              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA15-1306

                                Filed: 2 August 2016

Rowan County, Nos. 14 CRS 50202–03

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

DREW THOMAS CHARLESTON


      Appeal by Defendant from judgments entered 30 April 2015 by Judge W. David

Lee in Superior Court, Rowan County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 28 April 2016.


      Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Special Deputy Attorney General Thomas D.
      Henry, for the State.

      Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Daniel L.
      Spiegel, for Defendant.


      McGEE, Chief Judge.


      Drew Thomas Charleston (“Defendant”) appeals from his convictions of

discharging a firearm into occupied property and possession of a firearm by a felon.

We find no error in part, no plain error in part, and vacate and remand in part.

                                   I. Background

      The evidence presented at trial tended to show that, on the evening of

11 January 2014, Trevacyia Scales (“Ms. Scales”) and her five-year-old daughter were

at home. Sandra Knox (“Ms. Knox”) lived next door to Ms. Scales and also was at

home. Ms. Scales testified that Defendant, Ms. Scales’s ex-boyfriend, came by her
                                 STATE V. CHARLESTON

                                   Opinion of the Court



home that evening, unannounced. Defendant’s cousin had driven Defendant to Ms.

Scales’s home in a gray Jeep Cherokee. Defendant told Ms. Scales that he wanted to

collect his clothes, and Ms. Scales gave him a bag with some clothes inside. Defendant

also said he wanted to retrieve a shotgun that he believed was under the mattress in

Ms. Scales’s bedroom. Ms. Scales refused to let Defendant go into her bedroom. When

Defendant went out to signal his cousin to get out of the Jeep, Ms. Scales closed her

front door and locked it. Defendant and his cousin then left in the Jeep. Ms. Scales

testified she went to her bedroom and checked under the mattress and the bed for a

shotgun that she did not find.

      Shortly thereafter, Defendant called Ms. Scales and they argued about the

shotgun. Ms. Scales testified Defendant told her: “Well, I’m going to show you. I’m

going to show you. I’m going to let it ride for now, but I’m going to show you better

than I can tell you.” After the phone call, Ms. Scales sat on her couch, located at the

front of her home and under a window. She noticed a Jeep driving down her street

that “looked like the same Jeep Cherokee” Defendant had arrived in earlier. Ms.

Scales testified the Jeep came to a brief stop in front of a neighbor’s home and then

started rolling again towards her home. As the Jeep approached, the rear driver’s

side window rolled down, and Ms. Scales saw Defendant sitting in the back seat. Ms.

Scales heard gun shots and crawled to her daughter’s room that was also at the front

of her home. Ms. Scales immediately called law enforcement.



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      While the police were searching Ms. Scales’s home, Defendant called Ms.

Scales again. The police asked Ms. Scales to put the call on speakerphone so they

could hear the conversation. Ms. Scales testified she called Defendant by name and

he responded. Defendant again demanded the shotgun. A female voice said to Ms.

Scales: “Just give him the gun, and it will all go away.” Ms. Scales testified that

another man then got on the phone and said the gun belonged to him and he wanted

it back. Defendant then returned to the line and allegedly stated: “Next time, they’ll

come through the window.”

      Ms. Scales and Officer Frederick D. West (“Officer West”), with the Salisbury

Police Department, testified that none of the bullets fired that evening actually

entered into Ms. Scales’s home. Ms. Knox and Sergeant Adam Bouk (“Sergeant

Bouk”) testified that all the bullets entered into the home of Ms. Knox. When the

shots were fired, Ms. Knox was lying on her couch watching television. Ms. Knox

estimated there were at least six or seven bullet holes in her home. Officer Joe Wilson

(“Officer Wilson”) testified there were seven shell casings in the street near where the

Jeep had been located.

      Defendant was indicted on 10 March 2014 for one count of discharging a

firearm into occupied property and one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted

felon. The jury found Defendant guilty of one count of discharging a firearm into

occupied property and one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. He



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                                   Opinion of the Court



was sentenced to 84–113 months of imprisonment for discharging a firearm into

occupied property and 36 months of supervised probation for possession of a firearm

by a convicted felon. Defendant appeals.

