                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Frank, Huff and Senior Judge Coleman
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Richmond, Virginia


            GLENDA H. MILOT
                                                                                        OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0337-13-2                                             JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
                                                                                      OCTOBER 15, 2013
            DAVID SCOTT MILOT


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HALIFAX COUNTY
                                       David A. Melesco, Judge Designate

                           Robert B. Jeffries (Bob Jeffries Law, P.C., on brief), for appellant.

                           Michael D. Kmetz for appellee.


                   Glenda H. Milot (“appellant”) appeals an order of the Circuit Court of Halifax County

            (“the trial court”) denying appellant’s motion to vacate the dismissal of her case and reinstate a

            pendente lite order. On appeal, appellant contends that the trial court erred in 1) dismissing the

            case without notice under Code § 8.01-335(B) because appellant had a minimum due process

            right to prior notice and an opportunity to be heard, and 2) denying appellant’s motion to vacate

            the dismissal order because that order was rendered void from the due process violation.

                   In an assignment of cross-error, David S. Milot (“appellee”) contends that the trial court

            erred in denying appellee’s request for attorney’s fees and costs in defending against appellant’s

            meritless motion to vacate the dismissal of her case and reinstate a pendente lite order.

                   For the following reasons, this Court affirms the judgment of the trial court.

                                                   I. BACKGROUND

                   “When reviewing a [trial] court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light

            most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”
Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 835 (2003). “That principle

requires us to ‘discard the evidence’ of the [appellant] which conflicts, either directly or

inferentially, with the evidence presented by the [appellee] at trial.” Id. (quoting Wactor v.

Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002)). So viewed, the evidence is

as follows.

        In February 2002, appellant filed a divorce complaint in the trial court against appellee.

In March 2003, the trial court entered a pendente lite order requiring appellee to pay spousal and

child support. Thereafter, the trial court remanded all child support matters to the Halifax

County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court.

        Between entry of the March 2003 pendente lite order and August 2007, no action or

proceeding was taken in the case. Consequently, in August 2007, the trial court dismissed

appellant’s case (“the dismissal order”) pursuant to Code § 8.01-335(B).1 The Code allows a

court to dismiss a pending case from its docket without providing prior notice to the parties when

there has been no order or proceeding in the case for three years. Appellant and appellee

testified that they did not receive notice prior to or after entry of the dismissal order. Appellant’s

counsel of record testified, “I never saw [a notice of the dismissal order, but] I can’t say that a

secretary didn’t get it and put it in the wrong file, or lose it . . . I just never saw it is all I can say.”


        1
            Code § 8.01-335(B) provides that

                 [a]ny court in which is pending a case wherein for more than three
                 years there has been no order or proceeding . . . may, in its
                 discretion, order it to be struck from its docket and the action shall
                 thereby be discontinued. The court may dismiss cases under this
                 subsection without any notice to the parties. The clerk shall
                 provide the parties with a copy of the final order discontinuing or
                 dismissing the case. Any case discontinued or dismissed under the
                 provisions of this subsection may be reinstated, on motion, after
                 notice to the parties in interest, if known, or their counsel of record
                 within one year from the date of such order but not after.

                                                    -2-
       In March 2011, more than three years after the dismissal order, appellee filed a divorce

complaint against appellant in the Norfolk Circuit Court. The Norfolk Circuit Court granted the

parties a divorce on February 24, 2012 while reserving equitable distribution, child support, and

spousal support.

       About three weeks prior to the entry of the divorce decree by the Norfolk Circuit Court,

however, appellant moved the trial court to vacate the dismissal order and reinstate the pendente

lite order. At the hearing, appellant argued that the dismissal order violated her due process

rights because she did not receive notice prior to or after its entry. Appellee responded that

appellant’s motion was barred under Code § 8.01-335(B) and requested that the trial court award

him attorney’s fees and costs associated with opposing the motion.

       The trial court denied appellant’s motion to vacate the dismissal order and reinstate the

pendente lite order. The trial court also denied appellee’s request for attorney’s fees. This

appeal followed.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

       On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to vacate the

dismissal order and reinstate the pendente lite order for two reasons: 1) the dismissal order

violated her due process rights because she did not receive notice prior to the dismissal and was

not afforded an opportunity to be heard, and 2) the dismissal was void because the clerk’s office

failed to provide the parties with a copy of the dismissal order pursuant to Code § 8.01-335(B).

In an assignment of cross-error, appellee contends that the trial court erred in denying him

attorney’s fees and costs associated with opposing appellant’s meritless motion.

                                         A. Due Process

       Appellant first asserts that the trial court erred in denying her motion to vacate the

dismissal order because the dismissal order violated her due process rights. Specifically,

                                                -3-
appellant argues that her due process rights were violated when she did not receive prior notice

that her case was being dismissed, which resulted in the termination of her right to receive

monthly spousal and child support payments under the pendente lite order.

