                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT JACKSON
                                      June 8, 2005 Session

         FORREST L. WHALEY, ET AL. v. JIM ANN PERKINS, ET AL.

                 A Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
               Nos. 95604 T.D. & 94890   The Honorable Rita L. Stotts, Judge



                      No. W2004-02058-COA-R3-CV - Filed July 21, 2005


         Purchasers of real property filed suit for breach of contract, negligence per se, intentional
misrepresentation, breach of warranty of title, and emotional distress against various parties, alleging
that purchasers had purchased the subject property in reliance upon misrepresentations by defendants
as to the merchantability of title to the property, only to discover later that the property had been
illegally subdivided by defendants. Purchasers contended that they suffered catastrophic pecuniary
and other loss as result of alleged misrepresentations, due to extremely limited legal uses that could
be made of illegally subdivided parcel. At trial, jury found that each of the defendants had committed
intentional misrepresentation, and awarded compensatory damages in the amount of $170,000 and
punitive damages in the amount of $5,000. Defendants appeal on numerous grounds. Finding that
the trial court erred, we vacate and remand.


    Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Vacated and
                                        Remanded

W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,
J. and HOLLY M. KIRBY , J., joined.

John D. Horne of Memphis for Appellants, Jim Ann Perkins, Albert Lewis Beshires and Terry Lynn
Beshires

Richard M. Carter, Paul H. Morris, and Brian K. Kelsey of Memphis for Appellees, Forrest L.
Whaley and Margaret Ann Whaley

                                              OPINION

                                  I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On May 26, 1998, Appellees, Forrest L. Whaley and Margaret Ann Whaley, filed a complaint
for breach of contract, misrepresentation, and breach of warranty of title against Jim Ann Perkins,
Albert Lewis Beshires, Terry Lynn Beshires, and First American Title Insurance Company of the
Mid-West. On June 5, 1998, Perkins filed a motion to dismiss and answer. On July 2, 1998, the
Whaleys filed a second complaint for money damages against Jim Thompson, Barbara Thompson,
d/b/a Thompson Real Estate, Shirley Perkins and Mary Jane Smith, d/b/a Banyan Tree Realtors. On
July 27, the Beshires filed a separate motion to dismiss and answer. On September 16, 1998, the
Whaleys filed an amended complaint adding as a defendant M. Stephen Brandon, who acted as
closing attorney for the Whaleys in their purchase of the property. On November 17, 1998, the
Beshires filed a motion to dismiss and answer to the Whaleys’ amended complaint, incorporating
their original defenses and alleging that any damages the Whaleys may have sustained resulted from
the negligence of Brandon. On November 17, 1998, Perkins also filed a motion and answer to the
Whaley complaint, reiterating the original defenses and also alleging that any damages the Whaleys
may have sustained resulted from the negligence of Brandon.

        On October 16, 2000, the Whaleys filed a Notice of Voluntary Nonsuit as to Brandon, which
was entered by the trial court on December 11, 2000. On October 20, 2000, an Order was entered
in the Trial Court granting the motion to amend their complaint. On October 25, 2000, the Whaleys
second amended complaint, which primarily added a count for damages for emotional distress, was
filed against defendants. On November 6, 2000, Thompson filed an Answer and Motion to Dismiss
the Whaleys’ second amended complaint. On December 1, 2000, Banyan Tree filed its answer and
motion to dismiss the Whaleys’ Second Amended Complaint. On February 15, 2002, the trial court,
in response to motions for summary judgment, ruled that “the mental and emotional distress
allegedly suffered by the Whaleys arises as a result of the injury to their property and the three year
statute applies.” The trial court also granted American’s motion for summary judgment, finding that
“the purpose of the title policy was to address issues relating to legal ownership, not value.” On
August 7, 2002, the trial court entered an order denying the Whaleys’ motion for reconsideration of
the grant of summary judgment as to First American, and certified that summary judgment as a final
judgment pursuant to TRCP Rule 54.02.

        On March 30, 2004, in response to the Whaleys’ appeal from the award of summary
judgment as to First American, this Court entered an Order Affirming the Judgment of the Trial
Court and dismissing the Whaleys’ claims against First American. This Court also affirmed the trial
court’s grant of summary judgment to Lawyer’s Title and dismissed the Whaleys’ claims against it.

      On May 19, 2003, Perkins and Beshires filed a consolidated answer to the Whaleys’ second
amended complaint.

