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 1          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO


 2 Opinion Number:

 3 Filing Date:             February 7, 2013


 4 NO. 32,837

 5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 6          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 7 v.

 8 KENNETH C. RAUCH,

 9          Defendant-Appellant.



10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DONA ANA COUNTY
11 Lisa C. Schultz, District Judge


12 The Law Offices of Nancy L. Simmons, P.C.
13 Nancy L. Simmons
14 Albuquerque, NM

15 for Appellant

16 Gary K. King, Attorney General
 1 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General
 2 Santa Fe, NM

 3 for Appellee

 4                                      DECISION

 5 MAES, Chief Justice.

 6   {1}   Following a jury trial, Kenneth C. Rauch (Defendant) was sentenced to life

 7 imprisonment for one conviction of willful and deliberate first-degree murder, and

 8 twenty-three years for the remaining counts of attempt to commit deliberate first-

 9 degree murder, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, extortion, possession of a

10 firearm by a felon, and false imprisonment. Defendant appeals to this Court pursuant

11 to Rule 12-102(A)(1) NMRA (an appeal from a sentence of life imprisonment is taken

12 directly to the Supreme Court). Defendant appeals all convictions on the basis of

13 insufficient evidence, except felon-in-possession of a firearm and false imprisonment.

14 I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

15   {2}   Defendant borrowed a shotgun from his son and went to the foothills to practice

16 shooting. Later that night Defendant purchased some buckshot ammunition from a

17 Wal-Mart that would “do the most damage.” Defendant then returned to his apartment

18 where he modified the shotgun so as to increase the number of shells the gun could

19 shoot before it would have to be reloaded.

20   {3}   After Defendant modified the shotgun, he had dinner and drinks with his

21 girlfriend. As Defendant ate and drank his mood began to change. Defendant began
 1 to grow increasingly sad due to the loss of one of his sons, and informed his girlfriend

 2 that he did not wish to live anymore. Later that evening, around 11:00 p.m.,

 3 Defendant told his girlfriend that he was going to commit suicide, left the apartment

 4 with the modified shotgun, and headed directly toward a Shell gas station.

 5   {4}   As Defendant was heading toward the gas station, a vehicle pulled up and

 6 parked at a gas pump. There were three people in the vehicle, Eusebio Escobedo

 7 (Victim), his fiancé Lucia Aldaba (Aldaba) and her young son. Defendant walked

 8 over to the passenger side of the vehicle, stood in front of the windshield, raised the

 9 shotgun, pointed it directly at Aldaba and fired the gun. The shot went inside the

10 engine, really close to the windshield. Victim attempted to exit the car at that time.

11 Defendant then proceeded to the driver’s side of the vehicle. Aldaba reached over and

12 pulled Victim away from the door. Victim then leaned over and tried to shield Aldaba

13 from Defendant. Defendant cocked the shotgun, aimed, fired, and shot Victim in the

14 head. Defendant then walked into the Shell convenience store and Aldaba and her son

15 fled from the car.

16   {5}   There were three people in the Shell convenience store when Defendant

17 entered: two store clerks, Mr. Armendariz and Ms. McNutt (collectively “Clerks”),

18 and a customer, Ms. Slee (Slee). The Clerks, not realizing that Slee was still in the

19 store, ran to the back office and locked the door. Slee observed Defendant enter the

20 store carrying the shotgun, pointed upwards. While the Clerks were in the office they


                                              2
 1 observed Defendant on the store’s security cameras, and could hear his conversation

 2 with Slee. The Clerks heard Defendant tell Slee to ask the Clerks their names. Then

 3 Defendant threatened to shoot down the door if the Clerks did not open it. Slee began

 4 pleading with Defendant asking him to either let her leave the store or go into the

 5 office with the Clerks. Defendant refused Slee’s requests, but assured her he was not

 6 going to hurt her, and that if she were to get shot, it would be by the police and not by

 7 him. Defendant also told Slee that he had intended to kill himself that night.

