[Cite as State v. Godley, 2018-Ohio-4253.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               HANCOCK COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                               CASE NO. 5-17-29

        v.

DARIUS L. GODLEY,                                         OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                Appeal from Hancock County Common Pleas Court
                           Trial Court No. 2016 CR 79

                                      Judgment Affirmed

                            Date of Decision: October 22, 2018




APPEARANCES:

        Deborah K. Rump and Michael H. Stahl for Appellant

        Phillip A. Riegle for Appellee
Case No. 5-17-29


PRESTON, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Darius L. Godley (“Godley”), appeals the

September 21, 2017 judgment entry of sentence of the Hancock County Court of

Common Pleas. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       {¶2} On April 5, 2016, the Hancock County Grand Jury indicted Godley on

eight counts, including: Counts One through Three of trafficking in heroin in

violation of R.C. 2925.03(A), fifth-degree felonies; Count Four of trafficking in

cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A), a fifth-degree felony; Count Five of

possession of cocaine in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a first-degree felony; Count

Six of possession of heroin in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a second-degree felony;

Count Seven of aggravated possession of acetaminophen and oxycodone

hydrochloride in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a fifth-degree felony; and Count

Eight of having weapons while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3),

a third-degree felony.     (Doc. No. 1).      The indictment includes forfeiture

specifications under R.C. 2941.1417(A) as to Counts One through Seven. (Id.). On

April 12, 2016, Godley appeared for arraignment and entered pleas of not guilty.

(Doc. No. 9).

       {¶3} On January 17, 2017, Godley filed a motion requesting that the trial

court permit him to represent himself. (Doc. No. 79). On January 27, 2017, the

trial court granted Godley’s motion after conducting a colloquy with Godley to


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ensure that he was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waiving his right to

counsel. (See Jan. 27, 2017 Tr. at 28, 41). (See also Doc. No. 86). On February 2,

2017, the trial court formally discharged Godley’s court-appointed counsel. (Doc.

No. 86). The trial court also appointed standby counsel. (Doc. Nos. 83, 86). Godley

represented himself until August 4, 2017. (See, e.g., Mar. 10, 2017 Tr. at 2); (May

5, 2017 Tr. at 2); (May 31, 2017 Tr. at 3).

       {¶4} On August 4, 2017, Godley reinvoked his right to counsel and requested

that the trial court appoint his standby counsel to represent him; the trial court

granted Godley’s request and appointed his standby counsel to represent him. (Doc.

No. 288). (See Aug. 4, 2017 Tr. at 58-60). That same day, the State filed a motion

to amend the indictment and a motion to dismiss Count One and the specifications

under Count One. (See Doc. Nos. 283, 284, 286). On August 4, 2017, the trial court

granted the motion to dismiss Count One of the indictment and its accompanying

forfeiture specifications and dismissed the count and specifications. (Doc. No. 286).

Following the dismissal of Count One of the indictment, the remaining counts—

Counts Two through Eight—were renumbered as Counts One through Seven,

respectively. (See Aug. 4, 2017 Tr. at 52-53). (See also Doc. Nos. 336, 337, 338,

339, 340, 341, 342). On August 9, 2017, the trial court granted the State’s motion

to amend the indictment. (Doc. No. 291).




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       {¶5} The case proceeded to a jury trial on August 14-18, 2017 during which

Godley was represented by counsel. (See Doc. No. 346). (See also Aug. 14-18,

2017 Tr., Vol. I, at 1-6). On August 18, 2017, the jury found Godley guilty of

Counts One through Six but found him not guilty of Count Seven. (Doc. Nos. 332,

336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342). Having earlier waived his right to a jury trial

regarding the specifications contained in the indictment, the trial court found Godley

guilty of the specifications and found that the currency and property identified in

the specifications are subject to forfeiture. (Doc. Nos. 327, 333). The trial court

filed its judgment entry of conviction on August 18, 2017. (Doc. No. 332).

       {¶6} On September 19, 2017, the trial court sentenced Godley to nine months

in prison on Count One, nine months in prison on Count Two, and nine months in

prison on Count Six, and ordered that those sentences be served concurrently. (Doc.

No. 356). The trial court also sentenced Godley to nine months in prison on Count

Three, 8 years in prison on Count Four, and 6 years in prison on Count Five. (Id.).

The trial court ordered that Godley serve his sentences for Counts Three, Four, and

Five consecutively to each other and consecutively to his concurrent nine-month

prison sentence for Counts One, Two, and Six, resulting in an aggregate sentence of

15 years and six months in prison. (Id.). Finally, the trial court ordered forfeited

the currency and property identified in the specifications. (Id.). The trial court filed

its judgment entry of sentence on September 21, 2017. (Id.).


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         {¶7} On October 12, 2017, Godley filed a notice of appeal. (Doc. No. 383).

He raises one assignment of error.

                                         Assignment of Error

         The trial court erred by allowing Appellant to represent himself.
         The trial court first failed to undertake the needed colloquy to
         insure Appellant fully understood the rights he was waiving and
         the potential perils. Appellant was acting out of frustration and
         repeatedly changed his mind regarding self-representation. He
         also lacked the competency needed to understand basic rules of
         criminal procedure or substantive law. His waiver was not given
         knowingly, voluntarily or intelligently and should have been
         denied.1

         {¶8} In his assignment of error, Godley argues that the trial court erred by

permitting him to waive his right to counsel and exercise his right of self-

representation.        Godley advances three distinct arguments in support of his

assignment of error: (1) the trial court should have rejected his request to represent

himself because he lacked the competency required to engage in self-representation;

(2) the trial court erred by allowing him to represent himself because he did not

clearly and unequivocally invoke his right to self-representation; and (3) even if he

was competent to represent himself and did unequivocally invoke his right of self-




1
  Godley phrases his single assignment of error differently at different places in his appellate brief. At one
point, he offers this alternative formulation of his assignment of error: “The trial court erred by allowing
appellant to represent himself at trial. The lower court failed to properly evaluate whether he possessed the
competency to undertake self-representation or his reasons for doing so.” (Appellant’s Brief at 24). We give
the wording set forth in the body of this opinion priority because it better expresses the substance of Godley’s
entire argument.

