
(2008)
Edward MACIEL, Plaintiff,
v.
CITY OF LOS ANGELES, et al., Defendants.
No. CV 06-00249 RSWL (CWx).
United States District Court, CD. California.
May 29, 2008.

AMENDED TRIAL ORDER
RONALD S.W. LEW, Senior District Judge.
This case involves Plaintiff Edward Maciel's various claims against the City of Los Angeles for violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The alleged violations are based on the Los Angeles Police Department's ("LAPD") policy of not compensating for donning and doffing activities and LAPD's alleged failure to ensure Edward Maciel received his required meal breaks.
On January 15, 2008, the above matter commenced in a bench trial before this Court. The trial lasted seven days and included the presentation of multiple witnesses and the submission of various exhibits. On March 21, 2008, this Court issued a Trial Order and Judgment finding in favor of Defendant.[1] Based on the GRANTING, in part and DENYING in part of Defendant's Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment the Court HEREBY VACATES its March 21, 2008 Order NOW FINDS AND RULES AS FOLOWS:

I. BACKGROUND

A. Procedural Background

On December 14, 2005, Jay Vucinich and Edward Maciel filed a claim against the City of Los Angeles and others[2] for violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (hereafter "FLSA"), various State Labor Codes and California's Business and Professional Code on behalf of themselves and "other employees similarly situated." (See State Court Complaint.) The Complaint was properly removed to Federal Court on January 13, 2006.
On July 21, 2006, the Court GRANTED Defendant City's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and DISMISSED each of Plaintiffs' state law claims. (See July 21, 2006 Order.)
On March 27, 2007, Plaintiff Jay Vucinich voluntarily dismissed his claims against Defendants, leaving only Plaintiff Maciel's individual claims. (Hereafter "Plaintiff' or "Maciel".)
On September 27, 2007, this Court GRANTED in PART and DENIED in PART the parties' cross Motions for Summary Judgment. As a result of this Order, the Court determined that the donning and doffing of the standard police uniform, excluding the utility or Sam Browne belt and Kevlar vest, was not compensable. Moreover, the Court DIMISSED each of Defendant's state law affirmative defenses as well as any reliance on an advice of counsel defense.

B. Factual Background

Plaintiff has been employed by the LAPD since 1994 and is currently a Patrol Officer II. (1/15/2008 [Vol.1] at 96:10-11.)[3] During his relevant[4] employment, Plaintiff was assigned to Newton Station and Central Division in Los Angeles. (Id. at 21:13-19; 97:4-9.) As a patrol officer, Plaintiff was predominantly assigned to a patrol car in which he and his partner would patrol an assigned area. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] 25:10-17.) From 2004-2005, Maciel was stationed at Parker Station, which is a fixed post location where he acted as security. (Id. at 139:1-10.) Maciel was occasionally placed on "hospital duty," an assignment involving escorting and monitoring arrestees who needed medical attention. (1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 31:2-19.)
During the relevant time period, the terms of LAPD employment were covered under collective bargaining agreements. (See 1/23/2008 [Vol.II] at 19:10-18; see also Exhs. 207-209.) The LAPD has two separate collective bargaining agreements relevant to the instant matter. The first covers all sworn officers at the ranks of Lieutenants and below; this would include Officer Maciel. (Ex.207.) There is also a separate agreement covering the ranks of Captain arid above. (Ex. 207.)
The standard patrol uniform consists of trousers, shirt, boots/shoes, and the officer's personal safety equipment.[5] Each officer who testified on the subject, matter said that they performed at least some of the donning and doffing activities at the assigned police station. (See, e.g., 1/23/2008 [Vol.II] at 31:7-12.) Officers have individual lockers located at the police station which can be used to store their uniform and equipment. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 30:22-25.) Per the collective bargaining agreements, the LAPD does not compensate employees for any time spent donning or doffing the standard police issue uniform. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 25:1-6; Ex. 207.)
The LAPD operates on 28-day "deployment periods," which include two pay periods. (1/24/2008 [Vol.II] at 167:12-22; 172:13-17.) Typically, a sworn officerlike Plaintiffwho works a twelve hour shift, works 156 hours per deployment period. (Id. at 199:7-8.) This twelve hour shift is actually scheduled for twelve hours and forty-five minutes and includes a forty-five minute unpaid break (hereafter "Code-7"). (Id.) The evidence demonstrated that a patrol officer is required to follow certain procedures in order to receive their Code-7. First, the patrol officer must request their Code-7, usually over the radio. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 183:2-21.) If an officer is denied permission, then the officer must request a Code-7 a second time, later in their shift. (Id.) If a Code-7 is still not received, then an officer is required "by written policy to submit an overtime sheet for the extra forty-five minutes worked. (Id.)
Each time an officer works overtime, the LAPD policy requires that he or she submit an overtime request form. (1/24/2008 [Vol.II] at 151:24-153:7.) These forms are often referred to as "greenies." (Id.) Each greenie must be approved by a supervisor prior to being submitted to the payroll department. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 66:12-67:2.) The greenie is the only mechanism the officer has for submitting overtime to payroll. (1/24/2008 [VoI.II] at 151:24-153:7; 154:24-155:5.) Evidence at trial demonstrated that LAPD policy requires that all overtime slips be approved, and all employees compensated for any overtime submitted, regardless of the amount of overtime or whether prior approval was granted. (1/23/2008 [Vol.II] at 23:4-5.)
Each patrol unit (consisting of two patrol officers) is required to complete a Daily Field Activity Report (hereafter "DFAR".) (1/25/2008 [Vol.I] at 19:14-20.) The DFAR lists each of the officer's activities for that shift. (Id.) The DFAR is either submitted to a supervisor at the end of the shift, or placed in an in-box. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] 152:10-153:6.) Although a DFAR is not a payroll document, LAPD policy requires that the Code-7, or lack thereof, be listed on the DFAR. (1/16/2008 [Vol.I] 41:23-42:5) Plaintiff admits that he never submitted any requests for overtime which were not paid, nor did he expressly inform anyone he was working uncompensated overtime. (1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 19:6-20:7.) Plaintiff also admits that no supervisor ever expressly told him not to submit overtime requests for hours worked. (Id.)

