[Cite as Huston v. Brookpark Skateland Social Club, Inc., 2020-Ohio-488.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

MARGARET A. HUSTON,                                   :

                Plaintiff-Appellant,                  :
                                                                            No. 108222
                v.                                    :

BROOKPARK SKATELAND SOCIAL
CLUB, INC.,                                           :

                Defendant-Appellee.                   :


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: February 13, 2020


            Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                Case No. CV-18-892426


                                            Appearances:

                McCarthy, Lebit, Crystal and Liffman Co., L.P.A.,
                Christian R. Patno, and Colin R. Ray, for appellant.

                Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P., and Clark D. Rice, for appellee.


LARRY A. JONES, SR., J.:

                  Plaintiff-appellant Margaret Huston (“Huston”) appeals from the

trial court’s February 8, 2019 decision granting summary judgment in favor of

defendant-appellee Brookpark Skateland Social Club, Inc. (“Skateland”). For the

reasons that follow, we reverse and remand.
Procedural History

              In April 2017, Huston was injured while she was roller skating at

Skateland. In February 2018, she filed a complaint against Skateland, alleging that

it was careless, negligent, willful, and wanton and breached its duties under Ohio

common law and R.C. 4171.06 and 4171.07, et seq. Specifically, it was Huston’s

contention that Skateland encouraged and failed to stop skaters who were skating

at dangerous speeds, posing risk to the other skaters. Skateland filed an answer

generally denying Huston’s allegations and asserting affirmative defenses, including

assumption of the risk.

              After discovery was completed, Skateland filed a motion for summary

judgment, which Huston opposed. In a February 8, 2019 decision, the trial court

granted Skateland’s motion.      Huston now appeals, contending in her sole

assignment of error that the trial court erred by granting Skateland’s summary

judgment motion. The facts will be discussed in more detail below.

Law and Analysis

Depositions and Affidavits

              Several people were deposed, or averred in affidavits, about facts

relevant to this case. The following is a summation of their testimony or averments.

              At the time of the incident, Huston was in her early to mid-50s. She

grew up roller skating recreationally, and in her mid-20s she worked at Skateland

in the coatroom and snack bar.
               Huston had not been skating for an approximate ten-year period

prior to the incident. She testified that she had stopped skating because of injuries

she had sustained when she fell at a private skating party at Skateland. The

circumstance surrounding that injury involved Huston holding the hand of a young

child she was skating with and attempting to prevent the child from falling, which

caused Huston to fall. Huston did not file any claim or complaint against Skateland

regarding that incident.

               The incident relative to this case occurred on a Thursday evening,

which was generally a night for social recreational skaters at Skateland. On that

night, Huston saw one skate guard on duty, skating around. She was skating with

an old acquaintance, Patrick Perotti (“Perotti”), when she got “knocked, slammed

into” from behind, and “went up in the air before coming down.” According to

Huston, she did not see any skaters skating in violation of the rules prior to being

hit. She testified that she was skating carefully, especially because she had not been

skating for a ten-year period prior to the incident.

               Huston was removed from the skating rink floor by emergency

medical personnel and transported to the hospital. As a result of the fall, Huston

sustained a broken shoulder, broken hip, had two surgeries and anticipated a third

one, was wheelchair and nursing home bound for a period, and required extensive

physical therapy.

               Huston’s old acquaintance, Perotti, had been a regular skater at

Skateland since the late 1960s. He and Huston were not close; rather, they just
generally knew each other from skating at Skateland. Perotti testified that in the few

years leading up to the incident, he observed “in-line speedskaters” skating at the

Thursday evening sessions. According to Perotti, the in-line skates are designed to

make the skater skate faster than the “normal quad” skates that he, Huston, and

most of the other skaters wore.

               Perotti testified that the in-line skaters at Skateland skated at

excessive and dangerous rates of speed, and dangerously weaved in and out of other

skaters. According to Perotti, there were in-line skaters who were skating in such a

manner at the time Huston was hit. Perotti saw three in-line skaters skating

dangerously fast that evening, including the in-line skater who hit Huston.

                According to Perotti, the unsafe skaters would violate the rules “in

front of the floor supervisors.” Perotti testified that, on the night of the incident, the

behavior of the skater who hit Huston was “observable by the floor supervisor as

[the skater] passed him multiple times * * *.” Thus, it was Perotti’s opinion that the

supervisor had “ample opportunity to stop and correct this behavior * * * prior to

[Huston] being struck by this reckless individual.”

               Perotti described the incident with the skater and Huston as follows:

he saw Huston “suddenly go up in the air” after the in-line skater “plowed into her

and mowed her down from behind.” Perotti described the in-line skater as skating

a lot faster than the “regular” skaters ─ as he described, skating like an adult hockey

player.
               The floor rink guard on duty the evening of the incident was Dennis

Schreiber (“Schreiber”). He testified that it was his responsibility to make sure the

skaters were not skating recklessly. Thus, he would constantly scan the rink to make

sure the patrons were skating in accordance with Skateland’s rules and regulations.

