                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   _____________

                                   No. 97-1940EA
                                   _____________

United States of America ex rel.          *
Frankie Carolyn Rodgers and               *
Delbert O. Lewis,                         *
                                          *
            Plaintiffs - Appellees;       *
                                          *
                                          *
United States of America,                 *
                                          *
            Intervenor on Appeal,         *
                                          *
      v.                                  *   On Appeal from the United
                                          *   States District Court
State of Arkansas and Arkansas            *   for the Eastern District
Department of Education,                  *   of Arkansas.
                                          *
            Defendants - Appellants,      *
                                          *
Little Rock School District;              *
Benton School District; Magnet Cove       *
School District; Hope School District;    *
Malvern School District; and              *
Gurdon School District,                   *
                                          *
            Defendants.                   *

                                      ___________

                             Submitted: June 10, 1998
                                 Filed: September 4, 1998
                                  ___________
Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, Circuit
      Judges, and PANNER,1 District Judge.
                               ___________

RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

      Two Arkansas residents brought this qui tam action against the State of Arkansas
and the Arkansas Department of Education for allegedly obtaining federal education
funding by filing false claims of compliance with federal civil-rights laws, in violation
of the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 - 3733 (1994). The State and its
Department of Education moved to dismiss the claim, asserting that it is barred by the
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. The District Court denied the
motion, and this appeal followed. We affirm.

                                           I.

       Arkansas residents Frankie Carolyn Rodgers, a former public school teacher and
counselor, and Delbert O. Lewis, a former employee of the Arkansas Division of
Rehabilitation Services, undertook an investigation into whether the State, its
Department of Education, and several Arkansas school districts were in compliance
with federal civil-rights laws. Rodgers and Lewis allege that the defendants have
falsely claimed compliance with § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended,
29 U.S.C. § 794 (1994), and Titles I and II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42
U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213 (1994). Assurance of compliance is a prerequisite to the
continued receipt of certain federal funds. Acting on their belief that the State,
including legislators and auditors, and several school districts have misrepresented
compliance with the laws since 1985, Rodgers and Lewis brought suit as qui tam



      1
      The Hon. Owen M. Panner, United States District Judge for the District of
Oregon, sitting by designation.

                                          -2-
relators under the Federal Claims Act. As permitted by the statute, 31 U.S.C. §
3730(b)(4)(B), the United States allowed the relators to prosecute the case and did not
itself become a party.

       Asserting immunity from suit under the Eleventh Amendment, the State and the
Department moved to dismiss the complaint. The District Court2 determined that the
State does not enjoy Eleventh Amendment immunity from False Claims Act suits by
qui tam relators, and denied the motion to dismiss. The State and the Department
appeal from the denial of the motion to dismiss, and the District Court stayed the
proceeding pending the outcome here. We have jurisdiction because denials of motions
to dismiss on Eleventh Amendment immunity grounds are immediately appealable.
Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 147
(1993).

                                            II.

        On appeal, the State acknowledges that the United States is not subject to the
Eleventh Amendment prohibition on federal jurisdiction over “commence[ment] or
prosecut[ion] [of a suit] against one of the United States by Citizens of another
State . . .,” or over a suit against a State by one of its own citizens. U.S. Const. amend.
XI; Mancuso v. New York State Thruway Auth., 86 F.3d 289 (2d Cir.), cert. denied,
117 S. Ct. 481 (1996). See also United States v. Mississippi, 380 U.S. 128, 138-41
(1965). They contend that when the United States declines to prosecute a violation of
the False Claims Act, the suit is not brought by the United States for Eleventh
Amendment purposes. Under this reasoning, the qui tam relator is characterized as a
citizen, and the Eleventh Amendment bars the suit against the state.



      2
        The Hon. William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.

                                           -3-
        Section 3729 of the False Claims Act provides, in pertinent part:

        (a)   Liability for certain acts.--Any person who--

        (1) knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, to an officer or
        employee of the United States Government . . . a false or fraudulent claim
        for payment or approval;

        (2) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false
        record or statement to get a false or fraudulent claim paid or approved by
        the Government;

        (3) conspires to defraud the Government by getting a false or
        fraudulent claim allowed or paid; . . .

        is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty . . . plus 3
        times the amount of damages which the Government sustains because of
        the act of that person . . ..