        A jury trial took place from April 4, 2004 through April 13, 2004. On April 13, 2004, at the
close of the Whaleys’ proof, Perkins moved for directed verdict, arguing that the proof showed that
Perkins had played no part in the sale of the property to the Whaleys, that the Whaleys had not relied
in any manner upon Perkins, and that the Whaleys’ claim for damages for emotional distress were
barred by the one-year statute of limitations governing personal injury. The trial court took the
motions under advisement. At the close of the proof, Perkins renewed her motions for directed



                                                 -2-
verdict. This motion was denied by the trial judge and the parties presented their arguments to the
trial judge regarding jury instructions.
         After a jury trial, the jury returned a verdict for the Whaleys. The jury found Ms. Perkins, Mr.
and Ms. Beshires, Jim and Barbara Thompson d/b/a Thompson Real Estate, Shirley Perkins McKee
and Mary Jean Smith d/b/a Banyan Tree Realtors, and Stephen Brandon to be at fault. The jury
apportioned fault as follows: Jim Ann Perkins was found to be 30% at fault; Albert Beshires was
found to be 20% at fault; Terry Lynn Beshires was found to be 40% at fault; Jim Thompson and
Barbara Thompson d/b/a Thompson Real Estate were found to be 1% at fault; Shirley Perkins
McKee and Mary Jean Smith d/b/a Banyan Tree Realtors were found to be 8% at fault, and Stephen
Brandon was found to be 1% at fault. The jury further found that the actions of Jim Ann Perkins,
Albert Beshires, and Terry Lynn Beshires constituted intentional misrepresentation. The jury
awarded compensatory damages to the Whaleys in the amount of $170,000.00. After the punitive
damages phase of the trial, the jury awarded the Whaleys punitive damages against Jim Ann Perkins
in the amount of $2,000.00, Terry Beshires in the amount of $2,000.00, and Albert Beshires in the
amount of $1,000.00. On May 10, 2004, a Judgment on Jury Verdict was entered.

        On June 8, 2004, Perkins and Beshires filed separate Motions for Judgment N.O.V., for New
Trial, or in the Alternative, for Remittitur. On July 20, 2004, after conducting a hearing, the trial
court entered orders denying these motions. On August 11, 2004, Perkins and the Beshires filed a
timely notice of appeal to this Court.1

                                                  II. FACTS

         This appeal concerns a parcel of real property located in the eastern part of Shelby County,
Tennessee.2 The parcel was originally part of a 500-acre farm that had been in the family of one of
the Appellants, Jim Ann Perkins (“Ms. Perkins”), since approximately 1938. Ms. Perkins and her
sisters inherited shares of the family farm after their parents died. Ms. Perkins’ daughter, Terry
Beshires, married Albert Beshires in 1975. In 1985, Terry Beshires asked Perkins if she could give
the Beshires some land on the family farm so that they could build a home. Perkins gave the Beshires
two acres as a place to build a home. In 1985, Albert Beshires was 33 years of age, and neither had
built a home before.

        In July, the Beshires obtained a sidewalk permit to construct a driveway on the property, and
on August, the Beshires obtained approval to install a septic line. On August 28, 1985, Ms. Beshires
went to the Memphis and Shelby County Office of Construction Code Enforcement to obtain a
building permit. Beshires stated that she gave information to a clerk in that office who prepared the
permit. Mrs. Beshires called Perkins and asked if she could sign Perkins’ name to the building
permit. While the Beshires were to be owners of the property upon which the residence was to be


         1
                The other defendants set out above did not appeal.

         2
                This statement of facts is adapted, largely verbatim, from the Appellants’ statement of facts in their
appeal brief.

                                                       -3-
constructed, the building permit was issued to Perkins as “owner” and reflected the “owner” to be
the contractor for the purpose of construction. Perkins testified that she played no role in the
construction of the house, in installing the septic line, or obtaining the building permit.
       On October 29, 1985, a warranty deed prepared by Earl Daley, a Memphis attorney, was
executed by Perkins, transferring the two-acre parcel described in the October 24, 1985 survey to the
Beshires. That deed was recorded in the Office of the Register of Shelby County, Tennessee on
October 30, 1985 at Instrument No. X1 6715.

        Sometime later, Earl Daley, who had prepared the warranty deed for the property, told
Perkins that the Beshires would need two more acres, so Perkins told Mr. Daley to prepare papers
for those two additional acres. On December 12, 1985, Perkins executed a second warranty deed
prepared by Mr. Daley conveying a contiguous two-acre parcel to the Beshires. That warranty deed
was duly recorded in the Office of the Register of Shelby County, Tennessee on March 19, 1986.
With the execution of the December 12, 1985 deed, the Beshires now owned four contiguous acres
and had fifty (50) feet of road frontage.

        In 1988, the Beshires decided to sell their home in Shelby County, so they could move to
Fayette County. Accordingly, on January 14, 1988, the Beshires listed their residence for sale with
Banyan Tree Realtors. On April 15, 1988, when the residence had not sold, the Beshires re-listed
their residence with Banyan Tree Realtors. In that listing agreement, the Beshires indicated that the
residence could be purchased with two acres or four acres. Shortly thereafter, the Whaleys were
shown the property and were told that the house and two acres (the property) could be purchased for
$136,000.00, or the house and four acres could be purchased for $157,000.00. On April 18, 1988,
the Whaleys submitted an offer to purchase the residence and two acres (the property) for the sum
of $125,000.00. The Beshires accepted the Whaleys’ offer on April 21, 1988. On November 27,
1988, a closing was conducted by M. Stephen Brandon, an attorney, pursuant to which the Beshires
were the sellers of the property, the Whaleys were the purchasers/mortgagors, and Mercantile
Mortgage Corporation was the mortgagee of the property. At the closing, the Beshires executed a
warranty deed in favor of the Whaleys and the Whaleys executed a trust deed in favor of Mercantile
Mortgage in both of which the property was described by metes and bounds description. The
warranty deed and trust deed were duly recorded on June 1, 1988, in the Office of the Register in
Shelby County.

