            IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                        OF TEXAS
                                     NO. PD-0493-09

                     DOUGLAS MICHAEL HUBERT, Appellant

                                              v.

                                THE STATE OF TEXAS

            ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
               FROM THE THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                            NUECES COUNTY

     P RICE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K ELLER, P.J., and
W OMACK, J OHNSON, K EASLER, H ERVEY, H OLCOMB and C OCHRAN, JJ., joined.
M EYERS, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

                                       OPINION

       In this case, the appellant’s grandfather allowed the police to enter and search the

appellant’s bedroom in the house they shared. The question is whether the grandfather had

actual authority to consent to the search of the bedroom and, failing that, whether the police

could reasonably rely on his apparent authority to consent to the search. We hold that the

grandfather had actual authority to consent to a search of the appellant’s bedroom. Because

we hold that the grandfather had actual authority, we need not address whether the apparent-
                                                                                      Hubert — 2

authority doctrine would validate his consent to a search of his grandson’s room. We reverse

the judgment of the court of appeals.

                                    F ACTS AND B ACKGROUND

          In 2004, the appellant was convicted of felony driving while intoxicated and sentenced

to seven years’ imprisonment. He served a portion of this sentence before being released on

parole.       In September 2007, the appellant’s grandfather, Myron Reed, informed the

appellant’s parole officer that the appellant had been driving without a license, had left the

state, and was in possession of firearms—all violations of his parole conditions. Acting on

this information, the appellant’s parole officer, Aaron Garcia, issued a warrant for the

appellant’s arrest. Garcia forwarded the arrest warrant to Gilberto Casas, Jr., an officer with

the Nueces County Constable’s Office. After receiving the warrant, Casas went to the house

that the appellant shared with Reed, accompanied by Officer Valverde. When they arrived

at the house, the officers found the appellant on the porch. They arrested the appellant and

placed him in their squad car before searching the entire house, including the appellant’s

bedroom. The officers found weapons and ammunition. The appellant was subsequently

charged with unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon.1

          The appellant filed a pre-trial motion to suppress the evidence, arguing that the search

of his bedroom violated the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United

States Constitution, Article I, Section 9, of the Texas Constitution, and Article 38.23 of the


          1

          TEX . PENAL CODE § 46.04.
                                                                                        Hubert — 3
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.2 At a hearing on the motion to suppress, Garcia testified

that he had issued a blue warrant for the appellant after receiving a tip from Reed that the

appellant had violated his parole conditions. Asked whether Reed was the owner of the

home in which the appellant resided, Garcia replied, “That I’m aware of, yes ma’am.”

Officer Casas testified that he had executed the blue warrant and searched the house. He

stated that he spoke with Reed prior to the search and affirmed that he had obtained the

consent of “the owner” of the home before conducting the search. He did not expressly

testify who the owner was. On cross-examination, Casas was specifically questioned about

searching the appellant’s bedroom. Casas testified that the door to the appellant’s bedroom

had been closed and that Reed had opened the door for the officers. On cross-examination

he acknowledged that he had been aware that the bedroom was occupied by the appellant and

that nothing in the circumstances indicated that Reed “lived” in the appellant’s bedroom.

While searching the bedroom, Casas discovered a weapon on top of the entertainment center,

a weapon inside of the closet, and ammunition inside the dresser.

         Officer Valverde also testified about the weapons found during the search and stated

that, as “far as [he] knew, [the house] belonged to Mr. Reed.” On cross-examination,

Valverde conceded that he had been aware at the time of the search, based on Reed’s claims,

that only the appellant and occasionally the appellant’s fiancée slept in the bedroom.



         2

         U.S. CONST . amends. IV, V, VI, XIV; TEX . CONST . art. I, § 9; TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art.
38.23.
                                                                                         Hubert — 4
Valverde admitted that he had asked Reed no further questions regarding whatever

permission Reed may have had to enter the appellant’s bedroom. Reed himself did not testify

at the suppression hearing.

       After the State presented its evidence, the defense called Rose Carabajar, the

appellant’s fiancée, to testify. She stated that the appellant co-owned the house with Reed,

that Reed was “excluded” from the appellant’s bedroom, not allowed to enter it without

express permission, and that the door to the bedroom was kept closed. Finally, the defense

called the appellant to testify that he co-owned the house. The defense attempted to

introduce what were represented to be certified copies of deeds reflecting such co-ownership

through both of its witnesses, but the trial court sustained the State’s objections and refused

to receive the evidence.3

       The trial court denied the appellant’s motion to suppress, and the appellant

subsequently entered into a plea bargain with the State whereby he pled guilty to unlawful

possession of a firearm in exchange for five years’ imprisonment. In denying the motion to

suppress, the trial court did not file written findings of fact or conclusions of law. The

appellant appealed, arguing that the trial court had erred in denying his motion to suppress


       3

         The State’s objection that the proffered documents “were not on file 14 days before this date
of trial as required under the Rules of Evidence” was sustained. Apparently the prosecutor was
referring to Texas Rule of Evidence 902(10). It seems more likely that admissibility of a certified
copy of a deed would be governed by Rule 902(4) rather than Rule 902(10)—in any event, we have
held that the Rules of Evidence do not apply in a pre-trial suppression hearing. Granados v. State,
85 S.W.3d 217, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The appellant did not challenge the trial court’s ruling
on the State’s objection, however, in the court of appeals.
                                                                                            Hubert — 5
because Reed lacked actual and apparent authority to consent to a search of the appellant’s

bedroom.4 The court of appeals held that the officer’s testimony did not “amount[] to any

evidence that Reed exercised actual control over [the appellant’s] bedroom” and that the

circumstances that the officers encountered at the appellant’s house—a closed door, Reed’s

statement that he did not sleep in the bedroom, and Reed’s opening the door to the

room—were “ambiguous at best, and a reasonable person in the officer’s place would have

inquired further.”5 Accordingly, the court of appeals held that the trial court erred in denying

the appellant’s motion to suppress and remanded the case to the trial court.6

        The State filed a petition for discretionary review challenging the court of appeals’s

holding that Reed lacked actual authority to consent “just because [he] did not sleep in the

appellant’s bedroom” and that the police could not reasonably rely on Reed’s apparent

authority to consent to the search absent some further clarification.7 We granted review to

examine the court of appeals’s holding with respect to Reed’s lack of authority, real or




        4

         In the court of appeals, the State pointed to language in the plea agreement that the appellant
had waived “all pretrial motions on file except those matters ruled on by the court,” arguing that this
constituted a waiver of the appellant’s right to appeal. In its opinion on original submission, the court
of appeals entirely failed to address this question. On rehearing, however, the court of appeals held
that there was no waiver, and the State does not contest that holding in this Court.
        5

        Hubert v. State, 286 S.W.3d 484, 490-91 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009) (op. on reh’g).
        6

        Id. at 491.
        7

        State’s Petition for Discretionary Review, at 3.
                                                                                         Hubert — 6
apparent, to consent to the search of the appellant’s bedroom.8 We now reverse the judgment

of the court of appeals.

                                         APPLICABLE LAW

                                      Standard of Review

       In reviewing a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated standard of review.9 We will

review de novo a trial court’s application of law to the facts, but we will defer to the trial

court on determinations of credibility and historical fact.10 Whether consent was given

voluntarily under the Fourth Amendment is a fact question to be given deference.11 Texas

courts have not explicitly declared that the determination whether third-party consent is valid

is a question of law or a question of fact.12 As a matter of practice, however, they have


       8

         TEX . R. APP . P. 66.3(b). The appellant has claimed that the search of his bedroom violated
his rights under the United States Constitution, the Texas Constitution, and the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure. Although the appellant has consistently invoked state law throughout this
litigation, neither party argues that any of the state-law provisions exceeds the scope of Fourth
Amendment protections. Because the briefs do not provide specific arguments or authorities to
distinguish the state-law claims from the federal-law claims, we will limit our analysis to the Fourth
Amendment. Welch v. State, 93 S.W.3d 50, 52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
       9

        St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
       10

        Id.; Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
       11

        Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 40 (1996).
       12

        The court of appeals’s opinion cites Maxwell v State for the proposition that “whether
consent was valid is a question of fact.” Hubert, 286 S.W. 3d at 490 (citing Maxwell v. State, 73
S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). Maxwell, in stating that “the validity of an alleged
consent to search is a question of fact to be determined from all the circumstances[,]” overextends
the Supreme Court case it relies on for the proposition. Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281 (citing Robinette,
                                                                                        Hubert — 7
analyzed the matter as a mixed question of law and fact, to be reviewed de novo, as

evidenced by opinions that weigh the facts that are in the record on appeal and then make an

independent legal determination.13 The federal circuits have been more explicit about how

they review these issues on appeal, generally concluding that whether it is reasonable for the

police to credit the purported consent of a third party to conduct a particular search should

be treated as a mixed question of law and fact, to be reviewed by appellate courts on a de

novo basis.14 Because we find that the analysis of whether a third party had authority to

consent involves an application of legal principles to facts, we now hold that whether a third

party had actual authority to consent to a search of another’s property and whether an officer

was reasonable in finding that a third party had apparent authority to consent are mixed

questions of law and fact which reviewing courts should examine de novo. If, as in this case,



