                                                   [DO NOT PUBLISH]



           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                    ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                       FEBRUARY 13, 2012
                           No. 11-12367
                       Non-Argument Calendar               JOHN LEY
                                                            CLERK
                     ________________________

              D.C. Docket No. 5:08-cv-00252-WTH-KRS



MARTIN G. PLOTKIN,

                                                         Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
RHONDA S. PATRICK,
LEONARD R. BUSSMANN,
LEWIS C. LEEKER,
LYNDA MCADON,
THOMAS E. SANDERS,
KEN A. KIBORT,

                                                      Defendants-Appellees.

                     ________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Middle District of Florida
                    ________________________
                         (February 13, 2012)
Before BARKETT, HULL and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Martin Plotkin appeals pro se the district court’s dismissal of his civil rights

complaint alleging: (1) constitutional violations pursuant to Bivens v. Six

Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.

Ct. 1999 (1971) (Count One); (2) wrongful disclosure of tax return information, in

violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 6103 and 7431 (Count Two); and (3) instigation of an

unauthorized collection action, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7433 (Count Three).

After review, we affirm.1

                                I. BACKGROUND FACTS

A.     Conviction and Probation

       In 1999, Plotkin was convicted in the Eastern District of Missouri of filing

false tax returns in the years 1991, 1992 and 1993, in violation of 26 U.S.C.

§ 7206(1). Plotkin was sentenced to five years’ probation, which he began serving

in May 2001. As a special condition of his probation, Plotkin was required to “file

all correct tax returns and forms required by the income tax laws of the United

       1
        We review de novo a district court order granting a motion to dismiss, applying the same
standard as the district court, accepting the complaint’s allegations as true and drawing all
reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 705 (11th Cir.
2010). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations,
accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is “plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, ___, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009).

                                                  2
States, pay any taxes owed and, as requested by the U.S. Probation Office, provide

copies of all filed tax forms.” After Plotkin moved to Ocala, Florida, supervision

of his probation was transferred to the Middle District of Florida.

      In November 2005, Plotkin’s probation officer, Thomas Sanders, filed a

petition for revocation in the Middle District of Florida. The revocation petition

alleged that Plotkin had violated his special condition of probation by failing to

file his tax returns and pay taxes from 2001 to 2005.

      The district court held two hearings on the revocation petition. During the

second hearing, on June 20, 2006, the parties argued about whether the special

condition of probation referred only to taxes owed in years 1991 through 1993 or

to future taxes Plotkin would owe during the probationary period. After the

hearing, the district court transferred probation supervision back to the Eastern

District of Missouri. There, in December 2006, the district court summarily

dismissed the petition and released Plotkin from probation. By this time, Plotkin’s

five-year probation, which began in May 2001, was apparently expired, but the

record does not tell us the basis for the district court’s dismissal.

B.    Civil Action

      On June 25, 2008, Plotkin filed this pro se complaint against the United

States, probation officer Sanders, and Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) agents

                                           3
Rhonda Patrick, Leonard Bussman, Lewis Leeker, Lynda McAdon and Ken

Kibort. Count One alleged that beginning in 1996 the defendants conspired to

falsely convict Plotkin of tax crimes and, after his 2000 conviction, to use the

probation revocation proceedings to collect unassessed taxes, in violation of

Plotkin’s Fifth Amendment due process rights. Count Two alleged that

Defendants Leeker, McAdon and Kibort, IRS revenue agents, provided probation

officer Sanders with Plotkin’s tax return information for the years 1998 through

2004, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7431. Count Three alleged that the United

States, through IRS revenue agents Leeker, McAdon and Kibort, used the

probation revocation proceedings to collect taxes the agents knew Plotkin did not

owe, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7433.

      The district court granted the defendants’ motions to dismiss Plotkin’s

complaint with prejudice. Plotkin filed this appeal.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

A.    Heck-Barred Bivens Claim

      The district court did not err in dismissing Plotkin’s Bivens claims arising

out of his criminal convictions as barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 114

S. Ct. 2364 (1994).

      Under Heck, a prisoner may not bring a non-habeas civil action challenging

                                          4
the constitutionality of officials’ action if a judgment in the prisoner’s favor

“would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence,” unless the

prisoner shows that his conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. Heck,

512 U.S. at 487, 114 S. Ct. at 2372; see Abella v. Rubino, 63 F.3d 1063, 1065

(11th Cir. 1995) (concluding that Heck applies to Bivens actions by federal

prisoners). Therefore, a plaintiff’s damages claim alleging that the defendants

unconstitutionally conspired to falsely convict him is not ripe and must be

dismissed unless the conviction has been invalidated. Abella, 63 F.3d at 1065.

      Plotkin does not contend that his underlying convictions for filing false tax

returns have been invalidated. Thus, to the extent Count One of Plotkin’s

complaint rests on the contention that the defendants conspired to secure those

convictions, the district court properly dismissed it as Heck-barred.

