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                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                                 No. 04-07-00431-CV

                          IN THE INTEREST OF B.C., D.C., and C.C., Children

                       From the 198th Judicial District Court of Kerr County, Texas
                                       Trial Court No. 06-321-B
                               Honorable Emil Karl Prohl, Judge Presiding


Opinion by:           Rebecca Simmons, Justice

Sitting:              Alma L. López, Chief Justice
                      Karen Angelini, Justice
                      Rebecca Simmons, Justice

Delivered and Filed: October 29, 2008

AFFIRMED

           Julie C. appeals an order terminating the parent-child relationship with her three daughters,

B.C., D.C., and C.C. Julie C. contends in a single issue that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the trial court’s judgment terminating her parental rights.1 Having reviewed

the record, we disagree. The evidence enables the trial court to “‘reasonably form a firm belief or

conviction’” that the State’s allegations are true and that termination of Julie C.’s parent-child

relationship is in the best interest of the children. See In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005)

(quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). Thus, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.


           … Julie C.’s original brief challenged the constitutionally of section 263.405(i) of the Texas Family Code.
           1

See T EX . F AM . C O D E A N N . § 263.405(i) (Vernon Supp. 2006). On March 12, 2008, Julie C. filed a one issue amended
brief challenging only the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s judgment. Under our
local rules an amended brief “completely replaces the original brief.” 4 TH T EX . A PP . (S AN A N TO N IO ) L O C . R. 8 notes
& cmts. Because Julie C. did not include the constitutionality challenge in her amended brief, we do not address it.
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                                          BACKGROUND

       Julie C. was married and had three daughters, B.C., D.C., and C.C. Julie C. and her husband,

Daniel, were arrested and incarcerated on several occasions after the birth of their children. When

Julie C. was incarcerated, she left her children in the care of her mother, Charlotte P. Although

Charlotte P. cared for the children, she failed to supervise them adequately. Caseworkers from the

Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) reported the oldest child left

Charlotte P.’s home and wandered the neighborhood streets unsupervised, the other two children

were left in dirty playpens for excessively long periods, and all of the children exhibited

developmental delay.

       In October 2005, the Department suggested Julie C. obtain services for herself and the

children. Julie C. failed to act on the case supervisor’s suggestion. On April 22, 2006, a caseworker

from San Antonio visited Charlotte P.’s home and found the house to be unsanitary and hazardous

and found that D.C. had open blisters on her mouth. On May 1, 2006, Julie C. was drug tested as

part of the Department’s intensive family services; she tested positive for cocaine. The Department

filed an emergency removal request, and the children were removed from Charlotte P.’s home on

May 9, 2006. At a termination hearing on May 10, 2007, after hearing several witnesses, the trial

judge ruled that the Department had proven, by clear and convincing evidence, its allegations of

endangerment and failure to comply with a court order and that it was in the best interest of the

children for Julie C.’s parental rights to be terminated. Daniel did not respond or appear at the

hearing, and his parental rights were also terminated. Only Julie C. appeals.




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                                       STANDARD OF REVIEW

        A trial court may involuntarily terminate the parent-child relationship if it finds by clear and

convincing evidence that: (1) the parent has committed at least one of the grounds for involuntary

termination in section 161.001(1) of the Texas Family Code; and (2) “termination is in the best

interest of the child.” TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . § 161.001 (Vernon 2002); In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at

84. Although the two elements must be proven independently, the same evidence may be probative

of both issues. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002). In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the

evidence under the clear and convincing standard, an appellate “‘court should look at all the evidence

in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable [factfinder] could have

formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.’” In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 85. We

assume all disputed facts were resolved “in favor of [the] finding if a reasonable factfinder could do

so.” Id. When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we must consider all of the

evidence to determine if it “is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction

about the truth of the State’s allegations.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.

                            FIRST PRONG ANALYSIS: ENDANGERMENT

A.      Definition of Endangerment

        Under the Family Code, a Texas court may involuntarily terminate a parent’s rights if the

parent “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct

which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” TEX . FAM . CODE ANN .

