                                    2017 IL App (1st) 143183

                                                                                SIXTH DIVISION
                                                                               September 22, 2017

                                          No. 1-14-3183


                                         IN THE
                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                        )   Appeal from the Circuit Court of
                                                            )   Cook County.
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                  )
                                                            )
v.                                                          )   No. 11 CR 20319
                                                            )
JOHN WILSON,                                                )
                                                            )   Honorable John Joseph Hynes,
       Defendant-Appellant.                                 )   Judge Presiding.


       JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Presiding Justice Hoffman and Justice Connors concurred in the judgment and opinion.


                                            OPINION

¶1     After a jury trial, defendant John Wilson was convicted of first degree murder, armed

robbery, home invasion, and residential burglary. On appeal, he contends that the State

introduced DNA evidence against him that lacked an adequate foundation. He also argues that he

received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to (1) request a Frye

hearing regarding the State’s historical cell site analysis evidence and (2) object when the court

tendered a general verdict form for first degree murder to the jury. We affirm.
No. 1-14-3183


¶2                                      BACKGROUND

¶3     At trial, the State presented testimony from 45 witnesses. Most of this testimony is not

relevant to the issues raised by defendant. Thus, in the interest of brevity, we summarize only

that testimony most germane to the issues presented.

¶4     On the morning of October 27, 2011, Brenda O’Laughlin left her home in Indian Head

Park, Illinois, and went to work. When she returned home shortly before 5 p.m., she saw blood

and a knife in the family room, and her daughter, Kelli O’Laughlin, lying face down on the floor

in the kitchen. Brenda called 9-1-1. When paramedics arrived, they performed CPR on Kelli and

took her to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead.

¶5     While the paramedics treated Kelli, Sergeant Raymond Leuser, a police officer with the

Indian Head Park police department, entered the home and walked into the dining room, where

he saw a broken window and glass on the floor. Sergeant Leuser searched the rest of the home

and then alerted the South Suburban Major Crimes Task Force.

¶6     Officer Ronald Sachtleben testified that he worked for the Cook County Sheriff’s Police

as an investigator for the criminalistics unit. His job was to process and document crime scenes.

Officer Sachtleben arrived at the O’Laughlin home shortly before 6 p.m. on October 27, 2011.

To preserve evidence, he wore latex gloves and protective shoe coverings.

¶7     During his investigation, Officer Sachtleben observed a red knit hat containing a rock

lying on the floor underneath a dining room chair. Officer Sachtleben took pictures of the hat and

rock and “recovered” the hat. At trial, he viewed the hat and rock and testified that both items

were in the same or substantially same condition as when he recovered them.

¶8     Defendant was arrested on November 2, 2011, and taken to the LaGrange police

department for processing. There, Officer Sachtleben met with defendant and took a buccal swab



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No. 1-14-3183


from him. Officer Sachtleben testified that after taking the buccal swab, he packaged the sample,

sealed it, and turned it over to Detective Wodka, another member of the Task Force.

¶9     Michael Matthews, a forensic scientist with the Illinois State Police, testified that he

performed forensic analysis on the red hat. Matthews stated that the hat was in a sealed bag when

he received it. He explained that he swabbed the inside of the hat and used scissors to remove the

section of the hat that would have been in contact with Wilson’s forehead to preserve it for

further testing. At trial, Matthews viewed the hat and testified that it was in the same or

substantially same condition as when he worked on it.

¶ 10   Lynette Wilson, a forensic scientist with the Illinois State Police, testified that she

performed a PCR/STR DNA analysis on the red hat. She explained that “PCR” stood for

“polymerase chain reaction,” a method of copying specific locations on a piece of DNA for

comparison, and that “STR” stood for “short tandem repeats,” i.e., “the specific locations on the

DNA” that are used for comparison. She described the process of DNA analysis as follows:

                       “The first step in my analysis is what I call extraction.

                Basically it’s where I add chemicals to a stain to release the DNA

                from the cells in the stain. I also purify the DNA. And then after

                that, after isolating the DNA, I then measure how much I have and

                verify that it’s of human origin.

                       Then at that point I am usually working with small amounts

                of DNA, so it’s then necessary to copy the amount that I have, and

                that’s that PCR process I mentioned earlier. Basically, it’s like

                copying a document on a Xerox machine. I copy the DNA until I

                have enough that I can detect a profile.



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No. 1-14-3183


                       So after I amplify the DNA, I add a little bit to an

                instrument which will determine the DNA profile for me.

                                               ***

                       *** I then compare the DNA profile from an evidence stain

                to the DNA profile from a suspected donor to that stain.”

¶ 11   Wilson testified that she received the swab and cutting from the red hat and performed

DNA analysis on both items, which revealed the presence of DNA from two people. Wilson then

identified “a major human male DNA profile.” Wilson compared that profile to a DNA profile of

defendant and determined that the major DNA profile from the red hat “matched the DNA

profile of [defendant].” Wilson then “calculated the statistics that shows how often that profile

would be expected to be seen in the population.” She found that the major DNA profile on the

red hat “would be expected to occur in approximate 1 in 4.5 quintillion black, 1 in 300

quintillion white, or [1] in 150 quintillion Hispanic unrelated individuals.” Wilson stated that her

opinions were “to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty.”

¶ 12   FBI agent Joseph Raschke testified as an expert in the field of historical cell site analysis

(HSCA). Agent Raschke testified that when cell phones are used to make calls, phone companies

keep records of the date and time of the call, the phone numbers involved, the duration of the

call, and “which cell towers that phone was communicating with for that call.” Agent Raschke

explained that HSCA consists of the analysis of these records “to determine an approximate

location for where a cell phone was at a particular date and time.” In addition, Agent Raschke

explained that a cell phone’s location may be determined using “forced location registration.” He

explained that a forced location registration occurs when the phone company “forces the phone




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No. 1-14-3183


to *** disclose it’s [sic] location either by a GPS signal or by making contact with the nearby

cell towers so that a location can be triangulated.”

¶ 13   Using records from Sprint (for Kelli’s phone) and Cricket Wireless (for defendant’s

phone), Agent Raschke created a map showing the general location and movement of Kelli’s and

defendant’s cell phones throughout October 27 and 28, 2011. According to his analysis, at 12:01

a.m. on October 27, defendant’s phone used a Cricket tower that was near his residence at 7950

South Lafayette Avenue in Chicago. At 1:52 p.m., defendant’s phone used a Cricket tower in

Indian Head Park to place a call to Karen Yoch, a real estate broker who had a home listed for

sale in Western Springs, Illinois.

¶ 14   At 3:22 p.m., defendant’s phone participated in two calls that utilized Cricket tower 605.

Agent Raschke explained that Kelli’s home was inside tower 605’s coverage sector. At 3:41

p.m., Kelli’s phone placed an outgoing call that utilized Sprint tower 277. Agent Raschke

explained that Sprint tower 277 was located in a lot with “multiple pieces of cellular equipment,”

including Cricket tower 605, which he stated was “right next to” Sprint tower 277.

¶ 15   On October 28 at 12:26 p.m., Kelli’s phone placed a call that utilized a Sprint tower near

637 East Woodland Park Avenue in Chicago, where one of defendant’s friends lived. At 12:27

p.m., Kelli’s phone was “pinged,” revealing that it was near 637 East Woodland Park Avenue.

One minute later, defendant’s cell phone placed a call that utilized a Cricket tower in the vicinity

of 637 East Woodland Park Avenue. Based on this data, Agent Raschke concluded that

defendant’s cell phone and Kelli’s cell phone were “in close proximity to each other.”

¶ 16   At 3:49 p.m., defendant’s cell phone placed a call that utilized a Cricket tower that was

two blocks east of 11557 South Yale Avenue in Chicago. Three minutes later, Kelli’s phone was

“pinged,” revealing within an accuracy radius of 20 meters that it was near 11557 South Yale



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No. 1-14-3183


Avenue. At 4:27 p.m., defendant’s phone made another call using the same tower. Four minutes

later, Kelli’s phone was pinged, which again revealed that it was near 11557 South Yale Avenue.

According to Agent Raschke, this data indicated that both phones were “in a similar location.”

¶ 17   At 11:29 p.m., defendant’s phone used a Cricket tower near Bryn Mawr and Lakeshore

Drive in Chicago. At 2:11 a.m. on October 29, 2011, Kelli’s phone was pinged, revealing that it,

too, was in an area near Bryn Mawr and Lakeshore Drive in Chicago. Agent Raschke explained

that this data indicated that both phones “moved from the far south side of Chicago and are now

up on the North side of Chicago.” Ultimately, Agent Raschke opined “to a reasonable degree of

certainty” that from 3:30 p.m. on October 27, 2011, to October 29, 2011, both phones were

“consistently located in the same general vicinity.”

¶ 18   During the instruction conference, the State propounded a first degree murder instruction

which articulated three theories of culpability: intentional, knowing, and felony murder. The

felony murder portion of the instruction alleged that defendant performed the acts which caused

Kelli’s death while committing an armed robbery, home invasion, or residential burglary. The

State also propounded a general verdict form for first degree murder. Defendant did not object to

the verdict form, and the court tendered it to the jury.

¶ 19   After deliberations, the jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder, armed

robbery, home invasion, and residential burglary. The court sentenced defendant to 160 years’

imprisonment, which included a 100-year term for first degree murder and two consecutive 30-

year sentences for armed robbery and home invasion. This appeal followed.

¶ 20                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 21   We first consider defendant’s claim that he is entitled to a new trial because the State

introduced DNA evidence against him without establishing a proper foundation. This argument



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No. 1-14-3183


proceeds in two parts. First, defendant maintains that the DNA evidence should not have been

admitted because the State failed to present a sufficient chain of custody for the red hat. Second,

defendant argues that the DNA evidence lacked sufficient foundation because Wilson did not

explain the methodology behind her conclusion that the major DNA profile on the red hat

matched defendant’s DNA profile.

¶ 22    The first prong of defendant’s foundation argument is forfeited. To preserve an issue for

appeal, a defendant must object at trial and raise the issue in his posttrial motion. The failure to

do so results in forfeiture. People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 47. Forfeiture is important not

only because a timely objection allows a trial court to promptly correct error, but also to prevent

a party from strategically obtaining a reversal by their failure to act. People v. Roberts, 75 Ill. 2d

1, 11 (1979). “[F]orfeiture in cases such as this is particularly appropriate because, where the

defendant fails to object to the foundation of evidence at trial, the State misses its opportunity to

cure any error.” People v. Banks, 2016 IL App (1st) 131009, ¶ 71. Defendant did not object to

the State’s DNA evidence at trial, nor did he raise this issue in his posttrial motion. As a result,

defendant deprived the State of any reasonable opportunity to correct the alleged errors in the

chain of custody evidence it presented at trial. Id. We must honor defendant’s forfeiture.

¶ 23    Defendant nonetheless asserts that we may review this claim as plain error. The plain-

error doctrine is codified in Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(a), which states, “[p]lain errors or

defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the

attention of the trial court.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a). Plain errors may be noticed when a “clear or

obvious error occurred” and “the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened

to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error,” or if

the error is “so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and challenged the



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No. 1-14-3183


integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v.

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). A defendant raising a plain-error argument bears the

burden of persuasion. People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613 (2010).

¶ 24   “[A] challenge to the chain of custody is an evidentiary issue that is generally subject to

waiver on review if not preserved by defendant’s making a specific objection at trial and

including this specific claim in his or her posttrial motion.” People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 471

(2005). However, in Woods, the supreme court held that “under limited circumstances a

challenge to the chain of custody may be properly raised for the first time on appeal if the alleged

error rises to the level of plain error.” Id. The court explained that a plain-error challenge to may

be viable “in those rare instances where a complete breakdown in the chain of custody occurs

*** raising the probability that the evidence sought to be introduced at trial was not the same

substance recovered from defendant.” Id. at 471.

