                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



ESTATE OF JOHN BUONOCORE III, et al.,

        Plaintiffs,

                 v.                                                    Civil Action No. 06-727 (JMF)

GREAT SOCIALIST PEOPLE’S LIBYAN
ARAB JAMAHIRIYA, et al.,

        Defendants.


VICTOR SIMPSON, et al.,

        Plaintiffs,

                 v.                                                    Civil Action No. 08-529 (JMF)

GREAT SOCIALIST PEOPLE’S LIBYAN
ARAB JAMAHIRIYA, et al.,

        Defendants.



               SECOND FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 1
                                  AND ORDER

        This opinion addresses, but does not fully resolve, the claims brought by the following

plaintiffs: 1) Bruno Pepenella, 2) Armando Pepenella (estate of), 3) Salavatore Ferrigno, and 4)

Francesco Zerelli.




1
 The opinion incorporates by reference the first Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, issued in both cases on
January 29, 2013.
                                            FINDINGS OF FACT

I.       The Tommarello/Pepenella Family

         A.       Elena Tommarello 2

         1.       Elena Tommarello (“Elena”) was born in Italy on January 18, 1918, and became a

naturalized U.S. citizen on November 10, 1972. (Ex. 89; B. Pepenella, T-24-122)

         2.       From the time of her naturalization until the date of her death, Elena did not

renounce her U.S. citizenship, and she remained a U.S. citizen. (B. Pepenella, T-24-137)

         3.       At the time of her death, Elena had two sons: 1) Bruno Pepenella (“Bruno”); and

2) Armando Pepenella (“Armando”). (A. Pepenella, T-24-139)

         B.       Bruno Pepenella

         4.       Bruno is a U.S. permanent resident. (Ex. 68) He lives in Pennsylvania.

Buonocore, Civil Action No. 06-727, Second Amended Complaint for Compensatory and

Punitive Damages [#82] ¶ 29. 3

         C.       Armando Pepenella

         5.       Armando, who was a U.S. permanent resident (Ex. 69 at 7), died on August 13,

2011. Buonocore, Civil Action No. 06-727, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Substitution of Party [#100] at

1. He lived in Florida. [#82] ¶ 28.

         6.       On June 8, 2012, Bennett L. Wetzell was appointed the personal representative of

Armando’s estate. Buonocore, Civil Action No. 06-727, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Substitution of

Party [#100] at 1.



2
  Although Elena Tommarello’s claims are not being considered in this opinion, facts pertaining to her legal status
and death are relevant to the analysis of her sons’ claims.
3
  Both Bruno and Armando are identified as U.S. citizens in the Second Amended Complaint. [#82] ¶¶ 28-29, but
the trial testimony only indicated that they were permanent residents.
                                                          2
       C.      The Attack and its Aftermath

       7.      On the morning of December 27, 1985, Elena was at the Rome Fiumicino airport

preparing to travel back to the U.S. to spend the New Year’s holiday with her children and

grandchildren. (B. Pepenella, T-24-130)

       8.      After the attack, Elena was transported to the hospital, where she died in the early

hours of December 28, 1985. (Ex. 91; B. Pepenella, T-24-132-33)

       9.      Armando testified about what the doctor told him about his mother’s condition:

“The doctor told me that her body was shattered from the waste [sic] down – her midriff and legs

– by bullets fired by an automatic weapon. The doctor told me that she was conscious in the

hospital and aware of what was happening but that her condition was very grave . . . She lived

for many hours, and was conscious for part of them, with these horrific wounds.” (Ex. 69 – A.

Pepenella, Affidavit ¶¶ 14-15)

       10.     Bruno testified that prior to his marriage, his mother lived with him, and that even

after he was married, his relationship with his mother remained very close. (B. Pepenella, T-24-

128)

       11.     Bruno testified that after he was married, he saw his mother once or twice every

week. (B. Pepenella, T-24-128)

       12.     Bruno testified that every time his mother would travel, Bruno would have her

stay at his house the night before, and cook dinner for her. (B. Pepenella, T-24-129-30)

       13.     Bruno testified about how he felt after his mother died: “For two years, you

know, I couldn’t get out of my mind after that happened. I had a pain in my stomach, and I don’t

know where it was, whatever it is called, in other words, the anxiety. And they said it was the

tension from my mother that I was so tied up that’s why it was hurt. There was nothing hurt as
                                                 3
sickness, in other words. It was from the muscles pain that I had, and my muscles tied up, and

that’s what caused me the pain. And for two years, I tell you, it was pain because you remember

the things. Every time I go to wash my face in the mirror, my mother appears there. It was very,

very stressful for the first two years. It still comes up every once in awhile [sic]; but, you know,

things get away, especially when you don’t mention. When you start talking about it, it brings

back bad memories . . . The worst part is, you know, she died, and I couldn’t say good-bye, I

couldn’t say how much I love her.” (B. Pepenella, T-24-135-36)

        14.     Armando testified about how he felt when he found out his mother had been shot:

“I was shocked and in panic. All I wanted to do was get to her to be with her. I began to realize

that I would probably not be able to make it to Italy before she died. I felt totally helpless . . .