§ 161.001(1)(E) (Vernon 2002). The Texas Supreme Court has addressed what “endanger” means:

“‘[E]ndanger’ means to expose [a child] to loss or injury; to jeopardize.” Tex. Dep’t of Human

Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). While “‘endanger’ means more than a threat of



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metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment, it is not

necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffers injury.” Id.

Section 161.001(1)(E) endangerment must be a direct result of a parental course of conduct including

both the parents’s acts and omissions. See In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d 481, 484 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.), overruled on other grounds, In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 17. A parental

course of “conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the physical

and emotional well-being of a child.” In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2004, pet. denied). Thus, “[n]eglect can be just as dangerous to [a] child’s emotional and physical

health as intentional abuse.” In re W.J.H., 111 S.W.3d 707, 715 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet.

denied).

B.     Reviewable Grounds for Termination

       1.      The Department Claims Waiver Regarding Conduct

       We first consider the allegation under section 161.001(1)(E) that Julie C. “engaged in

conduct or knowingly placed the child[ren] with persons who engaged in conduct [that]

endanger[ed]” the children’s physical or emotional well-being. See TEX . FAM . CODE ANN .

§ 161.001(1)(E) (Vernon 2002). The Department claims Julie C. waived the issue regarding whether

the evidence was insufficient to prove that Julie C. “engaged in conduct” which endangered the

physical or emotional well-being of the children because she did not present this precise issue to the

trial court. However, Julie C. included, in her statement of points, an assertion that the evidence was

insufficient to support the finding that Julie C. knowingly placed her children “with persons who

engaged in conduct which endanger[ed] the physical or emotional well-being of the child[ren].” See

TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . § 161.001(1)(E) (Vernon 2002).



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       2.      No Supporting Authority for Separate Grounds

       The Department cites no authority supporting the proposition that section 161.001(1)(E)

contains two separately reviewable grounds for termination, i.e., (1) the parent engaged in conduct

which endangered the children and (2) the parent “knowingly placed the child[ren] with persons who

engaged in conduct which endanger[ed]” the children. See id. We conclude Julie C.’s statement of

points was specific enough to allow the trial judge to correct any erroneous findings on the

challenged grounds, one of which was section 161.001(1)(E). Accordingly, we fully address Julie

C.’s legal and factual sufficiency issue with regard to section 161.001(1)(E). See id.

C.     Evidence of Julie C.’s Endangerment of Her Children

       To address Julie C.’s issue of legal and factual sufficiency, we begin by reviewing the

evidence.

       1.      Julie C.’s Inadequate Supervision

       The Department presented evidence that on August 10, 2004, while under Julie C.’s direct

supervision, four-year-old B.C. left Charlotte P.’s house alone, wandered off, and ended up at a

neighborhood residence three blocks away. Because the resident did not know B.C., she called the

sheriff’s office. The responding officer “recognized [B.C.] from a previous incident, where she had

walked away from a babysitter’s residence” six months earlier.

       2.      Children’s Abject Living Conditions

       The Department also presented evidence that, while in Charlotte P.’s care: (1) D.C. and

C.C.’s diapers were often “very full” and the children had severe diaper rash; (2) D.C. was found to

have numerous open blisters on her mouth; and (3) D.C. was often sick with various illnesses due

to putting rotten food or other filthy objects in her mouth. Also, the Department presented evidence



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that Charlotte P. self-reported (1) keeping D.C. and C.C. in playpens for twenty-three out of twenty-

four hours a day, and (2) despite D.C.’s several disabilities, “popping” D.C. in the mouth because

D.C. bit her.

       3.       Julie C.’s Adverse Behaviors

       The Department’s evidence further showed that prior to the children’s removal, Julie C. was

often incarcerated or in drug rehabilitation programs. Her absence created a situation where the

children had to be placed with Charlotte P. because Julie C. had no other options. Julie C. testified

that she had strong concerns that her mother was not physically able to care for the children.

However, when Julie C. was at Charlotte P.’s home, she did not participate in the children’s

assistance programs, did not enroll her children in other services, and was hostile toward the

Department’s involvement. Julie C. also lived with Nichole England, a woman she met in prison,

who had an extensive criminal history including driving while intoxicated, theft by check, and

cruelty to animals.

       4.       Children’s Developmental Status

       The Department’s evidence regarding the children’s developmental status after they were

removed from Charlotte P.’s home supported the Department’s allegations that living in Charlotte

P.’s care endangered the children’s physical and emotional well-being.

                a.     B.C.’s Well-Being

       B.C. was severely developmentally delayed and had a speech impediment while living with

Charlotte P. and Julie C. After she was removed, B.C. was reported to be “doing really well” by

Diane Oehler, executive director of Hill Country CASA, Inc. Oehler testified that B.C. was being

passed to second grade in a regular curriculum.



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               b.      D.C.’s Well-Being

       At the time D.C. was removed from Charlotte P.’s home, D.C. had been previously

misdiagnosed with Refsum’s Disease, blindness, and deafness. Oehler testified that, although D.C.

is autistic, she does not have Refsum’s Disease and is not blind or deaf. Rather, Oehler testified

D.C. has leukodystrophy, a degenerative neurological disease. On being removed from Charlotte

P.’s home, D.C. could not walk and only scooted on her bottom. After removal and some time under

a teacher’s specialized care, D.C. was “up and walking with a walker” despite being one of the most

severely autistic children D.C.’s teacher has taught in over twenty years. Now, D.C. can stack blocks

and peg boards into towers because of the care she received after she was removed.

               c.      C.C.’s Well-Being

       When C.C. was removed from Charlotte P.’s home, she was also developmentally delayed

and had severe behavioral problems. She would bite, kick, hit, spit, and refuse to take direction. She

exhibited “startle reflex” because she was afraid of physical punishment. Now, according to Oehler,

C.C.’s behaviors have improved and she can “play by herself.”

D.     Evidence Challenging Julie C.’s Endangerment of Her Children

       Besides evidence on the children’s improved behaviors after being removed, the court also

heard evidence challenging the Department’s assertions that Julie C.’s conduct endangered her

children.

       1.      Favorable Investigative Reports

       On July 17, 2003, the Department reported possible neglect of the children. On July 31,

2003, a Kerr County sheriff’s investigator found that the children were “clean, well nourished, and

well taken care of.” He reported that “it did not appear that there was a health hazard or unsanitary



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conditions present” and recommended that the case be closed. Similarly, after a report of neglect

on April 22, 2006, a Kerrville police investigator found D.C. to be sitting on a baby chair and eating,

though she had one sore on the left side of her mouth which was dry and healing. Although the

investigator’s report is silent regarding the condition of the home, he went into the residence to see

D.C. and recommended that the case be closed as unfounded. Elise Kinler of Homespun Early

Intervention gave D.C. bi-weekly home-based physical therapy for about eighteen months. Ms.

Kinler testified the children had delayed development from being kept in playpens but that the

children were well fed. She also testified that there was an adult present in the home at each visit.

       2.      Julie C.’s Parenting Course, Discontinued Drug Use

       Julie C. completed her parenting course shortly before the termination hearing, but she

completed many of her services within weeks after the children were removed. Brad Golden, who

taught the parenting course, testified that Julie C. and Nichole were both “fantastic” and “very eager

to learn everything that I had. They wanted to do whatever they could to get the tools that I had to

offer, and they were great students.” Golden stated: “From what they told me at the end, . . . they

were having effective results from [the class].” Further, Julie C. and Nichole participated in the

family services and neither had tested positive for drugs since the children were removed.

