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. DARRELL BRYAN l A PELLANT ,’

ON APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
V. HONORABLE A. C, MCKAY CHAUVIN, JUDGE
NOS. lZ-CR-003497-01AND l4-CR-002'741-Ol

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE

MEMOR.ANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

AFFIRMING IN PART AND REVERSING IN PART

On October 13, 2012, the Appellant, Darrell F. Bryan, engaged in a
physical altercation with his drug dealer, Mickel Kimbley, Which resulted in
Kirnbley’s death. According to Appellant’s former girlfriend and Co-defenda_nt,
Jennifer Hack, Appe_llant arranged to meet Kimbley under the guise of a drug
deal, and then rob him. Hack drove‘Appellant to the drug buy location in a van
that they borrowed from a friend. After arriving at the scene, Appellant claimed
that Kimbley pulled a gun on him. Appellant, who Was a cage iighter, punched l
Kimbley, knocking him unconscious. Multiple Witnesses testified that
Appellant returned to the Van carrying a baseball bat. Appellant and Hack

then drove away.

n Kimbley was soon discovered by a nearby bystander. He had severe
wounds to his head, his pants were pulled down; and his pockets appeared to
have been searched Still alive at the time, Kimbley Was transported-to the
hospital where he died as a result of blunt force trauma to his head,

Appellant subsequently returned to the crime scene and retrieved
Kimbley’s car_, which he then sold to a salvage business Appellant and Hack
_ proceeded to imbibe in copious amounts of drugs obtained by their ill-gotten
proceeds They were eventually arrested, indicted, and jointly tried.

Appellant’s recorded statement to the police was introduced at trial.
Therein, Appellant claimed that he did not intend to meet Kimbley that night.
Rather, he stated that he Was there to meet “some dude” whose name he did
not know and who lived in nearby apartments appellant repeatedly claimed
that when he encountered Kimbley, Kimbley pulled a gun on him. Appellant
responded by punching Kimbley once in the head with his right hand. A
Jefferson County Circuit Court jury convicted Appellant of murder, first-degree
robbeiy, theft by unlawful taking, and tampering with physical evidence. Hack
was acquitted of all charges All sentences were to run concurrently and
Appellant was ultimately sentenced to fifty years’ imprisonment He-now
appeals his judgment and sentence as a matter of right pursuant to § l 10(2](b)
of the Kentucky Constitution. l Several'issues are raised and addressed as

follows

Sclf-defense
We are called upon again to wrestle with the unwieldy and confusing
provision of KRS 503.120(1). This statute passed by our legislature in 1974
attempts to place some qualifying restriction upon the subjective stande
applied when determining whether a defendant is entitled to the justification of
self-defense. KRS 503.050 states that the use of physical force is justified
“when the defendant believes that such force is necessary.” The qualifying
statute we deal with today essentially says that a complete self-defense is not
available if the defendant is “wanton or reckless” in such a belief. We start our
discussion as to how this .case is affected by reciting KRS 503.120(1):
(l) When the defendant believes that the use of force upon or toward '
the person of another is necessary for any of the purposes for
which such belief would establish a justification under KRS
503.050 to 503.1 10 but the defendant is wanton or reckless in
believing the use of any force, or the degree of force used, to be
necessary or in acquiring or failing to acquire any knowledge or
belief which 1s material to the justifiability of his use of force, the
justification afforded by those sections' is unavailable° in a
prosecution for an offense for which wantonness or '

recklessness, as the case may be, suffices to establish
culpability= (Emphases added).

4 Appellant claims that the failure of the trial court to give this “imperfect‘
self-defense” was reversible error. We must review this alleged error under the
abuse of discretion standard. Sargent v. Shajj"er, 467 S.W.3d 1‘98", 204 (Ky.
2015}

We must first look to see what instructions were given. The court-

did permit a “perfect” self-defense instruction. In addition, the court also

instructed the jury on the following homicide charges: 1) murder

3

(intentional or wanton); 2) first-degree manslaughter; and 3) second-
degree manslaughter.

