      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                     NO. 03-09-00250-CV



                  Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Appellant

                                                v.

                 The Honorable Greg Abbott, Attorney General of Texas;
                and the Honorable Eliot Shapleigh, Texas Senator, Appellees


    FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
      NO. D-1-GN-08-001855, HONORABLE SCOTT H. JENKINS, JUDGE PRESIDING



                                         OPINION


               In this appeal, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality seeks reversal of the

district court’s judgment requiring the Commission to disclose certain confidential and privileged

documents to Texas Senator Eliot Shapleigh. The issue presented is whether separation of powers

limits the legislature’s authority to obtain confidential and privileged communications between a

state agency and its lawyers pursuant to section 552.008 of the Texas Public Information Act. See

Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 552.008 (West 2004). Because we conclude that section 552.008 requires

disclosure of the documents at issue to Senator Shapleigh, we affirm the judgment.


                                       BACKGROUND

               The facts of this cause are largely undisputed. In 2008, Senator Eliot Shapleigh

intervened in an administrative proceeding before the Commission involving a request by
Asarco, Inc., to renew its air quality permit in order to reopen its copper smelting plant in El Paso,

Texas. Shortly after the Commission issued a final order granting the permit application, Senator

Shapleigh made two separate requests1 for documents from the Commission under the Texas Public

Information Act.2 See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 552.001-.353 (West 2004 & Supp. 2009). In both

requests, Senator Shapleigh requested documents pursuant to “the legislative purpose special right

of access in Section 552.008 . . . .”

                At the time of Senator Shapleigh’s requests, section 552.008 provided:


        (a)     This chapter does not grant authority to withhold information from individual
                members, agencies, or committees of the legislature to use for legislative
                purposes.

        (b)     A governmental body on request by an individual member, agency, or
                committee of the legislature shall provide public information, including
                confidential information, to the requesting member, agency, or committee for
                inspection or duplication in accordance with this chapter if the requesting
                member, agency, or committee states that the public information is requested
                under this chapter for legislative purposes. A governmental body, by
                providing public information under this section that is confidential or
                otherwise excepted from required disclosure under law, does not waive or
                affect the confidentiality of the information for purposes of state or federal
                law or waive the right to assert exceptions to required disclosure of the
                information in the future. The governmental body may require the requesting
                individual member of the legislature, the requesting legislative agency or
                committee, or the members or employees of the requesting entity who will
                view or handle information that is received under this section and that is
                confidential under law to sign a confidentiality agreement that covers the
                information and requires that:



       1
         Senator Shapleigh’s first request was a letter to the Commission dated February 14, 2008.
His second request was a letter to the Commission dated February 18, 2008.
        2
        Senator Shapleigh withdrew as a party to the administrative proceedings after the
Commission refused to disclose certain documents in response to his requests.

                                                  2
               (1)    the information not be disclosed outside the requesting entity, or
                      within the requesting entity for purposes other than the purpose for
                      which it was received;

               (2)    the information be labeled as confidential;

               (3)    the information be kept securely; or

               (4)    the number of copies made of the information or the notes taken from
                      the information that implicate the confidential nature of the
                      information be controlled, with all copies or notes that are not
                      destroyed or returned to the governmental body remaining
                      confidential and subject to the confidentiality agreement.

       (c)     This section does not affect:

               (1)    the right of an individual member, agency, or committee of the
                      legislature to obtain information from a governmental body under
                      other law, including under the rules of either house of the legislature;

               (2)    the procedures under which the information is obtained under other
                      law; or

               (3)    the use that may be made of the information obtained under other
                      law.3


               The Commission made several documents available to Senator Shapleigh but declined

to disclose certain documents that it deemed privileged attorney-client communications and attorney

work product. Id. § 552.305 (West 2004). Included among the documents withheld by the

Commission were documents prepared by the Commission’s Office of General Counsel to advise




       3
          Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 552.008 (West 2004) (effective until September 1, 2010). The
legislature enacted various amendments to section 552.008 in 2009; however, these amendments do
not affect the outcome of this case. See Act of May 30, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 1377, § 2, 2009
Tex. Gen. Laws 4326, 4326-27; Act of May 27, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 1364, § 1, 2009 Tex. Gen.
Laws 4304, 4304-05. For convenience, we cite to the current statute.

