[Cite as State v. Jones, 2014-Ohio-496.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 99837



                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                    PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT

                                              vs.

                                      TIMUR D. JONES
                                                    DEFENDANT-APPELLEE




                                           JUDGMENT:
                                            AFFIRMED


                                     Criminal Appeal from the
                              Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                       Case No. CR-568474

         BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, J., Jones, P.J., and Stewart, J.

         RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                  February 13, 2014
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: James M. Price
James Hofelich
Assistant County Prosecutors
Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, OH 44113

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE

Brett M. Mancino
75 Public Square
Suite 1016
Cleveland, OH 44113
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J.:

       {¶1} The state of Ohio appeals the decision of the trial court granting Timur

Jones’ motion to suppress.          The state argues the trial court erred by suppressing

evidence recovered from Jones’ vehicle.        Finding no merit to the instant appeal, we

affirm the decision of the trial court.

       {¶2} Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority (“CMHA”) police officers

Kenneth Wohlheter and Michael Gantt were patrolling the streets near the Carver Park

Estates when they observed a black Ford Explorer with a rear license plate that they

claim could not be read.     Detective Wohlheter testified that the rear license plate was

partially obstructed by a tinted license plate cover and a ball mounted to the draw bar of

the trailer hitch on the vehicle.    Detective Wohlheter testified that he and Officer Gantt

followed the vehicle for several blocks in an attempt to read the license plate.      When

they were unsuccessful, the officers stopped the vehicle at East 30th Street and

Quincy/Community College Avenue.

       {¶3} Detective Wohlheter testified that he exited his patrol car and approached

the passenger side of Jones’ vehicle while Officer Gantt spoke to Jones.               After

determining that Jones was alone and did not pose an obvious threat, Wohlheter walked

to the rear of the vehicle where he was able to read the entire license plate.   At the same

time, Officer Gantt brought Jones to the rear of Jones’ vehicle and handed to Detective

Wohlheter Jones’ state identification card.       Detective Wohlheter testified that Jones
admitted that he did not have a valid Ohio driver’s license and the officers confirmed

Jones’ suspended license.    Officers also ran the vehicle’s license plate and learned that

the vehicle was registered in the name of Jones’ mother.

       {¶4} Detective Wohlheter stated that it is the policy of the CMHA Police

Department to tow a vehicle if the driver’s license is suspended and the owner of the

vehicle is not present.   Accordingly, Detective Wohlheter testified that he and Officer

Gantt inventoried the vehicle in preparation to be towed and recovered a bag containing

what appeared to be crack cocaine in the passenger side map pocket.             The officers

placed Jones under arrest.

       {¶5} The Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted Jones with drug trafficking,

drug possession and possessing criminal tools. Jones filed a motion to suppress and the

trial court conducted a hearing.    During the hearing, Jones argued that his rear license

plate was not obstructed and, therefore, the officers had no reason to stop him and ask for

his driver’s license. In support of his argument, Jones introduced a photograph of the

rear license plate in which the entire rear license plate could be seen and testified that the

vehicle was in the same condition as on the day of his arrest. Additionally, Alice Jones,

the owner of the vehicle and Jones’ mother, testified that she received a traffic-camera

ticket at her home address, which defense counsel argued was proof that the license plate

was not obstructed when the officers stopped appellant.

       {¶6} The trial court granted Jones’ motion.          The state appeals, raising the

following assignment of error:
       The trial court erred by suppressing evidence of a felony offense recovered
       from Appellee’s vehicle.

       {¶7} In State v. Preztak, 181 Ohio App.3d 106, 2009-Ohio-621, 907 N.E.2d

1254 (8th Dist.), this court outlined the standard of review on a motion to suppress.

       Our standard of review with respect to motions to suppress is whether the
       trial court’s findings are supported by competent, credible evidence. See
       State v. Winand, 116 Ohio App.3d 286, 688 N.E.2d 9 (7th Dist.1996),
       citing City of Tallmadge v. McCoy, 96 Ohio App.3d 604, 645 N.E.2d 802
       (9th Dist.1994). This is the appropriate standard because “in a hearing on
       a motion to suppress evidence, the trial court assumes the role of trier of
       facts and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and evaluate the
       credibility of witnesses.” State v. Hopfer, 112 Ohio App.3d 521, 679
       N.E.2d 321 (2d Dist.1996).

Id. at ¶ 22. See also State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99538, 2013-Ohio-4915.

       {¶8} Once we accept those facts as true, however, we must independently

determine, as a matter of law and without deference to the trial court’s conclusion,

whether the trial court met the applicable legal standard. Jones, State v. Lloyd, 126

Ohio App.3d 95, 709 N.E.2d 913 (7th Dist.1998); State v. Cruz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

98264, 2013-Ohio-1889.

       {¶9} Jones argues that the CMHA officers did not have reasonable suspicion to

initiate a traffic stop and detain him when the sole basis for the stop was that his license

plate was obstructed, but Detective Wohlheter testified that he could clearly read Jones’

license plate once he exited his patrol car.   For the reasons that follow, we agree.

       {¶10}     As stated by this court in Lakewood v. Shelton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

95746, 2011-Ohio-4408:
       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits
       warrantless searches and seizures, rendering them per se unreasonable
       unless an exception applies. Katz v. United States (1967), 389 U.S. 347,
       88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576. An investigative stop, or “Terry stop,” is a
       common exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement. See
       Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889. A law
       enforcement officer may properly stop an individual under the Terry-stop
       exception if the officer possesses the requisite reasonable suspicion based
       on specific and articulable facts that the person is, was, or is about to be
       engaged in criminal activity. Delaware v. Prouse (1979), 440 U.S. 648,
       653, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d 660; State v. Gedeon (1992), 81 Ohio
       App.3d 617, 618, 611 N.E.2d 972; State v. Heinrichs (1988), 46 Ohio
       App.3d 63, 545 N.E.2d 1304; United States v. Cortez (1981), 449 U.S. 411,
       417, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621. Whether reasonable grounds for a
       stop exist must be viewed in light of the totality of the circumstances.
       London v. Edley (1991), 75 Ohio App.3d 30, 32, 598 N.E.2d 851. That
       being said, at a hearing on a motion to suppress, the state bears the burden
       of establishing the validity of a traffic stop. See State v. Foster, Lake
       App. No. 2003-L-039, 2004-Ohio-1438, ¶ 6.                Likewise, once a
       warrantless search is established, it is the state’s burden to show the
       validity of the search. Xenia v. Wallace (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 216, 218,
       524 N.E.2d 889.

       “Reasonable suspicion” entails some minimal level of objective
       justification for making a stop; this is something more than an inchoate and
       unparticularized suspicion or “hunch,” but something less than the level of
       suspicion required for probable cause. Terry at 21. The existence of
       reasonable suspicion is based upon an objective and particularized
       suspicion that criminal activity was afoot and must be based on a totality of
       the surrounding circumstances.           State v. Abdulrahman, 8th Dist.
       Cuyahoga No. 95159, 2011-Ohio-1931, ¶ 31, citing State v. Andrews
       (1991), 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 565 N.E.2d 1271.

       {¶11}   In Shelton, a police officer stopped the defendant because he could not

read his license plate because it was covered by snow.       The officer admitted that he

could read the plate once he walked up to the vehicle but that he initiated an investigation

and when Shelton refused a breathalizer, he arrested Shelton for OVI.             Id.   The
defendant argued that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his motion to

suppress evidence. Id.     This court determined that although the officer testified that he

could not read the license plate when he pulled the defendant over, he was able to read

the plate once he got out of his zone car and started to approach the vehicle. Id. This

court found that once the officer could read the license plate, he no longer had any reason

to detain the defendant for an OVI investigation and should have sent him on his way.

Id.

       {¶12}   In ruling in favor of the defendant, this court relied upon the Ohio

Supreme Court’s decision of State v. Chatton, 11 Ohio St.3d 59, 463 N.E.2d 1237

(1984), which held

       “[w]here a police officer stops a motor vehicle which displays neither front
       nor rear license plates, but upon approaching the stopped vehicle observes
       a temporary tag which is visible through the rear windshield, the driver of
       the vehicle may not be detained further to determine the validity of his
       driver’s license absent some specific and articulable facts that the detention
       was reasonable.”

The Chatton court opined that

       because the police officer no longer maintained a reasonable suspicion that

       appellee’s vehicle was not properly licensed or registered, to further detain

       appellee and demand that he produce his driver’s license is akin to [a]

       random detention[.]

       {¶13} The court concluded that “the police officer could not unite the search to

this detention, and appellee should have been free to continue on his way without having
to produce his driver’s license.”

       {¶14}    Although the state attempts to distinguish the facts in the instant case

from Shelton and Chatton, we find no such distinction and disagree with their

arguments.     In the present case, Detective Wohlheter testified that he stopped Jones’

vehicle because he could not read the rear license plate.      Detective Wohlheter further

testified that as he approached Jones’ vehicle he had an unobstructed view of the rear

license plate and had no problem reading the plate.      The officers provided no separate

and articulable reason to continue Jones’ detention and as such, this case is directly

analogous to the facts and conclusions of Shelton and Chatton.

