acted in self defense. He stated, “Fred [Holder] done the

only thing, in my belief, that he could have done. And I believe that with all my

heart. I believe if Fred hadn’t have shot, I believe he could be the one that’s dead

right now.” At another point, Smith testified, “I believe if Fred hadn’t have fired,

he could have been the one dead and maybe me too.”

      Holder was charged in federal district court with first degree murder of an

individual assisting a federal employee in the performance of his duties, and

intimidation of a federal employee with a deadly weapon. See 18 U.S.C. §§

1111(a), 1114(1), 111. Holder admitted to shooting Pickens, but claimed that he

did so out of fear for his own life. Thus, the central issue at trial was whether

Holder shot Pickens in self-defense. As previously noted, Smith was not called to

testify. During the trial, the government described the case as a “swearing match”

between Holder and Swift, and stated during closing argument:

      Ladies and gentlemen, this case really does boil down to this. Do
      you believe Ken Swift or do you believe the defendant?

      If you believe Ken Swift, then the defendant is guilty because the
      gun never came out and the defendant shot him in cold blood.

Urging the jury to believe Swift, the prosecutor then asked the jury, “[W ]ho has a

reason to fabricate a story to you and lie? . . . It’s between Ken Swift and the

defendant. W ho has the motive to lie?”

                                          B


                                          -6-
      Holder was convicted by the jury of obstructing a federal officer and of

second degree murder, and was sentenced by the lower court to 168 months’

imprisonment. W e affirmed his conviction on direct appeal. Holder I, 256 F.3d

959. Holder then filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 habeas petition alleging ineffective

assistance of counsel, which the district court denied without a hearing. Holder

appealed this denial. Holder II, 410 F.3d 651.

      In Holder II, we held, based on our review of the trial transcript, that

“Holder has carried his burden to ‘overcome the presumption that, under the

circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.’”

410 F.3d at 655 (quoting Strickland v. W ashington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984))

(additional internal quotations omitted). W e explained, “The potential for the

testimony of Smith to have tipped the balance in favor of a finding of self-defense

is apparent under the circumstances here, where his testimony, if believed, would

have bolstered that of the defendant and refuted that of the prosecution’s witness,

Sw ift.” Id. at 655. M oreover, because “the jurors knew of M r. Smith’s presence

at the scene, as it had been mentioned by both Sw ift and Holder . . . . his absence

from trial surely must have been noticed.” Id. at 656.   W e remanded for an

evidentiary hearing on Holder’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim with the

following guidance to the district court:

      Our record offers no explanation for counsel’s decision not to call
      M r. Smith. There may have been sound, tactical reasons not revealed
      by the record. But on this record we cannot rule out other


                                            -7-
      possibilities, such as that there may have been no reason at all but
      instead a failure to investigate w hich left counsel unfamiliar with
      Smith’s version of the events, or a failure to secure Smith’s
      appearance at trial. Such a crucial decision must be explained before
      a court can draw any conclusions on the ineffectiveness claim.

      Our disposition is compelled, we conclude, by the totality of the
      circumstances before us. The crucial issue in the trial of the murder
      charge was the credibility of conflicting testimony of two witnesses
      and the weighing of their testimony in the circumstances of the tragic
      confrontation resulting in the death of M r. Pickens. W e are
      convinced that the circumstances made critical the holding of an
      evidentiary hearing to develop the thoroughness of trial counsel's
      investigation, preparation, and the basis of the decision about calling
      M r. Smith as a w itness.

Id.

      Upon remand, the district court held an evidentiary hearing on Holder’s

ineffective assistance of counsel claim, at which both of Holder’s trial counsel

testified. Hack W elch, lead counsel for Holder, testified that the government

gave him copies of Smith’s testimony before the grand jury as well as copies of

O klahom a State B ureau of Investigation (“OSBI”) reports documenting interview s

with Smith. W elch also interview ed Smith directly. During the evidentiary

hearing, W elch testified that he understood from these materials and the interview

that Smith’s testimony was “[e]xtremely favorable to [Holder].” He stated, “W ith

regard to the shooting . . . what [Smith] saw, what his testimony would have been,

what he saw was that it was in self-defense, that Pickens w ent for his gun first.

