                                 COURT OF APPEALS
                              EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                   EL PASO, TEXAS


                                              §
IN RE                                                           No. 08-16-00276-CV
                                              §
KRISTY GABRIELOVA,                                        AN ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
                                              §
RELATOR                                                          IN MANDAMUS
                                              §

                                       OPINION

        Kristy Gabrielova asks the Court to issue the writ of mandamus against the Honorable

Luis Aguilar, Judge of the 243rd District Court of El Paso County, Texas, to compel him to

withdraw a bench warrant for Relator and cease contempt proceedings until Respondent has

afforded Relator due process. This is the second mandamus proceeding filed in this Court by a

non-El Paso attorney accused of contempt by Respondent. See In re Cisneros, 487 S.W.3d 237,

243 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2015, orig. proceeding). We conditionally grant mandamus relief.

                                  FACTUAL SUMMARY

        Relator is a Houston attorney employed by Midland Credit Management, Inc. (MCM),

and she represents Midland Funding, LLC in a suit styled Midland Funding LLC v. Maria

Romero, cause number 2015DCV1187. Midland Funding sued the pro se defendant, Romero, on

an unpaid credit card account, and local counsel appeared on behalf of Midland Funding on six

occasions during the course of the case without any problems. Midland Funding and Romero

settled the case, and Midland Funding filed a motion for continuance on that basis in August
2015. Respondent set the case for an entry of judgment hearing on September 24, 2015 and

again on October 8, 2015, but it appears that the settlement process was not completed until

Romero finished making her settlement payments. The court set the case for a status hearing on

November 12, 2015, and then on January 7, 2016. On January 11, 2016, Respondent entered an

order setting the case for a bench trial on February 4, 2016. The order stated the following:

       The Court requires that counsel appear in person or that arrangements be made for
       local counsel to appear.

       If the above reference (sic) case has already been settled, tried or dismissed,
       please notify the Court Coordinator… upon receipt of this order.

       Relator did not attend trial because she was pregnant and under doctor’s orders to not

travel, but she made arrangements for local counsel to attend the bench trial. Unfortunately,

local counsel went to the wrong court. Midland Funding non-suited the case on February 5,

2016 after Romero made the payments required by the settlement agreement.

       Apparently displeased that counsel for Midland Funding had not appeared for the bench

trial, Respondent issued a show cause order for Relator to appear on February 9, 2016. Relator

sent a letter dated February 5, 2016 to Respondent apologizing for her absence and explaining

why no one had appeared on behalf of Midland Funding. She also notified him that the case had

been settled and non-suited. Additionally, on February 8, 2016, Relator’s obstetrician sent

Respondent a letter stating that she was scheduled for a C-section on April 18, 2016, and he had

ordered her to not travel to El Paso. On April 6, Respondent issued another show cause order

requiring Relator to appear on April 21, 2016. On April 20, 2016, another attorney at MCM,

Brian Staley, informed Respondent that Relator had, in fact, undergone a C-section on April 18,

2016, and she would be on FMLA leave for twelve weeks. Staley sent a second letter to

Respondent reminding him that Midland Funding had filed a motion to dismiss the suit with



                                               -2-
prejudice, and informing him that if Respondent required Relator’s presence in order to grant the

motion, she could not attend a hearing until August 2016. Respondent issued another show

cause order requiring Relator to appear on May 26, 2016.           Respondent also sent a letter

addressed to Relator at the MCM office informing her that he would proceed with the contempt

hearing with or without her, and he would consider “[t]he full range of punishment.” Relator did

not attend the show cause hearing, and Respondent issued a bench warrant for her arrest. The

bench warrant set bond in the amount of $2,500.

       Even though Midland Funding had non-suited the case, Respondent set the underlying

case for a status hearing on September 22, 2016. When Relator did not appear for the status

hearing, Respondent issued another show cause order requiring Relator to appear on October 13,

2016. Relator filed a mandamus petition and motion for emergency relief. The Court granted

the motion and stayed the bench warrant and all proceedings in the case, including the show

cause hearing set for October 13, 2016.

       ISSUANCE OF BENCH WARRANT FOR AN OFFICER OF THE COURT

       In four issues, Relator contends that she is entitled to either mandamus or habeas corpus

relief because the trial court issued a bench warrant for her without meeting minimum due

process requirements. This case is substantially similar to In re Cisneros which issued several

months before the facts giving rise to this mandamus proceeding.

                                Mandamus or Habeas Corpus?

       Before reaching the merits of these issues, we must address whether Respondent’s order

is reviewable by mandamus or habeas corpus. It is well established that an order of contempt is

not appealable. In re Long, 984 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex. 1999); Ex parte Gray, 649 S.W.2d 640,

642 (Tex.Crim.App. 1983). If the contemnor has been confined or released on bond, a contempt



                                              -3-
order is reviewed by means of an application for writ of habeas corpus. See Rosser v. Squier,

902 S.W.2d 962, 962 (Tex. 1995).          A petition for writ of mandamus is the appropriate

mechanism for review when the contemnor has not been confined. Id. Because Respondent has

not yet entered a written contempt order and Relator has not been taken into custody, the bench

warrant and show cause order issued by Respondent are reviewable by petition for writ of

mandamus rather than habeas corpus. See In re Cisneros, 487 S.W.3d at 241 (bench warrant

issued for attorney who failed to appear for hearing reviewable by petition for writ of mandamus

rather than habeas corpus); In re Warrick, No. 08-13-00255-CR, 2014 WL 2466105 (Tex.App.--

El Paso May 30, 2014, orig. proceeding)(reviewing orders initiating contempt proceedings

against assistant district attorney without providing notice of the charges and affording a

reasonable amount of time to prepare for a hearing); In re Blancas, No. 08-13-00256-CR, 2014

WL 2466108 (Tex.App.--El Paso May 30, 2014, orig. proceeding)(same); In re Darnold, No. 08-

13-00257-CR, 2014 WL 2466113 (Tex.App.--El Paso May 30, 2014, orig. proceeding)(same).

                                        Standard of Review

       Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy that will issue only if the relator shows: (1) the

trial court abused its discretion; and (2) the relator has no adequate remedy by appeal. In re

McAllen Medical Center, Inc., 275 S.W.3d 458, 462 (Tex. 2008)(orig. proceeding); In re

Prudential Insurance Company of America, 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004). A trial court

abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision that is so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to

a clear and prejudicial error of law, or if it clearly fails to analyze or apply the law correctly. In

re Cerberus Capital Management, L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005).

                                      Due Process is Required

       A trial court may, in limited circumstances, conduct a summary contempt proceeding



                                                -4-
without notice and a hearing when a party or attorney commits a contumacious act in the

presence of the court. See In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360, 365 (Tex. 2011). Contemptuous

conduct which occurs in the presence of the court is referred to as direct contempt. Id. The trial

court’s authority to summarily punish contemptuous conduct flows from observing the conduct

and the exigency of the situation. Ex parte Knable, 818 S.W.2d 811, 813 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991).

If there are no exigent circumstances, the trial court does not have authority to punish without

notice and an opportunity to be heard. Id. Contempt which occurs outside of the court’s

presence is referred to as constructive contempt. Id. A constructive contemnor is entitled to

procedural safeguards such as notice, a hearing, and the opportunity to obtain an attorney. Id.

       The record does not reflect the existence of any exigent circumstances sufficient to justify

foregoing the requirements of due process. Regardless of whether this case involves constructive

or direct contempt, Relator was entitled to notice and a reasonable opportunity to be heard.

                                   Civil or Criminal Contempt?

       As part of our analysis, we must also determine whether the case involves civil or

criminal contempt.    Civil contempt is remedial and coercive in nature--the confinement is

conditioned on obedience with the court’s order.        In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d at 365.         The

contemnor is released from confinement once he obeys the court’s order. See Ex parte Werblud,

536 S.W.2d 542, 545 (Tex. 1976). Criminal contempt, on the other hand, is punitive in nature,

and the court punishes the contemnor for a completed act or omission rather than ordering him

confined to compel compliance with an existing order. Id. The language in the bench warrant

issued on June 1, 2016 reflects that Relator is being taken into custody solely because she failed

to appear for status hearings on February 4, 2016 and on February 9, 2016. The show cause

order recites that Relator failed to appear at a status hearing set for September 22, 2016. There is



                                               -5-
no pending order which Relator has continued to refuse to obey. Accordingly, this case involves

criminal contempt.

                            Constitutionally Insufficient Due Process

       Our opinion in Cisneros set forth the due process requirements in detail. Respondent’s

failure to afford another attorney practicing in his court with due process before issuing a bench

warrant for counsel leads us to conclude that these requirements must be reiterated.

       Notice in the context of a criminal contempt proceeding requires two types of notice:

timely notice by personal service of the show cause hearing, and full and unambiguous notice of

the contempt accusations. In re Cisneros, 487 S.W.3d at 242; In re Warrick, 2014 WL 2466105,

at *6; Gonzalez v. State, 187 S.W.3d 166, 170 (Tex.App.--Waco 2006, no pet.), citing Ex parte

Adell, 769 S.W.2d 521, 522 (Tex. 1989) and Ex parte Vetterick, 744 S.W.2d 598, 599 (Tex.

