         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                               Assigned on Briefs May 2, 2006

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BARRY BROWN

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                        Nos. 04-02408, 04-01488   Chris Craft, Judge



                  No. W2005-01539-CCA-R3-CD - Filed February 16, 2007


The defendant, Barry Brown, was convicted of three counts of aggravated robbery, Class B felonies.
Two of the counts of aggravated robbery were merged, and the trial court imposed a thirty-year
sentence on each conviction, to be served consecutively to each other for an effective sixty-year
sentence in the Department of Correction as a persistent offender. The defendant appeals claiming
that: (1) the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict; (2) the trial court erred in failing to
suppress pretrial statements made by the defendant; and (3) the trial court erred by granting the
State’s motion to consolidate. We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL and
J.C. MCLIN , JJ., joined.

Robert L. Parris, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Barry Brown.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Jennifer L. Bledsoe, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Alanda Dwyer, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                             OPINION

       This case relates to the defendant’s robbery of multiple victims where he used his car to cause
motor vehicle accidents to stop the respective victims and then rob them. Two incidents involving
separate victims were consolidated and tried together because they involved what the trial court
deemed a common scheme or plan. The defendant was charged with two counts of aggravated
robbery stemming from the incident with the female victim and one count of aggravated robbery
stemming from the incident with the male victim.
        At the trial, Janice Hudson testified that she was driving home from work when her car was
bumped from behind by a black car. She stopped her car over and got out to check for damage. The
black car stopped just behind her, both occupants got out of the car, and the driver apologized to her.
She saw no damage to her car and returned to the driver’s seat. She attempted to close her door but
was stopped by both the defendant and the driver of the black car. The driver reached across her,
turned off her car, and removed her keys. She later learned that the driver’s name is Ronald Walker.
She said the driver pulled a knife, put it to her neck, and demanded her jewelry. She took off her
jewelry and gave it to the defendant. The defendant also took $20-25 from the console of her car.
She said that as a result of the robbery, she feared for her life and moved away from Memphis. She
identified the photos of the car used by the defendant. She recalled that the driver told her to put her
head down and they would put her keys in the grass where she could retrieve them. They pushed her
head under the steering wheel and between her knees. She got up after she heard their car leave, and
another car stopped to assist her. The passengers in the assisting car contacted the police and called
the victim’s sister so she could bring her a set of keys. Her sister’s husband had to drive her car
home because she did not feel able to drive. She gave a statement to the police and identified both
the defendant and the driver in a photo lineup. On cross-examination, the victim said she did not
see whether the defendant had a weapon and could not recall anything the defendant said.

         John Campbell testified that he was driving to Helena, Arkansas, after a baseball game in
Memphis when he noticed a car behind him driving erratically. The car hit him in the rear, and he
pulled over. He stopped some distance in front of the other car and called 9-1-1. The other car
pulled closer, and he pulled further away to keep a safe distance. He identified the defendant as the
driver and said the defendant approached his vehicle. Again, he pulled up further, and the defendant
returned to the other car, made an U-turn, and headed back toward Interstate 240. The police did not
arrive so Campbell followed the car to get its license plate number. He trailed the car to a
subdivision on Brooks Road. He lost sight of the car until it returned driving toward him at a high
rate of speed and with the lights off. He swerved to avoid the car before it blocked him in a cul-de-
sac. He put his car into reverse to escape but was hit by the other car. The impact caused his vehicle
to go into Park. The passenger exited the car and pulled Campbell from his vehicle. The defendant
approached Campbell, holding a weapon that he believed was either a pistol or brass knuckles. He
said they called him “everything but a child of God,” asked for his money, ransacked his vehicle,
took his cellular telephone, keys and drivers license, and then drove off. As they left, he got their
license plate number. An off-duty fireman came by, phoned the police, and stayed with him until
the police arrived. He provided the police with the license plate number. He said that he did not turn
to look at the weapon because he was “scared to death” and believed it was a deadly weapon. He
identified the photos of the car and its license number. He recalled that there was tape on the vehicle
and that he was hit with the front and back of the car. He gave the police a statement and identified
the defendant’s photo in a photo lineup. He said there was no doubt that the defendant was the
person who robbed him.

       Memphis Police Sergeant Robbin Campbell testified that he was with the South Precinct
Task Force on August 26, 2003. He had received an informational bulletin regarding a vehicle
implicated in a robbery. He said he saw the defendant’s vehicle while riding in an unmarked car and


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radioed for uniformed patrol cars to pull the vehicle over. Approximately fifteen cars responded.
Two officers removed the defendant and the driver from the vehicle while Sergeant Campbell
covered them with a handgun. The officers recovered a handgun from the car and radioed robbery
detectives to meet them. A crime scene officer came to take photos. Sergeant Campbell said the
photos entered as exhibits were of the same car and same tags. The car was a black, four-door
Daewoo with damage on the front and rear and with the license plate in the rear window.

       On cross-examination, Sergeant Campbell testified that the left side of the handgun was
missing and that the gun could not be fired. He said the gun had no firing pin, cocker, or trigger.

        Memphis Police Officer Timmie Wilson testified that he took the defendant’s statement on
August 20, 2003.1 He said that he mirandized the defendant and that the defendant signed a waiver
of his rights and provided a statement. The defendant advised Officer Wilson that he committed
only two of the robberies and that another person was responsible for the remainder of the robberies.
The defendant would not put his statement into writing.

        On cross-examination, Officer Wilson said the defendant told what took place and said, “I’m
good for two of them and somebody else did the rest of them.” He said the defendant did not refer
to any specific robbery. On redirect, he said the person accompanying the defendant was Ronald
Walker.

         Memphis Police Officer Rodney Askew testified that he was assigned to the Crime Scene
Unit in August 2003. He was called to the scene to take photos regarding the robbery. He testified
that he found a pistol and knife in the vehicle and that there was damage to the vehicle. He identified
the knife and said it was found behind the driver’s seat under a piece of plastic. He identified the
gun and said it was found on the floorboard on the front passenger side. He wrote his initials and
IBM number on the gun and knife and was able to positively identify them at trial. He said that the
photos introduced as evidence showed the damage to the front and rear of the vehicle and to the
hood.

       On cross-examination, Officer Askew testified that he photographed the car to show damage
and that he was complete in photographing the damage.

        Sergeant Timmie R. Wilson testified that he was assigned to the robbery bureau of the
Memphis Police Department in 2003. He investigated the license tag number obtained from one of
the victims. He discovered the vehicle was owned by the defendant’s brother, who was in jail at the
time. He identified the defendant as a possible suspect, pulled his photo, and put out a broadcast
about him. He was located a couple of days later. Sergeant Wilson said he was responsible for
putting together the photo line-up and said that it was made up of people who looked similar to the
defendant. Both victims identified the defendant and Mr. Walker. Sergeant Wilson later spoke with



       1
           This date is prior to the date testified to by Sergeant Campbell as the date of the defendant’s arrest.

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the defendant and advised him of his rights. The defendant signed the advice of rights form and told
the sergeant that he committed only two robberies but refused to put his statement into writing.

         The State rested its proof. The defense offered no proof and moved for a judgment of
acquittal. The motion was denied, and the defendant was voir dired regarding his decision not to
testify. The jury found the defendant guilty of three counts of aggravated robbery. The trial court
merged the two counts of the first indictment and imposed consecutive thirty-year sentences on each
remaining conviction, resulting in a total effective sentence of sixty years in the Department of
Correction as a persistent offender.

                                               Analysis

                                    I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

         The defendant contends that no rational trier of fact could determine that he is guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt. In support of his argument, he contends that the State failed to present evidence
that the victims sustained serious bodily injury or that the robberies were accomplished by use of a
deadly weapon or article fashioned to lead the victim to believe it was a deadly weapon. He asserts
that the testimony of the first victim established that he was not holding the knife to her throat. He
asserts that the gun used against the second victim was not functioning and, therefore, was incapable
of being a deadly weapon.

        The State responds that the evidence was sufficient and that any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. The State argues that the
testimony at trial revealed that the defendant was responsible for removing the first victim’s jewelry
while his accomplice held the knife. The State argues that the second victim was threatened with
what he believed to be a pistol and feared for his life during the robbery. The State argues that both
victims were able to identify the defendant in a photo line-up and that the defendant gave a statement
to the police that he “did two robberies.”

        Our standard of review when the defendant questions the sufficiency of the evidence on
appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). We do not reweigh
the evidence; rather, we presume that the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn
all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the State. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d
542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).

        Aggravated robbery, as it applies to the facts of this case, is the “intentional or knowing theft
of property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in fear” and “[a]ccomplished
with a deadly weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably
believe it to be a deadly weapon.” T.C.A. §§ 39-13-401, -402 (2003).



