                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                             NO. 02-14-00453-CR


JEREMY PAUL THORNBURG                                               APPELLANT

                                       V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS                                                       STATE


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          FROM THE 90TH DISTRICT COURT OF YOUNG COUNTY
                      TRIAL COURT NO. 10123

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                        MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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                                I. INTRODUCTION

      Appellant Jeremy Paul Thornburg appeals his conviction and life sentence

for the offense of murder. In four issues, Thornburg argues that the evidence is

insufficient to support his conviction, that the trial court erred by denying his




      1
       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
motion to suppress, and that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the

State’s expert’s testimony. We will affirm.

                            II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND2

                                   A. Overview

      On the morning of December 11, 2011, Johnny Salinas discovered that his

grown granddaughter, Candice Shields, was missing from her bedroom when he

went to wake her for work. At first, he assumed that she had left in the night to

“party,” but her phone was still on her bed; her purse and make up were still in

the bedroom as well. As the morning wore on and Shields did not show up,

Salinas grew increasingly worried. Eventually, Salinas hit redial on Shields’s

phone, and the call went to Shields’s best friend, Missy Munn. Salinas explained

his concerns to Munn, and she came to his house.

      Later that morning, Shields’s ex-boyfriend, Billy Wilson, joined Munn at

Salinas’s home, and because he had never seen Shields leave the house without

her purse, cell phone, and make up—all of which were still in her bedroom—he

called the Graham police. The police interviewed the family, and based on their

conversations with the family, with Wilson, and with Munn, the police began

treating Shields’s disappearance as a missing-person case. Thereafter, in the

ensuing weeks and months that followed, despite a massive search by law-


      2
       Because the State notes in its brief that it is satisfied with the statement of
facts set forth in Thornburg’s brief, we set forth Thornburg’s statement of facts
with only a few additions and stylistic changes.


                                          2
enforcement officials and civilian volunteers—which included helicopters, four-

wheelers, and cadaver dogs and which covered untold miles of search area—

Shields was never found.

              B. Testimony Concerning Shields’s Background

      Shields grew up in Graham and was convicted of a sex crime as a juvenile;

as a result, she was required to register as a sex offender. At age seventeen,

Shields left her parents’ home and moved in with Wilson and his family in

Jermyn, Texas, and eventually had a child with Wilson. In the latter part of May

2011, Shields left Wilson and moved to Abilene to live with a man named Allen

Faircloth. When Shields’s relationship with Faircloth soured in the summer of

2011, she called Wilson to give her a ride back to Graham, and she moved in

with Munn.

      In October 2011, Shields moved in with her friends James and Misty

Barnett. On the same day that Shields moved in, James Barnett’s half-brother,

Thornburg, also moved into the Barnetts’ home. Within a short time after Shields

met Thornburg, they began a romantic relationship, and within a couple of

weeks, they announced that Shields was pregnant with Thornburg’s baby. 3 Misty

grew scared of Thornburg, and he and Shields were asked to move out of the

Barnetts’ home.


      3
       Law enforcement was never able to find any medical documents
confirming that Shields was pregnant; the only mention of this came from
Thornburg and from other family members.


                                       3
      Because the couple had nowhere to go and because Thornburg was

unemployed, he moved back into his mother and stepfather’s home in

Sweetwater; Shields moved into her grandparents’ home in Graham and

disappeared approximately ten days later.

      Shields used to call her mother daily, but her mother had not heard from

Shields since her disappearance.

                 C. Testimony by Law-Enforcement Officials

                           1. Lieutenant Jim Reeves

      Lieutenant Jim Reeves of the Graham Police Department headed up the

investigation into Shields’s disappearance. Initially, he gathered information from

her friends and family members, as well as contacts from Shields’s cell phone.

The data recovered from Shields’s cell phone revealed that up until the day of

her disappearance, Shields had almost daily communications with Wilson,

Faircloth, Thornburg, and possibly other men.

      Lieutenant Reeves testified that he called Texas Ranger Cory Lain to help

with the investigation of Shields’s disappearance and that they began a series of

interviews to determine if anyone had ideas on where Shields might have gone.

Lieutenant Reeves testified that Faircloth and Wilson had verified alibis for the

night of Shields’s disappearance.

      When Lieutenant Reeves interviewed Thornburg by phone on December

15, 2011, Thornburg claimed that he had been in Sweetwater on the night that

Shields had disappeared and that he did not have gas money to drive to Graham


                                        4
on that night. Two weeks later, on December 29, 2011, Lieutenant Reeves and

Ranger Lain drove to Sweetwater to interview Thornburg in person at the

Sweetwater police station. Thornburg maintained that he did not know where

Shields had gone.

      Lieutenant Reeves detailed for the jury the extent of law enforcement’s

efforts to find Shields over the course of the following months wherever and

whenever a lead developed.

                           2. Officer Lance Richburg

      Thirteen months after Lieutenant Reeves and Ranger Lain interviewed

Thornburg, Officer Lance Richburg with the Sweetwater Police Department met

with Thornburg’s ex-girlfriend, Sarah Santiago, on January 21, 2013, to take her

statement on a domestic-violence allegation involving Thornburg. Santiago had

called the police the night before and had alleged that Thornburg had assaulted

her. Because Santiago was seven months’ pregnant with Thornburg’s baby, the

police who responded to her 911 call advised her to go to the hospital and to wait

until the following day to go to the police department to make a statement.

      When she made her statement on January 21, 2013, Santiago said that

she was scared of Thornburg because he had threatened to kill her and her

unborn baby and to bury them in a field. Santiago said that Thornburg had told

her that he had done it before and had gotten away with it. 4 Based on Santiago’s


      4
      Santiago also testified at trial. She said that during an argument with
Thornburg while she was five or six months’ pregnant, he had head butted her,

                                        5
statement, Officer Richburg called the Graham Police Department. Lieutenant

Jim Reeves of the Graham Police Department responded that Thornburg was a

person of interest in an unsolved disappearance in Young County.

      After talking with Lieutenant Reeves, Officer Richburg and three other

officers accompanied Santiago back to the apartment that she shared with

Thornburg to effectuate a “civil standby” while Santiago gathered her personal

belongings.   Thornburg was home when the officers arrived, and Officer

Richburg explained the nature of their visit and the police department’s “civil

standby” policy. Thornburg voiced no objections to the police officers’ presence

and waited outside the apartment while Santiago gathered her belongings,

accompanied by Officer Richburg. When Santiago and Officer Richburg entered

the couple’s bedroom, Santiago pointed to a gun on the bed and said that

Thornburg had used it to threaten her. Officer Richburg testified that he took the

gun into evidence for the domestic-violence charge.




had pushed her to the ground, and had told her that “he would use the gun that
he [had] killed Candice Shields with and he would shoot [Santiago] just like he
did her and get away with it.” Santiago testified that during this argument, the
gun was on the bed, and he pointed to it. Several months prior to this, Thornburg
had told Santiago that he had a missing girlfriend and explained that he was the
reason she was missing; he said that he had taken his mother’s car, that he had
driven to Shields’s grandparents’ house, that he had convinced Shields to go with
him, that he had driven to a remote area that was supposed to be romantic, that
he had shot her in the face while they were walking, that he had shot her more
times, that he had poured bleach over her and had covered her with logs, and
that this had all occurred around 3 a.m.


                                        6
              3. Additional Testimony from Lieutenant Reeves

      Lieutenant Reeves served a search warrant on the Sweetwater Police

Department and obtained the gun that Officer Richburg had recovered from the

apartment that Thornburg shared with Santiago.          Lieutenant Reeves later

delivered the gun to Lubbock’s Department of Public Safety crime lab for

analysis.

      In response to Santiago’s claims about Thornburg’s threats to her,

Lieutenant Reeves and Ranger Lain approached Santiago and asked her to

make a clandestine telephone call to Thornburg.

                                 4. Ranger Lain

      On February 1, 2013, Ranger Lain and Lieutenant Reeves staged a

controlled phone call between Santiago and Thornburg.                 During the

approximately thirty-minute call, Santiago told Thornburg that she was afraid to

move back in with him because she was “afraid [he] would hurt me like you hurt

[Shields].” Despite telling Santiago that he did not feel comfortable talking about

it over the phone, Thornburg stated, “I killed her because of me—she was going

to make it so I couldn’t see my daughter . . . .”     Santiago asked Thornburg

whether he might not kill her too if he got angry with her, and Thornburg

answered, “I wouldn’t get away with it for two girlfriends.” A recording of the

phone call was admitted into evidence and played for the jury.

