                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                     No. 17-1682
                               Filed January 10, 2018


IN THE INTEREST OF I.W.,
Minor Child,

H.R., Mother,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Cheryl Traum,

District Associate Judge.



       A mother appeals the order terminating her parental rights. AFFIRMED.




       Jean Capdevila, Davenport, for appellant mother.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

       Jennifer M. Olsen of Olsen Law Office, Davenport, guardian ad litem and

attorney for the child.




       Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Tabor and Bower, JJ.
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BOWER, Judge.

         A mother appeals the order terminating her parental rights.1 We find the

State made reasonable efforts and termination is in the child’s best interests. We

affirm the juvenile court.

         I.      Background Facts and Proceedings

         I.W. was born in January 2013. The child was voluntarily placed in foster

care in May 2015 following concerns of improper supervision, and a consent

order was filed placing I.W. in the custody of the Iowa Department of Human

Services (DHS) on September 2, 2015. I.W. was then adjudicated a child in

need of assistance, in October 2015.

         After the adjudication of I.W., the mother participated in services including

parenting education, supervised visitation, foster care services, substance-abuse

evaluations and treatments, domestic violence education, and budgeting

education. The mother made enough progress that I.W. was returned to her care

on a trial basis. However, this only lasted for a short period of time. The mother

began to attend services sporadically and eventually withdrew from services in

April 2017. The mother later declined some visits with I.W. and even when

present would only occasionally interact with the child.

         The juvenile court also found the mother had untreated mental-health

issues. The mother had not completed a mental-health evaluation more than six

months after funds were made available to her. The mother had previously

received treatment but was discharged for not participating.              She had also

threatened self-harm. In May 2017, she informed a DHS worker she was taking

1
    The father appealed separately, but his appeal was found to be untimely.
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an emergency flight to California for inpatient treatment, but after failing to

complete treatment she informed the worker she was released for medical

reasons. The mother did not sign releases or provide proof of treatment for any

treatment.

       Additionally, the mother’s home was unclean and had animal waste

throughout. The mother had relationships with partners who were unsuitable to

be around I.W. She was moving toward unsupervised visits but allowed her

boyfriend to move into her home, even though he had significant and

unaddressed mental-health issues. The mother participated in substance-abuse

programs but did not provide a release allowing the juvenile court to consider the

documents.     There is also concern the mother is improperly using her

prescription medications.

       A hearing was held September 12, 2017, and the juvenile court terminated

the mother’s parental rights October 7, pursuant to Iowa Code section

232.116(1)(b), (d-f), (i), (k), and (l) (2017). The mother now appeals.

       II.    Standard of Review

       The scope of review in termination cases is de novo. In re D.W., 791

N.W.2d 703, 706 (Iowa 2010).       Clear and convincing evidence is needed to

establish the grounds for termination. In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa

2006). Where there is clear and convincing evidence, there is no serious or

substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusion drawn from the

evidence.    In re D.D., 653 N.W.2d 359, 361 (Iowa 2002).          The paramount

concern in termination proceedings is the best interests of the child. In re L.L.,

459 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 1990).
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       III.   Reasonable Efforts

       The mother first claims DHS did not make reasonable efforts to reunify her

with I.W. The State claims the mother did not properly preserve this issue. The

mother claims she had a “personality conflict” with her DHS service provider.

She requested DHS change the service provider in order to allow her to more

fully participate in services and visitation. DHS did not approve the change. The

mother brought this issue to the juvenile court’s attention only at the termination

hearing. Generally, an issue must be raised before the court and ruled on before

it is preserved for appellate review. In re R.J., 495 N.W.2d 114, 117 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1992) (citation omitted). We find the mother did not properly preserve the

issue for appellate review.

       IV.    Best Interests

       The mother also claims termination is not in the child’s best interests. I.W.

is currently with a foster family that intends to adopt him if parental rights are

terminated.   The juvenile court stated I.W. is doing well in the foster home,

receives therapy on a regular basis, has his daily needs met, and is deeply

bonded with the foster family. The mother’s history of instability and an inability

to care for herself and the child indicate termination is in the best interests of

I.W., as past behavior is the best indication of future performance. See In re C.K.,

558 N.W.2d 170, 172 (Iowa 1997).

       AFFIRMED.
