PRESENT: All the Justices

LINDA RICHMOND
                                                                 OPINION BY
v. Record No. 150192                                       JUSTICE CLEO E. POWELL
                                                                January 28, 2016
KATHERINE E. VOLK, f/k/a KATHERINE E.
CRAFT, a/k/a KATHERINE E. CORNETT

                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROANOKE COUNTY
                               James R. Swanson, Judge

       Linda E. Richmond (“Richmond”) appeals the decision of the trial court granting a

special plea in bar of the statute of limitations to a re-filed complaint in a personal injury action.

According to Richmond, the initial complaint tolled the running of the statute of limitations, even

though the initial complaint contained a misnomer that misnamed the defendant, Katherine E.

Volk (“Volk”).

                                         I. BACKGROUND

       On April 12, 2009, Richmond was injured when her vehicle was struck from behind by a

vehicle driven by Volk. 1 The vehicle that Volk was driving at the time of the accident was

owned by Jeannie Cornett (“Cornett”). As Volk was a permissive user of Cornett’s vehicle, it

was covered by Cornett’s insurance policy, which was issued by State Farm Mutual Automobile

Insurance Company (“State Farm”).

       On February 28, 2011, Richmond filed a complaint (the “2011 complaint”) to recover

damages for injuries she suffered in the collision. The 2011 complaint was styled “Linda E.

Richmond v. Katherine E. Cornett.” A copy of the 2011 complaint was sent to State Farm on

April 13, 2011.




       1
        At the time of the accident, Volk was unmarried and went by her maiden name,
Katherine E. Craft.
       On January 26, 2012, after failing to negotiate a settlement with State Farm, Richmond

directed the clerk to serve process on “Katherine E. Cornett a/k/a Katherine Craft.” Richmond

further provided the clerk with Cornett’s address instead of Volk’s address. The process was

subsequently posted at Cornett’s residence. On February 1, 2012, State Farm learned that

process had been served on the wrong address. State Farm subsequently contacted Volk to

discuss the claim on February 7, 2012.

       On February 12, 2012, Volk filed a motion to quash service of process on the grounds

that the service was invalid because it was served on the wrong address. Notably, Volk never

claimed that she was not the person identified in the lawsuit. Indeed, in her motion to quash,

Volk stated that she was “erroneously identified in the caption of [Richmond’s] complaint as

‘Katherine E. Cornett.’”

       Richmond subsequently moved to nonsuit her claim. On November 9, 2012, the trial

court entered a consent order granting the nonsuit. Counsel for Volk endorsed the consent order

as “Counsel for Defendant.”

       On December 11, 2012, Richmond refiled her complaint (the “2012 complaint”). The

2012 complaint was styled: “Linda E. Richmond v. Katherine E. Volk, f/k/a Katherine E. Craft,

a/k/a Katherine E. Cornett.” The 2012 complaint was properly served on Volk at her home

address.

       On December 27, 2012, Volk filed a special plea in bar, asserting that Richmond’s claim

was barred by the statute of limitations. In her plea in bar, Volk argued that the 2011 complaint

did not toll the statute of limitations because the 2012 complaint did not relate back to the 2011

complaint due to Richmond’s failure to meet the requirements of Code § 8.01-6.




                                                 2
       After hearing argument on the matter, the trial court issued a letter opinion dated

September 25, 2014. In its letter opinion, the trial court ruled that Volk “is not the same person

or entity as Katherine E. Cornett.” The trial court further determined that Richmond could not

rely on Code § 8.01-6 because she had not sought to correct the error within the time period

established in the statute. Accordingly, the trial court sustained Volk’s plea in bar.

       Richmond appeals.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

       On appeal, Richmond argues that the trial court erred in sustaining the special plea in bar

because the statute of limitations was tolled when she filed the 2011 complaint. Richmond

contends that the record demonstrates that Volk was always the other party to the case, even

though the 2011 complaint used the misnomer “Katherine E. Cornett.” Richmond relies heavily

on the fact that, by endorsing the nonsuit order, Volk acknowledged the fact that she was the

party defendant to the 2011 complaint. Volk acknowledges that the name “Katherine E. Cornett”

is a misnomer, but asserts that the filing of the 2011 complaint did not toll the running of the

statute of limitations because Richmond failed to correct the misnomer within the time period

contemplated by Code § 8.01-6. According to Volk, absent such an amendment, she was never

actually a party to the nonsuited action.

       This Court has recognized that, where a complaint incorrectly names a party, such an

error is either a misnomer or a misjoinder. A misnomer is a mistake in the name, not the

identification, of a party. See Rockwell v. Allman, 211 Va. 560, 561, 179 S.E.2d 471, 472

(1971) (per curiam) (“A misnomer is a mistake in name, but not person.”). In other words, a

misnomer occurs where the proper party to the underlying action has been identified, but

incorrectly named. Swann v. Marks, 252 Va. 181, 184, 476 S.E.2d 170, 171 (1996). Misjoinder,




                                                  3
on the other hand, arises when “the person or entity identified by the pleading was not the person

by or against whom the action could, or was intended to be, brought.” Estate of James v. Peyton,

277 Va. 443, 452, 674 S.E.2d 864, 869 (2009).

       In the present case, the parties agree that Richmond’s use of the name “Katherine E.

Cornett” was a misnomer. However, the determination of whether an incorrectly named party is

a misnomer or misjoinder is a question of law. See id. at 447, 674 S.E.2d at 865 (“Whether a

pleading has adequately identified the proper party to be sued is a question of law.”).

Accordingly, we are not bound by the parties’ agreement on this issue. See Wright v.

Commonwealth, 278 Va. 754, 760 n.3, 685 S.E.2d 655, 658 n.3 (2009) (stating that questions of

law are “not subject to a concession binding on this Court”).

       The key distinction between a misnomer and misjoinder is whether the incorrectly named

party in the pleading is, in fact, a correct party who has been sufficiently identified in the

pleadings. To determine whether the mistake is a misnomer or misjoinder, “we consider the

pleading as a whole.” Estate of James, 277 Va. at 455, 674 S.E.2d at 869.

               Thus, whether a party named in a caption is a proper party to the
               action is to be determined not merely by how that party is
               identified in the caption of the pleading, but by the allegations set
               forth within a pleading that identify that party more specifically.

Id.

       Here, although Richmond named “Katherine E. Cornett” as the defendant in the 2011

complaint, the pleading, when considered as a whole, clearly identifies Volk as the proper party

to the action. Notably, the facts laid out in the 2011 complaint establish that the intended

defendant was the driver of a specific vehicle that was in a specific location at a specific time and

that the driver of that vehicle committed a specific act. As Volk is the only person that fits this

description, it is readily apparent that she was the person against whom the action was intended



                                                  4
to be brought. Thus, we agree that the Richmond’s use of the name “Katherine E. Cornett” was

a misnomer and not misjoinder.

       Having determined that the naming of “Katherine E. Cornett” in the 2011 complaint was

a misnomer, we next must determine what effect, if any, the failure to correct that misnomer

prior to taking a nonsuit had in the present case. Volk claims that Code § 8.01-6 2 is the sole

mechanism for correcting a misnomer and that the failure to correct the misnomer under Code

§ 8.01-6 prevents Code § 8.01-229(E) from tolling the statute of limitations. We note, however,

that Volk’s argument is analogous to an argument that we expressly rejected in Clark v. Butler

Aviation-Washington National, Inc., 238 Va. 506, 385 S.E.2d 847 (1989).

