                                                                                          12/28/2017
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs October 4, 2017

        JOHN ANTHONY GENTRY v. KATHERINE WISE GENTRY

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sumner County
                  No. 83CC1-2014-CV-393      Joe Thompson, Judge


                            No. M2016-01765-COA-R3-CV


This appeal arises from a divorce action following a four-year marriage. The issues
pertain to the trial court’s classification of the wife’s business as her separate property,
the valuation and division of the marital property, and its rulings on the husband’s
numerous pretrial motions for civil contempt, pendente lite support, and recusal of the
trial judge. The trial court denied all of the husband’s motions and ordered the husband to
pay the attorney’s fees that the wife incurred in defending certain repetitious motions.
After a two-day trial, the court declared the parties divorced, classified their property as
separate or marital, and valued and divided the marital property. One of the marital assets
was a patent application that had been denied, which the court valued at $0.00 and
awarded to the wife. The husband raises eleven issues on appeal. We reverse the award to
the wife of the attorney’s fees she incurred in defending the husband’s numerous pretrial
motions. We affirm the trial court in all other respects.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                       Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part

FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S. delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ANDY D.
BENNETT and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JJ., joined.

John Anthony Gentry, Goodlettsville, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Pamela A. Taylor and Brenton H. Lankford, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Katherine Wise Gentry.

                                        OPINION

      Katherine Wise Gentry (“Wife”) and John Anthony Gentry (“Husband”) married
on September 5, 2009, and had no children together. Prior to the marriage, Wife owned
and operated a cake-baking business called SweetWise, Inc. (“SweetWise”) and Husband
worked as an accountant for Century Pool Company. When Husband lost his job shortly
before the marriage, Wife hired Husband to work for SweetWise. Two years after the
parties married, Wife submitted a patent application for a food-safe vinyl fondant mat,
and then, Wife amended the application to include Husband as a co-inventor. During the
course of the litigation, the parties received a final rejection of the patent application from
the United States Patent Office.

       At the end of 2013, the parties’ marriage began to deteriorate, and Wife filed for
divorce on April 9, 2014. Husband then filed an answer and a counter-complaint for
divorce. Wife subsequently filed an amended complaint to which Husband did not
respond.

       Approximately one month later, the parties discussed a possible reconciliation. To
show her good faith, and at the insistence of Husband, Wife executed a stock certificate
purporting to transfer forty-five percent of SweetWise to Husband. She claims that she
signed the front of the certificate but never gave it to Husband, and instead, stored it in a
box located in a storage unit that was inaccessible to him. The couple’s attempt at
reconciliation failed, and Wife destroyed the stock certificate. All the while, Husband
continued to work for Wife at SweetWise despite the growing tension between them.

       On October 22, 2014, Husband filed a contempt petition against Wife, alleging
that Wife violated the statutory injunction, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-106(d), by, inter alia,
cancelling his business debit card, removing him from all bank accounts, and
withdrawing more money than necessary from the business account to pay Wife’s salary.
Approximately one week later, Husband filed an amended petition, asking for pendente
lite support in the alternative. In December 2014, Wife terminated Husband’s
employment.

       At the civil contempt hearing on March 10, 2015, Wife denied that she violated
the injunction, claiming that she was the sole owner of SweetWise and that Husband was
no longer an employee of the business. At the close of Husband’s proof, Wife moved for
a “directed verdict.” The court granted Wife’s motion in its oral ruling, stating it “could
not find [Wife’s] conduct willful when there was no bright-line distinction as far as how
the parties operated with respect to their personal finances and their business finances.”

       The court entered an order on March 19, 2015, dismissing Husband’s motion for
civil contempt and ordering the parties to submit expense statements so the court could
rule on Husband’s request for pendente lite support. The parties submitted their expense
statements and their responses to those statements. The court then held a hearing on
Husband’s request for pendente lite support on July 1, 2015, and in an order entered on
July 13, the court denied Husband’s request.



                                             -2-
        Shortly following, Husband filed a Motion to Request the Honorable Judge
Thompson to Recuse Himself and to Declare a Mistrial of Petition for Contempt Hearing
or in the Alternative to Reconvene Hearing for Petition for Contempt. Husband alleged
that during the contempt hearing, while cross-examining Husband, Wife’s counsel
suggested that Wife possessed an email that would prove Husband was lying when he
testified about the patent application. Wife’s counsel never produced the email, and
Husband claimed the suggestion by counsel that such an email existed, biased the judge
against Husband and warranted the judge’s recusal or a mistrial. Husband argued that the
judge’s resulting bias against Husband was evidenced by the judge’s numerous adverse
rulings. The same day Husband filed the recusal motion, Husband also filed a Motion to
Compel Wife to Return Husband’s Stock Certificate & Set Equal Distribution of
Business Income or in the Alternative Set Trial Date to Substantiate Husband’s Claim of
Stock Ownership.

