                                                                  FILED BY CLERK
                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS                     NOV 13 2006
                              STATE OF ARIZONA                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                DIVISION TWO                            DIVISION TWO


THE STATE OF ARIZONA,                     )
                                          )        2 CA-CR 2005-0181
                              Appellee,   )        DEPARTMENT B
                                          )
                  v.                      )        OPINION
                                          )
RICKY LEE SABIN,                          )
                                          )
                             Appellant.   )
                                          )


           APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY

             Cause Nos. CR20041696 and CR20050236 (Consolidated)

                        Honorable Nanette M. Warner, Judge

                                   AFFIRMED


Terry Goddard, Arizona Attorney General
 By Randall M. Howe and Diane M. Acosta                                     Phoenix
                                                             Attorneys for Appellee

Robert J. Hooker, Pima County Public Defender
 By Kristine Maish                                                           Tucson
                                                             Attorneys for Appellant


E C K E R S T R O M, Presiding Judge.
¶1            Ricky Lee Sabin appeals his conviction following a bench trial of sexual

conduct with a minor and continuous sexual abuse of a minor, class two felonies. The sole

victim of both offenses was K., Sabin’s sixteen-year-old daughter, who died from a single,

self-inflicted gunshot wound on April 30, 2004. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

                                       Background

¶2            We view the evidence and the reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most

favorable to supporting the convictions. State v. Ramsey, 211 Ariz. 529, ¶ 2, 124 P.3d 756,

759 (App. 2005). Responding to a report of a possible suicide, officers of the Marana Police

Department were dispatched to the Sabin residence. The first officer to arrive, Joshua Corn,

immediately encountered two teenagers, Ron and Ashley, outside the house. Both of them

were “visibly distraught and upset.” After Corn entered the house through the patio door,

he discovered K.’s body in a hallway bathroom and a .357 revolver in her lap.

¶3            Detective Richard Palma interviewed both Ron and Ashley a few hours later.

Ron, who had been K.’s boyfriend since September 2003, stated that he had been talking

to K. on the telephone that afternoon when he heard a gunshot and the line went silent. He

and Ashley, a mutual friend of Ron and K., immediately drove to the Sabin residence.

When they arrived, Ron entered the house through a rear door, called to K., and ultimately

found her body in the bathroom. Ron called 911. Ron told Palma that he had “no clue

why” K. would have committed suicide, that their relationship was fine, that K. had not been




                                             2
depressed, and that she had not been struggling with difficulties at school or at home. When

Palma asked Ron if K. had kept a diary, Ron responded that it was “possible.”

¶4            Ashley told Palma that, although she did not know what would have

immediately precipitated the suicide, K. “had trouble with her dad.” When pressed to

explain the “trouble,” Ashley said that Sabin had “raped” and “sexually molested” K. since

she was seven or eight years old.

¶5            The police then searched K.’s bedroom and discovered her diary. While

searching the house, Officer Corn read aloud select passages from the diary. In those

passages, K. stated she had been sexually abused by both her father and grandfather and that

if she ever found out she was pregnant by her father, she would immediately kill herself.

Officers did not obtain a search warrant until after they had searched K.’s bedroom and had

discovered the diary.

¶6            Marana Police Detective John Santoro interviewed Ashley a second time a few

hours later at the main station of the Marana Police Department. During that interview,

Ashley described the details K. had divulged to Ashley about the extent of, and manner in

which, Sabin had chronically abused her. Ashley told Santoro that K. had said she had tried

to resist Sabin and that the abuse would happen as often as a couple of times per week.

According to Ashley, K. had stated that Denise, K.’s mother, had learned about the abuse

the previous fall during a “family discussion” and had considered divorcing Sabin. During




                                             3
this discussion with Santoro, Ashley confirmed that K. had kept a diary although Ashley had

never seen it.

¶7               Several hours later, Detective Santoro and Bradley Roach, a deputy county

attorney, interviewed Sabin at a police substation. Before proceeding, Santoro advised

Sabin that he was not under arrest and that the police simply wanted to “find out what [had]

happened” to K. After Santoro read Sabin the Miranda1 warnings, Sabin agreed to

continued questioning. Sabin initially told the police that he and K. “had a pretty good,

great relationship” and that they were “very close.”

