Filed 2/21/14
                           CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                            SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION THREE


DINA HATAISHI,                                    B244769

        Plaintiff and Appellant,                  (Los Angeles County
                                                  Super. Ct. No. BC420436)
        v.

FIRST AMERICAN HOME BUYERS
PROTECTION CORPORATION,

        Defendant and Respondent.



        APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Charles F. Palmer, Judge. Affirmed.


        Law Offices of Lisa L. Maki and Lisa L. Maki; Kiesel + Larson and Paul R.
Kiesel for Plaintiff and Appellant.


        Dentons US, Joel D. Siegel and Paul M Kakuske for Defendant and Respondent.
                                   _____________________
                                     INTRODUCTION
       Named plaintiff Dina Hataishi (Plaintiff) appeals from a trial court order denying
her motion for certification of a California class of Defendant First American Home
Buyers Protection Corporation’s (First American) customers whose telephone
conversations were recorded without warning. Plaintiff contends that First American’s
conduct violates Penal Code1 section 632, which prohibits the intentional recording of a
“confidential communication” without the consent of all parties to the communication.
The trial court denied Plaintiff’s motion for class certification for lack of ascertainability,
community of interest and superiority. We affirm on the ground that the proposed class
lacks the requisite community of interest and do not reach the court’s other bases for
denying class certification.
       Our Supreme Court has held that “a conversation is confidential under section 632
if a party to that conversation has an objectively reasonable expectation that the
conversation is not being overheard or recorded.” (Flanagan v. Flanagan (2002)
27 Cal.4th 766, 777 (Flanagan).) Here, the trial court ruled that determining whether an
individual plaintiff had an objectively reasonable expectation that his or her telephone
conversation would not be recorded is a question of fact subject to individualized proof.
We conclude the trial court applied the correct legal standard and that its ruling is
supported by substantial evidence.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       1.     First American’s Call Recording System
       First American issues one-year home warranty plans to customers in 46 states,
including California. The plans typically cover the major systems and appliances in a
customer’s home.




1
       All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.


                                               2
       Customers may make warranty claims with First American by calling an “800”
number printed on the warranty contract. In addition, First American’s Inside Sales
group makes outbound calls to existing customers as part of various marketing campaigns
or to solicit customers to renew their home warranty contracts.
       All calls between First American and its customers—whether inbound calls by the
customer or outbound calls by the Inside Sales group—are recorded by First American’s
Voice Print International, Inc. (VPI) system. The VPI system is a “full-time” call
recording system. The recording equipment cannot be turned off by the Inside Sales
group representatives who make outbound calls.
       A customer placing an inbound call to First American is greeted with the
following automated disclosure regarding call monitoring or recording: “First American
Home Buyer’s Protection - your first choice in home warranty. To ensure the highest
quality service your call may be monitored or recorded.” The customer cannot bypass
the disclosure.
       The automated disclosure regarding call monitoring or recording is not played
when a customer receives an outbound call from the Inside Sales group. Prior to 2009,
First American also did not have a policy requiring Inside Sales group representatives to
advise customers that outbound calls would be recorded.2 Nor did First American’s
Sales, Policy, and Procedure Manual provide Inside Sales group representatives with
directions for advising customers that calls would be recorded.
       2.     Plaintiff’s Call History with First American
       In April 2005, Plaintiff purchased a one-year First American home warranty plan.
She renewed her plan annually for the next three years, until it expired on May 18, 2009.
       Between April 20, 2005 and May 19, 2008 (the date Plaintiff received her first
outbound call from an Inside Sales group representative), Plaintiff made approximately
12 inbound calls to First American to either renew her warranty plan, or to make, or

2
       In October 2009, First American implemented a policy requiring its
representatives to begin each outbound call with a customer by identifying themselves
and informing the customer that the call will be recorded.


