[Cite as State v. Carter, 2017-Ohio-7501.]
                            STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                         SEVENTH DISTRICT


STATE OF OHIO,                                 )    CASE NO. 15 MA 0225
                                               )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                    )
                                               )
VS.                                            )    OPINION
                                               )
KALONTAE CARTER,                               )
                                               )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.                   )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                           Criminal Appeal from the Court of
                                                    Common Pleas of Mahoning County,
                                                    Ohio
                                                    Case No. 14 CR 960

JUDGMENT:                                           Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                             Atty. Paul J. Gains
                                                    Mahoning County Prosecutor
                                                    Atty. Ralph M. Rivera
                                                    Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                    21 West Boardman St., 6th Floor
                                                    Youngstown, Ohio 44503

For Defendant-Appellant:                            Atty. Anthony J. Farris
                                                    860 Boardman-Canfield Rd. Ste. 204
                                                    Youngstown, Ohio 44512

JUDGES:

Hon. Carol Ann Robb
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
                                                    Dated: August 30, 2017
[Cite as State v. Carter, 2017-Ohio-7501.]
ROBB, P.J.


        {¶1}     Defendant-Appellant Kalontae Carter appeals from his conviction of
aggravated murder after a jury trial in the Mahoning County Common Pleas Court.
Appellant argues his co-defendant’s statement to another inmate should not have
been admitted. Appellant asks us to review the removal of three African-American
prospective jurors and a statement by the prosecutor in the rebuttal portion of closing
argument. Appellant raises various claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. He
also states there was not sufficient evidence for the purpose element of aggravated
murder and asks for a manifest weight of the evidence review focusing on whether he
knew a robbery was going to be committed. Appellant argues the mandatory transfer
of juveniles to the general division is unconstitutional and asks this court to apply the
Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Aalim. As Aalim was vacated on reconsideration,
this argument fails. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment is upheld.
                                  STATEMENT OF THE CASE
        {¶2}     On April 29, 2013, Kristopher Stuart was shot to death in his house on
Elm Street in Youngstown. Upon arriving at the scene, police learned Appellant and
his uncle, DeJuan Thomas, arrived at separate hospitals with gunshot wounds. On
November 14, 2013, a murder complaint was filed against Appellant in juvenile court.
As Appellant was 17 at the time of the act charged and the juvenile court found
probable cause to believe he committed murder, Appellant was subject to mandatory
transfer to the general division of the common pleas court.          See R.C. 2151.12
(A)(1)(a)(i).
        {¶3}     After bindover, Appellant was indicted for aggravated murder and
aggravated robbery; he was alternatively indicted for murder and felonious assault.
Each of the four counts was accompanied by a firearm specification.              DeJuan
Thomas was indicted as a co-defendant on these counts (and on a separate count of
having a weapon while under disability). In the same indictment, Laquawn Hopkins,
the victim’s roommate, was charged with tampering with evidence.
        {¶4}     Appellant’s case was tried to a jury. The victim’s brother testified the
victim sold drugs, including marijuana and heroin. (Tr. 409, 411, 417). He was 26
years old when he died. The victim previously lived with Lorraine McKinnon, who
                                                                                   -2-

was like a “mother figure” to the victim, but the brother blamed her for the victim’s
involvement in drug trafficking. (Tr. 413-414, 418). The victim’s neighbor confirmed
the victim was a drug dealer. (Tr. 421-422).
      {¶5}    On the evening of April 29, 2013, this neighbor heard arguing at the
victim’s house and then heard a barrage of gunshots. (Tr. 424-426). She soon
heard running on the walkway between their houses, but she remained on the floor
for a time.   When she eventually looked out her window, she saw Appellant’s
roommate “Q” approach his car, go back to the house, return to his car, and drive
away. (Tr. 422, 427). She called 911 to report gunfire. A police car drove past but
did not stop. (Tr. 428). The neighbor noticed the victim’s door was open. (Tr. 428).
At this point, Q returned to look for his phone which he found near the driveway. (Tr.
429, 439). The neighbor spoke to other neighbors about the situation, and they
called 911 to report the gunfire and the open door. She then approached the open
door with them and saw the victim’s body in the house, at which point they called 911
again. (Tr. 430-431).
      {¶6}    An officer testified he responded to a call of gunfire on Elm Street
around 9:30 p.m. He drove around the area but did not notice anything unusual. (Tr.
459). He was soon dispatched to the hospital as DeJuan Thomas had arrived in
critical condition after being shot. (Tr. 460). Bullet fragments were recovered during
surgery and a bag of pills was found on his person. (Tr. 484, 540). While the officer
was at the hospital, Appellant was transferred there from another hospital. (Tr. 461,
492). Appellant had a gunshot wound to the left bicep area. From his experience,
the officer ascertained this was a “contact shot” or a close range gunshot wound
describing it as: “massive. It was opened up almost like an explosion. It was much
larger than a bullet hole. It was, you know, you can put your hand in it. And there
were burn marks, you know, around the edges.” (Tr. 461-462, 476-477). Appellant
told the officer he was walking on Norwood Street near his home when shots were
fired at him from a passing vehicle. (Tr. 462-462). He soon repeated this story to a
detective as well. (Tr. 492). The area near Appellant’s residence was investigated;
no blood or casing was found, and residents did not hear gunfire. (Tr. 494).
                                                                                     -3-

        {¶7}   When police responded to the more specific 911 call around 10:30
p.m., they found the deceased victim on the floor in his Elm Street residence with a
silver Smith & Wesson .357 Magnum revolver at his fingertips. (Tr. 445, 447, 536-
537, 660). The victim suffered eleven bullet wounds, with the following entry points:
three in the chest, two in the back, one in the abdomen, one in the hip, two in the left
thigh, one in the right hand, and one grazing the left hand. (Tr. 673-678). The
coroner found the victim’s wallet containing $445 on his person. (Tr. 710). The
victim had opiates in his system. (Tr. 712). The police found a scale, pills, and
baggies containing suspected heroin and cocaine at the scene. (Tr. 513, 743).
        {¶8}   The cylinder of the six-shot revolver contained one live round and five
spent cartridges, all of them .357 Magnum caliber. (Tr. 536, 538, 652, 660-661). The
victim’s DNA was found on the trigger, and a mixture of the victim’s DNA and DNA
consistent with Appellant was found on the handle of the revolver. (Tr. 638). This
was believed to be Appellant’s touch DNA, but due to the amount of blood at the
scene, it was possible the DNA on the revolver’s handle was from blood. (Tr. 645-
646). In the 12-foot by 12-foot room where the victim was lying, there was blood on a
mattress; in this vicinity, there was blood spatter on the window blinds and blood and
body matter on the ceiling. (Tr. 532). This blood matched Appellant (as did blood on
the driveway and front step). Blood on the sidewalk matched DeJuan Thomas. (Tr.
639).
        {¶9}   A   bullet   jacket   recovered   from   Thomas   during   surgery   had
characteristics consistent with the victim’s .357 revolver. (Tr. 661-662). Ten fired .40
caliber cartridge cases were collected, mostly from one corner of the room. (Tr. 531).
These were not fired from the revolver and were all fired from the same firearm. (Tr.
661). A bullet extracted from the victim’s right wrist and three fired bullets recovered
from the scene were inconsistent with the revolver and were all .40 S&W caliber or
10 mm auto caliber with the same class of characteristics (but there remained
insufficient features to say they were fired from the same firearm). (Tr. 661, 665). A
distinct fired bullet core was found lying on the floor near the victim. (Tr. 774). This
bullet core had a different direction of twist (six lands and grooves with a left twist)
than the revolver (five lands and grooves with a right twist) and the four other fired
                                                                                      -4-

bullets (a rare six-sided polygonal rifling-style with a right twist). (Tr. 662-663, 665-
666). From this, the forensic scientist, testifying as a ballistics expert for the Bureau
of Criminal Investigation (“BCI”), concluded at least three different firearms were
used. (Tr. 664).
       {¶10} The lead detective visited Appellant in the emergency room. Appellant
said the story he told to the other detective and the first-responding officer was false
and he wanted to tell the truth. He said his uncle called him, asked him to pick him
up, and said they were going to Elm Street for a “bop.” (Tr. 727). In the detective’s
experience, this was slang for a robbery. (Tr. 727, 733). The detective thus stopped
the interview and went to his car to retrieve a Miranda rights waiver form, which he
read to Appellant and his mother. (Tr. 727).
       {¶11} Appellant told the detective they knocked on the victim’s door and were
invited in; he said he sat on the bed while Thomas and the victim argued in the
hallway. (Tr. 729). Appellant told the detective “bop” meant drug deal. (Tr. 733).
The detective believed Appellant changed the meaning after realizing he made a
mistake by admitting they had intent to commit a robbery. (Tr. 761). Appellant told
the detective the victim robbed Thomas by demanding Thomas give him what he
had. At this point, Appellant said: he was shot; he ran outside; he heard more shots;
he got in the car; his uncle stumbled out; and he dragged his uncle to the car.
Appellant dropped his uncle off at a hospital guard shack. Appellant went home, and
his sister drove him to a different hospital. (Tr. 730). He told the detective the victim
had a “cowboy” gun (not an “automatic” weapon like the detective carried). (Tr. 732).
Appellant’s hands were swabbed for gunshot residue just before 1:30 a.m. Weeks
later, the test result came back negative. (Tr. 815).
       {¶12} When the detective arrived at work the next day, he had messages
from Appellant saying he needed to speak with the detective immediately.            The
detective returned to the hospital and re-Mirandized Appellant. (Tr. 734). Appellant
reported it was not the victim who robbed his uncle but was his uncle who robbed the
victim. Appellant said he merely gave his uncle a ride and had no prior knowledge of
the robbery. (Tr. 735). The detective asked Appellant to provide a video-statement
at the police department after the hospital released him. (Tr. 735-736).
                                                                                     -5-

