[Cite as State v. Ficklin, 2013-Ohio-3002.]


                  Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                 EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                         No. 99191



                                        STATE OF OHIO
                                                PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                 vs.

                                  CHARLES A. FICKLIN
                                                DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                              JUDGMENT:
                                               AFFIRMED


                                      Criminal Appeal from the
                               Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                        Case No. CR-562108

        BEFORE: McCormack, J., Jones, P.J., and S. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 11, 2013
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Steven L. Bradley
Marein & Bradley
222 Leader Building
526 Superior Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44114


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Patrick J. Lavelle
Assistant County Prosecutor
8th Floor, Justice Center
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113
TIM McCORMACK, J.:

        {¶1} Charles A. Ficklin appeals from a judgment of Cuyahoga County Court of

Common Pleas Court that sentenced him to a prison term of six and half years and

imposed a mandatory fine of $10,000 for his conviction of drug trafficking and carrying a

concealed weapon.     On appeal, he challenges the court’s imposition of the mandatory

fine.   After a careful consideration of the applicable law and review of the record, we

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                        Substantive Facts and Procedural History

        {¶2} Ficklin pleaded guilty, under a plea agreement, to (1) drug trafficking

involving cocaine, a felony of the first degree, with forfeiture specifications and (2)

carrying a concealed weapon, a felony of the fourth degree, also with forfeiture

specifications.   The parties agreed to six years of prison time for drug trafficking and a

consecutive six-month prison term for the offense of carrying a concealed weapon.      The

court found him guilty of these offenses and imposed the prison term as agreed to by the

parties.

        {¶3} The drug trafficking conviction carries a mandatory fine under R.C.

2925.03(D)(1), which, in the case of a defendant convicted of a first-degree felony

offense, is a minimum of $10,000 and a maximum of $20,000. Under the plea, there was

no agreement as to the amount of fine to be imposed.
       {¶4} After a hearing on this issue, the trial court imposed a fine of $10,000.

Ficklin now appeals, assigning one error for our review.    He claims the trial court abused

its discretion in imposing the fine.

       {¶5} As an initial matter, a trial court has broad discretion when imposing financial

sanctions upon a defendant, and an appellate court will review the trial court’s decision for

an abuse of discretion only.    State v. Schneider, 8th Dist. No. 96953, 2012-Ohio-1740, ¶

9, citing State v. Weyand, 7th Dist. No. 07-CO-40, 2008-Ohio-6360, ¶ 7. An abuse of

discretion implies an arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable attitude on the part of the

trial court. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

                           Statutes Governing Mandatory Fines

       {¶6} Several statutes governing the imposition of mandatory fines are pertinent in

this case.

      {¶7}    R.C. 2929.18, which governs financial sanctions in general, provides that a

trial court may impose a maximum of $20,000 on a defendant convicted of a first-degree

felony. R.C. 2929.18(A)(3). The statute goes on to require the trial court to impose on a

defendant convicted of drug offenses of the first, second, or third degree, a mandatory

minimum fine of one half of the maximum fine. R.C. 2929.18(B)(1).

       {¶8} Furthermore, R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) prescribes the manner in which the court

shall proceed in waiving the mandatory fine for an indigent offender. It provides that if

an offender “alleges in an affidavit filed with the court prior to sentencing that the

offender is indigent and unable to pay the mandatory fine and if the court determines the
offender is an indigent person and is unable to pay the mandatory fine * * *, the court

shall not impose the mandatory fine upon the offender.”               (Emphasis added.)     R.C.

2929.18(B)(1).

        {¶9} R.C. 2925.03, the statute that specifically governs drug trafficking offenses,

similarly requires the trial court to impose a mandatory fine on a defendant convicted of

drug trafficking that is a first-, second-, or third-degree felony.     The statute refers to the

above-cited R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), stating that “the court shall impose upon the offender the

mandatory fine specified for the offense under division (B)(1) of section 2929.18 of the

Revised Code unless, as specified in that division, the court determines that the offender is

indigent.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2925.03(D)(1).

        {¶10} Under R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), in order to avoid an imposition of the mandatory

fine, the defendant must (1) submit an affidavit of indigency to the court prior to

sentencing, and (2) the court must find that “the offender is an indigent person and is

unable to pay the mandatory fined.”          State v. Gipson, 80 Ohio St.3d 626, 634,

1998-Ohio-659, 687 N.E.2d 750.

        {¶11} The exact meaning of “is an indigent person and is unable to pay” has been

interpreted by the Supreme Court of Ohio in Gipson, a case also involving a mandatory

fine imposed on a defendant convicted of a drug offense.              In Gipson, the trial court

suspended the defendant’s jail term, placed him on probation, and imposed a mandatory

fine.   The trial court imposed the fine despite the defendant’s affidavit of indigency

alleging a present inability to pay, after it found the defendant to be an able-bodied young
man with some employment potential. The defendant claimed the trial court improperly

considered his future ability to pay, arguing it was a defendant’s status at the time of

sentencing that was determinative of whether a fine should be imposed.            The Supreme

Court of Ohio disagreed and affirmed the trial court.

       {¶12} The Supreme Court of Ohio interpreted R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), which requires a

trial court’s determination that “the offender is indigent and is unable to pay,” and stated

the following:

       [F]or purposes * * * 2929.18(B)(1), a trial court’s determination whether an
       offender is indigent and is unable to pay a mandatory fine can (and should)
       encompass future ability to pay. If the General Assembly had intended
       otherwise, the statutes would have been written to permit a waiver of the
       mandatory fines based solely on a defendant’s present state of indigency,
       and would not have also required trial courts to consider the additional
       question whether the offender is “unable to pay.”

(Emphasis added.) Id. at 636.

