                                                          NOT PRECEDENTIAL


                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                              ___________

                                   No. 13-4323
                                   ___________

             IN RE: AVANDIA MARKETING SALES PRACTICES
                   & PRODUCTS LIABILITY LITIGATION

                 RICHARD V. D’APUZZO, on behalf of himself
                      and all others similarly situated,
                                                  Appellant

                             _______________________

                        On Appeal from the District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                 D.C. Civil No. 2-07-cv-04963 and 2-07-md-01871
                            (Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe)
                                 ______________

                               Argued: April 7, 2014

             Before: FISHER, SCIRICA, and COWEN, Circuit Judges

                              (Filed: October 21, 2014)



Gary M. Meyers, Esq. [ARGUED]
35 West Main Street
Suite 106
Denville, NJ 07834

     Counsel for Appellant
Anthony C. Vale, Esq.
Gabriel J. Vidoni, Esq. [ARGUED]
Pepper Hamilton
18th & Arch Streets
3000 Two Logan Square
Philadelphia, PA 19103

       Counsel for Appellee


                                   _________________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                  _________________


SCIRICA, Circuit Judge.

       At issue in this diversity action is whether plaintiff has stated a claim under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for breach of express warranty under New

Jersey law. The trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss, and plaintiff appeals.1

We will affirm.2

                                             I.

       Richard V. D’Apuzzo, who suffers from Type 2 diabetes mellitus, filed suit

alleging GlaxoSmithKline LLC (“GSK”) caused him economic harm by misrepresenting



1
  We exercise plenary review over a district court’s ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to
dismiss. Byers v. Intuit, Inc., 600 F.3d 286, 291 (3d Cir. 2010). A federal court sitting in
diversity must apply state substantive law and federal procedural law. See Liggon-
Redding v. Estate of Sugarman, 659 F.3d 258, 262 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing Erie R.R. v.
Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938)).
2
  The District Court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.           We have
appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                             2
the safety and efficacy of its diabetes drug Avandia.3 D’Apuzzo does not allege Avandia

harmed him physically or that he experienced any cardiovascular injury.           Instead,

D’Apuzzo contends he would have paid less for safer, more effective insulin had GSK

not expressly warranted Avandia to be safe and effective in treating type 2 diabetes.

App. 25, 80. Specifically, he contends Avandia was approximately twenty-two times

more expensive than older available drugs, such as insulin, that were often more effective

and better tolerated than Avandia. App. 23. D’Apuzzo seeks damages for the higher

cost, including co-payments, he paid for Avandia as a result of GSK’s warranty that the

drug was safe and effective.    D’Apuzzo claims GSK breached an express warranty

because Avandia is neither safe nor effective in treating diabetic patients like him when

taking into account glycemic control and risk factors. Yet D’Apuzzo does not allege that

Avandia caused him harm or was ineffective for him.

      D’Apuzzo filed his initial class action complaint4 on July 13, 2007, and his first

amended complaint on October 24, 2007, both in the U.S. District Court for the District

of New Jersey. The case was then transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern

District of Pennsylvania as part of MDL No. 1871 pursuant to an order from the Judicial


3
  Approved by the Food and Drug Administration on May 25, 1999, as an oral
antidiabetic agent, Avandia is recommended and prescribed for the management of type 2
diabetes mellitus (also referred to as non–insulin-dependent diabetes or adult-onset
diabetes).
4
  D’Apuzzo sought to include in the class patients who were prescribed and purchased
Avandia (rosiglitazone maleate) and two related pharmaceuticals manufactured by
GSK—Avandamet (a combination of rosiglitazone maleate and metformin) and
Avandaryl (a combination of rosiglitazone maleate and glimepiride)—in New Jersey after
May 25, 1999. The District Court dismissed the case before making any decision on
class certification.
                                            3
Panel on Multidistrict Litigation.5 On June 6, 2010, D’Apuzzo filed his second amended

complaint, alleging violations of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act and unjust

enrichment. On September 7, 2011, on GSK’s motion, the District Court dismissed

D’Apuzzo’s second amended complaint without prejudice.            On October 25, 2011,

D’Apuzzo filed his third amended complaint, alleging violations of the New Jersey

Consumer Fraud Act, breach of express warranty, breach of implied warranty, fraud,

negligent misrepresentation, negligence, and unjust enrichment. GSK moved to dismiss

the third amended complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).

