                           This opinion will be unpublished and
                           may not be cited except as provided by
                           Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                                STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                      A15-1278

                              Roger William Kuehn, petitioner,
                                         Appellant,

                                             vs.

                              Commissioner of Public Safety,
                                     Respondent.

                                    Filed April 25, 2016
                                         Affirmed
                                      Stauber, Judge

                             Washington County District Court
                                File No. 82-CV-14-3902

Charles A. Ramsay, Ramsay Law Firm, P.L.L.C., Roseville, Minnesota (for appellant)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Amy Tripp-Steiner, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota (for respondent)

         Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Reilly,

Judge.

                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

STAUBER, Judge

         Appellant challenges the commissioner’s order sustaining his driver’s-license

revocation, arguing that (1) the trooper impermissibly expanded the scope of the stop;

(2) the trooper prevented him from exercising his right to an independent test; (3) the

commissioner did not sustain her burden of proving the accuracy and reliability of the
blood test; and (4) the warrantless search and seizure of his blood was constitutionally

defective. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       On June 26, 2014, Minnesota State Trooper Thomas Erickson stopped a vehicle

for driving 60 miles per hour in a 45-mile-per-hour zone. As he approached the vehicle,

which was driven by appellant Roger William Kuehn, Erickson noticed that the license-

plate tabs had expired six months before, in December 2013. Erickson asked Kuehn for

his license and mentioned the expired tabs; Kuehn claimed that he was on his way to get

the new tabs. Erickson did not notice any indicia of alcohol consumption during this

exchange and observed no other moving violations.

       When Erickson ran Kuehn’s record and the car registration on his patrol car

computer, he discovered that the car’s registration was current, despite the absence of

new tabs, and that Kuehn had four prior driving-while-impaired (DWI) convictions.

Erickson returned to the car and questioned Kuehn again about the registration. During

this conversation, Erickson noted that Kuehn’s eyes were bloodshot and watery, and he

detected a “faint odor of an alcoholic beverage.” Erickson asked Kuehn if he had

anything to drink that day, and Kuehn replied that he had two glasses of wine the

previous evening.

       Based on these observations, Erickson asked Kuehn to do three field sobriety tests,

which indicated impairment, and to take a preliminary breath test (PBT), which showed

an estimated alcohol concentration of 0.183. Erickson arrested Kuehn and transported

him to the Washington County jail, where he read Kuehn the implied-consent advisory,


                                             2
which Kuehn indicated he understood. Kuehn called an attorney, who advised him to

take a breath test. The breath test was unsuccessful in three different attempts, because

the machine indicted an “interference error.”1

       Erickson then asked Kuehn if he would take a urine test. Kuehn spoke again with

his attorney and requested a blood test. Erickson took Kuehn to Lakeview Hospital,

provided the technologist with a standard DWI blood-draw kit, observed the blood draw,

and then returned Kuehn to the jail. Before the blood draw, Kuehn requested that he be

permitted to take an independent test, but hospital personnel refused to do so. Erickson

provided Kuehn with a telephone to arrange for an independent test, but Kuehn called his

attorney instead. Kuehn was not processed and released until 4:30 or 5:00 p.m., and he

and his attorney agreed that it was too late to get an independent test.

       Erickson testified that he sealed the blood-test kit and delivered it to his district

office. The sample was received by the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) on July

1, 2014, and analyzed on July 8 and 9. Until the BCA received the sample, it was not

refrigerated, but the blood-testing vial contained preservatives that prevent most

degradation by heat.

       Kuehn’s expert, Thomas Burr, testified that many things could affect the accuracy

of the testing, including Kuehn’s diabetes, exposure to heat, discrepancies in the amount

of preservatives in the blood-test kits, and contamination by the yeast Candida albicans,


1
  Kuehn’s expert testified that an interference error means that acetone was present, which
impedes successful testing. Kuehn is a diabetic, and diabetics produce acetone. Erickson
testified that it indicated that the machine was detecting something other than or in addition
to ethyl alcohol.

                                               3
which can elevate alcohol concentration in unrefrigerated samples. Burr did not testify

that any of these factors actually affected Kuehn’s test results, but speculated about the

effect such factors could have on a blood sample. Burr also stated that the first of the two

BCA gas chromatograph analyses was invalid because it was not “resolved” and that in

order to have a scientifically valid result, there must be two valid, reliable, and separate

studies.

