Filed 5/27/15 Evilsizor v. Sweeney CA1/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE


KERI EVILSIZOR,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                     A142396
v.
JOSEPH SWEENEY,                                                      (Contra Costa County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. MSD1301648)
         Defendant and Appellant.


         Appellant Joseph Sweeney downloaded the contents of respondent Keri
Evilsizor’s cell phones around the time Evilsizor gave birth to the couple’s daughter.
After these dissolution proceedings were initiated a few months later, Sweeney filed with
the court copies of some downloaded text messages. Evilsizor sought a restraining order
under the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (DVPA) to stop Sweeney from further
disseminating the downloaded information.1 After taking testimony and finding that
Sweeney’s actions amounted to abuse under the DVPA, the trial court prohibited
Sweeney from distributing the information without first receiving the court’s permission.
We conclude that the order did not violate Sweeney’s constitutional rights to free speech,
and we therefore affirm.




1
 The DVPA is found at Family Code, section 6200 et sequitur. All statutory references
are to the Family Code unless otherwise specified.


                                                             1
                                         I.
                               FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL
                                    BACKGROUND
       Evilsizor and Sweeney were married in November 2010. Evilsizor used two
phones during her marriage to Sweeney: one for the “legal side” of her business and
another for the “management side” of her business that she also allowed her young son
from a previous relationship to use for playing games. Sweeney claimed that he had
regular access to both phones “for the purpose of taking pictures, sending e-mail, text
messages, browsing the Internet, or using applications,” and that the phones were not
password protected. He also claimed that Evilsizor gave him the password to her e-mail
account so that he could send e-mails for her and have “full access” to her e-mail.
Evilsizor disputed these claims.
       Evilsizor gave birth to the couple’s daughter in November 2012. Around this
time, Sweeney became concerned that he might not be the child’s biological father after
he read a text message on his stepson’s phone leading him to believe that Evilsizor had
received fertility treatments without his knowledge. He then downloaded the contents of
Evilsizor’s phones using software that made it easier to read the information.2 Sweeney
obtained tens of thousands of text messages from the phones as well as information from
the “notes” section of Evilsizor’s iPhone, which Evilsizor used as a diary. He testified he
thought it was unnecessary to get Evilsizor’s permission before downloading the data or
to tell her he had done it after the fact because he had regular access to the phones and
had “previously backed up the phone to the computer” at her request. Evilsizor denied
ever asking Sweeney to back up data on her phones and denied knowing he had done so.
       Sweeney ultimately spent about 20 to 30 hours reviewing the text messages he
downloaded. In January or February 2013, he confronted Evilsizor with information he
had learned from her text messages. In March, he went uninvited to the home of

2
 Sweeney testified he downloaded the data at some point in late November or early
December 2012. Evilsizor testified that the date on the last text message obtained by
Sweeney was on the night she gave birth to their daughter and that Sweeney had taken
her phones from her while she was in labor.


                                             2
Evilsizor’s parents and disclosed private and sensitive information about Evilsizor to her
father.3 Evilsizor was “very upset and shocked” when she learned of the disclosure.
       That month, the parties separated, and dissolution proceedings were soon initiated.
Disputes arose over various issues, and the trial court has characterized this as a “highly
contentious case.” One such dispute was over child and spousal support, as well as the
sharing of costs for a custody evaluation. On August 30, 2013, Evilsizor filed a request
to increase Sweeney’s support payments on the ground that her income had decreased
because her father had fired her from her job with his (the father’s) company. In
opposing this request, Sweeney alleged that Evilsizor had colluded with her parents to
falsely make it appear she had been fired.
       Sweeney attached text messages to his declaration supporting his opposition. One
was from October 2012 (before these proceedings began) meant to demonstrate that
Evilsizor was misstating the assets at her disposal. The text message that appears in the
record is illegible, but it apparently refers to three cases of diamond rings Evilsizor
owned. Another text message was dated January 2010, when Evilsizor was in litigation
with her son’s father over the custody of her son (Sweeney’s stepson). Part of the
printout of the message that appears in the record is also illegible, and the text that is
legible appears benign, at least when read out of context (i.e., “Keri, I’m on the train.
Text works. Whassup gir? [sic]”). But according to Sweeney, the message (apparently,




3
  The information Sweeney disclosed to Evilsizor’s father was personal and sensitive, but
it was not information Sweeney had learned from the downloaded text messages. At oral
argument in this court, Sweeney faulted the trial court to the extent it relied on incidents
where his behavior was supposedly unrelated to his downloading of information from
Evilsizor’s phone. We consider the evidence probative of whether Sweeney was prone to
disclosing extremely sensitive information about his estranged wife, whatever the source
of the information.


