          IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                 January 2017 Term                              FILED
                                 _______________                             April 17, 2017
                                                                                released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                              RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
                                   No. 16-0326                              SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                 _______________                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA



            WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
                        DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
                        Petitioner Below, Petitioner

                                         v.

 DOUGLAS R. VEACH, CATHERINE D. VEACH, ARVELLA PIERCY, ARETTA
TURNER, ROSELLA A. VEACH, SHEILA KAY VEACH, SHERWOOD S. VEACH,
SHARON A. MEHOK, F. CRAIG VEACH, L. COLEMAN VEACH, REGINALD K.
VEACH, JEFFREY T. VEACH, ERIC C. VEACH, CHRISTOPHER K. VEACH, ST.
 MARY’S CATHOLIC CHURCH AND EPIPHANY OF THE LORD CEMETERY,
   AND THE ROMAN CATHOLIC DIOCESE WHEELING-CHARLESTON,
                    Respondents Below, Respondents

      ____________________________________________________________

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Hardy County
                     The Honorable Andrew N. Frye, Jr., Judge
                             Civil Action No. 11-C-36

         AFFIRMED, IN PART; REVERSED, IN PART; AND REMANDED

      ____________________________________________________________

                             Submitted: January 17, 2017
                                Filed: April 17, 2017

Scott L. Summers, Esq.                        J. David Judy, III, Esq.
Summers Law Office, PLLC                      Judy & Judy
Charleston, West Virginia                     Moorefield, West Virginia
Counsel for the Petitioner                    Counsel for the Respondents

JUSTICE WALKER delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE KETCHUM concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
                               SYLLABUS BY THE COURT


              1.      “A circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.”

Syllabus Point 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).



              2.      “A motion for summary judgment should be granted only when it is

clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to be tried and inquiry concerning the facts is not

desirable to clarify the application of the law.” Syllabus Point 3, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v.

Federal Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).



              3.      “Where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a

question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of

review.” Syllabus Point 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415

(1995).



              4.      “The trial [court] . . . is vested with a wide discretion in determining

the amount of . . . court costs and counsel fees; and the trial [court’s] . . . determination of

such matters will not be disturbed upon appeal to this Court unless it clearly appears that

[it] has abused [its] discretion.” Syllabus Point 3, in part, Bond v. Bond, 144 W.Va. 478,

109 S.E.2d 16 (1959).




                                               i
              5.     “A stipulation of counsel may be set aside, upon the request of one of

the parties, on the ground of improvidence provided both parties can be restored to the

same condition as when the agreement was made.” Syllabus, Cole v. State Comp. Comm’r,

114 W. Va. 633, 173 S.E.263 (1934).



              6.     A circuit court is afforded wide discretion in determining whether or

not a party should be relieved of a stipulation, and such decision should not be set aside

absent an abuse of discretion.



              7.     “Plaintiff was conclusively bound by allegations of fact, material or

immaterial, contained in his pleadings.” Syllabus, Pettry v. Hedrick, 123 W. Va. 107, 13

S.E.2d 401 (1941).



              8.     “Collateral estoppel is designed to foreclose relitigation of issues in a

second suit which have actually been litigated in the earlier suit even though there may be

a difference in the cause of action between the parties of the first and second suit.” Syllabus

Point 2, in part, Conley v. Spillers, 171 W. Va. 584, 301 S.E.2d 216 (1983).



              9.     “Collateral estoppel will bar a claim if four conditions are met: (1)

The issue previously decided is identical to the one presented in the action in question; (2)

there is final adjudication on the merits of the prior action; (3) the party against whom the

doctrine is invoked was a party or in privity with a party to a prior action; and (4) the party

                                              ii
against whom the doctrine is raised had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in

the prior action.” Syllabus Point 1, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995).



              10.    “Where attorney’s fees are sought against a third party, the test of

what should be considered a reasonable fee is determined not solely by the fee arrangement

between the attorney and his client. The reasonableness of attorney’s fees is generally

based on broader factors such as: (1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and

difficulty of the questions; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4)

the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case; (5) the

customary fee; (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by

the client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and results obtained; (9) the

experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys; (10) the undesirability of the case; (11)

the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in

similar cases. Syllabus Point 4, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Pitrolo¸ 176 W.Va. 190, 343

S.E.2d 156 (1986).



              11.    “When a statute is clear and unambiguous and the legislative intent is

plain, the statute should not be interpreted by the courts, and in such case it is the duty of

the courts not to construe but to apply the statute.” Syllabus Point 5, State v. General

Daniel Morgan Post No. 548, V.F.W., 144 W. Va. 137, 107 S.E.2d 353 (1959).




                                              iii
             12.    “Statutes which relate to the same subject matter should be read and

applied together so that the Legislature’s intention can be gathered from the whole of the

enactments.” Syllabus Point 3, Smith v. State Workmen’s Compensation Comm’r, 159 W.

Va. 108, 219 S.E.2d 361 (1975).




                                            iv
WALKER, Justice:



               Petitioner West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of

Highways (“DOH”), appeals the Circuit Court of Hardy County’s March 2, 2016 order

granting summary judgment against DOH and awarding attorneys’ fees and costs to

Respondents1 (“Veach Heirs”) in this condemnation action.



