                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 20a0289n.06

                                           No. 19-1927

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                       FILED
 L.A. INSURANCE AGENCY FRANCHISING, )                                            May 26, 2020
 L.L.C.,                            )                                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                    )
         Plaintiff-Appellant,       )
                                    )                            ON APPEAL FROM THE
 v.                                 )                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                    )                            COURT FOR THE EASTERN
 SULEIMAN KUTOB, et al.,            )                            DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                    )
         Defendant-Appellees.       )



Before: GUY, THAPAR, BUSH, Circuit Judges.

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. This case involves the enforcement of a settlement

agreement between five Nevada-based insurance agencies and their franchisor, L.A. Insurance

Agency Franchising, LLC (LAIA). The agencies tried to put to bed their dispute with LAIA over

their franchise agreements, but LAIA failed to perform its settlement-related obligations to release

a tranche of commission money earned by the agencies and to send letters to various of the

agencies’ insurance carriers notifying them of the settlement.        After giving LAIA several

opportunities to perform, but with no luck, the agencies moved to enforce the settlement. The

district court granted their motion, ordering LAIA to fulfill its outstanding obligations and to pay

the agencies’ attorneys fees incurred in bringing the motion. LAIA seeks to overturn the district

court’s order, arguing that the settlement agreement cannot be enforced because LAIA’s failure to

perform under the settlement was excused so as to render LAIA’s obligations moot. We disagree

and accordingly AFFIRM.
Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


                                                I.

   A. Legal Disputes Relating to the Original Franchise Agreements

       LAIA is a domestic limited-liability insurance agency with headquarters in Royal Oak,

Michigan.   It licenses its “L.A. Insurance” trademark to more than 180 insurance agency

franchisees throughout the country. In March 2008, LAIA entered into five franchise agreements

with defendant-appellee Suleiman Kutob. The first three of the five agreements were executed on

March 31, 2008, when LAIA officially licensed three “L.A. Insurance” agencies within the city of

Las Vegas, Nevada—identified as NV5, NV10, and NV16. The final two agreements were

executed on June 19, 2008 and September 18, 2013, to franchise two more Nevada-based

agencies—NV6 and NV33, respectively. Kutob signed personal guaranties for NV5, NV6, NV10,

and NV16, and Kutob and defendant-appellee Viviana Gutierrez-Garcia signed a personal

guaranty for NV33. The five franchise agreements contained identical language and were all set

to expire ten years from the date they were signed, unless they were terminated sooner pursuant to

the terms of the agreements.

       On March 28, 2018, LAIA sent to letters to Kutob, NV5, NV10, and NV16, reminding

them of the March 31, 2018 pending expiration date of their franchise agreements. The letters also

referenced their post-expiration obligations under the agreements. In response Kutob, NV5,

NV10 and NV16 requested a meeting with LAIA for April 23, 2018. LAIA replied by asking

those franchisees to confirm that they would “continue operating the agencies per the status quo

and otherwise in compliance with the franchise agreements.” RE 33 Preliminary Injunction Order,

PageID 1120. And, although the April 23, 2018 meeting did not result in comprehensive

agreement as to new franchise agreements, the parties collectively agreed to maintain the status

quo, based on the terms of the original franchise agreements.



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


         However, after the April 23 meeting, none of the parties adhered to the status quo. In

particular, on June 19, 2018, the franchisees attempted to incorporate new insurance agencies,

under the name “EZ Insurance Agency, LLC,” at the locations NV5, NV6, and NV16. Id. at 1121.

Reacting to this attempted incorporation, on July 24, 2018, LAIA filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District

Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, alleging that the franchisees violated the Lanham Act,

15 U.S.C. § 1051, et seq., and breached various franchise agreements.1 On the same day, the

franchisees filed a complaint alleging various state-law claims against LAIA in state court in Las

Vegas, eventually moving for expedited injunctive relief on August 8. After the state court granted

injunctive relief to the franchisees, the Las Vegas case was removed to the United States District

Court for the District of Nevada, which entered a temporary restraining order against LAIA on

August 23, 2018. On September 8, 2018, the case was transferred to the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, where the Nevada TRO against LAIA was resolved,

and the franchisees’ state-law claims were eventually incorporated with LAIA’s case against them.

