                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014)

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A16-0942

                                  In re the Marriage of:

                            Kathleen Jean Rucker, petitioner,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                 Kraig Vernon Rucker,
                                      Appellant.

                              Filed December 27, 2016
                  Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
                              Smith, Tracy M., Judge

                             Olmsted County District Court
                               File No. 55-FA-14-5800

Jill I. Frieders, O’Brien & Wolf, L.L.P., Rochester, Minnesota (for respondent)

Kay Nord Hunt, Lommen Abdo, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Marilyn J. Michales,
Michales Family Law, Eden Prairie, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Smith, Tracy M., Judge; and

Smith, John, Judge.





 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SMITH, TRACY M., Judge

       Appellant-husband Kraig Rucker challenges an Olmsted County District Court’s

judgment in the marriage-dissolution proceeding between appellant and respondent-wife

Kathleen Rucker. Appellant argues on appeal that the district court (1) abused its discretion

by granting sole physical and sole legal custody of the parties’ children to respondent and

limiting his parenting time; (2) abused its discretion by denying appellant a downward

deviation from the presumptively appropriate guideline child-support obligation;

(3) abused its discretion by denying appellant spousal maintenance; (4) abused its

discretion by denying appellant’s nonmarital-property claim; and (5) erred in construing

an in vitro fertilization consent form to award respondent the parties’ cryopreserved

embryos. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion as alleged by

appellant in his arguments (1)-(4). With respect to argument (5), because we conclude that

the district court erred in interpreting the consent form, we reverse and remand. We

therefore affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant and respondent married in August 1998. They have two children, G.R.

and M.R, ages 13 and 6 at the time of dissolution. Respondent filed a petition for

dissolution of marriage in August 2014. The parties physically separated in September

2014 when respondent moved out of the marital home.

       When respondent left the marital home, she transferred the parties’ money,

including money appellant had inherited from his father, from a marital joint bank account


                                             2
into her personal bank account. At trial, appellant’s financial expert testified that appellant

had $35,379 in nonmarital funds in the joint bank account on August 1, 2014. Respondent

testified that she used the withdrawn funds to pay the parties’ mortgage, property taxes,

home loan, and other marital expenses. Financial records show that from August 1, 2014,

to the valuation date of June 2, 2015, money was transferred between the joint bank account

and respondent’s individual account on multiple occasions. Both parties continued to

deposit paychecks in the joint bank account until respondent switched to using a personal

bank account and, eventually, closed the joint bank account.

       During the pendency of the proceeding, the parties shared custody of their children.

Respondent requested sole physical and sole legal custody of G.R. and M.R. Appellant

requested joint physical and joint legal custody and a 50/50 parenting-time arrangement.

The district court ordered a neutral custody evaluation. In her report, the custody evaluator

expressed concerns that appellant’s negative behavior toward respondent in front of the

children would result in the children becoming alienated from respondent. The evaluator

recommended that respondent be granted sole legal and sole physical custody.

       Both appellant and respondent, as well as G.R. and M.R., began attending

counseling after the separation. Appellant was unable to participate in therapy sessions

with respondent and her therapist because he “verbally exploded and then left [the

therapist’s] office.” Concerned about respondent’s safety, her therapist advised her to “go

to a Women’s Shelter for that evening and not go home.” Counselors who worked with

appellant and respondent believed that appellant was unaware of his “controlling” behavior




                                              3
and observed that he failed to cooperate in therapy sessions. Both children’s therapists

found the children “unusually” aligned with appellant.

       Since the separation, appellant has been a “negative influence” on the children.

Appellant used the children as “spies in [respondent’s] home.” Appellant used phone calls

with the children to sing songs about lost love to the children while they were with

respondent. Appellant told the children that divorce is a sin and people who get divorced

go to hell. According to the custody evaluator, appellant’s actions have caused the children

to “internalize[] their father’s perspective and beliefs, and see their mother as the cause of

their father’s sadness and anger. Consequently the children are rejecting of their mother

and most things associated with her.”

       During the pendency of the proceeding, appellant began harassing respondent by

phone; text message; and Our Family Wizard, a phone application designed to help

estranged parents communicate about their children. Respondent obtained a harassment

restraining order against appellant in December 2014. The district court found that

appellant had stalked respondent; gone to her home uninvited; harassed her by phone, text,

e-mail, and Our Family Wizard multiple times a day; and made her feel threatened.

       Following six days of trial, the district court issued its findings of fact, conclusions

of law, order for judgment, and judgment and decree in February 2016. With respect to

child custody, the district court analyzed the 12 best-interests factors under Minn. Stat.

§ 518.17 (Supp. 2015), and at the end of each discussion noted whether the factor weighed

in favor of appellant or respondent or was “neutral.” The district court granted respondent

sole physical and sole legal custody of the children. The district court limited appellant’s


                                              4
parenting time to every other weekend and every Thursday evening, with additional

parenting time in the summer, for vacation, and on holidays.

