          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


No. 15-2112

                          WEN YUAN CHAN,

                           Petitioner,

                                v.

                         LORETTA E. LYNCH,
              ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,

                           Respondent.


                 PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER
               OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS


                              Before

                     Barron, Selya and Stahl,
                          Circuit Judges.


     Gregory Romanovsky, with whom Romanovsky Law Offices was on
brief, for petitioner.
     Robert Michael Stalzer, Attorney, Office of Immigration
Litigation, with whom Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice, Stephen J. Flynn, Assistant Director,
Office of Immigration Litigation, and Annette M. Wietecha,
Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, were on brief, for
respondent.


                        December 13, 2016
           SELYA, Circuit Judge.   This case presents a question of

first impression in this circuit: when United States Citizenship

and Immigration Services (USCIS) has approved an I-130 "immediate

relative" visa petition based on an alien's marriage to a United

States citizen, does the immigration court, in a parallel removal

proceeding, have jurisdiction to inquire into the bona fides of

the anchoring marriage?   Here, the immigration judge (IJ) answered

this question in the affirmative; found the anchoring marriage to

be a sham; denied the alien's request for an adjustment of status;

and entered an order of removal.   The Board of Immigration Appeals

(BIA) affirmed.   After careful consideration, we hold that the

bona fides of the anchoring marriage were properly before the

immigration court and — with that foundation in place — we conclude

that the BIA's decision is supported by substantial evidence.

Accordingly, we deny the alien's petition for judicial review.

I.   BACKGROUND

           Petitioner Wen Yuan Chan is a Chinese national.       She

entered the United States in February of 2006 on a non-immigrant

visitor's visa.    Around the beginning of April, she met her

husband-to-be, Sui Wah Chan,1 who is a citizen of the United States.

Their courtship was brief: within two months, they married.     Sui




      1Elsewhere in the record, the spelling of the name "Sui Wah
Chan" is inconsistent.      The record does not explain these
discrepancies, and we adopt the spelling employed by the IJ.


                               - 2 -
Wah Chan promptly filed papers with USCIS to adjust the immigration

status of both the petitioner and her son so that they could become

legal permanent residents (LPRs).         USCIS refused to recognize the

marriage, however, and rejected her application for adjustment of

status in October of 2007.2

           On    December   12,   2007,     the   Department   of   Homeland

Security instituted removal proceedings against the petitioner

(who, by then, had overstayed her visitor's visa).              While those

removal proceedings were pending, Sui Wah Chan again asked USCIS,

by means of an I-130 "immediate relative" visa petition, to

recognize his marriage to the petitioner.             USCIS approved this

second   I-130   petition   in    October   of    2008.   Because   removal

proceedings were in progress, however, only the immigration court

(not USCIS) could adjust the petitioner's status.              See 8 C.F.R.

§§ 245.2(a)(1), 1245.2(a)(1)(i).

           On October 28, 2010, the petitioner filed applications

for an adjustment of status and a waiver of inadmissibility in the

removal proceeding.    On February 14, 2013 (ironically, Valentine's

Day), the IJ held a hearing to determine the bona fides of the

petitioner's marriage and to pass upon her pending applications.

The IJ found that the petitioner's testimony was not credible and




     2 The petitioner's son apparently received an adjustment of
status. The record contains no explanation as to why USCIS treated
the mother and the son differently.


                                   - 3 -
that, based on the evidence presented, her "marriage at the time

of its inception was not bona fide."             Since the petitioner's

application for an adjustment of status was premised on the

marriage, the IJ's finding that the marriage was a sham rendered

her ineligible to adjust her status.

           Although the inquiry might have ended there, the IJ went

on to find the petitioner inadmissible for two separate reasons.

First, he concluded that she was inadmissible under 8 U.S.C.

§   1182(a)(6)(C)(i)   because   she   was    attempting    to   procure   an

immigrant visa through a fraudulent marriage. Second, he concluded

that she was inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) due

to her 2008 nolo contendere plea to a Connecticut assault charge

(which the IJ found to be a crime involving moral turpitude).

Next, the IJ refused the petitioner's request for a waiver of

inadmissibility, both as a matter of discretion and because he

found her ineligible for the waiver.             Having announced these

rulings, the IJ wrapped up the package by ordering the petitioner's

removal to China.