         On August 13, 2018, LAIA discovered that in violation of the original franchise

agreements, NV5, NV6 and NV16 had removed the LA Insurance name from their locations,

replacing it with signage that identified the agencies as “EZ Insurance.” RE 33, PageID 1121.

Nonetheless, the agencies were still reportedly using the same phone numbers, and other than

NV16, handing out business cards with the L.A. Insurance name and logo. In addition, according

to LAIA, NV10 had posted a notice at its location, indicating that in October 2018 its “name

[would] change to ‘EZ Insurance’ and its location [would] move to the same location as NV16.”

Id. (citing ECF 6-1, PageID 429 (affidavit of Fateh Alchy, territory developer for LAIA in Nevada,

Arizona and Texas)). Citing these actions in breach of the original franchise agreements, LAIA


1
  LAIA maintains that the filing of the July 24, 2018 lawsuit served as notification of its intent to terminate the NV33
franchise owned by Kutob and Gutierrez-Garcia.

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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


filed a motion for a preliminary injunction in the Eastern District of Michigan. The motion was

granted on November 8, 2018.

    B. The Settlement Agreement

        Following the grant of a preliminary injunction against the franchisees, the parties mediated

a settlement, “Confidential Settlement Agreement and Release” (“Settlement Agreement”), which

was executed in written form on March 5, 2019. RE 43-2, PageID 1209, 1221-23. The parties

agreed, however, that its provisions were to be considered retroactively effective, beginning on

March 1, 2019.

        The material portions of the Settlement Agreement included the two following obligations

at issue in this appeal:

        First, LAIA agreed to release the commissions that had been earned by the
        franchisees, but had been withheld. The first tranche of these commissions,
        representing forty percent of the withheld commissions, were to be sent to the
        franchisees upon LAIA’s receipt of the new franchise agreements made between
        the parties. The remaining sixty percent tranche of the withheld commissions were
        to be released upon the franchisees’ installation of new signage at their franchise
        locations, which LAIA had the discretion to approve.
        Second, LAIA agreed to notify in writing the insurance carriers that had previously
        worked with the franchisees, but had temporarily suspended the relationships
        during the litigation as per LAIA’s instructions, that the parties had settled.

        The parties later amended the Settlement Agreement to alter one of the terms of the existing

franchise agreements, with the amendment officially executed by the franchisees on March 26,

2019.

        On April 3, 2019, the franchisees sent the executed amendment to LAIA, accompanied by

a cover email confirming that they had “complied with everything under the settlement

agreement,” RE 43-2, PageID 1250, including installing the new LA Insurance signage at the

designated locations. As per the agreement of the parties, this notice then triggered the obligation

of LAIA to approve the signage within a seven-day period. Id. at PageID 1227.

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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


       On April 4, 2019, LAIA’s counsel responded by email, stating that “[a]ll parties have

completed Franchise Agreement for [franchise location] NV5.” R. 43-1, PageID 1187. On April

29, 2019, LAIA’s counsel followed up, indicating in writing that the remaining franchise

agreements had been completed as well. Id. at 1187-88; RE 45, PageID 1300-01. It is undisputed

that LAIA never raised any objection to the signage by April 10, 2019, the date by which its

approval was required. Rather, on April 11, 2019, LAIA indicated it would make “immediate

arrangements” to release the withheld commissions to the franchisees. RE 43-1, PageID 1175-76;

RE 43-4, PageID 1272-73.

       LAIA, however, did not release those funds. Instead, on April 12, 2019, LAIA’s counsel

raised inquiries about the signage installed by the franchisees and their specific franchising fees.

According to the franchisees, this was the first time LAIA made such inquiries and LAIA’s counsel

incorrectly stated, also for the first time, that “[r]elease of the first 40 percent of the commissions

[would be] contingent on L.A. Franchising’s written approval of [the Kutob parties’] new

signage.” RE 43-2, PageID 1255. LAIA claims that this email served as notice to the franchisees

that the franchise agreements were incomplete. However, the franchisees argue that LAIA did not

allege in the email that the franchise agreements were incomplete in any manner, nor had LAIA

made any indication of any such complaint prior to April 12, 2019. Rather, the franchisees argue

that, as per the agreement of the parties, because the franchise agreements were in fact completed,

even absent the new signage being installed, LAIA was obligated to release the initial forty percent

tranche of withheld commissions.