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         In the light most favorable to the State, the record supports the jury’s verdicts that the
defendant was guilty of aggravated robberies on both occasions. Both victims testified that the
defendant used his vehicle to cause a car accident. After causing the accident, he approached the
vehicle with an accomplice. During each incident, one assailant brandished a weapon, a knife in the
first incident and a pistol in the latter. The evidence showed that the defendant took jewelry and
money from the first victim and took a cellular telephone, among other things, from the second
victim. The defendant argues that because the gun was incapable of being fired, it cannot be
considered a deadly weapon. We disagree with his conclusion. The standard in aggravated robbery
is that the weapon used is “fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a deadly
weapon.” Here, the defendant brandished the weapon at night and pointed it at the victim in a
manner to make him believe that it was an operating weapon capable of causing him harm if he
resisted.

         The defendant argues that there was no testimony regarding his use of a weapon in the
robbery involving the knife. However, testimony was elicited at trial that demonstrated that the
defendant was responsible for removing the victim’s jewelry while his accomplice held the knife to
the victim’s throat. It was reasonable for the jury to find the defendant guilty of aggravated robbery
in the incident involving the knife. The defendant’s involvement in that robbery meets the statutory
definition of aggravated robbery in that the victim was deprived of her property by the defendant
while his accomplice brandished a knife. The defendant offers no authority to support his position
that he held less responsibility for this aggravated robbery because he was not the person holding the
knife.

       We conclude that the evidence was sufficient for a rational juror to find beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant committed the offense of aggravated robbery of both victims. The
judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

                                           II. Consolidation

        The defendant argues that the trial court erred in consolidating the two cases, arguing that the
trial court failed to meet the burden that the offenses were a part of a common scheme or plan and
that the trial court made insufficient inquiry into the issue of whether evidence of one offense would
be admissible in a trial of the other offense if they were to remain severed.

        On September 24, 2004, the trial court conducted a hearing on the State’s motion to
consolidate. The defendant opposed the motion which, under Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure
14(b)(1), has the same effect as asking for a severance. See Spicer v. State, 12 S.W.3d 438, 444
(Tenn. 2000). Consolidation is only proper if a severance was not required under Rule 14(b)(1),
which states that, if two or more offenses are joined or consolidated for trial pursuant to Rule 8(b),
the defendant has the right to a severance of the offenses unless the offenses are part of a common
scheme or plan and the evidence of one would be admissible in the trial of the others.




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        We review decisions concerning permissive joinder and severance of offenses pursuant to
Rules of Criminal Procedure 8(b) and 14(b)(1) for an abuse of discretion. State v. Shirley, 6 S.W.3d
243, 247 (Tenn. 1999). As such, a trial court’s decision to consolidate or sever offenses will not be
reversed unless the “‘court applied an incorrect legal standard, or reached a decision which is against
logic or reasoning that caused an injustice to the party complaining.’” Id. (quoting State v. Shuck,
953 S.W.2d 662, 669 (Tenn. 1997)).

        Recently, a panel of this court delivered an opinion with a more detailed analysis of the issue
of severance as it relates to indicted charges. See State v. Andre Dotson, No. W2005-01594-CCA-
R3-CD, 2006 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 923, at **7-11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 29, 2006).

        At the consolidation hearing, the State argued in favor of consolidating only these two
offenses.2 The State asserted that these two incidents were part of a common scheme or plan with
facts unique to the defendant. The State argued that, although the consolidation would be
prejudicial, the probative value outweighed any prejudice to the defendant. The defendant argued
that there was not a specific unifying goal or purpose and that the incidents did not reach the
threshold of being a signature crime. He also argued that the prejudice would outweigh the probative
value. Based on the argument of the parties, the trial court found that there was a common scheme
or plan and that the evidence in each case would be admissible in the other case if they were to be
tried separately.

        The defendant argues that the trial court erred in consolidating the indictments because the
offenses were not part of a common scheme or plan. In Tennessee, there are three categories of a
common scheme or plan evidence:
        (1) offenses that reveal a distinctive design or are so similar as to constitute
            “signature crimes;
        (2) offenses that are part of a larger, continuing plan or conspiracy; and
        (3) offenses that are all part of the same criminal transaction.
Shirley, 6 S.W.3d at 248.

