                                     2018 IL App (1st) 161009
                                                                             FIRST DIVISION
                                                                               March 19, 2018
                                          No. 1-16-1009
_____________________________________________________________________________

                                             IN THE
                                 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                        FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________


THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                        )   Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                            )   of Cook County.

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                              )
                                                            )   No. 13 CR 16403
     v.
                                                            )
DONZELL EPHRAIM,                                            )   Honorable
                                                            )   Thomas J. Byrne,
          Defendant-Appellant.                              )   Judge, presiding.



          PRESIDING JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Justices Harris and Simon concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1        Following a bench trial, defendant Donzell Ephraim was found guilty of armed habitual

criminal (AHC) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2012)), aggravated fleeing or attempting to elude a

peace officer (625 ILCS 5/11-204.1(a)(4) (West 2012)), and three counts of aggravated unlawful

use of a weapon (AUUW) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C); (a)(2), (a)(3)(C) (West 2012)).

The court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms of 12 years for AHC, 6 years for the

AUUW convictions, and 3 years for aggravated fleeing or attempting to elude a peace officer.

On appeal, defendant contends that the State failed to prove him guilty of AHC because his
conviction was predicated on his prior conviction for aggravated battery to a peace officer, which

is not a qualifying offense for AHC. He therefore requests we reverse his AHC conviction. We

reverse defendant’s conviction for AHC.

¶2     At trial, Chicago police officer Matthew Mellett testified that, on August 16, 2013, at

about 10:22 p.m., when he was on patrol in his squad car, he heard gunshots in the area of “5741

South Laflin.” At that location, people told Mellett, “they were shooting,” pointing to a “green

Buick Le Sabre.” Mellett turned on his lights and sirens and pursued the vehicle, which went

through two red lights and did not stop. The vehicle eventually stopped because it “spun out”

after it tried to turn. Mellett went to the vehicle and observed defendant in the driver’s seat.

¶3     Chicago police officer Steven Hefel testified that, at about 10:22 p.m., on August 16,

2013, he and his partner were alerted to a “police pursuit,” so they went to a location where they

could observe it. At Hefel’s parked location, he saw a police car following a “green Buick La

Sabre [sic]” and, as the vehicle approached Hefel’s car, the driver, identified as defendant,

stretched his arm outside the driver’s side window and “released” a “blue steal [sic] handgun.”

¶4     After the police cars passed him, Hefel went to the location where he saw the gun drop

and identified it as “blue steel 357 revolver.” He stayed with the gun until the evidence

technician arrived at the scene to recover it. Hefel then went to the location where the car chase

ended and identified the Buick LeSabre as the vehicle he saw drive by him. Later, he went to the

police station and identified defendant as the person he saw drop the gun.

¶5     The State presented a stipulation that Chicago police officer Philip Ryder, the evidence

technician, recovered a “Ruger Blackhawk handgun” and “6 expended shell casings” from that




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firearm. The court admitted into evidence a certified record from the Illinois State Police

showing that defendant had never been issued a Firearm Owner’s Identification (FOID) card.

¶6     The court also admitted into evidence certified copies of defendant’s prior convictions.

People’s Exhibit No. 7 was a conviction, in case No. 98-CR-0977701, for aggravated battery to a

peace officer, and People’s Exhibit No. 8 was “a conviction under case number 08-CR-0640501

for the offenses of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon, two counts of that, and three counts of

aggravated unlawful use of a weapon by a felon.”

¶7     The court found defendant guilty of AHC, aggravated fleeing or attempting to elude a

peace officer, and three counts of AUUW. The court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial

and sentenced him to prison terms: 12 years for AHC, 6 years for the AUUW convictions, and 3

years for aggravated fleeing or attempting to elude a peace officer. The court stated that “Count

Two, Three, Four,” the AUUW convictions, would “merge into Count One,” the AHC

conviction, and the aggravated fleeing or attempting to elude a peace officer would be served

concurrently with the “merged” AUUW and AHC.

¶8     Defendant contends, and the State concedes, that the State did not prove him guilty of

AHC because his conviction was based on his prior conviction for aggravated battery to a peace

officer, which is not a qualifying offense under the AHC statute. Defendant requests we vacate

his AHC conviction and correct the mittimus to show the six-year sentence for the AUUW

convictions. Defendant does not challenge his convictions for AUUW or aggravated fleeing or

attempting to elude a peace officer.

¶9     On appeal, when we review the sufficiency of the evidence, the question is whether,

“after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of



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fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis

omitted.) Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). The State must prove “every essential

element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v. Lozano, 2017 IL App (1st) 142723,

¶ 30.

