               IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania                  :
                                              :
                v.                            :   No. 1938 C.D. 2016
                                              :   Submitted: May 5, 2017
Alvin S. Kanofsky,                            :
                              Appellant       :


BEFORE:         HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
                HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge
                HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE BROBSON                                  FILED: August 14, 2017

                Appellant Alvin S. Kanofsky (Kanofsky), pro se, appeals from sixteen
orders of the Court of Common Pleas of Northampton County (trial court), dated
August 24, 2016. Following a de novo hearing, the trial court found Kanofsky
guilty of thirty-one summary criminal charges for violations of certain provisions
of the International Property Maintenance Code (2009 ed.) (IPMC) and the
Pennsylvania Uniform Construction Code (UCC),1 both of which have been made
part of the Codified Ordinances of the City of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
(Ordinance).2 For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the trial court’s orders.



       1
           34 Pa. Code §§ 401.1-405.42.
       2
         Article 1733 of the Ordinance adopted the IPMC with certain additions, deletions, and
modifications as noted therein. Article 1701 of the Ordinance adopted the UCC with certain
additions, deletions, and modifications as noted therein.
               Kanofsky is the owner of commercial property located at 30 East
Third Street (Property) in the City of Bethlehem (City). In February 2016, Craig
B. Hynes (Hynes), the City’s chief code official, issued thirty-one citations to
Kanofsky, sixteen for failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy for the Property
in violation of Section 403.46 of the UCC3 and fifteen for failure to repair the
Property’s leaking roof in violation of Section 304.7 of the IPMC.4
On April 5, 2016, after holding a summary trial, a Magisterial District Judge
(MDJ) found Kanofsky guilty of all thirty-one violations, fined Kanofsky in the
amount of $29,700, plus costs, and sentenced him to a period of imprisonment.
               Kanofsky appealed the MDJ’s determinations to the trial court. The
trial court held a de novo hearing on August 24, 2016. At the hearing, the City5
presented the testimony of Hynes. Hynes explained that these proceedings are just


       3
           Section 403.46 of the UCC provides, in relevant part: “(a) A building, structure or
facility may not be used or occupied without a certificate of occupancy issued by a building code
official.”
       4
         Section 304.7 of the IPMC provides: “Roofs and drainage. The roof and flashing shall
be sound, tight and not have defects that admit rain. Roof drainage shall be adequate to prevent
dampness or deterioration in the walls or interior portion of the structure. Roof drains, gutters
and downspouts shall be maintained in good repair and free from obstructions. Roof water shall
not be discharged in a manner that creates a public nuisance.” (Emphasis in original.)
        On each of February 4-5, 8, 10-12, 16-19, and 22-26, 2016, Hynes issued two citations to
Kanofsky, one for failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy for the Property in violation of
Section 403.46 of the UCC and another for failure to repair the Property’s leaking roof in
violation of Section 304.7 of the IPMC. On February 9, 2016, Hynes issued a citation to
Kanofsky for failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy in violation of Section 403.46 of the
UCC.
       5
         The City assumed responsibility for the prosecution of the violations of its Ordinance on
behalf of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth). All references to the City shall
also be considered references to the Commonwealth.



                                                2
another step in a lengthy process involving uncorrected violations at the Property.
(Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 30-31.) Hynes stated that the City first informed
Kanofsky about the subject violations in 2014. (Id. at 30-31.) Approximately two
years later, after Kanofsky was given an opportunity to cure the violations, Hynes
issued citations to Kanofsky and the parties appeared before a magisterial district
judge.   (Id. at 33, 35-36.)   During those proceedings, the parties agreed to a
timeline for the completion of certain repairs to the Property.         (Id. at 33, 36.)
When the parties returned to the magisterial district judge, the majority of the
repairs had not been completed. (Id. at 33, 36.) The magisterial district judge
found Kanofsky guilty, and Hynes informed Kanofsky that he would begin issuing
daily citations for the violations. (Id. at 30, 33, 36.) Subsequent thereto, in
February 2016, Hynes visited the Property on sixteen different dates and cited
Kanofsky on each of those dates for failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy in
violation of Section 403.46 of the UCC and for failure to repair the Property’s
leaking roof in violation of Section 304.7 of the IPMC. (Id. at 33-35; Certified
Record (C.R.), Ex. C-8.)
             Hynes testified further that the Property is in a substantially
deteriorated condition; the building’s roof has partially collapsed and water is
leaking into the adjacent structure. (R.R. at 31, 35.) Hynes explained that on the
third floor of the building one of the roof trusses has failed, the roof has collapsed
in certain places, light is entering the building through the collapsed roof, ceiling
material, insulation, and the failed truss litter the floor, and mold is growing on the
walls. (Id. at 31.) Hynes also explained that water has entered the second floor of
the building, causing a portion of the ceiling to deteriorate and fall, the wood floor
to buckle, and a floor joist to deteriorate. (Id. at 31-32.) Hynes indicated that the


