          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                           NO . 05-1468

                                  FRANCES D'ARIES, APPELLANT ,

                                                 V.


                                  JAMES B. PEAKE , M.D.,
                         SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.


                         On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

   (Argued February 6, 2008                                         Decided April 8, 2008       )



       Michael A. Leonard, of Wilmington, North Carolina, for the appellant.

         Leslie C. Rogall, with whom Paul J. Hutter, Acting General Counsel; R. Randall Campbell,
Assistant General Counsel; and Joan E. Moriarty, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, were on the
brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

       Before KASOLD, HAGEL, and LANCE, Judges.

       PER CURIAM. HAGEL, Judge, and LANCE, Judge, filed concurring opinions.

       PER CURIAM: Before the Court is Frances D'Aries's appeal of a May 18, 2005, Board of
Veterans' Appeals (Board) decision that denied service connection for the cause of her husband's
death under 38 U.S.C. § 1310. Because the VA medical examination sought under the authority of
38 U.S.C. § 7109 and 38 C.F.R. § 20.901 was adequate for rating purposes, the Board provided
adequate reasons or bases for rejecting the opinion of the treating physician, and there was no error
in the notice provided, the Board decision will be affirmed.


                                            I. FACTS
       Mrs. D'Aries's husband, Lawrence D'Aries, served on active duty in the U.S. Army from
December 1942 to February 1946 during World War II. His service included combat duty in
Germany, where he suffered a head injury in March 1945 when a shell landed near him. At the time
of his death on December 27, 1998, Mr. D'Aries was receiving VA compensation for several
service-connected disabilities, including chronic brain syndrome associated with brain trauma from
the 1945 incident, with post-traumatic headaches, rated 70% disabling, and a loss of bone of the
skull, rated 30% disabling. His combined schedular evaluation was 80% disabling. The death
certificate listed his cause of death as cardiorespiratory arrest due to or as a consequence of sepsis,
due to or as a consequence of pneumonia. Record (R.) at 177.
        In April 1999, Mrs. D'Aries applied for dependency and indemnity compensation. With her
claim, Mrs. D'Aries submitted a letter from Mr. D'Aries's private physician, Dr. Henry McCabe. In
that letter, Dr. McCabe expressed his opinion that Mr. D'Aries's chronic brain disorder, "along with
his [d]iabetes, prevented him from sensing appropriately the symptoms which were developing
leading up to his pneumonia and blood poisoning (sepsis), and ultimately, unfortunately, his
untimely demise." R. at 179. In August 1999, VA received Mr. D'Aries's hospital admission
records, which indicated that he had been admitted to the hospital on December 27, 1998, with a
cough, fever, and confusion. The record noted that he had a history of "congestive heart failure,
diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular accident with right hemiplegia, and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease." R. at 194. Later that same day, Mr. D'Aries was found in respiratory distress
and intubated, and died shortly thereafter.
        In August 1999, after reviewing the medical evidence of record, a VA regional office denied
Mrs. D'Aries's claims for benefits for the cause of her husband's death and dependency and
indemnity compensation, finding that there was no relationship between Mr. D'Aries's death and his
military service. Mrs. D'Aries filed a Notice of Disagreement with that decision.
        In January 2000, Dr. McCabe submitted another letter regarding Mr. D'Aries's death. In that
letter, Dr. McCabe indicated that he had treated Mr. D'Aries "primarily" for diabetes mellitus,
congestive heart failure, arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension.
R. at 233. Dr. McCabe wrote:
        The combination of [Mr. D'Aries's] diseases, arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease
        and hypertension all combined to cause a chronic organic brain syndrome, which
        became progressively worse in his later years. . . . [I]t is my opinion that these
        problems both directly and indirectly contributed to the condition listed at the time
        of his demise (i.e.[,] Chronic Brain Syndrome).



                                                   2
       It is quite possible that the head trauma which he sustained many years ago may also
       have contributed to this condition, but in all likelihood, the more chronic and
       progressive nature of his other conditions was responsible for the deterioration of his
       mental skills later in life.

Id. Mrs. D'Aries appealed to the Board in April 2000.
       In May 2001, Mrs. D'Aries received notice pursuant to the then-recently enacted Veterans
Claims Assistance Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-475, 114 Stat. 2096 (codified at 38 U.S.C. § 5103).
That letter explained what information and evidence she was responsible for obtaining and what
information and evidence VA would obtain. The letter also explained the evidence necessary to
establish entitlement to compensation for service-connected conditions and advised Mrs. D'Aries
of the information VA needed from her. A Supplemental Statement of the Case was issued in April
2002. That document advised Mrs. D'Aries that her claim had been "considered based on all the
evidence of record, including review of [the] claim as a result of [the] passage of [the] Veterans
Claims Assistance Act of 2000." R. at 254. Also in that document, the regional office continued
to deny entitlement to dependency and indemnity compensation and service connection for the cause
of Mr. D'Aries's death.
       In August 2002, the Board remanded Mrs. D'Aries's claims in order to afford her a hearing
before the Board. In October 2002, Dr. McCabe submitted a third letter regarding Mr. D'Aries's
death. In that letter, Dr. McCabe wrote:
       Towards the latter part of his life, Mr. D'Aries began to experience symptoms
       consistent with Organic Brain Syndrome. These symptoms included confusion,
       hallucinations, euphoria, agitation, insomnia[,] and[,] subsequently[,] disequilibrium.

