                   United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 16-1232
                          ___________________________

                                         Curtis Igo

                          lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                              v.

    Carolyn W. Colvin, Acting Commissioner, Social Security Administration

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                        ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Iowa - Davenport
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: September 22, 2016
                               Filed: October 13, 2016
                                   ____________

Before LOKEN, GRUENDER, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

       Curtis Igo appeals the decision of the district court1 affirming the administrative
law judge’s (“ALJ”) denial of his application for disability insurance benefits under
Title II of the Social Security Act. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 416(i), 423. Because the

      1
        The Honorable Charles R. Wolle, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
decision of the ALJ is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole, we
affirm.

I.    Background

       Igo claims that he is disabled as a result of osteoarthritis and degenerative joint
disease of the hips, degenerative disc disease of the lumbar and cervical spines,
sensory and motor neuropathies, chronic shoulder pain and osteoarthritis, and carpal
tunnel syndrome. Igo has an associate’s degree in digital electronics and worked
steadily throughout his life until 2010. In December 2010, he began working part-
time as a receptionist at a senior center. On April 18, 2013, Igo filed his claim for
disability insurance benefits, alleging disability since September 1, 2009. Igo’s claim
was denied initially, upon reconsideration, and after a hearing before the ALJ.

        The ALJ evaluated Igo’s disability claim according to the five-step sequential
evaluation process prescribed by the Social Security regulations. See Goff v.
Barnhart, 421 F.3d 785, 789-90 (8th Cir. 2005); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)-(f). At the
first step of the analysis, the ALJ examines the claimant’s work activity. If the
claimant is performing “substantial gainful activity,” then he is not disabled within the
meaning of the Social Security Act. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(b). Based on Igo’s
monthly earnings, the ALJ concluded that Igo had not performed substantial gainful
activity since his alleged onset date of September 1, 2009. At the second step, the
ALJ determines whether the claimant has a severe impairment that “significantly
limits [the claimant’s] physical or mental ability to do basic work activities.” 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). The ALJ found that Igo had multiple severe impairments:
degenerative disc disease of the lumbar and cervical spines, osteoarthritis and
degenerative joint disease of the hips, carpal tunnel syndrome, and sensory
neuropathy. The ALJ found that Igo’s mental impairments were nonsevere.




                                           -2-
        At the third step, the ALJ determines based on the medical evidence whether
the severe impairments meet or equal the criteria of a “listed impairment,” which is
presumed to be disabling. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(d). The ALJ concluded that Igo did
not have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or equaled the criteria
of a listed impairment. The ALJ did not specify which of the listed impairments he
considered.

       At the fourth step, the ALJ assesses the claimant’s residual functional capacity
(“RFC”) and considers whether the claimant can do his past relevant work based on
his RFC. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545 (defining RFC as “the
most [a claimant] can still do despite” his “physical or mental limitations”). After a
lengthy recitation of the testimony and medical evidence that he considered, the ALJ
concluded that Igo retained the RFC to perform sedentary work. See 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1567(a) (“Sedentary work involves lifting no more than 10 pounds at a time and
occasionally lifting or carrying articles like docket files, ledgers, and small tools.”).
Based on the RFC, the ALJ found that Igo was able to perform his past relevant work
as a receptionist and, therefore, was not disabled under the Social Security Act. Thus,
the ALJ did not reach the fifth step of the analysis.

       The Social Security Appeals Council denied Igo’s request for review, making
the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security
Administration (“Commissioner”). Igo then sought review in the district court under
42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The district court affirmed the decision of the Commissioner. Igo
now appeals, arguing that (1) the ALJ should have found that Igo meets or equals the
criteria of Listing 1.02A, which is the listed impairment governing major dysfunction
of a joint, and (2) the ALJ erred in assessing Igo’s RFC.




                                          -3-
II.   Discussion

      We review de novo the district court’s decision affirming the ALJ’s denial of
benefits. Blackburn v. Colvin, 761 F.3d 853, 858 (8th Cir. 2014). In reviewing the
ALJ’s decision, we examine whether it is supported by substantial evidence on the
record as a whole and whether the ALJ made any legal errors. Id. “Substantial
evidence is less than a preponderance of the evidence” and is “‘such relevant evidence
as a reasonable mind would find adequate to support the Commissioner’s
conclusion.’” Id. (quoting Davis v. Apfel, 239 F.3d 962, 966 (8th Cir. 2001)). We
may not reverse simply because we would have reached a different conclusion than
the ALJ or because substantial evidence supports a contrary conclusion. Id.

       Igo first argues that the ALJ erred in failing to find that Igo’s impairments met
or equaled the criteria of Listing 1.02A and in failing to mention this listing in his
decision.2 However, even assuming that the ALJ erred by failing to mention Listing
1.02A, it is not necessarily reversible error. See Brown v. Colvin, No. 15-3001, 2016
WL 3361472, at *3 (8th Cir. June 17, 2016) (“The ALJ’s failure to identify and
analyze the appropriate listing, although error, may not by itself require reversal so
long as the record otherwise supports the ALJ’s overall conclusion.”). Thus, we will
uphold the ALJ’s decision so long as “substantial evidence in the record supported the
ALJ’s determination” that Igo’s impairments did not meet or equal the criteria of any
listed impairment, including Listing 1.02A. See Boettcher v. Astrue, 652 F.3d 860,
864 (8th Cir. 2011).