                                II. Motion to Dismiss

      Defendant contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the

charge of discharging a firearm into occupied property. Specifically, after Defendant’s

motion to dismiss was denied, the trial court instructed the jury, in part, that it could

convict Defendant of the charge of discharging a firearm into occupied property if it

believed beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant “knew or had reasonable grounds

to believe that the dwelling was occupied[.]” (emphasis added). Defendant argues,

and the State agrees, the instruction raised a higher evidentiary bar for the State —

ordinarily the State would need to prove only that a defendant had “reasonable

grounds to believe that the building might be occupied[.]” See State v. James, 342

N.C. 589, 596, 466 S.E.2d 710, 715 (1996) (emphasis added). Defendant contends

that the trial court should have granted his motion to dismiss on the ground that the

State did not present substantial evidence that Defendant “knew or had reasonable

grounds to believe that the dwelling was occupied[.]” (emphasis added).

      As a preliminary matter, it is not clear whether Defendant has preserved this

argument for appeal. Generally, “[i]n order to preserve an issue for appellate review,

a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion,

stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make if the

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specific grounds were not apparent from the context.” N.C.R. App. P. 10(a)(1); see

State v. Person, 187 N.C. App. 512, 519, 653 S.E.2d 560, 565 (2007) (“Although

defendant provided no specific reasoning to support the motion to dismiss, he was not

required to do so, since it was apparent from the context that he was moving to

dismiss all the charges based on the insufficiency of the evidence.”), rev’d in part on

other grounds, 362 N.C. 340, 663 S.E.2d 311 (2008). At trial, Defendant did not

present the trial court with “specific reasoning” to support his motion to dismiss. See

Person, 187 N.C. App. at 519, 653 S.E.2d at 565. We also do not see how it could be

“apparent from the context” of Defendant’s motion to dismiss that he was arguing the

State did not meet an evidentiary burden higher than would have been necessary to

convict him, based on an erroneous jury instruction that had not yet been given.

Similarly, we do not see how the trial court could have erred in denying Defendant’s

motion to dismiss, solely based on a jury instruction that had not yet been given.1

       Defendant also attempts to re-frame this issue in his reply brief. Rather than

arguing the trial court erred at the time it denied his motion to dismiss, Defendant

instead “merely contends that the State [should have had to] prove the crime as the

jury was instructed at trial.” Notwithstanding the fact that “[a] reply brief does not

serve as a way to correct deficiencies in the principal brief[,]” Larsen v. Black




       1 Defendant does not contend on appeal that the State failed to present substantial evidence
that Defendant had reasonable grounds to believe that the building “might be” occupied.

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                                    Opinion of the Court



Diamond French Truffles, Inc., __ N.C. App. __, __, 772 S.E.2d 93, 96 (2015)

(quotation marks omitted), Defendant’s argument is without merit.

       “When reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, this Court considers

whether the evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the [S]tate and allowing

every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom, constitutes substantial evidence

of each element of the crime charged.” State v. Taylor, 362 N.C. 514, 538, 669 S.E.2d

239, 261 (2008) (quotation marks omitted). At trial, the State established that the

shooting occurred in a residential neighborhood in the evening.       Ms. Knox also

testified that her car was parked outside her home. Although the logical inference

that Defendant had reasonable grounds to believe Ms. Knox’s home “was” occupied is

less strong than the inference that it “might” have been occupied, the State

nonetheless presented sufficient evidence for a jury to find accordingly. See id.; see

also State v. Stone, 323 N.C. 447, 452, 373 S.E.2d 430, 433 (1988) (“Circumstantial

evidence may withstand a motion to dismiss and support a conviction even when the

evidence does not rule out every hypothesis of innocence. The evidence need only give

rise to a reasonable inference of guilt[.]” (citation omitted)).

                          III. Disjunctive Jury Instruction

       Defendant contends the trial court erred in instructing the jury on discharging

a firearm into occupied property. Before trial, Defendant was indicted for firing only

into the home of Ms. Knox, but the jury instruction on that charge was stated in terms

of Defendant’s allegedly “discharg[ing] a firearm into a dwelling[.]”      (emphasis

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                                           Opinion of the Court



added). Because the jury instruction did not expressly name the home of Ms. Knox

as the dwelling that was fired into, Defendant contends the instruction was

“disjunctive” and “violated his right to a unanimous verdict” because the instruction

“permitted jurors to convict [Defendant] of either of two possible offenses: shooting

into Ms. Scales’s house or shooting into Ms. Knox’s house.”2 We are unpersuaded.

        Generally, the North Carolina Constitution requires that “[n]o person shall be

convicted of any crime but by the unanimous verdict of a jury in open court[.]” N.C.

Const. art. I, § 24. As explained by our Supreme Court in State v. Lyons, 330 N.C.

298, 302–03, 412 S.E.2d 308, 311–12 (1991), “a disjunctive instruction, which allows

the jury to find a defendant guilty if he commits either of two underlying acts, either

of which is in itself a separate offense, is fatally ambiguous because it is impossible

to determine whether the jury unanimously found that the defendant committed one

particular offense.” (emphasis omitted).

            Defendant concedes in his brief that the jury instruction at issue was “not

explicitly phrased in the disjunctive[.]” Cf. id. (holding that a jury instruction was

disjunctive where it allowed the jury to convict the defendant if it believed he

“committed [an] assault and battery upon Douglas Jones and/or Preston Jones”).

Instead, Defendant contends the instruction “had the practical effect of a disjunctive


        2Defendant did not object to any of the jury instructions given at trial. However, “[a]
defendant's failure to object at trial to a possible violation of his right to a unanimous jury verdict does
not waive his right to appeal on the issue, and it may be raised for the first time on appeal.” State v.
Davis, 188 N.C. App. 735, 739, 656 S.E.2d 632, 635 (2008) (quotation marks omitted).

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instruction[.]”Cf. Davis, 188 N.C. App. at 737–42, 656 S.E.2d at 634–37 (holding that

a jury instruction was not expressly disjunctive but conducting a Lyons analysis,

assuming arguendo “the instruction could be viewed as being disjunctive”). However,

in the present case, we do not believe the jury was presented with either an expressly

or functionally disjunctive instruction on the charge of discharging a firearm into

occupied property.

       Defendant was indicted for firing only into the home of Ms. Knox. During jury

selection, the trial court informed the prospective jurors that “[t]he discharge of a

firearm into occupied property is alleged to have occurred on the property being then

occupied by one Sandra Knox.” At trial, the State presented evidence only suggesting

that the home that was fired into was Ms. Knox’s home. Specifically, when the State

asked Ms. Scales whether any of the bullets “actually went into [Ms. Scales’s] home[,]”

she responded: “No.” By contrast, Ms. Knox testified at length about the bullet holes

and damage done to her home. Sergeant Bouk testified in great detail about bullet

holes in Ms. Knox’s home. Officer West expressly testified that there were no bullet

holes in Ms. Scales’s home. While it may have been a better practice for the trial

court to specifically state that Ms. Knox’s home was the property involved in its

instruction to the jury, based on the record, the trial court did not give a disjunctive

instruction on the charge of discharging a firearm into occupied property.




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                                   Opinion of the Court



                                    IV. Variance

      Defendant also argues that the trial court’s instruction on the charge of

discharging a firearm into occupied property “created an impermissible risk of

variance between the indictment and the proof supporting conviction.”           Because

Defendant did not object to the jury instructions at trial, we review this argument for

plain error. See State v. Turner, 98 N.C. App. 442, 446–48, 391 S.E.2d 524, 526–27

(1990) (reviewing for plain error an unpreserved argument that there was an

impermissible variance between an indictment and jury instruction).

             For error to constitute plain error, a defendant must
             demonstrate that a fundamental error occurred at trial. To
             show that an error was fundamental, a defendant must
             establish prejudice — that, after examination of the entire
             record, the error had a probable impact on the jury's
             finding that the defendant was guilty. Moreover, because
             plain error is to be applied cautiously and only in the
             exceptional case, the error will often be one that seriously
             affect[s] the fairness, integrity[,] or public reputation of
             judicial proceedings[.]

State v. Lawrence, 365 N.C. 506, 518, 723 S.E.2d 326, 334 (2012) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

      Generally, an impermissible variance has occurred when, although “the State’s

evidence [might] support the trial court's instruction[,] . . . the indictment does not.”

Turner, 98 N.C. App. at 448, 391 S.E.2d at 527. For instance, in State v. Tucker, 317

N.C. 532, 537, 346 S.E.2d 417, 420 (1986), the defendant was indicted for kidnapping.

