               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 18–1201

                            Filed April 26, 2019


TUNIS E. DEN HARTOG, SHIRLEY ANN SCHWEERTMAN, LEONARD G.
LYBBERT, MARY ELLEN MOLINARO, WILLIAM JAMES ROBERT, and
MARK D. FISHER,

      Appellants,

vs.

CITY OF WATERLOO, IOWA,

    Appellee.
---------------------------
SUNNYSIDE SOUTH ADDITION, LLC,
    Intervenor-Appellee,

vs.

CITY OF WATERLOO, IOWA,
     Intervenor-Appellant.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Richard

D. Stochl, Judge.



      Taxpayers appeal district court ruling dissolving injunction and

denying sanctions for sale of land from discontinued right-of-way.

AFFIRMED.



      Dave Nagle, Waterloo, for appellants.



      Kristine Stone of Ahlers & Cooney, P.C., Des Moines, and David

Zellhoefer, City Attorney, for appellee City of Waterloo, Iowa.
                                   2

     David L. Riley of Swisher & Cohrt, P.L.C., Waterloo, for intervenor-

appellee Sunnyside South Addition, LLC.
                                            3

WATERMAN, Justice.

       This case returns to our court a third time. See Den Hartog v. City

of Waterloo (Den Hartog I), 847 N.W.2d 459 (Iowa 2014); Den Hartog v. City

of Waterloo (Den Hartog II), 891 N.W.2d 430 (Iowa 2017). In this latest

appeal, we revisit whether the City of Waterloo complied with Iowa Code

section 306.23 (2018) to transfer land from an unused right-of-way to a

developer of a residential subdivision. The statute provides a preference

of sale to the original owners and adjacent owners of the right-of-way and

imposes notice and appraisal requirements to help get the best price. The

plaintiffs challenging the transfer are adjacent landowners and taxpayers

who allege the City violated the statutory requirements. 1 The district court

dissolved an injunction that had precluded the sale after ruling that the

City ultimately complied with section 306.23. The district court refused

to hold the City in contempt. The taxpayers appealed. The district court

later dismissed the taxpayers’ mandamus claim and application for

sanctions, and the taxpayers did not appeal from that ruling. We retained

the taxpayers’ appeal but do not address the mandamus and sanctions

ruling that was not appealed.

       Upon our review, we affirm the district court. The City’s appraiser
used a permissible method to determine the fair market value of the

property, and the taxpayers failed to show the City’s notices or bidding

requirements violated section 306.23.              Accordingly, the district court

properly lifted its injunction and denied sanctions, including contempt.


       1The  developer argues that the Molinaro estate lacks standing because a prior
ruling affirmed on appeal determined its property is not adjacent to the unused right-of-
way. See Molinaro v. City of Waterloo, No. 12–0930, 2013 WL 2145983, at *3 (Iowa Ct.
App. May 15, 2013). The district court did not reach the standing issue in its ruling
under review in the present appeal, and the City does not challenge the estate’s standing.
We elect to decide the merits. See Richards v. Iowa Dep’t of Revenue, 414 N.W.2d 344,
349 (Iowa 1987) (noting standing objections may be waived).
                                      4

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      We repeat our overview of this litigation:

            The State of Iowa acquired property in Black Hawk
      County for purposes of constructing a state highway in 1959.
      The highway had originally been planned as, and enough land
      had been acquired for, a four-lane project, but the highway
      was eventually constructed with just two lanes. In 1983, the
      state transferred control of the highway and attendant
      property to the City of Waterloo (the City), in accordance with
      the terms of Iowa Code chapter 306, entitled “Establishment,
      Alteration, and Vacation of Highways.” After the transfer, the
      highway property became known as San Marnan Drive in
      Waterloo. The City has retained jurisdiction and control over
      the property in the years since and has maintained it with
      grading, mowing, and weed control.
            The City has now indicated its intention to transfer the
      property to Sunnyside South Addition, LLC (Sunnyside), as
      part of a development agreement. Under the terms of the
      agreement, Sunnyside proposes to relocate San Marnan Drive
      by reconstructing it approximately eighty feet south of its
      current position and intends to retain the property on which
      the current San Marnan Drive sits for purposes of residential
      construction. The City proposes to transfer the highway
      property to Sunnyside according to the agreement for the sum
      of $1.00.
             Taxpaying residents of Waterloo (the taxpayers) became
      aware of and objected to the proposed transfer in 2011. They
      filed in the district court a petition for writ of mandamus and
      temporary injunction requesting postponement of the sale on
      the ground the City’s proposed transaction failed to comply
      with certain appraisal, notice, right-of-first refusal, and public
      bid requirements set forth in chapter 306.

