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             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA


PATRICK L. TICKETT,               )
                                  )                 Court of Appeals No. A-11043
                   Appellant,     )                 Trial Court No. 2KB-09-79 CR
                                  )
         v.                       )                        O P I N I O N
                                  )
STATE OF ALASKA,                  )
                                  )                 No. 2427 — September 19, 2014
                   Appellee.      )
_________________________________)

              Appeal from the Superior Court, Second Judicial District,
              Kotzebue, Ben Esch, Judge.

              Appearances: Dan S. Bair, Assistant Public Advocate, and
              Richard Allen, Public Advocate, Anchorage, for the Appellant.
              Nancy R. Simel, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Special
              Prosecutions and Appeals, Anchorage, and Michael C.
              Geraghty, Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.

              Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, Allard, Judge, and Hanley,
              District Court Judge.*

              Judge HANLEY.




   *
       Sitting by assignment made pursuant to article IV, section 16 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 24(d).
             In November 2008, Patrick L. Tickett was driving his snow machine from
Kotzebue to Noorvik at approximately sixty miles per hour after having consumed
alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. Two people with a team of sled dogs were on the trail
at the same time. Tickett did not see the people or dogs until it was too late for him to
avoid a collision. Tickett’s snow machine struck the people, killing one and seriously
injuring the other. A jury convicted Tickett of manslaughter, first-degree assault, and
driving under the influence.
             Tickett claims the trial court erred by improperly restricting his cross-
examination of one of the State’s expert witnesses. We conclude that the superior court’s
limitation of Tickett’s cross-examination of the State’s expert was error. However, given
the facts of this case, the error was harmless.
             Tickett also claims that the trial court erred when it allowed the State to
introduce evidence that Tickett had ingested cocaine prior to the collision. We conclude
that the court correctly denied Tickett’s motion to exclude evidence of the cocaine.
             Finally, Tickett asserts his sentence is unlawfully severe. The sentence
imposed by the superior court is not clearly mistaken. We therefore affirm the judgment
of the superior court.


      Facts and proceedings
             At around 7:15 p.m. on November 19, 2008, Dr. Roger Gollub and Tracey
Schaeffer went mushing with a team of sled dogs on a multi-use trail outside of
Kotzebue. Gollub was dressed in a white wind suit that did not have reflectors.
Schaeffer’s parka had a reflector on the back of it, and the dog harnesses had reflective
material on them. When they had traveled approximately four miles outside of town,



                                            2                                       2427

Schaeffer noticed a snow machine approaching from behind. She decided to stay on the
trail but began waving her headlamp to signal the driver of the snow machine.
             Tickett was driving the snow machine with Clarissa Cleveland as a
passenger. Cleveland had contacted Tickett earlier that day to get a ride to Noorvik.
Tickett’s goggles were fogging up, he was driving the snow machine at a speed of
approximately sixty miles per hour, and he did not see Schaeffer waving her headlamp.
By the time Tickett saw Gollub and Schaeffer, it was too late to stop and the snow
machine struck Schaeffer, Gollub, and the dog sled.
             On impact, Schaeffer was thrown from the sled, and Tickett and Cleveland
were thrown from the snow machine. Although she was injured, Schaeffer walked back
to the sled and saw that it had landed on Gollub. With Cleveland’s help, Schaeffer lifted
the sled off of Gollub. Schaeffer administered first aid to Gollub, who was severely
injured.
             After unsuccessfully attempting to use a radio and start the snow machine,
Tickett began walking back to Kotzebue to get help, and Cleveland ran after him. An
unidentified person on a snow machine gave Tickett and Cleveland a ride back to
Kotzebue. Tickett called 911 when they arrived at his mother’s house at about 9:00 p.m.
             Gollub died from the injuries he sustained.       Schaeffer suffered life-
threatening injuries, remained in the hospital for two weeks, and continued to have
complications following her release.
             When the police questioned Tickett on the night of the incident, an officer
detected the odor of alcohol coming from him. Tickett initially denied having used
alcohol prior to the crash but later admitted to having taken a couple of shots to “deal
with the cold.” He later told the police that he had taken two or three swigs of whiskey



                                           3                                        2427

before heading to Noorvik. He also stated that he had smoked a joint of marijuana
between 6:00 and 7:00 p.m.
              Cleveland later told the police that Tickett admitted using cocaine on the
day of the incident. Cleveland also testified that even though she did not see Tickett
drink any alcohol before the collision, and while he did not appear to be intoxicated, she
smelled alcohol on him prior to the collision.
              Tickett consented to a blood draw, and a sample was taken shortly before
midnight. The State’s analysis of the blood sample revealed that Tickett’s blood alcohol
level was .069 percent. The defense analysis reflected a blood alcohol level of .052
percent. The Washington state toxicology lab also analyzed Tickett’s blood and found
that it contained substances indicating prior use of marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol
(described in more detail below).
              A grand jury indicted Tickett on charges of second-degree murder1 and
first-degree assault;2 the State added a charge of driving under the influence.3 Prior to
trial, Tickett moved to preclude the State from introducing evidence of his cocaine use
on the day of the crash, but the court denied the motion.
              Superior Court Judge Ben Esch presided over Tickett’s trial. During the
trial, the court granted Tickett’s motion for a judgment of acquittal on the second-degree
murder charge. Following the acquittal, the State argued that Tickett was guilty of the
lesser-included offense of manslaughter for recklessly causing Gollub’s death. The State




   1
       AS 11.41.110(a)(2).
   2
       AS 11.41.200(a)(l), (a)(3).
   3
       AS 28.35.030(a)(l), (a)(2).

                                            4                                        2427
argued that Tickett was reckless in that he drove under the influence of drugs and alcohol
at a speed of sixty miles per hour with foggy goggles.
              Tickett countered that his actions were not reckless. He asserted that due
to a number of factors, including the weather, Gollub’s white clothing, and Schaeffer’s
head lamp allegedly being broken, he did not see the victims or the dog sled with enough
time to stop. Tickett also argued that he was not intoxicated and that Schaeffer was at
fault for not moving the sled off the trail.
              The jury ultimately convicted Tickett of manslaughter,4 first-degree
assault,5 and DUI.6 The trial court sentenced Tickett to a composite sentence of 19 years
with 4 years suspended, resulting in 15 years to serve. Tickett appeals his conviction and
sentence.


       The trial court erred by precluding Tickett from using a treatise to cross-
       examine one of the State’s experts
              On appeal, Tickett argues that the trial court erred when it precluded him
from cross-examining one of the State’s expert witnesses with a learned treatise. We
agree with Tickett but conclude the error was harmless.
              The State presented two experts during the trial to support its theory that
Tickett was intoxicated at the time of the crash. Stephan Palmer, a forensic scientist at


   4
      AS 11.41.120(a)(1) (recklessly causing “the death of another person under
circumstances not amounting to murder in the first or second degree”).
   5
       AS 11.41.200(a)(1) (recklessly causing “serious physical injury to another by means
of a dangerous instrument”).
   6
      AS 28.35.030(a)(1) (driving a motor vehicle while “under the influence of an
alcoholic beverage, intoxicating liquor, inhalant, or any controlled substance, singly or in
combination”).

                                               5                                       2427

the State crime laboratory, first testified regarding the test results for Tickett’s blood and
the effects of alcohol on people. Without objection from the State, Tickett extensively
cross-examined Palmer using a book entitled Alcohol and Drug Intoxication by Russell
Rockerbie.
              The next day, the State presented a second expert witness, Brian Capron.
Capron was a toxicology supervisor at the Washington state toxicology laboratory; he
tested Tickett’s blood sample for the presence of drugs. Capron testified that Tickett’s
blood contained carboxy THC (an inactive metabolite of marijuana), benzoylecgonine
(the primary inactive metabolite of cocaine), and a small amount of cocaethylene (an
active metabolite that forms when cocaine and alcohol are used concurrently). He
further testified about the effects of marijuana and cocaine both separately and in
combination with alcohol. Dr. Patricia Sulik, an expert witness for Tickett, was listening
telephonically to part of Capron’s testimony but had to hang up the phone so that she
could board a plane to Alaska for the trial.
              During cross-examination, Tickett attempted to use Rockerbie’s book to
question Capron’s opinion regarding how marijuana affects people. He asked Capron
if he was aware of Rockerbie’s book, and Capron replied that he had never heard of
Rockerbie. When Tickett asked Capron to look at a particular page of Rockerbie’s book,
the State objected on the ground that Tickett had not established the proper foundation
for introducing the book as a learned treatise under Evidence Rule 803(18).
              The trial court, over Tickett’s objection, ruled that if Capron did not
acknowledge Rockerbie’s book as a learned treatise, then Tickett could not use it to
cross-examine Capron. Tickett told the court that Sulik could establish that Rockerbie’s
book was an authoritative treatise within the meaning of Evidence Rule 803(18), but that
Sulik was unavailable because she was flying to Alaska.


                                               6                                         2427

               The trial court ruled that Sulik’s testimony would not make any difference.
That is, the judge declared that even if Sulik testified that Rockerbie’s book was a
learned treatise, he would not allow Tickett to use Rockerbie’s book to cross-examine
Capron because Capron did not personally acknowledge the book as a learned treatise.
               On appeal, Tickett argues that the trial judge misunderstood the
foundational basis to introduce statements from a learned treatise, and that the judge
incorrectly precluded him from using Rockerbie’s book to cross-examine Capron. We
agree.
               Alaska Evidence Rule 803(18) provides for the admission of hearsay
statements contained in “learned treatises” — i.e., published works “on a subject of
history, medicine, or other science or art” — to the extent that these hearsay statements
either are “relied upon by [an] expert witness in direct examination” or are “called to the
attention of an expert witness [during] cross-examination[.]” The proponent of the
hearsay evidence must establish that the treatise in question is “a reliable authority,” but
Rule 803(18) allows the proponent of evidence to do this in one of three ways: through
the testimony or admission of the expert witness, through other expert testimony, or by
judicial notice. 7

   7
         Alaska Evidence Rule 803(18) reads:

      The following [statements] are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the
   declarant is available as a witness:
      . . . .
              (18) Learned Treatises. To the extent called to the attention of an expert
      witness upon cross-examination or relied upon by the expert witness in direct
      examination, statements contained in published treatises, periodicals, or pamphlets
      on a subject of history, medicine, or other science or art, established as a reliable
      authority by the testimony or admission of the witness or by other expert testimony
      or by judicial notice. If admitted, the statements may be read into evidence but
      may not be received as exhibits.

                                               7                                         2427

                 The second paragraph of the Commentary to Alaska Evidence Rule 803(18)
clarifies that Alaska’s hearsay exception for learned treatises is meant to codify the
holding of Reilly v. Pinkus,8 and other “recent well considered state court decisions” —
i.e., the rule that litigants should be allowed to use learned treatises to cross-examine
their opponents’ expert witnesses when the treatise’s status as an authority is established
by any means, even though the witnesses themselves do not acknowledge the treatise as
authoritative.
                 In the present case, Tickett made an offer of proof that his expert, Sulik,
would testify that Rockerbie’s book was an authoritative work. The trial judge ruled that
Sulik’s testimony would be irrelevant — that Tickett would not be allowed to cross-
examine Capron with statements from Rockerbie’s book unless Capron personally
acknowledged the book as an authoritative treatise. This was error.
                 However, we agree with the State that this error was harmless under the
facts of Tickett’s case.
                 The State called Capron as an expert witness in toxicology to testify about
the effects of alcohol and drugs, in particular marijuana and cocaine. Although Tickett
was unable to cross-examine Capron using Rockerbie’s treatise, Tickett did challenge
Capron’s testimony by using other authoritative sources. For example, when Tickett
cross-examined Capron using scientific studies and another learned treatise, Capron
agreed that it is possible for cocaine (a central nervous system stimulant) to reverse some
of the fatigue that otherwise might be caused by marijuana (a depressant).
                 Nor was Tickett completely barred from using the information in
Rockerbie’s book. He used Rockerbie’s book to cross-examine the State’s other expert,



   8
       338 U.S. 269, 275 (1949).

                                               8                                       2427
Palmer, and Tickett’s own expert, Sulik, testified extensively about various statements
in Rockerbie’s book, including Rockerbie’s conclusion that the combined effect of
marijuana and alcohol could actually lower a person’s risk of causing an accident.
              We also note that Tickett’s primary defense was that his collision with
Gollub and Schaeffer was an “unavoidable accident” and that he had not acted recklessly
even if he had consumed intoxicating substances. Tickett argued that there was “almost
no chance” that anyone else would be on the trail outside of Kotzebue when he was
traveling, and that the chances were even smaller that he would encounter people who
were not wearing reflective clothing and were stopped in the middle of the trail with a
dog team.
              In his summation to the jury, Tickett only briefly mentioned the evidence
of his intoxication — characterizing the State’s evidence as “some vague confusing
numbers about cocaine and marijuana.” Tickett never mentioned Capron’s testimony or
that Sulik’s testimony suggested that the jurors should discount Capron’s opinions.
              Tickett contends that the trial court’s restriction on Tickett’s cross-
examination rises to the level of constitutional error, and that the error therefore requires
reversal of his conviction unless it is shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
We doubt that the trial judge’s erroneous hearsay ruling in this case is of constitutional
dimension. But in any event, we conclude that the ruling was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.




