                                    NO. 07-03-0042-CV

                               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                       AT AMARILLO

                                          PANEL E

                                     OCTOBER 7, 2004

                           ______________________________


                        CITY OF LUBBOCK, TEXAS, APPELLANT

                                              v.

                            JIM ADAMS, ET AL., APPELLEES


                         _________________________________

             FROM THE 237TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;

             NO. 2001-514,237; HON. WILLIAM C. DODSON, PRESIDING

                          _______________________________

Before JOHNSON, C.J., REAVIS, J., and BOYD, SJ.1


                                          OPINION


       This is an appeal from a judgment in favor of appellees Jim Adams and numerous

other fire fighters against appellant the City of Lubbock (the City). In its judgment, the trial

court denied the City’s plea to the jurisdiction and motion for summary judgment and

granted appellees’ motion for partial summary judgment. In doing so, the trial court found

       1
      John T. Boyd, Chief Justice (Ret.), Seventh Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §75.002(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05).
that the City had failed to comply with section 143.038 of the Texas Local Government

Code by failing to pay appellees seniority pay increments during the time they were

temporarily assigned duties to be performed in a higher job classification, enjoined the City

from failing to pay the seniority job increments while appellees were performing higher

classified duties, and ordered the City to pay each appellee an amount equal to the hourly

seniority pay increments for all hours spent temporarily performing higher classified duties

from the period from June 15, 1997, to the date the City modifies its pay system to comply

with the trial court’s final judgment.


       In mounting its challenge, the City presents three issues for our decision. Those

issues are:


       1. The trial court had no jurisdiction because the City had not waived its
       immunity from suit for the issues raised by appellees’ suit;

       2. The trial court erred when it determined the City had improperly paid its
       fire fighters pursuant to section 143.038(b) of the Local Government Code;

       3. The City pays its fire fighters properly under section 143.041 of the Local
       Government Code.


For the following reasons, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and render judgment

in favor of the City.


       Although the trial court’s resolution of them is in vigorous dispute, the facts giving

rise to this suit are, in the main, uncontested. It is undisputed that the City is a home rule

municipality and appellees are civil service employees governed by Chapter 143 of the

Local Government Code (the Code). Pursuant to section 143.021(a) of the Code, the City


                                              2
is required to establish each firefighter classification by ordinance. Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code

Ann. §143.021(a) (Vernon 1999). The City has established six separate classifications of

firefighters, which range from the Grade 6 classification of Fire Fighter to the Grade 1

classification of Deputy Chief.     Section 143.041 of the Code requires a covered

municipality to pay all firefighters within the same classification the same base salary and

authorizes certain salary supplements, including, as material here, “ longevity or seniority”

pay. See id. §§ 143.041(b) & (c)(1).


       Each of the firefighter classifications, with the exception of the Grade 6

classification, has three pay steps labeled”A”,“B”, and “C.” The Grade 6 classification has

these three steps plus one additional step which is labeled “D.” An employee moves from

step to step based upon the length of time the employee has been employed within the

particular classification. It is also undisputed that as the employee moves from step to

step, the employee receives an additional increase in salary and the difference between

the “A” step pay and the additional pay received as the employee moves up the step

classification constitutes the employee’s “seniority” pay. It is additionally undisputed that

as the employee moves permanently to a higher classification, the employee is

automatically placed in step “A” in that classification, regardless of how long the period of

employment in the lower classification. The length of service in the department is not

considered in determining the “seniority” pay.


       From time to time, temporary vacancies occur within the fire department because

of absences due to such things as sick leave, vacations, and holiday time. Those

temporary vacancies are filled by temporary, or “move up” assignments. During the time

                                             3
an employee temporarily assumes the duties of the higher classification, the City pays the

employee only the step “A” base pay for the work performed in the higher classification.

The dispute giving rise to this lawsuit arises because the appellees contend that in addition

to the higher base pay, the City should also pay the lower classification “seniority” pay the

employee would otherwise have earned during the period of the assignment.


                                        Jurisdiction


       It is axiomatic that subject matter jurisdiction is essential for any court to have the

authority to resolve a dispute. Tex. Ass’n of Business v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d

440, 443 (Tex. 1993).      This means that a plaintiff has the burden to plead facts

affirmatively showing that the trial court has subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 446.