                                          3
Property’s leaking roof has persisted since 2007. (Id. at 32.) At that time, in order
to prevent the water from destroying the building, Kanofsky had placed
thirty-gallon trash barrels on the third floor to collect the water entering through
the roof and then had pumped the water into the drainage or sanitary system using
two small pumps. (Id.)
             Hynes also testified that as of the date of the hearing, none of the
Property’s roof defects had been repaired. (Id. at 43.) When asked whether the
Property’s current condition presents a danger to the public, Hynes stated that if
the roof is not repaired, the entire building could collapse. (Id. at 35.)         He
explained that a heavy rain or snow could cause the roof to fail, and, if the roof
fails, the walls could fall, the floors could pancake, and the entire building could
collapse. (Id.) Hynes also stated that as a result of water pouring into the building
on the south wall, the stucco has buckled, cracked, and separated approximately
fourteen to eighteen inches away from the building and is in imminent danger of
falling onto an adjacent, vacant property.      (Id.)   Hynes testified further that
Kanofsky is also storing materials inside the building located on the Property. (Id.)
Hynes explained that the storage of these items at the Property requires a certificate
of occupancy, which Kanofsky does not have and has never had during the sixteen
years that Hynes has been employed by the City. (Id. at 32-33, 43.)
             Kanofsky, who was acting pro se, made a statement at the hearing on
his own behalf. Kanofsky stated that he had used the Property in prior years as a
flea market, for a drama club, and for a music club, and that at those times, he had
a certificate of occupancy for the Property. (Id. at 44-45.) Kanofsky stated further
that at some point later, he decided to close the flea market and use the Property to
store his research and personal items. (Id. at 45.) Kanofsky claimed that the City


                                          4
knew that he was using the Property for this purpose and had permitted it.                  (Id.)
Nevertheless, Kanofsky admitted to the trial court that he did not have a certificate
of occupancy for the Property. (Id. at 44.) Kanofsky also acknowledged receiving
notices from the City in 2014, regarding violations at the Property. (Id. at 45.)
Kanofsky claimed that he began to address these violations and had obtained
estimates for the required work, but the contractors could not work on the exterior
of   the    building     during     the    winter     months.         (Id.)       Nonetheless,
on cross-examination, Kanofsky admitted that since the time that he had been
notified of the violations at the Property, spring, summer, and fall of 2015, and
spring and summer of 2016 had passed, and no work had been performed to correct
the roof defects. (Id. at 46-47.) Kanofsky further admitted that since he had been
found to have violated the Ordinance and had been convicted on previous citations,
he had not done anything to correct the roof defects or obtain a certificate of
occupancy for the Property. (Id. at 47.)
               At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found Kanofsky guilty
of all charges, fined him in the amount of $29,700, plus court costs, and sentenced
him to five days of imprisonment.6 Kanofsky then appealed to this Court.7