               In this appeal, DOH asserts that the circuit court erred by refusing to set aside

a stipulation entered into by its prior counsel that conceded ownership of limestone to the

Veach Heirs as part of a mineral reservation. The DOH now contends that the Veach Heirs

are not entitled to compensation for the limestone because limestone is not subject to a

general mineral reservation and, therefore, the Veach Heirs do not own it. DOH further

contends the circuit court erred in relying on these stipulations and applying the doctrine

of collateral estoppel to grant the Veach Heirs’ motion for summary judgment. Finally,

DOH argues the circuit court erred in finding that it acted in bad faith and awarding costs

and attorneys’ fees to the Veach Heirs.




      1
            Respondents
                      Douglas R. Veach, Catherine D. Veach, Arvella Piercy, Aretta
Turner, Rosella A. Veach, Sheila Kay Veach, Sherwood S. Veach, Sharon A. Mehok, F.
Craig Veach, L. Coleman Veach, Reginald K. Veach, Jeffrey T. Veach, Eric C. Veach,
Christopher K. Veach, St. Mary’s Catholic Church and Ephiphany of the Lord Cemetary
and the Roman Catholic Diocese Wheeling-Charleston are the heirs of Anna M. Veach and
the owners of the severed mineral rights at issue in this case.
                                              1
              The Veach Heirs assert two cross-assignments of error. First, they argue that

the circuit court erred in refusing to award attorneys’ fees based upon their contingency fee

contract with their counsel. The Veach Heirs also assert that the circuit court erred by

ordering the statutory interest to commence on the date the condemnation proceeding was

filed rather than the date the mandamus proceeding was filed.



              Upon consideration of the parties’ briefs and arguments, the submitted record

and pertinent authorities, we affirm the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment

to the Veach Heirs and setting the date of commencement of interest from the date of the

filing of the condemnation petition. However, we reverse the circuit court’s rulings on

attorneys’ fees and costs and we remand the case with instructions to hold a hearing to

provide both parties the opportunity to be heard on the issues of whether the Veach Heirs

are entitled to recover attorney’s fees and costs and, if so, the reasonableness of the amount

to be awarded.



              I.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

              In 1968, Anna M. Veach conveyed to her three sons approximately 405 acres

of real estate in Hardy County subject to a mineral reservation. The conveyance reserved

to Ms. Veach “all minerals underlying the tracts of real estate.” When Ms. Veach died on

July 25, 2006, the Veach Heirs inherited her mineral rights.




                                              2
              In 2005, DOH began construction on a portion of the highway known as

Corridor H near the Veach property. In the course of construction, DOH utilized limestone

removed from the Veach property and a nearby property belonging to Margaret Z. Newton.

In October 2010, the Veach Heirs filed a petition for writ of mandamus in the Circuit Court

of Hardy County seeking to force DOH to institute a condemnation proceeding for the

limestone excavated from their property. Construction on this section of Corridor H was

completed and opened to the public on October 27, 2010.



              Following discovery relating to DOH’s duty to institute condemnation

proceedings, the parties entered into an agreed order in March 2011 providing that DOH

would institute a condemnation proceeding against the Veach Heirs’ mineral interest,

which included the limestone. Consequently, the mandamus proceeding was voluntarily

dismissed. A similar agreed order was entered in a separate mandamus proceeding relating

to the Newton property.



              The resulting condemnation action relating to the Veach property

commenced by petition filed on May 27, 2011, while the condemnation action relating to

the Newton property commenced on April 29, 2011. The cases were consolidated for pre-

trial hearings because, in the words of counsel for DOH, they dealt with “exactly the same”

issues. Several pre-trial rulings were made to clarify the trial issues, including that (1)


                                            3
DOH’s failure to first contact Veach and Newton before the commencement of

construction denied them the opportunity to determine the highest and best use of the

limestone and the just compensation they were each entitled to receive; and (2) DOH

entered onto Veach and Newton’s respective properties and excavated and appropriated

limestone without their permission and by so doing, acted in bad faith and in a willful

trespass against their interests. The circuit court also adopted identical jury charges,

instructions and verdict forms for both cases other than non-substantive differences.

Regarding the Veach property specifically, the parties stipulated during a hearing in 2013

as follows:


              1.     That Anna M. Veach conveyed surface only to three (3)
                     of her sons on August 31, 1968, reserving unto herself
                     fee simple ownership of all minerals underlying the
                     Veach real estate, without limitation or restriction, and
                     which reservation and exception is free of ambiguity
                     and clear in its intent.


              2.     That the minerals reserved by Anna M. Veach include
                     limestone and gravel as defined by the Court.



Similarly, prior to trial in the Newton matter, the parties in that case stipulated that “the

minerals reserved by Margaret Z. Newton include limestone and gravel as defined by the

Court.”



              The parties agreed that the Newton case would be tried first. Following a

three-day trial, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of Ms. Newton, finding that she had met
                                             4
her burden of proving the quantity, quality, marketability, and market value of the

limestone removed by DOH and left in its natural state on the property. The jury fixed the

value of limestone that was removed from the property at $3.79/ton and allowed a value of

$0.25/ton for limestone remaining in the ground. DOH appealed the verdict, which we

affirmed in West Virginia Department of Transportation, Division of Highways v. Newton,

235 W. Va. 267, 773 S.E.2d 371 (2015) (“Newton I”).



              After the verdict was affirmed in Newton I, DOH retained different counsel

to complete the remaining litigation in the Veach matter. New DOH counsel filed (1) a

motion for summary judgment arguing that the Veach Heirs did not own the limestone

because it is not a “mineral” subject to a general reservation of mineral rights; (2) a motion

to rescind the stipulations on those points made by prior counsel; and (3) a motion to certify

the question to this Court as to whether limestone is included in a general mineral

reservation. The Veach Heirs also moved for summary judgment on the basis of collateral

estoppel pursuant to adjudication of the Newton case.



