Opinion issued November 7, 2013.




                                    In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                         First District of Texas
                          ————————————
                            NO. 01-13-00123-CV
                          ———————————
    IN RE TEXAS WINDSTORM INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, Relator



           Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
                  From the 56th and 212th District Courts
                         Galveston County, Texas
              Trial Court Case Nos. 09-CV-0147 & 12CV2015


                                OPINION

      By petition for writ of mandamus, 1 Texas Windstorm Insurance Association

(TWIA) challenges the trial court’s order disqualifying the law firm of Martin,



1
      The underlying cases are City of Santa Fe v. Texas Windstorm Insurance
      Association, No. 12CV2015 in the 56th District Court of Galveston County,
      Texas, and In re: Hurricane Ike Litigation, No. 09-CV-0147 in the 212th
Disiere, Jefferson & Wisdom, L.L.P. (MDJW) and its attorneys from representing

TWIA in any of the consolidated Hurricane Ike lawsuits pending in Galveston

County.    Among other reasons, TWIA asserts that the trial court abused its

discretion because there is no disqualifying conflict of interest under Rules 1.09 or

1.15 of the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct and because the

disqualification movants failed to show actual prejudice.

      We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus.

                                    Background

      The individual, commercial, and governmental-entity plaintiffs in the

underlying consolidated cases allege that TWIA breached duties owed to them in

the handling of insurance claims arising from damage caused by Hurricane Ike.

Real party in interest Craig Eiland is a state legislator and an attorney. Through his

law firm, A. Craig Eiland Attorney at Law, P.C., he represents plaintiffs in cases

that are part of the consolidated Hurricane Ike litigation in Galveston County.

      Chris Martin is an attorney who specializes in insurance matters. He has

frequently lectured and written on insurance law. Martin was testifying before the

Texas Legislature on a matter relating to insurance when he met Eiland.

Thereafter Eiland occasionally contacted Martin to ask questions about insurance

law, relating both to issues pending before the Legislature and to issues arising

      District Court of Galveston County. The respondent is the Honorable Susan
      E. Criss.
                                          2
from cases he was handling as an attorney. He retained Martin as an expert in two

of his Hurricane Ike cases which did not involve claims against TWIA: the South

Coast Cement case2 and the La Porte ISD case.3 But the two lawyers were also

adversaries in other litigated Ike claims pending in Galveston County in late 2010,

including cases in which Eiland, along with his co-counsel Steve Mostyn, filed

lawsuits on behalf of multiple policyholders against State Farm Lloyds and related

entities, which are represented by Martin.4

      Eiland was retained by Galveston County to review its Hurricane Ike

insurance claims and to determine if it “had any potential money due and owing”

from TWIA. Although no lawsuit was ever filed in connection with the Galveston

County matter, Eiland testified that he contacted Martin in January 2011 “to seek

his expert counsel,” particularly concerning TWIA’s alleged “failure to pay

overhead and profit and sales tax.” Eiland contends that he was seeking Martin’s


2
      South Coast Cement Co. v. Philadelphia Indemnity Co. et al., No. 3:10-cv-
      00357 (S.D. Tex., Galveston Div.).
3
      LaPorte Independent School District v. Westchester Surplus Lines Insurance
      Co., No. 4:10-cv-03657 (S.D. Tex., Galveston Div.).
4
      These included Kirk Shulke & Elizabeth Ann Shulke v. State Farm Lloyds et
      al., No. 10CV3794 (56th Judicial Dist. Ct., Galveston County), Diane Zissa
      v. State Farm Lloyds, No. 10CV2876 (122nd Judicial Dist. Ct., Galveston
      County), Shelton’s New Beginnings, L.L.C. v. State Farm Lloyds,
      No. 10CV2741 (10th Judicial Dist. Ct., Galveston County), and James
      Stewart v. State Farm Lloyds, No. 10CV3658 (122nd Judicial Dist. Ct.,
      Galveston County).
                                         3
assistance for the benefit of his client and as an “expert.” 5 He also claims to have

sought Martin’s guidance to inform how to structure the operation of his law firm

“in terms of what cases and types of cases” he accepted and how he would

“handle” them.       Eiland testified that Martin orally agreed to accept the

representation and that they discussed the preparation of an expert report. 6

      After initial discussion by telephone, Eiland sent Martin the following email:

      From:         A. Craig Eiland
      Sent:         Monday, January 17, 2011 6:22 PM
      To:           'Chris Martin'

5
      In this regard Eiland testified: “I needed his expertise to advise me as a
      lawyer . . . on what to do and how to do it, as also to the extent allowed, to
      use him as an expert in the litigation on those issues. So both. Both to
      advise me and my firm in the representation of Galveston County and as an
      expert in the case when it got to the point, because I started to want to be
      able to point to and rely upon him and say . . . a law school professor and the
      guy that writes the book, here is his opinion, pay me the money.” He further
      testified that he and Martin discussed “me retaining him to advise me and to
      give an opinion.”
6
      Eiland explained his need for a report as follows:

              It’s important when you represent governmental entities . . . it’s
              different than representing an individual or a company because
              you know that there [are] elected officials who have to justify
              their decisions. And so you want to make sure that you, No. 1,
              pay for the file and, No. 2, provide a broad foundation. If you
              are going to ask the commissioners court and the county judge
              to make a decision to either accept an offer, reject an offer, to
              take a position, you need to have it; and that’s one thing I
              wanted. I didn’t want just, Oh, I talked to Bob, and he told me
              this. I wanted something in my file that I could rely upon, that I
              could show the commissioners if and when the time came as
              well as the county judge.
                                           4
      Subject:     Eiland re Confidential Consulting Expert Communication
                   FW: Galveston County - Texas Windstorm Insurance
                   Association

      Chris,

      To follow up on our discussions, attached is my demand letter and
      reasoning with exhibits. Let me know if you have any insight or
      opinions. I think that the Ghoman decision helps and hurts. It helps
      in supporting the opinion that you do not have to hire a General
      Contractor to get the O&P, but hurts re the Tax.

      A Craig Eiland

Eiland attached several documents to this email. One was a copy of the federal

district court opinion referenced in the email text, Ghoman v. New Hampshire Ins.

Co., 159 F. Supp. 2d 928 (N.D. Tex. 2001). Also attached was a “formal initial

demand” letter addressed to TWIA and sent by Eiland on behalf of Galveston

County. Eiland’s letter was dated January 17, 2010, and it demanded the payment

of “undisputed damages,” which included contractor’s overhead and profit

(commonly known as “O&P”) and sales tax. The letter referenced and attached

commissioner’s bulletins from the Texas Department of Insurance, dated from

1998 and 2008, addressing the payment of O&P and sales tax. 7



7
      In its 1998 Commissioner’s Bulletin, the Texas Department of Insurance
      stated that “the deduction of prospective contractors’ overhead and profit
      and sales tax in determining the actual cash value under a replacement cost
      policy is improper, is not a reasonable interpretation of the policy language,
      and is unfair to insureds.” In 2008 the Department stated that its “position
      has not changed.” The 2008 Bulletin explained:
                                         5
      Eiland had attached to the demand letter a chain of email correspondence

dated from 2008 which appears to have been an interoffice TWIA communication.

In response to a suggestion that “we may want to stress that a general contractor is

needed in order to include the O&P,” TWIA Vice President of Claims Reggie

Warren stated that according to the Texas Department of Insurance, “that doesn’t

matter……..we need to add OH & P to arrive at the appropriate repair/replacement

cost, regardless if a contractor is involved.”

      On the afternoon of January 20, 2011, Eiland sent Martin another email, the

text of which stated simply, “Any luck?” Martin responded, “Yes, report will

follow later tonight.” Eiland replied, “Great, Thanks! Send bill.” Five hours later,

Eiland sent another email that stated, “Just a reminder.”

