                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           July 5, 2005
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk


    MOHAMED ALIOU,

             Petitioner,

    v.                                                 No. 03-9606
                                                    (No. A78-340-516)
    ALBERTO R. GONZALES, Attorney                  (Petition for Review)
    General, *

             Respondent.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT          **




Before HARTZ , and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges, and       BRIMMER , *** District
Judge.




*
      On February 4, 2005, Alberto R. Gonzales became the United States
Attorney General. In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure, Mr. Gonzales is substituted for John Ashcroft as the
Respondent in this action.
**
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
***
      The Honorable Clarence A. Brimmer, District Judge, United States District
Court for the District of Wyoming, sitting by designation.
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

       Petitioner Mohamed Aliou, a native and citizen of Mauritania, seeks review

of a final order of removal issued by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA),

affirming the immigration judge’s (IJ) denial of his request for asylum.          1
                                                                                      Our

jurisdiction arises from 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(1) & (2)(B)(ii).        Tsevegmid v.

Ashcroft , 336 F.3d 1231, 1234-35 (10th Cir. 2003). Because the BIA summarily

adopted the IJ’s decision, we review the IJ’s analysis as if it were the BIA’s.             Id.

at 1235. We affirm.

                                       Background

       Mr. Aliou entered the United States in early 2000. He was charged with

overstaying his visitor’s visa. Mr. Aliou conceded deportability, and requested

asylum and restriction on removal. After an administrative hearing, the IJ entered

an oral order denying relief, but granting Mr. Aliou’s request for voluntary

departure. The IJ based his decision on his conclusion that Mr. Aliou’s testimony


1
        Mr. Aliou does not challenge on appeal the order denying his request for
restriction on removal (formerly “withholding of removal,”    see Wiransane v.
Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 889, 892 n.1 (10th Cir. 2004)), and protection under the
Convention Against Torture. Therefore, we deem these issues waived.        See Tran
v. Trs. of the State Colls. in Colo. , 355 F.3d 1263, 1266 (10th Cir. 2004).

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was not credible. Mr. Aliou appeals, asserting that the IJ erred in (1) finding Mr.

Aliou not credible, (2) finding the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate past

persecution, and (3) denying him “humanitarian asylum.” Mr. Aliou further

asserts that the IJ abused his discretion in denying asylum.

      Mr. Aliou testified at the administrative hearing, through an interpreter,

that he was imprisoned in Mauritania for well over a year because of his Fulani

race and ethnic background, and his imputed political opinion. He described the

evening in late 1989 when troops came to his village and brutalized and murdered

the villagers. He was taken by truck into the bush where he was severely beaten

and he witnessed the savage murders of several villagers, including two of his

brothers. He was then imprisoned for well over a year, during which he was

interrogated about a plot to overthrow the government. He was also tied up and

beaten frequently, and forced to work. The beatings resulted in the loss of vision

in his right eye and various scars. He was on a list of prisoners to be killed, but a

guard helped him escape.

      He swam to Senegal in March of 1991, where he stayed in a refugee camp

for several years. He married during this time. He then went to Gabon in early

1997, and while in Gabon, he met a man who acquired a Mauritanian passport for

him. He subsequently left Gabon, and after stopping in Senegal, he arrived in the

United States in January of 2000. He applied for asylum the following March.


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                                   Regulatory Framework

       The asylum process involves two steps: first the alien must establish his

status as a “refugee,” and, if he does, then the Attorney General will exercise his

discretion to grant or deny asylum.      Krastev v. INS , 292 F.3d 1268, 1270-71 (10th

Cir. 2002). A refugee is a person outside his country of nationality “who is

unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself . . . of

the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

       An alien can establish his status as a refugee in three ways: (1) by showing

he has a well-founded fear of future persecution, (2) by showing that he endured

past persecution that gives rise to a presumption of a well-founded fear of future

persecution (unless the INS   2
                                  rebuts this presumption), or (3) by establishing

eligibility for “humanitarian asylum.”      Krastev , 292 F.3d at 1270-71.

Humanitarian asylum may be established by “past persecution so severe as to

demonstrate ‘compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable to return[,]’ . . .

[or] by showing ‘there is a reasonable possibility that he . . . may suffer other



2
       “The INS ceased to exist on March 1, 2003, and its functions were
transferred to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (‘USCIS’) within the
newly formed Department of Homeland Security.”     Batalova v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d
1246, 1248 n.1 (10th Cir. 2004).

