                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                              NO. 2007-CA-01554-SCT

HERRING GAS COMPANY, INC.

v.

PINE BELT GAS, INC., LLOYD BROOM, JASON
STRINGER, STEVEN STRINGER AND JIMMY
RUTLAND


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        08/20/2007
TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. JOHNNY LEE WILLIAMS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               MARION COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                 PAUL H. KIMBLE
                                         JOHN L. MAXEY, II
                                         HEATHER M. ABY
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:                 DAVID M. OTT
                                         KRIS A. POWELL
NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION:                             AFFIRMED - 02/12/2009
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


      EN BANC.

      WALLER, CHIEF JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   Herring Gas Company, Inc., appeals the chancellor’s decision in favor of Pine Belt

Gas and Jimmy Rutland, a former Herring Gas employee, in Herring Gas’ suit seeking to

enforce a covenant not to compete. Finding no error, we affirm.

                            FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
¶2.    Jimmy Rutland began employment with Broome LP Gas, LLC, on or about March 20,

2000. Incident to his employment with Broome Gas, Rutland signed an employment contract

that was executed “by and between Broome LP Gas, LLC . . . and Jimmy L. Rutland . . . .”

¶3.    On April 19, 2006, Herring Gas purchased the assets of Broome Gas by entering into

an asset-purchase agreement. Approximately five days after this sale, Rutland resigned from

his position with Herring Gas and went to work for Pine Belt Gas. Twenty-four days after

the execution of the asset-purchase agreement, Broome Gas executed a purported assignment

to Herring Gas of Rutland’s employment contract with Broome Gas, including his covenant

not to compete.

¶4.    On May 17, 2006, Rutland received a letter from counsel representing Herring Gas

stating that Rutland, by working for Pine Belt Gas and by selling propane gas within a

seventy-five-mile radius of Purvis, Mississippi, was violating his noncompete agreement.

¶5.    Herring Gas filed suit against Rutland, Pine Belt Gas, and its principals on November

8, 2006, seeking preliminary and permanent injunctions restraining Rutland from calling on

or soliciting Herring Gas customers, as well as compensatory damages. Herring Gas alleged

that Rutland was in breach of the covenant not to compete that he entered into as part of his

employment contract with Broome Gas, and that by virtue of Herring Gas’ purchase of

Broome Gas assets, the covenant had been assigned to Herring Gas. Herring Gas also

alleged that, by virtue of its employment of Rutland, Pine Belt Gas had tortiously interfered

with Herring Gas’ contracts with its customers.

¶6.    A hearing on the motion for preliminary injunction filed by Herring Gas was held on

November 28, 2006, during which both Herring Gas and Pine Belt Gas presented evidence

                                             2
by way of testimony and documents. The motion was denied by the chancellor on December

4, 2006.

¶7.    On August 23, 2007, upon certification by Herring Gas that it had no further evidence

to present to the court in support of its claims, the chancellor entered a memorandum opinion

and order finding in favor of Pine Belt Gas on all claims. The chancellor concluded that: (1)

the noncompete clause was not enforceable against Rutland by Herring Gas; (2) even if the

noncompete clause was enforceable by a subsequent purchaser, in this instance, Rutland’s

employment contract was not properly assigned to Herring Gas; (3) the asset-purchase

agreement between Broome Gas and Herring Gas absolved Herring Gas of any responsibility

to Broome Gas’ employees; (4) the asset-purchase agreement clearly excluded all assets and

liabilities not set forth in the agreement, and Rutland’s employment contract was not

included in the assets transferred; (5) the document purporting to be an assignment of

Rutland’s employment contract to Herring Gas failed for lack of consideration; and (6)

Rutland’s noncompete agreement terminated upon the closing of the sale, as Broome Gas

was no longer in the gas distribution business and it would have been impossible for Rutland

to compete with a company no longer in operation.

¶8.    Aggrieved by the chancellor’s order, Herring Gas appeals.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9.    This Court “will not disturb the factual findings of a chancellor when supported by

substantial evidence unless [we] can say with reasonable certainty that the chancellor abused

his discretion, was manifestly wrong, clearly erroneous or applied an erroneous legal




                                             3
standard.” Biglane v. Under the Hill Corp., 949 So. 2d 9, 13-14 (Miss. 2007) (quoting

Cummings v. Benderman, 681 So. 2d 97, 100 (Miss. 1996)).

