                    United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
         __________

         No. 03-3088
         __________

Little Rock School District,             *
                                         *
              Plaintiff,                 *
                                         *
Servicemaster Management Services; *
Blytheville School District; Bryant      *
School District; Fort Smith School       *
District; West Memphis School District; *
Altus-Denning School District;           *
Ashdown School District; Barton-Lexa *       Appeals from the United States
School District; Batesville School       *   District Court for the
District; Biggers-Reyno School District; *   Eastern District of Arkansas.
Black Rock School District; Bright Star *
School District; Brinkley School         *
District; Centerpoint School District;   *
Clarendon School District; Cotton Plant *
School District; Cutter Morning Star     *
School District; Dewitt School District; *
Dollarway School District; Foreman       *
School District; Fountain Lake School *
District; Gillett School District; Glen  *
Rose School District; Guy-Perkins        *
School District; Hoxie School District; *
Jonesboro School District; Kirby School *
District; Lavaca School District;        *
Lewisville School District; Magazine *
School District; Malvern School          *
District; Mammoth Spring School          *
District; Manila School District;        *
Maynard School District; Oden School *
District; Ozark School District;         *
Plainview-Rover School District;          *
Pocahontas School District; Prairie       *
Grove School District; South Conway *
School District; Spring Hill School       *
District; Stamps School District;         *
Stephens School District; Turrell School *
District; Van Buren School District;      *
Warren School District; Watson Chapel *
School District; West Fork School         *
District; White Hall School District;     *
Winslow School District; Wonderview *
School District; Yellville-Summit         *
School District; Alma School District; *
Alread School District; Beebe School *
District; Bentonville School District;    *
Bergman School District; Berryville       *
School District; Blevins School District; *
Booneville School District; Bradford      *
School District; Buffalo Island School *
District; Caddo Hills School District; *
Carthage School District; Charleston      *
School District; Corning School           *
District; County Line Public School       *
District; Crossett School District;       *
Decatur School District; Dermott          *
School District; Dumas School District; *
Elaine School District; Fordyce School *
District; Gosnell School District; Grady *
School District; Greeb County             *
Technical Schools; Green Forest School *
District; Greenland School District;      *
Greenwood School District; Harrisburg *
School District; Hamburg School           *
District; Holly Grove School District; *
Huttig School District; Jackson County *
School District; Junction City School *
District; Lakeside School District; Lead *

                                        -2-
Hill School District; Leslie School      *
District; Marion School District;        *
Marshall School District; Mayflower      *
School District; McGehee School          *
District; Mountainburg School District; *
Nettleton School District; Newport       *
School District; Ola School District;    *
Paragould School District; Parkin        *
School District; Pleasant View School *
District; Quitman School District; Rural *
Special School District; Saratoga        *
School District; Searcy School District; *
Smackover School District; Southside *
School District #2 Bee Branch; Strong *
School District; Stuttgart School        *
District; Valley Spring School District; *
Waldron School District; Weiner School*
District; Wickes School District; Wynne *
School District,                         *
                                         *
             Intervenor Plaintiffs,      *
                                         *
North Little Rock Classroom Teachers *
Association; Pulaski Association of      *
Classroom Teachers; Little Rock          *
Classroom Teachers Association; Alexa *
Armstrong; Karlos Armstrong; Ed          *
Bullington; Khayyam Davis; John          *
Harrison; Alvin Hudson; Tatia Hudson; *
Milton Jackson; Lorene Joshua; Leslie *
Joshua; Stacy Joshua; Wayne Joshua; *
Katherine Knight; Sara Facen; Derrick *
Miles; Janice Miles; John M. Miles;      *
NAACP; Joyce Person; Brian Taylor; *
Hilton Taylor; Parsha Taylor; Robert     *
Willingham; Tonya Willingham,            *
                                         *

                                       -3-
            Intervenor Plaintiffs/      *
            Appellees,                  *
                                        *
       v.                               *
                                        *
North Little Rock School District,      *
                                        *
             Defendants,                *
                                        *
Pulaski County Special School District, *
                                        *
             Defendants/Appellees,      *
                                        *
State of Arkansas,                      *
                                        *
             Defendant,                 *
                                        *
Office of Desegregation Monitor,        *
                                        *
             Claimant,                  *
                                        *
Northeast Arkansas School District,     *
                                        *
             Movant Below.              *
       ______________________           *
                                        *
Dale Charles; Robert L. Brown, Sr.;     *
Gwen Hevey Jackson; Diane Davis;        *
Raymond Frazier,                        *
                                        *
             Plaintiffs,                *
                                        *
       v.                               *
                                        *
Pulaski County Board of Education,      *
                                        *
             Defendants/Appellees,      *

                                      -4-
                                          *
Patricia Gee, Individually and in her     *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body; George *
Cannon, Dr., Individually and in his      *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body;           *
Katherine Mitchell, Dr., Individually     *
and in her Official Capacity as a         *
Member of the Board of Education of *
the Little Rock School District, a Public *
Body; W.D. Hamilton, also known as *
Bill Hamilton, Individually and in his *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body; Cecil *
Bailey, Individually and in his Official *
Capacity as a Member of the Pulaski       *
County Board of Education, a Public       *
Corporate; Thomas Broughton,              *
Individually and in his Official Capacity *
as a Member of the Pulaski County         *
Board of Education, a Public Corporate; *
Martin Zoldessy, Dr., Individually and *
in his Official Capacity as a Member of *
the Pulaski Board of Education, a         *
Public Corporate,                         *
                                          *
              Defendants,                 *
                                          *
Greg Bollen; James Bolden; Martha         *
Whatley; Sue Ann Whisker,                 *
                                          *
              Movant Below/Appellants. *



                                        -5-
         __________

         No. 03-3404
         __________

Little Rock School District,             *
                                         *
              Plaintiff,                 *
                                         *
Servicemaster Management Services; *
Blytheville School District; Bryant      *
School District; Fort Smith School       *
District; West Memphis School District; *
Altus-Denning School District;           *
Ashdown School District; Barton-Lexa *
School District; Batesville School       *
District; Biggers-Reyno School District; *
Black Rock School District; Bright Star *
School District; Brinkley School         *
District; Centerpoint School District;   *
Clarendon School District; Cotton Plant *
School District; Cutter Morning Star     *
School District; Dewitt School District; *
Dollarway School District; Foreman       *
School District; Fountain Lake School *
District; Gillett School District; Glen  *
Rose School District; Guy-Perkins        *
School District; Hoxie School District; *
Jonesboro School District; Kirby School *
District; Lavaca School District;        *
Lewisville School District; Magazine *
School District; Malvern School          *
District; Mammoth Spring School          *
District; Manila School District;        *
Maynard School District; Oden School *
District; Ozark School District;         *
Plainview-Rover School District;         *

                                       -6-
Pocahontas School District; Prairie       *
Grove School District; South Conway *
School District; Spring Hill School       *
District; Stamps School District;         *
Stephens School District; Turrell School *
District; Van Buren School District;      *
Warren School District; Watson Chapel *
School District; West Fork School         *
District; White Hall School District;     *
Winslow School District; Wonderview *
School District; Yellville-Summit         *
School District; Alma School District; *
Alread School District; Beebe School *
District; Bentonville School District;    *
Bergman School District; Berryville       *
School District; Blevins School District; *
Booneville School District; Bradford      *
School District; Buffalo Island School *
District; Caddo Hills School District; *
Carthage School District; Charleston      *
School District; Corning School           *
District; County Line Public School       *
District; Crossett School District;       *
Decatur School District; Dermott          *
School District; Dumas School District; *
Elaine School District; Fordyce School *
District; Gosnell School District; Grady *
School District; Greeb County             *
Technical Schools; Green Forest School *
District; Greenland School District;      *
Greenwood School District; Harrisburg *
School District; Hamburg School           *
District; Holly Grove School District; *
Huttig School District; Jackson County *
School District; Junction City School *
District; Lakeside School District; Lead *
Hill School District; Leslie School       *

                                        -7-
District; Marion School District;        *
Marshall School District; Mayflower      *
School District; McGehee School          *
District; Mountainburg School District; *
Nettleton School District; Newport       *
School District; Ola School District;    *
Paragould School District; Parkin        *
School District; Pleasant View School *
District; Quitman School District; Rural *
Special School District; Saratoga        *
School District; Searcy School District; *
Smackover School District; Southside *
School District #2 Bee Branch; Strong *
School District; Stuttgart School        *
District; Valley Spring School District; *
Waldron School District; Weiner School*
District; Wickes School District; Wynne *
School District; North Little Rock       *
Classroom Teachers Association,          *
                                         *
             Intervenor/Plaintiff,       *
                                         *
Pulaski Association of Classroom         *
Teachers; Little Rock Classroom          *
Teachers Association; Alexa              *
Armstrong; Karlos Armstrong; Ed          *
Bullington; Khayyam Davis; John          *
Harrison; Alvin Hudson; Tatia Hudson; *
Milton Jackson; Lorene Joshua,           *
                                         *
             Intervenor Plaintiffs/      *
             Appellants,                 *
                                         *
Leslie Joshua; Stacy Joshua; Wayne       *
Joshua; Katherine Knight; Sara Facen; *
Derrick Miles; Janice Miles; John M. *
Miles; NAACP; Joyce Person; Brian        *