Den Hartog I, 847 N.W.2d at 460–61.

      In Den Hartog I,

      [t]he fighting issue was whether a statutory preference given
      to certain persons when unused right-of-way land is intended
      to be sold appl[ies] not only to land acquired for highway
      purposes but never used, but also land used for highway
      purposes that were later discontinued.

Den Hartog II, 891 N.W.2d at 434. “[T]he district court held the statutory

preference procedures did not apply to the sale of the right-of-way land in

this case and dismissed the motion to enjoin the sale and the petition for
                                     5

writ of mandamus.” Id. The taxpayers appealed. While the first appeal

was pending,

      the City entered into a contract to sell the right-of-way land to
      Sunnyside. It also entered into a development agreement with
      Sunnyside. Under the agreement, Sunnyside was required to
      develop the unused right-of-way, which ran next to a country
      club and golf course, into lots for residential development.
      The City also gave Sunnyside a special warranty deed to the
      land. During the pendency of the appeal, the City platted the
      land for the development, and Sunnyside relocated San
      Marnan Drive to the south. Sunnyside also graded the land
      for the housing development and installed curbs, gutters,
      storm sewers, utilities, and took other action necessary to
      complete the development site for home construction.

Id.

      We reversed the district court and held “the statutory sales

preference did apply to land formerly used for highway purposes.” Id. We

remanded the case to the district court to impose an injunction. Id. On

remand, the district court entered an injunction prohibiting “the City ‘from

selling or transferring the property in this proceeding without first

following the procedures prescribed in Iowa Code section 306.23.’ ” Id.

      In 2015, the City “proceeded to give the notices of the intended sale

under the preference statute.      [In response,] [t]he taxpayers filed an

application to find the City in contempt of court for noncompliance with

the statutory requirements of the notices.” Id. at 434–35. The district

court found that the City violated the notice requirement of the statutory

sales preference in section 306.23, but “it found the deficiencies in the

notices were not willful and did not amount to contempt.” Id. at 435.

      In the second appeal, the taxpayers argued that the notices the City

sent were deficient in four ways. First, the City sent a notice to Sunnyside,

although it was not “a present owner of land adjacent to the right-of-way

from which the right-of-way was acquired.” Id. at 438. We concluded that
                                     6

“the City should not have sent notices to Sunnyside” because “a sale of the

right-of-way land from the City did not make Sunnyside the present owner

of land adjacent to the right-of-way.” Id.

      Second, the City gave Sunnyside a bid credit, but we did “not

address this claim because the record . . . d[id] not support a finding that

Sunnyside qualified as a preferential bidder under the statute.” Id.

      Third, the taxpayers claimed that the descriptions of the property to

be sold were deficient, but we rejected that assertion because the “statute

does not specifically require the selling agency to describe the land

intended to be sold,” and the description that the City did provide was

reasonable. Id.

      Fourth, the taxpayers claimed that the notices were deficient

because the City used “the fair market value of the right-of-way land in

the notices prior to the time the land was improved by Sunnyside.” Id. We

agreed with the taxpayers and found that

      the statutory-notice process implies the fair market value
      would be the value at or near the time the notice of impending
      sale is given. Accordingly, the fair market value in this case
      would include the value of the improvements made to the land
      by Sunnyside prior to the notices.

Id.

      Although    we   determined    that    the   City   violated   statutory

requirements, we held that “the taxpayers [had] not met their high burden

of proving the City acted contemptuously beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

at 439. We noted that “[w]hile some aspects of the notices are particularly

troubling,” there was “substantial evidence support[ing] the finding of the

district court that the City ha[d] not acted contemptuously in failing to

comply with the preference requirements of Iowa Code section 306.23.” Id.

We acknowledged that the City had “limited interpretive guidance” at the
                                     7

time it sent the notices, while we emphasized that “we expect future

notices will be in compliance with Iowa Code section 306.23.” Id.

