                IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                     2013 WY 81

                                                        APRIL TERM, A.D. 2013

                                                                July 9, 2013

IN THE MATTER OF THE WORKER'S
COMPENSATION CLAIM OF:

DAVID GREEN,

Appellant
(Petitioner),

v.                                              S-12-0238

STATE OF WYOMING, ex rel.,
DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE
SERVICES, WORKERS' SAFETY AND
COMPENSATION DIVISION,

Appellee
(Respondent).

                 Appeal from the District Court of Campbell County
                       The Honorable John R. Perry, Judge

Representing Appellant:
      James R. Salisbury of Riske & Salisbury, P.C., Cheyenne, WY.

Representing Appellee:
      Gregory A. Phillips, Wyoming Attorney General; John D. Rossetti, Deputy
      Attorney General; Michael J. Finn, Senior Assistant Attorney General; and Mattias
      L. Sayer, Assistant Attorney General.

Before KITE, C.J., and HILL, VOIGT, BURKE, and DAVIS, JJ.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building,
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be
made before final publication in the permanent volume.
HILL, Justice.

[¶1] David Green (Green) suffered a work-related injury to his lumbar spine in 2004
and received workers’ compensation benefits for that injury. After surgery and reaching
maximum medical improvement in 2005, Green accepted compensation for a 21% whole
body permanent partial impairment (PPI). In 2010, following increased back pain, Green
underwent additional surgery to his lumbar spine, for which he again received medical
and temporary total disability (TTD) benefits. After reaching maximum medical
improvement following the 2010 surgery, Green was again evaluated for a whole body
PPI rating. The final rating was a 7% whole body PPI.

[¶2] Because the 2010 PPI evaluation resulted in a rating that was less than the 2005
rating, the Wyoming Workers’ Compensation Division (Division) issued a final
determination denying a PPI award beyond the 21% already paid. Green appealed the
Division’s determination to the Wyoming Medical Commission (Commission). The
Commission upheld the Division’s determination, and the district court affirmed the
Commission’s decision. On appeal to this Court, Green argues that the Commission’s
decision is not in accordance with law, is not supported by substantial evidence, and is
arbitrary and capricious. We affirm.

                                         ISSUES

[¶3]   Green states the issues for our review as follows:

              A.      Whether the Hearing Panel committed an error of law
              in its application of Wyoming Statute § 27-14-405(f) and (g)
              in denying [Green] permanent partial impairment benefits.

              B.      Whether the Hearing Panel Order is supported by
              substantial evidence and produces an arbitrary and capricious
              result to deny [Green] permanent partial impairment benefits.

                                         FACTS

[¶4] Green suffered a work-related injury to his lower back on April 25, 2004, which
was diagnosed as an L4-L5 disc herniation with severe radiculopathy. Dr. Lawrence
Jenkins, Green’s treating physician, noted the following concerning Green’s condition in
July 2004:

                      This patient is 2 months out from an injury. He has
              underlying L4 spondylolysis pre-disposing him to injury to
              this disc, which occurred in the fall. He has severe ongoing
              radiculopathy which was not responsive to a single epidural


                                             1
                that was done at L3-4. This patient has just started physical
                therapy, and I would like him to proceed with that over the
                next couple of weeks, to see if it will make a difference,
                however, it appears that he may require surgery. I think the
                only surgery to consider in his case would be a L4-5 fusion,
                given the L4 spondylolysis and the potential for further
                instability following a straight laminotomy. He will be re-
                evaluated in 2 weeks.

[¶5] Following a 2004 lumbar fusion surgery and a second surgery in 2005 to remove
hardware, Dr. Jenkins, on September 29, 2005, reported to the Division that Green was
deemed at ascertainable loss and was ratable for PPI benefits. Dr. Michael Kaplan
conducted an independent medical examination of Green, and on October 20, 2005,
issued an Impairment Rating. Dr. Kaplan confirmed that Green had reached maximum
medical improvement, and he rated Green’s impairment at the “21% whole person
impairment level.” In so rating Green’s impairment, Dr. Kaplan commented, in part:

                Status post work-related injury involving the lumbosacral
                spine, ultimately diagnosed with bilateral L4 spondylolysis
                with instability, symptomatic, with a L4-5 and L5-S1 painful
                disc s y n d r o m e . T h e p a t i e n t h a d a d ditional observed
                anomalous L5-S1 anatomy with absent right S1 lamina and
                pedicle. Therefore his hardware system was modified, at the
                time of his fusion.

                He is fused from L4 through S1, and he had his hardware
                removed. Posterior iliac crest bone marrow was utilized for
                the Healos and Cellect system. The patient is reasonably
                pleased with his status, aside from some of the morning
                stiffness.
                                            ....

                Under these circumstances given the accuracy and alternative
                methodology with the DRE lumbar spine calculation, I
                believe it is in far greater fairness to the patient to consider
                Table 15-3 on page 384. He has a category IV relevant to the
                successful surgical arthrodesis. Given his results and overall
                status, I would consider him at the 21% whole person
                impairment level.1

1
  Dr. Kaplan’s evaluation does not indicate which edition of the AMA Guides he used in calculating
Green’s impairment rating. The Commission entered a finding that the 5th edition was the most current
edition at the time of Dr. Kaplan’s rating, and the Commission assumed Dr. Kaplan relied on that edition


                                                    2
                                               ....

               The patient’s history, examination findings, and diagnoses are
               as summarized. He is at the point of maximum medical
               improvement. It is unlikely that he should continue working
               full duty in the oil fields, given the lower likelihood that he
               will be capable of sustaining the stressors over the next 20
               plus years pertaining to the exertion and the risk factors as
               such.

               He will retrain into a lighter field, it is not apparent that he
               needs a Functional Capacity Evaluation. I would predict that
               he may do quite reasonably well in a medium duty job,
               avoiding prolonged intervals of flexion, twisting, and lifting
               in the medium or greater capacity. He should also generally
               execute a change of position several times during the day for
               comfort. He should do quite well. I have no other
               recommendations.

[¶6] On November 4, 2005, the Division issued a Notice of Permanent Partial
Impairment Rating, which notified Green that “the permanent partial impairment of 21%
for your whole body has been calculated to be $15,002.34.” The notice further advised
Green that he could accept the award or contest the award if he disagreed with the rating.
On November 7, 2005, the Division received Green’s response agreeing to the
impairment rating and accepting the PPI award.

[¶7] In July 2010, Green returned to Dr. Jenkins with reports of progressive pain in his
back and both legs. Dr. Jenkins reported to the Division that Green’s “MRI scan reveals
a slight bulge at L3-4 with some posterior element hypertrophy, creating some moderate
central stenosis. L2-3 shows disc degeneration. The areas within the fusion themselves
look good.” On September 2, 2010, Dr. Jenkins reported to the Division his impression
that Green was suffering from “post fusion syndrome, junctional stenosis of L3-4.” On
October 18, 2010, Green underwent surgery, which included an L3 laminectomy, an L3-4
posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), an L3-4 and L4-5 posterolateral transverse
process fusion, a discectomy, and the implanting of structural hardware to support the
affected areas.

[¶8] The Division did not dispute that Green’s 2010 surgery was related to his original
2004 work injury, and Green received both medical and TTD benefits for the 2010
surgery. On March 14, 2011, the Division requested that Dr. Jenkins evaluate Green’s

for purposes of the Commission’s review of the Division’s final determination. Neither Green nor the
Division disputes that finding or assumption.


                                                  3
continuing need for TTD benefits and advise the Division whether Green had reached
maximum medical improvement. Dr. Jenkins responded that Green had not yet reached
maximum medical improvement from his 2010 surgery but was expected to by May 1,
2011.

