                                RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                     Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                             File Name: 07a0240p.06

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                         FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________


                                                        X
                                                         -
 STEVEN HARLAMERT, Individually and as

                                    Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 Administrator of the Estate of John Harlamert,
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                                              No. 06-3584

                                                         ,
           v.                                             >
                                                         -
                                                         -
                                 Defendant-Appellant. -
 WORLD FINER FOODS, INC.,

                                                         -
                                                        N
                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Ohio at Dayton.
                        No. 02-00089—Walter H. Rice, District Judge.
                                           Argued: March 14, 2007
                                     Decided and Filed: June 25, 2007
             Before: MARTIN and CLAY, Circuit Judges; POLSTER, District Judge.*
                                             _________________
                                                   COUNSEL
ARGUED: Frank Holahan, McELROY, DEUTSCH, MULVANEY & CARPENTER, Ridgewood,
New Jersey, for Appellant. Rachael L. Rodman, CHERNESKY, HEYMAN & KRESS, Dayton,
Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Frank Holahan, McELROY, DEUTSCH, MULVANEY &
CARPENTER, Ridgewood, New Jersey, Brian D. Wright, FARUKI, IRELAND & COX, Dayton,
Ohio, for Appellant. Rachael L. Rodman, Thomas P. Whelley II, CHERNESKY, HEYMAN &
KRESS, Dayton, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                             _________________
                                                 OPINION
                                             _________________
        POLSTER, District Judge. Steven Harlamert, Administrator of the Estate of his deceased
father John Harlamert (the “Estate”), initiated this declaratory judgment action against World Finer
Foods, Inc. (“WFF”), a closely held corporation. The Estate contends that it is permitted to freely
transfer the ten shares of WFF stock owned by John Harlamert prior to his demise. WFF contends
that the shares are subject to a shareholder agreement that restricts the transfer of that stock to the
company. After a bench trial, the district court granted judgment in favor of the Estate. WFF

        *
          The Honorable Dan Aaron Polster, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.


                                                         1
No. 06-3584              Harlamert v. World Finer Foods                                                    Page 2


appeals the district court’s factual and legal findings and conclusions. For the following reasons,
we AFFIRM.
                                            I.   BACKGROUND
        In 1971, John Fressie, a buyer and packager of food seasonings, approached some of his
distributors suggesting that they form a company to package and distribute specialty food products,
mostly under the company’s private label, giving shareholder-distributors deep discounts and annual
cash rebates. In August 1971, Fressie incorporated that company, now known as WFF, under the
name V.I.P. Foods, Inc. (“VIP”). In April 1980, VIP changed its    name to Reese Finer Foods, Inc.
(“Reese”), and, in July 1994, Reese changed its name to WFF.1
       At its formation in 1971, there were only five shareholders of VIP stock: John Fressie, the
President of VIP who managed day-to-day operations, and distributors Gary Greenhouse, Harry
Mains, Heffner Food Products and Norman Wine. Each member received a certificate for 200
shares of VIP stock, of a total 1000 authorized shares.
        The first meeting of VIP, held on August 20, 1971, was attended by all shareholders except
Wine. The meeting minutes reflect: “A buy or sell agreement will be incorporated, which will give
the corporation first option on purchasing original stock within 90 days. The value of the stock will
be placed at book value.” (J.A. 481.)
         A second shareholder meeting was held on October 30, 1971. The minutes of that meeting
reflect: “The buy-sell agreement was reviewed. Gary Greenhouse move [sic] the discussion be
tabled at the present time.” (J.A. 482.)
        To add new shareholders without increasing the number of authorized shares, the original
five shareholders agreed in early 1972 to transfer 190 shares each back to VIP. In March 1972,
Fressie invited six more distributors to become VIP shareholders. One of those distributors was
John Harlamert, who owned a distributorship called Arlowe Specialty Food Co., Inc.2
        On March 3, 1972, a VIP meeting was commenced in St. Louis, Missouri, attended by the
original five shareholders and the six new shareholders (Harlamert, the Barzizza brothers, Sidney
Knight, Art Kehe, Sam Zuckerman Co., and L.D. Jones Food Co.). All shareholders received a
certificate for ten shares of VIP stock bearing the following typewritten legend: “March 3, 1972:
These securities may be transferred only through the company and only in compliance with the
agreement between this share holder and the company.” (J.A. 484.) The meeting minutes reflect
that “[a] resolution on the face of the stock eliminates the need for a buy sell agreement.” (J.A. 485.)
        Five days later, on March 8, 1972, four of the eleven shareholders present at the March 3rd
meeting (Fressie, Kehe, Heffner, and the Barzizza brothers) signed individual shareholder
agreements. Among other things, the executed agreements required a deceased shareholder’s
personal representative to sell back to VIP, and VIP to purchase, that shareholder’s stock for the
greater of $40 per share or 80% of book value. The agreements also required VIP to redeem those
shares within thirty days of the shareholder’s death. There is no evidence that the shareholder
agreements signed on March 8, 1972 actually existed on the date the stock certificates were issued,
i.e., March 3, 1972.