      Late that night, Martin sent Eiland an email bearing the subject line of “Re:

Report.” That email stated:


             While individual company policy forms have been approved for
             use in Texas, the method set forth in [the 1998 Bulletin]
             continues to be a standard method of determining actual cash
             value under replacement cost policies. Thus, the insured
             continues to be entitled to reasonable and necessary expenses to
             repair or replace the damaged property, less proper deduction
             for depreciation. These expenses would include the services of
             a contractor. The deduction of prospective contractors’
             overhead and profit and sales tax, in addition to depreciation in
             calculating actual cash value, is an improper claim settlement
             practice on policies that provide coverage on an actual cash
             value or replacement cost basis.

                                           6
Craig,

When we spoke last Friday, you asked about the industry custom and
practice of paying certain components of a property claim when the
insured doesn’t actually incur the cost of the line item in question.
The example you gave involved a unit of government (here Galveston
County) which didn’t have to pay sales tax on repair materials. You
mentioned your argument involving the payment of premiums for
items such as sales tax as a justification for the insurer’s obligation to
pay.

Over the last four days, I have had extended conversations with very
senior executives in the Claims Departments at Travelers, Zurich,
CNA, Hartford, Fireman’s Fund and State Farm specifically regarding
units of government or quasi-units and generally regarding sales tax
and O&P. These men are long time acquaintances who spoke to me
as a friend to answer my questions because I occasionally seek their
industry perspectives to help research or writing projects I undertake.
For anonymity, I get candid accuracy.

On this issue, the reactions were consistent. The primary principal
seems to be the indemnity nature of property coverage. In other
words, property policies provide indemnity to the insured for losses to
buildings and their component parts. To this end, each carrier exec
articulated a similar thought around the idea of a loss incurred or
“reasonably likely to be incurred.” That point seems to be the
industry dividing point on your precise question. As to sales tax for
an entity who will never have to pay such sales tax, the issue is
consistently addressed along the same lines of incurred or reasonably
likely to be incurred. It can’t be incurred for a unit of government so
it is never paid under the aforementioned indemnity principal.

In contrast, O&P is something where the general contractor in many
types of losses is one reasonably likely to be incurred and is thus
generally paid even when not actually retained and paid. In my
pattern and practice research, the commercial carriers seem to pay it
simply based on the need for a GC and without regard to one having
actually been retained and their charges incurred. State Farm, in
contrast, at least requires a contract with or an estimate from a general
contractor before it will make such a payment even if the loss will
                                    7
clearly involve 3 or more trades or factors indicating the necessity of a
GC. The other carriers don’t.

The actual cash value concepts set forth in Ghoman are recognized
and applied by those in the industry. The sales tax issue in Ghoman
seems distinguishable from Galveston County along the same
indemnity principal mentioned above—it will never be incurred so
there is no loss to indemnify. A general contractor, however, is a
different matter, at least theoretically, even for a county government.
The results of my survey indicated that each carrier would deny sales
tax but would pay O&P for the county in my “hypothetical.”

Your position on O&P was well supported by the Commissioner’s
Bulletins and Ghoman. There are actually some additional cases and
briefing I have in archives which might interest you. I have handled a
dozen or so O&P cases in the last 13 years or so, most of which were
putative class actions. There are also a lot of out of state cases which
also support your position on O&P. If you want me to find the
briefing in those cases, I can have a paralegal pull the archived files
for you.

As a final point of refinement, your “premium” argument is somewhat
misplaced. Premiums are actually determined based on historical past
losses for the carrier and future risk factors (such as number of
employees, amount of property owned, etc) for the insured.
Premiums are not actually calculated based on individual factors such
as the potential to pay sales tax on a loss. No carrier that I am aware
of calculates premiums based on factors such as sales tax. The fact
that prior losses which are aggregated included sales tax is of no
significance to your argument. Instead, your better arguments center
around the actual cash value, replacement cost, and indemnity
principals discussed above and explained further in Ghoman.

So, I recommend you punt the sales tax issue but continue to push
hard on the O&P issue. You are right on O&P, even for a county
government.




                                   8
      If you want me to pull the archives on my old O&P case briefing, let
      me know.

      Chris

Eiland responded by email within an hour:

      Thanks for the work and comments. I will keep them to myself, but in
      case the client (County) asks why I sought sales tax and settled for
      less, this obviously gives me some sound reasoning to give up on the
      issue. I appreciate your help. [P]lease send a bill as I don’t want to be
      burden but want to keep you as a resource!

Martin did not send a bill. Eiland testified that over the ensuing 10 months until

the Galveston County claim settled, he and Martin “met one time in person and

then had a phone conversation and e-mail, a couple of e-mails, but once I had his

opinion, that’s all I needed at that point in time.” Eiland also testified that during

that time, he and Martin discussed unspecified “confidential” issues other than

O&P and sales tax.

      Approximately 20 months after Martin’s email report to Eiland, in

August 2012, TWIA orally retained Martin and his law firm, MDJW, as lead

coordinating counsel for its Hurricane Ike litigation. In mid-September 2012, the

City of Santa Fe, represented by Eiland, filed suit against TWIA, alleging that it

had failed to pay overhead and profit completely and accurately. TWIA answered




                                          9
the lawsuit on October 12, 2011, represented by MDJW. Four days later, Eiland

forwarded Martin’s January 20, 2011 email to Mostyn. 8

      In early December 2012, the City of Santa Fe amended its petition to seek

the certification of a class action, in which the proposed class included “All Texas

government entities . . . who were or are TWIA’s policyholders who (1) suffered a

covered loss caused by Hurricane Rita, Hurricane Ike, Hurricane Dolly, and/or

Hurricane Humberto, and (2) Whose actual cash value damage adjustments did not

include adequately calculated and timely tendered compensation for general

contractors’ overhead and profit.”

      The next week, the City of Santa Fe moved to disqualify MDJW from

representing TWIA based on the January 2011 email communication between

Martin and Eiland.      In its motion to disqualify, the City alleged that in

January 2011 Eiland had hired Martin to provide an expert opinion on TWIA’s

failure to pay O&P and sales tax to Galveston County. The City thus argued that

MDJW had a conflict of interest arising from the firm’s duty of loyalty to Eiland.

The City further argued that MDJW had failed to disclose this conflict of interest

8
      Both Eiland and Mostyn belong to the “Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee” for
      the Galveston County Hurricane Ike litigation. The mandamus record does
      not disclose any joint-representation agreements or any other details about
      the formation of the committee. Eiland testified that his duties and
      responsibilities as a member of the committee were “to try to make sure that
      all lawyers that have cases are aware of issues and to coordinate the trial, the
      discovery and the litigation,” and that he shared confidences with Mostyn
      and other lawyers on the committee.
                                         10
to TWIA, thus violating Title 28, Section 5.4001 of the Texas Administrative

Code, which requires disclosure of conflicts of interest by lawyers representing or

seeking to represent TWIA in policyholder disputes. The City argued that this

violation required MDJW’s disqualification from representing TWIA for a period

of five years.

      TWIA denied the factual allegations in the motion for disqualification,

calling them “blatant misrepresentation[s],” and it denied the existence of an

attorney-client or otherwise privileged relationship between the City and Martin.

TWIA also denied any disclosure to Martin of “any confidential client information

which would relate to the City of Santa Fe or any of the plaintiffs who now have

suits pending against TWIA.”

