                                                                                         02/17/2017




        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                         Assigned on Briefs January 10, 2017

            AUSTIN MYLES TOMLIN v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Bedford County
                     No. 17991PC       Forest A. Durand, Jr., Judge




                              No. M2016-00705-CCA-R3-PC
                        _____________________________

The Petitioner, Austin Myles Tomlin, pleaded guilty to two counts of vehicular homicide
by intoxication, and the trial court sentenced him to ten years for each count, to be served
consecutively. The Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief, which the post-
conviction court denied after a hearing. On appeal, the Petitioner contends that the post-
conviction court erred when it dismissed his petition because his trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to properly advise him regarding his guilty plea. After review, we
affirm the post-conviction court’s judgment.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T.
WOODALL, P.J., and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., joined.

M. Wesley Hall IV, Jr., Unionville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Austin Myles Tomlin.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Counsel;
Robert J. Carter, District Attorney General; and Michael D. Randels, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION
                                         I. Facts

        This case arises from a car accident involving a car that the Petitioner was driving
while intoxicated that resulted in the death of his two passengers. The Petitioner pleaded
guilty to two counts of vehicular homicide by intoxication. At the guilty plea hearing, the
trial court ensured that the Petitioner understood the rights that he was waiving by
entering pleas of guilt, that he understood the range of punishment he faced, that he was
satisfied with his representation, and that he desired to enter a guilty plea. The State
recited the following evidence supporting the guilty plea:

              The factual basis is that on August 14, 2014, at a little past 2:30 in
       the morning, the Communication Center received a 911 call about a single
       car accident in the area of the intersection of Tate Street and Elm Street
       here in Shelbyville.

              The police department units responded, EMS units responded, and I
       believe even some fire department personnel responded, and discovered a
       Ford Mustang essentially embedded in a building. It had obviously struck
       it. There was a tremendous amount of damage done to the building
       indicating a high-speed impact.

              The [Petitioner] was the driver of the vehicle. He was extricated.
       Obviously suffering from injuries. He was transported, I believe via
       ambulance or emergency vehicle, to the old hospital location, which is just
       up the street on Union Street, where he was then life-flighted to Vanderbilt.

              After he was extricated, from the vehicle, officers on the scene
       detected an odor of alcohol coming from the [Petitioner’s] person.

              Also in the vehicle were two other occupants, who were
       unfortunately deceased at the scene. That was Tristin Nichols, who was
       age 17, and Richard Grijalva, who was age 19.

       [A]t Vanderbilt Hospital, blood was drawn. And that was approximately
       3:55 a.m., so about an hour and 20 minutes after the crash. That blood was
       . . . drawn by hospital personnel as part of their medical treatment.

              The State then obtained a search warrant, and obtained that sample
       of blood, and carried it to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation’s crime
       laboratory, where it was analyzed to determine the alcohol content. And it
       revealed that the [Petitioner’s] blood alcohol in that sample was a .172.

              Additionally Lieutenant Trey Clanton, who is a certified crash
       investigator, an accident reconstructionist with the police department, along
       with Sergeant Allan Brenneis, and I believe Trooper Hearn of the
       Tennessee Highway Patrol, were also crash reconstructionists, conducted
       an investigation.

              There was [a] video from one of the stores near there[] that showed
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the vehicle -- you could actually see the vehicle on the video. And it
appeared to be traveling at an incredibly high rate of speed.

       I believe Lieutenant Clanton estimated, based upon his training and
experience, it appeared to be traveling approximately 90 miles per hour,
very close to the point of impact.

       Additionally, Sergeant Brenneis and Trooper Hearn, they went to the
scene. And looking at the video, they picked two reference points that the
vehicle passed between.

       They measured that distance. And then measured the time that it
took the vehicle to travel that distance. And then applying a mathematical
formula, they came up with an estimated speed of 85 miles per hour.

       ....

        . . . [In that area] [t]here’s a curve []. And just it appears that the
[Petitioner] just . . . was not able to negotiate the curve and left the roadway
and struck this building. So the building is actually on Tate Street.

     There’s also an air bag module that records a certain amount of data.
However, the[] air bag module . . . doesn’t record anything.