                                                 3
the Commissioners regarding the Asarco application. Also included were documents prepared by

lawyers in the Environmental Law Division who advise the executive director of the Commission.

               The Commission forwarded all of these documents to the Open Records Division of

the Office of the Attorney General and requested a ruling under section 552.301 of the public

information act.4 See id. § 552.301 (West 2004). The Commission asserted that its documents were

excepted from disclosure under sections 552.101 (confidential under other law), 552.103

(information related to litigation), 552.107 (attorney-client privilege), and 552.111 (agency

memoranda and deliberative process privilege) of the act. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 552.101,

.103, .107, .111 (West 2004). In conjunction with its claim under section 552.101, the Commission

also asserted that its documents were excepted from disclosure under Texas Rule of Evidence 503

and Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 192.5. See id. § 552.101; Tex. R. Evid. 503; Tex. R. Civ. P.

192.5. The Commission further claimed that disclosure of its documents to Senator Shapleigh would

“disturb the effective separation of powers [under article II, section 1, of the Texas Constitution]

because the legislative function would be in the position to interfere with the judicial and executive

functions.” See Tex. Const. art. II, § 1.

               The attorney general issued an informal letter ruling, OR2008-06742, which

interpreted the public information act to require disclosure of all documents held by the

Commission’s general counsel and Environmental Law Division to Senator Shapleigh. See Tex.

Att’y Gen. OR2008-06742 (May 16, 2008).               The attorney general declined to address the


       4
          The Commission’s general counsel forwarded documents held by the general counsel’s
office, and a lawyer in the Commission’s Environmental Law Division forwarded documents held
by that division to the attorney general’s office.

                                                  4
Commission’s assertions that its documents were confidential under Texas Rule of Evidence 503

or Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 192.5 in conjunction with section 552.101 of the act because the

attorney general had previously “concluded that section 552.101 does not encompass discovery

privileges.” See OR2008-06742 at 1 n.1 (citing Tex. Att’y Gen. ORD Nos. 676 at 1-2 (2002),

575 at 2 (1990)). Finding that the Commission “failed to sufficiently demonstrate that such

interference [wa]s present in the instant case,” the attorney general rejected the Commission’s claim

that release of the subject documents would raise separation of powers concerns. Id. at 3. The

attorney general concluded that the Commission’s documents were subject to disclosure under

section 552.008 of the public information act and, therefore, declined to address the Commission’s

remaining arguments. Id.

               The Commission sued the attorney general in district court, and Senator Shapleigh

intervened. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 552.324(a), .325 (West 2004). Senator Shapleigh filed

a motion for summary judgment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). The Commission also sought

summary judgment, but the attorney general did not. The district court granted the senator’s motion

and denied the motion of the Commission. This appeal followed.


                                           ANALYSIS

               The Commission contends that the district court erred in concluding that

section 552.008 of the public information act requires the Commission to disclose the documents

at issue to Senator Shapleigh because the statute and Senator Shapleigh’s requests violate the

separation of powers doctrine embodied in article II, section 1, of the Texas Constitution. Senator

Shapleigh and the attorney general respond that there was no error in the district court’s judgment

                                                 5
because the Commission cannot show that the statute or Senator Shapleigh’s requests amounted to

undue interference with a core function constitutionally committed to the Commission.


Standard of Review

                We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.5 Valence

Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on a summary judgment

motion, the movant must show that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that he is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).

                Determining whether an exception applies under the public information act to support

withholding of public information is a question of law, which we review de novo. See City of

Garland v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 357 (Tex. 2000); City of Fort Worth v. Cornyn,

86 S.W.3d 320, 323 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). We construe the act liberally in favor of

granting requests for information, while narrowly construing exceptions to disclosure. See Tex.

Gov’t Code Ann. § 552.001(b) (West 2004); City of Garland, 22 S.W.3d at 365.