“The kidnapping indictment charge[d] that [the] defendant committed kidnapping


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                                   Opinion of the Court



only by unlawfully removing the victim ‘from one place to another.’” Id. at 538, 346

S.E.2d at 421. However, the trial court “repeatedly instructed the jury that [the]

defendant could be convicted if he simply unlawfully restrained the victim, ‘that is,

restricted [her] freedom of movement by force and threat of force.’” Id. Although the

State’s evidence supported the judge’s instructions to the jury, the indictment did not.

Id. at 537, 346 S.E.2d at 420.     Accordingly, the Court held that the trial court

committed plain error “[i]nsofar as the instructions given allowed the jury to convict

on grounds other than those charged in the indictment[.]” Id. at 536, 346 S.E.2d at

420.

       In the present case, and similar to Defendant’s argument above, Defendant

contends the trial court’s instruction on the charge of discharging a firearm into

occupied property was too broad because it did not specifically state that Ms. Knox’s

home was the property involved.       However, as discussed above, Defendant was

indicted for firing only into Ms. Knox’s home; the trial court informed the jury pool

that Defendant was charged with firing only into Ms. Knox’s home; and the evidence

at trial supported only this theory of the charge. Therefore, it was clear the trial

court’s instruction on this charge applied only to Defendant allegedly firing into Ms.

Knox’s home. Defendant’s argument is without merit.

                             V. Victim Impact Evidence

       Defendant also contends the trial court erred by allowing the introduction of

victim impact evidence during the guilt-innocence phase of trial. Generally, “the

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                                  Opinion of the Court



effect of a crime on a victim's family often has no tendency to prove whether a

particular defendant committed a particular criminal act against a particular victim;

therefore victim impact evidence is usually irrelevant during the guilt-innocence

phase of a trial and must be excluded.” State v. Graham, 186 N.C. App. 182, 190, 650

S.E.2d 639, 645 (2007). Defendant also concedes that he did not object at trial to the

victim impact evidence he challenges on appeal. Accordingly, “we must limit our

review to whether admission of [the] victim[ ]impact evidence constitutes plain error.”

State v. Bowman, 349 N.C. 459, 477, 509 S.E.2d 428, 439 (1998).

      Defendant challenges the following testimony the State elicited from Ms.

Scales during the guilt-innocence phase of trial:

             Q. How has this impacted your daughter?

             A. She is -- is very shaken still. If she hears a loud noise
                or anything that sounds like a shot, it could even be like
                a car backfiring, she gets shaky. She runs to me and
                she clings to me.

                And, you know, she -- she has talked about it. She'll just
                talk about it or whatever, but we have considered
                counseling for her because this has affected her. Even
                though she was five then, she's seven now it's still with
                her, and I have to get her through that each time
                something happens. And she relives it all over again.

                ...

             Q. How has this impacted you?

             A. Well, it -- definitely emotionally. I've been afraid. When
                they text[ed] me and told me that he had been released,
                someone had posted his bond, I immediately called the


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                                   Opinion of the Court



                police because I was in fear of my life for him --
                retaliation for him having to be in jail all of that time.

                So it's, like, I would dream about him. I moved to a
                bigger house so I would -- every time I would go around
                a dark corner, I would think I would see him. Or he
                would be in the back of the house.

                He could possibly be hiding, so it's, like, now to the point
                where because he was out, I would have to go home,
                turn on all my lights, inspect my entire house before I
                can even take a shower or lay down. I have to stick
                butter knives in my windows because at this point, I
                just didn't know what he was capable of doing.

The State further elicited testimony from Ms. Scales that she was evicted as a result

of the incident because her “neighbors did not feel safe[.]” Ms. Knox also testified:

             Q. Did you remain at your home that evening?

             A. No, I left.

             Q. Did you return the next day?

             A. Yes, to get some items of clothing.

             Q. Did you -- did you stay at your house the next night?

             A. No, I left and went to my daughter's house.

             Q. When was the next time that you actually were able to
                stay at your own home?

             A. About three weeks -- I -- let's see. I left for three weeks.

             Q. And why did you leave for three weeks?

             A. Because I was just frightened. I was -- I was -- I was --
                every time I would hear a door or somebody knock on
                the door or somebody would call me, I would just jump.
                I was just -- I was just scared.


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                                      Opinion of the Court



      In Graham, 186 N.C. App. at 187–92, 650 S.E.2d at 644–47, this Court held

that a trial court erred when it allowed similar victim impact evidence at trial.

However, after “[e]xamining the entire record,” the Graham Court also found there

was “considerable evidence of [the] defendant's guilt[.]” Id. at 192, 650 S.E.2d at 647.

Specifically, “the State presented extensive evidence from two eyewitness who were

well-acquainted with [the] defendant and who positively identified him at trial, and

[it presented] evidence that [the] defendant fled to Alabama shortly after hearing that

the crime had been publicized.” Id. Based on that evidence, the Graham court

concluded there was not “a reasonable possibility that the jury's verdict would have

been different” absent the erroneous evidence, and this Court held that there was no

prejudicial error in that case. Id.

      In the present case, it also appears that the trial court impermissibly admitted

victim impact evidence at trial. However, the State presented extensive evidence

from Ms. Scales of Defendant’s guilt, including (1) her confrontations with Defendant

shortly before the shooting over a shotgun Defendant believed was in her home; (2)

her positive identification of Defendant in the Jeep just before shots were fired; and

(3) the incriminating phone conversation between Ms. Scales and Defendant shortly

after the shooting. That phone conversation was overheard by the police, who also

found seven shell casings in the street near where the Jeep had been when shots were

fired. Moreover, unlike Graham, in which this Court conducted a prejudicial error



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                                   Opinion of the Court



analysis, we review Defendant’s argument on appeal for plain error because he did

not object to the challenged testimony at trial. See Lawrence, 365 N.C. at 518, 723

S.E.2d at 334. This imposes a higher burden for Defendant to overcome. See id. After

examining the entire record, we do not find plain error in the present case.

                                VI. Attorney’s Fees

      In Defendant’s final argument, he contends that the trial court “violated N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10), committed clerical error, or violated [Defendant’s] right

to be present at sentencing by assigning attorney’s fees to the judgment for possession

of a firearm by a felon rather than the judgment for discharging a weapon into an

occupied dwelling.” We disagree.

      Specifically, Defendant argues that had the attorney’s fees been assigned to

the judgment for discharging a weapon into an occupied dwelling, for which

Defendant received a jail sentence, those fees would have been docketed as a civil lien

against Defendant. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-455(b) (2015) (“[T]he court shall direct

that a judgment be entered . . . for the money value of services rendered by assigned

counsel, the public defender, or the appellate defender, . . . which shall constitute a

lien as prescribed by the general law of the State applicable to judgments.”). Instead,

the trial court assigned the attorney’s fees to the judgment for possession of a firearm

by a felon, the payment of which was a condition of Defendant’s probation for that

conviction. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10) states: “As [a] regular condition[ ] of

probation, a defendant must: . . . [p]ay the State of North Carolina for the costs of

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                                       Opinion of the Court



appointed counsel . . . to represent him in the case(s) for which he was placed on

probation.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10) (2015).

       Initially, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10) refers to the “case(s) for which [a

defendant] was placed on probation.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10) does not state

that this monetary condition is limited to the judgment(s) in “which [a defendant]

was placed on probation,” nor does it state that this condition is limited to the

charge(s) “for which [a defendant] was placed on probation.”3

       Assuming arguendo “case” effectively means “charge” for the purposes of N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10), Defendant’s argument still fails. At trial, after the trial

court had rendered a sentence for Defendant’s conviction of discharging a weapon

into an occupied dwelling, a Class D felony, the trial court rendered a sentence for

Defendant’s conviction of possession of a firearm by a felon, a Class G felony. While

the trial court was making this determination, the following exchange occurred

between the trial court and Defendant’s counsel:

               THE COURT: . . . . With respect to the jury verdict of
               guilty with respect to possession of a firearm by a felon,
               upon that verdict being recorded, it’s the judgment
               according to that case that this defendant be imprisoned
               for a minimum of 17 months and a maximum of 30 months.
               That sentence to run at the expiration of the sentence
               imposed in the first case [discharging a firearm into an
               occupied dwelling]. That sentence[,] however, is suspended
               and the defendant upon his release from incarceration in

       3 Black’s Law Dictionary defines case in relevant part as “[a] . . . criminal proceeding[.]”
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 243 (9th ed. 2009). Black’s defines charge in relevant part as “[a] formal
accusation of an offense[.]” Id. at 265.

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             the first matter is to report to his probation officer within
             72 hours of that release.

             At which time he is to be on supervised probation for a term
             of 36 months under the following terms and [conditions]:
             First, that he provide a DNA sample, if he has not
             previously done so at that time; that he pay the Court costs;
             that he reimburse the state for the cost of his attorney.

             [Counsel], do you know your hours in these matters?

             [COUNSEL]: Exactly, it is 51.73. And Your Honor, I have
             -- the spread sheet has calculated that amount to be
             $3,621.10.

             THE COURT: And you’re calculating that on the Class D?

             [COUNSEL]: I am, Your Honor.

             THE COURT: All right. I am going to award an attorney’s
             fee in the amount of $3,621.10; that to be paid under -- as
             a monetary condition of that judgment.

      Defendant argues that, because the trial court asked Defendant’s attorney if

he was calculating his fees based upon the Class D felony, which in this case was the

conviction for discharging a weapon into an occupied dwelling, the trial court meant

to attach the attorney’s fees to that charge. However, in context, it is clear that the

trial court was discussing the attorney’s fees in relation to the conviction for

possession of a firearm, which sentence was suspended. It is also clear that the trial

court did intend for the amount of the attorney’s fees to be based upon the Class D

felony instead of the Class G felony. This is because the relevant statutes and rules

of the Office of Indigent Defense Services (“IDS”) required the attorney’s fees to be

based upon the Class D felony charge in this case.

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                                      Opinion of the Court



        N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-458 states in relevant part:

              The fee to which an attorney who represents an indigent
              person is entitled shall be fixed in accordance with rules
              adopted by the Office of Indigent Defense Services. Fees
              shall be based on the factors normally considered in fixing
              attorneys’ fees, such as the nature of the case, and the time,
              effort and responsibility involved.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-458 (2015). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(e) states in relevant

part:

              Unless the court finds there are extenuating
              circumstances, any person placed upon supervised or
              unsupervised probation under the terms set forth by the
              court shall, as a condition of probation, be required to pay
              all court costs and all fees and costs for appointed counsel
              . . . in the case in which the person was convicted. The fees
              and costs for appointed counsel . . . shall be determined in
              accordance with rules adopted by the Office of Indigent
              Defense Services. The court shall determine the amount of
              those costs and fees to be repaid and the method of
              payment.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(e). Pursuant to the mandates of N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-

458 and 15A-1343(e), IDS has established rules and procedures for compensating

appointed counsel. When an attorney represents a defendant on multiple charges

heard before the same judge and decided on the same day, that attorney submits a

single fee application. See Office of Indigent Defense Services, Memorandum, p. 4,

December                         3,                          2015,              at

http://www.ncids.org/Rules%20&%20Procedures/Fee%20and%20Expense%20Policie

s/Atty%20Fee%20policies,%20non-capital.pdf. The rates for appointed counsel in


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                                    Opinion of the Court



superior court depend on the class of the charged offenses. “For all cases finally

disposed in Superior Court where the most serious original charge was a Class A

through D felony, the . . . rate will be $70 per hour. For all other cases finally disposed

in Superior Court, including misdemeanor appeals, the . . . rate will be $60 per hour.”

Id. at 7. As noted above, when counsel defends a defendant on multiple charges, the

rate is based upon the most serious offense charged. Id. The Administrative Office

of the Courts has produced official fee application forms corresponding with the rules

and procedures of IDS, including AOC-CR-225, which is the fee application form for

non-capital criminal trials. AOC-CR-225 directs the attorney to indicate only the

“most serious original charge” on the form to serve as the basis for calculating the

appropriate attorney fee. AOC-CR-225.

       In this case, Defendant was charged and convicted of two crimes: (1)

discharging a weapon into an occupied dwelling, which is a Class D felony, and (2)

possession of a firearm by a felon, which is a Class G felony. Pursuant to IDS rules

and procedures, the appropriate attorney’s fee, to be assessed as a single fee for

representation services for both the charges, was properly based upon the most

serious charge – the Class D felony. Defendant was given an active sentence for the

Class D felony, and given a suspended sentence with probation for the Class G felony,

to start at the expiration of Defendant’s active sentence. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-455

directs in part:



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             (b) In all cases the court shall direct that a judgment be
             entered in the office of the clerk of superior court for the
             money value of services rendered by assigned counsel,
             . . . which shall constitute a lien as prescribed by the
             general law of the State applicable to judgments. [A]ny
             funds collected by reason of such judgment shall be
             deposited in the State treasury and credited against the
             judgment. The value of services shall be determined in
             accordance with rules adopted by the Office of Indigent
             Defense Services.

