 1       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: ___________

 3 Filing Date: June 30, 2017

 4 NO. 35,411

 5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 6         Plaintiff-Appellee,

 7 v.

 8 MARK WEBB,

 9         Defendant-Appellant.

10 INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF
11 BERNALILLO COUNTY
12 Benjamin Chavez, District Judge

13   Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
14   Santa Fe, NM
15   Walter Hart, Assistant Attorney General
16   Albuquerque, NM

17 for Appellee

18 Blackburn Law Office
19 Billy R. Blackburn
20 Albuquerque, NM

21 Rothstein, Donatelli, Hughes, Dahlstrom, Schoenburg & Bienvenu
22 Paul M. Linnenburger
23 Santa Fe, NM

24 for Appellant
 1                                       OPINION

 2 SUTIN, Judge.

 3   {1}   Defendant Mark Webb was charged in two separate cases after he allegedly

 4 surreptitiously videotaped the minor daughter (Victim) of his former girlfriend

 5 unclothed in her bathroom. The first case, State v. Webb, Second Judicial District

 6 Court Case No. D-202-CR-2014-02997 (Webb I), was filed in 2014 and charged

 7 Defendant with voyeurism (child under eighteen), in violation of NMSA 1978,

 8 Section 30-9-20(A)(1) (2007), attempted voyeurism (child under eighteen), in

 9 violation of Section 30-9-20(A)(1) and NMSA 1978, Section 30-28-1(A) (1963),

10 tampering with evidence, in violation of NMSA 1978, Section 30-22-5(B) (2003),

11 and battery on a household member, in violation of NMSA 1978, Section 30-3-15(A)

12 (2008). These charges were based on videos dated February 19, 2013 and February

13 24, 2013 that were discovered on a hidden camera located in Victim’s bathroom. The

14 second case, State v. Webb, Second Judicial District Court Case No. D-202-CR-2015-

15 01400 (Webb II), which is the subject of this appeal, was filed in 2015 and charged

16 Defendant with two counts of sexual exploitation of a child (manufacture), in

17 violation of NMSA 1978, Section 30-6A-3(D) (2007, amended 2016), and one count

18 of attempted sexual exploitation of a child (manufacture), in violation of Sections 30-

19 6A-3(D) and 30-28-1(B). These charges were based on videos dated between January
 1 1, 2013 and January 30, 2013 that were discovered on a computer to which Defendant

 2 had access. After the State unsuccessfully sought to join the two cases, Defendant

 3 filed a motion to dismiss Webb II. The district court denied Defendant’s motion,

 4 Defendant filed an application for interlocutory appeal, and this Court granted the

 5 application.

 6   {2}   On appeal, Defendant argues that Webb II should be dismissed because the

 7 mandatory joinder provisions of Rule 5-203(A) NMRA were violated, the State chose

 8 not to timely pursue the Webb II charges and forfeited any discretion to pursue them,

 9 and the State’s unjustifiable delay in seeking the Webb II charges created judicial

10 inefficiency and prejudiced Defendant. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we

11 hold that Webb I and Webb II should have been mandatorily joined under Rule 5-

12 203(A) as initially requested by the State. Because the district court should have

13 granted the pretrial motion to join, dismissal of Webb II is not appropriate, and

14 therefore, we affirm the district court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to dismiss.

15 BACKGROUND

16   {3}   On February 24, 2013, Victim, then age seventeen, discovered a USB camera

17 hidden in her bathroom in the home that she shared with her mother and brother, as

18 well as with mother’s boyfriend (Defendant). Detective Steve Walsh, the on-call child

19 exploitation detective, was called to the home. Detective Walsh obtained a search


                                             2
 1 warrant for the USB camera on February 26, 2013, viewed the contents of the camera,

 2 and discovered two videos dated February 19, 2013 and February 22, 2013.

 3 According to Detective Walsh, in the February 19 video, Defendant could be seen

 4 placing and adjusting the camera, and thereafter, Victim could be seen entering the

 5 bathroom and undressing. In the February 22 video, Defendant again could be seen

 6 placing and manipulating the camera, and thereafter, Victim could be seen entering

 7 the bathroom, preparing to take a shower, and noticing the camera, which she

 8 subsequently removed from its location.

 9   {4}   Defendant was arrested on February 26, 2013, and charged in Bernalillo

10 County Metropolitan Court with sexual exploitation of a child (manufacture) and

11 attempted sexual exploitation of a child. After his arrest, Defendant was interviewed.

12 During the interview, Defendant apparently admitted to recording Victim “[a]bout

13 half a dozen times” and indicated to police that he would download the recorded

14 videos to the “community laptop” (the laptop), of which Victim’s mother was the

15 administrator.1 Sometime in March 2013, Victim’s mother provided the police with



           1
16           We mention these admissions with hesitation because the district court
17   ultimately suppressed Defendant’s statements on the ground that there was a Miranda
18   violation. However, because Defendant relies on the fact that he told the police about
19   the additional recordings on February 26, 2013, in an attempt to bolster his argument
20   on appeal, we are compelled to mention the incriminating statements even though
21   they cannot later be used as evidence in the State’s case.

                                               3
 1 the laptop so that they could search the computer. Detective Walsh returned the

 2 laptop in June 2013 and indicated to Victim’s mother that he found nothing on the

 3 computer. A few days later, Victim’s mother, as the administrator for the laptop,

 4 changed the login information for Defendant’s accounts and discovered additional

 5 videos of Victim. She attempted to call Detective Walsh directly and again through

 6 the Albuquerque Police Department. She then contacted a victim’s advocate at the

 7 Office of the New Mexico Attorney General and told her that she had found more

 8 videos on the laptop. The victim’s advocate told Victim’s mother she would contact

 9 Detective Walsh and have him call Victim’s mother. Detective Walsh followed up

10 with Victim’s mother, and after she showed him how to access the additional videos,

11 the laptop was taken back into evidence by the detective.

12   {5}   After Defendant’s arrest, three target notices were issued to Defendant. The

13 first, dated March 4, 2013, was from the Second Judicial District Attorney and

14 indicated that the State intended to present charges of sexual exploitation of a child,

15 tampering with evidence, and voyeurism, which occurred on or about February 24,

16 2013. The second, dated August 9, 2013, was from the Office of the Attorney General

17 and indicated that the State intended to present charges of sexual exploitation of a

18 child (three counts) and attempt to commit the same (two counts), which were alleged

19 to have occurred on or between February 19, 2013 and February 24, 2013. The third,


                                              4
 1 dated June 9, 2014, was also from the Office of the Attorney General and restated its

 2 intent to present the charges listed in the August 9, 2013 notice.

 3   {6}   Although the first and second notices listed specific dates on which the State

 4 intended to present the listed charges to the grand jury, the grand jury only convened

 5 on the date listed in the third notice—June 25, 2014. Defendant was subsequently

 6 indicted, on June 25, 2014, in district court with voyeurism (child under eighteen),

 7 attempted voyeurism (child under eighteen), tampering with evidence, and battery on

 8 a household member (Webb I). Those charges arose from the videos found on the

 9 camera, which were both dated in February 2013.

10   {7}   On August 28, 2014, Detective Don Roberts with the Albuquerque Police

11 Department requested a forensic examination of the laptop, which had been in police

12 custody for approximately fourteen months. A September 18, 2014 forensic report

13 documented three additional videos of Victim naked in her bathroom that had been

14 saved on the laptop. These videos were dated between January 1, 2013 and January

15 30, 2013.

16   {8}   On May 26, 2015, the State procured a second indictment charging Defendant

17 with two counts of sexual exploitation of a child (manufacture) and one count of

18 attempted sexual exploitation of a child (Webb II). Those charges arose from the

19 videos found on the laptop that were dated in January 2013. On June 8, 2015, the


                                              5
 1 State moved for joinder of Webb I and Webb II. In its motion, the State argued that

 2 the charges in each proceeding involved different videos—the former related to the

 3 videos on the camera, the latter related to videos on the laptop—but were of similar

 4 character, involved the same Victim, and were “based on the same conduct or on a

 5 series of acts connected together and constituting parts of a single scheme or plan”

 6 under Rule 5-203(A)(2). Defendant agreed that joinder was mandatory under Rule 5-

 7 203(A) but argued against joinder because the State did not join the offenses in one

 8 indictment. According to Defendant, the State was required to “join offenses at the

 9 outset[,]” and because it failed to do so, it was barred from adding additional charges

10 at such a “late juncture.”

11   {9}   On July 1, 2015, the district court denied the motion for joinder on the ground

12 that Defendant had timely filed a peremptory challenge of the district judge and thus

13 the judge “lack[ed] jurisdiction to entertain the motion before the court.” On

14 December 17, 2015, Defendant filed a number of pleadings, including a motion to

15 dismiss for failure to properly join the charges in Webb II with the charges in Webb I.

16 The district court denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss on February 24, 2016,

17 concluding that although “[t]he charges in Webb I and Webb II are subject to joinder

18 pursuant to Rule 5-203” and “the separate incidents charged in Webb I and Webb II

19 are of the exact same type and were committed by the same individual against the


                                              6
 1 same [V]ictim in the same location, because they are not identical, it is permissible

 2 to charge and try them separately.” This interlocutory appeal followed.

 3 DISCUSSION

 4   {10}   In New Mexico, our rule concerning joinder in criminal cases “as originally

 5 promulgated was discretionary and reflected the common law.” State v. Gallegos,

 6 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 10, 141 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828. However, in 1979, consistent

 7 with other courts at the time, our Supreme Court issued an order stating that “ ‘[w]hen

 8 a person is charged with more than one crime and the crimes can be incorporated in

 9 one information or indictment in separate counts, this practice shall be followed.’ ”

10 Id. ¶¶ 11, 14 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Rule 5-203 comm. cmt.). The change

11 reflected the Court’s “distaste for piecemeal prosecutions” and mandated joinder in

12 certain cases “in order to avoid disorderly criminal procedures that threaten the

13 existence of our judicial system and risk . . . prejudice to the accused[.]” Id. ¶ 14

14 (omission in original) (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted).

15   {11}   New Mexico’s current approach to joinder in criminal cases is articulated in

16 Rule 5-203(A), which states that “[t]wo or more offenses shall be joined in one

17 complaint, indictment or information with each offense stated in a separate count, if

18 the offenses . . . are of the same or similar character, even if not part of a single

19 scheme or plan; or . . . are based on the same conduct or on a series of acts either


                                              7
 1 connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.” The question of

 2 whether offenses must be joined under Rule 5-203(A) is a question of law that we

 3 review de novo. See State v. Paiz, 2011-NMSC-008, ¶ 10, 149 N.M. 412, 249 P.3d

 4 1235 (stating that Rule 5-203(A) is a mandatory rule and improper joinder under the

 5 rule is a question of law, which we review de novo); State v. Foster, 2003-NMCA-

 6 099, ¶ 6, 134 N.M. 224, 75 P.3d 824 (“We review de novo questions of law

 7 concerning the interpretation of Supreme Court rules and the district court’s

 8 application of the law to the facts of [the] case.”).

 9   {12}   The most relevant case regarding Rule 5-203(A) and the ramifications for

10 failing to join offenses is State v. Gonzales, 2013-NMSC-016, 301 P.3d 380, a case

11 upon which both parties rely. In Gonzales, the defendant was charged with child

12 abuse resulting in death, child abuse not resulting in death, aggravated driving while

13 under the influence, and leaving the scene of an accident after she drove drunk and

14 crashed into another vehicle, killing one child and injuring another. Id. ¶¶ 1-2. After

15 the defendant’s conviction for negligent child abuse was reversed on appeal for lack

16 of substantial evidence, the defendant was prosecuted for vehicular homicide. Id. ¶ 3.

17 In evaluating the lawfulness of the vehicular homicide charge after the defendant had

18 already been through a trial in Gonzales, our Supreme Court sua sponte turned to

19 Rule 5-203(A). Gonzales, 2013-NMSC-016, ¶¶ 25-26. According to the Court, “[t]he


                                              8
 1 purpose of a compulsory joinder [rule], viewed as a whole, is twofold: (1) to protect

 2 a defendant from the governmental harassment of being subjected to successive trials

 3 for offenses stemming from the same criminal episode; and (2) to ensure finality

 4 without unduly burdening the judicial process by repetitious litigation.” Id. ¶ 26

 5 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). The Court held that the

 6 vehicular homicide offense was “based on the same conduct against the same victim”

 7 as the offenses pursued in the earlier trial and thus must have been joined under Rule

 8 5-203(A). Gonzales, 2013-NMSC-016, ¶¶ 25, 27 (emphasis and internal quotation

 9 marks omitted). Because the facts of the case mandated joinder under the rule and

10 because the prosecution failed to join the offenses in the first trial, our Supreme Court

11 also held that “a failure to join offenses under Rule 5-203(A) bars piecemeal

12 prosecution in a subsequent trial.”Gonzales, 2013-NMSC-016, ¶¶ 30-31. In deciding

13 that the prosecution was barred from pursuing a vehicular homicide in Gonzales, our

14 Supreme Court noted that:

15        This is not a case in which the charge the [prosecution] now seeks to
16        bring, vehicular homicide, was unknown at the time [the d]efendant was
17        indicted. The [prosecution] had at least three different opportunities to
18        join these offenses. The first was in the original indictment, but it chose
19        to ask the grand jury to indict only on charges of child abuse. The
20        second was at the hearing on the motion to dismiss. The [prosecution]
21        was made fully aware that the charge was available and admitted at that
22        hearing that it knew it was taking a risk when it decided on this
23        particular trial strategy. Finally, . . . the [prosecution] could have asked


                                               9
 1          for a vehicular homicide instruction notwithstanding its omission from
 2          the indictment, but again the [prosecution] elected not to do so.

 3 Id. ¶ 32. Thus, our Supreme Court affirmed that the subsequent prosecution of the

 4 defendant for vehicular homicide was barred. Id. ¶ 34.

 5   {13}   Defendant’s position on appeal is that the State was required under Rule 5-203

 6 to bring all charges related to Defendant’s alleged videotaping of Victim in a single

 7 indictment and that because the State chose not to pursue the charges in a single

 8 indictment, dismissal of Webb II is appropriate as stated in Gonzales, 2013-NMSC-

 9 016. Defendant asserts that the State and its prosecutors knew about the videos on the

10 laptop prior to the indictment in Webb I as evidenced by: the statement from Victim’s

11 mother that she informed the police and a victim’s advocate from the Office of the

12 Attorney General about the laptop videos; Defendant’s admission to police that he

13 saved videos of Victim to the laptop; and the target letters from the Office of the

14 Attorney General that alluded to five counts, which, as a matter of logic and math,

15 appear to be related to the two videos found on the camera and the three videos found

16 on the laptop. Defendant argues that because the State chose not to join the charges

17 at the time of the indictment in Webb I, the State abandoned the charges that were

18 ultimately pursued in Webb II. Defendant asserts that dismissal is the only appropriate

19 remedy for the failure to join because there was a long delay between the filing of

20 Webb I and Webb II, the State had no justification for the delay, the failure resulted

                                              10
 1 in inefficiency and harmed judicial resources, the failure prejudiced and harmed

 2 Defendant, and Rule 5-203 is mandatory.

 3   {14}   We begin our analysis by noting that there is no real dispute that the offenses

 4 should have been joined under Rule 5-203. The State argued that joinder was

 5 mandatory in its motion for joinder, and Defendant admitted that joinder was

 6 mandatory in his response to the motion for joinder and in his motion to dismiss.

 7 Although the district court ultimately concluded that Webb I and Webb II could

 8 proceed separately in its order denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss, it noted that

 9 “[t]he charges in Webb I and Webb II are subject to joinder pursuant to Rule 5-203[,]”

10 and “the separate incidents charged in Webb I and Webb II are of the exact same type

11 and were committed by the same individual against the same [V]ictim in the same

12 location[.]”

13   {15}   We agree that the offenses in Webb I and Webb II, all of which were related to

14 Defendant’s alleged videotaping of Victim in her bathroom, were of the same or

15 similar character or based on the same conduct or on a series of acts either connected

16 together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan. See Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-

17 007, ¶ 15 (stating that the defendant “engaged in inappropriate sexual activities with

18 minors in his care[,]” and at the very least, his acts toward the two victims “were of

19 the same or similar character regardless of whether they were part of a single scheme


                                              11
 1 or plan” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); State v. Riordan, 1974-

 2 NMCA-013, ¶¶ 4-5, 86 N.M. 92, 519 P.2d 1029 (recognizing that “[i]t would be

 3 difficult to conceive of three separate offenses, more the same or similar in character”

 4 where the defendant sold controlled substances to a single officer on three occasions

 5 in the same community over the course of approximately three weeks). The rule does

 6 not require that the cases be “identical” as suggested by the district court. We hold

 7 that the district court erred in not joining all the offenses into one proceeding.

 8   {16}   Although there is no real dispute that the offenses in Webb I and Webb II were

 9 of the same or similar character or continued parts of a single scheme or plan, both

10 parties on appeal expend much of their energy and briefing on whether the State

11 and/or the prosecutors knew about the laptop videos prior to the Webb I indictment.

12 Interestingly, however, prosecutorial knowledge, although a seemingly reasonable

13 limiter to Rule 5-203, is not explicitly required under Rule 5-203. See Rule 5-203; see

14 also Ryan C. Schotter, State v. Gonzales: Reinvigorating Criminal Joinder in New

15 Mexico, 44 N.M. L. Rev. 467, 485-88 (2014) (noting that Rule 5-203 is “devoid of

16 any of the important limiting principles expressed in the model codes promulgated

17 by the ABA, ALI, and NCCUSL[,]” including a prosecutorial knowledge limitation).

18 And although our Supreme Court stated in Gonzales, 2013-NMSC-016, ¶ 32, that it

19 was “not a case in which the charge the [prosecution sought] to bring . . . was


                                              12
 1 unknown at the time [the d]efendant was indicted[,]” Gonzales does not say that a

 2 finding of actual prosecutorial knowledge is necessary in order for there to be a

 3 compulsory joinder violation. But, more importantly, we need not and do not address

 4 prosecutorial knowledge head-on here because, in this case, even assuming arguendo

 5 that the State and/or the prosecutors knew about the laptop videos prior to the Webb I

 6 indictment, we hold that the State was not precluded from seeking to join the offenses

 7 in Webb II with similar offenses in Webb I, as it did in this case. The relevant inquiry

 8 is whether the State was permitted, under Rule 5-203, to move for joinder of the

 9 offenses in Webb II after the indictment was filed in Webb I, or whether they were,

10 as a matter of law, barred from joining offenses once there was an indictment in

11 Webb I.

12   {17}   Although Rule 5-203 is admittedly broad and states that offenses shall be

13 joined “in one complaint, indictment or information[,]” our Supreme Court in

14 Gonzales suggested that additional offenses could be joined after an indictment even

15 when a prosecutor knows of the additional offenses at the time of the indictment. As

16 noted earlier, in Gonzales, the Court identified two post-indictment opportunities that

17 the prosecution had to seek joinder of additional charges—one at the time of the

18 hearing on a motion to dismiss and another by asking for “a vehicular homicide

19 instruction notwithstanding its omission from the indictment[.]” 2013-NMSC-016,


                                              13
 1 ¶ 32. If the sanction of dismissal for New Mexico’s compulsory joinder provision

 2 were intended automatically to be triggered upon the State’s failure to join all charges

 3 in an original indictment, there would have been no legal or other basis for our

 4 Supreme Court to reference additional opportunities for joinder thereafter. We

 5 interpret the Supreme Court’s instructions in Gonzales as indicating that additional

 6 offenses can be joined post-indictment, but prior to a case being submitted to a jury.

 7   {18}   Applying the Court’s guidance in Gonzales to the present case, we hold that

 8 the State, having moved to join the offenses in Webb I and Webb II post-indictment

 9 but pretrial, did not run afoul of Rule 5-203. Because the State properly sought to join

10 the offenses in a manner that is acceptable under the rule and as contemplated by

11 Gonzales, there is no merit to Defendant’s argument that Webb II should be

12 dismissed.

13 CONCLUSION

14   {19}   For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the district court’s denial of

15 Defendant’s motion to dismiss and remand for proceedings consistent with this

16 opinion.

17   {20}   IT IS SO ORDERED.



18                                            __________________________________
19                                            JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

                                                14
1 WE CONCUR:


2 _______________________________
3 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge


4 _______________________________
5 JULIE J. VARGAS, Judge




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