¶8               Santoro then told Sabin that police had discovered K.’s diary and “found some

things she wrote in it that . . . concerned [them].” Sabin responded that K. had recently

grown “more and more defiant.” But, when Roach asked Sabin about “a real big family

discussion around like September, October or maybe even November of last year,” Sabin

admitted he had sexually abused K. since she was seven or eight years old. For the next

hour, Sabin offered details of the systematic abuse that had started as “fondling” and

escalated over the years to include masturbatory acts and both oral and vaginal intercourse.

The officers arrested Sabin at the conclusion of the interview.




       1
        Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).


                                               4
¶9            On May 3, 2004, Ron volunteered to provide a second statement to police.

Ron revealed that K. had told him Sabin had been molesting her for nearly ten years. Ron

described the abuse as follows:

              I remember her telling me that he held her, he held her down
              with one hand and he would just forcefully throw her down[,]
              rip her clothes off and just do whatever he felt like. He would,
              he would sexually do these things and he would anally do these
              things . . . [E]verything that you could possibly think of . . .
              was done.

When asked if Sabin had “penetrated [K.] with his penis,” Ron responded, “Yes . . . I asked

her specifically how many times and she said over three hundred times.”

¶10           Thereafter, a Pima County grand jury indicted Sabin on one count of

continuous sexual abuse of a child, two counts of sexual conduct with a minor under fifteen,

one count of sexual abuse of a minor under fifteen, and five counts of sexual conduct with

a minor. The same indictment charged Denise with child abuse, obstructing a criminal

investigation, and failing to report Sabin’s sexual abuse of their daughter.2 Sabin moved to

suppress both K.’s diary and his confession, contending the diary was the product of an

illegal search and his confession was its fruit. Sabin also moved to suppress K.’s statements

to Ron and Ashley on the ground that their admission would violate his Sixth Amendment

right to confront a witness against him. Finally, he argued that the state lacked a corpus

delicti for the crime.


       2
        In May 2005, Denise pled guilty to child abuse, non-death or serious injury, a class
six felony.

                                             5
¶11            Following a two-day hearing, the trial court granted defendants’ motion to

suppress K.’s diary because it had been seized by the police in violation of the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution and article II, § 8 of the Arizona

Constitution.3 But, the trial court rejected Sabin’s contention that his confession was the

fruit of an illegal search, finding his statements would be admissible at trial. The trial court

also found that K.’s statements to Ashley and Ron were admissible because they were not

testimonial and therefore did not violate the Sixth Amendment standards recently articulated

by the Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354 (2004).

Finally, the court rejected as premature Sabin’s contention that the state had failed to

provide the corpus delicti.

¶12            After the trial court granted Sabin’s motion to suppress the diary, the state

dismissed all but two of the charges. In January 2005, the grand jury issued another

indictment, charging Sabin with continuous sexual abuse of a minor for committing three or

more acts of sexual conduct and/or molestation with K. between May 1999 and January

2002.4

¶13            On April 4, Sabin waived his right to a jury trial. At that time, he also

stipulated that the court could consider, as part of the bench trial, all the evidence presented



         3
         The state does not challenge that finding on appeal.
         4
       In March 2005, the state moved to dismiss one count of sexual conduct with a minor,
and the court granted that motion.

                                               6
at the suppression hearing that had not been suppressed. That evidence was reviewed by the

court on the first day of a two-day bench trial, although neither Sabin nor counsel were

present. During the second day of trial, the state moved to amend the indictment to make

it “conform with the evidence” presented, pursuant to Rule 13.5(b), Ariz. R. Crim. P., 17

A.R.S. The trial court granted the motion. Thereafter, the court found Sabin guilty of one

count of sexual conduct with a minor and one count of continuous sexual abuse of a minor.

¶14           Sabin waived his Sixth Amendment right to have a jury determine beyond a

reasonable doubt the existence of any aggravating circumstances for sentencing purposes.

See Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 2362-63 (2000) (holding

that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a

crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved

beyond a reasonable doubt”); see also Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303, 124 S.

