                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


3-2-2006

Sunarsih v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-2355




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                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ________________

                                      No. 05-2355
                                   ________________

                                 ENDANG SUNARSIH

                                            v.

                 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

                    Appeals from the Board of Immigration Appeals
                              (Agency No. A95-476-547)

                                   ________________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  January 25, 2006

                 Before: RENDELL and STAPLETON, Circuit Judges
                            and GILES*, District Judge

                                 (Filed: March 2, 2006)

                                   ________________

                              OPINION OF THE COURT

                                   ________________




* Honorable James T. Giles, District Court Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,
sitting by designation.


                                           -1-
GILES, District Judge.


       Petitioner, Endang Sunarsih, is a native and citizen of Indonesia. On August 13,

2002, Sunarsih was placed in removal proceedings after overstaying her non–immigrant

B-2 visa. During the proceedings, Sunarsih applied for asylum, withholding of removal,

and relief under the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”) claiming persecution on the basis of political opinion.

On January 13, 2004, an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denied her application. The Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed the IJ’s decision without opinion (“AWO”). A

timely petition for review followed. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the

decision of the BIA and deny the petition for review.



                                        I. Background

       Petitioner claims that she experienced past persecution and has a well-founded fear

of future persecution because of her political sympathy with and family connection to the

National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa or “PKB”).1 In her application

for asylum, petitioner described herself as a supporter of PKB who planned to vote for

PKB in the June 1999 elections. However, according to the application, beginning in



       1
           There is some record confusion as to whether the petitioner supported the PKB (Partai
Kebangkitan Bangsa) party or the PKP (Partai Keadilan) party. Petitioner’s application states
that she is a supporter of “PKB (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa).” Therefore, the court will assume
it is the PKB, not the PKP party with which the applicant sympathizes.

                                               -2-
April of 1999 members of the Golkar party, the party in power at the time, began bribing

her and her family members to support that party at the June elections. Though it was not

in her application, petitioner also testified that her cousin is a local leader of the PKB

party.

         Petitioner testified that she feared rejecting their bribes because Golkar party

members might burn her house down or throw stones at it. Therefore, she felt compelled

to support publicly the Golkar party by participating in public demonstrations and

carrying Golkar banners and flags. When the elections neared, petitioner claims that she

was again given money by members of the Golkar party to vote for it. In response to

application questions regarding fear of harm if returned to Indonesia, petitioner claimed

that she had heard on the news that there was a power fight between political parties in

Indonesia and, although she could not predict what would happen, she feared something

horrible.

         Petitioner also claimed that during the June elections a member of the Golkar party

threatened her with rape if she did not vote for the Golkar party. Petitioner testified that

she reasonably feared that this man would carry out his threat because a former classmate

was raped by six men when she attempted to vote against the Golkar party and that she,

petitioner, had heard of other incidents from newspaper and television reports.

         The IJ rendered an oral opinion at the end of the hearing denying petitioner’s

application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the CAT. The IJ entered


                                               -3-
a mixed credibility finding against petitioner and found that, credibility issues aside,

petitioner had not met her burden of proving either past persecution or a well-founded

fear of future persecution on account of her political opinion. The IJ focused on

inconsistencies in the petitioner’s account of the events surrounding the 1999 elections

and the fact that neither the rape threat nor her cousin’s connection to the PKB party was

mentioned in the application. The IJ reviewed the available Department of State Reports

for 2001 and 2002, as well as the petitioner’s testimony, and found that there was no

evidence that a person such as petitioner would likely be subjected to governmental

persecution in the future. Finally, the IJ concluded that petitioner had failed to establish,

based on the record, either that there was a “clear probability” that she would face

persecution if returned to Indonesia, as required for withholding of removal, or that she is

more likely than not to be tortured if removed, as required by the CAT.

       On appeal, petitioner raises three issues. First, she submits that the IJ

impermissibly based his decision on minor inconsistencies in the applicant’s account

which are explained by her difficulties with the English language. Second, petitioner

claims that the IJ erred in his conclusion that petitioner was not subjected to past

persecution. Finally, petitioner contends that the BIA’s use of an AWO was

inappropriate in this case because the IJ erred in his determination that petitioner failed to

establish that she was subjected to past persecution.