The essence of the Appellant’s claim is that while the jury could have
concluded that Appellant subjectively believed that it was necessary to use '
force upon Kimbley, it could have found that the force was excessive. In the
same vein the jury could have found that the Appellant was wanton or reckless
in making such a judgment call that such force was necessary.' Under the
imperfect self-defense instruction the jury would have been guided to find the
Appellant guilty of a lesser offense.

Our most recent and relevant case applying this theory is Commonwealth
v. Hasch, 421 S.W.3d 349 (Ky. 2013). In Hasch, the defendant was convicted
of reckless homicide, The Court held that although neither the Commonwealth
nor the defendant might be entitled to a “straight” instruction on reckless l
homicide, she could still be convicted of that charge under an imperfect self-
defense theory. In Hasch, that instruction was given along with all the lesser
included offenses The jury convicted the defendant under that theory and we
affirmed her conviction. In so holding, we discussed KRS 503. 120 as follows:

As provided by the statutory language, the “mistaken belief" v

component of reckless homicide under the imperfect self-defense

theory is based upon the defendant's subjective viewpoint: a

defendant must actually believe, albeit mistakenly, that the use of

deadly force is necessary. But, whether the defendants failure to

perceive the risk of being mistaken was a gross deviation from the

standard of care must be,based upon an objective viewpoint-what

a reasonable person would perceive -in the situation.

_Id. at 358.

The reasoning in Hasch can be equally applied to crimes involving

wanton behavior. For example, the commentary to KRS 5-03. 120 provides:
` [I]f a defendant, in killing another, believes himself in danger of

death but is wanton `in having such a belief, he cannot be

convicted of murder. But since manslaughter in the second

degree is committed through “wantonness” and since this

subsection denies a defendant justification for such an offense, he

can be convicted of this lesser degree of homicide,
Therefore, if the jury had determined that Appellant subjectively believed that
deadly force was necessary to defend himself, yet also determined that h
Appellant was objectively wanton in his belief, the jury, under the instructions
provided, could have only convicted Appellant of the lesser included offense of
second-degree manslaughter. n

lt is important to point out that the facts of Hasch and this case are
critically distinguishable In Hasch, there was no question that the defendant
intentionally fired the shot that hit the victim between the eyes and that one
shot was the cause of his death. Here, however, the unrefuted testimony of the
pathologist was that the one blow which Appellant admits striking would not
have caused Kimbley’s death. In other words, it was the excessive force used
which caused the death.

It appears that the foundation for the tendered perfect self-defense
instruction and the requested imperfect distinction was Appellant’s` recorded
statement to the police that was introduced at trial. Therein, Appellant claimed
that he did not intend to meet Kimbley that night. Rather, he stated that he'

`was there to meet “some dude” whose name he did not know and who lived in

nearby apartments Appellant repeatedly claimed that when he encountered
5

Kimbley, Kimbley pulled a gun on him. Appellant claims he responded by '
punching Kimbley once in the head with his right fist.

Because thel court instructed the jury under a perfect self-defense
instruction, the court must have determined that sufficient evidence had been
presented from which the jury could determinedthat Appellant subjectiver
believed that deadly force was necessary_i.e., the gun narrative.

Frorn this evid`ence, we believe that the jury could have also determined
that Appellant was objectively mistaken as to the level of force needed to repel
the alleged threat. lf so, then the jury would have been precluded from
convicting Appellant of murder and first-degree manslaughter.

Even if the jury determined that Appellant beat the victim with a bat in
response to Kimbley pulling a gun on him, the jury could nevertheless
reasonably determine that Appellant consciously disregarded a substantial and
unjustifiable risk, and that his disregard was a gross deviation from the
standard of care. -This would still foreclose a murder or first-degree
manslaughter conviction, but permit a second-degree manslaughter conviction

Therefore we conclude that the trial court should have given the
imperfect self-defense instruction as called for under KRS 503.120(1).

live now turn to the question of whether such failure to instruct was
harmless An error is harmless under RCr 9.24 if we “can say with fair
assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error.” n

Winstead 1). Common.wealth, 283 S.W.3d 67 8, 689 (Ky. 2009) (citation omitted).