 8   {6}   Defendant, while still holding the gun, told Slee to go behind the counter and

 9 get him a bottle of vodka. Slee retrieved the bottle from behind the counter and

10 Defendant sat and drank some vodka. Defendant then allowed Slee to join the Clerks

11 in the office.

12   {7}   When the police officers arrived at the scene they observed Defendant walk

13 around the store with the shotgun and then sit down to drink some vodka. The

14 officers then entered the store and arrested Defendant. Although they observed

15 Defendant drinking vodka, none of the officers at the scene reported Defendant

16 exhibiting signs of intoxication.

17   {8}   Before trial, Defendant requested a competency evaluation and was found

18 competent to stand trial. At trial, Defendant based his defense on his history of mental

19 illness. Defendant asserted that due to his depression and intoxication, he did not

20 realize that people were in the vehicle when he fired the shots and he, therefore,


                                               3
 1 lacked the requisite mental intent to be found guilty of either deliberate first-degree

 2 murder or attempted deliberate first-degree murder.

 3   {9}    To support Defendant’s assertion that he was unable to form the requisite intent,

 4 clinical psychologist, Dr. Eric Westfried, who conducted a criminal forensic

 5 evaluation of Defendant, testified at trial. Dr. Westfried’s interview with Defendant

 6 revealed that Defendant had lost multiple family members within the span of one year

 7 and he had developed post-traumatic stress disorder as a result. Dr. Westfried noted

 8 that although he concluded that Defendant was emotionally unstable and irrational at

 9 the time of the shooting, Defendant had scored in the high average to superior range

10 on the cognitive functioning exam. In Dr. Westfried’s opinion, Defendant was

11 suffering from mental health issues, suicidal thoughts and was too intoxicated to have

12 formed a deliberate intent to kill. Dr. Westfried, however, stated that Defendant’s

13 behavior immediately after the shooting seemed to be quite rational and therefore, he

14 was not prepared to say that Defendant was incapable of forming the requisite intent

15 to support the charges that occurred inside the convenience store.

16   {10}   The State countered Dr. Westfried’s conclusion with testimony from its own

17 clinical psychologist, Dr. Edward Ned Siegel, who also evaluated Defendant. Despite

18 Defendant’s original claim that he had killed Victim because Victim raped his

19 daughter, Defendant told Dr. Siegel that that was a lie and he did not actually know

20 Victim. Defendant reported to Dr. Siegel that on the day of the shooting, he had


                                                4
 1 consumed three to four pints of vodka. Dr. Siegel testified that he questioned the

 2 veracity of Defendant’s story because a person who consumed that much alcohol

 3 would have been hospitalized or dead. Dr. Siegel agreed with Dr. Westfried that

 4 Defendant was suffering from depression, alcoholism, and suicidal thoughts, but

 5 disagreed that Defendant was unable to form specific intent on the night he killed

 6 Victim. Dr. Siegel testified that it is clinically impossible to be able to form specific

 7 intent one moment but not the next. Dr. Siegel concluded that because Defendant

 8 acted rationally towards police and was cognitively functioning mere moments after

 9 the killing, Defendant was able to form specific intent to kill at the time of the

10 shooting. Dr. Siegel also concluded that Defendant’s ability to form the intent to

11 commit suicide was evidence of his ability to form any specific intent.

12   {11}   Defendant appeals his conviction of life imprisonment plus twenty-three years,

13 followed by five years parole, directly to this Court. This Court exercises appellate

14 jurisdiction where life imprisonment has been imposed. N.M. Const. art. VI, § 2; see

15 Rule 12-102(A)(1) NMRA (providing that an appeal from sentence of life

16 imprisonment is taken directly to the Supreme Court). Defendant asserts that there

17 was insufficient evidence to support his convictions. Specifically, Defendant argues:

18 (1) there was not sufficient evidence of a deliberate intent to kill Victim or attempt to

19 kill Aldaba to support a conviction of first-degree murder and attempted murder; (2)

20 there was not sufficient evidence of a communication of a threat by Defendant to


                                               5
 1 support a conviction of extortion; and (3) there was not sufficient evidence of fear of

 2 immediate battery to support a conviction of aggravated assault.

