                      United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-3196
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Plaintiff - Appellee,      *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
       v.                               * District Court for the District of
                                        * Minnesota.
Eddie David Holbdy, also known as       *
Cal, also known as Calvin, also known *
as Telles Terrel Powell,                *
                                        *
             Defendant - Appellant.     *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: April 4, 2007
                                Filed: June 21, 2007
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BEAM and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

      Eddie David Holbdy claims the district court1 erred in denying his request for
an evidentiary hearing on the government’s refusal to move for a downward departure
pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines) § 5K1.1 or 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e).
Holbdy also challenges the constitutionality of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure
35(b) and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) on separation of powers grounds. This panel affirms.

      1
      The Honorable John R. Tunheim, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
      Holbdy pleaded guilty to two counts of a five-count indictment: one count of
conspiracy to distribute more than fifty grams of cocaine base in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count I), and one count of possession of a firearm
during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)
(Count V). His plea agreement acknowledged a mandatory minimum sentence of 120
months on Count I and sixty months on Count V, to be served consecutively. The
agreement provided the government would move for a downward departure only if he
offered “substantial assistance” and noted “the defendant understands that the
government is not obligated to accept any tendered cooperation on the defendant’s
part. If the government, in its sole discretion, chooses not to accept tendered
cooperation, the defendant will not be rewarded for such tendered cooperation.”

       In Holbdy’s proffer, he provided a photographic identification of a childhood
friend—a suspected drug trafficker—and further gave information about his co-
defendant, Billy Joe Coleman. He promised he would testify against Coleman, should
Coleman successfully withdraw his guilty plea and go to trial. At his initial
sentencing hearing, the government explained it did not believe he provided
substantial assistance as the information provided did not lead to an arrest.
Apparently, his childhood friend was arrested based on an independent police
investigation. At Holbdy’s request, the district court granted a continuance for the
government to investigate his claims of additional assistance he provided in a second
proffer. At his second sentencing hearing, the government reported it had investigated
his claim of assistance at a second proffer, but renewed its contention he had not
provided substantial assistance and did not move for a downward departure. He
requested a hearing on whether the government’s decision was based on an improper
motive. He argued the government had minimized and inaccurately described his
assistance in a position statement and contended the government was trying to punish
him for allegedly alerting his associates to the government’s investigation prior to his
arrest. He further claimed it was irrational for the government to refuse to credit the
identification of his childhood friend simply because that person was arrested based

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on an independent investigation. The government responded it had declined to move
for a downward departure because his assistance was only minimally useful. It
explained he had been a problematic witness as he provided a false name to police
upon his arrest and then disappeared for two months. After his arrest it took an
additional month and a half for him to proffer. The government did note it would be
open to filing a substantial assistance motion in the future should he testify in the trial
of his friend or in the potential trial of his co-defendant. The district court ultimately
found he failed to meet the threshold burden for an evidentiary hearing.

       As to Holbdy’s sentence, the district court determined the Guidelines range for
Count I was 151 to 188 months based on an adjusted offense level of 29 and a
criminal history category of VI. The court then applied the 60-month mandatory
minimum consecutive sentence for Count V. Over the government’s objection, the
district court granted his motion for a downward variance from the Guidelines range
and sentenced him to 195 months for both counts, representing a 16-month downward
variance. This appeal followed.

       Holbdy first challenges the district court’s refusal to hold an evidentiary hearing
on the government’s failure to move for a substantial assistance downward departure.
He claims the government was acting irrationally in failing to so move, arguing the
government minimized and inaccurately represented his cooperation. Specifically he
claims it was irrational for the government not to credit the information he provided
about his childhood friend because his arrest was based on an independent police
investigation. He further contends the government erroneously concluded his
cooperation against Coleman was not beneficial, as he had already pled guilty.
Finally, he argues the government is punishing him based on its “erroneous
conclusion” he did not cooperate initially.

      Under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e), “[u]pon motion of the Government,” a district court
can impose a sentence below a statutory mandatory minimum to reflect a defendant’s

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“substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person who has
committed an offense.” Without a government motion, the district court is without
authority to impose a sentence below a statutory mandatory minimum sentence. See
United States v. Chacon, 330 F.3d 1065, 1066 (8th Cir. 2003). Similarly, under
Guidelines § 5K1.1, a district court may depart from the Guidelines range if the
government files a “substantial assistance” motion. “These provisions merely grant
the prosecutor discretion; the government has no duty to make such a motion unless
it has entered into a plea agreement with the defendant that creates such a duty.”
United States v. Wolf, 270 F.3d 1188, 1190 (8th Cir. 2001). The government’s use
of its discretion is not unreviewable, however. The Supreme Court has dictated “a
prosecutor’s discretion when exercising that power is subject to constitutional
limitations that district courts can enforce.” Wade v. United States, 504 U.S. 181, 185
(1992). Under Wade, a district court may review the government’s refusal to move
for substantial assistance if it is based on an unconstitutional motive, “such as [the
defendant’s] race or his religion” or “was not rationally related to any legitimate
Government end.” Id. at 186. “A refusal may also be unconstitutional if it is
irrational, for an irrational refusal denies the defendant due process of law.”2 Wolf,
270 F.3d at 1190 (citing Wade, 504 U.S. at 186).

