                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                 January 19, 2012 Session

                       GARY PAUL
                           v.
  DENNIS WATSON and DARLENE WATSON d/b/a DOUBLE D LAWN
                 CARE AND LANDSCAPING

              Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Benton County
                       No. 1845    Ron E. Harmon, Chancellor


                No. W2011-00687-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 2, 2012


This case involves an alleged oral contract for landscaping work. The homeowner paid a
considerable amount of money to the landscaper during the project, but when the landscaper
failed to complete the project, the homeowner demanded a refund. When the landscaper
refused to refund any money, the homeowner sued, alleging breach of contract, a violation
of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, conversion, and negligent and intentional
misrepresentation. The trial court ruled that the homeowner was entitled to a refund only of
his last payment to the landscaper before the landscaper left the job, as well as attorney fees.
The homeowner appealed. Following an order from this court directing the homeowner to
obtain a final judgment, the trial court entered an amended judgment denying the
homeowner’s claim pursuant to the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act. Because we
conclude that the trial court failed to rule on the homeowner’s claims for conversion and
misrepresentation, we dismiss this appeal for lack of a final judgment.


             Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Appeal is Dismissed.


J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER, J.,
and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

Michael R. Hill and Pamela G. Vawter, Milan, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gary Paul.

John W. Whitworth, Camden, Tennessee, for the appellees, Dennis Watson and Darlene
Watson, d/b/a Double D Lawn Care and Landscaping.
                                               OPINION

                                            I. Background

        Plaintiff/Appellant Gary Paul hired Defendant/Appellee Dennis Watson of Double
D Lawn Care and Landscaping to landscape the front and back of his home. The parties
never entered into a written contract. Instead, in September of 2006, Mr. Watson quoted Mr.
Paul a price of $10,000 for the work in the front yard and between $30,000.00 and
$50,000.00 for the work in the back yard, which included the construction of three retaining
walls. During the negotiations, Mr. Watson gave Mr. Paul a business card, which stated that
Mr. Watson was a licensed contractor. According to later testimony from Mr. Watson, at the
time he gave the card to Mr. Paul and at all times throughout the project, Mr. Watson was
not licensed.1 Mr. Paul agreed to the quoted price and shortly thereafter gave Mr. Watson
a check for $10,000.00 to begin work. Over the course of the project, Mr. Watson increased
the price of the back yard work to between $50,000.00 and $80,000.00. According to Mr.
Paul, he and Mr. Watson also agreed to increase the price on the front yard work to
$20,000.00. Mr. Paul continued to pay Mr. Watson whenever a request was made for more
funds. On December 14, 2007, unsatisfied with the progress on the job, Mr. Paul met with
Mr. Watson. At this meeting, Mr. Paul contends that Mr. Watson agreed to do all of the
backyard work for $74,000.00 based on a calculation of a set price per square foot for each
retaining wall built. According to Mr. Paul, as of the December 14, 2007 meeting, the entire
price of the contract was $94,000.00, including $74,000.00 for the retaining walls and
$20,000.00 for all front yard work. Mr. Watson disputes that he agreed to these terms. Prior
to this meeting, Mr. Paul had already paid Mr. Watson $80,000.00. At the December 14,
2009 meeting, Mr. Paul gave Mr. Watson a check for another $10,000.00, bringing the total
paid on this project to $90,000.00.

      After this meeting, Mr. Watson never returned to work on the project. Mr. Paul
terminated Mr. Watson and requested a refund. When Mr. Watson refused, Mr. Paul hired
another contractor to finish the project and brought this action against Mr. Watson, his wife
Darlene Watson, and Double D Lawn Care and Landscaping.

      Mr. Paul filed a complaint on June 25, 2008 against Mr. Watson, Darlene Watson,
and Double D Lawn Care, alleging claims for breach of contract, conversion, negligent
misrepresentation, intentional misrepresentation, and a violation of the Tennessee Consumer


        1
          While Mr. Watson testified that he was not licensed during the project, the testimony is somewhat
unclear as to whether Mr. Watson was testifying that he was not a licensed contractor or that he had no
business license to operate Double D Lawn Care and Landscaping. Regardless, there is no evidence in the
record to show that Mr. Watson was in fact licensed at the beginning of or at any time during this project.

