MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                                  FILED
court except for the purpose of establishing                          Mar 03 2017, 5:49 am

the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    CLERK
                                                                       Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                            and Tax Court




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Earl McCoy                                               Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
McCoy Law Office                                         Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
                                                         Katherine Modesitt Cooper
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana


                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Michael D. Houser,                                       March 3, 2017
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         79A05-1603-CR-638
        v.                                               Appeal from the Tippecanoe
                                                         Circuit Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable Thomas H. Busch,
Appellee-Plaintiff                                       Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         79C01-1502-FA-3



Vaidik, Chief Judge.




Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017            Page 1 of 16
                                          Case Summary
[1]   Michael Houser appeals his convictions for child molesting and sexual

      misconduct with a minor, challenging certain evidentiary rulings by the trial

      court and the sufficiency of the State’s evidence. In the alternative, he appeals

      his seventy-five-year sentence. We affirm.



                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   In late 2010, Houser moved to West Lafayette with his wife Ellica, their young

      son M.H., and Ellica’s daughter (Houser’s stepdaughter), K.N. K.N., who was

      twelve or thirteen years old and was in sixth grade at the time, became best

      friends with A.E., who at the time was eleven or twelve years old. A.E. spent a

      lot of time at K.N.’s house, including many overnights.


[3]   In February 2012, K.N. reported to her school counselor, Christina Morales,

      that she wanted out of her house because of certain things that were happening

      there. She did not allege any sexual abuse by Houser, but she was taken to

      Heartford House, a forensic interview facility in Lafayette. There, she was

      interviewed by Dawn Gross, an investigator with the Tippecanoe County

      Prosecutor’s Office. K.N. “related two or three touching incidents” involving

      Houser but did not tell Gross “everything that happened” to her because she

      was “scared” that “nobody would believe me and I didn’t want them to judge

      me.” Tr. pp. 288, 307. A few days later, Jacob Amberger, who at the time was

      a detective with the Tippecanoe County Sheriff’s Department and who had


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 2 of 16
      watched the Heartford House interview of K.N., interviewed A.E. at the girls’

      school. A.E. said “some things” but did not “make any disclosures about being

      sexually molested or abused by anybody[.]” Id. at 409.


[4]   Over the next year-and-a-half, K.N.’s and A.E.’s disclosures evolved. In

      October 2013, K.N. claimed that Houser had molested her “[o]ver 100 times.”

      Id. at 309. A.E. was ultimately interviewed approximately “4 or 5 times,” id. at

      344, and in mid-to-late 2013 told both her mother and Gross that she had been

      raped by Houser.

[5]   In February 2015, the State charged Houser with ten felonies. The most serious

      were two counts of Class A felony child molesting alleging that he had sex with

      both K.N. and A.E. before they turned fourteen. The State also charged

      Houser with a third count of child molesting alleging that he fondled or touched

      K.N. before she turned fourteen; five counts of sexual misconduct with a minor

      for conduct alleging abuse of K.N. after she turned fourteen; and one count of

      child exploitation alleging that he took sexual photographs of K.N. Finally, the

      State charged both Houser and Ellica with one count of neglect of a dependent.

[6]   K.N. and A.E. were the State’s main witnesses at trial. K.N. testified that

      Houser started abusing her “[m]aybe a few weeks” after they moved to West

      Lafayette (in late 2010, when K.N. was twelve or thirteen years old), id. at 286,

      and continued to do so until February 2012, which is when K.N. made a report

      to her school counselor. She testified that Houser had sex with her and touched

      her breasts and vagina on multiple occasions—“too many to count,” id. at


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 3 of 16
      322—both before and after her fourteenth birthday in December 2011. K.N.

      also testified, over Houser’s objection, about an incident that occurred during

      the summer of 2011 in which she was on a boat with Houser and Ellica, K.N.

      and Ellica were naked, and Houser took photos of them while they were

      holding their legs up.

[7]   A.E. took the stand after K.N. and testified that Houser had raped her right

      before or during her seventh grade school year (when she was twelve or thirteen

      years old). One day at Houser’s house, Houser “stopped” her, picked her up,

      “threw” her on a couch, “ripped off” all of her clothes, “pinned” her down, and

      “penetrated” her. Id. at 340-42. She explained that it “hurt really bad” and that

      she cried. Id. at 342. She also testified that Houser told her that he would

      “hurt” her if she told anybody what he had done. Id. at 343. When asked why

      she did not immediately report the rape, A.E. said that she was “afraid”

      because she “didn’t know what would happen.” Id. at 345.


