                           NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                              No. 121,882

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                            STATE OF KANSAS,
                                                Appellee,

                                                    v.

                                           AUSTIN REED EWING,
                                               Appellant.


                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; JENNIFER ORTH MYERS, judge. Opinion filed July 10,
2020. Affirmed.


        Joseph A. Desch, of Law Office of Joseph A. Desch, of Topeka, for appellant.


        Daniel G. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, Mark A. Dupree Sr., district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.


Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., STANDRIDGE and POWELL, JJ.


        PER CURIAM: Austin Reed Ewing appeals the district court's revocation of his
probation and imposition of his underlying sentence, arguing the district court abused its
discretion by doing so. After a careful review of the record, we see no abuse of discretion
and affirm.




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                        FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND


       As part of a plea agreement with the State, Ewing pled guilty to aggravated
domestic battery, and on January 4, 2019, the district court sentenced Ewing to 23
months' imprisonment but granted him a dispositional departure to probation for 24
months. Ewing's conditions of probation included the requirement that he obtain a
substance abuse and mental health evaluation, abstain from drug and alcohol use, have no
violent contact with his mother, not live with his mother, and take all his prescribed
medication.


       On July 30, 2019, the State filed a motion to revoke Ewing's probation, alleging
seven violations:


       1.     Failure to refrain from violating any local, state, or federal laws based on
              Ewing being charged with domestic battery;
       2.     Failure to follow mental health recommendations because Ewing stopped
              attending treatment;
       3.     Failure to report as directed;
       4.     Failure to refrain from using illegal drugs based on a positive test for
              cocaine and marijuana and another positive test for cocaine;
       5.     Failure to refrain from having violent contact with his mother;
       6.     Failure to refrain from living with his mother; and
       7.     Failure to make consistent payments on court cost obligations.


       At a probation revocation hearing conducted on September 4, 2019, Ewing
stipulated to his use of illegal drugs but denied the other violations.


       Catherine Darrah, Ewing's probation officer, testified for the State. Darrah was
contacted by Ewing's mother and received a police report stating Ewing was arrested for


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domestic battery. Darrah testified she had not received any documents from a mental
health provider to show Ewing had attended or completed mental health treatment. The
status sheets Ewing filled out for Darrah listed his address as his mother's address.
Additionally, just before his arrest on July 30, Ewing admitted to Darrah he was living at
his mother's house and he had not completed his mental health treatment. Darrah testified
she used a program called FullCourt to determine he was not making his court cost
payments every month.


       Two Kansas City, Kansas police officers also testified for the State. Officer Colin
Ward testified he responded to a 911 hang-up call on July 16, 2019, at Ewing's mother's
house. Ewing's mother told Ward that Ewing had crawled into her house through a
window near the kitchen and he was not supposed to be there. Ward also talked with
Ewing about why he was at his mother's house. Officer Dwayne Donato testified he
responded to a 911 call at Ewing's mother's house on July 20, 2019, because of a report of
a domestic disturbance between Ewing and his mother. When the officers arrived,
Ewing's mother told Donato that Ewing had left 15 or 20 minutes earlier, but Ewing then
walked around the side of her house. After learning about a domestic battery report
completed after an incident on July 18, Donato arrested Ewing for that charge.


       Ewing testified on his own behalf. He said he was staying at a friend's house.
Ewing admitted to missing two days of substance abuse treatment but testified he was
otherwise attending his classes.


       At the hearing's conclusion, the district court noted the case was originally a
dispositional departure to probation and Ewing had a criminal history score of B. The
district court explained:


       "You were given very clear rules to follow and you didn't follow through with them. You
       were doing well for a period of time, doing your mental health treatment, staying clean,



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       doing your drug substance abuse evaluation and treatment, but then something happened
       and you fell off the wagon and everything spiraled, though, so you started using cocaine
       and marijuana, you quit with your mental health treatment, you weren't taking your
       medication, and then now you start showing up at your mom's house and you have
       negative police contact on three separate occasions. For some reason, all of them, the first
       one was a 911 hangup when they had contact with your mom. At that time—I'm sorry,
       and there was another domestic disturbance in which your mom was the reporting person.
       So for some reason your mom was feeling the need to call the police on you. So all of this
       just kind of triggered a downward spiral. The problem is I can't have any downward
       spirals with you. You were given one opportunity. I don't want to be dealing with a new
       homicide case because you continue to use drugs and you continue to not do your mental
       health treatment. I don't want to see your mom end up dead.


               "So, for those reasons, I am revoking your probation. I find you're a danger to the
       community because you can't leave your mom alone."


       When the State asked for clarification, the district court stated it was revoking
Ewing's probation for every reason in the State's motion, except it found no evidence to
support the charge of failure to report. The district court revoked Ewing's probation and
imposed his underlying prison sentence.


       Ewing timely appeals.


                      DID THE DISTRICT COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION
                           WHEN IT REVOKED EWING'S PROBATION?