¶ 10    To prove defendant guilty of AHC, the State had to prove that he possessed a firearm

after having been convicted of two or more of the following offenses:

                “(1) a forcible felony as defined in Section 2-8 of this Code;

                (2) unlawful use of a weapon by a felon; aggravated unlawful use of a weapon;

        aggravated discharge of a firearm; vehicular hijacking; aggravated vehicular hijacking;

        aggravated battery of a child as described in Section 12-4.3 or subdivision (b)(1) of

        Section 12-3.05; intimidation; aggravated intimidation; gunrunning; home invasion; or

        aggravated battery with a firearm as described in Section 12-4.2 or subdivision (e)(1),

        (e)(2), (e)(3), or (e)(4) of Section 12-3.05; or

                (3) any violation of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act [(720 ILCS 570/100

        et seq. (West 2012))] or the Cannabis Control Act [720 ILCS 550/1 et seq. (West 2012))]

        that is punishable as a Class 3 felony or higher.” 720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2012).

See People v. Crosby, 2017 IL App (1st) 121645, ¶ 12.

¶ 11    The information charging defendant with AHC cited two predicate felony convictions for

the charge: a 1998 conviction for aggravated battery to peace officer and a 2008 conviction for

unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (UUWF) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1 (West 2008)). At trial, the

State presented certified copies of defendant’s prior convictions for aggravated battery to a peace




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officer in 1998 and UUWF in 2008. The parties do not dispute that defendant’s AHC conviction

was based on these prior two convictions.

¶ 12   The offense of aggravated battery to a peace officer is not an enumerated offense

described in subsection (a)(2) or (a)(3) of the AHC statute. Therefore, to qualify as predicate

offense for AHC, the prior aggravated battery to a peace officer conviction must be a “forcible

felony” under section 2-8 of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2012)).

See People v. White, 2015 IL App (1st) 131111, ¶ 28 (domestic battery was not expressly

enumerated in the AHC statute so it had to constitute a “forcible felony” to be a qualifying

offense for AHC).

¶ 13   Section 2-8 defines “[f]orcible felony” as

       “treason, first degree murder, second degree murder, predatory criminal sexual assault of

       a child, aggravated criminal sexual assault, criminal sexual assault, robbery, burglary,

       residential burglary, aggravated arson, arson, aggravated kidnaping, kidnaping,

       aggravated battery resulting in great bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement

       and any other felony which involves the use or threat of physical force or violence

       against any individual.” 720 ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2012).

¶ 14   We conclude that defendant’s conviction for aggravated battery to a peace officer without

proof that the underlying battery resulted in great bodily harm or permanent disability or

disfigurement does not qualify as a forcible felony under section 2-8. Aggravated battery to a

peace officer is not specifically enumerated in section 2-8 as a forcible felony. See Crosby, 2017

IL App (1st) 121645, ¶ 13. “[A]ggravated battery resulting in great bodily harm or permanent

disability or disfigurement” is an enumerated offense in the forcible felony definition. 720 ILCS



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5/2-8 (West 2012); see Crosby, 2017 IL App (1st) 121645, ¶ 13. The offense of aggravated

battery can be based on the status of the victim without proof that the battery resulted in great

bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement. (“A person commits aggravated battery

when, in committing a battery, other than by discharge of a firearm, he or she knows the

individual battered to be *** (4) [a] peace officer ***.” 720 ILCS 5/12-3.05(d)(4) (West 2012).)

However, there is nothing in the record that shows, and the parties do not argue otherwise, that

defendant’s prior conviction for aggravated battery to a peace officer resulted in “great bodily

harm or permanent disability or disfigurement” to a peace officer. Thus, because the prosecution

did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant’s prior conviction for aggravated battery

to a peace officer resulted in “great bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement,” it is

not an enumerated offense in the forcible felony definition. (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

Crosby, 2017 IL App (1st) 121645, ¶ 13.

¶ 15   Further, defendant’s conviction for aggravated battery to a peace officer does not qualify

as an offense in the “residual clause” of the forcible felony definition, which includes “any other

felony which involves the use or threat of physical force or violence against any individual.” 720

ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2012); see White, 2015 IL App (1st) 131111, ¶ 40 (referring to this clause in

the forcible felony definition as a “residual clause”). As this court explained in People v.

Schmidt, 392 Ill. App. 3d 689, 695 (2009), “by using the word ‘other’ after listing 14 specific

felonies, the legislature clearly intended the residual category to refer to felonies not previously

specified.” Thus, “[w]here the statute specifically enumerated aggravated battery resulting in

great bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement, ‘other felony’ must refer to felonies

other than aggravated battery.” Schmidt, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 695.



