                                      RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-4966-17T2

NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

F.A., SR.,

          Defendant-Appellant,

and

C.P.,

     Defendant.
_________________________

IN THE MATTER OF F.A.,

     a Minor.
_________________________

                   Argued November 21, 2019 – Decided February 21, 2020

                   Before Judges Suter and DeAlmeida.
            On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
            Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
            Docket No. FN-09-0208-17.

            Ryan Thomas Clark, Designated Counsel, argued the
            cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora, Public
            Defender, attorney; Ryan Thomas Clark, on the briefs).

            Sara M. Gregory, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
            cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney
            General, attorney; Jane C. Schuster, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Stephanie M. Asous, Deputy
            Attorney General, on the brief).

            Nancy P. Fratz, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
            argued the cause for minor (Joseph E. Krakora, Public
            Defender, Law Guardian, attorney; Nancy P. Fratz, of
            counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Defendant F.A. (Forest)1 appeals the May 22, 2018 order terminating

litigation in the Title Nine case, and the underlying April 20, 2017 order that he

abused or neglected his son, F.A. (Frankie)2 by exposing the child to danger that

posed a substantial risk of harm.     We reject Forest's contention there was

inadequate proof; the record contained substantial, credible evidence he placed



1
  We use initials and pseudonyms to maintain the confidentiality of the parties
and their child. R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
2
 The order found that defendant C.P. (Carol) also abused and neglected Frankie.
She did not appeal.
                                                                          A-4966-17T2
                                        2
Frankie at a substantial risk of harm by failing to exercise appropriate care or

supervision regarding his living conditions. We affirm.

                                      I.

      We glean these facts from the fact-finding hearing. Forest and Carol are

the parents of Frankie, who was born on January 31, 2015. On September 15,

2016, Officer Seminario of the Union City Police responded to a domestic call

about a dispute between Forest and Carol. Carol told the officer she and Forest

lived there with Frankie. He testified the living conditions in the apartment were

"deplorable." There was "filth and clutter" everywhere. Ibid. He saw mice and

there was dog feces on the floor. There was no food in the refrigerator, and none

for the baby. The officer observed open containers of alcohol. Frankie was only

wearing a diaper. He testified the apartment had a bad odor of urine, and his

partner could not stay inside. He observed roaches in the child's room. Forest

confirmed to the officer that he lived there. Regarding the condition of the

apartment, Carol told the officer "this [is] how it always is."

      The officer called the Division of Child Protection and Permanency (the

Division). The caseworker reported that when she arrived, there were four

garbage bags in the kitchen with two or three "rats" running between the garbage

bags. There was half eaten food on the counter, no sheets on the crib, and no


                                                                          A-4966-17T2
                                           3
milk or food for the child. However, Frankie had on a clean pamper, there was

no foul stench on the child, and no marks or bruises. The caseworker did not

find safety concerns.    Because Forest already had left the apartment, the

caseworker advised Carol to clean it up.

      On September 28, 2016, Officer Nunez of the Union City Police

responded to a call that there was a verbal dispute between Forest and Carol. He

testified the apartment was "[d]isgusting"; the place was "in shambles." He tried

"to stay away from the walls because [he did not] want anything sticking on

[him]." The child was dressed in a diaper that was "full" and had a blanket. The

Division found the failure to provide for basic needs was "[n]ot [e]stablished,"

but kept the case open for services.

      The Division caseworker attempted to visit the family, making three

unsuccessful visits between October and November 2016. On November 15,

2016, Officer Pena of the Union City Police responded to a reported verbal

dispute between Carol and Forest. When he arrived, Forest was just leaving the

apartment. What the officer observed in the apartment was "[f]ilth." The officer

testified there were "garbage bags overflowing in the kitchen" and the smell

"was putrid. It was horrible. It was a bad garbage smell." All of this debris

could be reached by the child. "[I]t was easily accessible for [Frankie], just to


                                                                         A-4966-17T2
                                       4
pick up garbage . . . . [And] [a]t that age, kids put things in their mouth." The

child was only wearing a diaper. Forest was trying to leave because he had an

outstanding warrant.

      The officer contacted the Division. The caseworker observed "the

countertops in the kitchen were filthy, . . . it was dirty. The floor was dirty[,]"

and there were "at least two big black [garbage] bags on the floor mat of the

kitchen." However, the child was clean and there was a little food in the

refrigerator. The caseworker advised Carol to clean up. Forest admitted to the

caseworker he was residing in the apartment with Carol at that time.

      On November 28, 2016, when the caseworker returned, Carol was not

there because she was incarcerated—although she was to be released that

night—and the maternal grandmother was taking care of Frankie.                 The

caseworker testified that the grandmother "was able to have food for the baby,

diapers," "she cleaned the house," and the paternal grandmother also helped care

for the baby. The apartment was clean.

      On December 7, 2016, the caseworker arrived for a scheduled visit.