       In all probability, the culmination of this entity was initiated by an episode of severe
       head trauma which he sustained many years ago. Over a long period of time[,] this
       caused cerebral atrophy[,] which significantly reduced and impaired his mental
       capacity and motor skills.

       Despite his other medical illnesses[,] it was the complications of his Organic Brain
       Syndrome and their sequelae which led to his mental and physical deterioration later
       in life[,] and ultimately to his demise. It is my medical opinion that any retroactive
       review of his government benefits must incorporate this issue in its evaluation due
       to the causal effect it had upon his death.

R. at 262. Mrs. D'Aries was afforded a Board hearing held in February 2003.

                                                  3
         In October 2004, the Board informed Mrs. D'Aries that it had "decided to ask one or more
experts to provide a medical opinion" with respect to her claim for benefits for the cause of her
husband's death.1 R. at 279. The Board sent an engagement letter to the Portland, Oregon, VA
Medical Center, asking the chief of staff of that facility for a "medical expert opinion." R. at 281.
Specifically, the Board requested that "an internal medicine specialist . . . provide a medical advisory
opinion" on the question of whether Mr. D'Aries's chronic brain syndrome and/or loss of bone of the
skull caused or contributed to his death. Id. The Board directed that the medical expert "review the
claims file in its entirety" and included an explanation of the criteria for determining whether a
condition was a principal or contributory cause of death. R. at 281-82. Finally, the Board requested
that the medical expert comment on the opinions offered by Dr. McCabe. R. at 282.
         That same month, Dr. Joseph Quinn, a neurologist with the Portland VA medical center,
provided the requested opinion. Dr. Quinn recounted Mr. D'Aries's extensive medical history,
beginning with the head trauma he suffered in 1945 and ending with the illnesses that preceded his
death in 1998. Dr. Quinn noted that there was no evidence in Mr. D'Aries's medical history that he
suffered from mental impairment, retardation, or difficulty concentrating as a result of his head
trauma. Dr. Quinn also summarized the opinions of Dr. McCabe, highlighting those portions quoted
above. In pertinent part, Dr. Quinn concluded:
         [T]he record indicates that [Mr. D'Aries] sustained a severe head injury in 1945,
         resulting in chronic headaches and "nervousness", but without cognitive or other
         neurologic deficits. He was first appreciated to show signs of dementia in 1987, in
         concert with evidence of severe diabetes-related vascular disease. His cognitive
         deficits were still considered mild during evaluation only a few months before his
         death in 1998. His death by pneumonia and sepsis is not unusual for unhealthy
         elderly diabetic patients, even in the absence of dementia.

         I conclude that there is little evidence to indicate that [Mr. D'Aries's] head injury
         caused his dementia, and that there is little evidence to indicate that the dementia was
         severe enough to result in pneumonia and sepsis. I therefore further conclude that
         [his] service-connected brain syndrome did not cause or contribute to his death.


1
  The Court notes that the Board bifurcated Mrs. D'Aries's claims in September 2003 and denied her claim for
dependency and indemnity compensation under 38 U.S.C. § 1318. This Court reversed that decision and remanded the
matter to the Board for readjudication. See D'Aries v. Nicholson, No. 03-1974, 2006 WL 954009 (Vet. App. Feb. 22,
2006). The Secretary has appealed that decision, and the appeal is currently pending before the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit.

