                                 In the

     United States Court of Appeals
                  For the Seventh Circuit
                      ____________________
No. 15–3180
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                      Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   v.

HAKEEM EL-BEY,
                                                  Defendant-Appellant.
                      ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court for the
            Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
          No. 14 CR 447— Richard A. Posner, Circuit Judge. *
                      ____________________

    ARGUED JANUARY 5, 2017 — DECIDED OCTOBER 24, 2017
                 ____________________

    Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and MANION and WILLIAMS, Cir-
cuit Judges.
    PER CURIAM. Hakeem El-Bey filed six tax returns with the
Internal Revenue Service seeking $1.8 million in tax refunds
to which he was not entitled. He received $600,000 from the

   * Of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, sitting
by designation.
2                                                   No. 15–3180

IRS as a result of two of the returns, which he used to pur-
chase a house and numerous cars. El-Bey represented himself
on charges of mail fraud and making false claims to the IRS.
He advanced irrelevant arguments, interrupted the judge,
and made it challenging to manage the trial. On appeal, El-
Bey seeks a new trial. Although the district court was under-
standably frustrated by a difficult litigant, El-Bey had a right
to a fair trial, and we cannot be assured that he received one.
Statements by the court in the presence of the jury conveyed
that El-Bey was guilty or dishonest and impaired El-Bey’s
credibility in the eyes of the jury. We remand the case for a
new trial.
                        I. BACKGROUND
    In August 2009, Hakeem El-Bey, a self-described Moorish
national, created an Employer Identification Number with the
IRS for the Hakeem El-Bey Trust, naming himself as the trus-
tee and fiduciary. Between August 2009 and November 2010,
El-Bey filed a total of six tax returns by mail with the IRS in
the name of the trust, each seeking a $300,000 refund. Each
return was essentially identical: each claimed $900,000 in trust
income, $900,000 in fees, $7,590 in exemptions, and $300,000
in withholding. El-Bey signed each return, identifying himself
as the fiduciary of the trust, and listed his date of birth as the
date of trust creation. El-Bey mailed three returns in the same
envelope to the IRS in August 2009. The IRS flagged these re-
turns as frivolously filed and mailed three letters to El-Bey in-
forming him he would be assessed a $5,000 penalty per return
if he failed to file a corrected return within twenty days.
  In November 2009, El-Bey returned the three letters by
mail to the IRS and included various vouchers and tax forms
No. 15–3180                                                    3

bearing no relation to the returns. El-Bey filed the fourth iden-
tical tax return in December 2009. Based on this return, the
IRS issued and mailed a $300,000 refund check to “Hakeem El
Bey Trust, Hakeem El Bey Trustee.” El-Bey received and de-
posited the check into a bank account and used the funds to
cover personal expenses, to purchase two vehicles, and to buy
a house. He filed the fifth identical return in May 2010. Again,
the IRS issued and mailed a $300,000 refund check to the
Trust. El-Bey deposited the check into a new account and used
the funds for personal expenses and to purchase five vehicles.
Finally, in November 2010, El-Bey filed the sixth return, but
the IRS did not issue a refund to him for this return.
    IRS criminal investigators interviewed El-Bey, and he ad-
mitted he signed and filed the returns, and received and de-
posited the checks. El-Bey did not explain how he came up
with the numbers on the return and refused to answer ques-
tions regarding the $300,000 withholding amount, though he
did eventually admit he had not received $900,000 each year
as the Trust fiduciary. He was indicted on two counts of mail
fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341, and six counts of mak-
ing false claims to the IRS, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287.
   A. Proceedings Before Trial Judge
    El-Bey filed a motion to proceed without counsel and rep-
resent himself. The district court granted this motion to pro-
ceed pro se, and appointed standby counsel over El-Bey’s ob-
jection. Gabriel A. Fuentes, El-Bey’s standby counsel, ap-
peared at every substantive proceeding in the district court
until he was discharged following El-Bey’s sentencing hear-
ing. Fuentes did not act as or purport to be El-Bey’s counsel,
and El-Bey repeatedly and emphatically objected to Fuentes’s
presence.
4                                                   No. 15–3180