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¶ 16    Looking to the history of the statute, Schmidt noted that, before the legislature amended

the forcible felony statute in 1990, the “statute provided that all aggravated batteries constituted

forcible felonies.” (Emphasis in original.) Schmidt, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 696. But when the

legislature amended the statute, it “added the phrase ‘resulting in great bodily harm or permanent

disability or disfigurement’ after ‘aggravated battery,’ ” thus expressing its “intent to limit the

number and types of aggravated batteries that would qualify as forcible felonies.” Schmidt, 392

Ill. App. 3d at 696 (quoting Pub. Act 86-291 (eff. Jan. 1, 1990) (amending 720 ILCS 5/2-8)). 1

¶ 17    In People v. Smith, 2016 IL App (1st) 140496, this court agreed with the reasoning in

Schmidt, finding that the “legislature intended the residual category of the forcible felony statute

to refer to felonies not previously specified in the preceding list of felonies contained within that

section.” Smith, 2016 IL App (1st) 140496, ¶¶ 10-11. Applying Schmidt, Smith concluded that,

because the defendant’s aggravated battery to a peace officer conviction was not based on great

bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement, it did not meet the definition of a forcible

felony. Smith, 2016 IL App (1st) 140496, ¶ 11.

¶ 18    More recently, in Crosby, 2017 IL App (1st) 121645, ¶ 13, following Schmidt and Smith,

this court concluded that, because the defendant’s conviction for aggravated battery of a peace

officer was not based on “great bodily harm or permanent disability or disfigurement,” it was not

considered an “other felony” under section 2-8 and therefore did “not satisfy the definition of

forcible felony.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) The Crosby court therefore concluded that



        1
          Schmidt noted, “ ‘[a]lthough we believe our interpretation is what the legislature intended, we
would welcome further clarification by the legislature.’ ” Schmidt, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 696 (quoting People
v. Jones, 226 Ill. App. 3d 1054, 1056 (1992) (in which the court concluded that the definition of forcible
felony included “any aggravated battery that involved the use of physical force or violence against an
individual”)).

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the defendant’s conviction could not serve as a predicate offense to support the AHC conviction.

Crosby, 2017 IL App (1st) 121645, ¶ 13.

¶ 19   Following Schmidt, Smith, and Crosby, we find that, because defendant’s prior conviction

for aggravated battery to a peace officer was not proven to be based on a finding of “great bodily

harm or permanent disability or disfigurement,” his conviction does not meet the definition of a

“forcible felony” under section 2-8 as it is not an enumerated offense in the definition and does

not qualify as an “other felony” in the residual clause. Accordingly, because defendant’s

conviction for aggravated battery to a peace officer is not an enumerated offense in the AHC

statute and does not meet the definition of forcible felony in section 2-8, it cannot serve as a

predicate offense to support his AHC conviction. See Crosby, 2017 IL App (1st) 121645, ¶ 13.

We, therefore, reverse and vacate defendant’s conviction for AHC.

¶ 20   Defendant also argues, and the State concedes, that remand for resentencing is

unnecessary because the court already sentenced him to six years in prison for the three AUUW

convictions. Although the mittimus only reflects defendant’s 12-year sentence for AHC and 3­

year sentence for aggravated fleeing or attempting to elude a peace officer, defendant asserts the

sentence the trial court issued prevails over the sentence provided in the mittimus. He therefore

argues that, in addition to vacating his AHC conviction, we should issue an amended mittimus to

reflect his six-year sentence for AUUW.

¶ 21   We agree that remand for resentencing is unnecessary because the record shows the court

already issued concurrent sentences on defendant’s convictions for AUUW and aggravated

fleeing or attempting to elude a peace officer. As previously noted, at sentencing, the court orally

sentenced defendant to prison terms for his convictions: 12 years for AHC, 6 years for the three



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AUUW convictions, and 3 years for aggravated fleeing or attempting to elude a peace officer, to

be served concurrently with the “merged” AUUW and AHC counts.

¶ 22   Although the trial court sentenced defendant to six years in prison for the AUUW

convictions, the mittimus only reflects defendant’s sentences for AHC and aggravated fleeing or

attempting to elude a peace officer. Because the trial court’s oral pronouncement controls

(People v. Jones, 376 Ill. App. 3d 372, 395, (2007)), pursuant to our authority under Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 615(b), we order the clerk of the circuit court to correct the mittimus to

reflect that the circuit court sentenced defendant to six years in prison for the three AUUW

convictions.

¶ 23   For the reasons stated above, we reverse and vacate defendant’s AHC conviction and

order the mittimus corrected to show a six-year sentence of imprisonment on the AUUW counts.

¶ 24   Reversed in part; mittimus corrected.




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