                                                                         FILED
                                                              United States Court of Appeals
                                                                      Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                   November 1, 2007
                                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                              FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT                 Clerk of Court



    D JONNI,

                Petitioner,

    v.                                                    No. 07-9512
                                                       (No. A97-195-430)
    PETER D. KEISLER, *                               (Petition for Review)
    Acting Attorney General,

                Respondent.



                              OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT **


Before T YM KOV IC H, B AL DOCK , and EBEL, Circuit Judges.




         Petitioner D Jonni seeks review of a final order of removal in which the

Bureau of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed an Immigration Judge’s (IJ)




*
      Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2), Peter D. Keisler is substituted for
Alberto R. Gonzales as respondent in this appeal.
**
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
denial of his applications for asylum, restriction on removal, 1 and relief under the

Convention Against Torture (CAT). W e dismiss in part and deny in part

M r. Jonni’s petition for review .

                                     I. Background

      M r. Jonni is a citizen of Indonesia, where he was born in 1976. He was

adm itted to the U nited States on a non-immigrant visa on April 15, 2000. He

remained here beyond the six-month period authorized by his visa. In April 2003

he filed applications for asylum, restriction on removal, and relief under CAT.

He claimed past persecution and a well-founded fear of future persecution in

Indonesia, based upon his Chinese ethnicity and his Christian religion. The

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) initiated removal proceedings against

M r. Jonni in July 2003 and he conceded removability.

                       A. M r. Jonni’s Applications for Relief

      On his application form, M r. Jonni stated that he fears native Indonesians

and M uslims because he is both Chinese and Christian. He referred generally to

persecution of Christians, hundreds of church burnings, M uslim/Christian




1
       The IJ and the government use the term “witholding of removal.”
“[A]mendments to the Immigration & Naturalization Act made by the Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) changed
the terminology to ‘restriction on removal.’ See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)[.] Since
this case arose after the effective date of the IIRIRA, we refer to this provision as
‘restriction on removal.’” Sidabutar v. Gonzales, No. 06-9576, __ F.3d __, 2007
W L 2743672, at *1 n.1 (10th Cir. Sept. 21, 2007) (citation omitted).

                                          -2-
violence in particular parts of the country, the imposition of M uslim religious

law s in some areas, M uslims’ intolerance of other religions, especially

Christianity, and recent riots in favor of the Iraqi regime. He said he believed

that the Indonesian government would not protect him from the majority-M uslim

population. He also stated that he had been beaten, and had glass and stones

thrown at him, because he looks Chinese. He said that his father was killed by

native Indonesians, who hate C hinese people, after his father refused their

blackmail demands to pay them or move away. He described how his family

found his father’s body inside the store that he owned. On his application form,

M r. Jonni indicated that his mother and sister still lived in Indonesia. He stated

that no one in his immediate family had been arrested anywhere outside of the

United States, and he denied that he, his parents, or his siblings had applied for

asylum in the United States or sought lawful status in any other country.

                             B. M r. Jonni’s Testim ony

      At a hearing before an IJ on August 2, 2005, M r. Jonni testified that he

spent his early years in Parsuruan, where he attended a Catholic school. He

described being harassed because he is Chinese. He spoke of having no one to

play with, being spit upon, and having stones thrown at him. M r. Jonni claimed

that, when he was about eight or nine years old, the police unjustly arrested and

beat his father, accusing him of doing something bad and being an illegal alien.




                                          -3-
He acknowledged later in his testimony that he failed to mention his father’s

arrest in his asylum application.

      At some point he went to live in M alang, which is about an hour and a half

from Parsuruan. He joined his brother and sister, who had previously moved to

M alang, and they lived with extended family members. H is parents remained in

Parsuruan, where his father operated a store, but his mother visited the children in

M alang on the weekends. He again attended a Catholic school. In contrast to his

description of his life in Parsuruan, he did not testify that he was subjected to

similar harassment in M alang because he is Chinese.

