Rule 23 order filed                     NO. 5-07-0433
August 19, 2008;
Motion to publish granted                   IN THE
September 29, 2008.
                            APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                             FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________

ELLEN FRONABARGER,                     ) Appeal from the
                                       ) Circuit Court of
   Plaintiff-Appellant,                ) Madison County.
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 05-L-1141
                                       )
EDITH BURNS,                           ) Honorable
                                       ) Nicholas G. Byron,
   Defendant-Appellee.                 ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE WELCH delivered the opinion of the court:

       The plaintiff, Ellen Fronabarger, appeals from an order of the circuit court of Madison

County that entered a judgment in her favor and against the defendant, Edith Burns, pursuant

to a jury verdict. On appeal, the plaintiff raises two issues, which we restate as follows: (1)

whether the trial court erred in allowing into evidence, without expert testimony, photographs

of the parties' vehicles following the accident and (2) whether the trial court erred in allowing

the defendant's expert's testimony regarding the photographs, the damage to the vehicles, and

the plaintiff's corresponding injury. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of

the circuit court.

                                       BACKGROUND

       On November 4, 2005, the plaintiff filed a one-count complaint in the circuit court of

Madison County, alleging that the defendant was negligent when she rear-ended the plaintiff,

causing the plaintiff injury. The plaintiff sought damages in excess of $50,000. Beginning

on May 14, 2007, a two-day jury trial was held, where the following evidence was adduced.

       On November 29, 2003, at approximately 11:30 a.m., the plaintiff's vehicle, while


                                               1
stopped at the intersection of State Aid 35 and Route 111, was struck from the rear by the

defendant's vehicle. The plaintiff intended to turn right at this intersection but was stopped

because the light was red. The defendant was traveling on State Aid 35, and she also

intended to turn right onto Route 111. The defendant testified she saw that the light was red

and slowed down. She looked to the left, checking the traffic on Route 111. When she

looked back, she was surprised to see the plaintiff's car still stopped at the light. She slowed

but failed to come to a complete stop and struck the plaintiff's vehicle. The defendant

described the force of the impact as being similar to a car's front wheels hitting a concrete

parking block while parking. She estimated that she was traveling under 14 miles per hour

when the accident occurred, because her air bags did not deploy. The defendant testified that

only her front bumper was involved in the accident, that her car did not have any damage,

and that she observed minor damage to the plaintiff's vehicle.

       The plaintiff described the force of the impact as "just a push" that made her body

move forward. She had no warning and was unaware that the defendant's vehicle was going

to hit her vehicle. She was wearing her safety belt and did not hit any part of her body

against the inside of her car or lose consciousness as a result of the accident. Her vehicle had

scratches on the bumper and the bumper was pushed forward. She testified that she felt stiff

immediately after the accident but did not think she was hurt. After the accident, she went

to her scheduled hair appointment and worked her regular shift. She also worked her regular

shift the following day.

       On December 1, 2003, two days after her accident, the plaintiff "could not get out of

bed" because of her back pain. She saw Dr. Shipley, a chiropractic physician, on that day.

Shipley testified that he diagnosed the plaintiff's lower back pain as radiculopathy. Shipley

also testified that the plaintiff had degenerative disc disease and degenerative joint disease

which predated the accident. The plaintiff had three treatments a week for six months and


                                               2
then two treatments a week for six more months. The plaintiff's last treatment was on

December 22, 2004. Shipley instructed the defendant not to lift heavy objects and to sit when

possible. Shipley testified that he believed, within a reasonable degree of chiropractic

certainty, that the November 29, 2003, accident caused the plaintiff's symptoms. The total

bill for the treatment was $10,225. Throughout her treatment, the plaintiff was able to work.

Three weeks after the accident, she returned to her bowling league three nights a week,

playing two games each night. Five weeks after the accident, she began bowling three games

a night, three nights a week.

       During the trial, the defendant presented a series of photographs. Two of the

photographs were of the defendant's car after the accident. The defendant testified that these

pictures fairly and accurately depicted the way her car looked following the accident. The

defendant also presented two other pictures; these pictures were of the plaintiff's car after the

accident. The plaintiff stated that these pictures fairly and accurately depicted the plaintiff's

vehicle following the accident. The photographs depicted no damage to the defendant's car

and minor damage to the plaintiff's bumper. The plaintiff objected to the admissibility of the

photographs, and the circuit court overruled the objection, allowing the photographs to be

admitted into evidence.

       The last witness to testify was the defendant's expert, Dr. Karen Pentella, via an

evidence deposition. Pentella, who is board-certified in neurology and pain medicine,

reviewed the plaintiff's medical records and conducted an independent physical and

neurological examination of the plaintiff on September 13, 2006. She did not find any

abnormalities in the plaintiff's neck, thoracic spine, or lumbar spine or irritation of the sciatic

nerve. She testified that the plaintiff's lower back was tender in the midline and lumbar

regions. Her review of Shipley's records revealed that the plaintiff had degenerative disc

disease and degenerative joint disease. Pentella testified that these degenerative diseases


                                                3
would have predated the accident and that the degenerative joint disease could have caused

the pain in the plaintiff's lower back. Pentella opined that the plaintiff did not suffer any

significant or permanent injury as a result of the accident and that the plaintiff will not need

any more medical treatment. She testified that she was unable to determine if the plaintiff

suffered from a soft tissue injury, which usually lasts not longer than 6 weeks, because she

examined the plaintiff 2 years and 10 months after the accident.