[Holder] had no choice.”




                                         -8-
      W elch’s sole reason for choosing not to call Smith as a witness was his

concern that the government would impeach Smith’s testimony by showing that

Holder was connected to Smith’s past conviction for growing marijuana. W elch

believed that there was a connection between Smith’s 1992 conviction and Holder

because Holder himself had been investigated concerning marijuana in A ugust

1993. W elch testified that according to his best recollection, he never recognized

the full year difference in the dates of Smith’s conviction and of the investigation

of Holder. He admitted that he was probably prevented from catching the gap in

dates by his “looking over [the information] hurriedly.” In addition, W elch

explained that he remembered materials provided to him by the government

showing that Holder was seen in the same field in which Smith was growing

marijuana. W hen W elch asked Holder w hether he had any connection with

Smith’s conviction, however, Holder “denied any involvement in the marijuana.”

Notwithstanding Holder’s denial, W elch admitted that he did not thoroughly

investigate the existence of a conjectural criminal connection between Smith and

Holder. Nor did he file, or attempt to file, a motion in limine to exclude any

evidence of this connection, and could not recall conducting any research into the

Federal Rules of Evidence to determine whether information regarding such a

connection could even be introduced by the government.

      Because W elch did not investigate the supposed criminal connection

between Holder and Smith, he failed to discover that Smith had been charged for


                                         -9-
conspiracy to cultivate marijuana along with a co-defendant named Robert Bailey.

In an unpublished disposition of this court, we reversed the conspiracy conviction

with respect to Smith and reversed Bailey’s conviction on all counts. United

States v. Bailey, Nos. 93-9009, 93-7009, 1993 W L 525667 (10th Cir. Dec. 17,

1993). W e held, with respect to Smith’s conspiracy conviction, that the

government failed to “proved beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of one or

more ‘unknown’ coconspirators” in addition to failing to prove a conspiracy

between Bailey and Smith. Id. at *5. This decision, too, was not discovered by

W elch.

      At the time W elch made his decision not to call Smith, W elch knew of no

probable testimony by Smith that would be damaging to Holder, and thought that

Smith had a “very impressive personality” that w ould make him “a great w itness.”

W elch testified that he felt “intimidated” in federal court, and that this feeling

prevented him from sitting down and fully thinking through his decision not to

call Smith.

      Vester Songer, Holder’s second trial counsel, also testified at the

evidentiary hearing. Songer explained that, as lead counsel, W elch “really ma[de]

the calls in most instances” with respect to Holder’s case. However, Songer

reached an independent decision that Smith should not be called to testify based

on the possible connection of Holder to Smith’s marijuana-related conviction.

Songer did not conduct any independent investigation of the postulated incident


                                         -10-
and based his decision entirely on the information given to W elch by the

government.

      Following the hearing, the district court found that Holder had received

ineffective assistance of trial counsel and granted his § 2255 petition for habeas

relief. The court found that the record before it did “not establish, much less

suggest, that there was any connection between Holder and Smith’s marijuana

cultivation,” and that “this information was available to W elch and Songer from a

rudimentary examination of the discovery provided by the Government.” The

court also found:

      Smith’s grand jury testimony was consistent with Holder’s trial
      testimony on the key issue of whether Pickens pulled his pistol on
      Holder prior to Holder shooting. Smith testified Pickens reached for
      his pistol and jerked it out before he w as shot by Holder. Smith’s
      testimony at trial – assuming a consistency with his grand jury
      testimony – would undoubtedly have been powerful, corroborating
      evidence of a shooting in self-defense. As this prosecution boiled
      down to a quintessential swearing match between Holder and Swift
      (as buttressed by the G overnment’s expert testimony), counsel’s
      failure to present Smith’s corroborating eye-witness testimony,
      combined with counsel’s failure to seek a pretrial ruling on the
      admissibility of the aforementioned marijuana cultivation
      information, constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel.