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representation, the trial court erred by allowing him to represent himself because he

did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his right to counsel.

       {¶9} We review de novo whether a defendant knowingly, voluntarily, and

intelligently waived his right to counsel. State v. Yeager, 9th Dist. Summit Nos.

28604 and 28617, 2018-Ohio-574, ¶ 7, quoting State v. Ott, 9th Dist. Summit No.

27953, 2017-Ohio-521, ¶ 5; Lakewood v. Lane, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104534,

2017-Ohio-1039, ¶ 10, quoting Columbus v. Abrahamson, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

13AP-1077, 2014-Ohio-3930, ¶ 6; State v. Alexander, 4th Dist. Ross No.

15CA3492, 2016-Ohio-5015, ¶ 4, citing State v. Mootispaw, 4th Dist. Highland No.

09CA33, 2010-Ohio-4772, ¶ 21. See State v. Griffin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-

902, 2011-Ohio-4250, ¶ 26 (noting that “[i]n the leading cases on the issue of waiver

of the right to counsel, the Supreme Court of Ohio appears to have undertaken a de

novo review without expressly reciting this standard of review”). “De novo review

is independent, without deference to the lower court’s decision.” State v. Hudson,

3d Dist. Marion No. 9-12-38, 2013-Ohio-647, ¶ 27, citing Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Pub.

Util. Comm. of Ohio, 64 Ohio St.3d 145, 147 (1992).

       {¶10} “‘The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides

that an accused shall have the right “to have the Assistance of Counsel for his

defense.”’” State v. Logan, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-16-28, 2017-Ohio-8932, ¶ 34,

quoting State v. Owens, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-07-66, 2008-Ohio-4161, ¶ 9, quoting


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the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, “the United

States Supreme Court has also recognized that the Sixth Amendment right to the

assistance of counsel implicitly embodies a ‘correlative right to dispense with a

lawyer’s help.’” State v. Martin, 103 Ohio St.3d 385, 2004-Ohio-5471, ¶ 23,

quoting Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. 269, 279, 63 S.Ct. 236

(1942). “While a defendant has a right to counsel, the defendant may also waive

that right when the waiver is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.” State v. Petaway,

3d Dist. Logan No. 8-05-11, 2006-Ohio-2941, ¶ 8, citing State v. Gibson, 45 Ohio

St.2d 366 (1976), paragraph one of the syllabus, citing Faretta v. California, 422

U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525 (1975).

       {¶11} “In order to establish an effective waiver of right to counsel, the trial

court must make sufficient inquiry to determine whether defendant fully

understands and intelligently relinquishes that right.” Gibson at paragraph two of

the syllabus.

       [F]or the defendant’s waiver of counsel to be valid “‘such waiver must

       be made with an apprehension of the charges, the statutory offenses

       included within them, the range of allowable punishments thereunder,

       possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in mitigation

       thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the

       whole matter.’”


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Owens at ¶ 10, quoting Gibson at 377, quoting Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708,

724, 68 S.Ct. 316 (1948). However,

       the United States Supreme Court “ha[s] not * * * prescribed any

       formula or script to be read to a defendant who states that he elects to

       proceed without counsel. The information a defendant must possess

       in order to make an intelligent election * * * will depend on a range

       of case-specific factors, including the defendant’s education or

       sophistication, the complex or easily grasped nature of the charge, and

       the stage of the proceeding.”

State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6404, ¶ 101, quoting Iowa v.

Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 88, 124 S.Ct. 1379 (2004). Stated differently, “the sufficiency

of the trial court’s inquiry will depend on the totality of the circumstances * * *.”

State v. Edmonds, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-03-045, 2015-Ohio-2733, ¶ 26,

citing Akron v. Ragle, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22137, 2005-Ohio-590, ¶ 11-12. See

Alexander at ¶ 4 (“[A]ppellate courts should * * * independently examine the record

to determine whether the totality of circumstances demonstrates a knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary waiver of the defendant’s right to counsel.”), citing

Mootispaw at ¶ 21.

       {¶12} In addition, “Crim.R. 44(A) provides that a criminal defendant

charged with a serious offense is entitled to counsel ‘unless the defendant, after


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being fully advised of his right to assigned counsel, knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily waives his right to counsel.’” State v. Schleiger, 141 Ohio St.3d 67,

2014-Ohio-3970, ¶ 20, quoting Crim.R. 44(A). Further, “Crim.R. 44(C) provides

that ‘[w]aiver of counsel shall be in open court and the advice and waiver shall be

recorded as provided in Crim.R. 22’” and that “in serious offense cases the waiver

shall be in writing.” Id., quoting Crim.R. 44(C). Only substantial compliance with

Crim.R. 44(A) is required. See id., quoting Martin at ¶ 39.

       {¶13} Although a defendant’s waiver of his right to counsel and decision to

invoke his right of self-representation are afforded tremendous respect and

deference, the right of self-representation is not absolute, and it is subject to some

limitation on its invocation and exercise. See State v. Buchanan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 104500, 2017-Ohio-1361, ¶ 12, citing Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164, 128

S.Ct. 2379 (2008). See also United States v. Frazier-El, 204 F.3d 553, 559 (4th

Cir.2000) (“At bottom, the * * * right to self-representation is not absolute, and ‘the

government’s interest in ensuring the integrity and efficiency of the trial at times

outweighs the defendant’s interest in acting as his own lawyer.’”), quoting Martinez

v. Court of Appeal of California, 528 U.S. 152, 162, 120 S.Ct. 684 (2000). First,

“‘[t]he assertion of the right to self-representation must be clear and unequivocal.’”