      Ranger Lain obtained cell phone records for Shields and Thornburg.

Ranger Lain testified that the cell phone records revealed that Thornburg and


                                        7
Shields had exchanged text messages and phone calls from 9:32 p.m. on

December 10, 2011, until 12:45 a.m. on December 11, 2011, which was

Shields’s last text message to Thornburg. Thornburg called Shields’s phone at

2:32 a.m. and 2:33 a.m.; approximately thirty minutes later, he called Shields’s

phone at 3:01 a.m. for forty-five seconds and at 3:02 a.m. for fifty-eight seconds.

At 6:08 a.m. on December 11, 2011, Thornburg texted Shields, “I’m at home.

I’ve been at home. Didn’t have enough gas. I[’m] sorry, Babe, that it took so

long to text you back, but just know I love you and will text you when I get up.”

The bulk of the phone calls and text messages that were reflected in the cell

phone records had been deleted from Shields’s cell phone.

      When Ranger Lain and Officer Reeves interviewed Thornburg on

December 29, 2011, he said that the last time he had spoken to Shields was 2:33

a.m. on December 11, 2011, and that he had fallen asleep right after the 2:33

a.m. phone call. Based on the phone records, Ranger Lain testified that his

theory was that Shields was deceased prior to Thornburg’s calls to her cell phone

at 3:01 a.m. and 3:02 a.m., that Thornburg had called Shields’s phone to locate

it, that he had found it, that he had deleted the text messages and phone calls,

and that he had returned it to her grandparents’ home in Graham before he

returned to Sweetwater.

                                5. Brent Hester

      Brent Hester, a forensic scientist employed by DPS, testified that he had

performed a presumptive test on two stains found on the underside of the gun.


                                        8
He said that he had obtained a presumptive positive result for blood on one spot

less than one millimeter in diameter, which was almost invisible to the naked eye.

From that stain, Hester said that he had obtained a DNA sample that he had

compared to Shields’s DNA profile from her sex-offender registration

requirements, as well as to a DNA sample from a biopsy slide that was

maintained in Shields’s medical records following an earlier gall bladder surgery.

Based on those comparisons, Hester determined that the probability of selecting

an unrelated person at random who could be the contributor to the DNA profile

obtained from the stain on the gun was “approximately one in 32.39 trillion for

Caucasians . . . .”

                                 6. Jeff Shaffer

      Jeff Shaffer, who managed the United States Secret Service digital

forensics lab, testified that he had conducted an analysis of the cell phone

records of Thornburg, which Ranger Lain had obtained by subpoena. Shaffer

testified that he had analyzed the system identification numbers (SIDs)

associated with Thornburg’s cell phone carrier reflected in the records as they

related to Thornburg’s use of his cell phone during the evening and early morning

hours of December 10, 2011, and December 11, 2011. Shaffer said that the data

indicated that Thornburg’s cell phone location had moved from the SID covering

the Abilene/Sweetwater geographic area to the SID covering the Vernon

geographic area east of Abilene/Sweetwater. Shaffer testified that he could not

necessarily say that Thornburg’s cell phone indicated travel from Sweetwater to


                                        9
Graham because he did not know the actual location of cell towers associated

with the described SIDs.     Shaffer said that he could say with certainty that

Thornburg’s cell phone had traveled generally “from one geographic area to

another” west to east on the night in question.

                      D. Accomplice-Witness Testimony

      Lajuana Long was another of Thornburg’s girlfriends with whom he had a

child. In her first interview with Lieutenant Reeves and Ranger Lain shortly after

Shields’s disappearance in 2011, Long told the officers that she worked with

Shields at the Whataburger in Graham, but Long denied having any information

about Shields’s whereabouts.      In her second interview following Thornburg’s

arrest in 2013, Long told law enforcement officials that she had heard that

Shields had moved to Oklahoma in December 2011. After her third interview in

March 2013 and after Ranger Lain told her that he thought she was lying, Long

told Lain that she knew that Thornburg had murdered Shields and that she knew

where her body could be found.5

      Long testified at trial and said that she and Thornburg had lived together in

Graham until September 2011, when he had begun a relationship with Shields.