       For purposes of child support and spousal maintenance, the district court found that

respondent has a gross monthly income of $5,315.83 and a claimed monthly budget of

$5,636.67. The court found that appellant has a gross monthly income of $5,764.03 and a

claimed monthly budget of $6,483.55, but his “reasonable expenses do not exceed $3,000”

after the payment of child support and taxes. The court awarded respondent $1,335 in child

support, including daycare and insurance expenses, and denied appellant’s request for

spousal maintenance. The district court also concluded that appellant failed to establish

that respondent owed him $35,379 in nonmarital property based on her transfer of funds

from their joint bank account to her personal bank account. Furthermore, the court

concluded that there was no credible evidence indicating that respondent had done anything

impermissible with the funds from the joint bank account because the funds had been used

to pay marital expenses.

       Finally, the district court awarded respondent the parties’ two cryopreserved

embryos, which have been stored at Mayo Clinic since May 2008. The district court

concluded that the Mayo Clinic consent form signed by both appellant and respondent is a

binding contract that controls the disposition of the embryos and interpreted the language

of the consent form to assign the property rights to the embryos to respondent in the event

of divorce.

       Appellant filed a posttrial motion arguing that the district court did not properly

weigh the best interests of the children, should have awarded appellant spousal


                                            5
maintenance and granted a downward deviation from the presumptively appropriate child-

support obligation, and misconstrued the in vitro fertilization consent form. The district

court rejected all of appellant’s arguments but stayed the disposition of the embryos.

       This appeal follows.

                                          DECISION

I.     The district court did not abuse its discretion by granting respondent sole
       physical and sole legal custody of the children and limiting appellant’s
       parenting time.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by granting respondent

sole physical and sole legal custody of their children and limiting his parenting time. We

review the district court’s custody and parenting-time determinations for “whether the

[district] court abused its discretion by making findings unsupported by the evidence or by

improperly applying the law.” Pikula v. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d 705, 710 (Minn. 1985); see

Hagens v. Schirmers, 783 N.W.2d 212, 215 (Minn. App. 2010). The law “leaves scant if

any room for an appellate court to question the [district] court’s balancing of best-interests

considerations.” Vangsness v. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 477 (Minn. App. 2000). We

sustain a district court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Pikula,

374 N.W.2d at 710. We also defer to a district court’s credibility determinations. Sefkow

v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210 (Minn. 1988).

       The best interests of the child are central to determining issues of physical and legal

custody and parenting time. Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(a). Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd.

1(a)(1)-(12), lists 12 factors to be considered in evaluating the best interests of the child.

Id. The statute requires the district court to make “detailed” factual findings for each factor,


                                               6
explaining how each factor led to its conclusion, and prohibits the court from using “one

factor to the exclusion of all others.” Id., subd. 1(b)(1). The statute also requires the use

of a rebuttable presumption that joint legal custody is in the best interests of a child if joint

legal custody is requested by a parent. Id., subd. 1(b)(9). The statute, however, provides

for no presumption regarding joint physical custody. See id., subd. 1(b)(7).1

       A. The district court did not abuse its discretion by making shorthand
          summaries of its findings.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by failing to comply

with the child-centered analysis required by section 518.17 because it was inappropriate

for the district court to indicate whether each factor weighed in favor of appellant or

respondent or was neutral. Appellant contends that the district court conducted a parent-

centered analysis and that the district court’s conclusions failed to take into account the

presumption that joint legal custody is in the best interests of the children.

       The statute requires the district court to

              make detailed findings on each of the factors in paragraph (a)
              based on the evidence presented and explain how each factor
              led to its conclusions and to the determination of custody and
              parenting time. The court may not use one factor to the
              exclusion of all others, and the court shall consider that the
              factors may be interrelated.

Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(b)(1). The district court’s analysis of the best-interests

factors, which used a shorthand to indicate that a factor favored “Father” or “Mother” or



1
 The statute establishes a presumption against joint legal and joint physical custody in the
case of domestic abuse, which is not an issue in this case. Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd.
1(b)(9).

                                               7
was “neutral,” is not inconsistent with the statute. See id., subd. 1(a)(1)-(12). The district

court wrote 32 pages of factual findings on child custody, thoroughly weighed the

evidence, and explained how this evidence led to its conclusions. Read in its entirety, the

district court’s analysis is child centered and explains why the court decided that joint legal

and joint physical custody are not in the best interests of the children. The district court

did not abuse its discretion by making its shorthand summaries because the district court

complied with the statute by making thorough findings of fact and explaining how these

findings led to its conclusions. See id., subd. 1(b)(1).

       B. The district court did not abuse its discretion by granting respondent sole
          physical custody and limiting appellant’s parenting time.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by granting respondent

sole physical custody of the children and limiting his parenting time.