           The   petitioner   appealed   to    the   BIA,   which   affirmed

ostensibly "[f]or the reasons discussed by the [IJ]."3              The BIA,


      3In a confused passage, the BIA also seems to have affirmed
a decision that the IJ never made (suggesting that the IJ denied
the application for an adjustment of status as a matter of
discretion).     In point of fact, it was the waiver of
inadmissibility, not the application for an adjustment of status,
that the IJ denied as a matter of discretion. Given our conclusion


                                 - 4 -
however, added its own gloss.         Like the IJ, it concluded that the

petitioner "fail[ed] to establish [that] she entered into the

marriage in good faith," thus rendering her ineligible for the

relief that she sought.        In reaching this conclusion, the BIA

explicitly rejected the petitioner's contention that her approved

I-130 petition stripped the IJ of jurisdiction to consider whether

her marriage was bona fide.            The BIA further agreed that the

petitioner's     sham   marriage    rendered   her   inadmissible   under   8

U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i).         In view of this determination, the BIA

saw no need to address the question of whether the petitioner was

inadmissible on account of her criminal record.               This timely

petition for judicial review followed.

II.   ANALYSIS

           "Where, as here, the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ's

decision but adds reasoning of its own, we review the tiered

decisions as a unit."      Ramirez-Matias v. Holder, 778 F.3d 322, 325

(1st Cir. 2015).    In this case, however, we begin with a threshold

matter: the government's challenge to this court's jurisdiction (a

challenge premised on what it perceives to be the discretionary

nature of the decision below).




that the petitioner is not eligible for an adjustment of status
because of her sham marriage, see text infra, any error in this
regard is manifestly harmless.


                                     - 5 -
          We readily acknowledge that, in the immigration context,

"Congress has heavily circumscribed federal courts' jurisdiction

over . . . discretionary decisions."    Mele v. Lynch, 798 F.3d 30,

32 (1st Cir. 2015) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i)).        The

government attempts to wield this principle as a shield, arguing

that we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA's decision because the

BIA denied the petitioner's application for an adjustment of status

as a matter of discretion.    Such a decision, the government says,

is one that we are forbidden from reviewing.         See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(2)(B).

          Whatever application this principle may have in this

case — a matter on which we take no view — we nonetheless have

jurisdiction to review colorable constitutional and legal claims

embedded in such a decision.     See Ayeni v. Holder, 617 F.3d 67,

70-71 (1st Cir. 2010).       In this instance, the petitioner has

presented a colorable legal question: when USCIS has approved an

I-130 "immediate relative" visa petition based on an alien's

marriage to a United States citizen, does an IJ, in a parallel

removal proceeding, nevertheless have jurisdiction to inquire into

the bona fides of the anchoring marriage before granting an

adjustment of status?    This question is colorable because the

answer to it is open.   See Pan v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 80, 84 (1st

Cir. 2007) (describing question as "colorable" so long as the

argument advanced has "at the very least, . . . some potential


                                - 6 -
validity").      Thus, the question provides a hook on which our

jurisdiction can be hung.      See DaCosta v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 45,

49 (1st Cir. 2006); Cho v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 96, 98-100 (1st Cir.

2005).

             Assured of our jurisdiction, we turn to the BIA's denial

of the petitioner's application for an adjustment of status.              An

adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a), if granted, "permits

certain noncitizens to become [LPRs]."            Akwasi Agyei v. Holder,

729 F.3d 6, 9 (1st Cir. 2013).          The adjustment-of-status process

can be initiated by an immediate relative (such as a spouse), see

8 U.S.C. § 1151(b)(2)(A)(i), through the filing of an I-130

petition, see Neang Chea Taing v. Napolitano, 567 F.3d 19, 21 (1st

Cir. 2009).     USCIS conducts an investigation, determines whether

the alien is an immediate relative of the sponsor, and approves or

denies the petition.      See id. at 21-22.       If USCIS approves an I-

130 petition, the alien may then submit an application to adjust

her status either to USCIS (if removal proceedings are not pending)

or to the immigration court (if removal proceedings are pending).

See 8 C.F.R. §§ 245.2(a)(1), 1245.2(a)(1)(i); Neang Chea Taing,

567 F.3d at 21.       At a minimum, approval of such an application

requires that the alien be "eligible to receive an immigrant visa,"

be "admissible to the United States for permanent residence," and

have "an immigrant visa . . . immediately available to [her] at

the   time   [her]   application   is   filed."     8   U.S.C.   §   1255(a).


