                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


Present: Judges Elder, Clements and Petty
Argued by teleconference


CAMPBELL COUNTY DEPARTMENT
 OF SOCIAL SERVICES

v.     Record No. 2349-07-3

WILLIAM JAMES ROBERTS, JR.                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
                                                                   JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
LADONNA MICHELLE NOWLIN                                                 MAY 6, 2008

v.     Record No. 2531-07-3

CAMPBELL COUNTY DEPARTMENT
 OF SOCIAL SERVICES


                    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CAMPBELL COUNTY
                               J. Samuel Johnston, Jr., Judge

                 David W. Shreve; George W. Nolley, Guardian ad litem for the
                 minor child, for Campbell County Department of Social Services.

                 Curtis L. Thornhill (Berger & Thornhill, on brief), for William
                 James Roberts, Jr.

                 Annabel Irene Maley for Ladonna Michelle Nowlin.


       The Campbell County Department of Social Services (DSS) appeals from a decision of

the circuit court concluding DSS failed to present sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie

case supporting termination of the parental rights of William James Roberts, Jr. (father), to his

now twenty-month-old daughter, E.L. In a related appeal, which we consolidate with DSS’s for

purposes of decision, E.L.’s mother, Ladonna Michelle Nowlin (mother), appeals the

determination made on the merits in the same proceeding that the evidence supported

       *
           Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
termination of her parental rights. Mother argues termination of her parental rights was not in

the best interests of the child given that the court did not terminate father’s parental rights and

that mother and father have expressed an intent to remain together as a couple. 1 As to DSS’s

appeal, we hold the court erred in granting father’s motion to strike because DSS’s evidence,

viewed in the light most favorable to DSS, established a prima facie case supporting termination

of father’s parental rights. Thus, as to DSS’s appeal, we reverse and remand for additional

proceedings consistent with this opinion. As to mother’s appeal, we hold the court did not err in

the way mother alleges, and we affirm the ruling terminating her parental rights.

                                                   I.

                                                   A.

                               DSS’S APPEAL OF THE RULING
                              ON FATHER’S MOTION TO STRIKE

        In ruling on a motion to strike at the end of a plaintiff’s case-in-chief, a court must

“evaluate[] whether [the] plaintiff has made a prima facie case.” Klein v. Klein, 49 Va. App.

478, 481, 642 S.E.2d 313, 315 (2007). In doing so,

                the trial court [must] accept as true all the evidence favorable to the
                plaintiff as well as any reasonable inference a [fact finder] might
                draw therefrom which would sustain the plaintiff’s cause of action.
                The trial court is not to judge the weight and credibility of the
                evidence, and may not reject any inference from the evidence
                favorable to the plaintiff unless it would defy logic and common
                sense.


        1
           Pending is DSS’s motion to dismiss mother’s appeal based on mother’s failure to cite
sufficient support for the arguments she makes on brief. As the Supreme Court has recently
made clear, dismissal is not an appropriate remedy for a mere failure to cite authority in support
of a question presented. Jay v. Commonwealth, ___ Va. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (Apr. 18,
2008) (holding the requirements of Rule 5A:20(e) are not jurisdictional, rendering dismissal for
their violation inappropriate, but noting that the Court may “require an appellant to re-submit the
. . . opening brief . . . [or] may treat treat a question presented as waived”). Although mother’s
citation to authority on brief is sparse, it is not entirely lacking, and the issue she raises is largely
one of first impression. Thus, we decline to consider her question presented as having been
waived, and we consider it on the merits.
                                                    -2-
Austin v. Shoney’s, Inc., 254 Va. 134, 138, 486 S.E.2d 285, 287 (1997); see Claycomb v.

Didawick, 256 Va. 332, 335, 505 S.E.2d 202, 204 (1998) (noting that this standard is the same in

jury and bench trials). “[T]he trial judge is obliged to ‘adopt those inferences most favorable to

the party whose evidence is challenged, even though he may believe different inferences are

more probable.’” Butler v. Yates, 222 Va. 550, 553-54, 281 S.E.2d 905, 906 (1981) (quoting

Lane v. Scott, 220 Va. 578, 582, 260 S.E.2d 238, 240 (1979)). “[T]he trial court should in every

case [deny] the motion where there is any doubt on the question. ‘The . . . motion . . . should be

[granted] only [in] those cases in which it is conclusively apparent that [the] plaintiff has proven

no cause of action against [the] defendant.’” Brown v. Koulizakis, 229 Va. 524, 531, 331 S.E.2d

440, 445 (1985) (quoting Leath v. Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac R.R. Co., 162 Va. 705,

710, 174 S.E. 678, 680 (1934)) (emphasis added).