      In response, a “Supplemental Motion to Disqualify; Reply to TWIA’s

Response to Motion to Disqualify” was filed in both the City of Santa Fe putative

class-action lawsuit and the consolidated Hurricane Ike litigation. This motion was

filed not only by the City, but also on behalf of plaintiffs’ counsel who were not

parties and who had not intervened in the suit: Eiland, his law firm, and the

“Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee” (whose members were not identified in the

motion). 9


9
      Galveston County, Eiland’s client directly at issue in the January 2011 email
      communications, is not a named plaintiff or a member of the putative class
      in the City of Santa Fe v. TWIA action, nor is it a party to any other lawsuit
                                        11
      In addition to arguing that MDJW was barred from representing TWIA

under the Texas Administrative Code, in the supplemental motion the movants

argued that Martin and MDJW had a “former-client conflict of interest in

representing TWIA adverse to Martin’s previous representation of Eiland, in

violation of Disciplinary Rule 1.09, and thus disqualification is required as a matter

of law.” The movants later filed a “Second Supplemental Motion to Disqualify”

and “Reply to TWIA’s Response to Motion to Disqualify,” in which they added

factual allegations and urged the same grounds for disqualification.

      The trial court held evidentiary hearings on the disqualification motion over

five days between December 14, 2012 and February 5, 2013. Both Eiland and

Martin testified, giving directly opposing testimony about the facts underlying the

dispute over whether they had entered into an attorney-client relationship in

January 2011. Eiland said that he hired Martin both as an expert and as his lawyer.

Martin denied ever having entered into an attorney-client relationship with Eiland,

though he acknowledged that Eiland had previously hired him as an expert in two

separate matters that did not involve TWIA: South Coast Cement and La Porte

ISD. The disqualification movants offered testimony from a legal-ethics expert,


      affected by the motion to disqualify. The disqualification motion only
      identifies Eiland and his law firm as having been former clients of Martin
      and MDJW. Also, there is no allegation that the City of Santa Fe, any
      member of the putative class, or any other disqualification movant had
      engaged Eiland in January 2011 or earlier to pursue a claim against TWIA.
                                         12
and TWIA objected on the ground that it would be improper to offer expert

opinion testimony about the law and legal ethics. The trial court overruled the

objection, granting TWIA a running objection to having “a legal expert tell the

court what the legal issues are.” The witness gave opinion testimony that an

attorney-client relationship existed between Martin and Eiland and that the

relationship gave rise to a disqualifying conflict of interest as to Martin and

MDJW’s representation of TWIA. As a result of the trial court’s admission of the

movants’ expert testimony, TWIA later secured a rebuttal expert who presented

directly opposing opinion testimony.

      The trial court granted the motion to disqualify. Its order disqualified Martin

and MDJW from representing TWIA in any of the consolidated Hurricane Ike

cases in Galveston County, and it included the following findings of fact and

conclusions of law:

      1. Martin and [MDJW] entered attorney-client relationships with
         Craig Eiland and A. Craig Eiland Attorney at Law, P.C.
         (collectively “Eiland”) concerning multiple matters.

      2. Neither Martin, nor Eiland have terminated Martin’s attorney-
         client relationship with Eiland in connection with one such matter,
         the South Coast Cement case, in which Martin drafted the federal
         court complaint, advised Eiland on matters concerning his
         attorney-client relationship, and in which he has been designated as
         an expert witness.

      3. In addition to retaining Martin as Eiland’s attorney, Eiland also
         retained Martin to serve as an expert witness in connection with

                                         13
   Eiland’s representation of Galveston County in a claim against
   TWIA for damages caused by Hurricane Ike.

4. Eiland also retained Martin . . . in the La Porte ISD case.
   However, Martin’s engagement letter . . . did not limit Martin’s
   engagement to expert witness work. Instead he wrote that he
   would provide “expert consultation.”

5. Eiland currently represents the City of Galveston and the City of
   La Marque in connection with those cities’ claims against TWIA
   for damages caused by Hurricane Ike.

6. Eiland communicated confidential information to Martin and
   [MDJW] in the course of Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of
   Eiland, including concerning the County of Galveston insurance
   claims that Eiland handled against TWIA.

7. Eiland also communicated confidential information to Martin and
   [MDJW] in the course of Martin’s service as an expert witness in
   connection with Eiland’s representation of Galveston County. In
   the Galveston County matter, Martin served as lawyer for Eiland
   and Eiland’s firm and for Eiland’s client (the County of Galveston)
   and as expert witness. Martin issued a written report for Eiland
   and Eiland’s firm and Eiland’s client in that matter. Eiland
   requested that Martin send Eiland a bill for the work Martin had
   done on that matter.

8. The matters that were the subject of Martin and [MDJW]’s
   attorney-client relationship with Eiland included, but were not
   limited to, (a) the potential recoveries for overhead and profit by
   Eiland’s clients as a part of their Hurricane Ike damage claims
   against TWIA, and (b) structuring Eiland’s operations in terms of
   the case and types of cases that Eiland accepted, and structuring
   Eiland’s negotiation and litigation strategies.

9. Whether Eiland’s clients in this case and the other Movants are
   entitled to recover overhead and profit as a part of their Hurricane
   Ike damage claims against TWIA is a significant, disputed issue in


                                  14
   this case and TWIA’s position on that issue is adverse to Eiland’s
   and the other Movants’ position on that issue.

10.Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case is
   substantially related to Martin and [MDJW]’s prior representation
   of Eiland. Martin’s previous areas of representation of and advice
   to Eiland included representation and advice concerning the
   Galveston County insurance claim against TWIA for Hurricane Ike
   damages. Yet now Martin and his firm are representing TWIA
   adverse to Eiland concerning the City of Galveston (and others’)
   insurance claims against TWIA for Hurricane Ike damages,
   including concerning the same or substantially similar elements of
   damages. Therefore, Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of
   TWIA in this case results in a violation of Texas Disciplinary Rule
   of Professional Conduct (“Disciplinary Rule”) 1.09(a)(3).

11.Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case in
   reasonable probability will result in a violation by Martin and
   [MDJW] of Disciplinary Rule 1.05. Therefore, Martin and
   [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case results in a
   violation of Disciplinary Rule 1.09(a)(2).

12.The opinion that Martin provided to Eiland concerning the
   recovery of overhead and profit as a part of claims against TWIA
   in the course of Martin and [MDJW]’s prior representation of
   Eiland appears to be inconsistent with the position that TWIA has
   taken in previous claims handling of the same type of storm-
   damage claims. Martin’s work product for Eiland is in issue in this
   case. Therefore, Martin and [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in
   this case results in a violation of Disciplinary Rule 1.09(a)(1).

13.Martin and [MDJW] failed to disclose to TWIA any conflict of
   interest, specifically including their prior and ongoing
   representation of Eiland, before undertaking the representation of
   TWIA in this case.           Because of that failure, 28 TAC
   § 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(V) is an absolute bar to Martin and [MDJW]
   representing TWIA in this case, which involves policyholder
   claims against TWIA. Further Disciplinary Rule 1.15(a)(1)
   requires Martin to withdraw from the representation of TWIA

                                 15
         because the representation will “result in violation of . . .
         applicable rules of professional conduct” and “other law.”
         [MDJW] have refused to withdraw from representing TWIA and
         are continuing to represent TWIA in violation of 28 TAC
         § 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(V) and Disciplinary Rule 1.15(a)(1).

      14.Martin’s conflicts of interest under the Disciplinary Rules are
         imputed to all other [MDJW] attorneys. Disciplinary Rule 1.09(b)
         provides that “when lawyers are . . . members of . . . a firm, none
         of them shall knowingly represent a client if any one of them
         practicing alone would be prohibited from doing so by”
         Rule 1.09(a).

      15.Eiland and his law firm have not consented to Martin and
         [MDJW]’s representation of TWIA in this case.

      16.Disqualification of [MDJW] is appropriate based on any one or
         more of the foregoing violations of the Disciplinary Rules.

      TWIA filed a petition for writ of mandamus. In its petition TWIA argues,

among other things, that the trial court abused its discretion in granting the motion

to disqualify Martin and MDJW because there was no attorney-client relationship

between Eiland and Martin, no conflict of interest under Rule 1.09, no violation of

the Texas Administrative Code or, by extension, Rule 1.15(a)(1), and no showing

of actual prejudice. TWIA also challenged evidentiary rulings and the trial court’s

findings that Martin was retained as an attorney and expert witness for Eiland.

