                                  Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court



                     Lewis v. Heartland Food Corp., 2014 IL App (1st) 123303



Appellate Court              MARTIN EDWARD LEWIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HEARTLAND
Caption                      FOOD CORPORATION, BURGER KING CORPORATION, and
                             BURGER KING No. 1250, Defendants-Appellees.


District & No.               First District, Second Division
                             Docket No. 1-12-3303


Filed                        August 19, 2014


Held                         Plaintiff’s action for compensatory and punitive damages arising from
(Note: This syllabus         the theft of his iPhone by “four fellow customers” while plaintiff was
constitutes no part of the   at defendant fast-food restaurant was properly dismissed,
opinion of the court but     notwithstanding plaintiff’s allegations that “manned security” was not
has been prepared by the     provided at the restaurant and defendants breached their duties to
Reporter of Decisions        exercise ordinary care and caution, since defendants had no duty to
for the convenience of       protect customers from criminal activities of third persons in the
the reader.)                 absence of a “special relationship” between the parties, and even if
                             there was a “special relationship,” defendants would only be liable for
                             physical harm caused by third persons; furthermore, in the absence of
                             any indication that the franchisor voluntarily undertook a legal duty to
                             provide security at the restaurant, the action against the franchisor was
                             also properly dismissed.




Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-CH-37090; the
Review                       Hon. James E. Snyder, Judge, presiding.




Judgment                     Affirmed.
     Counsel on               Martin Edward Lewis, of Chicago, appellant pro se.
     Appeal
                              Mulherin, Rehfeldt & Varchetto, P.C., of Wheaton (Stephen A.
                              Rehfeldt, of counsel), and Swanson, Martin & Bell LLP, of Chicago
                              (Richard J. Keating, Jr., of counsel), for appellees.



     Panel                    JUSTICE LIU delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                              Justice Pierce concurred in the judgment, without opinion.


                                               OPINION

¶1         Plaintiff Martin Edward Lewis appeals pro se from orders of the circuit court dismissing
       his case pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615
       (West 2012)). On appeal, plaintiff asks this court, inter alia, “to review this instant case,
       reverse the lower court and remand for further proceedings in the lower court.” For the
       reasons that follow, we affirm.
¶2         In 2011, plaintiff filed a complaint against Heartland Food Corporation (Heartland),
       Burger King Corporation (BKC), and Burger King No. 1250, alleging that his iPhone was
       stolen by “four fellow customers” while he was at a Burger King restaurant in Chicago.
       Plaintiff asserted that by not providing “manned security” in the restaurant, defendants had
       negligently, as well as willfully and wantonly, breached their duties “to exercise ordinary
       care and caution and provide proper security in all of hours operation and the burden of
       management not to allow the criminal element to enter the premises so as to avoid causing
       injury and loss [of] personal property to Plaintiff” and “to provide notices of security and
       surveillance camera positions and monitors.” Plaintiff sought $1,000 in compensatory
       damages and $1 million in punitive damages.
¶3         BKC filed a motion to strike plaintiff’s prayer for punitive damages, which was granted
       by the trial court. The trial court also entered an order dismissing “Burger King #1250” as a
       defendant. BKC and Heartland each filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of
       the Code. After the motions were fully briefed and separate hearings were held, the trial court
       granted both motions to dismiss.
¶4         Plaintiff appeals from the trial court’s orders dismissing his case against BKC and
       Heartland. For the most part, his brief on appeal simply repeats the allegations in his
       complaint. He also complains that the trial court only allowed him a “one-minute” hearing
       and asks this court “to review this instant case, reverse the lower court and remand for further
       proceedings in the lower court.” Plaintiff cites and discusses numerous cases that address
       negligence principles, but does not explain how he believes the trial court erred in dismissing
       his complaint.
¶5         Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) provides that an appellant’s
       brief must contain contentions and the reasons therefor, with citation to the authorities upon
       which the appellant relies. As a reviewing court, we are entitled to have the issues clearly