        For the offenses to reveal a distinct design, the “modus operandi employed must be so unique
and distinctive as to be like a signature.” State v. Moore, 6 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Tenn.1999) (quoting
State v. Carter, 714 S.W.2d 241, 245 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986)). Although the offenses do not have
to be identical in every respect, a common scheme or plan is not found merely because there was
evidence that the defendant committed multiple offenses or because the similarities of the offenses
outweigh the differences. Moore, at 240-41. “Rather, the trial court must find that a distinct design
or unique method was used in committing the offenses.” Moore, at 241. The method of perpetrating
the crimes must employ “such unusual particularities” that a reasonable person could believe it
unlikely that different people were using this method. Id. at 240.


         2
            The defendant had been charged with seven aggravated robberies or carjackings at the time, and the State
sought to consolidate only the indictments stemming from the incidents with these two victims because of their similarity
and use of a common plan, using a dark car with tape on the headlight, to cause an accident and rob the victims.

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       Here, the trial court stated:
               Well, in looking at it, what we have here is, we have one trial where the
       defendant is identified through a photospread. And the car used is significant. He
       has tape on head-light and it’s a particular color and the color was bumped on the
       road-way and the victim was pulled over and robbed.

               Then, the very next day we have the defendant, in the same car with that
       victim I.D.’d him in a photospread, getting a license plate of the car, which the
       Sheriff’s department, when they find the car discovered there’s tape on the head-
       light. Showing the defendant’s presence in that car in both cases.

                The modus operandi is the same in each case and the defendant is with the
       same co-defendant in each case. So this second crime, happening a day later, would
       substantially - - it would be very probative to show the reliability of the I.D. in the
       first offense.

                So proof of the second offense, I think, would be allowed in the trial of the
       first offense. And looking at the findings that I have to make in this, whether or not
       the probative value of the evidence of the other offense is outweighed by a prejudicial
       affect, if they are both tried together, . . . , I just find that the evidence is being
       submitted, not for prejudice, just because it’s being submitted for another reason,
       under 404, it would be submitted to show identity in the first offense.

               Under those circumstances I think that these crimes do show similar,
       distinctive designs and for that reason I am going to allow both of those cases to be
       tried together to show identify [sic] of the defendant as the person who committed
       the offense.

        The trial court found that a distinct design or unique method was used in committing the
offenses consistent with the conclusion in Moore. These crimes contained such unusual
particularities that a reasonable person could believe it unlikely that different persons committed
them. The car employed by the defendant was registered to his brother who was in jail at the time
of the incidents. This evidence supports the identification of the defendant because it was the
defendant’s brother’s car and, because the brother was in jail, the defendant had access to the car for
use in these crimes. We conclude that the trial court made sufficient inquiry into the issue of
whether evidence of one offense would be admissible in a trial of the other offense if they were to
remain severed, and we affirm the trial court’s consolidation of the offenses.

                                  III. Admissibility of Statements

       The defendant argues that the trial court erred in failing to suppress his pretrial statements,
which he alleges were made in violation of his constitutional rights. In support of his argument, he
contends that his statements were inadmissible hearsay and were irrelevant. The State responds that


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the defendant’s statement that he “only did two robberies” was relevant and was admissible at trial
as an admission and exception to the hearsay rule.

       Here, the trial court held a jury-out hearing regarding the defendant’s statement. Officer
Wilson testified that the defendant said he committed only two of the robberies and that someone
else was responsible for the remainder of them, but he did not specify to the officer which two
robberies he committed. The trial court found that the fact the defendant said he was responsible for
two robberies was probative and decided to allow the State to enter the portion of his statement
regarding his responsibility but excluded the portion of the statement where he acknowledged that
he knew about other robberies.

        Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in court “to prove the truth of the matter
asserted.” However, Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(1.2) provides:
        Hearsay Exceptions. - The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule:
        ....
        (1.2) Admission by Party - Opponent. - A statement offered against a party that is
               (A) the party’s own statement in either an individual or a representative
               capacity . . .
The defendant’s statements, both written and oral, are admissible, subject, of course, to Tennessee
Rules of Evidence 401 and 403, see State v. Binion, 947 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).
The defendant’s statement is admissible because it is relevant and falls under an exception to the
hearsay rule. The trial court did not err in allowing the testimony.

                                            Conclusion

       Based on the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the ruling of the trial court.




                                                      ___________________________________
                                                       JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE




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