                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
                              AT KNOXVILLE
                        May 28, 2014 Session Heard at Cookeville1

      EDWARD THOMAS KENDRICK, III v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals
                         Criminal Court for Hamilton County
                          No. 220622    Don W. Poole, Judge


                  No. E2011-02367-SC-R11-PC - Filed January 16, 2015


This post-conviction appeal involves ineffective assistance of counsel claims made by a
prisoner who fatally shot his wife. A Hamilton County jury, rejecting the prisoner’s defense
that his rifle had malfunctioned and fired accidentally, convicted him of first degree
premeditated murder. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed his conviction on direct
appeal. State v. Kendricks, 947 S.W.2d 875 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). The prisoner later
filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the Criminal Court for Hamilton County alleging,
among other things, that his trial counsel had been ineffective because he decided not to seek
an expert to rebut the anticipated testimony of the prosecution’s expert and because he did
not attempt to use an exception to the hearsay rule to introduce statements favorable to the
prisoner. The post-conviction court conducted a hearing and denied the petition. The Court
of Criminal Appeals reversed the post-conviction court and granted the prisoner a new trial
after concluding that trial counsel’s representation had been deficient and that, but for these
deficiencies, the jury might have convicted the prisoner of a lesser degree of homicide.
Kendrick v. State, No. E2011-02367-CCA-R3-PC, 2013 WL 3306655 (Tenn. Crim. App.
June 27, 2013). We granted the State’s application for permission to appeal. Trial counsel’s
decisions not to consult an expert to rebut the anticipated testimony of a prosecution expert
and not to attempt to introduce a potentially favorable hearsay statement did not amount to
deficient performance that fell below the standard of reasonableness. Accordingly, we
reverse the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals and remand for consideration of the
prisoner’s remaining claims.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Criminal
                        Appeals Reversed; Case Remanded


       1
        Oral argument was heard in this case on May 28, 2014, at Tennessee Technological University in
Cookeville, Putnam County, Tennessee, as part of this Court’s S.C.A.L.E.S. (Supreme Court Advancing
Legal Education for Students) project.
W ILLIAM C. K OCH, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which S HARON G. L EE, C.J.,
J ANICE M. H OLDER, C ORNELIA A. C LARK, and G ARY R. W ADE, JJ., joined.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Gordon W. Smith, Associate Solicitor
General; John H. Bledsoe, Senior Counsel; Bill Cox, District Attorney General; and Lance
Pope, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.

Edward T. Kendrick, III, Pro Se, and Ann C. Short, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Edward Thomas Kendrick, III.

Stephen Ross Johnson and W. Thomas Dillard, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Amici Curiae
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and Tennessee Association of Criminal
Defense Lawyers.

                                          OPINION

                                               I.

       Edward T. Kendrick, III and Lisa Kendrick were married and had two children, a
three-year-old son and a four-year-old daughter. Their marriage had failed, but they were
continuing to live together while they pursued an irreconcilable differences divorce. Mr.
Kendrick was angry because he suspected that Ms. Kendrick was having an affair.

       Ms. Kendrick worked at a gas station in Chattanooga. At approximately 10:00 p.m.
on March 6, 1994, Mr. Kendrick drove the couple’s station wagon to the gas station. Their
two children were in car seats in the station wagon’s rear seat. On the floorboard of the front
passenger seat was a loaded Remington Model 7400 .30-06 caliber hunting rifle.

       Mr. Kendrick entered the gas station and asked Ms. Kendrick to come out to the car
because he had something to show her. When she finished waiting on another customer, Ms.
Kendrick followed Mr. Kendrick to the automobile. As Ms. Kendrick approached the
automobile, Mr. Kendrick opened the back passenger door and spoke briefly to the children.
Then, he opened the front passenger door, picked up the loaded rifle from the floorboard, and
walked to the back of the automobile carrying the rifle.

       The rifle fired, and a single bullet struck Ms. Kendrick in the chest. She fell backward
onto the pavement and died almost instantly. Mr. Kendrick stated later that he stood over
Ms. Kendrick’s body for a few seconds, looking into her eyes as she died. Then, he got back
into the automobile and drove toward the airport.



                                              -2-
       A bystander followed Mr. Kendrick. At some point during the relatively short drive
to the airport, Mr. Kendrick threw his rifle out of the window of the moving automobile.
Upon arriving at the airport, Mr. Kendrick used his cellular telephone to call 9-1-1. He told
the operator that he had shot his wife. During the same time frame, the bystander who had
followed Mr. Kendrick to the airport told a police officer standing outside the airport what
had happened at the gas station. Mr. Kendrick was taken into custody.

       Early the following morning, Steve Miller, a crime scene investigator, found Mr.
Kendrick’s rifle on the side of the road. He placed the rifle in the trunk of his automobile
and drove to the police station. The rifle fired while Sergeant Miller2 was removing it from
the trunk of his automobile, striking his left foot.

       In November 1994, Mr. Kendrick was tried for the murder of his wife in the Criminal
Court for Hamilton County. The State presented twelve witnesses, including Sergeant
Miller, the Kendricks’ four-year-old daughter, and an expert firearms examiner. Mr.
Kendrick presented four witnesses and testified on his own behalf. The State called one
rebuttal witness. The jury convicted Mr. Kendrick of premeditated first degree murder,
which carried an automatic life sentence. On direct appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals
upheld the conviction. State v. Kendricks,3 947 S.W.2d 875 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996), perm.
app. denied (Tenn. 1997).

       Mr. Kendrick filed a petition for post-conviction relief in April 1998. The post-
conviction court dismissed the petition after deciding that the issues it raised were either
waived or previously determined. However, after finding that Mr. Kendrick’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claims had not been waived, the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed
the post-conviction court and remanded the case for further proceedings. Kendricks v. State,
13 S.W.3d 401, 405 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).

        In March 2000, Mr. Kendrick, aided by counsel, filed an amended petition for post-
conviction relief. At a series of hearings in February and March 2011 – almost sixteen years
after his original trial – Mr. Kendrick raised forty-three claims of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel, twenty-two claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel on direct
appeal, and twelve claims of prosecutorial misconduct. He supported these claims with a
631-page memorandum of law.



        2
         We will refer to this officer as “Sergeant Miller” because that was his title at the time of the post-
conviction hearings.
        3
            Several of the early documents in this case misspelled Mr. Kendrick’s name as “Kendricks.”

                                                     -3-
        The post-conviction court declined to grant Mr. Kendrick relief in an order filed on
October 13, 2011. On appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the post-conviction
court’s dismissal of Mr. Kendrick’s petition but limited its decision to only two of the forty-
three claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The appellate court determined that
trial counsel’s performance had fallen below an objective standard of reasonableness when
counsel failed to obtain expert evidence to rebut Mr. Fite’s testimony that Mr. Kendrick’s
rifle could only be fired by pulling the trigger and when counsel failed to attempt to introduce
hearsay evidence regarding Sergeant Miller’s initial explanation about how he came to be
shot by Mr. Kendrick’s rifle. Kendrick v. State, No. E2011-02367-CCA-R3-PC, 2013 WL
3306655, at *13-14 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 27, 2013). The appellate court also determined
that these errors prejudiced Mr. Kendrick because had it heard such evidence, “it is
reasonably likely the jury would have accredited the Petitioner’s version of events and
convicted him of a lesser degree of homicide.” Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *17.
Based on these conclusions, the Court of Criminal Appeals pretermitted its consideration of
Mr. Kendrick’s remaining claims. Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *18.

                                                  II.

       This claim has been brought under Tennessee’s Post-Conviction Procedure Act.4 The
Act directs Tennessee’s courts to grant post-conviction relief to a person “in custody” whose
“conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of any right
guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” Tenn.
Code Ann. §§ 40-30-102, -103. The prisoner seeking post-conviction relief bears “the
burden of proving the allegations of fact by clear and convincing evidence.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-30-110(f) (2012); see also Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 28, § 8(D)(1); Nesbit v. State, ___
S.W.3d ___, ___, 2014 WL 5901964, at *2 (Tenn. 2014).

       Appellate courts review a post-conviction court’s conclusions of law, decisions
involving mixed questions of law and fact, and its application of law to its factual findings
de novo without a presumption of correctness. Nesbit v. State, 2014 WL 5901964, at *1;
Whitehead v. State, 402 S.W.3d 615, 621 (Tenn. 2013). However, appellate courts are bound
by the post-conviction court’s underlying findings of fact unless the evidence preponderates
against them. Arroyo v. State, 434 S.W.3d 555, 559 (Tenn. 2014); Dellinger v. State, 279
S.W.3d 282, 294 (Tenn. 2009). Accordingly, appellate courts are not free to re-weigh or
re-evaluate the evidence, nor are they free to substitute their own inferences for those drawn
by the post-conviction court. State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Tenn. 2001).
Appellate courts must generally defer to a post-conviction court’s findings concerning


       4
         The Tennessee Post-Conviction Procedure Act is presently codified at Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-30-
101 to -122 (2012 & Supp. 2014).

                                                 -4-
witness credibility, the weight and value of witness testimony, and the resolution of factual
issues presented by the evidence. Whitehead v. State, 402 S.W.3d at 621; Momon v. State,
18 S.W.3d 152, 156 (Tenn. 1999).

        Mr. Kendrick’s substantive allegation is that he was denied his constitutional right to
effective assistance of counsel. Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution of Tennessee
establishes that every criminal defendant has “the right to be heard by himself and his
counsel.” Likewise, the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that
all criminal defendants “shall enjoy the right . . . to have the [a]ssistance of [c]ounsel.”
These constitutional provisions have been interpreted to guarantee a criminal defendant the
right to effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984);
Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975).

        To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must prove both
that counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced
the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687; Felts v. State, 354 S.W.3d 266, 276
(Tenn. 2011). A court need not address both elements if the petitioner fails to demonstrate
either one of them. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 697; Garcia v. State, 425 S.W.3d
248, 257 (Tenn. 2013). Each element of the Strickland analysis involves a mixed question
of law and fact – a question this Court will review de novo without a presumption that the
courts below were correct. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 419 (2000); Strickland v.
Washington, 446 U.S. at 698; Davidson v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___, 2014 WL 6645264,
at *3 (Tenn. 2014); Calvert v. State, 342 S.W.3d 477, 485 (Tenn. 2011).