                                   - 7 -
Assuming that these threshold requirements are satisfied, the

decisionmaker (whether USCIS or the IJ) must then determine, in

the exercise of discretion, whether to adjust the alien's status.

See id.

          In the case at hand, it is undisputed that the petitioner

had a visa immediately available to her, thanks to USCIS's approval

of the I-130 petition.   Thus, the dispute here reduces to whether

the petitioner is eligible and admissible.    In the petitioner's

view, USCIS's approval of the I-130 petition completes the inquiry

into whether her marriage is bona fide, and the IJ may not revisit

that issue.    The government demurs, arguing that when removal

proceedings are already in progress, USCIS's evaluation of the

bona fides of the anchoring marriage is at most prima facie

evidence, and that the ultimate resolution of the issue is for the

IJ.   This disagreement over the effect of USCIS's determination

presents a purely legal question, and "[w]e review such legal

questions de novo, subject to established principles of agency

deference."   DaCosta, 449 F.3d at 49.

          The petitioner's assertion — that USCIS's approval of

the I-130 petition divests the immigration court of authority to

revisit the bona fides of the anchoring marriage — does not

withstand scrutiny.   When an alien seeks relief from removal, the

law obliges the IJ to "determine whether . . . the testimony is

credible [and] sufficient to demonstrate that the applicant has


                               - 8 -
satisfied      the     applicant's      burden     of    proof."          8      U.S.C.

§ 1229a(c)(4)(B).       This obligation extends to the alien's proof of

her eligibility.       See id. § 1229a(c)(4)(A)(i).

              In carrying out these tasks, the IJ is empowered to

"weigh the credible testimony along with other evidence of record."

Id. § 1229a(c)(4)(B).         If USCIS's approval of an I-130 petition

were accorded preclusive effect, the IJ's hands would be tied and

he    would     be      prevented       from     fulfilling         his     statutory

responsibility.       See id.      Nothing in the text or the structure of

the statutory scheme permits us to truncate the IJ's role as

suggested by the petitioner.

              The allocation of responsibilities envisioned by the

petitioner      appears     even    more   problematic        in    light       of   the

regulations.        Pertinently, the regulations prescribe that when an

alien has been placed in removal proceedings, "the [IJ] has

exclusive      jurisdiction        to   adjudicate      any    application           for

adjustment     of    status   [that]    the     alien   may   file."        8    C.F.R.

§ 1245.2(a)(1)(i); see id. § 245.2(a)(1) (reiterating USCIS's lack

of   jurisdiction      to   adjudicate     applications       for    adjustment      of

status with respect to aliens in removal proceedings).                      Exclusive

jurisdiction — if it means anything at all — must mean the ability

to assess whether the alien is eligible for relief in the first

place.    Stripping the IJ of authority to review an essential

threshold element of an alien's application for relief would hollow


                                        - 9 -
out the IJ's exclusive jurisdiction over the adjudication of the

application and, thus, would undercut the regulations.

            The case law points in the same direction.              Although the

question presented is one of first impression in this circuit, we

do not write on a pristine page.               The Ninth Circuit has examined

and expounded upon an identical question.               See Agyeman v. INS, 296

F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2002).             In that case, the court of appeals

rejected the alien's argument that, once the I-130 "immediate

relative" petition was approved, the immigration court could no

longer receive evidence questioning the bona fides of the anchoring

marriage.    See id. at 879 n.2.           The court reasoned persuasively

that, although "[t]he approved I-130 [petition] provides prima

facie evidence that the alien is eligible" for an adjustment of

status, the alien must still "prove his eligibility . . . by the

preponderance of the evidence" in the immigration court.                   Id.   So

viewed, an approved I-130 petition is only a piece of evidence to

be   introduced    before   the      IJ   in   the    alien's   effort    to   prove

eligibility for an adjustment of status.                See id.

