          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit
No. 09-1416

 ANDREW ZIMMERMAN; KELLY ZIMMERMAN, On Behalf of Themselves and
                 All Others Similarly Situated,

                     Plaintiffs, Appellees,

                               v.

                  JOHN PUCCIO; RICHARD PUCCIO,

                     Defendants, Appellants,

    CAMBRIDGE CREDIT COUNSELING CORP.; CAMBRIDGE/BRIGHTON BUDGET
PLANNING CORP.; DEBT RELIEF CLEARINGHOUSE, LTD.; CAMBRIDGE CREDIT
 CORP.; CYPRESS ADVERTISING AND PROMOTIONS, INC.; BRIGHTON CREDIT
  CORP.; BRIGHTON DEBT MANAGEMENT SERVICES, LTD.; BRIGHTON CREDIT
  CORP. OF MASSACHUSETTS; CAMBRIDGE CONSUMER CREDIT INDEX, INC.;
  SOUTHFORK ASSET MANAGEMENT CORP.; CAPITAL ONE BANK; CAPITAL ONE
  CREDIT CARD SERVICES; CAPITAL ONE F.S.B.; CHASE MANHATTAN BANK
  U.S.A.N.A.; JPMORGAN CHASE & CO.; PROVIDIAN BANCORP SERVICES;
   PROVIDIAN BANK; PROVIDIAN FINANCIAL CORPORATION; USAA FEDERAL
     SAVINGS BANK; USAA SAVINGS BANK; FIRST CONSUMER CMC CORP.,

                           Defendants.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
         [Hon. Michael A. Ponsor, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                     Lipez, Circuit Judge,
                  Souter, Associate Justice,*
                   and Selya, Circuit Judge.


     Charles P. Kindregan, with whom Nancy L. Perlman and Looney &


     *
      The Hon. David H. Souter, Associate Justice (Ret.) of the
Supreme Court of the United States, sitting by designation.
Grossman LLP were on brief, for appellants.
     David J. Vendler, with whom Richard H. Nakamura, Jr., Maureen
M. Home, Morris Polich & Purdy LLP, G. Oliver Koppell, John F.
Duane, Daniel F. Schreck, Law Offices of G. Oliver Koppell, Stephen
G. Hennessy, Gregory S. Duncan, Garrett Minor Smith, Michie Hamlett
Lowry Rasmussen & Twell, Joseph Seth Tusa, and Whalen & Tusa, P.C.,
were on brief, for appellees.



                          July 27, 2010
          LIPEZ, Circuit Judge. Appellants John and Richard Puccio

appeal from the district court's grant of summary judgment to the

plaintiffs, Andrew and Kelly Zimmerman, on behalf of a class of

clients of Cambridge Credit Counseling Corporation ("Cambridge"),

one of the Puccios' business enterprises, pursuant to the Credit

Repair Organizations Act ("CROA"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1679-1679j.          CROA

was enacted by Congress in 1996 to protect the public from unfair

or deceptive advertising and business practices by credit repair

organizations.

          Although the district court entered summary judgment

against   the    Puccios   and   multiple   corporate   defendants    for

violations of CROA, the corporate defendants have not appealed.

Instead, the Puccios appeal the judgment against them personally

for the violation of two provisions of CROA, the first making it

unlawful to "make or use any untrue or misleading representation of

the services of the credit repair organization," id. § 1679b(a)(3),

and the second making it unlawful to "engage . . . [in a] course of

business that constitutes or results in the commission of, or an

attempt to commit, a fraud or deception on any person in connection

with the offer or sale of the services of the credit repair

organization," id. § 1679b(a)(4).

          The Puccios argue that they do not fall within the ambit

of CROA because Cambridge, their credit counseling enterprise, does

not qualify as a "credit repair organization" as defined by the


                                   -3-
Act.    They also argue that the district court erred in piercing the

corporate veil when it found them liable for violating Section

1679b(a)(4).      Finally, in their primary argument directed at their

substantive liability under Section 1679b(a)(3), the Puccios argue

that the district court did not, in fact, find them liable under

the    "misleading     representation"           provision,    id.    §    1679b(a)(3).

Alternatively, if the district court did find them liable under

(a)(3), the Puccios argue (but only barely) that the district court

again erred in piercing the corporate veil.

            After      careful    consideration,        we    affirm       the   district

court's grant of summary judgment for the plaintiffs.                       We conclude

that Cambridge was a "credit repair organization" within the

meaning    of   CROA.       We    also    conclude     that   the     district      court

unambiguously        held        the      Puccios      liable        for     misleading

representations under Section 1679b(a)(3) of CROA, and we affirm

that    finding   of    liability        based    on   the   court's       piercing   the

corporate veil analysis.               We do not reach the Puccios' liability

under Section 1679b(a)(4), and their attendant arguments about the

summary judgment standard and corporate veil-piercing, because the

Puccios' liability under Section 1679b(a)(3) fully supports the

district court's grant of summary judgment.

                                            I.

            In this appeal from the district court's grant of summary

judgment for the plaintiffs, we must recite the material facts in


                                           -4-
the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment, in

this case, the defendants. Torres Vargas v. Santiago Cummings, 149

F.3d 29, 30 (1st Cir. 1998).       Nonetheless, that requirement has

less significance here because we draw much of our recitation of

the facts from the plaintiffs' statement of material facts, which

forms part of the undisputed record on appeal.           It is undisputed

because the district court deemed the plaintiffs' statement of

facts   admitted   in   the   absence    of   proper   opposition    by    the

defendants pursuant to the District of Massachusetts Local Rule

56.1.   Zimmerman v. Puccio, 529 F. Supp. 2d 254, 258 n.3 (D. Mass.

2008) ("It must be noted that Defendants failed properly to dispute

many of Plaintiffs' proffered facts. . . . In such instances, the

court has taken the Plaintiffs' account as true.").                 The rule

requires that a party's opposition to a motion for summary judgment

include a "concise statement of the material facts of record as to

which it is contended that there exists a genuine issue to be

tried, with page references to affidavits, depositions and other

documentation."    D. Mass. Local R. 56.1.       In the absence of such a

statement, "[m]aterial facts of record set forth in the statement

required to be served by the moving party will be deemed for

purposes of the motion to be admitted by opposing parties."               Id.

