[Cite as Covell v. Covell, 2018-Ohio-3546.]


                                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                    FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                        PICKAWAY COUNTY

TIMOTHY R. COVELL,                                         :

         Plaintiff-Appellant,                              :             Case No. 17CA19

v.                                                         :
                                                                         DECISION AND
SALLY ANN COVELL,                                          :             JUDGMENT ENTRY

         Defendant-Appellee,                               :

         and                                               :

NANCY KLOOS,                                               :             RELEASED 09/04/2018

         Third-Party Intervenor-Appellee.                  :


                                               APPEARANCES1:

Stephen S. Gussler, Margulis, Gussler & Hall, Circleville, Ohio, for plaintiff-appellant.


Hoover, P.J.

         {¶1}     Plaintiff-appellant, Timothy R. Covell (“Father”), appeals a judgment from the

Pickaway County Court of Common Pleas, which approved and adopted a magistrate’s order that

designated third-party intervenor, Nancy Kloos, maternal aunt (“Aunt”), as the temporary

custodian of his two minor children. Father had been the residential parent of the two minor

children since 2007. The magistrate had found that both Father and the children’s mother, Sally

Crawford, f.k.a. Sally Covell (“Mother”), were unsuitable parents. In addition, the magistrate’s

order certified the record to the Pickaway County Juvenile Court. By approving and adopting the



1
 Neither defendant-appellee nor intervenor-appellee have filed a brief in this case or otherwise participated in the
appeal.
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                             2


magistrate’s order, the trial court, in effect, denied Father’s Motion to Set Aside Magistrate’s

Order.

         {¶2}   Here on appeal, Father argues that the trial court violated his due process rights

by basing the unsuitability determination solely on the contents of a confidential in camera

interview of the two minor children. Father argues that the trial court stripped him of his

constitutional right to parent his children. He contends that he did not have the right to cross

examine the children or offer contradicting testimony and documents. He claims the magistrate

found him to be unsuitable based on “no admissible evidence.”

         {¶4}   Upon review, we find that the trial court did not err in approving and adopting the

magistrate’s order, thereby denying Father’s motion to set aside the magistrate’s order. However,

we reach this conclusion for reasons that differ from those stated in the trial court’s judgment

entry.

         {¶5}   Accordingly, we overrule the assignment of error and affirm the judgment of the

trial court.

                                 I. Facts and Procedural History

         {¶6}   Father and Mother were divorced in February 2007 through the Pickaway County

Court of Common Pleas. The divorce decree designated Father as the residential parent and legal

custodian of the couple’s three children, Anna Covell, DOB: 08/09/97; Nicole Covell, DOB:

02/29/00; and B.C., DOB: 12/08/01. Anna Covell, born August 9, 1997, reached the age of

majority on August 9, 2015.
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                                                  3


         {¶7}     On August 4, 2017, Mother filed a motion for emergency custody of the two

remaining minor children, Nicole Covell2 and B.C. Soon thereafter, on August 18, 2017, Aunt

filed a motion to intervene for the purpose of obtaining custody of the children.

         {¶8}     At the hearing on the motion for emergency custody, Father presented a witness,

Cynthia Holzschuh ; and the magistrate conducted an in camera interview of both Nicole Covell

and B.C. In addition, Father’s attorney “presented a police report detailing police involvement in

[Mother’s] home resulting in the filing of misdemeanor criminal charges, the discovery or drugs

and paraphernalia and the potential involvement of Mercer County Children’s Services.” Later

that same day, the magistrate issued an order, which among other things: (1) found both Father

and Mother to be presently unsuitable caretakers for the minor children; (2) designated Aunt as

the temporary custodian of the children, and (3) certified the case to the Pickaway County

Juvenile Court for further proceedings.

         {¶9}     Father filed a motion to set aside the magistrate’s order.

         {¶10} In October 2017, the trial court found that the magistrate’s decision to remove the

children from both parents was supported by the record. It further found that the magistrate had

properly certified the case to the juvenile court pursuant to R.C. 3109.06. The trial court, thus,

approved and adopted the magistrate’s order; effectively denying Father’s motion to set aside the

magistrate order.

