J-A09019-19

                           2019 PA Super 257

 DANIEL PORTER AND CAROLYN              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 PORTER                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL PA II,       :
 L.P., TOLL PA GP, CORP., TOLL          :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE, I, P.A. AND              :
 ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.                 :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS., INC. TOLL PA II, L.P.,     :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC ANDTOLL              :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.                   :   No. 894 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                No(s): September Term, 2017, No. 01002



 MANOJ PRASAD AND CHETANA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 PRASAD                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP     :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,     :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
                                        :
J-A09019-19


 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :   No. 895 EDA 2018
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,

                   Appeal from the Order March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901803



 MATTHEW O’DONNELL AND JILL              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 O’DONNELL                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP         :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P.,        :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 897 EDA 2018

                   Appeal from the Order March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                  No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 1709



 RICHARD ORLANDO AND KRISTIN             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 ORLANDO                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP         :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :


                                   -2-
J-A09019-19


 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P.,        :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 898 EDA 2018

                   Appeal from the Order March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Oct. Term 2017 Case ID: 171003573



 JOSHUA M. OWEN AND ALLISON R.           :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 OWEN                                    :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,      :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 899 EDA 2018

                   Appeal from the Order March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901823



 RAJESH PARNERKAR AND SHILPA             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 PARNERKAR                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :


                                   -3-
J-A09019-19


                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,      :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   : No. 900 EDA 2018

                   Appeal from the Order March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Oct. Term 2017, Case ID: 171003574



 ROBERT T. ROSS AND DAWN D.              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 ROSS                                    :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,      :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 901 EDA 2018




                                   -4-
J-A09019-19



                   Appeal from the Order March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901815



 JOSEPH A. SAMARCO AND LORI              :  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 LYNN SAMARCO                            :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,      :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   : No. 902 EDA 2018

                   Appeal from the Order March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901903



 ANDREW TURK                             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP         :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :


                                   -5-
J-A09019-19


                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P.,        :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 903 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Oct. Term 2017 Case ID: 171003572



 VENKA REDDY SUNKARA AND                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 ANITHA BADVELU SUNKARA                  :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,      :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 904 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Sep. Term 2017 Case ID: 171003549



 IGOR ZAVALNY AND TAMARA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 VOLKOVA                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :


                                   -6-
J-A09019-19


                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,      :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   : No. 905 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Oct. Term 2017 Case ID: 171003433



 TIMOTHY WELCH AND CYNTHIA             :  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 WELCH                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,       :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., & TOLL PA GP     :
 CORP.,                                :
                                       :
                                       :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,       :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P., &    :
 TOLL PA GP CORP.,                     : No. 906 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 8, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Nov. Term 2016 Case ID: 161100904



 MICHAEL A. ZISKIND AND INGRID C. :         IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 ZISKIND                          :              PENNSYLVANIA
                                  :


                                   -7-
J-A09019-19


                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP         :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND                                     :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P.,        :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 907 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 8, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Nov. Term 2016 Case ID: 161101721



 MICHAEL MILEY AND JENNIFER              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MILEY                                   :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,      :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 908 EDA 2018




                                   -8-
J-A09019-19



              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901824



 BRETT ADAMS, JILL O’DONNELL,            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 JASON TEPFENHARDT, JESSICA              :        PENNSYLVANIA
 TEPFENHARDT, JAMES WIEGERS &            :
 ANN MARIE WIEGERS                       :
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA , L.P., TOLL PA GP        :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,         :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,          :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.              :
                                         :
                                         :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P.,        :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                  :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL            :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                   :   No. 909 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Jan. Term 2017 Case ID: 170101225




 BRIAN G. BENTRIM AND CATHERINE          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 S. BENTRIM                              :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,         :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP         :


                                   -9-
J-A09019-19


 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P.,       :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                  : No. 910 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Oct. Term 2017 Case ID: 171002359



 AARON CARLSON AND SUZANNE              :  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 CARLSON                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP     :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,     :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                  : No. 911 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901005



 BENJAMIN LACSON AND EVELYN             :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 LACSON                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA


                                  - 10 -
J-A09019-19


                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP        :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA , L.P.,       :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                  : No. 912 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Oct. Term 2017, Case ID: 171003576



 JULIAN CASTANEDA AND BRENNA            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 CASTANEDA                              :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA IV, L.P., TOLL PA GP     :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA IV, L.P.,     :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                  :   No. 913 EDA 2018



                                  - 11 -
J-A09019-19



              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
               No(s): Oct. Term 2017 Case ID: 171003533



