
572 N.W.2d 33 (1997)
225 Mich. App. 617
Tonya BROWN, individually and next friend of Ashley Brown, a minor, and Linda S. Wong, as Personal Representative for the Estate of Anita Addison, a mentally incapacitated person, and Erma Brown, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Amber Vonetta Brown, deceased, Plaintiffs-Appellees, and
Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Michigan, Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
MICHIGAN BELL TELEPHONE, INC., Defendant/Cross Plaintiff-Appellant, and
Hampton's Party Store, Inc., Defendant/Cross Defendant.
Docket No. 188371.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted April 1, 1997, at Lansing.
Decided October 10, 1997, at 9:00 a.m.
Released for Publication January 8, 1998.
*34 Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ceresi by William H. Manning, Brad P. Engdahl, and Timothy J. Pramas, Minneapolis, MN, and Law Offices of Henry M Hanflik, P.C. by Henry M. Hanflik, Flint, for plaintiffs-appellees.
Chasnis, Dogger & Grierson, P.C. by John A. Chasnis, Saginaw, for defendant.
Before SAAD, P.J., and NEFF and JANSEN, JJ.

ON REMAND
JANSEN, Judge.
This case is before this Court on remand from the Supreme Court to consider the appeal as on leave granted. Brown v. Michigan Bell Telephone, Inc., 450 Mich. 853, 538 N.W.2d 678 (1995). Defendant Michigan Bell Telephone, Inc., appeals from a March 24, 1994, order denying its motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8). We affirm.
The facts of this case are not really in dispute. The incident occurred in the City of Flint on March 28, 1990, at approximately 9:30 p.m. Plaintiffs Tonya Brown and Anita Addison purchased some snacks at Hampton's Party Store. The store was located on the southeast corner of the intersection of Saginaw Street and Russell Street. Defendant[1] Michigan Bell Telephone owned two unenclosed, public pay telephones that were located on the northwest corner of Hampton's Party Store. The telephones were located approximately 14 1/2 feet from Russell Street (a residential street) and approximately *35 45 feet from Saginaw Street (a commercial street).
After purchasing the snacks, Tonya Brown was using one of the telephones while Anita Addison stood nearby. A car driven by Ruby Greer veered out of control as she attempted to make a left turn from Saginaw Street onto Russell Street. The car struck both Tonya Brown and Anita Addison. Tonya lost the use of both of her legs, and her 8 1/2-month-old fetus (plaintiff Amber Vonetta Brown) was also lost as a result of the accident. Anita Addison suffered severe head injuries, which resulted in permanent brain damage.
Greer subsequently pleaded guilty of felonious driving. Greer had been smoking crack cocaine and drinking alcohol a few hours before the accident. Apparently, an armed robbery had occurred a few blocks north of Hampton's Party Store. Greer, one of the robbery victims, fled the scene in a car. However, not only was Greer intoxicated at the time, but she had never driven a car before and did not have a driver's license. Greer drove south on Saginaw Street for a few blocks at an excessive rate of speed before the car crashed into Hampton's Party Store.
Plaintiffs filed a complaint against Michigan Bell and Hampton's Party Store, asserting claims of negligence and premises liability. Michigan Bell moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), arguing that it owed no duty to plaintiffs because the accident was unforeseeable and that Greer's criminal driving was a superseding cause of plaintiffs' injuries. The trial court denied the motion, ruling that defendant had a duty to plaintiffs to safely locate the public telephones, that it was foreseeable that a car would run off the road at the intersection, and that Greer's driving was not an intervening cause operating to extinguish any liability of defendant.
Defendant filed an application for leave to appeal in this Court. This Court denied leave in an unpublished order dated August 10, 1994 (Docket No. 174257). After denying defendant's motion for rehearing of the order in an unpublished order dated September 26, 1994, defendant filed an application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, remanded the case to this Court for consideration as on leave granted. 450 Mich. 853, 538 N.W.2d 678 (1995).
