Bainbridge St. Elmo Bethesda Apartments, LLC v. White Flint Express Realty Group
Limited Partnership, LLLP, No. 30, September Term, 2016, Opinion by Raker, J.

CONTRACT LAW – INDEMNIFICATION – FIRST-PARTY FEE SHIFTING:
Maryland follows the common law American Rule, which states that, generally, a
prevailing party is not awarded attorney’s fees. Maryland law draws a distinction between
the recovery of attorney’s fees incurred in defending against a third-party claim and those
expended in prosecuting a claim against the indemnitor.
There are four exceptions to the American Rule where a prevailing party may be awarded
attorney’s fees, including that the parties have an agreement to that effect. The scope of
indemnification is a matter of contract interpretation, where a court looks to the terms of
the contract to decide whether the parties agreed expressly that attorney’s fees would be
recoverable in a first-party action.
The contract between the parties in this case, specifically Article 19, provides expressly for
the payment of “attorney’s fees;” and it ties payment of those fees expressly to an action
for “breach” of the contract. Therefore, the Easement Agreement contains sufficient
language to authorize first-party fee shifting, and subsequently White Flint is entitled to
recover attorney’s fees.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
Case No. 362334-V
                                                   OF MARYLAND
Argued: December 6, 2016

                                                        No. 30

                                                September Term, 2016
                                      ______________________________________

                                        BAINBRIDGE ST. ELMO BETHESDA
                                              APARTMENTS, LLC

                                                           v.

                                      WHITE FLINT EXPRESS REALTY GROUP
                                           LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, LLLP
                                      ______________________________________

                                                 Barbera, C.J.
                                                 Greene
                                                 Adkins
                                                 McDonald
                                                 Hotten
                                                 Getty
                                                 Raker, Irma S. (Senior Judge,
                                                 Specially Assigned),

                                                           JJ.
                                      ______________________________________

                                                 Opinion by Raker, J.
                                      ______________________________________

                                           Filed: July 18, 2017
       This dispute concerns the award of attorney’s fees in a construction contract dispute.

At the heart of this appeal is whether White Flint Express Realty Group Limited

Partnership, LLLP (“White Flint”), respondent, was entitled to recover attorney’s fees

expended in connection with an action to enforce the contract between White Flint and

Bainbridge St. Elmo Bethesda Apartments, LLC (“Bainbridge”), petitioner. The Court of

Special Appeals held that the contract provided expressly for attorney’s fees to be

recovered in a first-party indemnification action. Bainbridge St. Elmo Bethesda

Apartments, LLC v. White Flint Express Realty Grp. Ltd. P’ship, LLLP, No. 0376 SEPT.

TERM 2014, 2016 WL 1321205, at *6 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Apr. 5, 2016), cert. granted

sub nom. Bainbridge St. Elmo Bethesda v. White Flint Express Realty Grp. Ltd. P’ship,

LLLP, 449 Md. 408, 144 A.3d 704 (2016). We granted Bainbridge’s petition for writ of

certiorari to address the following question:

              “Did the CSA undermine the clarity provided by this Court in
              Nova Research[,] [Inc.] v. Penske Truck Leasing Co., 405 Md.
              435 (2008), concerning the limited circumstances under which
              a contractual indemnity provision can be read as a first-party
              fee shifting provision overriding the American Rule that each
              party bears its own attorneys’ fees?”

Petition for Writ of Cert., Bainbridge St. Elmo Bethesda Apartments, LLC v. White Flint

Express Realty Grp. Ltd. P’ship, LLLP, No. 162. We shall affirm the judgment of the

Court of Special Appeals, and hold that the contract contains express provisions

authorizing first-party fee shifting, entitling White Flint to attorney’s fees.



                                                I.
       Bainbridge, an entity formed by the Bainbridge Companies to manage the

construction and operation of a new 17-story high rise apartment building in Bethesda,

owns the property immediately adjacent to 4905 and 4909 Fairmont Avenue (“the Fairmont

Properties”). Located on the Fairmont Properties were two one-story concrete buildings

owned by White Flint that were leased to a restaurant and a children’s dance studio.

Bainbridge engaged sub-contractor Turner to build the 17-story apartment building on its

property for an estimated cost of $45,000,000.         The construction project required

excavation of a 50-foot-deep hole on the property, to be held open by steel cables

protruding under and onto White Flint’s property1 to prevent soil and sub-surface structures

from moving toward or into the excavation area. Bainbridge sought an easement from

White Flint for access to the space “under, over, across and on the Fairmont Properties.”

Bainbridge also wanted additional easements to swing a crane and extend scaffolding

above the Fairmont properties.