1988); In re Rowe, 113 S.W.3d 749, 752 (Tex.App.--Austin 2003, orig. proceeding.). Notice of

the contempt allegations must state when, how, and by what means the person has been guilty of

contempt and must be personally served on the alleged contemnor. In re Cisneros, 487 S.W.3d

at 242; In re Warrick, 2014 WL 2466105, at *6. The contempt proceedings were initiated by

Respondent rather than by the Real Party in Interest. Consequently, this notice was required to

be personally served on Relator by a show cause order or equivalent legal process.             Id.

Additionally, the notice must be given a reasonable time before the hearing. Id. In the absence

of constitutionally sufficient notice, a contempt order is void. Ex parte Adell, 769 S.W.2d at

522; In re Cisneros, 487 S.W.3d at 242; In re Warrick, 2014 WL 2466105, at *6.

       On June 1, 2016, Respondent issued a bench warrant for Relator’s arrest because she

failed to appear for the May 26, 2016 show cause hearing. The evidence presented by Relator

shows that she was not personally served with the show cause order. See TEX.R.CIV.P. 103,



                                               -6-
106. Respondent instead sent the show cause order to Relator by certified mail at the mailing

address for Relator’s employer.1 Relator, who was on FMLA leave at the time, did not sign the

certified mail receipt. In order to satisfy the personal service requirement, Respondent was

required to take steps to cause a true copy of the show cause order to be delivered to Relator in

person. In the absence of personal service of the show cause order, Relator was not required to

attend the show cause hearing nor can she be held in contempt for failure to do so. See Ex parte

Harwell, 538 S.W.2d 667, 668-70 (Tex.Civ.App.--Waco 1976, orig. proceeding).

          A trial court has the authority to issue a capias for an alleged contemnor if he fails to

appear at a properly noticed contempt hearing. See Ex parte Johnson, 654 S.W.2d 415, 422

(Tex. 1983)(holding that the proper procedure to follow when an individual is cited for contempt

and fails to appear is not to hold the hearing in his absence, but rather to bring the individual into

court pursuant to a capias or a writ of attachment); In re Cisneros, 487 S.W.3d at 243. Assuming

for the sake of argument that Respondent issued the bench warrant in lieu of a capias or writ of

attachment because Relator failed to appear at the May 26 hearing, we conclude that the bench

warrant is void because Respondent failed to provide Relator with constitutionally-sufficient

notice of the May 26 hearing. See In re Cisneros, 487 S.W.2d at 243.

          Respondent also issued a show cause order requiring Relator to appear and show cause

why she should not be held in contempt for failing to attend the September 22, 2016 status

hearing. On September 13, 2016, Respondent entered an order setting the underlying case for a

status hearing on September 22, 2016 even though Midland Funding had non-suited the

underlying cause more than six months earlier. The evidence shows that the show cause order

was faxed to the MCM office, but Relator was not personally served with it. Because Relator

was not provided with constitutionally-sufficient notice of the show cause hearing, Respondent
1
    The mailing address for MCM is a post office box in Houston, Texas.

                                                       -7-
may not proceed with the contempt hearing.

                                   Inadequate Remedy at Law

       As already noted, Relator is not permitted to appeal a contempt order. Section 21.002(d)

provides a remedy to an officer of the court that is not available to other contemnors. Section

21.002(d) of the Texas Government Code provides that an officer of the court who has been

found guilty of contempt shall, upon proper motion filed in the offended court, be released on his

own personal recognizance pending a de novo determination of his guilt or innocence. See

TEX.GOV’T CODE ANN. § 21.002(d)(West 2004). The remedy provided by Section 21.002(d) is

inadequate because Respondent has not entered a contempt order, yet he has ordered an officer

of the court confined until the contempt hearing, and Relator can temporarily secure her release

only if she posts a bond in the amount of $2,500. Under these circumstances, the remedy

afforded to Relator by Section 21.002(d) in the event she is adjudged guilty of contempt amounts

to no remedy at all.

       We conclude that the bench warrant and the show cause orders are void, and Relator has

shown that she is entitled to mandamus relief. Accordingly, we conditionally grant mandamus

relief and order Respondent to immediately withdraw the bench warrant for Relator and cease

contempt proceedings against her. The writ will issue only if Respondent fails to comply.



December 20, 2016
                                             YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.




                                              -8-