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Protection Act. A trial was held on January 11, 2011. At the conclusion of trial, the trial
court made the following findings:

               First with regard to Darlene Watson, the Court finds Mrs. Watson was
       not a party to the contract, that her own involvement, substantial involvement,
       in this case is that she is the wife of the Defendant. And for that reason, and
       as the proof presented, she will be dismissed on motion of the Defendant.
               These parties have pretty much summed up their petition [sic] when
       they testified. I think both said that they had a contract that was in a fluid state.
       I'm going to remember that because I think that's an excellent description of
       this contract, if such existed. It flowed so freely that the Court had trouble
       keeping up with it.
               The Court finds the per square foot numbers which are used, and which
       the Court would like to rely on, are not feasible numbers. They're not numbers
       that could represent the cost of the retaining wall. They could very easily
       represent the labor cost of laying the blocks in the retaining wall or they could
       represent both the blocks and the labor of putting them in, but they could not
       represent the purchase of the blocks, the labor of laying the blocks and the fill
       and matting and other things that are necessary in the construction of the
       walls. So the Court does not find that those numbers are reliable and can be
       relied on to come to an equitable solution as to the amounts of money that
       would be owed to either party. Having said that, we are pretty much a wash
       as far as what any of these numbers do mean.
                The one thing the Court noticed when we first began this case and I
       think one thing that has held true throughout is Mr. Watson received $10,000
       right before he quit. Mr. Paul is entitled to a refund of that $10,000 together
       with interest. That was paid in December. The interest will be from the date
       of the filing of the complaint. The judgment will enter for the amount of
       $10,000 plus interest plus attorney fees.

When asked about the claim that Mr. Watson violated the Tennessee Consumer Protection
Act, the court stated:

       I’ve not been asked to address the specific finding. In general, I’m not aware
       of anything that jumps out. I understand this man is not a contractor. . . .
       Which this contract is in excess of what would be required, but that would
       only limit him to an equitable recovery of the cost. . . . Is there some specific
       finding that you request on that?

       Mr. Paul’s counsel then asked the court “Is it because you don’t think he is a

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contractor . . . ?” The court then replied that “I’m just saying in addition to the reasons that
I would not find that, he is not a contractor under the proof I’ve heard today.”

       The court filed its final judgment on February 17, 2011, incorporating by reference
the oral rulings made at the close of the January 10, 2011 trial. The body of the judgment
provided:

               Based on the foregoing [oral] findings of fact and conclusions of law,
               IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that upon
       the Motion to Dismiss by Defendant Darlene Watson, she is dismissed from
       this action.
               IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED judgment
       be entered in favor of the Plaintiff against Defendant Dennis Watson d/b/a
       Double D. Landscaping in the amount of $10,00.00; plus interest from the
       date of the filing of the Complaint, which is June 25, 2008, and is $2,545.00
       as of January 10, 2011, plus attorneys fees in the amount of $5,332.00.
               IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the
       court costs are assessed against the Defendant, Dennis Watson d/b/a Double
       D Landscaping Plaintiff, for which execution may issue, if necessary.

        Mr. Paul filed his notice of appeal to this Court on March 15, 2011. Finding that the
judgment of the court was not a final order specifically because it was silent as to Mr. Paul’s
Tennessee Consumer Protection Act claim, this Court ordered Mr. Paul to obtain entry of
a final order in the trial court. The trial court filed an amended judgment on July 8, 2011,
specifically finding that Mr. Watson did not commit a violation of the Tennessee Consumer
Protection Act. However, the trial courts’ oral ruling, the judgment, and the amended
judgment are silent as to Mr. Paul’s conversion and misrepresentation claims.

                                    II. Issues Presented

Mr. Paul raises the following issues for our review:

       I. Whether the trial court erred by applying an incorrect measure of damages
       for breach of contract between Mr. Paul and Mr. Watson?