Ct. 2531, 2537 (2004) (clarifying that the right to jury trial applies to aggravating factors

such as those set forth in Arizona’s noncapital sentencing scheme). After the trial court

found the state had proven two aggravating circumstances—severe emotional harm to the

victim and her family and the especially cruel nature of the offenses—it sentenced Sabin to

consecutive, aggravated terms of imprisonment totaling thirty-seven years.

¶15           On appeal, Sabin again challenges the admission of his statements to the police

and the statements K. had made to Ashley and Ron. He also contends the state failed to

satisfy the corpus delicti requirement; that he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and


                                             7
intelligently waive his right to a jury trial; and that the trial court erred in granting the state’s

motion to amend the indictment.

                        Motion to Suppress Inculpatory Statements

¶16            Sabin contends the trial court erred when it denied his motion to suppress his

confession. Sabin argues, as he did below, that the police would not have obtained his

confession if they had not first illegally seized K.’s diary and then confronted him with their

knowledge of its contents, which included their knowledge that there had been a family

meeting the prior autumn. Because the diary was illegally seized, Sabin argues that his

inculpatory statements to police were the “fruit of the poisonous tree” and, therefore,

inadmissible under the exclusionary rule. See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471,

484-85, 83 S. Ct. 407, 416 (1963).

¶17            We generally defer to a trial court’s decision to suppress evidence and will not

disturb the court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence absent an abuse of discretion.

State v. Rosengren, 199 Ariz. 112, ¶ 9, 14 P.3d 303, 306-07 (App. 2000). But, “to the

extent suppression of evidence is based on exclusionary rule principles, we review the

suppression order de novo.” Id. Moreover, de novo review is appropriate because the issue

of whether Sabin’s incriminating statements arose from the illegal seizure of K.’s diary is “a

mixed question of fact and law implicating constitutional questions.” State v. Hackman,

189 Ariz. 505, 508, 943 P.2d 865, 868 (App. 1997). In conducting that review, we consider

the evidence presented at the suppression hearing, as well as any reasonable inferences


                                                 8
therefrom, in the light most favorable to upholding the trial court’s ruling. Id. at 508-09,

943 P.2d at 868-69.

¶18           The exclusionary rule generally “requires the suppression at trial of evidence

gained directly or indirectly as a result of a government violation of the Fourth, Fifth, or

Sixth Amendments,” id. at 508, 943 P.2d at 868, including any evidence gained as the result

of an illegal search and seizure. Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 804, 104 S. Ct.

3380, 3385 (1984); State v. Bolt, 142 Ariz. 260, 263, 689 P.2d 519, 522 (1984). The

evidence gained by the state’s illegal actions, and therefore subject to suppression, need not

be physical, but may be verbal as well. See Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 485, 83 S. Ct at 416

(“[V]erbal evidence, which derives so immediately from an unlawful entry . . . is no less the

‘fruit’ of official illegality than the more common tangible fruits of the unwarranted

intrusion.”). However, to limit the scope of the exclusionary rule to its core purpose—to

deter police misconduct5—the Supreme Court has identified three contexts wherein the

evidentiary fruits of an illegal search may nonetheless be admissible: when the police have

a lawful “independent source” for the evidence, when they would have inevitably discovered

it by lawful means, or when the causal connection between the discovery of the evidence

and the illegality is so “attenuated” that the threat of suppressing that evidence would not


       5
       The underlying rationale for any application of the exclusionary rule should be to
discourage government misconduct. See Arizona v. Evans, 514 U.S. 1, 10-11, 115 S. Ct.
1185, 1191 (1995); United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348, 94 S. Ct. 613, 620
(1974); State v. Alfaro, 127 Ariz. 578, 579-80, 623 P.2d 8, 9-10 (1980); State v. Booker,
212 Ariz. 502, ¶ 13, 135 P.3d 57, 59 (App. 2006).

                                              9
deter the illegal conduct in question. See State v. Washington, 120 Ariz. 229, 231, 585

P.2d 251, 253 (App. 1978) (listing limitations and their United States Supreme Court

origins); see also Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 609, 95 S. Ct. 2254, 2264 (1975)

(“[A]ttempt[ing] to mark the point at which the detrimental consequences of illegal police

action become so attenuated that the deterrent effect of the exclusionary rule no longer

justifies its cost.”) (Powell, J. concurring).