      {¶13} Appellant came to the station with his parents and provided a
corresponding video-statement which was played to the jury. (Tr. 747). In the video,
Appellant said he was accompanying his uncle “to hit a bop” which he said was a
“drug transaction.” He saw a man with a child in a room on the opposite side of the
hall from the room he entered. Appellant sat on the bed while his uncle and the
victim talked in the hallway. He heard his uncle order the victim to “give the shit up,”
and the victim responded, “I ain’t got nothin’.” He said his uncle and the victim
started wrestling and ended up in the room where Appellant was sitting on the bed.
Appellant said the shot that hit him knocked him off the bed into the corner. He
claimed he had no gun and they were still wrestling when he fled the room during
which time he heard more shots.
      {¶14} At the time Appellant provided these statements, it was believed
DeJuan Thomas was dying. (Tr. 749). After Thomas recovered, Appellant changed
his story and said there was no robbery.          (Tr. 750-751).     (DeJuan Thomas
subsequently died before trial in a separate shooting incident). As for the person
Appellant saw in a room with a child, the detective testified Laquawn Hopkins pled
guilty to tampering with evidence. (Tr. 740, 782). It was elicited that Hopkins hid with
his child in the backyard during the shooting, but he thereafter entered his room to
remove photographs so he could not be connected with the situation. (Tr. 741).
      {¶15} The detective believed the evidence suggested the collection of shell
casings found in the corner were consistent with a gun being fired from Appellant’s
position in the room. He noted the evidence as to: the testimony about a third
firearm producing a bullet core; the direction of cartridge ejection from a semi-
automatic firearm; the blood evidence belonging to Appellant on the mattress, ceiling,
and blinds; and Appellant’s admitted position in the room (which we note included
Appellant’s statement he was knocked into a corner upon being shot). (Tr. 738, 774,
794-795). The detective said he filed the juvenile complaint against Appellant after
speaking to an inmate.
      {¶16} Jonathan Queener testified he was in the county jail with long-time
friend DeJuan Thomas when Thomas said: he and Appellant went to rob the victim;
he told Appellant they were going to get money and try to get drugs; the victim pulled
                                                                                      -6-

out a .357; they exchanged fire; and Appellant dropped him off at the hospital. (Tr.
564-565, 570). Queener acknowledged he benefited from a plea deal in return for his
agreement to testify truthfully; his aggravated burglary charge was reduced to
burglary, and the state recommended community control. (Tr. 561-562).
       {¶17} Loraine McKinnon testified the victim lived with her when he was in his
teens and was like a son to her. (Tr. 593, 596, 604). She also knew Appellant
because he would visit his female cousin who stayed at her house; she said she
loved Appellant (as she loved the victim). (Tr. 591, 599). This witness testified:
Appellant apologized to her after the shooting; he told her he did not know they were
going to “Kris’s” house; and he explained his uncle called him to accompany him on
an “easy lick,” which she defined as a street term meaning to “rob someone.” (Tr.
597-598).   She explained she did not call the police upon learning this because
Appellant was a child and his uncle was to blame; she voiced her story to a
prosecutor who called her while preparing for trial. (Tr. 615). She noted the victim’s
guns had been stolen a couple weeks prior to his death. (Tr. 602).
       {¶18} The jury found Appellant guilty of the four counts with the
accompanying firearm specifications. Appellant was sentenced to twenty years to life
for aggravated murder plus three years for the firearm specification.         The other
charges merged. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal from the December 22,
2015 sentencing entry.
              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE: HEARSAY & CONFRONTATION
       {¶19} Appellant sets forth five assignments of error, the first of which states:
       “The Trial Court erred in permitting a jailhouse snitch to testify to an alleged
out-of-court statement made by a co-defendant in the trial of Defendant-Appellant as
it both constituted inadmissible hearsay and violated his confrontation rights.”
       {¶20} This assignment of error deals with the testimony of Mr. Queener as to
what DeJuan Thomas told him while they were both incarcerated in the county jail.
Specifically, Appellant contests the admission of testimony that Thomas said he and
Appellant went to the victim’s house with intent to rob the victim of money and drugs.
Appellant raises a hearsay argument and then a confrontation clause argument.
                                                                                    -7-

       {¶21} Evid.R. 804(B) provides hearsay exceptions where the declarant is
unavailable as a witness. A declarant is unavailable if he is deceased. Evid.R.
804(A)(4). One of the hearsay exceptions applicable to an unavailable declarant is
the statement against interest exception contained in Evid.R. 804(B)(3), which
provides:

       Statement Against Interest. A statement that was at the time of its
       making so far contrary to the declarant's pecuniary or proprietary
       interest, or so far tended to subject the declarant to civil or criminal
       liability, or to render invalid a claim by the declarant against another,
       that a reasonable person in the declarant's position would not have
       made the statement unless the declarant believed it to be true. A
       statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability, whether
       offered to exculpate or inculpate the accused, is not admissible unless
       corroborating circumstances clearly indicate the truthworthiness of the
       statement.

       {¶22} Appellant does not contest the statement was against the interest of the
declarant, DeJuan Thomas. Rather, he argues this rule does not apply to a co-
defendant, citing ¶ 66 of the First District’s Webster case and a concurring opinion in
the Ninth District’s Wilson case. In Webster, the court held this exception in Evid.R.
804(B)(3) does not apply to the defendant’s attempt to introduce his own statement.
State v. Webster, 1st Dist. No. C-120452, 2013-Ohio-4142, ¶ 66 (and holding Evid.R.
801(D)(2)(a) cannot be used by a party to introduce his own statement but is for
introduction of an admission by a party-opponent). The concurring judge in Wilson
cited Webster for the proposition that Evid.R. 804(B)(3) does not apply to statements
of a party to the action. State v. Wilson, 9th Dist. No. 26683, 2014-Ohio-376, ¶ 63.
Neither the Wilson case nor the Webster concurrence stand for the proposition that
Evid.R. 804(B)(3) cannot be used to admit the statement of someone other than the
defendant on trial merely because the declarant was alleged to be a participant in the
offense and/or was indicted as a co-defendant. DeJuan Thomas was not a party to
the trial of this case.
                                                                                     -8-

       {¶23} Regardless, the Ohio Supreme Court permits the admission of hearsay
statements against interest made by co-defendants who are unavailable.                In
Yarborough, a woman testified her husband (the mastermind of a plan who died
before trial) told her he paid the defendant to have the victim killed.        State v.
Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, ¶ 41. In addition, a
man testified this mastermind told him they should pay the defendant to kill the victim.
Id. at ¶ 55. The Supreme Court found both statements were admissible under the
statement against interest hearsay exception. Id. at ¶ 41-57. See also State v. Issa,
93 Ohio St.3d 49, 58-59, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001) (where a subpoenaed co-defendant
who refused to testify after pleading his rights under the Fifth Amendment was
considered unavailable, his confession was admissible as a statement against
interest). Appellant’s initial argument is thus without merit.
       {¶24} Appellant’s next argument concerns the second part of Evid.R.
804(B)(3): “A statement tending to expose the declarant to criminal liability, whether
offered to exculpate or inculpate the accused, is not admissible unless corroborating
circumstances clearly indicate the truthworthiness of the statement.”         Appellant
criticizes the credibility of Mr. Queener, emphasizing he testified in exchange for a
generous resolution of his criminal case.      However, the credibility of the witness
providing the declaration of the unavailable declarant does not affect the statement's
admissibility as the rule refers to “the truthworthiness of the statement,” not the
truthworthiness of the testifying witness. State v. Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 114,
559 N.E.2d 710, 720 (1990) (“As the fact finder, the jury was responsible for
assessing [his] credibility as a witness”), quoting Former Evid.R. 804(B)(3) (which
used trustworthiness instead of truthworthiness as is used in the current rule).
       {¶25} While the trial court was evaluating the admissibility of Mr. Queener’s
statement before trial, the state pointed to the anticipated testimony of Ms. McKinnon
(that Appellant indicated to her he knew about the robbery before they arrived) and
the testimony of the lead detective. As Appellant points out, the state’s projection of
the detective’s anticipated testimony did not end up being accurate.         In arguing
corroboration, the state said Appellant told the detective they went to the victim’s
house to “hit a lick.” (Tr. 26). Yet, it was Ms. McKinnon who said Appellant told her
                                                                                      -9-

