                                                                                                       07/18/2019
                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT KNOXVILLE
                                       April 15, 2019 Session

                       NOAH RYAN ET AL. v. LAVERNA SOUCIE

                      Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
                      No. 17-0447       Pamela A. Fleenor, Chancellor


                                  No. E2018-01121-COA-R3-CV


This appeal arises from a dispute concerning the defendant’s conduct, which impeded the
plaintiffs’ use of a state right of way for ingress to and egress from the plaintiffs’
commercial property. The trial court entered a judgment in favor of the plaintiffs
following its determination that the defendant had created a nuisance and had
intentionally interfered with the plaintiffs’ business relationships. The defendant has
appealed. Discerning no reversible error, we affirm.

         Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
                               Affirmed; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CHARLES D.
SUSANO, JR., and RICHARD H. DINKINS, JJ., joined.

Patrick B. Hawley, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Laverna Soucie.

John P. Konvalinka, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellees, Noah Ryan d/b/a Ryan
Heat and Air and B.M. Crane d/b/a Crane Development Company.

                                               OPINION

                               I. Factual and Procedural Background

      On June 20, 2017, the plaintiffs, Noah Ryan d/b/a Ryan Heat and Air and B.M.
Crane d/b/a Crane Development Company (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), filed a complaint in
the Hamilton County Chancery Court (“trial court”) against the defendant, Laverna
Soucie. In their complaint, Plaintiffs alleged that Mr. Ryan operated his business on
commercial property owned by Ms. Crane, who is his mother-in-law.1 Plaintiffs

1
    In the complaint, Plaintiffs specifically averred that Mr. Ryan “owns and legally operates a business
additionally averred that Ms. Soucie owned a nearby tract of residential property
improved with a home. According to Plaintiffs, Ms. Soucie had recently engaged in
conduct that impeded Plaintiffs’ necessary route of ingress to and egress from their
property to a public road known as Parker Lane.

        Plaintiffs further alleged that the City of Chattanooga (“the City”), via ordinance,
had rezoned a portion of Ms. Crane’s real property to reflect a commercial designation in
1995, “for the purpose of allowing commercial business on Crane’s Property having a
street address of 3222 Parker Lane with ‘access to site’ (from Parker Lane to Crane’s
Property) as described on the map attached to, and a part of, such approved and enacted
ordinance.” Plaintiffs asserted that they had continuously used and exclusively
maintained the gravel road providing such access since that time. According to
Plaintiffs’ allegations in the complaint, the United States Postal Service had instructed
Mr. Ryan to place a mailbox for his business at the point where the gravel road abutted
Parker Lane.

        As averred, at some point following her purchase of nearby property in 2014, Ms.
Soucie began impeding Plaintiffs’ use of the gravel road by, inter alia, planting trees and
placing a trailer in front of the gate to Plaintiffs’ property, even though Ms. Soucie does
not own the real property across which the gravel road exists. Plaintiffs’ specific claims
included that Ms. Soucie’s actions (1) substantially interfered with their use of the gravel
road and their own property, (2) constituted a nuisance, and (3) interfered with and
harmed Mr. Ryan’s business and business relationships. Consequently, Plaintiffs sought
damages and injunctive relief. The trial court subsequently granted Plaintiffs a temporary
restraining order and set the matter for hearing.

       In response, Ms. Soucie filed an answer, contending that title to the property
traversed by the gravel road at issue had been conveyed to the State of Tennessee in 1982
and 1984 without any encumbrances reflected in the deeds. Ms. Soucie averred that the
City lacked authority to encumber property owned by the State with an easement and
asserted that Plaintiffs’ use of the gravel road was unnecessary because their property had
access to Center Street. Ms. Soucie also raised various affirmative defenses, including
failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and failure to join an
indispensable party.



known as Ryan Heat and Air principally on commercially zoned property . . . owned by his mother-in-
law, B.M. Crane (“Crane”) doing business as Crane Development Company.” Although the commercial
real property at issue herein is owned by Ms. Crane, because Mr. Ryan operates a business on said
property with Ms. Crane’s apparent authorization, we will refer to the commercial real property as
“Plaintiffs’ property” or “their property” herein for ease of reference.
                                                      -2-
       Although the parties subsequently attempted mediation, no settlement was
achieved. Ms. Soucie thereafter filed a motion to dismiss, which the trial court denied in
an order dated December 7, 2017. On December 14, 2017, the eve of trial, Ms. Soucie
filed a motion to recuse, alleging that she had recently learned that the chancellor had
previously been in partnership with counsel for Plaintiffs. Ms. Soucie alleged that neither
the chancellor nor Plaintiffs’ counsel had disclosed their previous business relationship to
her. She therefore insisted that the chancellor’s impartiality in the matter could be
reasonably questioned, such that recusal was proper. In accordance with Tennessee
Supreme Court Rule 10B, Ms. Soucie filed a supplement to her motion, asserting that the
motion was not presented for an improper purpose.