                                     Analysis

      “Mandamus relief is proper to correct a clear abuse of discretion when there

is no adequate remedy by appeal.” In re Frank Motor Co., 361 S.W.3d 628, 630


                                         16
(Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion if it reaches a

decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to constitute a clear and prejudicial error

of law, In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt., L.P., 164 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005)

(orig. proceeding), or when it acts without reference to any guiding rules or

principles. In re Colonial Pipeline Co., 968 S.W.2d 938, 941 (Tex. 1998) (orig.

proceeding). A trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or in

applying the law to the facts. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124,

135 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding).      “Mandamus is appropriate to correct an

erroneous order disqualifying counsel because there is no adequate remedy by

appeal.” In re Sanders, 153 S.W.3d 54, 56 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding).

      Disqualification of a party’s counsel is “a severe remedy.” In re Nitla S.A.

de C.V., 92 S.W.3d 419, 422 (Tex. 2002) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Spears v.

Fourth Court of Appeals, 797 S.W.2d 654, 656 (Tex. 1990) (orig. proceeding)).

“It can result in immediate and palpable harm, disrupt trial court proceedings, and

deprive a party of the right to have counsel of choice.” Id. Disqualification can

delay proceedings in the trial court, require the client to engage a successor

attorney, and, in appropriate cases, deprive the client of work product done on his

behalf by the disqualified attorney. See In re George, 28 S.W.3d 511, 515, 518–19

(orig. proceeding) (Tex. 2000).       Because of the serious consequences of

disqualification of opposing counsel, such motions can be misused for delay or to

                                         17
exert inappropriate leverage to force a settlement. See, e.g., Spears, 797 S.W.2d at

658; see also Developments in the Law—Conflicts of Interest in the Legal

Profession, III. Conflicts of Interest in Private Practice, 94 HARV. L. REV. 1284,

1285 (1981) (suggesting that such motions could also be misused for the purpose

of disqualifying “dangerously competent counsel”). The law strongly discourages

the use of motions to disqualify as tactical weapons in litigation. See, e.g., Spears,

797 S.W.2d at 658; TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 3.08 &

cmt. 10, reprinted in TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (West 2013)

(State Bar. R. art. X, § 9).

      The movant has the burden of proof on a disqualification motion. See In re

EPIC Holdings, Inc., 985 S.W.2d 41, 60 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding). To

prevent the abusive filing of such a motion for tactical reasons, the court must

carefully evaluate the motion and record to determine if disqualification is

warranted. See In re Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422. The Supreme Court of Texas

repeatedly has stated that a trial court “must strictly adhere to an exacting

standard” in ruling on disqualification motions. E.g., NCNB Tex. Nat’l Bank v.

Coker, 765 S.W.2d 398, 399–400 (Tex. 1989) (orig. proceeding). Consistent with

the standard of review in mandamus proceedings, we review the trial court’s ruling

for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., id. at 400 (trial court’s “failure to apply the




                                         18
proper standard of law to the motion to disqualify counsel was an abuse of

discretion”).

        Although the disciplinary rules are not intended as standards for procedural

decisions, courts often look to them as guidelines in deciding whether to grant a

motion to disqualify counsel. In re Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422; Nat’l Med. Enters. v.

Godbey, 924 S.W.2d 123, 132 (Tex. 1996) (orig. proceeding). When a movant

seeks disqualification based on an alleged violation of a disciplinary rule, he must

carry the burden to establish the violation with specificity. See Spears, 797 S.W.2d

at 656. “Mere allegations of unethical conduct or evidence showing a remote

possibility of a violation of the disciplinary rules” do not satisfy the exacting

standard. Id. In addition, the party seeking disqualification based on violation of a

disciplinary rule must also “demonstrate that the opposing lawyer’s conduct caused

actual prejudice that requires disqualification.” In re Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422; see

also In re Meador, 968 S.W.2d 346, 350 (Tex. 1998) (“a court should not

disqualify a lawyer for a disciplinary violation that has not resulted in actual

prejudice to the party seeking disqualification”).

   I.      Former-client conflict
        The disqualification motion alleged a former-client conflict. The applicable

Disciplinary Rule of Professional Conduct provides:




                                          19
      Rule 1.09. Conflict of Interest: Former Client

      (a)    Without prior consent, a lawyer who personally has formerly
             represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter represent
             another person in a matter adverse to the former client:

             (1)    in which such other person questions the validity of the
                    lawyer’s services or work product for the former client;

             (2)    if the representation in reasonable probability will
                    involve a violation of Rule 1.05; or

             (3)    if it is the same or a substantially related matter.

TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a).

      Although TWIA challenges many of the trial court’s factual findings,

including the findings that Martin had been retained as Eiland’s attorney and as a

testifying expert witness in the Galveston County matter, we do not reach

contested issues of fact in an original mandamus proceeding. In re Pirelli Tire,

L.L.C., 247 S.W.3d 670, 686 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); In re Angelini, 186

S.W.3d 558, 560 (Tex. 2006) (orig. proceeding). For purposes of mandamus

review, we assume that Martin represented Eiland, and that the scope of that

representation embraced Eiland’s legal strategies relating to Hurricane Ike claims

and his business strategies relating to case selection and negotiation.

      A. Prejudice arising from adverse relationship to former client
         (Rule 1.09(a))

      At the outset, we note an apparent absence of true adversity between TWIA

and a former client of Martin and MDJW, which is a fundamental precondition to
                                           20
the application of Rule 1.09’s prohibition of former-client conflicts of interest.

The rule applies to “a lawyer who personally has formerly represented a client in a

matter” and prohibits that lawyer from representing “another person in a matter

adverse to the former client” without prior consent. TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES

PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a). The comments to Rule 1.09 also specify that the rule

“concerns the situation where a lawyer once personally represented a client and

now wishes to represent a second client against that former client.” Id. R. 1.09

cmt. 2 (emphasis supplied). 10

      That circumstance does not exist here. Among the disqualification movants,

only Eiland and his law firm are former clients of Martin and MJDW. But as

explained below, they are not now adverse to TWIA in any relevant sense. Some

of the other movants—the plaintiffs in the underlying cases—are actually adverse

to TWIA, but they are not former clients of Martin and MJDW. And the remaining

movants, the other attorney members of the Plaintiffs’ Steering Committee, are

neither former clients nor personally adverse to TWIA in the litigation.

      1.     No adversity with former clients. The former clients at issue are

Eiland and his law firm. Eiland and his law firm are involved as counsel in the

pending lawsuits in which Martin and MDJW’s disqualification is sought, but

10
      One of the policy reasons underlying the adversity requirement is to avoid
      discouraging lawyers from accepting “new, relatively modest matters” by
      transforming such engagements into lifetime commitments. RESTATEMENT
      (THIRD) OF LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 132 cmt. b (2000).
                                         21
Eiland and his law firm are not actual parties to the lawsuits. Apart from acting in

a representative capacity as plaintiffs’ counsel, Eiland’s only personal interest in

these cases—his interest in earning a fee—is either separate from or at most

derivative of the interests of his clients, who actually are directly adverse to TWIA

in the litigation.

       A person seeking to disqualify his former counsel need not always be a party

to the subsequent suit. Nevertheless, there still must be some demonstration that

the second representation is “adverse” to the disqualification movant.            Id.

R. 1.09(a). For purposes of the ethical prohibition of Rule 1.09, adversity has been

described as “a product of the likelihood of the risk and the seriousness of its

consequences.” Godbey, 924 S.W.2d at 132. The trial court’s disqualification

order identifies only one disputed issue in the litigation as to which Martin’s

representation of TWIA is characterized as adverse to the movants’ position:

“Whether Eiland’s clients in this case and the other Movants are entitled to recover

overhead and profit as a part of their Hurricane Ike damage claims against TWIA.”