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Statute of Limitations

An employee is limited to two years of damages for any FLSA violations, unless such violations are willful, then damages can be increased to a three-year time period. 29 U.S.C § 255(a). An employer's behavior is considered willful where the employer either knew, or showed reckless disregard, as to whether its conduct was prohibited by the FLSA. See McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 129, 108 S.Ct. 1677, 100 L.Ed.2d 115 (1988). Actions are not willful even if the employer acts unreasonably, provided the employer does not act recklessly. See id.

B. Fair Labor Standards Act Recovery

To establish a claim for unreported (and therefore uncompensated) overtime under 29 U.S.C. § 207(a), a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that he worked overtime hours without compensation; (2) the amount and extent of the work as a matter of just and reasonable inference; and (3) that the employer "suffered" or "permitted" him to work uncompensated overtime. See 29 U.S.C. § 203(g); Lindow v. United States, 738 F.2d 1057, 1061 (9th Cir.1984); Pforr v. Food Lion, Inc., 851 F.2d 106, 108 (4th Cir.1988).
As defined in 29 U.S.C. § 203(g), "[T]he words `suffer' and `permit' [means for the employee to work] `with the knowledge of the employer.'" Fox v. Summit King Mines, 143 F.2d 926, 931 (9th Cir. 1944). An employer armed with such knowledge cannot stand idly by and allow an employee to perform overtime work without proper compensation, even if the employee does not make a claim for the overtime compensation. See Forrester v. Roth's I.G.A. Foodliner, Inc., 646 F.2d 413, 414 (9th Cir.1981).

C. Donning and Doffing

Under the FLSA, employers must pay employees for all "hours worked." See 29 U.S.C. § 207 (1999); Alvarez v. IBP. Inc., 339 F.3d 894, 902-903 (9th Cir.2003). "Work," the Supreme Court has long noted, is "physical or mental exertion (whether burdensome or not) controlled or required by the employer and pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefit of the employer." See Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123, 321 U.S. 590, 598, 64 S.Ct. 698, 88 L.Ed. 949 (1944).
Whether activity is "work" is simply a threshold matter, and does not mean, without more, that the activity is necessarily compensable. Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 902-903. The Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947 relieves an employer of responsibility for compensating employees for "activities which are preliminary or postliminary to [the] principal activity or activities" of a given job. 29 U.S.C. § 254(a) (1999).
Not all "preliminary or postliminary" activities can go uncompensated, however. "Activities performed either before or after the regular work shift," the Supreme Court has stated, are compensable "if those activities are an integral and indispensable part of the principal activities." Steiner v. Mitchell, 350 U.S. 247, 256, 76 S.Ct. 330,100 L.Ed. 267 (1956); see also Mitchell v. King Packing Co., 350 U.S. 260, 261, 76 S.Ct. 337, 100 L.Ed. 282 (1956); 29 C.F.R. § 790.7(h) (1999) ("An activity which is a `preliminary' or `postliminary' activity under one set of circumstances may be a principal activity under other conditions.").
To be "integral and indispensable," an activity must be necessary to the principal work performed and done for the benefit of the employer. Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 902-903.
29 C.F.R. § 790.8(c) states: "If changing clothes on the employer's premises is merely a convenience to the employee and not directly related to his principal activities, it would be considered preliminary or postliminary, rather than a principal activity." But, if changing clothes on the employer's premises is required by law, rules of the employer, or the nature of the work, it would be an integral part of the employee's "principal activity."
The FLSA also contains an exception for "any time spent in changing clothes" that was excluded from compensation under "the express terms of or by custom or practice under a bona fide collective-bargaining agreement." 29 U.S.C. § 203(o) (1999).[6]
"Personal protective equipment is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard and is not clothing under § 203(o). General work clothes (e.g. uniform, pants, shirts, or blouses) are not intended to function as protection against a hazard and are not considered to be personal protective equipment." Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 903.

III. ANALYSIS

A. LACK OF CREDIBLE EVIDENCE PREVENTS PLAINTIFF FROM RECOVERING FOR ALLEGED MISSED CODE-7S

LAPD rules require that each sworn employee who works a twelve hour shift be entitled to a 45 minute unpaid meal break. (Ex. 209.) This Code-7 is understood as "uninterrupted free time." (Ex. 209.) Where an officer fails to receive his or her Code-7, LAPD policy requires that the officer submit a greenie and be compensated for the time. (1/24/2008 [Vol.II] at 151:24-153:7.)
Under the FLSA, employers must pay employees for all "hours worked." See 29 U.S.C. §§ 206, 207 (1999); Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 902-903. It is undisputed that working through an unpaid meal break would constitute "work."
Consequently, Plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence (1) that he worked overtime hours without compensation; (2) the amount and extent of the work as a matter of just and reasonable inference; and (3) that the LAPD suffered or permitted him to work uncompensated overtime. See 29 U.S.C. § 203(g); Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1061.

