                                 Cite as 2014 Ark. App. 702

                 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                        DIVISION I
                                       No. CV-14-441


JERRY W. BARNETT and ROSE S.                      Opinion Delivered   DECEMBER 10, 2014
BARNETT, Husband and Wife
                      APPELLANTS                  APPEAL FROM THE WASHINGTON
                                                  COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
V.                                                [NO. CV 2013-733-2]

GARY L. SANDERS and SHARI H.                      HONORABLE DOUG MARTIN,
SANDERS, Husband and Wife, and                    JUDGE
STUART H. SANDERS
                        APPELLEES                 AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED
                                                  AND REMANDED IN PART


                              DAVID M. GLOVER, Judge


       Appellants Jerry and Rose Barnett appeal from the order of the Washington County

Circuit Court granting appellees Stuart Sanders and his parents, Gary and Shari Sanders (non-

resident co-owners), injunctive relief and prohibiting the Barnetts’ placement of fencing and

gates across the northern easement on the Barnetts’ property. On appeal, the Barnetts argue

that they did not unreasonably restrict or interfere with the Sanderses’ use and enjoyment of

their easement across the Barnetts’ property; they also assert that the Sanderses’ complaint is

not ripe for adjudication because Stuart Sanders has never been prevented from using the

easement. We reverse and remand in part and affirm in part.

       This case involves five contiguous parcels of property. The Sanderses purchased the

easternmost parcel in May 2007 from the Darrell Edward McFarland Revocable Living Trust.

The Barnetts purchased the three westernmost parcels from the McFarland Family Trust in
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April 2012. The parcel between the Sanderses’ property, which was possibly going to be

developed at some point in the future by Stuart, and the Barnetts’ property is owned by

another person not a party to this appeal. The Sanderses’ deed contains sixty-foot easements

described by metes and bounds across the northern and southern sides of the Barnetts’

property. Jerry Barnett erected fences and sixteen-foot unlocked gates across the northern

easement to facilitate his rotational grazing cattle operation. The Sanderses filed a petition for

injunctive relief against the Barnetts for blocking the northern easement.

       At trial, Jerry Barnett testified that he has always acknowledged that the Sanderses have

an easement, that currently the gates were unlocked, and, that when he needed to lock the

gates to secure his cattle, he would provide Stuart Sanders with the combination so that Stuart

Sanders continued to have access. There was also testimony at trial that the northern

easement was not passable without the performance of significant construction work to

traverse a creek and a spillway, as well as remove brush piles and trees; however, Stuart

Sanders testified that he could still move equipment along the north easement even though

there were ditches. Stuart testified that currently the property was still zoned for agriculture,

although he said that he might develop the property at some point in the future. He testified

that the stopping and opening of gates would not practically work for him.

       The trial court issued a letter opinion granting the Sanderses’ petition for injunctive

relief based on the holding in Wilson v. Johnston, 66 Ark. App. 193, 990 S.W.2d 554 (1999).

An order granting the Sanderses’ petition for injunctive relief was filed on February 20, 2014.

The Barnetts timely filed a notice of appeal on March 14, 2014, as well as an amended notice


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of appeal on May 16, 2014. The Barnetts make two arguments on appeal: (1) Stuart Sanders’s

use and enjoyment of the easements across the Barnett property was not unreasonably

restricted or interfered with by the erection of the gates, and (2) the Sanderses’ complaint was

not ripe for adjudication because Stuart Sanders has never actually been prevented from using

the easement.

       Our standard of review following a bench trial is whether the circuit court’s findings

are clearly erroneous or clearly against the preponderance of the evidence. Paschal v. Paschal,

2011 Ark. App. 515. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to

support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been made. Id.

       The trial court’s reliance on Wilson v. Johnston, supra, in this case is misplaced. In that

case, Wilson purchased property in 1964 containing a private-way easement described by

metes and bounds. Wilson constructed a concrete driveway on a portion of the easement.

Roughly a ten-by-thirty-foot portion of the easement was not paved and remained in its

natural state. Wilson utilized the natural part of the easement to gain access to her backyard

on occasion, causing ruts in the ground. Wilson wanted to pave the natural part of the

easement; Johnston objected to both Wilson’s use of the natural portion of the easement and

to Wilson’s desire to pave it. Wilson filed a complaint for declaratory judgment and

injunction to determine her rights with regard to the property, as well as requesting that she

be allowed to pave the remaining portion of the private way and to extend her privacy fence.

The trial court determined that for thirty-one years, the natural portion of the property had


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been used as a “buffer” and could not be utilized for anything else; the court also denied

Wilson’s requests to pave the property and extend her privacy fence. Wilson argued on

appeal that the chancellor erred in narrowing the width of the private-way easement that was

defined by metes and bounds in the recorded deed, and this court agreed, citing Howard v.

Cramlet, 56 Ark. App. 171, 939 S.W.2d 858 (1997), for the proposition that an easement that

is not described by metes and bounds or defined with specificity is subject to “lines of

reasonable enjoyment,” but holding that when there is an express easement specifically

established by metes and bounds, the trial court can neither diminish the area nor restrict the

usage of the private way.

       Here, the circuit court, in its letter opinion, cites Wilson v. Johnston for the proposition

that because the easement is described by metes and bounds, the “lines of reasonable

enjoyment” theory does not apply.1 This is correct. However, notwithstanding that

statement, all easements, regardless of specificity, are still governed by certain general

principles. This court, in Howard v. Cramlett, supra, held:

               The rule in this state is that the owner of an easement may make use of the
       easement compatible with the authorized use so long as the use is reasonable in light
       of all facts and circumstances of the case. The owner of the servient tenement may
       make any use thereof that is consistent with, or not calculated to interfere with, the
       exercise of the easement granted. 3 Tiffany, Law of Real Property, § 811 (3rd ed. 1939);
       see Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America v. Cox, 490 F. Supp. 452 (E.D. Ark. 1980).

56 Ark. App. at 174–75, 939 S.W.2d at 860. Thus, when determining the relations between


       1
        The present case is further distinguishable from Wilson v. Johnston because here,
there was no diminishment of the metes and bounds easement by the trial court nor was
there any restriction on how the easement could be used by Stuart Sanders from the trial
court.

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the easement owner and the possessor of the servient estate, the governing principle is that

neither should unreasonably interfere with the rights of the other; what is reasonable or

unreasonable will vary with the facts of the case. Wilson v. Brown, 320 Ark. 240, 897 S.W.2d

546 (1995). The holder of the dominant estate has a duty to use the property so as not to

damage the owner of the servient estate; conversely, the servient-estate owner may not erect

a barrier that unreasonably interferes with the right of passage by the easement owner. Id.

          The Barnetts argue that there was no unreasonable interference or restriction with

Stuart Sanders’s use and enjoyment of the easement. However, the circuit court made no

findings on these issues, and this court cannot make those findings. Because the trial court

made no findings as to what constituted reasonable use/restriction of the easement by Barnett

as the servient tenement, we remand the case to the circuit court for findings on the

reasonableness/restriction issue.

          The Barnetts also raise the ripeness issue, citing Redwine v. Turner, 2011 Ark. App. 251,

378 S.W.3d 866, for this court’s holding that we would not base our decision in an easement

case on what might happen in the future, particularly in the absence of any testimony showing

that the servient estate might be combined with another parcel of land at some point in the

future. However, in Redwine, it was the owner of the servient estate, not the dominant estate

as we have here, who was asking for a determination based on what might happen in the

future.

          In the present case, there was testimony from Stuart Sanders that he was not

developing the property at that time—in fact, the land was still zoned agricultural. However,


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the Sanderses own the dominant estate, not the servient estate as in Redwine, and they are

entitled to the use of the easement, even if they are not using it at this moment. In Wilson

v. Johnston, supra, this court cited Salmon v. Bradshaw, 173 N.W.2d 281 (S.D. 1969), for the

proposition that an express-grant easement is not lost by nonuse or partial use, and that the

easement right exists, notwithstanding the exercise of a lesser privilege. As the dominant

tenement, the Sanderses were not remiss to ask the circuit court to determine their rights in

the easement if they believed that Jerry Barnett was attempting to usurp the easement,

regardless of whether he was using it at the moment or not. Therefore, the issue was ripe for

decision, and we affirm the trial court on this point.

       Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part.

       PITTMAN and WHITEAKER, JJ., agree.

       Reece Moore Pendergraft LLP, by: Larry McCredy, for appellant.

       No response.




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