       The district court found that the factors related to the children’s physical, emotional,

cultural, spiritual, and other needs; the children’s special medical, mental-health, or

educational needs; any physical, mental, or chemical-health issue of a parent that affects

the child’s safety or developmental needs; the willingness and ability of each parent to

provide ongoing care and meet the children’s ongoing needs; the effect of the proposed

custodial arrangement on the children’s ongoing relationships; the benefit to the children

of maximizing parenting time with both parents and the detriment of limiting time with

either parent; the disposition of each parent to support the child’s relationship with the

other parent; and the willingness and ability of the parents to cooperate in rearing the child

each weighed in favor of respondent. See id., subd. 1(a)(1)-(2), (5), (7), (9)-(12). The



                                              8
district court found that the factor related to the effect on the children’s well-being of

changes to the home, school, and community weighed in favor of appellant. See id., subd.

1(a)(8). Finally, the district court found that the remaining factors were neutral and did not

weigh in favor of either party. See id., subd. 1(a)(3)-(4), (6).

       Regardless of appellant’s complaints about the district court’s shorthand for

summarizing its findings, the district court fully explained its best-interest findings, and

substantial evidence supports the findings. Early in the separation, respondent obtained a

harassment restraining order against appellant. The record shows that appellant was unable

to participate in therapy sessions with respondent’s therapist because he “verbally exploded

and then left [the therapist’s] office.” The record also shows that multiple counselors who

worked with appellant and respondent believed appellant was unaware of his “controlling”

behavior and failed to cooperate in therapy sessions.

       The district court found that appellant “places the children in the middle of adult

issues” and attempts to undermine the children’s relationship with respondent. Both of the

children’s therapists found them “unusually” aligned with appellant.             The record

demonstrates that appellant used G.R. to obtain information about respondent.             For

example, he sent text messages to respondent, stating, “[G.R.] will keep me posted on any

plans you may be making as far as vacations so deception will not be an option any longer.”

The record also shows that appellant competed with respondent in parenting the children.

For example, appellant messaged respondent that he would ensure the Tooth Fairy

“make[s] a second stop at the place she does call home” and would ensure “this visit trumps

all previous ones and makes a lasting impression.” Appellant used phone calls to sing


                                              9
inappropriate songs to the children while they were with respondent. Appellant told the

children that divorce was a sin, and that people who get divorced go to hell, and he prayed

with the children for respondent to return to the marriage. The independent custody

evaluator expressed concerns that appellant’s negative behavior would result in the

children becoming alienated from respondent.

       In Henrikson v. Henrikson, the Minnesota Supreme Court held that the “voluminous

record of testimony and exhibits” supported the district court’s conclusion that “a change

of custody was necessary to thwart a manifest purpose of plaintiff and her present husband

to alienate the children from the affection and influence of their father.” 288 Minn. 532,

533, 179 N.W.2d 284, 285 (1970). While this case involves an initial grant of custody, we

believe that the circumstances of this case are sufficiently analogous to Henrikson that

Henrikson can provide guidance here. Id. In particular, here, the district court found that

appellant “is unable to allow the children, especially [G.R.,] to love both parents without

guilt or disapproval.”

       The district court did not abuse its discretion by granting sole physical custody to

respondent and limiting appellant’s parenting time because substantial evidence supports

its best-interests findings.2 See Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(a)(1)-(12).




2
  Usually, custody and parenting time involve separate analyses under separate statutes.
See Minn. Stat. § 518.17 (describing the custody analysis); Minn. Stat. § 518.175 (Supp.
2015) (describing the parenting-time analysis). Appellant consolidated these issues into a
single argument, focusing on the child-custody issue. Appellant has argued neither that his
parenting time is being “restricted” nor that he was not granted the presumptively
appropriate 25% parenting time. Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(b), (g).

                                             10
       C. The district court did not abuse its discretion by granting respondent sole
          legal custody.

       Appellant challenges the district court’s determination that respondent had

produced sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption that joint legal custody is in the best

interests of the children. The district court stated that it used the rebuttable presumption in

evaluating whether joint legal custody is in the best interests of the children but ultimately

granted sole legal custody to respondent.

       Section 518.003 defines “[j]oint legal custody” to mean “both parents have equal

rights and responsibilities, including the right to participate in major decisions determining

the child’s upbringing, including education, health care, and religious training.” Minn.

Stat. § 518.003, subd. 3(b) (2014). When one parent has requested joint legal custody,

section 518.17 instructs the district court to use a rebuttable presumption that joint legal

custody is in the best interests of the child. Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(b)(9).

       We have held that joint legal custody is inappropriate where “the evidence indicates

that the parties lack the ability to cooperate and communicate.” Wopata v. Wopata,

498 N.W.2d 478, 482 (Minn. App. 1993). In Wopata, we reversed a district court’s

decision to grant joint legal custody where the parties were unable to cooperate and each

“use[d] the children as a weapon against the other.” Id. In Digatono v. Digatono, we

concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying joint legal custody

where the parties’ relationship was “intense” and “any significant contact between the

parties [was] likely to result in further tension, and may in fact result in physical

confrontations.” 414 N.W.2d 498, 502 (Minn. App. 1987), review denied (Minn. Jan. 15,



                                              11
1988). In Heard v. Heard, we reversed the district court’s decision to grant joint legal

custody where “negotiations even on such matters as telephone calls by the children

sometimes resulted in abusive behavior.” 353 N.W.2d 157, 161-62 (Minn. App. 1984).