       {¶13} From this analysis, it appears that “indigency” refers to a present financial

ability and “is unable to pay” encompasses a future ability to pay as well.     In any event, it

is clear from the court’s analysis that, when determining whether a defendant is “indigent

and is unable to pay,” the trial court is to consider both present and future ability to pay.

       {¶14} Indeed, R.C. 2929.19, the statute governing sentencing hearings in general,

actually references, specifically, a future ability to pay. That statute states: “[b]efore

imposing a financial sanction under section 2929.18 of the Revised Code [the statute

governing financial sanctions] * * *, the court shall consider the offender’s present and

future ability to pay the amount of the sanction or fine.” R.C. 2929.19(B)(5).
       {¶15} Consistent with Gipson, this court has always required the trial court to

consider both a present and future ability to pay the amount of the financial sanction

before imposing it. See Schneider, 8th Dist. No. 96953, 2012-Ohio-1740, at ¶ 10.

       {¶16} Also consistent with Gipson, 80 Ohio St.3d 626, 687 N.E.2d 750, this court

has always interpreted R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) as not precluding a trial court from imposing a

fine on an indigent defendant. Schneider at ¶ 14; State v. Brantley, 8th Dist. No. 94508,

2010-Ohio-5760, ¶ 13; State v. Ramos, 8th Dist. No. 92357, 2009-Ohio-3064, ¶ 7; State v.

Roark, 8th Dist. No. 84992, 2005-Ohio-1980, ¶ 14.

       {¶17} Finally, we note that, when considering a defendant’s ability to pay, “[t]here

are no express factors that must be taken into consideration nor specific findings that must

be made by the court on the record, but there must be some evidence in the record that the

trial court considered the defendant’s ability to pay.” Schneider at ¶ 10, quoting State v.

Jacobs, 189 Ohio App.3d 283, 2010-Ohio-4010, 938 N.E.2d 79, ¶ 11 (8th Dist).

       {¶18} Ficklin argues a trial court should only consider a defendant’s present ability

to pay, i.e., the ability to pay at the time of sentencing.    He argues the use of the present

tense in R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) — “is an indigent person and is unable to pay” — means only

the defendant’s present ability can be considered.            He claims there is a distinction

between R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), and 2929.19(B)(5), which requires the court to consider “the

offender’s present and future ability to pay.”   He claims that, because the drug trafficking

statute specifically refers to R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), but not R.C. 2929.19(B)(5), a trial court

cannot consider a defendant’s future ability to pay. He contends the trial court should
have considered only his present ability to pay, and, because he filed an affidavit of

indigency alleging a present inability to pay, the trial abused its discretion in imposing the

mandatory fine.

       {¶19} The alleged contrast between the two statutes is a distinction without a

difference. Pursuant to Gipson, 80 Ohio St.3d 626, 687 N.E.2d 750, and the case law

from this court, the language “is an indigent person and is unable to pay” from R.C.

2929.18(B)(1) encompasses an inquiry into both a defendant’s present and future ability to

pay. This is exactly what the trial court did in this case.

       {¶20} Here, after convicting Ficklin of drug trafficking, a first-degree felony, the

court imposed a minimum mandatory fine of $10,000 pursuant to R.C. 2929.18.

       {¶21} Ficklin owned six rental properties. He argued at the initial sentencing

hearing that the rental properties were all encumbered by substantial mortgages and, as a

result, he had no meaningful net worth. The trial court pointed out that the affidavit of

indigency he had filed did not address whether the rental properties had equity despite the

encumbrances. To allow Ficklin to file additional documents to support his claim of

inability to pay, the court continued the hearing.

       {¶22} At the subsequent hearing, the state submitted Ficklin’s income tax returns

for 2009, 2010, and 2011. Ficklin submitted appraisals showing the six rental properties

he owned had an aggregate appraised value of $271,000, but they had total outstanding

mortgages of $317,000. He also submitted documentation showing he owed Huntington

National Bank $121,000 under several lines of credit, bringing his total debt to $170,000.
In addition, he argued that he would have no income for the next six years due to his

incarceration.

       {¶23} The court noted that Ficklin was making payments toward his debts in the

amount of $1,000, as recent as the month before the hearing.      The court also remarked

that some of the real estate at issue was titled to a family member, who could be holding

the title on behalf of Ficklin and receiving rental income. The court in addition pointed

out some of the real estate he owned was not under water and an improvement in the

market condition could create equity in the properties.    The court finally noted that the

income stream generated by the rental properties made it hard for Ficklin to be deemed

indigent. For these reasons, the court imposed a mandatory fine of $10,000.

       {¶24} The record reflects the court properly considered both Ficklin’s present and

future ability to pay, taking into account the fact he will be incarcerated for the next six

years but also the fact that his rental properties would produce an income stream and may

produce equity if the market condition improves.     Even if, for argument’s sake, the trial

court could only consider Ficklin’s ability to pay at the time of sentencing, the record

reflects that the court pointed out that Ficklin was able to make a $1,000 payment toward

his debts as recent as the month preceding the sentencing.      The trial court was clearly

unpersuaded by his claim of a present inability to pay.

       {¶25}     An offender has the affirmative duty to demonstrate that he or she “is

indigent and is unable to pay” the mandatory fine. Gipson, 80 Ohio St.3d at 635, 687

N.E.2d 750. Based on our review of the record, we find Ficklin fails to demonstrate he is
“indigent and unable to pay,” and therefore, the trial court properly imposed a mandatory

fine after finding him guilty of drug trafficking. The assignment of error lacks merit.

      {¶26} Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having been

affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court for

execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.


______________________________________________
TIM McCORMACK, JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., P.J., and
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