519 U.S. at 40). In Robinette, the Supreme Court held only that the voluntariness of consent given
is a question of pure fact, and consent must be voluntary to be valid. Robinette, 519 U.S. at 40.
       13

        See e.g., Riordan v. State, 905 S.W.2d 765, 770-73 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, no pet.);
Corea v. State, 52 S.W.3d 311, 316-18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d).
       14

        See United States v. Hudson, 405 F.3d 425, 431 (6th Cir. 2005) (holding that the question
of whether police had a reasonable basis for finding “that a third party had authority to consent to
search” is a question of law); United States v. Rith, 164 F.3d 1323, 1328 (10th Cir. 1999) (holding
that “whether consent was valid under the Fourth Amendment” is a question of law to be reviewed
de novo); United States v. Kim, 105 F.3d 1579, 1581-82 (9th Cir. 1997) (determining that the
question of whether facts supported a finding of authority for Fourth Amendment purposes is “an
inherently legal one”). See also United States v. James, 353 F.3d 606, 613, 615 (8th Cir. 2003)
(holding that the determination of whether there was joint access and control for actual authority is
a fact question reviewed under the plain-error standard but a determination of whether the
government reasonably relied on a third party’s consent is a question of law to be reviewed de novo);
United States v. Stewart, 93 F.3d 189, 192 (5th Cir. 1996) (holding that “[o]bjective reasonableness
is a question of law reviewed de novo” when scope of consent given is the issue on review).
                                                                                          Hubert — 8
a trial court does not enter findings of fact, a reviewing court must view the evidence in a

light most favorable to the trial court’s rulings and assume that the trial court resolved any

issues of historical fact or credibility consistently with its ultimate ruling.15

                                      Third Party Consent

       The Fourth Amendment provides protection from “unreasonable” searches and

seizures by government officials.16 Over the years, the Supreme Court has examined the

boundaries of reasonableness in a variety of contexts.17 Generally, searches conducted

without a warrant are deemed unreasonable.18 There are, however, several well-settled

exceptions to the warrant requirement.19           One such exception arises when a person

voluntarily consents to a search.20 Whether it is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment for


       15

        St. George, supra, at 725; State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856, n.22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
       16

        U.S. CONST . amend. IV.
       17

          See generally Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 619 (1989)
(“Except in certain well-defined circumstances, a search or seizure. . . is not reasonable unless it is
accomplished pursuant to a judicial warrant issued upon probable cause.”); Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S.
520, 558 (1979) (holding that body-cavity searches of prisoners are not unreasonable); Ybarra v.
Illinois, 444 U.S. 85, 91 (1979) (holding that it is unreasonable to search individuals who are in the
same general area as someone being searched under a valid warrant without something more to
establish probable cause).
       18

       Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 466 (1999) (citing California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386,
390-91 (1985)); Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
       19

        Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967).
       20

        Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973); Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281.
                                                                                           Hubert — 9
an officer to rely on consent is a question to be determined by examining the totality of the

circumstances.21

       A third party can consent to a search to the detriment of another’s privacy interest if

the third party has actual authority over the place or thing to be searched. The third party

may, in his own right, give valid consent when he and the absent, non-consenting person

share common authority over the premises or property.22 Although property interests are

relevant to this determination, the commonality of authority to consent is not determined

solely by the law of property.23 Instead, common authority is shown by

       mutual use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control
       for most purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-
       inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the
       others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the
       common area to be searched.24

A defendant who has thus assumed the risk that another may permit a search of their shared


       21

        Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281 (citing Robinette, 519 U.S. at 40).
       22

         United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 170 (1974); Becknell v. State, 720 S.W.2d 526, 528
(Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Fancher v. State, 659 S.W.2d 836, 839 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (explaining
that “[i]t is well established in Texas that third parties have authority to consent to a search when
they have equal control over and equal use of the premises being searched.”).
       23

        Matlock, 415 U.S. at 171 n.7; Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281.
       24

        Matlock, 415 U.S. at 171 n.7. See also United States v. Rith, 164 F.3d 1323, 1330 (10th Cir.
1999), cert. denied 528 U.S. 827 (1999) (noting that “control for most purposes” is a normative
inquiry which depends on the relationship between the consenting third party and the appellant;
where the relationship is of the kind that creates a presumption of control, as does the parent-child
relationship, and the presumption is not rebutted, the third party has authority to consent, even if the
third party had not been using the room).
                                                                                         Hubert — 10
property or premises may not complain of that search under the Fourth Amendment. And

the fact that the relationship between the defendant and the third party has grown antagonistic

will not necessarily vitiate consent.25 As explained in several cases, “where one co-occupant

has victimized the other, [the circumstances may be such as to] . . . provide an additional

reason for validating a co-occupant’s consent to a warrantless search[.]” 26

       Actual authority is not necessarily a prerequisite for a valid consensual search,

however. The Supreme Court has explained that when an officer reasonably, though

erroneously, believes that a third party purporting to provide consent has actual authority

over the place or thing to be searched, apparent authority exists and the purported consent

from the third party can serve to make the search reasonable.27 Even if the third party lacks



       25

        See United States v. McAlpine, 919 F.2d 1461 (10th Cir. 1990) (noting that the defendant’s
“expectation of privacy is, if anything, diminished as a consequence of the antagonism between him
and the [third party]” and emphasizing that that is “particularly true when the occupant of the
premises is prompted to cooperate with the police because the defendant has committed a crime upon
that other person); United States v. Moore, 917 F.2d 215 (6th Cir. 1990) (upholding consent by
defendant’s girlfriend—who lived in the same premises as defendant—and stressing that she
“assisted the police to avoid possible criminal implication of herself”).
       26

         People v. Sanders, 904 P.2d 1311, 1315 (Colo.1995). See also People v. Cosme, 397 N.E.2d
1319 (N.Y. App. 1979) (upholding fiancee’s consent to search apartment shared with defendant
where she took initiative to summon police because defendant was storing drugs in a closet used by
both of them); State v. Frame, 609 P.2d 830 (Or. App. 1980) (noting that a consenting occupant can
act in his own interest where he or she summons the police to seize stolen property kept in the
premises because the consenting party could later be charged with possession of such items); People
v. Ireland, 348 N.E.2d 277 (Ill. App. 1976) (noting that a co-occupant of premises in which
contraband is kept runs a significant risk of facing criminal charges and can, therefore, act in his own
interest in the Matlock sense).
       27

        Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 186 (1990).
                                                                                   Hubert — 11
actual authority to consent—that is, he does not actually have joint access to or control over

the premises—his purported consent can nevertheless validate a search if it reasonably

appears to the police that he does in fact have authority.

       The State has the burden to show that the person who consented to the search had

actual or apparent authority to consent.28 To meet its burden, the State must provide evidence

that a third party either had mutual access to and control over the place that was searched,

or that the officers conducting the search reasonably believed facts provided to them by a

third party that would have been legally sufficient to justify a search as reasonable. Under

the Fourth Amendment, the State must show by a preponderance of the evidence that it was

reasonable for officers to proceed on the information they had.29

                                      A PPLICATION

       The State argues that the court of appeals applied an incorrect standard of review

when it failed to review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.30

However, the State fails to identify any credibility or fact determinations that the court of

appeals did not resolve in favor of the trial court’s decision. The trial court, in denying the

motion, made implied findings of fact that the officers’ testimony was credible and the facts

       28

      Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 181; Malone v. State, 163 S.W.3d 785, 797-98 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d).
       29

       Maxwell, 73 S.W.3d at 281. Under the Texas Constitution, the State must show by clear and
convincing evidence that consent was validly given. Id.
       30

        State’s Brief on the Merits, at 4.
                                                                                   Hubert — 12
were as the officers testified.31 The court of appeals correctly viewed the evidence in a light

most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, essentially discounting the appellant’s evidence and

accepting all of the State’s, in reaching its conclusion that there was no authority on which

the search could be deemed reasonable.32 Likewise, we also accept as true and credible the

officers’ testimony at the hearing. We believe, however, that the court of appeals has

misconstrued the legal significance of the facts as thus construed.