State v. Kramer, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-15-14, 2016-Ohio-2984, ¶ 6, quoting State

v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d 353, 2014-Ohio-1914, ¶ 72, citing State v. Dean, 127


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Ohio St.3d 140, 2010-Ohio-5070, ¶ 68 and State v. Cassano, 96 Ohio St.3d 94,

2002-Ohio-3751, ¶ 38. Requiring a defendant to clearly and unequivocally invoke

the right to self-representation is “‘“necessary to protect * * * against an inadvertent

waiver of the right to counsel by a defendant’s occasional musings,” and it also

“prevents a defendant from taking advantage of and manipulating the mutual

exclusivity of the rights to counsel and self-representation.”’” State v. Halder, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87974, 2007-Ohio-5940, ¶ 51, quoting United States v. Bush,

404 F.3d 263, 271 (4th Cir.2005), quoting Frazier-El at 558-559. “‘[C]ourts have

held that a request for self-representation is not unequivocal if it is a “‘momentary

caprice or the result of thinking out loud,’” * * * or the result of frustration * * *.’”

Kramer at ¶ 6, quoting Neyland at ¶ 73, quoting Jackson v. Ylst, 921 F.2d 882, 888

(9th Cir.1990), quoting Adams v. Carroll, 875 F.2d 1441, 1445 (9th Cir.1989) and

citing Reese v. Nix, 942 F.2d 1276, 1281 (8th Cir.1991).            “Nor is a request

unequivocal if it is ‘an “emotional response.”’” Id., quoting State v. Steele, 155

Ohio App.3d 659, 2003-Ohio-7103, ¶ 13 (1st Dist.), quoting Lacy v. Lewis, 123

F.Supp.2d 533, 548 (C.D.Cal.2000).

       {¶14} Second, “‘[t]he defendant must also assert the right [to self-

representation] in a timely fashion.’” Id. at ¶ 7, quoting Steele at ¶ 14. “‘A trial

court may deny a defendant’s request for self-representation if it is untimely made.’”

Id., quoting Neyland at ¶ 76, citing Cassano at ¶ 40, United States v. Young, 287


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F.3d 1352, 1354 (11th Cir.2002), Wood v. Quarterman, 491 F.3d 196, 202 (5th

Cir.2007) and United States v. Smith, 413 F.3d 1253, 1281 (10th Cir.2005).

       {¶15} Finally, trial courts may constitutionally deny a defendant his right to

self-representation when there are lingering doubts concerning the defendant’s

competency to represent himself. The United States Supreme Court has stated that

“the Constitution permits States to insist upon representation by counsel for those

competent enough to stand trial * * * but who still suffer from severe mental illness

to the point where they are not competent to conduct trial proceedings by

themselves.”   Edwards at 178.      However, a trial court’s ability to insist on

representation by counsel due to concerns about a defendant’s competency requires

that those concerns arise from a “severe mental illness” suffered by the defendant.

State v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99859, 2014-Ohio-1057, ¶ 22; United

States v. Berry, 565 F.3d 385, 391 (7th Cir.2009) (noting that the Supreme Court in

Edwards “cabined its holding with phrases like ‘mental derangement,’ * * * ‘gray-

area defendant,’ * * * ‘borderline-competent criminal defendant,’ * * * and, of

course, ‘severe mental illness’”). Furthermore, even when a trial court doubts that

a defendant is competent to represent himself because of a severe mental illness, the

Supreme Court’s decision in Edwards does not require the trial court to deny the

defendant his constitutional right to self-representation. See State v. McQueen, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-195, 2009-Ohio-6272, ¶ 19; Griffin, 2011-Ohio-4250, at ¶


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20-21; United States v. Bernard, 708 F.3d 583, 590 (4th Cir.2013). Rather, a trial

court may constitutionally permit an arguably incompetent defendant to represent

himself so long as the trial court is otherwise satisfied that the defendant knowingly,

voluntarily, and intelligently waived counsel and elected self-representation. See

Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 399-402, 113 S.Ct. 2680 (1993). See also id. at

399 (“[T]he competence that is required of a defendant seeking to waive his right to

counsel is the competence to waive the right, not the competence to represent

himself.”) (Emphasis sic.).

       {¶16} Godley first evinced a desire to represent himself at a November 7,

2016 pretrial conference. (See Nov. 7, 2016 Tr. at 4). Owing to his apparent

dissatisfaction with the performance of his court-appointed counsel, Godley stated,

“as of right now, I would rather pro se [sic]. I would rather represent myself in this

matter because I know the timeline and everything on this trial.” (Id. at 5). When

asked directly whether he “wish[ed] to waive [his] constitutional right to have a

lawyer represent [him] and represent [himself],” Godley responded, “Yes, sir.” (Id.

at 8). However, later during the conference, Godley indicated that he intended to

retain private counsel in lieu of his court-appointed attorney. (Id. at 20-22). The

trial court then advised Godley of the three basic choices he had for legal

representation in his case:




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       Right now, you have a lawyer; only your lawyer can file motions.

       When * * * that lawyer asks for leave to withdraw, and the motion is

       going to be granted, then the question is are you going to retain a

       lawyer, you want me to appoint a lawyer, are you going to represent

       yourself. Those are the three possibilities.

(Id. at 21). The trial court further informed Godley that “if [he did not] retain a

lawyer, [the trial court would] appoint one of [three recommended attorneys] * * *

to come down here and represent [him] either as [his] lawyer, or if [he] decide[d]

[he] want[ed] to represent [him]self, as [his] stand-by counsel” and warned him that

“[he] would be foolish to try to represent [himself] when [he had] competent counsel

available.” (Id. at 27). Godley responded, “All right” to both admonitions. (Id.).

Based on Godley’s statements about either retaining private counsel or moving

forward pro se, Godley’s court-appointed counsel was granted leave to withdraw

from her representation of Godley. (See Doc. No. 56). Ultimately, a determination

on Godley’s request for self-representation was continued until his court-appointed

counsel could formally withdraw and until it was clear whether Godley would retain

private counsel or accept alternative court-appointed counsel. (See Nov. 7, 2016 Tr.

at 12, 27).