      On October 15, 2013,6 the District Court granted GSK’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss the entire complaint with prejudice, concluding it would be inequitable to permit

D’Apuzzo a fourth opportunity to state a claim. The District Court dismissed all but one

of D’Apuzzo’s claims—for violations of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act, breach of

implied   warranty,   fraud,   negligent   misrepresentation,   negligence,   and   unjust

enrichment—as barred by the New Jersey Products Liability Act (“PLA”), N.J. Stat. Ann.

§§ 2A:58C-1 et seq., which is the exclusive basis for any New Jersey products liability


5
  D’Apuzzo’s case is one of approximately 4,900 Avandia lawsuits centralized in the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania under MDL No.
1871. In centralizing these suits, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation noted the
actions “arise from allegations that certain diabetes drugs manufactured by GSK—
Avandia and/or two sister drugs containing Avandia (Avandamet and Avandaryl)—cause
an increased risk of heart attack and other physical injury, and that GSK failed to provide
adequate warnings concerning that risk.” In re Avandia Mktg., Sales Practices and
Prods. Liab. Litig., 528 F. Supp. 2d 1339, 1340–41 (J.P.M.L. 2007). As noted,
D’Apuzzo does not allege he suffered physical injury as a result of taking Avandia.
6
  On July 10, 2013, the District Court issued a memorandum opinion and order
dismissing D’Apuzzo’s complaint. It vacated that order on July 24, 2013, and issued a
revised memorandum opinion and order dismissing the case on October 15, 2013.
                                            4
action, except for express warranty and environmental tort actions.7           App. 3-4.

D’Apuzzo does not appeal the dismissal of those claims.8

      The District Court also dismissed D’Apuzzo’s express warranty claim—which is

explicitly exempt from the ambit of the PLA—for failure to allege the “exact text of the

warranties, or the precise time periods these warranties were in effect.”        App. 5.

D’Apuzzo filed this timely appeal, in which the only ruling he challenges is the dismissal

of his express warranty claim.

      D’Apuzzo contends GSK “expressly warranted on its labels and packaging to

Plaintiffs, prescribers, and patients, that Avandia would provide assist [sic] ‘in the


7
  The PLA defines a “product liability action” as “any claim or action brought by a
claimant for harm caused by a product, irrespective of the theory underlying the claim,
except actions for harm caused by breach of an express warranty.” N.J. Stat. Ann.
§ 2A:58C-1(b)(3). The PLA “is both expansive and inclusive, encompassing virtually all
possible causes of action relating to harms caused by consumer and other products.” In
re Lead Paint Litig., 924 A.2d 484, 503 (N.J. 2007). A plaintiff cannot circumvent the
PLA by asserting other causes of action stemming from harm caused by a product if
those causes of action are not excluded from the PLA’s ambit. See, e.g., Repola v.
Morbark Indus., Inc., 934 F.2d 483, 492 (3d Cir. 1991) (“We . . . predict that the New
Jersey Supreme Court would hold that the [PLA] generally subsumes common law
product liability claims, thus establishing itself as the sole basis of relief under New
Jersey law available to consumers injured by a defective product.”); Arlandson v. Hartz
Mountain Corp., 792 F. Supp. 2d 691, 702–04 (D.N.J. 2011); Sinclair v. Merck & Co.,
948 A.2d 587, 595–96 (N.J. 2008); Bailey v. Wyeth, Inc., 37 A.3d 549, 582–84 (N.J.
Super. Ct. Law Div. 2008), aff’d sub nom. DeBoard v. Wyeth, Inc., 28 A.3d 1245 (N.J.
Super. Ct. App. Div. 2011).
8
  The PLA requires a plaintiff to have suffered (a) physical damage to property (other
than to the product itself), (b) personal physical injury, (c) pain and suffering or
emotional harm, or (d) any loss of consortium or services deriving from these types of
harm. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:58C-1(b)(2). As noted, D’Apuzzo only alleges he suffered
economic loss—the amount of money he paid for Avandia, including insurance co-
payments—and does not allege he suffered any physical injury. See Sinclair, 948 A.2d at
595 (rejecting claim for economic loss under the PLA for failure to allege physical
injury).
                                            5
management of type 2 diabetes mellitus’ in a safe and efficacious manner.” 9 App. 80.

