                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________          FILED
                                                U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             No. 09-10791         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                  DECEMBER 29, 2010
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                                                       JOHN LEY
                       ________________________
                                                        CLERK

                     D. C. Docket No. 07-20987-CR-AJ

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                   versus

AURORA RAMENTOL,
JACQUELINE PEREZ-CASTILLO,
LIZABETH PEREZ,
ERICK CLAVIJO,


                                                        Defendants-Appellants.

ESTER CRESPO,

                                                                       Defendant.

                       ________________________

                Appeals from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      _________________________

                            (December 29, 2010)
Before BLACK, PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Aurora Ramentol, Jacqueline Perez-Castillo, Lizabeth Perez, and Erick

Clavijo appeal their convictions on one count each of wire fraud, resulting from

their participation in a mortgage fraud scheme. Perez also appeals her $497,845.25

restitution order, imposed following her conviction.

      On December 13, 2007, a federal grand jury seated in the U.S. District Court

for the Southern District of Florida returned a 29-count indictment against, among

several others, Ramentol, Perez-Castillo, Perez, and Clavijo. Each of these

Defendants was charged with one count of wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 1343 and 2, stemming from their participation in an extensive mortgage fraud

scheme. Count 1 of the indictment charged Juan Torrens, Rachel Torrens, Daniel

Ramos, Katherine Harris, and Alfonso Muxo with conspiracy to commit wire

fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, as well as several substantive counts of

wire fraud.

      In short, the conspiracy worked as follows: Juan Torrens and Ramos would

recruit and pay “straw buyers” to lend their credit and personal information for the

Torrenses to obtain lower interest rate mortgages for the purchase of investment

properties to “flip” for profit; the Torrenses would submit mortgage applications



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which included falsified employment, income, and other financial information on

behalf of the straw buyers, so that higher loan amounts could be obtained; Muxo

would provide inflated property appraisals, to support overstated sale prices and to

enable Juan Torrens to obtain potential profits up-front (often to fund remodeling

or upgrades); and Harris would provide falsified settlement statements and HUD-1

forms to lenders to conceal material information regarding the sales and profits).

The Torrenses, Ramos, Harris, and Muxo all pleaded guilty to the conspiracy

charge. The substantive counts alleged that these straw buyers, Ramentol, Perez-

Castillo, Perez, and Clavijo, amongst others, participated in a scheme to defraud

the lender and to obtain money by means of materially false and fraudulent

pretenses, representations, and promises. Ramentol, Perez-Castillo, Perez, and

Clavijo pleaded not guilty, and proceeded to trial. The jury rendered guilty

verdicts as to all charged Defendants, and these appeals followed.

      Each of the four Defendants-Appellants argues on appeal that the

government failed to introduce evidence sufficient for a jury to convict them of

wire fraud. Clavijo also argues that the district court erred in admitting copies of

documents contained in his closing file, as they were allegedly not properly

authenticated. Finally, Perez argues that the district court erred in calculating the

amount of the loss in establishing her sentencing guideline and in setting



                                           3
restitution.

                                             I.

               [We] review[] sufficiency of the evidence de novo,
               viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
               government, with all reasonable inferences and
               credibility choices made in the government’s favor. We
               will not overturn a conviction on the grounds of
               insufficient evidence unless no rational trier of fact could
               have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
               reasonable doubt. Finally, our Court must accept a jury’s
               inferences and determinations of witness credibility.

United States v. Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004) (citations and

quotations omitted); see also United States v. US Infrastructure, Inc., 576 F.3d

1195, 1203 (11th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S.Ct. 1918 (2010) (“The evidence

need not be inconsistent with every hypothesis other than guilt, as the jury is free

to choose among reasonable constructions of the evidence.”) (citation and

quotation omitted).

       A district court’s denial of a motion for new trial based on the weight of the

evidence is reviewed for clear abuse of discretion. United States v. Pedrick, 181

F.3d 1264, 1266–67 (11th Cir. 1999); see also United States v. Martinez, 763 F.2d

1297 (11th Cir. 1985).

               The decision to grant or deny a new trial motion based on
               the weight of the evidence is within the sound discretion
               of the trial court. An appellate court may reverse only if
               it finds the decision to be a clear abuse of that discretion.

                                             4
             While the district court’s discretion is quite broad, there
             are limits to it. The court may not reweigh the evidence
             and set aside the verdict simply because it feels some
             other result would be more reasonable. The evidence
             must preponderate heavily against the verdict, such that it
             would be a miscarriage of justice to let the verdict stand.
             Motions for new trials based on weight of the evidence
             are not favored. Courts are to grant them sparingly and
             with caution, doing so only in those really “exceptional
             cases.”

Id. at 1312–13 (citations omitted).

