Nelson v. Town of St. Johnsbury Selectboard, No. 93-4-12 Cacv (Teachout, J., August 7, 2013)

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                                                      STATE OF VERMONT

SUPERIOR COURT                                                                                                   CIVIL DIVISION
Caledonia Unit                                                                                             Docket No. 93-4-12 Cacv

RALPH NELSON,
    Plaintiff

      v.

TOWN OF ST. JOHNSBURY
SELECTBOARD,
ROD LAMOTHE,
KEVIN ODDY,
ALAN RUGGLES,
JAMES RUST, and
BERNARD TIMSON,
    Defendants


                                                    DECISION ON MOTIONS
         The Plaintiff in this case is a former town manager who seeks declaratory and injunctive
relief as well as monetary damages from the Town of St. Johnsbury and individual members of
the Selectboard for wrongful termination and deprivation of employment rights without due
process. Before the Court at this time are Plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint and
Defendants’ motions for judgment on the pleadings and summary judgment.


                                                                      Facts
        The following facts are undisputed unless unclear, in which case Plaintiff’s facts are
used. In August 2010, the Town of St. Johnsbury hired Plaintiff Ralph Nelson to serve as its
town manager on an interim basis. On September 27, 2010, his interim status ended and he was
hired as Town Manager by vote of the Selectboard. There is no evidence of any specific
employment terms negotiated, discussed, or agreed upon between Plaintiff and the Selectboard.
On April 3, 2012, his employment was terminated by the Selectboard.
        Plaintiff claims that he was advised by Edward Zuccaro, the Town attorney, that he could
only be removed for serious misconduct. He claims that Mr. Zuccaro told him this in
conversations on three different occasions. The first was “around the time” of the September
27th hiring. The second was on July 18, 2011, and the third was after March 16, 2012. There is
no evidence that any member of the Selectboard was present during these conversations.
        Plaintiff testified that in the first conversation Mr. Zuccaro told him, with respect to job
protections, that
       it was an extremely high bar. . .His comment was that I would have to find – he
       would have to – somebody would have to walk into my office and find me with
       my hand in the cookie jar and another body part in an improper place
       simultaneously, and then he went on to tell me about a letter that he wrote for
       years and years on behalf of a former town manager that was distributed to the
       select board on an annual basis that explained to them this very fact and tried to
       – and somehow laid out the statute with regard to responsibilities for the select
       board, and he offered me on ten occasions to write this letter and allow me to
       distribute it to the selectmen.
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4, Deposition of Ralph E. Nelson, Jr., pages 128-129.
        Plaintiff testified that the second conversation took place in July of 2011 after he and his
wife had made an offer to buy a house in Danville. Attorney Zuccaro dissuaded him from doing
so and told him he should live in St. Johnsbury:
       I said, Well, . . .if we withdraw this offer and we move to St. Johnsbury, I still
       want to know I’m protected, because, you know, the market in – in St. Johnsbury
       is not very good, the resale market, and that’s when Ed repeated this for the
       second time. . . And then I said to him, I think I might need the Dave Clark letter.
       At some point he said, You just ask me anytime and I’ll do it.
Id. at 131. There is no evidence that Mr. Nelson ever asked Mr. Zuccaro to write such a
letter. The third conversation occurred after the March 16, 2012 letter described below,
when relations between Plaintiff and the Selectboard had deteriorated.
        One of the major initiatives commenced while Mr. Nelson was Town Manager was the
renovation and lease of the Pomerleau Building, which had been donated to the Town. Mr.
Nelson presented the Pomerleau Building project to the electorate five to six times during public
meetings before a vote was taken on a bond to fund the project. Mr. Nelson estimated that the
project would cost $1.4 million, and the voters approved a bond in that amount.
        Defendants allege that after the vote approving the bond, Mr. Nelson revised the
estimated cost of the project to $1.8 million. Mr. Nelson states that the bond presented to the
voters was for a substantially different analysis of the project, which developed over time, and
that he accurately represented this to the voters and the Selectboard at appropriate times.
        At some point, the Northern Community Investment Corporation (NCIC) expressed
interest in renting space in the Pomerleau Building. Mr. Nelson thought that if NCIC were to
become a tenant in the building, it would make the building much more profitable. At the time,
the building’s operational expenses exceeded the amount of rent the Town collected from the
two tenants who occupied space in the building. In October 2011, Mr. Nelson reported to the
Selectboard that if NCIC leased space in the building, NCIC would pay market rates and the
building would become self-sufficient. Mr. Nelson told the Selectboard that he thought that
NCIC’s payments would make up the difference between the income from the existing tenants
and the expenses of maintaining the building.




