                                   WHOLE COURT

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                     March 30, 2016




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A2303. SMITH v. NORTHSIDE HOSPITAL, INC., et al.
 A15A2304. NORTHSIDE HOSPITAL, INC., et al. v. SMITH.

      DILLARD, Judge.

      In Case No. A15A2303, E. Kendrick Smith, an attorney, appeals the trial

court’s dismissal, after a bench trial, of his action to compel Northside Hospital, Inc.

and its parent company, Northside Health Services, Inc. (collectively, “Northside”),

to provide him with access to certain documents in response to his request under the

Georgia Open Records Act (“GORA” or “the Act”).1 On appeal, Smith argues that the

trial court erred in finding that the documents were not “public records” within the

meaning of the Act and in ordering a separate trial to determine whether those

documents are exempt from the Act as trade secrets. Northside cross-appeals in Case


      1
          See OCGA §§ 50-18-70 et seq.
No. A15A2304, arguing that the trial court erred by preventing it from seeking any

information regarding the identity of Smith’s client or clients, who Northside believed

were the actual parties behind the GORA request, and Smith’s purpose for bringing

this lawsuit. For the reasons set forth infra, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of

Smith’s case and dismiss Northside’s cross-appeal as moot.

      The facts relevant to this appeal are largely undisputed.2 In 1966, the

Commissioners of Roads and Revenues of Fulton County passed a resolution creating

the Fulton County Hospital Authority (the “Authority”), which would “have and




      2
         To the extent that there are any disputed facts in this case, we note that, “[i]n
reviewing a judgment entered in a bench trial, we construe the evidence in favor of
the judgment and the court’s factual findings will not be disturbed when supported
by any evidence.” Callahan v. Hall, 302 Ga. App. 886, 887 (691 SE2d 918) (2010)
(punctuation omitted). We further note that the first eight pages of the “Statement of
Material Facts” in Smith’s appellate brief include only a single record citation, which
is in a footnote and merely references an amicus brief from an unrelated case. The
burden, of course, is on “the party alleging error to show it affirmatively by the
record[,] [and] [w]hen the burden is not met, the judgment complained of is assumed
to be correct and must be affirmed.” Fleming v. Advanced Stores Co., 301 Ga. App.
734, 736 (688 SE2d 414) (2009) (punctuation omitted); see also COURT OF APPEALS
RULE 25 (c) (2) (i). Further, to the extent that any of Smith’s alleged “material facts”
in this portion of his brief are supported by the more than 7,000 pages of record, we
take this opportunity to remind him that “it is not the function of this Court to cull the
record on behalf of a party in search of instances of error.” Fortson v. Brown, 302 Ga.
App. 89, 90 (1) (690 SE2d 239) (2010) (punctuation omitted).

                                            2
exercise all of the powers granted and prescribed in the Hospital Authority Laws.”3

The Authority was created because of the need in Fulton County for improved and

increased hospital facilities to serve the community. And to that end, the Authority

opened Northside Hospital, which it owned and operated for approximately the next

25 years. In the early 1990s, the Authority, recognizing “the rapidly changing

healthcare environment in which it operate[d],” undertook a study, with the help of

consultants, to determine how best to improve the hospital’s operations. Ultimately,

the Authority concluded that the best option to achieve its goals was to restructure

through a long-term lease of the hospital and related assets for operation by a private,

charitable, nonprofit corporation. The Authority further determined that “[r]ecent

developments and opportunities affecting the ability of the [h]ospital to remain

competitive and to enhance its position as a principal provider of specialty healthcare

services . . . reinforced the importance of restructuring to the long term competitive

position of the [h]ospital.”

      Based on the foregoing assessments, the Authority created Northside Hospital,

Inc., a private, nonprofit corporation, and on November 1, 1991, it executed a lease



      3
          See OCGA §§ 31-7-70 et seq.

                                           3
and transfer agreement with the newly formed entity to facilitate the restructuring.4

Under this agreement, the Authority leased the hospital’s facilities and transferred all

of its operating assets and existing operations to Northside for a term of 40 years. In

exchange, Northside agreed to operate the hospital subject to certain restrictions, pay

all of the Authority’s debts and assume all of its liabilities incurred in connection with

the leased facilities and operating assets, and make a yearly rent payment of

$100,000. The leased facilities included the real property, the hospital, a surgery

center, office buildings, and improvements.

      Relevant to the instant dispute, between 2011 and 2013, Northside entered into

transactions to acquire four privately owned physician groups: Atlanta Cancer Care

(“ACC”), Georgia Cancer Specialists (“GCS”), Atlanta Gastroenterology Associates

(“AGA”), and Atlanta Surgery Center, Ltd. (“ASC”) (collectively, “the acquisitions”).

In 2013, after learning of these transactions, Smith, a partner at an Atlanta law firm,


      4
         The lease noted that the Authority’s restructuring plan was authorized by
OCGA §§ 31-7-70 et seq. and the Supreme Court of Georgia’s decision in Richmond
County Hosp. Auth. v. Richmond County, 255 Ga. 183 (336 SE2d 562) (1985). Private
hospitals such as Northside created under similar restructuring plans by government
entities are sometimes referred to in the parties’ briefs and throughout the record as
“Richmond hospitals.” See OCGA § 31-7-75 (7) (granting hospital authorities the
power to enter lease agreements to, inter alia, “promote the public health needs of the
community”).

                                            4
sent a letter to Northside and the Authority, entitled “Open Records Request,” seeking

access to financial statements and other documents related to the acquisitions.

Specifically, the letter identified 15 different categories of requested documents

related to each acquisition, including, for example, “[a]ll contracts, agreements,

instruments, or other documents by which the [a]cquisition was effected in whole or

in part”; “any indemnification agreements and any agreements concerning the

management or operation . . . of any medical or healthcare practice acquired . . .”;

documents that “constitute, evidence or reflect any consideration, compensation, or

remuneration of any type provided by or on behalf of [Northside]”; and “[a]ll

documents that constitute, evidence, or reflect any strategic plan or business forecast

for assets, membership interests, or any other property or interest acquired in the

[a]cquisition” for the 24 months preceding the acquisition.

      In a letter dated October 14, 2013, the Authority responded to Smith, informing

him that it did not possess any records or documents that were responsive to his

request.5 On the same day, Northside also responded to Smith, asserting that it is a

private, nonprofit hospital that is not subject to GORA, and even if it was, the


      5
        Smith has never disputed that the Authority did not possess any of the
requested documents.

                                          5
requested documents, which are “highly sensitive,” would be exempt under various

provisions of the Act, including the trade-secrets exemption. In addition, Northside

informed Smith that it had entered into binding confidentiality agreements that

prohibited disclosure of the requested documents. For these reasons, Northside

declined to comply with Smith’s request. Smith replied only to Northside, asserting

that it was subject to the GORA because, even though it is a private entity, it performs

a service or function for or on behalf of the Authority, which is a public agency

within the meaning of the Act, and that no exemption applied. Nevertheless,

Northside maintained that it was not subject to the Act and declined to provide Smith

with access to any documents related to the acquisitions.