       Under Wade, Holbdy is entitled to an evidentiary hearing only if he makes “a
‘substantial threshold showing’ that the government’s refusal to make a substantial
assistance motion was premised on an improper motive.” United States v. Mullins,
399 F.3d 888, 890 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Wade, 504 U.S. at 186). Certain claims

      2
        There is an intra-circuit split over whether evidence of bad faith can also
provide the basis for compelling the government to file a § 3553(e) motion absent an
otherwise unconstitutional motive. Compare United States v. Moeller, 383 F.3d 710,
712 (8th Cir. 2004), with Wolf, 270 F.3d at 1191 and United States v. Kelly, 18 F.3d
612, 617-18 (8th Cir. 1994). We need not resolve this issue in the instant appeal,
however, as Holbdy does not argue the government acted in bad faith in refusing to
file a substantial assistance motion. Instead, he couches his arguments in terms of
irrationality.

                                         -4-
are insufficient to meet this threshold. “[A] claim that a defendant merely provided
substantial assistance will not entitle a defendant to a remedy or even to discovery or
an evidentiary hearing. Nor would additional but generalized allegations of improper
motive.” Wade, 504 U.S. at 186. Here, because Holbdy offers “no evidence which
goes beyond his general allegations of improper motive to establish the threshold
showing required by Wade and its progeny,” the district court did not err in declining
to hold an evidentiary hearing. United States v. Pamperin, 456 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir.
2006).

       The thrust of Holbdy’s claim is he, by his assessment, provided substantial
assistance to the government and intended to provide future assistance at his co-
defendant’s possible trial. He criticizes the government’s failure to credit his
identification of his childhood friend. He also claims he acted as an insurance policy
in the prosecution and potential trial of his co-defendant. Under Wade, these bare
assertions of substantial assistance are insufficient to trigger the need for an
evidentiary hearing. See, e.g., Mullins, 399 F.3d at 890 (holding defendant’s assertion
she provided substantial assistance and was willing to provide continued assistance
did “not support any inference the government acted unconstitutionally or irrationally
in refusing to move for a downward departure based on substantial assistance”);
United States v. Hardy, 325 F.3d 994, 996 (8th Cir. 2003) (finding no irrationality
where the government claimed it declined to move for a substantial assistance
downward departure because the individuals about which the defendant proffered
were arrested or convicted based on other means). As to the extent Holbdy argues the
government did not move for substantial assistance to punish him for its “erroneous”
assessment of his failing to cooperate initially, we have held such unsupported claims
of retaliation are insufficient to meet the threshold showing under Wade. See Wolf,
270 F.3d at 1191 (holding the defendant’s unsupported assertions the government was
punishing him for lying to law enforcement, without evidence of actual punitive
intent, were insufficient to meet the substantial threshold standard). As such, we
conclude Holbdy has failed to make the requisite substantial threshold showing of

                                         -5-
improper motive and the district court did not err in denying his request for an
evidentiary hearing.

       Holbdy next argues the current sentencing structure under Federal Rule of
Criminal Procedure 35(b) and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e), which allows deviations from
statutory mandatory minimum sentences only on the government’s motion, is in
violation of the separation of powers doctrine because it places too much power in the
hands of the executive. This claim is without merit. We have previously held the
government motion requirement does not violate the separation of powers doctrine.
United States v. Mason, 902 F.2d 1314, 1316 (8th Cir. 1990). Holbdy argues this is
no longer controlling law in view of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).
We have recently held, however, Booker did not impact either the mandatory
minimum sentencing scheme or the limitations set forth in § 3553(e). United States
v. Williams, 474 F.3d 1130, 1132 (8th Cir. 2007) (“Because statutory minimum
sentences remain constitutional, and it is constitutional for Congress to limit a court’s
authority to sentence below such minimums, the remedial holding of Booker does not
impact the pre-existing limitations embodied in § 3553(e).”). Thus, Booker does not
provide an avenue for this court to reconsider its previous holding that the government
motion requirement does not violate the separation of powers doctrine.

      For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court.
                       ______________________________




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