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       defined, pertinent authority cited, and a cohesive legal argument presented. Walters v.
       Rodriguez, 2011 IL App (1st) 103488, ¶ 5. “The appellate court is not a depository in which
       the appellant may dump the burden of argument and research.” Thrall Car Manufacturing
       Co. v. Lindquist, 145 Ill. App. 3d 712, 719 (1986). Arguments that are not supported by
       citations to authority fail to meet the requirements of Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) and are
       procedurally defaulted. Vilardo v. Barrington Community School District 220, 406 Ill. App.
       3d 713, 720 (2010). Pro se litigants are not excused from following rules that dictate the
       form and content of appellate briefs. In re Marriage of Barile, 385 Ill. App. 3d 752, 757
       (2008).
¶6         In this case, plaintiff has failed to provide a cohesive legal argument or a reasoned basis
       for his contentions. Accordingly, his contentions are forfeited. Forfeiture aside, and to the
       extent that plaintiff has made a legal argument, his appeal fails on the merits.
¶7         A motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 challenges the legal sufficiency of a
       complaint based on defects apparent on its face. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d
       422, 429 (2006). When reviewing a complaint’s sufficiency, we accept as true all
       well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from those facts, and
       construe the allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. Our
       review is de novo and we may affirm the circuit court’s judgment on any basis appearing in
       the record. Gatreaux v. DKW Enterprises, LLC, 2011 IL App (1st) 103482, ¶ 10.
¶8         For a plaintiff to state a cause of action for negligence, his complaint must allege facts
       that establish the existence of a duty of care owed to him by the defendant, a breach of that
       duty, and an injury proximately caused by that breach. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 430. In the
       instant case, defendants assert that they had no duty to protect plaintiff from the theft of his
       iPhone. Whether a duty exists in a particular case is a question of law for the court to decide.
       Id.
¶9         In general, a landowner such as Heartland has no duty to protect others from criminal
       activities by third persons unless a “special relationship” exists between the parties. Rowe v.
       State Bank of Lombard, 125 Ill. 2d 203, 215-16 (1988) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts
       § 314 (1965)). The applicable special relationship in the instant case is that of business
       invitor and invitee. Id. at 216. However, it appears that in Illinois, even when this special
       relationship exists, the landowner may only be held liable for physical harm caused by acts of
       third persons. See, e.g., Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 437 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts
       § 344 (1965)). Section 344 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides in relevant part as
       follows:
                    “A possessor of land who holds it open to the public for entry for his business
                purposes is subject to liability to members of the public while they are upon the land
                for such a purpose, for physical harm caused by the accidental, negligent, or
                intentionally harmful acts of third persons *** and by the failure of the possessor to
                exercise reasonable care to
                    (a) discover that such acts are being done or are likely to be done, or
                    (b) give a warning adequate to enable the visitors to avoid the harm, or otherwise
                to protect them against it.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 (1965).
¶ 10       Our research has revealed no Illinois cases discussing whether a business invitor has a
       duty to protect its business invitees from criminal activity that does not involve physical


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       harm. In their brief, defendants have identified a case from Missouri, Mulligan v. Crescent
       Plumbing Supply Co., 845 S.W.2d 589 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993), which we find instructive. In
       Mulligan, the plaintiff’s truck was stolen from the defendant’s property. Id. at 590. The
       plaintiff sued, alleging that the defendant knew of thefts of similar vehicles on the premises
       and nearby businesses during the prior three months, and that the defendant’s knowledge of
       those thefts created “special facts and circumstances” which imposed upon the defendant
       duties to protect its invitees from loss and damage due to criminal conduct of unknown third
       parties, to provide adequate security to protects its invitees’ property, and to warn invitees of
       the risk of theft. Id. The defendant filed a motion to dismiss the suit for failure to state a
       cause of action, which was granted by the trial court. Id.
¶ 11        On review, the Missouri Court of Appeals noted that in general, a business landowner or
       occupier has no duty to protect its invitees from the criminal acts of unknown third parties
       absent “special facts and circumstances,” such as when the landowner knows or has reason to
       know that there is a likelihood of conduct by third persons which is likely to endanger the
       safety of visitors. Id. at 590-91. The court emphasized that section 344 of the Restatement
       (Second) of Torts recognizes a duty on the part of a business landowner or occupier to
       protect visitors who are on the premises only from physical harm caused by third parties. Id.
       at 591. The court then held that as a matter of public policy, the parameters of the “special
       facts and circumstances” exception did not reach a duty as to damage to or loss of property,
       and declined to extend the exception to cases of property loss or damage. Id. at 592.
¶ 12        Like the court in Mulligan, our supreme court has relied upon section 344 of the
       Restatement (Second) of Torts in cases involving claims that business invitors were liable for
       physical harm to invitees caused by third parties. See, e.g., Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 438; Hills
       v. Bridgeview Little League Ass’n, 195 Ill. 2d 210, 243-44 (2000). Accordingly, as in
       Mulligan, we follow the language of section 344 and decline to extend the duty described
       therein to cases that do not involve physical harm.
¶ 13        Heartland owed plaintiff no duty to protect him from the theft of his iPhone by third
       persons. Accordingly, plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a claim of negligence, and the case
       against Heartland was properly dismissed by the trial court.
¶ 14        With regard to BKC, the franchisor, we also find that no duty existed. No legal duty
       based on a “special relationship,” such as business invitor/business invitee, exists between a
       franchisor and a business invitee. Castro v. Brown’s Chicken & Pasta, Inc., 314 Ill. App. 3d
       542, 547 (2000). In the absence of such a special relationship, liability may still be imposed
       for negligent performance of a voluntary undertaking, such as a voluntary undertaking to
       provide security. Id. Whether a defendant has voluntarily undertaken a legal duty to a
       plaintiff seeking to bring a negligence action is a question of law. Id. Here, plaintiff alleged
       in his complaint that defendants did not provide manned security in the restaurant where his
       iPhone was stolen. In light of this allegation, which must be taken as true when reviewing the
       sufficiency of a complaint, we cannot find that BKC voluntarily undertook such a legal duty.
       Accordingly, defendant failed to state a cause of action for negligence against BKC and the
       trial court properly dismissed the case against it.
¶ 15        For the reasons explained above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook
       County.

¶ 16      Affirmed.

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