        The trial court entered an order on December 18, 2017, denying the recusal
motion. The court found that the motion was untimely because the complaint had been
filed on June 20, 2017, and numerous orders had been entered and continuances granted
since that time. The court noted that “waiting five months to file a motion to recuse and
[] filing that motion one day prior to trial, is not timely.” With regard to the affidavit
required by Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B that must be based on personal
knowledge, the court found the instrument filed by Ms. Soucie’s counsel to be
inadequate. The court determined that “counsel’s lack of personal knowledge of the
matter set forth in the memorandum is both pronounced and conspicuous as the
memorandum attempts to speak to many matters that occurred in the case prior to
counsel’s appearance in the case and are incorrect as pointed out below.” The court thus
determined that the motion was not supported by a proper affidavit.

       With regard to the merits of the recusal motion, the trial court determined that
there was no basis for recusal in the case at bar. The chancellor noted that she had
“entertained hearings and trials from all of her prior employers . . . and has never
announced that she was formerly employed by that firm.” The trial court further
determined that “there is no appearance of impropriety where opposing counsel was a
former partner 23 years ago with the Chancellor.” Finally, the court found that there was
no bias or prejudice that would prevent a proper adjudication in this matter.

       The trial court subsequently conducted a bench trial on March 9, 2018, and May 1,
2018. On May 21, 2018, the trial court entered a final judgment, wherein the court made
detailed findings of fact, including that Plaintiffs possessed the right to use the gravel
road in question, or the “Driveway” as it was referred to by the court. The court
ultimately determined that Ms. Soucie “intentionally, unreasonably and substantially
inconvenienced and interfered with Plaintiff[s’] use of the Driveway,” thereby
constituting a nuisance. The court awarded damages to Plaintiffs in the amount of
$14,850, which represented the cost of hauling refuse from Plaintiffs’ property after Ms.
Soucie rendered the gravel road impassable for the waste disposal truck. Although the
                                            -3-
court further found that Ms. Soucie had intentionally interfered with Plaintiffs’ business
relationships, no additional damages were awarded for this claim. Ms. Soucie timely
appealed.

                                   II. Issues Presented

        Ms. Soucie presents the following issues for our review, which we have restated
slightly:

       1.     Whether the trial court erred by denying Ms. Soucie’s motion to
              dismiss pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6).

       2.     Whether the trial court erred by determining that the weight of the
              evidence preponderated in favor of the award of monetary damages
              to Plaintiffs.

       3.     Whether the trial court erred by holding Ms. Soucie liable for
              nuisance and intentional interference with business relationships.

       4.     Whether the trial court erred by denying Ms. Soucie’s motion for
              directed verdict.

       5.     Whether the trial court erred by denying Ms. Soucie’s motion to
              recuse.

In addition to rephrasing the issues raised by Ms. Soucie, Plaintiffs raise the following
additional issue, which we have similarly restated as follows:

       6.     Whether this Court should consider Ms. Soucie’s contentions
              regarding her motion to dismiss when such contentions were not
              raised in the trial court.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       We review a trial court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of
correctness unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P.
13(d); Nashville Ford Tractor, Inc. v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 194 S.W.3d 415, 424 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2005). “[F]or the evidence to preponderate against a trial court’s finding of fact,
it must support another finding of fact with greater convincing effect.” Rawlings v. John
Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co., 78 S.W.3d 291, 296 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). We review
questions of law de novo. See Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of Regents, 231 S.W.3d 912, 916 (Tenn.
                                            -4-
2007). “We defer to the trial court’s determinations of witness credibility because the
trial judge could observe the witnesses’ demeanor and hear in-court testimony.”
Coleman v. Olson, 551 S.W.3d 686, 694 (Tenn. 2018).

      We review a trial court’s ruling concerning a motion to dismiss de novo with no
presumption of correctness. See Woodruff by & through Cockrell v. Walker, 542 S.W.3d
486, 494 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2017), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 6, 2017). Concerning
motions for recusal made pursuant to Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B, we likewise
review the denial of such a motion de novo with no presumption of correctness. See
Elseroad v. Cook, 553 S.W.3d 460, 462-63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018).

                              IV. Denial of Motion to Dismiss

       Ms. Soucie contends that the trial court erred by denying her motion to dismiss
filed pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6). In the motion, Ms. Soucie
specifically alleged that because she was not the record owner of the real property “that is
the subject of the plaintiffs’ suit against her,” Plaintiffs could not receive the relief they
sought in the complaint. She therefore argued that Plaintiffs had failed to state a claim
upon which relief could be granted. The trial court disagreed, finding in its resultant
order denying Ms. Soucie’s motion to dismiss that Plaintiffs had adequately stated claims
of nuisance and interference with business relationships in their complaint. The court
pointed out that neither claim required Plaintiffs to allege or demonstrate that Ms. Soucie
owned the real property in question. We agree.

        Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 8.01 sets forth two requirements for stating
claims for relief: (1) “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief” and (2) “a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks.”
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6) provides adverse parties the opportunity to
move for dismissal of deficient claims.

        When faced with a motion pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure
12.02(6), the trial court’s review is limited to “only the legal sufficiency of the complaint,
not the strength of the plaintiff’s proof or evidence.” See Webb v. Nashville Area Habitat
for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422, 426 (Tenn. 2011). When a trial court’s ruling on a
Rule 12.02(6) motion is appealed, “the appellate court must construe the complaint
liberally, presuming all factual allegations to be true and giving the plaintiff the benefit of
all reasonable inferences.” See Trau-Med of Am., Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 71 S.W.3d
691, 696 (Tenn. 2002). This Court has explained that a trial court “should grant the
motion to dismiss only if it appears that the plaintiff cannot establish any facts in support
of the claim that would warrant relief.” Woodruff, 542 S.W.3d at 494 (citing Doe v.
Sundquist, 2 S.W.3d. 919, 922 (Tenn. 1999)).
                                              -5-
       Through her motion to dismiss, Ms. Soucie argued that Plaintiffs’ complaint was
insufficient under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 8.01 because it failed to allege facts
demonstrating that a party to this action held a property interest in the State’s right of
way. This assertion is predicated on Ms. Soucie’s assumption that claims of nuisance and
intentional interference with business relationships require a factual showing that a
defendant’s actions not only caused a disturbance to a plaintiff’s use of property but that
such actions occurred on real property in which one of the parties maintains an interest.
We determine, however, that Ms. Soucie’s postulate in this regard is erroneous.

       This Court has defined a nuisance as “anything which annoys or disturbs the free
use of one’s property, or which renders its ordinary use or physical occupation
uncomfortable.” Caldwell v. Knox Concrete Prods., Inc., 391 S.W.2d 5, 9 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1964). “[A] nuisance extends to everything that endangers life or health, gives
offense to the senses, violates the laws of decency, or obstructs the reasonable and
comfortable use of property.” Id.

       As our Supreme Court has explained:

       Depending on the surroundings, activities that constitute a nuisance in one
       context may not constitute a nuisance in another. Whether a particular
       activity or use of property amounts to an unreasonable invasion of
       another’s legally protectable interests depends on the circumstances of each
       case, such as the character of the surroundings, the nature, utility, and social
       value of the use, and the nature and extent of the harm involved.

       ***

       Nuisance law has since developed over the centuries to the point where a
       nuisance may now consist of a physical condition on the land itself (i.e.,
       vibrations, pollution, or flooding), cause discomfort or inconvenience to the
       occupants of the property (i.e., odors, dust, smoke, noise), or consist of a
       condition on adjoining property which impairs the occupier’s tranquility
       (i.e., conducting an unlawful business or keeping diseased animals). W.
       Page Keeton, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts 619-20 (5th ed.
       1984). So “long as the interference is substantial and unreasonable, such as
       would be offensive or inconvenient to the normal person, virtually any
       disturbance of the enjoyment of the property may amount to a nuisance.”
       Id. at 620.



                                             -6-
Lane v. W.J. Curry & Sons, 92 S.W.3d 355, 364-365 (Tenn. 2002) (other internal
citations omitted).

        The wide scope of activities reached by the law of nuisance has not been limited to
only those tortious activities occurring on a named party’s real property. For example,
our Supreme Court has held that a defendant, who acted exclusively on a public roadway,
created a nuisance when the defendant’s actions interfered both with public travel on the
roadway and with the plaintiff’s enjoyment of his real property. See Richi v.
Chattanooga Brewing Co., 58 S.W. 646, 646 (Tenn. 1900). In Richi, the conduct of an
unauthorized private railroad, operating on public property, was determined to constitute
a nuisance, inter alia, because the railroad obstructed ingress to and egress from the
plaintiff’s lot. See id.

       Similarly, in the more recent case of Anthony v. Constr. Prod., Inc., 677 S.W.2d 4,
10 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984), this Court determined that a contractor hired by the State to
perform road work was properly held liable for creating a nuisance along the roadway
that interfered with the plaintiff landowners’ use of their commercial property. In
Anthony, the plaintiff landowners sued the private contractor, alleging that the
contractor’s act of digging a trench in front of the plaintiffs’ business, which prevented
proper ingress and egress to the business, and allowing said condition to remain for more
than a year, constituted a nuisance. See id. Following a jury trial, the trial court entered
judgment on the jury’s verdict in favor of the plaintiffs. See id. This Court affirmed the
trial court’s finding of liability, rejecting the contractor’s argument that summary
judgment should have been granted in its favor. See id. (“The factual disputes are clear
on the issues of [the defendant’s] negligence, and the creation of a nuisance that affected
the [plaintiffs’] property.”). As demonstrated by both of these cases, the actor’s liability
was not predicated on its ownership of or interest in the land whereupon the act causing
the nuisance occurred.