he thought it would be an easy “lick” (which she understood to mean robbery). (Tr.
598). The detective testified Appellant told him they went for “a bop.” (Tr. 727).
          {¶26} In any event, Ms. McKinnon’s statement provided corroboration. And,
the detective’s testimony, although not accurately portrayed in advance, also
provided some corroboration, notwithstanding Appellant’s insistence he used the
word “bop” to mean drug transaction. The recovery of a .357 Magnum near the
victim’s fingertips is corroborative of the statement of Appellant’s uncle to Mr.
Queener. The DNA evidence demonstrating Appellant was shot while in the victim’s
bedroom where his body was found can be considered in conjunction with
Appellant’s own statement to police. Appellant’s statement that his uncle robbed the
victim just before the shooting was corroborative of his uncle’s statement to Mr.
Queener. Finally, in determining whether a statement is trustworthy, the Supreme
Court has characterized as a corroborating circumstance the fact that a declarant
“was not speaking to police and therefore was not trying to curry favor.” Yarbrough,
95 Ohio St.3d 227 at ¶ 64.          The Court recognized “jailhouse confessions to
cellmates” may be “trustworthy and admissible.” Id. (and then held the same cannot
be said about a statement shifting blame from the declarant to others).
          {¶27} The decision admitting the hearsay statement of the unavailable
declarant pursuant to Evid.R. 804(B)(3) was within the discretion of the trial court.
Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d at 114. Under the totality of the circumstances in this case,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding Mr. Queener’s testimony as to
what DeJuan Thomas told him fell under the hearsay exception in Evid.R. 804(B)(3).
          {¶28} Appellant also states the testimony violated his confrontation clause
rights.    The confrontation clause in the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right *
* * to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” In the past, an out-of-court
declaration by an unavailable witness did not run afoul of the Confrontation Clause if
it was accompanied by adequate “indicia of reliability.” See, e.g., Ohio v. Roberts,
448 U.S. 56, 66, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (if the declaration “falls
within a firmly rooted hearsay exception” or exhibits “particularized guarantees of
trustworthiness”).
                                                                                   -10-

       {¶29} In 2004, the United States Supreme Court changed this test and held
the confrontation clause prohibits the introduction of “testimonial” statements by a
non-testifying witness (unless the witness is unavailable to testify and the defendant
had a prior opportunity for cross-examination). Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36,
54, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). Non-testimonial hearsay was left to the
hearsay law of the states. Id. at 68. The definition of “testimonial” pertains “at a
minimum to prior testimony at a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a
former trial; and to police interrogations.” Id.
       {¶30} To determine if statements were testimonial the Court developed the
“primary purpose” test. Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165
L.Ed.2d 224 (2006) (consolidated cases involving statements made to law
enforcement officer and to 911 operator).          “Statements are nontestimonial when
made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating
that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an
ongoing emergency.” Id. See also Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 131 S.Ct.
1143, 179 L.Ed.2d 93 (2011) (clarifying how reviewing courts should consider all
relevant circumstances; an ongoing emergency is only one factor in determining
whether a statement was procured with a primary purpose of creating an out-of-court
substitute for trial testimony).     Notably, the Supreme Court described certain
“statements from one prisoner to another” as “clearly nontestimonial” for the
purposes of the confrontation clause analysis. Davis, 547 U.S. at 825.
       {¶31} The Ohio Supreme Court has stated that in order to resolve
confrontation questions for out-of-court statements made to those who are not law
enforcement, Ohio adopted the “objective-witness test.” State v. Jones, 135 Ohio
St.3d 10, 2012-Ohio-5677, 984 N.E.2d 948, ¶ 160-161, citing State v. Stahl, 111 Ohio
St.3d 186, 2006-Ohio-5482, 855 N.E.2d 834, paragraph one of the syllabus. Under
this test, a statement is testimonial if an objective witness would have reasonably
believed her statement would be available for use at a later trial; the focus is on “the
expectation of the declarant at the time of making the statement; the intent of a
questioner is relevant only if it could affect a reasonable declarant's expectations.”
Stahl, 111 Ohio St.3d 186 at ¶ 36, quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 52 (“under
                                                                                                     -11-

circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the
statement would be available for use at a later trial.”).
        {¶32} Recently, the United States Supreme Court reversed the Ohio Supreme
Court's exclusion of evidence under the confrontation clause where a three-year-old
told his preschool teacher his mother's boyfriend caused his injuries.                       The Ohio
Supreme Court found the preschool teacher was acting as an agent of the state for
law enforcement purposes because teachers have a statutory dual capacity as
mandatory reporters and concluded the primary purpose of the statement was to
collect evidence for trial. State v. Clark, 137 Ohio St.3d 346, 2013-Ohio-4731, 999
N.E.2d 592, ¶ 4.
        {¶33} The United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether
statements to persons other than law enforcement officers are subject to the
confrontation clause. Ohio v. Clark, __ U.S. __, 135 S.Ct. 2173, 2181, 192 L.Ed.2d
306 (2015).       The Court declined to categorically exclude statements to non-law
enforcement from the confrontation clause's protection and applied the same test as
applied to law enforcement. Id. In accordance, a statement cannot fall within the
confrontation clause unless its primary purpose was testimonial. Id. at 2180. If such
primary purpose did not exist at the time the statement was made, admissibility is left
to the rules of evidence. Id.1
        {¶34} The Court advised that statements to persons other than law
enforcement officers “are much less likely to be testimonial than statements to law
enforcement officers.” Id. at 2181. The Court concluded, under all the relevant
circumstances in the case, the child’s statements to her preschool teacher “clearly
were not made with the primary purpose of creating evidence for [the defendant’s]
prosecution. Thus, their introduction at trial did not violate the Confrontation Clause.”
Id.



1 The Court added: “But that does not mean that the Confrontation Clause bars every statement that
satisfies the ‘primary purpose’ test * * * the primary purpose test is a necessary, but not always
sufficient, condition for the exclusion of out-of-court statements under the Confrontation Clause.” Id. at
2180-2181 (and stating the confrontation clause does not prohibit the introduction of out-of-court
statements that would have been admissible in a criminal case at the time of the founding).
                                                                                                 -12-

        {¶35} We note Justice Scalia wrote a separate concurrence (joined by Justice
Ginsberg) wherein he agreed with employment of the usual test applicable to informal
police interrogations and the result in the case.                Id. at 2183-2184 (Scalia, J.,
concurring).2 Justice Thomas wrote a separate concurrence to express his standard
position that the confrontation clause only protects statements bearing “sufficient
indicia of solemnity to qualify as testimonial” such as “formalized” statements. Id. at
2186 (Thomas, J., concurring).
        {¶36} Applying this precedent, the admission of DeJuan Thomas’s statement
to an old friend while both were incarcerated which incriminated himself and
Appellant in a robbery and homicide would not implicate the confrontation clause as
the primary purpose of the statement was unrelated to creating evidence for
prosecution. Pertinent circumstances include the fact the statement was not made to
law enforcement or other authority and the statement was made to an old friend while
both were incarcerated. Ohio confrontation clause law does not lead to a different
conclusion.
        {¶37} On this topic, Appellant adds an argument that Ohio law applying
Bruton prohibits the introduction of his co-defendant’s statement. Bruton held the
admission in a joint trial of a non-testifying codefendant's confession which refers to
the defendant violates the confrontation clause. Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S.
123, 137, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 1628, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968) (with a rationale being the
confession may not have been voluntary and the incrimination of a co-defendant is
suspect). Appellant points out the Young Court held the Bruton principle would be
defeated if separate trials were granted and the co-defendant’s statement was then
read into evidence at the trial of the defendant. State v. Young, 5 Ohio St.3d 221,
225, 450 N.E.2d 1143 (1983).            In addition, the Moritz Court stated it makes no
difference if the statement is presented at trial by a private citizen who had no



2 Justice Scalia wrote separately “to protest the Court's shoveling of fresh dirt upon the Sixth
Amendment right of confrontation so recently rescued from the grave in Crawford * * *.” Id. at 2184.
Regarding the six-justice-majority’s statement that the primary purpose test was merely one
“necessary, but not always sufficient” condition for applying the Confrontation Clause, he called this
statement dicta, “absolutely false,” and “aggressive hostility to precedent.” Id. at 2184-2185.
                                                                                     -13-

connection to law enforcement. State v. Moritz, 63 Ohio St.2d 150, 154, 407 N.E.2d
1268 (1980).
       {¶38} However, case law has evolved.           For instance, in Yarbrough, the
mastermind declarant, who hired the defendant to kill the victim, died prior to trial.
After finding the statement against interest hearsay exception applied, the Ohio
Supreme Court found no confrontation clause issue with the admission of the
declarant’s statement to private citizens incriminating himself and the defendant.
Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227 at ¶ 46-54, 56 (and this was prior to Crawford’s
testimonial standard). In any event, the Bruton principles were premised on the
confrontation clause. As subsequent federal and Ohio state decisions have been
rendered limiting the confrontation clause’s application to testimonial statements,
prior principles must be viewed under the lens of the intervening precedent. See
Clark, __ U.S. __, 135 S.Ct. at 2180 (“a statement cannot fall within the Confrontation
Clause unless its primary purpose was testimonial”).
       {¶39} In accordance, if the out-of-court statement of a non-testifying
codefendant is not testimonial, then Bruton has no application because the
confrontation clause has no application.           “Because it is premised on the
Confrontation Clause, the Bruton rule, like the Confrontation Clause itself, does not
apply to nontestimonial statements.” United States v. Johnson, 581 F.3d 320, 326
(6th Cir.2009). See also United States v. Vasquez, 766 F.3d 373, 378 (5th Cir.2014);
United States v. Dargan, 738 F.3d 643, 651 (4th Cir.2013) (“Bruton is simply
irrelevant in the context of nontestimonial statements * * * Statements that do not
implicate the Confrontation Clause, a fortiori, do not implicate Bruton”); United States
v. Clark, 717 F.3d 790, 816 (10th Cir.2013) (“the Bruton rule, like the Confrontation
Clause upon which it is premised, does not apply to nontestimonial hearsay
statements”); United States v. Berrios, 676 F.3d 118, 128 (3d Cir.2012) (because
“Bruton is no more than a by-product of the Confrontation Clause,” it is inapplicable to
a non-testimonial prison yard conversation).
       {¶40} Appellant also suggests the Ohio Constitution provides more protection.
Ohio’s confrontation clause provides: “In any trial, in any court, the party accused
shall be allowed * * * to meet the witnesses face to face * * *.” Article I, Section 10 of
                                                                                     -14-

