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                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 12-14930
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 9:12-cr-80012-DMM-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

EZEKIEL FLOWERS,


                                                          Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________
                             (August 12, 2013)

Before HULL, MARTIN and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      After a jury trial, Ezekiel Flowers appeals his conviction and sentence of 188

months’ imprisonment for one count of possession of a firearm and ammunition by

a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) & 924(e)(1). After

review, we affirm.

                           I. BACKGROUND FACTS

A.    Investigation and Charge

      On January 2, 2012, a man robbed the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store in

Palm Beach County, Florida and shot and killed the store owner in the course of

the robbery. Video surveillance showed the suspect wearing a white and green

plaid shirt, a hoodie-style sweatshirt, dark-colored basketball shorts with a white

stripe, black tennis shoes, and a white bandana over his face. From the

surveillance video, it appeared that the suspect had dreadlocks and used a revolver.

      On January 3, 2012, while investigating the crime, the Palm Beach County

Sheriff’s Office received a tip from an informant, Tameka Glover, who lived next

door to Defendant Flowers and was his ex-girlfriend. Glover informed police that

on January 1, 2012, the day before the robbery-homicide, Flowers called her and

asked her about the hours of operation and number of employees at the Alabama

Georgia Grocery Store. The next day, after learning of the robbery, Glover saw

Flowers wearing a green plaid shirt. Later, Glover saw Flowers wearing a hoodie-




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style sweatshirt, blue or black basketball shorts with a white stripe and black tennis

shoes.

         On this second sighting, Glover and Flowers spoke. Flowers told Glover

that he no longer needed the information about the Alabama Georgia Grocery

Store “because he had already handled it.” When Glover asked, “So you did that,”

Flowers responded that it had not gone the way it was supposed to. Approximately

one week before she spoke with police, Glover saw Flowers in her yard with a

black semiautomatic handgun.

         Based on this information, Detective Christopher Caris executed an affidavit

and investigators obtained a search warrant for the home Flowers shared with his

parents. During the search, investigators recovered a black semiautomatic

handgun and some ammunition.

         Investigators took Flowers into custody and read him his Miranda rights,1

which he waived. Investigators questioned Flowers about the robbery-homicide as

well as the gun found at his home. During questioning, Flowers readily admitted

asking Glover about the grocery store and conceded that he had planned to rob the

grocery store. Flowers claimed, however, that someone else had beaten him to it.

Flowers also admitted handling and cleaning a black and chrome semi-automatic

handgun within the past month, but claimed he had returned it to its owner. When


         1
             Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966).
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investigators asked Flowers about the handgun found in his home, he initially

stated that the gun was not his and that the gun was not “dirty” (i.e., had not been

used in a crime). On further questioning, however, Flowers stated that he would

not talk about that gun anymore. The investigators continued questioning Flowers,

and, in response, Flowers made several statements about the gun found in his

home, including that he had handled the gun.

         Subsequently, police apprehended another suspect for the Alabama Georgia

Grocery Store robbery-homicide. The suspect confessed and was convicted of the

crime, and police cleared Flowers of all involvement. Because Flowers was

previously convicted of a felony offense and had not had his right to possess

firearms restored, he was charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted

felon.

B.       Pretrial Evidentiary Motions

         Prior to trial, Flowers moved to suppress: (1) the evidence found in his home

on the grounds that Detective Caris’s affidavit, supporting the search warrant,

contained material omissions and lacked probable cause; and (2) Flowers’s post-

Miranda statements about the gun found in his home because he had made them to

police after he had invoked his right to silence. Flowers also filed a motion in

limine to preclude the government from introducing evidence of the Alabama

Georgia Grocery Store robbery-homicide or of Flowers’s criminal history on the


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grounds that this evidence was irrelevant and unduly prejudicial under Federal

Rule of Evidence 403.

      After hearing argument, a magistrate judge recommended: (1) denying

Flowers’s motion to suppress the evidence found in his home and his request for an

evidentiary hearing pursuant to Franks;2 (2) granting in part and denying in part

Flowers’s motion to suppress his post-Miranda statements. The magistrate judge

concluded that Flowers had selectively invoked his right to silence when he stated

to investigators that he would not talk anymore about the gun found in his home

and that any statements about the gun after that point should be excluded.