[8]   Amberger testified regarding his investigation of the case. After he said that he

      had information about “a cell phone and the cell phone being used to take some

      photographs,” id. at 409, the prosecutor questioned him as follows:


              Q:      Detective Amberger you mentioned something about
                      pictures at any point were pictures--did you look for
                      pictures?


              A:      Yes I did.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 4 of 16
        Q:      And did you find any pictures that matched any
                description that [K.N.] had provided?


        A:      There were some pictures found on a cell phone. It was a--
                they were close up photographs of a woman’s--


Id. at 412-13. At that point Houser’s attorney objected. During the ensuing

sidebar, the attorneys discussed the fact that Amberger had found photos of

vaginas on Houser’s phone but had been unable to determine whose vaginas

were depicted. The prosecutor explained that she was “trying to get into” the

course of Amberger’s investigation, not “these actual photographs,” that she

thought Amberger may have been trying to “help our case,” and that she

thought Amberger would say “no” when she asked him if he found “any

photographs matching the description that [K.N.] provided.” Id. at 414. The

trial court sustained the defense objection and admonished the jury to

“disregard the last answer” but allowed the prosecutor to ask Amberger a

leading question to get him to say that he had not found any photos matching

K.N.’s description. Id. at 414-15. As revealed by the exchange that followed,

that plan largely failed:

        Q:      Detective Amberger [K.N.] described some photographs
                correct?


        A:      Yes.


        Q:      And just a yes or no answer, did you ever find any
                photographs that match the exact description that [K.N.]
                gave you?

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 5 of 16
              A:      Yes. Exact description trying to remember here. I would
                      say yes. They were close.


              Q:      Specifically did you find any photographs with her and her
                      mother?


              A:      No.


      Id. at 415. This prompted the court to admonish the jury, again, “that you are

      to disregard the testimony about any photographs that he might have found and

      that should not be part of your consideration in this case at all.” Id. at 415-16.

      After a few more questions by the attorneys, the trial court asked the jury if they

      had any questions for Amberger. The jurors submitted two questions, both

      relating to the photos found on Houser’s phone. This resulted in a third

      admonishment from the court:

              I had stricken from the record any testimony about any
              photographs that were found in the house you are to completely
              disregard anything that you may have heard on that subject and
              you are not to allow that subject to affect your deliberations in
              any way whatsoever. You didn’t hear that testimony, it didn’t
              exist.


      Id. at 421-22.


[9]   The State also called Gross as a witness. She testified that she is a child forensic

      interviewer, described what a forensic interviewer does, and detailed her

      qualifications to do so. She said that she has conducted “[o]ver 1500” such

      interviews in her career. Id. at 430. She then testified about “disclosures” by


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 6 of 16
       children—revelations of sexual abuse, domestic violence, or witnessing a crime.

       Id. Over Houser’s objection, she was allowed to testify that disclosing is “a

       process,” not “a onetime thing,” and that not every interview results in a

       disclosure. Id. at 430, 435. She added that children usually do not disclose

       immediately, sometimes because of shame, guilt, or threats. Id. at 435. Gross

       also testified that she interviewed K.N. and A.E. and that both of them made

       disclosures to her. Beyond acknowledging that A.E. made disclosures

       “particularly related to being raped,” id. at 444, Gross did not go into the details

       of the disclosures.

[10]   Before the jury began its deliberations, the State dismissed three of the five

       sexual-misconduct charges and the child-exploitation charge, but the jury found

       Houser guilty on the remaining six charges.1 The court ordered Houser to serve

       consecutive sentences of forty years and thirty-five years for the Class A felony

       child molesting of K.N. and A.E., respectively, and imposed concurrent terms

       on the other convictions, for a total sentence of seventy-five years.

[11]   Houser now appeals.




       1
        The jury found both Houser and Ellica guilty of neglect of a dependent. With regard to Houser, the trial
       court “merged” that verdict into one of the child-molesting counts, so there is no conviction or sentence for
       him to challenge on the neglect-of-a-dependent count. Ellica appealed her conviction, and we affirmed. See
       Ellica Ann Houser v. State, No. 79A02-1603-CR-556 (Ind. Ct. App. Dec. 27, 2016).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017               Page 7 of 16
                                  Discussion and Decision
[12]   Houser raises three issues on appeal. First, he argues that the trial court should

       not have allowed the State to present certain evidence. Second, he asserts that

       the State presented insufficient evidence to support his convictions. Third, he

       challenges his seventy-five-year sentence.