        Section 3730, the qui tam3 provision of the False Claims Act, states in pertinent
part:


        (b) Actions by Private Persons.--(1) A person may bring a civil action
        for a violation of section 3729 for the person and for the United States
        Government. The action shall be brought in the name of the Government.
        The action may be dismissed only if the court and the Attorney General
        give written consent to the dismissal and their reasons for consenting.




        3
        Qui tam is short for the Latin phrase, “qui tam pro domino rege quam pro se
ipso in hac parte sequitur:” “who sues in this case on behalf of our lord the King as well
as on his behalf.”

                                           -4-
       A great deal of Section 3730 establishes as superior the role of the government
in the prosecution of qui tam suits. For example, the government may intervene in the
action, and in the event that it elects not to do so within an initial 60-day period, it may,
for good cause, intervene at a later date. 31 U.S.C. §§ 3730(b)(5) and (c)(3).
Additionally, “[i]f the Government proceeds with the action, it . . . shall not be bound
by an act of the person bringing the action.” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(c)(1). The Government
also has the power to “dismiss [or settle] the action notwithstanding the objections of
the person initiating the action . . .,” subject only to notice and a hearing for the qui tam
relator. The government will collect the bulk of any damages awarded, and in no case
less than 70%, regardless of who prosecutes the suit. 31 U.S.C. §§ 3730(c)(2)(A) and
3730(c)(2)(B).

        We hold that a qui tam action under this Act is a suit by the United States for
Eleventh Amendment immunity purposes. The focus of the Act is on exposing fraud
on the government and recovering resulting government losses. The qui tam provisions
facilitate this process, but they do not alter the underlying character of the action as one
for the aggrieved party as defined by the statute. See Marvin v. Trout, 199 U.S. 212,
224-26 (1905). The qui tam mechanism exists to motivate individuals to further the
interest of the government in remaining free from frauds perpetrated against it.
Confronting the same question before us, the Fourth Circuit stated, and we agree, that
“the structure of the qui tam procedure, the extensive benefit flowing to the government
from any recovery, and the extensive power the government has to control the litigation
weigh heavily against [the defendant].” United States ex rel. Milam v. University of
Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr., 961 F.2d 46, 49 (4th Cir. 1992).

       Other circuits have held similarly. “Qui tam relators cannot and do not sue for
FCA violations on their own behalf. Rather, they sue on behalf of the government as
agents of the government, which is always the real party in interest.” United States ex
rel. Hyatt v. Northrop Corp., 91 F.3d 1211, 1217 n.8 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing United
States ex rel. Killingsworth v. Northrop Corp., 25 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1994)



                                            -5-
(citations omitted). See also United States v. ex rel. Hall v. Tribal Dev. Corp. 49 F. 3d
1208, 1213 (7th Cir. 1995). Many of our sister circuits have rejected challenges to a
qui tam relator’s action on similar reasoning. “In a qui tam action, the plaintiff sues on
behalf of and in the name of the government and invokes the standing of the
government resulting from the fraud injury.” United States ex rel. Kreindler &
Kreindler v. United Technologies Corp., 985 F. 2d 1148, 1154 (2d Cir.), cert. denied,
508 U.S. 973 (1993) (citations omitted). In so stating, the Second Circuit drew from
an earlier case in which it stated “although qui tam actions allow individual citizens to
initiate enforcement against wrongdoers who cause injury to the public at large, the
Government remains the real party in interest.” Minotti v. Lensink, 895 F.2d 100, 104
(2d Cir. 1990). In a similar vein, the Fourth Circuit in Milam stated “[w]e could not
lightly conclude that the party upon whose standing the justiciability of the case
depends is not the real party in interest.” 961 F.2d at 49.

       Finally, we address the State’s and the Department’s argument that our recent
decision in Moad v. Arkansas State Police Department, 111 F.3d 585 (8th Cir. 1997),
is dispositive of an outcome in their favor. In Moad, we held that the Eleventh
Amendment is a bar to a suit against a state for violations of the Fair Labor Standards
Act. Our decision was required by that of the Supreme Court in Seminole Tribe of
Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996), that the Interstate Commerce Clause is an
impermissible basis for the abrogation of state immunity under the Eleventh
Amendment. Moad is not controlling. There, the real party in interest was a private
person. Here, it is the United States. The State and its agencies are not entitled to
Eleventh Amendment immunity.