      Subsequently, on November 15, 2013, Smith filed a complaint against

Northside, requesting that the trial court compel Northside to comply with his GORA

request. Northside answered and asserted a counterclaim, alleging that Smith brought

this action in bad faith on behalf of one or more of his corporate clients that are

competitors of Northside.6 Smith then moved the court to dismiss Northside’s

      6
        Northside also filed a motion to dismiss the case on the basis that Smith was
not the real party in interest, but the trial court denied the motion, noting that the
language of the GORA allows “any person, firm, corporation or other entity” to bring
an action in superior court to enforce compliance with its provisions. See OCGA §
50-18-70.

                                           6
counterclaim, arguing that the purpose of his GORA request is immaterial as a matter

of law, and the trial court granted the motion. However, throughout discovery,

Northside continued to seek information regarding the identity of Smith’s client or

clients, who Northside contended were the real parties seeking access to its

documents, as well as the purpose behind the parties making the GORA request and

filing the lawsuit. Rather than answering Northside’s discovery requests, Smith filed

a motion for a protective order preventing Northside from seeking such information.

And after a hearing on the matter, the trial court issued the protective order

“prohibiting any discovery concerning [ ] Smith’s purposes in bringing the action, or

the identity and purposes of any of his alleged clients.”

      Discovery continued and, approximately one year into the litigation, three of

the private practices that Northside acquired—AGA, ACC, and GCS—moved to

intervene in the case to protect their own interests in keeping the requested documents

confidential. AGA and ACC sought to intervene as defendants, and GCS sought to

intervene as a third-party plaintiff to file a petition for declaratory relief. After a

hearing on the matter, the trial court granted their motions.

      Following protracted litigation, the case ultimately proceeded to a bench trial,

which was bifurcated to resolve the two dispositive issues before the trial court: (1)

                                          7
whether the documents in question were “public records” under GORA; and (2) if so,

whether the records contained exempt trade secrets. After Smith presented his

evidence as to the first issue, Northside and the intervenors moved for an involuntary

dismissal of the case, but the trial court denied the motion. However, when Northside

and the intervenors renewed the motion after the close of all the evidence on the first

issue, the court granted it. Smith now appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his case,

and Northside cross-appeals, contending that the court erred in issuing the protective

order precluding it from seeking information about the identity and motives of

Smith’s corporate client or clients behind this action.

                                  Case No. A15A2303

       1. Smith first argues that the trial court erred in finding that Northside’s records

concerning its acquisition of the four physician practices are not “public records”

subject to GORA. We disagree.

       At the outset, we note that on appellate review of a bench trial, the factual

findings shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and “due regard shall be given

to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”7 Further,


       7
       Brock Built, LLC v. Blake, 316 Ga. App. 710, 712 (730 SE2d 180) (2012)
(punctuation omitted).

                                            8
in bench trials, the judge sits as trier of fact, and “the court’s findings are analogous

to a jury’s verdict and should not be disturbed if there is any evidence to support

them.”8 However, we review any questions of law decided by the trial court de novo.9

Further, in ruling on a motion for an involuntary dismissal, “the trial court was not

required to construe the evidence most favorably [to Smith].”10 And since the trial

court determines the facts as well as the law, it necessarily follows that “the motion

may be sustained even though plaintiff may have established a prima facie case.”11

Indeed, at a bench trial, the trial court “can determine when essential facts have not

been proved, [and] [t]he trial court’s determination as a trier of fact will be reversed

only where the evidence demands a contrary finding.”12 With these guiding principles

in mind, we turn now to Smith’s specific claim of error.



       8
           Id. (punctuation omitted).
       9
           Washington v. Harrison, 299 Ga. App. 335, 336 (682 SE2d 679) (2009).
       10
       Ivey v. Ivey, 266 Ga. 143, 144 (1) (465 SE2d 434) (1996); accord Smith v.
Ga. Kaolin Co., 269 Ga. 475, 476 (1) (498 SE2d 266) (1998).
       11
            Ivey, 266 Ga. at 144 (1) (punctuation omitted); see also Smith, 269 Ga. at 476
(1).
       12
        Ivey, 266 Ga. at 144 (1) (punctuation and citation omitted); accord Smith,
269 Ga. at 476 (1).

                                              9
      As previously mentioned, Smith argues that the trial court erred in dismissing

his case because Northside, even though it is a private entity, is subject to GORA. In

doing so, he essentially contends that all of Northside’s records, including the

requested records, are “public records” because it was created by the Authority as a

vehicle to act on the Authority’s behalf. Further, he argues that the trial court

improperly focused on what it perceived to be a lack of evidence of the Authority’s

“direct involvement in the transactions at issue,” rather than “the undeniably public

nature of the Northside healthcare system,” and Northside’s role in the acquisitions.

      In considering the merits of Smith’s appeal, we begin, as we must, with the

applicable statutory text of GORA,13 which requires that “[a]ll public records shall be

open for personal inspection and copying, except those which by order of a court of

this state or by law are specifically exempted from disclosure.”14 Thus, when there is

a “request for disclosure of documents under the Public Records Act, the first inquiry




      13
         See In re L. T., 325 Ga. App. 590, 591 (754 SE2d 380) (2014) (“[I]n
considering this question of statutory interpretation, we necessarily begin our analysis
with familiar and binding canons of construction.” (punctuation omitted)); accord
Martinez v. State, 325 Ga. App. 267, 273 (2) (750 SE2d 504) (2013).
      14
           OCGA § 50-18-71 (a).

                                          10
is whether the records are ‘public records.’”15 And the Act defines “public records”

as

      all documents, papers, letters, maps, books, tapes, photographs,
      computer based or generated information, data, data fields, or similar
      material prepared and maintained or received by an agency or by a
      private person or entity in the performance of a service or function for
      or on behalf of an agency or when such documents have been
      transferred to a private person or entity by an agency for storage or
      future governmental use.16


As we have recognized, GORA was “enacted in the public interest to protect the

public from ‘closed door’ politics and the potential abuse of individuals and misuse




      15
        Napper v. Ga. Television Co., 257 Ga. 156, 160 (a) (356 SE2d 640) (1987);
accord Nw. Ga. Health Sys., Inc. v. Times Journal, Inc., 218 Ga. App. 336, 338 (1)
(461 SE2d 297) (1995); see also United HealthCare of Ga., Inc. v. Ga. Dep’t of Cmty.
Health, 293 Ga. App. 84, 87 (666 SE2d 472) (2008).
      16
         OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2) (emphasis supplied). We note that, here, it is
undisputed that the Authority is a public “agency” within the meaning of the Act and
that Northside is a private, nonprofit corporation. See Cox Enterprises, Inc. v. Carroll
City/Cty. Hosp. Auth., 247 Ga. 39, 45-46 (273 SE2d 841) (1981) (determining that
a city/county hospital authority is a “governmental entity”); Griffin Spalding Cty.
Hosp. Auth. v. Radio Station WKEU, 240 Ga. 444, 445 (1) (241 SE2d 196) (1978)
(noting that “the ‘hospital authority’s law’ describes a [county hospital] authority as
a public corporation”).