        1
           Although VIP, Reese and WFF are the same corporate entity, we will refer to the company using its name
at the time the events under discussion occurred.
        2
            Harlamert had an established relationship with Kroger which, presumably, made his membership in VIP very
attractive to the existing shareholders.
No. 06-3584               Harlamert v. World Finer Foods                                            Page 3


        John Harlamert remained a shareholder of WFF stock until his death on October 13, 1994.
Contrary to the thirty-day redemption provision in the shareholder agreement, WFF did not attempt
to redeem Harlamert’s shares until January 31, 1995, more than 100 days after Harlamert’s death,
by tendering a check in the amount of $43,240.68 to James Kordik, who had been Harlamert’s
attorney. Harlamert’s heirs have refused to tender their father’s shares of WFF stock to the
company. Steven Harlamert has filed this action seeking an order declaring that the Estate is not
subject to the shareholder agreement and its restriction on transferring a decedent shareholder’s
stock. The Estate has received permission from the Montgomery County Probate Court to transfer
the stock to Steven Harlamert. The parties agree that Steven, the beneficial owner of all 3outstanding
shares in Arlowe, is entitled to all shares of WFF stock, subject only to this litigation.
       After a bench trial, the district court found, based on a preponderance of the evidence, that
Harlamert did not enter into a shareholder agreement with VIP, Reese or WFF; that he was not
aware of the existence of such an agreement when he purchased the ten shares of VIP stock; and that
he did not accept any benefits of such an agreement between VIP, Reese or WFF and their
shareholders. The court noted that, if it had found otherwise on this last issue, it would have been
necessary to address Plaintiff’s alternative argument that WFF waived its rights under the
shareholder agreement by failing to redeem Harlamert’s shares within thirty days of his death.
                                             II.    JURISDICTION
       We have jurisdiction to review the district court’s ruling in this declaratory judgment action
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                      III.    STANDARD OF REVIEW
         Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a), findings of fact by a district court “shall
not be set aside unless clearly erroneous.” Id. “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when, although
there is evidence to support it, ‘the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite
and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’” The Coy/Superior Team v. BNFL, Inc.,
174 F. App’x 901 at *3 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S.
564, 573 (1985), in turn quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395
(1948)). This standard does not entitle the reviewing court to reverse a factual finding simply
because it is convinced that it would have decided the case differently. Anderson, 470 U.S. at 573.
If the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the entire record, this court may
not reverse that accounting, even if convinced that, had it been sitting as trier of fact, it would have
weighed the evidence differently. Id. at 574-75. Where there are two permissible views of the
evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be deemed clearly erroneous. Id. at 574.
“This is so even when the district court’s findings do not rest on credibility determinations, but are
based instead on physical or documentary evidence or inferences from other facts.” Id.
                                         IV. LAW AND ANALYSIS
        Generally speaking, the securities of a corporation are freely transferable. Pursuant to
Delaware statute, however, a written restriction on the transfer of a security of a corporation, noted
conspicuously on the certificate, may be enforced against the holder of the restricted security or any
successor or transferee of the holder including an estate administrator. 8 Del. Code Ann. § 202(a).
Unless noted conspicuously on the certificate, a restriction “is ineffective except against a person
with actual knowledge of the restriction.” Id. A transfer restriction “may be imposed by the
certificate of incorporation or by the bylaws or by an agreement among any number of security
holders or among such holders and the corporation.” 8 Del. Code Ann. § 202(b). However, “[n]o

        3
            John Harlamert’s only other heir, a daughter, gave up her interest in the WFF shares.
No. 06-3584                Harlamert v. World Finer Foods                                                             Page 4