                                      DISCUSSION

¶10.   Herring Gas raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether Jimmy Rutland breached a

covenant not to compete; (2) whether Herring Gas and Broome Gas entered into a valid

asset-purchase agreement; and (3) whether a covenant not to compete may be enforced by

a subsequent purchaser. We find the following issue to be dispositive: whether Herring Gas

is entitled to enforce a non-compete agreement between an employee and its predecessor

company.

Whether Herring Gas is entitled to enforce a non-compete agreement between an
employee and its predecessor company.

¶11.   We find that the covenant not to compete contained within Rutland’s employment

contract with Broome Gas may not be enforced by Herring Gas against Pine Belt Gas for the

following two reasons: (1) the plain language of the asset-purchase agreement precludes

enforcement; and (2) the purported assignment of Rutland’s employment contract after the

sale of assets was of no effect because it occurred after Rutland’s resignation.

       A.     The plain language of the asset-purchase agreement precludes enforcement
              of the covenant not to compete.

¶12.   As is customary with the sale of a business, the asset-purchase agreement entered into

by Broome Gas and Herring Gas included a noncompete clause which acknowledged that

Broome Gas would not compete with Herring Gas in the propane gas business for a specified

period of time and within a specified geographical area. Paragraph twelve of the agreement,

which specifically addresses covenants not to compete, makes no reference to any covenants

                                             4
not to compete between employees of Broome Gas and Broome Gas or Herring Gas.                   It

appears that the sole reference to a covenant not to compete was between Broome Gas and

Herring Gas.

¶13.   The asset-purchase agreement explicitly lists the assets which are being transferred

pursuant to the agreement.

¶14.    It is the intention of the Sellers to sell Buyer all right, title and interest in and
       to all of the propane assets of Broome LP Gas, LLC, and Jones County
       Propane, LLC, which relate in any way to the sales of propane gas, all
       company owned customer tanks and bulk storage tanks used in the business,
       including all related equipment, tools, supplies, repair parts, propane parts
       and appliance inventory held for resale, propane inventory, customer lists and
       files, route books, customer leases and other household interests and all
       accounts receivable.

(Emphasis added). The asset-purchase agreement also clearly states that “[t]his sale does

not convey any limited liability company interest in the Sellers nor any assets or liabilities

of the Sellers’ companies not specifically set forth in the Agreement.” (Emphasis added).

¶15.   The asset-purchase agreement, while not referring to contracts between Broome Gas

and its employees, including any covenants not to compete, does include a provision which

gives Herring Gas the unilateral right to terminate Broome Gas employees after the sale,

stating that the agreement “does not create any contract of employment or expectation of

continued employment by entering into this Asset Purchase Agreement. [Herring Gas]

reserves the complete right to make employment decisions after the closing of this sale with

regard to all employees of [Broome Gas].”

¶16.   The chancellor determined that “the asset purchase agreement clearly excluded all

assets and liabilities not set forth in the agreement, and the employment contracts and non-



                                                 5
compete agreements of Broome employees were not included in those assets transferred

pursuant to the asset purchase agreement.”

¶17.   “The first rule of contract interpretation is to give effect to the intent of the parties”;

however, the words utilized are “the best resources for ascertaining intent and assigning

meaning with fairness and accuracy.” Farm Servs. v. Oktibbeha County Bd. of Supervisors,

860 So. 2d 804, 807 (Miss. 2003) (quoting Simmons v. Bank of Miss., 593 So. 2d 40, 42

(Miss. 1992)). “[M]ere disagreement about the meaning of a contract clause does not make

it ambiguous as a matter of law.” Gulfside Casino P'ship v. Miss. State Port Auth. at

Gulfport, 757 So. 2d 250, 257 (Miss. 2000) (quoting Simmons, 593 So. 2d at 42-43).