1. Plaintiff's evidence was inadequate to prove that Plaintiff worked through his Code-7.

Plaintiff testified that although he frequently failed to receive his full Code-7, he never submitted any overtime requests because an unwritten rule prevented him from submitting overtime for less than one hour.[7] (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 149:9-150:17.) Plaintiff's testimony is best examined by looking at each of Plaintiff's employment assignments.

a) Parker Station

Plaintiff stated that from approximately May 2003 to July 2004, he was assigned to Parker Station 67 time; Parker Station is a "fixed post" location. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 138:6-145:6.) During the entire assignment, Plaintiff testified that he received his Code-7 less than twice.[8] (Id. at 142:9-14.) This testimony was unsubstantiated and unreliable. Other officers testified that they did receive their breaks while at Parker Station. (See, e.g., 1/23/2008 [Vol.II] at 26:17-27:2.) (Police Detective, Stephanie Banks, testified that while she was an officer assigned to Parker Station, there was no rule that you could not take your Code-7, and she indeed took each of her Code-7s or submitted overtime requests.)
Plaintiff's supervisors contradicted Plaintiff's testimony and stated that officers assigned to Parker Station were specifically provided a department vehicle to allow the officers to leave the location for their Code-7. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 110:2-6; 180:19-23.) Moreover, it is typical for four to six officers to be assigned to Parker Station at any one time. Testimony was elicited indicating that this mass assignment was done in order to ensure that there was adequate staffing to allow officers to receive their Code-7. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 96:14-16). In the face of this contradictory evidence, Plaintiff's testimony lacked credibility.
Significantly, even if Plaintiff was able to demonstrate he missed his Code-7s, there was insufficient evidence to show that management was aware of Plaintiff's failure to receive any of his Code-7s while at Parker Station. Plaintiff testified that on one occasion he contacted his supervisor and asked that relief officers relieve him during his breakwhich is in direct conflict with Plaintiff's previous testimony that breaks were not permittedthe supervisor failed to send any relief. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 63:4-10.) That supervisor, Sergeant Miyazaki said that he recalled relaying the request, however, he did not specifically follow-up to ensure that the relief arrived. (Id. at 155:6-13.) On balance, this evidence demonstrates Plaintiff's failure to prove that supervisors were aware of Officer Maciel's alleged missed Code-7s.

b) Hospital Duty

Plaintiff also testified that while assigned to hospital duty, he was never permitted to take his Code-7, however, when questioned more fully, Plaintiff admitted that he did receive his Code-7 on most occasions. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 31:2-5-34:2.) This testimony suffers from the same credibility issues as most of Plaintiff's testimony. Plaintiff's testimony was unsubstantiated by any other officer. There was a complete absence of proof that anyone in Plaintiff's chain of command was aware that he was working through his breaks and not being compensated while assigned to hospital duty. Plaintiff admitted that he never told any supervisor that he was unable to receive his break. (Id. at 34:3-8.)

c) Newton Station and Central Division

Plaintiff estimated that he missed his Code-7 a total of 46 times during the relevant time period while assigned to Newton Station. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 148:1-22.; see also Exhs. 216, 217 & 218.) Plaintiff testified that by reviewing his DFARs he believes he missed his Code-7 thirteen times while assigned to Central Division. (Id. at 148:19-22.) Plaintiff reached this estimate by examining his DFARs and counting each time he or his partner failed to document a Code-7 break. (1/15/2008 RT Vol.I 148:7-18.) Plaintiff, however, admitted that there could have been occasions on which the DFAR failed to reflect a Code-7, but one was actually taken. (1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 57:3-20.) The majority of the DFAR's were completed by individuals other than Maciel, therefore absent some testimony as to the record-keeping practices of those individuals, the evidence in unreliable.

d) "Unwritten Rule"