              The various motions were heard on August 25, 2015. On March 2, 2016, the

circuit court granted the motion for summary judgment filed by the Veach Heirs and denied

all three DOH motions on the grounds that DOH had stipulated to the Veach Heirs’

ownership of the limestone, pleaded the Veach Heirs’ ownership of the limestone,

neglected to appeal the writ of mandamus on the subject, and voluntarily agreed to dismiss


                                              5
the mandamus proceeding. The circuit court applied the market values for limestone as

determined by the jury in the Newton case because the limestone was taken from a similarly

situated property and the value had already been adjudicated by a Hardy County jury. The

circuit court also ordered the payment of attorneys’ fees and costs. The resulting award to

the Veach Heirs was (1) $19,565,393.00 plus interest at a rate of 10% per annum accruing

from the date of the take on May 27, 2011; (2) $13,051.01 plus interest at a rate of 7% per

annum for attorneys’ fees and costs in the mandamus action; and (3) $199,243.09 plus

interest at a rate of 7% per annum for attorneys’ fees and costs in the condemnation action.

Thereafter, DOH filed this appeal.



                            II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

              “A circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt.

1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). We review entry of summary

judgment according to the same standards as the circuit court: “[a] motion for summary

judgment should be granted only when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to be

tried and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the application of the law.”

Syl. Pt. 3, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Federal Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W. Va. 160, 133

S.E.2d 770 (1963).


              Similarly, “[w]here the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a

question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of

review.” Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995).

                                              6
               Finally, “[t]he decision to award or not to award attorneys’ fees rests in the

sound discretion of the circuit court, and the exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed

on appeal except in cases of abuse.” Beto v. Stewart, 213 W.Va. 355, 359, 582 S.E.2d 802,

806 (2003); see also Sanson v. Brandywine Homes, Inc., 215 W.Va. 307, 310, 599 S.E.2d

730, 733 (2004) (“We . . . apply the abuse of discretion standard of review to an award of

attorneys’ fees.”). Likewise, “[t]he trial [court] . . . is vested with a wide discretion in

determining the amount of . . . court costs and counsel fees; and the trial [court’s] . . .

determination of such matters will not be disturbed upon appeal to this Court unless it

clearly appears that [it] has abused [its] discretion.” Syl. Pt. 3, in part, Bond v. Bond, 144

W.Va. 478, 109 S.E.2d 16 (1959).



               With these standards in mind, we address the parties’ arguments.



                                    III.   DISCUSSION

               The assignments and cross-assignments of error are discussed separately
below.


A.       The Stipulations

               DOH’s first assignment of error concerns the circuit court’s refusal to set

aside the stipulations made by prior DOH counsel that the deed of conveyance executed by

Anna Veach clearly reserved the minerals without limitation and that the mineral


                                               7
reservation included the limestone and gravel. DOH argues that prior counsel’s agreement

to those stipulations should have been set aside because entering into the stipulations was

not only improvident but also contrary to law.



              Generally, attorneys are authorized to enter into stipulations on behalf of

their clients and a party is ordinarily bound by a stipulation made by its attorney. 4 Willston

on Contracts §8.50 (4th ed. 2016). However, a court may, under certain circumstances, set

aside a stipulation:

              Relief is ordinarily grounded in the sound judicial discretion of
              the court, and is usually available only in cases of fraud,
              mistake, improvidence or material change in circumstances,
              where in equity and good conscience the stipulation ought not
              to stand. To be relieved from a stipulation, the party seeking
              relief must ordinarily act diligently, show good cause and
              provide fair notice. Generally, relief will only be afforded if
              enforcement of the stipulation will result in a manifest injustice
              upon one of the parties. Some courts distinguish, in regard to
              relief from stipulations, between procedural and substantive
              stipulations, granting relief from the former more readily.


Id. Similarly, in the Syllabus of Cole v. State Compensation Commissioner, 114 W. Va.

633, 173 S.E. 263 (1934), we explained that “[a] stipulation of counsel may be set aside,

upon the request of one of the parties, on the ground of improvidence provided both parties

can be restored to the same condition as when the agreement was made.” Id. In

formulating this test for setting aside a stipulation, the Cole court looked to Palliser v.

Home Telephone Company, 54 So. 499, 500 (Ala. 1911), in which the Alabama court noted

that counsel had the authority to bind parties by agreements in relation to a cause and that

                                              8
such agreements should not be set aside for any less cause than would warrant the

rescission of contracts in general, namely, fraud, accident, mistake, or some other ground

of the same nature. Id. Accordingly, we now hold that a circuit court is afforded wide

discretion in determining whether or not a party should be relieved of a stipulation, and

such decision should not be set aside absent an abuse of discretion. Upon review of the

factual circumstances present in the case before us, we find that the circuit court did not err

in refusing to set aside DOH’s stipulation.



