          Case: 15-13240   Date Filed: 02/11/2016   Page: 1 of 8


                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]



           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                           No. 15-13240
                       Non-Argument Calendar
                     ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 5:15-cv-00039-MW-EMT



YVON THEMEUS, SR.,

                                                         Petitioner-Appellant,

                                  versus

US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
et al.,

                                                                   Respondents,

IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT,

                                                        Respondent-Appellee.

                     ________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Florida
                    ________________________

                           (February 11, 2016)
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Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Yvon Themeus, Sr., appeals the district court’s rejection of his pro se

petition for a writ of habeas corpus, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. After careful

review, we affirm.

                                               I.

       Themeus, a native and citizen of Haiti, received “lawful permanent resident”

status in the United States in 1987. In 2005, he was convicted by jury in Florida

state court of conspiracy to traffic cocaine and trafficking in cocaine. He served

his sentence for that offense at a state correctional facility run by the Florida

Department of Corrections (“FDOC”).                 In August 2007, the United States

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) lodged an immigration detainer1

against Themeus with the FDOC. Then, in September 2007, an Immigration Judge

(“IJ”) issued a final order of removal, ordering that Themeus be removed from the

United States because he had been convicted of an aggravated felony, namely

cocaine trafficking.




       1
          An immigration detainer “serves to advise another law enforcement agency that the
Department [of Homeland Security (“DHS”)] seeks custody of an alien presently in the custody
of that agency, for the purpose of arresting and removing the alien” and “is a request that such
agency advise the [DHS], prior to release of the alien, in order for the [DHS] to arrange to
assume custody, in situations when gaining immediate physical custody is either impracticable or
impossible.” 8 C.F.R. § 287.7(a).
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      In February 2015, Themeus filed the instant § 2241 petition while still

incarcerated at the state facility. In his petition, Themeus broadly challenged both

the removal order and the immigration detainer as violative of due process. He

contended that the removal order was invalid because he was actually innocent of

the state offenses and they were not yet final, as he was appealing them. He sought

to challenge his future detention by ICE, pursuant to the detainer, under Zadvydas

v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 121 S. Ct. 2491 (2001), and he argued that the immigration

detainer prevented him from participating in FDOC work-release programs.

Themeus’s state sentence was set to expire in November 2015.             For relief,

Themeus requested that the court vacate the detainer or, alternatively, set a bond

hearing. ICE moved to dismiss the § 2241 petition.

      A magistrate judge issued a report recommending that the district court deny

habeas corpus relief. The magistrate judge found that the court lacked jurisdiction

over Themeus’s challenges to the removal order, because they were barred by the

REAL ID Act, and to his future detention, because his removal period had not yet

begun so the claim was not ripe for review.        Although the magistrate judge

determined that jurisdiction existed over Themeus’s due-process challenge that the

detainer precluded him from participating in a work-release program, the

magistrate judge concluded that the claim was without merit because Themeus did

not allege facts showing that the detainer imposed an atypical or significant


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hardship in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. Over Themeus’s

objections, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation.

After entry of judgment, Themeus brought this appeal.

                                          II.

      We review de novo the district court’s denial of habeas relief under § 2241.

Skinner v. Wiley, 355 F.3d 1293, 1294 (11th Cir. 2004); Alanis-Bustamante v.

Reno, 201 F.3d 1303, 1306 (11th Cir. 2000) (dismissal of § 2241 petition for lack

of subject-matter jurisdiction is reviewed de novo). We may affirm the district

court on any ground supported by the record. Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344,

1351 (11th Cir. 2004).

                                          III.

      On appeal, Themeus argues that the district court had jurisdiction to review

his § 2241 petition and that both the removal order and immigration detainer

violate due process, relying on Zadvydas and Kucana v. Holder, 558 U.S. 233, 130

S. Ct. 827 (2010).2 He asserts that he was in federal custody as of August 2007,

when the immigration detainer was lodged, and that the 90-day removal period

began at that time.      Themeus also claims that the district court relied on an

incomplete record to make an improper factual determination, apparently regarding


      2
          We GRANT Themeus’s construed motion to file an amended brief on appeal, and we
take his arguments from that amended brief.


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when his removal period began to run, when it denied his petition.                      Finally,

Themeus requests that we vacate the immigration detainer or direct the district

court to hold a bond hearing.3

       We first address Themeus’s challenge to the 2007 final removal order.

Challenges to removal proceedings used to be cognizable under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.