                                   I. Admission of Evidence
[13]   Houser contends that the trial court should not have allowed the State to

       present two pieces of testimony: Gross’ testimony about the disclosure process,

       and K.N.’s testimony that Houser took photos of her while she was naked.

       Generally, our trial courts enjoy broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility

       of evidence, and we will reverse such a ruling only for an abuse of that

       discretion. Halliburton v. State, 1 N.E.3d 670, 675 (Ind. 2013). “An abuse of

       discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and

       effect of the facts and circumstances before it.” Id.


                                         A. Gross’ Testimony
[14]   Houser first argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed

       Gross to testify that it is common for “child victims to not disclose sexual abuse

       until long after the abuse occurred” and for “children to fail to disclose

       everything initially.” Appellant’s Br. pp. 12-13. Houser is correct that this

       testimony served to bolster the credibility of K.N. and A.E., both of whom

       alleged that they had been abused months or even years earlier. He is also

       correct that such testimony is generally inadmissible under Evidence Rule

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 8 of 16
       704(b), which provides that “[w]itnesses may not testify to opinions concerning

       intent, guilt, or innocence in a criminal case; the truth or falsity of allegations;

       whether a witness has testified truthfully; or legal conclusions.” But Houser

       acknowledges that our Supreme Court has held, in cases like Sampson v. State,

       38 N.E.3d 985 (Ind. 2015), and Steward v. State, 652 N.E.2d 490 (Ind. 1995),

       that such testimony becomes admissible if the defendant opens the door to it.

       Here, Houser did exactly that when, as he himself puts it, he “point[ed] out the

       fact that K.N. and A.E. made prior inconsistent statements” about whether

       Houser had abused them. Appellant’s Br. p. 14. Therefore, we affirm the trial

       court’s decision to allow the challenged testimony.2


                                            B. K.N.’s Testimony
[15]   Houser argues that the trial court should not have allowed K.N. to testify that

       Houser took photos of her while she was naked.3 He contends that the only

       relevance of this testimony was to show that he has a propensity to commit sex




       2
         Houser relies in part on Hamilton v. State, 43 N.E.3d 628 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), aff’d on reh’g, 49 N.E.3d 554
       (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. There, we reversed the defendant’s convictions for child molesting
       because the trial court had allowed a forensic interviewer to testify that she had not observed any signs of
       coaching when talking to the child accusers. In reaching this conclusion, however, we held that the
       defendant had not opened the door to the testimony by asking the accusers “whether anyone had told them
       what to say in court.” Id. at 634. In fact, the State did not even argue that the defendant had opened the
       door. Id. Here, Houser does not deny that he opened the door to Gross’s testimony about the disclosure
       process when he highlighted K.N.’s and A.E.’s inconsistent statements.
       In the alternative, Houser suggests that our Supreme Court’s decisions about defendants opening the door in
       this context are “dangerous and poorly reasoned.” Appellant’s Br. p. 14. That is a matter for Houser to take
       up with our Supreme Court.
       3
        The State suggests that Houser did not object to this testimony and must therefore establish fundamental
       error. Having reviewed the lead-up to the testimony, we believe that Houser adequately preserved his
       objection. See Tr. pp. 272-75.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017                 Page 9 of 16
       offenses, in violation of Evidence Rule 404(b). While Houser is correct that

       Evidence Rule 404(b) bars “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act” for the

       purpose of proving “a person’s character in order to show that on a particular

       occasion the person acted in accordance with the character,” the rule also

       establishes that such evidence can be admitted if it is relevant for some other

       purpose. Here, we agree with the State that K.N.’s testimony was relevant to

       show that Houser was “grooming” K.N., that is, preparing her for further

       sexual contact with him. This Court has rejected 404(b) challenges to grooming

       evidence on several occasions. See, e.g., Guffey v. State, 42 N.E.3d 152, 161 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied; Piercefield v. State, 877 N.E.2d 1213, 1215-17 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied; see also Ware v. State, 816 N.E.2d 1167, 1175 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2004) (“[T]he testimony that Ware took S.H. on several vacations

       may have some relevance to the State's theory that Ware was “grooming” S.H.

