        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                  January 7, 2014 Session

                   STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JOEY GODWIN

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Gibson County
                    Nos. 9061 & 9088     Clayburn Peeples, Judge


                 No. W2013-01602-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 6, 2014


Appellant, Joey Godwin, was convicted of two counts of the sale of more than 0.5 grams of
cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance, for which he received consecutive sentences of
thirty years each. He appeals his convictions and sentences on the following grounds: (1) the
evidence underlying the convictions was insufficient to establish his guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt; (2) the trial court erred by imposing consecutive sentences; and (3) the trial
court erred in finding that the State did not improperly exercise some of its peremptory
challenges during jury selection. We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

   Tenn. R. App. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which A LAN E. G LENN, J., joined.
D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., J., filed a separate, dissenting opinion.

Tom W. Crider, District Public Defender; J. Daniel Rogers (on appeal), and Linda L. Moore
(at trial), Assistant District Public Defenders, Trenton, Tennessee, for the appellant, Joey
Godwin.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Senior Counsel;
Garry G. Brown, District Attorney General; and Larry Hardister and Jason C. Scott, Assistant
District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                          OPINION

                                           I. Facts

      This case involves an undercover operation by the Humboldt Police Department’s
Drug Task Force wherein appellant sold cocaine in an amount greater than 0.5 grams to a
confidential source on two separate occasions. For his involvement in these offenses, a grand
jury indicted appellant for two counts each of the sale of a Schedule II substance and delivery
of the same. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-17-408(b)(4), -417(a)(2), (a)(3), (c)(1).

                                                 A. Trial

        The State’s first witness was Lieutenant Danny Lewis, who was an assistant special
agent with the Drug Task Force of the Humboldt Police Department. In 2010, the task force
conducted a seven-month-long operation targeting drug trafficking in public housing in the
area. As part of this operation, the task force recruited a confidential informant (“CI”)1 who
had experience in working undercover. Lieutenant Lewis stated that they placed the CI in
public housing as a resident and allowed him time to make contacts in the area. After the CI
made the necessary contacts, he began meeting with the task force to conduct controlled buys
of illegal drugs. Protocol required that an officer first search the CI’s vehicle and person to
ensure that he had no drugs or money in his possession. The CI would place a telephone call
to arrange to purchase drugs. Officers would next equip him with a video camera worn on
his body, as well as an audio transmitter in his vehicle. Lieutenant Lewis explained that
when the CI conducted the drug purchases, officers were located nearby to intervene if
problems arose. Following the completion of the transactions, officers would meet with the
CI to retrieve the evidence and to search him and his vehicle again. Lieutenant Lewis
acknowledged that the CI was a paid confidential source; however, he was paid for each
transaction without regard to whether the task force could build a case against the subject or
whether the State secured a conviction against the subject, thus removing any incentive to
“set somebody up.”

       Lieutenant Lewis recalled that with regard to the first transaction involving appellant
on September 30, 2010, the operation followed protocol. The CI placed a telephone call to
appellant and arranged to purchase drugs from him at the Fort Hill public housing complex.
Lieutenant Lewis identified appellant from the videotape, and the tape also captured
appellant’s vehicle, which the task force was able to confirm by matching the license
numbers with public records. Upon completion of the transaction, the CI returned with the
evidence. Lieutenant Lewis field tested the substance, and it tested positive for cocaine. The
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation’s (“TBI”) crime laboratory confirmed that the substance
was, indeed, 0.86 grams of cocaine base. The CI subsequently identified appellant through
the use of a photograph array.

      Lieutenant Lewis stated that the same procedure was followed on November 22, 2010,
when the CI again purchased drugs from appellant. They agreed to meet at Westside Grocery
to complete the transaction. Appellant arrived in a different car, and he did not roll down the

       1
           To maintain the confidentiality of this police source, we will refer to him as the “CI.”

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car’s window fully, which created a glare on the video recording. Lieutenant Lewis
explained that although the driver’s identity is not readily apparent, the voice on the
recording was similar to appellant’s voice as recorded during the first transaction. Following
the same procedure, the CI returned with the evidence, which was field tested and confirmed
by the TBI as being 0.7 grams of cocaine base.

