                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                         COURT OF APPEALS



SHELBY BAUMGARTNER, LORETTA COLE                  FOR PUBLICATION
and MARGARET SIBLE,                               March 12, 2015
                                                  9:00 a.m.
             Petitioners-Appellees,

v                                                 No. 313945
                                                  State Tenure Commission
PERRY PUBLIC SCHOOLS,                             LC No. 12-001101-ED

             Respondent-Appellant.


SARA AUBERT, PHILIP DAVID, PAULA
JUSTIN, KELLEE BEILFUSS, LISA BEILFUSS,
and KAREN KNAPP,

             Petitioners-Appellees,

v                                                 No. 314158
                                                  State Tenure Commission
REED CITY AREA SCHOOLS BOARD OF                   LC No. 12-000016
EDUCATION,

             Respondent-Appellant.


CARMEN ADAMO WRIGHT,

             Petitioner-Appellee,

v                                                 No. 314696
                                                  State Tenure Commission
BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE FLINT                   LC No. 12-000011
COMMUNITY SCHOOLS,

             Appellee.


Before: DONOFRIO, P.J., and SAAD and METER, JJ.


                                           -1-
SAAD, J.

       In these consolidated appeals, respondent school districts ask us to reverse a series of
orders entered by the State Tenure Commission, which instructed administrative law judges to
hear petitioners’ suits. For the reasons stated below, we hold that the State Tenure Commission
does not have jurisdiction to hear petitioners’ claims, and accordingly, we reverse its
administrative orders and dismiss petitioners’ actions.

                                   I. NATURE OF THE CASE

                            A. THE LAW OF TEACHER LAYOFFS

        This case is about governmental power and authority, and who gets to make and review
decisions about teacher layoffs in the public schools. Prior to the historic enactment of the four
pieces of tie-barred1 legislation at issue,2 teacher unions, for all practical purposes, decided what
factors governed teacher layoffs. Though the Legislature could have decided, pursuant to its
constitutional role in public education,3 to make this important public-policy choice, it did not do
so until 2011. Instead, by virtue of making teacher layoffs a mandatory subject of collective
bargaining, the Legislature left the regulation of layoffs to the collective-bargaining process.
Virtually all collective-bargaining agreements used seniority—described as “last in, first out”
(“LIFO”)—as the method for laying off teachers.4

        Because length of service, not merit, governed who would be laid off and who would be
retained, a simple application of LIFO meant that few disputes arose in the implementation of
layoff decisions. But, if disputes occurred, the governmental agency that had (and has) exclusive
authority over the enforcement of union-related public-sector labor laws,5 the Michigan



1
  When the 2011 Amendments were bills, each 2011 Amendment was linked with the others so
that none could become law unless the others became law.
2
  The 2011 Legislative Amendments are contained in 2011 Public Acts 100, 101, 102 and 103.
Each amendment is discussed in greater detail later in the opinion. Throughout the opinion, we
refer to these amendments collectively as “the 2011 Amendments.”
3
  See Const 1963, Art 8 § 2 (“The legislature shall maintain and support a system of free public
elementary and secondary schools as defined by law”).
4
  LIFO means that in the event of downsizing, “the most recently hired teachers are the first to be
dismissed (regardless of their effectiveness), while the most veteran teachers are retained (also
regardless of their effectiveness).” House Legislative Analysis, HB 4625, 4626, 4627, 4628,
June 15, 2011. Because the LIFO rule made layoff decisions fairly automatic, layoff-related
disputes were far less common than those involving demotion and discharge of public school
teachers, which, as we discuss infra, were governed by multiple statutes, including the Teacher
Tenure Act, MCL 38.71 et seq.
5
    Specifically, the Public Employee Relations Act (“PERA”), MCL 423.201 et seq.


                                                -2-
Employment Relations Commission (“MERC”), adjudicated any legal challenge.6 The
Legislature did not grant any authority to any other administrative agency to deal with or review
the subject of teacher layoffs. Seniority based layoffs, being solely a matter of collective-
bargaining, made the answer to the question above—who gets to make and review decisions
about teacher layoffs in the public schools—relatively simple and straightforward.

        In 2011, this all changed when, for the first time in Michigan history, the Legislature
exercised its constitutional role and decided that the Legislature and local school boards, not the
unions or administrative agencies, would decide which teachers should be retained and which
should be laid off in the event of a reduction in force. The key to this historic change was to
remove the subject of teacher layoffs from the realm of collective bargaining. Doing so had the
twofold effect of: (1) removing the unions as a decision maker on layoff-related issues; and (2)
by definition, making it unnecessary for MERC to review layoff-related cases because they no
longer implicated public-sector labor laws.

        To implement this dramatic shift in the law of teacher layoffs, the Legislature also
mandated that Michigan’s several hundred school boards make layoff decisions based on merit,
through the development of a mandated, comprehensive evaluation system for public school
teachers. To make it perfectly clear that these decisions would be made by the local school
boards, and not be sidetracked by administrative agencies, the Legislature took the additional and
somewhat unusual precaution of explicitly saying how and by whom the layoff decisions could
be reviewed.

