                                       File Name: 07a0365n.06
                                         Filed: May 29, 2007

                    NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

                                              No. 06-4299

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

THOMAS L. PROCACCIO, d/b/a PRO GUN &
SPORTS SUPPLY,

          Petitioner-Appellant,

v.                                                           ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT
MARCIA LAMBERT, Director, Industry                           COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
Operations, Columbus Division, Bureau of                     DISTRICT OF OHIO
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives,

          Defendant-Appellee.


                                                         /

Before:          MARTIN, BATCHELDER, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.

          BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge. Petitioner Thomas Procaccio appeals from the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Columbus Division of the Federal Bureau

of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (“ATF”). The ATF revoked his license to sell

firearms after issuing him numerous citations for record-keeping violations at his gun and sports

supply store. See 18 U.S.C. § 923(e). For the reasons discussed below, we now AFFIRM.

                                                    I

          The facts of the case are quite straightforward, and were adequately set forth by the district

court in its opinion and order of July 25, 2006:
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 2

               In February 1986, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
       (“ATF”) issued Petitioner Thomas Procaccio a license to sell firearms. Since then,
       the Petitioner has operated Pro Gun and Sports Supply (“Pro Gun”) in Cuyahoga
       Falls, Ohio. Since issuing the license, ATF agents have inspected Pro Gun four times
       to ensure compliance with ATF procedures. At each inspection, the agents cited the
       Petitioner for numerous record-keeping violations.1 After each inspection, the agents
       issued a report to the Petitioner detailing the citations and gave Petitioner Procaccio
       an opportunity to discuss the problems with the investigating agents.
               In May 2004, the Petitioner applied to renew his firearm dealer license. On
       May 22, 2004, ATF notified the Petitioner that his application was on hold during the
       pendency of assault charges then pending against him in state court in Cuyahoga
       Falls. Procaccio was later acquitted of those charges, and on June 7, 2004, counsel
       for the Petitioner sent ATF a copy of the Petitioner’s acquittal record in that case.
       Nevertheless, in late 2004 or early 2005, ATF notified the Petitioner that it intended
       to revoke his sales license for wilfully violating ATF’s record-keeping regulations.

D. Ct. Op. at 1-2 (internal record citations omitted).

       Procaccio sought review of the ATF’s intention to revoke his license. On March 31, 2005,

a hearing was held at the ATF Columbus Field Division. On June 13, the ATF issued a report

finding that Procaccio had “willfully violated” provisions of the Gun Control Act of 1968 (“the

Act”), 18 U.S.C. § 921 et seq. Joint App’x at 207-16. Pursuant to these findings, the ATF issued

a final notice of revocation. Id. at 220. On September 30, Procaccio filed a petition seeking de novo

review of the ATF’s decision to revoke his sales license, as is his right under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3).

The ATF responded with a motion for summary judgment. On July 25, 2006, the district court



       1
         ATF conducted inspections in March 1993, September 1994, June-July 2000, and March
2003. Petitioner was cited for incomplete Forms 4473 at each inspection. Additionally, the
inspectors found that the Petitioner’s log book was incomplete on three occasions, that he was not
filling out Forms 3310.4 as required on two occasions, and that he was failing to provide required
information to purchasers on one occasion. Form 4473 tracks sales and transfers of firearms, and
Form 3310.4 records multiple sales to the same individual within a short time period. These forms
and disclosures are required by ATF regulation. See generally 27 C.F.R. §§ 478.100-03, 478.121-26
(2006).
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 3

granted the ATF’s motion. Procaccio now appeals from this decision, articulating the following two

issues for review: (1) whether, when interpreting the Act, the mens rea of “willfulness” should be

defined as in Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184 (1998) or as in Appalachian Resources

Development Corp. v. McCabe, 387 F.3d 461 (6th Cir. 2004); and (2) whether, based on the answer

to the first question, Procaccio can be said to have “willfully violated” the Act.

                                                   II

        This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, and must view “the

facts and any inferences that can be drawn from those facts . . . in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party.” Bennett v. City of Eastpointe, 410 F.3d 810, 817 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing Matsushita

Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1996)).

        The district court’s review of an adverse determination by the ATF is also “de novo,” but it

is a somewhat curious form of de novo review. Title 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3) states as follows:

        The aggrieved party may . . . file a petition with the United States district court . . .
        for a de novo judicial review of such denial or revocation. . . . [T]he court may
        consider any evidence submitted by the parties to the proceeding whether or not such
        evidence was considered at the hearing . . . . If the court decides that the Attorney
        General was not authorized to deny the application or to revoke the license, the court
        shall order the Attorney General to take such action as may be necessary to comply
        with the judgment of the court.