       The commissioner presented its rebuttal expert witness, Vanessa Perez, who

conducted the BCA analyses of Kuehn’s sample. Perez noted that the sample was

refrigerated after it arrived at the BCA, and the preservatives in the blood-collecting kits

prevented fermentation from heat. She observed no irregularities during the testing of the

sample. Perez analyzed the sample on two different days and on two different gas

chromatograph columns. Tests are run on different columns because “[e]ach has its own

chemistry which separates the volatiles differently. And it is done on two different

columns to ensure identification of ethanol, as well as the reliability of the result.” The

results indicated that Kuehn had an alcohol concentration of 0.1551 or 0.1581. Perez

explained that the different peaks on the printed results indicated the presence of other

compounds, including the presence of acetone, and that they were not unusual for

someone with an underlying health problem like Kuehn, who is diabetic. But she also

testified that the presence of these other compounds does not affect the ultimate ethyl-

alcohol result. Perez affirmed that the computer software corrects for non-resolution, and

does so by slightly lowering the ethyl-alcohol concentration. She stated that heat can

degrade a blood sample, but there must also be some sort of bacteria or impurity, and the


                                              4
stabilizing agent slows any breakdown. The BCA is not concerned about possible

Candida albicans contamination because it is relatively rare and the subject would most

likely be hospitalized.

       The district court issued an order sustaining the license revocation. Kuehn appeals

from this order.

                                      DECISION

                                              I.

       The United States and Minnesota Constitutions prohibit unreasonable searches and

seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. A warrantless search or

seizure is generally unreasonable unless if falls within a recognized exception to the

warrant requirement. State v. Lemert, 843 N.W.2d 227, 230 (Minn. 2014). But a peace

officer is permitted to make a brief investigatory traffic stop when the officer observes

even an “insignificant” violation of traffic law. State v. Anderson, 683 N.W.2d 818, 823

(Minn. 2004). We review the district court’s determination of the legality of an

investigatory traffic stop and questions of reasonable suspicion as questions of law

subject to de novo review. Wilkes v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 777 N.W.2d 239, 242-43

(Minn. App. 2010). We review findings of fact for clear error. Id. at 243.

       Kuehn does not contest the initial stop for speeding and possible expired

registration, but rather argues that Erickson had no basis for expanding the stop. “The

legal test for continuing detention is the same as that for the initial stop. A brief

investigatory stop requires only reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, rather than

probable cause. The factual basis required to support a stop is minimal, and an actual


                                               5
violation is not necessary.” State v. Lopez, 631 N.W.2d 810, 814 (Minn. App. 2001)

(citation and quotations omitted), review denied (Minn. Sept. 25, 2001). When the

original suspicion justifying the stop is dispelled, a police officer may not expand a stop

without additional suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Shellito, 594 N.W.2d 182, 186

(Minn. App. 1999). An officer may expand the stop only “if the officer has reasonable,

articulable suspicion of . . . other illegal activity.” State v. Wiegand, 645 N.W.2d 125,

135 (Minn. 2002). The reasonableness of a stop is tied not only to its duration but also to

its scope. Id. at 136.

       The district court found that (1) Erickson returned to Kuehn’s car to give him a

speeding ticket and to ask him about his registration because Kuehn had said it was

expired but Erickson discovered it was not; (2) Erickson also noted that Kuehn had four

prior DWI convictions; (3) during this second conversation, Erickson noted that Kuehn

had bloodshot and watery eyes and detected a faint odor of alcohol; and (4) field sobriety

testing and a PBT confirmed Erickson’s suspicions and provided a basis for arrest.

       Kuehn argues that Erickson should have simply ticketed him for speeding once he

realized that the car’s registration was valid, and suggests that Erickson looked at him

more closely once he realized that Kuehn had prior DWI convictions. The supreme court

ruled in State v. Henning that a police officer does not have a reasonable, articulable

suspicion of criminal activity that provides a basis for an investigative stop based solely

on the fact that a car has specialized-series license plates.2 666 N.W.2d 379, 384-85


2
 These license plates are issued under certain conditions when a driver, owner of a motor
vehicle, or a household member has restricted or revoked driving privileges because of

                                             6
(Minn. 2003). Even though such license plates provide a generalized suspicion that a

person without driving privileges may be driving, it is insufficient to create

individualized suspicion of criminal activity. Id. at 385. Under this reasoning, Erickson

could not require Kuehn to perform field sobriety tests based on his driving record. But

Erickson testified that he detected other indicia of impairment during his conversation

with Kuehn that permitted expansion of the stop, and the district court found Erickson’s

testimony credible. See Snyder v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 744 N.W.2d 19, 22 (Minn.

App. 2008) (stating that in implied-consent proceeding appellate court must give due

regard to district court’s assessment of credibility).

       Because the factual basis required to support a stop or expansion of a stop is

minimal, no actual violation is necessary, and Erickson provided a basis for his

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, we conclude that the expansion of the stop in

this case was permissible. See Lopez, 631 N.W.2d at 814.

                                              II.

       Kuehn argues that he was prevented from exercising his right to an independent

test. Minn. Stat. § 169A.51, subd. 7(b) (2012) states that

              [t]he person tested has the right to have someone of the
              person’s own choosing administer a chemical test or tests in
              addition to any administered at the direction of a peace officer;
              provided, that the additional test sample on behalf of the person
              is obtained at the place where the person is in custody, after the
              test administered at the direction of a peace officer, and at no
              expense to the state. The failure or inability to obtain an
              additional test or tests by a person does not preclude the

impaired-driving convictions. See Minn. Stat. §§ 168.041, subd. 6, 169A.60, subd. 13
(2014).

                                               7
              admission in evidence of the test taken at the direction of a
              peace officer unless the additional test was prevented or denied
              by the peace officer.

       “Whether an officer unlawfully prevented or denied an additional test involves

both questions of law and fact.” Poeschel v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 871 N.W.2d 39, 43

(Minn. App. 2015). We review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error, but

determine whether the driver’s right to an independent test was violated as a question of

law subject to de novo review. Id.

       This court has drawn a distinction between a police officer failing to assist a

person seeking an independent test and an officer’s active hampering an attempt to

arrange a test. Haveri v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 552 N.W.2d 762, 765 (Minn. App.

1996), review denied (Minn. Oct. 29, 1996). An officer’s sole duty is to allow the

defendant to use a telephone; he need not make arrangements, furnish supplies, or

transport the defendant for purposes of obtaining a test. Id. Here, the hospital refused to

draw a second blood test, but Erickson provided Kuehn with a telephone and phone book;

Erickson chose to call his attorney instead of arranging for a second test. Under these

circumstances, Erickson did not interfere with Kuehn’s right to arrange for an

independent test.

                                            III.

       Kuehn argues that the commissioner failed to sustain the burden of proving that

the blood-test results were valid, accurate, and reliable. The commissioner, as the

proponent of a chemical test, has the burden to establish a prima facie case that the test

was reliable and appropriate procedures were followed to ensure reliability. Genung v.


                                             8
Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 589 N.W.2d 311, 313 (Minn. App. 1999), review denied (Minn.

May 18, 1999). The burden then shifts to the party opposing admission of chemical

testing results to demonstrate why the test is not reliable or accurate. Id. The

commissioner bears the ultimate burden of persuasion. Id. This court reviews the district

court’s findings for clear error, and its conclusions de novo. Id.

       A person challenging a driver’s-license revocation is limited to asserting the issues

set forth in Minn. Stat. § 169A.53, subd. 3(b) (2012).3 One of the issues is whether the

testing method is valid and reliable, and whether the test results were accurately

evaluated. Id., subd. 3(b)(10). But “arguing that something might have occurred is mere

speculation and insufficient [to rebut chemical testing results] unless supported by

additional evidence. [An appellate court] requires that the driver establish a relationship

between the alleged error and the validity of the results.” Kramer v. Comm’r of Pub.

Safety, 706 N.W.2d 231, 237 (Minn. App. 2005) (citation omitted). For example, a driver

could allege that the breathalyzer gave a false reading because of a low chemical level,

but that alone would not render the test unreliable; the driver must still show that the low

chemical level would exaggerate the test results. Id. at 236.

       In Pasek v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 383 N.W.2d 1, 3-4 (Minn. App. 1986), this

court rejected a challenge to a breathalyzer result obtained while the defendant had

chewing tobacco in his mouth during the test. This court commented that when “the

opponent [of a test] does rebut the prima facie case, the judge must rule upon the


3
 This statute was amended to include the defense of necessity. 2015 Minn. Laws ch. 65,
art. 6, § 10, at 526-27 (effective July 1, 2015).

                                             9
admissibility in the light of the entire evidence. The credibility of the test may be

preserved with an explanation of the deviation.” Id. at 4 (citation and quotation omitted).

This court concluded that the test results were acceptable; the defendant merely

speculated that the chewing tobacco could affect the results, without producing evidence

to contradict the officer’s testimony that tobacco would not affect the results. Id.

       Burr, Kuehn’s expert, raised three issues regarding validity of the test results:

(1) failure to fully resolve one of two tests; (2) degradation of sample through exposure to

heat; and (3) exposure to Candida albicans. Perez of the BCA testified that the test was

fully resolved; the various peaks showed the presence of other compounds, including

acetone, but the computer software corrects for this. The district court found that Kuehn

“presented no mathematic or scientific theory under which the software’s calculations

could be considered flawed.”

       Perez testified that heat can affect a sample, but the preservative in the blood-test

kit protects the sample. There was no definitive testimony about the exposure to heat;

Erickson may have left the sample in his squad car when he returned Kuehn to the jail; it

appears that the sample sat at room temperature at the State Patrol office; and it could

have been exposed to heat when it was mailed to the BCA. But, again, this is

speculation. There is no testimony establishing how long and at what temperature a

sample would have to be exposed before it would degrade despite the preservative.

       Finally, Burr testified that the yeast Candida albicans could cause the sample to

ferment, but there was no indication that the sample was exposed to this yeast. This is




                                             10
also merely speculative. Kuehn failed to sustain his burden of demonstrating that the test

results were not accurate or reliable.

                                              IV.

       Kuehn argues that the warrantless search and seizure of his blood was

constitutionally defective because he did not freely and voluntarily consent to the blood

test. The supreme court held that although chemical testing for impairment is a search for

which a warrant is required, a defendant may freely and voluntarily consent to a

warrantless chemical test. State v. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563, 568 (Minn. 2013). The state

must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant voluntarily

consented based on the totality of the circumstances. Id. The supreme court concluded

that consent can be voluntary even when a defendant is read the implied-consent advisory

and is told that refusing to take a test is a crime because police may not administer a test

following a refusal. Id. at 569. In Missouri v. McNeely, the United States Supreme Court

commented on the ability of states to enforce drunk-driving laws through the use of

implied-consent proceedings. 133 S. Ct. 1552, 1566-67 (2013).

       Here, Erickson read the implied-consent advisory and permitted Kuehn to talk to

an attorney, who advised Kuehn to take a breath test. When the breath test could not be

completed, Kuehn talked to his attorney again, and requested a blood test. Erickson took

him to the hospital for a blood test. There are no facts that support Kuehn’s contention

that he did not voluntarily consent to the test.

       Kuehn argues, based on this court’s opinion in State v. Trahan, 870 N.W.2d 396

(Minn. App. 2015), review granted (Minn. Nov. 25, 2015), that the implied-consent


                                              11
advisory, “including the demand for a blood test under penalty of criminal prosecution

for refusal, violates [his] rights under the Fourth Amendment, and the constitutional

guarantee of due process of law.”

       In Trahan, this court concluded that the exceptions to the warrant requirement of

search incident to arrest or exigent circumstances did not apply when a driver has refused

to consent to chemical testing. Id. at 401-03. Trahan had provided a urine sample, but it

appeared he had diluted it with tap water. Id. at 399 n.2. He then refused the blood test.

Id. at 399. Trahan argued that the test-refusal statute violated his due-process rights to

refuse to submit to a warrantless search. Id. at 403. This court subjected the test-refusal

statute to strict scrutiny because a fundamental right was implicated and concluded that it

was “not precisely tailored to serve [a] compelling state interest,” and was therefore

unconstitutional. Id. at 404. This court reached a similar conclusion in State v.

Thompson, 873 N.W.2d 873, 880 (Minn. App. 2015), petition for review granted (Minn.

Feb. 24, 2016), in which the defendant refused to submit to a urine test. And in Stevens

v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 850 N.W.2d 717 (Minn. App. 2014), this court rejected a

driver’s challenge to the constitutionality of the test-refusal statute as it applies in

implied-consent license revocation proceedings.

       Unlike in Trahan and Thompson, Kuehn was not charged with test refusal and his

license was not revoked because he refused to submit to a test; rather, his license was

revoked after he consented to a warrantless search. While Kuehn argues, “Under Trahan,

refusal to submit to a warrantless blood test is NOT a crime,” Kuehn was not charged

with refusal. Consent is an exception to the warrant requirement. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at


                                               12
568. Under the totality of the circumstances, Kuehn freely and voluntarily consented to

chemical testing. We therefore affirm the commissioner’s order sustaining the revocation

of Kuehn’s driver’s license.

      Affirmed.




                                           13
