                                     2015 IL App (1st) 141350

                                                                                   FIRST DIVISION
                                                                                      March 9, 2015


                                           No. 1-14-1350

PATRICK J. HOWE,                                              )   Appeal from the Circuit Court of
                                                              )   Cook County.
       Plaintiff- Appellant,                                  )
                                                              )
v.                                                            )   No. 13 CH 27714
                                                              )
THE RETIREMENT BOARD OF THE FIREMEN’S                         )
ANNUITY AND BENEFIT FUND OF CHICAGO,                          )
                                                              )   Honorable Kathleen M. Pantle,
       Defendant-Appellee.                                    )   Judge Presiding.

       PRESIDING JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court with opinion.
       Justices Connors and Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1     This case comes before us for a second time to review whether the defendant Retirement

Board (Board) of the Firemen’s Annuity and Benefit Fund of Chicago (FABF) properly denied

plaintiff’s application for a duty disability benefit, which plaintiff had filed pursuant to section 6-

151 of the Illinois Pension Code (Pension Code) (40 ILCS 5/6-151 (West 2010)). On our initial

review, we did not reach the merits of the underlying claim because we found the Board never

validly took final action on the application. Howe v. Retirement Board of the Firemen’s Annuity

& Benefit Fund, 2013 IL App (1st) 122446. We vacated the Board’s decision and remanded the

cause with instructions for the Board to take valid final action by conducting a proper affirmative

vote on a specific written decision. After a majority roll call adopting its written decision to

deny plaintiff a duty disability benefit, plaintiff filed a second complaint for administrative

review. The circuit court affirmed the Board’s administrative decision. For the following
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reasons, we confirm the Board’s decision and affirm the circuit court’s judgment confirming the

Board.

¶2                                     I. BACKGROUND

¶3       The underlying facts are largely uncontested and are set forth in the administrative

record. Plaintiff Patrick J. Howe became an employee of the City of Chicago (City) on June 16,

1977, and was assigned to the Chicago fire department (CFD) as a paramedic within the

department’s bureau of emergency medical services. Howe was promoted within the paramedic

ranks to the level of paramedic field chief. He remained in the field as a paramedic until 1984.

¶4       In 1984, Howe began work on a new assignment at the CFD’s training academy. In

1996, Howe accepted a CFD managerial position, commonly referred to as an “exempt rank”

position. In the new position, Howe worked on personnel and employee relations matters in the

department’s administrative services division. Howe negotiated contracts, performed grievance

resolution, and developed department examinations. Eventually, he became deputy district chief

of employee relations.

¶5       In 2002, the CFD assigned Howe to work at its headquarters located at 10 West 35th

Street in Chicago. His regular working hours in the administrative services division were from

8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. As deputy district chief of employee relations, his duties did not include

mitigating any emergency in the City nor commanding emergency incidents.

¶6       Howe also continued, however, to perform some limited paramedic duties. The CFD

stored a complete inventory of advance life support and medical response equipment at the

headquarters. Every paramedic stationed at CFD headquarters was required to respond to any

emergency medical services incident and provide care within the building or on adjacent streets.

Howe maintained his State of Illinois paramedic license and, since he never signed a form with




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the CFD that would have relieved him of an obligation to perform paramedic duties while he

served in an exempt rank capacity, he was obligated to respond to calls for emergency medical

services when so notified by the City’s office of emergency communication. Howe was not the

only paramedic stationed at CFD headquarters.           Howe often responded as a paramedic to

emergencies at headquarters or the surrounding area, but most of those times, other CFD

personnel were with him. In case of an emergency at headquarters or the surrounding area,

ambulances and fire engines from other stations were also available to respond.

¶7     Although Howe normally served from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., his duties sometimes required

him to be “on call” on a 24-hour basis. One of these on-call assignments was serving a rotation

as the CFD’s media affairs officer. In this capacity, Howe was on call for 24 hours a day for a

one-week period.

¶8     On February 25, 2002, Howe was serving as media affairs officer. After leaving CFD

headquarters at the end of his regular workday, Howe proceeded on his route home, driving his

CFD-issued vehicle southbound on the Dan Ryan Expressway (Ryan). At approximately 5 p.m.,

a call came over the CFD radio in his vehicle announcing that a man had fallen from a platform

onto the rail tracks at the train station located at 63rd Street and the Ryan.

¶9     Although Howe was not ordered by the CFD or the office of emergency management

communication to go to the scene of the incident, Howe chose to self-dispatch and exited the

Ryan at the off-ramp. According to Howe, he chose to respond because this type of an incident

“always attract[s] media attention,” and he thought it would best to respond to the dispatch. He

also chose to respond because he is a licensed paramedic and wanted “to see if [he] could help

with this patient as well.”

¶ 10   As Howe parked his vehicle outside the 63rd Street train station, a fire truck from CFD




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Engine Company 84 also pulled up. Howe grabbed a “quick response bag” (QRB) from the

trunk of his vehicle, which was stocked with emergency supplies that a paramedic would carry as

a first responder. Howe could not recall being required by the CFD to have a QRB in his

vehicle, but he did keep one in his trunk. Howe followed the firefighters from Engine 84 into the

station. He observed that no Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) personnel were present. The

CTA attendant on duty was on the railroad tracks assisting the man who had fallen.

¶ 11   Because the CTA attendant was not present to open the ticket booth or unlock the

turnstile, Howe decided to leap over the turnstile in the same manner a gymnast would leap over

a vault. He pressed his hands down on either side of the turnstile and boosted his body weight

up, throwing his legs up and over the turnstile. At that point, Howe felt a “pop” in his right

shoulder with extreme pain. According to Howe, on a scale from 1 to 10, the amount of pain he

felt “was easily a ten.” Howe suspected that he had dislocated his shoulder.

¶ 12   Howe descended the stairs to the platform. As soon as he arrived onto the platform, he

observed the firefighters of Engine Company 84 beginning the process of lifting the victim off

the tracks. By the time the victim was placed back onto the platform, a CFD ambulance had

arrived to assist. Howe did not render any medical treatment to the victim.

