                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE,
                                   AT JACKSON
           ____________________________________________________________

                                    )
MANUFACTURERS                       )     Shelby County Circuit Court
CONSOLIDATION SERVICE, INC.,        )     No. 89341-2 T.D.
                                    )
   Plaintiff/Appellant,             )
                                    )     C.A. No. W1998-00889-COA-R3-CV
And                                 )              W1998-00882-COA-R9-CV
                                    )
C. O. TURNER, III,                  )

   Intervening Plaintiff/Appellant,
                                    )
                                    )                       FILED
                                    )
VS.                                 )              March 10, 2000
                                    )
RICK RODELL, CORNERSTONE            )             Cecil Crowson, Jr.
SYSTEMS, INC., TIM CLAY, PAT        )           Appellate Court Clerk
NIEMAN, JERRY RICE, BRUCE           )
HALLMANN, JACK BILLINGSLEY, )
JIM CHALTAS, GREGG MITCHELL, )
and ANGIE TAYLOR,                   )
                                    )
   Defendants/Appellees,            )
                                    )
And                                 )
                                    )
RICARDO FERNANDEZ, GUY              )
WALLACE and LARRY PRITCHETT, )
                                    )
   Defendants/Appellants.           )
______________________________________________________________________________

From the Circuit Court of Shelby County at Memphis.
Honorable James F. Russell, Judge


Bruce S. Kramer,
Jeffrey C. Smith,
BOROD & KRAMER, P.C., Memphis, Tennessee
Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellant Manufacturers Consolidation Service, Inc., and Intervening
Plaintiff/Appellant C. O. Turner, III.

J. Alan Hanover,
James R. Newsom, III,
HANOVER, WALSH, JALENAK & BLAIR, PLLC, Memphis, Tennessee
Attorneys for Defendants/Appellants Ricardo Fernandez, Guy Wallace and Larry Pritchett and
for Defendants/Appellees Rick Rodell, Cornerstone Systems, Inc., Tim Clay, Pat Nieman, Jerry
Rice, Bruce Hallmann, Jack Billingsley, Jim Chaltas, Gregg Mitchell and Angie Taylor.


OPINION FILED:

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED

                                            FARMER, J.
HIGHERS, J.: (Concurs)
LILLARD, J.: (Concurs)
               In this consolidated appeal, the parties ask this court to review three separate

orders of the trial court. Plaintiff Manufacturers Consolidation Service, Inc. (MCS), appeals the

trial court’s order dismissing its claims against Rick Rodell, Cornerstone Systems, Inc., and other

named Defendants who are former employees of MCS. In the same order, the trial court

dismissed the claims of Intervening Plaintiff C.O. Turner, III, against Defendant Rick Rodell, and

Turner has appealed this order, as well as a later order of the trial court which granted Rodell’s

motion for summary judgment on a counterclaim against Turner. Finally, three of the individual

Defendants, Ricardo Fernandez, Guy Wallace, and Larry Pritchett, appeal the trial court’s order

denying their motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. We reverse the trial court’s

order of dismissal to the extent that it dismissed MCS’s claims against the Defendants, and we

reverse the trial court’s order granting Rodell’s motion for summary judgment against Turner;

however, we affirm the trial court’s orders in all other respects.



               The present proceedings began in August 1997 when MCS filed a multi-count

complaint against the Defendants alleging various business torts. Inasmuch as the trial court

ultimately dismissed MCS’s complaint without addressing its merits, for purposes of this appeal,

we will accept as true most of the complaint’s allegations.1



               In its complaint, MCS described itself as “an intermodal marketing company

which arranges intermodal transportation services for shippers of full trailerloads of cargo from

point of origin to point of delivery.” MCS contracts with railroads to haul the cargo over long

distances, and it contracts with over-the-road and local trucking companies to deliver cargo to,

and pick up cargo from, rail ramps. MCS is a Tennessee corporation, and its principal place of

business is in Memphis.

               Prior to the dispute that precipitated this litigation, Defendant Rick Rodell was the

president and fifty percent (50%) shareholder of MCS. As the result of a previous lawsuit

brought by Intervening Plaintiff C.O. Turner, III, to enforce a contract for the sale of stock,

Rodell sold his 50% interest in MCS to Turner in April 1997. In connection with the sale,



       1
       As hereinafter explained, we will accept as true the complaint’s allegations unless they
were specifically refuted by the affidavits submitted in support of the individual Defendants’
motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
Turner, on behalf of MCS, and Rodell executed a management contract pursuant to which Rodell

agreed to perform management consulting services for MCS for an eight-year term. MCS agreed

to pay Rodell a total of $2 million under the contract at the rate of $250,000 per year. In

addition, Turner signed a promissory note in his individual capacity promising to pay Rodell the

sum of $1 million over a five-year period. The promissory note specified that the first

installment of $100,000 would be due on April 14, 1998, the one-year anniversary of the stock

sale. After the sale, Turner became the president and sole shareholder of MCS.



               Approximately one week after the sale was consummated, Rodell incorporated a

new company, Cornerstone Systems, Inc., and he became its president. Like MCS, Cornerstone

is an intermodal marketing company based in Memphis, Tennessee.



               MCS’s complaint asserted causes of action against the Defendants for

misappropriation of trade secrets and unfair trade practices (count I), procurement of breach of

contract (count II), intentional interference with business relationship (count III), civil

conspiracy (count IV), and breach of fiduciary duty (count V). In addition, the complaint

asserted claims for defamation (count VI) against some of the Defendants and a claim for breach

of management contract (count VII) against Rodell.



               In support of these claims, the complaint alleged that, both prior and subsequent

to the closing of the sale of Rodell’s MCS stock to Turner, Rodell and the other Defendants

solicited MCS employees to leave MCS and to work with Rodell and Cornerstone. According to

the complaint, the Defendants deliberately set out to recruit many of MCS’s key operations,

sales, and administrative personnel. To substantiate these allegations, the complaint asserted that

on June 16, 1997, Larry Pritchett, Ricardo Fernandez, and all of the employees in MCS’s

Chicago, Illinois, office resigned en masse. The complaint further asserted that on June 17 and

18, 1997, Guy Wallace and all of the employees in MCS’s Portsmouth, Virginia, office resigned

en masse. The resigning employees sent similar letters of resignation to MCS’s corporate office

in Memphis. At the time the complaint was filed, all of Cornerstone’s employees were former

MCS employees.
               The complaint further alleged that the Defendants, using their knowledge of

MCS’s contracts and business relationships, solicited MCS’s customers to terminate their

contracts and business relationships with MCS and to enter into contractual and business

relationships with Cornerstone. According to the complaint, the Defendants created confusion as

to the source of services provided by both MCS and Cornerstone, at times representing that MCS

was changing its name to Cornerstone. The complaint additionally asserted several defamation

claims, including one alleging that Defendant Ricardo Fernandez stated to Mountain Intermodal

that “MCS was going under” and that Fernandez was going with a new company. The complaint

alleged that all of the Defendants engaged in a civil conspiracy to misappropriate MCS’s

confidential and/or proprietary information, to engage in unfair trade practices, and to destroy

MCS’s business by inducing the breach of existing contracts and business relationships between

MCS and its key employees, customers, carriers, and vendors. The complaint claimed that these

and other actions by the Defendants constituted breaches of their duties of loyalty to MCS.



