                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Elder, Frank and Petty
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Salem, Virginia


              JOHNNY LEIGH CRATER
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
              v.     Record No. 1933-12-3                                    JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
                                                                                  JUNE 11, 2013
              FRANCES JEAN BLEVINS CRATER


                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CARROLL COUNTY
                                                Brett L. Geisler, Judge

                               Alan K. Caudell for appellant.

                               Monica Taylor Monday (Jonathan L. McGrady; Gentry Locke
                               Rakes & Moore; McGrady & McGrady, on brief), for appellee.


                     Johnny Leigh Crater (“husband”) appeals the trial court’s award of equitable distribution.

              On appeal, he argues the trial court erred in: 1) giving undue consideration to his relationship

              with his wife and stepdaughter; 2) awarding fifty-five percent share of the marital property to

              Frances Jean Blevins Crater (“wife”); 3) refusing to accept his testimony that certificates of

              deposit and a Farm Bureau IRA account were his separate property; and 4) finding that purchase

              money for two tracts of land was marital property. Wife assigned cross-error to the trial court’s

              classification of Wachovia and Lincoln Financial assets as husband’s separate property. Wife

              also asks for attorney’s fees on appeal. For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court and

              remand for an award of attorney’s fees.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                             ANALYSIS

                              Fifty-five/Forty-five Division of Property

        Husband’s first two assignments of error challenge the trial court’s equitable distribution

award based on a fifty-five percent share to wife and a forty-five percent share to husband.

Specifically, he asserts that the trial court gave improper and undue consideration and weight to

husband’s estranged relationship with his stepdaughter Heather, that the trial court erred in not

giving husband credit for supporting Heather through her high school graduation, that the trial court

erred in finding husband was not supportive of his relationship with his wife, and that the trial court

did not consider that he was without fault in the dissolution of the marriage. He also challenges the

trial court’s finding that wife was fully devoted to the development of the dairy business.

Essentially, husband contends there should have been an equal distribution of the marital assets.

We see no merit to any of these contentions.

        On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to wife, as the prevailing party

below. Brown v. Burch, 30 Va. App. 670, 681, 519 S.E.2d 403, 408-09 (1999). “A decision

regarding equitable distribution rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be

disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Holden v. Holden, 31

Va. App. 24, 26, 520 S.E.2d 842, 844 (1999). “Unless it appears from the record that the trial judge

has not considered or has misapplied one of the statutory mandates, this Court will not reverse on

appeal.” Id. at 27, 520 S.E.2d at 844.

        Although the trial court must consider all factors set out in Code § 20-107.3(E), it “need not

quantify or elaborate exactly what weight was given to each of the factors” as long as its “findings

. . . [are] based upon credible evidence.” Taylor v. Taylor, 5 Va. App. 436, 444, 364 S.E.2d 244,

249 (1988). “Virginia law does not establish a presumption of equal distribution of marital assets.

It is within the discretion of the court to make an equal division or to make a substantially disparate

                                                  -2-
division of assets as the factors outlined in Code § 20-107.3(E) require.” Matthews v. Matthews, 26

Va. App. 638, 645, 496 S.E.2d 126, 129 (1998) (citations omitted). “A circuit court, therefore, need

not start off at the 50-yard line and then look to the discretionary factors of Code § 20-107.3(E) to

move the ball marker up or down the sidelines.” Robbins v. Robbins, 48 Va. App. 466, 480, 632

S.E.2d 615, 622 (2006) (affirming circuit court’s use of “a 65/35 division of assets”).

        These statutory factors for consideration by the court include “[t]he contributions, monetary

and nonmonetary, of each party to the well-being of the family;” “[t]he circumstances and factors

which contribute to the dissolution of the marriage, specifically including any ground for

divorce . . . ;” and “such other factors as the court deems necessary or appropriate to consider in

order to arrive at a fair and equitable monetary award.” Code § 20-107.3(E).

