MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this                                    FILED
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
                                                                          Sep 12 2018, 6:25 am
precedent or cited before any court except for
the purpose of establishing the defense of res                                 CLERK
                                                                           Indiana Supreme Court
judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the                              Court of Appeals
                                                                                and Tax Court
case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT (FATHER)                           ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Justin R. Wall                                            Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Wall Legal Services                                       Attorney General
Huntington, Indiana
                                                          Katherine A. Cornelius
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT (MOTHER)
Cara Schaefer Wieneke
Wieneke Law Office, LLC
Brooklyn, Indiana




                                           IN THE
     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In Re the Termination of the Parent-                      September 12, 2018
Child Relationship of N.H. (Minor                         Court of Appeals Case No.
Child);                                                   18A-JT-410
T.H. (Mother) and J.H. (Father),                          Appeal from the Wells Circuit Court
Appellants-Respondents,                                   The Honorable Kenton W. Kiracofe,
                                                          Judge
v.                                                        Trial Court Cause No.
                                                          90C01-1707-JT-18
The Indiana Department of Child
Services
Appellee-Petitioner.


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018                  Page 1 of 12
      Pyle, Judge.




                                        Statement of the Case
[1]   T.H. (“Mother”) and J.H. (“Father”) each appeal the termination of the parent-

      child relationship with their daughter, N.H. (“N.H.”), claiming that there is

      insufficient evidence to support the termination. Both parents argue that

      Department of Child Services (“DCS”) failed to prove by clear and convincing

      evidence that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that

      resulted in N.H.’s removal would not be remedied and that termination was in

      N.H.’s best interests. Father also argues that there is insufficient evidence to

      support the termination because DCS failed to prove by clear and convincing

      evidence that adoption was a satisfactory plan for N.H.’s care and treatment.

      Concluding there is sufficient evidence to support the termination of the parent-

      child relationships, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.


[2]   We affirm.


                                                      Facts
[3]   Mother and Father are the parents of N.H., who was born in February 2010. In

      2015, while on probation and home detention, Father was charged with,

      convicted of, and incarcerated for operating a motor vehicle after forfeiture of

      his license for life and for being an habitual traffic violator. N.H. was removed

      from Mother’s care and placed in foster care in June 2016 after the then-six-

      year-old girl showed neighbors the needles that Mother used to take drugs and
      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 2 of 12
      explained how Mother used the needles to feel better when she was sick. At the

      time, Mother lacked stable housing and was living with N.H. in the home of a

      registered sex offender who had previously molested his young daughters.


[4]   The trial court adjudicated N.H. to be a child in need of services (“CHINS”) the

      following month. A September 2016 dispositional order required Mother to

      successfully complete several services, including a psychological evaluation, a

      substance abuse assessment, supervised visitation, and random drug screens.

      Because Father was incarcerated during the CHINS proceeding, his court-

      ordered services were deferred until his release.


[5]   In July 2017, after Mother failed to comply with the trial court’s order to

      participate in the court-ordered services, and while Father was still incarcerated,

      DCS filed a petition to terminate both parents’ parental rights. The evidence

      presented at the November 2017 termination hearing revealed that Mother had

      not successfully completed the court-ordered services. For example, during the

      first four months of 2017, Mother tested positive fourteen times for a variety of

      substances, including cocaine, fentanyl, oxycodone, methadone,

      methamphetamine, amphetamine, and morphine. At the time of the hearing,

      Mother also lacked stable housing and employment and had been incarcerated

      for the previous seven months for a probation violation. Although she had

      attended visitation with N.H. following the CHINS adjudication, Mother had

      not seen her daughter for the prior seven months. Mother had also been

      charged with theft while she was incarcerated.



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 3 of 12
[6]   Also at the hearing, Father testified that he had been incarcerated since

      September 2015. Over the past two years, he had written N.H. two or three

      letters and had sent her a birthday card. He had also spoken to her on the

      phone three or four times during Mother’s supervised visitations. Father had

      made no other attempts to contact N.H. He had also not contacted the DCS

      case manager to request additional calls or visits. Father further testified that he

      had completed Mothers Against Meth and literacy programs while incarcerated

      but offered no documents in support of his testimony. He testified that his

      earliest release date was March 2018.


[7]   DCS Family Case Manager Lindsey Feinberg (“Case Manager Feinberg”)

      testified that the conditions that resulted in N.H.’s removal had not been

      remedied “due to the family’s substance use history . . . [and] issues with their

      stability in housing.” (Tr. 60). Case Manager Feinberg further testified that

      Father had significant criminal and substance abuse histories and had not had

      any substance abuse counseling while incarcerated. 1 Case Manager Feinberg

      agreed that the “major issues that got both of these parents involved in this case

      ha[d]n’t been addressed.” (Tr. 72). She further explained that N.H. had not

      been in either parent’s care for the previous seventeen months, and she

      explained that the plan for N.H. was foster parent adoption.




