                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges Beales and Decker
              Argued at Salem, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED




              ALLAN WAYNE WRIGHT, JR.
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1373-17-3                                   JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                OCTOBER 30, 2018
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FRANKLIN COUNTY
                                               Clyde H. Perdue, Jr., Judge

                               William E. Cooley for appellant.

                               Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     On August 10, 2017, at the conclusion of a bench trial, Allan Wright, Jr. (“appellant”) was

              convicted of “Larceny: Second Conviction” pursuant to Code § 18.2-104, and was subsequently

              sentenced to 360 days of incarceration, with all of the sentence suspended except for the time he had

              already served. On appeal, appellant raises two assignments of error – that the “trial court erred by

              allowing into evidence a police officer’s testimony of what he observed on a video for which no

              proper foundation was laid” and that there was insufficient evidence to support the conviction.

                                                       I. BACKGROUND

                     During the course of appellant’s bench trial, the Commonwealth’s evidence consisted solely

              of the testimony of two witnesses. The first witness was Officer Christopher Shelton (“Officer

              Shelton”) of the Rocky Mount Police Department. Officer Shelton testified that on January 9, 2017,

              he arrived at a Virginia ABC store in response to a call concerning a shoplifting incident that had



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
occurred earlier in the day. Upon arriving at the store, Officer Shelton reviewed video surveillance,

which he testified that he recognized as depicting the store through which he had just walked. As

Officer Shelton began to describe the contents of the video, appellant objected, “If he’s going to

testify to anything on that video then have them lay proper foundation for it.” After a somewhat

lengthy discussion among the judge and both parties’ counsel regarding whether or not the video

constituted hearsay and whether or not the best evidence rule applied, the circuit court took

appellant’s objection under advisement and allowed Officer Shelton to testify as to what he

observed on the videotape.

        Officer Shelton testified that he observed two men on the tape whom he recognized from an

encounter the previous week. Officer Shelton identified one of the men as appellant. He further

testified that on the video, he saw appellant walk “to the aisle where the whiskey is kept,” pull “an

item off the shelf, [and] conceal[] it in his pocket.” The man accompanying appellant then pulled

another item off the shelf, handed it to appellant, and appellant placed the item in his pocket.

Officer Shelton also testified that he did not check the shelves of the store to attempt to see or

determine what items were missing.

        The Commonwealth’s second witness was Jenny Goad (“Goad”), the manager of the ABC

store where the events occurred. Although she was not yet employed at that particular store on the

date of the events in question (she testified that her employment began there in the first week of

February 2017), the circuit court allowed her to testify that, from her experience of working in ABC

stores, nothing in an ABC store is free or without value.

        After Ms. Goad’s testimony, the Commonwealth rested its case. Appellant then made a

motion to strike the evidence, which the circuit court denied. The defense did not put on any

evidence. After the parties made their closing arguments, the circuit court found that Officer




                                                  -2-
Shelton’s testimony concerning the contents of the video was admissible and found appellant

“guilty of shoplifting from the ABC store in Rocky Mount.”

                                            II. ANALYSIS

        We first consider the sufficiency of the evidence. “When a defendant challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.” Rowland v.

Commonwealth, 281 Va. 396, 399, 707 S.E.2d 331, 333 (2011). “The judgment of conviction

will be reversed only when the ruling is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.”

Cordon v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 691, 694, 701 S.E.2d 803, 805 (2010). “[I]t is just as

obligatory upon the appellate court, to set aside . . . the judgment of a court, when it is, in its

opinion, contrary to the law and evidence, and therefore plainly wrong, as it is to sustain it when

the reverse is true.” Preston v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 52, 57, 704 S.E.2d 127, 129 (2011)

(quoting Hickson v. Commonwealth, 258 Va. 383, 387, 520 S.E.2d 643, 645 (1999)).

        We consider all of the evidence in our analysis of the sufficiency of the evidence, even if

we were to ultimately conclude that testimony concerning the contents of the video should not

have been admitted into evidence. See Code § 19.2-324.1 (“the reviewing court shall consider

all evidence admitted at trial to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the

conviction” (emphasis added)); Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 40-41 (1988) (“It is quite clear

from our opinion in Burks [v. United States, 437 U.S. 1 (1978),] that a reviewing court must

consider all of the evidence admitted by the trial court in deciding whether retrial is permissible

under the Double Jeopardy Clause -- indeed, that was the ratio decidendi of Burks -- and the

overwhelming majority of appellate courts considering the question have agreed.” (internal

citation omitted)).




                                                  -3-
            Code § 18.2-103, the statute under which appellant was charged, provides, in pertinent

part:

                   Whoever, without authority, with the intention of converting goods
                   or merchandise to his own or another’s use without having paid the
                   full purchase price thereof, or of defrauding the owner of the value
                   of the goods or merchandise, (i) willfully conceals or takes
                   possession of the goods or merchandise of any store or other
                   mercantile establishment . . . shall be guilty of petit larceny . . . .
                   The willful concealment of goods or merchandise of any store or
                   other mercantile establishment, while still on the premises thereof,
                   shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to convert and defraud
                   the owner thereof out of the value of the goods or merchandise.1

            It is well settled that, “[i]n order for inferences to amount to evidence they must be

inferences based on facts that are proved, and not inferences based on other inferences.” Smith

v. Commonwealth, 247 Va. 157, 159, 439 S.E.2d 409, 411 (1994) (quoting Smith v.

Commonwealth, 185 Va. 800, 819, 40 S.E.2d 273, 282 (1946)). Considering the evidence

presented at trial in this case, a number of inferences must have been made by the circuit court in

order to find appellant guilty. First, the circuit court must have inferred that the video accurately

depicted events that took place in that ABC store on January 9, 2017. No evidence was

presented regarding the date or time stamp on the video, and no witness testified that the video

was taken on the date of the alleged crime. Officer Shelton did not see the events occur in real

time; in fact, he testified that no suspect was at the ABC store when he arrived. Goad also was

not at the store when the events occurred, and indeed was not even employed by that ABC store

on January 9, 2017. No one who was in the store at the time of the incidents in question testified

at trial.




            1
         This statute was amended effective July 1, 2018. See 2018 Va. Acts chs. 764, 765. The
language quoted here, however, was in effect both before and after the amendment, and was not
affected by the amendment, which raised the threshold for grand larceny from $200 to $500.
                                              -4-
        The Commonwealth discusses Brown v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 107, 676 S.E.2d

326 (2009), and Veney v. Commonwealth, No. 2947-08-3, 2009 Va. App. LEXIS 494

(Va. Ct. App. Nov. 3, 2009), as bearing upon the outcome of this case. We, however, view

Brown as inapposite to this case, since the holding in that case was that the best evidence rule

does not apply to videotapes, and neither party argues on appeal that the best evidence rule is at

issue in this case. The facts in Veney, where this Court affirmed a conviction for grand larceny,

are distinguishable from the facts in this case. In Veney, the victim whose purse was stolen in

the store testified as to the contents of the store’s video that she viewed while still in the store

(less than an hour after her purse was stolen) that showed the suspect holding an item under his

right arm. Veney, 2009 Va. App. LEXIS 494, at *1-3. In Veney, there was no question as to

when the events on the video occurred because there was testimony corroborating – or at least

providing the necessary context for – the events depicted in the video, including the victim’s

testimony that she had been talking with Veney right before her purse disappeared. There was

no necessary inference to be made by the factfinder concerning the timing of the events depicted

in the video or the accuracy of the events depicted.

        In addition to inferring that the video that the officer viewed in this case accurately

depicted the events on January 9, 2017, in order to convict appellant, the circuit court must have

made the further inferences that the item appellant took and the items he placed in his pocket

belonged to the store and were of some value. While these may be reasonable inferences, they

are inferences nonetheless which are not based on facts that are evidenced in the record. No

evidence was provided actually establishing that the items concealed (and presumably taken out

of the store) were merchandise or goods – let alone establishing the value of the merchandise or

goods. Officer Shelton testified that he did not check the shelves, and no other information was

actually presented or otherwise introduced into evidence concerning what was missing or taken.

                                                 -5-
To the contrary, the only statement at trial that describes the item as a bottle rather than just as an

“item” was from appellant’s counsel during cross-examination of Officer Shelton.2

       In order to convict appellant in this case, the circuit court necessarily must have relied on

an inference upon an inference. The circuit court must have made an initial inference concerning

the date and accuracy of the events depicted on the video and then must have made further

inferences based on that video concerning the items that were taken off the shelf and concealed

(and the value of the items). Besides the testimony that originates from the video itself, there

was no evidence presented concerning the events in question. While any of those inferences may

have been reasonable, and while a factfinder may make multiple inferences, a factfinder may not

rely on an inference based solely upon another inference in reaching a guilty verdict. See Smith,

247 Va. at 159-60, 439 S.E.2d at 411.

       Counsel for the Commonwealth himself admitted at trial that “the Commonwealth’s

evidence is a little strange given the case of these circumstances.” In addition, the circuit court

also acknowledged the lack of evidence in the case before making its finding of guilt, stating:

               You know, Mr. Hubbard [the prosecutor], you just wonder if ABC
               wants to prosecute people for stealing why they can’t take a little
               better care of their evidence. Maybe they can’t, they just the way
               the system is set up and the way the video is and this and that and
               the other, they just can’t preserve that.
                       Mr. Wright, I’m going to find that you are guilty of
               shoplifting from the ABC store in Rocky Mount.

       In light of these facts, we hold that the circuit court was plainly wrong in finding that

there was sufficient evidence to convict appellant of petit larceny. The Commonwealth failed to

prove (1) that the video Officer Shelton viewed was of the incident that occurred on January 9,



       2
         Question by defense counsel: “When you saw them reach on a shelf and pick up a
bottle you couldn’t tell what it was; is that correct?”
        Answer by Officer Shelton: “That’s correct, sir.”

                                                 -6-
2017; and (2) that there was a willful concealment of merchandise by appellant on January 9,

2017 that was done with the intent to convert the merchandise or to defraud the storekeeper. 3

         Because we decide, considering all of the evidence, that the trial judge was plainly wrong

given that there is simply a lack of evidence sufficient for the conviction, we do not need to reach

the question of the admissibility of Officer Shelton’s testimony concerning the contents of the

video.

                                          III. CONCLUSION

         Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and

considering all the evidence in the record, whether it was properly admitted or not, we hold that the

circuit court was plainly wrong in finding that the evidence was sufficient to find appellant guilty of

larceny. In order for the circuit court to find appellant guilty, it must necessarily have inferred that

the events on the tape were accurately recorded and occurred on January 9, 2017 because not only

was the video not admitted into evidence but neither was any evidence about when the video was

taken. Furthermore, the circuit court must have also inferred that the items appellant placed in his

pocket were items that belonged to the store and were worth some value. Although such inferences

may be reasonable, making one inference based only upon another inference is an impermissible

means to find the evidence sufficient for appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, for

all of these reasons as to the lack of sufficient credible evidence, we reverse and dismiss appellant’s

conviction.

                                                                          Reversed and final judgment.




         3
         We note that even though appellant was convicted of “Larceny: Second Conviction”
under Code § 18.2-104, which provides punishment for second or subsequent convictions of
larceny, no evidence was presented at trial concerning a first conviction of appellant. However,
because appellant did not raise this issue in the circuit court or on appeal, we cannot and do not
now consider it on appeal.
                                                 -7-