       {¶17} At the next pretrial conference on November 18, 2016, Godley

informed the trial court that “[he] should have an attorney within the next week or


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so” but that as “of right [then], [he was] representing [himself] * * *.” (Nov. 18,

2016 Tr. at 5). However, the trial court rebuked Godley by noting that, pending

resolution of his court-appointed counsel’s motion to withdraw, he was represented

by counsel. (Id. at 5-6). Although Godley stated that he was appearing pro se at

that conference, he also insisted that he was in the process of retaining private

counsel. (Id. at 3-5). Resolution of the issue of Godley’s legal representation was

again continued until it was clear whether Godley could retain private counsel. (See

id. at 20).

       {¶18} At a December 2, 2016 pretrial conference, the trial court granted

Godley’s court-appointed counsel’s motion to withdraw.         (See Doc. No. 69).

Godley also informed the trial court that he would not hire private counsel to

represent him and asked that counsel be appointed to represent him. (Id.). The trial

court granted Godley’s request and appointed new counsel to represent him. (Doc.

No. 63).

       {¶19} Godley next appeared before the trial court with his new court-

appointed counsel at a pretrial conference on December 21, 2016. (Dec. 21, 2016

Tr. at 3). Almost immediately, Godley strenuously objected to being represented

by his new court-appointed counsel. (See id. at 3-4). Godley said that he and his

court-appointed counsel “ha[d] a conflict” and that he “d[id] not like” his court-

appointed counsel. (Id. at 3-4). The trial court informed Godley that he was


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“entitled to an appointed counsel, but * * * not entitled to pick [his] counsel”;

Godley acknowledged that he understood that he could not have court-appointed

counsel of his own choosing. (Id. at 4). Godley exclaimed that his new court-

appointed counsel “[could not] represent” him and that he was representing himself.

(Id. at 7).   Throughout the conference, Godley continued to object to court-

appointed legal representation, interrupted the trial court, and hurled profanities at

both his court-appointed counsel and the trial court until he was removed from the

courtroom. (Id. at 8). At the close of this conference, Godley was still represented

by his new court-appointed counsel. (See id. at 10-11).

       {¶20} At the start of the next pretrial conference on January 27, 2017,

Godley’s new court-appointed counsel informed the trial court that Godley wished

to represent himself. (Jan. 27, 2017 Tr. at 3). The trial court then asked Godley

whether he wanted to represent himself:

       [Trial Court]:    So you want to represent yourself, Mr. Godley, is

                         that what you’re telling me, sir?

       [Godley]:         Yes, I do.

(Id. at 5). The trial court then attempted to conduct a colloquy with Godley

regarding his decision to represent himself. (Id.). However, as soon as the trial

court began to address Godley, Godley interrupted the trial court and challenged the




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authority and jurisdiction of the trial court under a legal theory of “sovereign

citizenship.”2

         {¶21} Despite Godley’s obstinacy, the trial court continued addressing

Godley. The trial court asked whether Godley understood that by “representing

[himself], [he was] giving up [his] constitutional right to have an attorney represent

[him] in [his] case.” (Id. at 7). Godley did not respond in either the affirmative or

the negative; instead, Godley continued to object to “any further statements here

today” on the basis of his “sovereign immunity” and the fact that the State was

“trying to persecute [him] as a corporation.” (Id. at 7-8). Nevertheless, the trial

court persisted in advising Godley about some of the dangers of self-representation:

         I want you to understand if you represent yourself, that you have to

         follow the same rules of evidence as everybody else; that if you

         represent yourself, you’ll have to function as your own lawyer, I can’t

         help you. You will be held to the same rules of evidence as the

         prosecutor. And, you know, if you represent yourself, you pretty

         much give up your right to claim later that you had ineffective



2
  Sovereign citizen “theories involve the alleged corporate status of Ohio and the United States; the
relationship between the yellow fringe on the United States flag and admiralty jurisdiction; and the effect of
capitalizing the letters of [their] name[s]. [So-called sovereign citizens] ultimately maintain[] that [they] do[]
not have a contract with either Ohio or the United States and, therefore, do[] not have to follow government
laws.” DuBose v. Kasich, S.D.Ohio No. 2:11-CV-00071, 2013 WL 164506, *3 (Jan. 15, 2013). Federal and
state courts alike have routinely and uniformly rejected claims based on various theories of sovereign
citizenship. See id. (collecting cases); Shaker Heights v. El-Bey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104236, 2017-Ohio-
929, ¶ 6-7 (collecting cases).

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       assistance of counsel on appeal. These are some of the things you

       give up when you represent yourself.

(Id. at 8). Godley did not respond to this warning in any manner. (See id.).

       {¶22} Next, the trial court asked whether Godley “kn[ew] what [he was]

charged with.” (Id. at 8-9). In response, Godley answered, “Yes.” (Id. at 9). The

trial court then informed Godley in detail about the charges he was facing and the

possible maximum penalties. When the trial court sought to reconfirm whether he

understood the nature and extent of the charges against him, Godley reassumed his

uncooperative posture by asserting that “all [he] underst[ood]” was that the State

was a corporation. (Id. at 9-10). The trial court then said:

       [L]et’s just assume for the minute that I deny your request here to

       dismiss the case because I don’t have the authority to rule on it, and

       the prosecutor doesn’t have the authority. That means that you’re

       going to have to face a jury of 12 people over there, and they’re going

       to make a decision, the prosecutor is going to present evidence that

       you had dope in your house, the prosecutor is going to present

       evidence that you had a weapon, * * * [and that] you had a disability,

       and when that’s all over, if the jury says you’re guilty, you can go to

       prison for a long time * * *.

       ***


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       Do you understand that?

