         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                                     June 15, 2004 Session

            STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JEREMY TUCKER DAVIS,
                     ALIAS JERRY TUCKER DAVIS

                    Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
             Nos. 239457, 240681, 240682, & 240919   Douglas A. Meyer, Judge



                   No. E2003-02214-CCA-R3-CD - Filed November 15, 2004


A Hamilton County Criminal Court jury convicted the defendant of the attempted first degree murder
of a police officer, and the defendant pled guilty to twenty-nine charges, including multiple counts
of car burglary, felony theft, and misdemeanor theft. The trial court sentenced him as a Range I,
standard offender to twenty-five years for the attempted murder conviction and as a Range II,
multiple offender to an effective sentence of six years for the remaining convictions. The trial court
ordered that the twenty-five-year and six-year sentences be served consecutively to each other and
consecutively to a six-year revoked probation sentence. The defendant appeals, claiming that the
trial court erred (1) by refusing to dismiss a juror for cause; (2) by refusing to compel the state to
provide the defense with the police department’s written use-of-force policy; (3) by refusing to allow
the defense to cross-examine police officers about the use-of-force policy; (4) by refusing to allow
an expert to testify about the victim’s excessive use of force against the defendant; (5) by refusing
to instruct the jury on deadly force; and (6) by ordering consecutive sentencing. We affirm the
judgments of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOSEPH M. TIPTON , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL and JOHN
EVERETT WILLIAMS, JJ., joined.

William M. Speek, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jeremy Tucker Davis, alias Jerry
Tucker Davis.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Assistant Attorney General;
William H. Cox, III, District Attorney General; and Barry A. Steelman, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                            OPINION

        This case relates to the defendant’s shooting Chattanooga Police Officer David W. Mays.
Thomas Manghane testified that on January 8, 2002, he lived on North Joiner Road in the East
Brainerd area of Chattanooga and went outside about 4:30 a.m. to warm up his and his wife’s cars.
He found that someone had broken into both cars and taken items from them. His wife telephoned
the police, and when the police arrived, Mr. Manghane discovered that someone also had broken into
the storage building behind his house and had taken his work jacket. Tony Cabrera, who lived on
Lenny Lane, and Misty Jackson, who lived on Eric Drive, testified that they also lived in the East
Brainerd area and that someone broke into their cars on January 8th.

        Officer Craig Allen Nabors of the Chattanooga Police Department testified that he was
working in the East Brainerd area in the early morning hours of January 8, 2002, that the police
department received reports of burglaries in the area, and that the department dispatched a “be-on-
the-lookout” (BOLO) for two suspicious males wearing dark clothing and riding bicycles. Officer
Nabors responded to the burglary call at Mr. Manghane’s home and then went to the Maxi Muffler
parking lot on North Joiner Road to complete his report. While parked in the lot, Officer Nabors saw
two white males who were riding bicycles and matched the BOLO description. Officer Nabors
pulled out of the parking lot and began following the suspects. At some point, the suspects looked
back, saw Officer Nabors, and began pedaling faster. Officer Nabors followed the suspects behind
a grocery store, got out of his patrol car, and ordered them to stop. However, the suspects rode off
in different directions.

        One of the suspects rode through a wooded area to John Henry Road and turned west.
Officer Nabors chased the suspect, who was the defendant, on foot but lost sight of him. As Officer
Nabors chased the defendant, the defendant turned around repeatedly, looked at the officer, and acted
like he was reaching for something in his jacket. At the corner of North Joiner and John Henry, an
officer in a patrol car met Officer Nabors. Officer Nabors heard Officer Mays over the police radio
and saw Mays’ patrol car in a ditch on North Joiner Road. Officer Nabors and the other officer
began looking for Mays and found him at the end of a driveway. Officer Mays was confused and
told them that he had been shot.

         Officer David W. Mays of the Chattanooga Police Department testified that on January 8,
2002, he was on patrol in the East Brainerd area and heard the BOLO. Later, Officer Mays heard
Officer Nabors say over the police radio that he was in a foot pursuit, and Officer Mays drove in
Nabors’ direction. Officer Mays saw the defendant riding a bicycle and followed him. The
defendant turned into a wooded driveway, and Officer Mays continued following the defendant in
his patrol car. Officer Mays bumped the defendant’s bicycle with the car, and the defendant jumped
or fell off the bicycle. Officer Mays got out of the car and told the defendant, “Come here.” The
defendant tried to run, Officer Mays caught him, and they struggled. Officer Mays threw the
defendant onto the ground, and the defendant, who was on his back, began flailing his arms and legs.
Using a “closed hand technique,” Officer Mays struck the defendant twice on the side of the face.
The defendant rolled onto his stomach, and Officer Mays tried to pull back the defendant’s right arm


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in order to handcuff him. Officer Mays also put his knee on the back of the defendant’s head and
told him, “Give me your hands.” When the defendant refused to be handcuffed, Officer Mays
sprayed the defendant with pepper spray, and the defendant yelled for help. Officer Mays decided
to stop struggling with the defendant and to hold him at gunpoint until backup officers arrived. As
Officer Mays stepped away from the defendant and began to unsnap his gun holster, the defendant
shot him in the face.

