UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                          Before
                              MULLIGAN, FEBBO, and WOLFE
                                 Appellate Military Judges

                            UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                         v.
                         Sergeant RANDY L. SIMPSON, JR.
                           United States Army, Appellant

                                       ARMY 20140126

                               Headquarters, I Corps
               Jeffery D. Lippert and David L. Conn, Military Judges
        Lieutenant Colonel Christopher A. Kennebeck, Staff Judge Advocate


For Appellant: Lieutenant Colonel Charles D. Lozano, JA; Major Aaron R.
Inkenbrandt, JA; Captain Ryan T. Yoder, JA (on brief); Colonel Mary J. Bradley,
JA; Major Christopher D. Coleman, JA; Captain Ryan T. Yoder, JA (on petition for
grant of review to the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces).

For Appellee: Colonel Mark H. Sydenham, JA; Major Steven J. Collins, JA; Captain
Tara E. O’Brien, JA (on brief).


                                         1 March 2017
                          --------------------------------------------------
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REMAND
                          --------------------------------------------------

  This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.

MULLIGAN, Senior Judge:

       On 10 June 2016 the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF)
remanded this case for consideration of whether the proper victim of a larceny was
charged in this case. United States v. Simpson, 75 M.J. 371 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (order).
This case is one of several arising out of thefts from an account operated by the
Credit First National Association (CFNA). The impropriety first came to light when
a local utility company noticed that 324 customer bills were being paid from the
same CFNA corporate account operated by JPMorgan Chase. The Army Air Force
Exchange Service (AAFES) also noticed that a large number of AAFES Military Star
Card accounts were being paid by the CFNA account.
SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

       Here, as with the other cases, the government charged CFNA as the victim.
United States v. Tauaese, ARMY 20120176, 2014 CCA LEXIS 35 (Army Ct. Crim.
App. 30 Jan. 2014) (sum. disp.) (affirming conviction and finding CFNA was proper
victim), pet. denied 73 M.J. 418 (C.A.A.F. 2014); see United States v. Poggioli,
ARMY 20110656, 2013 CCA LEXIS 551 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 1 July 2013) (mem.
op.) (reversing guilty plea for inconsistencies in stipulation of fact and in the inquiry
conducted pursuant to United States v. Care, 18 C.M.A. 535, 40 C.M.R. 247 (1969));
see also United States v. Thompson, ARMY 20111176, 2013 CCA LEXIS 1054
(Army Ct. Crim. App. 19 Dec. 2013).

                                   BACKGROUND

       The government initially charged appellant with forty-three specifications of
larceny, one specification of conspiracy to commit larceny, and one specification of
violating 18 U.S.C. § 1344. As part of a pretrial agreement, the parties agreed
appellant would plead guilty to a single specification of larceny (on divers
occasions) and a single specification of conspiracy to commit larceny.

       The parties stipulated to the general facts of the case. The account in
question was unusual. Although CFNA is a financial institution, the account was
with the bank JPMorgan Chase—as CFNA had a corporate account at JPMorgan
Chase. In a typical month, CFNA would execute over 17,000 transactions from the
account, totaling about $15,000,000. The parties stipulated that the account was a
“zero balance account” which meant that every day CFNA would wire transfer funds
into the account in order to cover the withdrawals.

       Appellant’s girlfriend, Ms. Jannie Lee, had obtained the information
necessary to set up automatic clearing house (ACH) transfers out of the CFNA
account. These transfers are normally set up electronically over the internet or a
phone system. Ms. Lee would set up a transaction to transfer money from the CFNA
account to accounts operated by appellant, other soldiers, and individuals. In most
cases, the transfers paid off outstanding debts (such as car payments, credit card
bills and utility bills). Ms. Lee would often collect a fifty percent fee from the
individual who benefited from the transfer. The parties stipulated that appellant
personally benefited to the amount of $30,936.23.

       The key to understanding the issue presented on remand is understanding how
Ms. Lee went about transferring the money. Appellant stipulated that he would give
her the account information that he wanted the money transferred into (for example
to pay a credit card bill). Ms. Lee would then contact the credit card company
(either online or by phone) and give them the information necessary for the credit
card company to pull money out of the CFNA account at JPMorgan Chase. The
ACH transactions were executed without human approval or intervention.


