                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                    _____________

                                     No. 10-4028
                                    _____________

                                    GLEN BOOTAY,
                                             Appellant

                                           v.

   KBR, INC; KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT SERVICES, INC.; KBR TECHNICAL
      SERVICES, INC.; OVERSEAS ADMINISTRATION SERVICES, LTD;
               SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

                                     ____________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                              (D.C. Civil No. 2-09-CV-1241)
                     District Judge: Honorable Terrence F. McVerry

                                     ____________

                                  Argued May 10, 2011
                                     ____________

            Before: SMITH, CHAGARES AND VANASKIE, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion Filed: July 13, 2011)
                                    ____________

Fred C. Jug, Jr., Esq. (Argued)
Brandt, Milnes & Rea
310 Grant Street
1109 Grant Building
Pittsburgh, PA 15219-0000

Counsel for Appellant Glen Bootay
Raymond B. Biagini, Esq.
Kurt J. Hamrock, Esq. (Argued)
McKenna, Long & Aldridge
1900 K Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20006-0000

Kari Horner, Esq.
Joseph L. Luciana, III, Esq.
Dingess, Foster, Luciana, Davidson & Chleboski
20 Stanwix Street
PNC Center, Third Floor
Pittsburgh, PA 15222-0000

Counsel for Appellees KBR, INC.
KELLOGG BROWN & ROOT SERVICES, INC., KBR TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC.,
OVERSEAS ADMINISTRATION SERVICES, LTD, and SERVICE EMPLOYEES
INTERNATIONAL, INC.

                                     _____________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                    _____________


VANASKIE, Circuit Judge.

       Glen Bootay appeals the District Court’s dismissal of his amended complaint,

which alleged liability of several private companies for personal injuries sustained as the

purported result of exposure to sodium dichromate over a four-day period while he was

deployed in Iraq as a member of the United States Army. The District Court found that

three of the named defendants – Appellees KBR, Inc. (“KBRI”); Overseas

Administration Services, Ltd. (“Overseas”); and Service Employees International, Inc.

(“SEII”) (collectively, “Jurisdictional Appellees”) – lacked sufficient contacts with

Pennsylvania to enable Bootay to sue them in that State. As to the remaining defendants


                                             2
– Appellees Kellogg Brown & Root Services, Inc. (“KBR Services”) and KBR Technical

Services, Inc. (“KBR Technical”) – the District Court concluded that Bootay could not

show that they owed a duty to warn him of the hazards of sodium dichromate exposure

under either a negligence or contractual third-party beneficiary theory, and that Bootay

could not otherwise allege a viable basis for recovery against them. For the reasons that

follow, we will affirm the District Court’s thoughtful and comprehensive decisions.

                                              I.

       As we write solely for the parties, who are familiar with the facts and procedural

history of this matter, we set forth only those facts necessary for our analysis.

       In March, 2003, prior to the invasion of Iraq by coalition forces, the United States

Army Corps of Engineers (“USACE”) issued a contract to KBR Services and KBR

Technical (collectively, “KBR”) to restore Iraqi oil operations as soon as practicable.

The contract called for KBR to undertake its work at an Iraqi oil infrastructure facility

after being notified by the military that “benign conditions” existed. The contract

stipulated that a facility would be considered benign once it had been cleared of enemy

forces, environmental hazards, mines, and other threatening conditions.

       Bootay, a Sergeant in the United States Army, was deployed to Iraq as part of

Operation Iraqi Freedom. In April, 2003, after assisting in securing the Baghdad Airport,

Bootay was sent to the Qarmat Ali Water Treatment Plant (“Qarmat Ali”). While at

Qarmat Ali for a period of four days, Bootay observed an orange powder throughout the

facility. He later believed that the orange powder was sodium dichromate.



                                              3
       Iraqi workers, prior to the commencement of Operation Iraqi Freedom, routinely

used sodium dichromate as part of the water treatment process at Qarmat Ali. This

facility supplied water to support oil extraction. Accordingly, refurbishment of Qarmat

Ali became part of KBR’s contractual obligation.

       Bootay, a valiant veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom, now finds himself totally

disabled as a result of a series of calamitous health setbacks he began experiencing

several years after his September, 2003 honorable discharge from the Army. Bootay

attributes his disabling ailments to his exposure to sodium dichromate at Qarmat Ali. He

seeks to hold KBR and the Jurisdictional Appellees liable for having failed to warn him

of the consequences of exposure to sodium dichromate.

       Bootay commenced this action on September 11, 2009. On March 26, 2010, the

District Court issued a Memorandum Opinion granting the Jurisdictional Appellees’

motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and granted KBR’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion on the ground

that this action was time-barred. In according Bootay leave to file an amended

complaint, the District Court cautioned:

                      Although the Complaint in this case is being dismissed
              on statute of limitations and personal jurisdiction grounds,
              Defendants have raised additional legal challenges, some of
              which appear to have merit. If Bootay chooses to file an
              amended complaint, it will be important to address these
              alleged shortcomings as well, to assure that the amended
              complaint contains sufficient factual allegations to render the
              claim(s) “plausible” in compliance with the pleading standard
              set forth in Twombly and Phillips.

(A. 113) (footnote omitted).

                                             4
       On April 9, 2010, Bootay filed his amended complaint. On May 3, 2010, the

Jurisdictional Appellees filed a renewed 12(b)(2) motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction, and KBR filed a renewed motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). On May 19, 2010, Bootay filed a motion for

an extension of time and a motion for jurisdictional discovery. On May 21, 2010, the

District Court granted Bootay a fourteen-day extension of time to respond to the motion,

but denied the request for jurisdictional discovery.

       On July 20, 2010, the District Court held oral argument on the motions to dismiss.

Both parties were permitted to file supplemental briefs and exhibits. As part of his

supplemental filings, Bootay submitted a brief filed on behalf of other plaintiffs in a case

captioned McManaway v. KBR, Inc., Civ. Action No. 4:10-CV-1044 (S.D. Tex.)

(“McManaway Brief”).

       On September 9, 2010, the District Court issued a Memorandum Opinion, again

granting the Jurisdictional Appellees’ motion to dismiss because Bootay could not show

that they were alter egos of KBR, over which the District Court had personal jurisdiction.

Although denying KBR’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss on the statute of limitations

defense, the District Court granted KBR’s motion to dismiss insofar as it challenged the

viability of Bootay’s claim. Finding that it would be futile to grant Bootay leave to file a

second amended complaint, the District Court dismissed the amended complaint with

prejudice.

       On September 17, 2010, Bootay filed a motion for reconsideration pursuant to

Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. On September 30, 2010, he also filed

                                             5
a motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. On October 8, 2010, the District

Court denied both motions. This timely appeal followed. 1

                                              II.

       We exercise plenary review over a district court’s decision concerning personal

jurisdiction. Pinker v. Roche Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 368 (3d Cir. 2002); Marten v.

Godwin, 499 F.3d 290, 295 n.2 (3d Cir. 2007). “[C]ourts reviewing a motion to dismiss a

case for lack of in personam jurisdiction must accept all of the plaintiff’s allegations as

true and construe disputed facts in favor of the plaintiff.” Carteret Sav. Bank, F.A. v.

Shushan, 954 F.2d 141, 142 n.1 (3d Cir. 1992). Bootay, however, as the plaintiff, “bears

the burden of proving that personal jurisdiction is proper.” IMO Indus., Inc. v. Kiekert

AG, 155 F.3d 254, 257 (3d Cir. 1998); Carteret Sav. Bank, F.A., 954 F.2d at 146

(“[O]nce the defendant raises the question of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff bears the

burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, facts sufficient to establish personal

jurisdiction.”).

       Bootay asserts that jurisdiction is proper over the Jurisdictional Appellees because,

at all times relevant to this litigation, they functioned as alter egos of the parent holding

company, KBRI. Specifically, Bootay argues that the activities of KBR Services, over

which the District Court had personal jurisdiction, “should be imputed to the parent

corporation[, KBRI].” (Appellant’s Br. at 16.)




       1
        The District Court had jurisdiction over this diversity matter pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1332, and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                               6
       “[T]he requirements for corporate veil piercing . . . although rather imprecise in

their various formulations, are demanding ones.” Am. Bell Inc. v. Fed’n of Tel. Workers

of Pa., 736 F.2d 879, 886 (3d Cir. 1984). As the District Court explained, Bootay has not

alleged facts sufficient to support a determination that the various corporations named as

defendants in this litigation ignore corporate formalities. That Overseas and SEII

recruited workers in Pennsylvania to perform work for KBR Services in Iraq does not

suffice to show that the contacts of KBR Services with Pennsylvania should be attributed

to these entities. Nor does the fact that KBRI is the parent of KBR Services and KBR

Technical provide a basis for finding that the corporate veil should be pierced and all

Appellees regarded as a single entity for jurisdictional purposes. 2 Accordingly, the

District Court properly granted the Jurisdictional Appellees’ motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction.

                                              III.

       Our review of the District Court’s dismissal of the amended complaint for failure

to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure is plenary. Shapiro v. UJB Fin. Corp., 964 F.2d 272, 279 (3d

Cir. 1992). To survive a motion to dismiss, Bootay’s amended complaint must set forth

“enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

       2
         Bootay relies on Arch v. American Tobacco Co., 984 F. Supp. 830, 837 (E.D. Pa.
1997), to support his position. That case, however, actually held that the contacts of the
subsidiary could not be properly imputed to the parent in order to establish personal
jurisdiction over the parent. Id.

                                               7
       Bootay asserts liability theories of negligence, breach of contract, fraudulent

misrepresentation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Each liability theory

will be assessed in turn.

                                             A.

       In Pennsylvania, 3 the elements of a cause of action sounding in negligence are:

              (1) a duty or obligation recognized by the law requiring the
              defendant to conform to a certain standard of conduct for the
              protection of others against unreasonable risks; (2)
              defendant’s failure to conform to the standard required; (3) a
              causal connection between the conduct and the resulting
              injury; (4) actual loss or damage resulting to the plaintiff.

R.W. v. Manzek, 888 A.2d 740, 746 (Pa. 2005). The court’s first task is to decide whether

the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, a question of law for the court to

decide. Id.

       In addition to asserting that KBR owed him a duty to warn of the hazards of

sodium dichromate exposure under general negligence principles, 4 Bootay contends that

KBR’s duty to warn arose out of its contract to restore Iraqi oil production. In this

regard, Bootay relies upon section 324A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Section

324A provides:

              One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to
              render services to another which he should recognize as

       3
         The parties do not dispute that Pennsylvania law applies to this case.
Consequently, we shall apply Pennsylvania law. See Edwards v. HOVENSA, LLC, 497
F.3d 355, 361 (3d Cir. 2007) (noting that under Erie federal courts apply state law).
       4
         The District Court gave a thorough explanation for why, as a matter of law, KBR
did not owe Bootay a duty to warn under general negligence principles, and there is no
need for us to elaborate on the District Court’s comprehensive treatment of that issue.

                                              8
              necessary for the protection of a third person or his things, is
              subject to liability to the third person for physical harm
              resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to
              protect his undertaking, if
                      (a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the
              risk of such harm, or
                      (b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the
              other to the third person, or
                      (c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other
              or the third person upon the undertaking.

       Bootay’s reliance on § 324A is foreclosed by Sheridan v. NGK Metals Corp., 609

F.3d 239 (3d Cir. 2010). In Sheridan, we held that a company hired to monitor

discharges of beryllium could not be held liable under § 324A to warn nearby residents of

the consequences of exposure to beryllium. As we explained in Sheridan, under

Pennsylvania law, in order to hold a contracting party liable to a stranger to the contract

for a negligent failure to warn, the contracting party “must have undertaken the

responsibility of making that warning.” Id. at 284. There is nothing in the amended

complaint that would support an inference that KBR undertook such a responsibility.

Accordingly, Bootay’s reliance on § 324A is misplaced. 5

                                             B.

       Bootay also contends that he is a third-party beneficiary under KBR’s contract to

restore Iraqi oil production. Pennsylvania has adopted § 302 of the Restatement (Second)

       5
         Bootay’s reliance on Harris v. Kellogg, Brown & Root Services, Inc., 618 F.
Supp. 2d 400 (W.D. Pa. 2009), in support of his negligence claim is also misplaced. That
case involved KBR’s performance of a contractual obligation to repair defective wiring,
and the tragic consequences of its negligent performance of this contractual obligation.
In this case, by way of contrast, Bootay cannot point to any contractual obligation on the
part of KBR that would impose upon it a duty to warn soldiers of sodium dichromate
exposure.

                                              9
of Contracts. 6 Scarpitti v. Weborg, 609 A.2d 147, 149 (Pa. 1992). Pennsylvania courts

employ:

                a two part test for determining whether one is an intended
                third party beneficiary: (1) the recognition of the
                beneficiary’s right must be “appropriate to effectuate the
                intention of the parties,” and (2) the performance must
                “satisfy an obligation of the promisee to pay money to the
                beneficiary” or “the circumstances indicate that the promisee
                intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised
                performance.”