 3 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

 4   {12}   In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must determine

 5 “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to

 6 support a verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every element

 7 essential to a conviction.” State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M. 126, 131, 753 P.2d 1314, 1319

 8 (1988). We view the evidence “in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict,

 9 indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor

10 of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d

11 176. This Court does not re-weigh the evidence and does not substitute its judgment

12 for that of the fact finder so long as there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict.

13 Sutphin, 107 N.M. at 131, 753 P.2d at 1319. When there is substantial evidence to

14 support the conviction, the verdict will not be disturbed on appeal. Id.

15 III. DISCUSSION

16 A.       Sufficient evidence existed that Defendant acted with a deliberate intent to
17          kill when he fired his shotgun directly at Victim and Aldaba.

18   {13}   Defendant argues that his conviction should be reversed because there was

19 insufficient evidence to support his conviction of first-degree murder and attempted

20 murder. Specifically, Defendant asserts that the State did not provide evidence that

21 he deliberately intended to kill Victim and Aldaba. Instead, Defendant argues that the

                                                6
 1 killing was “rash and impulsive” because he was unaware people were in the car when

 2 he fired his gun. The State counters that when Defendant shot directly into a parked

 3 vehicle with defenseless victims and then walked around to the driver’s side, fired a

 4 second shot and killed Victim, Defendant acted with a deliberate intent to kill.

 5   {14}   First-degree murder requires a “willful, deliberate and premeditated” intention

 6 to kill. NMSA 1978, § 30-2-1(A) (1994). Deliberate is defined as “arrived at or

 7 determined upon as a result of careful thought and the weighing of the consideration

 8 for and against the proposed course of action.” UJI 14-201 NMRA. Deliberate intent

 9 may be “arrived at in a short period of time.” Id. When deciding whether the

10 defendant made a calculated judgment to kill, “the jury may infer [deliberate] intent

11 from circumstantial evidence.” State v. Largo, 2012-NMSC-015, ¶ 31, 278 P.3d 532.

12 Intent “is subjective and is almost always inferred from other facts in the case,”

13 therefore direct evidence of a defendant’s intent is not required. State v. Duran, 2006-

14 NMSC-035, ¶¶ 7-8, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d 515 (internal quotation marks and citation

15 omitted). We have previously emphasized that circumstantial evidence alone can

16 amount to substantial evidence. State v. Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 19, 147 N.M.

17 542, 226 P.3d 641.

18   {15}   In this case, the jury was instructed that in order to find Defendant guilty of

19 first-degree murder, the State needed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that:

20                1. The [D]efendant killed [Victim];


                                               7
 1                2. The killing was with the deliberate intention to take away
 2                the life of [Victim] or any other human being;
 3                3. [D]efendant was not intoxicated from the use of alcohol
 4                or suffering from a mental disease or disorder at the time
 5                the offense was committed to the extent of being incapable
 6                of forming an intent to take away the life of another.

 7   {16}   The jury was also instructed on deliberate intent:

 8                A deliberate intention refers to the state of mind of the
 9                defendant. A deliberate intention may be inferred from all
10                of the facts and circumstances of the killing. . . . A mere
11                unconsidered and rash impulse, even though it includes an
12                intent to kill, is not a deliberate intention to kill. To
13                constitute a deliberate killing, the slayer must weigh and
14                consider the question of killing and his reasons for and
15                against such a choice.

16 These jury instructions reflect the distinction in our case law between deliberate first-

17 degree murder and a “mere unconsidered and rash impulse” killing.

18   {17}   Defendant asserts that his actions are similar to those of the defendant in State

19 v. Garcia, 114 N.M. 269, 837 P.2d 862 (1992). Defendant claims that he intended to

20 use the shotgun on himself but instead fired two shots at the Victim’s vehicle without

21 thinking and without realizing people were in the car. Defendant asserts that this

22 evidence, which was presented at trial, is consistent with a rash and impulsive killing,

23 not a deliberate murder.

24   {18}   In Garcia, we held that where there is no evidence of deliberate intent, either

25 direct or circumstantial, then the evidence is consistent with a rash and impulsive


                                                8
 1 killing. Id. at 274-75, 837 P.2d at 862. In Garcia, the defendant and victim were

 2 fighting in the yard of a home, reconciled and then began fighting again. Id. at 270,

 3 837 P.2d at 863. During the second fight, the defendant stabbed the victim multiple

 4 times and killed him. Id. While it may have been possible for the defendant to form

 5 a deliberate intent to kill the victim in the ten to fifteen minutes between the fights, the

 6 state did not present any evidence of such intent. We held that it was impossible for

 7 the jury to have determined that the defendant formed the requisite intent for first-

 8 degree murder. Id. at 275, 837 P.2d at 868.

 9   {19}   Defendant also likens his actions to the defendant’s actions in State v. Adonis,

10 2008-NMSC-059, 145 N.M. 102, 194 P.3d 717. In that case we again evaluated

11 whether there was sufficient evidence to support a finding that defendant acted with

12 deliberate intent. Id. In Adonis, we held that defendant’s actions of exiting an

13 apartment with a gun and then subsequently firing multiple shots and killing the

14 victim, without any other evidence of deliberation, was insufficient to prove deliberate

15 intent. Id. ¶ 20. Even though the state proposed theories as to the defendant’s possible

16 state of mind that could have constituted deliberate intent, we rejected those theories

17 as mere conjecture, noting that they did not tend to show that the defendant actually

18 formulated deliberate intent. Id. ¶ 21.

19   {20}   Alternatively, the State contends that several of Defendant’s actions raise a

20 reasonable inference of deliberate intent. First, the State asserts that this Court has


                                                9
 1 looked to the defenselessness of the victim as a factor indicating deliberate intent. The

 2 State argues that Victim and Aldaba were both completely defenseless because they

 3 were unarmed and sitting in a parked car when Defendant fired at them. Second, the

 4 State asserts that evidence of planning can indicate deliberate intent which was

 5 demonstrated here by Defendant’s actions on the day of the murder-Defendant

 6 borrowed a shot gun from his son, practiced shooting it, bought ammunition that

 7 would cause the most damage and modified the gun to increase the number of rounds

 8 it would shoot before reloading. Finally, the State argues that Defendant’s actions

 9 exhibited a motive to kill, yet another indication of deliberate intent. Relying on

10 Defendant’s admission to Dr. Siegel, the State asserts that Defendant’s desire to kill

11 himself or provoke the police to kill him constituted the requisite intent for first-

12 degree murder. Thus, according to the State, the facts as a whole allowed the jury to

13 determine that Defendant’s actions constituted deliberate first-degree murder and

14 attempted murder. We agree.

15   {21}   Our precedent distinguishes cases like Garcia where there was no evidence of

16 deliberate intent presented, from cases where at least some evidence of deliberate

17 intent existed. For instance, our cases have held that deliberate intent can be formed

18 during the commission of a crime. In State v. Sosa, the victim was unarmed and

19 attempting to escape from the defendant when he was shot in the face on his own front

20 porch. 2000-NMSC-036, ¶ 13, 129 N.M. 767, 14 P.3d 32. Although the defendant


                                              10
 1 argued that he did not have enough time to form the requisite intent between shots, we

 2 rejected that contention, affirming the state’s assertion that a shooter can form the

 3 requisite intent in a short period of time. Id. ¶ 12. We held that because the defendant

 4 continued to fire at a defenseless victim the jury was able to infer deliberate intent to

 5 kill, supporting a conviction for first-degree murder. Id. ¶ 13. In State v. Salazar, we

 6 again held that evidence of deliberate intent existed despite defendant’s arguments that

 7 he was unable to form intent due to his consumption of drugs and lack of time to form

 8 the requisite intent during the commission of the crime. 1997-NMSC-044, ¶ 46, 123

 9 N.M. 778, 945 P.2d 996. This Court found that the defendant’s act of pointing a gun

10 directly at the victim, who was unarmed, and then firing at her through the car

11 window, provided sufficient direct evidence of deliberate intent. Id.