¶ 25   Of course, there can be no plain error if there were no error at all. Accordingly, “[t]he

first step of plain-error review is determining whether any error occurred.” Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d

at 613. Accordingly, we begin by considering whether the State established an adequate

foundation for the red hat. “When the State seeks to introduce an object into evidence, the State

must lay an adequate foundation either ‘through its identification by witnesses or through a chain

of possession.’ ” Woods, 214 Ill. 2d at 466 (quoting People v. Stewart, 105 Ill. 2d 22, 59 (1984)).

“If an item is ‘readily identifiable and [has] unique characteristics, and its composition is not

easily subject to change,’ the party may elicit testimonial evidence showing that the item ‘is the

same item recovered and that it is in substantially the same condition as when it was

recovered.’ ” Banks, 2016 IL App (1st) 131009, ¶ 69 (quoting Woods, at 214 Ill. 2d at 466).




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No. 1-14-3183


¶ 26   By contrast, “[f]or items that are fungible or susceptible to tampering, contamination, or

exchange, the State must establish a chain of custody that is sufficiently complete to make it

improbable that the evidence has been subject to tampering or accidental substitution.” People v.

Trice, 2017 IL App (1st) 152090, ¶ 61. Generally, Illinois courts have identified three types of

evidence that fall within this category: drug evidence (People v. Irpino, 122 Ill. App. 3d 767, 773

(1984) (State required to established chain of custody to admit bag of cocaine into evidence)),

ballistic evidence (People v. Smith, 2014 IL App (1st) 103436, ¶ 46 (holding that a bullet

recovered from a victim’s body and cartridge cases recovered from a home were not “readily

identifiable or unique items”), and biological evidence (People v. Lach, 302 Ill. App. 3d 587, 594

(1998) (in DUI prosecution, State was required to establish chain of custody for blood sample

taken from defendant)).

¶ 27   On the other hand, this court has held that articles of clothing are not fungible or

susceptible to tampering. See People v. Morris, 2013 IL App (1st) 111251, ¶¶ 90-92 (State was

not required to establish chain of custody for pair of bloodstained jeans). Morris is particularly

informative to the issue at hand in this case. In Morris, the defendant was charged with first

degree murder. When he was arrested, he was wearing bloodstained clothing. Id. ¶ 3. At trial, a

forensic scientist testified that DNA found on a sample of the blood from defendant’s clothing

matched the victim’s DNA profile. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that the State did not

establish a sufficient chain of custody for the clothing. This court rejected that argument,

explaining:

                “While a sample of blood in itself may require a sufficient chain of

                custody for admissibility, the blood in the instant case was

                contained on unique articles of clothing that were identified by



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No. 1-14-3183


                several witnesses at trial. Once the blood samples were recovered

                from the clothing, then they were subject to the chain-of-custody

                procedures used for samples of biological material.” Id. ¶ 91

¶ 28   In the present case, the State showed Officer Sachtleben the red hat that he recovered

from the O’Laughlin home. He testified that the hat was in the same or substantially same

condition as it was in when he recovered it on October 27, 2011. That testimony was sufficient to

lay adequate foundation for the hat, notwithstanding the fact that defendant’s DNA was

ultimately found on the hat. See id.; see also People v. Span, 2011 IL App (1st) 083037, ¶ 75

(where State obtained fingerprint evidence from a bag of potato chips, State was not required to

establish chain of custody for the bag of potato chips). Because the State established an adequate

foundation for the red hat, no error occurred and defendant’s plain error argument fails.

¶ 29   Defendant’s reliance on People v. Rogers, 42 Ill. App. 3d 499 (1976), and People v.

Winters, 97 Ill. App. 3d 288 (1981), is unavailing. The issue in Rogers was whether the State laid

an adequate foundation for a pair of blood-stained shorts that belonged to the victim of an

aggravated battery, and which were removed from the victim by hospital personnel. At trial, the

victim’s mother testified that the shorts belonged to the victim. This court held that the State

failed to lay an adequate foundation for the shorts. Rogers, 42 Ill. 2d at 502. But contrary to

defendant’s argument, the court did not so hold because the shorts contained blood. Rather, the

court found that the State failed to introduce any evidence showing that the shorts the State

sought to introduce at trial were the same shorts taken by hospital personnel. Id. at 501.

Accordingly, Rogers is irrelevant to the issues in the present case.

¶ 30   In Winters, the defendant was convicted of murder. At trial, a doctor with the Cook

County Medical Examiner’s office testified that he took a blood sample from the victim. The



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No. 1-14-3183


doctor identified the vial of blood at trial. Later, an analyst with the Chicago Crime Laboratory

identified the vial of blood and stated that it was in the same condition as when he received it.

During cross-examination, however, the analyst testified that the vial was not sealed when he

received it. On appeal, the defendant argued that the State failed to establish a sufficient chain of

custody for the blood vial. This court agreed, explaining:

                “[E]vidence in the case at bar established that the vial of blood was

                not sealed when the microanalyst received it and there was no

                testimony from [the medical examiner] that the vial had been

                sealed after the blood sample was placed in it. Since the blood

                sample was not sealed, we cannot say that in all reasonable

                probability the evidence had not been changed in any important

                respect.” Winters, 97 Ill. App. 3d at 296.

¶ 31   Unlike here, the vial of blood drawn from a murder victim in Winters was highly fungible

and thus subject to the chain of custody requirement. Morris, 2013 IL App (1st) 111251, ¶ 91;

Lach, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 594. By contrast, as we explained above, the red hat in the present case

was readily identifiable. Winters, therefore, does not require a different result.

¶ 32   In any event, the outcome would be the same even if the red hat was subject to the chain-

of-custody requirement. To establish error in the State’s chain of custody in the plain-error

context, a defendant must show that there was a “complete breakdown” in the chain of custody.

Woods, 214 Ill. 2d at 471-72. This is a formidable standard. See People v. Smith, 2014 IL App

(1st) 103436, ¶ 53 (on plain-error review, the court rejected defendant’s claim that chain of

custody was insufficient, despite there being “substantial gaps” in the chain of custody). People

v. Echavarria, 362 Ill. App. 3d 599 (2005), illustrates the point. The issue in Echavarria was



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No. 1-14-3183


whether the State established sufficient chain of custody for a bag of cocaine that a police officer

recovered from the defendant’s pocket. At trial, the State did not present testimony about what

the recovering officer did with the cocaine, how the cocaine arrived in the possession of a State

Police inspector, or how the cocaine ultimately ended up in a sealed evidence bag. Id. at 607-08.

Despite these gaps, this court concluded that the State’s chain of custody evidence “met the

minimum standard enunciated in Woods.” Id. at 608.

¶ 33   We similarly find that the State’s evidence in this case met the Woods standard. The State

presented evidence showing that (1) Officer Sachtleben recovered the hat; (2) afterwards, the hat

arrived in sealed condition at Matthews’ lab; and (3) the swabbing and cutting from the hat that

Matthews took was subsequently received and analyzed by Wilson. Though we would be hard-

pressed to find this constitutes an exhaustive chain of custody, it is abundantly clear from the

record that there was not a complete breakdown in the chain of custody. Accordingly,

defendant’s plain-error argument fails.

¶ 34   Defendant also argues that his attorney was ineffective for failing to raise a foundational

challenge to the hat’s admissibility. Because the State established a sufficient foundation for the

hat, an objection would have been futile. Accordingly, defendant’s ineffective assistance of

counsel claim is meritless. People v. Holmes, 397 Ill. App. 3d 737, 745 (2010) (“It is axiomatic

that a defense counsel will not be deemed ineffective for failing to make a futile objection.”).

¶ 35   Moreover, because the State met its burden of showing an adequate chain of custody,

defendant had the burden “to show actual evidence of tampering, alteration or substitution.”