After Thornburg began dating Shields, Long said that she found out that Shields

was a registered sex offender and told Thornburg that she did not want their child

      5
        Long described an area where she believed the body had been hidden as
between Breckenridge and Graham, but after an exhaustive search for two days
in the area that Long had described, the search in that location for Shields’s body
was abandoned.


                                        10
around Shields. Long said that Thornburg began to talk about killing Shields.

Long also said that Thornburg threatened to make Long “evaporate” if she tried

to keep him from seeing their child.

      Late in the day on December 10, 2011, Long said that Thornburg sent her

a text that he was coming to Graham, where Long lived with Jessica Cortez, to

see Shields. Long testified that she and Thornburg had previously discussed

ways of disposing of Shields’s body after watching television shows, and that on

this occasion, Long asked her if she had any bleach. Late that night, Thornburg

arrived at Cortez’s mobile home. Long said that she took a half-full bottle of

bleach and met Thornburg outside in the driveway. When she asked him whose

car he was driving, Thornburg told Long that he had taken the car from his

mother’s home while she was sleeping.       Long said that as they talked, she

noticed a gun in the car. Long ultimately gave Thornburg the bleach, and he left.

About an hour or two later, Thornburg called Long and told her that he had

“[done] what he came to do” and that he was headed back home.6 When Shields

did not show up for work at Whataburger the next morning on December 11,

2011, Long said that she called Thornburg and asked him if he had really killed

Shields; he told Long that he had.

      6
       Ranger Lain testified that the cell phone records reflected several
communications between Thornburg and Long on the evening of December 10,
2011, and the early morning hours of December 11, 2011. Thornburg contacted
Long at 1:20 a.m. and 2:19 a.m.; Long contacted Thornburg at 2:46 a.m. and
2:58 a.m.; and Thornburg contacted Long at 2:58 a.m., 3:57 a.m., and 4:35 a.m.
on December 11, 2011.


                                       11
      Several days later, Long went to visit Thornburg in Sweetwater and asked

him about Shields again. Long testified that Thornburg had told her that after he

had persuaded Shields to come out of her house to talk, he had taken her to a

field between Graham and Breckenridge and had shot her in the head.

Thornburg said that Shields had tried to move after he had shot her, so he shot

her again, covered her, and left.

      Long testified that she had initially lied to investigators when she was

questioned about Shields’s disappearance because she had been scared of

Thornburg. Long said that she had entered a plea of guilty to Shields’s murder

as a co-conspirator in exchange for a thirty-year prison sentence.

                       E. Testimony from Other Individuals

                                1. Lychelle Doolittle

      Thornburg’s mother, Lychelle Doolittle, testified that Thornburg was living

with her in Sweetwater when Shields disappeared. She said that around the time

of Shields’s disappearance, she entered her car to go to church and discovered

that the car’s gas tank was empty even though she had filled it with gas the day

before.   Doolittle said that Thornburg did not seem very concerned about

Shields’s disappearance. Doolittle testified that when she heard that Shields was

missing, she “had thoughts” that her son might have had something to do with

her disappearance. Doolittle said, “[O]nce [Thornburg] quit talking to [Shields]

over the phone and the gas situation and the attitude behind everything, it hit me

in the face that he very well could have been a part of it, . . . .”


                                           12
                                2. Steve Brown

      Steve Brown, who was partying on the night of December 10 with Long

and some of her friends in Cortez’s mobile home in Graham, testified that Long

had received a phone call from Thornburg late that night and that she had started

out of the house. Brown asked Long what she was doing, and Long answered

that she was taking some bleach to Thornburg. Brown testified that Long had

grabbed a container of bleach and that he had followed her. When Brown saw

that Thornburg was in the driveway, Brown went back inside. When Long came

back inside, she no longer had the bleach with her.

                               3. Jessica Cortez

      Jessica Cortez, who owned the mobile home where Long was living in

December 2011, testified that she questioned Long when she discovered that the

household’s bleach was gone. Cortez testified that Long had told her that she

had given the bleach to Thornburg because he had killed Shields.

