                                                                           FILED
                             NOT FOR PUBLICATION                            NOV 29 2011

                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS




                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No. 10-50429

      Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                 D.C. No. 3:10-cr-00102-H-1
             v.

MARIO BARRAGAN-CAMARILLO,                        MEMORANDUM *

      Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of California
                     Marilyn L. Huff, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted November 8, 2011 **
                                Pasadena, California

Before: FERNANDEZ, MOORE,*** and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiff Mario Barragan-Camarillo, a Mexican citizen, appeals his conviction

pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1326 for illegal reentry following removal.          Barragan-

Camarillo contends that the expedited removal process that resulted in the underlying

      *
       This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except
as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
      **
      The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without oral
argument. Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
        The Honorable Karen Nelson Moore, Circuit Judge for the United States
Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
removal order violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and thus

could not form the basis for the subsequent § 1326 prosecution. We affirm the

judgment of conviction.

       This case is largely governed by our recent decision in United States v.

Barajas-Alvarado, 655 F.3d 1077 (9th Cir. 2011). Barajas-Alvarado held that due

process requires that an alien prosecuted under § 1326 have an opportunity for “some

meaningful review” of the predicate expedited removal order if he alleges that the

proceedings were “fundamentally unfair.” Id. at 1087-88; see also United States v.

Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828, 837-38 (1987). A proceeding is fundamentally unfair

if it “‘violated the alien’s due process rights and the alien suffered prejudice as a

result.’”   Barajas-Alvarado, 655 F.3d at 1087 (quoting United States v. Arias-

Ordonez, 597 F.3d 972, 976 (9th Cir. 2010)).1

       Barragan-Camarillo contends that expedited removal violates due process

because it does not provide for notice of the right to obtain counsel or of the

availability of alternatives to removal such as withdrawal of an application for

admission or voluntary departure. He argues that he does not need to show prejudice



       1
        Barragan-Camarillo correctly argues that, because he was detained within the
United States rather than at the border, he is entitled to greater due-process rights than
an arriving alien like Barajas-Alvarado. See, e.g., Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678,
693 (2001). As described below, Barragan-Camarillo has nonetheless failed to show
prejudice resulting from any asserted violations of these rights.

                                            2
because these violations are inherently prejudicial, or, alternatively, that he would

have sought relief from removal if properly informed of his ability to do so.2

      This court lacks jurisdiction to hear Barragan-Camarillo’s argument that an

expedited removal can never constitutionally serve as the predicate for a § 1326

prosecution; pursuant to Barajas-Alvarado, “we cannot address . . . general attacks on

the expedited removal process.”        Id. at 1086 n.10.      Instead, such systemic

constitutional challenges to the expedited removal statute or its implementing

regulations are governed by 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(3) and may be brought in limited

circumstances in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. See

Barajas-Alvarado, 655 F.3d at 1086 n.10.

      To the extent that Barragan-Camarillo brings an as-applied challenge to his own

expedited removal order, his claim fails because, even if he could show that his due-

process rights were violated, he has not shown any resulting prejudice. A due-process

violation is prejudicial if, absent that violation, the alien would have had “plausible

grounds” for relief from removal. Id. at 1089.

      Although Barragan-Camarillo argues in his appellate brief that he does not need

to show prejudice, he did not raise this argument before the district court. Under these

      2
       Barragan-Camarillo also argues that the lack of meaningful review of the
removal order within the expedited removal process violates due process. However,
such review is provided in any subsequent § 1326 prosecution. See United States v.
Proa-Tovar, 975 F.2d 592, 595 (9th Cir. 1992) (en banc).

                                           3
circumstances, we review that court’s requirement of prejudice for plain error. We

have frequently held that an alien seeking collaterally to attack a removal order must

show prejudice from an alleged due-process violation, e.g., id. at 1088-89; United

States v. Garcia-Martinez, 228 F.3d 956, 963-64 & n.10 (9th Cir. 2000), yet we have

never determined whether denial of access to counsel in removal proceedings is

inherently prejudicial, see, e.g., Mendoza-Mazariegos v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 1074,

1084-85 (9th Cir. 2007). Without deciding whether requiring Barragan-Camarillo to

show prejudice was error, we conclude that it was certainly not plain error. See

United States v. Jordan, 256 F.3d 922, 929 (9th Cir. 2001).

      The immigration officer’s failure to inform Barragan-Camarillo of the options

of withdrawal of an application for admission or voluntary departure was not

prejudicial because both forms of relief are discretionary, see Tovar-Landin v.

Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1164, 1167 (9th Cir. 2004); 8 C.F.R. § 235.4, and Barragan-

Camarillo has not made a “‘plausible showing that the facts presented would cause the

Attorney General to exercise discretion in his favor,’” Barajas-Alvarado, 655 F.3d at

1089 (quoting United States v. Arce-Hernandez, 163 F.3d 559, 563 (9th Cir. 1998))

(internal quotation marks omitted). Barragan-Camarillo was detained by immigration

officers only two days after returning to Mexico following a previous finding that he

was removable; he admitted that he had entered the country illegally; and he was



                                          4
thirty years old and not in poor health—all facts that cut against a grant of withdrawal

of an application for admission. Id. at 1090. These facts also make unlikely a grant

of voluntary departure, which is based on a weighing of favorable and unfavorable

factors. See Campos-Granillo v. INS, 12 F.3d 849, 852 (9th Cir. 1993). Moreover,

the major benefit for the government of granting voluntary departure—not having to

bear the costs of hearings and removal—would not be present here, because Barragan-

Camarillo was subject to expedited removal and thus would not have received a

hearing, and because he was detained only seven miles from the Mexican border.

      Barragan-Camarillo does not explain how notice of the right to obtain counsel

would plausibly have resulted in relief from removal. Because he also faced criminal

charges for illegal entry, Barragan-Camarillo received a Miranda warning shortly after

arriving at the Border Patrol station. He waived the right to counsel and admitted to

the immigration officer the very facts that would support removal. Later that day,

Barragan-Camarillo again admitted those facts in a criminal proceeding when actually

represented by counsel. If Barragan-Camarillo made admissions in both of these

situations, nothing suggests that he would not have done so at the immigration

interview had he been told at that point of a right to obtain counsel.3



      3
      If Barragan-Camarillo’s argument is instead that counsel would have advised
him of the options of voluntary departure or withdrawal of an application for
admission, such an argument would likewise fail for the reasons explained above.

                                           5
For the above reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment of conviction.

AFFIRMED.




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