Because jurisdiction is a question of law, we review the trial court’s ruling on that question

de novo. Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex. 1998). In conducting

our de novo review, we do not look at the merits of a plaintiff’s case, but we consider only

the plaintiff’s pleadings and any evidence pertinent to the jurisdictional inquiry. County of

Cameron v. Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002). We construe the pleadings liberally

in favor of conferring jurisdiction. Tex. Dept. of Transportation v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864,

867 (Tex. 2002).


       Sovereign immunity protects the State, its agencies and officials, and its political

subdivisions from suit unless immunity from suit has been waived. General Services v.

Little-Tex Insulation, 39 S.W.3d 591, 594 (Tex. 2001), overruled on other grounds by

Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2004). The sovereign


                                              4
immunity of the State inures to the benefit of a municipality insofar as the municipality

engages in the exercise of governmental functions, except when that immunity has been

waived. See Fort Worth Ind. Sch. Dist. v. City of Fort Worth, 22 S.W.3d 831, 840 (Tex.

2000); City of Tyler v. Likes, 962 S.W.2d 489, 501 (Tex. 1997). A plaintiff has the burden

to establish a waiver of immunity from suit. Tex. Dep’t of Transportation v. Jones, 8

S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999). Immunity from suit can only be waived by legislative

consent or constitutional amendment, and any such waiver must be expressed in clear and

unambiguous language. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 696 (Tex.

2003); Travis County v. Pelzel & Assocs. Inc., 77 S.W.3d 246, 248 (Tex. 2002); Tex.

Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 854 (Tex. 2002); see also

Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §311.034 (Vernon Supp. 2004-2005) (providing that “[i]n order to

preserve the legislature’s interest in managing state fiscal matters through the

appropriations process, a statute shall not be construed as a waiver of sovereign immunity

unless the waiver is effected by clear and unambiguous language”).


       In response to the City’s jurisdictional challenge, appellees contend that its immunity

from suit is waived by what they reason is the clear and unambiguous language of section

51.075 of the Code which states, “[t]he municipality may plead and be impleaded in any

court.” Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. §51.075 (Vernon 1999). This contention is buttressed,

they argue, by the undisputed fact that the City is a home rule municipality whose own city

charter gives it authority to “sue and be sued,” and to “plead and be impleaded in all courts

and places and in all matters whatever.” See Lubbock City Charter, Art. II, §1. Thus, we




                                              5
must first determine whether the language of either the City’s charter or section 51.075

clearly and unambiguously waives the City’s immunity from suit.


       With regard to the “sue and be sued” language found in the City’s charter, we

believe that the determination made by our Supreme Court in Missouri Pacific Railroad Co.

v. Brownsville Navigation District, 453 S.W.2d 812 (Tex. 1970) is significant and

determinative. In that decision, the Court held that a statute which provides that a state

entity can “sue and be sued” complies with the legislative permission requirement waiving

immunity from suit. Id. at 813. Our conclusion requires a discussion of the case.


       The case arose from an incident in which a brakeman for the Missouri Pacific

Railroad died after being knocked from a train ladder by a crane that had been left too

close to the track. The brakeman’s beneficiaries filed suit against the Missouri Pacific

Railroad which, in turn, sought indemnity from the Brownsville Navigation District.        The

railroad’s indemnity claim was based upon a contract between the railroad and the

navigation district, which prohibited the district from allowing certain objects to be placed

close to the railroad track. The trial court had granted the district’s plea to the jurisdiction

on the basis that the district was a subdivision of the state and the requisite consent had

not been given. That holding was affirmed by the Court of Civil Appeals.


       However, the Supreme Court, in the course of its opinion reversing the lower court,

noted that the navigation district was governed by a provision of a 1925 act which provided

that all navigation districts created under the act, acting by and through its commissioners,

had the power to “sue and be sued in all courts of this State in the name of such navigation


                                               6
district.” Id. at 813. At issue was whether the phrase sue and be sued in all courts of the

state was a waiver of the district’s immunity from suit. In reversing the lower court, the

Supreme Court opined that “[i]n our opinion [the navigation district statute] is quite plain

and gives general consent for [the] District to be sued in the courts of Texas in the same

manner as other defendants.” Id.


       The majority of our intermediate appellate courts who have considered the question

have regarded Missouri Pacific as binding precedent and that similar “sue and be sued”

provisions supply the requisite consent to sue the government entity involved. See, e.g.,

United Water Services, Inc. v. City of Houston, 137 S.W.3d 747, 755 (Tex. App.--Houston

[1st Dist.] 2004, pet. filed) (city charter clearly waived city’s immunity from suit); Alamo

Cmty. College Dist. v. Browning Constr. Co., 131 S.W.3d 146, 152-53 (Tex. App.--San

Antonio 2004, pet. filed) (holding that “sue and be sued” language in Education Code

subsection 11.151(a) waives immunity from suit); Goerlitz v. City of Midland, 101 S.W.3d

573, 577 (Tex. App.--El Paso 2003, pet. filed) (holding that “sue and be sued” waived

immunity from suit); Tarrant County Hosp. Dist. v. Henry, 52 S.W.3d 434, 449 (Tex. App.--

Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (holding Health Code subsection 281.056(a) “sue and be sued”

language waived immunity from suit); Bates v. Tex. State Tech. College, 983 S.W.2d 821,

827 (Tex. App.--Waco 1998, pet. denied) (holding that Education Code section 135.55,

which states that “board may sue and be sued” grants consent to sue Texas State

Technical College); Engelman Irrigation Dist. v. Shields Bros., Inc., 960 S.W.2d 343, 348

(Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1997, pet. denied) (concluding that “sue and be sued” language

in Water Code section 58.098 “provided clear and unambiguous consent for the Irrigation


                                             7
District to be sued”); Loyd v. ECO Res., Inc., 956 S.W.2d 110, 122 (Tex. App.--Houston

[14th Dist.) 1997, no pet.) (holding Water Code provision stating that water district could sue

and be sued waived immunity from suit); Knowles v. City of Granbury, 953 S.W.2d 19, 23

(Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1997, pet. denied) (holding that the city’s charter providing that it

“may sue and be sued” waived its immunity from suit).


       We recognize there is a divergence of opinion among the courts of appeals in

Texas, with a minority of them differing with our conclusion that the Missouri Pacific “sue

and be sued” ruling is binding precedent in instances such as that before us. See, e.g.,

City of Dallas v. Reata Constr. Co., 83 S.W.3d 392, 398 (Tex. App.--Dallas 2002), rev’d on

other grounds, No. 02-1031, slip op., 2004 Tex. LEXIS 303 (Tex. April 2, 2004); Jackson v.

City of Galveston, 837 S.W.2d 868, 871 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, writ denied);

Townsend v. Memorial Med. Center, 529 S.W.2d 264, 267 (Tex. Civ. App.--Corpus Christi

1975, writ ref’d n.r.e.); Childs v. Greenville Hosp. Auth., 479 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex. Civ.

App.--Texarkana 1972, writ ref’d n.r.e.). However, the majority of the courts of appeals that

have considered the question agree that the Supreme Court holding in Missouri Pacific that

“sue and be sued” language, such as that before us, “quite plain[ly]” waives consent and

“gives general consent” for the governmental agency to be sued. Missouri Pacific, 453

S.W.2d at 813 -14.


       In arriving at our decision, we have not overlooked the City’s additional argument

that the “sue and be sued” language found in its charter is distinguishable from the “sue

and be sued” language found in Missouri Pacific and from other provisions that have been



                                              8
held to waive immunity from suit. Specifically, the City relies upon the language that

appears in the last provision of the City Charter, Article II, Section 1, stating that it “. . .

shall be subject to all the duties and obligations now pertaining to or incumbent upon said

city as a corporation, not in conflict with the provisions of this Charter, and shall enjoy all

the rights, immunities, powers, privileges and franchises now possessed by said City and

herein conferred and granted.” Supporting this argument, the City argues that the City

Charter never mentions the word “waiver” and the only time it mentions the word

“immunities” is where it retains them. Additionally, it reasons that the provision in question

is included in the section of the Charter that speaks to its corporate power and legal

existence which would have nothing to do with a waiver of sovereign immunity. We

disagree with that premise, believing that the language expressing the City has the power

to “sue and be sued” is quite clear, unambiguous and is within the purview of the Missouri

Pacific teaching. Accordingly, because the trial court had jurisdiction to consider the

dispute, the City’s first issue is overruled.


                                          Discussion


       In its second issue, the City contends the trial court erred when it determined that

the City had improperly paid its firefighters pursuant to section 143.038(b) of the Local

Government Code. That section provides:


       (B) The department head may designate a person from the next lower
       classification to temporarily fill a position in a higher classification. The
       designated person is entitled to the base salary of the higher position plus
       the person’s own longevity or seniority pay, educational incentive pay, and
       certification pay during the time the person performs the duties.


                                                9
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. §143.038(b) (Vernon 1999). In considering this issue, it is

necessary to note other relevant portions of the Code. Section 143.041(b) & (c)(1)

provides:


       (b) Except as provided by Section 143.038, all fire fighters or police officers
       in the same classification are entitled to the same base salary.

        (c) In addition to the base salary, each fire fighter or police officer is entitled
       to each of the following types of pay, if applicable:

            (1) longevity or seniority.


Id. §143.041(b) & (c)(1). Section 141.032(b) of the Code reads:



       . . . . each member of the fire or police department is entitled to receive, in
       addition to all other money paid for services rendered in the department,
       longevity pay of $4 a month for each year of service in the department, not
       to exceed 25 years.


Id. §141.032.

       In support of this issue, the City argues that in addition to the “longevity” pay for

service with the department required under section 141.032 of the Code, which it pays, it

has also voluntarily established a system by which it pays its firefighters “seniority” pay for

service within a classification. It reasons that although the payment of such “seniority” pay

is permitted by virtue of section 143.041 of the Code, it is not required under any provision

of the Code, nor is there any definition or any standard method in the Code for establishing

such a “seniority” pay system. That being true, it posits, each city is free to establish its

own method of compensating its firefighters and police officers for “seniority pay” if it

desires to authorize such pay. It also emphasizes that the method utilized by the City in

                                               10
allocating such voluntary “seniority pay” is referable to service within a classification, as

contrasted to the required “longevity” pay, which is referable to service with the department.

The City additionally argues that if appellees’ argument be accepted, it would lead to the

unfair result that persons temporarily assigned would be paid more than those permanently

assigned to the higher classifications.


       The thrust of the City’s argument is that section 143.038(b) of the Code, which

permits the temporary assignment of employees to higher classification, “clearly provides”

that, in addition to the base pay of the position, such employees are entitled to “longevity

or seniority pay” but not both, and inasmuch as it continues to pay departmental longevity

pay, appellees are not entitled to the seniority pay they claim.


       In response, appellees challenge the argument that “longevity” pay and “seniority”

pay are two separate and disparate types of compensation. They argue that the two terms

are in reality synonymous terms describing the same type of pay increment to which they

are entitled. Resolution of this argument is crucial to the disposition of the City’s second

issue and requires a construction of the term “longevity or seniority” pay.


       Issues of statutory construction are questions of law to be decided by the court

rather than questions of fact. Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774 S.W.2d 653, 656 (Tex.

1989). In the Code Construction Act, Chapter 311 of the Government Code, we are

instructed that “[w]ords and phrases shall be read in context and construed according to

rules of grammar and common usage” and that “[w]ords and phrases that have acquired

a technical or particular meaning, whether by legislative definition or otherwise, shall be


                                             11
construed accordingly.” Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.011 (Vernon 1998). The City argues,

and we agree, that we should look first to the words themselves to determine the legislative

intent. The City then reasons that although the term “longevity pay” is not specifically

defined in section 143.038 of the Code, it should be given the same limited meaning as

that assigned in section 141.032, namely, that it is compensation for time served in the

department rather than time served in a particular classification and seniority time in a

classification is something different. It also argues that the statute as written is

unambiguous and requires a conclusion that the City only had to pay the plaintiffs longevity

“or” seniority pay when they were performing temporary duties in higher classifications.


       The crux of the question presented is whether the term “or” as used in the statute

is conjunctive, referring to a synonymous term as contended by appellees, or is disjunctive

and is used to indicate a separate term as contended by the City. Dictionary definitions

of “or” are somewhat helpful in making our decision. For example, in Black’s Law

Dictionary, the term “or” is defined as:


       A disjunctive particle used to express an alternative or to give a choice of
       one among two or more things. It is also used to clarify what has already
       been said, and in such cases, means “in other words”, “to-wit,” or “that is to
       say.” The word “or” is to be used as a function word to indicate an
       alternative between different or unlike things. [Citation omitted]. In some
       usages, the word “or” creates a multiple rather than an alternative obligation;
       where necessary in interpreting an instrument, “or” may be construed to
       mean “and.” [Citation omitted].


BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1095 (6th ed. 1990). In Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary,

the term is defined as:



                                             12
       1.- used as a function word to indicate an alternative (coffee-tea) (sink-swim),
       the equivalent or substitutive character of two words or phrases (lessen-
       abate), or approximation or uncertainty (in five–six days).


MERRIAM -W EBSTER COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 872 (11th ed. 2003).


       We are compelled to the conclusion that the term “or” as used in the statute is used

in the disjunctive sense. To accept appellees’ interpretation would be to effectively

substitute the word “and” for the “or” used. It is established that as a general rule of

statutory construction, the two terms are not ordinarily interchangeable. Robinson v.

Reliable Life Ins. Co., 569 S.W.2d 28, 30 (Tex. 1978); Bayou Pipeline Corp. v. Railroad

Commission, 568 S.W.2d 122, 125 (Tex. 1978).


       We agree that section 141.032 of the Code by its terms does not require “seniority

pay” to civil service employees. See City of Harlingen v. Avila, 942 S.W.2d 49, 52 (Tex.

App.--Corpus Christi 1997, writ denied); International Ass’n of Fire Fighters v. Baytown,

837 S.W.2d 783, 787 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied); City of Beaumont

v. Bond, 546 S.W.2d 407, 411 (Tex. Civ. App.--Beaumont 1977, writ ref’d n.r.e.).


       We also hold that the provision in section 143.038(b) of the Code that requires the

City to pay the employee, while temporarily performing duties in a higher classification job,

“the base salary of the higher position plus the person’s own longevity or seniority pay,”

means that he or she is statutorily entitled to either longevity or seniority pay but not both.

Because the Code does not define the manner by which “seniority pay” may be calculated,

if the City voluntarily chooses to compensate the temporarily assigned employee in that



                                              13
way, it is allowed to devise its own compensation system as long as it does not violate

Chapter 143 of the Code. See Willis v. City of Lubbock, 385 S.W.2d 617, 618 (Tex. Civ.

App.--Amarillo 1964, writ ref’d n.r.e.). This decision requires us to give an affirmative

answer to the City’s issue number 2 in which it inquires if the trial court erred in determining

if it had improperly paid its firefighters pursuant to section 143.038(b) of the Local

Government Code.


       Having made that decision, we must decide the City’s third issue in which it asserts

that it paid its firefighters properly under section 143.041 of the Code. It is appellees’

contention that if the City’s argument that “longevity pay” and “seniority pay” are not

synonymous is accepted by this court, then the step increases within classifications are not

allowable as seniority pay supplements because the City already pays longevity under

section 141.032. That being so, they contend, the step increases constitute impermissible

differences in base salary in violation of the “same base salary” requirement of §

143.041(b) of the Code and the case should be remanded to the trial court for a

determination of back pay to which appellees would be entitled because of the differences.


       However, although the City is not required to pay “seniority pay” for time in a

classification, and there is no set method for paying this type of compensation, it may

voluntarily opt to do so and a step-based system by which a city pays its employees

increments based on the length of service within a classification is a permissible way of

doing so. See Intern. Ass’n of Fire Fighters v. Baytown, 857 S.W. at 787. We agree that

this dispute is analogous to the one before this court in Willis v. City of Lubbock, 385

S.W.2d 617 (Tex. Civ. App.--Amarillo 1964, writ ref’d n.r.e.). In that case, the appellant

                                              14
had sued the City asserting it had not properly paid him his accumulated vacation pay upon

his resignation from the police department. The court noted that there was no mandatory

provision in the Civil Service Act that required the City to pay its employees for

accumulated vacation time as part of the severance or termination pay of employees

leaving the service. Thus, it reasoned, because the City had voluntarily adopted a policy

of paying this vacation leave to those leaving the service, “it follows the City’s method of

calculating such payment is not subject to judicial review.” Id. at 618. Likewise, the City’s

voluntarily adopted seniority plan does not violate the Civil Service Act and its method of

calculating payments under the plan is not subject to judicial review. Thus, we must also

give an affirmative answer to the City’s third issue.


        Our disposition of the City’s second and third issues requires us to reverse the

judgment of the trial court and render judgment here that appellees take nothing by their

suit.



                                                  John T. Boyd
                                                  Senior Justice




                                             15