       To properly review the issues presented on appeal, we have also considered
relevant provisions of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. See, e.g., Waste Mgmt., Inc. of
Tenn. v. S. Cent. Bell Tel. Co., 15 S.W.3d 425, 432 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (considering
provisions of a Restatement in analysis); Rose v. Third Nat. Bank, 183 S.W.2d 1, 9 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1944) (considering provisions of a Restatement in analysis). As the Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 821D (1979) explains, a private nuisance is a “nontrespassory
invasion of another’s interest in the private use and enjoyment of land.” Comment b of
Section 821D further elucidates:

       The phrase “interest in the use and enjoyment of land” is used in this
       Restatement in a broad sense. It comprehends not only the interests that a
       person may have in the actual present use of land for residential,
                                            -7-
      agricultural, commercial, industrial and other purposes, but also his
      interests in having the present use value of the land unimpaired by changes
      in its physical condition.

Id. As further explained in Section 821E:

      The liability for private nuisance exists only for the protection of persons
      having “property rights and privileges,” that is, legally protected interests,
      in respect to the particular use or enjoyment that has been affected. . . . It
      denotes rights and privileges in respect to land effective against persons in
      general—sometimes termed “rights in rem.” One having “property rights
      and privileges” in land can maintain an action under the rule here stated,
      only if the conduct of the actor interferes with the exercise of the particular
      rights and privileges that he owns.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 821E, comment a.

       The instant analysis necessarily invokes the separate and differing attributes of
trespass and nuisance. In contrast, a trespass is “an invasion of the interest in the
exclusive possession of land, as by entry upon it,” whereas a nuisance is “an interference
with the interest in the private use and enjoyment of the land, and does not require
interference with the possession.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 821D, comment d.
Although there may exist some degree of overlap respecting these distinguishable causes
of action, by way of example, the comments to § 821D of the Restatement explain:

      [T]he flooding of the plaintiff’s land, which is a trespass, is also a nuisance
      if it is repeated or of long duration; and when the defendant’s dog howls
      under the plaintiff’s window night after night and deprives him of sleep,
      there is a nuisance whether the dog is outside the plaintiff’s land or has
      entered upon it . . . .

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 821D, comment e.

       Based upon the above-referenced authority, we conclude that a claim of nuisance
does not require demonstration that a party maintains an ownership interest in the real
property upon which the act of nuisance occurs. Rather, a nuisance claim requires a
showing that the defendant has unreasonably interfered with the plaintiff’s use and
enjoyment of the plaintiff’s property, wherever the nuisance act occurs. See Lane, 92
S.W.3d at 365; Caldwell, 391 S.W.2d at 9. In the case at bar, Plaintiffs alleged that Ms.
Soucie’s conduct interfered with Plaintiffs’ use and enjoyment of their commercial
property, which was the real property upon which the business operated. We find it
                                            -8-
inconsequential that the conduct establishing the nuisance occurred on real property
belonging to the State.

       Concerning Plaintiffs’ claim of intentional interference with business
relationships, our Supreme Court has explained that such a claim requires the following
elements to be shown:

       (1) an existing business relationship with specific third parties or a
       prospective relationship with an identifiable class of third persons; (2) the
       defendant’s knowledge of that relationship and not a mere awareness of the
       plaintiff’s business dealings with others in general; (3) the defendant’s
       intent to cause the breach or termination of the business relationship; (4) the
       defendant’s improper motive or improper means; and finally, (5) damages
       resulting from the tortious interference.

Trau-Med, 71 S.W.3d at 701 (internal citation and footnotes omitted). Similarly, this
claim sets forth no requirements concerning ownership of real property; rather, this basis
for relief focuses on the conduct and knowledge of the defendant.

        Without weighing the strength of the factual allegations contained in the
complaint, we note that Plaintiffs alleged that Ms. Soucie took several actions which
restricted Plaintiffs’ use of their commercial property. In the complaint, Plaintiffs alleged
that Ms. Soucie planted trees and placed a trailer in the gravel road providing access to
Plaintiffs’ property from Parker Lane, thereby impeding or preventing the enjoyment and
use of their real property. Plaintiffs further claimed that Ms. Soucie’s conduct had
substantially interfered with and harmed Mr. Ryan’s business. Construing the complaint
liberally, as we must, we recognize that sufficient factual allegations in support of
Plaintiffs’ claims were included in the complaint. See Trau-Med, 71 S.W.3d at 696. We
therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of the motion to dismiss on that basis.