        As stated above, MERC obviously would no longer have reason to address this subject,
and thus assert jurisdiction. And because the State Tenure Commission (“STC”) had, prior to the
2011 Amendments, asserted jurisdiction over a few teacher-layoff suits—wrongfully, in our
view, and based on a now non-binding 1975 decision of our Court—the Legislature again took
the unusual, but prudent precaution of amending the Teacher Tenure Act (“TTA”)7 to remove the
slim statutory basis which the STC claimed gave it jurisdiction over layoff-related actions.
Finally, to make it absolutely clear that no administrative agency may review a school board’s
layoff decisions, the Legislature provided that a teacher’s “sole and exclusive remedy” is to
appeal the decision to the courts.

       In sum, the 2011 Amendments affected a massive redistribution of power in the realm of
teacher layoffs—from teacher unions to the local school districts as decision-makers, and from
administrative agencies to the courts as the only recourse to review challenged layoff decisions.

                                   B. THE INSTANT CASE


6
  The union of a laid-off teacher could also claim a breach of the collective-bargaining
agreement, which, as a violation of the labor agreement, would be heard by a private arbitrator,
as the last step in the grievance-arbitration process under the terms of the collective-bargaining
agreement.
7
    MCL 38.71 et seq.


                                                -3-
       In these appeals, petitioners essentially seek to unmake the 2011 Amendments through a
seldom used and non-binding 1975 decision of our Court that, prior to the 2011 Amendments,
gave the STC a minor and narrow role in reviewing teacher layoffs.

        Under the TTA, the STC had no legal authority to adjudicate layoff-related disputes,
because as an administrative agency, the STC’s powers are limited to those expressly granted by
the Legislature.8 And, in the TTA, the Legislature granted the STC jurisdiction only over the
discharge and demotion of teachers—not the layoff of teachers. Nonetheless, citing the
aforementioned 1975 decision, the STC, in a few rare instances, improperly exercised
jurisdiction over cases that involved the layoff of teachers by essentially characterizing a layoff
as a discharge. As we said above, because the Legislature wished the 2011 Amendments to be
implemented without this sort of administrative agency interference, it amended the TTA to
underscore that the subject of layoffs is no longer within the STC’s limited reach of jurisdiction.

        The seasoned lawyers who act as administrative law judges (“ALJs”) for the state
Department of Education adjudicated these cases, correctly, by holding what is obvious: the STC
no longer has any warrant to address layoff-related disputes. However, the political appointees
who comprised the STC when it heard these appeals9 could not bring themselves to comply with
this clear legislative fact. Instead, the STC inexplicably ruled that it had jurisdiction over teacher
layoffs, using the 1975 decision of our Court that the 2011 Amendments rendered null and void.

        By the simple expedient of claiming jurisdiction to adjudicate hundreds of layoffs under a
specious theory, the STC, surely, if upheld, would preclude any school district from making the
merit-based layoffs required under the 2011 Amendments. By this “legal” sleight of hand, the
STC also attempted to ensure that it, not the courts, would review layoff-related cases, in direct
contravention of the legislative mandate to remove jurisdiction over these matters from
administrative agencies, and give courts exclusive appellate jurisdiction. Indeed, to do this, the
STC had to brazenly ignore the clear legislative mandate that a teacher’s only appeal is to the
judiciary.

        We reject this unseemly power grab by the STC, and by doing so, reject its practical
effect of overturning major, historic public-policy changes made by the people’s representatives
in the Legislature.

                          II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Petitioners, who initially numbered in the hundreds, are teachers who were laid off by
respondents, their public-school-district employers. Respondents faced budgetary restrictions



8
  “[T]he powers of administrative agencies . . . are limited to those expressly granted by the
Legislature.” Herrick Dist Library v Library of Mich, 293 Mich App 571, 574; 810 NW2d 110
(2011).
9
 The commissioners who wrote the deciding opinion were appointed by the prior gubernatorial
administration, and are no longer members of the STC.


                                                 -4-
during 2011 and 2012, and accordingly reduced their staff sizes via the layoff methodology
mandated by two sections of the School Code10 enacted as part of the 2011 Amendments: MCL
380.1248 and MCL 380.1249. No longer having the protection of LIFO in labor agreements
(and therefore losing MERC as an option to adjudicate their objections), petitioners’ lawyers
cited our Court’s 1975 decision, and initiated these suits before the Michigan Department of
Education in 2012. In each case, the ALJs—seasoned and experienced lawyers—rejected
petitioners’ claims and granted respondents summary judgment. Specifically, each ALJ
correctly ruled that the 2011 Amendments to the TTA and School Code made very clear that the
STC lacked jurisdiction, and that those claims could only be heard by the court system.

        The petitioners in each case appealed the ALJs’ decisions to the STC, and its political
appointees (again, from a prior administration) rejected the ALJs’ holdings in a series of orders
entered in late 2012 and early 2013. The STC asserted that Michigan case law, which predated
the 2011 Amendments, gave it jurisdiction over layoff claims that asserted “subterfuge,” and that
the 2011 Amendments did not revoke this jurisdiction. One commission member dissented, and
agreed with the conclusion of the ALJs that the STC did not possess jurisdiction over layoff
cases.11 Each STC order is interlocutory—it remands the cases to the ALJs that first heard them.

