                                      SUPERIOR COURT
                                          OF THE
                                    STATE OF DELAWARE

RICHARD R. COOCH                                     NEW CASTLE COUNTY COURTHOUSE
RESIDENT JUDGE                                          500 North King Street, Suite 10400
                                                        Wilmington, Delaware 19801-3733
                                                                 (302) 255-0664
Jeffrey M. Weiner, Esquire
The Law Offices of Jeffrey M. Weiner, P.A.
1332 King Street
Wilmington, Delaware 19801
Attorney for Plaintiff

Joseph S. Naylor, Esquire
Swartz Campbell, LLC
300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1410
P.O. Box 330
Wilmington, Delaware 19899
Attorney for Defendant Christopher M. Cresswell

               Re: Reybold Venture Group XVI LLC v. Christopher M. Cresswell
               and Furniture Services Unlimited, LLC
                   C.A. No. N10C-05-078 RRC
                                Submitted: October 2, 2014
                                Decided: November 26, 2014
     On Plaintiff Reybold Venture Group XVI LLC’s Cross-Motion for Summary
                                    Judgment.
                                    DENIED.
    On Defendant Christopher M. Cresswell’s Amended Cross-Motion for Summary
                                    Judgment.
                                   GRANTED.
Dear Counsel:
     I.    INTRODUCTION
     Plaintiff Reybold and Defendant Cresswell have cross-moved for summary
judgment. 1 The Court must determine the extent of Defendant’s liability to Plaintiff
1
  For clarity, any reference to “Defendant” herein is a reference to Defendant Cresswell, unless
stated otherwise. See paragraph 12, Stipulated Factual and Procedural History, infra at II. A.
                                                 1
under a guaranty executed by the parties. Both parties assert that the guaranty is
“unambiguous,” although they interpret it differently. Defendant contends summary
judgment should be granted in his favor because the guaranty at issue
“unambiguously” limits Defendant’s liability to the $42,000 Defendant already
owes under an order of partial final judgment in this matter. 2 Plaintiff in response
contends summary judgment should be granted in its favor because the guaranty at
issue “unambiguously” extends Defendant’s liability to $183,367.64 in unpaid base
rent, plus the uncontested $42,000 sum.
       The Court concludes that the guaranty executed by the parties limits
Defendant’s liability to the $42,000 previously awarded to Plaintiff by this Court.
Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment is therefore DENIED. Defendant’s
Motion for Summary Judgment is therefore GRANTED.

    II.      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             A. Stipulated Factual and Procedural History:

       The parties in this case agreed to a stipulation of the factual and procedural
history that was submitted to the Court. That stipulation appears in toto below:

          1. Plaintiff Reybold Venture Group XVI LLC (“Reybold”) is a Delaware Limited
             Liability Company (paragraph 1 of the Complaint and Answer) [Pretrial Stipulation
             (“PTS”) Facts Admitted Without Formal Proof (“Facts Admitted”)].

          2. Defendant Christopher M. Cresswell (“Cresswell”) is an individual residing at 2305
             West 16th Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19806 [paragraph 2(a) of the Complaint and
             Answer] [PTS Facts Admitted Without Formal Proof (“Facts Admitted”)].

          3. Defendant Furniture Services Unlimited, LLC (“Furniture”) is a Delaware Limited
             Liability Company [paragraph 2(b) of the Complaint and Answer] (PTS Facts
             Admitted).

          4. On or about April 17, 2006, Plaintiff Reybold and Defendant Furniture entered into a
             Lease Agreement for Suites 106, 107, and 108 of the Basin Road Distribution Center
             located at 6 Bellecor Drive, New Castle, Delaware 19720 (Plaintiff Exhibit #1)
             (paragraph 3 of the Complaint and Answer) (PTS Facts Admitted). A copy of the
             April 17, 2006 Lease is attached an incorporated herein as Exhibit A.