       Deficient performance means that “counsel’s representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness.” To determine whether counsel performed reasonably, a
reviewing court must measure counsel’s performance under “all the circumstances” against
the professional norms prevailing at the time of the representation. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. at 688; see also Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d at 932-33. Counsel’s performance is
not deficient if the advice given or the services rendered “are within the range of competence
demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d at 936; see also
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, ___, 131 S. Ct. 770, 778 (2011) (“The question is
whether an attorney’s representation amounted to incompetence under ‘prevailing
professional norms,’ not whether it deviated from best practices or most common custom.”
(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 690)); Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 366
(2010) (“[Deficient performance] is necessarily linked to the practice and expectations of the
legal community: ‘The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms’ [considering all the circumstances].”
(internal citations omitted)).



                                              -5-
       In Strickland v. Washington, the United States Supreme Court discussed the
interaction between counsel’s duty to investigate and counsel’s freedom to make reasonable
strategic choices:

              [S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and
              facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable;
              and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation
              are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable
              professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.
              In other words, counsel has a duty to make reasonable
              investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes
              particular investigations unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness
              case, a particular decision not to investigate must be directly
              assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying a
              heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 690-91.

        A Strickland analysis, therefore, begins with the strong presumption that counsel
provided adequate assistance and used reasonable professional judgment to make all
significant decisions. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 689. The petitioner bears the
burden of overcoming this presumption. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687; see also
Burt v. Titlow, 571 U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 10, 17 (2013); Nesbit v. State, 2014 WL
5901964, at *3; State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461-62 (Tenn. 1999). Reviewing courts
should resist the urge to judge counsel’s performance using “20-20 hindsight.” Mobley v.
State, 397 S.W.3d 70, 80 (Tenn. 2013) (quoting Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn.
1982)); see also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 689 (instructing reviewing courts to
try “to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of
counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the
time”).

        The second element of the Strickland analysis focuses on whether counsel’s deficient
performance “prejudiced” the defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687. The
question at this juncture is “whether counsel’s deficient performance renders the result of the
trial unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair.” Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364,
372 (1993) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687). To prove prejudice, the
petitioner must establish “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. at 694. A “reasonable probability” is a lesser burden of proof than “a
preponderance of the evidence.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. at 405-06; Pylant v. State, 263

                                              -6-
S.W.3d 854, 875 (Tenn. 2008). A reasonable probability is “a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 694; see also
Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106, 116 (Tenn. 2006); Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370
(Tenn. 1996).

                                              III.

       Mr. Kendrick’s claims regarding the ineffectiveness of his trial counsel necessitate
a careful review of his November 1994 trial. Each side clearly presented their theory of the
case in their opening statements to the jury. The State told the jury:

              It’s the State’s theory that Edward Kendrick escorted his wife
              outside [of the gas station where she worked] to execute her and
              that’s what he did. He took her outside, removed his Remington
              7400 .30-06 hunting rifle from the back of his car and in front
              of his two small children, leveled the weapon, pointed it at his
              wife and shot her at point-blank range one time, dead center in
              the chest.

In his opening statement, Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel told the jury the State would not be
able to prove “intent” or “premeditation”:

              Lisa Kendrick was killed but not by Edward Kendrick. Lisa
              Kendrick was killed by a faulty rifle that was being transferred
              from the front of [their station wagon] to the back, . . . and the
              gun went off. The State would have you believe there is no
              merit . . . to that defense, but because [a crime scene
              investigator] picked up this gun at the scene they are going to
              have to put him on. You can ask yourself . . . why [that crime
              scene investigator] was shot in the foot with his hand nowhere
              near the trigger with the very same weapon. I’ll ask him that for
              you.

        The State’s first witnesses were persons who were at the gas station when Ms.
Kendrick was shot. Timothy Benton, the person who followed Mr. Kendrick from the gas
station to the airport following the shooting, testified that he heard an explosion as he was
pulling out of the gas station and that when he turned around, he saw Mr. Kendrick holding
a rifle with the barrel pointed straight up in the air. He stated that Mr. Kendrick’s “right hand
was on the pistol grip area around the trigger and [his] left hand was up near the stock.” Mr.
Benton also testified that Mr. Kendrick was standing over Ms. Kendrick’s motionless body.

                                               -7-
       The State then called Lennell Shepheard, a friend of Ms. Kendrick who was talking
with Ms. Kendrick in the gas station when Mr. Kendrick arrived. Mr. Shepheard testified
that Mr. Kendrick asked his wife to come outside because he had something to show her.
He also testified that when he heard the shot, he walked from the counter to the door of the
gas station and, when he opened the door, he saw Mr. Kendrick standing over his wife’s
body. Mr. Shepheard testified that he heard Mr. Kendrick “yelling ‘I told you so’ . . . about
six times.” He also stated that he went back inside the gas station after he and Mr. Kendrick
made eye contact.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Kendrick’s lawyer suggested that Mr. Shepheard had not
mentioned in his earlier statements that he heard Mr. Kendrick say “I told you so” and
insinuated that Mr. Shepheard had fabricated this portion of his testimony. Mr. Shepheard
responded that he had reported Mr. Kendrick’s statement to an officer at the scene and later
to one of the district attorney’s investigators. The lead investigator, Detective Mark
Rawlston, later testified that an audio recording of Mr. Shepheard’s statement at the scene
contained no reference to Mr. Kendrick’s saying “I told you so.”

       The jury heard the 9-1-1 telephone calls made by two witnesses at the scene, as well
as the call Mr. Kendrick made from the airport. “I want to turn myself in,” Mr. Kendrick
said, “My wife, I just shot my wife . . . I’m parked at the airport.” When the 9-1-1 operator
asked, “Why did you shoot her?” Mr. Kendrick only responded, “Yes.” Thereafter, the
conversation turned to where Mr. Kendrick was located at the airport.

       Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel made sure that the jury heard early and often that
Sergeant Miller, one of the crime scene investigators, had been shot in the foot while
handling Mr. Kendrick’s rifle. During cross-examination by Mr. Kendrick’s lawyer,
Detective Rawlston testified that he did not consider the possibility that Mr. Kendrick’s rifle
had accidentally discharged. This answer prompted Mr. Kendrick’s lawyer to ask, “What
about when the crime scene technician lifted the gun out of the trunk of his car and shot
himself in the foot with it, saying all the time that his finger was nowhere near the trigger,
what about that, that wasn’t an issue you thought worthy of investigation?” Detective
Rawlston responded that he did not consider the possibility of an accidental discharge
because when he first interviewed Mr. Kendrick following his arrest, Mr. Kendrick “never
at any time indicated to me that this was an accidental discharge.” To the contrary, Mr.
Kendrick told him, “I hope this is only a dream.”

        Testifying after Detective Rawlston, Sergeant Miller explained that after he retrieved
the rifle from the side of the road and drove it to the police service center, “the weapon
discharged and it struck [him] in the left foot” as he was removing it from the trunk of his
automobile. Sergeant Miller said that he was holding a coat in his left hand and that he

                                              -8-
picked up the weapon with his right hand with the barrel “pointed down towards the
pavement.” He also testified that he had “no recollection of how the weapon discharged.”

       When asked to demonstrate for the jury how he was holding the rifle when it fired,
Sergeant Miller held the weapon without putting his finger on the trigger. However, when
the prosecutor specifically asked him if he remembered whether his finger was on the trigger
when the rifle discharged, Sergeant Miller stated that he did not remember.

       Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel continued this line of questioning when he cross-
examined Sergeant Miller, even though Sergeant Miller insisted that he did not recall
whether his finger touched the trigger when the rifle discharged. The following colloquy
took place:

              Q: Did you ever have your finger on the trigger when it
              discharged?

              A: I don’t recall.

              Q: Well, didn’t you, in fact, tell – there is an investigation and
              review of any time an officer is shot, is that correct?

              A: I don’t remember anybody coming, you know, the people
              that generally do that, I don’t believe they came.

              Q: You never made any statement to those people that your
              finger was not on the trigger?

              A: Not that I recall because most of my statement was made
              when I was in the hospital and what we do is fill out what’s
              called an EOF, if something that happens to you on duty and
              when you get injured. And that was made when I was in the
              hospital.

              Q: Well, you wouldn’t shoot yourself in the foot intentionally,
              would you?

              A: No, sir.

              Q: How long have you been a police officer?



                                             -9-
A: Going on 22 years.

Q: When you picked up the gun and you showed the jury how
you turned, you had your hand just like that?

A: Right.

Q: You don’t put your finger on the trigger, do you?

A: No, sir.

Q: Okay. So when you turned the gun around is when it went
off?

A: That’s what I’ve described.

Q: As you swung around the gun swung around with you and
your hand just like that and the gun went off, is that correct?

A: But I can’t say that night that was the exact position of my
hand, is what I’m saying.

Q: Well, in 22 years as a police officer, have you ever
discharged a gun before accidentally into your foot?

A: No, sir.

Q: Okay. Or in any other part of your body?

A: No, sir.

Q: Or any other way?

A: No, sir.

Q: And you’ve been [a crime scene investigator] since 1988,
some six years. Have you ever had a gun accidentally discharge
as you – at the crime scene or anything else?

A: No, sir.

                             -10-
             Q: Okay. How many times a day is it drilled into you at the
             police academy don’t ever put your hand on the trigger unless
             you’re going to shoot the gun, that’s pretty standard, isn’t it?

             A: Yes, sir.

             Q: Would you ever put your finger on the trigger of a gun
             you’re lifting out of your car, especially when, as you say, you
             knew the gun was loaded?

             A: Not knowingly, no.

             Q: Well, now come on, you’re waffling aren’t you?

             A: No.

             Q: Well, you told them that you never had your finger on the
             trigger, you didn’t shoot the gun, did you not tell them that?