                                                 2
       Mr. Nelson entered into lease negotiations with NCIC in December 2011. A
representative of NCIC sent Mr. Nelson proposed language for the lease, which Mr. Nelson
received on December 28, 2011.
        In January 2012, Mr. Nelson submitted the proposed NCIC lease to Town Counsel. Mr.
Nelson skimmed the lease and was confident that the terms of the proposed NCIC lease would
make the Pomerleau Building profitable. The Selectboard claims that it asked Mr. Nelson several
times if there was a lease document, but he denied that there were any lease documents.
       During a public meeting on February 27, Mr. Nelson told the Selectboard that under the
terms of the proposed lease, NCIC would rent more than 3,729 square feet in the Pomerleau
Building for more than $12 per square foot for more than 10 years. The Selectboard claims that
Mr. Nelson told them that NCIC had agreed to contribute more than $100,000 to the cost of
renovations. Mr. Nelson denies making this representation. In fact, NCIC had agreed to pay
$100,000 as an advance on rent to help cover the cost of renovations, but that figure was not
intended by NCIC to be a contribution. The actual square footage leased to NCIC in the
Pomerleau Building turned out to be 4,375 square feet.
       The renovations to the Pomerleau Building began on February 1, 2012, and included
improvements that NCIC had requested in anticipation of signing a lease. Mr. Nelson admits that
there was no alternate plan if NCIC decided not to lease space in the building. However, Mr.
Nelson authorized the renovations to begin in the belief that the NCIC lease would be profitable.
        On March 16, 2012, Selectman James Rust spoke with Mr. Nelson in his office. During
this meeting, Mr. Rust informed Mr. Nelson that he was there on behalf of the Selectboard and
explained that the Selectboard wanted to inquire into Mr. Nelson’s performance as Town
Manager. He gave Mr. Nelson a letter that stated “[t]he Selectboard has concerns that it will be
inquiring about” and that Mr. Nelson had an obligation to cooperate with the inquiry. The letter
stated that “[r]efusing to answer, answering incompletely, or answering untruthfully, questions
relating to work is considered misconduct for which an employee may be disciplined up to and
including dismissal.” The letter did not state what the inquiry was about.
        Selectman Kevin Oddy was primarily responsible for conducting the inquiry into Mr.
Nelson’s performance. Mr. Oddy interviewed various town employees and residents and
transcribed their statements. Mr. Nelson apparently was aware that statements were being taken
during the inquiry.
       Following his inquiry, Mr. Oddy drafted a list of issues concerning Mr. Nelson’s
performance, dividing them into “Serious, “Important,” and “Need[s] Attention.” The list
included allegations that Mr. Nelson had sexually harassed employees, created a hostile work
environment, attempted to influence a school board member, and lied. No details were listed.
There is no evidence that this list or the allegations it contained were shared with Mr. Nelson.
        On April 2, 2012, Mr. Rust informed Mr. Nelson that “something” had turned up in the
investigation. Mr. Nelson asked what had turned up but Mr. Rust would not tell him. Mr. Rust
told Mr. Nelson that the Selectboard would be holding a meeting to discuss Mr. Nelson’s job. He
requested that Mr. Nelson turn over his keys and laptop and go home, and Mr. Nelson complied.



                                                 3
        On April 3, 2012, Selectman Rust called Mr. Nelson and informed him that the
Selectboard was going to meet later that evening to discuss Mr. Nelson’s performance, and that
his presence was not required. Mr. Nelson attended the meeting. By that date he had retained
counsel to advise him about his employment, but he did not bring his attorney to the meeting.
       The Selectboard convened the meeting and went immediately into executive session in
Mr. Nelson’s office. After about 45 minutes, the Selectboard requested that Mr. Nelson join the
meeting. The Selectboard claims that it had not yet decided to terminate Mr. Nelson at that time.
        According to Mr. Nelson, Mr. Rust said, “We would like to understand the status of the
lease with NCIC.” Mr. Nelson told the Selectboard that he was having discussions with NCIC,
that the terms of the lease were pretty close to worked out, that they had submitted some contract
language for review, but that they were not willing to sign the lease until they knew that the
Town had funding for the renovations to the Pomerleau Building. The Selectboard asked Mr.
Nelson general questions about the NCIC lease and costs of the building. Mr. Nelson told the
Selectboard that he had skimmed the proposed lease but had not thoroughly reviewed it. Mr.
Nelson printed out the proposed lease and the Selectmen passed it around the room as they were
talking. According to Defendants, this was the first time any Selectboard member had seen the
proposed lease. Mr. Nelson states that the lease language was still fluid and that he did not think
it was his obligation to turn over every “nit and gnat” during the negotiations.
         Defendants allege that they also asked Mr. Nelson about other issues concerning his
performance in addition to the Pomerleau Building project and the proposed lease, including: a
letter sent by Mr. Nelson to the ex-spouse of a Town employee that included confidential
information; his alleged attempt to improperly influence a School Board member on behalf of a
non-resident friend who was seeking admission to St. Johnsbury Academy; his lack of
truthfulness and candor with Selectboard members; and his treatment of Town employees. Mr.
Nelson denies that the Selectboard questioned him about any issue other than the Pomerleau
Building project and the proposed lease.
       Mr. Nelson recalls that after he had answered the Selectboard’s questions, Mr. Rust
looked at the other Selectboard members and asked “Has anyone changed their minds?” The
Selectboard asked Mr. Nelson whether he wanted to resign. He declined. The Selectboard then
returned to public session and took a vote of “no confidence” in Mr. Nelson. Four of the five
members voted in favor, with Mr. Rust abstaining. According to Mr. Nelson, he did not
understand until then that the Selectboard was terminating his employment.
       The minutes indicate that the executive session portion of the meeting lasted from 6:00
p.m. until 8:24 p.m., and the meeting concluded at 8:25 p.m. There is no other record of the
meeting.
       The following day, the Town issued a press release stating:
       Under Vermont law, the Town Manager is subject to the direction and supervision
       of the Board of Selectmen. The Manager holds office at the will of the Board. The
       Town terminated Mr. Nelson for certain actions performed by Mr. Nelson that
       were directly against the will of the Board and were misrepresented by Mr.
       Nelson to the Board.