      The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendations. The

district court denied the motion to suppress the evidence found pursuant to the

search warrant. The district court granted in part the motion to suppress Flower’s

post-Miranda statements, but found admissible Flowers’s statements about the gun

made before he invoked his right to silence.

      As for Flower’s motion in limine, the district court ruled, inter alia, that: (1)

evidence of Flowers’s prior conviction for aggravated assault with a deadly

weapon was admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b); and (2) “some

discussion” of the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store robbery-homicide would have

to come in at trial because the investigation into the robbery and Flowers’s gun


      2
          Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct. 2674 (1978).
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possession were so intertwined, but that the court could not “anticipate every

question that might be asked.”

C.    Trial

      Prior to trial, the parties agreed to several stipulations, which were read to

the jury. Among other things, the parties agreed: (1) that Flowers was convicted of

a felony offense in July 2007, following which his right to possess a firearm had

not been restored; (2) Flowers had been a person of interest in the Alabama

Georgia Grocery Store robbery-homicide that occurred on January 2, 2012, and, on

January 5, 2012, his home was searched and he was interviewed as part of that

investigation, but Flowers had since been cleared and was no longer a suspect; and

(3) Flowers had a prior felony conviction that involved a firearm.

      In addition, the jury heard the following evidence: (1) in July 2010,

Bernadette Jackson, the girlfriend of Flowers’s brother, left her .40 caliber

handgun in Flowers’s home; (2) Detective Roger Wong Won executed the search

warrant at Flowers’s home and found one live round of ammunition and a .40

caliber handgun with eight rounds in the magazine in a dresser drawer in a

bedroom; (3) a crime scene investigator took swabs from the handgun to test for

DNA; (4) Detective John Van Houten took DNA samples from Flowers; (5) a

forensic expert analyzed the DNA swabs from Flowers and from the handgun and




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determined that Flowers matched the DNA profile obtained from the handgun and

magazine.

      In addition, Detective Harvey Atkinson testified as the lead investigator of

the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store robbery-homicide. Detective Atkinson stated

that, early in the investigation, Flowers was a person of interest, but that he was

later cleared of having anything to do with the robbery-homicide. While Flowers

was still a person of interest, police officers searched his home, and Detective

Atkinson interviewed him.

      Detective Atkinson stated that the interview was videotaped. Without

Flowers renewing the objections raised in either his motion to suppress or his

motion in limine, the government played a number of clips from the interview for

the jury and asked Detective Atkinson to explain what was taking place in the

clips. Detective Atkinson testified, inter alia, that: (1) Flowers signed a Miranda

card after being read his Miranda rights; (2) the interview continued with a general

discussion of the robbery and homicide and Flowers’s alibi; (3) Flowers admitted

asking Glover about the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store and that he had planned

to rob the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store; (4) Flowers told Detective Atkinson

his date of birth, which Detective Atkinson testified matched the date of birth on

pharmacy receipts in Flowers’s name that were found in the same room with the

handgun; (5) Flowers admitted cleaning and handling a black and chrome gun, but


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Detective Atkinson testified that the gun found in Flowers’s home was only black;

(6) when Detective Atkinson asked Flowers whether the gun found in his home

belonged to his parents, Flowers replied, “[T]his is irrelevant”; (7) Flowers further

discussed the handgun found in his home by stating, “[T]he gun is clean. The gun

is—it’s not dirty,” which Detective Atkinson explained meant that the gun had not

been used in a crime; and (8) Flowers also discussed a revolver with Detective

Atkinson.

      The jury found Flowers guilty of being a felon in possession of a firearm.

D.    Sentencing

      The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) determined that Flowers

qualified as an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act

(“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) and U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4 because he was previously

convicted of robbery, felony battery and two separate offenses of aggravated

assault with a deadly weapon. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) (providing that a person

who has three previous convictions for violent felonies or serious drug offenses is

subject to a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years’ imprisonment).

Flowers objected to the armed career criminal enhancement, arguing, inter alia,

that the ACCA violated the Sixth Amendment by requiring district courts to find

facts beyond the fact of conviction.