       The district court’s grant of sole legal custody to respondent is supported by

substantial evidence that respondent and appellant lack the ability to cooperate on a level

that would permit joint legal custody. The facts of this case are analogous to those in

Wopata, Digatono, and Heard because appellant is unable to communicate with respondent

without becoming upset over their relationship and additional communication is likely to

result in further tension between the parties. While not necessarily dispositive on the

subject, we note that appellant’s behavior toward respondent even led to a harassment

restraining order against appellant.

       Appellant contends that both parents have agreed on and participated in the

children’s “education, health care, and religious training” and therefore the court had no

basis for ruling that the presumption had been overcome. The statute lists the children’s

“physical, emotional, cultural, spiritual, and other needs” as relevant in determining their

best interests. Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(a)(1). The district court, however, “may not

use one factor to the exclusion of all others, and the court shall consider that the factors

may be interrelated.” Id., subd. 1(b)(1). While the district court found that both parties are

able to address the children’s needs in these areas, it also found that appellant “fails to have

meaningful insight into his behavior and negative impact upon [the] children.” Appellant

presents no caselaw in which the parents’ current agreement on the children’s education,

health care, and religious training was enough to require joint legal custody where the


                                              12
parents were otherwise unable to cooperate. We affirm the district court’s determination

that respondent presented sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption of joint legal

custody and its granting of sole legal custody to respondent. Id.

II.    The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant a downward
       deviation from the presumptively appropriate guideline child-support
       obligation.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by failing to grant him

a downward deviation from the presumptively appropriate guideline child-support

obligation. He asserts that he cannot meet his reasonable monthly expenses. The district

court found that appellant is capable of “being self-supporting” and that his reasonable

expenses after child support and taxes “do not exceed $3,000 per month.” The district

court concluded that, under the child-support guidelines, appellant’s presumptively

appropriate guideline basic support obligation is $1,042 per month and ordered him to pay

that amount plus childcare support and medical support, for a total of $1,335 per month.

       This court reviews the calculation of child support for an abuse of discretion. Rutten

v. Rutten, 347 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Minn. 1984). The district court has broad discretion in

awarding child support, and this court will reverse the district court only if it is convinced

that the district court resolved the matter in a manner “against logic and the facts on

record.” Putz v. Putz, 645 N.W.2d 343, 347 (Minn. 2002). This court reviews a district

court’s determination of the parties’ incomes and budgets for clear error. Newstrand v.

Arend, 869 N.W.2d 681, 685 (Minn. App. 2015), review denied (Minn. Dec. 15, 2015).

       The parents’ gross income is only the starting point for the child-support analysis.

Haefele v. Haefele, 837 N.W.2d 703, 714 (Minn. 2013). The party who requests a deviation


                                             13
from the child-support guidelines bears the burden of producing evidence “that would merit

a deviation.” Bunge v. Zachman, 578 N.W.2d 387, 390 (Minn. App. 1998), review denied

(Minn. July 30, 1998). In considering whether to deviate from the child-support guidelines,

the statute lists a number of factors for consideration:

               (1)    all earnings, income, circumstances, and resources of
               each parent, including real and personal property . . . ;
               (2)    the extraordinary financial needs and resources,
               physical and emotional condition, and educational needs of the
               child to be supported;
               (3)    the standard of living the child would enjoy if the
               parents were currently living together, but recognizing that the
               parents now have separate households . . . ;
               (6)    the parents’ debts as provided in subdivision 2 . . . .

Minn. Stat. § 518A.43, subd. 1 (Supp. 2015). In order to deviate from the statutory

guidelines, the district court must make written findings articulating, among other things,

“how the deviation serves the best interests of the child.” Minn. Stat. § 518A.37, subd.

2(5) (2014).

       We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying

appellant’s request for a downward deviation in child support. While the district court

listed appellant’s claimed monthly budget of $6,483.55 in its findings, the district court

nevertheless found that appellant’s reasonable expenses do not exceed $3,000 after taxes

and child support. The district court did not explain its departure from appellant’s budget,

but appellant has not shown that the district court’s calculations are so clearly erroneous as

to warrant reversal.    See Fletcher v. St. Paul Pioneer Press, 589 N.W.2d 96, 101

(Minn. 1999) (“Findings of fact are clearly erroneous only if the reviewing court is left

with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” (quotation omitted)).


                                             14
Appellant’s financial expert testified that appellant’s budget would be lower without joint

custody. The district court found that both parties are able to reduce their expenses and

“will need to budget like most couples after a dissolution.” The district court also found

that appellant earns more than respondent and respondent will be supporting two children.

With child support, respondent could meet her new budget, which the district court

implicitly found is in the best interests of the children.

       The district court therefore did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant a

downward deviation in child support. Putz, 645 N.W.2d at 347.

III.   The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant spousal
       maintenance.

       Appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion by failing to award him

spousal maintenance to offset his child-support obligations. We review the decision to

grant or deny spousal maintenance for an abuse of discretion. Dobrin v. Dobrin, 569

N.W.2d 199, 202 (Minn. 1997). A district court abuses it discretion if its findings of fact

are unsupported by the record or if it improperly applies the law. Id. Factual findings

concerning spousal maintenance are upheld unless they are clearly erroneous. Gessner v.

Gessner, 487 N.W.2d 921, 923 (Minn. App. 1992). The determination of income for

maintenance purposes is a finding of fact and is not set aside unless clearly erroneous.

Peterka v. Peterka, 675 N.W.2d 353, 357 (Minn. App. 2004).

       A district court may award spousal maintenance upon finding that the party seeking

maintenance “lacks sufficient property . . . to provide for reasonable needs of the spouse

considering the standard of living established during the marriage” or “is unable to provide



                                              15
adequate self-support, after considering the standard of living established during the

marriage and all relevant circumstances, through appropriate employment.” Minn. Stat.

§ 518.552, subd. 1(a)-(b) (2014). The district court concluded that there is no statutory

basis to award appellant spousal maintenance.

        We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant

spousal maintenance. The district court determined that both parties “earn approximately

$5000 gross income per month” and “lived a moderate life style,” and that appellant has

“the ability to meet his own needs independently and has sufficient education and training

for appropriate employment” to adequately support himself. Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd.

1(b).   Even appellant’s financial expert testified, “[I]n many cases when you have

households that are splitting, the expenses may be more than what the available income

is.” Appellant is also not the custodian of a child “whose condition or circumstances make

it appropriate that the custodian not be required to seek employment outside the home.”

Id. No statutory ground supports appellant’s request for spousal maintenance.

        Moreover, if the district court believed appellant could not meet his child-support

obligations, it could deviate from the child-support guidelines—not award appellant

spousal maintenance to enable him to pay child support. Minn. Stat. § 518A.43, subd. 1.

        We therefore conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying

appellant spousal maintenance. Minn. Stat. § 518.552, subd. 1(a)-(b).




                                             16
IV.    The district court did not abuse its discretion by rejecting appellant’s
       nonmarital property claim.

       Appellant argues that the district court erred by failing to reduce respondent’s share

of the property equalizer by $35,379 for appellant’s nonmarital property that respondent

transferred to her personal bank account after the parties’ separation. The district court

concluded that appellant failed to prove his nonmarital claim and that no credible evidence

shows that respondent used these funds for inappropriate purposes.

       We evaluate the division of property for an abuse of discretion. Antone v. Antone,

645 N.W.2d 96, 100 (Minn. 2002). “Whether property is marital or nonmarital is a question

of law, but a reviewing court must defer to the [district] court’s underlying findings of

fact.” Olsen v. Olsen, 562 N.W.2d 797, 800 (Minn. 1997). A district court’s findings of

fact will not be set aside unless those findings are clearly erroneous. Maurer v. Maurer,

623 N.W.2d 604, 606 (Minn. 2001).           We defer to the district court’s credibility

determinations. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d at 472.

       With certain exceptions, marital property includes all property acquired by either

spouse during their marriage and before the valuation date. Minn. Stat. § 518.003, subd.

3b (2014). As a result, “[a]ll property acquired by either spouse during the marriage is

presumptively marital, but a spouse may defeat the presumption by showing by a

preponderance of the evidence that the property acquired is nonmarital.” Risk ex rel. Miller

v. Stark, 787 N.W.2d 690, 696 (Minn. App. 2010) (quotation omitted), review denied

(Minn. Nov. 16, 2010). Under one exception to the general rule that property acquired

during a marriage and before the valuation date is marital, property acquired during a



                                             17
marriage and before the valuation date that is “acquired as . . . inheritance made by a third

party to one but not to the other spouse” is nonmarital property. Minn. Stat. § 518.003,

subd. 3b(a). Under another exception, property “acquired in exchange for” otherwise

nonmarital property is also nonmarital property. Id., subd. 3b(c).

       To maintain its nonmarital character, nonmarital property must “either be kept

separate from marital property or, if commingled with marital property, be readily

traceable.” Olsen, 562 N.W.2d at 800. “[T]racing property to its nonmarital sources does

not require intricate detail.” Stark, 787 N.W.2d at 697. Simply routing funds through a

joint bank account “does not transform non-marital property into marital property.” Nash

v. Nash, 388 N.W.2d 777, 781 (Minn. App. 1986) (quotation omitted), review denied

(Minn. Aug. 20, 1986). “Whether a nonmarital interest has been traced is . . . a question

of fact.” Kerr v. Kerr, 770 N.W.2d 567, 571 (Minn. App. 2009).