¶ 13   As Howe returned to his vehicle, he felt his right shoulder and arm stiffen. He called

both his wife and the fire alarm office to tell them he needed to seek treatment at the hospital for

his shoulder. The fire alarm office informed Howe that they would dispatch the appropriate

chief to the hospital to investigate the incident. Howe drove himself to Little Company of Mary

Hospital rather than call an ambulance because he “knew there was no need for [him] to tie up an

ambulance for an injured shoulder.”

¶ 14   Before his release from the hospital, Howe spoke to CFD Battalion Chief Gerald Peck,




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who had been dispatched by the fire alarm office to investigate the circumstances of the injury.

Battalion Chief Peck completed a CFD form reporting the injury, in which he assessed that the

shoulder injury Howe sustained was duty-related.

¶ 15   Howe returned to duty 8 to 10 days after sustaining the injury. He underwent physical

therapy and received steroid injections. When his shoulder failed to respond to treatment, Howe

underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test, which revealed a torn rotator cuff. The

CFD medical section referred Howe to an orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Charles Bush-Joseph.

¶ 16   On August 5, 2002, Dr. Bush-Joseph initially performed arthroscopic surgery on the

shoulder, which became open surgery because the damage was more severe than originally

diagnosed. Howe returned to duty on October 31, 2002 and continued to work at the CFD for

the next six years. His shoulder continued to bother him with increasing pain and weakness. He

received injections for the pain.

¶ 17   In 2008, Howe’s pain became much more severe and Howe returned to Dr. Bush-Joseph,

who prescribed an injection and another course of physical therapy. Shortly thereafter, Dr.

Bush-Joseph recommended a second surgical procedure. The MRI revealed no specific tear, but

did indicate bone spurs and scar tissue which required removal.

¶ 18   On December 1, 2008, Dr. Bush-Joseph performed a second surgical procedure on

Howe’s right shoulder. Howe returned to duty in March 2009. He continued to undergo

physical therapy, but the shoulder pain persisted and he did not regain his full range of motion.

Howe returned to Dr. Bush-Joseph on July 17, 2009 for an arthrogram and another MRI. Howe

needed a third surgery because of “recurrence of tearing” related to the original surgery. Dr.

Bush-Joseph referred Howe to a shoulder specialist, Dr. Gregory Nicholson. Following an

examination, Dr. Nicholson found the tear to be repairable and agreed that Howe required




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surgery.    The CFD’s independent medical examiner, Dr. Preston Wolin, agreed with the

recommendation for surgery in a report he provided to the CFD’s medical director.

¶ 19   On March 1, 2010, Dr. Nicholson performed the third surgery on Howe’s right shoulder.

Thereafter, Dr. Nicholson provided a report to the CFD stating that Howe was “ ‘at maximum

medical improvement and requires permanent restrictions. And those restrictions would be a 25-

pound lift from floor to waist.’ ” Dr. Nicholson also recommended additional limitations of a

15-pound limit from waist to chest and a 25- to 30-pound limitation on pushing and pulling. In

addition, Dr. Nicholson restricted overhead lifting.

¶ 20   According to Howe, the restrictions recommended by Dr. Nicholson prevented him from

performing all the physical requirements of a paramedic. Howe testified that he could not return

to work for the CFD unless he was able to perform all the physical duties of a paramedic.

¶ 21   On December 8, 2010, Howe signed a City “End of Employment Form,” which is

completed only if an employee is leaving City service. The form indicated that February 28,

2010 was the last day Howe worked for the CFD. His salary at the time of separation was

$137,460. The form also indicated Howe’s reason for leaving employment as “Applying for

Pension Benefits.”

¶ 22   Howe submitted his application for a duty disability benefit on December 15, 2010. Dr.

Isaac Marcos, a CFD occupational health physician, submitted a report to Dr. George Motto of

the FABF regarding Howe’s application on January 26, 2011. In his report, Dr. Marcos detailed

Howe’s injury and history of treatment. Dr. Marcos’ report noted that Howe “remains off-duty

and has exhausted all his sick and injury leave.”

¶ 23   On February 15, 2011, Dr. Motto submitted his report to the Board. Dr. Motto stated that

Howe was injured “on duty suffering a significant rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder.”




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According to Dr. Motto, Howe “never really returned to normal.” Dr. Motto noted that the

strength in Howe’s shoulder was markedly diminished to the extent that Howe was unable to lift

his own medical record. The report stated, “performing his duties as District Chief in charge of

Employee Relations was difficult and lifting relatively light materials around the office. He is at

MMI [maximum medical improvement].”

¶ 24    On March 16, 2011, Howe testified before the Board at his hearing for application for a

duty disability benefit. Under questioning from members of the Board, Howe agreed that he had

the ability to carry out the duties of his career service type and could perform his administrative

duties following his injury.

¶ 25    Although Howe worked in the employee relations section, he was required to respond to

emergencies on a regular basis when he was on call. Howe stated that in his role as a media

affairs officer, he would self-dispatch.      Howe testified that he encountered incidents while

driving his CFD vehicle many times. When asked by the Board whether he was required to

respond to those incidents, Howe replied that, as a licensed paramedic, he “had a legal obligation

to stop” if he saw an injured or ill person on the street.

¶ 26    Howe agreed that his primary responsibilities were established by his duties as deputy

chief of employee relations. Howe explained that with his particular job duties, certain things,

such as manipulating a computer mouse and other repetitive motions, become very difficult to

perform. Writing was difficult and, because he is right-hand dominant, his handwriting had

changed following his injury. However, Howe also stated, “I can do the work that I did.” Howe

specifically told the Board, “For the most part, I could do the work of Deputy Chief of Employee

Relations but I still have a restriction of being able to do what I am supposed to do.”

¶ 27    Howe testified that on the date he was injured, he responded to the incident both as a




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media affairs officer and as a licensed paramedic. Howe grabbed his QRB in his capacity as a

paramedic. The City paid for his injuries as on-duty injuries. According to Howe, “If there was

a major incident that was attracting media attention, I would self-dispatch.” Howe stated that he

self-dispatched to “thousands” of incidents.