2
  Partial final judgment was entered against Defendant Cresswell for $42,000 on Dec. 20, 2012.
Judgment by default was also entered against Defendant Furniture Services for the same $42,000
in a related matter that has since been consolidated.
                                                  2
      5. On or about January 25, 2008, Defendant Cresswell executed a Guaranty (PTS Facts
         Admitted). A copy of the January 25, 2008 Guaranty is attached hereto and
         incorporated herein as Exhibit B.

      6. As of February 1, 2010, Defendant Furniture owed Plaintiff Reybold $42,000 in
         outstanding amounts due under the 2006 Lease.

      7. On or about February 1, 2010, Plaintiff Reybold and Defendant Furniture entered into a
         Lease Agreement for Suites 106, 107, and 108 at the Basin Road Distribution Center, 6
         Bellecor Drive, New Castle, Delaware 19720 (PTS Facts Admitted). A copy of the
         February 1, 2010 Lease is attached hereto and incorporated herein as Exhibit C.

      8. On or about February 3, 2010, Defendant Cresswell executed a Guarantee Agreement
         (PTS Facts Admitted). A copy of the February 3, 2010 Guaranty is attached hereto and
         incorporated herein as Exhibit D.

      9. By letter dated April 12, 2010 (Plaintiff Exhibit #8), Plaintiff Reybold demanded that
         Defendant Furniture cure its default by paying the then-outstanding balance of
         $21,264.14 within ten (10) days [paragraph 6(a) of the Complaint and Answer];
         Defendant Furniture failed to do so.

      10. On May 11, 2010, Reybold filed its first Complaint against Defendants Furniture and
          Cresswell. A copy of that Complaint is attached hereto and incorporated herein as
          Exhibit E.

      11. Despite diligent efforts, Reybold was unable to lease the space through the end of the
          lease on October 31, 2011, resulting in a loss of $225,367.64 in rent and related
          expenses as set forth in Exhibit F.

      12. On October 31, 2011 and on December 1, 2011, Reybold obtained default judgment in
          the principal amount of $42,000 against Defendant Furniture.

      13. On December 20, 2012, based upon Defendant Cresswell’s admission in the Pretrial
          Stipulation that he owed Plaintiff Reybold the Additional Rent of $42,000.00 plus pre-
         and post-judgment interest, plus legal fees and Court costs in connection therewith, the
         Court entered an Order for Partial Final Judgment.

      14. Copies of these Judgment[s] are set forth in the record and are not disputed.

         B. Other Pertinent Contract Provisions:

      The recitals and the first paragraph of the 2010 Guaranty are at the center of
the parties’ dispute. Both the recitals and Paragraph 1 appear in toto below:

             WHEREAS, Guarantor warrants that he has an ownership interest and/or
      otherwise is an authorized officer in Furniture Services Unlimited, LLC
                                               3
         (hereinafter FSU), a limited liability company organized under the laws of the
         State of Delaware.

                WHEREAS, FSU had entered into a Lease Agreement with a
         commencement date of November 1, 2006 (the “Original Lease”), with Landlord
         and has failed to make timely payments of rent and other amounts due under
         Original Lease.

                WHEREAS, Landlord has taken action to terminate the Original Lease in
         accordance with its terms and pursuant to Delaware law.

                 WHEREAS, as a condition for Landlord to permit FSU to enter into a new
         lease governing the same property under different payment and duration terms
         (the “New Lease”), Landlord is requiring Guarantor to guaranty and become
         surety for the payment and performance of all the covenants, representations,
         obligations and liabilities, of Tenant pertaining to amounts of Additional Rent
         under the New Lease.