                                                         4
R. at 274-75.
       On May 18, 2005, the Board issued the decision on appeal, denying entitlement to service
connection for the cause of Mr. D'Aries's death. The Board first determined that VA had satisfied
its duty to notify under the Veterans Claims Assistance Act through the May 2001 letter. The Board
noted that the letter was provided after the initial adjudication of the claim in August 1999, but
found that any defect was non-prejudicial because there was no indication that the outcome of the
case had been affected, and because Mrs. D'Aries had been afforded a meaningful opportunity to
participate in the processing of her claim.
       With respect to the merits of the claim, the Board attached "significant probative value" to
the opinion of Dr. Quinn and "essentially no probative value" to the opinion of Dr. McCabe. R. at
6. The Board found that Dr. Quinn had reviewed Mr. D'Aries's claims file and provided "a thorough
and detailed opinion about a disorder within his area of medical expertise" that was "consistent with
the competent evidence o[f] record." Id. In contrast, the Board stated that it could not establish
whether Dr. McCabe had reviewed the claims file before rendering his October 2002 opinion, which
the Board found included "virtually no rationale and . . . fail[ed] to address how [Mr. D'Aries's]
mental deterioration resulted in sepsis and pneumonia." R. at 6-7. The Board also noted factual and
medical inconsistencies in Dr. McCabe's opinions, which it found "greatly reduce[d] the probative
value of his most recent (and most favorable) opinion." R. at 7. The Board stated that the fact that
Dr. McCabe was Mr. D'Aries's treating physician did not, alone, increase the probative value of his
opinion, especially given that Dr. McCabe did not treat Mr. D'Aries during the hospital stay that
preceded his death. Id.
       The Board determined that, despite Mrs. D'Aries's argument to the contrary, Dr. Quinn's
extensive recounting of Mr. D'Aries's medical history left "little doubt" that he had reviewed Mr.
D'Aries's claims file as instructed. Id. The Board also rejected Mrs. D'Aries's argument that Dr.
Quinn did not give her the benefit of the doubt when rendering his opinion. The Board stated that
the benefit of the doubt doctrine is a legal standard to be employed by an adjudicatory body, not by
a medical professional. Finally, the Board found that Dr. Quinn's specialty in neurology clearly
"render[ed] him qualified to address the effects of an organic brain disorder." R. at 7-8. The Board
concluded that there was no competent medical evidence linking Mr. D'Aries's terminal illness to
his military service and therefore denied Mrs. D'Aries's claim.

                                                 5
       In her brief, Mrs. D'Aries makes three arguments. First, that the Board erred by relying on
a medical advisory opinion that was inadequate for the following reasons: (1) the Board requested
an opinion from an "internal medicine specialist" but received an opinion from a neurologist; (2) Dr.
Quinn was directed by the Board to review Mr. D'Aries's claims file in its entirety, but he indicated
in his report only that he had received a "chart" on Mr. D'Aries; and (3) "the Board violated the
principles of fundamental fairness" by including in its request an explanation of the criteria for
determining whether a condition was a principal or contributory cause of death but not advising that
the benefit of the doubt must be given to a veteran on any material issue. Appellant's Br. at 8-10.
Second, Mrs. D'Aries argues that the Board erred by failing to give weight to the fact that Dr.
McCabe was Mr. D'Aries's treating physician for the nine years prior to his death. Appellant's Br.
at 11. Finally, Mrs. D'Aries asserts that the Board erred in finding that VA complied with its duty
to notify under the Veterans Claims Assistance Act because she was not given adequate notice prior
to the initial adjudication of her claim. In this respect, she argues that the Board erred by relying
on a post-decisional document, the May 2001 notice letter, to find that the duty to notify had been
satisfied. Appellant's Br. at 13-14. Mrs. D'Aries requests that the Court vacate the Board's May 18,
2005, decision and remand the matter.
       The Secretary, in his brief, argues that the Board's decision is supported by the evidence of
record and is, therefore, not clearly erroneous. Specifically, the Secretary contends that the Board
did not err in accepting an advisory medical opinion from a neurologist rather than from an internal
medicine specialist. He asserts that, although the Board requested that an internal medicine
specialist render this opinion, the chief of staff of the medical center to whom the request was sent
determined that the appropriate medical expert to address the question was a neurologist. Secretary's
Br. at 16. The Secretary next argues that Mrs. D'Aries has taken a single sentence in Dr. Quinn's
opinion out of context in arguing that he did not review Mr. D'Aries's claims file, as he was directed
to do by the Board's engagement letter. Secretary's Br. at 17. In this respect, he argues that it is
clear from Dr. Quinn's "detailed opinion," which includes an "extensive and thorough review" of
the medical evidence, that he had access to and reviewed the claims file prior to making his
assessment. Id. As to Mrs. D'Aries argument regarding the benefit of the doubt doctrine, the
Secretary contends that the doctrine is a statutory construct applicable only to those who are
adjudicating a claim, not to medical professionals rendering opinions. Secretary's Br. at 18. The

                                                  6
Secretary next rejects Mrs. D'Aries "treating physician" argument, asserting that, not only has she
not cited any authority to support her argument, but also she has ignored this Court's express
rejection of such a rule in Van Slack v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 499 (1993), and Guerrieri v. Brown, 4
Vet.App. 467 (1993). Secretary's Br. at 19-20. The Secretary further argues that any reliance by
Mrs. D'Aries on Padgett v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 133 (2005), withdrawn, 19 Vet.App. 334 (2005),
rev'd and remanded, 473 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2007), is misplaced, as that decision was withdrawn,
and, in any event, that portion of the withdrawn decision on which she relies does not support her
position. Secretary's Br. at 20-21. Finally, with regard to notice, the Secretary argues that Mrs.
D'Aries's claim was initially adjudicated in 1999, prior to the passage of the Veterans Claims
Assistance Act in 2000, and therefore timely notice was impossible. Secretary's Br. at 21. The
Secretary notes that, following the enactment of the Veterans Claims Assistance Act, Mrs. D'Aries
received compliant notice and was informed that she could submit additional evidence to
substantiate her claim. Id. The Secretary asks the Court to affirm the May 18, 2005, Board decision.