       Subsequent written acknowledgments exchanged between the parties suggest a mutual

understanding that the existing franchise agreements were complete. Specifically, an email sent

to LAIA on April 15, 2019 by the franchisees’ counsel stated that (1) the franchise agreements



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


were complete; (2) the franchisees’ signage had been approved by LAIA’s agent; and (3) the

franchisees had committed to pay the franchising fees immediately to LAIA. RE 43-2, PageID

1254. Moreover, on April 17, 2019, LAIA wrote to the franchisees, acknowledging receipt of the

franchising fees and promising to release the commissions to them on receipt of the “replacement

checks” from the Progressive Insurance Company. RE 43-1, PageID 1193-94. Nowhere in this

correspondence did LAIA state that the franchise agreements were incomplete, or that the

franchisees had failed to fulfill any other obligation enumerated under the Settlement Agreement.

In a second email exchange, on April 17, 2019, LAIA even indicated that it would “take care” of

the second tranche (sixty percent) of commissions on the following day.2 Id. However, LAIA

concedes that following this correspondence, it only released the first tranche (forty percent) of the

withheld commissions, thus withholding the remaining sixty percent. LAIA also acknowledges

that it did not send the agreed-upon notification letters of the parties’ settlement to the franchisees’

former insurance carriers.

    C. The Franchisees’ Motion to Enforce the Settlement Agreement

        Several weeks passed following the April 17 exchange; yet, still, LAIA failed to release

the outstanding commissions or send the required letters to the insurance carriers. Accordingly, on

May 24, 2019, franchisees filed a motion in the Eastern District of Michigan to enforce the

Settlement Agreement.         This remedy was authorized under Section 9.11 of the Settlement

Agreement. RE 43-2, PageID 1232.

        To demonstrate LAIA’s breach of the Settlement Agreement, the franchisees attached the

following evidence to their Motion to Enforce: (1) the Settlement Agreement and an amendment

agreed to and executed by the parties on March 5, 2019 and March 26, 2019, respectively; (2)


2
 This email exchange, as well, did not include any indication by LAIA that the franchise agreements were incomplete
or that the Settlement Agreement obligations had not been fulfilled.

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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


declarations from the franchisees related to the fulfillment of their obligations under the Settlement

Agreement; (3) written admissions of LAIA’s counsel acknowledging that “all parties” had

completed the franchise agreements, RE 43-1, PageID 1187-88; (4) emails from LAIA

acknowledging its obligation to immediately release the remaining outstanding commissions to

the franchisees, (5) declarations and contemporaneous correspondence showing that the

franchisees had paid the franchise fees owed to LAIA; and (6) documentation of the installed “LA

Insurance” signage on the franchisees’ locations.

       Accordingly, the franchisees requested that the district court require LAIA to honor its

outstanding obligations under the Settlement Agreement. The franchisees also requested their

attorneys’ fees incurred in bringing their motion to enforce the settlement.

       On June 10, 2019, LAIA responded by claiming it had “no obligation to perform its

obligations under the [S]ettlement [A]greement,” RE 44, PageID 1282, because the franchisees

had, in fact, committed the first breach of that Agreement by failing to send to LAIA signed lease

addenda from several of their landlords. A dispute between the parties then ensued over the

materiality of the “lease addenda.” Although the Settlement Agreement never mentions the

addenda, LAIA claimed that the addenda were included with, and “an important part,” of the

franchise agreements. Id. at PageID 1280, 1282. However, in opposing the Motion to Enforce,

LAIA submitted only partially-executed lease addenda for the district court’s review, and failed to

submit the actual franchise agreements themselves. LAIA also failed to provide any secondary

evidence (i.e., declaration, correspondence, etc.) to demonstrate that the addenda were part of the




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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


franchise agreements, or that they were even a significant and material part of the settlement

discussions.3

         What LAIA did reference in its response to the Motion to Enforce, however, was a series

of text messages exchanged by the parties on April 12, 2019, in which it indicated that the new

signage installed by the franchisees had failed to meet its specifications. These messages had been

sent two days after the seven-day window in which LAIA was required to object to the signage

(such date, would have been April 10, 2019). LAIA nonetheless tried to justify its delay by stating

it had not received pictures of the signs until April 9, 2019.4 Arguing that LAIA had not challenged

any of their evidence supporting the Motion to Enforce, the franchisees in reply offered two emails

from LAIA’s counsel, where LAIA had acknowledged receipt of the completed franchise

agreements.

