                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 17-1023
                         ___________________________

                             United States of America

                                       Plaintiff - Appellee

                                         v.

                               William Ike Libby, Jr.

                                     Defendant - Appellant
                                  ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                   ____________

                           Submitted: October 19, 2017
                               Filed: January 26, 2018
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,1 Judge.
                         ____________
GOLDBERG, Judge.

       Defendant William Ike Libby, Jr. pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession
of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), 924(e). Previously, Libby had
been convicted of three separate offenses: first degree aggravated robbery and
second degree assault in October 1997, and second degree drug sale in January 2010.


      1
       The Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Senior Judge, United States Court of
International Trade, sitting by designation.
The district court2 considered each of Libby’s three previous convictions to be
“violent felonies” or “serious drug offenses” and therefore found Libby subject to
the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). As a result, the
district court sentenced Libby to the fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence
provided in 18 U.S.C § 924(e)(1).

       On appeal, Libby does not contest that two of his prior convictions constitute
predicate offenses for the purposes of the ACCA. Rather, his appeal is limited to
challenging the imposition of a fifteen year sentence based on the characterization
of his October 1997 conviction for first degree aggravated robbery, Minn. Stat. §
609.245, subd. 1, as a “violent felony.” Because we hold that the lesser included
offense of simple robbery in Minnesota is indeed a “violent felony,” we affirm the
ruling of the district court and uphold its sentence under the ACCA.

                                    DISCUSSION

   A. Standard of Review

       We review de novo whether a prior conviction is a predicate offense felony
for the purposes of the ACCA, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). United States v. Shockley, 816
F.3d 1058, 1062 (8th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted).

   B. The ACCA Framework

       The ACCA dictates that if a defendant has “three previous convictions . . . for
a violent felony or a serious drug offense,” that individual shall be sentenced to no
less than fifteen years in prison. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The statute defines “violent
felony” as “any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one
year . . . that [] has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical

      2
        The Honorable Donovan W. Frank, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

                                           -2-
force against the person of another . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). “Physical
force ‘means violent force—that is, force capable of causing physical pain or injury
to another person.’” United States v. Schaffer, 818 F.3d 796, 798 (8th Cir. 2016)
(quoting Johnson v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 140, 130 S. Ct. 1265, 176 L. Ed.
2d 1 (2010)). Thus, in order to uphold the district court’s classification of Libby’s
conviction as a predicate felony, we must find that Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1
contains as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of force capable of
causing pain or injury to another.

       When assessing whether a state statute qualifies as a “violent felony” for the
purposes of the ACCA, we employ the categorical approach, looking only to the
elements of the statute in question. See Jones v. United States, 870 F.3d 750, 752–
753 (8th Cir. 2017) (citations omitted). A defendant’s real world conduct is of no
relevance to our review and is not to be considered. See id. (citing Mathis v. United
States, __ U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2251, 195 L. Ed. 2d 604 (2016) (“How a given
defendant actually perpetrated the crime—what we have referred to as the
‘underlying brute facts or means’ of commission—makes no difference . . . .”)
(citation omitted)).

       Where a statute is indivisible—that is, it “sets out a single . . . set of elements
to define a single crime”—we need not look beyond the statute of conviction.
Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2248. If the elements of Libby’s statute of conviction, Minn.
Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1, criminalize conduct that does not require the use of violent
force, then it cannot be considered a predicate offense for the purposes of the ACCA.
See Jones, 870 F.3d at 753.

        However, statutes deemed divisible are treated differently. When a statute
“list[s] elements in the alternative, and thereby define[s] multiple crimes,” it is
divisible. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2249. When we are faced with a divisible statute,
we are permitted a constrained inspection of “a limited class of documents . . . to
determine what crime, with what elements, a defendant was convicted of.” Id.


                                           -3-
(citing Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 161 L. Ed. 2d 205
(2005)). This approach, called the modified categorical approach, is limited in its
application and is not required here, as discussed below.

