               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 08–0427

                        Filed September 25, 2009


GE MONEY BANK,

      Appellee,

vs.

MARIA MORALES,

      Appellant.


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County,

Steven J. Andreasen, Judge.



      On discretionary review, a debtor appeals the district court’s

affirmance of a judgment entered in a small claims proceeding.

AFFIRMED.



      William J. Niebel of Iowa Legal Aid, Sioux City, for appellant.


      Timothy J. Van Vliet of Wetsch & Abbott, P.L.C., Des Moines, for

appellee.
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WIGGINS, Justice.

      A debtor appeals a judgment entered against her on a credit card

account in a small claims proceeding.      The district court affirmed the

judgment on appeal. On discretionary review, we find the small claims

court correctly considered the billing statements faxed to the court on

the morning of the proceeding in making its decision. Accordingly, we

affirm the judgment of the district court affirming the judgment in the

small claims proceeding.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      GE Money Bank commenced a small claims action against Maria

Morales by filing its original notice. The bank claimed Morales owed a

balance on a store credit card for $2,084.76. At the same time the bank

filed its original notice, it filed a verified account.   Morales filed her

answer, denying the claim.       The clerk set the matter for trial on

September 24, 2007.

      On the morning of the trial, the bank’s attorney sent a letter by fax

informing the judge it would be appearing at the trial by the verified

account.   The bank’s attorney attached Morales’s credit card billing

statements to his letter.

      At the trial, the bank appeared by the verified account and Morales

appeared by her attorney. Neither party appeared in person. Morales’s

attorney moved for a dismissal stating the verified account did not meet

the bank’s burden of proof and the billing statements were inadmissible

because they lacked foundation and were hearsay. The court found it

could admit the billing statements to prove the bank’s claim. Further,

the court entered judgment in the bank’s favor for the amount claimed

because there was no evidence in the record to contradict the amount

claimed by the bank.
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      Morales appealed to the district court. In the appeal, she argued

the billing statements were not admissible because, without the proper

foundation, they were hearsay and the verified account was not enough

to satisfy the plaintiff’s burden of proof in this case.

      The district court stated the verified account alone did not satisfy

the plaintiff’s burden of proof; however, the affidavit included in the

verified account provided sufficient evidence to establish the foundation

for the admissibility of the billing statements and proof of the claim. The

district court affirmed the judgment.

      Morales applied for discretionary review, and we granted the

application.

      II. Issues.

      In this appeal, we must determine whether the verified account

constituted the bank’s appearance at the small claims trial and if the

court correctly admitted the billing statements.

      III. Scope of Review.

      In a discretionary review of a small claims decision, the nature of

the case determines the standard of review. Midwest Check Cashing, Inc.

v. Richey, 728 N.W.2d 396, 399 (Iowa 2007). Small claims actions that

are tried at law are reviewed for correction of errors at law. Conkey v.

Hoak Motors, Inc., 637 N.W.2d 170, 172 (Iowa 2001).           A review of

statutory construction is at law. Rowan v. Everhard, 554 N.W.2d 548,

549 (Iowa 1996). We are bound, however, by a court’s finding of fact if

supported by substantial evidence. Barnhill v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 765 N.W.2d

267, 272 (Iowa 2009).

      In this discretionary review, we must also decide an issue of the

admissibility of evidence. Normally, rulings on admissibility of evidence

are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Helmers, 753 N.W.2d
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565, 567 (Iowa 2008). However, a ruling on hearsay, despite being an

admissibility-of-evidence issue, is reviewed for errors at law.      State v.

Reynolds, 746 N.W.2d 837, 841 (Iowa 2008).

       IV. The Effect of a Plaintiff Filing a Verified Account.

       The Code refers to a verified account only one time in chapter 631.

Iowa Code § 631.10 (2007). It provides:

              Unless good cause to the contrary is shown, if the
       parties fail to appear at the time of hearing the claim shall be
       dismissed without prejudice by the court; if the plaintiff fails
       to appear but the defendant appears, the claim shall be
       dismissed with prejudice by the court with costs assessed to
       the plaintiff; and if the plaintiff appears but the defendant
       fails to appear, judgment may be rendered against the
       defendant by the court. The filing by the plaintiff of a
       verified account, or an instrument in writing for the payment
       of money with an affidavit the same is genuine, shall
       constitute an appearance by plaintiff for the purpose of this
       section.

Id.   Morales argues the last sentence of the statute only applies when

both the plaintiff and the defendant fail to appear.      We disagree with

Morales’s contention.

       Iowa Code section 631.10 explicitly states that a plaintiff who files

a verified account has appeared for the purposes of “this section.” Id.

This all-encompassing statement does not differentiate based on the

appearance of the defendant. Id. The legislature designed the trial to be

simple and informal.     Id. § 631.11(1).   The legislature intended small

claims suits to be simpler, easier, and less expensive than a district court

action. Barnes Beauty Coll. v. McCoy, 279 N.W.2d 258, 259 (Iowa 1979).

Based on a plain reading of the statute and the legislative intent

underlying small claims actions, we conclude when a plaintiff files a

verified account under section 631.10, the court must consider the

verified account as if the plaintiff appeared personally at the trial and
                                     5

deem the matters presented in the verification as evidence offered by the

plaintiff. If the defendant fails to appear at the trial and the evidence

presented in the verified account substantiates the plaintiff’s claim, the

court should enter judgment against the defendant. Iowa Code § 631.10;

see also ITT Fin. Servs. v. Zimmerman, 464 N.W.2d 486, 489–90 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1990) (holding the original notice and verified account did not

substantiate plaintiff’s claim and was insufficient for the court to enter a

default judgment against the plaintiffs). If the defendant does appear at

the trial, the court must then exercise its function as the trier of fact by

weighing the evidence contained in the verified account and any evidence

produced at trial, and render its verdict upon the “applicable law and

upon a preponderance of the evidence.” Iowa Code § 631.11(4).
     V. Admissibility of the Faxed Billing Statements under the
Iowa Rules of Evidence.
      The district court affirmed the small claims court’s decision finding

the billing statements admissible.    The district court found the billing

statements admissible on the basis of the business record exception to

the hearsay rule, concluding the verified account established the

necessary foundation to admit the statements as business records.

Morales contends the bank failed to establish the proper foundation and

the billing statements were hearsay. The bank answers this contention

by first arguing the statements are not hearsay. The bank next argues

that the verified account lays the foundation for the admissibility of the

statements. Finally, the bank claims, even if the rules of evidence are

applicable in a small claims proceeding, the court should apply the

hearsay rules less rigidly in the context of a small claims proceeding.

      A. Whether the Billing Statements are Hearsay. The bank first

argues that the billing statements are not hearsay because a fully
                                        6

automated and reliable process, not involving any statements by a

declarant, created the statements. It is true that some courts have held

self-generated computer records are not hearsay at all.           2 Kenneth S.

Broun, McCormick on Evidence § 294, at 326 n.21 (6th ed. 2006)

[hereinafter McCormick on Evidence]; see Reynolds, 746 N.W.2d at 843

(discussing some courts’ holdings that self-generated computer records

are not hearsay). An example of such a record is a record made by an

electronic device placed on a phone line known as a “trap” whereby a

computer automatically records the telephone numbers of calls made to

the “trapped” phone. People v. Holowko, 486 N.E.2d 877, 877 (Ill. 1985).

These records are not hearsay because such records are not the

counterpart of a statement by a human declarant who litigants can test

the reliability of through cross-examination. 2 McCormick on Evidence

§ 294, at 326. Rather, the admissibility of these records is determined by

an evaluation of the reliability and accuracy of the process involved in

making the record. Id.