[¶9] On May 4, 2011, on the Division’s referral, Dr. Anne MacGuire performed an
independent medical examination of Green for the purpose of establishing his PPI rating.
Relying on the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 6th edition, Dr.
MacGuire concluded that based on the three-level fusion of Green’s lumbar spine, his
whole body impairment was 7%. She explained:

             This individual has had a 3-level fusion of his lumbar spine
             for spinal stenosis. Going to the Sixth Edition of the AMA
             Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, we will
             begin with table 17-4 on page 571. We have several options.
             (1) He has motion segment lesions at 3 vertebrae, which
             would place him in class I on table 17-4 under motion
             segment lesions. He does not have evidence of radiculopathy.
             Class I would assign him a 7% for default. The reason for the
             2nd surgery was a spinal stenosis. However, the original
             reason for the surgery was the pars defect and herniation of
             the disk. Therefore, I think it is appropriate to leave him in
             class I. He would fall under degenerative spondylolisthesis
             under class I on page 572 with 7% as the default. He would
             also, for spinal stenosis, fall under class 1 on page 571 again
             with 7% as the default. We will leave in these classes. He
             will be assigned class I for motion segment lesions with a
             default level of 7%.

[¶10] On June 20, 2011, the Division issued a Final Determination of Permanent
Impairment Benefit. The final determination notified Green of Dr. MacGuire’s 7%
whole body impairment rating and informed him that because of his original rating of
21%, he was not entitled to additional PPI benefits. Green objected to Dr. MacGuire’s
rating, and the Division referred him to Dr. Ricardo Nieves for a second rating
evaluation. Dr. Nieves calculated Green’s impairment rating as a “6% Whole Person
Impairment.” He included the following comments in his rating of Green:

             Diagnosis: L3 to S1 Fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis and
             disc protrusions. It is my professional opinion with a
             reasonable degree of Medical Probability that this examinee
             condition is at the point of Maximum Medical Improvement
             as it relates to the 04-25-04 work injury.



                                            4
                                           ....

             Additional Questions: Please state if the current problems
             are directly related to the original injury. Answer: yes. He
             developed adjacent level pathology at the L3-4 level from his
             previous fusion which was work related.

[¶11] On October 3, 2011, the Division issued a second final determination informing
Green of Dr. Nieve’s impairment rating and again notifying him that the Division was
denying him additional PPI benefits because his impairment rating was lower than the
21% rating for which he had already received a PPI award. Green objected to the
Division’s final determination, and the Division referred the matter to the Commission
for hearing. Following an evidentiary hearing on February 17, 2012, the Commission, on
March 9, 2012, issued an order upholding the Division’s final determination. The district
court affirmed the Commission’s ruling, and Green timely appealed to this Court.

                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶12] In an appeal from a district court’s appellate review of an administrative decision,
we review the case as if it came directly from the administrative body, affording no
special deference to the district court’s decision. Stallman v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’
Safety & Comp. Div., 2013 WY 28, ¶ 27, 297 P.3d 82, 89 (Wyo. 2013); Deloge v. State
ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2011 WY 154, ¶ 5, 264 P.3d 28, 30 (Wyo.
2011). Our review of administrative decisions is in accordance with the Wyoming
Administrative Procedure Act, which provides:

               (c) To the extent necessary to make a decision and when
             presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant
             questions of law, interpret constitutional and statutory
             provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the
             terms of an agency action. In making the following
             determinations, the court shall review the whole record or
             those parts of it cited by a party and due account shall be
             taken of the rule of prejudicial error. The reviewing court
             shall:

              (i) Compel agency action            unlawfully   withheld   or
             unreasonably delayed; and

               (ii) Hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings and
             conclusions found to be:

                    (A) Arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or


                                             5
                otherwise not in accordance with law;

                     (B) Contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege
                or immunity;

                     (C) In excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority or
                limitations or lacking statutory right;

                     (D) Without observance of procedure required by law;
                or

                      (E) Unsupported by substantial evidence in a case
                reviewed on the record of an agency hearing provided by
                statute.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 16-3-114(c)(ii) (LexisNexis 2013).