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       At sentencing, the district court overruled Flowers’s objection to the PSI.

Based on Flowers’s armed career criminal designation, the district court calculated

an advisory guidelines range of 188 to 235 months and concluded that the

applicable statutory mandatory minimum under the ACCA was 180 months. The

district court imposed a 188-month sentence. Flowers appealed.

                                      II. DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Flowers contends that the district court erred in: (1) denying his

motion to suppress evidence obtained from his home and for a Franks hearing; (2)

denying his motion to suppress his post-Miranda custodial statements; (3)

admitting evidence of his past crimes and acts; and (4) sentencing him as an armed

career criminal based on facts found by a judge rather than the jury. For the

reasons that follow, none of Flower’s arguments has merit.

A.     Request for a Franks Hearing

       Flowers argues that he made a sufficient showing to warrant a Franks

hearing on his motion to suppress the evidence found in his house. 3

       To be entitled to a Franks hearing, a defendant must make a “substantial

preliminary showing” establishing: (1) that the affiant deliberately or recklessly



       3
         Although generally we review a district court’s denial of a request for an evidentiary
hearing for an abuse of discretion, we have not stated a precise standard of review for the denial
of a request for a Franks hearing. United States v. Sarras, 575 F.3d 1191, 1218 n.37 (11th Cir.
2009). We need not resolve this issue, however, because even under a more exacting de novo
standard of review, we find no error.
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included a false statement, or failed to include material information, in the warrant

affidavit; and (2) that the allegedly false statement or omission was necessary to

the finding of probable cause. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56, 98 S. Ct.

2674, 2676 (1978); United States v. Arbolaez, 450 F.3d 1283, 1293 (11th Cir.

2006). “Allegations of negligence or innocent mistake are insufficient.” Franks,

438 U.S. at 171, 98 S. Ct. at 2684. Moreover, the defendant’s attack “must be

more than conclusory” and the allegations of deliberate falsehood or reckless

disregard for the truth “must be accompanied by an offer of proof.” Id. at 171, 98

S. Ct. at 2684. “Even intentional or reckless omissions will invalidate a warrant

only if inclusion of the omitted facts would have prevented a finding of probable

cause.” United States v. Sarras, 575 F.3d 1191, 1218 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotation

marks and brackets omitted). The defendant bears the burden of showing that

probable cause would have been lacking absent those omissions. Id.

      Flowers’s motion argued that the following facts were known to police, but

were omitted from Detective Christopher Caris’s affidavit: (1) as early as January

3, 2012, investigators believed the perpetrator had dreadlocks; (2) on January 4,

2012, the day the police spoke with Glover, they had additional suspects who

resembled the robbery suspect; (3) Glover and Flowers had a prior romantic

relationship that included allegations of domestic violence; (4) there was a $25,000

reward for tips leading to the arrest of the robbery suspect; (5) video surveillance


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of the robbery showed the suspect using a long-barrel revolver, not a semi-

automatic handgun like the one Glover told investigators she saw Flowers holding;

(6) Glover had an extensive criminal history of juvenile offenses as well as food

stamp fraud committed as an adult; and (7) Glover saw Flowers with a handgun

outside her own home, not inside Flowers’s home.

      Flowers failed to make a substantial preliminary showing that Detective

Caris, the affiant, intentionally or recklessly omitted any of these facts from the

search warrant affidavit. Flowers argued only that the alleged omitted facts were

known to the police at the time the affidavit was sworn to, and that their absence

implied that their omission was either intentional or reckless. Franks requires the

defendant to offer proof that the affiant had the requisite intent. See Franks, 438

U.S. at 171, 98 S. Ct. at 2684. Flowers, however, provided no evidence that

established Detective Caris either intentionally or recklessly omitted these facts.

      Flowers argues he needed to cross-examine Detective Caris to obtain such

proof. Franks explicitly rejected this approach. Rather, “[t]o mandate an

evidentiary hearing, the challenger’s attack must be more than conclusory and

must be supported by more than a mere desire to cross-examine.” Id. at 171, 98 S.