    Before trial, El-Bey filed numerous motions related to ad-
miralty law, the Uniform Commercial Code, and the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure. Although irrelevant to the criminal
proceedings, the motions pertained to El-Bey’s sovereign citi-
zen beliefs. See El v. AmeriCredit Fin. Serv., Inc., 710 F.3d 748,
750 (7th Cir. 2013) (“Sovereign citizens view the USG [U.S.
government] as bankrupt and without tangible assets … [and]
exploit this belief by filing fraudulent financial documents
charging their debt to the Treasury Department.” (quotation
marks and citation omitted)); see also Bey v. State, 847 F.3d 559,
560–61 (7th Cir. 2017). The district court ruled that evidence
and testimony concerning El-Bey’s sovereign citizen affilia-
tion or views were to be excluded from the jury’s considera-
tion. It advised El-Bey that non-compliance with this ruling
could cause him to be excluded from court.
   At trial, two IRS representatives testified for the govern-
ment regarding El-Bey’s tax returns and the three letters and
two refund checks that the IRS sent him. During cross-exam-
ination of the government’s first witness, IRS Representative
Kristy Morgan, El-Bey asked whether it was her understand-
ing that compliance with federal tax laws was voluntary. Mor-
gan responded:
       The tax laws are based on individuals taking
       their information, voluntarily putting them on
       the tax returns, and mailing them to the IRS.
       However, the law states if you don’t do that the
       IRS can come in and file for you because the law
       states you file and pay your income tax.
 El-Bey continued, “Now, you just contradicted yourself. Be-
cause in one case you are saying that the IRS is saying filing
No. 15–3180                                                  5

taxes is voluntary compliance?” At this point, the court inter-
jected and the following exchange took place in the presence
of the jury:
      THE COURT: Look, paying taxes is not volun-
      tary.
      THE DEFENDANT: That’s what it says here. I’m
      not saying it.
      THE COURT: Come on.
      THE DEFENDANT: Judge, I’m not saying it.
      THE COURT: You don’t pay your tax, you go to
      jail.
      THE DEFENDANT: Judge, I’m just saying what
      they are saying what they have—
      THE COURT: Payment of taxes to the govern-
      ment is not voluntary.
      THE DEFENDANT: Okay. Judge, so you
      brought in from behind the law.
      THE COURT: Just—look, I’m going to kick you
      out if you keep on with this nonsense. You un-
      derstand that? You can go watch the case from
      another room.
      THE DEFENDANT: Okay. I am through.
      THE COURT: Don’t you say that tax payment is
      voluntary.
      THE DEFENDANT: I just asked a question. I
      didn’t say it was. It’s on the paper. I didn’t say
      that, Judge. But I’m done. I’m done.
6                                                    No. 15–3180

This concluded El-Bey’s cross-examination of Morgan. The
government had no redirect, so court recessed for the day.
Once the jury had left the courtroom, the district court contin-
ued to scold El-Bey, stating:
       You don’t know the law because this stuff that
       you have been shoving at me for the last month
       about the Stamp Act[,] … Foreign Sovereign Im-
       munities Act[,] … admiralty law[,] … the Uni-
       form Commercial Code and about the common
       law, this is all complete bullshit. … [Y]ou have
       to obey me and not keep arguing with me. And
       if you keep arguing, I kick you out, and I ap-
       point Fuentes and he becomes the lawyer, and
       you don’t get to say anything.
Before adjourning proceedings that day, the district court
threatened to eject El-Bey from the trial proceedings several
more times, outside of the jury’s presence, if he “continue[d]
disobeying [the court’s] orders.” The district court concluded
the first day of trial by telling El-Bey, “I have been very patient
with you. My patience is running out. And I want you to un-
derstand that.”
   The next day, before the jury entered the courtroom, the
court apologized to El-Bey for its expression of frustration
with him the previous day. The government expressed its con-
cern “that some of what happened yesterday may have been
potentially prejudicial to the defendant … importantly, per-
haps, [it] has left a misimpression with the jury in certain re-
spects.” After the jury entered the courtroom, the court ex-
plained, “[Y]ou don’t have to worry about the exchanges that
Mr. El-Bey and I have had. And I don’t want you to feel any
No. 15–3180                                                    7