In addition, the district court found that counsel’s failure to consult with or

employ expert witnesses to challenge the testimony of the government’s forensic

pathology expert about the likelihood that Pickens had drawn his pistol when shot

constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Determining that Holder had

established both deficient performance and prejudice under Strickland, 466 U.S.


                                         -11-
668, the court granted habeas relief with respect to Holder’s conviction of murder

in the second degree in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1111(a) and 114(1). The

government appeals.

                                          II

      An ineffective assistance of counsel claim presents a mixed question of fact

and law. Boltz v. M ullin, 415 F.3d 1215, 1221 (10th Cir. 2005). W e review the

district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.

Id. To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that (1) counsel’s performance fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) defendant suffered prejudice, such

that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of

the trial would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 693-94. “The

proper measure of attorney performance is that of reasonably effective assistance

under prevailing professional norms, considering all of the surrounding

circumstances.” Bryan v. M ullin, 335 F.3d 1207, 1217 (10th Cir. 2003) (en

banc). W e must “indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within

the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. (quotation and citation

omitted). In order to be constitutionally ineffective, a “strategic decision must

have been completely unreasonable, not merely wrong.” Romano v. Gibson, 278

F.3d 1145, 1153 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotation and citation omitted).




                                         -12-
      “Counsel . . . may make a reasonable decision that investigation is

unnecessary.” W allace v. W ard, 191 F.3d 1235, 1247 (10th Cir. 1999). However,

the failure to investigate a potential defense strategy without any strategic basis

for doing so may constitute ineffective assistance, as the Supreme Court

explained in Strickland:

      [S]trategic choices made after less than complete investigation are
      reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional
      judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words,
      counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a
      reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.
      In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to investigate
      must be directly assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances,
      applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.

466 U.S. at 690-91 (emphasis added). W e assess counsel’s performance from

counsel’s “perspective at the time of that performance, considered in light of all

the circumstances.” M edina v. Barnes, 71 F.3d 363, 368 (10th Cir. 1995). Thus,

in considering Holder’s claim that trial counsel were ineffective for failing to call

Smith as a witness, we determine w hether the investigation supporting W elch’s

and Songer’s decision not to call Smith was reasonable considering the

circumstances at the time of investigation. See also Holder II, 410 F.3d at 656

(“W e are convinced that the circumstances made critical the holding of an

evidentiary hearing to develop the thoroughness of trial counsel’s investigation,

preparation, and the basis of the decision about calling M r. Smith as a witness.”).




                                         -13-
      W e are bound by the district court’s findings that the record before it did

not suggest any connection between Smith’s 1992 conviction and Holder, and that

the lack of connection would have been evident upon a “rudimentary

examination” of discovery evidence provided to counsel by the government.

Appellant does not challenge these findings as clearly erroneous.

      W e conclude, as did the district court, that failure to conduct even a

rudimentary examination of discovery documents cannot be considered an

objectively reasonable investigation. This is particularly true when it underlies a

decision as crucial as the one at issue here: namely, whether to call a witness

whose story largely corroborated the defendant’s, and who was the only surviving

witness to the alleged murder other than (1) the defendant himself and (2) an

alleged victim of a separate crime being tried before the same jury. At the

evidentiary hearing, W elch and Songer freely admitted that the only basis for

their decision not to call Smith was their fear of Smith’s potential impeachment

by way of a non-existent connection between Smith’s marijuana conviction and

Holder. Because that testimony reveals that counsel did not conduct a reasonable

investigation into the only basis for their decision, counsel are not entitled to a

presumption that their decision was guided by a sound strategic motive. See

W illiam s v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000) (holding that counsel’s failure to

uncover and present significant mitigating evidence at sentencing could not be

justified as a tactical decision to focus on W illiams’ voluntary confessions,


                                         -14-
because counsel had not “fulfill[ed] their obligation to conduct a thorough

investigation of the defendant’s background.”).