                                               3
the portion that is illegible in the record) demonstrated that Evilsizor “could manipulate
her property interests” and finances.4
       In response to her text messages being used as exhibits, Evilsizor filed a request
for a restraining order under the DVPA. She alleged that Sweeney had downloaded her
private text communications to third parties, including her attorney, without her consent,
and had hacked into her Facebook account, changed her password, and rerouted the e-
mail associated with her Facebook account to his own account. Evilsizor claimed that as
a result she suffered “extreme embarrassment, fear, and intimidation.” She also alleged
that Sweeney threatened to reveal publicly more text messages and e-mails for leverage
in the dissolution proceedings. She sought an order prohibiting Sweeney from further
disseminating her text messages and e-mails, requiring Sweeney to return all
electronically downloaded information he had accessed along with hard copies of the
messages, and barring Sweeney from accessing or interfering with her internet-service
provider or social-media accounts.
       At some point during discovery, Sweeney provided to Evilsizor a USB drive
containing about 11 to 12 gigabytes of data he had retrieved from her phones. He
objected to providing the data in a different format, claiming it would constitute about
219,000 printed pages.
       The trial court initially declined to issue a temporary restraining order but
indicated it would address the matter at a hearing on November 12, later continued to
November 18. At the November 18 hearing, the court set a trial date on the DVPA
petition for the following summer, on July 1, 2014. During a discussion of possible
interim orders, Sweeney’s counsel stated he objected to any order “that would sound like
it’s a DV [domestic-violence] order. So if there’s a stipulation outside of a DV order,

4
  At a subsequent and unrelated hearing, the trial court disagreed at least somewhat with
this characterization of the message. The court viewed the communication as “barely
admissible” and did not consider the subject “central to this case at all.” On November 5,
2014, this court granted Sweeney’s unopposed request to augment the record to include
the reporter’s transcripts of hearings held on April 17 and July 16, 2014, after the
issuance of the DVPA order.


                                              4
that’s fine.” Counsel contended that Sweeney should be allowed to share “whatever he
wishes” with the custody evaluator but that he would agree there was “no need nor
purpose in distributing any of those [messages] to anyone else.” After further discussion,
the trial court issued an interim order prohibiting Sweeney from disseminating
information protected by the attorney-client privilege. Regarding the rest of the
information, the court noted it was “optimistic that the parties are truly going to be able to
work out whether or not they want to truly have a full-day hearing on a restraining order
request of this nature. I’m hoping that the hearing will not be necessary.”
       The trial court’s optimism was misplaced. The day after the November 18
hearing, Sweeney’s attorney wrote to Evilsizor’s attorney stating he was looking forward
to a draft of a “Non DV Stipulation & Order regarding the orders that Keri sought since
that Hearing was continued to July 1, 2014.” Although the letter suggested that
Evilsizor’s attorney had offered to draft such a stipulation, apparently no one ever drafted
one.
       In December 2013, Sweeney provided the custody evaluator with text messages
regarding fertility treatments Evilsizor underwent during their marriage and messages
about previous boyfriends. Sweeney provided the messages in order, in his words, to
counter the “false version of our marriage” presented by Evilsizor to the evaluator.
Evilsizor and others then wrote to the evaluator asking her not to consider the messages.
Although the custody evaluator’s written response is not in the appellate record, it is clear
the evaluator wrote to the trial court requesting guidance on how to proceed.
       The case was ultimately assigned to a new trial judge after Evilsizor’s parents,
who had been joined as parties to the proceedings, filed a peremptory challenge to the
original judge (Code Civ. Proc., § 170.6). The new judge issued a minute order
rescheduling various matters, but initially kept the July 1 date for the contested hearing
on the DVPA petition. Then, at a hearing on March 7, 2014, the parties discussed the
rescheduled dates, as well as how the court should respond to the custody evaluator about
the text messages that Sweeney had submitted. The court said the evaluator should not
look at any information retrieved from cell phones until the DVPA petition was resolved,


                                              5
and it expressed interest in holding a hearing on the petition before July 1 so the parties
would know sooner what material could be used. The court stated it had availability on
March 25, but Sweeney, who at this point was representing himself, stated, “I would
prefer to have counsel, and Mr. Loewenstein [Sweeney’s previous attorney] is out of
country March 20th to April 10th.” The trial court confirmed that Mr. Loewenstein was
no longer representing Sweeney on the DVPA petition and stated it preferred a March
date instead of waiting until July. Sweeney again objected he would need more time
because he was representing himself, and he asked whether it would be possible “to move
it back to April some time.” After further discussion, the trial court agreed that March 25
was “short notice” for Sweeney and offered the afternoon of April 11 instead. Sweeney
responded, “Okay.”
       Sweeney, Evilsizor, and Evilsizor’s father5 testified at the April 11 hearing.
Evilsizor testified that it had been “incredibly incredibly difficult to deal with” the
dissemination of her personal information, stating, “I have sleepless nights. I’m sick to
my stomach. My friends are mad at me, embarrassed as if I let him. I didn’t know he
was even doing any of this. My parents are upset, you know. Why did I marry him? I
didn’t know that things were going—I didn’t know. Yeah. It’s been incredibly
challenging to live with.” She further testified that she had suffered shock and
embarrassment and feared for her safety because of the disclosure. Evilsizor also was
concerned about Sweeney’s threats to reveal information to the Internal Revenue Service
about “things [she] didn’t do.”
       After the close of evidence, the trial court remarked that the narrow issue to decide
was whether there was a need to prevent dissemination of the information from
Evilsizor’s phones. It stressed, “I’m not making any conclusive decision about whether
they [the text messages] were properly acquired. I’m not deciding what [e]ffect it has on

5
  On October 28, 2014, this court affirmed an award of sanctions against Evilsizor’s
father for failing to timely withdraw a motion to quash. (Evilsizor v. Sweeney (2014)
230 Cal.App.4th 1304, 1306.) A separate appeal of an order awarding Sweeney attorney
fees is currently pending. (No. A143054.)


                                              6
attorney/client privilege or on the presence of [Sweeney’s former attorney] in the case.”6
The court concluded that even if Sweeney legally obtained Evilsizor’s information, an
issue left unresolved, it was authorized under the DVPA to enjoin the disclosure or
threats of disclosure of the information to protect Evilsizor’s peace of mind. The court
ordered Sweeney be “prohibited from using, delivering, copying, printing or disclosing
the messages or content of [Evilsizor’s] text messages or e-mail messages or notes, or
anything else downloaded from her phone or from what has been called the family
computer except as otherwise authorized by the court.” Sweeney also was prohibited
from trying to access or otherwise interfere with Evilsizor’s internet-service provider
accounts or social-media accounts. The trial court’s order expires on April 11, 2019.
Sweeney timely appealed.
                                            II.
                                       DISCUSSION
       A. The Applicable Law and the Standard of Review.
       At the time Evilsizor sought and obtained the restraining order, the DVPA
authorized a trial court “to restrain any person for the purpose of preventing a recurrence
of domestic violence and ensuring a period of separation of the persons involved” if
evidence showed “reasonable proof of a past act or acts of abuse.” (Former § 6300.)7 A
court may issue an order enjoining specific acts of “abuse” (§ 6218, subd. (a)), which are
defined as, among other things, behavior that could be enjoined under section 6320.
(§ 6203, subd. (d).) Section 6320, in turn, permits a court to enjoin a party from engaging
in various types of behavior, including “disturbing the peace of the other party.” (§ 6320,

6
  At the time the trial court ruled on Evilsizor’s DVPA petition, Evilsizor had a pending
motion to disqualify Sweeney’s former attorney and to sanction him for allegedly
disseminating privileged communications between Evilsizor and her attorney. The
request ultimately was denied by order dated July 16, 2014.
7
 Portions of the DVPA were amended effective January 1, 2015. (Stats. 2014, ch. 635.)
Some provisions remain unchanged, and the changes that did go into effect do not alter
our analysis of the issues in this case. But in the interest of clarity, our citation to
sections of the DVPA are to the version in effect during proceedings in the trial court
except when otherwise noted.