 JOHN J. COFFEY AND EILEEN COFFEY :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                    :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                    :
            v.                      :
                                    :
                                    :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,    :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,    :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,     :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.         :
                                    :
                                    :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,    :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL             :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL       :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,              : No. 914 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901200



 JAMES COOKE AND TRACY COOKE            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA VI, L.P., TOLL PA GP     :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :


                                  - 12 -
J-A09019-19


 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA VI, L.P.,     :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                  : No. 915 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170903045



 THOMAS DEANGELO AND CAGLAYAN           :  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 DEANGELO                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP     :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,     :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                  : No. 916 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901003



 JAMES COY AND DENISE COY               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
                                        :


                                  - 13 -
J-A09019-19


 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP        :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA, L.P.,        :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :   No. 917 EDA 2018
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901196



 TODD ELLIOTT AND JUDITH                :  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 ELLIOTT                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP     :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,     :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           : No. 918 EDA 2018
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170901907




                                  - 14 -
J-A09019-19


 ROBERT KASPROW AND LAURA               :  IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 KASPROW                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP        :
 CORP., TOLL ARCHITECTURE, INC.,        :
 AND TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,         :
 AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.             :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA, L.P.,        :
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL                 :
 ARCHITECTURE, INC., AND TOLL           :
 ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,                  : No. 919 EDA 2018

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
              No(s): Sept. Term 2017 Case ID: 170902048



 FURRUKH MUNAWAR AND AAIYSHA            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MUNAWAR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL PA, II,      :
 L.P., TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL           :
 BROS., INC., TOLL ARCHITECTURE,        :
 INC., TOLL ARCHITECTURE I, P.A.,       :
 AND ANDERSON WINDOWS                   :
                                        :
                                        :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,        :
 TOLL PA II, L.P., (IMPROPERLY PLED     :
 AS TOLL PA, II, L.P.,) TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL BROS., INC., TOLL          :
                                        :

                                  - 15 -
J-A09019-19


 ARCHITECTURE, INC. AND TOLL            : No. 920 EDA 2018
 ARCHITECTURE, I., P.A.

              Appeal from the Order Entered March 1, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                         No(s): No. 171003571



 KEVIN MARCIANO AND ANGELA             :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MARCIANO                              :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 TOLL BROTHERS INC., TOLL BROS,        :
 INC., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA. GP   :
 CORP., AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS,          :
 INC.                                  :
                                       :
                                       :
 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS INC.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC., TOLL PA II, L.P.,    :
 TOLL PA. GP CORP.                     :    No. 1640 EDA 2018

                Appeal from the Order Dated April 30, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
             No(s): September Term, 2017, No. 170903704



 JAMES WOJNICKI AND KIMBERLY            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 WOJNICKI                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL PA,          :
 L.P., TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL BROS,     :
 INC., AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS,            :
 INC.,                                  :
                                        :
                                        :


                                  - 16 -
J-A09019-19


 APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,         :
 TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP CORP.,        :
 TOLL BROS, INC.                         :
 (COLLECTIVELY, THE “TOLL                :
 DEFENDANTS)                             :
                                         :
                                         : No. 1912 EDA 2018

                Appeal from the Order Dated May 22, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                    No(s): 02349 February Term, 2018



 MENG KOUCH AND LISA C. KOUCH            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 TOLL BROTHERS, INC., TOLL PA,           :
 L.P., TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA GP      :
 CORP., TOLL BROS, INC., AND             :
 ANDERSEN WINDOWS, INC.,                 :
 APPEAL: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,            :
 TOLL PA II, L.P., TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL   :
 PA GP CORP., AND TOLL BROS., INC.       :
 (COLLECTIVELY, THE “TOLL                :
 DEFENDANTS”)                            :   No. 1913 EDA 2018
                                         :


                Appeal from the Order Dated May 22, 2018
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                     No(s): 02432 March Term, 2018



 JAMES MCFADDEN V. TOLL                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 BROTHERS, INC., TOLL PA, L.P.,          :        PENNSYLVANIA
 TOLL PA GP CORP., TOLL BROS,            :
 INC., AND ANDERSEN WINDOWS,             :
 INC.                                    :
                                         :
                                         :


                                  - 17 -
J-A09019-19


    APPEAL OF: TOLL BROTHERS, INC.,            :
    TOLL PA, L.P., TOLL PA GP CORP.,           :
    TOLL BROS, INC., AND ANDERSEN              :
    WINDOWS, INC.                              :   No. 2869 EDA 2018

               Appeal from the Order Entered August 14, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                             No(s): 180502212



BEFORE:      KUNSELMAN, J., MURRAY, J., and PELLEGRINI*, J.