                We consider questions of statutory construction de novo as well. See City of San

Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003). When construing a statute, our primary

goal is to determine and give effect to the legislature’s intent. Id. To determine legislative intent, we


        5
          Because the attorney general did not seek summary judgment, our review is limited to
whether the district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Senator Shapleigh. See
Ackermann v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362, 365 (Tex. 1966); see also Montgomery v. Blue Cross
& Blue Shield of Tex., Inc., 923 S.W.2d 147, 152 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, writ denied) (“Before
an appellate court may reverse summary judgment for one party and render judgment for the other
party, all parties must have sought final judgment relief in their cross-motions for summary
judgment.”). Therefore, we do not consider whether the district court erred in denying summary
judgment to the Commission. See Ackermann, 403 S.W.2d at 365.

                                                   6
look to the statute as a whole, as opposed to isolated provisions. State v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322,

327 (Tex. 2002). We begin with the plain language of the statute at issue and apply its common

meaning. City of San Antonio, 111 S.W.3d at 25. Where the statutory text is unambiguous, we

adopt a construction supported by the statute’s plain language unless that construction would lead

to an absurd result. Fleming Foods of Tex., Inc. v. Rylander, 6 S.W.3d 278, 284 (Tex. 1999).

                We construe Texas constitutional provisions in the same manner as we construe

statutes. Harris County Hosp. Dist. v. Tomball Reg’l Hosp., 283 S.W.3d 838, 842 (Tex. 2009);

Doody v. Ameriquest Mortgage Co., 49 S.W.3d 342, 344 (Tex. 2001). The guiding rule is to discern

and give effect to the intent of the provision’s drafters. Harris County Hosp. Dist., 283 S.W.3d at

842; City of El Paso v. El Paso Cmty. Coll. Dist., 729 S.W.2d 296, 298 (Tex. 1986). We rely heavily

on the literal text of a constitutional provision to give effect to its plain language. Harris County

Hosp. Dist., 283 S.W.3d at 842; Doody, 49 S.W.3d at 344. If the plain language of a constitutional

provision is clear and unambiguous, resort to extrinsic aids and rules of construction is inappropriate,

and we give the language of the provision its common everyday meaning. City of Rockwall

v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625-26 (Tex. 2008); State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex.

2006). This rule provides an objective guidepost to discern the drafter’s intent and ensures that

ordinary citizens may “rely on the plain language . . . to mean what it says.” Fitzgerald v. Advanced

Spine Fixation Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. 1999).


Legislative Access Under Section 552.008

                We address as an initial matter the Commission’s proposed construction of section

552.008. As part of its argument, the Commission asserts that we may interpret section 552.008 in

                                                   7
a manner that avoids the constitutional question of separation of powers. Specifically, the

Commission contends that we may employ a heightened standard of interpretation to construe the

phrase “including confidential information” in subsection 552.008(b) to exclude the documents at

issue in this case—i.e., documents protected by the attorney-client and work-product privileges.

               As a general rule, we agree with the Commission that courts should construe statutes

in a manner that renders them constitutional and gives effect to the legislature’s intent. See Quick

v. City of Austin, 7 S.W.3d 109, 115 (Tex. 1998); see also Sweeney v. Jefferson, 212 S.W.3d 556,

565 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.) (courts should avoid deciding constitutional question when

possible). However, the Commission provides no authority for its heightened statutory construction

argument, and we have found none.

               The starting point for construing a statute is the language of the statute itself. In re

City of Georgetown, 53 S.W.3d 328, 331 (Tex. 2001). The plain language of subsection 552.008(b)

requires the Commission “on request by an individual member, agency, or committee of the

legislature [to] provide public information, including confidential information,” if the information

is requested for legislative purposes. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 552.008(b). There is nothing

ambiguous about the phrase “confidential information.” Id. In the context of the attorney-client

relationship, the state bar disciplinary rules define “confidential information” to encompass even

unprivileged client information. Tex. Disciplinary R. Prof. Conduct 1.05(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1990),

reprinted in Texas Rules of Court: State 507 (West 2009) (State Bar Rules art. X, § 9). Applying

this definition, the Texas Supreme Court has held, “[V]irtually any information relating to a case

should be considered confidential.” See Phoenix Founders v. Marshall, 887 S.W.2d 831, 834 (Tex.



