
241 S.W.2d 136 (1951)
SNYDER et al.
v.
PITTS, Chief Justice et al.
No. A-3046.
Supreme Court of Texas.
June 27, 1951.
Rehearing Denied July 25, 1951.
*137 King Fike, Dalhart, Storey, Storey & Donaghey, Vernon, John D. Aikin, Mel R. Aikin and James W. Witherspoon, Hereford, J. H. Hart, Austin, for petitioners.
F. H. Richards, Dalhart, for respondent Earl Johnson.
WILSON, Justice.
The question here is whether a defendant has established a second residence apart from his domicile within the meaning of the first sentence of art. 1995, R.C.S., Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 1995. It arises in a suit involving a contract with a defense of accord and satisfaction. Both the trial court and the Court of Civil Appeals (with dissent) held that a second residence had been established and overruled the plea of privilege. The defendants in the trial court (relators here) contend there is `no evidence' to support the trial court's judgment. See the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals as reported in Snyder v. Johnson, 237 S.W.2d 741, for a detailed statement of the facts. The parties will be referred to as in the trial court.
Briefly, defendant Cecil Snyder was domiciled at Vernon in Wilbarger County where he had a permanent home with homestead exemption from taxes in which his wife lived and where he voted, paid his taxes, did his banking, and registered his automobile. He and a partner (his co-defendant), whose residence is not in issue here constructed approximately twenty-five houses and other buildings as a business in Dallam, Sherman and Hartley Counties, Texas, and in Oklahoma and Kansas. While supervising this construction for a period of fifteen months from a business headquarters in Dalhart, Dallam County, defendant Snyder had a room at a hotel part of the time and in a private residence part of the time. He spent most of his time in Dalhart during the weekend, according to his brief, `commuted' to Vernon *138 on the weekends, holidays, and when "his work did not require his presence in Dallam County." On one occasion his wife visited him for a day or two in Dalhart.
The case reaches us upon a petition for writ of mandamus to certify, based upon an alleged conflict between the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals in the case at bar and:
(1) Agey v. Red Star Supply Co., 113 S.W.2d 212 (El Paso Court of Civil Appeals);
(2) Joy v. Marshall Field & Co., 51 S. W.2d 731 (Waco Court of Civil Appeals);
(3) Caprito v. Weaver, 63 S.W.2d 1043 (Eastland Court of Civil Appeals);
(4) Blucher v. Milsted, 31 Tex. 621;
(5) Houston Printing Co. v. Tennant, 120 Tex. 539, 39 S.W.2d 1089 (Commission of Appeals approved by the Supreme Court).
In this situation, we will issue a writ of mandamus to certify only where the decision in the case at bar is in conflict with other decisions and we do not approve the decision in the case at bar. Stevens v. Willson, 120 Tex. 584, 39 S.W.2d 1088.
The first sentence of art. 1995 provides that an inhabitant of this state shall be sued in the "county in which he has his domicile". By a series of early decisions it was established that the word domicile as used in the first sentence of the present art. 1995 did not mean domicile but rather meant residence.
In Brown v. Boulden, 18 Tex. 431, the court in 1857 held that the word domicile was "evidently used in the sense of residence" because the statute purported to govern inhabitants and "an inhabitant and resident mean the same thing." The court went on to distinquish between domicile and residence saying there could be but one domicile and several residences and that a residence is generally transient in nature but becomes a domicile when "it is taken up animo manendi."
Three years later in Wilson v. Bridgeman, 24 Tex. 615, the Supreme Court cited Brown v. Boulden in support of a holding that for the purpose of establishing "jurisdiction" a defendant could have several residences.
In 1863 in Tucker v. Anderson, 27 Tex. 276, the trial court instructed the jury using domicile in its technical meaning (only onesettled permanent home as contrary to temporary summer place) and was reversed on Brown v. Boulden.
In 1869 in Blucher v. Milsted, 31 Tex. 621 (relied on by defendant in the case at bar to establish a conflict), the reconstruction court gave the word domicile its technical meaning without reference to Brown v. Boulden, Wilson v. Bridgeman, or Tucker v. Anderson.
In 1886 in Crawford v. Carothers, 66 Tex. 199, 18 S.W. 500, the Supreme Court ignored Blucher v. Milsted and returned to Brown v. Boulden in holding that a defendant may have a residence in two counties.
In 1888, the Supreme Court cited Brown v. Boulden with approval in holding that a first residence had been abandoned. Faires v. Young, 69 Tex. 482, 6 S.W. 800.