¶19            The trial court found that, although K.’s diary had been seized in violation of

the Fourth Amendment, Sabin’s confession was not the fruit of that constitutional misstep

and the exclusionary rule therefore did not apply. In so concluding, the trial court appeared

to apply the independent source rule. Under that rule, evidence is not fruit of an illegal

search so long as it can be traced to a source independent of the police misconduct. Segura,

468 U.S. at 799, 104 S. Ct. at 3385; Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S.

385, 392, 40 S. Ct. 182, 183 (1920); State v. Gulbrandson, 184 Ariz. 46, 57-58, 906 P.2d

579, 590-91 (1995); see also State v. Bolt, 142 Ariz. 284, 287, 689 P.2d 543, 546 (App.

1983), aff’d as modified, 142 Ariz. 260, 689 P.2d 519 (1984) (“Where the evidence sought

to be suppressed is the product of an independent source entirely free and distinct from the

proscribed police activity, it should be admissible, and not subject to a per se rule of

exclusion based solely on the unlawful conduct.”). The trial court found “most of the

information provided to Mr. Sabin prior to him making inculpatory statements was received

from Ashley and Ron . . . [and] there was no information in the diary significantly different


                                                 10
from information provided by Ashley and Ron in their interviews prior to Mr. Sabin being

questioned.” Thus, the trial court implicitly found that the diary was not the state’s

exclusive source of information that triggered Sabin’s confession, and therefore Sabin’s

confession had a source independent of the Fourth Amendment violation.

¶20           The record supports some, but not all, of the trial court’s conclusions. The

record establishes that the officers already had learned about the allegations of sexual abuse

and the possible existence of a diary during witness interviews that had been conducted

before officers found K.’s diary. Even before the police searched K.’s bedroom, Ron had

told police that K. may have kept a diary. And Ashley had informed police that K. had

claimed she had been raped and molested by Sabin for nearly ten years. The contents of the

diary, while considerably more detailed, served only to confirm Ashley’s statements that K.

had been victimized by Sabin. Thus, independent of the illegal search of Sabin’s residence,

officers knew generally that K. had claimed Sabin had abused her and that K. had kept a

diary.

¶21           On the other hand, neither of the statements that arguably triggered Sabin’s

confession arose independently from the state’s illegal acquisition of the diary.6 Detective

Santoro’s assertion that he had read the diary, coupled with Roach’s question about the

family meeting, preceded Sabin’s admissions that he had abused K. As the tape of that


        Sabin contends the record establishes that Santoro’s statement to Sabin that the
         6

detective had read the diary had triggered Sabin’s confession. The state maintains the record
establishes that Roach’s comment about the family meeting had triggered it.

                                             11
dialogue demonstrates, Sabin had shown no indication he would have made any such

admissions had Roach and Santoro not confronted him with those statements.

¶22           Both statements causally derived from the state’s acquisition of the diary.

Santoro’s statement to Sabin went beyond the mere claim that Santoro was aware of the

diary’s existence—a fact supported by an independent source. Rather, Santoro conveyed

to Sabin that he had read the diary and was concerned about its contents—a statement

arising directly from the state’s improper seizure of the diary. And, although Roach could

have acquired his knowledge of the family meeting from either of two sources—by reading

the improperly seized diary or from Ashley’s second statement to Santoro, Santoro

conceded that he had decided to interview Ashley a second time because of the contents of

the diary.7

¶23           Thus, the record does not support the trial court’s suggestion that the state

received most of the information triggering Sabin’s confession from sources causally

independent of the illegal search, specifically the statements of Ashley and Ron. In fact,

Ron provided no information that Sabin had abused K. until long after Sabin had confessed.

And, as discussed, Ashley’s statements, which Roach utilized to secure the confession, were

made during the second interview of Ashley; an interview triggered by the state’s illegal

seizure of the diary.


       At the suppression hearing, Santoro was asked, “the reason you were talking with
       7

Ashley at 11 o’clock at night was because of the entry you had seen in the journal?” He
responded, “Yes, I wanted to find out firsthand from her what she knew.”