       Following a hearing, the court entered an order denying Husband’s motions and
ordering Husband to pay Wife’s attorney’s fees and expenses rendered in connection with
Wife’s opposition to Husband’s motions. Husband then filed a Second Motion to
Reconvene Hearing for Petition for Contempt. The court held a hearing on September 15,
2015, where it denied Husband’s motion and, again, ordered Husband to pay Wife’s
attorney’s fees and expenses incurred in opposing that motion.

       The court held a final hearing on May 2 and 3, 2016. The primary issues were who
should be awarded the divorce and whether the business, SweetWise, and a patent
application were Wife’s separate property. Following a trial, the court declared the parties
divorced pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-129(b).

       With regard to property, the court ruled that SweetWise was Wife’s separate
property because she started the business prior to the marriage, she was listed as the sole
owner at all times during the marriage, and there was no evidence of an implied
partnership between the parties. As for Husband’s contention that Wife gifted forty-five
percent of the shares of stock in the business to him by signing a stock transfer certificate,
the court found that Wife never completed the gift because she did not deliver the
executed stock certificate to Husband. With regard to Husband’s alternative claim that he
made substantial contributions to the business that caused it to increase in value, the court
found that Husband failed to carry his burden of proof. The court classified the patent
application, which had been denied by the United States Patent Office, as marital
property, valued it at $0.00, and awarded to Wife in the property division.

       The court also denied Wife’s request for attorney’s fees in the form of alimony in
solido based on the finding that she had the ability to pay her fees. This appeal followed.




                                            -3-
                                                  ANALYSIS

       Husband raises eleven issues on appeal.1 Having assessed the issues as framed by
Husband in the context of Husband’s arguments, we find it necessary to rephrase some of
the issues as follows to enable a more focused analysis:

      1
          Husband states the issues as follows:

            I.   Whether the Circuit Court Judge failed to properly recuse and should the Circuit
                 Court Judge have recused?

           II.   Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in denying to order
                 Appellee/Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant (hereafter referred to as Wife) to file a quit
                 claim on the marital residence awarded to Husband.

          III.   Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in not ordering partner compensation or
                 Pendente Lite Support during pendency of proceedings and should the court have
                 reconvened on that matter.

       IV.       Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in awarding attorney fees to Wife.

          V.     Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in not stating in writing, the court’s
                 findings of fact and conclusions of law requested by Husband pertaining to
                 specified rulings.

       VI.       Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in issuing a ruling without hearing
                 testimony and refusing to view evidence regarding Husband’s Motion to
                 Sanction pursuant to Rule 34A.02 and Rule 37 for destruction of evidence and
                 failure to comply with discovery?

      VII.       Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in relying on Wife’s perjurious
                 testimony and in the Circuit Court Judge not sanctioning Wife for perjury?

      VIII.      Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in signing an order against his
                 instructions with no doubt that the order did not reflect the Circuit Court Judge’s
                 deliberations and were in direct contradiction to the Court’s intent?

       IX.       Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in ignoring and not applying the
                 Doctrine of Commingling which would convert the business into marital
                 property, and whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in ignoring Wife’s
                 destruction of Husband’s stock certificate.

          X.     Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in equitably distributing marital assets
                 and errored in valuing the patent application at $0.00 and errored in not ruling on
                 the underlying product and whether the court errored in determining the patent
                 was “transmuted” into marital property.

       XI.       Whether the Circuit Court Judge errored in quashing “any and all subpoenas.”


                                                    -4-
       I.     Whether the trial judge failed to properly recuse himself.

       II.    Whether the trial court erred by awarding attorneys’ fees to Wife in
              opposing Husband’s pretrial motions.

       III.   Whether the trial court erred in classifying SweetWise as Wife’s
              separate property.

       IV.    Whether the trial court erred by valuing the patent application at
              $0.00 and awarding it to Wife in the property division.

After analyzing the above issues at length, we will summarily rule on the remaining
seven issues.

                               I.     FAILURE TO RECUSE

       Appellate courts review a trial court’s decision on a recusal motion de novo, with
no presumption of correctness accorded to the trial court. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B, § 2.01.

