                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0567n.06

                                           No. 11-1549                                   FILED
                                                                                    Jun 04, 2012
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                          LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS PROGRAM                   )
MANAGEMENT TEAM and LEXINGTON                    )
INSURANCE COMPANY,                               )
                                                 )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                    )
                                                 )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
VALLEY FORGE INSURANCE                           )    EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
COMPANY,                                         )
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellee.                       )



       Before: MOORE, SUTTON and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.


       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. This insurance-coverage case turns on a disputed fact: whether

a document was part of a contract. After a bench trial, the district court concluded it was not.

Because that factual finding is not clearly erroneous, we affirm.

                                                 I.

       The Detroit Public Schools Program Management Team (the Management Team) is a

limited-liability company, owned by six construction firms, that manages capital-improvement

projects for the Detroit Public Schools. In November 2001, the Management Team arranged for the

school district to sign a contract with Jenkins Construction to provide “pre-construction services”

in connection with a project at Cass Technical High School. R.21-3 at 2. The following month,
No. 11-1549
Detroit Public Schools Program Management Team v. Valley Forge Insurance Co.

Rick Beavers, a Jenkins employee working on the project, was injured when he fell off a loading

dock at Cass Tech. In March 2003, he filed a tort suit in state court against three of the firms that

owned the Management Team. The lawsuit prompted two insurance companies to enter the picture:

Lexington and Valley Forge. Lexington, which issued a general liability policy to the Management

Team, agreed to bear the cost of defending the suit, as the policy requires. Valley Forge, meanwhile,

had also issued a policy to Jenkins Construction. The question is whether that policy requires Valley

Forge to help bear the cost of defending Beavers’s lawsuit.

       The Management Team and Lexington say it does. They point to a clause in the Valley Forge

policy adding as an insured “any person or organization . . . whom you are required to add as an

additional insured on this policy under . . . a written contract or agreement” in effect at the time of

the incident giving rise to liability. R.21-4 at 23. The “written contract or agreement” in question

is the November 2001 agreement between Jenkins Construction and the Detroit Public Schools.

R.21 at 4. It requires Jenkins to “provide insurance in accordance with [the] attached document

marked Exhibit E.” R.21-3 at 5. But there is no Exhibit E in the contract; the four attached exhibits

are labeled A through D. Not to worry, say the Management Team and Lexington: that is a labeling

error. They point to a separate document, titled “Exhibit H,” which the parties meant to include in

the contract and which requires the Detroit Public Schools and the Management Team to “be named

as additional insureds” on a liability policy. R.21-16 ¶ 7. Exhibit H was attached to Jenkins’s and

the Management Team’s copies of the contract.

       For its part, Valley Forge insists the contract means what it says: any insurance requirement

was to be contained in Exhibit E, not Exhibit H, the latter of which the contract never mentions. As

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Detroit Public Schools Program Management Team v. Valley Forge Insurance Co.

a result, Valley Forge says, Exhibit H was not part of the contract and there could be no requirement

that Jenkins add the Management Team as an additional insured, meaning its own policy with

Jenkins does not cover the Management Team.

       After discovery, both sides moved for summary judgment. The district court denied both

motions, concluding that Valley Forge’s liability turns in part on a disputed question of material fact

(whether Exhibit H is part of the contract). The parties agreed to a bench trial, after which the

district court found that “[t]he attached ‘Exhibit H’ was not intended by the parties to be part of the

[contract].” R.45 at 8. Without that exhibit, the Management Team and Lexington could not show

that Valley Forge had a duty to help defend against the tort suit.

                                                  II.

       On appeal, both sides agree that the district court should have granted summary

judgment—just for them, not for their opponent. We disagree with the initial premise. The case

hinges on whether Exhibit H is part of the contract. The parties dispute that question, and there is

evidence on both sides. “Whether a given document is part of a written contract is a question of

fact.” Thomasville Furniture Indus. v. JGR, Inc., 3 F. App’x 467, 473 (6th Cir. 2001); see also 46th

Circuit Trial Court v. Crawford County, 702 N.W.2d 588, 596–97 (Mich. App. 2005) (“Issues

regarding the formation of a valid contract are all questions of fact,” while “[i]ssues of contract

interpretation are questions of law.”), rev’d on other grounds, 719 N.W.2d 553 (Mich. 2006); Klapp

v. United Ins. Grp. Agency, 663 N.W.2d 447, 453–54 (Mich. 2003) (“It is well settled that the

meaning of an ambiguous contract is a question of fact.”). The district court correctly denied



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Detroit Public Schools Program Management Team v. Valley Forge Insurance Co.

summary judgment to all parties. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

322–23 (1986).