       Ewing's only issue on appeal is his contention that the district court abused its
discretion by revoking his probation and ordering him to serve his underlying prison
sentence. Ewing concedes the district court had the statutory authority to revoke his
probation and impose his underlying prison sentence but nevertheless claims the State
failed to present any direct evidence of his violations, specifically alleging the district


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court wrongly revoked his probation due to his contact with his mother because his
conditions of probation only prevented him from having violent contact with her. The
State responds that Ewing's stipulation to using illegal drugs was sufficient to revoke his
probation. It also argues sufficient evidence supports all the district court's findings.


Standard of Review


       A probation violation must be established by a preponderance of the evidence.
Preponderance of the evidence is met when the evidence shows "a fact is more probably
true than not true." State v. Inkelaar, 38 Kan. App. 2d 312, 315, 164 P.3d 844 (2007), rev.
denied 286 Kan. 1183 (2008). We review factual determinations made by district courts
under the substantial evidence standard. 38 Kan. App. 2d at 315. "'Substantial competent
evidence is "such legal and relevant evidence as a reasonable person might accept as
being sufficient to support a conclusion."'" State v. Doelz, 309 Kan. 133, 138, 432 P.3d
669 (2019). In making this determination, we do not reweigh evidence or assess witness
credibility. 309 Kan. at 138.


       Once a probation violation is established, the disposition of the case lies within the
district court's sound discretion, so long as that discretion falls within the parameters of
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716. See State v. Skolaut, 286 Kan. 219, 227, 182 P.3d 1231
(2008). An abuse of discretion occurs if the action is based on an error of law or fact or is
one where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the district court. State
v. Woodring, 309 Kan. 379, 380, 435 P.3d 54 (2019). Ewing has the burden to establish
an abuse of discretion. See State v. Anderson, 291 Kan. 849, 855, 249 P.3d 425 (2011).


       A district court's discretion on whether to revoke probation is limited by the
intermediate sanctions outlined in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716. At the time of Ewing's
conviction, a district court was required to impose graduated intermediate sanctions
before revoking an offender's probation. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716(c); State v.


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Huckey, 51 Kan. App. 2d 451, 454, 348 P.3d 997, rev. denied 302 Kan. 1015 (2015).
Under these limitations, the district court may revoke probation and order a violator to
serve the balance of his or her original sentence only after intermediate sanctions have
been imposed. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716(c)(2). However, there are exceptions which
permit a district court to revoke a defendant's probation without having previously
imposed the statutorily required intermediate sanctions. One exception is if the offender
received a dispositional departure sentence. K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716(c)(7)(B). It is
undisputed that Ewing received a dispositional departure to probation.


Analysis


       At his probation revocation hearing, Ewing stipulated to using illegal drugs.
Ewing's arguments notwithstanding, this admission alone gave the district court the
authority to revoke Ewing's probation. But the district court also heard other evidence to
determine whether Ewing violated his probation in the other ways alleged by the State.
The district court found Ewing had violated his probation for all the reasons alleged by
the State except the allegation that Ewing had failed to report. After noting it had granted
probation as a result of a dispositional departure, the district court appeared to principally
rely on its finding that Ewing was a danger to the community for revoking his probation
because of Ewing's interactions with his mother while on probation.


       While it is undisputed the district court had the authority to revoke Ewing's
probation, given the district court's findings, it is important to note that a district court
may also bypass the intermediate sanctions requirement if it "sets forth with particularity
the reasons for finding that the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized."
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3716(c)(7)(A); see State v. McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d 45, 48,
362 P.3d 603 (2015). Whether a district court set forth particularized findings is subject
to unlimited review. State v. Fox, No. 118,019, 2018 WL 3596055, at *1 (Kan. App.
2018) (unpublished opinion); see McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 48-49. Sufficiently


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particularized findings "'"must be distinct rather than general, with exactitude of detail,
especially in description or stated with attention to or concern with details."' [Miller,] 32
Kan. App. 2d at 1102." State v. Dooley, 308 Kan. 641, 652, 423 P.3d 469 (2018).


       In finding Ewing was a danger to the community, the district court noted his
underlying conviction was aggravated domestic battery against his mother. The district
court found Ewing had stopped his substance abuse and mental treatment, started using
cocaine and marijuana, had stopped taking his medication, and had been involved in three
negative police contacts when his mother was the reporting person. The district court
found he was a danger to the community because he was "making her afraid enough to
call the police."


       The record supports the district court's findings. Two police officers testified to
being called to Ewing's mother's house three times. Additionally, Ewing admitted to his
probation officer that he was living with his mother in violation of his probation. The
multiple negative interactions with the police show Ewing's inability to refrain from
having any violent contact with his mother, also in violation of his probation. The district
court stated with sufficient particularity its reasons for finding Ewing was a danger to the
community.


       In light of the record before us, we have no trouble concluding that a reasonable
person could agree with the district court's decision to revoke Ewing's probation and
impose his underlying prison sentence. The district court did not abuse its discretion.


       Affirmed.




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