              First, DOH presented no evidence of fraud, accident, mistake or similar

grounds that would “warrant the rescission of contracts in general.” Id. While contractual

basis for rescission was not specifically raised by DOH in the instant case, the record limits

the plausible arguments to only mistake of fact or mistake of law:

               A mistake of fact consists of an unconscious ignorance or
              forgetfulness of a material fact, past or present, or of a mistaken
              belief in the past or present existence of a material fact which
              did not or does not actually exist. A mistake of law, on the
              other hand, consists of a mistaken opinion or inference arising
              from an imperfect or incorrect exercise of judgment upon the
              facts as they really are and occurs when a person, having full
              knowledge of the facts, is ignorant of or comes to an erroneous
              conclusion as to the legal effect of his acts.


Webb v. Webb, 171 W. Va. 614, 618, 301 S.E.2d 570, 574–75 (1983) (internal citations

omitted). “[A] party may not avoid the legal consequences on the ground of mistake, even

a mistake of fact, where such mistake is the result of the negligence of the complaining

party.” Id. at 620, 301 S.E.2d at 576 (internal citations omitted). DOH could point to no

                                              9
evidence that prior counsel was under misapprehension of a fact; rather the “mistake” as

alluded to by DOH was the negligence of counsel in stipulating that the ownership of the

limestone was not in dispute. DOH has only alleged that its attorney was not sufficiently

diligent, which is an issue more appropriate for resolution between the attorney and DOH.

Mistake of law, while arguably present, is not grounds to rescind a contract. Finding that

there are no contractual principles on which to base rescission of the stipulation, we turn

to whether the stipulation may be rescinded on the grounds of improvidence.



              Cole requires that “both parties can be restored to the same condition as when

the agreement was made” as a condition for rescinding a stipulation on the grounds of

inprovidence. Syl., Cole v. State Comp. Comm’r, 114 W. Va. 633, 173 S.E. 263 (1934).

DOH asserts, without factual basis, that if the stipulations were rescinded, the Veach Heirs

would be in the same position as when the stipulations were made in 2013. We disagree.

Given the long procedural history of this case, the Veach Heirs have demonstrated that they

will experience significant prejudice if required effectively to “start over.” The motion to

set aside the stipulations was not filed until after the Newton case had been tried,2 after the

verdict was affirmed by this Court and after retention of new counsel. This motion was

untimely and prejudicial to the Veach Heirs, even if there were evidence of improvidence.




       2
          The substantive issues in this case have already been resolved by the Newton trial,
as is discussed below in response to the collateral estoppel assignment of error.

                                              10
                 Significantly, DOH also ignores the fact that that it pleaded the very same

facts in its petition for condemnation filed in 2011. DOH alleged as a sworn fact that the

Veach Heirs own the mineral rights, which encompassed the limestone, in its petition to

initiate the Veach condemnation proceeding. While precedent may permit setting aside

stipulations under certain circumstances, it does not permit setting aside pleadings absent

timely amendment as a matter of course or seeking leave of court pursuant to West Virginia

Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a).3 Such an amendment to the pleadings at this point is,

obviously, untimely and DOH never sought leave of court or permission of the opposing

party to amend its pleadings. We previously have held that a “[p]laintiff [is] conclusively

bound by allegations of fact, material or immaterial, contained in his pleadings.” Syllabus,

Pettry v. Hedrick, 123 W. Va. 107, 13 S.E.2d 401 (1941). DOH altogether failed to address

this fact.




        3
            West Virginia Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides:

                 A party may amend the party’s pleading once as a matter of
                 course at any time before a responsive pleading is served or, if
                 the pleading is one to which no responsive pleading is
                 permitted and the action has not been placed upon the trial
                 calendar, the party may so amend it at any time within 20 days
                 after it is served. Otherwise a party may amend the party's
                 pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the
                 adverse party; and leave shall be freely given when justice so
                 requires. A party shall plead in response to an amended
                 pleading within the time remaining for response to the original
                 pleading or within 10 days after service of the amended
                 pleading, whichever period may be the longer, unless the court
                 otherwise orders. 
                                               11
              In a similar vein, we note that the circuit court also considered the fact that

in the underlying mandamus action, DOH initially challenged by motion the capacity of

the Veach heirs to file the action because the estate of Anna Veach had not been settled.

After conducting discovery, DOH voluntarily agreed to abandon pursuit of that motion and

to file the instant condemnation action, in effect acknowledging that the Veach Heirs

owned the mineral rights and specifically the limestone.



              Petitioner urges us to rely upon State ex rel. Crafton v. Burnside, 207 W. Va.

74, 528 S.E.2d 768 (2000), a case in which the plaintiffs were permitted to withdraw

consent to a bifurcated trial procedure after a change in counsel. The Crafton plaintiffs

obtained additional counsel subsequent to the entry of a case management order providing

that the consolidated cases would be tried in a reverse bifurcated manner. Id. at 76, 528

S.E.2d at 770. New counsel asserted that the initial counsel who consented was so

inexperienced in toxic tort litigation that he failed to grasp the prejudice his clients would

suffer   as   a   result   of   agreeing    to    an   alternate   trial   procedure.      Id.

The Crafton court concluded that plaintiffs should have been permitted to withdraw their

consent to reverse bifurcation. Id. at 79, 528 S.E.2d at 773.