       “‘[C]onstitutional arguments are questions of law that [this Court reviews] de novo.’”

Copeland v. Todd, 282 Va. 183, 193, 715 S.E.2d 11, 16 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting

Shivaee v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 112, 119, 613 S.E.2d 570, 574 (2005)). Appellant’s

assignments of error also present an issue of “‘statutory interpretation,’” which “‘is a pure

question of law . . . [this Court] reviews de novo.’” Laws v. McIlroy, 283 Va. 594, 598, 724

S.E.2d 699, 702 (2012) (quoting Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96,

104, 639 S.E.2d 174, 178 (2007)).

       “Virginia courts have no power to enter a decree of [pendente lite] support except

pursuant to statutory authority.” Smith v. Smith, 4 Va. App. 148, 151, 354 S.E.2d 816, 818

(1987). Code § 20-103 grants authority for a court to provide pendente lite support “during the

pendency of the suit.” Accordingly, “this grant of authority [is] limited to the right to make such

award only for the period the action is pending.” Smith, 4 Va. App. at 151, 354 S.E.2d at 818.

Consequently, when a case is dismissed by operation of law, any pendente lite award ordered in

that case is automatically terminated. Id. (finding that the dismissal order “by operation of law

terminated” the pendente lite support); see also Duke v. Duke, 239 Va. 501, 504, 391 S.E.2d 77,

79 (1990) (noting that dismissal under Code § 8.01-335(B) terminates a pendente lite order).

       Code § 8.01-335(B) states:

               Any court in which is pending a case wherein for more than three
               years there has been no order or proceeding, except to continue it,
               may, in its discretion, order it to be struck from its docket and the
               action shall thereby be discontinued. The court may dismiss cases
               under this subsection without any notice to the parties. The clerk
               shall provide the parties with a copy of the final order
               discontinuing or dismissing the case. Any case discontinued or
               dismissed under the provisions of this subsection may be
                                                -4-
               reinstated, on motion, after notice to the parties in interest, if
               known, or their counsel of record within one year from the date of
               such order but not after.

This statute “enables trial courts to eliminate from their dockets cases for which there is no

reasonable prospect of trial.” Nash v. Jewell, 227 Va. 230, 234, 315 S.E.2d 825, 827 (1984).

       In the present case, when appellant’s case was dismissed under Code § 8.01-335(B), her

spousal and child support under the pendente lite order were automatically terminated.

Appellant therefore argues that the dismissal of her case without prior notice deprived her of a

property right under the pendente lite order without due process of law.

       Appellant’s due process rights were not violated, however, because an adequate

post-deprivation remedy was available to her. “The deprivation of property by the random and

unauthorized acts of state officials or employees in contravention of established procedures does

not offend due process requirements when adequate post-deprivation remedies exist.” Fun v. Va.

Military Inst., 245 Va. 249, 253, 427 S.E.2d 181, 183 (1993) (citing Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S.

527 (1981), overruled on other grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 330-31 (1986)).

       Code § 8.01-335(B) provides that “any case dismissed under . . . this subsection may be

reinstated, on motion . . . within one year from the date of such order.” Generally, a trial court

only retains jurisdiction over a matter for 21 days after a final order in the case has been entered.

Rule 1:1. The General Assembly, however, extended this jurisdiction to one year when a case is

dismissed under Code § 8.01-335(B). This extension of the trial court’s jurisdiction serves as an

adequate post-deprivation remedy sufficient to satisfy constitutional due process concerns. See

Fun, 245 Va. at 253, 427 S.E.2d at 183 (holding that a breach of contract cause of action by an

employee who was fired from a state college served as an adequate post-deprivation remedy

(citations omitted)).




                                                -5-
       Therefore, we hold that the dismissal of appellant’s case under Code § 8.01-335(B) did

not violate due process because there was an adequate post-deprivation remedy available to

appellant.2

                                        B. Dismissal Order

       Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion to vacate the

dismissal order because the order was void. Specifically, appellant claims it was void because

the trial court clerk did not provide her with a copy of the dismissal order as required by Code

§ 8.01-335(B).

       Code § 8.01-335(B) states, in relevant part, that after a case is dismissed, “[t]he clerk

shall provide the parties with a copy of the final order discontinuing or dismissing the case.”

       “There is a presumption that public officials will obey the law.” Hinderliter v.

Humphries, 224 Va. 439, 448, 297 S.E.2d 684, 689 (1982); see also Hladys v. Commonwealth,

235 Va. 145, 148, 366 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1988) (noting that appellate courts presume “that public

officials have acted correctly”). “In the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, [courts] must

presume that a public officer has properly discharged his official duties.” Gilmore v. Landsidle,

252 Va. 388, 396, 478 S.E.2d 301, 312 (1996). Furthermore, there is a presumption “in favor of

the regularity [in] the proceedings of courts [that] extends to every step . . . and the burden is on

him who alleges irregularity to show affirmatively by the record that the irregularity exists.”