         Evaluating the collective evidence submitted by the parties, the district court ultimately

granted franchisees’ Motion to Enforce the Settlement Agreement, thus requiring LAIA to (1) send

the previously agreed-upon letters to franchisees’ former insurance carriers; (2) release the

remaining sixty percent tranche of commissions; and (3) pay franchisees attorneys’ fees.

Explaining its decision, the court first noted that LAIA had never even submitted copies of the

franchise agreements, thus leaving open the questions as to whether the addenda were actually

included in the agreements, as LAIA claims, and whether, the lease addenda were significant or

material to the parties’ settlement. Yet, as the court further emphasized, even with the assumption


3
  LAIA did not object to its previous admissions (as submitted into the record by the franchisees) that (1) the
franchisees had completed the franchise agreements, and (2) therefore, payment of the withheld commissions was
due, as stipulated by the Settlement Agreement.
4
  It is unclear whether the Settlement Agreement contained any requirement that LAIA receive pictures of the required
signage. Moreover, the franchisees argue in this appeal that at the district court level, LAIA never produced any
evidence of previously agreed upon specifications for the signage. Relatedly, they also contend that LAIA never
voiced any objection that the franchisees’ new signage failed to conform to those alleged specifications, even in
LAIA’s April 12, 2019 email. Appellee Br. at 8.

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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


that the addenda were important to LAIA, the evidence submitted by the franchisees, showing that

LAIA had indicated in writing that the franchisees had completed their obligations under the

franchise agreements, appeared definitive in triggering LAIA’s obligations under the Settlement

Agreement.

         Next, the district court indicated that it lacked a basis to address LAIA’s objections to the

franchisees’ fulfillment of their signage obligations, given LAIA had not submitted any signage

specifications as to support the existence of an obligatory compliance standard. Rather, the court

found significant the fact that the franchisees had offered written notice to LAIA on April 3, 2019

regarding their installation of the new signage—notice that LAIA failed to object to (or even

respond to) within the requisite seven-day window as stipulated by the Settlement Agreement.5

         LAIA now appeals the district court’s order to enforce the Settlement Agreement.

                                                           II.

         A. Terms of Summary Enforcement

         On appeal, LAIA concedes that the parties settled on March 5, 2019, thus forming the

Settlement Agreement that became effective March 1, 2019. Relatedly, LAIA concedes that it

failed to fulfill its obligations under that Agreement. Nonetheless, LAIA maintains that the district

court abused its discretion by granting franchisees’ Motion to Enforce the Settlement Agreement.

         An initial issue raised by the district court sua sponte was whether it had subject matter

jurisdiction to enforce the settlement. “[F]ederal district courts do not possess the inherent power

to vindicate their own authority where parties enter into a voluntary agreement resolving their

federal lawsuit.” RE/MAX Intern., Inc. v. Realty One, Inc., 271 F.3d 633, 641 (6th Cir. 2001)



5
  The district court dismissed LAIA’s excuse for its failure to respond to franchisees’ April 3, 2019 notification of
their signage installation until April 12, 2019, stating that its insistence that it did not receive photos of the signage
until April 9, 2019 still “did not excuse [its] failure to perform under the contract. RE 48, PageID 1318.

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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


(quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 376–77 (1994)). This principle

might have created a problem for the district court’s enforcement of the Settlement Agreement,

given that the parties inexplicably had not submitted a proposed, stipulated order of dismissal, as

they had been directed to do by the court, nor had they moved to reopen the case by the court-

imposed deadline. As the district court noted, the parties neither made their “‘obligation to comply

with the terms of the settlement agreement . . . part of dismissal,” id. (citing Kokkonen, 511 U.S.

at 381), nor did the court explicitly retain jurisdiction to enforce the settlement. However, the

district court recognized, and we agree, that under Kokkonen, “a district court can exercise

jurisdiction if (1) there is ‘an independent basis for federal jurisdiction’ or (2) grounds exist for

ancillary jurisdiction either because (a) ‘the dismissed claims are factually interdependent with the

disputed terms of settlement’ or (b) jurisdiction is necessary to vindicate the Court's authority or

for it to function properly.” (RE 48, PageID 1314 n.2 (quoting Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 379–80)).

