                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Supreme Court




                           In re Marriage of Coulter, 2012 IL 113474




Caption in Supreme         In re MARRIAGE OF ROBERT LEE COULTER, Appellee, and AMY
Court:                     ELEANOR TRINIDAD, Appellant.



Docket No.                 113474


Filed                      September 20, 2012


Held                       An ex-husband’s request to preliminarily enjoin his ex-wife from moving
(Note: This syllabus       to California with their three minor children was properly denied where
constitutes no part of     she had met all the terms of a joint parenting agreement permitting her to
the opinion of the court   do so and that agreement was part of the dissolution judgment; but where
but has been prepared      he had also sought custody modification based on changed circumstances
by the Reporter of         and his petition remained pending, he should have the opportunity to
Decisions for the          meet his statutory burden of proof in that regard.
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Third District; heard in that
Review                     court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, the Hon. Bennett
                           J. Braun, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Appellate court judgment reversed.
                           Circuit court judgment affirmed.
Counsel on               Norman Ruber and Eric J. Schwab, of Berger Schatz, of Chicago, for
Appeal                   appellant.

                         Stephen R. Botti and Michelle E. Dahlquist, of Botti Marinaccio, Ltd., of
                         Oak Brook, for appellee.


Justices                 JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                         Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Karmeier, Burke,
                         and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.



                                            OPINION

¶1        The parties are the divorced parents of three minor children. After the mother, Amy
      Trinidad, informed the father, Robert Lee Coulter (Lee), of her intention to move to
      California with the children as permitted by their joint parenting agreement, he sought a
      preliminary injunction barring her from removing the children from Illinois. Amy thereafter
      filed a petition for temporary removal. After a hearing, the circuit court of Will County
      denied the injunction. The appellate court reversed and remanded. 2011 IL App (3d) 110424-
      U. This court allowed Amy’s petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Supreme Court Rule
      315 (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)). For the reasons that follow, we reverse the
      judgment of the appellate court.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND
¶3        The parties were divorced on May 8, 2008. They had previously entered into a joint
      parenting agreement (JPA), which the circuit court incorporated into the judgment of
      dissolution. The parties agreed to joint custody, with Amy exercising primary residential
      custody. The JPA expressly contemplated that Amy and the children would move to
      California. Lee agreed to the removal, provided that certain conditions were met.
      Specifically, the removal provision of the JPA stated:
                   “Each party agrees that so long as Lee is a resident of Illinois the children shall
              not be removed from the State of Illinois for a period of twenty-four (24) months
              subsequent to the entry of a Judgement herein. The parties further agree that in the
              event the Mother wishes to remove the children to the State of California, more
              particularly, Southern California or Orange County, she shall provide the Father with
              her notice of intent to do so. As stated hereinabove, no removal shall take place in the
              first twenty-four (24) months[;] however, during the next twelve (12) months, the
              parties agree to mediate and/or discuss a removal to Southern California and if the
              parties reach an agreement then the removal shall be allowed.


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                     If the parties do not reach an agreement between the twenty-fourth and thirty-
                sixth month after the entry of a Judgement herein then the Mother will be free to
                remove the children and herself to Southern California without any contest from the
                Father as to a removal. In the event the parties do not work out an agreement between
                the twenty-fourth and thirty-sixth month the mother is then allowed to remove the
                children, the Father shall still have the right to have the Court determine the
                parenting schedule even though he has no further right to contest the issue of
                removal.
                     The provisions with respect to removal set forth hereinabove pertain only to the
                Mother’s desire and/or intent to remove the children to Southern California. [If] [t]he
                Mother desires to remove the children to an out of state location other than Southern
                California then these provisions shall not apply and the Mother shall be subject to the
                statutory provisions of Section 609 of the [Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of
                Marriage Act].”
¶4          On May 3, 2010, five days short of the second anniversary of the entry of the judgment
       of dissolution, Amy’s attorney gave Lee’s attorney written notice of her intent to relocate to
       California in accordance with the terms of the JPA. The letter specifically requested that
       Lee’s attorney respond to the notice. Lee neither responded, either directly or through his
       attorney, nor initiated mediation or discussion with Amy regarding the planned removal.
¶5          On March 3, 2011, two months before the expiration of the 12-month period for
       discussion or mediation, Lee filed an emergency petition seeking to enjoin Amy from
       removing the children to California. He alleged that Amy had not requested mediation. In
       addition, he alleged that the removal provision in the JPA contained “insufficient evidence
       to support a finding that removal is in the children’s best interest” and that a substantial
       change in circumstances had occurred such that he should be given sole custody of the
       children.
¶6          Amy responded by filing a petition for temporary removal on May 4, 2011. In her
       petition, she noted that the removal was expressly allowed by the JPA.
¶7          On June 13, 2011, the circuit court denied Lee’s petition for an injunction. Although the
       court did not specifically state that it was allowing Amy’s petition for temporary removal,
       it did state that it would be necessary to modify the visitation schedule because the children
       would be moving to California.
¶8          Amy filed a petition for permanent removal on July 20, 2011.
¶9          Lee took an interlocutory appeal. The appellate court found that the circuit court abused
       its discretion by denying the preliminary injunction. The order noted the existence of the
       JPA, but did not mention that the JPA had been incorporated into the judgment of dissolution
       or consider whether that judgment should be given effect. Rather, the appellate court stated
       that granting a preliminary injunction would “preserve the status quo” and would “do no
       more than prohibit respondent from an act which she is already lawfully prevented from
       doing.” The court concluded that Lee had sufficiently demonstrated the four elements
       required for preliminary injunctive relief and remanded the matter to the circuit court.
¶ 10            On remand, the circuit court ordered Amy to return the children to Illinois pursuant