        Officer Mays testified that he did not see the defendant’s gun but heard a gunshot and felt
gunpowder. He fell, began crawling away from the defendant, and felt another shot in his back.
Officer Mays fell down an embankment and into some water. He called over his police radio that
he had been shot and fired two shots in the defendant’s direction. He then heard the defendant open
his patrol car’s door and heard the car back up. As the defendant backed up the car, Officer Mays
stood up and fired a shot above the driver’s side headlight. The car’s back tires went into a ditch,
and the car stopped moving. The defendant got out of the car and fled, and Officer Mays hid behind
a tree and reloaded his gun.

        On cross-examination, Officer Mays testified that before chasing the defendant, he had not
heard any reports that the suspects were violent. He said that after he heard Officer Nabors report
the foot pursuit, he drove to Joiner Road because he thought the suspects would come out of the
woods and onto the road. He said that he hit the defendant’s bicycle in order to end the pursuit and
acknowledged that he may have flipped the defendant off the bicycle. He denied striking the
defendant more than twice but acknowledged that in a statement to Sergeant Tim Carroll shortly after
the shooting, he may have said he hit the defendant “a whole bunch of times.” He said, though, that
he was still in shock when he gave the statement. Officer Mays acknowledged that he was trained
to stop fleeing suspects but said that he was not trained on how to use a car to stop them. He said
that a bullet did not strike him in the face but that his face suffered gunpowder burns. He said that
his bulletproof vest prevented a bullet from going into his back but that his back was injured.

       Connie Butler testified that she lived on North Joiner Road in East Brainerd and that she went
outside about 5:30 a.m. on January 8 to feed her cats. It was dark outside, and Ms. Butler heard
gunshots and saw blue lights on a police car, which backed up quickly. Ms. Butler entered her home,
looked out her window, saw the police car in a ditch, and telephoned 9-1-1.

         Christopher Long testified that he lived on Jenkins Road in the East Brainerd area. Around
lunchtime on January 8, he was working in his home and heard a muffled cough. He went
downstairs to investigate and looked outside but did not see anyone. Mr. Long went upstairs and
heard someone cough again. He went downstairs, opened his basement door, turned on the light,
and saw someone standing in his basement. The person had a hood over his head and was staring
at the floor, and Mr. Long could not see the person’s face. He turned off the light, dead-bolted the
door, and telephoned the police.

       Sergeant David Roddy of the Chattanooga Police Department testified that he was a SWAT
team leader and responded to the call at Mr. Long’s house. The police believed that the defendant


                                                -3-
was locked in Mr. Long’s basement, and SWAT team members surrounded the home. A police
officer opened the basement door and told the defendant that he was going to send in a police dog.
When the defendant did not respond, the officers released the dog into the basement. Sergeant
Roddy heard the dog growling, indicating that the dog had apprehended the defendant. Sergeant
Roddy and the other officers went into the basement and saw that the dog had grabbed the
defendant’s left forearm. The defendant had his right hand in his right jacket pocket, and the officers
told him to show them his hand. The defendant refused, and another officer pinned the defendant
to the ground. The defendant began to resist, and an officer held the defendant’s head in order to
prevent him from thrashing. Sergeant Roddy said that he tried to pull the defendant’s right hand out
of the pocket and that he hit the defendant across the nose with a “palm-heel” strike, which he said
was a good stunning technique. Sergeant Roddy pulled the defendant’s hand out of his pocket, and
the officers handcuffed him. The officers began patting down the defendant and found a .38 revolver
in his right jacket pocket. On cross-examination, Sergeant Roddy testified that the palm-heel strike
does not cause serious injury and that he did not recall anyone else hitting the defendant. He denied
hitting the defendant on the side of his head, around his lips, or in his eye.

        Officer Todd Royval of the Chattanooga Police Department testified that he was a member
of the SWAT team on January 8 and remained outside while other officers went into the basement.
When the officers brought the defendant outside, the defendant was struggling and the officers were
having to drag him. Officer Royval searched the defendant and found a revolver in his right coat
pocket. Later, Officer Royval learned the coat belonged to Thomas Manghane. Officer Royval also
found a Leatherman-type tool, a mini flashlight, a Swiss army knife, a corkscrew, a file, keys, and
a coin purse in the defendant’s pockets.

        Sergeant Mike Mathis, a detective in the Chattanooga Police Department’s Major Crimes
Division, testified that he was the lead investigator in the shooting of Officer Mays and talked with
the defendant at the police department a few hours after the defendant was arrested. The defendant
told Sergeant Mathis that he did not know why he was there and that he had not done anything.