OPINION BY MURRAY, J.:                                  FILED AUGUST 21, 2019

       In this consolidated appeal, Toll Brothers, Inc., Toll PA II, L.P., Toll PA

GP, Corp., Toll Architecture, Inc., and Toll Architecture, I, P.A., (collectively,

Appellant) appeals from the trial court’s orders denying Appellant’s petitions

to compel arbitration.1 Appellant avers that the trial court erred in finding

that the plaintiffs (Appellees), all of whom were subsequent purchasers of

homes built and originally sold by Appellant, were not bound by mandatory

arbitration clauses in the warranties extended by Appellant to the original

purchasers of the homes.2 Upon review, we affirm.

       Appellant is a builder and seller of residential homes. Between October


____________________________________________


* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1A party may appeal from an order denying a petition to compel arbitration.
Pisano v. Extendicare Homes, Inc., 77 A.3d 651, 654 (Pa. Super. 2013).

2 The other defendant in these cases, Andersen Windows, has notified this
Court by correspondence dated November 29, 2018, that it would not file an
appellate brief.



                                          - 18 -
J-A09019-19


2002 and January 2005, Appellant entered into sale agreements with the

original purchasers of the 30 homes at issue. Appellant’s Brief at 15. Separate

from the sale agreements, Appellant offered a written 10-year warranty for

repairs3 for the benefit of the “homeowner.”         See, e.g., Porter v. Toll

Brothers, Inc., 894 EDA 2018, Appellant’s Memorandum of Law in Support

of Petition to Compel Arbitration & Stay Judicial Proceedings, Exhibit 2 (Limited

Warranty) at 1, 13.         Section IX (“Definitions”) of the warranty defined

“homeowner” as:

       the first person to whom a home . . . is sold . . . and such person’s
       successors in title to the home . . . provided a Subsequent
       Home Buyer Acknowledgement and Assignment form (TB
       Form 1302) is signed by the subsequent homeowner.

Limited Warranty at 12 (some capitalization removed and emphasis added);

see also Trial Court Opinion, Porter, 7/24/18, at 2. Section VIII was titled

“General Conditions.” Sub-section VIII(B) addressed subsequent purchasers:

       Transfer to Subsequent Homeowners

       You may transfer this limited warranty to new owner’s [sic] of the
       home for the remainder of the warranty coverage period
       provided that you or the new owners notify the warranty
       program administrator in writing, utilizing the Subsequent
       Home Buyer Acknowledgement and Assignment Form [(TB
       Form No. 1302)] attached to this limited warranty after
       ownership is transferred. Our duties under this limited warranty
       to the new homeowner will not exceed the limit of liability then
       remaining, if any.


____________________________________________


3 The warranty specifically excluded damage resulting from moisture,
corrosion, mildew, and defects arising from building code violations. Limited
Warranty at 4-5.

                                          - 19 -
J-A09019-19


Limited Warranty at 9 (some capitalization removed and emphases added);

see also Trial Court Opinion, Porter, 7/24/18, at 3.        Sub-section VIII(E)

reiterating the requirements of VIII(B): “This limited warranty is to be binding

on you and us.         It is also binding on your and our heirs, executors,

administrators, successors, and assigns, subject to paragraph B.” Limited

Warranty at 9 (some capitalization removed and emphasis added); see also

Trial Court Opinion, Porter, 7/24/18, at 3.

       The Subsequent Home Buyer Acknowledgement and Assignment form,

or TB Form No. 1302, was included in the warranty and stated:

       Upon execution of this form any coverage remaining under the
       limited warranty applicable to the home as specified on the
       Limited Warranty Coverage Validation Form is transferred to the
       subsequent homeowner.          Any obligations under the limited
       warranty to any subsequent homeowner shall not exceed the limit
       of liability remaining at the time of transfer, if any.

Limited Warranty at 37 (some capitalization removed and emphases added);

see also Trial Court Opinion, Porter, 7/24/18, at 3-4. The form included a

mandatory arbitration clause:4

       I/we acknowledge and agree all disputes under and relating to the
       limited warranty (including disputes on which issues shall be
       submitted to arbitration; alleged breach of the limited warranty;
       and alleged violations of statutes or regulations relating to
       consumer protection or unfair trade practices) shall be submitted
       to binding arbitration before an independent third party arbitration
       organization. . . .


____________________________________________


4 The sale agreements between Appellant and the original purchasers also
included a mandatory arbitration clause, but Appellant does not rely on those
provisions in this appeal.

                                          - 20 -
J-A09019-19


Id. (some capitalization removed). The form included a signature line for the

subsequent purchaser and instructed the subsequent purchaser to mail the

form (and a copy of the settlement or closing documents) to the warranty

program administrator. Id. at 4.