        Respondents appealed the STC orders to our Court in early 2013, and ask us to reverse
them because the STC does not have jurisdiction over layoff-related cases. Petitioners assert that
the STC has jurisdiction over layoff-related cases, and that our Court does not have jurisdiction
to review these interlocutory orders of the STC. We consolidated petitioners’ and respondents’
appeals in April and May of 2013 for administrative reasons.12

         These appeals therefore present two issues, both of which involve jurisdiction: (1) does
our Court have jurisdiction to review interlocutory orders of the STC; and (2) did the STC
wrongly assert that it has jurisdiction over layoff-related matters? The answer to both questions
is clearly “yes.”

                                        III. ANALYSIS

                 A. JURISDICTION OVER INTERLOCUTORY STC ORDERS13

        MCL 24.301, which, as part of the state Administrative Procedures Act, governs the
judicial review of agency adjudications, states:


10
     MCL 380.1, et seq.
11
 Again, the other commissioners, who authored the majority’s incorrect analysis, are no longer
members of the STC.
12
  Aubert v Reed City Area Pub Sch Bd of Ed, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered
April 23, 2013 (Docket No. 314158); Wright v Bd of Ed of Flint Community Sch, unpublished
order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 22, 2013 (Docket No. 314696).
13
  The question of whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is reviewed de novo. Elba Twp
v Gratiot Co Drain Comm’r, 493 Mich 265, 278; 831 NW2d 204 (2013).


                                               -5-
         When a person has exhausted all administrative remedies available within an
         agency, and is aggrieved by a final decision or order in a contested case, whether
         such decision or order is affirmative or negative in form, the decision or order is
         subject to direct review by the courts as provided by law. Exhaustion of
         administrative remedies does not require the filing of a motion or application for
         rehearing or reconsideration unless the agency rules require the filing before
         judicial review is sought. A preliminary, procedural or intermediate agency
         action or ruling is not immediately reviewable, except that the court may grant
         leave for review of such action if review of the agency’s final decision or order
         would not provide an adequate remedy. [MCL 24.301.]

        Accordingly, a Michigan court cannot review an interlocutory judgment of an
administrative agency unless the agency’s “final decision or order” will not “provide an adequate
remedy.” This exception to MCL 24.301’s general prohibition on court review of interlocutory
orders of administrative agencies is narrow.14 But in rare circumstances, our Court has taken
jurisdiction over appeals from interlocutory administrative orders if the appeal possesses the
following two qualities.15 First, a party’s claim must rest entirely on jurisdictional grounds—i.e.,
it must challenge the right of the administrative agency to hear the case at all.16 Second, our
Court’s review of the party’s case must not undermine the policies behind the rule on exhaustion
of administrative remedies.17



14
   For an example of the generally strict application of this general prohibition, see Judges of
74th Judicial Dist v Bay Co, 385 Mich 710, 727–728; 190 NW2d 219 (1971); and Bennett v City
of Royal Oak Sch Dist, 10 Mich App 265, 268; 159 NW2d 245 (1968) (“[t]he fact that
administrative action may be erroneous does not create any exception to the rule that the
statutory administrative procedures must be exhausted before judicial relief is sought”).
15
  See Turner v Lansing Twp, 108 Mich App 103, 109; 310 NW2d 287 (1981) (“ ‘exhaustion of
administrative remedies is not an inflexible condition precedent to judicial consideration,
however, and will not be required if review of the agency’s final decision would not provide an
adequate remedy’ ”), quoting IBM Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 75 Mich App 604, 610; 255 NW2d
702 (1977).
16
   See IBM, 75 Mich App at 610 (“[p]laintiff’s suit seeks to avoid the expenses of litigation and
disclosure which would be incurred by submitting to the agency’s procedures for
redetermination. The very harm that plaintiff seeks to avoid would inevitably occur if plaintiff
were required to exhaust administrative remedies before access to judicial review”); and Huggett
v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 232 Mich App 188, 192; 590 NW2d 747 (1998) (reviewing an
interlocutory order of an ongoing administrative proceeding where “[p]laintiffs’ argument is that
the Legislature exempted the proposed activity from defendant’s regulation”).
17
     See IBM, 75 Mich App at 610:
         Exhaustion of administrative remedies serves several policies: (1) an untimely
         resort to the courts may result in delay and disruption of an otherwise cohesive
         administrative scheme; (2) judicial review is best made upon a full factual record


                                                 -6-
        Because the STC18 clearly has no jurisdiction over teacher layoffs, its orders are void.
And, our exercise of jurisdiction over respondents’ cases does not and will not undermine the
policies behind the rule on exhaustion of administrative remedies. Hearing the cases now will
make the administrative process more efficient by eliminating the need for further ALJ
proceedings, and by expediting the appeal of the hypothetical ALJ holdings that would inevitably
follow. No further administrative proceedings are necessary to develop the factual record on the
sole issue in this case: the jurisdiction of the STC. This issue is a solely legal one—statutory
interpretation—an area in which our Court has a certain expertise. And, from a judicial economy
perspective, the number of appeals involved in these consolidated cases indicate that this issue
will reappear in the administrative and judicial system until our Court has issued a binding
opinion on the matter.

        These appeals therefore present a textbook illustration of the rare circumstance when our
Court may hear an interlocutory appeal from the judgment of an administrative agency.
Petitioners’ assertion that we lack jurisdiction over these cases is simply wrong—it is a practiced
effort to subvert legislative amendments that remove (very questionable) jurisdiction from an
agency they prefer (the STC) and transfer power to a system they find less amenable (the
Michigan judiciary).