        Timothy Commers of the Chattanooga Police Department testified that he examined the
evidence in the case, including Officer Mays’ bullet proof vest. The vest had a bullet hole in the rear
panel, and Mr. Commers recovered a bullet from the vest. Shelly Betts, a special agent forensic
scientist with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, testified that she examined the gun recovered
from the defendant and the bullet recovered from the vest. She concluded that the defendant’s gun
fired the bullet.

        Tischia Watts, the defendant’s sister-in-law, testified for the defendant that a day or two
before this incident, she and the defendant went to her grandmother’s house in order to steal a gun.
She and the defendant were addicted to methamphetamine and needed the gun in order to trade it for
drugs. Ms. Watts took the gun from her grandmother’s bedroom and gave it to the defendant. On
the night of January 7, Ms. Watts saw the defendant at a friend’s house. She asked the defendant
if he had traded the gun, and he said that he had not traded it because he needed to get more items



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to trade for drugs. The defendant left the friend’s house shortly thereafter. On cross-examination,
Ms. Watts said the defendant had stolen items before in order to trade them for drugs.

        Brenda Weekley testified that she lived on Joiner Road and heard a commotion in front of
her house on January 8. When she looked out her window, she saw a man standing in the street and
talking loudly to another man in a car. It was dark outside, but Ms. Weekley thought that the car was
a police cruiser. She then heard three to five gunshots, a pause, and five to six more gunshots. Soon
after she heard the shots, police cars arrived. On cross-examination, Ms. Weekley acknowledged
that what she saw was consistent with one police officer stopping his patrol car to pick up another
officer, who was on foot. The jury convicted the defendant of the attempted first degree murder of
Officer Mays.

                                    I. DISMISSAL OF JUROR

         The defendant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to dismiss a potential juror for
cause because the potential juror had a prior relationship with Officer Mays. He contends that he
was prejudiced by the error because the trial court’s refusal forced him to use a peremptory challenge
to remove the potential juror from the panel and because he used all of his peremptory strikes. The
state claims that the trial court correctly determined that dismissing the potential juror for cause was
unnecessary. We agree with the state and hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
refusing to dismiss the potential juror for cause.

       Rule 24(b), Tenn. R. Crim. P., governs challenges to potential jurors for cause and states, in
pertinent part, that

               [any] party may challenge a prospective juror for cause if:

                         (1) there exists any ground for challenge for cause provided
               by law;

                       (2) the prospective juror’s exposure to potentially prejudicial
               information makes the person unacceptable as a juror. Both the
               degree of exposure and the prospective juror’s testimony as to his or
               her state of mind shall be considered in determining acceptability. A
               prospective juror who states that he or she will be unable to overcome
               preconceptions shall be subject to challenge for cause no matter how
               slight the exposure. If the prospective juror has seen or heard and
               remembers information that will be developed in the course of trial,
               or that may be inadmissible but is not so prejudicial as to create a
               substantial risk that his or her judgment will be affected, the
               prospective juror’s acceptability shall depend on whether the
               testimony as to impartiality is believed. If the prospective juror
               admits to having formed an opinion, he or she shall be subject to


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               challenge for cause unless the examination shows unequivocally that
               the prospective juror can be impartial.

A trial court has wide discretion in ruling on the qualifications of jurors. State v. Kilburn, 782
S.W.2d 199, 203 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989). Even “the formation of an opinion on the merits will
not disqualify a juror if she can lay aside her opinion and render a verdict based on the evidence
presented in court.” State v. Sammons, 656 S.W.2d 862, 869 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982). The “failure
to correctly exclude a juror for cause is grounds for reversal only if the defendant exhausts all of his
peremptory challenges and an incompetent juror is forced upon him.” State v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d
238, 248 (Tenn. 1993).

         During voir dire, the trial court asked the prospective jurors if any of them knew the parties
involved in the case or knew of any reason why they could not be impartial. Juror Baumgardner told
the trial court that the victim was her former student. Upon further questioning by the state, Ms.
Baumgardner said that she had been a librarian at East Ridge High School for many years and that
the victim had worked for her in the library. Upon questioning by the defendant, Ms. Baumgardner
said that she had liked most of the students who had worked for her, that she could not say she had
liked the victim more than her other students, that she had not seen the victim in a long time, and that
she had read in the newspaper about his being shot. Ms. Baumgardner also stated that she could be
fair and that her relationship with the victim would not “get in the way” of the trial. The defense
moved to strike Ms. Baumgardner for cause based upon her “personal relationship” with the victim.
The trial court stated that it did not believe Ms. Baumgardner and the victim had a personal
relationship and refused to strike her from the panel. Later, a peremptory challenge was used to
dismiss Ms. Baumgardner from the jury.

       We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to excuse Ms.
Baumgardner for cause. Ms. Baumgardner testified that although the victim was her former student,
she could be fair. Moreover, although the defendant may have had to use a peremptory challenge
to remove her and may have exhausted all of his peremptory challenges, he has failed to make any
showing that his having to use a peremptory challenge to strike her from the panel resulted in an
incompetent juror serving on the jury.