        Perkins did not participate in the sale of the property to the Whaleys, and she testified that
she “did not know anything about it at all.” On July 6, 1992, seven years after Perkins had made
transfers to the Beshires and four years after the Beshires had transferred the property to the
Whaleys, John Masserano, a real estate attorney in Collierville, Tennessee, prepared a quitclaim deed
pursuant to which the Beshires transferred back to Perkins the two-acre parcel that had adjoined the
property. That quitclaim deed was recorded on July 14, 1992, in the Office of the Register of Shelby
County, Tennessee, at Instrument No. CY 6405. In preparing that quitclaim deed to return the two-
acre parcel back to the farm in 1992, John Masserano said nothing to Perkins about there being
anything wrong with the two-acre transfer.



                                                 -4-
       In 1995, Perkins sold the remainder of the farm, including the two acres that had been
returned in 1992, to a Mr. McCarty for subdivision development. That transaction was also handled
by John Masserano.

        On July 3, 1995, after a subdivision application for the farm had been filed, the Office of
Planning and Development for Memphis and Shelby County (OPD) sent the Whaleys a notice of
hearing regarding the approval of the subdivision. The OPD notice indicated that a public hearing
would be conducted by the Memphis and Shelby County Land Use Control Board (LUCB) on July
13, 1995 at the City Council Chambers in Memphis City Hall. On July 13, 1995, the OPD filed a
staff report that concluded that “the Whaley property, however, appears to have been created in
violation of the subdivision regulations.” OPD also indicated that:

       The applicant will need to demonstrate that the Whaley property is a lot of record, or
       that all efforts have been exhausted to include it within the boundaries of this
       subdivision application.

OPD made the following recommendation:

       4.      Demonstrate that both the Radcliff and the Whaley properties are either legal lots of
               record, legally exempt lots, or include them within the boundaries of this subdivision
               application.

The Whaleys received the OPD report recommendations on July 13, 1995, and assert that it was their
first knowledge that the property had not been properly subdivided. Denise Sharp, an OPD employee
who had authorized the July 13, 1995 staff report, noted that the minimum lots that could be
obtained without subdivision approval were four acres with 50 feet of road frontage. Mrs. Whaley
claimed that she had contacted Perkins in 1995, after Ms. Perkins had sold the farm to Mr. McCarty,
apparently after July 13, 1995, but Ms. Perkins advised her that there was nothing she could do to
assist the Whaleys. At the Whaleys’ request, Ms. Perkins obtained a copy of the Beshires’ building
permit and left it in her mailbox. On August 2, 1995, the Whaleys signed a paper agreeing to have
the property included in the Timberlake Subdivision.

       On May 26, 1998, almost three years after they had first learned that the property may not
have been properly subdivided, and may not be a legal lot, the Whaleys filed a complaint against
Perkins, the Beshires, and First American, alleging breach of contract, misrepresentation, and breach
of warranty of title.

        At trial, the Whaleys testified that after learning of the illegal subdivision, Mr. Whaley
became nervous and worried all the time, wondering what would happen if a storm hit the house.
The Whaleys stated that they had planned to retire in 1995, sell the property, and move to Alabama.
The Whaleys testified that their retirement plans became impossible, because they stated that they
were unable to sell the property. When asked the following question by her attorney, Ms. Whaley
stated:


                                                -5-
       Q.        [T]he illegality of your lot, or your parcel? How did that affect you and your husband
                 and your plans?
         A.      ... [E]verything that we had always planned for, since the day we got married, we
                 were unable to do.
The Whaleys testified that after the 1995 discovery, Mr. Whaley could not retire, but thereafter
experienced substantial pressure on his job and couldn’t give his job full attention. Mr. Whaley
testified that the condition of the property had caused Ms. Whaley to be depressed, nervous, and
caused her to worry frequently because she could not see her grandchildren. Ms. Whaley testified
that she and Mr. Whaley were up all night after they were advised of the illegal subdivision, and
when they had called Denise Sharp at OPD, Ms. Whaley was devastated. The Whaleys claimed that
while they owned two other parcels of real property in Alabama, they could not afford to build a
home on their property on the river in Alabama because they could not sell the Shelby County
property. Mr. Whaley claimed that Ms. Whaley had spent “millions of hours trying to get the
problem worked out.” Ms. Sharp with OPD testified that Ms. Whaley called her 3-4 times per year
to inquire about the status of the Timberlake Estates subdivision. The Whaleys also claimed that Ms.
Whaley developed arthritis, and now has to walk with a cane, had to cash in her 401K to make house
payments, all of which caused them to argue and had caused Mr. Whaley to be up at night with chest
pains. Ms. Whaley testified that the property was worthless because it couldn’t be sold.