         {¶11} Father timely appealed.3

                                            II. Assignment of Error

2
  While this appeal was pending, Nicole Covell reached the age of majority. Thus, any issues regarding custody of
Nicole Covell are moot. N.V. v. W.S., 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-08-032, 2009-Ohio-3809, ¶ 18.
3
  Because it appeared that this Court might not have jurisdiction to consider the matter, we ordered Father to file a
memorandum addressing the jurisdictional issue. After reviewing Father’s memorandum, we ultimately found that
the trial court’s order met the requirements of R.C. 2505.02, by affecting a substantial right in a special proceeding,
and therefore constituted a final appealable order.
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                              4


       {¶12} Father sets forth one assignment of error for our review:

       The trial court erred in denying plaintiff’s motion to set aside the Magistrate’s
       Order of August 18, 2017, in that the determination of unsuitability of natural
       parents for custody based solely on the contents of a confidential in-camera
       interview of minor children is a violation of the parents’ paramount right to
       custody, and to due process in any attempt to divest such right.

                                      III. Law and Analysis

                                      A. Standard of Review

       {¶13} Custody determinations are some of the most difficult and agonizing decisions a

trial court must make, therefore, a trial court must have wide latitude in its consideration of the

evidence. Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). Consequently,

we can sustain a challenge to a trial court’s custody decision only upon a finding that the trial

court abused its discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion is an unreasonable, arbitrary, or

unconscionable use of discretion, i.e., a view or action that no conscientious judge could honestly

have taken. State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E.3d 818, ¶ 67; State v.

Gavin, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3592, 2015-Ohio-2996, ¶ 20. When applying an abuse-of-

discretion standard, we are not free to merely substitute our judgment for that of the trial

court. In re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio St.3d 135, 137–138, 566 N.E.2d 1181 (1991).

       {¶14} Where an award of custody is supported by a substantial amount of credible and

competent evidence, a reviewing court will not reverse such an award for being against the

weight of the evidence. Bechtol v. Bechtol, 49 Ohio St.3d 21, 23, 550 N.E.2d 178 (1990). “ ‘The

reason for this standard of review is that the trial judge has the best opportunity to view the

demeanor, attitude, and credibility of each witness * * * .’ ” Wilson v. Wilson, 4th Dist.

Lawrence No. 09CA1, 2009-Ohio-4978, ¶ 21, quoting Davis at 418. “This is even more crucial

in a child custody case, where there may be much evident in the parties’ demeanor and attitude
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                               5


that does not translate to the record well.” Id. at ¶ 21, quoting Davis at 419. This is a standard

long acknowledged by the Ohio Supreme Court:

       In proceedings involving the custody and welfare of children the power of the

       trial court to exercise discretion is peculiarly important. The knowledge obtained

       through contact with and observation of the parties and through independent

       investigation can not be conveyed to a reviewing court by printed record.

Trickey v. Trickey, 158 Ohio St. 9, 13, 106 N.E.2d 772 (1952).

 B. Trial Court Did Not Err in Denying Father’s Motion to Set Aside Magistrate’s Order

       {¶15} In his sole assignment of error, Father argues that the trial court erred in denying

his motion to set aside the Magistrate’s Order of August 18, 2017. He contends that the

determination that he was unsuitable was based solely on the contents of a confidential in-camera

interview of his minor children, which is a violation of his paramount right to custody and due

process.

       {¶16} The relationship between a parent and his or her child is among the “associational

rights” sheltered by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. M.L.B. v.

S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 116, 117 S.Ct. 555, 136 L.Ed.2d 473 (1996). The Ohio Supreme Court has

held that the due process rights provided by the Fourteenth Amendment are coextensive with

Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. Direct Plumbing Supply Co. v. Dayton, 138 Ohio

St. 540, 544-545, 38 N.E.2d 70 (1941). Accordingly, a parent has a “ ‘fundamental liberty

interest’ ” in the care, custody, and management of his or her child. In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d

155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990), quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct.

1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982). “Since parents have constitutional custodial rights, any action by

the state that affects this parental right, such as granting custody of a child to a nonparent, must
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                                6


be conducted pursuant to procedures that are fundamentally fair.” In re Hockstok, 98 Ohio St.3d

238, 2002-Ohio-7208, 781 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 16, citing Santosky at 754.

       {¶17} This right, however, is not absolute. See In re Shifflet, 4th Dist. Athens No.

06CA13, 2006-Ohio-3576, ¶ 20; In re Johnson, 4th Dist. Ross No. 94CA2003, 1995 WL

146064, *2 (Mar. 29, 1995). A parent may forfeit his or her paramount right to custody if he or

she is unsuitable. In re Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 98-99, 369 N.E.2d 1047 (1977). Before

divesting a parent of his or her paramount right to custody, the court must establish unsuitability

“by a preponderance of the evidence demonstrating ‘abandonment, contractual relinquishment of

custody, total inability to provide care or support, or that the parent is otherwise unsuitable—that

is, that an award of custody would be detrimental to the child.’ ” Adkins v. Adkins, 4th Dist. Pike

No. 370, 1985 WL 6537, at *2 (Feb. 13, 1985), quoting Perales at 98. See also In re Young, 58

Ohio St.2d 90, 91, 388 N.E.2d 1235 (1979); Van Hoose v. Van Hoose, 4th Dist. Pike No. 433,

1990 WL 54873, *3 (Apr. 19, 1990). The last criteria, “otherwise unsuitable,” allows the court to

balance the interests of parent and child. Perales at 98.