       On September 7, 2011, after several months of negotiation, and before construction

began, Bainbridge and White Flint entered into a “Crane Swing, Tie Back and Swing

Scaffold Easement Agreement” (“the Agreement”). Bainbridge agreed to pay White Flint

$425,000 as consideration for the Agreement and the requested easements.



1
  Bainbridge proposed to hold open the hole with a “sheeting and shoring system” built by
placing vertical steel I-beams (“piles”) into pre-drilled holes, locked into place by “tie-
backs”—long steel cables extending back from the piles into adjacent properties and
welded to “brackets”—with L-shaped steel shelves extending onto and underneath the
neighboring building foundations.

                                            –2–
       The Agreement recognized Bainbridge’s right to access the air space above and the

ground below White Flint’s Property, and it provided White Flint a means to seek redress

for any potential damage from the construction. Under Article 3, Bainbridge promised that

it would not use a “pile-drive” system to secure the hole, and would follow the appended

plan’s use of tie-backs and bracket piles placed into pre-drilled holes. Article 7 provided

that Bainbridge would ensure that all excavation and foundation work conformed to

applicable professional standards of care while minimizing the inconvenience to White

Flint, would protect all individuals in and around the properties, and would not undermine

the improvements on the Fairmont Properties.      In Article 9 of the Agreement, Bainbridge

agreed to permit White Flint to engage, at Bainbridge’s expense, consultants:

              “[T]o monitor performance of the work by Bainbridge, and
              identify any perceived deficiencies that could result in injury
              to people occupying or visiting any part of the White Flint
              Property, or in damage to the White Flint Property.”

If White Flint’s consultants identified a Major Deficiency (over $25,000), Bainbridge had

the right to have its own consultant “review and assess the perceived Major Deficiency.”

Article 9 provided that if Bainbridge’s consultants did not agree with White Flint’s

consultants as to a perceived Major Deficiency, the parties were obligated to “work

together in good faith to find a mutually acceptable resolution.” And then if a resolution

could not be reached within 60 days, the dispute would be submitted to binding arbitration.

Finally, Article 9 included a fee-shifting agreement specifying that:

              “The prevailing party in any arbitration shall be awarded
              reasonable counsel fees, expert and non-expert witness costs
              and expenses and all other costs and costs and expenses
              reasonably incurred, directly or indirectly, in connection with

                                            –3–
              said arbitration, and all costs and frees of such arbitration shall
              be borne exclusively by the non-prevailing party.”

       Article 16 established Bainbridge’s responsibility to either repair and restore White

Flint’s property to its original condition or reimburse White Flint for doing so. Article

17(a)-(b) provided that Bainbridge would pay White Flint $425,000 upon entering into the

Agreement, and established an escrow account to reimburse White Flint for costs

associated with negotiating and monitoring Bainbridge’s compliance with the Agreement.

       Most relevant to the present appeal is Article 19, the indemnification clause of the

contract, which provided as follows:

              “Indemnity. Bainbridge hereby indemnifies, and agrees to
              defend and hold harmless White Flint . . . from any and all
              claims, demands, debts, actions, causes of action, suits,
              obligations, losses, costs, expenses, fees, and liabilities
              (including reasonable attorney’s fees, disbursements, and
              litigation costs) arising from or in connection with
              Bainbridge’s breach of any terms of this Agreement or injuries
              to persons or property resulting from the Work, or the activities
              of Bainbridge or its employees, agents, contractors, or affiliates
              conducted on or about the White Flint Property, including
              without limitation, for any rent loss directly attributable to any
              damage to the White Flint Property caused by the construction
              of the Project, however Bainbridge shall not be liable for
              matters resulting from the negligence or intentional
              misconduct of White Flint, its agents, employees, or
              contractors. The indemnification obligations set forth herein
              shall survive the termination of this Agreement indefinitely.”

       During the Project’s excavation stage, White Flint’s experts detected damage to

White Flint’s Property, alerted Bainbridge to the damage, and asked for assurances that the

damage would be remedied. White Flint claimed that Bainbridge and its contractors did

not drill the holes properly for the steel beams, resulting in soil loss beneath the Fairmont


                                             –4–
Properties, and that pile-drivers were used instead of drills to install the steel beams, in

contravention of the express language of the Agreement. White Flint complained that the

use of the pile-driver caused the buildings to shake, causing additional damage and soil

movement underneath the buildings. By February 2012, the owner of the children’s dance

studio on White Flint’s property reported seeing numerous cracks in the walls, that she

feared a roof collapse on her students, and that many parents would not bring their children

to class until she received assurances by Montgomery County that the building was safe.