But based on the allegations of the disqualification motion and the evidence

presented in support of it, the consequences to Eiland of any disclosures arising

from Eiland’s engagement of Martin cannot be presumed to be serious. Eiland

sent his Galveston County demand letters, incorporating arguments suggested to

him by Martin, directly to TWIA. Moreover Eiland sent the full text of Martin’s

                                         22
email report on the subjects of O&P and sales tax to another attorney, Mostyn, who

in turn forwarded the entire report to a representative of TWIA. Thus the same

documents relied upon as evidence of the Martin-Eiland attorney-client

consultation were voluntarily disclosed by plaintiffs’ counsel to their clients’

adversary, TWIA. Martin’s current representation creates no additional risk of

unfair prejudice to the claimants arising from the disclosure of the information in

either of those documents.

      Unlike the situation presented by the Godbey case,11 nothing in the

mandamus record indicates that Eiland or any of the other movants are at risk of


11
      In National Medical Enterprises, Inc. v. Godbey, 924 S.W.2d 123 (Tex.
      1996) (orig. proceeding), a law firm was disqualified from representing
      former psychiatric patients in their suits against a group of psychiatric
      hospitals. One lawyer from the firm previously represented a regional
      hospital administrator during an investigation of fraud and mistreatment of
      patients. See Godbey, 924 S.W.2d at 132–33. Although the administrator
      was not a party to the patients’ lawsuits, he intervened to move for
      disqualification of his former counsel. Id. at 126. The court found a small
      but “not nonexistent” risk that the administrator would be affected by the
      litigation. Id. at 132. In determining that the second representation was
      adverse to the former-client hospital administrator, the Supreme Court of
      Texas noted that disqualification based on a former client conflict of interest
      is often based not merely on the fact of the prior representation, but on the
      attorney’s duty to preserve the former client’s confidences. Id. at 131. The
      Court held that “[a]dversity is a product of the likelihood of the risk” of a
      disclosure of confidences “and the seriousness of its consequences.” Id. at
      132. As to the hospital administrator, the Court reasoned that while the risk
      of disclosure was not great, the seriousness of the consequences of
      disclosure warranted disqualification. See id. at 132–33. As the Court
      vividly explained: “The chances of being struck by lightning are slight, but
      not slight enough, given the consequences, to risk standing under a tree in a
                                         23
unfair prejudice or any other personal risk because of Martin’s representation of

TWIA. The evidence fails to suggest any adverse consequences that might arise

from disclosure of as-yet undisclosed confidences. The trial court found that

Eiland sought counsel from Martin regarding his representation of Galveston

County and his demand for payment of O&P and sales tax. The evidence shows

that Martin wrote an email indicating that Eiland’s position with respect to O&P

was “well supported” but that a governmental unit that did not incur sales tax

likely would not be entitled to recover sales tax, all based on case law, Texas

Department of Insurance Commissioner’s Bulletins, and Martin’s survey of

insurance industry practices. In essence, this was a general discussion of the

strengths and weaknesses of legal arguments applicable to aspects of windstorm

insurance claims as asserted by governmental entities—a representation that would




      thunderstorm. [The regional administrator] is not likely to be struck by
      lightning in the pending case, even though he is in the midst of a severe
      thunderstorm, but he is entitled to object to being forced by his former
      lawyer to stand under a tree while the storm rages on.” Id. at 132–33.

                                       24
not give rise to an issue conflict 12 or otherwise ordinarily preclude a lawyer “from

later acting adversely to that client’s interests in a litigated matter.” 13

       Eiland’s testimony added nothing more to this understanding of the record.

At the hearing on the disqualification motion, Eiland was specifically asked on

direct examination to explain his concern about Martin representing TWIA as “an

adverse lawyer” against his clients:

       Q.     [A]re you concerned about Mr. Martin representing Texas
              Windstorm Insurance Association as now an adverse lawyer
              against your clients?

       A.     Yes.

       Q.     And why is that?

       A.     Well, how are we supposed to go tell the school board in
              Dickinson that we have this claim that TWIA failed to pay you
              over $300,000 in overhead and profit? I have an opinion and
              report when I represented Galveston County, which are kind of
              some of the same taxpayers, you know, Dickinson ISD
              taxpayers are also Galveston County taxpayers, and I have an
              opinion from TWIA’s lawyer, and what am I supposed to do
              now?

Eiland’s testimony thus articulated a concern about securing a new expert to

represent Dickinson ISD, but there is simply no evidence that Martin’s current

12
       See, e.g., MODEL RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT R 1.07 cmt. 24 (2013) (“The
       mere fact that advocating a legal position on behalf of one client might
       create precedent adverse to the interests of a client represented by the lawyer
       in an unrelated matter does not create a conflict of interest.”).
13
       RICHARD E. FLAMM, LAWYER DISQUALIFICATION: CONFLICTS                    OF INTEREST
       AND OTHER BASES § 8.7 at 157 (Banks & Jordan 2003).
                                            25
representation of TWIA harms Eiland or the other movants by precluding them

from finding another expert to support their claims. Nothing in the mandamus

record shows that Martin will be advancing any arguments against Eiland

personally or that his representation of TWIA will subject Eiland to criminal or

civil penalties or sanctions. See, e.g., Godbey, 924 S.W.2d at 132. Rather, the risk

to Eiland is that opposing counsel will be vigorously advancing arguments against

his clients in these cases, which is a situation that exists in every adversarial

lawsuit and is not the concern of Rule 1.09.

      2.     No showing of prejudice to non-clients.         While former clients

generally are not required to disclose confidential communications with their

former counsel in order to make the showing of actual prejudice that is usually

necessary to support the severe remedy of attorney disqualification, see, e.g.,

Coker, 765 S.W.2d at 400, the movants who cannot claim to have been former

clients of Martin—all of the disqualification movants other than Eiland and his law

firm—are not excused from this burden. For example, in Rio Hondo Implement

Co. v. Euresti, 903 S.W.2d 128 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, orig.

proceeding), the court addressed the circumstance of an attorney-disqualification

motion filed not on the basis of a former-client conflict, but on the basis of

information shared between lawyers for co-defendants pursuant to the joint-

defense privilege. Recognizing that the scenario is not expressly addressed by the

                                         26
Rules of Disciplinary Procedure, the court held that “a party who claims the joint

defense privilege as a basis for disqualification of counsel must establish in an

evidentiary hearing 1) that confidential information has been shared and 2) that the

matter in which that information was shared is substantially related to the matter in

which disqualification is sought.” Rio Hondo, 903 S.W.2d at 132; accord In re

Skiles, 102 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003, orig. proceeding).

Having found that the disqualification movant failed to satisfy this burden, the

court held that the trial court’s refusal to disqualify counsel was no abuse of

discretion. Rio Hondo, 903 S.W.2d at 132–33.

      Nothing in the mandamus record shows that Eiland’s colleagues on the

steering committee or any of the plaintiffs will be prejudiced by Martin’s

acquisition of information by virtue of his representation of Eiland. See In re

Nitla, 92 S.W.3d at 422; In re Meador, 968 S.W.2d at 350; see also Rio Hondo,

903 S.W.2d at 132–33.

      No one can serve two masters,14 but no such dilemma is presented on this

record. Martin’s representation of TWIA does not present any true adversity with

respect to the interests of Eiland and his law firm, the only disqualification

movants found to be former clients of Martin. And with respect to Eiland’s

colleagues on the steering committee and the plaintiffs in the consolidated

14
      Matthew 6:24; see also FLAMM, supra note 13, § 3.4, at 47 (discussing the
      Biblical origins of the direct adversity rule).
                                         27
litigation, no actual prejudice to those movants has been shown so as to justify

disqualification pursuant to Rule 1.09 based on the Martin-Eiland attorney-client

relationship.