       Neither party disputes on appeal that appellant inherited $35,379 in 2013 and that

the funds that respondent withdrew from the parties’ joint bank account included

appellant’s inherited funds. Property obtained from an inheritance is nonmarital property.

Minn. Stat. § 518.003, subd. 3b(a). But appellant commingled his property with marital

property in the joint bank account. Olsen, 562 N.W.2d at 800. In order to prove its

nonmarital character, appellant must trace the property and show by a preponderance of

the evidence that the property is nonmarital. Stark, 787 N.W.2d at 697.

       On this record, we conclude that the district court’s implicit finding that appellant

failed to trace his nonmarital property is not clearly erroneous. Kerr, 770 N.W.2d at 569.

This is not a simple case of routing funds through a joint bank account.               Nash,


                                             18
388 N.W.2d at 781. After respondent withdrew the funds, both marital and nonmarital

property was transferred back to the joint bank account for the payment of expenses.

Appellant’s expert testified that there was “a fair account of activity, but I don’t know the

nature of how they segregated or designated funds to be spent.” The record supports the

district court’s finding that appellant used funds from her account to pay marital expenses,

including loans and utilities for the marital home, and the funds from her account included

both appellant’s nonmarital inheritance and other, marital, funds. Thus, the funds in the

account from which the marital expenses were paid were commingled funds. And when

funds are commingled, the burden is on the party claiming a nonmarital interest to trace

that alleged nonmarital interest to specific property. Crosby v. Crosby, 587 N.W.2d 292,

296-97 (Minn. App. 1998) (finding that appellant failed to trace claimed nonmarital

interests in a case in which funds were commingled and appellant only showed her funds

were the “primary source” for acquiring certain assets), review denied (Minn. Feb. 18,

1999). On this record, however, appellant failed to identify any particular property

acquired “in exchange for” the funds from his otherwise nonmarital inheritance. Therefore,

appellant has not adequately traced his asserted nonmarital interests. See Pettit v. Pettit,

472 N.W.2d 668, 670 (Minn. App. 1991) (concluding that while the party had traced certain

funds to a nonmarital inheritance, the party failed to trace those funds into any property

acquired in exchange for the funds, and therefore that the district court had erred by

granting that party a nonmarital interest in the parties’ otherwise marital farm). As a result,

appellant has not shown that the district court erred in treating the property acquired during

the marriage as marital property and dividing it accordingly. Olsen, 562 N.W.2d at 800.


                                              19
       Citing Stark, appellant argues that the burden shifted to respondent to show how she

spent the money once appellant traced the funds to the joint bank account on August 1,

2014. 787 N.W.2d at 690. We disagree. In Stark, the appellant withdrew $63,096.45—

$52,636.59 of which was the respondent’s nonmarital property—from a joint money-

market account, without the consent of the respondent, shortly before the respondent

commenced marriage-dissolution proceedings. Id. at 697-98. This court first reviewed the

district court’s decision regarding whether the respondent met her burden of showing by a

preponderance of the evidence that the withdrawn money had a nonmarital source. Id. at

696-98. Having concluded that the record supported the district court’s determination that

the funds in question had a nonmarital source, the court then concluded that sufficient

evidence supported the district court’s finding that the appellant had disposed of those

funds without respondent’s consent. Id. at 698. Stark, however, does not suggest that the

burden of proof shifts from a party alleging wrongful disposition of property to the other

party once a nonmarital source for that property has been identified.

       This case is distinguishable from Stark because appellant commingled his

nonmarital property with the parties’ marital property before respondent withdrew those

funds, and respondent used those funds to pay the parties’ marital expenses after that time.

If appellant wished to preserve the nonmarital character of his inheritance, he could have

kept it separate from the marital estate and traced it to the specific property existing when

the district court dissolved the marriage. Olsen, 562 N.W.2d at 800.

       Finally, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the district court’s finding

that respondent did not misuse marital property. Minn. Stat. § 518.58, subd. 1a. (2014),


                                             20
provides that “[i]f the court finds that a party to a marriage, without consent of the other

party, has . . . transferred, encumbered, concealed, or disposed of marital assets except in

the usual course of business or for the necessities of life, the court shall compensate the

other party.” By the time of valuation, respondent’s bank accounts did not contain $35,379;

in other words, she did not retain the funds. The record shows that respondent handled the

parties’ finances throughout the marriage. The record also shows that she used the

withdrawn marital property in the “usual course of business.” Respondent testified that

appellant expected respondent to “pay all of his bills and [hers]” after she moved out of the

home. Respondent further testified that “[appellant] had been spending thousands of

dollars on eBay and other places,” and respondent was concerned that appellant would

inappropriately use an excessive amount of the money. Respondent used money that had

derived from the parties’ joint bank account to pay the parties’ mortgage, property taxes,

home-equity loan, and other expenses. The personal account from which respondent paid

expenses also included her paychecks. The district court found no credible evidence that

respondent had inappropriately used the funds. We defer to this credibility determination.

Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d at 210. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion by

finding that respondent had not misused the marital funds. Olsen, 562 N.W.2d at 800.

       Because appellant failed to properly trace his nonmarital claim and evidence

supports the finding that respondent did not misuse marital property, we conclude that the

district court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s nonmarital claim and did

not otherwise abuse its discretion when it divided these assets. Id.




                                             21
V.     The district court erred in awarding respondent the cryopreserved embryos.

       Appellant challenges the district court’s award to respondent of the cryopreserved

embryos. The district court’s award to respondent of the embryos is based on its reading

of the form titled “Consent Regarding IVF Services.” That form was provided by the Mayo

Clinic and is signed by both parties, as well as on behalf of the Mayo Clinic. It includes a

check-the-box section addressing what the Mayo Clinic is to do with the cryopreserved

embryos in certain circumstances, including “[d]ivorce/separation.” For that circumstance,

the column labeled “[c]ontinue to [s]tore for transfer to female partner” is checked. In the

dissolution judgment, the district court noted that respondent wants the embryos “awarded

to her pursuant to the consent [form] so that she may elect to have the embryos destroyed

in light of the dissolution of the parties’ marriage,”3 while appellant “wants the embryos

awarded to him, [to] continue to be stored indefinitely, and he is willing to pay for

storage.”4 The district court ruled that the consent form “is a binding contract, enforceable

by the court,” and, apparently based on the form’s reference to “transfer to female partner,”

ruled that “[t]he 2 remaining embryos shall be awarded to [respondent].” Appellant argues

that the “plain language” of the consent form requires that the embryos be stored.




3
  We express no opinion regarding whether respondent’s wish to “destroy[]” the embryos
is consistent with the consent form’s statement that the embryos are to be “store[d]” for
“transfer to the female partner.”
4
  We express no opinion regarding whether appellant’s wish to store the embryos
“indefinitely” is consistent with the consent form’s statement that “[t]he maximum period”
for storage “is 10 years.”

                                             22
         When the terms of a contract are unambiguous, courts enforce the contract as

written, absent an infirmity that would invalidate it. Brookfield Trade Ctr., Inc. v. Cty. of

Ramsey, 584 N.W.2d 390, 394 (Minn. 1998). “[W]hether a contract is ambiguous is a

question of law, but the interpretation of an ambiguous contract is a question of fact for the

[fact-finder].” Denelsbeck v. Wells Fargo & Co., 666 N.W.2d 339, 346 (Minn. 2003). “A

contract is ambiguous if, based upon its language alone, it is reasonably susceptible of more

than one interpretation.” Id. (quotation omitted). Here, we conclude that the consent

form’s use of “transfer” in its check-the-box section unambiguously refers to placing the

embryos in the female partner in an attempt to produce a pregnancy. Thus, because the

district court apparently based its award of the embryos to respondent on a reading of

“transfer” to mean an assignment or conveyance of the embryos for purposes of changing

their custodian or keeper, we conclude that the district court’s disposition of the embryos

is based on an incorrect reading of the consent form, and we remand the question of the

disposition of the embryos to the district court.

         A. Construction of the consent form

         As noted, in the check-the-box section of the consent form, the column labeled

“[c]ontinue to [s]tore for transfer to female partner” is checked for the circumstance of

“[d]ivorce/separation.” The form also states:

                In the majority of cases, more oocytes[5] are retrieved and
                fertilized than may be necessary to achieve a pregnancy. When
                this situation occurs, two options exist under the [Mayo Clinic
                Assisted Reproductive Technology] program for the handling
                of these extra fertilized oocytes.

5
    The consent form states that an “oocyte” is “a mature egg.”

                                              23
                      1.      Transfer the ideal number (presently thought to
               be 2 to 3) of the fertilized oocytes and discard the remainder;

                      2.      Transfer the ideal number of fertilized oocytes
               and store the remaining fertilized oocytes by the process called
               “cryopreservation.” Transfer of cryopreserved embryos after
               an unsuccessful embryo transfer of fresh embryos improves the
               overall chance for a successful pregnancy.

               If at some time in the future a transfer is considered, the
               fertilized oocytes will be thawed and examined. If it appears
               that they are viable, the transfer will be undertaken.

The use of “transfer” in the portion of the form quoted above, particularly in item 2 and the

two sentences following it, unambiguously (a) does not refer to an assignment or

conveyance of the embryos for purposes of changing their custodian or keeper; and (b)

does refer to using the embryos in an attempt to produce a pregnancy. See Stedman’s

Medical Dictionary 1622 (25th ed. 1990) (noting that “transfer” in the context of artificial

insemination procedures refers to when, “after either in vitro or in vivo artificial

insemination, the fertilized ovum is transferred . . . to the recipient’s uterus.”).