Carol's sister would not let her in the apartment even though the caseworker had

observed Carol go in and out of the apartment. Officer Alvarado responded to

the Division's request for assistance, and they eventually gained access to the


                                                                           A-4966-17T2
                                        5
apartment. The officer testified that "[i]mmediately upon walking into the

home[,] [he] saw several trash bags filled to the top and a horrid smell of urine

and dirt." He described "the floors were littered with dead bugs and flies

everywhere." The bed in the main bedroom was just a mattress which "was

black from filth." "[T]he floor was covered in trash, dead bugs, wrappers,

food[,]" and the baby had access to that room. He testified the baby's crib "was

urine soaked." There was no "viable food" in the refrigerator. There was dog

urine in the kitchen. The child was dirty also. He testified the child "didn't look

like he had been bathed in a couple of days and, . . . he didn't look well fed."

       The caseworker's testimony confirmed these conditions.         There were

garbage bags and a bag of dirty diapers. Urine and feces were on the floor.

There was no edible food in the refrigerator. The child was not dressed. He had

small marks that may have been bite marks on his back, neck and buttocks.

       The Division conducted an emergency "Dodd removal" 3 of Frankie that

night. Two days later, the Family Part judge approved the Division's custody,

care and supervision of the child.

       Forest was not present in the apartment on December 7, 2016, because he

was incarcerated from November 28, 2016, to December 16, 2016. The Division


3
    Removal is authorized by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.29.
                                                                           A-4966-17T2
                                        6
filed an order to show cause and verified complaint against Carol and Forest,

seeking a finding of abuse and neglect under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 and N.J.S.A.

30:4C-12, and custody of the child. The fact-finding hearing was conducted on

April 20, 2017.

      The Family Part judge found that the Division had proven abuse and

neglect of Frankie by Forest and Carol under Title Nine. The court found the

Division's witnesses were credible. With respect to Forest, the court found he

"frequented the apartment, he was in and out and he stayed there on occasion

. . . . He was in and out a lot." He supported Carol and the child by buying

diapers and food.

      The court found the apartment was in "terrible shape."

            [T]his child was in serious danger. Danger of putting
            something in his mouth including dead flies, feces,
            urine[-]soaked materials, eating garbage and there was
            plenty of it because the pictures are very telling.

      The court rejected the notion the conditions were due to poverty.

Although "poverty may have been a factor in lack of food and a broken tile,"

there were cleaning implements there but not used, and one did not "need to be

poor or rich to take the garbage out." The court found this was a "serious, serious

neglect issue," not a poverty issue. Ibid. The court found the conditions did not

arise "over a day or two." Rather, the court concluded both parents "neglected"

                                                                           A-4966-17T2
                                        7
the child and that the "child was in serious danger of substantial harm and were

it not for the Division removing the child, the child will continue to be in that

danger and at tremendous risk." Forest had "custody. He had responsibility for

that child and getting some food and diapers wasn't enough." Instead, Forest

"was willing to leave his baby in there."

      The court found the Division had not proven the child's alleged medical

condition—scabies—was caused by the condition of the apartment. The court

concluded "the whole scabies issue[] is irrelevant."

      The court's April 20, 2017 fact-finding order provided that Forest and

Carol:

            maintained the home in deplorable conditions with
            garbage, debris, feces, urine soaked material and dead
            bugs within reach of the child and for the [sic] all the
            reasons stated on the record. The above placed the
            child in serious danger and posed a substantial risk of
            harm to the child.

                   Despite the apartment not being under the lease
            of either parent or the primary residence of [the father],
            the above finding stands as both had access and
            knowledge of the conditions of the home.

In May 2018, the litigation was dismissed after a complaint for termination of

parental rights was filed.




                                                                         A-4966-17T2
                                        8
      Forest appeals the Title Nine order and the order that terminated this

litigation, arguing that they were not supported by substantial credible evidence

in the record.      He contends when he left the child in the care of Carol, the

apartment was clean just nine days prior to the child's removal. He argues the

trial court erroneously entered evidence in the record consisting of hearsay

statements and medical opinions of a medical expert, who was not called as a

witness at trial.

                                       II.

      We note our general deference to Family Part judges' fact-finding because

of their "special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters . . . ." Cesare v.

Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998). We will uphold fact-finding that is supported

by sufficient, substantial and credible evidence in the record. See N.J. Div. of

Youth & Family Servs. v. L.L., 201 N.J. 210, 226 (2010). However, we will not

hesitate to set aside a ruling that is "so wide of the mark that a mistake must

have been made." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. M.M., 189 N.J. 261,

279 (2007) (quoting C.B. Snyder Realty, Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 233 N.J.

Super. 65, 69 (App. Div. 1989)). The court's interpretation of the law or its legal

conclusions are reviewed de novo. See State in Interest of A.B., 219 N.J. 542,

554-55 (2014).


