 1   This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please
 2   see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions.
 3   Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated
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 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 8          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 9 v.                                                                                   NO. 26,525

10 DAVID HASKINS,

11          Defendant-Appellant.

12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DOÑA ANA COUNTY
13 Silvia E. Cano-Garcia and Stephen Bridgforth, District Judges

14   Gary K. King, Attorney General
15   Santa Fe, NM
16   Joel R. Jacobsen, Assistant Attorney General
17   Albuquerque, NM

18 for Appellee

19 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender
20 Kathleen T. Baldridge, Assistant Appellate Defender
21 Santa Fe, NM

22 for Appellant

23                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

24 KENNEDY, Judge.
 1        Defendant appeals his convictions for three counts of criminal sexual contact

 2 of a minor in the third degree and one count of criminal sexual contact in the fourth

 3 degree. On appeal, Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his

 4 convictions and that the district court judge erred in denying his request for a change

 5 of venue. We affirm.

 6 I.     Sufficient Evidence Supports Defendant’s Convictions

 7        We review the evidence to determine “whether substantial evidence of either

 8 a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a

 9 reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v.

10 Sutphin, 107 N.M. 126, 131, 753 P.2d 1314, 1319 (1988). Under this standard, we

11 view the evidence in the light most favorable to support the guilty verdict, and indulge

12 all reasonable inferences and resolve all conflicts in the evidence in favor of upholding

13 the verdict. State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d

14 176. We do not re-weigh the evidence, nor substitute our “judgment for that of the

15 fact-finder so long as there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.” Sutphin, 107

16 N.M. at 131, 753 P.2d at 1319.

17        Defendant’s convictions for three counts of criminal sexual contact of a minor

18 (CSCM) in the third degree require substantial evidence that Defendant unlawfully

19 and intentionally touched or applied force to Victim’s breasts; that Victim was twelve


                                               2
 1 years of age or younger; and that the incidents happened in the time frame between

 2 October 1 and December 31, 1998; January 1 and March 31, 1999; and April 1 and

 3 July 5, 1999. See NMSA 1978, § 30-9-13(A), (C) (2003).

 4        Defendant’s conviction for one count of CSCM in the fourth degree requires

 5 evidence that Defendant unlawfully and intentionally touched or applied force to

 6 Victim’s breasts; that in doing so, Defendant used physical force or physical violence;

 7 that Victim was at least thirteen but less than eighteen years old; and that this

 8 happened in the time frame between July 6 and September 30, 1999. See § 30-9-

 9 13(A), (D).

10        Victim testified that she knew Defendant from church and, at one point,

11 considered Defendant to be “a good friend.” However, Victim testified that her

12 relationship with Defendant changed when Defendant “began to touch me in the

13 wrong areas.” Specifically, Victim testified that Defendant would hug her normally

14 but would then turn her body around, cross his arms in the front of her body, put his

15 hands and arms on her breasts, and squeeze her breasts through her clothing. In

16 response to the prosecutor’s question of “[d]id you ever have to struggle to get away

17 from him?” Victim responded, “Yeah, I tried to walk off.”

18        Victim further provided that the touching began from the time she was about

19 twelve years old and continued after she turned thirteen. During the applicable time-


                                              3
 1 frame, Victim testified that Defendant touched her more than fifty times, doing so

 2 multiple times every Sunday that she and Defendant were both at church. In October

 3 1999, when Victim was thirteen, she reported the crimes to her school counselor.

 4 Based on the foregoing testimony by Victim, we hold that sufficient evidence supports

 5 Defendant’s convictions. See State v. Sparks, 102 N.M. 317, 320, 694 P.2d 1382,

 6 1385 (Ct. App. 1985) (defining substantial evidence as that evidence which a

 7 reasonable person would consider adequate to support a defendant’s conviction).