                                             7
subd. (a).) “[T]he plain meaning of the phrase ‘disturbing the peace of the other party’ in
section 6320 may be properly understood as conduct that destroys the mental or
emotional calm of the other party.” (In re Marriage of Nadkarni (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th
1483, 1497 (Nadkarni).) The phrase includes “destroying the mental or emotional calm
of [a former spouse] by accessing, reading and publicly disclosing her confidential e-
mails.” (Id. at p. 1498.)
       We review an order granting a protective order under the DVPA for abuse of
discretion. (Nadkarni, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1495.) In considering the evidence
supporting such an order, “the reviewing court must apply the ‘substantial evidence
standard of review,’ meaning ‘ “whether, on the entire record, there is any substantial
evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted,” supporting the trial court’s finding. [Citation.]
“We must accept as true all evidence . . . tending to establish the correctness of the trial
court’s findings . . . , resolving every conflict in favor of the judgment.” ’ [Citation.]”
(Burquet v. Brumbaugh (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1140, 1143.)
       B. Sweeney’s Actions Constituted “Abuse” Under the DVPA.
       We first reject Sweeney’s argument that the trial court misapplied Nadkarni,
supra, 173 Cal.App.4th 1483 in determining that Sweeney’s actions constituted “abuse”
under the DVPA. In Nadkarni, a former wife alleged that her ex-husband had accessed
her private e-mail account while she was away on a business trip, then attached copies of
the e-mails to documents filed in proceedings regarding custody of their teenaged
children. (Id. at pp. 1487-1488.) She sought a permanent restraining order, but the trial
court denied it without a hearing after finding that the DVPA did not cover situations in
which there was no physical harm alleged. The appellate court reversed and remanded
the matter to the trial court for a hearing. It held that the definition of abuse under the
DVPA is not limited to the infliction of physical injury or assault. (Id. at pp. 1498, 1501.)
       Both parties cited Nadkarni, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th 1483 below, and the trial
court relied on it in ruling that it was not necessary for Evilsizor to prove physical abuse
to obtain a restraining order and that “the disclosure of various communications can
constitute disturbing the peace of the other party within the meaning of the domestic


                                               8
violence statute.” The court ultimately concluded that Sweeney had disturbed Evilsizor’s
peace under Nadkarni, “because you’re going around either disclosing or threatening to
disclose to third parties for no particular reason intimate details of your lives, . . . and
that’s what I think is happening here.”
       Sweeney’s attempts to distinguish this case from Nadkarni are unpersuasive. We
disagree with him that there is a meaningful distinction between Nadkarni’s assumption
that the ex-wife’s e-mails were “confidential” and the trial court’s finding here that
Sweeney had disclosed “intimate details of [the parties’] lives.” We also are not
persuaded by Sweeney’s point that, unlike here, there were allegations of past physical
abuse in Nadkarni. (173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1496.) Although a lack of past physical abuse
may be considered by a trial court in considering a protective order, the DVPA’s
definition of abuse “is not confined to physical abuse but specifies a multitude of
behaviors which does not involve any physical injury or assaultive acts.”8 (Eneaji v.
Ubboe (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 1457, 1464; see also Burquet v. Brumbaugh, supra,
223 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1142-1143, 1146-1147 [substantial evidence supporting DVPA
restraining order where there was no evidence of physical abuse, but restrained party
disturbed peace of ex-girlfriend by e-mailing her, sending her text messages, and showing
up unannounced at her home]; Conness v. Satram (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 197, 201-202
[no evidence of physical injury needed under DVPA].)
       Sweeney’s reliance on S.M. v. E.P. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1249 is also
misplaced. In that case, the appellate court concluded, without analyzing the “disturbing
the peace” definition of “abuse” (§ 6320, subd. (a)), that the trial court’s description of
the restrained party’s behavior did not support a finding of abuse. (S.M., at p. 12604.) In
fact, the trial court’s statement that it would wait to see if there were “more incidents”
before it relied on the presumption under section 3044, subdivision (a) that child custody
would not be in the best interests of the restrained person’s child suggested the trial court

8
 Following an amendment to section 6203 that took effect January 1, the DVPA now
specifically provides that “[a]buse is not limited to the actual infliction of physical injury
or assault.” (§ 6203, subd. (b); Stats. 2014, ch. 635, § 2.)


