                        RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                   File Name: 19a0005p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 LYNN LUMBARD; ANITA YU; JOHN BOYER; MARY             ┐
 RAAB,                                                │
                          Plaintiffs-Appellants,      │
                                                       >      No. 18-1258
                                                      │
       v.                                             │
                                                      │
                                                      │
 CITY OF ANN ARBOR,                                   │
                               Defendant-Appellee.    │
                                                      ┘

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                No. 2:17-cv-13428—Stephen J. Murphy, III, District Judge.

                               Argued: December 5, 2018

                          Decided and Filed: January 10, 2019

            Before: BATCHELDER, COOK, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
                              _________________

                                       COUNSEL

ARGUED: Donald W. O’Brien, Jr., WOODS OVIATT GILMAN, LLP, Rochester, New York,
for Appellants. Abigail Elias, CITY OF ANN ARBOR, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Donald W. O’Brien, Jr., WOODS OVIATT GILMAN, LLP, Rochester, New
York, for Appellants. Abigail Elias, Stephen K. Postema, CITY OF ANN ARBOR, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, for Appellee.

       BATCHELDER, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which COOK and
KETHLEDGE, JJ., joined. KETHLEDGE, J. (pp. 8–10), delivered a separate concurring
opinion in which COOK, J., joined.
 No. 18-1258                    Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                     Page 2


                                     _________________

                                           OPINION
                                     _________________

       ALICE BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. In 2000, the City of Ann Arbor passed an
ordinance requiring certain homeowners to undergo structural renovations to their homes to
alleviate storm water drainage problems affecting the city and surrounding areas. The City paid
or reimbursed the homeowners for the renovations.        In 2014, the Appellants, homeowners
affected by the ordinance, pursued litigation in Michigan state courts alleging that the City’s
actions amounted to a taking without just compensation under the Michigan Constitution. At the
outset of litigation, the Appellants filed an England Reservation in an attempt to preserve a
federal takings claim for subsequent adjudication in federal court. The Appellants lost in state
court and then filed suit in federal court alleging causes of action under the Fifth Amendment of
the United States Constitution and under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The federal district court dismissed
the Fifth Amendment claim as issue precluded and the § 1983 action as claim precluded.
We AFFIRM.

                                               I.

       The Appellants in this case are property owners in and around the City of Ann Arbor,
Michigan (“City”). The houses on their properties were built between 1946 and 1973. At the
time of their construction, in accordance with City regulations, the houses were outfitted with
drainage piping that emptied both storm water and sanitary sewage into a single “combined
sewer system.” In 1973, the City modernized its sewer system by adding a separate sewer
system exclusively for storm water. After the completion of the new sewer system in 1973, the
City passed an ordinance requiring that any new structures be built to discharge storm water to
the storm sewer system and sanitary sewage to the old combined sewer system. Existing
structures were exempted from the ordinance.

       The City’s population continued to grow and the strain on the sewer systems came to a
head in the years between 1997 and 2002. In each of those years the City experienced several
tremendous rainfall events which resulted in overflows of the old combined sewer system
 No. 18-1258                          Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                             Page 3


including sewage overflow into public streets and the Huron River, and backups of sewage into
City residents’ basements. In early 2001, the City established a City Task Force and retained
engineering consultants to study the problem and devise a solution. The City Task Force
ultimately recommended a public works program that would disconnect the exempted homes in
the older neighborhoods of the City from the old combined sewer system. The “Disconnect
Program” would reroute the storm water drainage from selected homes to the storm sewer
system, while maintaining the sanitary sewage outflow to the sanitary sewer system.

        In August 2001, the City enacted Ordinance 32-01 (“Ordinance”).                       This Ordinance
effectively repealed the 1973 exemption by declaring that all homeowners with pre-existing
combined outflow drainage piping were in violation of City regulations.                       The Ordinance
empowered the Director of the Utility Department (“Director”) to select properties within the
“Target Areas”1 to be required to undertake the sewer work required by the Disconnect Program.
Owners of selected properties had 90 days to comply, after which they would be fined $100 per
month of noncompliance. All selected properties were eligible for a publicly funded installation
by contractors preselected by the Director or up to $3,700 in reimbursement for an installation
done by private contractors selected by the property owners.

        The Disconnect Program required the excavation of a three-foot-by-four-foot sump pit in
the foundation of the structure, connection of an electric pump, and the installation of piping that
would send the ground water and storm water from the house to the storm water sewer nearby.
This project could involve jackhammering into the foundation, penetrating walls, ripping up
lawns, and hanging visible piping in and around the house through which the electric pump
would pump water to the outside. After installation of the system, the homeowner would be
responsible for its maintenance and operation costs. The Appellants lived in the “Target Areas,”
were selected for the Disconnect Program, and complied with the Program’s requirements
between the years of 2001–2003.

