                 TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS


                      OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

                                State of California


                              JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP

                                 Attorney General


                             _________________________

                                           :

                OPINION                    :                 No. 86-202

                                           :

                    of                     :               MAY 14, 1986
                                           :

        JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP                :

           Attorney General                :

                                           :

         CLAYTON P. ROCHE                  :

         Deputy Attorney General           :

                                           :


________________________________________________________________________


        THE HONORABLE JEFFREY TUTTLE, COUNTY COUNSEL,
CALAVERAS COUNTY, has requested an opinion on the following question:

              Must a release of a mechanic's lien be acknowledged before it qualifies for
recording by the county recorder?

                                    CONCLUSION

              A release of a mechanic's lien must be acknowledged before it qualifies for
recording by the county recorder.

                                      ANALYSIS

             Article XIV, section 3 of the California Constitution provides:


                                           1
                                                                                  86-202

              "Mechanics, persons furnishing materials, artisans, and laborers of
       every class, shall have a lien upon the property upon which they have
       bestowed labor or furnished material for the value of such labor done and
       material furnished; and the Legislature shall provide, by law, for the speedy
       and efficient enforcement of such liens."

To implement this constitutional provision, the Legislature has enacted what is
commonly known as the mechanics' lien law, now found in sections 3082 through 3267
of the Civil Code.

              The question presented for resolution is whether a release of a mechanic's
lien, previously perfected through the filing of a claim of lien with the county recorder,
must be acknowledged before it may qualify for recording by that officer.

              The issue arises by virtue of the amendment to section 3084 of the Civil
Code in 1981. (Stats. 1981, ch. 321, § 1, p. 1460). That section provides for the content
of a "claim of lien" in subdivision (a). Subdivision (b), which was added in 1981,
provides the focus for this opinion. It provides that a claim of lien, otherwise in proper
form, "shall be accepted by the recorder for recording and shall be deemed duly recorded
without acknowledgment." (Emphasis added.)1

              An acknowledgment is a method used to prove or authenticate the
execution of an instrument. It is accomplished by a declaration to a public officer by the
person executing the instrument that he or she executed the same or by submitting proof
to the public officer that the instrument was duly executed. The public officer then
   1
    Section 3084 of the Civil Code provides in full:
       "3084. (a) 'Claim of lien' means a written statement, signed and verified by the
   claimant or by the claimant's agent, containing all of the following:
       (1) A statement of the claimant's demand after deducting all just credits and
   offsets.
       (2) The name of the owner or reputed owner, if known.
       (3) A general statement of the kind of labor, services, equipment, or materials
   furnished by the claimant.
       (4) The name of the person by whom the claimant was employed or to whom the
   claimant furnished the labor, services, equipment, or materials.
       (5) A description of the site sufficient for identification.
       (b) A claim of lien in otherwise proper form, verified and containing the
   information required by this section shall be accepted by the recorder for recording
   and shall be deemed duly recorded without acknowledgment."

                                             2

                                                                                       86-202

affixes to the instrument a certificate of acknowledgment reciting such facts. Civil Code
section 1185 provides:

              "The acknowledgment of an instrument must not be taken, unless the
       officer taking it knows or has satisfactory evidence, on the oath or
       affirmation of a credible witness, that the person making such
       acknowledgment is the individual who is described in and who executed
       the instrument; or, if executed by a corporation, that the person making
       such acknowledgment is the president or secretary of such corporation, or
       other person who executed it on its behalf."

Civil Code section 1189 provides that the form of a certificate of acknowledgment of an
instrument executed by an individual must be substantially in the following form:

              "State of ________________)

                                                   ) ss.

              "County of _______________)


              "On this __________ day of _______________, in year ________,
       before me (here insert name and quality of the officer), personally appeared
       _______________, known to me (or proved to me on the oath of
       ______________________) to be the person whose name is subscribed to
       the within instrument, and acknowledged that he (she or they) executed the
       same."

Civil Code section 1193 then requires that the officers taking an acknowledgment
authenticate their certificates by affixing their signatures, followed by the names of their
offices and also their seals of office if they are required to have official seals. Civil Code
section 1200 adds:

              "An officer taking proof of the execution of any instrument must, in
       his certificate indorsed thereon or attached thereto, set forth all the matters
       required by law to be done or known by him, or proved before him on the
       proceeding, together with the names of all the witnesses examined before
       him, their places of residence respectively, and the substance of their
       testimony."

Civil Code section 1213 then provides in part:



                                              3

                                                                                         86-202

              "Every conveyance (defined in Civil Code section 1215 to include
       every instrument in writing creating, transferring or incumbering an interest
       in real property or which affects title to real property) of real property
       acknowledged or proved and certified and recorded as prescribed by law
       from the time it is filed with the recorder for record is constructive notice of
       the contents thereof to subsequent purchases and mortgagees; . . . ."