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After Mr. Nelson’s termination, Mr. Rust calculated that the proposed NCIC lease would have
resulted in a loss to the Town of $282,107.60 over a ten-year period. The Town subsequently
negotiated a more favorable lease with NCIC.
        Mr. Nelson filed suit against the Selectboard and its individual members on April 12,
2012, seeking to enjoin them from terminating his employment. He also brought claims for
violation of due process, wrongful termination, and promissory estoppel. He later amended his
complaint to add claims of conversion, invasion of privacy, breach of contract, failure to timely
pay wages, and punitive damages, most of which relate to the Town’s alleged interference with
his laptop computer. On June 21, 2012, the Court denied Mr. Nelson’s motion for a preliminary
injunction.

                                       Conclusions of Law
   1. Defendant Selectboard’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
        The Defendant “Selectboard” has moved for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to
V.R.C.P. 12(c), arguing that all claims against the “Town of St. Johnsbury Selectboard” must be
dismissed because the “Selectboard” is not an entity with the capacity to be sued independently
of the municipality that it governs. In response, Mr. Nelson moved to amend his complaint to
substitute the “Town” for the “Selectboard.” The Motion for judgment in favor of the
“Selectboard” as a Defendant is granted. The remainder of Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on
the Pleadings is addressed below.

   2. Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend the Complaint
        Vermont Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that a party may amend its pleadings by
leave of court, and “leave shall be freely given when justice so requires.” The Court generally
grants permission to amend where there is no prejudice to the opposing party and when the
amendment is not obviously frivolous or made for the purposes of delaying the case. See
Hunters, Anglers and Trappers Ass’n of Vt., Inc. v. Winooski Valley Park Dist., 2006 VT 82,
¶ 17, 181 Vt. 12. None of these circumstances is present here, and the motion is unopposed. The
purpose of the motion is to make the Town of St. Johnsbury, and not the Selectboard, a
Defendant. The Motion to amend is granted and the Second Amended Complaint is deemed
filed. In this Decision, the analysis addresses legal arguments as they relate to the Defendant
Town of St. Johnsbury, and not the “Selectboard.”
     3. Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings: Defense of Absolute
Immunity on the part of Individual Selectboard Members
         Defendants argue that the individual Selectboard members are absolutely immune from
liability for their official actions. Mr. Nelson has clarified that his only claim against the
individual Selectboard members is the § 1983 federal due process claim in which he claims
redress for violation of constitutional rights. See Pl.’s Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. for J. on the Pleadings
at 2 (Dec. 28, 2012) (MPR #14). He argues that immunity does not apply to such a claim.
        In Vermont, two types of immunity protect government officials from personal liability
for their official acts and omissions: absolute immunity and qualified immunity. Czechorowski v.
State, 2005 VT 40, ¶ 10, 178 Vt. 524 (mem.). Absolute immunity protects judges and the state’s