The district court noted the seeming uncertainty of this section, because it expressly “calls for ‘de

novo judicial review,’ yet limits the Court to deciding only whether the Attorney General’s decision

‘was not authorized.’” D. Ct. Op. at 4. Although there was some dispute during the district court

proceedings as to “how this unique form of de novo review should operate,” id. at 3, Procaccio does
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 4

not in the present appeal challenge the district court’s treatment of the issue. We therefore leave for

a later date any examination of the subtleties presented by § 923(f)(3)’s standard of review.

                                                  A

       Title 18 U.S.C. § 923(e) provides in pertinent part: “The Attorney General may, after notice

and opportunity for hearing, revoke any license issued under this section if the holder of such license

has willfully violated any provision of this chapter or any rule or regulation prescribed by the

Attorney General under this chapter. . . .” (Emphasis added.) Procaccio concedes that he was in

technical violation of several regulations, specifically those passed pursuant to § 923(g)(1)(A) of the

Act, which states that “[e]ach . . . licensed dealer shall maintain such records of . . . shipment,

receipt, sale, or other disposition of firearms at his place of business for such period, and in such

form, as the Attorney General may by regulations prescribe.” Procaccio claims, however, that he did

not “willfully violate” any provisions of the Act, based on the Supreme Court’s definition of the term

“willful” in Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184 (1998). Procaccio focuses on the language used

by the Court in footnote 13 of Bryan, a criminal case in which the Court was asked to plumb the

meaning of “willfully” as it appears in another, related part of the Act, § 924(a)(1)(D). The Bryan

footnote catalogues cases, arising in a variety of contexts, in which various courts and commentators

equate a willful act to one “undertaken with a bad purpose.” Id. at 191 (internal quotation marks

omitted). Procaccio now reasons that because he did not act with a “bad purpose” in violating the

Act’s regulations, his license was improperly revoked.
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 5

        Procaccio’s argument suffers from an overly narrow reading of Bryan and a seeming

disregard of our own precedent interpreting that opinion. See Appalachian Resources Development

Corp. v. McCabe, 387 F.3d 461 (6th Cir. 2004). In Appalachian Resources, the appellant had its

federal firearms license revoked and pressed a virtually identical argument to the one Procaccio

brings now. The appellant’s license was revoked because it had sold a handgun to an individual

“who the licensee knows or has reasonable cause to believe is less than twenty-one years of age,”

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(1). Appalachian Resources, 387 F.3d at 463. On appeal, the

appellant argued that it “did not ‘willfully’ violate the Act because the sale was not done ‘with the

bad purpose to disobey or disregard the law.’” Id. at 464 (citing Bryan, 524 U.S. at 190). We

rejected the appellant’s argument, noting that while Bryan did indeed allude to “bad purpose” as one

possible reading of willfulness, it did not restrict it so in the context of the Act: “[T]he Bryan

opinion acknowledges that a disregard of a known legal obligation is sufficient to establish a willful

violation.” Id. at 465 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted); see also id. at 467 (Clay, J.,

concurring) (“[Bryan] held that evidence showing knowledge that the conduct is unlawful is all that

is required to prove a willful violation of the Gun Control Act and has noted that disregard of a

known legal obligation under the Act is certainly sufficient to establish a willful violation.” (internal

quotation marks and brackets omitted)).

        In other words, our opinion in Appalachian Resources is not inconsistent with Bryan. As

such, we are clearly bound by the prior panel opinion in Appalachian Resources. “A panel of this

Court cannot overrule the decision of another panel. The prior decision remains controlling authority

unless an inconsistent decision of the United States Supreme Court requires modification of the
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 6

decision or this Court sitting en banc overrules the prior decision.” Dingle v. Bioport Corp., 388

F.3d 209, 215 (6th Cir. 2004) (emphasis added) (quoting Salmi v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs.,

774 F.2d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 1985)). Based on Appalachian Resources, “willfulness” under the Gun

Control Act does not require the heightened showing of “bad purpose.” Rather, evidence of an

individual’s “disregard of a known legal obligation” is entirely sufficient. We note that several of

our sister circuits have recently reached the exact same conclusion when confronted with firearms

license revocations under the same provision at issue here. See, e.g., Article II Gun Shop, Inc. v.

Gonzales, 441 F.3d 492, 498 (7th Cir. 2006) (“The Bryan Court did not hold that a showing of “bad

purpose” is required before ATF can revoke the license of a gun dealer who violates the Act despite

knowledge of its requirements. Rather, the Court simply held that a bad purpose may be sufficient

to demonstrate purposeful disregard for or plain indifference to the law, where there is no evidence

a party was aware of the requirements of the law. In this case, it is clear that [petitioner] was aware

of its obligations under the Act.”); RSM, Inc. v. Herbert, 466 F.3d 316, 321 (4th Cir. 2006) (“The

[Bryan] Court recognized . . . that the willfulness requirement was also satisfied by a showing of,

among other things, a disregard of or an indifference to known legal obligations.”).

