                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                               On-Briefs December 29, 2000

            IN THE MATTER OF: JALEESA CHANTELLE DAVIS

                 A Direct Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Shelby County
                 No. 11439   The Honorable A. V. McDowell, Special Judge



                    No. W1999-01662-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 1, 2001


The Shelby County Juvenile Court terminated parental rights of the natural mother and father of
minor child. Parents have appealed. We affirm.

    Tenn.R.App.P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed and
                                       Remanded

W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,
J. and DAVID R. FARMER , J., joined.

Scot A. Bearup, Memphis, For Appellant, Angela Busigo

Andrew Bernstein, Memphis, For Appellant, Curtis Davis

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, Douglas Earl Dimond, Assistant Attorney
General, For Appellee, State of Tennessee, Department of Children's Services



                                            OPINION

        Respondents, Angela Busigo and Curtis Davis, mother and father of Jaleesa Davis, a minor
child, appeal the order of the juvenile court terminating their parental rights. On November 22,
1996, the Department of Children’s Services (DCS) filed a petition averring that Jaleesa Davis, born
January 30, 1996, was a “dependent and neglected” child within the law of Tennessee. The petition
represents that Jaleesa was admitted to St. Francis Hospital and diagnosed as “failure to thrive” and
that Jaleesa’s physician reported that her mother, Angelo Busigo, is presently not capable of caring
for her. The petition further averred that DCS attempted to contact the mother, however, was
unsuccessful. The father, Curtis Davis, was incarcerated at the time the petition was filed. The
petition states that circumstances created a threat of severe harm to Jeleesa, and that the placement
of Jeleesa in a foster home was in her best interests.
        On December 17, 1996, the juvenile court found that Jaleesa was dependant and neglected
and that reasonable efforts had been made to prevent removal from the home and that foster care
placement was in Jaleesa’s best interest. On July 22, 1997, the juvenile court recommended that
Jaleesa remain in foster care and that the goal on the plan of care was to return her to her parents.
On February 24, 1998, the court ordered that Jaleesa remain in foster care. The matter was continued
until April 29, 1998, for a possible change of goal on the plan of care to adoption. A hearing was
held on April 28, 1997, and an order entered recommending that Jaleesa remain in foster care. The
goal on the plan of care was changed to adoption. Court Appointed Special Advocate, (CASA), was
appointed for permanency planning for the placement of Jaleesa.

        On November 9, 1998, CASA filed a petition for the termination of the parental rights of
Angela Busigo and Curtis Davis pursuant to T.C.A. § § 36-1-113(g) and 37-2-403(2). The petition
alleged that for a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding filing of the petition,
respondents had abandoned the child in that they had willfully failed to visit and willfully failed to
support or make reasonable payments toward the support of Jaleesa. The petition states that Jaleesa
had been removed from the home of her mother, Angela Busigo, as the result of a finding by the
juvenile court that she was “dependent and neglected” as defined in T.C. A § 37-1-102 and was
placed in the custody of the DCS. The Petition further asserts that pursuant to T.C.A. § § 36-1-
113(g)(2) and 37-2-403, both Ms. Angela and Mr. Davis have substantially failed to comply with
the statement of responsibilities contained in the permanency plan. The Petition alleges that pursuant
to T.C.A. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(a) the child has been removed from the custody of her parents by the
court for at least six months and that the conditions that led to her removal or conditions which
would in all probability cause her to be subject to further abuse or neglect and which prevent her
return to the care of the respondents still persist. The petition further asserts that in accordance with
T.C.A.§ 36-1-113 (g)(7)(B), Ms. Busigo is incompetent to adequately provide for the further care
and supervision of the child because her mental condition is presently so impaired, and it is likely
to remain so, that it is unlikely that she will be able to assume or resume the care and responsibility
for the child in the near future. The petition avers that termination of both respondents’ rights is in
the best interest of the child.

        On November 9, 1998, the juvenile court appointed an attorney ad litem for Angela Busigo,
an attorney ad litem for Curtis Davis, and a guardian ad litem for Jaleesa. The guardian ad litem
filed an answer and report and a supplemental report which stated her opinion that the parental rights
of Mr. Curtis and Ms. Busigo should be terminated.

       The matter was heard in juvenile court in February 1999.1 Neither parent testified at the
hearing. Renee Brotherton, a licensed clinical social worker and treating therapist for Angela
Busigo, testified in her behalf. Dr. Brotherton stated that she began to treat Ms. Busigo on February
16, 1998, at her request for assistance to regain custody of her child. Ms. Busigo presented to Dr.


         1
                    The transcript of the hearing reflects hearing dates in December of 1999, however, since the order by
the juvenile court terminating the parental rights was entered on February 11, 1999, and the appeal was taken on February
17, 1999, we conclude that the hearing actually took place in February 1999, as indicated by the order.

