[Cite as Mulcahy v. Best Buy Stores, LP, 2014-Ohio-1163.]


                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                   DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


MARK J. MULCAHY                                      :      JUDGES:
                                                     :
                                                     :      Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
       Plaintiff-Appellant                           :      Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
                                                     :      Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-                                                 :
                                                     :      Case No. 13CAE060051
                                                     :
BEST BUY STORES, LP, ET AL                           :
                                                     :
                                                     :
       Defendant-Appellee                            :      OPINION


CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                                    Appeal from the Delaware County Court
                                                            of Common Pleas, Case No.
                                                            12CVC070858



JUDGMENT:                                                   REVERSED AND REMANDED




DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                                     March 3, 2014




APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant:                                    For Defendant-Appellee:

STEVEN D. ROWE                                              TODD A. GRAY
ANDREW P. SCHABO                                            JEFFREY E. DUBIN
KEMP, SCHAEFFER & ROWE CO.,                                 MANNION & GRAY CO., LPA
LPA                                                         1375 E. Ninth St., 16th Floor
88 W. Mound St.                                             Cleveland, OH 44114
Columbus, OH 43215
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                  2

Delaney, J.

      {¶1} Plaintiffs-Appellants Mark and Christine Mulcahy appeal the June 6, 2013

judgment entry of the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas granting summary

judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee Best Buy Stores, LP.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      {¶2} On Sunday, August 1, 2010, Plaintiff-Appellant Mark Mulcahy went to the

Best Buy store located in Delaware County, Ohio, to purchase a vacuum cleaner.

Mulcahy had been to and made purchases at that Best Buy store on several occasions

before August 1, 2010. Mulcahy knew the brand of vacuum he wished to purchase. The

vacuum was stored in a cardboard box estimated to be 30 inches long and 14 inches

wide. He selected the vacuum and proceeded immediately to the checkout area,

carrying the box in his hands. Best Buy provides shopping carts for its customers but

Mulcahy chose not to use a cart. The box weighed approximately 10 to 12 pounds.

Mulcahy carried the box directly in front of him at eye-level. A witness saw Mulcahy

carrying the box and it was higher than his head.

      {¶3} On August 1, 2010, the Best Buy checkout area was configured with a

middle aisle and cash registers running along one side of the aisle and standing fixtures

aligned on the other side of the aisle. Best Buy used the standing fixtures to display

merchandise such as gift cards and batteries. The vertical portion of the standing

fixture, approximately five feet tall, was used to hang the merchandise on hooks. The

standing fixture had a bottom shelf. The bottom shelf came out approximately one to

two feet. The bottom shelf was one inch from the floor. The floor of the checkout area
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                  3


was black with a light colored strip down the middle. The standing fixture was light

colored.

       {¶4} While walking towards the cash register in the checkout area, Mulcahy

observed a customer squatting down on the right side of the aisle in the checkout area.

Mulcahy stepped to the left of the customer to move around him. Mulcahy shifted the

box from the right side of his body to his left side.

       {¶5} On August 1, 2010, the standing fixture in the checkout aisle on Mulcahy’s

left side did not have any merchandise on it. As Mulcahy walked in the checkout aisle

while carrying the vacuum cleaner box in his hands, he caught his left sandal on the

bottom shelf of the empty standing fixture. He fell with his left knee landing on the

bottom shelf of the standing fixture and his body falling backwards. His foot came out

from under the bottom shelf and he rolled over into the aisle. After he fell, Mulcahy saw

it was the bottom shelf of the standing fixture that caused him to fall.

       {¶6} Mulcahy suffered pain in his leg after he fell. The Best Buy staff contacted

an emergency squad, but Mulcahy was able to drive himself home and a friend drove

Mulcahy to the emergency room. The physicians diagnosed Mulcahy with a ruptured left

quadricep tendon, requiring surgery and physical therapy.

       {¶7} Mulcahy filed a personal injury complaint against Defendant-Appellee Best

Buy Stores, LP in the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas. The complaint argued

Best Buy was liable for Mulcahy’s injuries and Plaintiff-Appellant Christine Mulcahy

raised a loss of consortium claim. On April 24, 2013, Best Buy filed a motion for

summary judgment. Mulcahy responded and Best Buy replied. Filed in support of the

motion for summary judgment and opposition to the motion for summary judgment were
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                  4


photographs taken by the Best Buy security camera at the time of Mulcahy’s fall. The

photographs show Mulcahy laying in the checkout aisle after his fall. The standing

fixture Mulcahy tripped on is visible in the photograph.

       {¶8} On June 6, 2013, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of

Best Buy.

       {¶9} It is from this decision Mulcahy appeals.

                               ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       {¶10} Mulcahy raises one Assignment of Error:

       {¶11} “THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT

GRANTED SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF APPELLEE BEST BUY STORES

LP.”

                                       ANALYSIS

                                  Standard of Review

       {¶12} Mulcahy’s Assignment of Error regards the trial court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of Best Buy. We refer to Civ.R. 56(C) in reviewing a motion for

summary judgment which provides, in pertinent part:

       Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleading,

       depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits,

       transcripts of evidence in the pending case and written stipulations of fact,

       if any, timely filed in the action, show that there is no genuine issue as to

       any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

       matter of law. * * * A summary judgment shall not be rendered unless it

       appears from such evidence or stipulation and only from the evidence or
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                     5


       stipulation, that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and

       that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for

       summary judgment is made, such party being entitled to have the

       evidence or stipulation construed most strongly in the party's favor.

       {¶13} The moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial court

of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record before the trial

court, which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element

of the nonmoving party's claim. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292, 662 N.E.2d

264 (1996). The nonmoving party then has a reciprocal burden of specificity and cannot

rest on the allegations or denials in the pleadings, but must set forth “specific facts” by

the means listed in Civ.R. 56(C) showing that a “triable issue of fact” exists. Mitseff v.

Wheeler, 38 Ohio St.3d 112, 115, 526 N.E.2d 798, 801 (1988).

       {¶14} Pursuant to the above rule, a trial court may not enter summary judgment

if it appears a material fact is genuinely disputed. Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d 421, 429,

674 N.E.2d 1164 (1997), citing Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264

(1996).

                                    Business Invitee

       {¶15} The issue in this case is whether Best Buy was negligent. In order to

establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must show: (1) a duty on the part of

defendant to protect the plaintiff from injury; (2) a breach of that duty; and (3) an injury

proximately resulting from the breach. Jeffers v. Olexo, 43 Ohio St.3d 140, 142, 539

N.E.2d 614 (1989).
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                    6


       {¶16} In a premises liability case, the relationship between the owner or occupier

of the premises and the injured party determines the duty owed. Gladon v. Greater

Cleveland Regional Transit Auth., 75 Ohio St.3d 312, 315, 1996-Ohio-137, 662 N.E.2d

287; Shump v. First Continental–Robinwood Assocs., 71 Ohio St.3d 414, 417, 644

N.E.2d 291 (1994). Ohio adheres to the common-law classifications of invitee, licensee,

and trespasser in cases of premises liability. Shump, supra; Boydston v. Norfolk S.

Corp., 73 Ohio App.3d 727, 733, 598 N.E.2d 171, 175 (4th Dist.1991).

       {¶17} There is no dispute between the parties that on August 1, 2010, Mulcahy

was a business invitee. An invitee is defined as a person who rightfully enters and

remains on the premises of another at the express or implied invitation of the owner and

for a purpose beneficial to the owner. Broka v. Cornell's IGA Foodliner Inc., 5th Dist. No.

12CA100, 2013-Ohio-2506, ¶ 20 citing Gladon, supra at 315. The owner or occupier of

the premises owes the invitee a duty to exercise ordinary care to maintain its premises

in a reasonably safe condition, such that its invitees will not unreasonably or

unnecessarily be exposed to danger. Paschal v. Rite Aid Pharmacy, Inc., 18 Ohio St.3d

203, 480 N.E.2d 474 (1985). A premises owner must warn its invitees of latent or

concealed dangers if the owner knows or has reason to know of the hidden dangers.

See Jackson v. Kings Island 58 Ohio St.2d 357, 358, 390 N.E.2d 810 (1979). However,

a premises owner is not an insurer of its invitees' safety against all forms of accidents

that may happen. Paschal, supra at 204. Invitees are expected to take reasonable

precautions to avoid dangers that are patent or obvious. See Brinkman v. Ross, 68 Ohio

St.3d 82, 84, 623 N.E.2d 1175 (1993); Sidle v. Humphrey 13 Ohio St.2d 45, 233 N.E.2d

589 (1968), paragraph one of the syllabus.
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                  7


                                         Duty

                                  Open and Obvious

      {¶18} The business owner is not an insurer of the customer’s safety, but it does

owe the business invitee a duty of ordinary care to maintain the premises in a

reasonably safe condition and to warn of hidden dangers. Under Ohio law, however, a

business owner owes no duty to protect an invitee from dangers that are known to the

invitee or are so obvious and apparent to the invitee that he or she may be reasonably

expected to discover them and protect him or her against them. Sidle v. Humphrey, 13

Ohio St.2d 45, 48, 233 N.E.2d 589 (1968). In Armstrong v. Best Buy Company, Inc., the

Ohio Supreme Court found a premises owner owes no duty to persons entering the

premises regarding dangers that open and obvious. 99 Ohio St.3d 79, 2003–Ohio–

2573, 788 N.E.2d 1088, paragraph 5 of the syllabus, citing Sidle v. Humphrey, 13 Ohio

St.2d 45, 233 N.E.2d 589 (1968), paragraph 1 of the syllabus by the court. The rationale

of the open and obvious doctrine is that the open and obvious nature of the hazard itself

serves as a warning, so that owners reasonably may expect their invitees to discover

the hazard and take appropriate measures to protect themselves against it. Simmers v.

Bentley Constr. Co., 64 Ohio St.3d 642, 644, 597 N.E.2d 504 (1992).

      {¶19} When considering whether a condition is open and obvious, the court

must consider the nature of the condition itself, not the plaintiff’s conduct in

encountering the condition. Jacobsen v. Coon Restoration & Sealants, Inc., 5th Dist.

Stark No. 2011-CA-00001, 2011-Ohio-3563, ¶ 18 citing Armstrong, supra. The

dangerous condition at issue, however, does not actually have to be observed by the

plaintiff to be an open and obvious condition under the law. Kraft v. Johnny Biggs
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                 8

Mansfield, LLC, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2012 CA 0068, 2012-Ohio-5502, ¶ 16 citing

Aycock v. Sandy Valley Church of God, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2006 AP 09 0054,

2008-Ohio-105. The determinative issue is whether the condition is observable. Id.

                               Attendant Circumstances

      {¶20} An exception to the open and obvious doctrine is the existence of

attendant circumstances. Attendant circumstances may exist which distract an

individual from exercising the degree of care an ordinary person would have exercised

to avoid the danger, and “may create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether a

hazard is open and obvious.” Aycock v. Sandy Valley Church of God, at ¶ 26. There is

no precise definition of attendant circumstances. Carter v. Miles Supermarket, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 95024, 2010-Ohio-6365, ¶ 18. Attendant circumstances are factors that

contribute to a fall and are beyond the injured person’s control. Kraft, at ¶ 24. The

analysis of attendant circumstances also uses an objective test and the court should not

consider the particular actions of the parties in the case. Jacobsen, at ¶ 20. Attendant

circumstances do not include any circumstance existing at the moment of a fall, unless

the individual was distracted by an unusual circumstance created by the property

owner. Kraft, at ¶ 24 citing McGuire v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 118 Ohio App.3d 494,

498, 693 N.E.2d 807 (1st Dist. 1996).

                                  Duty of Best Buy

           Was the Bottom Shelf of the Standing Fixture Open and Obvious?

      {¶21} The trial court determined there was no genuine issue of material fact that

the standing fixture was open and obvious and when Mulcahy chose to carry the box in

his line of vision, there were no attendant circumstances to create an exception to the
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                      9


open and obvious doctrine. Upon our de novo review of the Civ.R. 56 evidence

presented, we find reasonable minds could differ on whether the bottom shelf of the

standing fixture was an open and obvious condition.

       {¶22} This court analyzed a similar factual situation involving a business invitee

carrying a box that obstructed her vision of a hazard on the ground. In Jacobsen v.

Coon Restoration & Sealants, Inc., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2011-CA-00001, 2011-Ohio-

3563, the plaintiff parked her car in the parking lot and walked into a pizza shop to get

her pizza. As she returned to her vehicle, she tripped over a broken metal signpost

protruding from a small area of dry, dead grass in the parking lot. The plaintiff fell to the

ground and seriously injured herself. The plaintiff testified she was holding the pizza box

in front of her and could not see the ground directly in front of her. Id. at ¶ 6.

       {¶23} We reversed the judgment of the trial court that granted summary

judgment in favor of the business owner. We held:

              Here, the trial court improperly focused on appellant's actions. The

       court found appellant had chosen to carry the pizza box in such a manner

       that she could not watch where she was walking. We find this is not

       relevant to determining whether the hazard was open and obvious.

       Neither is the fact appellants may have chosen to park their vehicle farther

       than necessary from the pizza shop door. The place appellants parked

       and the manner in which appellant chose to carry her pizza may become

       issues for comparative negligence, but these facts are not relevant in

       determining whether a hazard is open and obvious. The fact that a plaintiff

       may have been unreasonable in choosing to encounter the hazard is not
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                              10


     what relieves the property owner of liability in an open and obvious

     situation. Armstrong at paragraph 13, citations deleted.

           However, the fact that patrons might generally carry pizzas across

     the parking lot may be considered an attendant circumstance.

           The court also found after the fact appellant was able to observe

     the metal stump and was able to see the grass and the metal stump in the

     photograph appellants had taken after she fell. This is not necessarily

     determinative of whether the stump was open and obvious.

           The Tenth District Court of Appeals opined, “[t]here exist few

     substances that are completely invisible when one knows to look for it and

     is looking directly at it.” Szerszen v. Summit Chase Condominiums,

     Franklin App. No. 09AP–1183, 2010–Ohio–4518 at paragraph 16. In

     Middleton v. Meijer, Inc. Montgomery App No. 23789, 2010–Ohio–3244,

     Judge Grady, in concurring, found the fact a puddle of water on a store

     floor was observable on subsequent examination may be determinative of

     whether the plaintiff should have seen it, but not whether it was as open

     and obvious a matter of law. Id at paragraph 12.

           In Kraft, v. Dolgencorp Inc. Mahoning App. No. 06–MA–69, 2007-

     Ohio-4997, the plaintiff slipped in a puddle of water on a store floor. The

     Seventh District Court of Appeals noted factors in an open and obvious

     analysis can be whether store patrons had sufficient advance opportunity

     to perceive the hazard before encountering it, and whether a reasonable

     person would have some expectation of encountering such a hazard.
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                        11


              We find reasonable minds could differ regarding whether the metal

       stump in the parking lot was open and obvious, and whether a reasonable

       person under the prevailing attendant circumstances would have expected

       and discovered the danger, and taken precautions to avoid it.

Id. at ¶ 22-27.

       {¶24} The analysis in Jacobsen is applicable to the present case. In this case,

the trial court analyzed the standing fixture as a whole to determine whether it was an

open and obvious hazard for a reasonable person to avoid. The hazard, however, was

not the complete standing fixture but the bottom shelf of the standing fixture. We find

reasonable minds could disagree as to whether the bottom shelf was an open and

obvious condition to a customer walking in the checkout aisle. The bottom shelf came

out from the vertical portion of the standing fixture approximately one to two feet. The

bottom shelf was approximately one inch from the ground. The photographs of the

scene provided as Civ.R. 56 evidence show the standing fixture is light colored, while

the floor is dark colored. The trial court noted the difference in color between the floor

and standing fixture to support its decision that the standing fixture was open and

obvious. The photographs, however, also show a light colored strip of flooring running

down the middle of the checkout aisle. The photographs show Mulcahy laying on the

white strip of the floor after his fall. The bottom shelf is light colored, similar to the light

colored strip on the floor.

       {¶25} The trial court states that Mulcahy’s choice to carry the box so as to

obstruct his view of the floor did not create an attendant circumstance. Best Buy sells

products that come in larger boxes, such as vacuums. Shopping carts are available to

customers but the customer is not required to use the shopping cart. As we stated in
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                    12

Jacobsen, the fact that customers of Best Buy might carry a larger box in their arms to

the checkout aisle could be considered an attendant circumstance.