                                                  5
highest executive officers for actions taken in their judicial or prosecutorial capacities. Id.
Absolute immunity has been extended to members of quasi-judicial adjudicatory bodies when
their duties are functionally equivalent to those of a judge or prosecutor. See Butz v. Economou,
438 U.S. 478, 512–13 (1978) (extending immunity to federal administrative hearing officers).
Legislators, including local legislators, are also protected by absolute immunity for actions taken
in their legislative capacity. Bogan v. Scott-Harris, 523 U.S. 44, 49 (1998).
        “Absolute immunity flows not from rank or title or location within the Government, but
from the nature of the responsibilities of the individual official.” Cleavinger v. Saxner, 474 U.S.
193, 201 (1985) (quotation omitted). Courts take a functional approach to deciding immunity
questions, examining “the nature of the functions with which a particular official or class of
officials has been lawfully entrusted” and “the effect that exposure to particular forms of liability
would likely have on the appropriate exercise of those functions.” Forrester v. White, 484 U.S.
219, 224 (1988). Thus, in deciding whether immunity protects a particular official, the Court
must first determine in what capacity he was acting when he committed the allegedly
unconstitutional act. D’Alessio v. N.Y. Stock Exch., Inc., 258 F.3d 93, 104–05 (2d Cir. 2001).
        Defendants argue that the Selectboard members are entitled to absolute immunity
because they were acting in a quasi-judicial capacity when they voted to remove Mr. Nelson as
town manager. The selectboard of a town does act in a quasi-judicial capacity in some situations,
such as when it conducts proceedings to change the legal status of a town highway or when it
decided under prior law whether to grant a zoning permit. See Ketchum v. Town of Dorset, 2011
VT 49, ¶ 16, 190 Vt. 507 (mem.); Petition of St. George, 125 Vt. 408, 412 (1966). However, the
fact that a selectboard has some quasi-judicial powers does not mean that its members are
entitled to absolute immunity for every decision they make.
        For quasi-judicial absolute immunity to apply, the proceeding at issue must have the
“characteristics of the judicial process” and the official must have been acting in a manner akin
to a judge or prosecutor. Butz, 438 U.S. at 513. The Supreme Court has held that the following
factors are relevant in determining absolute immunity:
       (a) the need to assure that the individual can perform his functions without
       harassment or intimidation; (b) the presence of safeguards that reduce the need for
       private damages actions as a means of controlling unconstitutional conduct; (c)
       insulation from political influence; (d) the importance of precedent; (e) the
       adversary nature of the process; and (f) the correctability of error on appeal.
Cleavinger, 474 U.S. at 202.
        The statute providing for employment of a town manager, discussed below, does not
provide for a quasi-judicial hearing such as those provided for in the statutes related to the cases
cited above. The process of hiring and firing an employee is one that typically involves only the
employer and employee; it is not an adversary proceeding in which the Selectboard as neutral
arbiter decides disputed issues between parties with competing interests. It is not akin to
processes for which judges, prosecutors, or hearing officers are responsible, and there is no
provision for appeal. The Court cannot conclude that the Selectboard was acting in a quasi-
judicial capacity when it terminated Mr. Nelson. The statutory procedure for removing a town


                                                  6
manager is not similar enough to a judicial proceeding for absolute immunity to apply. See
Cleavinger, 474 U.S. at 206.
        Defendants argue in the alternative that they were entitled to absolute immunity as
legislators. It is true that the selectboard is a legislative body at times, and that local legislators
are absolutely immune from § 1983 liability for their legislative activities. Bogan, 523 U.S. at 49.
Again, however, the Court must examine the nature of a particular function to determine whether
it can be characterized as “legislative.” Id. at 54. Legislation normally is general in its scope
rather than targeted on a particular individual. Indiana Land Co., LLC v. City of Greenwood, 378
F.3d 705, 710 (7th Cir. 2004). Courts have held that legislators who made a budgetary decision
to eliminate a position altogether were acting in their legislative capacity—even though that
action affected only one person—and were therefore immune from liability. See, e.g., Bogan,
523 U.S. at 54; Pierce v. Commonfields of Cahokia Pub. Water Dist., 2012 WL 4322733 (S.D.
Ill. 2012).
        However, where legislators decide to fire a particular employee, they are not entitled to
absolute immunity because they are considered to be acting in an administrative rather than a
legislative capacity. See Baird v. Bd. of Educ., 389 F.3d 685, 696 (7th Cir. 2004) (individual
members of school board not entitled to absolute immunity from liability for termination of
employee; termination was not legislative act); In re Montgomery Cnty., 215 F.3d 367, 376 (3d
Cir. 2000) (county commissioners not entitled to absolute immunity; decision to terminate
county housing director was not substantively legislative as it did not involve a matter of general
policy applicable to a variety of circumstances or employees). Here, the Selectboard’s action was
not generally applicable to a variety of employees. It was an administrative decision to remove a
particular employee. The fact that the action took the form of a vote does not make it legislative.
See Roberson v. Mullins, 29 F.3d 132, 134 n.3 (4th Cir. 1994) (holding that a vote is not
necessarily a legislative act).
        For the above reasons, the individual members of the Selectboard are not entitled to
absolute immunity. Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings as to individual members
of the Selectboard is therefore denied.
   4. Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment: Defense of Qualified
      Immunity of Individual Selectboard Members
    The individuals named as Defendants, who were Selectboard members at the time of
termination, argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity. Qualified immunity protects
public officials from liability for their actions where they are “(1) acting during the course of
their employment and acting, or reasonably believing they are acting, within the scope of their
authority; (2) acting in good faith; and (3) performing discretionary, as opposed to ministerial,
acts.” Murray v. White, 155 Vt. 621, 626–27 (1991) (mem.). Mr. Nelson does not contest that the
Selectboard members performed a discretionary act that was within the course of their
employment and within the scope of their authority when they terminated him. At issue is
whether the Selectboard members acted in good faith, i.e., whether they violated a right that was
clearly established at the time they acted. Sprague v. Nally, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 5, 178 Vt. 22. If they
violated a clearly established right, then they were not acting in good faith and could be subject
to § 1983 liability.