Plaintiff. stated that he never submitted any overtime requests for the missed Code-7s because he was told at the academy "if you can eat, you had your Code 7." (1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 148:9-23.) He also said that he felt "pressure" not to submit overtime slips for less than an hour. (Id. at 17:6-12.) This pressure, however, did not come from the "department" and instead came from other people he worked with. (Id.) Plaintiff's testimony directly contradicted his deposition testimony on this subject, indeed, Plaintiff had to admit that during his deposition he stated that he did not feel any pressure and that the alleged unwritten rule pertained to overtime less than half an hour. (Id.; 1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 20:8-23.)
Plaintiff acknowledged that had he submitted the overtime slip, he believes he would have been paid, and that he was paid each time he submitted an overtime slip. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 15:25-17:5.) Plaintiff also stated that he did not submit overtime for less than an hour, however, payroll records show otherwise. (Exhs. 220-222.)
Review of Plaintiff's DFARs demonstrate that many times Plaintiff would return to the station from patrol several hours prior to the completion of his shift. (Exhs. 215-218.) Plaintiff's own partner testified that it was his personal practice, when he takes breaks, to do so at the end of the day, after he returned from patrol. (1/22/2008 [Vol.II] at 217:10-218:1.) Maciel's partner also stated that he didn't feel any pressure not to submit overtime reports.[9] (Id. at 218:3-24.) Significantly, Maciel's partner said that he did not always document his Code-7s on his DFARmany of which were completed while on assignment with Maciel. (Id. at 222:8-9.)
Review of the DFARs also shows that where Code-7s were documented, it was usually when the break was taken away from the station. (Exhs. 215-218.) It was not until more forceful notices came from the Chief of Police, that Plaintiff and his partners began documenting Code-7s that were taken at the station. (Exhs. 215-218.) The evidence did not indicate that there was a practice of officers failing to take their breaks. Rather, most officers said that they received their Code-7, unless they chose not to take it. The evidence indicates that the notices increased the officers' awareness that the Code-7s needed to be documented on the DFARs.
If an employee chooses not to take a break, and then does not inform anyone that he failed to get his break, he cannot later assert that his employer suffered or permitted him to work uncompensated overtime. See Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1061.
The Court recognizes that there was some evidence, notwithstanding the above, that the LAPD had an "unwritten rule" not to submit overtime for periods less than an hour. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 52:2-17; 150:17-25; 1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 92:17-22.) Testimony was conflicting as to whether this rule remained in practice or whether the department had worked to eradicate the practice of not submitting for less than an hour of overtime. (See, e.g., 1/15/2008 [Toll] 152:14-22; 1/16/2008 [Vol.II] at 91:25-92:16; 132:2-134:4; 1/23/2008 [Vol.II] at 134:22-25; 145:23-146:3.)
"Where an employer has no knowledge that an employee is engaging in overtime work and that employee fails to notify the employer or deliberately prevents the employer from acquiring knowledge of the Overtime work, the employer's failure to pay for the overtime hours is not a violation of § 207." Nevertheless, "an employer who knows that an employee is working overtime can't stand idly by and allow him to work overtime without compensation even if the employee does not make a claim for overtime compensation." Forrester, 646 F.2d at 414.
The fact that the LAPD issued several notices to all sworn officers both reminding them of their obligation to submit all overtime slips as well as specifically stating that there is "no unwritten rule," is the most significant evidence tending to indicate that the LAPD had knowledge of officers working undocumented overtime. (Exhs. 2-5.) These notices, beginning in 2003, became increasingly more detailed and forceful over time. (Exhs. 2-5.) The most recent notice, issued in June 2005, included a video message from the Chief of Police and required audits of all DFARs to ensure that employees were properly documenting their Code-7 breaks. (Ex. 506.)
Notwithstanding the inference that these notices demonstrate knowledge on behalf of management that employees were working undocumented overtime, the notices overwhelmingly demonstrate that management was not "idly standing by" while employees worked for the benefit of the employer. Quite the contrary, the weight of the evidence shows that beginning, at the latest in 2003, the department was attempting to prevent employees from working uncompensated overtime.
Plaintiff attempted to establish that it was possible for the LAPD to keep track of when, and if he took his required Code-7 break by auditing each DFAR or by having a supervisor note when he took a break. According to Plaintiff, this demonstrated Defendants' knowledge. (See generally 1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 50:6-12; 51:16-19.) This Court, however, does not understand that it is an employer's burden to hold each employee's hand and ensure that they take their breaks. Many officers, including Plaintiff, work outside the presence of their supervisors, and are not monitored on a regular basis.
Regardless of knowledge, Plaintiff fails to present significant credible evidence indicating that he worked through his Code-7s. Plaintiff's own testimony regarding who knew that he was working through his Code-7s was unclear and contradicted. The only supervisor to testify that he was aware of officers working overtime and not being compensated was Sergeant Barclay. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 48:8-10) Sergeant Barclay's testimony was fraught with credibility issues, including the fact that Sergeant Barclay is a plaintiff in a similar case against the LAPD. (Id. at 67:12-69:1.) Nevertheless, even if this evidence were to be accepted, Sergeant Barclay does not qualify as management and, therefore, his knowledge is insufficient to overcome Plaintiff's burden.[10] Moreover, Sergeant Barclay stated that he was aware that "some" officers were working overtime and not being compensated. He did not state that he was aware that Plaintiff was working uncompensated overtime. Id.
Consequently, Plaintiff's claims based on missed Code-7s are DENIED because Plaintiff was unable to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he missed any Code-7s or that management was aware of his failure to take his Code-7 breaks.
Further, even assuming Plaintiff was able to meet this burden, he was not able to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the amount and extent of the work as a matter of just and reasonable inference. See 29 U.S.C. § 203(g); Lindow v. US, 738 F.2d at 1061; Pforr, 851 F.2d at 108 (holding that Plaintiffs' mere estimate of off-the-clock hours worked without pay, was not enough to create a "just and reasonable inference" that defendant "suffered" or "allowed" Plaintiff to work uncompensated overtime).

B. MACIEL'S DONNING AND DOFFING ACTIVITIES ARE COMPENSABLE

It is undisputed that the LAPD does not compensate for the donning and doffing of the standard police uniform, which includes a Kevlar vest and the Sam Browne Belt with all its contents.[11] Neither party has called into question the validity of the collective bargaining agreement.
For Plaintiff to prevail on this claim, he must prove the following: (1) that the activity of donning and doffing is "work", (2) that donning and doffing is not a preliminary or postliminary activity under the Portal to Portal Act of 1947, and, (3) that the donning and doffing of his personal safety equipment does not fall under the "clothing" exception. See Muscoda, 321 U.S. at 598, 64 S.Ct. 698; Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 902-903.

1. The Donning and Doffing of the Personal Safety Equipment Constitutes Work

Plaintiff's donning and doffing activities constitute "work" because the activity is "pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefit of the employer." Muscoda, 321 U.S. at 598, 64 S.Ct. 698; see also Alvarez, at 902-903. Donning and doffing the protective equipment are activities, burdensome or not, performed pursuant to the LAPD's policy of requiring all patrol officers to wear the uniform while on duty. Thus it is an activity done for the benefit of the LAPD. See Muscoda, 321 U.S. at 598, 64 S.Ct. 698.

2. The Donning and Doffing of the Personal Safety Equipment constitutes an Integral and Indispensable Part of the Principal Activities

First, it is beyond dispute that the donning and doffing of the protective gear is, at both broad and basic levels, done for the benefit of LAPD. See Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 903. (citing United Transp. Union Local 1745 v. City of Albuquerque, 178 F.3d 1109, 1116 (10th Cir.1999)). These Plaintiff-performed activities allow the LAPD to ensure that officers are kept safe, and, allow the officers to complete their principal duty of enforcing the laws of the land. As an example, without the contents of the Sam Browne belt, an officer would not have handcuffs with which to subdue suspects.
Second, most officers are required to wear their personal safety equipment while on duty. Failure to do so can result in discipline. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 211:4-17.) For all practical purposes, the equipment must be donned and doffed at the assigned station. Defendant attempted to argue that the donning and doffing of the specialized safety equipment at the station was a mere convenience.[12] The evidence presented was not compelling. The LAPD provides officers with lockers at the station in order to store their equipment when not on duty, illustrating LAPD's desire to have such activity take place on-site. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 30:22-25.) Officers are discouraged from wearing their uniform while off duty. Moreover, in order to put on the Kevlar vest, the officer must first remove the uniform shirt, or more logically, wait to put the shirt on until they are at the station. Finally, a loaded firearm, as well as pepper spray are both held within the Sam Browne belt, it could pose a safety risk to require officers to take this weapon home should the officer wish to leave the equipment at the station.
In sum, precedent mandates that Plaintiff's donning and doffing activities be considered "integral and indispensable" to LAPD's "principal" activity.