The trial court denied defendant's motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8). We review de novo the trial court's decision in this regard. Garvelink v. Detroit News, 206 Mich.App. 604, 607, 522 N.W.2d 883 (1994). A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) is properly granted if the nonmoving party failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Simko v. Blake, 448 Mich. 648, 654, 532 N.W.2d 842 (1995). A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) is properly granted if the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right of recovery. Simko, supra at 654, 532 N.W.2d 842. A motion for summary disposition is tested on the pleadings alone, and all factual allegations contained in the complaint must be accepted as true. Id.
On appeal, Michigan Bell first argues that it did not owe a duty to plaintiffs. Specifically, defendant argues that it is not reasonably foreseeable that a car will be recklessly operated, leave the roadway, and strike a public telephone adjacent to a building; that it is not reasonably foreseeable that an accident will occur where there is no allegation of a prior accident or injury to users of the public telephone; and that plaintiffs' experts could not have provided a basis to deny summary disposition where those experts had no prior knowledge or experience with the type of accident involved in this case.
We note from the outset that this case is being decided solely on the basis of MCR 2.116(C)(8). Therefore, we can rely only on the pleadings to determine whether plaintiffs' complaint sets forth a claim upon which relief can be granted. Like the trial court, we examine only the pleadings without reference to any other documentary evidence, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in deciding whether defendant owed a duty to plaintiffs, specifically to have placed the telephones in a different location.
*36 Duty is any obligation that the defendant has to the plaintiff to avoid negligent conduct. Simko, supra at 655, 532 N.W.2d 842. In negligence actions, the existence of a duty is a question of law for the court. Id. In determining whether a duty exists, courts look to different variables, including: foreseeability of the harm, existence of a relationship between the parties involved, degree of certainty of injury, closeness of connection between the conduct and the injury, moral blame attached to the conduct, policy of preventing future harm, and the burdens and consequences of imposing a duty and the resulting liability for breach. Buczkowski v. McKay, 441 Mich. 96, 100-101, 490 N.W.2d 330 (1992).
Our Supreme Court has held that utility companies are charged with a duty to protect against foreseeable harm. Groncki v. Detroit Edison Co., 453 Mich. 644, 654, 557 N.W.2d 289 (1996)[2] (Brickley, C.J.), citing Schultz v. Consumers Power Co., 443 Mich. 445, 452, 506 N.W.2d 175 (1993). In McMillan v. State Hwy. Comm., 426 Mich. 46, 58, 393 N.W.2d 332 (1986), our Supreme Court specifically rejected a rule that a private utility company owes no duty to the occupants of a vehicle that leaves the traveled portion of the road. In McMillan, the plaintiff, a passenger in an automobile, was injured when the automobile left the traveled portion of the road and struck a utility pole owned by The Detroit Edison Company. The pole was located in the median approximately three feet from the traveled portion of the road. The Supreme Court stated:
[W]e are persuaded that the plaintiff should not be precluded, as a matter of law, from presenting her case to the jury. The question whether a duty exists, and the question whether the cause (here, the placement of the poles) was so significant and important to be regarded as a proximate cause of the plaintiff's loss, depends "in part on foreseeabilitywhether it is foreseeable that the actor's conduct may create a risk of harm to the victim, and whether the result of that conduct and intervening causes were foreseeable." [Id., at 61-62, 393 N.W.2d 332.]
The Supreme Court went on to hold that when reasonable minds may differ regarding the application of the reasonableness of the risk of harm, the question is best left to the jury. Id. at 63, 393 N.W.2d 332.
Thus, under certain circumstances, a defendant can be liable for the placement of a utility pole (or, as here, a telephone booth) next to a roadway. The Supreme Court set forth factors a trial court should consider in determining whether the risk of harm was unreasonable:
[T]he trial court may consider such factors as the location of the pole, its proximity to the roadway, the configuration of the roadway, whether the utility company had notice of previous accidents at that location, and whether alternative, less dangerous locations for the pole existed. After considering these factors and any other factor which may be probative of the issue, the trial court, upon finding that reasonable minds could differ as to whether the defendant acted negligently in the placement of the pole, should place the issue before the jury to decide. [Id. at 64, 393 N.W.2d 332.]
We find that plaintiffs' complaint is sufficient to establish that Michigan Bell owed a duty to them. Plaintiffs averred that a number of substantially similar accidents had occurred at or near the intersection by the party store and specifically listed eight such accidents. They averred that Michigan Bell knew or should have known of the frequency of the accidents at the intersection involving fixed objects. The complaint also contained the geometric set-up of the location of the telephones to demonstrate why they were placed in an unsafe location. The complaint set forth a location that would have been safer. As the trial court concluded, and we agree, it was foreseeable that an automobile could run off the road and hit the telephones. See, e.g., McMillan, supra at 62-64, 393 N.W.2d 332. Thus, taking all factual allegations supporting the claim as true, plaintiffs *37 established that Michigan Bell owed them a duty of care.
The present case is distinguishable from this Court's decision in Etter v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 179 Mich.App. 551, 446 N.W.2d 500 (1989), where, under facts very similar to the facts in this case, this Court held that the defendant owed no duty to the plaintiff. Specifically, this Court found that the plaintiff presented no evidence that there had been any similar accidents at the telephone booth, that there were no practical alternative or less dangerous locations for the telephone booth, and that placing the telephone booth away from the roadway would have made it less accessible to the public. In the present case, plaintiffs have set forth facts in the complaint alleging that there were previous accidents at the telephone booths and that defendant knew or should have known of the frequency of the accidents. Plaintiffs also alleged that the telephones could have been placed at a safer location, further away from the intersection, with no impracticality of accessibility. Plaintiffs also stated in their complaint the proximity of the telephones to the roadway and the configuration of the intersection. Thus, unlike Etter, plaintiffs in this case have set forth facts showing that, under the factors set forth in McMillan, defendant owed them a duty.
Defendant also argues that the unforeseeable criminal driving of the driver was a superseding, intervening cause that relieves it of any duty it may have had. A superseding cause is one that intervenes to prevent a defendant from being liable for harm to a plaintiff that the defendant's antecedent negligence is a substantial factor in bringing about. Hickey v. Zezulka (On Resubmission), 439 Mich. 408, 436, 487 N.W.2d 106 (1992) (Brickley, J.). In order to be a superseding cause, thereby relieving a negligent defendant from liability, an intervening force must not have been reasonably foreseeable. Id. at 437, 487 N.W.2d 106. Regardless of the conduct of the driver, it is foreseeable that an automobile will leave the road for a variety of reasons. Thus, there was no intervening, superseding act that relieved defendant of liability. Moreover, the question with respect to Michigan Bell is whether its placement of the telephone booths was reasonable.
Defendant also argues that it did not owe a duty to Anita Addison because she was a bystander, and therefore, an unforeseeable plaintiff. Because defendant did not raise this issue in its motion for summary disposition before the trial court, it has not been preserved for appellate review. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n v. Lozanis, 215 Mich.App. 415, 421, 546 N.W.2d 648 (1996).
Defendant also argues that the danger associated with the location of the telephone was open and obvious, thereby relieving it of any duty to plaintiffs. Because defendant did not raise this issue in its motion for summary disposition before the trial court, it has not been preserved for appellate review. Id.
Affirmed.
Neff, J., concurs.
SAAD, Presiding Judge (dissenting).
I respectfully dissent. As is common knowledge, there are many places in any city where pedestrians are clearly at risk if a reckless driver veers off the road. This is true whether one waits at a corner for a light to change or traffic to clear, waits at a bus stop or cab stand, stops to buy a paper from a paper stand or a hot dog from a vendor, or makes a telephone call from any number of locations. Most people would be very surprised to learn, as I am today, that the hot dog vendor, newspaper stand owner or telephone company is responsible in damages if an inexperienced, intoxicated, criminally reckless driver injures someone who stops to use the vendor's services. Though it is virtually impossible to predict (much less guard against) the wildly erratic driving exemplified by Ruby Greer,[1] my colleagues in the majority *38 impose such an unrealistic duty upon Michigan Bell.
