               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                             November 20, 2014 Session

                SYNOVUS BANK v. DAVID A. PACZKO, ET AL.
              Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County
                        No. 42540 Robbie T. Beal, Judge




                No. M2014-00897-COA-R3-CV – Filed May 29, 2015




Bank sued borrowers on a lost or destroyed promissory note. Borrowers, among other
defenses, denied that the note was in default and the amount due. Borrowers also
claimed that bank had destroyed the note with the intention of discharging the obligation.
On cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court entered judgment in favor of
bank. Borrowers appeal, claiming the affidavits filed in support of the bank’s motion for
summary judgment were deficient, the existence of disputed material facts, the
indebtedness had been discharged, and that further discovery should have been permitted
by the trial court. We vacate and remand.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Vacated
                                  and Remanded

W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., and RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., joined.

Jonathan L. Miley (at oral argument), Nashville, Tennessee, and Carol A. Molloy (on
brief), Lynnville, Tennessee, for the appellants, David A. Paczko and Barbara
McCafferty Paczko.

Justin T. Hayden and David M. Smythe, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Synovus
Bank.
                                                OPINION

                          I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On April 11, 2008, Barbara McCafferty Paczko, on behalf of herself and as
attorney-in-fact for David A. Paczko, executed a Home Equity Line of Credit Agreement,
containing a promise to pay to the order of The Bank of Nashville “the full amount of all
advances.” The line of credit agreement obligated The Bank of Nashville to make
advances to the Paczkos, not to exceed at any one time the principal amount of $162,850.
The Paczkos secured their obligations under the line of credit agreement by executing a
deed of trust, granting an interest in improved real property known as 2750 Rock Wall
Road, and located in Nashville, Tennessee.

         The Bank of Nashville merged with Synovus Bank (“Synovus”) effective June 30,
2010. By both applicable law and the plan of merger,1 Synovus was vested with “[t]he
title to all real estate and other property owned by, and every contract right possessed by,
each corporation or entity party to the merger . . . without reversion or impairment,
without further act or deed, and without any conveyance, transfer, or assignment having
occurred.” Ga. Code Ann. § 14-2-1106(a)(2) (West 2003). Also by law, The Bank of
Nashville ceased to exist as a separate legal entity. Id.

        On August 10, 2010, an attorney on behalf of “The Bank of Nashville” sent a
letter to the Paczkos declaring the line of credit agreement in default. The attorney also
threatened acceleration of the indebtedness if the default was not cured. Later that year,
Synovus charged-off the indebtedness and reported that information to the credit
reporting bureaus.

      On October 2, 2013, Synovus filed suit against the Paczkos in the Chancery Court
for Williamson County, alleging a default in payment under the line of credit agreement.
A month later, Synovus filed a motion for summary judgment. In support of the motion,
Synovus submitted the affidavit2 of Leona Fox, a special assets officer for Synovus.



1
 The Agreement and Plan of Merger of The Bank of Nashville with and into Synovus Bank, which is
governed by Georgia law, provides as follows:

          [A]ll rights, privileges, franchises, and interests of both [Synovus] and [The Bank of
          Nashville] in and to every type of property (real, personal and mixed), all debts due on
          whatever account, and all other choses in action and all and every other interest of or
          belonging to [The Bank of Nashville] shall be transferred to and vested in [Synovus] by
          virtue of the Merger without any further deed or transfer . . . .
2
    Ms. Fox’s supplemental affidavit was filed on February 12, 2014.

                                                    -2-
        After the deadline for taking depositions and just over a month before the hearing
on its motion for summary judgment, Synovus filed the affidavit of Betty Benoit, a senior
vice president for The Bank of Nashville, which was identified as a division of Synovus.
Ms. Benoit’s affidavit authenticated certain documents related to the merger of The Bank
of Nashville with Synovus. The affidavit also stated that the line of credit agreement was
lost or destroyed and that, according to the business records of Synovus, the line of credit
agreement had not been sold or assigned and that no other entity was entitled to enforce
the line of credit agreement.

