          Case: 14-12557   Date Filed: 04/06/2015   Page: 1 of 27


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]


            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                             No. 14-12557
                       ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 7:14-cv-00384-WMA,
                     Bkcy No. 7:11-bk-70573-CMS


In re: RODNEY HALEY,

                                        Debtor.
_________________________________________________

PORTER CAPITAL CORPORATION,

                                             Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

RODNEY HALEY,

                                              Defendant,

SOBCON CONCRETE COMPANY INC,

                                             Defendant - Appellee.

                       ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Alabama
                      ________________________
                             (April 6, 2015)
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Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM and GINSBURG, * Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Porter Capital Corporation appeals from the District Court’s order entering

judgment in favor of Sobcon Concrete Company, Inc., on Porter’s claims against

Sobcon in a non-core bankruptcy adversary proceeding. Porter Capital asserts that

it is entitled to payment from Sobcon for various construction materials that were

delivered to Sobcon by third party Custom Steel and Supply, with whom Porter

Capital had a factoring agreement. In addition, Porter Capital maintains that it is

entitled to double payment from Sobcon for payments Sobcon made directly to

Custom Steel.

       In the proceedings at the trial level, the Bankruptcy Court held a trial and

submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the District Court,

recommending that judgment be entered against Porter Capital. The District Court

adopted those findings and conclusions without modification. Finding no error in

the Bankruptcy Court’s findings and the District Court’s review of those findings,

we now affirm.




       *
       Honorable Douglas H. Ginsburg, United States Circuit Judge for the District of
Columbia, sitting by designation.
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                                         I.

A. Factual Background

      Rodney Haley owned and managed Custom Steel and Supply, an Alabama

company that supplied steel rebar and concrete reinforcement products. In order to

finance his company, Haley entered into a factoring agreement with Plaintiff-

Appellant Porter Capital Corporation on July 31, 2003. Under this agreement,

Haley submitted the invoices of Custom’s customers to Porter Capital in exchange

for Porter Capital’s advancement to Custom of 80% of the cash value of the

invoices. Custom’s customers then remitted payment directly to Porter Capital,

which reimbursed itself the 80% advance as well as its fee, and set the remaining

balance aside in a reserve account for Custom. The agreement also required

Custom to forward to Porter Capital any payments it received from its customers

that should have been sent to Porter Capital.

      Sobcon Concrete Company, Inc., was a customer of Custom. Relevant to

this lawsuit are nineteen disputed Custom invoices for products allegedly sent to

Sobcon that Haley had submitted to Porter Capital. It is undisputed that Porter

paid the 80% advance on those nineteen invoices and then sought payment from

Sobcon.

      After first denying that any of those invoices were legitimate, Sobcon

eventually admitted that five of the nineteen invoices were legitimate but


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contended that it never received the products listed on the remaining fourteen

invoices. The central factual dispute in this case focuses on whether those fourteen

invoices represent legitimate deliveries to Sobcon that Sobcon actually received.

B. Procedural History

      Haley filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition under Chapter 7 on March 18,

2011, in the Northern District of Alabama. Porter Capital initiated an adversary

proceeding in the Bankruptcy Court on May 18, 2011, contesting the

dischargeability of Haley’s debt on the ground that the Custom invoices to Sobcon

were fraudulent.    In particular, Porter Capital contended that Custom never

provided Sobcon with the materials for which it invoiced Sobcon. Although Porter

Capital added Sobcon as a defendant in its First Amended Complaint, Porter

Capital did not levy a claim specifically against Sobcon until it filed its Fourth

Amended Complaint (the operative complaint).

      The Fourth Amended Complaint set forth two causes of action: Count One

asserted that Haley’s debt was not dischargeable under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A)

and (B) because Haley fabricated the invoices to defraud Porter Capital. Count

Two alleged that Sobcon received the invoiced products and was liable on the

invoices to Porter Capital. Count Two also claimed that under Section 9-406 of the




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Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”), 1 Sobcon was liable for double payment

because it was aware that Custom had assigned its payment rights to Porter

Capital. In its Fourth Amended Complaint, Porter Capital conceded that Count

One was a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(I) but asserted that its

action against Sobcon in Count Two was a non-core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. §

157(c). Both claims were tried together by the Bankruptcy Court.