        “[O]ne of the core tenets of our jurisprudence is that litigants have a right to have
their cases heard by fair and impartial judges.” Davis v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 38 S.W.3d
560, 564 (Tenn. 2001). Accordingly, at all times judges must conduct themselves “in a
manner that promotes public confidence in the independence, integrity, and impartiality
of the judiciary….” Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 10, RJC 1.2. Judges are required to recuse
themselves from any proceeding “in which [their] impartiality might reasonably be
questioned….” Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 10; RJC 2.11(A). This is so even when no party has
filed a motion for recusal. Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 10, RJC 2.11, cmt. 2.

        Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B requires a party seeking recusal or
disqualification of a judge to “do so by a timely filed written motion…supported by an
affidavit.” Tenn. Sup Ct. R. 10B, § 1.01 (emphasis added). “The motion shall state, with
specificity, all factual and legal grounds supporting disqualification of the judge and shall
affirmatively state that it is not being presented for any improper purpose.” Id. Once the
litigant has filed a motion in accordance with § 1.01, the judge shall promptly grant or
deny the motion through a written order. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 10B, § 1.03.

       Here, Husband’s motion seeking Judge Thompson’s recusal is deficient because it
lacks the required affidavit. As such, the record is “insufficient to support a finding of
error on the part of the trial court.” Childress v. United Parcel Service, Inc., No. W2016-
00688-COA-T10B-CV, 2016 WL 3226316, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 3, 2016).
Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to deny the motion for recusal can be affirmed on
this ground alone. See id.


                                            -5-
        Notwithstanding this fatal deficiency, we have reviewed the record to determine
whether the adverse rulings of which Husband vociferously complains require recusal.
“A trial judge’s adverse rulings are not usually sufficient to establish bias.” State v.
Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 308 (Tenn. 2008). Even rulings that are “erroneous, numerous
and continuous, do not, without more, justify disqualification.” Id. (quoting Alley v. State,
882 S.W.2d 810, 821 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)). There is good reason for this
proposition: “If the rule were otherwise, recusal would be required as a matter of course
since trial courts necessarily rule against parties and witnesses in every case, and litigants
could manipulate the impartiality issue for strategic advantage, which the courts frown
upon.” Davis, 38 S.W.3d at 565.

       Thus, the contention that the trial judge should have granted the motion for recusal
because his rulings would prompt an objective observer to have a reasonable basis for
questioning his impartiality, without more, fails as a matter of law. See Cannon, 254
S.W.3d at 308; Davis, 38 S.W.3d at 565; Alley, 882 S.W.2d at 821. Nevertheless,
Husband asserts that the factual and legal errors in the rulings are so egregious that a
reasonable person would question the judge’s impartiality.

       In rare situations, the cumulative effect of the “‘repeated misapplication of
fundamental, rudimentary legal principles that favor[] [one party] substantively and
procedurally’ can be the basis for recusal.” Krohn v. Krohn, No. M2015-01280-COA-
R10B-CV, 2015 WL 5772549, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 22, 2015) (quoting Hoalcraft
v. Smithson, No. M2000-01347-COA-R10-CV, 2001 WL 775602, at *16-17 (Tenn. Ct.
App. July 10, 2001)). Therefore, we may examine the challenged rulings to determine
whether they contain a “misapplication of fundamental, rudimentary legal principles.” Id.
However, we may not rule on the merits of any order other than the order denying the
motion to recuse. See Duke v. Duke, 398 S.W.3d 665, 668 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012).

       Having reviewed the rulings at issue to determine whether they are so egregious
that they create the appearance of bias, we have determined that they do not contain
errors that rise to the level of “repeated misapplication[s] of fundamental, rudimentary
legal principles....” Krohn, 2015 WL 5772549, at *7 (quoting Hoalcraft, 2001 WL
775602, at *16). We have also determined that these rulings do not create the appearance
of bias against Husband.

       Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision to deny the motion for recusal.

                        II.     ATTORNEY’S FEES AS SANCTIONS

       Husband argues the trial court erred by awarding Wife the attorney’s fees she
incurred in connection with the following three motions filed by Husband: (1) Motion to
Request the Honorable Judge Thompson to Recuse Himself and to Declare a Mistrial of
Petition for Contempt Hearing or in the Alternative to Reconvene Hearing for Petition for

                                            -6-
Contempt; (2) Motion to Compel Wife to Return Husband’s Stock Certificate & Set
Equal Distribution of Business Income or in the Alternative Set Trial Date to Substantiate
Husband’s Claim of Stock Ownership; and (3) Second Motion to Reconvene Hearing for
Petition for Contempt.

        The trial court did not state a legal basis for assessing attorney’s fees as a sanction
against Husband in either of its written orders. However, at the hearing on Husband’s
Second Motion to Reconvene Hearing for Petition for Contempt, the trial court stated to
Husband, “You were assessed attorney’s fees as a sanction for the motions that you
filed.”