            In    an   effort   to    blunt     the    combined   force    of    the

applicable statutory and regulatory structure and the case law,

the petitioner relies on the BIA's decision in Matter of Arthur,

20 I. & N. Dec. 475 (BIA 1992).4               This reliance is mislaid.         For


      4The petitioner also relies on the BIA's decision in In re
H-A-, 22 I. & N. Dec. 728 (BIA 1999). That decision, however,


                                      - 10 -
one thing, Matter of Arthur is inapposite.             The decision there

addressed the question of whether the BIA would grant a motion to

reopen   for    consideration   of   adjustment   of    status   where    the

underlying I-130 petition was not yet adjudicated and was based on

a marriage entered into after removal proceedings had commenced.

See 20 I. & N. Dec. at 479.        The features that distinguish Matter

of Arthur from the case at hand are obvious.             Here — unlike in

Matter of Arthur — no motion to reopen was at issue; the anchoring

marriage   was    entered   into     before   removal    proceedings      had

commenced; and the I-130 petition already had been approved.

Trying to fit this case into Matter of Arthur's precedential orbit

is like trying to force a square peg into a round hole.

           There is a second — and even more formidable — reason

why Matter of Arthur does not aid the petitioner's cause.                Long

before the events in this case transpired, the BIA explicitly

overruled Matter of Arthur.     See In re Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N.

Dec. 253, 257 (BIA 2002); see also Conteh v. Gonzales, 461 F.3d

45, 65 (1st Cir. 2006) (noting the BIA's overruling of Matter of

Arthur).       It strains credulity to suggest that an overruled




rests on the decision in Matter of Arthur and furnishes no
independent authority for the proposition that the petitioner
urges.


                                   - 11 -
precedent   should,    through   some   mysterious   alchemy,   be   given

controlling weight.5

            To say more about this claim of error would be to paint

the lily.     We hold that when an alien in removal proceedings

applies for an adjustment of status based on her marriage to a

United States citizen, the IJ has jurisdiction to inquire into the

bona fides of the anchoring marriage even if USCIS already has

approved an I-130 petition to the alien's behoof.6              In such a

situation, the approved I-130 petition is not irrelevant.              An

approved I-130 petition from USCIS shows that the alien has a visa

available to her and, thus, paves the way for the IJ to reach the

issues of eligibility for adjustment of status and admissibility.

See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a); Neang Chea Taing, 567 F.3d at 21. Moreover,

the approved I-130 petition may serve as prima facie evidence of

the authentic character of the petitioner's marriage (an issue




     5 To be sure, Velarde-Pacheco was itself overruled in part by
Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I. & N. Dec. 688 (BIA 2012).          That
overruling, however, did not purpose to reinstate the discredited
decision in Matter of Arthur and, so, is of no moment here.

     6 In an earlier case, we wrote that "[o]nce classified as an
immediate relative, the alien-spouse becomes eligible to seek an
adjustment of his immigration status . . . ." Naeem v. Gonzales,
469 F.3d 33, 36 n.1 (1st Cir. 2006) (dictum). That statement was
addressed to a hypothetical application for adjustment of status,
filed in the absence of an ongoing removal proceeding. Such an
application would be made to USCIS, not to an immigration court,
and would not implicate the critical question that the petitioner
raises in this case.


                                 - 12 -
relevant to her quest for an adjustment of status).     See Agyeman,

296 F.3d at 879 n.2.

             Our conclusion that the IJ had jurisdiction to examine

the bona fides of the petitioner's marriage does not end our

odyssey. As a fallback, the petitioner challenges the IJ's finding

that the marriage was a sham.     Absent any material error of law —

and we discern none here — we review such a finding only to ensure

that it is supported by substantial evidence.       See Nikijuluw v.

Gonzales, 427 F.3d 115, 120 (1st Cir. 2005).       This is a "highly

deferential standard," id., under which we cannot disturb the

agency's determination as long as it is "supported by reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole."    INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992) (citation

omitted).     It follows that such a determination will stand unless

"any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary."     8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

             The alien has the burden of proving the bona fides of an

anchoring marriage by a preponderance of the evidence.           See

Agyeman, 296 F.3d at 879 n.2; see also 8 C.F.R. 1240.8(d).         A

marriage is bona fide if "at the time that the newlyweds plighted

their troth, [the alien] intended to establish a life with [her]

spouse."     McKenzie-Francisco v. Holder, 662 F.3d 584, 587 (1st

Cir. 2011).     The record before us contains substantial evidence




                                - 13 -
from which the IJ reasonably could — and did — find that the

petitioner did not prove such an intent.7

             To begin, the couple married after an acquaintance that

spanned no more than two months.       Almost immediately thereafter,

the petitioner moved out of state for a lengthy period of time,

leaving her new husband behind.      This sequence of events supports

an inference that the petitioner never intended to establish a

life with Sui Wah Chan.      See Jing Lin v. Holder, 759 F.3d 110,

112-13 (1st Cir. 2014) (upholding determination that marriage was

not bona fide based on brief courtship and lack of time spent

living together).