        On cross-examination, Lieutenant Lewis admitted that the CI was provided housing
by the public housing authority at no expense to him and that utility bills were likely included
in the “package.” He also expounded on the CI’s credibility, stating that although the CI had
garnered some criminal convictions, they were far removed in time and were outweighed by
the experience that he had received in working with other agencies such as the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, the Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”), and other drug
task forces in Tennessee and surrounding states. In short, Lieutenant Lewis stated, the CI
came “highly recommended . . . as doing good work and being able to handle himself . . . .”
He had experienced no difficulty or problems with the CI with regard to honesty or
truthfulness.

       The CI testified next and stated that he had worked with the drug task force on a “by
the buy” basis, meaning that he would be compensated $50 for any purchase of marijuana
and $100 for any purchase of “narcotics, pills, [or] cocaine.” Payment was not predicated
upon securing a conviction. The CI had been working with law enforcement agencies for
eighteen to twenty years at the time of the transactions and had assisted the DEA, the Federal
Bureau of Investigation, “[a]ll of Tennessee, every branch of the government, . . . local task
forces[,] Atlanta, California, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Alabama[,] [and]
Mexico, the border.”

       The CI noted that before the day he first purchased drugs from appellant, he had “a
couple” of contacts with him, and during one of the contacts, the CI obtained appellant’s
telephone number. The CI told appellant that he would need some “hard,” meaning the rock
form of cocaine, and appellant furnished his telephone number and instructed the CI to call
when he was ready. On the date of the first drug transaction, the CI met with Investigator
Lewis, and task force officers “wired” the CI and his truck. They also searched him and his
truck. They instructed the CI to place a telephone call to appellant, and the CI drove to the
designated meeting place. Appellant exited the apartment, approached the CI, and delivered
the cocaine to him. The CI stated that he then returned to Officer Lewis and turned over the
evidence to him.

      The CI explained that the subsequent transaction in November 2010 followed the
same protocol. After he placed the telephone call to appellant, the CI began to drive toward
the meeting place, which was Westside Grocery. Appellant parked his vehicle, and the CI

                                              -3-
exited his vehicle and walked to the driver’s side of appellant’s vehicle. Appellant never
exited his vehicle. The CI confirmed that he purchased cocaine that day from appellant and
delivered it to Lieutenant Lewis.

        On cross-examination, the CI admitted to felony convictions for stealing livestock and
for passing a forged check. He acknowledged that during the six-month time frame in which
he worked with the drug task force, he did not have any other source of employment and that
he supported his girlfriend and his daughter. However, his girlfriend received social security
benefits. The CI could not state with certainty the total amount of his compensation for his
work with the task force. He agreed that he was provided a place to live and all necessary
utilities. However, he explained that he paid for other items, such as cable television, grocery
bills, cellular telephone service, clothing, and automotive expenses. The CI testified that he
had used between fifty and one hundred aliases during his career and that his alias at that
time was “Tennessee.”

      The CI further indicated that during the second transaction, appellant instructed him
to meet at “the Crossing.” However, when the CI arrived there, appellant was not present.
The CI contacted appellant and received directions to the location where they were to meet.
The CI testified, “[H]e was moving around like roaches.” The CI also stated that he was
working with other drug task forces during the same period.

       On redirect examination, the CI explained that his conviction for “cattle rustling” was
twenty years old and his conviction for passing a forged check was sixteen to eighteen years
old. At the close of the CI’s testimony, the State rested its case, and appellant presented no
proof. Following deliberations, the jury found appellant guilty of two counts of the sale of
more than 0.5 grams of cocaine.

                                   B. Sentencing Hearing

       At the sentencing hearing, the State advanced that appellant should be sentenced as
a career offender, and appellant did not contest that position. The trial court imposed
sentences of thirty years for each conviction, and the State requested that they be served
consecutively based on appellant’s extensive criminal record and his being on parole at the
time the offenses were committed. Appellant asserted that as a mitigating factor, the trial
court should consider that the offenses neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury
and asked that the sentences be served concurrently.

       Based on appellant’s status as a parolee when the offenses were committed and upon
his having “a great deal more than enough of a prior record to classify him as a career
offender,” the trial court ordered that appellant serve his sentences consecutively to each

                                              -4-
other and consecutively to the offense for which he was on parole. The trial court noted that
appellant took no responsibility for his actions and that based on his criminal behavior, he
constituted a “danger to the order and well[-]being of society.”

                                         II. Analysis

       Appellant raises three issues for our review: (1) whether the evidence was sufficient
to support his convictions; (2) whether the trial court erred in ordering consecutive sentence
alignment; and (3) whether the trial court erred in finding that the State did not improperly
exercise some of its peremptory challenges during voir dire.

                              A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The standard for appellate review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the State’s
evidence is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing Johnson
v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 362 (1972)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354
S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant
must demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of
review is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence,
or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v.
Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).

        On appellate review, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn
therefrom.’” Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)); State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and
the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the
evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court presumes that the jury
has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and resolved all conflicts
in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our own inferences
drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see State v. Sheffield,
676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt at the appellate
level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant, who must

                                              -5-
demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s findings.
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (citing State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011)).

       Appellant was convicted of two counts of the sale of a Schedule II controlled
substance — 0.5 grams or more of cocaine — on two different dates. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§§ 39-17-407(b)(4), -417(a)(3), (c)(1). Thus, for each offense date, the State must have
presented sufficient evidence to establish appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

        In an attempt to combat drug sales in public housing in the area, officers with the
Humboldt Police Department’s drug task force worked in conjunction with a confidential
source whom they placed in housing for the purpose of facilitating contact with drug dealers.
In that capacity, the CI met appellant. The CI indicated his desire to purchase cocaine in the
near future, and appellant provided the CI with his telephone number for that purpose. For
the offense dated September 30, 2010, the State presented evidence that officers with the
drug task force worked in conjunction with the CI to arrange for the CI to purchase an
amount of cocaine from appellant. In the presence of officers, the CI contacted appellant
through the given telephone number and arranged to meet him at an apartment in the Fort
Hill public housing complex. When the CI arrived, appellant exited the apartment and sold
cocaine to the CI. The State provided both audio and video recordings of the transaction, and
the CI further identified appellant in a photograph array. By stipulation, the State introduced
a laboratory report from the TBI confirming that the substance in question was, in fact, 0.86
grams of cocaine base.

        On November 22, 2010, following the same procedure, the CI, in the presence of drug
task force officers, telephoned appellant and arranged to purchase cocaine from him. This
time, however, appellant relocated from the agreed-upon meeting place of “the Crossing” to
a local grocery during the course of the transaction. The CI and appellant eventually met at
the Westside Grocery. When appellant parked his vehicle, the CI approached the driver’s
side, and appellant handed cocaine to him. Again, the State provided recorded evidence of
the transaction, and the CI confirmed that he had, indeed, purchased cocaine from appellant
a second time. The TBI laboratory report confirmed that the substance contained 0.7 grams
of cocaine base.

        In both instances, the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State,
supports appellant’s convictions. The State established that appellant knowingly engaged
in the sale: he provided the CI with his telephone number for that express purpose and met
with the CI on two occasions, again for the same purpose. The State proved that the
substance was a Schedule II controlled substance, to-wit: cocaine, that weighed more than
0.5 grams on each occasion. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.



                                              -6-
                                B. Consecutive Sentencing

        Appellant contests the consecutive sentence alignment of his two thirty-year
sentences. He does not contest the length of his sentences, nor does he contest consecutive
sentence alignment with the sentence upon which he was paroled at the time he committed
the instant offenses. See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(3)(A) (mandating consecutive sentencing
for a felony committed while on parole for a felony).

       Prior to 2013, on appellate review of sentence alignment issues, courts employed an
abuse of discretion standard of review. See State v. Hastings, 25 S.W.3d 178, 181 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1999). Our supreme court has since extended the standard of review enunciated
in State v. Bise, abuse of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness, to consecutive
sentencing determinations. State v. Pollard, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, No. M2011-00332-SC-
R11-CD, 2013 WL 6732667, at *9 (Tenn. Dec. 20, 2013); Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn.
2012) (modifying standard of review of within-range sentences to abuse of discretion with
a presumption of reasonableness); see also State v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn.
2012) (applying abuse of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness to review of
alternative sentencing determinations by the trial court). Thus, the presumption of
reasonableness gives “deference to the trial court’s exercise of its discretionary authority to
impose consecutive sentences if it has provided reasons on the record establishing at least
one of the seven grounds listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) . . . .”
Pollard, 2013 WL 6732667, at *9.

