                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                        _____________________

                             No. 98-31360
                        _____________________

CURB RECORDS,

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 versus

ADAMS & REESE L.L.P.; RICHARD
GOINS; ATTORNEYS LIABILITY
ASSURANCE SOCIETY, INC.,

                                            Defendants-Appellees.
_________________________________________________________________

           Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                           (96-CV-2908-T)
_________________________________________________________________

                          November 29, 1999

Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, JOLLY, and WIENER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     This legal malpractice case presents a question that will be

of interest to most lawyers: What duty does local counsel have to

bypass lead counsel and report directly to the client instances of

lead counsel’s misfeasance?

     The   plaintiff,   Curb   Records,   Inc.   (“Curb”),   appeals   the

summary judgment in favor of the defendants, Adams & Reese, L.L.P.,

Richard Goins (collectively, “Goins”), and Attorneys Liability

Assurance Society, Inc.   This cause of action arises out of a prior

copyright action in which Curb’s lead counsel, Peter Strong of the

     *
      Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
California bar, hired Goins as counsel of record as required by

local rules.   Strong specifically instructed Goins that his role

was limited to filing and forwarding pleadings, discovery, and

orders.   Furthermore, he specifically instructed Goins not to deal

directly with the client.      During the course of the litigation,

Strong, with the knowledge of Goins, failed to respond to a series

of court ordered discovery requests. Informed by Strong that these

failures were all part of a low profile litigation strategy, as

merely the holder of the stake in the controversy, Goins took no

action to inform the client.    Ultimately, as a sanction, the court

struck Curb’s defenses to the underlying copyright action, forcing

Curb into a very unfavorable settlement.    Following settlement of

the copyright claim, Curb filed the instant legal malpractice

action against Goins.   The district court granted Goins’s motion

for summary judgment, finding no basis for a malpractice claim. In

doing so, it relied exclusively on general principles of contract

and agency law in holding that, when local counsel has been

specifically instructed by lead counsel to have no direct contact

with the client, local counsel does not have a duty to inform the

client of lead counsel’s discovery defaults. Curb now seeks review

of that ruling, arguing that Goins breached his professional duty

of care under Louisiana law.     We hold that, under Louisiana law,

there is an inherent and nondelegable duty of care that requires

local counsel to inform its client of any known malfeasance or

misfeasance on the part of lead counsel, which, to an objective




                                  2
reasonable attorney, would result in serious prejudice to the

client’s interests.    Thus, the judgment of the district court is

reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings.

                                 I

                                 A

     Curb is a Tennessee corporation engaged in the business of

producing and distributing phonorecords containing various musical

works.     In 1990, it began to distribute a phonorecord entitled

Aaron Neville’s Greatest Hits.   Curb obtained a mechanical license

to reproduce some of the songs from Melder Publishing.       Shortly

after Curb began distributing the phonorecord, George Davis and

various other songwriters filed a copyright infringement action

against it and Melder Publishing in the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (hereinafter “the Davis

matter”). The songwriters contended that they owned the copyrights

to nine of the ten songs contained on the phonorecord, and that

they had not licensed their rights to either Curb or Melder

Publishing.    Earlier, upon having received notice of the dispute

over the ownership of the copyrights, Curb began withholding

royalty payments from Melder Publishing to avoid the risk of double

payment.

     Upon receiving notice of the infringement suit, Curb sought

legal representation in the matter from Peter Strong, a California




                                 3
attorney.1   Strong accepted the representation, but was required

to associate local counsel.2      Curb empowered Strong to retain local

counsel and authorized him to limit local counsel’s authority as he

saw fit.3    Strong contacted Richard Goins, a partner in the New

Orleans, Louisiana law firm of Adams & Reese, L.L.P., who accepted

the representation. Strong instructed Goins that his role as local

counsel would be limited to receiving discovery requests, pleadings

and court orders, and forwarding them to Strong.          He also gave

Goins the responsibility of filing and serving pleadings and

documents,   such   as   Strong   might   instruct.   Further,   Strong

explicitly instructed Goins that he was to have no direct contact

with Curb.