                                            III. ISSUES

       Appellants, Jim Ann Perkins, Albert Lewis Beshires, and Terry Lynn Beshires, present the
following issues on appeal:

1.     Whether the trial court committed reversible error when it denied Perkins’ motions for
       directed verdict and affirmed the jury verdict that found Perkins liable for intentional
       misrepresentation, when there was no material evidence to support that verdict.

2.     Whether the trial court committed reversible error when it denied Perkins’ motion for
       judgment N.O.V. on the issue of negligence per se for alleged violations of statutes and
       ordinances prohibiting transfers of tracts of property less than four acres without subdivision
       approval, when there was no material evidence to support that verdict.

3.     Whether the trial court commit reversible error by permitting Plaintiffs to assert claims for
       emotional distress that should have been barred by the one-year statute of limitations set forth
       in T.C.A. § 28-3-104(a)(1).

4.     Whether the trial court committed reversible error when its instructions to the jury on the
       issues of emotional distress and measure of damages were incorrect and confusing.

5.     Whether the trial court committed reversible error when it permitted the jury to allow passion
       associated with the plaintiffs’ claims of emotional distress to affect its verdict.



                                                 -6-
6.     Whether the trial court committed reversible error when it affirmed a jury verdict that was
       excessive, inconsistent, and irreconcilable.

                                   IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
        Where, as here, a trial judge has approved a jury's verdict, our standard of review is whether
there is any material evidence to support the jury's verdict. Tenn. R.App. P. 13(d). Absent a
reversible error of law, we will set aside a judgment on a jury verdict only where the record contains
no material evidence to support the verdict. Foster v. Blue, 749 S.W.2d 736- 741 (Tenn.1988).

                                           V. ANALYSIS

1.     Did the trial court commit reversible error when it denied Perkins’ motions for directed
       verdict and affirmed the jury verdict that found Perkins liable for intentional
       misrepresentation, when there was no material evidence to support that verdict?

         Appellants contend that there was no material evidence supporting the jury’s verdict that Ms.
Perkins committed intentional misrepresentation, and that, therefore, the trial court erred in failing
to grant the motion for directed verdict on this issue. Appellants assert that the Whaleys have not
alleged that Ms. Perkins made any representations to them, either orally or in writing, during the
negotiation for, and purchase of, the property in question. The Whaleys assert that “there is material
evidence that Perkins and Beshires all acted in concert in committing the intentional
misrepresentation at issue here.” This concerted action, the Whaleys contend, is evidenced by the
fact that Ms. Perkins gave Ms. Beshires permission to sign various permit applications in Ms.
Perkins’ name. At trial Ms. Perkins did not deny that she permitted Ms. Beshires to sign her name,
but she denied that this indicated any concerted attempt to make a misrepresentation to the Whaleys.
Rather, Ms. Perkins and the Beshires testified that since Ms. Perkins had not yet transferred the
initial two acres to the Beshires at the time that they were seeking the driveway, septic, and building
permits, it was necessary for them to sign her name since she was still the owner of the property.

       In Tennessee, an action for fraudulent misrepresentation contains four elements:

       (1) an intentional misrepresentation of material fact, (2) knowledge of the
       representation's falsity, and (3) an injury caused by reasonable reliance on the
       representation. The fourth element requires that the misrepresentation involve a past
       or existing fact or, in the case of promissory fraud, that it involve a promise of future
       action with no present intent to perform. Nondisclosure will give rise to a claim for
       fraud when the defendant has a duty to disclose and when the matters not disclosed
       are material.

Spectra Plastics, Inc. v. Nashoba Bank, 15 S.W.3d 832, 840-1 (Tenn. Ct. App.,1999) (quoting
Axline v. Kutner, 863 S.W.2d 421 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)). Under the elements of fraudulent
misrepresentation as they are set out in Spectra Plastics, there are two ways in which a party can be
liable for fraudulent misrepresentation: by (a) making an intentional misrepresentation of material


                                                 -7-
fact, or by (b) not disclosing a material fact that a party has a duty to disclose. It is clear that Ms.
Perkins did not make an intentional misrepresentation to the Whaleys. There was no evidence
adduced at trial that Ms. Perkins had made any representations to the Whaleys prior to, or during,
their purchase of the subject property.3 Since she made no representations to the Whaleys
whatsoever, Ms. Perkins clearly did not make any intentional misrepresentations to the Whaleys that
would subject her to liability for fraudulent misrepresentation. With regard to non-disclosure of a
material fact, we conclude that Ms. Perkins cannot be liable for fraudulent misrepresentation on this
basis, either. Ms. Perkins had conveyed four acres of her property to the Beshires several years prior
to the Whaleys’ purchase of the property that is the subject of this appeal. We find no authority under
Tennessee (nor do the Whaleys direct us to any) supporting the proposition that Ms. Perkins had any
duty to the Whaleys. She had not been the owner of the subject property for several years. It is
conceded by all parties that Ms. Perkins was not involved in the sale of the property to the Whaleys.
It cannot be said that Ms. Perkins had a duty to disclose any information to the Whaleys and Ms.
Perkins cannot be deemed to be liable for fraudulent misrepresentation on this basis.

