          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS


                                           No. 00-1037

                                  RAFAEL A. GOMEZ, APPELLANT ,

                                                 V.


                                    ANTHONY J. PRINCIPI,
                          SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.


                         On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals


(Argued October 29, 2002                              Decided December 5, 2003 )

       Ronald L. Smith, of Washington, D.C., for the appellant.

        Glenn R. Bergmann, with whom John H. Thompson, Acting General Counsel; Ron Garvin,
Assistant General Counsel; Michael A. Leonard, Deputy Assistant General Counsel; and Robert C.
Cain, II, were on the brief, all of Washington, D.C., for the appellee.

       Before KRAMER, Chief Judge, and IVERS and STEINBERG, Judges.

       KRAMER, Chief Judge, filed the opinion of the Court. STEINBERG, Judge, filed a
concurring opinion.

       KRAMER, Chief Judge: The appellant, through counsel, appeals a March 31, 2000, Board
of Veterans' Appeals (Board or BVA) decision that dismissed his appeal to the Board from a VA
regional office (RO) decision that denied several disability compensation claims. Record (R.) at 3,
5. The Board predicated that dismissal on the ground that the BVA lacked jurisdiction over the
appeal because the appellant had not filed a properly completed Substantive Appeal to the Board
within the statutory time period. R. at 3-4. The appellant and the Secretary have filed briefs, and
the appellant has filed a reply brief. This appeal is timely, and the Court has jurisdiction pursuant
to 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252(a) and 7266(a). For the reasons that follow, the Court will reverse the Board
decision and remand the matter.
                                           I. Background
        The appellant served on active duty from October 1971 to April 1975. R. at 8. In a
January 20, 1996, decision, the RO denied the appellant's claims for service connection for a back
disorder, a neck disorder, obesity, and a right-shoulder condition and awarded service connection
for a left-ankle fracture and assigned a 10% disability rating, effective November 13, 1995. R. at 26-
28. The appellant, in May 1996, filed through his representative a Notice of Disagreement (NOD)
as to the RO's denial of his back, neck, and right-shoulder service-connection claims and assignment
of only a 10% disability rating for his left-ankle fracture. R. at 30. Subsequently, the RO granted
service connection for the appellant's right-shoulder condition and assigned a 10% disability rating,
effective November 13, 1995. R. at 54 (rating decision codesheet dated September 4, 1996). On
September 17, 1996, the RO issued to the appellant a Statement of the Case (SOC) as to service
connection for both his back and neck conditions and increased ratings for both his
service-connected-right-shoulder condition and service-connected-left-ankle fracture. R. at 46-54.
In the SOC cover letter, the RO stated that it had "enclosed VA Form 9, Appeal to the Board of
Veterans' Appeals [(Form 9)], which you may use to complete your appeal." R. at 46.
        In October 1996, the appellant filed a Form 9 in which he provided his name, claim-file
number, and address; checked the "NO" box that specified that "[i]f you checked 'NO' your appeal
will be reviewed on all the evidence now of record"; and signed and dated the form. R. at 56
(handwritten notation reflecting "copy to BVA 10/9/96"). On October 30, 1997, the appellant,
through his representative, filed a statement in which he specified that service connection for his
back and neck conditions and increased ratings for his right-shoulder and left-ankle conditions were
the issues on appeal. R. at 58-60. The statement included arguments that his appeal warranted
allowance under 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.102, 3.303, 3.304, 4.7, 4.40, and 4.59 and that the evidence in his
case was at least in equipoise. R. at 59. Subsequently, on February 24, 1998, the appellant, through
his representative, submitted additional evidence and requested that that evidence be considered
regarding his back-condition claim. R. at 62-64. In an October 29, 1999, statement filed through
his representative, the appellant identified the issues on appeal as service connection for his back and
neck conditions and increased disability ratings for his right-shoulder and left-ankle conditions. R.
at 67-68. He also essentially argued that the Board could not rely on its own medical conclusions