(Id. at 10-11). During the foregoing warning, Godley twice interrupted the trial

court, and he did not acknowledge the trial court’s warning or respond to its content.

The trial court also advised Godley that he was presumed innocent of the charges in

the indictment. Following a brief discussion initiated by Godley relating to the

revocation of his bond, the trial court continued:

       You absolutely are innocent until proven guilty, but in order to prove

       you guilty, there has to be a trial. And * * * you’re going to represent

       yourself at that trial, but * * * if you do, you’re making a big mistake

       because you don’t have anywhere near the knowledge or experience

       that [court-appointed counsel] does.

       ***

       But if you have a lawyer to represent you, a lawyer can go out and

       interview witnesses, a lawyer can do legal research, they can do all of

       that.

       ***

       So I’m advising you that in my opinion, a trained lawyer like [court-

       appointed counsel], will defend you far better than you can defend

       yourself. There’s an old saying that a man who is his own lawyer has

       a fool for a client. I can’t emphasize enough that it’s my opinion to


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       you that you should let [court-appointed counsel] represent you and

       present your arguments. You’ve got a whole yellow pad full of

       arguments you want presented. He can package * * * these up * * *

       and present them to me.

       ***

       So you understand that you want to represent yourself, you can, but

       there’s a lot of things that you can’t do that a lawyer can, and there’s

       also when you have a lawyer represent you * * * he will help you and

       assist you when the case is before the jury to make sure that your case

       is presented * * * according to the rules of evidence.

(Id. at 12-17). Finally, the trial court advised Godley that he could “change [his]

mind at any time” and opt for representation by court-appointed counsel. (Id. at 18).

(See id. at 28-29).     However, Godley repeatedly interrupted the trial court

throughout the course of its admonition, impugned the competence of his new court-

appointed counsel, suggested an improper relationship between the trial court and

his new court-appointed counsel, and continued advancing his theory of sovereign

citizenship. As with the trial court’s prior statements, Godley did not confirm or

deny that he understood the trial court’s warnings.

       {¶23} Before presenting Godley with a waiver-of-counsel form, the trial

court appointed Godley’s new court-appointed counsel to serve as his standby


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counsel. (Id. at 18). However, Godley objected to his new court-appointed counsel

serving as standby counsel. (Id. at 18, 23). As a result, the trial court appointed a

different attorney to serve as Godley’s standby counsel.            (Id. at 18, 23).

Nevertheless, Godley was still unsatisfied and remarked: “I don’t want [standby

counsel]. Listen, I want to represent myself. * * * I got to represent myself.” (Id.

at 23). The trial court then explained at length the role of standby counsel as well

as the fact that Godley would ultimately be responsible for conducting his own

defense. (Id. at 25, 27-28).

       {¶24} Following the appointment of standby counsel, the trial court

presented Godley with a waiver-of-counsel form. Godley stated that he would not

“sign anything until [the trial court] sa[id] on record that [his new court-appointed

counsel] will not be here * * *.” (Id. at 20). He reiterated that “[he would] represent

[him]self before [he] allow[ed]” his new court-appointed counsel to represent him.

(Id. at 22). Godley also said:

       I’m filing certain motions that I’m coming up to file them also

       regarding these – and I have to file them myself. I can’t do it with

       counsel. Like I say, I’m * * * a sovereign * * * human being.

       ***

       And I’m pleading certain pleas that * * * I have to do * * * myself, I

       can’t do it with counsel * * *.


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Case No. 5-17-29


(Id. at 24).

       {¶25} Eventually, Godley acknowledged that he read the waiver-of-counsel

form, understood it, and signed it. (Id. at 28). The waiver-of-counsel form provides

as follows:

       I understand that I have the right to be represented by counsel, and

       that if I cannot afford an attorney one will be provided without cost to

       me. I also understand the nature of the charges against me, the range

       of allowable sentences for those charges, possible defenses to those

       charges, and any circumstances in mitigation of those charges. I have

       been advised * * * that it is not in my best interest to waive my right

       to appointed counsel and represent myself at trial. Having been fully

       advised of my constitutional right to appointed counsel, I waive or

       give up that right and choose to represent myself. * * * I also

       understand that I must follow Ohio rules of criminal procedure and

       evidence just as if I were a licensed attorney.

(Doc. No. 84).

       {¶26} Thereafter, the trial court found that Godley knowingly, voluntarily,

and intelligently waived his right to counsel and accepted Godley’s waiver of his

right to counsel. (Jan. 27, 2017 Tr. at 41, 43). Godley then reiterated, once again,

that he “[did] not want nobody to represent [him]” and that he would “represent


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Case No. 5-17-29


[himself] first.” (Id. at 41). At the close of the pretrial conference, the trial court

stated: “So you are now your own lawyer. As we sit here today, you are your own

lawyer.” (Id. at 43). Godley responded: “Yeah.” (Id.).

       {¶27} Next, at a hearing on March 10, 2017, the trial court raised the issue

of self-representation and asked Godley whether he was still intent on representing

himself. In response, Godley confirmed that he was representing himself as a

“sovereign citizen.” (Mar. 10, 2017 Tr. at 6-7). Godley remarked: “Your Honor,

as a sovereign citizen, I have to represent myself.” (Id. at 27). Godley further stated

that “if [he] decide[d] for counsel * * * [he would] let the courts know but as of

right [then], [he was] fine with representing [himself].” (Id.). He acknowledged

that he understood that he could opt for representation by his standby counsel at any

time by “fir[ing] [himself].” (Id.). Prior to and during the hearing, Godley filed

motions for independent testing, motions to compel discovery, motions to dismiss,

motions to sever for separate trials, motions to suppress evidence, and a request for

a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S.Ct. 2674 (1978). (Id.

at 9, 46, 73, 89, 97, 105-107, 112, 129-134). At the close of the hearing, the trial

court commended Godley’s decorum in the courtroom and commented that, as

opposed to the December 21, 2016 pretrial conference during which he was

removed from the courtroom, he comported himself as an “absolute gentleman.”

