                  United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 19-1972
                          ___________________________

                               United States of America

                          lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                             v.

                            Demarcus Deandre Timmons

                        lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                        ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Iowa - Dubuque
                                   ____________

                             Submitted: January 17, 2020
                              Filed: February 24, 2020
                                   ____________

Before KELLY, MELLOY, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

KOBES, Circuit Judge.

      Demarcus Timmons appeals from the revocation of his supervised release,
arguing that the district court denied him the right to confront the key witness against
him at his revocation hearing. We agree, so we reverse and remand for further
proceedings.
                                          I.

       In February 2019, Timmons began serving a three-year term of supervised
release following a conviction for possession of a firearm as a prohibited person. In
April 2019, the probation office filed a petition to revoke release for drug-related
violations. Shortly before the hearing was scheduled to take place, the probation
office filed a supplemental petition alleging that Timmons was going to be charged
in Iowa court with domestic assault and child endangerment for punching his former
partner, Tonia Berry, in front of their children. That added Timmons’s only Grade
B violation and increased his recommended Guideline range to 12-18 months in
prison.

        At the hearing, which was continued until May, a Dubuque police officer
testified that on the day of the alleged assault Berry made a 911 hang-up call and then
two hours later texted her address to police. The Government introduced a body
camera recording of her interview with the police on the day of the assault and images
of her injuries. Timmons objected to the introduction of the body camera statement
and asked the court to “do the balancing test from United States v. Bell, 785 F.2d 640
(8th Cir. 1986) on whether it should be admitted.” Hr’g Tr. 7–8 (cleaned up).

        The Government explained that the day before the hearing it provided the
Dubuque police department with a subpoena for Berry. The district court found that
the Government had attempted to serve Berry, although it was “probably borderline.”
Id. at 18. It also found Berry’s recorded statement reliable because: (1) 911 calls are
generally admissible as excited utterances, (2) it would be against the law for Berry
to lie to the police, and (3) Berry had no reason to lie.

      In her recorded statement, Berry said that Timmons had arrived at her house
with another man to take their children to a birthday party and that she told them to
leave. Berry said Timmons then hit her in the mouth in front of the children and left.

                                         -2-
       Timmons presented evidence contradicting Berry’s account. A woman who
drove Timmons to Berry’s house testified that he was in the home for just a few
minutes. Katwan Brown, who went into the house with Timmons, testified that he
had been with Timmons the whole time and that there had been no physical
altercation at all. Brown also testified that Berry had been upset with Timmons
because they were no longer together and she threatened to have Timmons sent to jail.
On cross-examination, a police officer acknowledged that two other individuals who
lived in the house with Berry had not seen an assault. Finally, Timmons introduced
Berry’s previous Iowa conviction for lying to the police.

       The district court found all of the violations in the original and supplemental
petitions proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Regarding the domestic assault
and child endangerment allegations, it credited the 911 hang-up call and Berry’s
recorded police statements. It found Timmons’s witnesses not credible, in part
because they had no explanation for Berry’s injuries, and noted that Timmons had a
2014 conviction for domestic assault. It considered Berry’s prior conviction irrelevant
because it was for giving police officers a false name, not falsely reporting an assault.

      The district court imposed a term of 16 months in prison, a sentence that was
only within Timmons’s Guidelines range because of the assault allegations. Timmons
appeals, arguing that introducing Berry’s out-of-court statements violated Federal Rule
of Criminal Procedure 32.1 and his due process rights.

                                           II.

       “A revocation hearing is not a criminal trial, and a defendant on supervised
release is not entitled to the full panoply of protections afforded by the rules of
evidence.” United States v. Sutton, 916 F.3d 1134, 1138 (8th Cir. 2019). That said,
certain “minimum requirements of due process” apply in revocation proceedings.

                                          -3-
Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 488–89 (1972). One requirement is the right to
“confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically
finds good cause for not allowing confrontation).” Id. Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 32.1(b)(2)(C) implements this protection and requires the district court to
provide defendants “an opportunity to . . . question any adverse witness unless the
court determines that the interest of justice does not require the witness to appear.”

      Ordinarily, we review Rule 32.1 claims for an abuse of discretion, but where a
defendant argues his due process rights were violated, we review de novo. Sutton, 916
F.3d at 1138. In assessing whether a defendant should have been allowed to confront
an adverse witness, we balance his due process rights “against the grounds asserted
by the government for not requiring confrontation.” Bell, 785 F.2d at 642.

       To show good cause for denying a defendant his confrontation rights, the
Government must show that “confrontation is undesirable or impractical” and that “the
evidence which the government offers in place of live testimony” is reliable. Sutton,
916 F.3d at 1139 (quoting Bell, 785 F.2d at 643). We will only reverse for error that
is not harmless. United States v. Black Bear, 542 F.3d 249, 255 (8th Cir. 2008).

                                         A.

       The Government must provide a “reasonably satisfactory explanation for not
producing [a] witness” in a revocation proceeding. United States v. Martin, 371 F.3d
446, 448 (8th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Most often, we have been satisfied when
a witness is located several states away. See Martin, 371 F.3d at 448; see also United
States v. Harrison, 809 F.3d 420, 423 (8th Cir. 2015). That was not the case here.
Berry lived in Iowa, where the hearing took place, at an address known to the
Government. “Where the witness is located in the same state as the revocation
hearing, [] procuring live testimony generally does not impose an inordinate burden
on the government.” Sutton, 916 F.3d at 1139.