       In Clark, the plaintiff served process on the defendant more than one year after the action

was commenced. Id. at 508, 385 S.E.2d at 847. In response to defendant’s motion to quash, the

plaintiff took a nonsuit. Id. When the plaintiff refiled his action, the defendant filed a plea in

bar, arguing that the claim was barred by the provisions of what is now Rule 3:5(e) and the

statute of limitations. Id. The trial court sustained the plea in bar and the plaintiff appealed the

ruling to this Court. Id. On appeal, this Court ruled that, although the predecessor of current


       2
           Code § 8.01-6 states:
                A misnomer in any pleading may, on the motion of any party, and
                on affidavit of the right name, be amended by inserting the right
                name. An amendment changing the party against whom a claim is
                asserted, whether to correct a misnomer or otherwise, relates back
                to the date of the original pleading if (i) the claim asserted in the
                amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or
                occurrence set forth in the original pleading, (ii) within the
                limitations period prescribed for commencing the action against
                the party to be brought in by the amendment, that party or its agent
                received notice of the institution of the action, (iii) that party will
                not be prejudiced in maintaining a defense on the merits, and (iv)
                that party knew or should have known that but for a mistake
                concerning the identity of the proper party, the action would have
                been brought against that party.



                                                   5
Rule 3:5(e) prevented the entry of any judgment against the defendant in the original action, it

did not prevent the statute of limitations from being tolled by operation of Code § 8.01-229(E).

Id. at 511-12, 385 S.E.2d at 849-50.

       Although the present case involves a statute rather than a rule of Court, the logic of Clark

is still applicable. As with the failure to serve process within one year of filing the action, the

failure to correct a misnomer under Code § 8.01-6 may have an adverse effect on the trial court’s

ability to enter judgment for or against a party in the original action. 3 However, as a practical

matter, the failure to correct a misnomer under Code § 8.01-6 does not prevent the operation of

Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) upon the taking of a nonsuit. Notably, the plain language of Code § 8.01-

6 indicates that any amendment made under the statute “relates back to the date of the original

pleading.” (Emphasis added.) The taking of a nonsuit, however, puts an end to the original

action, Thomas Gemmell, Inc. v. Svea Fire & Life, Ins., 166 Va. 95, 97, 184 S.E. 457 (1936),

and the recommenced action “stands independently of any prior nonsuited action,” Antisdel v.

Ashby, 279 Va. 42, 47, 688 S.E.2d 163, 165 (2010). Thus, there is no “original pleading” to

relate back to for the purposes of Code § 8.01-6.

       Furthermore, Code § 8.01-229(E) tolls the statute of limitations independent of Code

§ 8.01-6. This Court has recognized that, for the tolling provisions of Code § 8.01-229(E) to

apply, “there must be identity of the parties” in the initial action and the recommenced action.

Casey v. Merck & Co., 283 Va. 411, 417, 722 S.E.2d 842, 846 (2012). A misnomer, as

previously noted, only speaks to the name of a party, not the identity of a party. Thus, where, as

here, the name of a party is changed in a subsequent action for the purpose of correcting a



       3
        The present case does not require us to decide what effect the failure to correct a
misnomer may have upon the ability of a trial court enter judgment for or against a party.
Accordingly, we make no ruling on the matter.


                                                  6
misnomer that existed in the initial action, there has been no change in the identity of the parties.

Therefore, the identity requirement of Code § 8.01-229(E) has been met and the tolling effect of

the statute applies.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        Although she was not properly named, there is no doubt that the Volk was the party

identified in the 2011 complaint. Accordingly, the tolling provisions of Code § 8.01-229(E)

apply. Upon the filing of the 2011 complaint, the statute of limitations was tolled by operation

of Code § 8.01-229(E)(1). When Richmond took a voluntary nonsuit, the statute of limitations

was tolled for an additional six months from the date of the nonsuit by operation of Code

§ 8.01-229(E)(3). Therefore, because Richmond filed the 2012 complaint within that six-month

period and correctly named Volk as the defendant, the trial court erred in granting the plea in bar.

For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the decision of the trial court granting Volk’s plea in

bar based on the statute of limitations and we will remand the matter to the trial court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                                            Reversed and remanded.

JUSTICE KELSEY, with whom JUSTICE GOODWYN and JUSTICE McCLANAHAN join,
dissenting.

        The nonsuit statute, Code § 8.01-380, goes a long way toward inoculating plaintiffs (but

not defendants) from many of the adverse consequences associated with missing filing deadlines

or violating other procedural rules governing litigation. 1 Our cases have liberally interpreted the




        1
          The plaintiff’s argument on appeal accurately describes the popular view of the nonsuit
statute. See Oral Argument Audio at 3:29 to 4:08 (“There’s no question that when, just about
anybody nonsuits a case they’re doing it because there’s a defect in the first case, usually
something they’re scared of, could be approaching trial, could be a missed deadline . . . . [T]he
plaintiff chooses, instead of going to the court’s mercy and using its discretion to get a due


                                                  7
statute to do just that. See, e.g., Clark v. Butler Aviation-Washington Nat’l, Inc., 238 Va. 506,

511-12, 385 S.E.2d 847, 849-50 (1989). As a result, the nonsuit has become “a powerful tactical

weapon” found only “in the arsenal of a plaintiff.” INOVA Health Care Servs. v. Kebaish,

284 Va. 336, 344, 732 S.E.2d 703, 707 (2012) (quoting Trout v. Commonwealth Transp.

Comm’r, 241 Va. 69, 73, 400 S.E.2d 172, 174 (1991)). I see no need to enhance the potency of

that asymmetric weapon by judicially construing its targeted reach beyond existing limits.

                                                  I.

       Code § 8.01-229(E)(3) permits a plaintiff to “recommence his action” within six months

from a nonsuit order, even if the applicable “statute of limitations with respect to such action”

would otherwise have expired by then, so long as the nonsuited action was filed within the

original limitations period. Id. (emphasis added). The majority correctly recognizes that this

statutory text presupposes that “there must be identity of the parties” in the initial and

recommenced actions for the tolling provision to apply. Ante at 6 (quoting Casey v. Merck &

Co., 283 Va. 411, 417, 722 S.E.2d 842, 846 (2012)).

       The tolling provision does not apply in this case because the plaintiff filed her first

complaint against Katherine E. Cornett. After that action was nonsuited, the plaintiff filed a new

complaint against Katherine E. Volk, formerly known by her maiden name as Katherine E. Craft.

Volk has never had the name “Cornett” and has never been known by that name. Thus,

Katherine E. Cornett is not now, and never has been, the “identity of the [defendant].” Casey,

283 Va. at 417, 722 S.E.2d at 846.

       The plaintiff, however, has an easy answer to this problem: She meant to sue Volk in the

first suit but mistakenly used the wrong name. I have no doubt that is true, but I do not see why


diligence ruling, to use a nonsuit to remedy the problem . . . . So this is certainly a remedy
here.”).


                                                  8
it matters. As the circuit court correctly observed, “Cornett” is not “Volk.” The plaintiff could

have easily corrected her mistake by filing a timely motion to amend her first complaint under

Code § 8.01-6, which specifically allows an “amendment changing the party against whom a

claim is asserted, whether to correct a misnomer or otherwise” and permits relation-back to the

original pleading for the purpose of the statute of limitations. The plaintiff, however, did not

follow the procedure authorized in this statute at any time prior to the nonsuit. 2

       Instead of complying with Code § 8.01-6, the plaintiff attempted to cure her pleading

mistake by serving process on “Katherine E. Cornett a/k/a Katherine Craft” at the home address

of Jeannie Cornett. This effort compounded the problem on several levels. First, the plaintiff

could not unilaterally amend her complaint simply by changing the name of the defendant on the

process summons. 3 Second, the plaintiff had no information suggesting that Katherine E.

Cornett existed. Third, Katherine Craft had never been “also known as” Katherine E. Cornett.

Finally, neither Katherine E. Cornett nor Katherine Craft lived at the home of Jeannie Cornett. 4



       2
         The record does not reveal when the plaintiff realized her mistake. The record is clear
about one thing, however. The plaintiff’s mistake was wholly of her own doing. The police
report specifically identified “Craft, Katherine Earlene” as the driver of the vehicle. J.A. at 29,
35 (showing the “Driver’s Name (Last, First, Middle)”). The plaintiff has never alleged that
anyone misled her or that she reasonably relied on incorrect information supplied by others.
       3
         See Rule 1:8 (“No amendments shall be made to any pleading after it is filed save by
leave of court.”); W. Hamilton Bryson, Virginia Civil Procedure § 6.09[1], at 6-74 (4th ed. 2005)
(“In Virginia practice, a party wishing to amend a pleading must obtain prior leave of court upon
motion with notice to all other parties.”); Kent Sinclair & Leigh B. Middleditch, Jr., Virginia
Civil Procedure § 11.2[B], at 814 (6th ed. 2014) (“[A]fter filing, all amendments take place only
if permitted through leave granted by the trial judge.”); cf. Rule 3:5(a) (“The party upon whom
this summons and the attached complaint are served is hereby notified that . . . the court may
enter an order, judgment or decree against such party either by default or after hearing
evidence.”).
       4
          In response to the flawed service of process, Katherine E. Volk made a special
appearance and moved to quash service. A motion to quash service of process constitutes a
special, not general, appearance. See Bryson, supra note 3, § 3.03[2], at 3-30; Martin P. Burks,
Common Law and Statutory Pleading and Practice § 47, at 100 (T. Munford Boyd, ed., 4th ed.


                                                  9
       None of this matters, the plaintiff contends, because Katherine E. Cornett and Katherine

E. Volk are, in fact, the same party, only spelled differently, and, on this premise, the nonsuit

statute trumps the misnomer statute. Underlying this view, however, is the unexamined

assumption that an amendment correcting a misnomer, by definition, does not change the party

against whom the claim is asserted.

       The problem with this assumption is that the General Assembly expressly rejected it in

Code § 8.01-6, which governs any “amendment changing the party against whom a claim is

asserted, whether to correct a misnomer or otherwise.” Id. (emphasis added). The syntax of this

provision is unmistakable: A “misnomer” amendment is just one example, among others, of

“changing the party” for purposes of Code § 8.01-6. 5 By drafting this provision in this way, the

General Assembly made clear that the process for amending a pleading applies equally to both

misnomers and non-misnomers — because both are treated as “changing the party against whom

a claim is asserted.” Id. Within the narrow context of Code § 8.01-6, therefore, the notoriously

illusive distinction between changing a party and misspelling a party’s name 6 should play no role



1952); 1 Charles E. Friend & Kent Sinclair, Virginia Pleading & Practice § 4.02[4][b], at 4-16
(2d ed. 2007). Having never made a general appearance in the first suit, Volk did not submit to
the court’s jurisdiction when her counsel signed the nonsuit order entered in response to her
motion to quash. Cf. Johnson v. Hart, 279 Va. 617, 624, 692 S.E.2d 239, 243 (2010) (holding
that a party “cannot be deemed to have abandoned” a previous position simply by endorsing an
“order in his favor”).
       5
         In support of its limited definition of misnomer, the majority relies primarily upon
Rockwell v. Allman, 211 Va. 560, 179 S.E.2d 471 (1971) (per curiam), which predated the
relevant amendment to Code § 8.01-6 by more than two decades. We have regrettably repeated
the definition from Rockwell in recent years without specifically analyzing the amended text of
Code § 8.01-6. See, e.g., Estate of James v. Peyton, 277 Va. 443, 452, 456, 674 S.E.2d 864, 869-
70 (2009); Swann v. Marks, 252 Va. 181, 184, 476 S.E.2d 170, 172 (1996).
       6
         Compare Estate of James, 277 Va. at 456, 674 S.E.2d at 870 (considering the party
description of “the Estate of Robert Judson James, Administrator, Edwin F. Gentry, Esq.” as
misjoinder for failure to name the administrator of the estate), with Jacobson v. Southern Biscuit
Co., 198 Va. 813, 817-18, 97 S.E.2d 1, 4-5 (characterizing the difference between “Weston


                                                 10
in determining whether an amendment should be allowed. The same standard governs both

situations. 7

                                                 II.

