           Case: 17-11018   Date Filed: 03/16/2018   Page: 1 of 9


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 17-11018
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cr-20187-UU-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

MANUEL PEREZ GONZALEZ,
                                                         Defendant-Appellant.



                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (March 16, 2018)



Before WILSON, JORDAN and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Manuel Perez Gonzalez appeals his 1,200 month sentence following his

convictions for one count of receipt of child pornography, two counts of possession

of child pornography, and two counts of distribution of child pornography.

Gonzalez contends his total sentence is grossly disproportionate to his offenses in

violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual

punishment, and that his sentence is both procedurally and substantively

unreasonable. After review, we affirm.

                               I. Eighth Amendment Claim1

       The Eighth Amendment provides: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor

excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S.

Const. amend. VIII. Although the Eighth Amendment does not require strict

proportionality between a crime and its sentence, it does forbid sentences grossly

disproportionate to the crime. Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 24 (2003). But

“[t]he Supreme Court has made it clear that ‘[o]utside the context of capital

punishment, successful challenges to the proportionality of sentences [are]

exceedingly rare.’” United States v. Raad, 406 F.3d 1322, 1323 (11th Cir. 2005)

       1
          Ordinarily, we review the legality of a sentence under the Eighth Amendment de novo.
United States v. McGarity, 669 F.3d 1218, 1255 (11th Cir. 2012). But where, as here, the
defendant did not object on Eighth Amendment grounds before the district court, our review is
only for plain error. Id. To establish plain error, the defendant must show “there is (1) error (2)
that is plain and (3) that affects substantial rights.” United States v. Lejarde-Rada, 319 F.3d
1288, 1290 (11th Cir. 2003). “[W]here the explicit language of a statute or rule does not
specifically resolve an issue, there can be no plain error where there is no precedent from the
Supreme Court or this Court directly resolving it.” Id. at 1291.

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(per curiam) (quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 289-90 (1983)) (emphasis and

alterations in original), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 893 (2005).

      To succeed on his disproportionality claim, Gonzalez must, at the threshold,

show his sentence is grossly disproportionate to the offenses of conviction. United

States v. McGarity, 669 F.3d 1218, 1256 (11th Cir. 2012). “In general, a sentence

within the limits imposed by statute is neither excessive nor cruel and unusual

under the Eighth Amendment.” United States v. Moriarity, 429 F.3d 1012, 1024

(11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).

      We turn, therefore, to the statutory limits for Gonzalez’s convictions.

Gonzalez was convicted of one count of receipt of child pornography, which

carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20 years imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 2252(a)(2), (b)(1). He was also convicted of two counts of distribution of child

pornography, each of which carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20 years

imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), (b)(1). Finally, Gonzalez was

convicted of two counts of possession of child pornography involving a

prepubescent minor, each of which carries a statutory maximum punishment of 20

years imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(b), (b)(2). All told, Gonzalez

was subject to a statutory maximum of 100 years, or 1,200 months, imprisonment.

      “If the sentence imposed on the count carrying the highest statutory

maximum is less than the total punishment, then the sentence imposed on one or


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more of the other counts shall run consecutively, but only to the extent necessary to

produce a combined sentence equal to the total punishment.” U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(d).

“We have held that § 5G1.2(d) requires that sentences run consecutively to the

extent necessary to reach the defendant’s guidelines range.” United States v.

Davis, 329 F.3d 1250, 1253-54 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam); see also United

States v. Johnson, 451 F.3d 1239, 1243 (11th Cir. 2006) (rejecting a

proportionality challenge to a defendant’s 140-year sentence for multiple child

pornography offenses and holding that imposing multiple consecutive statutory

maximum terms to fulfill a guideline recommendation constitutes a sentence

within the statutory maximum). Gonzalez’s guidelines range was life in prison.2

The district court’s decision to impose multiple consecutive statutory maximum

terms to fulfill that recommendation is consistent with this Court’s precedent.

       Gonzalez asserts that his case does not lend itself to the application of the

general rule that a sentence within the limits imposed by statute does not violate

the Eighth Amendment because he is “a first time offender” who was effectively

given “a life sentence without the possibility of parole” for “a non-violent offense.”

We are not persuaded. Gonzalez was a prolific consumer of child pornography—a

forensic analysis of his computer revealed 2,188 videos of child pornography were

downloaded between March 24, 2013 and September 27, 2015. Several of the

       2
           Gonzalez objects to the use of U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 to calculate his guidelines range. We
reject that contention for the reasons discussed in Section II.
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videos were over five minutes long, many depicted children under the age of

twelve, and some depicted sadistic or masochistic acts. He also disseminated

approximately 758 videos. Gonzalez emphasizes that he “never touched any of the

victims depicted in the images or videos.” This Court has, however, consistently

rejected efforts to minimize the harm caused by consuming child pornography. “It

goes without saying that possession of child pornography is not a victimless crime.