              We find Crafton inapplicable here. This Court has previously stated that

“[t]he mere fact of retaining new counsel, in the absence of incompetent prior

representation, does not constitute “manifest injustice” under Rule 16, [West Virginia


                                             12
Rules of Civil Procedure] [1992] such that it entitles . . . [the movant] to relief from the

court’s previously uncontested deadlines.” State ex rel. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v.

Madden, 192 W.Va. 155, 161, 451 S.E.2d 721, 727 (1994). Similarly, DOH should not be

entitled to relief at this stage of the proceedings from stipulations entered when no evidence

has been presented of the incompetence of prior counsel. Unlike the plaintiffs in Crafton,

DOH is an experienced litigant in these types of cases and had its choice of counsel.

Critically, DOH’s stipulation pertains to a substantive issue previously represented as

undisputed as opposed to a procedural issue, like the one in Crafton. As discussed above,

whether a stipulation relates to a procedural or substantive issue is a dominant

consideration in determining whether rescission is appropriate as the latter carries with it

more danger of prejudice. See 4 Willston on Contracts §8.50 (4th ed. 2016).




              Finally, we are not persuaded by DOH’s argument that the stipulations

should have been set aside because they are “contrary to controlling law.” By DOH’s own

admission, whether or not limestone is reserved by a general mineral reservation is “an

issue of first impression” for this Court and thus there is no “controlling law.”4 In this case,

both parties, with aid of counsel, entered into stipulations in order to clarify the contested




       4
          Because we find that the circuit court did not err in declining to set aside the
stipulations, we find it unnecessary to address the issue of whether limestone is subject to
a general mineral reservation.
 
                                              13
issues for trial. DOH was free to enter into such stipulations (or not) and had assistance of

counsel in so doing. DOH pleaded the facts underlying the stipulations in its condemnation

petition. At this stage, the argument that the stipulations should now be set aside as

“contrary to law” is disingenuous at best. For all of these reasons, we find that the circuit

court did not err in refusing to set aside the stipulations.



B.       Collateral Estoppel

               DOH contends that the circuit court erred in granting the Veach Heirs’

motion for summary judgment based on the doctrine of collateral estoppel and the

stipulations discussed above. Because we find that the circuit court made no error in

refusing to set aside the stipulations, we focus on the court’s reliance on the doctrine of

collateral estoppel.



               Syllabus Point 2 of Conley v. Spillers, 171 W. Va. 584, 301 S.E.2d 216

(1983), provides, in part, that “[c]ollateral estoppel is designed to foreclose relitigation of

issues in a second suit which have actually been litigated in the earlier suit even though

there may be a difference in the cause of action between the parties of the first and second

suit.”    Invocation of collateral estoppel is termed “offensive” in this case because the

Veach Heirs are a stranger to the Newton action and application of collateral estoppel is to

their benefit because they are not required to prove elements of their case. Initially, “we

note that offensive use of collaterally estoppel is generally disfavored in this jurisdiction.”


                                               14
Holloman v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 217 W. Va. 269, 275, 617 S.E.2d 816, 822 (2005).

Offensive application is often disfavored because it can engender the precise opposite

incentive intended – rather than encouraging joinder and limiting repetitive litigation,

inappropriate offensive application may instead encourage a party to deliberately avoid

consolidation or joinder in the first action to “wait and see” its outcome with nothing to

lose and everything to gain. See Conley v. Spillers, 171 W. Va. 584, 592, 301 S.E.2d 216,

223-24 (1984). Thus, we have explained that “a stranger’s right to utilize the doctrine of

collateral estoppel is not automatic because it may depend on the peculiar facts of a given

case,” but such application is not precluded – the trial court has “rather broad discretion in

determining when it should be applied.” Id. (emphasis added).



              In this case, a review of the record indicates the facts and circumstances

surrounding the application of collateral estoppel in favor of a stranger to the action were

aptly considered. There is no evidence that the Veach Heirs were deliberately avoiding

consolidation or joinder; the cases had previously been consolidated for all pre-trial

proceedings in the interest of judicial economy and by agreement of the parties. The parties

agreed to try the cases separately, presumably to avoid jury confusion due to the very

complicated procedural history involved in both of these cases. Further, the circuit court

is best positioned to evaluate whether there was deliberate avoidance of joinder and is

vested with the broad discretion of determining whether offensive application of collateral

estoppel was appropriate under the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case.


                                             15
Accordingly, we do not find that offensive use of collateral estoppel was precluded under

the circumstances and turn to the merits of whether the doctrine of collateral estoppel was

properly applied.



              As we have held:

              Collateral estoppel will bar a claim if four conditions are met:
              (1) The issue previously decided is identical to the one
              presented in the action in question; (2) there is final
              adjudication on the merits of the prior action; (3) the party
              against whom the doctrine is invoked was a party or in privity
              with a party to a prior action; and (4) the party against whom
              the doctrine is raised had a full and fair opportunity to litigate
              the issue in the prior action.

Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995). Though raised briefly and

without specificity, DOH challenges whether the first and fourth conditions for

applicability of collateral estoppel as set forth in State v. Miller were met. Specifically,

DOH claims the circuit court ignored the factual questions remaining, namely, the

feasibility of quarrying the limestone, the value of the limestone, and the marketability of

the limestone. DOH also emphasizes that the property at issue in this case is not the same

property at issue in the Newton case. As to the fourth Miller condition, DOH asserts that

it was not afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues previously and argues

that this Court was foreclosed from meaningful consideration of trial errors on the merits

in Newton I due to its prior counsel’s failure to preserve those issues for appellate review.




