An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute
controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with
the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.


               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                     No. COA15-261

                                Filed: 15 September 2015

Ashe County, Nos. 14 JA 27-28

IN THE MATTER OF: T.E. and K.E., Jr.


        Appeal by respondents from orders entered 4 December 2014 by Judge David

V. Byrd in Ashe County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 24 August

2015.


        Grier J. Hurley for petitioner-appellee Ashe County Department of Social
        Services.

        Alston & Bird, LLP, by Richard A. McAvoy, for Guardian ad Litem.

        Ewing Law Firm, P.C., by Robert W. Ewing, for respondent-appellant mother.

        Richard Croutharmel for respondent-appellant father.


        INMAN, Judge.


        Respondents, mother and father of T.E. and K.E., appeal from the trial court’s

orders adjudicating the two children as neglected juveniles and placing them in the

custody of the Ashe County Department of Social Services (DSS).               Respondents

contend that the trial court’s findings of fact do not support the conclusion that the

juveniles were neglected. We agree.

                           Facts and Procedural History
                         IN THE MATTERS OF: T.E. & K.E., JR.

                                   Opinion of the Court



      On 28 July 2014, DSS received a report that Mother had rammed her vehicle,

with both children in the back seat, into the work truck driven by Father. T.E. was

not wearing a seat belt at the time of the collision, but neither child was hurt.

      The next day, DSS filed petitions alleging that T.E. and K.E. were abused and

neglected juveniles. In the petitions, DSS alleged a history of domestic violence and

substance abuse in the home and six prior reports filed on the family. DSS also

alleged that Father is an alcoholic, abuses prescription medications, and becomes

violent when he consumes alcohol. DSS further alleged that Mother and Father both

were charged with simple assault from an altercation in front of the children a few

weeks prior to the filing of the petitions during which Mother hit Father and K.E.

told Mother to stop before she killed Father. The juveniles were placed in nonsecure

custody.

      An adjudicatory hearing was held on 24 October 2014. By orders filed 4

December 2014, the trial court adjudicated both juveniles as neglected and placed

them in the custody of DSS. Respondents appeal.

                                       Analysis

      Respondents argue that the trial court erred in adjudicating T.E. and K.E. as

neglected juveniles because the findings of fact do not support the conclusion that the

juveniles were neglected. Specifically, respondents argue that the trial court failed




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                                   Opinion of the Court



to make a finding that the juveniles suffered any physical, mental, or emotional

impairment or a substantial risk of such impairment.

      In reviewing a trial court’s adjudication of neglect, the role of this Court “is to

determine (1) whether the findings of fact are supported by clear and convincing

evidence, and (2) whether the legal conclusions are supported by the findings of fact.”

In re T.M., 180 N.C. App. 539, 544, 638 S.E.2d 236, 239 (2006) (internal quotation

marks omitted). “Clear and convincing evidence is evidence which should ‘fully

convince.’” In re J.A.G., 172 N.C. App. 708, 712, 617 S.E.2d 325, 329 (2005). “If such

evidence exists, the findings of the trial court are binding on appeal, even if the

evidence would support a finding to the contrary.” In re T.H.T., 185 N.C. App. 337,

343, 648 S.E.2d 519, 523 (2007), aff’d as modified, 362 N.C. 446, 665 S.E.2d 54 (2008).

      A neglected juvenile is one “who does not receive proper care, supervision, or

discipline from the juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian, or caretaker . . . or who

lives in an environment injurious to the juvenile’s welfare.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-

101(15) (2013). In order for a child to be adjudicated neglected, “[t]his Court has

consistently required that there be some physical, mental, or emotional impairment

of the juvenile or a substantial risk of such impairment as a consequence of the failure

to provide ‘proper care, supervision, or discipline.’” In re S.H., 217 N.C. App. 140,

142, 719 S.E.2d 157, 158-59 (2011) (quoting In re Safriet, 112 N.C. App. 747, 752, 436

S.E.2d 898, 901-02 (1993)).



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                  IN THE MATTERS OF: T.E. & K.E., JR.