        The parties were married June 20, 1987. Wife had a daughter, Heather, by a previous

marriage who lived with them. At age seven, Heather pinched husband, angering him. Thereafter,

he essentially discontinued his relationship with Heather, although he, along with the wife,

continued to provide food, shelter, and clothing for her until she went to college. Husband admitted

he never visited Heather in college nor did he attend her graduation. Husband told wife, early in the

marriage, he did not like children. Heather was not able to participate in sports and extra-curricular

activities in the evenings after school because wife milked the cows in the evening and husband

refused to be a “taxi driver.”

        When Heather came home from college to visit, husband would move out of the marital

residence to a garage three miles away from the residence.

        When Heather went to college in 2000, husband demanded wife turn off the ringer on the

telephone at night because it interfered with his sleep. Wife refused because Heather was three

hours away and might need to contact her in case of an emergency. When asked “what if something

bad happens to her,” husband replied that the police “will come tell you.”

                                                 -3-
        Wife kept the ringer on and husband moved to the garage, living there for nearly two years.

During this time, the parties communicated “with notes,” mostly dealing with the operation of the

dairy. They spoke very little. Wife stated she was brokenhearted by husband leaving.

        Around 2003, husband moved back into the marital residence but moved into Heather’s

bedroom. Wife characterized the relationship as “we tolerated each other.” Wife testified

“[Husband] is the king of silent treatment” lasting a month or longer without speaking to her.

        Wife asked husband to receive counseling but he refused.

        After Heather graduated from college, she moved to Germany and wife had planned to visit

her there. Husband became upset when he learned of the trip. At that point, wife realized husband

would not change and would not accept her and Heather as a family.

        On August 10, 2008 during an argument, husband said he would not change for anybody

and stated, “You might as well pack your shit and leave.” Wife left.

        In his opinion letter of December 20, 2011, the trial court reviewed each factor of Code

§ 20-107.3(E) in fashioning an award of equitable distribution. The court specifically noted

husband’s minimal financial support of his stepdaughter when considering the monetary and

non-monetary contributions of the parties.

        As to the dissolution of the marriage, the trial court found the marriage had deteriorated and

marital problems came to a head when husband insisted wife turn off the phone ringer at night.

Husband then moved out of the marital residence and remained away for nearly two years. For

several years prior to the August 2008 separation, the parties merely tolerated each other. They

lived in separate bedrooms and never resumed the marital relationship. While both husband and

wife were devoted to the dairy, husband was less than supportive in his relationship with the wife.

Based on these factors, the trial court awarded fifty-five percent of the marital estate to wife and

forty-five percent to husband.

                                                  -4-
        Husband contends that neither his relationship with Heather nor his lack of support for wife

fall within the Code § 20-107.3 factors. He also challenges the weight the trial court gave to those

strained relationships.

        In Barker v. Barker, 27 Va. App. 519, 539, 500 S.E.2d 240, 250 (1998), husband supported

his stepchildren. We stated the court could consider husband’s support for wife’s children pursuant

to two statutory provisions: (1) as a “contribution[], monetary and nonmonetary, of each party to

the well-being of the family”; and (2) as an “other factor[] as the court deems necessary or

appropriate to consider in order to arrive at a fair and equitable monetary award.” Code

§ 20-107.3(E)(1), (10).

        In his opinion letter, the trial court considered husband’s lack of support for his stepdaughter

pursuant to Code § 20-107.3(E)(1), monetary and non-monetary contributions. “Other than

providing food, clothing and shelter, [husband] provided only a minimum of support for his

stepdaughter.” Pursuant to Barker, the trial court properly considered husband’s relationship with

Heather in fashioning the equitable distribution award, and the record supports the conclusions of

the court. Husband provided mere basic financial support for Heather but treated Heather poorly.

Husband’s negative relationship with Heather and wife was a negative non-monetary contribution to

the well-being of the family.

        Husband next contends the trial court erred in the fifty-five/forty-five split because it based

the final decree of divorce on no-fault grounds. This argument fails because Code § 20-107.3(E)(5)

requires the court to consider the “circumstances and factors which contributed to the dissolution of

the marriage.” The same argument was rejected in Cousins v. Cousins, 5 Va. App. 156, 360 S.E.2d

882 (1987). Citing Bacon v. Bacon, 3 Va. App. 484, 490, 351 S.E.2d 37, 41 (1986), we stated

“[t]his statute, by its plain language, does not limit the trial court to consider only the grounds upon

which the divorce was granted.” Cousins, 5 Va. App. at 158, 369 S.E.2d at 884. We explained that

                                                  -5-
circumstances and factors which may have contributed to the dissolution of a marriage, regardless

of whether they constituted grounds for divorce, may be considered in weighing the equities

between parties in determining the amount and method of making a monetary award. Id. at 158-59,

369 S.E.2d at 884. The statutory directive, specifically including any statutory ground for divorce,

does not limit consideration to grounds for divorce. Id. at 159, 369 S.E.2d at 884.

        Husband next contends that his leaving the marital home after Heather went to college

should not be considered by the trial court in fashioning the award. Specifically, he contends wife

condoned this behavior by allowing husband to return to the marital residence and living together

for six years until the final separation. Husband cites no law to support this argument. See Rule

5A:20(e). Further, the trial court found that they never resumed the marital relationship. Thus, this

argument fails.

        Husband further maintains since he provided Heather with food, shelter, and clothing until

she went to college, the trial court should have considered that support as a positive factor under

Code § 20-107.3(E)(1), monetary contribution to the well-being of the family. Nothing in the

record suggests the trial court did not consider the support of Heather. Rather, it appears husband

challenges the weight given to the support in the division of the marital estate. See Watts v. Watts,

40 Va. App. 685, 698, 581 S.E.2d 224, 231 (2003) (‘“[A]s long as the trial court considers all the

[statutory] factors, it is at the court’s discretion to determine what weight to give each factor when

making the equitable distribution award.”’ (quoting O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 20 Va. App. 522,

526, 458 S.E.2d 323, 325 (1995))).

        Husband next maintains that even if his poor relationship with his wife was a cause of the

dissolution of the marriage, the trial court should not have considered it since it had no impact on

the value of marital property. Husband cites Aster v. Gross, 7 Va. App. 1, 371 S.E.2d 833 (1988),

for this proposition. Yet, in Ranney v. Ranney, 45 Va. App. 17, 46-47, 608 S.E.2d 485, 499 (2005),

                                                  -6-
we explained that factors and circumstances leading to the dissolution of the marriage may be

considered even if those factors have no financial impact on the marriage.

        Husband also challenges the trial court’s finding that wife was fully devoted to the

development of the dairy business. Essentially, husband challenges the trial court’s factual findings.

The trial court found that both parties contributed equally to the dairy and both benefitted financially

from that operation, both investing their entire time and effort. Each worked to create and maintain

the dairy, sacrificing personal time and luxuries. The trial court further concluded wife was a

devoted wife, mother, and economic partner with husband and that she put 110% into the

relationship. The record supports these findings. See Alphin v. Alphin, 15 Va. App. 395, 399, 424

S.E.2d 572, 574 (1992) (“Where, as here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its findings are

entitled to great weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without

evidence to support it.”).

        We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in fashioning a fifty-five/forty-five

award. The trial court did not misapply any of the challenged factors of Code § 20-107.3(E). The

factual findings pertaining to husband’s strained relationship with Heather and wife were fully

supported by the record.

                                        Certificates of Deposit

        Appellant’s assignment of error three states,

                The Court erred in refusing to accept [husband’s] testimony that
                the certificates of deposit valued at $81,604.40 and the Farm
                Bureau IRA account were separate property of the appellant.
                There is no conflicting evidence, and the Court should not accept
                the speculation of appellee as to the origin of said accounts over
                the direct testimony of appellant.

        Husband asserts the trial court erred in refusing to accept his testimony that the certificate of

deposit (CD) valued at $81,604.40 was his separate property. Essentially, he challenges the trial

court’s decision as to the weight of the evidence afforded his testimony. “[D]ecisions concerning
                                                  -7-
equitable distribution rest within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed on

appeal unless plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.” McDavid v. McDavid, 19 Va. App.

406, 407-08, 451 S.E.2d 713, 715 (1994). Moreover, “[i]t is well established that the trier of fact

ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be given to their testimony, and has the

discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.” Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387,

488 S.E.2d 665, 668 (1997) (en banc).

        When asked the origin of the CDs, husband responded, “I would say they came out of

Wachovia . . . ,” at best a vague response. There was no other testimony as to the source of the

funds that purchased the CD, nor was there any corroboration of his statement. The only exhibit

showing Wachovia transactions was Exhibit 12 which addressed Wachovia activity as of August

31, 2008.

        Exhibit 15, a statement from Carter bank for the period ending December 31, 2008,

indicated the existence of three CDs. One CD with a balance of $9,054 was purchased October 10,

2008 for $9,000; another CD with a balance of $12,073 was purchased October 24, 2008 for

$12,000; and a CD with a balance of $15,044.44 was purchased November 3, 2008 for $15,000.

        The Wachovia statement (Exhibit 12) does not show any withdrawals corresponding to the

amount used to purchase the three CDs. Husband offered no Wachovia statement that showed those

withdrawals and gave no explanation of his failure to do so. At oral argument, husband conceded

there was no documentation supporting his testimony.

        In its letter opinion, the trial court noted that husband offered no additional evidence of the

source of the funds used to purchase the CDs and concluded husband failed to rebut the marital

presumption. The trial court rejected husband’s argument that the dairy business never generated

sufficient funds to accumulate funds to purchase the CDs, and found that “the evidence does

partially support the finding that money was available to accumulate some funds.”

                                                  -8-
         Clearly, the trial court gave no weight to husband’s unsupported statement that the funds

used to purchase the CDs came from his Wachovia account.1

         Husband further argues there was no evidence when the CDs were purchased. However,

Exhibit 15, the Carter bank statement, proves that all three CDs were purchased in October and

November of 2008, during the marriage. 2

                                          WAIVED ISSUES

                                      Assignment of Error Four

         Appellant’s assignment of error four states, essentially, that the trial court erred in finding

that 29.5 acres and 9.986 acres of property that the parties purchased during the marriage were

marital property. In his argument on brief, appellant never referred to these two parcels of

property. He failed to make any argument whatsoever, or to cite to any authority in support of

this contention. Husband conceded at oral argument that he never briefed that assignment of

error.

         Appellant has the burden of showing that reversible error was committed. Lutes v.

Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992). Rule 5A:20(e) mandates that

appellant’s opening brief include “[t]he standard of review and the argument (including

principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment of error.” Based on this rule, this

Court has repeatedly stated that unsupported assertions of error “do not merit appellate

consideration.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992).

Furthermore this Court “will not search the record for errors in order to interpret the appellant’s


         1
         While wife argued husband never testified that the CDs were his separate property, it is
clear from his testimony that he considered them as such.
         2
         While the exhibit indicates that CDs were acquired after the final separation, neither
party argues that the marital presumption does not apply pursuant to Dietz v. Dietz, 17 Va. App.
203, 436 S.E.2d 463 (1993), and we will not raise the issue sua sponte. Both parties argue only
whether the marital presumption was rebutted.
                                              -9-
contention and correct deficiencies in a brief.” Id. Nor is it this Court’s “function to comb

through the record . . . in order to ferret-out for ourselves the validity of [appellant’s] claims.”

Fitzgerald v. Bass, 6 Va. App. 38, 56 n.7, 366 S.E.2d 615, 625 n.7 (1988) (en banc).

        Despite that appellee raised the waiver in her brief, appellant simply ignored the issue in

his reply brief. We find that husband’s failure to develop any argument or cite to any authority is

significant, so we will not consider this assignment of error on appeal. See Fadness v. Fadness,

52 Va. App. 833, 851, 667 S.E.2d 857, 866 (2008) (“If the parties believed that the circuit court

erred, it was their duty to present that error to us with legal authority to support their

contention.”).