3. Donning and Doffing the Personal Safety Equipment Does Not Fall Within the Section 20S(o) Exception

The FLSA contains an exception for "any time spent in changing clothes" that was excluded from compensation under "the express terms of or by custom or practice under a bona fide collective-bargaining agreement." 29 U.S.C. § 203(o) (1999). Here, there is a collective bargaining agreement, as well as a custom and practice of not compensating for the donning and doffing activities. (Exhs. 207-209.) Distilled to its essence, this case requires this Court to decide whether putting on and taking off protective gear constitutes "changing clothes" as that phrase is used in the statute. Neither § 203(o) nor its legislative history defines the phrase, and no binding case law assesses the precise question we address here. The Ninth Circuit has stated in Alvarez, that the relevant inquiry is whether the safety equipment is considered "specialized protective gear." 339 F.3d at 905.
After reviewing the evidence, the safety equipment in this matter does appears to be the type of unique specialized equipment the Ninth Circuit was referring to. Id. at 902-903. Alvarez involved the donning and doffing of safety equipment in a meat packing plant. Id. at 897. The Alvarez Court lists numerous items that employees of the plant needed to don prior to beginning their shift, each of which provided some safety against the hazards of working in the plant. Id.
The Ninth Circuit stated that specialized protective gear is different in kind from typical clothing. "The admonition to wear warm clothing, for example, does not usually conjure up images of donning a bulletproof vest . . ." Id. at 905-906. The Alvarez Court goes on to say that specialized safety equipment "generally refers to materials worn by an individual to provide a barrier against exposure to workplace hazards."[13]Id.
This Court is persuaded that Plaintiff's personal safety equipment is the same type of specialized safety gear the Ninth Circuit concluded was not exempted from compensation under § 203(o). There was ample testimony that the equipment is specifically designed and necessary for the safety of the officer. (See, e.g., 1/17/2008 [Vol.II] at 56:20-57:24.) The Kevlar vest (or bullet proof vest) was specifically used in Alvarez as an example of the type of equipment that should be excepted from the statute. Id. at 905-906. The vest is personally made for the officer and designed to protect the officer from being harmed by suspects. This is also true of the Sam Browne belt and its contents. The belt is specially designed to hold each of those items the LAPD believes necessary to protect the officer and ensure they are able to complete their assigned duties. For example, the belt holds their weapon (logically a safety device) as well as ammunition. It also holds O.C. or pepper spray which can be used to subdue a suspect instead of using a more lethal weapon. Indeed, each item placed in the belt appears to be an item necessary to ensure that the public and the officer remain safe while on duty. Therefore, Plaintiff's personalized safety gear does not fall within the 29 U.S.C. § 203(o) exception:
This Court recognizes that sister Districts have resolved this same issue in conflicting ways.[14] Nevertheless, this Court believes this is the result mandated by binding precedent.

4. Cleaning and Maintenance of the Personalized Safety Gear

Plaintiff alleges that the cleaning and maintenance of the safety equipment should also be compensated. Plaintiff testified that it takes him 15 to 20 minutes per shift to inspect and maintain his gear, including polishing each piece of the leather equipment.[15] The Court finds that Plaintiff is not entitled to any recovery for maintenance activities because he is already provided with adequate compensation under the collective bargaining agreement for the activity.
The collective bargaining agreement, to which Plaintiff is bound, specifically addresses these maintenance activities. (Exhs. 207-209.) Indeed, the relevant agreement has a specific "maintenance and repair stipend." The weight of the testimony and evidence demonstrates that the stipend was designed to, and does, cover the maintenance costs. (See e.g. 1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 40:7-9; 1/23/2008 [Vol.V] at 34; 1/23/2008 at 86.) While Plaintiff testified that he polished his gear himself prior to each shift, the weight of the evidence demonstrates that this was an unreasonable activity. All other officers testified that they had the option of sending out the equipment for a nominal fee, using a protective cover, or polishing less frequently. The Court declines to allow Plaintiff to receive additional compensation for these activities.
Consequently, the Court finds that the donning and doffing of the personalized safety equipment is compensable under the FLSA, however, the general maintenance of this same gear is already adequately compensated for.