        In February 2014, a group of homeowners, including Anita Yu (“Yu”), filed a complaint
in Michigan state court against the City, alleging violation of the Michigan Constitution for a

        1The “target areas” were the older neighborhoods of the City that were built prior to construction of the
storm water sewer system.
 No. 18-1258                          Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                             Page 4


taking without just compensation (inverse condemnation) by a physical, permanent occupation of
her property for a public purpose. The City removed the case to federal district court and Yu
moved to remand to state court on the basis that her federal claims were unripe pursuant to the
Williamson exhaustion doctrine. See Williamson Cnty. Reg’l Planning Comm’n v. Hamilton
Bank of Johnson City, 473 U.S. 172, 194 (1985). The federal district court agreed and remanded
the case to state court. Yu then filed a Notice of England Reservation informing the state court
that she wanted to litigate only the state claims. See England v. Louisiana State Bd. of Med.
Examiners, 375 U.S. 411, 415 (1964). After discovery, the state court granted the City’s motion
to dismiss, finding that Yu owned the installation from the Disconnect Program and that the
“issue of ownership . . . falls squarely on point” as dispositive in deciding the claim under
Michigan takings law.

        In October 2015, a group of similarly situated homeowners, the Lumbard plaintiffs
(“Lumbard”), filed a complaint against the City in Michigan state court alleging identical state-
law claims. Lumbard also attempted to preserve federal claims by filing a Notice of England
Reservation with the court. The Michigan state court found that the legal issues were the same
as those in the Yu case and granted the City’s motion to dismiss.

        In September 2016, the court consolidated the Yu and Lumbard cases for appeal in the
Michigan Court of Appeals. The court found that Yu and Lumbard did not contest that they
owned the installations, so the only question was whether, as a matter of law, a takings challenge
for physical invasion2 could occur if the homeowners owned the installations. Noting that the
“[Michigan] Takings Clause is ‘substantially similar’ to its federal counterpart,” the court
applied Supreme Court takings caselaw, namely Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV
Corp., 458 U.S. 419 (1982). Yu v. City of Ann Arbor, No. 331501, 2017 WL 1927846, 4 (Mich.
Ct. App. May 9, 2017). The Michigan Court of Appeals found that “a permanent physical
occupation does not occur so long as the owner can exercise the rights of ownership over the
installation,” and affirmed both trial court decisions. Id.



         2The Michigan Court of Appeals noted that Plaintiffs did not allege a regulatory taking, but a “physical
invasion” taking theory.
 No. 18-1258                      Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                       Page 5


       In October 2017, Yu and Lumbard filed a complaint against the City in the United States
District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan alleging several “causes of action” arising
under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The City
moved to dismiss asserting that the claims were barred by issue and claim preclusion or, in the
alternative, time-barred. The district court issued an opinion and order granting the City’s
motion to dismiss, holding that the Fifth Amendment takings claim was barred by issue
preclusion and the § 1983 claim was barred by claim preclusion.

                                                 II.

       We review de novo an order dismissing for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Theile v. Michigan, 891 F.3d 240, 243 (6th Cir. 2018). While the
district court succinctly and ably applied the labyrinth of federal takings caselaw in its decision
to grant summary judgment, the Appellants raise several arguments that we address explicitly.

       First, the Appellants argue that Williamson, supra, is a jurisdictional bar to adjudication
in federal court and thus they were forced to seek remand of their action to state court. But in
Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection,
560 U.S. 702, 729 (2010), the Supreme Court considered two objections from the state agency,
one of which was based on Williamson, for not having first “sought just compensation,” and the
Court dismissed the objections saying, “[n]either objection appeared in the briefs in opposition to
the petition for writ of certiorari, and since neither is jurisdictional, we deem both waived.” Id.
The Court has also held that “[n]onjurisdictional defects of this sort should be brought to our
attention no later than in respondent’s brief in opposition to the petition for certiorari; if not, we
consider it within our discretion to deem the defect waived.” Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S.
808, 815–816 (1985). The Appellants urge that because Stop the Beach began in federal court,
and thus was never removed, it does not apply to cases such as theirs which were initially
removed to federal court. We disagree. The procedural posture of removal and remand neither
strips nor grants subject-matter jurisdiction. Indeed, this court has already affirmed that the
exhaustion requirement of Williamson is waivable, see Lilly Inv. v. City of Rochester, 674 F.
 No. 18-1258                              Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                              Page 6


App’x 523, 531 (6th Cir. 2017),3 as have our sister circuits in the years since Stop the Beach.
See Sansotta v. Town of Nags Head, 724 F.3d 533, 544 (4th Cir. 2013); Sherman v. Town of
Chester, 752 F.3d 554, 564 (2d Cir. 2014). Because Williamson is a waivable defense for state
defendants, and it was the City that removed this case to federal court, the Appellants could have
litigated their claims in federal court. By moving to remand to state court, they waived that
opportunity.

