Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
10/30/2018 09:12 AM CDT




                                                        - 439 -
                                Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
                                     26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                                              IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                                                Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439




                                   In re Estate of Susan A. Loftus.
                              A ngela Loftus, Personal R epresentative of
                               the Estate of Susan A. Loftus, deceased,
                                  appellee, v. Daniel Loftus, Jr., and
                                   Teri Loftus McClun, appellants.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed October 23, 2018.   No. A-17-1111.

                1.	 Decedents’ Estates: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews pro-
                     bate cases for error appearing on the record made in the county court.
                2.	 Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
                     appearing on the record, the inquiry is whether the decision conforms
                     to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary,
                     capricious, nor unreasonable.
                3.	 ____: ____. An appellate court, in reviewing a judgment for errors
                     appearing on the record, will not substitute its factual findings for those
                     of the trial court when competent evidence supports those findings.
                4.	 Wills. The requirements of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2327 (Reissue 2016)
                     are satisfied if a will is (1) in writing, (2) signed by the testator, and (3)
                     signed by at least two individuals, each of whom witnessed either the
                     signing or the testator’s acknowledgment of the signing of the will.
                5.	 Statutes: Appeal and Error. The language of a statute is to be given
                     its plain and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort
                     to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are
                     plain, direct, and unambiguous.
                 6.	 ____: ____. Absent anything to the contrary, an appellate court will give
                     statutory language its plain and ordinary meaning.
                7.	 Statutes: Wills. Statutory provisions regarding the manner in which
                     wills must be executed are mandatory and subject to strict construction.
                8.	 Wills: Witnesses. The attestation required of witnesses to a will con-
                     sists of their seeing that those things exist and are done which the law
                     requires to exist or to be done in order to make the instrument, in law,
                     the will of the testator.
                                     - 440 -
            Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
                 26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                          IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                            Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

 9.	 Statutes: Wills: Words and Phrases. Due execution of a will means
     compliance with the formalities required by the statute in order to make
     the instrument the will of the testator.
10.	 Evidence. Habit evidence makes it more probable that the person acted
     in a manner consistent with that habit.
11.	 Evidence: Proof. Evidence of habit may be the only vehicle available
     to prove that someone acted in a particular way on a particular occasion,
     and the lack of detail or specificity goes to the weight and credibility to
     be placed on the testimony by the factfinder.
12.	 Witnesses: Testimony. The credibility of a witness is a question for the
     trier of fact, and it is within its province to credit the whole of the wit-
     ness’ testimony, or any part of it, which seemed to it to be convincing,
     and reject so much of it as in its judgment is not entitled to credit.

 Appeal from the County Court for Sarpy County: Robert C.
Wester, Judge. Affirmed.
   Bradley A. Boyum, of Boyum Law Firm, for appellants.
   Dean J. Jungers for appellee.
   Pirtle, R iedmann, and Welch, Judges.
   R iedmann, Judge.
                      INTRODUCTION
   The appellants, Daniel Loftus, Jr., and Teri Loftus McClun
(Teri), appeal the order of the county court for Sarpy County
which admitted the last will and testament of Susan A. Loftus
to formal probate. On appeal, the appellants argue that the will
was not properly acknowledged and, therefore, was not valid.
Finding no merit to this argument, we affirm.
                       BACKGROUND
   Susan died in April 2017. A document purported to be her
last will and testament was thereafter presented to the county
court for formal probate, and the appellants filed an objection
to the admission of the will. A hearing on the matter was held
on August 28, 2017.
   The purported will was received into evidence at the hear-
ing. The three-page document displays Susan’s signature on
the last page and the signature of Ruth Welstead as a witness.
                             - 441 -
         Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
              26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                    IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                      Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

Welstead testified at the hearing that Susan asked her if she
would be a witness to Susan’s last will and testament and that
she agreed to do so. Welstead observed Susan sign the will, and
then Welstead signed it.
   The document also bears the signature and notary stamp of
Allen Guidry, although it is undisputed that there is an error
in the manner in which the notary statement was completed.
Guidry was working at a bank at the time he signed the will,
and he testified at the hearing that he did not specifically
remember Susan’s will, but was confident the signature on the
document was his signature. He explained that generally when
someone came into the bank and presented him a document
that had already been signed, he would ask for identification
if he did not recognize the person as a bank customer; how-
ever, if he did recognize the person, he would ask him or her
to verify that it was his or her signature on the document. He
recalled that Susan was a customer of the bank, and thus, if she
had come into the bank with the document presigned, he would
not have asked her for identification; but, rather, his normal
practice would be to ask her to acknowledge her signature on
the document.
   In a written order, the county court noted that Guidry had
testified as to his practice of always asking for identification
unless he knew the signatory and always asking if the person
acknowledged signing the document in question if it had been
presigned. The court therefore found Guidry’s testimony suf-
ficient to establish that he required the acknowledgment of
Susan’s signature before he signed the document. As a result,
the court concluded that Susan’s will had been validly executed
and admitted it to formal probate, determined the heirs, and
appointed a personal representative for the estate. The appel-
lants timely appeal to this court.
                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
   The appellants assign, summarized, that the county court
erred in finding that Susan’s signature on her will was properly
acknowledged.
                              - 442 -
          Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
               26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                       Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1-3] An appellate court reviews probate cases for error
appearing on the record made in the county court. In re Estate
of Pluhacek, 296 Neb. 528, 894 N.W.2d 325 (2017). When
reviewing a judgment for errors appearing on the record, the
inquiry is whether the decision conforms to the law, is sup-
ported by competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary, capri-
cious, nor unreasonable. In re Estate of Forgey, 298 Neb. 865,
906 N.W.2d 618 (2018). An appellate court, in reviewing a
judgment for errors appearing on the record, will not substitute
its factual findings for those of the trial court when competent
evidence supports those findings. Id.
                            ANALYSIS
   The appellants argue that the county court erred in deter-
mining that Susan’s will was properly acknowledged. We
disagree.
   [4] Except as provided for holographic wills, writings
within Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2338 (Reissue 2016), and wills
within Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2331 (Reissue 2016), every will is
required to be in writing signed by the testator or in the testa-
tor’s name by some other individual in the testator’s presence
and by his direction, and is required to be signed by at least
two individuals each of whom witnessed either the signing or
the testator’s acknowledgment of the signature or of the will.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2327 (Reissue 2016). When the require-
ments of § 30-2327 are met, the will is validly executed. In re
Estate of Pluhacek, supra. The requirements of § 30-2327 are
satisfied if a will is (1) in writing, (2) signed by the testator,
and (3) signed by at least two individuals, each of whom wit-
nessed either the signing or the testator’s acknowledgment of
the signing of the will. In re Estate of Pluhacek, supra.
   There is no dispute in the present case that Susan’s will
was in writing and signed by her, and Susan’s signature was
witnessed by Welstead, who also signed the will. Thus, the
parties agree that the relevant question is whether there is suf-
ficient evidence to establish that Guidry witnessed Susan’s
                              - 443 -
          Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
               26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                       Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

acknowledgment of her signature so as to satisfy the third
requirement of § 30-2327.
   The appellants rely upon Neb. Rev. Stat. § 64-203 (Reissue
2009) and Johnson v. Neth, 276 Neb. 886, 758 N.W.2d 395
(2008), to argue that the laws governing acknowledgments
require a notary public to identify the acknowledging party
in the notary statement. They claim that Guidry did not do
so and that there was no evidence that it was Susan herself
who presented the will to Guidry for his signature. Thus, in
their opinion, the acknowledgment was improper and the will
was not valid. Contrary to the appellants’ argument, however,
§ 64-203 and Johnson v. Neth, supra, do not govern this case,
because there is no requirement that a testator’s signature
on a will be acknowledged by a notary public except in the
context of self-proved wills. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2329
(Reissue 2016).
   [5,6] The language of a statute is to be given its plain
and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort
to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words
which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. Johnson v. City
of Fremont, 287 Neb. 960, 845 N.W.2d 279 (2014). In other
words, absent anything to the contrary, an appellate court will
give statutory language its plain and ordinary meaning. Id.
   [7-9] Under § 30-2327, a will must be signed by two wit-
nesses, each of whom witnessed either the signing or the testa-
tor’s acknowledgment of the signing or of the will. Statutory
provisions regarding the manner in which wills must be exe-
cuted are mandatory and subject to strict construction. In re
Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493, 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). The
attestation required of witnesses to a will consists of their see-
ing that those things exist and are done which the law requires
to exist or to be done in order to make the instrument, in law,
the will of the testator. Id. Due execution of a will means com-
pliance with the formalities required by the statute in order to
make the instrument the will of the testator. Id. Contrary to
the sworn report required under the facts of Johnson v. Neth,
                              - 444 -
          Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
               26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                       Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

