
COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
 
NO. 2-02-298-CV
 
  
IN THE INTEREST OF D.D.J.
  
 
  
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FROM THE 231ST 
DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
 
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OPINION
 
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        Appellant 
C.J., an inmate acting pro se, appeals from the trial court’s final order 
modifying the parent-child relationship and confirming child support arrearages. 
He raises eight issues on appeal. We reverse and remand.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
        Appellant 
and D.J. are the parents of D.D.J., who was born in 1997. Appellant and D.J. 
were divorced in 1998. In the divorce decree, the trial court appointed D.J. as 
D.D.J.’s joint managing conservator with exclusive right to determine 
D.D.J.’s primary residence and Appellant as D.D.J.’s joint managing 
conservator. The decree also contained a standard possession order. 
Additionally, the court ordered that Appellant pay $450 per month in child 
support beginning on December 15, 1998 and $85 per month for D.D.J.’s health 
care as additional child support. The court ordered Appellant’s employers to 
withhold these sums from his earnings.
        In 
December 2000, D.J. filed a motion for enforcement of the child support 
provisions in the 1998 divorce decree, alleging that, while Appellant had met 
his $535 monthly child support obligation from December 1998 to December 1999, 
he had fallen into arrears with respect to the payments due between January 2000 
and December 2000. For reasons not apparent from the record, however, on January 
9, 2001, D.J. filed a motion to dismiss with prejudice her motion for 
enforcement. On the same day, the trial court signed an order that dismissed 
D.J.’s motion for enforcement and ordered that “the records of the Tarrant 
County Child Support Office be amended to reflect that no arrearage is owed by 
[Appellant to D.J.] as of the date of this Order.”
        Additionally, 
because D.J. planned to move to California with D.D.J., she and Appellant 
presented to the court an agreed order modifying some of the terms of their 
divorce decree, which the court also signed on January 9, 2001. Under the terms 
of the agreed order, D.J. was allowed to establish D.D.J.’s primary residence 
without regard to geographic location. The order stated the trial court’s 
findings that D.J. intended to move to California and that Appellant had agreed 
to this change and to bearing the costs of travel to exercise his rights of 
visitation of and access to D.D.J. Moreover, acting in accordance with D.J.’s 
and Appellant’s agreement, the court suspended the prior order for periodic 
child support payments and ordered that Appellant did not owe D.J. any child 
support payments “at this time or until further order of this Court.”
        On 
May 17, 2001, D.J. filed a petition to modify the parent-child relationship and 
a motion to confirm child support arrearage. D.J. maintained that, because 
Appellant had not come to visit D.D.J. in California, and therefore had not 
incurred such transportation costs, the court should modify the January 9, 2001 
agreed order by resuming the previously-suspended periodic child support 
payments. D.J. also alleged that Appellant had failed to pay for a portion of 
D.D.J.’s health care and requested that the court confirm the arrearages and 
enter a judgment for the arrearages and interest. In an amended pleading, 
Appellant requested a temporary order concerning conservatorship of D.D.J., 
child support, health insurance premiums, and uninsured medical expenses while 
the case was pending.
        Meanwhile, 
at a time not provided in the record, Appellant was sentenced to seven years’ 
imprisonment for a drug possession offense. On September 21, 2001, the trial 
court approved an associate judge’s report for modification and ordered 
temporary relief, which modified the December 1998 decree and the January 2001 
agreed order.1  The court modified those two 
orders in three respects: (1) D.J. was appointed as D.D.J.’s sole managing 
conservator; (2) Appellant’s possession of D.D.J. was to be agreed upon in 
advance between the parties, supervised by D.J. or either party’s parents, and 
was conditioned upon Appellant passing any random drug or alcohol screening 
requested by family court services; and (3) Appellant was again required to pay 
$450 per month in child support beginning on October 1, 2001. The trial 
court’s order stated that medical insurance on D.D.J. would be provided by 
D.J., the insurance cost would be paid by Appellant, and excess health care 
costs would be paid equally by the parties. Thus, while the court specifically 
reinstated the $450 per month periodic payment, it did not specifically 
reinstate the $85 per month periodic payment, which was originally in the 1998 
divorce decree.
        In 
2002, D.J. amended her petition to modify the parent-child relationship and to 
confirm child support arrearages.2  In her 
petition, D.J. alleged that “[Appellant] ha[d] had a significant history of 
alcohol or drug abuse since rendition of the order to be modified” and that he 
had been sentenced to seven years’ confinement for the offense of possession 