The district court correctly held that “the present dispute has an independent basis for federal

jurisdiction [that is, it satisfies the requirements for federal diversity jurisdiction], is factually

interdependent with the dismissed claims, and must be addressed to vindicate the Court's

authority.” Id.

       Having agreed with the district court that subject matter jurisdiction exists, we now “review

for clear error the district court's factual determination that the parties had agreed to settlement

terms; however, we review the district court’s decision to grant a motion to enforce the settlement

based on its preliminary factual finding for an abuse of discretion.” RE/MAX Int’l, Inc. v. Realty

One, Inc., 271 F.3d 633, 645 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Therma-Scan, Inc. v. Thermoscan, Inc., 217

F.3d 414, 418 (6th Cir.2000)). “We will [] find an abuse of discretion only when left with the

‘definite and firm conviction that the court . . . committed a clear error of judgment in the



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors’ or where it ‘improperly applies the

law or uses an erroneous legal standard.’” Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

        B. Evidence Showing LAIA Breached the Settlement Agreement

        The text of the Settlement Agreement stipulates that all obligations and provisions will be

“interpreted in accordance with and governed in all respects by” Michigan law. RE 43-2, PageID

1232. Therefore, under governing Michigan law, a party alleging breach of contract must show:

(1) “the existence of a contract between [the parties]”; (2) “the terms of the contract”; (3) “that [the

adverse party] breached the contract”; and (4) “that the breach caused [the complaining party’s]

injury.” Webster v. Edward D. Jones & Co., L.P., 197 F.3d 815, 819 (6th Cir. 1999). We find no

abuse of discretion in the district court’s holding that all of these elements were met.

        First, as the district court found, there is very little question that a contract existed, as

proven by franchisees’ attachment of a copy of the Settlement Agreement with their Motion to

Enforce. Second, the Settlement Agreement clearly laid out the terms and obligations owed by

both parties following the Agreement’s original execution on March 5, 2019, and the execution of

the amendment on March 26, 2019. Third, and importantly, as the district court found, through

their declarations, contemporaneous correspondence between the parties and the parties’ counsel,

and other documents, the franchisees provided sufficient evidence that they had performed their

own contractual obligations, which included: (1) completing the franchise agreements; (2)

installing the required L.A. Insurance signage on their franchise locations; and (3) paying the

appropriate franchising fees to LAIA.        Of equal importance, franchisees offered sufficient

evidence that although they performed their obligations, LAIA failed to fulfill its reciprocal

obligations under the Settlement Agreement. Specifically, as franchisees demonstrated in their

attached exhibits, LAIA did not (1) send letters to the franchisees’ former insurance carriers



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


notifying them of the parties settlement; and (2) release the second tranche of withheld

commissions to franchisees, a total that amounted to over $ 80,000.6 The district court did not

abuse its discretion in finding that these breaches of the settlement agreement resulted in monetary

injuries to the franchisees.

         C. LAIA’s Excuses for its Failure to Perform

    i.      LAIA’s Failure to Perform Due to Lack of Signed Lease Addenda from
            Franchisees

         To reiterate, LAIA conceded in the district court, and concedes now, that it failed to

perform its contractual obligations under the Settlement Agreement. However, it argues that the

district court abused its discretion in enforcing the Settlement Agreement because LAIA’s

nonperformance was excused under Michigan’s contractual first-breach doctrine. Namely, LAIA

argues that franchisees committed the first breach of the Settlement Agreement in failing to return

to LAIA completed lease addenda, which it states were “[i]ncluded in each of the new franchise

agreements” and were required to be completed under the original terms of the Settlement

Agreement. Appellant Br. at 6; RE 44, PageID. 1282. However, as we outline below, the district

court was correct in dismissing this excuse.

         “One who first breaches a contract cannot maintain an action against the other contracting

party for his subsequent breach or failure to perform.” Michaels v. Amway Corp., 206 Mich. App.

644, 649 (1994); Flamm v. Scherer, 40 Mich.App. 1, 8–9 (1972). However, the first breach rule

“only applies when the initial breach is substantial.” Michaels, 206 Mich. App. at 650; see Baith

v. Knapp-Stiles, Inc., 380 Mich. 119, 126 (1968).




6
  The franchisees did acknowledge, however, that LAIA had released the first tranche of withheld commissions to
them, representing forty percent of the outstanding amount.

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       Therefore, in theory, LAIA offers a valid Michigan state law doctrine that could excuse its

failure to perform its contractual obligations to franchisees under the Settlement Agreement.