        Tenn. R. Civ. P. 11 governs the imposition of sanctions for pleadings and motions.
Generally stated, Rule 11.02 authorizes the trial court to impose sanctions if the required
notice is given to the offending attorney and/or party and that attorney and/or party fails
to remedy any pending violation of Rule 11.2 The rule provides two means for initiating
sanctions for violating Tenn. R. Civ. P. 11. One of those means is upon motion of a party;
the other is on the court’s initiative. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 11.03. Here, the court initiated the
sanctions imposed on Husband. The means for imposing sanctions on the court’s
initiative is as follows:

       If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court
       determines that subdivision 11.02 has been violated, the court may, subject
       to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon the

       2
           Tenn. R. Civ. P. 11.02 provides:

       By presenting to the court (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a
       pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying
       that to the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an
       inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, −

                     (1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to
                         harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the
                         cost of litigation;
                     (2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are
                         warranted by existing law or by a non-frivolous argument for the
                         extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the
                         establishment of new law;
                     (3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary
                         support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have
                         evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further
                         investigation or discovery; and
                     (4) the denial of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence
                         or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of
                         information or belief.


                                                    -7-
      attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subdivision 11.02 or are
      responsible for the violation.

      (1) How Initiated.
                                  .      .         .

             (b) On Court’s Initiative. On its own initiative, the court
             may enter an order describing the specific conduct that
             appears to violate subdivision 11.02 and directing an
             attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not
             violated subdivision 11.02 with respect thereto.

      (2) Nature of Sanctions; Limitations. A sanction imposed for violation of
      this rule shall be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of such
      conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated. Subject to the
      limitations in subparagraphs (a) and (b), the sanction may consist of, or
      include, directives of a nonmonetary nature, an order to pay a penalty into
      court, or, if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an
      order directing payment to the movant of some or all of the reasonable
      attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred as a direct result of the
      violation.
                                  .     .      .

      (3) Order. When imposing sanctions, the court shall describe the conduct
      determined to constitute a violation of this rule and explain the basis for the
      sanction imposed.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 11.03(1) – (3) (emphasis added).

       The record before us does not contain an order as Rule 11.03(1)(b) requires, where
the court describes “the specific conduct that appears to violate subdivision 11.02” and
directs Husband “to show cause why [he] has not violated subdivision 11.02 with respect
thereto.” However, the record does include two orders imposing monetary sanctions. On
September 9, 2015, the court entered an order stating, in pertinent part:

      It is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that Husband shall
      pay Wife the sum of $4,134.21 for attorney’s fees and expenses rendered in
      connection with Wife being required to defend Husband’s Motion to
      Request the Honorable Judge Thompson to Recuse Himself and to Declare
      a Mistrial of Petition for Contempt Hearing or in the alternative to
      Reconvene Hearing for Petition for Contempt and Husband’s Motion to
      Compel Wife to Return Husband’s Stock Certificate & Set Equal
      Distribution of Business Income or in the alternative Set Trial Date to

                                             -8-
       Substantiate Husband’s Claim of Stock Ownership. Husband shall pay
       Wife the subject attorney’s fees within fifteen (15) days of the entry of this
       Order.

       On October 7, 2015, the court entered an order stating in pertinent part:

       It is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that Husband shall
       pay Wife the sum of $1,907.50 for attorney’s fees and expenses rendered in
       connection with Wife being required to defend Husband’s Second Motion
       to Reconvene Hearing for Petition for Contempt. Husband shall pay Wife
       the subject attorney’s fees within fifteen (15) days of the entry of this
       Order, Wife shall be, and is hereby, awarded a judgment against Husband
       upon which execution may issue.

        Although Tenn. R. Civ. P. 11.03(3) states that “[w]hen imposing sanctions, the
court shall describe the conduct determined to constitute a violation of this rule and
explain the basis for the sanction imposed,” neither of the orders imposing sanctions do
so. (Emphasis added). Thus, both orders imposing sanctions in the form of attorney’s fees
fail to comply with the mandate in Rule 11.03(3). See McGahey v. McGahey, No.
W2003-01051-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 22272350, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 1, 2003).
Moreover, as noted earlier, the record does not contain a show cause order, as Rule
11.03(1)(b) requires, which is a predicate to the court imposing a sanction on its own
initiative.

      Because the trial court failed to comply with the mandatory provisions in Tenn. R.
Civ. P. 11.03(1) and (3), we reverse the award of attorney’s fees as a sanction upon
Husband for filing the motions.