       Turner, Bainbridge’s general contractor for the Project, stopped the excavation and

braced White Flint’s buildings to prevent further damage. Bainbridge hired a structural

engineer, Allyn Kilsheimer, who on February 27, 2012, advised that Turner should

“[p]erform no additional construction work within 20 horizontal feet” of the White Flint

Property, other than work necessary to stabilize the site. He recommended evacuation of

the White Flint building and that it remain unoccupied for precautionary purposes until the

completion of the investigation. Because of building movement and damage, on March 7,

2012, Montgomery County stopped all but safety work on the project.

       In response to Mr. Kilsheimer’s recommendation, White Flint determined that

Bainbridge was in breach of Article 7 of the Agreement, terminating the Agreement for

material breach. White Flint alleged that Bainbridge had known beforehand that White

Flint should expect damages to its property because the sheeting and shoring system was

designed to move. Further, White Flint alleged that Bainbridge’s work did not conform to

the plans and specifications because it used pile drivers instead of drills to install the steel

beams.

                                              –5–
       Bainbridge, in a letter to White Flint, represented that it had “observed and honored

each of its obligations” and that White Flint’s termination of the contract was itself a

material breach. Bainbridge invited White Flint to engage in a confidential settlement

discussion on repairing the properties and making White Flint whole. White Flint declined

to participate, and in response, Bainbridge disclaimed any further ongoing contractual

duties to White Flint, including its duties to repair the property and indemnify White Flint

under Article 19.

       On April 24, 2012, White Flint filed a complaint for declaratory relief claiming that

Articles 16, 17, and 19 survived the contract’s termination and that Bainbridge was bound

to comply with those obligations. The Project’s primary insurer, Liberty Mutual, made an

interim payment of $191,005 to White Flint for the losses it had quantified to that date,

including the lost rent projected through February 2013 ($149, 685), third-party legal fees

($23,008), and parking charges ($18,312).

       On September 18, 2012, Bainbridge submitted a settlement proposal to White Flint,

which rejected the proposal, arguing that Bainbridge offered only a small cash sum and the

prospect that Bainbridge’s insurer would address White Flint’s claim at an uncertain date

in the future. Following its rejection of the settlement proposal, White Flint filed its first

of six amended complaints2 to add breach of contract and tort claims and added Turner and




2
 The amended complaints included allegations of fraud, nuisance, trespass, negligent
misrepresentation, strict liability for abnormally dangerous activity, and claims for
compensatory relief and punitive damages.

                                             –6–
Schnabel Foundation Company (“Schnabel”), Turner’s sheeting and shoring subcontractor,

as defendants.

         On November 25, 2013, the Circuit Court for Montgomery County granted White

Flint partial summary judgment on most claims and entered a declaratory judgment

finding: that Bainbridge’s obligations survived the termination, that Bainbridge materially

breached the agreement, and that Bainbridge had continuing duties to White Flint. And,

significantly, the circuit court found that under Article 19 of the Agreement, White Flint

was entitled to attorney’s fees. Concerning the award of attorney’s fees, the circuit court

reasoned that Nova Research, Inc. v. Penske Truck Leasing Co., 405 Md. 435, 935 A.2d

275 (2008), did not require an indemnity provision to “say enforce first party claims. . . ”

to authorize first-party fee shifting. The circuit court examined Article 19 and concluded

that White Flint was entitled to recover attorney’s fees because the “language and

structure” of Article 19 authorized first-party fee indemnity.3

         After the circuit court’s partial summary judgment order, four issues remained for

trial: (1) negligent misrepresentation and fraud, (2) compensatory damages, (3) punitive

damages, and (4) the amount of attorney’s fees and expenses. The parties settled the issues




3
    Specifically, the circuit court explained as follows:

                “As I read this clause, in my view, given the language and
                structure of the clause and what it covers specifically in terms
                of damages, some of them, not all of them, are only first party
                damages. It would make no sense to me, to – in a contract in
                the same provision to say, we’re going to give your first party
                type damages, but this clause doesn’t apply.”
                                              –7–
of liability and damages, reserving the award of attorney’s fees and expenses. 4 The circuit

court held a hearing on the fee petition, and on April 7, 2014, the court awarded White

Flint $3,520,256.59 in attorney’s fees, and $411,391.88 in costs and expenses, for a total

of $3,931,648.47.