of a controlled substance with an intent to deliver.  D.J. again requested 
that the court appoint her as the sole managing conservator of D.D.J. and modify 
the rights and duties of the parties in relation to D.D.J.  She asked the 
court to order Appellant to resume making previously suspended child support 
payments to her in the amount of $450 a month. D.J. also asked the court to 
determine the amount of child support Appellant owed her for past due payments 
and to enter a judgment for the arrearages with interest.  Additionally, 
she requested that Appellant pay her attorney’s fees and court costs.
        In 
response, Appellant filed a general denial on July 3, 2002 and requested the 
appointment of an attorney because he did not own sufficient assets to hire a 
lawyer and because he was incarcerated. The trial court denied Appellant’s 
request for an appointed attorney, advising him that the case did not involve 
the termination of his parental rights. The court set the case for a final 
hearing to be held on August 12, 2002.
        Because 
Appellant was not represented by an attorney and was incarcerated, on July 24, 
2002, Appellant filed a motion for a bench warrant to attend the final hearing 
or, alternatively, to participate by teleconference or other alternative means. 
As we discuss more fully below, the trial court expressly denied Appellant’s 
request for a bench warrant. Then, on August 12, 2002, Appellant filed a 
document titled “[Appellant’s] Response and Objections to [D.J’s] Third 
Amended Petition to Modify Parent Child Relationship and Motion to Confirm Child 
Support Arrearage.” Appellant argued against the modifications requested by 
D.J., and he attached a document, signed by both himself and D.J., indicating 
that he had paid $2,100 in child support to D.J. in 2002. He also attached 
several support letters from friends and family.
        The 
court conducted the final hearing as scheduled on August 12, 2002. D.J. briefly 
testified about each of her requests, but she offered no other evidence in 
support of her claims.3  Appellant did not 
participate, other than by his pleadings on file, which the court stated on the 
record that it had reviewed. On the same day that it heard D.J.’s testimony, 
the trial court granted all of D.J.’s requested modifications and signed a 
judgment against Appellant totaling $7,765.62 with interest for child support 
arrearages, accrued interest, attorney’s fees, and costs.
II. Issues
        Appellant 
enumerates eight issues in his brief. We construe his brief liberally as raising 
two main challenges: (1) that the trial court abused its discretion in denying 
his motion for a bench warrant or, alternatively, by failing to consider other 
effective means of participation, and (2) that the trial court abused its 
discretion by modifying the parent-child relationship with D.D.J. and in 
confirming child support arrearages.4  
Appellant also complains about the award of attorneys’ fees.
        In 
essence, Appellant argues that he should have been allowed the opportunity to 
participate in person or by other effective means at the August 12 hearing and 
that his inability to participate prevented him from rebutting what he 
characterizes as D.J.’s “conclusory and self serving” testimony or from 
presenting evidence in support of his position.  Consequently, Appellant 
maintains that the scant evidence presented at the modification proceeding, 
comprised solely of D.J.’s testimony, is insufficient to support the trial 
court’s modification order, the confirmation of arrearages, and the award of 
attorney’s fees.
        This 
case demonstrates some of the issues that can arise when an incarcerated parent 
is brought into a lawsuit as a defendant in a petition seeking modification of 
the parent-child relationship and confirmation of child support 
arrearages.  Because most of the decisions affecting incarcerated parents 
who are involved in a modification proceeding lie within the discretion of the 
trial court and because the Texas Legislature has provided little guidance in 
the family code regarding modification proceedings involving incarcerated 
parents, a trial court faces the difficult task of acting within its discretion 
not only in providing for the best interest of the affected child(ren), but also 
in ensuring and maintaining the integrity of the adversarial process.  See
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.401(d) (Vernon Supp. 
2004) (recognizing release from incarceration to be a material and substantial 
change in circumstances); Norris v. Norris, 56 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tex. 
App.—El Paso 2001, no pet.) (noting “[m]ost of the appealable issues in a 
family law case are evaluated against an abuse of discretion standard”); see 
also Frank J. Wozniak, Annotation, Loss of Income Due to Incarceration as 
Affecting Child Support Obligation, 27 A.L.R.5th 540 (1995 & 
Supp. 2003) (discussing varying approaches taken by jurisdictions concerning 
incarcerated parents’ child support obligations); Jack W. Marr, 22 Representing 
Clients with Special Needs, State Bar of Texas Advanced Family Law Course, ch. 22, 14-19 (2000) (available 
by subscription at http://www.texasbarcle.com/publications/ArticleArchives.asp); 
Jessica Pearson, Building Debt While Doing Time: Child Support and 