¶18.   We agree with the chancellor and find that, based on the plain, unambiguous language

of the asset-purchase agreement, the employment contract containing the covenant not to

compete was not transferred by the asset-purchase agreement. Therefore, Herring Gas has

no right to enforce the covenant not to compete.1

       B.     The assignment of Rutland’s employment contract was of no effect, as it did
              not occur until May 12, 2006, twenty-four days after the sale of assets and five
              days after Rutland resigned and began working for Pine Belt Gas.

¶19.   Herring Gas argues that an addendum entered into between Herring Gas and Broome

Gas twenty-four days after the original contract allows Herring Gas to enforce the

noncompete agreement between Jimmy Rutland and Broome LP Gas.




       1
         By hiring Rutland, Herring Gas caused Rutland to violate the very agreement it now
seeks to enforce.

                                                6
¶20.   The chancellor found that the purported assignment failed for lack of consideration 2

and “because it [was] dated [May 12, 2006,] twenty-four (24) days after the closing date of

the asset purchase agreement wherein Broome transferred a significant portion of its assets

and agreed to no longer operate a gas distribution system.” According to the chancellor,

“Mr. Rutland’s non-compete agreement with Broome terminated upon the closing of the sale,

as Broome was no longer in the gas distribution business, and it is impossible for Mr.

Rutland to compete with a company that is no longer in operation.”

¶21.   Generally, the termination of an employer’s business also terminates the restrictive

employment covenant, because the abandonment or termination of the business extinguishes

the covenant altogether. See Premiere Assocs., Ltd.v. Loper, 778 N.E.2d 630, 637 (Ohio Ct.

App. 2002) (quoting Gibson v. Eberle, 762 P. 2d 777, 779 (Colo. Ct. App. 1988)) (The right

to enforce “a covenant ends with the termination or abandonment of the business to which

the covenant was ancillary”); Gibson,762 P. 2d at 779 (“if the covenant is construed to

permit the purchaser to enforce it after the business has been terminated or abandoned, it

constitutes a void and unenforceable restraint of trade”); Marcus v. Baker, 221 S.W.2d 575,


       2
         According to Herring Gas, Rutland was not a party to the contract between Broome
Gas and Herring Gas and thus does not have standing to claim lack of consideration for the
assignment of his covenant not to compete. We find that Herring Gas’ argument that
Rutland lacks standing to claim lack of consideration for the assignment of his covenant not
to compete is without merit. In Ex parte Howell Engineering and Surveying, Inc., the
Alabama Supreme Court stated that “[w]hen a party to a contract that restrains employment
is sued on that contract, the party sued has standing to challenge the validity of the contract.”
Ex parte Howell Eng'g & Surveying, Inc., 981 So. 2d 413, 419 (Ala. 2006). Herring Gas
filed suit against Rutland, alleging breach of the noncompete agreement; therefore, to
deprive Rutland of the opportunity to contest the validity and enforceability of the contract
upon which Herring Gas brings its action is nonsensical.


                                               7
576 (Tex. Civ. App. 1949); George M. Danke Co.v. Marten, 241 N.W. 359, 361 (Wis. 1932)

(“Since such contracts have no validity except as they are reasonably necessary to protect the

vendee in the enjoyment of his business, it follows that the vendee’s right to enforce the

contract ends with his abandonment or transfer of the business.”).

¶22.   We hold that the chancellor correctly concluded under the facts of this case that the

termination of Broome Gas’ business operations ended its right to enforce the covenant not

to compete and that “[t]he attempted assignment by Broome twenty-four (24) days after the

closing fails to breathe life into the dead contract.”

                                       CONCLUSION

¶23.   Based on the plain language of the asset-purchase agreement as well as the

ineffectiveness of the purported assignment, we hold that Herring Gas may not enforce the

covenant not to compete contained within Rutland’s employment contract. As the covenant

not to compete is not enforceable by Herring Gas, we find that the issues of whether Rutland

breached the covenant not to compete and whether a covenant not to compete may be

enforced by a subsequent purchaser need not be addressed.

¶24.   AFFIRMED.

     CARLSON AND GRAVES, P.JJ., RANDOLPH, LAMAR, KITCHENS,
CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR. DICKINSON, J., CONCURS IN PART
AND IN RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.




                                               8