       Bainbridge appealed the fee award. The Court of Special Appeals, in an unreported

opinion, affirmed. Bainbridge, 2016 WL 1321205, at *6. The Court of Special Appeals

concluded that Nova Research’s rejection of first-party fee shifting was not controlling,

based on two primary grounds: (1) that “unlike Nova Research, the contract litigation in

the present case was for enforcement of the agreement, not the determination of a right to

indemnity,” and (2) that the inclusion of the words “attorney’s fees” in Article 19, together

with a reference to damages “arising out of . . . breach” constituted an express provision

authorizing first-party fee shifting as required by Nova Research. Id. at *6-7.

       We granted Bainbridge’s petition for writ of certiorari, appealing solely the issue of

whether the Agreement entitled White Flint to recover first-party attorney’s fees.

Bainbridge, 449 Md. at 408, 144 A.3d at 704.


                                             II.

       Before this Court, Bainbridge argues that Article 19, the indemnity clause of the

Agreement, does not authorize an award of attorney’s fees in first-party actions and



4
   The settlement reached by the parties on the pending claims for the damage to White
Flint’s Property was $3.2 million in addition to the prior payment of $191,005 made by
Liberty Mutual.

                                            –8–
supports an award of attorney’s fees only for third-party actions. Relying on Nova

Research for the proposition that an indemnity provision such as Article 19 must

unmistakably and specifically authorize a first-party attorney’s fee award in the context of

the contract as a whole, Bainbridge maintains that the language of Article 19 addresses

third-party claims against which Bainbridge is to “defend” and to “hold harmless,”

negating any suggestion that Article 19 was intended to indemnify White Flint for fees in

a first-party action for any breach of the Agreement. In support of this argument,

Bainbridge looks to Article 9, in which the parties expressly and unmistakably agreed to

resolve first-party disputes, and included a “prevailing party” fee-shifting clause.

Concluding, Bainbridge states that Article 9’s express first-party fee-shifting provision is

incompatible with the interpretation that Article 19 can be read to indemnify White Flint

for first-party fees in litigation over construction-related damage.

       White Flint, on the other hand, argues that Article 19’s clear language and structure,

along with the business context in which the Agreement was reached, support the trial court

and intermediate appellate court’s holdings that an award of attorney’s fees was proper

under that clause. Bainbridge breached the Agreement, severely damaging White Flint’s

property, forcing White Flint to incur substantial attorney’s fees, disbursements and costs,

and the need to file a claim for the breach of contract. White Flint maintains that “the

express indemnity in Section 19 of the parties’ Crane Swing, Tie Back and Swing Scaffold

Easement Agreement . . . clearly and unambiguously requires Petitioner Bainbridge St.

Elmo Bethesda Apartments, LLC . . . to reimburse Respondent White Flint Express Realty

Group Limited Partnership LLLP . . . for the attorney’s fees [first-party claim] caused by

                                             –9–
Bainbridge’s breaches of contract.” Resp. Br. at 2. White Flint points to Article 19’s

language that states explicitly that White Flint may recover “any and all . . . losses, costs,

expenses, fees, and liabilities (including attorney’s fees, disbursements, and litigation

costs) arising from or in connection with Bainbridge’s breach of any terms of this

agreement.” Id. In sum, White Flint maintains that the very purpose of the Agreement

was to ensure that White Flint would be made whole if Bainbridge breached and injured

White Flint, and that would include attorney’s fees (under the indemnity clause) incurred

to enforce the contract.



                                           III.

       The issue at the heart of this case is the interpretation of the contractual agreement

between petitioner and respondent as to the entitlement of attorney’s fees in this action.

The interpretation of a written contract is a question of law, which we review de novo.

Atlantic Contracting & Material Co., Inc. v. Ulico Cas. Co., 380 Md. 285, 300-01, 844

A.2d 468-69 (2004). We apply the objective interpretation of contracts. Id. at 301, 844

A.2d at 469. In interpreting the meaning of a contract, we consider “the customary,

ordinary, and accepted meaning of the language used.” Id. (citation omitted). We interpret

the language of the contract in context, looking at “the entire language of the agreement,

not merely a portion thereof.” Jones v. Hubbard, 356 Md. 513, 534, 740 A.2d 1004, 1016

(1999).

       Maryland follows the common law American Rule, which states that, generally, a

prevailing party is not awarded attorney’s fees. Nova Research, 405 Md. at 445, 952 A.2d

                                            –10–
at 281. See also 11 CORBIN, CONTRACTS § 57.9 (2005) (stating that “[u]nder the prevailing

American rule, legal fees in an action against the breaching party cannot be recovered.”).