        The procedure used by the trial courts in deciding sentence alignment is governed by
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115, which lists the factors that are relevant to a
trial court’s sentencing decision. In addition to the considerations contained in section 40-
35-115, imposition of consecutive sentences must be “justly deserved in relation to the
seriousness of the offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(1). Moreover, the length of the
resulting consecutive sentence must be “no greater than that deserved for the offense
committed.” Id. § 40-35-103(2). The court may order consecutive sentences if it finds by
a preponderance of the evidence that one or more of the following seven statutory criteria
exists:

       (1)    The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted
              the defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood;

       (2)    The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is
              extensive;




                                              -7-
       (3)    The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so declared by
              a competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result of an investigation
              prior to sentencing that the defendant’s criminal conduct has been
              characterized by a pattern of repetitive or compulsive behavior with
              heedless indifference to consequences;

       (4)    The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little
              or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime
              in which the risk to human life is high;

       (5)    The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses
              involving sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating
              circumstances arising from the relationship between the defendant and
              victim or victims, the time span of defendant’s undetected sexual
              activity, the nature and scope of the sexual acts and the extent of the
              residual, physical and mental damage to the victim or victims;

       (6)    The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on
              probation; or

       (7)    The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.

       The Pollard court reiterated that “[a]ny one of these grounds is a sufficient basis for
the imposition of consecutive sentences.” Pollard, 2013 WL 6732667, at *9 (citing State v.
Dickson, 413 S.W.3d 735, 748 (Tenn. 2013)). “So long as a trial court properly articulates
reasons for ordering consecutive sentences, thereby providing a basis for meaningful
appellate review, the sentences will be presumed reasonable and, absent an abuse of
discretion, upheld on appeal.” Id.

        Of the seven statutory factors, the trial court found subsection (2), that appellant “is
an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive,” applicable to this case. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-115(2). Our supreme court has stated that “[c]onsecutive sentencing
based on an offender’s extensive record of criminal activity is appropriate to protect society
from those who ‘resort to criminal activity in furtherance of their anti-societal lifestyle.’”
Dickson, 413 S.W.3d at 749 (quoting Gray v. State, 538 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tenn. 1976)). In
this case, the trial court noted that appellant had garnered six class B felonies and one class
C felony. Our review of the presentence report in this case reveals that all seven of these
felonies were for the sale of cocaine and further shows that appellant’s string of convictions
for the sale of cocaine began in 1993 and continued until the case sub judice. In addition,
appellant had seven misdemeanor convictions and various traffic offense convictions. “Trial

                                              -8-
courts can consider prior misdemeanors in determining whether a defendant has an extensive
record of criminal activity” in part because “they indicate a consistent pattern of operating
outside the confines of lawful behavior.” Dickson, 413 S.W.3d at 748. We note that an
appellant’s record does not have to exceed the number of convictions required to determine
his sentencing range to be considered “extensive” under the consecutive sentencing statute;
nonetheless, in this case, appellant’s record did in fact exceed the combination of six class
A, B, or C felonies necessary to place him in the range of a career offender upon commission
of a class B felony. Id. § 40-35-108(a)(1); cf. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1) (noting that
to enhance a within-range sentence, the number of criminal convictions must exceed those
necessary to establish the appropriate range).

        Furthermore, while appellant claims that the “sentence does not correlate with the true
nature of the offense” because the record does not reflect that “[a]ppellant was a regular
seller of drugs,” the record belies his contention. As previously stated, appellant had seven
previous convictions for the sale of cocaine stretching over two decades, and the trial court
noted that appellant was on parole for at least one of these prior offenses when he committed
the instant offenses. These facts indicate that appellant was “a regular seller of drugs.” The
record shows that the trial court articulated reasons for imposing consecutive sentences;
therefore, under Pollard, we presume that its sentencing was reasonable. See Pollard, 2013
WL 6732667, at *9. Moreover, our review of the record indicates that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in sentencing appellant. Appellant is without relief as to this issue.

                                     C. Batson Challenge

       In his brief, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his Batson challenge,
asserting that five of the seven peremptory challenges issued by the State were against
African-American jurors and that the resulting jury was all Caucasian.

        In Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986), the United States Supreme Court held
that “the Equal Protection Clause [of the United States Constitution] forbids the prosecutor
to challenge potential jurors solely on account of their race.” Accordingly, the State’s use
of peremptory challenges to intentionally exclude jurors on the basis of race violates a
defendant’s right to equal protection. Id.