      1
       The trial court’s termination order provides that “Father has a substantial criminal history which includes
      possession with intent to deal, legend drug deception, receiving stolen property, operating a vehicle as a
      habitual traffic violator, and driving while never receiving a license.” (Mother’s App. at 49). Father does not
      challenge the trial court’s finding.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018                 Page 4 of 12
[8]    Guardian Ad Litem Beth Webber (“GAL Webber”) testified that the reasons

       for N.H.’s removal were not likely “to be fixed at this point.” (Tr. 93). GAL

       Webber specifically testified as follows:


               [A]s we sit her today, none of it’s fixed. They’re not even out to
               be able to start services. The – the problem is you have to look at
               the past history because that’s the best predictor of future
               behavior, and the past history is in and out of incarceration.
               [Mother] even has a new criminal charge from a time while she
               was incarcerated for theft.

       (Tr. 94). According to GAL Webber, termination of both parental relationships

       and adoption was in N.H.’s best interests.


[9]    Following the hearing the trial court found that “neither parent had stable

       housing, employment, or the financial means to provide food, clothing, shelter,

       medical care, or support to the minor child.” (Mother’s App. at 50). The trial

       court further concluded that “Mother and Father ha[d] had over one year and

       five months to accomplish the steps necessary to have their child returned to

       their care. Children cannot wait indefinitely for their parents to work toward

       preservation and reunification.” (Mother’s App. 53). The trial court

       terminated the parental rights of both parents, and both parents now appeal the

       terminations.


                                                    Decision
[10]   The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the

       traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children. In re

       K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1230 (Ind. 2013). However, the law provides for

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 5 of 12
       termination of that right when parents are unwilling or unable to meet their

       parental responsibilities. In re Bester, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). The

       purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish the parents but to protect

       their children. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans.

       denied.


[11]   When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the

       evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1229.

       Rather, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that support

       the judgment. Id. Where a trial court has entered findings of fact and

       conclusions thereon, we will not set aside the trial court’s findings or judgment

       unless clearly erroneous. Id. (citing Ind. Trial Rule 52(A)). In determining

       whether the court’s decision to terminate the parent-child relationship is clearly

       erroneous, we review the trial court’s judgment to determine whether the

       evidence clearly and convincingly supports the findings and the findings clearly

       and convincingly support the judgment. Id. at 1229-30.


[12]   A petition to terminate parental rights must allege:


                 (B) that one (1) of the following is true:

                        (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                        that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
                        placement outside the home of the parents will not be
                        remedied.

                        (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
                        of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
                        being of the child.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 6 of 12
                        (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
                        adjudicated a child in need of services;

               (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

               (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               the child.

       IND. CODE § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove the alleged circumstances by

       clear and convincing evidence. K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1231.


[13]   Here, both parents argue that there is insufficient evidence to support the

       termination of their parental rights. Specifically, they first contend that the

       evidence is insufficient to show that there is a reasonable probability that the

       conditions that resulted in N.H.’s removal or the reasons for placement outside

       the home will not be remedied.


[14]   In determining whether the conditions that resulted in a child’s removal or

       placement outside the home will not be remedied, we engage in a two-step

       analysis. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642-43 (Ind. 2014). We first identify the

       conditions that led to removal or placement outside the home and then

       determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will

       not be remedied. Id. at 643. The second step requires trial courts to judge a

       parent’s fitness at the time of the termination proceeding, taking into

       consideration evidence of changed conditions and balancing any recent

       improvements against habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there

       is a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation. Id. DCS need not

       rule out all possibilities of change. In re Kay. L., 867 N.E.2d 236, 242 (Ind. Ct.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 7 of 12
       App. 2007). Rather, DCS need establish only that there is a reasonable

       probability that the parent’s behavior will not change. Id.


[15]   Here, our review of the evidence reveals that N.H. was removed from Mother

       because of Mother’s drug use and unstable housing. Evidence presented at the

       termination hearing revealed that Mother had failed to successfully complete

       any of the court-ordered services. Specifically, during the first four months of

       2017, Mother tested positive fourteen times for a variety of substances,

       including cocaine, fentanyl, oxycodone, methadone, methamphetamine,

       amphetamine, and THC. At the time of the termination hearing, Mother also

       lacked stable housing and employment and had been incarcerated for the

       previous seven months for a probation violation. Mother had also been charged

       with theft while she was incarcerated. This evidence supports the trial court’s

       conclusion that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that

       resulted in N.H.’s removal from Mother would not be remedied.


