                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    ANTOINETTE BURNS,
           Plaintiff
         v.
                                                        Civil Action No. 13-898 (CKK)
    GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY
    MEDICAL CENTER, et al.,
           Defendants

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                      (August 12, 2016)
        This case is about a medical fellowship gone awry. As a result of the events described

below, Plaintiff Lieutenant Colonel Antoinette Burns—the participant in the fellowship—brings

contract-based claims against Defendants Georgetown University Medical Center

(“Georgetown” or “GUMC”) and against MedStar Georgetown University Hospital (“the

Hospital”) (Counts I, II, and III). 1 Burns also brings three tort claims arising out of the events

described below: a negligent defamation claim against the Hospital and against Dr. Matthew

Levy (Count IV); an intentional defamation claim against Levy (Count V); and a claim for

intentional interference with prospective economic advantage against Levy (Count VI).

Defendants move for summary judgment on all of the claims in this case.

        Specifically, before the Court are Defendant MedStar Georgetown University Hospital’s

[62] Motion for Summary Judgment as to Counts I, II, and III; Defendant Georgetown

University Medical Center’s [63] Motion for Summary Judgment as to Counts I, II, and III; and



1
  The formal names of the institutional defendants are Georgetown University, doing business as
Georgetown University Medical Center, and MedStar-Georgetown Medical Center, Inc., doing
business as MedStar Georgetown University Hospital. The former refers to Georgetown’s
medical school; the latter refers to the hospital, which is—and has been at all times relevant to
this case—a separate legal entity from the University.

                                                   1
Defendant MedStar Georgetown University Hospital’s and Defendant Matthew Levy, M.D.’s

[64] Joint Motion for Summary Judgment as to Counts IV, V, and VI. In addition, before the

Court are Defendants’ [65] Motion In Limine to Preclude Plaintiff’s Use at Trial of Evidence

Inadmissible under the District of Columbia Peer Review Statute and Plaintiff’s [69] Motion In

Limine to Exclude Evidence of Settlement Discussions. Upon consideration of the pleadings, 2

the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court GRANTS each of the three

pending motions for summary judgment. Defendants, collectively, raise a host of arguments as to

why none of the claims in this case survive summary judgment; the Court outlines and addresses

those arguments below. In short, however, the Court concludes that Defendants prevail on each

of the respective motions for summary judgment, and the Court grants summary judgment to

Defendants on all claims in this case. With respect to the dueling motions in limine, the Court

need not resolve them in order to resolve the three pending motions for summary judgment.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES AS MOOT the two motions in limine. The Court dismisses this

case in its entirety.




2
  The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents:
    • Def. MedStar Georgetown University Hospital’s Motion for Summary Judgment as to
        Counts I, II, and III (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 62; Def. MedStar’s Reply in Support
        Thereof, ECF No. 73;
    • Def. GUMC’s Mot. for Summary Judgment as to Counts I, II, and III (“Def. GUMC’s
        Mot.”), ECF No. 63; Def. GUMC’s Reply in Support Thereof, ECF No. 74;
    • Def. MedStar Georgetown University Hospital’s and Defendant Matthew Levy, M.D.’s
        Joint Motion for Summary Judgment as to Counts IV, V, and VI, ECF No. 64; Defs.’
        Reply in Support Thereof, ECF No. 75; and
    • Pl.’s Combined Opp’n to Defs.’ Motions for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s Opp’n), ECF
        No. 71.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would
not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).

                                                 2
                                        I. BACKGROUND

       The Court presents here the minimal background necessary to set the stage for the

discussion of the issues raised in the pending motions. Specifically, the Court focuses here on the

establishment of Plaintiff’s fellowship, including the several agreements that set the parameters

for that fellowship, as well as the events that led to the early termination of the fellowship.


A. The Fellowship Begins
       Prior to the events that underlie this case, Plaintiff was trained as a physician and served

as a pediatrician in the United States Air Force. See Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Undisputed

Material Facts, ECF No. 71-1 (“Pl.’s Counter-Stmt.”), ¶¶ 8-12. In January 2011, Plaintiff was

informed that she had been selected by the Armed Services’ Joint Graduate Medical Education

Selection Board for additional civilian sponsored training in pediatrics, including a master’s

degree in public health, for a period between August 1, 2011, and July 31, 2013. See Pl.’s Opp’n,

Ex. 19 (Selection Letter); id., Ex. 11 (“Grau Test.”), at 19:10-20:22 (clarifying that date was

January 2011). Plaintiff was to remain on active duty during the period of training under the

command of the Air Force Institute of Technology. Selection Letter at 1. Plaintiff was prohibited

from receiving a salary or stipend from the training institution. Id. After evaluating multiple

opportunities, Plaintiff was accepted and chose to attend the program at Georgetown. Pl.’s

Counter-Stmt. at ¶¶ 31, 34.

       Before the fellowship could commence, several agreements were signed—agreements

that are at the heart of this case. The Court reviews the agreement between the Air Force and

Georgetown University Medical Center, followed by the agreement between Plaintiff and

Georgetown University Medical Center, as well as several related agreements.




                                                  3
       Georgetown University Medical Center and the United States Air Force entered into a

“Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement” regarding Plaintiff’s training. See Def.’s Mot., Ex.

G at 2-3; Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 22 at 2-3 (“Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement”). David

Rubenstein, Vice President for Financial Planning and Analysis, signed the agreement on behalf

of Georgetown University Medical Center on June 8, 2011; the next day, June 9, 2011,

Lieutenant Colonel Debra Miesle signed the agreement on behalf of the United States,

specifically on behalf of the Air Force Institute of Technology. 3 See id. There were no other

signatories to the agreement. The agreement appears to be based on a form agreement, with

information specific to Plaintiff’s fellowship filled in as necessary. See id.; Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 21

(e-mail stating that the 2011 template should be used for the Medical Residency/Fellowship

Agreement). The agreement begins with the following provision:

       1. It is understood that Antoinette Theodora Burns will take residency/fellowship
       training at Georgetown University Post Doctoral Fellowship in Community
       Pediatrics w/MPH concurrently with his/her official Air Force duties from
       1 August 2011 to 31 July 2013.

Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement at 2. 4 The agreement includes other provisions

regarding remuneration of Plaintiff, insurance, liability, and the termination of this agreement.

See id. at 2-3. Further explanation of these provisions is reserved for the discussion of the issues

below. This agreement was accompanied by a one-page “Memorandum for Training Institution”

from Lieutenant Colonel Miesle, the Chief of the Healthcare Education Division of the Air Force

Institute of Technology, who also signed the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement. Id. at 1.


3
 There is no difference between the versions of the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement
attached to Defendants’ briefing and to Plaintiff’s briefing, except that only the version attached
by Defendants includes the signature on behalf of the Air Force.
4
 Beneath the underlined information in this excerpt—such as Plaintiff’s name—the agreement
specifies the type of information to be completed in each “blank,” such as “First name, MI, Last
Name” and “Name of Training Institution.”

                                                  4
That Memorandum stated that “[w]e understand that an Air Force military officer, named in the

attached agreement has been accepted for residency/fellowship training by your institution for

periods indicated in the attached agreement.” Id. The Memorandum further stated that “[t]he Air

Force officer will not be able to start training at your institution until both your institution and

the Air Force sign this agreement.” Id.

        Through a letter dated August 1, 2011, on letterhead of Georgetown University Medical

Center and addressed to Plaintiff by name, Plaintiff was offered “a non-paid Post-doctoral

Research Fellowship appointment in the Department of Pediatrics at the Georgetown University

Medical Center, effective August 1, 2011.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 25 (“GUMC Offer Letter”), at 1. The

letter explained that Plaintiff was offered the fellowship position “pursuant to a Medical

Residence/Fellowship Agreement between the U.S. Air Force and Georgetown.” Id. That

document was accompanied by the GUMC Research Fellowship Agreement and the GUMC

Research Fellowship Policy. Id. at 1-2. The offer letter further stated as follows:

        If the terms specified in the letter and the accompanying Post-doctoral Research
        Fellowship Agreement are acceptable and you have read and agree to be bound by
        these terms and the policies referred to herein by reference, please sign this letter
        and the enclosed agreement and return both to me within fifteen (15) days of the
        date of receipt of this letter.