       “‘The peremptory challenge is one of the oldest established rights of the criminal
defendant.’” State v. Spratt, 31 S.W.3d 587, 597 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (quoting United
States v. Annigoni, 96 F.3d 1132, 1136 (9th Cir.1996)). Peremptory challenges are “‘an
essential part of the trial,’” id. (quoting Lewis v. United States, 146 U.S. 370, 376 (1892)),
constituting “‘one of the most important of the rights secured to the accused,’” id. at 598
(quoting Pointer v. United States, 151 U.S. 396, 408 (1894)). Because of the importance of

                                               -9-
the right to make peremptory challenges, courts have traditionally afforded an “extraordinary
remedy . . . to an accused who was deprived of the right: reversal of conviction, without a
showing of prejudice.” Id. (citing Lewis, 146 U.S. at 376).

       As this court noted in Spratt:

              Peremptory challenges, along with challenges for “cause,” are the
       principal tools that enable litigants to remove unfavorable jurors during the
       jury selection process. The central function of the right of peremptory
       challenge is to enable a litigant to remove a certain number of potential jurors
       who are not challengeable for cause, but in whom the litigant perceives bias
       or hostility. The function of the [peremptory] challenge is not only to
       eliminate extremes of partiality on both sides, but to assure the parties that the
       jurors before whom they try the case will decide on the basis of the evidence
       placed before them, and not otherwise.

Id. at 598 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

       At the outset, we note that the proper time to lodge a Batson challenge is prior to
accepting the jury and prior to the jury’s being sworn. State v. Kiser, 284 S.W.3d 227, 256
n.29 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v. Peck, 719 S.W.2d 553, 555 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986)). Our
Supreme Court instructed that when ruling on a Batson challenge, trial courts should utilize
“a three-pronged analysis for determining whether the suspect challenges were impermissibly
based on the potential juror’s race.” Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d at 368. Under this three-pronged
approach, “the defendant must establish a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination
against a prospective juror.” Id. To do so, a defendant may rest “‘solely on evidence
concerning the prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory challenges at the defendant’s trial.’” Id.
(quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 96).

       For the second prong of the analysis, if a defendant establishes “a prima facie showing
of purposeful discrimination,” only then must the State provide a neutral basis for the
challenge. Id. (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 97). The State’s explanation “must be a clear and
reasonably specific account of the prosecutor’s legitimate reasons for exercising the
challenge.” Id. (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 n.20). “[T]he race or gender neutral
explanation need not be persuasive, or even plausible.” Id. (citing Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S.
765, 767-68 (1995)). “‘Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor’s
explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race neutral.’” Id. (quoting Purkett, 514 U.S.
at 768); see also Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360 (1991) (plurality opinion).




                                             -10-
        Finally, if the State provides a race-neutral reason for the challenge, “the trial court
must then determine, from all of the circumstances, whether the defendant has established
purposeful discrimination.” Id. (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 98). Under this last prong, “the
party raising the Batson objection bears the burden of persuading the trial court that the other
party has engaged in purposeful and impermissible discrimination.” Kiser, 284 S.W.3d at
258 (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 93); see Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768 (noting that “the ultimate
burden of persuasion regarding racial motivation rests with, and never shifts from, the
opponent of the strike”). For the trial court, “‘the decisive question will be whether counsel’s
race-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge should be believed.’” Id. at 259 (quoting
Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 365).

        This court has previously noted that “‘determination of the prosecutor’s discriminatory
intent or lack thereof turns largely on the evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility, of which
the attorney’s demeanor is often the best evidence.’” Id. at 255 (quoting State v. Smith, 893
S.W.2d 908, 914 (Tenn. 1994)). Accordingly, the trial court’s findings in this regard are
attributed great weight and will not be set aside unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. (citing
Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d at 369). For this reason, when ruling on a Batson challenge, the trial
court must give specific reasons for each of its factual findings, including: (1) whether the
objecting party has established a prima facie showing of purposeful discrimination; (2)
whether the responding party has shown a neutral basis for the challenge; and (3) whether
the totality of the circumstances support a finding of purposeful discrimination. Hugueley,
185 S.W.3d at 369 (citing Woodson v. Porter Brown Limestone Co., 916 S.W.2d 896, 906
(Tenn. 1996)).