Incarceration, Judge’s J., Winter 2004, at 4-11.
III. Access to Court
        In 
his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in 
denying his request for a bench warrant or, alternatively, by failing to 
consider his request to participate through other effective means. We review a 
trial court’s ruling on a bench warrant request for an abuse of discretion. In 
re Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 163, 165 (Tex. 2003). A trial court abuses its 
discretion if it acts arbitrarily and unreasonably or without reference to 
guiding principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 
241-42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1159 (1986). When reviewing 
matters committed to the trial court’s discretion, we may not substitute our 
own judgment for that of the trial court. Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 
79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002).
        On 
July 24, 2002, Appellant filed a “Motion for Bench Warrant to Final Hearing or 
in the Alternative Motion for Hearing by Tele-Conference with Supporting 
Affidavit and Brief.”  Appellant, citing pertinent case law, requested 
that the court allow him to appear personally and that, in the event the court 
determined he should not appear in person, it permit him “to proceed by 
affidavit, disposition [sic], telephone, video-conference, or other effective 
means.” On July 25, 2002, the court signed an order stating that upon 
consideration of Appellant’s request for appearance at the August 12 hearing, 
the motion was denied. Additionally, at the conclusion of the August 12 hearing, 
the trial court reiterated on the record in open court that it had previously 
denied Appellant’s request for a bench warrant.  The court stated that it 
had examined the file, the history of the case, Appellant’s conviction and 
period of incarceration, the security interests and costs of bringing Appellant 
to court, and the likely result of the hearing.  The trial court then 
confirmed that “the request for a bench warrant is denied.”
        In 
Z.L.T., the Supreme Court of Texas recently discussed the 
well-established law governing inmate bench warrant requests. 124 S.W.3d at 
165-66.  While an inmate, whether a plaintiff or a defendant in a civil 
action, does not have an automatic right to appear personally in court, he or 
she likewise does not automatically lose the right to access the courts by 
virtue of being incarcerated.  Id. at 165; see Hudson v. 
Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 523, 104 S. Ct. 3194, 3198 (1984); In re Marriage 
of Daugherty, 42 S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no pet.); Zuniga 
v. Zuniga, 13 S.W.3d 798, 801 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.), disapproved 
in part on other grounds by Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d at 166; Birdo v. 
Holbrook, 775 S.W.2d 411, 414 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1989, writ denied); see 
also Jay M. Zitter, Annotation, State Prisoner’s Right to Personally 
Appear at Civil Trial to Which He Is a Party-State Court Cases, 82 A.L.R.4th 
1063 (1990 & Supp. 2004) (discussing inmates’ access-to-court issues). 
When deciding whether an inmate is entitled to appear in person, “the 
inmate’s right of access to the courts must be weighed against the protection 
of our correctional system’s integrity.” Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d at 165.
        Following 
Stone v. Morris, 546 F.2d 730, 735-36 (7th Cir. 1976), courts 
of appeals in Texas “have recognized a variety of factors that trial courts 
should consider when deciding whether to grant an inmate’s request for a bench 
warrant”: (1) the cost and inconvenience of transporting the inmate to court; 
(2) the security risk and potential danger to the court and the public of 
allowing the inmate to attend court; (3) whether the inmate’s claims are 
substantial; (4) whether a determination of the matter can reasonably be delayed 
until the inmate is released; (5) whether the inmate can and will offer 
admissible, noncumulative testimony that cannot be offered effectively by 
deposition, telephone, or otherwise; (6) whether the inmate’s presence is 
important in judging his demeanor and credibility compared with that of other 
witnesses; (7) whether the trial is to the court or to a jury; and (8) the 
inmate’s probability of success on the merits.  Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 
at 165-66; see Jones v. Jones, 64 S.W.3d 206, 210 (Tex. App.—El Paso 
2001, no pet.), disapproved in part on other grounds by Z.L.T., 124 
S.W.3d at 166; Taylor v. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d 93, 97 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, 
no pet.); Thomas v. Bilby, 40 S.W.3d 166, 169 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 
2001, no pet.); Zuniga, 13 S.W.3d at 801.  A key factor is whether 
the inmate is represented by counsel or is proceeding pro se. Jones, 64 
S.W.3d at 210; Dodd v. Dodd, 17 S.W.3d 714, 717 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 
Dist.] 2000, no pet.), disapproved in part on other grounds by Z.L.T., 
124 S.W.3d at 166.  Further, an inmate’s status as a defendant may also 