       After a two-day trial in March 2013, the Bankruptcy Court issued findings of

fact and conclusions of law, entering final judgment against Porter Capital on each

of its claims. More specifically, the Bankruptcy Court determined that Porter

Capital had failed to prove either that it was more likely than not that the invoices

were fraudulent or that the products were ever delivered to Sobcon. Porter Capital

Corp. v. Haley (In re Haley), Adversary No. 11-70016, 2013 WL 5592890, at *7,

*9 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. Oct. 9, 2013). In addition, the Bankruptcy Court found that

Sobcon had never received proper notice of the factoring agreement under

Alabama Code § 7-9A-406, so Sobcon was not liable for double payment on any

invoices that it had paid directly to Custom. Id. at *11.

       Although the Bankruptcy Court originally entered final judgment on both

counts, Porter Capital filed a motion to amend the judgment, pointing out that in


       1
          Although the Fourth Amended Complaint does not reference an enacted statutory
provision, the parties agree that the relevant statute is Alabama’s version of the UCC,
specifically Alabama Code § 7-9A-406.
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non-core proceedings under § 157(c), the Bankruptcy Court may only submit

proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the District Court, which then

must conduct a de novo review of any objections made by a party.

      The Bankruptcy Court granted Porter Capital’s motion. In amending its

previous order, the Bankruptcy Court declared that “the portions of the

Memorandum Opinion that resolve Count Two of the Fourth Amended Complaint

must be submitted to the United States District Court for the Northern District of

Alabama for de novo review.” Porter Capital Corp. v. Haley (In re Haley),

Adversary No. 11-70016, 2014 WL 585296, at *2 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. Feb. 14,

2014).

      Porter Capital timely filed with the District Court objections to the

Bankruptcy Court’s resolution of its claims against Sobcon. The objections boiled

down to Porter Capital’s contention that its evidence was more credible and was

entitled to more weight than the Bankruptcy Court assigned it. Porter Capital did

not appeal to the District Court the Bankruptcy Court’s resolution of the core

proceeding against Haley.

      On May 8, 2014, the District Court issued a memorandum opinion

overruling Porter Capital’s objections and adopting the Bankruptcy Court’s order.

Porter Capital Corp. v. Sobcon Concrete Co., Inc., No. 7:14-cv-0384-WMA, 2014

WL 1873297 (N.D. Ala. May 8, 2014). The District Court noted first that Porter


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Capital had not appealed the Bankruptcy Court’s decision on the core

dischargeability claim. Id. at *2. Emphasizing the intertwined nature of the core

and non-core claims, the District Court invoked the doctrine of res judicata to find

that the Bankruptcy Court’s resolution of certain legal and factual issues against

Porter Capital on the core claim precluded Porter Capital from rearguing those

legal and factual issues or prevailing on its non-core claim. See id. at *3-4.

      After engaging in this res judicata analysis, the District Court held in the

alternative that, “upon a mandatory de novo consideration of the entire record,

including the objections filed by Porter,” it reached the same conclusions as the

Bankruptcy Court. Id. at *4-5. In setting forth the basis for this ruling, the District

Court quoted and highlighted various portions of the Bankruptcy Court’s

memorandum and then adopted the Bankruptcy Court’s proposed findings and

conclusions as its own. Id.

                                          II.

      In reviewing a bankruptcy case, “this Court sits as a second court of review

and thus examines independently the factual and legal determinations of the

bankruptcy court.” Brown v. Gore (In re Brown), 742 F.3d 1309, 1315 (11th Cir.

2014) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We review a district court’s

entry of judgment in a non-core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1) following

a bench trial in the bankruptcy court in the same manner that we would review any


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bench trial, considering findings of fact for clear error and conclusions of law de

novo. See id.; see also Leonard v. Exec. Risk Indem., Inc. (In re SRC Holding

Corp.), 545 F.3d 661, 666 (8th Cir. 2008).

                                         III.

                                          A.