               Schreiber testified that in-line skaters generally skated at Skateland,

particularly on Thursdays, and that some were there on the evening Huston was

injured. Schreiber described that the in-line skaters often would get together in a

line one behind the other and skate around the rink like one would see speed skaters

skate in the Olympics. He admitted that the in-line skaters skated faster than the

“regular” skaters, and that he has previously had to blow his whistle, and tell them

to slow down and separate because they were skating too fast. Schreiber testified

that he was familiar with the in-line skater who hit Huston, but maintained that he

had never had a problem with that skater in the past. On the evening of the incident,

Schreiber did not observe the in-line skater skating at an excessive speed.

               The owner of Skateland, Trent Bradman (“Bradman”), was also

deposed. Bradman testified that it was the skate guards’ duty to monitor the speed

of the skaters, to make sure that they were skating at a safe speed so that the rink is

safe for all skaters, which includes child skaters, elderly skaters, and skaters of

varying skill abilities. Racing on the rink is a rule violation, and the skate guards are

supposed to stop it if they observe it.

               Bradman testified that in-line skaters are permitted at Skateland. He

gives the guards at Skateland the rules of the Roller Skating Association of America
(“RSA”) and expects them to follow them. Bradman testified that according to the

RSA rules, when a skater is consistently passing a majority of the other skaters, he

or she is skating too fast, and the guard should blow his or her whistle, approach the

skater, and tell him or her to stop skating in such a manner. Bradman admitted that

if Huston was struck by a skater who was consistently passing the majority of the

skaters on the floor, and the skate guard on duty had the opportunity to see this, but

did not interject, the skate guard would have breached his or her duties. Bradman

also admitted that Huston herself did not do anything to cause her injury on the date

of the incident.

               The other witnesses who were working at the time of the incident ─

the disc jockey, rink manager, and snack bar attendant ─ did not see Huston get

struck or the alleged speeding in-line skater who struck Huston. But the rink

manager corroborated that in-line skaters frequent Skateland and skate around the

rink in close proximity to each other like ice speedskaters. She testified that the

skate guards are supposed to constantly scan the rink and position themselves on

the floor so that they can see the entire floor. According to the manager, the snack

bar attendant and the disc jockey are supposed to be looking as well and call

dangerous skaters to the attention of the skate guard.

Summary Judgment Standard

               Summary judgment shall not be rendered unless the moving party

demonstrates that (1) no genuine issue of material fact exists, (2) the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds can come to but
one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion

for summary judgment is made, with the nonmoving party being entitled to have the

evidence construed most strongly in its favor. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Grady v.

State Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183, 677 N.E.2d 343 (1997). Appellate

review of summary judgment motions is de novo. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Natl.

Dairy Herd Improvement Assn., Inc., 141 Ohio App.3d 269, 275, 750 N.E.2d 1169

(10th Dist.2001). Accordingly, we stand in the shoes of the trial court and conduct

an independent review of the record.

R.C. Chapter 4171

               R.C. Chapter 4171 contains a comprehensive set of rules governing the

operation of roller skating facilities in Ohio. R.C. 4171.05, entitled “Encouragement

of roller skating; need for minimum safety standards,” provides as follows:

      The general assembly acknowledges that the recreational sport of
      roller skating is practiced by a large number of citizens of Ohio,
      provides a wholesome and healthy family activity which should be
      encouraged, and significantly contributes to the economy of this state.
      The general assembly further acknowledges that roller skating as a
      recreational sport can be hazardous to roller skaters and that minimal
      safety standards for, and duties and responsibilities of, operators and
      roller skaters are in the public interest.

               R.C. 4171.07 governs floor supervisors or skate guards, and reads in

relevant part as follows:

      Each operator shall maintain at least one floor supervisor on duty for
      every one hundred seventy-five roller skaters when the roller skating
      rink is open for sessions. The floor supervisor shall be in a position to
      observe the skate floor and shall monitor activity on the skate floor
      and be available to assist skaters in understanding and adhering to the
      responsibilities of roller skaters set forth in section 4171.08 of the
      Revised Code. The floor supervisor shall comply with the duties of a
      floor supervisor as defined by the roller skating rink operators of
      America or its successor organization, including directing traffic and
      assisting roller skaters who may fall or sustain injuries. The floor
      supervisor also shall issue warnings, reprimands, or penalties to roller
      skaters upon their violation of the responsibilities set forth in section
      4171.08 of the Revised Code.

              R.C. 4171.08 governs the duties of the roller skaters, and provides:

      Each roller skater shall:

      (A) Maintain reasonable control of his [or her] speed and course at all
      times;

      (B) Heed all posted signs and warnings;

      (C) Maintain a proper outlook to avoid other roller skaters and
      objects;

      (D) Accept the responsibility for knowing the range of his [or her] own
      ability to negotiate the intended direction of travel while on roller
      skates and to skate within the limits of that ability;

      (E) Refrain from acting in a manner that may cause or contribute to
      the injury of himself [or herself] or any other person.

              Recognizing that roller skating can be an inherently dangerous

activity, R.C. 4171.09 sets forth the risk that a skater is assumed to have taken as

follows:

      The general assembly recognizes that roller skating as a recreational
      sport can be hazardous to roller skaters regardless of all feasible safety
      measures that can be taken. Therefore, roller skaters are deemed to
      have knowledge of and to expressly assume the risks of and legal
      responsibility for any losses, damages, or injuries that result from
      contact with other roller skaters or spectators, injuries that result
      from falls caused by loss of balance, and injuries that involve objects
      or artificial structures properly within the intended path of travel of
      the roller skater, which are not otherwise attributable to an operator’s
      breach of his [or her] duties pursuant to sections 4171.06 and 4171.07
      of the Revised Code.
               Thus, assumption of the risk is a “complete defense in a tort or other

civil action against an operator by a roller skater for injuries resulting from the

assumed risks of roller skating * * * unless the operator has breached the operator’s

duties pursuant to sections 4171.06 and 4171.07 of the Revised Code.” R.C. 4171.10.

               The Ohio Supreme Court has held that when “individuals engage in

recreational or sport activities, they assume the ordinary risks of the activity and

cannot recover for any injury unless it can be shown that the other participant’s

actions were either ‘reckless’ or ‘intentional’ as defined in Sections 550 and 8A of the

Restatement of Torts 2d.” Marchetti v. Kalish, 53 Ohio St.3d 95, 559 N.E.2d 699

(1990), paragraph one of the syllabus. “In other words, between participants in a

sporting activity, there is no liability for injuries caused by negligent conduct.”

Deger v. Super Skate, 2d Dist. Greene No. 92-CA-70, 1994 Ohio App. LEXIS 2248,

3 (May 27, 1994), citing Thompson v. McNeill, 53 Ohio St.3d 102, 559 N.E.2d 705

(1990).   However, willful or wanton conduct in reckless disregard of a plaintiff’s

safety is not protected by the primary assumption of risk rule. See Thompson at 104

(“While we believe there can be no actionable negligence between participants in a

sport, we do not embrace the notion that a playing field is a freefire zone.”). The

Second Appellate District delineated the difference between negligence and

recklessness as follows:

      Negligence consists of “mere inadvertence, incompetence,
      unskillfulness, or a failure to take precautions to enable the actor
      adequately to cope with a possible or probable future emergency.”
      Marchetti, supra, at 100 n.3, citing Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts
      (1965), at 590, Section 500 comment g. On the other hand, conduct is
      in reckless disregard of the safety of another if the actor “does an act or
      intentionally fails to do an act which it is his duty to the other to do,
      knowing or having reason to know of facts which would lead a
      reasonable man to realize, not only that his conduct creates an
      unreasonable risk of physical harm to another, but also that such risk
      is substantially greater than that which is necessary to make his
      conduct negligent.” Id. citing Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, supra,
      at 588, Section 500. The risk of harm the actor creates “must itself be
      an unreasonable one under the circumstances.” Restatement of the
      Law 2d, Torts, supra, at 588, Section 500 comment a.

Deger at 3-4.

                Skateland contended in its motion for summary judgment that

Huston assumed the risk of roller skating and it was, therefore, not liable for her

injuries; the trial court agreed.

                Although contact with other skaters is an inherent risk of roller

skating as set forth under R.C. 4171.09, and skaters assume the risk of contact, as

mentioned, willful, or wanton conduct in reckless disregard of a skater’s safety is not

protected by assumption of the risk.

                After review of this record, we find that a genuine issue of fact exists

regarding whether Skateland’s conduct was willful or wanton in reckless disregard

of Huston’s safety. Specifically, Perotti, a witness to the incident, testified that he

saw the in-line skater who hit Huston skating at a dangerous and excessive speed

prior to hitting her. Perotti further testified that the in-line skater’s behavior was

observable multiple times by the floor supervisor, and that the floor supervisor had

the opportunity to stop and correct the in-line skater. We therefore find that a

genuine issue of material fact exits regarding whether Skateland’s conduct was
willful or wanton in reckless disregard for Huston’s safety, and the trial court erred

in granting summary judgment in Skateland’s favor.

              Reversed and remanded.

      It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



LARRY A. JONES, SR., JUDGE

ANITA LASTER MAYS, P.J., and
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCUR
