                                   COURT OF CHANCERY
                                         OF THE
                                   STATE OF DELAWARE
ANDRE G. BOUCHARD                                                     LEONARD L. WILLIAMS JUSTICE CENTER
       CHANCELLOR                                                        500 N. KING STREET, SUITE 11400
                                                                        WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 19801-3734


                                 Date Submitted: May 15, 2018
                                 Date Decided: August 31, 2018

     Sean T. O’Kelly, Esquire                   Michael W. McDermott, Esquire
     Ryan M. Ernst, Esquire                     Sean A. Meluney, Esquire
     O’Kelly Ernst & Joyce, LLC                 Berger Harris LLP
     901 North Market Street, Suite 1000        1105 North Market Street, 11th Floor
     Wilmington, DE 19801                       Wilmington, DE 19801

          RE:       Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
                    Civil Action No. 12776-CB
 Dear Counsel:

          This letter constitutes the court’s decision on defendants’ motion to dismiss

 the Second Amended Complaint, which asserts a claim for breach of fiduciary duty

 and seeks the appointment of a receiver. For the reasons explained below, the

 motion to dismiss is granted.

 I.       Background

          The facts recited in this letter decision are drawn from the Verified Second

 Amended Derivative Complaint (the “Second Amended Complaint”) filed on

 February 16, 2018, and documents incorporated therein.1 Any additional facts are

 either not subject to reasonable dispute or subject to judicial notice.



 1
      See Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 76 A.3d 808, 818 (Del. 2013) (citations omitted)
Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
C.A. No. 12776-CB
August 31, 2018

       A.     The Parties

       Plaintiff Jennifer L. Stritzinger is a stockholder, but not a dues-paying

member, of nominal defendant Newark Country Club (the “Club”).

       Defendants are the twelve members of the Club’s board of directors (the

“Board”): Dennis Barba, Ron Holliday, Michael Barrow, Cheree McPhee, Fred

Mink, Fritz Land, Todd Ladutko, Bob Kennedy, Charlotte Short, Chris Scherf, Tom

Hall, and Jim Brown (the “Director Defendants”). Barba was the president of the

Club during the relevant period and Scherf is the current president.

       B.     The Club Faces Financial Difficulties

       The Club was formed in 1921. It is a private corporation governed by the

Delaware General Corporation Law, 8 Del. C. § 101 et seq., that operates as a

country club, with a club house, a golf course, and related operations in Newark,

Delaware. The Club’s most meaningful asset is the land it owns. Before the

transaction at issue in this case, there were three mortgages on that property totaling

approximately $1.8 million.




(“[P]laintiff may not reference certain documents outside the complaint and at the same
time prevent the court from considering those documents’ actual terms” in connection with
a motion to dismiss).
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Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
C.A. No. 12776-CB
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          Over the years, developers have approached the Club and the Board with

proposals to purchase and develop the Club’s land. The Board has rejected all such

proposals, despite the Club having “operated at a deficit for years,” including net

losses of $266,252 in 2014, $242,154 in 2015, and $416,392.70 in 2016.2 According

to Stritzinger, the “decisions to reject these proposals were not done in the interests

of protecting the value belonging to the Club and its equity stockholders, but instead

were done with the goal of maintaining control of the country club and allowing its

club members to enjoy its recreational offerings and facilities.”3

          C.    The Newark Country Club Mortgage Company

          On May 21, 2016, one of the defendants, Ladutko, emailed his fellow Board

members a proposal to relieve the pressure on the Club’s “cash flow problems.” 4

Specifically, Ladutko suggested that members of the Club create a limited liability

company to loan money to the Club, with the loan to be secured by another mortgage

on the Club’s property (the “Loan”). The Board was receptive to the idea, and Barba

sent an email to the Club’s members regarding the proposed plan to raise financing

for club operations.



2
    Second Am. Compl. ¶ 31.
3
    Id. ¶ 39.
4
    Id. ¶ 41.
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C.A. No. 12776-CB
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        On June 16, 2016, the Club held a “town hall meeting” at which its members

discussed the Club’s long-term plans. The Club’s members discussed four options:

(i) merging with another club; (ii) selling the Club to a land broker, but allowing the

Club to continue its operations for ten years; (iii) working with the city of Newark

for it to purchase the development rights of the property; and (iv) forming Newark

Country Club Mortgage Company, LLC (the “Mortgage Company”) to make the

Loan to the Club.5 The Board chose to pursue the Mortgage Company option.