                                             9                                          2427

        The trial court properly allowed the State to introduce evidence of Tickett’s
        cocaine use
              Prior to trial, Tickett asked the superior court to bar the admission of any
evidence that he had ingested cocaine before the collision. The court denied this motion,
and Tickett now challenges the court’s ruling.
              Tickett argues that the trial court should have excluded all evidence of the
cocaine metabolite in his blood pursuant to Evidence Rule 403 because the probative
value of this evidence was low and it was unfairly prejudicial. More specifically, he
asserts that the amount of the metabolite found in his blood was insignificant and there
was no evidence that his consumption of cocaine played a role in the collision. Tickett
also asserts that the revelation of his cocaine use would lead the jury to believe he was
a “drug user and of unsavory character.”
              To establish the offense of manslaughter, the State was required to prove
that Tickett recklessly caused the death of another person.9 To establish the offense of
first-degree assault, the State had to prove that Tickett recklessly caused serious physical
injury to another person by means of a dangerous instrument.10 And to establish the
offense of driving under the influence, the State had to prove that Tickett drove a motor
vehicle while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or a controlled substance,
singly or in combination.11
              The trial judge could properly conclude that the challenged evidence was
relevant to prove that Tickett acted recklessly and that he was under the influence. The



   9
        AS 11.41.120(a)(1).
   10
        AS 11.41.200(a)(1).
   11
        AS 28.35.030(a)(1).

                                            10                                         2427
State presented expert testimony that cocaine is a stimulant and that it can cause a person
to be inattentive, to have difficulty with complex, divided-attention tasks such as driving,
and to engage in aggressive, risk-taking behavior.
              Further, the prosecutor never suggested that the jury should use the
evidence of Tickett’s cocaine use for any other purpose. And Tickett never asked the
judge to give a cautionary instruction on the potential misuses of this evidence.
              Given this record, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it allowed the State to present evidence of Tickett’s ingestion of cocaine.


        Tickett’s sentence is not clearly mistaken
              The jury convicted Tickett of manslaughter, first-degree assault, and DUI.
Because manslaughter and first-degree assault are class A felonies,12 and because Tickett
caused serious injury and death during the commission of these offenses, he was subject
to a presumptive sentencing range of 7 to 11 years on each count.13 For the DUI
conviction, which is a class A misdemeanor,14 Tickett was subject to a maximum term
of 1 year and a minimum term of 3 days of imprisonment.15
              The sentencing court rejected Tickett’s proposed mitigating factor that his
conduct was among the least serious within the definitions of manslaughter and first-
degree assault, and the court sentenced Tickett to a composite sentence of 19 years with
4 years suspended, resulting in 15 years to serve.


   12
        AS 11.41.120(b); AS 11.41.200(b).
   13
        AS 12.55.125(c)(2)(A).
   14
        AS 28.35.030(b).
   15
        AS 28.35.030(b)(1)(A).

                                            11                                         2427

              Tickett claims on appeal that this sentence is clearly mistaken.
              “When a defendant [challenges] a composite sentence for two or more
criminal convictions, this Court assesses whether the defendant’s combined sentence is
clearly mistaken, given the whole of the defendant’s conduct and history.”16              In
sentencing a defendant, Alaska courts consider the factors set forth in State v. Chaney17
and AS 12.55.005. These factors include: the seriousness of the offense, the defendant’s
criminal history and prospects for rehabilitation, the necessity of confining the defendant
to prevent future harm to the public, deterrence, community condemnation, reaffirmation
of societal norms, the effect on the victim, and restoration of the victim and the
community.18
              Here, the sentencing court considered the above factors in formulating
Tickett’s sentence. The court noted that Tickett was nineteen years old at the time of
these offenses and that he had had prior contact with the juvenile court, as well as
convictions for consuming alcohol as a minor and violating the conditions of his release.
The court also noted that while the charges were pending in this case, Tickett committed
another, unrelated felony.
              The court recognized the positive steps Tickett had taken since this incident,
including participating in a substance abuse program, graduating from high school, and
completing vocational training. The court reasoned, however, that the tragic death of
Gollub and serious injuries to Schaeffer were foreseeable consequences of operating a


   16
        Carlson v. State, 128 P.3d 197, 214 (Alaska App. 2006) (original citations omitted).

   17
        477 P.2d 441, 444 (Alaska 1970). 

   18
        AS 12.55.005; Chaney, 477 P.2d at 444.


                                             12                                        2427
snow machine along a public trail at a high rate of speed, and with reduced visibility,
while under the influence.
              The court considered the effect of the collision on the victims, including
Gollub’s family, and the court found that Schaeffer’s injuries would affect her for the rest
of her life. The court concluded that the primary Chaney goal was the reaffirmation of
societal norms, and that Tickett’s sentence needed to demonstrate the seriousness of
impaired driving to the larger community. The court further reasoned that its secondary
goal was deterrence and that isolation was also a factor.
              When reviewing a sentence on appeal, this Court will not disturb the
sentencing court’s decision unless it is clearly mistaken.19 Here, the sentencing court
carefully considered the sentencing criteria. Based on our review of the record, we
conclude that the sentence imposed by the superior court is not clearly mistaken.


        Conclusion
              The judgment of the superior court is AFFIRMED.




   19
        Nicholas v. State, 477 P.2d 447, 449 (Alaska 1970).

                                            13                                         2427