Guy v. Liederbach, 459 A.2d 744, 751 (Pa. 1983).

       The intent of the KBR contract with USACE was to restore Iraq’s oil capabilities. 7

Absent from the contract is any expression of intent to benefit individual soldiers, like




       6
           Section 302, Intended and Incidental Beneficiaries, states:

                (1) Unless otherwise agreed between promisor and promisee,
                a beneficiary of a promise is an intended beneficiary if
                recognition of a right to performance in the beneficiary is
                appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties and either
                       (a) the performance of the promise will satisfy an
                obligation of the promisee to pay money to the beneficiary; or
                       (b) the circumstances indicate that the promisee
                intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised
                performance.
                (2) An incidental beneficiary is a beneficiary who is not an
                intended beneficiary.
       7
         The specific “task order” under the contract on which Bootay places his principal
reliance – Task Order 3 – states that it is “intended to support immediate actions by the
US and coalition forces to respond to oil well fires and oil spills, and prevent or mitigate
significant hazards or damage to oil facilities.” (A. 1058) (§ 1.1.1, Purpose and Period of
Performance).
                                               10
Bootay. Thus, KBR cannot be held liable on a third-party beneficiary theory. 8 See Hicks

v. Metro. Edison Co., 665 A.2d 529, 535 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1995).

                                            C.

       Bootay’s Amended Complaint also includes a “fraud/deceit/fraudulent

concealment” count. (A. 170.) He alleges that KBR knew or should have known that

there was a hazardous substance at Qarmat Ali in March 2003, and that it should have

disclosed that information to the military before July 2003. As the District Court

explained, however, Bootay fails to allege that KBR made any misrepresentation directly

to Bootay. See Shapiro, 964 F.3d at 284 (plaintiff must plead ignorance of the falsity of

the misrepresentation “by the person to whom it was made”) (emphasis added). Bootay

concedes that he did not have direct interaction or communication with KBR. Indeed, he

alleges that the fraudulent representations were made to the Army, and not directly to

himself. (See A. 170) (KBR “materially misrepresented” “dangers present at Qarmat

Ali” “to the United States Army by denying any knowledge of site contamination until at

least July 2003.”); (id. at 171) (“KBR had reason to expect and was substantially certain

that its representations would be directly and indirectly communicated to . . . Bootay.”).

Bootay’s amended complaint fails to allege that there were any communications between

himself and KBR. Further, there is no allegation that KBR even had knowledge that


       8
         Assuming, arguendo, that KBR had a duty under the contract to perform an
environmental assessment of Qarmat Ali, that duty extended only to USACE, as KBR’s
customer, and not every single soldier who visited Qarmat Ali. See Mackey v. Maremont
Corp., 504 A.2d 908, 916 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1986). Any duty to apprise USACE of sodium
dichromate contamination was satisfied in July 2003, when KBR discovered and notified
the military of sodium dichromate contamination at Qarmat Ali.
                                            11
Bootay had been to Qarmat Ali. Allegations that KBR misled the military, and in turn he

was misled, are insufficient. Accordingly, the District Court correctly held that Bootay

could not present an actionable claim of fraud.

                                             D.

       Bootay argues that the District Court erroneously dismissed his claim of

intentional infliction of emotional distress. This “cause of action has three elements: the

conduct must be extreme and outrageous, be intentional or reckless, and cause severe

emotional distress.” Wisniewski v. Johns-Manville Corp., 812 F.2d 81, 84 (3d Cir. 1987)

(internal quotation marks omitted). The extreme and outrageous conduct must be

directed at Bootay. See Daughen v. Fox, 539 A.2d 858, 864 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1988).

Bootay, however, cannot allege that KBR’s conduct was directed at him. Furthermore,

intentional infliction of emotional distress cannot be premised upon a failure to warn.

See Wisniewski, 812 F.2d at 85.

                                            IV.

       Bootay also contests the District Court’s denial of his motions for reconsideration,

for jurisdictional discovery, and leave to amend. Generally, we review the District

Court’s denial of a motion for reconsideration for abuse of discretion. Max’s Seafood

Café v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 673 (3d Cir. 1999). “However, to the extent that the

denial of reconsideration is predicated on an issue of law, such an issue is reviewed de

novo; to the extent that the District Court’s disposition of the reconsideration motion is

based upon a factual finding, it is reviewed for clear error.” Id. We review the District

Court’s denial of the motions for jurisdictional discovery and leave to amend for abuse of

                                             12
discretion. Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 455 (3d Cir. 2003)

(motion for jurisdictional discovery); California Pub. Employees’ Ret. System v. Chubb

Corp., 394 F.3d 126, 163 (3d Cir. 2004) (motion for leave to file second amended

complaint).