weigh in his or her favor. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d at 97.
        In 
Z.L.T., the supreme court resolved a conflict in the courts of appeals 
regarding an inmate’s burden in a bench warrant request, articulating that an 
inmate requesting a bench warrant bears the burden of identifying with 
sufficient specificity the grounds for establishing his or her right to 
relief.  124 S.W.3d at 166.  A “prisoner requesting a bench warrant 
must justify the need for his presence,“ and the trial court does not 
“ha[ve] a duty to go beyond the bench warrant request and independently 
inquire into the necessity of an inmate’s appearance, regardless of the 
content of the request.”  Id.  For example, the appellant in Z.L.T. 
referenced the Stone factors; however, he did not “provide any factual 
information showing why his interest in appearing outweighed the impact on the 
correctional system.” Id.  The supreme court stated that “the 
only pertinent information” in the appellant’s request was that he was 
incarcerated over 200 miles from the trial court and concluded that the trial 
court did not abuse its discretion in denying his request for a bench warrant 
because he did not meet his burden.  Id.
        Here, 
as in Z.L.T., Appellant’s request for a bench warrant cited the Stone 
factors, but he did not provide factual information to enable the court to 
balance the factors.  See id.  As factual support for his 
motion, Appellant stated that he was incarcerated in the Eastham Unit in 
Loveland, Texas, he was married to and later divorced from D.J., and they 
adopted D.D.J. during the marriage.  In accordance with the holding in Z.L.T., 
because Appellant did not justify the need for his presence in his request for a 
bench warrant, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in 
denying Appellant’s motion for a bench warrant.5  
See id. at 166.
        We 
now turn to the issue of whether the trial court abused its discretion in ruling 
upon Appellant’s request to participate in the modification proceeding by a 
telephone conference, a video conference, or by alternative means.  As we 
have already mentioned, the trial court twice expressly denied Appellant’s 
motion for a bench warrant. In both instances, the court did not reference or 
expressly rule on his request to participate by alternative means.  
However, by proceeding to trial without allowing Appellant the opportunity to 
participate by alternative means, “it is clear that the trial court implicitly 
denied [Appellant’s] request.” See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2); Z.L.T., 
124 S.W.3d at 165.  Thus, we review the trial court’s implicit denial of 
Appellant’s request to participate by alternative means.
        D.J. 
directs us to In re B.R.G., 48 S.W.3d 812, 820 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2001, 
no pet.).  In B.R.G., the court found no abuse of discretion in the 
trial court’s denial of an inmate’s request for a bench warrant.  Id.  
The court in B.R.G. stated that while the trial court “did not bar 
[appellant] from proceeding by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or other 
effective means,” the inmate “has not demonstrated why those other means 
would not have been effective, or how he had been prevented from presenting his 
case to the trial court.” Id.
        Neither 
appellant in B.R.G. or Z.L.T., however, specifically asked to 
participate by alternative means in the event the trial court denied their 
respective motions for a bench warrant.  While D.J. acknowledges in her 
brief that Appellant’s motion for a bench warrant specifically mentions a 
video teleconference as one alternative to his personal appearance, she argues 
that there is nothing in the record to suggest that he took any steps to arrange 
a teleconference or any other means of getting his testimony before the trial 
court.
        The 
record indicates, however, that after the trial court summarily denied 
Appellant’s request for a bench warrant, he filed a pleading outlining his 
position as to every issue that D.J. planned to raise at the modification 
proceeding, included letters of support and information concerning child support 
payments he had made to D.J., and stated his responses to D.J.’s third amended 
petition.6   When the trial court denied 
Appellant’s request for a bench warrant by written order, it did not mention 
Appellant’s specific request to participate by alternative means.  Then 
at the August 12 hearing, while confirming its prior order and stating that it 
had reviewed the file, the court detailed its basis for denying Appellant’s 
request for a bench warrant; however, the court did not indicate that it had 
allowed or even considered allowing Appellant to participate by other 
means.  Thus, from the reasons stated by the court on the record concerning 
its express denial of Appellant’s request for a bench warrant, it is evident 
that the court implicitly denied Appellant’s request to participate by 
alternative means without even considering alternative means of participation.
        We 
agree with the approach taken by the San Antonio Court of Appeals in Lann v. 
La Salle County, No. 04-02-00005-CV, 2003 WL 141040, at *1 (Tex. App.—San 
Antonio Jan. 22, 2003, no pet.) (memo. op.). In discussing an inmate’s right 
of access, Lann states:
 
