                              Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                        No. 04-13-00463-CR

                                       Billy Ray THURMAN,
                                              Appellant

                                                 v.
                                             The State of
                                        The STATE of Texas,
                                              Appellee

                       From the 66th Judicial District Court, Hill County, Texas
                                       Trial Court No. 37,134
                        Honorable F. B. (Bob) McGregor Jr., Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Catherine Stone, Chief Justice

Sitting:          Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: April 9, 2014

AFFIRMED

           A jury found Billy Ray Thurman guilty of driving while intoxicated. Thurman pled true

to an enhancement allegation, and the trial court sentenced him to 28 years’ imprisonment and

assessed a fine of $5,000. On appeal, Thurman contends the evidence is legally insufficient to

support his conviction.

                                            BACKGROUND

           At 4:10 P.M. on October 8, 2011, Thurman was driving a vehicle along F.M. 933 near

Aquilla, Texas, when he was stopped for speeding by Hill County Deputy Sheriff Jeff Aguirre.
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Immediately upon approaching Thurman, Deputy Aguirre smelled alcohol and observed that

Thurman’s eyes were glassy. Thurman told Deputy Aguirre that he consumed four beers since

1:30 P.M., including one beer which he “killed” as he was stopping the vehicle. Deputy Aguirre

called Texas Department of Public Safety Trooper Donald Mills to conduct a DWI investigation.

Thirty minutes after Thurman was stopped, Trooper Mills arrived and administered a standardized

field sobriety test. Trooper Mills administered the following tests: (1) horizontal gaze nystagmus

(HGN); (2) one-leg; (3) walk and turn; (4) finger-counting; and (5) alphabet recitation.

       Thurman exhibited all six clues of intoxication on the HGN test. Thurman successfully

completed the finger-counting test. Thurman exhibited seven out of eight clues on the “walk and

turn” test and four out of four clues on the “one-leg” test. Before completing these tests, Thurman

informed Trooper Mills that he suffered from a permanent foot injury which caused him to limp

and prevented him from maintaining a proper balance. When asked to recite the alphabet

beginning with the letter “C,” Thurman was unable to recite more than a few letters in the right

order, even though Thurman stated he had completed high school. Thurman was subsequently

placed under arrest for driving while intoxicated and transported to the Hill County Jail.

Approximately an hour and forty minutes after he was stopped by Deputy Aguirre, Thurman

voluntarily submitted to an intoxilyzer test administered by Trooper Mills. The test results

revealed that Thurman’s breath alcohol concentration (BAC) was 0.128 grams of alcohol per 210

liters of breath at 5:50 P.M. and 0.126 grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath at 5:52 P.M.

                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The standard for reviewing sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal appeal is the Jackson

v. Virginia legal sufficiency standard. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010). “In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction, a

reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and
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determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact

finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Gear v.

State, 340 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

318–19 (1979)). “[W]hen viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, ‘the

reviewing court is required to defer to the jury’s credibility and weight determinations because the

jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.’”

Winfrey v. State, 393 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at

899). “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt, and

circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Id. at 771 (citing Hooper v.

State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).

                                            DISCUSSION

       To establish that a person has committed the offense of driving while intoxicated, the State

must prove that the person was: (1) intoxicated; (2) while operating a motor vehicle; (3) in a public

place. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.04(a) (West Supp. 2013); White v. State, 412 S.W.3d 125,

128 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2013, no pet.). Thurman contends the evidence is insufficient to prove

(1) he was intoxicated; and (2) that he was intoxicated while he was driving.

   A. Intoxication

       The Texas Penal Code provides two alternate means by which the State may prove that a

person is “intoxicated.” Crenshaw v. State, 378 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Under

the “impairment” theory, the State must prove that the person did not have “the normal use of

mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug,

a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into

the body.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.01(2)(A) (West 2011); see Bagheri v. State, 119 S.W.3d

755, 762 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Under the “per se” theory, the State must prove that the person
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had an “alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.01(2)(B) (West

2011); see Bagheri, 119 S.W.3d at 762. The jury was charged with finding Thurman guilty under

either theory.

   1. Per Se Theory

       Thurman contends the evidence is insufficient to establish intoxication because the State’s

testifying expert, Bob Browder, did not state Thurman’s BAC in terms of the legal standard of

grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.01(1)(A) (West 2011).

Browder, a senior technical supervisor with the Texas Department of Public Safety, testified at

trial that Thurman’s BAC results were “.128” and “.126.” The State then asked Browder, “How

can those results be expressed in terms of grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath sample?”