hostility to Mr. El-Bey just because I got annoyed occasion-
ally.” The district court then proceeded to read parts of the
transcript of the previous day’s exchange back to the jury, in-
cluding portions of the text quoted above. It then told the jury:
       [W]hen I said: If you don’t pay taxes you go to
       jail, what I was simply saying was you must pay
       taxes, and if you don’t pay taxes it's criminal and
       you can be sent to jail. I was not talking about
       Mr. El-Bey, because he isn’t charged with tax
       evasion.
The district court then polled each individual juror about their
ability to be impartial in deciding the case against El-Bey. Each
juror responded that he or she could and would continue to
be impartial in his or her application of the law.
   B. Jury Instructions
    Before trial, the government submitted its proposed jury
instructions, which were based upon the Seventh Circuit’s
pattern instructions. El-Bey did not object to the government’s
instructions and submitted no instructions of his own. During
the jury instruction conference before closing arguments, the
government asked the district court if it anticipated any
changes to the elements or definitional instructions. The dis-
trict court replied that it did not, and that its changes “would
be simply to try to eliminate jargon.” The parties continued to
closing believing that the district court planned to orally in-
struct the jury using the government’s proposed instructions
as written. However, the district court ultimately deviated
from the proposed instructions in its oral instructions, includ-
ing when it orally instructed the jury on materiality:
8                                                 No. 15–3180

      [O]ne [element] is that … the scheme to defraud
      involved a materially false or fraudulent pre-
      tense, representation, or promise. That’s very
      important, that notion of materiality. Because if
      you—sometimes people will lie, for example,
      out of embarrassment. You know, someone asks
      your age, you knock a couple of years off, or
      something like that. That would—those are
      not—those little white lies, those are not mate-
      rial falsehoods. They don’t—I mean, they may
      embarrass you when it’s discovered, but they’re
      not—that’s not wrongful conduct. It’s when,
      with specific reference to our case, if you—if
      you tell—if you tell the Internal Revenue Ser-
      vice a lie which is capable of getting them to do
      something which they would never do if they
      knew the truth, namely, give you $300,000 to
      which you’re not entitled, that is a material
      falsehood. That’s fraud. And that is an element
      of the charges.
    The jury was provided copies of the written instructions
identical to those the government proposed. After deliberat-
ing for under two hours, the jury returned a guilty verdict on
all counts.
                       II. ANALYSIS
    On appeal, El-Bey argues his conviction must be reversed
for three reasons. He argues that the district court conveyed
bias against him, depriving him of his Fifth Amendment right
to due process and a fair trial. He also contends that the dis-
trict court infringed upon his Fifth Amendment right to due
No. 15–3180                                                      9

process and Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial by, he con-
tends, partially directing a verdict on the element of material-
ity when it gave an ad-hoc oral instruction. Finally, he asserts
that the district court indirectly commented on his failure to
testify, in violation of his Fifth Amendment right to not tes-
tify, and impermissibly shifted the burden of proof from the
government to him. Because it will be dispositive of this ap-
peal, we address only El-Bey’s contention that the district
court conveyed bias against him that deprived him of a fair
trial.
    El-Bey asserts that the district court conveyed prejudicial
bias against him due to: (1) inflammatory remarks made to-
wards him at trial in the jury’s presence; (2) language used
throughout the jury instructions tending to presume his guilt;
and (3) comparison of him to a violent street attacker during
the jury instructions. He argues that these statements would
be interpreted by the jury as a comment on his guilt, resulting
in improper influence on the jury. Therefore, he maintains, he
was deprived of his fundamental right to a fair trial. “We eval-
uate this claim using a two-part inquiry: (1) ‘whether the
judge in fact conveyed a bias regarding the defendant’s dis-
honesty or guilt’; and (2) ‘whether the complaining party has
shown serious prejudice resulting from the district court’s
comments or questions.’” United States v. Curry, 538 F.3d 718,
727 (7th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. McCray, 437 F.3d
639, 643 (7th Cir. 2006)). “The ultimate inquiry is whether the
defendant was deprived of a fair trial.” Curry, 538 F.3d at 727;
see United States v. Verser, 916 F.2d 1268, 1272–73 (7th Cir. 1990)
(“Fundamental to the right to a fair trial” is that the court must
not “give the impression to the jury that the judge believes
one version of the evidence and disbelieves or doubts an-
other.”).
10                                                  No. 15–3180

    It is clear from the transcript of the trial court proceedings
that El-Bey was a difficult litigant. He filed numerous irrele-
vant motions, disregarded court instructions, and often inap-
propriately interrupted the district court to express disagree-
ment and dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, we agree with El-Bey
that the district court’s remarks during cross-examination of
the government’s first witness conveyed bias regarding his
dishonesty or guilt. The district court interrupted El-Bey at
the beginning of his cross-examination, stating, “Look, pay-
ing taxes is not voluntary.” When El-Bey noted that he was
only reading what the document stated, the district court re-
marked “Come on”—a statement “laced with skepticism.”
United States v. Martin, 189 F.3d 547, 554 (7th Cir. 1999). The
district court continued with further remarks in the presence
of the jury reflecting upon El-Bey’s dishonesty or guilt, stat-
ing, “You don’t pay your tax, you go to jail,” and “I’m going
to kick you out if you keep on with this nonsense.” While the
government contends that the district court’s statements were
merely meant to remind El-Bey that his sovereign citizen
views were not permitted at trial, the purpose of the com-
ments cannot eliminate the bias conveyed to the jury by the
remarks here. The court’s statements that one who does not
pay taxes goes to jail and that El-Bey was acting in a nonsen-
sical manner indicated bias about El-Bey’s guilt or honesty to
the jury. Contra id. (no bias in district court’s questioning of
witness where “district judge was firm, but not harsh or abu-
sive in any way [and] [t]he questions were not laced with
skepticism and they gave no indication as to the judge’s
thoughts about [the defendant’s] honesty or dishonesty”).
   We also find that these comments seriously impaired El-
Bey’s credibility as a pro se defendant in the eyes of the jury.
“Federal district judges are busy people and they get irritated
No. 15–3180                                                       11

when lawyers waste their time and that of jurors, witnesses,
and other lawyers. It is unfortunate, but it is inherent in an
adversary system, that the cost of this irritation is likely to be
borne primarily by the [defendant].” Cooper v. Casey, 97 F.3d
914, 919 (7th Cir. 1996). Reversible error occurs “when the
judge so impairs the lawyer’s credibility in the eyes of the jury
as to deprive the client of a fair trial.” Id. While a district court
“must often confront courtroom behavior by attorneys which
is deserving of censure, … the judge’s role in the exchange
[here] went far beyond the correction of an alleged misstate-
ment.” United States v. Spears, 558 F.2d 1296, 1298 (7th Cir.
1977). The district court’s admonishments of El-Bey and
threat to eject him from court occurred in the presence of the
jury and “so discredited him in the eyes of the jury that he
could not have remained an effective spokesman for
hi[mself.]” Id. (finding reversible error where district court
admonished defense counsel by stating counsel’s statements
during closing were “absurd and bordering upon a lie” and
threatening to fine counsel for contempt in the presence of the
jury). This harm was exacerbated by the fact that the admon-
ishment was not directed toward defense counsel and indi-
rectly imparted upon the defendant, but, instead, was aimed
directly at the defendant while he was exercising his constitu-
tional right to defend himself.
    Next, we agree with El-Bey’s contention that the com-
ments were prejudicial. We note that although the govern-
ment argues on appeal that no prejudice occurred, it ex-
pressed concern to the district court during trial that the com-
ments “may have been potentially prejudicial to the defend-
ant.” We evaluate the district court’s comments “in the con-
text of the course of the trial.” Curry, 538 F.3d at 728. Here, the
district court’s comments at the beginning of trial were not
12                                                   No. 15–3180

“inadvertent, isolated and ambiguous.” Id. Instead, the jury
heard several remarks, at different parts of the trial, that con-
veyed that El-Bey was guilty or dishonest. As detailed above,
the court made comments in the presence of the jury during
cross-examination of the first government witness which con-
veyed that El-Bey had committed a crime. The threat to kick
El-Bey out of court also seriously impacted his credibility in
the eyes of the jury. The jury was present throughout the en-
tire exchange, and the district court’s remarks were “of a sort
most likely to remain firmly lodged in the memory of the jury
and to excite a prejudice which would preclude a fair and dis-
passionate consideration of the evidence.” Quercia v. United
States, 289 U.S. 466, 472 (1933) (finding prejudicial error in dis-
trict court’s remarks to the jury that defendant’s hand wiping
during his testimony “is almost always an indication of ly-
ing”). The jury’s service that day ended with the court’s
threats to eject El-Bey from the courtroom fresh on the jurors’
minds, as it was the last exchange of the day. (We do not in-
tend to imply that reprimanding El-Bey for inappropriately
introducing his sovereign citizen defense was unwarranted.
“However, any such reprimand or censure should have been
made outside the presence of the jury.” Spears, 558 F.2d at
1298.)
    In addition to the remarks made during cross-examination
of the first government witness, El-Bey’s guilt was again con-
veyed during the oral jury instructions to the jury at end of
trial. At the end of its oral jury instructions, in the course of
explaining that there were six false claims charged and two
mail fraud charges, the district court stated to the jury:
       The two mail fraud[s] being the two $300,000
       checks that he, Mr. El Bey, received; and the four
No. 15–3180                                                 13

      false claims being the $300,000 refunds that he
      sought but that the Internal Revenue Service
      didn’t give him, so that they were attempts.
      Now, my mistake was that the first two counts
      which are for the two checks he received, they
      are also being charged as false claims. So they
      are mail fraud because through use of the mail,
      you know, he got all this money, but they are
      also—they are also false claims. (emphasis
      added).
But rather than clarifying what El-Bey was charged with, the
language conveyed to the jury that El-Bey was guilty by con-
cluding that El-Bey’s receipt of the checks and money made
him guilty of mail fraud and making false claims.
   El-Bey also points to another oral jury instruction, when
the court sought to explain to the jury that the IRS was an in-
nocent victim:
      [I]f maybe, as I say, they were better funded,
      better organized, better administered the Inter-
      nal Revenue Service would not have given Mr.
      El Bey anything, that doesn’t bear on his guilt or
      innocence. Because, I mean, there are a great
      many crimes that would not occur if the victim
      were more cautious, right? So if you go to the
      toughest neighborhood in Chicago and decide
      to take a stroll at 3:00 a.m. and you’re attacked
      by someone, beaten up, you’re a fool for having
      been there and exposed yourself to this person.
      But the person who attacked you is guilty of a
      crime. So you don’t blame the victim for the
      crime, even if you think the victim was careless.
14                                                          No. 15–3180

We agree with El-Bey that comparing the fraud crimes El-Bey
was charged with to a violent attack on an individual could
be seen as an insinuation to the jury that El-Bey’s actions were
as reprehensible as those of a violent and brutal criminal.
    “Judicial comments in the presence of the jury are subject
to special scrutiny because of the recognized fact that ‘the in-
fluence of the trial judge on the jury is necessarily and
properly of great weight, and that his lightest word or intima-
tion is received with deference, and may prove controlling.”
United States v. Dellinger, 472 F.2d 340, 386 (7th Cir. 1972)
(quoting Quercia, 289 U.S. at 472). Here, the district court’s
“deprecatory and often antagonistic attitude toward the de-
fen[dant] is evident in the record from the very beginning. It
appears both in the presence and absence of the jury.”
Dellinger, 472 U.S. at 386. 1 “Most significant, however, were
remarks in the presence of the jury, deprecatory of [El-Bey]
and [his] case.” Id. at 387. These statements implied that El-
Bey “was inept, bumptious, or untrustworthy, or that his case
lacked merit.” Id. Cumulatively, the comments “telegraphed
to the jury the judge’s contempt for the defen[dant,]” id., and
seriously prejudiced El-Bey. See also Spears, 558 F.2d at 1298
(“[W]e think the trial judge ‘lost his cool,’ departed from the
equanimity of spirit required of him, and seriously prejudiced
the defense.”).
   But the government continues, arguing that even if the
court’s remarks were prejudicial, its curative instruction at the

     1 In addition to the remarks made in the presence of the jury, outside
of the jury’s presence, the district court threatened to eject El-Bey from
trial proceedings several times, made several comments conveying his
dissatisfaction with El-Bey’s self-representation, and repeatedly remarked
that El-Bey did not know what he was doing and did not know law.
No. 15–3180                                                    15

beginning of the second day of trial and at the beginning of
its oral instructions to the jury resolved any prejudice. As the
government notes, “jurors are presumed to follow limiting
and curative instructions[,]” United States v. Smith, 308 F.3d
726, 739 (7th Cir. 2002), and we have previously found such
instructions reduce the risk of any prejudice the court may
have conveyed. See United Sates v. McCray, 437 F.3d 639, 644
(7th Cir. 2006). Here, the district court explained to the jury on
the second day that it shouldn’t “worry about the exchanges”
and shouldn’t “feel any hostility to Mr. El Bey just because I
got annoyed occasionally.” However, during this instruction,
the court read portions of the previous day’s exchange back
to the jury, reminding the jury, for example, of the court’s
comment that “If you don’t pay taxes you go to jail.” While
we understand the attempt to mitigate the effect of the previ-
ous day’s comments and to clarify that El-Bey was not
charged with tax evasion, reading the transcript back to the
jury meant the jury now heard the comments from the judge
a second time.
    In its final instructions, the court gave the following in-
struction: “[Y]ou shouldn’t think that I have expressed or
taken any view on this. I respect your domain, which is to is-
sue the verdict, and I’m not trying to influence you in any
way.” But it followed this remark by comparing El-Bey to a
violent assailant, and a “definite and concrete assertion of
fact, which [it] had made with all the persuasiveness of judi-
cial utterance[,]”Quercia, 289 U.S. at 472, that El-Bey’s actions
constituted mail fraud and false claims. This assertion of the
district court’s view that El-Bey was guilty of the charges was
made shortly before the jury began its deliberations. Cf. United
States v. Donato, 99 F.3d 426, 435 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (per curiam)
(citation omitted) (negative comments by judge revealed
16                                                  No. 15–3180

“such a high degree of … antagonism as to make fair judg-
ment impossible”).
    Although there is more than enough evidence of El-Bey’s
guilt, “we must … conclude that the unfairness in the trial re-
quires reversal. Any other holding would constitute the adop-
tion of the principle that a defendant the court thinks is obvi-
ously guilty is not entitled to a fair trial.” Spears, 558 F.2d at
1297.
                     III. CONCLUSION
    El-Bey’s conviction is VACATED, and we REMAND the case
for a new trial.
