                                               COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Frank, Petty and Senior Judge Haley
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued at Alexandria, Virginia


              THOMAS J. SHEA, JR.
                                                                               MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
              v.      Record No. 0399-13-4                                      JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                   DECEMBER 3, 2013
              TERESA A. SPINICCI


                                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                                Michael F. Devine, Judge

                                Marc A. Astore (Marc A. Astore, P.C., on briefs), for appellant.

                                Mehagen D. McRae (Roeder, Cochran & Haight, PLLC, on brief),
                                for appellee.


                      Thomas Shea (“husband”) appeals the trial court’s awarding of attorney’s fees and costs in a

              child support modification matter to Teresa A. Spinicci (“wife”). On appeal, husband argues that

              the trial court erred by awarding attorney’s fees and costs to wife when she had not filed any

              responsive or counter pleadings requesting the fees and costs in the child support modification

              proceeding. For the following reasons, we agree.1 Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s award of

              attorney’s fees to wife.

                                                                  I.

                      Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this memorandum

              opinion carries no precedential value, we recite below only those facts and incidents of the



                      
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                        Husband also argued that the award of attorney’s fees was contrary to the provisions of the
              parties’ Agreement. Because we conclude that wife failed to properly request an award of
              attorney’s fees, we need not decide this issue.
proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal. On

September 6, 2012, husband filed a petition for modification of child support. In his petition,

husband also requested attorney fees and costs. Wife did not file a responsive pleading. On January

2, 2013, the trial court heard the child support matter. At the hearing, wife orally requested her

attorney’s fees and costs. Husband objected to introduction of evidence regarding wife’s attorney’s

fees. In his objection, husband noted that wife failed to file a pleading requesting any type of relief;

therefore, wife was not in a proper position to ask for fees. The trial court stated, “With that, well,

we’ll address that issue later maybe, but with the amount and reasonableness not at issue, proceed.

And I’ll take your objection under advisement.” The trial court then accepted into evidence an

affidavit showing wife’s attorney’s fees “with retention of [husband’s] objection on whether she can

even ask for fees subject to further argument.” Wife argued that an award of attorney’s fees was

supported by the language of the property settlement agreement (“Agreement”) 2 because it allowed

such awards for “seeking and/or opposing a modification of child support or child custody.” The

trial court noted that the Agreement allows a party to seek attorney’s fees but does not require the

award of such fees. Wife additionally argued that she was seeking to enforce the already-existing

child support order.3 The trial court, however, interpreted the enforcement provision of the



        2
            Section 23.C of the Agreement states:

                          Nothing contained herein will bar or prevent either party
                  from seeking an additional award of counsel fees and costs
                  (including but not limited to reasonable legal fees, court costs,
                  investigator fees, and travel) in the event of breach of the provisions
                  of this Agreement or seeking and/or opposing a modification of child
                  custody or child support.
        3
            Section 24 of the Agreement states:

                          The parties agree that if one party incurs any expenses in the
                  successful enforcement of any of the provisions of this Agreement,
                  the other party will be responsible for and will pay forthwith any and
                                                     -2-
Agreement as applying to a show cause rule and concluded that “[t]his is not an enforcement

action.” Nevertheless, finding that it was “entirely within [its] discretion,” the trial court awarded

attorney’s fees and costs to wife. Husband timely appealed the award of wife’s attorney’s fees.

                                                    II.

        “On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to . . . the party prevailing

below, ‘and grant all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Johnson v. Johnson, 56

Va. App. 511, 513-14, 694 S.E.2d 797, 799 (2010) (quoting Anderson v. Anderson, 29 Va. App.

673, 678, 514 S.E.2d 369, 372 (1999)).

        “An award of attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the trial court’s sound discretion and is

reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.” D’Ambrosio v. D’Ambrosio, 45 Va. App.

323, 344, 610 S.E.2d 876, 886 (2005). “[T]he abuse of discretion standard requires a reviewing

court to show enough deference to a primary decisionmaker’s judgment that the court does not

reverse merely because it would have come to a different result in the first instance.” Lawlor v.

Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 212, 738 S.E.2d 847, 861 (2013) (quoting Evans v. Eaton Corp.

Long Term Disability Plan, 514 F.3d 315, 322 (4th Cir. 2008)). However, “the law often

circumscribes the range of choice available to a court in the exercise of its discretion.” Id. at 213,

738 S.E.2d at 861. “‘The abuse-of-discretion standard includes review to determine that the

discretion was not guided by erroneous legal conclusions.’” Id. (quoting Landrum v. Chippenham

& Johnston-Willis Hosps., Inc., 282 Va. 346, 357, 717 S.E.2d 134, 139 (2011) (Millette, J.,

concurring)). Accordingly, we will not reverse an award “[u]nless it appears from the record that

the [trial court] has abused [its] discretion, . . . has not considered or misapplied one of the statutory




                all reasonable expenses incurred, including but not limited to legal
                fees, court costs, investigator’s fees, and travel.

                                                   -3-
mandates, or that the evidence fails to support the findings of fact underlying [the] resolution of the

conflict.” Smoot v. Smoot, 233 Va. 435, 443, 357 S.E.2d 728, 732 (1987).

        Code § 20-109(C) provides that where a property settlement agreement has been signed, “no

decree or order directing the payment of support and maintenance for the spouse, suit money, or

counsel fee or establishing or imposing any other condition or consideration, monetary or

nonmonetary, shall be entered except in accordance with that stipulation or contract.” (Emphasis

added); see also Rutledge v. Rutledge, 45 Va. App. 56, 62, 608 S.E.2d 504, 507 (2005) (“‘[Code]

§ 20-109 restricts the court’s jurisdiction over awarding ‘alimony, suit money, or counsel fee’ to the

terms of the contract.’” (citations omitted)).4 Here, the Agreement authorized the trial court to

award relief in the form of attorney’s fees. However, most types of judicial relief are available only

when specifically requested by a party in a pleading.