                                                          -2-
Brotherton a plan of care dated March 18, 1998, that had been generated by DCS, including goals
that Ms. Busigo was to achieve in order to regain custody of Jaleesa. The responsibilities assigned
to Ms. Busigo in the plan included that she be able to understand instructions from doctors regarding
the care of Jaleesa. Dr. Brotherton was not able to comment on how she has progressed in this area,
as she has not had the opportunity to observe her in following any medical instructions. Dr.
Brotherton described the two occasions that she witnessed Ms. Busigo’s visitation with her daughter
in June of 1998, as “not problematic.”

         Returning to the plan of care, Dr. Brotherton stated that the parents are identified with a
history of involvement in negative activities in the community. The plan sets a goal that the parents
would be viewed in a more positive light in the community. Additionally, the plan of care states
that the parents have some problems in their relationship, and sets a goal that the relationship become
stronger. Dr. Brotherton testified that in therapy they addressed the arguing and lack of emotional
support and the amount of time that Mr. Davis spends away from home.

         With regard to the plan’s goal that the parents show that they can meet Jaleesa’s nutritional
needs as Jaleesa had been diagnosed as “failure to thrive” when she came into foster care, Dr.
Brotherton stated that she was aware that Ms. Busigo has taken a parenting class, earning a
certificate that she has shown to Dr. Brotherton. On occasion, Ms. Busigo quoted various
instructions and information from the class, however, Ms. Busigo’s references to the class were not
specifically about nutrition. Dr. Brotherton further testified that the plan sets a goal for the parents
to bond more closely with Jaleesa and work to improve her developmental skills, however, Dr.
Brotherton has only been able to work minimally with Ms. Busigo on this goal, as she has not had
visitation with her child for much of the time that they have been in therapy together. Ms. Busigo
explained this lack of visitation to Dr. Brotherton stating that she was concerned about the
supervising person, and was afraid that their report of her interaction with Jaleesa would be
prejudiced against her, and make false accusations because Mr. Davis was not there to witness the
supervision.

        The plan also required documentation of the parents’ participation in the plan of care with
the desired outcome that Jaleesa have a permanent home as soon as possible. Dr. Brotherton stated
that she had not been inside the home of Ms. Busigo, but had seen the outside of her apartment
building, which appeared to be stable housing. As to other issues addressed in therapy, Dr.
Brotherton stated that financial responsibility was a main focus, and stated that Ms. Busigo is as
stable as she can be given her mental illness, however, Dr. Brotherton stated that she did not feel
comfortable with the financial stability considering Mr. Davis’ lack of employment.

        Over the coarse of treating Ms. Busigo, Dr. Brotherton’s contact with DCS included phone
conversations, two meetings, and a letter written to the department. Also, Dr. Brotherton confirmed
to Ms. Boyd, of DCS, that Ms. Busigo’s bipolar disorder appeared to be under control through
medications, as verified by a letter from her doctor. In the meetings, Dr. Brotherton addressed the
lack of stability in the relationship between Mr. Davis and Ms. Busigo, and informed Ms. Boyd that



                                                  -3-
this relationship was not as stable as she would like for it to be. She explained that she and Ms.
Busigo had explored the possibility of her being on her own.

        On cross-examination, Dr. Brotherton agreed that impulsivity is a common trait of bipolar
patients, which she states could be harmful when parenting a child. Dr. Brotherton testified that she
had been told by a creditable source that Ms. Busigo had periodically panhandled during the time
that she was under her care, but she did not observe this behavior. She confirmed that the inability
of Ms. Busigo and Mr. Davis to get along, and his inability to stay out of jail and spend time at home
would have a negative affect on Jaleesa. Dr. Brotherton stated that DCS did give Ms. Busigo
instructions on regular visitation, but she did not follow those instructions. Dr. Brotherton testified
that she has only recently learned that Jaleesa is a special needs child, and was not aware of what
Jaleesa’s needs were when she made her assessment regarding Ms. Busigo’s ability to meet her
child’s needs. When questioned about her opinion regarding Ms. Busigo’s parenting, Dr.
Brotherton stated that based on her diagnosis, assessment, and continuing therapy with Ms. Busigo,
she has the skills necessary to bond with Jaleesa, however, Dr. Brotherton stated that she had
reservations about Ms. Busigo regaining custody of Jaleesa at this time.

        Ms. Waddell, case manager for DCS, testified that her responsibility is to supervise case
managers who work with families of children who are in state custody making sure that the case
workers document their files. The first case worker on Jaleesa’s case worked from November of
1996 to July of 1997, at which time another case worker, Stephanie Ransom was assigned and
worked on the case until she left the department. Ms. Waddell carried the case herself until March
of 1998, when Paula Boyd was assigned to the case. Paula Boyd is currently on maternity leave and
Ms. Waddell is again the case manager. Ms. Waddell testified that the DCS records indicate that
Jaleesa came into custody of the department in 1996, when her mother took her to the hospital and
she was diagnosed as “failure to thrive.” Shortly after arriving at the hospital, Ms. Busigo left the
hospital and was gone for over a day. Upon receiving a telephone call from the hospital, the
department looked into the matter and discovered that there were problems with housing and with
the mother’s mental instability. The situation was further complicated by Jaleesa’s diagnosis of
“failure to thrive” and a diagnosis at birth of hydrocephalus, which generally means she is slower
than other children. The first meeting between DCS and Ms. Busigo was held in December of 1996,
attended by Ms. Deerbum, the case manager, and Ms. Busigo. Ms. Deerbum told Ms. Busigo that
they would work toward goals that could help her make improvements so that the child could return
home. At that time, a plan of care was drawn up and completed on December 16, 1996. Pursuant
to the plan of care, Ms. Busigo was required to attend parenting classes. The DCS files indicate that
Ms. Busigo had previously attended parenting classes, however the files do not contain reports from
any classes attended. The second thing that Ms. Busigo was required to do was to provide adequate
housing for her daughter, which Ms. Waddell testified was accomplished. The third requirement on
the plan was that Ms. Busigo contact DCS and schedule regular visitation with her daughter. Ms.
Waddell testified that Ms. Busigo has scheduled some visitation, but that it has been very limited.
The files indicate that in December of 1996, Ms. Busigo visited Jaleesa at “Sarah’s Place.” Another
visit was scheduled for February 13, 1997, but on February 11, 1997, Ms. Busigo called and
cancelled the visit. On February 28, 1997, Ms. Busigo called to set up a visit which was scheduled


                                                 -4-
for March 6, 1997, and on March 5, 1997, the case manager went to the mother’s home to leave a
note reminding her of the visit, however, DCS did not hear from Ms. Busigo, and there was no visit
on March 6. On March 7, 1997, Ms. Busigo called again and a visit was scheduled for and attended
on March 20, 1997. On March 31, 1997, Ms. Busigo scheduled a visit for April 24, 1997, however,
that visit was rescheduled and occurred on May 8, 1997. Another visit occurred on June 11, 1997,
in the office of Dr. Bishop, her therapist at that time. From the time that Ms. Deerbum left, until
another case manager was assigned, Ms. Waddell was responsible for the case. Ms. Waddell
testified that Ms. Busigo maintained fairly regular contact during that time and wanted to visit with
her child. Ms. Waddell arranged for a Community Service assistant, Dorothy Nelson, to pick up
Jaleesa and take her to visit with her mother. The next visit took place on October 2, 1997, at the
Child Advocacy Center, as Ms. Busigo had requested that the visits not be at her house.
Subsequently, Ms. Busigo complained to Ms. Waddell about Ms. Nelson, and requested another case
manager, to which Ms. Waddell responded that she had no case manager to assign other than herself,
and she needed Ms. Nelson to help with visitation. 2 There was a visitation scheduled for November
of 1997; however, there was no one at home and a note on the door stating that Mr. Davis had gone
to the hospital on the night before, and that they had locked their keys in the house. Ms. Waddell
testified that there was no visitation from November of 1997 through March 18, 1998, when the plan
of care was discussed and a visitation took place by Ms. Busigo and Mr. Davis. The new plan of
care stated that the Susanna Center, where Jaleesa was in treatment for developmental delay, had
agreed to have visitation on a weekly basis, which would help in their assessment of Jaleesa. In
April of 1998, there were two visitations at the Susanna Center, one with both Ms. Busigo and Mr.
Davis, and one with only Ms. Busigo. The Susanna Center reported that Ms. Busigo was very
demanding of their time and took teachers away from students, causing an imbalance in the program.
The Susanna Center opted to discontinue the visitations. Ms. Busigo had been advised prior to these
visitations that if there was any disruption in the classrooms, visitations could not continue there.
On June 2, 1998, a visitation took place in Dr. Brotherton’s office with Ms. Busigo, at which time
the plan of care was discussed. On June 11, 1998, there was a second visitation by Ms. Busigo at
Dr. Brotherton’s office. There was a third visit on June 18, 1998, at Dr. Brotherton’s office attended
by Ms. Busigo. Since the visit on June 18, 1998, through the time of trial, neither Ms. Busigo nor
Mr. Davis has had visitation with Jaleesa. In July of 1998, Ms. Busigo called DCS three times and
asked that the plan of care be changed. When asked to schedule visitation, Ms. Busigo stated that
she would not see Jaleesa that week, but would keep in touch. The next contact was a telephone
message that Mr. Davis had called on August 10, 1998. A case manager returned his call the same
day, and responded to his question regarding when they would get Jaleesa back stating that it did not
look good when there had been no visits with the child. Mr. Davis explained that there had been no
visits because Ms. Busigo wanted to have things her way, and that if she could not have visitation
in Dr. Brotherton’s office, she would not have them. Mr. Davis was told that CASA was working
on termination of parental rights and verified that Mr. Davis had legitimated Jaleesa.