                                             -4-
                         II. Administrative and Judicial Standards

       We have the power to review only a “final order of removal” under 8 U.S.C. §

1252(a)(1). Ordinarily, courts of appeal review the decisions of the BIA and not those of

an IJ. Where the BIA does not render its own opinion and either defers to or adopts the

opinion of the IJ, “a reviewing court must, as a matter of logic, review the IJ’s decision to

assess whether the BIA’s decision to defer was appropriate.” Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d

266, 271 (3d Cir. 2002); Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 n.2 (3d Cir. 2001). Our

scope of review is extremely narrow. Given the strong implications for foreign policy

and “[b]ecause Congress has delegated authority over the immigration laws to the

Attorney general, who in turn vested that authority in the [BIA], principles of Chevron

deference apply in the immigration context.” Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587,

591 (3d Cir. 2003); Gao, 299 F.3d at 271.

       A grant of asylum under § 1158(b)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act

(“INA”) allows an otherwise removable alien to remain in the United States. The

Attorney General may grant asylum if an alien demonstrates that he or she meets the

definition of a “refugee” under § 1101(a)(42)(A), that is, a person unable or unwilling to

return to his or her county of origin “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.” The applicant “bears the burden of establishing that he or

she falls within the statutory definition of ‘refugee.’” Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477,


                                             -5-
482 (3d Cir. 2001). See also 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(a).

       In order to establish eligibility for asylum on the basis of past persecution, an

applicant must show: “(1) an incident, or incidents, that rise to the level of persecution;

(2) that is ‘on account of’ one of the statutorily-protected grounds; and (3) is committed

by the government or forces the government is either ‘unable or unwilling’ to control.”

Gao, 299 F.3d at 272 (quoting Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646, 655 (9th Cir. 2000)). Such a

showing of past persecution raises a presumption of a well-founded fear of future

persecution. Abdulrahman, 330 F.3d at 592; 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(b)(1).

       If past persecution is not established, an “applicant can demonstrate that she has a

well-founded fear of future persecution by showing that she has a genuine fear, and that a

reasonable person in her circumstances would fear persecution if returned to her native

country.” Gao, 299 F.3d at 272. Therefore, the “demonstration of a well-founded fear of

persecution carries both a subjective and an objective component.” Abdille, 242 F.3d at

495-96.

       Credibility determinations as well as whether the asylum applicant has

demonstrated past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution are matters for

factual determination which are reviewed under the substantial evidence standard. Gao,

299 F.3d at 272. This court has held that “[f]indings of fact by the IJ . . . will be upheld to

the extent that they are ‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on

the record considered as a whole.’” Abdulrahman, 330 F.3d at 597. Under this standard,


                                              -6-
reversal is only permitted when “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to

conclude to the contrary.” Gao, 299 F.3d at 272 (quoting INA § 242(b)(4)(B), codified at

8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). See also INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483-84 (1992)

(holding that “to obtain judicial reversal of the BIA’s determination, [an applicant] must

show that the evidence he presented was so compelling that no reasonable factfinder

could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.”).

       When reviewing an adverse credibility determination, substantial deference must

be afforded to the IJ so long as the decision is grounded in record evidence and the IJ

provides specific and cogent reasons for the decision. Abdulrahman, 330 F.3d at 597.

While, in general, “minor inconsistencies and minor admissions that ‘reveal nothing about

an asylum applicant’s fear for his safety are not an adequate basis for an adverse

credibility finding,’” Gao, 299 F.3d at 272 (quoting Vilorio-Lopez v. INS, 852 F.2d 1137,

1142 (9th Cir. 1988)), if the discrepancies go to the “heart of the asylum claim,”

substantial deference must be given. Id. Such deference is appropriate given that the

“immigration judge alone is in a position to observe an alien’s tone and demeanor, to

explore inconsistencies in testimony, and to apply workable and consistent standards in

the evaluations of testimonial evidence.” Abdulrahman, 330 F.3d at 597 (quoting Sarvia-

Quintanilla v. INS, 767 F.2d 1287, 1395 (9th Cir. 1985)). Therefore, an IJ is “by virtue of

his acquired skill, uniquely qualified to decide whether an alien’s testimony has about it

the ring of truth.” Id.