Orozco v. U.S. I.N.S., 911 F.2d 539, 541 (11th Cir. 1990); see I.N.S. v. St. Cyr., 533

U.S. 289, 301-08, 121 S. Ct. 2271, 2280-84 (2001). But now, however, they are

not. Following enactment of the REAL ID Act of 2005, district courts lack habeas

jurisdiction to entertain challenges to final orders of removal.                  See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(5), (b)(9); see also Madu v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 470 F.3d 1362, 1366-67

(11th Cir. 2006). Instead, “a petition for review filed with the appropriate court is

now an alien’s exclusive means of review of a removal order.” Alexandre v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 452 F.3d 1204, 1206 (11th Cir. 2006); see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(5),

(b)(9). Because Themeus’s removal order was entered well after the REAL ID Act

went into effect, the district court properly dismissed for lack of jurisdiction
       3
           To the extent Themeus’s claim that the immigration detainer precluded him from
participating in work-release programs was intended as a free-standing due-process claim, it may
not have been cognizable in a § 2241 proceeding against ICE because it concerns a collateral
limitation imposed by his state jailer. See Orozco, 911 F.2d at 540-41. In any case, we conclude
that this claim is now moot. Both parties have represented that Themeus’s Florida state sentence
was set to completely expire on or before November 30, 2015, and a review of the Florida
DOC’s website reflects that Themeus was released from state custody on November 13, 2015.
As a result, we can no longer grant any effective relief on this claim. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft,
273 F.3d 1330, 1335-36 (11th Cir. 2001) (a case is moot when the court can no longer grant
meaningful relief); cf. McKinnon v. Talladega Cty., 745 F.2d 1360, 1363 (11th Cir. 1984)
(stating that challenges to conditions of confinement generally become moot upon a prisoner’s
release).
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Themeus’s § 2241 petition to the extent it challenged the underlying basis of his

removal order.

      As for Themeus’s challenge to the immigration detainer, the district court

properly found that Themeus was not entitled to relief under Zadvydas. When an

order of removal becomes final, the Attorney General generally has 90 days to

effect removal. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A). This 90-day “removal period” begins to

run from the latest of:

      (i)     The date the order of removal becomes administratively final.

      (ii)    If the removal order is judicially reviewed and if a court orders
              a stay of the removal of the alien, the date of the court’s final
              order.

      (iii)   If the alien is detained or confined (except under an
              immigration process), the date the alien is released from
              detention or confinement.

8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(B). “During the removal period, the Attorney General shall

detain the alien.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(2).

      In Zadvydas v. Davis, the Supreme Court considered whether 8 U.S.C.

§ 1231(a)(6)—which authorizes detention beyond the 90-day removal period in

certain circumstances—permitted the Attorney General to indefinitely detain a

removable alien. Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 682, 121 S. Ct. at 2494; 8 U.S.C. §

1231(a)(6). The Court held that six months was a presumptively reasonable period

of time to allow the government to effect removal after the removal period


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commences. 533 U.S. at 701, 121 S. Ct. at 2503. After this time, upon the

provision of “good reason to believe that there is no significant likelihood of

removal in the reasonably foreseeable future,” the government must rebut that

showing. Id. If removal is not reasonably foreseeable, the continued detention is

unauthorized and unreasonable. Id. at 699-700, 121 S. Ct. at 2504.

      We have held that, in order to state a claim under Zadvydas, a § 2241

petitioner must show two things: (1) that the six-month period, which commences

at the beginning of the statutory removal period, has expired when the § 2241 is

filed; and (2) “evidence of a good reason to believe that there is no significant

likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future.” Akinwale v. Ashcroft,

287 F.3d 1050, 1052 (11th Cir. 2002).

      Here, the district court properly found that Themeus’s statutory removal

period had not begun to run when he filed his § 2241 petition.          Themeus is

incorrect that the removal period began to run in 2007. While the removal period

generally begins to run once the order of removal becomes final—which, the

parties do not dispute, occurred in 2007—that date does not govern in this case

because Themeus was in state custody then. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A), (B).

As a result, the statutory removal period did not commence until “the date the alien

[was] released from detention or confinement,” which was not until after Themeus

filed his § 2241 petition. See id. Accordingly, Themeus has not shown that the


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six-month period described in Zadvydas expired at the time the § 2241 petition was

filed. See Akinwale, 287 F.3d at 1052. Therefore, he is not entitled to release or,

in the alternative, to a bond hearing.

      Themeus’s reliance on Kucana is unclear, but it provides no basis for relief

in these circumstances. In Kucana, the Supreme Court held that courts of appeal

retain jurisdiction to review decisions by the Board of Immigration Appeals

denying motions to reopen immigration proceedings. 558 U.S. at 253, 130 S. Ct.

at 840. Themeus asserts that he filed a motion to reopen his immigration case in

August 2010, that the motion was denied in September 2010, and that he filed a

timely notice of appeal that the immigration court failed to process. However, the

denial of the motion to reopen is not properly before this Court for review on

appeal from the district court’s denial of his § 2241 petition.

      Lastly, we disagree with Themeus’s argument that the district court relied

on an incomplete record in dismissing his § 2241 petition. The record was

sufficient for the court to conclude that Themeus’s petition should have been

dismissed, and no information he has presented on appeal shows that the basis of

the district court’s decision was erroneous. Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal

of Themeus’s § 2241 petition.

      AFFIRMED.




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