             The testimony of both the petitioner and Sui Wah Chan

buttresses    this   inference.     The    petitioner   gave   materially

inconsistent answers regarding where she had lived during the

marriage.     Importantly, when asked to identify the address that

she shared with Sui Wah Chan, she could not do so, claiming that

she did not "know how to say the name" of the street.          Nor was Sui

Wah Chan's testimony helpful to the petitioner's cause.            He had

never met her son (though he had successfully sponsored the son's

visa application) and expressed his belief that the son was still




     7The petitioner argues that both the IJ and the BIA ignored
this test and focused instead on the petitioner's motive for
entering into the marriage. The record belies this argument: it
makes manifest that the IJ and the BIA laid out the correct test
and proceeded to apply it.


                                  - 14 -
living in China.   In fact, the petitioner's son had been residing

in the United States for at least a year, if not more, before the

date on which Sui Wah Chan testified.       The couple's lack of

familiarity with the most basic details of their allegedly shared

life provides powerful evidence that they did not intend to

establish a life together.    See McKenzie-Francisco, 662 F.3d at

587.

           There is more.    Both the petitioner and Sui Wah Chan

testified, in effect, that their marriage was an arrangement.   Sui

Wah Chan stated: "I wanted to marry her because I wanted someone

. . . to help me . . . .     In return, I would help her with her

green card."8   The petitioner confirmed this account.   The IJ and

the BIA were entitled to treat their mutual admission that the

petitioner had entered into the marriage to obtain an immigration

benefit as evidence that the marriage was not bona fide.        Cf.

Rodriguez v. INS, 204 F.3d 25, 27, 28 (1st Cir. 2000) (considering

an alien's statement that he married only to obtain a green card

"very powerful evidence that the original intent was to use

marriage as a device to evade the immigration laws").

           Lastly, the petitioner lacked the sort of documentary

proof that might have led a factfinder reasonably to conclude that


       8
       "Green card" is a colloquial term for an "employment
authorization card." Arevalo v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir.
2003).



                               - 15 -
she and Sui Wah Chan intended to make a life together.                    See Reynoso

v.   Holder,    711   F.3d   199,        207   (1st    Cir.    2013)     (upholding   a

determination that marriage was not bona fide where the alien's

documentary     evidence     was    "limited"         and   lacked     detail).   For

example, despite asserting that she and Sui Wah Chan held a joint

bank account, she presented no corroboration of the existence of

such an account.        Her only documentary proof of the sort of

comingling of assets that might have suggested that they intended

to establish a life together was a single year of federal income

tax filings (2011), which showed that she and Sui Wah Chan filed

jointly (as husband and wife) for that one year.                       The petitioner

did not explain the absence of similar filings for the five earlier

years of the marriage.

            In a similar vein, the record is thin with respect to

documentary evidence showing that the couple lived together during

the marriage.      In this regard, the petitioner's sole proffer was

a form letter from the Boston Housing Authority that listed her as

a member of Sui Wah Chan's household.                   The IJ and the BIA could

reasonably find that isolated form letter to constitute no proof.

            To sum up, the evidence offered by the petitioner in

support of the bona fides of the anchoring marriage was weak.

Given the paucity of the petitioner's proffer, the agency's "sham

marriage"      determination       was    consistent        with   the   "reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a


                                         - 16 -
whole."        Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 481 (citation omitted).

Surely, this chiaroscuro record does not compel a conclusion

contrary to that reached by the IJ and the BIA.9          We therefore

reject the petitioner's fact-based challenge.

III.       CONCLUSION

               We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above,

the petition for judicial review is denied.



So ordered.




       9
       Given this conclusion, we need not address the petitioner's
remaining claims of error.      Those claims relate to the IJ's
findings concerning admissibility and waiver of inadmissibility —
issues rendered moot by the supportable determination that the
petitioner was not eligible for an adjustment of status.


                                  - 17 -