       Procaccio further maintains that Appalachian Resources is inconsistent with Congress’s

intent when it passed the Act. In support of this theory, he provides nothing more than a lengthy

quotation from the March 28, 2006 testimony of one “Richard E. Gardiner, Esq.” before the House

Judiciary Committee. Appellant’s Br. at 13-14; Joint App’x at 499-500. However, Procaccio does

not put forward any argument as to why this panel should be persuaded by Gardiner’s testimony.

Mr. Gardiner is by no means a disinterested witness: he is a private practitioner who for over twenty-
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 7

five years has represented firearms dealers, manufacturers, and importers in all manner of

proceedings, including defense of license revocations pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 923(e). Furthermore,

for every individual who testifies before Congress as to one conclusion, one can almost always find

another individual—usually an “Esquire,” in fact—who testified to the exact opposite conclusion.

Procaccio’s congressional intent argument would also seem to be foreclosed by Bryan, the very case

on which he attempts to rely. See 524 U.S. at 196 (noting that the legislative history of §

924(a)(1)(D) “is too ambiguous to offer petitioner much assistance”).2 Thus, with respect to

congressional intent, Procaccio gives this panel precious little to chew on, and what little he does

provide seems flatly contradicted by the Supreme Court’s prior findings in Bryan.

                                                  B

       Procaccio completely fails to develop his second issue for review — that is, he completely

fails to make the alternative argument that he should be entitled to relief even under the Appalachian

Resources definition of willfulness. He could, for example, have maintained that he did not

“disregard a known legal obligation” under any section of the Act, and thus his license should not

have been revoked, or at the very least his claims should not have been disposed of on summary

judgment. See, e.g., Article II Gun Shop, 441 F.3d at 498-99 (Manion, J., dissenting). He does not


       2
         Admittedly, the Bryan Court was considering the congressional intent behind the willfulness
requirement as added to § 924(a)(1)(D) of the Act by a 1986 amendment known as the Firearms
Owners’ Protection Act (“FOPA”). See Bryan, 524 U.S. at 186-88. These 1986 amendments did
nothing to alter the “willfully violated” language of § 923(e), however, because they only involved
changes to §§ 921, 922, and 924 of the Act. Id. But given Procaccio’s insistence that Bryan
necessarily controls the outcome of the instant case (even though it considers “willfully violated”
in the context of § 924, not § 923), it would make little sense for him to parse Bryan so finely, nor
does he even make an effort to do so.
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 8

make this argument in any meaningful way, however, relying instead on the longshot that this panel

might overturn Appalachian Resources. Appellant’s Br. at 10 (“[Petitioner] contends that, in the

instant case, the definition of willfulness as defined by the United States Supreme Court in Bryan

. . . constitutes the controlling law. [Petitioner] further contends that, in accordance with the Bryan

standard, he did not willfully violate the [Act], 18 U.S.C. § 923(g)(1)(A), and the ATF[] had no

cause to revoke his Federal Firearms License.” (emphasis added)). Given Procaccio’s stubborn

insistence on Bryan, we therefore consider this alternative argument waived. See Adams v. Philip

Morris, Inc., 67 F.3d 580, 583 (6th Cir. 1995) (“We ordinarily consider issues not fully developed

and argued to be waived.”).

       Procaccio also makes a cursory argument that his relatively few violations and speedy

compliance with ATF requirements following the inspections somehow undercut the ATF’s

authority to revoke his license. This Court, however, has recognized that even a single violation of

the relevant statute and regulations constitutes a sufficient basis for revoking a firearms license. See

Appalachian Resources, 387 F.3d at 464. Moreover, as a district court pointed out in a similar case,

“[w]hile these repeat episodes could be characterized as minor or insignificant, these repetitions,

nevertheless, undermine the petitioner’s claim to have corrected his ways.” Cisewski v. Department

of Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, 773 F. Supp. 148, 152 (E.D. Wis. 1991).

Procaccio’s argument that his post-inspection efforts are probative of his willfulness is without merit.

What matter are his actions at the time the violations occurred. See Cucchiara v. Sec’y of Treasury,

652 F.2d 28, 30 (9th Cir. 1981) (“The fact that [petitioner] has spent a great deal of money trying to

correct his faulty recordkeeping system, after the violations, . . . is immaterial to the question of
No. 06-4299
Procaccio v. Lambert
Page 9

willfulness at the time the violations occurred.”); Sturdy v. Bentsen, No. 97-1786, 1997 U.S. App.

LEXIS 27671, at *5 (8th Cir. Oct. 6, 1997) (“[A]fter-the-fact efforts to correct the specific violations

pointed out to [petitioner] are irrelevant to the issue of willfulness at the time the errors occurred.”).

                                                   III

        Procaccio devotes only six pages of his brief to actual argument, and virtually all of that

focuses on why this Court’s decision in Appalachian Resources contradicts the Supreme Court’s

decision in Bryan and should therefore be reversed. Given that the two cases are in no way

contradictory, we find little merit in Procaccio’s appeal, and we thus AFFIRM the decision of the

district court.