       As stated above, Appellees are the subsequent purchasers of the 30

homes. Appellees experienced “water infiltration issues such as condensation

and leaking at various windows in their home[s].”                 Trial Court Opinion,

Ziskind v. Toll Brothers, Inc., 907 EDA 2018, 7/28/18, at 1. Estimates to

repair the damages (mold, rotting wood and other water infiltration issues)

generally exceeded $100,000. It is undisputed that no Appellee had executed

TB Form 1302.

       Between September 2017 and March 2018, Appellees each filed a

complaint in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas against Appellant and

Andersen Windows, generally alleging construction defects in their homes and

raising,    variously,     counts     of       unfair   trade   practices,5   negligent

misrepresentation, fraud, and negligence. Trial Court Opinion, Ziskind, at 2.

Appellant filed a petition to compel arbitration in every case, arguing: (1) the

home warranty transferred from the original purchasers to Appellees and thus

Appellees were third-party beneficiaries of the warranties; and (2) all of

Appellees’ rights against Appellant arise from the home warranty, which


____________________________________________


5See Unfair Trade Practices & Consumer Protection Law (UTPCPL), 73 P.S. §§
201-1 to 201-9.3.

                                           - 21 -
J-A09019-19


requires that disputes be resolved by arbitration.      See e.g., Appellant’s

Petition to Compel Arbitration & Stay Judicial Proceedings, Porter, 11/1/17,

at 2.

        Twenty-seven of Appellant’s thirty petitions were assigned to the

Honorable Arnold New for disposition, two petitions were assigned to the

Honorable Denis Cohen, and one was assigned to the Honorable Shelley

Robins New. The judges (collectively, the trial court) denied all of Appellant’s

petitions to compel arbitration. Judge New issued an opinion in Porter and

adopted it in the twenty-six cases also before him. Judge Robins New filed an

opinion in Marciano v. Toll Brothers, Inc., 1640 EDA 2018. Judge Cohen

filed opinions in Ziskind and Welch v. Toll Brothers, Inc., 906 EDA 2018.

Generally, the trial court rejected Appellant’s contention that Appellees were

bound by the warranty as third-party beneficiaries. It also reasoned that the

plain language of the warranty required, as a “condition precedent” for

transference of the warranty to a subsequent purchaser, that the subsequent

home purchaser execute TB Form No. 1302.           The trial court found that

because no Appellee had executed the form, Appellees had not agreed to, and

were not bound by, the warranty. The court also rejected Appellant’s claims

that Appellees were bound by the warranty under the doctrine of equitable

estoppel, where Appellees both allegedly previously relied on the warranty to

make claims for repair and relied on the warranty in their complaints.




                                     - 22 -
J-A09019-19


      Appellant timely appealed in all 30 cases and, where directed, complied

with the trial court’s orders to file Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statements. This Court

consolidated all 30 cases.

      Appellant presents two issues for our review:

      (1) Did the trial court err as a matter of law by denying a petition
      to compel arbitration filed by [Appellant] when (a) the limited
      home warranty (on which [Appellees] rely to state their claims
      and have utilized in the past) contains a valid arbitration
      agreement; (b) [Appellees] are bound by the valid arbitration
      agreement that transferred to them with the home they
      subsequently purchased from the original home buyer either as
      third-party beneficiaries or by estoppel; and (c) the unlimited
      arbitration agreement expressly states that [Appellees’] claims
      are subject to arbitration?

      (2) Did the trial court err as a matter of law by denying a petition
      to compel arbitration filed by [Appellant] when, contrary to the
      trial court’s conclusions, (a) [Appellees] are bound by the
      arbitration provision whether or not they signed it, whether or not
      the agreement identifies them by name, and whether or not
      [Appellees] invoke third-party beneficiary status; and (b)
      [Appellees’] claims fall within the scope of the arbitration provision
      regardless of the label they use or the relief they seek?

Appellant’s Brief at 11-12. Appellant’s issues overlap, and both conclude that

although Appellees were not original parties to the warranties, they are

nevertheless bound by them. For ease of discussion, we address Appellant’s

various arguments seriatim, though in a different order than presented.

      Preliminarily, we note the relevant standard of review and general

principles of mandatory-arbitration clauses:

      We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to compel arbitration
      for an abuse of discretion and to determine whether the trial
      court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence. In doing
      so, we employ a two-part test to determine whether the trial court

                                     - 23 -
J-A09019-19


     should have compelled arbitration. The first determination is
     whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists. The second
     determination is whether the dispute is within the scope of the
     agreement.

     Whether a claim is within the scope of an arbitration provision is
     a matter of contract, and as with all questions of law, our review
     of the trial court’s conclusion is plenary. “The scope of arbitration
     is determined by the intention of the parties as ascertained in
     accordance with the rules governing contracts generally.” “These
     are questions of law and our review is plenary.”

     Arbitration is a matter of contract, and parties to a contract cannot
     be compelled to arbitrate a given issue absent an agreement
     between them to arbitrate that issue. Even though it is now the
     policy of the law to favor settlement of disputes by arbitration and
     to promote the swift and orderly disposition of claims, arbitration
     agreements are to be strictly construed and such agreements
     should not be extended by implication.

Elwyn v. DeLuca, 48 A.3d 457, 461 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations omitted).

     Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that because

Appellees did not sign the warranty or execute the TB Form 1302, there was

no valid agreement compelling Appellees to arbitrate. Appellant maintains

that as a matter of law, a signature is not required to bind a party to an

arbitration agreement. Appellant’s Brief at 62, citing Pittsburgh Logistics

Sys. v. B. Keppel Trucking, LLC, 153 A.3d 1091, 1094 (Pa. Super. 2017).

Appellant characterizes the TB Form 1302 as a “red herring”; while Appellant

acknowledges that the warranty provides that a subsequent purchaser

“should” submit the form, it reasons that it had discretion to waive that

precondition and that it would not have denied any warranty claim based on

a failure to submit the TB Form 1302. Id. Appellant further alleges that the


                                    - 24 -
J-A09019-19


trial court’s interpretation of the warranty — that a subsequent purchaser’s

execution of TB Form 1302 is a “condition precedent” for the transference of

the warranty to the subsequent purchaser — is unreasonable. In support,

Appellant reasons, without reference to applicable authority, that an original

purchaser is “not likely” to “search through [his] paperwork to find that exact

form to give to subsequent purchasers to sign,” and instead, “[i]t is more

likely that this form has been misplaced or forgotten.” Id. at 65. We are not

persuaded by Appellant’s argument.

      With respect to contract interpretation, this Court has stated:

      The legal standards governing our review of the trial court’s
      contract interpretation are axiomatic. “The interpretation of a
      contract is a matter of law and, as such, we need not defer to the
      trial court’s reading of the [a]greement.”

          It is also well[-]established that under the law of
          contracts, in interpreting an agreement, the court must
          ascertain the intent of the parties.

          In the cases of a written contract, the intent of the parties
          is the writing itself. If left undefined, the words of a
          contract are to be given their ordinary meaning. When
          the terms of a contract are clear and unambiguous, the
          intent of the parties is to be ascertained from the
          document itself. When, however, an ambiguity exists,
          parol evidence is admissible to explain or clarify or
          resolve the ambiguity, irrespective of whether the
          ambiguity is patent, created by the language of the
          instrument, or latent, created by extrinsic or collateral
          circumstances.

Lenau v. Co-Exprise, Inc., 102 A.3d 423, 429 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations

omitted). “In general, only parties to an arbitration agreement are subject to

arbitration.” Elwyn, 48 A.3d at 461.

                                     - 25 -
J-A09019-19


      First, we examine Appellant’s claim that, pursuant to Pittsburgh

Logistics Sys., 153 A.3d 1091, as a matter of law, a signature is not required

to bind a party to an arbitration agreement.      See Appellant’s Brief at 62.

Appellant presents no further discussion of the Pittsburgh Logistics Sys.

decision. Our review of that case reveals that it is distinguishable. In that

case, the plaintiff argued that because it never signed a contract with the

defendant, and that the contract “was merely a draft agreement,” the

contract’s mandatory-arbitration clause could not be enforced. Id. at 1093.

This Court denied relief, observing, inter alia, that the contract language did

not explicitly require the plaintiff’s signature, where “the line preceding the

signature lines state[d], ‘In witness whereof, the parties, intending to be

legally bound, have set their hands and seals the day and year first above

written.’”   Id. at 1094.   This Court concluded:    “This statement is not an

express requirement for both parties’ signatures. The phrase ‘legally bound’

constitutes consideration for the contract.” Id. Appellant makes no reference

to these facts in Pittsburgh Logistics Sys. and does not explain why that

holding applies in this case.

      Additionally, after careful review of the warranty, we agree with the trial

court that pursuant to the plain language of several portions of the warranty,

the warranty did not automatically transfer to a subsequent purchaser, but

instead, the original purchaser or subsequent purchaser must execute TB

Form 1302. See Trial Court Opinion, Porter, 7/24/18, at 5-6. Additionally,


                                     - 26 -
J-A09019-19


once executed, TB Form 1302 required the parties to arbitrate any disputes.

