                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



MARY ANN LAMKIN,                                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       November 15, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                      No. 329630
                                                                       Livingston Circuit Court
CATHERINE BARRETT,                                                     LC No. 15-28694-NZ

               Defendant-Appellee.


Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and SHAPIRO and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals by right the trial court’s order, following a show cause hearing, granting
summary disposition in favor of defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(2), and dismissing
plaintiff’s case. Plaintiff also appeals the trial court’s earlier denial of plaintiff’s request for a
temporary restraining order, and its order denying plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration of the
summary disposition order. We affirm.

                    I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        This case arises out of a dispute between neighbors over the ownership of an
approximately one-foot wide strip of land that runs between a fence located on defendant’s
property and the property line between plaintiff’s and defendant’s parcels. Plaintiff filed her
complaint on August 25, 2015, asserting that she owned the disputed property, and the fence, by
virtue of adverse possession, and that she so acquired that ownership interest in 2006.1 Plaintiff


1
  Plaintiff’s complaint alleges a single count, labeled “Injunctive Relief.” Injunctive relief, is not,
however, a legal theory or cause of action; it is merely a type of relief that may be awarded when
a party prevails on a cause of action. Terlecki v Stewart, 278 Mich App 644, 663; 754 NW2d
899 (2008). Nonetheless, giving plaintiff the benefit of the doubt, and looking to the gravamen
of the claim that is asserted, Adams v Adams, 276 Mich App 704, 710; 742 NW2d 399 (2007),
we conclude that the trial court properly construed plaintiff’s complaint as asserting a claim of
adverse possession. We will discuss the doctrines of “adverse possession” and “acquiescence” in
greater detail later in this opinion; for now, however, we note that plaintiff’s complaint
repeatedly refers to plaintiff’s assertion of a “claim of adverse possession,” and that, by our


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sought monetary damages in part for the destruction of property as well as an ex parte temporary
restraining order (TRO) in part enjoining defendant from removing the fence or trespassing on
the strip of disputed land. The trial court declined to grant plaintiff a TRO, but ordered that a
show cause hearing be held on September 3, 2015, regarding plaintiff’s request for injunctive
relief.

        At the show cause hearing, plaintiff, acting in pro per, stated that she had filed her suit the
same day that defendant had begun tearing down the fence in order to build a new fence on the
property line. By the time of the hearing, the old fence had been torn down. Plaintiff stated that
Harvey and Jean Vincent, who at one time had owned defendant’s property, erected the fence in
1991 and had “put on the land use permit requesting that they set a new boundary one foot off
their property line.” According to plaintiff, the offsetting of the fence by one foot from the
property line was to ensure that she did not “touch their fence in any way, shape or form.”
Plaintiff then stated that all of defendant’s relevant predecessors in title, i.e., the Vincents, Betty
Krupa-Miller, and BJD Development Corporation (BJD) (in chronological order), were aware
that the fence did not mark the actual deeded boundary line between the properties. Plaintiff
stated that she did not touch the fence until she filed with the Register of Deeds, in 2002, an
affidavit that she called a “notice of adverse possession.” Plaintiff also stated that “if there’s
recognition of a new boundary that is acquiesce [sic] to a boundary.” Plaintiff stated that she
told Krupa-Miller, who succeeded the Vincents as the owner of defendant’s property, that the
fence was off the property line, and alleged that Krupa-Miller stated that she was going to
“leav[e] it.” Plaintiff also stated that she had repaired the fence and used the strip of land, and
that defendant and her predecessors in title had never done so.

        The trial court found that plaintiff had not established the elements of adverse possession
sufficiently to warrant the grant of an injunction. The trial court also orally granted summary
disposition in favor of defendant, pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(2). The trial court held that “the
hostile element of an adverse possession has not been met here.” Plaintiff responded that her
claim was “not strictly adverse possession” but was “an acquiescence to a boundary case.” The
trial court stated with regard to acquiescence that “the parties put the fence—they recognized
where the boundary line was and they put that fence in a foot . . . .”

     The trial court issued an order denying plaintiff’s request for an injunction and granting
summary disposition in favor of defendant.2 Plaintiff moved the trial court for reconsideration,


count, plaintiff’s complaint refers to “adverse possession” no fewer than 14 times; on three
additional occasions, the complaint appears to conflate the doctrines of adverse possession and
acquiescence by using the phrase “adverse possession by [ or “through” or “by and through”]
acquiescence of a boundary line.”
2
  In the midst of the show cause hearing, plaintiff indicated that she had prepared (but not filed) a
motion to disqualify Judge Hatty, the trial judge. The record reflects that plaintiff brought a copy
of a written motion to the hearing, but it does not appear this motion was ever filed. Plaintiff
does not explicitly seek relief on appeal from the denial of any motion to disqualify, or request
that on remand her case be assigned to a different judge, although she spends a great portion of
her brief on appeal detailing Judge Hatty’s alleged misconduct. We note that the record before


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arguing that the trial court had erred by granting summary disposition without defendant having
filed a motion for summary disposition, and had further erred by basing its holding on its finding
that plaintiff had not established the hostility of her possession, which is not an element of an
acquiescence claim.

