                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 16 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOSEPH MENDOZA; et al.,                         No.    19-35341

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          D.C. No. 6:16-cv-01264-AA

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
LITHIA MOTORS, INC.; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Oregon
                     Ann L. Aiken, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted May 12, 2020**
                                Portland, Oregon

Before: BYBEE and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges, and CARDONE,*** District
Judge.

      Appellants appeal from the district court’s grant of Appellees’ Motion for

Summary Judgment. Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Kathleen Cardone, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Texas, sitting by designation.
recite them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 1294.

      The sole issue presented in this appeal concerns the interpretation of Oregon

Administrative Rule 137-020-0020(3)(k) (the “Undisclosed Fee Payments Rule,”

or the “Rule”), which reads as follows:

      Undisclosed Fee Payments -- A dealer who sells or leases a motor
      vehicle to a consumer and makes any payment to any non-employee
      third-party in conjunction with the sale or lease, other than a referral
      fee of $100 or less (also known as a “bird-dog” payment), must
      specifically itemize such payment on the consumer’s purchase order,
      lease agreement and retail installment contract . . . .

Or. Admin. R. 137-020-0020(3)(k) (2020).

      Appellants argue that “any payment” should be read to encompass literally

any payment that a car dealership makes to a third party in connection with the sale

or lease of a vehicle, and, specifically, the prices that dealerships pay for service

and insurance products that they mark up and sell to their customers. For their

part, Appellees argue that the Rule, when read in context, only requires dealerships

to itemize referral fees of greater than $100.

      As a matter of first impression, the district court adopted Appellees’ narrow

reading of the Undisclosed Fee Payments Rule and granted their motion for

summary judgment. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment,

including its interpretation of regulations, de novo. See Munoz v. Mabus, 630 F.3d

856, 860 (9th Cir. 2010).




                                           2
      When interpreting state regulations, we must “determine what meaning the

state’s highest court would give to the law.” See Brunozzi v. Cable Commc’ns,

Inc., 851 F.3d 990, 998 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). The Oregon Supreme

Court applies a three-step methodology to interpret administrative rules. Oil Re-

Ref. Co. v. Envtl. Quality Comm’n, 388 P.3d 1071, 1077 (Or. 2017) (noting agency

regulations are interpreted under the same framework as statutes); State v. Gaines,

206 P.3d 1042, 1050–51 (Or. 2009) (en banc) (setting out the three-step framework

for interpreting a statute). “[T]he first step [involves] an examination of text and

context.” Brunozzi, 851 F.3d at 998 (second alteration in original) (quoting

Gaines, 206 P.3d at 1050). Second, Oregon courts consider the pertinent rule-

making history proffered by the parties. Oil Re-Ref. Co., 388 P.3d at 1077;

Gaines, 206 P.3d at 1050–51. “However, the extent of the court’s consideration of

that history, and the evaluative weight that the court gives it, is for the court to

determine.” Gaines, 206 P.3d at 1050–51. Third, where a provision’s meaning

remains unclear after an examination of text, context, and history, “the court may

resort to general maxims of statutory construction.” Id. at 1051.

      Here, the plain text of the Rule compels neither party’s interpretation. But

the Rule’s title supports a narrow reading of the Rule, applicable only to “fee

payments.” See Sanok v. Grimes, 662 P.2d 693, 694 n.1 (Or. 1983) (considering a

rule’s title to aid in its interpretation); Ha v. Bd. of Parole & Post-Prison


                                            3
Supervision, 386 P.3d 70, 73 (Or. Ct. App. 2016) (same). “Fee” and “payment”

are not defined terms in the regulations, but the dictionary definition of “fee”

denotes a more limited meaning than “payment.” See Comcast Corp. v. Dep’t of

Revenue, 337 P.3d 768, 776 & n.7 (Or. 2014) (noting that Oregon courts look to

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary to discern the meaning of undefined

terms). At the very least, the title’s reference to “fee payments” militates against

the broadest reading of “any payment” proposed by Appellants.

      While the text is inconclusive, we also look to the surrounding context.

Lake Oswego Pres. Soc’y v. City of Lake Oswego, 379 P.3d 462, 469 (Or. 2016).