                                               9
believed the restrained person “would have to engage in some additional behavior before
the court would find that he engaged in domestic violence.” (S.M., at p. 1268, original
italics.) Here, by contrast, the trial court specifically found that Sweeney’s behavior fell
within the DVPA.
       At oral argument before this court, Sweeney suggested that his conduct was not
sufficiently egregious to warrant the entry of the DVPA order, especially since the order
will have the particularly serious consequence of creating a rebuttable presumption in the
ongoing child-custody dispute that his child’s best interest would not be furthered by him
being awarded custody. (§ 3044.) But the presumption is rebuttable by a preponderance
of the evidence, and we believe that the trial court can and will properly consider and
weigh the evidence in the child-custody proceedings to determine whether it should be
overcome, taking into account factors that may be favorable to Sweeney (§ 3044,
subds. (a)-(b)), understanding that there was no finding Sweeney was physically violent,
and focusing on the best interest of the child. The trial court previously has
acknowledged the applicable rebuttable presumption at a hearing on April 17, 2014,
when it stated that section “3044 says what it says. There is an automatic presumption.
It’s not a separate finding that I make. That presumption can be rebutted. And we will
go through all of that at the appropriate time.” (Italics added; see also Keith R. v.
Superior Court (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1047, 1056 [domestic-violence orders “often
must issue quickly and in highly charged situations” but should not be “misuse[d] . . . for
tactical reasons”].)
       We also reject Sweeney’s argument that insufficient evidence supports the trial
court’s order. To be sure, the parties disputed certain aspects of the events that led to the
issuance of the restraining order, and Sweeney highlights on appeal his version of events.
But the trial court was in the best position to evaluate credibility and to resolve factual
disputes, and our review of the record reveals sufficient evidence to conclude that the




                                              10
court’s order was not an abuse of discretion.9 (Burquet v. Brumbaugh, supra,
223 Cal.App.4th at p. 1143.)
       C. The Trial Court’s Order Is Not an Improper Prior Restraint of Sweeney’s
          Constitutional Rights to Free Speech.
       Sweeney next argues that the restraining order is an improper prior restraint of his
rights to free speech under the federal and California constitutions. We reject this
argument because Sweeney’s ability to continue to engage in activity that has been
determined after a hearing to constitute abuse is not the type of “speech” afforded
constitutional protection.
       The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: “Congress shall
make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech . . . .” “This fundamental right to free
speech applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause.”
(Aguilar v. Avis Rent A Car System, Inc. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 121, 133-134 (plur. opn. of
George, C.J.) (Aguilar).) “ ‘[P]rior restraints on speech and publication are the most
serious and the least tolerable infringement on First Amendment rights.’ [Citation.] ‘The
term prior restraint is used “to describe administrative and judicial orders forbidding
certain communications when issued in advance of the time that such communications
are to occur.” [Citation.] . . . . [P]ermanent injunctions—i.e., court orders that actually
forbid speech activities—are classic examples of prior restraints.’ ” (DVD Copy Control
Assn., Inc. v. Bunner (2003) 31 Cal.4th 864, 886, original italics.) “ ‘The special vice of
a prior restraint is that communication will be suppressed, either directly or by inducing
excessive caution in the speaker, before an adequate determination that it is unprotected
by the First Amendment.’ ” (Ibid., quoting Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm’n
on Human Relations (1973) 413 U.S. 376, 390.)
       “Although stated in broad terms, the right to free speech is not absolute.”
(Aguilar, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 134.) “ ‘[T]here are categories of communication and

9
 Sweeney contends that in denying a separate restraining order he sought against
Evilsizor, the trial court “held the parties to a double standard on the issue of domestic
violence.” But Sweeney did not appeal from that order, and it is irrelevant to our review
of the order giving rise to this appeal.