        The tangled narrative of this case illustrates a neglect of the most basic of pleading

principles: “All of the parties to a lawsuit must be identified and named with accuracy,” W.

Hamilton Bryson, Virginia Civil Procedure § 5.01, at 5-2 (4th ed. 2005), because “one of the

rules of good pleading requires that the correct name of the parties litigant be used in the

pleadings,” Baldwin v. Norton Hotel, Inc., 163 Va. 76, 80, 175 S.E. 751, 752 (1934). “These

matters are elemental, and a mere restatement of them discloses the necessity for definiteness

and accuracy in naming the defendant.” Id.

        The plaintiff violated these principles by suing Katherine E. Cornett, a person who

apparently does not exist. At some point the plaintiff realized the true name and identity of the

proper defendant. But at no point prior to the nonsuit did the plaintiff follow the statutory

procedure for correcting “a misnomer or otherwise” under Code § 8.01-6. She instead tried to

bury the mistake by serving a flawed process summons. When this proved unsuccessful, the

plaintiff simply nonsuited the action, guessing (correctly, it turns out) that the nonsuit would

provide a risk-free cure for her misnomer mistake without the trouble of complying with Code

§ 8.01-6. 8


Biscuit Company, Inc.” and “Southern Biscuit Company, Inc.” as a misnomer because Weston
“bore a real relation of interest to the original party and to the suit”).
        7
         I offer no comment on the plaintiff’s implicit view that this conflation of concepts
confuses, rather than improves, the clarity of the law. In Virginia, the legislature is “the author
of public policy.” Campbell v. Commonwealth, 246 Va. 174, 184 n.8, 431 S.E.2d 648, 654 n.8
(1993). “We can only administer the law as it is written.” Coalter v. Bargamin, 99 Va. 65, 71,
37 S.E. 779, 781 (1901).
        8
        It was in fact a guess. No prior Virginia case has interpreted the nonsuit statute to be an
anodyne for a plaintiff’s misnomer mistakes. Clark, the only case cited by the majority as


                                                 11
       Under Code § 8.01-6, however, only a court can correct “a misnomer or otherwise” in a

plaintiff’s complaint. Nothing in the nonsuit statute, Code § 8.01-380, or its related tolling

statute, Code § 8.01-229(E)(3), implies that a plaintiff can unilaterally correct a misnomer with a

refiled pleading — thereby rendering Code § 8.01-6 irrelevant. Interpolating a misnomer-or-

otherwise remedy into these statutes involves an expansive exercise in statutory construction that

runs afoul of established maxims counseling that “[w]e accord each statute, insofar as possible, a

meaning that does not conflict with any other statute,” Conger v. Barrett, 280 Va. 627, 631, 702

S.E.2d 117, 118 (2010) (alteration in original and citation omitted), and declaring that, if the

harmonizing effort does not resolve the conflict, “the more specific enactment prevails over the

more general,” Eastlack v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 120, 126, 710 S.E.2d 723, 726 (2011).

                                                 III.

       The nonsuit’s status as “a powerful tactical weapon” found exclusively “in the arsenal of

a plaintiff,” INOVA Health Care Servs., 284 Va. at 344, 732 S.E.2d at 707 (citation omitted),

needs no judicial enhancements to further extend its range. We have never held that it could be

used by a plaintiff to remedy unilaterally “a misnomer or otherwise” defect involving the identity

of a defendant, a subject specifically addressed by Code § 8.01-6. Expanding the nonsuit’s reach

in this manner involves a policy judgment that the legislature, not the judiciary, should make.

       I respectfully dissent.




analogous, involved a refiled action against exactly the same party with exactly the same name.
Clark did not mention, much less analyze, the use of a nonsuit to bypass the process of correcting
a misnomer as set out in Code § 8.01-6.


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