        The Court of Appeals unquestionably has jurisdiction over these cases pursuant to MCL
24.301 because a “final decision or order” from the STC will not “provide [respondents with] an
adequate remedy”—such an order is incapable of addressing the jurisdictional issue at the heart
of these appeals.

                                      B. STC JURISDICTION

                    1. PRINCIPLES OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION

        Matters of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. People v Lewis, 302 Mich App
338, 341; 839 NW2d 37 (2013). When it interprets a statute, a reviewing court looks to ascertain
and implement the intent of the Legislature. Huron Mountain Club v Marquette Co Road Comm,
303 Mich App 312, 323; 845 NW2d 523 (2013). The Legislature’s intent is best expressed
through the plain meaning of the statute’s language. Ter Beek v City of Wyoming, 495 Mich 1, 8;
846 NW2d 531 (2014). Although courts may look to legislative history to discern legislative
intent, “not all legislative history is of equal value,” and those types of legislative history that “do


       developed before the agency; (3) resolution of the issues may require the
       accumulated technical competence of the agency or may have been entrusted by
       the Legislature to the agency’s discretion; and (4) a successful agency settlement
       of the dispute may render a judicial resolution unnecessary.

See also Huggett, 188 Mich App at 192; and Citizens for Common Sense in Gov’t v Attorney
General, 243 Mich App 43, 52–53; 620 NW2d 546 (2000).
18
 The STC is an administrative body within MCL 24.301. See Beebee v Haslett Pub Sch, 40
Mich App 296, 298–299; 198 NW2d 860 (1972).


                                                  -7-
not necessarily reflect the intent of the Legislature as a body,” are “significantly less useful” than
those that do. People v Gardner, 482 Mich 41, 57–58; 753 NW2d 78 (2008).

        Though an administrative agency’s interpretation of a statute is entitled to “respectful
consideration,” and, if persuasive, “should not be overruled without cogent reasons,” the
agency’s interpretation is not binding and “cannot conflict with the plain meaning of the statute.”
In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Mich, 482 Mich 90, 108; 754 NW2d 259 (2008).
Importantly, in the specific context of the TTA, the Michigan Supreme Court has “indicated its
belief that the coverage of the tenure act was not determined by the administrative or judicial
perception of the spirit of the act but by the language of the act itself.” LeGalley v Bronson
Community Sch, 127 Mich App 482, 486; 339 NW2d 223 (1983), citing Street v Ferndale Bd of
Ed, 361 Mich 82, 87; 104 NW2d 748 (1960).

       “Statutes that address the same subject or share a common purpose are in pari materia
and must be read together as a whole.” People v Harper, 479 Mich 599, 621; 739 NW2d 523
(2007) (emphasis in original). Statutes enacted by the Legislature on a later date take precedent
over those enacted on an earlier date. Parise v Detroit Entertainment, LLC, 295 Mich App 25,
28; 811 NW2d 98 (2011). “When two statutes are in pari materia but conflict with one another
on a particular issue, the more specific statute must control over the more general statute.” Id. at
27–28.

            2. STC HAS JURISDICTION OVER DISCHARGES, NOT LAYOFFS

        The STC’s “jurisdiction and administrative expertise is limited to questions traditionally
arising under the [TTA],” and it does not possess jurisdiction over disputes that arise under and
are governed by separate legislative acts. Ranta v Eaton Rapids Pub Sch Bd of Ed, 271 Mich
App 261, 273; 721 NW2d 806 (2006).19

       Though the TTA mentions “discharge” and “demotion”20 specifically as matters that fall
within the remit of the STC, it says nothing about “layoffs”—nor does it provide the STC with




19
   See also Rockwell v Bd of Ed of Sch Dist of Crestwood, 393 Mich 616, 630; 227 NW2d 736
(1975) (“[The STC’s] jurisdiction and administrative expertise is limited to questions
traditionally arising under the [TTA]”).
20
   MCL 38.121 authorizes tenured teachers to “appeal to the [STC] any decision of a controlling
board under this act, other than a decision governed by article IV on discharge or demotion of a
teacher.” “Article IV” is MCL 38.101 et seq., which is another section of the TTA that outlines
specific rules and procedures for the “discharge” and “demotion” of tenured teachers. MCL
38.104(5)(j) provides the STC with jurisdiction over cases that involve discharge and demotion
of tenured teachers, under the rules specified in MCL 38.101, et seq. As explained in n 21, the
terms “discharge” and “demotion” do not and have never encompassed “layoffs,” the
employment action complained of in this case.


                                                 -8-
jurisdiction over these matters.21 Moreover, as noted, layoffs—and the methodology for how
layoffs were conducted—were exclusively the subject of collective-bargaining agreements.22 As
such, challenges to layoff decisions were regarded as unfair labor practices, which would be a
violation of PERA adjudicated by MERC.