               Three of the Defendants, Ricardo Fernandez, Guy Wallace, and Larry Pritchett,

responded to MCS’s complaint by filing motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. In

support of their respective motions to dismiss, the three Defendants submitted virtually identical

affidavits that contained the following statements: that, prior to June 1997, the Defendants were

employed by MCS on an at-will basis; that they never executed any sort of noncompetition or

confidentiality agreements; that they carried out all of their responsibilities for MCS in their

respective home states; that they were not required to visit the state of Tennessee or to work in

Tennessee as part of their responsibilities for MCS; that they, in fact, did not visit or work in

Tennessee as part of their responsibilities for MCS; that they terminated their respective

relationships with MCS in June 1997 of their own free wills; that they were not induced to leave

MCS by Rodell or Cornerstone; and that, to the contrary, they initiated contact with Rodell

regarding possible employment opportunities. The Defendants’ affidavits concluded by denying

that they were disloyal to MCS and, in Fernandez’s case, by further denying that he had defamed

MCS.



               The trial court denied the three Defendants’ motions to dismiss. Subsequently,

the trial court and this court granted the Defendants’ application for permission to pursue an
interlocutory appeal before this court. See Tenn. R. App. P. 9. In its order granting permission

to appeal, the trial court explained why it denied the Defendants’ motions to dismiss:



               [MCS] urges the Court to find that the jury could find that
               Movants, together with the other defendants herein, participated in
               a civil conspiracy to do harm to [MCS], a Tennessee corporation,
               each Movant having acted in his own state of residence to do so.
               Part of Movants’ alleged activity had to do with leaving
               employment with one Tennessee corporation and taking
               employment with another Tennessee corporation in direct
               competition and in an effort to pirate the business of [MCS]. The
               Court agrees that these facts are sufficient to support [MCS’s]
               contention that minimum contacts with the forum state do exist, as
               is constitutionally required. . . .

                       ....

                        . . . Among those acts, [MCS] claims that Movants
               impermissibly solicited then current employees of [MCS] who
               worked in the same offices as they did to terminate their
               employment with [MCS] to work for Defendant Cornerstone,
               resulting in the en masse resignations of the entire Chicago,
               Illinois and Portsmouth, Virginia office[s] of [MCS] and the
               transmission, via facsimile, to [MCS’s] corporate office in
               Tennessee of notices of resignation by employees from said
               offices. . . .

                       . . . The Complaint does not allege that any of the
               complained of acts generally attributed to all defendants occurred
               in the State of Tennessee insofar as the Movants are concerned, but
               the Court believes that such general allegations are sufficient
               among other factors . . . to establish the “minimum contacts”
               necessary to provide this Court with jurisdiction over Movants.



               In April 1998, C.O. Turner, III, filed a motion for permission to intervene in this

lawsuit. In his proposed complaint, which named only Rick Rodell as a defendant, Turner

sought a declaratory judgment that the $1 million promissory note signed by him in connection

with his purchase of Rodell’s interest in MCS was unenforceable because of a lack of

consideration. Specifically, Turner contended that the promissory note lacked consideration

because Turner did not receive a personal benefit in exchange for his execution of the promissory

note. In his proposed complaint, Turner also asked the trial court to enjoin Rodell “from

commencing or prosecuting any other action regarding the payment of the Promissory Note.”

When he filed the motion to intervene, Turner deposited the sum of $100,000 with the court

clerk, the amount of the first installment due under the promissory note. The trial court entered

an order directing the court clerk to invest the funds in a bank account “at the highest prevailing
interest rate available for the benefit of Intervenor pending this litigation and further Order of the

Court.”



               Rodell objected to Turner’s motion to intervene on the ground, inter alia, that

“[t]he issue raised by the intervenor regarding the note [was] strictly between the intervenor and

Rodell and [had] no place in this litigation involving many defendants unconnected with this

transaction.” Rodell also argued that Turner’s deposit of the first installment with the court clerk

did not constitute payment as required under the note, and Rodell stated his intention to declare

the note in default and to accelerate payment due of the entire note.



               Despite these objections, the trial court entered an order granting Turner’s motion

to intervene on June 8, 1998. In its order, the trial court indicated that it would grant Turner’s

request for preliminary injunctive relief upon his posting a bond in an amount required by the

court. To this end, the order enjoined Rodell from “commencing or prosecuting any other action

regarding the payment of the Promissory Note dated April 14, 1997, which is the subject of the

intervening complaint, pending resolution of the declaratory judgment complaint, upon the

plaintiff posting a corporate bond in the amount of $1,600,000.00.”



               Turner subsequently filed his complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief

against Rodell; however, Turner did not post the $1.6 million bond referenced in the trial court’s

June 8 order allowing intervention.



               Rodell filed an answer to Turner’s complaint and a counterclaim in which he

contended that Turner had defaulted on the note. Rodell later filed a motion for summary

judgment as to Turner’s intervening complaint in which he argued, on various grounds, that the

complaint should be dismissed on the merits.



               On September 3, 1998, the trial court entered a supplemental order again granting

Turner’s motion to intervene. In its supplemental order, however, the trial court explained that

the $1.6 million bond referenced in the court’s June 1998 order was a condition precedent to

allowing Turner to intervene in this action. Accordingly, the trial court ordered Turner to post
the required bond within ten days of entry of the supplemental order.



                 On September 15, 1998, when Turner still had not posted the $1.6 million bond,

Rodell filed a Petition for Scire Facias and Citation for Contempt against Turner based upon his

failure to post the bond. As a remedy for Turner’s alleged contempt, Rodell asked the trial court

to impose one of the punishments set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 29-9-1032 and

29-9-1043 and/or to dismiss Turner’s intervening complaint under the authority of Tennessee

Rule of Civil Procedure 41.02.4 Rodell also suggested that the trial court “dismiss the entire

case,” including MCS’s complaint against the various Defendants, “[s]ince Turner is the sole


       2
           Section 29-9-103 contains the following provisions:

                        (a)    The punishment for contempt may be by fine or by
                 imprisonment, or both.

                         (b)      Where not otherwise specially provided, the circuit,
                 chancery, and appellate courts are limited to a fine of fifty
                 dollars ($50.00), and imprisonment not exceeding ten (10) days,
                 and, except as provided in § 29-9-108, all other courts are limited
                 to a fine of ten dollars ($10.00).

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-103 (Supp. 1997).
       3
           Section 29-9-104 contains the following provisions:

                         (a)     If the contempt consists in an omission to perform
                 an act which it is yet in the power of the person to perform, he may
                 be imprisoned until he performs it.

                         (b)     The person or if same be a corporation, then the said
                 person or corporation can be separately fined, as authorized by law,
                 for each day it is in contempt until it performs the act ordered by
                 the court.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104 (1980).
       4
           As pertinent, rule 41.02 provides that

                        (1)     For failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or to comply
                 with these rules or any order of court, a defendant may move for
                 dismissal of an action or of any claim against the defendant.

                         ....

                         (3)     Unless the court in its order for dismissal otherwise
                 specifies, a dismissal under this subdivision and any dismissal not
                 provided for in this Rule 41, other than a dismissal for lack of

                 jurisdiction or for improper venue or for lack of an indispensable
                 party, operates as an adjudication upon the merits.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.02.
stockholder of MCS.”



               On October 9, 1998, the trial court entered an order finding both of the Plaintiffs

to be in contempt of court and, as sanctions, dismissing both Turner’s intervening complaint and

MCS’s original complaint. Specifically, the trial court found



               that the Plaintiffs are in contempt of this Court for the failure of the
               plaintiff-intervenor, C.O. Turner III, who is also the sole
               stockholder of the plaintiff, [MCS], to make a bond in the proper
               form and manner in the amount of $1,600,000 as ordered by this
               Court by the orders entered June 8, 1998, and September 3, 1998,
               which bond was expressly ordered by the Court as a condition
               precedent for the intervention of [Turner], pursuant to Rules 24 and
               65 of Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.”



Citing rule 41.02 and the court’s inherent authority to punish for contempt, the trial court

dismissed MCS’s complaint and Turner’s intervening complaint “with prejudice on the merits”

due to Turner’s “willful contempt” and “failure to comply with the [court’s] orders.” Upon its

express determination that there was “no just reason for delay,” the trial court directed the entry

of a final judgment as to MCS’s and Turner’s respective claims. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02.

Both MCS and Turner timely appealed the trial court’s order of dismissal.



               After the trial court entered its order of dismissal, Rodell amended the motion for

summary judgment in which he previously had asked the trial court to dismiss Turner’s

intervening complaint on the merits. In his amended motion, Rodell asked the trial court to grant

the additional relief of entering summary judgment in his favor on his counterclaim against

Turner.



               In December 1998, the trial court finally disposed of all the claims in this action

when it entered summary judgment in favor of Rodell on his counterclaim on the note. The trial

court awarded Rodell the principal amount of $1 million, plus interest and attorney’s fees.

Turner again filed a notice of appeal, this time referencing the summary judgment entered in

favor of Rodell. For purposes of hearing, this court consolidated the parties’ appeals.
  I. Order Denying Three Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction



               On appeal, Defendants Fernandez, Wallace, and Pritchett contend that the trial

court erred in denying their motions to dismiss because they lack sufficient contacts with the

state of Tennessee to support the trial court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over them. In

support of this contention, the Defendants cite the unrefuted assertions contained in their

affidavits, specifically, that they had at-will relationships with MCS, that they performed all of

their work for MCS in their respective states of residence, that they performed no work in the

state of Tennessee, and that they had not visited the state of Tennessee. The Defendants further

contend that the trial court erred in finding jurisdiction based upon the conspiracy theory of

jurisdiction because this doctrine has not been, and should not be, embraced by the courts of this

state.



               The plaintiff in an action bears the burden of establishing a prima facie case that

exercising personal jurisdiction over the defendant is proper. Davis Kidd Booksellers, Inc. v.

Day-Impex, Ltd., 832 S.W.2d 572, 577 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); accord CompuServe, Inc. v.

Patterson, 89 F.3d 1257, 1261-62 (6th Cir. 1996); Market/Media Research, Inc. v. Union-

Tribune Publ’g Co., 951 F.2d 102, 104 (6th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 824 (1992);

Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991); Serras v. First Tennessee Bank

Nat’l Ass’n, 875 F.2d 1212, 1214 (6th Cir. 1989). If the defendant challenges the trial court’s

personal jurisdiction over him by filing a properly supported motion to dismiss, “the plaintiff

may not stand on his pleadings but must, by affidavit or otherwise, set forth specific facts

showing that the court has jurisdiction.” Theunissen, 935 F.2d at 1458; accord Serras, 875 F.2d

at 1214.



               In ruling on the defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction,

however, the trial court is required to construe the pleadings and affidavits in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff. Chase Cavett Servs., Inc. v. Brandon Apparel Group, Inc., No.

02A01-9803-CH-00055, 1998 WL 846708, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 7, 1998) (no perm. app.

filed); accord CompuServe, 89 F.3d at 1262; Market/Media Research, 951 F.2d at 104;

Theunissen, 935 F.2d at 1459; Serras, 875 F.2d at 1214. Under this standard, dismissal is
proper only if all of the specific facts alleged by the plaintiff collectively fail to state a prima

facie case for jurisdiction. CompuServe, 89 F.3d at 1262; Market/Media Research, 951 F.2d at

105; Theunissen, 935 F.2d at 1459.5



                Tennessee’s long-arm statute permits the courts of this state to exercise

jurisdiction upon, inter alia, “[a]ny basis not inconsistent with the constitution of this state or of

the United States.” Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 20-2-214(a)(6), 20-2-225(2) (1994 & Supp. 1997).

When a state’s long-arm statute authorizes the assertion of personal jurisdiction to the limits of

federal due process, as does Tennessee’s long-arm statute, the issue becomes simply whether the

trial court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over the defendant meets due process requirements.

Coblentz GMC/Freightliner, Inc. v. General Motors Corp., 724 F. Supp. 1364, 1368 (M.D. Ala.

1989), aff’d, 932 F.2d 977 (11th Cir. 1991).



                Following the United States Supreme Court’s lead, the Tennessee Supreme Court

has adopted the “minimum contacts” test for determining when the courts of this state may

exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. Davis Kidd Booksellers, Inc. v.

Day-Impex, Ltd., 832 S.W.2d 572, 574-75 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (citing Masada Inv. Corp. v.

Allen, 697 S.W.2d 332, 334 (Tenn. 1985)). In adopting this test, our supreme court explained

that



                due process requires that a non-resident defendant be subject to a
                judgment in personam only if he has minimum contacts with the
                forum such that “the maintenance of the suit does not offend


        5
         When a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is decided upon the parties’
pleadings and affidavits, as opposed to an evidentiary hearing, the procedure in many respects is
similar to a summary judgment procedure. See Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 214-15 (Tenn.
1993) (holding that nonmoving party faced with properly supported motion for summary
judgment may not rely upon allegations of his pleadings and, further, that trial judge ruling on
motion for summary judgment must view evidence in favor of nonmoving party); see also
Radaszewski v. Telecom Corp., 981 F.2d 305, 310 (8th Cir. 1992) (noting similarities between
analytical processes applied to motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and motions
for summary judgment), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 908 (1993). Our supreme court has stressed,
however, that the two procedures should not be confused because, whereas a motion to dismiss
for lack of jurisdiction is a motion in abatement, a motion for summary judgment is a motion in
bar that goes to the merits of the action. Nicholstone Book Bindery, Inc. v. Chelsea House
Publishers, 621 S.W.2d 560, 561 n.1 (Tenn. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 994 (1982); see also
Goff v. Hackett Stone Co., No. 98-7137, 1999 WL 397409, at *2 (10th Cir. 1999) (indicating
that, whereas dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction should be without prejudice, dismissal by
summary judgment is with prejudice and may preclude subsequent action in another forum).
               ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.;’”
               International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.
               Ct. 154, 158, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945). However, the absence of
               physical contacts will not defeat in personam jurisdiction where a
               commercial actor purposefully directs his activities toward citizens
               of the forum State and litigation results from injuries arising out of
               or relating to those activities. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,
               [471 U.S. 462, 472], 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2182, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528
               (1985). In such a case, “the defendant’s conduct and connection
               with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate
               being haled into court there.” World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.
               Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S. Ct. 559, 567, 62 L. Ed. 2d
               490 (1980).



Masada Inv. Corp. v. Allen, 697 S.W.2d 332, 334 (Tenn. 1985).



               At the time Fernandez, Wallace, and Pritchett sought permission to appeal the

trial court’s order denying their motions to dismiss, the appellate courts of this state had not

specifically adopted the conspiracy theory of jurisdiction. Although prior opinions of both this

court and our supreme court had hinted at the viability of such a theory, the courts apparently had

not been required to directly address the issue. See, e.g., Budget Rent-A-Car of Knoxville,

Inc. v. Car Servs., Inc., 469 S.W.2d 360, 361 (Tenn. 1971) (concluding that defendants were not

subject to Tennessee court’s personal jurisdiction because record contained nothing to establish

any presence or activity in Tennessee by defendants or by anyone representing them incidental to

alleged conspiracy on which suit was grounded); Putnam v. Putnam, No.

02A01-9511-CH-00250, 1996 WL 740807, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 1996) (no perm. app.

filed) (concluding that defendant was not subject to Tennessee court’s personal jurisdiction

because alleged conspiracy occurred in Alabama).



               After oral arguments were heard in this case, this court issued an opinion in which

it specifically adopted the conspiracy theory of jurisdiction. In Chenault v. Walker, No.