                            Opinion of the Court



The trial court made the following pertinent findings of fact:

      6. On July 28, 2014 the mother “T-boned” the company
      truck with the father inside. The children were both in the
      mother’s car in the backseat. . . . [T.E.] (age 7) did not have
      a seat belt on when the collision occurred; neither child was
      injured.

      7. The mother was charged with assault with a deadly
      weapon and misdemeanor child abuse. Both criminal
      charges are pending at this time.

      8. There have been seven child protective service reports
      on the family since 2007. The allegations of those reports
      involved domestic violence, improper discipline, improper
      supervision, improper medical and remedial care.

      9. In 2010 there was a domestic violence incident between
      the parents. [DSS] opened case management services and
      later closed services due to the father’s incarceration.

      10. In 2013 there was a domestic violence incident between
      the parents. Again, [DSS] opened case management
      services. Marriage counseling was recommended. The
      services were closed in March 2014 due to no additional
      incidents of domestic violence by the parents.

      11. The mother and father got into an altercation several
      weeks before the “T-bone” incident – the children were
      present. The mother had run out of gas and called the
      father. He came to her aid, was intoxicated, and they got
      into an altercation; law enforcement was called. Both
      mother and father were arrested and charged with assault.

      12. The mother and father have an on-again off-again
      relationship. There has been a history of domestic violence
      and alcohol abuse by both mother and father.




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                         IN THE MATTERS OF: T.E. & K.E., JR.

                                   Opinion of the Court



             13. The Court finds the children, [T.E. and K.E.], to be
             neglected juveniles due to the domestic violence and the
             collision, regardless of fault.

      The trial court’s finding that T.E. and K.E. were “neglected due to the domestic

violence and the collision, regardless of fault” is a conclusion of law and we shall treat

it as such for the purpose of this appeal. In re Helms, 127 N.C. App. 505, 510, 491

S.E.2d 672, 675-76 (1997) (“The determination of neglect requires the application of

the legal principles set forth in [the statute] and is therefore a conclusion of law.”).

Thus, we must determine whether the trial court’s remaining findings support the

conclusion of neglect.

      Respondents argue that the trial court court’s findings do not support the

conclusion of neglect because the court failed to address whether the juveniles

suffered any physical, mental, or emotional harm or a substantial risk of such harm

due to the parents’ conduct. Father also challenges Findings of Fact 11 and 12,

arguing that they are not supported by the evidence. However, we need not address

Father’s contentions because, even if we assume arguendo that all the findings of fact

are true, they are insufficient to support the conclusion that the juveniles were

neglected.

      The trial court concluded that the juveniles were neglected due to domestic

violence and the vehicle collision, regardless of fault. We first consider the issue of

domestic violence. The trial court found two instances of domestic violence, one in



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                                   Opinion of the Court



2010 and one in 2013. These findings of fact do not indicate the nature or severity of

the domestic violence incidents, their effect on the children, or whether the children

were even present during the two incidents. The trial court also found a third

altercation between respondents occurred a few weeks prior to the “T-bone” collision

and found that as a result, both Mother and Father were charged with assault. The

court found that the children were present during this altercation, but did not find

that this incident affected the children.

      This Court has held that a specific finding of a substantial risk of impairment

is not necessary in cases where all the evidence would support such a finding. In re

Safriet, 112 N.C. App. at 753, 436 S.E.2d at 902. However, when the evidence is

capable of more than one inference, the trial court must make this finding. See In re

Everette, 133 N.C. App. 84, 86, 514 S.E.2d 523, 525 (1999).

      Here, although DSS presented evidence that Father threatened the children

and called them names during his previous incidents of drinking and domestic

violence, the trial court’s findings do not indicate any harm or substantial risk of

harm to the juveniles due to the parents’ history of domestic violence. Additionally,

the findings do not indicate that the three instances of domestic violence over the

course of five years placed the children in an environment injurious to their welfare.

Therefore, the trial court’s findings do not support the conclusion that the juveniles

were neglected due to domestic violence. However, because DSS presented evidence



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                          IN THE MATTERS OF: T.E. & K.E., JR.