      There was no evidence introduced in this case showing that the

billing statements are self-generated computer records.            See William

Andrew McNeal, Admissibility of Credit Card Account Statements, Am.

Bankr. Inst. J., July–Aug. 2007, at 12, 12 (arguing credit card purchases

are self-generated computer records). To the contrary, the bank in its

verified account states that individuals with personal knowledge gained

from examining the account documentation make entries that form the

computer   records   of   the   bank.       Thus   under   this   record,   any

computerized records of the bank are computer-stored data rather than

computer-generated data. See State v. Armstead, 432 So. 2d 837, 839–

40 & n.3 (La. 1983) (discussing the distinction between computer-stored

data, which is hearsay and computer-generated data, which is not
                                    7

hearsay).   We conclude, therefore, that the court properly found the

billing statements constitute hearsay.

      B. Whether the Verified Account Establishes the Foundation

for the Admissibility of the Billing Statements as Business Records.

The bank next argues the verified account established the foundation for

the admissibility of the billing statements as business records. Hearsay

is an out-of-court statement offered in court by a person other than the

declarant to prove the truth of the matter asserted.       Iowa R. Evid.

5.801(c).   The hearsay rule is based on the premise that out-of-court

statements can be unreliable because the declarant (1) may not be telling

the truth, (2) may have wrongly perceived the events, (3) may have an

imperfect memory, or (4) may have conveyed an unintended meaning to

the listener. Williamson v. United States, 512 U.S. 594, 598, 114 S. Ct.

2431, 2434, 129 L. Ed. 2d 476, 482 (1994).           In-court statements

minimize these dangers by requiring a witness to testify under oath in

the presence of the fact finder and be subject to cross-examination. Id.

      Nonetheless, the law permits the introduction of out-of-court

statements in a large number of circumstances even though the

declarant is not subject to cross-examination. See Iowa Rs. Evid. 5.803,

5.804 (setting forth exceptions to the hearsay rule). These exceptions are

justified because the nature of the excepted hearsay statement carries

some indication of reliability. Business records are one of the recognized

exceptions. Id. r. 5.803(6). A business record is admissible if it can be

shown it was

      made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted
      by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a
      regularly conducted business activity, and the regular
      practice of that business activity was to make the
      memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, all as
      shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified
                                    8
      witness, or by certification that complies with rule 5.902(11),
      rule 5.902(12), or a statute permitting certification, unless
      the source of information or the method or circumstances of
      preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Id.

      In this small claims proceeding, the bank appeared by verified

account. The bank filed the verified account on August 3. It offered the

billing statements on September 24.       The bank argues the verified

account provides the proper foundation for the admissibility of the

statements as a business record under rule 5.803(6). We disagree.

      The bank filed the billing statements after it filed the verified

account. There is nothing in the verified account referencing the billing

statements submitted on September 24. Consequently, we cannot relate

the business practices of the bank in keeping its records as outlined in

the verified account to the billing statements filed on September 24.

Without a nexus between the verified account and the statements, the

billing statements lack the proper foundation to be admissible as

business records under rule 5.803(6).

      C. Whether the Court Should Strictly Apply the Hearsay Rules

in a Small Claims Proceeding.       Finally, the bank argues even if the

rules of evidence regarding hearsay are applicable in a small claims

proceeding, the court should apply the hearsay rules less rigidly in the

context of such a proceeding. The rules of evidence have their own scope

and applicability clauses. The rules govern proceedings in all the courts

in this state to the extent and with the exceptions stated in rule 5.1101.

Id. r. 5.1101. Rule 5.1101 states, “[t]hese rules apply in all proceedings

in the courts of this state, including proceedings before magistrates and

court-appointed referees and masters, except as otherwise provided by

rules of the Iowa Supreme Court.” Id. r. 5.1101(a).
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      On the other hand, the legislature has declared that a small claims

proceeding is to be “simple and informal, and shall be conducted by the

court itself, without regard to technicalities of procedure.”   Iowa Code

§ 631.11(1).     We have found the intent of this statute is “to provide a

simple, informal, and inexpensive procedure for the trial of a small claim

in a trial conducted by the court itself without regard to technicalities of

procedure.” Lau v. City of Oelwein, 336 N.W.2d 202, 203 (Iowa 1983).

