                                                                STATE OF WASHING; •:

                                                              2015 MAR-9 AM 9= Z.



    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                        DIVISION ONE

In the Matter of the Dependency of               No. 71890-8-


M.P., d.o.b. 3/16/12,

                        Minor Child.



WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT
OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES,

                        Respondent,



JULIO PRADO,                                     UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                        Appellant.               FILED: March 9, 2015


       Verellen, A.C.J. — Julio Prado appeals a trial court's order finding his daughter

M.P. dependent and ordering that she remain out of his care. Because substantial

evidence supports the finding of dependency and Prado does not show the trial court

abused its discretion in ordering M.P.'s continued out-of-home placement, we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       M.P. was born on March 16, 2012 to Prado and Ami Frostad. On August 12,

2013, Frostad brought M.P. to the emergency room with a fractured left arm, a ruptured
left eardrum, a bruise on her left cheek, and swelling and bruising to her left ear. A

doctor concluded that the injuries to M.P.'s cheek and ear were consistent with a
No. 71890-8-1/2


forceful slap to the side of the head. The Department of Social and Health Services

(DSHS) filed a dependency petition and took M.P. into custody. Prado and Frostad had

ended their relationship in February 2013, and at the time of the dependency petition,

Prado had not seen M.P in five months.

       A shelter care hearing was held on August 15, 2013. M.P. was placed in the

temporary custody of a relative. Prado was permitted supervised visitation four times

per week for four hours each visit. After the hearing ended, Prado waited outside the

courtroom in the hallway for Frostad and her boyfriend to leave the courtroom. He

accosted Frostad's boyfriend in a "very threatening tone," saying, "Just you wait and see

what's going to happen to you; just you wait and see."1

       Frostad agreed to the establishment of dependency on October 16, 2013. A

dependency fact-finding hearing as to Prado was held on February 11 and 12, 2014.

Prado testified that he had grave concerns about M.P.'s safety with Frostad. He

claimed that, as a baby, M.P. had been attacked by a pit bull at Frostad's home and that

he had to bring M.P. to the hospital for stitches. He also asserted that Frostad used

drugs and associated with other drug users. Nevertheless, Prado was emphatic that he

wanted M.P. to live with Frostad if the court did not place M.P. with him.

       Prado acknowledged that his relationship with Frostad involved domestic

violence and that it was a "regular part of [their] relationship" towards the end.2 He

admitted that he had punched and slapped Frostad, pulled her hair, and threatened her.

He agreed that he had a "hot temper" and believed that domestic violence was



       1 Report of Proceedings (RP) (Feb. 11, 2014) at 126.
       2 Id. at 52.
No. 71890-8-1/3


something that occurred in most relationships.3 Prado admitted to threatening Frostad's

boyfriend after the shelter care hearing "because he was looking at my mother weird."4

In a separate incident around the same time, Prado chased Frostad's boyfriend in a car

on the highway at high speed for approximately 15 to 20 minutes in order to intimidate

him.


       Prado stated that he currently smoked marijuana at least every other day. He

claimed to have a prescription for marijuana but admitted he did not have a medical

condition, nor did he know the name of his prescribing physician. He testified that he

used marijuana in order to sleep and that it "cloud[ed] his judgment" when he used the

more "sleep-ish" types of marijuana.5 Nonetheless, Prado did not believe marijuana use

would impact his ability to take care of M.P. and stated that he would continue to use

marijuana if M.P. was in his care because "why wouldn't I take my prescription from a

doctor?"6

       Despite the fact that he knew he could visit four times per week, Prado only

visited M.P. a total of five to ten times in the prior six months. He stated that he did not

believe the visitation opportunities were "mandatory or anything."7 Prado had not

voluntarily provided any financial support for M.P. and did not know her favorite food,

her correct date of birth, what size diapers she wore, or anything about her regular daily




       3 id at 61.
       4 ]d at 56.
       5 id at 162.
       6idat161.
       7 Id. at 102.
No. 71890-8-1/4


schedule. When asked how long M.P. had been living with a relative, he said "I don't

keep track over that stuff."8

       Frostad testified that Prado had given her multiple black eyes and had once

broken her eye socket. After Frostad learned she was pregnant with M.P., Prado and

Frostad got into an argument, during which Prado grabbed Frostad by the hair and

refused to let her leave the house he shared with his parents. Frostad testified that

Prado's father then called her a "bitch," shoved her out of the house and slammed the

door in her face.9 She testified that as recently as October 2013, Prado had driven past

her house and pointed his finger at her out the window as if he were "shooting a gun."10

She stated that within the past couple of months Prado's brother and sister-in-law had

intentionally swerved their car into her lane of traffic on more than one occasion.

       Anne Sacquitne, the DSHS social worker assigned to M.P.'s case, testified that

M.P. was an extremely active child who was "on the go constantly and needs quite a bit

of supervision."11 She noted that Prado's visits with M.P. were sporadic and took place

in a structured environment where Prado relied entirely on the caregiver to bring food,

clothing, and diapers for M.P. She also testified as to her concern about the safety of

the home where Prado lived with his parents, brother and sister-in-law because Prado's

father had assaulted Prado's brother on at least two occasions and had once shoved

Frostad.




       8 id at 21.
       9 id at 207.
       10 id at 217.
       11 Id. at 265.
No. 71890-8-1/5


       At the conclusion of the fact-finding hearing, the trial court found M.P. dependent

as defined in RCW 13.34.030(5)(c) because (1) Prado had a history of violent outbursts

towards others, including family members, (2) Prado's marijuana use would affect his

ability to ensure M.P.'s safety and development, and (3) Prado had made only minimal

attempts to maintain a relationship with M.P. and had not demonstrated the motivation

or awareness necessary to parent a very active toddler full time. The parties

subsequently submitted briefing and exhibits for the dispositional hearing. The trial

court found that it was contrary to M.P.'s welfare to be placed in Prado's home because

"there is no parent or guardian available to care for the child" and ordered that M.P.

remain in out-of-home care.12 Prado appeals the trial court's dependency and

dispositional orders.

                                        ANALYSIS


       To declare a child dependent, a court must find by a preponderance of the

evidence that the child meets one of the statutory definitions of a "dependent child" set

forth in RCW 13.34.030.13 A "dependent child" includes a child who "has no parent,

guardian, or custodian capable of adequately caring for the child, such that the child is

in circumstances which constitute a danger of substantial damage to the child's

psychological or physical development."14 A trial court's finding of dependency is highly

fact specific; there are no specific factors that a court must consider when determining

whether a child is dependent.15


       12 Clerk's Papers (CP) at 324.
       13 RCW 13.34.110(1).
       14RCW13.34.030(6)(c).
       15 In re Dependency of Schermer, 161 Wn.2d 927, 951-52, 169 P.3d 452 (2007).
No. 71890-8-1/6


       We will affirm an order of dependency so long as substantial evidence supports

the court's findings of fact and the findings support the conclusions of law.16 "Evidence

is substantial if, when viewed in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below, a

rational trier of fact could find the fact more likely than not to be true."17 We do not

weigh the evidence or evaluate witness credibility.18 Unchallenged findings are verities

on appeal.19

       Prado argues that the evidence was not sufficient to support the trial court's

finding that M.P. is a dependent child.20 We disagree. First, Prado engaged in

repeated physical acts of violence against Frostad and believed that such violence was

a typical part of most relationships. Though Prado claimed that he had learned to

control his temper, this was contradicted by evidence that Prado had threatened

Frostad's boyfriend in the courthouse and chased him on the highway in the few months

prior to trial. Violence was also frequently committed by other members of Prado's

household, including his father, brother, and sister-in-law. A reasonable fact finder

could believe that if M.P. was in Prado's care, she would either be exposed to violence

against others or she would become the victim of violence herself.21



       16 In re Dependency of M.S.D.. 144 Wn. App. 468, 478, 182 P.3d 978 (2008).
       17id
       18 In re Welfare of C.B., 134 Wn. App. 942, 953, 143 P.3d 846 (2006).
       19 In re Interest of J.F., 109 Wn. App. 718, 722, 37 P.3d 1227 (2001).
       20 Though Prado assigns error to several findings of fact, his argument focuses
on the trial court's ultimate finding that M.P. was a dependent child. Thus, we address
only whether substantial evidence supports that finding.
      21 Prado claims that there was no evidence that he had ever acted violently
around or towards M.P. But a dependency finding under RCW 13.34.030(6)(c) does not
require proof of actual harm, "only a 'danger' of harm." Schermer. 161 Wn.2d at 951.
No. 71890-8-1/7


       In addition, Prado used marijuana frequently and was equivocal about whether

he planned to stop using it were he caring for M.P. Prado contends that marijuana use

is lawful and that there was no evidence that it negatively impacted his parenting

abilities. Again, we disagree. Prado admitted that marijuana made him sleepy and

affected his judgment. This, in combination with the fact that M.P. is an extremely

active toddler that needs close supervision, supported the trial court's finding that

Prado's "regular marijuana use will significantly impact his ability to parent [M.P.]"22

       Finally, Prado failed to visit M.P. consistently or learn about her needs. Prado

does not challenge the trial court's finding that he did not know M.P.'s correct birth date,

favorite food, or daily schedule and that he had made no efforts to get this information.

Prado's own testimony demonstrates a lack of knowledge about the needs of a two-

year-old child and a lack of interest in acquiring the responsibilities of a full-time parent.

Viewed together, this constellation of factors demonstrated that Prado is not capable of

adequately caring for M.P. and that he posed a substantial risk to her well-being.

Substantial evidence supported the trial court's finding of dependency.

       After a court finds a child to be dependent, it must enter an order of disposition.23

The court may order the child to be removed from a parent's home if the court finds that

(a) there is "no parent or guardian available to care for such child," (b) that the "parent,

guardian, or legal custodian is not willing to take custody of the child," or (c) that, "by

clear, cogent, and convincing evidence, a manifest danger exists that the child will

suffer serious abuse or neglect if the child is not removed from the home."24


       22 CP at 323.
       23 RCW 13.34.130.
       24 RCW 13.34.130(5).
No. 71890-8-1/8


       When determining an appropriate placement, the best interests of the child are of

paramount concern.25 A trial court's placement decision in a dispositional proceeding is

discretionary and will be overturned only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion.26 A

trial court abuses its discretion if its ruling is "manifestly unreasonable, or is exercised

on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons."27

       Prado contends that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering out-of-home

placement pursuant to RCW 13.34.130(5)(a) because M.P. had "no parent or guardian

available to care for [her]."28 He argues that the State failed to show he was not

"available" because he "[h]e was not incarcerated, he was not away from the area for

work, he was not in the military, bedridden or institutionalized in a hospital, or otherwise

unreachable."29 To the extent that Prado raises an issue of statutory interpretation,

Prado's briefing is insufficient to afford review. When interpreting a statute, our

objective is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature's intent.30 "Ifthe meaning of

the statute is plain, the court discerns legislative intent from the ordinary meaning of the

words."31 But "[i]f the statute is still susceptible to more than one interpretation after we

conduct a plain meaning review, then the statute is ambiguous and we rely on statutory




       25 In re Dependency of R.W.. 143 Wn. App. 219, 223, 177 P.3d 186 (2008);
RCW 13.34.020.

       26 In re Dependency of A.C.. 74 Wn. App. 271, 275, 873 P.2d 535 (1994).
       27 State v. Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d 647, 654, 71 P.3d 638 (2003).
       28 CP at 324.
       29 Appellant's Br. at 36.
     30 Tesoro Ref. and Mktg. Co. v. State, Dep't of Revenue, 164 Wn.2d 310, 317,
190P.3d28(2008).
       31 Id.
No. 71890-8-1/9


construction, legislative history, and relevant case law to determine legislative intent."32

Prado does not specify whether the meaning of "available" is plain or ambiguous, nor

does he offer any cogent legal analysis or cite to relevant authority.33 "'[T]his court will

not review issues for which inadequate argument has been briefed or only passing

treatment has been made.'"34 Thus, we are unable to address the question of whether

the trial court erred in using RCW 13.34.130(5)(a) as a basis for M.P.'s out-of-home

placement.

       Affirmed.




WE CONCUR:




                                                           &X, J.



       32 State v. Rice, 180 Wn. App. 308, 313, 320 P.3d 723 (2014).
       33 The State contends "the plain meaning of the term 'available' means 'present
or ready for use.'" Respondent's Br. at 16. This would seem to imply the existence of
more than one reasonable interpretation of the term.
        34 Habitat Watch v. Skagit County, 155 Wn.2d 397, 416, 120 P.3d 56 (2005)
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 868-69, 83 P.3d 970
(2004)).