supra, there is no requirement in § 30-2327 that the acknowl-
edgment of a testator’s signature on a will be duly sworn or
confirmed by oath or affirmation. Rather, the two witnesses
must witness either the signing of the will or the testator’s
acknowledgment of the signature.
   Moreover, the language of § 30-2327 is based upon Unif.
Probate Code § 2-502, 8 (part I) U.L.A. 209 (2013). See
In re Estate of Odenreider, 286 Neb. 480, 837 N.W.2d 756
(2013) (chapter 30 of Nebraska Revised Statutes is based upon
Uniform Probate Code). Except, § 2-502 allows an additional
manner in which to acknowledge a will. Under § 2-502(a)(3),
a will must be either
         (A) signed by at least two individuals, each of whom
      signed within a reasonable time after the individual wit-
      nessed either the signing of the will . . . or the testator’s
      acknowledgment of that signature or acknowledgment of
      the will; or
         (B) acknowledged by the testator before a notary
      public or other individual authorized by law to take
      acknowledgments.
(Emphasis supplied.) The official comments to § 2-502 note
that subparagraph (B) was added in 2008 in order to recog-
nize the validity of notarized wills. Thus, pursuant to the plain
language of subparagraph (A), which is also contained in
§ 30-2327, there is no requirement that one of the witnesses is
a notary public. Therefore, Guidry’s failure to specifically iden-
tify Susan in the notary statement is not fatal to the validity of
the will because no notary statement was required. However,
there must have been sufficient evidence presented to establish
that Guidry witnessed Susan’s acknowledgment that she had, in
fact, signed the will.
   Guidry testified that he did not specifically recall signing
Susan’s will, but was confident the signature on the document
was his signature. He then explained that he recognized Susan
as a customer of the bank and that therefore, his routine practice
when notarizing a document for someone he recognized was to
                              - 445 -
          Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
               26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                       Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

sign it without asking for identification to verify the person’s
identity. He explained his general practice, however, was that
he would not have notarized an unsigned document and that if
the document was presigned, his habit was to ask the person to
acknowledge his or her signature on the document.
   Evidence of the habit of a person or of the routine practice
of an organization, whether corroborated or not and regardless
of the presence of eyewitnesses, is relevant to prove that the
conduct of the person or organization on a particular occasion
was in conformity with the habit or routine practice. Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 27-406(1) (Reissue 2016).
   The Nebraska appellate courts have previously allowed tes-
timony by professionals as to their habits in order to prove
conformity on a particular occasion. In Hoffart v. Hodge, 9
Neb. App. 161, 609 N.W.2d 397 (2000), this court upheld the
admission of the testimony of a defendant medical doctor in a
medical malpractice action as to his regular practice and rou-
tine of advising his patients. In doing so, we recognized the
practical reality that a doctor cannot be expected to specifically
recall the advice or explanation he or she gives to each and
every patient he or she treats. Thus, evidence of habit may be
the only vehicle available for a doctor to prove that he or she
acted in a particular way on a particular occasion. Id.
   Relying upon the rationale of Hoffart v. Hodge, supra, the
Nebraska Supreme Court allowed the testimony of a lawyer
in a legal malpractice case regarding the advice he routinely
gave to his clients under particular circumstances. See Borley
Storage & Transfer Co. v. Whitted, 271 Neb. 84, 710 N.W.2d
71 (2006).
   In a matter similar to the facts of the instant case, the Court
of Appeals of Indiana permitted the testimony of a lawyer’s
habit and routine practice in a will contest. In Fitch v. Maesch,
690 N.E.2d 350 (Ind. App. 1998), a testator executed her will,
and the execution was witnessed by her neighbor and her
lawyer. After the testator’s death, her brother objected to the
admission of the will to probate.
                              - 446 -
         Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
              26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                       Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