                                          11
of power such policies entail.”17 Thus, the Act must be “broadly construed to effect

its remedial and protective purposes.”18 But even though the Act has been “broadly

applied as it relates to public offices or agencies to ensure adequate public access to

public records, it should not be construed broadly and in derogation of its express

terms so as to bring private entities within the purview of the statute.”19

      In the case sub judice, contrary to Smith’s contention, the trial court did not

dismiss this case based on a general determination that Northside was not subject to

the Act at all. Instead, the court simply found that Smith presented no evidence that

Northside entered into or performed any of the four transactions at issue on behalf

of the Authority or exercised any of the Authority’s powers when doing so. Without

question, the plain language of GORA, set forth supra, provides that documents or


      17
         United HealthCare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 86 (punctuation omitted);
see also Wallace v. Greene Cty., 274 Ga. App. 776, 782 (2) (618 SE2d 642) (2005).
      18
       United HealthCare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 86 (punctuation omitted);
accord Wallace, 274 Ga. App. at 782 (2).
      19
         United HealthCare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 86-87 (punctuation
omitted); accord Corp. of Mercer Univ. v. Barrett & Farahany, LLP, 271 Ga. App.
501, 503 (1) (a) (610 SE2d 138) (2005), superseded by statute on other grounds; see
also Evans v. Ga. Bureau of Investigation, 297 Ga. 318, 319 (773 SE2d 725) (2015)
(“[A]lthough exemptions from disclosure under the Open Records Act are narrowly
construed, the Act obviously should not be construed in derogation of its express
terms.” (punctuation omitted)).

                                          12
records “prepared and maintained or received by” a private entity (such as Northside)

“in the performance of a service or function for or on behalf of” a public agency are

subject to the Act.20 Thus, despite Smith’s characterization of the issue before this

Court as whether Northside, as a “Richmond hospital,” is subject generally to GORA,

the more pertinent question is whether the specific requested documents were

prepared and maintained or received by Northside in the performance of a specific

service or function for or on behalf of the Authority.21

      20
         OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2). The dissent contends that our opinion holds that
Northside is not the vehicle through which the Authority carries out its official duties,
suggesting that our conclusion is that Northside is not subject to GORA. This is a
mischaracterization of our holding. Instead, we have simply noted that, under the
plain terms of the Act, records of any private entity may be subject to GORA to the
extent that the particular records requested meet the criteria of OCGA § 50-18-70 (b)
(2). As explained supra, in considering whether specific requested documents are
subject to the Act, our first task is to determine whether those particular documents
are “public.” See supra footnote 15 & accompanying text. The dissent would render
this analytical step meaningless by holding that all of a Richmond hospital’s
documents are public merely because it is generally subject to GORA. But this would
effectively (and impermissibly) transform Northside into a public entity for the
purposes of GORA. Suffice it to say, there is nothing in the text or structure of GORA
remotely supporting such a sweeping construction of the statute. See supra footnote
19 & accompanying text.
      21
         See OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2) (providing that “public record[s]” include
those “prepared and maintained or received . . . by a private person or entity in the
performance of a service or function on or on behalf of an agency . . . “); see also
Hackworth v. Bd. of Educ. for City of Atlanta, 214 Ga. App. 17, 19-20 (1) (a) (447
SE2d 78) (1994) (“Because of the statutory definition, our focus in cases under the

                                           13
       And here, the undisputed testimony and other evidence established that, in

1991, there was a complete severance between the Authority and Northside’s

business decisions and operation of the hospital. Turning first to the 1991 lease-

transfer agreement, the parties agreed that, under Section 2.4, the purpose of the lease

was to “effect . . . the transfer of control over all of the Leased Facilities, the existing

Operations and the Operating Assets to Northside” in exchange for Northside

operating the hospital, assuming the Authority’s debts and obligations related to the

leased property, and making a yearly rent payment of $100,000. This section further

provides that “Northside during the term [of the lease] shall use the Operating Assets

and Existing Operations so transferred to it in the operation of the Leased Facilities

and in furtherance of Northside’s purposes as set forth in its Articles of Incorporation

and as otherwise permitted” by the lease. In addition, Section 7.2 of the lease

provides that “[s]o long as Northside is not in default under this Agreement,




Act is necessarily not on the actor but on the particular, discrete function performed
by that actor. We must determine whether that function is a public one, rendering the
records generated in the course of its performance subject to the Act.”). As
demonstrated in footnote 47 infra, when considering GORA requests served on
private entities with public affiliations, Georgia courts have focused on whether the
specific “requested documents” qualify as public records under the particular facts
of each case, not whether the private entity itself is or is not subject to the Act.

                                            14
Northside shall have sole and exclusive charge of the operation of the Leased

Facilities.”

       In executing the lease, the Authority retained only four specified powers: (1)

to prepare and adopt an annual budget for the Authority and to conduct a yearly audit;

(2) to file certain reports required by law regarding the Authority’s activities; (3) to

cooperate with Northside and to use its best efforts to issue revenue anticipation

certificates or other evidence of indebtedness in accordance with the Agreement; and

(4) to enter contracts with government agencies to obtain funds and to receive funds

and grants from same for the maintenance and operation of the hospital or to provide

medical care to indigent persons and for other public health purposes. And not long

after the lease was executed, in February 1992, the Authority also amended its bylaws

to “clarify the fact that there ha[d] been a change in the Authority and that [it] no

longer ha[d] responsibility for hospital operations.” An Authority representative

further indicated that the amendment was “needed to accurately reflect the

Authority’s actual role and avoid confusion” caused by both the Authority and

Northside’s bylaws “stating the same function.”22 Thus, the language of the lease

       22
         The only witness at trial, who was a member of the Authority at the time
when the 1991 lease-transfer agreement was executed, testified that the primary
reason for the restructuring was to make the hospital more competitive. He explained

                                          15
agreement itself provided that Northside would have exclusive control over the

hospital’s operations without interference from the Authority and that Northside

would operate the hospital for its own purpose.23

      As to the specific acquisitions at hand, the evidence showed that the Authority

had no involvement whatsoever in those transactions. Specifically, the Authority’s

chairman testified that, although the Authority owns the assets that it leased to



that, as a government agency, the Authority could not expand its facilities outside of
Fulton County, “could not enter into private transactions, could not enter into joint
ventures, [and] could not enter into a for profit operation[ ].” In addition, he testified
that, at the time, the Authority wanted to “remove politics from the governance so that
it could operate without interference.” According to this witness, under the lease-
transfer agreement, Northside would operate the hospital, while the Authority would
merely be “the landlord.”
      23
         As noted by the dissent, the lease-transfer agreement provides that one of the
purposes of the agreement is to promote the public-health needs of the community in
various ways. And the agreement also granted Northside the ability to transact
business “in connection with the Leased Facilities,” as well as to “stand in the place
of the Authority” to perform any function that the Authority could legally perform.
But given Northside’s exclusive control over hospital operations and its ability to also
act for its own purposes, we are unpersuaded that the lease-transfer agreement
established, as the dissent suggests, that any action ever taken by Northside is
necessarily taken on the Authority’s behalf. In any event, regardless of the provisions
of the lease-transfer agreement, GORA plainly provides that Northside’s documents
may only be rendered public if they actually are maintained or received on behalf of
a public entity. See OCGA § 50-18-70 (b) (2) As discussed more fully infra, there is
no evidence in this case that Northside entered the four specific transactions at issue
on the Authority’s behalf or at its direction.