However, LAIA fails to meet the second requisite element of this doctrine—that the first breach

rule “only applies when the initial breach is substantial.” Michaels, 206 Mich. App. at 650; see

Baith, 380 Mich. at 126. To prove “substantiality” in this case then, the district court noted that it

would have had to make two related determinations: (1) that the lease addenda were actually

included in the original franchise agreements; and (2) that franchisees’ failure to return them to

LAIA was a substantial omission. LAIA did not offer any evidence to support either finding.

   a) The Inclusion of the Lease Addenda within the Original Franchise Agreements

       Attached to their Motion to Enforce filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District

of Michigan, franchisees provided declarations stating that the “franchise agreements” had been

“fully executed” pursuant to the Settlement Agreement. RE 43-1, PageID 1175; see also RE 43-

3, PageID 1265. Franchisees also included email correspondence from LAIA’s lawyer, dated

April 4, 2019 and April 29, 2019, confirming that the franchise agreements had been completed

by all parties. RE 43-1, PageID 1187 (“[a]ll parties have completed Franchise Agreement[s]” for

the relevant franchisee locations). However, neither party actually provided a copy of the franchise

agreements, so as to confirm, as LAIA insists, that the lease addenda were included or not included

within the original Agreements.

       Yet, regardless of the presence of the actual franchise agreements themselves, the district

court correctly determined that LAIA’s excuse for its nonperformance—that franchisees had not

returned to it signed lease addenda—is unavailing. Certainly, as the district court acknowledged,

the lease addenda “may be important to [LAIA’s] interests.” RE 48, PageID 1316. However, we

agree with the district court that subjective feelings of importance “[can]not overcome [LAIA’s]



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


own [written] representations that the franchise agreements were completed by all parties.” Id. at

1317. In fact, as documented by the evidence submitted by franchisees, LAIA’s counsel actually

“acknowledged receipt of the fully executed franchise agreements,” through statements to the

franchisees on April 4, 2019 and April 29, 2019 that “[a]ll parties have completed franchise

agreements[].” Id. at 1316.

        Yet, even with this overwhelming evidence weakening its case, LAIA attempts now to

offer an additional nuance to its excuse argument, stating that the district court abused its discretion

because it actually “misconstrued” the email statements of LAIA’s counsel regarding the

“completed” franchise agreements. This evidence was “misconstrued,” according to LAIA

because (1) the emails did not actually come from its counsel; and (2) the language was interpreted

incorrectly by the district court. As to the latter proposition, LAIA states that the acknowledging

text in the emails—that “[a]ll parties [had] completed franchise agreements[]”—meant only that

LAIA “had signed the franchise agreements as well,” Appellant Br. at 9, not that the franchise

agreement obligations had been fully performed.

        However, the problem with LAIA’s argument here is two-fold:

        First, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, “this court normally will not address an

issue not first raised in the district court.” Bartel v. United States, 99 F.3d 1138 *1 (6th Cir. 1996)

(Table). As indicated by the record, LAIA never objected to the email evidence from its counsel

acknowledging completion of the franchise agreements when those emails were presented to the

district court. In fact, LAIA never even argued to the court that those emails were incorrect in

their indication of acknowledgement. Therefore, because LAIA failed to make any objection to

this evidence in the court and cites no exceptional circumstances to justify its failure to object to

the emails, it is “precluded from raising the issue for the first time on appeal.” Bldg. Serv. Local



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


47 Cleaning Contractors Pension Plan v. Grandview Raceway, 46 F.3d 1392, 1396 (6th Cir.

1995).

         Second, even absent the forfeiture, LAIA’s claims do not prevail. LAIA is now placing

the blame on a third-party document signing service, “DocuSign,” for acknowledging confirmation

of the completed franchise agreements. In fact, despite the address and signature of LAIA’s

counsel being on the emails, LAIA claims that these emails were “automatically generated” from

DocuSign, meaning their substantive language “came from DocuSign,” as opposed to its counsel.

         Though this is a creative, and technologically innovative argument, even it were true, LAIA

cannot support its statements, because it cites no evidence on the record that DocuSign authored

the text in question. Nor does LAIA provide any critical information that could help this court

understand: (1) who authorized DocuSign to send the emails under the name of LAIA’s counsel,

and with counsel’s e-signature; (2) any pattern or practice of LAIA’s having used DocuSign in the

past to generate “automatically generated” content; or, most critically (3) even if the emails were

automatically generated, whether LAIA or LAIA’s counsel lacked knowledge or consent of their

transmission and text.