    1
     The record indicates that Carey J. C. Agajanian, a lawyer and
personal advisor to Mike Curb, the owner of Curb Records, informed
Strong that Curb had decided that it would simply cease payment of
royalties to anyone pending the outcome of the litigation.
Further, the legal strategy that Curb intended to pursue was to sit
back and let the competing claimants to the copyrights resolve the
matter among themselves. Strong was thus instructed by Agajanian
to do little or nothing in this case, because Curb was comfortable
that any potential liability was capped by federal statute.
        2
      Uniform Local Rule of the United States District Court for
the Eastern, Middle, and Western Districts of Louisiana 83.2.5
states: “In all cases before this court, any party who does not
appear in proper person must be represented by a member of the bar
of this court, except as set forth below.” Id. at 83.2.5. The
Local Rules go on to delineate an exception for visiting attorneys
who are admitted to the court to appear in a particular case
pursuant to a motion by a member of the bar or upon the entry of an
ex parte order by the court. Id. at 83.2.6.
        3
      The record is undisputed and the district court held that
“Strong was given complete and total authority in handling the
Davis matter by Curb, which included the retention of [Goins] as
local counsel.” Curb, 1998 W.L. 120365, * 11 (E.D.La. 1998).




                                     4
      During     the   course    of    discovery,   the    Davis    plaintiffs

propounded discovery requests to Curb through Goins, who promptly

forwarded the requests to Strong.           At some point in early 1995,

Goins received notice of a series of discovery defaults.              During a

nine-month period in 1995, the district court entered a series of

discovery orders directing Curb to respond to the plaintiffs’

discovery requests or risk having their defenses stricken.               Goins

forwarded all of these notices to Strong.           Additionally, the court

imposed monetary sanctions on Curb for failing to respond to its

discovery orders.        Goins forwarded these orders to Strong, and

Strong paid the fines by personal check.             The record is unclear

whether Strong told Curb about these sanctions, and whether Goins

was   told     that    Strong    was   keeping   Curb     abreast   of   these

developments.

                                        B

      On September 29, 1995, the Davis plaintiffs filed a motion to

strike Curb’s defenses.         On October 11, 1995, Strong defended Curb

at a hearing on the plaintiffs’ motion to strike the defendant’s

defenses.      On October 17, 1995, the court granted the plaintiffs’

motion and struck Curb’s defenses.

      After settling the Davis matter,4 Curb filed the instant legal

       4
       Curb settled the Davis matter for approximately $650,000.
Because Curb’s defenses were struck by the district court, it could
not argue that it was not a “wilful infringer” and thus limit the
Davis plaintiffs’ recovery to “infringers profits” under section
504 of the Copyright Act of 1976. See 17 U.S.C. § 504 (West 1999).
Thus, Curb’s liability in the Davis matter was increased from the




                                        5
malpractice action against Goins.     Goins sought summary judgment.

In defending against the malpractice action, Goins argued, first,

that no malpractice had occurred: Under the instructions given to

them by lead counsel--that they were to have no direct contact with

the client--they had no duty to bypass lead counsel and communicate

directly with the client regarding lead counsel’s failure to

respond to discovery orders.     Second, Goins argued that, in any

event, no damages resulted from the breach of this duty:          Curb’s

loss of its defenses resulted solely from its deliberate choice of

a particular legal strategy--that it would simply ride out the

litigation until there was a resolution as to the ownership of the

copyrights to the music.

     Curb contended that there were numerous issues of material

fact that precluded summary judgment, including: (1) the authority

and responsibilities of Goins as the attorney and fiduciary of

Curb; (2) the negligence, fault and breach of fiduciary and legal

duties by Goins; (3) the proportionate fault of Goins; and (4) the

scope and extent of damages Goins caused to Curb.

     Nevertheless,   the   district   court,   relying   on   fundamental

principles of contract and agency law, granted summary judgment for

Goins, holding:

     There is no doubt to this Court that Curb empowered
     Strong, without limitation, to handle the Davis matter.


relatively small amount of statutory damages provided under section
504 to nearly $800,000, the amount of gross revenues generated by
the infringing phonorecord.




                                  6
     Strong was the mandate (agent/attorney) for Curb. Acting
     on behalf of Curb, Strong retained defendants as local
     counsel, but specifically limited their contact with
     Curb. Based upon the mandate created between Strong and
     the defendants, defendants were specifically instructed
     to not contact Curb directly.       This was a specific
     limitation on their mandate. Moreover, the record and
     evidence indicated defendants’ participation in discovery
     was minimal. Strong was in complete charge of discovery
     and he was the one responsible for the defaults
     attributable to Curb. The Court refuses to imply a duty
     that simply does not exist.       Goins and A & R had
     absolutely no superior duty to disregard and violate the
     terms of their mandate with Strong. . . . This Court
     finds A & R and Goins had no duty to violate the terms of
     their mandate with Strong and communicate directly with
     Curb. Absent a duty to act, there can be no negligence.

Curb Records, Inc. v. Adams and Reese, L.L.P., 1998 WL 120365, *12

(E.D.La. 1998).   Curb filed a timely notice of appeal.5

                                 II

     We review the district court’s granting of summary judgment de

novo, applying the same standards applied by the district court.

See Jones v. Sheehan, Young & Culp, P.C., 82 F.3d 1334, 1337 (5th

Cir. 1996).   Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.   Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp.

v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265

(1986).

                                 A

     In concluding that Goins owed no duty under Louisiana law to


     5
      There was no hearing and no live testimony, either in open
court or by way of deposition. The case was decided on affidavits
alone.




                                 7
inform Curb of lead counsel’s failure to respond to court ordered

discovery, the district court, as we have noted, relied solely on

general principles of contract and agency law.          The district

court’s holding can be reduced to the following: The attorney-

client relationship is contractual in nature, and the duties owed

by the attorney to his client are defined wholly by the terms of

that contract.6    A review of Louisiana case law reveals that this

holding does not comport with established precedent.    For example,

in Cattle Farm, Inc. v. Abercrombie, 211 So.2d 354 (La.Ct.App. 4th

Cir. 1968), the court held:

        In no other agency relationship is a greater duty of
        trust imposed than in that involving an attorney’s duty
        to his client. . . . The law leaves no uncertainty in
        defining the character of duty which an attorney owes to
        his client. The relationship of attorney and client is
        more than a contract. It superinduces a trust status of
        the highest order and devolves upon the attorney the
        imperative duty of dealing with the client only on the

    6
     The district court stated: “In Louisiana, the attorney-client
relationship is defined and limited by any contractual agreement
between the lawyer and the client as to the scope of the
representation.”   See Curb, 1998 WL at *2.    The district court
cited Grand Isle Campsites, Inc. v. Cheek, 262 So.2d 350 (La.
1972), as the sole basis in support of this contention. In Cheek,
the Louisiana Supreme Court addressed whether an attorney, who was
hired to check title to property and pass an act of sale, also had
a duty to investigate how the parties arrived at the sales price
for the property. Id. at 30. The court rejected the plaintiffs
argument that such a duty existed, stating: “The agreement or
consent of an attorney to perform work for a party on a particular
matter or transaction does not create an attorney-client
relationship as regards other business or affairs of the client.”
Id. at 29 (citing Delta Equipment and Construction Co. v. Royal
Indemnity Co., 186 So.2d 454 (La.Ct.App. 1st Cir. 1966)).      The
issues presented by the instant case are obviously distinct from
those presented in Cheek. Thus, the district court’s reliance on
the Louisiana Supreme Court’s holding in Cheek is misplaced.




                                   8
      basis of the strictest fidelity and honor.

Id.   at 365 (citations omitted & emphasis added).

      Similarly, in Corceller v. Brooks, 347 So.2d 274 (La.Ct.App.

4th Cir. 1977), the court expressly rejected the contention that a

legal malpractice action is based on a breach of contract stating:

      [W]e find no merit to plaintiff’s contention that this
      malpractice suit is one based on breach of contract.
      Though it is true that a contractual agreement between
      [the    parties]   established   the   attorney-client
      relationship, this contract of employment merely gave
      rise to the attorney’s legal duty to exercise at least
      the degree of care, skill, and diligence which is
      exercised by prudent practicing attorneys in his
      locality.

Id. at 277.    The Corceller court concluded by stating that any

malpractice action must be based on the “act or omission which is

below the standards of similar practitioners in the community.”

Id.

      Thus, Louisiana precedent indicates that the district court

erred in relying solely on general principles of contract and

agency law in defining the duties owed by Goins to Curb.           Louisiana

law makes clear that the duties owed by an attorney to his client

transcend the bounds of an ordinary contractual relationship.              We

thus turn to resolve the professional duty under Louisiana law that

local counsel would owe its client under the circumstances of this

case.

                                     B

      The case before us, as we have noted, is a legal malpractice

claim.    Under   Louisiana   law,       to   assert   a   claim   for   legal




                                     9
malpractice the plaintiff must demonstrate (1) that there was an

attorney-client relationship, (2) that the attorney was guilty of

negligence or professional impropriety in the relationship with the

client, and (3) that the attorney’s misconduct resulted in harm to

the   client.      See     Francois   v.    Reed,   714    So.2d    228,    229-30

(La.Ct.App. 1st Cir. 1998)(citing Finkelstein v. Collier, 636 So.2d

1053, 1058 (La.Ct.App. 5th Cir. 1994)). To succeed on a negligence-

based malpractice claim, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the

attorney    failed    to   exercise   the    degree   of    care,    skill,   and

diligence that would be exercised by a prudent practicing attorney

in his locality.         See Nelson v. Waldrup, 565 So.2d 1078, 1079

(La.Ct.App.     4th Cir. 1990)(citing Ramp v. St Paul Fire & Marine

Ins. Co., 269 So.2d 239 (La. 1972)).            Of course, there can be no

cognizable negligence absent a duty to act.

      Thus, the issue presented here is whether under Louisiana law

there exists an inherent and nondelegable duty requiring local

counsel to report directly to its client any known instances of

malfeasance or misfeasance on the part of lead counsel.               This issue

has   not   been     squarely   addressed      by   the    Louisiana       courts.

Consequently, we are required to make an Erie guess.7

                                       C

      The Louisiana Supreme Court repeatedly has held that under

Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct, an attorney owes a duty to

      7
      See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82
L.Ed. 1188 (1938).




                                       10
his client “to exercise at least that degree of care, skill, and

diligence    exercised       by   prudent     practicing    attorneys   in     his

locality.”       Ramp v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 269 So.2d 239

(La. 1972); see also, Jenkins v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.,

422 So.2d 1109 (La. 1982).          The duty of care, skill, and diligence

owed   by   an    attorney   in    a   particular    case   generally   must    be

established through expert testimony. See Greiserman v. MacDonald,

893 F.2d 787, 793 (5th Cir. 1990)(stating that “expert testimony is

necessary to establish the standard of care”); Houillon v. Powers

and Noss, 530 So.2d 680, 682 (La.Ct.App. 4th Cir. 1988).                Only in

cases of “obvious” or “egregious” negligence that would be readily

apparent to a lay person, or such egregious acts that would

establish negligence as a matter of law, will expert testimony not

be required to establish the duty owed by counsel to its client.

See Nelson v. Waldrup, 565 So.2d 1078, 1079 (La.App. 4th Cir.

1990)(citing Ramp, 269 So.2d at 239)); Greiserman, 893 F.2d at 794.

                                         D

       Curb offered into evidence the declaration of Jack Martzell,

a   noted   and    respected      attorney    in    the   Eastern   District   of

Louisiana, to establish the standard of care owed by local counsel

under the circumstances presented here.8              We focus on two specific

       8
      Both the record and Note 4 of the district court’s opinion
indicate that Curb attempted to submit additional evidence on the
issue of local counsel’s duty to inform the client of misfeasance
or malfeasance on the part of lead counsel, but such attempts were
deemed untimely by the district court and forbidden. See Curb,
1998 WL at *10. On remand, timeliness should not be a problem.




                                         11
duties outlined in Martzell’s statement that are relevant to our

determination today.       First, he stated that “the standard of

practice in the Eastern District of Louisiana for the fulfilling of

the attorney’s fiduciary duty to his client precludes reliance on

outside counsel for a corporate client to excuse contact with the

client on discovery matters and compliance with scheduling orders.”

Second, he stated that “the fiduciary obligation, as generally

understood in the Eastern District of Louisiana, includes advising

a client in a manner to protect it from itself.”           Thus, he stated

that it is generally understood that “there is an obligation to

police the client’s activities insofar as they may be negligently

or intentionally in derogation of the law, rules or court orders.”

Based on these duties, and local counsel’s failure to notify Curb

of the discovery defaults, Martzell concluded that “the acts and

omissions   of   Richard   Goins   and   Adams   and   Reese   violated   the

standard of practice for counsel of record and trial attorneys in

the Eastern District of Louisiana and caused harm to Curb Records,

Inc., in the Davis litigation.”9


       9
        Although Martzell’s statement is helpful in determining
whether under the standards of practice in the Eastern District of
Louisiana an attorney has an inherent and nondelegable duty to
report directly to its client any known instance of malfeasance or
misfeasance on the part of lead counsel, it fails to fully take
into account the specific factual circumstances in this case. For
example, the statement does not discuss the effect, if any, an
assertion by lead counsel that a particular avenue is to be pursued
as a matter of legal strategy may have on the duty of local
counsel. Thus, Martzell’s statement is helpful only at the general
level in deciding the duty owed in this particular case.




                                    12
       Goins did not offer any expert testimony; nor did they seek to

depose Martzell.       Instead, they relied exclusively on the evidence

establishing     the   expressly    limited     role       for    which    they    were

retained, to demonstrate as a matter of law that they did not

breach their duty of care owed to Curb.                     In support of this

contention, Goins has been unable to cite to any case law on point.

We have likewise found none.

                                         E

       Our own inquiry has revealed some limited support in the

Louisiana cases for the testimony of Curb’s expert.                       In Dixon v.

Perlman, 528 So.2d 637 (La.Ct.App. 2d Cir. 1988), the Louisiana

Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit stated that: “[T]he duty of

the attorney may extend to the protection of his client’s own

substandard conduct, carelessness, or error.”                    Id. at 642 (citing

Meyers v. Imperial Cas. Indem. Co., 451 So.2d 649 (La.Ct.App. 3d

Cir.   1984)).     Similarly,      in   Smith   v.    Becnel,       396    So.2d    444

(La.Ct.App. 4th Cir. 1981), the court held that an attorney must

use due care to insure that the decision of the client “[is] made

only after the client has been informed of relevant circumstances.”

Id. at 445.       This case law is in accord with Curb’s expert

regarding local counsel’s duty to insure that the client is not

being misguided or relying on erroneous advice that will result in

an uninformed or unadvised decision.

       Additionally, Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct speak

directly    to   counsel’s   duty       to   keep    the    client     informed     of




                                        13
significant developments during the course of the representation.

Louisiana Rule of Professional Conduct 1.410 imposes upon counsel

the duties “to keep [the] client reasonably informed about the

status     of   [the]   matter”   and   to   “give   the   client   sufficient

information to participate intelligently in decisions concerning

the objectives of the representation and the means by which they

are to be pursued.”         La. Rules of Prof. Cond. 1.4.            Further,

Louisiana Rule of Professional Conduct 1.311 imposes upon counsel

the duty to “act with reasonable diligence and promptness” in

carrying out the duties owed to its client.                La. Rules of Prof.

Cond. 1.3.