Under the American Rule there is a fundamental distinction “between the recovery of

attorney’s fees incurred in defending against [a] third-party claim and those expended in

prosecuting a claim against the indemnitor.” Nova Research, 405 Md. at 453, 952 A.2d at

283 (quoting PHILIP L. BRUNER & PATRICK J. O’CONNOR, JR., 3 CONSTRUCTION LAW §

10:51 (2007)). In Peter Fabrics, Inc. v. S.S. Hermes, 765 F.2d 306 (2d Cir. 1985), the

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit articulated clearly the reason for the

distinction between attorney’s fees in third-party actions versus first-party actions,

explaining as follows:

              “Indemnity obligations, whether imposed by contract or by
              law, require the indemnitor to hold the indemnitee harmless
              from costs in connection with a particular class of claims.
              Legal fees and expenses incurred in defending an indemnified
              claim are one such cost and thus fall squarely within the
              obligation to indemnify.       Consequently, attorney's fees
              incurred in defending against liability claims are included as
              part of an indemnity obligation implied by law, . . . and
              reimbursement of such fees is presumed to have been the intent
              of the draftsman unless the agreement explicitly says otherwise
              . . . . Such reasoning does not apply to fees and expenses
              incurred in establishing the existence of an obligation to
              indemnify, since such expenses are not by their nature a part of
              the claim indemnified against. Rather, they are costs incurred
              in suing for a breach of contract, to wit, the failure to
              indemnify. As such, fees and expenses incurred in establishing
              the indemnity obligation fall within the ordinary rule requiring
              a party to bear his own expenses of litigation, see Berger, Court
              Awarded Attorneys’ Fees: What is “Reasonable”?, 126
              U.Pa.L.Rev. 281, 281 (1977). Cf. 5 Corbin, Contracts § 1037
              (1964) (attorneys’ fees and expenses may be recovered if they
              constitute damages from the breach of a contract but not if they
              are incurred in proving the breach).”

                                           –11–
Id. at 316 (some internal citations omitted).

       There are four exceptions to the American Rule where a prevailing party may be

awarded attorney’s fees: “(1) the parties to a contract have an agreement to that effect, (2)

there is a statute that allows the imposition of such fees, (3) the wrongful conduct of a

defendant forces a plaintiff into litigation with a third party, or (4) a plaintiff is forced to

defend against a malicious prosecution.” Nova Research, 405 Md. at 445, 952 A.2d at 281

(quoting Thomas v. Gladstone, 386 Md. 693, 699, 874 A.2d 434, 437 (2005)).

       The present certiorari question is predicated upon this Court’s opinion in Nova

Research and its discussion on the first exception to the American Rule, i.e., the parties

have a contractual agreement to shift attorney’s fees. In Nova Research, we considered the

question of whether the parties’ contract provision for indemnification included first-party

attorney’s fees, where the contract language did not provide expressly for the recovery of

attorney’s fees. We held that the attorney’s fees expended by Penske in establishing the

right to indemnification were not recoverable. Nova Research, 405 Md. at 458, 952 A.2d

at 289. We explained that the question of whether first-party attorney’s fees are covered

under the contract is determined by basic contract interpretation principles in order to

determine the scope of the indemnification provision and whether the clause covers first-

party enforcement rights. Id. at 449, 952 A.2d at 284. We noted as follows:

              “The scope of indemnification is a matter of contract
              interpretation, and as such may or may not include attorneys’
              fees in first party enforcement actions, in addition to the
              standard allowance of attorney’s fees in defense of suits by
              third parties. This concept is expressed in DAN B. DOBBS,
              LAW OF REMEDIES § 3:10(3) n.5 (2d Ed. 1993), which

                                             –12–
              states that ‘[w]hether the contract covers only fee costs
              incurred in third party litigation or also covers fee costs
              incurred in litigation between the parties themselves is of
              course a question to be answered by interpretation of the
              contract.’”

Id. See also HOWARD O. HUNTER, MODERN LAW OF CONTRACTS § 18.3 (March 2017)

(stating that whether a party is entitled by contract to recover attorney’s fees in enforcing

the fee-shifting provision is a matter of contract interpretation).

       While Nova Research leads courts to look at the terms of the contract to decide

whether the parties agreed expressly that attorney’s fees would be recoverable in a first-

party action, we nonetheless made clear that as such an agreement invokes an exception to

the American Rule, under which parties ordinarily bear their own counsel fees, the

agreement must be based upon express terms and cannot be found by implication or

inference. Nova Research, 405 Md. at 451, 952 A.2d at 289.5 In other words, in order to

preserve the distinction between third and first party claims, the underlying purpose behind

the American Rule, attorney’s fees provisions “must be strictly construed to avoid inferring

duties that the parties did not intend to create. . . .” ROBERT L. ROSSI, ATTORNEYS’ FEES

§ 9:18 (3d. Ed. 2002, Cum. Supp. 2007).