        2
                   Ms. Nelson had given M s. Busigo her home telephone number in the event that something came up,
however, Ms. Busigo abused the information by calling Ms. Nelson many times over the weekend. Ms. Nelson informed
her that she was not working in any capacity other than business, to which Ms. Busigo responded in anger, reacting
negatively and stated that she d id not unde rstand that M s. Nelson w as not a case manager.

                                                       -5-
         Regarding the goals contained in the original plan of care and the plan revised in July of
1997, Ms. Waddell testified that Ms. Busigo met all of the requirements with the exception of the
visitation. The plan was again revised in March of 1998, and included responsibilities for Ms.
Busigo to work with her therapist to learn active listening skills, with the desired outcome that she
would be able to understand instructions from doctors and other professionals with regard to meeting
the needs of her child. This responsibility was specifically included because Ms. Busigo had been
instructed by nurses to give Jaleesa plenty of water, however, she had understood the instructions
in a different way than they were intended, and gave the child so much water that she was not getting
adequate formula, causing the problem of “failure to thrive.” Ms. Waddell can not comment on Ms.
Busigo’s progress regarding her listening skills because she has not had recent contact with her.
There was also an instruction added to the plan that Ms. Busigo stop panhandling, primarily because
this problem came up in review meetings where various people had witnessed her panhandling and
even had been approached themselves. The department had difficulty considering placement of a
child in a home where the mother continued this behavior.

      Ms. Waddell testified regarding Mr. Davis, stating that the requirement was added that he stay
out of jail because he had a history of going to jail, however, she reports that he has not met his
requirement. Another responsibility was added that the parents would work with the therapist to
improve their relationship. This was added at Dr. Brotherton’s suggestion because the conflict
between the parents was significant, and she was concerned that if they could not get along, they
could not care for the child. To Ms. Waddell’s knowledge, this has not progressed. The plan also
required that during visitation the parents provide adequate food to meet Jaleesa’s nutritional needs.
This requirement was not met. The last requirement was that the parents visit Jaleesa at the Susanna
Center at least once a week and participate in the program to help Jaleesa improve her developmental
skills. Ms. Busigo went to the Susanna center only two times before the center requested that the
visitations be discontinued, as she was disruptive and did not comply with their rules.

         Ms. Waddell testified that Ms. Busigo has not acquired the parenting skills that she wanted
her to acquire when she originated the plan of care, is deficient in her visitations on a regular basis,
and unable to redirect the child without someone else there to give her instruction. Ms. Busigo has
not had visitation since June 18, 1998, over four months. The only goal that Ms. Waddell thinks that
Ms. Busigo has done to the best of her ability has been her attendance of therapy sessions, however,
she does not see major changes with regard to her ability to parent. Mr. Davis has not had many
visitations with Jaleesa, and Ms. Waddell does not believe there to be any sort of bond between the
father and the child. In total Ms. Busigo has visited Jaleesa twelve times since she has been in DCS
custody, and Mr. Davis has had two or three visits. In contrast, Jaleesa has been with the same foster
family since the fall of 1997, who now seek to adopt her. Although Ms. Waddell testified that she
has never seen Jaleesa with her foster family, DCS records indicate that there is a very close bond
between her and her foster family and that Jaleesa is shown a great deal of care.

        The trial court ruled from the bench that there was abandonment on the part of both parents.
The court found it in the child’s best interest that both parents’ rights be terminated and that custody
be with DCS for placement for adoption. An order to that effect was entered on February 11, 1999,


                                                  -6-
terminating the parental rights of Ms. Busigo and Mr. Davis and including findings of fact in
pertinent part:

               1.      The Respondents have for a period of four (4) consecutive
                       months immediately preceding the filing of this Petition,
                       failed to visit and willfully failed to support or make
                       reasonable payments toward the support of the child.

               2.      Said child has been removed from the custody of Respondent
                       Busigo by order of this Court for more than two years.
                       Testimony presented indicated that the conditions that existed
                       at the time of removal continue to exist.

               3.      The evidence presented showed that the Respondents have
                       substantially failed to comply with the ratified Permanency
                       Plan.