   Indiana law, similar to that of Nebraska, requires that a will
be signed by the testator and at least two witnesses, mandat-
ing that the testator sign the will in the presence of the wit-
nesses and that the attesting witnesses sign in the presence
of the testator and each other. See Ind. Code Ann. § 29-1-5-3
(LexisNexis Cum. Supp. 2009). At trial in the matter, the law-
yer’s secretary testified as to the lawyer’s habit in supervising
the execution of wills, and on appeal, the court found that such
testimony was relevant and admissible to show that the lawyer
supervised the execution of the will in that particular case in
conformity with that habit. And the evidence regarding his
habit demonstrated that his habit was to have a will executed
as recited in the attestation clause.
   [10,11] Likewise in the present case, Guidry’s testimony as
to his routine practice of signing documents for bank custom-
ers tends to establish how he acted when signing Susan’s will.
Habit evidence makes it more probable that the person acted
in a manner consistent with that habit. See Hoffart v. Hodge,
supra. Like the professionals in Hoffart v. Hodge and Borley
Storage & Transfer Co. v. Whitted, Guidry explained that he
signed approximately 250 documents since the time he signed
Susan’s will and could not specifically remember that instance.
Thus, evidence of habit may be the only vehicle available to
prove that someone acted in a particular way on a particular
occasion, see Hoffart v. Hodge, supra, and the lack of detail or
specificity goes to the weight and credibility to be placed on
the testimony by the factfinder, see Borley Storage & Transfer
Co. v. Whitted, supra.
   The appellants assert that there is no evidence that Susan
personally presented her will to Guidry for his signature.
However, Guidry’s testimony established that had someone he
did not recognize presented Susan’s will to him, he would have
asked that person for identification before signing the will and
would not have signed the document without seeing identifica-
tion matching the signature on the document. Thus, it can be
inferred that because Guidry signed the will, it was Susan who
presented the document to him.
                              - 447 -
         Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
              26 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
                     IN RE ESTATE OF LOFTUS
                       Cite as 26 Neb. App. 439

   [12] The county court found that Guidry’s testimony as to
his routine practice was sufficient to establish that he required
that Susan acknowledge her signature on her will before Guidry
signed it. The appellants argue that the court relied on a single
statement from Guidry’s testimony regarding his procedures
and that had the court considered the entirety of the testimony,
it would be clear that Guidry was unfamiliar with the proper
procedures for notarizing a document. We again note that the
will was not required to be notarized, but, rather, Guidry was
required to sign the will after acknowledging Susan’s signa-
ture. The credibility of a witness is a question for the trier of
fact, and it is within its province to credit the whole of the
witness’ testimony, or any part of it, which seemed to it to be
convincing, and reject so much of it as in its judgment is not
entitled to credit. Fredericks Peebles v. Assam, 300 Neb. 670,
915 N.W.2d 770 (2018). Accordingly, the county court, as the
factfinder, was permitted to accept Guidry’s testimony as to
his routine practice and habit in order to find the evidence
sufficient to conclude that he acted accordingly when signing
Susan’s will.
   An appellate court, in reviewing a judgment for errors
appearing on the record, will not substitute its factual findings
for those of the trial court when competent evidence supports
those findings. In re Estate of Forgey, 298 Neb. 865, 905
N.W.2d 618 (2018). The record supports the county court’s
conclusion. We therefore find that the evidence was sufficient
to satisfy the requirements of § 30-2327. Accordingly, the
county court did not err in concluding that Susan’s will had
been validly executed and in admitting it to formal probate,
determining her heirs, and appointing a personal representative.
                        CONCLUSION
  Finding no error in the county court’s decision admitting the
will to formal probate, we affirm.
                                                    A ffirmed.