      Following Den Hartog II, the City in April 2017 obtained a new

independent appraisal from James Herink. The appraisal report described

his qualifications and experience as follows,

           James A. Herink is a Certified General Real Property
      Appraiser currently certified by the State of Iowa.
            Mr. Herink has been appraising residential and multi-
      family properties for 13 years. He is a graduate of Denver
      University, with a Bachelor’s Degree in Journalism. He is
      currently taking courses from the Appraisal Institute and
      working towards a future designation.        He successfully
      achieved his General Certification in August of 2012.
            The appraiser has appraised retail properties, light
      industrial, mini-storage, warehouses and multi-family
      properties in the past nine years and is familiar with the
      processes of valuation. The appraiser is seeking guidance
      from other knowledgeable persons within Rally Appraisal who
      have experience with valuation of this type as well.

Herink determined the fair market value of the property was $1,825,000.

In order to assign value to each of the four individual parcels, Herink

allocated the combined value pro rata among the tracts by their size.

Herink made two assumptions: that there was clear title to the property

and that each of the four individual owners were willing to accept a

pro rata share of the land if the property were sold as one parcel. Herink

noted that his appraisal was not done in a manner that would allow an

individual owner to buy back his or her tract alone. Herink also noted

that had the parcels been individually appraised, their value would have

been significantly less.

      After Herink’s appraisal, the City sent out the required notices by

certified mail, held a public hearing, and filed an application to dissolve

the injunction. In this round of notices, the City of Waterloo was included

as an adjacent landowner and the notice required interested bidders to
                                      8

deposit the full amount of the bid, with preference given to bids meeting

or exceeding the land’s fair market value. Prior notices only required a

$1000 deposit. The City reserved the right to reject all bids.

      In response to the notices, the City received no offers equal to or

exceeding the land’s fair market value. The Waterloo City Council held

hearings on July 10 and 17 to discuss any proposed bids and the potential

transaction with Sunnyside. None of the plaintiff–taxpayers attended the

hearing, and no one objected to the approval of the sale to Sunnyside at

the July meeting. On September 11, the City and Sunnyside reached an

agreement under which the property would be transferred to Sunnyside

by special warranty deed for one dollar.

      On September 25, the City moved to dissolve the injunction. On

October 4, the taxpayers filed an application for order to show cause. A

hearing was scheduled for March 29, 2018. On the eve of the hearing, the

taxpayers filed an application for sanctions and a writ of mandamus under

Iowa Code section 661.15. The parties agreed that the district court would

not address the late filing at the March 29 hearing. At the hearing, the

taxpayers argued that the City had (1) once again violated the notice,

bidding, and appraisal requirements of Iowa Code section 306.23; and (2)

violated the injunction. The taxpayers argued the City should be held in

contempt.

      On June 14, the district court ruled that the City complied with the

requirements of Iowa Code section 306.23.          The court dissolved the

injunction. The City promptly moved to dismiss the taxpayers’ application

for sanctions and relief and an application for fines for violation of the writ

of mandamus.      The City argued that the June 14 ruling mooted the

taxpayers’ March 28 mandamus claim. On July 12, the taxpayers filed

their notice of appeal of the June 14 ruling. On July 25, the district court
                                     9

denied the taxpayers’ application for sanctions and mandamus claim. No

appeal was filed from the July 25 ruling.

      We retained the taxpayers’ July 12 appeal of the June 14 ruling.

      II. Scope of Review.

      The primary issue on appeal is the City’s compliance with the

requirements of Iowa Code section 306.23. “We review the district court’s

interpretation of statutory provisions for errors at law.” Den Hartog I, 847

N.W.2d at 461.

      We review the district court’s decision to vacate an injunction for

abuse of discretion. State v. Krogmann, 804 N.W.2d 518, 523 (Iowa 2011);

see also Wood Bros. Thresher Co. v. Eicher, 231 Iowa 530, 559, 1 N.W.2d

655, 660 (1942) (“[T]he dissolving of an injunction[] rests largely in the

sound discretion of the court, dependent upon the circumstances of the

particular case.”). A court may vacate an injunction when it “no longer

[has] a factual basis.” Helmkamp v. Clark Ready Mix Co., 249 N.W.2d 655,

656 (Iowa 1977); see also Bear v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 540 N.W.2d 439, 441 (Iowa

1995) (holding that the court had the authority to vacate an injunction “if,

over time, there has been a substantial change in the facts or law”). “[W]e

will not generally interfere with the district court decision unless the

discretion has been abused or the decision violates some principle of

equity.”   Max 100 L.C. v. Iowa Realty Co., 621 N.W.2d 178, 180 (Iowa

2001).