        The Paczkos filed a motion to strike the affidavit as both untimely and deficient.
The Paczkos asserted the affidavit was deficient because it did not set forth facts that
would be admissible in evidence or show affirmatively that the affiant was competent to
testify to the matters in the affidavit. The Paczkos also filed a request for a continuance
of the hearing on the motion for summary judgment and an opportunity to depose
Ms. Benoit.

       On March 20, 2014, the Paczkos filed their response to the motion for summary
judgment and a cross-motion for summary judgment. The exact basis for the cross-
motion for summary judgment is unclear from the record.3 However, we can determine
from Synovus’s response to the cross-motion for summary judgment that the Paczkos
argued that their debt was discharged or cancelled by virtue of the destruction of the line
of credit agreement.

       The trial court held a hearing on all pending matters on March 31, 2014. The
court denied the motions to strike the affidavit of Ms. Benoit and for a continuance to
conduct discovery. The trial court granted Synovus’s motion for summary judgment,
awarding a judgment against the Paczkos in the amount of $202,242.93 plus post-
judgment interest. In its ruling on the cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial
court made the following findings:

       (1) it is undisputed that the Defendants executed the Note;[4] (2) it is
       undisputed that the Defendants failed to pay the Note; (3) it is undisputed
       that Plaintiff is successor by merger to The Bank of Nashville; (4) it is
       undisputed that the original Note was lost or destroyed; (5) there is no
       sworn proof before the Court that Plaintiff intentionally destroyed the Note

3
 The record does not include the memorandum in support of the cross-motion for summary judgment.
The cross-motion only states that “Defendant will further show that there are no genuine issues of
material fact in dispute as to their cross-motion for summary judgment.”
4
  The trial court and the parties refer to the line of credit agreement as a note or promissory note. A
“note” is defined as “[a] written promise by one party (the maker) to pay money to another party (the
payee) or to bearer.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1162 (9th ed. 2009). As noted above, the line of credit
agreement does include a promise to pay.

                                                 -3-
       or that Plaintiff ever intended to forgive or discharge the Note or waive any
       right to enforce the Note; (6) there is no sworn proof before the Court
       which would indicate that the unpaid balances of the Note, as set out in
       Plaintiff’s business records, are incorrect or inaccurate in any way for
       purposes of Rule 56 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure; and
       (7) there is no sworn proof before the Court to indicate that the Affidavits
       of Plaintiff’s representatives, Ms. Fox and Ms. Benoit, are not based upon
       personal knowledge or in any way not creditable that would prevent the
       entry of Summary Judgment in favor of Plaintiff.

       The Paczkos appeal the grant of summary judgment.

                                      II. ANALYSIS

       The Paczkos raise four issues on appeal. First, they claim that the affidavits filed
in support of Synovus’s motion for summary judgment failed to comply with Tennessee
Rule of Civil Procedure 56.04. Second, they claim that disputed issues of material fact
existed that precluded entry of summary judgment in favor of Synovus. Third, they claim
that the trial court failed to consider the argument that their obligation under the
promissory note was discharged. Finally, they claim the trial court erred in not
continuing the hearing on the motion for summary judgment to allow for additional
discovery.

       The requirements for a grant of summary judgment are well known. Summary
judgment may be granted only “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,
and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04; see also Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d
76, 83 (Tenn. 2008); Penley v. Honda Motor Co., 31 S.W.3d 181, 183 (Tenn. 2000); Byrd
v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215 (Tenn. 1993). The party moving for summary judgment
bears the burden of demonstrating both that no genuine dispute of material facts exists
and that it is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 83. Where
the moving party fails to meet its burden of production, “the burden does not shift to the
nonmovant, and the court must dismiss the motion for summary judgment.” Shipley v.
Williams, 350 S.W.3d 527, 535 (Tenn. 2011).

       When considering cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court “must rule
on each party’s motion on an individual and separate basis.” CAO Holdings, Inc. v.
Trost, 333 S.W.3d 73, 83 (Tenn. 2010). For each motion, the court must determine:

       (1) whether genuine disputes of material fact with regard to that motion
       exist and (2) whether the party seeking the summary judgment has satisfied
       Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56’s standards for a judgment as a matter of law.