                The basis of every right of recovery under our system of
                jurisprudence is a pleading setting forth facts warranting the granting
                of the relief sought. It is the sine qua non of every judgment or
                decree. No court can base its decree upon facts not alleged, nor
                render its judgment upon a right, however meritorious, which has not
                been pleaded and claimed.

Potts v. Mathieson Alkali Works, 165 Va. 196, 207, 181 S.E. 521, 525 (1935). “‘Fundamental rules

of pleading provide that no court can base its judgment or decree upon a right which has not been

pleaded and claimed.’” Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 843, 667 S.E.2d 857, 862 (2008)

(quoting Boyd v. Boyd, 2 Va. App. 16, 18, 340 S.E.2d 578, 580 (1986)). “The office of pleadings is

to give notice to the opposing party of the nature and character of the claim, without which the most

rudimentary due process safeguards would be denied.” Boyd, 2 Va. App. at 19, 340 S.E.2d at 580.

This Court has consistently held that pleadings must contain specific prayers for relief in order for a




        4
        Because the Agreement is the controlling document, wife’s reliance on the provisions
governing an award of attorney’s fees contained in Code §§ 20-78.2 and 20-79(b) is misplaced.
                                               -4-
court to obtain subject matter jurisdiction over the request. Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 844-45, 667

S.E.2d at 863.

       Thus, in Boyd, this Court found insufficient a pleading that contained only a general prayer

for relief, with no specific request for spousal support or maintenance. Boyd, 2 Va. App. at 20, 340

S.E.2d at 581. Likewise, in Reid v. Reid, 24 Va. App. 146, 150, 480 S.E.2d 771, 773 (1997), this

Court found that a vague request for the court to “decree that the plaintiff and defendant be

perpetually protected in their persons and property” was insufficient for obtaining jurisdiction over

the issue of spousal support. “In both [Boyd and Reid], this Court held that ‘the absence of a

specific request for an adjudication of spousal support precluded the court from obtaining

jurisdiction over the subject matter.” Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 844, 667 S.E.2d at 863.

       While “the requirements for pleading are not so strict as to demand specificity beyond that

necessary to ‘clearly [inform] the opposite party of the true nature of the claim or defense’ pled,”

O’Rourke v. Vuturo, 49 Va. App. 139, 147, 638 S.E.2d 124, 128 (2006) (quoting Rule 1:4(d)), it is

fundamental that “notice pleading principles require fair warning of the general form of relief

sought.” Id. Here, wife neither filed a responsive pleading nor provided any other notice that she

was seeking attorney’s fees pursuant to the Agreement.5 Wife’s failure to provide notice of the

nature and character of her claim, either in a pleading or otherwise, “precluded the court from

obtaining jurisdiction over the subject matter.” Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 844, 667 S.E.2d at 863.

Therefore, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to award attorney’s fees pursuant to the Agreement.




       5
         We recognize that, in the absence of a request for affirmative relief, the Rules do not
require wife to file a responsive pleading in response to a motion to modify child support.
                                                  -5-
                                                    III.

        We recognize that Rule 3:25 of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia addresses claims

for attorney’s fees in civil actions. This rule, which was adopted effective May 1, 2009, states in

part:

                A party seeking to recover attorney’s fees shall include a demand
                therefor in the complaint filed pursuant to Rule 3:2, in a counterclaim
                filed pursuant to rule 3:9, in a cross-claim filed pursuant to Rule
                3:10, in a third-party pleading filed pursuant to Rule 3:13, or in a
                responsive pleading filed pursuant to Rule 3:8. The demand must
                identify the basis upon which the party relies in requesting attorney’s
                fees.

Rule 3:25(B). Further, failure to file the required demand constitutes a waiver of attorney’s fees.

Rule 3:25(C). Notably, however, this rule’s requirement that a request for attorney’s fees must be

included in certain pleadings does not apply to “attorney’s fees in domestic relations cases.” Rule

3:25(A).

        Despite the support that this rule change may provide to wife’s argument, she failed to raise

it before either the trial court or this Court. Specifically, wife failed to argue that a proper

interpretation of this rule makes it unnecessary to file a pleading requesting attorney’s fees in

domestic relations cases such as this. Therefore, we decline to address it sua sponte.

        This Court has observed that, “[a]ppellate courts are not unlit rooms where attorneys may

wander blindly about, hoping to stumble upon a [proper argument].” Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 851,

667 S.E.2d at 866. If wife believes the adoption of this rule has somehow limited our precedent

requiring parties to request relief in a pleading, it is incumbent upon her “to present that [argument]

to us with legal authority to support [her] contention.” Id.

                A court of review is entitled to have the issues clearly defined and to
                be cited pertinent authority. The appellate court is not a depository in
                which the [parties] may dump the burden of argument and research.
                To ignore such a rule by addressing the case on the merits would
                require this court to be an advocate for, as well as the judge of the
                correctness of, [wife’s] position on the issues [she] raises. On the
                                                   -6-
                other hand, strict compliance with the rules permits a reviewing court
                to ascertain the integrity of the parties’ assertions, which is essential
                to an accurate determination of the issues raised on appeal.

Id. at 850, 667 S.E.2d at 865 (citations omitted).

        Thus, we decline to express an opinion on whether Rule 3:25 applies to the facts of this

case. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s decision and vacate the award of attorney’s fees.

                                                     III.

        For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and vacate the decision of the trial court.

                                                                                 Reversed and vacated.




                                                     -7-
