 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

REPRESENTACIONES Y
DISTRIBUCIONES EVYA, S.A. DE C.V.,            No. 66812-9-1 consolidated
a Mexican Corporation; and                    with No. 66813-7-1
INSTALACIONES ELETROMECANAIS,
CIVILES Y ELETROMECANAIS, SA. DE              DIVISION ONE
C.V., a Mexican Corporation,
                                              UNPUBLISHED OPINION
           Respondents/Cross-Appellants,


                                                                           r-3        en o

                                                                           to
GLOBAL EXPLORER, LLC, a
Washington LLC; GLOBAL
                                                                                       -r\   "•"•
ENTERPRISES, LLC, a Washington LLC                                           I
                                                                            XT
MARITIME MANAGEMENT SERVICES,                                                          cm n't;—•
                                                                             7?™
INC., a Washington Corporation,                                                        'X, y>""

                                                                             \£2
                                                                                 **


           Appellants/Cross-Respondents,                                     en
                                                                                 sr


TREVOR and JANE DOE STABBERT,
and the marital community composed
thereof; JUAQUIN PERRUSQUIA, a
citizen of Mexico,

                     Defendants,

FRANK AND JANE DOE STEUART,
and the marital community composed            FILED: March 4, 2013
thereof,

                   Cross-Respondents.


       Grosse, J. — Where a trial court has evaluated the evidence in a bench

trial, review of that decision is limited to determining whether substantial

evidence supports the trial court's findings of fact and whether those findings

support the court's conclusions of law. Here, substantial evidence supported the
trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law that Global breached the
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/2

contract when it withdrew its ship resulting in damages and loss of profits for

Representaciones y Distribuciones Evya, SA. de C.V. (EVYA).

      Both Maritime Management Services, Inc. (MMS) and Global are liable for

the proven damages incurred as a result of their conversion of EVYAs

equipment that remained on board when the ship withdrew without off-loading

that equipment. Additionally, we find no merit to EVYAs cross appeal.

      The trial court is affirmed.

                                     FACTS

      The facts are well known to the parties and we will not restate them here

except as is necessary to the decision. In 2005, EVYA formed a joint venture

with Instalaciones Electromecanais, Civiles y Electromecanais, SA. de C.V.

(IECESA) to bid on a contract for Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX).          PEMEX
awarded the 24 million dollar contract to perform the inspection, maintenance,

and repair services on oil platforms and pipelines to EVYA. To accomplish this
task, EVYA needed a ship from which it could launch divers to perform these

contractual duties. Global Explorer, LLC, through its agents, Trevor and Richard

Stabbert, marketed its ship as one that met the specifications designed in the

PEMEX contract.       Global Explorer, LLC is a cancelled company, whose

successor in interest is Global Enterprises, LLC.       Sole manager of both

companies is Frank Steuart and the sole owner of both companies is Steuart
Investment Company (Global). Global retained MMS to manage the ship. The
ship's captain and crew were employees of MMS. EVYA chartered the ship from
Global Explorer, LLC on October 6, 2005 for $26,500.00 per day for a fixed-term,
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/3

410-day charter that spanned the period from October 14, 2005 to November 18,

2006.

        On May 13, 2006, the captain ceased all diving operations.   On May 16,

2006, EVYA's monthly payment for Invoice 161 became due. On May 30, Global

terminated the charter. A few days later, the ship off-loaded EVYA's personnel,

but not EVYA's equipment, at the Mexican port of Dos Bocas.

        As a result of losing the ship, EVYA was unable to complete the contract

with PEMEX and was subject to a performance bond penalty. EVYA expended

monies to litigate and negotiate with PEMEX to avoid paying the penalty.

Additionally, some of the equipment that remained on the ship had been rented

by EVYA and was subject to extensive late fees.

        EVYA sued Global for breach of contract and lost profits. EVYA also sued

MMS and Global for conversion of its equipment. In a bench trial, the court found

Global breached the contract and was liable for the lost profits and the money

EVYA expended on attorney fees to prevent PEMEX from exercising the

performance bond. Additionally, the trial court awarded damages against both

Global and MMS for conversion. Global and MMS appeal. EVYA cross appeals,

contending the trial court failed to include certain damages and erred in not

awarding it punitive damages.