                                            3
follow-up on, warranty claims she had made pursuant to the plan. During each of those
inbound calls, Plaintiff was advised by First American’s automated disclosure that the
“call may be monitored or recorded.” Plaintiff never told the First American
representative that she refused to be recorded and she never terminated the call to avoid
being recorded.
       Apart from her interactions with First American, Plaintiff also confirmed that she
had participated in “dozens and dozens and dozens” of telephone calls with companies
where she understood her call could be recorded or monitored for quality assurance. As
with her calls to First American, Plaintiff did not object to being recorded during any of
these calls.
       On May 19, 2008, Plaintiff received an outbound call from First American’s
Inside Sales group. On May 27, 2009, Plaintiff received another outbound call from the
Inside Sales group. Each call was recorded by First American’s VPI system. The
recordings confirmed that Plaintiff did not receive a disclosure that the calls would be
recorded.
       3.      The Operative Second Amended Complaint
       Plaintiff’s operative second amended complaint asserts a single cause of action for
statutory invasion of privacy in violation of section 632 on behalf of Plaintiff and other
current, former and prospective customers of First American whose telephone
conversations were recorded without the customers’ knowledge or consent. The
complaint seeks statutory penalties pursuant to section 637.2 of $5,000 per violation of
section 632, injunctive relief, and attorney fees pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure
section 1021.5.
       4.      Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification
       Plaintiff moved for certification of an opt-out class defined as follows: “All
persons within the state of California who received telephone calls from employees,
agents or representatives of First American Home Buyers Protection Corporation’s Inside
Sales division and whose telephone conversation(s) were recorded without warning from
July 13, 2006 to October 27, 2009.”


                                              4
       With respect to the community of interest requirement, Plaintiff argued that
common issues of law and fact predominated because: (1) First American was the only
defendant; (2) First American’s policy was to record all outbound calls by its Inside Sales
group; (3) the outbound calls were not preceded by an automated warning that the call
would be recorded; and (4) prior to 2009, First American did not direct its Inside Sales
group to advise customers it was recording outbound calls. Plaintiff also maintained that
the two outbound calls she received were typical of those received by other putative class
members, and that she and her counsel would fairly and adequately protect the interests
of the class.
       5.       First American’s Opposition to Class Certification
       In opposition to Plaintiff’s class certification motion, First American principally
argued that Plaintiff’s section 632 claim presented numerous individual factual issues.
Among other things, First American argued that specific factual findings were required to
be made to determine whether an individual plaintiff reasonably believed that his or her
call with the Inside Sales group would not be recorded. In that regard, First American
contended that each putative class member’s unique experiences—including the length of
the class member’s relationship with First American, the number of times the class
member heard First American’s automated disclosure regarding the recording of inbound
calls, and the class member’s experience with other businesses that monitor calls for
quality assurance—would be relevant to assessing whether a particular class member
reasonably believed an outbound call from First American would not be recorded.
       In support of the contention, First American cited Plaintiff’s unique circumstances
and experience—e.g., the dozen or so inbound calls Plaintiff made to First American in
which she was repeatedly advised the call “may be monitored or recorded.” First
American also presented the declaration of its marketing expert, Linda Golden, who
conducted an internet survey of California homeowners to determine customer
expectations regarding call monitoring and recording for quality assurance. The survey
results showed that 61.6 percent of qualified participants would expect a call from a
company to be monitored or recorded for quality assurance if they had received an


                                              5
automated disclosure during a prior call to the company advising that the call may be
monitored or recorded.
          Additionally, because section 632 does not apply to a “radio” device, First
American argued that Plaintiff’s claim raised individualized questions concerning
whether each outbound call was received via a landline, cellular or cordless telephone.
          6.     The Trial Court’s Ruling
          The trial court ruled that Plaintiff failed to meet her burden to establish an
ascertainable class, predominate common factual questions, and the superiority of a class
action.
          On commonality, the trial court found that an individual inquiry was required to
determine whether each putative class member had an objectively reasonable expectation
that his or her telephone conversation with First American would not be recorded. The
court rejected Plaintiff’s contention that the objective reasonableness of each plaintiff’s
expectation could be assessed by reference to First American’s uniform call recording
procedures. On the contrary, the court found the reasonableness of an individual
plaintiff’s expectation will vary depending on his or her past experiences with First
American, including the number of calls the individual previously made to First
American in which he or she was advised that the call would be monitored or recorded.
          The trial court also found that a call-by-call inquiry would be required to
determine whether a landline, cellular or cordless telephone had been used to receive a
particular outbound call. Plaintiff conceded that the operative second amended complaint
pled only a cause of action for violation of section 632, which does not apply to cellular
or cordless telephones, but argued that this should not defeat commonality because the
complaint could be amended to assert a claim under section 632.7, which prohibits
recording or eavesdropping upon cellular or cordless telephone calls. Plaintiff, however,
did not file a motion to amend, nor did she present a declaration addressing the factors




                                                 6
specified in rule 3.1324 of the California Rules of Court.3 The trial court expressed
concern that due process required Plaintiff to bring a motion, to which First American
would have an opportunity to respond, before the court could consider granting leave to
amend the complaint. Plaintiff conceded the point and agreed to “make a formal motion”
asking “the court to amend the complaint to include a [section] 632.7 claim . . . .”
                                       DISCUSSION
       1.     Class Certification Principles
              a.     Standard of review
       “Code of Civil Procedure section 382 authorizes class actions ‘when the question
is one of a common or general interest, of many persons, or when the parties are
numerous, and it is impracticable to bring them all before the court . . . .’ The party
seeking certification has the burden to establish the existence of both an ascertainable
class and a well-defined community of interest among class members. [Citation.]” (Sav-
On Drug Stores, Inc. v. Superior Court (2004) 34 Cal.4th 319, 326 (Sav-On).) The party
also must demonstrate there are “substantial benefits from certification that render
proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives.” (Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior
Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1021 (Brinker).)
       As “ ‘trial courts are ideally situated to evaluate the efficiencies and practicalities
of permitting group action, they are afforded great discretion in granting or denying
certification.’ ” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 326.) Thus, “in the absence of other
error, a trial court ruling supported by substantial evidence generally will not be disturbed
‘unless (1) improper criteria were used [citation]; or (2) erroneous legal assumptions were
made [citation]’ [citation]. Under this standard, an order based upon improper criteria or
incorrect assumptions calls for reversal ‘ “even though there may be substantial evidence


3
       California Rules of Court, rule 3.1324, subdivision (b) requires a declaration to be
filed with a motion to amend the pleadings that specifies “(1) The effect of the
amendment; [¶] (2) Why the amendment is necessary and proper; [¶] (3) When the facts
giving rise to the amended allegations were discovered; and [¶] (4) The reasons why the
request for amendment was not made earlier.”


                                               7
to support the court’s order.” ’ [Citations.]” (Linder v. Thrifty Oil Co. (2000) 23 Cal.4th
429, 435-436.) Accordingly, “on appeal from the denial of class certification, we review
the reasons given by the trial court for denial of class certification, and ignore any
unexpressed grounds that might support denial.” (Kaldenbach v. Mutual of Omaha Life
Ins. Co. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 830, 843-844.) “We may not reverse, however, simply
because some of the court’s reasoning was faulty, so long as any of the stated reasons are
sufficient to justify the order. [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
               b.     Predominate common questions requirement
       The “ ‘ “community of interest requirement embodies three factors:
(1) predominant common questions of law or fact; (2) class representatives with claims or
defenses typical of the class; and (3) class representatives who can adequately represent
the class.” ’ [Citation.]” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021.) The “[p]laintiffs [have
the] burden to establish the requisite community of interest and that ‘. . . questions of law
or fact common to the class predominate over the questions affecting the individual
members.’ [Citation.]” (Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Superior Court (2003) 29 Cal.4th
1096, 1104.)
       “Common issues are predominant when they would be ‘the principal issues in any
individual action, both in terms of time to be expended in their proof and of their
importance . . . .’ [Citation.] A ‘. . . class action cannot be maintained where each
member’s right to recover depends on facts peculiar to his case . . . ’ because ‘ . . . the
community of interest requirement is not satisfied if every member of the alleged class
would be required to litigate numerous and substantial questions determining his
individual right to recover . . . . [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Caro v. Procter & Gamble Co.
(1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 644, 667-668.) “Presented with a class certification motion, a trial
court must examine the plaintiff’s theory of recovery, assess the nature of the legal and
factual disputes likely to be presented, and decide whether individual or common issues
predominate.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1025.) Proof of most of the important
issues as to the named plaintiffs must supply the proof as to all members of the class.
(See Vasquez v. Superior Court (1971) 4 Cal.3d 800, 815.)