A child somewhere was used to produce the images downloaded by [the

defendant], in large part, because individuals like [the defendant] exist to download

the images.” United States v. Yuknavich, 419 F.3d 1302, 1310 (11th Cir. 2005).

Moreover, a witness who was sixteen years old at the time of trial testified that,

when she was nine years old, Gonzalez digitally penetrated and raped her.

Gonzalez has failed to establish that the district court plainly erred by imposing a

grossly disproportionate total sentence.

                           II. Reasonableness of the Sentence3

       Gonzalez contends his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the

district court used U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 to calculate his advisory sentencing range. In

support, Gonzalez notes § 2G2.2 has been “heavily criticized” by “federal district


       3
         We review the imposition of a sentence under a deferential abuse of discretion standard,
looking to both the procedural and substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed. Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). The burden is on the party challenging the sentence to
show it is unreasonable. United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008).


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court judges, federal defenders, [] other legal commentators,” as well as “the

Sentencing Commission itself.” But in United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888

(11th Cir. 2014), we rejected the argument that critique of § 2G2.2 included in the

Sentencing Commission’s 2013 report to Congress, including concern that the

current scheme “produces overly severe sentencing ranges for some offenders,” is

“influenced by congressional directives, fail[s] to reflect the Commission’s

traditional institutional expertise, and [is] not based on empirical evidence,”

rendered the district court’s use of § 2G2.2 as an advisory guideline substantively

or procedurally unreasonable. Id. at 898-901; United States Sentencing Comm’n,

Report to Congress: Federal Child Pornography Offenses (Dec. 2012). Cubero,

which is binding precedent, controls. The district court did not err by using

§ 2G2.2 to calculate Gonzalez’s advisory sentencing range.

      Second, Gonzalez contends his sentence is procedurally unreasonable

because the district court failed to discuss the § 3553(a) factors. The district court

is not required to specifically state that it has considered each of the § 3553(a)

factors or to discuss each of the § 3553(a) factors; rather, considering the parties’

arguments pertaining to those factors and referring generally to the § 3553(a)

factors is sufficient. See United States v. Sanchez, 586 F.3d 918, 936 (11th Cir.

2009) (“It is sufficient that the district court considers the defendant’s arguments at

sentencing and states that it has taken the § 3553(a) factors into account.”). Here,


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the district court specifically stated that it had considered the parties’ arguments

and the statutory factors. It also considered many facts related to the § 3553(a)

factors, including: Gonzalez’s pattern of conduct, his obstruction of justice, the fact

that the child pornography Gonzalez possessed included sadistic and masochistic

content, and the minor female’s testimony that Gonzalez had sexually assaulted her

when she was just nine years old.

      Third, Gonzalez asserts the district court failed to explain its chosen

sentence. Not so. At the outset of sentencing the district court stated that it

believed a life sentence was warranted based on the nature of Gonzalez’s conduct,

his lack of respect for the law, and the danger he presented to society. The district

court later imposed the total sentence in a term of months, rather than as a life total

sentence, based on the statutory maximums applicable to all of Gonzalez’s

convictions. In overruling Gonzalez’s objections, the district court discussed

additional factors behind the total sentence, including Gonzalez’s pattern of

conduct, his obstruction of justice, the fact that the child pornography included

sadistic content, and the minor female’s testimony that Gonzalez had sexually

assaulted her. Although the district court’s discussion was not detailed or lengthy,

it adequately explained its chosen sentence.

      In reviewing for substantive reasonableness, we consider the totality of the

circumstances, asking whether the § 3553(a) factors support the sentence in


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question. United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008). We

will overturn a sentence only if we are “left with the definite and firm conviction

that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the

§ 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of reasonable

sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160,

1190 (2010).

       Gonzalez’s total sentence was substantively reasonable. As noted above, the

district court stated at the outset of sentencing that it felt a life term of

imprisonment was appropriate based on the nature of the conduct, Gonzalez’s

disrespect for the law, and the danger he posed to society. It also credited a

minor’s testimony that Gonzalez sexually assaulted her on two occasions when she

was nine years old, and it found, in overruling Gonzalez’s objection to the pattern

enhancement, that “a pattern of repetitive conduct” was apparent from the

information in the record. It also found that Gonzalez was experienced with the

use of peer-to-peer programs and must have known that he was distributing child

pornography through his further use of these programs. These considerations and

emphases were supported by the evidence. Nothing in the record leaves us with

the “definite and firm conviction” that the total sentence was “outside the range of

reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190. In




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sum, Gonzalez’s 1,200-month total sentence was both procedurally and

substantively reasonable. The judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.




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