                        UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                        FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
                                    )
SANDRA COMPTON, et al.,             )
                                    )
            Plaintiffs,             )
                                    )
      v.                            )    Civil Action No. 13-262 (RMC)
                                    )
ALPHA KAPPA ALPHA SORORITY )
INCORPORATED, et al.,               )
                                    )
            Defendants.             )
_________________________________   )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

               Two members of the Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority and their daughters sued the

Sorority, alleging that the daughters were wrongly denied entry into the AKA chapter at Howard

University. Because the younger women are seniors at Howard University whose last window of

opportunity to join the Sorority was rapidly closing, Plaintiffs filed a motion for a temporary

restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief. Immediately prior to an evidentiary hearing

on the preliminary injunction, Plaintiffs’ counsel alleged that AKA had sought to tamper with

and intimidate witnesses and presented official Sorority letters in support. For reasons stated on

the record, the Court denied preliminary injunctive relief but directed briefing on the allegations

of witness tampering. As explained below, the Court will deny the motion without prejudice.

                                            I. FACTS

               Plaintiffs filed suit on February 28, 2013, invoking this Court’s diversity

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. See Compl. [Dkt. 1]. Plaintiffs brought common law

claims, including breach of contract, against AKA and Howard University, as well as claims for




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violation of the D.C. Human Rights Act, D.C. Code § 2–1401.01 et seq. 1 Plaintiffs sought a

temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction, see Dkts. 3 & 4, because the Sorority

initiation process at Howard was scheduled to end shortly, and relief would thereafter be

unavailable. The Court heard oral argument on the motion for a TRO at a hearing on March 5,

2013, at which counsel for all parties were present. The Court denied the motion from the bench.

See Minute Order dated March 5, 2013. At Plaintiffs’ request, the Court scheduled an

evidentiary hearing on the motion for a preliminary injunction for March 7, 2013, at which

Plaintiffs’ counsel stated he expected at least one of the Sorority-member Plaintiffs—Sandra

Compton or Lessie Cofield—to testify.

               Before the March 7 evidentiary hearing began, however, counsel for Plaintiffs

stated that he believed AKA had engaged in witness tampering, and he made an oral motion for

sanctions. Specifically, Plaintiffs’ counsel asserted that AKA had sent letters to Sorority

members Compton and Cofield on March 4, 2013 that immediately suspended their membership

privileges and threatened permanent expulsion because they filed this lawsuit. Plaintiffs’

counsel argued that the letters intimidated the Plaintiffs, made them reticent to testify or pursue

the case, and inhibited their ability to secure testimony or evidence from other Sorority members

who were supportive of Plaintiffs but feared similar retaliation. The Sorority’s lawyer conceded

that AKA had sent the letters but contended that AKA had done so pursuant to its internal

policies requiring members to pursue administrative avenues prior to seeking judicial remedies.

The Court expressed grave concern about AKA’s conduct and proceeded with the evidentiary

hearing, at which Ms. Cofield testified. For reasons stated on the record, the Court denied the
1
  In a recent filing, Plaintiffs informed the Court that they withdraw Counts I, II, III, VII, VIII,
and IX and that they intend to file an amended complaint. See [Dkts. 18 & 19]. In the
accompanying Order, the Court directs Plaintiffs to file a motion for leave to file an amended
complaint.

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motion for a preliminary injunction, but directed AKA to file a memorandum addressing the

allegations of witness tampering and permitted Plaintiffs to file a response. See Second Minute

Order dated March 7, 2013. AKA has filed its memorandum, see Dkt. 12 (“AKA Mem.”), as

well as a reply, see Dkt. 16. Plaintiffs have filed a response and surreply. See Dkt. 13 (“Pls.

Resp.”), Dkt. 14 (“Pls. Exs.”), Dkt. 17 (“Surreply”).

                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

                A United States district court has the inherent authority “to protect [its] integrity

and prevent abuses of the judicial process.” See Shepherd v. Am. Broadcasting Cos., Inc., 62

F.3d 1469, 1474 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 46 (1991)).

“The inherent power encompasses the power to sanction attorney or party misconduct . . . .” Id.

at 1475 (citing, inter alia, Chambers, 501 U.S. at 43–45, and Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper,

447 U.S. 752, 765–66 (1980)).

                The evidentiary standard governing use of a court’s inherent power varies with

the nature of the sanction imposed. So-called “issue-related sanctions”—those that are

“fundamentally remedial rather than punitive and do not preclude a trial on the merits”—require

proof by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 1478. Any “fundamentally penal” sanctions—

“dismissals and default judgments, as well as contempt orders, awards of attorneys’ fees, and the

imposition of fines”—require proof by clear and convincing evidence. Id. A court may enter the

latter form of sanction “only if it finds, first, that there is clear and convincing evidence that the

fraudulent or bad faith misconduct occurred, and second, that a lesser sanction ‘would not

sufficiently punish and deter the abusive conduct while allowing a full and fair trial on the merits

. . . provid[ing] a specific reasoned explanation for rejecting lesser sanctions.’” Young v. Office

of U.S. Senate Sergeant at Arms, 217 F.R.D. 61, 66 (D.D.C. 2003) (quoting Shepherd, 62 F.3d at

1472).
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               “Three basic justifications . . . support the use of dismissal as a default judgment

as a sanction for misconduct:” if the “errant party’s behavior has severely hampered the other

party’s ability to present his case,” if “the party’s misconduct has put an intolerable burden on a

district court by requiring the court to modify its own docket and operations in order to

accommodate the delay,” or if the Court finds the need “to sanction conduct that is disrespectful

to the court and to deter similar misconduct in the future.” Webb v. District of Columbia, 146