Dove v. Commonwealth, 82 Va. 301, 305 (1886).

       2
         Our conclusion is further supported by this Court’s decision in Smith, 4 Va. App. at
151-53, 354 S.E.2d at 818-19. In Smith, this Court held that a party’s “right to [future] pendente
lite support” was “terminated” by operation of law when the underlying case was dismissed
pursuant to Code § 8.01-335(B). Id. at 151, 354 S.E.2d at 818. This Court considered the due
process implications of its decision, noting that it would be a violation of due process to hold that
a dismissal under Code § 8.01-335(B) removed a party’s rights to pendente lite support which
had accrued prior to the dismissal. Id. at 152, 354 S.E.2d at 819. This Court did not hold,
however, that it was a violation of due process to remove a party’s rights to future pendente lite
support. Rather, this Court held that such future rights were, “by operation of law[,] terminated”
when the underlying case was dismissed. Id. at 151, 354 S.E.2d at 818.
                                                -6-
       In the present case, we presume that the trial court clerk properly discharged his official

duties by providing a copy of the dismissal order to the parties. Appellant, however, did not

present sufficient “clear evidence” to overcome this presumption. There was no testimony or

affidavit from the trial court clerk indicating whether he provided the parties with a copy of the

dismissal order. Further, appellant’s counsel of record testified only that he never saw a copy of

the dismissal order and that it was possible a secretary received it and erroneously filed or lost it.

Given the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, the presumption of regularity stands, and

appellant’s argument fails.

       Even if the trial court clerk failed to comply with Code § 8.01-335(B)’s requirements,

however, the dismissal order would not be void ab inito as appellant contends. See Snead v.

Atkinson, 121 Va. 182, 186, 92 S.E. 835, 836-37 (1917) (holding an order dismissing a case

under an earlier, but nearly identical, version of Code § 8.01-335(B) “may be erroneous, but the

error does not render it less final”); cf. Zedan v. Westheim, 60 Va. App. 556, 579-80, 729 S.E.2d

785, 797 (2012) (holding that although Code § 20-99.1:1 requires a trial court to provide a

defendant in a divorce case with notice prior to entry of an order, a failure to provide such notice

does not render the order void ab inito).

       Furthermore, the trial court, “‘having by its [final] order put the cause beyond its control,

cannot upon a discovery of error recall it in a summary way and resume a jurisdiction which has

been exhausted.’” Snead, 121 Va. at 186, 92 S.E. at 836-37 (quoting Echols’s Ex’r v. Brennan,

99 Va. 150, 152-53, 37 S.E. 786, 787 (1901)). Here, Code § 8.01-335(B) provided the trial court

with jurisdiction to vacate the dismissal order for one year after it was entered, but appellant

waited more than three years to move the trial court to do so. Consequently, the trial court would

not have had jurisdiction to, upon discovery of the clerk’s error, recall the case in a summary

way to vacate its order.

                                                 -7-
        Therefore, this Court holds that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to

vacate the dismissal order because appellant did not overcome the presumption that the trial

court clerk complied with Code § 8.01-335(B)’s notice requirements. Regardless, a failure by

the trial court clerk to comply with these requirements would not have rendered the dismissal

order void.

                                          C. Attorney’s Fees

        In his assignment of cross-error, appellee contends that the trial court erred in failing to

award appellee attorney’s fees and costs associated with opposing appellant’s motion to vacate

the dismissal order.

        “An award of attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the sound discretion of the trial

court and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.” Graves v. Graves, 4 Va. App.

326, 333, 357 S.E.2d 554, 558 (1987). The key to determining a “proper award of [attorney’s]

fees is reasonableness under all the circumstances.” Joynes v. Payne, 36 Va. App. 401, 429, 551

S.E.2d 10, 29 (2001).

        In the present case, the trial court considered the circumstances of the case, including the

distance appellee’s counsel had to travel to oppose appellant’s motion and the case’s procedural

history. After considering these circumstances, the trial court determined that “this case had to

be tried . . . or at least argued.” In light of the discretion allotted to the trial court in determining

the award of attorney’s fees, this Court will not disturb the trial court’s finding when it properly

considered the circumstances of the case. Accordingly, the Court holds that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion in denying appellee attorney’s fees and costs because the trial court

properly considered all the circumstances.




                                                  -8-
                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, this Court holds that the trial court correctly denied appellant’s

motion to vacate the dismissal order and reinstate the pendente lite order because 1) the dismissal

order did not violate appellant’s due process rights, and 2) appellant failed to overcome the

presumption that the trial court clerk fulfilled Code § 8.01-335(B)’s notice requirements.

Additionally, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellee’s request for

attorney’s fees and costs. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




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