Ct. at 2684. As examples of supporting proof, the Franks Court identified

“affidavits or sworn or otherwise reliable statements of witnesses,” apart from the

warrant affidavit. Id.; see also Arbolaez, 450 F.3d at 1294 (concluding that


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defendant did not satisfying the substantiality requirement for a Franks hearing

because he relied on hearsay statements and did not submit affidavits or other

sworn statements).

      Even assuming arguendo Flowers showed the requisite intent, he failed to

show that the omitted facts would have precluded a finding of probable cause. For

the reasons discussed below, the facts in the affidavit were sufficient to support the

district court’s probable cause determination. None of the omitted facts altered the

fact that Glover’s first-hand interactions and observations of Flowers shortly

before and shortly after the robbery-homicide indicated a likelihood that he was

involved in the crime and that evidence related to the crime could be found in his

home. The charged omissions would not have significantly undermined the

probable cause determination, and the district court did not err in concluding that,

even with these omissions, the affidavit established probable cause. Thus, Flowers

failed to make the substantial preliminary showing needed for a Franks hearing,

and the district court did not err in declining to hold such a hearing.

B.    Motion to Suppress Evidence from Flowers’s Home




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       Flowers contends that the affidavit supporting the search warrant failed to

establish probable cause because it did not contain independent corroboration of

Glover’s tip or explain her prior relationship with Flowers.4

       “Probable cause to support a search warrant exists when the totality of the

circumstances allow a conclusion that there is a fair probability of finding

contraband or evidence at a particular location.” United States v. Martinelli, 454

F.3d 1300, 1307 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks omitted). “Probable cause is a

fluid concept—turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual

contexts—not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.”

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 232, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2329 (1983). To determine

whether probable cause exists to issue a search warrant, the magistrate judge must

“make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set

forth in the affidavit . . . , including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of

persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband

or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Id. at 238, 103 S. Ct. at

2332. The “totality-of-the-circumstances analysis . . . permits a balanced

assessment of the relative weights of all the various indicia of reliability (and

unreliability) attending an informant’s tip.” Id. at 234, 103 S. Ct. at 2330. An


       4
         Because a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress is a mixed question of law and
fact, we review the legal rulings de novo and the findings of fact for clear error. United States v.
Lindsey, 482 F.3d 1285, 1290 (11th Cir. 2007).
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informant’s tip, however, does not need to be subject to independent police

corroboration in every case. United States v. Brundidge, 170 F.3d 1350, 1353

(11th Cir. 1999).

      Here, the district court did not err in determining the search warrant was

supported by probable cause. Detective Caris’s affidavit established that: (1) one

week before the robbery-homicide, Glover saw Flowers holding a handgun; (2) the

day before the robbery-homicide, Flowers asked Glover about the grocery store’s

hours and number of employees; (3) on the day of, but after, the robbery-homicide,

Glover observed Flowers wearing clothing very similar to that worn by the

robbery-homicide suspect as seen on the store’s surveillance video; (4) at that time,

Flowers told Glover that he no longer needed the information about the grocery

store because “he had already handled it,” and, when Glover asked whether he “did

that,” Flowers responded that it had not gone the way it was supposed to and that

“things went wrong”; (5) during the conversation, Flowers told Glover he was

looking at cars passing by and appeared nervous when a police car drove by; and

(6) since talking with Glover, Flowers had not left his home.

      These facts in the search warrant are sufficient to support the district court’s

determination that there was a fair probability of finding evidence in Flowers’s

home related to the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store robbery-homicide. The facts

in the search warrant were based on first-hand, detailed information provided by a


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neighbor-informant directly to law enforcement that indicated substantial ties

between Flowers and the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store robbery-homicide. See

Gates, 462 U.S. at 234, 103 S. Ct. at 2330 (“[E]ven if we entertain some doubt as

to an informant’s motives, his explicit and detailed description of the alleged

wrongdoing, along with a statement that the event was observed first-hand, entitles

his tip to greater weight than might otherwise be the case.”).

       Flowers cites United States v. Foree for the proposition that the

circumstances of that case “represent the outer limits of probable cause” and

involved more reliable information than was present in this case. See Foree, 43

F.3d 1572, 1577 n.6 (11th Cir. 1995) (stating in a footnote that “this is a close case,

demarcating the outer limits of probable cause in this context”).