        We note that Plaintiffs have asserted that Ms. Soucie, in support of reversal of the
trial court’s denial of her motion to dismiss, improperly included additional factual or
legal contentions within her appellate brief that were not included in the motion to
dismiss initially, such as whether the State was an indispensable party. As our Supreme
Court has explained, “the resolution of the motion is determined by an examination of the
pleadings alone.” Highwoods Props., Inc. v City of Memphis, 297 S.W.3d 695, 700
(Tenn. 2009). Therefore, we will not consider any additional factual or legal contentions
that were not contained in the original pleadings. Having determined that based on the
language contained in the complaint, Plaintiffs complied with Tennessee’s liberal
standard for pleadings, no further consideration of the motion to dismiss or additional
issues related thereto is necessary.
                                             -9-
                                    V. Nuisance Claim

       Ms. Soucie has appealed the trial court’s determination that she was liable to
Plaintiffs based on their claim of nuisance and the court’s award to Plaintiffs of
injunctive relief and monetary damages. Ms. Soucie again contends that Plaintiffs failed
to establish evidence of any party’s property interest in the State right of way. Ms.
Soucie posits that because her actions and the resulting harm occurred on real property
not belonging to a party to this action, a determination of nuisance would be improper.
Having previously determined that a claim of nuisance does not require that a party
maintain an ownership interest in the property where the act of nuisance occurs, we
determine Ms. Soucie’s argument to be unavailing.

       Similar to the conduct of the railroad in Richi and the contractor in Anthony, Ms.
Soucie’s actions in the present case prevented Plaintiffs from enjoying the unhindered use
of their commercial property because Ms. Soucie impeded ingress and egress across the
right of way. Normal business activities on Plaintiffs’ property, including retrieval of
trash by a waste disposal company and receipt of deliveries from a supplier, ceased due to
Ms. Soucie’s obstruction of Plaintiffs’ street access via the State right of way. The
expense burden resulting from the inability of Plaintiffs’ trash service to reach Plaintiffs’
property and remove waste produced by Plaintiffs’ business was shown to total $14,850.
These substantial economic costs, as proven at trial, clearly amount to a sufficient
inconvenience to disturb the normal person. See Lane, 92 S.W.3d at 365.

       Ms. Soucie also contends that the record preponderates against the trial court’s
finding that Plaintiffs possessed a grant of permission from the State to use the right of
way. Ms. Soucie suggests that because Plaintiffs used the right of way absent permission
from the State, she cannot be held liable for restricting Plaintiffs’ use thereof. Insofar as
our Supreme Court has emphasized the circumstantial nature of nuisance, see Lane, 92
S.W.3d at 365, we have undertaken a review of Ms. Soucie’s postulate. Based upon our
thorough review of the evidence, we affirm the trial court’s finding that Plaintiffs
possessed a grant of permission for the reasons stated below.

       In reaching its determination that Plaintiffs had permission from the State to use
the right of way, the trial court reviewed testimony from three lay witnesses: Christopher
Smith, a current State employee; Joe Graham, a friend of Plaintiffs who assisted in the
request that Plaintiffs’ property be rezoned as commercial; and Perry Mayo, a former
Building Codes Coordinator for the City of Chattanooga. When the Cranes sought to
have their real property rezoned from residential to commercial, the City required a
separate street access point from the Cranes’ adjoining residential property in order to
obtain City planning approval. During trial, each witness discussed the Cranes’ requested
                                            -10-
grant of permission to traverse the State right of way for access to Plaintiffs’ property for
commercial use.

        Mr. Mayo testified that he participated in the rezoning of Plaintiffs’ property in
1995. He related that to obtain rezoning approval, Plaintiffs’ property would have
needed a street access point. According to Mr. Mayo, the City’s traffic engineering
official always required that a parcel have street access before it could receive rezoning
approval from traffic engineering. Mr. Mayo further noted that the Cranes’ real property
was not approved for rezoning on an initial request because the property lacked street
access separate from the adjacent residential parcel. He further explained that because
the Cranes’ property was successfully rezoned at a later date, the Cranes must have
received State authorization to use the right of way between Parker Lane and the
commercial property. Although Mr. Mayo did not speak to the legal nature of the grant
of permission from the State, he maintained that the approval from the City traffic-
engineering official indicated that the State provided the Cranes with street access to their
property via the right of way. He observed that in his experience, the State had issued
verbal, but not written, authorizations granting use of State property for access to
properties like the parcel belonging to Plaintiffs.

        Mr. Graham testified that he likewise participated in the rezoning of the Cranes’
property in 1995. Mr. Graham agreed to assist Mr. Crane with the rezoning application
and a related building permit application. Following a pre-planning meeting with City
officials regarding the rezoning of the property, Mr. Graham recalled having been
informed by City officials that the real property would need a separate street access point
before it could be rezoned as commercial. The property previously shared street access
with an adjacent residential parcel also owned by Plaintiffs. According to Mr. Graham,
municipal zoning regulations required a separate street access for the commercial
property. Mr. Graham stated that after learning of the need for separate access, he
communicated with the State on several occasions regarding approval of the right of way
for use as street access to the Cranes’ property. Although Mr. Graham conceded his lack
of knowledge of any easement recorded for such purposes, he added that the State did
ultimately issue a letter approving use of the right of way as a street access point for the
Cranes’ commercial property.

       Mr. Smith, a licensed engineer employed by the Tennessee Department of
Transportation (“TDOT”), testified that he opened a file pertaining to the section of the
State right of way at issue after being contacted by both Ms. Crane and Ms. Soucie.
According to Mr. Smith, he found no document permitting use of the State right of way
as an access to Plaintiffs’ property. Mr. Smith admitted, however, that he had only begun
working for TDOT in 2006 and was therefore unfamiliar with the 1995 rezoning of the
property.
                                            -11-
       The trial court considered each witness’s knowledge of the 1995 rezoning process
before making its finding that Plaintiffs had permission from the State to use the right of
way. In determining that such grant of permission existed, the trial court primarily relied
on the respective testimonies of Mr. Graham and Mr. Mayo because both witnesses were
involved in the City’s rezoning and building permit process for Plaintiffs’ property when
the State’s grant of permission was provided in 1995. The trial court contrasted those
witnesses’ knowledge of the 1995 rezoning process with Mr. Smith’s acknowledged lack
of such knowledge. Regarding the matter, the court noted that Mr. Smith admitted his
lack of knowledge and participation in the 1995 rezoning process because his
employment with the State did not begin until 2006.

       Ms. Soucie asserts that the trial court erred in crediting the testimony of Mr.
Graham and Mr. Mayo. In support, she points to the inconsistency exhibited by their
respective testimonies, primarily regarding whether the State’s grant of permission was
provided in writing. Mr. Mayo relied on the traffic engineering official’s approval of the
Cranes’ application for rezoning of their property as evidence of the State’s grant of
permission, whereas Mr. Graham testified that he had seen a letter from the State that
established the grant of permission. The court nonetheless resolved the difference by
concluding that although the witnesses disagreed on the nature of the grant of permission,
both Mr. Graham and Mr. Mayo agreed that the State had provided permission for use of
the right of way for ingress to and egress from the Cranes’ commercial property.

       The trial court ultimately determined that Plaintiffs possessed a grant of
permission for ingress to and egress from their property via the right of way, reaching
such finding after weighing the relative knowledge of each witness regarding the grant of
permission acquired from the State in 1995. Persuaded by the testimony of Mr. Graham
and Mr. Mayo, the trial court noted that both witnesses explained that street access to the
Cranes’ property was a prerequisite to the 1995 rezoning approval. Concerning these
findings of fact, “[w]e defer to the trial court’s determinations of witness credibility.”
Coleman, 551 S.W.3d at 694.

       Despite Ms. Soucie’s contention to the contrary, the weight of the evidence does
not preponderate against the trial court’s findings of fact. Mr. Smith’s testimony denying
his knowledge of a State grant of permission for Plaintiffs’ use of the right of way is not
conclusive on this issue. As the trial court found, Mr. Smith lacked personal knowledge
regarding the 1995 grant of permission preceding the rezoning action. For those reasons,
we conclude that the evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s determination
that a grant of permission for use of the right of way was provided by the State to the
Plaintiffs for ingress to and egress from their commercial property. Having determined

                                           -12-
that Ms. Soucie’s actions interfered with Plaintiffs’ use and enjoyment of their real
property, we affirm the trial court’s award predicated upon nuisance.

                VI. Intentional Interference with Business Relationships

       Ms. Soucie also argues that the trial court erred by concluding that she interfered
with Plaintiffs’ business relationships by preventing their use of the right of way as a
driveway to the business operation. Having carefully reviewed the elements of this claim
and the proof presented, we disagree.

       As previously explained, our Supreme Court has elucidated that a claim of
intentional interference with business relationships requires that the following elements
be shown:

      (1) an existing business relationship with specific third parties or a
      prospective relationship with an identifiable class of third persons; (2) the
      defendant’s knowledge of that relationship and not a mere awareness of the
      plaintiff’s business dealings with others in general; (3) the defendant’s
      intent to cause the breach or termination of the business relationship; (4) the
      defendant’s improper motive or improper means; and finally, (5) damages
      resulting from the tortious interference.

Trau-Med, 71 S.W.3d at 701 (internal citation and footnotes omitted). In Trau-Med, the
High Court expressly adopted comment c of the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 766B,
which states in pertinent part:

      The relations protected against intentional interference by the rule stated in
      this Section include any prospective contractual relations . . . if the potential
      contract would be of pecuniary value to the plaintiff. . . . Also included is
      interference with a continuing business or other customary relationship not
      amounting to a formal contract.

Trau-Med, 71 S.W.3d at 701 n.4.