                                             A.

       The rationale for a motion for reconsideration “‘is to correct manifest errors of law

or fact or to present newly discovered evidence.’” Max’s Seafood Café, 176 F.3d at 677

(quoting Harsco Corp. v. Zlotnicki, 779 F.2d 906, 909 (3d Cir. 1985)). Therefore, a

judgment may be altered or amended if Bootay “shows at least one of the following

grounds: (1) an intervening change in the controlling law; (2) the availability of new

evidence that was not available when the court granted the motion for summary

judgment; or (3) the need to correct a clear error of law or fact or to prevent manifest

injustice.” Id.

       In seeking reconsideration, Bootay relied upon a memorandum opinion issued by

the District Court in Bixby v. KBR, Inc., No. CV 09-632, 2010 WL 3418340 (D. Or. Aug.

30, 2010) (holding: (1) political question doctrine did not deprive court of subject matter

jurisdiction; (2) KBR was not entitled to government contractor defense; and (3)

combatant activities exception to Federal Tort Claims Act did not shield KBR), amended

and superseded by, 748 F. Supp. 2d. 1224 (D. Or. 2010) (holding same), 9 as well as the


       9
        The original memorandum opinion is no longer electronically available on
Westlaw or LexisNexis. That memorandum opinion, however, was provided to this
Court. (A. 697-725.) The only discrepancy between the two versions appears to be
found prior to the conclusion, where a number of dash-marks separate “waiver of
                                             13
McManaway Brief. Significantly, the District Court in the matter sub judice was aware

of the Bixby memorandum opinion when it granted KBR’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Thus,

Bixby afforded no basis for reconsideration. Similarly, the McManaway Brief was

submitted to the District Court before it issued its ruling on KBR’s motion. Thus, the

McManaway Brief was not “new” evidence. As the District Court noted, “[n]othing

about the evidence introduced in [McManaway] c[ould] remedy the shortcomings of the

pleadings in this case.” (A. 30) (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the District Court

did not err in denying Bootay’s motion for reconsideration

                                            B.

       On September 9, 2010, as well as October 8, 2010, the District Court denied

Bootay’s motion for leave to file a second amended complaint. “Among the grounds that

could justify a denial of leave to amend are undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive,

prejudice, and futility.” In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1434

(3d Cir. 1997). “‘Futility’ means that the complaint, as amended, would fail to state a

claim upon which relief could be granted.” Id.

       Bootay’s motion for leave to file a second amended complaint relies upon various

exhibits that had been submitted in support of his reconsideration motion. The District

Court found that Bootay’s motion for leave to file a second amended complaint “for a

third ‘bite of the apple’ largely rehash[es] the arguments and evidence that ha[d] been

sovereign[,]” (id. at 725,) and “immunity.” (Id. at 726.) Additionally, the superseding
memorandum opinion granted an immediate appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1929(b). On
June 22, 2011, counsel for Bootay filed a letter of purported supplemental authority
pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 28(j). The supplemental authority was the amended
memorandum opinion and order reported as a published opinion.
                                            14
previously presented.” (A. 32-33.) Therefore, the District Court denied Bootay leave to

amend.

       Because we agree that Bootay cannot support a viable claim for relief under any of

the liability theories he has articulated, we also agree that allowing a second amended

complaint would have been futile. Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Bootay leave to file a third complaint.

                                              C.

       On May 19, 2010, Bootay filed a motion for jurisdictional discovery. Bootay,

however, failed to allege with any particularity the possible existence of the requisite

contacts between the Jurisdictional Appellees and Pennsylvania to warrant discovery.

See Toys “R” Us, Inc., 318 F.3d at 456 (jurisdictional discovery appropriate only where

the plaintiff “presents factual allegations that suggest ‘with reasonable particularity’ the

possible existence of the requisite ‘contacts between [the party] and the forum state’”)

(quoting Mellon Bank (E.) PSFS, Nat’l Ass’n v. Farino, 960 F.2d 1217, 1223 (3d Cir.

1992)). Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Bootay’s

motion for jurisdictional discovery.

                                              V.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the Judgment of the District Court. 10




       10
            In light of our holding, we need not address whether Bootay’s claims are time-
barred.
                                              15