      2
        Igo also contends that the ALJ erred by failing to consider a disability onset
date later than the one Igo alleged in his application for benefits. Igo did not raise this
argument before the district court, and we decline to consider it for the first time here.
See Flynn v. Chater, 107 F.3d 617, 620 (8th Cir. 1997) (“Ordinarily, issues raised for
the first time on appeal will not be considered unless the claimant can show that
manifest injustice would otherwise result.”) (citations omitted).

                                           -4-
       “For a claimant to show that his impairment matches a listing, it must meet all
of the specified medical criteria.” Jones v. Astrue, 619 F.3d 963, 969 (8th Cir. 2010)
(internal quotations and citations omitted). Listing 1.02 concerns the major
dysfunction of a joint, which is characterized by: gross anatomical deformity; chronic
joint pain and stiffness; and either joint space narrowing, bony destruction, or
ankylosis shown by medically acceptable imaging. 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App.
1 § 1.02. Listing 1.02A further requires the claimant to show that the impairment at
issue involves at least “one major peripheral weight-bearing joint (i.e., hip, knee, or
ankle)” and results in an “inability to ambulate effectively.” Id. at § 1.02A. In this
case, substantial evidence supports the conclusion that Igo did not suffer from either
a “gross anatomical deformity” or an “inability to ambulate effectively.”

       Because the regulations do not define “gross anatomical deformity,” we must
give the term its “ordinary, contemporary, common meaning.” Perrin v. United
States, 444 U.S. 37, 42 (1979). The common medical definition of “gross” refers to
“coarse or large” and “visible to the naked eye without the use of magnification.”
Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 819 (31st ed. 2007). Listing 1.02A also
provides examples of a gross anatomical deformity: subluxation, contracture, bony or
fibrous ankyloses, and instability. 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 1.02A. Igo
concedes that he did not have subluxation, contracture, or bony or fibrous ankyloses,
but he contends that he satisfies the listing because he has instability. However, any
joint instability he may have had does not qualify as “gross.” The ALJ considered
evidence regarding the nature of the deformity and noted that X-rays revealed severe
bilateral hip degenerative changes and joint space narrowing. Because Igo’s
impairments were discovered through radiographic studies and were not obvious to
the naked eye, there is at least substantial evidence supporting the conclusion that Igo
did not suffer from a gross anatomical deformity.

      An “inability to ambulate effectively” means that the impairment “interferes
very seriously with [his] ability to independently initiate, sustain, or complete

                                          -5-
activities.” Id. at § 1.00(B)(2)(b). As the ALJ noted, Igo’s own testimony revealed
that “on a typical day, he showered, took the bus to training, did clerical work, rode
the bus home, and made dinner.” As late as May 2014, Igo “was able to ambulate and
climb stairs with modified independence using a cane, and he was independent with
most activities of daily living.” Therefore, substantial evidence supports the
conclusion that Igo did not suffer from an inability to ambulate effectively.

       Substantial evidence also supports the conclusion that Igo did not have a
combination of impairments that medically equaled Listing 1.02A. A claimant can
establish equivalency if the claimant has “a combination of impairments, no one of
which meets a listing,” and the findings related to that combination “are at least of
equal medical significance to those of a listed impairment.” 20 C.F.R.
§ 404.1526(b)(3). “To establish equivalency, a claimant ‘must present medical
findings equal in severity to all the criteria for the one most similarly listed
impairment.’” Carlson v. Astrue, 604 F.3d 589, 594 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Sullivan
v. Zebley, 493 U.S. 521, 531 (1990)). Igo points to no evidence, other than the x-ray
results of his hips, that shows a combination of impairments equal in severity to the
criterion of gross anatomical deformity. Igo argues that his multitude of spinal
maladies caused limitations in his range of motion which, when combined with his hip
impairment, rendered him unable to ambulate effectively. However, this claim is
undermined by the evidence regarding Igo’s daily activities.

      Igo also contends that the ALJ erred in failing to consider whether Igo’s pain
helped him equal Listing 1.02A. However, the ALJ expressly discussed Igo’s pain
complaints during his discussion of Igo’s RFC. Nevertheless, the ALJ found that the
medical evidence did not support a finding that Igo suffered a disabling condition.
Therefore, the ALJ did not err in concluding that Igo did not meet or equal any listed
impairment.




                                         -6-
       Second, Igo argues that the ALJ erred in assessing Igo’s RFC. The ALJ’s RFC
assessment must be based on “all the relevant evidence in [the] case record.” 20
C.F.R. § 404.1545(a). Even “non-severe” impairments must be considered in the
RFC. Ford v. Astrue, 518 F.3d 979, 981 (8th Cir. 2008). In evaluating the ALJ’s
RFC assessment, “we consider all of the evidence that was before the ALJ, but we do
not re-weigh the evidence, and we defer to the ALJ’s determinations regarding the
credibility of witnesses so long as such determinations are supported by good reasons
and substantial evidence.” Vester v. Barnhart, 416 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir. 2005).