       Concerning particularly the requirement that the defendant has been shown to
have acted with improper motive or by improper means, our Supreme Court has
instructed:

      It is clear that a determination of whether a defendant acted “improperly” or
      possessed an “improper” motive is dependent on the particular facts and
      circumstances of a given case, and as a result, a precise, all-encompassing
                                            -13-
       definition of the term “improper” is neither possible nor helpful. However,
       with regard to improper motive, we require that the plaintiff demonstrate
       that the defendant’s predominant purpose was to injure the plaintiff.

Id. at 701 n.5.

       In the instant action, the trial court found in relevant part as follows concerning
Plaintiffs’ claim of intentional interference with business relationships:

               The Court determines that [Ms. Soucie] moved to the end of a dead
       end street mistakenly thinking she owned all the vacant property
       surrounding her and that the nearby properties were all residential. When
       [Ms. Soucie] discovered that Mr. Ryan was going to operate his business on
       property that she thought was residential, she told Ryan he was operating
       an illegal business. When the Ryans told her they were going to access the
       business via the Driveway, she took matters into her own hands to stop
       Plaintiff[s] from using the Driveway. Although Plaintiff[s] told [Ms.
       Soucie] that [Plaintiffs’ supplier] and [Plaintiffs’ waste disposal service]
       would only use the Driveway during the daytime and infrequently, [Ms.
       Soucie] planted trees on the Driveway and also parked her truck and trailer
       on the Driveway to block access to the site.

               The Court concludes that [Ms. Soucie] knew that Plaintiff was
       starting his heat and air business and that [Ms. Soucie] planted her trees and
       placed her truck and trailer on the Driveway to prevent the Plaintiff[s’]
       support services from using the Driveway. As such the Court concludes the
       Plaintiffs have established by a preponderance of the evidence that [Ms.
       Soucie] intentionally interfered with Plaintiff[s’] business relationships.

       Our thorough review of the record supports a determination that the evidence
preponderates in favor of the trial court’s factual findings concerning this claim. Mr.
Ryan testified that Plaintiffs held specific business contracts with third parties, a supplier
and a waste disposal company. Mr. Ryan related that he informed Ms. Soucie “in early
2017” of Plaintiffs’ ongoing business relationship with York, a supplier, and also notified
Ms. Soucie that deliveries would be made by York via the right of way. Similarly, Mr.
Ryan informed Ms. Soucie of Plaintiffs’ contract with a waste disposal service, which
would arrive once per week to haul away trash via the right of way. Although Ms.
Soucie denied having knowledge of Plaintiffs’ business relationships with identified third
parties, the trial court credited Mr. Ryan’s testimony concerning his conversation with
Ms. Soucie. Ms. Soucie did admit, however, that the Ryans had notified her in January
2017 of their intention to use the right of way as access to their property. Clearly, these
                                            -14-
business relationships provided a pecuniary value to Plaintiffs, as demonstrated by
Plaintiffs’ proof concerning the damages caused when the waste disposal service was
unable to traverse the State right of way to collect Plaintiffs’ business refuse.

        Despite knowledge of Plaintiffs’ intent to utilize the driveway access for deliveries
and waste disposal services, Ms. Soucie proceeded to obstruct passage by planting trees
and placing other objects so as to impede usage. The evidence preponderates in favor of
the trial court’s determination that Ms. Soucie “planted her trees and placed her truck and
trailer on the Driveway to prevent the Plaintiff[s’] support services from using the
Driveway.” Ms. Soucie intended to terminate Plaintiffs’ use of the road for suppliers and
other business uses by purposefully obstructing property owned by the State that
Plaintiffs had used for business purposes for a number of years. As found by the trial
court, Ms. Soucie acted with an improper motive, and her actions caused Plaintiffs to
incur damages. By reason of her objection to Plaintiffs’ use of the right of way for
business purposes, she obstructed the right of way by improper means. The trial court
properly concluded that Ms. Soucie intentionally interfered with Plaintiff’s business
relationships.

                    VII. Motion to Recuse the Trial Court Chancellor

       Ms. Soucie contends on appeal that the trial court erred in denying her motion to
recuse. Ms. Soucie argues that the chancellor’s impartiality could reasonably be
questioned because the chancellor allegedly “concealed” her prior partnership with
Plaintiffs’ counsel. Following our thorough review, we conclude that the trial court
properly denied Ms. Soucie’s recusal motion.

       Tennessee courts employ an objective test for measuring whether recusal is proper
to protect against actual bias or the appearance of bias. See State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d
287, 307 (Tenn. 2008). As our Supreme Court has explained:

              Canon 2 of the Code of Judicial Conduct provides: “A judge shall
       respect and comply with the law and shall act at all times in a manner that
       promotes public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the
       judiciary.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10, Canon 2(A). Likewise, Canon 3 requires:
       “A judge shall disqualify himself or herself in a proceeding in which the
       judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned, including but not
       limited to instances where: (a) the judge has a personal bias or prejudice
       concerning a party or a party’s lawyer . . . .” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10, Canon
       3(E)(1).