In 1904, this precise question was again before the Supreme Court in Pearson v. West, 97 Tex. 238, 77 S.W. 944, 945. The court cited Brown v. Boulden and Wilson v. Bridgeman to hold that the word domicile as used in the first sentence of what is now art. 1995 means residence. It arrived at this from the fact that the Legislature had re-enacted the law a number of times without changing the material language since Brown v. Boulden. The present art. 1995 was then art. 1194. The court said:
"* * * We think that these facts show conclusively that the Legislature used the word `domicile' in view of the construction which the court had placed upon it, and that its use was in the sense of `residence.'
"Considering article 1194 as if it read, `No person who is an inhabitant of this state shall be sued out of the county in which he has his residence,' the question presented for our decision is, did the plaintiff have the right to institute this suit in either county in which one of the residences of the defendant was, notwithstanding *139 she knew all of the facts and circumstances connected with the occupancy of the two places?"
In 1906 in Taylor v. Wilson, 99 Tex. 651, 93 S.W. 108 the Supreme Court cited Pearson v. West and again cited Brown v. Boulden in holding that a citizen of New York domiciled in New York had established a residence for venue purposes in Jefferson County while retaining his New York domicile.
Thus Brown v. Boulden and Supreme Court cases citing and following it have firmly established that the word domicile in the first sentence of art. 1995 does not mean a technical domicile but something less, a residence. This has caused confusion in some Civil Appeals decisions. For instance, in Joy v. Marshall Field & Co., Tex.Civ.App., 1932, 51 S.W.2d 731, CCA Waco (relied on by defendant in the case at bar to establish a conflict), the court said that "domicile and residence, within the meaning of the venue statute, are one and the same thing" and then went on to hold that residence must be given the technical meaning of domicile, returning to and citing Blucher v. Milsted (the 1869 case giving domicile in the venue act its technical meaning). This is squarely contrary in principle to the Supreme Court's decisions since Blucher v. Milsted holding that a defendant may have one domicile plus a second residence, upon authority of Brown v. Boulden.
Thus our problem narrows to that of determining whether there is any evidence in the case at bar which will support the trial court's judgment establishing a second residence in a different county from an established domicile.
Since a residence is a lesser-included element within the technical definition of domicile, Evans v. American Pub. Co., 118 Tex. 433, 13 S.W.2d 358, we should start with the technical definition of domicile and eliminate as a test for a second residence those things which can be done only at a domicile. In Taylor v. Wilson, supra, where the defendant was admittedly domiciled in New York, the Supreme Court said: "* * * Decisions of this court holding that the terms `domicile' and `inhabitant' used in the first clause mean, respectively, the same things as `residence' and `resident,' have relieved the question before us of much of the difficulty which otherwise would attend it. Brown v. Boulden, 18 Tex. 434; Pearson v. West, 97 Tex. [238] 243, 77 S.W. 944. The certificate states that the defendant had a residence in Jefferson county, Tex., and, as citizenship and legal domicile within the state are not, according to the decisions referred to, essential to the privilege given by the first provision of the statute, he clearly falls within it, and is entitled to that privilege". [99 Tex. 651, 93 S.W. 110.]
The elements of the legal concept of domicile are:
1. An actual residence
2. The intent to make it the permanent home.
The word home seems to mean a "true, fixed and permanent home and principal establishment, and to which, whenever he is absent, he has the intention of returning." Ex Parte Blumer, 27 Tex. 734; Switzerland Gen. Ins. Co. v. Gulf Ins. Co., Tex.Civ.App., 213 S.W.2d 161.
From the fact that there can be but one domicile and several residences, we arrive at the conclusion that the element of "intent to make it a permanent home" is not necessary to the establishment of a second residence away from the domicile.
The dissent of one member of the Court of Civil Appeals in the case at bar cites a line of Civil Appeals cases making the presence of the wife a test to determine whether or not a second residence has been established in so far as a married man is concerned. Devereaux v. Rowe, Tex.Civ.App.,1927, 293 S.W.2d 207. These cases are based upon an election statute, art. 2958, R.C.S., which states that the residence of a married man is the place where his wife resides. Since this statute defines the place a married man can vote and since a person cannot vote in but one county, this statute can have no application to our problem because obviously *140 under art. 2958 a married man can have but one residence for voting purposes,actually his domicile. Wright v. Marquis, Tex.Civ.App., 255 S.W. 637; Major v. Loy, Tex.Civ.App., 155 S.W.2d 617. There is no need to discuss the complications involved in this definition except to state generally that, in so far as this line of cases uses art. 2958 for a definition of residence, it amounts to a return to the legal concept of domicile and is, therefore, when used in construing art. 1995, no authority on this question because contrary in principle to Brown v. Boulden. In Agey v. Red Star Supply Co., Tex.Civ. App.,1938, 113 S.W.2d 212, 213 (relied on by defendant in the case at bar to establish a conflict), although not citing art. 2958 or Devercaux v. Rowe, supra, the court makes the flat statement that the "residence" of a married man, unless permanently separated from his wife, is where his wife resides." This is not necessarily true if it be construed as establishing this point as a matter of law. It is in conflict with the decision of the Supreme Court in Taylor v. Wilson, supra, and is for that reason an incorrect statement of law. The same Court of Civil Appeals which wrote the opinion in the Devereaux case had previously written on this subject in Benavides v. Gussett, 8 Tex.Civ.App. 198, 28 S.W. 113, where its discussion is clearly contrary to Brown v. Boulden. Its opinion in Pearson v. West, Tex.Civ.App., 75 S.W. 334, was based upon Benavides v. Gussett and was reversed by the Supreme Court, 97 Tex. 238, 77 S.W. 944. What is said here about art. 2958 is said only to illustrate the mistake in Devereaux v. Rowe and related cases and is not a construction of art. 2958 as that statute is not in issue here.