       {¶15}    Accordingly, we overrule the state’s sole assignment of error and affirm

the decision of the trial court.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

lower court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to

Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., P.J., CONCURS;
MELODY J. STEWART, J., DISSENTS


MELODY J. STEWART, J., DISSENTING:

       {¶16} The trial court and the decision of the majority misapply the law in this

case. Resolution of whether the motion to suppress was properly granted does not

require a determination of whether Jones was, or could be found guilty of, driving a

vehicle with an obstructed license plate.      Likewise, the fact that Jones’s license plate

could be read after he was stopped is not germane to the analysis.      The question to be

determined is whether the police had a reasonable, articulable belief that Jones was in

violation of the traffic law thereby justifying the stop and subsequent detention.

       {¶17}     Cleveland Codified Ordinances 435.10 entitled “License Plates to Be

Unobstructed” states in pertinent part that:

       No person shall operate a motor vehicle, upon which license plates are

       required by law to be displayed, unless the license plates,* * * [and the

       license plates] shall be * * * not covered, obscured or concealed by any

       part or accessory of such vehicle or by any foreign substance or material, to

       be readable in its entirety from left to right.

Detective Wohlheter testified that the rear license plate of Jones’s vehicle was partially

obstructed by a ball mounted on a trailer hitch on the rear of the vehicle and that there

was a tinted cover over the plate.     He further testified that he and his partner followed

the vehicle for at least five blocks in an effort to read the license plate and made two
unsuccessful attempts to run the plate before stopping the vehicle. If believed, this

testimony demonstrates that the police had a reasonable and articulable suspension that

the driver of the vehicle was in violation of the traffic ordinance.    There is nothing in

the record to suggest that trial court disbelieved the detective’s testimony.

       {¶18} The fact that the detective could read the license plate in its entirety after

stopping the vehicle, exiting the police car, standing behind the vehicle, and viewing the

plate from an angle does not change the fact that the stop was legally permissible.

Likewise, the submitted pictures of the license plate and the trial court’s consideration of

the automated camera citation issued to the vehicle’s owner are not relevant to

determining whether the stop was justified. This case is indeed distinguishable from

Chatton and Shelton.        Chatton, dealt with whether a vehicle was properly registered

because a temporary license tag was not visible (not whether the lack of visibility was a

violation).     In Shelton, the defendant’s license plate was hidden by snow.

Additionally, the snow had fallen away from the plate before the officer initiated contact

with the defendant. Both of these cases dealt with temporary conditions and neither one

triggers the analysis of whether a license (temporary or otherwise) is “not covered,

obscured or concealed by any part or accessory of such vehicle or by any foreign

substance or material” (unless snow can be considered a foreign substance — in

northeast Ohio, no less).

       {¶19} Analogous to this case are the decisions in State v. Smail, 5th Dist. Ashland

No. 99COA1339, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 4599 (Sept. 27, 2000), and State v. Burnett,
1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-110565, C-110566, C-110567, 2012-Ohio-1631. In Smail,

the defendant was pulled over by police for driving with an obstructed license plate.

However, prior to stopping the vehicle, one of the officers was able to correctly guess the

two middle numbers and run the plate. Id. at * 5. Upon further investigation, police cited

the defendant for operating a motor vehicle while under the influence.      The defendant

filed a motion to suppress claiming the officers were not justified in stopping him

because they had no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.    The motion was denied

by the trial court.   On appeal, the defendant argued that the officers were prohibited

from detaining him after they had determined the license plate’s entire registration.   He

furthered argued that the two numbers were in “plain view” because they were

discernible from the side of the vehicle. Id. at * 6.   The court rejected these arguments

and found that the stop was proper.       The court determined that since the middle two

numbers of the plate were obstructed from the perspective of the police vehicle, the

license plate could not be in plain view, and the stop and detention of the defendant was

justified. Id. at * 7.

       {¶20} The defendant in Burnett was stopped by the police for changing lanes

without signaling.       She was subsequently charged with carrying a concealed weapon,

falsification, and improper change of course. Burnett moved the trial court to suppress

evidence seized from the stop arguing that the stop was not supported by reasonable and

articulable suspicion. The trial court granted the motion by determining that Burnett

had not committed the traffic infraction. The First District reversed finding that whether
Burnett could be found to have violated the ordinance was not a determining factor in

deciding whether the stop was reasonable. Id. at * 8.     The court stated that “[n]either

reasonable suspicion nor probable cause required the officers ‘to correctly predict that a

conviction will result.’” Id., citing Bowling Green v. Godwin, 110 Ohio St.3d 58,

2006-Ohio-3563, 850 N.E.2d 698,  15.

      {¶21} The evidence presented demonstrates that the police officers had a

reasonable, articulable suspicion that Jones was committing the traffic offense of

operating a vehicle with an obstructed license plate.   The trial court erred by granting

the motion to suppress. I therefore dissent.
