               Case: 14-14790       Date Filed: 03/01/2016       Page: 1 of 13


                                                                                  [PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                    No. 14-14790
                              ________________________

                         D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cv-20853-KMW



RICHARD I. FRIED,

                                                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                            versus

STIEFEL LABORATORIES, INC., ET AL,

                                                                     Defendants-Appellees.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                             _______________________

                                      (March 1, 2016)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and ROBRENO, *
District Judge.

WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judge:




* Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
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      This appeal requires us to decide whether a proposed jury instruction was a

correct statement of federal securities law. Richard Fried was an employee of

Stiefel Laboratories, a formerly family-owned pharmaceutical company, and he

accrued stock in the company as part of his pension plan. He sold his stock back to

Stiefel Labs in January 2009, a few months before the company was acquired by a

larger pharmaceutical company, and the value of its stock rose substantially. Fried

sued Stiefel Labs and its president, Charles Stiefel, on several grounds, including a

violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5.

The parties’ proposed jury instructions stated that, to prevail on a claim under Rule

10b-5(b), Fried must prove that Stiefel and Stiefel Labs omitted a material fact

necessary to keep other statements from being materially misleading. Fried

requested that the instruction require Fried to prove only that the defendants failed

to disclose material information. Fried argues that the district court erred by

refusing to include this jury instruction. Because Rule 10b-5(b) does not prohibit a

mere failure to disclose material information, Fried’s proposed jury instruction

misstated the law. We affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Stiefel Laboratories Inc. was a privately held pharmaceutical company until

it was acquired by an affiliate of GlaxoSmithKline LLC in July 2009. Charles




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Stiefel served as Stiefel Labs’ chief executive officer and chairman of the board of

directors.

      Stiefel Labs had a tax-qualified, defined-contribution pension plan called the

Employee Stock Bonus Plan. Under the Plan, Stiefel Labs annually contributed

shares of common stock, cash, or both to the participants’ accounts. The

participants had the right to take a distribution of their common stock upon death,

disability, termination of employment, and certain other events. Once a participant

received a distribution of his stock, he had a “put” right, which when exercised

required Stiefel Labs to purchase the stock from the participant at a price set forth

in the most recent appraisal adopted by the trustee of the Plan.

      Richard Fried was the chief financial officer of Stiefel Labs from 1987

through 1997. At the time of his resignation, Fried had 30.7881 shares of common

stock in his Plan account and 10 shares of stock outside of the Plan. After Fried

left, Stiefel Labs sent him annual account statements showing the number of shares

held in his Plan account and the price per share set by the Plan’s trustee. Fried

periodically met with Stiefel, who he considered a friend, to learn how the

company was performing.

      In August 2007, Fried learned from an article in the Miami Herald that

Stiefel Labs had announced that it had accepted a $500 million private equity

investment from the Blackstone Group. According to the article, “The

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announcement stressed that the company will remain a family-controlled

business.” The article stated that private equity firms often plan an “exit strategy

through a public offering of stock—something that Stiefel has said in the past the

company has no interest in.”

      In September 2007, Fried met with Stiefel and asked him how the

Blackstone investment would impact the value of his shares. Stiefel told Fried that

Blackstone paid approximately $60,000 per share but that the investment would

not affect the value of his common stock. After the meeting, Fried sold his 10

shares of non-Plan stock but did not sell the stock in his Plan account. In October

2008, Fried met with Stiefel again. Stiefel told him that the company had a

promising outlook because several new products would be released in

approximately five years but the next few years might be challenging due to

competition from generic products. Fried testified that he understood this

conversation as “kind of a sell signal.”

      In November 2008, Stiefel learned that Sanofi-Aventis, a French

pharmaceutical company, was interested in acquiring Stiefel Labs. Selling the

family-owned company was “taboo in the past,” but Stiefel presented the idea to

his family on Thanksgiving. Two executives of Blackstone, Anjan Mukherjee and

Chinh Chu, advised the family that, if they wished to sell, they should do so either

immediately or in five years. Stiefel had a short, introductory meeting with the

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chief executive officer of Sanofi-Aventis on December 22. They agreed to sign a

confidentiality agreement.