                                             16
              The Veach Heirs respond that the proceedings in the Newton and Veach

cases were identical and that DOH had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues in

the Newton case. They argue that quantity, quality, market value and market price were

established in Newton and that if the stipulations as to ownership are upheld, the case is

resolved.



              With respect to the analysis of the first Miller condition – whether the issue

previously decided is identical to the one presented in the action in question – we have held

that it “involves not only a determination of whether the facts are similar, but also a

determination of whether the legal standards and procedures used to assess the facts are

similar.” City of Huntington v. Bacon, 196 W. Va. 457, 463, 473 S.E.2d 743, 749 (1996)

(citing State v. Miller, 194 W. Va. at 10, 459 S.E.2d at 121). While DOH attempts to

differentiate this case from Newton, we find the dispositive issues were indeed identical.

The two cases were combined for all pre-trial proceedings without dispute by DOH counsel

and had identical pre-trial rulings. The operative facts and issues in the cases were, in the

words of counsel for DOH, “exactly the same.” DOH’s failure to condemn all interests in

the real estate prior to the taking was at issue in Newton and was at issue here. Likewise,

in both cases the mineral owners were required to seek writs of mandamus to force DOH

to initiate condemnation proceedings.




                                             17
              Relatedly, we find that the factual issues DOH asserts are still in dispute

likewise are resolved by application of collateral estoppel. Specifically, DOH argues that

certain factual issues (the feasibility of quarrying the limestone, the value of the limestone,

and the marketability of the limestone) are still in dispute and are not resolved through

application of collateral estoppel. DOH concludes that the first element of Miller does not

apply to resolve those factual disputes and therefore summary judgment was inappropriate.

We disagree. The three issues DOH contends are still in dispute all relate to the nature of

the limestone itself, which was taken from two similarly situated properties located about

a mile apart from one another and utilized for the same purpose in building a section of

Corridor H. The same experts were retained for both cases to present opinions on these

issues and were subject to cross-examination and impeachment by DOH during the Newton

trial. While resolution of these issues does require consideration of the date of the take,5

the record shows that the respective takes were a mere twenty-eight days apart (April 29,

2011 and May 27, 2011). Because these issues are so factually analogous and were fully

tried before a Hardy County jury, they are precluded from a reiterated review by another

pursuant to the doctrine of collateral estoppel. To require re-litigation of these issues would

be a waste of judicial resources.




       5
         In the Newton trial, the mineral owner made a showing of marketability over an
eighteen-month period (April 29, 2011 through October 29, 2012) which encompassed the
date of the take in the Veach case. See Newton I, 235 W. Va. at 276-77, 773 S.E.2d at 380-
81.
                                            18
              With respect to the fourth element – DOH’s alleged lack of full and fair

opportunity to litigate the issues – we have held that it is a basic due process right for a

party to have the opportunity to have their arguments heard and to “have their day in court”

before application of collateral estoppel is appropriate.

              Some litigants-those who never appeared in a prior action-may
              not be collaterally estopped without litigating the issue. They
              have never had a chance to present their evidence and
              arguments on the claim. Due process prohibits estopping them
              despite one or more existing adjudications of the identical issue
              which stand squarely against their position.


Conley v. Spillers, 171 W. Va. 584, 594, 301 S.E.2d 216, 225 (1983) (internal citations

omitted). “[T]he central inquiry on collateral estoppel is whether a given issue has actually

been litigated by the parties in the earlier suit.” Peters v. Rivers Edge Mining, Inc., 224 W.

Va. 160, 177, 680 S.E.2d 791, 808 (2009) (internal citations omitted). We have explained

that “whether those issues could have been litigated is not important; they actually must

have been litigated.” Abadir v. Dellinger, 227 W. Va. 388, 394, 709 S.E.2d 743, 749

(2011).




              We have found this element lacking in cases in which a default judgment was

rendered, where the acts forming the basis of the suit were different in the first and second

actions, or where collateral estoppel was otherwise applied to a party who was not

permitted to participate. See Stillwell v. City of Wheeling, 210 W. Va. 599, 607 558 S.E.2d

598, 606 (2001) (“[a]pplying collateral estoppel to prevent one party from mounting a

                                             19
defense when the estoppel is based solely upon another party's procedural default runs afoul

of [due process] principles”); Christian v. Sizemore, 185 W. Va. 409, 413, 407 S.E.2d 715

(1991) (“issues are not actually litigated in a default judgment action and, consequently,

[…] default judgments are not appropriate foundations for the application of collateral

estoppel”); Holloman v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 217 W. Va. 269, 276-77, 617 S.E.2d

816, 823-24 (2005) (finding full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue would likely not

be met where insurer altered general business practice between the time the insurer handled

the two different claims); Horkulic v. Galloway, 222 W. Va. 450, 460 665 S.E.2d 284, 294

(2008) (insurance company not permitted to participate in settlement enforcement hearing

could not be collaterally estopped in subsequent challenge to confessed judgment).