       {¶26} Mulcahy argued the lack of merchandise on the standing fixture made the

standing fixture an unreasonably safe condition. Following the line of attendant

circumstance analysis, the trial court found the lack of merchandise on the standing

fixture was not a distraction to a reasonable customer.

       {¶27} The First District Court of Appeals analyzed the “distraction” exception to

the open and obvious doctrine in Armentrout v. Associated Dry Goods Corp., 1st Dist.

Hamilton No. C-890784, 1991 WL 1391 (Jan. 9, 1991). In that case, the plaintiff walked

into a department store and immediately saw a cosmetics display to her left. She

entered the display booth to view a computer monitor showing images of the cosmetic

products on the screen. When she exited the booth, she fell over a horizontal bar at the

bottom right side of the booth. Id. The court of appeals reversed the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment to the storeowner. It explained its decision, quoting “Prosser and

Keaton, Law of Torts (5 Ed.1984) 427, Section 61”:

       In any case where the occupier as a reasonable person should anticipate

       an unreasonable risk of harm to the invitee notwithstanding his

       knowledge, warning, or the obvious nature of the condition, something

       more in the way of precautions may be required. This is true, for example,

       where there is reason to expect that the invitee’s attention will be

       distracted, as by goods on display, or that after a lapse of time he may

       forget the existence of the condition, even though he has discovered it or

       been warned or where the condition is one which would not reasonably be
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                   13


       expected, and for some reason, such as an arm full of bundles, it may be

       anticipated that the visitor will not be looking for it.

Armentrout, at *2.

       {¶28} In McGuire v. Sear, Roebuck & Co., 118 Ohio App.3d 494, 693 N.E.2d

807 (1st Dist.1996), the court limited the holding of Armentrout. It stated that Armentrout

should not be read so broadly as to apply to any and all displays that are customarily

encountered in a retail setting. Id. at 498. Rather, the exception to the open and obvious

doctrine applies only where the plaintiff offers evidence of particular circumstances

rendering a particular display or area of display foreseeably unsafe. Id. Looking at the

photographs presented as Civ.R. 56 evidence in favor of the non-moving party, we

observe the lack of merchandise on the vertical portion of the standing fixture is not a

distraction, but rather a non-distraction. The lack of merchandise could make the

standing fixture to appear as a wall to a customer with an arm full of bundles walking

down the checkout aisle. The lack of merchandise could be interpreted in this specific

instance as an attendant circumstance; but instead of a distraction to the customer’s

eye, it is a non-distraction that would not alert a customer to expect the hazard of a one

to two foot wide, one inch off the ground shelf in the checkout aisle. A pedestrian in a

store is not required as a matter of law to constantly look downward. Grossnickle v.

Germantown, 3 Ohio St.2d 96, 209 N.E.2d 442 (1965), paragraph two of syllabus.

       {¶29} We find the particular circumstances of this case could cause reasonable

minds to differ on whether the bottom shelf of the standing fixture was open and obvious

and whether a reasonable person under the prevailing attendant circumstances would

have expected and discovered the danger and taken precautions to avoid it.
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                               14


       {¶30} Mulcahy’s sole Assignment of Error is sustained.

                                     CONCLUSION

       {¶31} The judgment of the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas is reversed

and the matter remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion and law.

By: Delaney, J. and

Baldwin, .J., concur.

Wise, P.J., concurring separately.
Delaware County, Case No. 13CAE060051                                                 15

Wise, J., concurring

      {¶32} I concur with the majority decision and write separately only to distinguish

this writer’s dissent in Jacobsen v. Coon Restoration & Sealants, Inc., 5th Dist. Stark

No. 2011-CA-00001, 2011-Ohio-3563, from the instant case. In Jacobsen, I wrote that I

would have affirmed the trial court’s finding of an open and obvious condition and that

no attendant circumstances existed in that case because attendant circumstances do

not include the individual's own activity. While again, like in Jacobsen, I find that the

activity Appellant was engaged in did not create an attendant circumstance, in the

instant case, unlike Jacobsen, I find that based on the specific facts in this case there

exists a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the hazard was an open and

obvious condition.
