        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                             NO. 2015-CA-00627-COA

WILKINSON COUNTY SENIOR CARE, LLC,                                   APPELLANTS
TREND CONSULTANTS, LLC AND CHARLES
BRUCE KELLY

v.

EDITH KIRKLAND, INDIVIDUALLY, AND ON                                    APPELLEE
BEHALF OF AND FOR THE USE AND BENEFIT
OF THE WRONGFUL DEATH BENEFICIARIES
OF MAGGIE GLIDEWELL

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                       03/31/2015
TRIAL JUDGE:                            HON. LILLIE BLACKMON SANDERS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:              WILKINSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS:                JOSEPH SPENCER YOUNG JR.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                 RICHARD PAUL WILLIAMS III
                                        COURTNEY MCREYNOLDS WILLIAMS
                                        DARYL MATTHEW NEWMAN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                     CIVIL - CONTRACT
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:                DENIED MOTION TO COMPEL
                                        ARBITRATION
DISPOSITION:                            REVERSED AND REMANDED - 08/02/2016
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      BEFORE GRIFFIS, P.J., ISHEE AND WILSON, JJ.

      ISHEE, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   Wilkinson County Senior Care (WCSC) appeals the judgment of the Wilkinson

County Circuit Court denying WCSC’s motion to compel a binding arbitration pursuant to

terms in its admission agreement with its patient Maggie Glidewell. Finding error, we

reverse and remand.
                                            FACTS

¶2.    Glidewell was admitted to WCSC on December 21, 2010.1 At the time of her

admission, Glidewell’s granddaughter, Angela Jones, acting with a valid power of attorney

with healthcare provisions, signed an admission agreement on Glidewell’s behalf. The

admission agreement also had a signatory line for a representative from WCSC to sign, but

it remained blank.

¶3.    On October 20, 2012, Glidewell, while in the care of WCSC, was admitted to the

hospital for severe dehydration and urosepsis, and died the next day. On December 3, 2014,

Edith Kirkland, a surviving daughter of Glidewell, filed a complaint, individually and on

behalf of the wrongful-death beneficiaries of Glidewell, in the circuit court. Kirkland named

WCSC; Trend Consultants LLC; and Charles Kelly (collectively WCSC) as defendants.

¶4.    On December 7, 2014, Kirkland’s counsel sent the following letter to WCSC

attempting to revoke any offer to arbitrate:

       Please accept this letter as our revocation of the arbitration agreement that was
       signed by Ms. Angela Jones during the admission process of . . . Glidewell.
       Through this letter the [e]state and [w]rongful [d]eath [b]eneficiaries revoke
       and are otherwise unwilling to arbitrate any claim against [WCSC].

WCSC filed a motion to compel binding arbitration based on the terms of its admission

agreement. The circuit court denied the motion, finding that the arbitration provision lacked

the essential terms of a contract. Specifically, the circuit court pointed out the contract was

not signed by a WCSC representative as required by the express terms of the arbitration

provision. Aggrieved, WCSC now appeals.

       1
           The record is silent as to Glidewell’s age.

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                                LAW AND DISCUSSION

¶5.    The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) serves to “[place] arbitration agreements upon the

same footing as other contracts.” Shearson /Am. Express Inc., v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220,

225-26 (1987). The Mississippi Supreme Court has found that “[a]greements between

patients and nursing homes affect interstate commerce and, therefore, fall under the purview

of the [FAA].” Byrd v. Simmons, 5 So. 3d 384, 388 (¶11) (Miss. 2009). As such, the

supreme court has held the following:

       To determine if the parties are bound by arbitration, in this case we must first
       determine if a contract exists between them. A valid contract must have (1)
       two or more contracting parties, (2) consideration, (3) an agreement that is
       sufficiently definite, (4) parties with legal capacity to make a contract, (5)
       mutual assent[,] and (6) no legal prohibition precluding contract formation.

Grenada Living Ctr. v. Coleman, 961 So. 2d 33, 36-37 (¶9) (Miss. 2007) (citation omitted).

However, the FAA also establishes a “federal policy favoring arbitration” that requires courts

to “rigorously enforce agreements to arbitrate.” E. Ford v. Taylor, 826 So. 2d 709, 713 (¶11)

(Miss. 2002) (citing McMahon, 482 U.S. at 226). As such, “[d]oubts as to the availability

of arbitration must be resolved in favor of arbitration.” IP Timberlands Operating Co. v.

Denmiss Corp., 726 So. 2d 96, 107 (¶46) (Miss. 1998) (citing Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp.

v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 74 (1983)).           Furthermore, “[a]s the court’s

participation and involvement increase, the reason for arbitration in the first place becomes

greatly diminished, and its purpose defeated.” Covenant Health & Rehab. of Picayune LP

v. Estate of Moulds ex rel. Braddock, 14 So. 3d 695, 707 (¶38) (Miss. 2009).

¶6.    The standard of review for granting or denying a motion to compel arbitration is de



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novo. See Harrison Cty. Commercial Lot LLC v. H. Gordon Myrick Inc., 107 So. 3d 943,

949 (¶12) (Miss. 2013) (citation omitted). An appellate court “does not review the merits of

the underlying claim.” Id. at (¶13) (citation omitted).

¶7.    On December 21, 2010, Jones signed an admission agreement on behalf of her

grandmother, Glidewell. The admission agreement consisted of six sections, sections A-F.

However, only a few sections are at issue in the instant case: sections E, F, and the

concluding paragraph set forth above the signature lines.

¶8.    Section E, the arbitration clause, reads, in relevant part, as follows:

       E.     ARBITRATION-PLEASE READ CAREFULLY

       1.     It is understood and agreed by the Facility and Resident and/or
              Responsible Party that any legal dispute, controversy, demand or claim
              (hereinafter collectively referred to as “claim” or “claims”) that arises
              out of or relates to the Admission Agreement, any service or health care
              provided by the Facility to the Resident or any matter related to the
              Resident’s stay shall be resolved exclusively by binding arbitration
              pursuant to the [FAA.]

       ....

       2.     The parties agree that any dispute shall be arbitrated by one impartial,
              unbiased arbitrator who shall be chosen by mutual agreement of the
              parties. The arbitrator’s decision shall be final and binding. The
              parties agree that judgment may be entered on any arbitration award in
              any court having jurisdiction.

       3.     This agreement to arbitrate includes, but is not limited to, any claim for
              payment, nonpayment or refund for services rendered to the Resident
              by the Facility, violations of any rights granted to the Resident by law
              or by the Admission Agreement, breach of contract, fraud or
              misrepresentation, negligence, gross negligence, malpractice or any
              other claim based on any departure from accepted standards of medical
              or health care or safety whether sounding in tort or in contract.
              However, this agreement to arbitrate shall not limit the Resident’s right


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       to file a grievance or complaint, formal or informal, with the Facility or
       any appropriate state or federal agency, including any state ombudsman
       assigned to the facility.

....

5.     It is the intention of the parties to this arbitration agreement that it shall
       inure to the benefit of and bind the parties, their successors and assigns,
       including the agents, employees and servants of the Facility and all
       entities in privity with the facility, and all persons whose claim is
       derived through or on behalf of the Resident, including that of any
       parent, spouse, child, guardian, conservator, executor, administrator,
       legal representative, wrongful death heir, or heir of the Resident.

....

7.     The parties understand and agree that by entering this arbitration
       agreement, which binds both the Facility and the Resident/
       Responsible Party, they are giving up and waiving their constitutional
       right to have any claim decided in a court of law before a judge and
       a jury.

8.     The Resident and/or Responsible Party understand that (a) he/she has
       the right to seek legal counsel concerning this agreement prior to
       signing it, and (b) this arbitration provision shall remain in effect for all
       care and services rendered at the Facility and for all admissions, even
       if such care and services are rendered following the Resident’s
       discharge and readmission to the Facility and even if such care and
       services were rendered prior to the date this Agreement was executed.

9.     The Parties agree that, by executing this Agreement, they will be bound
       to arbitrate any dispute or claim that is asserted at any time in the future
       regardless of when the occurrence, events or incidents related to the
       claim occurred or transpired and regardless of whether the Resident still
       resides at the Facility.

10.    The parties agree the Resident and Responsible Party have other
       choices with regard to the provision of long term care to the Resident
       and they enter into this Agreement voluntarily. The parties
       acknowledge that this Agreement involves interstate commerce and that
       this Arbitration Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted under
       the [FAA], 9 U.S.C. [§§] 1-16 [(2012)].


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(Emphasis in original).

¶9.    Section F of the admission agreement reads as follows:

       F.     MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

       1.     In the event any provision of this agreement is held to be unenforceable
              for any reason, the unenforceability thereof shall not affect the
              remainder of this Agreement, which shall remain in full force and effect
              and [be] enforceable in accordance with its terms.

       2.     This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each
              of which shall be an original, and all such counterparts together shall
              constitute but one and the same instrument.