        Therefore, we agree with the Appellants that there was no material evidence to support the
jury’s verdict that Ms. Perkins was liable for fraudulent misrepresentation. The trial court’s refusal
to grant Ms. Perkins’ motion for directed verdict as to intentional misrepresentation constitutes
reversible error.

2.       Did the trial court commit reversible error when it denied Perkins’ motion for
         judgment N.O.V. on the issue of negligence per se for alleged violations of statutes and
         ordinances prohibiting transfers of tracts of property less than four acres without
         subdivision approval, when there was no material evidence to support that verdict?

         Appellants next contend that the trial court erred in refusing to grant judgment N.O.V. on the
issue of negligence per se. At the close of proof, the trial court instructed the jury on negligence per
se, stating as follows:

         And in the state of Tennessee a person who violates a state statute or municipal
         ordinance is negligent. However a person violates a statute or ordinance is not at fault
         unless you also find that a violation was a legal cause of the injury or damage for
         which claim has been made.

                 With regard to the allegations of negligence per se or violation of the statutes
         or ordinances, Tennessee Code Annotated reads as follow[s] — and this is on a part
         of the statute but for our purposes it reads that no plat of a subdivision of land shall
         be recorded until it shall have been approved by the regional planning commission.




         3
                 Ms. Perkins did, according to testimony at trial, have several conversations with the W haleys after they
purchased the property.

                                                           -8-
        Tennessee Code Annotated 13-3401 read[s] in pertinent part that subdivision
means any division of 5-acres or less for the purpose whether immediate or future of
sale or building development. Tennessee Code Annotated 13-3403 reads that in
exercising the powers granted to it by Tennessee Code Annotated 13-3402, the
regional planning commission shall adopt regulations governing the subdivision of
land within it’s [sic] jurisdiction.

        Shelby County Code Section 25-261 reads that boards of county
commissioners shall have the authority to pumicate [sic] by ordinance subdivision
regulations governing the division, subdivision, or resubdivision of land into two or
more parcels any of which is 4-acres or less in size for the purpose of conveyance or
building development.

       Tennessee codes subdivision regulations section 105 reads that no land shall
be subdivided within and [sic] unincorporated portion of Shelby County until a
subdivider has obtained approval of the preliminary plan and final plat.

        The following do not require application for a subdivision to the land use
control board: Any division—subdivision of land where each lot created has at least
four acres of area, has a depth no greater than four times the average width, and a
minimum of 50 feet of frontage on a public road.

       Shelby County subdivision regulation section 110 reads A 1, no owner or
agent of the owner or of any parcel of land—excuse me. Let me start it again.

        No owner or agent of the owner of any parcel of land in a proposed
subdivision for which a preliminary plan has been filed shall transfer or sell any such
lot or portion of the proposed subdivision before a final plat of such subdivision has
been approved by the appropriate governing body in accordance with the provision
of these regulations and recorded in the office of the Shelby County Registrar.

        The subdivision of any lot or parcel of land by the use of meats [sic] and
bounds description for the purpose of sale, transfer, or lease with the intent of
evading these regulations shall not be permitted. All such described subdivisions
shall be subject to all the requirements contained in these regulations.

        No street number or building permit shall be issued for the erection of any
building or structure located on a lot, plat, or parcel of which violates the provision
of these regulations.

        You’ve heard me use the term legal cause. A legal cause of an injury which
there is a cause which is in natural and continuous sequence produces an injury and
without which the injury would not have occurred.


                                         -9-
Appellants argue that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on negligence per se. First,
Appellants argue, Ms. Perkins corrected any illegality occasioned by her first transfer of two acres
to the Whaleys, by transferring another two-acre parcel a few months later on the advice of her
attorney Earl Daley. Appellants direct us to the trial testimony of Nat Parham, an attorney with fifty
years of experience in real estate law, that Ms. Perkins’ subsequent conveyance of two acres
corrected the “less than four acre issue.” Appellants further argue that even if the illegality was not
corrected, the three-year statute of limitations for injury to property would have expired in 1988,
seven years before the Whaleys filed their lawsuit.

        The doctrine of negligence per se stands for the proposition that, in some circumstances, the
violation of a statute or ordinance may constitute negligence in itself. However, it is not the case that
violation of every statute or ordinance constitutes negligence per se. A leading treatise explains
negligence per se as follows:

        In order for the violation of a statute or ordinance to constitute negligence per se, the
        statute or ordinance violated must be a specific requirement to do or omit to do a
        definite act; the violation of a statute or ordinance prescribing merely a rule of
        conduct is not negligence per se, although it may be evidence of negligence. Thus,
        while violation of a statute or ordinance may be in and of itself a negligent act or
        omission, it does not necessarily constitute actionable negligence, or make out an
        absolute case of liability, and is not tantamount to strict liability, since other elements
        must co-exist to make the negligence actionable.