                             4. Timothy Thornburg

      Thornburg’s half-brother Timothy testified that Thornburg had come to his

house about five months before Thornburg was arrested and had told Timothy

what he had done to Shields. Timothy said that Thornburg had described the

killing in detail, including telling him the pretense Thornburg said that he had

used to lure Shields out into a field; Thornburg said that he was taking Shields to

a place where he and Timothy used to build clubhouses when they were

children. Thornburg told him that he had shot Shields in the back of the head but


                                        13
that she was not quite dead, so he shot her a few more times and then poured

bleach over her body. Timothy testified that Thornburg had told him that he had

killed Shields because she was a “lying, cheatin’ skank.”

                                   F. Outcome

      After hearing the above evidence, the jury convicted Thornburg of the

offense of murder as charged in the indictment and assessed his punishment at

life imprisonment. The trial court sentenced Thornburg to life imprisonment, and

this appeal followed.

                         III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

      In his second issue, Thornburg argues that the evidence is insufficient

because his extrajudicial confessions to his brother, Santiago, and Long were not

corroborated by independent evidence tending to establish the corpus delicti of

murder. In his first issue, Thornburg argues that the evidence is insufficient to

prove that he caused Shields’s death by shooting her with a firearm because her

body has never been found and the gun that was recovered by police was not

shown to have been used in the commission of a crime. We will address each of

these sufficiency issues in turn below.

                             A. Standard of Review

      In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a

conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.


                                          14
307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170

(Tex. Crim. App. 2014). This standard gives full play to the responsibility of the

trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to

draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Id., 99 S. Ct. at

2789; Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170.

                               B. Applicable Law

      A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally or knowingly

causes the death of an individual. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (West

2011). “A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of

his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or

desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Id. § 6.03(a) (West 2011).

“A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his

conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the

result.” Id. § 6.03(b).

      The corpus delicti rule states that, “[w]hen the burden of proof is ‘beyond a

reasonable doubt,’ a defendant’s extrajudicial confession does not constitute

legally sufficient evidence of guilt absent independent evidence of the corpus

delicti.” Miller v. State, 457 S.W.3d 919, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting

Hacker v. State, 389 S.W.3d 860, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). To satisfy the

corpus-delicti rule, there must be “evidence independent of a defendant’s

extrajudicial confession show[ing] that the ‘essential nature’ of the charged crime

was committed by someone.” Id. (quoting Hacker, 389 S.W.3d at 866).


                                        15
      The corpus delicti of murder is established if the evidence shows (1) the

death of a human being (2) caused by the criminal act of another. See Fisher v.

State, 851 S.W.2d 298, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The corroborating evidence

need not conclusively prove the underlying offense; rather, “[a]ll that is required is

that there be some evidence which renders the commission of the offense more

probable than it would be without the evidence.” Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d

384, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting Chambers v. State 866 S.W.2d 9, 15

(Tex. Crim. App. 1993), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1100 (1994)); Gribble v. State,

808 S.W.2d 65, 71–72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (“[T]he quantum of independent

evidence necessary to corroborate the corpus delicti in a criminal prosecution

relying upon the extrajudicial confession of an accused need not be great.”), cert.

denied, 501 U.S. 1232 (1991).        The State may prove the corpus delicti by

circumstantial evidence. See McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim.

App.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 844 (1997). “[P]roduction and identification of the

victim’s body or remains is not part of the corpus delicti of murder.” Fisher, 851

S.W.2d at 303.

                     C. Analysis of Sufficiency Complaints

      Here, we begin by examining the sufficiency of the evidence to support the

corpus delicti of murder. Excluding Thornburg’s extrajudicial confessions, the

record demonstrates the following:

    Shields disappeared suddenly and without a trace on December 10, 2011,

      and was never seen again;


                                         16
 prior to December 10, 2011, Shields had called her mother daily, but her

  mother had not heard from Shields since her disappearance;

 personal items that she was never seen without—including her purse, cell

  phone, and make up—were left in her bedroom;

 Thornburg communicated with Shields throughout the evening of

  December 10, 2011, and into the early morning hours of December 11,

  2011;

 the bulk of the communications between Thornburg and Shields had been

  deleted from Shields’s cell phone;

 Thornburg’s cell phone records indicated that he had traveled east from

  Sweetwater in the middle of the night, despite not owning a car;

 around the time of Shields’s disappearance, Thornburg’s mother, with

  whom he lived, noticed that her car’s gas tank was empty despite having

  filled it the day prior;

 the month before Shields’s disappearance, Thornburg and Long had

  discussed killing Shields;

 Brown saw Long give Thornburg a bottle of bleach late on the night of

  December 10, 2011;

 when Cortez noticed that the bleach she shared with Long was gone, she

  questioned Long, and Long said that she had given the bleach to

  Thornburg because he had killed Shields; and



                                   17
    a gun recovered from Thornburg’s apartment contained a blood stain that,

      when tested for the presence of DNA, revealed that Shields could not be

      excluded as a contributor of the DNA and that the odds of a random match

      were one in 32.39 trillion.