        Nonetheless—in violation of this statutory distinction between “layoffs” and
“discharges” and “demotions”—one appellate decision, Freiberg v Bd of Ed of Big Bay De Noc
Sch Dist,23 asserted that the STC had jurisdiction over a small number of layoff-related claims. It
did so under the judicially created “subterfuge” doctrine, which allowed the STC to hear claims
that asserted the stated reason for layoff—for instance, economic hardship—was a mere pretext
to terminate the teacher in bad faith. Freiberg, 61 Mich App at 413–414.24 Yet, dispositively,



21
  The only phrase in the TTA that could conceivably have anything to do with “layoffs” was a
“necessary reduction in personnel,” mentioned in MCL 38.105:
       For a period of 3 years after the effective date of the termination of the teacher’s
       services, a teacher on continuing tenure whose services are terminated because of
       a necessary reduction in personnel shall be appointed to the first vacancy in the
       school district for which the teacher is certified and qualified.

For all intents and purposes, it appears that the “necessary reduction in personnel” mentioned in
MCL 38.105 meant “layoff.” See Tomiak v Hamtramck Sch Dist, 426 Mich 678, 688; 397
NW2d 770 (1986) (holding that a “necessary reduction in personnel” per MCL 38.105 is not a
“discharge” or “demotion,” and explicitly using the term “layoff” as a placeholder for “necessary
reduction in personnel”). But, again, this provision did not give the STC jurisdiction to
adjudicate layoff-related disputes. And, in any event, MCL 38.105 was repealed by 2011 PA
101, so it is of no relevance to these appeals.
22
   As noted in n 4, see House Legislative Analysis, HB 4625, 4626, 4627, 4628, June 15, 2011
(describing how collectively bargained work rules removed control over layoff decisions from
local school boards, because many collective bargaining agreements followed the “so-called
LIFO rule: Last In, First Out. That is, in the event of downsizing, the most recently hired
teachers are the first to be dismissed (regardless of their effectiveness), while the most veteran
teachers are retained (also regardless of their effectiveness)”).
23
   61 Mich App 404; 232 NW2d 718 (1975). Freiberg involved a single teacher—not, as here, a
large group of teachers—who alleged that his layoff was in effect a termination. Id. at 406–407.
24
   By its own admission, the Freiberg Court could point to no specific statutory language in the
TTA that justified its holding. Instead, the Court asserted that it found reasons to grant the STC
jurisdiction over layoff-related cases in: “the general purpose of the tenure act, the statutory
provision giving teachers the right to appeal any adverse decision by the local board of
education,” and supposedly “analogous” Michigan Supreme Court decisions that expressed “a
willingness to look behind an employer’s statement of economic need to be sure that the layoff
was not a subterfuge.” Id. at 412–413. Freiberg also mentioned MCL 38.105, and suggested
that it too gave the STC jurisdiction over “subterfuge” claims. Id. at 412.


                                                -9-
Freiberg is no longer binding and has been rendered null and void by the 2011 Amendments in
issue.25

      In sum, the STC’s jurisdiction is limited to issues that arise under the TTA. Ranta, 271
Mich App at 273. It does not possess jurisdiction over issues that do not arise under the TTA.
Id. As of 2011, the STC’s dubious and rarely exercised jurisdiction over layoff-related claims
was based on a single appellate case—which is now non-binding, and null and void under the
2011 Amendments—not any plain statutory language contained in the TTA.

                                3. THE 2011 AMENDMENTS

        During the economic crisis that befell Michigan in the last decade, Michigan schools had
new, significant budgetary constraints and faced declining enrollments, and were accordingly
forced to lay off teachers. In 2011, the Michigan Legislature enacted a package of tie-barred
amendments to the TTA, School Code, and PERA that clearly outlined a teacher’s rights and a
school district’s responsibilities in the event that a layoff became necessary. 2011 PAs 100, 101,
102, and 103 work in tandem to: (1) bar teacher layoffs from being a subject of collective-
bargaining agreements, thus preventing teachers from challenging layoff decisions before MERC
as an unfair labor practice under PERA; (2) require that layoff decisions be based on teacher
effectiveness, not seniority26; and (3) make clear that only the courts—not any administrative
agency, including the STC—have jurisdiction over layoff-related claims. We address each in
turn.

                   3A. PERA AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: PA 103

       Among other things, 2011 PA 103 amended part of PERA to read:

       (3) Collective bargaining between a public school employer and a bargaining
       representative of its employees shall not include any of the following subjects:

                                              ***

       (k) Decisions about the development, content, standards, procedures, adoption,
       and implementation of the public school employer's policies regarding personnel
       decisions when conducting a staffing or program reduction or any other personnel
       determination resulting in the elimination of a position, when conducting a recall
       from a staffing or program reduction or any other personnel determination


25
   MCR 7.215(J)(1) states that: “[a] panel of the Court of Appeals must follow the rule of law
established by a prior published decision of the Court of Appeals issued on or after November 1,
1990, that has not been reversed or modified by the Supreme Court, or by a special panel of the
Court of Appeals as provided in this rule.” Our Court issued Freiberg in 1975, and it is thus no
longer binding on our panel.
26
   Under 2011 PA 102, seniority is relevant, but only in a “tiebreaker” context, which we discuss
in detail later in the opinion.


                                              -10-
         resulting in the elimination of a position, or in hiring after a staffing or program
         reduction or any other personnel determination resulting in the elimination of a
         position, as provided under section 1248 of the revised school code, 1976 PA 451,
         MCL 380.1248, any decision made by the public school employer pursuant to
         those policies, or the impact of those decisions on an individual employee or the
         bargaining unit. [MCL 423.215 (emphasis added).]