       B. Substantial relationship between matters (Rule 1.09(a)(3))

       Even if there were sufficient adversity between Martin’s current

representation of TWIA and his former representation of Eiland, no violation of

Rule 1.09(a)(3) has been shown because of the lack of a substantial relationship

between the representations. We review the trial court’s contrary legal conclusion

for abuse of discretion. 15

       In NCNB Texas National Bank v. Coker, 765 S.W.2d 398 (Tex. 1989), a

motion to disqualify was filed based on a former-client conflict. In that case the

Supreme Court of Texas observed, based on Rule 4-101 of the Texas Code of

15
       The dissent relies primarily upon In re Butler, 987 S.W.2d 221 (Tex. App.—
       Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, orig. proceeding), for the proposition that the
       determination of a substantial relationship “is necessarily a question of fact.”
       Dissent at 17. Butler does not say that, nor can it be inferred from the
       opinion. In any event, contrary to the dissent’s suggestion, a substantial-
       relationship finding is not so inherently fact-bound as to be effectively
       insulated from mandamus review. Nor is a finding of adversity. Instead, we
       review these and other aspects of a trial court’s ruling on an attorney-
       disqualification order for abuse of discretion. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v.
       Syntek Fin. Corp., 881 S.W.2d 319, 321 (Tex. 1994) (reviewing “the
       evidence presented” by “the Coker standard” to determine there was no
       abuse of discretion in the trial court’s finding of a substantial relationship for
       purposes of denying a motion to disqualify counsel); see also W. Wendell
       Hall et al., Hall’s Standards of Review in Texas, 42 ST. MARY’S L.J. 3, 112
       (2010); FLAMM, supra note 13, §§ 36.1–.2 (collecting authorities relating to
       review of disqualification orders for abuse of discretion).
                                           28
Professional Responsibility (the predecessor to the current disciplinary rules), that

“[t]he preservation of clients’ secrets and confidences is not an option.” Coker,

765 S.W.2d at 399. Rule 4-101 defined “confidence” and “secret” in the context of

the attorney-client relationship, provided the general rule that a lawyer shall not

knowingly reveal a client’s confidence or secret, and listed several exceptions to

the general rule. TEX. STATE BAR R., art. XII, § 9, DR 4-101 (TEX. CODE             OF

PROF’L RESP.), 34 Tex. B.J. 758 (1971, superseded 1990).             Considering the

severity of disqualification, the Court applied a “substantial relationship test”

requiring proof of “the existence of a prior attorney-client relationship in which the

factual matters involved were so related to the facts in the pending litigation that it

creates a genuine threat that confidences revealed to his former counsel will be

divulged to his present adversary.” See Coker, 765 S.W.2d at 400. To justify

disqualification the movant must provide “evidence of specific similarities capable

of being recited in the disqualification order.” Id. Since Coker the Court has often

acknowledged that “[i]f the lawyer works on a matter, there is an irrebuttable

presumption that the lawyer obtained confidential information during the

representation.” E.g., In re Guar. Ins. Servs., Inc., 343 S.W.3d 130, 134 (Tex.

2011) (orig. proceeding).

      Although the former Texas Code of Professional Responsibility applied in

Coker did not include a specific provision regarding a former-client conflict of

                                          29
interest, such a provision is included in the current disciplinary rules. See TEX.

DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a)(3) (“Without prior consent, a

lawyer who personally has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not

thereafter represent another person in a matter adverse to the former client . . . if it

is the same or a substantially related matter.”). The “substantial relationship” test

“primarily involves situations where a lawyer could have acquired confidential

information concerning a prior client that could be used either to that prior client’s

disadvantage or for the advantage of the lawyer’s current client or some other

person.” Id. R. 1.09 cmt. 4B.

      The alleged conflict of interest in this case relates to Martin’s initial

representation of another lawyer, Eiland, and Martin’s subsequent representation of

a client whose interests are adverse to the interests of Eiland’s current clients. The

aspects of the first representation that the trial court found to be substantially

related to the subsequent representation concern a policyholder’s recovery of

overhead and profit and confidential communications concerning Eiland’s legal

strategies relating to Hurricane Ike claims, including his case selection and

approach to negotiations. The San Antonio court of appeals addressed a similar

question of whether two representations were substantially related in In re Drake,

195 S.W.3d 232 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, mand. denied). Attorney Dennis

Drake worked for the Bexar County Appraisal District for more than 20 years. In

                                          30
re Drake, 195 S.W.3d at 234. In 2003, he left the appraisal district and went into

private practice, and in 2004, he filed on behalf of his clients two lawsuits against

the appraisal district disputing the market value of his clients’ property. Id. The

appraisal district moved to disqualify Drake under Rules 1.05 and 1.09 of the

Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct, and the trial court granted the

motion. Id. The appraisal district’s attorney conceded that “the facts in the prior

representation” had no “involvement in this situation.” Id. at 236. However, the

appraisal district argued that Drake’s cases involved “the same claims and defenses

as past cases in which Drake represented [the appraisal district] because all cases

involve the valuation of property.” Id.

      In reversing the trial court’s disqualification of Drake, the court of appeals

observed that the court’s order listed only similarities between past and present

matters but no specific similar underlying facts. Id. “For example, the trial court

found that while Drake represented [the appraisal district], he advised the district

on the type of expert to retain or the type of expert or witness the district would not

want questioned; and he engaged in various activities, including preparing and

responding to discovery requests, formulating defense strategy, trial preparation,

and attending settlement conferences.”         Id. at 236–37.   The court of appeals

concluded that Drake was “familiar with the inner-workings” of the appraisal

district, but there was no evidence that the facts that would be material to the

                                          31
resolution of Drake’s clients’ cases were related to the facts in any prior case in

which Drake represented the appraisal district. Id. at 237. The trial court erred by

disqualifying Drake because “[c]onclusions that valuation issues exist in all cases,

without further evidence that the underlying facts are similar, will not support the

trial court’s disqualification order.” Further, because there was no substantial

relationship between Drake’s prior and current representations, Drake was “not

subject to the conclusive presumption that [the appraisal district’s] confidences and

secrets were imparted to him.” Id. Finally, considering the contention that Drake

should be disqualified because of a potential violation of Rule 1.05, the court of

appeals noted that Drake did not obtain confidential information about his client’s

cases, only knowledge about the strengths and weaknesses of appraisers and

experts. Id. The court thus concluded that Drake did not receive confidential

information that could be used to the appraisal district’s disadvantage. Id.

      As in Drake, the court’s order and the record here do not support a

conclusion that Martin’s prior and current representations are substantially related

to each other. The trial court’s order found that Martin had been Eiland’s attorney

and an expert witness in connection with Galveston County’s “claim against TWIA

for damages caused by Hurricane Ike,” including a finding that Martin “served as

lawyer . . . for Eiland’s client (the County of Galveston).” The court noted that

Eiland “currently represents” other governmental agencies, specifically the City of

                                         32
Galveston and the City of LaMarque in their claims against TWIA for damages

caused by Hurricane Ike. The court found that the scope of Martin’s representation

of Eiland involved matters of “(a) the potential recoveries for overhead and profit

by Eiland’s clients as a part of their Hurricane Ike damage claims against TWIA,

and (b) structuring Eiland’s operation in terms of the cases and types of cases that

Eiland accepted, and structuring Eiland’s negotiation and litigation strategies.”

The court also noted that Eiland’s clients had a “significant disputed issue”

regarding the payment of overhead and profit and that the City of Galveston and

other plaintiffs were seeking the same or substantially the same elements of

damages from TWIA on their Hurricane Ike claims.               From these factual

determinations, the trial court concluded that “Martin and [MDJW’s]

representation of TWIA in this case is substantially related to Martin and

[MDJW’s] prior representation of Eiland.”