Leaving aside any consideration of art. 2958, the presence of the wife living in a second place of abode is certainly evidence of the establishment of a second residence apart from a domicile, Pearson v. West, supra; Caprito v. Weaver, Tex. Civ.App., 1933, 63 S.W.2d 1043; Wrenn v. Brooks, Tex.Civ.App., 1924, 257 S.W. 299; Kelly v. Egan, Tex.Civ.App., 1911, 143 S.W. 1183; Funk v. Walker, Tex.Civ.App., 1922, 241 S.W. 720; but the failure of the wife to live in a second place of abode does not as a matter of law prevent it from becoming a second residence. Taylor v. Wilson, supra; International & G. N. R.Co. v. Elder, 1907, 44 Tex.Civ.App. 605, 99 S.W. 856; Latham v. Continental Supply Co., Tex.Civ.App., 1921, 230 S.W. 230. Conversely, neither does the presence of the wife in the second place of abode for a considerable period of time establish a second residence as a matter of law. Bolton v. Alley, Tex.Civ.App., 1929, 25 S.W.2d 638; Dixon v. McDonald, Tex.Civ.App., 1939, 130 S.W.2d 884. Thus we find that the presence or absence of the wife in a second place of abode away from a domicile is not conclusive and does not determine the question of a second residence as a matter of law one way or the other, but is simply evidence to be considered. Littlefield v. Clayton Bros., Tex.Civ.App., 1917, 194 S.W. 194.
A second residence away from a domicile within the meaning of the first sentence of art. 1995 must include the following elements:
1. A fixed place of abode within the possession of the defendant
2. Occupied or intended to be occupied consistently over a substantial period of time
3. which is permanent rather than temporary.
Here defendant Snyder rented a room at a hotel for a period and then moved to a room rented in a private home. A rented room may be a residence under art. 1995. Wilson v. Bridgeman, supra; International & G. N. Ry. Co. v. Elder, supra; Gilmer v. Graham, Tex.Civ.App., 1930, 26 S.W.2d 687; Kerr v. Davenport, Tex.Civ.App., 1950, 233 S.W.2d 197. For a place of abode to become a residence under the first sentence of art. 1995 the defendant must have some right of possession and not be a mere visitor. The payment of rent satisfies this requirement. Burns v. Napier, Tex.Civ.App., 1929, 19 S.W.2d 578. Hence we hold there is some evidence upon the first element of residence to support the trial court.
*141 Defendant Snyder spent about five days a week in Dalhart for about two years. In Pearson v. West, supra, the defendant spent about 6 months of each year in each residence. In Caprito v. Weaver, supra, a fact issue on residence was raised by a defendant spending all of 6 or 7 weeks together with his family in a second place of abode. In Wilson v. Bridgeman, supra, the defendant established a second residence in part of one year. In Bolton v. Alley, supra, a fact issue on residence was raised by defendant spending ¼ of his time and his wife spending 2/3 of her time for a period of 2 years. In Wrenn v. Brooks, supra, the defendant established a residence by spending "most" of 18 months in a county. In International & G. N. Ry. v. Elder, supra, a residence was established by spending all of one year. In Kelly v. Egan, supra, defendant established a residence by spending all of 6 months. In Taylor v. Wilson, supra, the defendant established a residence in 14 months. In Littlefield v. Clayton Bros., supra, defendant established a second residence by spending from one to three days at a time every ten days or two weeks. In Gilmer v. Graham, supra, defendant established a second residence by staying from "ten to twenty days at the time". [26 S.W.2d 690.] In Funk v. Walker, supra, defendant established a residence by being present about one to five days twice a month over a period of one year and three months. In Kerr v. Davenport, supra, defendant established a residence in Bexar County by being present about one third of the time over a period of three years. By citing these cases, we do not necessarily approve each holding. We cite them to demonstrate the weight of authority on this point.