                                           16
Northside, it does not control the hospital’s operations, and to his knowledge, the

Authority has never instructed Northside to enter into any transactions. According to

the chairman, the lease made “very clear” that Northside operates the hospital for its

own purpose. He further explained that, although Northside and the Authority have

a “friendly” and “cooperative” relationship, there is a “clear separation” between the

two entities. As to the transactions at issue, the chairman testified that the Authority

never requested that Northside acquire the physician practices, nor did it approve of

those acquisitions in advance. In fact, the chairman did not even know about

Northside’s acquisitions until he read about them in the newspaper.

      Similarly, Northside’s director of finance and system controller, who was the

Northside representative that had the most “direct and regular interaction” with the

Authority, testified that the Authority had no involvement in the acquisitions and that

Northside did not seek guidance from the Authority before negotiating and executing

those transactions. In fact, she testified that “approval and direction is never sought

from the Authority,” and Northside never received support, financial or otherwise,

from the Authority with respect to the acquisitions. The finance director knew

“exactly what funds are used for what [Northside] projects and in what counties,” and



                                          17
her undisputed testimony was that no public funds were used to finance the

acquisitions.

      Representatives from the intervenors, who were directly involved in

negotiating the transactions with Northside, also testified to the Authority’s complete

lack of involvement in the negotiation process. For example, the president of GCS

testified that GCS negotiated solely with Northside, which it knew to be a private

entity, and that he had no interaction whatsoever with the Authority in connection

with the transaction. He further testified that GCS required Northside to sign a

confidentiality agreement due to its concerns over providing Northside with sensitive

information, and if GCS had known that the records it transferred to Northside would

be provided to the Authority, GCS “probably would not have” entered into the

transaction.

      Likewise, the practice administrator of AGA testified that AGA provided

“competitively sensitive and confidential” documents to Northside, and she was

“stunned” when she learned of Smith’s GORA request. Because AGA was not aware

of any public entity that participated in the transaction, it was also unaware that it

could be subject to the Act. Not only was the Authority not involved during the

negotiations, but AGA’s practice administrator had never even heard of the Authority

                                          18
before this lawsuit. As with GCS, AGA “might not have entered into the transaction

at all” if it knew that the documents it provided to Northside could be subject to a

GORA request. Lastly, the chief executive officer of ACC also testified that the

Authority was never involved in the negotiations between ACC and Northside, and

that ACC was “surprised” when it learned of Smith’s GORA request because it was

dealing only with a private entity.

      Ultimately, in granting Northside and the Intervenors’ renewed motion for an

involuntary dismissal, the trial court found that Smith had presented no evidence that

Northside acquired any of the four private physician practices on behalf of the

Authority or that the Authority discussed in advance, requested, approved, or

authorized Northside to enter into those transactions. In arguing that the trial court

erred in finding that the requested documents are not “public documents,” Smith

primarily relies on Northwest Georgia Health Systems, Inc. v. Times Journal, Inc.,24

and Clayton County Hospital Authority v. Webb,25 cases in which this Court held that

certain requested documents of private entities were subject to a GORA request based




      24
           218 Ga. App. 336 (461 SE2d 297) (1995).
      25
           208 Ga. App. 91 (430 SE2d 89) (1993).

                                         19
on their involvement with county hospital authorities.26 However, these cases are

readily distinguishable.

      In Northwest Georgia Health Systems, a private entity’s subsidiary hospital

corporations contractually agreed to operate public hospital authority assets “for the

public good” and the private entity’s statement of corporate purpose was, in part, “to

operate those assets for the benefit of and performing the function of [ ] several public

hospital authorities.”27 In addition, seven members of the private entity’s board of

trustees were also members of five different hospital authorities.28 Under such

circumstances, we held that “these private, nonprofit corporations became the vehicle

through which the public hospital authorities carried out their official




      26
         Smith also relies heavily throughout his brief on Richmond County Hospital
Authority v. Richmond County, 255 Ga. 183 (336 SE2d 562) (1985), the Supreme
Court of Georgia case expressly holding that entering a lease-transfer agreement such
as the one in this case is a valid exercise of a hospital authority’s power under the
Hospital Authorities Act. See generally id. at 184-92 (1)-(2). However, in Richmond
County, the lease-transfer agreement expressly included a requirement that the private
entity comply with GORA. See id. at 191 (2) (a). Because the instant case does not
involve a challenge to the validity of the lease-transfer agreement, Richmond County
is not relevant to the resolution of this appeal.
      27
           Nw. Georgia Health Systems, Inc, 218 Ga. App. at 340 (1).
      28
           See id. at 338.

                                           20
responsibilities.”29 But here, Northside’s bylaws contain no language indicating that

the hospital’s purpose was to act for the public good or as a vehicle to carry out the

Authority’s official responsibilities. And although, as discussed supra, the lease-

transfer agreement granted Northside the ability to act on the Authority’s behalf, it

also provided that Northside was to operate the leased facilities for its own purposes

and the Authority retained the power to take only four specific actions, none of which

involved the acquisition of private physician practices. More importantly, the specific

issue before us in Northwest Georgia was whether the trial court erred in granting the

plaintiff’s motion for declaratory relief, and by declaring that the private non-profit

entities were subject to GORA and the Georgia Open Meetings Act.30 In the case sub

judice, the trial court’s decision did not make a general declaration that Northside is

      29
           Id.
      30
         See id. The dissent contends that our decision in Northwest Georgia turned
on the “overall nature of the relationships between the hospital authorities and the
private, nonprofit corporations, not the particular transactions,” and that a document-
by-document analysis is only appropriate in determining whether particular
documents are exempt from the Act. However, before we can consider whether
particular documents are exempt from the Act, we must first determine whether the
documents requested from the private entity may be deemed public, which generally
turns on the nature of the transaction. See infra footnote 47 & accompanying text.
Unlike this case, in Northwest Georgia there is no indication that the private entity
disputed that, if it were subject to the Act, the specific requested documents were
public in nature.