   C. Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1

       Libby challenges the district court’s conclusion that his conviction for first
degree aggravated robbery was a “violent felony” under the ACCA.3 Minnesota’s
first degree aggravated robbery statute criminalizes a defendant’s commission of
simple robbery while “armed with a dangerous weapon or any article used or
fashioned in a manner to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a dangerous
weapon, or inflicts bodily harm upon another . . . .” Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1.
Simple robbery is defined as:

      Whoever, having knowledge of not being entitled thereto, takes
      personal property from the person or in the presence of another and
      uses or threatens the imminent use of force against any person to
      overcome the person’s resistance or powers of resistance to, or to
      compel acquiescence in, the taking or carrying away of the
      property . . . .


Minn. Stat. § 609.24. A conviction under Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 carries a
punishment of not more than twenty years in prison.

      In considering a conviction under Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 for the
purposes of the ACCA, we are required to examine whether the elements of simple



      3
       Libby’s conviction for first degree aggravated robbery occurred in October
1997, under the 1994 version of the statute. Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 (1994).
Our analysis here focuses on the law as codified at the time of conviction, see
McNeill v. United States, 563 U.S. 816, 821–23, 131 S. Ct. 2218, 180 L. Ed. 2d 35
(2011), which happens to be the same as that which exists today.

                                         -4-
robbery or the aggravating factors under first degree aggravated robbery necessarily
require proof of violent force in order to convict. See Johnson, 559 U.S. at 140.

      1. Divisibility

       Our assessment here requires that we first determine if Minn. Stat. § 609.245,
subd. 1 lays out elements in the alternative or merely lists separate factual means by
which the crime may be accomplished. See United States v. Boman, 873 F.3d 1035,
1040 (8th Cir. 2017). Neither party disputes that the elements, as defined in both
Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 and Minn. Stat. § 609.24, present an indivisible
offense. Together, the statutes list separate factual means by which a defendant may
accomplish four distinct elements: 1) a taking, 2) with knowledge, 3) by use of force
or threat of imminent force, 4) while armed. Minn. Stat. § 609.24; Minn. Stat. §
609.245, subd. 1. If our examination of these elements reveals that Minnesota law
necessarily requires proof of violent force, we too must hold that a conviction under
Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 constitutes a “violent felony.”

      2. Violent Force

        In the absence of a demonstration by Libby that there is “a realistic
probability, not a theoretical possibility, that the State would apply its statute to
conduct that falls outside” the definition of a “violent felony,” see Moncrieffe v.
Holder, 569 U.S. 184, 206, 133 S. Ct. 1678, 185 L. Ed. 2d 727 (2013) (citation
omitted), we conduct a plain language reading of Minn. Stat. § 609.24 to determine
if it “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person of another,” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Because we hold that
simple robbery, Minn. Stat. § 609.24, a constituent part of the crime defined under
Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1, implicates violent force, Johnson, 559 U.S. at 140,
we affirm the district court’s ruling.




                                         -5-
      Minn. Stat. § 609.24 minimally requires that a defendant “threaten[] the
imminent use of force” in order to either “compel acquiescence” or “to overcome
the person’s resistance or powers of resistance . . . .” While a threat on its own may
not present the requisite degree of force, see, e.g., United States v. McFee, 842 F.3d
572, 575–76 (8th Cir. 2016), a statute that contains as an element a threat of violent
force will. See Johnson, 559 U.S. at 140. Minnesota’s express requirement that a
defendant communicate a threat to “overcome . . . resistance” or to “compel
acquiescence” necessarily implicates such violent force.

      Confirming our reading, Minnesota’s pattern jury instructions require proof
of “the intentional creation in [the victim’s] mind of an understanding that if the
person resisted or refused to cooperate, force would immediately be used against the
person.” 10 Minn. Prac., Jury Instr. Guides—Criminal CRIMJIG 14.02 (6th ed.
2017). Important here is not the “mental state of the victim,” Schaffer, 818 F.3d at
798, but the defendant’s “intentional creation” of a threat intended to overpower or
dissuade a victim’s resistance. Such a threat “communicate[s] intent to inflict
harm,” id. (quoting Threat, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014)), for fear that
were the victim to resist, violent force may befall them. As such, simple robbery in
Minnesota—and as a result, first degree aggravated robbery—qualifies as a
predicate offense under the ACCA.