      Eiland argued in the trial court and on appeal that similarities between the

claims made by Galveston County against TWIA and those made by the

governmental entities that Eiland currently represents (the City of Santa Fe, the

City of Galveston, and the City of LaMarque) in their suits against TWIA are

evidence of a substantial relationship between Martin and MDJW’s prior




                                        33
representation of Eiland and their current representation of TWIA. 16             Eiland

contends this substantial relationship is sufficient to justify disqualification, listing

the following similarities between the Galveston County matter and matters

involving the cities of Santa Fe, Galveston, and LaMarque:

          •   first-party claims against TWIA;
          •   brought by a unit of government;
          •   arising out of Hurricane Ike;
          •   for breach of nearly identical standard commercial windstorm
              policies;
          •   for failure to properly pay O&P and sales tax;
          •   for improper claims handling following Hurricane Ike;
          •   for improper adjustment following Hurricane Ike;
          •   for failure to pay all damages owed under the policy following
              Hurricane Ike; and
          •   seeking actual damages, penalties, and interest.

      Accepting the trial court’s factual determinations to the extent they were

supported by evidence, we nevertheless conclude that the mandamus record does

16
      The dissent relies upon Eiland’s own testimony that Martin’s current
      representation is “substantially related” to the former representation, as well
      as an opinion to the same effect from the movants’ legal expert. Dissent at
      18–19. As discussed above, see supra note 15, the determination of a
      substantial relationship between representations for purposes of Rule 1.09
      involves the application of a legal standard to facts found by the trial court.
      The trial court’s conclusion that such a substantial relationship existed is part
      of the ruling under review in this mandamus proceeding, and as such
      Eiland’s legal opinion and the legal opinion of the movants’ expert cannot
      be treated as if they were evidentiary support for the ultimate conclusion
      which was solely the province of the trial judge. Cf. Greenberg Traurig of
      New York, P.C. v. Moody, 161 S.W.3d 56, 95 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
      Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (“It is not the role of the expert witness to define the
      particular legal principles applicable to a case; that is the role of the trial
      court.”).
                                           34
not support the trial court’s legal conclusion that Martin’s representation of Eiland

was substantially related to his subsequent representation of TWIA. First, the

evidence shows that Martin only directly advised Eiland—and not Galveston

County itself17—regarding Eiland’s representation of Galveston County.           The

relevant prior representation is Martin’s prior representation of Eiland, not any

prior representation of a policyholder actually asserting a first-party Hurricane Ike

claim against TWIA. Martin’s first representation of Eiland therefore was not a

first-party claim against TWIA; it was a lawyer-to-lawyer consultation, and there is

no finding and no evidence to support a finding that Eiland’s consultation with

Martin specifically related to claims now asserted by any of Eiland’s current

clients.

       Eiland suggests that the prior and current representations were substantially

related in part because they arose out of the same event, Hurricane Ike. However

the claims against TWIA are for improper claims settlement practices. The event

that triggers TWIA’s potential liability in each case is the alleged failure to settle

the claims properly in each case, not the hurricane itself.       As in Drake, the

plaintiffs’ claims in the underlying cases—even the claims of governmental


17
       Contrary to the trial court’s finding that Martin “served as lawyer” for
       Galveston County, Eiland himself testified that Martin was not Galveston
       County’s attorney, noting the difficulty that would be involved in obtaining
       approval from Galveston County leaders for the association of another
       attorney.
                                         35
entities alleging nonpayment of O&P—necessarily would be different in terms of

factors such as the types of repairs and contractors needed, communications

between the policyholder and TWIA, the amount still in dispute, and the basis for

the dispute.   With specific reference to the governmental-entity claimants’

entitlement to reimbursement for O&P, Martin testified that the claims would

hinge on “whether or not the municipality had the in-house ability to hire its own

subcontractor, essentially acting as its own general contractor.”                The

disqualification movants have not disputed the materiality of that factor or shown a

substantial relationship in that regard between the now-settled Galveston County

claim and the still-pending claims of the other governmental-entity claimants.

      The other suggested similarities between the pending cases and the

Galveston County matter are superficial,18 and they do not reveal a connection

between any of the essential disputes underlying the pending cases and Martin’s


18
      See, e.g., J.K. & Susie L. Wadley Research Inst. & Blood Bank v. Morris,
      776 S.W.2d 271, 278 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1989, no writ) (“A superficial
      resemblance between issues is not enough to constitute a substantial
      relationship.”); Duncan v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 646
      F.2d 1020, 1031 (5th Cir. Unit B June 1981) (vacating disqualification order
      when movant showed “no more than a surface and superficial connection
      between the matters”). See generally FLAMM, supra note 13, § 8.5 at 152–
      53 (the “heavy” burden of proving a substantial relationship cannot be
      satisfied by “hypothetical conflicts, unsubstantiated speculation, conclusory
      allegations, vague claims of similarity, a catalogue of generalities, a showing
      of a merely superficial resemblance or connection between the two matters,
      or proof that the former and present matters involve similar causes of action”
      (footnotes collecting authorities omitted)).
                                         36
prior advice to Eiland. Thousands of lawsuits have been filed in the aftermath of

Hurricane Ike. Like the situation addressed in Drake, although there may be some

factual similarities, there has been no showing that any current dispute is factually

related to the Galveston County matter. There is nothing in the mandamus record

that shows, for example, that the alleged improper handling of Galveston County’s

insurance claims was in any way factually related to the alleged improper handling

of the City of Galveston’s claims. There is no evidence that secrets divulged by

Galveston County to its attorney would have any impact on that lawyer’s

representation of the City of Galveston or any other claimant.

      Thus while the trial court’s findings may compel the presumption that

Martin obtained some familiarity with the inner-workings of Eiland’s firm, there is

no evidence that such information has any substantial relationship to the resolution

of any currently pending claim. See In re Drake, 195 S.W.3d at 237. Even to the

extent that O&P is at issue in all cases, Martin cannot be disqualified without

further evidence that the underlying facts are similar. See id. Without a substantial

relationship between Martin’s prior and current representations, there can be no

conclusive presumption that confidences and secrets were imparted to him. See id.

      The mandamus record does not show that issues of a policyholder’s

entitlement to recover O&P or a governmental entity’s entitlement to recover sales

tax are significant disputes in all of the cases as to which the court granted the

                                         37
motion to disqualify. The petitions filed in the City of Galveston and the City of

LaMarque cases are in the mandamus record. These petitions generally allege

improper and unfair claims settlement practices, but unlike the record evidence

relating to Galveston County’s claim against TWIA, these petitions do not focus on

the O&P issue or specifically seek unpaid O&P as damages.              The City of

LaMarque’s petition does not even mention “overhead and profit.” The City of

Galveston’s petition includes an appendix identifying all the items that it contends

are TWIA’s responsibility, including “possible wind damage to all locations” but

not specifically mentioning O&P. While the City of Galveston’s petition alleges

that TWIA “failed to pay adequate sales tax,” it in no way indicates that payment

of O&P is an issue, let alone a significant disputed issue in the case. Indeed,

Eiland testified that with respect to the City of Galveston, TWIA had “paid their

overhead and profit correct.”

      Although there was legal argument that the pending cases all involved the

issue of O&P, and the putative class has been defined to capture entities asserting

claims for O&P, there was little actual testimony given to establish that the O&P

issue is disputed or that any dispute is significant. Eiland gave limited testimony

about the common issue of O&P in his cases. During the hearings on the motion to

disqualify, Eiland testified that that the Dickinson ISD had claims of $1.5 million

that did not include O&P, and that the City of Santa Fe case involves “the failure to

                                         38
pay overhead and profit completely and correctly.” However he also testified that

his frustration with improper failure to pay O&P to Galveston County stemmed

from the fact that TWIA had correctly paid O&P to other governmental entities,

including the City of Galveston.