[¶13] Under this statute, we review an agency’s findings of fact by applying the
substantial evidence standard. Jacobs v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp.
Div., 2013 WY 62, ¶ 8, 301 P.3d 137, 141 (Wyo. 2013); Dale v. S & S Builders, LLC,
2008 WY 84, ¶ 22, 188 P.3d 554, 561 (Wyo. 2008). Substantial evidence means relevant
evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.
Jacobs, ¶ 8, 301 P.3d at 141; Bush v. State ex rel. Workers’ Comp. Div., 2005 WY 120,
¶ 5, 120 P.3d 176, 179 (Wyo. 2005). “‘Findings of fact are supported by substantial
evidence if, from the evidence preserved in the record, we can discern a rational premise
for those findings.’” Kenyon v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2011
WY 14, ¶ 11, 247 P.3d 845, 849 (Wyo. 2011) (quoting Bush, ¶ 5, 120 P.3d at 179).

[¶14] The arbitrary and capricious standard of review is used as a “safety net” to catch
agency action that prejudices a party’s substantial rights or is contrary to the other review
standards, but is not easily categorized to a particular standard. Jacobs, ¶ 9, 301 P.3d at
141. “The arbitrary and capricious standard applies if the agency failed to admit
testimony or other evidence that was clearly admissible, or failed to provide appropriate
findings of fact or conclusions of law.” Id. “‘We review an agency’s conclusions of law
de novo, and will affirm only if the agency’s conclusions are in accordance with the
law.’” Kenyon, ¶ 13, 247 P.3d at 849 (quoting Moss v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety
& Comp. Div., 2010 WY 66, ¶ 11, 232 P.3d 1, 4 (Wyo. 2010)).

                                      DISCUSSION

[¶15] In upholding the Division’s final determination denying additional PPI benefits,
the Commission concluded, in relevant part:



                                              6
       23. Green has argued that because he had another
surgery in October, 2010, extending his fusion one level, he
must a fortiori have suffered an increase in permanent
impairment. While an additional surgery may be a second
compensable injury, it does not alone represent a greater
permanent impairment. The purpose of the surgery in
October 2010 was to alleviate the pain Green was
experiencing. Whether it accomplished that purpose, it did
not increase his permanent impairment rating under the AMA
Guides, 6th edition.

       24. In performing their respective impairment
ratings, Dr. MacGuire and Dr. Nieves clearly took into
consideration Green’s October 2010 surgery. (E/C 8, pg. 6;
E/C 13, pg. 7). The AMA Guides 6th edition uses a “whole
person” approach to evaluating permanent impairment.
Guides, Chap. 2 § 2.2a, pg. 21. . . . The AMA Guides
provide that:

   The physician should assess the current state of the
   impairment according to the criteria in the Guides. If
   an individual received an impairment rating from an
   earlier edition and needs to be reevaluated because of a
   change in the medical condition, the individual is
   evaluated according to the latest information
   pertaining to the condition in the current edition of the
   Guides.

Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (6th ed.
2008) Chap. 2, § 2.5d.

        25. Green produced no evidence at the hearing to
dispute the accuracy of the permanent impairment rating of
either Dr. MacGuire or Dr. Nieves. Instead, Green argued
that the Division incorrectly compared the ratings in 2011 to
his 2005 rating by Dr. Kaplan and erroneously determined
that he was entitled to 0% increase in his PPI award. The
Division correctly determined that because the 2011 PPI
ratings by Dr. MacGuire (7%) and Dr. Nieves (6%) were less
than the 2005 rating of 21% by Dr. Kaplan, Green was not
entitled to an increased PPI award. …




                               7
[¶16] Green contends that the Commission’s decision upholding the denial of additional
PPI benefits is contrary to the PPI benefit statute, is not supported by substantial
evidence, and is arbitrary and capricious. We disagree and address each argument in
turn.

A.    Statutory Challenge

[¶17] Green asserts that the decision to deny him additional PPI benefits is contrary to
law for two reasons. First, Green argues that “different losses resulting in different
impairment ratings utilizing different editions of the AMA Guide cannot be compared or
combined to offset or reduce an award due to previous PPI awards.” Second, Green
argues that because his second surgery was the result of a second compensable injury, to
a separate body part, and because the injury was to a body part different from the one for
which he previously received a PPI award, he was entitled, as a matter of law, to a
separate PPI award without a reduction for his first award. We reject both arguments
because they are not supported by the applicable statute, this Court’s precedent, or the
record before us.