                 In order for a statute or regulation to be applied to establish a standard of care
        under the theory of negligence per se, a statute or regulation must at a minimum
        promote public safety and have been enacted to protect persons in plaintiff’s position
        or to prevent the type of accident that occurred, and must also impose specific duties
        on defendant. It must not merely repeat the common-law duty of reasonable care, but
        it must set forth specific guidelines to govern behavior. The test to determine whether
        a violation of a statute may constitute negligence per se depends upon legislative
        intent; legislative intent is primarily determined by the language of the statute, the
        purpose of the statute, and the nature of the evil the statute sought to remedy.

65 C.J.S. Negligence § 136 (2000). We must, therefore, determine the legislative intent of the
subdivision ordinance at issue in this appeal in order to determine whether the trial court erred in
charging the jury on this count.

        Under T.C.A. 13-3-403, “the regional planning commission shall adopt regulations governing
the subdivision of land within its jurisdiction.” The statute goes on to set forth the purpose for such
regulations:

        Such regulations may provide for the harmonious development of the region and its
        environs; for the coordination of roads within the subdivided land with other existing


                                                   -10-
       or planned roads or with the state or regional plan or with the plans or municipalities
       in or near the region; for adequate open spaces for traffic, light, air and recreation;
       for the conservation of or production of adequate transportation, water, drainage and
       sanitary facilities; for the avoidance of population congestion; and for the avoidance
       of such scattered or premature subdivision of land as would involve danger or injury
       to health, safety or prosperity by reason of the lack of water supply, drainage,
       transportation or other public services or would necessitate an excessive expenditure
       of public funds for the supply of such services.

The subdivision ordinance in question here is the Shelby County Code, Appendix B (“the
Subdivision Ordinance”). The Subdivision Ordinance sets includes its own statement of purpose:

       Purposes.

       These regulations are adopted for the following purposes:

       A. To protect and provide for the public health, safety and general welfare.
       B. To guide the future growth and development of the city/county in accordance
       with the comprehensive plan, transportation plans, and other approved or adopted
       plans and policies.
       C. To protect the character, and the social and economic stability of all parts of the
       county and to encourage the orderly and beneficial development thereof.
       D.      To protect and conserve the value of land, the value of buildings and
       improvements thereon, and to minimize conflicts among uses of land and buildings.
       E. To prevent overcrowding or overdevelopment of land and undue congestion of
       population.
       F. To guide public and private policy, and action to provide adequate and efficient
       public facilities.
       G. To provide sufficient and effective traffic circulation with particular regard to
       the avoidance of congestion on streets and highways, the safe accommodation of
       pedestrian traffic movements, and the proper location and width of streets, and
       building line location.
       H.      To establish reasonable standards and procedures for subdivisions and
       resubdivisions to further the orderly layout and use of land; and to insure proper legal
       descriptions and monumenting of subdivided land.
       I. To consider the availability of public facilities and determine if there is sufficient
       capacity to serve the proposed subdivision.
       J. To minimize the pollution of air, streams, and ponds; to determine the adequacy
       of drainage facilities; to safeguard the water table; and to encourage the wise use and
       management of natural resources.
       K. To encourage the preservation of the natural beauty and topography, and to
       encourage appropriate development with regard to these natural features.



                                                 -11-
We conclude that the harm of which the Whaleys complain—being unable to sell their property since
it was subdivided illegally—does not bring them within the class of persons protected by the Shelby
County Subdivision Ordinance. As another panel of this court stated, the mere violation of a statute
does not automatically trigger the negligence per se doctrine:
        The negligence per se doctrine is not a magic transformational formula that
        automatically creates a private negligence cause of action for the violation of every
        statute. Not every statutory violation amounts to negligence per se. To trigger the
        doctrine, the statute must establish a specific standard of conduct.... The courts
        consider a number of factors to determine whether the violation of a statute should
        trigger the negligence per se doctrine. The two threshold questions in every
        negligence per se case are whether the plaintiff belongs to the class of persons the
        statute was designed to protect and whether the plaintiff’s injury is of the type that
        the statute was designed to prevent.

Rains v. Bend of the River, 124 S.W.3d 580, 590-1 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). The Whaleys’ alleged
inability to sell their home is, if true, a consequence of the statute providing for the four-acre
minimum, but their alleged harm is not the kind of injury the statute was designed to prevent. As
described in both the Tennessee Code and the Shelby County Subdivision Ordinance, these
subdivision regulations were enacted largely for reasons related to quality of life, among them,
assuring adequate public facilities for residents, minimizing pollution, providing for orderly layout
and use of land, protecting the value of land, preventing overcrowding, and assuring effective traffic
circulation. The harm alleged by the Whaleys is not a harm the regulations were designed to prevent,
but rather, it is an accidental consequence of a statute enacted to prevent other harms to the
community and its residents that could be caused by the unregulated subdivision of land.

        We conclude that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the issue of negligence per
se, and the error “more probably than not” affected the jury verdict. Tenn.R.App.P. 36(b).