¶ 28   Howe neither discussed possible work accommodations pursuant to the federal

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1994)) with any CFD

personnel, nor signed any CFD forms requesting such an accommodation. After Howe’s third

surgery, the CFD did not offer Howe an ADA accommodation. As deputy chief of employee

relations, however, Howe was aware of the ADA accommodations within the CFD. As a 34-

year employee of the CFD, Howe would receive the maximum allowable retirement annuity

even if he were to receive no disability-related annuity.

¶ 29   Dr. Motto testified that he reviews medical records and examines applicants as a

consultant to the FABF. Based on his review and examination of Howe, Dr. Motto concluded

that Howe could not perform his duties as a paramedic for the CFD. The examinations and

findings were solely directed to Howe’s duties as a paramedic. Dr. Motto stated that the

restrictions recommended by Dr. Nicholson would not prevent Howe from performing his

administrative duties.

¶ 30   Immediately after the last witness’s testimony concluded, the Board adopted a motion to

recess into a closed executive session. 1 The Board reconvened, whereafter a motion was made

to grant Howe’s application. The motion was seconded, but the motion lost on a two to five



1
        The motion did not, as strictly required by section 2(a) of the Illinois Open Meetings Act
(5 ILCS 120/2(a) (West 2010)), state the specific statutory exemption under which the Board
could meet in closed session. Presumably, it was to deliberate on the evidence presented before
a quasi-adjudicative body as permitted by section 2(c)(4) of the Open Meetings Act (5 ILCS
120/2(c)(4) (West 2010)).

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vote. According to the transcript, immediately after the last member voted, the chairman stated:

“Based on the Findings of Fact made by the Trustees, the Trustees have voted to deny you the

benefit you have requested. You will be notified by mail of the Findings of Fact and the Board’s

decision.”

¶ 31   No further proceedings were had on Howe’s application on that date. The Board did not

adopt, by majority affirmative vote, any motion disposing of the application. As a result, the

application was left in limbo. However, the Board issued a written decision dated the same day

as the hearing, March 16, 2011. The decision is signed only by the five board members who

voted against the motion to grant the application. The written decision found that Howe “did not

present sufficient evidence to meet his burden of proof to show that he was performing an act of

duty as defined under section 6-110 of the Illinois Pension Code [(40 ILCS 5/6-110 (West

2010))] when he injured his right shoulder on February 25, 2002.” The Board also found Howe

failed “to prove that he was injured while on duty” and “meet his burden of proof to show that he

is disabled as defined under section 6-112 of the Illinois Pension Code [(40 ILCS 5/6-112 (West

2010))].”

¶ 32   On May 6, 2011, Howe filed his complaint for administrative review in the circuit court.

Howe argued that the Board’s findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence and that

the shoulder injury he sustained was incurred in and resulting from an act of duty, but he did not

raise any issues regarding the method by which the Board adopted its written decision. Howe

sought a reversal of the Board’s determination.

¶ 33   On July 31, 2012, the circuit court issued a written opinion affirming the Board’s

decision. Howe appealed to this court and we declined to reach the merits because the Board did

not comply with section 6-178 of the Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/6-178 (West 2010)), which




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“specifically mandates an affirmative majority vote by the total membership of the board in order

to grant an applicant a duty disability benefit.” (Emphasis in original.) Howe v. Retirement

Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 2013 IL App (1st) 122446, ¶ 21. Furthermore,

the Board chairman recited that the Board had made “findings” even though the decision

containing the Board’s findings “could not have been written at that time because the last witness

had just testified.”   Id., ¶ 22.    The chairman also stated that the Board had “denied” the

application, even though the only action the Board took was to vote against a motion to grant the

application. Id. Finally, the Board did not take a valid final action under section 1 of the Open

Meetings Act (5 ILCS 120/1 (West 2010)) because no public vote was taken to approve the

written decision denying the application. Howe, 2013 IL App (1st) 122446, ¶ 32. We stated that

“[n]o public body in Illinois subject to the Open Meetings Act can take final action by merely

circulating some document for signature and not voting on it publicly.” Id. ¶ 26. We reversed

the circuit court’s judgment confirming the decision of the Board, vacated the Board’s decision

to deny Howe his application for a duty disability benefit, and instructed the Board to render a

valid final action in this cause. Id. ¶ 32.

¶ 34    A panel of the Third Division of this district recently adhered to the reasoning of Howe in

finding that the actions of the Board of Trustees of the Police Pension Fund of the Village of

Chicago Ridge failed to constitute valid final decisions on either of the plaintiffs’ applications.

See Baldermann v. Board of Trustees of the Police Pension Fund, 2015 IL App (1st) 140482, ¶

33. Emphasizing the Howe decision, the court noted that “the written decision of a public body

must be prepared and provided to each board member in advance of a board vote finally

disposing of the matter under consideration.” Id. ¶ 37.

¶ 35    On November 20, 2013, the Board conducted a proper affirmative majority vote on a




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specific written decision. The Board found that Howe did not present sufficient evidence to meet

his burden of proof to show that he was performing an act of duty as defined under section 6-110

of the Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/6-110 (West 2010)) when he injured his right shoulder.

Because Howe did not prove that his original shoulder injury was incurred in or resulted from an

act of duty, he was not entitled to a duty disability benefit under section 6-151 of the Pension

Code (40 ILCS 5/6-151 (West 2010)). The Board also denied Howe’s request for duty disability

benefits because he failed to meet his burden of proof to show that he is disabled as defined

under section 6-112 of the Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/6-112 (West 2010)). The written decision

included the signatures of the three Board members who voted in the affirmative to deny Howe’s

request for duty disability benefits.

¶ 36   Howe then filed a second complaint in administrative review in the circuit court. He

alleged that the Board’s findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence and contrary

to law. Howe asserted the Board improperly concluded that he was not engaged in an act of duty

as that term is defined by sections 6-110, 6-112, and 6-151 of the Pension Code.