       Flowers’s reliance on Foree is misplaced. In Foree, this Court concluded

only that, under the totality of the circumstances present in that case, there was a

substantial basis to support the finding of probable cause. Id. at 1576-77. As this

Court noted in Brundidge, however, “once Foree concluded that probable cause

existed on the circumstances before it, the Foree court could say nothing binding as

precedent about the ‘outer limits’ of probable cause.” Brundidge, 170 F.3d at 1353

n.2.

       C.    Motion to Suppress Flowers’s Custodial Statements




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      Flowers challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress his

post-Miranda custodial statements to law enforcement. For the first time on

appeal, Flowers argues that the interviewing officers effectively rendered his

statements involuntary by concealing the true purposes of the questioning.

Specifically, Flowers contends that the officers concealed their interest in the

handgun while questioning him about the robbery-homicide and that this deception

prevented Flowers from making a knowing waiver of his right to remain silent.

      Because Flowers did not raise before the district court the argument that his

statements to law enforcement during his interrogation were involuntary, we

review his claim only for plain error. See United States v. Young, 350 F.3d 1302,

1305 (11th Cir. 2003) (reviewing for plain error grounds to suppress evidence not

raised in the district court). Flowers has not shown error, much less plain error.

      Flowers does not dispute that he was advised of and then waived his

Miranda rights. Flowers contends only that his waiver was involuntary because

law enforcement did not disclose the full nature of their investigation. However,

the failure to inform an individual of the subject matter of the interrogation affects

“only the wisdom of a Miranda waiver, not its essentially voluntary and knowing

nature” and thus does not render the waiver constitutionally invalid. See Colorado

v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 576, 107 S. Ct. 851, 859 (1987) (“[A] valid waiver does

not require that an individual be informed of all information useful in making his


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decision or all information that might affect his decision to confess.” (internal

brackets and alterations omitted)).

D.     Rule 404(b) Evidence

       Flowers argues that the district court should have excluded evidence that

Flowers was a suspect in the Alabama Georgia Grocery Store robbery-homicide

and that during police questioning Flowers admitted he had planned to rob the

Alabama Georgia Grocery Store. Flowers contends this evidence was improperly

admitted under Federal Rules of Evidence 403 and 404(b) because its probative

value was low compared to the government’s other evidence, including DNA

evidence, and was outweighed by the undue prejudice it caused him. 5

       Under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b), extrinsic evidence of “a crime,

wrong, or other act” cannot be admitted “to prove a person’s character in order to

show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the

character.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Evidence is not considered “extrinsic,” and is

therefore not barred by Rule 404(b), if it is “necessary to complete the story of the

crime,” or is “inextricably intertwined with the evidence regarding the charged




       5
        Flowers raised his evidentiary objection in his pretrial motion in limine, but failed to
renew his objection when the evidence was presented at trial during Detective Atkinson’s
testimony. Accordingly, our review of Flowers’s Rule 403 argument is limited to plain error.
See United States v. Brown, 665 F.3d 1239, 1247 (11th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he overruling of a
motion in limine does not suffice for preservation of an objection on appeal.” (quotation marks
omitted)).
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offense.” United States v. McLean, 138 F.3d 1398, 1403 (11th Cir. 1998)

(quotation marks omitted).

      To be admissible, Rule 404(b) evidence must (1) be relevant to an issue

other than the defendant’s character, (2) be sufficiently proven to allow a jury to

find that the defendant committed the extrinsic act, and (3) possess probative value

that is not substantially outweighed by its undue prejudice under Rule 403. United

States v. Sanders, 668 F.3d 1298, 1314 (11th Cir. 2012). Rule 403 permits a court

to “exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by

a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues,

misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting

cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. In reviewing the third prong of Rule

404(b) admissibility under Rule 403, we “look at the evidence in a light most

favorable to its admission, maximizing its probative value and minimizing its

undue prejudicial impact.” United States v. Edouard, 485 F.3d 1324, 1344 n.8

(11th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted).