                                        F

     It is clear that none of the authority cited above addresses

the precise question presented by the instant case--specifically,

the obligation of an attorney with secondary responsibility for a

     10
          Louisiana Rule of Professional Conduct 1.4 states:

     (a) A lawyer shall keep a client reasonably informed
     about the status of a matter and promptly comply with
     reasonable requests for information.
     (b) The lawyer shall give the client sufficient
     information to participate intelligently in decisions
     concerning the objectives of the representation and the
     means by which they are to be pursued, to the extent the
     client is willing and able to do so.

La. Rules of Prof. Cond. 1.4.

    11
      Louisiana Rule of Professional Conduct 1.3 states: “A lawyer
shall act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing
a client.” La. Rules of Prof. Cond. 1.3.




                                        14
case    to   report    directly    to     the     client     any    malfeasance      or

misfeasance on the part of lead counsel when he is under express

instructions not to communicate with the client.                     However, after

reviewing     the     relevant    case     law,     the      Louisiana      Rules    of

Professional Conduct, and the statement of Mr. Martzell, we believe

that Louisiana would conclude that, as a matter of law, local

counsel in the Eastern District of Louisiana owes an inherent

nondelegable duty to report directly to its client any known

instances of malfeasance or misfeasance on the part of lead counsel

that   an    objectively     reasonable        lawyer   in   the    locality    would

conclude are seriously prejudicial to the client’s interests.

       We should observe that, generally speaking, it is clear that

when the client has vested lead counsel with primary responsibility

for controlling and conducting the litigation, local counsel’s

direct obligations to the client are substantially lessened.

Further, there is no duty under Louisiana law or local practice

that would require local counsel to notify the client that it

disagrees     with     the   professional         judgment        exercised    and/or

strategies pursued by lead counsel so long as those judgments and

strategies     lie    somewhere   on     the    spectrum     of    norms.      But   we

nevertheless think that Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct do

not allow local counsel to turn a blind eye toward the willful

disregard of court orders by lead counsel when it should be evident

to him that such conduct will seriously prejudice the client’s

interests.




                                         15
      We recognize the potential concerns that are raised by the

imposition of such a duty.       We note with approval the observations

of the Eighth Circuit when discussing this duty of care under

Minnesota law:

      Local counsel does not automatically incur a duty of care
      with regard to the entire litigation. When the client
      vests lead counsel with primary responsibility for the
      litigation, the duty of local counsel is limited. Were
      the law otherwise, the cost involved in retaining local
      counsel would increase substantially. Confronted with a
      duty to monitor lead counsel’s handling of the
      litigation, local counsel would be bound to review all
      manner of litigation documents and ensure compliance with
      all deadlines. Out-of-state litigants would be forced to
      pay a local attorney to review lead counsel’s work.
      Given   the   skyrocketing   cost   of  litigation,   the
      duplication of effort and increased fees that would
      result from such a rule foster problematic public policy.

Macawber Engineering, Inc. v. Robson & Miller, 47 F.3d 253, 257-58

(8th Cir. 1995).    Nonetheless, in a situation in which it is clear

to a reasonable attorney that substantial prejudice will occur to

the   client   as   a   result    of    lead   counsel’s   malfeasance   or

misfeasance, we think that the duty of care under Louisiana law

requires local counsel to notify the client of lead counsel’s

action or inaction, irrespective of instructions, excuses, or

strategies of lead counsel.

                                       III

      In sum, we conclude that the district court erred by relying

solely on general principles of contract and agency law to decide

this case and in granting summary judgment dismissing this legal

malpractice action.     Instead, we hold that, pursuant to Louisiana




                                       16
law, local counsel has an inherent and nondelegable duty to report

directly to its client any known instances of malfeasance or

misfeasance   on   the   part   of   lead   counsel    that   an   objectively

reasonable lawyer in the locality would conclude are seriously

prejudicial   to   the    client’s    interests.        The   case   must   be

reconsidered in that light.          Accordingly, the summary judgment

granted by the district court is REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED

for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.                 We

should note that we express no further opinion on any of the

aspects of the ultimate merits of this legal malpractice claim.

                                                      REVERSED and REMANDED.




                                      17
