                                                                           FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            SEP 02 2016
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                                FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        Nos. 14-30190
                                                      14-30254
              Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                 D.C. No. 3:13-cr-00060-SLG-1
       v.

LOREN KENT DODDS,                                MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Alaska
                    Sharon L. Gleason, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted August 4, 2016
                                Anchorage, Alaska

Before: FISHER, PAEZ and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.

      Loren Kent Dodds appeals his conviction for possessing and manufacturing

with intent to distribute more than 100 marijuana plants in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(B) and the district court’s order awarding restitution. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm Dodds’ conviction and

vacate the restitution order.


         *
          This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                                          1

      The district court properly denied Dodds’ motion to suppress evidence

derived from four search warrants. Dodds argues the February 2 warrant should

have been suppressed for two reasons. First, he contends Trooper Cooper’s

unrecorded oral affidavit did not comply with the Fourth Amendment’s oath or

affirmation requirement. But even if Dodds were correct, suppression was not

required because Cooper’s reliance on the warrant was “objectively reasonable.”

United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 922-24 (1984) (establishing good faith

exception to the exclusionary rule). Contrary to Dodds’ suggestion, the magistrate

did not “wholly abandon[] his judicial role in the manner condemned in Lo-Ji

Sales, Inc. v. New York,” id. at 923, by failing to make a contemporaneous

recording of Cooper’s oral affidavit. The magistrate’s conduct in Lo-Ji,

“allow[ing] himself to become a member, if not the leader, of the search party,”

442 U.S. 319, 327 (1979), bears no relation to the facts here. Furthermore, there is

no evidence Cooper knew or should have known of the magistrate’s procedural

error before he conducted the search.

      Second, Dodds argues that Cooper’s oral affidavit failed to establish

probable cause because the observations made on his property must be excised.

We disagree. Cooper’s observation of a strong odor of marijuana was not, as


                                          2
Dodds contends, “accomplished through an unlicensed physical intrusion.”

Florida v. Jardines, 133 S. Ct. 1409, 1415 (2013). Cooper smelled the odor while

attempting to conduct a knock-and-talk; “a police officer not armed with a warrant

may approach a home and knock, precisely because that is ‘no more than any

private citizen might do.’” Id. at 1416 (quoting Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452,

469 (2011)). Even disregarding other observations made on Dodds’ property that

Dodds argues were the fruit of an illegal search, the strong odor combined with the

report of an identified informant and Cooper’s independent corroboration of

certain details in that report suffice to establish probable cause. Dodds’ assertion

that Cooper’s affidavit was “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render

official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable,” Leon, 468 U.S. at 923, is

without merit.

      Because the good faith exception applies, we do not decide whether the

Fourth Amendment requires a contemporaneous recording of the oath or

affirmation supporting issuance of a warrant. We also do not reach Dodds’

argument, raised for the first time on appeal, that suppression of the February 2

warrant was required because “the record does not show, and the district court did

not find, that Trooper Cooper read the warrant itself to the judge.” “The failure to

raise a particular ground in support of a motion to suppress constitutes a waiver of


                                           3
that challenge.” United States v. Hawkins, 249 F.3d 867, 872 (9th Cir. 2001).

Dodds’ motion for judicial notice in support of this argument is denied as moot.

      Dodds’ challenges to three subsequently issued warrants depend upon his

contention that evidence collected in reliance on the February 2 warrant must be

suppressed. Therefore, those challenges also fail.

                                          2

      The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting testimony linking

Dodds to the purchase of firearms. The court properly concluded this testimony

provided necessary context on the role of a cooperating witness and her

relationship to Dodds, and that its probative value was not substantially

outweighed by unfair prejudice under Federal Rule of Evidence 403. Furthermore,

any error was harmless given the overwhelming evidence of guilt, including the

discovery of over 600 marijuana plants and cultivating equipment in Dodds’ home.

See United States v. Pang, 362 F.3d 1187, 1192 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[W]e will only

reverse if an erroneous evidentiary ruling ‘more likely than not affected the

verdict.’” (quoting United States v. Angwin, 271 F.3d 786, 798 (9th Cir. 2001))).

                                          3

      In accordance with the parties’ stipulation, we vacate the district court’s

order of restitution in favor of Matanuska Electric Association, Inc. The district


                                          4
court exceeded its authority under 18 U.S.C. § 3663 to order restitution for “acts of

related conduct for which the defendant was not convicted” because Dodds was not

convicted of a crime involving “a scheme, conspiracy, or pattern of criminal

activity as an element of the offense.” United States v. Lawrence, 189 F.3d 838,

846 (9th Cir. 1999).

      AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED.

Dodds’ motion for judicial notice, filed December 9, 2015, is DENIED.




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