                                  Actual Authority

       On the basis of the testimony elicited during the suppression hearing, the trial court

could have found, in support of its ultimate ruling, (1) that Reed was the exclusive owner of

the house, (2) that the officers knew that Reed did not “live” or sleep in the room that the

appellant inhabited, and (3) that Reed opened the door to the appellant’s bedroom for the

officers to search it. The trial court could also have chosen to disbelieve the testimony of the

appellant’s girlfriend that Reed was excluded from entering the room without express

permission. That Reed did not sleep in the room—a fact that the officers plainly conceded

they knew at the time of the search—has some tendency to show that Reed did not have

mutual use of the appellant’s bedroom. However, the determination of whether a person has

authority to consent to a search of another person’s bedroom cannot rest solely on this




       31

        State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856, n.22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
       32

        Hubert, 286 S.W.3d at 489.
                                                                                       Hubert — 13
factor—i.e., whether that third party sleeps in the other’s bedroom.33 This fact alone,

therefore, does not negate Reed’s authority to consent to a search of the appellant’s

bedroom.34 Although a determination of joint access, vel non, is always a fact-specific

       33

         See Sorensen v. State, 478 S.W.2d 532 (Tex Crim. App. 1972) (holding that twenty-year-old
appellant’s mother had authority to consent to a search of son’s bedroom where appellant had agreed
to pay $10 per week as rent, he had not instructed mother to stay out of his room, and mother
“infrequently”entered appellant’s room to pick up after him); Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (explaining that mother’s ownership of the house in which appellant lived
was prima facie evidence of authority to let police officers search the house and the fact that
appellant was an adult living in a bedroom within that house did not necessarily negate the mother’s
authority to consent to search room); Turner v. State, 931 S.W.2d 52 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th
Dist]. 1996) (holding that appellant’s mother had the authority to consent to search of defendant’s
bedroom; defendant lived with parents rent-free for four years, mother owned the house, appellant’s
bedroom door was open, mother knocked whenever appellant’s door was locked, and there were no
restrictions placed on mother’s right to enter bedroom); Sallings v. State, 789 S.W.2d 408 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 1990, pet. ref’d) (holding that appellant’s father had authority to consent to search of
defendant’s bedroom where house defendant lived in was owned by his parents, room was not
locked, and defendant’s family was not denied access to bedroom); Grays v. State, 905 S.W.2d 54,
(Tex App.—Amarillo, 1995) (holding that defendant’s mother had common authority over
defendant’s room in her house even though defendant paid rent and installed a lock in his room,
where he sought her permission to install the lock and gave her the only other key to the room);
Willard v. State, 682 S.W.2d 686 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st. Dist.] 1984, pet. granted) (holding that
defendant’s adult son who was living on defendant’s property had equal control over use of premises
and had authority to consent to a search); Smith v. State, 797 S.W.2d 243 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 1990, pet. ref’d) (holding that mother who was resident of house shared with adult daughter
could give valid consent to search premises); U.S. v. Lin, 131 Fed.Appx. 884 (3d Cir. 2005)
(explaining that where defendant and landlord maintain a “family style” living arrangement with
shared access to defendant’s living quarters, landlord is deemed to have actual authority to consent
to a search of defendant’s living quarters); Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543 (1968) (noting
that defendant accepted that his grandmother, as joint tenant of their home and as owner of the rifle
in question, had authority to consent to a search of their home); People v. Goforth, 564 N.W.2d 526
(Mich. App. 1997) (holding that, although son was eighteen years old and paid rent, mother could
consent to search of son’s bedroom, where nothing suggested mother lacked access to room).
       34

        See e.g., Broughton v. State, 570 So. 2d 1265 (Ala. Crim. App. 1990), cert. denied, (Nov.
16, 1990) (holding that the accused’s grandmother could consent to a search of the accused’s
bedroom; grandmother owned the home, grandmother lived in the upstairs portion of the house while
the accused slept in the basement, and grandmother had not been in basement more than six times
in the past three years); State v. Woods, 806 S.W.2d 205 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990) (holding that,
                                                                                      Hubert — 14
inquiry, under the “common authority” test, where the defendant lives “with a parent or other

close relative,” and the relative consents to a search of defendant’s bedroom, most courts

presume that the relative has sufficient common authority over the bedroom to authorize the

consent to search.” 35 The defendant may, however, overcome this presumption by presenting

evidence that defendant had “exclusive possession of the searched premises.” 36 Here,

however, the appellant’s door was not shown to have been locked, and the trial court was

entitled to disbelieve the testimony of the appellant’s girlfriend that Reed was “excluded”

from entering the bedroom without express permission.

       Notably, several courts have applied a different test and a different presumption.

