                                                                       F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                       August 15, 2007
                              FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                        Clerk of Court



    H ERY K RIS SU BY A N TO RO ,

                Petitioner,

    v.                                                    No. 06-9590
                                                       (No. A96-360-129)
    ALBERTO R. GONZALES, United                       (Petition for Review)
    States A ttorney General,

                Respondent.



                              OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before TA CH A, Chief Judge, M U RPH Y and HO LM ES, Circuit Judges.


         Petitioner Hery Kris Subyantoro, a native and citizen of Indonesia, entered

the United States on April 27, 2000, and then failed to leave upon expiration of

his visa. In removal proceedings he conceded removability but sought asylum

under 8 U.S.C. § 1158, restriction on removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), and

relief under A rticle III of the U nited Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT),



*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
see Pub. L. No. 105-277, § 2242, 112 Stat. 2681, 2681-822 to 823. 1

M r. Subyantoro claimed that he had been persecuted in Indonesia because he was

a Christian of Chinese descent and that the persecution would continue if he w ere

returned to that country.

      An immigration judge (IJ) denied M r. Subyantoro’s requests for relief. The

IJ denied asylum on the ground that M r. Subyantoro’s application was untimely.

As to restriction on removal and relief under the CAT, the IJ found not credible

M r. Subyantoro’s claim of Chinese ethnicity and claim that his father had been

severely beaten by M uslim neighbors. The IJ found that because M r. Subyantoro

was not “a credible w itness in a material part of his claim” he was “in general,

not a credible witness with reference to the claims that he place[d] before the

Court.” Admin. R. at 8. The IJ proceeded to deny restriction on removal, holding

that M r. Subyantoro had not “provided any credible evidence to indicate that it

[was] more likely than not that he would be persecuted upon return to Indonesia.”




1
             Restriction on removal was referred to as “withholding of
      removal” before amendments to the [Immigration and Nationality
      Act] made by the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
      Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), Pub. L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat.
      3009. Although both parties and the IJ refer to withholding of
      removal, for the sake of accuracy, and because this claim was filed
      after IIRIRA’s effective date, we will use the term “restriction on
      removal” throughout this opinion.

Wiransane v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 889, 892 n.1 (10th Cir. 2004).


                                         -2-
Id. at 11. The IJ denied relief under CAT for the same reasons. The Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) subsequently adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decision.

      On appeal, M r. Subyantoro argues that the BIA erred in adopting the IJ’s

finding that his testimony was not credible and in affirming the IJ’s denial of

restriction on removal. 2 Because the IJ presented specific and cogent reason’s for

the adverse credibility finding and because the denial of restriction on removal

was supported by substantial evidence, we exercise our jurisdiction under

8 U .S.C . § 1252(b) and deny M r. Subyantoro’s petition for review.

                                          I.

      The BIA’s decision was in a brief order issued by a single member of the

Board. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5). W e therefore review the BIA’s decision as

the final order of removal but “may consult the IJ’s opinion to the extent that the

BIA relied upon or incorporated it.” Sarr v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d 783, 790

(10th Cir. 2007).

             W hen reviewing BIA decisions, an appellate court must look
      to the record for ‘substantial evidence’ supporting the agency’s
      decision[.] Our duty is to guarantee that factual determinations are
      supported by reasonable, substantial and probative evidence
      considering the record as a w hole. Agency findings of fact are
      conclusive unless the record demonstrates that any reasonable
      adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary. W e do
      not weigh the evidence or evaluate the witnesses’ credibility.

2
      Although M r. Subyantoro’s arguments regarding past and future
persecution would also have obvious application to a discussion of asylum, he
does not argue that the IJ and BIA erred in determining that his application for
asylum was untimely.

                                         -3-
Id. at 788-89 (citations, internal quotation marks, and alterations omitted).

                                          II.

      M r. Subyantoro’s first claim is that the IJ erred in finding that his

testimony was not credible. 3 “Credibility determinations are factual findings

subject to the substantial evidence test. Because an alien’s testimony alone may

support an application for withholding of removal or asylum, the IJ must give

specific, cogent reasons for disbelieving it.” Sarr, 474 F.3d at 789 (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted). Although “[a]n IJ’s finding that an applicant’s

testimony is implausible may not be based upon speculation, conjecture, or

unsupported personal opinion,” Elzour v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1143, 1153

(10th Cir. 2004), an adverse credibility determination “may appropriately be

based upon such factors as inconsistencies in the witness’ testimony, lack of

sufficient detail, or implausibility,” id. at 1152. “Finally, our review is confined

to the reasoning given by the IJ, and we w ill not independently search the record

for alternative bases to affirm.” Id. at 1150.

      Here, the IJ gave “specific, cogent reasons” for finding that M r. Subyantoro

was not a credible witness. He found that M r. Subyantoro’s testimonial claims

3
       The REAL ID Act of 2005 includes a new provision relating to agency
credibility determinations in the restriction on removal context, now codified at
§ 1231(b)(3)(C). See Pub. L. No. 109-13, div. B, § 101(c), 119 Stat. 231, 303-04.
This provision does not apply to M r. Subyantoro’s case in that he applied for
restriction of removal prior to M ay 11, 2005, the effective date of the act. See
Pub. L. No. 109-13, div. B, § 101(h)(2), 119 Stat. 231, 305. Our decision would
be the same, however, with or without application of the new provision.