1.    Offset of Ratings under Different Editions of the AMA Guides

[¶18] Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 27-14-405 governs an injured employee’s eligibility for, and the
calculation of, a PPI award as follows:

                    (f) An injured employee suffering an ascertainable
             loss may apply for a permanent partial impairment award as
             provided in this section.
                    (g) An injured employee’s impairment shall be rated
             by a licensed physician using the most recent edition of the
             American Medical Association’s guide to the evaluation of
             permanent impairment. The award shall be paid as provided
             by W.S. 27-14-403 for the number of months determined by
             multiplying the percentage of impairment by sixty (60)
             months.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 27-14-405 (LexisNexis 2013).

[¶19] Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 2 7-14-405(g) requires that a physician rate an injured
employee’s impairment using the most recent edition of the AMA Guides, and this Court
has interpreted that requirement to mean the edition of the AMA Guides in effect on the
date that the injured employee has an ascertainable loss. Anderson v. State ex rel. Wyo.
Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div., 2010 WY 157, ¶ 17, 245 P.3d 263, 269 (Wyo. 2010)
(“The legislature clearly intended that the PPI be rated using the most recent edition at
the time of the ascertainable loss.”). We have also repeatedly recognized that the


                                             8
Workers’ Compensation Act bars an injured employee from receiving a double recovery
of benefits, State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety & Comp. Div. v. Singer, 2011 WY 57,
¶ 13, 248 P.3d 1155, 1159 (Wyo. 2011); Taylor v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers’ Safety &
Comp. Div., 2003 WY 83, ¶ 11, 72 P.3d 799, 802 (Wyo. 2003); State ex rel. Wyoming
Worker’s Compensation Div. v. Colvin, 681 P.2d 269, 273 (Wyo. 1984), and that to avoid
a double recovery, an injured employee’s subsequent impairment rating must be offset by
an earlier impairment rating of the same body part. Anderson, ¶¶ 5, 17, 245 P.3d at 265,
269 (upholding Division’s denial of PPI benefits where subsequent rating of lower back
impairment was lower than earlier rating); Taylor, ¶ 13, 72 P.3d at 803 (upholding
hearing examiner’s reduction of foot PPI rating by earlier rating and award).

[¶20] Given both the clear statutory mandate that any impairment rating be calculated
using the most recent edition of the AMA Guides and this Court’s precedent recognizing
that the Act requires a comparison of an injured employee’s impairment ratings to
prevent a double recovery, we must reject Green’s suggestion that ratings calculated
under different editions of the Guides cannot be compared. Earlier and subsequent
impairment ratings must be compared and offset to avoid a double recovery, and there
will simply be occasions when, by the time an injury progresses to the point of requiring
additional medical intervention and another impairment rating, a new edition of the AMA
Guides has issued.

[¶21] Indeed, that is precisely what happened in Anderson. See Anderson, ¶ 17, 245
P.3d at 268-69 (upholding Division’s denial of PPI benefits based on comparisons of
lower back impairment ratings under 5th and 6th editions of Guides). While this Court
did not explicitly address in Anderson a legal challenge to the comparison of ratings
under different editions of the AMA Guides, we did uphold the Division’s denial of
benefits based on such a comparison. In so ruling, we explained:

                    Mr. Anderson essentially asserts that the 6th edition
             does not provide the most reliable guidance in determining a
             PPI rating. He supports his assertion with excerpts from a
             letter from Dr. Clyde which describes the 6th edition as
             “ambiguous” and “difficult to interpret.” Mr. Anderson also
             contends that several states have discredited or rejected the
             6th edition in determining impairment, but provides no
             authority for this assertion. We note that Dr. Kaplan also
             performed a PPI rating after Mr. Anderson had reached
             maximum medical improvement following the second
             surgery and did not indicate that the 6th edition was
             unworkable or unreliable. More significantly, this Court is
             not in a position to decide which edition provides the most
             reliable guidance. The legislature clearly intended that the
             PPI be rated using the most recent edition at the time of the


                                            9
              ascertainable loss. The 6th edition of the AMA Guides was
              the most recent edition when Mr. Anderson reached
              maximum medical improvement following his second
              surgery. The OAH’s determination that Mr. Anderson’s PPI
              was properly rated according to the 6th edition was in
              accordance with the law.