                                             -4-
serious harm upon removal to [a particular] country.’”        Id. at 1271 (quoting

8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A) & (B)).

                                  Standards of Review

       We review the IJ’s initial determination of refugee status under the

deferential substantial-evidence standard.     Wiransane v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 889,

897 (10th Cir. 2004). The IJ’s determination that an alien “was not eligible for

asylum must be upheld if supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative

evidence on the record considered as a whole.”         INS v. Elias-Zacarias , 502 U.S.

478, 481 (1992) (quotation omitted). The IJ’s “findings of fact are conclusive

unless the record demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.”      Yuk v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1222, 1233

(10th Cir. 2004) (quotations omitted). We review the IJ’s credibility findings,

like other fact findings, to determine if they are supported by substantial

evidence. Elzour v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1143, 1150 (10th Cir. 2004). The IJ must

give specific and cogent reasons for disbelieving an alien’s testimony.       Id.

                                          Analysis

                                      I. Credibility

       The IJ found discrepancies between information on Mr. Aliou’s asylum

application and his testimony. On the application, his wife was listed as

Senegalese, but Mr. Aliou testified that she was Mauritanian. The IJ noted that if


                                             -5-
she was actually Senegalese, and considering that Mr. Aliou had lived for years in

Senegal, “it would seem that [he] could have been resettled in Senegal.” R. at 51.

      In addition, the IJ found a discrepancy in Mr. Aliou’s passport history

because it indicated that he had been issued a passport in Mauritania in 1996,

even though Mr. Aliou testified that he had left Mauritania in 1991. The IJ

observed that the documentation Mr. Aliou originally submitted did not include

the complete passport history, and that the passport issued to him in 1997, while

he was in Gabon, indicated that it was issued from a distance, while the 1996

passport did not indicate that it had been issued remotely. Mr. Aliou points out

that the dates are written in Arabic and he argues that the IJ relied only on his

own interpretation for what the Arabic numerals meant. In fact, the IJ compared

the numerals on the passports with an exemplar of the Arabic numerals one

through eight, R. at 134, a comparison Mr. Aliou does not challenge.

      The IJ found most damaging the inconsistencies between the asylum

application and Mr. Aliou’s testimony about his detention, interrogation, and

treatment in Mauritania. On his application, he stated that he had been arrested in

Mauritania, but not interrogated, and held for only a few days. In contrast, he

testified that he was imprisoned for well over a year, and was beaten and

interrogated frequently. Also, his application did not mention the deaths of his




                                          -6-
two brothers, even though the application requested information about family

members. Yet he testified that he had witnessed their brutal deaths.

       Mr. Aliou attempted to explain the discrepancies. He testified that he

speaks no English, only Fulani, and the asylum application was completed by

someone who spoke only English. In completing the application, Mr. Aliou

communicated through a third person who spoke Fulani and English. The IJ

implicitly found this explanation inadequate, a determination within his authority

as the finder of fact.

       The points on which the IJ found Mr. Aliou not credible pertained to the

heart of his allegations of past persecution. As the IJ noted, his claims were not

corroborated. While corroboration is not required given that “an alien’s

testimony alone may support an application for . . . asylum,”   Sviridov v. Ashcroft ,

358 F.3d 722, 727 (10th Cir. 2004), the lack of corroboration made Mr. Aliou’s

credibility crucial. The IJ gave specific, cogent reasons for disbelieving

Mr. Aliou’s testimony, and those reasons are supported by substantial evidence.

Therefore, we conclude that the IJ’s adverse credibility determination is

sustainable.

                                 II. Remaining Claims

       The IJ’s determination that Mr. Aliou’s testimony was not fully credible

disposes of his claim that the evidence was sufficient to demonstrate refugee


                                            -7-
status based on past persecution. Mr. Aliou failed to provide sufficiently credible

testimony of past persecution to raise a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded

fear of future persecution.   See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1). For the same reason, we

must affirm the determination that Mr. Aliou was not entitled to refugee status on

the basis of humanitarian asylum. We do not comment on whether Mr. Aliou’s

allegations, if true, would qualify him for humanitarian asylum. Finally, because

Mr. Aliou did not establish his status as a refugee, the Attorney General did not

exercise his discretion to deny asylum, so there was no abuse of discretion.

                                      Conclusion

       We deny the petition for review and AFFIRM the BIA’s decision to deny

asylum and restriction on removal and to grant voluntary departure.



                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     Clarence A. Brimmer
                                                     District Judge




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