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SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

        In other words, Ms. Lee did not interact with either CFNA or JP Morgan
Chase. Instead, she deceived through false pretenses the beneficiary of the transfer
(e.g., a credit card company) into requesting a transfer from the CFNA account at
JPMorgan Chase.

                                    DISCUSSION

        A. JPMorgan Chase, not CFNA, Was the Proper Victim in this Case.

      This case, as well as the related cases listed above, represent a microcosm of
larceny cases involving electronic thefts and the government’s continuing problem
of charging these cases correctly.

             Wrongfully engaging in a . . . electronic transaction to
             obtain . . . money is an obtaining-type larceny by false
             pretenses. . . . Such use to obtain money . . . is usually a
             larceny of money from the entity presenting the money . . .
             .
Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2012 ed.) [hereinafter MCM], Part, IV
para. 46c(1)(i)(vi). As JPMorgan Chase executed the ACH transfer, JPMorgan
Chase was the correct victim in this case. 1 This holding is consistent, and directed
by, how our superior court has treated the victim in larceny by obtaining cases. See
United States v. Lubasky, 68 M.J. 260 (C.A.A.F. 2010); United States v. Williams,
75 M.J. 129 (C.A.A.F. 2016); United States v. Sharpton, 73 M.J. 299 (C.A.A.F.
2014). While we follow the binding precedence of our superior court here, one issue
gives us pause that warrants some discussion.

             B. The Supreme Court’s Decision in Shaw v. United States

      In a recent case the Supreme Court discussed who has a possessory interest in
a bank account. Shaw v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 462 (2016). In Shaw, the issue
was the flipside of appellant’s argument in our case—whether the bank had a
possessory interest in an account used by an individual.

       In answering the question, the Court appeared to say that both the bank and
the account holder have possessory interests in the account. “The basic flaw in
[appellant’s] argument lies in the fact that the bank, too, had property rights in [the
victim’s] bank account.” Id. At 466 (emphasis added). While the Court went on to
say that “the bank ordinarily becomes the owner of the funds” in the account, they

1
 We acknowledge that this court came to the opposite conclusion on the same facts
and addressing the same issue in United States v. Tauaese, 2014 CCA LEXIS 35
(Army Ct. Crim. App. 30 Jan. 2014) (sum. disp.), pet. denied 73 M.J. 418 (C.A.A.F.
2014).
                                           3
SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

indicated the customer retains a property interest in the funds because “the customer
retains the right, for example, to withdraw funds.” Id. at 464, 466.

      Citing treatise, the Court noted that depending on the contractual relationship
between the bank and the individual, the customer could “retain ownership of the
funds and the bank merely assumes possession.” Id. at 466 (citing 5A Michie, Banks
and Banking, ch. 9, §38, at 162). In short, whether as an owner or as a bailee,
depending on the contractual relationship, the bank, the customer, or both could
have possessory interests in the account.

       The Shaw Court went further, stating that being “deprived of its right” to use
property, even if temporary and later reimbursed, is “sufficient.” Id. at 467 (“It is
consequently not surprising that, when interpreting the analogous mail fraud statute,
we have held it ‘sufficient’ that the victim (here, the bank) be ‘deprived of its right]
to use of the property, even if it ultimately did not suffer unreimbursed loss,” citing
Carpenter v. United States, 484 U.S. 19 26-27 (1987)).

      In other words, Shaw indicates that both the bank and the customer may have
a possessory interest in an account, and that the loss of the right to access funds in
an account is “sufficient” to create property in an account.

             C. Is Possessory Interest in an Account a Question of Fact?

       To the extent that Shaw appears to say that ownership of an account is a
question of fact, determined by the precise nature of a contractual agreement, in a
contested case this question could be litigated. By contrast, in a guilty plea such as
the one before us, when the accused states and stipulates that CFNA was the owner
of the funds in the account, and that admission was not contradicted in a manner that
would call into question the providence of his plea, his guilty plea would end the
matter.

       Here, there may be a factual basis to believe that CFNA had a possessory
interest in the funds in the account. The parties stipulated to the nature of the
account as follows:

             CFNA’s account was not a conventional checking account.
             Instead, it was a zero-balance account in which the
             account was funded by wire transfer each business day to
             pay the amounts drawn on the account. The daily wire
             transfer effectively zeroed out the account every day.

     The parties further stipulated that after the fraud was discovered, CFNA asked
JPMorgan Chase to reverse the fraudulent transactions that had occurred in the last


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SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

sixty days. In the end, all of the thefts that occurred after 1 January 2010 were
reversed.