      Despite the unreasonable nature of counsel’s underlying investigation, and

counsel’s express testimony on the lack of adequate strategic motive, we must

still determine whether counsel’s performance constituted objectively reasonable

representation under the totality of circumstances. “[E]ven though counsel’s

strategy was ill-informed and thus does not qualify for the virtually

unchallengeable presumption of reasonableness, a court reviewing the record

before it might still conclude that counsel performed in an objectively reasonable

manner.” Bullock v. Carver, 297 F.3d 1036, 1046 (10th Cir. 2002); see also

Sallahdin v. M ullin, 380 F.3d 1242, 1250-51 (10th Cir. 2004) (upholding as

constitutional counsel’s decision not to call an expert witness, despite counsel’s

failure to identify a strategic basis for that decision, when “the record on appeal

supplies at least three reasons w hy it would have been constitutionally reasonable

for counsel not to introduce this evidence”) (internal quotation and citation

omitted).

      In urging us to hold that Holder’s counsel performed in an objectively

reasonable manner when they failed to call Smith, the government points to four

prior statements that it alleges would have rendered Smith’s testimony “harmful

to the defense”: (1) Holder testified that he took his shotgun out of the scabbard

when he and Smith crossed the creek, but Smith stated that the shotgun was in the


                                         -15-
scabbard after they crossed the creek and until shortly before they encountered

the four-wheeled vehicle; (2) Holder testified that he loaded a shell into the

shotgun right before shooting Pickens, but Smith testified that he did not hear

Holder load the shotgun at that time and surmised a shell was probably already in

the barrel; (3) Smith testified to the grand jury that he did not fear Pickens when

he and Pickens were exchanging friendly greetings immediately prior to Holder’s

confrontation with Pickens; and (4) Smith stated to OSBI investigators that he

“did not feel in danger” w hen he saw Pickens “reach behind his waist, real slow,

with his right hand [and bring it back around] . . . holding a gun.”

      W ith respect to the first reason, Smith testified before the grand jury that he

assumed Holder pulled the shotgun out of the scabbard either around the time

they passed the four-wheeled vehicle or afterwards. How ever, Smith also

explicitly stated that he did not see Holder draw the gun and did not know for

sure when that happened. Because Smith’s testimony was ambiguous and the

purported differences concern non-determinative details, we do not agree with the

government that this testimony would necessarily “seriously undermine[]”

Holder’s credibility before the jury. W e reach the same conclusion with respect

to Smith’s statement that he did not hear Holder load the shotgun. W e also see no

reason why Smith’s lack of fear w hile exchanging greetings w ith Pickens w ould

necessarily cause the jury to disbelieve Holder, as Smith’s impressions do not

shed direct light on Holder’s state of mind at the time of the shooting. M oreover,


                                         -16-
Smith’s statement that he did not feel in danger when Pickens pointed the gun at

Holder neither precludes the possibility that Holder himself felt fear at that point,

nor the truth of Smith’s later testimony, upon further reflection on the incident,

that Smith believed both he and Holder would have been killed by Pickens if

Holder had not shot Pickens.

      These statements, individually and cumulatively, fail to persuade us that

Holder’s counsel’s decision not to call Smith was objectively reasonable. To the

extent these statements are inconsistent with Holder’s testimony – and, as

explained above, we do not think all of them are – they are minor discrepancies.

In fact, given the fraught nature of the shooting, the speed at which it unfolded,

and the limitations of human memory, it would strike us as suspicious if two

individuals, testifying from their own recollections without prior collusion or

coaching, were to recite identical stories devoid of any inconsistencies. M ore

importantly, the discrepancies in the testimonies of Holder and Swift are vastly

outweighed by major, material, and beneficial similarities. 2 Accordingly, we hold

that the failure to call Smith, based on counsel’s unreasonable investigation and



      2
        The dissent presents a detailed analysis of these potential discrepancies,
but declines to consider them in the context of the entire trial. By failing to call
Smith, Holder’s counsel rested the entire defense on the uncorroborated testimony
of the defendant himself, a fact that the government eagerly seized upon in its
closing statement. W e thus cannot agree that defense counsel’s failure to call an
available third-party witness who had unflaggingly asserted his belief that “if
[Holder] hadn’t have fired, he could have been the one dead and maybe me too”
was objectively reasonable.