        Igo contends that the ALJ failed to consider four pain-related limitations: a need
to alternate positions, an inability to concentrate, restrictions in keyboarding, and
restrictions in reaching.3 However, the ALJ expressly considered all four of these
limitations and provided good reasons for discounting them. The ALJ acknowledged
Igo’s claim that “he had to change positions” every five minutes, but the ALJ found
this “very unlikely” because “the medical notes do not seem to ever mention that” and
it “is contradicted by his apparent success in part time work.” The ALJ acknowledged
Igo’s claim that his neck pain limits “raising his arms,” but the ALJ observed that “his
cervical alignment is maintained” and “[h]e has full strength in all extremities,” which
is “not consistent with his alleged arm restrictions.” The ALJ recognized Igo’s
supervisor’s claim that he suffered “problems with concentration,” but the ALJ
discounted this claim because “lay opinions based upon casual observation” are
“given little weight.” Although the ALJ did not address keyboard limitations, that is
likely because the ALJ recognized that Igo’s own treating physician admitted that he
“could do keyboarding.” Because the ALJ expressly considered all of the limitations
that Igo cites, we conclude that the ALJ did not err.


      3
        Igo also claims that the ALJ erred in failing to consider evidence of Igo’s non-
severe mental impairments. However, Igo did not make this argument before the
district court; Igo argued only that the ALJ erred in not classifying his mental
impairments as severe. We decline to consider this argument for the first time on
appeal. See Flynn, 107 F.3d at 620.

                                           -7-
       Igo further contends that the ALJ erred in failing to properly evaluate the
opinions of Igo’s work supervisor, Kristin Kromray. As Igo’s employer, Kromray is
considered a “non-medical source[],” C.F.R. § 404.1513(d)(4), who has not “seen
the claimant in his or her professional capacity,” SSR 06-03p, 2006 WL 2329939, at
*6 (Aug. 9, 2006). Regarding evidence from such sources, the ALJ should “consider
such factors as the nature and extent of the relationship, whether the evidence is
consistent with other evidence, and any other factors that tend to support or refute the
evidence.” Id. The ALJ is not required to explain the weight given to opinions from
“other sources” unless they include “acceptable medical sources” or “‘non-medical
sources’ who have seen the claimant in their professional capacity.” Id. Here, the
ALJ concluded that Kromray’s opinion “lack[ed] substantial support from objective
findings in the record” for the same reasons that Igo’s own allegations lacked
substantial support. Thus, the same evidence that the ALJ cited in finding Igo’s
complaints not fully supported likewise serves to discount Kromray’s opinion.
Because the ALJ is not required to give substantial weight to Kromray’s opinion or
to give a more detailed explanation for discounting it, the ALJ did not err in his
evaluation of her opinion.

       Igo also contends that the ALJ improperly discounted the opinion of Igo’s
treating physician, Dr. Luke Gabe, M.D., that Igo was disabled.4 “A treating
physician’s opinion should not ordinarily be disregarded and is entitled to substantial
weight.” Cunningham v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 496, 502 (8th Cir. 2000). However, “an ALJ
may discount or even disregard the opinion of a treating physician where other
medical assessments are supported by better or more thorough medical evidence.”
Wildman v. Astrue, 596 F.3d 959, 964 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Goff, 421 F.3d at 790).
Here, the ALJ concluded that Dr. Gabe’s opinion “contrasts sharply with the other

      4
        Igo also contends that the ALJ erred in according “very little weight” to Igo’s
orthopedic nurse practitioner, Catherine Stanforth. Igo did not raise this argument
before the district court, and we decline to consider it on appeal. See Flynn, 107 F.3d
at 620.

                                          -8-
evidence of record, and is without substantial support from the other evidence of
record.” The ALJ noted that Igo’s medical reports revealed, among other things, that
he had normal 5/5 motor strength in all extremities, his acuity seemed normal, his
reflexes and fine fingering were normal, and he reported feeling fine. Therefore, good
reasons and substantial evidence on the record as a whole support the ALJ’s decision
to discount Dr. Gabe’s opinion.

       Lastly, Igo contends that the ALJ improperly analyzed Igo’s credibility.
However, “[s]ubjective complaints may be discounted if there are inconsistencies in
the evidence as a whole.” Pearsall v. Massanari, 274 F.3d 1211, 1218 (8th Cir.
2001). “The credibility of a claimant’s subjective testimony is primarily for the ALJ
to decide, not the courts.” Id. As the ALJ noted, Igo’s alleged limitations are
inconsistent with his daily activities. The ALJ adequately explained this finding by
pointing to Igo’s testimony and other medical evidence. Therefore, substantial
evidence in the record as a whole supports the ALJ’s finding that Igo had the residual
functional capacity to perform his past relevant work as a receptionist and thus was
not disabled under the Social Security Act.

III.   Conclusion

      Because the denial of disability insurance benefits is supported by substantial
evidence on the record as a whole, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




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