      We reiterate the standard of review for rulings in contempt cases:

      Our cases impose a special standard of review of the facts in
      contempt cases. If it is claimed that a ruling is not supported
      by substantial evidence, “we examine the evidence, not
      de novo, but to assure ourselves that proper proof supports
      the judgment.” “The exact extent to which we may go in
      deciding questions of fact from the record is vaguely defined;
      it lies in a shadow land, a ‘twilight zone,’ whose boundaries do
                                     10
      not admit of definite charting.” The finding of contempt must
      be established by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

Den Hartog II, 891 N.W.2d at 435 (quoting State v. Lipcamon, 483 N.W.2d
605, 606 (Iowa 1992)); see also Patterson v. Keleher, 365 N.W.2d 22, 24

(Iowa 1985) (“Our review is not de novo; while we give much weight to the

trial court’s findings of fact, we are not bound by them.”).

      Since proof beyond a reasonable doubt must be established
      for a finding of contempt, substantial evidence to support
      such a finding is “such evidence as could convince a rational
      trier of fact that the alleged contemnor is guilty of contempt
      beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Reis v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 787 N.W.2d 61, 66 (Iowa 2010) (quoting In re

Marriage of Jacobo, 526 N.W.2d 859, 866 (Iowa 1995)).

      III. Analysis.

      We must decide whether the district court erred by rejecting the

taxpayers’ challenges to the City’s proposed transfer of the unused right-

of-way. The taxpayers allege the City failed to comply with the notice,

bidding, and appraisal requirements of Iowa Code section 306.23. We

determine the district court correctly rejected their challenges.       Our

determination is fatal to the taxpayers’ claims for sanctions and contempt.

We begin our analysis with the governing statute.
      A. Iowa Code Section 306.23.           The Iowa Code provides the

roadmap government entities must follow when disposing of unused

highway right-of-way land:

             1. The agency in control of a tract, parcel, or piece of
      land, or part thereof, which is unused right-of-way shall send
      by certified mail to the last known address of the present
      owner of adjacent land from which the tract, parcel, piece of
      land, or part thereof, was originally purchased or condemned
      for highway purposes, and to the person who owned the land
      at the time it was purchased or condemned for highway
      purposes, notice of the agency’s intent to sell the land, the
      name and address of any other person to whom a notice was
                                     11
      sent, and the fair market value of the real property based upon
      an appraisal by an independent appraiser.
             2. The notice shall give an opportunity to the present
      owner of adjacent property and to the person who owned the
      land at the time it was purchased or condemned for highway
      purposes to be heard and make offers within sixty days of the
      date the notice is mailed for the tract, parcel, or piece of land
      to be sold. An offer which equals or exceeds in amount any
      other offer received and which equals or exceeds the fair
      market value of the property shall be given preference by the
      agency in control of the land. If no offers are received within
      sixty days or if no offer equals or exceeds the fair market value
      of the land, the agency shall transfer the land for a public
      purpose or proceed with the sale of the property.
             3. For the purposes of this section, “public purpose”
      means the transfer to a state agency or a city, county, or other
      political subdivision for a public purpose.

Iowa Code § 306.23.

      We have “recognize[d] the limited interpretive guidance available on

this seldom-cited statute.” Den Hartog II, 891 N.W.2d at 439. We noted

that the purposes underlying chapter 306 are

      the promotion of fairness, as nearly as is practicable, for all
      affected interests in tract uses and transactions, and the
      protection of the financial interests, as nearly as is
      practicable, of the controlling entity and affiliated taxpayers
      by securing fair market value in these uses and transactions.

Den Hartog I, 847 N.W.2d at 465; see also Iowa Code § 306.15 (“After the
road has been vacated and closed the board shall sell the [land] at the best

attainable price.”).