[T]he maximum speed it recorded was 54 miles per hour. However, the
information that comes with the air bag module indicates that it probably
does not record the entire event, it just records a certain amount of time
before the air bag deploys.

        And so probably that 54 miles per hour is in the milliseconds before
it struck the building. Which of course it had left the roadway and hit a
curb, was traveling on a non-asphalt surface. Presumably, there [was]
braking and such. That probably explains why professionals estimated the
speed at 85 to 90 miles an hour, and the air bag module shows a different
one.

       So in other words, that is probably its speed a few milliseconds
before it struck the building, it was down to 54 miles per hour, but at other
points it was as high as 85 to 90 miles per hour.

       Of course, and so that was the alternate theory in the indictment of
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       extreme reckless[ness]. Of course, he’s pleading to the intoxication count –
       or intoxication count of the indictment.

The Petitioner agreed with the State’s recitation of the facts, to the extent that he could
remember what had happened around the time of the accident. He agreed that all the
facts and discovery supported the State’s recount of the facts. The State informed the
trial court that the Petitioner had a DUI charge pending at the time of the accident in this
case. The State further noted that the Petitioner had since pleaded guilty to that offense.
The trial court accepted the Petitioner’s guilty pleas and ordered that he surrender his
driver’s license. The trial court entered its order on January 22, 2015.

       On July 21, 2015, the Petitioner filed a timely petition for post-conviction relief.
In it, he contended that Counsel was ineffective because he never provided to the
Petitioner the State’s discovery. He said that, had he known about the evidence against
him and the law, he would have requested a jury trial and not entered a guilty plea. At
the hearing, and on appeal, he has framed his issue with regard to Counsel’s advice
regarding the potential sentence that he faced if convicted of all the counts against him.

       The post-conviction court held a hearing during which the parties presented the
following evidence: The Petitioner’s post-conviction attorney informed the post-
conviction court that Counsel had told the Petitioner that he faced a much greater
sentence if he did not accept the sentence offered by the State in exchange for the guilty
plea. He informed the trial court that the Petitioner’s goal was to “get back to . . . that
point where he could plead open and have a sentencing hearing.” He said he would like
to ask for concurrent sentences rather than the consecutive sentences to which he agreed
to as part of the plea negotiation.

       Counsel testified that he never told the Petitioner that he could be subject to a
sixty-year sentence if convicted at trial. Counsel said that he informed the Petitioner that
he faced between eight and twelve years on each charge, and that those charges could run
consecutively for a total effective sentence of twenty-four years.

       During cross-examination, Counsel agreed that this case involved the death of two
passengers in the Petitioner’s vehicle and that he faced two counts of vehicular homicide
based upon their deaths. Counsel said that he explained to the Petitioner that he was a
Range I offender and so, because the charges he faced were B felonies, he faced a
sentencing range of eight to twelve years for each charge. He also said he explained the
alternate theory of vehicular homicide based upon extreme recklessness, which was a C
felony with an applicable sentencing range of three to six years. Counsel also said he
explained how, if the Petitioner was convicted of all the counts against him, some of
those counts would merge because they were alternate theories of the same crime.
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Counsel said the Petitioner appeared to understand his explanations of the charges and
potential sentences.

        Counsel testified that he interviewed the EMS responders and the police officers.
Everyone agreed that the Petitioner was driving the vehicle, and the blood test showed
that his blood alcohol level was .16. Counsel said that the Petitioner agreed to enter a
guilty plea in exchange for a twenty-year sentence, to be served at 30%. Counsel
testified that the State’s first offer was two consecutive eleven-year sentences. The
Petitioner wanted two consecutive eight-year sentences, but the State would not agree,
and the parties agreed to two consecutive ten-year sentences. Counsel said that he
explained to the Petitioner that he could accept the sentence or “plea open,” meaning he
could admit guilt and allow the trial court to set his sentence. Counsel also explained to
the Petitioner that he could also take his case to trial. Counsel said he explained both
consecutive and concurrent sentencing to the Petitioner. Counsel said the Petitioner
“totally understood” his options and his sentence exposure, and, knowing these, the
Petitioner chose to enter a guilty plea.

        During redirect examination, Counsel said that he explained to the Petitioner that,
based on the Petitioner’s blood alcohol level, his pending DUI, and that two people lost
their lives, Counsel did not believe that the trial court would order concurrent sentences.

       Upon questioning by the post-conviction court, Counsel testified that the
Petitioner had a pending DUI at the time of the accident in this case. He also had a public
intoxication conviction from 2013. The DUI and public intoxication were two separate
events in separate counties.

        Miranda Rhodig, the Petitioner’s mother, testified that she was present at every
meeting between Counsel and the Petitioner. She said that Counsel explained the range
of punishment. Counsel told them that the Petitioner faced between sixteen and twenty-
four years, based upon his sentencing range of eight to twelve years, and that his sentence
would be served at 30%. She said she was unsure whether the Petitioner was present for
this discussion but that he was “with [her] all the time.” She said that sixty years never
“came into her mind” and that she believed it also never came into the Petitioner’s mind.
She said, “I’m not really sure where all that’s coming from.”

       The Petitioner testified that Counsel had explained the sentencing ranges to him
but that, also, at one point, Counsel told him to sign a piece of paper indicating that he
accepted the sentences totaling twenty years. At that point, Counsel said, “Make sure
you sign this, because if you don’t you get up to 60 years.” The Petitioner said that he
did not want a sixty-year sentence, so he agreed to the twenty-year sentence. The
Petitioner said that, when he went to prison, he learned that he could not have received a
                                            5
sixty-year sentence, so he filed his post-conviction petition. The Petitioner admitted that
he committed this crime but said he was seeking a chance to argue for concurrent
sentencing. He said the only reason he agreed to the sentence was because Counsel
mentioned sixty years as a potential sentence.

       The Petitioner explained that he was overwhelmed the day he signed the plea. He
said that, at the same time, he was signing his divorce papers and had a lot on his mind.
It was also the day before his birthday, which contributed to the overwhelming nature of
the event.

      During cross-examination, the Petitioner said that he felt that Counsel’s
explanation of his potential sentence was very confusing. He said that he repeatedly
asked his mother what was going on. The Petitioner said that his mother would go and
see Counsel without him and that Counsel must have explained the sentence to her when
he was not present. The Petitioner said that Counsel mentioned sixty years as a potential
sentence “a couple of times.”

       After the hearing, the trial court entered an order denying the Petitioner’s petition
for post-conviction relief. It found:

             It appears from the hearing, though not specifically pled, the thrust
       of [the] Petitioner’s grievance against counsel is the issue of being
       consecutively sentenced for two (2) counts of vehicular homicide.

              ....

              Herein, there is no arguable question the Petitioner is a dangerous
       offender who engaged in conduct without regard for the foreseeable
       consequences [so as to justify his consecutive sentences]. Driving
       approximately 90 mph in a 30 mph zone, particularly while one is
       intoxicated to the point reflected on his BAC level warrants being classified
       as a dangerous offender. This conduct resulted in the deaths of two other
       persons. It is probably [the] Petitioner’s BAC was even higher given the
       passage of an hour and a half or so between the accident and the blood
       draw.

               Next it must be determined whether the sentences in this case are
       reasonably related to the severity of the offense and whether they are
       necessary to protect society from further criminal conduct on the part of the
       Petitioner. Herein two other persons lost their life, which is directly
       attributed to the conduct of the Petitioner. Additionally, while the
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      Petitioner’s prior criminal history does not appear to be extensive, it is
      suggestive of a pattern of substance abuse and poor judgment. He had a
      public intoxication conviction in 2013 and had a DUI pending in
      Rutherford County at the time of this event with a conviction date of
      October 10, 2014, as the court understood [Counsel’s] testimony.
      Apparently, [the] Petitioner learned nothing from either of these separate
      incidents. In fact what is disturbing is [the] Petitioner was out on bond for
      the Rutherford County DUI when this event happened. The court believes,
      indeed, the length of the sentence reasonably relates to the severity of the
      offense (loss of two lives) and that society needs protection from an
      individual who apparently had not learned his lesson about drinking and
      driving.