           We have reiterated the importance of such rules to the

district courts in preventing litigants from shifting the burden of

organizing evidence to the district court, and "we treat the


                                   -5-
district   court's   decision   to    apply   [them]   with   deference."

Carreras v. Sajo, Garcia & Partners, 596 F.3d 25, 31 (1st Cir.

2010).     In this case, the defendants' failure to provide any

citations whatsoever in their opposition statement leaves no doubt

as to their noncompliance.      That the parties filed cross motions

for summary judgment does not affect either party's obligation to

comply with the local rule.          See P.R. Am. Ins. Co. v. Rivera-

Vázquez, 603 F.3d 125, 132 (1st Cir. 2010) ("A party cannot

circumvent the requirements imposed by an anti-ferret rule simply

by filing a cross-motion for summary judgment and expecting the

district court to do its homework.").          The defendants offer no

other reason why we should revisit the district court's decision to

deem the facts in the plaintiffs' statement to be admitted and we

decline to do so.1

A. The Puccio Companies

           1. Corporate Structure




     1
       Due to the defendants' failure to respond to the plaintiffs'
requests for admissions for almost two years, a period well beyond
that required by rule, the district court also deemed them to have
admitted the facts in the plaintiffs' requests for admissions.
Zimmerman, 529 F. Supp. 2d at 271.       Because we find that the
district court was well within its discretion to deem the
plaintiffs' statement of facts admitted, and that the facts therein
provide an ample basis for affirming the judgment, we need not rely
on - or reach the legal issues surrounding - the deemed requests
for admissions. To the extent that any fact put forward in the
deemed statement of facts relies for record support on the requests
for admissions, we do not treat that fact as admitted.

                                     -6-
             In    the   early   1990s,    John   Puccio    controlled      several

entities doing business in the arena of debt management.2                        He

started Cambridge Credit Corp. ("CCC"), a New York corporation, in

1993.     Later that year, he founded Brighton Credit Corp. ("BCC"),

also in New York.             He served as president of both for-profit

corporations.        The companies shared office space and employed

almost identical client contracts.

             After CCC and BCC were ordered to cease operating by the

New York Banking Department in 1996,3 John Puccio decided to move

his     operations       to    Massachusetts      and     start    a   non-profit

organization.        He and his brother Richard co-founded Cambridge,

which adopted the Service Agreements used previously by for-profits

BCC and CCC.       It provided the same debt management service as did

those companies and employed their staff.                 As he had for BCC and

CCC, John Puccio served as president of the company.                        Richard

Puccio was Cambridge's Vice President and strategic planner.                     He

was also a board member of the company.               In 1996, John Puccio filed

papers     to     register     Cambridge   as     a    nonprofit   entity     under

Massachusetts law and as a 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3) non-profit entity

under federal law.


      2
       For reference, we have created an Appendix listing the
entities, their acronyms, location and status.
      3
       The order concluded that the two companies were acting in
violation of prohibitions in New York law on for-profit entities
conducting "budget planning" business and on conducting a "money
transmission business without an appropriate license."

                                       -7-
          Shortly after the formation of Cambridge, John Puccio

arranged to have the new company purchase the "intangible assets"

of BCC and CCC for $14.1 million.         Although the Intangible Asset

Sale Agreement purported to convey to Cambridge the goodwill in the

trademarks and copyrights of BCC and CCC, neither company had been

issued any trademarks or copyrights at the time of the purchase.

Moreover, the sale was concluded without negotiation and in the

absence of independent representation for Cambridge.

              Around   the   same   time,   John   Puccio   also   founded

Cambridge/Brighton Budget Planning Corporation ("CBBPC") in New

York as a "credit counseling" agency and another "credit counseling

agency," Brighton Credit Management Corp. ("BCMC"), a Florida

entity.   Both were controlled by John Puccio, who handled day-to-

day operations and hiring and oversaw the general operations of the

businesses.    They used service agreements virtually identical to

the Puccios' other concerns and advertised their affiliation with

each other and with Cambridge.

          All three companies, Cambridge, CBBPC, and BCMC, got

"back office support" for their operations from yet another Puccio

entity, Brighton Credit Corp. of Massachusetts ("BC Mass").4            BC


     4
        BC Mass changed its name to Brighton Debt Management
Services, Inc. in 2003. Still later, it changed its name to First
Consumers. BC Mass was jointly owned by John and Richard Puccio.
After the first name change, John Puccio became listed as the sole
shareholder and president of the company. Defendants conceded that
"the businesses were essentially the same from Brighton Credit of
Mass to Brighton DMS to First Consumers." For the purposes of this

                                    -8-
Mass worked exclusively for the three Puccio companies. It did not

have clients of its own, but performed all mailing, correspondence,

ongoing   customer   services,   and   record-keeping   services   in

connection with the debt management service being sold by the other

Puccio companies. It also handled Cambridge's "Good Payer" program

and took care of all other matters related to client accounting,

including the central function of communicating with creditors in

order to achieve the re-aging5 of client accounts.      If a client

called the phone number provided by Cambridge, a BC Mass employee

would answer.

          John and Richard Puccio created and controlled several

additional companies. For example, Debt Relief Clearinghouse Ltd.,

was the marketing arm of the Puccio organization, while Cypress

Advertising and Promotions, Inc., placed advertisements for the

Puccio credit companies.   All of the businesses shared employees

and office space, and the managers of one company supervised

employees of the others.

          The Puccios treated their companies interchangeably.

They charged expenses for one company to the credit card of

another, while paying the bill with a check from yet another of the

corporations.   At least one person who worked for CCC, Cambridge


opinion, we refer to all iterations of that entity as BC Mass.
     5
       As we discuss in greater detail later in this opinion, re-
aging accounts involves negotiating with creditors to re-label past
due accounts as current.