restrictions so imposed shall be binding with respect to securities issued prior to the adoption of the
restriction unless the holders of the securities are parties to an agreement or voted in favor of the
restriction.” Id.
                                                             A.
        As discussed, Harlamert’s stock certificate contains the written restriction: “March 3, 1972:
These securities may be transferred only through the company and only in compliance with the
agreement between this share holder and the company.” (J.A. 484.) Although WFF contends that
the transfer restriction is conspicuous, such contention is meaningless if the certificate was issued
prior to the adoption of the restriction unless Harlamert was a party to the agreement referenced
therein or had actual knowledge of the restriction when the certificate was issued to him.4
        WFF claims that John Harlamert was a party to and is bound by the shareholder agreement.
It argues that the district court committed clear error when concluding that John Harlamert never
executed an agreement. We disagree. Neither the parties nor their counsel were able to locate a
signed agreement despite diligent efforts. Company officials testified that they did not routinely
require shareholders to sign such agreements. And, of the eleven shareholders who attended the
March 3, 1972 meeting, only four had signed agreements in their files.
        WFF argues that Defendant’s Exhibit No. 30-A proves that Harlamert did in fact execute a
shareholder agreement, and that the district court abused its discretion when it refused to admit the
exhibit as evidence. Exhibit No. 30-A is a5certification by John Bennett, Reese’s legal counsel, filed
on behalf of John Fressie in a prior case. Bennett certifies, in pertinent part:
         First, I understand that defendants contend that the Reese shareholder agreement
         confers no right to purchase Reese products for distribution. As counsel for Reese,
         I drafted the shareholder agreement [FN] in 1971 and can state unequivocally that
         the position Reese takes today in an effort to legitimize its exclusion of Fressie and
         refusal to sell Reese products to Bascom is totally inconsistent with its shareholders’
         intentions in 1971 and with the history of the corporation from 1971 to 1988.
(J.A. 1022-23.) The footnote states: “A copy of the shareholder agreement, executed in identical
form by each Reese shareholder, is annexed as Exhibit 13 to the Fressie affidavit executed March
15, 1989.” (J.A. 1023.) The district court refused to admit this document for two reasons: (1) the
document was not properly authenticated, and (2) it was an out-of-court statement being offered to
prove the truth of the matter asserted therein (i.e., all shareholders signed shareholder agreements).
        A district court’s ruling on the admission of evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Trepel v. Roadway Exp., Inc., 194 F.3d 708, 716 (6th Cir. 1999). An abuse of discretion is defined
as “a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Id.
        We find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to admit the document
on authenticity grounds. Federal Rule of Evidence 901 requires some type of testimony showing
that the document is what the party offering it says it is, i.e., a certification filed in federal court by
John Bennett. At the bench trial in this case, John Beers was unable to authenticate either a signed
or unsigned version of the document. The district court struck the exhibit subject to possible

         4
           While the statute permits a restriction on transferability if the shareholder has voted in favor of the restriction,
there is no evidence, and no one has argued, that Harlamert ever voted in favor of the transfer restriction.
         5
          In 1988, Fressie was forced out by disgruntled shareholders and replaced by John Beers. Fressie subsequently
sued and settled that suit for between $2 and $3 million.
No. 06-3584           Harlamert v. World Finer Foods                                           Page 5


admission based on the testimony of John Fressie. John Fressie could not authenticate the
document, and was unable to recall it.
         Nor did the district court abuse its discretion by refusing to admit the document on hearsay
grounds. Contrary to WFF’s argument, the document does not fall within the hearsay exception for
public records under Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8) because it is not a record of a public office
or agency setting forth (1) “the activities of the office or agency,” (2) “matters observed pursuant
to a duty imposed by law as to which matters there was a duty to report . . .” or (3) “ . . . factual
findings resulting from an investigation made pursuant to authority granted by law . . . .” Id. The
document does not fall within the hearsay exception for former sworn testimony under Federal Rule
of Evidence 804(b)(1) because WFF failed to show that Mr. Bennett was unavailable to testify at
trial, and it is debatable whether the document falls within the catch-all hearsay exception for
evidence “having equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness.” Fed. R. Evid. 807.
         Even if Bennett’s certification were admissible, it would not impact our ruling that the
district court did not clearly err when it concluded that Harlamert did not sign a shareholder
agreement. The certification is just about the only evidence in the record indicating that Harlamert
may have done so.
                                                  B.
         Next, WFF argues that the district court erred when it concluded that Harlamert was not
aware of the transfer restriction at the time he purchased his stock on March 3, 1972. The district
court reviewed and discussed the evidence. It found that the legend on Harlamert’s stock certificate
suggested that he may have been aware of the agreement and its restrictions on March 3rd, but
determined that the value of that evidence was negated by the fact that the minutes for the March
3rd meeting stated only that “a resolution on the face of the stock eliminates the need for a buy sell
agreement.” (J.A. 485.) Furthermore, while the fact that four shareholders signed shareholder
agreements on March 8, 1972 created the inference that the form agreement was discussed at the
meeting five days earlier, that inference was negated by the fact that seven of the shareholders did
not sign the agreement. The court found significant the fact that the first mention in the record of
a shareholder agreement with transfer restrictions consistent with those contained in the form
agreement was on March 8, 1972, five days after Harlamert purchased his shares of VIP stock. The
court deduced that the evidence indicating that Harlamert was unaware of the shareholder agreement
and its transfer restrictions on March 3rd was more persuasive than the evidence indicating that he
was so aware, and concluded that he was not aware of the agreement when he bought his stock.
        There is additional evidence in the record supporting the district court’s finding that
Harlamert was not aware of the shareholder agreement, and its restriction on the transfer of a
decedent’s shares, when he purchased his stock. Founding shareholder Greenhouse did not
remember discussing any transfer restrictions at the March 3, 1972 meeting. The only discussions
Fressie remembered regarding any transfer restrictions “in the early years” was the intent to ensure
that stock “stayed in the hands of people who were selling VIP or Reese food products.” (J.A. 1412-
13.) The overriding intent of any restrictions, voiced by both Fressie and Greenhouse, was to keep
VIP stock in the hands of food distributors selling VIP products, not speculators or passive investors.
Both Greenhouse and Fressie testified that they believed the stock could pass to a family member
who was a food distributor. Harlamert’s discussions with his attorneys regarding his estate plan
indicate that he was unaware of any restriction on transferring his shares to his children, and his
estate plan confirms this.
       There is also evidence that Harlamert was in fact aware of the shareholder agreement,
including a letter from Reese’s counsel to Harlamert in which an unsigned copy of a form
shareholder agreement was enclosed. However, all this evidence postdates March 3, 1972 by years
No. 06-3584              Harlamert v. World Finer Foods                                                    Page 6