       In interpreting the contract in Nova Research, we held that, under the parties’

contract, extending the exception urged upon by Penske to imply a fee-shifting provision



5
  See also ROBERT L. ROSSI, ATTORNEYS’ FEES § 9.20 (3d ed. 2002, Cum. Supp. 2017)
(stating that “the majority of courts have held that the indemnity agreement must, in
specific terms, express the intent of an indemnitor to indemnify the indemnitee for
attorneys’ fees and costs expended in defending an action alleging the indemnitee’s own
negligence in order for the indemnitor to be liable for such expenses.”).
                                             –13–
for first-party actions, where the contract does not permit one expressly, would be

overbroad and permit the exception to swallow the rule, gutting the presumption of the

American rule disallowing recovery of first-party attorney’s fees. Nova Research, 405 Md.

at 450-57, 952 A.2d at 284-89. In contrast, as the Court of Special Appeals noted, in this

case, considering the contract as a whole, and the underlying purpose of the parties’

contract, Article 19 of the Agreement “contains the type of express first party attorneys’

fees language that the commercial vehicle lease contract in Nova Research lacked.”

Bainbridge, 2016 WL 1321205 at *6.

       Unlike Nova Research, the Agreement before this Court contains several express

provisions providing for first-party counsel fees. As we explained in Nova Research:

              “Although some courts have interpreted a contract provision to
              include first party attorney’s fees incurred in enforcement
              actions, the vast majority of the contracts involved in those
              cases explicitly allowed for the recovery of attorney’s fees by
              express inclusion of the phrase “attorney’s fees” in the
              respective indemnity provisions.”

405 Md. at 457, 952 A.2d at 288. Article 19 provides expressly for the payment of

“attorney’s fees;” it ties payment of those fees expressly to an action for “breach” of the

contract; and it confirms the intent of the parties to cover first-party counsel fees by

referring to “rent loss,” a first-party loss arising from a breach of the Agreement. The Court

of Special Appeals did not undermine or fail to apply the precepts of Nova Research.

Instead, that Court found correctly that the Agreement, which was negotiated by

sophisticated business entities, contained express terms that the contract at issue in Nova

Research lacked. See Balcor Real Estate Holdings, Inc. v. Walentas-Phoenix Corp., 73


                                            –14–
F.3d 150, 153 (7th Cir. 1996) (finding that a contract with an indemnification agreement

that required appellee to “hold [[appellant] and its affiliates] harmless . . . against any. . .

expenses (including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees and expenses) . . . incurred by

[appellant] as a direct or indirect result of . . . any breach or default by [appellee]”

constituted an explicit first-party fee shifting clause.”).6 Cf. Thomas v. Capital Med. Mgmt.

Assocs., LLC, 189 Md. App. 439, 467–72, 985 A.2d 51, 67–71 (2009) (declining to find

that a contract with a clause on “Termination and Breach” that did not include a reference

to the recovery of attorney’s fees and a separate clause on indemnification that did include

a reference to “attorney’s fees,” but only in relation to the “performance of [the]

Agreement,” and not to “default or termination under the Agreement,” constituted a first-

party fee-shifting clause in the event of a default).

       Our plain language interpretation that Article 19 is sufficient to entitle White Flint

to first-party attorney’s fees is confirmed by the three clauses within the indemnification

article. We disagree with petitioner’s claim that the clause “indemnif[y], and agrees to


6
  See also Broaddus v. Shields, 665 F.3d 846, 856-57 (7th Cir. 2011), overruled on other
grounds by Hill v. Tangherlini, 724 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. 2013) (enforcing a clause under
Pennsylvania law where appellant agreed to “indemnify, defend and hold harmless
[appellee] . . . against any and all losses arising out of or due to a breach . . . of [appellant]
contained herein” as allowing first-party fee shifting); Litton Microwave Cooking Prods.
v. Leviton Mfg. Co., 15 F.3d 790, 795-96 (8th Cir. 1994) (finding Minnesota law recognizes
first-party indemnity for fees “resulting from any breach” of warranties because “[o]n1y a
strained reading could produce the third-party suit requirement . . . .”); Fortune Southfield
Co. v. Kroger Co., 931 F.2d 1282, 1284 (8th Cir. 1991) (finding under Missouri law,
indemnity for “breach by Kroger of . . . [its] agreements” is “clear and unambiguous” for
first-party fees); James G. Davis Constr. Corp. v. HRGM Corp., 147 A.3d 332, 340–41
(D.C. 2016) (concluding that the plain language of an indemnification provision containing
an express reference to “attorney’s fees” and an “unqualified reference to ‘any breach,’”
allowed for first-party fee shifting).
                                              –15–
defend and hold harmless White Flint” restricted Article 19 to third-party claims because,