                                             11
certain special utterances to which the majestic protection of the First Amendment does
not extend because they “are no essential part of any exposition of ideas, and are of such
slight social value as a step to truth that any benefit that may be derived from them is
clearly outweighed by the social interest in order and morality.” ’ ” (Balboa Island
Village Inn, Inc. v. Lemen (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1141, 1147 (Lemen), quoting Bose Corp. v.
Consumers Union of U.S., Inc. (1984) 466 U.S. 485, 503.) Such categories include
libelous speech (Lemen, at p. 1147) and words amounting to employment discrimination
(Aguilar, at pp. 134-135, 141-142).
       Similarly, prohibiting Sweeney from disseminating the contents of Evilsizor’s
phones does not amount to a prohibited restraint of protected speech because Sweeny’s
conduct constituted “abuse” under the DVPA. (§§ 6203, subd. (d), 6218, subd. (a), 6320,
subd. (a).) Sweeney places far too much emphasis on the fact that the trial court
specifically declined to address whether Sweeney illegally obtained information from
Evilsizor’s phones. Regardless whether the data was acquired legally, the trial court was
authorized to conclude that its dissemination as we have described was abusive under the
DVPA and not the type of speech afforded protection under the First Amendment.
(Lemen, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1147.)
       Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001) 532 U.S. 514, upon which Sweeney relies, does not
compel a contrary conclusion. There, an unidentified person unlawfully intercepted and
recorded a telephone call between the president of a local teachers union and a union
negotiator involved in contract negotiations with the school board, and several media
outlets published the contents of the recording even though they knew or had reason to
know the conversation had been illegally obtained. (Id. at pp. 518-519.) The Supreme
Court held that under the circumstances the valid privacy interests in a private
conversation gave way to the First Amendment protection of truthful speech about a
matter of public concern. (Id. at pp. 533-535.) The court specifically declined to address
whether the First Amendment would protect unlawfully intercepted messages concerning
“domestic gossip or other information of purely private concern.” (Id. at p. 533, italics
added.) “In doing so, the court recognized that the First Amendment interests served by


                                             12
the disclosure of purely private information . . . are not as significant as the interests
served by the disclosure of information concerning a matter of public importance.”
(DVD Copy Control Assn., Inc. v. Bunner, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 883 [affirming
preliminary injunction enjoining party from posting on the Internet trade secrets
regarding licensed DVD encryption technology].) Here, Sweeney has not identified any
public concern in Evilsizor’s text messages and other information that he surreptitiously
took from her phones.
       Sweeney’s comparison of this case to situations where parties obtain information
from independent sources also misses the mark. He relies on In re Marriage of Candiotti
(1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 718, where the trial court entered an order barring an ex-wife in a
custody-and-visitation proceeding from disseminating information obtained about her ex-
husband’s new wife that was acquired both during discovery and also from independent
sources. (Id. at pp. 719-721.) Division Three of this court affirmed the portion of the
order protecting disclosure of material obtained through discovery. (Id. at p. 726.) As
for the portion of the order banning dissemination of material acquired through
independent sources, however, the court reversed, holding that the order infringed on the
ex-wife’s freedom to speak freely about another adult. (Id. at pp. 724-725.) Although it
is not entirely clear how the ex-wife obtained the objectionable information, there was no
suggestion that it was obtained improperly. (Id. at pp. 720-721 [ex-wife “investigated . . .
allegations” learned through anonymous telephone call and “obtained information about
[new wife’s] driving and personal history”].) Here, by sharp contrast, the trial court
determined that Sweeney “committed acts that are restrainable under the [DVPA].”
Whether this was a reference to the way in which the data was gathered or the manner in
which Sweeney disseminated (or threatened to disseminate) it, we do not believe this
abusive conduct is the sort of “independently secured information” to which the Candiotti
court afforded constitutional protection. (Id. at p. 722.)
       Furthermore, the trial court determined that Sweeney’s actions amounted to abuse
under the DVPA after a contested hearing. This distinguishes the present case from those
in which trial courts enjoined speech before a determination was made that the speech