        As stated above, the warranty’s definition of “homeowner” included a

subsequent purchaser who has executed TB Form 1302:

            HOMEOWNER means the first person to whom a home is
            sold . . . and such person’s successor in title to the home
            . . .        provided a Subsequent Home Buyer
            Acknowledgement and Assignment form (TB Form
            1302) is signed by the subsequent homeowner.

See Trial Court Opinion, Porter, 7/24/18, at 2 (some capitalization removed

and emphasis added).      Section VIII(B) provided that an original purchaser

“may transfer” the warranty to a subsequent purchaser “provided that” either

the original or subsequent purchaser notify Appellant in writing via TB Form

1302.     See id. at 3.    Section VIII(E) likewise provided that the limited

warranty is binding on an original purchaser’s “successor[ ] . . . subject to

paragraph B.” Id. Finally, TB Form 1302 itself provides that the warranty

“is transferred to the subsequent homeowner . . . [u]pon execution of this

form.” Id.

        Contrary to Appellant’s claim, the warranty did not merely provide that

a subsequent purchaser “should” execute TB Form 1032 for the warranty to

transfer. See Appellant’s Brief at 62. Instead, the warranty and TB Form

1032 clearly provide that the warranty would transfer if and when a

subsequent purchaser executed TB Form 1032 and mailed it to Appellant. See

Lenau, 102 A.3d at 429. Furthermore, the plain language of the warranty

does not support Appellant’s present claim that it “has the discretion to waive


                                      - 27 -
J-A09019-19


that precondition.” See id. Appellant does not point to, and our review has

not revealed, any such provision in the warranty.          Appellant’s alleged

willingness to overlook the lack of an executed TB Form 1032 (in order to

honor a claim from a subsequent purchaser) does not nullify or modify the

clear terms of the warranty, and importantly, does not bind Appellees to a

contract they did not execute. See Lenau, 102 A.3d at 429 (“In the cases of

a written contract, the intent of the parties is the writing itself.”).   It is

undisputed that Appellees did not sign the warranty or execute TB Form 1032.

Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that the warranty does not bind

Appellees. See Elwyn, 48 A.3d at 461.

      Next, Appellant avers that Appellees are bound by the warranty as third-

party beneficiaries. In support, Appellant contends that the express language

of the limited warranty indicates its and the original purchasers’ intent to

“include ‘subsequent homeowners’ as parties who could receive the benefits

of the agreement.”     Appellant’s Brief at 48-49 (“[T]he Limited warranty

expressly confers benefits on subsequent homeowners.”).              Appellant

maintains that “where an underlying agreement between contracting parties

conveys benefits to third parties (whether named or unnamed) and requires

the original parties to arbitrate any disputes, the third party likewise must

arbitrate his or her disputes arising out the underlying agreement.” Id. at 49.

      As stated above, “[i]n general, only parties to an arbitration agreement

are subject to arbitration.” Elwyn, 48 A.3d at 461. “However, a nonparty,


                                    - 28 -
J-A09019-19


such as a third-party beneficiary, may fall within the scope of an arbitration

agreement if that is the parties’ intent.” Id. Our Supreme “Court has held

that third party beneficiaries are bound by the same limitations in the contract

as the signatories of that contract[;]” a third party beneficiary’s “rights are

vulnerable to the same limitations which may be asserted between the

promisor and the promise.” Johnson v. Pennsylvania Nat’l Ins. Cos., 594

A.2d 296, 298-299 (Pa. 1991).        A court employs the following test to

determine whether an individual is a third party beneficiary to a contract:

          (1) the recognition of the beneficiary’s right must be
          appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties, and

          (2) the performance must satisfy an obligation of the
          promisee to pay money to the beneficiary or the
          circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give
          the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.

Burks v. Fed. Ins. Co., 883 A.2d 1086, 1088 (Pa. Super. 2005), citing Guy

v. Liederbach, 459 A.2d 744, 751 (Pa. 1983).

      Appellant’s third party beneficiary-argument is premised on the theories

that pursuant to the terms of the warranty, (1) Appellant was automatically

bound to honor any warranty claim by a subsequent purchaser; and (2)

Appellees are automatically bound by the terms of the warranty.          These

suppositions, however, ignore the plain language of the warranty, which, as

discussed above, did not impose any obligation on either Appellant (with

respect a subsequent purchaser) or a subsequent purchaser, absent the

subsequent purchaser’s execution of TB Form 1032. Appellees do not gain


                                     - 29 -
J-A09019-19


third-party beneficiary status simply because the plain language of the

warranty provided that an original purchaser may transfer the warranty to a

subsequent purchaser. Rather, Appellant was obligated to honor the terms of

the warranty to Appellees only if Appellees executed TB Form 1032.