       3.     The Resident and Responsible Party availed themselves of the
              opportunity, if they deemed it desirable, to have had third party advice
              and legal counsel regarding this Agreement prior to its execution or
              during the Termination Period set forth in Article D.2.

       4.     This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement among the Parties
              pertaining to the subject matter contained in it and supersedes all prior
              agreements, representations and all understandings of the parties. No
              supplement, modification or amendment of this Agreement shall be
              binding unless expressed as such and executed in writing by all parties
              hereto.

       5.     ANY RESPONSIBLE PARTY OR PARTIES EXECUTING THIS
              AGREEMENT REPRESENT AND WARRANT THAT THEY
              HAVE AUTHORITY, EITHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR
              APPARENT, TO ACT AS AGENT FOR THE RESIDENT AND
              TO EXECUTE THIS AGREEMENT ON RESIDENT’S BEHALF.
              LIKEWISE, THE PERSON EXECUTING THIS AGREEMENT
              ON BEHALF OF THE FACILITY REPRESENTS AND
              WARRANTS THAT THEY [sic] HAVE BEEN AUTHORIZED
              TO EXECUTE THIS AGREEMENT ON THE FACILITY’S
              BEHALF.

(Emphasis in original).

¶10.   After section F, and immediately above the signature lines for an authorized facility



                                              6
representative and either the resident or representative, the admission agreement states:

       THE UNDERSIGNED ACKNOWLEDGE THAT EACH OF THEM HAS
       READ AND UNDERSTANDS THIS AGREEMENT, INCLUDING THE
       ARBITRATION PROVISION, AND HAS RECEIVED A COPY OF
       THIS AGREEMENT, AND THAT EACH OF THEM VOLUNTARILY
       CONSENTS TO AND ACCEPTS ALL OF ITS TERMS.

(Emphasis in original).

¶11.   It is undisputed that Jones signed the admission agreement on Glidewell’s behalf and

that no representative from WCSC signed the admission agreement. Further, it is undisputed

that WCSC began to provide its services for the care of Glidewell on December 21, 2010,

and continued to do so until Glidewell’s death. Kirkland contends that the circuit court

correctly found the arbitration agreement was unenforceable because it lacked the mutual

assent of the parties involved. Kirkland asserts that WCSC’s failure to sign the admission

agreement evidences a lack of assent to the contract’s terms.

¶12.   Kirkland relies heavily on Byrd, 5 So. 3d 384.2 In Byrd, the patient’s son signed an

admission agreement with a nursing home that had a separate arbitration agreement on the

patient’s behalf. Id. at 386 (¶2). The nursing-home facility signed the general admission

agreement, but did not sign the separate arbitration agreement. Id. Following the patient’s

death, the son filed a complaint alleging, among other things, negligence. Id. The son also

       2
         Kirkland also cites several cases outside of our jurisdiction to support her argument.
See Pine Hills Health & Rehab. v. Matthews, 431 S.W.3d 910 (Ark. 2014) (setting aside
arbitration agreement for lack of mutual assent where nursing home did not sign agreement);
Baier v. Darden Rests., 420 S.W.3d 733, 739 (Mo. Ct. App. 2014) (setting aside arbitration
agreement for lack of mutual assent where employer did not sign agreement); Bair v. Manor
Care of Elizabethtown, PA, LLC, 108 A.3d 94 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2015) (setting aside arbitration
agreement for lack of mutual assent where agreement lacked essential terms and nursing-
home signature).

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sent a letter to the nursing home revoking the arbitration agreement before any agent or

representative of the facility signed the seperate arbitration agreement. Id. The Mississippi

Supreme Court determined that the son’s signature on the arbitration agreement constituted

an offer that was revoked before any agent of the nursing home manifested mutual assent.

Id. at 390 (¶19).     The Byrd court rendered the separate arbitration agreement as

unenforceable. Id.

¶13.   Here, Kirkland argues that the arbitration agreement and admission agreement, despite

being in the same document and not requiring separate signatures, are distinct and separate

legal documents. Kirkland contends that the terminology throughout the majority of the

admission agreement is fundamentally different from that in the arbitration-agreement

section. Specifically, Kirkland suggests that because the arbitration agreement uses the word

“execution,” it is a distinct agreement that requires a signature to facilitate an “execution”

of the agreement.

¶14.   WCSC contests Kirkland’s argument and draws support from Slater-Moore v.

Goeldner, 113 So. 3d 521 (Miss. 2013). Although Slater-Moore is not a nursing-home case,

the case involves an arbitration agreement where one party did not sign the agreement. Id.