(Emphasis added.) People v. Alsup, 241 Ill. 2d 266, 275 (2011). Defendant’s argument falls far

short of this threshold. He claims that because Officer Sachtleben is “the only known officer who

handled the red hat” and also took defendant’s buucal swab, it is “certainly possible” that Officer



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No. 1-14-3183


Sachtleben “contaminated the hat with [defendant’s] DNA.” That argument is nothing more than

speculation and cannot support defendant’s claim for relief. People v. Williams, 139 Ill. 2d 1, 12

(1990) (holding that “speculative allegations and conclusory statements” are not sufficient to

establish ineffective assistance of counsel); People v. Trice, 2017 IL App (1st) 152090, ¶ 60

(rejecting chain of custody argument because the defendant “failed to carry his burden of

showing actual evidence of tampering, alteration, or substitution”). Moreover, this argument is

belied by the record: Officer Sachtleben testified that took the buccal swab on November 2,

2011—six days after recovering the hat—at a different police station than where he worked, and

he stated that he sealed the buccal swab sample after taking it. Based on these facts, it is unlikely

that the circuit court would have sustained a foundational challenge to the hat’s admissibility.

See Smith, 2014 IL App (1st) 103436, ¶ 64 (rejecting similar claim because “[n]othing in the

record suggest[ed] that counsel had evidence that would undermine the chain of custody for the

bullet”). As a result, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails.

¶ 36    We next consider defendant’s argument that the State’s DNA evidence lacked an

adequate foundation because Wilson did not explain how she came to the conclusion that the

major DNA profile on the red hat matched defendant’s DNA profile. Specifically, defendant

maintains that, although Wilson explained what the “PCR” component of PCR-STR DNA

consists of, she failed to provide any description whatsoever of the “STR” component. As with

his first argument, defendant did not raise this issue by objecting at trial, nor did he raise this

issue in his posttrial motion. Accordingly, this issue is forfeited.

¶ 37    Seeking to avoid the result of his forfeiture, defendant again invokes the plain-error

doctrine. Citing People v. Jones, 2015 IL App (1st) 121016, and People v. Safford, 392 Ill. App.

3d 212 (2009), defendant contends that for Wilson’s testimony to be properly admitted, the State



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No. 1-14-3183


was required to establish that the information upon which Wilson based her opinion is reliable.

In further reliance on these authorities, defendant argues that the State’s failure to elicit

testimony from Wilson, explaining how she performed the STR portion of her analysis, infringed

his rights under the confrontation clause because it denied him the opportunity to subject Wilson

to “meaningful cross-examination.” This argument is unpersuasive.

¶ 38   In Wilson v. Clark, 84 Ill. 2d 186 (1981), the Illinois Supreme Court adopted Federal

Rule of Evidence 705, which then provided that “ ‘[t]he expert may testify in terms of opinion or

inference and give his reasons therefor without prior disclosure of the underlying facts or data,

unless the court requires otherwise. The expert may in any event be required to disclose the

underlying facts or data on cross-examination.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Wilson, 84 Ill. 2d at 194

(quoting Fed. R. of Evid. 705). The court explained that, “[u]nder Rule 705 the burden is placed

upon the adverse party during cross-examination to elicit the facts underlying the expert

opinion.” Wilson, 84 Ill. 2d at 194. This rule has prevailed in Illinois ever since, in civil and

criminal cases alike. See People v. Williams, 238 Ill. 2d 125, 140 (2010), aff’d sub nom. Williams

v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50 (2012); People v. Shaw, 133 Ill. App. 3d 391, 403 (1985). Moreover, in

January 2011, the Illinois Rules of Evidence became effective, including Illinois Rule of

Evidence 705, which is identical to the version of Federal Rule of Evidence 705 adopted by the

supreme court in Wilson. See Ill. R. Evid. 705 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). In light of these authorities, we

reject defendant’s argument that Wilson’s testimony lacked foundation because the State failed

to elicit testimony from Wilson explaining how she performed the STR component of her DNA

analysis.