My mother died the next day, December 28, 1985, in the early morning hours . . . I was

devastated and in disbelief. She lived for many hours and was conscious for part of them with

these horrific wounds . . . One of the hardest things to live with has always been that I was not

able to see my mother one last time to say good-bye to her . . . There are no words that can

adequately describe the pain or express the loss. Preparing this document has brought back

many painful emotions.” (A. Pepenella, T-24-139-40)

II.     Salvatore Ferrigno

        A.      Salvatore Ferrigno

        15.     Salvatore Ferrigno (“Salvatore”) was born in Italy on February 28, 1960. (Ex. 22;

S. Ferrigno, T-22B-52)

        16.     On September 27, 1985, Salvatore was granted lawful U.S. permanent resident

status. (Ex. 88)



                                                   4
       17.     At the time of the December 27, 1985 Rome Airport attack, Salvatore intended to

become a U.S. citizen. (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-54-56)

       18.     Salvatore became eligible to apply for U.S. citizenship in 1990, five years after

becoming a permanent resident. (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-59)

       19.     Salvatore was unable to apply for U.S. citizenship at that point because he was

unable to work, due to the injuries he suffered during the attack, and therefore he was unable to

show any record of paying income taxes in the U.S. (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-60)

       20.     Salvatore became a U.S. citizen on September 22, 1993, and has remained a U.S.

citizen from the date of his naturalization through the present. (Ex. 21; S. Ferrigno, T-22B-56-58,

60)

       B.      The Attack and its Aftermath

       21.     On December 27, 1985, Salvatore was at the Rome Fiumicino Airport on his way

from Palermo, Italy, to his home near Trenton, New Jersey. (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-62-63)

       22.     Salvatore had to change planes in Rome because there were no non-stop flights

between Palermo and New York. (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-62)

       23.     Salvatore suffered gunshot and shrapnel wounds to his chest and finger. (Ex. 23A;

S. Ferrigno, T-22B-65)

       24.     Salvatore testified that when he was taken to a hospital after being shot, he heard

a doctor say that he was not going to make it and would probably die within the next fifteen

minutes. (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-70)

       25.     Salvatore testified that he was in a coma for a week after being shot and was in

the hospital for a total of twenty days. (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-71, 75)



                                                 5
       26.     Salvatore testified what it felt like not being able to play guitar after being shot

and losing a piece of his finger: “Because I was a young kid, I was playing guitar, I was not able

to do what I was doing. And that’s—really, emotionally, it destroy [sic] you physically. I mean,

even mentally, you’re not able to do the simple things in life you were doing before.” (S.

Ferrigno, T-22B-73-74)

       27.     Salvatore testified about his life after the shooting: “Like I say, I was not able to

work. I was anxious to work, but I was not able because, you know, it devastated me physically,

economically . . . Physical pain and sometimes—it is also kind of emotional things. Every time I

pass through an airport, I never walk in the middle of the room; I always try to walk on the side.

And every time I hear some firecrackers, and it happened to me once, more than once,

automatically—I don’t know what happened in my mind—I have to suddenly lie down on the

floor.” (S. Ferrigno, T-22B-77, 83)

III.   Francesco Zerelli

       A.      Francesco Zerilli

       28.     Francesco Zerilli (“Francesco”) was born in Italy on March 30, 1961. (Ex. 71; F.

Zerilli, T-24-41)

       29.     Francesco met and fell in love with Angie (Palazzo) Zerilli (“Angie”) in 1984,

while she was vacationing in Italy. (F. Zerilli, T-24-42)

       30.     Angie returned to the U.S. after the summer of 1984 but returned to Italy in 1985

(F. Zerilli, T-24-42)

       31.     Francesco and Angie lived together from April of 1985 to October of 1985. (F.

Zerilli, T-24-43)



                                                  6
         32.   Angie returned to the U.S. in October of 1985 to plan their wedding. (F. Zerilli, T-