       Applying this standard to the evidence DSS presented in seeking to terminate father’s

parental rights, we hold the trial court erred in concluding DSS failed to present a prima facie

case for termination under Code § 16.1-283(B) or (C). 2

       Under Code § 16.1-283(B), phrased in the conjunctive, residual parental rights may be

terminated if clear and convincing evidence demonstrates that it is in the child’s best interests

and that, under (B)(1), the neglect and abuse suffered by the child presents a serious and

substantial threat to her life, health, or development and, under (B)(2), it is not reasonably likely

that the conditions which resulted in such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or

eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to her parent within a reasonable period of time.

The statute also provides that the following constitutes prima facie evidence to meet the

subsection (B)(2) prong:



       2
        Of course, the trial court would be free to make a contrary finding after hearing all the
evidence.
                                               -3-
                       c. The parent or parents, without good cause, have not
                responded to or followed through with appropriate, available and
                reasonable rehabilitative efforts on the part of social, medical,
                mental health or other rehabilitative agencies designed to reduce,
                eliminate or prevent the neglect or abuse of the child.

Code § 16.1-283(B)(2). A court also may terminate parental rights under subsection (C),

phrased in the disjunctive, if it finds by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the

best interests of the child and that either:

                        1. The parent . . . ha[s], without good cause, failed to
                maintain continuing contact with and to provide or substantially
                plan for the future of the child for a period of six months after the
                child’s placement in foster care notwithstanding the reasonable and
                appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health or other
                rehabilitative agencies to communicate with the parent or parents
                and to strengthen the parent-child relationship. Proof that the
                parent or parents have failed without good cause to communicate
                on a continuing and planned basis with the child for a period of six
                months shall constitute prima facie evidence of this condition; or

                        2. The parent or parents, without good cause, have been
                unwilling or unable within a reasonable period of time not to
                exceed twelve months from the date the child was placed in foster
                care to remedy substantially the conditions which led to or required
                continuation of the child’s foster care placement, notwithstanding
                the reasonable and appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental
                health or other rehabilitative agencies to such end. Proof that the
                parent or parents, without good cause, have failed or been unable
                to make substantial progress towards elimination of the conditions
                which led to or required continuation of the child’s foster care
                placement in accordance with their obligations under and within
                the time limits or goals set forth in a foster care plan filed with the
                court or any other plan jointly designed and agreed to by the parent
                or parents and a public or private social, medical, mental health or
                other rehabilitative agency shall constitute prima facie evidence of
                this condition. The court shall take into consideration the prior
                efforts of such agencies to rehabilitate the parent or parents prior to
                the placement of the child in foster care.

Code § 16.1-283(C) (emphasis added).

        Here, the trial court granted father’s motion to strike based on its finding that DSS did not

make a prima facie showing that (1) DSS provided the services necessary or (2) that father failed

                                                 -4-
to cooperate with the services provided. 3 We hold that, under the standard applicable on a

motion to strike made at the close of a plaintiff’s case, which required the trial court to view the

evidence and all inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to DSS, the trial court’s ruling

granting the motion to strike DSS’s case as to father was error because that evidence established

a prima facie case for termination under both subsection (B) and subsection (C) of Code

§ 16.1-283.

       As to subsection (B)(1)’s requirement for proof of neglect or abuse that presented a

serious and substantial threat to the child’s life, health or development, the evidence showed that,

at the time of the removal, the family was living in an older-model trailer with deteriorating

flooring. The flooring was so soft in many places that its occupants had created a narrow path of

two-inch-by-four-inch boards to enable them to walk from room to room without falling through

the deteriorating flooring. The condition of the flooring subjected the infant E.L. to a risk of

harm due to a fall by a parent attempting to traverse this flooring while carrying her, and it

presented an even greater, more direct risk of harm to her when she began to crawl and walk.

Neither parent was employed at the time, other than performing some “odd jobs.”