 8        In an effort to cast doubt on the jury’s verdict, Defendant asserts that Victim’s

 9 testimony was not credible because no witnesses saw the unlawful touching and that,

10 had any such touching occurred, witnesses would have seen it. Any failure to observe

11 the illegal conduct by witnesses, however, does not refute Victim’s testimony, but

12 instead is a matter for the jury to consider in assessing the weight of the evidence. See

13 State v. Gonzales, 1997-NMSC-050, ¶ 18, 124 N.M. 171, 947 P.2d 128 (holding that

14 it is the fact-finder’s prerogative to weigh the evidence and to judge the credibility of

15 the witnesses). In rejecting Defendant’s position that the unlawful touching never

16 occurred, for example, the jury may have agreed with Victim that the other

17 parishioners, although nearby, did not see the touching because either they were not

18 watching or were not paying attention. As stated by Victim, although other people

19 were around, they would “not be like staring right at us.” See State v. Huff, 1998-


                                               4
 1 NMCA-075, ¶ 11, 125 N.M. 254, 960 P.2d 342 (holding that, although the defendant

 2 offered conflicting testimony, the jury is entitled to disregard the defendant’s version

 3 of the facts). Moreover, while Victim delayed in reporting the crimes, the jury

 4 reasonably could have relied on Victim’s testimony that she initially did not tell

 5 anyone because she was scared and afraid that no one would believe her. Victim

 6 additionally testified that she did not immediately report the crimes because she at first

 7 did not understand that the touching was wrong and because Defendant was her

 8 mother’s friend.

 9 II.    The Court did not Abuse its Discretion in Denying a Change of Venue

10        Defendant argues that the judge erred in denying his request for a change of

11 venue on the basis that publicity prevented him from receiving a fair trial. As the

12 party opposing the judge’s venue decision, Defendant must show that the judge

13 abused his discretion, and must do so by showing through clear and convincing

14 evidence that a fair trial by an impartial jury was a practical impossibility. State v.

15 House, 1999-NMSC-014, ¶¶ 31, 43, 127 N.M. 151, 978 P.2d 967.

16         Exposure of potential jurors to pre-trial publicity does not in and of itself

17 require a change of venue. State v. Chamberlain, 112 N.M. 723, 726, 819 P.2d 673,

18 676 (1991). Rather, “[t]he pertinent inquiry is whether the jurors . . . had such fixed

19 opinions that they could not judge impartially the guilt of the defendant.” State v.


                                               5
 1 Hernandez, 115 N.M. 6, 21, 846 P.2d 312, 327 (1993) (alterations in original)

 2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Such lack of partiality results when

 3 there has been either actual or presumed prejudice. As provided in House, 1999-

 4 NMSC-014, ¶ 46,

 5        Actual prejudice requires a direct investigation into the attitudes of
 6        potential jurors. Under this inquiry, the court will conduct a voir dire of
 7        prospective jurors to establish whether there is such widespread and
 8        fixed prejudice within the jury pool that a fair trial in that venue would
 9        be impossible. Presumed prejudice, on the other hand, addresses the
10        effect of publicity about a crime upon the entire community where the
11        trial takes place. Under this inquiry, a change of venue should be granted
12        if evidence shows that the community is so saturated with inflammatory
13        publicity about the crime that it must be presumed that the trial
14        proceedings are tainted. . . . Thus, actual prejudice is based upon direct
15        evidence f bias in the minds of individual prospective jurors, while
16        presumed prejudice makes inferences about the effect of publicity on the
17        community as a whole.

18 (Citations omitted.)

19 A.     Background

20        Defendant’s venue argument is premised on publicity that took place in April

21 2005, prior to jury selection and approximately nine months before his January 2006

22 trial. Specifically, on April 6, 2005, a local television station covered Defendant’s

23 convictions for criminal sexual contact of a minor (CSCM) (“Haskins I”). The

24 contents of the television broadcast were not disclosed below. The local television

25 station also placed an April 11, 2005, article on its website that referenced


                                              6
 1 Defendant’s conviction in Haskins I. The website article relates that a local massage

 2 therapist, upon hearing about Defendant’s Haskins I conviction, created a website

 3 informing potential customers about what types of massages are and are not

 4 appropriate during a massage session. Lastly, on April 7, 2005, the Sun News

 5 published a newspaper article relating Defendant’s Haskins I conviction for eight

 6 counts of criminal sexual contact of a minor and providing that Defendant had an

 7 upcoming trial in the present case for twelve counts of molesting a girl at his church.