24-44)

         33.   Francesco moved to the U.S. in February of 1986. (F. Zerilli, T-24-44)

         34.   Francesco became a U.S. citizen on August 28, 2006, and has remained a U.S.

citizen from the date of his naturalization through the present. (Ex. 70; F. Zerilli, T-24-47)

         B.    The Attack and its Aftermath

         35.   On December 27, 1985, Francesco was at the Rome Fiumicino Airport on his way

to the U.S. in order to join Angie so that they could marry and he could permanently immigrate

to the U.S. (F. Zerilli, T-24-48)

         36.   Francesco suffered gunshot and shrapnel wounds to his right hand. (Ex. 72A; F.

Zerilli, T-24-50)

         37.   Francesco testified that when the shooting began at the Rome Airport, he threw

himself down to the floor and a woman who had been shot fell on top of him and died “almost

instantly.” (F. Zerilli, T-24-49)

         38.   Francesco testified that shortly after he was shot in the hand, he became scared

because he felt as though he was “losing consciousness.” (F. Zerilli, T-24-54)

         39.   Francesco testified that after the attack, he lost a lot of mobility in the hand that

was injured and, as a result, transitioned from being a fashion photographer to doing table top

work such as photographing jewelry and watches. (F. Zerilli, T-24-59, 61-62)

         40.   Angie testified about the effect of the attack on her and her husband: “Well, I

mean, it was a really, really dark time, obviously, for everyone. Very painful. There are things

that he still suffers today that he’s limited to. We had plans. He had his whole life planned out

for him, what he wanted to do and what we were going to do together, moving to New York.
                                                  7
And for such a long time he—he became real reclusive, afraid to be in a large crowd, let alone a

city, couldn’t travel. He—I mean he really suffered on a mental level; he really, really suffered.

And it was a hard time. It was a hard time for him. It was a hard time for me. We were

supposed to start our life together. It was supposed to be a happy time. He was miserable. It

was tough, very tough.” (A. Zerilli, T-24-66)

       41.     Angie testified that after her husband came to the U.S., she stopped working as a

piano teacher and began assisting him with his work. (A. Zerilli, T-24-70)

                                    CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

I.     Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), this court has subject matter

jurisdiction over cases where either “the claimant or the victim was, at the time of the [terrorist]

act . . . (I) a national of the United States; (II) a member of the armed forces; or (III) otherwise an

employee of the Government of the Unites States . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii). Since

none of the above-named plaintiffs were U.S. citizens at the time of the attack, the first issue that

must be resolved is the meaning of the term U.S. national.

       Under the U.S. Code, “[t]he term ‘national of the United States’ means (A) a citizen of

the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent

allegiance to the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(22). In Lin v. United States, 561 F.3d 502

(D.C. Cir. 2009), the court of appeals addressed the issue created by the words “owes permanent

allegiance to the United States” and came to the following conclusion:

               We join the majority of our colleagues and conclude
               manifestations of “permanent allegiance” do not, by themselves,
               render a person a U.S. national. See MarquezAlmanzar v. INS, 418
               F.3d 210, 218-19 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding “one cannot qualify as a
               U.S. national under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(22)(B) by a manifestation
                                                  8
                  of ‘permanent allegiance’ to the United States. . . . [T]he road to
                  U.S. nationality runs through provisions detailed elsewhere in the
                  Code, see 8 U.S.C. §§ 1401-58, and those provisions indicate that
                  the only ‘non-citizen nationals’ currently recognized by our law
                  are persons deemed to be so under 8 U.S.C. § 1408.”); see also
                  AbouHaidar v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 206, 207 (1st Cir. 2006) (“The
                  overwhelming majority of circuit courts to consider the question
                  have concluded that one can become a ‘national’ of the United
                  States only by birth or by naturalization under the process set by
                  Congress.”); Sebastian-Soler v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 409 F.3d 1280,
                  1285-87 (11th Cir. 2005); Salim v. Ashcroft, 350 F.3d 307, 309-10
                  (3d Cir. 2003); Perdomo-Padilla v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 964, 972
                  (9th Cir. 2003). 4

Id. at 508.

         A.       The Pepenella Brothers

         With respect to the Pepenella brothers, although they were not U.S. nationals at the time

of the attack, their mother, Elena Tomarello, was a naturalized U.S. citizen at the time of the

incident. Therefore, because the FSIA grants this court subject matter jurisdiction over cases

where either “the claimant or the victim was, at the time of the [terrorist] act” (emphasis added),

a U.S. national and because Elana Tomarello was a U.S. national by virtue of being a naturalized

U.S. citizen, this court has subject matter jurisdiction over the Pepenella brothers’ claims.