(Id. at 114).


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Case No. 5-17-29


        {¶28} At two hearings in May 2017, the trial court revisited Godley’s

decision to represent himself. (See May 5, 2017 Tr. at 285-286); (May 31, 2017 Tr.

at 107). On both occasions, Godley continued to represent himself despite the trial

court’s suggestion that he reconsider and proceed with court-appointed counsel.

(See id.); (Id.).

        {¶29} At the final pretrial conference on August 4, 2017, Godley reinvoked

his right to counsel. Although Godley represented himself throughout the early

portions of the conference, he eventually stated that he wanted the benefit of

representation by counsel:

        [Godley]:        Your Honor, I’d like to * * * fire myself.

        [Trial Court]:   You’d like to do what?

        [Godley]:        Fire myself.

        ***

        [Trial Court]:   Do you want [standby counsel] to represent you?

        [Godley]:        I’m going [to] have to, yes.

        [Trial Court]:   So you no longer wish to represent yourself?

        [Godley]:        No, sir.

        ***

        [Trial Court]:   And you wish to waive your constitutional right to

                         represent yourself and avail yourself of your


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Case No. 5-17-29


                         constitutional right to have appointed counsel, is that

                         correct?

       [Godley]:         Yes, sir.

(Id. at 58-60). Thereafter, Godley was represented by counsel during the remainder

of the pretrial conference, and he was represented by counsel at trial and at his

sentencing hearing.

       {¶30} In his first argument, Godley contends that the trial court erred by

allowing him to waive his right to counsel because he did not possess the mental

competence needed to represent himself. In support of his argument, Godley claims

that, among other things, he “lacked even a basic understanding of procedure or

law,” that he filed “motions that were confusing and duplicative,” that he “rambled

without purpose or relevance,” that he “had an inability to control himself,” that he

was “extremely confused [and] emotional,” and that he “regularly struggled to

provide straight answers to the trial court.” (Appellant’s Brief at 25-28). Godley

argues that, in light of these factors, the trial court should have rejected his request

to exercise his right of self-representation pursuant to Edwards. (Id.).

       {¶31} Godley’s argument is without merit. First, Godley’s case is easily

distinguishable from Edwards. In Edwards, the defendant suffered from a severe

mental illness—schizophrenia. 554 U.S. at 167-168. Before he asked to represent

himself, Edwards had twice been found incompetent to stand trial because “serious


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Case No. 5-17-29


thinking difficulties and delusions” rendered him incapable of cooperating with and

assisting his attorneys in his defense. Id. In contrast, there is no evidence in this

case suggesting that Godley suffered from a serious mental illness either at the time

he elected to represent himself or at any point during the course of his self-

representation. See Griffin, 2011-Ohio-4250, at ¶ 20. Neither Godley’s competence

to stand trial nor his competence to represent himself were questioned or even

mentioned during the periods relevant to his self-representation, and he does not

now argue that he suffered from an acute mental illness that significantly

compromised his ability to represent himself. Id. at ¶ 20, 23. Moreover, Godley’s

unconventional beliefs about his legal status as a “sovereign citizen” and his

behaviors motivated by these beliefs do not indicate that Godley suffered from a

severe mental illness or that he was otherwise mentally incompetent to represent

himself. See State v. Tucker, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 13CA010339, 2016-Ohio-1353,

¶ 8.

       {¶32} Furthermore, even if Godley’s competence to represent himself had

been in doubt, Edwards does not stand for the proposition that a trial court must

deny a defendant’s request to engage in self-representation whenever the trial court

suspects that the defendant may be mentally incompetent to represent himself.

Griffin at ¶ 20; McQueen, 2009-Ohio-6272, at ¶ 19. Rather, Edwards provides that

“‘the Constitution permits [s]tates to insist upon representation by counsel’ for


                                        -25-
Case No. 5-17-29


certain individuals who are not competent to represent themselves, not that

it requires states to do so.” (Emphasis sic.) Griffin at ¶ 20, quoting Edwards at 178.

Godley does not cite any authority that has transformed trial courts’ discretionary

power to insist that borderline-competent defendants proceed with counsel into an

affirmative duty to deny such defendants their right of self-representation.

       {¶33} Finally, as the United States Supreme Court made clear in Godinez,

the competence a defendant must possess in order to waive his right to counsel and

represent himself “is the competence to waive the right, not the competence to

represent himself.” (Emphasis sic.) 509 U.S. at 399. A “defendant’s ‘technical legal

knowledge’ is ‘not relevant’ to the determination whether he is competent to waive

his right to counsel,” and his “ability to represent himself has no bearing upon his

competence to choose self-representation.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 400, quoting

Faretta, 422 U.S. at 836. A defendant’s knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver

of his right to counsel must be respected even if his defense is ultimately conducted

to his own detriment. Id., quoting Faretta at 834. Here, Godley’s competency

argument focuses on the fact that he was unable to provide himself with satisfactory,

professionally competent legal representation; it does not touch upon whether he

lacked the mental capacity necessary to freely choose such inept representation. As

a result, his argument does not even implicate the “competency” at the heart of

Edwards and we thus reject his competency argument.


                                        -26-
Case No. 5-17-29


       {¶34} In his second argument, Godley contends that the trial court

erroneously permitted him to represent himself because he did not clearly and

unequivocally invoke his right to self-representation. According to Godley, because

his request to represent himself was “based upon frustration with his appointed

counsel” and because he “kept changing his mind and only invoked self-

representation when he was upset with counsel,” he did not clearly and

unequivocally invoke his right to self-representation. (Appellant’s Brief at 28-29).