       {¶18} Because due process is a flexible concept that only requires the procedural

protection the situation warrants, the due process rights of a parent must be balanced against the

best interests of the child. See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 US. 319, 334, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.E.2d

18 (1976). “[T]he primary, if not the only, consideration in the disposition of all children’s cases

is the best interests and welfare of the child.” In re Pryor, 86 Ohio App.3d 327, 332, 620 N.E.2d

973 (4th Dist.1993); see also Clark v. Bayer, 32 Ohio St. 299 (1877), paragraph one of the

syllabus (“[I]n all cases of controverted right to custody the welfare of the minor child is first to

be considered.”).
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                              7


       {¶19} Here, Father acknowledges that the in camera interview process has generally

been upheld as a reasonable balance between the interests of having the child freely express

himself in a relaxed atmosphere and the due process rights of the parents. Father attempts to

make the distinction that in this case, the information gleaned from the in camera interviews was

used to take custody from a parent and grant temporary custody to a non-parent. Father seems to

ignore the fact that he presented information to the magistrate regarding “a police report detailing

police involvement in [Mother’s] home resulting in the filing of misdemeanor criminal charges,

the discovery or drugs and paraphernalia and the potential involvement of Mercer County

Children’s Services,” information used as a basis for finding the Mother unsuitable.

       {¶20} In addition, although Father argues that he was not able to face his daughters,

cross examine them, or offer contradicting testimony and documents, the record is devoid of any

request of the Father to do so. Even after the Father filed his Motion to Set Aside the

Magistrate’s Order of August 18, 2017, he still never requested a copy of the transcript of the in

camera interviews. In fact, more than a month later, the trial court had to sua sponte order the

transcript of the in camera interviews to be prepared. After another month elapsed, Father still

had not provided the court with a transcript of the in camera interviews. The trial court had to

enter another order requiring Father to provide the court with a transcript by a date certain,

October 27, 2017. The record shows that the transcripts were actually filed on October 31, 2017,

four days beyond the deadline set by the trial court. Even after the transcripts were filed, Father

still never made a request to review the transcripts, or to be provided a copy of the transcripts.

Instead, Father filed his Notice of Appeal in this Court on November 29, 2017.
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                                             8


         {¶21} Even though the trial court interpreted “sections (2)(c) and (3) of R.C. 3109.04 to

mean that the in camera interviews are to remain confidential,” we find this erroneous4

interpretation to be immaterial because the Father’s failure to request a review of the in camera

interviews, or a copy of the transcripts results in waiver of the issue on appeal. See State v.

Marcinko, 4th Dist. Washington No. 06CA51, 2007-Ohio-1166, ¶¶ 22-23 (appellant’s failure to

adequately raise an issue in the trial proceedings constitutes waiver of that issue on appeal); In re

A.W., 4th Dist. Hocking No. 07CA14, 2008-Ohio-718, ¶ 13 (appellant’s failure to seek available

remedy estopped her from complaining on appeal that her due process rights were violated); see

also State v. Marcum, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 14CA13, 2014-Ohio-5373, ¶ 27, quoting Stammco,

L.L.C. v. United Tel. Co. of Ohio, 136 Ohio St.3d 231, 2013-Ohio-3019, 994 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 51 (“

‘[A] reviewing court should not reverse a correct judgment merely because it is based on

erroneous reasons.’ ”).

         {¶22} Nonetheless, we must still review the record to determine whether the trial court

abused its discretion in denying Father’s Motion to Set Aside Magistrate’s Order and in

approving and adopting the Magistrate’s order.

         {¶23} The magistrate interviewed Nicole Covell first. Nicole explained that her father

“always knows where we are.” Further, Nicole said that her father “always knows what we’re

doing.” He has an app that shows their location. Also, Nicole told the magistrate about her

anxiety issues. She said, “I’ve never lived in so much anxiety that I don’t know what’s going to

happen from one second to the next.” Nicole also explained that her father and his girlfriend,


4
  This Court has reasoned that “if the legislature had intended to deny the parents access to a transcript of their
child’s in camera interview, the legislature could have clearly stated that in R.C. 3109.04(B).” Inscoe v. Inscoe, 121
Ohio App.3d 396, 420, 700 N.E.2d 70 (4th Dist.1997). This Court further stated, “Although we agree that children
may be more candid and forthright during a confidential interview, we must not construe R.C. 3109.04 to achieve a
result beyond the clear language of the statute.” Id.
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                                   9


Jeanna, argue often. She said, “[s]ince Jeanna’s been around it’s been—I’ve seen him more

angry than I never [sic] have before.”

