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                                          2016 VT 90

                                          No. 2015-412

Agency of Natural Resources                                  Supreme Court

                                                             On Appeal from
   v.                                                        Superior Court,
                                                             Environmental Division

Hugh McGee & Eileen McGee                                    April Term, 2016


Thomas G. Walsh, J.

Hugh McGee & Eileen McGee, Pro Ses, Brandon, Appellants.

William H. Sorrell, Attorney General, and Robert F. McDougall, Assistant Attorney General,
 Montpelier, for Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ.


        ¶ 1.   EATON, J.      In this environmental enforcement action, the Agency of Natural

Resources (ANR) issued a violation and imposed a penalty of $10,000 against defendants Hugh

McGee and Eileen McGee for placing unpermitted fill in a Class II wetland. Defendants appealed

and, following a site visit and evidentiary hearing, the Environmental Division concluded that the

land was not exempt, upheld the violation, and reduced the penalty to $3647. On appeal,

defendants argue that the land is used for grazing horses and it therefore meets the requirements

of the farming exemption in the wetlands regulations. We conclude that the evidence supports the

Environmental Division’s finding that the area had not been used consistently to grow food or

crops since 1990 and therefore any exemption had expired, and affirm.
       ¶ 2.    A little background regarding the underlying statutes and regulations is useful to

understanding the arguments involved in this appeal. Pursuant to statute, a permit is generally

required before conducting an activity “in a significant wetland or buffer zone.” 10 V.S.A.

§ 913(a). This broad requirement is tempered in two ways. First, the definition of wetland exempts

certain lands. Wetlands are defined as areas “inundated by surface or groundwater with a

frequency sufficient to support significant vegetation or aquatic life that depend on saturated or

seasonally saturated soil conditions for growth and reproduction,” but excluding “such areas as

grow food or crops in connection with farming activities.” 10 V.S.A. § 902(5) (emphasis added).

ANR’s wetlands regulations contain a parallel “Farming Exemption,” which defines farming

activities as “the cultivation or other use of land for growing food, fiber, Christmas trees, maple

sap, or horticultural and orchard crops; and the growing of food and crops in connection with the

raising, feeding, or management of livestock, poultry, equines, fish farms, or bees for profit.”

Vermont Wetlands Rules § 3.1(a)(2), Code of Vt. Rules 12 030 026 [hereinafter Wetlands Rules].

The Wetlands Rules specify that the farming exemption has a “Limitation on Exemption,” which

confines its application to those areas used for farming activities as of the rules’ effective date and

expires “whenever the area is no longer used to grow food or crops or in ordinary rotation.” Id.

§ 3.1(a)(3). Thus, under the statute and applicable regulations, only those areas that have been

used for farming activities continuously since 1990 are exempt from regulation as a wetland.

       ¶ 3.    The second way that the general prohibition on activity in a wetland is narrowed is

that the statute authorizes nonpermitted “allowed uses,” which are set by rule. 10 V.S.A. § 913(a).

The Wetlands Rules list certain activities that are allowed in Class I or Class II wetlands without

a permit, but emphasize that these may be conducted only “provided that the configuration of the

wetland’s outlet or the flow of water into or out of the wetland is not altered and that no draining,

dredging, filling, or grading occurs.” Wetlands Rules § 6. This list includes “[t]he growing of


                                                  2
food or crops in connection with farming activities,” under certain conditions. Id. § 6.06. Thus,

unless an activity takes place in an area exempt from regulation or is an allowed use, it requires a

permit. Id. § 9.1.

       ¶ 4.    Here, ANR alleged that defendants violated the Wetlands Rules by placing fill in a

Class II wetland without a permit. The Environmental Division made the following factual

findings. Defendant Eileen McGee is the sole owner of the 28.36-acre property in Brandon,

Vermont. Her former husband, Hugh McGee, is responsible for the daily upkeep of the property.

For thirty years, defendants have conducted various farming activities on areas of the property

including raising and training horses, raising cattle, haying, and grazing horses. The property

spans Smalley Road. On the south side of the road, there are several paddocks and fields close to

the road where defendants pasture the horses. South of the paddocks is a pond that provides water

for the horses. South and east of the pond is a large Class II wetland. The land south of the pond

has been used for grazing horses, but, as the trial court found, only in that the horses were permitted

to eat what was attractive to them for forage and was there growing naturally. The ANR

enforcement officer testified that the area in question was not being used to grow crops in

connection with the management of horses or livestock. The findings and conclusions of the trial

court leave no doubt that except for occasional cutting, there was an absence of any soil

management practice for pasture land intended to cultivate fertile soils consistent with animal

health and water quality.

       ¶ 5.    In August 2013, ANR received a citizen complaint about a possible wetland

violation. An ANR enforcement officer visited defendant’s land on August 26 and observed Hugh

McGee using an excavator to dredge the pond south of the horse paddocks and placing the dredged

material on the southern bank of the pond. The enforcement officer spoke to Hugh McGee and

explained that it did not appear that his current actions were a violation, but that it would be a


                                                  3
violation to place any dredged material in the wetland. He advised Hugh McGee to stop dredging

until he could return with a wetlands ecologist. On August 29, the enforcement officer returned

with a wetlands ecologist. They observed that material had been pushed into the wetland. That

area of the wetland had wild vegetation growing. The brush was chest-high and thick and did not

show signs of being cultivated.

       ¶ 6.    In September 2013, ANR issued a notice of alleged violation. In response, Eileen

McGee sent a letter stating that the property was an agricultural operation and therefore exempt.

In June 2015, ANR issued an administrative order for the violation, ordering removal of the fill

and requiring payment of a $10,000 fine. Defendants requested a hearing, claiming they were

exempt from the Wetlands Rules because the land was used for farming activities. The matter was

heard before the Environmental Division. The court conducted a site visit and heard testimony

from the enforcement officer, the wetlands ecologist, and defendant Hugh McGee.

       ¶ 7.    The court concluded that defendants’ activities of intermittently cutting the brush

and allowing horses to graze in the area did not meet the definition of farming in the statute or the

Wetlands Rules. 10 V.S.A. § 902(5) (exempting from definition of wetland “such areas as grow

food or crops in connection with farming activities”); Wetlands Rules § 3.1(a)(2) (defining

farming activities as “cultivation or other use of land for growing food”). The court explained that

the definition of farming entailed some type of cultivation—physical measures applied directly to

the soil—and did not include land where vegetation was merely allowed to grow in a random

fashion and animals were permitted to graze.

       ¶ 8.    The court further concluded that even if periodic cutting of vegetation and grazing

of livestock fit within the meaning of “farming activities” and “cultivation,” the evidence failed to

show that the activity had been continuous since 1990 when the Wetlands Rules went into effect.

See Wetlands Rules § 3.1(a)(3) (limiting farming exemption to those areas used to grow food or


                                                 4
crops as of the rules’ effective date and explaining that exemption expires “whenever the area is

no longer used to grow food or crops or in ordinary rotation”). The court explained that the

credible evidence showed that to the extent the area had been managed—by cutting with a brush

hog—this was on an intermittent and inconsistent basis. The court cited defendant Hugh McGee’s

testimony that he intermittently brush-hogged and hayed the land south of the pond, and that at

times the area was reclaimed by brush. In addition, the court credited the testimony of the wetlands

ecologist that when she inspected the area in August 2013 the brush was chest high and thick and

showed no signs of cultivation. Therefore, the court concluded that whatever exemption the land

may have had, it was abandoned by the inconsistent nature of the use.

       ¶ 9.    The court additionally held that the activity of putting fill in the wetland was not an

allowed use under the Wetlands Rules, which specifically disallowed any use which entailed

“draining, dredging, filling or grading.” Wetlands Rules § 6. Finally, the court considered various

factors and decreased the penalty to $3647.

       ¶ 10.   On appeal, defendants argue that their land has been used continuously since 1976

as a farming operation and it is therefore exempt from regulation under the Wetlands Rules.

Defendants list various types of activities they allege amount to farming, including raising and

training horses, growing Christmas trees, caring for stray animals, and haying, and assert that at

the evidentiary hearing the court agreed that the land was used as a farm. It is important to

distinguish, however, between the defendants’ property generally and the area of the wetland

where the alleged violation took place. While defendants may engage in other activities on the

property, the sole use on the area in question was, as defendants testified, that the land was used

as pastureland to graze horses. According to defendants, the land was cultivated because it was

brush-hogged to keep it open for pasturing horses.




                                                 5
       ¶ 11.   There are essentially two main questions presented by this appeal. The first one is

legal—whether defendants’ activities of brush-hogging and grazing horses on open land not

managed for pasture other than mere intermittent and occasional cutting, satisfied the farming

exemption as an area that was used to “grow food or crops in connection with farming activities,”

10 V.S.A. § 902(5), or used for the “cultivation or other use of land for growing food,” Wetlands

Rules § 3.1(a)(2). The second question is factual—whether defendants’ “no longer used [the area]

to grow food or corps or in ordinary rotation” at a time after 1990 and therefore any exemption

expired. Wetlands Rules § 3.1(a)(3).

       ¶ 12.   This Court applies a deferential standard of review to the findings made by the

Environmental Division. In re Carrigan Conditional Use & Certificate of Compliance, 2014 VT

125, ¶ 9, 198 Vt. 438, 117 A.3d 788. Factual findings will not be reversed “unless, taking them in

the light most favorable to the prevailing party, they are clearly erroneous.” In re Goddard Coll.

Conditional Use, 2014 VT 124, ¶ 4, 198 Vt. 85, 111 A.3d 1285 (quotation omitted).