       II. Whether the trial court erred when it found there was no violation of the
       Tennessee Consumer Protections Act by Mr. Watson and/or failing to apply
       $10,000.000 forwarded to him by Mr. Paul on December 14, 2007, toward the
       construction project were unfair and deceptive acts pursuant to the Tennessee
       Consumer Protection Act?

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       III. Whether the trial court erred in failing to make any findings of fact with
       regard to Mr. Paul’s claim for conversions and intentional and negligent
       misrepresentation?

       IV. Whether the trial court erred by dismissing Darlene Watson and failing to
       find her jointly and severally liable for damages awarded against Double D
       Lawn Care and Landscaping as an implied partner and/or joint adventurer
       with Dennis Watson?

In the posture of Appellee, Mr. Watson raises the following issue:

       I. Whether the trial court erred in awarding attorneys fees to Plaintiff, Gary
       Paul?

                                        III. Analysis

       Before we can address the merits of Mr. Paul’s appeal, we must first determine
whether this matter is properly before us for appellate review. Rule 13 of the Tennessee
Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that our “review generally extends only to those
issues presented for review. [We] shall also consider whether the trial and appellate court
have jurisdiction over the subject matter, whether or not presented for review.” See Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(b). We “cannot exercise jurisdictional powers that have not been conferred
directly to [us] expressly or by necessary implication.” Tennessee Envtl. Council v. Water
Quality Control Bd., 250 S.W.3d 44, 55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citations omitted). Based
on Mr. Paul’s assertion that the trial court failed to make findings regarding the conversion
and misrepresentation claims at oral argument, this Court, sua sponte, questioned counsel
regarding the finality of the judgment in the trial court and this Court’s jurisdiction to hear
this matter.

        Rule 3(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure limits the subject matter
jurisdiction of appellate courts to final judgments:

       In civil actions every final judgment entered by a trial court from which an
       appeal lies to the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals is appealable as of right.
       Except as otherwise permitted in rule 9 or in Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee
       Rules of Civil Procedure, if multiple parties or multiple claims for relief are
       involved in an action, any order that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or
       the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties is not enforceable or
       appealable and is subject to revision at any time before entry of a final
       judgment adjudicating all the claims, rights, and liabilities of all parties.

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Id. Rule 54.02 of the Rules of Civil Procedure further provides that:

       When more than one claim for relief is present in an action, whether as a
       claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third party claim, or when multiple parties
       are involved, the court, whether at law or in equity, may direct the entry of a
       final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties
       only upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and
       upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In the absence of such
       determination and direction, any order or other form of decision, however
       designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and
       liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the action as to any
       of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of decision is subject to
       revision at any time before the entry of the judgment adjudicating all the
       claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.

Id. Accordingly, without a final judgment, this Court does not have subject matter
jurisdiction. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a). Subject matter jurisdiction concerns the authority of the
court to hear a matter and cannot be waived. Meighan v. U.S. Sprint Commc'ns Co., 924
S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996). The court may consider subject matter jurisdiction sua
sponte. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b); Ruff v. State, 978 S.W.2d 95, 98 (Tenn. 1998). The
Tennessee Supreme Court has held that “[u]nless an appeal from an interlocutory order is
provided by the rules or by statute, appellate courts have jurisdiction over final judgments
only.” Bayberry Assocs. v. Jones, 783 S.W.2d 553, 559 (Tenn. 1990).

