                 United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 12-1716
                         ___________________________

                        Gale Halvorson; Shelene Halvorson,
                                Husband and Wife

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellees

                                            v.

                        Auto-Owners Insurance Company;
                           Owners Insurance Company

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                     for the District of North Dakota - Fargo
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: October 17, 2012
                                Filed: July 3, 2013
                                 ____________

Before LOKEN, SMITH, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

      Gale and Shelene Halvorson ("the Halvorsons") filed a class action complaint
against their automobile insurance company, Auto-Owners Insurance Company
("Auto-Owners") and its subsidiary, Owners Corporation, for breach of contract and
bad faith. The Halvorsons sought to certify a class of all persons covered by Auto-
Owners's medpay or personal injury protection (PIP) coverage under policies issued
in North Dakota and Minnesota. More specifically, the class included those policy
owners who submitted claims for payment of medical expenses and who received less
than the submitted amount following a percentile-based review of the claim. The
district court denied certification of the proposed class for policies issued in
Minnesota, because Minnesota law mandated arbitration of certain claims. The district
court did, however, certify a class for those whose policies were issued in North
Dakota. Auto-Owners appeals, arguing that the district court abused its discretion in
certifying the North Dakota class. We reverse and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

                                      I. Background
       Shelene Halvorson purchased no-fault PIP from Auto-Owners, the parent of the
wholly owned subsidiary, Owners Corporation. The policy stated that Auto-Owners
was obligated to pay "reasonable charges incurred" for the medical services necessary
to treat injuries sustained in an auto accident. Following an automobile accident,
Shelene Halvorson submitted her medical bills to Auto-Owners. The company paid
Shelene's doctor only a portion of his total charge. It declined to pay the remaining
$88.01 because it exceeded the "usual and customary" amount for the services. After
reaching a settlement with the other car owner, Shelene Halvorson's attorney paid the
balance owed to the medical provider. The Halvorsons allege that Auto-Owners
employs the use of third-party bill reviewers, who automatically apply what they deem
to be "reasonable and customary reductions" (R&C reductions) to claims being paid,
resulting in systematic and unfair financial gains to Auto-Owners. Bill reviewers
calculate R&C reductions by compiling prices for medical services in a defined
geographic area and then comparing the claims against the 80th percentile for charges
in the same area. The 80th percentile represents the amount 80 percent of doctors in
the area charge for the medical service rendered. Auto-Owners selected the 80th
percentile as a figure likely to provide coverage for what it promised to pay—"the
usual and customary" amount for the service. The bill reviewers report their

                                         -2-
calculations to Auto-Owners's claims adjusters. Auto-Owners routinely approves
payments for 100 percent of charges up to the 80th percentile and rejects charges for
amounts that exceed the 80th percentile. Auto-Owners argues that claims adjusters
have broad discretion regarding the payment of claims and that providers who feel
they have not been adequately compensated can object to the bill-review reduction
and ask for full payment. The Halvorsons contend that this discretion is rarely
exercised and that adjusters typically accept the recommendation of the bill reviewer
and ignore demands for full reimbursement.

       The Halvorsons sued Auto-Owners for breach of contract and bad faith and also
requested declaratory relief. They asserted that Auto-Owners had designed a bill
review system that compounded minor deductions in many claims into substantial
savings for the insurance company in the aggregate through a "nickel and dime"
strategy that paid below the limits of policy coverage. In short, the Halvorsons
contended that Auto-Owners's use of the 80th percentile limit breached the insurance
policy because it routinely caused nonpayment of reasonable medical expenses.1 The
Halvorsons note that other insurers also use percentile mechanisms but set them at the
90th percentile. According to the Halvorsons, "Using the 80th percentile is simply an
arbitrary cap to increase profits, not a method to identify and exclude outliers or
unreasonable bills."

       The Halvorsons sought to certify a class of all persons covered by Auto-
Owners's medpay or PIP coverage under policies issued in North Dakota and
Minnesota, who submitted claims for payment of medical expenses and who received
less than the submitted amount following a percentile-based review of the claim.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1), (3). Auto-Owners responded that individual issues
predominated and would consequently require an individualized review of each

      1
       The Halvorsons initially filed a claim in Arizona regarding Auto-Owners's bill
review process, but Auto-Owners removed to federal court because potential claims
could exceed $5,000,000.

                                         -3-
member of the class. Auto-Owners also pointed out that Minnesota policyholders
could not be joined in the suit because Minnesota law mandated arbitration.