according to the petitioner, the verbs “defend and hold harmless” refer to third-party claims

only, and by the principle of noscitur sociis,7 that limitation applied to the promise to

indemnify. Article 19 is divided into three clauses,8 of which, only the latter two (“injuries

to persons…” or “the activities of Bainbridge…”) protected White Flint from third-party

claims. Each item in a string of terms, separated by the disjunctive “or,” is given

independent meaning. See Loughrin v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 2384, 2390 (2014).

Therefore, Article 19’s reference “defend and hold harmless” language does not limit

“indemnity” to third-party claims.

       We disagree with petitioner’s assertion that our holding obliterates the distinction

between third-party and first-party actions established by Jones v. Calvin Taylor Banking

Co., 253 Md. 430, 44, 253 A.2d 742, 748 (1969), Atlantic, and Nova Research. In Jones,

this Court found a fee-shifting provision in a contract to allow an indemnitee to recover

reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in defending against a third-party action. Jones, 253

Md. at 441-42, 253 A.2d at 748-49. Under the agreement in Atlantic, Ulico was to act as

a surety for Atlantic, and issued a performance and payment surety bond on behalf of




7
  Under the principle of noscitur a sociis, one may discern meaning by examining the
surrounding words.
8
  The three clauses in the Agreement are: “[i] Bainbridge’s breach of any terms of this
agreement” or ii) “injuries to persons or property resulting from the Work” or iii) “the
activities of Bainbridge or its employees, agents, contractors, or affiliates conducted on or
about the White Flint Property.”

                                            –16–
Atlantic to a third party. Atlantic, 380 Md. at 291-92, 844. A.2d at 463. A third-party

made a claim on the bond, and Ulico brought a suit against Atlantic to recover the loss it

suffered, paying out the bond and the attorney’s fees it incurred in pursuing indemnification

from Atlantic. Id. This Court affirmed the right of Ulico, the surety, to recover fees to

enforce the indemnity agreement, which covered “from and against any and all Loss . . ,”

where the contract defined loss as “[a]ny and all damages, costs, charges, and expenses of

any kind, sustained or incurred by [plaintiff] in connection with or as a result of . . . the

enforcement of this Agreement.” Id. at 302, 316-18, 844 A.2d at 469, 478-79.

       Importantly, as noted in Nova Research, this Court did not uphold the award in

Atlantic under the theory of implied fee shifting for attorney’s fees from third-party

defensive actions, but “upheld the award of attorney’s fees after interpreting the

indemnification contract.” Nova Research, 405 Md. at 448-49, 952 A.2d at 283. Under

the terms of the agreement, “Atlantic was obligated by contract to pay Ulico the sums it

incurred to enforce the agreement, which included attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses.”

Atlantic, 380 Md. at 316, 844 A.2d at 478. And further, we determined that “[i]ndemnity

agreements of this kind are interpreted generally to entitle the surety to recover fees, costs,

and expenses incurred in enforcing them.” Id. at 316, 844 A.2d at 478. Thus, our holding

in Atlantic “[does] not obviate the need to apply contract interpretation to determine the

scope of the indemnification provision and whether the clause covers first party

enforcement rights.” Nova Research, 405 Md. at 449, 952 A.2d at 283-84. Petitioner

argues that the express words “in the enforcement of the agreement” in the indemnification

agreement in Atlantic were essential to its holding and that Article 19 does not contain that

                                            –17–
exact phrase. The language in Atlantic, however, is analogous to the case at issue, as an

action for “enforcement of the contract” is effectively the same as an “action for breach of

contract.” See Columbia Gas Transm’n Corp. v. Ashleigh Heights LLC, 261 F.Supp. 2d

332, 333 (D. Md. 2002) (stating “[e]nforcement of a . . . agreement is essentially an action

for breach of contract . . . .”).