                                 -9-
and   BC   Mass   at   different       times    directly   received     the    bank

statements and paid the bills of one Puccio company while he was

not an employee of that company, but instead worked for a different

Puccio enterprise.        While John Puccio was running Cambridge, the

company    paid   large   sums    of    money    to   other   Puccio-controlled

companies without consideration.               For example, JRJ Associates,

Inc., a company owned by John and Richard Puccio, was paid at least

$150,000 by Cambridge.           John and Richard Puccio also purchased

personal items with corporate funds.                  Personal charges from a

"gentleman's      club"   and    for    a   yacht     appeared   on   the    Puccio

companies' corporate credit card bills.

            The    Puccios      paid    themselves      salaries      from    their

corporations.      In 2001 and 2003, they were each paid $624,000 by

Cambridge.     John Puccio was paid $648,000 in 2004.                  His total

salary from his credit companies for the period from 1996 to 2004

was $30,987,572, while Richard Puccio's aggregate compensation was

$21,719,908.

            2. Corporate Services

            Cambridge, CBBPC and BCMC created individualized Debt

Management Plans ("Debt Plans") for clients.                     Customers were

charged an up front "Design Fee" for the development of the Debt

Plan equal to the amount of one monthly payment as well as a ten

percent monthly fee or twenty-five dollars, whichever was greater.

The plans would set a single monthly payment to be paid by the


                                        -10-
client to the particular Puccio enterprise servicing that client,

which would then be dispersed to the client's creditors.                The

Puccio companies would also negotiate with a client's creditors for

better terms on their debt through interest rate reductions or

decreases in principal.        They would also attempt to "re-age"

clients' accounts by convincing creditors who were owed late

payments to re-label the accounts as current.          In exchange for re-

aging, the Puccio company would commit its customers to making

payments on the account for a set amount of time.

              The IRS form accompanying Cambridge's application for

501(c)(3) status, which was signed by John Puccio, stated that the

company's clients would enjoy "Improved Credit Rating." On its tax

returns in 2000, 2001 and 2003, Cambridge described the principal

objective of its Debt Management Program as including "improv[ing]

a consumer's credit rating over time by establishing a consistent

payment history."

              Cambridge, BCMC and CBBPC advertised their ability to

improve   a    client's   credit.   The    three   companies'   promotional

materials made promises such as "we can help you . . . restore your

credit rating," and "[w]hen you join our debt management program,

we'll be able to help you reestablish your credit."             The company

sent out a quarterly newsletter containing advice on how "to

rebuild your credit."      Cambridge's website stated that "by taking

advantage of our Debt Management Program, we can help you . . . Re-


                                    -11-
establish Your Credit."      The website also had a feature called

"Cambridge   Answer   Man"   to   "help   people   understand   the   often

confusing world of credit." A customer who used this feature would

be able to click for answers to questions such as "How Can I

Rebuild My Credit?" The welcome package sent to clients after they

enrolled with Cambridge contained a section entitled "A Fresh

Start."   The materials asserted, "that is exactly what you have

received by joining our program" and listed "an improved credit

profile" among the "life benefits" received by clients using

Cambridge's program.

          The contract sent to clients contained disclaimers that

stated:

                 The CLIENT understands that CAMBRIDGE
          makes no representation about any aspect of
          the CLIENT'S credit rating.     Creditors will
          sometimes report participation in CAMBRIDGE's
          program as a "consumer credit counseling" item
          on your credit report. Persons with perfect
          credit histories may have their credit record
          adversely affected. CAMBRIDGE has no control
          over reporting or interpretation, as it is
          strictly a creditor and lender decision. The
          CLIENT's credit rating is outside the scope of
          this Agreement, however, at the CLIENT's
          request, CAMBRIDGE will provide CLIENT with
          credit references based upon CLIENT's payment
          history with CAMBRIDGE.
          . . .
                 CAMBRIDGE has not authorized any person
          or other company to make representations on
          its behalf concerning fees, credit, any
          services to be performed by CAMBRIDGE or any
          other matter. In the event you were referred
          to   CAMBRIDGE   by   another    company,  you
          understand that the other company was not
          authorized to make any representations about

                                   -12-
          CAMBRIDGE or its services. You agree that all
          the representations concerning fees, credit,
          refinancing or any services to be performed by
          CAMBRIDGE that were made by CAMBRIDGE or
          relied upon by you when you signed this
          Service Agreement are set forth in this
          Agreement. . . .      All the obligations of
          CAMBRIDGE are set forth in this agreement.

          Employees of BC Mass, who responded to phone calls from

Cambridge, BCMC and CBBPC's clients, were trained to speak about

the benefits of re-aging accounts.   All employees were coached to

answer questions about how joining a Debt Plan might affect a

client's credit score.    The sales scripts used by the Puccio

companies directed their employees to tell clients,

          You're already behind with the bills so this
          can only help your credit.    By making your
          payments on time to us we will be able to
          bring your accounts back to a current status,
          plus establish a credit reference to back you
          up when you apply for future financing.

Depending on how far behind a client was, the script instructed an

employee to tell the client, "[s]o long as you follow through with

the program it can only help not hurt."

          If a client inquired about settling his or her accounts,

the Puccio employee was directed to say,

          settlements can damage your credit almost as
          much as a bankruptcy . . . Our program is
          designed to get you out of debt and protect
          your credit rating . . . Over the course of
          the program your credit rating will improve,
          making it easier to qualify for financing in
          the future.




                              -13-
If the client persisted, the script required that the employee

respond,

               Our program is designed to help you get out of
               debt and improve your credit rating. You will
               reestablish a good payment history and improve
               your debt to income ratio. Over the course of
               the program your credit rating will improve.

Employees were directed to closely follow the scripts, and they

were       evaluated    on   how   well    they   adhered   to    them.    Their

compensation, at least for a time, was linked to how many customers

they enrolled because they were paid a commission from the initial

fees paid by clients.         At Cambridge, employees could earn bonuses

for high sales, while low sales volumes were penalized.

B. The Zimmermans6

               Andrew and Kelly Zimmerman are a married couple. In late

2001, they learned about Cambridge through radio, television, and

internet advertisements.            Attracted to the company's non-profit

status and hopeful that it could help the couple deal with their

debt, Andrew Zimmerman called Cambridge's toll-free number. He was

eventually faxed a five-page Service Agreement, which he signed.

The    agreement       provided    that   Cambridge   would      consolidate   the

Zimmerman's monthly payments into a single payment, use its best

efforts to reduce the amount of the monthly payment and the



       6
      Although the plaintiffs' filings indicate that their surname
is spelled "Zimmermann," we, like the district court, continue to
use the incorrect spelling for consistency among the multiple
opinions arising from this action.

                                          -14-
interest rates being paid to creditors, and pay the Zimmermans a

portion of creditor contributions obtained through Cambridge's

"Good Payer Program."7

            When the Zimmermans returned the contract to Cambridge,

the company offered them a proposed Debt Plan with a monthly

payment of $798.00.   The Zimmermans enrolled in the Debt Plan.   In

return for its services, as described above, Cambridge charged a

"Design Fee" in the amount of one monthly payment and a monthly

payment processing fee of ten percent or twenty-five dollars,

whichever was greater.

            Without their knowledge, once the Zimmermans enrolled in

the Debt Plan and paid the $798.00 Design Fee, their account was

transferred from Cambridge to BC Mass, a for-profit company.      BC

Mass mailed the Zimmermans a welcome packet and proceeded to

administer their account by negotiating a reduction in the interest

rate on some of their debts, eliminating some of their late charges

and fees, and decreasing the minimum payments on some of their

accounts.   The Zimmermans were never told that their account would

be handled by a for-profit back office company, or that this

company would be contacting their creditors and would have access


     7
       Under the Good Payer Program, Cambridge solicited payments
from its clients' creditors in exchange for Cambridge's services.
For every six month period during which a client made all payments
"on time and in the required amount," Cambridge would pay them a
"bonus" of fifty percent of any contributions obtained from the
client's creditors.    The record does not disclose any further
details about this program.

                                -15-
to personal information about them.   To the contrary, the contract

the Zimmermans signed with Cambridge explicitly identified the

company as a "not-for-profit organization."

          Approximately nine months after signing their contract

with Cambridge, the Zimmermans terminated the relationship in

September 2002.   They filed for bankruptcy in late 2003.

                                II.

          This class action law suit originated in 2003, when the

Zimmermans filed a complaint against John and Richard Puccio (the

defendants), Cambridge Credit Counseling Corp., Cambridge/Brighton

Budget Planning Corp., Brighton Credit Management Corp., Cambridge

Credit Corp., Brighton Credit Corp., Brighton Debt Management

Services, Ltd., Brighton Credit Corp. of Massachusetts, and several

additional corporate defendants (the corporate defendants).8      The

Zimmermans'   amended   complaint   charged   the   defendants   with

violations of CROA, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1679-1679j, and with unfair or

deceptive acts or practices in violation of the Massachusetts

Consumer Protection Act, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A.

          The district court initially granted the defendants'

motion to dismiss the Zimmermans' federal claims, finding that, as

a non-profit entity, Cambridge was exempt from CROA.    On appeal of

that judgment, we vacated the district court's dismissal of the


     8
       The additional defendants were Debt Relief Clearinghouse,
Ltd., Cypress Advertising and Promotions, Southfork Asset
Management Corp., and First Consumers Credit Management Corp.

                               -16-
plaintiffs'     federal     claims.     Zimmerman      v.    Cambridge        Credit

Counseling Corp., 409 F.3d 473, 479 (1st Cir. 2005).                 We concluded

that the statutory exception to CROA liability for "any nonprofit

organization which is exempt from taxation under section 501(c)(3)"

of the Internal Revenue Code, 15 U.S.C. § 1679(a)(3)(B)(i), did not

apply to the defendants simply because they had registered as

section   501(c)(3)     entities.      Zimmerman,      409    F.3d       at   475-77.

Instead, we held that in order to qualify for the statutory

exemption,    an   entity    "must    actually   operate      as     a    nonprofit

organization and be exempt from taxation under section 501(c)(3)."

Id. at 478 (emphasis in original).

           In   2007,     following    our   remand,    the    district        court

certified a class consisting of consumers whose Debt Plans were

serviced by BC Mass,9 and a subclass consisting of "all individuals

who entered into a contract for a Debt Management Plan with

Cambridge . . . from November 3, 1998 through September 18, 2006."

After almost two years of discovery, the parties filed cross

motions for summary judgment.10 In January 2008, the district court


     9
       The district court's December 6, 2007 class certification
order defined the class as "[a]ll individuals who at any time after
November 3, 1998 through to the present paid, directly or
indirectly, any money or other valuable consideration to Brighton
Credit Corp. of Massachusetts, Brighton Debt Management Services,
Ltd., or First Consumers Credit Management Corp. for any service
related to the individual's Debt Management Plan."
     10
        During the intervening time, defendant Cambridge settled
the action against it and was voluntarily dismissed.           That
settlement did not release the Puccios or any remaining defendants.

                                      -17-
granted summary judgment for the plaintiffs.       The court found that

Cambridge, BCMC, CBBPC and BC Mass operated as Credit Repair

Organizations within the meaning of CROA because they "crossed the

boundary from credit counseling into credit repair with their

continued and insistent representations to consumers that their

services could only help improve clients' credit."      Zimmerman, 529

F. Supp. 2d at 275.       The court held that Cambridge was not exempt

under CROA's provision for nonprofit organizations because it did

not "in fact and as a matter of law, operate as a nonprofit."        Id.

at 277.

            As credit repair organizations, Cambridge, BCMC, CBBPC

and BC Mass were obligated to comply with the specific statutory

requirements of CROA.      The district court found that they had not

complied     with   any   of   CROA's   requirements.    Id.   at   278.

Specifically, they did not provide consumers with a required

disclosure statement, did not include certain required items in

their service agreements, and did not give consumers a mandatory

separate cancellation form along with the service agreement.        Id.

at 278-79.    Additionally, they violated CROA by charging up-front

fees to consumers before they had fully performed the promised

services.    Id. at 279.