       The district court denied certification of the Halvorsons' proposed class for
Minnesota policyholders, because Minnesota law mandated that all no-fault claims for
less than $10,000 had to be resolved by arbitration. According to the district court,
"[t]he existence of the arbitration requirement shatters the numerosity, commonality,
and typicality prerequisites of Rule 23(a)." The court noted that the Halvorsons would
be inadequate class representatives for the remaining Minnesota claimants, whose
claims would comprise a subclass that "would have radically different interests from
the proposed North Dakota class." However, the court, did grant class certification for
North Dakota policyholders. Citing Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and the
numerosity requirement, the court found that the class consisted of over 1,000
members so that joinder would be virtually impossible.

        The district court found commonality sufficiently present to warrant class
certification. The court relied on Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, which requires all
class members to have suffered the same injury while considering "the capacity of a
classwide proceeding to generate common answers apt to drive the resolution of the
litigation." 131 S. Ct. 2541, 2551 (2011). According to the district court, "[i]t is
apparent that the proposed class of North Dakota policyholders suffered the same
injury—if any can be established—as their claims were handled in a uniform matter
[sic] by Auto-Owners." The court discounted Auto-Owners's claim that the North
Dakota state requirement only to pay "usual and customary charges incurred for
reasonable and necessary medical services" would require a unique evaluation of each
individual claim. See N.D. Cent. Code Ann. § 26.1-41-01. The court concluded that
Auto-Owners's standard "bill review process was routinely used and was generally the
same for all no-fault claims." The court also observed that Auto-Owners's claims
adjusters were expected to follow the payment recommendations of the bill review



                                         -4-
process. The court highlighted the following testimony from the deposition of Auto-
Owners's Administrator of Auto Medical Benefits:

      Q.     Okay. Now, in the ordinary course if the bill was determined to be
             related to the accident and there were no errors evident in the
             review process, the payment would be issued in accordance with
             that EOR's recommendations and reductions?

      A.     Yes

                                          ***
      Q.     Okay. Was it the procedure and protocol that adjusters simply
             could choose whether or not to utilize the bill review process?

                                          ***
      A.     No.

                                          ***
      Q.      They were expected to use it; correct?

      A.     Yes.

The court concluded that there was sufficient commonality to establish the class,
because North Dakota policyholders suffered the same injury, if any, since their
claims were handled in a uniform manner.

       Regarding typicality, the district court found "nothing individually remarkable
about Shelene Halvorson's claim that makes it atypical in comparison to the rest of the
proposed class" and concluded that the Halvorson's claim was "squarely typical" of
the proposed class's claim. When discussing adequacy of representation, the court
cited Rule 23(a)(4)'s requirement of having (1) a qualified plaintiff's attorney and (2)
a plaintiff that did not have interests antagonistic to the class. The court concluded that


                                           -5-
the Halvorsons' attorney had the requisite amount of experience and nothing in the
record suggested that Halvorsons' interests were at odds with the proposed class.

       Lastly, the court found that questions of law or fact common to the class
members predominate over any questions affecting individual members and that a
class action was the superior method to adjudicate the controversy. The court observed
that "the Halvorsons will have to prove at trial that Auto-Owners's use of the third-
party bill review process violated the terms of the PIP coverage in each individual
contract." The court found that the Halvorsons focused their case on Auto-Owners's
bill review process and how they used it. The court concluded that the key question
of the case "[w]as [whether] Auto-Owners's use of the bill review process [was]
reasonable under the terms of its insurance contracts."

      The district court certified the following class:

      From December 10, 2004, through the present, all persons covered by
      Auto-Owners medpay or PIP policies issued in North Dakota, and their
      provider assignees, who (1) submitted claims for payment of medical
      expenses to Auto-Owners pursuant to an Auto-Owners auto policy's PIP
      coverage; (2) were paid an amount less than the submitted medical
      expenses based upon a percentile-based reduction resulting from Auto-
      Owners' third-party bill review process during the defined class period;
      and (3) were paid an amount less than the policy limits for their claims.
      Excluded from the class are the following: Auto-Owners, their officers
      and employees, their affiliates, any entity in which Auto-Owners has a
      controlling interest, and successors or assigns of any of the foregoing,
      and those persons who have exhausted the policy limits applicable to
      their PIP coverage.

                                 II. Discussion
      In this appeal, Auto-Owners challenges the district court's certification of the
North Dakota class. Auto-Owners raises two main arguments: (1) that the district


                                         -6-
court abused its discretion when it certified a class where individual issues will
predominate and where the other requirements of Rule 23 are not satisfied and (2) that
the district court's decision is at odds with decisions reached by the majority of courts
that have considered similar class certification cases.