       ¶ 13.   Defendants bear the burden of proving that their land is exempt from the wetlands

regulations. See In re Ochs, 2006 VT 122, ¶ 12, 181 Vt. 541, 915 A.2d 780 (mem.) (stating that

landowners bore burden of demonstrating that their operation fit within farming exemption and

was exempt from Act 250 regulation). “The farming exemption, like all exemptions, is to be read

narrowly and only applied when the facts support the exemption’s application.” Id. (discussing

farming exemption in Act 250).

       ¶ 14.   We do not reach the former legal question of whether defendants’ activities

amounted to farming as defined in the statute and the rule because we conclude that the evidence

supports the court’s finding that defendants did not consistently use the area “to grow food or crops

in ordinary rotation” since 1990.




                                                 6
          ¶ 15.   The evidence concerning the extent to which the area south of the pond had been

used was as follows. The wetlands ecologist testified that the area of the wetland where fill was

placed was thickly forested. She testified that she did not observe any cultivation of the area for

growing food or crops. She stated that there was no indication that the area had been used in a

continuous or ordinary rotation for cultivating or maintaining crops because the area was shrubby,

very wet, mucky, and thickly forested. Upon being shown a recent photograph of the property,

the ecologist explained that the area looked very different in the photograph because the vegetation

had been cut back and was no longer the shrub swamp that she had observed.

          ¶ 16.   Defendant Hugh McGee testified that the area to the south and east of the pond had

been hayed without much specification as to when that had occurred. He testified that areas of the

farm are brush-hogged every year. He also stated that the horses will eat items growing in the

wetland including cattails, crabgrass, and trees. He acknowledged that he did not regularly brush

hog the entire farm and that the horses would nonetheless graze in the wooded areas. He testified

that the area where fill was placed was a location that needed to be taken care of. He admitted

there were trees growing in that area and that all he had done in that area was clean some brush.

He stated that in that particular area he did not brush hog it every year and that “when it gets too

big for using, then when you get around to it, you clean it up.” He stated that the horses will still

wander in the area and “pick and eat some of it.” He acknowledged that the growth of brush does

prevent the horses from using the area as pastureland and that is why he needs to go in and clean

it out.

          ¶ 17.   Therefore, there was sufficient evidence to support the court’s finding that

defendants’ management of the property in the area of the alleged violation—brush-hogging only

—was intermittent and not consistent since 1990. It was up to the trial judge to determine the

weight to assign to particular evidence. See In re Eastview at Middlebury, Inc., 2009 VT 98, ¶ 10,


                                                  7
187 Vt. 208, 992 A.2d 1014 (explaining that environmental court as factfinder determines

credibility of witnesses and weighs persuasiveness of evidence). Here, it was within the court’s

discretion as factfinder to credit the testimony of the wetlands ecologist that the brush was

overgrown and did not display signs of cultivation.

       ¶ 18.   Defendants assert that the ecologist did not have knowledge of how long the land

had been used for farming and that ANR did not do any background checks to determine whether

the farm had operated consistently. The ecologist’s testimony regarding her observations of the

area combined with the testimony of Hugh McGee was sufficient for the court to find that activities

in that area were not consistent. The ecologist testified that she was not aware of how long the

property had been used for farming and agriculture. She also testified that this portion of the land

displayed signs that it had not recently been managed in any way. In addition, defendant Hugh

McGee’s testified that he had not done any cutting or brush-hogging of that area for several years

and sometimes let the area get overgrown. His testimony was consistent with photographs of the

area which depicted significant overgrowth. This evidence supported the court’s finding the area

had not been consistently “used to grow food or crops or in ordinary rotation” since 1990.

Wetlands Rules, § 3.1(a)(3). This finding in turn supports the court’s conclusion that whatever

exemption may have applied had expired and therefore that defendants’ property did not qualify

for the farming exemption.

       ¶ 19.   Even for land that does not qualify for the farming exemption, some uses are

allowed. Wetlands Rules § 6.06 provides an allowed use for “[t]he growing of food or crops in

connection with farming activities,” with certain restrictions. See Sec’y, Vt. Agency of Nat. Res.

v. Irish, 169 Vt. 407, 412, 738 A.2d 571, 578 (1999) (explaining that allowed uses are separate

from farming exemption, which requires current and ongoing use of land for growing crops).

Defendants assert that their activity of grazing was an allowed use. Here, however, the grazing is


                                                 8
not the activity for which the defendants were penalized. It was the act of placing fill in the

wetland. This activity of placing fill in the wetland is prohibited under § 6, which explicitly states

that allowed uses must not include “draining, dredging, filling, or grading.” Wetlands Rules, § 6.

Therefore, defendants’ activity, for which the penalty was assessed, was not an allowed use.

       ¶ 20.   Because defendants do not qualify for the farming exemption and their activity was

not an allowed use, the violation was proper. On appeal, defendants do not challenge the amount

of the penalty imposed and therefore we do not address the issue.

       Affirmed.


                                                FOR THE COURT:



                                                Associate Justice




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