                                              13
was unprotected. For example, in Evans v. Evans (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1157 the
appellate court reversed the issuance of a preliminary injunction that prohibited a party
from publishing certain statements about her former husband, because the injunction was
overbroad and amounted to an invalid prior restraint before trial. (Id. at pp. 1161-1162;
see also Gilbert v. National Enquirer, Inc. (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 1135, 1145-1146
[preliminary injunction entered before trial that prohibited ex-husband from discussing
allegedly defamatory comments about his former spouse, a famous actress, amounted to
invalid prior restraint].) The Evans court emphasized, however, that a court may prohibit
a party from repeating statements determined at trial to be defamatory, because
defamatory statements are not subject to protection under the First Amendment. (Evans,
at p. 1162.) Here, the trial court entered an order after a contested hearing where it
determined Sweeney committed abuse under the DVPA.
       This approach is consistent with well-settled First Amendment jurisprudence.
“[A]n injunctive order prohibiting the repetition of expression that ha[s] been judicially
determined to be unlawful d[oes] not constitute a prohibited prior restraint of speech.”
(Lemen, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1153.) For example, following a court trial in Lemen, the
trial court determined that the defendant had defamed a restaurant and bar, and it entered
a permanent injunction prohibiting the defendant from repeating the defamatory
statements. (Id. at pp. 1144-1146.) The Supreme Court held that “an injunction issued
following a trial that determined that the defendant defamed the plaintiff that does no
more than prohibit the defendant from repeating the defamation, is not a prior restraint
and does not offend the First Amendment.” (Id. at p. 1148.) “ ‘Once specified
expressional acts are properly determined to be unprotected by the first amendment, there
can be no objection to their subsequent suppression or prosecution.’ ” (Id. at p. 1156.)
Likewise in Aguilar, supra, 21 Cal.4th 121, the Supreme Court held that where there has
been a judicial determination that the use of racial epithets constitutes employment
discrimination, an injunction prohibiting the continued use of those slurs does not violate
the right to freedom of speech and does not amount to a prohibited prior restraint of
speech. (Id. at pp. 126, 140.)


                                             14
       This result also is consistent with the California Constitution. Article I, section 2,
subdivision (a) of the state constitution provides: “Every person may freely speak, write
and publish his or her sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of this
right.” Our Supreme Court has observed that this provision “ ‘is terse and vigorous, and
its meaning so plain that construction is not needed. . . . It is patent that this right to
speak, write, and publish, cannot be abused until it is exercised, and before it is exercised
there can be no responsibility.’ ” (Lemen, supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 1159-1160, quoting
Dailey v. Superior Court (1896) 112 Cal. 94, 97.) But despite the broad language in the
California Constitution protecting speech, our Supreme Court has recognized that courts
may enjoin speech that has been found at trial to be unlawful. (Lemen, at p. 1160.) The
injunction here does not violate the state constitution because it was entered only after a
contested hearing that resulted in a determination that Sweeney’s allegedly protected
conduct in fact amounted to abuse.
       “We recognize, of course, that a court must tread lightly and carefully when
issuing an order that prohibits speech.” (Lemen, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1159.) “ ‘An
order issued in the area of First Amendment rights must be couched in the narrowest
terms that will accomplish the pin-pointed objective permitted by constitutional mandate
and the essential needs of the public order. In this sensitive field, the State may not
employ “means that broadly stifle fundamental personal liberties when the end can be
more narrowly achieved.” [Citation.] In other words, the order must be tailored as
precisely as possible to the exact needs of the case.’ ” (Ibid., quoting Carroll v. Princess
Anne (1968) 393 U.S. 175, 183-184.) Sweeney contends the court’s order is unnecessary,
but he does not direct his challenge to the wording of the court’s final order. Instead, he
emphasizes that the parties once discussed entering into a stipulation regarding the use of
Evilsizor’s text messages. Sweeney faults Evilsizor for not drafting a stipulation, but he
directs us to nothing in the record showing he drafted an acceptable alternative to a