      [A] party must not only "be prepared to prove that there are in fact
      sufficiently numerous parties, common questions of law or fact,"
      typicality of claims or defenses, and adequacy or representation as
      required by Rule 23(a). The party must also satisfy through evidentiary
      proof at least one of the provisions of Rule 23(b).

Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1426, 1432 (2013) (quoting Dukes, 131 S. Ct.
at 2551–52). Upon review, we conclude that the predominance requirement of Rule
23(b)(3) is not met and that the Halvorsons' claims should not be certified as a class
action.

        Auto-Owners argues that individual issues predominate in this case and that
some class members would not have standing, thus defeating class certification. Auto-
Owners explains that in order to have standing an individual claimant would have to
prove that Auto-Owners paid a claim at a lower rate than what would be deemed a
"usual and customary" rate. Thus some class members may have been paid the "usual
and customary" rate, not have suffered an injury, and not have standing. Auto-Owners
further argues that the class members with standing cannot be readily identified absent
a file-by-file review. Specifically, Auto-Owners contends that, because it would have
to individually determine whether an R&C reduction recommendation was made and
followed and whether total claims had exceeded an individual's policy limit, the class
does not meet the Rule 23(b)(3) class certification requirement of administrative
feasibility. Auto-Owners contends that small claims courts in North Dakota with
jurisdiction of up to $10,000 may be more appropriate for these claims.




                                          -7-
       Under Rule 23(b)(3), class action may be maintained if "questions of law or fact
common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual
members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and
efficiently adjudicating the controversy." Particular consideration should be given to:

      (A) the class members' interest in individually controlling the
      prosecution or defense of separate actions;
      (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy
      already begun by or against class members;
      (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the
      claims in the particular forum; and
      (D) the likely difficulties in managing the class action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).

       "Rule 23(b)(3) requires a showing that questions common to the class
predominate, not that those questions will be answered, on the merits, in favor of the
class." Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Trust Funds, 133 S. Ct. 1184, 1191 (2013).
"Rule 23(b)(3), as an '"adventuresome innovation,"' is designed for situations '"in
which 'class-action treatment is not as clearly called for'."'" Comcast Corp., 133 S. Ct.
at 1432 (quoting Dukes, 131 S. Ct. at 2558). In Comcast, the Supreme Court held that
a class seeking relief based on antitrust claims "was improperly certified under Rule
23(b)(3)," because it failed to meet the predominance requirement. Id. at 1432. The
Court found class certification was improper because the plaintiffs were not able to
"establis[h] that damages [were] capable of measurement on a classwide basis," and
thus could not show "Rule 23(b)(3) predominance." Id. at 1433. The Court also noted
that the Third Circuit had refused to "entertain arguments against respondents'
damages model that bore on the propriety of class certification"—a required inquiry
bearing on whether "individual damage calculations will inevitably overwhelm
questions common to the class." Id. at 1432–33.



                                          -8-
       The predominance inquiry requires an analysis of whether a prima facie
showing of liability can be proved by common evidence or whether this showing
varies from member to member. Avritt v. Reliastar Life Ins. Co., 615 F.3d 1023, 1029
(8th Cir. 2010). In order for a class to be certified, each member must have standing
and show an injury in fact that is traceable to the defendant and likely to be redressed
in a favorable decision. Id. at 1034.

      The "irreducible constitutional minimum of standing requires a showing
      of injury in fact to the plaintiff that is fairly traceable to the challenged
      action of the defendant, and likely to be redressed by a favorable
      decision." Braden v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 588 F.3d 585, 591 (8th Cir.
      2009) (internal quotations and alteration omitted). The constitutional
      requirement of standing is equally applicable to class actions. Sutton v.
      St. Jude Med. S.C., Inc., 419 F.3d 568, 570 (6th Cir. 2005). Although
      federal courts "do not require that each member of a class submit
      evidence of personal standing," a class cannot be certified if it contains
      members who lack standing. Denney v. Deutsche Bank AG, 443 F.3d
      253, 263–64 (2d Cir. 2006). A class "must therefore be defined in such
      a way that anyone within it would have standing." Id. at 264. Or, to put
      it another way, a named plaintiff cannot represent a class of persons who
      lack the ability to bring a suit themselves.

Id.

