[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 106502




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                      PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                vs.

                                      ELIJAH TAYLOR
                                                      DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                             JUDGMENT:
                                              AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-17-616272-A

        BEFORE: Stewart, P.J., Blackmon, J., and Laster Mays, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 27, 2018
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Timothy Young
Ohio Public Defender

Victoria Bader
Assistant State Public Defender
250 East Broad Street, Suite 1400
Columbus, OH 43125


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

Jonathan Block
Assistant County Prosecutor
Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
MELODY J. STEWART, P.J.:

        {¶1} A complaint filed in the juvenile division charged 16-year-old

defendant-appellant Elijah Taylor with committing acts that, if committed by an adult,

would constitute felony offenses of aggravated robbery, kidnapping, and having a weapon

while under disability.             All three counts of the complaint contained firearm

specifications. After finding probable cause to believe that Taylor committed the acts as

charged, the juvenile court transferred the case to the general division. Taylor pleaded

guilty to a single count of aggravated robbery with a one-year firearm specification. In

this appeal, he complains that the victim’s uncertainty in identifying him meant that the

juvenile court’s probable cause finding was not supported by sufficient evidence. He

also complains that the juvenile court erred by finding that he was subject to mandatory

bindover to be tried as an adult.

                                             I. Probable Cause

        {¶2} Taylor first argues that the court erred by finding probable cause to believe

that he committed the charged acts. He maintains that the state failed to present credible

identification evidence to prove that he committed the charged acts because the victim

admitted that he did not see his robber’s face. Taylor also maintains that an in-court

identification made by the victim was unduly suggestive because Taylor was the only

alleged delinquent child in the courtroom.
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
        {¶3} Regardless of whether bindover in this case is mandatory or discretionary, the

juvenile court had to first find probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed the

charged acts. See R.C. 2152.12(A)(1)(b)(2) (mandatory bindover) and 2152.12(B)(1)

(discretionary bindover).

        {¶4} In the context of mandatory-bindover proceedings, the probable cause

determination involves questions of both fact and law: we defer to findings based on the

credibility of a witness, but review de novo whether the state presented sufficient

evidence to demonstrate probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed the acts

charged. In re A.J.S., 120 Ohio St.3d 185, 2008-Ohio-5307, 897 N.E.2d 629, ¶ 51. The

“probable” component of the probable cause determination means that the state must

produce evidence that “raises more than a mere suspicion of guilt, but need not provide

evidence proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at ¶ 42, citing State v. Iacona, 93

Ohio St.3d 83, 93, 752 N.E.2d 937 (2001).

        {¶5} The victim testified that he used an automated teller machine located inside a

gas station to withdraw $20 and make a small purchase. As he walked home, two males

— one short and the other tall — confronted him. The tall male had a firearm and told

the victim “don’t move.” Knowing that he was being robbed, the victim pulled out the

money left over from his store purchase. The smaller male took the money, and both

males fled. The victim testified that he saw “the bigger guy’s face just like I’m looking

at you.”
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
        {¶6} The police were alerted. The victim gave the police a description of the two

males and said that both males were in the gas station at the time he made his purchase.

The police quickly saw two males who matched the description given by the victim, but

the males ran off in different directions when they saw the police. The police were able

to follow the tall male because he ran through snow, leaving tracks. After apprehending

the tall male, the police conducted a cold stand lineup for the victim. The victim testified

that the male shown to him in the cold stand “wasn’t the guy,” but two police officers

testified that the victim identified the suspect as one of the robbers during the cold stand.

        {¶7} Taylor argues that the victim’s identification was suspect because the victim

testified that he could not identify his assailants’ clothing (apart from saying that one of

them wore a hoodie) and testified that the man presented in the cold stand was not one of

the persons who robbed him.
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
        {¶8} The probable cause determination did not come down to a simple weighing of

whether the victim or the two police officers were more credible about what occurred

during the cold stand. The victim told the police that his assailants were in the gas

station at the time he withdrew money and made his purchase. The gas station had

surveillance video, and one of the police officers testified that a still photo taken from

surveillance video showed Taylor inside the gas station, wearing the same clothes he

wore during the cold stand. That evidence, in conjunction with the victim’s in-court

identification1 of Taylor, was sufficient to establish probable cause to believe that Taylor

had been identified as one of the robbers.