                 NOW, THEREFORE, for and in consideration of agreeing to terminate the
         Original Lease and entering into the New Lease by Landlord in accordance with
         the terms thereof, and the covenants of Guarantor herein contained, and intending
         to be legally bound hereby, Guarantor hereby covenants as follows:

         1. Guarantor [Cresswell] hereby irrevocably and unconditionally guarantees and
            becomes surety for the prompt and faithful payment and performance of all of
            the covenants, obligations and liabilities of Tenant [Furniture Services
            Unlimited, LLC], its successors and assigns, under the New Lease, pertaining
            to the payments of all installments of Additional Rent (as defined in Paragraph
            2. B. of the New Lease), all damages in the event of any Event of Default of
            such payments (as defined in the New Lease), and also for all representations
            of Tenant under the New Lease. All of such obligations are incorporated
            herein. 3

      III. THE PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

             A. Plaintiff’s Contentions

       Plaintiff contends that the 2010 Guaranty extends Defendant’s liability to not
only the judgment amount of $42,000, but an additional $183,367.64 in damages
based on unpaid base rent. Plaintiff argues that the 2010 Guaranty, specifically at
Paragraph 1, holds Defendant personally responsible for the $42,000 plus the unpaid
base rent, totaling $225,367.64.

3
    2010 Guaranty, Ex. D., Stip. of Facts for Summary Judgment Motions (emphasis added).
                                                 4
        Plaintiff argues that the phrase “and also for all representations of Tenant
under the New Lease” extends Defendant’s liability to include base rent obligations
left unpaid by Furniture Services. Plaintiff contends that there is no ambiguity as to
this phrase’s ordinary meaning and that the recitals to the contract, when read
together with Paragraph 1, support its interpretation of the phrase in question.
        Plaintiff also argues that because Delaware adheres to an objective theory of
contracts, the Court should look to “not what the parties to the contract intended it to
mean, but what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would have thought
it meant.”4 Plaintiff contends that Defendant fails to read the entire contract
objectively, but rather focuses on “one provision of the 2010 Guaranty, in isolation,
as if the remainder of the 2010 Guaranty did not exist.”5

           B. Defendant’s Contentions

       Defendant contends that the 2010 Guaranty unambiguously limits
Defendant’s liability to the $42,000 in Additional Rent for which partial final
judgment has already been entered. As to Paragraph 1 of the Lease, Defendant
argues that the phrase “and also for all representations of Tenant under the New
Lease” refers to representation of fact as to how Furniture Services would be using
the premises. 6
       In the alternative, Defendant argues that four principles of contract
construction prevent the Court from interpreting “all representations of Tenant under
the New Lease” to include any base-rent obligations. First, Defendant argues that
the Court should read and interpret the contract according to its plain meaning and
proper grammatical structure. Defendant contends that reading the contract
according to its plain meaning and proper grammatical structure will lead to a
finding that the “unspecified representations” are non-financial in nature. Second,
under Delaware law, a specific contract provision trumps a general contract
provision, and “an overly broad reading of a general provision that would be
inconsistent with a specific provision is not permitted.”7 Third, a contract should be
read to give effect to all the provisions of the contract and not render one provision
superfluous or redundant. Fourth, the doctrine of contra preferentem should apply,
requiring that any ambiguity be resolved against the drafter, Plaintiff. 8


4
  Pltf’s Answering Brief and Opening Brief at 7 (quoting Laugelle v. Bell Helicopter, Inc., 2014
WL 2699880, at *11 (Del. Super. Jun. 11, 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).
5
  Pltf’s Answering Br./Opening Br. at 7-8.
6
  Def.’s Reply/Answering Br. at 4.
7
  Id.
8
  Def.’s Reply/Answering Br. at 4-6.
                                                5
       Finally, Defendant argues that the recitals of the 2010 Guaranty are evidence
of the intent to permit Furniture Services to enter into a new lease, the 2010 Lease,
on the condition that Defendant personally guaranty the unpaid rent, defined under
the 2010 Lease as “Additional Rent.” Defendant argues that the recitals show no
intent to extend liability further than the Additional Rent payments.

     IV.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 9 On
summary judgment, the Court must view the facts in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party. 10 Once a moving party establishes that no material facts are
disputed, the non-moving party bears the burden to demonstrate a material fact
issue by offering admissible evidence.11 The non-moving party must do “more
than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to material facts.” 12
       In cases like the instant one, “where the parties have filed cross motions for
summary judgment and have not presented argument to the Court that there is an
issue of fact material to the disposition of either motion, the Court shall deem the
motions to be the equivalent of a stipulation for decision on the merits based on the
record submitted with the motions.”13 “When opposing parties make cross
motions for summary judgment, neither party's motion will be granted unless no
genuine issue of material fact exists and one of the parties is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” 14

     V.    DISCUSSION

       Delaware courts adhere to the objective theory of contracts. 15 In its
interpretation of the 2010 Guaranty, “the Court will give priority to the parties’
intentions as reflected in the four corners of the agreement.” 16 Such intent will be

9
  Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(e).
10
   Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680 (Del. 1970).
11
   See Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(e); See also Phillips v. Del. Power & Light Co., 216 A.2d 281, 285
(Del. 1966).
12
   Brzoska v. Olson, 668 A.2d 1355, 1364 (Del. 1995) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v.
Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986)).
13
   Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(h). In addition to the record submitted with the motions, the Court
requested, and the parties filed, a stipulation of facts for the summary judgment motions.
14
   Emmons v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 697 A.2d 742, 745 (Del. 1997)
15
   See Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159 (Del. 2010).
16
   GMG Capital Investments, LLC v. Athenian Venture Partners I, L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 779 (Del.
2012).
                                                    6
construed “according to the meaning it would have in the eyes of a reasonable
person in like circumstances.”17
       Determining the intent of the parties will sometimes require a Court to decide
whether particular contract language is ambiguous. 18 That the parties disagree
regarding the meaning or proper construction of a provision does not render the
provision ambiguous.19 Rather, a contract is only ambiguous “when the provisions
in controversy are reasonably or fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may
have two or more different meanings.” 20 Also critical to the determination of the
existence of any ambiguity is the consideration of the instrument on the whole. 21
Any particular language considered must be analyzed in the context of the “apparent
purpose” of the entire contract.22 If no ambiguity is found, the contract should be
interpreted according to the “ordinary and usual meaning” of its terms. 23
       The parties disagree on the interpretation of Paragraph 1 and both parties
contend that the recitals are further evidence that that their interpretation is the
proper one. This Court finds that Paragraph 1 is unambiguous, despite the fact that
the parties interpret it differently. It is clear that the first two clauses in Paragraph 1
pertain to the payment of additional rent installments. On the other hand, the last
portion of Paragraph 1, which reads “and also for all representations of Tenant under
the New Lease,” is not a model of clarity, but does not rise to the level of ambiguity.
The plain meaning of this phrase would render Defendant personally liable for all of
the representations that Furniture Services made under the 2010 Lease. That would
be an unreasonable interpretation. Nothing about this contract language is
ambiguous.
       The fact remains, however, that the phrase “and also for all representations of
Tenant under the New Lease” is not entirely consistent with the first two clauses of
Paragraph 1. Plaintiff argues that the language “and also for all representations of
Tenant under the New Lease” extends Defendant’s liability to all unpaid rent, not
just to the additional rent installments. In opposition, Defendant argues that
principles of contract construction preclude such a finding, specifically that the
specific provisions relating to Additional Rent payments should trump the general
provision just discussed. The Court must decide which construction is more
17
   See Black Horse Capital, LP v. Xstelos Holdings, Inc., 2014 WL 5025926, at *16 (Del. Ch.
Sept. 30, 2014);
18
   Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Delaware Racing Ass'n, 840 A.2d 624, 628 (Del. 2003)
19
   NBC Universal v. Paxson Commc'ns Corp., 2005 WL 1038997, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 2005)
20
   Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chemicals Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del.
1992) (internal citation omitted).
21
   See 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 387
22
   See id.
23
   See Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chemicals Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1195 (Del.
1992).
                                               7
reasonable and best harmonizes this last portion of Paragraph 1 with the first two
clauses of Paragraph 1. 24
       This Court agrees with Defendant’s argument and finds that under the well-
settled rules of construction in Delaware, more specific provisions will generally
prevail over a more general provision.25 The first two clauses of Paragraph 1 pertain
to Defendant’s liability for the payment of Additional Rent and damages in the
event that Defendant was to default on the Additional Rent payments. However, the
last portion of Paragraph 1 is considerably broader, and covers all representations of
Tenant made under the new lease. If the broader provision of Paragraph 1 were
allowed to trump the first two clauses, the first two clauses would never apply, and
would essentially be read out of the agreement. “When there is an inconsistency
between general and specific provisions, the specific provisions ordinarily qualify
the meaning of the general ones, due to the reasonable inference that specific
provisions express more exactly what the parties intended.” 26
       The Court finds that to be the case here. The first two clauses of Paragraph 1
are a more specific accounting of exactly what obligations Defendant is personally
responsible for. The Court further finds that the first two clauses of Paragraph 1
pertaining to the payment Additional Rent and the damages for non-payment of
same are a more exacting manifestation of the parties’ intent than the more general
clause “and also for all representations of Tenant under the New Lease.”
       Notably, the fourth recital, provides as follows:

              “WHEREAS, as a condition for Landlord to permit FSU to enter into a
       new lease governing the same property under different payment and duration
       terms (the “New Lease”), Landlord is requiring Guarantor to guaranty and
       become surety for the payment and performance of all the covenants,
       representations, obligations and liabilities, of Tenant pertaining to amounts of
       Additional Rent under the New Lease.” 27

      A reading of the fourth recital makes it clear that Plaintiff allowed Furniture
Services to change the payment and duration terms of its original lease on the
condition that Defendant personally guaranteed the Additional Rent amounts. 28 The
amount of Additional Rent payments is the amount which Furniture Services owed
24
    See Axis Reinsurance Co. v. HLTH Corp., 993 A.2d 1057, 1063 (Del. 2010) (“[W]here a
contract provision lends itself to two interpretations, a court will not adopt the interpretation that
leads to unreasonable results, but instead will adopt the construction that is reasonable and that
harmonizes the affected contract provisions.”).
25
   See Brinckerhoff v. Texas E. Products Pipeline Co., LLC, 986 A.2d 370, 387 (Del. Ch. 2010).
26
    Katell v. Morgan Stanley Grp., Inc., No. 1993 WL 205033, at *4 (Del. Ch. Jun. 8, 1993)
(citing Statch v. Underwater Works, Inc., 158 A.2d 809, 811–12 (Del. Super. 1960)).
27
    2010 Guaranty, Ex. D., Stip. of Facts for Summary Judgment Motions.
28
    2010 Guaranty, Ex. D., Stip. of Facts for Summary Judgment Motions.
                                                   8
to Plaintiff under the original lease at the time the New Lease was executed. There is
no indication in the recitals that the 2010 Guaranty was executed with the intent to
make Defendant personally liable for any of the base rent left unpaid by Furniture
Services. Defendant’s construction of the contract language produces the more
reasonable and harmonious result.29
       In sum, this Court finds that the first two clauses of Paragraph 1 are
controlling regarding the extent of Defendant’s liability under the 2010 Guaranty
and the 2010 Lease. Defendant’s personal liability under the 2010 Guaranty and
2010 Lease is limited to the $42,000 in Additional Rent payments for which partial
final judgment has already been entered.

                                       CONCLUSION

    For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is
DENIED. Defendant’s Amended Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is
GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.


                                                              ____________________
                                                               Richard R. Cooch, R.J.


cc:    Prothonotary




29
  Defendant also makes an argument that pursuant to the doctrine of contra preferentem, the
contract should be construed against the drafter, here, Plaintiff. The Court need not reach this
argument, because under Delaware law, the doctrine of contra preferentem is only implicated in
cases where the contract language is found to be ambiguous. See, e.g., Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v.
Delaware Racing Ass'n, 840 A.2d 624, 630 (Del. 2003).
                                                 9