But D’Apuzzo does not allege GSK made unqualified or absolute guarantees of

Avandia’s safety and efficacy. Nor could he make such an allegation given that the

“express warranty” contained in Avandia’s “labels and packaging” consists of much

more than “safe and effective.” The Avandia label discloses contraindications, risk

factors, and potential side effects of taking the drug, thereby warning it may not be safe

under all circumstances for every person. The Avandia label in effect when D’Apuzzo

started taking the drug in October 2002 warned, among other things, that (1) Avandia

could exacerbate congestive heart failure, (2) patients at risk for heart failure should be

monitored, and (3) Avandia was contraindicated for patients with New York Heart

Association Class III and IV cardiac status.10 The label was revised in 2003 to more

prominently feature the cardiac side effects warning and to include data from clinical

studies indicating that Avandia could increase the risk of cardiovascular events. 11 GSK

later added to the label a black box warning of the risk of congestive heart failure and

myocardial infarction (heart attack).12 Even with these potential side effects, Avandia




9
    D’Apuzzo’s factual allegations are taken from his third amended complaint.
10
    See Avandia Approval History, NDA 021071, Apr. 3, 2000, Label, FDA,
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2000/21-071S001_Avandia_prntlbl.
pdf.
11
  See Avandia Approval History, NDA 021071, Feb. 27, 2003, Label, FDA, http://www.
accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2003/021071s004lbl.pdf.
12
  See Avandia Approval History, NDA 021071, Aug. 14, 2007, Feb. 3, 2011, Labels,
FDA, www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/021071s028lbl.pdf (Aug. 14,
2007,    label),    www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021071s038,
021410s026,021700s010lbl.pdf (Feb. 3, 2011, label).
                                         6
remains on the market today.13

                                           II.

                                           A.

      Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), we assume plaintiff’s well-

pleaded, nonconclusory factual allegations to be true. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.

662, 678–79 (2009). D’Apuzzo contends he adequately pleaded his express warranty

claim because (1) New Jersey law does not require the use of particular language for the

creation of an express warranty and (2) his third amended complaint referenced general

representations of safety and efficacy contained in Avandia’s labeling and package

inserts as the source of the express warranty. The District Court disagreed, concluding

that D’Apuzzo’s failure “to allege the exact text of the warranties, or the precise time

periods these warranties were in effect” was fatal to his express warranty claim. App. 5.

We agree with the District Court that D’Apuzzo’s allegations were general and vague.

But we need not decide whether D’Apuzzo was required to provide the exact text and

time period of the warranties because we can decide this case on another ground—

D’Apuzzo’s failure to state an express warranty claim as a matter of New Jersey law. See

Brightwell v. Lehman, 637 F.3d 187, 191 (3d Cir. 2011) (“We may affirm a district court

for any reason supported by the record.”). Our decision turns not on the federal pleading

standard and whether D’Apuzzo adequately pleaded the content of the express warranty

he alleged, but instead on whether the language of GSK’s label creates an express

13
   See Drug Details—Avandia, FDA, www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/
index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.Overview&DrugName=Avandia (last visited Sept. 12,
2014).
                                           7
warranty under New Jersey law.14 Because we conclude the statement that Avandia is

“safe and effective” for its intended use contained on its label disclosing

contraindications, risk factors, and potential side effects of the drug is not sufficient as a

matter of law to state a New Jersey express warranty claim, we will affirm.

                                             B.

       D’Apuzzo must state a valid express warranty claim as a matter of New Jersey

substantive law to avoid dismissal.15 In order to state a claim for breach of express

warranty under New Jersey law, plaintiff must allege (1) GSK made an affirmation of

fact, promise, or description about the product; (2) this affirmation of fact, promise, or

description became part of the basis of the bargain for the product; and (3) the product

ultimately did not conform to the affirmation of fact, promise, or description. See N.J.

Stat. Ann. § 12A:2-313. Under New Jersey law, “guarantees of future performance

should be specific.” See Herbstman v. Eastman Kodak Co., 342 A.2d 181, 187 (N.J.

1975). To create an express warranty, the seller need not use formal words such as

“warrant” or “guarantee” or have a specific intention to make a warranty. N.J. Stat. Ann.

§ 12A:2-313.    But that does not mean D’Apuzzo is relieved from identifying the

affirmation of fact, promise, or description he contends constitutes the express warranty

14
  Because D’Apuzzo’s complaint explicitly refers to Avandia’s “labels” and those
documents are publicly available on the FDA’s website, we may take judicial notice of
the labels’ content. S. Cross Overseas Agencies, Inc. v. Wah Kwong Shipping Grp. Ltd.,
181 F.3d 410, 426–27 (3d Cir. 1999); see also, e.g., Pryor v. NCAA, 288 F.3d 548, 559–
60 (3d Cir. 2002). We do so here not in the ordinary course but because, for the reasons
described below, D’Apuzzo’s express warranty claim cannot proceed under New Jersey
substantive law regardless of how it is pleaded.
15
  Following oral argument, plaintiff requested we certify the question to the Supreme
Court of New Jersey. We denied the motion.
                                              8
under New Jersey law. Id.