       Consistent with this produce-a-pregnancy sense of “transfer,” as well as the idea

that the “ideal” number of fertilized oocytes to be transferred in an attempt to produce a

pregnancy is two to three, a second part of the form identifies the “[n]umber [of fertilized

oocytes] for fresh transfer” as “2-3.” A third portion of the form states that the “[t]ype of

fresh transfer” that is to occur for the parties is a transfer at the “[c]leavage stage” of oocyte

development. And a fourth portion of the form notes that the Mayo Clinic “recommend[s]”

a process identified as “Assisted Hatching” for “multiple prior failed embryo transfers.”

Each of these uses of “transfer” unambiguously refers to attempts to produce a pregnancy.


                                               24
A fifth section of the form, however, states, “You have the option of transferring your

embryos from Mayo Clinic. It is your responsibility to make the arrangements for any

transfer.” This fifth section of the form uses “transfer” in a sense other than the produce-

a-pregnancy sense. Thus, while the form generally seems to use “transfer” in the produce-

a-pregnancy sense, that sense of “transfer” does not appear to be the only sense in which

that word is used in the form.

       The crux of the parties’ dispute regarding construction of the form is whether

“transfer,” as used in the check-the-box section of the form, refers to (a) an assignment or

conveyance of the embryos for purposes of changing their custodian or keeper; or (b) using

the embryos in an attempt to produce a pregnancy. Here, for three reasons, we conclude

that the check-the-box section of the form unambiguously uses “transfer” in the produce-

a-pregnancy sense. First, generally, unless context suggests otherwise, courts construing a

contract assume that a word in a contract has the same meaning throughout the contract.

See, e.g., Smitke v. Travelers Indem. Co., 264 Minn. 212, 214, 118 N.W.2d 217, 218 (1962)

(construing “relative” to carry the same meaning throughout the entirety of the contract).

And, as noted above, the majority of the uses of “transfer” in the form are in the produce-

a-pregnancy sense of that term. Second, while the check-the-box section of the form allows

storage for transfer to the female partner, it lacks any indication that cryopreserved

embryos can (ever) be “transferred” to the male partner. The lack of an option to transfer

the embryos to the male partner makes little sense if “transfer” merely refers to an

assignment or conveyance of the embryos for purposes of changing their custodian or

keeper. Third, the check-the-box section of the form does not allow selection of the store-


                                            25
for-transfer-to-the-female-partner option at the end of what the form identifies as the 10-

year maximum storage period for cryopreserved embryos, a prohibition making sense only

if “transfer” is being used to refer to trying to produce a pregnancy. Thus, on this record,

we conclude that the district court’s reading of the form was incorrect, and that its

disposition of the cryopreserved embryos based on that reading must be remanded.

       B. Other matters

       Appellant makes several “alternative[]” arguments to challenge the district court’s

disposition of the embryos, including arguments questioning whether the disposition of

embryos should be decided based on a contractual analysis. We need not address these

arguments because, based on the plain language of the consent form, we are reversing the

district court’s reading of that form and remanding for the district court to readdress the

disposition of the embryos. We note, however, that appellant’s alternative arguments are

consistent with questions raised by respondent in the district court, and that, while the

district court used a contractual analysis for addressing the disposition of the embryos, it

did not explain why it did so. As a result, it is unclear whether the district court’s use of

the contractual analysis is a considered choice, or simply an assumption that the contractual

analysis is a proper vehicle for addressing disposition of the embryos.

       A district court’s failure to address why a particular result was reached (here, why

a contractual analysis was used to address disposition of the embryos) can limit the

reviewability of the district court’s decision on the point. See Suleski v. Rupe, 855 N.W.2d

330, 338 (Minn. App. 2014) (remanding a parenting schedule because, while the schedule

was clear, the district court failed to articulate its rationale for that schedule); In re Salah,


                                               26
629 N.W.2d 99, 104 (Minn. App. 2001) (remanding a custody dispute because the district

court “failed to adequately explain its application of [the relevant law]”); see generally,

Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988) (stating that for a question to be

properly before an appellate court, that question must have been previously presented to

and considered by the district court). Here, that limitation is exacerbated by the fact that

the disposition of the parties’ cryopreserved embryos is a question of first impression in

Minnesota.

         Thus, while we hold both that the district court’s reading of the consent form runs

afoul of that form’s plain language6 and that this misreading of the form requires a remand,

we express no opinion on the propriety of using a contractual (or any other) analysis for

addressing the disposition of the cryopreserved embryos. On remand, the district court

shall not be limited to using a contractual analysis for addressing the disposition of the

embryos, and shall explain why it selects whatever analysis it uses to address the

disposition of the embryos.

         Whether to reopen the record on remand shall be discretionary with the district

court.

         Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.




6
 We note that the Mayo Clinic, which is both the source of and a party to the consent
agreement, is not a party to this litigation in which that agreement was construed.

                                             27