        In this case, after the jury was selected but before it was sworn, the trial court excused
the jurors for a short recess. During this recess, the trial court, sua sponte, announced that
the State had issued peremptory challenges against five African-American jurors. It further
noted that “[i]n each case[,] they followed the wise practice of stating in writing why they
were doing that, stating what I consider to be in each case a race[-]neutral reason . . . .” The
trial court did not read the reasons into the record but, rather, included those writings in the
trial record as an exhibit. Appellant made no argument with regard to this issue in the trial
court. The only comments offered by appellant’s counsel were a request to read the reasons
given by the State and an agreement with a statement made by the trial court that this could
be an issue on appellate or post-conviction review.

        In light of appellant’s failure to raise a Batson challenge or advance any argument in
the trial court in this regard, we must first determine whether he has waived this issue for
appellate review. This court has recently considered a similar issue, wherein we described
the trial court’s addressing of the Batson issue sua sponte as “proactive.” State v. Jeffrey L.
Vaughn, No. W2012-01987-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 1282331, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App.

                                              -11-
March 28, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 25, 2013). In Jeffrey L. Vaughn, as in this
case, after the trial court addressed the issue on its own motion, appellant failed to make any
further argument. Id. This court reasoned:

               We can find no further discussion of the issue in the record. It does not
       appear that the defendant ever actually objected to the prosecution’s use of its
       preemptive strikes[] or that the defendant otherwise raised the Batson issue
       until his motion for new trial. Consequently, it appears to us that the defendant
       waived his Batson claim by failing to raise a contemporaneous objection or
       filing timely motion concerning the issue. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a)
       (“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as requiring relief be granted to a
       party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was
       reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”). The
       trial court’s failure to engage in a more extended discussion of the Batson
       issue appears to be the natural result of the defendant’s failure to raise it in a
       timely fashion.

               It is possible that the defendant failed to raise a contemporaneous
       objection on the Batson issue because he interpreted the trial court’s remarks
       as raising a Batson challenge sua sponte. He may further have interpreted the
       trial court’s statements to the effect that the prosecution had provided
       racially-neutral explanations for striking both jurors as implicitly making the
       additional findings that, under the totality of the circumstances, no
       discrimination had occurred. Consequently, the defendant may have
       understood the Batson issue to have been contemporaneously raised and
       passed upon by the trial court. However, even if this court were inclined to
       ignore the defendant’s waiver in light of this interpretation of the record, the
       defendant has failed to establish that the trial court erred by concluding that the
       State had no discriminatory intent.

Id. We conclude that this court’s Jeffrey L. Vaughn opinion is instructive on this issue.
Although appellant failed to raise an objection or further develop the record, we can
rationally interpret these failures as his understanding that any impending Batson challenges
had been ruled upon by the trial court. Thus, while we are inclined to apply the waiver
provision contained in the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, we will nonetheless
review the merits of the claim.

       The State exercised the following peremptory challenges against African-American
venire members: (1) Marjorie Donald, who had an “extended family relation” to appellant;
(2) Annie Donald, whose son-in-law was appellant’s brother; (3) Moselle House, whom the

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CI had reportedly seen “associating” with appellant; (4) Carlitha McKinley, who knew
appellant; and (5) Jesse Greene, also reported by the CI as having been an “associate” of
appellant. We reiterate our conclusion in Jeffrey L. Vaughn:

               [Two] potential [jurors’] status as the defendant’s friend and the other
       potential [jurors’] status as the defendant’s [extended family] provided the
       State with readily-defensible, racially-neutral reasons for striking them. By
       ruling in favor of the State, the trial court necessarily assessed the prosecutor’s
       credibility and credited the State’s proffered rationales. The trial court was in
       the best position to assess the demeanor of the prosecutor. The defendant
       directs our attention to nothing in the record that would establish that the trial
       court’s determination was erroneous. The defendant’s claim for relief on the
       grounds that the State violated Batson by striking [] African-American
       potential jurors from the venire is denied.

       As noted above, “the party raising the Batson objection bears the burden of persuading
the trial court that the other party has engaged in purposeful and impermissible
discrimination.” Kiser, 284 S.W.3d at 258 (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 93); see Purkett, 514
U.S. at 768 (noting that “the ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial motivation rests
with, and never shifts from, the opponent of the strike”). Appellant offered no such
“persuasion” in the trial court. Appellant has failed to establish that he is entitled to relief
on this claim of error.

                                       CONCLUSION

      Based upon our review of the record, the briefs of the parties, arguments of counsel,
and applicable legal authorities, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.




                                                     _________________________________
                                                     ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE




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