                                              -7-
                          III. Adverse Credibility Determination

       Petitioner contends that the IJ’s adverse credibility determination is not supported

by substantial evidence because the inconsistencies upon which the IJ based his decision

were minor, being merely the result of petitioner’s difficulty with the English language

and the substantial passage of time since the events in question. We disagree. The IJ

fully and cogently explained his reasons for issuing a mixed credibility ruling. First, the

IJ based his decision on the fact that “[t]he key aspects of the [petitioner]’s testimony and

the core bases of her fears don’t show up on the application for asylum, most importantly,

the [petitioner]’s claim that she was threatened with rape if she did not vote for the Golkar

party.” The IJ observed that “[g]iven the nature and severity of the such a threat, one

would think that that would have made it to the application for asylum or any amendment

or supplement.” While the IJ acknowledged that it is reasonable that someone might be

embarrassed to discuss the details of a specific sexual assault, he observed that “there was

no assault, only the threat of same, and the Court would have expected that reasonably to

appear somewhere in the record of proceedings prior to hearing about it during the

examination of the witness.” When questioned about not discussing the threat of rape in

her application, petitioner’s answer was merely that she told “Kiki,” a non-attorney who

assisted her with the application. However, the IJ found it inexplicable that when

petitioner obtained counsel, this claimed history was not put forth in a supplemental

affidavit given its central importance to petitioner’s claim of past persecution. Similarly,



                                             -8-
petitioner’s claims that her cousin was a local leader of the PKB party was not in the

original application or any supplemental affidavit, and was disclosed only during the

hearing. Petitioner’s claims of being threatened with rape, were she not to vote for the

Golkar Party, and her familial connection to the PKB party go to the heart of her request

for political asylum. Therefore, one could reasonably conclude that, if true, they would

have been at the forefront of an application, and at the least, been made part of the record

through a supplemental affidavit. The IJ’s decision to discredit petitioner under these

circumstances was reasonable.

       Second, the IJ expressed concern with the plausibility of the claim that the

petitioner received a bribe for her vote one year before the 1999 elections and that the

petitioner was threatened with violence were she not to vote for the Golkar party.

Petitioner testified that she was threatened in 1998 should she not vote for the Golkar

party and then was watched for the next year.2 In petitioner’s affidavit, however, she


       2
          In his decision, the IJ remarked that the petitioner testified that the person who
threatened her with rape were she not to vote for the Golkar party “came around to check on
her.” According to the IJ, when asked why this information was not included in her application
petitioner remarked that she had disclosed it to “Kiki.” The IJ discredited this portion of
petitioner’s account reasoning that if petitioner were followed by the man who threatened her
this information would have been a key element in her petition from asylum and should have
been disclosed in her original application or in a supplemental affidavit. In her briefing,
petitioner claims that she never testified that the man who threatened her watched her. Petitioner
asserts that the issue was raised at the hearing and due to poor translation from the interpreter
and her general anxiety she responded that she told Kiki about the events at issue. Either way,
the IJ decision to use this discrepancy in his decision to render a mixed credibility finding was
not unreasonable. The IJ was in the best position to assess the petitioner’s demeanor during the
hearing and her responses to questions on cross. Furthermore, if petitioner was not watched after
she was initially threatened, this only bolsters the conclusion that petitioner lacked a basis for
establishing past persecution or the threat of future threats.

                                               -9-
stated that she was first offered money for her vote in April 1999. From the affidavit, it

was unclear to the IJ whether petitioner accepted the bribe at that time. The application

continued that petitioner was approached again outside the voting location in June 1999

and at that time she accepted the bribe. Petitioner argues that the discrepancies between

her testimony at the hearing and her application are attributable to her difficulty in

understanding the questions at the hearing and the elapse of time since the elections. It is

not clear from the record when petitioner was first bribed and for how long prior to the

June 1999 elections. Nor is it clear from the record when petitioner was first bribed and

for low long prior to the June 1999 elections. Given these record inconsistencies, we do

not find that the IJ’s determination to discredit her testimony to be unreasonable.