                                          II. ANALYSIS
                  A. Adequacy of the Medical Examination Sought by the Board
       The text of 38 U.S.C. § 7109(a) provides: "When, in the judgment of the Board, medical
expert opinion . . . is warranted by the medical complexity or controversy in an appeal case, the
Board may secure an advisory medical opinion . . . ." The implementing regulation for section 7109
provides that "[t]he Board may obtain a medical opinion from an appropriate health care
professional in the Veterans Health Administration or the Department of Veterans Affairs on
medical questions involved in the consideration of an appeal when, in its judgment, such medical
expertise is needed for equitable disposition of an appeal." 38 C.F.R. § 20.901(a) (2007). When the
Board relies on such an opinion, that opinion must be adequate to allow judicial review. See Green
v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 121, 124 (1991) (holding that remand is appropriate where the Board relied
on an inadequate medical examination report); see also Hicks v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 417, 422 (1995)
(concluding that an inadequate medical evaluation frustrates judicial review). An opinion is
adequate where it is based upon consideration of the veteran's prior medical history and
examinations and also describes the disability in sufficient detail so that the Board's "evaluation of
the claimed disability will be a fully informed one." Ardison v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 405, 407 (1994)

                                                  7
(quoting Green, 1 Vet.App. at 124). Whether a medical opinion is adequate is a finding of fact,
which the Court reviews under the "clearly erroneous" standard. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(4); Gilbert
v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 49, 52 (1990). "A factual finding 'is "clearly erroneous" when although
there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.'" Hersey v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 91, 94 (1992)
(quoting United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948)).
         In rendering its decision, the Board is required to provide a written statement of the reasons
or bases for its "findings and conclusions[] on all material issues of fact and law presented on the
record." 38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1). The statement must be adequate to enable a claimant to
understand the precise basis for the Board's decision, as well as to facilitate review in this Court.
See Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 57. To comply with this requirement, the Board must analyze the
credibility and probative value of the evidence, account for the evidence that it finds to be persuasive
or unpersuasive, and provide the reasons for its rejection of any material evidence favorable to the
claimant. See Caluza v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498, 506 (1995). The Board may commit remandable
error when it fails to provide an adequate statement of its reasons or bases. See Gilbert, 1 Vet.App.
at 57.
               1. Entitlement to Compliance with the October 2004 Engagement Letter
         Mrs. D'Aries first argues that the medical advisory opinion was inadequate because, although
the Board requested the opinion of an "internal medicine specialist," it received the opinion of a
neurologist.2 She asserts that this is a violation of this Court's ruling in Stegall v. West, which held

2
  The Court finds it necessary to point out that this issue was raised by counsel for the first time on appeal. At oral
argument, counsel for Mrs. D'Aries conceded that he had not raised this precise issue to the Board, although he asserted
that it was the Board's failure to provide Dr. Quinn's curriculum vitae that prevented him from doing so. However, the
record reveals that counsel sought clarification of Dr. Quinn's "qualifications" by requesting his curriculum vitae from
the Board in a December 2004 letter, as well as in an April 2005 letter. R. at 284, 292. The Board responded that it had
"no information on Dr. Quinn" and therefore could not provide his curriculum vitae, an issue that counsel raised to the
Board, but which the Board found meritless. R. at 288; see R. at 8. However, in the December 2004 letter, counsel also
requested a copy of the engagement letter the Board sent to the Portland VA facility, and he received that document in
early April 2005. R. at 288, 291. It is clear that counsel had notice that the Board requested a medical opinion from an
internal medicine specialist, and that he had a copy of Dr. Quinn's report, which revealed him to be a member of the
neurology department of the Portland VA Medical Center. R. at 288, 291-92. Further, in an April 2005 letter to the
Board, while in possession of both the Board's engagement letter and Dr. Quinn's opinion, counsel objected to some
aspects of Dr. Quinn's opinion–but not specifically to his speciality–and requested that the Board "return the case to Dr.
Quinn for his review of the entire claims file and a new opinion which takes into consideration the benefit-of-the-doubt
doctrine." R. at 292 (emphasis added). If counsel were concerned about the propriety of the Board relying on the
opinion of a neurologist instead of an internal medicine specialist, one is hard pressed to understand why he would