      On appeal, Porter Capital argues that the District Court’s res judicata

analysis was faulty, that the District Court failed to conduct the de novo review of

the non-core proceeding required by statute, and that, to the extent that it did

conduct a de novo review, that review was flawed. In Porter Capital’s view, the

District Court erred in its review because it allegedly applied the wrong burden of

proof, incorrectly weighed the evidence of delivery, and drew mistaken

conclusions about when Sobcon received notice of the factoring agreement.

      In this section, we discuss why Porter’s claim that the District Court failed to

conduct a de novo review is without merit. In the following section, we explain

why the Bankruptcy Court’s recommendation and the District Court’s review of

that recommendation were not erroneous. Because we conclude that the District

Court conducted the required de novo review and because we find no error in that

court’s review, we affirm the judgment of the District Court. Therefore, we need

not opine on whether the District Court appropriately alternatively invoked and

properly applied the doctrine of res judicata in this case.


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                                         B.

      In non-core bankruptcy proceedings, district courts are required to give

consideration to a bankruptcy judge’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of

law and also to “review[] de novo those matters to which any party has timely and

specifically objected.”   28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1).       Federal Rule of Bankruptcy

Procedure 9033 requires the district court to make its review “upon the record” and

permits the district court to take additional evidence. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9033(d).

After review, the district court “may accept, reject, or modify the proposed

findings of fact or conclusions of law, receive further evidence, or recommit the

matter to the bankruptcy judge with instructions.” Id.

      In this case, the District Court stated that it, “upon a mandatory de novo

consideration of the entire record, including the objections filed by Porter,

reache[d] the same conclusion the Bankruptcy Court purportedly reached in the

adversary proceeding, and then downgraded into a report and recommendation.”

Porter Capital, 2014 WL 1873297, at *4. The District Court then block quoted

with emphasis four passages from the Bankruptcy Court’s memorandum: (1) the

factual finding that Porter Capital did not verify the legitimacy of invoices before

advancing cash to Custom, id.; (2) the conclusion that failing to prove fraud, in and

of itself, does not necessarily prove delivery, id. at *5; (3) the conclusion that the

evidence established two equally plausible theories—(a) fraud on the part of


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Custom and Haley and (b) Custom’s legitimate invoicing of Sobcon and Sobcon’s

actual receipt of all items invoiced to it by Custom—and, since one was not shown

to be more likely than the other, that Porter had failed to carry its burden to

establish delivery and Sobcon’s liability, id.; and (4) the conclusion that Sobcon

did not receive adequate notice of the factoring agreement prior to remitting

payment on three invoices directly to Custom, so it was not liable for double

payment, id.    The District Court concluded its order by overruling Porter’s

objections and adopting the Bankruptcy Court’s opinion as its own. Id.

      Porter Capital maintains that, despite this language, the District Court failed

to conduct a de novo review of Porter Capital’s objections. In support of its

contention, Porter Capital points to alleged inconsistencies in the District Court’s

res judicata discussion as evidence that the District Court misunderstood Porter

Capital’s claim. But, in our view, any disagreements that Porter Capital may have

with statements that the District Court made in its res judicata analysis do not rise

to a level sufficient to undermine the conclusion that the District Court did indeed

conduct a de novo review of the Bankruptcy Court proceedings.

      Porter Capital also complains that the District Court only quoted from the

Bankruptcy Court’s memorandum and did not cite any record evidence as

illustrating that the District Court did not review and weigh the evidence anew.




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But the quoting of the Bankruptcy Court’s opinion fails to demonstrate the absence

of a de novo review.

      First, Rule 9033 permits a district court to “accept, reject, or modify” the

Bankruptcy Court’s proposed findings, suggesting that a district court may

permissibly accept those findings unmodified after a proper review. See Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 9033(d). Second, the District Court’s order gives no indication that the

court applied the wrong standard of review to the Bankruptcy Court’s factual or

legal determinations in these quoted passages. See Porter Capital, 2014 WL

1873297, at *4-5; cf. Cont’l Nat’l Bank of Miami v. Sanchez (In re Toledo), 170

F.3d 1340, 1350 & n.12 (11th Cir. 1999) (noting the impropriety of a district

court’s employment of a clear-error or deferential review to a non-core proceeding

under § 157(c)). To the contrary, the District Court expressly said that it reached

the “same conclusion” after “de novo consideration of the entire record.”