       Additional undisputed evidence established that two of the three adult residents of the

trailer were prone to violence. The trailer was owned by mother’s brother, who also lived there.

Mother’s brother, an admitted user of crack cocaine, did not wish to have mother and father

share the trailer with him, and he was convicted of threatening father with a knife as a result of

an incident that occurred while mother was pregnant with E.L. Mother, too, was found to have


       3
          The transcript of the proceedings indicates that the trial court’s pronouncement from the
bench included a finding that DSS had offered services and that father had not availed himself
“completely” of the services offered, which it found was the fault of both father and of DSS. It
also stated a belief that father “has a chance to redeem himself” and that “the burden of proof has
not been met . . . as far as the father goes.” To the extent the trial court’s statements from the
bench conflict with its written order, we must view the written order as embodying the court’s
decision. See, e.g., Kern v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 84, 88, 341 S.E.2d 397, 400 (1986).
                                                  -5-
battered father in March 2006 while mother was pregnant with E.L., although adjudication was

deferred and mother was ordered to attend anger management classes and substance abuse

treatment to reduce the likelihood of additional violence. At the time the child was removed,

mother had agreed to attend substance abuse counseling to address her years-long cocaine

addiction but had failed to appear for her very first session, and father lied to the assigned social

worker about mother’s attendance at that meeting. Although both parents had agreed that E.L.

would be seen at all appointments with DSS, father came alone to his very first meeting at DSS’s

office and did not bring the child. This evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to DSS,

established a prima facie case of neglect under Code § 16.1-283(B)(1).

       Additional evidence established a prima facie case under subsection (B)(2), which may

be proved with evidence that “the parent . . . , without good cause, ha[s] not responded to or

followed through with appropriate, available and reasonable rehabilitative efforts on the part of

social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative agencies designed to reduce, eliminate or

prevent the neglect or abuse of the child.” (Emphasis added); see Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of

Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 257, 269-70, 616 S.E.2d 765, 771 (2005) (noting the distinction

between subsections (B)(2) and (C)(2) in that (C)(2) “specifically requires a showing that DSS

has provided ‘reasonable and appropriate’ services to a delinquent parent prior to terminating his

rights” whereas (B)(2) contains no such requirement and merely provides that, where such

services have been offered, “a parent’s inexcusable failure to respond to rehabilitative services

offered by DSS or other assisting agencies after the child’s removal . . . [is] a prima facie ground

justifying termination”).

       Here, DSS offered both parents “[v]isitation, help with finding housing, help with finding

a job,” and also a “family educator” to help with visitation, parenting skills, and job search and

skill development. When social worker Stephanie O’Connor discussed with father and mother

                                                 -6-
the “services . . . that [she] thought were appropriate that could help them . . . get their [daughter]

back,” they at no time “express[ed] confusion that they didn’t understand what [O’Connor] had

planned.” Father signed a contract further indicating his awareness of what he needed to do in

order to regain custody, including “provid[ing] adequate, safe and sanitary housing,”

“maintain[ing] consistent contact with [DSS] either by phone or by mail,” “maintain[ing]

consistent and appropriate visitation with [E.L.],” and “continuing to test negative for drugs.”

Mother signed a similar contract except that it also required her to complete inpatient substance

abuse treatment due to her admitted use of drugs at the time of and shortly after E.L.’s birth.

Those contracts also set out that DSS would provide employment referral services, which it did,

and would help provide transportation to the parents for matters concerning the child, which the

evidence established DSS also did when requested, although father apparently owned or had

regular access to an operational vehicle during most of the relevant period.

       O’Connor had ongoing difficulty making contact with father and mother, and neither

parent maintained regular, weekly contact with DSS as DSS had requested and the parents had

agreed to do. The evidence supported a finding that, because of this sporadic contact, O’Connor

had difficulty providing father and mother with services in a timely fashion. O’Connor and a

second DSS employee, Mark Yudowitch, tried for weeks to contact the parents in order to place

a family educator in the home, but O’Connor and Yudowitch were unable to reach them for

almost the entire month of December 2006. Some of these difficulties may have been due to the

fact that the parents had no phone of their own, but they also failed to exercise the option of

communicating with DSS by mail, and even once father obtained a cell phone in early January

2007, his contact with DSS remained very sporadic.

