          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


No. 19-1618



  JOSEPHINE B. DONAHUE, on behalf of herself and all others so
                       similarly situated,

                      Plaintiff, Appellant,

                                v.

              FEDERAL NATIONAL MORTGAGE ASSOCIATION;
                    OCWEN LOAN SERVICING, LLC,

                      Defendants, Appellees,

                        82 COBB LANE, LLC,

                            Defendant.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

          [Hon. Denise J. Casper, U.S. District Judge]


                              Before

                       Howard, Chief Judge,
              Torruella and Barron, Circuit Judges.



     Todd S. Dion on brief for appellant.
     Marissa I. Delinks and Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP on brief for
appellee Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC.
August 14, 2020
          Barron, Circuit Judge.    Josephine Donahue appeals from

a grant of summary judgment to Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC ("Ocwen")

in her 2017 suit in the District of Massachusetts against Ocwen

and the Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA").1      We

dismiss the appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction.          See

28 U.S.C. § 1291 (providing federal appellate jurisdiction of

"final decisions" of district courts).

                               I.

          The suit has its origin in a mortgage that Donahue

executed on or about June 22, 2010, in the amount of $484,330, to

Reliant Mortgage Company for her home in Scituate, Massachusetts.

In June of 2014, the mortgage was assigned to Ocwen, and, in

September of 2014, Donahue defaulted on it.

          More than a year later, on June 17, 2016, Ocwen sent a

letter to Donahue, who remained in default, that notified her that

a foreclosure sale would occur on July 21, 2016.         Ocwen then

conducted an appraisal that indicated that the fair market value

of the property was $500,000, a figure that Donahue disputes.

Ocwen held the foreclosure auction on July 21, 2016.      Ocwen was

the highest bidder and paid $482,264 for the property.




     1 Donahue misnamed GNMA in the case caption, instead listing
the "Federal National Mortgage Association" as a defendant, but
properly named GNMA in the body of the complaint.


                              - 3 -
            Following the auction, Donahue filed suit on February

27, 2017, under Massachusetts law, against GNMA and Ocwen in

Massachusetts Superior Court.           The complaint alleged, first, that

GNMA and Ocwen executed a conveyance of her property on behalf of

another    entity   without     the    appropriate    Power   of    Attorney   in

violation of Mass. Gen. L. c. 183, § 32 and Mass. Gen. L. c. 183,

§ 4, (Count I).     Second, the complaint alleged that the defendants

breached their duty of good faith and reasonable diligence under

Massachusetts contract law (Count II).                 Third, the complaint

alleged that the defendants breached the mortgage contract and the

covenant    of   good   faith    and    fair   dealing    (Count     III)   under

Massachusetts law.         With respect to this claim, the complaint

alleged that the defendants had failed to satisfy regulations of

the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development that

her mortgage contract had incorporated and that created a number

of   conditions     precedent    to     foreclosure,     including    that     the

mortgagee "make a reasonable effort to arrange" a face-to-face

interview    with    the   mortgagor      before     foreclosure,    24     C.F.R.

§ 203.604(b).

            With GNMA's consent, Ocwen removed the action to the

District of Massachusetts based on diversity jurisdiction.                  See 28

U.S.C. § 1332.      GNMA never filed an appearance.           Ocwen then moved

for summary judgment as to all of Donahue's claims against it, and

the District Court granted that motion on May 20, 2019.                        The


                                       - 4 -
District Court's judgment, however, did not address Donahue's

then-still-pending claims against GNMA.

          The next event of relevance to the issues before us

occurred on June 17, 2019.   That was when Donahue filed her notice

of appeal in our Court, in which she sought review of only the

grant of summary judgment to Ocwen on Count III of her complaint.