                                          21
never subject to GORA, and that is not the holding of this Court. Instead, in line with

long-standing Georgia jurisprudence, our analysis is centered on whether the

particular requested documents are public.31

      Furthermore, in Webb, unlike the instant case, the requested documents of the

private entities remained in the “possession and control” of the hospital authority.32

Based on the particular facts of that case, we held that there was a “sufficient basis

to conclude that the private corporations functioned under the direction and control

of the Authority to implement the Authority’s duty to provide for the public health.”33

But here, unlike in Webb, the Authority did not possess or control any of the

requested documents and the overwhelming evidence, detailed supra, established

that, since its creation, Northside has never functioned under the direction and control

of the Authority. Indeed, the Authority’s chairman was not even aware of the private

acquisitions in this case until they were reported publicly in the media.34 Lastly, it is


      31
           See infra footnote 47.
      32
           See Webb, 208 Ga. App. at 94 (1).
      33
           Id.
      34
         Similarly to Northwest Georgia, the defendants in Webb “relied not on the
specific content of any requested document to demonstrate its private nature, but
rather on the claim that the documents were those of private corporations not subject

                                           22
worth noting that neither Northwest Georgia nor Webb established a bright-line rule

that all of a private non-profit hospital’s documents are subject to disclosure when it

is affiliated in any way with one or more county hospital authorities. Instead, the

holdings in those cases were based on the particular facts before the court.35

      In support of its position that Northside was acting on behalf of the Authority

in entering the four private transactions at issue, the dissent relies on our decision in

United HealthCare of Georgia, Inc. v. Georgia Department of Community Health,36

in which we held that a private insurance company’s documents relating to its


to the Act.” See Webb, 208 Ga. App. at 95 (1). And the Webb Court noted that the
private entities had not provided the requested records to the court, and explained that
if the private corporations “intended to rely upon the specific contents of the withheld
documents as a defense to production under the Act, they had the burden of
producing the records for inspection by the court.” Id. at 94-95 (1) (emphasis
supplied). But unlike in those cases, Northside has maintained throughout this entire
litigation that the specific documents requested by Smith are not public documents
within the meaning of the Act.
      35
          See Nw. Ga. Health Sys., Inc., 218 Ga. App. at 340 (1) (“[T]he trial court in
the case sub judice was authorized to conclude on the facts before it that [the private
entities], as vehicles for public agencies, were subject to the Open Meetings Act, and
that the requested documents were ‘public records’ under the Open Records [Act].”
(punctuation omitted) (emphasis supplied)); Webb, 218 Ga. App. at 95 (1) (“Despite
the private status of the corporations, the trial court was authorized to find on the
facts before it that they were subject to the Act, and that the requested documents
were ‘public records’ under the Act.” (emphasis supplied)).
      36
           293 Ga. App. 84 (666 SE2d 472) (2008).

                                           23
contract with the Georgia Department of Community Health for the administration

of certain State benefits were public documents within the meaning of GORA.37

However, rather than relying on the general nature of the relationship between the

private and public entities, as the dissent would have us do, the Court in that case

began with the “threshold question” as to whether the documents at issue were public

records.38 In considering the particular transaction at issue, we held that the

documents were public records when, inter alia, the transaction involved “current and

future expenditure of substantial public funds,” and there was “significant” and

“active” involvement of public officials.39 Here, it is undisputed that no public funds

were used to finance the relevant transactions and there was no involvement of any

public officials.

      The only evidence that Smith relies on to show the Authority’s “involvement”

in the acquisitions is evidence that Northside’s chief financial officer also serves as

the Authority’s treasurer, Northside’s chief legal services officer is also the

Authority’s secretary, and four members of the Authority also sit on Northside’s


      37
           See id. at 84, 87-89 (1).
      38
           See id. at 87.
      39
           See id at 88 (1).

                                          24
board. However, he identifies no specific involvement of any of these individuals in

their capacity as a member of the Authority with respect to Northside’s acquisitions.

Smith contends that the Authority’s secretary, as Northside’s chief legal services

officer, “personally maintains the requested acquisition records.” But the evidence

presented below also showed that there was no relationship or overlap between her

duties and responsibilities as the Authority’s secretary, a voluntary position, and her

duties and responsibilities as a Northside employee. In addition, the Authority’s

treasurer testified that she had been “told” that she was its treasurer, but she had

“never been asked to do anything for the Authority.” To the extent that this testimony

created a conflict in the evidence, we must view the evidence in favor of the trial

court’s ruling.40 Further, we note that, even if there was evidence that any Authority

member was also involved in the acquisitions in their capacity as a Northside

employee (which there is not), the Supreme Court of the United States has recognized

that there is a “presumption that an act is taken on behalf of the corporation for whom

the officer claims to act.”41

      40
           See Callahan, 302 Ga. App. at 887.
      41
        U.S. v. Bestfoods, 524 U.S. 51, 70 n.13 (IV) (B) (1) (118 SCt 1876, 141 LEd
2d 43) (1998); see also Raytheon Constructors, Inc. v. Asarco Inc., 368 F3d 1214,
1217 (II) (10th Cir. 2003) (noting that “dual officers can and do ‘change hats’ to

                                          25
      In the case most analogous to this one, Corp. of Mercer University v. Barrett

& Farahany, LLP,42 we held that documents created and maintained by a private

college’s campus police department were not subject to a GORA request when no

public office or agency had “expressly requested” that the campus police perform a

service or function on its behalf, even though campus police are given authority to

perform certain functions by two Georgia statutes.43 We explained that “[t]he

[GORA’s] statutory language simply does not provide this Court with the authority

to compel entities that are private, but are granted the authority to perform public

functions, to disclose their records.”44 And this Court further noted that “simply

performing some task or function that has an indirect public benefit, or which aids the

public as a whole, does not transform a private entity’s records into public records.”45



represent [ ] two corporations separately”); Lusk v. Foxmeyer Health Corp., 129 F3d
773, 779 (III) (5th Cir. 1997) (noting the well-established principle of corporate law
that directors and officers holding positions with a parent company and its subsidiary
can and do “change hats” to represent two corporations separately).
      42
        271 Ga. App. 501 (610 SE2d 138) (2005), superseded by statute on other
grounds.
      43
           See id. at 503-04 (1) (a), 505 (1) (b).
      44
           Id. at 505 (1) (b).
      45
           Id.

                                             26
      Here, not only did the Authority never expressly request that Northside make

the acquisitions on its behalf, the Authority was not even aware of the acquisitions

until after they were completed. Moreover, the mere fact that Northside’s healthcare

operations and services may provide an indirect public benefit does not convert its

private documents into public records absent any evidence that the documents relate

to Northside’s performance of a specific function on the Authority’s behalf.46

      In sum, Smith seeks documents related to commercial transactions between

private entities, which the Authority had no knowledge, interest, or involvement in

to any degree. Indeed, these acquisitions were negotiated and executed solely by

Northside for its own private purposes, and it did not seek the Authority’s approval

or even inform the Authority of its plans in advance. Moreover, Smith presented no

evidence that any public officials participated in the negotiations, and it was

undisputed that no public funds were used to finance the acquisitions. Given these

particular (and unique) facts and circumstances, the trial court was authorized to




      46
           See id.

                                        27
conclude that the documents specifically requested by Smith were not “public

documents” within the meaning of GORA.47

      47
          See Corp. of Mercer Univ., 271 Ga. App. at 505 (1) (b) (holding that a
private college’s campus police reports were not “public records” when no public
office or agency expressly requested that the campus police perform a service or
function on its behalf). Cf. Macon Tel. Pub. Co. v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga.,
256 Ga. 443, 444-45 (350 SE2d 23) (1986) (holding that documents maintained by
a private athletic association affiliated with a public university were “public
documents” when the president of the university was responsible for controlling the
intercollegiate program, the athletic association was used by university officials to
carry out that responsibility, and the requested documents were under a university
official’s direction and control); United HealthCare of Ga., Inc., 293 Ga. App. at 88
(1) (holding that records of a private entity were “public records” when the relevant
actions by that entity involved “current and future expenditure of substantial public
funds,” there was “significant” and “active” involvement of public officials, and the
private entity was the “vehicle” or “management tool” through which the public
agency had chosen to carry out the service or function on its behalf); Cent. Atlanta
Progress, Inc. v. Baker, 278 Ga. App. 733, 735-38 (1) (629 SE2d 840) (2006)
(holding that documents related to a bid for property by a private company were
“public documents” under the Act when the bid was funded by “substantial public
resources;” the city’s mayor pledged to use tax allocation proceeds to fund the
construction on the property; public officials and employees participated in the
preparation and promotion of the bid; the bid was approved by various public
officials; and winning the bid was “very important” to the State, City, and County);
Hackworth, 214 Ga. App. at 19 (1) (a) (holding that personnel records of school bus
drivers, who were employees of a private company that contracted with Atlanta’s
Board of Education to provide bussing services, were “public records” when student
transportation was a “legitimate function” and the responsibility of the Board, the
private company was a tool used by the Board to carry out this responsibility,
maintaining personnel records regarding the hiring and management of school bus
drivers was an “integral part” of the Board’s public functions, and the Board had the
right to approve the employment of all drivers or to cause the company to remove
them); Webb, 218 Ga. App. at 94 (1) (holding that certain records of private

                                          28
      2. Smith also argues that the trial court erred in ordering a separate trial to

determine whether the requested documents were exempt from GORA as trade

secrets. However, given our holding in Division 1 supra (i.e., that the trial court

properly dismissed Smith’s case because the requested documents are not “public

records” within the meaning of the Act), the issue of whether the documents qualified

for the trade-secrets exemption is moot.

                                 Case No. A15A2304

      3. In its cross-appeal, Northside argues that the trial court erred in precluding

it from seeking information regarding the identity of the corporate client or clients for

whom Smith initiated this action and the motive for doing so. However, given our

holding in the primary appeal, affirming the trial court’s dismissal of this case,

Northside’s cross-appeal, challenging a discovery ruling, is likewise moot.48




corporations were “public records” when those records remained in possession and
control of a hospital authority, and there was a “sufficient basis to conclude that the
private corporations functioned under the direction and control of the Authority to
implement the Authority’s duty to provide for the public health” (emphasis
supplied)).
      48
        See Murray v. Ga. Dep’t of Transp., 284 Ga. App. 263, 272 (5) (644 SE2d
290) (2007) (dismissing the appellees cross-appeal when the trial court’s judgment
in the main appeal was affirmed).

                                           29
      For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Smith’s

GORA action in Case No. A15A2303, and in Case No. A15A2304, we dismiss

Northside’s cross-appeal as moot.

      Judgment affirmed in Case No. A15A2303. Appeal dismissed as moot in Case

No. A15A2304. Ellington, P. J., Phipps, P. J., and Ray, J., concur. McMillian, J.,

concurs in judgment only. Barnes, P. J., and McFadden, J., dissent.




                                          30
 A15A2303. SMITH v. NORTHSIDE HOSPITAL, INC. et al.

 A15A2304. NORTHSIDE HOSPITAL, INC. et al. v. SMITH.

      MCFADDEN, Judge, dissenting.

      I respectfully dissent. Because the Authority has certain official, governmental

responsibilities, and Northside is the vehicle through which the Authority discharges

those responsibilities, and Northside entered the transactions described in the

documents at issue in the course of its discharge of those responsibilities, I would

hold that those documents were indeed prepared and maintained or received by

Northside on behalf of the Authority. And I would therefore hold that those

documents are subject to the Open Records Act.
        The lease-transfer agreement, as a matter of law, cannot shield those documents

from the Open Records Act. And as a matter of fact, it does not attempt to shield

them.

        So I would reverse the trial court’s holding that the records are not public

records within the meaning of the Open Records Act. Consequently, I would reach

two issues the majority does not. I would remand for the trial court to decide whether

particular documents contain trade secrets and therefore fall within an exception to

the Act. I would affirm the grant of the protective order.

        1. Public records.

        Hospital authorities “exercise public and essential governmental functions.”

OCGA § 31-7-75. So there is no question that the Authority’s records are public

records within the meaning of the Open Records Act. See Cox Enterprises v. Carroll

City/County Hosp. Auth., 247 Ga. 39, 45 (273 SE2d 841) (1981); OCGA § 50-18-70.

        The Authority has chosen to discharge its “governmental obligation to provide

for the health of the people . . . by the lease of the hospital” to Northside. Richmond

County Hosp. Auth. v. Richmond County, 255 Ga. 183, 184 (1) (336 SE2d 562)

(1985) (citation and punctuation omitted).




                                           2
      a. As a matter of law

      Whether the documents at issue are likewise public records is answered by our

holding in Northwest Ga. Health System v. Times-Journal, 218 Ga. App. 336 (461

SE2d 297) (1995). In that case, we held that the trial court was authorized to conclude

that certain private, nonprofit corporations were “the vehicle through which the

public hospital authorities carried out their official responsibilities. Consequently,

despite [their] private, nonprofit status[,] . . . as vehicles for public agencies [they]

were subject to the Open Meetings Act, and . . . documents [requested under the Open

Records Act] were public records under the Open Records Act.” Id. at 340 (1)

(citation and punctuation omitted). Because Northside is the vehicle through which

the Authority carries out its official responsibilities and, as discussed below, the

documents at issue concern Northside’s execution of that delegated responsibility,

those documents are public records under the Open Records Act.

      That holding in Northwest Ga. Health System has been approved by the

General Assembly. In 1997 the General Assembly enacted OCGA § 14-3-305 to

impose certain reporting and conflict-of-interest requirements on nonprofit

corporations formed, created, or operated by or on behalf of a hospital authority.

Subsection (e) of the statute provides,


                                           3
      [n]othing in this Code section shall be deemed or construed to affect in
      any manner the provisions of Code Section 31-7-75.2 [an exemption in
      the Hospital Authorities Law to the Open Meetings Act and Open
      Records Act], Chapter 14 of Title 50 [the Open Meetings Act], or
      Article 4 of Chapter 18 of Title 50 [the Open Records Act] or to change
      existing law as to whether such statutory provisions are applicable to
      nonprofits.


OCGA § 14-3-305 (e) (emphasis supplied). (The term “nonprofits” as used in that

statute “means any corporation which is formed, created, or operated by or on behalf

of a hospital authority.” OCGA § 14-3-305 (a).) Two years before OCGA § 14-3-305

was enacted, we held in Northwest Ga. Health Systems that the records of such

nonprofit corporations were public records within the meaning of the Open Records

Act. Northwest Ga. Health System, supra, 218 Ga. App. 336. “All statutes are

presumed to be enacted by the legislature with full knowledge of the existing

condition of the law and with reference to it.” Nuci Phillips Mem. Foundation v.