       The Third Circuit has rejected a class certification for plaintiffs claiming that
the insurer’s percentile reduction of PIP claims were unreasonable. St. Louis Park
Chiropractic, P.A. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 342 F. App'x 809, 814 (3d Cir. 2009). The court
found that the "gravamen" of appellants' claim—"the use of computerized auditing
breached the provision requiring [insurers] to pay 'reasonable' expenses"—was
"non-cognizable." Id. at 813–14. The district court had based its denial of certification
on the finding that predominance was not met, since the claim necessitated individual
inquiries of reasonableness. However, the Third Circuit affirmed the district court
based on a different reason, finding that "no authority suggesting that [the "reasonable

                                          -9-
and customary charge" clause of the contracts] may be construed as requiring or
prohibiting a particular manner of expense review." Id. at 814. For that reason, the
Third Circuit held that the appellants "failed to state a viable breach of contract
claim." Id.

       Here, the individual questions necessary to determine breach of contract and
bad faith include whether a provider's charge was usual and customary and, thus,
whether the claim payment was reasonable. These individual inquiries regarding what
is "usual and customary" for each class member will predominate over whether Auto-
Owners's process was reasonable and "overwhelm questions common to the class."
Comcast Corp., 133 S. Ct. at 1433.

       Our court upheld a class certification despite a standing issue where some
plaintiffs had not experienced leakage from a defective plumbing fixture. See In re
Zurn Pex Plumbing Prods. Liab. Litig., 644 F.3d 604, 630 (8th Cir. 2011). We stated
that Minnesota warranty law recognized that a defect upon installation is a breach of
warranty and, thus, a manifestation of the defect is not necessary for standing. Id. at
617–18. Zurn Pex Plumbing is distinguishable because it involved an alleged injury
based on the violation of the Minnesota warranty statute. Id. Therefore, if the court
found that the product was defective for all plaintiffs, despite not having any damages,
the plaintiffs would still have standing. Id. In this case, there is no similar statute that
would create an injury in fact for all class members despite the lack of damages. Some
of the members likely have standing, and some likely do not. If a health-care provider
accepted Auto-Owners's payment at the 80th percentile as payment in full (or if Auto-
Owners settled the dispute without involving the plaintiff), the plaintiff was not
injured. "A district court may not certify a class . . . if it contains members who lack
standing." Zurn Pex Plumbing, 644 F.3d at 616 (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Certification in this case is thus improper.




                                           -10-
       There are indeed common questions of law and fact for the putative class.2
However, the individual questions in the claims under North Dakota contract law
predominate. Under North Dakota Century Code Annotated § 26.1-41-01(9), medical
expenses are considered to be those that are "usual and customary." The elements of
a breach of contract claim in North Dakota are the existence of a contract, a breach,
and damages. United States v. Basin Elec. Power Co-op., 248 F.3d 781, 810 (8th Cir.
2001). To determine whether there was a breach of contract under North Dakota law
will require an analysis of what are "usual and customary" rates. Members of the class
incurred different injuries, which were treated by different medical providers charging
different prices for their services. Answering the question of whether Auto-Owners's
claim processing methodology breached its contract under North Dakota law
necessitates individual fact inquiries for each member of the class.

       Furthermore, the question Dukes poses, "why was I disfavored[?]," may be
different for each class member. See 131 S. Ct. at 2552. A class member submitting
an 80th percentile claim may have been disfavored because the percentile was
unreasonable, whereas a 95th percentile claim may have been disfavored because the
claim submitted was too high and not usual and customary. It follows that the answers
to the Dukes question of "why was I disfavored[?]" may not be the same. Although
there are common questions of law for the class, there are sufficient other questions
of fact such that the common questions do not predominate.

      We conclude that class action will not be a superior method of adjudicating this
case because the reasonableness of any claim payment may have to be individually


      2
        The common fact and law questions concern whether Auto-Owners breached
its contract and/or acted in bad faith through its use of a payment review system that
caused class members to be paid less than their submitted medical expenses even
though the expenses were less than the policy limits. Put another way, the question is
whether the routine and relatively rigid use of the 80th percentile cutoff for claims
breached the contract or constituted bad faith.

                                         -11-
analyzed. A class representative has "the right to have a class certified only if the
requirements of [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23] are met." U.S. Parole Comm'n
v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 403 (1980). Here those requirements have not been met.
Given that the certified class does not meet the predominance requirements of Rule
23, the district court abused its discretion in certifying the class.

                                  III. Conclusion
       Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                      ______________________________




                                        -12-