                                                  7
        For a right to be “clearly established,” “[t]he contours of the right must be sufficiently
clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.”
Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). “There is no need for a case on point, but
existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.”
Coollick v. Hughes, 699 F.3d 211, 220 (2d Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted). “The question is not
what a lawyer would learn or intuit from researching case law, but what a reasonable person in
the defendant’s position should know about the constitutionality of the conduct.” Id. “Thus, if the
official reasonably believes that his or her actions were lawful, the official receives immunity
even if a court later determines that they were not.” Sprague, 2005 VT 85, ¶ 5.
        Here, the Selectboard members are alleged to have deprived Mr. Nelson of his property
interest in his employment as town manager by terminating him without due process. The
question is whether it was clearly established at the time of termination that Plaintiff held a
property interest in his employment. If it was clearly established at the time of termination that
he was a public employee with a property interest in his employment, he had a clearly
established right to pre-termination notice and a hearing. See Herrera v. Union No. 39 Sch. Dist.,
2006 VT 83, ¶ 25, 181 Vt. 198 (citing Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538–
39 (1985)).
        Section 1233 of Title 24 governs the employment of town managers, and is the only
statute that defines a town manager’s interest in his employment. It states that “[i]n all matters
[the town manager] shall be subject to the direction and supervision and shall hold office at the
will of such selectmen, who, by majority vote, may remove him at any time for cause.”
Defendants claim that based on this language, the town manager is an “at will” employee under
common law, who may be fired without cause at any time, and who therefore holds no property
interest in his employment.
        Defendants argue that this interpretation is supported by the fact that § 1233 places no
limits on the duration of a town manager’s employment. Ordinarily, an employee hired for an
indefinite period is presumed to be an at-will employee. Dulude v. Fletcher Allen Health Care,
Inc., 174 Vt. 74, 80 (2002). At-will employees “may be discharged at any time with or without
cause, unless there is a clear and compelling public policy against the reason advanced for the
discharge.” Adams v. Green Mountain R. Co., 2004 VT 75, ¶ 5, 177 Vt. 521 (mem.). The
presumption of at-will status may be overcome by evidence that the employer modified the
employment relationship through an express or implied contract that makes the employee
terminable only for cause. Dulude, 174 Vt. at 80. The facts show no written contract and no
specific employment terms or personnel policy applicable to Mr. Nelson.
         In opposing the Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Plaintiff relies on the latter
portion of the statute, which states that the selectboard may remove the town manager “for
cause.” He argues that under the statute, he can only be removed for cause, and therefore he has
a right to continued employment and a property interest in employment.
         There is tension and a superficial inconsistency between the two clauses of the statute:
the first portion seems to provide for “at-will” employment, whereas the second seems to suggest
that the basis for termination is “just cause.” Section 1233 has not been cited in any reported
cases. At the time of termination there was no existing precedent that placed the meaning of the
statute “beyond debate.” Coollick, 699 F.3d at 220. New Hampshire has a nearly identical statute

                                                 8
but no relevant case law. N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 37:3. In light of the statutory language, there
was a good faith basis for the Selectboard members to construe Mr. Nelson’s employment as at-
will. Therefore, the individual Selectboard members are protected by qualified immunity from
Mr. Nelson’s federal due process claim and are entitled to summary judgment in their favor.
     Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is granted as to all the individually named
members of the Selectboard.