        On July 21, 2016, Barba solicited a $100,000 bridge loan to cover the Club’s

“annual shortfall.”6 Barba referenced the proposed Mortgage Company in his

request for additional funds from Artisan’s Bank, a bank with which the Club already

had a $150,000 line of credit. The Board set a deadline of September 30, 2016 for

Club members and equity holders to participate in the Mortgage Company through

the sale of membership interests, with the proceeds to be loaned to the Club. The

interest rate on the Loan would be 5.75% per annum, paid bi-annually, and the Club

would grant the Mortgage Company a mortgage on the Club’s property.

         Some Club members raised concerns about the proposed transaction. In

response, the Board circulated answers to “Frequently Asked Questions” on


5
    Second Am. Compl. ¶ 46.
6
    Second Am. Compl. ¶ 49.
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September 26, 2016. This document described how the proceeds of the Loan would

be used. Specifically, it stated that the funds would be used to repay certain of the

Club’s short-term obligations but would not secure the long-term financial future of

the Club.

        On December 4, 2016, the Board formally adopted a financing agreement with

the Mortgage Company. Five of the twelve members of the Board—Kennedy,

Ladutko, Scherf, Short, and Land—invested in the Mortgage Company. They all

recused themselves from the Board vote authorizing the transaction.

        On January 4, 2017, the Mortgage Company loaned the Club $399,000 at an

interest rate of 5.75%.7 The proceeds of the Loan allegedly were used to pay off the

Club’s line of credit with Artisan’s Bank and a portion of back taxes it owed.8

II.     Procedural History

        On September 27, 2016, after serving a books and records demand on the Club

a few months earlier, Stritzinger filed her initial complaint along with a motion for

expedited proceedings and a motion for a temporary restraining order seeking to

enjoin the Club from closing the Loan transaction. Two days later, Stritzinger

withdrew her motion for a temporary restraining order.


7
    Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 60-61.
8
    Second Am. Compl. ¶ 61.
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       On October 28, 2016, Stritzinger again sought expedition. On November 3,

2016, the court denied the renewed motion for expedition based on, among other

things, Stritzinger’s failure to demonstrate a sufficient threat of irreparable harm

given the availability of a damages remedy. Over ten months later, on September

14, 2017, Stritzinger amended her complaint, which defendants moved to dismiss.

In lieu of briefing that motion, Stritzinger amended her complaint a second time

without opposition from defendants.

       On February 16, 2018, Stritzinger filed the Second Amended Complaint,

asserting two claims. On February 21, 2018, defendants moved to dismiss these

claims under Court of Chancery Rules 23.1 and 12(b)(6) for failure to make pre-suit

demand on the Board and failure to state a claim for relief.

III.   Analysis

       Count I of the Second Amended Complaint asserts a claim for breach of

fiduciary duty against the Director Defendants. Count II seeks the appointment of a

receiver for the Club. I address defendants’ motion to dismiss with respect to each

claim, in turn, below.




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         A.     Plaintiff Has Failed to Establish that Making a Demand Would
                Have Been Futile With Respect to Count I

         Count I asserts that the Director Defendants breached their fiduciary duty by

approving the Loan with the Mortgage Company.9 This claim, which seeks an award

of compensatory damages to be paid to the Club, is asserted derivatively on behalf

of the Club.

         “[S]tockholders may not prosecute a claim derivatively on behalf of a

corporation unless they: (1) make a pre-suit demand by presenting the allegations

to the corporation’s directors, requesting that they bring suit, and showing that they

wrongfully refused to do so, or (2) plead facts showing that demand upon the board

would have been futile.”10 Stritzinger did not make a demand on the Board, so she

must demonstrate that a majority of the members of the Board when this action was

filed was “incapable of making an impartial decision regarding such litigation.”11

         The parties agree that the test articulated in Aronson v. Lewis12 applies in this

case to determine whether demand would have been futile with respect to Count I.13


9
    Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 72-78.
10
   Carr v. New Enter. Assocs., Inc., 2018 WL 1472336, at *12 (Del. Ch. Mar. 26, 2018)
(citations and internal quotations omitted).
11
     Rales v. Blasband, 634 A.2d 927, 932 (Del. 1993).
12
     473 A.2d 805 (Del. 1984).
13
     Defs.’ Opening Br. 8-14 (Dkt. 32); Pl.’s Answering Br. 11-15 (Dkt. 35).