                                  II. USE-OF-FORCE POLICY

        The defendant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to compel the state to turn over the
Chattanooga Police Department’s written use-of-force policy that was in effect at the time of the
shooting. He contends that the policy was relevant to his theory of self-defense and that he was
entitled to the policy pursuant to Rule 16(a)(1)(C), Tenn. R. Crim. P. The state argues that the trial
court properly determined that Rule 16 did not require the state to turn over the policy and that the
defendant has failed to show that the policy was relevant or helpful to his self-defense theory. In his
reply brief, the defendant argues that he could not show the policy’s relevance because he never
received the policy. We agree with the state that the defendant has failed to show that he was
harmed by the trial court’s ruling.


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         Before trial, the defendant asked the trial court to compel the state to turn over the police
department’s use-of-force policy that was in effect at the time of the shooting. In a hearing, the
defense told the trial court that the state had turned over a use-of-force policy but that it was not the
policy that was in effect on January 8, 2002. The state argued that although it had turned over a use-
of-force policy that was in effect after the shooting, it did not want to give the defense the policy that
was in effect at the time of the shooting because the state did not want the jury to “follow a red
herring and find that the officer is guilty of not following departmental policy.” The defense argued
that if the policy revealed Officer Mays had acted with more force than the policy allowed, then the
policy would be relevant to show that the defendant was justified in shooting the officer. The trial
court disagreed, holding that the policy was irrelevant.

        During a second pretrial hearing, the defense again claimed that it was entitled to the policy.
The state argued that the defendant could testify at trial about his belief that he needed to defend
himself from Officer Mays. The trial court ruled that the policy would confuse the jury and denied
the defendant’s request. During the hearing on the defendant’s motion for new trial, the defense
argued that the trial court had erred by refusing to compel the state to turn over the policy. The
defense told the trial court that the state had turned over a second policy during the trial but that the
second policy was older than the first policy and still was not the policy that was in effect at the time
of the shooting. In its order denying the motion for new trial, the trial court noted that although the
two policies turned over by the state were not in effect at the time of the shooting, they did not
appear to differ from the policy that was in effect at the time of the crimes. The trial court held that
because the “policy in question did not reveal any less forceful method of arrest . . . that the prior and
subsequent policies did not reveal,” any error in not forcing the state to turn over the policy in
question was harmless.

         Our review of the record reveals that the policy given to the defense by the state before trial
is titled “ADM-5 - USE OF FORCE” and has a “Date of Issue” as February 6, 2002, almost a month
after the shooting. The policy also provides that it “Amends/Supersedes: ADM-5 (04/01/01).” The
policy given to the defense by the state during the trial is titled “ADM-5 - USE OF FORCE” and has
a “Date of Issue” as September 9, 2000. The parties agree that a third policy, which was not turned
over to the defense and is not in the record before us, was in effect at the time of the crimes.

         Under Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(C), the state is required to “permit the defendant to inspect
and copy or photograph . . . documents . . . which are within the possession, custody or control of
the State,” and material to the defendant’s preparation of his defense, intended for use by the state,
or were obtained from the defendant. If a party fails to comply with a discovery request, “the court
may order such party to permit the discovery or inspection, grant a continuance, or prohibit the party
from introducing evidence not disclosed, or it may enter such other order as it deems just under the
circumstances.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2). Whether a defendant has been prejudiced by the state’s
failure to disclose information is a significant factor in determining an appropriate remedy. State v.
Smith, 926 S.W.2d 267, 270 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). When arguing that the state violated Rule
16, the defendant bears the burden of showing “the degree to which the impediments to discovery
hindered trial preparation and defense at trial.” State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 548 (Tenn. 1992).


                                                   -7-
         The state contends that the defendant has failed to show that he was harmed by not receiving
the policy that was in effect at the time of the shooting. The defendant argues that showing harm is
impossible because he never received the policy. We disagree with the defendant. We have
reviewed the two policies that the state turned over to the defense, and they are almost identical. The
only difference between the two policies is that a brief paragraph on the use of police dogs as
weapons is in the February 2, 2002 policy but absent from the September 9, 2000 policy. In light
of the fact that the defendant had these two policies and that these policies are obviously similar to
the policy in question, we agree with the state that the defendant could have shown how he was
harmed by the trial court’s refusing to compel the state to turn over the policy in effect at the time
of the shooting. Because he has failed to demonstrate prejudice, we hold that the trial court did not
err by refusing to compel the state to produce the withheld policy.

                   III. CROSS-EXAMINATION OF POLICE OFFICERS

        The defendant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to allow him to cross-examine
the state’s witnesses about Officer Mays’ use of force against him. Specifically, he argues that he
should have been allowed to ask Officer Mays and Officer Nabors as to whether Mays’ using the
patrol car to knock him off his bicycle violated the police department’s use-of-force policy and
constituted deadly force. He contends that showing Mays violated the policy would have supported
his claim that Mays used excessive force, that he feared for his life, and that he shot Mays in self-
defense. The state argues that the policy was not relevant to the defendant’s claim of self-defense.
We agree with the state.

        Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Pursuant to T.C.A. § 39-11-611(a), a person can act in
self-defense under the following circumstances:

                       A person is justified in threatening or using force against
               another person when and to the degree the person reasonably believes
               the force is immediately necessary to protect against the other’s use
               or attempted use of unlawful force. The person must have a
               reasonable belief that there is an imminent danger of death or serious
               bodily injury. The danger creating the belief of imminent death or
               serious bodily injury must be real, or honestly believed to be real at
               the time, and must be founded upon reasonable grounds. There is no
               duty to retreat before a person threatens or uses force.

Regarding a person’s use of self-defense against a police officer, the self-defense statute provides
that the




                                                 -8-
               threat or use of force against another is not justified to resist a halt at
               a roadblock, arrest, search, or stop and frisk that the person knows is
               being made by a law enforcement officer, unless:

                       (1) The law enforcement officer uses or attempts to use
               greater force than necessary to make the arrest, search, stop and frisk,
               or halt; and

                       (2) The person reasonably believes that the force is
               immediately necessary to protect against the law enforcement
               officer’s use or attempted use of greater force than necessary.

T.C.A. § 39-11-611(e). According to the Sentencing Commission Comments, self-defense not only
entails what a defendant actually believes, but also entails what is a reasonable belief under the
circumstances. As stated in State v. Bult, 989 S.W.2d 730, 732 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998), “This
means that the defendant’s conduct and mental state must meet an objective standard of
reasonableness for the conduct to be justified under these statutory defenses. Thus, the mere fact that
the defendant believes that his conduct is justified would not suffice to justify his conduct.” In
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396-97, 109 S. Ct. 1865, 1872 (1989), a case involving excessive
force under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the United States Supreme Court explained that the Fourth
Amendment’s objective reasonableness standard must be evaluated “from the perspective of a
reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight” and “must embody
the allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments -- in
circumstances that are tense, uncertain and rapidly evolving -- about the amount of force that is
necessary in a particular situation.”

        Some federal and state courts have held that police department use-of-force policies are
relevant when evaluating excessive use-of-force claims. For example, in Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d
912 (9th Cir. 1994), a wife sued police officers for excessive force after they shot and killed her
husband, who had barricaded himself in an apartment building. The plaintiff tried to argue that the
officers had violated police department guidelines when they shot her husband without first calling
for assistance or negotiating with him. The appellate court stated that the guidelines were relevant
“when one of their purposes is to protect the individual against whom force is used.” Id. at 915-16.
Concluding that the purpose of the guidelines in question was to protect police officers and innocent
bystanders, not suspects, the appellate court held that the guidelines were irrelevant. In Drummond
v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2003), the victim’s guardian sued police officers and
the city after the officers’ use of force against the victim during an arrest left the victim in a coma.
In reversing summary judgment for the defendants, the appellate court considered the officers’ use-
of-force guidelines, stating that “‘it may be difficult to conclude that the officers acted reasonably
if they performed an action that had been banned by their department or of whose dangers in these
circumstances they had been warned.’” Id. at 1059 (quoting Gutierrez v. City of San Antonio, 139
F.3d 441, 449 (5th Cir. 1998)). In Ludwig v. Anderson, 54 F.3d 465, 472 (8th Cir. 1995), a mother
sued two police officers after they shot and killed her emotionally disturbed son. Id. at 916. In


                                                  -9-
determining whether the officers’ use of deadly force against the victim was objectively reasonable,
the appellate court looked to the police department’s manual, which specifically addressed how
officers were to handle emotionally disturbed persons. The court stated that while these “‘police
department guidelines do not create a constitutional right,’ they are relevant to the analysis of
constitutionally excessive force.” Id. at 472 (quoting Cole v. Bone, 993 F.2d 1328, 1334 (8th Cir.
1995)).

        Relying on Ludwig, the Indiana Court of Appeals also held that a police department policy
was relevant to a defendant’s excessive use-of-force and self-defense claims. In Shoultz v. State,
735 N.E.2d 818 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), an officer hit the defendant on the head with a flashlight while
trying to arrest him for disorderly conduct and resisting arrest. Although the trial court had affirmed
the defendant’s convictions for those offenses, the appellate court reversed, holding that the officer
used excessive force against the defendant. In analyzing whether the officer’s use of force was
objectively reasonable, the court looked to the police department’s guidelines, which specifically
prohibited officers from using flashlights to hit suspects unless “absolutely necessary.” Id. at 824.
Finally, in Bedley v. State, 374 S.E.2d 841 (Ga. Ct. App. 1988), the defendant police officer was
convicted of simple battery for striking a jail inmate. In contesting the sufficiency of the evidence
on appeal, the defendant claimed that the trial court had erred by allowing into evidence a police
department manual outlining procedures on use of force. The appellate court ruled that because the
defendant’s defense had been “that his use of force was justified, and the manual directly related to
the defense of justification, it was therefore admissible.” Id. at 842.