   5.   Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count III (Vermont
        Constitution, Article IV)
        Mr. Nelson claims that his due process rights under Article 4 of the Vermont Constitution
were violated by the Town when he was terminated. Article 4 mandates that “[e]very person
within this state ought to find a certain remedy, by having recourse to the laws, for all injuries or
wrongs which one may receive in person, property or character . . . .” Vt. Const. ch. I, art. 4.
Article 4 is the Vermont equivalent of the federal constitution’s Due Process Clause. Quesnel v.
Town of Middlebury, 167 Vt. 252, 258 (1997). There is no established private right of action to
enforce Article 4. See Billado v. Parry, 937 F. Supp. 337, 345 (D. Vt. 1996) (citing Rowe v.
Brown, 157 Vt. 373 (1991)). Mr. Nelson’s claim against the Town fails for this reason.
Defendants’ Motion for summary judgment is granted as to Count III.
      6. Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count IV (Wrongful
Termination)
        The Town is the only Defendant on Plaintiff’s claim for wrongful termination. The Town
argues that Mr. Nelson was an at-will employee, that he waived any argument that he was
terminable only for cause by failing to make that argument before the Selectboard, and that
ample cause existed to justify Mr. Nelson’s termination.
        This motion calls for the Court to construe 24 V.S.A. § 1233 to determine whether
Plaintiff was an at-will employee who could be terminated at any time without any procedural
protection, or whether he had a property interest in his employment that entitled him to due
process prior to termination.
       Title 24 as a whole concerns Municipal and County Government, and § 1233 is within
Chapter 37 which is entitled “Town, City or Village Managers.” The two sections pertinent to a
town manager’s employment status are §§ 1232 and 1233, which provide in pertinent part as
follows:

        § 1232: Appointment; . . .
        The selectmen of towns adopting the provisions of this chapter shall forthwith
        appoint a general town manager, who may or may not be a resident of the town
        for which he is appointed. . . .

        § 1233: Qualifications; authority of selectmen
        Such a manager shall be selected with special reference to his education, training
        and experience to perform the duties of such office and without reference to his

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         political belief. In all matters he shall be subject to the direction and supervision
         and shall hold office at the will of such selectmen, who, by majority vote, may
         remove him at any time for cause. (Italics added.)
It is the interpretation of the last sentence (italicized) that is required to determine Plaintiff’s
legal interest in his employment as St. Johnsbury Town Manager.
        As noted above, the two parts of the sentence appear, at least superficially, to be in
conflict, in that the first part uses language of “at the will of such selectmen,” suggesting a
reference to the legal status of at-will employment, whereas the second part makes specific
reference to removal “for cause,” suggesting that a town manager may have more rights in the
employment status than an at-will employee because otherwise there would be no need for the
latter part of the sentence.
        It is the Court’s obligation to interpret the provision in a manner that reconciles all parts
of it and gives effect to all parts to the extent possible.
         The fundamental rule for the construction of statutes is to ascertain the intent of
         the Legislature. This intent must be ascertained from the act itself, if the language
         is plain. But when the language used is doubtful in meaning, the true meaning
         may be ascertained by considering it in the light of all its provisions, the object to
         be accomplished by its passage, its title, preexisting legislation on the same
         subject and other relevant circumstances. A statute is to be so construed as to
         carry out the intent of the Legislature, though such construction may seem
         contrary to the letter of the statute. When the provisions of a law are inconsistent,
         effect must be given to those which harmonize with the context and the apparent
         intent of the Legislature.
State v. Estate of Taranovich, 116 Vt. 1, 5 (1949) (citation omittied).
         Focusing first on the first part of the last sentence in 24 V.S.A. § 1233, it is useful to note
that it does not mandate that all municipal managers must be at-will employees. On the contrary,
the second half of the sentence suggests the possibility of employment other than at-will. It is
reasonable to conclude that persons who have the qualifications described by statute as being
desirable for the position may want to have some measure of job security and therefore the
ability to negotiate specific contract terms such as duration.1 If an employee is an at-will
employee, he or she can be terminated for any reason at any time, whether there is just cause or
not. Since the statute clearly provides for just-cause termination, it cannot be that the Legislature
intended all town managers to be only at-will employees. The statutory language (“at the will of
the selectmen”) is broad enough to encompass the authority of the selectboard to negotiate
specific contract terms of employment. On the other hand, the provision does not preclude at-
will employment. Indeed, the presumptive status of any employee in Vermont is as an at-will
employee unless that is modified by an express or implied contract, Dulude, infra, at 80, and the
statutory language is consistent with this presumption.

1
  In Handverger v. City of Winooski, 2013 WL 1386070 (D. Vt.), the City Manager had a three year contract. While
he was appointed under a City Charter rather than Title 24, the fact of a term for a specific duration is indicative of
the kind of employment terms that might be expected for persons in such positions, for whom acceptance of a job
may require moving one’s home and family.