                            Assignment of Error Three - Farm Bureau IRA

        At oral argument, appellant conceded that his opening brief contained no argument or legal

authority supporting his assignment of error regarding the Farm Bureau IRA. Appellant did address

this issue for the first time in his reply brief, but again cited to no authority in support of his

position.

        As previously stated, Rule 5A:20(e) mandates that appellant’s opening brief include “[t]he

standard of review and the argument (including principles of law and authorities) relating to each

assignment of error.” We find that husband’s failure to develop any argument or cite to any

authority on opening brief is significant, so we will not consider this assignment of error on

appeal. Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 851, 667 S.E.2d at 866.

                                 CROSS ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

        By cross assignment of error, wife contends the trial court erred in classifying the Wachovia

account and the Lincoln Financial account as husband’s separate property. She argues that these

accounts were acquired during the marriage and husband failed to rebut the marital property

presumption.

                                                   - 10 -
        “Because the trial court’s classification of property is a finding of fact, that classification

will not be reversed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Ranney,

45 Va. App. at 31-32, 608 S.E.2d at 492.

        We recognize that under our standard of review we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party, here husband, as to the classification of these two accounts. White

v. White, 56 Va. App. 214, 216, 692 S.E.2d 289, 290 (2010).

        The trial court, in its opinion letter, ruled that the Wachovia and Lincoln accounts were

inherited from husband’s parents and were separate property. The court noted that both parents died

during the marriage. The trial court did not address whether the presumption of marital property

applied or whether husband successfully rebutted the presumption. However, Code

§ 20-107.3(A)(1) defines separate property, inter alia, as “all property acquired during the marriage

by bequest, devise, descent, survivorship or gift from a source other than the other party.”

Code § 20-107.3(A)(2) defines marital property inter alia, as “all other property acquired by each

party during the marriage which is not separate property as defined [in § 20-107.3(A)(1)].” Thus,

the presumption only applies to marital property, not separate property acquired during the marriage

by inheritance. 3

        Our inquiry, then, is whether credible evidence establishes that these two accounts were

inherited by husband from his mother. The trial court so found, and we find sufficient evidence in

the record to support that factual finding.

        While there was a conflict in the evidence, husband testified he inherited the Wachovia

account from his mother. It is apparent, however, that the trial judge resolved the conflict in the

evidence in husband’s favor. The credibility of witnesses and the weight to be accorded their


        3
         We note that the trial court in its opinion letter correctly did not address whether the
marital presumption was rebutted.

                                                  - 11 -
testimony is a matter within the sole province of the finder of fact. See Servis v. Commonwealth, 6

Va. App. 507, 525, 371 S.E.2d 156, 165 (1988). Husband later moved some of the Wachovia assets

to another account which later became Lincoln. The Wachovia account was the source of the

Lincoln account.

       We conclude that, based on the trial court’s factual findings, the trial court did not err in

concluding that the Wachovia and Lincoln accounts were separate property.

                                ATTORNEY’S FEES ON APPEAL

       Wife asks for an award of attorney’s fees and costs to pursue this appeal.4

                       The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum
               to determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts
               expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the
               opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine
               whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for
               requiring additional payment.

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996).

       After considering the record in this case, we grant wife’s request for appellate fees. We

view all of husband’s assignments of error as without merit. On the issues he argued, he

challenged findings of the trial court that are clearly supported by the evidence. On other issues,

husband failed to brief them altogether. We have no reluctance imposing fees in such

circumstances. Fox v. Fox, 61 Va. App. 185, 208, 734 S.E.2d 662, 673 (2012). Such award

shall not include fees and costs incurred as a result of wife’s cross assignment of error.

       We remand this case to the trial court to award wife attorney’s fees associated with her

defense of all of husband’s arguments and for fees and costs associated with the remand.

                                                                               Affirmed and remanded.



       4
         Since this matter did not arise from the juvenile and domestic relations district court,
Code § 16.1-278 does not govern the award of attorney’s fees. See Lynchburg Division of
Social Services v. Cook, 276 Va. 465, 484, 666 S.E.2d 361, 371 (2008).
                                               - 12 -
