                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT KNOXVILLE
                                      April 19, 2016 Session


    DELWIN L. HUGGINS, ET AL. v. R. ELLSWORTH MCKEE, ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
                     No. 071061    Jon K. Blackwood, Senior Judge

                             ________________________________

                                No. E2015-01942-COA-R3-CV
                                    FILED-MAY 31, 2016
                            ________________________________


Appellant appeals the trial court‘s grant of summary judgment dismissing his claims
against a limited liability corporation surrounding the sale of the corporation and the
distribution of the proceeds to one member. Although we reverse the trial court‘s ruling
with regard to the application of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 48-237-101(d), we
otherwise affirm the trial court‘s ruling granting summary judgment to the corporation on
all claims asserted by Appellant.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed
                          in Part; and Affirmed in Part

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J.,W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which CHARLES D.
SUSANO, JR., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JJ., joined.

John P. Konvalinka and Cody M. Roebuck, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant,
John P. Konvalinka.

Anthony A. Jackson and Bruce C. Bailey, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Alternative Fuels, LLC.

                                               OPINION

                                             Background1

        1
         Despite containing a separate statement of the case section, the statement of facts section of
Appellant‘s brief recites the procedural history of this case, rather than the facts that gave rise to this
       This is the third appeal arising from this case. In June 1995, Delwin Huggins
formed Alternative Fuels, LLC (―AF‖ or ―Alternative Fuels‖) to develop an alternative
fuel source. From that time until 2003, Mr. Huggins was the Chief Manager of AF and
allegedly had control of its books and records.

       In June 1996, Ellsworth McKee made a $1,500,000.00 capital contribution in
exchange for a 50% membership interest in AF. Subsequently, Mr. McKee acquired an
additional 20% membership interest in AF. In 2002 and throughout the events at issue in
this case, Mr. McKee had a membership interest of 70% of AF, and Mr. Huggins had a
membership interest of 30%.

       By April 2002, Mr. Huggins was attempting to liquidate AF. In late 2003, Mr.
McKee assumed control of AF because of his belief that AF ―was not operating and had
no income.‖ In that same year, Mr. McKee sold AF‘s assets to Cogeneration
Technologies, Inc. (―Cogeneration‖), for $60,000.00 and an equity interest in
Cogeneration. Cogeneration never made a profit, and Mr. McKee contended that he did
not receive any monies other than the $60,000.00 that Cogeneration paid for the AF
assets. Mr. McKee retained all of the proceeds from the sale of AF‘s assets to
Cogeneration. Cogeneration dissolved in 2009 with no assets and allegedly no further
distributions to Mr. McKee.

       On December 14, 2007, Mr. Huggins filed a complaint for damages and equitable
relief against AF and Mr. McKee (together, ―Defendants‖). In his complaint, Mr.
Huggins alleged that Mr. McKee effectively shut him out of AF resulting in his claimed
damages. In February 2008, the Defendants filed an answer and McKee filed a
counterclaim seeking at least $1,500,000.00 alleging that Mr. Huggins was incompetent
and drove AF into the ground.

       In 2009, Mr. Huggins filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. During the
bankruptcy proceedings, John P. Konvalinka, as Trustee for an undisclosed principal,
bought Mr. Huggins‘s interest in this lawsuit. Mr. Konvalinka (―Appellant‖) was joined
as a plaintiff in this matter on August 5, 2010. On May 6, 2011, Mr. McKee filed a
motion to amend his answer and counterclaim to assert a new and distinct claim for
―setoff‖ against Appellant. On May 27, 2011, the trial court granted the motion.

     On November 17, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an order granting Mr.
McKee‘s previously filed motion seeking approval of certain claims asserted by Mr.
McKee against Mr. Huggins‘s bankruptcy estate. Then, on December 5, 2011, Appellees


litigation. Rule 27 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure states that ―the course of proceedings‖
should be included in the statement of the case section of an appellate brief, while the statement of facts
section should include ―the facts relevant to the issues presented.‖
                                                   -2-
filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, asserting that, based on Mr. McKee‘s setoff
claim and the November 2011 bankruptcy court order, Appellant‘s claims should be
dismissed as a matter of law. Appellant responded on December 12, 2011. The trial court,
on January 6, 2012, entered an order granting Appellees‘ motion and dismissing all of
Appellant‘s claims. Appellant appealed.

       In its Opinion filed November 28, 2012, this Court affirmed the trial court‘s order
dismissing all of the claims against Mr. McKee based upon doctrine of set-off, but
reversed the dismissal of Appellant‘s claims against AF. Huggins v. McKee, 403 S.W.3d
781, 788 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012) (―Huggins I‖), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 9, 2013).2
As such, the only remaining count of the complaint in this matter was Count V, which
provides:

               33. As a result of [Mr.] McKee‘s misconduct described in this
               Complaint, [Mr.] Huggins seeks appropriate equitable relief
               from the Court pursuant to T.C.A. § 48-230-105 to rectify the
               wrongs committed by [Mr.] McKee and to compensate [Mr.]
               Huggins and AF for all losses suffered at the hands of [Mr.]
               McKee.
               34. Just cause exists for compelling [Mr.] McKee and AF to
               provide a full accounting of all financial transactions and
               agreements involving AF and [Mr.] McKee (including the
               transactions/agreements with the City of Chattanooga and
               Cogeneration Technologies, LLC described herein) for all
               time periods when [Mr.] McKee has served as the Chief
               Manager of AF. In addition, the Court should appoint a
               receiver to take control of AF and proceed with marshaling
               all assets of the company and conducting an investigation into
               the wrongful financial dealings of [Mr.] McKee described in
               this Complaint. The Court should also award [Mr.] Huggins
               his attorney fees and litigation expenses incurred in bringing
               the present action.



       2
          Specifically, the Huggins I Court held that because Appellant merely ―stepped into [Mr.]
Huggins‘s shoes,‖ any defenses applicable to Mr. Huggins were also applicable to Appellant. Huggins I,
403 S.W.3d at 787. Thus, Mr. McKee was entitled to assert a claim for set-off against Appellant, showing
that McKee‘s proof of claim against Mr. Huggins of over $24,000,000.00, as accepted by the bankruptcy
court, was far greater than Appellant‘s actual or punitive damages. As such, any damages that were
allegedly owed to Appellant, standing in the shoes of Mr. Huggins, were completely subsumed by the
damages Mr. Huggins owed to Mr. McKee that were set-off by the bankruptcy court. Id. at 788. The
Huggins I Court, however, held that Appellant could pursue claims directly against AF pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 48-230-105, discussed in detail, infra.
                                                 -3-
       On remand, on February 28, 2014, AF filed a motion to dismiss Appellant‘s
claims, arguing that they were moot. The trial court granted the motion on April 2, 2014,
dismissing Appellant‘s claims in their entirety. Appellant appealed, and this Court
reversed based upon the trial court‘s failure to explain the basis for the dismissal.
Huggins v. McKee, No. E2014-00726-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 866437 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Feb. 27, 2015) (―Huggins II‖).