      He testified further that native Indonesian M uslims were jealous of the

prosperity of his father’s store in Parsuruan. He said that his parents received

threatening letters saying things like, “[Y]ou’re Chinese, you’re not suppose[d] to

be here.” Admin. R. at 95. He testified that in 1991 he returned with his mother

to Parsuruan after one of her visits to M alang. They found the store closed, with

no sign of his father. After making some inquiries with the neighbors, they broke

into the store where they found everything in disarray, but only a small amount of

money taken. M r. Jonni found his father’s body in one of the rooms, bound with

ropes. He testified that his father had been murdered and he claimed that a

document in Indonesian w as a record of his father’s death that confirmed it was a

homicide. M r. Jonni said that his family had to pay the police to investigate. The

police considered it a robbery ending in murder and they arrested and prosecuted

                                          -4-
his father’s gardener, who went to jail for seven or eight years. He claimed that

the killer yelled out in court something to the effect of “[W ]e are united M uslims”

and threatened that he would find M r. Jonni’s family after he was released from

jail. Admin. R. at 108. At his asylum hearing, he could not recall the killer’s

name.

        After his father’s death, his mother sold the store and they moved to

M alang, where they lived in a small, predominately-Chinese area. He did not

testify regarding any problems there until 1998 or 1999, when he said that the

family saw people walking around their house, including someone who looked

like the man w ho killed his father. At that point the killer had been released from

jail. M r. Jonni then moved to Bali, where he said the people are mostly Hindu

and look almost Chinese. In Bali he felt safe and experienced no discrimination.

W hen asked why he left Bali, he said that he learned from his mother, who had

moved to a different city, that strangers were asking about his family and he knew

the killer could still find him. He said his mother had been to the United States

on vacation. She liked it here, so she recommended that if he did not feel safe in

Bali, he should take a vacation here and see if he liked it too.

        M r. Jonni testified that his brother came to the United States with him, also

overstayed his non-immigrant visa, and also filed an asylum application. His

brother’s application w as denied two months before M r. Jonni’s hearing. He

admitted that he failed to indicate in his application that his brother had applied

                                           -5-
for asylum. He testified that his mother and sister moved to the Netherlands in

2002 and he said they were seeking permanent residence there at the time of the

hearing. He admitted that this testimony was contrary to the statement in his

application that his mother and sister still lived in Indonesia. He also

acknowledged that, after his father’s killer had been released from jail, he

traveled outside of Indonesia (to China in 1998 and to Hong Kong in 1999), and

that he returned to Indonesia after each trip, despite his claim that he feared

retaliation by his father’s killer.

                                  C. The IJ’s Decision

       The IJ considered documents submitted by M r. Jonni, including the 2003

Department of State Country Reports for Indonesia and newspaper articles. The

IJ did not admit into evidence documents that M r. Jonni submitted on the day of

the hearing, including several that had not been translated into English. Based on

the evidence presented, the IJ was unable to reach a conclusion regarding the

cause of his father’s death, finding that M r. Jonni’s “testimony was not

sufficiently detailed, consistent or believable to provide a plausible and coherent

account for the basis of his fears and thus [could not] suffice to establish his

eligibility for asylum without corroborating evidence.” A dmin. R. at 58. The IJ

concluded that corroborating evidence was available. The IJ also noted the

discrepancies between M r. Jonni’s statements in his application and his




                                          -6-
testimony, his failure to provide documents translated into English, and his failure

to leave Indonesia soon after his father’s killer was released from jail.

      Focusing on his testimony that he felt safe in Bali, the IJ further concluded

that he failed to show a countrywide threat of persecution. The IJ also found that

M r. Jonni’s asylum application was not filed within the one-year statutory period

and he failed to show extraordinary or changed circumstances sufficient to excuse

his delay. Because he did not establish eligibility for asylum, the IJ found that

M r. Jonni also failed to satisfy the higher standard of eligibility for restriction on

removal. The IJ denied M r. Jonni’s applications for asylum, restriction on

removal, and relief under CAT, but granted him voluntary departure.