             A: I didn’t intentionally shoot the gun, no.

             Q: Okay. And you know not to put your finger on the trigger of
             a loaded gun unless you want to shoot it, don’t you?

             A: That’s correct.

             Q: And you’ve practiced that rule for the past 22 years, have
             you not?

             A: Yes.

       During his recross-examination of Sergeant Miller, Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel
returned to the manner in which Sergeant Miller picked up and carried the rifle:

             Q: So [to] the best of your recollection your finger was not on
             the trigger?

             A: That night I can’t say, I showed you how I thought I took it
             out.



                                           -11-
              Q: Well, you just said to the best of your recollection you
              showed us how you took it out of the trunk of the car.

              A: Right.

              Q: And to the best of your recollection, since you showed us,
              when you showed us, you showed us having the gun like this,
              finger off the trigger.

              A: Right.

              Q: To the best of your recollection, your finger was not on the
              trigger was it?

              A: I might –

              Q: Did you show us to the best of your recollection?

              A: Yes, I did.

              Q: Was your finger on the trigger when you showed us?

              A: Not in this courtroom, no.

              Q: Is that to the best of your recollection how it happened?

              A: Yes.

              Q: Thank you.

       The Kendricks’ four-year-old daughter testified on direct examination that she saw
Ms. Kendrick “standing with her hands up.” She also demonstrated how Mr. Kendrick was
holding his rifle and testified that she saw Mr. Kendrick shoot Ms. Kendrick. During cross-
examination, the child was questioned closely about whether her maternal grandparents had
coached her to say “bad things” about Mr. Kendrick. Thereafter, she gave ambiguous
answers regarding whether she had seen her mother with her hands up or whether she had
“actually see[n] what happened.”

     Following the child’s testimony, the State called the Hamilton County Medical
Examiner who gave an opinion about how Ms. Kendrick was standing at the time she was

                                           -12-
shot. The medical examiner testified (1) that Ms. Kendrick sustained a high velocity, fatal
gunshot wound in the left chest that caused massive internal injuries, (2) that Ms. Kendrick’s
wound was a “near gunshot wound” which meant that Mr. Kendrick’s rifle was close enough
to Ms. Kendrick that the muzzle blast contacted Ms. Kendrick’s body causing stipple injuries
on the back of both of her forearms, (3) that Ms. Kendrick was leaning slightly away from
Mr. Kendrick when she was shot, and (4) that the stipple injuries on the back of Ms.
Kendrick’s forearms indicated that Ms. Kendrick’s forearms were raised and facing the
direction of fire when she was shot.

        The State then called Kelly Fite, a firearms examiner employed by the Georgia Bureau
of Investigation who had examined Mr. Kendrick’s rifle at the request of the Chattanooga
Police Department. Agent Fite explained how the rifle’s firing mechanism worked. He also
testified that he had performed tests, including drop tests, to determine whether the rifle
could fire without the trigger being pulled and that he had been unable to make the rifle fire
without the safety being disengaged and pulling the trigger. When asked to give an opinion
regarding whether the Remington Model 7400 was “susceptible to accidental misfire,” Agent
Fite stated: “The only way that you can fire this rifle without breaking it is by pulling the
trigger.”

       Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel requested a jury-out hearing regarding the scope of his
cross-examination of Agent Fite. He asked the trial court whether he could question Agent
Fite about the Remington Model 742 rifle, a precursor to the Model 7400 rifle. In response
to the State’s objection, the trial court held that this line of questioning was irrelevant
because it concerned a model of rifle that was different from Mr. Kendrick’s rifle.

       During the same jury-out hearing, Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel asked the trial court
to permit him to use an official incident report relating to Sergeant Miller’s injury prepared
by Detective Glenn Sims to refresh Sergeant Miller’s memory. This report attributed a
statement to Sergeant Miller that “he picked the gun up with both hands and that his finger
was not near the trigger[.] [A]s he lifted the weapon out [of the trunk], the rifle went off.”
When Sergeant Miller was recalled to the stand, he stated that he had never seen Detective
Sims’s report before and that he did not recall speaking to Detective Sims about the incident.
The jury did not hear the contents of Detective Sims’s report.5

        5
        During closing arguments, the State characterized Sergeant Miller’s accident as the only “accidental
discharge” in the case:

        An accidental discharge of a weapon is when you take it out of the trunk of your car, it’s late
        at night, you are overworked, you might get a little bit sloppy, and you shoot yourself in the
        foot. Okay? That’s accidental discharge. That’s what we had in this case. It wasn’t the
                                                                                                 (continued...)

                                                    -13-
       After the State completed its case-in-chief, Mr. Kendrick’s lawyer called Detective
Sims. In response to the State’s objection to this witness, Mr. Kendrick’s lawyer explained
that he was attempting to impeach Sergeant Miller with Detective Sims’s report in
accordance with Tenn. R. Evid. 613(b). However, the trial court sustained the State’s
objection, and Detective Sims did not take the stand.6

       The attorney who had been representing Mr. Kendrick in the Kendricks’ divorce
proceeding testified that Mr. Kendrick suspected that his wife was having an affair and that
he was “angry and discouraged” about it. However, the attorney also testified that Mr.
Kendrick appeared to harbor no “aggressive feelings” toward Ms. Kendrick. Thereafter, two
character witnesses testified on Mr. Kendrick’s behalf.

       At this point, Mr. Kendrick took the stand. He explained that he had owned the
Remington Model 7400 rifle for eleven years and that it had never malfunctioned before. He
explained that Ms. Kendrick carried a handgun and that he often kept a rifle with him
because the Kendricks had a side job cleaning apartments at night in an area where they felt
unsafe. He testified that he was moving the rifle to the back of the automobile at his wife’s
request when it discharged and that he was “almost positive” that he did not pull the trigger.

       With reference to his conduct after Ms. Kendrick was shot, Mr. Kendrick stated that
he did not attempt to assist his wife because he knew she was already dead. He explained
that he left the gas station because “he wanted to get the kids away.” He also testified that
he threw the rifle out of the front passenger window because he was scared and that he “just
wanted to get it out of the car.” Mr. Kendrick denied saying “I told you so” as he watched
his wife die.

        In rebuttal, the State called Officer Martha Matson, a security officer working at the
airport on the night of the incident who removed the Kendricks’ children from their car seats.
Invoking the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule in Tenn. R. Evid. 803(2), the trial
court permitted Officer Matson to testify that “[t]he little girl, when I got her out of the car,


        5
        (...continued)
        weapon that was an accident, it was the officer. . . .
        6
         On direct appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that the trial court erred by refusing to permit
Detective Sims to testify regarding the substance of the statements Sergeant Miller gave to the officers
investigating his injury. However, the appellate court also decided that this error was harmless because Mr.
Kendrick’s lawyer had elicited testimony from Sergeant Miller during cross-examination that would have
permitted the jury to conclude that Sergeant Miller’s memory at the time of trial was faulty and that Sergeant
Miller knew Mr. Kendrick had not caused the rifle to fire by pulling the trigger. State v. Kendricks, 947
S.W.2d at 881-82.

                                                    -14-
she just put her arms around me and she stated that she had told daddy not to shoot mommy
but he did and she fell.”

       After closing arguments and deliberation, the jury found Mr. Kendrick guilty of first
degree premeditated murder – a verdict that carries an automatic life sentence when the State
has not sought the death penalty. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(c) (2014). Mr. Kendrick
moved for a new trial. Following a hearing on May 15, 1995, the trial court entered an order
denying the motion on June 19, 1995. The Court of Criminal Appeals upheld Mr. Kendrick’s
conviction and sentence. State v. Kendricks, 947 S.W.2d at 886. This Court denied Mr.
Kendrick’s Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application for permission to appeal.

                                                     IV.

       The condition of Mr. Kendrick’s Remington Mode 7400 rifle and the manner in which
Sergeant Miller handled it were the focus of the hearing on Mr. Kendrick’s petition for post-
conviction relief, conducted almost sixteen years after his original trial. Mr. Kendrick
presented Henry Jackson Belk, Jr., a gunsmith and former deputy sheriff, as a firearms
expert. Mr. Belk testified that the Remington Model 7400 rifle contained the same trigger
mechanism that was found in at least fourteen different models of Remington “pumps and
automatics manufactured after 1948.” 7

        Mr. Belk had examined Mr. Kendrick’s rifle prior to testifying. He found that the rifle
was dirty on the inside, but he did not find any debris in the trigger mechanism that could
cause it to misfire.8 Mr. Belk was unable to make the trigger mechanism fire without pulling
the trigger, except when he removed the trigger mechanism from the rifle. Nonetheless, Mr.
Belk testified that the firing mechanism in Mr. Kendrick’s rifle was a “defective mechanism”
because these mechanisms have “a history of firing under outside influences other than a
manual pull of the trigger.”

        Mr. Belk testified that he first became suspicious about the trigger mechanism in
1970, but that it was not until 1994 – the same year as Mr. Kendrick’s trial – that he served
as an expert in a civil case involving the trigger mechanism in a Remington 700 rifle. In
response to the State’s questioning, Mr. Belk concurred that, if someone had done research
at the time of Mr. Kendrick’s 1994 trial, they would have potentially been able to find him.



        7
            Mr. Belk stated that this trigger mechanism could be found in approximately 23 million weapons.
        8
          Mr. Belk speculated that there could have been debris in the firing mechanism of Mr. Kendrick’s
rifle and that Agent Fite’s drop tests could have dislodged it.

                                                    -15-
        Mr. Belk described several instances in which a malfunction caused a similar
Remington rifle to fire. In one instance, a Model 1100 shotgun fired when a man grabbed
it while it was falling. In another case, a Model 870 shotgun fired while it sat, with the safety
on, inside a locked box that was mounted on an ATV with its engine running. Mr. Belk also
recalled testifying about the Model 7400 rifle in two civil cases and one criminal case. In the
“late nineties,” he testified in a civil case involving a Model 7400 that allegedly misfired
when a man was wiping it with a rag. In another case, which he did not date, Mr. Belk
testified about a Model 7400 that allegedly misfired while it was being cleaned with an air
hose. Mr. Belk also recalled “sign[ing] affidavits about a 7400 criminal case in Washington
State,” but he did not testify when he signed the affidavits.