       On the second remand, AF filed a motion for summary judgment, accompanied by
a memorandum of law, a statement of undisputed material facts, and over twenty
exhibits. AF asked the trial court to rule that Appellant‘s claims for an accounting and a
receivership against AF were moot, that the $60,000.00 distribution to Mr. McKee was
lawful, and that any claims against Mr. McKee were time-barred.

       The trial court heard arguments on the motion for summary judgment on August
26, 2015. The trial court entered its written order on September 29, 2015, granting the
motion for three reasons. First, the trial court ruled that the case against AF was moot
because the trial court could not afford any practical relief and ordering an accounting or
appointing a receiver would be futile because Mr. Huggins had access to all of AF‘s
books and records. Second, the trial court found that AF‘s actions in selling its remaining
assets and distributing the $60,000.00 in proceeds from the sale to Mr. McKee were
lawful. Last, the trial court found that any action to recover the distribution was time-
barred. Appellant appealed. The sole appellee is AF.

                                      Issues Presented

         Appellant raises four issues, which are taken from his brief, and reordered by this
Court:

                   1. Whether, in ruling on AF‘s motion for summary
                      judgment, the trial court erred in adopting AF‘s
                      proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law?
                   2. Whether the trial court erred in ruling that a
                      $60,000.00 distribution to Mr. McKee complied with
                      AF‘s operating agreement and Tennessee law?
                   3. Whether the trial court erred in ruling that Appellant‘s
                      claims against AF are time-barred by Tennessee Code
                      Annotated Section 48-249-307 and/or 48-237-101(d)?
                   4. Whether the trial court erred in ruling that certain
                      claims made by Appellant against AF were moot?

                                    Standard of Review


                                            -4-
        This case was determined on the basis of summary judgment. Summary judgment
is appropriate where: (1) there is no genuine issue with regard to the material facts
relevant to the claim or defense contained in the motion and (2) the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the undisputed facts. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04.
Our Supreme Court in Rye v. Women’s Care Center of Memphis, MPLLC recently
explained the burden-shifting analysis to be employed by courts tasked with deciding a
motion for summary judgment:

             [I]n Tennessee, as in the federal system, when the moving
             party does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving
             party may satisfy its burden of production either (1) by
             affirmatively negating an essential element of the nonmoving
             party‘s claim or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving
             party‘s evidence at the summary judgment stage is
             insufficient to establish the nonmoving party‘s claim or
             defense. We reiterate that a moving party seeking summary
             judgment by attacking the nonmoving party‘s evidence must
             do more than make a conclusory assertion that summary
             judgment is appropriate on this basis. Rather, Tennessee Rule
             56.03 requires the moving party to support its motion with ―a
             separate concise statement of material facts as to which the
             moving party contends there is no genuine issue for trial.‖
             Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. ―Each fact is to be set forth in a
             separate, numbered paragraph and supported by a specific
             citation to the record.‖ Id. When such a motion is made, any
             party opposing summary judgment must file a response to
             each fact set forth by the movant in the manner provided in
             Tennessee Rule 56.03. ―[W]hen a motion for summary
             judgment is made [and] . . . supported as provided in
             [Tennessee Rule 56],‖ to survive summary judgment, the
             nonmoving party ―may not rest upon the mere allegations or
             denials of [its] pleading,‖ but must respond, and by affidavits
             or one of the other means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, ―set
             forth specific facts‖ at the summary judgment stage ―showing
             that there is a genuine issue for trial.‖ Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06.

Rye v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 264–65 (Tenn. 2015)
(judicially adopting a summary judgment parallel to the statutory version contained in
Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-16-101); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-16-101 (applying to cases
filed after July 1, 2011).

      Additionally, on appeal, this Court reviews a trial court‘s grant of summary
judgment de novo with no presumption of correctness. See City of Tullahoma v. Bedford
                                        -5-
Cnty., 938 S.W.2d 408, 412 (Tenn. 1997). In reviewing the trial court‘s decision, we
must view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and
resolve all factual inferences in the nonmoving party‘s favor. Luther v. Compton, 5
S.W.3d 635, 639 (Tenn. 1999); Muhlheim v. Knox. Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 2 S.W.3d 927,
929 (Tenn. 1999). If the undisputed facts support only one conclusion, then the court‘s
summary judgment will be upheld because the moving party was entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. See White v. Lawrence, 975 S.W.2d 525, 529 (Tenn. 1998); McCall v.
Wilder, 913 S.W.2d 150, 153 (Tenn. 1995).

                                        Discussion

                                             I.

       Appellant first argues that the trial court erred in entering an order granting
summary judgment to AF without expressing its independent legal reasoning, in violation
of the Tennessee Supreme Court‘s ruling in Smith v. UHS of Lakeside, Inc., 439 S.W.3d
303 (Tenn. 2014). In Smith, the trial court directed the appellee to draft an order granting
summary judgment in its favor without providing the parties with any legal reasoning for
the grant of summary judgment. Thus, the trial court expressly directed appellees to draft
their own ―rationale for the [c]ourt‘s ruling.‖ Id. at 311. The Supreme Court took issue
with this practice, ruling that it violated Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.04‘s
directive that trial courts enter written orders that provide the ―legal grounds upon which
the court denies or grants the motion.‖

        In support of its holding, the Tennessee Supreme Court noted that the United
States Supreme Court, applying a similar summary judgment standard, had previously
criticized the verbatim adoption of counsel-prepared orders by federal trial courts, but did
not specifically hold that the practice was reversible error in all situations. Id. at 314–15
(citing Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 572, 105 S. Ct. 1504, 84
L.Ed.2d 518 (1985)). As the Smith Court explained:

              A trial court‘s verbatim adoption of verbiage submitted by the
              prevailing party detracts from the appearance of a
              hardworking, independent judge and does little to enhance the
              reputation of the judiciary. At the very least, it gives rise to
              the impression that the trial judge either has not considered
              the losing party‘s arguments, or has done little more than
              choose between two provided options rather than fashioning a
              considered, independent ruling based on the evidence, the
              filings, argument of counsel, and applicable legal principles.
              At worst, it risks creating an appearance of bias or the
              impression that the trial court ceded its decision-making
              responsibility to one of the parties.
                                            -6-
Smith, 439 S.W.3d at 315 (footnotes omitted). Thus, while the Tennessee Supreme Court
held that there are ―acceptable reasons for permitting trial courts to request the
preparation of proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, and orders,‖ the trial court‘s
judgment must nevertheless be a product of the trial court‘s independent judgment. Id. at
317–18.

        Here, there is no dispute that at the conclusion of the summary judgment hearing,
the trial court did not make an oral ruling, but instead took the matter under advisement.
On or about September 1, 2015, AF filed proposed findings of fact and conclusions of
law in the trial court. Appellant filed its own proposed order on September 14, 2015. On
September 16, 2015, the trial court sent an e-mail to counsel for AF asking that counsel
―draw an order granting [AF] summary judgement [sic] and incorporating [AF‘s]
findings and conclusions[.]‖ Based upon this series of events, Appellant contends that
there is no basis in the record for concluding that the order granting summary judgment is
the product of the trial court‘s own independent legal reasoning and judgment. Thus,
Appellant contends that the trial court‘s order should be reversed.