                                       -8-
Taylor; Hilton Taylor; Parsha Taylor; *
Robert Willingham; Tonya Willingham, *
                                        *
             Intervenor Plaintiffs,     *
                                        *
       v.                               *
                                        *
North Little Rock School District,      *
                                        *
             Defendant,                 *
                                        *
Pulaski County Special School District, *
                                        *
             Defendant/Appellant,       *
                                        *
State of Arkansas,                      *
                                        *
             Defendant,                 *
                                        *
Office of Desegregation Monitor,        *
                                        *
             Claimant,                  *
                                        *
Northeast Arkansas School District,     *
                                        *
             Movant Below.              *
       ______________________           *
                                        *
Dale Charles; Robert L. Brown, Sr.;     *
Gwen Hevey Jackson; Diane Davis;        *
Raymond Frazier,                        *
                                        *
             Plaintiffs,                *
                                        *
       v.                               *
                                        *
Pulaski County Board of Education;      *

                                      -9-
Patricia Gee, Individually and in her     *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body; George *
Cannon, Dr., Individually and in his      *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body;           *
Katherine Mitchell, Dr., Individually     *
and in her Official Capacity as a         *
Member of the Board of Education of *
the Little Rock School District, a Public *
Body; W.D. Hamilton, also known as *
Bill Hamilton, Individually and in his *
Official Capacity as a Member of the      *
Board of Education of the Little Rock *
School District, A Public Body; Cecil *
Bailey, Individually and in his Official *
Capacity as a Member of the Pulaski       *
County Board of Education, a Public       *
Corporate; Thomas Broughton,              *
Individually and in his Official Capacity *
as a Member of the Pulaski County         *
Board of Education, a Public Corporate; *
Martin Zoldessy, Individually and in      *
his Official Capacity as a Member of      *
the Pulaski Board of Education, a         *
Public Corporate,                         *
                                          *
              Defendants,                 *
                                          *
Greg Bollen; James Bolden; Martha         *
Whatley; Sue Ann Whisker,                 *
                                          *
              Movant Below/Appellees. *




                                        -10-
                                    ___________

                              Submitted: May 13, 2004
                                 Filed: August 5, 2004
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, HEANEY, and RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Greg Bollen, James Bolden, Martha Whatley and Sue Ann Whisker (the Bollen
Group), appeal from the denial of their motion to intervene as a matter of right in the
dispute in the district court1 over whether the decision by the Arkansas State Board
of Education (Board) to authorize an election under Ark. Code. Ann. §§ 6-13-1501
to 6-13-1505 (2003) violates the 1989 settlement agreement and various federal court
orders involving the desegregation of the Pulaski County schools. The Bollen Group
also seeks to appeal the merits of the district court order finding such a violation. We
affirm the denial of the motion and therefore do not address the merits of the dispute.

                                          I.
       Residents of Northeast Pulaski County sought to create an additional school
district in Pulaski County by detaching the schools in their region from the Pulaski
County Special School District (PCSSD). Following passage in 2001 of Ark. Code.
Ann. §§ 6-13-1501 to 6-13-1505, they completed a feasibility study and petitioned
the Board to order an election on the proposed detachment. See Ark. Code Ann. § 6-
13-1504. Upon request by the Board, the Attorney General provided an advisory
opinion on the impact such a detachment might have on the desegregation obligations
of the districts involved. The Attorney General stated he could not give a definitive


      1
       The Honorable William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.

                                         -11-
opinion because of “serious questions with regard to potential negative impacts on
the ability of one or more of the school districts in Pulaski County to comply with
their court-imposed obligations in the Pulaski County school desegregation
litigation.” App. 147. (emphasis in original). After the Board submitted further
evidence, the Attorney General issued a second advisory opinion, which stated that
under certain circumstances “the creation of the proposed district would not likely be
found to hamper, delay or negatively affect desegregation efforts.” The opinion
reiterated the earlier-expressed concern that detachment might have a negative impact
upon and complicate desegregation plans. App. 153-55.

      Following a hearing, the Board voted to authorize detachment and issued an
order calling for an election to be held on September 16, 2003. PCSSD then filed a
motion in district court to enforce the 1989 settlement agreement,2 arguing that the
Board’s decision to call for an election constituted a violation of the settlement
agreement and various court orders related to court supervision of the continuing
Pulaski County desegregation litigation.

        The Bollen Group moved to intervene pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2),
attaching to the motion pleadings on the merits. The state adopted the reasoning
advanced by the Bollen Group. App. 205. The district court denied the motion to
intervene, stating that the state would adequately represent the Bollen Group’s
interests. App. 208. The district court nevertheless allowed the Bollen Group to
participate as amicus curiae. App. 209. Following a hearing, the district court
ordered the Board to rescind the vote approving the election, stating that the vote
authorizing the election violated the state’s obligation under the settlement agreement
“to preserve the independence and sovereignty of [PCSSD] until such time as it had
fulfilled all of its desegregation obligations and achieved unitary status.” Add. 9.