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       to the mandate of the appellate court. This court entered a stay of that order and allowed
       Amy’s petition for leave to appeal.

¶ 11                                           ANALYSIS
¶ 12       Section 609(a) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (the Act)
       provides:
                    “(a) The court may grant leave, before or after judgment, to any party having
               custody of any minor child or children to remove such child or children from Illinois
               whenever such approval is in the best interests of such child or children. The burden
               of proving that such removal is in the best interests of such child or children is on the
               party seeking the removal.” 750 ILCS 5/609(a) (West 2010).
¶ 13       The sole issue considered by the appellate court was whether, in light of this provision,
       the circuit court abused its discretion when it denied Lee’s request for a preliminary
       injunction to bar Amy from removing their children from Illinois. Mohanty v. St. John Heart
       Clinic, S.C., 225 Ill. 2d 52, 62-63 (2006) (stating that a decision to grant or deny a
       preliminary injunction is reviewed for abuse of discretion).
¶ 14       Amy argues that the appellate court was incorrect when it said that she was “already
       lawfully prevented” from removing the children from Illinois. She claims that the JPA, by
       virtue of its incorporation into the judgment of dissolution, was a valid and enforceable court
       order granting leave to remove.
¶ 15       We agree with Amy that we must first determine whether the judgment order that
       incorporated the JPA containing the removal provision constitutes the leave of court required
       by section 609.
¶ 16       Section 609(a) specifically allows the circuit court to grant leave for removal at the time
       it enters the judgment of dissolution. In addition, section 502 governs the incorporation of
       an agreement of the parties into the judgment of dissolution:
               “(a) To promote amicable settlement of disputes between parties to a marriage
               attendant upon the dissolution of their marriage, the parties may enter into a written
               or oral agreement containing provisions for disposition of any property owned by
               either of them, maintenance of either of them and support, custody and visitation of
               their children.
                    (b) The terms of the agreement, except those providing for the support, custody
               and visitation of children, are binding upon the court unless it finds, after considering
               the economic circumstances of the parties and any other relevant evidence produced
               by the parties, on their own motion or on request of the court, that the agreement is
               unconscionable.
                    (c) If the court finds the agreement unconscionable, it may request the parties to
               submit a revised agreement or upon hearing, may make orders for the disposition of
               property, maintenance, child support and other matters.
                    (d) Unless the agreement provides to the contrary, its terms shall be set forth in
               the judgment, and the parties shall be ordered to perform under such terms, or if the