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        Turning to the second part (relied on by Plaintiff as the basis for modification from at-
will employment), the statute does not provide that a town manager can be terminated only for
just cause. It specifies that a selectboard must always be able to terminate a town manager where
there is just cause, but it does not include any specific rights or protections for a town manager as
employee. The provision is not inconsistent with at-will employment in that an at-will employee
can be terminated for just cause as well as for other non-cause reasons.
        The two parts of the provision may be reconciled without difficulty in that they enable a
selectboard to hire a person as town manager on either an at-will basis or on modified terms that
provide for a specific duration of employment, but if the latter option is chosen, any contract
must, by statute, provide for termination for just cause. In other words, a selectboard may
contract with a person for a defined term of employment, but does not have the authority to so
contract without providing for termination at any time for just cause. The statute instructs the
selectboard not to make a contract without providing for just cause termination at any time by
majority vote, and any contract entered into by the selectboard is subject, by law, to the ability of
the selectboard to terminate for just cause at any time by majority vote.
        This makes sense, because if a town manager with a three year contract is found after two
years to have embezzled or engaged in other wrongdoing, such a wrongdoer should not benefit
financially at the expense of taxpayers: he or she should not be able to claim entitlement to
payment for the third year of the contract out of public funds. Nonetheless, this part of the
statute does not guarantee to anyone who becomes a town manager that he or she is entitled to
continued employment. It only mandates that there can be no express or implied contract that
does not include the public’s right to terminate for just cause.
       In applying this statute to the Plaintiff in this case, there is no evidence that there were
any express or implied contract terms of employment. Plaintiff’s employment was open-ended,
with no fixed duration and no other specific terms, and thus was at-will. As such, he held no
property interest in his employment and was not entitled to due process prior to termination: he
could be terminated at any time, whether or not there was just cause and whether or not he was
afforded due process procedural protections. Accordingly, the Town is entitled to summary
judgment on Plaintiff’s claim for wrongful termination.
      7. Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Count V: Promissory
Estoppel
       The Town also moves for summary judgment on Mr. Nelson’s promissory estoppel
claim. Vermont recognizes the doctrine of promissory estoppel: “A promise which the promisor
should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third
person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided
only by enforcement of the promise.” See Foote v. Simmonds Precision Prods. Co., Inc., 158 Vt.
566, 573 (1992). This is the standard set forth in Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 90(1)
(1988). “Promissory estoppel may modify an at-will employment relationship and provide a
remedy for wrongful discharge . . . if the elements are present.” Foote at 571.
        Mr. Nelson alleges that Attorney Zuccaro, as town agent, told him that he could only be
fired for misconduct of the most serious nature. Mr. Nelson alleges that he accepted the position
of town manager and purchased a home in St. Johnsbury in reliance on Mr. Zuccaro’s