         For the first time on appeal—but in none of his complaints—D’Apuzzo focuses on

one statement from a 2007 Avandia label that he alleges created an express warranty:

“The 8 mg daily dose has been shown to be safe and effective in clinical studies as

monothereapy [sic] and in combination with metformin, sulfonylurea, or sulfonylurea

plus metformin.”16 Appellant Br. 21.17

         This statement asserts only that a particular dose of Avandia has been shown to be

safe and effective in clinical studies.18 FDA regulations required GSK to disclose the

highest dose for which the safety and efficacy of Avandia had been established in clinical

trials. See 21 C.F.R. § 201.57(c)(3)(i)(B) (noting prescription drug labeling must identify

an upper limit dose beyond which the safety and effectiveness of the drug have not been



16
   Two cases on which D’Apuzzo relies serve only to highlight his failure to identify with
specificity the affirmation of fact, promise, or description he contends is the express
warranty. See Stewart v. Smart Balance, Inc., No. 11-6174, 2012 WL 4168584, at *11–
12 (D.N.J. June 26, 2012) (refusing to dismiss breach of express warranty claim alleging
defendants sold milk labeled “fat free” that failed to meet federal regulations for fat-free
milk); In re Ford Motor Co. E-350 Van Prods. Liab. Litig. (No. II), No. 03-4558, 2008
WL 4126264, at *3–5 (D.N.J. Sept. 2, 2008) (refusing to dismiss breach of express
warranty claim alleging Ford marketed vans as “15-passenger” that could not safely
transport 15 passengers). Unlike D’Apuzzo’s general allegations against GSK, plaintiffs
in these cases pointed to specific affirmations of fact or descriptions—“fat free” and “15-
passenger”—that they alleged constituted express warranties.
17
   Typically, D’Apuzzo’s citation to this passage for the first time in his appellate brief
would be improper and we would decline to consider it. See United States ex rel. Wilkins
v. United Health Grp., Inc., 659 F.3d 295, 303 (3d Cir. 2011) (“[O]rdinarily a court of
appeals should not take judicial notice of documents on an appeal which were available
before the district court decided the case but nevertheless were not tendered to that
court.”). But in this case we will consider the passage because it comes from a 2007
Avandia label of which we have taken judicial notice.
18
     Plaintiff’s complaint fails to specify the particular dose of Avandia he took.
                                                9
established or increased doses do not result in increased effectiveness).19         And the

statement D’Apuzzo cites, when considered alone, does not claim Avandia will be safe

and effective in every case for every consumer.

       Nor could it be read to make that claim when considering the entirety of the

Avandia label. See Gladden v. Cadillac Motor Car Div., Gen. Motors Corp., 416 A.2d

394, 397 (N.J. 1980) (determining whether an express warranty was created by

evaluating an owner’s guide and guarantee document in its entirety).              Crucially,

Avandia’s labeling discloses contraindications, risk factors, and possible side effects of

the drug, thereby indicating the drug might prove dangerous or ineffective for some

people. The August 14, 2007 Avandia label discloses, among other things, that Avandia

is contraindicated for patients with New York Heart Association Class III or IV heart

failure, may increase the risk of cardiac failure or other cardiac effects, should be used

with caution in patients with edema, may increase the risk of hypoglycemia, may cause

weight gain, may increase the risk of bone fractures in women, and may increase the risk

of pregnancy. See Avandia Approval History, NDA 021071, Aug. 14, 2007, Label, FDA,

www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/021071s028lbl.pdf.                  These

contraindications, risk factors, and possible side effects are the primary reasons

D’Apuzzo required a prescription to obtain Avandia. Because GSK disclosed Avandia’s

contraindications, risk factors, and possible side effects on the drug’s label, the statement



19
   The FDA regulates the approval and labeling of new drugs. As part of the approval
process, the FDA evaluates a new drug’s safety and effectiveness as well as its proposed
labeling. See Mut. Pharm. Co. v. Bartlett, 133 S. Ct. 2466, 2470–71 (2013); see also 21
U.S.C. § 355; 21 C.F.R. § 201.5.
                                             10
on that same label that the 8 mg dose of Avandia has been shown in clinical trials to be

“safe and effective” for its intended use cannot be read as an unqualified guarantee that

Avandia would be safe and effective for all consumers.