                                         -17-
lack of sound strategy, “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.

      W e also conclude that Holder has established prejudice by showing “that

there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. As the district

court correctly noted, the government presented its case as a “quintessential

swearing match” between Holder and Sw ift. 3 Smith’s testimony that Pickens

drew his pistol before Holder shot Pickens would have provided powerful

corroborating evidence for Holder’s claim of self defense. 4    As w e stated in

Holder II, “The potential for the testimony of Smith to have tipped the balance in



      3
         The government also introduced testimony by expert witnesses in an
attempt to persuade the jury that Pickens’ gun never left its holster and did not
fall to the ground as Holder testified. However, none of the experts established
that Pickens had not drawn his pistol when Holder shot. Iris Dalley, a criminalist
at the OSBI, stated that she found no blood consistent with a cone-shaped spray
pattern on Pickens’ sleeve, which she would have expected to find if Pickens’
sleeve had been w ithin 18 to 24 inches from the w ound. How ever, she also
testified that she could not determine the size of the cone in this particular case
and gave no opinion on whether Pickens had indeed drawn his gun. Dalley
further noted that Pickens’ gun did not have any visible traces of soil, but also
stated that she drew no conclusions about “where or when [the gun] might have
been on the ground.” The other experts similarly failed to give conclusive
testimony.
      4
         The government suggests that “[f]or self-defensive purposes, it would not
be decisive whether Pickens was merely attempting to draw his pistol or had
nearly completed his draw,” but cites no authority for its argument on this point.
In light of the facts and arguments presented to the jury in this case, we do not
think a reasonable juror would find it irrelevant whether Pickens had drawn his
gun and fixed it on Holder prior to the shooting.

                                         -18-
favor of a finding of self-defense is apparent under the circumstances here, where

his testimony, if believed, would have bolstered that of the defendant and refuted

that of the prosecutions’ witness, Sw ift.” 410 F.3d at 655; see also Snow v.

Sirmons, 474 F.3d 693, 729 (10th Cir. 2007) ( “[W ]e are . . . hard pressed to

understand how counsel’s failure to call [individuals w hose testimony would

support the innocence of the defendant and would not be cumulative of evidence

already presented] as trial witnesses . . . could be construed as reasonable trial

strategy.”). W e also noted that because “the jurors knew of M r. Smith’s presence

at the scene, as it had been mentioned by both Swift and Holder . . . . [Smith’s]

absence from trial surely must have been noticed.” Holder II, 410 F.3d at 656.

W ith the addition of Smith’s corroborating testimony, there is a reasonable

probability that the jury would have found that the government failed to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that Holder’s shooting of Pickens was not an act of

self-defense. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693-94. Accordingly, Holder has show n

that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

                                          III

      Because we conclude that Holder has established ineffective assistance of

trial counsel due to counsels’ failure to call Smith as a witness, we do not reach

the question whether failure to consult or employ expert witnesses also deprived




                                         -19-
Holder of his right to effective assistance of counsel. W e AFFIRM the decision

of the district court.


                                     ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                     Carlos F. Lucero
                                     Circuit Judge




                                       -20-
06-7071, United States v. Holder

HA RTZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

      I respectfully dissent. I have no quarrel with the panel opinion’s

explication of the governing law and I do not rest my dissent on any disagreement

with the panel opinion’s analysis regarding the relevance of M r. Smith’s prior

conviction (although defense counsel could properly have been concerned that

Smith could be impeached by the conviction and that M r. Holder may have

looked less than pristine to the jury for associating with a convicted felon).

Rather, I believe that it would have been objectively reasonable, indeed eminently

reasonable, for defense counsel not to call Smith as a witness because a jury

would be likely to view his testimony as indicating Holder’s guilt.