          In response, our Court, on August 7, 2019, issued an

order to show cause concerning our appellate jurisdiction.      The

concern about our jurisdiction arose from the fact that the

District Court's grant of summary judgment to Ocwen as to all of

Donahue's claims against it did not address Donahue's then-still-

pending claims against GNMA.     The show-cause order stated that

"the orders appealed from do not appear to be final or appealable

on an interlocutory basis" and thus that:

     [T]his court does not appear [to] have jurisdiction to
     review this appeal, absent certification pursuant to
     Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b).    See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291, 1292;
     Barrett ex rel. Est. of Barrett v. United States, 462
     F.3d 28, 32 (1st Cir. 2006) (stating that a district
     court's order disposing of fewer than all defendants is
     not ordinarily final and appealable when it lacks a Rule
     54(b) certification).

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) ("[W]hen multiple parties are involved,

the court may direct entry of a final judgment as to one or more,

but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly

determines that there is no just reason for delay.   Otherwise, any

order or other decision, however designated, that adjudicates



                               - 5 -
fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer

than all the parties does not end the action as to any of the

claims or parties and may be revised at any time before the entry

of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties'

rights and liabilities.").   The order required Donahue to either

voluntary dismiss her appeal or "show . . . why this appeal should

not be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction."

          On August 9, 2019, Donahue filed a notice of voluntary

dismissal in the District Court of her claims against GNMA.    The

District Court did not enter any further orders or judgments, and

Donahue did not file a new notice of appeal.    Donahue then filed

a response to the show cause order in our Court on August 21, 2019.

In that response, she stated that her appeal should go forward

because GNMA "never responded to the original complaint nor are

they the mortgagee in the case and the Appellant has requested

they be dismissed from the case."

                               II.

          Donahue contends that the judgment below from which she

now appeals is a "final decision" within the meaning of 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, because she has voluntarily dismissed her claims against

GNMA pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(i).

The subsection of Rule 41 that Donahue relied on provides that a

plaintiff may "dismiss an action without a court order by filing:

(i) a notice of dismissal before the opposing party serves either


                              - 6 -
an answer or a motion for summary judgment; or (ii) a stipulation

of dismissal signed by all parties who have appeared."    Fed. R.

Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(A) (emphasis added).    We do not doubt that "an

action" under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) can refer to all claims a

plaintiff has brought against a single defendant in a multi-

defendant suit rather than only all claims against all defendants

in such a suit.   See Cabrera v. Municipality of Bayamón, 622 F.2d

4, 5-6 (1st Cir. 1980) (so applying the phrase "an action" in Rule

41(a)(1)(A)); see also Pedrina v. Chun, 987 F.2d 608, 609–10 (9th

Cir. 1993) (reading Rule 41(a) as "[p]ermitting a plaintiff to

dismiss fewer than all of the named defendants"); Plains Growers,

Inc. v. Ickes–Braun Glasshouses, Inc., 474 F.2d 250, 254–55 (5th

Cir. 1973) (same); Young v. Wilky Carrier Corp., 150 F.2d 764, 764

(3d Cir. 1945) (same).2     Nevertheless, the concern about our




     2  Although the Second Circuit once found that Rule
41(a)(1)(A)(i) did not allow a plaintiff to dismiss the claims
against just one defendant in a multidefendant case, see Harvey
Aluminum, Inc. v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 203 F.2d 105, 108 (2d Cir.
1953), the Circuit has since noted that Harvey Aluminum "has been
criticized and is now against the weight of authority," and that
it might have gone too far. Wakefield v. N. Telecom, Inc., 769
F.2d 109, 114 n.4 (2d Cir. 1985); see also Thorp v. Scarne, 599
F.2d 1169, 1176 (2d Cir. 1979) (limiting Harvey Aluminum to its
"extreme" facts).




                               - 7 -
appellate    jurisdiction    that    prompted   the   show-cause   order

persists.

            That concern remains not because Donahue voluntarily

dismissed her claims against GNMA only after she had filed a notice

of appeal in our Court.     It is true that, generally, "[t]he filing

of a notice of appeal is an event of jurisdictional significance

-- it confers jurisdiction on the court of appeals and divests the

district court of its control over those aspects of the case

involved in the appeal."     Griggs v. Provident Consumer Disc. Co.,

459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982) (emphasis added); see also 16A Charles Alan

Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 3949.1

(5th ed. 2020) ("The general principle is that the filing of the

appeal transfers authority over matters encompassed in the appeal

to the court of appeals.      As to such matters, the district court

will lack power to act during the pendency of the appeal.").       But,

no divestiture of the district court's jurisdiction occurs "if the

notice of appeal is defective in some substantial and easily

discernible way (if, for example, it is based on an unappealable

order) or if it otherwise constitutes a transparently frivolous

attempt to impede the progress of the case."          United States v.