It is important to inject here the instruction given in this case on self-
protection:

If at the time ran individual, including Mr. Bryan, uses physical force

upon another person he believes that person was then and there about

to use physical force upon him, he is privileged to use such physical
force against that person as he believes to be necessary in order to
protect himself against it, including the right to use deadly physical
force in so doing but only if he believed deadly physical force to be
necessary in order to protect himself from death or serious physical
injury. [Emphasis added). `

This is a two-fold subjective standard. Not only can the jury buy the self-
defense theory if it only believes that Appellant thought force was necessary to
protect 'himself, but also only believe that the Appellant thought that the force
he used was necessary. The jury only reaches the imperfect self-defense
definition if it believes that the Appellant thought the deadly force of the
baseball bat was necessary. This would be a complete defense to murder.' By
finding the Appellant guilty of murder, the jury found beyond a reasonable
doubt that Appellant was not privileged to act in self-defense Therefore, under
the instruction defining self-protection the jury found that he did not believe he
needed to use deadly force. There was no possibility that he could have been
wanton or reckless in forming a belief the jury held he did not have. Herein lies
the distinguishing facts from Hasch. In that case the jury found the defendant
not guilty of murder. Therefore, it bought the defense claim that she did in fact
think force was necessary and that the amount of deadly force was necessary.
But, she was reckless in thinking the latter. Thus, a conviction for reckless

homicide was proper. Here, the Appellant never got past the second hurdle-

belief that the deadly force was necessary.
' 7

Therefore, the trial judge should have given the imperfect self-defense
instruction But, looking back now after the jury convicted the Appellant of
murder, we find that such failure was harmless

l.astly, Appellant contends that the trial court erroneously omitted a “no
duty to retreat” jury instruction. We disagree As' we stated in Hasch;

Therefore, in light of the enactment of KRS -503.055 and KRS

'503.050(4), we now agree that when presented with circumstances

. in which the provisions of those statutes are applicable, and upon

the request of one of the parties, the trial court must include

among the jury instructions a “1_10 duty to retreat” instruction,

similar' m form and substance to the one given in this case, which

is set out above.

421 S.W.3d at 364.
Neither of those provisions, (KRS 503.055 Or KRS 503.050), are at issue here.
Appellant provides no additional authority requiring such an instruction in the
present case. l-lowever, “[w]hen evidence of an apparent means of retreat is so
intertwined in the evidence in the case that there arises a risk that the jury will
be misdirected to give it improper consideration, the court should . . . give an
appropriate instruction based upon KRS 503.055(3)[.]” Id. at 363.

Reckless I-Iomicide

Appellant also argues that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury
on reckless homicide. To clarify, this is a standalone or “straight” reckless
' homicide instruction-one that does not result from an imperfect self-defense
instruction, See Hasch, 421 S.W.3d at 357-58. Even if the trial court

erroneously failed to instruct on reckless homicide, any error here is harmless

Appellant was ultimately convicted of murder. Therefore, the jury rejected the

8_

standalone lesser included offenses of first and second degree manslaughter,
both of which contain a mental element greater than recklessness There isjno
way the jury would have found Appellant guilty of_ reckless homicide had it
been so-instructed.
Juror Selection

Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by granting the
Commonwealth’s motion to strike potential Juror 1355786 for cause. . We
review for an abuse of discretion Little v. Commonwealth, 422 S. W. 3d 238 (Ky.
2013). This issue arose after the prosecutor informed the venire panel that the
victim was a drug dealer and-asked if anyone would feel that he got what he
deserved. Juror 1355|786 responded: “lf you push drugs-or do drugs I ain’t got
no love for you. l wouldn’t be impartial . . . lt’s terrible but that’s my bias.”
Juror 1355786 made additional statements indicating his clear bias in
response to additional questioning by the prosecutor and defense counsel. The
court clearly did not abuse its discretion in striking Juror 1355786 for cause.