        On the other hand, some federal and state cases have held that police department policies are
irrelevant to excessive use-of-force claims. For example, in Smith v. Freland, 954 F.2d 343, 347
(6th Cir. 1992), the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals stated,

               Under § 1983, the issue is whether [the officer] violated the
               Constitution, not whether he should be disciplined by the local police
               force. A city can certainly choose to hold its officers to a higher
               standard than that required by the Constitution without being
               subjected to increased liability under § 1983.

In Scott v. Edinburg, 346 F.3d 752 (7th Cir. 2003), an off-duty police officer shot and killed a man
who was trying to steal the officer’s personal car. The victim’s family sued the officer and the city,
claiming that the officer used excessive force. Finding that the officer’s use of force had been
objectively reasonable, the trial court granted summary judgment. On appeal, the plaintiffs argued
that an expert’s testifying that the officer had violated police department policies precluded summary
judgment. However, in upholding the lower court, the appellate court stated that “42 U.S.C. § 1983
protects plaintiffs from constitutional violations, not violations of state laws or, in this case,
departmental regulations and police practices.” Id. at 760.

       Similarly, in Mace v. City of Palestine, 213 F. Supp. 2d 691 (E.D. Tex. 2002), a police officer
shot and killed a man who had wielded a sword. A representative for the man’s estate sued the city


                                                 -10-
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that the officer used excessive force. In support of her argument,
the plaintiff noted that the officer’s actions during the confrontation had violated the police
department’s use-of-force policy. However, the district court held that the officer’s violation of the
policy was irrelevant “if his use of deadly force against an intoxicated, disturbed, threatening,
individual in close proximity to him and his other officers, armed with a sword was reasonable.”
Id. at 697. In Woods v. Jefferson County, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 605 (W.D. Ky. Jan. 8, 2003), the
plaintiff sued the police department under 42 U.S.C § 1983 after he was injured during his arrest.
The defendant claimed that the arresting officer’s written reprimand for violating police policy
during the arrest supported his excessive force claim. However, the court disagreed, stating,

                       In evaluating whether an officer’s use of force is constitutional
               under Graham, the issue is whether it was objectively reasonable
               under all of the circumstances confronting the officer, not whether the
               officer violated a city or departmental policy. Whether an officer
               followed or violated police department policy and guidelines is not
               relevant under Graham.

Id. at *10 (citation omitted).

         In Lozano v. State, 584 So. 2d 19 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1991), the defendant officer was
convicted of manslaughter for shooting and killing a suspect during a high-speed chase. Over the
defendant’s objection, the trial court admitted into evidence the fact that the defendant had violated
the police department’s policy regarding deadly force and shooting at a moving vehicle. The
appellate court ruled that the trial court erred by admitting the policy and cited other cases holding
the same. Id. at 24 (citing Pitts v. State, 473 So. 2d 1370, 1373-74 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1985)
(reversing a police officer’s conviction for vehicular homicide when police policy manuals were
admitted as evidence that he had operated his police vehicle in a reckless manner), app. denied (Fla.
1986); City of St. Petersburg v. Reed, 330 So. 2d 256, 258 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1976) (stating that
“statewide standards for the use of deadly force must be controlling” and that “introduction into
evidence of the safety order was error”), app. denied (Fla. 1976); Chastain v. Civil Serv. Bd., 327
So. 2d 230, 232 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1976) (stating that a police department’s deadly force policy
“would not affect the standard by which the officers’ criminal or civil liability is measured”)). In
State v. Leslie Ann Hebeler, 2001 Iowa App. LEXIS 363 (Iowa Ct. App. June 13, 2001), a police
officer stopped the defendant for speeding and arrested her when she refused to sign the speeding
citation. The defendant was convicted of interference of official acts resulting in bodily harm. On
appeal, she claimed the trial court erred by refusing to admit into evidence the police department’s
manual, which provided that officers were to treat the public in a positive and respective manner.
The appellate court disagreed, stating that it was the officer’s conduct at issue, “not the comparison
of that conduct to policies that are not claimed or shown to have legally binding affect.” Id. at *19-
20.

       Turning to the present case, the issues that the jury had to resolve were (1) whether Officer
Mays’ conduct violated statutory standards concerning use of reasonable force to arrest the defendant


                                                 -11-
and (2) whether the defendant’s use of force against Mays fell within statutory standards that allow
the use of reasonable force to resist unlawful force. The defendant claims that being able to show
Mays violated the use-of-force policy would have demonstrated that the officer used excessive force.
However, we conclude that federal and state cases holding such police department policies to be
irrelevant take the more reasoned approach. In resolving excessive use-of-force claims, juries are
to use an objectively reasonable standard that must be based on the circumstances that occurred at
the time of the arrest. Whether an officer violated a police department policy, which has no legally
binding effect, will be irrelevant to whether the officer was acting appropriately under the
circumstances. We conclude that the trial court did not err in refusing to allow the defendant to
question the officers about the policy.