        As a result, any layoff decision made under MCL 380.1248 and MCL 380.1249 cannot
be the subject of a collective-bargaining agreement. 2011 PA 103’s removal of layoffs from the
collective-bargaining process thus also bars MERC from adjudicating layoff disputes as an unfair
labor practice under PERA. 2011 PA 103 clearly closes these adjudicative paths by removing
layoff-related matters from the collective-bargaining process, and emphasizing that the School
Code—not the PERA or the TTA—governs teacher layoffs.

       Instead, an aggrieved teacher laid off pursuant to MCL 380.1248 and MCL 380.1249
must look to those specific sections of the School Code for the proper forum in which to bring a
claim. In addition to specifying that the Michigan judiciary is the only forum in which a laid off
teacher may seek redress, MCL 380.1248 and MCL 380.1249 also detail a specific methodology
by which local school districts must select teachers to be laid off.

        3B. MERIT, NOT TENURE: 2011 PA 102 AND MCL 380.1248 AND 380.124927

        2011 PA 102 amends the School Code, which is a separate and distinct body of law from
the TTA. Among other things, it governs “the regulation of school teachers and certain other
school employees,”28 and emphasizes that local authorities—not state officials—are primarily
responsible for the governance of school districts.29 As noted, and in keeping with this spirit of
local control, the STC has no jurisdiction over matters that arise under the School Code.

         2011 PA 102 is part of this broader legal framework, and enacted a comprehensive
revision of the School Code’s treatment of teacher layoffs through the addition of two new
sections, MCL 380.1248 and MCL 380.1249. Section 1249 requires all Michigan “school
district[s], intermediate school district[s], and board[s] of directors of a public school academy”


27
   For further discussion of MCL 380.1248 and 380.1249, see Garden City Ed Ass’n v Sch Dist
of Garden City, 975 F Supp 2d 780, 781–784 (ED Mich, 2013). Garden City involved a group
of teachers who claimed that MCL 380.1248 and MCL 380.1249 violated their right to due
process, as their tenured positions supposedly were property rights worthy of protection. The
court rejected their federal constitutional claim. It also held that the teacher plaintiffs failed to
state a claim under § 1248, as the “sole and exclusive remedy” in the statute was reinstatement,
and that “economic damages . . . are expressly precluded” by the statute. Id. at 788.
28
     MCL 380.1.
29
   See MCL 380.11a(3) (stating that “[a] general powers school district” is permitted, except as
provided by law, to “exercise a power implied or incidental or appropriate to the performance of
a function related to the operation of [a] school district. . .”).


                                                -11-
to adopt a “performance evaluation system” that assesses teacher effectiveness and performance,
and provides a detailed set of factors that any school district’s “performance evaluation system”
must include. Specifically, § 1249 requires that any performance evaluation system must rate its
teachers in four classes, on the basis of their performance as a teacher: (1) “highly effective”; (2)
“effective”; (3) “minimally effective”; and (4) “ineffective.” MCL 380.1249(1)(c).

         Section 1248 then mandates that all “policies regarding personnel decisions when
conducting a staffing or program reduction”—i.e., layoffs—must be conducted on: (1) the basis
of the “performance evaluation system” the school district developed in compliance with § 1249;
and (2) other specific factors listed in § 1248. See MCL 380.1248(1)(b)(i)–(iii) (emphasis
added). Length of service or “tenure status” cannot be a factor in making layoff decisions except
in a “tiebreaker” context—i.e., when “all other factors distinguishing [two] employees from each
other are equal, then length of service or tenure status may be considered as a ‘tiebreaker.’ ”
MCL 380.1248(1)(c).

        In other words, if layoffs become necessary, § 1248 requires school districts to base their
decision of which teachers to lay off on the effectiveness of each teacher. So, after conducting a
performance evaluation using the criteria outlined in § 1249, a school district must list its
teachers in rank order, based on their success (or lack thereof) in the performance evaluation.
The teachers that received the lowest performance rankings (“ineffective”) will be laid off before
those that received higher performance rankings. The statutory mandate anticipates that talented
and more effective teachers will be retained, while mediocre and ineffective teachers will be laid
off.

       If a teacher challenges his employer’s decision to lay him off, § 1248 provides him with a
“sole and exclusive” remedy:

       If a teacher brings an action against a school district or intermediate school
       district based on this section, the teacher’s sole and exclusive remedy shall be an
       order of reinstatement commencing 30 days after a decision by a court of
       competent jurisdiction. The remedy in an action brought by a teacher based on
       this section shall not include lost wages, lost benefits, or any other economic
       damages. [MCL 380.1248(3) (emphasis added).]

       The use of the terms “sole and exclusive remedy” and “court” makes it clear beyond
peradventure that administrative agencies, be it MERC or the STC, no longer have any role in
reviewing layoff decisions made by school boards.

3C. THE STC DOES NOT HAVE JURISDICTION OVER LAYOFFS: 2011 PA 100 AND 101

        As noted, the STC only possesses jurisdiction over matters that arise under the TTA.
Ranta, 271 Mich App at 273. It does not have jurisdiction over matters that arise under any other
statute. Id. Accordingly, if a subject matter is not present in the TTA, the STC does not have
jurisdiction over that subject matter. Recall that even before the 2011 Amendments, the STC
rarely exercised jurisdiction over cases involving layoffs, and had little statutory basis to do so.
Whatever jurisdictional authority it had to address layoff-related claims came from the



                                                -12-
“subterfuge” doctrine, mentioned nowhere in the TTA, and advanced by a single appellate
decision.