      Unaware of these negotiations, Fried put the common stock from his Plan

account to Stiefel Labs on January 6, 2009, and received a price of $16,469 per

share. Over the next few months, Blackstone assisted the company in soliciting

other bids and working with potential acquirers. On April 20, 2009,

GlaxoSmithKline agreed to buy Stiefel Labs for approximately $3.6 billion. After

the sale, shareholders received $69,705 per share.

      Fried sued Stiefel Labs, Stiefel, and several other officers of Stiefel Labs.

After the district court dismissed the complaint in part, Fried filed an amended

complaint. The amended complaint asserted claims under the Employee

Retirement Income Security Act, federal securities laws, and state law. The court

bifurcated the trial of the claims under the Employee Retirement Income Security

Act from the other claims. The parties later filed a joint stipulation for dismissal of

Fried’s claims under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, and the court

dismissed those claims. On October 31, the district court granted judgment as a

matter of law for the defendants on many of Fried’s claims. The only remaining

claim—a claim against Stiefel Labs and Stiefel for fraud under federal securities

law based on the 2009 sale of Fried’s 30.7811 shares of common stock—went to

the jury.

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      The parties submitted proposed jury instructions for the “claims under Rule

10b-5(b).” The parties agreed on language that explained that the defendants had a

duty under Rule 10b-5(b) to disclose facts necessary to make other statements not

misleading. Fried requested an additional sentence in the instruction that the

defendants had a “duty to disclose all material information.” He stated that this

duty arose from a “relationship of trust and confidence” between Fried and the

defendants. Stiefel and Stiefel Labs objected. The following is the agreed-upon

instruction with Fried’s proposed sentence underlined:

      An “omission” is a failure to disclose a material fact. The Defendants had a
      duty to disclose all material information to Mr. Fried. Additionally, the
      Defendants had a continuing duty to disclose facts that would be necessary
      to know in order to keep other statements from being materially misleading.
      That is to say that, if the Defendant has made statements regarding material
      facts in the past, such as in information sent out to shareholders or
      statements made in press releases issued by the company, there is a duty to
      correct statements of material fact if it is learned that the statement, though
      correct at the time it was made, would be misleading if left unrevised.
      Likewise, a Defendant has a duty to update prior statements when, though
      the statement was reasonable when made, subsequent events have rendered
      the statement materially misleading.

      This instruction incorporated parts of the pattern instruction for this Circuit

for claims under Rule 10b-5(b). See 11th Cir. Pattern Civ. Jury Instr. 6.2 (2013). At

the charge conference, Fried’s counsel explained, “There are two duties that we’re

talking about. One is the duty to update or correct.” He continued, “The additional

duty that we want is an additional duty when the corporation is purchasing shares



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from the plaintiff shareholder.” The district court refused to include the sentence

Fried requested. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Stiefel Labs and Stiefel.

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      “We review the district court’s refusal to give a proposed jury instruction for

an abuse of discretion.” Watkins v. City of Montgomery, 775 F.3d 1280, 1289 (11th

Cir. 2014). A district court abuses its discretion if “(1) the requested instruction

correctly stated the law, (2) the instruction dealt with an issue properly before the

jury, and (3) the failure to give the instruction resulted in prejudicial harm to the

requesting party.” Id. at 1291 (quoting Pensacola Motor Sales, Inc. v. E. Shore

Toyota, LLC, 684 F.3d 1211, 1224 (11th Cir. 2012)).

                                 III. DISCUSSION

      Fried argues that his proposed jury instruction correctly stated that Stiefel

Labs had a duty as a corporate insider to disclose all material information. An

insider of a corporation has a duty to disclose all material nonpublic information or

to abstain from trading in the corporation’s stock. Chiarella v. United States, 445

U.S. 222, 227 (1980). Some courts have stated or assumed that privately held

corporations are insiders under Rule 10b-5 and have a duty to disclose before

trading in their own stock. See, e.g., Castellano v. Young & Rubicam, Inc., 257

F.3d 171, 179 (2d Cir. 2001); Shaw v. Digital Equip. Corp., 82 F.3d 1194, 1204

(1st Cir. 1996), superseded in other part by 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4; McCormick v.