“[A]ll litigants who are 
forced to settle disputes through the judicial process have a fundamental right 
under the federal constitution to be heard at a meaningful time in a meaningful 
manner.” [Dodd,17 S.W.3d at 717 (quoting Nichols v. Martin, 776 
S.W.2d 621, 623 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1989, no writ) (citing Boddie v. 
Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 377-78, 91 S. Ct. 780, 785-86 (1971)), disapproved 
in part on other grounds by Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d at 166.]  Thus, ‘[t]he 
right of a prisoner to have access to the courts entails not so much his 
personal presence as the opportunity to present evidence or contradict the 
evidence of the opposing party.’  Dodd, 17 S.W.3d at 717.  
“Should the court find that the pro se . . . inmate in a civil action is not 
entitled to leave prison to appear personally in court, then the prisoner should 
be allowed to proceed by affidavit, deposition, telephone, or other effective 
means.” Id. (quoting Byrd v. Attorney General, 877 S.W.2d 
566, 569 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1994, no writ)[, disapproved in part on other 
grounds by Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d at 166]).
 
2003 WL 141040, at *1.
        Here, 
the trial court denied Appellant’s motion in its entirety and made no 
accommodation for Appellant to participate effectively in the proceeding.  
Like the Lann court, we take no issue with the trial court’s decision 
to disallow Appellant’s personal appearance.  See id.  In 
denying Appellant’s request to participate at trial, however, the trial court 
should have considered permitting Appellant to proceed by other effective means, 
such as the telephone conference he had expressly requested in his motion.  
See id.; see also Jones, 64 S.W.3d at 211-12 (holding trial court 
abused its discretion by denying appellant’s motion for continuance after it 
denied his request for bench warrant, in part, because it did not consider 
“viable alternative options of participation”); Creekmore v. Creekmore, 
No. 09-98-257-CV, 1999 WL 562742, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1999, no pet.) 
(not designated for publication)7 (holding trial 
court abused its discretion by failing to allow appellant to participate in a 
hearing after appellant had pursued his defense with diligence and all means 
available to him).
        The 
Supreme Court of Texas has stated,
 
Although a goal of our system 
is to resolve lawsuits with “great expedition and dispatch and at the least 
expense,” the supreme objective of the courts is “to obtain a just, fair, 
equitable and impartial adjudication of the rights of litigants under 
established principles of substantive law.”  Tex. R. Civ. P. 1.  This means that 
“convenience and economy must yield to a paramount concern for a fair and 
impartial trial.”  [In re Ethyl Corp., 975 S.W.2d 606, 613 (Tex. 
1998).]  And basic to the right to a fair trial--indeed, basic to the very 
essence of the adversarial process--is that each party have the opportunity to 
adequately and vigorously present any material claims and defenses.
 