B.    Qualified Immunity

      To the extent Plotkin’s Bivens claim in Count One relates to Plotkin’s

probation revocation, we find no error in the district court’s determination that the

Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity.

      Government officials are immune from suit if they were performing

discretionary functions and their conduct did not violate a clearly established

statutory or constitutional right of which a reasonable person would have known.

                                           5
Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 714 (11th Cir. 2010). Plotkin argues that IRS

agents Leeker, McAdon and Kibort are not entitled to qualified immunity because

they acted outside the scope of their discretionary authority when they participated

in his probation revocation proceedings.

      A “discretionary function” involves actions that “are of a type that fell

within the employee’s job responsibilities.” Holloman ex rel. Holloman v.

Harland, 370 F.3d 1252, 1265 (11th Cir. 2004). In determining whether a

defendant performed a discretionary function, our inquiry is not whether the act

complained of was done for an improper purpose, but “whether the act complained

of, if done for a proper purpose, would be within, or reasonably related to, the

outer perimeter of an official’s discretionary duties.” Harbert Int’l, Inc. v. James,

157 F.3d 1271, 1282 (11th Cir. 1998); see Holloman, 370 F.3d at 1266 (explaining

that we temporarily put aside whether the act was committed in an allegedly

unconstitutional manner, and look “to the general nature of the defendant’s

action”).

      Defendants Leeker, McAdon and Kibort are IRS revenue agents. Revenue

agents conduct civil examinations to determine a taxpayer’s civil tax liability.

Plotkin does not dispute that conducting a tax examination and testifying in a

criminal proceeding about the results of that examination are part of a revenue

                                           6
agent’s duties. Plotkin’s allegations that the revenue agents acted in a knowingly

false or unconstitional manner does not take their actions outside the scope of their

discretionary authority. Accordingly, the district court properly concluded that

Defendants Leeker, McAdon and Kibort were acting within the scope of their

discretionary authority.

      Plotkin next contends that probation officer Sanders and IRS agents Leek,

McAdon and Kibort are not entitled to qualified immunity because their conduct

violated his clearly established due process rights. Specifically, Plotkin argues

that the Defendants represented to the court in the probation revocation

proceedings that Plotkin had not paid taxes he owed and that they knew their

representations were false because (although he had not paid taxes) Plotkin had

appealed the tax examinations for those years and could not “owe” taxes until the

civil appeal process had run its course.

      For purposes of the qualified immunity analysis, we examine: (1) whether

the facts alleged establish a constitutional violation; and (2) whether that right was

clearly established. Randall, 610 F.3d at 715. We have discretion to decide which

prong of this two-step inquiry to address first. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223,

236, 129 S. Ct. 808, 818 (2009). We note that Plotkin does not identify whether

his due process claim is a procedural one or a substantive one. To the extent his is

                                           7
a substantive due process claim, he has not identified any substantive due process

right. To the extent he brings a procedural due process claim, he acknowledges he

had two probation revocation hearings, after which the probation revocation

petition was dismissed. Thus, it is far from clear that there is a due process

violation. However, we need not reach this issue because any alleged due process

right was certainly not clearly established.

      “‘Clearly established law’ is law that is sufficiently established so as to

provide public officials with ‘fair notice’ that the conduct alleged is prohibited.”

Randall, 610 F.3d at 715. Ordinarily, we look to the case law at the time of the

alleged violation to see if the right is clearly established. Id. at 715-16; see

Vinyard v. Wilson, 311 F.3d 1340, 1349-52 (11th Cir. 2002). Prior case law must

either (1) contain a “broad statement[] of principle . . . not tied to particularized

facts” such that “every objectively reasonable government official facing the

circumstances would know that the official’s conduct did violate federal law when

the official acted,” or (2) announce a constitutional violation occurred based on

specific facts that are “not fairly distinguishable” from the circumstances the

government official faced. Vinyard, 311 F.3d at 1351-52. In certain cases,

however, the conduct “so obviously violates the Constitution that prior case law is

unnecessary.” Randall, 610 F.3d at 715-16; see Vinyard, 311 F.3d at 1350.

                                           8
      Here, Plotkin does not cite any case law clearly establishing that the

defendants’ alleged conduct was unconstitutional. Moreover, we find no merit to

Plotkin’s contention that the unconstitutionality of the defendants’ alleged conduct

was readily apparent even in the absence of case law.

      A probation officer is required to, among other things, “keep informed, to

the degree required by the conditions specified by the sentencing court, as to the

conduct and condition of a probationer . . . and report his conduct and condition to

the sentencing court,” and “keep informed concerning the [probationer’s] . . .

compliance with any condition of probation . . . and report thereon to the court.”

18 U.S.C. § 3603(2), (7). As a special condition of Plotkin’s probation, he was

required to “file all correct tax returns and forms required by the income tax laws

of the United States, pay any taxes owed and, as requested by the U.S. Probation

Office, provide copies of all filed tax forms.” Thus, Defendant Sanders had a duty

to stay informed as to whether Plotkin complied with this special condition and

report Plotkin’s failure to comply.

      Moreover, the special condition is ambiguous and susceptible to multiple

interpretations regarding which years it obligated Plotkin to satisfy his federal tax

obligations. Indeed, after two probation revocation hearings, the district court in

the Middle District of Florida could not determine its proper meaning and, thus,

                                          9
transferred probation supervision back to the Eastern District of Missouri.

       Second, and perhaps more importantly, it is unclear whether the phrase “any

taxes owed” in the special condition refers to the tax amount shown due on

Plotkin’s federal return, the tax liability determined by a revenue agent’s

examination or the tax liability determined after Plotkin has exhausted any

administrative and/or judicial appeals. Under these particular circumstances, we

cannot say that every reasonable probation officer and IRS revenue agent would

have known that reporting to the district court Plotkin’s unpaid tax liabilities as

determined by a revenue agent’s examination constituted a due process violation.2

       For these reasons, the district court properly concluded that the individual

defendants were entitled to qualified immunity as to Plotkin’s Bivens claims

arising out of his probation revocation.

C.     Unauthorized Disclosure Claim

       Plotkin argues that Defendants Leeker, McAdon and Kibort violated 26

U.S.C. § 6103 when they provided probation officer Sanders with Plotkin’s tax

return information.

       The Internal Revenue Code prohibits employees and officials of the United


       2
        Because we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the Bivens claims based on qualified
immunity, we do not address Defendant Sanders’s alternative argument that he is entitled to
absolute immunity.

                                               10
States from disclosing taxpayers’ return information, “except as authorized by [the

Internal Revenue Code],” 26 U.S.C. § 6103(a), and provides a civil remedy for

damages for unauthorized disclosures. Id. § 7431. However, disclosure in a

judicial proceeding is allowed where “the taxpayer is a party to the proceeding, or

the proceeding arose out of, or in connection with, determining the taxpayer’s civil

or criminal liability, or the collection of such civil liability.” 26 U.S.C.

§ 6103(h)(4)(A). Furthermore, damages are not recoverable for an unauthorized

disclosure if the disclosure “results from a good faith, but erroneous, interpretation

of section 6103.” 26 U.S.C. § 7431(b)(1).

      Here, Plotkin’s probation revocation proceedings are an extension of his

criminal proceedings for tax crimes. As such, the defendants’ disclosure of

Plotkin’s tax returns was authorized under § 6103(h)(4)(A).

      Even assuming arguendo disclosure was not authorized, we conclude that

the Defendants’ actions fell within the good faith exception given that the Internal

Revenue Manual (“IRM”) allowed for disclosure of return information to a

probation officer under the circumstances presented here. See IRM 5.1.5.20

(permitting disclosure where the information relates to a taxpayer convicted of a

criminal tax violation, the probation officer was charged with ensuring that the

probationer complies with internal revenue laws and the information is limited to

                                           11
those years specified by the conditions of probation); Comyns v. United States,

287 F.3d 1034, 1034 (11th Cir. 2002) (affirming district court’s order concluding

that the good faith exception applies if the agents followed the relevant agency

regulations and manuals and those regulations and manuals constitute a reasonable

interpretation of the law).

D.     Unauthorized Collection Action Claim

       Under the Internal Revenue Code, a taxpayer may bring a damages claim

against the United States “[i]f, in connection with any collection of Federal tax

with respect to a taxpayer, any officer or employee of the [IRS] recklessly or

intentionally, or by reason of negligence, disregards any provision of this title, or

any regulation promulgated under this title.” 26 U.S.C. § 7433(a)-(b). The action

must be brought within two years after the cause of action accrues. Id. §

7433(d)(3).

       We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plotkin’s claim that the probation

revocation proceedings were an unauthorized collection action, but do so on

statute of limitations grounds. See Ironworkers Local Union 68 v. AstraZeneca

Pharm., LP, 634 F.3d 1352, 1360 (11th Cir. 2011) (explaining that we may affirm

on any ground supported by the record, regardless of whether it was relied upon

by the district court).

                                          12
       Count Three of Plotkin’s complaint alleges that Defendants Leeker,

McAdon and Kibort used the probation revocation proceedings to try to

circumvent the tax collection procedure set out in the Internal Revenue Code.

Even assuming arguendo Count Three states a § 7433 violation, that claim accrued

at the latest by June 20, 2006, at the second probation revocation hearing. See

Rozar v. Mullis, 85 F.3d 556, 561-62 (11th Cir. 1996) (stating that the general rule

under federal law is that a claim accrues and starts the statute of limitations period

when the plaintiff knew or should have known that he was injured and who

inflicted the injury).3 Plotkin did not file his complaint until June 25, 2008, more

than two years after the second probation revocation hearing. Accordingly, the

district court properly dismissed Count Three.

                                  III. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plotkin’s

complaint.

       AFFIRMED.




       3
       We find unpersuasive Plotkin’s argument that his claim did not accrue until November
2007, when, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request, he received documents that
provided many of the facts alleged in his complaint.

                                             13