To be sure, the accident was tragic, but so too is the law that is made today thereby proving the old maximbad acts make bad law. Not only was the telephone booth in question clearly a reasonable distance from the streets, but plaintiffs' counsel conceded during oral argument[2] that there had never been a car accident involving this telephone stand it its history.[3] That there were car accidents in the vicinity is not terribly relevant because one would be hard pressed to find a major intersection in a city free of car accidents. What is troubling is the majority's unfortunate use of such common-place data to justify the imposition of a duty that, to my mind, violates, among other things, common sense. While I can understand the compassion that may motivate the majority, nonetheless, to shift the responsibility for this tragedy from where it truly belongson the impecunious criminal wrongdoerto the innocent defendant with resources does violence to the law of negligence, which only imposes reasonable duties,[4] and to the law regarding causation,[5] which mandates the sensible conclusion that Ms. Greer caused this accident, not Michigan Bell.
NOTES
[1]  In this opinion, "defendant" refers solely to Michigan Bell Telephone because Hampton's Party Store is not a party to this appeal.
[2]  We would hesitate to cite the Supreme Court's decision in Groncki for any rule of law because that case generated five separate opinions from our seven Supreme Court justices. However, this duty is set forth in Schultz.
[1]  As noted in the majority opinion, at the time of the accident, Ms. Greer was admittedly high on cocaine. Just minutes previously, she had fled the scene of a robbery in a panic attempting to drive herself to safety, even though she had never driven previously and she did not possess a driver's license.
[2]  This concession occurred in response to specific questioning at oral argument on April 1, 1997, during counsel's attempt to argue that Michigan Bell had a duty because there had been forty-four previous car accidents in the vicinity of this intersection (i.e., not involving this or any other telephone stand) and twelve accidents elsewhere in the City of Flint involving telephones in general. Counsel unambiguously admitted that there had been no previous accidents involving this telephone stand.
[3]  See Etter v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 179 Mich.App. 551, 557, 446 N.W.2d 500 (1989):

When opposing defendant's motion for summary disposition, plaintiff presented little or no evidence that the accident in question was foreseeable. There were no prior accidents at this location. The only similar accident involving one of defendant's outdoor phones occurred ten years earlier and at a different location. Considering that defendant has over 11,000 outdoor public telephones in this state, this type of accident cannot be said to be foreseeable so as to give rise to a duty on defendant's part. [Emphasis added.]
[4]  See, e.g., Buczkowski v. McKay, 441 Mich. 96, 100, 490 N.W.2d 330 (1992) ("the duty to use `reasonable care' is the standard for liability"); Riddle v. McLouth Steel Products Corp., 440 Mich. 85, 100, 485 N.W.2d 676 (1992) (a defendant "is not an insurer of the safety of an invitee, and his duty is only to exercise reasonable care for the invitee's protection"); Samson v. Saginaw Professional Building, Inc., 393 Mich. 393, 406, 224 N.W.2d 843 (1975) ("Negligence, however, is not found to exist unless an actor, who is under a duty to act, fails to act after he has perceived or should have perceived an unreasonable risk of harm to another.") (emphasis in original); Babula v. Robertson, 212 Mich.App. 45, 49, 536 N.W.2d 834 (1995) ("As a general rule, there is no duty to protect against the criminal acts of a third party absent a special relationship between the defendant and the plaintiff or the defendant and the third person."); Etter, supra (Michigan Bell had no duty, as a matter of law, to outdoor public telephone patron injured by out-of-control car).
[5]  See, e.g., Babula, supra at 54, 536 N.W.2d 834 ("Proximate cause means such cause as operates to produce particular consequences without the intervention of any independent, unforeseen cause, without which the injuries would not have occurred," and causation may be decided as a matter of law when "reasonable minds could not differ regarding the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury."); Rogalski v. Tavernier, 208 Mich.App. 302, 306, 527 N.W.2d 73 (1995) (declining to impose social host liability on parents who provided alcohol, for injuries caused by intervening criminal acts); Etter, supra (risk of harm to outdoor public telephone patron injured by out-of-control car was not foreseeable, as a matter of law).