         Moreover, we distinguished the type of contract at issue in Nova Research from

indemnity contracts, like Atlantic, where first-party protection is critical. In Atlantic, the

“sole purpose of the arrangement was to secure credit or a guarantor. The creditor or

guarantor relied on indemnification as assurance in undertaking the deal.” Nova Research,

405 Md. at 450, 952 A.2d at 284. By comparison, the primary purpose of the contract in

Nova Research “was to lease a truck and trailer”9 and was “meant to protect a commercial


9
    As we described in Nova Research:

               “Nova purchased the rental of the trailer and insurance of up to
               $100,000 from Penske. In addition, as part of the Agreement,
               Penske was to be indemnified and held harmless for any loss
               liability or expense above and beyond the $100,000 in liability
               protection that Penske was to provide. The Agreement stated
               that Nova was responsible to indemnify Penske for loss over
               this amount that occurred ‘as a result of bodily injury, death or
               property damage caused by or arising out of the ownership,
               maintenance, use or operation of Vehicle.’ In addition, in the
               section entitled ‘Customer’s Responsibilities; Refueling
               Service Charges; Breakdown Expenses,’ a second
               indemnification provision called for Nova to “indemnify, and
               hold harmless Penske . . . from and against all loss, liability and
               expense caused or arising out of Customer’s failure to comply
               with the terms of this Agreement.’ The provision goes on in
               parts (B) through (H) to require Nova to pay for refueling, tolls
               and trip permits or licenses, unauthorized service, towing
               expenses, etcetera.” (footnote continued . . .)
                                             –18–
lessor against tort and casualty loss” from third parties injured by the lessee. Id. at 450-51,

952 A.2d at 284-85.

       The Agreement here is closer to the surety contract in Atlantic than the truck rental

lease in Nova Research. Bainbridge and White Flint designed the agreement to ensure that

Bainbridge, and not White Flint, carried all of the risk from the construction work;

otherwise, White Flint had no incentive to support Bainbridge’s plans. Thus, the parties

designed Article 19 to ensure that White Flint would be made whole if Bainbridge breached

the agreement, which supports first-party fee shifting. See Pacific Indem. Co. v. Interstate

Fire & Cas. Co., 302 Md. 383, 388, 488 A.2d 486, 488 (1985) (stating that “Maryland

courts should examine the character of the contract, its purpose, and the facts and

circumstances of the parties at the time of execution” to determine the intention of the

parties to a contract).

       Petitioner references Oscar Gruss & Son, Inc. v. Hollander, 337 F.3d 186 (2d Cir.

2003), cited to in Nova Research as an instructive example of the distinction between first-

party and third-party claims, for the proposition that the language in Article 19 did not

expressly allow for first-party fee shifting. In Oscar Gruss, the indemnity provision

provided for “legal or other expenses . . . (including, without limitation, in connection with

the enforcement of the Agreement and the indemnification obligations set forth herein).”

337 F.3d at 199. Petitioner also references Hooper Associate v. AGS Computers, 548




Nova Research, Inc. v. Penske Truck Leasing Co., 405 Md. 435, 450, 952 A.2d 275, 284
(2008).

                                            –19–
N.E.2d 903 (N.Y. 1989), where the indemnification provision obligated AGS computer to

“‘indemnify and hold harmless [Hooper] . . . from any and all claims . . . including

reasonable counsel fees’ arising out of breach of warranty claims . . . .” 548 N.E.2d at 905.

       We do not agree with petitioner that the indemnification clauses in Oscar Gruss and

Hooper, where the courts in both cases prohibited first-party fee shifting, are analogous to

the instant case. The indemnification clauses in both New York cases contained notice and

assumption of defense clauses, where the indemnitee had to provide the indemnitor with

notice of any indemnification claim, allow the indemnitor to assume its defense, and

request the indemnitor’s permission before settling any lawsuit. Oscar Gruss, 337 F.3d at

200; Hooper, 548 N.E.2d at 905. In Oscar Gruss, the United States Court of Appeals for

the Second Circuit determined that this additional language applied only to third-party

claims. 337 F.3d at 200-01. In Hooper, the Court of Appeals of New York found that the

notice and assumption of defense clause had “no logical application to a suit between the

parties. . ,” and required a construction limiting the indemnity in order to “afford[ ] a fair

meaning to all of the language” and “leave[ ] no provision without force and effect.” 549

N.E.2d at 905 (internal citation omitted). Article 19 in the instant case does not contain a

similar notice and assumption of defense clause that would limit it to third-party claims.

       Finally, we do not agree with Bainbridge that Section 9 of the Agreement is a broad

dispute resolution provision, covering all disputes. Section 9 provides merely for binding

arbitration in certain circumstances, and contains a “prevailing party” fee provision. It

does not address unresolved breaches by Bainbridge and damages claims for any such

breach.

                                            –20–
       We hold that the Agreement contains express provisions that authorized first-party

fee shifting, and subsequently White Flint is entitled to attorney’s fees.



                                                   JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                                   SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED.
                                                   PETITIONERS TO PAY COSTS.




                                            –21–