             Based upon the forgoing, there is nothing in the record suggesting
      [Counsel’s] advice regarding possible sentences was outside the range of
      competence of attorney practicing criminal law. There is nothing in the
      record which shows the Petitioner’s plea was anything but knowingly,
      voluntarily and intelligently made. A review of over 30 pages of the
      transcript of the plea acceptance hearing demonstrates the court explained
      in detail the law and his rights as it applied to his case to the Petitioner.
      There was nothing shown to be ineffective about [Counsel’s] representation
      or advice. Since the burden is on the Petitioner to prove his allegations by
      clear and convincing evidence, he has failed to do so. Consequently, the
      Petitioner[’]s petition for relief of sentence is hereby dismissed.

      The Petitioner appeals the post-conviction court’s denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief.

                                      II. Analysis

       On appeal, the Petitioner contends that the post-conviction court erred when it
denied his petition for post-conviction relief because Counsel did not properly advise him
about the law with regard to the potential sentence that he faced if convicted of all the
counts against him. He further asserts that, had he realized that he faced a potential
sentence of twenty-four years, he would not have entered a guilty plea agreeing to a
twenty-year sentence. The State counters that the Petitioner has not met his burden of
showing that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel or that his guilty plea was
unknowingly and voluntarily entered. We agree with the State.

      In order to obtain post-conviction relief, a petitioner must show that his or her
conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgment of a constitutional
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right. T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2014). The petitioner bears the burden of proving factual
allegations in the petition for post-conviction relief by clear and convincing evidence.
T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f) (2014). Upon review, this Court will not re-weigh or re-evaluate
the evidence below; all questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight and
value to be given their testimony, and the factual issues raised by the evidence are to be
resolved by the trial judge, not the appellate courts. Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 156
(Tenn. 1999) (citing Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997)). A post-
conviction court’s factual findings are subject to a de novo review by this Court;
however, we must accord these factual findings a presumption of correctness, which can
be overcome only when a preponderance of the evidence is contrary to the post-
conviction court’s factual findings. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 456-57 (Tenn. 2001).
A post-conviction court’s conclusions of law are subject to a purely de novo review by
this Court, with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 457.

       The right of a criminally accused to representation is guaranteed by both the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the Tennessee
Constitution. State v. White, 114 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Tenn. 2003); State v. Burns, 6
S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999); Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). The
following two-prong test directs a court's evaluation of a claim for ineffectiveness:

      First, the [petitioner] must show that counsel’s performance was deficient.
      This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was
      not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the [petitioner] by the Sixth
      Amendment. Second, the [petitioner] must show that the deficient
      performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel's
      errors were so serious as to deprive the [petitioner] of a fair trial, a trial
      whose result is reliable. Unless a [petitioner] makes both showings, it
      cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a
      breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also State v. Melson, 772
S.W.2d 417, 419 (Tenn. 1989).

       In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, this Court must
determine whether the advice given or services rendered by the attorney are within the
range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at
936. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “a petitioner must show
that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” House
v. State, 44 S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. 2001) (citing Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369
(Tenn. 1996)).

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       When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the reviewing court
should judge the attorney’s performance within the context of the case as a whole, taking
into account all relevant circumstances. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690; State v. Mitchell,
753 S.W.2d 148, 149 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). The reviewing court should avoid the
“distorting effects of hindsight” and “judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged
conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90. In doing so, the reviewing court must be highly
deferential and “should indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within
the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 462. Finally,
we note that a defendant in a criminal case is not entitled to perfect representation, only
constitutionally adequate representation. Denton v. State, 945 S.W.2d 793, 796 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1996). In other words, “in considering claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel, ‘we address not what is prudent or appropriate, but only what is constitutionally
compelled.’” Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 794 (1987) (quoting United States v. Cronic,
466 U.S. 648, 665 n.38 (1984)). Counsel should not be deemed to have been ineffective
merely because a different procedure or strategy might have produced a different result.
Williams v. State, 599 S.W.2d 276, 279-80 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980). “‘The fact that a
particular strategy or tactic failed or hurt the defense, does not, standing alone, establish
unreasonable representation. However, deference to matters of strategy and tactical
choices applies only if the choices are informed ones based upon adequate preparation.’”
House, 44 S.W.3d at 515 (quoting Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369).