       In an attempt to show that simple robbery can also encompass less than violent
force, Libby points to only one case that squarely considers force under Minn. Stat.
§ 609.24: State v. Nelson, 297 N.W.2d 285 (Minn. 1980).4 Yet, that case does not
stand for the proposition Libby asserts. With a short recitation of the facts, the

      4
        Two other Minnesota Supreme Court cases referenced by Libby, State v.
Slaughter, 691 N.W.2d 70 (Minn. 2005) and Duluth St. Ry. Co. v. Fidelity & Deposit
Co. of Md., 161 N.W. 595 (Minn. 1917), do not inform our analysis. One, Duluth
St. Ry. Co., 161 N.W. at 595–96, is entirely inapposite as it interpreted the language
of an insurance policy, not that of the law in question here. The other, Slaughter,
691 N.W.2d at 76–78, considered a conviction for theft from the person under a
different statute than that which defines simple robbery.

                                         -6-
Nelson court upheld a simple robbery conviction where the defendants, two “young
adults,” “forcefully” “grabbed” and “jostled” a thirteen-year-old victim before he
was able to escape. Id. at 286. Counter to Libby’s proposed reading, simply because
the boy avoided actual violent force by fleeing, that does not mean that violent force
was not threatened. Rather, it is clear that the Nelson defendants did at least
threaten—if not intend to employ—violent force. Thus, we do not take Nelson to
hold that non-violent force can support a conviction under Minn. Stat. § 609.24.

       Libby also argues that we are required to follow our decision in United States
v. Eason, 829 F.3d 633, 640–42 (8th Cir. 2016), which he claims would compel a
holding that Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 is categorically not a “violent felony.”
We disagree.5 While the state statute analyzed there contemplated the threat of any
quantum of force, Ark. Code Ann. § 5-12-102, Libby’s statute of conviction requires
a threat of considerably more force. Specifically, whereas the Arkansas statute at
issue in Eason criminalized a “[t]hreat of any bodily impact, restraint, or
confinement,” Ark. Code Ann. § 5-12-101 (emphasis added), Minn. Stat. § 609.24
requires proof of a threat of “the imminent use of force . . . to overcome the person’s
resistance . . . .” Thus, the statutes are distinguishable and we are not bound by
Eason’s holding.




      5
       Nor are we compelled to follow, as Libby urges, United States v. Bell, 840
F.3d 963 (8th Cir. 2016), a non-ACCA case. That case considered whether
Missouri’s second-degree robbery statute constituted a “crime of violence” under a
similarly worded federal sentencing statute, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). Id. at 964–65.
While both Bell and the case at hand call for a similar application of the categorical
approach, see id. at 965 n.3 (explaining that both seek to resolve the inquiry as to the
use of violent force), for Bell to apply here, Libby would have to show a realistic
probability that Minnesota prosecutes conduct involving less than violent force
under Minn. Stat. § 609.24. Id. at 966 (“Although the ‘theoretical possibility’ that a
state may apply its statute to conduct falling short of violent force is not enough to
disqualify a conviction, a ‘realistic probability’ will suffice.” (citation omitted)). As
discussed above, Libby has failed to do just that.

                                          -7-
       By its terms, Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 minimally requires that a
defendant communicate a threat of violent force. As such, the elements of Minn.
Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 categorically present a “violent felony” under the ACCA.

                                 CONCLUSION

       The district court did not err in holding that Libby’s conviction under Minn.
Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 qualifies as a “violent felony” for the purposes of the ACCA
and we, therefore, uphold its sentence.




                                         -8-