      We answered several questions in our prior opinions in this

protracted litigation. We determined that the “statute applies both to land

acquired for highway purposes, but never used, and to land acquired and

used for highway purposes that are discontinued.”        Den Hartog II, 891

N.W.2d at 437. We clarified the procedural steps that government entities

must take to comply with the statute’s notice requirement.          Id.   We

concluded that “present owner[s] of land adjacent to the right-of-way” as
                                     12

well as the original owners are entitled to notice of the sale. Id. at 437–38.

We also concluded that fair market value is determined “at or near the

time the notice of impending sale is given” and must include

improvements. Id. at 438. This third appeal raises new issues as to the

City’s compliance.

      B. The City’s Compliance with Iowa Code Section 306.23. The

taxpayers argue the City’s sale of the unused right-of-way violated section

306.23 because the City used an improper valuation method to determine

the fair market value of the property, placed unnecessary impediments in

the way of potential buyers, and listed improper parties on the notices. We

address each issue in turn.

      1. Appraisal method. The City used the Herink appraisal to set the

fair market value of the land. We must determine whether the district

court committed reversible error by rejecting the taxpayers’ challenge to

that appraisal. We previously observed that “[w]hen an agency in control

of land ‘which is unused right-of-way’ intends to sell the land, . . . the

agency must determine the fair market value of the land by independent

appraisal.”     Den Hartog I, 847 N.W.2d at 461 (quoting Iowa Code

§ 306.23(1)).

      [T]he statute does not specifically identify the time for the
      valuation to take place. However, the statutory-notice process
      implies the fair market value would be the value at or near the
      time the notice of impending sale is given.

Den Hartog II, 891 N.W.2d at 438. Thus, “the fair market value in this

case would include the value of the improvements made to the land by

Sunnyside prior to the notices” and “[a]ny preferential offer would need to

equal or exceed the fair market value of the land as improved by

Sunnyside.” Id.
                                     13

      In this third appeal, the taxpayers argue that Herink’s appraisal

method was in error because each parcel should have been appraised for

its individual value standing alone, not as a part of a larger tract developed

for a residential subdivision. Herink is a general real property appraiser

certified by the State of Iowa and has been appraising residential and

multifamily properties for thirteen years. He allocated the value of the

entire parcel into four tracts based on the acreage of each of the tracts. As

a result, the taxpayers argue, the City’s appraiser placed a significantly

higher value on the land.

      Iowa Code section 306.23 does not mandate a particular appraisal

method. The statute requires only that the notice include “the fair market

value of the real property based upon an appraisal by an independent

appraiser.” Iowa Code § 306.23(1). As the district court noted,

      [t]he City hired an independent appraiser who arrived at the
      fair market value using appropriate standards.           While
      plaintiffs may not agree with the values, this court finds the
      appraisal method appropriate under the circumstances and
      consistent with the law of this case.

We agree with the district court.

      The taxpayers acknowledge there are various methods that an

independent appraiser may use to comply with the statute. In 2015, the

taxpayers objected because the City’s appraisal did not account for

improvements to the property, thus the taxpayers argued the appraisal

was too low.     Now the taxpayers argue that the City’s independent

appraisal—which accounted for prior improvements Sunnyside made—is

too high and the method used to arrive at the value was improper.

      The fair market value of the property is a question of fact.        The

parties offered competing appraisals. The district court as trier of fact
                                      14

found the Herink appraisal credible as a basis for determining the fair

market value of the property at issue. We find no reversible error.

      2. Other perceived impediments to preferential buyers.               The

taxpayers argue that the City violated Iowa Code section 306.23 by placing

“unreasonable and arbitrary impediments to preferential buyer[s] seeking

to purchase any of the subject parcels,” listing the City as an adjacent

owner to the property, requiring a 100% deposit to bid on the property,

and retaining the right to reject bids.

      The district court correctly found that “[t]he City is an adjacent land

owner.    The fact they are listed as such has no bearing on the

appropriateness of the notice.” Indeed, the district court noted that the

taxpayers “would be claiming the notices were defective because of the

omission” if the City did not list itself on the notices. Even if the City were

not an adjacent landowner, the taxpayers failed to show an extraneous

notice caused any harm or deterred any bidders.