                                               15
protective order.10 He also points to stray comments the trial court made when issuing
the order about how it might be interpreted, but the language used by the court was not
included in the final order and thus is not helpful in analyzing it. (Jespersen v. Zubiate-
Beauchamp (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 624, 633 [judge’s comments at oral argument may
never be used to impeach final order].)
       We are somewhat more sympathetic, however, to Sweeney’s passing argument
that the trial court’s order is overbroad. The order prohibits Sweeney from “using,
delivering, copying, printing or disclosing the messages or content of [Evilsizor’s] text
messages or e-mail messages or notes, or anything else downloaded from her phone or
from what has been called the family computer . . . .”11 As we construe the order, it is
directed at Evilsizor’s data that Sweeney surreptitiously downloaded. Sweeney contends
the order could be interpreted as prohibiting him from using text messages that he himself
exchanged with Evilsizor, but we disagree. If a text message appears on Sweeney’s own
phone, nothing in the order prevents him from disclosing it (assuming it appears on his
phone because he received it, and not because he later downloaded it from Evilsizor’s
phone). We acknowledge that a prohibition on “disclosing” the “content” of Evilsizor’s
text messages could arguably cover information that Sweeney knew independently of the
review of Evilsizor’s information. But given that the order is directed only at the data
Sweeney “downloaded,” we believe the order was sufficiently tailored to the harm it was

10
   At oral argument, Sweeney again blamed Evilsizor for not pursuing his proposed
stipulation by drafting a proposed agreement. He contended that the trial court should
not have entered the DVPA order because it was unnecessary in light of his willingness
to stipulate that he would not publish the data he downloaded from Evilsizor’s phone.
Regardless whether the dispute could have been resolved without a DVPA order, the
failure of the parties to effectuate a settlement left the trial court with no option other than
to rule on the motion. And at a subsequent hearing, the trial court stressed the order was
more than a protective order: “I was very clear [at the DVPA hearing]. It’s a domestic
violence restraining order. . . . It’s a DV order.”
11
  The order provides that Sweeney may not take these actions “except as otherwise
authorized by the court,” making clear that although Sweeney is not to use the material he
obtained from Evilsizor without her knowledge or consent, he may still seek the court’s
permission to use it for whatever purpose.


                                              16
meant to prevent—namely, disclosing or threatening to disclose the information. Under
these circumstances, the court’s protective order does not violate Sweeney’s right to free
speech.
       D. The Trial Court’s Handling of Procedural Issues Was Proper.
       Finally, we reject Sweeney’s arguments that the trial court’s handling of the
proceedings below amounted to reversible error. He first contends that the trial court
abused its discretion when it “advanced the trial date and did not allow [him] to retain
counsel,” a reference to the discussions on March 7, 2014, about holding the hearing on
the DVPA sooner than scheduled so the court could advise the custody evaluator about
the possible use of the text messages when conducting her evaluation. (Boldface
omitted.) But as set forth above, the trial court actually granted Sweeney’s request to
hold the hearing in April instead of March as originally proposed, and Sweeney
responded, “Okay,” when the court set the hearing for April 11. Sweeney has not
demonstrated error or prejudice because he agreed to the trial court’s scheduling and
selected date.
       Sweeney next claims that the trial court violated his right to cross-examine
Evilsizor on matters within the scope of direct examination. (Evid. Code, § 773, subd. (a)
[cross-examination permitted on any matter within scope of direct examination].) In his
opening brief, he does not articulate any specific legal error arising out of cross-
examination. At oral argument, he highlighted his cross-examination of Evilsizor when
he asked her whether he had disclosed text messages to anyone other than their custody
evaluator. After Evilsizor responded she did not know all the people to whom he had
supplied the text messages, Sweeney asked, “Have I contacted any of your third parties,
whether it be friends, family, or other associates?” Evilsizor responded, “Yes. You’ve
written letters to them, and you told them in your letters to not get involved or you would
produce more text messages.” Following a discussion with the court over whether
Evilsizor had seen such letters and a question from Sweeney about “the context in which
I was responding to the people who wrote to Doctor Lee in an attorney-like context,” the
trial court stated, “I think this is getting beyond what we need to know to decide today’s


                                             17
issue, okay. [¶] Do you have anything else, Mr. Sweeney?” Sweeney responded, “I think
that’s the extent of my cross-examination.”
       We find no error in the foregoing exchange. Sweeney cross-examined his
estranged wife without the assistance of an attorney in a high-conflict case, and he did not
articulate at the time why further cross-examination was necessary. Although the trial
court also redirected Sweeney at other points, we can find nothing in the record to
support a conclusion that it abused its discretion in doing so.
                                            III.
                                        DISPOSITION
       The trial court’s order is affirmed. Evilsizor shall recover her costs on appeal.




                                              18
                                 _________________________
                                 Humes, P.J.


We concur:


_________________________
Dondero, J.


_________________________
Banke, J.




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