                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-1708

                            Sheikh Bilaal Muhammad Arafat
                         f/k/a Mark Edward Wetsch, petitioner,
                                       Appellant,

                                           vs.

                                Barlin Mohamed Ahmed,
                                       Respondent.

                                  Filed June 15, 2015
                                       Affirmed
                                    Johnson, Judge

                            Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-FA-10-5685

Sheikh Bilaal Muhammad Arafat, Springfield, Missouri (pro se appellant)

Barlin Mohamed Ahmed, Hopkins, Minnesota (pro se respondent)

      Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and

Johnson, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

JOHNSON, Judge

      Sheikh Bilaal Muhammad Arafat moved to modify custody of two children by

seeking joint legal custody. The district court denied his motions. We affirm.
                                         FACTS

       Arafat and Barlin Mohamed Ahmed are the parents of two girls: N.M.W., who

was born in December 2009, and N.M.O., who was born in December 2010.

       In June 2011, the parties signed a recognition of parentage with respect to N.M.W.

Arafat initially sought joint physical and joint legal custody of N.M.W., but the district

court granted sole legal and sole physical custody of N.M.W. to Ahmed after Arafat

failed to cooperate with the guardian ad litem, expressed his desire to not have custody,

and failed to appear at a hearing on custody and parenting time.

       In May 2012, the district court adjudicated paternity of N.M.O. by determining

that Arafat is the girl’s father. The district court granted sole legal and sole physical

custody of N.M.O. to Ahmed.

       In May 2014, Arafat filed motions to modify legal custody, seeking joint legal

custody of both N.M.W. and N.M.O. The district court held a hearing on Arafat’s

motions. Arafat appeared pro se by telephone from a federal prison; Ahmed did not

appear and did not respond to the motions. In September 2014, the district court issued a

two-page order denying Arafat’s motions. Arafat appeals.

                                    DECISION

       Arafat argues that the district court erred by denying his motions to modify legal

custody.

       A district court is authorized by statute to modify a prior custody order. The

statute states, in relevant part:




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              [T]he court shall not modify a prior custody order . . . unless
              it finds, upon the basis of facts, . . . that have arisen since the
              prior order or that were unknown to the court at the time of
              the prior order, that a change has occurred in the
              circumstances of the child or the parties and that the
              modification is necessary to serve the best interests of the
              child. In applying these standards the court shall retain the
              custody arrangement . . . that was established by the prior
              order unless:

                     ....

                     (iv) the child’s present environment endangers the
              child’s physical or emotional health or impairs the child’s
              emotional development and the harm likely to be caused by a
              change of environment is outweighed by the advantage of a
              change to the child . . . .

Minn. Stat. § 518.18(d) (2014).

       A party who moves to modify custody must make an initial factual showing by

submitting an affidavit in support of the motion. Boland v. Murtha, 800 N.W.2d 179,

182-83 (Minn. App. 2011). The district court accepts the facts in the affidavit as true and

then “determines, in its discretion, whether the moving party has made a prima facie

showing for the modification or restriction.” Id. at 183. A moving party states a prima

facie case for an endangerment-based motion to modify custody if he or she submits

evidence that (1) there has been a change in the moving party’s or child’s circumstances,

(2) modification is necessary to serve the child’s best interests, (3) the child’s present

environment endangers the child’s physical health, emotional health, or emotional

development, and (4) the benefits of the modification outweigh the detriments to the

child. Goldman v. Greenwood, 748 N.W.2d 279, 284 (Minn. 2008). The moving party

also must show that the change in circumstances is the cause of the child’s emotional or


                                              3
physical endangerment. Nice-Petersen v. Nice-Petersen, 310 N.W.2d 471, 472 (Minn.

1981).

         If a district court denies a motion to modify custody without holding an

evidentiary hearing, this court applies a de novo standard of review to the district court’s

interpretation of the moving party’s affidavit, an abuse-of-discretion standard of review

to the district court’s determination whether a prima facie case has been established, and

a de novo standard of review to the district court’s decision to not hold an evidentiary

hearing. Boland, 800 N.W.2d at 185. If a district court rules on a motion to modify

custody after holding an evidentiary hearing, this court applies a clear-error standard of

review to the district court’s findings of fact and an abuse-of-discretion standard of

review to the district court’s ultimate decision whether to modify custody. Pikula v.

Pikula, 374 N.W.2d 705, 710 (Minn. 1985); Schisel v. Schisel, 762 N.W.2d 265, 270

(Minn. App. 2009).

         Arafat contends that the district court erred by denying his motions to modify legal

custody. As an initial matter, we note that the applicable standard of review is unclear

because the record does not indicate whether the district court held an evidentiary

hearing. The district court’s order does not specify whether the July 10, 2014 hearing

was an evidentiary hearing. The district court’s order also does not specify whether

Arafat’s motions were denied because he failed to establish a prima facie case or because

he failed to satisfy his ultimate burden of persuasion.        We are unable to review a

transcript of the July 10, 2014 hearing because there is no such transcript in the appellate

record. In any appeal, the appellant is responsible for ordering and submitting any


                                              4
transcripts that are necessary for appellate review. Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 110.02, subd. 1.

Without a transcript, it is impossible for this court to know whether Arafat testified or

otherwise introduced any evidence. And without knowing the substance of Arafat’s

evidence (if any evidence was introduced), it is impossible to know whether the district

court erred.   This court generally refuses to consider the merits of an appeal if an

appellant has failed to submit a transcript that is necessary for appellate review. See, e.g.,

Godbout v. Norton, 262 N.W.2d 374, 376 (Minn. 1977); Custom Farm Servs., Inc. v.

Collins, 306 Minn. 571, 572, 238 N.W.2d 608, 609 (1976); Noltimier v. Noltimier, 280

Minn. 28, 29, 157 N.W.2d 530, 531 (1968); Collins v. Waconia Dodge, Inc., 793 N.W.2d

142, 146 (Minn. App. 2011), review denied (Minn. Mar. 15, 2011); Fritz v. Fritz, 390

N.W.2d 924, 925 (Minn. App. 1986).

       In any event, Arafat’s appellate arguments are unconvincing. He contends that the

district court erred because there has been a change in circumstances and because the

children are endangered. But his appellate brief consists mostly of vague and general

assertions that do not contain the requisite specificity to demonstrate legal error. His

most specific contention is that his circumstances have changed because he now is

incarcerated in federal prison and, for that reason, has no reason to fear that Ahmed will

falsely accuse him of child abuse. He implies that he refrained from seeking joint

custody during the earlier custody proceedings, when he was not incarcerated, because he

feared that Ahmed would make false accusations against him. Regardless whether that is

a valid reason for seeking or not seeking custody, it is not a change in circumstances of a

type recognized by the law because the change could not have caused any endangerment


                                              5
of the children’s physical or emotional health. See Nice-Petersen, 310 N.W.2d at 472.

The district court determined that there is no evidence of endangerment. The district

court stated, “While [Arafat] criticizes [Ahmed’s] parenting of her other non-joint

children, [Arafat] has made no allegations that [N.M.W. and N.M.O.] are endangered by

[Ahmed] having sole legal custody.” Without a transcript, we cannot conclude that the

district court erred in this determination.

       In sum, Arafat has not shown that the district court erred by denying his motions

for joint legal custody.

       Affirmed.




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