        The trial court denied plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration in a written opinion and
order, stating that “[p]laintiff has failed to establish that she is entitled to an injunction to prohibit
Defendant from removing her fence, as Plaintiff has failed to establish that she has satisfied the
requisite elements of adverse possession for the statutory period, or that the doctrine of
acquiescence applies in this case.”

        This appeal followed.

                            II. GRANT OF SUMMARY DISPOSITION

         Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition in favor of
defendant, because the trial court failed to recognize that her claim was for acquiescence and
thus did not require proof of hostility. We disagree. We review a trial court’s decision on a
motion for summary disposition de novo. Moser v Detroit, 284 Mich App 536, 538; 772 NW2d
823 (2009). If it appears that the opposing party is entitled to judgment, the court may render
judgment in favor of the opposing party. MCR 2.116(I)(2); Bd of Trustees of Policemen &
Firemen Retirement Sys v Detroit, 270 Mich App 74, 77-78; 714 NW2d 658 (2006). Moreover,
“[i]f the pleadings show that a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, or if the affidavits
or other proofs show that there is no genuine issue of material fact, the court shall render
judgment without delay.” MCR 2.116(I)(1).

        Although the trial court referenced MCR 2.116(I)(2), it did not otherwise specify the
grounds under which it granted summary disposition.3 However, given the fact that summary
disposition was granted before discovery, and the fact that the trial court did not consider any
affidavits or documentary evidence beyond that appended to the pleadings, we conclude that the
trial court determined that plaintiff had failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted.
MCR 2.116(C)(8). A grant of summary disposition is appropriate under MCR 2.116(C)(8)
“when a claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could
possibly justify recovery.” Gorman v Am Honda Motor Co, Inc, 302 Mich App 113, 131-132;
839 NW2d 223 (2013) (internal citations omitted). The trial court reviewing the motion must
accept as true all factual allegations supporting the claim, and any reasonable inferences or
conclusions that might be drawn from those facts. Id. However, “the mere statement of a
this Court is devoid of any evidence that Judge Hatty treated plaintiff poorly or displayed any
favoritism or bias against plaintiff or toward defendant or her counsel.
3
  It appears that the trial court’s grant of summary disposition was actually pursuant to
MCR 2.116(I)(1), which allows the trial court to grant judgment to a party “if the pleadings show
that a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” rather than (I)(2) (which authorizes a trial
court to “render judgment in favor of the opposing party” “rather than the “moving party”). In
any event, MCR 2.116(C) sets forth the grounds for determining whether a party is entitled to
summary disposition.


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pleader's conclusions, unsupported by allegations of fact, will not suffice to state a cause of
action.” ETT Ambulance Serv Corp v Rockford Ambulance, Inc, 204 Mich App 392, 395; 516
NW2d 498 (1994).

        As stated, we conclude that the trial court properly construed plaintiff’s complaint as
asserting a claim of adverse possession. And the trial court indeed held that plaintiff had not
established the “hostile” element of an adverse possession claim. See Gorte v Dep’t of Transp,
202 Mich App 161, 170; 507 NW2d 797 (1993). Plaintiff does not challenge the accuracy of this
holding, and in fact on appeal repeatedly denies that her possession of the disputed land was
hostile.4 Accordingly, plaintiff essentially concedes that summary disposition was appropriate in
favor of defendant on plaintiff’s adverse possession claim. We agree.

        Rather, plaintiff argues that her claim was actually one not of adverse possession, but of
acquiescence, and that hostility is not an element of an acquiescence claim. We agree that
hostility is not an element of a claim for acquiescence, but disagree that the trial court believed
erroneously that hostility was required, or erred by finding that plaintiff had not stated a claim
for acquiescence. To the contrary, the trial court expressly held that, in addition to failing to
establish the requisite elements of adverse possession, plaintiff had “failed to establish . . . that
the doctrine of acquiescence applies in this case.” We agree.

        Acquiescence may be based on three theories; at issue here is acquiescence for the
statutory period, which requires a showing that the parties acquiesced to a line (other than the
recorded property line) as the boundary between their properties for the requisite period of time.
Walters v Snyder, 239 Mich App 453, 456; 608 NW2d 97 (2000) (citation omitted); Sackett v
Atyeo, 217 Mich App 676, 682; 552 NW2d 536 (1996). Possession need not be hostile or non-
permissive. Walters, 239 Mich App at 456. This type of acquiescence typically arises when
adjoining property owners mistakenly treat a line, such as a line marked by a fence, as the
property line. Id. (citations omitted); Sackett, 217 Mich App at 682. This requires some
evidence that the parties either believed that the line was the property line or treated it as such.
Id. The 15-year statutory period may be satisfied by tacking the acquiescence of predecessors in
title onto the current holder of title to the property. Siegel v Renkiewicz’ Estate, 373 Mich 421,
426; 129 NW2d 876 (1964).