      The cases against TWIA all allege similar causes of action, but nothing in

the trial court’s order or the mandamus record explains how the actual disputes

underlying these cases are substantially related to each other. Even to the extent

some of the pending pleadings reference claims for recovery of O&P, Martin

testified that he was not aware of any actual disagreement in any particular case,

and the disqualification movants did not produce any evidence of one. The trial

court’s order specifically references Eiland’s current representation of the cities of

Galveston and LaMarque. However the order had the more far-reaching effect of

disqualifying Martin and MDJW in all of the consolidated Hurricane Ike cases

pending in Galveston County, regardless of any dispute about O&P.

      Rule 1.09 requires disqualification if the matters are “the same or

substantially related,” not when the matters are merely similar.           See TEX.

DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09(a)(3). The movants’ burden in this

regard “requires evidence of specific similarities capable of being recited in the

disqualification order.” Coker, 765 S.W.2d at 400. Without a showing of a

substantial relationship, Eiland and the other disqualification movants are not

                                         39
entitled to an irrebuttable presumption that Martin and MDJW received some other

unidentified but potentially harmful-if-disclosed confidential information from

Eiland during that representation.    See id.   And no other evidence has been

produced to demonstrate prejudice to the disqualification movants.

      C. Reasonably probable disclosure of confidences (Rule 1.09(a)(2))

      The disqualification movants also invoked Rule 1.09(a)(2), which prohibits a

representation that “in reasonable probability will involve a violation of

Rule 1.05,” which relates to the protection of confidential client information.19




19
      Rule 1.05(b) provides:

      Except as permitted by paragraphs (c) and (d), or as required by
      paragraphs (e), and (f), a lawyer shall not knowingly:

            (1)    Reveal confidential information of a client or a former
                   client to:

                   (i)    a person that the client has instructed is not to
                          receive the information; or

                   (ii)   anyone else, other than the client, the client’s
                          representatives, or the members, associates, or
                          employees of the lawyer’s law firm.

            (2)    Use confidential information of a client to the
                   disadvantage of the client unless the client consents after
                   consultations.

            (3)    Use confidential information of a former client to the
                   disadvantage of the former client after the representation
                   is concluded unless the former client consents after
                                        40
This subpart largely overlaps the prohibition contained in Rule 1.09(a)(3). TEX.

DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.09 cmts. 4 & 4B. The argument

advanced by the real parties in interest in support of the trial court’s ruling under

Rule 1.09(a)(2) is predicated on their other arguments about the substantial

relationship between Martin’s representation of Eiland and the claims against

TWIA currently pending in Galveston County. However we have rejected that

premise, and thus the same reasons that underlie our analysis of adversity and the

substantial relationship test also lead us to conclude that that the record does not

support the trial court’s determination of a reasonable probability that client

confidences would be shared.

      D. Question about the validity of lawyer services or work product
         (Rule 1.09(a)(1))

      Rule 1.09(a)(1) also is not a viable ground for the motion to disqualify. To

argue that Martin’s work would be called into question in the underlying cases is

unavailing. In the context of the initial inquiry concerning the Galveston County

claim, Martin told Eiland that his argument for the recovery of O&P was “well



                   consultation or the confidential information has become
                   generally known.

             (4)   Use privileged information of a client for the advantage
                   of the lawyer or of a third person, unless the client
                   consents after consultation.

      TEX. DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.05.
                                         41
supported” based on case law, insurance commissioner bulletins, and industry

practice. There is no evidence in the mandamus record to show that the validity of

Martin’s email “report” has been questioned, particularly not in the sense in which

a lawyer would have a conflict when contesting the validity of a will, contract, or

other legal instrument he previously drafted. See id. R. 1.09 cmt. 3. During the

hearings on the disqualification motion, Eiland’s counsel tried, but failed, to

establish this point through Martin’s own testimony. 20 But no evidence was ever

produced to show that the substance of Martin’s email report has been disavowed

20
      Q.   Does this case involve issues potentially of overhead and profit?
      A.   Theoretically, sure.
      Q.   Well, in fact, the pleadings expressly state that, don’t they?
      A.   Sure, but I’m not aware of any disagreement.
      Q.   So TWIA is admitting through you liability for all overhead and
           profit --
      A.   No, sir.
      Q.   -- consistent with the limitations and the opinions expressed in
           your report that you gave to Mr. Eiland?
      A.   I would answer the question by saying that what was expressed
           in my opinion is consistent with the commissioner’s position in
           1998 and the commissioner’s position today regarding overhead
           and profit, regardless of whether it’s a municipal entity or any
           other insured.
      Q.   Do you know it’s not consistent with what TWIA has done over
           the years? Do you know that?
      A.   I don’t know what TWIA has done over the years.
      Q.   So you may have given an opinion to Mr. Eiland that is flatly
           inconsistent with the actual conduct of TWIA in the past?
      A.   All I can say is that if a mistake has been made, TWIA’s
           position is to rectify it. I don’t know that TWIA has made a
           mistake on that precise issue in a case that has not been --
      COUNSEL:           Objection, nonresponsive.
      THE COURT:         Sustained.
                                        42
by Martin or TWIA, or that it is inconsistent with TWIA’s position in connection

with the specific facts of any individual case.

   II.      Texas Administrative Code
         The motion to disqualify asserted as an alternative ground for

disqualification that Martin violated Rule 1.15(a)(1) of the Texas Disciplinary

Rules of Professional Conduct, which provides: “A lawyer shall decline to

represent a client or, where representation has commenced, shall withdraw, except

[when ordered by a court to continue the representation], from the representation of

a client, if . . . the representation will result in a violation of . . . law.” TEX.

DISCIPLINARY RULES PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.15. The movants asserted that Martin

and MDJW had violated a provision of the Texas Administrative Code pertaining

to outside counsel’s disclosure of conflicts of interest when representing TWIA in

a policyholder dispute:

         If legal counsel accepts an engagement from the association to
         represent it in a dispute involving a policyholder claim against the
         association and fails to disclose a conflict of interest, as required in
         this clause, such legal counsel shall be barred for a period of five
         years, from the date on which the conflict of interest is disclosed to
         the association, from representing the association as legal counsel in
         any dispute involving a policyholder claim against the association.

28 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(V) (2012) (Tex. Dep’t of Ins., Texas

Windstorm Insurance Ass’n Plan of Operation). The Texas Administrative Code

specifies that decisions regarding conflicts of interest in policyholder suits are


                                           43
based only on “the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct and the

official Comments to these rules and ethics opinions issued by the Professional

Ethics Committee of the Supreme Court of Texas.” Id. § 5.4001(b)(4)(C)(iii)(II).

Having concluded that there is no conflict of interest under Rule 1.09, we likewise

conclude that there was no conflict of interest for the purposes of section 5.4001.

                                     Conclusion

      Having considered the application of the law to the facts found by the trial

judge in this case, we conclude that the mandamus record is insufficient to support

the trial court’s conclusions that the disciplinary rules were violated. In light of the

severity of the remedy of attorney disqualification and the Supreme Court’s

admonitions that such rulings must strictly adhere to an exacting standard, we

conclude that the court erred in applying the law to the facts and by ordering the

blanket disqualification of Martin and MDJW from representing TWIA in all

Galveston County Ike cases.




                                          44
      We conditionally grant TWIA’s petition for writ of mandamus and direct the

trial court to vacate its February 5, 2013 order disqualifying MDJW and its

attorneys from representing TWIA.        We are confident the district court will

promptly comply, and our writ will issue only if it does not.




                                              Michael Massengale
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Bland, and Massengale.

Justice Jennings, dissenting.




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