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Fund Am. Cos., 26 F.3d 869, 876 (9th Cir. 1994); Jordan v. Duff & Phelps, Inc.,

815 F.2d 429, 434 (7th Cir. 1987); Levinson v. Basic Inc., 786 F.2d 741, 746 (6th

Cir. 1986), vacated on other grounds, 485 U.S. 224 (1988). We need not decide

whether a corporation is an insider because, even if Stiefel Labs was an insider,

Fried’s proposed jury instruction did not correctly state the law.

      Rule 10b-5(b) prohibits misrepresentations and omissions of material fact; it

does not prohibit an insider’s failure to disclose all material information before

trading in its stock. Insider trading is actionable under Rule 10b-5(a) and (c). This

difference explains why the Eleventh Circuit pattern instructions include one

instruction for misrepresentations and omissions under subsection (b) and another

instruction for insider trading under subsection (a). Compare 11th Cir. Pattern Civ.

Jury Instr. 6.2 with 11th Cir. Pattern Civ. Jury Instr. 6.3.1.

      The sentence Fried proposed neither accurately described a claim under Rule

10b-5(b) nor adequately described insider trading. The parties proposed

instructions based on the pattern instruction for claims under Rule 10b-5(b), but

Fried never requested the pattern or any similar instruction for a claim of insider

trading. Fried instead requested that a sentence be added to the modified version of

the pattern instruction for claims under Rule 10b-5(b) to encompass an insider’s

duty to disclose. Because Fried’s proposed instruction was not a correct statement

of the law, the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to give it.

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     Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 prohibits the use of any

“manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance” in “connection with the

purchase or sale of any security.” 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). And Rule 10b-5,

promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission to implement section

10(b), makes the following acts or omissions unlawful when done with a specified

connection to interstate commerce:

      (a) To employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud,

      (b) To make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state
      a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the
      light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
      misleading, or

      (c) To engage in any act, practice, or course of business which
      operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person,

      in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.

17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5 (emphasis added). To prove a violation of Rule 10b-5(b), a

plaintiff must identify a misrepresentation or an omission of a material fact. See

Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., 552 U.S. 148, 157 (2008).

      The instructions given by the district court correctly stated the law of Rule

10b-5(b). An individual has a duty “to update prior statements if the statements

were true when made, but misleading or deceptive if left unrevised,” and a failure

to update is an “omission” under subsection (b). Finnerty, 756 F.3d 1310, 1316–17

(11th Cir. 2014); accord FindWhat Inv’r Grp. v. FindWhat.com, 658 F.3d 1282,

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1305 (11th Cir. 2011). In their proposed instructions, the parties added sentences to

the pattern instructions for a claim under Rule 10b-5(b) to explain that Stiefel and

Stiefel Labs had “a duty to correct statements of material fact if it is learned that

the statement, though correct at the time it was made, would be misleading if left

unrevised.” Fried agrees that the instruction as given correctly described this duty

to update.

      Fried argues that an insider’s failure to disclose material facts when trading

in the corporation’s stock is also an “omission” under Rule 10b-5(b), but this

interpretation is contrary to the plain text of the Rule. Rule 10b-5(b) describes an

omission that makes other “statements made” misleading. 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.

That is, it proscribes fraud only in connection with an affirmative representation.

See Affiliated Ute Citizens of Utah v. United States, 406 U.S. 128, 153 (1972). If

the district court had added Fried’s proposed sentence and instructed the jury that

the “Defendants had a duty to disclose all material information” and “[a]n

‘omission’ is a failure to disclose a material fact,” Stiefel and Stiefel Labs could

have been erroneously held liable under Rule 10b-5(b) even if they had never made

any statements to Fried. Our pattern instruction, in contrast, correctly defines an

“omission” as “the failure to state facts that would be necessary to make the

statements made by [name of defendant] not misleading to [name of plaintiff/the

SEC].” 11th Cir. Pattern Civ. Jury Instr. 6.2.