            Turning to the provisions of CROA directed not just at

credit repair organizations, but at "any person," the court found




                                   -18-
that the Puccios and the corporate defendants were liable for

"mak[ing] or us[ing] . . . misleading representation[s] of the

services of [a] credit repair organization" under 15 U.S.C. §

1679b(a)(3) and for "engag[ing] . . . [in a] course of business

that constitutes or results in . . .        an attempt to commit [] a

fraud or deception on any person in connection with the offer or

sale of the services of the credit repair organization" under 15

U.S.C. § 1679b(a)(4).      Id. at 279-80.       Specifically, the court

found that the Puccio corporations misleadingly represented to

clients that they would be retaining the services of a not-for-

profit when, in fact, their accounts were immediately transferred

to   a   for-profit   corporation,   id.   at   279,   and   that   such   a

misrepresentation also qualified as "a fraud or deception," id. at

280.     The court found that all of the corporate defendants and the

Puccios were liable for the activity of Cambridge, BCMC, CBBPC and

BC Mass under either of two theories: (a) because they engaged in

a deceptive "course of business" as prohibited under 15 U.S.C. §

1679b(a)(4); or (b) because the corporations served as the alter

egos of the Puccios such that they and the Puccios could be held

directly liable for Cambridge's actions by piercing the corporate

veil.     Id. at 271-72.

             In March 2009, the district court entered its final

judgment against the Puccios, awarding damages to the plaintiffs,




                                  -19-
on behalf of the certified class, in the amount of $256,527,000.11

The   court    made   its   award   under   CROA's   compensatory   damages

provision which provides that "[a]ny person who fails to comply

with any provision of this subchapter with respect to any other

person shall be liable to such other person in an amount equal to

the sum of . . . [t]he greater of . . . (A) the amount of any

actual damage . . . or (B) any amount paid by the person to the

credit repair organization."         15 U.S.C. § 1679g(a).    The court's

$256.5 million award represented the amount paid by the class

plaintiffs to the defendants through December 31, 2004.12

              John and Richard Puccio now appeal from the district

court's grant of summary judgment.          They contend, as a threshold

matter, that the district court erred in granting summary judgment

because Cambridge is not a credit repair organization within the

meaning of CROA.      The Puccios further argue that even if Cambridge

is a credit repair organization under CROA, there were disputed

issues of fact that should have precluded the award of summary


      11
        The district court also entered judgment against               the
corporate defendants. They have not appealed that judgment.
      12
        Although the certified class covered all individuals who
paid money to Puccio corporations "through to the present," the
plaintiffs agreed to limit the amount of damages to money paid
through December 31, 2004, an amount that was specifically admitted
by the defendants in their response to the plaintiffs' statement of
uncontested facts.     The plaintiffs stipulated that all class
members, including those who paid money after December 31, 2004,
would be included in the distribution of funds to the class, but
that "it is clear that the amount of the overall judgment will be
so high already that not all of it will be collectable."

                                     -20-
judgment on the fraud claim under Section 1679b(a)(4) of CROA.

Their challenge to liability under Section 1679b(a)(3) is less

straightforward.        Primarily, the Puccios insist that the district

court made no findings of liability under (a)(3).                 Secondarily,

they argue that even if the district court did find them liable

under (a)(3), the finding rests on the same flawed veil-piercing

analysis that the district court used in finding them personally

liable under (a)(4).13

                                      III.

               The plaintiffs' claims under CROA present several pure

questions of law, including issues of statutory interpretation.

Our review of the district court's conclusions on those issues is

de novo.       Chiang v. Verizon New England, Inc., 595 F.3d 26, 34 (1st

Cir. 2010).

               We also review de novo the district court's entry of

summary judgment.        Cianbro Corp. v. George H. Dean, Inc., 596 F.3d

10, 14 (1st Cir. 2010).        Summary judgment is appropriate when the

moving       party   demonstrates   that   there   is   no   genuine   issue   of

material fact, and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.        Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Torres, 561

F.3d 74, 77 (1st Cir. 2009).           A material fact is one that would

affect the outcome of the suit, while a genuine issue is one for




       13
            The Puccios do not specifically contest the damages award.

                                      -21-
which the evidence would permit a reasonable jury to return a

verdict for the nonmoving party.           Cianbro, 596 F.3d at 14.

            Unlike a typical case in which a defendant moves for

summary judgment, in this case the plaintiffs prevailed at summary

judgment on claims for which they, as plaintiffs, would bear the

burden of proof at trial.         The plaintiffs "cannot attain summary

judgment unless the evidence that [they] provide[] . . . is

conclusive."      Torres Vargas, 149 F.3d at 35.

                                      IV.

            CROA was enacted in 1996 for two express purposes: first,

to "protect the public from unfair or deceptive advertising and

business practices by credit repair organizations," and second, to

"ensure that prospective buyers of the services of credit repair

organizations are provided with the information necessary to make

an informed decision regarding the purchase of such services."               15

U.S.C. § 1679(b).        Congress passed CROA, which became effective on

April 1, 1997, in response to mounting evidence that unscrupulous

individuals were making their fortunes by leading consumers to

believe that they could repair a consumer's bad credit history.

See S. Rep. No. 103-209, at 7 (1993) ("Fraudulent companies that

lead consumers to believe that the companies can 'repair' bad

credit histories have bilked consumers of millions of dollars . .

.   .");   H.R.   Rep.    No.   103-486,    at   63   (1994)   (Credit   repair

"businesses, through advertisements and oral representations, lead


                                     -22-
consumers to believe that adverse information in their consumer

reports can be deleted or modified regardless of its accuracy.").

In an attempt to combat such practices, CROA requires organizations

that fall within its ambit to make certain disclosures prior to

doing business with members of the public and prohibits them and

persons connected with them from engaging in deceptive practices

injurious to the public.        See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1679b-1679e.

              This appeal concerns two CROA provisions that explicitly

apply    to    persons     acting   in     connection    with   credit      repair

organizations.        Those provisions state:

              No person may --

              . . .

