                     United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                  No. 01-3376
                                  ___________

Three River Telco,                   *
                                     *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,          *
                                     *
      v.                             * Appeal from the United States
                                     * District Court for the
TSFL Holding Corporation, Inc.,      * District of Nebraska.
formerly known as Symetrics          *
Industries, Inc.,                    *
                                     *
      Defendant - Appellant.         *
                                ___________

                            Submitted: April 15, 2002

                                 Filed: August 22, 2002
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, LOKEN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

      Three River Telco (“Three River”) is a rural cooperative that provides local
telephone service in northern Nebraska. In 1996, to induce Three River to purchase
a new switching system, American Digital Switching, Inc. (“ADS”) promised to
repurchase the switch if Three River was dissatisfied with it. That promise was
guaranteed by ADS’s parent corporation, Symetrics Industries, Inc. (“Symetrics”).
Four years later, Three River commenced this diversity action to enforce the
repurchase guaranty against Symetrics’ successor-in-interest, TSFL Holding
Corporation (“TSFL”). After trial, the jury returned a verdict of $527,577.40 in favor
of Three River. TSFL appeals, raising a single issue that was properly preserved by
timely motions to the district court1 for judgment as a matter of law -- whether Three
River failed to prove the occurrence of a condition precedent to TSFL’s guaranty
obligation. Reviewing the denial of TSFL’s motion for judgment as a matter of law
de novo, we affirm. See Manning v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 127 F.3d 686, 689 (8th Cir.
1997) (standard of review).

       Following rather lengthy negotiations, Three River and ADS entered into an
Equipment Contract pursuant to which ADS agreed to sell and install a “Centura
2000” switching system for the total contract price of $815,400. The Contract’s
effective date was November 14, 1996. The Centura 2000 switching system was
installed in 1997 but never performed to Three River’s satisfaction. After extensive
efforts to remedy the problems proved unsuccessful, ADS began downsizing its
operations in December 1998. Three River then purchased a replacement switch from
another vendor for more than one million dollars. In October 2000, Three River filed
this action to enforce Symetrics’ guaranty of ADS’s repurchase obligation.

      The repurchase obligations of ADS and Symetrics were reflected in an October
2, 1996, letter from the president of ADS to Three River:

      If Three River[] Telephone company is dissatisfied with the Centura
      2000 switching system anytime during the next three years, ADS will
      purchase it back for the full price paid, including material, software, and
      installation. . . . I realize . . . you may be concerned about our ability to
      purchase back a system. Therefore, I will purchase a bond, similar to
      the bid bond we have already purchased, to guarantee the availability
      of funds. This type of bond is unusual, and I may not be able to obtain


      1
       The HONORABLE RICHARD G. KOPF, United States District Judge for the
District of Nebraska.
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      it. In the event that no bond is available, then Symetrics has agreed to
      directly back this guarantee.

(Emphasis added.) The October 2 letter was made an addendum to the Equipment
Contract. The president of Symetrics signed both the October 2 letter and an
acknowledgment that the letter was a part of the Equipment Contract. Symetrics
thereby became a guarantor of ADS’s repurchase obligation.

       In Nebraska, a guaranty is “a contract by which the guarantor promises to make
payment if the principal debtor defaults.” Northern Bank v. Dowd, 562 N.W.2d 378,
379 (Neb. 1997). A guaranty may be either absolute (unconditional), or subject to
one or more conditions. On appeal, TSFL argues that Symetrics’ (and therefore
TSFL’s) guaranty obligation was subject to a condition precedent, namely, the
inability of ADS to obtain a bond funding its primary repurchase obligation. Under
Nebraska law, one type of condition precedent is “a condition which must be fulfilled
before a duty to perform an existing contract arises.” Schmidt v. J.C. Robinson Seed
Co., 370 N.W.2d 103, 107 (Neb. 1985). According to TSFL, the phrasing of the
October 2 letter -- “In the event that no bond is available, then Symetrics has agreed
to directly back this guarantee” -- conclusively establishes a condition precedent. See
Estate of Stine v. Chambanco, 560 N.W.2d 424, 429 (Neb. 1997) (terms such as “if,”
“provided that,” “subject to,” “on condition that,” and similar phrases are evidence
of a condition).