      Under 18 U.S.C. § 1343, wire fraud requires proof beyond a reasonable

doubt that “(1) the defendant participated in a scheme or artifice to defraud; (2)

with the intent to defraud; and (3) used, or caused the use of, interstate wire

transmissions for the purpose of executing the scheme or artifice to defraud.”

United States v. Williams, 527 F.3d 1235, 1240 (11th Cir. 2008). “A scheme to

defraud requires proof of a material misrepresentation, or the omission or

concealment of a material fact calculated to deceive another out of money or

property.” United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 1282, 1299 (11th Cir. 2009).

“Section 1343 targets not the defendant’s creation of a scheme to defraud, but the

defendant’s execution of a scheme to defraud.” Williams, 527 F.3d at 1241.

      Federal Rule of Evidence 901(b)(3) provides that a document may be

authenticated through comparison by the trier of fact with specimens which

themselves have been authenticated. This Court has previously held, consistent

                                           5
with that rule, that a jury is entitled to make a comparison between a known,

genuine signature of a defendant, and a signature on a challenged document

purporting to be that of the defendant, to decide whether the defendant signed the

document. United States v. Bell, 833 F.2d 272, 276 (11th Cir. 1987); United States

v. Cashio, 420 F.2d 1132, 1135 (5th Cir. 1969).1

       Considering the trial record, each of the Appellants has failed to demonstrate

that no rational jury could have found the essential elements of wire fraud under

the evidence presented by the government. The Defendants’ primary argument on

appeal, that they did not intend for the respective lenders funding their loan

transactions to suffer financial losses because they expected Torrens to pay the

mortgages, ignores the lenders’ testimony that they would not have funded the

loans at all had they been aware of the significant misrepresentations made by each

Defendant in the closing documents they signed. Moreover, even assuming that

Torrens paid (or would pay) the mortgages, the lenders would still have suffered

financial harm, because the loans properly would have carried a higher interest rate

had the truth about the investment purposes and the risks of the loans been

disclosed and not misrepresented to the lenders. Thus, at a minimum, the lender



       1
        In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this court
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to
October 1, 1981.

                                                6
would lose money on each mortgage payment Torrens made as a result of the fraud

committed by the Defendants, because the misrepresentations resulted in lower

interest payments. The jury’s verdict as against each Defendant was therefore

sufficiently supported by the evidence.

      With respect to the individual Defendants, the record reveals as follows:

      Ramentol

      The jury heard evidence that Ramentol lent her credit to Juan Torrens in

exchange for a payment of $8000. It was undisputed that there were material

misrepresentations on Ramentol’s final loan application and a certification at

closing that Ramentol would occupy the property as her primary residence. The

lender funding the Ramentol loan testified that it would not have gone through

with the financing absent these misrepresentations, or, alternatively, that the

interest rate would have been higher because it was an investment property.

Ramentol has failed to demonstrate that no rational jury could convict her of wire

fraud on this evidence.

      The district court’s ruling that the jury could compare Ramentol’s genuine

signature on her bank signature card with the signatures on the closing documents

to determine whether Ramentol signed them, is fully consistent with Federal Rule

of Evidence 901(b)(3), and this Court’s holding in Cashio, 420 F.2d at 1135.



                                           7
Ramentol has thus not shown error in this regard either.

      Perez-Castillo

      The jury heard evidence that Perez-Castillo agreed to lend her credit to Juan

Torrens in exchange for a payment of $8000. Torrens testified that he spoke

directly to Perez-Castillo on the phone, making it known to her that her loan

application would be falsified. It was undisputed that there were material

misrepresentations on the final loan application signed by Perez-Castillo at closing,

and her certification at closing that she would occupy the property as her primary

residence was false. In an interview, Perez-Castillo admitted to a financial auditor

with the U.S. Attorney’s Office, Lewis Sellers, that she signed those key

documents at closing. The lender funding the Perez-Castillo loan testified that it

would not have gone through with the financing absent these misrepresentations,

or, alternatively, that the interest rate would have been higher because it was an

investment property. Perez-Castillo has failed to demonstrate that no rational jury

could convict her of wire fraud on this evidence.

      Perez

      The jury heard evidence that Perez agreed to lend her credit to Juan Torrens

in exchange for a payment of $8000. It was undisputed that there were material

misrepresentations on the final loan application signed by Perez at her closing, and



                                           8
her certification at closing that she would occupy the property as her primary

residence was false. When interviewed in the presence of counsel, Perez said that

Ramos described this arrangement as an investment where it did not matter that

Perez had no money. The lender funding Perez’s loan testified that it would not

have gone through with the financing absent these misrepresentations, or,

alternatively, that the interest rate would have been higher because it was an

investment property. Perez has failed to demonstrate that no rational jury could

convict her of wire fraud on this evidence.