        Second, the Appellants spend considerable time urging that England Reservations are
available absent a Pullman abstention order, such as when litigants are forced into state court
under Williamson. The Appellants cite our decision in DLX, Inc. v. Commonwealth of Kentucky,
381 F.3d 511 (6th Cir. 2004), as an example of our upholding England Reservations in a nearly
identical factual situation. But even if that is true, that language is dicta; the decision in DLX
affirmed dismissal of the claim based on Eleventh Amendment Immunity, regardless of the DLX
plaintiff’s England Reservation. DLX, 381 F.3d at 528.4 In any event, we need not take a
position on the outer limit of an England Reservation’s effect outside of Pullman abstention
because our doing so would have no impact on our holding here.

        Third, the Appellants argue that our opinion in DLX means that, in the Sixth Circuit,
claims properly reserved under England are not subject to claim preclusion when litigants are
involuntarily forced into state court under Williamson. On this point, the Appellants correctly
characterize our ruling in DLX. However, the Supreme Court in San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City
and County of San Francisco, 545 U.S. 323 (2005), clearly overruled this circuit, along with
others, with respect to our DLX claim-preclusion exemption.                           San Remo, 545 U.S. at 345
(overruling Santini v. Conn. Haz. Waste Mgmt. Serv., 342 F.3d 118 (2d Cir. 2003)). The San
Remo court held that there are no judicial exceptions to the Full Faith and Credit Statute,
28 U.S.C. § 1738, “simply to guarantee that all takings plaintiffs can have their day in federal
court.” Id. at 339. “Even when the plaintiff’s resort to state court is involuntary . . . we have
held that Congress must clearly manifest its intent to depart from § 1738.” Id. at 345 (internal

        3This   holding post-dates the Appellants’ initiating their litigation in federal district court.
        4The separate opinion of Judge Baldock concurring only in the judgment seems to most accurately reflect
where these tangled legal doctrines have ended up. DLX, 381 F.3d at 528–34 (Baldock, J., concurring).
 No. 18-1258                      Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                      Page 7


quotation marks omitted). When § 1738 applies to a state court decision, both issue preclusion
and claim preclusion apply. “This statute has long been understood to encompass the doctrines
of res judicata, or ‘claim preclusion,’ and collateral estoppel, or ‘issue preclusion.’” Id. at 336
(citing Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94–96 (1980)). The preclusion doctrines under § 1738
apply to subsequent litigation in federal court to the same extent that they would in the state
courts in which the judgment was rendered. See Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ.,
465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984). Here, the district court applied Michigan preclusion doctrines to find
that the federal takings claim under the Fifth Amendment was issue precluded and the § 1983
claim was claim precluded.

       It is important to point out that while the district court, relying on Michigan law, found
the subject matter of the Takings Clause of the Michigan Constitution and Takings Clause of the
Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution to be the same, such a finding is irrelevant to
the ultimate disposition of the case. If the takings jurisprudence of the two constitutions is
“coextensive” (to use the language of the San Remo court), then issue preclusion bars subsequent
litigation of the federal takings claim after litigation of the state takings claim on the merits. If
the takings jurisprudence of the two constitutions is not “coextensive,” then claim preclusion
bars subsequent litigation of the federal takings claim because it should have been brought with
the state claim in the first instance in the Michigan court. Because in either event the Appellants’
federal takings claim is precluded, we decline to opine on the “coextensiveness” of Michigan’s
Taking Clause jurisprudence.

                                                III.