        We note that the word “acquiescence” appears rarely in plaintiff’s complaint, which
makes numerous allegations consistent with a claim for adverse possession, including claims
alleging continuity and openness of use. See Gorte, 202 Mich App at 170. Plaintiff’s objection
to the trial court’s discussion of the elements of adverse possession therefore seems misplaced.
In any event, were we to further construe (as we believe the trial court did) plaintiff’s complaint
as additionally alleging a claim of acquiescence, the complaint does not allege that defendant or
her predecessors in title treated the fence as the property line. To the contrary, plaintiff’s
complaint alleges that the Vincents constructed a fence in 1991 with full knowledge of where the


4
 Plaintiff has repeatedly assured this Court on appeal that her possession of the land was not
hostile and that she was not seeking to possess the land through adverse possession.


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actual property line was; in fact, the complaint alleges that the land use permit contained a
notation indicating the Vincents’ full awareness that the fence was being erected off the property
line. The complaint also alleges that, at some point between 1994 and 1996, Krupa-Miller, the
Vincent’s successor in title, “discovered” that the fence did not run along the property line. The
complaint then makes no allegations concerning whether BJD Development Corporation, Krupa-
Miller’s successor in title, treated the fence as the property line; however, plaintiff indicated at
the show cause hearing that all of defendant’s predecessors in title were aware of the actual
property line. Plaintiff’s complaint further clearly asserts that defendant did not treat the fence as
the property line; in fact, plaintiff’s complaint alleges that defendant sought to ensure that
plaintiff did not acquire the disputed property by adverse possession by asking plaintiff to
remove her affidavit filed with the Register of Deeds.

        In sum, plaintiff’s complaint does not allege that the parties or any of defendant’s
predecessors treated the fence as a property line. Indeed, it expressly asserts to the contrary for
every relevant owner of defendant’s property except BJD Development Corporation, which
according to the complaint owned the property from an unspecified date in 1996 to an
unspecified date in 2011. And as to BJD, the complaint alleges that BJD “began development of
an open space condominium in 2002” and that plaintiff filed an affidavit seeking to establish her
interest in the property that same year, thus supporting the inference that in 2002 BJD’s actions
led plaintiff to conclude that BJD also did not (or would not) equate the fence with the property
line. More importantly, plaintiff’s complaint is devoid of even a bare allegation that any party
acquiesced to, or treated, the fence as the property line. The trial court did not err by holding that
plaintiff did not state a claim for which relief could be granted, even under an acquiescence
theory.     MCR 2.116(C)(8).       Further, because a grant of summary disposition under
MCR 2.116(C)(8) is based on the legal sufficiency of the pleadings, the trial court did not err by
failing to sua sponte order an evidentiary hearing on the matter.

        A grant of summary disposition based on grounds found in MCR 2.116(C)(8) requires a
trial court to give the parties an opportunity to amend their pleadings “unless the evidence then
before the court shows that amendment would not be justified.” MCR 2.116(I)(5). A trial court
need not grant amendment if such amendment would be futile. Lane v KinderCare Learning
Centers, Inc, 231 Mich App 689, 719; 588 NW2d 715 (1998). Here, plaintiff herself stated at the
show cause hearing that all of defendant’s predecessors in title were aware that the fence did not
run along the property line. Thus, although the trial court did not address allowing plaintiff to
amend her complaint, we conclude that any amendment to allege a claim of acquiescence would
have been futile.

                                 III. DENIAL OF INJUNCTION

        Finally, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by failing to grant her request for a TRO
or preliminary injunction. We disagree. We review the trial court decision to grant or deny an
injunction for an abuse of discretion. See Freeman v Mitchell, 198 Mich 207, 210; 164 NW 445
(1917).

        An injunction may be issued by a trial court when justice requires, when the plaintiff does
not have an adequate remedy at law, and when the plaintiff is in real and imminent danger of
irreparable harm. Charter Twp of Bloomfield v Oakland Co Clerk, 253 Mich App 1, 15; 654

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NW2d 610 (2002). Again, an injunction is an equitable remedy, not an independent cause of
action. Terlecki v Stewart, 278 Mich App 644, 663; 754 NW2d 899 (2008). Thus, a plaintiff
must allege some wrongful conduct on the part of a defendant for which the requested injunction
is an appropriate remedy. Id. (Quotation marks and citation omitted). Because plaintiff’s
request for an injunction stemmed from defendant’s alleged intrusion onto her property, and
because plaintiff’s complaint did not allege a legally cognizable claim for either acquiescence or
adverse possession, equitable relief in the form of an injunction was not available and the trial
court properly denied plaintiff’s request. Id.

       Affirmed. As the prevailing party, defendant may tax costs. MCR 7.219(A).



                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                            /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                            /s/ Michael F. Gadola




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