                                   III.   SWEETWISE

       While conceding the business, SweetWise, was Wife’s separate property at the
time of the marriage, Husband contends the trial court erred by classifying the business as
Wife’s separate property. Husband bases his claim on alternative theories. First, he
argues that the business is marital property because Wife gifted forty-five percent of the
interest to him when she executed a stock transfer certificate. Second, he contends that
SweetWise transmuted into marital property as a consequence of the commingling of
assets during the marriage. Finally, Husband argues that he made substantial
contributions to the business causing it to increase in value; therefore, the increase in
value should be classified as marital property.

       Tennessee is a “dual property” state. Therefore, the division of the parties’ marital
estate begins with the classification of the property as separate or marital property.
Property classification is a question of fact, which we review de novo with a presumption

                                           -9-
of correctness accorded to the trial court. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Mitts v. Mitts, 39
S.W.3d 142, 144-45 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

       Tennessee defines “separate property” as “[a]ll real and personal property owned
by a spouse before marriage.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b). “Marital property” is
defined as

      all real and personal property, both tangible and intangible, acquired by
      either or both spouses during the course of the marriage up to the date of
      the final divorce hearing and owned by either or both spouses as of the date
      of filing of a complaint for divorce, except in the case of fraudulent
      conveyance in anticipation of filing, and including any property to which a
      right was acquired up to the date of the final divorce hearing date.

Id.
                      A. GIFT OF SHARES OF STOCK IN SWEETWISE

       Husband asserts that SweetWise, which was Wife’s separate property at the time
of the marriage, became marital property because Wife made a gift of forty-five percent
of the outstanding shares to him during the marriage. The court found that Husband failed
to establish that Wife gifted any shares of stock in SweetWise to Husband because he
could not prove that the stock certificate was delivered. We agree.

       In Tennessee, an inter vivos gift is complete when the donor, possessing the
present intent to make a gift, delivers the subject of the gift to the donee such that the
donor has surrendered dominion and control over the property. Hansel v. Hansel, 939
S.W.2d 110, 112 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996).

       Wife testified that after she filed for divorce, Husband told her he would attend
marital counseling with her if she transferred forty-five percent of the stock in Sweet
Wise to him. Wife testified:

      A. Before I signed his [stock certificate], I put the pen back down and I
         said to him from the other room, I was like, Are you sure if I sign this
         you’re not just trying to trick me, that you’re just not going to run off
         with the company if I sign it. He was like, No, sweetheart or dear,
         something endearing just to—I’m absolutely committed to this. I’m
         going to do this. I was like, Okay. So I signed the certificate….

                                  .      .            .

      Q. Did you ever hand [Husband] that stock certificate?
      A. No.

                                             - 10 -
      Q. Did he ever have it in his hand?
      A. No.
      Q. Now, you said you signed the stock certificate. Did you sign the back?
      A. I only signed the front.
      Q. Did you sign the ledger in the book?
      A. I did not.
      Q. So at that point, the stock certificate is in the boxes. What happened to
      the stock certificate after that?
      A. You know, our day was fine. He was upbeat. I was upbeat. I finished
      packing a few things. Just because we had this little reconciliation going on,
      I let him know I’m cautiously optimistic about this….So I took that box and
      took it over to storage so it wasn’t in the way of the front door.
      Q. What box?
      A. The box of books that I had put the—that I was moving off the
      bookshelf that I was moving into the storage unit. The stock certificate was
      in that box of books.
      Q. The signed stock certificate was in that box of books?
      A. Yes.
      Q. When did you move that box of books to the storage room?
      A. Within an hour or two of signing them.
      Q. Did [Husband] ever hold the stock certificate?
      A. Only when he signed it before I did.
      Q. Did [Husband] ever hold a signed stock certificate by you?
      A. No.
      Q. Did [Husband] have access to that storage unit?
      A. No.

Husband did not refute Wife’s foregoing testimony.

        The same issue was discussed at length in Abernathy v. Adams, 571, 218 S.W.2d
747, 752 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1948). In that case the issue was whether there was a completed
gift inter vivos of an interest in a fund. Upon consideration of the following Tennessee
cases, the Abernathy court concluded there was not. The court states:

      In Figuers v. Sherrell, 181 Tenn. 87, 178 S.W.2d 629, 632, 152 A.L.R. 420,
      the subject of the alleged gift was certificates of corporate stock made out
      in the name of a nephew to whom the alleged donor did not stand in loco
      parentis. The evidence showed the intention and acts of the donor to retain
      control. Held, not a gift.

      The Court said:



                                          - 11 -
             ‘The Court of Appeals has very well stated the substance of
             the decisions in this State with reference to gifts as follows:

             “Intention to give and delivery of the subject of the gift must
             clearly appear. Doubts must be resolved against the gift.
             There is no delivery unless the complete dominion and
             control of the gift is surrendered by the donor and acquired by
             the donee. The burden of proving that a gift was made is upon
             the donee.’