the Ohio Constitution (but allowing the use of a deposition in a criminal case upon
“securing to the accused means and the opportunity to be present in person and with
counsel at the taking of such deposition, and to examine the witness face to face as
fully and in the same manner as if in court.”).
       {¶41} Appellant points to the Ohio Supreme Court’s Storch case, which said
“the presumption mandated by Section 10, Article I is that a child will be required in
most circumstances to testify ‘face to face’ with the individual being accused.” State
v. Storch, 66 Ohio St.3d 280, 293, 612 N.E.2d 305 (1993). Storch was issued in the
context of Evid.R. 807, dealing with child statements in abuse cases. The Court
concluded “Evid.R. 807 accords with the right of confrontation guaranteed by both
Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution and the Sixth Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States.” Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. Before
coming to this conclusion, the Storch Court expressed:

       For many years, the rights to confrontation set forth in the respective
       Constitutions were construed as being the same, in part because the
       right to confrontation in the Sixth Amendment was considered by the
       United States Supreme Court to require face-to-face confrontation in
       most circumstances.      In the last thirteen years, the United States
       Supreme Court has drifted away from that requirement in a series of
       cases starting with Ohio v. Roberts (1980), 448 U.S. 56, 100 S.Ct.
       2531, 65 L.Ed.2d 597.

Storch was written more than a decade before Crawford and Davis.                       As
aforementioned, the Ohio v. Roberts case cited in Storch was changed by Crawford,
which has been followed in Ohio as well.
       {¶42} In any event, a later case out of the Ohio Supreme Court has reiterated
the Court’s prior position that “Section 10, Article I [of the Ohio Constitution] provides
no greater right of confrontation than the Sixth Amendment.” State v. Arnold, 126
Ohio St.3d 290, 2010-Ohio-2742, 933 N.E.2d 775, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Self, 56
Ohio St.3d 73, 79, 564 N.E.2d 446 (1990). Consequently, Appellant’s final argument
is without merit. This assignment of error is overruled.
                                                                                  -15-

                     ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO: RACE
        {¶43} Appellant’s second assignment of error contends:
        “Appellant was denied equal protection of the laws and his rights under the
Fourteenth Amendment as a result of systematic removal of African-American jurors
and the racially-based appeal of the prosecution.”
        {¶44} Appellant protests the removal of the only three African-American
members of the jury pool, which we shall refer to as prospective jurors one, two, and
three, corresponding to their order of removal. Appellant raises the test in Batson v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), mainly with regards to
prospective juror two.
        {¶45} As for prospective juror one, the trial court received information the
prospective juror spoke to Appellant’s mother outside of the courthouse after the first
day of voir dire. Upon questioning the next day, prospective juror one said: he spoke
to Appellant’s mother because she looked like his cousin’s mother; he thought he
recognized her; he asked her if she knew someone he knew; she said she heard of
the person; and she thought the prospective juror looked familiar as well. (Tr. 267-
268, 272-273). Prospective juror one saw the woman in the courtroom that day but
said he did not know she was Appellant’s mother. (Tr. 269). Appellant was present
during the conversation; he was sitting on the steps reading a newspaper while the
prospective juror talked to his mother. (Tr. 269, 274). The court noted Appellant left
because he did not “want to hear any of the conversation after it began.” (Tr. 274-
275).
        {¶46} The prosecutor asked the court to remove this prospective juror for
cause. (Tr. 271). The defense expressed doubt the occurrence rose to this level of
concern. The court excused the prospective juror. Defense counsel thereafter asked
the record to reflect the prospective juror was one of three African-Americans out of a
panel of 35 or 40 people. (Tr. 275). Counsel stated he wished “to make sure this
was not the beginning of a systematic attempt by the state to remove all people of
color.” The court rejected this suggestion, pointing out: “The impetus of this inquiry
was by the court.” The court emphasized the appearance of impropriety in speaking
to the defendant’s mother (especially after seeing her sitting in the courtroom
                                                                                     -16-

separate from the jury panel) and expressed concern over the potential effect of this
on the other jurors if this prospective juror were to remain on the jury. (Tr. 277). The
judge also pointed out how court was adjourned early the day before to
accommodate this very prospective juror who said he had to handle a family matter
immediately (but then went outside and struck up a conversation with Appellant’s
mother). (Tr. 157, 276).
       {¶47} As the state points out, the Batson test is inapplicable as this was not a
peremptory challenge. See State v. Lewis, 7th Dist. No. 03 MA 36, 2005-Ohio-2699,
¶ 60 (“Batson v. Kentucky applies to peremptory challenges, not challenges for
cause”).   The state challenged this prospective juror for cause.        Various “good
causes for challenge to any person called as juror” are listed in R.C. 2313.17(B)(1)-
(9). See also R.C. 2313.18(C) (“Each challenge listed in division (B) of this section
shall be considered as a principal challenge, and its validity tried by the court.”). For
instance, there is good cause for challenge if “the person discloses by the person's
answers that the person cannot be a fair and impartial juror or will not follow the law
as given to the person by the court.” R.C. 2313.17(B)(9).

       In addition to the causes listed in division (B) of this section, any petit
       juror may be challenged on suspicion of prejudice against or partiality
       for either party, or for want of a competent knowledge of the English
       language, or other cause that may render the juror at the time an
       unsuitable juror. The validity of the challenge shall be determined by
       the court and be sustained if the court has any doubt as to the juror's
       being entirely unbiased.

(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2313.17(D). A trial court’s ruling on a challenge for cause
will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d
12, 2014-Ohio-1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 94.
       {¶48} The removal of this juror for cause was not unreasonable, arbitrary, or
unconscionable. In any event, the court’s decision on this one prospective juror does
not appear to be independently challenged here. Rather, it appears the removal of
                                                                                 -17-

this prospective juror is used to portray the context of cumulative events, including
the peremptory challenge of prospective juror two.
         {¶49} Prospective juror two advised she was not comfortable with a certain
example of complicity. When the court asked if she could follow the law provided to
her by the court, she said she could. (Tr. 293). When the court asked if she could
accept a certain principle of complicity, she answered no.         The court said it
appreciated her honesty. (Tr. 294). The court asked the prosecutor if she was going
to ask to remove the prospective juror two for cause, at which point a discussion was
held off the record. (Tr. 295). The court then prompted the juror to clarify that she
said she could not apply the law on complicity to a person who did not “do” the
shooting. She further stated she would not be able to find a person guilty even if his
act constituted complicity under the law. (Tr. 296). Defense counsel then asked
prospective juror two if she could follow the law, and she said she could. (Tr. 296-
297). She then said she could find a driver guilty if he knew the principal was going
in a store to rob it. (Tr. 297-299). She answered she would not want to find him
guilty, but she could if she had to. (Tr. 300). The court overruled any challenge for
cause.
         {¶50} When the state exercised a peremptory challenge to remove
prospective juror two, defense counsel pointed out this was an African-American juror
who indicated she could follow the law when questioned further. (Tr. 313-314). The
prosecution explained: the prospective juror had confusion over the law provided to
her; she plainly stated she does not want to comply with the law; her answer changed
several times; and there were concerns about her ability to understand the law. (Tr.
315).
         {¶51} The court agreed prospective juror two “made it clear that she would
not want to find somebody guilty, even though the law required it.” It was recognized
she eventually said she could apply the law to find one guilty although she did not
want to in certain complicity situations. (Tr. 316). The court overruled the Batson
objection and expressed it did not believe the prospective juror’s statements that she
would employ the concept of complicity in accordance with the law. (Tr. 316-317). In
so doing, the court found the prosecution’s concerns credible.
                                                                                   -18-

      {¶52} The defendant has the burden to prove the state racially discriminated
in the use of a peremptory challenge. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 93, 106 S.Ct.
1712, 90 L.E.2d 69 (1986).       The evaluation of a Batson claim involves three
components: (1) the defendant sets forth a prima facie case of racial discrimination;
(2) the state is then mandated to set forth a race-neutral reason for the exercise of
the peremptory challenge; and (3) the trial court must decide whether the prosecutor
purposefully discriminated. See id. at 97-98. As the state points out, the preliminary
issue of whether the defendant made a prima facie showing becomes moot if the
state offers a race-neutral explanation for the peremptory challenge and the trial court
rules on the ultimate question of intentional discrimination. See Hernandez v. New
York, 500 U.S. 352, 359, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991); State v. White, 85
Ohio St.3d 433, 437, 709 N.E.2d 140 (1999).
      {¶53} Under the second step, the state must provide a racially neutral
explanation for the challenge, and the court “assum[es] the proffered reasons for the
peremptory challenges are true.”      Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359.       A race-neutral
explanation for a peremptory challenge is simply “an explanation based on something
other than the race of the juror.” Id. at 360. At this stage, the state's explanation
need not be “persuasive, or even plausible” as long as the reason is not inherently
discriminatory. Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 338, 126 S.Ct. 969, 163 L.Ed.2d 824
(2006) (where the state exercised a peremptory challenge against an African–
American female based on a fear that a young single citizen with no ties to the
community might be too tolerant of the crime at issue). In fact, the state's reason can
be silly or superstitious as long as it is not race-related; an evaluation of the
persuasiveness of the explanation does not arise until the third step. Purkett v. Elem,
514 U.S. 765, 768-769, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995) (long unkempt hair
and facial hair is race neutral). “Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the
prosecutor's explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race neutral.” Id. at 768.
      {¶54} The state's reason for exercising the disputed peremptory challenge
need not rise to the level of a challenge for cause. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97. As
aforementioned, a challenge for cause exists if, among other reasons, “the person
discloses by the person's answers that the person cannot be a fair and impartial juror
                                                                                    -19-

or will not follow the law as given to the person by the court.” R.C. 2313.17(B)(9). “If
the juror's answers fluctuate as to whether they rise to this level or not, the state can
still be concerned and express that it is uncertain whether the juror will follow the
law.” State v. Prieto, 7th Dist. No. 15 MA 0200, 2016-Ohio-8480, ¶ 44. Equivocal
answers or expressions of uncertainty on impartiality or matters pertinent to the case
are sufficiently race-neutral reasons for exercising a peremptory challenge. See,
e.g., State v. Were, 118 Ohio St.3d 448, 2008-Ohio-2762, 890 N.E.2d 263, ¶ 65;
White, 85 Ohio St.3d at 437.
       {¶55} If the state provides a race-neutral explanation, the trial court must view
all the circumstances and determine whether there was purposeful discrimination,
i.e., whether the explanation was merely pretextual.         Batson, 476 U.S. at 98.
Although this step entails evaluating the persuasiveness or genuineness of the
state's explanation, the burden of persuasion regarding racial motivation remains on
the defendant. Collins, 546 U.S. at 338; State v. Gowdy, 88 Ohio St.3d 387, 393, 727
N.E.2d 579 (2000).
       {¶56} The reviewing court must defer to the trial court's credibility decision.
State v. Bryan, 101 Ohio St.3d 272, 2004-Ohio-971, 804 N.E.2d 433, ¶ 110. The trial
court's decision is partially based upon the prosecutor's demeanor in explaining her
position; whether the prosecutor's explanation is genuine is a credibility determination
subject to great deference. Davis v. Ayala, __ U.S. __, 135 S.Ct. 2187, 2199, 2201,
192 L.Ed.2d 323 (2015). “Appellate judges cannot on the basis of a cold record
easily second-guess a trial judge's decision about likely motivation.” Id. at 2201,
quoting Collins, 546 U.S. at 343 (Breyer, J., concurring). We do not reverse a trial
court's decision on intentional discrimination unless the court was clearly erroneous
in accepting the state's explanation as genuine (as opposed to pretextual). See
Ayala, __ U.S. __, 135 S.Ct. at 2199; State v. Frazier, 115 Ohio St.3d 139, 2007-
Ohio-5048, 873 N.E.2d 1263, ¶ 64.
       {¶57} Appellant argues other prospective jurors (who were white) reacted
similarly to complicity questions.     The state responds by asserting no other
prospective juror was unwilling to follow the law on complicity and urges this court to
give great deference to the trial court’s decision finding the prosecutor’s reason was
                                                                                    -20-

not pretextual.   To show other (white) jurors expressed issues or confusion on
complicity, Appellant cites to various portions of the transcript.
       {¶58} For instance, Appellant cites to pages 249-259.               However, the
prospective juror being questioned in those pages was in fact subsequently removed
by a peremptory challenge exercised by the state. (Tr. 292). A different prospective
juror cited by Appellant indicated she could understand and follow the law on
complicity.   (Tr. 336-337).   Another prospective juror asked for clarification on a
provided complicity scenario but then expressed understanding of the concept. (Tr.
152-154). The other example Appellant cites was a prospective juror who decided to
tell a story from his youth and ask if he was complicit in a theft when he drove away
knowing someone stole something after the fact. (Tr. 346-350). He then stated he
understood the law and expressed, “I believe that it’s maybe not a law that is totally
fair, but it is what is; you know? That’s for a legislator to change.” (Tr. 351).
       {¶59} This court concludes the reason provided by the prosecution for
exercising a peremptory challenge as to prospective juror two was properly deemed
to be race-neutral. At stage two of the Batson analysis, the state's explanation need
not be “persuasive, or even plausible” (and can be silly or superstitious) as long as
the reason is not inherently discriminatory. Rice, 546 U.S. at 338; Purkett, 514 U.S.
at 768-769 (an evaluation of the persuasiveness of the explanation does not arise
until the third step). As for stage three of the Batson analysis, neither the prosecution
nor the trial court believed the juror’s answers to certain complicity questions. The
court found the prosecutor’s concerns (due to prospective juror two’s abrupt
turnabout) were credible, were honest, and were not pretextual. The trial court’s
decision in overruling Appellant’s Batson challenge to the state’s peremptory
challenge of prospective juror two is not clearly erroneous.
       {¶60} After this juror was removed, prospective juror three was addressed.
She was the last remaining African-American venireperson.            She had previously
advised the court her finals started that very week in the nursing program at Eastern
Gateway, at which time the court called a sidebar and advised it would reserve
making a judgment on her removal. (Tr. 81-82). Upon subsequently being placed in
the jury box, prospective juror three explained: she had two nursing finals; she is not
                                                                                      -21-

supposed to miss a final; she has no control over scheduling the finals; and her
instructor advised she would provide a letter as proof.        Prospective juror three
advised she had class the next day, stating she would get kicked out of the program
if she is not in class. (Tr. 320). The judge suggested he would call the school to ask
the instructors to allow the juror to take both finals next week, instead of one this
week and one next week. (Tr. 319-320). (We note the trial proceeded over the
course of five days the first week and two days the next week).
      {¶61} A discussion was held with counsel off the record. The court then told
the juror it was “torn” between wanting her to go to school and wanting diversity on
the jury. The court said it was calling a recess to make phone calls to her school to
investigate rearranging her schedule. (Tr. 321-322). Prospective juror three asked to
speak about other matters and she was heard on the record in chambers with
Appellant and counsel present. She disclosed other issues with the case besides her
school schedule. For instance, she stated: “I have a major problem with this case
because I have two family members that’s not even to top all my family members,
that were murdered.” (Tr. 323). In addition, she previously worked as a nurse at the
jail and had to look at her cousin’s murderer every day when she went to work. (Tr.
324, 326). When the court asked if she had resentment toward the defendant, she
answered she did not want to be unfair to him. The court asked if she could fairly
and objectively make a decision based on the facts of the case. She answered, “I
can’t honestly say that I could” and “It would be very hard for me.” (Tr. 325-326).
      {¶62} Upon questioning by defense counsel, prospective juror three
reiterated, “because of my personal experiences that I cannot honestly say that I can
sit here and listen to all the evidence and honestly say, okay he’s innocent. I can’t. I
really can’t do that.” She then disclosed she also had a family member who drove a
person who killed her other family member. (Tr. 327). She repeated her belief that
her presence on the jury would not be fair to the defendant.           (Tr. 328).     The
prosecutor noted it had already expressed the state’s position that prospective juror
three should be excused for her educational issues. (Tr. 329). When the court asked
for the defense’s position, defense counsel answered, “Nothing more, Your Honor.”
The court wished the prospective juror luck in school, essentially excusing her from
                                                                                     -22-

service. At this point, she added she knew two of the witnesses from working at the
jail and did not perceive them to be credible. (Tr. 329). Defense counsel voiced,
“Then we do want her on, Your Honor.” The court then excused the juror, again. (Tr.
330).
        {¶63} On appeal, Appellant contends other prospective jurors expressed
issues with work and commitments but were not removed, citing pages 79 through
88. However, within these pages, the court removed a juror who was leaving on a
driving trip that week and a juror who did not want her child getting off the bus alone,
without objection; other jurors’ concerns were alleviated by the prediction of how long
the trial would take. (Tr. 84, 87).
        {¶64} In addition, prospective juror three was not only excused due to her
college schedule (she would miss what seemed to be her last class before finals plus
two final examinations, which would be valid considerations), she was removed for
other reasons as well, which are not argued to constitute invalid considerations. As
the state points out, the court excused juror three for cause, making Batson
inapplicable. The trial court expressly made every effort to keep prospective juror
three on the jury, and she kept providing new reasons to be removed. Considering
the entire exchange, there is no indication the court abused its discretion in removing
juror three.
        {¶65} Lastly, Appellant argues: “with all the African-American jurors removed,
the prosecution made an explicitly race-based appeal to the all white jury during the
rebuttal portion of its closing argument” which “constituted prosecutorial misconduct
that prejudiced Kalontae and denied him a fundamentally fair trial.” (Apt. Br. 13-14,
18).    In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument, the
reviewing court is to evaluate whether remarks were improper and, if so, whether
they prejudicially affected the defendant’s substantial rights. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio
St.3d 160, 165, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). The prosecution is afforded wide latitude in
summation. Id. Furthermore, “[n]ot every intemperate remark by counsel can be a
basis for reversal.” State v. Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 112, 559 N.E.2d 710
(1990) (the question is the fairness of trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor). The
state's closing argument must be viewed in its entirety. State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio
                                                                                     -23-