       Despite these difficulties, social workers Michelle Dinkle-Lowery and Stephanie

O’Connor both “really stressed [to the parents that] they need[ed] to move out of that house,” but

                                                 -7-
the parents never took any concrete steps toward doing so. Dinkle-Lowery originally considered

“Section 8 [housing]” as an option for the family, but when she later learned a court had found

the evidence sufficient to prove mother had battered father in March 2006, Dinkle-Lowery knew

the history of domestic violence would prevent them from qualifying for that type of housing.

Father told Dinkle-Lowery just prior to E.L.’s removal in August 2006 that he had a residence in

Chase City that might be more suitable but that “there was some problem with the water heater.”

Despite Dinkle-Lowery’s response to father that “that’s something that we can help you with or

social services [in Chase City] might be able to help you out,” father did not further pursue this

housing possibility through DSS.

       Both parents told O’Connor when they were not working that they did not have the

money to move to a different residence, but after both obtained regular employment, they never

provided an explanation for why they did not move. Father indicated to O’Connor on March 1,

2007, several months after he obtained full-time employment in the construction field, that he

had “a housing prospect” that “should be coming through around March 15th,” but he never

provided her with any additional information about that prospect and did not move from the

trailer with the deteriorating flooring he and mother were sharing with mother’s abusive,

cocaine-using brother.

       Shortly after that time, on March 23, 2007, the same date that the J&DR court entered

orders terminating mother’s and father’s parental rights, father had a drug test that was positive

for cocaine. He had two additional positive tests in the months that followed, and when he

broached the subject of housing again with DSS in July 2007, on the date of the last hearing on

the termination petition in circuit court, father told social worker Carol Booth that “he had

located somewhere to rent but had not moved” because he needed help from DSS with the rent.

This evidence supported the inference that father’s drug use—about which DSS had previously

                                                -8-
been unaware because of father’s denials and numerous negative drug tests—was adversely

affecting his financial ability to obtain suitable housing and that, despite DSS’s efforts to help

father obtain full-time employment, which he did, “[i]t [was] not reasonably likely that the

conditions which resulted in [the neglect or abuse that led to E.L.’s removal] [could] be

substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to [her] parent or

parents within a reasonable amount of time,” as provided in Code § 16.1-283(B)(2).

       This evidence, viewed as a whole, also constituted a prima facie showing that termination

was in E.L.’s best interests so that she could remain with her foster family, the only family she

had known and the family by whom her older half-siblings had been adopted. See Cage v.

Harrisonburg Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 13 Va. App. 246, 248, 410 S.E.2d 405, 406 (1991) (holding

the statutory scheme does not require a court to segregate evidence as applicable to only showing

of best interests and that evidence of circumstances leading to placement and failure to remedy

those circumstances may also be relevant to the best interests determination).

       Thus, the record establishes that DSS presented a prima facie case for termination of

father’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and that the trial court erred in granting

father’s motion to strike the evidence on this claim. The same evidence and inferences

established that DSS presented a prima facie case for termination under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).

Termination under (C)(2) may not be effected in the face of “undisputed evidence that a parent

has not been offered or provided services,” but DSS is not required to “force its services upon an

unwilling or disinterested parent.” Harris v. Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs., 223 Va. 235, 244,

288 S.E.2d 410, 415 (1982).

       Finally, DSS also presented a prima facie case for termination under Code

§ 16.1-283(C)(1) because the evidence and inferences, viewed in the light most favorable to

DSS, established father’s failure “without good cause to communicate on a continuing and

                                                -9-
planned basis with the child for a period of six months.” (Emphasis added). Although DSS had

offered both parents transportation for visitation and had indicated they could visit weekly, father

visited with the child twice in the two weeks following her August 2006 removal and then only

three more times before the July 26, 2007 termination hearing in circuit court—once in

November 2006, once in February 2007, and once in July 2007. Although father worked only

odd jobs until mid-December 2006 and, thus, presumably had a flexible work schedule during

that time, he made no effort to visit E.L. regularly or to maintain contact with DSS during the fall

of 2006, and O’Connor had ongoing difficulty making contact with him. In addition, father

reported not working for the majority of the month of January 2007 but did not exercise

visitation at any time during that month, although he had obtained a cell phone by that time,

which presumably made it easier for him to contact DSS. Finally, father reported to Yudowitch

that, while working for the construction company, “he would be able to [have visitation] without

risk with his employer” “as long as he knew . . . about two days before.” Despite these

statements, father cancelled numerous visitations scheduled for March, April, and June of 2007

ostensibly because he had to work. This evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to DSS,

established a prima facie case for termination under subsection (C)(1).