                                                  8
1994). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has also recognized, “‘Confidential information’ is,

by definition, information that is available only to authorized persons; it is ‘classified,’ ‘privileged,’

‘private,’ ‘secret,’ ‘restricted.’” Landers v. State, 256 S.W.3d 295, 309 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)

(quoting “Confidential,” Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus (3rd ed. 1995)). The plain meaning of this

phrase includes documents subject to the attorney-client or work-product privileges.                Such

documents would also constitute information that is “excepted from required disclosure” or

“confidential under other law.” See In re City of Georgetown, 53 S.W.3d at 332 (holding that rules

of civil procedure and evidence are “other law” for purposes of section 552.022 of public

information act).

                Adopted in 1973, the Texas Public Information Act is modeled on the federal

Freedom of Information Act. City of Fort Worth v. Cornyn, 86 S.W.3d 320, 323 (Tex. App.—Austin

2002, no pet.). The language in section 552.008(a), which states “This chapter does not grant

authority to withhold information from individual members, agencies, or committees of the

legislature to use for legislative purposes,” is strikingly similar to section 552(d) of the FOIA,

formerly section 552(c), which states, “This section does not authorize withholding of information

or limit the availability of records to the public, except as specifically stated in this section. This

section is not authority to withhold information from Congress.” See 5 U.S.C. § 552(d) (emphasis

added). The Texas Supreme Court has explained that, when the legislature adopts a federal statute,

Texas courts must presume that the legislature knew of the federal courts’ construction of the federal

statute and intended to adopt that construction. City of Garland, 22 S.W.3d at 360 (citing Blackmon




                                                    9
v. Hansen, 169 S.W.2d 962, 964-65 (Tex. 1943)). We may therefore look to the federal courts’

construction of the FOIA for guidance in interpreting the Texas act. Id.

                When interpreting section 552(d), federal courts have consistently held that Congress

reserved unto itself a special right of access to governmental information. See, e.g., Murphy

v. Department of the Army, 613 F.2d 1151, 1157 (D.C. Cir. 1979). These same federal courts have

recognized that federal agencies may not use section 552(b)(5), or Exemption 5—including the

attorney-client, work-product, and deliberative-process privileges—to withhold information from

Congress, its committees, or its individual members, when requested in their official capacity for

legislative use. See id. As the court of appeals explained in Murphy, when enacting the FOIA,

Congress intended to maintain its ready access to information necessary for it to fulfill its legislative

function but not to override, directly or indirectly, all of the exemptions from general disclosure

written into the FOIA. See id. at 1156 n.12.

                Applying the federal courts’ interpretation of the FOIA to the language of section

552.008, it is clear that the Texas Legislature, like Congress, intended to maintain for itself a special

right of access to confidential governmental information necessary to fulfill its legislative function

without overriding the exemptions to required disclosure written into the Texas act. See id.; see also

Terrell v. King, 14 S.W.2d 786, 790 (Tex. 1929) (“[C]onstitutional provisions which commit the

legislative function to the two houses are intended to include [the power to investigate] to the end

that the function may be effectively exercised.”). Authority to pursue investigations and inquiries

has long been regarded as an incident of full legislative power. Terrell, 14 S.W.2d at 789-90. We




                                                   10
therefore conclude that the phrase “confidential information” in section 552.008 is sufficient to

include the documents at issue, and we reject the Commission’s statutory construction argument.

                 We turn to the Commission’s separation of powers claim.


Separation of Powers

                 The Commission argues that section 552.008 and, by extension, Senator Shapleigh’s

requests violate the separation of powers because they invade the exclusive power of the

Commission to carry out its constitutionally delegated functions under article XVI, section 59 of the

Texas Constitution. Specifically, the Commission argues that section 552.008 causes a chilling

effect on the authority constitutionally committed to the Commission to regulate in the area of

natural resources.     Thus, the Commission contends, section 552.008 and Senator Shapleigh’s

requests unduly interfere with the Commission’s authority as derived from the Texas Constitution.

                 Article II, section 1 of the Texas Constitution, which governs separation of powers,

states:


          The powers of the Government of the State of Texas shall be divided into three
          distinct departments, each of which shall be confided to a separate body of
          magistracy, to wit: Those which are Legislative to one; those which are Executive to
          another, and those which are Judicial to another; and no person, or collection of
          persons, being of one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly
          attached to either of the others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted.