T_arn_peang with Physical Evidence

Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for ,
a directed verdict on the charge of tampering with physical evidence. The
evidence at issue is` the bat that the Appellant allegedly used to beat the victim
todeath. Expert testimony indicated that the victim had been beaten with a
blunt force object The co-defendant and the bystander who discovered the
victim’s body testified that they saw Appellant return to the van carrying the

bat after his encounter with the victim. Police officers did not discover the bat

during their subsequent search of the van Nor is there any indication that
officers searched Appellant’s home for the bat. Moreover, the Commonwealth
did not offer any evidence of concealment by the Appellant There was only
evidence that Appellant was seen leaving the scene with a baseball bat,that
was never recovered

We- will reverse the trial court’s denial of a motion for directed verdict “if
under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to
find guilt[.]” Commonwealth 1). Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991) (citing
Commonwealth vi Sawhill, 660 S.W.2d 3 (Ky. 1983) (emphasis added)). Our
review is confined to the proof at trial and the statutory elements of the alleged
offense Lawton v. Commonwealth, 354 S.W.3d 565, 575 (Ky. 201 1).

The two cases most on point are McAtee v. Commonwealth, 413 S.W.3d
608 (Ky. 2013) and Mullins 1). Commonwealth, 350 S.W.3d 434 (Ky. 201 1] In
Mullins, we stated the following: l d

If a defendant walks away from the scene in possession of

evidence this does not necessarily lead to a violation of the

statute When a crime takes place, it will almost always be the case

that the perpetrator leaves the scene with evidence If this

amounted to a charge of tampering the result would be an

impermissible “piling on.” _ ,
Id. at 443.

Accordingly, we reverse Appellant's conviction for tampering with physical

evidence and vacate his sentence for that conviction

10-

Additional Issues

Appellant complains that the trial court erroneously admitted improper
evidence of prior crimes or bad acts KRl_L` 404(b]. Evidence of prior crimes or
bad acts must be relevant “for some purpose other than to prove the criminal
disposition of the accused . . . .” l\/feece 1). Commonwealth, 348 S.W.3d 627,
662 (Ky. 201 1). Evidence admissible under KRE 404(b) must also be relevant,
probative, and not unduly prejudicial Bell v. Commonwealth, 875 S.W.2d 882,
889-91 ('Ky. 1994). See also KRE'=401; 402; and 403. Appellant specifically
takes issue with the following evidence: 1) he was a cage fighter; 2) his drug
use; and 3) his prior instances of threats and domestic violence towards Hack.
Each will be discussed in turn. We review for an abuse of discretion

Appellant fails to cite any specific references by the Commonwealth
during trial to Appellant’s history as a cage fighter. l-Iowever, the jury heard
Appellant’s recorded statement to police officers wherein he discussed his
physical encounter with the victim as follows: “l’m a professional fighter . . . l
connected, that means he’s goin’ out ”‘ This and any other evidence
demonstrating that Appellant was a professional lighter or a cage fighter does
not constitute evidence of a bad act. Moreover, it is relevant concerning the
level of force Appellant needed to repel the victim whom Appellant claims
pulled a gun on him.

Similarly, Appellant’s drug use is relevant and probative As we stated in
Adkins v. Commonwealth, “[e]vidence of a drug habit, along with evidence of

insufficient funds to support that habit, is relevant to show a motive to commit

ll

a crime in order to gain money to buy drugs.” 96 S.W.3d 779, 793 (Ky. 2003).
Here, Appellant takes specific issue with his statement to the police that was
played for the jury, wherein Appellant admitted to having a drug addiction
The Commonwealth presented evidence that Appellant was unemployed, had
no means of income, no -vehicle, and yet regularly used heroin and crack
cocaine This is proper 404(b) evidence See also, e.g., United-States 1). Cody,
' 498 F.3d 582, 590-91 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that the trial court did not abuse '
its discretion in allowing evidence of drug use as a motive for robbing a bank.). .
Appellant also challenges the admissibility of evidence indicating prior
domestic violence between himself and Hack. We have previously held that
“[f|ear can affect a witness's testimony and, thus, if a witness has reason to fear
someone about whom the witness is testifying, evidencelof that fear is
admissible for impeachment purposes” Wilson 1). Commonwealth, 438 S.W.3d
345, 349 (Ky. 2014) (citation omitted). See also KRE 104(e]; and KRE 607.
I-lack testified that she- lied to the police because she was afraid of the
Appellant and that he physically abused and threatened her. She also stated
that she stayed with Appellant after the murder because she was afraid._
Furthermore, the trial court provided an extensive admonition informing the
jury that this evidence “has nothing to do with the elements of the crime of
which [Appellant] is charged.” There was no error here l
Lastly, Appellant takes issue with the video of his police interview in
which he is wearing a jumpsuit and handcuffs That video was played for the