Athens-Clarke County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 288 Ga. 380, 383 (1) (703 SE2d 648)

(2010) (citation and punctuation omitted).

      Our decision in Northwest Ga. Health System rested on undisputed facts. And,

as the majority observes, the relevant facts in this case are largely undisputed as well.

We conduct a de novo review of the application of the law to the undisputed facts.

                                           4
See Maddox v. Schrader, 268 Ga. 661 n. 3 (492 SE2d 521) (1997). Nothing in

Northwest Ga. Health System, or any of the cases in its line, identifies any factors

relevant here that would authorize a contrary result. See United HealthCare of Ga.

v. Ga. Dept. of Community Health, 293 Ga. App. 84, 87-89 (1) (666 SE2d 472)

(2008) (records of private companies, whose actions involved the expenditure of

public resources, were public records because companies were vehicle through which

state agency carried out its public function of administering state health insurance

plan); Corp. of Mercer Univ. v. Barrett & Farahany, L.L.P., 271 Ga. App. 501 (610

SE2d 138) (2005), superseded by statute on other grounds (documents created and

maintained by private college campus’s police department were not subject to Open

Records Act because no public agency had expressly requested that the campus police

perform a service or function on its behalf); Dept. of Human Resources v. Northeast

Ga. Primary Care, 228 Ga. App. 130, 134-135 (4) (491 SE2d 201) (1997) (observing

that Open Records Act has been applied to private entities when public agencies have

delegated to them their official responsibilities and authority).

       If – as the majority holds – Northside were not the vehicle through which the

Authority carries out its official responsibilities, then the validity of the entire lease-

transfer agreement would be in question. And if Northside were not the vehicle


                                            5
through which the Authority discharges its responsibility “to provide for the health

of the people,” Richmond County Hosp. Auth., 255 Ga. at 184 (1), then no one would

be meeting that obligation. And if Northside were to stop providing those services,

“the [Authority] would be required to step in to establish another method” for

discharging its obligation. Red & Black Publishing Co. v. Bd. of Regents, 262 Ga.

848, 854 (3) (b) n. 13 (427 SE2d 257) (1993) (emphasis omitted).

      In short, while the Authority was certainly free to delegate those

responsibilities, it was not free to abdicate them. And, contrary to the majority, the

terms of the lease-transfer agreement repeatedly make very clear that it is not an

attempt to abdicate them.

      b. Terms of the lease-transfer agreement.

      In support of its conclusion that Northside has no responsibility under the terms

of that agreement to act for the public good or as a vehicle to carry out the Authority’s

official responsibilities, the majority relies on two provisions of the lease-transfer

agreement: (1) that Northside would use “the Operating Assets and Existing

Operations so transferred to it in the operation of the Leased Facilities and in

furtherance of Northside’s purposes as set forth in its Articles of Incorporation and




                                           6
as otherwise permitted by [the] Agreement;” and (2) that Northside would “have sole

and exclusive charge of the operation of the Leased Facilities.”

       But the lease-transfer agreement and Northside’s articles of incorporation show

that the responsibilities Northside has undertaken are much broader than that. As to

the first of those provisions, the lease-transfer agreement does provide that Northside

was to operate the leased facilities “in furtherance of [its] purposes.” But it specifies

that those purposes are “set forth in its Articles of Incorporation” – not the bylaws as

the majority implies. And the relevant provision of Northside’s articles of

incorporation, which is set out in the margin,1 simply states that its corporate purpose

is “to operate, directly or indirectly, health care facilities for the benefit of the general

public. . . .” (Emphasis supplied.) This, of course, is precisely in line with the

Authority’s delegation of its governmental obligations to Northside.




       1
        “The purposes of the corporation are to operate, directly or indirectly, health
care facilities for the benefit of the general public and, specifically, to own, lease, and
operate hospitals, clinics, and other health care facilities, to provide hospital and
medical care and related functions, and generally to undertake and perform all other
activities necessary, incidental, useful, or advisable, directly or indirectly, to the
foregoing including the exercise of all other powers and authorities permitted for the
corporation by the Georgia Nonprofit Corporation Code, subject to the limitations of
Section 501 (c) (3) of the Code.” (Emphasis supplied.)

                                             7
      Further, the lease-transfer agreement describes the Authority’s stated intent in

leasing to Northside a facility composed of a hospital, a surgery center, and two office

buildings for $100,000 per year, as to “promote the public health needs of the

community by making additional facilities available in the community,” “by lowering

the cost of health care in the community,” and by “seiz[ing] available opportunities

both within and outside Fulton County.” As discussed below, at the end of the lease

term, those “seize[d] opportunities” become the property of the Authority. The

transactions reflected in the documents at issue, acquisition of the four physician

practices, furthers the Authority’s stated goal of “seize[ing] available opportunities.”

Consequently, Northside’s acquisition of those practices is on behalf of the Authority

and the documents related to those acquisitions are public records.

      As to the second of those provisions, the agreement does indeed provide that

Northside has “the power and authority to stand in the place of the Authority” and

that the parties intend that the Authority’s “grant of powers and authority shall be

broadly construed and that Northside shall have full power to act for the Authority,

in the Authority’s name, place and stead in any and all circumstances.” Indeed, as the

majority points out, the Authority retained only limited duties and powers under the

lease. It necessarily, then, delegated to Northside the remainder of its powers and


                                           8
responsibilities so as to satisfy its governmental obligation. But contrary to the

majority what that means is that the lease-transfer agreement, in its parts and as a

whole, sets out an express intent to make Northside the entity to which the Authority

delegated its governmental responsibilities and authority. It is the vehicle through

which the Authority acts.

      That intent is reaffirmed in other provisions of the lease-transfer agreement.

The agreement ensures that the Authority retains sufficient control over the hospital

to satisfy the requirements of the Hospital Authorities Law. A provision of that law,

OCGA § 31-7-75 (7), requires that, before a hospital authority enters a lease

arrangement like the one at issue here, it must “first determine[] that such lease will

promote the public health needs of the community.” And a hospital authority is

required by that same subsection to “retain[] sufficient control” over the project to

ensure that the lessee obtains no more than a reasonable rate of return on its

investment. Id.

      The lease-transfer agreement further provides that the operating assets, which

include all subsequent accumulations by Northside, presumably including the

acquisitions at issue here, will revert to the Authority at the end of the lease. It even

contemplates a method of disposing of Northside assets that the Authority cannot


                                           9
legally hold: Northside will dispose of such assets according to the Authority’s

direction, with the proceeds reverting to the Authority.

      And the lease-transfer agreement expressly provides that Northside stands in

the place of the Authority and that the agreement was intended to “promote the public

health needs of the community.”

      Those express acknowledgments of Northside’s public purpose defeat the

majority’s attempt to distinguish Northwest Ga. Health Systems on the basis of

language in the corporate bylaws at issue in that case, which provided that the

nonprofit corporation there was organized “for the benefit of, to perform the functions

of, or to carry out the purposes of” the involved hospital authorities. Northwest Ga.