                        IV. Past Persecution & Well-Founded Fear

       Petitioner also argues that the IJ erred in determining that petitioner’s accounts of

mistreatment in her home country did not amount to either persecution or a well-founded

fear of persecution. Petitioner argues that her accounts of voter intimidation, that is,

being threatened with violence to her person and her property if she did not vote for the

Golkar party, being forced to politically support an opposing party at a public

demonstration, and being bribed constitute persecution as matter of law. To establish past

persecution, an applicant must establish not only a particularly egregious incident or

series of incidents, but must also establish that the alleged persecution was ‘on account


                                             -10-
of’ a statutorily-protected ground. Here, petitioner alleges that she was subjected to voter

intimidation on account of her sympathy for the PKB party. By her own admission,

petitioner was not a member of the PKB party and has not offered any evidence

explaining how she was targeted or identified as such on the basis of political opinion.

       The State Department’s report for 2001 and other sources lend some support for

petitioner’s contention that the Golkar party bribed and threatened voters.3 However,

neither petitioner’s account or the report differentiates between a general practice of vote

buying and intimidation and a practice specifically directed against members of the PKB

party and its supporters.

       Petitioner presses that these allegations demonstrate a well-founded fear of future

persecution. There are both subjective and objective elements to establishing a well-

founded fear of future persecution. Petitioner claims that, based on her experience with

members of the Golkar party, she fears that were she to return to Indonesia that similar

incidents and threats could occur.4 Petitioner further suggests, in pleadings filed here and

during testimony at the immigration hearing, that she might possibly be identified by

members of the Golkar party through her voter identification number were she to vote for



       3
          The 2001 Report states that “[t]here were numerous, and in some cases credible,
allegations of vote buying and scattered allegations of voter intimidation, particularly in rural
areas.”
       4
         Petitioner also discusses the pattern of persecution against ethnic Chinese in Indonesia
as a ground for establishing her well-founded fear. However, petitioner is not ethnically
Chinese, but ethnically Indonesian and Moslem. Therefore, these arguments are unavailing.

                                                -11-
an opposing party. After reviewing the record and Country reports, the IJ determined that

petitioner’s concerns of being identified and subjected to persecution were at best

speculative and conjectural. We cannot say that this conclusion is unreasonable.

Petitioner has offered nothing to suggest that she would be the target of future threats and

intimidation. She is not a member of the PKB, or any other political party in Indonesia.

She was not subjected to threats of any kind after the June 1999 elections.

       Finally, although Indonesia’s human rights record as a whole remains

questionable, it continues to work toward a free and open democracy with a

representative government. The Golkar party, although the controlling party prior to

1999, no longer has the type of strong-hold previously exhibited over the citizens of

Indonesia, according to the 2001 Country report.




                    V. The BIA’s Use of the Streamlining Regulations

       Finally, petitioner argues that the BIA failed to follow its own regulations when it

issued an AWO. Pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e) all immigration cases are initially

assigned to a single BIA member for disposition. The BIA member is then required to

affirm the decision without opinion, if the member determines (1) that result was correct;

(2) any errors were either harmless or nonmaterial; and (3) the issues are squarely

controlled by precedent and that the issues are not so substantial as to warrant a full

written opinion. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4). This court has previously affirmed these


                                            -12-
streamlining procedures and nothing in this case convinces us that the BIA member’s

analysis was arbitrary or capricious. See Dia v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 236, 238 (3d Cir.

2003) (finding that the streamlining procedures do not violate the INA or the Due Process

Clause). The issues are neither so substantial or outside the controlling precedent so as to

warrant a full written opinion.




                VI. Withholding Removal and Convention Against Torture

       Petitioner also alleged that she was entitled to relief under the principles of

withholding of removal and the CAT. However, the standards for withholding of

removal and CAT are significantly more stringent than those for asylum. To qualify for

withholding of removal, an applicant must show that, if deported, there is a “clear

probability” that she will be persecuted on account of a specifically protected ground.

Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469 (3d Cir. 2003); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b). To qualify

for relief under the CAT, an applicant must show that she is “more likely than not” to be

tortured if returned to her home country. Abdulraham, 330 F.3d at 592; 8 C.F.R. §§

208.16(c)(2) & (4). Here, petitioner has failed to demonstrate either of these probabilities

and therefore relief is denied.




                                      VI. Conclusion

       For the reasons set forth above, we deny the petition for review.

                                             -13-