¶ 37   On May 5, 2014, the circuit court issued a written order finding that the Board correctly

decided that Howe is not disabled for service in the CFD. The court noted that Howe was a

deputy district chief of employee relations and was called upon to perform only administrative

duties “and is still capable of performing those duties.” The court found “[t]he mere fact that

Howe cannot perform certain functions as a paramedic does not mean that he is disabled as

defined in section 6-112.” The court also found Howe failed to meet his burden to prove he met

the statutory definition of a disabled firefighter by showing he could not perform any assigned

duty or duties within the fire service. In addition, in the context of whether he could perform the

duties of his career service rank, Howe presented no evidence or testimony that a paramedic field




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chief has to perform the duties of a paramedic. Finally, the court found the Board correctly

determined that Howe was not performing an “act of duty” as defined by the Pension Code when

he injured his shoulder. In short, the court affirmed the Board’s administrative decision. This

appeal followed.

¶ 38                                    II. ANALYSIS

¶ 39   On appeal, Howe argues the injury to his shoulder was incurred in and resulted from an

act of duty under section 6-151 of the Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/6-151 (West 2010)). In making

this argument, Howe suggests that we should apply the same duty standards as are contained in

the Illinois Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) (820 ILCS 305/1 et seq. (West 2010)). Howe

contends he was performing an act of duty as the CFD media affairs officer when he responded

to the radio dispatch on February 25, 2002. According to Howe, the CFD enabled him to

respond to an emergency whenever the two-way radio installed in his CFD-issued vehicle

transmitted an alert signaling that the skills of a paramedic might be needed.      Howe also

challenges the Board’s finding that he could perform the administrative duties of a deputy chief

of employee relations. He asserts this finding by the Board is both clearly erroneous and

immaterial because it presupposes such a position was available to him.

¶ 40   The Board responds that Howe did not prove he was performing an “act of duty” as

defined in article 6 of the Pension Code when he injured his shoulder. The Board argues that

workers’ compensation standards do not govern CFD employees who apply for pension and

disability benefits under the Pension Code. The Board asserts Howe confuses the concept of

causation under the Act with the issue of “act of duty” as that term is defined by the Pension

Code. According to the Board, the need to provide information to the media did not require

Howe to vault over the CTA station’s turnstile. In addition, the Board argues its finding that




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Howe is not disabled is supported by the evidence. The Board maintains Howe is not entitled to

a duty-related disability benefit because he is capable of performing his assigned duties as a

deputy district chief, even if he cannot perform the duties of an active paramedic. 2

¶ 41                                  A. Standard of Review

¶ 42   Howe argues that this court should apply a de novo standard of review because this case

presents a purely legal question. According to Howe, the Board’s conclusion that his injury was

not the result of an “act of duty” is contrary to law. Howe also seeks to apply the general test of

“arising out of and in the course of employment” as applied in cases involving the Act.

¶ 43   The Administrative Review Law (5 ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 2010)) governs our

review of the Board’s decision. “The scope of our review extends to all questions of law and

fact presented by the record.” Village of Broadview v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, 402 Ill.

App. 3d 503, 505 (2010) (citing 735 ILCS 5/3-110 (West 2008)). “The applicable standard of

review depends upon whether the question presented is one of fact, one of law, or a mixed

question of fact and law.” American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees,

Council 31 v. Illinois State Labor Relations Board State Panel, 216 Ill. 2d 569, 577 (2005).

¶ 44   The Board’s findings of fact are “held to be prima facie true and correct” (735 ILCS 5/3-

110 (West 2010)) “and will be disturbed on review only if they are against the manifest weight

2
        While this matter was under advisement, the Board filed a motion to strike footnote 10 on
page 14 of Howe’s reply brief. Howe urges us to take judicial notice of a newsletter entitled
“Pension News,” a publication of the FABF, which is not part of the record, citing Department of
Human Services v. Porter, 396 Ill. App. 3d 701, 725 (2009). In Porter, however, the reviewing
court took judicial notice of an administrative decision from another case because such a
document falls within the category of readily verifiable facts. Id. “A reviewing court need not
take judicial notice of contents found in the appendix attached to a brief, but not included in the
record.” City of Chicago v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank, 346 Ill. App. 3d 609, 615 n.2 (2004).
The FABF newsletter is not a document that is part of the public record and is not instantly
verifiable and unquestionable. Although we agree the footnote should be stricken because we
cannot take judicial notice of the newsletter, we are not relying on it and, as such, we deny the
Board’s motion as moot.

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of the evidence.” Village of Broadview, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 505 (citing City of Belvidere v.

Illinois State Labor Relations Board, 181 Ill. 2d 191, 204 (1998)). The Board’s findings of fact

are against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident.

Cinkus v. Village of Stickney Municipal Officers Electoral Board, 228 Ill. 2d 200, 210 (2008)

(citing City of Belvidere, 181 Ill. 2d at 204).

¶ 45    The Board’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d at 211. An

agency’s decision on a question of law is not binding on the reviewing court and, thus, the

court’s review is independent and not deferential. Id. at 210.

¶ 46    Cases that involve mixed questions of law and fact are subject to a clearly erroneous

standard of review. AFM Messenger Service, Inc. v. Department of Employment Security, 198

Ill. 2d 380, 392 (2001). A mixed question of law and fact typically arises when “the historical

facts are not in dispute and the issue is whether the established facts satisfy the statutory

standard.” Village of Hazel Crest v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, 385 Ill. App. 3d 109, 113

(2008). An agency’s decision is clearly erroneous “only where the reviewing court, on the entire

record, is ‘left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’ ” AFM

Messenger, 198 Ill. 2d at 395 (quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364,

395 (1948)).

¶ 47    Based on the record before us, the parties are not disputing the facts of this case and the

issues to be resolved involve whether the established facts satisfy the statutory standard in the

Pension Code. Accordingly, we review the Board’s decision under a clearly erroneous standard

of review. AFM Messenger, 198 Ill. 2d at 392, 395; Village of Hazel Crest, 385 Ill. App. 3d at

113. See also Rokosik v. Retirement Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 374 Ill.

App. 3d 158, 166 (2007) (applying clearly erroneous standard).