The order states that the parents had abandoned the child as defined in T.C.A. § 36-1-102(A) and
have substantially failed to comply with the statement of responsibilities in the ratified permanency
plan as defined in T.C.A. § 37-2-403. The court further held that in accordance with T.C.A. § 36-1-
113(c)(2), the termination of the Respondents’ parental rights is in the best interest of the child. In
so holding, the court stated that in accordance with T.C.A. § 36-1-113(c)(1), there is clear and
convincing evidence to support the termination of parental rights. Both parents have appealed. Ms.
Busigo raises four issues on appeal as stated in her brief:

               I.      The trial court erred in concluding that the Appellants
                       abandoned the minor child.
               II.     The Department of Children’s Services did not satisfy its
                       statutory obligations in exercising “reasonable efforts” to
                       reunite the minor child and Appellants.
               III.    The trial court erred in concluding that the Department of
                       Children’s Services had established grounds for termination
                       by clear and convincing evidence.
                       A. The trial court erroneously found by clear and
                       convincing evidence that the Appellants abandoned
                       the minor child.
                       B. The trial court erroneously found by clear and
                       convincing evidence that the Appellants failed to
                       substantially comply with the permanency plans.
                       C. There was no proof presented by the Department
                       of Children’s Services that the conditions that led to
                       the removal of the minor child still exist or cannot be
                       remedied in a timely manner.


                                                 -7-
               IV. There was no proof presented by the Department of Children’s
               Services that termination of Appellant’s parental rights would be in
               the best interest of the minor child.

Mr. Davis presents three issues for review as stated in his brief:

               I. The trial court erred in concluding that parents abandoned the
               child.
               II. The trial court erred in concluding that parents have substantially
               failed to comply with the statement of responsibilities in the
               Permanency Plan.
               III. The trial court erred in concluding that the conditions which led
               to the removal of child from the parental home or other conditions
               which in all probability would cause child to be subject to further
               abuse or neglect still persist and there is little likelihood that the
               conditions will be remedied at an early date.

        Pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-1-113(c)(1)(2) (Supp. 1999), termination of parental rights must be
based on a finding by clear and convincing evidence that grounds for termination exist, and that such
termination is in the best interest of the child. Since this case was tried by the trial court sitting
without a jury, we review the case de novo upon the record with a presumption of correctness of the
findings of fact by the trial court. Unless the evidence preponderates against the findings, we must
affirm, absent error of law. T.R.A.P. 13(d).

        It is a well established premise that “[a] parent has a fundamental right to the care, custody
and control of his or her child.” Department of Children’s Servs. v. Wiley, No. 03A01-9903-JV-
00091, 1999 WL 1068726, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov.24, 1999) (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S.
645, 651 (1972)). A parent’s right to the care, custody, and control of his or her child is not absolute
and may be terminated if justified by clear and convincing evidence under the applicable statute.
In re C.W.W., N.W.W., Z.W.W., & A.L.W., No. M1999-01372-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 666361, at
*6 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2000) (citing Wiley, 1999 WL 1068726, at *3 (citing Santosky v.
Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769 (1982))). Termination of parental rights must be based on a finding by
clear and convincing evidence the grounds for termination of rights have been established and the
termination of parental rights in is the best interest of the child. T.C.S. § 36-1-113(c)(1) and (2).
In addition, in order to terminate parental rights there must be a showing that the parent is unfit or
that substantial harm to the child will result if the parental rights are not terminated. In Re
Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180, 188 (Tenn. 1999) (citations omitted). The Tennessee adoption statues
mandate that:

                      (g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights
                may be based upon any of the following grounds:

                       (1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in §
                36-1-102, has occurred;

                                                  -8-
                      (2) There has been substantial noncompliance by the parent or
              guardian with the statement of responsibilities in a permanency plan
              or a plan of care pursuant to the provisions of title 37, chapter 2, part
              4;

                     (3)(A) The child has been removed from the home of the
              parent or guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6) months
              and:

                      (i) The conditions which led to the child's removal or other
              conditions which in all reasonable probability would cause the child
              to be subjected to further abuse or neglect and which, therefore,
              prevent the child's safe return to the care of the parent(s) or
              guardian(s), still persist;
                      (ii) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be
              remedied at an early date so that the child can be safely returned to
              the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the near future; and

                      (iii) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child
              relationship greatly diminishes the child's chances of early integration
              into a safe, stable and permanent home.

T.C.A. § 36-1-113, (1999). Regarding the first ground, Tennessee’s adoption statues define
abandonment as:

              (1)(A) "Abandonment" means, for purposes of terminating the
              parental or guardian rights of parent(s) or guardian(s) of a child to
              that child in order to make that child available for adoption, that:

                      (i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately
              preceding the filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the
              parental rights of the parent(s) or guardian(s) of the child who is the
              subject of the petition for termination of parental rights or adoption,
              that the parent(s) or guardian(s) either have willfully failed to visit or
              have willfully failed to support or make reasonable payments toward
              the support of the child; [or]

                      (ii) The child has been removed from the home of the
              parent(s) or guardian(s) as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile
              court in which the child was found to be a dependent and neglected
              child, as defined in § 37-1-102, and the child was placed in the
              custody of the department or a licensed child-placing agency, that the
              juvenile court found, or the court where the termination of parental


                                                 -9-
               rights petition is filed finds, that the department or a licensed
               child-placing agency made reasonable efforts to prevent removal of
               the child or that the circumstances of the child's situation prevented
               reasonable efforts from being made prior to the child's removal; and
               for a period of four (4) months following the removal, the department
               or agency has made reasonable efforts to assist the parent(s) or
               guardian(s) to establish a suitable home for the child, but that the
               parent(s) or guardian(s) have made no reasonable efforts to provide
               a suitable home and have demonstrated a lack of concern for the child
               to such a degree that it appears unlikely that they will be able to
               provide a suitable home for the child at an early date;

                               *       *       *          *    *

                       (E) For purposes of this subdivision (1), "willfully failed to
               visit" means the willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive
               months, to visit or engage in more than token visitation;

T.C.A § 36-1-102 (1999).

        In the resent case In re C.W.W., N.W.W., ZA.W.W., & A.L.W. this Court stated “this court
has recognized that the existence of any one of the statutory bases will support a termination of
parental rights.” In re C.W.W., N.W.W., Z.W.W., & A.L.W., No. M1999-01372-COA-R3-CV, 2000
WL 666361, at * 7 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2000). Therefore, we must affirm the trial court’s
judgment terminating the parental rights of both Mr. Davis and Ms. Busigo if the record contains
clear and convincing evidence to support any basis found by the trial court. See id. (citations
omitted). Tennessee courts have commented on the standard of clear and convincing evidence
stating “[i]n order to be clear and convincing, evidence must eliminate any serious or substantial
doubt about the correctness of the conclusions to be drawn from the evidence” See Hodges v. S.C.
Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901 n. 3 (Tenn.1992); O'Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d 182, 188
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).

        In their first issues, both Mr. Davis and Ms. Busigo contend that the trial court erred in
concluding that each had abandoned Jaleesa. The petition for the termination of parental rights
alleged that the parents have for a period of four months immediately preceding the filing of the
petition “willfully failed to visit and willfully failed to support or make other reasonable payments
toward the support of the child.” The trial court found that both parents have, for a period of four
months preceding the filing of the petition, “failed to visit and willfully failed to support or make
reasonable payments toward the support of the child.” Regarding the allegation and finding of a
willful failure to support, we note the decision of our Supreme Court In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d 180
(Tenn. 1999), holding that in construing the parental rights termination statute the court could not
read an element of intent into the definition of “willfully failed to support” and “willfully failed to
make reasonable payments toward such child’s support”. The Swanson Court held that the statutory


                                                   -10-
definitions of “willfully failed to support” and “willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward
such child’s support”violated the due process clause of the United States Constitution and the “law
of the land” provision of the Tennessee Constitution as they create an irrebuttable presumption that
a failure to provide support for four months immediately preceding the filing of a petition to
terminate parental rights establishes abandonment, without regard to whether the failure was
intentional. Id. at 188-89. Accordingly, the Swanson, Court found the definition found in T.C.A.
§ 36-1-102 (1)(D) for “willfully failed to support” and “willfully failed to make reasonable payments
toward such child’s support” was unconstitutional, and that the definition previously in effect, which
contained an element of intent both in failure to visit and failure to support shall be applied until the
statute is amended. In Re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d at 189.

         A review of the record indicates that the trial court erred in finding by clear and convincing
evidence that the parents willfully failed to support the child. Although it does appear that there was
no support provided by either parent, the record does not demonstrate the requisite intent needed for
a finding that this failure was willful. However, we do find clear and convincing evidence that both
parents willfully failed to visit the child in the four months immediately preceding the filing of the
petition. The DCS record and testimony of Ms. Waddell indicate that for the four months
immediately preceding the filing of the petition for the termination of parental rights on November
9, 1998, neither parent had visitation with Jaleesa. The last visitation by Ms. Busigo was on June
18, 1998, and she only had twelve visitations in total from the time that Jaleesa was taken into the
custody of DCS in November of 1996. The record contains evidence demonstrating that the failure
to visit on the part of Ms. Busigo was an intentional failure. She was in touch with DCA during this
period and was given ample opportunity to visit Jaleesa, yet opted to forego such opportunities. Ms.
Busigo appears to have been uncooperative with the Susanna Center and with Ms. Nelson in efforts
to schedule visitations, and it further appears that she discontinued all visitation when she became
unhappy with the arrangements. We believe that Ms. Busigo’s failure to visit in the four months prior
to the filing of the petition demonstrates the intent needed to satisfy the definition of abandonment
as a willful failure to visit the child for the four months immediately preceding the filing of the
petition. Consequently, with regard to Ms. Busigo, the criteria for abandonment set out in T.C.A.§
36-1-102(1)( A)(i) has been met.

            The last visitation by Mr. Davis appears to have been in March of 1998. There is some
confusion in the testimony as to whether there were a total of two or three visits by Mr. Davis. In
any event, he had not had a visitation with Jaleesa in the four months immediately preceding the
filing of the petition. The petition states that Mr. Davis was incarcerated at the time of the filing of
the petition. Pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv):

                                 (iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of
                the institution of an action or proceeding to declare a child to be an
                abandoned child, or the parent or guardian has been incarcerated
                during all or part of the four (4) months immediately preceding the
                institution of such action or proceeding, and either has willfully failed
                to visit or has willfully failed to support or make reasonable payments


                                                  -11-
                toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive months
                immediately preceding such parent's or guardian's incarceration, or
                the parent or guardian has engaged in conduct prior to incarceration
                which exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child.

        Upon a review of the record we are not able to determine the dates of Mr. Davis’s
incarceration. It appears that he was incarcerated at the time of the filing of the first petition,
alleging that Jaleesa was a “dependent and neglected” child. It further appears that he was
incarcerated at the time of the filing of the petition for the termination of parental rights. According
to the supplemental report of the guardian ad litem, he was not incarcerated on February 10, 1999,
the day before the order was entered terminating his parental rights. The record is insufficient in
providing any more information regarding the dates of Mr. Davis’ incarceration. However, Mr.
Davis was fully informed of the grounds for termination relied upon by the petitioner and had the
opportunity to deny such allegations. He chose not to appear and testify. In any event, the record is
clear from his frequent arrests he shows a wanton disregard for the child’s welfare.

        Moreover, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that the
respondents have substantially failed to comply with the responsibilities of the permanency plan.
The evidence also does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that the child had been
removed to the custody of the respondents for at least six months, and the conditions which led to
the removal still persists and would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect and
prevents the child safe return, and that there is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied.
The trial court found that the continuation of the parent and child relationship greatly diminishes the
child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable, and permanent home, and the evidence does
not preponderate against such findings.

        Having found clear and convincing evidence of grounds for the termination of respondents’
parental rights, we turn now to the necessary second inquiry: whether such termination would be
in the best interest of the child.

       According to T.C.A. § 36-1-113(i) (Supp.2000) the following factors, inter alia, shall be
considered in determining the best interest of the child:

                       (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an
                adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe
                and in the child's best interest to be in the home of the parent or
                guardian;

                        (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a
                lasting adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services
                agencies for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not
                reasonably appear possible;



                                                   -12-
                           (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular
                  visitation or other contact with the child;

                          (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been
                  established between the parent or guardian and the child;

                         (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical
                  environment is likely to have on the child's emotional, psychological
                  and medical condition;

                         (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing
                  with the parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual,
                  emotional or psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or
                  another child or adult in the family or household;

                          (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent's or
                  guardian's home is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity
                  in the home, or whether there is such use of alcohol or controlled
                  substances as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable
                  to care for the child in a safe and stable manner;

                          (8) Whether the parent's or guardian's mental and/or emotional
                   status would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or
                   guardian from effectively providing safe and stable care and
                   supervision for the child; or

                          (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support
                   consistent with the child support guidelines promulgated by the
                   department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

        In finding that the termination of respondents’ rights was in the best interest of Jaleesa, the
trial court stated in its order that there was indication by the testimony presented that the conditions
that existed at the time of removal of Jaleesa continue to exist and that evidence showed that Mr.
Davis and Ms. Busigo “substantially failed to comply with the ratified Permanency Plan.” In
addition, at the time of trial, the court appointed guardian ad litem filed a report stating that based
on a review of the DCS file3 both parents have a criminal record and the mother has a history of


         3
                   The guardian ad litem’s report indicated that upon the filing of the report she was unable to interview
Ms. Busigo’s therapist due to M s. Busigo’s failure to file a release. The parents had an appointment to meet with the
guardian ad litem, however Mr. Davis called to cancel that appointment stating that Ms. Busigo had strep throat. The
guardian ad litem has been unable to contact either parent, as Ms. Busigo does not have a telephon e, left no number
where she could be reached, and requested that all mail go to a post office box. In her supplemental report, the guardian
ad litem stated that subsequent to filing her report, and on the day before trial, Mr. Davis and Ms. Busigo appeared at
                                                                                                            (continued ...)

                                                          -13-
mental illness (bipolar disorder). It was the guardian ad litem’s opinion that the parental rights
should be terminated. In her supplemental report the guardian ad litem states that although Ms.
Busigo appears to have her bipolar illness under control and has not been hospitalized since June of
1995, she remains concerned about Ms. Busigo’s ability to parent, her reliance on Mr. Davis, her
behavior regarding the scheduling of their meeting, which she failed to attend, and mostly her
absence from Jaleesa’s life. Accordingly, the guardian ad litem’s recommendation for the
termination of rights remained. At trial, the guardian reiterated the findings in her report, stating that
the parents had made three appointments with her office, none of which were attended by either
parent. Although the cancellations were made on the excuse that Ms. Busigo was ill, the guardian
found them suspect as Ms. Busigo appeared at the guardian’s office on the day before trial, yet she
had left a message on the previous day cancelling an appointment stating that she was going to the
hospital. The guardian further stated that although Ms. Busigo appears to have attempted to the best
of her ability to comply with the plan of care, she remains concerned in light of the facts that in
twenty-seven months, Ms. Busigo had only twelve visitations. In addition the guardian ad litem
found it noteworthy that the child is in adoptive placement and is doing very well, and Dr. Brotherton
expressed reservations about the mother’s ability as a parent.

        Upon the evidence, the trial court stated from the bench that it is in the best interest of the
child that the parental rights of both parents be terminated, stating in pertinent part:

                 ....The Court further finds that the custody has been removed for at
                 least six months and that the conditions which led to the child’s
                 removal or other conditions which in all reasonable probability would
                 cause the child to be subject to further abuse or neglect and which
                 would prevent the child’s return to the care of respondents still
                 persist. I do see and understand your argument that she made some
                 efforts but I just don’t believe that those efforts come up to changing
                 my mind that it is in the child’s best interest that the parental rights
                 be terminated and that custody be placed with the Department of
                 Children’s Services for placement for adoption.

        In the recent case of In the Matter of B.B., No. M1999-00643-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL
794360 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2000) involving a mother whose parental rights were terminated
upon a finding that she was unwilling and unable to care for the child at present due to “ongoing
mental health issues[,]” the middle section to this Court found that the grounds for termination were
established and that the termination was in the best interest of the child. Although the facts in that
case differ somewhat from the instant case, there are marked similarities between the factors to
consider in the instant case, and the factors that the Court in In re B.B. considered in determining


        3
           (...continued)
her office with no appointment. The guardian could not meet with them immediately, and when she did attend to them
after a period of appro ximately ten minutes, she was told by Ms. Busigo that Mr. Davis had left, leaving Ms. Busigo
without transp ortation. She then met with M s. Busigo fo r approx imately half an ho ur.

                                                       -14-
that termination of rights was in the best interest of the child. The child in In re B.B. had been
removed from the home for more than a year and the mother failed to comply with many of the
suggestions made by DCS, blaming various service agencies. The Court found that the failure to
make suggested adjustments to the conditions in her home that led to the determination that the child
was “dependent and neglected” probably would not change. Id. at *9. In addition the child in that
case had thrived in the stable environment of her foster home and had received treatment and other
services needed for her own problems. Id.

      Upon a review of the record and considering all the factors enumerated in the T.C.A. § 36-1-
113(i)(1) - (9), we find clear and convincing evidence that termination of respondents’ parental rights
is in the best interest of the child. Moreover it is clear that the respondents are unfortunately not fit
to provide adequate care to the child and that there is a risk of substantial harm to the child, both in
removing her from her current foster family and in returning her to the care of her parents. The
respondents were unable to meet the requirements of the permanency plan to make it safe and in
Jaleesa’s best interests to return her to her home at present. It does not appear that a lasting
adjustment would be possible. The respondents have not maintained regular visitation with Jaleesa.
Consequently, there is no indication that a meaningful relationship has been established through
vitiation, or by other means. The mother’s bipolar condition and her apparent dependency on Mr.
Davis, coupled with the proof of their inability to cooperate to the degree needed to raise a child do
not indicate an ability to sufficiently provide for Jaleesa, and can reasonably be considered a
detriment to her well being. Ms. Waddell and Dr. Brotherton expressed reservation regarding a
return of the child to Ms. Busigo at present. The Tennessee General Assembly has determined that
where a child’s need for a safe, permanent home conflicts with a parent’s interest in retaining
parental rights, the child’s need must prevail. See In re B.B. at 10 (citing Sate Dep’t of Human
Servs v. Smith, 785 S.W.2d. 336, 338 (Tenn. 1990).

        Under the circumstances, we find that the trial court did not err in finding by clear and
convincing evidence grounds for the termination of the respondents’ parental rights and that such
termination would be in Jaleesa’s best interests. Accordingly, the order of the trial court terminating
the respondents’ parental rights is affirmed. This case is remanded for such further proceedings as
may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are equally assessed against appellants, Angela Busigo and
Curtis Davis.


                                                __________________________________________
                                                W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.




                                                  -15-