Anderson, ¶ 17, 245 P.3d at 268-69 (emphasis added and footnote omitted).

[¶22] In other words, this Court has recognized that whatever alleged deficiency in
ratings may result from using the most recent edition of the AMA Guides, whether that is
unreliability in the rating itself or a change in methodology between editions that affects
rating comparability, that is not a basis for this Court to ignore the clear legislative
mandate. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 27-14-405(g) unambiguously directs that the most recent
edition of the AMA Guides be used to calculate an impairment rating. The statute
provides no exception to its mandate that would allow an earlier edition to be used when
the impairment rating to be compared and offset was calculated from the earlier edition,
and it is not for this Court to judicially insert such an exception. We thus conclude the
Division acted in accordance with law in comparing and offsetting Green’s lower back
impairment ratings under the 5th and 6th editions of the AMA Guides and in denying
additional PPI benefits based on that offset.

2.     Offset of Ratings of Different Body Parts

[¶23] We turn next to Green’s contention that the denial of additional PPI benefits was
not in accordance with law because the impairment presently being rated was to a body
part different from the one for which he previously received a PPI award. Green argues
that because it is a separate body part at issue, he was entitled, as a matter of law, to a
separate PPI award without a reduction for his first award.

[¶24] This Court recently addressed how a physician uses the AMA Guides, and in
particular the edition of the Guides at issue in this appeal, to calculate whole body
impairment ratings. We observed:

                     According to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 27–14–405(g), an
              impairment “shall be rated by a licensed physician using the
              most recent edition of the American Medical Association’s
              guide to the evaluation of permanent impairment.” The
              Guides explain that an “[i]mpairment rating enables the
              physician to render a quantitative estimate of losses to the
              individual as a result of their health condition, disorder, or
              disease. Impairment ratings are defined by anatomic,
              structural, functional, and diagnostic criteria.” AMA


                                             10
             Guides, at 5. The Guides use the concept of “whole person
             impairment,” which takes into account “the severity of the
             organ or body system impairment and the resulting functional
             limitations of the whole person.” Id. at 21 (emphasis in
             original). When an employee has multiple impairments, the
             Guides require each impairment to be calculated
             individually and then combined to reach a whole person
             impairment rating. A physician is instructed to “[c]ombine
             multiple impairments for a final composite whole person
             impairment number, ... [d]iscuss how individual ratings were
             combined or added to create a final number[, and] ... [i]nclude
             a summary list of impairments and impairment ratings by
             percentage, including calculation of the whole person
             impairment, as appropriate.” Id. a t 2 8 . T h e G u i d e s ’
             requirement that impairments be individually rated permits
             identification of the particular injuries, and consequently, the
             particular components of awards, that are related to a
             determination of permanent total disability.

Singer, ¶ 18, 248 P.3d at 1160-61 (emphasis added).

[¶25] Based upon this analysis, we agree with Green that a PPI award for one body part
should not be offset by an award for an entirely different body part. Where Green’s
argument fails, however, is in the record before this Court. The record does not support
Green’s contention that his present impairment rating is for a different body part.

[¶26] We note at the outset that Green does not dispute the accuracy of or basis for any
of the impairment ratings, either Dr. Kaplan’s 2005 rating or the 2011 ratings of Drs.
MacGuire and Nieves. It is those ratings themselves that show that they were each of the
same body part. In Dr. Kaplan’s 2005 rating, he reported that he calculated Green’s
impairment rating based on Green’s 2004 work injury to his lumbosacral spine and the
resulting two-level fusion from L4 through S1. In the 2011 ratings of Drs. MacGuire and
Nieves, both physicians reported that in calculating Green’s current impairment rating
they considered the combined effect of Green’s original 2004 work injury and his three-
level lumbar fusion—including the initial two-level fusion in 2005 and the subsequent
one-level fusion in 2010. The 2011 impairment calculations addressed the 2010 fusion,
but they also included in their calculations both the part of Green’s spine and the fusion
surgeries previously evaluated in the original 2005 impairment rating of Green’s lumbar
spine. The 2005 and 2011 evaluations thus rated the same body part, and the Division
acted in accordance with law in comparing and offsetting the 2005 and 2011 ratings.