02A01-9812-CV-00340, slip op. at 14-15 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2000), we concluded, as had

courts in other jurisdictions,6 that the exercise of personal jurisdiction pursuant to this theory


       6
        See, e.g., United Phosphorus, Ltd. v. Angus Chem. Co., 43 F. Supp. 2d 904, 912-16
(N.D. Ill. 1999); General Motors Corp. v. Lopez, 948 F. Supp. 656, 664-66 (E.D. Mich. 1996);
Perry v. Kempton, 864 F. Supp. 37, 39 (S.D. Ohio 1994); Thompson Trading Ltd. v. Allied
Lyons PLC, 124 F.R.D. 534, 535-37 (D.R.I. 1989); see also Hercules Inc. v. Leu Trust &
Banking Ltd., 611 A.2d 476, 481-84 (Del. 1992), cert. dismissed, 507 U.S. 1025 (1993); Execu-
Tech Bus. Sys., Inc. v. New Oji Paper Co., ___ So. 2d ___, 2000 WL 44051, at *2-*3 (Fla.
comported with constitutional due process requirements. In articulating the conspiracy theory of

jurisdiction, we quoted extensively from the decision of a Maryland federal district court:



               [The conspiracy theory of jurisdiction] is based on two principles:
               (1) that the acts of one co-conspirator are attributable to all co-
               conspirators, McLaughlin v. Copeland, 435 F. Supp. 513, 530 (D.
               Md. 1977) (“McLaughlin”); and (2) that the constitutional
               requirement of minimum contacts between non-resident defendants
               and the forum can be met if there is a substantial connection
               between the forum and a conspiracy entered into by such
               defendants. Vermont Castings, Inc. v. Evans Products Co., 510
               F. Supp. 940, 944 (D. Vt. 1981). The conspiracy theory of
               jurisdiction as developed in the cases, holds that when several
               individuals (1) conspire to do something (2) that they could
               reasonably expect to have consequences in a particular forum, if
               one co-conspirator (3) who is subject to personal jurisdiction in the
               forum (4) commits overt acts in furtherance of the conspiracy,
               those acts are attributable to the other co-conspirators, who thus
               become subject to personal jurisdiction even if they have no other
               contacts with the forum. . . .

                      ....

                        However, in several cases in which the conspirator who
               committed the overt acts was a resident of the forum, courts have
               required only that “substantial acts” in furtherance of the
               conspiracy be committed in the forum. . . . While these courts did
               not address the point explicitly, the only reasonable interpretation
               of this standard is that the acts committed in furtherance of the
               conspiracy must be of a type that, if committed by the non-resident
               co-conspirators themselves, . . . would have provided a basis for
               subjecting the non-residents to personal jurisdiction under the
               forum’s long-arm statute. If the overt acts do not meet this
               standard, it would be patently unfair to subject those non-residents
               to personal jurisdiction via the conspiracy theory, under which the
               non-residents’ contacts with the forum are less direct.

                      All this suggests a need for a simplified articulation of the
               conspiracy theory of jurisdiction. Under that doctrine, when

               (1)     two or more individuals conspire to do something

               (2)     that they could reasonably expect to lead to consequences
               in a particular forum, if

               (3)    one co-conspirator commits overt acts in furtherance of the
               conspiracy, and

               (4)    those acts are of a type which, if committed by a non-
               resident, would subject the non-resident to personal jurisdiction
               under the long-arm statute of the forum state,

               then those overt acts are attributable to the other co-conspirators,


2000); Rudo v. Stubbs, 472 S.E.2d 515, 516-18 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996); Cameron v. Owens-
Corning Fiberglas Corp., 695 N.E.2d 572, 577-79 (Ill. App. Ct.), appeal denied, 705 N.E.2d
434 (Ill. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 872 (1999).
                 who thus become subject to personal jurisdiction in the forum,
                 even if they have no direct contacts with the forum.



Cawley v. Bloch, 544 F. Supp. 133, 134-35 (D. Md. 1982) (citations and footnotes omitted),

quoted in Chenault v. Walker, No. 02A01-9812-CV-00340, slip op. at 14-15 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Feb. 9, 2000).



                 Viewing the assertions contained in the pleadings and affidavits in the light most

favorable to MCS, we hold that these assertions are sufficient to support the trial court’s exercise

of jurisdiction over these Defendants pursuant to the conspiracy theory of jurisdiction. In its

complaint, MCS alleged that the Defendants, including Fernandez, Wallace, and Pritchett,

conspired to induce MCS’s employees and customers to breach their existing contracts with

MCS and to form new contracts with Cornerstone. In doing so, the Defendants allegedly misled

customers by representing that MCS and Cornerstone were the same entity, and they allegedly

misappropriated MCS’s confidential and/or proprietary information. If these allegations are true,

the Defendants reasonably could expect their actions to lead to consequences in the state of

Tennessee, inasmuch as both MCS and Cornerstone are Tennessee corporations having principal

places of business in Memphis.



                 Moreover, Defendant Rick Rodell allegedly directed and performed his part of the

conspiracy from his home state of Tennessee. In furtherance of the conspiracy, Rodell

incorporated Cornerstone Systems, Inc., in Tennessee, and, on behalf of his new corporation, he

recruited many of MCS’s key employees, some of whom worked in MCS’s Memphis office.

According to the complaint’s allegations, Rodell and the other Defendants also induced all of

MCS’s employees in both the Portsmouth, Virginia, office and the Chicago, Illinois, office to

resign en masse and to transmit their letters of resignation to MCS’s corporate office in

Memphis. In our view, the overt acts allegedly committed by Rodell in furtherance of the

conspiracy would be sufficient to subject a nonresident to personal jurisdiction under this state’s

long-arm statute. Accordingly, these acts may be attributed to the Defendants for purposes of

exercising personal jurisdiction over them.
               On appeal, the Defendants suggest that this court’s adoption of the conspiracy

theory of jurisdiction represents a departure from traditional minimum contacts analysis. We

disagree. As explained by the Supreme Court of Delaware when it adopted the conspiracy

theory of jurisdiction,



               a defendant who has so voluntarily participated in a conspiracy
               with knowledge of its acts in or effects in the forum state can be
               said to have purposefully availed himself of the privilege of
               conducting activities in the forum state, thereby fairly invoking the
               benefits and burdens of its laws. . . . It can further be said that such
               participation is a substantial contact with the jurisdiction of a
               nature and quality that it is reasonable and fair to require the
               defendant to come and defend an action there. Additional contacts
               would of course make even more equitable the [exercise of]
               jurisdiction.



Istituto Bancario Italiano SpA v. Hunter Eng’g Co., 449 A.2d 210, 225 (Del. 1982) (citation

omitted).7 The Court of Appeals of Georgia provided a similar rationale when it adopted the

conspiracy theory of jurisdiction, explaining that



               [w]hen the purpose of a conspiracy is to commit an intentional tort
               against a Georgian, all of the coconspirators are purposefully
               directing their activities toward Georgia and should reasonably
               anticipate being haled into court here. . . . In this case, . . . the
               alleged conspiracy targeted a Georgia resident specifically. Thus,
               the nonresident conspirators purposefully directed their activities


       7
        In attempting to formulate a workable standard of the conspiracy theory of jurisdiction,
the Delaware court held that

               a conspirator who is absent from the forum state is subject to the
               jurisdiction of the court, assuming he is properly served under state
               law, if the plaintiff can make a factual showing that:

               (1)        a conspiracy to [commit a tort] existed;

               (2)        the defendant was a member of that conspiracy;

               (3)    a substantial act or substantial effect in furtherance of the
               conspiracy occurred in the forum state;

               (4)     the defendant knew or had reason to know of the act in the
               forum state or that acts outside the forum state would have an
               effect in the forum state; and

               (5)    the act in, or effect on, the forum state was a direct and
               foreseeable result of the conduct in furtherance of the conspiracy.

Istituto Bancario Italiano, 449 A.2d at 225.
               toward Georgia, and could reasonably expect to be haled into court
               here. Accordingly, the imputation to them of the instate acts of
               their coconspirator to satisfy the requirements of the Georgia Long
               Arm Statute is not precluded by due process concerns.