We have used this statute to exclude certain rules of civil procedure from

small claims proceedings. See, e.g., Midwest Recovery Servs. v. Cooper,

465 N.W.2d 855, 857 (Iowa 1991) (holding Iowa Code section 631.13,

which is now section 631.7, contains no provision for posttrial motions

on appeal from a small claims court judgment).

      In regards to the presentation of evidence at the hearing, the

legislature has said,

      [t]he court shall swear the parties and their witnesses, and
      examine them in such a way as to bring out the truth. The
      parties may participate, either personally or by attorney.
      The court may continue the hearing from time to time and
      may amend new or amended pleadings, if justice requires.

Iowa Code § 631.11(2).        This statute confirms that the legislature

intended a small claims proceeding to be a simple and informal search

for the truth.

      Although the rules of evidence concerning hearsay generally apply

in a small claims proceeding, we conclude the presiding judicial officer

should not require the strict enforcement of the hearsay rule.         Less

formality in a small claims proceeding includes a less rule-bound

approach to the conduct of the trial.      To require a party to bring in

additional witnesses to testify upon matters not necessary for the

resolution of the case would be contrary to the policies of speedy and
                                        10

economical justice in a small claims proceeding.           When dealing with

hearsay, the judge should not use the technical requirements of the rules

of evidence to exclude evidence that the judge finds reliable. Rather, the

judge, in his or her function as the trier of fact, should scrutinize the

evidence to determine its reliability when deciding the case.          See Iowa

Code § 631.11(4) (stating the judgment in a small claims proceeding

“shall    be   rendered,   based   on   the   applicable   law   and   upon   a

preponderance of evidence”).

         In determining whether hearsay evidence is reliable, the court

should determine whether the evidence is the kind of evidence that

reasonably prudent persons are accustomed to rely on for the conduct of

their serious affairs. See Iowa Code § 17A.14(1) (establishing the same

standard for the admissibility of evidence in a contested case tried under

the administrative procedure act). This test strikes the proper balance

between the legislative intent, that small claims proceedings are to be

simple and informal, and the purpose behind the hearsay rule, to

prevent unreliable evidence from influencing the decision of the fact

finder.

         Applying this test to the billing statements, we find these

statements are the kind of evidence that reasonably prudent persons are

accustomed to rely on for the conduct of their serious affairs.            The

statements are addressed to Morales. They contain the trademarked logo

of the company. They also include the itemized charges for each month.

Any person receiving such statements would consider them genuine and

take some action in response to receiving them.            Therefore, the court

correctly considered the billing statements.
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       VI. Conclusion and Disposition.

       Morales did not personally appear at the trial. Her attorney offered

no evidence to rebut the statements contained in the verified account

and the billing statements.          Based on the record made at the small

claims trial there is no doubt the uncontroverted evidence in the form of

the verified account and billing statements constitutes substantial

evidence to support the entry of a judgment against Morales. 1

Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the district court affirming the

judgment of the small claims court.

       AFFIRMED.




       1The  bank never argued that it could prevail on the verified account alone. The
verified account is not a part of the original notice under Iowa Code section 631.3, but
rather a separate document filed in lieu of the plaintiff’s appearance. Iowa Code
§ 631.10. The denial of the claim filed under section 631.5 only denies the allegations
made by the plaintiff in the original notice. As we said in division IV of this opinion,
when filed, the court should consider the verified account as evidence proffered by the
plaintiff. The bank concedes it did not argue that it could prevail solely on the verified
account; therefore, we will not reach this issue on appeal.