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Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
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This is the correct standard because (i) Count I challenges an affirmative decision of

the Board, i.e., the decision for the Club to enter into the Loan transaction with the

Mortgage Company, and (ii) a majority of the directors who made that decision

remained in office at the time this suit was filed.14 In fact, the same twelve

individuals who approved the Loan transaction constituted the Board when this

litigation was filed and Count I was first asserted.

       Under the Aronson test, “to show demand futility, [a] plaintiff[] must provide

particularized factual allegations that raise a reasonable doubt that (1) the directors

are disinterested and independent [or] (2) the challenged transaction was otherwise

the product of a valid exercise of business judgment.”15

       With respect to the first prong of the Aronson test, Vice Chancellor Lamb

summarized the nature of the inquiry based on the precise text of Aronson as follows:

       Disinterested “means that directors can neither appear on both sides of
       a transaction nor expect to derive any personal financial benefit from it
       in the sense of self-dealing, as opposed to a benefit which devolves
       upon the corporation or all stockholders generally.” “Independence
       means that a director’s decision is based on the corporate merits of the

14
  See Rales, 634 A.2d at 933-34 (citations omitted) (Aronson test does not apply “(1) where
a business decision was made by the board of a company, but a majority of the directors
making the decision have been replaced; (2) where the subject of the derivative suit is not
a business decision of the board; and (3) where, as here, the decision being challenged was
made by the board of a different corporation”).
15
   In re Citigroup Inc. S’holder Derivative Litig., 964 A.2d 106, 120 (Del. Ch. 2009)
(citation and internal quotations omitted).

                                              8
Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
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         subject before the board rather than extraneous considerations or
         influences.”16

Amplifying on the concept of independence, this court has explained that the

“inquiry asks whether the uninterested members of the board are dominated or

beholden to the interested members in such a way that their independence and

objectivity is questionable.”17

         With respect to the second prong of the Aronson test, this court recently

explained the pleading burden on plaintiff, in relevant part, as follows:

         Under the second prong of Aronson, the “plaintiff[ ] must plead
         particularized facts sufficient to raise (1) a reason to doubt that the
         action was taken honestly and in good faith or (2) a reason to doubt that
         the board was adequately informed in making the decision.” In order
         to raise a reason to doubt good faith, “the plaintiff must overcome the
         general presumption of good faith by showing that the board’s decision
         was so egregious or irrational that it could not have been based on a
         valid assessment of the corporation’s best interests” and was
         “essentially inexplicable on any ground other than bad faith.” This
         requires a pleading of “particularized facts that demonstrate that the
         directors acted with scienter; i.e., there was an ‘intentional dereliction
         of duty’ or a ‘conscious disregard’ for their responsibilities.” This is a
         high burden, requiring an “extreme set of facts.” The most salient
         examples include (1) “where the fiduciary intentionally breaks the
         law”; (2) “where the fiduciary intentionally acts with a purpose other
         than that of advancing the best interests of the corporation”; or (3)
         “where the fiduciary intentionally fails to act in the face of a known

16
  In re J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. S’holder Litig., 906 A.2d 808, 821 (Del. Ch. 2005)
(quoting Aronson, 473 A.2d at 812, 816).
17
     TVI Corp. v. Gallagher, 2013 WL 5809271, at *8 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2013).

                                              9
Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
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         duty to act.” While “aspirational goals of ideal corporate governance
         practices” may be “highly desirable,” to the extent they “go beyond the
         minimal legal requirements of the corporation law,” they “do not define
         standards of liability.”18

         The Second Amended Complaint pleads, and defendants do not dispute, that

five of the twelve members of the Board had a personal financial interest in the Loan

transaction due to their investments in the Mortgage Company that made the Loan.

As to the remaining seven directors, the Second Amended Complaint does not plead

facts suggesting that any of them had a personal financial interest in the Loan

transaction, or that any of them were beholden to any of the five directors who did

so as to call into question their independence. Thus, Stritzinger has failed to plead

particularized facts sufficient to raise a reason to doubt that a majority of the Board

was disinterested and independent, as those terms are defined above. Accordingly,

Stritzinger necessarily would fail to satisfy the first prong of the Aronson test if the

scope of its inquiry is limited in the manner articulated above.