                                            12
¶24           We nonetheless agree with the trial court that Sabin’s confession should not

have been suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. See State v. Nadler, 129 Ariz. 19, 21-

22, 628 P.2d 56, 58-59 (App. 1981) (trial court’s “ruling will be affirmed when the correct

result is reached even though based upon the wrong reasons”). The Supreme Court has not

proscribed the use of all evidence causally connected to the state’s illegal action and has

explicitly disapproved a rigid, “but for” test in determining what evidence should be

suppressed. See Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 487-88, 83 S. Ct. at 417 (“We need not hold that

all evidence is ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ simply because it would not have come to light

but for the illegal actions of the police.”); see also United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897,

910-11, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3414 (1984) (declining to adopt per se rule of exclusion “that

would render inadmissible any evidence that came to light through a chain of causation that

began with an illegal arrest”). Our own supreme court has generally summarized the scope

of the exclusionary rule in this context observing that “[e]vidence is not classified as a fruit

requiring exclusion . . . merely because it would not have been discovered ‘but for’ the

primary invasion” but rather may be admitted notwithstanding the illegality if secured “‘by

means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.’” State v. Fortier, 113

Ariz. 332, 335, 553 P.2d 1206, 1209 (1976), quoting Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 488, 83 S. Ct.

at 417.

¶25           Although the two statements that arguably triggered Sabin’s confession were

each causally connected in some respect to the state’s acquisition of the diary through the


                                              13
illegal search, we conclude for several reasons that the connection between that search and

Sabin’s confession was too attenuated to justify exclusion of the evidence. See Nardone v.

United States, 308 U.S. 338, 341, 60 S. Ct. 266, 268 (1939) (noting connection between

illegal conduct and evidence “may have become so attenuated as to dissipate the taint”); see

also United States v. Smith, 155 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 1998) (“[A]t some point, even

in the event of a direct and unbroken causal chain, the relationship between the unlawful

search or seizure and the challenged evidence becomes sufficiently weak to dissipate any

taint resulting from the original illegality.”).8 Preliminarily, the record supports the trial

court’s implicit finding that Roach’s comments to Sabin about the family meeting, rather

than Santoro’s about the diary, triggered Sabin’s confession. When Santoro informed Sabin

that K. had entered some passages in her diary that troubled police, Sabin did not inculpate

himself. Rather, Sabin merely responded that there had been some tension between himself

and K. relating to her desire for more independence as a teenager. But after Roach asked

Sabin about the family meeting, Sabin reacted emotionally and began to divulge details

about the abuse.9


       Unlike the independent source rule—which requires that there be no connection
       8

between the constitutional violation and the evidence at issue—the attenuated connection
exception “is triggered by a demonstration that the nature of th[e] causal link is such that the
impact of the original illegality upon the obtaining of the evidence is sufficiently minimal
that exclusion is not required despite the causal link.” 1 Kenneth S. Broun et al.,
McCormick on Evidence § 179, at 710 (6th ed. 2006).
       9
       During direct examination of Santoro at the suppression hearing, the following
colloquy occurred:


                                              14
¶26           As discussed, Roach received the information about the family meeting from

Ashley’s second statement. And, although Santoro acknowledged that the timing of

Ashley’s second statement arose from his acquisition of the diary, logic dictates the detective

would have pursued a second interview with Ashley under any circumstances, given that

during her first interview she had provided evidence that K. had been raped by her father.

Thus, the officers did not exploit the illegal search to discover and question a previously

unidentified witness. See, e.g., United States v. Marder, 474 F.2d 1192, 1195-97 (5th Cir.


                    Q [D]id Mr. Roach bring up the subject of a family
              discussion that occurred in September or October or perhaps
              November of 2003?

                     A      Yes, I believe so. . . .

                     ....

                     Q And do you know what Mr. Roach was
                     referring to?

                     A      Yes, I do.

                     ....

                     Q      . . . And what was the family discussion about?

                    A From the information I [had] received[,] . . . K[.]
              had confronted her father in front of her mother and told her
              what was going on.

                    Q And in response to that line of questioning . . . did
              Mr. Sabin begin to talk about sexual misconduct?

                     A      Yes.

                                                15
1973). Rather, as a result of the illegal search, the police merely revisited a known witness

who had already volunteered both the fact of a crime itself and its details. Notably, had the

police not discovered the diary, they would have had more of an incentive to talk with

Ashley, the only other source of information about the alleged abuse, rather than less. In

short, the state’s investigative team inevitably would have discovered the details about the

family meeting from Ashley, regardless of whether it had improperly acquired the

diary—and would have eventually confronted Sabin with that information.

¶27           In reaching this conclusion, we again acknowledge that the core purpose of the

exclusionary rule is to deter police misconduct. See ¶ 17, supra. Here, the trial court aptly

effectuated that purpose when it suppressed the diary—which certainly would have been the

most potent tangible evidence in this case. See State v. Strayhand, 184 Ariz. 571, 586, 911

P.2d 577, 592 (App. 1995), quoting Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433, 447, 94 S. Ct.

2357, 2365 (1974) (“By refusing to admit evidence gained as a result of . . . [illegal]

conduct, the courts hope to instill in those particular investigating officers, or their future

counterparts, a greater degree of care toward the rights of an accused.”). Extending

application of the exclusionary rule to Ashley’s statements would only “deter” the police

from returning to a lawfully identified witness for further details about an alleged crime that

the witness already had brought to their attention. We would not advance any logical

purpose by applying the exclusionary rule so as to prohibit officers from following otherwise




                                              16
non-tainted leads—merely because the fruit of a Fourth Amendment violation arguably

accelerated their timing in doing so.

¶28           Moreover, we agree with the trial court’s suggestion that Sabin’s decision to

confess arose from more substantial factors than the mere nuances conveyed in the specific

questions chosen by Roach and Santoro. From Ashley’s first statement, Roach and Santoro

already knew that K. had made statements accusing her father of sexually abusing her. And,

as the trial court correctly found, the information in the diary was nothing more than another

statement by K. to that same effect. Thus, even had the state not improperly searched

Sabin’s residence and seized the diary, it would have known about the abuse from K.’s

statement to Ashley. And, as the structure of the dialogue between Santoro, Roach, and

Sabin demonstrates, the trial court reasonably could have concluded Santoro and Roach

would have confronted Sabin with the gist of that accusation, whether they had possessed

the diary or not.

¶29           Notably, neither of the specific questions by Santoro or Roach that arguably

triggered Sabin’s confession contained a concrete accusation of sexual abuse. Rather, they

alluded vaguely to a family meeting and troubling entries in K.’s diary. Under such

circumstances, we can only surmise that Sabin likewise would have confessed when

inevitably confronted with more direct accusations from the mouth of his deceased daughter.




                                             17
¶30           In short, although Sabin has correctly identified a causal connection between

the state’s seizure of the diary and Sabin’s confession, that causal connection was too

tenuous, given the broader circumstances of the case, to justify suppressing that confession.

                          Admissibility of Victim’s Statements

¶31           Sabin argues K.’s statements to Ashley and Ron regarding the abuse were

admitted in violation of his Sixth Amendment right “to be confronted with witnesses against

him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. But we have concluded above that Sabin’s own confession

to the same acts alleged in K.’s statements was properly admitted. Sabin’s confession was

detailed and unequivocal. And, although Sabin has vigorously contested its admissibility,

he has never challenged its veracity. Any error by the trial court in admitting K.’s statements

to Ashley and Ron on the same topic would be “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt,” State

v. Comer, 165 Ariz. 413, 427, 799 P.2d 333, 347 (1990) (appellant not entitled to relief for

error if “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”); see State v. King, 212 Ariz. 372, ¶ 36, 132

P.3d 311, 319 (App. 2006) (Confrontation Clause violations subject to harmless error

analysis) Therefore, we need not address whether those statements were admitted in

violation of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment.

                                       Corpus Delicti

¶32           Sabin next argues his conviction should be reversed because the state provided

no proof of the corpus delicti, or body of the crime, independent of his confession. “The

state ‘must establish the corpus delicti by showing proof of a crime and that someone is


                                              18
responsible for that crime.’” State v. Morgan, 204 Ariz. 166, ¶ 15, 61 P.3d 460, 464 (App.

2002), quoting State v. Jones, 198 Ariz. 18, ¶ 12, 6 P.3d 323, 327 (App. 2000). However,

the state need only establish “a reasonable inference of the corpus delicti . . . before a

confession may be considered: it need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.