        2011 PA 100 made it clear that if the STC ever had jurisdiction over layoffs, it no longer
has jurisdiction over layoff-related claims. It is not possible to equate the “discharge” action
mentioned in MCL 38.101 with a “layoff,” as the two terms are separate and distinct. See
Tomiak, 426 Mich at 688. And to remove any lingering doubt that the word “demote” could
include “layoffs,” 2011 PA 100 revised the TTA’s definition of “demote” to read as follows:

       The word “demote” means to suspend without pay for 15 or more consecutive
       days or reduce compensation for a particular school year by more than an amount
       equivalent to 30 days’ compensation or to transfer to a position carrying a lower
       salary. However, demote does not include discontinuance of salary pursuant to
       section 3 of article IV [MCL 38.103], the discontinuance or reduction of
       performance-based compensation pursuant to section 1250 of the revised school
       code [MCL 380.1250] . . . or a reduction in personnel, including, but not limited
       to, a reduction in workweeks or workdays. [MCL 38.74 (emphasis added).]

        Thus, by definition, a school that lays off a teacher does not “demote” that teacher in the
context of the TTA. The STC is therefore barred from using MCL 38.74 as a jurisdictional hook
to hear layoff-related cases. With MCL 38.74 accordingly modified, 2011 PA 101 repealed
MCL 38.105, which governed “reductions in personnel”—the last remaining statutory section of
the TTA that could conceivably (but wrongly) be seen as having anything to do with teacher
layoffs. The TTA—which, again, never contained the word “layoff”—is now devoid of any
reference to “reductions in personnel,” meaning that it is beyond doubt that the STC lacks
jurisdiction over cases that involve such issues.

        The 2011 Amendments also revoked any jurisdictional basis that Freiberg provided to
the STC in so-called “subterfuge” cases. As noted, Freiberg based its dubious grant of
jurisdiction to the STC on the following: (1) “the general purpose of the tenure act”; (2) MCL
38.121; (3) supposedly “analogous” decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court in cases involving
layoffs of private-sector employees; and (4) MCL 38.105. See Freiberg, 61 Mich App at 412–
414.

        Collectively, the 2011 Amendments invalidate each of these alleged bases for STC
jurisdiction over layoff-related cases that involve “subterfuge.” The “general purpose of the
tenure act” no longer includes teacher layoffs, which are now governed by the School Code.30
MCL 38.121 is thus irrelevant to these cases, as it only allows tenured teachers to seek redress on
issues governed by the TTA. The TTA does not govern the layoff of teachers, nor, with the
repeal of MCL 38.105, does it even mention any employment status that could conceivably be
interpreted as having anything to do with layoffs. And Michigan case law that interprets other,


30
  See MCL 380.1248 and 380.1249. See also LeGalley, 127 Mich App at 486 (“the coverage of
the tenure act was not determined by the administrative or judicial perception of the spirit of the
act but by the language of the act itself”).


                                               -13-
unrelated statutes is not binding or apposite on these cases, because teacher layoffs are regulated
by their own statutory scheme.31

        Accordingly, the statutory framework that Freiberg purported to interpret has been
significantly modified, rendering that decision moot, and null and void. See Detroit Trust Co v
Allinger, 271 Mich 600, 610; 261 NW 90 (1935) (“repeal of a statute divests all inchoate rights
which have arisen under the statute which it destroys”).32 If a teacher plaintiff claims that a
school-district defendant violated §§ 1248 and 1249, he must bring suit in a “court of competent
jurisdiction,” i.e., a court in the Michigan judiciary, not the STC, and seek the “sole and
exclusive remedy” under § 1248: reinstatement. MCL 380.1248(3).

        The effect of 2011 PA 100 and 101, then, is to make clear that the STC does not have
jurisdiction over layoff-related claims, including those alleged to be a “subterfuge,” because
layoffs of teachers are explicitly governed by §§ 1248 and 1249 of the School Code—not the
TTA. Accordingly, a laid-off teacher must seek redress for §§ 1248 and 1249 violations with the
judiciary, not administrative agencies.

                                       4. APPLICATION

        Here, petitioners argue that the STC has jurisdiction over layoff-related claims. Their
reasoning is as follows: the STC has exercised jurisdiction over a small number of layoff cases
under the “subterfuge” doctrine created by Freiberg. Thus, whenever a teacher alleges that his
layoff was a bad faith attempt to terminate him without an administrative hearing, the STC can
claim jurisdiction over the suit. The statutory basis for the STC’s jurisdiction over these sorts of
actions, as explained by Freiberg, is MCL 38.121, which permits teachers to “appeal to the
[STC] any decision of a controlling board under this act, other than a decision governed by
article IV on the discharge or demotion of a teacher.” The 2011 Amendments did not repeal
MCL 38.121, so the STC thus has jurisdiction over any layoff-related claim that asserts
“subterfuge.”