         Stritzinger argues, however, for a broader inquiry under the first prong of

Aronson. Specifically, she argues that the first prong of Aronson is satisfied because




18
     Lenois v. Lawal, 2017 WL 5289611, at *10 (Del. Ch. Nov. 7, 2017) (citations omitted).

                                             10
Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
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(i) five members of the Board benefited personally from the Loan transaction19 and

(ii) the remaining seven members of the Board were not disinterested because they

acted in bad faith when they approved the Loan transaction and thus face a

substantial threat of personal liability for taking that action.20 As I understand her

position, Stritzinger asserts the same theory of bad faith as the basis for her argument

that the second prong of Aronson has been satisfied.21

         There appears to be some confusion in our law whether the “substantial

likelihood of liability” theory used to challenge the impartiality of a director for

demand futility purposes fits within the analysis contemplated by the first or second

prong of Aronson. As a leading treatise explains:

         Whether a director is “interested” for demand futility purposes because
         he or she faces “a substantial likelihood of liability” is typically
         considered by courts in the Rales context . . . . In some cases, the Court
         of Chancery has also considered whether a director faces a “substantial
         likelihood of liability” in determining whether the first prong of
         Aronson is satisfied, while other courts have referred to this phrase in
         the context of Aronson’s second prong. In one case, the Court of
         Chancery explained that while “substantial likelihood of liability” is not
         the “pertinent question” under the Aronson test, a “crucial factor”


19
  Stritzinger asserts that the five members who invested in the Mortgage Company were
“not independent.” Pl.’s Answering Br. 10. The correct characterization under our law is
that they were not disinterested.
20
     Pl.’s Answering Br. 10-13.
21
     Id. 13-15.

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C.A. No. 12776-CB
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         underlying Aronson “would seem to be questions of the potential for
         personal liability which affect capacity to consider demand.”22

The briefing in this case is far too undeveloped for me to attempt to provide clarity

on this issue. Fortunately, it is not necessary to do so because, as discussed below,

the Second Amended Complaint fails to plead particularized facts that any of the

seven members of the Board who approved the Loan—all of whom are exculpated

from monetary liability for breaches of the duty of care23—acted in bad faith.

         The gravamen of the Second Amended Complaint is that these seven directors

acted in bad faith because their approval of the Loan served the interests of the

Club’s dues-paying members (some of whom are stockholders) who use its facilities

to the detriment of the Club as an entity and those stockholders who do not use the

Club’s facilities. As alleged in the Second Amended Complaint:

         The Company continually operates at a loss and seeks to borrow
         increasing amounts of capital without actually devising or executing a
         plan to increase revenue. Whenever the Board is presented a financial
         opportunity that entails a change to the Club’s functions and a




22
  3 FOLK ON THE DELAWARE GENERAL CORPORATION LAW (Edward P. Welch et al. eds.,
6th ed. 2018) § 327.04[B][4][n] (citations omitted).
23
     See Defs.’ Opening Br. Ex. 1.

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Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
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         disruption to the members’ enjoyment of their beloved facilities, the
         Board rejects it in favor of continuing operations at a loss.24
         ....
                . . . [T]he act of entering into the Mortgage transaction – which
         drained the equity of the Company to pay outstanding bills, with no
         plan to turn around the Club’s finances – is improper. The Mortgage
         only provided short-term breathing room, not a long-term solution.25

         In my opinion, Stritzinger has not plead the type of extreme set of facts

necessary to support a reasonable inference that the seven members of the Board

who approved the Loan transaction acted in bad faith. To start, the Second Amended

Complaint does not challenge the commercial reasonableness of the terms of the

Loan, which include a 5.75% interest rate and security in the form of a mortgage on

the Club’s property that is subordinated to the Club’s other debt. To the contrary,

Stritzinger tacitly concedes that the terms of the Loan are commercially reasonable.26

         The Second Amended Complaint also does not plead facts suggesting that the

members of the Board intentionally disregarded their fiduciary obligations as to the

process they undertook in considering the Loan transaction. Rather, the Second

Amended Complaint acknowledges that the Club held a “town hall meeting” where



24
     Pl.’s Answering Br. 13-14 (citing Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 30-40, 46-49).
25
     Id. at 14-15.
26
  See Pl.’s Answering Br. 14 (“The terms of the Mortgage, however, are not what make it
unreasonable.”).