Brooks, 145 F.3d 446, 456 (1st Cir. 1998); see Rivera-Torres v.

Ortiz Vélez, 341 F.3d 86, 96 (1st Cir. 2003) ("The defendants'

notice of appeal was patently meritless, and therefore failed to

divest the district court of jurisdiction in the first instance.");


                                    - 8 -
Wright & Miller, supra, § 3949.1 ("The weight of authority holds

that an appeal from a clearly non-appealable order fails to oust

district court authority.").

             Thus, the notice of appeal that Donahue filed did not

bar   her   from   voluntarily   dismissing   her   claims   against   GNMA

pursuant to Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i).           That notice of appeal was

patently meritless at that time precisely because her claims

against GNMA were then still pending.         See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b)

("[A]ny order or other decision . . . that adjudicates fewer than

all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the

parties does not end the action as to any of the claims or parties

and may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment

adjudicating all the claims and all the parties' rights and

liabilities.").

             The concern about our appellate jurisdiction persists

because Donahue needs us to do more than merely ignore her notice

of appeal.    She also needs us to count it after we have ignored it

and, in doing so, to treat it as if it had been filed after the

decision below became final.       For, otherwise, she will not have

filed a notice of appeal from a final decision at all.             See 28

U.S.C. § 1291 ("The courts of appeals . . . shall have jurisdiction

of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the

United States."); Fed. R. App. P. 3 ("An appeal permitted by law




                                   - 9 -
as of right from a district court to a court of appeals may be

taken only by filing a notice of appeal with the district clerk.").

            Certain provisions of the Federal Rules of Appellate

Procedure do expressly permit us to treat a notice of appeal that

has been filed before the decision below was "final" as if it had

been filed after the decision became "final."          See, e.g., Fed. R.

App. P. 4(a)(2) (stating that "[a] notice of appeal filed after

the court announces a decision or order -- but before the entry of

the judgment or order -- is treated as filed on the date of and

after the entry"); Fed. R. App. P. (4)(a)(4)(B)(i) ("If a party

files a notice of appeal after the court announces or enters a

judgment -- but before it disposes of any motion listed in Rule

4(a)(4)(A) -- the notice becomes effective to appeal a judgment or

order, in whole or in part, when the order disposing of the last

such remaining motion is entered.").          These exceptions, however,

do not apply here, and Donahue does not argue otherwise.

            That is not to say that Donahue is without any authority

on her side.   In IUE AFL-CIO Pension Fund v. Herrmann, 9 F.3d 1049,

1055 & n.5 (2d Cir. 1993), for example, the Second Circuit treated

the plaintiff's notice of appeal of an otherwise non-final district

court decision as one that was "premature" when filed but that

"ripened"   into   a   valid   notice   of   appeal   upon   the   voluntary

dismissal of the remaining party.       The Second Circuit acknowledged

that no exception in the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure


                                  - 10 -
authorized such treatment.          See id. (explaining that both Fed. R.

App. P. 4(a)(4) and Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(2) were inapplicable to

the appeal at issue). But, it still held that it had had "appellate

jurisdiction" because the notice of appeal was properly deemed to

have been "premature" but then to have "ripened."                     Id. at 1055.