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¶ 48                 B. Whether the Injury Resulted From An Act of Duty

¶ 49   Turning to the merits, Howe argues that his injury was incurred in and resulted from an

act of duty. Howe insists the applicable standard under the Pension Code should be the same

general test of “ ‘arising out of and in the course of employment,’ applied in workers’

compensation cases,” quoting Wilfert v. Retirement Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit

Fund, 263 Ill. App. 3d 539, 544 (1994). Howe asserts the CFD anticipated and enabled his

response to emergency calls at any time, and cites numerous Illinois cases applying the Act for

injuries sustained traveling to or from the workplace. Howe contends he was injured while

serving as a CFD media affairs officer because a man falling on the CTA tracks was a

newsworthy event. As such, he was “engaged in an ‘act imposed on an active fireman *** by

the rules or regulations of’ the CFD, which is how an ‘act of duty’ is defined by the third

disjunctive clause of § 6-110 of the Pension Code.” Howe also asserts he was injured in an act

of duty because he responded to the incident as a paramedic by removing his QRB from the

trunk and bringing it to the scene. According to Howe, he detoured from his trip home to render

the type of assistance that he was certified to perform as a CFD paramedic.

¶ 50   The Board responds that, instead of focusing on the plain language of the relevant section

of the Pension Code that defines “act of duty,” Howe attempts to divert this court’s attention to

cases applying the Act that do not govern CFD employees who apply for pension and disability

benefits under the Pension Code. The Board points out that the Act does not include a definition

of “act of duty.” In addition, the Board argues that Howe confuses the concept of causation

under the Act with the issue of “act of duty.” The Board notes that the parties do not dispute

Howe was injured on February 25, 2002 and, thus, there is no causation issue in this case. In

sum, the Board argues that Howe was not injured while performing an act of duty.




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¶ 51   Section 6-151 of the Pension Code provides in pertinent part:

               “An active fireman who is or becomes disabled on or after the

               effective date as the result of a specific injury, or of cumulative

               injuries, or of specific sickness incurred in or resulting from an act

               or acts of duty, shall have the right to receive duty disability

               benefit during any period of such disability for which he does not

               receive or have a right to receive salary, equal to 75% of his salary

               at the time the disability is allowed.” 40 ILCS 5/6-151 (West

               2010).

The Pension Code defines an act of duty as follows:

               “Any act imposed on an active fireman by the ordinances of a city,

               or by the rules or regulations of its fire department, or any act

               performed by an active fireman while on duty, having for its direct

               purpose the saving of the life or property of another person.” 40

               ILCS 5/6-110 (West 2010).

The Pension Code defines “disability” as “[a] condition of physical or mental incapacity to

perform any assigned duty or duties in the fire service.” 40 ILCS 5/6-112 (West 2010).

¶ 52   The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the

legislature’s intent, and the plain language of the statute is the best indication of that intent.

Acme Markets, Inc. v. Callanan, 236 Ill. 2d 29, 37-38 (2009). “The best evidence of legislative

intent is the language used in the statute itself, which must be given its plain and ordinary

meaning.” Roselle Police Pension Board v. Village of Roselle, 232 Ill. 2d 546, 552 (2009). “The

statute should be evaluated as a whole, with each provision construed in connection with every




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other section.” Id. If the statutory language at issue is clear and unambiguous, a reviewing court

must interpret the statute according to its terms without resorting to aids of statutory

construction. Branson v. Department of Revenue, 168 Ill. 2d 247, 254 (1995).

¶ 53            1. Applicability of the Workers’ Compensation Act to This Case

¶ 54   Howe maintains Wilfert and additional Illinois authority support his contention that the

Act must guide our interpretation of the phrase, “act of duty,” instead of the Pension Code.

According to Howe, the “act of duty” and “line of duty” standards for first responders are

synonymous with the Act’s causation test. The four cases upon which Howe relies, Wilfert,

Mabie v. Village of Schaumburg, 364 Ill. App. 3d 756 (2006), Luchesi v. Retirement Board of the

Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 333 Ill. App. 3d 543 (2002), and O’Callaghan v. Retirement

Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 302 Ill. App. 3d 579 (1998), however, are each

distinguishable from this case.

¶ 55   In Wilfert, the plaintiff appealed the Board’s decision to deny him duty disability benefits

after he suffered a reinjury from participating in “ ‘work hardening’ ” training. Wilfert, 263 Ill.

App. 3d at 540, 542. The appeal, however, was limited solely to the issue of causation because

there was a question of whether the injury was the plaintiff’s sole cause of his disability. Id. at

543. The Wilfert court noted that article 6 of the Pension Code “serves an equivalent purpose to

the objectives of workers’ compensation” and is to be liberally construed in favor of the

applicant to achieve that beneficent purpose. Id. at 542-43 (citing Kozak v. Retirement Board of

the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 95 Ill. 2d 211, 217 (1983)). Although the term “act of

duty” has a specific statutory definition in the Pension Code, the Wilfert court concluded that

“the broader phrase ‘incurred in or resulting from an act or acts of duty’ that appears in section

6-151 [citation] should be interpreted similarly to the phrases quoted from the Workers’




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Compensation Act in Unger [v. Continental Assurance Co., 107 Ill. 2d 79 (1985)].” (Emphasis

in original.) Id. at 544. As a result, the reviewing court found the plaintiff presented a prima

facie case that the injury was a cause of his disability and that he aggravated a preexisting injury

as the result of an act or acts of duty. Id. at 545-46.

¶ 56    This case is distinguishable from Wilfert for two reasons. First, causation, an issue of fact

determined by the Board (Marconi v. Chicago Heights Police Pension Board, 225 Ill. 2d 497,

534-36 (2006)), is not in dispute. We know causation is not at issue because Howe specifically

requested de novo review and acknowledged in his opening brief that “the occurrence facts are

admitted or established.” The injury was caused by Howe attempting to vault a CTA turnstile.

Second, and more significantly, Wilfert did not involve an examination of whether the plaintiff

met his burden of proving his injury occurred as the result of an act of duty as defined by the

Pension Code. Our legislature set forth a specific definition of what constitutes an act of duty in

article 6 of the Pension Code. “It is well established that when a statute defines the terms it uses,

those terms must be construed according to the definitions contained in the act.” State Farm

Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Universal Underwriters Group, 182 Ill. 2d 240, 244 (1998).

If the statutory language at issue is clear and unambiguous, a reviewing court must interpret the

statute according to its terms without resorting to aids of statutory construction. Branson, 168

Ill. 2d at 254. The plain language of section 6-110 makes clear that the legislature only intended

duty disability benefits to be paid to those “active firem[e]n” that were engaged in specific acts

as delineated by the statute. 40 ILCS 5/6-110 (West 2010). Accordingly, our focus remains on

whether Howe’s injury occurred as the result of an act of duty as specifically defined by section

6-110 of the Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/6-110 (West 2010)). Thus, Wilfert is inapplicable.

¶ 57    In Mabie, the plaintiff, a full-time firefighter who sustained injury from falling down the




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fire station stairs on his way to roll call, was awarded workers’ compensation for his injury by an

arbitrator. Mabie, 364 Ill. App. 3d at 757. The Village of Schaumburg (Village) eventually

settled the workers’ compensation claim with the plaintiff, after which he filed a complaint for

injunctive relief pursuant to the Public Employee Disability Act (PEDA) (5 ILCS 345/0.01 et

seq. (West 2000)). The plaintiff sought an order directing the Village to reinstate his sick leave

and vacation benefits. “Under PEDA, a firefighter who suffers an injury >in the line of duty’

shall continue to be paid by his employer on the same basis as before his injury, with no

deduction from sick leave credits, overtime accumulation, or vacation.” Mabie, 364 Ill. App. 3d

at 757 (quoting 5 ILCS 345/1 (West 2000)). The Village moved to dismiss the plaintiff’s claim,

alleging he waived his right to ask for additional benefits outside the settlement agreement. The

circuit court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint.

¶ 58   On appeal, this court reversed and remanded the circuit court’s decision in an

unpublished order, finding the plaintiff could not have waived his claim under PEDA and that

the settlement agreement did not have any res judicata effect on that claim. On remand, the

plaintiff moved for summary judgment, arguing he suffered an injury in the line of duty that was

compensable under PEDA and that the Village was barred from challenging the cause of his

disability and its legal effect based on res judicata or collateral estoppel. The circuit court

granted the plaintiff’s summary judgment motion based on the doctrine of collateral estoppel.

¶ 59   In the second appeal, the Mabie court noted, “[b]ecause there is no definition of ‘line of

duty’ in PEDA, and no cases directly on point, the parties rely on cases comparing workers’

compensation claims with line-of-duty disability pension claims.” Id. at 758. The court found

“no meaningful difference between the ‘line of duty’ standard in PEDA and the causation test in

workers’ compensation claimsBthat the injury ‘arose out of and in the course of employment.’ ”




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Id. at 761. According to the court, there was no reason to require a firefighter to provide

different proof that he was injured in the line of duty under PEDA than he would in a “line-of-

duty” pension case. Id. The court held the Village was collaterally estopped from relitigating

the issue of causation based on the finding in the workers’ compensation claim that the plaintiff’s

injury arose out of the course of his employment. Id.

¶ 60   The Mabie decision is distinguishable because the court did not assess whether the

plaintiff sustained his injury as the result of an act of duty as defined by the Pension Code.

Notably, the Mabie court applied the reasoning in workers’ compensation cases because there

was no statutory definition for “line of duty” in PEDA. Here, the Pension Code clearly defines

“act of duty” and provides this court with a legislative guideline to determine whether to award a

duty disability benefit.

¶ 61   The plaintiff in Luchesi suffered a shoulder injury when he fell while attempting to move

a ladder from a fire truck. The plaintiff suffered a partial tear of the rotator cuff, among other

injuries. Prior to undergoing surgery, the plaintiff was referred for physical therapy. Despite his

continuing efforts in therapy, the shoulder did not heal and required surgery. Following surgery,

the plaintiff began a new course of physical therapy, but he attended only three sessions. The

plaintiff refused further medical treatment despite the surgeon’s prescription for an extended

course of physical therapy. The CFD terminated the plaintiff’s employment because he missed

medical appointments. Thereafter, the plaintiff applied for duty disability benefits pursuant to

section 6-151 of the Pension Code. The Board concluded that the plaintiff failed to meet his

burden of proving that “ ‘his disability was the result of a specific injury result from an act or

acts of duty.’ ” Luchesi, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 547. The circuit court reversed the Board’s decision.

It found the Board made erroneous findings of fact and specifically held that section 6-151 of the




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Pension Code did not disqualify an applicant from receiving benefits if he failed to attend every

medical appointment. Id. at 547-48.

¶ 62   On appeal, the Luchesi court stated that the plaintiff “must prove only that the duty-

related accident is a causative factor contributing to [his] disability.” Id. at 550. Similar to

Wilfert, causation of injury remained in dispute. The Luchesi court noted that “[c]ourts have

interpreted the causal test under the [Pension] Code as similar to the test under the Act.” Id. at

551. Finding that the circuit court correctly reversed the Board’s decision, the Luchesi court

explained the difference between the Pension Code and the Act regarding the reduction of

benefits for refusal of medical treatment:

               “While [section 19(d)] of the Act authorizes the reduction or

               suspension of benefits based on the refusal of medical care, the Act

               does not authorize denial of benefits for any injury arising out of

               employment. The [Pension] Code includes no parallel to section

               19(d) of the Act. Neither the Act nor the [Pension] Code permits

               denial of benefits for failure to get medical careBas long as the

               injury or disability results from acts in the course of employment.”

               Id.