         Because we find that the district court did not “misconstrue” the email evidence regarding

LAIA’s acknowledgment of the completed franchise agreements, we hold that the the district court

did not abuse its discretion by rejecting LAIA lease addenda excuse for its non-performance of its

contract obligations.

   b) The Addenda as a “Substantial” Element of the Settlement Agreement

         Yet, even if LAIA had shown that the franchisees had committed the “first breach” by

failing to return all of the signed lease addenda, LAIA would still fail to satisfy the elements of the

first breach doctrine under Michigan law, as LAIA fails to show that the addenda were a



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


“substantial” part of the Settlement Agreement. The district court did not reach the question of

“substantiality,” given the court’s inability to determine whether the lease addenda had actually

been included within the franchise agreements.

         Notwithstanding LAIA’s failure to produce the franchise agreements, however, we also

find fatal to LAIA’s case its failure to offer any supplementary evidence, in the form of

correspondence, memoranda, or declarations, to establish the alleged “substantiality” of the

addenda in relation to the franchise agreements or the Settlement Agreement. Moreover, as noted

supra, not one email sent from LAIA or its counsel to franchisees, where they appear to be

acknowledging the completed lease agreements, mentions any lease addenda. And, in fact, LAIA’s

actions suggest that the lease addenda did not constitute a “substantial” provision of the Settlement

Agreement or the franchise agreements, given that LAIA started fulfilling its obligations under the

Settlement Agreement by releasing to franchisees the initial forty percent tranche of commissions.

It would be reasonable to infer that if LAIA had not felt the franchise agreements were “complete”

on that date, it would not have even begun performing these Settlement Agreement obligations.

         Considering the lack of evidence showing the “substantiality” of the lease addenda in the

Settlement Agreement and the franchise agreements, coupled with LAIA’s own email statements

appearing to acknowledge completed franchise agreements and its actions in fulfilling part of its

obligations under the Settlement Agreement, we hold that the district court did not abuse its

discretion by rejecting LAIA’s excuse for its failure to perform under the Michigan first breach

doctrine.

   ii.      LAIA’s Failure to Perform Because of Lack of Proper Signage

         Finally, LAIA argued below that its lack of full performance under the Settlement

Agreement was excused given “it never approved the new signage installed by [franchisees], in



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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


writing or otherwise.” RE 48, PageID 1317 (quoting RE 44, PageID 1283). The district court

dismissed this argument, citing email evidence showing that in violation of the terms of the

Settlement Agreement, once franchisees’ counsel had provided written notice of the new signage

on April 3, 2019, LAIA failed to issue any approval or timely objection to the signage within the

requisite seven-day window to issue such. LAIA’s failure to comply with provisions stipulated to

by the parties, therefore, did not excuse LAIA’s non-performance. We agree with the district

court’s holding here, as well.

       On appeal, it is unclear whether LAIA is arguing that the district court’s conclusion

regarding its signage excuse was an abuse of discretion, for LAIA only references the allegedly

improper signage in passing on two occasions. Appellant Br. at 5 (indicating that a condition

precedent of the settlement agreement was that franchisees “install[] appropriate L.A. Insurance

signage”); id. at 6 (stating that franchisees “also have not installed the appropriate signage”).

LAIA also did not include any mention of the signage within its Statement of the Issues.

       “[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed

argumentation, are deemed [forfeited]. It is not sufficient for a party to mention a possible

argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to . . . put flesh on its bones.” McPherson v.

Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995–96 (6th Cir. 1997). Therefore, because LAIA fails to offer any further

explanation regarding how the district court abused its discretion when evaluating its signage

excuse, we conclude that LAIA has insufficiently preserved this issue for appeal.

                                               III.

       Because we conclude that LAIA fails to show sufficient excuse justifying its failure to

perform its obligations under the Settlement Agreement reached with franchisees on March 5,




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Case No. 19-1927, L.A. Ins. Agency Franchising, L.L.C. v. Kutob, et al.


2019, the district court did not abuse its discretion by granting franchisees’ Motion to Enforce the

Settlement Agreement.

       We affirm.




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