        Sergeant Miller also testified at the post-conviction hearing. He maintained that he
still could not remember whether his finger touched the trigger of Mr. Kendrick’s rifle when
he shot himself in the foot and that he had no recollection of talking with other officers about
the incident. He added that he had sustained a “massive foot injury” and that he was on pain
medication. Sergeant Miller also testified that he spent over three weeks in the hospital and
that he had had seven surgeries on his foot.

        Mr. Kendrick also called the three officers who talked with Sergeant Miller after he
shot himself in the foot. Officer Michael Holbrook, who prepared a report about Sergeant
Miller’s injury after visiting him the hospital, testified that Sergeant Miller told him that “his
finger was not near the trigger” when the rifle fired. Detective Sims, now retired, testified
that he did not recall the circumstances surrounding his report concerning Sergeant Miller’s
injury. Finally, Officer James Gann, the first officer to render assistance to Sergeant Miller,
testified that Sergeant Miller “was in a lot of pain, bleeding and starting to go into shock”
after the accident.

        The assistant public defender who represented Mr. Kendrick during his November
1994 trial also testified at the hearing on Mr. Kendrick’s post-conviction petition. He
testified that Mr. Kendrick did not tell the police that the shooting had been accidental before
he began representing Mr. Kendrick. He also confirmed that his theory of defense from the
outset was that the shooting was an accident caused by a defective weapon and that he
considered Sergeant Miller’s mishap to be the key fact establishing that Mr. Kendrick’s rifle
could have been defective.

       Counsel testified that he was somewhat knowledgeable about guns because he owned
a number of them. He also stated that the public defender’s office occasionally consulted a
former police officer who was a gunsmith but that he could not remember whether this office
consulted this gunsmith in Mr. Kendrick’s case. He added that gun owners in 1994 were not
aware of any inherent defects in Remington’s trigger mechanism because “there was no

                                              -16-
discussion in the industry about the trigger mechanism on the Remington being potentially
able to malfunction.” Counsel also pointed out that “you couldn’t Google Remington trigger
mechanisms back then” and that the “body of evidence” concerning the Remington trigger
mechanism that eventually came to light “wasn’t available at that point in time [the time of
Mr. Kendrick’s trial in November 1994].”

        The assistant public defender also testified that he knew that Agent Fite would be
called to testify that Mr. Kendrick’s rifle was working properly. He explained that he never
looked for an expert witness to rebut Agent Fite because he believed that he could use
Sergeant Hill’s statements “very effectively.” Counsel believed that Sergeant Miller’s
testimony about his accidental injury would “trump[]” Agent Fite’s testimony. He also
believed “that [Sergeant] Miller shooting himself in the foot accidentally, without his hands
near the trigger, was enough for a reasonable doubt as to anything.” 9

        While Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel had not personally interviewed Sergeant Miller,
he was aware of the interview that one of the public defender’s investigators had conducted.
He testified that he “thought [Sergeant] Miller would testify consistently with what [he] knew
to be his statements” and that he “presumed [that he] would be able to get [Sergeant] Miller’s
testimony that he was not holding the trigger and the gun discharged” before the jury to
bolster his theory that the shot that killed Ms. Kendrick was fired accidentally.

       Counsel also testified that he felt “sandbagged” and “overwhelmed” when Sergeant
Miller testified that he could not remember where his finger was when he was shot. He
added that “I was not prepared for [Sergeant] Miller to say that he couldn’t remember,
because there was not any doubt in my mind, at least, when we started trying this case, that
he was going to stick to his prior statements.”

        The assistant public defender also testified that he did not recall whether he
considered attempting to admit Sergeant Miller’s statements as excited utterances after his
attempt to use them to impeach Sergeant Miller failed. He testified initially that he did not
know when the reports were taken and that he was unsure about whether Sergeant Miller’s
statements were sufficiently “contemporaneous” to qualify as excited utterances. Later in
his testimony, counsel agreed that, “in hindsight,” the statements might have been admissible
as excited utterances. However, he added that “in the heat of trial, I didn’t see that.”




        9
         Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel testified that years after Mr. Kendrick’s trial, he telephoned Mr.
Kendrick’s post-conviction counsel as soon as he heard a radio program discussing several accidental deaths
associated with Remington’s trigger mechanism.

                                                   -17-
        The post-conviction court denied Mr. Kendrick’s petition for post-conviction relief.
In its 66-page order, the court determined that Mr. Kendrick had not been prejudiced by his
counsel’s decision not to call an expert witness to rebut Agent Fite. The court reasoned:

              Even if one disregards Mr. Fite’s trial testimony suggesting that
              accidental discharge was impossible and accepts Mr. Belk’s
              testimony indicating that, because of the trigger mechanism in
              the gun, accidental discharge was possible, significant
              weaknesses in the theory of the defense, specifically,
              unfavorable eyewitness evidence and the petitioner’s own
              ambiguous actions in leaving the scene and discarding the gun,
              still remain.

                            *              *              *

                     Although Mr. Belk’s post-conviction testimony reveals
              apparent gaps in Agt. Fite’s knowledge about defects in the
              common trigger mechanism and the inutility of drop tests, the
              jury did not require Mr. Belk or another expert witness to make
              them aware of the possibility of accident. Off. Miller’s injury
              was an immediate reminder, if any was necessary, that accident
              is always a possibility.

                     Furthermore, because Mr. Belk did not explain his
              dismissal of drop tests, his testimony on this issue is relatively
              weak. In any event, the effect of Agt. Fite’s trial testimony was
              not to exclude the possibility of accident but to limit it to a
              particular circumstance, a triggered discharge. Although Mr.
              Belk’s testimony raises the possibility of an untriggered
              discharge, even the petitioner at trial was not entirely certain
              whether, at the time of discharge, his finger or hand was on the
              trigger.

       In addition, the post-conviction court declined to grant post-conviction relief with
regard to the “excited utterance” issue. The court first decided that the statements were not
excited utterances, but rather were “post-accident statements in the course of internal and
defense investigations.” The court also decided that Mr. Kendrick had not been prejudiced
because the Court of Criminal Appeals had already determined on direct appeal that the trial
court’s decision to disallow the use of Sergeant Miller’s post-accident statements as
impeachment evidence was harmless error.

                                               -18-
                                                   V.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the post-conviction court’s denial of Mr.
Kendrick’s petition. The appellate court decided that Mr. Kendrick’s counsel was deficient
in two respects and that, absent these deficiencies, it was reasonably likely that the jury
would have convicted Mr. Kendrick of a lesser degree of homicide. Kendrick v. State, No.
E2011-02367-CCA-R3-PC, 2013 WL 3306655, at *13-14, 17 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 27,
2013).

        The appellate court began its analysis by pointing out that Mr. Kendrick had three
types of evidence available to him to establish his accidental shooting defense. The first was
his own testimony – the effectiveness of which hinged on his own credibility. The second
was evidence that Sergeant Miller had shot himself with the rifle without touching the
trigger, which would have bolstered not only Mr. Kendrick’s defense but also his credibility.
The third type of evidence would have been expert testimony that the trigger mechanism on
his rifle was defective and that the rifle could fire without the trigger being pulled. This
evidence would likewise have bolstered Mr. Kendrick’s defense and his credibility.
Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *13.

        The Court of Criminal Appeals then held that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel was
“deficient in failing to adduce expert proof about the trigger mechanism in the rifle.”
Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *13. In the court’s view, Mr. Belk’s testimony was
“absolutely crucial” to the “key question” of whether Mr. Kendrick’s rifle fired without the
trigger being pulled. Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *13. Because Mr. Belk
testified about the problems with the “Common Fire Control” in 1994 and was aware of these
problems before that date, the court decided that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel should have
worked harder to find Mr. Belk or presumably an equivalent expert prior to the trial in
November 1994. Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *13.

        The Court of Criminal Appeals also decided that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel was
“deficient in failing to adduce, as substantive evidence, Sgt. Miller’s pretrial statements that
the rifle had fired while he was handling it and while his hands were not near the trigger.”
Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *14. The appellate court believed the “crucial”
statements Sergeant Miller made both in the parking lot and in the hospital were admissible
hearsay under the “excited utterance” exception.10 Thus, “when Sgt. Miller’s memory proved
unreliable at the trial,” counsel should have called the officers who heard Sergeant Miller’s


        10
          See Tenn. R. Evid. 803(2) (“Excited Utterance. A statement relating to a startling event or
condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition [is
not excluded by the hearsay rule].”).

                                                  -19-
statements. Moreover, the appellate court decided that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel “should
have anticipated a forgetful witness and been prepared to adduce the proof, of which he was
aware, in another manner.” Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *14.

       Turning to the prejudice prong of Strickland v. Washington, the Court of Criminal
Appeals addressed whether the post-conviction court had applied an incorrect legal standard
in its assessment of the adequacy of Mr. Kendrick’s proof supporting his ineffective
assistance of counsel claim. The appellate court focused on the following two portions of
the post-conviction court’s October 13, 2011 order:

              The Court agrees with [Mr. Kendrick] that this new evidence is
              favorable to the defense. The petitioner, however, must prove
              more than this; he must prove by clear and convincing evidence
              that the new evidence is so favorable that counsel’s failure to
              present it at trial had an effect on the verdict. This, the Court
              finds, he does not do.

                             *             *              *

              The standard for post-conviction relief is high: clear and
              convincing evidence. On appeal, there was sufficient evidence
              to support the conviction. Now, after the post-conviction
              hearing, the Court cannot say that there is clear and convincing
              evidence that the victim’s death was an accident or even that it
              was only knowing, not premeditated.

The appellate court correctly pointed out that the Post-Conviction Procedure Act requires
petitioners to prove their allegations of fact by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-30-110; Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 28, § 8. Once the facts are established, the post-
conviction court should conduct a straightforward Strickland v. Washington analysis to reach
the legal conclusion of whether deficient performance and prejudice existed. Kendrick v.
State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *15-16; see also Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d at 293-94.

        Having already decided that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel’s failure to retain the expert
assistance of Mr. Belk or his equivalent was deficient performance, the Court of Criminal
Appeals decided that this failure prejudiced Mr. Kendrick “in a number of ways.” Kendrick
v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *16. First, Mr. Belk’s testimony would have corroborated
Mr. Kendrick’s version of events and thereby enhanced his credibility. Kendrick v. State,
2013 WL 3306655, at *16. Second, Mr. Belk’s testimony could have discredited the
testimony of the State’s firearms expert, Agent Fite. Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655,

                                               -20-
at *17. Third, Mr. Belk’s expert testimony would have given the jury “an additional reason
to suspect [Mr.] Shepheard’s testimony” that Mr. Kendrick said “I told you so” to his dying
wife. Instead, the jury was “deprived of this critical choice” to accept or reject the fact,
supported by expert testimony, that the rifle was defective. Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL
3306655, at *17.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals also decided that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel’s failure
to introduce Sergeant Miller’s statements as substantive evidence deprived the jury of
evidence that was “critical to the defense.” Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL 3306655, at *17.
Particularly in light of the trial judge’s post-trial statement that he thought the case was
“awfully close” on the facts, the appellate court found it “reasonably likely” that, had the jury
heard Mr. Belk’s testimony and Sergeant Miller’s excited utterances, they would have
convicted Mr. Kendrick of a lesser degree of homicide. Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL
3306655, at *17.

       The Court of Criminal Appeals noted that Mr. Kendrick had alleged other deficiencies
on the part of his trial and appellate counsel. However, after deciding that the two foregoing
deficiencies were, by themselves, enough to require a new trial, the court deemed it
unnecessary to address Mr. Kendrick’s remaining claims. Kendrick v. State, 2013 WL
3306655, at *18.

                                              VI.

        We now turn to the first of the two grounds for the Court of Criminal Appeals’
conclusion that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel’s performance was sufficiently deficient and
prejudicial to warrant granting Mr. Kendrick a new trial. The court decided that counsel’s
failure to find and present a firearms expert to testify that the trigger mechanism on Mr.
Kendrick’s rifle was defective fell below the range of competence demanded of attorneys
trying criminal cases in Tennessee.

                                               A.

       Two recent opinions of the United States Supreme Court addressing the duty of
defense counsel to procure expert testimony to rebut the State’s expert testimony are germane
to the question of whether Mr. Kendrick’s counsel’s decision not to seek and retain a
firearms expert warrants post-conviction relief.

        The first opinion is Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 131 S. Ct. 770 (2011). This
case stemmed from the shooting of Joshua Johnson and Patrick Klein in Mr. Johnson’s home.
When the police arrived, they found Mr. Klein lying on a couch in the living room and Mr.

                                              -21-
Johnson in the bedroom. Mr. Klein later died, but Mr. Johnson survived and identified
Joshua Richter and Christian Branscombe, who earlier had been smoking marijuana with
Messrs. Johnson and Klein, as the shooters. Messrs. Richter and Branscombe were charged
with the murder of Mr. Klein, the attempted murder of Mr. Johnson, and related charges.
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 781.

       Mr. Richter argued self-defense at trial. He asserted that he and Mr. Branscombe
were in a bedroom with Messrs. Johnson and Klein when Messrs. Johnson and Kline
attacked them. He insisted that he and Mr. Branscombe fired in self-defense and that Mr.
Johnson must have dragged Mr. Klein from the bedroom to the couch where the police found
him. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 782.

        While the State made reference in its opening statement to the ballistics evidence it
planned to introduce, it made no reference to blood-related evidence because the State did
not plan to introduce evidence regarding the blood found in the house. However, the State
changed its strategy after Mr. Richter’s trial counsel claimed in his opening statement that
the State’s investigation had been deficient. Without advance notice, and over defense
counsel’s objection, the State called two additional experts – one an expert in blood spatter
evidence and the other a serologist. The blood spatter expert testified that the blood spatters
at the crime scene indicated that Mr. Klein had been shot on or near the couch where he was
discovered. The serologist testified that the blood taken from the bedroom door could not
have come from Mr. Klein. Defense counsel cross-examined both witnesses and exposed
weaknesses in their analyses. Nevertheless, the jury convicted Mr. Richter of all charges, and
his convictions were upheld on direct appeal. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131
S. Ct. at 782.

       Mr. Richter petitioned the California Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus. He
claimed that his trial counsel had been deficient by failing to present expert testimony
regarding “serology, pathology, and blood spatter.” To buttress his claim, he offered
affidavits of two serologists, a pathologist, and an expert in blood stain analysis, each of
whom offered an interpretation of the crime scene evidence that was at odds with the
testimony of the experts the State had called at trial. The California Supreme Court denied
Mr. Richter’s petition.

        The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California and a three-
judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found Mr. Richter’s
federal petition for writ of habeas corpus to be without merit. Harrington v. Richter, 131 S.
Ct. at 783. However, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting en
banc, found that Mr. Richter was entitled to federal habeas corpus relief. Presumably
applying the standard of review required by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty

                                             -22-
Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), the court decided that Mr. Richter’s counsel had been deficient
because he should have consulted experts on blood evidence (1) to determine an effective
trial strategy and (2) to rebut the State’s potential expert evidence. Harrington v. Richter,
131 S. Ct. at 783 (citing Richter v. Hickman, 578 F.3d 944 (9th Cir. 2009)).

        The United States Supreme Court granted California’s petition for writ of certiorari
and held that the Ninth Circuit had failed to give proper deference under the AEDPA to the
California Supreme Court’s decision. The Court held that under 42 U.S.C. 2254(d) (West
2012), the“pivotal question is whether the state court’s application of the Strickland standard
was unreasonable” and that this question required a higher degree of deference than the
related question of “whether defense counsel’s performance fell below Strickland’s
standard.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 785. Accordingly, the Court
held that the Ninth Circuit had erred when it “explicitly conducted a de novo review” under
the Strickland v. Washington standard. Even had there been “a strong case for relief,” this
would not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was “unreasonable.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 786.

        The Court then turned its attention to Mr. Richter’s Strickland v. Washington claim.
It stressed that “[s]urmounting Strickland’s high bar is never an easy task.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 788 (quoting Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 371).
Because it is “all too tempting” for a reviewing court to “second-guess” a defense attorney’s
trial decisions, “the Strickland standard must be applied with scrupulous care, lest ‘intrusive
post-trial inquiry’ threaten the integrity of the very adversary process the right to counsel is
meant to serve.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 788 (quoting
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 689-90). The question under Strickland v.
Washington’s deficient performance prong is “whether an attorney’s representation amounted
to incompetence under ‘prevailing professional norms,’ not whether it deviated from best
practices or most common custom.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at
788 (quoting Strickland Washington, 466 U.S. at 690). According to the Court, Strickland
v. Washington’s prejudice prong requires that counsel’s error be “so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial,” meaning “a trial whose result is reliable.” Harrington v. Richter,
562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 787-88 (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687).

       The United States Supreme Court’s discussion of counsel’s performance concerning
expert testimony is particularly germane to Mr. Kendrick’s case:

              The Court of Appeals first held that Richter’s attorney rendered
              constitutionally deficient service because he did not consult
              blood evidence experts in developing the basic strategy for
              Richter’s defense or offer their testimony as part of the principal

                                              -23-
              case for the defense. Strickland, however, permits counsel to
              “make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations
              unnecessary.” [Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691]. It was at least
              arguable that a reasonable attorney could decide to forgo inquiry
              into the blood evidence in the circumstances here.

              Criminal cases will arise where the only reasonable and
              available defense strategy requires consultation with experts or
              introduction of expert evidence, whether pretrial, at trial, or
              both. There are, however, “countless ways to provide effective
              assistance in any given case. Even the best criminal defense
              attorneys would not defend a particular client in the same way.”
              [Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 689]. Rare are the
              situations in which the “wide latitude counsel must have in
              making tactical decisions” will be limited to any one technique
              or approach. [Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 689]. It
              can be assumed that in some cases counsel would be deemed
              ineffective for failing to consult or rely on experts, but even that
              formulation is sufficiently general that state courts would have
              wide latitude in applying it. Here it would be well within the
              bounds of a reasonable judicial determination for the state court
              to conclude that defense counsel could follow a strategy that did
              not require the use of experts regarding the pool [of blood] in
              the doorway to [the] bedroom.

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 788-89.

        The Court noted that before trial, counsel could have considered “any number of
hypothetical experts – specialists in psychiatry, psychology, ballistics, fingerprints, tire
treads, physiology, or numerous other disciplines and subdisciplines – whose insight might
possibly have been useful.” But pursuing these experts could have distracted counsel from
“more important duties.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 789 (quoting
Bobby v. Van Hook, 558 U.S. 4, 11 (2009) (per curiam)). “Counsel was entitled to formulate
a strategy that was reasonable at the time and to balance limited resources in accord with
effective trial tactics and strategies.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at
789. “Even if it had been apparent that expert blood testimony could support Richter’s
defense, it would be reasonable to conclude that a competent attorney might elect not to use
it.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 789.




                                             -24-
       The Court also observed that the Ninth Circuit’s theory of the defense “overlooks the
fact that concentrating on the blood pool carried its own serious risks.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 789. The Court noted that defense counsel had good
reason to question his client’s truthfulness regarding the details of the crime and that they
could have ended up undercutting their client’s defense had they hired their own forensic
experts. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 789-90. “Even apart from this
danger,” the Court said, “there was the possibility that expert testimony could shift attention
to esoteric matters of forensic science, distract the jury from whether [the surviving victim]
was telling the truth, or transform the case into a battle of the experts.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U. S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 790. In sum, the Court concluded that the Ninth
Circuit erred by relying on “‘the harsh light of hindsight’ to cast doubt on a trial that took
place now more than 15 years ago . . . precisely what Strickland v. Washington and AEDPA
seek to prevent.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 789 (quoting Bell v.
Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 702 (2002)).

