                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 17-0717
                              Filed March 7, 2018


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

LARRY SHANNON,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Buchanan County, Monica L. Wittig,

Judge.



      A defendant appeals his conviction for operating while intoxicated.

AFFIRMED.



      John J. Sullivan of Sullivan Law Office, P.C., Oelwein, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Zachary C. Miller, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee.



      Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ.
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POTTERFIELD, Judge.

       Larry Shannon was convicted of operating while intoxicated (OWI), second

offense, in violation of Iowa Code section 321J.2(1)(a) (2016). Shannon argues

the State presented insufficient evidence to prove he drove under the influence of

a drug.

       I.      Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Shannon was stopped on August 1, 2016, by Deputy Sheriff Austin

Westphal. Westphal knew the vehicle to be Shannon’s and knew Shannon was

barred from driving.     Westphal activated his emergency lights and observed

Shannon tapping his breaks and taking longer than usual to pull over.

       Westphal approached the vehicle, shouting at Shannon to put his hands on

the steering wheel and open the door. Shannon did not comply but drank from a

Gatorade bottle and used his cell phone. Deputy Ben Ward arrived and also

encouraged Shannon to exit the vehicle. Shannon continued to drink almost the

entire bottle of Gatorade. When the officers advised Shannon they would break

the window to take him into custody if he did not exit the vehicle, Shannon exited

the vehicle.

       The officers handcuffed Shannon and made several observations:

Shannon’s arms were very tense, his body temperature was elevated, and he was

clenching his fists, sweating profusely, grinding his teeth, acting restless, and

swaying. Shannon had a dry mouth and eyelid tremors, and in the police vehicle,

his feet involuntarily twitched.

       The officers asked Shannon if he had anything in his pockets, and Shannon

told them he had ten thousand dollars in cash on him. The officers searched
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Shannon and found only a few hundred dollars in cash. The officers performed an

inventory search of Shannon’s vehicle and found broken shards of glass on the

driver’s seat.

       Westphal transported Shannon to the Buchanan County Jail. Based on his

training and observation, Westphal believed Shannon to be substance-impaired.

Westphal asked Shannon to perform several field sobriety tests. Shannon passed

the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, which tests for alcohol-related impairments.

Shannon refused to complete the walk-and-turn test and the one-legged stand test

because he has “bad feet.” Shannon performed the modified Rhomberg test,

which tests an individual’s internal clock. Shannon was asked to close his eyes

and indicate when thirty seconds had passed. Shannon reported thirty seconds

had passed when only twenty-two seconds had passed, an indication of

impairment. Shannon passed a breath test for alcohol but refused to provide a

urine specimen.

       Shannon was charged with operating while intoxicated, driving while barred,

and driving while revoked. He waived a jury trial, and the matter was tried to the

court. In November 2016, the district court found Shannon guilty on all counts and

sentenced him on the OWI conviction to a two-year prison term and time served

on the other two convictions. Shannon appeals his conviction for operating while

intoxicated.

       II.       Standard of Review.

       “Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence are reviewed for corrections

of errors at law.” State v. Keopasaeuth, 645 N.W.2d 637, 640 (Iowa 2002). The

court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, including all
                                          4

reasonable inferences that may be fairly drawn from the evidence. Id. All evidence

is considered, not just that of an inculpatory nature. Id. “[W]e will uphold a verdict

if substantial record evidence supports it.” State v. Nitcher, 720 N.W.2d 547, 556

(Iowa 2006) (citation omitted). Evidence is considered substantial if, when viewed

in the light most favorable to the State, it can convince a rational factfinder the

defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Sanford, 814 N.W.2d 611,

615 (Iowa 2012). “Evidence that only raises suspicion, speculation or conjecture

is not substantial.” State v. Lambert, 612 N.W.2d 810, 813 (Iowa 2000).

       III.   Discussion.

       Iowa Code section 321J.2 requires the State to prove Shannon operated a

motor vehicle in Iowa “while under the influence of a[] . . . drug.” Shannon contests

whether the State presented sufficient evidence he was under the influence of a

drug. “We have held that a person is under the influence when the consumption

of alcohol [or drugs] affects the person’s reasoning or mental ability, impairs a

person’s judgment, visibly excites a person’s emotions, or causes a person to lose

control of bodily actions.” State v. Gordon, No. 15-2038, 2017 WL 5185401, at *3

(Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 8, 2017) (citing State v. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d 611, 616 (Iowa

2004)) (holding erratic driving substantial evidence of drug use); see also State v.

Vesey, No. 12-1753, 2013 WL 4504915, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 21, 2013)

(holding erratic driving, watery bloodshot eyes, and slurred speech substantial

evidence of drug use).

       Shannon argues there is not substantial evidence to support that he

ingested drugs or that his judgment was impaired by the ingestion of drugs. Both

officers testified, without objection as to their qualifications, as to their general
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impaired driving training and their specific training on drug impairment—Impaired

Driving and Advanced Roadside Impairment (ARIDE) training. Based on that

training, Deputy Westphal testified Shannon’s conduct when pulled over displayed

impaired judgment: Shannon took an unusually long time to stop, refused the

officer’s commands, and quickly drank a bottle of Gatorade. Deputy Westphal

testified he also observed several physical signs of impairment: Shannon was

grinding his jaw and teeth, his wrists were tense, he fidgeted constantly, he

involuntarily twitched, had a high body temperature, and had a dry mouth after

drinking liquid. Finally, Deputy Westphal testified based on his training, Shannon’s

performance on the modified Rhomberg test indicated drug impairment. Shannon

argues the officers are not certified drug recognition experts. The State presented

sufficient evidence to prove Shannon was under the influence of a drug when he

was pulled over.

      AFFIRMED.