      ‘See Chandler v. Roddy, 163 Tenn. 338, 43 S.W.2d 397, collecting and
      reviewing the decisions of this Court.’

             In the Roddy case, the daughter was given access to the box
             where the securities were kept. Certain stocks which had been
             endorsed to her were held to be a completed gift. Certificates
             of deposit in bank which had not been endorsed to her were
             held not to be a gift. Thus is illustrated the necessity for the
             concurrence of the two elements (1) the intention to give and
             (2) the delivery of unfettered dominion and control.

      See also, Shugart v. Shugart [111 Tenn. 179, 76 S.W. 821, 102 Am.St.Rep.
      777], cited in the Roddy case.

Abernathy, 218 S.W.2d at 752.

       Although there are other methods by which securities may be delivered under the
Uniform Commercial Code, none of those methods occurred in this case, and it is
undisputed that Wife never delivered the stock certificate to Husband. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-8-301. Therefore, the gift was never completed. See Hansel, 939 S.W.2d at
112; see also Abernathy, 218 S.W.2d at 752.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s determination that Wife did
not gift an interest in SweetWise to Husband.

                         B. COMMINGLING AND APPRECIATION

       Husband contends the trial court erred “in ignoring and not applying the Doctrine
of Commingling which would convert the business into marital property.” In the
alternative, he claims that the appreciation in the business is marital property.

       Tennessee defines “separate property” as “[a]ll real and personal property owned
by a spouse before marriage.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b). It is undisputed that Wife

                                          - 12 -
solely owned SweetWise before the marriage; therefore, it was Wife’s separate property
at the time of the marriage. See id.

       Through the Doctrine of Commingling, “separate property becomes marital
property…if inextricably mingled with marital property or with the separate property of
the other spouse.” Langschmidt v. Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d 741, 747 (Tenn. 2002)
(quoting Homer H. Clark, The Law of Domestic Relations in the United States § 16.2 at
185 (2nd ed. 1987)). If separate property appreciates in value during the marriage, the
increase in value will be classified as marital property if each party substantially
contributed to its appreciation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b). The burden is on the non-
owner spouse to prove that the asset appreciated during the marriage. Cutsinger v.
Cutsinger, 917 S.W.2d 238, 241 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).

      The trial court determined that SweetWise remained Wife’s separate property
based on the following factual findings:

      SweetWise was created by [Wife] in January 2001, approximately eight
      years prior to the parties’ marriage. Initially, it operated as a sole
      proprietorship specializing in cake making and decorating. In February
      2006, [Wife] leased a store front and opened a retail store where she sold
      cake making supplies and taught classes in cake making, a move which was
      funded through a capital contribution made by [Wife] prior to the marriage.
      SweetWise was incorporated approximately two and one-half (2 ½) years
      prior to the parties’ marriage, and [Wife] made a loan to SweetWise in the
      approximate amount of $8,000.00, prior to the parties’ marriage.

      [Husband] was employed by SweetWise from mid-summer 2009 until mid-
      December 2014. For a short period of time, [Husband’s] services were
      reimbursed with payments on his mortgage in lieu of traditional
      compensation. In October 2009 [Husband] began receiving paychecks from
      SweetWise, and he remained a W-2 employee of the company until his
      termination in 2014. [Wife] was the sole owner of the SweetWise business
      checking accounts to which [Husband] had signatory privileges only, and
      [Husband] never personally obligated himself on a loan for SweetWise’s
      benefit.

       At the hearing, Wife testified to the foregoing facts, and Husband did not dispute
Wife’s testimony. Nevertheless, Husband argues that the fondant mats constituted marital
property, which the parties sold through SweetWise. He asserts that the commingling of
separate and marital property transformed the business into marital property. We disagree
with the contention that the fondant mats, as distinguished from the patent application,
were marital property. The fondant mats were simply inventory of SweetWise, paid for


                                         - 13 -
solely by SweetWise. Thus, the mats themselves did not constitute marital property;
instead, they belonged to SweetWise.

       The trial court correctly classified “the patent application” for the fondant mat,
which the United States Patent Office denied, as marital property. However, the court did
not classify the mats as marital property. Thus, it appears that Husband has confused the
patent application, which is an application for the right to exclude others from
manufacturing or selling the product, with the product itself. See Black’s Law Dictionary
(10th ed. 2014). Accordingly, the trial court did not err by not applying the Doctrine of
Commingling.