     Appellant’s next claim is that the trial court should have found the

warranty transferred to Appellees by virtue of Appellees’ own admissions in

their pleadings. Appellant’s Brief at 43. Appellant cites the statements in

Appellees’ complaints that, inter alia, Appellees were aware that Appellant

offered 10-year warranties on the homes; Appellees “received a transferable

warranty for” their homes; they relied on the warranties when purchasing

their homes; and that Appellant extended transferable warranties to

subsequent purchasers. Id. at 44.

     Appellant relies on the following discussion in Del Ciotto v. Pa. Hosp.

of the Univ. of Penn Health Sys., 177 A.3d 335 (Pa. Super. 2017):

          Statements of fact by one party in pleadings, stipulations,
     testimony, and the like, made for that party’s benefit, are termed
     judicial admissions and are binding on the party.           Judicial
     admissions are deemed true and cannot be contradicted by the
     admitting party. If there is some support in the record for the
     truth of an averment, the trial court abuses its discretion if it
     disregards the admission. Such averments are binding on a party
     whether admitted by counsel or the client. Such admissions are
     considered conclusive in the cause of action in which they are
     made — and any appeals thereof, . . . — and the opposing party
     need not offer further evidence to prove the fact admitted.

          For an averment to qualify as a judicial admission, it must be
     a clear and unequivocal admission of fact. Judicial admissions are
     limited in scope to factual matters otherwise requiring evidentiary
     proof, and are exclusive of legal theories and conclusions of law.

                                    - 30 -
J-A09019-19


      The fact must have been unequivocally admitted and not be
      merely one interpretation of the statement that is purported to be
      a judicial admission.

See Del Ciotto, 177 A.3d at 354 (citations omitted).

      We   note   that   generally,   Appellees’   complaints   each   spanned

approximately 102 to 110 pages. Upon review, we agree with Appellant that

the complaints stated, with slightly varying language, that Appellees “received

a transferable warranty” for their homes from the original purchasers. See

e.g., Complaint, Parnerkar v. Toll Brothers, Inc., 10/27/17, at 27;

Complaint, Ross v. Toll Brothers, Inc., 9/18/17, at 27; Complaint, Sunkara

v. Toll Brothers, Inc., 10/27/17, at 26; Complaint, Zavalny v. Toll

Brothers, Inc., 10/29/17, at 28.           However, we disagree that these

statements alone — that Appellees “received” the warranties — constituted

judicial admission that Appellees accepted, or were bound by, the terms of

the warranties. Appellees’ complaints also averred that they “relied upon the

existence of a warranty and the representations in the warranty concerning

[Appellant’s] acknowledged obligation to comply with building code[ ] as

reasonable evidence that the Home was constructed properly and in

compliance with the building code, local ordinance, and industry

standards.”    See e.g., McFadden’s Complaint, 5/21/18 at 26.          Reading

Appellees’ statements in context, Appellees relied on the warranty as evidence

that Appellant constructed the homes in accordance with industry standards

and local regulations. We also consider Judge New’s analysis of Appellant’s


                                      - 31 -
J-A09019-19


claim:

          [Appellant] argues Appellees are bound by the Limited
     Warranty because they availed themselves of its benefits by
     relying on its language in their respective Complaints. According
     to [Appellant], Appellees cannot have their proverbial cake and
     eat it too by simultaneously relying on the terms of the Limited
     Warranty while avoiding its arbitration clause. It is true the
     Complaints make reference to the Limited Warranty. For instance,
     in the UTPCPL count, Appellees aver “reasonable and justifiable
     reliance on the fact that the Home was warranted by
     [Appellant.FN].    In the negligent misrepresentation count,
     Appellees “materially and reasonably relied upon [Appellant’s]
     misrepresentations when they . . . received, reviewed, and relied
     upon the warranty, written marketing and advertising materials
     and [Appellant’s] website.” In the fraud count, “[Appellant] made
     representations in the warranty extended on the Home that it was
     obligated by law to comply with Applicable [B]uilding Code and so
     complied with Applicable Building Code.”
     ___________________________
     [FN] The corresponding paragraphs in each Appellees’ respective

     Complaint are variable, but the allegations in each Complaint are
     substantially similar.
     ___________________________

          The Court finds this argument unpersuasive. The references
     to the Limited Warranty allege Appellees’ justifiable reliance on a
     warranty publicly advertised by [a] well-known, publicly-traded
     homebuilder. However, justifiable reliance on its own is not
     enough to support [Appellant’s] argument. Coverage under the
     Limited Warranty was expressly conditioned on the execution of
     TB Form 1302. Holding Appellees to the terms of the Limited
     Warranty merely because their Complaints make reference to it
     would render the [requirement of a subsequent purchaser to
     execute TB Form 1302] meaningless.