        If the petitioner shows that counsel’s representation fell below a reasonable
standard, then the petitioner must satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test by
demonstrating “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694; Nichols v. State, 90 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Tenn. 2002). This reasonable probability
must be “sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694; Harris v. State, 875 S.W.2d 662, 665 (Tenn. 1994). In the context of a guilty plea,
as in this case, the effective assistance of counsel is relevant only to the extent that it
affects the voluntariness of the plea. Therefore, to satisfy the second prong of Strickland,
the petitioner must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill
v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985) (footnote omitted); see also Walton v. State, 966
S.W.2d 54, 55 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

       As previously stated, ineffectiveness of counsel in the context of a guilty plea is
only relevant to the extent that it effects the voluntariness of the petitioner’s guilty plea.
To be valid, a guilty plea must be entered knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. See
Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242-44 (1969); State v. Mackey, 553 S.W.2d 337, 340
(Tenn. 1977). A plea meets constitutional muster when the defendant understands both
                                              9
what the plea connotes and its consequences, Blankenship v. State, 858 S.W.2d 897, 904
(Tenn. 1993) (citing Boykin, 395 U.S. at 244), and makes a voluntary and intelligent
choice from the alternative courses of action available to plead guilty. Jaco v. State, 120
S.W.3d 828, 831 (Tenn. 2003) (citing North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970)). A
petitioner’s testimony at a guilty plea hearing “constitute[s] a formidable barrier” in any
subsequent collateral proceeding because “[s]olemn declarations in open court carry a
strong presumption of verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977).

        When determining the knowing and voluntary nature of a guilty plea, the standard
is “whether the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative
courses of action open to the defendant.” Alford, 400 U.S. at 31 (1970). A reviewing
court can look to a number of factors to find a “knowing and intelligent plea,” including
“[t]he relative intelligence of the petitioner, the degree of his [or her] familiarity with
criminal proceedings, the opportunity to confer with competent counsel and the trial court
regarding the charges faced, and the desire to avoid a greater punishment resulting from a
jury trial.” Blankenship, 858 S.W.2d at 904. The Petitioner must have an understanding
of the charges against him and the consequences of pleading guilty, including “the
sentence that he will be forced to serve as the result of his guilty plea and conviction.”
Id. at 905. A plea is not “voluntary” if it results from ignorance, misunderstanding,
coercion, inducements, or threats. Id. at 904.

        In the case under submission, the Petitioner contends that his guilty plea was not
knowingly and voluntarily entered because he entered it based upon Counsel’s incorrect
advice that he faced sixty years of incarceration if he was convicted at trial. At the post-
conviction hearing, Counsel testified that he informed the Petitioner that he faced twenty-
four years as a maximum potential sentence. The Petitioner’s mother, who was present
with him at each of his meetings with Counsel, testified that Counsel informed them that
the maximum sentence the Petitioner faced was twenty-four years. Counsel said that he
informed the Petitioner that he would likely face consecutive sentencing based upon the
severity of the offense, the fact that two people were killed in the accident, the facts
against him, including the high rate of speed and the high blood alcohol content, and the
fact that he had a previous conviction for public intoxication and a pending DUI at the
time of the accident. We note that we can discern from the record, it was conceivable
that trial counsel’s advice was sound based on the “dangerous offender” statutory ground
for allowing consecutive sentencing. See T.C.A. §40-35-115(b)(4) (2014). The
Petitioner wanted the State to offer him two eight-year sentences, to be served at 30%.
The State countered with two eleven-year sentences, to be served at 30%. The parties
settled on two ten-year sentences, to be served at 30%.

      The transcript from the guilty plea hearing reflects that the trial court clearly and
methodically informed the Petitioner of his rights, and the Petitioner stated he was
                                            10
satisfied with Counsel’s representation. We conclude that the Petitioner has not met his
burden of proof with his bare allegation that, at some point, Counsel mentioned that he
faced a sixty-year maximum potential sentence. He concedes that Counsel also told him
that he faced a twenty-four-year maximum sentence, his mother testified that Counsel so
informed them, and Counsel confirmed that this was his advice to the Petitioner. We
conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the post-conviction court’s
findings. The Petitioner is not entitled to relief.

                                   III. Conclusion

      In accordance with the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the post-
conviction court’s judgment.

                                               _________________________________
                                               ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




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