      Considering all the record evidence, other than Thornburg’s extrajudicial

confessions, in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we hold that the

evidence tended to establish that Shields was actually murdered by someone;

thus, sufficient evidence establishes the corpus delicti of murder. See id. at 304

(holding evidence sufficient to establish corpus delicti for murder based on facts

that victim had “vanished suddenly without a trace,” despite not owning a car or

having sufficient money to travel; had a strained relationship with the appellant;

and had left personal matters and property unattended); Trejos v. State, 243

S.W.3d 30, 56–57 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d) (holding

evidence sufficient to establish corpus delicti for murder based on facts that

victim had disappeared suddenly and without explanation and had never

resurfaced, that forensic tests had revealed the “possible presence of blood” in

her home, and that the Bible she always carried with her was found in her home);

Jaggers v. State, 125 S.W.3d 661, 668–69 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003,

pet. ref’d) (holding evidence sufficient to establish corpus delicti for murder based

on facts that victim had disappeared without informing friends or family, that

victim’s car was inoperable, that she was without sufficient funds to travel, and

that she had stopped calling her daughter on her daughter’s birthdays and on


                                         18
holidays as she had consistently done in the past).      We overrule Thornburg’s

second issue.

      Next, we look at the record as a whole to determine the sufficiency of the

evidence to support Thornburg’s murder conviction.             Here, Thornburg’s

extrajudicial confessions to Santiago, Long, and his brother Timothy are

sufficient—without any additional evidence—to warrant a rational finding of

Thornburg’s guilt of all the elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt. See

Fisher, 851 S.W.2d at 304 (stating that “[the witness’s] testimony regarding

appellant’s oral confession was by itself sufficient evidence to warrant a rational

finding of appellant’s guilt of all the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable

doubt.”).   Thornburg’s arguments—that the gun recovered by police was not

shown to have been used in the commission of a crime and that Shields’s body

was never recovered—do not render the evidence insufficient because the State

is not required to prove the specific murder weapon or to locate the victim’s body

in order to obtain a conviction for murder.        See Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§ 19.02(b)(1) (setting forth elements of murder); Fisher v. State, 827 S.W.2d 597,

601 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1992) (“[I]n a prosecution for murder, the State can

prove all the elements of the offense by way of circumstantial evidence and need

not produce and identify the body of the deceased.”), aff’d, 851 S.W.2d 298 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1993); Tijerino v. State, No. 14-06-01012-CR, 2008 WL 509880, at *3

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 26, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (“[T]he State need not offer a murder weapon into


                                        19
evidence to establish the essential elements of murder.”). Thus, viewing all of

the evidence—including Thornburg’s extrajudicial confessions—in the light most

favorable to the jury’s verdict, we hold that a rational trier of fact could have found

beyond a reasonable doubt that Thornburg intentionally or knowingly caused the

death of Shields by shooting her with a firearm. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326,

99 S. Ct. at 2793 (applying standard of review and holding evidence sufficient to

support conviction for murder by shooting victim). We overrule Thornburg’s first

issue.

                               IV. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

         In his third issue, Thornburg argues that the trial court erred by denying his

motion to suppress the handgun seized by Detective Richburg because neither

the plain-view doctrine nor exigent circumstances justified the warrantless search

of his home and the resulting seizure of the handgun. The State argues that this

argument does not comport with Thornburg’s argument at the trial level.

         To preserve a complaint for our review, a party must have presented to the

trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds

for the desired ruling if they are not apparent from the context of the request,

objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Everitt v. State, 407 S.W.3d

259, 262–63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Sanchez v. State, 418 S.W.3d 302, 306

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, pet. ref’d). In raising the complaint on appeal, the

party must ensure that the complaint is the same as the complaint or objection

made during trial. Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);


                                           20
Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 431 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 502 U.S.