        We agree that the trial court‘s practice in this case is not fully compliant with
either the letter or the spirit of Smith. To be sure, the better practice would have been for
the trial court to either make an oral ruling or to draft its own order rather than adopting
verbatim the proposed findings and conclusions of AF. We also realize, however, that
this case has been awaiting resolution for nearly a decade and was previously remanded
to the trial court because the trial court failed to offer an appropriate basis for its prior
dismissal. As the Smith Court explained, ―judicial economy supports the Court of
Appeals‘ approach to the enforcement of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04 [i.e., ―conduct[ing]
archeological digs‖ to discern the basis for the trial court‘s judgment] in proper
circumstances when the absence of stated grounds in the trial court‘s order does not
significantly hamper the review of the trial court‘s decision.‖ Id. at 314. Additionally,
under similar circumstances, this Court has held that in the absence of evidence to the
contrary, this Court will ―assume that the order approved and entered by the trial court
accurately represents the court‘s reasoning.‖ In re Estate of Kysor, No. E2014-02143-
COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 9465332, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2015) (citing only pre-
Smith cases to support this ruling). In the interest of providing the parties to this case a
final resolution of the issues, we exercise our discretion to proceed to consider the merits
of this appeal, but we caution litigants and trial courts that we may not choose to do so
under similar circumstances in the future.

                                             II.

        Appellant next asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that the statute of
limitations contained in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 48-237-101(d) applies to this
case. Section 48-237-101(d) provides:
                                            -7-
              Unless otherwise agreed, a member who receives a
              distribution from an LLC or a manager or governor who votes
              for or assents to such distribution shall have no liability under
              this section or other applicable law for the amount of the
              distribution after the expiration of three (3) years from the
              date of the distribution.

Appellant insists, however, that the above statute of limitations is inapplicable in the
present action because Count V of his complaint, the only Count remaining, seeks only
redress from AF, rather than Mr. McKee. Indeed, in Huggins I, this Court dismissed all
claims pending against Mr. McKee. See Huggins I, 403 S.W.3d at 788 (―[T]he Trial
Court did not err in dismissing [Appellant‘s] claims against [Mr.] McKee.‖). Thus, there
can be no dispute that Appellant is not entitled to seek any damages from Mr. McKee
with regard to the distribution of the proceeds from the sale of AF‘s assets to
Cogeneration. As such, we agree with Appellant that the Section 48-237-101(d) statute of
limitations is inapplicable in the present case. Consequently, we reverse the trial court on
this issue.

                                            III.

        We next consider whether the trial court erred in ruling that the $60,000.00
distribution to Mr. McKee after the sale of AF to Cogeneration was lawful based upon
the undisputed facts in the record. To determine this issue, we must first determine
whether there are any disputed material facts exist that would render summary judgment
inappropriate. Accordingly, we first consider the relevant facts contained in Mr. McKee‘s
statement of undisputed material facts:

              1. In June of 1996, Mr. McKee made a capital contribution in
              the amount of $1,500,000 for a 50% interest in [AF].
              2. In 1997, Mr. McKee acquired an additional 20% interest in
              [AF] from [Appellant] and Phil Martin increasing his
              ownership interest in [AF] to 70%.
              3. Mr. Huggins has held an ownership interest in [AF] since
              its formation in 1995; in 2002, Mr. Huggins increased his
              ownership interest in the company to 30%.
              4. On December 5, 2003, Mr. McKee negotiated with
              Michael McCullough, the owner of Cogeneration
              Technologies LLC (―Cogeneration‖), and sold the [AF‘s]
              assets to Cogeneration for $60,000 plus a 49% interest in
              Cogeneration.


                                            -8-
              5. Cogeneration did not pay Mr. McKee any additional
              monies other than the $60,000 for the sale of the [AF‘s]
              assets.

        Of these allegations, the only fact that Appellant disputes is the allegation that Mr.
McKee received only $60,000.00 from the sale of AF to Cogeneration, contending that
―AF‘s citation to the record do[es] not support the allegations that Mr. McKee did not
receive any additional monies beyond the $60,000.00 for the sale of AF‘s assets.‖ We
cannot agree. To support its assertion that Mr. McKee received only $60,000.00 and an
interest in Cogeneration from the sale of AF, AF cites the depositions of Mr. McKee, Mr.
McCullough, and James Hand, Mr. McKee‘s accountant and eventual Secretary for AF.
First, in his affidavit, Mr. McKee states that Cogeneration paid him $60,000.00 and
granted him an interest in Cogeneration for the sale of AF‘s assets. According to Mr.
McKee‘s affidavit, he ―never received any additional monies from Cogeneration other
than the $60,000.00 for the sale of [AF‘s] assets.‖ In his deposition, Mr. McCullough
likewise testified that he, through Cogeneration, made a one-time payment of $60,000.00
to Mr. McKee for AF‘s assets and indicated that there had been no other distributions to
Mr. McKee beyond the $60,000.00. Finally, Mr. Hand testified that although Mr. McKee
and Mr. McCullough initially intended that Mr. McKee would receive additional
remuneration from the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration, because Cogeneration
ultimately failed, in the end, Mr. McKee only received $60,000.00 and a minority interest
in Cogeneration from the sale. The minority interest was never valued, however, and
never resulted in additional proceeds to Mr. McKee. Thus, three witnesses stated
specifically and unequivocally that Mr. McKee received only $60,000.00 from the sale of
AF‘s assets to Cogeneration. We note, however, that testimonial evidence is not the only
evidence in the record that supports this conclusion—the record also contains a summary
of Cogeneration‘s checks written from December 2003 to March 2006. This record
shows that Cogeneration wrote only two checks to Mr. McKee during this time, for a
total of $60,000.00. Consequently, the evidence cited by AF fully supports its allegation
that the only money Mr. McKee received from the sale of AF‘s assets was $60,000.00.

        Having submitted sufficient evidence that Mr. McKee only received $60,000.00
and an unvalued minority interest in Cogeneration as payment for the sale of AF‘s assets,
it was therefore, Appellant‘s burden to show a dispute of material fact as to this issue. See
Yount v. FedEx Express, --- S.W.3d ---, 2016 WL 1056958, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar.
17, 2016) (citing Town of Crossville Hous. Auth. v. Murphy, 465 S.W.3d 574, 578
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2014)). As the Tennessee Supreme Court somewhat recently stated, to
survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party ―‗may not rest upon the mere
allegations or denials of [its] pleading,‘ but must respond, and by affidavits or one of the
other means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, ‗set forth specific facts‘ at the summary
judgment stage ‗showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.‘‖ Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265
(quoting Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06). Here, Appellant pointed to no evidence of any kind that
either calls into question the fact that Mr. McKee received only $60,000.00 in cash for
                                             -9-
the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration or in any way disputes the specific testimony of
Mr. McKee, Mr. McCullough, and Mr. Hand. Thus, we conclude that Appellant has
failed to show a genuine dispute as to whether Mr. McKee received any monies other
than the $60,000.00 payment from Cogeneration for the sale of AF‘s assets. We will,
therefore, consider this fact as undisputed for purposes of appeal.

        Appellant next argues that the trial court erred in finding that distribution of the
$60,000.00 solely to Mr. McKee was ―legal,‖ as Appellant argues that such a distribution
was contrary to AF‘s Operating Agreement. Tennessee law provides that ―Any profits
and losses of an LLC shall be allocated among the members and holders of financial
rights in the manner provided in the LLC documents.‖ Tenn. Code Ann. 48-249-304(a).
Here, AF‘s Operating Agreement provides that ―[t]he net profits . . . of [AF] shall be
apportioned among the Members in their respective percentages . . . as set forth . . . on
Schedule I.‖ Furthermore, the Operating Agreement provides that in winding up the
corporate business upon dissolution, any remaining company or property owned after the
payment of various debts and expenses outlined in the Operating Agreement shall be
distributed ―on a pro rata basis . . . . in accordance with their Capital Accounts.‖
Appellant argues that these provisions require that any amount that Mr. McKee received
from the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration must be made to the parties based upon their
respective membership interests in AF, resulting in Appellant, in place of Mr. Huggins,
receiving 30% of the proceeds from the sale.

        AF argues, however, that the trial court correctly ruled that the distribution of the
entire $60,000.00 in proceeds to Mr. McKee was appropriate under this Court‘s holding
in Owen v. Hutten, No. M2012-02387-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 5459035 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Sept. 27, 2013). In Owen, plaintiff and defendant formed a limited liability company. The
plaintiff made the only capital contribution to the company, which capital was later used
by the LLC to purchase real property. The plaintiff later filed a petition to dissolve the
company and distribute its assets. The trial court dissolved the company and ordered that
the proceeds would first be used to repay the plaintiff‘s capital contribution, then divided
equally between the parties. The defendant appealed, arguing that the proceeds from the
sale of the company‘s property should have been divided equally between the parties. Id.
at *1.

       This Court affirmed the decision of the trial court, noting that because no
operating agreement provided ―provisions to the contrary,‖ Tennessee law presumes that
―the members of an LLC will share equally in both profits and losses, . . . and also that
they will equally share in any distributions.‖ Id. at *5 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-
304(b);3 Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-249-305(b)).4 Given the nature of the dissolution action at

       3
          This statute provides: ―If the LLC documents do not provide for allocations of profits and
losses, profits and losses shall be allocated among the members and holders of financial rights in equal
shares.‖
                                                - 10 -
issue, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court had broad discretion over the
distribution of the assets. Owen, 2013 WL 5459035, at *6 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 48-
249-616). Based upon this narrow standard of review, the Court of Appeals ruled that in
requiring that plaintiff be repaid her capital contribution first, ―the trial court reached an
equitable result that was just and reasonable, which was within its discretion under the
controlling law, and which did not cause any injustice to [defendant].‖ Owen, 2013 WL
5459035, at *6. Based upon the holding in Owen, AF argues that it was equitable for the
trial court to rule that Mr. McKee was entitled to the entire $60,000.00 as partial
repayment for his capital contribution, given that Mr. McKee was the only member of AF
to ever make any capital contribution.

        In his brief to this Court, however, Appellant argues that the Owen decision in
inapposite to the case-at-bar because it involved a company where only one party made a
capital contribution. According to Appellant, unlike the parties in Owen, here he disputes
that Mr. McKee was the only member of AF to ever make a capital contribution. In
support of this allegation, Appellant cites to his own deposition testimony, in which he
indicated that he, in fact, had made a capital contribution to AF. Appellant also cites AF‘s
Operating Agreement, which states that ―Each member has contributed the amount set
forth in the attached Schedule 1 in exchange for an interest . . . in the Company.‖

       Several facts militate against Appellant‘s claim that Mr. Huggins also made a
capital contribution in AF. First, we note that despite the fact that the Operating
Agreement indicates that ―each Member‖ made a capital contribution in AF, the Schedule
that purportedly shows Mr. Huggins‘s contribution contains no indication of the amount,
if any, of Mr. Huggins‘s contribution.5 Although this document also does not reference
Mr. McKee‘s capital contribution, a Capital Contribution Agreement between AF and
Mr. McKee is contained in the record that evidences Mr. McKee‘s undisputed
$1,500,000.00 contribution. Furthermore, Mr. Huggins was able to offer no specific facts


        4
           This statute provides: ―If the LLC documents do not provide for the allocations of distributions,
then distributions, including distributions on termination of the LLC, except as provided in § 48-249-620,
shall be allocated among the members and holders of financial rights in equal shares.‖
         5
           Schedule 1 states the following:

                              SCHEDULE 1 TO OPERATING AGREEMENT OF
                                     ALTERNATIVE FUELS, LLC

                        Member        Capital Contribution        Percentage       Votes
                        [Mr.] McKee                                  50%             5
                        [Mr.] Huggins                                30%             3
                        Philip Martin                                20%             2

      We note that there is no dispute that by the time the events in this case arose, Mr. McKee had a
70% membership interest in AF, while Mr. Huggins retained a 30% membership interest.
                                                  - 11 -
to support his claim that he made a capital contribution and has offered no documents to
show such a financial transaction ever occurred. Indeed, Mr. Huggins‘s testimony
concerning the issue provides:

              Q. Okay. At the time you formed [AF], what amount of
              money did you invest in this business?
              * * *
              THE WITNESS: I don‘t recall.
              * * *
              Q. Okay. Do you remember investing any money?
              A. Yes.
              Q. Okay. Do you have any documents to show what money
              you invested?
              A. I don‘t have any documents personally as it relates to this
              case. They have all been turned over to counsel.
              Q. So is the answer, no, you don‘t have any documents
              showing what you invested in this?
              * * *
              A. I don‘t know.
              Q. Do you have any idea what amount of money you
              invested?
              A. I don‘t recall what the amount was. I do recall that there
              was significant dollars invested, but I don‘t recall what it was.

        In the Tennessee Supreme Court‘s Opinion in Rye v. Women’s Care Center of
Memphis discussed above, the Rye Court held that ―[t]he nonmoving party ‗must do
more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.‘‖
Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265 (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,
475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 1356, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986)). Instead, ―[w]here the
record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving
party, there is no ‗genuine issue for trial.‘‖ Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. at 586,
106 S. Ct. 1356 (cited favorably in Rye); see also McGinnis v. Cox, 465 S.W.3d 157, 164
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2014), appeal denied (Feb. 12, 2015) (―Decisions of federal courts
construing rules that are substantially similar to our own are ‗highly persuasive.‘‖).

       We conclude that there is no genuine dispute regarding Mr. Huggins‘s capital
contribution that requires this issue be submitted to the jury. Here, there is absolutely no
documentary evidence in the record to show that Mr. Huggins in fact made a capital
contribution to AF. Although Mr. Huggins asserted in his deposition that he contributed
―significant‖ dollars to AF, he admitted that he had no documentation to support his
assertion, nor did he provide any details to support his claim. The Rye Court was clear
that when faced with a properly supported summary judgment motion, the non-moving
party must come forward, at the summary judgment stage, with all available evidence to
                                           - 12 -
show a dispute of fact. See Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265 (quoting Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06).
Moreover, given that the founding of AF and any likely capital contributions would have
taken place nearly twenty years ago, Appellant had approximately two decades from that
time and nearly ten years of litigation to produce evidence on this issue. Thus, it is
unlikely that Appellant will ever be able to support his claim that Mr. Huggins made a
capital contribution to AF with anything other than Mr. Huggins‘s vague and
unsubstantiated assertions.

       Although involving a different issue, we also recognize that Mr. Huggins‘s capital
contribution claim is not analogous to Mr. McKee‘s assertion that he received only
$60,000.00 from the sale of AF‘s assets because Mr. Huggins‘s claim is supported solely
by self-serving testimony, whereas Mr. McKee‘s claim, although initially proved via self-
serving testimony, is further buttressed by additional witnesses‘ testimony and
documentation in the record. Unlike Mr. McKee‘s assertion that he received only
$60,000.00 in cash from the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration, Appellant‘s claim that
he made a significant capital contribution to AF is neither specific, nor supported by any
additional evidence other than Mr. Huggins‘s own vague testimony. This Court has
previously held that a physician‘s own ―conclusory assertion‖ that he complied with the
recognized standard of care may be insufficient to shift the summary judgment burden to
the non-moving party. See Town of Crossville Hous. Auth. v. Murphy, 465 S.W.3d 574,
582 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014), perm. app. denied (Dec. 18, 2014). As such, we likewise
view Mr. Huggins‘s own statement that he made a capital contribution as a mere
conclusory assertion where it is not accompanied by any facts that could be used to
support it or other substantiating evidence. See Miller v. Birdwell, 327 S.W.3d 53, at 60–
62 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (holding that affidavits of two doctors in a health care liability
case were sufficient to shift the burden because rather than making statements of
compliance with the standard of care without explanation, they outlined the facts serving
as the basis for their conclusion).

       Taking the record as a whole, we cannot conclude that Mr. Huggins‘s bare
assertion that he contributed to AF financially in an unknown, yet ―significant‖ amount,
does anything more than create metaphysical doubt as to this issue. Indeed, this Court
has previously held even where an issue is ―typically a question for the trier of fact,
summary judgment is appropriate in those situations where reasonable minds‖ could
reach only one conclusion. Green v. Roberts, 398 S.W.3d 172, 179 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2012) (involving comparative fault) (citing Norris v. Pruitte, No. 01A01-9709-CV-
00506, 1998 WL 1988563, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 24, 1998)). Under these
circumstances, we conclude that the trial court did not err in relying on the fact that Mr.
McKee made the sole capital contribution to AF in its decision to grant summary
judgment.

       Appellant next argues that regardless of whether Mr. Huggins made a capital
contribution, the trial court was required to distribute the proceeds of the sale of AF
                                          - 13 -
pursuant to the terms of AF‘s Operating Agreement, which Appellant asserts requires that
distributions and profits be distributed pro rata based upon each member‘s ownership
share in the company. To the extent that this question requires us to interpret a contract,
our review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. Pitt v. Tyree Org., Ltd., 90
S.W.3d 244, 252 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). Each provision must be construed in light of the
entire agreement, and the language in each provision must be given its natural and
ordinary meaning. Buettner v. Buettner, 183 S.W.3d 354, 359 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
When interpreting a contract, the court‘s aim is to ascertain and give effect to the parties‘
intent. Harrell v. Minn. Mut. Life Ins., 937 S.W.2d 809 (Tenn. 1996). The language used
in a contract must be taken and understood in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense.
Ballard v. North Am. Life & Cas. Co., 667 S.W.2d 79 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983); Bob
Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578 (Tenn. 1975).

        Here, AF‘s Operating Agreement indicates that after certain other debts and
expenses are paid,6 in the event of a dissolution, the net proceeds from the sale of AF‘s
assets should have been distributed to AF‘s members ―on a pro rata basis . . . in
accordance with their Capital Accounts.‖ Appellant asserts that this language requires
that the $60,000.00 obtained from the sale of AF‘s assets be distributed to AF‘s members
based upon their percentage membership of AF. Respectfully, we cannot agree. Instead,
we note that the language relied upon by Appellant clearly references not the members‘
membership percentages, but their Capital Accounts.

        Black’s Law Dictionary defines ―capital account,‖ as ―[a]n account on a
partnership‘s balance sheet representing a partner‘s share of the partnership capital.‖
Black’s Law Dictionary 20 (9th ed. 2009). In turn, ―capital‖ is defined as ―[m]oney or
assets invested, or available for investment in a business.‖ In other words, ―[w]hen capital
(defined to include cash, services or property) is contributed to the LLC, it is considered
to be contributed to the respective member‘s capital account, the value of which is the
sum total of the capital which the member has contributed to the LLC.‖ Business
Transactions Solutions § 56:171. Thus, AF‘s Operating Agreement appears to tie
distributions of property owned by AF at dissolution not solely to each member‘s
percentage membership, but to each member‘s capital contribution to AF. Furthermore,
AF‘s Operating Agreement specifically provides that prior to the pro rata distribution
urged by Appellant ―any loans or debts owed to Members‖ must be paid. Because we
have previously concluded that the evidence in the record supports only one conclusion—
that Mr. McKee contributed 100% of the capital to AF—we cannot agree that the trial


        6
          Other than a conclusory assertion that all or a portion of the funds should have been put aside
pursuant to the Operating Agreement for ―unforeseen liabilities,‖ loans, or other debts, Appellant has
pointed to this Court to no evidence establishing that such a practice was necessary or that any debts or
loans were being pursued against AF nearly thirteen years after AF‘s sale to Cogeneration. Accordingly,
we will only consider whether any of the funds were owed to Appellant on a pro rata basis.

                                                 - 14 -
court reached an inequitable result in following the rule set down in Owen to return Mr.
McKee‘s capital contribution to him after the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration.

       Appellant argues, however, that the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration was not
predicated upon the dissolution of AF. Specifically, AF argues that ―McKee‘s actions
could not be described as an authorized dissolution of AF‖ under Tennessee Code
Annotated Section 48-245-101.7 Instead, Appellant asserts that the Operating

      7
          Section 48-245-101 provides, in pertinent part:

                            (a)        Dissolution Events. Except as stated in subsection (b)
                                       or (c), an LLC is dissolved upon the occurrence of
                                       any of the following events:

                         (1) If a period is fixed in the articles for the duration of the LLC,
                upon the expiration of that period;
                         (2) By action of the organizers pursuant to § 48-245-201 or by
                the members pursuant to § 48-245-202, or upon the occurrence of an
                event specified in the articles or operating agreement;
                         (3) By order of a court pursuant to § 48-245-901 and § 48-245-
                902;
                         (4) By action of the secretary of state pursuant to § 48-245-302;
                         (5) Except as provided in subdivision (a)(6) for LLCs created
                prior to July 1, 1999, upon the occurrence of any of the following events,
                unless the articles or operating agreement provide that one or more of the
                following events will not constitute an event of dissolution:

                            (A) Death of any member;
                            (B) Retirement from membership of any member;
                            (C) Resignation or other withdrawal of any member;
                            (D) Acquisition of a member‘s complete membership interest by
                the         LLC;(E) Assignment of a member‘s governance rights under §
                48-         218-102 which leaves the assignor with no governance rights;(F)
                            Expulsion of any member if expulsion is permitted by the
                articles;
                            (G) Bankruptcy of any member;
                            (H) Dissolution of any member;
                            (I) Insanity of any member; or(J) The occurrence of any other
                event       that terminates the continued membership of a member in the
                LLC;
                        (6) For LLCs formed on or after July 1, 1999, or for LLCs
                formed prior to July 1, 1999, that elect by providing in their articles for
                the     amendments by Acts 1999, ch. 455, regarding dissolution events
                to      apply to such LLC, the LLC shall be dissolved upon the
                occurrence      of:

                       (A) In accordance with § 48-245-202 or any event specified in
                the    articles or operating agreement including, but not limited to,
                events of withdrawal by a member or action or procedure as set forth in
                                                    - 15 -
Agreement‘s provision regarding the distribution of profits should apply, which requires
that ―net profits . . . shall be apportioned among the Members in their respective
percentages.‖ Respectfully, we cannot agree. First, we note that despite the fact that this
action did not involve judicial dissolution of AF and the trial court never specifically
found grounds to dissolve AF, there can be no dispute that AF, in fact, ceased to exist in
2003 when its assets were purchased by Cogeneration. Tennessee Code Annotated
Section 48-245-101(a)(6)(B) specifically provides that an LLC will be dissolved if it
merges with another organization and ―is not the surviving organization.‖ Thus, under the
unique circumstances of this case, the purchase of all of AF‘s assets by Cogeneration was
a triggering event for dissolution. Given that AF was for all intents and purposes
dissolved in 2003, the trial court did not err in apportioning the proceeds of the sale first
to the only member who had made a capital contribution to AF, as suggested by the
distribution terms contained in AF‘s Operating Agreement. As such, like the trial court in
Owen, the trial court in this case ―reached an equitable result that was just and
reasonable.‖ Owen, 2013 WL 5459035, at *6.

                                                   IV.

      Finally, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his requests for an
accounting and the appointment of a receiver as moot.8 Specifically, in his complaint,
Appellant alleges that:

                [J]ust cause exists for compelling [Mr.] McKee and AF to
                provide a full accounting of all financial transactions and
                agreements involving AF and [Mr.] McKee . . . when [Mr.]
                McKee [] served as the Chief Manager of AF. In addition,
                the Court should appoint a receiver to take control of AF and
                proceed with marshaling all assets of the company and
                conducting an investigation into the wrongful financial
                dealings of [Mr.] McKee[.]

To support this request for relief, Appellant relies on Tennessee Code Annotated Section
48-230-105, which states:



                the      articles or operating agreement; or
                         (B) A merger in which the LLC is not the surviving organization.
        8
          In Huggins II, this Court appears to take issue with AF‘s ―attempt[] to narrow the issue to
whether the trial court erred by declining to appoint a receiver or order an accounting, the primary relief
requested from AF by Mr. Huggins in the original complaint.‖ Huggins II, 2015 WL 866437, at *3. Here,
however, Appellant‘s own brief specifically frames this issue as concerning his request for an accounting
and his request that a receiver be appointed. Furthermore, we agree with AF that Count V of the
complaint in this matter specifically requests this relief. Accordingly, we will consider this issue as
framed by the Appellant.
                                                  - 16 -
                If an LLC or a manager or governor of the LLC violates a
                provision of chapters 201-248 of this title, a court in this state
                may, in an action brought by a member of the LLC, grant any
                equitable relief it considers just and reasonable in the
                circumstances and award expenses, including counsel fees
                and disbursements, to the member.

This Court has previously held that relief under this Section is discretionary, and
therefore, reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. See Shell v. King, No. E2003-
02124-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1749186, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 5, 2004). Indeed,
both a request for an accounting and a request that a receiver be appointed are left to the
sound discretion of the trial court. See Norris v. Stuart, No. M2004-01839-COA-R3-CV,
2006 WL 721299, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 20, 2006) (―Whether to appoint a receiver,
and the selection of the receiver, are matters within the sound discretion of the
Chancellor.‖) (citing Young v. Cooper, 30 Tenn. App. 55, 203 S.W.2d 376, 387 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1947)); Cochran v. L.V.R. & R.C., Inc., No. M2004-01382-COA-R3-CV, 2005
WL 2217067, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 12, 2005) (noting that ordering an accounting is
―within the court‘s equitable discretion‖). As such, these requests are also reviewed for
an abuse of discretion.9 See State ex rel. Gibbons v. Smart, No. W2013-00470-COA-R3-
CV, 2013 WL 5988982 at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 12, 2013) (―[A]ppellate courts review
decisions made by the chancery court, in the course of administering a receivership,
under an abuse of discretion standard.‖); Moree v. Moree, No. 03A01-9509-CH-00309,
1996 WL 62106, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 14, 1996) (applying the abuse of discretion
standard to the party‘s request for an accounting). A trial court abuses its discretion when
it has applied an incorrect legal standard or has reached a decision which is against logic
or reasoning that caused an injustice to the party complaining. Johnson v. Richardson,
337 S.W.3d 816, 819 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010) (citing Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82,
85 (Tenn. 2001)).

       We begin with Appellant‘s argument that the trial court erred in concluding that
―ordering an accounting in this case would be a futile act‖ because any relevant books
and records relating to AF‘s operations ―are or were in the hands of Mr. Huggins or his
counsel.‖ As this Court explained:


        9
          We acknowledge that this Court in Huggins II rejected the application of the abuse of discretion
standard because the trial court dismissed Appellant‘s claims in their entirety. See Huggins II, at *3 n.2
(―As the trial court dismissed [Appellant‘s] claims entirely, the appropriate standard of review is de
novo.‖). In this appeal, however, the trial court‘s written order does not dismiss Appellant‘s claims in
their entirety, but treats each claim for relief separately. This Court has previously recognized that
different issues may invoke different standards of review. See e.g., Key v. Blount Mem’l Hosp., Inc., No.
E2010-00752-COA-R3CV, 2011 WL 2135358, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 31, 2011). As such, unlike in
Huggins II, we will apply the appropriate standard of review applicable to each individual issue.

                                                 - 17 -
                    The courts ordinarily decline to provide judicial relief
             in cases that do not involve a genuine and existing
             controversy requiring the adjudication of present rights. See
             State ex rel. Lewis v. State, 208 Tenn. 534, 537, 347 S.W.2d
             47, 48 (1961); Dockery v. Dockery, 559 S.W.2d 952, 954
             (Tenn. Ct. App. 1977). Thus, cases must remain justiciable
             throughout the entire course of the litigation, and the concept
             of mootness involves circumstances that render a case no
             longer justiciable. See McIntyre v. Traughber, 884 S.W.2d
             134, 137 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). A moot case has lost its
             character as a present, live controversy, see McCanless v.
             Klein, 182 Tenn. 631, 637, 188 S.W.2d 745, 747 (1945), and
             a case will be considered moot if it no longer serves as a
             means to provide some sort of relief to the prevailing party.
             See McIntyre v. Traughber, 884 S.W.2d at 137; Massengill
             v. Massengill, 36 Tenn. App. 385, 388–89, 255 S.W.2d 1018,
             1019 (1952).

Ford Consumer Fin. Co. v. Clay, 984 S.W.2d 615, 616 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).
Furthermore, this Court has previously recognized the basic tenet that ―[t]he law does not
require futile acts.‖ Baggett v. Baggett, 422 S.W.3d 537, 545 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013)
(quoting Lyle v. Lyle, No. 03A01-9412-GS-00434, 1995 WL 324033 at *2 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 31, 1995) (citing Sharp v. Lance, 602 S.W.2d 238, 240 (Tenn. 1980))).
Generally, whether a claim is moot involves a question of law that this Court will review
de novo. All. for Native Am. Indian Rights in Tennessee, Inc. v. Nicely, 182 S.W.3d
333, 338–39 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

       AF argues that the trial court correctly denied Appellant‘s request for an
accounting where Appellant and Mr. Huggins had the ability to review AF‘s books and
records without court intervention. ―An accounting is a species of disclosure, predicated
upon the legal inability of a plaintiff to determine how much, if any, money is due from
another. It is available only when legal remedies are inadequate for the purpose.‖
Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 30.01 (8th ed. 2004) (footnote omitted) (citing Bradshaw v.
Thompson, 454 F.2d 75 (6th Cir. 1972)). Thus, we agree that if Appellant had access to
AF‘s books and records without the necessity of court intervention, his claim is futile.

       Here, AF points to both its statement of undisputed material facts and Mr.
Huggins‘s deposition testimony to establish that Mr. Huggins, and therefore, Appellant
had, at all times relevant to this action, access to AF‘s books and records. AF‘s statement
of undisputed material facts contains the following allegations:

             9. During the time [Mr.] Huggins operated Alternative Fuels,
             the corporate records, including any minute books, would
                                        - 18 -
                have been kept by the Grant Konvalinka firm or the Baker
                Donelson firm and the financial records would have been kept
                by the accounting firm of Wilkins, Crews & Henderson.10
                10. The Grant Konvalinka firm or the Baker Donelson firm
                did not represent Mr. McKee regarding Alternative Fuels or
                any other matter.
                11. Mr. McKee did not operate Alternative Fuels.
                12. The documents relating to the sale of Alternative Fuels‘
                assets to Cogeneration were produced to [Mr.] Huggins in
                this litigation.

(footnotes omitted). To support these allegations, AF relied primarily on Mr. McKee‘s
affidavit. Specifically, in his affidavit, Mr. McKee stated that he ―never had any of the
books and records of [AF] except records from when I sold the assets to Cogeneration;
copies of those records were produced by my attorneys to Mr. Huggins over seven years
ago.‖ Mr. McKee also stated that he never operated AF and that he was never represented
either by the Grant Konvalinka firm or the Baker Donelson firm.

       Appellant disputed many of these allegations, arguing that the evidence in the
record was insufficient to establish that Mr. Huggins, and therefore Appellant, had access
to AF‘s books and records. To show that there was a material factual dispute on this
issue, Appellant pointed to Mr. Huggins‘s deposition testimony, which Appellant
contended contained only one definitive statement regarding the location of the books
and records: that they ―would have resided with whoever had it.‖ Appellant also disputed
that Mr. McKee produced all of the documents concerning the sale of AF‘s assets to
Cogeneration. Appellant did not dispute, however, that neither law firm mentioned ever
represented Mr. McKee, nor did he dispute that Mr. McKee held no other position with
AF other than member.11

       We cannot agree that Appellant has created a genuine dispute of fact on the issue
of AF‘s records being available to Mr. Huggins to make summary judgment
inappropriate. First, we note that the complaint specifically seeks an accounting only of
those actions taken by Mr. McKee as Chief Manager of AF. However, it was undisputed
that Mr. McKee never served in this position with AF. Furthermore, we conclude that
Appellant unfairly characterizes Mr. Huggins‘s deposition testimony on this issue as
indicating that he had no access to AF‘s books and records. Accordingly, we find it
helpful to reproduce Mr. Huggins‘s testimony on this issue in its entirety:


        10
          There is no dispute that Wilkins, Crews, and Henderson is an accounting firm that was
employed by AF during AF‘s operation.
       11
          Appellant asserted, however, that Mr. McKee improperly seized control of AF to sell its assets
to Cogeneration.
                                                - 19 -
              Q. Do you know where the books and records of Alternative
              Fuels, LLC are?
              A. No, sir.
              Q. Where were they the last time you saw them?
              A. Most likely the financial records would have resided with
              the accounting firm, which probably was Wilkins, Crews &
              Henderson or whatever it became after that. Other records
              may have been kept by Grant, Konvalinka or Baker,
              Donelson. I just don't really recall which one was involved or
              if both were involved.
              Q. Do you recall who had the minute book for Alternative
              Fuels?
              A. It would have resided with whoever had it. Now, also I
              would say that at one point in time that obviously on these
              documents it talks about Mike Carter being involved as
              secretary, and he may have had them at some point in time.
              Most likely the folks that would have the most recent
              information would have been either Grant, Konvalinka or
              Baker, Donelson, and they would have kept all of the
              corporate records, including any minute books.
              Q. As you sit here today, you don't know which would have
              been the law firm?
              A. I don‘t recall, no, sir.

From our review of the above testimony, Mr. Huggins testified that more likely than not,
AF‘s financial records were kept by Wilkins, Crews & Henderson and that either Grant,
Konvalinka or Baker Donelson most likely ―would have kept all of the corporate records,
including any minute books.‖ Other portions of Mr. Huggins‘s testimony make clear that
he, rather than AF or Mr. McKee, employed the two law firms. Additionally, Mr.
Huggins testified that he was one of the people supplying information to Wilkins, Crews
& Henderson in order for the accounting firm to perform work for AF. Moreover,
Appellant points to no specific evidence in the record showing that Mr. Huggins was
unable to obtain the relevant records from these firms without court intervention.