              We find here that DOH was given full and fair opportunity to present its

arguments on the same set of operative facts in the Newton trial and appeal. As discussed

above, DOH was an active participant in the Newton matter and had the opportunity to

litigate the issues to the full extent of a jury trial and to appeal that verdict to this Court.

DOH was fully afforded its “day in court” in Newton with respect to its actions relating to

these properties.    The issues had been consolidated without DOH’s opposition and

proceeded in tandem prior to the Newton trial because, in the words of DOH’s own counsel,

they involved “exactly the same issues.” DOH cannot now claim that the operative issues

are sufficiently dissimilar to prohibit application of collateral estoppel. Based on the above,

we find the DOH was given full opportunity to litigate the disputed issues.

                                              20
              DOH’s claim that the lack of meaningful appellate review by this Court of

certain issues in Newton I renders collateral estoppel inapplicable in this case is also

unavailing.6 While DOH believes errors were made during the Newton trial that did not

permit this Court to review fully the jury’s findings, it does not detract from the fact that

DOH had the right to the counsel of its choice and had full and fair opportunity to litigate

the issues. Even if we accept DOH’s argument that the fourth Miller element is not met

due to lack of meaningful appellate review in Newton I, the only issues not litigated fully

and fairly would necessarily be limited to the assignments of error raised in Newton I that

were not reviewed on the merits. It would not, as DOH may hope, provide open season on

all issues tried or stipulated to during and prior to the Newton trial, namely whether

limestone is subject to a general reservation of mineral rights.7 Although this Court noted

that such review of errors on the merits was limited, the case was reviewed nonetheless




       6
         In Newton I, we held that “Rule 59(f) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure
does not preclude a party from appealing definitive pretrial rulings of a trial court that are
in the record, even though the party failed to file a post-trial motion for a new trial.” Syl.
Pt. 1, in part, Newton I, 235 W. Va. 267, 773 S.E.2d 371. We reviewed DOH’s
assignments of error that complied with our holding on the merits, but noted that the posture
of the exception to the waiver rule in Rule 59(f) limited review of the merits of pretrial
rulings. Id. at 273 n.12, 773 S.E.2d at 377 n.12.
       7
          In Newton I we noted: “DOH also has contended that the limestone was not a
mineral. However, this contention is inconsistent with a stipulation DOH made prior to
trial. That stipulation . . . states: ‘The minerals reserved by Margaret Z. Newton include
limestone and gravel as defined by the Court.’ (Emphasis added).” 235 W. Va. at 273 n.13,
773 S.E.2d at 377 n.13.
 
                                             21
and the verdict was affirmed. Full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues does not mean

actual litigation of the issues free of tactical mistakes. Consequently, the fourth element of

collateral estoppel is also satisfied. Accordingly, we find the circuit court did not err in

applying the doctrine of collateral estoppel in granting the Veach Heirs’ motion for

summary judgment.



D.     Attorneys’ Fees and Costs

                 As noted above, the circuit court awarded attorneys’ fees and costs to the

Veach Heirs in both the mandamus and condemnation actions. DOH contends that it was

not given the opportunity to be heard on the issue of attorneys’ fees and costs. We

consistently have held that a circuit court must afford a party notice and the opportunity to

be heard prior to awarding attorneys’ fees and costs. See, e.g., Multiplex v. Town of Clay,

231 W.Va. 728, 749 S.E.2d 621 (2013); Kanawha Valley Radiologists, Inc. v. One Valley

Bank, N.A., 210 W.Va. 223, 229, 557 S.E.2d 277, 283 (2001).



                 Upon review of the record, we are unable to find that any notice was given

to DOH that the circuit court was considering the matter of attorneys’ fees and costs.

According to the appendix presented to this Court, no hearing regarding the issue was

noticed or conducted.8 The circuit court entered its order granting summary judgment in



       8
            While the docket sheet in the appendix suggests that the Veach Heirs filed a motion
for attorneys’ fees and costs with the circuit court, such motion is not a part of the appellate
record.  
                                               22
favor of the Veach Heirs and simultaneously awarded attorneys’ fees and costs based on a

finding of bad faith in a summary fashion. We find that DOH was not provided the

opportunity to dispute the finding of bad faith or statutory entitlement that resulted in the

circuit court’s award of fees to the Veach heirs. Likewise, DOH was not provided the

opportunity to address the reasonableness of the fee award itself. Therefore, we find the

circuit court abused its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees and costs without giving

DOH notice and the opportunity to be heard on the matter.



              In our recent decision in West Virginia Department of Transportation,

Division of Highways v. Newton (No. 16-0325) 2017 WL 958602 (W. Va. March 7, 2017)

(“Newton II”), we established the legal framework for consideration of whether an award

of attorney’s fees and costs is warranted in similar circumstances. As we explained in

Newton II, should it be determined that the Veach Heirs are entitled to recover attorneys’

fees and costs in one or both proceedings, Syllabus Point 4 of Aetna Casualty & Surety

Company v. Pitrolo, 176 W.Va. 190, 343 S.E.2d 156 (1986) controls:

              Where attorney’s fees are sought against a third party, the test
              of what should be considered a reasonable fee is determined
              not solely by the fee arrangement between the attorney and his
              client. The reasonableness of attorney’s fees is generally based
              on broader factors such as: (1) the time and labor required; (2)
              the novelty and difficulty of the questions; (3) the skill
              requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the
              preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to
              acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the
              fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by the
              client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and results
              obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the

                                             23
              attorneys; (10) the undesirability of the case; (11) the nature
              and length of the professional relationship with the client; and
              (12) awards in similar cases.