 8        Based on his position that the above publicity saturated the community,

 9 Defendant argued below that the publicity was presumptively prejudicial and for this

10 reason advocated for the judge “to grant a change of venue without conducting any

11 voir dire of the prospective jury panel.” Defendant asserted that it would require

12 extensive individual voir dire to uncover bias and that the more effective approach

13 would be to simply change venue rather than undergo potentially expensive and

14 ineffective voir dire. In the event the judge did not agree with a change of venue prior

15 to voir dire, Defendant requested individual voir dire and supplemental jury

16 questionnaires. At the venue hearing, the judge, rather than rely on a presumption of

17 prejudice, elected instead to address the effect of publicity, if any, by voir dire and an

18 examination of actual prejudice. In so doing, the court ruled that at this point, there

19 was no “sufficient reason to require us to either change venue or put the trial off in


                                               7
 1 order to do individual questionnaires.” The judge also denied Defendant’s request for

 2 individual voir dire but did state that at voir dire “we will ask who has seen or heard

 3 anything in the media and talk to those. We don’t need to talk to those who haven’t.”

 4 During the subsequent voir dire selection of the jury, the judge did not uncover any

 5 actual prejudice as a result of the publicity.

 6        Before turning to the merits, we briefly address the State’s argument that it is

 7 unnecessary to address Defendant’s venue argument because the judge, in asking

 8 prospective jurors during the voir dire proceedings whether they had been exposed to

 9 any publicity, granted Defendant’s requested relief. We disagree. As discussed

10 above, Defendant advocated first for a change of venue. Defendant’s request that

11 publicity be addressed by voir dire questioning was contingent upon a denial of his

12 motion for change of venue. And while Defendant did provide input to the judge

13 regarding the voir dire question on publicity he did so only after noting that “[w]e

14 tried to do a venue motion on this[.]” See State v. Corneau, 109 N.M. 81, 89, 781

15 P.2d 1159, 1167 (Ct. App. 1989) (recognizing that a defendant does not need to renew

16 an objection at trial when the issue is fully preserved prior to trial).

17 B.     The Court did not Abuse its Discretion in Choosing to Proceed to Voir Dire
18        to Address the Possible Effects of the Publicity

19        Defendant argues that the publicity resulted in a presumption of prejudice

20 which merited a change of venue without a showing of actual prejudice. To

                                               8
 1 successfully change venue prior to voir dire because of presumed prejudice, the

 2 movant must establish a “reasonable probability” that he or she cannot receive a fair

 3 trial in the venue. House, 1999-NMSC-014, ¶ 57. The decision to wait “until voir

 4 dire before granting or denying a motion to change venue rests with the sound

 5 discretion of the trial court.” State v. Mantelli, 2002-NMCA-033, ¶ 56, 131 N.M. 692,

 6 42 P.3d 272.

 7        In the present case, the judge’s decision to proceed to voir dire to address the

 8 effect of publicity was well within his discretion. House sets forth a number of factors

 9 to consider for determining whether publicity is presumptively prejudicial. House,

10 1999-NMSC-014, ¶¶ 59-75. Particularly significant in the present case is the factor

11 of the “timing” of the publicity. Id. ¶¶ 60-61. As set forth above, the publicity

12 underlying Defendant’s request for a change of venue appeared only three times and

13 took place nine months before trial. The record proper further provides that the

14 population of Doña Ana County had a census estimate in 2003 of 182,165 persons.

15 Under these circumstances, we cannot agree with Defendant’s argument that the

16 publicity was “extensive” or that the “jurors were constantly exposed to details

17 surrounding both cases.”      See id. ¶ 60 (stating that “[i]f detrimental articles and

18 broadcasts appeared months or years before the beginning of a trial, the probability

19 of prejudice is significantly reduced”). We therefore agree with the judge’s decision


                                              9
 1 to proceed to voir dire to examine whether there was actual prejudice, rather than to

 2 rely on a presumption of prejudice. Cf. id. ¶ 58 (recognizing that “[p]rejudice may be

 3 established if a community is so saturated by a barrage of inflammatory and biased

 4 publicity, close to the beginning of legal proceedings, that the trial inevitably takes

 5 place in an atmosphere of intense public passion”).