        Thus, we hold the trial court erred in granting father’s motion to strike DSS’s evidence,

and we reverse and remand for a new trial on DSS’s petition to terminate father’s parental rights.

See, e.g., Izadpanah v. The Boeing Joint Venture, 243 Va. 81, 412 S.E.2d 708 (1992) (remanding

for a new trial following reversal of a decision granting the defendant’s motion to strike the

plaintiff’s case in a bench trial).




                                               - 10 -
                                                  B.

     MOTHER’S APPEAL OF THE TERMINATION OF HER PARENTAL RIGHTS IN
      THE ABSENCE OF THE TERMINATION OF FATHER’S PARENTAL RIGHTS

       Mother contends “it is not in the best interest of [E.L.] to have her mother’s parental

rights terminated . . . while preserving the rights of her father” where “her parents are living

together and have stated throughout the course of the case that they intend to remain together

although they are not married.” Mother argues that “[t]he ultimate result of such a decision tends

to support the dissolution of the bonds between [mother and father] and as such supports a result

in violation of public policy.”

       We disagree. Merely because father’s rights have not been terminated does not mean that

they will not be terminated on remand for a new trial 4 or, even if they are not terminated on

remand, that father will regain custody of the child. Further, contrary to mother’s argument,

terminating her parental rights while not terminating father’s rights, to the extent that it “tends to

support the dissolution of the bonds between [E.L.’s unmarried] parents,” does not violate

Virginia public policy, which favors marriage over cohabitation. See, e.g., Shelton v. Stewart,

193 Va. 162, 166, 67 S.E.2d 841, 843 (1951). Further, when termination of parental rights

becomes necessary, the legislature has specifically provided that “[t]he court may terminate the

residual parental rights of one parent without affecting the rights of the other parent.” Code




       4
         It could be argued that mother’s appeal is premature or moot based on our ruling
remanding father’s termination proceeding for a new trial. However, the order terminating
mother’s parental rights will be a final order when father’s new trial is completed, and mother
will not be entitled at that time to challenge the termination of her parental rights as that
termination relates to the final resolution of father’s case. Thus, although the outcome of father’s
termination proceeding on remand is uncertain, we consider the merits of mother’s claim in this
appeal. Cf. In re World Times Corp., 7 Va. App. 317, 323-24, 373 S.E.2d 474, 477 (1988)
(recognizing as an exception to mootness doctrine the consideration of issues ‘“capable of
repetition yet evading review’” (quoting Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Ct., 457 U.S. 596,
603, 102 S. Ct. 2613, 2618, 73 L. Ed. 2d 248, 254 (1982))).
                                                 - 11 -
§ 16.1-283(A). The legislature has made no distinction between cases in which the parents are

married or merely cohabiting and those in which they are not.

       Here, mother and father were not married, and mother had a demonstrated drug problem

spanning at least six years and the birth of three children, including E.L. Despite the efforts of

DSS and the judicial system to provide mother with inpatient drug treatment and anger

management assistance, she refused the offered programs and chose instead to serve a jail

sentence. If a court were to find in a future proceeding that the best interests of E.L. would be

served by allowing her to continue to maintain a parent-child relationship with her father,

whether or not that relationship was custodial and despite the fact that the parent-child

relationship with the child’s mother had been legally terminated, we do not see how such a

conclusion would violate the public policy of the Commonwealth. Thus, we hold mother’s

appeal lacks merit, and we affirm the termination of her parental rights.

                                                 II.

       In sum, we hold the court erred in granting father’s motion to strike because DSS’s

evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to DSS, established a prima facie case supporting

termination of father’s parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C). Thus, as to DSS’s

appeal, we reverse and remand for a new trial. As to mother’s appeal, we hold the court’s

termination of her parental rights while not simultaneously terminating father’s did not constitute

error, and we affirm the ruling terminating her parental rights.

                                                   Record No. 2349-07-3, reversed and remanded.

                                                                   Record No. 2531-07-3, affirmed.




                                               - 12 -