         In any event, even if the trial court erred, such error was harmless. After Officer Mays struck
the defendant with the patrol car and knocked the defendant off his bicycle, the defendant was able
to resist Officer Mays’ use of force and pull a gun. The defendant shot Officer Mays twice, once in
the face and once in the back after the officer had fallen to the ground and was crawling away from
him. In light of these facts, we hold that any error regarding the defendant’s inability to question the
officers about the police department’s policy was harmless.

                                   IV. EXPERT TESTIMONY

        Next, the defendant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to allow an expert to testify
that Officer Mays used excessive force against him. He argues that the expert’s opinion, which was
based in part upon the Chattanaooga Police Department’s use-of-force policy, was necessary to show
that he was justified in shooting Officer Mays. He contends that the expert had specialized
experience in police training and tactics and would have been able to explain to the jury that Officer
Mays’ using a patrol car to knock him off his bicycle, hitting him, and spraying him with pepper
spray amounted to excessive force. The state claims that the trial court properly excluded the
expert’s testimony. We conclude that any error was harmless.

        The record reflects that after the defense received the February 6, 2002 use-of-force policy,
it forwarded the policy to Phillip L. Davidson, a former police officer and purported expert on
excessive use-of-force. Using the policy, the preliminary hearing transcript, and the Chattanooga
Police Department’s interview with Officer Mays, Mr. Davidson prepared a written report in which
he concluded that Officer Mays had used deadly force against the defendant when Officer Mays
struck the defendant’s bicycle with the patrol car. He also concluded that the officer had used
excessive force against the defendant when the officer hit the defendant with his fists and sprayed
the defendant with pepper spray. In his opinion, the defendant “quite justifiably began to defend
himself.” The trial court refused to let Mr. Davidson testify, stating that Mr. Davidson was not
qualified to give an opinion and that Mr. Davidson was “taking the position of sitting as a juror.”

        The admissibility of expert testimony is a matter within the trial court’s discretion and will
not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Tizard, 897 S.W.2d 732, 748 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1994). Rule 702, Tenn. R. Evid., states, “If scientific, technical, or other specialized


                                                 -12-
knowledge will substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact
in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may
testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” Rule 703, Tenn. R. Evid., states, “The court shall
disallow testimony in the form of an opinion or inference if the underlying facts or data indicate lack
of trustworthiness.” Determinations concerning the admissibility of expert testimony, including the
basis of the expert opinion, are within the discretion of the trial court. State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d
557, 562 (Tenn. 1993); see also State v. Hall, 958 S.W.2d 679, 689 (Tenn. 1997). However, the jury
determines the weight and credibility of the expert’s testimony. State v. Anderson, 880 S.W.2d 720,
732 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).

         Initially, we note that although Mr. Davidson’s written report is in the appellate record, Mr.
Davidson’s curriculum vitae is not attached to the report and the defense made no offer of proof
regarding his credentials. Therefore, we are unable to determine whether the trial court erred in its
ruling that Mr. Davidson was not qualified to testify. In any event, even if the trial court erred by
refusing to let Mr. Davidson testify, we hold that the error was harmless. The defense questioned
Officer Mays extensively during cross-examination about his using the patrol car to knock the
defendant off the bicycle, about his hitting the defendant in the face, and about his spraying the
defendant with pepper spray. Officer Mays acknowledged that he had not been trained on how to
use a patrol car to stop a suspect from fleeing on a bicycle and that his using the patrol car to knock
the defendant off the bicycle could have caused the defendant to break his neck or suffer a brain
injury. He also testified that he hit the defendant in the face and sprayed the defendant with pepper
spray despite having no indication that the defendant had a gun. The jury was well aware of Officer
Mays’ actions against the defendant.

         Moreover, as previously noted by this court, the evidence revealed that after the defendant
fell off the bicycle, he jumped up, tried to run from Officer Mays, and struggled violently against
Officer Mays’ attempts to handcuff him. When Officer Mays stopped struggling with the defendant,
the defendant pulled a gun and shot Officer Mays twice. The defendant fired one of those shots into
Officer Mays’ back as Mays crawled away from him. In light of the evidence, we hold that even if
Mr. Davidson had testified favorably for the defense, no jury would have concluded that the
defendant acted in self-defense. Thus, the defendant is not entitled to relief.

                             V. DEADLY FORCE INSTRUCTION

        The defendant claims that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on deadly force.
He argues that in light of Officer Mays’ testimony that the defendant could have been severely
injured when Mays struck him with the patrol car, such an instruction was warranted. The state
contends that the trial court did not err by refusing to give the instruction. We hold that the trial
court’s refusal was harmless error.