Tex. Const. art. II, § 1. This provision confirms the prohibition against one branch of government

exercising a power inherently belonging to another branch. See General Servs. Comm’n v. Little-Tex

Insulation Co., 39 S.W.3d 591, 600 (Tex. 2001).



                                                   11
               Although the language of this provision “appears on its face to be rigid and absolute[,]

. . . such a construction would be impossible to implement in all cases because not every

governmental power fits logically and clearly into any particular ‘department.’” Holmes v. Morales,

906 S.W.2d 570, 573 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995), rev’d in part on other grounds, 924 S.W.2d 920

(Tex. 1996). When construing separation of powers under the federal Constitution, the United States

Supreme Court “ha[s] never held that the Constitution requires that the three branches of

Government ‘operate with absolute independence,’” see Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654, 693-94

(1988) (quoting United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 707 (1974)), choosing instead to adopt

“Madison’s flexible approach to separation of powers,” Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 380

(1989), and “uph[o]ld statutory provisions that to some degree commingle the functions of the

Branches, but that pose no danger of either aggrandizement or encroachment.” Id. at 382. In the

words of Justice Jackson:


       While the Constitution diffuses power the better to secure liberty, it also
       contemplates that practice will integrate the dispersed powers into a workable
       government. It enjoins upon its branches separateness but interdependence,
       autonomy but reciprocity.


Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 635 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring).

               Like their federal counterparts, Texas courts have long held that some degree of

interdependence and reciprocity is subsumed within the separation of powers principle. Id.; see

Government Servs. Ins. Underwriters v. Jones, 368 S.W.2d 560, 562 (Tex. 1963); State Bd. of Ins.

v. Betts, 308 S.W.2d 846, 852 (Tex. 1958); 1 George D. Braden et al., The Constitution of the State

of Texas: An Annotated and Comparative Analysis 98 (1977) (“The separation principle is not and

                                                 12
cannot be rigid.”). Addressing the relationship between separateness and efficacy, the Texas

Supreme Court stated:


       Co-ordination or co-operation of two or more branches or departments of government
       in the solution of certain problems is both the usual and expected thing. . . . The
       system of checks and balances running throughout the governmental structure[,]
       while designed to prevent excesses, is not intended to make effective action
       impossible.


Betts, 308 S.W.2d at 852.

               While some degree of interdependence and reciprocity is permissible, Texas courts

have consistently recognized that separation of powers may be violated in either of two ways:


       First, it is violated when one branch of government assumes, or is delegated, to
       whatever degree, a power that is more “properly attached” to another branch. The
       provision is also violated when one branch unduly interferes with another branch so
       that the other branch cannot effectively exercise its constitutionally assigned powers.


Jones v. State, 803 S.W.2d 712, 715-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (quoting Armadillo Bail Bonds

v. State, 802 S.W.2d 237, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)) (citations and emphases omitted). The

Commission does not allege that the legislature, by enacting section 552.008, or Senator Shapleigh,

by requesting information under the public information act, has assumed or exercised a power that

is more “properly attached” to the executive branch of government. Rather the Commission argues

that section 552.008 and the Senator’s requests “unduly interfere” with the Commission’s exercise

of its constitutionally assigned powers.

               To determine whether a separation of powers violation involving “undue interference”

has occurred, we engage in a two-part inquiry. See Armadillo Bail Bonds v. State, 802 S.W.2d 237,

                                                 13
239 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). We look first to the scope of the Commission’s constitutionally

assigned powers and, then, we consider the impact of the statute and the Senator’s requests upon the

Commission’s exercise of those powers. Id. (appellate inquiry begins with nature of constitutional

power and extent to which legislative encroachment is permitted).


               Constitutional Powers Assigned to the Commission

               The Commission asserts that it derives constitutional authority from article XVI,

section 59, of the Texas Constitution. In relevant part, article XVI, section 59—also known as the

Conservation Amendment—provides:


       (a)     The conservation and development of all of the natural resources of this
               State, and development of parks and recreational facilities, including the
               control, storing, preservation and distribution of its storm and flood waters,
               the waters of its rivers and streams, for irrigation, power and all other useful
               purposes, the reclamation and irrigation of its arid, semi-arid and other lands
               needing irrigation, the reclamation and drainage of its overflowed lands, and
               other lands needing drainage, the conservation and development of its forests,
               water and hydro-electric power, the navigation of its inland and coastal
               waters, and the preservation and conservation of all such natural resources of
               the State are each and all hereby declared public rights and duties; and the
               Legislature shall pass all such laws as may be appropriate thereto.


Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 59(a) (emphasis added). The plain language of this provision assigns the

power to enact laws relating to conservation and development of natural resources not to the

Commission, but to the legislature. Subsection (a) of this provision states “ . . . and the Legislature

shall pass all such laws as may be appropriate thereto.” Id. Subsection (b) authorizes the creation

of conservation and reclamation districts, and subsection (c) permits the legislature to authorize

indebtedness and the levy and collection of taxes within such districts provided, however, that such

                                                  14
proposition be first submitted to and adopted by qualified voters of a district. Id. § 59(b)-(c).

Nowhere in this provision does the constitution mention the Commission or otherwise delegate

authority to the Commission. Id. § 59. Based on its plain language then, the Commission derives

no constitutionally assigned power from article XVI, section 59, of the Texas Constitution.

               To the extent the Commission claims to derive constitutional authority from

article IV, section 10, we likewise reject that contention. Article IV, section 10 states:


       [The Governor] shall cause the laws to be faithfully executed and shall conduct, in
       person, or in such manner as shall be prescribed by law, all intercourse and business
       of the State with other States and with the United States.


Tex. Const. art. IV, § 10. Like article XVI, section 59, article IV, section 10, makes no mention of

the Commission. See id. While the parties do not dispute that the Commission functions within the

realm of the executive branch, we cannot conclude that such functioning brings the Commission

within the scope of any constitutional authority granted by article IV, section 10. See Holmes,

906 S.W.2d at 572 (ascribing different meanings to the terms “judiciary” and “Judicial

Department”). The plain language of article IV, section 10, does not grant any constitutional

authority to the Commission.

               Our conclusions that the Commission does not derive constitutional authority from

either article XVI, section 59, or article IV, section 10, are further supported by the longstanding

recognition that agencies are creatures of statute and have no inherent authority. Public Util.

Comm’n v. GTE-Southwest, Inc., 901 S.W.2d 401, 406-07 (Tex. 1995). Although we recognize that

the legislature may create an administrative agency, like the Commission, and delegate its legislative



                                                 15
powers thereto, such powers are derived from statute, not the Texas Constitution. Id.; see also Texas

Boll Weevil Eradication Found., Inc. v. Lewellen, 952 S.W.2d 454, 467 (Tex. 1997); Railroad

Comm’n v. Lone Star Gas Co., 844 S.W.2d 679, 689 (Tex. 1992). More importantly, an agency may

exercise only those powers expressly delegated by statute and those powers necessarily implied to

carry out the specific powers delegated. Public Util. Comm’n, 901 S.W.2d at 406-07; McDaniel

v. Texas Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n, 982 S.W.2d 650, 651-52 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998,

pet. denied); Sexton v. Mount Olivet Cemetery Ass’n, 720 S.W.2d 129, 137-39 (Tex. App.—Austin

1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

                In support of its separation of powers argument, the Commission relies on an informal

letter ruling issued by the attorney general in response to a request for information by a Texas House

Representative. See Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2008-02184 (Feb. 15, 2008). The representative requested

public information from the attorney general himself pursuant to section 552.008. The attorney

general argued that specific documents responsive to the request were exempt from disclosure

because they were privileged attorney-client communications and disclosure would infringe upon

the attorney general’s constitutional authority to render advisory opinions in violation of the

separation of powers doctrine. In his letter ruling, the attorney general explained that article IV,

section 22 of the Texas Constitution confers exclusive authority to issue advisory opinions on the

attorney general and no constitutional provision conferred such power on the legislature. See id.

at 2-3. The attorney general concluded that allowing legislative access to the attorney general’s

internal deliberations would unduly interfere with the effective exercise of his constitutional power

to render a written advisory opinion. See id. at 3.