       {¶35} Godley clearly and unequivocally invoked his right to self-

representation, and his arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. Admittedly, at

earlier pretrial conferences and hearings, Godley repeatedly changed his mind about

representing himself. For example, Godley first indicated a desire to represent

himself at a pretrial conference held on November 7, 2016. (See Nov. 7, 2016 Tr.

at 4-5). However, during that conference, Godley also remarked that he was

attempting to hire private counsel. (Id. at 20-22). Similarly, at a November 18,

2016 pretrial conference, Godley vacillated between asserting that he was

representing himself and stating that he intended to retain private counsel to

represent him. (See Nov. 18, 2016 Tr. at 1-6). During these two conferences,

Godley appeared to continually change his mind about representing himself.

However, the trial court did not accept Godley’s waiver of his right to counsel and

grant his request for self-representation at either conference. (See Nov. 7, 2016 Tr.


                                        -27-
Case No. 5-17-29


at 12, 27); (Nov. 18, 2016 Tr. at 20). Instead, the trial court only accepted Godley’s

waiver and granted his request to represent himself at the January 27, 2017 pretrial

conference, at which point Godley was unwavering in expressing his intention to

proceed without counsel.

       {¶36} Likewise, Godley demanded self-representation during the course of

an emotional outburst at another pretrial conference on December 21, 2016.

Throughout the entirety of this conference, Godley was belligerent and

uncooperative, and he repeatedly objected to representation by his court-appointed

counsel because of a supposed “conflict” between himself and his counsel. (See

Dec. 21, 2016 Tr. at 3-4). Shortly before he was removed from the courtroom for

launching a disruptive, profanity-ridden attack against his court-appointed counsel

and the trial court, Godley exclaimed that he was “representing [himself].” (Id. at

7). (See id. at 10-11). Again, however, the trial court did not respond to Godley’s

impulsive statements by excusing Godley’s court-appointed counsel and permitting

Godley to represent himself.

       {¶37} Ultimately, the trial court only accepted Godley’s waiver of his right

to counsel and granted his request to represent himself at a pretrial conference on

January 27, 2017. The January 27, 2017 conference began with Godley’s court-

appointed counsel informing the trial court that Godley wanted to represent himself.

(Jan. 27, 2017 Tr. at 3). The trial court then asked Godley directly whether he


                                        -28-
Case No. 5-17-29


wanted to represent himself, and Godley responded: “Yes, I do.” (Id. at 5). Later

during the conference, Godley insisted that he “want[ed] to represent [himself],”

that he was “not really asking for * * * counsel,” and that he “[had] to represent

[himself].” (Id. at 23). In addition, Godley stated that “[he would] represent

[him]self before he [would allow]” his court-appointed counsel to represent him.

(Id. at 22). Godley also remarked that he “[did] not want nobody to represent [him]”

and that he would “represent [himself] first.” (Id. at 41).

       {¶38} Certainly, some of Godley’s remarks at the January 27, 2017 pretrial

conference could be interpreted as simply expressing frustration with his court-

appointed counsel rather than as genuinely requesting that the trial court permit him

to represent himself. See State v. Jones, 4th Dist. Athens No. 14CA7, 2014-Ohio-

5177, ¶ 17-19 (concluding that Jones’s statements that he would “represent

[himself] if [he had] to” and that he would “rather represent [himself] than have

[court-appointed counsel] represent [him]” did not constitute clear and unequivocal

demands for self-representation). However, viewing these isolated comments in

relation to Godley’s other remarks at the January 27, 2017 pretrial conference, we

conclude that Godley clearly and unequivocally invoked his right to self-

representation.   Importantly, the conference did not commence with Godley

proclaiming that he wished to represent himself; instead, the conference began with

Godley’s court-appointed counsel stating that it was his belief that “after meeting


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Case No. 5-17-29


with Mr. Godley a couple times over the [previous two] weeks, and then meeting

with him again th[at] morning,” Godley “wish[ed] to represent himself * * *.” (Jan.

27, 2017 Tr. at 3). Godley’s court-appointed counsel’s statement suggests that

Godley’s decision to request self-representation was not made capriciously or out

of frustration with his court-appointed counsel’s performance at that particular

conference, but rather that the decision was made deliberately and well in advance

of the pretrial conference. In addition, the trial court then asked Godley whether he

intended to represent himself, to which Godley plainly and unambiguously

responded that he did. (Id. at 5). Godley’s further statements that he did not want

anybody to represent him and that he wanted to represent himself reflect a similarly

unambiguous commitment to self-representation. (See id. at 23, 41). Ultimately,

the trial court was in the best position to observe Godley’s demeanor and evaluate

whether his request for self-representation was sincere or whether it was the product

of frustration or a momentary whim. See Kramer, 2016-Ohio-2984, at ¶ 10, citing

Jones at ¶ 18, citing Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77 (1984).

       {¶39} Finally, Godley argues that the trial court erred by accepting his

waiver of his right to counsel and granting his request to represent himself because

he did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his right to counsel.

Godley argues that the trial court did not “undert[ake] the required colloquy to

insure Godley * * * understood his rights” and that the “trial court never specifically


                                         -30-
Case No. 5-17-29


articulated all of the rights waived by proceeding without counsel.” (Appellant’s

Brief at 12, 30). In particular, Godley contends that the trial court did not question

Godley about his “education, his ability to read and write at a competent level or if

he was on any medications or had any physical or emotional issues that might

preclude him from undertaking the task.” (Id. at 12). Further, Godley argues that

“[t]here was no discussion as to whether he had even a rudimentary understanding

of the rules of criminal procedure, the rules of evidence or basic 4th Amendment

issues.” (Id.). Finally, Godley asserts that his answers to the questions the trial

court did ask were “non-responsive and incoherent” and that he “struggled with

understanding the proceeding.” (Id. at 10).