31
     See MCL 380.1248 and 380.1249.
32
   It is important to note that legislative modification of an existing statute does not always give
our Court a free hand to disregard older cases that interpreted the older version of the statute.
For instance, if the Legislature amended a statute that the Michigan Supreme Court had
previously interpreted, vertical stare decisis would require our Court to follow the Michigan
Supreme Court’s precedent—even if the statutory amendments had rendered that precedent
irrelevant. See People v Mitchell, 428 Mich 364, 369; 428 NW2d 798 (1987); and In re
Nestorovski Estate, 283 Mich App 177, 206–207; 769 NW2d 720 (SAAD, J., dissenting).
Here, however, the Michigan precedent interpreting the old version of the statute at issue
(Freiberg) was issued by our Court—not the Michigan Supreme Court. Vertical stare decisis is
thus not implicated. Accordingly, we may disregard Freiberg’s holding because: (1) the
statutory framework which it purported to interpret has been completely altered; and (2) it is no
longer binding on our panel.


                                               -14-
        This argument is without merit because it fails to read MCL 38.121 in its post-2011
context. Again, MCL 38.121 states that tenured teachers may “appeal to the [STC] any decision
of a controlling board under this act . . .” (emphasis added). As noted, layoffs are not (and never
were) “under” the TTA—the 2011 Amendments systematically purged the Act of reference to
any terms that could conceivably have anything to do with layoffs, and created two new sections
of the School Code (a wholly separate statute from the TTA) to govern layoff decisions. See
MCL 380.1248 and 380.1249. MCL 380.1248 explicitly specifies a single remedy for laid-off
teachers that contest their layoff:

       If a teacher brings an action against a school district or intermediate school
       district based on this section, the teacher’s sole and exclusive remedy shall be an
       order of reinstatement commencing 30 days after a decision by a court of
       competent jurisdiction. The remedy in an action brought by a teacher based on
       this section shall not include lost wages, lost benefits, or any other economic
       damages. [MCL 380.1248(3) (emphasis added).]

        The STC cannot be such a “court of competent jurisdiction” because it only possesses
jurisdiction over matters that arise under the TTA, which does not govern teacher layoffs—and,
more importantly, most assuredly is not a court. Ranta, 271 Mich App at 273. Thus, the
continued existence of MCL 38.121 does nothing to advance petitioners’ argument. It states a
truism—the STC has jurisdiction over decisions made by a “controlling board” on subjects that
are governed by the TTA—that is inconsequential to this case.

        As we pointed out earlier, petitioners’ invocation of Freiberg is equally irrelevant,
because Freiberg’s interpretation of the TTA rested on statutory provisions that have since been
repealed or modified. As noted, the 2011 Amendments repealed MCL 38.105, the slim statutory
authority on which Freiberg based its holding. The “general purpose of the tenure act” has been
radically altered, because that Act now makes clear that it does not govern teacher layoffs. MCL
38.121 is of no relevance to our case, as explained above, and Freiberg’s reference to supposedly
“analogous” Michigan Supreme Court cases are of equal irrelevance, because teacher layoffs are
now governed by their own statutory framework, not unrelated Michigan statutes or common
law.

       In sum, the 2011 Amendments have rendered Freiberg’s holding null and void. There is
no better illustration of the Michigan Supreme Court’s holding in Detroit Trust Co, 271 Mich at
610: “repeal of a statute divests all inchoate rights which have arisen under the statute which it
destroys.”33

        The STC thus improperly exercised jurisdiction over petitioners’ suits. In so doing, it
blatantly ignored the 2011 Amendments and contravened the will of the Legislature. The STC is


33
  Despite petitioners’ claims to the contrary, the Legislature’s removal of STC jurisdiction over
layoff-related cases will have little effect on the substantive rights of tenured teachers. For
example, if a school district uses MCL 380.1248 to terminate a teacher on the basis of his race,
ethnicity, or sex, he may seek redress in state court for violation of state civil-rights laws.


                                               -15-
not above the law and may not change “the laws enacted by the Legislature”34 to suit its policy
preferences. Its orders, based on an illegitimate assumption of jurisdictional authority, cannot
stand.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        For the first time in Michigan’s history, the Legislature decided to exercise its
constitutional authority35 in the field of teacher layoffs. The Legislature made merit, not
seniority, the controlling factor in layoff decision making, to retain the best teachers in the
classroom. It did so by removing teacher layoffs as a subject of collective bargaining and this in
turn removed unions and administrative agencies from the dispute-resolution process in this
specific realm of public-sector labor law. To underscore that school boards, and not unions or
administrative agencies, would make these decisions, the Legislature gave school boards the
power to make layoff decisions, and gave the courts the sole and exclusive power to review the
school boards’ decisions.

        Accordingly, we reject the STC’s attempt to undo this landmark legislation, and hold
that: (1) our Court has jurisdiction over respondents’ appeals of the STC’s interlocutory orders;
and (2) the STC does not have jurisdiction over claims related to the layoff of tenured teachers.
We therefore reverse the orders of the STC and dismiss petitioners’ suits.



                                                            /s/ Henry William Saad
                                                            /s/ Pat M. Donofrio
                                                            /s/ Patrick M. Meter




34
     In re Complaint of Rovas, 482 Mich at 98.
35
  Again, see Const 1963, Art 8 § 2 (“The legislature shall maintain and support a system of free
public elementary and secondary schools as defined by law”).


                                                 -16-