The plaintiff’s failure to follow through with physical therapy did not warrant the denial of

compensation because the evidence did not show that his refusal of treatment constituted the sole

cause of his condition.     Id. at 554.      “The Act authorizes the reduction or suspension of

compensation when the claimant unreasonably refuses medical treatment, but the [Pension] Code

does not authorize such a reduction or suspension of benefits.        From the use of different

provisions we must presume that the legislature intended different results to follow.” Id. The




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court concluded, “In accord with the legislative intent to provide greater protection for police

officers and firefighters, we hold that absent proof that [the plaintiff] would have fully recovered

if he had all recommended treatment, his refusal of treatment does not justify any reduction in

benefits under the [Pension] Code.” Id. at 555.

¶ 63   The decision in Luchesi likewise is distinguishable from this case. The Luchesi court

conducted its analysis with the conclusion that the injury was duty-related. Id. at 550. The court

did not assess whether the plaintiff sustained his injury while in an act of duty as defined by the

Pension Code. Furthermore, no comparable legislative guideline for reduction or denial of

benefits was included in the Pension Code, which led the court to rely on section 19(d) of the Act

in its determination. We do not have the same disadvantage, as the Pension Code defines “act of

duty” and, thus, Luchesi is inapplicable.

¶ 64   The O’Callaghan case is instructive as it applies the specific definition of “act of duty”

from the Pension Code. There, the plaintiff candidate firefighter sustained a knee injury while

performing training drills during a mandatory CFD course. Following surgery, the plaintiff did

not return to work and applied for duty disability benefits pursuant to section 6-151 of the

Pension Code. The Board denied the plaintiff’s application for duty disability benefits “ ‘for the

reason that there is not sufficient evidence to substantiate that you are disabled as a result of an

act or acts of duty.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) O’Callaghan, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 582. The circuit

court confirmed the Board’s decision.

¶ 65   In its decision denying benefits, the O’Callaghan court specifically applied section 6-110

to the facts surrounding the plaintiff’s injury. The court noted that the CFD hired the plaintiff

and that he was an active firefighter at the time of his injury. Applying section 6-110, the court

stated CFD regulations “require all candidate firefighters to complete the training course before




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obtaining a position at a fire station.” Id. at 583. The court also applied Wilfert as part of its

analysis, stating that “the knee injury he sustained was an act ‘arising out of and in the course of

the employment’ ” under the Act. Id.

¶ 66   Although the O’Callaghan court applied both section 6-110 and the Act in its analysis,

there is no Illinois authority that specifically requires us to apply the Act in determining whether

a plaintiff firefighter or paramedic sustained injury as the result of an act of duty. We follow the

legislative mandate and apply section 6-110 of the Pension Code, as it is directly applicable to

this case. See Branson, 168 Ill. 2d at 254 (if the statutory language at issue is clear and

unambiguous, a reviewing court must interpret the statute according to its terms without

resorting to aids of statutory construction).

¶ 67            2. Howe’s Response as Media Affairs Officer Under Section 6-110

¶ 68   Section 6-110 of the Pension Code codifies the legislative intent to define an “act of

duty” as: “(1) any act imposed on an active fireman by the ordinances of a city; (2) any act

imposed on an active fireman by the rules or regulations of a city’s fire department; or (3) any

act performed by an active fireman while on duty, having for its direct purpose the saving of the

life or property of another person.” O’Callaghan, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 583. The legislature

intended duty disability benefits be awarded to firefighters or paramedics for these specific acts.

We agree with the Board’s finding that, under section 6-110, Howe failed to present sufficient

evidence to establish he sustained his injury as the result of an act of duty while he served as a

media affairs officer on February 25, 2002.

¶ 69   Howe testified he was on his way home and, therefore, not actively engaged in CFD

work, when he voluntarily chose to respond to the CFD radio announcement that a man had

fallen onto the rail tracks at the 63rd Street CTA station. Howe presented no evidence to the




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Board that, as a media affairs officer, he was compelled by City ordinance to self-dispatch to the

63rd Street CTA station. Howe stated in his reply brief that section 2-36-040 of the Chicago

Municipal Code, which confers on the fire commissioner the “management and control of all

matters and things pertaining to the fire department and of all the persons employed therein”

supports his position. Chicago Municipal Code § 2-36-040. Howe argues the Commissioner

alone cannot personally direct all 5,000 members of the CFD and that he must delegate that

authority to subordinates. This portion of the Municipal Code, however, does not specifically

require the media affairs officer to self-dispatch to an emergency the same way the CFD

regulations required the plaintiff in O’Callaghan “to complete the training course before

obtaining a position at a fire station.” O’Callaghan, 302 Ill. App. 3d at 583. Howe presented no

evidence of CFD rules or regulations that required him to self-dispatch to the scene of the

incident.

¶ 70   Finally, Howe testified before the Board that he self-dispatched because Athere was a

major incident that was attracting media attention,” not for purposes of saving the life of another

person. Though he brought his QRB with him into the CTA station, he presented no evidence

that the CFD required him to bring it with him in his capacity as a media affairs officer. Howe

presented no evidence to the Board that he was required to respond as a paramedic outside the

immediate vicinity of CFD headquarters while on call as a media affairs officer. Therefore, we

find the Board correctly determined Howe was not injured as a result of an act of duty under

section 6-110 in his role as media affairs officer.

¶ 71                 3. Howe’s Response as Paramedic Under Section 6-110

¶ 72   Howe testified that he also responded to the scene of the incident in his capacity as a

paramedic. Howe told the Board he had a legal obligation as a licensed paramedic to stop and




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help injured persons, 3 but presented no evidence of a statute or regulation requiring him to do so.

In addition, while Howe testified he was also responding as a paramedic, the evidence is clear

that he was off duty and driving home. Pursuant to section 6-110, we find Howe did not sustain

injury as a result of an act of duty while responding as a paramedic to the incident.