                                               8
       Although on review we assume all causes of action have merit, “ ‘issues affecting
the merits of a case may be enmeshed with class action requirements . . . .’ [Citations.]
When evidence or legal issues germane to the certification question bear as well on
aspects of the merits, a court may properly evaluate them. [Citations.] The rule is that a
court may ‘consider[ ] how various claims and defenses relate and may affect the course
of the litigation’ even though such ‘considerations . . . may overlap the case’s merits.’
[Citations.]” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1023-1024.) More specifically, “whether
an element may be established collectively or only individually, plaintiff by plaintiff, can
turn on the precise nature of the element and require resolution of disputed legal or
factual issues affecting the merits.” (Id. at p. 1024.)
       “Predominance is a factual question; accordingly, the trial court’s finding that
common issues predominate generally is reviewed for substantial evidence. [Citation.]
We must ‘[p]resum[e] in favor of the certification order . . . the existence of every fact the
trial court could reasonably deduce from the record . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Brinker, supra,
53 Cal.4th at p. 1022.)
       With these rules in mind, we turn to Plaintiff’s claim under section 632 and the
trial court’s ruling denying class certification.
       2.     A Communication Is “Confidential” Under Section 632 if a Party Has an
              Objectively Reasonable Expectation That the Conversation Is Not Being
              Overheard or Recorded
       Section 632, part of California’s Invasion of Privacy Act (Privacy Act), prohibits
the intentional recording of a “confidential communication” without the consent of all
parties to the communication. Specifically, section 632, subdivision (a) imposes liability
on “[e]very person who, intentionally and without the consent of all parties to a
confidential communication, by means of any electronic amplifying or recording device,
eavesdrops upon or records the confidential communication, whether the communication
is carried on among the parties in the presence of one another or by means of a telegraph,
telephone, or other device, except a radio . . . .” (Italics added.)



                                               9
       Section 632, subdivision (c) defines the term “ ‘confidential communication’ ” to
“include[ ] any communication carried on in circumstances as may reasonably indicate
that any party to the communication desires it to be confined to the parties thereto, but
excludes a communication made in a public gathering or in any legislative, judicial,
executive or administrative proceeding open to the public, or in any other circumstance
in which the parties to the communication may reasonably expect that the communication
may be overheard or recorded.” (Italics added.)
       In Flanagan, supra, 27 Cal.4th 766, our Supreme Court granted review to resolve
two conflicting lines of cases pertaining to the meaning of “confidential communication”
under section 632. One line of authority known as the “Frio Test” held that “under
section 632 ‘confidentiality’ appears to require nothing more than the existence of a
reasonable expectation by one of the parties that no one is ‘listening in’ or overhearing
the conversation. ” (Frio v. Superior Court (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 1480, 1490 (Frio).)
Under this line of authority, a plaintiff proves a conversation is “confidential” by showing
he or she has “an objectively reasonable expectation that the conversation is not being
overheard or recorded.” (Flanagan, at p. 768, italics added.) The other line of authority
known as the O’Laskey test held that “a conversation is confidential only if the party has
an objectively reasonable expectation that the content will not later be divulged to third
parties.” (Flanagan, at p. 768, citing O’Laskey v. Sortino (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 241,
italics added.)
       After examining section 632’s language and purpose, the Flanagan court endorsed
the Frio test and disapproved of the O’Laskey line of cases. The Supreme Court reasoned
that “[b]y focusing on ‘simultaneous dissemination,’ not ‘secondhand repetition’
[citation], the Frio definition of ‘confidential communication’ . . . better fulfills the
legislative purpose of the Privacy Act by giving greater protection to privacy interests
than does the O’Laskey standard.” (Flanagan, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 775.) Thus, the
Supreme Court concluded that “a conversation is confidential under section 632 if a party
to that conversation has an objectively reasonable expectation that the conversation is not
being overheard or recorded.” (Id. at pp. 776-777.)