                                    D. BIA Appeal

      M r. Jonni appealed to the B IA. In his appeal brief he argued that the IJ

failed to make a credibility finding, and therefore he was entitled to a “favorable

inference.” Admin. R. at 9. He also argued that the IJ should have found that he

was targeted for persecution based on his membership in a particular social

group–his family. Finally, he contended that his father’s murder was a hate crime

and that the IJ erred in not recognizing that “persecution of one family member

amounts to a threat against all [family members].” Id. A single member of the

BIA issued a brief order affirming the IJ’s decision. The BIA agreed with the IJ’s

conclusion that M r. Jonni’s asylum application was untimely and that he failed to

establish an exception to the one-year deadline, based upon extraordinary or

                                           -7-
changed circumstances. Relying on this court’s decision in Tulengkey v.

Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. 2005), it also agreed with the IJ that

M r. Jonni failed to show a clear probability that he will suffer persecution in

Indonesia because he is Chinese and Christian. The BIA specifically concurred

with the IJ’s reasoning that the circumstances of M r. Jonni’s father’s death w ere

not clear from the record and did not establish past persecution.

                                E. Petition for Review

      M r. Jonni filed a timely petition for review. He first argues that the

transcript of his testimony contains so many omissions where his statements were

indiscernible that he was deprived of a meaningful review by the BIA. He claims

that these omissions prejudiced him, both respect to the BIA’s conclusions

regarding his explanation for filing a late asylum application and with regard to

the merits of his applications for relief.

      He also argues that the BIA erred in finding him ineligible for restriction

on removal. He contends that his evidence established past persecution and that it

is more likely than not that he will suffer future persecution if removed to

Indonesia. As to the probability of future persecution, he argues that the 2003

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Indonesia alone establish that

“Chinese-Indonesian Christians are subject to a pattern and practice of

persecution in Indonesia.” Pet. Br. at 23. He urges this court to adopt the Ninth

Circuit’s “disfavored group” standard as stated in Sael v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 922

                                             -8-
(9th Cir. 2004) and he challenges the BIA’s determination that he could relocate

within Indonesia. Finally, he argues that the IJ erred in denying him relief under

CA T.

                                    II. Jurisdiction

        W e must first determine whether we have jurisdiction to review the issues

raised in M r. Jonni’s petition. See Diallo v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 1274, 1281

(10th Cir. 2006) (“W e have jurisdiction to determine our jurisdiction.” (quotation

omitted)). Our jurisdiction to review a final order of removal arises under

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), but it is not unlimited. A petitioner must first exhaust his

administrative remedies by raising his claims of error in his appeal to the BIA .

See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). H is failure to do so deprives this court of jurisdiction.

See Sidabutar v. Gonzales, No. 06-9576, __ F.3d __, 2007 W L 2743672, at *2

(10th Cir. Sept. 21, 2007) (“[W ]e generally assert jurisdiction only over those

arguments that a petitioner properly presents to the BIA.”). M r. Jonni raises

several claims of error in his petition for review that he did not address in his BIA

appeal. As to some of these claims, we do not have jurisdiction.

        First, M r. Jonni did not raise his due process claim in his BIA appeal and

he provides no explanation for his failure to do so. Nor did the BIA take up the

issue on its own and rule on it. See id. at *5 (“[W]e assert jurisdiction over the

matters directly ruled on by the BIA.”). M r. Jonni certainly could have argued to

the BIA that the incomplete transcript precluded any meaningful review. See

                                          -9-
Rivera-Zurita v. INS, 946 F.2d 118, 120 n.2 (10th Cir. 1991) (“Judicial review

does not extend to points the alien could have made before the Board but did

not.”). And the BIA could have provided him the relief he now seeks: a remand

to the IJ for a new hearing. See Akinwunmi v. INS, 194 F.3d 1340, 1341

(10th Cir. 1999) (applying exhaustion rule to due process claims regarding

“administratively correctable procedural errors”). Thus, we do not have

jurisdiction to review his due process claim. 2

        The BIA concluded that M r. Jonni failed to appeal the IJ’s denial of his

application for relief under CAT and therefore it explicitly declined to address

that issue. He failed to mention in his brief to the BIA either CAT or any

likelihood that he would be tortured upon his return to Indonesia. Nor did he

raise with the BIA the argument he now makes: that the IJ failed to address the

standard for relief under CAT and denied his application without any rationale.