              The purpose of the addition of subdivision (b) to section 3084 was clearly
expressed in the Legislative Counsel's Digest with respect to Assembly Bill 2107, 1981
Legislature. It stated:

              "Existing law requires the execution of      a claim of lien and a notice
       of completion under the mechanics' lien             provisions of law to be
       acknowledged before either may be recorded.         Existing law also requires a
       claim of lien and a notice of completion            under the mechanics' lien
       provisions of law to be verified.

              "This bill would provide that a claim of a mechanics' lien and a
       notice of completion which is verified, without acknowledgment, shall be
       accepted for recording and shall be deemed duly recorded without
       acknowledgment."

In short, the purpose of the bill was, inter alia, to do away with any requirement that a
"claim of lien" be acknowledged before it qualifies for recording by the county recorder.2
   2
      There apparently was no definitive case law with respect to the "existing law." Secondary
sources indicate that the practice was to permit a "claim of lien" to be recorded without a formal
acknowledgment. (See Marsh, California Mechanics' Lien Law Handbook (3d ed. 1979) § 4.44;
California Mechanics' Liens (Cont. Ed. Bar 1972) § 3.22.)
    In his 1984 Cumulative Supplement, Marsh discusses the pre-1981 law as follows at section
4.44:
            "Civil Code section 3084 states specifically that 'claim of lien' means a written
        statement, signed and verified by the claimant or by his agent, containing all of
        the required elements (see text section 4.44 for further discussion). It is therefore
        mandatory that the claim of lien be verified. (Section 4.56 Form for Verification.)
           "As stated by the court in Favello v. Bank of America Etc. Assn. 24 Cal.App.2d
        342, at page 347: 'An acknowledgement cannot take the place of a verification,
        but there is no reason why verification, if it contains the necessary information,
        may not act as an acknowledgment.' Whether for that reason, or because a notice
        and claim of lien is not an 'instrument', but is in the nature of a unilateral notice,
        somewhat akin to a notice of default (See Hoag v. Howard (1880) 55 Cal. 564),

                                                4

                                                                                          86-202

               The effect of the 1981 amendment to Civil Code section 3084 was to
remove the requirement of acknowledgment to the recording of a claim of lien under the
mechanics lien law. This reflects a legislative judgment that verification of such a claim
of lien provides sufficient proof of its authenticity and that an acknowledgment was
therefore unnecessary. A verification is a sworn statement by the claimant that the
matters stated in the claim are true of the claimant's own knowledge. Under section
2015.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a claimant may verify his claim of lien by signing
and dating a certificate under penalty of perjury in the statutory form without taking it
before a public officer. Thus, by eliminating the need for the claimant to appear before a
public officer to prepare a claim of lien entitled to be recorded, the 1981 amendment to
Civil Code section 3084 has provided a faster and more efficient method for workmen to
file their claims of lien thus carrying out the constitutional mandate to "provide, by law,
for the speedy and efficient enforcement of such liens."

               In 1981, however, no similar amendment was made to the mechanics' lien
law or any other statute with respect to whether a release of a mechanic's lien must be
acknowledged before it may be recorded. The suggestion has been made, however, that
the legislative intent to change the law with respect to the filing of a "claim of lien" may
have also effected a change in the law with respect to any acknowledgment requirement
for filing a release of such lien. However, after examining the pertinent statutes, we find
no such legislative intent in the law.

               Prior to 1981, the mechanics' lien law itself contained no requirement that
a claim of lien be acknowledged before it could be recorded. Nor did the mechanics' lien
law either then or now contain an acknowledgment requirement for filing a release of a
mechanic's lien. In fact, the mechanics' lien law did not nor does not specifically provide
for a document to be known as a release of mechanic's lien, although section 3154,
subdivision (b)(4), of the Civil Code refers to the possibility of such a release.3


        or whether for some other reasons which this author may never know, it remains
        the established fact that for at least 40 years, in our experience, county recorders
        have customarily recorded properly verified mechanics' liens without requiring
        any formal notarial acknowledgment in addition to the required formal
        verification." (Emphasis in original.)
    3
      That section provides for an action by the property owner to secure a court decree to release
his property from a lien after the expiration of the time for enforcement of the lien.
    A required allegation by the petitioner is "(4) That the lien claimant is unable or unwilling to
execute a release of the lien or cannot with reasonable diligence be found."
    The enforcement period for the lien is set forth in section 3144 of the Civil Code, usually a
ninety day period. Interestingly, in 1984, that section was amended by adding subdivision (b)

                                                 5

                                                                                            86-202

               Accordingly, as to these matters, more general laws must be examined.

             This brings us to a discussion of the "recording laws", sections 27280
through 27297.5 of the Government Code. This is so since it is those laws which
determine which documents entitled to be recorded thereunder must be acknowledged.
And in 67 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 93, 97 (1984) we again concluded that a county recorder
must ensure that a document complies with the requirements of section 27280 through
27296 of the Government Code "before accepting it for record."

              Section 27280 et seq. of the Government Code contains the general
provisions of law with respect to recording instruments by the county recorder. Section
27280 provides:

               "(a) Any instrument or judgment affecting the title to or possession
       of real property may be recorded pursuant to this chapter. . . ."