5. Plaintiff's Donning and Doffing Activities Are Not De Minimis

The Supreme Court in Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., explained the de minimis rule as follows:
When the matter in issue concerns only a few seconds or minutes of work beyond the scheduled working hours, such trifles may be disregarded. Split-second absurdities are not justified by the actualities of working conditions or by the policy of the Fair Labor Standards Act. It is only when an employee is required to give up a substantial measure of his time and effort that compensable working time is involved.
328 U.S. 680, 692, 66 S.Ct. 1187, 90 L.Ed. 1515 (1946).
When applying the de minimis rule to otherwise compensable time, the following considerations are appropriate: "(1) the practical administrative difficulty of recording the additional time; (2) the aggregate amount of compensable time; and (3) the regularity of the additional work." Lindow, 738 F.2d 1057 at 1063.
In presenting evidence related to the time necessary to don and doff the personalized safety equipment, neither party introduced this evidence independently from the time required to don and doff the entire uniform, thus requiring the Court to construct the time through reasonable estimates. Nevertheless, the weight of the evidence demonstrates that it took Officer Maciel between five and ten minutes to collectively don and doff the personal safety equipment.[16] This weighs in favor of finding the activity de minimis.
Lindow states that it is not merely the time involved that is considered in determining whether something should be examined de minimis, but also the size of the aggregate claim and the regularity with which the activity takes place. 738 F.2d at 1063.
Courts have granted relief for claims that might have been minimal on a daily basis but, when aggregated, amounted to a substantial claim. (Id. citing Addison v. Huron Stevedoring Corp., 204 F.2d 88, 95 (2d Cir.1953) (less than $1.00 per week not de minimis), cert. denied, 346 U.S. 877, 74 S.Ct. 120, 98 L.Ed. 384 (1953); Glenn L. Martin Nebraska Co. v. Culkin, 197 F.2d 981, 987 (8th Cir.1952) (30 minutes per day over 1 1/2 years not de minimis), cert. denied, 344 U.S. 866, 73 S.Ct. 108, 97 L.Ed. 671 (1952); Landaas v. Canister Co., 188 F.2d 768, 771 (3d Cir.1951) ($21.67 to $256.88 per week over 3 years not de minimis); Schimerowski v. Iowa Beef Packers, Inc., 196 N.W.2d 551, 555-56 (Iowa 1972) (15 minutes per day, amounting to verdicts ranging from $248.04 to $508.44, was not de minimis). "We would promote capricious and unfair results, for example, by compensating one worker $50 for one week's work while denying the same relief to another worker who has earned $1 a week for 50 weeks." Addison, 204 F.2d at 95.)
The de minimis rule is concerned with the practical administrative difficulty of recording small amounts of time for payroll purposes. See 29 C.F.R. § 785.47. Employers, therefore, must compensate employees for even small amounts of daily time unless that time is so minuscule that it cannot, as an administrative matter, be recorded for payroll purposes. See Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1062-63.
In the instant matter, the activity of donning and doffing the specialized safety equipment must take place prior to and at the end of each shift, and an average range of how long the activity takes is reasonably discernable. There appears to be no reason why compensation for this activity is too "minuscule" that it cannot be recorded from an administrative standpoint. Officer Maciel is already required to document each of his activities, along with the time spent on that activity, on his daily field activity report. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 211:4-17.)
Moreover, consideration of the aggregate claim, similarly weighs in favor of finding the time not de minimis. Officer Maciel is required to don and doff the equipment prior to every shift, assuming for the purpose of this analysis that it takes Plaintiff five minutes per shift for the donning and doffing activity, at Plaintiffs current salary, the uncompensated time would be $3.33 per shift, double if assuming ten minutes per shift. Compounding this time for every shift for the two years of uncompensated time, the aggregate claim would exceed $1000.00.[17] This amount could not be considered minuscule in light of Plaintiffs salary.
While the time required may border on that time deemed in other Courts as de minimis, all other Lindow factors weigh against a finding of de minimis. On balance, the time it takes Plaintiff to don and doff the personalized safety equipment is not de minimis.

6. Reliance on 29 U.S.C. § 259
Defendant asserts the affirmative defense of reliance on a Department of Labor opinion under 29 U.S.C. § 259.[18] Section 259 states that no employer shall be subject to any liability or punishment for the failure to pay minimum wages or overtime compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act if he proves that the act or omission complained of was based on good faith reliance on an opinion of the Department of Labor. Defendant established that in 1985, Plaintiffs Union requested the City examine whether donning and doffing activities would be compensable. This request resulted in a meeting between the Department of Labor ("DOL") and representatives of both the union and the City. Following the meeting, the Department of Labor sent the City an opinion letter stating that the time LAPD officers spent changing into and out of their uniforms, including their protective vests and Sam Browne belts, was not compensable under the FLSA. Defendant argued that reliance on this 1985 DOL opinion letter, establishes a good faith defense under 29 U.S.C. § 259.
In order for an employer to be insulated from liability under Section 259's good faith exception, an employer must "show it acted in (1) good faith, (2) conformity with, and (3) reliance on the DOL's regulations or the Administrator's Opinion Letter." See Frank v. McQuigg, 950 F.2d 590, 598 (9th Cir.1991) (emphasizing that the employer bears the burden of proof for § 259's good faith exception). This test has both objective and subjective components, asking how a "reasonably prudent [person] would have acted under the same or similar circumstances" and requiring "that the employer have honesty of intention and no knowledge of circumstances which ought to put him upon inquiry." Id. (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 790.15(a)). Section 259's test also places on employers an affirmative duty to inquire about uncertain FLSA coverage issues. Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 907; see Keeley v. Loomis Fargo & Co., 183 F.3d 257, 271 (3d Cir.1999) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 790.15(b)). It is not intended that this [good faith] defense apply where an employer had knowledge of conflicting rules and chose to act in accordance with the one most favorable to him. Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 907; see also 29 C.F.R. § 790.15(d) n. 99 (1999) (quoting 93 Cong. Rec. 4390 (1947)).
Plaintiff does not deny the existence of the 1985 DOL opinion letter, nor that the LAPD did not rely upon the letter in determining the compensation policy under the FLSA. Plaintiff instead states that the LAPD's "continued reliance on the out-dated letter was based on the advice of counsel, not because of the `clarity' of the DOL's letter." (Plaintiffs Reply Closing Brief, p. 25.) Because the LAPD chose not to raise an advice of counsel defense, we must evaluate whether the LAPD has shown that it's reliance on the 1985 DOL opinion letter was in good faith, without considering whether counsel was consulted. See Frank, 950 F.2d at 598.
For the LAPD to have acted in good faith, the evidence must show that a reasonably prudent employer would have acted the same way, and that the LAPD had no knowledge of circumstances which should have put them on notice of any contrary authority. See id. The LAPD failed to show sufficient evidence that their reliance on the 1985 DOL letter was the behavior of a reasonably prudent employer. Chief Bratton failed to affirm any reliance on the opinion letter. Additionally, the DOL opinion letter was issued in 1985, after which numerous claims were brought against the LAPD regarding donning and doffing, and numerous court decisions were rendered regarding compensable activity under the FLSA.[19] As discussed infra, in one of these decisions, Alvarez, the Ninth Circuit even used "bullet-proof vest" as an example of the type of equipment that would be considered specialized, and thus compensable, under the FLSA. See 339 F.3d at 905. As an employer, the LAPD had an affirmative duty to inquire and research FLSA coverage issues. See Alvarez, 339 F.3d at 907. (Emphasizing that the risk of a close good faith case rests on the employer). The specific mention of bullet-proof vests as specialized equipment should have put the LAPD on notice that the donning and doffing of a Kevlar vest would likely be compensable under the FLSA. See Frank, 950 F.2d at 598 (stating that an employer may only assert § 259's good faith exception when the employer has "no knowledge of circumstances which ought to put him upon inquiry.")
There was a complete absence of any evidence demonstrating that the LAPD relied on the DOL letter after the Alvarez decision. There was also inadequate evidence indicating that the LAPD inquired whether continued reliance twenty years later was reasonable. Simply relying on the content of the 1985 DOL letter; without more, was not reasonable.
The LAPD chose not to raise an advice of counsel defense and we may only consider the evidence before the Court, namely, the 1985 DOL letter itself. Accordingly, we find that the LAPD did not present sufficient evidence to assert Section 259's good faith exception.