 6 C.     Defendant Suffered No Actual Prejudice

 7        In the absence of presumed prejudice, Defendant was required to demonstrate

 8 through voir dire that he was actually prejudiced by the publicity. See id. ¶ 46. Our

 9 review of the voir dire proceedings indicates that not only were the prospective jurors

10 free from prejudice, but that only one, because of a personal connection to Defendant,

11 was even aware that there had been any publicity.

12        At the beginning of voir dire, the judge asked the prospective jurors as a whole

13 whether anyone knew Defendant. In response, prospective juror Carmody indicated

14 that Defendant was his wife’s former employee and that “we’ve followed the news

15 account.” The judge instructed Carmody to approach the bench and the judge and

16 counsel then proceeded to individually voir dire Carmody. In response to the judge’s

17 inquiry about the effects of the media, Carmody answered, “I probably have some

18 personal feelings about his employment, I guess it would be a problem to be real fair.”

19 With the agreement of both parties, Carmody was subsequently excused for cause.


                                             10
 1        Specific to publicity, the judge asked the prospective jurors as a whole whether

 2 “any of you have seen or heard anything about this case that you recollect in the

 3 media, that would be the newspaper, television, anything in the media? Do any of you

 4 recall having read anything at all about this case or Mr. Haskins?” Significantly, none

 5 of the prospective jurors indicated that they had even been exposed to any media. For

 6 this reason, we conclude that there was no basis upon which to find actual prejudice

 7 due to publicity. See, e.g., State v. Barrera, 2001-NMSC-014, ¶ 18, 130 N.M. 227,

 8 22 P.3d 1177 (concluding that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s

 9 determination that there was no evidence of actual prejudice among the members of

10 the jury when those individuals selected for the jury stated that they were either

11 unfamiliar with the case or that they could decide the case based upon the evidence

12 presented at trial).

13        To conclude, not only was there no reasonable presumption of prejudice, but

14 the voir dire proceedings established that the publicity did not result in any actual

15 prejudice by the prospective jurors. Lastly, apart from the adequacy of the voir dire,

16 Defendant has not demonstrated that there was a problem with any of the chosen

17 jurors that actually served on the jury. See State v. Montoya, 2005-NMCA-078, ¶ 17,

18 137 N.M. 713, 114 P.3d 393 (holding that the court did not abuse its discretion in

19 denying the venue request when it took care to seat a fair and impartial jury).


                                             11
 1 D.     The Court did not Abuse its Discretion in Denying Defendant’s Request
 2        for Individual Voir Dire

 3        Despite the foregoing, in the context of his venue argument, Defendant

 4 maintains that it was impossible to know if the jurors were actually prejudiced because

 5 the judge refused his request for individual voir dire. The decision to grant or deny

 6 individual voir dire is a matter for the trial court’s discretion. State v. Gonzales, 112

 7 N.M. 544, 549, 817 P.2d 1186, 1191 (1991) (holding that the manner in which voir

 8 dire is conducted lies within the court’s discretion and is “limited only by essential

 9 demands of fairness”). Defendant’s argument for individual voir dire—and we are

10 perhaps generous to even call it an argument, given that Defendant only very briefly

11 referenced his request for such in his brief—appears to be directed to the publicity that

12 took place nine months before trial as well as to publicity that took place during trial.

13        We address first Defendant’s argument that individual voir dire was merited

14 regarding the publicity that took place nine months before trial. Initially, we question

15 whether Defendant adequately preserved his argument for individual voir dire for this

16 publicity. In response to Defendant’s request for individual voir dire in his written

17 pleadings, the judge denied his request but provided that he would consider individual

18 questioning if it became apparent that it was needed. During the subsequent voir dire

19 proceedings, Defendant did not renew his request for individual voir dire or otherwise

20 express dissatisfaction with the adequacy of the judge’s collective voir dire question

                                              12
 1 for publicity. In such instance, we may easily surmise that Defendant was satisfied

 2 with the general voir dire questioning relating to publicity and elected not to revive

 3 his request for individual voir dire. See State v. Vallejos, 1998-NMCA-151, ¶ 31, 126

 4 N.M. 161, 967 P.2d 836 (providing that the failure to renew an objection that the court

 5 has deferred ruling upon results in a lack of preservation). Even if we viewed

 6 Defendant as having preserved his argument, however, we would affirm. As noted

 7 previously, before the trial began, the judge stated at the venue hearing that “we will