       Counsel for Mr. Paul asserted at oral argument that the trial court’s order was final.
However, when asked if Mr. Paul had abandoned his claims of conversion and
misrepresentation, counsel for Mr. Paul replied that Mr. Paul had not. In fact, one issue raised
by Mr. Paul concerns the trial court’s failure to make findings as to those claims. Rule 3(a)
of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure makes clear that “any order that adjudicates
fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties is not
enforceable or appealable.” Mr. Paul’s claims for conversion, negligent misrepresentation
and intentional misrepresentation were not adjudicated by the trial court. Even if we were to
consider the claims of conversion and misrepresentation as merely separate legal theories
based on the same operative facts, a judgment which does not adjudicate all the legal theories
upon which a plaintiff bases his or her case is not a final judgment. See In re Estate of
Storey, No. W2010-00819-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 2174901, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. May
31, 2011); see also Christus Gardens, Inc. v. Baker, Donelson, Bearman, No. M2007-
01104-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 3833613, at *4–5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug.15, 2008) (noting
that trial courts may not certify as final a decision that adjudicates only some of the legal
theories upon which a plaintiff bases his or her case). In addition, neither the final judgment

                                              -6-
nor the amended final judgment in this case contain Rule 54.02 language certifying the
judgment as final.

        Mr. Watson argues that despite the deficiencies in the trial court’s judgment, the
judgment is final because it meets the requirement expressed by Hodge v. Provident Life
And Acc. Ins. Co., 664 S.W.2d 297 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983), that the “findings as a whole
cover all relevant facts necessary to a determination of the case.” Id. at 300; see also Adkins
v. Bluegrass Estates, Inc., No. E2011-00044-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 3844200, at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 30, 2011). We cannot agree. While this case involves claims of
conversion, misrepresentation, and the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act, the crux of the
case involves an alleged oral contract and the alleged breach of that contract. However, in
the trial court’s oral findings, the court fails to make a finding even that a contract was made
between these parties, questioning “if such existed.” In addition, the trial court failed to
make findings regarding what the terms of the contract are, what action constituted a breach
of the contract, or what damages where appropriate based on the terms of the contract.
Instead the court simply concludes that Mr. Paul is entitled to a “refund” of $10,000.00,
without specifying that this amount constitutes damages for breach of contract,
misrepresentation, or conversion.

       In bench trials, trial courts must make findings of fact and conclusions of law to
support their rulings. Rule 52.01 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure provides, in
pertinent part:

       In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury, the court shall find the facts
       specially and shall state separately its conclusions of law and direct the entry
       of the appropriate judgment. The findings of a master, to the extent that the
       court adopts them, shall be considered as the findings of the court. If an
       opinion or memorandum of decision is filed, it will be sufficient if the
       findings of fact and conclusions of law appear therein.

Id. In this case, the trial court asked the parties “Is there some specific finding that you
request . . . ?” Prior to July 1, 2009, trial courts were only required to make specific findings
of fact and conclusions of law “upon request made by any party prior to the entry of
judgment.” See Poole v. Union Planters Bank N.A., No. W2009-01507-COA-R3-CV, 337
S.W.3d 771, 791 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (noting the amendment). However, the current
version of Rule 52.01 requires the court to make these findings regardless of a request by
either party. Id.

       This Court has previously held that the General Assembly’s decision to require
findings of fact and conclusions of law is “not a mere technicality.” In re K.H., No.

                                               -7-
W2008-01144-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 1362314, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 15, 2009).
Instead, the requirement serves the important purpose of “facilitat[ing] appellate review and
promot[ing] the just and speedy resolution of appeals.” Id.; White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d
187, 191 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); Bruce v. Bruce, 801 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1990). “Without such findings and conclusions, this court is left to wonder on what basis
the court reached its ultimate decision.” In re K.H., 2009 WL 1362314, at *8 (quoting In
re M.E.W., No. M2003-01739-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 865840, at *19 (Tenn. Ct. App.
April 21, 2004)). While the trial court’s oral ruling does contain findings, these findings are
insufficient to determine the basis of the trial court’s decision to award Mr. Paul $10,000.00
in damages and attorneys fees and to deny the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act claim.
In addition, the trial court’s ruling provides absolutely no resolution for Mr. Paul’s
conversion and misrepresentation claims. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court was
not final and this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to consider this appeal.

       Based on the foregoing, we dismiss this appeal for lack of a final judgment. Costs are
assessed to Plaintiff/Appellant Gary Paul, and his surety.



                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




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