C. OTHER ALLEGED PRE-SHIFT ACTIVITIES ARE NOT COMPENSABLE BECAUSE PLAINTIFF FAILED TO SHOW LAPD SUFFERED OR PERMITTED PLAINTIFF TO WORK

Plaintiff testified that he arrived early for every shift to check email, fix reports that had been returned by supervisors, and review Senior Lead Officer's Reports. (1/15/2008 RT [Vol.I] at 102:20-104:10.) This testimony, however, remained unreliable. There was also a complete absence of any testimony corroborating Plaintiffs testimony that he arrived early to perform the alleged activities. In fact, each individualincluding Plaintiff's proffered witnessestestified that these activities were not required and could have been completed during the regular work schedule. (See, e.g., 1/23/2008 RT [Vol.V] at 27:6-28.) Indeed, Plaintiff himself testified that he many times left work early, which indicates he had time to check his email during his shift. There was also evidence that the returned reports and Senior Lead Reports were reviewed during roll call. (1/16/2008 [Vol.II] 184:9-21.)
Even if the Court were to assume that Plaintiff did arrive early to work for the benefit of the LAPD, there was a complete absence of evidence that management, or anyone besides Plaintiff, was aware of these alleged activities.
Therefore, the Court finds that Plaintiff is not entitled to any recovery for these alleged activities.
Similarly, Plaintiff is not entitled to any recovery for reviewing arrest records at home. There is little question that the reviewing of arrest records would be a compensable activity. However, Plaintiff's testimony that he reviewed arrest reports at home on ten separate occasions was not credible. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 155:24-156:1.) Other witnesses testified that it was common practice to review the arrest records while the officer waited at the courthouse to testifythis time was compensated. (1/23/2008 [Vol.I] at 28:6-30:9; 59:22-60:20; 84:3-85:8.) Most significantly, there was a complete absence of evidence that any management or even supervisors, were aware that Plaintiff was taking these arrest records home. Therefore, recovery is unwarranted.
Finally, Plaintiff testified that he picked up narcotics photographs at the police station prior to traveling to Court to testify. (1/15/2008 [Vol.I] at 156:2-23.) According to his testimony, this occurred on six separate occasions and each occasion took approximately 45 minutes. (Id.) However, Plaintiff failed to put forth any evidence that anyone other than Plaintiff was aware of this activity, or that this activity would not have been compensated had Plaintiff informed any supervisors.
In sum, Plaintiff is not entitled to compensation for these activities because there is no evidence that Defendants suffered or permitted Plaintiff to engage in these activities. See Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1061-62.

D. PLAINTIFF IS LIMITED TO A TWO YEAR STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS

An employee is limited to two years of damages for any FLSA violations, absent a showing of willful violations of the FLSA provisions. 29 U.S.C. § 255(a).
Here, there was insufficient evidence to show that Defendant acted with any willful or reckless disregard in either failing to compensate Plaintiff for alleged missed Code-7s or not compensating officers for the donning and doffing activities. Therefore, Plaintiff is limited to a two year statute of limitations and any damages award is confined to periods not predating December 2003.

E. PLAINTIFF HAS NOT SHOWN THERE WAS ANY VIOLATION OF THE FLSA

The FLSA creates a cause of action whenever a qualified employer fails to compensate for overtime. "Gap time" refers to time that is not covered by the overtime provisions because the time exceeds the internal employer's policy, but does not exceed the straight-time limits under the FLSA. See Adair v. City of Kirkland, 185 F.3d 1055, 1062 (9th Cir. 1999) (Citing Hensley v. MacMillan Bloedel Containers, Inc., 786 F.2d 353, 357 (8th Cir.1986)). "No violation [of the FLSA's minimum wage requirements] occurs so long as the total weekly wage paid by an employer meets the minimum weekly requirements of the statute, such minimum weekly requirement being equal to the number of hours actually worked that week multiplied by the minimum hourly statutory requirement." United States v. Klinghoffer Bros. Realty Corp., 285 F.2d 487, 490 (2d Cir.1960). The Ninth Circuit has not addressed the issue of whether a gap time claim may be asserted under the FLSA, as distinguished from whatever proceedings may be available for breach of contract or under the collective bargaining agreement. Compare Lamon v. City of Shawnee, 972 F.2d 1145, 1150 (10th Cir. 1992) and Monahan v. County of Chesterfield, 95 F.3d 1263, 1282 (4th Cir.1996).
It appears that only one circuit held that these gap hours should be compensated at the employees' "regular hourly rate." Lamon, 972 F.2d at 1154. Despite this holding, the majority of courts have held that employees are not entitled to compensation for such time under the FLSA. Provided the actual number of hours worked divided by the employee's salary at the regular rate does not fall below the minimum wage requirements of the FLSA, a "pure gap time" claim is untenable. See Monahan, 95 F.3d at 1284; Hensley, 786 F.2d at 357; Robertson v. Board of County Comm'rs, 78 F.Supp.2d 1142, 1159 (D.Colo. 1999). This Court finds the latter approach persuasive.
In this context, the FLSA requires overtime be paid for any hours worked over 171[20] per pay period. According to the weight of the testimony, Plaintiff, an officer that worked a standard 3/12 shift, worked an average of 152-156 hours per deployment period. This creates a 15 to 19-hour delta between the FLSA minimum and the LAPD policy. There is insufficient evidence for this Court to reasonably infer that Plaintiff ever worked over 171 hours per deployment period and was not compensated for it. Indeed, Plaintiff all but failed to support any contention that Officer Maciel ever worked beyond the 171 hours without adequate compensation.
Therefore, Plaintiff cannot maintain a FLSA claim.