        Although Mr. Richter’s counsel’s opening statement apparently prompted the State
to introduce expert forensic blood evidence, the Court decided that “the prosecution’s
response shows merely that the defense strategy did not work out as well as counsel had
hoped, not that counsel was incompetent.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S.
Ct. at 790. Although the Court came close to saying that counsel’s representation was not
deficient, it did not need to go that far:

              If this case presented a de novo review of Strickland, the
              foregoing might well suffice to reject the claim of inadequate
              counsel, but that is an unnecessary step. The Court of Appeals
              must be reversed if there was a reasonable justification for the
              state court’s decision. In light of the record here[,] there was no
              basis to rule that the state court’s determination was
              unreasonable.

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 790.

       The Court then turned to the Ninth Circuit’s second finding – that Mr. Richter’s
counsel was deficient “because he had not expected the prosecution to offer expert testimony
and therefore was unable to offer expert testimony of his own in response.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 790-91. The Court decided that the Ninth Circuit
erred by holding that “counsel had to be prepared for ‘any contingency.’” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 791 (quoting Richter v. Hickman, 578 F.3d at 946).




                                             -25-
       The Court noted that “[j]ust as there is no expectation that competent counsel will be
a flawless strategist or tactician, an attorney may not be faulted for a reasonable
miscalculation or lack of foresight or for failing to prepare for what appear to be remote
possibilities.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 791. Even if counsel had
foreseen that the State would offer expert evidence, Mr. Richter would still be required to
show that a reasonable attorney would have acted on that knowledge. In the Court’s words:
“Strickland does not enact Newton’s third law for the presentation of evidence, requiring for
every prosecution expert an equal and opposite expert from the defense.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. at___, 131 S. Ct. at 791. Rather, “[i]n many instances cross-examination
will be sufficient to expose defects in an expert’s presentation.” Harrington v. Richter, 562
U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 791. Indeed,

              it is difficult to establish ineffective assistance when counsel’s
              overall performance indicates active and capable advocacy.
              Here Richter’s attorney represented him with vigor and
              conducted a skillful cross-examination. As noted, defense
              counsel elicited concessions from the State’s experts and was
              able to draw attention to weaknesses in their conclusions
              stemming from the fact that their analyses were conducted long
              after investigators had left the crime scene. For all of these
              reasons, it would have been reasonable to find that Richter had
              not shown his attorney was deficient under Strickland.

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 791.

        The United States Supreme Court also held that, assuming counsel was deficient, the
Ninth Circuit erred by finding prejudice. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct.
at 792. Justice Ginsburg concurred separately. Although she believed counsel had been
deficient “[i]n failing even to consult blood experts in preparation for the murder trial,” she
did not believe this prejudiced Mr. Richter. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S.
Ct. at 793 (Ginsburg, J., concurring).

       The second opinion is Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 1081 (2014). This
case arose from a series of deadly restaurant robberies in Birmingham, Alabama. The
managers in each of the three restaurants were shot twice with .38 caliber bullets. Two of
the managers died, but the third survived. The authorities recovered all six bullets. After
Anthony Ray Hinton was arrested for these crimes, the authorities also recovered a .38
caliber revolver from his house. Examiners from Alabama’s Department of Forensic




                                             -26-
Services used “toolmark” evidence11 to conclude that all six bullets had been fired from Mr.
Hinton’s gun. Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1083-84.

        Mr. Hinton was tried for capital murder for the first two robberies. The State’s
strategy was to use the surviving victim’s eyewitness testimony to link Mr. Hinton to the
third robbery, and then to use the toolmark evidence to link Mr. Hinton to the earlier
robberies by showing that all six bullets had been fired from the same gun. In his defense,
Mr. Hinton argued misidentification and presented alibi witnesses who claimed he was at
work at the time of the third robbery. The six bullets and Mr. Hinton’s revolver were the
only physical evidence. As the United States Supreme Court later observed, “The State’s
case turned on whether its expert witnesses could convince the jury that the six recovered
bullets had indeed been fired by the Hinton revolver.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___,
134 S. Ct. at 1084.

       Mr. Hinton’s attorney realized that he needed to retain his own forensic expert
because the State’s case hinged on forensic evidence. Accordingly, the attorney filed a
motion requesting funding for a rebuttal expert. Both the trial court and Mr. Hinton’s
counsel believed that $500 was the maximum amount that could be approved in each case.
Accordingly, the trial court authorized $1,000 for Mr. Hinton to retain an expert in both
cases. However, the trial court also told Mr. Hinton’s attorney, “if you need additional
experts I would go ahead and file on a separate form and I’ll have to see if I can grant
additional experts.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1084.

        Regrettably, both the trial court and Mr. Hinton’s attorney were mistaken about that
maximum amount that Alabama law permitted for experts in cases such as Mr. Hinton’s.12
As it turned out, Mr. Hinton’s attorney was unable to retain a reputable firearm and toolmark
expert for $1,000. Accordingly, he settled on a witness with expertise in military ordinance
whom he believed would be “usable.” This witness had no training in firearm or toolmark

        11
          Toolmarks are the impressions that are created when a hard object (a “tool” such as the firing pin
of a gun or the rifling in a gun barrel) comes into contact with a relatively softer object (such as a bullet
casing). The brass exterior of a cartridge case receives toolmarks when a gun fires because “the firing pin
dents the soft primer surface at the base of the cartridge to commence firing.” Extractors and ejectors also
leave marks on used cartridges as they expel those cartridges from the gun. Firearms and toolmark examiners
believe individual guns exhibit physical heterogeneities, and that a bullet may properly be traced to the gun
from which it was fired by virtue of the unique imprints left by the gun’s firing pin and related parts.
National Academy of Sciences, Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward 150-51
(2009), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/228091.pdf (hereinafter NAS Report).
        12
          More than one year earlier, Alabama had amended its indigent defense statutes to provide that
attorneys representing indigent defendants were “entitled to be reimbursed for any expenses reasonably
incurred in such defense.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 U.S. at 1084-85.

                                                    -27-
identification and had testified as an expert only twice during the prior eight years. The
prosecution severely discredited this witness during cross-examination, even soliciting his
concessions that he was visually impaired and that he had to seek assistance from one of the
prosecution’s experts to operate a microscope at the state forensic laboratory. Mr. Hinton
was convicted and sentenced to death. Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at
1085-86.

        Mr. Hinton filed a petition for post-conviction relief, alleging his counsel was
ineffective for failing to seek additional funds for expert testimony. Even though Mr. Hinton
produced three credentialed experts who testified that they could not conclude that any of the
six bullets had been fired from Mr. Hinton’s revolver, the post-conviction court decided that
Mr. Hinton was not entitled to post-conviction relief. The post-conviction court reasoned
that Mr. Hinton had not been prejudiced because the testimony of the three new experts
tracked the testimony of the “expert” called by Mr. Hinton at trial. The Alabama Court of
Criminal Appeals affirmed.13 The Alabama Supreme Court reversed the intermediate
appellate court and remanded the case to the post-conviction court to determine whether the
“expert” Mr. Hinton had called at his original trial had been qualified to testify as an expert
witness.14 On remand, the post-conviction court held that the trial expert had been qualified
to testify under the standards in place at the time. The intermediate appellate court affirmed,
and the Alabama Supreme Court denied review.15

       The United States Supreme Court granted Mr. Hinton’s petition for writ of certiorari
and applied a “straightforward” Strickland v. Washington analysis. Hinton v. Alabama, 571
U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1087. The Court found that Mr. Hinton’s counsel had performed
deficiently. It held that it was “unreasonable” for Mr. Hinton’s lawyer “to fail to seek
additional funds to hire an expert where that failure was based not on any strategic choice but
on a mistaken belief that available funding was capped at $1,000.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571
U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1088. The attorney knew that “effectively rebutting” the State’s
theory – which relied on toolmark evidence – “required a competent expert on the defense
side.” But defense counsel felt he was “stuck” with the only witness he could afford at that
price. Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1088.

       As it had noted in Harrington, the Court stated that “[c]riminal cases will arise where
the only reasonable and available defense strategy requires consultation with experts or


       13
            Hinton v. State, No. CR-04-0940, 2006 WL 1125605 (Ala. Crim. App. Apr. 28, 2006).
       14
            Ex Parte Hinton, No. 1051390, 2008 WL 4603723 (Ala. Oct. 17, 2008).
       15
            Hinton v. State, No. CR-04-0940, 2013 WL 598122 (Ala. Crim. App. Feb. 15, 2013).

                                                  -28-
introduction of expert evidence.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1088
(quoting Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 788). The Court found that Mr. Hinton’s case
“was such a case.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1088. While Mr.
Hinton’s attorney “knew that he needed more funding to present an effective defense,” he
“failed to make even the cursory investigation of the state statute providing for defense
funding for indigent defendants.” Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1089.

       The Court was careful to state precisely why the attorney’s performance was
constitutionally deficient:

              An attorney’s ignorance of a point of law that is fundamental to
              his case combined with his failure to perform basic research on
              that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable
              performance under Strickland.

                             *              *              *

              We wish to be clear that the inadequate assistance of counsel we
              find in this case does not consist of the hiring of an expert who,
              though qualified, was not qualified enough. The selection of an
              expert witness is a paradigmatic example of the type of
              “strategic choic[e]” that, when made “after thorough
              investigation of [the] law and facts,” is “virtually
              unchallengeable.” Strickland, [466 U.S. at 690]. We do not
              today launch federal courts into examination of the relative
              qualifications of experts hired and experts that might have been
              hired. The only inadequate assistance of counsel here was the
              inexcusable mistake of law – the unreasonable failure to
              understand the resources that state law made available to him –
              that caused counsel to employ an expert that he himself deemed
              inadequate.

Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. at ___, 134 S. Ct. at 1089.