St.3d 460, 466, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001). “It has been observed that comments made
in direct response to arguments advanced by opposing counsel are unlikely to
constitute a ground for reversal.” Cosgrove v. Omni Manor, 7th Dist. No. 15 MA
0207, 2016-Ohio-8481, ¶ 57, citing, e.g., State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d 195, 204, 661
N.E.2d 1068 (1996) (holding the defendant “can scarcely complain” where his
counsel had previously and repeatedly used variations of the same language
contested by the defendant).
      {¶66} Where the defense did not object to a statement in the prosecution’s
closing argument, we can review only for plain error. State v. Ballew, 76 Ohio St.3d
244, 254-255, 667 N.E.2d 369 (1996). “Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to
be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to
prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d at 111, quoting
State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 7 O.O.3d 178, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph
three of the syllabus. An appellate court's invocation of plain error is discretionary
and requires the existence of an obvious error which affected substantial rights.
State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22-23.
      {¶67} Appellant contests the following portion of the prosecution’s rebuttal:
“No testimony to this. Just [counsel] telling you that’s what it means. And, of course,
you know, you’re white. And [the detective] is white. You guys must be racist. I’m
ashamed that a fellow attorney will play that card when the evidence is clear, the only
evidence as to what a bop is, the only evidence whatsoever is from [the detective].”
(Tr. 867). Appellant believes these comments about race “derided the integrity of
opposing counsel” and constituted “an obvious appeal to a decision based on race.”
He concludes it violated his rights to a fair trial when viewed in the context of the
three removed African-American prospective jurors.
      {¶68} It is important to read this portion of the state’s rebuttal in context rather
than in isolation. Defense counsel’s closing argument began with: “The only time
race is a factor in this case is right now, at the opening of my discussion with you.
Because what the prosecutors want you to think and what that detective wanted you
to think is something other than every person of color in this room knows, that a bop
is buying our pot. It’s not a robbery.” Defense counsel continued, “And it doesn’t
                                                                                     -24-

matter how many times these two white prosecutors say it or that white detective
says it, hoping that you all as white jurors from the suburbs won’t know that. The fact
is, always has been, always will be, that a bop is buying our pot. It’s the process by
which you get marijuana.” (Tr. 845).
       {¶69} Considering the fact the state was responding to these comments by
defense counsel and viewing the state’s closing argument in its entirety, the
contested statement in the prosecutor’s rebuttal did not deprive Appellant of a fair
trial. Error is not apparent, plain or otherwise. This assignment of error is overruled.
               ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE: ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
       {¶70} Appellant sets forth various arguments on trial counsel’s performance
within his third assignment of error which states:
       “Appellant was denied effective assistance of counsel.”
       {¶71} We review a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under a two-part
test, which requires the defendant to demonstrate: (1) trial counsel's performance fell
below an objective standard of reasonable representation; and (2) prejudice arose
from the deficient performance. State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 141-143, 538
N.E.2d 373 (1989), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80
L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Both prongs must be established; if the performance was not
deficient, then there is no need to review for prejudice and vice versa. State v.
Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d 52 (2000).
       {¶72} In evaluating the alleged deficiency in performance, our review is highly
deferential to counsel's decision as there is a strong presumption counsel's conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Bradley, 42 Ohio
St.3d at 142-143, citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. We are to refrain from second-
guessing the strategic decisions of trial counsel. State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545,
558, 651 N.E.2d 965 (1995).        Instances of debatable trial strategy very rarely
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. See State v. Thompson, 33 Ohio St.3d
1, 10, 514 N.E.2d 407 (1987).        There are “countless ways to provide effective
assistance in any given case.” Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d at 142, citing Strickland, 466
U.S. at 689.
                                                                                    -25-

       {¶73} To show prejudice, a defendant must prove his lawyer's errors were so
serious that there is a reasonable probability the result of the proceedings would
have been different. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d at 558. Lesser tests of prejudice have
been rejected: “It is not enough for the defendant to show that the errors had some
conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136 at
fn. 1, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693. Prejudice from defective representation
justifies reversal only where the results were unreliable or the proceeding
fundamentally unfair due to the performance of trial counsel. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d at
558, citing Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 369, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180
(1993).
       {¶74} Related to the first assignment of error, Appellant complains defense
counsel failed to file a written motion in limine and failed to thoroughly argue against
the admissibility of the “jailhouse snitch” who presented the hearsay statement of the
deceased co-defendant. The state filed a notice of intent to use evidence in the form
of Mr. Queener’s testimony as to what DeJuan Thomas told him in jail.             At the
beginning of the trial, the court noted it had researched the law on the topic. (Tr. 20).
The state argued the declarant was clearly unavailable as he was dead and there
was nothing to indicate the declarant should have anticipated his statement would be
used in a prosecution when he spoke to his friend in jail, concluding the statement
was not testimonial. (Tr. 24-25). The state then made arguments concerning the
credibility and corroboration of the declarant’s statement. (Tr. 26-27).
       {¶75} Defense counsel made arguments concerning the credibility of the
“jailhouse snitch” and a witness whose testimony was used as corroboration of the
declarant’s statement.    (Tr. 29, 31-34).     The court concluded these would be
credibility issues for trial. (Tr. 30, 34). Mid-trial, defense counsel asked the court to
reconsider its ruling on admissibility. He provided the 1983 Ohio Supreme Court
Storch case, discussed above, and argued the Ohio Constitution precludes testimony
at trial without face-to-face confrontation.   (Tr. 499-504).   Prior to Mr. Queener’s
testimony, defense counsel renewed his objection again. (Tr. 558).
       {¶76} Defense counsel made arguments against admissibility of the disputed
testimony before and during trial. These arguments were reiterated in Appellant’s
                                                                                   -26-

brief.   Although other arguments were added on appeal, they are without merit.
Considering the resolution of the first assignment of error, this ineffective assistance
of counsel argument fails.
         {¶77} Appellant also argues counsel should have filed a motion to suppress
his statements to police based on Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602,
16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).       Counsel's failure to file a motion to suppress does not
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel per se. State v. Brown, 115 Ohio St.3d
55, 2007-Ohio-4837, 873 N.E.2d 858, ¶ 65. Defense counsel’s failure to file a motion
to suppress is subject to the typical two-pronged Strickland analysis for claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel:    deficient performance and prejudice.     State v.
Spaulding, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-8126, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 94, citing Kimmelman
v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986).
         {¶78} More specifically, where a defendant complains trial counsel failed to
file a suppression motion, the defendant must prove there was a valid ground to
suppress the evidence in dispute. Spaulding, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-8126 at ¶
94, citing State v. Brown, 115 Ohio St.3d 55, 2007-Ohio-4837, 873 N.E.2d 858, ¶ 65.
The defendant must also show there is a reasonable probability the result of the trial
would have been different if the evidence had been suppressed. Spaulding, __ Ohio
St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-8126 at ¶ 94. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in a
direct appeal must be established by the evidence in the record. See, e.g., State v.
Hartman, 93 Ohio St.3d 274, 299, 754 N.E.2d 1150 (2001) (if establishing ineffective
assistance of counsel requires proof outside the record, then such claim is not
appropriately considered on direct appeal); State v. Ishmail, 54 Ohio St.2d 402, 406,
377 N.E.2d 500 (1978) (the appellate court is limited to what transpired as reflected
by the record on direct appeal). See also State v. Gervin, 3d Dist. No. 9-15-51, 2016-
Ohio-5670, ¶ 23 (if the record developed at trial is inadequate to support the unraised
suppression argument, the ineffective assistance of counsel fails).
         {¶79} Appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel argument is based on his
claim that he was not Mirandized before his initial statements made in the hospital.
Appellant’s first statement was made to a police officer in the hospital while waiting
for his arm to be treated: he said he was walking on Norwood Avenue when an
                                                                                   -27-

unknown person in a car shot him. (Tr. 462-462). Appellant’s second statement,
which was made to a detective in the emergency room, was consistent with the first
statement. (Tr. 492). In both instances, Appellant was reporting he was the victim of
a crime. Appellant is presuming Miranda warnings were not given before these two
statements due to the absence of testimony on the topic; however, testimony on
warnings is not required at trial, and the police officer and the detective were not
asked at trial whether Miranda warnings were provided before these two statements.
In any event, there is no indication a reasonable person would have believed a
custodial interrogation was occurring, which is the trigger for Miranda rights. State v.
Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 153-154, 694 N.E.2d 932 (1998), citing Berkemer v.
McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442, 104 S.Ct. 313, 882 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984).
       {¶80} Appellant’s third statement was made to the lead detective in the
emergency room. Appellant’s mother was present. (Tr. 726). Appellant proclaimed
he lied to the other officers and stated his uncle called him so they could go to Elm
Street “for a bop.”    Since the detective understood this to mean a robbery, he
stopped the conversation and went to his vehicle to retrieve a Miranda rights waiver
form. (Tr. 727). The detective read Appellant his rights in the presence of his mother
and made sure they both understood the rights being waived.              (Tr. 727-729).
Appellant stated they went to the victim’s house for a drug buy and the victim robbed
his uncle resulting in a shoot-out.
       {¶81} As for the portion of the statement made prior to the Miranda waiver,
Appellant had reported he was the victim of a drive-by shooting.          There is no
indication this statement, made when the lead detective first approached Appellant in
the hospital, could be considered a custodial situation so as to trigger the application
of Miranda.   See Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d at 153-154.         Police are not required to
administer Miranda warnings to everyone they question, even if the subject has
become a suspect. State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 440, 678 N.E.2d 891 (1997).
       {¶82} In the morning, the detective heard multiple messages from Appellant
asking him to come back to the hospital, and the detective complied. The detective
Mirandized Appellant again.      Appellant then stated DeJuan Thomas robbed the
victim; Appellant said he did not know this was going to occur. (Tr. 734-735). The
                                                                                    -28-