              (3) make or use any untrue or misleading
              representation of the services of the credit
              repair organization; or

              (4) engage, directly or indirectly, in any
              act, practice, or course of business that
              constitutes or results in the commission of,
              or an attempt to commit, a fraud or deception
              on any person in connection with the offer or
              sale of the services of the credit repair
              organization.

Id.     As this text makes clear, in order to find liability under

either provision, a court must find that the services at issue are

those    of   a   credit   repair   organization,       as   defined   by   CROA.

Accordingly, we turn first to this threshold definitional question.

A. Application of CROA to Cambridge

              1. Language of the Act


                                         -23-
              CROA applies to a category of businesses termed "credit

repair organizations."             A "credit repair organization" is defined

by the act as:

              any person who uses any instrumentality of
              interstate commerce or the mails to sell,
              provide, or perform (or represent that such
              person can or will sell, provide, or perform)
              any service, in return for the payment of
              money or other valuable consideration, for the
              express or implied purpose of--

                     (i) improving any consumer's credit
              record, credit history, or credit rating; or

                     (ii) providing advice or assistance to
              any consumer with regard to any activity or
              service described in clause (i) . . .

15 U.S.C. § 1679a(3)(A).            In interpreting CROA, as with any act of

Congress, "'our analysis begins with the language of the statute.'"

Zimmerman,     409   F.3d     at    475   (quoting   Hughes   Aircraft   Co.    v.

Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432, 438 (1999)).             The words Congress used to

define a credit repair organization must always be taken "in their

context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory

scheme."      David v. Mich. Dep't of Treasury, 489 U.S. 803, 809

(1989).    That overall scheme is a sweeping consumer protection act

explicitly intended to "protect the public from unfair or deceptive

advertising and business practices by credit repair organizations."

15   U.S.C.    §   1679(b).        Such   consumer   protection   statutes     are

construed "liberally in favor of consumers." Barnes v. Fleet Nat'l

Bank, N.A., 370 F.3d 164, 171 (1st Cir. 2004).



                                          -24-
             By its plain language, CROA applies to "credit repair

organizations."        15 U.S.C. § 1679a(3)(A).      By focusing on the word

"repair" in the defined term, the defendants seek to draw a

distinction between purporting to repair or retroactively fix past

credit problems and purporting to improve credit in the future.

They    argue   that    Congress   intended   CROA   to   apply   to   entities

performing the function of retroactive credit repair but not those

companies offering services aimed at improving clients' credit in

the future. In support of their theory, the defendants cite Hillis

v. Equifax Consumer Servs., Inc., 237 F.R.D. 491 (N.D. Ga. 2006),

in   which   the   district    court    attempted    to   articulate    such   a

distinction:

             the definition of a credit repair organization
             is narrower than a cursory reading of the
             statute would indicate.    Specifically, when
             the statute refers to services whose purpose
             is to improve a consumer's 'credit record,
             credit history, or credit rating,' these terms
             [] refer to a consumer's historical credit
             record.    Congress did not intend for the
             definition of a credit repair organization to
             sweep in services that offer only prospective
             credit   advice   to  consumers   or   provide
             information to consumers so that they can take
             steps to improve their credit in the future.

Id. at 514.

             The distinction drawn by the Hillis court, and embraced

by the defendants, is unsupportable.14           By its plain terms, CROA


       14
        The theory put forward by the district court in Hillis
appears to be an outlier. Cf. Helms v. Consumerinfo.com, Inc., 436
F. Supp. 2d 1220 (N.D. Ala. 2005); Polacsek v. Dedicated Consumer

                                       -25-
applies   to   organizations   that     provide,    in   exchange   for

consideration, "any service" for the "express or implied purpose"

of improving a consumer's credit record, credit history, or credit

rating.   15 U.S.C. § 1679a(3)(A).    The language of the Act does not

bind the concept of an improved credit record, credit history, or

credit rating to the literal alteration ("repair") of an historical

record, history, or rating.      As the district court explained,

"[t]he ostensibly forward-looking orientation" of representations

about improving clients' credit "does not mitigate the obvious

message to debtors that [those] services might modify the effect of

their past credit history on their credit score."        Zimmerman, 529

F. Supp. 2d at 275.   Credit records are constantly changing based

on the ongoing performance of the consumer.        By improving credit

behavior prospectively, a consumer aims to improve a pre-existing

credit record, credit history, and/or credit rating with a more

favorable record, history, or rating in the future.        Thus, credit

counseling aimed at improving future creditworthy behavior is the

quintessential credit repair service.

           2. The Facts of this Case

           As detailed earlier in this opinion, the undisputed facts

are that in advertisements, informational materials, and employee

scripts, Cambridge repeatedly represented to consumers that its

debt management services would "restore your credit rating" and


Counseling, 413 F. Supp. 2d 539, 546 (D. Md. 2005).

                                -26-
"improve your credit."    Puccio company employees were trained to

tell customers that a Debt Plan "can only help your credit."   At a

certain point, the employee scripts instructed that clients be

told, "Our program is designed to help you get out of debt and

improve your credit rating."     Even more explicitly, the script

stated, "Over the course of the program, your credit rating will

improve."   Cambridge's promotional materials made promises such as

"[w]hen you join our debt management program, we'll be able to help

you reestablish your credit."    The Cambridge website contained a

feature which answered questions such as, "How Can I Rebuild My

Credit?"    Their quarterly newsletter dispensed advice on the same

subject.     The welcome package mailed to customers listed "an

improved credit profile" as among the "life benefits you receive by

using our program." BC Mass employees contacted clients' creditors

to try to negotiate "re-aging" of accounts, a process designed to

improve credit scores by relabeling delinquent accounts as current.

            The Puccios cite the disclaimer in Cambridge's contract

stating that "[t]he CLIENT'S credit rating is outside of the scope

of this Agreement" as evidence that the company did not represent

that it would improve a client's credit rating.    Apparently, the

Puccios believe that a company could represent repeatedly in

advertisements, on its website, and in its employee scripts, that

it would help improve clients' credit ratings, but escape liability

under CROA by inserting a disclaimer in its contract about the


                                -27-
relevance of its services to the credit rating of its clients.