      The judgment is affirmed.




                                           -6-
PANNER, District Judge, dissenting.

       The Eleventh Amendment provides that:

              The Judicial power of the United States shall not be
              construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced
              or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens
              of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign
              State.

(Emphasis added.) This action was commenced, and is being prosecuted, by two
private citizens. The United States was not consulted before this action was filed. It
did not screen the claims before filing to ensure that prosecution was warranted, and
it has since declined to prosecute this action in its own right.1 If the United States
intervenes, it is not bound by anything the relators have done. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(c)(1).
Unless it intervenes, the United States is not liable for any costs or attorney fees
awarded to the defendants. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(f) and (g) (distinguishing between
actions brought by the relator and those filed by the “United States”). The United
States has little control over the conduct of this litigation, unless it intervenes as a party
or by moving to dismiss the action. See generally 31 U.S.C. § 3730.

       Based upon the decisions cited in the majority opinion, the majority
understandably concludes that this action against a state is not barred by the Eleventh
Amendment. However, those cases primarily involve issues of standing, or are
premised upon other decisions that involve standing. They speak in terms of the “real
party in interest.”




       1
        The United States has intervened in this appeal for the limited purpose of
defending the constitutionality of the False Claims Act. See Motion of United States
to Intervene as of Right Under 28 U.S.C. § 2403. The United States has not intervened
in the underlying action pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3730.

                                             -7-
       United States ex rel. Kelly v. Boeing Co., 9 F.3d 743 (8th Cir. 1993), discusses
the relationship between the United States and the relator in an action under the False
Claims Act:

             [T]he FCA effectively assigns the government’s claims to
             qui tam plaintiffs such as Kelly, who then may sue based
             upon an injury to the federal treasury. Under this theory of
             standing, the FCA’s qui tam provisions operate as an
             enforceable unilateral contract. The terms and conditions of
             the contract are accepted by the relator upon filing suit. If
             the government declines to prosecute the alleged wrongdoer,
             the qui tam plaintiff effectively stands in the shoes of the
             government.


Id. at 748. Others have likened the relationship to an assignment of a contract or chose
in action, or a collection agency, bounty hunter, or contingency fee relationship. See,
e.g., United States ex rel. Milam v. University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer
Center, 961 F.2d 946, 949 (4th Cir. 1992) (endorsing contingency fee analysis).

      “Standing in the shoes of the assignor” may suffice to confer standing to sue or
to overcome a contractual defense, but only the United States itself should be able to
pierce a state’s sovereign immunity, not its collection agencies, assignees, bounty
hunters, or delegees. Milam’s answer was that:

             Congress has let loose a posse of ad hoc deputies to uncover
             and prosecute frauds against the government. States and
             state agencies . . . may prefer the dignity of being chased
             only by the regular troops; if so, they must seek relief from
             Congress.




                                          -8-
Id. at 49. That misses the mark. It is not a question of “dignity” but of whether the
limited waiver of sovereign immunity, that is inherent in the design of the Constitution,
extends to self-appointed “ad hoc deputies” who are largely beyond the supervision of
the United States and for whose actions the United States is not accountable. “The
consent, ‘inherent in the convention,’ to suit by the United States -- at the instance and
under the control of responsible federal officers -- is not consent to suit by anyone
whom the United States might select; and even consent to suit by the United States for
a particular person’s benefit is not consent to suit by that person himself.” Blatchford
v. Native Village of Noatak, 501 U.S. 775, 785-86 (1991).

      The only case cited by the majority that is directly in point is Milam, supra.
While that decision is well written by Judge Hall, it does not persuade me that the
Eleventh Amendment can be overcome so easily.

      The Supreme Court has expressed reservations about limiting the Eleventh
Amendment in other types of cases. See Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517
U.S. 44 (1996) and Blatchford, supra.

       The present action is distinguishable from United States ex rel. Zissler v.
Regents of the University of Minnesota, No. 97-4099MN, also decided today. In
Zissler, the United States has intervened and is prosecuting that action at the instance,
and under the control, of responsible federal officials. The same cannot be said of the
claims here. I therefore respectfully dissent.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




                                           -9-