       Appellants are precluded by the Full Faith and Credit Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1738, from
litigating these claims in federal court. We AFFIRM.
 No. 18-1258                      Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                      Page 8


                                       _________________

                                        CONCURRENCE
                                       _________________

         KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge, concurring. To find a good illustration of the law of
unintended consequences, one need look no further than the Supreme Court’s decision in
Williamson County Regional Planning Comm’n v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, 473 U.S. 172
(1985). The Court’s actual holding was pedestrian: that Hamilton Bank’s takings claim was
unripe because the bank had not exhausted its administrative remedies, specifically its right to
ask the County for a variance to develop the property in the manner proposed. Id. at 193-94. In
dictum, however—dictum in the sense that the Court’s pronouncement was at that point
unnecessary to its decision—the Court went on to say that the bank’s claim was “not yet ripe”
for a “second reason[.]” Id. at 194. That reason too was couched in terms of exhaustion: that
under state law “a property owner may bring an inverse condemnation action to obtain just
compensation for an alleged taking of property”; and that, until the bank “has utilized that
procedure, its takings claim is premature.” Id. at 196-97. The Court’s implicit assurance, of
course, was that once a plaintiff checks these boxes, it can bring its takings claim back to federal
court.

         That assurance has proved illusory, as the plaintiffs in this case are only the latest to
learn. For Williamson County seemed to overlook that, unlike a state or local body in an
administrative proceeding, state courts issue judgments. And state-court judgments are things to
which the federal courts owe “full faith and credit[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 1738; see also U.S. Const. art.
IV, § 1. That obligation means that takings claims litigated in state court cannot be relitigated in
federal. See San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City and County of San Francisco, Cal., 545 U.S. 323, 337-
38 (2005). Thus—by all appearances inadvertently—Williamson County “all but guarantees that
claimants will be unable to utilize the federal courts to enforce the Fifth Amendment’s just
compensation guarantee” against state and local governments.          Id. at 351 (Rehnquist, C.J.,
concurring in the judgment).

         Yet Williamson County has its defenders, notably state and local governments, who say
that, if a state’s procedure for providing “just compensation” happens to be a lawsuit in state
 No. 18-1258                     Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                     Page 9


court, an aggrieved property owner should be obligated to seek compensation there.            The
problem with that argument (apart from the catch-22 described above) is its premise: that, taking
or not, the property owner cannot show a denial of “just compensation” until the state courts
deny relief. But the Takings Clause does not say that private property shall not “be taken for
public use, without just compensation, and without remedy in state court.” Instead the Clause
says that private property shall not “be taken for public use, without just compensation” period.
U.S. Const. Amend. V. And that plainly means that, if the taking has happened and the
compensation has not, the property owner already has a constitutional entitlement to relief. See
Arrigoni Enterprises, LLC v. Town of Durham, Conn., 136 S.Ct. 1409, 1409-10 (2016) (Thomas,
J., dissenting from denial of certiorari). Whether a local planning commission or the state courts
have recognized that entitlement is beside the point for purposes of whether the constitutional
entitlement exists. That is why pre-judgment interest on a federal takings claim runs from the
date the property was taken, not from some later date on which a state court denied relief. See,
e.g., Phelps v. United States, 274 U.S. 341, 344 (1927).

       Williamson County thus turns away from federal court constitutional claimants who have
every right to seek relief there. And in doing so Williamson County leaves those claimants
without any federal forum at all. Williamson County itself did not foresee that result, and thus
offered no justification for it. Nor has any later case explained why takings claims should be
singled out for such disfavored treatment. And meanwhile, as this case and others illustrate,
Williamson County has left the lower federal courts with plenty to do in cases where plaintiffs
seek to assert federal takings claims against state or local defendants. Rather than actually
adjudicate those claims, however, we adjudicate federal-court esoterica: things like Pullman
abstention, the scope of state jurisdictional and venue provisions, the efficacy of so-called
“England reservations,” and whether state law disfavors the adjudication of federal takings
claims in violation of Haywood v. Drown, 556 U.S. 729 (2009). See, e.g., Wayside Church v.
Van Buren County, 847 F.3d 812, 818-22 (6th Cir. 2017); id. at 823-25 (dissenting opinion).

       As to Haywood, in particular, “[o]ne further irony remains.” Id. at 825 (dissenting
opinion). There, the Supreme Court held that state jurisdictional statutes that discriminate
against “disfavored federal claim[s]” are invalid under the Supremacy Clause. 556 U.S. at 738-
 No. 18-1258                     Lumbard, et al. v. City of Ann Arbor                  Page 10


39. But so far as disfavored federal claims are concerned, the federal courts should consider
their own advice: for “if anyone has undermined the adjudication of federal takings claims
against states and local governments, it is the federal courts—by the application of Williamson
County.” Id. at 825 (dissenting opinion).

       Federal courts have a “virtually unflagging” obligation to exercise the jurisdiction that
Congress has given them. Sprint Commc’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69, 77 (2013). Congress
has given us jurisdiction to hear these takings claims. Our constitutional order would be better
served, I respectfully suggest, if we simply adjudicated them.