An administrative rule’s context includes “other provisions of the same rule, other

related rules, the statute pursuant to which the rule was created, and other related

statutes.” See Oil Re-Ref. Co., 388 P.3d at 1078 (citation omitted). An

examination of the Rule’s place in the broader context of the Motor Vehicle Price

and Sales Disclosure Rules, Oregon Administrative Rule 137-020-0020, supports

the Appellees’ proffered interpretation of the Rule.

      First, the third-party insurance and service products at issue in this matter are

the subject of a comprehensive regulatory scheme that employs consistent

language conspicuously absent from the rule at hand. See Or. Admin. R. 137-020-

0020(3)(f), (j), (l), (m) (referring consistently to “additional goods, accessories,

services, products or insurance”). While these other rules impose a number of


                                           4
restrictions and obligations on dealerships, notably, they do not require the

disclosure of the price paid by a dealership to purchase the products. Id. It would

be strange that such a requirement would be ambiguously added to Oregon

Administrative Rule 137-020-0020(3)(k), while conspicuously missing from the

other provisions where it would most naturally be located. This is some indication

that the Rule here was not meant to tacitly require such disclosures under the

umbrella of “any payments,” departing from the specific, unambiguous, and

consistent language used elsewhere to regulate the same products.

      Second, at least one other disclosure rule would be stripped of its effect

altogether by Appellants’ proposed expansive interpretation. See id. 137-020-

0020(3)(d) (the “Limitations on Offering Price Rule”). The Limitations on

Offering Price Rule requires a dealer to itemize “the dealer’s actual cost for freight

. . . and the actual cost of setup and dealer preparation” if those costs will be added

to or subtracted from the MSRP of the vehicle. Id. The price paid to a third party

to freight and prepare a vehicle for sale would fall under the Appellants’ proposed

reading of “any payment.” Their interpretation of the Undisclosed Fee Payments

Rule would thus effectively supplant the Limitations on Offering Price Rule, by

requiring third-party freight and preparation costs to always be disclosed,

regardless of whether the costs affect the vehicle’s offering price. In sum, the




                                           5
surrounding regulatory context heavily favors Appellees’ narrow reading of the

Undisclosed Fee Payments Rule.

      So, too, does the rule-making history. Under Oregon’s interpretive

framework, rule-making history includes the official commentary.1 State v.

Serrano, 210 P.3d 892, 900 (Or. 2009) (en banc); State v. McClure, 692 P.2d 579,

585 (Or. 1984) (en banc). The Official Commentary to the Undisclosed Fee

Payments Rule supports Appellees’ narrow reading. It does so in two ways. First,

the Official Commentary’s use of the term “payment” informs the way “payment”

is understood in the Rule itself. While the parties dispute the meaning of

“payment,” they agree, and the plain text of the Rule confirms, that the $100

minimum applies only to referral fees. Because the Official Commentary states

that the $100 minimum applies to “payment[s],” this reinforces the idea that the

rule-makers used the two terms interchangeably. That is, that “payment” means

“referral fee.” Under this understanding of the key terms, the ostensibly expansive

“any payment” language in the Rule’s first clause really means “any referral fee,”

and the Rule requires only the disclosure of referral fees greater than $100.



1
  The parties submitted competing affidavits by members of the 2015 advisory
committee. But “subsequent statements by legislators are not probative of the
intent of statutes already in effect.” Salem-Keizer Ass’n of Classified Emps. v.
Salem-Keizer Sch. Dist. 24J, 61 P.3d 970, 974 (Or. Ct. App. 2003) (alteration
marks omitted) (citation omitted). The competing declarations are not probative of
the Rule’s meaning, and we do not consider them.

                                          6
      Second, the only examples of payments in the Official Commentary are

referral fee payments. That neither the Rule nor the Official Commentary ever

provides an example of any sort of payment other than a referral fee bolsters the

conclusion that the Rule is meant to apply exclusively to referral fee payments.

      Based on this analysis, the Rule’s second clause is more naturally read to

refine the scope of the Rule as a whole to referral fee payments of greater than

$100, and not merely to create a limited exception from a broader requirement.

Because this meaning is apparent from the Rule’s text, context, and history, we

need not resort to general maxims of construction. See Gaines, 206 P.3d at 1051.

      AFFIRMED.




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