detective asked him to memorialize this statement in a recording after he was
released from the hospital. (Tr. 735). On May 2, 2013, Appellant arrived at the
police station with his parents, was Mirandized, and provided a similar statement on
video in the presence of his father. (Tr. 744).
       {¶83} Appellant does not detail an issue with the Mirandized statement he
provided upon summoning the detective back to the hospital.             We notice the
statement of facts section of his brief describes this statement and adds, “apparently
in the absence of any parent.”      Appellant provides no law mandating a parent’s
presence during Miranda warnings or disposing of the totality of the circumstances
test. Regardless, there is no indication this encounter could be viewed as a custodial
interrogation. Appellant, who was 17.5 years old, summoned the detective back to
the hospital. In addition, Appellant was previously Mirandized a few hours earlier in
the presence of his mother, who was also advised about the rights being waived.
       {¶84} There is no indication a suppression motion would have been
successful. Furthermore, counsel could have made a tactical decision to not seek
suppression because he wanted the jury to hear Appellant’s claim that he did not
know a robbery would be committed by his uncle. The final statement Appellant gave
from the hospital resulted in and was memorialized in the subsequent video-
statement, which counsel may have wished the jury to see so they could view his
client telling his story without having to testify at trial and being subject to cross-
examination.
       {¶85} Next, Appellant contends defense counsel was ineffective as he asked
to watch the video of Appellant’s statement before it was played for the jury (due to
his concerns it contained some irrelevant portions) and then made no objections as it
was played at trial even though the court said he could. Before the video was played,
defense counsel said he believed some portions may not be relevant. The court
asked him to put on the record what he believed was irrelevant, and defense counsel
asked to watch the video again. (Tr. 745-746). The court denied this request and
advised counsel to object as the video was played at which point the court would stop
the video and rule on the objections. (Tr. 746). The video was then played for the
jury; the record does not show the voicing of objections during its playing. (Tr. 748).
                                                                                 -29-

      {¶86} Contrary to Appellant’s suggestion, counsel said he previously watched
the video upon its provision in discovery. Additionally, defense counsel noted: “we’re
down to about 36 minutes you want to show.” (Tr. 745). The cut of the video played
by the state at trial may have satisfied defense counsel’s concerns. As the state
points out, the video involved an admission by a party-opponent under Evid.R.
801(D)(2)(a), which is not hearsay. Furthermore, Appellant does not allude to any
portion of the video he contends should have been the subject of a relevancy
objection under Evid.R. 402, which provides: “All relevant evidence is admissible
[except as otherwise provided]. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.”
The mere fact the aforementioned exchange occurred between the court and
defense counsel does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel.
      {¶87} Next, Appellant complains defense counsel did not object to the lead
detective’s testimony that a “bop” was a robbery as the detective had not been
qualified as an expert under Evid.R. 702. The lead detective first visited Appellant,
who was accompanied by his mother, in the emergency room. Appellant disclosed
he received a call from his uncle and “was going to pick him up to bring him over to
Elm Street for a bop.” (Tr. 727). The detective testified he stopped speaking to
Appellant and went to retrieve a Miranda waiver form because he knew the word
“bop” to mean a robbery. (Tr. 727-728). He said Appellant advised he meant drug
deal by the term “bop.” The detective explained: “Over my years of experience and
working different types of crimes, including robbery, that’s the slang that I’m
accustomed to that usually people come in that describe a robbery describe it as a
bop. It’s just street slang.” (Tr. 733). He had already testified he worked for the
Youngstown Police Department for 23 years. (Tr. 720).
      {¶88} A witness may testify as an expert if: (A) the testimony either relates to
matters beyond the knowledge or experience possessed by lay persons or dispels a
misconception common among lay persons; (B) the witness is qualified as an expert
by specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education on the subject
matter; and (C) the testimony is based on reliable scientific, technical, or other
specialized information. Evid.R. 702 (with additional rules for test results). A lay
witness can also provide an opinion. Evid.R. 701 provides: “If the witness is not
                                                                                    -30-

testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is
limited to those opinions or inferences which are (1) rationally based on the
perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness'
testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.”
       {¶89} “[A] police officer is permitted to testify concerning his own expertise as
to the behavioral and language patterns of people commonly observed on the
streets, including people associated with criminal activities, in a manner helpful for
the jury's clear understanding of the factual issues involved.” State v. Barnett, 10th
Dist. No. 92AP-345 (Sept. 22, 1992) (“In particular, the police officer's knowledge of
the slang terminology usually accompanying drug transactions is permissible.”). See
also State v. Mason, 5th Dist. No. 2003CA00438, 2004-Ohio-4896, ¶ 23-35
(detective was permitted to testify that “40” in certain context referred to $40 worth of
crack cocaine). State v. Scott, 10th Dist. No. 90AP-255 (Sept. 27, 1990) (police
officer could relate his knowledge of the slang terminology, nods, and gestures
accompanying drug transactions).
       {¶90} Counsel was not ineffective in failing to object to the detective’s
testimony as to what he believed the slang word “bop” meant on the street. In fact, it
appears defense counsel made a tactical decision to wait to cross-examine the
detective on the subject as he asked the detective, “Have you ever heard that a bop
is * * * a blow job? * * * a woman who gives a good blow job * * * to take off? * * * to
hit something? * * * a girl is a bop?” (Tr. 759).
       {¶91} Lastly, Appellant claims counsel rendered ineffective assistance by
refraining from cross-examining the ballistics expert from the BCI who concluded
three firearms were used in producing the ballistics evidence recovered from the
scene. A bullet core with the different direction of twist and rifling style was found
lying on the floor near the body of a homicide victim who had been shot eleven times.
Appellant urges the expert’s conclusion was ripe for challenge as the bullet core may
have predated the crime and there was a tampering with evidence charge related to
the crime scene.     Notably, Appellant is not contesting the conclusion that three
firearms produced the evidence sent to BCI; rather, he is contesting the investigative
conclusion as to the time and place of the third firearm’s production of the bullet core.
                                                                                   -31-

In accordance, defense counsel raised these issues during cross-examination of the
lead detective. (Tr. 774, 779-782). Counsel should not be second-guessed as to his
decision on which witness he chose to ask about alternative explanations for the
existence of a projectile fired from a third firearm.
       {¶92} For all of the foregoing reasons, this assignment of error is overruled.
              ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR FOUR: SUFFICIENCY & WEIGHT
       {¶93} The argument section under Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is
divided into two distinct sections, sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the
evidence. The assignment of error provides:
       “Appellant’s conviction * * * was against the Manifest Weight of the Evidence
and not supported by sufficient evidence.”
       {¶94} If a conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence, the defendant
cannot be retried as jeopardy attached. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997) (unlike a case reversed on weight of the evidence, which can
be retried), citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 41, 47, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d
652 (1982). All evidence offered by the State and admitted by the trial court, whether
erroneously or not, can be considered to determine whether the evidence was
sufficient to sustain the guilty verdict. State v. Brewer, 121 Ohio St.3d 202, 2009-
Ohio-593, 903 N.E.2d 284, ¶ 16-20, citing Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 35, 38,
40-42 109 S.Ct. 285, 102 L.Ed.2d 265 (1988).
       {¶95} Whether the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a conviction is a
question of law. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 386. It is a test of adequacy. Id. An
evaluation of a witness’s credibility is not involved in a sufficiency review. State v.
Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227, 240, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, ¶ 79. Rather,
the question is whether the evidence, if believed, is sufficient. See id. at ¶ 82; State
v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 543, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001).              In other words,
sufficiency involves the state’s burden of production rather than its burden of
persuasion. See Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 390 (Cook, J., concurring). In viewing
a sufficiency of the evidence argument, the evidence and all rational inferences are
evaluated in the light most favorable to the prosecution. See State v. Goff, 82 Ohio
St.3d 123, 138, 694 N.E.2d 916 (1998). A conviction cannot be reversed on grounds
                                                                                    -32-

of sufficiency unless the reviewing court determines that no rational juror could have
found the elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
       {¶96} In making his sufficiency argument, Appellant refers only to the offense
of aggravated murder. The elements of the type of aggravated murder charged in
this case are: purposely causing the death of another while committing or attempting
to commit, or while fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit
aggravated robbery. See R.C. 2903.01(B) (or other listed offenses including robbery,
aggravated burglary, burglary, and trespass in a habitation when a person is present
or likely to be present). Appellant takes issue with the element of purpose, arguing
there was insufficient evidence he had purpose to cause the victim’s death.
       {¶97} “A person acts purposely when it is the person's specific intention to
cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct
of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it
is the offender's specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature.”          R.C.
2901.22(A).     Appellant believes the only evidence suggesting purpose was the
testimony concluding three guns must have been involved due to a bullet found on
the floor of the crime scene which was not fired from the same firearm as two other
sets of bullets. He concludes this was not enough to indicate he purposely caused
the victim’s death, suggesting this bullet could have predated the shooting and noting
the testimony as to tampering with the scene.
       {¶98} The jury found Appellant guilty of aggravated murder. This verdict form
instructed the jury to skip an attached complicity verdict form in the case of a guilty
verdict; thus, a verdict form specifically mentioning complicity was not reached.
Because a person who is complicit in the commission of an offense can be
prosecuted and punished as if he were a principal offender, complicity need not be
charged in the indictment and can be stated in terms of the principal offense. State v.
Hand, 107 Ohio St.3d 378, 2006-Ohio-18, 840 N.E.2d 151, ¶ 181; R.C. 2923.03(F).
The state must show the complicit defendant shared the criminal intent of the
principal, and this intent may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the
crime and from the defendant’s conduct before, during, and after the offense. State
v. Johnson, 93 Ohio St.3d 240, 245, 754 N.E.2d 796 (2001).
                                                                                      -33-