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Jennifer L. Stritzinger v. Dennis Barba, et al.
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at least three options were discussed other than the Loan transaction, including

selling the Club, and that the five members of the Board with an interest in the Loan

“recused themselves from the Board vote authorizing the transaction.”27

         What Stritzinger’s grievance boils down to is a disagreement with the

substance of the decision the Board made to approve the Loan transaction. Her

pleading makes clear that she disagrees with the Board’s decision to borrow funds

to address the Club’s near-term financial pressures so that the Club could continue

to operate—as it has for generations—as a country club. Stritzinger, who does not

use the Club’s facilities, wanted the Board to reject the Loan, even if that meant

liquidating the Club and selling off its land.28 In short, Stritzinger’s disagreement

with the Board concerns quintessential matters of business judgment concerning the

strategic management of the Club’s affairs.       What her allegations do not do,

however, is provide particularized facts from which the court reasonably could infer

that the decision to enter into the Loan was so egregious or irrational that it could

not have been based on a valid assessment of the Club’s best interests, or that the



27
     Second Am. Compl. ¶¶ 46, 60.
28
   According to defendants, Stritzinger and her husband have tried for over a decade to
build homes on the Club’s land. Defs.’ Reply Br. 10-11 & Ex. A (Dkt. 37). Defendants
thus argue that Stritzinger would not be an adequate derivative plaintiff if this case
proceeds. I do not need to reach this issue given my conclusion that this case must be
dismissed for the reasons explained above.
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directors who approved the Loan otherwise acted with the requisite intent to

disregard their obligations.

         Given that the Second Amended Complaint fails to plead particularized facts

sufficient to raise a reason to doubt that a majority of the Board (i.e., the seven

directors who approved the Loan) (i) had no personal financial interest in the Loan

transaction, (ii) were independent, and (iii) acted in good faith, Stritzinger has failed

to establish demand futility. This is true whether plaintiff’s contention that these

individuals face a substantial threat of personal liability is analyzed under the first

or second prong of Aronson. Accordingly, Count I must be dismissed based on

Stritzinger’s failure to make a pre-suit demand on the Board.

         B.    Count II Fails to State a Claim for Relief

         Count II of the Amended Complaint seeks the appointment of a receiver “to

manage” the Club.29 Without relying on any statutory basis, Stritzinger seeks this

relief on the theory that the “Director Defendants have recklessly mismanaged the

corporate business of [the Club] by approving the financing transaction and failing

to devise, let alone execute, a[] strategy to stop the [Club] from losing money every

year.”30


29
     Second Am. Compl. ¶ 83.
30
     Second Am. Compl. ¶ 81.
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         Defendants have moved to dismiss Count II under Court of Chancery Rule

12(b)(6). The standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim

for relief are well-settled: “(i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as

true; (ii) even vague allegations are ‘well-pleaded’ if they give the opposing party

notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of

the non-moving party; and ([iv]) dismissal is inappropriate unless the ‘plaintiff

would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably conceivable set of

circumstances susceptible of proof.’”31

         Using its equitable powers, the court may appoint “a custodian or receiver

upon a showing of fraud, gross mismanagement, positive misconduct by corporate

officers, breach of trust, or extreme circumstances showing imminent danger of great

loss which cannot otherwise be prevented.”32 “The appointment of a custodian or

receiver on the ground of mismanagement calls for a cautious exercise of discretion

of the Court. Such form of relief is radical and should be granted grudgingly.” 33

         Even viewing the factual allegations pled in the light most favorable to

Stritzinger, she has not come close to alleging grounds for the court to take the


31
     Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (citations omitted).
32
     Zutrau v. Jansing, 2013 WL 1092817, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 18, 2013).
33
 Barry v. Full Mold Process, Inc., 1975 WL 1949, at *2 (Del. Ch. June 16, 1975) (citations
omitted).
                                             16
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extraordinary step of displacing the Board from managing the Club’s affairs by

appointing a receiver. As discussed above, the allegations of the Second Amended

Complaint do not raise a reason to doubt the good faith of the directors who approved

the Loan transaction. Apart from criticizing the Loan transaction, Stritzinger’s

allegations concerning the Board’s historical management of the Club are wholly

conclusory and unsubstantiated. Stritzinger has not even alleged that the Club is

insolvent or that insolvency is imminent due to the Board’s mismanagement of the

Club. In short, based on the facts pled, there is no reasonably conceivable basis on

which the court would exercise its discretion to appoint a receiver for the Club.

Accordingly, Count II fails to state a claim for relief.

IV.    Conclusion

       For the reasons explained above, defendants’ motion to dismiss the Second

Amended Complaint with prejudice is GRANTED.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                           Sincerely,

                                           /s/ Andre G. Bouchard

                                           Chancellor

AGB/gm



                                             17
