                                                                                   FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                            Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           December 7, 2015
                        _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
LISETH ORTIZ-RODRIGUEZ, a/k/a
Liseth Ortiz,

      Petitioner,

v.                                                          No. 15-9526
                                                        (Petition for Review)
LORETTA E. LYNCH, United States
Attorney General,

      Respondent.
                        _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before LUCERO, GORSUCH, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Liseth Ortiz-Rodriguez is a Mexican national who seeks review of a Board of

Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision affirming an immigration judge’s (IJ) denial of

asylum and restriction on removal.1 We deny the petition for review.



      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      1
        Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez also sought protection under the Convention Against
Torture, but the IJ denied her claim, and Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez abandoned it on appeal
to the BIA. See R. at 4 n.1; id. at 6.
                                               I.

       Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez entered the United States in 2008 on a 72-hour border

crossing card. In 2010, the government charged her with removability. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(1)(C)(i). Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez conceded the charge but applied for asylum and

restriction on removal based on her political opinion and membership in a particular

social group. She testified before the IJ that since leaving Mexico, three family members

had been murdered, including a cousin who was a police chief. She also testified that

another cousin had been kidnapped for ransom. Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez did not know why

her relatives had been killed, but she testified that “[t]he sicarios will kill people for no

reason at all.” R. at 133. She thought the crimes were unrelated and her cousin had been

kidnapped for no reason.

       Additionally, Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez testified that she believed her cousin—the

police chief—was murdered in a random act of violence because she was investigating

the homicides of the other family members. But another witness (her cousin’s

mother in-law) testified that Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez’s cousin was actually killed nearly a

year before the other two family members. This witness agreed, however, that the

homicides were random acts of violence. She also claimed her own house had been shot

at and painted with gang symbols.

       Based on this evidence, Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez sought relief on account of her

political opinion and membership in a particular social group, which she defined as:

       Membership in the family of a decedent, including a law enforcement
       officer, and membership would cause her to suffer harm or including harm
       against her person and/or a chilling effect on any public activities by her

                                               2
       including political opinion and family is of note and family members have
       been targeted [sic].

Id. at 79.

       The IJ found that this alleged social group was “disjointed” and lacked the

particularity and social visibility necessary to qualify for protected status. Id. at 80. The

IJ also ruled that Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez failed to identify her political opinion. Noting that

both Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez’s testimony and that of her witness indicated the murders were

random acts of violence, the IJ concluded that Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez failed to show a

nexus between her fear of returning to Mexico and any protected grounds for relief.

       The BIA affirmed. The BIA rejected Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez’s argument that her

alleged social group was socially visible simply because her relatives’ homicides “‘were

easily accessible to the public.’” R. at 5 (quoting Resp’t’s Br. at 7). The BIA also ruled

that the particularity requirement could not be satisfied by arguing that “threats and

‘repeated violence’ amount to ‘limiting factor[s] for this social group.’” Id. (quoting

Resp’t’s Br. at 6). Nor could Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez rely on her family background to

constitute a particular social group, because both she and her witness had testified that the

murders were random acts of violence. And although Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez maintained

she would be persecuted for her political opinion, the BIA observed that she never

addressed the IJ’s finding that she “provided no testimony on what her political opinion




                                              3
is.” Id. at 6. (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez now

seeks review. 2

                                             II.

       A. Briefing Deficiencies

       At the outset, we note that our review is hampered by serious deficiencies in

Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez’s appellate briefing. For example, she fails to identify the relevant

standard of review and instead asserts that “[t]he BIA erred or abused its discretion in

finding [she] was not eligible for asylum or [restriction on] removal.” Pet’r Br. at 5. But

the Federal Rules expressly require that she provide “for each issue, a concise statement

of the applicable standard of review.” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(B). Our review is further

complicated by the fact that Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez has filed in this court a near verbatim

copy of the brief she filed in the BIA. This is not inconsequential because “[w]e consult

the IJ’s opinion only to the extent that the BIA relied upon or incorporated it.”

Rodas-Orellana v. Holder, 780 F.3d 982, 989 n.8 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation

marks omitted). “[W]here the BIA decision contains a discernible substantive discussion

that stands on its own[,] . . . our review extends no further.” Sidabutar v. Gonzales,

503 F.3d 1116, 1123 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). By merely

recycling arguments aimed at the IJ’s decision, Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez fails to confront the

BIA’s specific rationale for denying relief. Cf. Semsroth v. City of Wichita, 555 F.3d

1182, 1186 n.5 (10th Cir. 2009) (recognizing that plaintiffs’ appellate brief, which was “a

       2
        The BIA granted voluntary departure and remanded to the IJ to make the
necessary advisals. This limited remand has no effect on the finality of the removal
order. See Batubara v. Holder, 733 F.3d 1040, 1042-43 (10th Cir. 2013).
                                             4
verbatim copy of their summary judgment response” filed in the district court, “fail[ed] to

address in a direct way the decision under review”). But the greatest deficiency in

Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez’s brief is its failure to show any error in the BIA’s decision.

       B. Merits

       We review the agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for

substantial evidence. Ritonga v. Holder, 633 F.3d 971, 974 (10th Cir. 2013). Under the

substantial evidence standard, “‘administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Karki v.

Holder, 715 F.3d 792, 800 (10th Cir. 2013) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)).

       Because Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez applied for asylum, she bore the burden of

establishing that she is a refugee, “which requires proof that [her] ‘race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion was or will be at

least one central reason for persecuting [her].’” Id. (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)).

One way to establish refugee status is “through evidence of a well-founded fear of future

persecution on account of a protected ground.” Rodas-Orellana, 780 F.3d at 986

(internal quotation marks omitted). The burden of proof for restriction on removal is

higher than that for asylum, and thus an alien who fails to establish their eligibility for

asylum necessarily fails to meet her burden for restriction on removal. Id. at 986-87.

       Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez attempted to show a well-founded fear of future persecution,

but she failed to meet her burden. She admits that she and her witness testified that the

murders were random acts of violence. See Pet’r Br. at 10. This forecloses relief because

random criminality is not a protected basis upon which to grant asylum. See Vatulev v.

                                              5
Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 1207, 1209 (10th Cir. 2003) (“[A]cts of common criminality or

personal hostility . . . do not implicate asylum eligibility.”). Although Ms. Ortiz-

Rodriguez contends that she and her witness were confused by leading questions asked

during the hearing, see Pet’r Br. at 10; R. at 28 (Resp’t Br. to the BIA), the BIA rejected

that argument because “no witness expressed a lack of understanding during such

questioning,” R. at 5. Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez does not address this ruling or otherwise

show the record compels a different conclusion.

       Nor does she show any error in the BIA’s conclusion that her alleged social group

failed to qualify for protected status. An alien seeking relief on account of her

membership in a particular social group must show the group is both particular and

socially distinct. Rodas-Orellana, 780 F.3d at 990-91. “‘Particularity’ means the group

cannot be indeterminate[,] too subjective, inchoate, and variable.” Id. at 990 (internal

quotation marks omitted). “[S]ocial distinction” means the group is “perceived as a

group by society.” Id. at 991. “In determining whether a group is socially [distinct], . . .

the BIA considers whether citizens of the applicant’s country would consider individuals

with the pertinent trait to constitute a distinct social group, and whether the applicant’s

community is capable of identifying an individual as belonging to the group.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Attempting to satisfy the particularity requirement, Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez maintains

that threats and “repeated violence” are “limiting factor[s] for this social group.”

Pet’r Br. at 8. But as the BIA recognized, without more, an alien may not circularly

define her group as those who have been persecuted. See Rreshpja v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d

                                              6
551, 556 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[A] social group may not be circularly defined by the fact that

it suffers persecution.”). Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez adds that her family membership is

another “limiting factor,” Pet’r Br. at 8, but the BIA observed that the evidence showed

her family members were victims of random violence, not targeted on any protected

ground. Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez also attempts to satisfy the social distinction requirement

by insisting that the deaths of her relatives “were easily accessible to the public.” Id. at 9.

The BIA correctly rejected this argument, however, because there was no evidence that

members of her community could identify her as belonging to the group. See

Rodas-Orellana, 780 F.3d at 991. Again, Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez offers no response.

       Finally, Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez contends she faces persecution on account of her

imputed political opinion. But the BIA ruled that she failed to advance any “coherent

discussion or specific examples showing how any political opinion has been imputed to

her.” R. at 6. The BIA also found that she failed to address the IJ’s “finding that she

provided no testimony on what her political opinion is.” Id. (brackets and internal

quotation marks omitted). Ms. Ortiz-Rodriguez does not challenge or respond to either

of these rulings. And there is nothing to suggest that she faces persecution on account of

her political opinions, whatever they may be; rather, both she and her witness testified

that the homicides were random acts of violence.

       The petition for review is denied.

                                               Entered for the Court

                                               Carolyn B. McHugh
                                               Circuit Judge


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