                                                   2
regarding whether his symptoms supported a particular diagnosis for either his back or neck
condition or whether those symptoms were "acute and transitory," but rather the BVA needed
supporting medical evidence for any such conclusions. R. at 68. The appellant further argued that
the Board could not "selectively rely on those parts of a doctor's statement [that] support its
conclusions." Id.
       The RO, on November 26, 1999, notified the appellant that his appeal was being placed on
the BVA docket. R. at 70-71. On December 3, 1999, the appellant filed through his representative
an "[i]nformal [h]earing [p]resentation" as to his four claims. R. at 73-75. In a January 10, 2000,
letter, the Board notified the appellant that a timely Substantive Appeal as to his four claims might
not have been filed and that he had 60 days to present written argument, to present additional
evidence relevant to the Board's jurisdiction, or to request a hearing to present oral argument on the
question of the timeliness and adequacy of the appeal. R. at 77-78.
       In the March 31, 2000, decision on appeal, the Board characterized the claims as service-
connection claims for a back disorder, a neck disorder, and a right-shoulder disorder and a claim for
an increased rating for a left-ankle fracture. R. at 1. The Board implicitly determined that the
appellant had timely filed a Form 9 but then concluded that, because that Form 9 did not include any
allegation of error, it was not properly completed as required by 38 C.F.R. § 20.202. R. at 4. Citing
38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(5), the Board stated that it may dismiss an appeal where, in a Substantive
Appeal, an appellant fails to allege specific error of fact or law. Id. The Board next noted that,
although the appellant had filed additional statements that "might be construed as a Substantive
Appeal of these issues," those statements were filed well after the time period (apparently 60 days
based on the BVA's citations) for filing a Substantive Appeal had expired. R. at 4 (citing, inter alia,
38 C.F.R. §§ 20.302(c), 20.305) (emphasis added). The Board concluded that the appellant was
"statutorily barred from appealing the January 1996 [RO] decision" and that, therefore, the Board
did "not have jurisdiction to consider an appeal from [that RO] decision" (citing 38 C.F.R. § 20.200
and Roy v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 554, 556 (1993)). R. at 3, 4 (emphasis added). The BVA then
dismissed the appeal. R. at 5.
       The appellant appealed to this Court, and oral argument before the instant panel was heard
on October 29, 2002. At that oral argument, the Court requested that the Secretary, in consultation


                                                  3
with the appellant, file a copy of the Form 9 instructions that were provided to the appellant in this
case and copies of any subsequent versions of Form 9 and related instructions. On November 12,
2002, the Secretary filed a response that included a copy of the instructions that accompanied the
January 1992 edition of the Form 9 that the RO had sent to the appellant with the September 17,
1996, SOC. Response Exhibit (Resp. Ex.) 1. The Secretary also included a copy of a January 1998
edition of Form 9 with instructions; the 1998 edition of Form 9, as contrasted with the 1992 edition
that was sent to and subsequently filed by the appellant, does not include the "NO" box that specified
that "[i]f you checked 'NO' your appeal will be reviewed on all the evidence now of record." Resp.
Ex. 2; see R. at 56 (appellant's October 1996 Form 9).


                                            II. Analysis
       The statutory provision that sets out the elements of an appeal to the Board provides:
                       (3) Copies of the ''[SOC]'' prescribed in paragraph (1) of this
               subsection will be submitted to the claimant and to the claimant's
               representative, if there is one. The claimant will be afforded a period
               of sixty days from the date the [SOC] is mailed to file the formal
               appeal. This may be extended for a reasonable period on request for
               good cause shown. The appeal should set out specific allegations of
               error of fact or law, such allegations related to specific items in the
               [SOC]. The benefits sought on appeal must be clearly identified. The
               agency of original jurisdiction may close the case for failure to
               respond after receipt of the [SOC], but questions as to timeliness or
               adequacy of response shall be determined by the Board . . . .
38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3) (emphasis added). That provision further provides that "[t]he Board . . . may
dismiss any appeal which fails to allege specific error of fact or law in the determination being
appealed." 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(5) (emphasis added).
       In his regulations, the Secretary has provided:
               A Substantive Appeal consists of a properly completed . . . Form 9,
               "Appeal to Board of Veterans' Appeals,'' or correspondence
               containing the necessary information. If the [SOC] and any prior
               Supplemental [SOCs (SSOC)] addressed several issues, the
               Substantive Appeal must either indicate that the appeal is being
               perfected as to all of those issues or must specifically identify the
               issues appealed. The Substantive Appeal should set out specific
               arguments relating to errors of fact or law made by the agency of

                                                  4
                original jurisdiction in reaching the determination, or determinations,
                being appealed. To the extent feasible, the argument should be
                related to specific items in the [SOC] and any prior [SSOCs]. The
                Board will construe such arguments in a liberal manner for purposes
                of determining whether they raise issues on appeal, but the Board may
                dismiss any appeal which fails to allege specific error of fact or law
                in the determination, or determinations, being appealed. The Board
                will not presume that an appellant agrees with any statement of fact
                contained in a[n SOC] or a[n SSOC] which is not specifically
                contested. Proper completion and filing of a Substantive Appeal are
                the last actions the appellant needs to take to perfect an appeal.
38 C.F.R. § 20.202 (2003) (emphasis added).
        "The starting point in interpreting a statute is its language." Good Samaritan Hosp. v.
Shalala, 508 U.S. 402, 409 (1993). When this Court reviews de novo the Secretary's interpretation
of a statute, the first question is always "whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question
at issue." Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842 (1984); see
38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(1) (scope of review); Trilles v. West, 13 Vet.App. 314, 321 (2000) (en banc).
"If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency,
must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress." Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43.
        With respect to the Board's determination that it was required to dismiss (i.e., that it lacked
jurisdiction over) the appellant's appeal because he had failed to allege that specific error of fact or
law was contained in the January 1996 RO decision within the Substantive-Appeal-filing period
following the issuance of the September 1996 SOC, the Court concludes that the Board erred. In this
regard, under the plain language of the statute, the section 7105(d)(5) penalty is expressly
permissive, i.e., "may dismiss." 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(5). Further, the Secretary, in accordance with
Chevron, supra, has implemented that plain language in his regulation. See 38 C.F.R. § 20.202. The
Court thus holds that the Board's use of a jurisdictional, i.e., nondiscretionary, analysis was not
appropriate. See R. at 4 (Board concluded that, absent timely Substantive Appeal, appellant was
statutorily barred from appealing to Board); 38 U.S.C. § 7104(c) (Board bound by VA regulations);
38 C.F.R. § 20.101(a) (2003) (same); see also Myers v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 228, 234 (2002)
(noting that, although "plain meaning [of 38 U.S.C. § 4005(e) (now section 7105(d)(5))] strongly
suggests that a discretionary authority is granted, the Court need not reach that issue"). See generally


                                                   5
Malone v. Gober, 10 Vet.App. 539, 544 (1997) (discussing care that Secretary "may" provide, as
opposed to "shall" provide, as being left to his discretion); Willis v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 433, 435
(1994) (use of word "may" in statute makes action discretionary).
       To the extent that the Board may have had discretion under section 7105(d)(5) to dismiss the
appellant's appeal, any such discretion, under the plain language of the statute, would not arise until
after the Board determined that the appellant had "fail[ed] to allege specific error of fact or law in
the [January 1996 RO decision]." 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(5); see Meakin v. West, 11 Vet.App. 183,
185-86 (1998). The Court thus concludes that, in this case, because the appellant was not required
to make any such allegations, he did not "fail[] to allege" and, therefore, the Board did not possess
any such discretion to dismiss the appellant's appeal. In this regard, VA utilized a Form 9 that
specifically indicated that, "[i]f [the appellant] checked [the] 'NO' [box, his] appeal w[ould] be
reviewed on all the evidence [then] of record," i.e., the appellant did not need to take any further
action (after checking the "NO" box) in order to obtain a Board decision on his appeal. R. at 56
(emphasis added). Further, the appellant, within the statutory time period (as implicitly conceded
by the BVA (see R. at 4)), checked that "NO" box and submitted the VA-provided form to the RO,
which apparently immediately forwarded a copy of the Form 9 to the BVA. See id. In addition, the
Board acknowledged (see R. at 4) that the appellant subsequently presented, in statements submitted
by his representative "in [his a]ppealed [c]ase" (R. at 58-59, 67-68), arguments as to errors of fact
or law in the January 1996 RO decision. See EF v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 324, 326 (1991) (Board
has duty to review all "issues raised in all documents . . . submitted prior to the BVA decision"). It
appears, therefore, that it was VA's own words, i.e., the language of the "NO" box on the Form 9,
that may have led the appellant not to present those arguments at an earlier time. Cf. Irwin v. Dep't
of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 96 (1990) (stating, as to statutory filing deadlines, that tolling of
such deadlines may be available "where the claimant has been induced or tricked by his adversary's
misconduct into allowing the filing deadline to pass"); Bailey v. West, 160 F.3d 1360, 1361, 1365
(Fed. Cir. 1998) (en banc) (applying tolling in veterans benefits context where RO employee
accepted appellant's signed form to appeal Board decision and apparently told him that, inter alia,
"she would take care of [his appeal]"). But cf. Cummings v. West, 136 F.3d 1468, 1472-74 (Fed. Cir.
1998) (holding that language utilized in Appeals Notice accompanying Board decision satisfactorily


                                                  6
explained how and when to pursue BVA reconsideration and to appeal to this Court; also
recognizing that portion of such notice might be confusing). Such language is particularly significant
because the VA claims-adjudication process is a nonadversarial, proclaimant system in which
claimants often lack representation. See EF, supra.
       Given these circumstances, the Court holds that VA waived any additional pleading
requirements on the part of the appellant. See Beyrle v. Brown, 9 Vet.App. 24, 28 (1996) (Court
concluded that Board had waived filing of Form 9 where, although there was no evidence of record
that appellant had filed Form 9, BVA had proceeded to adjudicate appellant's claims on merits).
Based on this record, a determination to the contrary would raise serious fair process issues. See
Austin v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 547, 551-52 (1994); Thurber v. Brown, 5 Vet.App. 119, 123 (1993).
However, given the Court's holdings in this case, we need not address any such issues.
       Hence, the Court holds that the appellant timely filed a Substantive Appeal as to the January
1996 RO decision and that the Board, therefore, possessed jurisdiction over his appeal. Accordingly,
the Court will reverse the Board determination to the contrary and, because the BVA lacked
discretion to dismiss the appellant's appeal, will remand the appellant's claims for adjudication on
the merits.
       As to the requirement in section 7105(d) that an appellant identify the benefits sought, the
Court notes that it generally would remand such a case to the Board for the BVA to address that
requirement in the first instance. However, in this case, we need not do so because, as explained
above, the Form 9 that the appellant timely filed specified that he did not have to do anything further
to obtain a Board decision in his appeal, as long as he checked the "NO" box, which he did. See R.
at 56. In this regard, the Court notes that that "NO" box no longer appears to be a part of Form 9.
Compare R. at 56 (appellant's October 1996 Form 9 (Jan. 1992 edition)), with Resp. Ex. 2 (Jan. 1998
edition of Form 9).


                                          III. Conclusion
       Based upon the foregoing analysis, the record on appeal, the parties' pleadings, and oral
argument, the March 31, 2000, Board decision is REVERSED and the matter is REMANDED for
proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, the appellant is free to submit additional


                                                  7
evidence and argument in accordance with Kutscherousky v. West, 12 Vet.App. 369, 372-73 (1999)
(per curiam order). See Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002) (stating, in case where Court
remanded claim and declined to address appellant's additional arguments as to BVA error, that, on
remand, appellant is free to raise such arguments to Board and Board must address those arguments).
The Board shall proceed expeditiously, in accordance with section 302 of the Veterans' Benefits
Improvements Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-446, § 302, 108 Stat. 4645, 4658 (found at 38 U.S.C.
§ 5101 note) (requiring Secretary to provide for "expeditious treatment" of claims remanded by
Board or Court).


       STEINBERG, Judge, concurring: Although I join in the Court's opinion, I write separately
to address the "should/must" dichotomy in 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3) and the language in section
7105(d)(3) and (d)(5) regarding the submission by a claimant of specific allegations of error of fact
or law. These were the principal issues on which the October 29, 2002, oral argument focused.


             I. Requirements for Filing Appeal to the Board of Veterans' Appeals
       Section 7105(d)(3) provides in pertinent part:
               The claimant will be afforded a period of sixty days from the date
               the [S]tatement of the [C]ase [(SOC)] is mailed to file the fo rm al
               ap p eal. This may be extended for a reasonable period on request
               for good cause shown. The ap p eal sho uld set out specific
               allegations of error of fact or law, such allegations related to
               specific items in the [SOC]. The benefits sought on ap p eal m ust
               be clearly identified.

38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3) (emphasis added). Section 7105(d)(5) provides: "The Board of Veterans'
Appeals [(Board or BVA)] may dismiss any appeal which fails to allege specific error of fact or law
in the determination being appealed." 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(5) (emphasis added). VA regulation
§ 20.202 contains provisions derived from section 7105(d)(3) and (5) as follows:
               If the [SOC] and any prior Supplemental [SOCs] addressed
               several issues, the Substantive Appeal m ust either indicate that the
               appeal is being perfected as to all of those issues or m ust
               specifically identify the issues appealed. The Substantive Appeal
               sho uld set out specific arguments relating to errors of fact or law
               made by the agency of original jurisdiction [(AOJ)] in reaching the

                                                 8
               determination, or determinations, being appealed. . . . [T]he Board
               m ay dismiss any appeal which fails to allege specific error of fact
               or law in the determination, or determinations, being appealed.

38 C.F.R. § 20.202 (2003) (emphasis added).
                                    A. Interpreting the Statute
       "'The starting point in interpreting a statute is its language.'" Lee (Raymond) v. West,
13 Vet.App. 388, 394 (2000) (quoting Good Samaritan Hosp. v. Shalala, 508 U.S. 402, 409 (1993)).
As this Court explained in Lee:
               The "plain meaning [of a statute] must be given effect unless a 'literal
               application of [the] statute [or regulation] will produce a result
               demonstrably at odds with the intention of its drafters.'" Gardner v.
               Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 584, 586-87 (1991), aff'd sub nom. Gardner
               v. Brown, 5 F.3d 1456 (Fed. Cir. 1993), aff'd [sub nom. Brown v.
               Gardner], 513 U.S. 115 . . . (1994); Fagan[ v. West], 13 Vet.App.
               [48,] 52 [(1999)]; Curtis[ v. West], 11 Vet.App. [129,] 133 [(1998)].
               "If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter".
               Skinner v. Brown, 27 F.3d 1571, 1572 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (quoting
               Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res[.] Def[.] Council, Inc., 467 U.S.
               837, 842 . . . (1984)), aff'ing 4 Vet.App. 141 (1993) (mem.).

Lee (Raymond), supra. Each "part or section of a statute should be construed in connection with
every other part or section so as to produce a harmonious whole." Meeks v. West, 12 Vet.App. 352,
354 (1999) (internal quotation and citation omitted); see also Cottle v. Principi, 14 Vet.App. 329,
334 (2001); Talley v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 282, 286 (1992). Also, as the U.S. Supreme Court
stated in United States v. Nordic Village, "the settled rule [is] that a statute must, if possible, be
construed in such fashion that every word has some operative effect." Nordic Vill., 503 U.S. 30, 35
(1992); see Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 392 (1979) (determining that it is an "elementary
canon of construction that a statute should be interpreted so as not to render one part inoperative").
According to the Supreme Court, where Congress has by statute directly addressed an issue, the
reviewing court "must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress", Chevron,
467 U.S. at 842-43; see also Barnhart v. Walton, 535 U.S. 212, 217-18 (2002); Cottle, supra;
however, where a statute involving veterans' benefits is ambiguous, "interpretive doubt is to be
resolved in the veteran's favor", Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. at 118; see also Allen (Alfred) v. Brown,



                                                  9
7 Vet.App. 439, 448 (1995) (en banc) (applying interpretive-doubt principle from Brown v. Gardner,
supra, and ruling in appellant's favor on question of statutory interpretation).
       1. Tim ely Filing o f Substantive Ap p eal: It is clear from the plain language of section
7105(d)(3) that a claimant must file a document by the end of either (1) the 60-day period
following the mailing of an SOC (60-day post-SOC filing period) or (2)                 according to
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) regulation § 20.302(b)(1), the one-year period following
the date of the AOJ (here a VA regional office (RO)) decision being contested, which is the
period during which a Notice of Disagreement (NOD) must be filed (NOD-filing period) under
38 U.S.C. § 7105(b)(1). 38 C.F.R. § 20.302(b)(1) (2003); see Morgan (Douglas) v. Principi,
16 Vet.App. 20, 24-25 (2002). I will refer to these two filing periods collectively as the
"Substantive-Appeal-filing period". Although the Substantive Appeal in the present case was
filed more than one year after the date of the January 1996 letter notifying the veteran about the
January 1996 VARO decision and only the 60-day post-SOC filing period (and not the one-year
NOD-filing period) is involved here, the analysis set forth below applies equally to the two filing
periods.
       2. Sp ecific Allegatio ns o f Erro r o f Fact o r Law: The "should/must" language in section
7105(d)(3) regarding specific allegations of error of fact or law does not, by itself, contain
ambiguity; in light of the plain meaning of these two words, it is unreasonable to read "should"
as meaning "must" when the next sentence includes the word "must". 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3);
see Black's Law Dictionary 1019 (6th ed. 1990) (defining "must" as "[it] is primarily of mandatory
effect, . . . ; and in that sense is used in antithesis to 'may'"), id. at 1379 (defining "should" as
"ordinarily implying duty or obligation; although usually no more than an obligation of
propriety or expediency, or a moral obligation, thereby distinguishing it from 'ought'"); Maggitt
v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (noting that "it is open to question whether
application of an exhaustion requirement is consistent with the statutory purposes underlying
the veterans['] benefits laws" and citing 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3) for proposition that "veteran
'should,' not 'must,' set out specific allegations of error of fact or law in his [S]ubstantive
[A]ppeal to the Board"). However, when read in conjunction with the "may dismiss" language
of section 7105(d)(5) – as noted above, regulation § 20.202 combines these provisions from the
statute – the meaning of "should" in section 7105(d)(3) becomes less clear. 38 U.S.C. §


                                                 10
7105(d)(3), (5); see Nordic Vill., Colautti, Cottle, and Meeks, all supra. Section 7105(d)(5)'s "may
dismiss" language may be read as suggesting that the "should" provision in section 7105(d)(3)
is more mandatory than permissive.
          The wording of section 7105(d)(3) and (d)(5) is similarly ambiguous as to the
interpretation of the words "appeal" and "formal appeal". 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3), (d)(5). It is
unclear if a "formal appeal", which equates to the Substantive Appeal referred to in section
7105(a),1 relates only to the filing of a VA Form 9 (or other document requiring BVA review)
or to any document filed during the entire appeal process, including the NOD and later
supplementation of a timely filed VA Form 9. Regulation § 20.202 refers only to a "Substantive
Appeal". 38 C.F.R. § 20.202. In the instant case, the appellant argues that the "plain meaning"
of the word "appeal" in the statute refers to the entire appeal process (Brief (Br.) at 9-10) and
that the Board must review the entire record when determining whether an appellant has
submitted specific allegations of error of fact or law (Br. at 11). The Secretary asserts that the
appellant's VA Form 9 cannot be considered a timely Substantive Appeal because it did not
contain specific allegations of error. Br. at 10.
          In Douglas v. Derwinski, the en banc Court noted:
                    [N]owhere do the statutory provisions relating to the claimant's filing
                    a "formal appeal" in order to perfect an appeal to the BVA (initiated
                    by the filing of a[n NOD] with a[n RO] decision, followed by a[n
                    SOC issued] by a[n RO]) provide that only legal issues raised in the
                    formal appeal, and evidence pertinent to those issues, must be
                    considered by the Board.

Douglas, 2 Vet.App. 435, 439 (1992) (en banc). The Court in Douglas rejected the Secretary's
argument that the Board is to review only the issues raised in the VA Form 9 or other Substantive
Appeal documents and pointed out: "Nowhere does [§ 20.202] state that only the issues raised in
the Form []9 appeal must be considered; nor does the regulation state that the BVA must consider
only the evidence pertinent to the issues raised explicitly in the Form []9 appeal." Ibid. The Court


          1
             R egulation § 20.302(b)(1) provides th at it is th e "S ubstan tive A ppeal [th at] m ust be filed w ith in 60 days
from th e date th at th e agency of origin al jurisdiction [(A O J)] m ails th e Statem ent of th e C ase to th e appellant, or
w ith in th e rem ain d er of th e 1-year period from th e d ate of m ailin g of th e n otification of th e d eterm in ation b ein g
appealed, w h ich ever period en ds later." 38 C .F.R . § 20.302(b )(1) (2003); see Thompson (Charles) v. Brown, 8 V et.A pp.
169, 179 (1995) (statin g th at V A Form 9 is "also called th e 'form al appeal' (38 U .S .C . § 7105(d)(3)) an d th e
'S ubstan tive A ppeal' (38 C .F.R . §§ 20.200, 20.202-20.204[)]").

                                                                11
emphasized the importance of implementing 38 U.S.C. § 7104(a)2 in the spirit of the proclaimant,
informal, and VA nonadversarial adjudication environment.3 Ibid. Similarly, the Court in EF v.
Derwinski also recognized that the Board must look at the entire record and not be limited by the
content of a VA Form 9. The Court held:
                    In Myers v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 127, 129 (1991), this Court stated
                    that "it is the claimant's statements on the VA Form []9 which often
                    frame[] the nature of the appeal to the BVA. . . . Therefore upon
                    receipt of a VA Form []9, the BVA must review all issues which are
                    reasonably raised from a liberal reading of the appellant's substantive
                    appeal." However, there is nothing magical about the statements
                    actually on the [VA Form 9], given the VA's non-adversarial process.
                    The VA's statutory "duty to assist" must extend this liberal reading
                    to include issues raised in all documents or oral testimony
                    submitted prior to the BVA decision.

EF, 1 Vet.App. 324, 326 (1991) (emphasis added).
          The above cases clearly direct the Board to look beyond the contents of VA Form 9 (or other
Substantive Appeal documents) to other claims-file documents submitted by a claimant – such as,
here, the October 1997 Disabled American Veterans Statement of Accredited Representation filed
for the appellant prior to the March 2000 BVA decision and setting forth the issues on appeal
(Record at 58-59) – in order to determine the issues that the Board must address. See Douglas and
EF, both supra. It is axiomatic that if the Board must consider all such documents in deciding
an appeal, then any requirement that a claimant must allege specific error would be satisfied by
the content of the Substantive Appeal as well as other documents filed during the entire appeal




          2
           Section 7104(a) of title 38, U.S. Code, provides: "Decisions of the Board [of Veterans' Appeals (Board)] shall
be based on the entire record in the proceeding and upon consideration of all evidence and material of record and
applicable provisions of law and regulation". Cf. Disabled Am. Veterans v. Sec'y of Veterans Affairs, 327 F.3d 1339,
1347 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (construing 38 U.S.C. § 7104(a) broadly so as to preclude the Board from considering "additional
evidence without having to remand the case to the AOJ for initial consideration and without having to obtain the
appellant's waiver").

          3
           See Hodge v. West, 115 F.3d 1356, 1362 (Fed. C ir. 1998) (statin g th at "[t]h is court an d th e S uprem e C ourt
both h ave lon g recogn ized th at the ch aracter of th e veterans' ben efits statutes is stron gly an d un iquely p ro[]claim an t"
an d describin g "th e h istorically n on []adversarial system of aw ard in g benefits to veteran s"); Trilles v. West,
13 V et.A p p . 3 1 4 , 326 (2000) (en ban c) (describin g "th e V A pro[]claim ant n onadversarial claim s adjudication
process"); Littke v. Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 90, 91-92 (1990).

                                                                12
process up to the time of the Board decision. 4 Because VA claimants are often unrepresented
at the time that they file a VA Form 9 and may face great difficulties in preparing legal and
factual analyses within the filing deadlines, permitting claimants who file a timely VA Form 9
to provide supplementation after the Substantive-Appeal-filing period would provide them with
a greater opportunity to prepare legal and factual analyses with the assistance of an attorney or
nonattorney practitioner. Finally, there is nothing in section 7105(d)(3) or (d)(5) that prohibits
supplementation outside of the Substantive-Appeal-filing period. See 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3),
(d)(5).
          For all of the above reasons, I conclude that if there is a specific-allegation-of-error
requirement, then considerations of fair process5 and the proclaimant veterans' benefits system 6
dictate that the Board must review for such specific allegations of error all of the documents,
including a VA Form 9, submitted by the claimant up to the time of the Board decision.
          3. D ism issal o f Ap p eal: I turn next to the question of the consequences for a claimant
who fails to allege specific errors of fact or law. Section 7105(d) and § 20.202 both provide that
the Board "may dismiss" an appeal if a claimant fails to assert allegations of error. 38 U.S.C.
§ 7105(d); 38 C.F.R. § 20.202. Given the ambiguity as to the meaning of the statutory
administrative-process provisions of section 7105(d), the same fair-process considerations and
proclaimant environment dictate that VA, as the regulator, give notice to the claimant of how
the appeal process works. Cf. 38 U.S.C. § 5104(a) (requiring that Secretary must provide notice
to claimant and any representative thereof of decision on benefits claim and "an explanation of
the procedure for obtaining review of the decision"); 38 C.F.R. § 3.103(a), (b)(1) (2003)


          4
             Cf. Scarborough v. Principi, 536 U .S . 920 (2002) (gran tin g petition for w rit of ce rtio rari an d rem an d in g
in ligh t of Edelman, infra), vacating 273 F.3d 1087, 1092 (Fed. C ir. 2001) (con cludin g, in attorn ey-fee con text, th at,
after expiration of 3 0-day period for filin g E qual A ccess to Ju stice A ct (E A JA ) application pursuan t to 28 U .S.C .
§ 2 41 2(d)(1)(B ), appellan t could n ot am en d E A JA ap p lication to in clud e statutorily-required allegation th at
S ecretary's position w as n ot substan tially justified); Edelman v. Lynchburg College, 535 U .S. 106, 112-115 (2002)
(h oldin g th at, w h ere statute did n ot in dicate w h eth er discrim in ation charge m ust b e verified "'un der oath or
affirm ation'" w h en filed, statu te w as open to in terpretation an d sustain in g agency's conclusion th at verification
could be filed after tim ely ch arge w as subm itted because th at in terpretation w as reason able).

          5
           See generally Austin v. Brown, 6 V et.A pp. 547, 551-52 (1994) (discussin g "con sideration s of fair process");
Thurber v. Brown, 5 V et.A pp. 119, 123 (1 993) (n otin g "'un derlyin g con cepts of p rocedural regularity an d basic fair
play'") (quotin g Gonzales v. United States, 348 U .S . 407, 411-12 (1 955)).