      A possible inference from these facts is that CFNA’s contractual relationship
with JPMorgan Chase included a possessory interest in the funds in the account.
The opposite inference is also possible. Whether CFNA was a proper victim in the
case would appear to turn on this issue.

       However, against this backdrop, our superior court has repeatedly stated that
the question of who has a possessory interest in an account is essentially a question
of law. Williams, 75 M.J. at 132 (testing for legal sufficiency and finding that the
“goods or money at issue belong to the merchant or bank” as a matter of law, not
fact).

       In Williams, for example, even the unrecovered loss of seventy dollars from
overdraft fees in a customer’s account caused by appellant’s theft and the temporary
loss of access to $755.10 in the account, when viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, did not create a permissible inference that the account
holder had a possessory interest in the funds in the account. Id. at 131; United
States v. Williams, 2014 CCA LEXIS 665 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 28 Aug. 2014)
(mem. op.). Moreover, this determination was not made by reference to the facts
adduced at trial (i.e., the actual contractual account agreement), but by the nature of
accounts as a matter of law. Williams, 75 M.J. at 133.

       Accordingly, we find we are bound to follow our superior court’s view of the
law on this issue. While the Supreme Court’s decision in Shaw is persuasive, it
interprets a different statute. 2 In the context of Shaw (where appellant was arguing
that the bank did not have a possessory interest in the account), the Court’s
suggestion that both the customer and the bank have a possessory interest in the
account is dicta.

       Thus, while we might suggest revisiting the matter, we follow what we view
to be the CAAF’s clear holdings in this line of cases. If the permanent and
temporary loss of access to funds in Williams did not create a possessory interest in

2
  The CAAF in Williams relied on Burton v. United States, 196 U.S. 283 (1905), for
the proposition that the money in question belonged to the bank, not the account
holder. Williams, 75 M.J. at 132. The Supreme Court’s opinion in Shaw did not
address their 111 year-old decision in Burton. As the Court’s decision in Shaw is
not precisely on point, in our position as the lower court, we leave it to the CAAF to
determine whether Shaw implicitly rejected the language in Burton that the CAAF
relied on to reach their holding in Williams. We note that when the CAAF remanded
this case for us to reconsider in light of Williams, the Supreme Court had not yet
decided Shaw.
                                           5
SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

those funds, then that same logic must apply here. As a matter of law, CFNA had no
possessory interest in the funds maintained in their account at JPMorgan Chase.

              D. If the Government’s Charges Use the Incorrect Victim,
                        the Specification is Legally Insufficient.

       The CAAF has stated that charging the proper victim in the case is a question
of the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Id. Appellant admitted the funds he stole
belonged to CFNA. As discussed above, JPMorgan Chase was the proper victim.
And, as we interpret our superior court as stating this issue is essentially one of law,
appellant’s admission that CFNA was the owner of the funds is clearly erroneous
and must be rejected. If looking at the evidence in a light most favorable to the
government did not allow for a reasonable inference in Williams that the account
holders were victims, then appellant’s admission that CFNA owned the funds in the
account here was erroneous.

       This case, however, is a guilty plea. To be entitled to relief, appellant faces
an easier burden that the appellant faced in Williams. 3 Appellant need not convince
us that his admission that CFNA owned the funds was clearly erroneous as a matter
of law. We need only find that there is a substantial basis in law or fact to question
the providence of his plea. United States v. Inabinette, 66 M.J. 320, 322 (C.A.A.F.
2008). As JPMorgan Chase was the proper victim in this case, we have a substantial
basis in both fact and law to question the providence of appellant’s plea.

                                    CONCLUSION

      The findings of guilty and the sentence are set aside. A rehearing may be
ordered by the same or a different convening authority.

      Judge WOLFE concurs.

      Judge FEBBO, dissenting:

      I respectfully dissent.

       Based on the unique account in this case, I would find that charges properly
identified CFNA as the entity appellant stole from, and conspired to steal from, and
the military judge properly conducted appellant’s providence inquiry.

