                              NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 8 2020
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CARLOS R. CARIAS,                               No.   17-70695

                Petitioner,                     Agency No. A071-592-093

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                               Submitted June 4, 2020**
                                 Pasadena, California

Before: OWENS and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and MOLLOY,*** District
Judge.

      Carlos Carias petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA”) decision affirming the denial of his application for suspension of



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Donald W. Molloy, United States District Judge for the
District of Montana, sitting by designation.
deportation. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. See Gomez-Lopez v.

Ashcroft, 393 F.3d 882, 883–84 (9th Cir. 2005). We review questions of law de

novo and factual findings for substantial evidence. Cui v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 1289,

1290 (9th Cir. 2008). An alien’s statutory ineligibility for suspension of deportation

based on a lack of good moral character is a question of fact. Ramos v. INS, 246

F.3d 1264, 1266 (9th Cir. 2001). Because we find substantial evidence supports the

BIA’s decision, we deny Carias’s petition.

      The BIA determined that Carias could not show that he was a person of good

moral character, as required to obtain suspension of deportation, because Carias gave

“false testimony for the purpose of obtaining [an immigration] benefit[].” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(f)(6); see also 8 U.S.C § 1254(a)(1) (1994) (repealed). Specifically, the BIA

upheld the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) determination that, at a March 2015 hearing,

Carias falsely testified that a signature on his asylum application was not his and that

he did so to obtain an immigration benefit.

      Substantial evidence supports the finding of false testimony. At a 2015

hearing, Carias unambiguously testified that the signature on his asylum application

was not his. Yet, this contradicted his equally unambiguous testimony from a 2012

hearing that the same signature was his. Nor did he offer an adequate explanation

for the discrepancies in his testimony. Moreover, in a prior motion before the IJ,

Carias admitted, through his counsel, that he reviewed a copy of his asylum


                                           2
application and the signature on it was his. Finally, as the IJ who observed his

demeanor found, Carias was evasive during his 2015 testimony. See Paredes-

Urrestarazu v. INS, 36 F.3d 801, 817 (9th Cir. 1994) (recognizing that we afford

substantial deference to findings based on an adverse credibility determination).

       Likewise, substantial evidence supports the finding that this false testimony

was for the purpose of obtaining an immigration benefit. “Whether a person has the

subjective intent to deceive in order to obtain immigration benefits is a question of

fact.” United States v. Hovsepian, 422 F.3d 883, 887–88 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc)

(citing Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759, 782 (1988)). As such, it can be

established in the usual ways, including circumstantial evidence and reasonable

inferences from the facts. See United States v. Bucher, 375 F.3d 929, 931 (9th Cir.

2004) (“[F]acts and reasonable inferences from those facts are the province of the

trier of fact.”).

       Carias had no incentive to lie at the 2012 hearing when he testified that the

signature on the asylum application was his. But by the 2015 hearing, when Carias

said the opposite, the validity of the asylum application signature was central to

Carias’s ability to obtain relief from deportation. That signature was a near-identical

match to the signature on the return receipt from a 1996 order to show cause

(“OSC”). If Carias could convince the IJ that he was not served with the 1996 OSC

(and did not sign the return receipt), he could then avoid the stop-time rule, which


                                          3
would allow him to meet the continuous-presence requirement for suspension of

deportation. See Ram v. INS, 243 F.3d 510, 512, 516, 518 (9th Cir. 2001). Thus,

substantial evidence supports that the false statements were made for the purpose of

obtaining an immigration benefit. See Bernal v. INS, 154 F.3d 1020, 1022–23 (9th

Cir. 1998).

      Carias offers no evidence to refute these factual findings. He instead relies on

a variety of unavailing legal arguments and excuses. Carias argues that false

testimony must go to the “heart of the claim,” but the Supreme Court has already

held otherwise. Kungys, 485 U.S. at 779–80; see also Ramos, 246 F.3d at 1266.

Carias also asserts that his testimony “did not create any immigration benefit,” but

that does not matter. See Ramos, 246 F.3d at 1266 (“Whether [the petitioner]

eventually received benefits because of the false testimony is irrelevant; the statute

only refers to statements made ‘for the purpose of obtaining’ any immigration

benefits, not that resulted in such benefits.”).

      Carias suggests that the discrepancy in testimony was merely “the product of

forgetfulness” given “the passage of time between the 2012 hearing and the 2015

hearing.” But this argument was already raised before and rejected by the IJ. At the

hearing, Carias tried to explain his inconsistent testimony by saying that that he did

not remember his previous testimony. The BIA correctly recognized that the IJ was

entitled to reject this explanation as insufficient. Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955, 965


                                            4
(9th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (recognizing that we afford “substantial deference” to an

IJ’s credibility findings) (citation omitted). Under the circumstances, forgetfulness

does not explain why Carias would recognize his own signature during the 2012

hearing and testify accordingly, but then fail to recognize that the same document

bore his signature in 2015.

      Finally, Carias tries to explain away his inconsistent testimony by pointing to

the similarity between the signature on the asylum application and one on a “Record

of Interpreter Oath” document. But regardless of any similarity, this document does

not explain Carias’s contradictory testimony between the 2012 and 2015 hearings.

Nor did Carias testify that this is what prompted him to change his testimony about

the signature on his asylum application. See Carillo-Gonzalez v. INS, 353 F.3d 1077,

1079 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[Petitioner] forwards this claim solely through the argument

of her counsel, which does not constitute evidence.”).

      Because Carias cannot demonstrate his good moral character, we need not

reach the question of whether he satisfied the continuous-presence requirement to be

eligible for suspension of deportation.1

      For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED.



1
  Nor do we reach Carias’s argument that the IJ’s failure to grant his motion to
transfer violated his right to due process since he did not meaningfully raise this
argument. See Maldonado v. Morales, 556 F.3d 1037, 1048 n.4 (9th Cir. 2009)
(“Arguments made in passing and inadequately briefed are waived.”).

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