      The chief benefit to H older of Smith’s testimony would have been Smith’s

corroboration of H older’s testimony that Pickens drew his gun. Smith, however,

was not looking at Holder at that time and could not have known whether Pickens

was responding to some aggressive action by Holder, such as raising his shotgun

to aim at Pickens, or was the first to act. Because Smith had no idea what Holder

had been doing, Smith was merely speculating when he testified to the grand jury

that H older had only done what he had to.

      I would think that Smith’s testimony would be at least as important, and

probably more so, regarding whether it was H older or Pickens who was more

likely the initial aggressor. And on that issue his testimony would be harmful to

Holder. Contrary to H older’s testimony, and consistent with Swift’s, Smith’s
account indicates that it was Holder who was the angry one when Holder and

Pickens faced each other.

      First, Smith explained the circumstances that led to Holder’s heightened

emotions. According to Smith, as he and Holder were riding on horseback along

the fence before they saw Pickens or his vehicle, Holder had noted a break in the

fence and had commented that “they” had cut his fence again. The two then saw

a vehicle, which had a gun, perhaps an assault rifle, inside it.

      Second, Smith’s grand jury testimony suggests, contrary to Holder’s trial

testimony, that Smith prepared to shoot Pickens (or whoever had been in the

vehicle parked near the fence) as Smith and Holder continued past the vehicle.

Although Holder testified that he had taken his gun out of its scabbard when he

crossed a creek (a wholly “innocent” act), Smith testified that Holder’s shotgun

was in the scabbard when the two came upon the vehicle. Smith then took the

lead and did not see when Holder, traveling behind him, removed the gun; but it

had to have been after Holder realized that he was about to come across someone

who likely had cut his fence. Also, although Holder testified that he had loaded

the shotgun only after Pickens had drawn his gun, Smith testified that he did not

hear Holder load the shotgun after they confronted Pickens. As Smith said, “I

know that may look bad but I didn’t hear it.” R. Vol. 1 at 271. If Smith is

correct, then Holder’s gun was loaded at the start of the ride or Holder loaded it

as he and Smith approached the others.


                                          -2-
      Third, although Holder testified that Pickens was “a rambling and a raging

and slinging his hands and cursing” w hen Holder encountered him, Smith’s

testimony described Pickens as civil and Holder as the only angry one. His

account of the encounter was as follow s:

      I just— I greeted them, I throwed up my hands just like you meet
      people in my country there. How are you all doing? I can’t think of
      everything I said. I think I might have said even something about the
      weather and different things like that. And just as soon as I ended
      that, Fred spoke right up.

R. Vol. 1 at 231.

      A.      W ell, just as soon as I got done greeting them, just like you
              greet anybody in that country—
      Q.      And at this point in time, it’s a friendly exchange between you
              and M r. Pickens, is that a fair statement?
      A.      Yes, sir. I guess. They spoke to me. Nothing out of the way,
              you know .
      ***
      Q.  W hat happened at that point?
      A.  Just as soon as I ended, Fred spoke up behind me.
      Q.  W hat did Fred say?
      A.  He said, you cut my fence again, didn’t you? A nd the man
          said, no, I didn’t.

Id. at 235. According to Smith, the shooting occurred promptly after Holder’s

accusation:

      And then right after that, just kind of as soon as he said no, I didn’t, I
      seen him reach with his right hand back. And then there was a little
      bit of a hesitation, I don’t know what, and then he jerked out a gun.
      I didn’t know if his arm was extended. And just as soon as he jerked
      it out— it all happened just like that— Fred shot. It just happened just
      like that.

Id.


                                          -3-
      Smith’s testimony suggests not only that Holder was the aggressor, but also

that Holder lied about the nature of the confrontation by falsely asserting that

Pickens was angrily ranting and that he did not even load his gun until Pickens

drew his. A jury could infer that Holder w as lying to conceal his aggressive act.

A reasonable defense attorney could quite properly decide that Smith’s testimony

would be more harmful than helpful to the defense.

      In my view, we must reverse the district court judgment because Holder has

not established ineffective assistance of counsel.




                                         -4-