      Third, nothing in the record suggests that the District Court did not, in fact,

conduct a de novo review when it specifically said that it did. Accordingly, we

discern no basis from which we can conclude that the District Court, despite its

express statements, did not conduct a de novo review of the record as required by §

157(c)(1).




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                                        IV.

      Having established that the District Court conducted the required de novo

review, we now turn to Porter Capital’s complaints about the substance of that

review. As noted above, Porter Capital argues on appeal that the District Court’s

review was flawed because the court impermissibly held Porter Capital to a higher

burden of proof on its delivery claim, incorrectly weighed the evidence when it

held that Porter Capital had not proven delivery, and erroneously denied Porter

Capital’s double-payment claim by drawing the wrong conclusions about when

Sobcon received notice of the factoring agreement. We address each argument in

turn. But first, we provide a recap of the relevant evidence and related conclusions

reached in the Bankruptcy Court.

                                        A.

      Shortly after Haley received payment from Porter Capital on the nineteen

disputed invoices, at around the time that Custom was going out of business in

September 2010, Haley had a conversation with Sobcon’s owner, John Scarbrough.

Scarbrough testified in a deposition and at trial that Haley told him during this

conversation “not to worry about” any invoices that would come after Custom

closed its doors. Scarbrough interpreted this conversation to mean that Sobcon did

not owe any money on any outstanding invoices. For his part, Haley testified that




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he was merely telling Scarbrough that if Sobcon disputed any of the invoices,

Custom’s reserve account with Porter Capital would cover any unpaid balance.

       On January 20, 2011, Porter Capital’s attorney sent a letter to Sobcon

requesting $69,198.61 in payment of the nineteen invoices and attorney fees. On

February 2, 2011, Sobcon’s attorney responded, stating that after a “thorough

accounting,” Sobcon determined that it did not owe any money on the invoices and

suggesting that Custom had fabricated the invoices. Scarbrough later swore out an

affidavit in May 2011 averring that the invoices were fraudulent. Nevertheless, a

subsequent review of Sobcon’s paper files determined that at least five of the

nineteen invoices were legitimate; three of those invoices had been paid directly by

Sobcon to Custom in September 2010, and Sobcon admitted that it owed payment

on two more invoices. Sobcon’s initial averments were apparently based solely on

a computer search of Sobcon’s records, despite the fact that Sobcon apparently did

not consistently log invoice numbers into its computer system.

       All of the disputed invoices were introduced at trial.             Eighteen 2 of the

nineteen disputed invoices also had corresponding “delivery tickets.”                     The

testimony at trial established that Custom did not take purchase orders but rather

took orders over the phone and recorded them on three-part delivery tickets. One

part was used to generate the invoice and a “Schedule of Accounts” that Custom

       2
        The invoice without a corresponding delivery ticket was one that Sobcon paid in
September 2010, so no dispute exists with respect to delivery on that invoice.
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would send to Porter Capital. The other two parts of the ticket would go to the

shop where the order was assembled. At least one of the parts would be taken by

the delivery driver. Custom did not require anyone to sign for its deliveries and, in

fact, did not require anyone to be present to accept its deliveries. If someone was

present, the delivery driver would leave the ticket with that person, but it was not

established what the driver would do with tickets when no one was present. None

of the delivery tickets included any information about who placed or received the

order or who delivered or received the goods.

      Sobcon had a similarly lax record-keeping system. It did not use purchase

orders and permitted project foremen to place orders. Sometimes these orders

would be noted on “daily job sheets,” but no daily job sheets were submitted as

evidence at trial. A Sobcon employee testified that she reviewed the daily job

sheets, but she could not identify any sheets with orders that corresponded to the

disputed invoices.    Sobcon did not require anyone to be present to sign for

deliveries, but when someone was present and did receive a delivery ticket, the

ticket would be placed in the project’s job folder.