       3.      Julie C.’s Changed Residence

       At approximately the same time that the children were removed from Charlotte P.’s

residence, Nichole and Julie C. moved out as well and were living in a three-bedroom, two-bath

home where they had prepared a room in which the children could live. The house had a big front

yard and a fenced-in back yard. The living room and kitchen were open creating a large room for

activities. Nichole testified that the condition of the home was clean and sanitary. Nichole and Julie



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C. had scheduled an appointment with caseworker Tanya Castro to visit their home to verify its

appropriateness for the children, but Castro did not show up for the appointment.

E.      Basis for Trial Court’s Reasonable, Firm Belief or Conviction

        The trial court, as the factfinder, “has the authority to weigh the evidence, draw reasonable

inferences therefrom, and choose between conflicting inferences.” In re R.D.S., 902 S.W.2d 714,

716 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, no writ) (citing Ramo, Inc. v. English, 500 S.W.2d 461, 467 (Tex.

1973)). In reviewing the record, we conclude that the trial court could have reasonably formed a

firm belief or conviction that Julie C. “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child[ren] with

persons who engaged in conduct which endanger[ed] the physical or emotional well-being of the

child[ren].” TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . § 161.001(e) (Vernon 2002); see In re R.D.S., 902 S.W.2d at

715-16 (affirming the trial court’s judgment terminating a mother’s parent-child relationship).

        1.      Sufficient Evidence Supporting the Finding of Endangerment

        Here, the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient for the court to have reasonably

formed a firm belief that: (1) the conditions in Charlotte P.’s home were unsuitable for small

children; (2) Julie C.’s criminal course of conduct endangered her daughters by forcing her to place

them with Charlotte P. while she was incarcerated or in drug rehabilitation, Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at

533; (3) B.C. was in physical danger when she was allowed to roam the streets unsupervised; (4)

B.C. was emotionally at risk because she was not provided any services to address her developmental

delays; (5) D.C. and C.C. were in physical danger because they were kept in an environment where

hazardous food and other objects were left within reach; (6) D.C. and C.C. were emotionally at risk

because they were kept in playpens for excessively long periods and were not provided services to

address their developmental delays; (7) Julie C. refused to participate or enroll in proper services for



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the children to get the medical, nutritional, and educational assistance they needed, and her refusal

endangered her children’s physical and emotional well-being; and (8) Julie C. tested positive for

cocaine use which put her children at risk in that they would have to stay with Charlotte P. even

longer.

          2.     Single Subsection Violation Sufficient for Termination

          Because we find sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding of endangerment

under subsection 161.001(1)(E), we need not address Julie C.’s sufficiency issues concerning other

subsections. See In re S.F., 32 S.W.3d 318, 320 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, no pet.) (“[O]nly

one finding alleged under section 161.001(1) is necessary to a judgment of termination.”).

                  SECOND PRONG ANALYSIS: BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILDREN

          Having determined that the trial court could have reasonably formed a firm belief or

conviction that Julie C. engaged in conduct which endangered the physical or emotional well-being

of her children, we turn to the second prong for involuntary termination of the parent-child

relationship: whether “termination is in the best interest of the child.” See TEX . FAM . CODE ANN .

§ 161.001(2) (Vernon 2002). We analyze the evidence in support of the trial court’s finding that

termination of Julie C.’s parental rights was in the best interest of the children. See id.; In re J.L.,

163 S.W.3d at 84. Although the trial court could have applied the evidence to one or more Holley

v. Adams factors differently than we do here, we decide that the trial court could have reasonably

formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of Julie C.’s parental rights was in the best

interest of the children. See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976) (listing factors

to consider when deciding whether to involuntarily terminate a parent-child relationship).




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A.      Holley Factors for a Child’s Best Interest

        To determine whether involuntary termination of the parent-child relationship is in a child’s

best interest we consider the Holley factors: (1) the child’s desires; (2) the child’s present and future

emotional and physical needs; (3) the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child;

(4) “the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody”; (5) the programs available to those

seeking custody to help “promote the best interest of the child”; (6) the plans those seeking custody

have for the child; (7) “the stability of the home or proposed placement”; (8) “the acts or omissions

of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one”; and

(9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions. See id. (listing the factors). Although not an

exhaustive list, the Holley factors focus on the best interest of the child rather than the best interest

of the parent. See Patterson v. Brist, 236 S.W.3d 238, 240 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006,

pet. dism’d) (citing the Family Code requirement that the “primary consideration” is “the best

interest of the child,” TEX . FAM . CODE ANN . § 153.002 (Vernon 2002)).

B.      Children’s Desires

        The first Holley factor is the child’s desire. Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372. The Department

presented evidence through Oehler’s testimony demonstrating that only B.C. had expressed a desire

to return to Julie C., and that D.C. is likely incapable of understanding such a request. Oehler

testified that C.C. “is not bonded to her mother. She does not even like her mother very much.”

C.C. “does not want to go on the visits [with Julie C.] and cries and makes the foster mother promise

her that she won’t have to stay with her mother.”




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C.      Children’s Emotional and Physical Needs

        Another Holley factor is the present and future physical and emotional needs of the child.

Here, all of the children have special educational and emotional needs. D.C. also has long-term

medical and physical needs. The Department’s evidence showed that the children’s present and

future needs could best be met if the children were placed for adoption. There was ample evidence

that each child’s development had improved simply by being removed from Charlotte P.’s home and

being placed in a stable foster home. Oehler testified that “if [B.C.] and [C.C.] are going to have any

chance of growing up to be normal little girls, they have to get in a permanent adoptive home

immediately.” The evidence also showed that all of the children, including D.C., were readily

adoptable or acceptable for long-term placement.

D.      Julie C.’s Acts or Omissions Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship

        1.      Julie C.’s Emotional Interaction with Her Children

        The evidence showed that while Nichole exhibited some positive emotional interaction with

the children, Julie C. was distant and had no emotional connection to her daughters. Caseworker

Deanna Reyes testified that even during supervised visitation times, Julie C. was unaffectionate,

focused on other things, and allowed the children to get into improper situations. Oehler observed

“[Julie C.] did not demonstrate, in any visit that I saw, the ability to nurture her children in a fashion

that left even two of the three coming away from the visit satisfied and happy.” When questioned

about the children’s developmental issues, Julie C. testified that she did not believe the children were

developmentally delayed. The Department’s evidence proved this belief to be incorrect indicating

Julie C’s lack of intimacy with her children.




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        2.      Julie C.’s Parental Abilities

        Furthermore, Julie C. failed to complete her parenting skills course early in the separation

period, and when Julie C. had custody of the children, she refused to utilize the programs available

to promote the best interests of the children, even after being counseled and warned many times.

At the time of the hearing, Julie C. had not completed her therapy for anger management and

psychological problems. Her continued use of drugs after a drug rehabilitation course also

established her poor judgment and poor impulse control. Although Julie C. had not failed a drug test

since May 1, 2006, her consistent prior inability to avoid criminal conduct implied a conscious

disregard for her parental responsibilities.

        3.      Julie C.’s Plans to Care for the Children

        Although Nichole and Julie C. had moved into a different house and lived there for a year

after the removal of the children, neither Julie C. nor Nichole provided any definite plans about how

they would provide for the children and take care of the children’s needs while they both worked.

        4.      Julie C.’s Excuses for Actions

        According to several caseworkers, Julie C. had denied any responsibility for the children’s

issues, had been hostile toward the Department, and had been “hateful” and “very self-consumed.”

The evidence indicated Julie C. still harbored these feelings on the day of the termination hearing.

She blamed unreturned telephone calls, changing caseworkers, and her “obsessive hours” for her

inability to timely complete her services.

E.      Termination of Julie C.’s Parental Rights is in the Best Interest of the Children

        Applying the appropriate standards of review, we conclude that the evidence is legally and

factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that the termination of Julie C.’s parental rights



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is in the best interest of the children. See In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 85; In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25.

Accordingly, we overrule Julie C.’s sole issue.

                                            CONCLUSION

       Having found that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support at least one

ground for termination and that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best interest of

the children, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                         Rebecca Simmons, Justice




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