       A defendant has a right to have each issue of fact raised by the evidence and material to his
defense submitted to the jury upon proper instructions by the trial court. State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d
530, 553 (Tenn. 1992). A trial court should give a requested instruction if (1) it is supported by the


                                                  -13-
evidence, (2) it embodies the party’s theory of the case, (3) it is a correct statement of the law, and
(4) its substance has not already been included in other portions of the charge. See Mitchell v.
Smith, 779 S.W.2d 384, 390-91 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). A “deadly weapon” has been defined as
“[a]nything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily
injury.” T.C.A. § 39-11-106(a)(5)(B). This court has held that a car can be a deadly weapon. See
State v. Tate, 912 S.W.2d 785, 787-88 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

        The record reflects that the defense submitted to the trial court the following written
instruction:

               Deadly force means anything that in the manner of its use or intended
               use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. A motor
               vehicle can constitute a deadly weapon.

The trial court refused to give the instruction, stating that the instruction was not warranted in this
case because Officer Mays did not use his patrol car as a deadly weapon. The trial court did agree,
however, to give a self-defense instruction. The trial court gave, in pertinent part, the following
instruction:

                       Self defense: Included in the defendant’s plea of not guilty is
               his plea of self defense. When a person is assaulted by the use of
               force or attempted use of force in such a way as to create in his mind
               a reasonable belief that he is in imminent or actual danger of death or
               serious bodily injury, he will be justified in using force to defend
               himself, even to the extent of killing another human being.
                       The use of force can only be to the degree reasonably believed
               to be immediately necessary to protect against the other’s use of
               attempted - - other’s use or attempted use of unlawful force. The
               danger creating the belief of imminent death or serious bodily injury
               must be real or honestly believed to be real at the time, and must be
               founded upon reasonable grounds.

                       ....

                      In determining whether a defendant’s use of force in
               defending himself was reasonable, you may consider not only his use
               of force but also all the facts and circumstances surrounding and
               leading up to it.

                       ....

                       The use of force against another to resist or evade an arrest
               that the defendant knows is being made by a law enforcement officer


                                                 -14-
                is justified only if the law enforcement officer uses or attempts to use
                greater force than necessary to make the arrest, and the defendant
                reasonably believes that the force is immediately necessary to protect
                against the law enforcement officer’s use or attempted use of a greater
                force than necessary.

        We believe the trial court erred by refusing to give the instruction. Whether or not Officer
Mays used his patrol car as deadly force was for the jury to decide, not the trial court. Nevertheless,
we hold that the error was harmless. Although the trial court did not specifically instruct the jury
on deadly force, the court did instruct the jury that in considering the defendant’s self-defense claim,
it could consider all of the facts leading up to the shooting, which included Officer’s Mays’ knocking
the defendant off the bicycle. We note that after Officer Mays hit the defendant with his patrol car,
the defendant jumped up, tried to run, and struggled with Officer Mays so violently that Officer
Mays could not handcuff him even after Officer Mays struck the defendant with his fists and sprayed
the defendant with pepper spray. In light of the thorough self-defense instruction given by the trial
court and in light of the facts of the case, we hold that the trial court’s error in refusing to instruct
the jury on the requested special instruction was harmless.

                              VI. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCING

        Finally, the defendant claims that the trial court erred by ordering him to serve the effective
six-year sentence he received for the multiple burglary and theft convictions consecutively to the
twenty-five-year sentence he received for the attempted first degree murder conviction. He
acknowledges that pursuant to T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(6), the trial court could order the sentences
in the present case to run consecutively to a prior revoked probation sentence because he committed
the crimes in this case while on probation. See T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(6) (providing for consecutive
sentencing if the trial court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed
the offenses while on probation for a prior crime). However, he claims that the trial court
misinterpreted T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(6) as allowing for the six-year and twenty-five-year sentences
to run consecutively to each other. The state argues that the trial court properly sentenced the
defendant. We agree with the state.

        When a defendant appeals the length of service of a sentence imposed by the trial court, this
court conducts a de novo review of the record with a presumption that the trial court’s
determinations are correct. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d). The presumption of correctness is “conditioned
upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles
and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). The
burden of showing that the sentence is improper is upon the appealing party. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d),
Sentencing Commission Comments. However, if the record shows that the trial court failed to
consider the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances, then review of the
sentence is purely de novo. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. Concurrent or consecutive sentencing is left
to the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Hastings, 25 S.W.3d 178, 181 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999).


                                                  -15-
         Tennessee Code Annotated § 40-35-115(a) provides that if a defendant is convicted of more
than one criminal offense, the trial court may order the sentences to run consecutively if any of the
criteria listed under subpart (b) exists. One of those criteria is that the defendant is sentenced for an
offense while on probation. T.C.A. § 40-35-116(b)(6). The defendant does not contest the fact that
he committed the crimes in this case while he was on probation for prior offenses. Thus, by the plain
language of the statute, the trial court could order him to serve his twenty-five-year and six-year
sentences consecutively to each other. Moreover, the trial court could order that the defendant serve
those sentences consecutively to his revoked probation sentence. See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 32(c)(2)
(providing that a trial court may order a defendant to serve sentences for new convictions
consecutively to “additional sentences not yet fully served”). The trial court did not abuse its
discretion by ordering consecutive sentencing in this case.

         Based upon the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court.



                                                         ___________________________________
                                                         JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE




                                                  -16-