      As for Porter Capital, one of its employees testified that its preferred practice

was to verify delivery on an invoice before it advanced cash. But, the Bankruptcy

Court found this testimony was not credible. The Bankruptcy Court reasoned that

if it were, Porter Capital necessarily would have caught any fraudulent invoices


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before making payment.        Moreover, the Bankruptcy Court noted, a Sobcon

employee testified that she could recall only a single instance where Porter

attempted to verify delivery, and it did so then only because the invoice was

unusually large.

      Turning to the claims against Haley, the Bankruptcy Court found no

evidence that indicated that the invoices were fraudulent. Each invoice had a

delivery ticket, so there was no discrepancy among those records. Similarly, the

Bankruptcy Court determined that the absence of any signatures on the tickets

failed to support an inference of fraud because neither Custom nor Sobcon had a

consistent practice of obtaining signatures. The lack of regular record keeping also

prevented the Bankruptcy Court from finding fraud.           For example, in the

Bankruptcy Court’s view, the fact that Sobcon turned up five legitimate invoices

even after Scarbrough had sworn that it had conducted a thorough inventory and

found none were legitimate highlighted the uselessness of the companies’ records

as evidence of fraud.

      With unreliable records, the court was left with conflicting testimony from

Haley and Sobcon. Haley testified that the invoices were legitimate. Dena Rogers,

a current bookkeeper of Sobcon and former employee of Custom testified that

Sobcon never received the invoiced materials. Rogers also testified that when she

worked for Haley thirteen years earlier, Haley allegedly engaged in dishonest


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activity by submitting invoices to a bank to receive cash advances and then never

mailing those invoices to customers, although Rogers could not say whether those

invoices were fraudulent.       The Bankruptcy Court found Rogers’s testimony

credible overall, but it placed little weight on the testimony about Haley’s allegedly

dishonest activities because they happened over thirteen years before and did not

relate to the specific invoices at issue in this case. Ultimately, the Bankruptcy

Court concluded that Porter Capital had failed to prove that Haley had committed

fraud.

         Similarly, the Bankruptcy Court determined that Porter Capital had failed to

prove that the deliveries to Sobcon had ever been made.             In reaching this

conclusion, the court noted that Porter Capital’s failure to prove fraud did not

conversely necessarily prove that the deliveries had been made. Although the

court found that the delivery tickets were the “best evidence” Porter Capital had of

delivery, the court explained the shortcomings of that evidence that resulted in its

decision to give the evidence little, if any, weight: the companies’ lax record-

keeping schemes, including a lack of purchase orders that matched the tickets; a

lack of any requirement that anyone be present to receive or sign for a delivery;

and the lack of any safeguards against fraud. According to the Bankruptcy Court,

“[t]here just is no way to verify whether the materials invoiced on the Disputed

Invoices were actually delivered by looking at the delivery tickets admitted into


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evidence.” The court added, “the delivery tickets admitted into evidence are not

conclusive evidence of delivery.”

      The Bankruptcy Court found the testimony similarly unenlightening because

it determined that neither side was “obviously lying.” It ruled that the invoices

from other jobs submitted by Haley were irrelevant to the disputed invoices. And

it determined the testimony of Sobcon’s witnesses to be of mixed reliability

because Sobcon did not introduce into evidence the project folders on which its

employee based her testimony and because Sobcon’s previous accountings of its

records had been inconsistent. In the end, the Bankruptcy Court determined that

two equally plausible scenarios remained: Haley was lying or Sobcon was lying.

Because the court found neither was more likely than the other, it concluded that

Porter Capital had failed to carry its burden of proving delivery.

      Finally, with respect to the payments made by Sobcon on three of the

invoices directly to Custom in September 2010, the Bankruptcy Court determined

that Porter Capital had failed to prove sufficient notice under Alabama’s UCC.

Specifically, the court did not credit Porter Capital’s employee’s testimony that

Porter sent a notice of assignment with every invoice because Porter Capital

entered no supporting documentation into evidence, and Sobcon’s employee

testified that no such notice had ever been received.