       {¶99} The principal defendant’s intent can also be ascertained from the
surrounding facts and circumstances. State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 485, 739
N.E.2d 749 (2001). Circumstantial evidence has the same probative value as direct
evidence. Id. “A firearm is an inherently dangerous instrumentality, the use of which
is likely to produce death, and a jury could reasonably infer from all testimony
presented that a defendant formed the specific intent necessary to commit murder.”
State v. Dickerson, 7th Dist. No. 96 C.A. 150 (Mar. 30, 1998) (where defendant
argued insufficient evidence of purpose), citing State v. Widner, 69 Ohio St.2d 267,
270, 431 N.E.2d 1025 (1982).
       {¶100} The evidence, if believed, was sufficient to prove Appellant’s purpose
to cause the victim’s death. See Yarbrough, 95 Ohio St.3d 227 at ¶ 82; Murphy, 91
Ohio St.3d at 543. Viewed in the light most favorable to the state, the evidence
shows: Appellant intended to go to the victim’s house with his uncle to rob the victim
of money and drugs; Appellant picked up his uncle, drove to the victim’s house, and
entered the house; Appellant admitted his position near the bed; his blood was found
on the bed and spattered behind it, confirming his location when he was shot at very
close range, an apparent contact wound; Appellant stated the shot knocked him into
the corner; the victim had a revolver near his fingertips which contained five fired
cartridges and one bullet remaining; Appellant’s DNA was found on the handle of this
revolver; the victim was shot eleven times with entry wounds on multiple sides of his
body; the ballistics evidence demonstrated three different firearms produced the
evidence collected; the single bullet core showing the presence of a third firearm was
found lying on the floor near the body; multiple casings were clustered in a location
consistent with being ejected from a firing semi-automatic handgun located near
Appellant’s position; Appellant fled after the victim was killed, dropping his uncle off in
critical condition at one emergency room and then driving to a different emergency
room to have his own massive gunshot wound to the arm treated; and Appellant told
various progressive stories to police, ending with a retraction.
       {¶101} The question is merely whether any rational mind (with an emphasis
on any) could find the disputed element was established by the direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Getsy, 84 Ohio St.3d 180, 193, 702 N.E.2d 866
                                                                                   -34-

(1998). Upon viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a
rational juror could have found the elements of the contested offense proven beyond
a reasonable doubt.      See Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d at 138.        Appellant’s sufficiency
argument is overruled.
      {¶102} As to weight of the evidence, Appellant states the conclusion he
committed murder was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. He says the
evidence did not credibly show he knew a robbery was going to be committed and
death was a foreseeable result.
      {¶103} Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater
amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather
than the other.”     Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387.         It is not a question of
mathematics but depends on the effect of the evidence in inducing belief. Id. Weight
of the evidence involves the state’s burden of persuasion, whereas sufficiency
involves the burden of production. Id. at 390 (Cook, J., concurring). The appellate
court is to review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in
the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Lang,
129 Ohio St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215, 954 N.E.2d 596, ¶ 220, citing Thompkins, 78
Ohio St.3d at 387.
      {¶104} This discretionary power of the appellate court is to be exercised only
in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.
Id. Where a criminal case has been tried by a jury, only a unanimous appellate court
can reverse on the ground that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 389, citing Section 3(B)(3), Article IV of the
Ohio Constitution. The power of the court of appeals to sit as the “thirteenth juror” is
limited in order to preserve the jury's role with respect to issues surrounding the
credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at
387, 389.
      {¶105} In other words, “the weight to be given the evidence and the credibility
of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the facts.” State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio
                                                                                  -35-

St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 118, quoting State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio
St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. The trier of fact
occupies the best position to weigh the evidence and judge the witnesses' credibility
by observing their gestures, voice inflections, and demeanor. Seasons Coal Co. v.
Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). We therefore generally
proceed under the premise that when there are two fairly reasonable views of the
evidence or two conflicting versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, we do
not choose which one we believe is more credible. State v. Gore, 131 Ohio App.3d
197, 201, 722 N.E.2d 125 (7th Dist.1999).
      {¶106} Appellant argues the following testimony did not credibly prove he had
knowledge a robbery would be committed: the former inmate’s claim Thomas told
him Appellant knew they were going to commit a robbery; the claim of the woman
(who loved the victim {and Appellant} like a son) that Appellant acknowledged he
knew he was accompanying his uncle on what he thought would be an “easy”
robbery; and the portion of the detective’s testimony claiming “bop” meant something
other than what Appellant said he meant by it. The jury heard and saw the witnesses
testify on direct and on cross-examination and could evaluate the explanations
provided by these witnesses. It was the province of the jurors to notice behavioral
pauses, verbal/non-verbal disconnects, demeanor, gestures, voice inflections, or eye
movements and evaluate whether any of these indicators tended to project an aura of
truthfulness or untruthfulness.   The jury could reasonably believe the testimony
Appellant contests here; it was believable.
      {¶107} As aforementioned, in evaluating a weight of the evidence argument,
we review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in
the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Lang, 129 Ohio
St.3d 512 at ¶ 220, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. Upon such review, we
conclude this is not an exceptional case where the jury clearly lost its way and
created a manifest miscarriage of justice. We refuse to sit as the thirteenth juror in
this case. This assignment of error is overruled.
                                                                                    -36-

               ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR FIVE: MANDATORY BINDOVER
       {¶108} Appellant’s fifth assignment of error provides:
       “The mandatory transfer of Kalontae, an alleged juvenile offender, to the adult
court system violated his rights to due process and equal protection, pursuant to
State v. Aalim * * *.”
       {¶109} In Aalim, the defendant was statutorily subject to mandatory transfer
from the juvenile court to the general division. He argued mandatory transfer violated
his due process and equal protection rights as well as the prohibition against cruel
and unusual punishment under the United States and Ohio Constitutions.              The
appellate court rejected the defendant’s challenge to the mandatory transfer statutes
and affirmed the trial court's judgment. In a 4-3 decision, the Ohio Supreme Court
reversed the judgment of the appellate court and remanded to the juvenile court for
an amenability hearing.    Specifically, the Court held the mandatory transfer of a
juvenile to the general division violates a juvenile’s right to due process under Article
I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. State v. Aalim, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-
8278, __ N.E.3d __, paragraph one of the syllabus.
       {¶110} The Court held an amenability hearing was necessary before any
juvenile is transferred to the general division. Id. at ¶ 20, 24-25. Upon finding the
mandatory transfer provisions in R.C. 2152.10(A) and 2152.12(A) unconstitutional,
the Court severed those provisions. Id. at ¶ 29. “After the severance, transfers of
juveniles previously subject to mandatory transfer may occur pursuant to R.C.
2152.10(B) and 2152.12(B) [the discretionary transfer provisions].”           Id.   The
discretionary transfer process set forth in R.C. 2152.10(B) and 2152.12(B) through
(E) was recognized as satisfying due process. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
       {¶111} The Court thereafter applied the Aalim holding to other cases without
regard to the defendant’s waiver of the issue in the trial court. See State v. D.B., __
Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-8334, __ N.E.3d __; State v. Lee, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-
Ohio-8469, __ N.E.3d __.      However, on February 22, 2017, the Supreme Court
stayed execution of its judgment in Aalim pending its decision on a timely
reconsideration motion.     In accordance, this court held the present appeal in
abeyance pending the Aalim reconsideration decision.
                                                                                   -37-

       {¶112} On May 25, 2017, the Ohio Supreme Court issued its reconsideration
decision in Aalim, affirming the appellate court’s decision and concluding the
mandatory transfer of juveniles under the statutory scheme was not unconstitutional.
State v. Aalim, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2017-Ohio-2956, __ N.E.3d __. The Court held the
mandatory transfer statutes were not violative of Ohio’s Constitution because Article
IV, Section 4(B) of the Ohio Constitution grants exclusive authority to the General
Assembly to determine the subject matter to be allocated to the exclusive original
jurisdiction of specified divisions of the courts of common pleas. Id. at ¶ 1-2.
       {¶113} The Court concluded: “mandatory bindover of certain juveniles to adult
court under R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b) does not violate the Due
Course of Law Clause or the Equal Protection Clause of the Ohio Constitution and
the analogous provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution.” Id. at ¶ 4. Appellant’s brief asks this court to apply Aalim. As the
Aalim decision relied upon by Appellant was vacated by the Supreme Court on
reconsideration, this assignment of error is overruled.
       {¶114} For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.


Waite, J., concurs.
Donofrio, J.,concurs.