        We review a bench trial where the trial court has evaluated the evidence

to determine whether substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings of

fact and whether those findings support the court's conclusions of law.1
Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of

1 Standing Rock Homeowners Ass'n v. Misich, 106 Wn. App. 231, 242-43, 23
P.3d 520 (2001).
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/4

its truth.2   Evidence may be substantial even if there are other reasonable

interpretations of the evidence.3     Appellate courts defer to the trial court's
determinations on the persuasiveness of the evidence, witness credibility, and

conflicting testimony.4 We will not disturb a trial court's ruling if substantial,

though conflicting, evidence supports its findings of facts.5
Breach of Contract

          Global argues that EVYA repudiated the contract when it conducted

unsafe diving operations, failed to obtain the necessary insurance, and failed to

make an installment payment after Global had shut down diving operations.

Global's claims are without merit. After a five week trial, the trial court issued 26

pages of findings of fact and conclusion of law, setting forth the evidence relied
on in reaching its decision that Global breached the contract.            The record

demonstrates that it was Global not EVYA who committed the breach. Global

removed the vessel because it desired to obtain more money for its rental. None

of Global's assertions against EVYA have any merit.             We have reviewed the

record and find that substantial evidence supports each of the trial court's

findings of fact and conclusions of law.

Post-Judgment Interest Rate

        The trial court awarded Washington's 12 percent post-judgment interest

rate. Global argues that the court should have applied the lower interest rate



2 Hegwine v. Lonoview Fibre Co.. Inc., 132 Wn. App. 546, 555-56, 132 P.3d 789
(2006).
3 Sherrell v. Selfors, 73 Wn. App. 596, 600-01, 871 P.2d 168(1994).
4 Snvder v. Havnes, 152 Wn. App. 774, 779, 217 P.3d 787 (2009).
5 Merriman v. Cokelev. 168 Wn.2d 627, 631, 230 P.3d 162 (2010).
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/5


applicable in maritime cases as set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1961.6 This argument
has no merit. 28 U.S.C. § 1961 applies to federal district courts.

Conversion


      The trial court found both Global and MMS liable for converting EVYA's

equipment when the ship left the Mexican port. The law of conversion is the

same for Washington and maritime law.             "'Conversion' is the 'act of willfully

interfering with any chattel, without lawful justification, whereby any person

entitled thereto is deprived of the possession of it.'"7 Conversion has its roots in
the common law action of trover.8 Trover "'redressed an interference with one's

interest in a chattel that was substantial enough to justify compelling the

wrongdoer to pay for it as in a forced sale.'"9
       Global and MMS argue that there was no conversion because EVYA

refused to off-load its own equipment, various port preconditions to off-loading

the equipment prevented them from doing so, and that their intent to off-load the
equipment at the Port of Veracruz was foiled because engine problems caused
them to divert the ship to Texas for emergency repairs.

       Steuart ordered the ship to head to Dos Bocas. The ship arrived on June

2, and docked on June 3, 2006. MMS refused to off-load the ship because they


6 28 U.S.C. § 1961 applies to admiralty and maritime cases. Post-judgment
interest is computed at "a rate equal to the weekly average 1-year constant
maturity Treasury yield, as published by the Board of Governors of the Federal
Reserve System, for the calendar week preceding" the date ofjudgment.
7 Brown ex rel. Richards v. Brown, 157 Wn. App. 803, 239 P.3d 602 (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting Consulting Overseas Mgmt. Ltd. v. Shtikel,
105 Wn. App. 80, 83, 18P.3d 1144(2001)).
8 Alhadeff v. Meridian on Bainbridoe Island, LLC, 167 Wn.2d 601, 619, 220 P.3d
1214(2009).
9 Potter v. Washington State Patrol, 165 Wn.2d 67, 78, 196 P.3d 691 (2008)
(quoting lolesias v. United States, 848 F.2d 362, 364 (2d Cir. 1988)).
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-I / 6


would need to use welding equipment that required a special permit, called a "hot

permit." However, Manuel Reyes Galindo, the agent hired by Global to arrange a

crew to off-load the equipment and coordinate with the port, testified otherwise.

Galindo testified that he had hired a crew, but the crew was not used and further

that there was no impediment to the ship unloading the cargo. Additionally, on

June 6, Richard Stabbert sent an e-mail to his stepson, Trevor Stabbert, that he

was notified that the port and customs did not refuse to off-load and did not deny

the hot permit.

       Also on June 6, 2006, MMS informed Steuart/Global that they needed to

devise another plan because their agent informed them that a hot permit was not

needed and MMS did not need permission to off-load the equipment. MMS and

Global knew that EVYA was seeking court action and e-mails between the ship

and Steuart indicated the desire to leave before being prevented from doing so.