[16]   Our review of the evidence further reveals that N.H. could not have been placed

       with Father because he was incarcerated at the time she was removed from

       Mother. Father argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the

       termination of his parental rights in light of K.E. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs.,

       39 N.E.3d 641 (Ind. 2015). In the K.E. case, the father was incarcerated at the

       time of the child’s birth, and his release date was over two years away at the

       time of the termination hearing. After the trial court terminated the father’s

       parental relationship with his child, the Indiana Supreme Court reversed the

       termination order. Id. at 649. Specifically, the Indiana Supreme Court noted

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 8 of 12
       the positive steps that the father had taken while incarcerated, which included:

       (1) completing twelve inmate programs; (2) attending alcoholics and narcotics

       anonymous meeting; (3) making plans for housing and employment upon his

       release from incarceration; and (4) maintaining frequent and meaningful

       contact with his child, including weekly visits with the child and calling the

       child every night to speak with him on the telephone. Based on these specific

       facts and circumstances, the Indiana Supreme Court held that the father had

       made “substantial efforts . . . to improve his life by learning to become a better

       parent, establishing a relationship with [his child] . . . and attending substance

       abuse classes[.]” Id.


[17]   Although K.E. and the present case have some similarities, there are substantial

       differences. First, the father in K.E. had made significant efforts to better

       himself while incarcerated. He had specifically completed twelve different

       programs that “particularly targeted parenting and life skills, along with

       addressing substance abuse.” Id. Here, although Father testified that he had

       completed both Moms against Meth and literacy programs, he had no

       documentation to support his testimony and he had completed no parenting

       skills programs. Further, and notably, despite Father’s substance abuse issues,

       he had not completed any substance abuse programs.


[18]   More important is that the father in K.E. made significant efforts to maintain a

       meaningful relationship with his child. Specifically, he visited the child weekly

       and telephoned the child every night. As a result, the father and his child were

       bonded. Here, the only contact that Father has had with N.H. following her

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 9 of 12
       removal from Mother has been talking to her on the phone three or four times

       total during Mother’s supervised visits and sending her two or three letters and

       a birthday card. In addition, Father never contacted DCS to request additional

       calls or visits. For these reasons, Father’s reliance on K.E. is misplaced, and the

       evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that there was a reasonable

       probability that the conditions that resulted in N.H.’s removal would not be

       remedied.


[19]   Next, Mother and Father both argue that there is insufficient evidence that the

       termination was in N.H.’s best interests.2 In determining whether termination

       of parental rights is in the best interests of a child, the trial court is required to

       look at the totality of the evidence. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 267 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2004), trans. denied. In so doing, the court must subordinate the interests

       of the parents to those of the child involved. Id. Termination of the parent-

       child relationship is proper where the child’s emotional and physical

       development is threatened. In re R.S., 774 N.E.2d 927, 930 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2002), trans. denied. “‘A parent’s historical inability to provide adequate

       housing, stability and supervision coupled with a current inability to provide the

       same will support a finding that continuation of the parent-child relationship is

       contrary to the child’s best interest.’” In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 203 (Ind. Ct.




       2
         Mother points out that the trial court failed to make a specific finding that termination was in N.H.’s best
       interests. However, we agree with the State that the “court’s order is sufficient, taken as a whole, to
       determine the court found termination of the parent-child relationship[s] was in [N.H.’s] best interests.”
       (State’s Br. 20).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018                  Page 10 of 12
       App. 2000) (quoting Matter of Adoption of D.V.H., 604 N.E.2d 634, 638 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1992), trans. denied, superceded by rule on other grounds). Further, the

       testimony of the service providers may support a finding that termination is in

       the child’s best interests. McBride v. Monroe Cty. Office of Family and Children, 798

       N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).


[20]   Here, our review of the evidence reveals that Mother and Father have

       historically been unable to provide housing, stability, and supervision for their

       children and were unable to provide the same at the time of the termination

       hearing. In addition, GAL Webber testified that termination was in the N.H.’s

       best interests. The testimony of this service provider, as well as the other

       evidence previously discussed, supports the trial court’s conclusion that

       termination was in the children’s best interests.


[21]   Last, Father argues that DCS does not have a satisfactory plan for N.H.’s care

       and treatment. This Court has previously explained that the plan for the care

       and treatment of the child need not be detailed, so long as it offers a general

       sense of the direction in which the child will be going after the parent-child

       relationship is terminated. In re L.B., 889 N.E.2d 326, 341 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008).

       Here, the DCS caseworker testified the plan for the care and treatment of N.H.

       is foster parent adoption. This is a satisfactory plan. See In re A.N.J., 690

       N.E.2d 716, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997).




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 11 of 12
[22]   Affirmed.


       Vaidik, C.J., and Barnes, Sr.J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-410 | September 12, 2018   Page 12 of 12