                                                 16
               The Commission’s reliance on this letter ruling is misplaced. Unlike the attorney

general, the Commission derives no specific power from the Texas Constitution. In the absence of

constitutional authority assigned to the Commission, there can be no separation of powers violation

occasioned by the legislature’s enactment of section 552.008 or the Senator’s requests for

information under that statute. See Holmes, 906 S.W.2d at 574 (“It is quite evident that the office

of district attorney has by statutory delegation the duty and power to represent the state in criminal

cases in district court. We must find that delegation in the constitution, however, before a

separation-of-powers problem arises.” (citation omitted)). Because we find no constitutional

authority committed to the Commission and, therefore, no separation of powers violation, we can

affirm the district court’s judgment on this ground alone without considering the second prong of

the inquiry.


               Permissible Legislative Encroachment

               Nevertheless, even if we agreed with the Commission that it derives authority to issue

air quality permits from the Constitution, to reverse the district court’s judgment we would still have

to find that the legislature’s enactment of section 552.008 unduly interferes with the Commission’s

exercise of constitutional authority.

               “The power and authority of a state legislature is plenary and its extent is limited only

by the express or implied restrictions thereon contained in or necessarily arising from the

Constitution itself.” Government Servs. Ins. Underwriters, 368 S.W.2d at 563. When the legislature

enacts a statute, it exercises a power “properly attached” to the legislative branch of government.

Jones, 803 S.W.2d at 716. A constitutional problem arises, however, when legislative enactment

                                                  17
interferes with the core functioning of another branch of government in a field constitutionally

committed to the control of that branch. Id.; see also Armadillo Bail Bonds, 802 S.W.2d at 239

(legislature may not interfere in core judicial functions). Stated differently, the legislature may not

interfere with the core functions of the judicial or executive branches without running afoul of

separation of powers.

               In support of its claim that section 552.008 unduly interferes with its permit granting

authority, the Commission argues that release of its confidential documents to Senator Shapleigh

would have a “chilling effect” on the free flow of ideas, frank communications, and the exchange

of advice from the Commission’s attorneys and the Commission.6 But, the Commission cites no

authority, and we have found none, for the proposition that some unspecified chilling effect alone

would constitute sufficient undue interference to create a separation of powers violation.

               We further observe that subsection 552.008(b) protects the confidentiality of the

Commission’s documents once they are disclosed pursuant to a legislative request for information.

See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 552.008(b). Subsection 552.008(b) preserves the confidentiality of the

Commission’s documents while in the possession of Senator Shapleigh by authorizing the

Commission to require Senator Shapleigh to sign a confidentiality agreement prior to receiving the

documents at issue. See id. In addition, subsection 552.008(b) expressly states that disclosure to




       6
         In support of this argument, the Commission relies on conclusory affidavits from two of
the Commission’s attorneys. In each affidavit, the affiant states a personal opinion that disclosure
would have a chilling effect on the attorney-client relationship or would inhibit the ability of agency
attorneys to provide legal advice. But neither affiant explains how disclosure of the subject
documents to a legislator would restrict the communication of legal advice between Commission
administrators and their counsel.

                                                  18
Senator Shapleigh does not waive or otherwise affect the confidentiality of the documents for

purposes of state or federal law, nor does disclosure to Senator Shapleigh under section 552.008

prevent the Commission from asserting exceptions to required disclosure in response to future

requests for these documents.7 See id. These protections make clear that the legislature intended to

give its members and committees a right of access even to confidential information. Accordingly,

even were we to accept the Commission’s argument regarding its constitutional authority, we

conclude the Commission has failed to demonstrate how disclosure of the documents at issue to

Senator Shapleigh unduly interferes with the Commission’s exercise of that authority. We overrule

the Commission’s separation of powers claim.


                                         CONCLUSION

               Because we conclude that section 552.008 requires disclosure of the documents at

issue and the Commission has failed to demonstrate that such disclosure would unduly interfere with

any constitutional authority committed to the Commission, we affirm the district court’s judgment.




       7
         In response to two other requests for these same documents, we observe that the attorney
general agreed with the Commission that the documents at issue were exempt from disclosure under
section 552.107 of the public information act. See Tex. Att’y Gen. OR2008-10112 (July 25, 2008),
OR2008-06741 (May 16, 2008).

                                                19
                                           __________________________________________

                                           Jan P. Patterson, Justice



Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Henson

Affirmed

Filed: April 13, 2010




                                                20