       Three River argues that ADS’s obligation to attempt to obtain a funding bond
was merely a promise, not a condition precedent. We disagree. “Whether contractual
language is deemed conditional or promissory generally depends upon the intention
of the parties.” Harmon Cable Communications of Neb. Ltd. P’ship v. Scope Cable
Television, Inc., 468 N.W.2d 350, 359 (Neb. 1991). Here, the obvious intent of the
language in question was to clarify that, if ADS did obtain a funding bond, Three
River must look to the bonding company, not ADS’s parent corporation, to fund the

                                         -3-
guaranty. In other words, the language in the October 2 letter, “[i]n the event . . .
then,” was intended to ensure that Symetrics was a tertiary obligor, not a co-guarantor
with the bonding company. Only a condition precedent accomplishes that objective.

      In general, a party seeking to enforce a conditional guaranty must plead and
prove that all conditions have been satisfied. See 38 Am. Jur. 2d Guaranty § 114.
Likewise, under Nebraska law, the party seeking to enforce a contract must plead and
prove that all conditions precedent have been satisfied. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-836;
K&K Pharmacy, Inc. v. Barta, 382 N.W.2d 363, 365 (Neb. 1986).

       In this case, TSFL has not raised a pleading issue; indeed, it did not include
Three River’s complaint in the record on appeal. Therefore, we assume that Three
River alleged that all conditions precedent to TSFL’s guaranty obligation were
satisfied. Likewise, TSFL does not appeal the district court’s refusal to instruct the
jury “that Three River needed to establish that ADS attempted to obtain a bond
similar to a bid bond in favor of Three River.” Thus, the only issue before us
concerns the sufficiency of the evidence, that is, whether TSFL’s motion for judgment
as a matter of law should have been granted because Three River failed to prove that
this condition precedent was satisfied. Our review of this issue must be deferential
to the jury’s verdict:

      We resolve all factual conflicts in favor of the nonmoving party [Three
      River], giving that party the benefit of all reasonable inferences and
      assuming as true all facts favoring that party which the evidence tended
      to prove. . . . [W]e will affirm the denial of a motion for [judgment as a
      matter of law] if a reasonable jury could differ as to the conclusions that
      could be drawn [from the evidence].

Manning, 127 F.3d at 689-90.




                                         -4-
       Perhaps inadvertently, Three River presented no direct evidence at trial that
ADS did not obtain a funding bond to ensure its ability to repurchase the Centura
2000 switching system if Three River was dissatisfied with its purchase. However,
the Equipment Contract also obligated ADS to furnish a satisfactory contractor’s
bond within thirty days after the contract took effect. On December 13, 1996, ADS
submitted a contractor’s bond in which Symetrics as surety promised to hold Three
River harmless from any damage incurred by reason of ADS’s failure to perform any
term or condition of the Equipment Contract, as amended. In denying TSFL’s motion
for judgment as a matter of law, the district court observed:

      [Counsel for Three River’s] point is that a bond was obtained here. It
      wasn’t a bond that is contemplated by [the October 2] letter. Therefore,
      there is a showing in the record that something was obtained, but not
      that which would cover this guarantee.

We agree with this analysis of the evidence. Symetrics acted as surety on the
contractor’s bond. That in itself was unusual.2 It suggests that ADS could not obtain
a contractor’s bond without the backing of its parent corporation, and that Symetrics
elected to act as surety rather than obtain a bond on its subsidiary’s behalf. If ADS
could not obtain a contractor’s bond from an independent bonding company, it most
likely could not obtain the “unusual” funding bond described in the October 2 letter.
And it would have been pointless for Symetrics to act as surety for ADS on a funding
bond, when Symetrics had already guaranteed the repurchase obligation in the
October 2 letter. In these circumstances, a reasonable jury could infer that ADS was

      2
       The Equipment Contract was on forms prescribed for contracts funded by the
Rural Utilities Service (formerly the Rural Electrification Administration) under the
Rural Electrification Act of 1936. See 7 U.S.C. § 6942(a) and (c)(1)(A). The
Contract required a contractor’s bond “in conformance with the requirements of 7
CFR Part 1788, Subpart C.” The ADS bond did not conform because Symetrics was
not a surety listed in Department of Treasury Circular 570. However, as no REA
funds were involved in this project, Three River could waive that non-conformity.
                                         -5-
not able to obtain a funding bond, the condition precedent to TSFL’s guaranty
liability. Therefore, the district court properly denied the motion for judgment as a
matter of law.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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