       The foregoing notwithstanding, even if separate property does not become martial
property through commingling, the court may classify the appreciation in a spouse’s
separate property as marital property if the non-owner spouse proves that the asset
increased in value during the marriage due to both spouses’ substantial contributions.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b); Cutsinger, 917 S.W.2d at 241. Husband testified at
length about the substantial contribution he made to SweetWise as an employee but he
did not show that SweetWise increased in value as a result. Moreover, it was established
that he was compensated as an employee for his services to the company.

       There is another reason Husband’s claim must fail. “In order to prove such an
increase in the value of separate property, a nonowner spouse must present evidence that
proves the value of the separate asset prior to the marriage.” Curtsinger, 917 S.W.2d at
241. Husband failed to present the requisite proof.

                                     C. PATENT APPLICATION

       Husband contends that the trial court erred by valuing the rejected patent
application at $0.00 and awarding it to Wife.

       The trial court classified the patent application as marital property.3 Once property
has been classified as marital property, the court should place a reasonable value on it.
Edmisten v. Edmisten, No. M2001-00081-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 21077990, at *11
(Tenn. Ct. App. May 13, 2003). The parties have the burden to provide competent
valuation evidence. Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220, 231(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). When
valuation evidence is conflicting, the court may place a value on the property that is
within the range of the values presented. Watters v. Watters, 959 S.W.2d 585, 589 (Tenn.

        3
           Husband does not dispute the trial court’s ruling that the patent application was marital
property; however, he argues that the trial court erred by determining that the patent application became
marital property through transmutation. Since Husband agrees with the result, we see no need to conduct
an analysis of this issue.


                                                 - 14 -
Ct. App. 1997). Decisions regarding the value of marital property are questions of fact,
Kinard, 986 S.W.2d at 231; thus, we will not second-guess those decisions on appeal
unless they are not supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Smith v. Smith, 93
S.W.3d 871, 875 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).

        Once the trial court has valued the marital property, the court is to divide it in an
equitable manner. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(a)(1). The trial court has wide latitude in
the division of marital property. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d at 230-31. A division of marital
property in an equitable manner does not require that the property be divided equally, and
it is not a mechanical process; rather, it should be guided by considering the factors in
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c). Id at 230. Appellate courts defer to the trial court’s
division of the marital estate unless it is inconsistent with the factors in Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-4-121(c) or is not supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 231.

        At the hearing, Wife testified that she and Husband received a final rejection letter
from the United States Patent Office dated March 6, 2016, and though she and Husband
could appeal the decision, she did not believe the appeal would be successful after
consulting with her patent attorney. Husband testified that the product was unique, and
for this reason, he believed that an appeal would succeed; however, there is no credible
evidence to support that belief or that the patent application has any value. The trial court
was free to place a value on the property that fell within the range of evidence submitted,
and we find no error with the value assigned by the court.

        After its valuation, the court awarded the application to Wife in the property
division. The trial court stated, “The basis of this decision is that the invention contained
in the patent application was [Wife’s] idea, the invention contained in the patent
application is a product sold through [Wife’s] separate business, SweetWise, this is a
short-term marriage, and [Wife] contributed funds towards pursuing the patent during this
litigation.” The trial court’s findings are supported by Wife’s testimony, and its
conclusion is properly supported by a consideration of the relevant factors in Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-4-121(c), that being (1) the duration of the marriage; (2) the contribution of
each party to the acquisition and preservation of the marital asset; and (3) the separate
property of the parties. Moreover, the assignment of an asset that has no apparent value is
wholly insignificant in this case in light of the value of the marital property the court
assigned to Husband, which was more valuable than the marital property assigned to
Wife.

       Thus, finding no error, we affirm the trial court’s decision to award the patent
application to Wife.




                                           - 15 -
                                  D. REMAINING ISSUES

       As to the remaining seven issues, we find them without merit but will address each
one briefly.

      First, Husband asks us to consider whether the trial court erred by failing to order
Wife to file a quit claim on the marital residence awarded to Husband. We find no error.
Moreover, the end result is the same because the final divorce decree, pursuant to which
Husband was awarded the marital residence, “has the same force and effect as a
conveyance by the party, and shall be registered.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 16-1-109.
Therefore, there being no meaningful relief for this court to provide Husband, the issue is
moot. See County of Shelby v. McWherter, 936 S.W.2d 923, 931 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996);
McIntyre v. Traughber, 884 S.W.2d 134, 137 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994).