                                    Opinion of the Court



that would support—but not require—such a finding, we remand this matter back to

the trial court to enter appropriate findings related to that evidence. See In re

Gleisner, 141 N.C. App. 475, 480-81, 539 S.E.2d 362, 366 (2000) (remanding to the

trial court for additional findings of fact where the basis for neglect was unclear and

the trial court did not address whether the juvenile suffered impairment resulting

from the parents’ actions); see also Arnold v. Ray Charles Enters., Inc., 264 N.C. 92,

99, 141 S.E.2d 14, 19 (1965) (holding that the failure to find a material fact ordinarily

requires remand, unless the party with the burden of proof offers no evidence to

support the finding).

       The trial court also concluded that the children were neglected due to the

vehicle “collision, regardless of fault.” DSS argues that the failure to wear a seat belt

as required by law placed T.E. at a substantial risk of harm.

       Section 20-137.1(a) of the our General Statutes states that “[e]very driver who

is transporting one or more passengers of less than 16 years of age shall have all such

passengers properly secured in a child passenger restraint system or seat belt which

meets federal standards applicable at the time of its manufacture.” N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 20-137.1(a) (2013). The statute further provides that “[a] child less than eight years

of age and less than 80 pounds in weight shall be properly secured in a weight-

appropriate child passenger restraint system.” Id. at (a1). However, it also states

that a violation of this statute shall not constitute negligence per se. Id. at (c), (d)(3).



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                         IN THE MATTERS OF: T.E. & K.E., JR.

                                   Opinion of the Court



      Our Supreme Court has held that in order to qualify as neglect, the conduct at

issue must “constitute[] either severe or dangerous conduct or a pattern of conduct

either causing injury or potentially causing injury to the juvenile.” In re Stumbo, 357

N.C. 279, 283, 582 S.E.2d 255, 258 (2003).           Conduct constituting “[s]evere or

dangerous conduct or a pattern of conduct either causing injury or potentially causing

injury to the juvenile may include alcohol or substance abuse by the parent, driving

while impaired with a child as a passenger, or physical abuse or injury to a child

inflicted by the parent.” In re D.B.J., 197 N.C. App. 752, 755, 678 S.E.2d 778, 781

(2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). In Stumbo, an anonymous caller reported

“an unsupervised two-year-old child, naked in the driveway of a house.” Stumbo, at

280, 582 S.E.2d at 256. On appeal, our Supreme Court held that a “one time citing

of an unsupervised, naked two-year-old in [the] driveway” with no further

information was not sufficient conduct to “constitute a report of ‘neglect.’” Id. at 285,

582 S.E.2d at 259.

      Here, a report of a child not wearing a seat belt on one occasion does not by

itself constitute “severe or dangerous conduct” and does not demonstrate “a pattern

of conduct either causing injury or potentially causing injury to the juvenile.” Id. at

283, 582 S.E.2d at 258. The trial court’s findings establish that: (1) a collision

occurred where Mother “T-boned” Father’s vehicle while the juveniles were in the

back seat of Mother’s car; (2) one of the juveniles was not wearing a seatbelt at that



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                         IN THE MATTERS OF: T.E. & K.E., JR.

                                   Opinion of the Court



time; (3) neither child was injured; and (4) Mother was thereafter charged with

assault with a deadly weapon and misdemeanor child abuse based on this incident.

The trial court entered no findings as to whether Mother intentionally or negligently

caused the accident. This conduct may be sufficient to constitute neglect. However,

the trial court made no findings indicating that the juveniles suffered a substantial

risk of harm due to the collision. Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s findings do

not support the conclusion that the children were neglected due to the collision,

regardless of fault.

                                     Conclusion

      We hold that the trial court failed to enter findings related to whether

respondents’ incidents of domestic violence posed a substantial risk of harm to the

juveniles. Accordingly, we vacate the underlying orders and remand for further

proceedings. The trial court, in its discretion, may take additional evidence.



      VACATED AND REMANDED.

      Judges BRYANT and MCCULLOUGH concur.

      Report per Rule 30(e).




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