                                         II. Mandatory Bindover




          Taylor argues that the in-court identification was unnecessarily suggestive because he was the
        1


only alleged delinquent child in the courtroom. Taylor provides no reference to the transcript to
support this assertion. See App.R. 16(A)(7). In any event, “an in-court identification is permissible
if the state establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the witness had a reliable, independent
basis for the identification based on prior independent observations made at the scene of the crime.”
State v. Fields, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99750, 2014-Ohio-301, ¶ 10. The evidence showed that
the victim reliably identified Taylor at trial.
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
        {¶9} The state charged Taylor with committing the category 2 offense of

aggravated robbery with a firearm, see R.C. 2152.02(B)(B)(1) — an offense that would

ordinarily require mandatory bindover for trial as an adult. See R.C. 2152.12(A)(1)(b).

However, at the time the complaint was filed against Taylor, State v. Aalim, 150 Ohio

St.3d 463, 2016-Ohio-8278, 83 N.E.3d 862 (“Aalim I”), held that “[t]he mandatory

transfer of juveniles to the general division of common pleas court violates juveniles’

right to due process as guaranteed by Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.” Id.

at paragraph one of the syllabus. In light of the state’s motion for an order asking the

court to relinquish jurisdiction for the purpose of a criminal prosecution, the juvenile

court told Taylor that it was treating the case as one of discretionary bindover. When the

court concluded the probable cause hearing, however, it stated that “this is a mandatory

bindover situation.” After finding probable cause to believe that Taylor committed the

charged acts, the court stated that it “automatically transfers this case to the Adult Court

where Mr. Taylor can be tried as if he were an adult.”
      {¶10} The probable cause determination, and the characterization of the case as

being a mandatory bindover, predated the release of State v. Aalim, 150 Ohio St.3d 489,

2017-Ohio-2956, 83 N.E.3d 883, ¶ 38 (“Aalim II”), where on reconsideration, the Ohio

Supreme Court overruled Aalim I, holding that “the mandatory bindover of certain

juvenile offenders under R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b) complies with due

process and equal protection as guaranteed by the Ohio and United States Constitutions.”

Defense counsel did not object when the court found that bindover was mandatory, so

Taylor argues that the court committed plain error by finding transfer to be mandatory

because Aalim II had yet to be decided.
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
        {¶11} Plain error — error that was not brought to the court’s attention at a time

when it could have been corrected — can only be noticed if it is an error that affects a

substantial right. State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). And

even if an error is plain on the record, “an appellate court is not required to correct it; we

have admonish[ed] courts to notice plain error with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Rogers,

143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 23.

        {¶12} In State v. Moore, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105240, 2017-Ohio-8483, we

rejected an argument similar to the one made by Taylor. Moore was convicted in 2011

following a mandatory bindover from juvenile court. In 2016, following the release of

Aalim I, we granted Moore a delayed appeal to argue that the mandatory bindover was

unconstitutional. Before the appeal was decided, the Supreme Court vacated Aalim I on

reconsideration and issued Aalim II. Given that Aalim I had been vacated, we rejected

Moore’s claim that he was denied due process and equal protection of the law because he

was not given an amenability hearing. Moore at ¶ 11. Another appellate district has

reached a similar conclusion. See State v. Ferguson, 2017-Ohio-7930, 98 N.E.3d 987, ¶

2 (2d Dist.), fn. 1.

        {¶13} These cases convince us that Taylor cannot show any error that affects a

substantial right. Moreover, even had Taylor shown error, Aalim II makes it clear that

the mandatory bindover statute is not unconstitutional, so no miscarriage of justice would

occur if he were denied the application of Aalim I, a case that has since been vacated.
                           III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       {¶14} Our finding that no miscarriage of justice exists disposes of Taylor’s third

assignment of error and his claim that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel

on grounds that counsel should have objected to mandatory bindover. Importantly, at the

time the court conducted the probable cause hearing in this case, the Supreme Court had

stayed the execution of judgment in Aalim I. See State v. Aalim, 148 Ohio St.3d 1407,

2017-Ohio-573, 69 N.E.3d 748. So even if Aalim I had not yet been vacated at the time

the court ordered mandatory bindover, the stay of the decision meant that it was no longer

binding on the court. See State v. Baker, 2017-Ohio-7795, 97 N.E.3d 981, ¶ 29 (7th

Dist.). So regardless of whether counsel had the obligation to request an amenability

hearing — an issue that we do not consider — no prejudice resulted because the Supreme

Court ultimately rejected the constitutional challenge to the mandatory bindover statute.

Taylor thus failed to establish the prejudice prong of an ineffective assistance of counsel

claim because there is no reasonable probability that the court would have conducted an

amenability hearing had counsel requested one. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed. 2d 674 (1984).

       {¶15} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-3998.]
        A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



______________________________________________
MELODY J. STEWART, PRESIDING JUDGE

PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., and
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR
