         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                             Assigned on Briefs January 8, 2002

                       STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ROBIN DAVIS

                    Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                      Nos. 99-05481, 99-00752   John P. Colton, Jr., Judge



                     No. W2000-03137-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 25, 2002


The defendant was convicted of first degree premeditated murder and theft over $1000, receiving
a life sentence for the murder conviction and a consecutive two-year sentence for the theft
conviction. Following the denial of his motion for a new trial, he filed a timely notice of appeal to
this court. In addition to challenging the sufficiency of the evidence as to his murder conviction, he
argues that the trial court erred by allowing the prosecutor to misstate law during voir dire; in not
allowing defense counsel to question potential jurors about their personal experiences with crime;
in allowing hearsay evidence to be presented at trial; in allowing the State to introduce evidence of
uncharged crimes; and in allowing the prosecutor to make improper statements during closing
argument. Based upon our review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ALAN E. GLENN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES and JOE G. RILEY,
JJ., joined.

Leslie I. Ballin, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Robin Davis.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Lorraine Craig, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                             OPINION

       The defendant, Robin Davis, was convicted by a Shelby County Criminal Court jury of first
degree premeditated murder for killing the victim, fifty-seven-year-old Carroll Holman, and of theft
of property over $1000 but under $10,000, for stealing the victim’s 1984 GMC pickup truck. The
following issues are presented in the defendant’s appeal:

               I.       Whether the trial court erred during voir dire by allowing
                        State’s counsel to tell the potential jurors that premeditation
                       can be formed in an instant and that the burden of proof is on
                       the Defendant to prove self-defense;

               II.     Whether the trial court erred during voir dire by refusing to
                       allow defense counsel to question potential jurors about their
                       personal experiences with crimes;

                III.    Whether the verdict was contrary to the evidence that was
                        adduced at trial in that the evidence, considered in its totality,
                        preponderated in favor of the innocence of the accused rather
                        than his guilt;

                IV.     Whether the trial court erred by allowing State’s witness,
                        Eunice Holman, to testify to two distinct hearsay statements
                        without an evidentiary exception;

                V.      Whether the trial court erred by allowing the State to
                        introduce evidence of other crimes for which the Defendant
                        was not charged, where the Defendant was found at [the] time
                        of his arrest in possession of a brown bag containing
                        marijuana, scales and gloves, and where Defendant gave a
                        formal statement to police wherein he made reference to those
                        items;

                VI.     Whether the trial court erred by allowing the State to make
                        improper statements during closing argument, where counsel
                        was allowed to describe voluntary manslaughter as when a
                        parent reacts after witnessing their child being raped, and
                        where counsel implied that Defendant had already given a
                        statement although he did not testify at trial.

                                                FACTS

        On the morning of May 16, 1998, the victim and his wife were awakened by the sound of the
engine starting in their pickup truck. Looking out the balcony of their bedroom, they saw the
defendant sitting in the driver’s seat, backing the truck out of their driveway. When the victim
yelled, the defendant got out of the truck and ran. Telling his wife to stay inside, the victim took off
in pursuit, driving the couple’s Toyota Corolla and taking his pistol with him. Soon thereafter,
neighbors heard gunshots and discovered the victim on the ground beside the open driver’s door of
his car, dying from a gunshot wound to the chest. The defendant admitted in a statement to police
that he had shot the victim, but claimed that it was only after the victim had first tried to rob and
shoot him.


                                                   -2-
         The defendant’s trial was held from January 18-22, 2000. The victim’s widow, Mrs. Eunice
Holman, testified that she and the victim were awakened by the sound of their truck’s engine at 6:45
or 6:46 a.m., and that it was approximately fifteen minutes later, as she was walking down the street
in search of her husband, when someone came to tell her that he had been shot. She had been aware
that her husband owned a gun but had not known where he kept it, and had not seen him retrieve it
as he left the house. According to Mrs. Holman, the victim was not known to carry a weapon. She
testified that the defendant was dressed in a white shirt and blue jeans, and was carrying a brown bag
under his arm. On cross-examination, she said that she had not telephoned the police when she saw
the defendant breaking into the truck.

        Edward L. Matthews, Jr., the victim’s neighbor, testified that he was putting oil in his car on
the morning of May 16, 1998, when the victim, dressed in a nightshirt and nightcap, pulled up in
front of his house. The victim said that a bald-headed man dressed in a white T-shirt and dark pants
had just tried to steal his truck, and asked if he had seen anyone matching that description. Matthews
replied that he had not. The victim then said that if Matthews saw the man, he should not do
anything other than call the police. Matthews testified that he spoke with the victim for four or five
minutes and that the victim did not appear to be enraged. As he talked with the victim, he saw a
pistol lying on the passenger seat of the victim’s car. A few minutes after the victim drove away,
Matthews heard “about seven shots.” He described the sounds he heard as “pow-pow, pow-pow-
pow-pow[,]” indicating that he heard two gunshots, followed by a slight hesitation, and then more
gunshots. After hearing the gunshots, he drove his car to the intersection of Finley and Boeingshire,
where he discovered the victim lying in the street beside his Toyota. The driver’s door was open,
and the left rear passenger window was shattered. Matthews said that the victim took one breath,
“and that was it.”

        On cross-examination, Matthews acknowledged that the victim had not asked him to
immediately telephone the police. He further acknowledged that, in a statement to police, he had
said that he had at first thought he heard “about ten shots[.]” On redirect, Matthews testified that it
is possible to hear echoes from a gunshot, and that it could have been more or less than seven shots
that he heard fired.

        Roger Brown, who lived at 1986 Finley, testified that he and his wife were awakened on the
morning of the murder by a series of gunshots that sounded as if they were coming into their front
room. He said that he heard one gunshot, which woke him, followed by a hesitation, and then four
more shots, which sounded “like pow, pow-pow-pow-pow.” From their kitchen window, he and
his wife could see a vehicle in the street outside their house, and a man lying on the ground beside
it. After calling 911, he ran outside, where he found the victim lying face down beside the open
driver’s door of his vehicle. The victim did not appear to be breathing and had no detectable pulse.
Brown said that he looked in the victim’s car as he waited for the police and ambulance to arrive,
and saw a pistol lying on the passenger seat. On cross-examination, Brown acknowledged that he
could not be sure exactly how many gunshots he heard.



                                                 -3-
        Vincent Gordon, who lived with his godmother at 4403 Boeingshire, testified that he was
awakened by the sound of “seven to eight shots” on May 16, 1998. When he looked outside, he saw
the defendant, who was carrying a brown bag and a gun, climb a fence into a neighbor’s yard and
then run through the yard and down Boeingshire toward Shelby Drive. After watching the defendant
run down the street, Gordon went with his godmother to the corner of Finley and Boeingshire, where
he saw the victim lying face down on the ground beside the open driver’s door of his vehicle. He
said that the left rear passenger window was shattered, and that he saw a gun lying on the front
passenger seat of the vehicle. On cross-examination, he acknowledged that in the statement he gave
to police immediately after the shooting, he had estimated the number of gunshots he had heard as
“[n]ine to ten.”

        Gordon’s godmother, Joyce Franklin, testified that she was on the way to her laundry room
on the morning of May 16, 1998, when she was startled by the sound of “a lot of gunshots[.]” When
she went outside, she saw a man across the street carrying a brown bag and a nickel-plated revolver
“darting in and out from house to house[,]” and then heading down Boeingshire toward Shelby
Drive. She later directed a police officer to the area in which she had seen the man run.

       Memphis Police Officer Robert Lee Thompson testified that he discovered the defendant,
dressed in a white t-shirt “spackled with blood,” walking southbound on Boeingshire approximately
100 yards from Shelby Drive, and that he placed him under arrest. When the defendant asked why
he was being arrested, Officer Thompson told him that it was because he fit the description of a
shooting suspect. Officer Thompson testified that the defendant first tried to convince him he had
the wrong man, and then told him that the victim had tried to rob him. On cross-examination,
Officer Thompson acknowledged that the defendant had said the victim had tried to rob and shoot
him, and that was the reason he shot the victim. Officer Thompson further testified that he found
marijuana and money in the defendant’s pocket, and a pistol and a brown bag containing marijuana
underneath a tractor trailer truck, approximately ten or fifteen feet from where he arrested the
defendant.

         Captain Phil Nason, a crime scene investigator who processed the scene of the shooting,
testified that there was blood on the side of the driver’s seat of the victim’s car, on the bottom of the
seat, and on the headrest. He also found blood on the outside of the car, smeared down the side of
the vehicle near the gas tank, and on the ground beside the driver’s side rear wheel, near the victim’s
bloody nightcap and houseshoe. A six-shot .357 Smith and Wesson revolver, with six empty casings
in the cylinder, was lying on the front passenger seat. Captain Nason could not determine when the
weapon had last been fired. To his knowledge, a gunshot residue test was not performed on the
victim. He testified that the window of the driver’s door of the vehicle was down, and that he had
not fingerprinted the pistol.

        Memphis Fire Department Paramedic Bradford Denham testified that the victim was not
breathing and had no pulse when he arrived at the scene. Emergency workers performed
resuscitation procedures and transported him to the hospital, but the victim’s breathing and heartbeat
were never restored.

                                                  -4-
       Officer Shan Alan Tracy of the Crime Scene Unit identified the brown bag and the pistol that
were recovered from underneath the tractor trailer truck. He testified that the brown bag contained,
among other items, 16.7 grams of marijuana, and that the gun was a six-shot Smith and Wesson .38
revolver that contained five spent casings and one live round.

       Lieutenant Edward Cash testified that the defendant was brought to his office on May 16,
1998, where he read him his rights and had him sign a waiver of rights form before taking his
statement. Lieutenant Cash identified the defendant’s signed statement, which was introduced into
evidence, and read it aloud for the jury. When asked why he shot the victim, the defendant
explained:

                       I was walking down Boeingshire and he pulled up in a blue
               like faded like purple newer model small car like Nissan or Toyota
               Tercel and he asked me what was my name and what was I doing and
               asked me to stop. I stopped and he pulled his pistol and I started
               running and he started shooting. I fell, got up and seen the blood on
               my shirt and I thought I had been shot. I got up and opened my eyes
               and he was still shooting. I closed them and I opened them back up
               and I had my gun in my hand and like a rush, I was shaking and the
               gun was smoking.

Later in his statement, when asked why he thought the victim shot at him, the defendant answered,
“I didn’t feel he had a reason but I did try to steal his truck.” The defendant explained that he had
needed transportation because he feared he would be robbed for the money and marijuana that he
was carrying.

        Sergeant Sammie Harold Ballard testified he was present with Dr. O.C. Smith and Paulette
Sutton on May 18, 1998, when they examined the victim’s vehicle at the Crime Scene Office. He
said that both the driver’s and front passenger’s windows of the vehicle were down, and agreed that
it would have been possible for someone in the driver’s seat to shoot out either side without doing
damage to the vehicle.

         Dr. Cynthia Gardner, the Assistant Medical Examiner for Shelby County, performed the
autopsy of the victim’s body. She testified that the victim was killed by a distant gunshot wound
in which the bullet entered his body on his left upper arm, traveled through his chest, breaking his
first rib, severing his left carotid artery, and lacerating his esophagus, and came to rest in a muscle
on the right side of his neck. The victim also suffered abrasions on his nose, brow, cheek, upper lip,
and chin, consistent with the pattern caused by a person who falls on his face while unconscious.
Dr. Gardner estimated that a person with a severed carotid artery would lose consciousness in “under
a minute[,]” and that someone with the type of injuries that the victim suffered would, without
medical intervention, die within a few minutes. From her examination of the wound track, she
determined that the victim’s arm was down at his side when he was shot. She could not, however,

                                                 -5-
tell in what position the victim’s arm had been at any time other than the instant he was shot. Dr.
Gardner explained that she had not performed a gunshot residue test on the victim to try and
determine if he had fired the pistol because she was aware that the victim had handled a gun, which,
in itself, would have caused a positive gunshot residue test result. Additionally, she said that since
gunshot residue on the victim’s hands could have come off during the resuscitation efforts that were
made on his behalf, the absence of such residue would not necessarily mean that he had not fired his
weapon. Finally, a positive result could result from his being in the vicinity of a weapon being fired.
Accordingly, Dr. Gardner could not say whether the victim had fired his pistol.

        Dr. O’Brian Cleary Smith, the interim Medical Examiner for Shelby County, testified that
he recovered two bullet fragments from the victim’s car – one from the doorpost between the front
and rear doors on the right side of the vehicle, and another from the right rear passenger door. His
investigation led him to conclude that both bullets came from outside the vehicle. He said that the
bullet recovered from the doorpost entered from the left side of the vehicle, through the left rear
passenger door, while the bullet recovered from the right rear door entered from the right side of the
vehicle. Based upon his observation and participation in the autopsy of the victim, Dr. Smith agreed
that the victim’s arm had been down at his side at the moment he was shot. He acknowledged on
cross-examination that he could not determine in what position the victim’s arm had been at any
other time.

         Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Firearms Expert Robert Daniel Royse conducted tests on
the weapons, bullets, and bullet casings involved in the shooting. He testified that he had been able
to conclusively determine that the bullets recovered from the victim’s body and from the right rear
door of the vehicle had been fired from the weapon that was identified as the defendant’s. The third
bullet, recovered from the right rear door trim, was too mutilated for him to conclusively identify
its source, and he had been unable to exclude either gun as having fired that bullet. The bullet was,
however, inconsistent with bullet casings found in the victim’s gun, while consistent with at least
some of the casings found in the defendant’s gun.1 Although Royse could determine that the
victim’s gun had not been cleaned since the last time it was fired, he could not determine when it had
last been fired. According to his testimony, there is no scientific way to determine how long it has
been since a weapon has been fired.

        The State’s final witness was Paulette Sutton, an expert in forensic serology and bloodstain
pattern interpretation. She testified that her examination of the victim’s car and of photographs of
the crime scene led her to conclude that the victim was seated in an upright position in the driver’s
seat, with the driver’s door closed, when he was shot. Because the victim would have been bleeding
“profusely” from his wound, and she found no evidence of blood anywhere inside the car other than



        1
         Royse testified that the mutilated bullet was “consistent in design” with either Remington or Winchester
ammunition. Of the five spent casings and one live round in the defendant’s gun, four were Federal, one was
Remington, and one was Winchester. The spent casings in the victim’s gun were all manufactured by S mith and
Wesson.

                                                      -6-
on the driver’s seat and on the inside of the driver’s door, she concluded that the victim came directly
out of the driver’s door after he was shot.

          No witnesses were presented on behalf of the defendant.

                                                         ANALYSIS

                                                     I & II. Voir Dire

        The defendant contends in his first two issues that the trial court erred by the manner in
which it allowed voir dire of the jury to be conducted. He argues that the trial court allowed the
prosecutor to misstate the law by telling potential jurors that premeditation may be formed in an
instant and that the burden to prove self-defense was on the defendant, and improperly denied
defense counsel’s request to question potential jurors about their personal experiences with crime.
Without conceding that the prosecutor misstated the law, the State argues that any prejudice which
may have resulted from the prosecutor’s remarks was cured by the trial court’s instructions to the
jury. The State further argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting the scope
of defense counsel’s questions to the potential jurors. We agree with the State.

        The purpose of voir dire is to ensure that jurors seated at trial are competent, unbiased, and
impartial. See State v. Mann, 959 S.W.2d 503, 533 (Tenn. 1997), cert. denied, 524 U.S. 956, 118
S. Ct. 2376, 141 L. Ed. 2d 743 (1998). The trial court is granted broad discretion to decide the
manner in which voir dire will be conducted, and its decisions in this regard will not be disturbed
on appeal absent a showing of abuse of discretion. See State v. Stephenson, 878 S.W.2d 530, 540
(Tenn. 1994). We review the defendant’s first two issues, therefore, under an abuse of discretion
standard.

                                         A. Alleged Misstatements of Law

        As his first issue, the defendant contends that the prosecutor erroneously informed potential
jurors during voir dire that premeditation may be formed in an instant, and that the burden of proof
to prove self-defense is on the defendant. He argues that the prosecutor’s statements “clearly
prejudiced” his case, and asserts that neither misstatement was cured by the trial court.

        During voir dire, the prosecutor read, although not identifying it as such, the pattern jury
instruction then in effect for “premeditation.”2 Following her reading of the pattern jury instruction,
the prosecutor then made comments which drew objections from the defendant:




          2
          T.P.I. - Crim . 7.01 (b) (5 th ed.) states, in p art, that “[p]reme ditation me ans that the intent to kill must have been
formed prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose to kill preexist in the mind of the accused for any
definite period of time.”

                                                                -7-
So you have an intent to kill that’s done after you make a decision to
do it. You think about it, you decide to do it, and you take the act to
do it. That is premeditated murder.

    And there are a couple of things in there I’d like to point out to
you. One, the decision to kill does not have to exist for any
prescribed time. It could be weeks, it could be hours, it could be
minutes, it could be seconds, as long as you have made a decision and
then you take the act to do it.

   MR. BALLIN: Judge, may we approach?

   THE COURT: Yes.

   (A bench conference was held as follows.)

    MR. BALLIN: I want to voice an objection to this line of
questioning. It’s my recollection–it’s been a while since I read Mack
Brown, but I think Mack Brown did away with premeditation being
formed in an instant as Ms. Craig is describing it. I wanted to voice
that objection now.

     MS. CRAIG: Well, Judge, I’d just say that actually what the case
says is exactly that, there’s no prescribed amount of time and that’s
all I’m saying. As long as there is time to make a decision and to act
on it and that’s all it says.

    MR. BALLIN: I don’t have any objection with that comment but
it was going further to get it down to seconds. It’s up to the jury to
decide.

   MS. CRAIG: It is up to the jury, Judge, but there’s nothing
improper in what I said.

   THE COURT: Well, I’m going to hit the jury probably several
times before the trial is over with that the fact that what y’all say is
good and nice and all that but they take the law from me. So I think
we can cure it that way. And you can come back on your voir dire.

    MS. CRAIG: Thank you, Judge.

    (Said bench conference was concluded.)


                                  -8-
                  MS. CRAIG: So as I was saying, it does not have to exist in the
               mind of the killer for any length of time prescribed by law. Does
               everybody understand that?

                   (No response.)

                   As long as you can think about it, make a decision to do it, and
               then do it.

       Very shortly thereafter, as the prosecutor discussed the possibility that the jury would be
charged on self-defense, the following exchange occurred:

                   Included in a plea of not guilty may be the defense of self-
               defense. And the judge is going to instruct you on self-defense. And
               I am not going to go into everything on that charge. So if the judge
               instructs you on self-defense, there are going to be several things,
               several hurdles someone has to overcome who is claiming self-
               defense. It’s not a –

                   MR. BALLIN: Objection, Your Honor.

                   THE COURT: All right.

                   MR. BALLIN: May we approach?

                   THE COURT: Yes, sir.

                   (A bench conference was held as follows.)

                  MR. BALLIN: I object to that question as a misstatement of the
               law. The burden of proof is always on the State and if the proof is
               such that the court decides that it is fairly raised, then the State must
               prove really that it did not occur in self-defense beyond a reasonable
               doubt. And that’s the law.

                   MS. CRAIG: No, that’s not the law. If he’s relying on a defense,
               there has to be credible proof in the record to that defense. I don’t
               have to prove the absence of self-defense. I don’t have to prove the
               absence of any defense. I don’t have to prove the absence of alibi
               defense.

                   I mean, you can’t just say–and all I’m going to say about self-
               defense, keeping in mind the judge’s instruction as to your taking all

                                                 -9-
of these matters under advisement, is there has to be proof raised that
there was force used by the victim, that his actions were reasonable
under the circumstances, and he didn’t provoke it. All three things
listed, one, two, three in that charge.

    THE COURT: Well, I think we might be getting a little bit into
argument here. Using the law and telling them about the law and
getting into argument because we don’t know whether I’m going to
charge self-defense–

    MS. CRAIG: Right. And that’s what I said to them, Judge.

   THE COURT: And if you try to restrict the jury at this point, it’s
going to be difficult. You might just get into the fact that it may or
may not be charged.

    MS. CRAIG: All right. And –

    THE COURT: And generally what it’s about. I think you might
need to save that till final argument. If the court does desire or does
in fact charge it, we can get into it. At this point this is getting a little
bit outside of voir dire on that type situation.

    (Said bench conference was concluded.)

    MS. CRAIG: And if [sic] the judge may, as I said earlier, may or
may not charge self-defense, and if he does charge self-defense, I
think in his charge will be things that have to be raised by the proof
before you can find someone not guilty by self-defense.

    MR. BALLIN: Same objection. That’s an improper comment of
the –

     MS. CRAIG: Judge, it is not. And I would appreciate going up
to the bench instead of doing what is completely improper in accusing
me of improper conduct in front of the jury.

    THE COURT: All right. Here’s what we’re going to do. Now,
lawyers we’re going to do this. I’m going to let the State go ahead
and say what they want to say but, jurors, the statements and
arguments of these lawyers are intended to help you in understanding
the evidence and applying the law in the case but they are not
evidence. And if any statements were made that you believe are not

                                    -10-
                supported by the evidence, you may and should disregard them. Do
                you understand?

                    (No response.)

                    All right. Go ahead.

                    MS. CRAIG: Thank you, Judge. And, again, Judge Colton will
                instruct you on the law, and if he instructs you on something
                differently than I tell you now, it will be your duty to disregard what
                I’ve said and to go with what the judge instructs you.

       The first specific statement by the prosecutor during voir dire to which the defense objected
was that “the decision to kill does not have to exist for any prescribed time. It could be weeks, it
could be hours, it could be minutes, it could be seconds[.]”

         The defendant argues that the prosecutor’s remarks improperly suggested to the jury that
premeditation may be formed in an “instant,” ignoring the fact that the prosecutor’s actual statement
was, in part, that “the decision to kill . . . [could] exist for . . . seconds.” However, Webster’s Third
International Dictionary 1171 (1993) defines “instant” as “an infinitesimal space of time,” which is
clearly less than “seconds.” To support his argument, the defendant cites State v. Brown, 836
S.W.2d 530 (Tenn. 1992), in which our supreme court held that the element of deliberation requires
“time to reflect.” Id. at 540. However, the defendant’s reliance on Brown is misplaced. The murder
statute in effect at the time of the killing in Brown included elements of both premeditation, which
our supreme court recognized may “arise instantaneously,” id., and deliberation, which the court
determined, “cannot be formed in an instant.” Id. at 543 (emphasis in original). In order to avoid
confusion, and to ensure that juries considered both elements, the Brown court concluded that it
would be prudent to abandon the jury instruction that “premeditation may be formed in an instant.”
The court explained:

                    It is consistent with the murder statute and with case law in
                Tennessee to instruct the jury in a first-degree murder case that no
                specific period of time need elapse between the defendant’s
                formulation of the design to kill and the execution of that plan, but we
                conclude that it is prudent to abandon an instruction that tells the jury
                that “premeditation may be formed in an instant.” Such an instruction
                can only result in confusion, given the fact that the jury must also be
                charged on the law of deliberation. If it was not clear from the
                opinions emanating from this Court within the last half-century, it is
                now abundantly clear that the deliberation necessary to establish first-
                degree murder cannot be formed in an instant.

Id. (emphasis in original).

                                                  -11-
        The defendant in the instant case was charged under the statute that is currently in effect in
Tennessee, which no longer includes the element of deliberation. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
202(a)(1) (1997) (defining first degree murder as “[a] premeditated and intentional killing of
another”). The prosecutor’s remarks in this case on intent and premeditation were consistent with
both the statutory provision on first degree murder, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(d) (1997) (“It
is not necessary that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind of the accused for any definite period
of time.”), and with case law. See State v. Nichols, 24 S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tenn. 2000) (recognizing
that element of premeditation “is capable of instantaneous formation”); Brown, 836 S.W.2d at 540
(“intent (and perhaps even premeditation) may . . . arise instantaneously”). We note further that no
claim was made that the trial court did not instruct the jury properly as to the homicide charge.
Thus, we conclude that the prosecutor did not misstate the law as the defendant argues, but, even if
this were the case, the error was harmless.

        The prosecutor’s remarks on self-defense are more problematic. Among the elements that
the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt in order to convict someone of an offense in
Tennessee is “[t]he negation of any defense to an offense . . . if admissible evidence is introduced
supporting the defense[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-201(a)(3) (1997). If evidence exists to warrant
an instruction on self-defense, the burden is on the State, and not the defendant, to show that the
defendant does not meet the requirements for the defense. See State v. Robert Lee Pattee, No.
M2000-00257-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 329, at *41-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. May
3, 2001). In this case, the prosecutor’s initial statement that there were “several hurdles” for the
defendant to overcome could have been interpreted by the jury as placing the burden on the
defendant to prove self-defense. However, any error that may have resulted was immediately cured
by the trial court’s instruction that the jury was not to consider the statements of the attorneys as
evidence, followed by the prosecutor’s reminder that the trial court would provide the appropriate
law. In addition to the trial court’s instruction, which it repeated at least once during voir dire,
defense counsel later read the venire members the pattern jury instructions on self-defense. At the
conclusion of the trial, the trial court repeated that the law was to come from the court and charged
the jury on self-defense, including the appropriate instructions on the burden of proof.3 We may
presume that the jury followed the instructions of the trial court, see State v. Williams, 977 S.W.2d
101, 106 (Tenn. 1998), and, doing so, conclude that this issue is without merit.

                                      B. Questions Allowed on Voir Dire

       The defendant raises as his second issue whether the trial court erred by refusing to allow
defense counsel to question venire members regarding their personal experiences with crime.
Several of the venire members indicated during voir dire that they had been victims of crimes. With
no objection raised by the prosecutor, defense counsel elicited from each of these members specific


         3
            The actual jury charge was not transcribed in the case, but a copy of the jury in structions w as inclu ded in the
techn ical record.

                                                            -12-
information about the nature of the crimes, when they had occurred, and how the venire members
had reacted, including whether or not they had called the police. During defense counsel’s
questioning, one of the venire members revealed that, after calling the police when he discovered
that his house had been burglarized, he had, himself, gone down the street to get one of the men who
had perpetrated the crime. When defense counsel asked the potential jury member if he had taken
a gun with him, the prosecutor objected, arguing that defense counsel was improperly attempting to
weave the facts of the defendant’s case into his voir dire. Asked by the trial court how far he
intended to go with his questions, defense counsel responded that he was “going to go further[,]”
and suggested that the trial court let him ask the members “this question. And that is, if they were
the victim of a crime, what is the preferable response, to call the police, [or] take matters in their own
hands.” The trial court refused the request, limiting the scope of defense counsel’s questions to
“what [the venire members] did when they discovered a crime.”

        We find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in this matter. Although Rule 24(a) of the
Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that the trial court “shall permit questioning by the
parties for the purpose of discovering bases for challenge for cause and enabling an intelligent
exercise of peremptory challenges[,]” the trial court, in its discretion, “controls the questions that can
be asked to keep the voir dire within relevant bounds.” State v. Richard Hale Austin, No. W1999-
00281-CCA-R3-DD, 2001 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 162, at *61 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 6, 2001).
In spite of the manner in which the defendant frames this issue on appeal, the record shows that he
was allowed to extensively question potential jurors regarding their personal experiences with crime,
including what their individual reactions had been. The answers to these and other questions which
defense counsel and the prosecutor were allowed to ask should have been sufficient to reveal any
latent biases or prejudices on the part of the jurors. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court did
not impermissibly intrude upon the scope of defense counsel’s voir dire examination by refusing to
allow him to ask prospective jurors their opinion regarding the preferred response to a crime.

        This issue is without merit.

                                  III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

         As his third issue, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence in support of his
murder conviction, arguing that the evidence was insufficient for any rational trier of fact to find him
guilty of premeditated murder beyond a reasonable doubt. He concedes that he fired the shot that
killed the victim but asserts that the evidence at his trial, including testimony from witnesses
indicating that at least seven shots were fired, supports the conclusion that the killing occurred
during an exchange of gunfire between himself and the victim, rather than as the result of
premeditation and deliberation. The State argues that the evidence at the defendant’s trial, viewed
in the light most favorable to the State, was more than sufficient to support his conviction for first
degree premeditated murder.

       When the sufficiency of the convicting evidence is raised as an issue on appeal, the relevant
question of the reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

                                                  -13-
to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense
charged beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789,
61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). See also State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v.
Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt
in criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient
to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”). This rule applies
to findings of guilt based on direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and
circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        When determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court does not reweigh or reevaluate
the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). All questions
involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual
issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace,
493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

                This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
                the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and
                observe their demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are
                the primary instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and
                credibility to be given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial
                forum alone is there human atmosphere and the totality of the
                evidence cannot be reproduced with a written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212 Tenn. 464,
370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with which a
defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal, a convicted
defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. See State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

       The defendant was convicted of first degree premeditated murder, which is defined as “[a]
premeditated and intentional killing of another[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (1997). For
the purposes of this offense:

                “[P]remeditation” is an act done after the exercise of reflection and
                judgment. “Premeditation” means that the intent to kill must have
                been formed prior to the act itself. It is not necessary that the purpose
                to kill pre-exist in the mind of the accused for any definite period of
                time. The mental state of the accused at the time the accused
                allegedly decided to kill must be carefully considered in order to
                determine whether the accused was sufficiently free from excitement
                and passion as to be capable of premeditation.

                                                  -14-
Id. § 39-13-202(d). “‘Intentional’ refers to a person who acts intentionally with respect to the nature
of the conduct or to a result of the conduct when it is the person’s conscious objective or desire to
engage in the conduct or cause the result.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-302(a) (1997).

        In Tennessee, a homicide is presumed to be second degree murder, and the State bears the
burden of proving the element of premeditation necessary to elevate the crime to first degree murder.
See State v. West, 844 S.W.2d 144, 147 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 543 (Tenn.
1992). The presence of premeditation is a question of fact for the jury to determine based upon a
consideration of all the evidence. See State v. Suttles, 30 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tenn.), cert. denied, 531
U.S. 967, 121 S. Ct. 401, 148 L. Ed. 2d 310 (2000). Premeditation may be inferred from
circumstantial evidence surrounding the crime, including the manner and circumstances of the
killing. See State v. Pike, 978 S.W.2d 904, 914 (Tenn. 1998); State v. Addison, 973 S.W.2d 260,
265 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). The circumstantial evidence of premeditation must, however, be “so
strong and cogent as to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save the guilt of the defendant,
and that beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Crawford, 470 S.W.2d 610, 612 (Tenn. 1971). The
defendant asserts in his brief that a first degree murder conviction in Tennessee requires proof of
premeditation and deliberation. However, as we have previously discussed, deliberation is no longer
an element of first degree murder in Tennessee.

        Based upon our review of the record, we conclude that the evidence in this case was
sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of first degree premeditated murder
beyond a reasonable doubt. Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence established
that the defendant shot the victim as the victim sat in the driver’s seat of his car, with his gun lying
beside him on the passenger seat. Drs. Gardner and Smith both testified that the wound track
revealed that the victim’s arm was down at his side when he was shot. The State’s bloodstain pattern
expert, Paulette Sutton, found no evidence of blood on the gun or on the passenger seat of the
vehicle, as would be expected had the victim reached over to set the gun down after being shot.
Among the circumstances that may be indicative of premeditation are “‘facts about the defendant’s
prior relationship and conduct with the victim from which motive may be inferred[.]’” State v.
Bordis, 905 S.W.2d 214, 222 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (quoting 2 W. LaFave and A. Scott, Jr.,
Substantive Criminal Law, § 7.7 (1986)) (emphasis in original). Here, the victim’s wife testified that
the defendant looked straight up at her and the victim after getting out of their truck. The defendant
revealed in his statement to police that he recognized the victim as the man from whom he had tried
to steal a truck. Thus, there was sufficient evidence to support the State’s theory that with
premeditation the defendant shot the victim in order to avoid detection or arrest for his earlier crime.

        The defendant contends that the evidence established that he and the victim exchanged
gunfire before the victim’s death, which supports a finding of second degree, rather than first degree,
murder. In support of this contention, he cites testimony of witnesses indicating that at least seven
shots were fired, along with the number of empty casings found in his and the victim’s weapons.
However, the evidence would support a finding of several possible theses.



                                                 -15-
         First, we note that, although the State’s firearms expert could determine that the victim’s
weapon had not been cleaned after its last use, he could not determine when it had last been fired.
 Thus, all, some, or none of the spent casings in the victim’s pistol could have resulted from shots
fired by the victim during the incident. The testimony does not permit a determination to be made
in this regard.

         Furthermore, since none of the witnesses who heard the shooting was able to testify with
absolute certainty regarding the number of gunshots that were fired, the question of whether the
victim fired any shots at all cannot be resolved. Edward Matthews testified that he heard “about
seven shots,” but admitted that it is possible to hear echoes from a gunshot, and that he could have
heard more or less than seven shots. Two men who were closer to the scene of the shooting, Roger
Brown and Vincent Gordon, were both asleep when the shooting began. Brown, whose home was
closest to the scene, thought that he heard five gunshots but admitted that he could not be sure of the
exact number. Gordon testified that he heard seven or eight, but admitted that he had earlier
estimated the number as nine or ten. Gordon’s godmother, Joyce Franklin, merely testified that she
heard “a lot of gunshots,” without indicating an exact number. This testimony, coupled with the fact
that the defendant’s and the victim’s pistols each contained five casings, would have allowed the jury
to reasonably conclude that the victim did not fire at the defendant, and that the defendant shot the
victim intentionally and with premeditation.

       This issue is without merit.

                                      IV. Hearsay Evidence

           The defendant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing two separate hearsay
statements into evidence. During the State’s case-in-chief, Mrs. Holman testified that the victim
said to her as they were awakened on the morning of his murder, “That sounds like the truck starting
up[.]” When later asked why she had left her home and gone to the scene of the shooting, she
explained that it was because a neighbor told her “that a man had been shot and that he was looking
for . . . the family of the man whose truck had tried to be stolen.” Defense counsel objected to both
statements as inadmissible hearsay evidence. The trial court overruled the objections, ruling that the
victim’s statement fell under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, and that the
neighbor’s statement was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. We agree with the
State that the trial court’s rulings in this matter were proper.

        “‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial
or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c).
Hearsay statements are generally inadmissible at trial unless they fall under one of the recognized
exceptions to the hearsay rule. See Tenn. R. Evid. 802. One such exception is the “excited
utterance,” defined as “[a] statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the
declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.” Tenn. R. Evid.
803(2). Our supreme court has turned to Tennessee Law of Evidence to explain the “twofold”
rationale for admitting this kind of statement into evidence:

                                                 -16-
                   “First, since this exception applies to statements where it is likely
               there was a lack of reflection–and potential fabrication–by a declarant
               who spontaneously exclaims a statement in response to an exciting
               event, there is little likelihood, in theory at least, of insincerity. . . .
               Second, ordinarily the statement is made while the memory of the
               event is still fresh in the declarant’s mind. This means that the out-
               of-court statement about an event may be more accurate than a much
               later in-court description of it.”

State v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d 817, 819-20 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting Cohen, Paine & Sheppeard,
Tennessee Law of Evidence, § 803(2).1, at 532 (3d ed. 1995)). Thus, for the victim’s statement in
this case to fall under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, it must have been made
under the stress or excitement of a startling event or condition and have been related to that event
or condition. See id.; State v. Land, 34 S.W.3d 516, 528-29 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). Mrs. Holman
testified that the victim made the statement immediately upon their being awakened from sleep by
the unexpected sound of their truck starting in the driveway below their bedroom. Given her
testimony that she and the victim lived alone, this would have certainly been a startling event.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in allowing the statement in under the
excited utterance exception to the rule against hearsay.

        We also conclude that the trial court properly admitted the second statement as relevant non-
hearsay evidence. The trial transcript reveals that the State did not offer the statement to prove that
the victim’s truck had been stolen, but instead to show why Mrs. Holman left her home to go to the
location of the shooting. The transcript further reveals that the trial court acquiesced in defense
counsel’s request that a limiting instruction, regarding the purpose of the evidence, be given to the
jury. During the State’s direct examination of Mrs. Holman, the following exchange occurred:

               Q. And did you at some point leave your home and go to Finley
               and Boeingshire, the corner of Finley and Boeingshire?

               A.     Yes.

               Q.     Why did you do that? Why did you go to that location?

               A.     Because a person came and said they were looking for –

                    MR. BALLIN: Object, Your Honor, as to what the person said.

                    THE COURT: All right. That’s –

                 MS. CRAIG: Judge, this is not for the truth of the matter asserted
               but to explain to the jury why Ms. Holman went to that area.


                                                  -17-
                    THE COURT: All right. I’ll allow it.

                    MS. CRAIG: Thank you, Judge.

                  MR. BALLIN: Your Honor, would you instruct the jury that it is
               not being offered for the truth of the matter.

                  THE COURT: This is not being offered here as – for the truth,
               ladies and gentlemen of the jury. This is just to allow the case to
               move on. The witness, the person who said this is not here and the
               objection was made because that person could not be – is not present
               and could – the Defense could not cross-examine or ask them
               questions. But the Court’s going to allow it to allow the matter – the
               case to move on.

                    So you may ask the question.

                    MS. CRAIG: Thank you, Judge.

               BY MS. CRAIG:

               Q.     Why did you go to that location, Ms. Holman?

               A. Because I was told that a man had been shot and that he was
               looking for – the man that came to me said he was looking for the
               family of the man whose truck had tried to be stolen.

                  MR. BALLIN: Judge, can I – same objection, Your Honor.
               We’re past the point of now being --

                 MS. CRAIG: Well, Judge, if we’re going to have an argument,
               may we approach?

                   THE COURT: All right. Well, the Court’s going to allow it and
               I think that this all happened in a sequence of events out there and
               I’m going to allow it and I’ll note the exception of Defense.

The transcript shows that the State did not offer the neighbor’s statement, or even intend to offer it,
as substantive evidence of the defendant’s guilt, and that the trial court, with its instruction to the
jury, made it clear that the evidence was not to be considered as proof of the truth of the matter
asserted. We conclude that the statement was not hearsay and that the trial court, therefore, did not
err in allowing it into evidence.


                                                 -18-
        This issue is without merit.

                                   V. Evidence of Other Crimes

      As his fifth issue, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of
an uncharged crime, namely, his possession of marijuana, in violation of Rule 404(b) of the
Tennessee Rules of Evidence. Rule 404(b) provides as follows:

                Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs,
                or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to
                show action in conformity with the character trait. It may, however,
                be admissible for other purposes. The conditions which must be
                satisfied before allowing such evidence are:

                    (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s
                presence;

                    (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other
                than conduct conforming with a character trait and must upon request
                state on the record the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for
                admitting the evidence; and

                   (3) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is
                outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

        Generally, this rule is one of exclusion, and evidence that an accused has committed some
other crime or bad act independent of that for which he is charged is inadmissible, even though it
may be a crime or act of the same character as that for which the accused is on trial. See State v.
Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 254 (Tenn. 1993). If, however, evidence that a defendant has committed
a crime separate from the one for which he is being tried is relevant to some matter actually in issue
in the case on trial and if its probative value is not outweighed by the danger of its prejudicial effect,
the evidence may be admitted. See id. “Only in an exceptional case will another crime, wrong, or
bad act be relevant to an issue other than the accused’s character. Such exceptional cases include
identity, intent, motive, opportunity, or rebuttal of mistake or accident.” State v. Drinkard, 909
S.W.2d 13, 16 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

        Before Officer Thompson testified in this case, the trial court held a jury-out hearing to
determine the admissibility of evidence as to the defendant’s possessing marijuana. The State argued
that the evidence was relevant to corroborate the defendant’s statement of motive, explaining why
he was in the neighborhood and had attempted to steal the victim’s truck, and that its probative value
outweighed its prejudicial effect. Defense counsel argued that the evidence was not relevant to show
motive because the defendant was not contesting the theft issues in the case. In response, the State
argued that every issue was in contention unless the defendant pleaded guilty to the offense, which

                                                  -19-
he had not done.4 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court determined that the evidence was
admissible under Rule 404, stating:

                     All right, lawyers, thank you for your statements. The court has
                 heard the proof of the witness in this case, Mr. Thompson, and
                 statements of the Defense and the State. And the court will find
                 under Rule 404 that the evidence of marijuana is probative and of
                 value to the jury in their findings in this case. The court will also
                 find that that’s done because of what the court has heard about other
                 statements and also the proof to this point.

                      The court further will for the record state that we will enter an
                  instruction to the jury on criminal conduct which will tell them not to
                  use this in their deliberations if there is something deliberated at the
                  time that we end this trial.

        When the trial court has substantially complied with the requirements of Rule 404(b), this
court reviews its decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. See
State v. Dubose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997). The trial court in this case conducted the
appropriate jury-out hearing and stated for the record that it was finding the evidence probative.
However, the record does not reflect that the trial court made the required determination regarding
the probative value of the evidence versus its prejudicial effect, if any. Accordingly, we review this
issue de novo, without any deference to the trial court’s decision. See id.

        Based upon our review, we conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting the marijuana
into evidence in this case. The defendant told police that he had tried to steal the victim’s truck
because he was carrying marijuana and cash, and feared he would be robbed as he walked to his
home. The evidence was, therefore, relevant to the issue of the defendant’s motive and intent.
Furthermore, we find that its probative value far outweighed any prejudicial effect it may have had.
The defendant’s position throughout the trial was that there was an exchange of gunfire between
himself and the victim, with the victim shooting at him first. When arrested by Officer Thompson,
and later in his statement at the police station, he claimed that he had shot at the victim after the
victim first tried to rob and shoot him. We therefore agree with the State that evidence showing that
the defendant carried marijuana would have tended to support his theory of the case, rather than
unfairly prejudice the jury against him.

        Further, we note that in the defendant’s opening statement, it was admitted that he “had a .38
revolver,” and argued that he fired five shots with the victim firing six. Since there was no proof that
the defendant was lawfully carrying a loaded pistol, it appears that even the defense which he wanted


         4
          With respect to the theft charge, the defendant stood mute, and the trial court, pursuant to Rule 11 of the
Tennessee R ules of Criminal Procedure, entered a plea of no t guilty on his behalf.

                                                        -20-
to present admitted at least a violation of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 39-17-1307, unlawful
carrying or possession of a weapon.

       This issue is without merit.

                                       VI. Closing Argument

        As his final issue, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing the prosecutor
to make improper comments to the jury during closing argument. He argues that the prosecutor was
allowed to provide an erroneous example of voluntary manslaughter, and improperly imply that the
defendant was required to make a statement in the case. The State argues that the prosecutor’s
comments were not error and, further, that any error that may have occurred was cured by the trial
court’s instructions to the jury.

       Defense counsel objected to two portions of the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument. The first
occurred as the prosecutor argued that the facts did not support a finding of voluntary manslaughter:

                Voluntary manslaughter is a killing, but the person who kills is
                provoked to such an extent that a reasonable person would do an
                irrational act. You know, say a man walks in and sees somebody
                raping his child. Would that be a provocation that a reasonable
                person might act and even kill? I submit to you yes.

The second occurred as the prosecutor discussed the defendant’s expression of remorse in his
statement to police: “Well, that’s garbage. That’s about as true as these self-serving statements he
makes to the police. And he’s got to make some kind of statement to help himself, because they
caught him with the murder weapon.”

         The standard of review for determining whether a trial court allowed too much latitude in
closing argument is abuse of discretion. See State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 157 (Tenn. 1998) (citing
State v. Sutton, 562 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tenn. 1978)), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1089, 119 S. Ct. 1501,
143 L. Ed. 2d 654 (1999). Having reviewed the entire record, including the closing arguments of
the prosecutor and defense counsel, we can find no abuse of discretion in the manner the trial court
handled closing arguments in this case. Following defense counsel’s objection in each instance, the
trial court immediately instructed the jury that the statements, arguments, and remarks of the lawyers
were not evidence, and that it should disregard any statements that were not supported by the
evidence. At the conclusion of the trial, the court issued appropriate jury instructions, including
instructions on voluntary manslaughter and on the defendant’s right not to testify.

       We conclude, therefore, that this issue is also without merit.




                                                 -21-
                                 CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                               ___________________________________
                                               ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




                                        -22-