                                              10
       In Kearney v. Salomon Smith Barney, Inc. (2006) 39 Cal.4th 95 (Kearney), the
Supreme Court revisited the showing necessary to establish that a communication is
“confidential” under section 632. There, the trial court sustained a demurrer without
leave to amend on the ground that the Georgia-based defendant could not be held liable
under section 632 for recording telephone conversations with California residents
because the conduct was permissible under Georgia law. The Court of Appeal affirmed,
but the Supreme Court reversed, holding that section 632 applied to conversations in
which only one party was in California.
       Although Kearney was primarily a choice-of-law case, the Supreme Court’s
governmental interest analysis required it to assess the scope of section 632 and the
interests protected by the statute. The court concluded that California had a “strong and
continuing interest in the full and vigorous application of . . . section 632,” but noted that
the statute prohibits monitoring or recording only “without the knowledge or consent of
all parties to the conversation” (Kearney, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 125, italics omitted) and
only “ ‘if a party to that conversation has an objectively reasonable expectation that the
conversation is not being overheard or recorded’ ” (id. at p. 117, fn. 7, quoting Flanagan,
supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 777). The Supreme Court nevertheless rejected the Court of
Appeal’s suggestion that, under California law, “even in the absence of an explicit
advisement, clients or customers of financial brokers . . . ‘know or have reason to know’
that their telephone calls with the brokers are being recorded.” (Kearney, at p. 118,
fn. 10.) The court noted that no authority had been cited “establishing such a proposition
as a matter of law, and in light of the circumstance that California consumers are
accustomed to being informed at the outset of a telephone call whenever a business entity
intends to record the call, it appears equally plausible that, in the absence of such an
advisement, a California consumer reasonably would anticipate that such a telephone call
is not being recorded . . . .” (Ibid., italics added.) Underscoring the factual inquiry
necessary to determine the reasonableness of the plaintiffs’ privacy expectations, the
court observed that “because this case is before us after the sustaining of a demurrer, we



                                              11
cannot assume for purposes of this appeal that the telephone conversations here at issue
were not ‘confidential communications’ within the meaning of section 632.” (Ibid.)
       With this overview, we turn to the trial court’s ruling that individualized proof is
required to determine whether a particular outbound telephone call was a “confidential
communication” as defined by section 632.
       3.     Individual Questions Predominate on the Threshold Question of
              Confidentiality Because the Objective Reasonableness of an Individual
              Plaintiff’s Expectation Will Depend on the Plaintiff’s Unique
              Circumstances
       In this case, the trial court found the requisite community of interest lacking
because each putative class member, in order to establish that an outbound call was a
“confidential communication” under section 632, would be required to individually prove
the objective reasonableness of his or her alleged expectation that the call would not be
recorded. The court based its ruling on the standard articulated in Flanagan, as applied
by the Court of Appeal in Kight v. CashCall, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1377
(CashCall), and evidence showing that First American’s automated message for every
inbound call advises customers that calls may be recorded. We conclude the trial court
applied the correct legal standard and that its ruling was supported by substantial
evidence.
       In CashCall, the plaintiffs, on behalf of themselves and a class of California
consumers, alleged the defendant consumer finance company monitored calls with its
customers without their consent in violation of section 632. (CashCall, supra,
200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1383.) Except for certain limited circumstances, a customer
making an inbound call to the defendant was greeted with an automated “ ‘ “Call
Monitoring Disclosure” ’ which stated: ‘ “This call may be monitored or recorded for
quality control purposes.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 1385.) However, the Call Monitoring Disclosure
was never provided on outbound calls from the defendant’s employees to its customers.
Based on these undisputed facts, the defendant moved for summary judgment, asserting,
among other things, that none of the calls with defendant’s employees were “confidential