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               agreement provides that its terms shall not be set forth in the judgment, the judgment
               shall identify the agreement and state that the court has approved its terms.
                   (e) Terms of the agreement set forth in the judgment are enforceable by all
               remedies available for enforcement of a judgment, including contempt, and are
               enforceable as contract terms.
                   (f) Except for terms concerning the support, custody or visitation of children, the
               judgment may expressly preclude or limit modification of terms set forth in the
               judgment if the agreement so provides. Otherwise, terms of an agreement set forth
               in the judgment are automatically modified by modification of the judgment.” 750
               ILCS 5/502 (West 2010).
¶ 17       Under this provision, a JPA that is set forth in the judgment or is incorporated by
       reference is enforceable as both an order of the court and as a contract. A JPA that is not
       expressly incorporated in the judgment, but is merely identified and approved, must be
       enforced as a contract. (We note that this ability to treat the JPA as contract alone allows
       parties to agree to a term that the court would not have authority to order, for example, an
       agreement that the parents will pay for a child’s postgraduate education.)
¶ 18       Thus, the precise question in this case is whether the parties’ JPA contained language
       that, when incorporated into the judgment of dissolution, granted Amy leave to remove the
       children to California two years after entry of the judgment.
¶ 19       A JPA, like a marital settlement agreement (MSA), is a contract between the parties and,
       as such, a court’s primary objective is to give effect to the intent of the parties, which must
       be determined only by the language of the agreement, absent an ambiguity. See Blum v.
       Koster, 235 Ill. 2d 21, 33 (2009). Therefore, the interpretation of a JPA is a question of law,
       which we review de novo. See id.
¶ 20       Under the JPA, Amy is permitted to remove the children to California, but only to
       California, if she complies with two requirements. First, she may not remove the children
       until 24 months have elapsed from the entry of judgment. Second, she must give Lee notice
       of her intent to do so. Amy fully complied with these requirements.
¶ 21       Once notice is given, there are several alternative courses of action. First, either party
       may request mediation or discussion regarding the planned removal. If either party does so,
       the other party agrees to participate. This provision suggests that the parties appreciated that
       it would be necessary to work out the details of visitation if and when Amy exercised her
       right of removal. However, neither party requested mediation or discussion. Second, if the
       parties reach an agreement, “removal shall be allowed.” In this case, no agreement was
       reached. Third, absent an agreement, Amy is free to remove the children to California and
       Lee waives the right to contest removal.
¶ 22       By incorporating the JPA into the judgment of dissolution, the court accepted the parties’
       plan for dealing with the removal question and made it an enforceable order of the court. 750
       ILCS 5/502(e) (West 2010). Therefore, because Amy complied with the notice requirement
       and did not refuse to participate in discussions and/or mediation requested by Lee, she was
       free to remove the children to California. She was not required to file a petition for
       modification of custody under section 610 of the Act (750 ILCS 5/610 (West 2010)) and her

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       motion for removal under section 609 was unnecessary, because she already had leave to
       remove the children.
¶ 23       Lee argues that despite the JPA, which expressly contemplates removal, no court has yet
       made a determination as to whether removal would be in the best interests of the children.
       He asserts that this question must be resolved by the court before Amy can be allowed to take
       the children to California.
¶ 24       We disagree. The JPA that the parties presented to the circuit court at the time of their
       divorce evinces their agreement that removal would be in the best interests of the children,
       so long as they remained in Illinois for at least two years following their parents’ divorce. At
       the very least, the JPA evinces Lee’s agreement that the planned move would not be against
       their best interests.
¶ 25       Although the court may, and indeed should, question the terms that the parents have
       agreed to if there is any reason to believe that the terms would adversely affect the children,
       the right of fit parents to decide what is in their children’s best interests is of constitutional
       magnitude. See Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 69 (2000) (plurality op.) (referring to the
       traditional presumption that a fit parent will act in the best interests of his or her child);
       Wickham v. Byrne, 199 Ill. 2d 309, 320 (2002) (citing Troxel for the traditional presumption).
       This presumption is not weakened by the fact that the parents are divorcing. Their considered
       opinion regarding the best interests of their children, as reflected by their agreements
       regarding custody, visitation, and removal, is entitled to great deference by the court. In
       addition, nothing in the removal statute prevents the parties from agreeing to removal at
       some time after the entry of judgment or the court from issuing such an order.
¶ 26       Lee’s reliance on In re Marriage of Boehmer, 371 Ill. App. 3d 1154 (2007), is misplaced.
       In that case, the parties’ JPA was incorporated into the judgment of dissolution. Thereafter,
       the parties entered into a separate written agreement purporting to allow the mother to
       remove their children to Louisiana and setting out a new visitation plan. That agreement was
       not presented to the court as an agreed order. The father then filed an emergency petition to
       enjoin removal and to modify custody. The court held that the written agreement was
       insufficient evidence to support a finding that removal was in the child’s best interests. Id.
       at 1160.
¶ 27       Boehmer is distinguishable from the present case because the court in that case had not
       previously entered an order allowing removal. When the father filed his emergency petition,
       the court was asked for the first time to make a determination as to the best interests of the
       children. In addition, by that time, the father had repudiated the parties’ side agreement so
       there was no agreement binding them to a mutual assessment of best interests.
¶ 28       In the present case, the parties agreed to removal under certain conditions and presented
       their agreement to the court as a signed JPA, for incorporation into the judgment. The
       question of best interests of the children was resolved by the parties and their resolution was
       given proper deference by the court.
¶ 29       This is in keeping with the strong public policy of Illinois to encourage parties to resolve
       as many issues as possible by agreement before resorting to litigation. See Carver v. Sheriff
       of La Salle County, 203 Ill. 2d 497, 518 (2003) (noting strong public policy favoring peaceful