Health Systems, 218 Ga. App. at 337. Moreover the language the majority cites was

but one factor the Northwest Ga. Health Systems court considered in determining that

the trial court was authorized to find that the nonprofit corporation in that case was

the vehicle through which the authorities acted.

      The majority also attempts to distinguish Northwest Ga. Health Systems on the

ground that the case concerned only certain, particular documents. But that opinion

was not so narrow. It did not describe or distinguish among documents requested, and

its analysis did not turn on the scope or nature of the documents requested.


                                          10
      Another fact supporting the conclusion that Northside is performing a service

or function on behalf of the Authority is that the Authority has placed a valuable

public asset into Northside’s hands – the leased premises. In United HealthCare of

Ga, supra, 293 Ga. App. at 88 (1), we concluded that the records of certain private

companies were public records because the companies were the vehicle through

which a state agency carried out its public function of administering the state health

insurance plan, which involved the expenditure of public funds. When a public

agency has entrusted a private entity with public resources, we held, that fact is at

least some indication that the private entity is performing a public-agency function.

      The trial court here focused on what she perceived to be the lack of evidence

that the Authority was involved in “the transactions at issue in this case.” But the

Northwest Ga. Health System court looked to the overall nature of the relationships

between the hospital authorities and the private, nonprofit corporations, not to any

particular transactions. Contrary to the majority’s characterization, I would not decide

that “all of a Richmond hospital’s documents are public records” for purposes of the

Open Records Act. It is unnecessary to reach such a sweeping construction in this

case, because here it is abundantly clear that Northside entered the four transactions

on behalf of the Authority, and the documents related to those transactions are


                                          11
therefore public records. And while I would hold that these documents are public

records within the meaning of the Open Records Act, I would also hold, as detailed

in Division 2 of this dissent, that the case must be remanded for the trial court to

determine whether the documents are subject to an exception to the Act. See OCGA

§ 50-18-72, which sets out a long list of statutory exceptions to the Open Records

Act.

       The case that the majority relies on as most analogous to the instant case does

not support its position. See Corp. of Mercer Univ., supra, 271 Ga. App. at 501. In

that case, as the majority describes, we held that documents created and maintained

by a private college campus’s police department were not subject to the Open

Records Act because no public agency had expressly requested that the campus police

perform a service or function on its behalf. Here, on the other hand, the Authority

expressly delegated its governmental obligations to Northside, in part to enable it “to

seize available opportunities,” such as the four acquisitions at issue. The relevance

of Corp. of Mercer Univ. is that we found the Act not applicable when, unlike here,

the private entity did not carry out “some public purpose at the express request of a

public office or agency.” Id. at 505 (1) (b).




                                          12
      For these reasons, consistent with the General Assembly’s declaration in the

Open Records Act that it is “the strong public policy of this state . . . that public

access to public records should be encouraged,” OCGA § 50-18-70 (a), I would

conclude that the documents Smith requested are public records within the meaning

of the Act.

      I acknowledge that Northside has made countervailing policy arguments: that

subjecting entities like Northside to the Open Records Act would prevent them from

competing effectively in the marketplace and that counties should be permitted, if not

encouraged, to get government out of the healthcare business. But Northside’s policy

arguments should be addressed to the General Assembly. We have neither the

institutional competence to properly evaluate them nor the legitimate authority to

subordinate to them the policy announced by the General Assembly in the text of the

Open Records Act.

      2. Trade-secrets exception.

      Whether the requested documents are exempted from disclosure under a trade-

secrets exception to the Open Records Act, see OCGA §§ 50-18-72 (a) (34), 31-7-

75.2, remains for resolution. Smith argues that the trial court erred in ruling that

Northside is entitled to a trial on its claim of exemption. But he did not seek a pretrial


                                           13
resolution of the exemption issue, and the trial court issued no ruling denying such

a motion. So this enumeration presents nothing for review. See Matthews v.

Tele-Systems, 240 Ga. App. 871, 875 (5) (525 SE2d 413) (1999) (“[T]here is no order

from which to appeal. Thus, there is nothing for us to review.”) (citation omitted);

McDaniel v. State, 221 Ga. App. 43, 46 (1) (470 SE2d 719) (1996) (this court “has

no jurisdiction to address issues . . . raised for the first time on appeal”) (citation

omitted).

      3. Protective order.

      Northside appeals the trial court’s grant of Smith’s motion for a protective

order prohibiting any discovery concerning the identity of Smith’s clients or their

purpose in bringing the action. “It is well settled that the conduct of discovery is

within a trial court’s broad discretion.” Exxon Corp. v. Thomason, 269 Ga. 761, 763

(3) (504 SE2d 676) (1998) (citations omitted). And “[u]nless the trial court has

clearly abused [that] discretion, . . . we will defer to [her] conclusion about whether

a protective order should be granted.” Norfolk Southern R. v. Hartry, 316 Ga. App.

532, 534 (729 SE2d 656) (2012) (citation omitted).

       Northside argues that the information it seeks is relevant to its argument that

the records Smith requested are trade-secrets exempt from the Open Records Act. It


                                          14
elaborates that the information it seeks would show that Smith’s client is a competitor

that sought the documents for competitive purposes, thus supporting its contention

that the documents are protected by the trade-secrets exemption of the Open Records

Act.

       At the hearing on the motion for protective order, Northside conceded that it

has other ways of establishing that the documents are trade secrets, and, in fact,

contended that it already had done so. And Smith’s counsel conceded at oral

argument before this court that, for purposes of analysis of the scope of the

applicability of the Open Records Act, Northside is entitled to the benefit of the

assumption that Smith’s client is a competitor.

       At the time the trial court entered the protective order, she already had

dismissed Northside’s counterclaim, which she characterized as asserting claims for

“unfair competition, interference with contractual relationships, interference with

ongoing and prospective business relationships, attempting to obtain business secrets

under false pretenses, and pursuing a sham, false, and frivolous lawsuit in order to

gain unfair and improper competitive advantage.” She held that “[s]uch claims

necessarily involve the intentions, purposes, and motivations behind [Smith’s] current

action seeking enforcement of the Open Records Act,” and that allowing the


                                          15
counterclaims to proceed would have a “chilling effect” and “would circumvent well-

established public policy in favor of open government.”

      A trial court may prevent the “use of discovery which is oppressive,

unreasonable, unduly burdensome or expensive, harassing, harsh, insulting, annoying,

embarrassing, incriminating, or directed to wholly irrelevant and immaterial or

privileged matters or as to matter concerning which full information is already at

hand.” Sechler Family Partnership v. Prime Group, 255 Ga. App. 854, 857 (2) (567

SE2d 24) (2002) (citation omitted). Compare Galbreath v. Braley, 318 Ga. App. 111,

112-113 (733 SE2d 412) (2012) (reversing grant of protective order that prohibited

litigant from conducting discovery “necessary” to his case).

      Under these facts, Northside has not shown that the trial court abused her

discretion.

      I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge Barnes joins in this dissent.




                                         16