       Harrington and Hinton provide a useful lens for assessing allegations of ineffective
assistance that relate to the failure to investigate or retain expert testimony. There are cases,
such as Hinton, in which a defense attorney bears an affirmative duty to consult an expert,
and perhaps to call an expert as a rebuttal witness. From Hinton, we learn that when the
prosecution’s theory of the case hinges on expert forensic science testimony, the acquisition



                                                -29-
of an expert witness for the defense may be exactly what professional norms under Strickland
v. Washington require.

       In most cases, however, the decision to select an expert, or which expert to select,
constitutes one of the “strategic” defense decisions that Strickland v. Washington shields
from scrutiny. In many cases, cross-examining the prosecution’s expert will be just as
effective as, and less risky than, utilizing a rebuttal expert. Each case must stand on its own
facts.

                                                  B.

        Expert testimony and forensic science evidence, in particular, have become crucial to
many criminal cases. Many cases hinge on DNA evidence, blood toxicology reports, the
identification of latent fingerprints, voice recognition, handwriting analysis, toolmark
evidence, the analysis of bite marks, shoe prints and tire tracks, and other evidence that falls
under the broad umbrella of “forensic science.” The use of forensic science evidence has
blossomed over recent decades, but in this century, forensic science practitioners have faced
criticism from attorneys, scientists, legislators, and others. See generally NAS Report. As
the Innocence Project reports, 316 prisoners have been exonerated by post-conviction DNA
testing, and approximately half of these wrongful convictions can be attributed, in some way,
to deficiencies and errors in forensic science.16

       Due to the ubiquity and persuasive power of forensic science evidence, it has become
necessary for defense counsel to be conversant with forensic science and to be prepared to
challenge forensic science testimony – either through effective cross-examination or by
marshaling expert testimony for the defense.

       In this case, the scientific testimony at issue was not of the “individualization” variety,
such as fingerprint, bite mark, or toolmark evidence.17 Instead, the State presented a firearms
expert who testified that Mr. Kendrick’s rifle appeared to operate properly. Agent Fite
performed “drop tests” designed to make the rifle misfire, but the rifle did not malfunction.



       16
         DNA Exonerations Nationwide, Innocence Project, http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/
DNA_Exonerations_Nationwide.php (last visited July 1, 2014); see also Sarah Lucy Cooper, The Collision
of Law and Science: American Court Responses to Developments in Forensic Science, 33 Pace L. Rev. 234,
300 (2013).
       17
         The goal of many forensic science methods is “individualization,” which means using the unique
markings on an object (markings such as fingerprints or toolmarks) to determine the source of those
markings, to the exclusion of all other possible sources. See NAS Report, at 43-44.

                                                 -30-
Agent Fite concluded that no one could fire the rifle without pulling the trigger or breaking
it.

        Defense counsel employed two strategies to counteract this testimony. First, he tried
to discredit Agent Fite by characterizing him as someone who believed he never made
mistakes. Second, he attempted to cross-examine Agent Fite about the Remington Model
742 rifle, the precursor model to the rifle Mr. Kendrick owned. The trial court overruled this
line of questioning as irrelevant and permitted Agent Fite to discuss only the Remington
model that Mr. Kendrick owned.

       At the post-conviction hearing, Mr. Kendrick presented Mr. Belk as a firearms expert.
Like Agent Fite, Mr. Belk was unable to cause Mr. Kendrick’s rifle to malfunction.
However, Mr. Belk testified that the trigger mechanism – found in Mr. Kendrick’s rifle and
millions of other Remingtons of various types and models – had malfunctioned on occasion.
The post-conviction court observed that Mr. Belk’s testimony would have been “helpful” to
Mr. Kendrick at trial.

        The post-conviction court’s observation that expert testimony regarding the occasional
failure of the trigger mechanism would have been helpful at Mr. Kendrick’s original trial
comes with three significant qualifications. First, it is doubtful that Mr. Kendrick’s trial
counsel would have obtained permission to hire a firearms expert in 1994, even if he had
requested one. It was not until 1995 that this Court recognized that indigent non-capital
criminal defendants had a constitutional right to expert psychiatric assistance. State v.
Barnett, 909 S.W.2d 423, 424 (Tenn. 1995). In doing so, we expressly limited the holding
of the case to psychiatric experts. State v. Barnett, 909 S.W.2d at 430 n.7.

        Second, even after briefing and oral argument in this case, it remains entirely
uncertain that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel could have located and hired a firearm expert in
1994 who could have testified concerning the potential defects of the Remington Model
7400’s trigger mechanism.18 Mr. Belk told the post-conviction court that he first testified
about the trigger mechanism in 1994. The record does not indicate the existence of any other
such experts who were available at that date. Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel said that he
considered himself knowledgeable about firearms and that he was unaware of any discussion
in the industry concerning defective Remington trigger mechanisms.



        18
           The civil cases cited in Mr. Kendrick’s supplemental reply brief all involved the Remington Model
700 rifle, not the Model 7400. In one of the cases, the United States Court of Appeals noted that the District
Court had erred by admitting evidence regarding the trigger mechanism of the Remington Model 600 rifle.
Lewy v. Remington Arms Co., 836 F.2d 1104, 1109 (8th Cir. 1988).

                                                    -31-
       Even though the public defender’s office had often consulted a local gunsmith, Mr.
Kendrick’s trial counsel could not recall whether he or anyone else in the office talked to the
gunsmith in conjunction with Mr. Kendrick’s case. As trial counsel pointed out, “[Y]ou
couldn’t Google Remington trigger mechanisms back then.” In short, the record does not
contain clear and convincing evidence that trial counsel could have found Mr. Belk or his
equivalent, or that the sort of testimony Mr. Belk provided at the post-conviction hearing
would have been available or admissible at trial.

        Third, even if Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel had been able to find and retain Mr. Belk
for the original trial in 1994, Mr. Belk would not have been able to testify, as he did during
the post-conviction hearing, about the three instances of the Remington Model 7400’s
malfunctioning. The record reflects that one, if not all, of these instances occurred,
according to Mr. Belk, in the “late nineties, probably ’97 or ’98.”

       Even if we were to disregard these difficulties in Mr. Kendrick’s argument, we are
unable to conclude that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel’s performance was deficient. The best
evidence that Mr. Kendrick’s Model 7400 was capable of misfiring is the undisputed fact that
Sergeant Miller was shot in the foot by the very same rifle. Sergeant Miller’s injury was not
speculative, and it did not involve other weapons. Trial counsel had a reasonable basis to
believe Sergeant Miller would testify that he had not touched the trigger, and that this
testimony would be “enough for a reasonable doubt as to anything.”

       In light of defense counsel’s testimony, we find that Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel
made a reasonable tactical decision to construct his “accidental firing” defense around
Sergeant Miller’s mishap with Mr. Kendrick’s rifle. While counsel knew the substance of
Agent Fite’s impending testimony, defense counsel reasonably calculated that the incident
involving Sergeant Miller would “trump[]” anything Agent Fite could say. In hindsight,
Sergeant Miller’s testimony deviated from what trial counsel expected. But at the time
defense counsel was forming his trial strategy, it was reasonable to anticipate that he could
“use [Sergeant Miller’s testimony] very effectively” to elicit an acquittal. Despite Sergeant
Miller’s memory lapse, defense counsel’s performance on this issue indicated “active and
capable advocacy.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 791. It was not
constitutionally deficient.

       This was not a case that hinged on expert testimony. The bulk of the State’s case
consisted of eyewitnesses. Although there are cases in which defense counsel must summon
expert testimony – and we encourage defense attorneys to be vigilant in this regard – this is
not such a case. Surely it would have been “best practices” for trial counsel to consult a
firearms expert before trial, but in this case the failure to do so was not objectively
unreasonable. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 788-89.

                                             -32-
                                               VII.

       The second basis for the Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision that Mr. Kendrick’s trial
counsel’s performance was deficient and prejudicial involved his failure to place before the
jury hearsay evidence that would have benefitted his client. Specifically, the appellate court
took Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel to task for not attempting to use the excited utterance
exception to the hearsay rule to place before the jury the statements Sergeant Miller made to
fellow officers after Mr. Kendrick’s rifle shot him in the foot.

                                                A.

        Officers Holbrook, Sims, and Gann each took statements from Sergeant Miller after
he was wounded in the foot when Mr. Kendrick’s rifle discharged. Had these officers related
Sergeant Miller’s statements to the jury at Mr. Kendrick’s trial, these statements would have
been hearsay because they were “statement[s], other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). Here, the truth being asserted was the alleged fact that Sergeant
Miller’s finger was not on the trigger when Mr. Kendrick’s rifle discharged. While hearsay
statements are generally inadmissible, Tenn. R. Evid. 802, the Tennessee Rules of Evidence
include several well-defined exceptions to Tenn. R. Evid. 802. See Tenn R. Evid. 803.

       One exception to the hearsay rule involves excited utterances. Under Tenn. R. Evid.
803(2), “[a] statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was
under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition” is not excluded by the
hearsay rule. The two-fold premise underlying this exception is (1) that shocking
circumstances may produce a condition of excitement in a person which temporarily stills the
person’s capacity of reflection and produces utterances free of conscious fabrication, State
v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d 817, 819 (Tenn. 1997); Kenneth S. Braun, 2 McCormick on Evidence
§ 272, at 365 (7th ed. 2013) (“McCormick”), and (2) that excited utterances may be more
accurate than much a later in-court description of the event because they are made when the
memory of the event is fresh on the declarant’s mind. State v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 819-
20; Neil P. Cohen, Sarah Y. Sheppeard & Donald F. Paine, Tennessee Law of Evidence §
807[2][a], at 8-85 (6th ed. 2013) (“Tennessee Law of Evidence”).

      Against this backdrop, this Court has developed a three-part test to determine the
admissibility of an alleged excited utterance. All three prongs must be satisfied. See
generally Tennessee Law of Evidence § 8.07[3], at 8-86 to 8-90.

      First, there must be a startling event or condition. While “any event deemed startling”
may be sufficient to meet this requirement, the event must be “sufficiently startling to

                                               -33-
suspend the normal, reflective thought process of the declarant.” The startling event need
not be the act that gave rise to the legal controversy. Furthermore, “a subsequent startling
event or condition which is related to the prior event” can also produce an excited utterance.
State v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 820.