In Slater-Moore, a client signed a contract with an attorney for legal counsel that included

an arbitration agreement among various other terms of representation and payment; however,

the attorney did not sign the contract. Id. at 523 (¶1). The attorney provided all of the legal

representation requested within the contract, and the client paid the attorney for the service

provided. Id. at 526 (¶11). The supreme court found that “[t]he parties’ actions make it clear



                                              8
that they intended to be bound by the terms of the written agreement,” and upheld the

arbitration agreement. Id. Further, the supreme court explicitly distinguished Slater-Moore

from Byrd, emphasizing that the arbitration agreement in Byrd was a completely separate

document rather than a provision within a single contract. Id. Because the parties had

manifested their assent to the contract’s terms through their actions, and arbitration was

included within that contract, the court enforced the arbitration agreement. Id.

¶15.   We find the facts in Slater-Moore analogous to the case at bar. Although WCSC did

not sign the admission agreement, the nursing facility provided its services to Glidewell and

was compensated for its services pursuant to the terms of the admission agreement. As seen

in Slater-Moore, when the contract provisions are part of the same document, assent to all

of the terms of the contract can be inferred through the parties’ actions of payment or

provision of services. In this case, the actions of both parties clearly evidence mutual assent

to the terms of the admission agreement as a whole.

¶16.   We find Kirkland’s argument unpersuasive, and Byrd can be distinguished from the

case at hand. There is no evidence to suggest that there are two separate agreements

involved. The mere fact that the admission agreement refers to the arbitration provision as

“the arbitration agreement” does not mean that the provision is an entirely separate legal

document. In fact, the admission agreement also refers to the arbitration agreement as the

arbitration provision – implying that it is simply a part of the admission agreement.

Kirkland’s contention that only the arbitration provision required execution in the form of

signatures relies far too heavily upon the technical definition of the term “execution.” The



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supreme court has recognized that

       [o]rdinarily one of the acts forming part of the execution of a written contract
       is the signing of it, and the mere fact that a written instrument purports to be
       an agreement does not constitute it a binding contract where it is not signed.
       However, signature is not always essential to the binding force of an
       agreement, and whether the signing of the instrument is a condition precedent
       to its becoming a binding contract usually depends on the intention of the
       parties. The object of a signature is to show mutuality or assent, but these facts
       may be shown in other ways, as, for example, by the acts or conduct of the
       parties.

       ....

       The question as to whether those who have signed are bound is generally to be
       determined by the intention and understanding of the parties at the time of the
       execution of the instrument. The reason for holding the instrument void is that
       it was intended that all the parties should execute [the agreement] and that
       each executes it on the implied condition that it is to be executed by the others,
       and, therefore, that until executed by all it is inchoate and incomplete and
       never takes effect as a valid contract, and this is especially true where the
       agreement expressly provides, or its manifest intent is, that it is not to be
       binding until signed.

Turney v. Marion Cty. Bd. of Educ., 481 So. 2d 770, 774 (Miss. 1985) (quoting 17 C.J.S.

Contracts § 62 (1963)). As such, while a signature may be required for execution, the

arbitration agreement’s requirement of execution may be shown through actions or conduct.

See also Slater-Moore, 113 So. 3d at 526 (¶11). Furthermore, there is no separate signature

line for the arbitration agreement, merely a single line at the end of the admission agreement

that refers to the contract in its entirety.

¶17.   We note that Kirkland attempted to revoke the arbitration agreement, but her attempt

came two years after Glidewell’s death and almost four years after WCSC began providing




                                               10
its services.3 To allow Kirkland to take issue now with a provision of the admission

agreement years after WCSC executed the contract through its provision of services would

be a windfall. In short, since Glidewell benefitted from the contract, she must be held

accountable to its terms.

¶18.   After a review of the record, we find that the trial court erred in finding that the

arbitration provision in the admission agreement lacked the essential terms of a contract.

Although WCSC did not sign the agreement that included the arbitration provision, the

contract became binding when WCSC began providing nursing services to Glidewell. In

light of our findings, we reverse and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

¶19. THE JUDGMENT OF THE WILKINSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS
REVERSED, AND THIS CASE IS REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE
ASSESSED TO THE APPELLEE.

    LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, CARLTON, FAIR, WILSON AND
GREENLEE, JJ., CONCUR. JAMES, J., CONCURS IN PART WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. IRVING, P.J., DISSENTS WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.




       3
        Further, it is questionable whether Kirkland possessed the legal authority to revoke
an offer signed by Jones.

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