        Second, Husband asks us to consider whether the trial court erred by failing to
order pendente lite support for Husband. The trial court has broad discretion when
deciding whether to order temporary spousal support during the pendency of the
litigation. Brock v. Brock, 941 S.W.2d 896, 903 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). Here, the trial
court allowed each party to submit expense statements and held a hearing on the matter.
At the hearing, Husband stated that he was a certified public accountant, and as of the
time of the hearing, he was employed, though he had experienced a period of
unemployment. After considering the arguments of the parties and the expense statements
submitted by each, the court determined that Husband did not need spousal support. We
agree.

       Third, Husband asks us to consider whether the trial court erred by failing to state
the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning the dismissal of Husband’s
motion for civil contempt and the determination that the patent application was marital
property. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 52.01 provides that “[i]n all actions tried upon the facts
without a jury, the court shall find the facts specially and shall state separately its
conclusions of law….” The rationale for the rule is to facilitate meaningful appellate
review. Lovlace v. Copley, 418 S.W.3d 1, 34 (Tenn. 2013). Here, because Husband is not
asking us to review the trial court’s actual decision to dismiss his motion for civil
contempt, there is no meaningful relief for this court to provide Husband. Therefore, this
issue is also moot. See County of Shelby, 936 S.W.2d at 931. As to the trial court’s
decision regarding the patent application, we have determined that the trial court made
sufficient findings.

       Fourth, Husband contends the trial court erred by issuing a ruling without hearing
testimony and refusing to view evidence regarding Husband’s Motion to Sanction
pursuant to Rule 34A.02 and Rule 37 for destruction of evidence and failure to comply
with discovery. Husband claimed that Wife should have been sanctioned for destroying
the stock certificate, and he also claimed that Wife should be sanctioned for destroying

                                          - 16 -
emails showing that Husband was co-owner of SweetWise. Trial courts have broad
discretion to sanction parties for abuse of the discovery process. Tatham v. Bridgestone
Americas Holding, Inc., 473 S.W.3d 734, 743 (Tenn. 2015). “Appellate courts should
allow discretionary decisions to stand even though reasonable judicial minds can differ
concerning their soundness.” Id. The trial court heard Husband’s motion for sanctions on
May 2, 2016, just prior to the final divorce hearing, and determined that Wife’s actions
did not warrant sanctions. Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm.

       Fifth, Husband asks us to consider whether the trial court erred in relying on
Wife’s perjury and by not sanctioning Wife for perjury. A trial court’s decision
concerning witness credibility is given great weight because the trial court has the
opportunity to observe the manner and demeanor of the witnesses during their testimony.
Koch v. Koch, 874 S.W.2d 571, 574 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). Here, the trial court found
that Wife had not given perjured testimony. Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we
find no error with the trial court’s decision.

       Sixth, Husband asks us to consider whether the trial court erred in quashing “any
and all subpoenas.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 45.07 allows a trial court to quash or modify a
subpoena if it is “unreasonable and oppressive.” Here, Husband issued numerous
subpoenas requesting documents from Wife in a piecemeal fashion. Wife argued that
some of the subpoenas were unnecessary and were issued to embarrass Wife, i.e.
requesting Wife’s plastic surgery records. In an order entered on February 22, 2016, the
trial court quashed Husband’s subpoenas and ordered the parties to “supplement
outstanding discovery, i.e. interrogatories and requests for production of documents,
through March 31, 2016 and provide said supplements to the other party by April 11,
2016.” As such, the trial court’s ruling streamlined the discovery process and did not
prevent Husband from obtaining the discovery he needed to prepare his case. Therefore,
we affirm.

        Finally, Husband contends the trial court erred in signing an order that did not
reflect the trial judge’s deliberations and was in direct contradiction to the trial court’s
intent. Specifically, Husband takes issue with the order awarding attorney’s fees to Wife
as a sanction for Husband’s pretrial motions. We see no need to address this issue since
we have reversed the trial court’s decision to award attorney’s fees.

                            E. ATTORNEY’S FEES ON APPEAL

       Wife seeks to recover her attorney’s fees incurred on appeal. Whether to award
attorney’s fees incurred on appeal is a matter within the sole discretion of this court.
Shofner v. Shofner, 181 S.W.3d 703, 719 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). In determining whether
an award for attorney’s fees is warranted, we consider, inter alia, the ability of the
requesting party to pay his or her own attorney’s fees, that party’s success on appeal,
whether that party has acted in good faith, and whether an award of attorney’s fees is

                                           - 17 -
equitable. Id. Here, we have determined, as the trial court did, that Wife is capable of
paying her own attorneys’ fees. Thus, her request is respectfully denied.

                                    IN CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and this
matter is remanded with two-thirds of the costs of appeal assessed against John Anthony
Gentry and one-third against Katherine Wise Gentry.


                                                  ________________________________
                                                  FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S.




                                         - 18 -