                                         -4-
       There was no significant hurdle to procuring Berry’s live testimony. A single
failed attempt to subpoena her does not, as the Government claims, constitute a
“reasonably satisfactory explanation.” See Sutton, 916 F.3d at 1139 (not impractical
to present witnesses because Government had made unsuccessful efforts to subpoena
them). The Government distinguishes Sutton by arguing that the attempts to serve the
witnesses in that case were less thorough than they were here. Even assuming that
“better than Sutton” is the same as “reasonable”—and the Government has given us
no reason to think that is the case—that argument is factually wrong. With respect to
at least one of the witnesses in Sutton, the police made two attempts to serve a
subpoena at two different addresses. Id. Here, only one attempt was made and even
that one was “borderline.”

       In the alternative, the Government argues for the first time on appeal that
confrontation was undesirable because Timmons’s history of violent behavior made
reprisal a possibility. See United States v. Simms, 757 F.3d 728, 733 (8th Cir. 2014)
(finding good cause where the witness “told police she was frightened of Simms after
the 2012 incident, and a state court promptly entered a five-year protective order at her
request”). We have, in the past, excused the Government from calling a witness who
it knows will refuse to testify out of fear. See United States v. Martin, 382 F.3d 840,
846 (8th Cir. 2004) (witness had refused to testify against defendant in state court
proceeding). Nothing in the record suggests that was the case here. Even if we credit
the Government’s claim that Berry may have feared Timmons, it did not stop her from
making a statement to the police. Sutton, 916 F.3d at 1140 (requiring live testimony
where witnesses “expressed fear of retribution [] during their interrogations, but this
fear was apparently not so great as to prevent them from making voluntary recorded
statements to the police”).

      We also note that the Government admitted in the district court that Berry’s
absence from the revocation hearing resulted from a miscommunication with the

                                          -5-
Dubuque police department, not Berry’s unavailability or fear of reprisal; the
subpoena had initially been sent to an officer who was away for training and he did
not receive it. Once it learned of the problem and failed to reach Berry, rather than
moving forward without her testimony the Government should have sought another
continuance until she could be present. See United States v. Johnson, 710 F.3d 784,
790 (8th Cir. 2013).

                                          B.

       The Government has also failed to show that Berry’s recorded police statement
was inherently reliable. The district court found Berry’s statement reliable because
it was preceded by a 911 call, it was made to the police, and there was no evidence she
had motive to lie. We respectfully disagree.

       Berry’s unsworn and oral statements to the police are “the ‘least reliable type
of hearsay.’” Sutton, 916 F.3d at 1140 (quoting United States v. Comito, 177 F.3d
1166, 1171 (9th Cir. 1999)). Similar statements may nevertheless be reliable if
corroborated by other evidence. See, e.g., Simms, 757 F.3d at 732 (hearsay testimony
of victim was consistent with incident report offered into evidence by defendant);
Martin, 371 F.3d at 449 (hearsay statements were “spontaneous and were corroborated
by the 911 audiotape, by the young child interviewed after Martin surrendered, and by
what the police officers saw as well as heard at the scene”). Here, the only arguably
corroborating evidence is the 911 hang up call and Berry’s injuries, but neither points
to Timmons as the cause of Berry’s injuries.

       The district court’s suggestion that Berry had no reason to lie is unsupported by
the record. Both her statement and other witnesses’ testimony demonstrated that she
had an adversarial relationship with Timmons. See Bell, 785 F.2d at 643–44 (finding
police reports unreliable because they were the result of a “personal and adversarial”
relationship). Brown testified that Berry wanted to have Timmons sent to jail. And

                                          -6-
although the facts of Berry’s prior conviction for lying to the police are
distinguishable, the conviction is highly relevant to the trustworthiness of her
statement because it seriously undercuts the district court’s reasoning that Berry would
be truthful out of fear of breaking the law. That conviction, in combination with the
unsworn and oral nature of Berry’s statement and the lack of other corroborating
testimony, defeats any argument that Berry’s statement was “demonstrably reliable.”
Bell, 782 F.2d at 643.
                                           C.

       Denying Timmons the opportunity to confront Berry was not harmless. To find
harmlessness the Government must “present[] sufficient evidence, apart from the
hearsay statements, to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that [the defendant]
violated the conditions” of his supervision. Black Bear, 542 F.3d at 256. Not only
was Berry’s statement the only evidence connecting Timmons to her injury, the district
court used that statement to discredit live witnesses. Without Berry’s statement, the
district court could not have found Timmons’s state law violations proved by a
preponderance of the evidence.

                                          III.

       We hold that Timmons had a due process right to confront Berry and we
reverse. Timmons requests that we remand to the district court for a new hearing
without providing the Government the opportunity to expand the record and bring in
live testimony from Berry. Though that remedy is appropriate “where the government
knew of its obligation to present evidence and failed to do so,” we do not require it in
this case. See United States v. Dawn, 685 F.3d 790, 798 (8th Cir. 2012). As we have
done in the past, we remand “for further proceedings as the district court deems
necessary.” Sutton, 916 F.3d at 1141.
                         _____________________________



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