                                                            8
that an order from this Court or the Board remanding an appeal for further action and adjudication
confers upon a claimant the right to compliance with that order. 11 Vet.App. 268, 271 (1998); see
also Colayong v. West, 12 Vet.App. 524, 533-34 (1999) (holding that reliance by the Board on a
medical report that did not comply with the Board's remand order was improper).
         The Secretary, in contrast, would have us find that Stegall does not apply because an
engagement letter from the Board to a VA medical center requesting a medical opinion or
examination under section 7109 and § 20.901 is factually distinct from a remand decision by the
Board, and consequently cannot be given the same authoritative weight. However intriguing this
question, it is one the Court need not address in order to resolve this case. This is so because, even
assuming that Stegall controls, only substantial compliance with the terms of the Board's
engagement letter would be required, not strict compliance. See Dyment v. West, 13 Vet.App. 141,
146-47 (1999) (holding that there was no Stegall violation when the examiner made the ultimate
determination required by the Board's remand, because such determination "more than substantially
complied with the Board's remand order"). Applying this rule to the instant case, the Court finds,
as did the Board, that Dr. Quinn's opinion was sufficient to resolve the issue for which an advisory
medical opinion was requested. Therefore, there has been substantial compliance with the Board's
engagement letter.
         First, the Board explicitly recognized in its decision that Dr. Quinn's "specialty [in
neurology] alone renders him qualified to address the effects of an organic brain disorder." R. at 8.
Additionally, the Board recounted Dr. Quinn's recitation of Mr. D'Aries's "extensive medical
history," as well as the doctor's thorough explanation and rationale in reaching his conclusion that
Mr. D'Aries's service-connected brain injuries did not cause or contribute to his death. Id. The
Board concluded that, because Dr. Quinn "provided a thorough and detailed opinion about a disorder
within his area of expertise, and [because] the opinion [was] consistent with the competent evidence
o[f] record," his opinion was of "significant probative value." R. at 6. Finally, the Court takes
judicial notice of the fact that neurology is the medical specialty that deals with the nervous system,


request that the neurologist provide a second, more thorough, opinion. As it is obvious that counsel had the necessary
information to make this argument in a timely manner to the Board, the Court can only speculate as to why he did not
do so. The Court reminds counsel that it has discretion regarding whether to entertain an argument raised for the first
time on appeal (see Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1377-78 (2000)), and that the Court has chosen to do so in this
instance should not be interpreted by counsel as approval of his failure to raise a known issue below.

                                                          9
which includes the brain. DORLAND 'S ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY 1285 (31st ed. 2007);
see also Smith (Brady) v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 235, 238 (1991) ("Courts may take judicial notice
of facts not subject to reasonable dispute." (citing FED . R. EVID . 201(b))). Mr. D'Aries's service-
connected injuries were related to the head and brain, and a neurologist is a specialist who could
reasonably be expected to provide the appropriate medical analysis and opinion to resolve the
question posed by the Board in its engagement letter: whether Mr. D'Aries's service-connected brain
injuries caused or contributed to his death. In light of this discussion, the Court finds that Dr.
Quinn's opinion substantially complied with the terms of the Board's October 2004 engagement
letter. Consequently, even assuming that Mrs. D'Aries's argument regarding the applicability of
Stegall to this factual situation is correct, because the Board recognized the deviation from its
request, thoroughly analyzed the medical opinion provided, and provided sufficient reasons for its
reliance thereon, the standard of compliance required by that case has been demonstrated here and
there could be no error. See Stegall, 11 Vet.App. at 271; Dyment, 13 Vet.App. at 146-47.
                                    2. Review of the Claims File
        Mrs. D'Aries states that Dr. Quinn indicated only that he "received a chart on" Mr. D'Aries,
which she contends is insufficient to comply with the Board's instruction that the examiner "review
the claims file in its entirety." R. at 273, 281. The Board found that "[t]he extent to which [Dr.
Quinn] reported [Mr. D'Aries's] extensive medical history . . . leaves little doubt that he reviewed
the claims folder." R. at 7. The Court agrees with the Board. Following his initial statement that
he received a chart on Mr. D'Aries, Dr. Quinn summarized Mr. D'Aries's medical history, spanning
more than 50 years. He also referenced and quoted from numerous medical records, test results, and
treatment notes. R. at 273. In his conclusion, he stated, "The record indicates that [Mr. D'Aries]
sustained a severe head injury . . . resulting in chronic headaches and 'nervousness', but without
cognitive or other neurologic deficits." R. at 274. As noted above, a medical opinion must be based
upon consideration of the veteran's prior medical history and examinations and also describe the
disability in enough detail for the Board to be able to make an informed decision. See Ardison, 6
Vet.App. at 407. Dr. Quinn's advisory medical opinion met this standard. Failure by a medical
examiner to use the precise terminology "claims file" when indicating the records that he or she
reviewed will not be fatal where, as here, it can be established from the facts that the claims file was,
in fact, reviewed. In light of Dr. Quinn's thorough review of Mr. D'Aries's medical history, Mrs.