     Appellant stole and conspired to steal over $50,000 from CFNA over thirteen
months. The original charges consisted of forty-three specifications of larceny, a

3
 Technically, absent waiver or forfeiture, appellant faces no “burden” during direct
appeal as our review of his court-martial is de novo. UCMJ art. 66(c).
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SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

conspiracy charge, and a charge under Article 134, UCMJ (bank fraud). As part of
his pretrial agreement, the convening authority accepted appellant’s offer to plead
guilty to a single specification of two charges to larceny and conspiracy. The
military judge sentenced appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for two
months, and reduction to E-4. We have created a Rubik’s Cube from appellant’s
guilty plea. It should not be this hard for a soldier to plead guilty to a single
specification of larceny and conspiracy to steal over $500 from CFNA.

       I read United States v. Williams more narrowly than the majority. 75 M.J. 129
(C.A.A.F. 2016). Williams is distinguishable from the facts of this case since the
larceny here was from a “zero balance account.” CFNA’s “zero balance account”
with JPMorgan Chase was not a conventional account and was the exception to the
normal rule that larceny of money is from the entity presenting the money. MCM,
Part IV, ¶ 46(c)(i)-(vi). “Alternative charging theories are also available,” as long
as “the accused wrongfully obtained goods or money” from someone “with a
superior possessory interest.” MCM, Drafters' Analysis, app. 23, ¶ 46(c) at A23-17
(2012 ed.). “The relevant question in determining the person to name in a larceny
specification is whom did the accused steal the goods or money from?” Williams, 75
M.J. at 132.

       As part of the pretrial agreement, appellant and the government stipulated that
CFNA was “not a conventional” bank and CFNA’s “zero balance account” was “not
a conventional checking account.” CFNA agreed to fund all wire transfers each
business day to pay JPMorgan Chase all amounts drawn on the account. CFNA’s
“daily wire effectively zeroed out the account every day.” As explained in First
Federal of Michigan v. Barrow, 878 F.2d 912, 914 n.2 (6th Cir. 1989), “zero balance
accounts are open accounts without cash balances to maximize the viability of idle
investment by affording a system of automatic inter-account fund transfers from a
central account to subsidiary accounts on an ‘as needed’ basis.” Id. In other words,
CFNA’s central account at JPMorgan Chase automatically transferred funds to
CFNA’s zero balance account to cover all withdrawals for the day.

       Unlike Williams, CFNA suffered more than a “consequence—such as a bank
fee or loss of access to funds in the account.” Williams, 75 M.J. at 132. The
appellant here obtained the money from CFNA. Unlike the situation when an
appellant used another person’s credit card to commit a larceny from a bank ATM,
bank teller, or merchant, appellant and his co-conspirator had no interaction with
JPMorgan Chase other than an ACH transfer from CFNA’s zero balance account.
Unlike Williams, appellant did not pretend to be CFNA to steal from JPMorgan
Chase. Appellant pretended to be an authorized CFNA vendor or merchant to steal
from CFNA. In appellant’s providence inquiry, appellant stated he did not initially
know about CFNA. Appellant learned about the fraudulent scheme involving CFNA



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SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

around April 2010. 1 Appellant misrepresented that he was the lawful owner of the
CFNA account and wrongfully used CFNA’s account number and routing number.
Appellant asserts the inquiry under United States v. Care, 18 C.M.A. 535, 40 C.M.R.
247 (1969), was insufficient since he did not know the owner of the money when he
entered into agreement to steal from CFNA. At the same time, from the record,
appellant would not have had knowledge of JPMorgan Chase until well after the
larcenies and conspiracy, after the thefts were investigated, and he stood charged
with a crime. Again, the unusual zero balance account in this case required an
alternative charging theory. Because funds were not stolen from JPMorgan Chase
and the object of appellant’s conspiracy to steal was not JP Morgan, CFNA was
properly listed as the entity appellant stole from.

       In addition to the daily requirement to zero out the balance of CFNA’s
account, the conclusion the funds were stolen from CFNA is further supported by the
stipulation of fact and providence inquiry that JPMorgan Chase did not reimburse
CFNA for the stolen funds. Instead, JPMorgan Chase reversed the unauthorized
charges between the vendors (such as utility companies and credit card companies)
back to CFNA’s zero balance account. Funds stolen before 1 January 2010 could not
be reversed to reimburse CFNA for the loss.