Again, we see no reason why M r. Jonni could not have included this claim in his

BIA appeal. Consequently, he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and

we do not have jurisdiction to review the denial of his application for relief under

CA T.




2
       The BIA determined that M r. Jonni’s asylum application was untimely and
affirmed the IJ’s denial of asylum on that basis. His only challenge to that ruling
is based upon the omissions in the transcript of his testimony. Because we have
no jurisdiction to review his due process claim, we do not address the agency’s
denial of asylum.

                                         -10-
      Regarding the BIA’s denial of restriction on removal, M r. Jonni did address

past persecution in his BIA appeal, but he failed to make any of the arguments he

now makes regarding the probability of future persecution. W e would ordinarily

conclude that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to all

of these arguments, but under Sidabutar we may review any claim that the B IA

considered on the merits sua sponte. See 2007 W L 2743672, at *5. The BIA

considered and ruled on whether M r. Jonni could relocate within Indonesia, such

that he is ineligible for restriction on removal.

      Accordingly, we have jurisdiction to review only M r. Jonni’s claims of

error regarding past persecution and relocation, as they relate to his application

for restriction on removal. The remainder of his petition for review is dismissed

for lack of jurisdiction.

                               III. Standard of Review

      “W e look to the record for substantial evidence supporting the agency’s

decision: Our duty is to guarantee that factual determinations are supported by

reasonable, substantial and probative evidence considering the record as a whole.”

Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotations and

alteration omitted). “[A]dministrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary . . . .”

8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). “W e may not weigh the evidence, and we will not

question the immigration judge’s or BIA’s credibility determinations as long as

                                          -11-
they are substantially reasonable.” Woldemeskel v. INS, 257 F.3d 1185, 1192

(10th Cir. 2001). W e review the agency’s legal determinations de novo. See

Lockett v. INS, 245 F.3d 1126, 1128 (10th Cir. 2001).

      Because a single member of the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision in a brief

order, see 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5), we review the BIA’s opinion rather than the

decision of the IJ, see Uanreroro, 443 F.3d at 1204. “H owever, when seeking to

understand the grounds provided by the BIA, we are not precluded from

consulting the IJ’s more complete explanation of those same grounds.” Id. Here,

where the BIA expressly or implicitly incorporated the IJ’s reasoning, but did not

include its own substantive discussion, we will consult the IJ’s decision for

guidance in determining the BIA ’s reasoning. See Sarr v. Gonzales, 474 F.3d

783, 790 (10th Cir. 2007).

                             IV. Restriction on R em oval

      M r. Jonni may not be removed to Indonesia “if the Attorney General

decides that [his] life or freedom w ould be threatened in that country because of

[his] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). The burden of proof for restriction

on removal is significantly higher than for asylum. In order to be eligible for

restriction on removal, M r. Jonni must establish a clear probability of persecution

on account of one of the factors in § 1231(b)(3)(A). See Woldemeskel, 257 F.3d




                                         -12-
at 1193. Thus, he must present evidence establishing that it is more likely than

not he will be subject to persecution based on his ethnicity and religion. See id.

       The IJ concluded that M r. Jonni failed to satisfy the lower burden of proof

required for asylum, and therefore he also failed to satisfy the clear probability

standard required for restriction on removal. See U anreroro, 443 F.3d at 1202.

The BIA affirmed the IJ’s determination. It specifically agreed with the IJ’s

reasoning that the death of M r. Jonni’s father, under circumstances unclear from

the record, did not establish past persecution. And as to future persecution, the

BIA determined that M r. Jonni could relocate w ithin Indonesia and was therefore

ineligible for relief.

                                 A. Past Persecution

       Evidence of past persecution is relevant to a claim for restriction on

removal. See Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187, 1195-96 (10th Cir. 2005);

8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1)(i) (“If the applicant is determined to have suffered past

persecution . . . it shall be presumed that the applicant’s life or freedom w ould be

threatened in the future in the county of removal . . . .”). Because the BIA

adopted the IJ’s rationale in finding that M r. Jonni failed to establish past

persecution, without including its own substantive discussion, we look to the IJ’s

more complete explanation of the grounds relied upon by the BIA . See

Uanreroro, 443 F.3d at 1204.