      The taxpayers present a more credible challenge to the City’s

requirement that bidders deposit the full amount of the bid, which

seemingly would deter bidding. The City received no bids. The taxpayers,

however, offered no evidence showing bids were deterred by this deposit

requirement. Nor do the taxpayers cite any authority prohibiting a full

value bid deposit requirement, and we found none. To the contrary, the

record in this case shows that the Iowa Department of Transportation

(IDOT) has required full-bid deposits when selling unused State-owned

rights-of-way.   Commentators have recognized that cities may require

deposits or other security for bids.       10 Eugene McQuillin, The Law of

Municipal Corporations § 29:65, at 674–77 (3d ed. 2017 rev. vol.) (“As a

guaranty that they will meet the requirements of their bids, bidders for

public contracts frequently are required to accompany their bids with a
                                          15

deposit or other security in a prescribed amount and form.              Such a

requirement is valid, and, if not complied with, a bid may be rejected.”

(Footnotes omitted.)). As the district court noted, “The statute does not

address how bids are [to] be received or what deposit requirements the city

can impose.” We will not read into the statute a prohibition on full-bid

deposits the legislature did not include.

       We also conclude the City’s express reservation of a right to reject

bids did not violate Iowa Code section 306.23. The taxpayers identify no

bidder deterred by the City’s asserted but unexercised right to reject

bidders, nor do they cite any authority precluding a right to reject bids.

The record reflects that the IDOT itself retains that right in its sale of

unused rights-of-way. Our court of appeals previously recognized that

government entities enjoy the discretion to reject all bids and solicit new

bids on a contract. Dickinson Co. v. City of Des Moines, 347 N.W.2d 436,

440 (Iowa Ct. App. 1984); see also J.L. Manta, Inc. v. Braun, 393 N.W.2d

490, 493 (Minn. 1986) (“Even in the absence of a constitutional or

legislative reservation, courts have generally recognized the right to reject

all bids where, as here, the invitation to bid expressly reserved the right of

rejection.”).

       We affirm the district court’s ruling that the City complied with Iowa

Code section 306.23.          This determination is fatal to the taxpayers’

contempt claim and motion for sanctions premised on the City’s

noncompliance.

       C. The Taxpayers’ Mandamus Claim. We must decide whether

this appeal encompasses the taxpayers’ mandamus claim brought under

Iowa Code section 661.15. 2 The taxpayers raised a mandamus claim for


       2Iowa   Code section 661.15 provides, in mandamus proceedings,
                                          16

the first time in their application for sanctions filed March 28, 2018, the

day before the long-scheduled hearing.                The district court’s ruling

dissolving the injunction was filed on June 14. That ruling did not reach

the mandamus claim.          On July 12, the taxpayers filed their notice of

appeal.    The district court subsequently denied the application for

sanctions and mandamus relief on July 25. The taxpayers did not file a

separate notice of appeal for the denial of their mandamus claim and

application for sanctions.

      We conclude their July 12 appeal of the June 14 ruling does not

encompass the separate ruling filed after the notice of appeal. We construe

the district court’s ruling on the application for sanctions and mandamus

to be an independent, collateral ruling that was separately appealable. See

Bd. of Water Works Trs. v. City of Des Moines, 469 N.W.2d 700, 702 (Iowa

1991) (holding motion for sanctions is a collateral and independent claim

separately appealable). The taxpayers’ failure to file a separate notice of

appeal from the July 25 ruling precludes our appellate review. See Iowa

R. App. P. 6.101(1)(b) (requiring notice of appeal to be filed “within 30 days

after the filing of the final order or judgment” (emphasis added)); State v.

Olsen, 794 N.W.2d 285, 289 (Iowa 2011) (holding failure to appeal cost

award within thirty days precluded judicial review).




              The court may, upon application of the plaintiff, besides or instead
      of proceeding against the defendant by attachment, direct that the act
      required to be done may be done by the plaintiff or some other person
      appointed by the court, at the expense of the defendant, and, upon the act
      being done, the amount of such expense may be ascertained by the court,
      or by a referee appointed by the court, and the court may render judgment
      for the amount of the expense and cost, and enforce payment thereof by
      execution.
Iowa Code § 661.15.
                                   17

      In any event, the claim for sanctions and mandamus fails on the

merits given our affirmance of the ruling that the City complied with Iowa

Code section 306.23.

      IV. Disposition.

      For these reasons, we affirm the district court judgment.

      AFFIRMED.