12   {22}   A defendant’s acts before and after the crime may also provide evidence of

13 intent. See State v. Flores, 2010-NMSC-002, ¶ 23, 147 N.M. 542, 226 P.3d 641. For

14 example, in State v. Flores, we held that when the defendant brought a “screwdriver

15 with him . . . for no other discernable purpose than to use it as a weapon” and

16 “immediately and calmly walked away from [the victim’s] bleeding body,” the

17 defendant’s actions provided evidence of a deliberate intent to kill. Id. ¶ 22. In State

18 v. Begay, the defendant spoke frequently of “pulling a fatality” and carried a knife

19 with him the night he killed an intoxicated victim. 1998-NMSC-029, ¶ 45, 125 N.M.

20 541, 964 P.2d 102. We determined that the defendant’s desire to kill prior to the


                                              11
 1 murder and intentionally arming himself with a knife before leaving his friend’s house

 2 provided sufficient circumstantial evidence of a deliberate intent to kill. Id.

 3   {23}   More recently, we have acknowledged that the emotional state of a defendant

 4 may indicate a deliberate intent to kill. State v. Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, ¶¶ 19, 21,

 5 147 N.M. 557, 226 P.3d 656. In Riley, the defendant, upset and depressed about the

 6 end of his six year long relationship with his girlfriend, confronted his ex-girlfriend’s

 7 new boyfriend during a chance encounter in a parking lot. Id. ¶ 5. The defendant shot

 8 the boyfriend, who was sitting in the passenger seat of a car, two times at point blank

 9 range and then once more when the boyfriend attempted to flee. Id. ¶ 14. We held that

10 evidence of the defendant’s emotional state prior to the murder and the fact that the

11 defendant shot the victim at point blank range was sufficient to prove the defendant

12 had formed the deliberate intent to kill, supporting a conviction of first-degree murder.

13 Id. ¶ 21. Evidence of the defendant’s emotional state in Riley allowed us to distinguish

14 those facts from Garcia, where no evidence of the defendant’s state of mind was

15 introduced. Id. ¶ 19.

16   {24}   We agree with the State’s contention that all of Defendant’s actions taken in

17 concert demonstrate that he acted with deliberate intent. Specifically, Defendant’s

18 actions exhibited a motive to kill, planning and involvement of defenseless victims-all

19 indicators of deliberate intent. We are unpersuaded by Defendant’s main argument

20 that his actions are similar to those of the defendant’s actions in Garcia. In this case,


                                              12
 1 the jury was provided with evidence of Defendant’s emotional state. Both

 2 psychologists agreed that due to the multiple deaths of family members in a close

 3 period of time, Defendant was in an unstable emotional state and depressed at the time

 4 he killed Victim. Defendant expressed a desire to take his own life that night and later

 5 admitted his goal may have been suicide by cop.

 6   {25}   Evidence of Defendant’s planning prior to the shooting supports a reasonable

 7 inference of a deliberate intent to kill. Defendant borrowed the shotgun from his son

 8 that day, purchased ammunition that would do the most damage, practiced shooting

 9 it, and modified the gun so he could fire more ammunition without reloading.

10 Defendant then left his apartment that night with the loaded shotgun for no other

11 discernable purpose than to use it as a weapon. As he walked out the door, Defendant

12 revealed his motive, announcing to his girlfriend that he was leaving to go kill himself

13 - again evidencing a deliberate intent to kill.

14   {26}   Defendant’s actions during the commission of the crime further support a

15 finding of deliberate intent. The record is clear that Defendant walked directly up to

16 Victim’s car, aimed and fired at the windshield. When he missed, Defendant walked

17 directly to the driver’s window, cocked and reloaded his gun, aimed and fired a bullet

18 directly into Victim’s head. Victim and Aldaba were unarmed and unable to flee the

19 vehicle.




                                              13
 1   {27}   Defendant’s actions after the shooting further suggest that he was able to form

 2 specific intent. Specifically, Defendant calmly walked into the Shell store and

 3 demanded a bottle of vodka from Slee. Once the police arrived, Defendant rationally

 4 and coherently responded to their questions. Despite Defendant’s contention that he

 5 was too intoxicated to form intent or realize his actions, there is no evidence on the

 6 record to support that argument. Instead, none of the responding officers noted any

 7 signs of intoxication except that Defendant had a few sips of vodka from the bottle in

 8 the store. The jury was specifically provided with an instruction regarding

 9 Defendant’s intoxication in which it found Defendant was not intoxicated to the extent

10 that he was unable to form specific intent. Further, Defendant initially lied about his

11 motive for killing Victim because he believed it would help his defense, which a

12 reasonable jury could have used as a basis for disregarding Defendant’s claim that he

13 was unaware that people were in the vehicle.

14   {28}   It is clear from our case law that Defendant’s actions exhibit many of the factors

15 we have previously held may indicate a deliberate intent to kill. When viewing the

16 evidence in a light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we conclude that there was

17 sufficient evidence of Defendant’s deliberate intent to kill to support a conviction of

18 first-degree murder and attempted murder. We therefore affirm the trial court’s

19 convictions.




                                                14
 1 B.       Sufficient evidence existed that Defendant extorted Slee when he
 2          threatened her with a loaded shotgun and demanded she get him a bottle
 3          of vodka.

 4   {29}   Defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support his extortion

 5 conviction. Extortion is “the communication or transmission of any threat to another

 6 by any means whatsoever with intent thereby to wrongfully obtain anything of value.”

 7 NMSA 1978, § 30-16-9 (1963). The crime of extortion “is complete when a person

 8 makes a threat, intending to compel the victim to do something he [or she] would not

 9 have [otherwise] done.” State v. Wheeler, 95 N.M. 378, 381, 622 P.2d 283, 286 (Ct.

10 App. 1980) (citation omitted).        The broad statutory language allows for the

11 communicated threat to be verbal, written, or even communicated through a person’s

12 actions. State v. Barber, 93 N.M. 782, 785, 606 P.2d 192, 195 (Ct. App. 1979).

13   {30}   Defendant argues because he “requested” that Slee hand him a bottle of vodka,

14 there was no threat of particular harm to Slee. Slee testified that because Defendant

15 was holding a weapon she felt she had no choice but to comply with Defendant’s

16 request for vodka. Slee further testified that she felt she could not act without

17 Defendant’s permission because he was carrying the shotgun.

18   {31}   Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, we

19 hold that sufficient evidence existed for the jury to find Defendant guilty of extortion.

20 Defendant had just fired two shots in the parking lot, killing one person, and then

21 walked into the convenience store with a loaded shotgun. Defendant continued to hold


                                              15
 1 the gun while he asked Slee to get him a bottle of vodka. Slee’s testimony that she felt

 2 she did not have any other choice is sufficient evidence that she would not have

 3 retrieved the vodka without the threat from Defendant.

 4 C.       Defendant’s threat to shoot down the door if the Clerks did not open it,
 5          while holding a loaded shotgun, constituted sufficient evidence to support
 6          his convictions for aggravated assault.

 7   {32}   The jury was instructed that in order to find Defendant guilty of aggravated

 8 assault by use of a deadly weapon, the State needed to prove beyond a reasonable

 9 doubt that:

10                1. The defendant entered a convenience store immediately
11                after firing a shotgun into the vehicle of [Victim] carrying
12                the shotgun in a ready position or threatened to fire a
13                shotgun through a door if [Clerks] did not come out;
14                2. The defendant’s conduct caused Charlene McNutt to
15                believe the defendant was about to intrude on Charlene
16                McNutt’s bodily integrity or personal safety by touching or
17                applying force to Charlene McNutt in a rude, insolent or
18                angry manner;
19                3. A reasonable person in the same circumstances as
20                Charlene McNutt would have had the same belief;
21                4. The defendant used a shotgun[.]

22   {33}   Defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to support convictions

23 for two counts of aggravated assault on two theories: first, Defendant did not directly

24 interact with either clerk because they fled to the back of the store before Defendant

25 entered; and second, because the second clerk did not testify at trial, the jury could not



                                               16
 1 have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the second clerk was in fear of an

 2 impending battery.