       by regaling him with vacations and other luxuries[.]”). The trial court did not

       abuse its discretion when it allowed K.N.’s testimony.4

[16]   In a related argument, Houser contends that even if K.N.’s testimony was

       properly admitted, the jury was irreparably tainted by Amberger’s subsequent

       testimony about finding photos on Houser’s phone. As described above, after

       being instructed to disregard that portion of Amberger’s testimony, the jury still

       sought to ask questions about the photos. Houser contends that the jury’s



       4
        Houser notes that “K.N. testified that Houser had already been molesting her for sometime before these
       photographs were taken so this evidence does not establish ‘grooming’ by Houser.” Appellant’s Br. p. 17.
       He cites no authority for the proposition that grooming can only occur pre-abuse.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017           Page 10 of 16
       desire to do so demonstrated that it was “impossible” for the jury to ignore the

       photos, that there could be “no confidence in the jury’s verdicts,” and that

       therefore the trial court should have declared a mistrial. Appellant’s Br. pp. 17,

       19, 32. However, Houser did not ask the court to declare a mistrial, so he

       waived this issue for purposes of appeal. See Berkman v. State, 976 N.E.2d 68,

       74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied.


[17]   Recognizing his waiver, Houser argues that the trial court’s failure to declare a

       mistrial on its own constituted fundamental error. The doctrine of fundamental

       error is an extremely narrow exception to the waiver rule that requires the

       defendant to show that the alleged error was so prejudicial to the defendant’s

       rights as to make a fair trial impossible. See Gavin v. State, 41 N.E.3d 1038,

       1042 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). The defendant must show that, under the

       circumstances, the trial judge erred in not raising the issue because the alleged

       error (1) constituted a clearly blatant violation of basic and elementary

       principles of due process and (2) presented an undeniable and substantial

       potential for harm. Id.


[18]   Houser has not satisfied this onerous standard. After the jury submitted

       questions about the photos on Houser’s phone, the trial court admonished it, in

       no uncertain terms, as follows:

               I had stricken from the record any testimony about any
               photographs that were found in the house you are to completely
               disregard anything that you may have heard on that subject and
               you are not to allow that subject to affect your deliberations in


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 11 of 16
               any way whatsoever. You didn’t hear that testimony, it didn’t
               exist.


       Tr. pp. 421-22. Houser acknowledges that “the law will presume that the jury

       will follow the trial court’s admonishments,” Appellant’s Br. p. 18 (citing Ware,

       816 N.E.2d at 1176), and he gives us no reason to think that the jury’s questions

       in this case were the result of willful disregard for the court’s earlier

       admonishments as opposed to uncertainty about them. The court’s final

       admonishment left no doubt about the irrelevance of the photos. The trial court

       did not commit fundamental error by failing to declare a mistrial.


                               II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[19]   Next, Houser challenges the sufficiency of the State’s evidence. He

       acknowledges that K.N. and A.E. both testified that Houser abused them and

       that criminal convictions can be based solely on the uncorroborated testimony

       of a victim. See, e.g., Bailey v. State, 979 N.E.2d 133, 135 (Ind. 2012). However,

       he argues that his convictions should nonetheless be reversed under the

       incredible dubiosity rule, which allows an appellate court to “impinge on the

       jury’s responsibility to judge the credibility of the witnesses only when it has

       confronted inherently improbable testimony or coerced, equivocal, wholly

       uncorroborated testimony of incredible dubiosity.” Moore v. State, 27 N.E.3d

       749, 755 (Ind. 2015) (citations omitted). Our Supreme Court recently clarified

       that “the appropriate scope of the incredible dubiosity rule as utilized in Indiana

       and other jurisdictions requires that there be: 1) a sole testifying witness; 2)



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 12 of 16
       testimony that is inherently contradictory, equivocal, or the result of coercion;

       and 3) a complete absence of circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 756.


[20]   Here, Houser’s argument focuses on alleged flaws in K.N.’s and A.E.’s

       testimony. But the State also presented circumstantial evidence in the form of

       testimony from A.E.’s mother, who testified that Houser was “clingy” and

       “controlling” with K.N., Tr. p. 376, and that A.E. developed behavioral

       problems after she started spending time with K.N. and at K.N.’s house, and

       from Gross, who testified about the disclosure process generally and the timing

       of K.N.’s and A.E.’s disclosures specifically. Because Houser cannot satisfy the

       first and third prongs of the Moore standard, we need not address the second

       prong.


                                             III. Sentencing
[21]   Houser contends that even if his convictions stand, his sentence should not. He

       argues that the trial court erred in its finding of aggravating and mitigating

       factors and that it imposed an inappropriate sentence that we should reduce

       pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B).


                          A. Aggravating and Mitigating Factors
[22]   Houser disputes the trial court’s finding of aggravating and mitigating factors.