         B.       Salavatore Ferrigno

         Salvatore Ferrigno was not a U.S. national at the time of the attack. Furthermore, he is

not seeking redress for injuries caused to someone else, but for his own injuries. Therefore,




4
  Accord: Andujar v. Att’t Gen., 435 Fed. Appx. 140, 143 (3d Cir. 2011) (alien who made oath of allegiance to
United States is not a national; filing application for naturalization is not enough); Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d
337, 349 (4th Cir. 2007) (alien who begins but does not complete naturalization process is not a national of the
United States even though he was a lawful permanent resident); Daly v. Gonzales, 129 Fed. Appx. 837 (honorably
discharged United States Marine not a national even though he applied for naturalization, took an oath of allegiance
to United States when he enlisted, and resided in the United States for many years).
                                                          9
since neither the claimant (Salvatore Ferrigno) nor the victim (himself) was a U.S. national at the

time of the incident, this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over his claims.

        C.      Francesco Zerelli

        Francesco Zerelli was not a U.S. national at the time of the attack. Furthermore, he is not

seeking redress for injuries caused to someone else, but for his own injuries. Therefore, since

neither the claimant (Francesco Zerelli) nor the victim (himself) was a U.S. national at the time

of the incident, this court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over his claims.

II.     Cause of Action

        Since this Court can only assert subject matter jurisdiction over the Pepenella brothers’

claims, the next issue is whether they have articulated a viable cause of action.

        A.      Private Federal Right of Action

        In 2008, Congress amended the FSIA to create a federal private right of action. In

pertinent part, the statute states the following: “A foreign state that is or was a state sponsor of

terrorism . . . shall be liable to . . . (1) a national of the United States, (2) a member of the armed

forces, (3) an employee of the Government of the United States . . . or (4) the legal representative

of a person described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3).” 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). Unlike the statute’s

broad grant of subject matter jurisdiction over claims brought by both U.S. nationals and non-

U.S. nationals (in cases where the victim was a U.S. national), Congress limited the scope of the

private cause of action to only those claims brought by the four categories of individuals stated

above. Therefore, because the Pepenella brothers do not fit into any of those categories, they

cannot avail themselves of the FSIA’s private right of action. That does not mean, however, that

they lack any cause of action.

        B.      “Pass Through” Claims
                                                  10
       In Leibovitch v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 697 F.3d 561 (7th Cir. 2012), the seventh

circuit considered whether foreign national family members of a U.S. citizen who was killed in a

terrorist attack in Israel had a cause of action under FSIA. Id. at 562. The court concluded, citing

Judge Bates’ decision in Estate of Doe v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 808 F. Supp. 1 (D.D.C.

2011), that, although they could not pursue a claim for personal injuries under § 1605(A)(c), they

could nevertheless pursue “pass through” claims under applicable state or foreign law, based on

the waiver of sovereign immunity granted in § 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii). Leibovitch, 697 F.3d at 572

n.6.

                                             ORDER

       In the Second Amended Complaint for Compensatory and Punitive Damages [#82], filed

in the Buonocore case, Civil Action No. 06-727, the Pepenalla brothers assert the following

alternative common law and statutory claims:

PLAINTIFFS              COUNT CLAIM
                              CL = State Common Law
                              SL = State Statutory Law
Bruno Pepenella         IV    Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress, Including
           &                  Solatium – CL
Armando Pepenella       VII   Civil Conspiracy - CL
(estate of)             VIII  Aiding and Abetting – CL and SL
                        IX    Punitive Damages - CL

       However, despite the fact that Armando Pepenella lived in Florida and Bruno Pepenella

lives in Pennsylvania, plaintiffs have not provided any analysis of the laws of those states, nor

have they discussed choice of law issues. Therefore, I will therefore not proceed with their

claims until they file a memorandum of law supporting their claims and addressing the above

two issues. The memorandum of law is due within 21 days of the date of this order.

       SO ORDERED.

                                                11
                 Digitally signed by John M. Facciola
                 DN: c=US, st=DC, l=Washington,
                 email=john_m._facciola@dcd.uscou
                 rts.gov, o=United States District
                 Court for the District of Columbia,
                 cn=John M. Facciola
                 Date: 2013.01.29 16:12:49 -05'00'
     JOHN M. FACCIOLA
     U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE




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