        {¶24} Furthermore, Nicole disclosed her suicidal thoughts to the magistrate. She

explained that her father knows that she has been mentally unstable. Nicole had cut herself

“really, really deep” one time. She said, “I could see like both sides, the inside of my arm, it was

just really gross.” She told the magistrate that her father put a butterfly Band-Aid on it and left

for the Bahamas. Nicole further discussed that she and B.C. have talked about their suicidal

thoughts. B.C. has told her, while bawling her eyes out, that she just wants to die.

        {¶25} Nicole added that she does everything she can to avoid her father and that she

cannot stand being around him. In response to the question, “What physical abuse have you

endured?” Nicole stated:

        I thought that it was normal, you know, like the –it was like, you know, grabbing,

        like being angry and like, you know, like just tossing someone to the side.

Nicole further explained that her father has “yelling and little fits, acting like a five year old, it’s

ridiculous.” She continued, “I’ve never seen an adult ever act the way he does, and sometimes

it’s like a little boy * * * him throwing fits and going off in anger.”

        {¶26} Next, the magistrate interviewed B.C., who said:

        The problems are the manipulation. Always being scared all the time. I don’t want

        to be scared. * * * The main issues are * * *the screaming and yelling and

        swinging and getting in your face. * * * I’ve seen him hit two of my sisters. * * *

        I saw my step mom[,] * * * I’ve seen her comforting my sister after she was

        abused by my dad on the couch. * * * He’s constantly dangling things above your

        head, using you, and in your mind you need him. But really you don’t need him. *
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                           10


       * * I don’t want to be his toy any more. I don’t want to be his property anymore,

       because that’s what he refers to me as, that’s what his lawyer referred to me as.

       {¶27} B.C. further disclosed to the magistrate that her father goes “ballistic” if you say

something that he does not want to hear. She said, “He’ll get on top of you, start screaming at

you. If you say anything different from what he wants to hear.” She added, “He can take a person

that he doesn’t even know and ruin them. He did it to my mom. I know he did it to my mom.”

B.C. also told the magistrate that her father “drinks every night two bottles of wine.” B.C.

explained that her father believes he is a “prophet of God.” B.C. said, “I’ve never had love. I had,

if anything it’s been hate all the time. And you just get depressed.”

       {¶28} Like her sister, B.C. disclosed to the magistrate that she has hurt herself. She said

she had cut herself with a razor. B.C. told the magistrate, “I just want to die.” She further

discussed how her father would make her sleep in his room when his ex-wife left. She went into

further detail about this experience explaining how uncomfortable it made her. B.C. also told the

magistrate about how her father has touched her inappropriately by grabbing her butt. Later in

the interview, she discussed how she feels uncomfortable around her father as she remembers

occurrences from when she was a younger child.

       {¶29} B.C. told the magistrate that she has seen her father hurt her sisters and stepsister.

She gave examples of other abusive situations that have caused B.C. to have “really bad

anxiety.” B.C. explained that her hair has fallen out where she picks at it because of her anxiety

and because she is scared all the time. B.C. went on to explain some of her father’s paranoid

behavior like hiding guns throughout the house.

       {¶30} After reviewing the transcripts of the in camera interviews, we cannot find that

the trial court abused its discretion in denying Father’s Motion to Set Aside Magistrate’s Order
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                          11


and in approving and adopting the magistrate’s order. A substantial amount of credible and

competent evidence has been presented to the trial court regarding the unhealthy situation that

the children have endured. Both children have admitted to suicidal ideation and have gone so far

as to engage in self-harm as a direct result of Father’s actions. Accordingly, we overrule Father’s

sole assignment of error.

                                          IV. Conclusion

       {¶31} Due to the reasons outlined above, we overrule Father’s sole assignment of error

and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                       JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Pickaway App. No. 17CA19                                                                        12


                                     JUDGMENT ENTRY

       It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED. Appellant shall pay the costs.

       The Court finds that reasonable grounds existed for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Pickaway County
Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, J. and McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.


                                                     For the Court,


                                                     By: ________________________________
                                                         Marie Hoover
                                                         Presiding Judge




                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and
the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