                                           -4-
        Therefore, in practice, a cross-motion for summary judgment operates
        exactly like a single summary judgment motion.

Id. (citations omitted). For the respective competing motions, the trial court must view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the opposing party and draw all reasonable
inferences in the opposing party’s favor. See Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn.
1997). The court is not to “weigh” the evidence when evaluating a motion for summary
judgment or substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 87;
Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 211. The denial of a cross-motion for summary judgment does not
necessitate the granting of the competing cross-motion. CAO Holdings, Inc., 333 S.W.3d
at 83.

       A trial court’s decision on a motion for summary judgment enjoys no presumption
of correctness on appeal. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84; Blair v. West Town Mall, 130
S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tenn. 2004). We review the summary judgment decision as a question
of law. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84; Blair, 130 S.W.3d at 763. Accordingly, this Court
must review the record de novo and make a fresh determination of whether the
requirements of Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56 have been met. Eadie v. Complete
Co., 142 S.W.3d 288, 291 (Tenn. 2004); Blair, 130 S.W.3d at 763.

                                 A. SUFFICIENCY OF AFFIDAVITS

       Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56 specifies the requirements for affidavits
filed in support of motions for summary judgment. Affidavits must “be made on
personal knowledge, . . . set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and . . .
show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.”
Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. The Paczkos argue that the affidavits filed in support of
Synovus’s motion for summary judgment are deficient. Specifically, the Paczkos assert
that neither Ms. Fox5 nor Ms. Benoit possessed the necessary personal knowledge or
competency to testify to the matters contained in their affidavits.

       Evidence, including the substance of affidavits, filed in “support or to oppose a
motion for summary judgment must be admissible.” Shipley, 350 S.W.3d at 564-65 &
n.12 (Koch, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

        To be admissible, evidence at the summary judgment stage must satisfy the
        requirements of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, as well as any other
        requirements controlling the admissibility of particular types of evidence.


5
  Synovus notes that, in the trial court, the Paczkos only moved to strike the affidavit of Ms. Benoit.
However, that does not relieve us of our obligation to make a fresh determination of whether the Rule 56
requirements have been satisfied.

                                                 -5-
       Thus, evidence that would be substantively inadmissible at trial would
       likewise be inadmissible at the summary judgment stage.

Id. at 565 (Koch, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). An abuse of discretion
standard applies to decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence filed in support of or
in opposition to motions for summary judgment. Id. at 552 (Koch, J., concurring in part
and dissenting in part).

       Under the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, “[a] witness may not testify to a matter
unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal
knowledge of the matter.” Tenn. R. Evid. 602. On a motion for summary judgment,
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.05 and Tennessee Rule of Evidence 602 taken
together preclude the consideration of factual statements based on an affiant’s
“information and belief.” See Fowler v. Happy Goodman Family, 575 S.W.2d 496, 498
(Tenn. 1978) (holding that an affidavit based on the affiant’s own belief does not satisfy
the requirements of Rule 56.05); Keystone Ins. Co. v. Griffith, 659 S.W.2d 364, 366
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1983) (stating that an affidavit as to what the affiant believes or is
“authorized” to state does not satisfy Rule 56.05).

       We find much of the substance of Ms. Fox’s affidavits inadmissible. A statement
that an affidavit is made on personal knowledge generally satisfies the competency
requirement of Rule 56 “where her personal knowledge can be reasonably inferred based
on the affiant’s position and other facts contained in the affidavit.” Wells Fargo Bank v.
Hammond, 22 N.E.3d 1140, 1147 (Ohio Ct. App. 2014). In her first affidavit, Ms. Fox
asserts that she has personal knowledge as to “all the matters hereinafter set forth,”
including the Paczkos’ default and amount due. She also identifies herself as a special
assets officer of Synovus. However, she does not describe her duties nor does the
affidavit include other facts from which her personal knowledge and competency can be
inferred. Again in her supplemental affidavit, Ms. Fox states she has knowledge of
Synovus’s business books and records. Yet she concedes to “hav[ing] no personal
knowledge . . . regarding the negotiation or execution of the loan documents at issue.”