3.      Did the trial court commit reversible error by permitting Plaintiffs to assert claims for
        emotional distress that should have been barred by the one-year statute of limitations
        set forth in T.C.A. § 28-3-104(a)(1)?

        The Appellants’ next issue concerns the Whaleys’ claims of emotional distress. The
Appellants allege that the trial court erred in permitting the Whaleys to assert a claim in the amended
complaint filed October 2000 for emotional distress, arguing that the claim is barred by the one-year
statute of limitations applicable to personal injury claims. The Whaleys testify that they began having
emotional distress in 1995, after they learned of the problem with their property. The Whaleys
contend that, since the “gravamen” of their complaint is property damage, “[t]he Whaleys were
entitled to allege, and the trial court correctly instructed the jury to consider, their emotional distress
as consequential damages caused by the injury to their property caused by the Appellants.” The
Whaleys cite the cases of Gunter v. Lab Corp. Of Am., 121 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tenn. 2003) and
Prescott v. Adams, 627 S.W.2d 134, 137 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981) in support of the proposition that
the statute of limitations for emotional distress should actually be governed by the three-year statute


                                                   -12-
of limitations applicable to the cause of action for harm to property. In Gunter v. Lab Corp. Of Am.,
the plaintiff, Stanley Gunter, had been ordered to pay child support based on the results of a paternity
test conducted by Laboratory Corporation of America (“LabCorp”), which indicated that there was
a 99.94% chance that the plaintiff was father of the minor child. Gunter sued Labcorp, alleging that
it negligently performed the paternity test and overstated the probability of paternity. He alleged
negligence and breach of contract, and he “sought damages in the amount of the economic loss
occasioned by the ... child support payments.” Id. at 638. LabCorp alleged that the one-year statute
of limitations applicable to personal injury claims applied, and had run prior to Gunter’s filing of the
complaint. Gunter claimed that the three-year statute of limitations for personal property tort actions
should apply instead. The trial court ruled that the case was controlled by the one-year statute of
limitations for personal injury actions; the Court of Appeals reversed, concluding that the three-year
statute for injury to property was applicable. The Supreme Court affirmed the Court of Appeals,
stating that Gunter’s alleged economic injury was an injury to property and thus fell under the three-
year statute of limitations. The instant case differs from the Gunter facts in an important respect—in
Gunter, the dispute over the applicable statute of limitations arose out of the ambiguity of the phrase,
“injury to the person.” The Court surveyed cases in which non-physical injuries, such as injury to
reputation, fell under the rubric of “injuries to the person.” The question, then, was whether an
economic harm such as that suffered by Gunter was to be classified as an injury to the person or an
injury to property. In the instant case, there is no such ambiguity. The gravamen of the emotional
distress claim is uncontroversial; emotional distress is an injury to the person. Indeed, the case of
Brown v. Dunstan, 409 S.W.2d 365 (1966), upon which the Supreme Court relied in Gunter,
eloquently expresses the scope of “injuries to the person”:

       It is then our conclusion that the phrase ‘injuries to the person’ as used in the instant
       statute is to be construed comprehensively and as contemplating its application to
       actions involving injuries that are other than physical. Its purpose is to include within
       that period of limitation actions brought for injuries resulting from invasions of rights
       that inhere in man as a rational being, that is, rights to which one is entitled by reason
       of being a person in the eyes of the law. Such rights, of course, are to be
       distinguished from those rights which accrue to an individual by reason of some
       peculiar status or by virtue of an interest created by contract or property.

Id. at 367. The second case cited by the Whaleys, Prescott v. Adams, 627 S.W.2d 134 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1982), involves causes of action that all pertain to injury to property: fraud in the inducement,
misrepresentation, negligence in the design of an improvement to real property, breach of fiduciary
duty, and breach of implied warranties of habitability and marketability. Id. at 137. This Court stated
that the three-year statute of limitations governed all of the causes of action, because the gravamen
of the complaint was injury to property. However, the Prescott case differs in a crucial respect from
the case before us now. In Prescott, all of the causes of action sought recovery for injury to
property—there was no cause of action that even arguably could be considered an injury to the
person. In the instant case, the cause of action for emotional distress differs from the causes of
action for injury to property, in seeking recovery for what is, without question, an “injury to the
person.” For this reason, we conclude that the trial court erred in permitting the Whaleys to proceed


                                                 -13-
with their claim against the Appellants for emotional distress; the complaint was time-barred since
they filed suit well after the one-year statute of limitations for emotional distress had elapsed.

4.      Did the trial court commit reversible error when its instructions to the jury on the
        issues of emotional distress and measure of damages were incorrect and confusing?
        Appellants assert that the trial court’s jury instructions on emotional distress and the measure
of damages were incorrect and confusing. Our review of the trial transcript reveals that the jury
instructions were indeed somewhat confusing.

