                                     UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 16-4162


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                     Plaintiff - Appellee,

              v.

DUPREE TURNER,

                     Defendant - Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
Greenville. Terrence W. Boyle, District Judge. (4:15-cr-00055-BO-1)


Submitted: June 29, 2017                                          Decided: July 11, 2017


Before WILKINSON, KING, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.


Thomas P. McNamara, Federal Public Defender, Stephen C. Gordon, Assistant Federal
Public Defender, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. John Stuart Bruce, United
States Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, First Assistant United States Attorney, Kristine
L. Fritz, Assistant United States Attorney, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

       Dupree Turner pled guilty to distributing heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1) (2012), being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 922(g)(1) (2012), and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking

crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (2012). The district court sentenced

Turner to an aggregate sentence of 130 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, Turner argues

that the district court erred in calculating his Sentencing Guidelines range. Finding no

reversible error, we affirm.

       The district court calculated Turner’s base offense level under United States

Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) (2015), concluding that Turner had a

previous conviction for a crime of violence. It is unclear from the record which offense

the district court used as the predicate offense; however, the parties agree that the district

court relied on either Turner’s New Jersey conviction for possession of a sawed-off

shotgun or his New Jersey conviction for robbery. We review de novo a district court’s

ruling that a prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence. United States v. Flores-

Granados, 783 F.3d 487, 490 (4th Cir. 2015).

       In determining whether a prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence, a court

must apply the categorical approach or modified categorical approach, depending on the

nature of the prior offense. United States v. Montes-Flores, 736 F.3d 357, 364 (4th Cir.

2013). “Under the categorical approach, the sentencing court must look only to the

statutory definitions of the prior offenses and may not look to the particular facts

underlying those convictions.” Flores-Granados, 783 F.3d at 491 (alteration and internal

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quotation marks omitted). Thus, we conclude that the district court erred in relying on

the facts of Turner’s prior conviction to conclude that he had committed a crime of

violence. * Nevertheless, we may affirm the district court’s judgment because both of

Turner’s prior offenses categorically qualify as crimes of violence. See id. at 491–92

(recognizing district court erred in relying on facts of prior conviction but concluding that

prior conviction qualified as crime of violence under properly applied categorical

approach).

       The Guidelines define a crime of violence as:

       [A]ny offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a
       term exceeding one year, that—

                     (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or
              threatened use of physical force against the person of
              another [(“the force clause”)], or

                     (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion,
              involves use of       explosives [(“the enumerated offenses
              clause”)], or otherwise      involves conduct that presents a
              serious potential risk of physical injury to another [(“the
              residual clause”)].

USSG § 4B1.2(a); see USSG § 2K2.1 cmt. n.1. In Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct.

2551, 2563 (2015), the Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutionally vague the

identically worded residual clause found in the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e) (2012). However, in Beckles v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 886, 892 (2017), the

Court held that the advisory Guidelines are not subject to vagueness challenges. Thus,

       *
          For this reason, we deny the Government’s motion to summarily affirm the
district court’s judgment.


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“we must . . . apply § 4B1.2(a) with all its relevant language, including the residual

clause and any Guidelines Commentary that may explain it.” United States v. Mack, 855

F.3d 581, 585 (4th Cir. 2017). Accordingly, “we examine the fact of conviction and the

statutory definition of the prior offense to determine whether the elements of the offense

are of the type that would justify its inclusion within the residual clause, without

inquiring into the specific conduct of this particular offender.”           United States v.

Carthorne, 726 F.3d 503, 511 (4th Cir. 2013) (alterations and internal quotation marks

omitted). To determine whether an offense presents a serious potential risk of injury, we

“consider[] whether the conduct encompassed by the elements of the offense, in the

ordinary case, presents a serious potential risk of injury to another.” Id. at 514.

       The Guidelines commentary provide that “[u]nlawfully possessing a firearm

described in 26 U.S.C. § 5845(a) [(2012)] . . . is a crime of violence.” USSG § 4B1.2

cmt. n.1 (internal quotation marks omitted). We previously concluded that the North

Carolina offense of possession of a sawed-off shotgun qualified as a crime of violence

under the residual clause by relying on this Guidelines commentary. United States v.

Hood, 628 F.3d 669, 672–73 (4th Cir. 2010). We likewise conclude that the New Jersey

offense of possession of a sawed-off shotgun qualifies as a crime of violence because the

elements of the New Jersey offense match those of the federal offense. N.J. Rev. Stat.

§§ 2C:39-1(o), 2C:39-3(b) (2013).

       We also conclude that New Jersey robbery qualifies as a crime of violence under

the residual clause. We previously concluded that the North Carolina offense of theft

from the person qualified as a crime of violence under this clause. United States v.

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Jarmon, 596 F.3d 228, 232 (4th Cir. 2010). Although noting that “larceny from the

person entails less violence than robbery,” we concluded “that fact does not prove that

larceny from the person is nonviolent.” Id. Moreover, we recognized in Jarmon that

because larceny from the person “requires that the offender take the property from the

protection or control of the victim, the victim’s presence is assured, and the odds of a

violent confrontation are even higher than in a generic burglary, where the victim is often

absent.” Id. at 232–33.

       The Supreme Court of New Jersey has defined the elements of robbery as

              (1) theft or attempted theft; (2) intimidating or assaultive
              conduct consisting of (a) inflicting bodily injury upon another
              or (b) threatening another with or purposely putting him in
              fear of immediate bodily injury or (c) committing or
              threatening immediately to commit any crime of the first or
              second degree [or (d) using force upon another person]; (3)
              the intimidating or assaultive conduct must have occurred
              during the theft or attempted theft or in immediate flight after
              the theft or attempted theft; and (4) defendant must have
              acted purposely.

State v. Lopez, 900 A.2d 779, 784 (N.J. 2006). As in Jarmon, this requires that the crime

occur in the presence of the victim, increasing the likelihood that the encounter will turn

violent and injure the victim. See also United States v. Riley, 856 F.3d 326, 328–29 (4th

Cir. 2017) (concluding Maryland robbery with a dangerous weapon qualified as a crime

of violence under residual clause).

       Accordingly, we deny the Government’s motion for summary affirmance but

affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral argument because the facts




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and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and

argument would not aid in the decisional process.

                                                                         AFFIRMED




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