       {¶40} We conclude that Godley knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

waived his right to counsel. First, the information conveyed to Godley by the trial

court regarding his constitutional right to counsel and the dangers inherent in self-

representation was sufficient to ensure that Godley was made “aware of the dangers

and disadvantages of self-representation, [such] that * * * ‘he kn[ew] what he [was]

doing and his choice [was] made with eyes open.’” Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835,

quoting Adams, 317 U.S. at 279. The trial court instructed Godley that he had a

constitutional right to counsel and that he was giving up that right by representing

himself. (Jan. 27, 2017 Tr. at 7). The trial court also advised Godley that he would

be required to follow the rules of evidence, that the trial court would not help him


                                        -31-
Case No. 5-17-29


represent himself, and that he was effectively waiving his right to later assert that

he received the ineffective assistance of counsel. (Id. at 8). In addition, the trial

court provided him with a lengthy description of the charges against him and the

maximum penalties he could face if convicted of those charges. (Id. at 9-10). The

trial court told Godley that his case could be tried before a jury of 12 people and

that he was presumed innocent until proven guilty. (Id. at 10-12). The trial court

then opined that Godley was making a grave mistake by choosing to represent

himself and informed Godley about the services an attorney could provide him that

he would be incapable of providing himself. (Id. at 12-17). The trial court also

instructed Godley that he could rescind his waiver of counsel at any time. (Id. at

18). Finally, Godley endorsed a written waiver which specified that he understood

that he was bound by the rules of criminal procedure. (Doc. No. 84). Godley’s

signature on the waiver form also served as an acknowledgement that he understood

what the trial court explained in the attempted colloquy. (Id.). Altogether, the trial

court’s warnings were adequate to ensure that Godley possessed the minimum

amount of information necessary to make a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary

waiver of his right to counsel. See Tucker, 2016-Ohio-1353, at ¶ 15.

       {¶41} In addition, the trial court’s attempted colloquy is not defective simply

because it failed to explore the extent of Godley’s understanding of the rules of

evidence, the rules of criminal procedure, or basic Fourth Amendment issues.


                                        -32-
Case No. 5-17-29


Godley’s “technical legal knowledge” is not “relevant to an assessment of his

knowing exercise of the right to defend himself.” Faretta at 836. Rather, what is

important is that Godley was aware that he would be expected to abide by the rules

of evidence and criminal procedure regardless of the degree of mastery he possessed

over them. Between the trial court’s attempted colloquy and the waiver form,

Godley was informed that he would be bound by the rules of evidence and the rules

of criminal procedure as if he were a licensed attorney. Therefore, the trial court’s

failure to explore whether Godley possessed a detailed understanding of those rules

is immaterial.   The trial court was not required to “‘“undertake pseudo-legal

representation”’” of Godley by ensuring that he had a complete understanding of

the rules of evidence and criminal procedure and basic Fourth Amendment issues.

See Yeager, 2018-Ohio-574, at ¶ 6, quoting State v. Bloodworth, 9th Dist. Summit

No. 26346, 2013-Ohio-248, ¶ 12, quoting Ragle, 2005-Ohio-590, at ¶ 12.

       {¶42} Finally, Godley’s disruptive, recalcitrant demeanor throughout the

course of the trial court’s attempted colloquy and his failure to acknowledge that he

even heard the trial court’s warnings do not undermine our conclusion that Godley

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. As other

courts have previously recognized, most “cases discussing waiver of counsel and

self-representation ‘presuppose[] a cooperative defendant willing to engage in

reciprocal dialogue with the court’ rather than ‘an uncooperative defendant [who]


                                        -33-
Case No. 5-17-29


has refused to accept appointed counsel or engage in a colloquy with the court.’”

Tucker at ¶ 13, quoting United States v. Garey, 540 F.3d 1253, 1263 (11th Cir.2008).

However, although a defendant may refuse to engage in a “reciprocal dialogue” with

the trial court regarding the defendant’s right to counsel and the hazards of self-

representation, the defendant’s refusal to cooperate does not preclude a conclusion

that the defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his right to

counsel. See, e.g., Garey at 1267-1270; United States v. Estrada, 530 Fed.Appx.

852, 856-858 (11th Cir.2013). For example, the Ninth District Court of Appeals in

State v. Tucker addressed a scenario similar to the one presented in this case. There,

Tucker “repeatedly frustrated the court’s attempt to engage him in a dialogue about

his waiver by refusing to answer questions, posing objections to the legitimacy of

the court and the proceedings, and demanding the trial court’s oath of office.”

Tucker at ¶ 14. Nevertheless, the Ninth District concluded that Tucker “engaged

the trial court and participated in the proceedings in a manner that [was] sufficient

to demonstrate that he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived the right to

counsel.” Id. at ¶ 16.

       {¶43} Likewise, we conclude that, despite his antagonism and defiant

behavior, Godley participated in and demonstrated an understanding of the

proceedings sufficient to indicate that he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

waived his right to counsel. See Tucker, 2016-Ohio-1353, at ¶ 16-17. First, by the


                                        -34-
Case No. 5-17-29


time the trial court accepted Godley’s waiver of counsel, Godley steadfastly insisted

that he did not want to be represented by counsel and that he wished to represent

himself. See id. at ¶ 16.      Moreover, Godley actively participated in pretrial

proceedings by filing numerous motions and cross-examining witnesses. See id. In

fact, Godley’s motions were granted in full or in part on more than one occasion.

Furthermore, at a March 10, 2017 hearing, Godley informed the trial court that “if

[he] decide[d] for counsel * * * [he would] let the courts know but as of right [then],

[he was] fine with representing [himself]” and that he knew he could opt for

representation by his standby counsel. (Mar. 10, 2017 Tr. at 27). Godley’s

statements confirm that he understood that he had a right to counsel and that he

could invoke that right at any time. See Tucker at ¶ 16.

       {¶44} In sum, we conclude that the trial court substantially complied with

Crim.R. 44(A) and that, based on the totality of the circumstances, Godley

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. Id. at ¶ 18.

       {¶45} Godley’s assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶46} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                 Judgment Affirmed

ZIMMERMAN and SHAW, J.J., concur.

/jlr


                                         -35-