Trial Court Opinion, Porter, 7/24/18, at 10-11 (citations to record and one

footnote omitted).

     Appellant next alleges that because Appellees previously availed

themselves of the warranties, they are estopped from disclaiming the


                                   - 32 -
J-A09019-19


mandatory-arbitration clause in the warranties.         Appellant reiterates that

Appellees “rel[ied] predominately on statements in the Limited Warranty to

assert the claims in their complaints.” Appellant’s Brief at 52. This argument

is meritless for the reasons discussed above regarding Appellant’s judicial-

admissions claim. Appellant further contends, with respect to “at least” 15 of

the homes, that some Appellees previously submitted claims under the

warranties.6 Appellant reasons that these Appellees “cannot have their cake

and eat it too.” Id.

       Our Supreme Court has stated:

            Equitable estoppel applies to prevent a party from assuming
       a position or asserting a right to another’s disadvantage
       inconsistent with a position previously taken . . . the person
       inducing the belief in the existence of a certain state of facts is
       estopped to deny that the state of facts does in truth exist, over
       a different or contrary state of facts as existing at the same time,
       or deny or repudiate his acts, conduct or statements.

                                       *       *    *

           It is well established . . . that the burden rests on the party
       asserting the estoppel to establish such estoppel by clear, precise
       and unequivocal evidence.”




____________________________________________


6 Appellant identifies the following Appellees as having previously submitted
claims under the warranties: Manoj and Chetana Prasad; Andrew Turk; Venka
Reddy and Anitha Badvelu Sunkaras; Igor Zavalny and Tamara Volkova;
Michael A. and Ingrid C. Ziskind; Aaron and Suzanne Carlson; Benjamin and
Evelyn Lacson; Thomas and Caglayan DeAngelo; Kevin and Angela Marcianos;
Meng and Lisa C. Kouch; James and Kimberly Wojnicki; James and Tracy
Cooke; Richard and Kristin Orlando; Timothy and Cynthia Welch; and James
McFadden. See Appellant’s Brief at 53 & n.15.

                                           - 33 -
J-A09019-19


Novelty Knitting Mills, Inc. v. Siskind, 457 A.2d 502, 504 (Pa. 1983)

(citation omitted).

      Appellant relies on the federal district court opinion in Scottsdale Ins.

Co. v. Kinsale Ins. Co., 253 F.Supp.3d 796 (E.D.Pa. 2017) (Scottsdale),

for the proposition that “Pennsylvania contract law does not permit a party ‘to

claim the benefits of the contract and simultaneously avoid its burdens,’” and

that “this sort of ‘cherry picking’ is ‘precisely the situation the doctrine of

equitable estoppel seeks to prevent.’” Appellant’s Brief at 52. In Scottsdale,

the insurance indemnification case was “removed to federal court on the basis

of diversity,” where the plaintiff was an Ohio corporation having its principal

place of business in Arizona and the defendant was an Arkansas corporation

with its principal place of business in Virginia. Scottsdale, 253 F.Supp.3d at

797, 799 & n.3. The defendant filed a motion to compel arbitration, based on

an arbitration agreement in its policy. Id. at 799. The Court of the Eastern

District of Pennsylvania noted that the arbitration agreement was governed

by the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and decided the issue solely on decisional

authority of the Third Circuit and other federal courts.     Id. at 799-803.

Appellant also relies on E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Rhone Poulenc

Fiber & Resin Intermediates, S.A.S., 269 F.3d 187 (3d Cir. 2001)

(DuPont), for the principle that “a non-signatory [of an agreement] cannot

embrace [the] agreement or receive direct benefits under it, but avoid the

burdens of that agreement.” Appellant’s Brief at 52 (emphasis in original).


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DuPont, however, discussed the FAA and federal circuit decisions. DuPont,

269 F.3d at 194.

      Appellant does not expand upon why the federal authority in Scottsdale

and DuPont, which discussed mandatory-arbitration clauses subject to the

FAA, are applicable to this case. In the absence of such discussion, we do not

address the merits of Appellant’s DuPont and Scottsdale arguments.

      Finally, Appellant alleges that the trial court erred in finding that

Appellees’ claims were not within the scope of the mandatory arbitration-

clause. Because we conclude that Appellees were not bound by the clause,

we do not reach this issue.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the orders entered in the 30

consolidated cases denying Appellant’s petitions to compel arbitration.

      Orders affirmed.

      Judge Pellegrini joins the opinion.

      Judge Kunselman files a concurring opinion.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 8/21/2019




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