                                                   10
D'Aries has not demonstrated that the Board's factual determination that Dr. Quinn complied with
its request to review Mr. D'Aries's claims file was clearly erroneous. See Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52.
           3. Requirement To Advise a Medical Examiner of the Benefit of the Doubt Doctrine
           Finally, Mrs. D'Aries contends that Dr. Quinn's advisory medical opinion was inadequate
because the Board "violated the principles of fundamental fairness" by not including a request that
the medical expert give Mr. D'Aries the benefit of the doubt on material issues. Appellant's Br. at
10. Contrary to her argument, however, the benefit of the doubt doctrine is a legal construct to be
applied by an adjudicatory body when the evidence is approximately balanced, not by a medical
professional when rendering an opinion as to the cause of a veteran's death. See 38 U.S.C.
§ 5107(b). The express language of the statute makes it clear that it applies only to the adjudicatory
process of the Secretary (and by extension, the Board) in the context of weighing information and
evidence. Id. ("The Secretary shall consider all information and lay and medical evidence of record
in a case before the Secretary . . . . When there is an approximate balance of positive and negative
evidence regarding any issue material to the determination of a matter, the Secretary shall give the
benefit of the doubt to the claimant." (emphasis added)). Further, this Court has expressly held that
the benefit of the doubt doctrine "does not apply during the process of submitting and gathering
evidence." Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 55.3 The Board was therefore under no obligation to request that
the medical expert give the benefit of the doubt to the veteran, and, in fact, could not have
appropriately requested that he do so because the benefit of the doubt doctrine is not applicable
during the evidence-gathering phase of a case. See id. Therefore, the Court finds no error on this
point.
           For these reasons, the Court finds that the medical examination provided by Dr. Quinn was
adequate for rating purposes, and that the Board's explanation for finding that opinion credible and
adequate for rating purposes is supported by adequate reasons or bases. See Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at


3
    At the time Gilbert was decided, the benefit of the doubt doctrine was codified at 38 U.S.C. § 3007(b) and provided:

           W hen, after consideration of all the evidence and material of record in a case before [VA] with respect
           to benefits under laws administered by [VA], there is an approximate balance of positive and negative
           evidence regarding the merits of an issue material to the determination of the matter, the benefit of the
           doubt in resolving each such issue shall be given to the claimant.

That provision was amended in May 1991 and redesignated as 38 U.S.C. § 5107(b).

                                                             11
57. Therefore, the Board's reliance on Dr. Quinn's opinion was not clearly erroneous. See Ardison,
6 Vet.App. at 407; Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52.
             B. Weight Assigned to the Opinion of Mr. D'Aries's Treating Physician
       The Board is permitted to favor one medical opinion over another provided it gives an
adequate statement of its reasons and bases for doing so. See Simon v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 621,
622 (1992). The Board, of course, must explain its choice in a manner adequate to enable a claimant
to understand the precise basis for the Board's decision, as well as to facilitate review in this Court.
See Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 57. Credibility determinations are findings of fact to be made by the
Board. See Layno v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 465, 469 (1994) (finding that the weight and credibility of
evidence "is a factual determination going to the probative value of the evidence to be made after
the evidence has been admitted"); see also Washington v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 362 (2006)
(holding that it is the Board's responsibility to determine the appropriate weight to be given to
evidence). The Board's assessment of the credibility and weight to be given to evidence is a finding
of fact that the Court reviews under the "clearly erroneous" standard of review. 38 U.S.C.
§ 7261(a)(4); Wood v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 190, 193 (1991); Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 52.
       Mrs. D'Aries argues that the Board erred by not giving additional weight to Dr. McCabe's
opinion in light of his role as Mr. D'Aries's personal physician. In doing so, Mrs. D'Aries ignores
this Court's express rejection of a "rule that gives the opinions of treating physicians greater weight
in evaluating claims made by veterans." Guerrieri, 4 Vet.App. at 473; see also Van Slack,
5 Vet.App. at 502; Harder v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 183, 188 (1993). Additionally, the Court notes that,
by Dr. McCabe's own admission, he was not Mr. D'Aries's treating physician for the brain and head
injuries at issue in this case. R. at 233. Mrs. D'Aries's reliance on this Court's decision in Padgett,
19 Vet.App. 133 (2005), withdrawn, 19 Vet.App. 334 (2005), rev'd and remanded, 473 F.3d 1364
(Fed. Cir. 2007), is misplaced because she misstates the holding of that case. Padgett gave no
special weight to the medical opinions in that case based on a physician's role as treating physician.
See Padgett, 19 Vet.App. at 148.
       Turning to the general issue of the weight afforded by the Board to Dr. McCabe's opinion,
the Court finds no error. In assigning "essentially no probative value" to Dr. McCabe's opinion, the
Board engaged in extensive discussion of the conflicting medical evidence of record. R. at 6-8. The
Board found that it could not determine whether Dr. McCabe had reviewed Mr. D'Aries's claims file