if not decades, and does not establish that Harlamert was aware of the existence of a shareholder
agreement containing the transfer restriction in question when he obtained his shares on March 3,
1972.
        WFF cites several cases in support of its position that Harlamert was aware of the
shareholder agreement when he purchased his stock. The cases are all distinguishable. Either the
shareholder6 in the cited cases had knowledge of the specific transfer restrictions when 7he purchased
the shares, was a successor-in-interest to a person plainly bound by8the restriction, or obtained
shares that unambiguously referred to the location of the restriction. Harlamert was an original
owner of his stock, and his certificate did not specify the restriction at issue or direct him to any
record where such restriction could be viewed.
       In sum, there is sufficient evidence in the record to support a finding that Harlamert was not
aware of the shareholder agreement when he purchased his stock (as the district court concluded),
as well as a finding that he was aware of the agreement when he purchased his stock (as WFF
argues). Where two permissible views of the evidence exist, the factfinder’s choice between them
cannot be deemed clearly erroneous. Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574.
                                                        C.
         WFF argues that the district court clearly erred when it refused to find that Plaintiff was
estopped from denying Harlamert was bound to the shareholder agreement and its transfer
restrictions. The district court noted that WFF relied upon cases decided by Delaware courts holding
that a party who takes advantage of a contract is estopped from denying that he is bound by it. After
reviewing those cases, the court concluded that Harlamert would be estopped from denying that he
was bound by the shareholder agreement if he had taken advantage of the agreement by receiving
some benefit from it. The court concluded, however, that “there is simply no evidence that
Harlamert ever took advantage of or received a benefit from any shareholder agreement.” (J.A.
188.)
        While there is plenty of evidence that Harlamert benefitted from his status as a shareholder-
distributor of WFF products, there is little, if any, evidence that the shareholder agreement conferred
a tangible benefit upon him. Any perceived benefit would have been fairly dispersed among the
shareholders generally and does not leave us with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has
been committed by the district court. The Coy/Superior Team, 174 F. App’x 901 at *3; Anderson,
470 U.S. at 573; United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. at 395.
       In any event, if we are to hold Harlamert to the terms and conditions of an agreement that
he did not sign, we must hold WFF to the same terms and conditions. Because WFF failed to


        6
          Pitman v. Young, No. 01-95-00771-CV, 1998 WL 499012 (Tex. App. Aug. 20, 1998); First Nat’l Bank of
Canton v. Shanks, 34 O.O. 359, 73 N.E.2d 93 (Ohio Com. Pl. 1945).
        7
            Menaker v. Padover, 427 N.Y.S.2d 495, 75 A.D.2d 807 (N.Y. App. 1980).
        8
            Weissman v. Lincoln Corp., 76 So. 2d 478 (Fla. 1954); Bloomingdale v. Bloomingdale, 107 Misc. 646 (N.Y.
1919); Gibbs v. Long Island Bank, 31 N.Y.S. 406, 408 (1894). In Weissman, for example, the legend on the stock
certificate provided:
          The original of this stock is subject in all respects to the terms of a stockholders’ agreement made
          under date of March 13, 1946, the text of which is included among the minutes of the meeting of the
          Board of Directors and Stockholders held on March 13, 1946, and all persons to whom these presents
          may come are referred to the said minutes for the text of said stockholders’ agreement.
Id. at 483.
No. 06-3584         Harlamert v. World Finer Foods                                      Page 7


redeem Harlamert’s shares within thirty days of his death, we find that WFF waived its right to
redeem those shares.
                                              V.
       For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s rulings.