             ....

             (c) No . . . judgment under subsection (b) of this section
             shall be entered unless the indigent person is convicted. If
             the indigent person is convicted, the . . . judgment shall
             become effective and the judgment shall be docketed and
             indexed pursuant to G.S. 1-233 et seq., in the amount then
             owing, upon the later of (i) the date upon which the
             conviction becomes final if the indigent person is not
             ordered, as a condition of probation, to pay the State of
             North Carolina for the costs of his representation in the
             case or (ii) the date upon which the indigent person’s
             probation is terminated, is revoked, or expires if the
             indigent person is so ordered.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-455 (2015) (emphasis added).

      Because Defendant was convicted, the trial court was required to “direct that

a judgment be entered in the office of the clerk of superior court for the money value

of services rendered by assigned counsel, . . . constitut[ing] a lien[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 7A-455(b). In the present case, the appropriate attorney’s fee for this judgment was

required to have been calculated pursuant to the $70.00 per hour rate applicable for

the Class D felony, even though some of the time spent on the case was dedicated to



                                          - 19 -
                                STATE V. CHARLESTON

                                  Opinion of the Court



defense of the Class G felony. Memorandum, pp. 4, 7. It seems clear that this

requirement is why the trial court, when discussing the applicable attorney’s fee in

connection with the Class G felony of possession of a firearm by a felon, asked if

Defendant’s attorney was calculating the rate based on the Class D felony of

discharging a weapon into an occupied dwelling.

      Defendant argues that the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10): “As

[a] regular condition[ ] of probation, a defendant must: . . . [p]ay the State of North

Carolina for the costs of appointed counsel . . . to represent him in the case(s) for

which he was placed on probation[,]” prohibited the trial court from requiring

Defendant to pay the costs of his appointed counsel at the Class D rate, because “the

case[ ] for which he was placed on probation” was only a Class G felony. However,

even assuming arguendo that “case” in this instance is equivalent to “charge,”

Defendant ignores the fact that pursuant to IDS rules and regulations, because he

was convicted of both the Class G and Class D felonies on the same day and before

the same judge, there was only one fee which covered both charges; the costs of his

appointed counsel for both the Class G felony and the Class D felony are the same,

and are calculated at the same rate – the $70.00 per hour rate for Class D felonies.

IDS rules and regulations do not allow for separating the hours spent by appointed

counsel for individual charges – all work done for each individual charge is considered

work done for every charge, as part of the same case. Therefore, for the purposes of



                                         - 20 -
                                  STATE V. CHARLESTON

                                    Opinion of the Court



N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10), the appropriate cost of appointed counsel for the

Class G charge was 51.73 hours at the $70.00 Class D felony rate.

         The lien judgment for this full amount was already ordered to be entered

pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-455. The only change resulting from Defendant’s

being given probation on the Class G felony was that payment of the attorney’s fee

became a condition of his probation pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b)(10).

This is contemplated in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-455:

               [The] judgment [creating the lien] shall become effective
               . . . in the amount then owing, upon the later of (i) the date
               upon which the conviction becomes final if the indigent
               person is not ordered, as a condition of probation, to pay the
               State of North Carolina for the costs of his representation in
               the case or (ii) the date upon which the indigent person’s
               probation is terminated, is revoked, or expires[.]

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-455(c) (emphasis added). The trial court did not err in making

payment of all the costs of appointed counsel, based upon the rate for Class D felonies,

a condition of Defendant’s probation for the charge of possession of a firearm by a

felon.

         Defendant further argues that his right to be present during his sentencing

was violated because “[t]he trial court orally assigned the fees to the Class D

judgment, but assigned the fees to the Class G judgment when the written judgments

were entered.” As we have discussed above, the trial court assigned the fees to the

Class G felony judgment in open court and in Defendant’s presence. The trial court



                                           - 21 -
                             STATE V. CHARLESTON

                               Opinion of the Court



merely made sure the fees were properly calculated at the Class D rate.   This

argument is without merit.

      NO ERROR IN PART; NO PLAIN ERROR IN PART.

      Judges DILLON and ZACHARY concur.




                                      - 22 -