      Clavijo

      The jury heard evidence that Clavijo agreed to lend his credit to Juan

Torrens in exchange for a payment of $8000. Torrens testified that he spoke with

Clavijo on the phone, as Clavijo had questions about possible tax implications

relating to the straw sale. It was undisputed that there were material

misrepresentations on the final loan application Clavijo admitted to signing at

closing, and his certification at closing that he would occupy the property as his

primary residence was false. Clavijo also admitted to Lewis Sellers that he signed

the closing documents. The lender funding the Clavijo loan testified that it would

not have gone through with the financing absent these misrepresentations, or,

alternatively, that the interest rate would have been higher because it was an



                                          9
investment property. Clavijo has failed to demonstrate that no rational jury could

convict him of wire fraud on this evidence.

                                           II.

      “The decision to admit or exclude evidence is committed to the sound

discretion of the trial court.” United States v. Taylor, 17 F.3d 333, 338 (11th Cir.

1994) (“On review, we will not disturb the trial court’s evidentiary rulings unless

the court has clearly abused its discretion in this area.”) (citations and quotation

omitted). A district court has discretion to determine the authenticity of a

challenged document, and “that determination should not be disturbed on appeal

absent a showing that there is no competent evidence in the record to support it.”

United States v. Munoz, 16 F.3d 1116, 1120-21 (11th Cir. 1994) (citation and

quotation omitted).

      Federal Rule of Evidence 901(a) provides that: “[t]he requirement of

authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied

by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its

proponent claims.” Such authentication may be established by the testimony of a

witness with knowledge that the matter is what it is claimed to be. Fed. R. Evid.

901(b)(1).

             A duplicate [of a document] is admissible to the same
             extent as an original unless (1) a genuine question is

                                           10
             raised as to the authenticity of the original or (2) in the
             circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in
             lieu of the original.

Fed. R. Evid. 1003.

      Clavijo has failed to demonstrate that the district court erred in admitting the

scanned copies of his closing documents. Ms. Taylor, with WMC Mortgage,

testified that all documents received by the lender were scanned into their

computer, consistent with company policy. Once scanned, the documents could

not be edited, altered, or manipulated. The copies of the Clavijo documents

introduced at trial were true and complete copies downloaded from WMC’s

system. The district court therefore did not err in finding that the Clavijo closing

documents were what the lender claimed they were. Moreover, Clavijo admitted

that he signed the relevant documents at closing, and specifically identified his

signature on the documents. Under these facts, Clavijo failed to raise a genuine

question about the authenticity of the original closing papers, and was thus not

entitled to demand production of the originals instead of the scanned copies

admitted.

                                          III.

      “We review de novo the interpretation and application of the Guidelines, and

we review underlying factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Foley, 508



                                          11
F.3d 627, 632 (11th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).    For the purposes of restitution,

the burden of proof is upon the government by a preponderance of the evidence.

United States v. Bourne, 130 F.3d 1444, 1447 (11th Cir. 1997). Where a district

court applies an advisory sentencing guideline, it can enhance the sentence based

on facts it finds by a preponderance of the evidence without running afoul of the

Sixth Amendment. United States v. Chau, 426 F.3d 1318, 1323–24 (11th Cir.

2005).

         “[T]he sentencing Guidelines require a district court, at the sentencing

stage, to make independent findings establishing the factual basis for its Guidelines

calculations. . . . The district court’s factual findings for purposes of sentencing

may be based on, among other things, evidence heard during trial, undisputed

statements in the PSI, or evidence presented during the sentencing hearing.”

United States v. Hamaker, 455 F.3d 1316, 1338 (11th Cir. 2006) (citations and

quotations omitted).

         U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 provides that the applicable loss

amount is the greater of the actual loss—“the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary

harm that results from the offense”—or the intended loss—“the pecuniary harm

that was intended to result from the offense.” See § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A)(i) and (ii).

Further, where collateral is pledged or provided by the defendant, the loss amount



                                           12
is to be reduced by “the amount the victim has recovered at the time of sentencing

from disposition of the collateral.” § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(E)(ii). Market value for the

collateral at the time of sentencing is used, however, where such collateral has not

been disposed of at the time of sentencing. Id.

      On the sentencing record, we perceive no error in the district court’s

reasonable estimate of the loss, and its resulting restitution order. At sentencing,

the government introduced into evidence documents showing that the property for

which Perez acted as a straw buyer had been sold by the lender for $515,000,

leaving an outstanding loan amount (loss) of over $528,000. Consistent with the

dictates of § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(A)(i) and (ii), and cmt. n.3(E)(ii), the district court

properly applied this actual loss figure. This same loss figure was used as the

starting point for the purposes of restitution, with a reduction by the district court

for extraneous sale-related costs for which Perez should not be held responsible.

The restitution amount ordered was therefore based on undisputed evidence

introduced by the government, and was not clearly erroneous.

      Upon review of the record and consideration of the parties’ briefs, we affirm

the convictions as to each Appellant, and affirm Perez’s sentence.

      AFFIRMED.2



      2
          Appellant’s request for oral argument is denied.

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