                                            -15-
Id. at 308. In Cannon, our Supreme Court determined that the mere existence of a
friendship between a trial court judge and an assistant district attorney, without further
evidence, was insufficient to mandate recusal. Id.

       Moreover, this Court has previously determined that mandatory recusal was
unnecessary, absent some other showing of bias, in a case where a trial court judge had
shared office space with a party’s attorney eight years prior to the filing of the parties’
divorce action wherein that judge presided. See Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220, 228
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). But see Bean v. Bailey, 280 S.W.3d 798, 805-06 (Tenn. 2009)
(determining that recusal was appropriate when the judge and counsel had filed
misconduct claims against one another and been involved in numerous hostile meetings,
because judicial impartiality was in doubt).

       Here, Ms. Soucie alleges that the chancellor and Plaintiffs’ counsel were in
partnership together twenty-three years prior to this action’s filing. The evidence
proffered in support of Ms. Soucie’s motion to recuse resembles the circumstances
presented in Kinard. In both instances, a party’s attorney had engaged in a former
business relationship with the trial court judge. See Kinard, 986 S.W.2d at 228.
Tennessee case law provides, however, that a party moving for recusal must be prepared
to provide specific evidence of extrajudicial bias or prejudice toward a party or party’s
attorney. As this Court has elucidated regarding bias and/or prejudice:

       [A]lthough “bias” and “prejudice” generally “refer to a state of mind or
       attitude that works to predispose a judge for or against a party[,] . . . [n]ot
       every bias, partiality or prejudice merits recusal.” Alley v. State, 882
       S.W.2d 810, 821 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Rather, “[t]o disqualify,
       prejudice must be of a personal character, directed at the litigant, [and]
       ‘must stem from an extrajudicial source and result in an opinion on the
       merits on some basis other than what the judge learned from . . .
       participation in the case.’” Id. (quoting State ex rel. Wesolich v. Goeke, 794
       S.W.2d 692, 697 (Mo. App. 1990)). “Personal bias involves an antagonism
       toward the moving party, but does not refer to any views that a judge may
       have regarding the subject matter at issue.” Id. (citing United States v.
       Baker, 441 F. Supp. 612, 616 (M. D. Tenn. 1977); 46 Am. Jur. 2d “Judges”
       § 167 (1969)). Moreover, “[i]mpersonal prejudice resulting from the
       judge’s background experience does not warrant disqualification.” Id.
       (citation omitted). Where “the bias is based upon [the judge’s] actual
       observance of witnesses and evidence given during the trial, the judge’s
       prejudice does not disqualify the judge.” Id.



                                            -16-
Durham v. Tenn. Dep’t of Labor & Workforce Dev., No. M2014-00428-COA-R3-CV,
2015 WL 899024, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2015).

       In the case at bar, Ms. Soucie presented no evidence of personal bias or prejudice
on the part of the chancellor. Applicable law does not mandate a judge’s recusal from a
case simply because that judge is acquainted with or was once professionally associated
with a party’s counsel. Ergo, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Ms. Soucie’s motion to
recuse.

                                    VIII. Directed Verdict

       Finally, Ms. Soucie argues that the trial court erred by denying her motion for a
directed verdict.2 Notably, however, Ms. Soucie’s brief completely fails to comply with
the requirements concerning a proper written argument in regard to this issue. Tennessee
Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)(7) provides that an appellant’s brief must contain an
argument setting forth “the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues
presented, and the reasons therefor, including the reasons why the contentions require
appellate relief, with citations to the authorities and appropriate references to the record
(which may be quoted verbatim) relied on.” As our Supreme Court has explained, “[a]n
issue may be deemed waived, even when it has been specifically raised as an issue, when
the brief fails to include an argument satisfying the requirements of Tenn. R. App. P.
27(a)(7).” Hodge v. Craig, 382 S.W.3d 325, 335 (Tenn. 2012). This Court has likewise
elucidated that an issue may be considered waived when a party has failed to “cite
authority for its arguments or to argue the issues in the body of its brief.” See Forbess v.
Forbess, 370 S.W.3d 347, 355 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011). We therefore conclude that Ms.
Soucie’s issue concerning whether trial court erred in its failure to grant her motion for a
directed verdict has been waived.

                                        IX. Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in its entirety.
Costs on appeal are taxed to the appellant, Laverna Soucie. This case is remanded to the
trial court for enforcement of the trial court’s judgment and collection of costs assessed
below.

                                                     _________________________________
                                                      THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE
2
  We note that the trial court properly treated this motion as one for involuntary dismissal under
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 41.02, which governs such motions in bench trials, as opposed to
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 50, which governs motions for directed verdict in jury trials.

                                              -17-