                                          -4-
that (1) he was part Chinese and had suffered persecution on that ground, and

(2) his father had been beaten so badly by M uslim neighbors that he was

bedridden for three months, were clearly inconsistent with his application and

personal statement which made neither claim. Our review of the record confirms

these serious inconsistencies. W e cannot therefore hold that “any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude” that M r. Subyantoro’s testimony

was credible, see Sarr, 474 F.3d at 788-89, we affirm the BIA’s decision adopting

the IJ’s determination on this point.

                                          III.

      W e now turn to M r. Subyantoro’s claim that the IJ erred in denying

restriction on removal.

      To qualify for restriction on removal, an alien must demonstrate that
      his “life or freedom w ould be threatened in [the proposed country of
      removal] because of [his] race, religion, nationality, membership in a
      particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.
      § 1231(b)(3)(A ); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b).

Id. at 788. “The restriction statute is satisfied by a showing that it is more likely

than not that the alien would be subject to persecution on one of the specified

grounds upon returning to [his] country of origin.” Tulengkey v. Gonzales,

425 F.3d 1277, 1280 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Under

8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1)(i), “[i]f the applicant is determined to have suffered past

persecution in the proposed country of removal on account of . . . religion, . . . it

shall be presumed that the applicant’s life or freedom w ould be threatened in the

                                          -5-
future in the country of removal on the basis of the original claim.” Further,

under 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(2):

      In evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the applicant’s
      life or freedom w ould be threatened in a particular country on
      account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
      social group, or political opinion, the asylum officer or immigration
      judge shall not require the applicant to provide evidence that he or
      she would be singled out individually for such persecution if:

      (i) The applicant establishes that in that country there is a pattern or
      practice of persecution of a group of persons similarly situated to the
      applicant on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a
      particular social group, or political opinion; and

      (ii) The applicant establishes his or her own inclusion in and
      identification with such group of persons such that it is more likely
      than not that his or her life or freedom w ould be threatened upon
      return to that country.

      M r. Subyantoro claims that he adequately proved that he had suffered past

persecution because of his Christian beliefs. In the alternative, he argues that

even if he had not been persecuted in the past, he proved that it was more likely

than not that he would be persecuted if returned to Indonesia because there is a

pattern or practice in that country of persecuting Christians.

A. Past Persecution.

      W e cannot hold that “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to

conclude” that M r. Subyantoro had suffered past persecution. Sarr, 474 F.3d at

788-89. Even if the IJ’s non-credibility determination was directly only to




                                         -6-
M r. Subyantoro’s testimony regarding the beating of his father and his Chinese

ethnicity, the IJ’s decision would still be supported by substantial evidence. 4

      M r. Subyantoro testified that he had been harassed and threatened

practically all his life by M uslim neighbors, that the harassment was the reason

that his family had moved so many times, and that his family left Bekasi because

members of an unnamed M uslim extremist group constantly watched his house

and eventually sent his family a letter threatening their lives unless they left. But

“[p]ersecution is the infliction of suffering or harm upon those who differ (in

race, religion, or political opinion) in a way regarded as offensive and requires

more than just restrictions or threats to life and liberty.” Chaib v. Ashcroft,

397 F.3d 1273, 1277 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Although persecution can come from the government or from a non-government

group “which the government is unwilling or unable to control,” Vatulev v.

Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 1207, 1209 (10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks

omitted), “[m]ere generalized lawlessness and violence between diverse

populations, of the sort which abounds in numerous countries . . . generally is not

sufficient to permit the Attorney General to grant asylum.” Singh v. INS,

134 F.3d 962, 967 (9th Cir. 1998).




4
      The IJ held that M r. Subyantoro w as “in general, not a credible witness
with reference to the claims that he place[d] before Court.” A dmin. R. at 8
(emphasis added).

                                          -7-
      Being the subject of daily “animosity and unfriendly looks” from M uslim

neighbors, Admin. R. at 162; having dead animals thrown into his yard by

unknown persons; and even receiving an anonymous death threat, although clearly

disturbing, does not rise to the level of persecution. Especially when considered

in conjunction with the information in the State D epartment reports in the record

show ing that the Indonesian government generally respected its citizens’

constitutional right to freedom of religion and, as specifically noted by the IJ, that

“in most parts of Indonesia, people generally are able to w orship as they wish

with no interference from the state or their neighbors of other faiths.” Id. at 10.

Consequently, we hold that the IJ’s factual determination that M r. Subyantoro had

not suffered past persecution is supported by substantial evidence.

B. Future Persecution.

      M r. Subyantoro also claims that the IJ erred in determining that there was

not a pattern or practice in Indonesia of persecuting Christians. W e have

explained that a pattern or practice of persecution entails “something on the order

of organized or systematic or pervasive persecution.” Woldemeskel v. INS,

257 F.3d 1185, 1191 (10th C ir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). As

noted above, the State Department reports show that “in most parts of Indonesia,

people generally are able to worship as they wish with no interference from the

state or their neighbors of other faiths.” Admin. R. at 10. Although, as argued by

Petitioner, the reports also show that instances of M uslim violence tow ard

                                          -8-
Christians clearly occur, and that “security forces occasionally tolerated

discrimination against and abuse of religious groups by private actors, and the

Government at times failed to punish perpetrators,” the reports indicated that

violence against Christians is not the government’s policy and that there is no

organized, systematic, or pervasive persecution of Christians in Indonesia.

Consequently, we cannot say that “any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude” that it was more likely than not that M r. Subyantoro’s life

or freedom would be threatened because of his religion if he were returned to

Indonesia. See Sarr, 474 F.3d at 788-89.

                                         IV.

      M r. Subyantoro’s petition for review is DENIED.



                                                    Entered for the Court



                                                    Deanell Reece Tacha
                                                    Chief Circuit Judge




                                         -9-