Gerlaugh, 134 Ariz. 164, 170, 654 P.2d 800, 806 (1982). We review the trial court’s ruling

on the sufficiency of the evidence of corpus delicti for an abuse of discretion. Morgan, 204

Ariz. 166, ¶ 14, 61 P.3d at 464. Although a defendant may not be convicted of a crime

based on an uncorroborated confession without independent proof of the corpus delicti, “a

corroborated confession may be used.” Id. ¶ 17 (emphasis added).

¶33           Here, Sabin’s confession was corroborated by K.’s statements to Ashley and

Ron that she had been sexually abused by her father. Sabin contends that those statements

were hearsay that “was decidedly not trustworthy,” and therefore, insufficient to prove

corpus delicti. However, the trial court assessed K.’s statements to Ashley and Ron under

the residual hearsay exception, finding they were trustworthy. The record supports that

finding. K.’s statements to both Ashley and Ron were consistent with each other. Nor has

Sabin explained why K., Ashley, or Ron would fabricate such serious accusations against

him.10 To the contrary, those statements were consistent with his confession. Accordingly,


       10
         Whether or not K.’s statements to Ashley and Ron were ultimately admitted in
violation of Sabin’s Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him, the trial court
could nonetheless consider those statements in assessing whether the state has demonstrated
a corpus delicti. See State v. Gerlaugh, 134 Ariz. 164, 170, 654 P.2d 800, 806 (1982)
(considering a codefendant’s statement in determining corpus delicti although that statement

                                             19
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Sabin’s confession was

corroborated by reliable and independent evidence that the crime occurred. We find no

error.

                                      Waiver of Trial

¶34           Sabin argues that his waiver of his right to a jury trial was not knowing,

voluntary, or intelligent. Although he acknowledges that he knowingly, voluntarily, and

intelligently authorized the court to conduct a bench trial, he maintains that he did not

knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently agree to have the court conduct that trial on

stipulated evidence alone—an event he characterizes as an effective waiver of his right to a

trial altogether. Because Sabin did not object when counsel submitted his case to the trial

court, we review the issue solely for fundamental, prejudicial error. See State v. Henderson,

210 Ariz. 561, ¶ 19, 115 P.3d 601, 607 (2005).

¶35           Our supreme court has held that a trial court may not determine a defendant’s

guilt on stipulated evidence unless it informs the defendant of the rights he is waiving by

agreeing to that process, specifically:

                     1. The right to a trial by jury where he may have
              representation of counsel;

                    2. The right to have the issue of guilt or innocence
              decided by the judge based solely upon the record submitted;

                     3.    The right to testify in his own behalf;


“could not be considered by the jury to determine appellant’s guilt”).

                                             20
                     4. The right to be confronted with the witnesses
              against him;

                    5. The right to compulsory process for obtaining
              witnesses in his favor;

                     6. The right to know the range of sentence and special
              conditions of sentencing.

State v. Avila, 127 Ariz. 21, 24-25, 617 P.2d 1137, 1140-41 (1980). And, any such waiver

of those rights must be knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. Id. at 25, 617 P.2d at 1141.

¶36           Here, the record demonstrates that Sabin knowingly, voluntarily, and

intelligently agreed to submit the case to the trial court on stipulated evidence in lieu of a

jury trial. First, his counsel proposed the idea and itemized the evidence to be considered

in Sabin’s presence. Next, still in the presence of Sabin, the court and counsel thoroughly

discussed each piece of that evidence. The trial court then placed Sabin under oath and

ascertained from Sabin that he was clear-headed and not under the influence of any

medications. Thereafter, the court directed Sabin to review and sign a form that specified

the rights he was foregoing by waiving his right to a jury trial. Then, the court itself advised

Sabin of the rights he would be giving up and the sentencing ranges he faced if the court

found him guilty. In response to the court’s questions, Sabin confirmed that his decision to

forego a jury trial was voluntary and intelligent. Although the court did not focus on the

distinction between a bench trial with live testimony and a bench trial on stipulated evidence

at every step in the colloquy, the trial court made it clear to Sabin that the questions the



                                              21
court was asking Sabin related to his waiver of the right to a jury trial in the context of the

latter procedure.11

¶37           Because Sabin understood that he was waiving his right to a jury trial and that

he was permitting the trial court to render a judgment based on stipulated evidence, and

because the court thoroughly informed Sabin of each and every one of the jury trial rights

he was thereby foregoing, the trial court did not err in concluding that Sabin knowingly,

voluntarily, and intelligently agreed that it could determine his guilt based on stipulated

evidence in lieu of a jury trial. We find no error, fundamental or otherwise.

                                   Amended Complaint

¶38           Sabin argues the trial court erred when it granted the state’s motion to amend

the indictment. The grand jury heard testimony that in his interview with detectives, in

response to the question, “Did you have an orgasm inside her mouth?” Sabin had replied,

“Yeah. . . . That happened twice.” The grand jury indicted Sabin on nine counts of sexual

misconduct, the last two of which were for sexual conduct with a minor “by ejaculating in

the victim’s mouth during oral sex.” The state later dismissed counts two through seven of

the charges, leaving only one count of continuous sexual abuse of a minor and the two



       11
                     THE COURT: I understand that you intend to waive
              your right to a jury and to submit this case for my decision
              based on the evidence that counsel discussed here in court,
              stipulated to provide me a list of; is that correct?

                      THE DEFENDANT: That’s correct, Your Honor.

                                              22
counts of oral sexual conduct with a minor. After the court had explained it was

renumbering counts eight and nine as two and three, Sabin “put the Court and State on

notice” that, “[d]epend[ing] pretty much on the way in which the evidence comes out in

relation to counts . . . two, three,” he might challenge those counts as duplicitous.

¶39           After Sabin mentioned the possible duplicity in the indictment, the state filed

a motion to dismiss count three, which the court granted, and the state later moved to amend

count two to add Sabin’s own statements about the first time he had ejaculated in K.’s

mouth during oral sex. The trial court granted the motion and we review its ruling for an

abuse of discretion. See State v. Johnson, 198 Ariz. 245, ¶ 4, 8 P.3d 1159, 1161 (App.

2000).

¶40            Rule 13.5(b), Ariz. R. Crim. P., 17 A.R.S., allows a trial court to amend an

indictment “only to correct mistakes of fact or remedy formal or technical defects.” A defect

is formal or technical when the amendment correcting it “‘does not operate to change the

nature of the offense charged or to prejudice the defendant in any way.’” Johnson, 198

Ariz. 245, ¶ 5, 8 P.3d at 1161, quoting State v. Bruce, 125 Ariz. 421, 423, 610 P.2d 55, 57

(1980). When making this determination, we consider whether the defendant has shown the

amendment violated his right to notice of the charges against him or his right to be free from

double jeopardy on the original charge. Id. ¶ 8. Sabin can hardly claim he did not have

notice that his own words to the officers would be used to prove the charges of sexual

conduct. See State v. Whitney, 159 Ariz. 476, 481, 768 P.2d 638, 643 (1989) (amendment


                                             23
of information to include allegation of dangerousness though untimely did not prejudice

defendant because he was aware of element from facts and prepared defense accordingly).

And he only argues that “jeopardy could not have attached” to counts two and three before

they were amended, not that the amendment of count two violated his right to be free from

double jeopardy. See Johnson, 198 Ariz. 245, ¶ 8, 8 P.3d at 1162 (defendant must show

indictment as amended violates his or her right to double jeopardy protection) (emphasis

added).

¶41           Sabin claims he was prejudiced because he had “waived his right to a jury trial

based on counsel’s evaluation of the factual and legal issues which included the fact that

Count Eight was duplicitous.” But whether an indictment is duplicitous is a question of law

for the trial court, not the jury. See United States v. Martin, 4 F.3d 757, 759 (9th Cir.

1993) (duplicity of indictment is question of law). And therefore, we fail to see how the

issue was relevant to Sabin’s decision to waive his right to a jury trial or how Sabin could

have suffered prejudice as a result.

¶42           For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Sabin’s conviction and sentence.




                                              ____________________________________
                                              PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Presiding Judge

CONCURRING:




                                            24
____________________________________
J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge



____________________________________
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge




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