        The second broad requirement is that the statement must “relate to” the startling event
or condition. A statement relates to the startling event when it describes all or part of the
event or condition, or deals with the effect or impact of that event or condition. State v.
Stout, 46 S.W.3d 689, 699 (Tenn. 2001); see also State v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 761 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2008) (“[T]here must be a nexus between the statement and the startling
event[.]”).

       The third requirement for admission of an excited utterance is that the statement must
have been made “while the declarant is under the stress or excitement from the event or
condition.” The “ultimate test” under this prong is whether the statement suggests
“spontaneity” and whether the statement has a “logical relation” to the shocking event.
When “an act or declaration springs out of the transaction while the parties are still laboring
under the excitement and strain of the circumstances and at a time so near it as to preclude
the idea of deliberation and fabrication,” this prong may be satisfied. State v. Gordon, 952
S.W.2d at 820; State v. Smith, 857 S.W.2d 1, 9 (Tenn. 1993); Garrison v. State, 163 Tenn.
108, 116, 40 S.W.2d 1009, 1011 (1931).

       One consideration for determining whether a statement was made under the stress and
excitement of a shocking event is the time interval between the event and the statement.
Garrison v. State, 40 S.W.2d at 1011. But the time interval is not dispositive; other factors
must be considered. State v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 820 & n.3; see also State v. Stout, 46
S.W.3d at 700. In addition to the time interval, other relevant circumstances include the
nature and seriousness of the event or condition; the appearance, behavior, outlook, and
circumstances of the declarant (including such characteristics as age and physical or mental
condition); and the contents of the statement itself, which may indicate the presence or
absence of stress. State v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 820.

        The excited utterance exception carries a competency requirement. The declarant
must have had an opportunity to observe the facts contained in the extrajudicial statement.
State v. Franklin, 308 S.W.3d 799, 823 n.28 (Tenn. 2010); State v. Land, 34 S.W.3d 516, 529
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). This requirement is an extension of Tenn. R. Evid. 602, which
states, “A witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to
support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Evidence to prove
personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness’s own testimony.” Personal
knowledge may be inferred from the statements themselves and the surrounding facts and

                                             -34-
circumstances. State v. Land, 34 S.W.3d at 529. While “personal knowledge” does not
require “absolute certainty” on the declarant’s part, the declarant’s statement may not be
based on “mere speculation.” State v. Land, 34 S.W.3d at 529.

        The Tennessee Rules of Evidence do not require the declarant to be an actual
participant in the precipitating event. State v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 820. It is also worth
noting that statements made in response to questions may be admissible as excited utterances
if the declarant is still under the excitement or stress of the event during questioning. State
v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 820-21. On the other hand, other courts have observed that when
a statement is made in response to an inquiry or when the statement is self-serving, these
factors may show the statement was the result of reflective thought. See 2 McCormick § 272,
at 370-72 & nn. 32-33.

        The standard of review for rulings on hearsay evidence has multiple layers. Initially,
the trial court must determine whether the statement is hearsay. If the statement is hearsay,
then the trial court must then determine whether the hearsay statement fits within one of the
exceptions. To answer these questions, the trial court may need to receive evidence and hear
testimony. When the trial court makes factual findings and credibility determinations in the
course of ruling on an evidentiary motion, these factual and credibility findings are binding
on a reviewing court unless the evidence in the record preponderates against them. State v.
Gilley, 297 S.W.3d at 759-61. Once the trial court has made its factual findings, the next
questions – whether the facts prove that the statement (1) was hearsay and (2) fits under one
the exceptions to the hearsay rule – are questions of law subject to de novo review. State v.
Schiefelbein, 230 S.W.3d 88, 128 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2007); Keisling v. Keisling, 196 S.W.3d
703, 721 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

       If a statement is hearsay, but does not fit one of the exceptions, it is inadmissible, and
the court must exclude the statement. But if a hearsay statement does fit under one of the
exceptions, the trial court may not use the hearsay rule to suppress the statement. However,
the statement may otherwise run afoul of another rule of evidence. State v. Gilley, 297
S.W.3d at 760-61. For example, a trial court may decline to admit an excited utterance if it
finds the utterance lacks relevance under Tenn. R. Evid. 401 & 402 or if it finds the
utterance’s “probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste
of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. If a trial
court excludes otherwise admissible hearsay on the basis of Rule 401, 402, or 403, this
determination is reviewed for abuse of discretion. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 73 (Tenn.
1992); State v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d at 759-61; see also 1 McCormick § 185, at 1010.




                                              -35-
                                                    B.

        In this case, Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel did not attempt to introduce Sergeant
Miller’s statements as excited utterances. Accordingly, like the courts below, we have no
trial court ruling to review. Both the trial court and the Court of Criminal Appeals
approached the question of the admissibility of Sergeant Miller’s statements as a question of
law. Accordingly, we will address this question de novo.

        For the purposes of this opinion, we will deem Sergeant Miller’s statements to Officer
Gann in the parking lot of the police service center and to Officer Holbrook in the hospital
to be excited utterances. However, even if Sergeant Miller’s statements were properly
admissible under Tenn. R. Evid. 803(2), it does not necessarily follow that Mr. Kendrick’s
trial counsel was ineffective because he did not seek to admit them under Tenn. R. Evid.
803(2).

       The question at this juncture is whether counsel’s actions were objectively
unreasonable under all the circumstances in light of the professional norms that prevailed in
1994. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 688. We must undertake this analysis with the
presumption that counsel’s representation was adequate, and we must also do our best to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight. Mobley v. State, 397 S.W.3d at 80-81.

        Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel candidly admitted at the post-conviction hearing that it
did not occur to him during the heat of the trial to attempt to introduce Sergeant Miller’s
statements to the other officers as excited utterances under Tenn. R. Evid. 803(2). While
lack of familiarity with relevant court rules might in some cases provide grounds for a
finding of ineffective assistance of counsel, this record reflects that Mr. Kendrick’s trial
counsel labored to convince the jury that Sergeant Miller’s finger was not on the trigger of
the rifle when it fired into his foot.

       Counsel closely cross-examined Sergeant Miller regarding the incident and his loss
of memory of the particulars. He also recalled Sergeant Miller to the stand and attempted to
refresh his memory with the incident reports. Counsel attempted to use the incidents reports
as impeachment evidence in accordance with Tenn. R. Evid. 613(b).19 In addition, he pointed
out during his cross-examination of Sergeant Miller and his closing argument, that when
Sergeant Miller demonstrated how he was holding the rifle, his finger was not near the


        19
          The Court of Criminal Appeals found that the trial court erred by preventing Mr. Kendrick’s trial
counsel from impeaching Sergeant Miller based on his prior inconsistent statements. State v. Kendricks, 947
S.W.2d at 881-82. Mr. Kendrick’s trial counsel pursued a proper basis for the admission of the reports and
failed only because of the trial court’s error.

                                                   -36-
trigger and that Sergeant Miller stated during cross-examination that he was holding the rifle
in the courtroom in the same way he was holding it when he was shot. Finally, during his
cross-examination of Sergeant Miller about his training and experience with firearms, Mr.
Kendrick’s trial counsel elicited answers strongly suggesting that Sergeant Miller would not
have picked up the rifle with his finger on the trigger.

       In short, trial counsel did almost everything at his disposal to prove that Sergeant
Miller had not pulled the trigger, with the exception that he did not offer the statements as
substantive evidence under Tenn. R. Evid. 803(2). As the Court of Criminal Appeals noted
on direct appeal, counsel’s “thorough cross-examination of Officer Miller . . . provided the
jury ample evidence from which it could have concluded that Officer Miller’s memory was
faulty and that he knew he had not caused the gun to fire by pulling the trigger.” State v.
Kendricks, 947 S.W.2d at 882.

        The “circumstances” surrounding this evidentiary issue reflect that Mr. Kendrick’s
trial counsel adduced evidence that would have supported the jury’s conclusion that Sergeant
Miller was not touching the trigger when Mr. Kendrick’s rifle discharged into his foot. The
fact that counsel failed to go one step further by pursuing the excited utterance exception
does not overcome the presumption that trial counsel gave Mr. Kendrick adequate
representation. Although the excited utterance exception slipped his mind, trial counsel took
great pains to inform the jury that the weapon apparently misfired for Sergeant Miller. This
was the best evidence that the trigger mechanism on Mr. Kendrick’s rifle might have been
defective. Counsel’s representation was not deficient in this regard.

        Even if we determined that trial counsel’s representation was deficient, the other
“ample evidence” summarized above would mitigate against finding that Mr. Kendrick was
prejudiced. The defense theory was that the rifle malfunctioned both for Mr. Kendrick and
Sergeant Miller. The jury heard evidence to support that theory, including Sergeant Miller’s
cross-examination and Mr. Kendrick’s statement that he was “almost positive” his finger was
not on the trigger. However, the jury also heard evidence suggesting that Mr. Kendrick
pulled the trigger. Mr. Benton testified that he saw Mr. Kendrick’s “right hand was on the
pistol grip area around the trigger and the left hand was up near the stock.” Other evidence
suggested a premeditated murder, including Mr. Kendrick’s flight from the scene, his failure
to give or ask for assistance, the fact that he discarded the weapon, and the testimony of his
daughter and Mr. Shepheard. The fact that the jury was not able to see or hear the incident
reports does not, by itself, undermine our confidence in the verdict. See Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. at 694.




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                                            VIII.

        We conclude that Mr. Kendrick did not receive ineffective assistance from his trial
counsel with regard to the two issues before the Court on this appeal. Accordingly, the
judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals is reversed. In light of the fact that the appellate
court did not consider the remaining issues raised by Mr. Kendrick, we remand this case to
the Court of Criminal Appeals with directions to consider the issues that it pretermitted in
its earlier decision. Because Mr. Kendrick appears indigent, we assess the costs of this
appeal to the State of Tennessee.


                                                    ______________________________
                                                    WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUSTICE




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