                                                                           A-4966-17T2
                                             9
      N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 defines an "[a]bused or neglected child" as:

            a child whose physical, mental, or emotional condition
            has been impaired or is in imminent danger of
            becoming impaired as the result of the failure of his
            parent . . . to exercise a minimum degree of care (a) in
            supplying the child with adequate food, clothing,
            shelter, education, medical or surgical care though
            financially able to do so or though offered financial or
            other reasonable means to do so, or (b) in providing the
            child with proper supervision or guardianship, by
            unreasonably inflicting or allowing to be inflicted
            harm, or substantial risk thereof . . . or by any other acts
            of a similarly serious nature requiring the aid of the
            court.

            [N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4).]

      Whether a parent has committed abuse or neglect "must be 'analyzed in

light of the dangers and risks associated with the situation.'" N.J. Div. of Youth

& Family Servs. v. S.I., 437 N.J. Super. 142, 153 (App. Div. 2014) (quoting N.J.

Dep't of Children & Families v. R.R., 436 N.J. Super. 53, 58 (App. Div. 2014)).

"The 'paramount concern' of Title [Nine] is to ensure the 'safety of the children,'

so that 'the lives of innocent children are immediately safeguarded from further

injury and possible death.'" N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. A.B., 231

N.J. 354, 368 (2017) (quoting N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.8).

      In order to prove abuse or neglect under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4), the

Division must "establish by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the child's


                                                                           A-4966-17T2
                                         10
physical, mental, or emotional condition has been impaired or is in imminent

danger of becoming impaired; and (2) the impairment or imminent impairment

results from the parent's failure to exercise a minimum degree of care." A.B.,

231 N.J. at 369. "[A] guardian fails to exercise a minimum degree of care when

he or she is aware of the dangers inherent in a situation and fails adequately to

supervise the child or recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to that child."

Ibid. (quoting G.S. v. Dep't of Human Servs., Div. of Youth & Family Servs.,

157 N.J. 161, 181 (1999)). In making this evaluation, the court should "account

for the surrounding circumstances, given that [a]buse and neglect cases are fact-

sensitive."   Id. at 369-70 (citations omitted) (quoting Dep't of Children &

Families, Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. E.D.–O., 223 N.J. 166, 180

(2015)). The question is whether the defendant's conduct "recklessly creates a

risk of serious injury to the child." N.J. Dep't of Youth & Family Servs. v. J.L.,

410 N.J. Super. 159, 169 (App. Div. 2009) (quoting G.S., 157 N.J. at 181).

      Forest argues the Division did not prove that he was aware of the

apartment's condition on December 7, 2016, because he was incarcerated at that

time. He contends the Division's records documented the apartment was clean

on November 28, 2016, which was the day he began incarceration. He argues




                                                                          A-4966-17T2
                                       11
that evidence was inconsistent with the court's finding he placed his son at

substantial risk of harm.

      There was ample credible evidence in this record to support the Family

Part judge's finding that Forest was residing at the apartment with frequency,

not the least of which is that both Carol and Forest told that to the officers. He

was there enough to be fully aware of the condition of the apartment, which

exposed the child to danger. And, he was willing to leave the child there. There

was no evidence he made any arrangements with his mother, Carol's mother or

anyone else to clean the apartment or care for the child before, during or after

his incarceration.

      We agree with the Family Part judge that although poverty played a part

in the couple's lack of food and supplies, the dirty condition of the apartment

could be remedied as evidenced by its condition when Carol was in jail. There

was no explanation why on multiple occasions, there should be urine and dog

feces on the floor or garbage littered about. It was Forest's responsibility as well

as Carol's to make the apartment safe for the child. His incarceration did not

exonerate him from responsibility; there was evidence the conditions were long

standing and he did nothing about it.




                                                                            A-4966-17T2
                                        12
      The record established that Forest failed to make decisions that would

keep Frankie safe, which placed the child in imminent danger of harm. We are

satisfied the Family Part judge took the evidence into consideration in reaching

the abuse and neglect finding under Title Nine. The cases are clear that "[c]ourts

need not wait to act until a child is actually irreparably impaired by parental

inattention or neglect." In re Guardianship of D.M.H., 161 N.J. 365, 383 (1999).

      Forest argues the Family Part judge made an erroneous evidentiary ruling

by allowing in evidence—over his objection—the hearsay statements and

medical opinions of a medical expert, who was not called to testify at the fact-

finding hearing, and then by relying on them. He claims this "may have unduly

affected the trial court's findings and conclusions."

      The general rule as to the admission or exclusion of evidence is that

"[c]onsiderable latitude is afforded a trial court in determining whether to admit

evidence, and that determination will be reversed only if it constitutes an abuse

of discretion." State v. Feaster, 156 N.J. 1, 82 (1998).

      Here, the court expressly held that the Division had not proven a

connection between the child's alleged medical condition and the environment

in the apartment. Thus, the issue about the admissibility of the medical report

is not relevant. Moreover, given the conditions at this apartment, if the report's


                                                                          A-4966-17T2
                                       13
admission were erroneous, it was not reversible error as there was more than

enough evidence to support the court's findings and conclusions without it .

      Affirmed.




                                                                         A-4966-17T2
                                      14