       Based upon the record before us, we conclude that Mr. Huggins‘s testimony,
coupled with the affidavit of Mr. McKee, establishes that Mr. Huggins, and therefore
Appellant, at all times relevant to this litigation, had access to or the ability to access the
financial records of AF, other than the records relative to the sale of AF‘s assets to
Cogeneration. As shown above, Mr. Huggins admits that the most recent AF documents
would ―[m]ost likely‖ been in the hands of Mr. Huggins‘s own attorneys or an accounting
firm that Mr. Huggins employed to perform financial work for AF. Although Appellant
takes issue with the lack of a ―definitive statement,‖ Appellant cites no law that the trial
court can only rely on admissions by a party opposing summary judgment if those
                                              - 20 -
admissions are ―definitive.‖12 Indeed, in the typical civil case, ―a mere preponderance of
the evidence‖ is required to sustain an allegation. Endowment Rank of Order of K.P. v.
Steele, 107 Tenn. 1, 63 S.W. 1126, 1129 (Tenn. 1901); see also State v. Sprunger, 458
S.W.3d 482, 493 (Tenn. 2015) (noting that civil proceedings typically apply the
―preponderance of the evidence‖ burden of proof). A preponderance of the evidence
exists when the proponent of a fact simply proves its existence ―more likely than not.‖
McEwen v. Tenn. Dep’t of Safety, 173 S.W.3d 815, 827 n.19 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)
(―Proving an allegation by a preponderance of the evidence requires a litigant to convince
the trier-of-fact that the allegation is more likely true than not true.‖) (citing Austin v.
City of Memphis, 684 S.W.2d 624, 634–35 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984)). Mr. Huggins‘s
testimony that the financial documents were ―most likely‖ in the hands of those in his
employ, absent any contrary evidence, is sufficient to meet this burden.

        Based on the foregoing, we agree with the trial court that AF‘s books and records,
other than those related to the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration, ―are or were in the
hands of Mr. Huggins or his counsel.‖ Because an accounting must be predicated on the
―legal inability of a plaintiff to determine how much, if any, money is due from another,‖
Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 30.01, the fact that Mr. Huggins, and therefore Appellant,
had AF‘s books and records in his counsel‘s or accounting firm‘s possession negates the
need for an accounting. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not err in declining
to order an accounting with regard to AF‘s books and records prior to the sale of AF‘s
assets to Cogeneration.

        Appellant next argues that regardless of whether he had access to AF‘s records for
the period of time he was operating AF, he still has not received all of the documents
related to Mr. McKee‘s sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration. As previously discussed, AF
alleged in its statement of undisputed material facts that it produced all documents
relative to the sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration in discovery. Appellant took issue with
this allegation, contending that it had not received ―records reflecting the manner in
which distributions of consideration received from Cogeneration for the sale of AF‘s
assets were to be distributed to AF‘s members‖ or ―documents confirming how or when
any consideration received from Cogeneration for the sale of AF‘s assets flowed from
Cogeneration through AF and to [Mr.] McKee.‖ The trial court disagreed, however, and
found that Appellant ―produced no evidence to contradict Mr. Mckee‘s sworn statement
that he long ago produced . . . all records he had relating to [AF].‖

      Again, we agree with the trial court. Nothing in Appellant‘s response to AF‘s
statement of undisputed facts points to any specific facts showing that relevant
       12
            Bryan Garner, in his Dictionary of Legal Usage, notes that the words ―definite‖ and
―definitive‖ are often confused, with ―definitive‖ being most often used when ―definite‖ is called for.
Bryan Garner, Garner’s Dictionary of Legal Usage 257–58 (3rd ed. 2011). ―Definite‖ means ―fixed exact,
explicit[,]‖ while ―definitive‖ means ―authoritative, conclusive, exhaustive, [or] providing a final
resolution[.]‖ Id.
                                                - 21 -
documents were not produced. See Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265 (requiring specific facts to
defeat summary judgment). Instead, Appellant merely seeks to create some metaphysical
doubt that there exist some other documents with regard to the Cogeneration transaction
that have been withheld by Mr. McKee. Id. We understand the inherent difficulty faced
by Appellant on this issue—Appellant is essentially required to show that additional
documents exist that are relevant to this litigation despite the fact that the fabled
documents are as-yet unknown to him. However, given Mr. McKee‘s sworn statement
that he produced all his records from his time operating AF, we cannot conclude that
Appellant has met his burden to show a genuine dispute of fact on the issue of whether
other documents that have not been produced exist. Furthermore, as previously discussed,
there is no genuine factual dispute regarding the consideration paid to Mr. McKee for the
sale of AF‘s assets to Cogeneration or the fact that Mr. McKee retained all of the
proceeds from the sale. Accordingly, it is entirely unclear what purpose additional
documents concerning the consideration paid and its distribution would have in this case.

       As a final point, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his
request that a receiver be appointed to marshal AF‘s assets and conducting an
investigation into Mr. McKee‘s wrongful financial dealings. Tennessee courts ―are all
vested with power to appoint receivers for the safekeeping, collection, management, and
disposition of property in litigation in such court, whenever necessary to the ends of
substantial justice[.]‖ Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-1-103. The appointment of a receiver,
however, ―is a proceeding in the nature of extraordinary process ancillary to a pending
suit.‖ Orman v. Bransford Realty Co., 168 Tenn. 70, 73 S.W.2d 713, 715 (Tenn. 1934);
see also Black’s Law Dictionary 101 (9th ed. 2009) (defining ―ancillary‖ as
―supplementary‖). ―A receivership is remedial and it is not an end in itself. A
receivership is ancillary or auxiliary to proper equitable relief, that is, a receivership is a
provisional remedy granted only in connection with an action for some other purpose.‖65
Am. Jur. 2d Receivers § 7 (footnote omitted). As explained by American Jurisprudence:

                      Although under some circumstances, a court may
              appoint a receiver as an independent remedy and as the main
              object and purpose of an action, the general rule is that a
              receiver may be appointed only as ancillary relief to a suit
              pending for some purpose other than the appointment of a
              receiver. In other words, a plaintiff may not bring an action
              solely to set up a receivership. . . . The theory underlying this
              rule is that the receiver is appointed to maintain the status quo
              while the plaintiff is pursuing his or her remedy.

65 Am. Jur. 2d Receivers § 25 (footnote omitted). In Tennessee, ―[a] receiver may be
appointed to wind up and liquidate the business and affairs of a corporation in an action
for dissolution.‖ Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 24.08. However, ―[t]he [c]ourt has no

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right to appoint a receiver of property that is not subject to execution or attachment,‖
except in limited circumstances. Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 24.03.

        In his brief, Appellant concedes that all his direct claims against Mr. McKee were
dismissed in Huggins I. In addition, Appellant argued in his brief that this action was not
a judicial dissolution action. Indeed, nothing in Count V can be fairly characterized as
seeking an order of judicial dissolution as to AF. Furthermore, all of Appellant‘s
remaining requests for relief have been denied by the trial court and affirmed by this
Court. Finally, the ―prayer for relief‖ section of the complaint in this case seeks only
equitable relief against AF and does not in any way request damages against AF. 13 As
such, Appellant retains no causes of action for damages against AF upon which a request
for a receiver may attach. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the trial court to dismiss
Appellant‘s request for the appointment of a receiver.

                                           Conclusion

        The judgment of the Hamilton County Chancery Court is reversed in part and
affirmed in part. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Appellant, John P. Konvalinka, and his
surety.



                                                        _________________________________
                                                        J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




       13
          The only damages mentioned are punitive damages against Mr. McKee and compensatory
damages ―arising from the misconduct of‖ Mr. McKee. In fact, the complaint asks that both Mr. Huggins
and AF be compensated for Mr. McKee‘s wrongdoing.
                                               - 23 -