 3   {34}   In the context of this case, assault consists of either “an attempt to commit a

 4 battery upon the person of another” or “any unlawful act, threat or menacing conduct

 5 which causes another person to reasonably believe that he is in danger of receiving an

 6 immediate battery.” NMSA 1978, § 30-3-1(A)(B) (1963). An assault is an aggravated

 7 assault if it is committed with a deadly weapon. See § 30-3-2(A) (1963). A jury may

 8 reasonably infer a victim’s fear of immediate battery or threat to personal safety from

 9 a defendant’s aggressive conduct. State v. Ford, 2007-NMCA-052, ¶ 29, 141 N.M.

10 512, 157 P.3d 77. The testimony of a single witness may be sufficient to support a

11 jury’s verdict. State v. Hamilton, 2000-NMCA-063, ¶ 20, 129 N.M. 321, 6 P.3d 1043

12 (citations omitted).

13   {35}   At trial, one of the clerks, Armendariz, testified that he and the other clerk,

14 McNutt, were preparing for closing when Armendariz noticed a car pull up to one of

15 the gas pumps outside. Armendariz testified he then heard a "gunshot, a loud bang"

16 and looked outside again. Armendariz witnessed Defendant walk from the front of

17 the vehicle to the driver's side and fire another gunshot. Armendariz further testified

18 that after witnessing Defendant fire the gun into the driver's side window of the car,

19 he and McNutt ran to the back office. Armendariz stated that he "wasn't going to take

20 the chance of [Defendant] maybe possibly coming in the store and doing the same. So


                                              17
 1 [he and McNutt] ran into the office, locked it up and started pushing the panic

 2 buttons.” Armendariz testified that once he and McNutt were locked in the back

 3 office, McNutt called the police and they watched security video of what was

 4 happening in the store. The Clerks heard Defendant enter the store. Armendariz

 5 stated that Slee knocked on the office door and Defendant told the Clerks to come

 6 outside. Defendant warned that if they did not, he would shoot down the door.

 7   {36}   Armendariz testified that Defendant's statement made him and McNutt feel

 8 "[v]ery threatened," but that at the same time the door was a "big metal door. After

 9 Armendariz informed Defendant that he would not open the door, Slee began pleading

10 with him to open the door. Armendariz testified that he again refused to open the door

11 out of fear that Defendant would shoot someone else. When Slee asked that the door

12 be opened a third time, Armendariz allowed Slee to enter the office. Armendariz

13 testified that he opened the door because it appeared to be a life or death situation for

14 Slee and that he could not live with himself if he did not let her into the office. The

15 second clerk, McNutt, did not testify at trial.

16   {37}   Armendariz’s testimony alone provided sufficient evidence to support a

17 conviction of aggravated assault. Armendariz testified that both he and McNutt saw

18 Defendant fire the gun into the car and then head into the store. Both Clerks feared for

19 their lives causing them to run to the back of the store and lock themselves in a room.

20 The record shows that both Clerks could hear Defendant and watch him via video


                                              18
 1 surveillance throughout the entire event. It is undisputed that Defendant possessed a

 2 loaded shotgun when he threatened the Clerks. Armendariz testified that he refused

 3 to open the door because he feared he would be shot by Defendant. Just Armendariz’s

 4 testimony is sufficient to show both clerks feared an immediate battery. When viewing

 5 the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that sufficient evidence

 6 existed for the jury to find Defendant guilty of aggravated assault. We therefore affirm

 7 the conviction.

 8 CONCLUSION

 9   {38}   We hold that there was sufficient evidence to support Defendant’s convictions

10 of first-degree murder, attempted murder, extortion, and aggravated assault.

11   {39}   Accordingly, we affirm the Defendant’s convictions.

12   {40}   IT IS SO ORDERED.




13                                           ___________________________________

14                                           PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice

15 WE CONCUR:



16 _________________________________

17 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice


                                              19
1 _________________________________

2 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice



3 _________________________________

4 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice



5 _________________________________

6 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice




                                  20