 
Southwestern Refining Co., 
Inc. v. Bernal, 22 S.W.3d 425, 437 (Tex. 2000) (discussing the procedural 
device of class actions). We think these considerations come into play here, 
where the trial court is balancing the inmate’s right of access to the courts 
by effective means against the protection of our correctional system’s 
integrity.  See Tex. R. Civ. P. 1; Z.L.T., 124 S.W.3d 
at 165; Bernal, 22 S.W.3d at 437. We conclude that the trial court abused 
its discretion in failing to consider Appellant’s request to participate at 
trial by alternative means, and we sustain his first issue.  Dodd,17 
S.W.3d at 717.
        In 
this case, Appellant functions in the role as the defendant in a civil suit 
concerning his child D.D.J.  Further, Appellant is a defendant with limited 
resources, who is both incarcerated and unrepresented by an attorney.  To 
avoid issuing an advisory opinion, we do not reach the merits of Appellant’s 
remaining issues.  See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; Valley Baptist Med. 
Ctr. v. Gonzalez, 33 S.W.3d 821, 822 (Tex. 2000).  However, we express 
our grave concerns about the paucity of evidence supporting D.J.’s 
claims.  We remain confident that further proceedings that are truly 
adversarial will ensure that D.J. carries her evidentiary burden on each of her 
claims.
IV. Conclusion
        Having 
sustained Appellant’s first issue, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and 
remand this case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
 
  
                                                          ANNE 
GARDNER
                                                          JUSTICE
 
  
PANEL F:   DAUPHINOT, 
HOLMAN, and GARDNER, JJ.
 
DELIVERED: April 29, 2004

 
NOTES
1.  
We note that D.J. appeared in person and through her attorney, but neither 
Appellant nor an attorney representing him appeared before the court in 
proceedings related to the associate judge’s report.
2.  
The only petition in the record is D.J.’s third amended petition, which was 
filed on July 15, 2002.
3.  
We note that D.J.’s testimony, which was the only evidence produced at the 
August 12 hearing, spans less than six pages of the nine-page reporter’s 
record.  We quote the testimony elicited in support of D.J.’s position 
that, while Appellant had fallen into arrears on his $450 monthly child support 
payment, he should continue to pay $450 per month in spite of his incarceration:
Q. 
And is it true that during several months of his incarceration you have, in 
fact, received that child support?
A. 
Yes, I have.
Q. 
The check was sent to you by [Appellant’s] mother?
A. 
Yes.
Q. 
And the check was on an account that is in [Appellant’s] name; is that right?
A. 
Yes.
Q. 
So even during his incarceration, he has been able to pay several months of 
child support; is that correct?
A. 
That’s correct.
Q. 
And he has admitted that in papers that he’s filed in this Court; is that 
right?
A. 
That’s right.
Q. 
So far as we know even though he’s incarcerated, he apparently 
has access to funds?
A. 
That’s correct.
[Emphases 
supplied.] On appeal, Appellant has provided us with copies of the checks his 
mother sent, which appear to be from an account in her name, not Appellant’s, 
and a portion of his 2001 income tax return, but these records are outside the 
record and cannot be considered for purposes of this appeal.  See Sabine 
Offshore Serv., Inc. v. City of Port Arthur, 595 S.W.2d 840, 841 (Tex. 
1979).  D.J. did not offer these documents or any other evidence at trial 
in support of the financial circumstances of herself, Appellant, or D.D.J.
4.  
Appellant’s briefing refers us to Haines v. Kerner, which holds that a 
pro se prison inmate’s pleadings should be held to less stringent standards 
than those drafted by lawyers.  404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S. Ct. 594, 595-96 
(1972).
5.  
In support of her position that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 
denying Appellant’s request to appear in person, D.J. cites Najar v. Oman, 
in which the Austin Court of Appeals held that a trial court did not abuse its 
discretion in denying an inmate’s request for a bench warrant in a parental 
termination case. 624 S.W.2d 385, 387 (Tex. App.—Austin 1981, writ ref’d 
n.r.e.), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1108 (1982). D.J. cites the dicta 
following the court’s holding in which the opinion states that “the record 
reveals no effort by appellant to testify by deposition” under a former rule 
of civil procedure. Id. at 387-88. Najar, however, is 
distinguishable from the case before us because the inmate in Najar was 
represented by counsel at trial. Id. at 387. Moreover, the inmate’s 
counsel was present and had the ability to cross-examine witnesses and to 
present evidence. Id.
6.  
Appellant’s pleading includes an unsworn declaration that comports with the 
requirements enunciated in chapter 132 of the civil practice and remedies code, 
which permits Appellant’s use of an unsworn declaration in lieu of a sworn 
declaration. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 
132.001-132.003 (Vernon 1997).
7.  
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.7 
(providing that unpublished cases may be cited, although they have no 
precedential value).