                                             12
communications” within the meaning of section 632. (Id. at pp. 1386, 1396.) The trial
court granted summary judgment, but the Court of Appeal reversed.
       Applying the definition of “confidential communication” articulated by the
Supreme Court in Flanagan, the CashCall court determined that defendant had failed to
meet its “burden to present evidence showing plaintiffs (and the class members) had no
reasonable expectation of privacy as a matter of law . . . .” (CashCall, supra,
200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1397.) In reaching this conclusion, the court made clear that it was
not expressing an opinion as to whether plaintiffs would ultimately prevail on the issue at
trial. (Id. at p. 1396.) On the contrary, the CashCall court observed that, consistent with
Flanagan and Kearney, “[t]he issue whether there exists a reasonable expectation that no
one is secretly listening to a phone conversation is generally a question of fact that may
depend on numerous specific factors, such as whether the call was initiated by the
consumer or whether a corporate employee telephoned a customer, the length of the
customer-business relationship, the customer’s prior experiences with business
communications, and the nature and timing of any recorded disclosures.” (Ibid., italics
added.) Given the “limited record,” the court held “factual issues exist on the reasonable
expectation issue and thus summary adjudication on plaintiffs’ section 632 claim was not
warranted.” (Ibid.)
       Plaintiff does not quarrel with the CashCall court’s conclusion, or with the list of
factors the court identified as relevant to the assessment of whether there exists an
objectively reasonable expectation that no one is secretly listening to a telephone
conversation. Instead, Plaintiff contends that CashCall is applicable to only the specific
circumstances of eavesdropping, and argues that the factors it identified would not be
relevant to the reasonableness of an expectation that a call will not be recorded. In
essence, Plaintiff posits that the reasonableness of a party’s expectation concerning
eavesdropping is subject to a factual inquiry, but the reasonableness of an expectation
concerning recording is not. Stated differently, Plaintiff contends liability is established
merely by showing there was no notification the communication would be recorded,
regardless of whether one could reasonably expect not to be recorded.


                                             13
       Contrary to Plaintiff’s position, nothing in the language of section 632 or the case
law interpreting “confidential communication” suggests that recording a conversation
without advising the other party constitutes a per se violation of the statute. We
acknowledge that, for purposes of the summary judgment motion in CashCall, “it was
assumed that the calls were not recorded; [rather] the supervisor would listen to the call
while the conversation was occurring.” (CashCall, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1385.)
Be that as it may, we see no reason why the factors listed in CashCall would not apply
equally where a business records telephone conversations with its customers. Nothing
about those factors is peculiar to eavesdropping or incongruent with assessing the
reasonableness of a plaintiff’s alleged expectation that a call will not be recorded.
Indeed, other courts that have addressed the issue have determined that reasonableness,
even with respect to an expectation concerning recording, is a factual question for the
jury to decide. (See, e.g., Sanders v. American Broadcasting Companies (1999)
20 Cal.4th 907, 926 [jury must decide “whether it was reasonable for plaintiff to expect,
in the circumstances of his particular workplace, that an interaction between coworkers
would not be subject to covert videotaping”]; Lieberman v. KCOP Television, Inc. (2003)
110 Cal.App.4th 156, 169 [“It is for the jury to decide whether under the circumstance
presented [the plaintiff] could have reasonably expected that the communications were
private” and, thus, would not be recorded].)
       We agree with CashCall, and the trial court, that the determination whether an
individual plaintiff had an objectively reasonable belief that his or her conversation with
First American’s Inside Sales group would not be recorded will require individualized
proof of, among other things, “the length of the customer-business relationship [and] the
[plaintiff’s] prior experiences with business communications . . . .” (CashCall, supra,
200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1396.) Indeed, as the trial court alluded to at the class certification
hearing, Plaintiff’s unique circumstances—including the fact that she had made
approximately a dozen calls to First American during which she was told that the call
“may be monitored or recorded”—sets her apart, for purposes of assessing the
reasonableness of her expectations, from other customers who never heard the disclosure


