
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN





NO. 03-04-00025-CR


Frankie Robinson, Appellant

v.


The State of Texas, Appellee





FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 403RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 2020153, HONORABLE MICHAEL J. MCCORMICK, JUDGE PRESIDING



M E M O R A N D U M    O P I N I O N

Appellant Frankie Robinson pleaded guilty to possessing more than four grams of
cocaine with intent to deliver.  See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.112(a), (d) (West 2003). 
The court adjudged appellant guilty and, as previously agreed, sentenced him to twenty-one years
in prison.  In his only point of error, appellant urges that his pretrial motion to suppress evidence
should have been granted. (1)  We will overrule this contention and affirm the judgment.
When we review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we defer to
the court's factual determinations but review de novo the court's application of the law to the facts. 
Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).  We will sustain the trial court's ruling
admitting evidence if the ruling is reasonably supported by the record and correct on any theory of
law applicable to the case.  Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).  
On the night in question, Officers Blake Johnson, Jason Acevedo, and Cliff Jaeger
were working in the five and six hundred blocks of East Sixth Street in Austin, an area known to the
police for drug-dealing.  Jaeger was stationed on the roof of a building from which he could see the
sidewalk below.  Jaeger was in radio contact with Johnson and Acevedo, who were parked nearby
in an unmarked car.  At about midnight, Jaeger saw appellant enter the area on foot.  Appellant was
a Sixth Street "regular" and well-known to all three officers.  In fact, the officers testified that they
had almost daily contact with appellant.  Both Johnson and Jaeger had arrested appellant previously,
but not for drug offenses.  All three officers described appellant as a "known and documented" drug-dealer.  Asked what this meant, Johnson explained, "I mean knowing the people he is involved with,
so forth, so on and what is going on, you know.  Plus past--the ability to look up past documentation
from involvement with other officers and dealings with him in the past for narcotics offenses." (2)
Upon his arrival, appellant was immediately surrounded by a group of about ten
people.  Two or three of these people stationed themselves around appellant and looked about
furtively, leading Jaeger to believe that they were acting as lookouts.  The others made hand-to-hand
exchanges with appellant.  Jaeger testified that appellant would reach into the back pocket of his
pants, or perhaps under the pants in his buttocks area, retrieve an object, and hand it to one of the
persons standing around him.  Jaeger could not see what appellant was handing to the others. 
Johnson testified that drug dealers were known to keep their contraband inside their pants, often
around the buttocks area, to avoid detection.  Jaeger testified that based on his prior experience, he
believed the exchanges he observed were drug transactions.
On Jaeger's signal, Johnson and Acevedo drove to where appellant was standing. 
They immediately ordered appellant to place his hands on his head.  Appellant, who Johnson
described as typically "cool, calm, collected" when dealing with the police, appeared to be nervous
and repeatedly attempted to reach toward his right buttocks.  Acevedo searched appellant's person
and found five rocks of crack cocaine inside his pants in "his butt cheek area."
It was agreed below that appellant was under arrest when the search took place. 
Police officers may arrest a person without a warrant if they have probable cause to believe that he
has committed or is committing an offense in their presence or within their view.  Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 14.01 (West 2005).  Appellant contends that the officers here did not have probable
cause to believe that he was engaged in criminal activity, and therefore his arrest and the search
incident thereto were unlawful.
An officer has probable cause to arrest when the facts and circumstances within his
knowledge and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to warrant a
prudent person in the belief that the suspect has committed or is committing an offense.  Beck v.
Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 96 (1964); Britton v. State, 578 S.W.2d 685, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (op.
on reh'g).  Probable cause requires more than mere suspicion, but it requires far less evidence than
is needed to support a conviction or even to support a finding by a preponderance of the evidence. 
Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87.  Whether probable cause existed is determined by examining the totality
of the facts and circumstances.  Id.
Appellant is correct to assert that neither his reputation, his prior criminal record, nor
his presence in a high-crime neighborhood gave the officers probable cause to arrest him.  See
Hernandez v. State, 523 S.W.2d 410, 412 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975).  It is also true that the mere
observation of a hand-to-hand transaction involving some unknown object has been held insufficient
to give an officer probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed.  Smith v. State, 759
S.W.2d 163, 164 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref'd).  And it is not indicative of guilt
for a person to be nervous or to look around at his surroundings.  Montaro v. State, 843 S.W.2d 579,
582 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).  But in determining whether probable cause was present, we do not
examine each fact and circumstance independently.  Rather, we must determine whether the facts
and circumstances taken as a whole were sufficient to give the officers probable cause to arrest
appellant.  Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87.  We hold that they were in this case.
Appellant, a person with both a reputation and a record for drug offenses, was
observed by an experienced police officer in an area notorious for drug-dealing.  As the officer
watched, appellant took objects from inside his pants (where the officer knew contraband was often
hidden) and handed them to persons who had quickly gathered around him.  As appellant engaged
in these transactions, other persons standing near him appeared to be keeping a lookout.  The officer
recognized such conduct as indicative of drug-dealing.  When approached by police officers,
appellant was not his typical calm self, but appeared unusually nervous and made furtive gestures
toward his waist.  The totality of these facts and circumstances reasonably warranted the officers in
their belief that appellant was then engaged in criminal narcotics activity.  The trial court properly
concluded that appellant's warrantless arrest and search were lawful.
The point of error is overruled and the judgment of conviction is affirmed.


				__________________________________________
				David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Puryear and Waldrop
Affirmed
Filed:   September 7, 2006
Do Not Publish
1.        The motion was heard and overruled by the Honorable Frank W. Bryan, Jr.
2.        The indictment in this cause alleged that appellant had two previous Travis County convictions
for possession of cocaine.