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       settlement of claims); In re Guardianship of Babb, 162 Ill. 2d 153, 162 (1994); Rakowski v.
       Lucente, 104 Ill. 2d 317, 325 (1984).
¶ 30       The Act itself demonstrates that this policy is at least as strong, if not stronger, in the
       context of disputes between divorcing parents as it is in other contexts. The Act specifically
       states that among its purposes are to: “promote the amicable settlement of disputes that have
       arisen between parties to a marriage”; “mitigate the potential harm to the spouses and their
       children caused by the process of legal dissolution of marriage”; and “secure the maximum
       involvement and cooperation of both parents regarding the physical, mental, moral and
       emotional well-being of the children during and after the litigation.” 750 ILCS 5/102(3), (4),
       (7) (West 2010).
¶ 31       We also note that when divorcing spouses present a signed MSA or JPA to the court, the
       document reflects a negotiated agreement. Each party has agreed to certain terms in exchange
       for other terms, or terms may be related to each other. For example, if divorcing parents
       agree that one parent is to have primary residential custody, they may also agree that he or
       she will retain possession of the marital home. If the court were to alter the custody
       arrangement in such a case, it would affect the parties’ agreement as to the division of
       property.
¶ 32       In the present case, Lee agreed to removal, which Amy was clearly already anticipating,
       and she agreed to postpone her plans for two years. We cannot know what trade-offs they
       made to reach this agreement. Perhaps Amy agreed to joint custody in return for Lee’s
       agreement to removal in two years. Perhaps both parties agreed that the children would
       require time to adjust to their parents’ divorce. What we do know is that the parties reached
       an agreement and that they had their own reasons for agreeing to the removal provision. To
       set aside that agreement now, merely because one party has had a change of heart, would be
       to undermine the effectiveness of section 502 of the Act as an expression of public policy.
¶ 33       In sum, the parties’ JPA was incorporated into the judgment of dissolution and was
       thereafter enforceable as an order of the court. The agreement expressly granted Amy leave
       to remove the children provided that she complied with certain requirements. She fully
       complied. Lee’s express waiver of any objection to removal should have been enforced by
       the circuit court and, thus, the court properly denied his petition for a temporary restraining
       order.
¶ 34       It was unnecessary for the appellate court to consider the elements that must be shown
       by a party seeking a preliminary injunction because Lee, having expressly waived the right
       to contest removal, lacked the right to have the court determine that issue.
¶ 35       However, Lee was not entirely without recourse. If circumstances had changed so
       significantly since the judgment was entered that a modification of custody would be
       appropriate, he was free to seek modification of custody pursuant to section 610 of the Act.
       Under this section, he has the burden of proving by:
                “clear and convincing evidence, upon the basis of facts that have arisen since the
                prior judgment or that were unknown to the court at the time of entry of the prior
                judgment, that a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child or his
                custodian, or in the case of a joint custody arrangement that a change has occurred

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              in the circumstances of the child or either or both parties having custody, and that the
              modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the child.” 750 ILCS 5/610(b)
              (West 2010).
¶ 36       His petition to modify custody remains pending in the circuit court where he will have
       the opportunity to meet his burden.

¶ 37                                      CONCLUSION
¶ 38       We hold that Lee’s petition for a preliminary injunction was properly denied by the trial
       court based on Amy’s compliance with the conditions of the JPA and on his agreement not
       to contest removal. The judgment of the appellate court is therefore reversed and the
       judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶ 39      Appellate court judgment reversed.
¶ 40      Circuit court judgment affirmed.




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