      The district court did not commit plain error by admitting Detective

Atkinson’s testimony that Flowers initially was a suspect in the robbery-homicide.

First, Flowers stipulated that he was initially a suspect in the robbery-homicide,

arguably inviting any Rule 403 error with respect to this evidence. See United

States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1289-90 (11th Cir. 2003) (concluding that by


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stipulating to the admission of hearsay statements, the defendant invited any error

that resulted from their admission). Given Flowers’s stipulation, it is hard to see

how he was prejudiced, much less unduly prejudiced, by this portion of Detective

Atkinson’s testimony. Second, as the district court concluded, the fact that

Flowers was initially a suspect in the robbery-homicide was not “extrinsic”

evidence prohibited by Rule 404(b) because it was inextricably intertwined with

the facts of the firearm-possession case and was needed to explain basic facts, such

as why the police searched Flowers’s home and interviewed him. See McLean,

138 F.3d at 1403.

      With respect to Flowers’s admission to Detective Atkinson that he had

planned to rob the grocery store, even if we assume Flowers satisfied the first two

requirements of the plain error test, Flowers has not shown that any error affected

his substantial rights. See United States v. Turner, 474 F.3d 1265, 1276-80 (11th

Cir. 2007) (explaining that under the third prong of the plain error test the

defendant must show that but for the evidentiary error the outcome of trial would

have been different). As Flowers concedes, the government’s case against him

was very strong, consisting of: (1) DNA evidence linking Flowers to the firearm

found in a bedroom of his home; (2) testimony establishing that the bedroom in

which the firearm was found was his; (3) numerous un-objected-to custodial

statements that indicated he had possessed a gun; and (4) Flowers’s stipulation that


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he was a felon and had not had his rights restored. This evidence, independent of

the challenged evidence of his plan to rob the grocery store, amply supported the

jury’s verdict.

E.    Sixth Amendment Sentencing Claim

      Flowers argues that the sentencing court’s finding of his predicate ACCA

convictions violated the Sixth Amendment because it raised his mandatory

minimum sentence to fifteen years. Flowers contends that the Supreme Court’s

decision in Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013), may

require reversal of his sentence.

      In Alleyne, the Supreme Court overruled its prior precedent in Harris v.

United States, 536 U.S. 545, 122 S. Ct. 2406 (2002). Harris had held that

“brandishing” a firearm for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii)—which

triggered an increased mandatory minimum sentence—was a sentencing factor,

rather than an element of the crime, which a judge could find at sentencing without

violating the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights. Harris, 536 U.S. at 556, 568,

112 S. Ct. at 2414, 2420. In Alleyne, the Supreme Court concluded that “Harris

drew a distinction between facts that increase the statutory maximum and facts that

increase only the mandatory minimum,” but “this distinction is inconsistent with

our decision in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 446, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L.

Ed.2d 435 (2000), and with the original meaning of the Sixth Amendment.”


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Alleyne, 570 U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 2155. Thus, the Supreme Court in Alleyne

held that any fact that increases a defendant’s mandatory minimum sentence is an

element of the crime that must be found by a jury. See id. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at

2155.

        Flowers’s reliance on Alleyne is unavailing. Alleyne did not address prior-

conviction sentencing enhancements. Instead, Alleyne merely extended the

rationale of Apprendi, which itself noted that the Sixth Amendment did not require

“the fact of a prior conviction” to be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a

reasonable doubt. See Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S. Ct. at 2362-63 (“Other

than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime

beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved

beyond a reasonable doubt.” (emphasis added)); see also Almendarez-Torrez v.

United States, 523 U.S. 224, 247, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 1233 (1998) (holding that, for

sentencing enhancement purposes, a defendant’s prior conviction need not be

alleged in the indictment or submitted to the jury and proved beyond a reasonable

doubt). In fact, the Alleyne Court explicitly stated that it was not revisiting “the

narrow exception to this general rule for the fact of a prior conviction.” Alleyne,

570 U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 2160 n.1. Flowers has not shown that his ACCA-

enhanced fifteen-year mandatory minimum violated his Sixth Amendment rights.

        AFFIRMED.


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