        Since the emotional distress claim for damages was erroneously allowed, the inclusion of
instructions concerning emotional distress was improper. In that regard, the court instructed the jury
as follows:

                       You’ve heard reference to the term emotional distress.
               Emotional distress is mental distress, mental suffering, or mental
               anguish. It includes all highly unpleasant mental reactions such as
               fright, horror, grief, shame, humiliation, embarrassment, anger,
               chagrin, disappointment and worry.

                               *                        *                      *

                       If you decide that a party’s entitled to damages you must fix
               an amount that will reasonably compensate that party for each of the
               following elements: Of claim loss or harm if you find that it was
               suffered by that party and was caused by the conduct upon which you
               base your finding of fault [sic]. Each of these elements of damages
               is separate. You may not duplicate these damages for elements by
               also including that same for [sic] harm in another element of damage
               [sic].

                       Reasonable compensation for such emotional injuries suffered
               by the plaintiffs and legally caused by the defendants’ conduct is one
               element of damages in this case. A serious emotional injury occurred
               one [sic] a reasonable person normally constituted would be unable
               to adequately cope with the mental stress caused and brought about
               by the circumstances of the case.

                       There is no mathematical [sic] for computing reasonable
               compensation for negligent infliction of serious emotional injury, nor
               is the opinion of any witness required as to the amount of such
               compensation. And in making [an] award of such damages you must
               use your best judgment and establish an amount of damages that is
               fair and reasonable in light of the evidence before you.


                                                 -14-
        The trial court also gave the following instructions pertaining to the measure of damages for
damage to property, which closely correspond to 8 Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions—Civil 14.45
(T.P.I. 14.45):

        The measure of damages to real property is the lesser of the following amounts: The
        reasonable cost of repairing the damage to the property, or the difference between the
        fair market value of the property immediately prior to and immediately after the
        damage. That allegation or that charge relates to the Perkins and the Beshires only.

Somewhat later, the trial court gave the following instructions, pertaining to the measure of damages
for misrepresentation, which correspond to 8 Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions—Civil 8.49 (T.P.I.
8.49):

        If you find that the plaintiffs are entitled to a verdict against certain defendants you
        must then award damages in an amount that will reasonably compensate the plaintiffs
        for all of the loss suffered that was legally caused by the misrepresentation upon
        which you based your finding of liability.

                You will award the plaintiffs the benefit of the bargain. The benefit of the
        bargain is the difference between the value of what the plaintiff would have received
        if the misrepresentation had been true and the actual value of what the plaintiff
        received.

                Actual value means market value. Market value is the highest selling price
        that real or personal property would bring on the open market. In making your
        finding of market value, you will assume that the seller has a reasonable time to sell
        and that the seller is willing to sell but not forced to do so.

                 You will also assume that the buyer is ready, able and willing to buy but is
        not forced to do so and that the buyer had a reasonable time and full opportunity to
        investigate the property and to determine it’s [sic] condition[,] suitability for use and
        all the things about the property that would naturally and reasonably affect its market
        value. That charge relates to the Beshires.

Upon reviewing the jury instructions as a whole, it appears that the jury instructions are confusing
and the inclusion of instructions pertaining to the personal injury claim for emotional distress was
error which affected the jury’s verdict.

        Although the TPI 8:49 instruction is the correct measure of damages for misrepresentation
claims, the inclusion of TPI instruction 14:45 appears to create difficult confusion but in and of itself
is possibly harmless error. However, the inclusion of the instruction for emotional distress is error,
and, more probably than not, affected the verdict of the jury.



                                                  -15-
5.     Did the trial court commit reversible error when it permitted the jury to allow passion
       associated with the plaintiffs’ claims of emotional distress to affect its verdict?

        Appellants contend that the trial court committed error in permitting plaintiffs’ claims of
emotional distress to affect the jury’s verdict. We conclude that the consideration by the jury of
damages for emotional distress constitutes reversible error. The jury was instructed on emotional
distress and was allowed to award damages to the Whaleys for the emotional distress they suffered.
However, in the jury verdict form provided by the trial court to the jury, there is no distinction
between damages awarded as compensation for damage to property, as compensation for
misrepresentation, or as compensation for emotional distress. Given that the jury was erroneously
permitted to consider the Whaleys’ claim for emotional distress, a component of the award of
damages against the Appellants may well have been for emotional distress, but the jury verdict form
leaves us with no way to know whether this is the case, and if so, what proportion of the damages
were awarded for emotional distress. Therefore, judgment on the jury verdict must be vacated.

        As to the alleged inconsistency and excessiveness of the jury verdict, we pretermit these
issues in light of our conclusion that the judgment must be vacated.

                                        VI. CONCLUSION

         For all the foregoing reasons, we vacate the judgment on the jury verdict. We remand the
case to the trial court for the direction of a verdict for the defendant, Jim Ann Perkins, and for a new
trial as to the other defendants consistent with this Opinion. Costs in this appeal are to be assessed
one-half to Appellants, Albert Lewis Beshires and Terry Lynn Beshires, and their surety, and one-
half to the Appellees, Forrest L. Whaley and Margaret Ann Whaley.



                                               __________________________________________
                                               W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.




                                                 -16-
