                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     February 20, 2018
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 332365
                                                                     Kent Circuit Court
BRAD STEVEN DEJONG,                                                  LC No. 15-007596-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MURPHY, P.J., and O’CONNELL and K. F. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Brad Steven DeJong, appeals as of right his convictions for operating a
laboratory involving methamphetamine, MCL 333.7401c, and possession of methamphetamine,
MCL 333.7403. DeJong argues that the trial court failed to comply with the requirements for
ensuring that his waiver of the right to counsel was unequivocal, knowing, and voluntary. We
agree. Therefore, we vacate DeJong’s convictions and remand this case to the trial court for
further proceedings.1

        We review de novo whether a defendant validly waived his Sixth Amendment right to
counsel. People v Williams, 470 Mich 634, 640; 683 NW2d 597 (2004). This Court will not
disturb a trial court’s factual findings, including credibility determinations, regarding whether the
waiver was knowing and intelligent unless that ruling is clearly erroneous. Id.

          A criminal defendant has the right to represent himself. Const 1963, art 1, § 13; MCL
763.1. To exercise that right, the defendant must waive his corresponding Sixth Amendment
right to counsel. People v Dennany, 445 Mich 412, 427-428; 519 NW2d 128 (1994). Our
Supreme Court imposed three requirements on a defendant’s request to represent himself:

               First, the request must be unequivocal. . . .




1
  Because we vacate DeJong’s convictions and remand for a new trial, we need not reach the
remaining issues DeJong raised on appeal.


                                                 -1-
               Second, once the defendant has unequivocally declared his desire to
       proceed pro se the trial court must determine whether defendant is asserting his
       right knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily. The trial court must make the pro
       se defendant aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so
       that the record will establish that he knows what he is doing and his choice is
       made with eyes open. Defendant’s competence is a pertinent consideration in
       making this determination. But his competence does not refer to legal skills, for
       his technical legal knowledge, as such, was not relevant to an assessment of his
       knowing exercise of the right to defend himself.

               The third and final requirement is that the trial judge determine that the
       defendant’s acting as his own counsel will not disrupt, unduly inconvenience and
       burden the court and the administration of the court’s business. [Id. at 432
       (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

If a trial court fails to comply with these requirements and a defendant proceeds to trial without
counsel, the error is structural and requires automatic reversal. People v Russell, 471 Mich 182,
194 n 29; 684 NW2d 745 (2004).

       This Court has recommended that the trial court advise a defendant of the following to
ensure that the defendant’s waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary:

             (a) That self-representation is almost always unwise and that he may
       conduct a defense ultimately to his own detriment.

               (b) That he is entitled to and will receive no special indulgence by the
       court, and that he must follow all the technical rules of substantive law, criminal
       procedure and evidence in the making of motions and objections, the presentation
       of evidence, voir dire and argument. It should be made crystal clear that the same
       rules that govern an attorney will govern, control and restrict him—and that he
       will get no help from the judge. He will have to abide by the same rules that it
       took years for a lawyer to learn.

                (c) That the prosecution will be represented by an experienced
       professional counsel who, in turn, will give him no quarter because he does not
       happen to have the same skills and experience as the professional. In other words,
       from the standpoint of professional skill, training, education, experience, and
       ability, it will definitely not be a fair fight. . . .

               (d) That he is going to receive no more library privileges than those
       available to any other pro per, that he will receive no extra time for preparation
       and that he will have no staff of investigators at his beck and call. [People v
       Blunt, 189 Mich App 643, 649-650; 473 NW2d 792 (1991) (quotation marks and
       citations omitted).]

      The Michigan Court Rules impose two additional requirements on a trial court before it
may permit a defendant to proceed without representation:


                                               -2-
               (1) advis[e] the defendant of the charge, the maximum possible prison
       sentence for the offense, any mandatory minimum sentence required by law, and
       the risk involved in self-representation, and

               (2) offer[] the defendant the opportunity to consult with a retained lawyer
       or, if the defendant is indigent, the opportunity to consult with an appointed
       lawyer. [MCR 6.005(D)(1) and (2).]

The trial court should conduct a colloquy on the record to assure that the defendant is aware of
“the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation . . . .” Dennany, 445 Mich at 431.

        In this case, the prosecution concedes that the trial court did not adequately ensure that
DeJong validly waived his right to counsel. Based on our review of the record, we agree.
Although the trial court engaged in a brief colloquy with DeJong about his request to represent
himself at trial, the record does not show that DeJong’s request was unequivocal. Rather,
DeJong stated that he wished to represent himself because he felt his counsel was unprepared for
trial and expressed uncertainty about his decision to represent himself. Furthermore, it is not
clear from the record that the trial court adequately ensured that DeJong was asserting his right to
self-representation knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. The trial court advised DeJong of
the folly of self-representation and the applicability of the same legal rules that would apply to an
attorney, but the trial court did not advise DeJong of other factors described earlier. Because the
record does not support a conclusion that DeJong validly waived his Sixth Amendment right to
counsel, DeJong is entitled to a new trial.

       We vacate DeJong’s convictions and remand this case to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                              /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                              /s/ Peter D. O’Connell
                                                              /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly




                                                -3-