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      Fried argues that the “omission” component of Rule 10b-5(b) extends

beyond the requirement to prevent earlier statements from becoming misleading

and prohibits omissions by individuals who owe another a duty to disclose, but

Rule 10b-5(b) does not proscribe total silence. This Court has explained that a duty

to disclose exists where it is necessary to make prior speech not misleading or

“where the law imposes special obligations, as for accountants, brokers, or other

experts, depending on the circumstances of the case.” Rudolph v. Arthur Andersen

& Co., 800 F.2d 1040, 1043 (11th Cir. 1986) (quoting Woodward v. Metro Bank,

522 F.2d 84, 98 n. 28 (5th Cir. 1975)). An individual with a duty to disclose may

violate Rule 10b-5(b) by omitting a material fact from a statement, see First Va.

Bankshares v. Benson, 559 F.2d 1307, 1314 (5th Cir. 1977), and an individual with

a duty to disclose may commit a fraud under Rule 10b-5 by failing to disclose

material information, cf. Ziemba v. Cascade Int’l, Inc., 256 F.3d 1194, 1206–07

(11th Cir. 2001). But this Court has never held that a failure to disclose material

information is an omission under subsection (b) absent a statement made

misleading by that failure.

      An insider who makes no affirmative representation but trades on nonpublic

information may violate Rule 10b-5(a) or (c), not Rule 10b-5(b). Rule 10b-5(a) and

(c) “are not so restricted” as Rule 10b-5(b) because they do not require making

statements. Affiliated Ute Citizens, 406 U.S. at 152–53. In Chiarella v. United

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States, the Supreme Court considered whether the silence of an employee of a

financial printer who traded in stock on the basis of nonpublic information

constituted a violation of section 10(b) of the Exchange Act. 445 U.S. at 226. The

Supreme Court included only the language from subsections (a) and (c) as the

“pertinent part” of Rule 10b-5. Id. at 225. Similarly, when the Supreme Court

upheld liability for insider trading based on a theory of misappropriation in United

States v. O’Hagan, it included only the language from subsections (a) and (c) as

the “relevant” portion of Rule 10b-5. 521 U.S. 642, 651 (1997). Two of our sister

circuits have stated that an insider’s silence is a violation of Rule 10b-5(b), see

Desai v. Deutsche Bank Sec. Ltd., 573 F.3d 931, 940 (9th Cir. 2009); Garcia v.

Cordova, 930 F.2d 826, 828–29 (10th Cir. 1991), but both statements were made

in passing and neither grapples with the text of subsection (b).

      Even if Fried’s proposed jury instruction had referred to Rule 10b-5(a) or (c)

instead of Rule 10b-5(b), his proposed instruction did not adequately state the

elements of a claim of insider trading. The pattern instruction for insider trading,

for example, requires proof that the defendants used a “‘device, scheme, or artifice’

. . . known as ‘insider trading.’” 11th Cir. Pattern Civ. Jury Instr. 6.3.1. It explains

that a jury should be instructed about the “specific insider-trading theory alleged in

the particular case”—classical insider theory, misappropriation theory, tipper

theory, or tippee theory. Id. The instruction that Fried requested, in contrast,

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neither explained that the corporation had a duty to disclose by virtue of its role as

an insider nor explained how insider trading occurs. Indeed, Fried’s proposed

instruction did not even mention the term “insider.” As a result, the instructions

proposed by Fried did not require the jury to find that Stiefel Labs traded “on the

basis of” material information. SEC v. Adler, 137 F.3d 1325, 1338 (11th Cir.

1998). This Circuit has stated that the mere possession of material nonpublic

information is not sufficient to establish liability for insider trading; an insider

must use that information, although a strong inference of use arises when an

insider trades while in possession of material nonpublic information. Id. at 1337.

By attempting to modify an instruction for traditional securities fraud to cover both

that kind of claim and a claim of insider trading, Fried described neither claim

correctly in his proposed instruction.

                                 IV. CONCLUSION

      We AFFIRM the judgment in favor of Stiefel and Stiefel Labs.




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