       DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                            FOURTH DISTRICT

                    CITY OF FORT LAUDERDALE,
                             Appellant,

                                   v.

                        DON NICHOLS and
                   LOBBAN CONSTRUCTION, INC.,
                           Appellees.

                            No. 4D17-2432

                            [April 25, 2018]

   Appeal of non-final order from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth
Judicial Circuit, Broward County; Carlos A. Rodriguez, Judge; L.T. Case
No. CACE 07-013811 (14).

   Scott C. Cochran and W. Tucker Craig of Billing, Cochran, Lyles, Mauro
& Ramsey, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, for appellant.

   Brian M. Silverio of Silverio & Hall, P.A., Naples, for appellee Don
Nichols.

KUNTZ, J.

   The City of Fort Lauderdale appeals the denial of its motion for
summary judgment based on sovereign immunity over claims of breach of
contract and negligence. We affirm the court’s denial of summary
judgment as to the tort-based claim. But we reverse the court’s order as
to the breach of contract claim because it is not based on an express
written contract by which the City waived sovereign immunity.

   In 2002, the City launched a “Paint and Plant” pilot program to use
federal grant money to fund exterior improvements to certain residential
properties. Appellee Don Nichols applied for the program and was
accepted.    Through a bidding process, the City selected Lobban
Construction, Inc. (“Lobban”) to perform the work on Nichols’ home.
Lobban began the project in 2004, but Nichols claims the work was
substandard and caused extensive damage to his home.
   Nichols sued the City in 2007, asserting claims for breach of contract
and negligence. He alleged the City failed to supervise Lobban’s work and
breached agreements to improve his property. He also alleged the City
breached its duties to “hire, maintain and supervise” the work “in
accordance with the level of care and skill which is recognized as
acceptable and appropriate under similar community circumstances.”
The City moved for summary judgment, asserting Nichols’ claims were
barred by sovereign immunity. The court denied the motion, and the City
appeals.

    We review the court’s denial of the City’s motion for summary judgment
based on sovereign immunity de novo. Town of Gulf Stream v. Palm Beach
County, 206 So. 3d 721, 725 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016). Generally, sovereign
immunity derives from the understanding that “[i]t is inherent in the
nature of sovereignty not to be amenable to the suit of an individual
without its consent.” The Federalist No. 81, at 487 (Alexander Hamilton)
(Clinton Rossiter ed., 1961) (emphasis in original) (“This is the general
sense and the general practice of mankind.”). Id. And, consistent with
that understanding, in Florida, sovereign immunity is the rule rather than
the exception. Town of Gulf Stream, 206 So. 3d at 725.

    The key portion of sovereign immunity is the phrase “without its
consent.” The Florida Legislature has expressly provided for limited waiver
of sovereign immunity in tort. See § 768.28, Fla. Stat. (2017). Thus, the
court correctly denied the City’s motion for summary judgment as to the
negligence claims.

    But there is no statutory provision waiving sovereign immunity over
claims for breach of contract. To overcome this, Nichols claims the City
expressly waived sovereign immunity in a contract. We have recognized
that a municipality may waive the protections of sovereign immunity when
it enters into an express contract. City of Fort Lauderdale v. Israel, 178
So. 3d 444, 446 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015). That is not the case here.

    Nichols’ complaint alleges that the City was contractually obligated
“under the construction contract and through the various programs . . .
offered by the City” to improve his property and to supervise the work as
construction manager. There is a provision in the contractor agreement
stating that the City has a right to supervise work done by Lobban at
Nichols’ house. But the contractor agreement is signed by Lobban and
Nichols, not the City; it expressly provides that the City is not a party. The
City cannot expressly waive sovereign immunity in a contract it did not
sign. See City of Orlando v. W. Orange Country Club, Inc., 9 So. 3d 1268,
1272 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009); Strout v. Sch. Bd. of Broward Cty., No. 15-

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61257-CIV, 2016 WL 4804075, at *9 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 1, 2016) (“Because no
express written contract with the terms Plaintiff alleges were breached
exists, sovereign immunity applies, and summary judgment is
appropriate.”). As a result, the City was entitled to summary judgment on
the breach of contract claim.

   Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded for further proceedings.

MAY and CIKLIN, JJ., concur.

                           *         *        *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




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