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      The court also found that any conversation between Haley and Scarbrough

in September 2010 provided insufficient notice because it did not apprise

Scarbrough of the legal implications of the factoring agreement. And finally, the

court determined that the fact that the invoices required remittance to “Custom

Steel, c/o Porter Capital” at Porter Capital’s address did not provide notice that

rights under the invoice had been assigned to Porter Capital. Because the court

previously ruled that Sobcon first received written notice of the factoring

agreement on October 15, 2010—after the September 2010 payments had been

made to Custom—Sobcon was not liable for double payment to Porter Capital.

                                        B.

      Porter Capital contends on appeal that the Bankruptcy Court and, by

adoption, the District Court held it to an impermissibly high burden of proof on its

delivery claim.   Specifically, Porter Capital points to the Bankruptcy Court’s

discussion of the delivery tickets, where the court concluded that “the delivery

tickets admitted into evidence are not conclusive evidence of delivery,” In re

Haley, 2013 WL 5592890, at *8 (emphasis added), as demonstrating that the court

required Porter Capital to prove delivery by more than a preponderance of the

evidence. But, Porter’s argument conflates the assigning of weight to a specific

piece of evidence with the overall evidentiary burden, and the record does not




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support Porter Capital’s assertion that the Bankruptcy Court or the District Court

imposed a higher burden of proof than proof by a preponderance of the evidence.

      First, in context, the reference to “conclusive evidence” clearly refers to the

character of only the delivery-ticket evidence and conveys simply that, in light of

the unsigned and loosely regulated nature of the tickets, the tickets could not, by

themselves, establish that delivery had occurred. Such a statement goes to the

weight of the delivery-ticket evidence, not the ultimate burden assigned to Porter

Capital on the delivery issue. Cf. Childrey v. Bennett, 997 F.2d 830, 834 (11th Cir.

1993) (noting that it is the “exclusive province of the judge in non-jury trials to

assess the credibility of witnesses and to assign weight to their testimony”).

      Second, the Bankruptcy Court expressly applied the proper standard. It

found that the evidence supported two equally plausible scenarios, neither more

likely than the other.    In re Haley, 2013 WL 5592890, at *9.            Because it

determined that the weight of the evidence overall did not tip the scales even

slightly in Porter Capital’s favor, the court applied the correct burden of proof in

this case. See Blossom v. CSX Transp., Inc., 13 F.3d 1477, 1480-81 (11th Cir.

1994) (describing the preponderance-of-evidence standard). While Porter Capital

may disagree with the court’s ultimate weighing of the evidence, it is clear that the

court did not require Porter Capital to prove by any more than a preponderance of

the evidence that the materials were delivered to Sobcon.


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                                          C.

      Next, Porter Capital contends that, even if the Bankruptcy Court and District

Court applied the correct burden, the Bankruptcy Court (and the District Court)

erred in the factual findings and legal conclusions that led it to conclude that Porter

had not demonstrated delivery. As noted, we review legal conclusions de novo and

factual findings for clear error. In re Brown, 742 F.3d at 1315. Our review of the

facts is highly deferential; a factual finding is clearly erroneous only when we,

after reviewing all the evidence are “left with the definite and firm conviction that

a mistake has been committed.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S.

564, 573, 105 S. Ct. 1504, 1511 (1985) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). This deference extends both to findings based on witness credibility and

factual findings based on documentary evidence. Id. at 574, 105 S. Ct. at 1511-12.

Significantly, we cannot reweigh the evidence on appeal, even if we would have

reached a different conclusion. Id. at 573-74, 105 S. Ct. at 1511 (“This standard

plainly does not entitle a reviewing court to reverse the finding of the trier of fact

simply because it is convinced that it would have decided the case differently.”).

      Porter Capital’s arguments fail here because Porter Capital essentially asks

us to reweigh the evidence, a task we cannot undertake. For starters, Porter Capital

insists that the delivery tickets and invoices should have been afforded more

weight as evidence of delivery. But assigning weight to the evidence is a classic


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fact-finder function. And, given the admittedly lax record-keeping systems in

place at both Custom and Sobcon, we find nothing clearly erroneous about the

court’s discounting of this documentary evidence.