B.    Substantial Evidence / Arbitrary Capricious Challenge



                                             11
[¶27] In his final assignment of error, Green argues that the Commission’s decision is
unsupported by substantial evidence and arbitrary and capricious because

             [i]t is not medically or factually logical, . . ., to determine that
             a claimant receiving an impairment rating who then
             undergoes additional fusion-type spinal surgery could be
             adjudged to have less of an impairment (physical loss) than
             before having the surgery.

Green then requests that this Court reverse the Commission’s decision and remand “for
an award of either the 7% or 6% PPI rating assigned to Appellant.”

[¶28] Green essentially argues that he was entitled to a PPI award of 6-7% over and
above any PPI award he has already received. We reject this argument for the same
reason the Commission rejected it. Green presented no evidence to support his claim,
and as the Commission concluded, he “failed to meet his burden of proof to show by a
preponderance of the evidence that in October 2011 he had a permanent impairment
greater than the 21% rating upon which he was awarded PPI benefits in 2005.” As this
Court explained in rejecting a similar claim:

                     Himes’ arguments on appeal confuse the burden of
             proof. In her second issue, Himes alleges the Commission
             committed error by upholding the PPI rating of 5% to her
             cervical spine. She argues the 5% was not supported by
             substantial evidence. This argument fails to recognize that it
             is not the Division’s burden to substantiate its PPI rating; it is
             her burden to prove she is entitled to a higher PPI rating.
                The burden is assigned to the claimant ... to establish
                every essential element of his claim by a
                preponderance of the evidence. Deroche v. R.L.
                Manning Company, Wyo., 737 P.2d 332 (1987);
                McCarty v. Bear Creek Uranium Company, Wyo., 694
                P.2d 93 (1985); Alco of Wyoming v. Baker, Wyo., 651
                P.2d 266 (1982). The Wyoming rule is in accord with
                the general rule requiring that the party asserting a
                change of condition (increase or decrease of
                incapacity) must assume the burden of proof whether
                the party be claimant or employer. 3 A. Larson,
                Workmen’s Compensation Law § 81.22(c) (1983). In
                invoking § 27-12-606, W.S.1977 [precursor to § 27-
                14-605(a)], [the claimant] assumed the burden of
                demonstrating “increase of incapacity due solely to the



                                               12
                injury.”
                Lehman v. State ex rel. Wyoming Workers’ Comp.
                Div., 752 P.2d 422, 425 (Wyo. 1988).

                    Instead of putting on affirmative proof of the essential
             elements of her claim, she simply argued that the Division
             incorrectly limited the scope of the impairment rating. The
             primary argument advanced in her brief is that the “matter
             should be remanded to the Division for an appropriate rating
             with regard to all of the problems previously treated
             operatively, including her shoulder, thoracic and lumbar
             spine.” The purpose of the contested case hearing was for her
             to prove the nature and extent of her permanent physical
             impairments and that such impairments were directly related
             to her work accident. She failed to do so. The Commission
             correctly refused to grant Himes a PPI rating above the 15%
             she has already been awarded because she failed to carry her
             burden of proving all essential elements of her claim to a
             higher PPI rating.

Himes v. Petro Eng’g and Constr., 2003 WY 5, ¶¶ 16-17, 61 P.3d 393, 398-99 (Wyo.
2003) (footnote omitted).

[¶29] On these same grounds, we reject Green’s argument that the Commission’s
decision was not supported by substantial evidence and was arbitrary and capricious. The
burden was on Green to show that his impairment was higher than that calculated by the
Division and to show that a subsequent surgery means there must be an increased
impairment. Green did not make that showing.

                                   CONCLUSION

[¶30] The Commission’s denial of Green’s request for a higher PPI rating is supported
by the record and in accordance with law. Affirmed.




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