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before rendering his October 2002 opinion. R. at 6. The Board also found that the October 2002
opinion contained "virtually no rationale" and failed to address how Mr. D'Aries's mental
deterioration led to the sepsis and pneumonia that caused his death. R. at 6-7. Further, the Board
noted "a level of inconsistency, with both the medical evidence and [Dr. McCabe's] own
statements," in the three opinions provided by Dr. McCabe. R. at 7. Specifically, the Board noted
that Dr. McCabe's December 1998 opinion included diabetes as a significant cause of death, but left
that cause of death out of his two subsequent opinions. Id.; see also R. at 179, 233, 262. The Board
also found that Dr. McCabe's December 2000 opinion, in which he stated that a combination of
hypertension, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease caused Mr. D'Aries's mental deterioration,
contradicted his October 2002 opinion, in which he stated that complications from organic brain
syndrome led to Mr. D'Aries's deterioration and subsequent death. R. at 7; see also R. at 233, 262.
Ultimately, the Board concluded that Dr. McCabe "demonstrated a willingness to render a medical
opinion without a close and accurate review" of Mr. D'Aries's medical history, and thus found that
his opinions lacked probative value. R. at 7.
        In contrast, the Board found that Dr. Quinn's opinion was based on a review of Mr. D'Aries's
complete claims file, that he was familiar with Mr. D'Aries's "extensive medical history," and that
he provided "a thorough and detailed opinion about a disorder within his area of medical expertise"
that was "consistent with competent evidence of record." R. at 6. In light of this discussion, and in
light of the fact that it is the Board, not the Court, that is responsible for assessing the credibility and
weight to be given to evidence, the Court cannot say that the Board's assignment of more probative
value to Dr. Quinn's opinion than to Dr. McCabe's was clearly erroneous. See Owens v. Brown, 7
Vet.App. 429, 433 (1995); Layno, 6 Vet.App. at 469 . Further, the Court finds that the Board's
decision was supported by adequate reasons or bases. See Gilbert, 1 Vet.App. at 57; Caluza,
7 Vet.App. at 506.
                                      C. Preadjudicatory Notice
        Section 5103(a) of title 38, U.S. Code, requires that VA inform the claimant of (1) the
information and evidence not of record that is necessary to substantiate the claim, (2) which portion
of that information and evidence, if any, the claimant is expected to provide, and (3) which portion
of that information and evidence, if any, VA will seek to obtain. 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a). The duty of
affirmative notification under § 5103(a) "is not satisfied by various post-decisional communications

                                                    13
from which a claimant might have been able to infer what evidence [] VA found lacking in the
claimant's presentation." Mayfield v. Nicholson, 444 F.3d 1328, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Whether
a claimant has received adequate notice under the Veterans Claims Assistance Act is a "substantially
factual determination" by the Board. Id. at 1333. Such a determination is reviewed under a "clearly
erroneous" standard of review. See Garrison v. Nicholson, 494 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2007)
(holding that it is proper for this Court to review a Board finding that VA complied with the notice
provisions of 38 U.S.C. § 5103(a) under a "clearly erroneous" standard of review).
       Mrs. D'Aries argues that the Board erred in finding that VA complied with its duty to notify
under the Veterans Claims Assistance Act. She contends only that, because the May 2001 notice
letter was sent after the initial adjudication of her claim, she was not properly notified and the Board
erroneously relied on a postdecisional document in reaching its conclusion. The Court disagrees.
Mrs. D'Aries's argument fails to address the fact that the initial adjudication of her claim occurred
in August 1999, more than one year before the Veterans Claims Assistance Act was enacted. At the
time of the August 1999 adjudication of Mrs. D'Aries's claim, VA had no duty to provide such
predecisional notice. This Court has held that where "notice was not mandated at the time of the
initial [Agency of Original Jurisdiction] decision, the [Agency of Original Jurisdiction] did not err
in not providing such notice specifically complying with section 5103(a)/§ 3.159(b)(1) because an
initial [Agency of Original Jurisdiction] adjudication had already occurred." Pelegrini v. Principi,
18 Vet.App. 112, 120 (2004). However, where, as here, a claim was pending before VA at the time
of the passage of the Veterans Claims Assistance Act, VA was required to provide compliant notice
and readjudicate the claim. Hupp v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 342, 350 (2007); see also Prickett, 20
Vet.App. at 377 (holding that a Veterans Claims Assistance Act timing error could be cured by
issuance of compliant notice and a subsequent Statement of the Case); Mayfield, 444 F.3d at 1333-
34 (holding that VA can cure timing defects through compliance with proper remedial measures).
VA did this by issuing the May 2001 notice letter and the April 2002 Supplemental Statement of the
Case. The May 2001 notice letter advised Mrs. D'Aries that she could submit additional information
and evidence to support her claim, and, other than its timing, Mrs. D'Aries does not challenge the
adequacy of that letter. The Court notes that Mrs. D'Aries submitted additional evidence, and, in
April 2005, through counsel, expressly waived "any right to have the case remanded to the [r]egional
[o]ffice for review of the new evidence and/or argument prior to a decision by the Board." R. at 291.

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Because VA cured any error with respect to the timing of the notice given, and because Mrs. D'Aries
does not challenge the sufficiency of the notice that was ultimately provided, the Court finds that
the Board did not err in finding that VA complied with its duty to notify. See Garrison, 494 F.3d
at 1370.