jury. We have previously affirmed convictions where the jury witnessed the

12

defendant in either shackles or handcuffs E._g., Estep v. Commonwealth, 663
S.W.2d 213, 216 (Ky_. 1983). We cannot say that the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting the video. The error, if any, was harmless RCr 9.24.
Conclusion f
For the foregoing reasons, we hereby affirm the judgment of ' the Jefferson
di Circuit Court in regard to the convictions for murder,`first-degree robbery, and l
theft by unlawful taking. We reverse and vacate the conviction”of tampering
with physical evidence
l All sitting. Cunningham, Hughes, VanMeter, and Venters, JJ., concur.
Minton, C.J., dissents by separate opinion in which Keller and Wright, JJ., .
` join. l f l
MINTON, C.J., lleSENTIl\lG: l concur with the majority opinion’s
conclusion that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on imperfect

self-defense, but I respectfully disagreethat this instructional error was

harmless ` x
l

I wholeheartedly agree with the majority’s assertion that,_ based on the
facts of this case,_the trial court’s failure to allow an instruction for imperfect
self-defense was a glaring omission As a matter of law, both perfect and
imperfect self-defense contemplate that a criminal defendant may subjectiver
believe that deadly force is necessary. The difference comes with the actual use
of that force; imperfect self-defense recognizes that despite believing deadly

force may be necessary, a defendant may be objectively mistaken as to the d

13

degree of force needed to repel the perceived threat But the jury_.in the present
case only received an instruction for perfect self-defense 1

As a natural logical progression the majority correctly and succinctly
recognizes that if Bryan’s case presented sufficient evidence for which he was
entitled to a perfect self-defense instruction, there must be a basiser allowing '
an imperfect self-defense instruction as well. An imperfect self-defense 7 f
instruction'would allow jurors the possibility simultaneously to accept that
Bryan slfbjecuvely believed force Was necessary to defend himself-while also
determining that the level of force he actually used was reckless or wanton
And invoking this justification categorically forecloses a conviction for murder
and first-degree manslaughter.

Unfortunately_, the majority opinion did not end there Despite
recognizing that the trial court erred by failing to include a possibly exculpatory t
jury instruction, the majority ultimately determines that this mistake
amounted to harmless error, This`, puzzlingly enough, is contrived out of the
jury’s decision to convict Bryan of murder. And this is further .bootstrapped
apparently by the jury’s rejection of the complete self-defense instruction l
Somehow, the combination of the murder conviction and rejection of the
perfect self-defense instruction that was given satisfies the majority that a
presumption that the jury unanimously and categorically rejected the belief
that Bryan subjectiver thought the use of deadly force- was necessary.

But the problem with this analysis is that a reviewing court cannot know

what the jury would do if given the opportunity to consider imperfect self-

f

14

defense a defense that was justified by the facts presented to the jury. The
majority opinion itself can easily contemplate a situation where a reasonable
jury could find that Bryan sure enough did fear for his life in justifying the use
of deadly force, while also recognizing he may have recklessly or wantonly held
that belief. But the majority takes the position that because the jury seemingly
did not believe the entirety of the perfect self-defense instruction, it rejected
perforce the possibility of imperfect self-defense as evidence by its decision to l
convict Bryan of murder. Perhaps the -majority’s logic is sound, but despite my
efforts, l am unable to dismiss the fact that this error denied the jury the l
ability to consider all of the legal options supportable from the evidence And
accordingly, I am- unable to say with confidence the outcome would remain the
same had the jury received the alternate instruction

Under the majority’s' analysis l arn not sure when it would ever be
reversible error for a court to fail to include an` imperfect self-defense
instruction And because l am unwilling to take that leap, l must respectfully
dissent w

Keller and Wright, JJ., joinl

'15

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Kathleen Kallaher Schrnidt
Assistant Public Advocate

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Andy Beshear

Attorney General of Kentucky' "

Joseph Todd I-lenning
Assistant Attorney General

Bryan Darwin Morrow
Assistant Attorney General

16