              A "claim of lien" appears to be such an instrument. This has been
evidenced by the Legislature in a number of ways. In the 1981 amendment to section
27287 of the Government Code, the Legislature contemporaneously with the amendment
to section 3084 of the Civil Code, supra, and in the same bill, amended section 27287 of
the Government Code to read as follows:

               "27287. Unless it belongs to the class provided for in either Sections
       27282 to 27286, inclusive, or Sections 1202 or 1203, of the Civil Code, or
       is a fictitious mortgage or deed of trust as provided in Sections 2952, or
       2693, of the Civil Code, or is a fictitious oil and gas lease as provided in
       Section 1219 of the Civil Code, or is a claim of lien, as provided in Section
       3084 of the Civil Code, or a notice of completion, as provided in Section
       3093 of the Civil Code, before an instrument can be recorded its execution
       shall be acknowledged by the person executing it, or if executed by a
       corporation, by its president or secretary or other person executing it on
       behalf of the corporation, or proved by subscribing witness or as provided


thereto (Stats. 1984, ch. 871) to read that "(b) If the claimant fails to commence an action to
foreclose the lien within the time limitation provided in this section, the lien automatically shall
be null and void and of no further force and effect." Prior thereto, the time limitations acted
merely as statutes of limitations.
    It would thus appear that the 1984 amendment has diminished the need for such releases, at
least after the statutory periods set forth in section 3144 of the Civil Code have expired.

                                                 6

                                                                                            86-202

       in Sections 1198 and 1199 of the Civil Code, and the acknowledgment or
       proof certified as prescribed by law." (Emphasis added.)

             Furthermore, prior to its amendment in 1980 (Stats. 1980, ch. 458) section
27296 of the Government Code (and thus part of the "recording laws") required the
county recorder to include in his monthly statistical report of documents to be recorded,
"Mechanics' Liens."

               Since a claim of a mechanic's lien is an instrument which affects the title to
real property, a release of a mechanic's lien would, a fortiori, also be such an instrument.
Accordingly, since none of the exceptions expressed in section 27287 of the Government
Code refer to such a release of lien, the law appears to have required, and appears to still
require, that such a release be acknowledged before it may qualify for recording.4

              We are aware of no theory from which we could properly conclude that the
Legislature, in excepting claims of mechanics' liens from an acknowledgment
requirement, also meant to except releases of such liens from the same requirement. We
presume that this suggestion arises from a belief that the Legislature could not have
intended that a release of lien must be executed more formally than the claim itself, an
argument analogous to the "equal dignities rule" in reverse.

               However we do not share such belief. In our view, to so conclude would be
pure speculation. In 1981, when the Legislature amended section 3084 of the Civil Code
and section 27287 of the Government Code, it certainly was aware of the fact that
releases of mechanics' lien were executed by claimants and were acknowledged by them
as a condition to recording. Had the Legislature intended to change the law in this
regard, it could have done so. If it desires to do so, it still may do so.



   4
      That a release of mechanics' lien, duly acknowledged, has been executed and recorded by
mechanics' lien claimants over the years is clear from an examination of basic authorities in
California. (See Marsh, California Mechanics' Lien Law Handbook (2d.ed. 1972 and 3d.ed.
1979), §§ 4.147, 4.148, 8.16, 8.17; Matthew Bender, Cal. Forms of Plead. and Prac., Vol. 10B
(1986) Mechanics' Liens, Forms 28 and 29.) Although the law itself does not refer to such
specific releases per se, these releases are apparently executed pursuant to the general provisions
of section 1541 of the Civil Code on "releases". Such releases, executed after a "claim of lien"
has been filed, are apparently to be distinguished from those set forth in section 3262 of the Civil
Code, that is, "waiver and releases" which are executed at the time of payment.
    Also, Marsh states in section 4.147 that a claimant who has been paid "has a duty to remove
the cloud on the title to the owner's property."

                                                 7

                                                                                            86-202

               In short, we cannot change or amend the clear requirement of section 27287
of the Government Code based upon pure speculation as to what the Legislature might
desire the law to be. Unless a statute is contrary to the manifest intent of the Legislature
or produces absurd results, it is to be applied according to its clear terms. In our case, it is
that section 27287 of the Government Code, with certain inapplicable exceptions herein,
requires that all instruments affecting title to real property be acknowledged as a
condition to being recorded. We see no absurdity in such a requirement. Different policy
considerations could arise concerning the need for proof of due execution of a release of
lien than for the filing of a claim of such lien.

               "[W]hen the Legislature has stated the purpose of its enactment in
       unmistakable terms, we must apply the enactment in accordance with the
       legislative direction, and all other rules of construction must fall by the
       wayside. Speculation and reasoning as to legislative purpose must give
       way to expressed legislative purpose." (Milligan v. City of Laguna Beach
       (1983) 34 cAL.3D 829, 831.)

Accordingly, we conclude that a release of a mechanic's lien must be acknowledged
before it qualifies for recording by the county recorder.

                                            *****




                                               8

                                                                                         86-202