       Our trial courts enjoy broad discretion in finding such factors, and we will

       reverse only for an abuse of that discretion. Coy v. State, 999 N.E.2d 937, 946

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 13 of 16
[23]   In sentencing Houser, the trial court found four aggravating circumstances: (1)

       Houser was in a position having care, custody, or control of K.N.; (2) Houser

       threatened to harm A.E. if she told anyone what Houser did to her; (3) the

       “seriousness of the crime with multiple victims and multiple acts over a lengthy

       period of time and the element of force”; and (4) Houser was in a position of

       trust as to A.E. Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 55. It also found two mitigating

       circumstances: Houser’s “physical illness” and his “limited intelligence.” Id.


[24]   Houser first argues that the trial court should have found as a mitigating factor

       that his incarceration would impose an undue hardship on his “special needs

       son.” Appellant’s Br. p. 25. However, he does not tell us how old his son is,

       what his son’s special needs are, or why the hardship imposed by his

       incarceration will be “undue.” Therefore, we cannot say that the trial court

       abused its discretion in this regard. See, e.g., Dowdell v. State, 720 N.E.2d 1146,

       1154 (Ind. 1999) (“Many persons convicted of serious crimes have one or more

       children and, absent special circumstances, trial courts are not required to find

       that imprisonment will result in an undue hardship.”).

[25]   Houser also attacks two aspects of the trial court’s “seriousness of the crime”

       finding: the existence of multiple victims and “the element of force.” Houser

       contends that because he was separately convicted and sentenced for crimes

       against both K.N. and A.E., reliance on “multiple victims” as an aggravating

       fact amounts to an improper “double enhancement.” Appellant’s Br. p. 26.

       We disagree. It is entirely proper for a trial court to rely on the existence of

       multiple victims as a basis for imposing consecutive sentences, as the trial court

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 14 of 16
       did here. See, e.g., O’Connell v. State, 742 N.E.2d 943, 952 (Ind. 2001). As for

       the use of force, Houser argues that it should not be given aggravating weight

       because “it only applied to one of the two alleged victims” (A.E.). Appellant’s

       Br. p. 26. He cites no authority in support of this proposition, and we are aware

       of none. And even if Houser were right about the use of force (or the multiple

       victims), he says nothing about the other fact cited by the trial court: that his

       acts of abuse were not isolated but were instead committed over a lengthy

       period of time. For these reasons, we cannot say that the trial court abused its

       discretion by finding the “seriousness of the crime” to be an aggravating factor.


                                          B. Appropriateness
[26]   Houser also asks us to exercise our authority under Indiana Appellate Rule

       7(B), which provides that an appellate court “may revise a sentence authorized

       by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the Court finds

       that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the

       character of the offender.” “Whether a sentence is inappropriate ultimately

       turns on the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage

       done to others, and a myriad of other factors that come to light in a given case.”

       Thompson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 383, 391 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citing Cardwell v.

       State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind. 2008)). Because we generally defer to the

       judgment of trial courts in sentencing matters, defendants have the burden of

       persuading us that their sentences are inappropriate. Schaaf v. State, 54 N.E.3d

       1041, 1044-45 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016).



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 79A05-1603-CR-638 | March 3, 2017   Page 15 of 16
[27]   Here, Houser tells us nothing about his “character.” Regarding the nature of

       his offenses, he notes only that “[t]here were no injuries to the victims” (we

       assume he is referring to physical injuries), that “[t]here was no evidence of oral

       sex, anal sex, toys, devices, restraints, or deviate sexual conduct of any kind,”

       and that “the victims in this case were 13 or 14 years of age when the crimes

       were committed,” meaning that they were “as old as any child molesting

       victims could be since all child molesting cases involve children under the age

       of 14.” Appellant’s Br. p. 30. All true, but the aggravating factors found by the

       trial court loom large in our analysis. One of Houser’s victims was his own

       stepdaughter and was in his care, custody, and control, and Houser abused that

       position on multiple occasions over an extended period of time. He was also in

       a position of trust with A.E., who spent a significant amount of time at his

       house. He forced her to have sex with him and then threatened to harm her if

       she told anyone. Houser suggests that his sentence is excessive “compared to

       the fact patterns set forth in many child molesting or sex offense cases,” id., but

       he does not identify any specific appellate decisions in support of that claim.

       He has failed to persuade us that the sentence imposed by the trial court is

       inappropriate.


[28]   Affirmed.

       Bradford, J., and Brown, J., concur.




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