         No New Jersey authority directly addresses the question of whether the statement

that Avandia is “safe and effective” for its intended use—contained on a label disclosing

contraindications, risk factors, and potential side effects—is sufficient to create an

express warranty under New Jersey law. Accordingly, we interpret New Jersey law as

we predict it would be interpreted by the Supreme Court of New Jersey. See Travelers

Indem. Co. v. Dammann & Co., 594 F.3d 238, 244 (3d Cir. 2010). “In making such a

prediction, we . . . consider relevant state precedents, analogous decisions, considered

dicta, scholarly works, and any other reliable data tending convincingly to show how the

highest court in the state would resolve the issue at hand.” Id. (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted).

         New Jersey’s express warranty statute follows section 2-313 of the Uniform

Commercial Code.         Compare N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:2-313, with U.C.C. § 2-313.

Connecticut’s and Ohio’s express warranty statutes also follow section 2-313,20 and

courts interpreting the law of these states have refused to find the words “safe and

effective” to create an express warranty in the absence of representations that a drug was

free from all harmful side effects or was absolutely harmless. See Basko v. Sterling

Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d 417, 428 (2d Cir. 1969) (“[W]e need say only that defendant did not

represent either (1) that its drugs were free from all harmful side effects or (2) that its

20
     See Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 42a-2-313; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 1302.26.
                                            11
drugs were absolutely harmless.”); Fraser v. Wyeth, Inc., 857 F. Supp. 2d 244, 257–58

(D. Conn. 2012) (“[A] drug manufacturer’s representation in advertising or a warning

label that a product is safe and effective, or an advertisement or warning label that does

not adequately highlight a particular known or knowable risk does not create an express

warranty in the absence of a guarantee that the particular product is free from all harmful

side effects.”); In re Meridia Prods. Liab. Litig., 328 F. Supp. 2d 791, 818 (N.D. Ohio

2004) (finding under Ohio law that “asserting that a product is ‘safe and effective’ is not

sufficiently clear to create an express warranty”). These authorities are consistent with

the well-established principle that “safe and effective” are relative terms in the

pharmaceutical industry—“safe” drugs harm some people and “effective” drugs do not

work in every case. See Bailey v. Wyeth, Inc., 37 A.3d 549, 554 n.8 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law

Div. 2008) (noting the FDA concedes “no drug is absolutely safe [and] all drugs have

side effects” and defines “safe” to mean “the benefits of the drug appear to outweigh the

risks” (internal quotation marks omitted)); 21 C.F.R. § 201.57 (noting effective means

there is substantial evidence of the drug’s effectiveness based on adequate, well-

controlled clinical studies).21


21
   These cases should not be read as foreclosing express warranty claims against
pharmaceutical manufacturers or retailers. In certain circumstances, courts have found
express warranties with respect to drug safety. See Rite Aid Corp. v. Levy-Gray, 894
A.2d 563, 570–72 (Md. 2006) (concluding a package insert instructing patients to “[t]ake
with food or milk if stomach upset occurs” could constitute an express warranty and
noting that Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d 417, “do[es] not support the
proposition that there can never be an express warranty with respect to prescription
drugs”); Grinnell v. Charles Pfizer & Co., 79 Cal. Rptr. 369, 377–78 (Dist. Ct. App.
1969) (finding that a package insert indicating that “‘[t]here are no known
contraindications to oral polio virus vaccines” was an affirmation of fact that constituted
an express warranty).
                                            12
       Our decision in Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 893 F.2d 541, 574–76 (3d Cir.

1990), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 505 U.S. 504 (1992), is consistent

with these cases interpreting Connecticut and Ohio law. In Cipollone, the plaintiff cited

specific representations made in Chesterfield cigarette advertisements.                 One

advertisement stated, without qualification, that “NOSE, THROAT, and Accessory

Organs [are] not Adversely Affected by Smoking Chesterfields.” Id. at 575. Another

advertisement cited a study that purportedly showed “proof” that Chesterfield cigarettes

“never . . . did you any harm.” Id. Other advertisements suggested consumers should

“PLAY SAFE” and “Smoke Chesterfield” and described cigarettes as “just what the

doctor ordered.” Id. We concluded that under New Jersey law a “reasonable jury could

infer that an unqualified representation that smoking is safe creates a warranty that

smoking for a long period of time is safe.” Id. at 576. Unlike the plaintiff in Cipollone,

D’Apuzzo does not allege GSK made unqualified promises or affirmations of fact

regarding Avandia.