          6
              See supra note 3.

                                                              13
(providing for such notice). It is unclear from section 7105(d)(5) or § 20.202 under what
circumstances, if any, the Secretary will exercise his discretion to dismiss an appeal. Moreover,
a comparison of the 1992 VA Form 9 with the 1998 VA Form 9 and their respective
instructions shows that certain language that was in the 1992 VA Form 9 was not contained
in the 1998 VA Form 9 or its instructions. Specifically, the 1998 instructions do not contain
the 1992 instructions' provision that stated: "Appeals which fail to allege specific error of fact
or law in the determination being appealed may be dismissed by the BVA." This deletion thus
removes notice to a VA claimant that the Secretary may dismiss his or her appeal if the
"Appeal[] . . . fail[s]" to include those specific allegations.7 Because it would run counter to fair-
process considerations and the proclaimant nature of the VA adjudication system for the
Secretary to exercise arbitrarily his discretion to dismiss, the Secretary must give claimants fair
notice by informing them of the criteria to be used in determining whether to exercise the
dismissal discretion set forth in section 7105(d)(5) and § 20.202.8


                                                     II. Conclusion
         Against this background, I find it inescapable that the ambiguity regarding the
"should/must" and the "appeal/formal appeal" language and the specific-allegations-of-error
content provision in section 7105(d)(3) and (d)(5) must be construed in favor of the claimant.
38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(3), (d)(5); see Brown v. Gardner, supra; Kilpatrick v. Principi, 327 F.3d 1375,
1385 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (declining to defer to VA regulation "that applies the statutory language
restrictively, but instead constru[ing] the statute as we believe Congress clearly intended" and
citing Brown v. Gardner, supra). Accordingly, I conclude that if the "should/must" language in
section 7105(d)(3) and § 20.202 is construed to require that a VA claimant make specific
allegations of error of fact or law in an RO decision in order to appeal that decision to the
Board, then the "appeal/formal appeal" language must be construed to permit a claimant who


         7
            T h e 1992 V A Form 9 in struction , alth ough sign ifican tly m ore h elpfu l to a claim an t th an th e silen ce in
th e 199 8 in struction s, does n ot specifically require th at th e allegation s of error appear in th e Su bstan tive A ppeal
itself; m oreover, th e 1992 V A Form 9 is en titled "A ppeal to B oard of V eteran s' A ppeals" an d n ot "S ubstan tive
A ppeal" an d th us add s to th e co n fu sio n by perh aps im plyin g th at th e allegation s of error m ust be con tain ed
th erein .

         8
             See supra notes 3 and 4; cf. supra note 7, infra note 9.

                                                              14
filed a timely VA Form 9 to supplement that VA Form 9 later with specific allegations of error
in any document filed before the Board makes its decision – here the BVA decision in March
2000 – and not be limited to making the allegations in the Substantive Appeal only. 38 U.S.C.
§ 7105(d)(3), (d)(5); 38 C.F.R. § 20.202; see Douglas, EF, and Myers, all supra. This conclusion
is especially unavoidable where the Secretary has not in his regulations, see, e.g., 38 C.F.R. §§
20.202, 20.302(b), provided any notice to VA claimants as to the circumstances under which
his section 7105(d)(5) discretion to dismiss an appeal that "fails to allege [such] specific errors"
will be exercised. 38 U.S.C. § 7105(d)(5). Surely, Congress could not have intended to permit
the Secretary to exercise such a dismissal authority in an arbitrary and capricious manner.9




         9
             Cf. Scott (Charles) v. Brown, 7 V et.A pp. 18 4, 18 9 (19 94 ) (discussin g Secretary's "'sole discretion '" un der
3 8 C .F .R . § 3.109(b ) (1993), w h ich states th at N otice-of-D isagreem en t-filin g period "'m ay b e exten d ed for goo d
cause sh ow n '", an d con cludin g th at "[t]h e exercise of such a d iscretion ary [exten sion ] au th o rity as to w h ich
regulations h ave been prescribed is subject to review by th is C ourt to determ in e w h eth er th e exercise of discretion
w as m ade 'in accordance w ith th e regulatory guidance or w h eth er th e d ecision w as m ade in an arbitrary or
capriciou s m an n er'" un der 38 U .S .C . § 7261(a)(3)(A )) (quotin g Smith (Barbara) v. Derwinski, 1 V et.A p p. 267, 279
(1991) (discussin g S ecretary's establish m en t of regulation s prescribin g criteria for exercising h is d iscretion to
d eterm in e w h eth er "equ ity a n d go o d con scien ce" requ ire w aiver of collection of d eb ts ow ed V A an d review in g
w aiver decision b ased on w h e th e r d iscretion w as exercise d in "arb itrary of cap riciou s m ann er", p u rsu ant to 38
U .S.C . § 7261(a)(3)(A ))).

                                                              15