¶ 39   Neither Jones nor Safford require a different result. To begin, defendant’s citation to

Jones is inappropriate. This court issued its opinion in Jones in August, 2015. In October,



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2015—nearly a year before defendant filed his appellate brief—the Illinois Supreme Court

vacated the judgment in Jones. See People v. Jones, No. 119826 (Ill. Oct. 26, 2015) (supervisory

order). As a result, the judgment in Jones “has no effect.” People v. Simmons, 2016 IL App (1st)

131300, ¶ 116.

¶ 40   Defendant’s reliance on Safford is equally unavailing. In Safford, a latent print examiner

testified, without explaining “how or why he arrive[d] at his conclusions,” that he identified a

fingerprint match. Safford, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 217. A panel of this court held that the expert’s

testimony was inadmissible because he did not disclose the basis of his opinion. Id. at 226. The

court was explicitly concerned with the defendant’s ability to cross-examine the expert. Relying

on People v. Anderson, 113 Ill. 2d 1 (1986), the court stated, “the underlying basis of an expert’s

opinion must be subject to cross-examination in order to allow the jury to properly evaluate that

expert’s testimony. If the foundation for the expert’s opinion is not subject to scrutiny, the jury

may ascribe an ‘aura of reliability and trustworthiness’ to the expert’s conclusion.” Safford, 392

Ill. App. 3d at 226.

¶ 41   Since it was decided, multiple panels of this court have declined to follow Safford. See,

e.g., Simmons, 2016 IL App (1st) 131300, ¶ 124 (“[L]ooking to Safford itself, we conclude that

its analysis was flawed. While the court in Safford cited the principle that the information on

which an expert bases his opinion must be reliable [citation], it did not correctly analyze that

principle.”); People v. Negron, 2012 IL App (1st) 101194, ¶ 41 (“We underscore the fact that

Safford is an outlier case and no reported case since then has held that there must be a minimum

number of points of fingerprint comparison or a disclosure of a specific number of points of

similarity found by the expert.”). We likewise decline to follow Safford.




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¶ 42   First, the Safford court misapplied Anderson. That case had nothing to do with the

confrontation clause or the foundation requirement for the admissibility of expert testimony.

Rather, in Anderson the supreme court simply held that the rule against hearsay does not prohibit

a defense expert, during direct examination, from disclosing the basis of his opinion by referring

to information contained in a report. Anderson, 113 Ill. 2d at 11-12. Second, the Safford court’s

ultimate holding—namely, that to establish an adequate foundation for an expert opinion, the

expert must testify to the factual basis for the opinion on direct examination—runs counter to

Wilson, Williams, and Rule 705, all of which stand for the basic proposition that the basis of an

expert’s opinion is a matter for cross-examination. See Williams, 238 Ill. 2d at 140 (“[T]he

burden is placed upon the adverse party during cross-examination to elicit facts underlying the

expert opinion.”). Accordingly, we decline to follow Safford.

¶ 43   Because the basis of Wilson’s opinion was a matter for cross-examination, Wilson’s

failure to disclose it on direct examination did not undermine the foundation of her testimony. As

such, the circuit court did not error by admitting Wilson’s testimony. Defendant’s plain error

argument therefore fails.

¶ 44   Defendant also contends that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object on the

ground that Wilson did not disclose the basis of her opinion. This argument fails for two reasons.

First, for the reasons discussed above, the objection would have been futile. Second, the decision

not to object or pursue this issue on cross-examination was likely a strategic decision. People v.

Tolefree, 2011 IL App (1st) 100689, ¶ 34 (“The decision of whether and how to conduct a cross-

examination is generally a matter of trial strategy, which cannot support a claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel.”). Had trial counsel successfully objected, the State would have had to

elicit additional testimony from Wilson about the specific scientific basis for her opinion, which



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could have bolstered her strength and credibility in the eyes of the jury. For these reasons,

defendant cannot show that trial counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient.