That is an implausible position which captures the duplicity of the

Puccios' enterprises.   Cambridge repeatedly held itself out as a

company that would provide "advice and assistance" in order to

"improv[e] any consumer's credit record, credit history, or credit

rating."   15 U.S.C. § 1679a(3)(A)(i)-(ii).      Those services are

squarely covered by CROA.

B. Application of CROA to the Puccios

           The district court found the Puccios liable for violating

both Section 1679b(a)(3), which prohibits any person from "mak[ing]

or us[ing] any untrue or misleading representation of the services

of the credit repair organization," and Section 1679b(a)(4), which

prohibits, either through an act or a course of business, the

commission or attempted commission of "a fraud or deception" in

connection with the offer or sale of the services of a credit

repair organization. 15 U.S.C. § 1679b(a)(4).         Because we affirm

the finding of liability under Section 1679b(a)(3), which suffices

to support the judgment, we do not reach the question of the

Puccios' liability under Section 1679b(a)(4).

          1. The District    Court's   Finding   of    Liability   Under
Section 1679b(a)(3)

           In their opening brief on appeal, the Puccios offer no

challenge to their liability under Section 1679b(a)(3).        In their

reply brief, they explain that curious omission, contending that

the district court did not actually find them liable under Section

                                -28-
1679b(a)(3).            That position is untenable.               The district court

unambiguously held in section III.C.3.a of its opinion, entitled

"CRO Violations," that the "[d]efendants betrayed [p]laintiffs'

trust when, as was its policy for all [Cambridge] clients, it

transferred       Plaintiffs'       account      to   BC   Mass,    straightforwardly

violating § 1679b(a)(3)" by misleading consumers into thinking they

were doing business with a non-profit corporation, when, in fact,

their        accounts    were     being    wholly     serviced     by    a    for-profit.

Zimmerman, 529 F. Supp. 2d at 279.                 The court then made explicit in

section III.C.3.b, entitled "Non-CRO Violations," that "[t]hose

Defendants that are not themselves CROs within the meaning of CROA

- namely, John and Richard Puccio, . . . are still liable for the

above violations."          Id. at 280.       That statement is an unmistakable

finding       that    all   of    the     defendants,      both    the   credit    repair

organizations themselves, and John and Richard Puccio, violated

Section 1679b(a)(3).15

          2. The District Court's Decision to Pierce the Corporate
Veil to Support Section 1679b(a)(3) Liability

                The     Puccios    argue    in     the   alternative         that, if the

district court did find them personally liable under Section

1679b(a)(3), the district court's veil piercing analysis does not



        15
        The court made one exception for an enterprise called
Southfork.   Zimmerman, 529 F. Supp. 2d at 280 n.27. The court
dismissed Southfork from the case after noting that the plaintiffs
had not presented any evidence suggesting that the company was
significantly involved in the Puccios' credit repair business. Id.

                                            -29-
support that determination.         Again, that barely developed argument

appears for the first time as a footnote in their reply brief.

Ordinarily, such an undeveloped argument, raised for the first time

in a footnote to the defendants' reply brief, would not suffice to

raise an argument, see Waste Mgmt. Holdings, Inc., v. Mowbray, 208

F.3d 288, 299 (1st Cir. 2000).        Here, however, we see no meaningful

difference between the Puccios' fully developed challenge to the

veil    piercing    analysis   of    the   district   court     under   Section

1679b(a)(4) and the challenge to that analysis under Section

1679b(a)(3).        We   therefore     choose   to    address    the    Section

1679b(a)(3) veil piercing argument of the Puccios on the merits.

              To be sure, we tread carefully when determining whether

it is appropriate to put aside the basic tenet of corporate law

that "corporations - notwithstanding relationships between or among

them - ordinarily are regarded as separate and distinct entities,"

Scott v. NG U.S. 1, Inc., 881 N.E.2d 1125, 1131 (Mass. 2008), and

thereby to "allow a plaintiff to pierce the corporate veil of

limited liability."      In re Ontos, Inc., 478 F.3d 427, 432 (1st Cir.

2007).      In Massachusetts, "the corporate veil will only be pierced

in rare situations."       Birbara v. Locke, 99 F.3d 1233, 1239 (1st

Cir. 1996).16     Such situations do occur, however, and Massachusetts


       16
        We acknowledge the Puccios' suggestion that the veil-
piercing question, given its relevance to the federal cause of
action in this case under CROA, may be viewed as one of federal
common law.   While "we arguably have discretion to use federal
law," Nisselson v. Lernout, 469 F.3d 143, 154 n.3 (1st Cir. 2006),

                                      -30-
has recognized that it is the "right and the duty of courts to look

beyond the corporate forms" when necessary "for the defeat of fraud

or wrong, or the remedying of injustice."      Hanson v. Bradley, 10

N.E.2d 259, 264 (Mass. 1937) (quoted in Scott, 881 N.E.2d at 1132).

           Massachusetts has identified as relevant to the veil-

piercing analysis a set of twelve factors.     They are: "(1) common

ownership; (2) pervasive control; (3) confused intermingling of

business assets; (4) thin capitalization; (5) nonobservance of

corporate formalities; (6) absence of corporate records; (7) no

payment of dividends; (8) insolvency at the time of the litigated

transaction; (9) siphoning away of corporation's funds by dominant

shareholder; (10) nonfunctioning of officers and directors; (11)

use   of   the   corporation   for   transactions   of   the   dominant

shareholders; and (12) use of the corporation in promoting fraud."17

Att'y Gen. v. M.C.K., Inc., 736 N.E.2d 373, 381 n.19 (Mass. 2000).

Looking to some of these factors, and to the guidance provided in

the seminal Massachusetts case, My Bread Baking Co. v. Cumberland




we choose to apply Massachusetts law.    Id. at 154 ("We look to
state law to ascertain when wrongful conduct should be imputed to
a corporation.").
      17
       That list is not exhaustive, nor does every factor have to
be present in every veil piercing case. The list, rather, is an
analytical   tool  used   to   "form   an  opinion   whether  the
[corporation's] over-all structure and operation misleads." Evans
v. Multicon Constr. Corp., 574 N.E.2d 395, 400 (Mass. App. Ct.
1991), review denied, 577 N.E.2d 309 (1991).