      2
      The settlement agreement was signed by the three school districts in Pulaski
County and included desegregation plans for each district.

                                         -12-
                                           II.
       We first consider whether the motion to intervene was properly denied, because
only a party to a lawsuit may appeal from an adverse judgment. Jenkins v. Missouri,
967 F.2d 1245, 1247 (8th Cir. 1992). Accordingly, if the motion was properly
denied, we “would be required to dismiss this case without passing upon its merits
for lack of a proper appellant.” Acree v. Republic of Iraq, 370 F.3d 41, 49 (D.C. Cir.
2004) (citation omitted). We review de novo the district court’s determination that
a party is not entitled to intervene. South Dakota v. Ubbelohde, 330 F.3d 1014, 1024
(8th Cir. 2003).

       A party is entitled to intervene as a matter of right if: (1) it claims an interest
relating to the subject of the action; (2) the disposition of the action may impair or
impede its ability to protect its interest; and (3) its interest is not adequately
represented by existing parties. Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2); Chiglo v. City of Preston,
104 F.3d 185, 187 (8th Cir. 1997). The party seeking intervention must satisfy all
three parts of the test. Chiglo, 104 F.3d at 187.

      The Bollen Group has an interest in establishing a new school district in
Pulaski County and has expended resources to pursue that aim. Its ability to continue
to advocate such action is therefore dependent upon the outcome of these
proceedings. The principal inquiry in this case is therefore whether or not the state
adequately represents the Bollen Group’s interest.

      We determine if representation is adequate “by comparing the interests of the
proposed intervenor with the interests of the current parties to the action.” Sierra
Club v. Robertson, 960 F.2d 83, 86 (8th Cir. 1992). A party generally need only
make a minimal showing “that representation ‘may be’ inadequate” to be entitled to
intervene on that basis, Kansas Pub. Employees Ret. Sys. v. Reimer & Koger Assocs.,
60 F.3d 1304, 1308 (8th Cir. 1995) (citing Trbovich v. United Mine Workers, 404
U.S. 528, 538 n.10 (1972)), but the burden is greater if the named party is a

                                          -13-
government entity that represents interests common to the public. Curry v. Regents
of Univ. of Minn., 167 F.3d 420, 423 (8th Cir. 1999) (describing the doctrine of
parens patriae). We presume that the government entity adequately represents the
public, and we require the party seeking to intervene to make a strong showing of
inadequate representation; for example, it may show that its interests are distinct and
cannot be subsumed within the public interest represented by the government entity.
Id.; see also Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians v. Minnesota, 989 F.2d 994, 1000
(8th Cir. 1993). The party may meet that burden by showing that its interests at risk
in the litigation are not shared by the general citizenry. See Mille Lacs Band, 989
F.2d at 1001 (noting that a specific property interest in the outcome of the litigation
goes beyond the general public interest in the preservation of natural resources);
Ubbelohde, 330 F.3d at 1025 (noting that when the government is forced to weigh
competing interests, such as weighing upstream and downstream interests in the
management of a river system, it may favor one over another and therefore be unable
to adequately represent the conflicting interests). It is not sufficient that the party
seeking intervention merely disagrees with the litigation strategy or objectives of the
party representing its interests. Chiglo, 104 F.3d at 188.

       We conclude that the Bollen Group has failed to overcome the presumption
that the state adequately represents its interests. In its motion to intervene, the Bollen
Group stated that it had “an interest in seeking that the election go forward as a
necessary part of the detachment process.” App. 25. It asserts that it has a distinct
interest because its members will have the right to vote in an election—a right not
shared by all state citizens—and contends that a failure to proceed with the election
will impair its ability to establish the new school district. Notwithstanding these
assertions, we conclude that the state directly represented the Bollen Group’s asserted
interest by seeking to proceed with the election pursued by its citizens under state law
and by specifically adopting the positions advanced by the Bollen Group. The state
received a fair and full consideration of its position, and it lost. That the Bollen
Group has asserted its interest with arguably greater fervor than has the state and

                                          -14-
would have made different procedural choices, including a decision to appeal, does
not make its interest distinct. See Chiglo, 104 F.3d at 188.

       The denial of the motion to intervene is affirmed. Because the Bollen Group
may not appeal the adverse judgment and the state has not appealed, we lack
jurisdiction to consider the merits, see Jenkins, 967 F.2d at 1248, and thus we express
no opinion thereon.
                        ______________________________




                                         -15-