                                          -13-
      M r. Jonni contends that the evidence of his father’s murder and the killer’s

subsequent threats against him compel the conclusion that he was subjected to

past persecution. This argument ignores the IJ’s determination that M r. Jonni’s

testimony was insufficient to establish his eligibility for asylum without

corroborating evidence. The IJ further concluded that corroborating evidence was

available. The BIA agreed with the IJ that the circumstances of M r. Jonni’s

father’s death w ere unclear from the record and therefore did not establish past

persecution. M r. Jonni does not challenge these determinations, either with

respect to the necessity of corroborating evidence or its availability. 3 The

agency’s factual findings and credibility determinations–including the

determination that corroborating evidence is available–“are conclusive unless any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(B); see also id., § 1252(b)(4)(D) (“No court shall reverse a

determination made by a trier of fact with respect to the availability of

corroborating evidence . . . unless the court finds . . . that a reasonable trier of

fact is compelled to conclude that such corroborating evidence is unavailable.”).

W e cannot conclude that any reasonable fact finder would be compelled to find

past persecution based on the record in this case. Therefore, we hold that the



3
      M r. Jonni asserts that “[t]he BIA did not challenge [his] credibility in any
way whatsoever,” Pet. Br. at 29, but it is clear that the BIA relied on the same
ground as the IJ in finding no past persecution, despite M r. Jonni’s testimony
regarding his father’s murder.

                                          -14-
BIA’s finding that M r. Jonni failed to establish past persecution is supported by

substantial evidence in the record.

                                      B. Relocation

      The IJ found that M r. Jonni did not establish a threat of persecution

throughout Indonesia, based upon his testimony that he had lived peacefully in

Bali. The BIA agreed with the IJ that he failed to establish a clear probability of

future persecution on this basis, citing Tulengkey v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1277

(10th Cir. 2005). Like M r. Jonni, the petitioner in Tulengkey applied for asylum,

claiming a fear of persecution in Indonesia because of her Chinese ethnicity and

Christian religion. Id. at 1281. The IJ found, however, that it was possible for

her to relocate to a few large cities or districts within the country where the

population was predominately Christian. Id. Because the petitioner failed to

challenge the IJ’s findings, we concluded that her claim of a well-founded fear of

future prosecution necessarily failed. Id. at 1282.

      The same reasoning applies with respect to an application for restriction on

removal:

      [A]n applicant [for restriction on removal] cannot demonstrate that
      his or her life or freedom w ould be threatened if the [IJ] finds that
      the applicant could avoid a future threat to his or her life or freedom
      by relocating to another part of the proposed country of removal and,
      under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the
      applicant to do so.




                                          -15-
8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2); see also Niang, 422 F.3d at 1195-96 (addressing

relevance of opportunity to relocate to eligibility for restriction on removal).

Further, where the applicant fails to establish past persecution, he bears the

burden to establish that relocation would be unreasonable, unless he claims

government or government-sponsored persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(3)(i).

      M r. Jonni contends that his case is distinguishable from Tulengkey, in

which the petitioner did not argue that relocation would be a hardship. See

425 F.3d at 1282. He claims that he would not be safe even in Bali, basing his

argument on two factors: his past persecution and the terrorist bombings that

occurred in Bali after he left Indonesia. W e have already concluded that he failed

to establish past persecution. And he fails to show that any reasonable fact finder

would be compelled to conclude, based solely upon the 2002 bombings, that it

would be unreasonable for M r. Jonni to relocate to Bali because he is Chinese and

Christian. W e hold that the agency’s determination that M r. Jonni failed to show

a clear probability of future persecution because of his ability to relocate w ithin

Indonesia is supported by substantial evidence.




                                         -16-
                                 V. Conclusion

      M r. Jonni’s petition for review is DISM ISSED in part for lack of

jurisdiction. The remainder of the petition is DENIED.


                                                   Entered for the Court



                                                   Bobby R. Baldock
                                                   Circuit Judge




                                       -17-