¶ 45   We next consider defendant’s argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

request a Frye hearing (see Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)) to determine if

the underlying methodology for Agent Raschke’s HCSA is generally accepted in its field. “In

Illinois, scientific evidence is admissible at trial only if it meets the standard expressed in Frye,

which dictates that ‘scientific evidence is admissible at trial only if the methodology or scientific

principle upon which the opinion is based is sufficiently established to have gained general

acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.’ ” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

People v. McKown, 226 Ill. 2d 245, 254 (2007) (quoting In re Commitment of Simons, 213 Ill. 2d

523, 529-30 (2004)). “Frye applies only to scientific evidence,” which the supreme court has

defined as evidence that is “the product of scientific tests or studies.” Id.

¶ 46   Defendant contends that HCSA “should be subject to a Frye inquiry because it is, in

theory, based on science.” Agent Raschke explained that HCSA consists of analyzing call log

records compiled by cell phone providers that memorialize information about phone calls,

including call’s date and time, as well as the specific cell towers the phone utilized during the

call. Using this information, Agent Raschke prepared a map showing which cell towers

defendant’s and Kelli’s phones utilized throughout October 27 and 28, 2011. This does not

qualify as scientific evidence. See People v. Fountain, 2016 IL App (1st) 131474, ¶ 58

(“Reading the coordinates of cell sites from phone records and plotting them on a map is not a

scientific procedure or technique ***.”); accord People v. Williams, 2017 IL App (1st) 142733,

¶¶ 39-40.




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¶ 47    Because the Frye standard does not apply to Agent Raschke’s HCSA testimony, the

circuit court would have rejected a request by the defense to hold a Frye hearing. Because such a

request would have been futile, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails.

¶ 48    Finally, we consider defendant’s argument that trial counsel was ineffective because he

did not object to the jury receiving a single general verdict form despite the fact that the State

proceeded on three theories (intentional, knowing, and felony) of first degree murder. This

argument is predicated on People v. Smith, 233 Ill. 2d 1 (2009).

¶ 49    In Smith, the defendant was charged with first degree murder under intentional, knowing,

and felony theories. The defendant requested specific verdict forms, but the circuit court declined

and instead tendered a single general first degree murder verdict form to the jury. The supreme

court found that was error, holding that, “where *** specific findings by the jury with regard to

the offenses charged could result in different sentencing consequences, favorable to the

defendant, specific verdict forms must be provided upon request and the failure to provide them

is an abuse of discretion.” Id. at 23.

¶ 50    Since it was decided, this court has repeatedly refused to apply Smith to cases that did not

involve the circuit court’s refusal of a defense request for separate verdict forms. For example, in

People v. Braboy, 393 Ill. App. 3d 100 (2009), this court held that Smith could not support a

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, reasoning that Smith is “limited to situations in which

the trial court actually denied a request for separate verdict forms.” Id. at 108; see also People v.

Mabry, 398 Ill. App. 3d 745, 756 (2010) (same); People v. Calhoun, 404 Ill. App. 3d 362, 383-

84 (2010) (same). Defendant offers no compelling reason for us to decline to follow Braboy,

Mabry, and Calhoun. Accordingly, we, too, hold that Smith is “limited to situations in which the




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trial court actually denied a request for separate verdict forms” (Braboy, 393 Ill. App. 3d at 108)

and does not support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 51     Moreover, even if Smith could support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,

defendant’s argument would still fail because, under the facts of the case, counsel’s decision not

to request specific verdict forms was likely a strategic decision immune from an ineffective

assistance of counsel claim. At trial, defendant’s theory of the case was that the State, as

defendant puts it, “had the wrong man.” As this court explained in People v. Hill, 2014 IL App

(2d) 120506, ¶ 71, “since defendant's theory at trial appeared to be that he did not commit the

offense, and not that he committed certain acts but did not commit intentional or knowing

murder, the decision not to separate felony murder from the other offenses was presumably a

tactical decision.” For this additional reason, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim

fails.

¶ 52                                      CONCLUSION

¶ 53     We reject defendant’s contentions of error and affirm his conviction.

¶ 54     Affirmed.




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