                                       III. CONCLUSION
        On consideration of the foregoing, the May 18, 2005, Board decision is AFFIRMED.


        HAGEL, Judge, concurring in the result: I concur in the conclusion of the Court that the
medical opinion provided by Dr. Quinn substantially complied with the terms of the Board's October
2004 engagement letter, and for the reasons set forth in the per curiam decision. I write separately
only to express my belief that there is, in practical terms, no difference between a remand decision
by the Board directing that a medical examination or opinion be performed or obtained and an
engagement letter issued by the Board requesting the same, and therefore Stegall controls in this
instance.
        In my view, the Board's October 2004 engagement letter was as much a directive regarding
the specialty of the medical examiner as would be a remand decision: The letter was signed by an
agent of the Secretary who identified herself as an "Acting Veterans Law Judge" (R. at 282); it
posed a particular medical question to be answered by the specialist (R. at 281); the purpose of the
requested medical opinion was to serve as the basis for an adjudication by the Board (see R. at 282);
the chief of staff of a VA medical center was required to comply with the request by selecting a
physician to answer the question posed (see Medical Review Assistance to Board of Veterans
Appeals Cases, VHA Directive 2000-049 at 1 (Dec. 13, 2000) [hereinafter VHA Directive]; 69 Fed.
Reg. 19,935, 19,936); the resulting medical opinion had to be returned to the Board (see R. at 282;
VHA Directive 2000-049 at 2); and the opinion was, in fact, used–by the same acting Board
member who requested the opinion–as the basis for the Board's adjudication of Mrs. D'Aries's claim
(R. at 6, 8).
        My colleague's contrary statement below notwithstanding, I take no position regarding the
Board's competence or authority under § 20.901 to specify that a medical examination or opinion
be performed or provided by a medical professional with a particular specialty, as that issue need

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not be addressed at this time. As is clear from the brief discussion above, I simply see no basis on
which to distinguish an instruction in a remand decision that a physician of a particular medical
specialty perform an examination or render an opinion from an identical instruction in an
engagement letter. Accordingly, I would hold that an engagement letter from the Board to a VA
medical facility requesting a medical examination or opinion confers on a claimant the right to
compliance with the terms of that request. See Stegall, 11 Vet.App. at 271.


        LANCE, Judge, concurring in the result: I concur in the result reached by the Court, but
write separately simply to state that my colleague, in his concurring statement, assumes that the
Board is vested with the authority to specify the appropriate medical expert to answer the medical
question(s) forming the basis of the § 20.901(a) request. As a corollary, he necessarily assumes that
the Board is competent to make that determination. I do not believe that the authorities presented
to the Court at this juncture provide definitive support for either proposition. Compare 38 C.F.R.
§ 20.901(a) (providing that the Board, in its discretion, may obtain a medical opinion from "an
appropriate health care profession in the Veterans Health Administration [(VHA)] or the Department
of Veterans Affairs"), with Medical Review Assistance to Board of Veterans Appeals Cases, VHA
Directive 2000-049 1-2 (Dec. 13, 2000)4 ("[The Board] will select VA medical centers with the
appropriate medical expertise indicated in the listing [provided by VHA]. Each [Board] request will
clearly and concisely state the medical questions(s) for which a medical advisory opinion is being
sought." (emphasis added)), and Board of Veterans' Appeals: Rules of Practice–Medical Opinions
from the Veterans Health Administration, 69 Fed. Reg. 19,935, 19,936 (Apr. 15, 2004) (codified at
38 C.F.R. § 20.901(a)) ("[T]he ultimate selection of the physician asked to render the opinion is left
to the Office of the Chief of Staff of that facility. In other words, the selection of the physician is
a process that is in fact overseen by VHA management."), and 38 U.S.C. § 7109(b) (providing that,
in the case of an independent medical opinion, "the actual selection of the expert or experts to give
the advisory medical opinion in an individual case shall be made by an appropriate official of such
institution"); see also Stefl v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 120, 124 (2007) (holding that the Board must


4
 VHA Directive 2000-049 has been superseded by directive 2006-019, which remains substantively the same. See
Medical Review Assistance to Board of Veterans Appeals Cases, VHA Directive 2006-019 (Apr. 3, 2006).

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consider whether a medical opinion contains "such sufficient information that it does not require the
Board to exercise independent medical judgment"); McLendon v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 79, 85
(2006) (noting that "the degree of . . . injury and whether any disabilities resulted therefrom are
medical assessments that the Board is not competent to render in the first instance"); Colvin v.
Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 171, 175 (1991) (holding that the Board may only consider independent
medical evidence and may not substitute its own medical opinion). However, as Mrs. D'Aries has
failed to persuasively argue that the medical opinion the Board received was inadequate or that the
Board did not provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases supporting its decision to ultimately
rely on that opinion, we need not address these issues at this time.




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