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assurances. Defendants contend that Mr. Zuccaro was not authorized to make promises, that the
alleged promise was merely a vague oral assurance, and that Mr. Nelson was not justified in
relying on Mr. Zuccaro’s statements.
        The doctrine of equitable estoppel is based upon concerns of public policy and an interest
in encouraging fair dealing, good faith and justice. . .“[I]ts purpose is to forbid one to speak
against his own act, representations or commitments to the injury of one to whom they were
directed and who reasonably relied thereon.” Greenmoss Builders, Inc. v. King, 155 Vt. 1, 6-7
(1990) (citations omitted). Equitable estoppel has four elements, which the party invoking the
doctrine has the burden of establishing: 1) the party to be estopped knows the true facts, 2) the
party being estopped intends that his conduct shall be acted upon or the acts must be such that
the party asserting the estoppel has a right to believe it is so intended, 3) the other party is
ignorant of the true facts, and 4) the party asserting estoppel must rely on the conduct of the
party being estopped to her detriment. Id.
       Plaintiff’s facts are not sufficient to support a claim of promissory estoppel because they
do not establish either of the first two elements. As to the first element, whether or not the Town
knew the true facts, Plaintiff’s facts show that Mr. Zuccaro as town attorney had an opinion
about the meaning of 24 V.S.A. § 1233, specifically that a town manager could not be fired
except for just cause, and further that only serious misconduct could satisfy the ‘just cause’
standard. There are no facts to show that the members of the Selectboard who hired Mr. Nelson
in September of 2010 held the same opinion about the meaning of the statute, nor does Mr.
Zuccaro’s statement purport to be a statement made on behalf of the Selectboard. The most he
offered to do was write a letter that Mr. Nelson could show to the Selectboard stating Mr.
Zuccaro’s own opinion of the meaning of the statute. The most generous interpretation of this is
that Mr. Nelson and the Selectboard could then have had a discussion.
         The Town’s facts include a sworn statement that Mr. Zuccaro had no legal authority to
hire town employees or alter terms of employment or make personnel-related decisions on behalf
of the Selectboard, but even looking at Plaintiff’s facts in their most favorable light, Mr. Zuccaro
did not purport to speak on behalf of the members of the Selectboard so his statements cannot be
considered a statement by the Town; he only offered his opinion and a letter that would put Mr.
Nelson in the position of engaging the Selectboard on the issue. Plaintiff’s facts do not establish
that ‘the Town knew the true facts;’ the ‘true facts’ as to what the Selectboard thought the
statute meant are actually unknown. Thus, Plaintiff does not have sufficient facts to establish the
first element.
        Plaintiff also does not have sufficient facts to establish the second element, as his facts are
insufficient to show reliance at all, and accordingly cannot show justifiable reliance. Plaintiff’s
facts do not show that he relied on Mr. Zuccaro’s statements. First, he is not clear about whether
the first conversation with Mr. Zuccaro occurred before or after he had already accepted the non-
interim employment on September 27, 2010. Furthermore, Mr. Zuccaro offered to write him a
letter that he could show to the Selectboard to address the issue of job protection, but the facts
show that Plaintiff never asked for such a letter. This indicates the opposite of reliance—it
indicates that he did not place importance on the communication, as he apparently decided to
proceed to accept and continue employment without any discussion with the Selectboard. He did
not negotiate employment terms with the Selectboard, and had made an offer to buy a house in
the St. Johnsbury area 10 months after the first conversation without ever seeking clarification
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about whether he had a right to continuing employment, even though the opportunity was offered
to him by Mr. Zuccaro. The offer by Mr. Zuccaro was to put him in a position to have a
discussion with the Selectboard on the subject; it was not an assurance that the Selectboard itself
held the same view that he did. In both the first and second conversations, Mr. Zuccaro’s
comments were made in response to chance inquiries by Mr. Nelson. They were not made in the
course of discussions about employment terms in which Mr. Zuccaro had either actual or
apparent authority to make an employment agreement with Mr. Nelson on behalf of the Town.
        Plaintiff’s facts are not sufficient to establish that Plaintiff either relied on the comments
of Mr. Zuccaro, or was justified in doing so. See Leblanc v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., No. 2:95-
CV-68, 1996 WL 192011, at *3 (D. Vt. Apr. 2, 1996) (“Vague assurances of continued
employment do not constitute negotiated contract terms nor do they alter plaintiff’s status as an
at will employee.”); Chandler v. Bombardier Capital, Inc., No. 90-64, 1992 WL 474798, at *5
(D. Vt. Oct. 8, 1992) (management’s statement to employee that “short of [doing something like
stealing from the company] you should feel comfortable that a person, you know, of your
background could be assured of long term employment until retirement” did not create an
implied contract).
         In discussing why oral assurances such as these are not interpreted as contractual
obligations, Judge Sessions noted that first, “there is an awareness that as two parties embark on
a new employment relationship, neither expects it to be unsatisfactory. Reality dictates that such
expressions of hope are simply that, and without more, they cannot be held to bind the
employer.” Id. (citation omitted) He also noted that assurances of employment as long as work
is satisfactory cannot be the basis for a contractual obligation because “the concept of
satisfaction is an elusive one, which must be left to the discretion of the employer.” Id. (citation
omitted).2
        In terms of the rationale for the doctrine of promissory estoppel cited above, this is not a
situation in which the Town is seeking to repudiate a representation reasonably and justifiably
relied on by Plaintiff based on the circumstances under which it was made. The circumstances
simply do not demonstrate that it was reasonable and justifiable for Mr. Nelson to have relied on
Mr. Zuccaro’s comment without having had any communication with the Selectboard itself,
which is the body with the authority to make employment decisions about the town manager
position.
       It is the burden of the Plaintiff to establish a sufficient basis to go to trial on each
element. Since Plaintiff’s facts are insufficient to establish at least two of the four elements of
promissory estoppel, the Town is entitled to summary judgment on the claim.




2
 These comments assume statements made by an employer. In this case, Plaintiff’s facts involve statements made
not directly by the Selectboard or a member, but by a person whose authority to speak for the employer Town on the
particular issue was not apparent and in fact contraindicated by Mr. Zuccaro’s offer to write a letter that Mr. Nelson
could show to the Selectboard.

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                                            ORDER
       Plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint (MPR #16) is granted.
       Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings (MPR #14) is denied (except as to the
“Selectboard” as an independent entity).
       Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (MPR #15) is granted.


       The case will be scheduled for trial on the remaining claims.


       Dated at St. Johnsbury, Vermont this 7th day of August, 2013.


                                                           _________________________
                                                           Mary Miles Teachout
                                                           Superior Judge




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