       Although there are also deficiencies in Ms. Benoit’s affidavit, the Paczkos do not
dispute the factual matters contained in her affidavit. As with the execution of the line of
credit agreement, the parties do not dispute that The Bank of Nashville merged into
Synovus. The parties also do not dispute the destruction of the line of credit agreement.
In the trial court, the Paczkos argued the destruction of the line of credit agreement as
proof that their obligation had been discharged. They have maintained that position on
appeal, which we discuss later.




                                           -6-
                                  B. MATERIAL FACTS

        To assist the trial court in determining whether summary judgment is proper, the
moving party must set forth “material facts as to which the moving party contends there
is no genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. As used in Rule 56.03, “[t]he
phrase “genuine issue” . . . refers to genuine factual issues and does not include issues
involving legal conclusions to be drawn from the facts.” Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 211. The
Paczkos argue that there are two genuine factual issues: (1) the existence of a default and
(2) the amount due under the line of credit agreement. We agree.

       To recover for a breach of contract, a plaintiff must prove three elements: “(1) the
existence of a contract, (2) breach of the contract, and (3) damages which flow from the
breach.” Life Care Ctrs. of Am., Inc. v. Charles Town Assocs. Ltd. P’ship, 79 F.3d 496,
514 (6th Cir. 1996), cited in C & W Asset Acquisition, LLC v. Oggs, 230 S.W.3d 671,
676-77 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (dealing with a loan agreement). As noted above, the first
element is not at issue. The second element, breach of the contract, is sometimes stated
as “nonperformance amounting to a breach of the contract.” Custom Built Homes v. G.S.
Hinsen Co., No. 01A01-9511-CV-00513, 1998 WL 960287, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 6,
1998). In their answer, the Paczkos denied that they were in default and the amount due
under the line of credit agreement. Synovus attempted to demonstrate the Paczkos’
nonperformance under the agreement and the associated damages through the affidavits
of Ms. Fox.

       With respect to default, Ms. Fox’s affidavit contains only the following statement:
“The Defendants defaulted in making payments to Plaintiff under the Note and, despite a
written request to the Defendants dated August 30, 2013 to reinstate the Note, the
Defendants failed to cure the payment default and reinstate the Note.” The affidavit
states nothing about the nature of the payment default. With respect to the amount
outstanding under the agreement, the affidavit states “[a]s of August 27, 2013, a payoff
balance of $187,724.61 was owed under the Note.” The affidavit goes on to state the
amount of daily interest accrual, and then identifies an exhibited “payoff screen.”

       Ms. Fox’s affidavits contain no details regarding payments received or missed
payments on the line of credit agreement. The statement that the Paczkos “defaulted in
making payments” is not a statement of fact, rather it is a conclusion of law to be drawn
from facts.

             The question of whether facts established by a party constitute a
      breach of contract is one of law to be determined by the court, but whether
      facts sufficient to constitute a breach of contract have been established is
      ordinarily a question of fact to be determined by the trier of fact, under
      proper instructions from the court. Thus, when the facts are undisputed or
      conclusively established or can lead to only one reasonable answer, the

                                           -7-
       question whether there has been a breach of a contract is one of law for the
       court. When the facts are in dispute, or reasonable persons could differ as to
       the inferences to be drawn from the facts, the question must be determined
       by the trier of fact, and under such circumstances summary judgment is
       improper.

17B C.J.S. Contracts § 1034 (2015) (footnotes omitted). The necessary facts that would
have permitted the legal conclusion that the Paczkos were in default are simply absent
from the materials filed in support of Synovus’s motion for summary judgment.

       In this instance, the line of credit agreement provides for repayment as follows:

       During the 10 year Draw/Repayment Period, the Periodic Minimum
       Payment for each billing cycle shall be the FINANCE CHARGE only
       shown on the periodic statement of the Account, with the entire outstanding
       balance of the Account due on the Maturity Date (the next day following
       the end of the Repayment Period).

The line of credit agreement also provides for a monthly billing cycle and a maturity date
of April 11, 2018. Assuming the alleged payment default relates to the Periodic
Minimum Payment, Synovus is required to establish both the monthly amount billed on
the relevant periodic statement or statements and the payments made by the Paczkos.
With those facts, the trial court would be able to conclude whether there had been a
breach of the contract or a default.

       The third element of proof for a party alleging breach of contract is the damages
flowing from the breach. A party seeking an award of damages must prove its damages
“within a reasonable degree of certainty.” Redbud Coop. Corp. v. Clayton, 700 S.W.2d
551, 561 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985). The proof must be “of such certainty as the nature of the
case permits and such as to lay a foundation enabling the triers of the facts to make a fair
and reasonable assessment of damages.” Wilson v. Farmers Chem. Ass’n, 444 S.W.2d
185, 189 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1969).

       In this case, the affidavit of Ms. Fox presented the amount outstanding under the
line of credit agreement by stating “[a]s of August 27, 2013, a payoff balance of
$187,724.61 was owed under the Note.” The affidavit goes on to specify the daily
interest accrual. Ms. Fox’s affidavit also identifies a “payoff screen” reflecting the
amounts outstanding but otherwise does not satisfy the requirements of the Tennessee
Rules of Evidence for admission of the “payoff screen.”6 The affidavit contains no facts

6
 The printout would be excluded by the hearsay rule unless it met the requirements of Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 803. Under that rule,


                                                 -8-
explaining how the payoff amount was calculated or a history of payments by the
Paczkos.

        Given the Paczkos’ denials regarding the amounts outstanding under the line of
credit agreement, Synovus had the burden to the lay the foundation necessary for the trial
court to make a fair and reasonable assessment of damages. “In an action to collect a
debt, the plaintiff creditor bears the burden of proving the existence of the debt and that
the debtor is indebted to the creditor in a certain amount.” LVNV Funding, LLC v.
Mastaw, No. M2011-00990-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 1534785, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr.
30, 2012) (citing Bellsouth Adver. & Publ’g. Corp. v. Wilson, No. M2006-00930-COA-
R3-CV, 2007 WL 2200170, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 30, 2007)). In the case of a
promissory note, this may be accomplished by offering testimony or documentation
explaining the method of calculating the specific amounts sought. See, e.g., Lockwood v.
Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 767 S.E.2d 829, 834 (Ga. Ct. App. 2014) (On a motion for
summary judgment, “FDIC presented the payment-history records showing a definite
amount outstanding on the principal balance and also submitted an affidavit from the
asset manager authenticating the records.”). Because the necessary foundation is lacking
in Ms. Fox’s affidavits, we cannot conclude that no genuine factual issue exists
concerning the amount due under the line of credit agreement.

                                 C. DISCHARGE OF OBLIGATION

        Although we find that there are disputed material facts that preclude entry of
summary judgment in favor of Synovus, the Paczkos argue that they were entitled to a
judgment of dismissal because any debt under the line of credit agreement had been
discharged. In support of this contention, the Paczkos point to the undisputed facts that
the line of credit agreement has been either lost or destroyed and the obligation under the
agreement was reported as “charged off” by Synovus. We conclude neither fact supports
their argument.

       For their argument that destruction of the line of credit agreement constitutes a
discharge of their obligation, the Paczkos rely upon provisions of Article 3 of the


               A . . . data compilation, in any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or
       diagnoses made at or near the time by or from information transmitted by a person with
       knowledge and a business duty to record or transmit if kept in the course of a regularly
       conducted business activity and if it was the regular practice of that business activity to
       make the . . . data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other
       qualified witness or by certification that complies with Rule 902(11) or a statute
       permitting certification, unless the source of information or the method or circumstances
       of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Tenn. R. Evid. 803(6). Although there is an attempt to satisfy Rule 803(6) in Ms. Fox’s supplemental
affidavit, the attempt falls short of what is required.

                                                  -9-
Uniform Commercial Code as adopted in Tennessee. Under Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 47-3-604,

               [a] person entitled to enforce an instrument, with or without
       consideration, may discharge the obligation of a party to pay the instrument
       (i) by an intentional voluntary act, such as surrender of the instrument to the
       party, destruction, mutilation, or cancellation of the instrument, cancellation
       or striking out of the party’s signature, or the addition of words to the
       instrument indicating discharge . . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-604(a) (2001). The word “instrument” as used in Article 3
“means a negotiable instrument.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-104(b) (Supp. 2014).