              In   addition,   in    DL    Resources,        Inc.   v.    FirstEnergy

Solutions Corp., 506 F.3d 209, 214-16 (3d Cir. 2007), the Third

Circuit ruled similarly with respect to a notice of appeal filed

after the district court had entered a judgment order setting forth

an unspecified damages award.             The Third Circuit found that, even

though      Rule   4(a)(2)   was    "inapplicable"       because       the      appellee

"appealed from an order that had been entered and was not final,"

id. at 213, the defendant's otherwise premature notice of appeal

"ripened" after the appeal was filed when the district court

entered an amended judgment that quantified the damages award, id.

at   216.      Thus,   FirstEnergy        held   on   that    basis      that    it    had

jurisdiction to hear the appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.                         Id.3

              The ripening logic these cases deploy has some appeal

(no pun intended).       It saves an appellant from having to file an

additional notice. It thereby both ensures that the finality rules


      3While Donahue invokes Herrmann and Ocwen cites FirstEnergy,
we also note that the Seventh Circuit has ruled similarly in
Garwood Packaging, Inc. v. Allen & Co., 378 F.3d 698, 701 (7th
Cir. 2004) (finding appellate jurisdiction in circumstances like
those presented here "based on Rule 4(a)(2)").



                                      - 11 -
do not become a trap for the unwary and obviates the need for

starting an appeal over from scratch based on a technicality.

             We decline on our own, however, to treat a notice of

appeal in such a now-you-see-it, now-you-don't, now-you-see-it-

again way.     The plain language of Rules 3 and 4 of the Federal

Rules of Appellate Procedure as to when a notice of appeal must be

filed -- at least when read in conjunction with 28 U.S.C. § 1291

-- does not comfortably accommodate the conclusion that a notice

of appeal filed following a non-appealable order may be treated as

if it actually had been filed following an appealable order.              See

Fed. R. App. P. 3(a) ("An appeal permitted by law as of right from

a district court to a court of appeals may be taken only by filing

a notice of appeal with the district clerk within the time allowed

by Rule 4."); Fed. R. App. P. 4(a) ("In a civil case . . . the

notice of appeal required by Rule 3 must be filed with the district

clerk within 30 days entry of the judgment or order appealed from,"

with certain types of appeals granted a more flexible timing

requirement.).    Moreover, if we were to treat a notice of appeal

that is patently meritless in such a springing manner, we would

run into another problem.        We would render seemingly superfluous

the existing, expressly limited exceptions in those two rules that

allow for ripening in specified circumstances. After all, we would

be holding that a notice of appeal from a non-appealable order may

be   later   treated   as   it   had   been   filed   from   an   order   that


                                   - 12 -
subsequently became appealable even when no provision of the

Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure expressly authorizes such

treatment.

             We note, too, that this approach hardly can be said to

set a trap, even though it is admittedly not as forgiving of

mistakes as is the one that embraces the logic of ripening outside

the circumstances expressly recognized by the rules themselves.

We have long made clear that a notice of appeal that is plainly

ineffective does not divest the district court of jurisdiction.

See Rivera-Torres, 341 F.3d at 96 ("The defendants' notice of

appeal was patently meritless, and therefore failed to divest the

district court of jurisdiction in the first instance.").   Thus, an

appellant who jumps the gun by filing a notice of appeal before

the decision below was final is on notice that she is not without

options to correct the mistake.     Upon realizing it, she may cure

the finality problem that renders the notice of appeal of no

consequence and then, in accord with the plain terms of Rules 3

and 4, file a timely notice of appeal from the now final decision.

That way, there can be no risk of confusion about what exactly is

being appealed, given that the notice of appeal that secures our

jurisdiction then would follow rather than precede the decision

below from which review is sought.   See Kotler v. Am. Tobacco Co.,

981 F.2d 7, 10–11 (1st Cir. 1992) ("Fed. R. App. P. 3(c) . . .

requires, inter alia, that a notice of appeal 'designate the


                                - 13 -
judgment, order or part thereof appealed from.' The rule's commands

are jurisdictional and mandatory."); Fed. R. App. P. 3(c) ("The

notice of appeal must . . . designate the judgment, order, or part

thereof being appealed."); see also Kotler v. Am. Tobacco Co., 926

F.2d 1217, 1221 (1st Cir. 1990) (explaining that the court of

appeals is "not limited to the four corners of the notices [of

appeal], but may examine them in the context of the record as a

whole"), vacated on other grounds by 505 U.S. 1215 (1992).

                               III.

          The appeal is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.




                              - 14 -