        For much the same reason, the Management Team and Lexington face a steep climb in their

effort to reverse the district court’s factual finding that Exhibit H was not part of the contract. We

review a district court’s findings of fact after a bench trial for clear error. Dillon v. Cobra Power

Corp., 560 F.3d 591, 599 (6th Cir. 2009); see also Meridian Leasing, Inc. v. Assoc’d Aviation

Underwriters, 409 F.3d 342, 346 (6th Cir. 2005) (in a contract dispute, the trial court’s “resolution

of ambiguity based on extrinsic evidence may not be overturned unless clearly erroneous”). We thus

must affirm the district court’s judgment as long as it reflects a “plausible” and “permissible view[ ]

of the evidence.” Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985). Only if we are “left with

the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed” may we reverse. Id. at 573.

        The district court gave half a dozen reasons for its conclusion that Exhibit H was not part of

the contract: the agreement did not refer to it; the other exhibits were sequentially lettered A through

D, meaning that skipping ahead to H would leave out E, F, and G; Exhibit H is written in a different

font and format from the other exhibits; it repeatedly refers to “the Architect” as a party to the

agreement, but that term is never defined and Jenkins Construction is not an architectural firm; the

insurance requirements it lays out differ in key respects from the terms of Jenkins’s policy with

Valley Forge; and James Jenkins (the owner of Jenkins Construction) testified that Exhibit H was

not part of the contract and that he would not have signed the contract if it were. These reasons all

have force on their own, and they are particularly persuasive—and supportive of the district court’s

finding—in combination.

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Detroit Public Schools Program Management Team v. Valley Forge Insurance Co.

        The Management Team and Lexington offer several responses, all of which come up short.

They first argue that, because both sides’ copies of the contract “physically included Exhibit H,

longstanding principles of Michigan contract law required [the court] to find that Exhibit H was part

of the contract.” Br. at 23. But they cite no case for that proposition, longstanding or otherwise.

On reflection, that is not surprising. That a document is attached to a contract does not conclusively

make it part of the contract, particularly where the contract “expressly incorporates certain . . .

documents, but does not incorporate” the document in question. Teg-Paradigm Envt’l, Inc. v. United

States, 465 F.3d 1329, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Greene v. Hanover Ins. Co., 700 So. 2d 1354,

1356 n.3 (Ala. 1997) (separate document physically attached to insurance contract is part of the

contract as a matter of law only if there is “sufficient reference . . . to identify the papers as related”);

Essex Ins. Co. v. Fieldhouse, Inc., 506 N.W.2d 772, 777 (Iowa 1993) (same). The attached

document could be a separate contract or something else. Indeed, if it is possible that the label

“Exhibit H” was a written error, it is just as possible that the inclusion of Exhibit H with the contract

reflects a collating error in collecting the relevant documents. Because the contract itself is

ambiguous about whether Exhibit H is included, the court may consider evidence beyond the

document to make this determination. See Klapp, 663 N.W.2d at 454; NAG Enters. v. All State

Indus., 285 N.W.2d 770, 771–72 (Mich. 1979). That Exhibit H was attached to the contract no

doubt suggests it was part of the contract, but this physical reality does not on its own compel that

finding.

        Most of the rest of the Management Team’s and Lexington’s brief in effect asks us to revisit

the district court’s weighing of other pieces of evidence. They argue: the labeling of Exhibit H was

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Detroit Public Schools Program Management Team v. Valley Forge Insurance Co.

“simply a typographical error”; the lower court’s reliance on font and formatting “elevated form over

substance”; Exhibit H’s reference to an architectural firm “goes toward the interpretation of Exhibit

H . . . not whether Exhibit H was part of the contract”; the discrepancy between Exhibit H’s

insurance requirements and the terms of Jenkins’s policy merely indicates Jenkins breached the

contract; and the trial testimony suggests Exhibit H is part of the contract. Management Team Br.

at 23–30. Those arguments may be persuasive, some more so than others, but they do not compel

such a finding. The resolution of the issue hinges on questions at the core of the district court’s

authority and competence: How likely is it that these parties mistakenly referred to the wrong

exhibit? Or that they would use a different font and format for one exhibit? Or that Jenkins

Construction could reasonably be mistaken for an architectural firm? How careful would Jenkins

have been in ensuring that its insurance policy complied with contractual requirements? Which

witnesses were more credible? On the record before us, the district court could have gone either

way. It sided with Valley Forge. We see no cognizable basis for altering that finding.

       Without Exhibit H in the contract, the Management Team and Lexington have no leg to stand

on. No other written agreement obligates Jenkins to name the Management Team as an additional

insured on any policy.

                                                III.

       For these reasons, we affirm.




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