¶ 73        C. Capacity to Perform Any Assigned Duty or Duties Under Section 6-112

¶ 74    Howe argues that, following his injury, he was physically unable to perform the duties of

a paramedic. Howe also points to Dr. Motto’s testimony that his injury also hampered his ability

to perform his exempt rank duties as deputy district chief of employee relations. Howe asserts

he is required to maintain his dual capacity role as paramedic and deputy district chief to respond

to calls for emergency medical services when so notified by the fire alarm office. In addition,

Howe contends that the Board simply assumed the position of deputy district chief of employee

relations was still available to him because a deputy district chief position is an exempt rank

position and considered temporary. Howe claims his career service rank remained as paramedic

field chief, not deputy district chief and, therefore, he should be found disabled under the

definition of section 6-112 as a paramedic. Howe also argues the CFD never offered him an

ADA accommodation by allowing him to refrain from performing paramedic duties and remain a

deputy district chief.

¶ 75    The decision in Payne v. Retirement Board of the Firemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund,



3
        In contrast, police officers are often considered to be “on duty” constantly so as to require
them to respond to any criminal incident which occurs in their presence. See Garner v. City of
Chicago, 319 Ill. App. 3d 255, 262-63 (2001) (A police officer “ ‘is always obligated to attempt
to prevent the commission of crime in his presence,’ ” and “ ‘any action taken by him toward
that end, even in his official off-duty hours, falls within the performance of his duties as a police
officer.’ ” (quoting Banks v. City of Chicago, 11 Ill. App. 3d 543, 550 (1973))); see also Harroun
v. Addison Police Pension Board, 372 Ill. App. 3d 260, 264 (2007) (finding a police officer,
although off-duty, performed an “act of duty” in attempting to apprehend a person he observed
trying to break into his neighbor’s home).

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2012 IL App (1st) 112435, cited by Howe in support of his argument, is helpful on this point.

There, the plaintiff firefighter injured his shoulder while falling from a ladder during a CFD

training exercise. Just like Howe, the plaintiff in Payne tore his rotator cuff. He applied for duty

disability benefits pursuant to section 6-151 of the Pension Code. At the time of his injury, the

plaintiff served as a deputy district chief, which included witnessing drills, administrative duties,

responding to fires, and “ ‘manpower.’ ” Payne, 2012 IL App (1st) 112435, & 20. A deputy

district chief in the plaintiff’s position can choose whether to respond to fires or can also be

called to respond to fires. The plaintiff acknowledged that the role of a deputy district chief is

“supervisory.” Id. & 23. In the Payne hearing, Dr. Motto testified that the plaintiff could

perform the functions of a deputy district chief and that the plaintiff had told him he could

perform the administrative and supervisory duties of his job. Dr. Motto also stated that the

plaintiff could not be a firefighter paramedic following his injury. The Board voted to deny the

plaintiff duty disability benefits. The Board found “it is more likely than not that [the plaintiff]

can perform his assigned duties as a [deputy district chief] with the current condition of his right

shoulder.” The circuit court confirmed the Board’s decision.

¶ 76   The Payne court agreed with the Board and concluded that the plaintiff could perform the

duties of deputy district chief in his condition. Id. & 46. The plaintiff did not present any

evidence, except his own testimony, to suggest that a deputy district chief must be able to

perform every function of an active firefighter in order to be a deputy district chief. Id. & 48.

The Payne court specifically noted that “a person is not entitled to disability ‘solely by reason of

the fact he is no longer able to perform the duties of a firefighter.’ ” Id. & 50 (quoting Peterson

v. Board of Trustees of the Firemen’s Pension Fund, 54 Ill. 2d 260, 264 (1973)). “[A] plaintiff

must show that he is incapable of performing ‘any’ assigned duty with the fire department.” Id.




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(citing 40 ILCS 5/6-112 (West 2008)); see also Kouzoukas v. Retirement Board of the

Policemen’s Annuity & Benefit Fund, 234 Ill. 2d 446, 469 (2009) (A person who cannot return to

full firefighter duties still may not be disabled within the meaning of the Pension Code “if a

position is made available to her which can be performed by a person with her physical

disability.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) (citing Peterson, 54 Ill. 2d at 263-65)).

¶ 77   In this case, there is no evidence to suggest that Howe, with his current physical

limitation, would be unable to perform the function of a deputy district chief. Dr. Motto testified

that Howe is capable of performing administrative duties. Howe acknowledged that he “could

do the work of Deputy Chief of Employee Relations.” He specifically stated, “I can do the work

that I did.” The mere fact that he has a physical limitation that prevents him from performing

paramedic duties is not determinative of the issue of whether he is disabled as defined by section

6-112 of the Pension Code. Howe did not present evidence to show that he is required to

respond to emergencies as a deputy district chief. Howe presented no evidence establishing that

a paramedic field chief is required to perform the duties of a paramedic. There is no evidence

the CFD sought to terminate Howe because of his injury or because he could not perform the

duties of a paramedic field chief. In addition, there is no evidence the CFD threatened to remove

Howe from his position as deputy district chief of employee relations or that the CFD failed to

make available a position to Howe that he could perform which would allow him to continue his

employment with the CFD.

¶ 78   “It is the duty of the court to enforce the law as enacted according to its plain and

unmistakable provisions.” Peterson, 54 Ill. 2d at 264. Our supreme court recognized that duty

disability benefits are warranted under the Pension Code only when the facts establish the injury

necessitated the retirement of the firefighter from service:




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              “The legislature could have provided pensions for fire fighters or

              other full-time appointed employees of the fire department who are

              no longer capable of performing the duties of their positions

              because of physical incapacity. It did not do so. We cannot now

              alter the plain language of the statute and through judicial

              construction incorporate such a provision in the Code.” Id. at 264-

              65.

¶ 79   In short, Howe did not meet his burden of proving he is incapable of performing any

assigned duty with the CFD. 40 ILCS 5/6-112 (West 2010). We find the Board correctly ruled

Howe failed to meet his burden of proof to show that he is disabled as defined under section 6-

112 of Pension Code.

¶ 80                                  III. CONCLUSION

¶ 81   We confirm the decision of the Board denying Howe duty disability benefits and affirm

the circuit court’s judgment confirming the Board.

¶ 82   Affirmed.




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