Indeed, as further discussed in Newton II:

              ‘[t]he determination of whether fees are reasonable is simply a
              fact driven question that must be assessed under the Pitrolo
              factors.’ Multiplex, Inc. v. Town of Clay, 231 W.Va. 728, 738,
              749 S.E.2d 621, 631 (internal quotations and citation omitted).
              As such, ‘in order for a circuit court to determine those facts,
              it must allow the parties to present evidence on their own
              behalf and to test their opponents’ evidence by cross-
              examination[.]’ Id.

Newton II, 2017 WL 958602 at *10.



              Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, we reverse the circuit court’s

rulings on attorneys’ fees and costs. We remand this matter for a hearing to provide both

parties the opportunity to be heard on the issues of whether the Veach Heirs are entitled to

recover attorneys’ fees and costs, taking into consideration our recent decision in Newton

II. If the court makes a determination that attorneys’ fees and costs are to be awarded, the

court shall conduct a Pitrolo hearing and enter an order containing sufficient findings of

fact and conclusions of law with respect to the reasonableness of the amount of the award

to allow meaningful appellate review should either party elect to file an appeal. 9




       9
        As set forth above, the Veach Heirs’ assigned error to the circuit court’s failure to
award attorney fees based on the contingency fee contract they have with their attorney.
As we explained in Newton II, a contingency fee contract “cannot be the sole basis for
determining the amount of the attorney’s fee award.” Id. at *9. Rather, whether the fee is
fixed or contingent is one of the factors to be considered in making a determination of a
                                             24
E.     Calculation of Interest

              The circuit court’s judgment in favor of the Veach Heirs included an award

of interest “at a rate of 10% per annum accruing from the date of the take on May 27,

2011.” The Veach Heirs contend, however, that the interest calculation should commence

as of the date of the filing of their petition for a writ of mandamus (October 12, 2010) rather

than the date of the filing of DOH’s petition for condemnation (May 27, 2011). In

response, DOH maintains that if prejudgment interest is to be awarded at all, the calculation

should commence as of May 27, 2011.



              We have recognized that “’[t]he rule that damages are to be assessed as of

the date of the taking does not contemplate a physical taking not sanctioned by law, but a

taking by appropriate legal proceedings . . . . ‘” West Virginia Dep’t. of Highways v. Roda,

177 W.Va. 383, 387, 352 S.E.2d 134, 138 (1986) (citing 3 J. Sackman, Nichols’ The Law

of Eminent Domain, § 8.5(3) at 8-115 (1985). Consistent with this principle, the circuit

court’s pretrial ruling states as follows:

              That the date of take was the date the WVDOH filed the
              Petitions and not the date of taking of the surface or the
              commencement of construction, pursuant to West Virginia
              Dept. of Highways v. Roda, 177 W.Va. 383, 352 S.E.2d 134
              (1986).



reasonable fee under Pitrolo. Syl. Pt. 4, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Pitrolo, 176 W.Va. 190,
343 S.E.2d 156.
 
                                              25
              We have held that “[s]tatutes which relate to the same subject matter should

be read and applied together so that the Legislature’s intention can be gathered from the

whole of the enactments.” Syl. Pt. 3, Smith v. State Workmen’s Compensation Comm’r,

159 W. Va. 108, 219 S.E.2d 361 (1975). In addition, it is well-established that “[w]hen a

statute is clear and unambiguous and the legislative intent is plain, the statute should not

be interpreted by the courts, and in such case it is the duty of the courts not to construe but

to apply the statute.” Syl. Pt. 5, State v. General Daniel Morgan Post No. 548, V.F.W., 144

W. Va. 137, 107 S.E.2d 353 (1959). West Virginia Code §§ 54-2-12 to -16 clearly state

that interest is to be paid in condemnations proceedings from “the date of filing of the

petition.” Contrary to the Veach Heirs’ assertion, the “petition” referenced in these

provisions is a petition for condemnation. As West Virginia Code § 54-2-21, which

specifically relates to new interest rates for the preceding sections, provides:


              The percent interest rate provided for in sections twelve,
              thirteen, fourteen, fourteen-a, fifteen, sixteen and eighteen of
              this article, shall be applicable only to condemnation
              proceedings hereafter instituted. The rate of interest previously
              applicable to proceedings under the above sections shall
              continue to be applicable to condemnation proceedings
              heretofore instituted.

(emphasis added).



              The Veach Heirs identify no legal authority for the proposition that the

“petition” referenced in these statutes is anything other than a petition for condemnation.

                                              26
Accordingly, based on the above, we find no error in the circuit court’s ruling that the

prejudgment interest should be calculated according to the date of the filing of the petition

for condemnation (May 27, 2011).



                                  IV.    CONCLUSION

              For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the March 2, 2016, order of the Circuit

Court of Hardy County granting the Veach Heirs’ motion for summary judgment and

setting the date of commencement of interest from the date of the filing of the

condemnation proceeding. With respect to the award of attorneys’ fees and costs, the

matter is reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.


                                         Affirmed, in part, reversed, in part and remanded.




                                             27
