                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


In Re: K.M.
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                                  June 15, 2015
                                                                              RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
No. 14-0863 (Ritchie County 13-JA-29)                                       SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                OF WEST VIRGINIA



                              MEMORANDUM DECISION
        Petitioner Mother, H.D., by counsel Paul V. Morrison II, and Petitioner Father, E.M., by
counsel John Butler, filed this joint appeal from the Circuit Court of Ritchie County’s August 6,
2014, order terminating their parental rights to one-year-old K.M. The Department of Health and
Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Lee A. Niezgoda, filed a response in support of the
circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem (“guardian”), Jessica E. Myers, filed a response also
in support of the circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioners argue that the circuit court (1)
committed plain error and a due process violation in shifting the burden to them to prove that
they remedied the circumstances of a prior involuntary termination to three of K.M.’s older
siblings; and (2) erred in terminating their parental rights because they ultimately remedied the
circumstances that led to the prior involuntary termination.1

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        Prior to K.M.’s birth, petitioners’ parental rights to three older children were terminated
in August of 2013. In those proceedings, petitioners stipulated to an unsafe and unhealthy home
for children, improper parental care, and improper parental supervision. Following a failed
improvement period, marked by petitioners’ unwillingness to make efforts to correct the
conditions at issue, the circuit court terminated their parental rights to those three children. Upon
direct appeal, this Court affirmed that 2013 order. See In re: K.H. II, E.M., and E.L.M., 13-0835,
2014 WL 211880 (W.Va. Supreme Court, January 17, 2014) (memorandum decision).

        In October of 2013, K.M. was born to petitioners. Due to their prior termination, the
DHHR immediately removed K.M. from the hospital and filed the underlying abuse and neglect
petition against petitioners. In addition to the prior termination, the petition alleged that

       1
         We note that West Virginia Code §§ 49-1-1 through 49-11-10 were repealed and
recodified during the 2015 Regular Session of the West Virginia Legislature. The new
enactment, West Virginia Code §§ 49-1-101 through 49-7-304, has minor stylistic changes and
became effective ninety days after the February 19, 2015, approval date. In this memorandum
decision, we apply the statutes as they existed during the pendency of the proceedings below.

                                                 1
petitioners had not corrected the conditions that led to the prior termination and intended to leave
the hospital with K.M. to return to their unsafe and unhealthy home. Petitioners waived their
right to a preliminary hearing on the petition.

        In March of 2014, the circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing. At the outset, the DHHR
stated that the burden was on petitioners to prove that they had remedied the circumstances that
led to their prior termination, and that the DHHR would call rebuttal witnesses thereafter.
Petitioner Mother’s counsel responded, “[w]e agree the burden is on the parents, Your Honor.
We are prepared to offer testimony.”2 Without objection from either parent, the circuit court
permitted them to call witnesses. However, later in that hearing, following a short recess,
petitioners stipulated, under oath, that they had not remedied the circumstances that led to the
prior termination. The circuit court accepted their stipulations and adjudicated them as abusing
parents.

        At a multidisciplinary meeting in April of 2014, petitioners sought financial assistance
from the DHHR to obtain appropriate housing, but the DHHR refused to provide that financial
assistance. By order entered on April 30, 2014, the circuit court granted petitioner’s motion to
direct the DHHR to pay petitioners’ first month’s rent and security deposit on a rental home.

        In July of 2014, the circuit court held a dispositional hearing. At the conclusion of that
hearing, the circuit court found that, despite the DHHR’s financial assistance and petitioners’
admitted knowledge that they needed to acquire appropriate housing for children, petitioners
failed to make any progress in that regard in the ten months since their prior termination. In
addition, the circuit court found that petitioners had not paid rent on their current housing in
several months, which should have resulted in savings of $400 per month compared to their prior
rent and that they demonstrated poor financial management. With no reasonable likelihood that
the conditions at issue could be substantially corrected in the near future and for the child’s
welfare, the circuit court terminated petitioners’ parental rights to that child.

        In August of 2014, prior to the entry of a dispositional order, petitioners jointly moved
the circuit court to hear additional evidence that they had “found housing.” Thereafter, the circuit
court denied petitioners’ joint motion and entered its dispositional order. It found that, assuming
their new housing was adequate, petitioners failed to demonstrate any progress prior to the
dispositional hearing and that additional problems existed, such as improper financial
management. Because the child deserved permanency, the circuit court found that a dispositional
improvement period would not be in the child’s best interests and that the only remaining
alternative was termination of petitioners’ parental rights to the child. This appeal followed.

        The Court has previously established the following standard for reviewing a circuit
court’s order terminating parental rights:



       2
        Petitioner Mother’s counsel stated, again, later in the adjudicatory hearing that “the
standard, it is my understanding, it is our burden to show that the conditions of the home are not
the same as they were when the other children were removed and [petitioners’] rights were
terminated.”

                                                 2
               “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
       novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
       facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
       evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether
       such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a
       reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
       although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire
       evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
       committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
       because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if
       the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record
       viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223,
       470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W.Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011).