We conclude that there is some evidence to support the trial court's judgment upon the second element of residence, and that we cannot hold as a matter of law that 5 days a week with some interruptions over a fifteen-month period is not enough to establish a second residence.
The third element involves the question of whether the place of abode is permanent or temporary. In Dixon v. McDonald, supra, the court held that the proprietor of a traveling skating rink which had been operating in Beaumont for about two months had not established a residence under art. 1995 although he rented an apartment and had his family with him. The court held that defendant's stay in Beaumont was temporary and that "When he moved to a new location there was no fixed purpose on his part to return" [130 S.W.2d 885.] to Beaumont. The case of Harrison v. Ward, Tex.Civ.App. 1923, 277 S.W. 445, held that the stay of a cotton buyer in Corpus Christi who bought cotton during the season (July through November) was temporary, hence no residence established.
In the case at bar the defendant Snyder had been regularly and consistently commuting between his room in Dalhart and his home in Vernon for a period of fifteen months at the time the plea of privilege was filed and for two years at the time it was tried. The question of whether a stay is temporary or permanent is a question of intent to be proved by declarations and acts. O'Connor v. Cook, Tex.Civ.App.1894, 26 S.W. 1113; Gulf Coast & S. F. R. Co. v. Rogers, 1903, 37 Tex.Civ.App. 99, 82 S.W. 822. Here the defendant Snyder made excursions out from Dalhart and returned. It was head-quarters for his business. Under the facts here there is no dispute that defendant Snyder had not abandoned his plan for living part time in Dalhart. Faires v. Young, supra; Cross v. Johns, Tex.Civ.App.1922, 238 S.W. 354; Seale v. Garvey, Tex.Civ.App. 1923, 247 S.W. 672; Eppenauer v. Schrup, Tex.Civ.App. 1938, 121 S.W.2d 473.
Defendant Snyder occupied consistently and with continuity a fixed place of abode in Dalhart in such a manner that the trial court could find that he had ceased to be a visitor and that the proof supplied this element of the definition of a resident. Therefore we conclude that the trial court had some evidence upon which to base a finding that defendant's second residence in Dalhart was permanent and not temporary.
*142 Returning now to the allegations that the Court of Civil Appeals opinion here conflicts with the cases listed by defendant, we hold:
1. That Blucher v. Milsted, supra, has been in fact overruled for many years by Crawford v. Carothers, supra, Pearson v. West, supra, and other Supreme Court cases and is here expressly overruled.
2. That the discussion of the law but not necessarily the holding in Joy v. Marshall Field, supra, is based upon Blucher v. Milsted, supra, and is contrary to Brown v. Boulden, supra, and Pearson v. West, supra, which control.
3. That Agey v. Red Star Supply Co., supra, in so far as it makes the presence of the wife in a second residence a conclusive factor as a matter of law is in conflict with Taylor v. Wilson, supra, a Supreme Court case which governs.
4. That Caprito v. Weaver, supra, is not in conflict with the Court of Civil Appeals opinion here but rather is in harmony with it.
5. That Houston Printing Co. v. Tennant, 120 Tex. 539, 39 S.W.2d 1089, is not in conflict because it involved, under Subdivision 29, art. 1995, the right of a plaintiff to bring his suit for libel in a county where, as a public official, he had his domicile (which included a residence) and is therefore not comparable on the facts to the case at bar.
The basic underlying policy of the law is well stated in Halverson v. Livengood, Tex.Civ.App. 1928, 4 S.W.2d 589, 590: "Statutes regulating the local venue of legal proceedings are generally designed to provide for the convenience of the parties involved. The provisions fixing the venue of actions against living persons were, in the main, manifestly adopted to prevent serious inconveniences and probable injury to defendants from the bringing of suits against them in counties remote from where the defendants resided and transacted their business. Such inconvenience, however, could not be claimed by a defendant when sued in a county where he spent so large a portion of his time as to make that county a place of residence."
The judgment of the trial court here is in harmony with this policy. The contract was executed and performed in Dallam County and both the alleged breach and the alleged accord and satisfaction occurred there. Defendant spent most of the working days of the week in Dallam County. This very case demonstrates the wisdom of the policy.
Having determined that there is some evidence to support the trial court's finding that the defendant Snyder has established a residence in Dallam County under the first sentence of art. 1995, we do not pass upon other questions brought forward.
Since the Court of Civil Appeals has reached a correct result, petition for writ of mandamus is denied.