        Leaving aside the absence of proof in the record that the line of credit agreement
was destroyed by “an intentional voluntary act,” there are at least two significant
problems with the Paczkos’ argument. First, because the line of credit agreement is not a
negotiable instrument, the statute is not applicable. Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-3-102(a)
(2001) (“This chapter applies to negotiable instruments.”). To be a negotiable
instrument, the promise or order to pay must be for “a fixed amount of money.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 47-3-104(a) (Supp. 2014); Ingram v. Earthman, 993 S.W.2d 611, 625
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (stating that if a note is not for a “sum certain,” it is not
negotiable); 11 Am. Jur. 2d Bills and Notes § 84 (2015) (“A note given to secure a line of
credit under which the amount of the obligation varies, depending on the extent to which
the line of credit is used, is not negotiable.”). Here, the promise is not for a fixed amount
of money but rather for “the full amount of all advances.” Consequently, the Paczkos’
reliance on the statute is misplaced.7

       Second and perhaps more importantly, the Paczkos agreed that the line of credit
agreement could be destroyed without impacting their liability. It is well settled that
“[t]he rights and obligations of contracting parties are governed by their written
agreements.” Hillsboro Plaza Enters. v. Moon, 860 S.W.2d 45, 47 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1993). In pertinent part, the line of credit agreement provides:

       21. RECORD RETENTION. Borrower acknowledges and agrees that
       Lender may from time to time retain information about Borrower and
       documents Borrower signs, including, but not limited to, this Agreement
       and documents related to the Account (collectively, the “documents”)
       electronically (such as in optical, digital or other electronic storage and
       retrieval system) and destroy the original documents. Lender and Borrower
       agree and intend that any document produced by them from the electronic

7
  For the same reason, Synovus’s and the Paczkos’ reliance on Tennessee Code Annotated § 47-3-309
(Supp. 2006), dealing with enforcement of lost, destroyed, or stolen instruments, is misplaced.

                                             - 10 -
       media shall have the same legal force and effect as the original documents
       for all purposes and in all circumstances, including, but not limited to,
       collection, admissibility, authentication, or any other legal purpose.

We see no basis to deprive Synovus of its contractual right to use copies of the line of
credit agreement or to permit the Paczkos to escape their contractual obligation to honor
copies of the original documentation. “Tennessee law favors [both] allowing competent
parties to strike their own bargains[ ] and . . . enforcing written contracts.” Allmand v.
Pavletic, 292 S.W.3d 618, 637 (Tenn. 2009) (Koch, J., dissenting) (citations omitted).

        We find the fact that the indebtedness was “charged-off” and reported as such to
credit reporting agencies irrelevant to the Paczkos’ liability. Most commonly, to “charge
off” means “to treat (an account receivable) as a loss or expense because payment is
unlikely; to treat as a bad debt.” Black’s Law Dictionary 266 (9th ed. 2009). Charging-
off an indebtedness does not cancel the debt or impact the obligor’s liability. Wilkirson v.
Thompson, 104 S.W.2d 1115, 1116 (Tex. Ct. App. 1937). As one court noted, “[i]f a
debtor’s obligation to a bank is to be considered liquidated when the officers of a bank,
because of prudent business methods, or because of an order from a bank examiner,
charge-off the books of the bank[’s] doubtful accounts or notes as unsound paper, it
would work a great hardship to a banking institution and would be unjust and unfair.”
Wolf v. First Nat. Bank, 66 Pa. Super. 72, 75 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1916).

                     D. DENIAL OF THE REQUEST FOR CONTINUANCE

       Our conclusion that Synovus failed to demonstrate the absence of disputed
material facts necessitates that this case be remanded. As such, we decline to address the
Paczkos’ final issue, whether the trial court properly denied the request under Tennessee
Rule of Civil Procedure 56.07 for a continuance.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

       Because we find disputed material facts, we vacate the judgment of the trial court
and remand with instructions to deny each party’s motion for summary judgment and for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.


                                                    _______________________________
                                                    W. NEAL McBRAYER, JUDGE




                                           - 11 -