       Marko v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 94 A.2d 348 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1953),

similarly involved absolute assurances of safety. In that case, the plaintiff was injured

when a lawnmower kept operating upon striking a rock despite a salesman’s assurances

the mower was “absolutely safe” and would stop operation upon contacting an obstacle.

Id. at 349. The court found plaintiff made out a breach of express warranty claim

because “[u]nder the warranty in question . . . plaintiff had a right to expect that when the

mower struck the rock the blade would stop revolving and the machine would stop

operating.” Id. at 350. Unlike in Marko, D’Apuzzo has not alleged GSK promised

                                             13
Avandia would be safe for all consumers, and GSK’s disclosure of Avandia’s

contraindications, risk factors, and potential side effects on the drug’s label indicates

GSK did not make such an unqualified guarantee.

       Although some courts have permitted express warranty claims based on the

representation that a drug or medical device was safe and effective, these cases involved

more substantial representations than those at issue here. See, e.g., Knipe v. SmithKline

Beecham, 583 F. Supp. 2d 602, 625–26 (E.D. Pa. 2008) (refusing to dismiss express

warranty claim on summary judgment where plaintiff alleged manufacturer represented

the drug to be safe and effective in “various articles, conferences, and journals presented

to the medical community” and had made specific statements regarding the drug’s safety

and efficacy in a particular group); Simonet v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 506 F. Supp.

2d 77, 88–89 (D.P.R. 2007) (refusing to grant motion to dismiss where plaintiff alleged

manufacturer made representations regarding its tablets’ dissolution rate and controlled-

release effect in numerous sources but defects in the tablets caused them not to function

as described); Palmer v. A.H. Robins Co., 684 P.2d 187, 207–08 (Colo. 1984) (finding a

jury could reasonably have concluded that manufacturer’s representations regarding a

medical device—including that it could “prevent pregnancy without producing any

general effects on the body, blood or brain”—could constitute an express warranty). By

contrast, D’Apuzzo alleges only that GSK represented Avandia as “safe and efficacious”

in one source—Avandia’s “labels and packaging”—and on appeal points to only one

qualified statement on the label. See In re Meridia Prods. Liab. Litig., 328 F. Supp. 2d at

818 (determining under Ohio law that a manufacturer’s representation of a drug as “safe

                                            14
and effective”—without more substantial factual allegations by plaintiffs—did not

constitute an express warranty).

      Because GSK disclosed Avandia’s contraindications, risk factors, and potential

side effects and D’Apuzzo does not allege GSK made unqualified guarantees of safety or

effectiveness, D’Apuzzo has failed as a matter of New Jersey law to state an express

warranty claim.

                                           C.

      At oral argument, D’Apuzzo contended GSK also breached the alleged express

warranty because the company failed to disclose or understated known cardiac risks that

rendered Avandia potentially dangerous to consumers.        This argument is unavailing

because it is an attempt to argue a failure to warn cause of action in an express warranty

appeal.

      Failure to warn and express warranty are different causes of action. See, e.g.,

Cipollone, 505 U.S. at 524–25 (analyzing failure to warn and express warranty claims as

separate causes of action). A failure to warn claim is a type of product liability action

governed by the New Jersey Products Liability Act. See Cornett v. Johnson & Johnson,

48 A.3d 1041, 1055 (N.J. 2012) (noting the PLA defines an adequate product warning as

“one that a reasonably prudent person in the same or similar circumstances would have

provided with respect to the danger and that communicates adequate information on the

dangers and safe use of the product” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

      But D’Apuzzo’s appeal is based on express warranty, which is specifically

excluded from the scope of the PLA because it is not a product liability cause of action.

                                           15
See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:58C-1b(3) (“‘Product liability action’ means any claim or action

brought by a claimant for harm caused by a product, irrespective of the theory underlying

the claim, except actions for harm caused by breach of an express warranty.”).

D’Apuzzo never raised a failure to warn claim, and he cannot raise that claim for the first

time in this appeal of the dismissal of his express warranty cause of action. See, e.g.,

Freeman v. Pittsburgh Glass Works, LLC, 709 F.3d 240, 249 (3d Cir. 2013) (“We

generally refuse to consider issues that the parties have not raised below.”).

       Accordingly, we reject D’Apuzzo’s attempt to advance a failure to warn cause of

action in this express warranty appeal.

                                            III.

       Because D’Apuzzo has not stated a claim for breach of express warranty under

New Jersey law, we will affirm the District Court’s dismissal of D’Apuzzo’s express

warranty claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).




                                             16