Mainly, these courts have followed the view that, when two autonomous adults jointly

occupy a dwelling and have separate bedrooms, each occupant generally has a higher




where the accused lived in his grandmother’s home for approximately three months, paid a portion
of the bills, and the grandmother knocked on the door before entering the room, the accused’s
occupancy of the room was not so exclusive as to deprive the grandmother of her authority to
consent to a search of the accused’s room); Glenn v. Commonwealth, 633 S.E.2d 205 (Va. App.
2006) (holding that, as owner of the residence, the grandfather had actual authority to consent to a
search of the defendant’s bedroom; because there was no evidence that grandfather lacked authority
to enter defendant’s room and because defendant’s bedroom did not have a lock or anything
restricting access to the room, the court found that the grandfather shared common authority over
the bedroom).
       35

         People v. Bliey, 597 N.E.2d 830, 837 (Ill. Ct. App. 1992). See also State v. Cole, 706
S.W.2d 917 (Mo. Ct. App. 1986) (explaining that a person living with his family can expect more
intrusion that an independent renter living with non-relatives).
       36

        Bliey, 597 N.E.2d at 837.
                                                                                       Hubert — 15
expectation of privacy in his or her own bedroom.37 Absent some showing that one occupant

has exercised control, retained control, or come to an understanding with other occupants that

control will be shared over the others’ bedrooms, these courts start from the presumption that

an occupant exercises sole control over his own bedroom and has no joint access to others’

bedrooms.38 The State can overcome this presumption by presenting facts that would support

a finding that the third party who consented to the search of another’s bedroom did, in fact,

exercise some control over the bedroom.39 However, absent any facts to indicate that control

over a separate bedroom was shared or somehow retained, or that a third party had joint

access to the room, a finding of actual authority cannot be supported. Under this view, even

under circumstances in which the consenting third party is related to the person being

searched, access and control are the paramount factors.


         37

         See generally 4 WAYNE R. LA FAVE, SEARCH AND SEIZURE , § 8.5(c) (4th ed. 2004 & Supp.
2009).
         38

         See United States v. Jiminez, 419 F.3d 34, 40 (1st Cir. 2005) (holding that the lessee of an
apartment where defendant was residing could not consent to a search of the defendant’s room where
the lessee characterized defendant’s bedroom as “his space” and said she did not enter the room “as
a regular matter”); People v. Mullaney, 306 N.W.2d 347, 349 (Mich. Ct. App. 1981) (holding that
a defendant’s sister could consent to a search of only the common areas of their shared house and
her own bedroom, and explicitly stating that the sister could not consent to search the defendant’s
bedroom because the defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in her own bedroom);
Commonwealth v. O’Neal, 429 A.2d 1189, 1190-91 (Pa. 1981) (holding that a lessee of a home
could not consent to a search of a bedroom that was used exclusively by a temporary gratuitous guest
because the guest had an expectation of privacy in the bedroom).
         39

        See United States v. Kelley, 953 F.2d 562, 566 (9th Cir. 1992) (holding that a third party
could consent to a search of her roommate’s bedroom where she had permission to use the telephone,
which was located in the roommate’s bedroom).
                                                                                  Hubert — 16
       We refuse to apply such reasoning here. In our view it is more reasonable to

conclude, on the particular facts of this case (viewed in the light most favorable to the trial

court’s ruling), that the appellant, lacking any proprietary interest in the house, or even any

possessory right other than by the grace of his grandfather, assumed the risk that his

grandfather might permit the search of any area of the house that he might reasonably suspect

the appellant was using for criminal purposes, even including the appellant’s bedroom—at

least in the absence of any agreement between the two that would expressly prohibit the

grandfather from making such an intrusion, or some other obvious indicium of exclusion,

such as a lock on the door to demonstrate that the grandfather was, de facto, excluded from

the room. We hold that, on the facts as the trial court was entitled to view them, Reed had

actual authority to consent to the search of the appellant’s bedroom.

                                Apparent Authority

       The State alternatively contends that Reed had apparent authority to consent to the

search of the appellant’s bedroom, i.e., that the officers reasonably believed Reed had

authority to consent even if he did not. Because we hold that Reed had actual authority to

consent to the search, there is no need for us to determine whether the officer’s conduct was

justified by Reed’s apparent authority. We leave the apparent-authority doctrine to be further

developed in a case in which its application is, unlike here, determinative of the outcome.

                                    C ONCLUSION

       Because he possessed actual authority over the appellant’s bedroom, Reed had the
                                                                             Hubert — 17
power to consent to a search of the appellant’s bedroom. The search of the appellant’s

bedroom was, therefore, reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Accordingly, we reverse

the judgment of the court of appeals and, as there are no other points of error requiring

remand, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.




Delivered:   May 26, 2010
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