       In my opinion, appellant’s larceny and conspiracy to commit larceny fall
within the alternative charging theory available to the government to prove larceny
from CFNA’s zero balance account. See United States v. Cimball Sharpton, 73 M.J.
299, 301-02 (C.A.A.F. 2014). Applying the analysis of Cimball Sharpton to
appellant’s case, CFNA’s financial agreement with JPMorgan Chase is similar to the
United States Air Force’s agreement with the bank issuing the government General
Purchase Card (GPC). Like the Air Force, CFNA had an agreement with JPMorgan
Chase to cover all charges to bring CFNA’s account to a zero balance each day.
Similar to Cimball Sharpton, the agreement between CFNA and JPMorgan Chase
meant that JPMorgan Chase would honor any charges made either with apparent or
actual authority, and any wrongful ACH transfers from CFNA’s zero balance
account would wrongfully induce payment from CFNA’s central account every day.
Although JPMorgan Chase was able to reverse ACH debits stolen from CFNA after 1

1
  Appellant avers that his providence inquiry was insufficient since the larceny
specification included larceny and conspiracy to commit larceny before April 2010.
The government originally charged appellant with forty-three specifications of
larceny from CFNA over thirteen months totaling around $30,936. The government
also charged appellant with conspiracy to commit larceny from CFNA and stipulated
the larcenies were over $50,000. As part of his pre-trial agreement, the convening
authority allowed the appellant to plead guilty to one specification of larceny from
CFNA of a value over $500 and conspiracy to commit larceny from CFNA of a value
over $500. The stipulation of fact established appellant stole tens of thousands of
dollars after April 2010.
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SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

January 2010, it is “irrelevant for the purposes of a larceny” that CFNA was later
repaid for the funds stolen. Williams, 75 M.J. at 133 (citing Cimball Sharpton, 73
M.J. at 301-02).

        Although the record does not include the specific agreement between CFNA
and JPMorgan Chase, as our superior court has stated “[w]e cannot lose sight that
this is a guilty plea case” and that “a guilty plea case is less likely to have developed
facts.” United States v. Barton, 60 M.J. 62, 65 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citation and internal
quotation omitted). However, the stipulation of fact and the record, to include the
appellant’s providence inquiry, support the conclusion that CFNA reimbursed
JPMorgan Chase on a daily basis for all amounts transferred from the zero balance
account. CFNA’s zero balance account had on average 17,000 transactions totaling
$15,000,000 each month. On a daily basis, for each of these 17,000 transactions,
CFNA covered all these charges and ensured the balance was at zero every day.
Appellant’s misconduct was not the usual larceny case from a typical bank account.

       My concern with a one-charge-fits-all-larceny schemes is that it elevates the
correct victim in larceny cases to a quasi-elemental status for charges. I would
suggest that notice pleadings, due process analysis, and preventing double jeopardy
are alternative methods of addressing alternative charging theories for larcenies.
For example, the government can charge larceny in a case where the victim is
unknown (e.g., when the accused is seen stealing the wallet from an unknown
individual). If that is proper, then I would suggest that charging the “correct” victim
is not a fixed question of law as the majority would hold. Any person with a superior
interest in the properly could be a properly charged victim, even if they did not have
the greatest property interest. The superior property interest between the owner of
an account, credit-card or debit card, and a suspected thief is easily determined. I
see these issues best addressed as ones of notice. Here, appellant’s guilty plea
obviates the issue of notice.

       This case, where appellant acted through his girlfriend and in conspiracy with
another soldier, and was three or four degrees removed from the actual victims
(whether CFNA or JPMorgan Chase), illustrates the unworkable status of not
recognizing alternative charging theories for complex larcenies executed over the
internet. In our notice pleading jurisdiction, post-hoc appellate analysis of the
contractual financial relationships between financial institutions, given the variation
and complexity, should not be case dispositive. A perfect example of this point is
the zero balance account between two financial institutions that processed thousands
of transactions a month in this case. On appeal we address the complex relationship
between these two financial institutions, a relationship that appellant did not
understand, and did not need to understand to commit his crimes.

      Nonetheless, applying Williams and Cimball Sharpton, I would find the
larceny from a zero balance account holder is one of the exceptions to the

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SIMPSON—ARMY 20140126

government’s charging theory of larceny. As this court has held in prior similar zero
balance account larceny cases, the larceny is from the account owner (in this case
CFNA). I would affirm the findings and sentence.


                                      FOR THE
                                      FOR THE COURT:
                                              COURT:




                                      MALCOLM
                                      MALCOLM H.    H. SQUIRES,
                                                       SQUIRES, JR.
                                                                 JR.
                                      Clerk
                                      Clerk of
                                             of Court
                                                Court




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