        On appeal, petitioners first argue that the circuit court committed plain error and a due
process violation when it shifted the burden to them to prove that they had corrected the
conditions that led to their prior termination of parental rights. We have explained that, even in
cases arising from a prior termination pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-6-5b(a)(3), the
burden of proof does not shift from the DHHR to a child’s parent, guardian, or custodian in
abuse and neglect proceedings. See Syl. Pt. 5, in part, In re George Glen B., Jr., 207 W.Va. 346,
532 S.E.2d 64 (2000) (stating that even in cases arising from a prior termination, “the
Department of Health and Human Resources continues to bear the burden of proving that the
subject child is abused or neglected.”); Syl. Pt. 4, In re: K.L., 233 W.Va. 547, 759 S.E.2d 778
(2014) (stating that “[t]he burden of proof in a child neglect or abuse case does not shift from the
State Department of [Health and Human Resources] to the parent, guardian or custodian of the
child. It remains upon the State Department of [Health and Human Resources] throughout the
proceedings.”).

        However, it is well-established law that “[a] judgment will not be reversed for any error
in the record introduced by or invited by the party seeking reversal.” Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Mann,
205 W.Va. 303, 518 S.E.2d 60 (1999) (internal citations omitted). As this Court explained in
State v. Crabtree, 198 W.Va. 620, 482 S.E.2d 605 (1996):

       ‘Invited error’ is a cardinal rule of appellate review applied to a wide range of
       conduct. It is a branch of the doctrine of waiver which prevents a party from
       inducing an inappropriate or erroneous response and then later seeking to profit
       from that error. The idea of invited error is not to make the evidence admissible
       but to protect principles underlying notions of judicial economy and integrity by
       allocating appropriate responsibility for the inducement of error. Having induced
       an error, a party in a normal case may not at a later stage of the trial use the error
       to set aside its immediate and adverse consequences.

Id. at 627, 482 S.E.2d at 612. As a branch of the waiver doctrine, invited error generally prevents
this Court from finding a deviation of the rule of law. See Syl. Pt. 8, in part, State v. Miller, 194


                                                 3
W.Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995) (holding that “[a] deviation from a rule of law is error unless
there is a waiver.”).

         In the case at bar, unlike the complaining parties in In re: K.L. or In re: George Glen B.,
Jr., petitioners not only failed to object to presenting evidence before the DHHR, but, as clearly
established in the record on appeal, they affirmatively accepted the burden without prompt from
the circuit court. Prior to the circuit court’s ruling on which party carried the burden of proof,
petitioners agreed with the DHHR that the burden was theirs and indicated that they were
prepared to move forward with their evidence. In response to this agreement, the circuit court
effectively granted a request, stating, “[y]ou may do so.” Although petitioners argue that we
should address this issue under a plain-error analysis, as we did in In re: K.L., it is unnecessary to
invoke the plain error doctrine where we find that said error was invited by the complaining
party. See State v. Lambert, 232 W.Va. 104, 750 S.E.2d 657 (2013) (concluding that it was
unnecessary to reach plain error analysis where complaining party invited error). Based upon a
thorough review of the record on appeal, we find that petitioners invited the error about which
they now complain. Therefore, given the particular circumstances present in this matter, we find
that petitioners have waived this issue for appellate review.

        Petitioners’ second and final assignment of error is that the circuit court erred in
terminating their parental rights to K.L. because they, in fact, remedied the circumstances that
led to their prior termination. West Virginia Code § 49-6-5(a)(6) provides for termination of
parental rights upon the findings that there is no reasonable likelihood that conditions of neglect
or abuse can be substantially corrected in the near future and that termination is necessary for the
child’s welfare. Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-6-5(b)(3), a parent’s failure to respond to
or follow through with a reasonable family case plan or other rehabilitative efforts is a
circumstance that constitutes no reasonable likelihood that conditions of neglect or abuse can be
substantially corrected. Despite their claim that they remedied the conditions of neglect and
abuse by finding new housing, petitioners admit that they had not found new housing by the time
of the dispositional hearing. Importantly, petitioners provide no support for their contention that
the circuit court erred in denying their motion to introduce additional evidence after the
dispositional hearing and basing its decision on evidence presented at that hearing. At the
dispositional hearing, the evidence clearly indicated that petitioners failed to take appropriate
steps to find adequate housing between their prior termination and that hearing, even though the
DHHR, by court order, provided them financial support for that purpose. For that reason, we find
no clear error in the circuit court’s findings. As explained by the circuit court, the petitioners’
alleged “last minute accomplishment . . . is consistent with their conduct giving rise to the prior
termination and supports a finding that they are incapable of recognizing and making a prompt
and effective effort to address deficiencies[.]” Following a thorough review of the record on
appeal, we find no error in the circuit court’s denial of their motion to present additional
evidence and its termination of petitioners’ parental rights to K.L. “‘Although parents have
substantial rights that must be protected, the primary goal in cases involving abuse and neglect,
as in all family law matters, must be the health and welfare of the children.’ Syl. Pt. 3, In re
Katie S., 198 W.Va. 79, 479 S.E.2d 589 (1996).” Syl. Pt. 2, In re Timber M., 231 W.Va. 44, 743
S.E.2d 352 (2013). It is clear from the record that K.L. has lived her entire life in foster care with
this matter pending, and it is in her best interests to have stability and permanency. As the circuit
court correctly noted, petitioners’ motion to present additional evidence would, at best,


                                                  4
necessitate an additional period to monitor petitioners’ improvement. We also find no error in the
circuit court’s conclusion not to grant petitioners a dispositional improvement period, given their
lack of progress in this matter and the child’s need for stability and permanency.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s August 6, 2014, order.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

ISSUED: June 15, 2015

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Brent D. Benjamin
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Allen H. Loughry II

DISSENTING:

Justice Robin Jean Davis




                                                5