Id. at 2. The letter was signed by David B. Nelson, identified as Professor and Chair; in addition,

the letterhead identifies Nelson as affiliated with Georgetown University Children’s Medical

Center. Id. at 1-2. Plaintiff signed the letter, underneath text indicating that she was accepting the

offer as set out in the letter, and dated it August 25, 2011. Id. at 2.

        An additional agreement between Plaintiff and the Georgetown University Medical

Center, the “Research Fellowship Agreement: Georgetown University Medical Center,”

referenced in the offer letter, sets out obligations of the Research Fellow (Plaintiff) and of

Georgetown University Medical Center. Def.’s Mot., Ex. I (“Research Fellowship Agreement”),
                                                    5
at 1-4. The Research Fellowship Agreement was signed by Plaintiff and dated August 25, 2011,

under the heading “for the Postdoctoral Fellow.” Id. at 4. For Georgetown University Medical

Center, the agreement was signed by a faculty supervisor (dated August 24, 2011), by the

department chair, Nelson (dated August 24, 2011), and by the senior associate dean for faculty

and academic affairs (dated September 15, 2011).

       The record also includes a copy of a single page of an offer letter pertaining to the same

position, with almost identical text, on letterhead of MedStar Georgetown University Hospital

and dated June 2, 2011. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 25. The letter does not include a signature page, and

there is no indication whether the letter was sent to Plaintiff or signed by any of the parties. Id.

The record does indicate, however, that multiple versions of the offer letter were exchanged

between the parties during the summer of 2011. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 21, at MedStar-00000026.

Like the offer letter on the Georgetown University Medical Center letterhead, the letter stated

that Plaintiff was being offered a “full-time Post-doctoral Research Fellowship appointment in

the Department of Pediatrics at the Georgetown University Medical Center.” Id., Ex. 25, at 1. 5

       In addition to the agreements described above, the two institutional defendants in this

case—Georgetown University Medical Center and MedStar Georgetown University Hospital—

entered into a letter agreement regarding their respective responsibilities in connection with

Plaintiff’s role as a Post-Doctoral Fellow in Community Pediatrics and Child Advocacy. Pl.’s

Opp’n, Ex. 55, at 1. That letter was dated August 1, 2011. Id. On behalf of Georgetown



5
  The June 2, 2011, letter states that the appointment would be effective July 1, 2011, whereas the
August 1, 2011, letter states that it would be effective on August 1, 2011; but both letters state
that the term of the position is to begin on August 1, 2011. Compare Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 25, at 1
with id., Ex. 26, at 1. The discrepancy in dates suggest that the letter with the later date
superseded the earlier one.


                                                  6
University, it was signed by David Rubenstein, Vice President, Financial Planning and Analysis,

Georgetown University. Id. at 2. On behalf of MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, it was

signed by Richard Goldberg, President, and by David Nelson, Chair, Department of Pediatrics. 6

Id. at 4. Finally, Plaintiff applied for clinical privileges and then received credentials to serve as a

provisional member of the professional staff at the Hospital. See Pl.’s Mot., Exs. 27, 34.


B. The End of the Fellowship
        Fast forward approximately eight months. 7 On April 2, 2012, Joanne Odom 8 sent an e-

mail to Plaintiff informing her that she had a meeting with Dr. Matthew Levy and with Nelson

the following day (April 3) at 1 p.m. Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶ 109. Levy and Nelson both held

academic appointments at Georgetown University and were employed by MedStar Georgetown

University Hospital. Id., ¶ 38. Levy’s position was as Medical Director for Community

Pediatrics. Id., ¶ 66. Also on April 2, 2012, Levy had a telephone conversation with Colonel

Thomas Grau, Chief, Air Force Personnel Center, Physician Education Branch, and Susan

Weeks, Deputy Chief, Air Force Institute of Technology, Healthcare Education Division. Id.,

¶ 111. During that conversation, Levy apprised the Air Force that Plaintiff was being terminated

from the fellowship program. Id. Grau asked Levy to send him additional information in writing

indicating the specific competencies that Plaintiff had failed to satisfy. Id., ¶ 113; see also Pl.’s



6
  The printed name on the letter is David Nelson. The signatures on the copies of the letter in the
record are difficult to read, and it is unclear whether the letter was signed by Nelson himself or
by another Hospital employee on his behalf.
7
 There is agreement that there was tension between Plaintiff and Levy during this period,
although the parties vigorously dispute who is to blame. What happened during the intervening
months is immaterial to the Court’s resolution of the pending motions.
8
 Odom was identified in the signature of a different e-mail as “Program Administrator for
Community Pediatrics, KIDS Mobile Medical Clinic/Ronald McDonald Care Mobile,
Georgetown University Hospital.” Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶ 39.

                                                   7
Mot., Ex 24 (April 3, 2012, Grau Memo for the Record) (“Grau Memo”). At a meeting the next

day, April 3, 2012, Levy handed Plaintiff a letter stating that she was being terminated from the

fellowship program. Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶ 114. The letter, on letterhead of Georgetown

University Medical Center, began as follows:

       This letter is to inform you that the decision has been made to terminate your
       Research Fellowship Agreement with Georgetown University Medical Center and
       dismiss you from the Community Pediatrics and Child Advocacy Fellowship
       Program. This decision is made pursuant to Paragraph 8(a)(II) of the Research
       Fellowship Agreement, which provides for immediate termination “if Research
       Fellow has been intentionally or grossly delinquent in his or her conduct.” As
       detailed below, you have repeatedly been provided notice of the deficiencies in
       your conduct and have failed to correct them.

Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 48 (Termination Letter), at 1 (emphasis added). After cataloguing four categories

of deficiencies, 9 the letter stated that Plaintiff’s Research Fellowship Agreement—the agreement

that Plaintiff signed on August 25, 2011, as explained above—was terminated “effective

immediately.” Id. at 2. As a result, the letter stated that Plaintiff was “not permitted to function in

any capacity as a fellow from this point forward, and you should not enter the premises of the

Medical Center for any reason other than a personal health need.” Id. The letter also explained

that the Air Force would be notified regarding the decision “pursuant to the terms of the Medical

Residency/Fellowship Agreement.” Id. The letter was signed by both Nelson, listed as

“Chairman, Pediatrics,” and Levy, listed as “Program Director, Community Pediatrics

Fellowship.” Id. On April 4, 2012, at Plaintiff’s request, Grau had a conversation with Plaintiff

regarding her notification that she was terminated. Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶ 121.




9
 The four categories are as follows: “Failure to provide reliable clinical care to pediatric patients
on the [Georgetown University Hospital] mobile medical clinic and at community clinics,”
“Refusal to take supervisory direction or contribute to the team,” “Failure to complete academic
work as assigned by the Program Director,” and “Failure to attend office hours.” Termination
Letter at 1-2.

                                                   8
        In December 2012, after negotiations between the parties, Plaintiff was allowed to submit

a backdated resignation letter. See Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶ 130; Def.’s Resp., ECF No. 73-1, ¶ 129.

Plaintiff then sent a letter to Nelson, dated April 3, 2012, “respectfully request[ing] to be released

from the non-paid Post-doctoral Research Fellowship in the Department of Pediatrics at the

Georgetown University Medical Center.” Def.’s Mot., Ex. K (Resignation Letter); see Pl.’s

Counter-Stmt. ¶ 130. Nelson responded to Plaintiff’s letter of resignation in a letter dated

December 11, 2012, on letterhead of Georgetown University Medical Center. Id. ¶ 132. In that

letter, Nelson stated as follows: “This letter confirms that, on April 3, 2012, you requested to be

released from the non-paid Post-doctoral Research Fellowship Agreement with Georgetown

University Medical Center and your request was granted.” Id. (citing Def.’s Mot., Ex. L). The

letter further stated that, “[a]s a result, the Research Fellowship Agreement terminated on that

date.” Id.

        On or about December 11, 2012, the date of Nelson’s letter accepting Plaintiff’s

resignation, a second termination letter was drafted for Nelson’s signature. Id., ¶ 134. The letter

was similar to the letter originally handed to Plaintiff on April 3, 2012, except that it was on

letterhead of MedStar Georgetown University Hospital—rather than that of Georgetown

University Medical Center—and that it removed all references to the Research Fellowship

Agreement in the original letter. Id. Specifically, the opening and closing of the two letters,

which explained the effects of the respective letters, were different, while the explanation of

Plaintiff’s substantive deficiencies was similar. The second letter opened as follows:

        This letter is to inform you that the decision has been made to dismiss you from
        the Community Pediatrics and Child Advocacy Fellowship Training Program. As
        detailed below, you have repeatedly been provided notice of the deficiencies in
        your conduct and have failed to correct them.




                                                  9
Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 57 (MedStar Termination Letter), at 1. After explaining the identified

deficiencies, with the same explanation as provided in the original termination letter, the letter

then closed by stating that “[w]e strongly advise you to contact the Georgetown University

Medical Center regarding your Research Fellowship Agreement.” Id. at 2. While the second

termination letter was dated April 3, 2012, Nelson testified that he believed he signed the second

letter in December, 2012. Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶ 134. The letter was also signed by Levy.

MedStar Termination Letter, at 2.

       In addition, on December 12, 2012, Jamie Padmore, Vice President for Academic Affairs

of MedStar Health, Inc., sent a letter to Colonel Michael Tankersley—Grau’s successor—

regarding the status of Plaintiff’s fellowship. See Pl.’s Counter-Stmt. ¶ 137; Defs.’ Resp. Stmt.

¶ 137 (citing Def.’s Mot., Ex. A, ¶ 2). The letter stated as follows:

       Per your request, the purpose of this letter is to provide you with information
       regarding Dr. Antoinette Burns and the Community Pediatrics and Child
       Advocacy Fellowship Training Program at MedStar Georgetown University
       Hospital (“Pediatrics Fellowship”).

       Dr. Burns was enrolled in the Pediatrics Fellowship at MedStar-Georgetown
       University Hospital (“Hospital”) on August 1, 2011, pursuant to an agreement
       between the Hospital and Georgetown University Medical Center (“GUMC”). Dr.
       Burns was dismissed from the Pediatrics Fellowship by the Hospital on April 3,
       2012 for poor performance.

       Following her dismissal from the Pediatrics Fellowship at the Hospital, Dr. Burns
       voluntarily resigned from her Research Fellowship Agreement with GUMC.
       Additionally, Dr. Burns resigned from her clinical privileges at the Hospital
       following her dismissal from the Pediatrics Fellowship.

       The program director, Dr. Matthew Levy, will complete a Final Summative
       Assessment of her academic performance in the Pediatrics Fellowship and send to
       you in the near future.

Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 58.

       On January 18, 2013, the Air Force Centralized Credentials Verification Office sent a

form to MedStar Georgetown University Hospital in order to verify Plaintiff’s training at the

                                                 10
hospital. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 51 (Verification Form); Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶ 139. The form

included the following question: “Was this provider ever subject to any disciplinary action, such

as admonition, reprimand, suspension, or termination?” Verification Form, at 1. The answer

“yes” to that question was marked. Id. The completed form included a notation stating, “see

attached document dated 2/4/2012.” 10 Id. Levy signed the form, which was dated February 4,

2013. Id. The attached document was a Final Summative Assessment prepared regarding

Plaintiff’s fellowship; the document was on the letterhead of MedStar Georgetown University

Hospital and was prepared and signed by Levy. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 52, at 1, 4. The introduction to

the document was as follows:

        Introduction: Dr. Antoinette Burns enrolled in the 2-year Georgetown University
        Hospital fellowship program in Community Pediatrics and Child Advocacy on
        August 1, 2011. Dr. Burns was actively enrolled in the Air Force and was seeking
        this additional training with the support of her military supervisors. Dr. Burns
        completed 8 months of the fellowship program and was subsequently dismissed
        for poor academic performance on April 3, 2012. The following is a summary of
        Dr. Burns’ academic performance based on the six core competencies: …

Id. at 1. Plaintiff was then evaluated according to six core competencies. The letter concluded as

follows:

        In sum, Dr. Antoinette Burns’ performance was unacceptable as measured by all
        six core competencies. Her academic performance was insufficient for that of an
        advanced trainee. Dr. Burns received ongoing assessments, formative and
        summative feedback, and was unable to modify her performance, actions and
        behaviors to an acceptable level. The program made the decision to dismiss her
        from the academic program effective April 3, 201[2].11

Id. at 3-4.




10
 It is apparent that the date in question was actually 2/4/2013 rather than 2/4/2012. See Pl.’s
Opp’n, Ex. 52.
11
  Although the letter states that Plaintiff was dismissed effective April 3, 2013, it is apparent that
the correct year of her dismissal was actually 2012.

                                                 11
       In light of the foregoing events, Plaintiff filed this action, and now before the Court are

Defendants’ several motions for summary judgment.

                                    II. LEGAL STANDARD

       Summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a). The mere existence of some factual dispute is insufficient on its own to bar

summary judgment; the dispute must pertain to a “material” fact. Id. Accordingly, “[o]nly

disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will

properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.

242, 248 (1986). Nor may summary judgment be avoided based on just any disagreement as to

the relevant facts; the dispute must be “genuine,” meaning that there must be sufficient

admissible evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to find for the non-movant. Id.

       In order to establish that a fact is or cannot be genuinely disputed, a party must (a) cite to

specific parts of the record – including deposition testimony, documentary evidence, affidavits or

declarations, or other competent evidence – in support of its position, or (b) demonstrate that the

materials relied upon by the opposing party do not actually establish the absence or presence of a

genuine dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). Conclusory assertions offered without any factual basis

in the record cannot create a genuine dispute sufficient to survive summary judgment. See Ass’n

of Flight Attendants-CWA, AFL-CIO v. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465-66 (D.C. Cir. 2009).

Moreover, where “a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address

another party’s assertion of fact,” the district court may “consider the fact undisputed for

purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).




                                                  12
       When faced with a motion for summary judgment, the district court may not make

credibility determinations or weigh the evidence; instead, the evidence must be analyzed in the

light most favorable to the non-movant, with all justifiable inferences drawn in his favor. Liberty

Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. If material facts are genuinely in dispute, or undisputed facts are

susceptible to divergent yet justifiable inferences, summary judgment is inappropriate. Moore v.

Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In the end, the district court’s task is to determine

“whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or

whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Liberty Lobby, 477

U.S. at 251-52. In this regard, the non-movant must “do more than simply show that there is

some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986); “[i]f the evidence is merely colorable, or is not

significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50

(internal citations omitted).

                                        III. DISCUSSION

       The Court first discusses the motions of Defendants Georgetown University Medical

Center (“the Medical Center” or “GUMC”) and MedStar Georgetown University Hospital (“the

Hospital”) for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s contract-based claims (Counts I, II, and III). The

Court then turns to the motion of Defendants MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and Levy

for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s tort-based claims (Counts IV, V, and VI).


A. Contract Claims
       Plaintiff asserts three contract-based claims: a claim for breach of contract, based on a

third-party beneficiary theory in connection with the contract signed by the Air Force (Count I);

a claim for breach of contract, in connection with the contract signed by Plaintiff (Count II); and

                                                13
a claim for breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Count III). Each of these

three claims is asserted against both Georgetown University Medical Center and MedStar

Georgetown University Hospital. Georgetown University Medical Center presents several

arguments for summary judgment on each of the claims against it, which the Court reviews and

addresses below; the Hospital joins each of those arguments and also argues that the contractual

claims against it fail as a matter of law because the Hospital was not a party to any of the

contracts that form the basis of Plaintiff’s claims. Defendants also argue that, insofar as it

appears that Plaintiff is asserting new theories for her contract-based claims in her Opposition,

she may not amend her complaint through her Opposition, and those claims fail on the merits as

well.

        Before addressing the parties’ specific arguments, the Court first sets down several

principles of law that guide the discussion below. First, neither party disputes that District of

Columbia law applies to each of the claims in this case. Therefore, the Court will apply District

of Columbia law to all of the claims in this case. Second, under District of Columbia law,

contract interpretation is a matter of law. Fort Lincoln Civic Assoc. v. Fort Lincoln New Town

Corp., 944 A.2d 1055, 1064 (D.C. 2008). Specifically, ‘‘ ‘[i]n construing a contract, the court

must determine what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would have thought the

disputed language meant.’ ’’ Id. (quoting Unfoldment, Inc. v. District of Columbia Contract

Appeals Bd., 909 A.2d 204, 209 (D.C. 2006)). “ ‘Where the language in question is

unambiguous, its interpretation is a question of law for the court.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). “ ‘A

court must honor the intentions of the parties as reflected in the settled usage of the terms they

accepted in the contract … and will not torture words to import ambiguity where the ordinary




                                                 14
meaning leaves no room for ambiguity.’ ’’ Id. (citation omitted). The Court proceeds to discuss

the individual claims with these principles in mind.


       1. Count I: Breach of Contract (Third Party Beneficiary)
       Plaintiff’s first breach of contract claim is based on a theory that Plaintiff is a third-party

beneficiary of the agreement entered into by the United States (i.e., the Air Force) and Defendant

Georgetown University Medical Center. Specifically, Plaintiff claims that both institutional

defendants breached that agreement by (a) terminating Plaintiff without due process; (b) failing

to provide 30-day notice for termination of the agreement with the United States/the Air Force;

and (c) for failing to provide a competent fellowship training program. 12 The basis for this claim

is the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement signed by the Air Force and by Georgetown

University Medical Center, discussed above. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 33-37. Both institutional

defendants argue that this claim fails because (1) Plaintiff was not a third-party beneficiary of the

Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement and (2) Defendants did not breach any substantive

obligations of this agreement. The Hospital also argues that it was not a party to this agreement

and, therefore, cannot be liable for any alleged breach thereof.

       The Court assumes without deciding that Plaintiff was a third-party beneficiary of this

agreement. Nonetheless, the Court concludes that, based on the contract as properly interpreted,

no reasonable jury could conclude that Defendants breached the agreement. The Court also



12
   In the Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleged, as one of three bases for the third-party
beneficiary contract claim, that Plaintiff was terminated without notice and without due process.
Comp. ¶ 27a. Plaintiff separately alleged that Defendants failed to provide 30 days notice of the
termination of the Agreement, id., ¶ 27b, which appears to be a reference to the 30-day notice
provision of the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement. With respect to the former
allegation, Plaintiff has abandoned the general “notice claim,” she pursues only the due process
claim and 30-day notice claim under the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement. See Pl.’s
Opp’n at 35-37.

                                                 15
concludes that the Hospital was not a party to the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement—or

any relevant agreement with the United States that could be the source of the breach of contract

claim alleged by Plaintiff.

       The Court first addresses whether Defendant MedStar Georgetown University Hospital is

a party to this agreement. With respect to the status of the Hospital, it is most important that the

contract, by its plain language, is an agreement between the United States of America, entered by

an official of the Air Force Institute of Technology, and Georgetown University Medical Center,

signed by David Rubenstein, Vice President for Financial Planning and Analysis. See Medical

Residency/Fellowship Agreement, at 2. The agreement refers to two sides of the agreement: the

United States (or the Air Force), on one side, and “the institution,” a consistent reference to

Georgetown University Medical Center, on the other side. Id. at 1-2. Tellingly, the agreement

refers to MedStar Georgetown University Hospital as an institution that is separate and distinct

from the parties to this agreement. Specifically, the institution—Georgetown University Medical

Center—agreed to separately enter into a contract with the Hospital such that the Hospital would

provide certain services to the fellow. Id. at 1. That reference confirms that the Hospital is a

stranger to the contract and that it has undertaken no obligations as a result of it. Similarly, the

promise of the University to include certain provisions in its separate contract with the Hospital,

id. at 2, does not make the Hospital a party to the contract with the United States. Rather the

unambiguous reading of the contract as a whole is that it is an agreement only between the

United States (through the Air Force) and Georgetown University Medical Center. 13 Because the




13
   Nor does the separate agreement between the University and the Hospital as to Plaintiff’s
fellowship make the Hospital a party to the University’s contract with the United States, see Pl.’s
Opp’n, Ex. 55, at 1, in any form.

                                                  16
Hospital is not a party to the contract with the United States, it cannot be liable for any breaches

of that contract.

        Having established that the Hospital is not a party to the contract with the United States,

the Court turns to the several ways in which Plaintiff claims that Defendants breached the

contract. 14 First, Plaintiff claims that she was wrongfully terminated without due process.

Defendants argue that there is no obligation related to due process embodied in the Medical

Residence/Fellowship Agreement. Plaintiff effectively concedes as much and relies, in her

Opposition, on characterizations of the Air Force’s expectations. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 36-37 (citing

Pl.’s Counter-Stmt., ¶¶ 48-49). But the Air Force’s unilateral expectations form no part of the

contract. The two-page Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement is unambiguous and it

contains no such due process requirement. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. G. Because the contract is

unambiguous, extrinsic evidence about the parties’ understandings have no relevance to the

interpretation of the agreement of the parties. See Fort Lincoln New Town, 944 A.2d at 964. That

is, the Air Force’s unilateral intentions as to the educational experiences of its officers—either in

general or as specifically applied to the program in which Plaintiff participated—form no part of

the bargain between the United States and the institutional defendants. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s

claim of breach of contract based on a failure to provide due process fails as a matter of law

against both institutional defendants.

        Second, Plaintiff claims that Defendants violated the 30-day notice requirement of the

Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement. Specifically, the agreement states that the “right is

reserved for either party hereto to terminate this training agreement at any time by serving notice



14
  Once again, the Court assumes without deciding that Plaintiff qualifies as a third-party
beneficiary for the purposes of this discussion.

                                                 17
on the other party thirty days in advance of such action.” Def.’s Mot., Ex. G, at 2. Plaintiff claims

that Defendants violated this provision because they did not give the Air Force 30 days notice

before they terminated Plaintiff’s fellowship. Specifically, they claim that Defendant first gave

the Air Force notice on April 2, 2012, through the telephone conversation between Levy and

Grau, but that Plaintiff was terminated only one day later—on April 3, 2011. See Pl.’s Counter-

Stmt., ¶¶ 111, 114. Plaintiff conflates the two institutional defendants—the Medical Center and

the Hospital—as she does throughout her briefing. Doing so is fatal to this prong of her first

contract claim. Insofar as the Hospital terminated her from its pediatrics training program on

April 3, 2012, that action cannot serve as the basis for the breach of contract claim because the

Hospital is not a party to the agreement with the United States; therefore, it is not required to

abide by the notice provision of that agreement. With respect to Georgetown University Medical

Center, Plaintiff’s claim fails because, although the University initially purported to terminate her

from the fellowship program, it ultimately allowed her to retroactively exit the contract

voluntarily prior to the termination, as described above. Because that voluntary release took

effect prior to the termination, legally, there was no termination by Defendant Georgetown

University Medical Center that could violate the 30-day notice provision.

       Third, Plaintiff claims that Defendants violated the Medical Residency/Fellowship

Agreement by failing to provide a “competent” or “adequate” program. See Compl. ¶ 27c; Pl.’s

Opp’n at 36. However, the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement includes no such promise

to the United States. The contract states as a factual premise that Plaintiff is undergoing training

in pediatrics at the signatory institution, but it does not include any promises regarding the

content or quality of that training. Instead, the content of the contract is limited to insurance,

liability, and other such technical matters. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. G. As explained above, because



                                                  18
the contract is unambiguous, no outside evidence as to either party’s understanding related to the

contract is relevant to its legal meaning. Nor are any other agreements outside of the four corners

of the Medical Residency/Fellowship Agreement incorporated into it such that they create any

binding obligations owed to the United States. In short, neither this agreement nor any other

agreement creates any promise to the United States as to the content of the training program into

which Plaintiff entered. Accordingly, Defendants cannot be liable to Plaintiff, even if she

qualified as a third-party beneficiary, for failure to provide a “competent” or “adequate” training

program.

         For all of these reasons, Count I – Breach of Contract, on a third-party beneficiary theory,

fails as a matter of law as to both Georgetown University Medical Center and as to MedStar

Georgetown University Hospital, and the Court grants summary judgment to Defendants on this

claim.


         2. Count II: Breach of Contract
         Plaintiff’s second breach of contract claim is based on Fellowship Agreement that

Plaintiff herself signed directly. Compl. ¶ 28. As described fully above, that document is titled

Research Fellowship Agreement: Georgetown University Medical Center. Def.’s Mot., Ex. I

(“Research Fellowship Agreement”), at 1. That document was signed by Plaintiff, “for

postdoctoral fellow,” and by several University officials “for Georgetown University Medical

Center.” Id. at 4. That agreement set out the obligations of Plaintiff—the “Research Fellow”—

and of the Georgetown University Medical Center. See id. at 1-4. It took effect on August 1,

2011. Id. at 1; see also Compl. ¶ 28. In addition, to the Research Fellowship Agreement itself,

both Plaintiff and a representative of Georgetown University Medical Center signed the offer

letter from Georgetown University Medical Center regarding Plaintiff’s Post-doctoral Research


                                                  19
Fellowship. Def.’s Mot., Ex. H, at 1-2. In essence, Plaintiff claims that Defendants breached

what she refers to as the “Fellowship Agreement” by terminating Plaintiff without notice; by

failing to provide her due process; failing to provide a competent fellowship program; failing to

provide a suitable environment for an educational research experience; and failing to provide a

research training and an educational program. See Compl. ¶ 28. Both institutional defendants

argue that this claim fails because the Research Fellowship Agreement was voluntarily

terminated by Plaintiff, terminating all obligations of the parties under the agreement. The

Hospital also argues that it was not a party to this agreement and, therefore, cannot be liable for

any alleged breach thereof.

       The Court first addresses whether Defendant MedStar Georgetown University Hospital is

a party to the agreement that is the basis for this claim. The Court then addresses Defendants’

argument that all obligations under the contract were terminated by the voluntary early

termination of the contract.

       As with the Air Force agreement discussed above, with respect to the status of the

Hospital in the contract signed by Plaintiff, it is most important that the contract, by its plain

language, is an agreement between Plaintiff and Georgetown University Medical Center. See

Defs.’ Exs. H, I. As noted above, the Research Fellowship Agreement was signed by several

representatives of Georgetown University Medical Center and explicitly states that those

individuals signed the agreement “for Georgetown University Medical Center.” Research

Fellowship Agreement at 4. Moreover, the agreement itself includes the name “Georgetown

University Medical Center”—and the names of no other institutions—in its title. Id. at 1. Finally,

the agreement spells out the obligations of Plaintiff and of Georgetown University Medical




                                                  20
Center, but not those of the Hospital. 15 Id. at 1-4. In short, the unambiguous reading of the

contract as a whole is that it is an agreement only between Plaintiff and Georgetown University

Medical Center. Because the Hospital is not a party to the contract with Plaintiff, it cannot be

liable for any breaches of that contract—just as it is not liable for breaches of the contract with

the United States. 16

        Having established that the Hospital is not a party to the contract with Plaintiff, the Court

turns to Defendants’ argument that they cannot be liable for any breaches of the Research

Fellowship Agreement because the parties voluntarily terminated that agreement. Plaintiff does

not dispute that a voluntary termination of the Research Fellowship Agreement would foreclose

any claims for any putative breach of that contract. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 37-39. Furthermore,

Plaintiff responds that she “actually agrees that the letters exchanged between Lt. Col. Burns and

Dr. Nelson in an attempt to settle the dispute did in fact rescind the Fellowship agreement in toto

with the Georgetown partners.” Id. at 37. In other words, Plaintiff claims that, in addition to

rescinding the Research Fellowship Agreement with Georgetown University Medical Center, the

exchange of letters also rescinded any agreement with the Hospital. Furthermore, Plaintiff claims



15
  The two references to the Hospital in the Research Fellowship Agreement do not make the
Hospital a party to this agreement. Specifically, the agreement states that Plaintiff will provide
services at the Hospital and that the Hospital together with Georgetown University Medical will
provide liability insurance. Research Fellowship Agreement at 1-2. But these references do not in
any way themselves impose binding obligations on the Hospital or make the Hospital a party to
the contract. Notably, Georgetown University Medical Center entered into a separate contract
with the Hospital to ensure the provision of insurance. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 55, at 1. That
separate contract confirms that the Hospital is a stranger to the contract between Plaintiff and
Georgetown University Medical Center.
16
   Plaintiff also attempts to bind the Hospital to the agreement based on a theory of apparent
authority. But apparent authority is wholly inapplicable to the contracts at issue in this case. The
signatories to the agreement did not appear to sign it on behalf of the Hospital—for all the
reasons detailed above. Therefore, it is simply irrelevant whether they could have bound the
Hospital under the cloak of “apparent authority” had they purported to do so.

                                                 21
that, as a result, the subsequent termination by the Hospital and Final Summative Assessment

prepared by Levy constitute defamation, and that those subsequent actions constitute a breach of

the parties’ “settlement agreement.” Finally, as a result of that breach, according to Plaintiff’s

theory, Plaintiff’s claims for breaches of the original Research Fellowship Agreement are no

longer barred by the voluntary release of that agreement. In turn, Defendants argue that it is too

late to introduce a claim, which is not in the Complaint, based on a breach of the so-called

settlement agreement at the summary judgment stage of this case, and in any event, there was no

breach of that agreement. The Court agrees with Defendants that, notwithstanding any events

that took place up to the date of the mutual release, the parties’ mutual release of their

obligations under the Research Fellowship Agreement bars Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim

stemming from that agreement.

       As noted above, Plaintiff sent a letter to Nelson, dated April 3, 2012, “respectfully

request[ing] to be released from the non-paid Post-doctoral Research Fellowship in the

Department of Pediatrics at the Georgetown University Medical Center.” Resignation Letter at 1.

In a letter on Georgetown University Medical Center letterhead, Nelson accepted the resignation

and stated as follows: “This letter confirms that, on April 3, 2012, you requested to be released

from the non-paid Post-doctoral Research Fellowship Agreement with Georgetown University

Medical Center and your request was granted.” Id. (citing Def.’s Mot., Ex. L). The letter further

stated that, “[a]s a result, the Research Fellowship Agreement terminated on that date.” Id. This

exchange of letters is enough to terminate the obligations of all parties under the Research

Fellowship Agreement. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 283 (1981) (rescission occurs

when each party releases the other party from all contractual obligations); Cooper v. Cooper, 35

A.2d 921, 923 (D.C. 1944) (“ ‘When a party, even without right, claims to rescind a contract, if



                                                 22
the other party agrees to the rescission, or does not object thereto, and permits it to be rescinded,

the rescission is by mutual consent. … It is evident that, when a contract is rescinded by mutual

consent or otherwise, no action can be maintained for a breach thereof.’ ” (quoting Ralya v.

Atkins, 61 N.E. 726, 729 (Ind. 1901)); Mazur v. Young, 507 F.3d 1013, 1020 (6th Cir. 2007)

(“There can be no liability for breach of contract under a contract that has been rescinded.”); see

also Hershon v. Hellman Co., 565 A.2d 282, 283 (D.C. 1989) (parties may freely modify contract

by consent).

       Plaintiff now claims for the first time that the agreement to rescind the contract was

breached by Defendant’s subsequent conduct. Therefore, Plaintiff claims that she may pursue

breach of contract claims that are based on the original contract. 17 As an initial matter, the Court

agrees with Defendants that it is too late in this litigation to rely on this newly unveiled claim of

a breach of the agreement to mutually release obligations under the Research Fellowship

Agreement. That claim is nowhere encompassed within the Second Amended Complaint either

as a stand-alone claim or as the basis for asserting a breach of contract claim with respect to the

Research Fellowship Agreement. Plaintiff may not attempt to amend her complaint through her

opposition in order to assert new claims or new bases for the claims that she originally asserted.

       The Court also agrees with Defendants that the record does not support a conclusion that

the mutual release of obligations under the Research Fellowship Agreement was breached by

Defendants’ subsequent conduct. The exchange of letters between Plaintiff and Georgetown



17
  The Court does not understand Plaintiff to be now attempting to assert a new stand-alone claim
for breach of contract with respect to the mutual release. But if Plaintiff were attempting to
present such a claim, the Court would agree with Defendants that it too late to do so given that
no such claim is encompassed within the operative complaint. The Court would also conclude
that such a claim fails a matter of law for the reasons explained in connection with the breach of
contract claims presented in the operative complaint.

                                                  23
University Medical Center makes no reference to the Hospital or to the Community Pediatrics

and Child Advocacy Fellowship Program at the Hospital. Plaintiff’s letter was addressed to

Nelson in his capacity as “Professor and Chair, Georgetown University Children’s Medical

Center,” Def.’s Mot., Ex. K, and only requested for Plaintiff to be released from her “non-paid

Post-doctoral Research Fellowship in the Department of Pediatrics at the Georgetown University

Medical Center.” Id. Nelson responded in kind, writing on letterhead of Georgetown University

Medical Center and granting Plaintiff’s requested to be released from the “non-paid Post-

doctoral Research Fellowship Agreement with Georgetown University Medical Center.” Id., Ex.

L. The language in both parts of this exchange mirrored the language in the fellowship offer

letter from Georgetown University Medical Center. Id., Ex. H. Notably, Plaintiff’s request for

release contained no mention of the Hospital or of the Community Pediatrics and Child

Advocacy Fellowship Program, even though the initial termination letter that Plaintiff was given

on April 3, 2012, referred explicitly to that program. See Termination Letter at 1. Similarly, the

response to Plaintiff’s request for release was sent only from Georgetown University Medical

Center, and contained no mention of either the Hospital or the Community Pediatrics and Child

Advocacy Fellowship Program. Instead, it concluded by stating only that the Research

Fellowship Agreement—which the Court concluded above was only between Plaintiff and the

Medical Center—was terminated as of April 3, 2012. See Def.’s Mot., Ex. L. The Court

concludes that the unambiguous meaning of the agreement embodied in this exchange of letters

is that Plaintiff and Georgetown University Medical Center agreed to release each other from

their obligations and that the rescission had no impact on the legal basis for any relationship

between Plaintiff and the Hospital or the Community Pediatrics and Child Advocacy Fellowship

Program.



                                                 24
        Because the mutual release did not affect Plaintiff’s relationship with the Hospital, there

was no breach of the mutual release agreement when the representatives of the Hospital,

including Levy, prepared and sent the Verification Form and the Final Summative Assessment to

the Air Force, as described fully above. In turn, because there was no such breach, the mutual

rescission of the Research Fellowship Agreement remains fully operative, and Plaintiff may not

pursue a claim for a breach of that contract. For that reason, Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim

(Count II) fails as a matter of law.


        3. Count III: Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
        Next Plaintiff claims that Defendants Georgetown University Medical Center and

MedStar Georgetown University Hospital breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing in connection with the agreements that the Court discussed above. The Court concludes

that this claim fails as a matter of law with respect to both institutional defendants for the reasons

discussed here.

        To the extent that Plaintiff asserts an implied covenant claim against the Hospital, the

claim fails at the outset. The Court concluded above that the Hospital was neither a party to the

agreement with the United States nor a party to the agreement with Plaintiff. See supra, sections

III.A.1 and III.A.2. Accordingly, Plaintiff may not assert an implied duty claim against the

Hospital based on either of those agreements, and this claim fails as a matter of law as to the

Hospital. 18




18
  Plaintiff introduces yet another new theory in a footnote in her opposition—of a breach of an
implied-in-fact contract. Pl.’s Opp’n at 39 n.10. Plaintiff’s attempt to do so in this cursory
fashion is both too little and too late. Plaintiff may not assert any such new claim at this point in
these proceedings not encompassed in the operative complaint.

                                                  25
       Turning to the implied covenant claims against Georgetown University Medical Center,

the Court looks first at the Medical Center’s agreement with Plaintiff, followed by the Medical

Center’s agreement with the United States.

       With respect to the Medical Center’s agreement with Plaintiff, the Court concluded above

that Plaintiff may not assert any claims under that agreement because of the voluntary rescission

and release regarding that agreement. See supra, section III.A.2. For those same reasons, Plaintiff

may not assert any claims based on any implied duties associated with that contract. See Cooper,

35 A.2d at 923; Mazur, 507 F.3d at 1020.

       The remaining basis for Plaintiff’s breach of implied covenant claim is Georgetown

University Medical Center’s agreement with the United States. Importantly, that agreement only

sets out minimal obligations, primarily regarding technical matters such as responsibilities

regarding Plaintiff’s remuneration, insurance, and liability. Medical Residency/Fellowship

Agreement at 1-4. It does not establish any obligations regarding the content of the Fellowship or

regarding the Medical Center’s relationship with Plaintiff. As explained next, Plaintiff has not

identified any actions that qualify as “evading the spirit of the contract, willfully rendering

imperfect performance or interfering with the other party’s performance” in connection with the

minimal obligations set out by this agreement. Hais v. Smith, 547 A.2d 986, 987–88 (D.C. 1988)

       Plaintiff enumerates several actions that she claims are a breach of the implied covenant

associated with that agreement: (a) Levy’s sending copies of his correspondence regarding

Plaintiff to an internal human resources official in the Department of Pediatrics; (b) Levy’s

scheduling of a shift for Plaintiff during a time when she had a conflict; (c) the creation of a

second termination letter by the Hospital; (d) the Hospital informing the Air Force that Plaintiff

was terminated from her Program by the Hospital; and (e) the sending of the Final Summative



                                                 26
Assessment to the Air Force. All of the actions enumerated here other than the first action—the

sending of correspondence—were undertaken by the Hospital and by Levy in his capacity as an

employee of the Hospital. Specifically, the scheduling of Plaintiff’s shift was a matter of business

pertaining to work at the Hospital. Similarly, the other claims regarding the termination of

Plaintiff’s relationship with the Hospital and associated documentation pertain to the Hospital

alone. But actions by the Hospital and its agents cannot serve as the basis for an implied duty

claim against Georgetown University Medical Center—particularly because the agreement did

not impose any obligations on the Hospital in the first instance. Accordingly, none of these

actions can serve as the basis for an implied covenant claim against the Medical Center.

       Finally, the Court turns to the single action that Plaintiff identifies as a basis for the

implied covenant claim against Georgetown University Medical Center that at least arguably has

a connection to that defendant: Levy’s act of sending e-mail correspondence relating to Plaintiff

to Nora Frieden, a human resources official in the Department of Pediatrics, which occurred

prior to the April 3, 2012, meeting at which Plaintiff was informed that she was being

terminated. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 40 (citing Pl.’s Counter-Stmt. ¶¶ 99-102). Notwithstanding

Plaintiff’s broad characterizations of this pattern of activity, the record only shows four e-mails

that Levy sent to Frieden, see Pl.’s Counter-Stmt. ¶¶ 99, 100, 102:

           1. On October 11, 2011, Levy sent an e-mail to Burns, on which he blind
              carbon copied (“BCC’ed”) Frieden and carbon copied (“CC’ed”) Ana
              Caskin, the former interim program director of the pediatrics fellowship
              program. In that e-mail, Levy states that he “would like to sit down … to
              discuss how things are going with the fellowship and to follow up on our
              conversation a few weeks ago.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 40; see also Pl.’s
              Counter-Stmt. ¶ 99.

           2. On November 17, 2011, Levy forwarded to Frieden and to Caskin—
              without any comment—an e-mail exchange between him and Burns
              regarding the scheduling of a meeting between the two of them. Pl.’s
              Opp’n, Ex. 44; see also Pl.’s Counter-Stmt. ¶ 100.


                                                  27
           3. On January 20, 2012, Levy forwarded to Frieden—again without
              comment—an e-mail that Caskin had sent to Levy and to Odom, the
              program administrator, regarding Burn’s performance, specifically
              concerning her coverage of the clinic to which she was assigned. Defs.’
              Tort Mot., Ex. 19; see also Pl.’s Counter-Stmt. ¶ 102.

           4. Also on January 20, 2012, Levy forwarded to Frieden—again without
              comment—an e-mail that Odom had sent to Levy regarding Burn’s
              performance, specifically about suggestions that Burns had made to a
              departmental staff member regarding other employment opportunities.
              Defs.’ Tort Mot., Ex. 31; see also Pl.’s Counter-Stmt. ¶ 102.

       The record shows that, contrary to Plaintiff’s characterization, Levy’s decision to send

some of his e-mail correspondence with and regarding Plaintiff—specifically the four e-mails

described above—to a Department of Pediatrics human resources official was an ordinary act,

particularly given the undisputed tensions regarding Plaintiff’s role at the Hospital. Moreover,

this activity by Levy has no connection to the minimal obligations that the Medical Center

undertook with respect to the United States, which pertained to liability, insurance, and related

technical matters. Particularly in light of the technical nature of the obligations under the

contract, Levy’s action does not “evade the spirit of the contract” with the United States,

“willfully render[] imperfect performance” of that contract, or interfere with the United States’

performance of that contract. Hais, 547 A.2d at 987–88. Nor did Levy’s actions in any way have

“the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the [United States] to receive the fruits of the

contract.” Id. (citation and internal quotations omitted). Therefore, no reasonable jury could

conclude that Levy’s sending of e-mail correspondence to an internal human resources official

constituted a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing stemming out of the

agreement with the United States. Accordingly, for all of these reasons, the Court concludes that

Plaintiff’s implied covenant claim (Count III) fails as a matter of law.

                                           *       *       *



                                                  28
       In sum, for all of the reasons set out above, the Court concludes that each of Plaintiff’s

contract based claims, Counts I through III, fail as a matter of law, and the Court grants summary

judgment to Defendants on them. 19


B. Tort Claims (Counts IV, V, and VI)
       Plaintiff asserts three tort-based claims in the Second Amended Complaint: a claim for

the negligent defamation against Levy and the Hospital (Count IV); a claim for intentional

defamation against Levy alone (Count V); and a claim for intentional interference with

prospective economic advantage against Levy (Count VI). Defendants argue that each of these

claims fails as a matter of law. The Court discusses the defamation claims, followed by the claim

for intentional interference with prospective economic advantage.


       1. Defamation Claims
       Plaintiff’s two defamation claims are based on the transmission of the Verification Form

and the Final Summative Assessment from the Hospital to the Air Force. With respect to both of

the defamation claims, Defendants argue that the claims fail for three independent reasons: (a)

because the claims are based on materials precluded from serving as the basis of such claims by

the District of Columbia’s peer review statute; (b) because the common interest privilege among

the parties bars the claims; and (c) because the content of the communications that are the basis


19
   Insofar as Plaintiff attempts to assert in her opposition contract-based claims on the basis of a
“super-contract” that ties together multiple agreements by the various parties, any such claim
fails because it is not fairly encompassed within the operative complaint. As noted above,
Plaintiff may not amend her complaint via her opposition. Moreover, any such claim would fail
as a matter of law. Based on the unambiguous language of the contracts with Plaintiff, there is no
basis to conclude that there is a chain of contracts that establishes any additional obligations on
either institutional defendant that runs to Plaintiff. The obligations owed to Plaintiff are limited
to the four corners of the contracts discussed in great depth above. No further discussion of
Plaintiff’s new multiple contract theory is necessary to reject any such claim as a matter of law.


                                                29
of the claims does not constitute defamation as a matter of law. Because the Court concludes that

the common interest privilege bars the defamation claims on the basis of the present record, and

the Court grants summary judgment to Defendants on that basis, the Court does not address

Defendants’ alternative arguments for summary judgment regarding these claims. 20

       “To make out a successful defamation action under District of Columbia law, a plaintiff

must show … ‘that the defendant published the statement without privilege to a third party.’ ”

Mastro v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 447 F.3d 843, 858 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Beeton v.

District of Columbia, 779 A.2d 918, 923 (D.C. 2001)). “The common interest privilege protects

otherwise defamatory statements made ‘(1) ... in good faith, (2) on a subject in which the party

communicating has an interest, or in reference to which he has, or honestly believes he has, a

duty to a person having a corresponding interest or duty, (3) to a person who has such a

corresponding interest.’ ” Id. (quoting Moss v. Stockard, 580 A.2d 1011, 1024 (D.C. 1990)).

“Two circumstances foreclose asserting the privilege: first, excessive publication, defined as

‘publication to those with no common interest in the information communicated, or publication

not reasonably calculated to protect or further the interest,’ and, second, publication with malice,

which, within the context of the common interest privilege, is ‘the equivalent of bad faith.’ ” Id.

(quoting Moss, 580 A.2d at 1024-25). Finally, “[w]hile the defendant bears the burden of proving

the elements of the common interest privilege, the burden of defeating the privilege by showing

excessive publication or publication with malice lies with the plaintiff.” Id.




20
  For that same reason, the Court need not resolve Defendants’ [65] Motion In Limine to
Preclude Plaintiff’s Use at Trial of Evidence Inadmissible under the District of Columbia Peer
Review Statute. Because the Court grants summary judgment to Defendants on all claims, the
Court denies Defendants’ Motion In Limine as moot.

                                                 30
       Plaintiff does not argue that the parties do not qualify for the common interest privilege

as a general matter. Instead, she only argues that the record demonstrates that the transmission of

the Verification Form and of the Final Summative Assessment was done with malice. However,

the Court concludes that the record does not support a conclusion that these actions were

“imbued with malice.” Id. at 858.

       “District of Columbia law sets a high standard for establishing malice sufficient to defeat

the protections of the common interest privilege.” Id. at 859. Malice is defined as “the doing of

an act without just cause or excuse, with such a conscious indifference or reckless disregard as to

its results or effects upon the rights or feelings of others as to constitute ill will.” Moss, 580 A.2d

at 1025. Furthermore, “even a showing of ill will does not ‘forfeit the privilege so long as the

primary purpose is to further the interest which is entitled to protection.’ ” Mastro, 447 F.3d at

859 (quoting Columbia First Bank v. Ferguson, 665 A.2d 650, 656 (D.C. 1995)).

       To show malice, Plaintiff relies substantially on the content of the allegedly defamatory

statements—the Verification Form and the Final Summative Assessment. However, “[u]nless the

statement itself is ‘so excessive, intemperate, unreasonable, and abusive as to forbid any other

reasonable conclusion than that the defendant was actuated by express malice,’ malice must be

proven by extrinsic evidence.” Moss, 580 A.2d at 1024 (quoting Ford Motor Credit v. Holland,

367 A.2d 1311, 1314 (D.C. 1977)). Here, the content of the allegedly defamatory documents

defies that characterization. While Plaintiff contests the truthfulness of both of those documents,

and while the content of the Final Summative Assessment is undoubtedly critical of Plaintiff’s

performance, it is far from “excessive, intemperate, unreasonable, and abusive.” Rather, it

contains a critical assessment of Plaintiff’s performance, but in professional language. Moreover,

there is undisputed evidence in the record that this assessment of Plaintiff’s performance was



                                                  31
provided in response to an explicit request from Air Force officials, who were seeking

information about the performance and experience of their officer whose participation in the

training program was funded by the Air Force. See Pl.’s Counter-Stmt. ¶ 113; Grau Memo at 1.

As a result, because the Court must exclude the content of the allegedly defamatory statements

from its assessment of malice, the Court turns to other evidence that Plaintiff identifies as a basis

for her malice argument.

       As evidence of malice, Plaintiff also points to Defendants’ knowledge that the

Verification Form and Final Summative Assessment were to be used for credentialing. However,

their knowledge, in fact, supports the opposite inference. Air Force officials requested that the

Hospital and its officials fill out a form regarding Plaintiff’s fellowship experience and,

specifically, requested a review of how Plaintiff satisfied—or failed to satisfy—the core

competencies required by the program. Defendants did exactly that. Rather than showing malice,

this sequence of events shows that the “ ‘primary purpose [of the communications] is to further

the interest which is entitled to protection.’ ” Mastro, 447 F.3d at 859 (citation omitted). The

evidence on which Plaintiff relies for a showing of malice amounts to a claim that the documents

transmitted were themselves false and that might have negative consequences upon submission

to her employer, the Air Force. The Court concludes that Plaintiff “has presented no evidence

suggesting that the communication of that decision to a small group of appropriate individuals

was driven by anything more than the mundane need for businesses and governments to keep

track of personnel actions.” Id.

       In sum, Plaintiff has “not adduced any evidence raising a genuine issue that [Defendants]

acted outside the scope of applicable privileges—here, the common interest privilege”—in

transmitting the Verification Form and the Final Summative Assessment to the Air Force.



                                                 32
Accordingly, the common interest privilege serves to bar both of Plaintiff’s defamation claims,

and the Court grants summary judgment to Defendants regarding the defamation claims. 21


        2. Intentional Interference Claim
        “To establish a claim for tortious interference with existing or prospective business

relations under District of Columbia law,” Plaintiff must show “(1) the existence of a valid

business relationship or expectancy, (2) knowledge of the relationship or expectancy on the part

of the alleged interferer, (3) intentional interference inducing or causing a breach or termination

of the relationship or expectancy, and (4) resultant damage. Sabre Int’l Sec. v. Torres Advanced

Enter. Sols., Inc., 857 F. Supp. 2d 97, 103 (D.D.C. 2012) (citing Bennett Enters., Inc. v. Domino’s

Pizza, Inc., 45 F.3d 493, 499 (D.C. Cir. 1995)).

        Plaintiff claims that the Final Summative Assessment was sent by Levy to the Air Force,

Plaintiff’s employer, “in order to interfere with her prospective economic advantage in her

employment.” Compl. ¶ 36. Defendant argues that Plaintiff has not identified any business

expectancies that could serve as the basis for this claim; that Levy was not aware of any such

expectancy; and that Levy did not defame Plaintiff through his actions. Plaintiff responds that the

expectancy on which she bases her claim was “unencumbered relations with her employer,

unencumbered credentialing, and unencumbered future relations with the Air Force.” Pl.’s Opp’n at

60.

        Plaintiff’s claim fails at the necessary first step of identifying a “valid business relationship or

expectancy.” Plaintiff almost wholly relies on future relations with Plaintiff’s current employer, the

Air Force. See id.; see also id. at 60-61 (emphasis on future possibility of promotions within the Air




21
  Therefore, there is no need to address the parties’ other arguments regarding the viability of the
defamation claims, including those based on the District of Columbia peer review statute.

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Force and discussing Plaintiff’s future career at the Air Force). However, the tort of intentional

interference with prospective economic advantage only can only be grounded in “ ‘business

expectancies, not grounded on present contractual relationships, but which are commercially

reasonable to anticipate.’ ” Democratic State Comm. of D.C. v. Bebchick, 706 A.2d 569, 573 (D.C.

1998) (quoting Carr v. Brown, 395 A.2d 79, 84 (D.C. 1978)) (emphasis added). Therefore, to the

extent that Plaintiff’s claim is based on her “present contractual relationship[]” with the Air Force, it

fails as a matter of law.

        Other than impacts on her relationship with the Air Force, the only other basis that Plaintiff

identifies for this claim is her ability to obtain credentials in the future at other medical facilities. As

an initial matter, the Court agrees with Defendants that this purported expectancy is not fairly

encompassed within the claim presented in the operative complaint. See Compl. ¶ 36 (identifying

only “prospective economic advantage in her employment” as expectancy). In any event, Plaintiff’s

suggestion that the Final Summative Assessment will interfere with future attempts to obtain medical

privileges is unduly speculative. Her general identification of credentialing challenges, in the

abstract, simply does not qualify as a particular business expectancy of the sort that can serve as the

basis for an intentional interference claim. See Carr, 395 A.2d at 84 (Remote expectancies “are not

of the character that may be protected by this cause of action for the tort of interference with

property”); see also Jankovic v. Int’l Crisis Grp., 593 F.3d 22, 29 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (successful claim

“appears to require rather specific business opportunities” rather than “generic opportunities of any

successful enterprise”). Accordingly, the Court grants summary judgment to Defendant Levy on the

intentional interference with prospective advantage claim, as well.

                                             *        *       *

        In sum, for the reasons explained above, the Court grants summary judgment to

Defendants on the three-contract based claims and on the three tort-based claims in this action.


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With respect to Defendants’ [65] Motion In Limine to Preclude Plaintiff’s Use at Trial of

Evidence Inadmissible under the District of Columbia Peer Review Statute, the Court denies that

motion as moot because the Court grants summary judgment in Defendants’ favor without

reaching the question whether reliance on certain materials is barred by the District of

Columbia’s peer review statute. With respect to Plaintiff’s [69] Motion In Limine to Exclude

Evidence of Settlement Discussions, the Court does not rely on evidence that Plaintiff seeks to

exclude through this motion. Because the Court grants summary judgment to Defendants in all

respects, it has no need to resolve Plaintiff’s Motion In Limine and denies that motion as moot.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

          For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant MedStar Georgetown

University Hospital’s [62] Motion for Summary Judgment as to Counts I, II, and III; GRANTS

Defendant Georgetown University Medical Center’s [63] Motion for Summary Judgment as to

Counts I, II, and III; and GRANTS Defendant MedStar Georgetown University Hospital’s and

Defendant Matthew Levy, M.D.’s [64] Joint Motion for Summary Judgment as to Counts IV, V,

and VI.

          In addition, the Court DENIES AS MOOT Defendants’ [65] Motion In Limine to

Preclude Plaintiff’s Use at Trial of Evidence Inadmissible under the District of Columbia Peer

Review Statute and Plaintiff’s [69] Motion In Limine to Exclude Evidence of Settlement

Discussions. This case is dismissed in its entirety.

          An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

Dated: August 12, 2016
                                                          /s/
                                                       COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                       United States District Judge



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