Browder responded, “Well, grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath are our units of expression.

That’s how we measure breath alcohol.” Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

verdict, we hold that a rational juror could have determined that Browder’s testimony expressed

Thurman’s BAC in terms of the proper legal standard. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to

establish that Thurman was intoxicated because his BAC exceeded 0.08 grams of alcohol per 210

liters of breath. See Glanton v. State, No. 05-00-01844-CR, 2002 WL 1308804, at*2 (Tex. App.—

Dallas, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

   2. Impairment Theory

       The evidence is also sufficient to prove that Thurman was intoxicated under the

“impairment theory.” BAC test results are “highly probative to prove both per se and impairment

intoxication.” Kirsch v. State, 306 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Additionally, facts

supporting an inference of intoxication include a defendant’s odor of alcohol, glassy eyes, inability

to perform field sobriety tests, speeding, and admission of consuming alcohol. See Zill v. State,

355 S.W.3d 778, 785–86 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). Deputy Aguirre testified
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that Thurman smelled of alcohol, his eyes were glassy, he acknowledged consuming four beers in

the preceding three hours, and he was speeding. Thurman failed every field sobriety test except

for the finger-counting test. Trooper Mills testified that he believed Thurman was intoxicated.

The video and audio recordings of Thurman’s interaction with both Deputy Aguirre and Trooper

Mills were shown to the jury. Trooper Mills testified that he observed Thurman’s limp and took

it into consideration. Even if the “walk and turn” and “one-leg” tests are disregarded; however,

there still exists sufficient evidence to prove Thurman did not have normal use of his physical and

mental faculties. See Burkett v. State, 179 S.W.3d 18, 26 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.)

(evidence sufficient to prove intoxication under impairment theory where defendant with physical

disabilities failed sobriety tests, exhibited six clues on HGN test, and smelled of alcohol). Viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that a rational juror could have

determined that Thurman did not have normal use of his mental and physical faculties.

    3. Temporal Link

        In order for the State to prove that a person was intoxicated while operating a vehicle, it

must establish “a temporal link between the defendant’s intoxication and his driving.” Kuciemba

v. State, 310 S.W.3d 460, 462 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Here, the State admitted expert retrograde

extrapolation evidence in the form of Browder’s testimony to establish that Thurman’s BAC

exceeded the legal limit at a point in time immediately preceding the traffic stop. 1 Evidence of a

defendant’s BAC, by itself, is not sufficient to prove intoxication at the time of driving. Kirsch,

306 S.W.3d at 745. “There must be other evidence in the record that would support an inference

that the defendant was intoxicated at the time of driving as well as at the time of taking the test.”



1
 “Retrograde extrapolation is the scientific process of ‘working backward’ from the BAC test to an estimate of the
person’s actual BAC at the time of driving.” State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 447 n.22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)
(Cochran, J., concurring) (citations omitted).

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Id. Evidence of a defendant’s BAC in addition to expert testimony of retrograde extrapolation is

sufficient to prove the temporal link between the defendant’s intoxication and his driving under

the “per se” theory of intoxication. Id. at 745–46. Because Thurman did not challenge the

admissibility of the extrapolation evidence at trial, we will review the evidence, as presented to

the jury, to determine whether it is sufficient to prove that Thurman was intoxicated while he was

driving. See Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 489–90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

         Thurman submitted to the intoxilyzer test an hour and forty minutes after Deputy Aguirre

stopped him. Trooper Mills testified that Thurman’s BAC was 0.128 and 0.126 at the time of the

test. Browder testified that Thurman’s BAC at the time of the stop was 0.156. Thurman, however,

told Deputy Aguirre that he had “killed” a single beer as he was pulling over. Assuming that

Thurman consumed an entire beer as he was pulling over, Browder further extrapolated that

Thurman’s BAC was at least 0.126 immediately preceding the stop but before Thurman consumed

the last beer. Thus, even a conservative extrapolation placed Thurman’s BAC well over 0.08 at a

point in time while he was driving. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict,

we hold the evidence is sufficient to prove that Thurman was intoxicated while operating a motor

vehicle under the “per se” theory of intoxication. 2

                                                   CONCLUSION

         The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                            Catherine Stone, Chief Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH




2
  Accordingly, it is not necessary to determine whether the State established the temporal link under the “impairment
theory.” “[W]hen the trial court’s charge authorizes conviction on several different theories, the verdict will be upheld
if the evidence is sufficient on any one of the theories.” Owens v. State, 135 S.W.3d 302, 306 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (citing Swearingen v. State, 101 S.W.3d 89, 95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)).

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