                                 -31-
Farms, Inc., 233 N.E.2d 748, 751-52 (Mass. 1968), we find ourselves

confronted with a textbook case for lifting the corporate veil.

            The undisputed evidence shows that the Puccios owned and

had "pervasive control" over all of the entities involved in this

litigation, including Cambridge.         John Puccio set the terms of

dealing among the Puccio companies, which functioned without clear

boundaries or separate corporate structures.       Those dealings were

conducted   without   independent   representatives   to   protect   the

interests of the individual corporations.

            Further, there was a total failure to “make clear which

corporation [was] taking action” or “to observe with care” the

corporate form. My Bread, 233 N.E.2d at 752.       The Puccios did not

delineate between their businesses,18 channeling funds between them,

using employees interchangeably and applying funds from one entity

to pay the bills for another.19     Corporate formalities of even the

most basic nature were largely nonexistent, as when Cambridge

purchased BCC and CCC's nonexistent "intangible assets" for over

$14 million.



     18
       For example, as we outlined earlier, while John Puccio was
running Cambridge, that company paid $150,000 to another Puccio
enterprise,   JRJ  Associates,   Inc.,   without  receiving   any
consideration for the payment.
     19
        As described above, at least one person who worked at
various times for Cambridge, CCC, and BC Mass, received the bank
statements and paid the bills of one of those companies while he
was not an employee of that company, but was instead on the payroll
of a different Puccio entity.

                                  -32-
            The facts also show an obvious "element of dubious

manipulation     and    contrivance,         finagling,     such    that    corporate

identities are confused and third parties [could not] be quite

certain with what they [were] dealing.”                Evans v. Multicon Constr.

Corp., 574 N.E.2d 395, 400 (Mass. App. Ct. 1991), review denied,

577 N.E.2d 309 (1991).        When customers contracted with Cambridge,

their accounts became wholly serviced by BC Mass.                    The plaintiffs

were utterly "misled about which corporate entity - [Cambridge or

BC Mass] - was obligated to them or was dealing with them."

Birbara, 99 F.3d at 1239 (refusing to pierce the corporate veil in

the absence of any confusion about which corporate entity was in

dealings with the plaintiffs).                The Puccios also siphoned money

from corporate accounts to pay for personal expenses such as adult

entertainment and costs associated with a yacht.

            As the district court rightly emphasized, the money that

was   funneled     from    Cambridge         into   other   Puccio       entities     and

ultimately to the Puccios themselves cannot be reached by the

settlement   with      Cambridge       or    the    judgment   against      the   other

corporations.      In order to obtain full relief, the plaintiffs must

be able to reach the Puccios, who were the lead players in the

scheme being carried out by their network of corporations.

            That   logic    is    at    the    very    heart   of    the    alter     ego

doctrine.      See     1   W.M.    Fletcher,        Cyclopedia      of    the   Law    of

Corporations § 41.10 (2010) ("One rationale behind the theory [of


                                            -33-
alter        ego   liability]   is   that     if   the   shareholders   or   the

corporations themselves disregard the proper formalities of a

corporation, then the law will do likewise as necessary to protect

individual and corporate creditors.").              The corporate form should

not bar the plaintiffs from seeking the full relief to which they

are entitled when the defendants themselves treated Cambridge and

their other companies as mere shells, ignoring financial, legal and

practical formalities in furtherance of their own money-making

enterprise.        In short, we agree with the trenchant assessment of

the district court:

               Defendants served as alter egos of the Puccios
               and thus may be held directly liable for
               [Cambridge's]      actions     by     piercing
               [Cambridge's] corporate veil.      Since funds
               were funneled out of [Cambridge] to other
               entities   in   the   Puccios'    network  and
               ultimately to the Puccios themselves, the
               settlement with [Cambridge] could not provide
               the Zimmermans with full relief and they must
               now seek their remedy from these other
               defendants.   The corporate form should not
               serve as an obstacle to that relief where, as
               here, it was a mere shell, ignored by the
               Puccios in their everyday business dealings.

Zimmerman, 529 F.Supp.2d at 271-72.20

                                        V.

               When Cambridge held itself out as an organization that

could help consumers "rebuild," "reestablish" and "restore" their

credit, it operated as a "credit repair organization" within the


        20
        The Puccios' only "merits" challenge to their liability
under Section 1679b(a)(3) was their veil piercing challenge.

                                       -34-
meaning   of   CROA.     Having   made    that   threshold   determination

correctly, the district court pierced the corporate veil to find

that the Puccios were personally liable under Section 1679b(a)(3)

of CROA for a misrepresentation by Cambridge that it offered credit

repair services as a non-profit entity.           That determination was

also correct.    We therefore affirm the district court's grant of

summary judgment to the plaintiffs based on the liability of the

Puccios for violations of 15 U.S.C. § 1679b(a)(3).

           So ordered.




                                   -35-
                                          Appendix

 Acronym        Name                                        Function       Location    Status
 BCC            Brighton Credit Corporation                 Credit         New         For-
                                                            Counseling     York        profit
 BC Mass*       Brighton Credit Corp. of Massachusetts      Back Office    Mass        For-
                Brighton Debt Management Services, Inc.                                Profit
                First Consumers
 BCMC           Brighton Credit Management Corporation      Credit         Florida     For-
                                                            Counseling                 profit
 Cambridge      Cambridge Credit Counseling                 Credit         Mass        Non-
 **             Corporation                                 Counseling                 Profit
 CBBPC          Cambridge/Brighton Budget Planning          Credit         New         For-
                Corporation                                 Counseling     York        profit
 CCC            Cambridge Credit Corporation                Credit         New         For-
                                                            Counseling     York        profit
                 Debt Relief Clearinghouse Ltd.             Marketing
                  Cypress Advertising and Promotions, Inc. Advertising
* For-profit company providing the services offered by Cambridge.
** Company responsible for misleading representations that its clients were contracting for the
services of a not-for-profit.




                                              -36-