       In addition to reviewing the records in this case, Pentella also reviewed the

photographs of the defendant's and plaintiff's vehicles. Pentella testified that the photographs

were significant because the vehicles in them showed no damage. Pentella testified as

follows:

              "Q. [Defense attorney:] Okay. And Doctor, in looking at those photographs

       that I think have previously–one has been previously marked–or actually we'll mark

       it as Defendant's Exhibit Number 4.

              MS. BARBIERI [plaintiff's attorney]: Your Honor, just for the record, I will

       again renew my objection to admissibility of the photographs as irrelevant and beyond

       the scope of this doctor's training and expertise.

              THE COURT: Overruled.

              Q. Doctor, what significance, if any, were the photographs to you in your

       evaluation?

              A. Well, the significance to me is that they show no damage to the vehicle. So,

       the first indication of the amount of force that Ms. Fronabarger sustained at the time

       of the impact would be given to me by looking–by knowing how much damage was

       done to the vehicle, because that's going to be the first place where the force is felt.

       And if the vehicle doesn't sustain any evidence of an impact, then it's not likely that

       the people in the vehicle are going to have significant evidence of an impact."


                                               4
       On cross-examination, Pentella testified that she had training in biomechanics while

an undergraduate. She also testified that while she does not have a degree in biomechanics,

knowledge of biomechanics is necessary for doctors treating patients with conditions that

affect the spine.    Pentella testified that form distortions, elasticity tests, crash test

information, and energy-absorbing bumper information did not factor into her opinion about

the damage done to the vehicles and the injury sustained by the plaintiff.

       On redirect, Pentella testified that when a person is involved in a rear-end collision,

the neck is more likely to suffer strain or injury than the lower back, because the lower back

is restrained by the lap belt and the shoulder harness. She testified that a great impact would

be needed between the vehicles to injure the lower back. From looking at the pictures,

Pentella testified that she did not see any evidence of impact. The plaintiff objected to this

testimony, which the courted noted.

       The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff in the amount of $3,141. The

plaintiff now appeals.

                                         ANALYSIS

       The first issue raised on appeal is whether the trial court erred in admitting, without

expert testimony, photographs of the parties' vehicles following the accident. It is within the

discretion of the trial court to decide whether evidence is relevant and admissible. Ferro v.

Griffiths, 361 Ill. App. 3d 738, 742 (2005). Evidence is relevant if it has " 'any tendency to

make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more

or less probable than it would be without the evidence.' " DiCosola v. Bowman, 342 Ill. App.

3d 530, 535 (2003) (quoting Wojcik v. City of Chicago, 299 Ill. App. 3d 964, 971 (1998)).

A trial court's decision to admit evidence will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.

Jackson v. Seib, 372 Ill. App. 3d 1061 (2007). A trial court abuses its discretion when "no

reasonable person would take the position adopted by the trial court." Ferro, 361 Ill. App.


                                              5
3d at 742.

       The plaintiff argues that absent expert testimony on the correlation between vehicular

damage and plaintiff's injuries, photographs of the parties' damaged vehicles is inadmissible,

citing Baraniak v. Kurby, 371 Ill. App. 3d 310, 318 (2007). The appellate court has rejected

the notion that these photographs are always admissible or that expert testimony is always

necessary. Jackson, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 1070; DiCosola, 342 Ill. App. 3d at 537; Ferro, 361

Ill. App. 3d at 743. The court in Ferro stated that a trial court has to determine "whether the

photographs make the resulting injury to the plaintiff more or less probable" and "whether

the nature of the damage to the vehicles and the injury to the plaintiff are such that a lay

person can readily assess their relationship, if any, without expert interpretation." Ferro, 361

Ill. App. 3d at 742. This is an evidentiary question that is left to the discretion of the trial

court. Ferro, 361 Ill. App. 3d at 742.

       In this case, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the

photographs without expert testimony. Upon a review of the pictures and the record of the

proceedings, we find that a jury could assess the relationship between the damage to the

vehicles and the injury to the plaintiff without the aid of an expert. The photographs were

introduced to show why minimal damage to the vehicles was relevant to the nature and extent

of the plaintiff's injuries. In this case, the plaintiff sought chiropractic treatment for an entire

year for her lower back pain, while she was still able to participate in her bowling league

three nights a week. The photographs depicted relatively minor damage to the plaintiff's

vehicle and no damage to the defendant's vehicle. The trial court could properly have found

that the photographs were relevant to prove that the plaintiff's injury was more probable or

less probable. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

       The remaining two arguments in the plaintiff's brief can be combined into one

argument that the trial court erred in admitting Pentella's testimony showing a correlation


                                                 6
between the photographs and the plaintiff's injuries. The plaintiff argues that the trial court

should not have allowed the defendant's expert to testify that "if the vehicle doesn't sustain

any evidence of an impact, then it's not likely that the people in the vehicle are going to have

significant evidence of an impact." The plaintiff argues that the defendant failed to lay a

foundation because Pentella was not qualified to give testimony regarding the damage to

vehicles correlating with the injury to the plaintiff.