MMS suggested the plan to designate Veracruz as the next port and then divert

the ship to Texas.

       When the ship departed from Dos Bocas, the captain had no intention of

returning to Mexican waters and planned to divert as soon as possible to Texas,

where it made repairs and rented the ship out for over $40,000.00 a day

commencing on July 1. Two hours after the ship left port with the Veracruz

destination, the captain changed the destination to the ECO-1 platform. A supply

boat from PEMEX arrived and material belonging to EVYA was mistakenly

unloaded. The ship's next off-loading of equipment occurred in Texas.

       The trial court correctly found that EVYA was not in breach of the contract

and therefore had no obligation to off-load their equipment from the ship and
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1/7

even if such an obligation existed, the circumstances created by MMS and

Global made it impossible for them to do so.

      In August 2006, Global arranged for the return of some of the equipment

to EVYA, IECESA, and some of the vendors.

      MMS argues that even if the equipment is found to have been converted,

it is not responsible for the conversion because it was acting under orders from

Global. One who joins in and knowingly assists in the conversion of property is

liable for the tort, even though he receives no direct benefit therefrom and even

though he acted as an agent for another.10 There was substantial evidence to
indicate that MMS and its agents took part in the deception of EVYA. The string

of e-mails between the Stabberts and Steuart clearly indicated that MMS could

have off-loaded the equipment.      Those e-mails show that MMS in effect

conspired with Steuart to get the ship out of port before the Mexican authorities

could stop it. MMS and its own agents on the scene knew that the equipment

was capable of being off-loaded and that there was no hot permit or other

obstruction preventing them from off-loading the equipment.

      Substantial evidence supports the trial court's finding that both MMS and

Global were liable for the conversion of the equipment and the damages

sustained because of such conversion.

Cross Appeal

      EVYA cross appeals claiming that the trial court erred in failing to award

punitive damages and in not including damages for sums it had expended in

paying Invoice 161 and monies used to settle commercial claims.


10 Dodson v. Economy Eguip. Co., 188 Wash. 340, 343, 62 P.2d 708 (1936).

                                        7
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1 / 8


      Punitive Damages

      EVYA contends the trial court erred in not awarding it punitive damages

when the trial court opined that the "deliberate and planned conduct to terminate

the contract in order to obtain a higher charter rate and to leave the area where

plaintiffs could have recovered their property . . . warranted] an award of punitive

damages." In any event, the court noted that EVYA did not argue an award of

punitive damages at trial. Further, maritime law embraces the general rule of

contract law that punitive damages are not available for breach of contract except

"where the defendant's actions constitute an independent tort in addition to being

a breach of contract."11    And as the second circuit noted, although "punitive

damages may be awarded under general maritime law," in the maritime context

"'[pjunitive damages are not recoverable for a breach of contract unless the

conduct constituting the breach is also a tort for which punitive damages are

recoverable.'" "This rule applies although the breach is intentional or even when

it has been effected with malicious intent."12

       Damages

       EVYA next claims that the trial court erred in failing to include a

$371,000.00 payment that it made on Invoice 161 and the $292,638.00 in
commercial claims against IECESA, its subcontractor. The trial court was correct

in not including these amounts in damages. Had the contract been completed,
the $371,000.00 would have been paid as part of the charter and EVYA's profit
line would be the same.        Likewise the trial court's decision to not include

11 Gamma-10 Plastics. Inc. v. American President Lines. Ltd., 32 F.3d 1244,
1257 (8th Cir. 1994).
12 Thvssen. Inc. v. S.S. Fortune Star, 777 F.2d 57, 62-63 (2nd Cir. 1985) (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 355 (1979)).

                                          8
No. 66812-9-1 consolidated w/No. 66813-7-1 / 9

lECESA's commercial claims for $292,638.00 was correct because those claims

would have been costs incurred had the contract been honored. EVYA does not

cite to any part of the record which would contradict this finding. A review of the

record reveals that the claims made against IECESA were for labor, equipment,

and other work related claims that would have been performed had the contract

been completed. The trial court's findings and conclusions are supported by the

record.

          In conclusion, substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings of

fact which in turn support its conclusions of law. Accordingly, we affirm the trial

court in all respects.




                                                    syWu. ^
WE CONCUR:




                                                                        a/