      Porter Capital also insists that Haley’s testimony about the legitimacy of the

invoices and the delivery of materials should have been given more weight because

Haley was “the only witness with firsthand knowledge of their legitimacy.” Again,

Porter Capital asks us to reweigh the evidence. And again, we find nothing clearly

erroneous about the court’s conclusion. Although Haley testified that he did not

fabricate the invoices, it is not, by any means, clear that he had firsthand

knowledge of legitimacy because his secretary would typically prepare the

invoices from the delivery ticket. Similarly, while Haley testified that the material

was “[m]ost certainly” delivered to Sobcon, he did not testify that he undertook or

witnessed the deliveries himself. Nor does the record contain other evidence that

he participated in or observed the deliveries. Moreover, Haley’s own credibility

was impeached, to some extent, by the financial pressures he was under—which

could have motivated fraud—and the testimony of Rogers suggesting that Haley

had previously obtained cash advances on invoices that were never mailed to

customers.

      Porter Capital further contends that Sobcon’s evidence should be discounted

primarily because of the discrepancy between its initial averment that all nineteen


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invoices were fabricated and its subsequent discovery that five invoices were

legitimate. While this discrepancy may raise credibility concerns, we find no clear

error in the Bankruptcy Court’s handling of this evidence. The court did recognize

the credibility problem associated with Sobcon’s evolving accountings. In re

Haley, 2013 WL 5592890, at *6 (“If Sobcon did another ‘thorough accounting’

and ‘full investigation,’ would more of the Disputed Invoices turn out to be

legitimate? It is entirely possible, and such possibility makes this court unable to

rely on the record keeping of Sobcon.”). But even after recognizing and weighing

this point in its consideration of the evidence, the court still found that Porter

Capital had failed to establish delivery by a preponderance of the evidence. Based

on the conflicting testimony and evidence in this case, we are not left with a firm

conviction that the court erred in finding insufficient evidence to establish delivery.

      Finally, Porter Capital has repeatedly suggested in its briefs and during

argument that the Bankruptcy Court found that the invoices were not fraudulent, so

the material necessarily must have been delivered.         To the extent that Porter

Capital is asserting that this represents an error of law, its argument squarely

conflicts with the record. As expressly detailed in its opinion, the Bankruptcy

Court found only that Porter Capital had failed to establish fraud; it did not find by

a preponderance of the evidence that the invoices were not fraudulent or were

otherwise legitimate. In re Haley, 2013 WL 5592890, at *7-9. Absent a finding of


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legitimacy, Porter Capital is incorrect that the failure-to-prove-fraud finding

automatically proves delivery. Accordingly, we find no error in the Bankruptcy

Court’s conclusion, adopted by the District Court, that Porter Capital failed to

prove that the materials were delivered to Sobcon.

                                                D.

       In its final argument on appeal, Porter Capital maintains that the Bankruptcy

Court erred in determining that Sobcon did not have sufficient notice of the

factoring agreement before making three invoice payments directly to Custom in

September 2010. The sole basis for this argument is Porter’s claim that Sobcon

owner Scarbrough and employee Rogers were aware they should be paying

Custom’s invoices directly to Porter Capital. 3 This argument is unpersuasive for

the reasons discussed below.

       The Bankruptcy Court determined that Sobcon did not receive adequate

notice under the statute4 of the factoring agreement until October 15, 2010, when



       3
          Porter Capital also makes an argument on appeal that Alabama law, including the
commentary to Alabama’s UCC, saddles Sobcon with double-payment liability for failing to
affirmatively clarify any notice of assignment it received. We, however, find nothing in
Alabama law to support this view of liability. The potential for double-payment liability is
triggered under the statute only when the notice is effective. Ala. Code § 7-9A-406(a). Failure
to inquire about an ambiguous notice may put the account debtor at risk that the notification may
later be determined to be effective, but nothing in the statute or commentary suggests an account
debtor is required to clarify or incurs liability merely by not clarifying an ambiguous notice
regardless of the effectiveness of the notice.
       4
           The Alabama statute provides, in relevant part,


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Sobcon received a certified letter from Porter Capital informing Sobcon of Porter’s

rights as assignee. In rejecting Porter Capital’s arguments that notice occurred

earlier, the court found that while Haley had told Scarbrough about the agreement

generally sometime between November 2009 and September 2010, Scarbrough

was never made aware of the legal implications of the factoring agreement. The

court recognized that each of the disputed invoices instructed payment be made to

“Custom Steel c/o Porter Capital” at Porter’s P.O. Box address, but the court held

that it was unreasonable to view the remittance address as informing Sobcon of any

assigned rights, particularly when the address still listed “Custom Steel” as an

addressee.