       An expert opinion is admissible if "the expert is qualified by knowledge, skill,

experience, training, or education in a field that has 'at least a modicum of reliability,' and if

the testimony would aid the jury in understanding the evidence." Hiscott v. Peters, 324 Ill.

App. 3d 114, 122 (2001) (quoting Wiegman v. Hitch-Inn Post of Libertyville, Inc., 308 Ill.

App. 3d 789, 799 (1999)). The admission of expert testimony requires the proponent to lay

an adequate foundation establishing that the information on which the expert bases her

opinion is reliable. Hiscott, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 122. If a proper foundation has been laid, the

expert's testimony is admissible, but the weight to be assigned to that testimony is for the jury

to determine. Wiegman, 308 Ill. App. 3d at 799. The admission of expert testimony is within

the discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed unless the trial court abused its

discretion. Martin v. Sally, 341 Ill. App. 3d 308, 315 (2003).

       In this case, the defendant laid a proper foundation for Pentella's expert testimony.

Pentella is a graduate of Ohio State University, School of Medicine, and she is board-

certified in both pain medicine and neurology. She testified that as a neurologist she has

experience in treating patients injured in automobile accidents. She also testified that she had

reviewed the plaintiff's medical records and the vehicle photographs and that she had

performed an independent medical examination on the plaintiff. Pentella based her testimony

on her observation and experience as a doctor who treats patients injured in automobile

accidents. "Illinois case law is replete with physicians who have testified, based on


                                                7
observation and experience, regarding their opinion of whether a claimant was injured."

Jackson v. Seib, 372 Ill. App. 3d 1061, 1073 (2007).

       The plaintiff relies on Martin v. Sally, 341 Ill. App. 3d 308 (2003), in which the

appellate court held that an accident reconstructionist's testimony based on generalities and

not the specific facts lacked foundation. In Martin, the expert failed to consider the

plaintiff's weight, height, and age. The expert also failed to consider how extensive the

plaintiff's preexisting injuries were or whether the plaintiff wore a seat belt. In this case,

however, when determining the severity of the plaintiff's preexisting degenerative conditions,

Pentella considered the plaintiff's weight and age. Pentella also testified that the seat belt

worn by the plaintiff probably reduced the chances of the plaintiff injuring her lower back.

Further, in Martin, while the court found error, it did not find that the error was prejudicial

or that the result of the trial was materially affected. Martin, 341 Ill. App. 3d at 316. The

testimony of the accident reconstructionist did not affect the outcome of the trial because the

testimony of the other expert witnesses supported the jury's verdict. Martin, 341 Ill. App. 3d

at 316. In that case, Dr. Delheimer, a neurosurgeon, examined the plaintiff and reviewed the

medical records. He believed that the plaintiff's surgery had no causal relationship to the

automobile accident. Delheimer based his belief, in part, on the lack of damages to the

vehicles, as shown by the photographs. In this case, Pentella based her opinions regarding

the plaintiff's injury on her examination of the plaintiff, her review of the records, and in part,

on the lack of damage to the vehicles as depicted in the photographs. The trial court did not

abuse its discretion in allowing Pentella's testimony regarding the damages done to the

vehicles, as depicted in the photographs, and the plaintiff's corresponding injury.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Madison County is

hereby affirmed.


                                                8
Affirmed.



WEXSTTEN and DONOVAN, JJ., concur.




                             9
                                         NO. 5-07-0433

                                            IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                  FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________

      ELLEN FRONABARGER,                    ) Appeal from the
                                            ) Circuit Court of
         Plaintiff-Appellant,               ) Madison County.
                                            )
      v.                                    ) No. 05-L-1141
                                            )
      EDITH BURNS,                          ) Honorable
                                            ) Nicholas G. Byron,
         Defendant-Appellee.                ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Rule 23 Order Filed:        August 19, 2008
Motion to Publish Granted:  September 29, 2008
Opinion Filed:              September 29, 2008
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:          Honorable Thomas M. Welch, J.

                 Honorable James M. Wexstten, J., and
                 Honorable James K. Donovan, J.,
                 Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        Ms. Jennifer L. Barbieri, Mr. Thomas C. Rich, Thomas C. Rich, P.C., 6 Executive
for              Drive, Suite 3, Fairview Heights, IL 62208
Appellant
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        Martin K. Morrissey, Dominique N. Seymoure, Tara I. English, Reed, Armstrong,
for              Gorman, Mudge & Morrissey, P.C., 115 N. Buchanan, P.O. Box 368, Edwardsville,
Appellee         IL 62025
___________________________________________________________________________________