                                               14
or heard it only a few times. Likewise, Plaintiff’s prior experience with other
businesses—the “dozens and dozens and dozens” of telephone calls where she
understood her call could be recorded or monitored for quality assurance—could support
a jury finding that she lacked an objectively reasonable expectation that her calls with
First American would not be recorded. A jury could rationally reach a different
conclusion concerning another plaintiff who has not had the same experience. In any
event, due process requires that First American be permitted to cross-examine an
individual plaintiff regarding those experiences that may impact the reasonableness of his
or her alleged confidentiality expectation.
       The trial court’s conclusion also is supported by the declaration offered by First
American’s marketing expert, Ms. Golden. Ms. Golden’s survey results showed that
customers have divergent privacy expectations based on their unique backgrounds and
experiences, including, in particular, whether they were previously advised by a company
that an inbound call may be monitored or recorded. (See Sav-on, supra, 34 Cal.4th at
p. 333 [noting general relevance of “statistical evidence, sampling evidence [and] expert
testimony” in class action cases].)
       Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that assessing the
objective reasonableness of an individual plaintiff’s expectation of confidentiality will
require individualized proof of the plaintiff’s prior experiences with First American and
other business communications. (See CashCall, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1396.)
       4.     Amending the Complaint to Add a Claim for Violation of Section 632.7 Will
              Not Ameliorate the Need for Individualized Proof
       In her reply brief, Plaintiff contends that the need to engage in an individualized
factual inquiry could have been eliminated by permitting her to amend the complaint to
add a claim for violation of section 632.7. Because section 632.7 applies to cellular and
cordless telephone calls and has no “confidential communication” requirement, Plaintiff
argues granting leave to amend would have addressed the trial court’s concerns regarding
both the type of phone used and the need to individually assess the reasonableness of



                                              15
each class member’s expectation of confidentiality. Plaintiff maintains the trial court
abused its discretion by refusing to grant leave to amend. We disagree.
       To begin, as we noted in our discussion of the trial court proceedings, Plaintiff did
not file a formal motion to amend, nor did she make the evidentiary showing required by
rule 3.1324 of the California Rules of Court. Moreover, when the trial court expressed
concern that due process required that First American have an opportunity to respond to a
written motion, Plaintiff conceded the point and agreed to “make a formal motion” asking
“the court to amend the complaint to include a [section] 632.7 claim . . . .” We find no
abuse of discretion in the trial court requiring Plaintiff to bring a motion, compliant with
the Rules of Court, to which First American would have an opportunity to respond—
particularly in light of Plaintiff’s express agreement to do so.
       Apart from this, we also conclude that adding a section 632.7 claim would not
have dispensed with the need to engage in an individualized factual inquiry. The trial
court found that Plaintiff’s proposed methodology for identifying outbound calls
provided no means to determine whether a landline, cellular or cordless telephone had
been used to receive the subject call and that a call-by-call inquiry would be required to
make this determination. Even if a section 632.7 claim were added, this would not
eliminate the need to determine what type of telephone was used, because the elements of
a section 632 claim differ from those of a section 632.7 claim. In particular, to determine
whether an individual plaintiff will be required to establish that the subject call was a
“confidential communication”—as required by section 632 for landline communications,
but not by section 632.7 for cellular or cordless telephone communications—the trier of
fact must first determine what type of telephone was used to receive the subject call.4


4
      As the Flanagan court explained, in deciding not to include a “confidential
communication” requirement in section 632.7, “the Legislature found that ‘the advent of
widespread use of cellular radio telephone technology means that persons will be
conversing over a network which cannot guarantee privacy in the same way that it is
guaranteed over landline systems.’ ” (Flanagan, supra, 27 Cal.4th at pp. 775-776.)
Thus, while together sections 632 and 632.7, “protect[ ] against intentional,
nonconsensual recording of telephone conversations regardless of the content of the

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That determination, as the trial court found, will require an individualized call-by-call
inquiry.
       Because the trial court did not commit legal error in concluding common questions
of fact do not predominate, we need not consider the other grounds the court identified
for denying class certification. (Mora v. Big Lots Stores, Inc. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th
496, 512, fn. 14.)
                                      DISPOSITION
       The order is affirmed. First American is entitled to its costs on appeal.


       CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION




                                                  KITCHING, J.

We concur:




                     KLEIN, P.J.




                     ALDRICH, J.




conversation or the type of telephone involved” (id. at p. 776), for landline
communications, section 632 imposes the added requirement that the plaintiff establish
“an objectively reasonable expectation that the conversation is not being overheard or
recorded.” (Id. at p. 777.)


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