870 (1991). A reviewing court should not address the merits of an issue that has

not been preserved for appeal. Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2009).

      Here, Thornburg’s motion to suppress focused solely on the consent

exception to the warrant requirement7 and argued that his failure to object to the

search of his apartment was due to the officers’ deception in hiding the fact that a

search would occur.     At the hearing on Thornburg’s motion to suppress, he

testified that he had objected to the officers’ search. He now argues on appeal

for the first time that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

because neither the plain-view doctrine nor exigent circumstances justified the

warrantless search of his home and the resulting seizure of the handgun.

      Because Thornburg’s motion to suppress and his argument at the

suppression hearing centered on whether there was consent to search his

apartment, he forfeited his complaint on appeal that the search was not justified

by other exceptions to the warrant requirement, such as the plain-view doctrine

and exigent circumstances. See Wilson, 71 S.W.3d at 349; Jones v. State, No.

02-12-00360-CR, 2014 WL 3953788, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 14,

2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that appellant

      7
       Thornburg’s motion initially states that “no exception permitting a
warrantless search appl[ies] under the facts.” Two pages later, the motion lists
six exceptions to the warrant requirement and states, “Here, the only exception
that might apply is the consent exception, . . . .”


                                        21
forfeited his complaint on appeal because his appellate argument did not

comport with the arguments he had raised in his motion to suppress).              We

overrule Thornburg’s third issue.

    V. TRIAL COURT’S DECISION TO ADMIT EXPERT TESTIMONY WAS HARMLESS

      In his fourth issue, Thornburg argues that the trial court abused its

discretion by admitting testimony regarding an expert’s opinion as to whether he

had located blood on Thornburg’s gun.

      We need not determine whether the trial court erred by admitting the

forensic scientist’s testimony regarding whether Shields’s DNA was present in

the stain found on the gun because even assuming that it was error, we hold that

any error was harmless.       As to harm, rule of appellate procedure 44.2(b)

provides that any error, other than constitutional error, that does not affect the

defendant’s substantial rights must be disregarded. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); see,

e.g., Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (holding that a

violation of the evidentiary rules that results in the erroneous admission of

evidence is nonconstitutional error), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 3030 (2011). A

substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect

or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66

S. Ct. 1239, 1253 (1946)). Conversely, an error does not affect a substantial

right if we have “fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but




                                         22
a slight effect.” Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001);

Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

      In making this determination, we review the record as a whole, including

any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the jury’s consideration, the

nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, and the character of the alleged

error and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the

case. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We may also

consider the jury instructions, the State’s theory and any defensive theories,

whether the State emphasized the error, closing arguments, and even voir dire, if

applicable. Id. at 355–56.

      Here, we have already reviewed the record as a whole in our sufficiency

analysis. As detailed above, even excluding the forensic scientist’s testimony,

there is overwhelming evidence of Thornburg’s guilt.      The jury had before it

Thornburg’s extrajudicial confessions, along with the recording of the telephone

call from Santiago to Thornburg in which he stated, “I killed [Shields] because of

me—she was going to make it so I couldn’t see my daughter . . . ,” and that he

would not get away with killing both Santiago and Shields. The jury charge did

not specifically mention the gun but instead instructed the jurors to consider the

testimony and exhibits to reach their decision. And although the State mentioned

the DNA evidence during its closing argument, it did not emphasize it but instead

recapped all of the evidence that was presented.




                                       23
      We conclude that, in the context of the entire case against Thornburg, the

trial court’s error, if any, in admitting the testimony in question did not have a

substantial or injurious effect on the jury’s verdict and did not affect Thornburg’s

substantial rights. See King, 953 S.W.2d at 273; see also Neal v. State, 256

S.W.3d 264, 285 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (assuming without deciding that trial

court erred by admitting surveillance videotapes and ATM receipts and holding

that such error was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of guilt), cert.

denied, 555 U.S. 1154 (2009). Thus, we disregard the error. See Tex. R. App.

P. 44.2(b). We overrule Thornburg’s fourth issue.

                                 VI. CONCLUSION

      Having overruled Thornburg’s four issues, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                                    /s/ Sue Walker
                                                    SUE WALKER
                                                    JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; WALKER and SUDDERTH, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: August 6, 2015




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