                              NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    MAY 20 2016
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


 BECKY McVAY,                                      No. 14-15975

               Plaintiff - Appellant,              D.C. No. 3:13-cv-00359-HDM-
                                                   WGC
    v.

 ALLIED WORLD ASSURANCE                            MEMORANDUM*
 COMPANY, INC., et al.,

               Defendants - Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Nevada
                Howard D. McKibben, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                                Submitted May 11, 2016**
                                San Francisco, California

Before: McKEOWN and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges and LEFKOW,*** Senior
District Judge.

         Becky McVay appeals from the district court’s judgment dismissing with


         *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
         **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
         ***
             The Honorable Joan H. Lefkow, Senior District Judge for the U.S.
District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
prejudice, for failure to state a claim, her diversity action alleging claims under

Nevada law for breach of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair

dealing. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

      McVay’s action arises from a slip and fall in a gas station convenience store

owned and operated by the Fallon Tribal Development Corporation, which is

owned by the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe (collectively, “the Tribe”). McVay

sued the Tribe in an action that proceeded in tribal court until the claims against the

Tribe were dismissed on the basis of tribal sovereign immunity.1 In the present

separate lawsuit filed in federal court, McVay asserts claims against the Tribe’s

insurer, Allied World Assurance Company (U.S.), Inc., and the company that

administered the insurance policy, York Risk Services Group, Inc. (collectively,

“Defendants”).

      Under Nevada law, an individual who has no contractual relationship with

an insurance company lacks standing to sue the insurance company for breach of


1
  McVay’s requests, set forth in her opening brief, that the court take judicial
notice of the Tribal Court’s order dismissing her case against the Tribe and the
Fallon Tribal Development Corporation’s corporate charter are granted. We deny
the request for judicial notice of “the FTCA’s denial of her claim” because it is not
clear what McVay wants the court to take judicial notice of or whether it would be
appropriate to do so.

                                           2
contract or breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, at least absent

evidence that the individual “substantially relied on the insurance company’s

representations or . . . was a specific intended beneficiary of the insurance policy.”

Gunny v. Allstate Ins., 830 P.2d 1335, 1335-36 (Nev. 1992) (per curiam).

      McVay does not allege that she has a contractual relationship with

Defendants or that she relied on any representations made by Defendants. She

does argue, however, that she has standing to sue Defendants as an intended

beneficiary of the Tribe’s insurance policy with Defendants. This argument seems

to be based on the language of the Tribe’s policy, defining “insured” as “any

person . . . to whom the Named Insured is obligated by virtue of a written contract

or oral agreement to provide insurance such as is afforded by this policy.” McVay

argues that there are two documents that reflect the Tribe’s agreement to provide

coverage to her: (1) the Indian Self-Determination and Education Act, 25 U.S.C.

§ 450f(c) (“ISDEA”) and (2) the Tribe’s Corporate Charter.

      Even if it is assumed that the ISDEA requires the Tribe to have insurance for

the convenience store where McVay fell, this argument fails because there is

nothing in the Act that makes McVay an intended beneficiary of the policy. The

same is true of the Tribe’s Corporate Charter, as the cited portion does not suggest

                                           3
anything other than that the Tribe intended to purchase insurance to protect itself

from risk.2

      Further, to the extent McVay’s theory is that the ISDEA should prevent the

Tribe from asserting a sovereign immunity defense against her tort claim, that

argument would have had to have been made in the proceeding in which the Tribe

actually asserted sovereign immunity. Similarly, the existence of sovereign

immunity does not transform the general rule that an insured person may not sue

an insurer for a declaration of coverage until succeeding in litigation against the

insured person. See Knittle v. Progressive Cas. Ins., 908 P.2d 724, 726 (Nev.

1996) (per curiam) (holding that a claim for declaratory relief against the insurer of

a party alleged to have caused injury to the plaintiff is contingent on the plaintiff’s


2
  To the extent that McVay contends that discovery might reveal her to be an
intended beneficiary of the insurance contract, her argument fails because she has
not identified any provision in the insurance contract for which the court would
need to consider the parties’ intent in order to determine whether the provision
made her an intended third-party beneficiary. See Canfora v. Coast Hotels &
Casinos, Inc., 121 P.3d 599, 603-05 (Nev. 2005) (per curiam) (“Generally, when a
contract is clear on its face, it ‘will be construed from the written language and
enforced as written.’” (quoting Ellison v. Cal. State Auto. Ass’n, 797 P.2d 975, 977
(Nev. 1990) (per curiam))); Kaldi v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 21 P.3d 16, 20 (Nev.
2001) (per curiam) (“[A]bsent some countervailing reason, contracts will be
construed from the written language and enforced as written.” (quoting Ellison,
797 P.2d at 977)).

                                           4
first obtaining a judgment against the insured party).

      Because McVay is neither a party to nor a third-party beneficiary of the

insurance contract between the Tribe and Allied, the district court was correct to

hold that she may not proceed directly against Defendants for breach of contract or

breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. See Gunny, 830 P.2d at 1335-

36; United Fire Ins. v. McClelland, 780 P.2d 193, 197-98 (Nev. 1989) (per curiam)

(“Liability for bad faith is strictly tied to the implied-in-law covenant of good faith

and fair dealing arising out of an underlying contractual relationship. When no

contractual relationship exists, no recovery for bad faith is allowed.” (citation

omitted)). The district court was also correct to deny leave to amend, because it is

clear that McVay cannot cure the defects in her complaint. See Eminence Capital,

LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (per curiam).

      AFFIRMED.




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