Rudo v. Stubbs, 472 S.E.2d 515, 517 (Ga. Ct. App. 1996) (citation and footnote omitted).



               We conclude that the same rationale applies in the present case. If the allegations

of MCS’s complaint are true, the Defendants have conspired with a Tennessee resident to

commit one or more intentional torts against a Tennessee corporation. One of the alleged

conspirators, Rick Rodell, was a Tennessee resident and the president of a Tennessee

corporation, Cornerstone Systems, Inc. The alleged conspiracy specifically targeted another

Tennessee corporation, MCS. Under these circumstances, the nonresident conspirators,

including Fernandez, Wallace, and Pritchett, have purposefully directed their activities toward

Tennessee and should reasonably anticipate being haled into court here. Accordingly, due

process concerns do not preclude the trial court from exercising personal jurisdiction over these

Defendants.



               We further note that, although they seek to minimize such contacts, the

Defendants themselves have contacts with the state of Tennessee. The Defendants were

employed by MCS, a Tennessee corporation. Although the events surrounding their resignations

from MCS were disputed, the parties did not dispute that the Defendants resigned from MCS and

immediately began working for another Tennessee corporation, Cornerstone. The Defendants

acknowledged contacting Rodell, a Tennessee resident, about employment opportunities, and

they sent copies of their resignation letters to MCS’s corporate office in Memphis. Even if these

contacts are insufficient, by themselves, to subject the Defendants to the trial court’s jurisdiction,

we conclude that these additional contacts weigh in favor of the trial court’s decision to exercise

jurisdiction over them.8


       8
         The law is well-settled that a trial court may not exercise personal jurisdiction over a
nonresident defendant merely because the defendant is employed by a company domiciled in the
forum state. Century Wrecker Corp. v. Hutchings, 1990 WL 131423, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Sept. 14, 1990) (no perm. app. filed) (citing Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462
(1985)). Nevertheless, courts have recognized that such employment creates a significant contact
which, when added to other contacts with the forum state, may support the exercise of personal
jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant. See Equifax Servs., Inc. v. Hitz, 905 F.2d 1355,
                 Citing Weller v. Cromwell Oil Co., 504 F.2d 927 (6th Cir. 1974), the Defendants

insist that they were entitled to dismissal of the action against them based upon MCS’s failure to

respond to the affidavits that the Defendants filed in support of their motions to dismiss for lack

of personal jurisdiction. In Weller, the court held that, where a motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction is filed and is supported by affidavits, the plaintiff may not rest upon the

allegations of his complaint. Instead, the plaintiff must respond, by affidavit or otherwise, and

“must set forth specific facts showing that the court has jurisdiction.” Weller, 504 F.2d at 929-

30. As pointed out by the Defendants, when presented with their motions to dismiss, MCS did

not respond, by affidavit or otherwise, but instead chose to rely upon the allegations contained in

its complaint.



                 Despite MCS’s failure to respond, we hold that Fernandez, Wallace, and Pritchett

were not entitled to dismissal of the action against them. We agree with the statement that, “in

the face of a properly supported motion for dismissal, the plaintiff may not stand on his pleadings

but must, by affidavit or otherwise, set forth specific facts showing that the court has

jurisdiction.” Theunissen v. Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991) (citing Weller, 504

F.2d at 930). The key to this statement of procedural law, however, is that the motion to dismiss

must be “properly supported.” Id. In ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction, the trial court must presume that the complaint’s allegations are true to the extent

they are not contradicted by the parties’ affidavits. American Land Program, Inc. v.

Bonaventura Uitgevers Maatschappij, N.V., 710 F.2d 1449, 1454 (10th Cir. 1983). In our view,

therefore, a defendant’s motion to dismiss is not “properly supported” by his affidavit unless the

affidavit effectively negates the jurisdictional allegations of the plaintiff’s complaint.



                 As we previously discussed, the Defendants’ motions to dismiss in this case were

supported by affidavits which asserted merely that the Defendants were employed by MCS on an

at-will basis, that they never executed any sort of noncompetition or confidentiality agreements,

that they carried out all of their responsibilities for MCS in their respective home states, that they

were not required to visit the state of Tennessee or to work in Tennessee as part of their


1358-59 (10th Cir. 1990); Shipley Co. v. Clark, 728 F. Supp. 818, 822-23 (D. Mass. 1990); see
also ALTA Analytics, Inc. v. Muuss, 75 F. Supp. 2d 773, 779 (S.D. Ohio 1999).
responsibilities for MCS, that they terminated their respective relationships with MCS of their

own free wills, that they were not induced to leave MCS by Rick Rodell or Cornerstone, that they

initiated contact with Rodell regarding possible employment opportunities, and, finally, that they

had not been disloyal to MCS. Although the Defendants’ affidavits emphasized their lack of

physical contacts with the state of Tennessee, they did little to rebut many of the jurisdictional

allegations of MCS’s complaint. For example, the affidavits did not contradict the complaint’s

assertions that the Defendants conspired with Rodell to induce customers and other employees to

terminate their relationships with MCS, nor did they deny that the en masse resignations of

MCS’s employees in Chicago and Portsmouth resulted from a common scheme.



               Moreover, although the affidavits asserted that Rodell did not induce the

Defendants to terminate their employment with MCS and that they, in fact, initiated contact with

Rodell, such assertions are not necessarily inconsistent with the complaint’s allegations that

Rodell and the Defendants entered into a conspiracy to interfere with MCS’s contracts and to

misappropriate MCS’s confidential and/or proprietary information. Although the Defendants

claimed to have initiated contact with Rodell, for instance, they could later have entered into a

conspiracy with Rodell based upon the conversations that occurred during their initial contacts.

And, although their affidavits generally denied that the Defendants were disloyal to MCS, the

affidavits did not address the complaint’s allegations that the Defendants misappropriated MCS’s

confidential and/or proprietary information. Inasmuch as the Defendants’ affidavits failed to

effectively negate the jurisdictional allegations of MCS’s complaint, MCS’s decision to rest upon

the allegations of its complaint was not fatal to its action against Fernandez, Wallace, and

Pritchett.



               We also reject the Defendants’ argument that MCS’s complaint failed to establish

a prima facie case that jurisdiction existed because the complaint contained only generalized

allegations of a conspiracy without including any specific factual allegations that these

Defendants engaged in misconduct. We agree with the observation of one federal court when it

stated that “a plaintiff should not be permitted to hale a defendant into court based only on a

bald-faced, conclusory assertion of conspiracy with no supporting factual allegations.”

Thompson Trading Ltd. v. Allied Lyons PLC, 124 F.R.D. 534, 537 (D.R.I. 1989). The same
court also noted, however, that



               conspiracy is an activity which by its very nature is not done in the
               open for all to see. Since defendants are likely in control of any
               relevant evidence, it would be manifestly unfair to force plaintiff to
               plead specific facts proving particular conspiratorial acts prior to
               giving plaintiff the opportunity to conduct discovery.



Id.; accord General Motors Corp. v. Lopez, 948 F. Supp. 656, 664 (E.D. Mich. 1996) (indicating

that “[t]otally unsupported conspiracy allegations do not support jurisdiction” but that, “[a]t the

same time, it is not fair to require a plaintiff to plead specific facts proving conspiracy before

discovery”), quoted in Chenault v. Walker, No. 02A01-9812-CV-00340, slip op. at 13 (Tenn.

Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2000).



               At this stage in the proceedings, a plaintiff need only plead sufficient factual

allegations from which the existence of a conspiracy may be inferred. Thompson Trading, 124

F.R.D. at 536. After carefully reviewing the complaint in this case, we hold that MCS has pled

sufficiently specific factual allegations to withstand the Defendants’ motions to dismiss. See id.

at 536-37.



II. Order Dismissing MCS’s and Turner’s Complaints Due to Turner’s Failure to Post Bond



               We likewise affirm the dismissal of Turner’s intervening complaint against

Rodell. On appeal, Turner attacks the order of dismissal on several grounds. Turner first

contends that the trial court improperly required him to post a $1.6 million bond as a condition to

intervening in this action. Turner points out that the trial court’s original order allowing him to

intervene, dated June 8, 1998, required him to post the bond only as a condition to obtaining

injunctive relief, not as a condition to intervening in the action. The trial court did not specify

that the bond was a condition to intervening in the action until September 3, 1998, when the

court entered its supplemental order. Turner contends that he effectively abandoned his claim for

injunctive relief when he did not post the $1.6 million bond and that the trial court should not

have continued to impose this requirement.

               We conclude that these arguments are without merit. The trial court granted
Turner’s motion to intervene pursuant to rule 24.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure,

governing permissive intervention, which provides that,



                       [u]pon timely application anyone may be permitted to
               intervene in an action: (1) when a statute confers a conditional
               right to intervene; or (2) when an applicant’s claim or defense and
               the main action have a question of law or fact in common. In
               exercising discretion the court shall consider whether or not the
               intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the
               rights of the original parties.



Tenn. R. Civ. P. 24.02.



               Under rule 24.02, the trial court may permit an applicant to intervene if the court

determines that the applicant’s claims and the underlying action have a common question of law

or fact. Ballard v. Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tenn. 1996); Tenn. R. Civ. P. 24.02. A

question of law is “[a]n issue which involves the application or interpretation of a law.” Black’s

Law Dictionary 1122 (5th ed. 1979). A question of fact is “[a]n issue involving the resolution of

a factual dispute.” Id. As indicated by the language of rule 24.02, the decision to allow a

permissive intervention is a matter entrusted to the trial court’s discretion. Ballard, 924 S.W.2d

at 658. Absent a showing that the trial court abused its discretion, this court will not reverse the

trial court’s decision. Id.; accord Shelby County Deputy Sheriff’s Ass’n v. Gilless, 972 S.W.2d

683, 685 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).



               As an initial matter, we are not convinced that Turner’s motion to intervene even

met the requirements for a permissive intervention because the motion failed to establish the

existence of any questions of law or fact common to both Turner’s claims and the underlying

action. As we previously indicated, Turner’s claims for declaratory and injunctive relief were

premised on his argument that the $1 million promissory note signed by him in connection with

his purchase of Rodell’s interest in MCS lacked consideration because Turner did not receive any

personal benefit in exchange for executing the note. Thus, Turner’s claims presented the narrow

question of whether the promissory note was unenforceable due to a lack of consideration. On

the other hand, MCS’s claims against the Defendants in the underlying action were premised on

MCS’s assertions that, both prior and subsequent to Rodell’s sale of his interest in MCS to
Turner, Rodell and the other Defendants conspired to misappropriate MCS’s confidential and/or

proprietary information, to engage in unfair trade practices, and to destroy MCS’s business by

inducing the breach of existing contracts and business relationships between MCS and its key

employees, customers, carriers, and vendors. A review of the complaints’ allegations, therefore,

fails to confirm that the intervening claims and the underlying action share any common

questions of law or fact.



               In support of his motion to intervene, Turner asserted that he executed the

promissory note in connection with the transaction whereby Rodell sold his interest in MCS to

Turner and that this transaction also was “the genesis of the present litigation.” We recognize

that the same transaction forms part of the factual background for both Turner’s claims and the

underlying action. If Rodell had not sold his interest in MCS to Turner, Rodell likely would not

have established a new corporation that directly competed with MCS for its employees and

customers. Nevertheless, the common fact of this transaction does not support intervention. For

purposes of MCS’s action against the Defendants, the transaction whereby Rodell sold his

interest in MCS to Turner is not in dispute. What is in dispute is the conduct of Rodell and the

other Defendants just prior and subsequent to the transaction. The transaction itself does not

present any legal or factual question that needs to be resolved in the underlying action. In light of

the tenuous relationship between Turner’s claims and the underlying action, therefore, the trial

court would have been justified in denying Turner’s motion to intervene.



               Inasmuch as the trial court had the discretion to deny Turner’s motion to intervene

altogether, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting Turner to

intervene but, at the same time, imposing a condition on Turner’s intervention. Although this

issue apparently has not been addressed by the appellate courts of this state, our conclusion is

supported by authorities interpreting the comparable federal rule on permissive intervention. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b).9 In Beauregard, Inc. v. Sword Services LLC, 107 F.3d 351 (5th Cir.


       9
        The pertinent provisions of federal rule 24(b) are virtually identical to those of Tennessee
rule 24.02. Rule 24(b) provides that

                      [u]pon timely application anyone may be permitted to
               intervene in an action: (1) when a statute of the United States
               confers a conditional right to intervene; or (2) when an applicant’s
1997), for example, the court noted that



               [i]t is undisputed that virtually any condition may be attached to a
               grant of permissive intervention. See, e.g., United Nuclear
               Corp. v. Cranford Ins. Co., 905 F.2d 1424 (10th Cir. 1990)[, cert.
               denied, 498 U.S. 1073 (1991)]; Fox v. Glickman Corp., 355 F.2d
               161, 164 (2d Cir. 1965)[, cert. denied, 384 U.S. 960 (1966)];
               Wright, Miller & Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil 2d,
               § 1913, § 1922 (1986) (“Since the court has discretion to refuse
               intervention altogether, it also may specify the conditions on which
               it will allow the applicant to become a party.”).



Beauregard, 107 F.3d at 352 n.2.



               Similarly, in Stringfellow v. Concerned Neighbors in Action, 480 U.S. 370

(1987), Justice Brennan, in a concurring opinion, noted that



               [e]ven highly restrictive conditions may be appropriately placed on
               a permissive intervenor, because such a party has by definition
               neither a statutory right to intervene nor any interest at stake that
               the other parties will not adequately protect or that it could not
               adequately protect in another proceeding.



Stringfellow, 480 U.S. at 382 n.1 (Brennan, J., concurring) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b)); accord

Columbus-America Discovery Group v. Atlantic Mut. Ins. Co., 974 F.2d 450, 469 (4th Cir.

1992) (“When granting an application for permissive intervention, a federal district court is able

to impose almost any condition.”), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 1000 (1993); In re Discovery Zone

Sec. Litig., 181 F.R.D. 582, 601 (N.D. Ill. 1998) (“It is axiomatic that courts may put limitations

on a party’s ability to intervene permissively under Rule 24(b)(2).”); Lelsz v. Kavanagh, 783 F.

Supp. 286, 292 (N.D. Tex. 1991) (“[A]n application for permissive intervention, unlike

intervention as of right, is addressed to the discretion of the court, and the court, accordingly,

may impose various conditions or restrictions on the scope of intervention.”), aff’d, 983 F.2d

1061 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 906 (1993); see also Meyer v. Meyer, 842 S.W.2d 184,


               claim or defense and the main action have a question of law or fact
               in common. . . . In exercising its discretion the court shall consider
               whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the
               adjudication of the rights of the original parties.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b).
188 (Mo. Ct. App. 1992) (“A court may impose conditions on its grant of permissive

intervention.”).



               In the present action, the trial court entered orders permitting Turner to intervene,

but the court conditioned Turner’s intervention upon his posting a $1.6 million bond. Inasmuch

as Turner failed to meet the condition for his intervention, we hold that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in dismissing his complaint against Rodell. In reaching this conclusion, we

stress that, although the trial court conditioned Turner’s intervention on posting the $1.6 million

bond, the court’s action did not prevent Turner from pursuing his claims on the promissory note

against Rodell. Turner could have filed a separate lawsuit challenging the enforceability of the

promissory note. The trial court’s ruling merely limited Turner’s right to pursue such claims in

the present action.



               Turner also contends that the trial court erred in dismissing his intervening

complaint based upon the court’s finding that Turner was in contempt of court for failing to

comply with the court’s orders allowing intervention. Describing the trial court’s dismissal of his

complaint as a “punitive and unconditional” sanction, Turner first characterizes the proceeding

which led to the dismissal of his intervening complaint as a criminal contempt action. Based

upon this characterization, Turner then contends that the trial court’s order of dismissal should be

reversed because the trial court denied Turner the constitutional and procedural protections to

which he was entitled in a criminal contempt action. Specifically, Turner contends that he was

not given notice that he was being charged with criminal contempt as required by Tennessee

Rule of Criminal Procedure 42(b). Turner further contends that the trial court erred in finding

him in contempt because he attempted in good faith to comply with the order to post the bond

and, thus, his failure to comply with the order was not willful.



               We believe that these arguments improperly characterize the proceeding that led

to the dismissal of Turner’s intervening complaint as a criminal contempt action. The trial court

dismissed Turner’s complaint pursuant to rule 41.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure,

which authorizes the court to dismiss a plaintiff’s claim if he fails to prosecute the claim, to

comply with the Rules of Civil Procedure, or to comply with any order of the court.
Thompson v. Dickerson, No. 02A01-9702-CV-00034, 1997 WL 437228, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Aug. 1, 1997) (no perm. app. filed); Kotil v. Hydra-Sports, Inc., No. 01A01-9305-CV-00200,

1994 WL 535542, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 5, 1994) (no perm. app. filed); Mills v. Bank of

Roane County, 1991 WL 126553, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 15, 1991) (no perm. app. filed);

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.02(1). Dismissal is a harsh sanction that generally is not favored in

circumstances where lesser sanctions are available, and this court does not treat decisions to

dismiss cases pursuant to rule 41.02 lightly. Kotil, 1994 WL 535542, at *3. In reviewing such

decisions, however, we recognize “that trial judges must be able to control their dockets and that

to do so, they must have available the most severe spectrum of sanctions not merely to penalize

those whose conduct warrants sanctions but also to deter others who might be tempted to engage

in similar conduct if the sanction did not exist.” Id. Accordingly, our review of such decisions is

governed by an abuse of discretion standard. Id., at *4.



               Although we recognize that the sanction of dismissal is “harsh,” we have found no

authority for the proposition that a dismissal proceeding under rule 41.02 constitutes a criminal

contempt proceeding or, for that matter, that the sanction of dismissal constitutes a criminal

contempt penalty. In light of Turner’s failure to direct us to any such authority, we reject his

attempt to characterize the dismissal proceeding as a criminal contempt proceeding. Moreover,

we note that Rodell’s Petition for Scire Facias and Citation for Contempt specifically informed

Turner that Rodell was seeking sanctions based upon Turner’s failure to post the bond and that

one of the sanctions sought was dismissal pursuant to rule 41.02.



               As for Turner’s argument that his failure to comply with the trial court’s order

was not willful,10 our review of this issue is hampered because the record on appeal does not



       10
          Although the language of rule 41.02 does not explicitly require that the plaintiff’s failure
to comply be willful, we note that appellate courts interpreting the comparable federal rule have
held that a dismissal under rule 41(b) for failure to comply with a court order is appropriate only
when there is a clear record of delay or contumacious conduct by the plaintiff or when less
drastic sanctions have proven ineffective. Guyer v. Beard, 907 F.2d 1424, 1429 (3d Cir. 1990);
Roland v. Salem Contract Carriers, Inc., 811 F.2d 1175, 1177 (7th Cir. 1987); Judkins v.
Beech Aircraft Corp., 723 F.2d 818, 819-20 (11th Cir. 1984); Carter v. City of Memphis, 636
F.2d 159, 161 (6th Cir. 1980); Wrenn v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co., 575 F.2d 544, 546 (5th
Cir. 1978). Like Tennessee rule 41.02, federal rule 41(b) authorizes the court to dismiss a claim
“[f]or failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or to comply with these rules or any order of court.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).
contain a complete transcript of the evidence presented at the hearing on Rodell’s motion. The

record contains a partial transcript of the October 2, 1998, hearing, but the transcript is marked

“Excerpt only,” and it appears to contain only the ruling announced by the trial court at the

hearing’s conclusion. The only evidence cited by Turner in support of this issue is an affidavit

that was filed several days after the hearing. 11



                The appellant bears the burden of showing that the evidence presented below

preponderates against the trial court’s judgment. Coakley v. Daniels, 840 S.W.2d 367, 370

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). To this end, the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure require the

appellant to prepare “a transcript of such part of the evidence or proceedings as is necessary to

convey a fair, accurate and complete account of what transpired with respect to those issues that

are the bases of appeal.” Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b); see also Johnson v. Hardin, 926 S.W.2d 236,

239 (Tenn. 1996); Nickas v. Capadalis, 954 S.W.2d 735, 742 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). In the

absence of a transcript or statement of the evidence, a presumption arises that the parties

presented sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s judgment, and this court will affirm the

judgment. Coakley, 840 S.W.2d at 370; Irvin v. City of Clarksville, 767 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1988).



                Inasmuch as the record in this case fails to include a complete transcript of the

hearing on Rodell’s motion, we are unable to determine whether, based upon the evidence before

it, the trial court erred in finding that Turner was in “willful contempt” due to his “failure to

comply with the [court’s] orders.” Under these circumstances, Turner has failed to meet his

burden of showing that the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s judgment, and this

issue does not provide a basis for this court to reverse the judgment on appeal.



                In any event, we conclude that the trial court was authorized to dismiss Turner’s

intervening complaint regardless of whether the evidence supported a dismissal under rule 41.02.

As we previously held, the trial court acted within its discretion when it conditioned Turner’s


        11
         The affidavit was signed by an account executive employed by Fidelity and Deposit
Company of Maryland, who stated that the company had been unable to write a bond as required
by the court’s orders because the company’s underwriters could not determine the scope of the
bond.
right to intervene in this action upon his posting a bond. When Turner failed to meet this

condition, the trial court properly denied Turner’s request to intervene by dismissing his

complaint.



               We conclude, on the other hand, that the trial court’s dismissal of MCS’s claims

in the underlying action must be reversed. Although rule 41.02 expressly authorizes a trial court

to dismiss a party’s claim if the party asserting the claim fails to comply with an order of the

court, we have found no support within the language of rule 41.02 for dismissing one party’s

claim based upon a different party’s violation of a court order. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 41.02(1). In this

case, MCS did not violate the court’s orders allowing intervention because the orders did not

require MCS to perform any specific act or, conversely, to refrain from performing any act. As a

condition of allowing Turner to intervene in the underlying action, the orders required only

Turner, and not MCS, to post a $1.6 million bond. By failing to post the required bond, Turner

risked, and ultimately suffered, the dismissal of his intervening complaint. The record contains

no support, however, for imposing this sanction against MCS.



               In urging this court to affirm the trial court’s order of dismissal against MCS, the

Defendants cite Quality First Staffing Services v. Chase-Cavett Services, Inc., No.

02A01-9807-CH-00205, 1999 WL 281312 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 7, 1999) (no perm. app. filed).

In that case, the trial court ruled that the appellants, both of whom were officers of a corporate

defendant, were in contempt of court for failing to deposit money into the court registry as

directed by previous court orders. Quality First, 1999 WL 281312, at *2. Although the

corporate officers were not parties to the action, we affirmed the trial court’s judgment of

contempt against them, reasoning that “a corporation can comply with such an order only by

acting through its agents.” Id., at *4.



               We conclude that the Quality First decision is inapposite to the present case. In

Quality First, we upheld the trial court’s judgment of contempt against the corporate officers, in

part, because we reasoned that the only way the corporate defendant could have complied with

the court’s previous orders was through its agents, the corporate officers. We also observed that

at least one of the orders specifically directed the two corporate officers to deposit the funds into
the court registry on behalf of the corporation. Quality First, 1999 WL 281312, at *2, *4. This

reasoning does not apply in the present case. Unlike a corporation, which can act only through

its officers and agents, Turner is an individual who may act on his own behalf without the

assistance of an agent. Moreover, unlike the orders at issue in Quality First, the orders in this

case directed only Turner, and not the corporation, to post the $1.6 million bond.



               We similarly reject the Defendants’ suggestion that the order of dismissal against

MCS can be upheld by disregarding the corporation’s separate identity, a theory also known as

“piercing the corporate veil.” This theory permits a court to disregard a corporate entity in order

to impose liability against a related entity, such as a parent corporation or a controlling

shareholder, where the two entities are in fact identical or indistinguishable and where necessary

to accomplish justice. Stigall v. Wickes Mach., 801 S.W.2d 507, 510-11 (Tenn. 1990);

Scandlyn v. McDill Columbus Corp., 895 S.W.2d 342, 346-47 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). If the

court imposes liability against the related entity under this theory, the evidence must show that

one entity is the alter ego of the other. Continental Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Bank of Alamo,

578 S.W.2d 625, 632 n.1 (Tenn. 1979).12



               We conclude that the application of this theory should not have led to the



       12
          Traditionally, courts have used this theory to impose liability against a controlling
shareholder who has used the corporate entity to avoid his legal obligations. Clark v. United
Techs. Automotive, Inc., 594 N.W.2d 447, 449 n.3 (Mich. 1999). In recent years, however, a
“reverse piercing” theory has gained recognition whereby courts may impose liability against a
corporation for the debts of its controlling shareholder. See, e.g., In re Blatstein, 192 F.3d 88,
100 (3d Cir. 1999); Scholes v. Lehmann, 56 F.3d 750, 758 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S.
1028 (1995); Century Hotels v. United States, 952 F.2d 107, 110 n.6 (5th Cir. 1992); Zahra
Spiritual Trust v. United States, 910 F.2d 240, 243-44 (5th Cir. 1990); Thomsen Family Trust,
1990 v. Peterson Family Enters., Inc., 989 S.W.2d 934, 937 (Ark. Ct. App. 1999); State v.
Easton, 647 N.Y.S.2d 904, 908-09 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1995). See generally Gregory S. Crespi, The
Reverse Pierce Doctrine: Applying Appropriate Standards, 16 J. Corp. L. 33, 55-69 (1990). As
one court explained, whereas piercing analysis typically “is used to hold individuals liable for the
actions of a corporation they control,” reverse piercing “seeks to hold a corporation accountable
for actions of its shareholders.” American Fuel Corp. v. Utah Energy Dev. Co., 122 F.3d 130,
134 (2d Cir. 1997). Despite this distinction, both theories rely on the premise that one entity is
the alter ego of the other. Scholes, 56 F.3d at 758; Century Hotels, 952 F.2d at 110 n.6; Zahra
Spiritual Trust, 910 F.2d at 243-44. Although some courts apparently have embraced the
“reverse piercing” doctrine, others have expressed concerns about adopting this theory,
describing it as “potentially problematic” or “controversial.” Floyd v. IRS, 151 F.3d 1295, 1300
(10th Cir. 1998); Nursing Home Consultants, Inc. v. Quantum Health Servs., Inc., 926 F.
Supp. 835, 840 n.12 (E.D. Ark. 1996), aff’d, 112 F.3d 513 (8th Cir. 1997); Estate of Dailey v.
Title Guar. Escrow Serv., Inc., 178 B.R. 837, 844 (D. Haw. 1995), aff’d, 81 F.3d 167 (9th Cir.
1996).
dismissal of MCS’s claims. In so holding, we express no opinion on whether a trial court,

pursuant to rule 41.02, could dismiss both a corporation’s claims and the claims of its controlling

shareholder based upon the theory of piercing the corporate veil. In the present case, however,

the trial court had before it both the corporation, MCS, and its controlling shareholder, Turner.

Unlike the court’s orders in Quality First, the orders at issue in this case did not require both the

corporation and its officer to perform a specific act. In short, the record contains nothing to

suggest, prior to entry of the trial court’s order of dismissal, that the court expected MCS to

perform the required act of posting the bond if Turner failed to do so. Under these

circumstances, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion when it dismissed MCS’s claims

based upon this theory.



III. Order Entering Summary Judgment in Favor of Rodell on Counterclaim Against Turner



               We also hold that the summary judgment entered in favor of Rodell on his

counterclaim against Turner must be reversed. Ordinarily, the dismissal of an original complaint

or an intervening complaint under rule 41.02 does not affect a defendant’s right to be heard on

any properly asserted counterclaims. Quelette v. Whittemore, 627 S.W.2d 681, 682 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1981); Brewer v. Williams, 80 S.E.2d 190, 194 (Ga. 1954). In such a case, the parties

remain before the court, and the defendant may elect to proceed on his counterclaims against the

plaintiff. Quelette, 627 S.W.2d at 682; American Actuaries, Inc. v. Mid America Diversified

Servs., Inc., 1988 WL 31964, at *2-*3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 7, 1988) (no perm. app. filed).



               The dismissal of an intervening complaint, however, differs procedurally from the

denial of a motion to file an intervening complaint. In the latter case, the movant’s request to

participate in the litigation is denied, and the movant never becomes a party to the original

action. See Graham v. City of Anchorage, 364 P.2d 57, 59 (Alaska 1961); McGough v.

Insurance Co. of N. Am., 691 P.2d 738, 742 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1984); Wyatt v. R.D. Werner Co.,

524 N.W.2d 579, 580 (N.D. 1994); see also Ray v. Trapp, 609 S.W.2d 508, 510 (Tenn. 1980);

Greer v. American Sec. Ins. Co., 445 S.W.2d 904, 905 (Tenn. 1969); Goodman v. State, 351

S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1960).
               Despite the trial court’s citation of rule 41.02, we believe that the court’s

dismissal of Turner’s intervening complaint, in actuality, constituted a denial of Turner’s motion

to intervene. As we previously indicated, when the trial court granted Turner’s motion to

intervene, the court did so only upon the condition that Turner post a $1.6 million bond. The

effect of this ruling was that, if Turner failed to post the required bond, Turner would not be

permitted to intervene in this action. Ultimately, Turner failed to post the bond, and the trial

court dismissed his intervening complaint. Given the procedural history of this litigation, we

conclude that this dismissal effectively denied Turner’s motion to intervene and prevented him

from ever becoming a party to this action. Inasmuch as Turner never became a party, he could

not assert his claims for declaratory and injunctive relief against Rodell in this action, and,

correlatively, Rodell could not assert a counterclaim in this action against someone who was not

a party relative to claims that were not at issue. Under these circumstances, the trial court erred

in granting Rodell’s motion for summary judgment on his counterclaim against Turner.



               For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order of dismissal to the

extent that it dismissed MCS’s claims against the Defendants, and we reverse the trial court’s

order granting Rodell’s motion for summary judgment against Turner. In all other respects, the

trial court’s orders are affirmed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed one-half to Intervening Plaintiff C.O. Turner,

III, and one-half to Defendants Rick Rodell, Cornerstone Systems, Inc., Tim Clay, Pat Nieman,

Jerry Rice, Ricardo Fernandez, Guy Wallace, Bruce Hallmann, Larry Pritchett, Jack Billingsley,

Jim Chaltas, Gregg Mitchell, and Angie Taylor, for which execution may issue if necessary.



                                                       __________________________________
                                                       FARMER, J.



______________________________
HIGHERS, J.



______________________________
LILLARD, J.