             (a) Discharge of account debtor; effect of notification. Subject to
             subsections (b) through (i), an account debtor on an account,
             chattel paper, or a payment intangible may discharge its obligation
             by paying the assignor until, but not after, the account debtor
             receives a notification, authenticated by the assignor or the
             assignee, that the amount due or to become due has been assigned
             and that payment is to be made to the assignee. After receipt of the
             notification, the account debtor may discharge its obligation by
             paying the assignee and may not discharge the obligation by
             paying the assignor.

             (b) When notification ineffective. Subject to subsection (h),
             notification is ineffective under subsection (a):

             (1) if it does not reasonably identify the rights assigned;

             ....

Ala. Code § 7-9A-406.
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       In addition, while Porter Capital employee Gena Pond testified that, as a

company practice, Porter Capital sent a UCC notice with every invoice it mailed

out, the court expressly chose not to credit this testimony and instead found the

practice was not regularly followed, basing its determination on the complete lack

of supporting documentation of any such notice and the testimony of Rogers, who

said she did not recall receiving any such notices with Porter’s invoices. Finally,

while Rogers also testified that Sobcon had previously remitted payments to Porter

Capital based on verbal instructions, no indication exists that Rogers was advised

of the legal implications of a factoring agreement or payment assignment.

       We discern no error in the Bankruptcy Court’s conclusions here. Even if

Scarbrough and Rogers had been verbally instructed to send payments to Porter

Capital, they were not reasonably informed of the rights assigned. An effective

notice requires that “the account debtor must be notified of two things. First, he

must receive notice that the ‘amount due or to become due has been assigned.’

Second, the account debtor must also be notified that ‘payment is to be made to the

assignee.’” Estate of Haas v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., 617 F.2d 1136, 1139

(5th Cir. 1980) (construing the relevant provision of the UCC as previously

codified at § 9-318(3), which provision has the same pertinent language).5


       5
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this
court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to
October 1, 1981.

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       At most, the verbal instructions to pay Porter Capital satisfied the second

element but not the first. Directing a payment did not reasonably inform Sobcon of

the assignment, a legal transfer to Porter Capital of the rights to Custom’s

payments. The record reflects that Scarbrough and Rogers did not understand that

Porter Capital was entitled to the payments, as opposed to, for example, that Porter

Capital merely facilitated collection on behalf of Custom. Nor does the record

show that Sobcon was advised of or understood the potential double liability

Sobcon would incur if it instead paid Custom directly.

       Similarly, the ambiguous remittance address, listing both Custom and Porter

Capital, failed to identify any assigned rights. It established, at most, that Porter

Capital would receive payments, not that Porter Capital was entitled by assignment

to retain those payments.

       Moreover, the statute clearly contemplates a written notice by requiring

authentication.6 Arguably, then, any verbal notification would have been invalid

as a matter of law. The only evidence on the record of a written notification of

assigned rights is the October 15, 2010, letter. Although Pond testified that Porter

Capital sent written notices, no such notice was placed in the record.                     The

Bankruptcy Court’s determination that Porter Capital did not regularly send an

       6
           Commentary on the statute notes that the authentication requirement “normally could
be satisfied by sending notification on the notifying person’s letterhead or on a form on which
the notifying person’s name appears.” See Ala. Code § 7-9A-406 cmt. 2. The Code also defines
a signature as authentication. See Ala. Code § 7-9A-102(a)(7)(A).
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assignment notice and its assessment of Pond’s credibility are not clearly

erroneous. For all of these reasons, we find no error in the Bankruptcy Court’s

determination that Porter Capital was not entitled to double payment from Sobcon.

                                       V.

      Because we find no error in the Bankruptcy Court’s proposed findings of

fact and conclusions of law or in the District Court’s de novo review and adoption

of those proposed findings and conclusions, the District Court’s judgment is

AFFIRMED.




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