       6
         The trial court imposed the following fines against Kanofsky: (1) a $200 fine plus costs
for Kanofsky’s February 4, 2016 offense of failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy in
violation of Section 403.46 of the UCC; (2) a $1,000 fine plus costs for each of Kanofsky’s
February 4-5, 8, 10-12, 16-19, and 22-26, 2016 offenses of failure to repair the Property’s
leaking roof in violation of Section 304.7 of the IPMC; (3) a $500 fine plus costs for Kanofsky’s
February 5, 2016 offense of failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy in violation of
Section 403.46 of the UCC; and (4) a $1,000 fine plus costs for each of Kanofsky’s
February 8-12, 16-19, and 22-26, 2016 offenses for failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy in
violation of Section 403.46 of the UCC.
        At the conclusion of the August 24, 2016 hearing, the trial court also found Kanofsky
guilty of another violation of Section 304.7 of the IPMC and fined Kanofsky in the amount of
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                5
               On appeal,8 Kanofsky appears to argue that the summary convictions
should be overturned because he was not responsible for the condition of and
damage to the Property and he had permission to store his personal items at the
Property.9 In response, the City argues that the trial court properly convicted
Kanofsky of violating Section 304.7 of the IPMC and Section 403.46 of the UCC
because the evidence supporting such convictions was overwhelming.
               In Commonwealth v. Spontarelli, 791 A.2d 1254 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002),
we previously noted that “[i]n summary offense cases, the Commonwealth is
required to establish” guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Spontarelli, 791 A.2d
at 1258. This Court views “all of the evidence admitted at trial, together with all
reasonable     inferences     therefrom,      in       the   light   most   favorable     to   the
Commonwealth.” Id. “The test of sufficiency of evidence is whether the trial
court, as trier of fact, could have found that each element of the offenses charged

(continued…)

$1,000, plus court costs at docket number SA-150-2016. Kanofsky appealed that conviction, and
his appeal is currently pending before this Court at docket number 1955 C.D. 2016.
       7
         Kanofsky initially filed his appeal with the Pennsylvania Superior Court. By order
dated October 11, 2016, the Superior Court transferred the matter to this Court, as this Court has
exclusive jurisdiction over the matter pursuant to Section 762(a)(4) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.
C.S. § 762(a)(4).
       8
        In reviewing a summary conviction matter, where the trial court has taken additional
evidence in de novo review, our standard of review is limited to considering whether the trial
court abused its discretion or committed an error of law. Commonwealth v. Spontarelli,
791 A.2d 1254, 1255 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002).
       9
         In the “Questions Asked” section of his brief, Kanofsky identifies fourteen issues for
consideration by this Court on appeal. The majority of Kanofsky’s issues, however, involve
matters that are irrelevant and in no way relate to this appeal and/or have no basis in the record.
As a result, such issues are not properly before this Court and will not be addressed in this
opinion.



                                                   6
was supported by evidence and inferences sufficient in law to prove guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. “As a reviewing court, this Court may not reweigh the
evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Commonwealth
v. Hoffman, 938 A.2d 1157, 1160 n.10 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007).                            “[M]atters of
credibility and evidentiary weight are within the exclusive discretion of the
fact-finder below . . . .” Carr v. State Bd. of Pharmacy, 409 A.2d 941, 944
(Pa. Cmwlth. 1980). “[T]he fact-finder is free to believe all, part or none of the
evidence presented.” Hoffman, 938 A.2d at 1160 n.10.
               Here, the trial court found Kanofsky guilty of sixteen summary
criminal offenses for failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy for the Property in
violation of Section 403.46 of the UCC and fifteen summary criminal offenses for
failure to repair the Property’s leaking roof in violation of Section 304.7 of the
IPMC. Although the trial court did not set forth its credibility determinations in
writing,10 we can infer that the trial court found Hynes’s testimony to be credible
and Kanofsky’s testimony to be not credible. Hynes’s credible testimony supports
the trial court’s conclusions in this matter.11               By arguing that the summary
convictions should be overturned because he was not responsible for the condition
of and damage to the Property and he had permission to store his personal items at
the Property, Kanofsky is essentially asking this Court to adopt his preferred
version of events and, in so doing, to reweigh the evidence and make different


       10
          In its 1925(a) opinion, the trial court indicated that it was relying on the record and that
no further statement was necessary. (Trial Ct. Op., dated Sept. 29, 2016.)
       11
           Our review of the record further reveals that the trial court rejected some of the
testimony and documents upon which Kanofsky attempts to rely in support of his arguments as
irrelevant upon the City’s objection.



                                                  7
credibility determinations.   This we cannot and will not do.   See Hoffman,
938 A.2d at 1160 n.10.
            Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s orders.




                               P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge




                                        8
          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania          :
                                      :
            v.                        :   No. 1938 C.D. 2016
                                      :
Alvin S. Kanofsky,                    :
                        Appellant     :



                                    ORDER


            AND NOW, this 14th day of August, 2017, the orders of the Court of
Common Pleas of Northampton County are hereby AFFIRMED.




                             P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