IV. CONCLUSION
Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden in order to recover in the instant action. His testimony, and that of his proffered witnesses, was, for the most part, unreliable, unsubstantiated, and lacked credibility.
As to Plaintiff's claims based on missed Code-7 breaks, Plaintiff cannot recover any damages because Plaintiff failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he failed to receive his Code-7s, that any management at the LAPD was aware that he was working through these breaks, or the extent of the missed Code-7s with any reasonable merit. Based on these facts, this Court rules in favor of Defendant on this claim.
As to Plaintiffs donning and doffing claims, Plaintiff's testimony that the activity of donning and doffing his uniform took in excess of thirty minutes a day was absurd. Nevertheless, this Court determines that under Ninth Circuit precedent, the donning and doffing of Plaintiffs personal safety equipment is compensable as a matter of law. Moreover, this Court also holds that the Lindow factors mandate a finding that the activity is not de minimis.
Notwithstanding the above findings, the Court rules that Plaintiff has failed to prove any violation of the FLSA because Plaintiff failed to put forth sufficient evidence demonstrating that he worked above the 171 hours per deployment period threshold. Therefore, the Court finds in favor of Defendant on this claim.
As to each of the remaining claims and issues, the Court finds in favor of Defendant. Plaintiff failed to meet his burden of proof.
IT IS SO ORDERED
NOTES
[1]  See 542 F.Supp.2d 1082 (2008).
[2]  All other Defendants have been dismissed.
[3]  All transcript and exhibit citations herein refer to the evidence and testimony in the civil trial in this matter.
[4]  For the purposes of this analysis, the Court considers December 2002 through present to be the "relevant time period."
[5]  The personal safety equipment includes: a Kevlar vest, Sam Browne belt which contains the following: keepers, handcuffs, O.C. spray, flashlight, baton, radio, gun, ammunition and gun holster.
[6]  Hours Worked.In determining for the purposes of sections 206 and 207 . . . the hours for which an employee is employed, there shall be excluded any time spent in changing clothes or washing at the beginning or end of each workday which was excluded from measured working time during the week involved by the express terms of or by custom or practice under a bona fide collective-bargaining agreement applicable to the particular employee.
[7]  Plaintiff's testimony was impeached on this matter with his deposition testimony, that the "unwritten policy" was for time less than half an hour. (1/16/2008 [Vol.I] at 20:8-19.)
[8]  While assigned to Parker Station or hospital duty, Plaintiff did not complete a DFAR.
[9]  Officer Hoskins did testify that sometime prior to 2000, a supervisor had "not taken it very well" when he attempted to put in an overtime request for less than an hour, however, that did not dissuade him from putting in for overtime. (Id. at 219:4-22.)
[10]  Management in the LAPD is defined as Captains and above. These employees are covered by a separate bargaining agreement. (Ex. 207).
[11]  This Court previously granted Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment as to Plaintiff's claims related to donning and doffing the standard police uniform. The Court found that, as a matter of law, the uniform was not "specialized safety equipment" and fell within the Section 203(o) exception. The Kevlar vest" and Sam Browne with contents, however, potentially fell outside the 203(o) exception.
[12]  See 29 C.F.R. § 790.8(c) (stating that where activities take place at the employer's premises as a mere convenience, that activity would be considered preliminary or postliminary rather than a principal activity).
[13]  In reaching this conclusion, the Ninth Circuit relies on the following OSHA regulation: Personal Protective Equipment is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard. General work clothes (e.g. uniforms, pants, shirts or blouses) not intended to function as protection against a hazard are not considered to be personal protective equipment. Id. at 905, citing 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1030(b) (1999).
[14]  Compare Abbe v. City of San Diego, 2007 WL 4146696, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87501 (S.D.Cal.2007) (Holding that "[t]he term `clothes' as used in Section 203(o), plainly included all aspects of the [Police Officer] uniform in question, with exception perhaps of the safety gear."); and Lemmon v. City of San Leandro, 538 F.Supp.2d 1200, 155 Lab. Cas. (CCH) p 35,376 (N.D.Cal.2007) (Holding that "even though the [Police Officer] uniform and equipment function as a whole, their donning and doffing are nevertheless subject to the de minimus rule.").
[15]  For the purpose of this analysis, the Court does not separate Plaintiff's boots from the other leather equipment.
[16]  The Court acknowledges that Anderson, 328 U.S. at 692, 66 S.Ct. 1187 states that the minimum time required to complete a given activity should guide the Court in determining whether an activity is de minimis. See id. ("compensable working time was limited to the minimum, time necessarily spent [in completing the task]." (emphasis added)). Based on the evidence at trial, the Court is unable to conclude what the "minimum time necessary" would be, nor is such a conclusion required based on the disposition of Plaintiff's claims.
[17]  Given the disposition of this matter, it is unnecessary for the Court to reach a certain aggregate claim amount.
[18]  Based on Defendants' refusal to waive the attorney client privilege. Defendants were prohibited from asserting any advice of counsel defense.
[19]  See, e.g., Summons and Complaint in Nolan v. City of Los Angeles, U.S.D.C. Central District Case No. CV-03-2190; Summons and Complaint in Alaniz v. City of Los Angeles, U.S.D.C. Central District Case No. C04-8592; Settlement Agreement in Brehm v. City of Los Angeles, U.S.D.C. Central District Case No. CV-02-2185.
[20]  See 29 U.S.C. § 207(k); 29 C.F.R. 553.230; see also Monahan, 95 F.3d at 1284 (holding "gap time" was not compensable under the FLSA).