 8 ask who has seen or heard anything in the media and talk to those.” Under this

 9 approach, the judge left open the possibility of permitting individual voir dire if

10 Defendant demonstrated the need for it during the actual jury selection. As planned,

11 during the subsequent voir dire, the judge collectively asked the prospective jurors if

12 any members had been exposed to publicity about Defendant. Because no members

13 answered in the affirmative, it was not necessary for the judge to further consider

14 whether individual voir dire was merited. And given the absence of any extensive or

15 inflammatory media coverage, we believe that the judge was well within his discretion

16 to initially address the impact of publicity collectively rather than asking each juror

17 individually whether they had been exposed to publicity.

18        In sum, Defendant fails to demonstrate how he was prevented from adequately

19 inquiring into the effect of pre-trial publicity on prospective jurors. We accordingly


                                             13
 1 conclude that the voir dire examination was more than sufficient to test prospective

 2 jurors for bias and to insure that Defendant received a fair trial by a panel of impartial

 3 jurors. See generally State v. Lasner, 2000-NMSC-038, ¶ 27, 129 N.M. 806, 14 P.3d

 4 1282 (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s

 5 change of venue motion when the defendant was able to question and challenge for

 6 cause potential juror members regarding pretrial publicity).

 7        We next address the publicity that took place during trial. Defendant briefly

 8 references this publicity in his brief and indicates that his request for individual voir

 9 dire was also directed to this publicity. The transcript provides the following:

10        Defense counsel: []We want to address the question of publication. It’s
11        been in the news last night, we’d like to voir dire the jurors about
12        whether they read anything, saw anything. This was in the print and it
13        was on television. It’s got a big story here today.

14        Judge: I didn’t see it. I came to work before the paper arrived . . . . I’ll
15        be glad to ask the jury, just generally of the panel, if they followed the
16        [c]ourt’s admonition as to any potential media about this case. If we get
17        a positive answer, then I’ll simply bring that juror to the bench and we’ll
18        ask that juror a few questions[]

19        ...

20        [After the jury returned], Judge: Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I
21        have been told that there was some media coverage of this case
22        overnight. I want to ask the jurors, just generally, did each of you as
23        jurors follow the admonitions the [c]ourt gave you about avoiding
24        coverage of this case?

25        Jury panel: Yes.

                                               14
 1        Unidentified juror: I changed the channel and turned the page.

 2        Judge: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.

 3        In our view, although defense counsel asked to voir dire the jurors about the

 4 publicity, he did not specifically request that such voir dire questioning be individual.

 5 See State v. Romero, 2006-NMCA-045, ¶ 14, 139 N.M. 386, 133 P.3d 842 (stating

 6 that “[i]n order to preserve an issue for appeal, it must appear that [the] appellant fairly

 7 invoked a ruling of the trial court on the same grounds argued in the appellate court”)

 8 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) . Nonetheless, even if we

 9 viewed Defendant’s request to question the jurors as one for individual voir dire, we

10 would affirm. Significantly, the record below does not provide the contents of the

11 mid-trial publicity. We therefore presume that it was not prejudicial to Defendant.

12 See State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 53, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (holding that

13 “[w]here there is a doubtful or deficient record, every presumption must be indulged

14 by the reviewing court in favor of the correctness and regularity of the [trial] court’s

15 judgment” (second alteration in original)). In the absence of prejudicial publicity, it

16 was not necessary for the judge to individually voir dire the jurors. See State v. Holly,

17 2009-NMSC-004, ¶ 19, 145 N.M. 513, 201 P.3d. 844 (in the context of mid-trial

18 publicity, providing that the district court must conduct individual voir dire of a juror

19 only when a juror has been exposed to publicity that is inherently prejudicial).


                                                15
1 III.   Conclusion

2        We hold that sufficient evidence supports Defendant’s convictions and that the

3 judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Defendant’s request for a change of

4 venue. We affirm.

5        IT IS SO ORDERED.

6                                        ___________________________________
7                                        RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge

8 WE CONCUR:



 9 ____________________________
10 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Judge



11 ____________________________
12 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge




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