F.3d 964, 971 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (citing Shea v. Donohue Constr. Co., 795 F.2d 1071, 1074–77

(D.C. Cir. 1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                          III. ANALYSIS

               Review of the parties’ submissions confirms that the Court’s initial unease upon

learning Plaintiffs’ allegations was justified. The letters sent to Ms. Compton and Ms. Cofield,

both dated March 4, 2013 and identical except for the addressee names and addresses, stated in

part:

               This is to advise you that at its meeting on March 2, 2013, the
               Directorate of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., voted to
               withdraw your privileges as a member of the Sorority. This
               decision was based on your filing the lawsuit captioned Compton,
               et al. v. AKA, et al., U.S. District Court for the District of
               Columbia, Case No. 1:13:00262.

               Your initiative of this suit is in violation of the Constitution and
               Bylaws, and in particular, the Soror Code of Conduct. . . .

               [T]his shall disqualify you from participating in the Sorority and
               all Sorority activities . . . . Violation of this sanction will result in
               recommendation for expulsion.

Cofield Letter, Pls. Ex. 2 [Dkt. 14-1] at 1; accord Compton Letter, Pls. Ex. 3 [Dkt. 14-1]. Both

Plaintiffs have submitted affidavits describing the stress they experienced upon receiving the

letters, but—most importantly for present purposes—Ms. Compton avers that the letter caused

her to “decide[ ] not to travel to D.C. [from Atlanta] for the second round of hearings on March

                                                  4
7th because [she] felt that [her] physical presence might lead to [her] expulsion from AKA.”

Compton Aff., Pls. Ex. 11 [Dkt. 14-1] ¶ 5; see also Cofield Aff., Pls. Ex. 10 [Dkt. 14-1].

Furthermore, Ms. Cofield asserts that other AKA members who had been “empathetic to

[Plaintiffs’] cause” prior to March 4 “became distant and advised that they did not want to get

involved” because “they feared the same reprisal.” Cofield Aff. ¶ 14. Ms. Cofield has noted one

such potential witness who originally “provided valuable information” but “is now very aware

and frightened by AKA’s modus operandi of suspending membership privileges and levying

threats of expulsion.” Id. at ¶¶ 15–16.

                AKA’s response is underwhelming and misses the point. Conceding that it sent

the letters, AKA seeks to justify its actions by arguing that the letters “have not substantially

impacted or interfered with the orderly disposition of this case,” that “there is no evidence or

allegation of any attempt to defraud or to taint the integrity of evidence,” and that “there is no

clear and convincing evidence of bad faith by AKA, whose primary purpose was to consistently

enforce well established polices [sic] and rules.” AKA Mem. at 3. AKA’s argument ignores the

immediate impact here caused by Ms. Compton’s fear of testifying. The Sorority stresses that it

must “have a consistent, structured grievance process” and its “membership must be on notice

that [its exhaustion policy] will be enforced and there will be consequences for violations.” Id. at

5–6. AKA seeks to absolve itself of witness tampering by emphasizing “the need to keep the

membership as a whole on notice that there are consequences to [ ] violations” of its “well-

established rules.” Id. at 6; see also Letter to Court from Ms. Carolyn House Stewart, Esq.

(“Letter to Court”), Pls. Ex. 4 [Dkt. 14-1] at 2–3 (“The Directorate must take meaningful action

that impacts a sorors’ [sic] membership privileges if it hopes to survive in these increasingly

litigious times.”).



                                                  5
                Of course AKA can maintain an internal grievance procedure, but once it is sued,

it cannot threaten witnesses to impede their testimony. The Court finds that the actions of AKA

were deplorable and inadvisable, as at least AKA’s counsel now concedes, and had the impact of

impeding testimony. See AKA Mem. at 7 (“[W]here AKA perhaps erred was in focusing only

on its big-picture organizational concerns and not considering more carefully how its action

could be perceived by the Plaintiffs and the Court in relation to this pending litigation.”). The

acknowledgement of counsel does not seem to be his client’s position, since the Sorority has not

retracted the threatening letters. To the contrary, it seems to misperceive the seriousness of the

situation. See Letter to Court at 3 (“Although the Board could have imposed more severe

sanctions on the plaintiffs, it chose to limit their action to the withdrawal of privileges . . . .”).

                Despite the wrongful, supercilious conduct of AKA, the Court finds that no

sanction is appropriate at the present. The exigency underlying Plaintiffs’ request for

preliminary injunctive relief has past, and the Court concludes that the effects of AKA’s conduct

would not have altered its decision to deny such relief. Because Plaintiffs intend to amend their

complaint and the Court cannot predict what course this case will take, the full impact of the

letters and their continuing consequences for AKA cannot be gauged at this juncture. The Court

thus denies Plaintiffs’ motion without prejudice. Plaintiffs may reassert this issue later in the

proceedings if they can show specific evidence or testimony was unavailable due to AKA’s

actions. The Court notes that AKA, likewise, can choose to address this issue preemptively as

the case moves forward by retracting the letters to Ms. Compton and Ms. Cofield.




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                                    IV. CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, the Court denies Plaintiffs’ oral motion for sanctions

without prejudice. A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.



DATE: April 11, 2013

                                                                  /s/
                                                   ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                                   United States District Judge




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