               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                               No. 15–1379

                           Filed February 3, 2017


DuTRAC COMMUNITY CREDIT UNION,

      Appellee,

vs.

DOUGLAS P. HEFEL and SHEILA K. HEFEL,

      Appellants,

and

WESTGATE       COMMUNITIES,        LLC,    An   Iowa   Limited   Liability
Corporation,

      Intervenor-Appellant.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County,

Thomas A. Bitter, Judge.



      Appellants appeal the district court order granting a request for

entry of a charging order. Appellee cross-appeals the district court order

granting the motion to quash multiple levies and garnishments.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.



      Steven P. Wandro, Kara M. Simons, and Brian Lalor of Wandro &

Associates, P.C., Des Moines, for appellants Douglas and Sheila Hefel.



      Brian J. Kane of Kane, Norby & Reddick, P.C., Dubuque, for

intervenor-appellant Westgate Communities, LLC.
                                  2

     Peter D. Arling, McKenzie R. Hill, and Brent M. Tunis of O’Connor

& Thomas, P.C., Dubuque, for appellee.
                                         3

ZAGER, Justice.

      The district court granted a request for entry of a charging order

against a personal guarantor/judgment debtor’s transferable interest in

a limited liability company (LLC).       The district court also granted the

motion to quash filed by the judgment debtor and intervenor alleging

multiple levies and garnishments were improper.                 On appeal, the

appellants challenge the grant of the charging order and raise a number

of defenses.     The appellee challenges the district court grant of the

motion to quash. For the reasons outlined below, we affirm the decision

of the district court to the extent we find the entry of the charging order

was proper. However, we also conclude that the district court erred in

granting the motion to quash, as it was not improper to have multiple

levies and garnishments at the same time so long as they are under a

single execution.     We therefore affirm in part and reverse in part the

district court order, and remand to the district court.

      I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

      Douglas and Sheila Hefel (Hefels) are the sole members of Star

Properties, LLC, an Iowa limited liability company.              In 2008, Star

Properties bought land in Dubuque County and Jackson County.

DuTrac Community Credit Union (DuTrac) provided the financing for

both real estate purchases, and the Hefels personally guaranteed the

loans on behalf of Star Properties.

      On October 9, 2008, the Hefels executed a commercial loan

agreement and a commercial promissory note with DuTrac.                 For both

documents, the Hefels acted as officers and members of Star Properties.

The Hefels obtained a loan of $2,370,000 from DuTrac for the purpose of

purchasing      and   developing   the       two   properties   into   residential

subdivisions.     One subdivision, Waterford Estates, was located in
                                          4

Dubuque County.         The other subdivision, Riviera Belle Estates, was

located in Jackson County. As security, Star Properties granted DuTrac

mortgages on both properties.          The Hefels also executed an unlimited

continuing guaranty in favor of DuTrac.

       Star Properties thereafter defaulted on the commercial promissory

note and commercial loan agreement. On July 2, 2010, DuTrac filed two

foreclosure actions against Waterford Estates and Riviera Belle Estates. 1

The Hefels were named personally as parties in both foreclosure actions,

in addition to Star Properties. On October 8, the Hefels filed a Voluntary

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Petition in the Northern District of Iowa

Bankruptcy Court.        The Hefels were subsequently dismissed without

prejudice from both foreclosure actions.

       On October 8, DuTrac obtained a judgment of foreclosure against

Star Properties in the Jackson County action regarding Riviera Belle

Estates.      On October 15, DuTrac obtained a judgment of foreclosure

against Star Properties in the Dubuque County action regarding

Waterford Estates.        The amount of judgment in each action was

$2,202,800.14, interest of 8.5% per annum, and attorneys’ fees.                  The

judgments both provided that DuTrac had the right to a deficiency

judgment against Star Properties if the proceeds of the foreclosure sale

did not cover the balance owed. On May 5, 2011, Waterford Estates sold

at a sheriff’s sale for $891,000. On May 10, Riviera Belle Estates sold at

a sheriff’s sale for $662,000.

       In the separate bankruptcy proceedings, DuTrac filed a proof of

claim based on the foreclosures and guaranty. DuTrac was also allowed


       1The  foreclosure action against Waterford was filed in Dubuque County, and the
foreclosure action against Riviera Belle was filed in Jackson County.
                                    5

to utilize the deficiency amounts from the sheriff sales as unsecured

claims in the Hefels’ bankruptcy proceedings.    On April 6, 2011, the

Hefels were granted a discharge in their Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

      On June 28, the Hefels’ bankruptcy trustee filed a motion to

compromise with the bankruptcy court.      One of the issues during the

course of the bankruptcy proceedings was Douglas Hefel’s interest in

Westgate Communities, LLC (Westgate). Douglas and his brother Terry

Hefel are the sole members of Westgate, and each has a fifty percent

ownership interest. In the motion to compromise, the trustee proposed

that it would accept $125,000 from the Hefels in exchange for the release

of any claims the trustee may have against Westgate. DuTrac objected to

the motion and at one time proposed that the trustee sell it the

bankruptcy trustee’s estate interest in Westgate. DuTrac withdrew this

proposal after it became aware of transfer restrictions in Westgate’s

operating agreement.   DuTrac also proposed the judicial dissolution of

Westgate and the sale of its assets.    However, after a hearing on the

competing proposals, the bankruptcy court approved the trustee’s

motion to compromise.        The bankruptcy court concluded that the

complexity, expense, and delay of litigation regarding the trustee’s

membership rights in and judicial dissolution of Westgate would appear

substantial. It also concluded that the trustee’s motion to compromise

was reasonable and in the best interests of creditors and the estate.

DuTrac appealed the decision and filed a motion for a stay while the

appeal was pending. On October 20, the bankruptcy court denied the

motion for a stay because it determined DuTrac was not likely to succeed

on appeal. DuTrac then voluntarily dismissed its appeal. On December

27, DuTrac received $34,325.04 as a distribution on its claim against the

Hefels’ bankruptcy estate.
                                           6

       On February 17, 2012, DuTrac filed an adversary complaint in the

bankruptcy proceedings to revoke Hefels’ discharge.                  In its detailed

complaint, DuTrac alleged the Hefels committed fraud and concealment

of property in their bankruptcy proceeding. The bankruptcy court held a

trial on April 8, 2013, and issued its order revoking the Hefels’

bankruptcy discharge on August 5.

       The bankruptcy court found that the Hefels concealed a number of

assets and contingent interests during the course of their bankruptcy

proceedings.      Specifically, the bankruptcy court noted that the Hefels

failed to disclose in their multiple sworn bankruptcy schedules their

interests in three individual trusts created October 27, 2000. While the

Hefels did disclose the existence of these trusts at the Rule 2004

examinations, they testified the trusts held no assets. The Hefels also

failed to disclose their contingent interests as beneficiaries in four

separate trusts. 2 The bankruptcy court also found that the Hefels held

an interest in eight separate life insurance policies, either as the

insureds, owners, or beneficiaries. The total face value of these policies

is $13.2 million.     The Hefels did not disclose these interests in either

their bankruptcy schedules or in their testimony prior to discharge. The
Hefels did not disclose the sale of a power boat for $6660 four months

after filing their bankruptcy petition.

       In an amended bankruptcy schedule, the Hefels valued their

interests in nine separate businesses at $10 each.                At the revocation

trial, testimony was given regarding the value of some of the business

       2Douglas    had a twenty-five percent interest in the Adelene and Bernard Hefel
Trust valued at $1.6 million, the Bernard Hefel Trust valued at $2.9 million, and the
Adelene Hefel Trust valued at $2.9 million. Sheila had a twenty-five percent interest in
the Hoff Family Trust with an unknown value. She continued to receive payments from
this trust after the bankruptcy filing.
                                      7

entities.   For example, the value of Dubuque Injection Service was

determined to be between $5000 and $87,629.                  The value of Star

Builders, Inc. was determined to be between $15,350 and $38,441. The

value of Hefel Equipment was determined to be between $37,888 and

$53,888.     The Hefels also did not disclose their interest in Hawk

Development, which was valued at $3510.                 After the trial, the

bankruptcy court concluded the Hefels committed fraud under two

sections of the Bankruptcy Code and revoked the Hefels’ discharge in

bankruptcy.

      On August 23, DuTrac filed a petition against the Hefels in the

Iowa District Court for Dubuque County seeking a deficiency judgment,

foreclosure and bankruptcy expenses, and adversary claim expenses.

DuTrac sought a deficiency judgment in the amount of $971,846.63 for

principal and interest, attorneys’ fees and expenses in the amount of

$435,217.47 for the foreclosure and bankruptcy proceedings, and

attorneys’ fees and expenses in the amount of $65,321.06 for the

adversary claim proceedings. DuTrac then filed a motion for summary

judgment and an application for attorneys’ fees related to the initial

bankruptcy    action,   the   foreclosure   actions,   the    adversary   claim

proceedings, and the current proceeding. The Hefels filed a resistance to

the motion, claiming the fees were unreasonable and excessive.             The

district court denied the motion for summary judgment and concluded

that it was a question of fact whether all the claimed attorneys’ fees and

expenses were related to the present action.

      DuTrac then filed a second application for attorneys’ fees and costs

with an itemization of services. The matter was set as a second motion

for summary judgment, and the Hefels filed a resistance. On November

3, 2014, the district court granted the second motion for summary
                                              8

judgment in part and awarded DuTrac $332,546.00 in attorneys’ fees.

DuTrac filed a rule 1.904 motion to enlarge, and the Hefels resisted the

motion. On December 31, the district court denied DuTrac’s motion to

increase the amortized attorneys’ fee rate from the original order. It also

ordered that the Hefels are liable for the principal and accrued interest

owed pursuant to the guarantee of mortgages in the amount of

$726,448.61 plus interest accrued after June 14, 2014, at the rate of

8.5%.     DuTrac filed a notice of appeal on January 21, 2015, and the

Hefels filed a cross-appeal.          We transferred the appeal to the court of

appeals. 3

        DuTrac filed a request for execution under Iowa Code section

626.12 (2015) on January 28. 4              On January 29, DuTrac directed the

sheriff to garnish and levy under the general execution. The sheriff was

directed to garnish and levy nine items of described property. 5                         On

        3DuTrac Cmty. Credit Union v. Hefel, No. 15–0143, 2015 WL 7574230 (Iowa Ct.
App. Nov. 25, 2015). The court of appeals opinion addressed the issue of merger
doctrine, prejudgment interest on attorneys’ fees, and the award of attorneys’ fees for
the years between 2010–2012. Id. at *12.
        4Iowa   Code section 626.12 provides,
                The execution must intelligibly refer to the judgment, stating the
        time when and place at which it was rendered, the names of the parties
        to the action as well as to the judgment, its amount, and the amount still
        to be collected thereon, if for money; if not, it must state what specific act
        is required to be performed. If it is against the property of the judgment
        debtor, it shall require the sheriff to satisfy the judgment and interest out
        of property of the debtor subject to execution.
Iowa Code § 626.12 (2015)
        5The  property was described as (1) garnishment on Douglas Hefel’s wages at the
Iowa Department of Transportation; (2) garnishment on Sheila Hefel’s wages at
Westgate Communities, LLC; (3) garnishment on Douglas Hefel’s wages at Westgate
Communities, LLC; (4) levy on six automobiles, plows, or trailers and miscellaneous
equipment and furniture; (5) garnishment on the Hefels’ rights or interests in tax
incremental finance payments and any other payments from the City of Bellevue;
(6) levy on the Hefels’ shares and share certificates in Star Water Company; (7) levy on
the Hefels’ unused attorney trust fund accounts held by Wandro & Associates, P.C.;
(8) levy on the Hefels’ unused attorney trust fund accounts held by Mellon Spies &
                                        9

February 13, the Hefels filed a motion to quash garnishments and levies,

arguing that the statute only allows one execution, but they believed

DuTrac brought multiple execution actions.

          On February 4, DuTrac filed an application for a charging order.

On February 13, Westgate filed a petition to intervene and a resistance to

the charging order. On February 18, Star Water Company filed a petition

to intervene and a resistance to the execution. On April 10, the district

court granted Westgate’s petition to intervene but denied Star Water’s

petition to intervene. The district court set a hearing for May 12 on the

motion to quash garnishments and the resistance to the charging order.

          On August 7, the district court issued its order. The district court

granted the Hefels’ motion to quash garnishments.            The district court

also granted DuTrac’s request for entry of a charging order and ordered

DuTrac to file a proposed charging order.          DuTrac filed its proposed

charging order and the Hefels resisted.

      On August 14, the Hefels appealed the district court’s order

granting DuTrac’s application for a charging order.            On August 24,

Westgate filed a resistance to the language of DuTrac’s proposed

charging order.       On August 26, DuTrac cross-appealed the district

court’s order granting the Hefels’ motion to quash garnishments and

levies.     On September 14, the district court filed the charging order.

Westgate appealed the filing of the charging order and thereafter moved

to consolidate the appeals.       We granted the motion to consolidate on

December 15.



______________________________________
Pavelich; and (9) levy on the Hefels’ unused attorney trust fund accounts held by
Weinhardt & Logan.
                                    10

      II. Standard of Review.

      An application for a charging order is a postjudgment equitable

proceeding, and therefore our standard of review is de novo. See Iowa R.

App. P. 6.907.    To the extent we are asked to engage in statutory

interpretation, our review is for correction of errors at law.    See, e.g.,

State v. Howse, 875 N.W.2d 684, 688 (Iowa 2016).

      III. Analysis.

      A. Standing. DuTrac argues Westgate lacks standing to challenge

the charging order because Westgate suffered no cognizable injury.

Westgate responds that the standing argument is without merit because

the district court granted intervention to Westgate as an interested party.

Alternately, Westgate argues it meets the standing requirements because

its members, operations, and future revenue streams would be directly

and negatively affected. The question of standing is separate from the

merits of the case, and we address it first. See, e.g., Horsfield Materials,

Inc. v. City of Dyersville, 834 N.W.2d 444, 452 (Iowa 2013).

      To demonstrate standing, the party must be able to satisfy both

prongs of our standing inquiry. Id. “Our cases have determined that a

complaining party must (1) have a specific personal or legal interest in

the litigation and (2) be injuriously affected.”   Id. (quoting Citizens for

Responsible Choices v. City of Shenandoah, 686 N.W.2d 470, 475 (Iowa

2004)). To meet the first prong, “we require the litigant to allege some

type of injury different from the population in general.”         Hawkeye

Foodserv. Distribution, Inc. v. Iowa Educators Corp., 812 N.W.2d 600, 606

(Iowa 2012) (quoting Godfrey v. State, 752 N.W.2d 413, 420 (Iowa 2008)).

To meet the second prong, “the injury cannot be ‘conjectural’ or

‘hypothetical,’ but must be ‘concrete’ and ‘actual or imminent.’ ”       Id.

(quoting Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 423).
                                       11

      Westgate has a specific interest in the outcome of the litigation—

namely, the amount of proceeds that would be disbursed to DuTrac

under the terms of the charging order. See, e.g., Horsfield, 834 N.W.2d

at 452.    The alleged injury is specific to Westgate, as it deals with

Westgate’s disbursements and is not one that is the same for the

population in general. See, e.g., Hawkeye, 812 N.W.2d at 606. Second,

the potential injury is not conjectural or hypothetical because it deals

with concrete, monetary amounts. See, e.g., id. Westgate has standing.

      Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.407 governs interventions. Iowa R.

Civ. P. 1.407.   The district court granted Westgate an intervention of

right, which allows a party to intervene in an action if they meet any of

the following circumstances:

            a. When a statute confers an unconditional right to
      intervene.

            b. When the applicant claims an interest relating to
      the property or transaction which is the subject of the action
      and the applicant is so situated that the disposition of the
      action may as a practical matter impair or impede the
      applicant’s ability to protect that interest, unless the
      applicant’s interest is adequately represented by existing
      parties.

Id. r. 1.407(1). Westgate has an interest relating to the action because

the charging order would impact the proceeds earned and disbursed

through the company.      The district court’s grant of intervention to

Westgate as a matter of right was proper.

      B. Charging Order.       The Hefels and Westgate argue the district

court erred in granting DuTrac’s application for a charging order based

on five separate defenses, which we address in turn.

      1. Accord and satisfaction.      The Hefels and Westgate argue that

DuTrac’s   acceptance   of     funds    under   the   trustee’s   bankruptcy

compromise constituted an accord and satisfaction.         DuTrac responds
                                    12

that the doctrine of accord and satisfaction does not apply because it was

not a party to the compromise.

      “Accord and satisfaction is a means of discharging a contractual

obligation by agreement of the parties to render and accept a different

and substituted performance as full satisfaction of the preexisting claim.”

Electra Ad Sign Co. v. Cedar Rapids Truck Ctr., 316 N.W.2d 876, 879

(Iowa 1982).   “An accord and satisfaction may be effected by paying

money, doing an act, or giving a promise, provided the thing paid, done,

or given is not something to which the creditor was already entitled.”

Gibson v. Deuth, 220 N.W.2d 893, 896 (Iowa 1974) (quoting 1 C.J.S.

Accord and Satisfaction § 17).       With regard to creditors, we have

previously stated,

      It is a generally accepted principle of law that when a debtor
      owes a fixed, certain, due, sum of money, commonly called a
      liquidated debt, the offer of a less sum to the creditor, with a
      statement or notice that it is in full payment of the
      obligation, and its acceptance and retention by the creditor
      do not bar him from collecting the balance of the debt, in the
      absence of any new or additional consideration. The reason
      being that the debtor is already under legal obligation to pay
      the full amount, and there is no consideration for a release
      or waiver by the creditor of the unpaid part of the debt.
      Where the debtor merely does what he is already bound to
      do, or that which the creditor was already entitled to, there
      is no consideration to support an accord and satisfaction.
      The reason back of the rule is that there is no benefit to the
      creditor, or detriment to the debtor, and the transaction is
      not a contract, with respect to the unpaid portion of the
      debt.

Gibson, 220 N.W.2d at 896 (quoting Kellogg v. Iowa State Traveling Men’s

Ass’n, 239 Iowa 196, 213–14, 29 N.W.2d 559, 568 (1947)).

      It is the defendant who has the burden of establishing the defense

of accord and satisfaction. Electra, 316 N.W.2d at 880. Accordingly, in

order for the doctrine of accord and satisfaction to apply, Westgate and

the Hefels must be able to demonstrate valid consideration that was
                                     13

“offered, intended, and accepted as full satisfaction of the original claim.”

Id. at 879.

      During the bankruptcy proceedings, the trustee weighed various

options available for obtaining the maximum, reasonable value of

Douglas Hefel’s interest in Westgate. Ultimately, the trustee elected to

recommend that the bankruptcy estate accept $125,000 from the Hefels

in exchange for a release of any claim against Douglas Hefel’s interest in

Westgate. DuTrac objected to the trustee’s recommendation because it

wanted the trustee to sell Douglas Hefel’s interest in Westgate. Despite

DuTrac’s objection to the compromise, the trustee filed a motion to

compromise that included the plan to accept a lump sum from the

Hefels. After a hearing, the bankruptcy judge approved the compromise

proposed by the trustee.       DuTrac appealed the decision, but later

dismissed its appeal.

      While DuTrac was active in the bankruptcy proceedings and

objected to the trustee’s plan, it was not a party to the compromise

agreement. The compromise agreement was reached between the Hefels

and the trustee, and approved by the bankruptcy court.           The money

ultimately received by DuTrac was merely the payment on its claim in

bankruptcy.    We find that the bankruptcy court’s approval of the

compromise agreement, and the payment to DuTrac of its claim in

bankruptcy, did not constitute an accord and satisfaction.               The

compromise agreement determined that Douglas Hefel’s interest in

Westgate would remain with him personally and would not become part

of the bankruptcy estate.     It did not bar DuTrac from pursuing that

interest outside of bankruptcy proceedings after the Hefels’ discharge

was revoked. See, e.g., 6 William L. Norton, Jr. & William L. Norton III,

Norton Bankruptcy Law and Practice 3d § 114:11, Westlaw (Jan. 2017
                                   14

update) [hereinafter Norton] (“An order revoking confirmation revokes the

discharge and reinstates the discharged debts and liens they secure.”).

      2. Election of remedies.    The Hefels and Westgate argue that

DuTrac’s intentional and voluntary actions during the bankruptcy

proceeding constituted an election of remedies.    DuTrac responds that

the doctrine is inapplicable because it was not entitled to a charging

order during the original bankruptcy proceeding and because the Hefels’

discharge was later revoked.

      The party claiming the application of the doctrine of election of

remedies must be able to establish three elements: (1) the existence of

two or more remedies, (2) an inconsistency between the remedies, and

(3) an intelligent and intentional choice of one of the remedies. State v.

Funke, 531 N.W.2d 124, 127 (Iowa 1995).       The doctrine of election of

remedies is not favored by the courts, and we will not apply it unless

there is evidence of substantial prejudice.    Whalen v. Connelly, 621

N.W.2d 681, 685–86 (Iowa 2000). If we do apply the doctrine, we apply it

in a strict and limited manner. Gottschalk v. Simpson, 422 N.W.2d 181,

185 (Iowa 1988).

      The first element that the Hefels and Westgate must establish is

that DuTrac had two or more remedies available to it.         Funke, 531

N.W.2d at 127. Westgate claims DuTrac had the option of either entering

a charging order during the bankruptcy proceedings or filing a proof of

claim to collect its debt through the administration of the bankruptcy

estate assets. This is clearly incorrect for a number of reasons. Iowa

Code section 489.503 provides that a court may enter a charging order in

favor of a “judgment creditor.” Iowa Code § 489.503(1). After the Hefels

filed for bankruptcy, they were dismissed from the two pending

foreclosure suits.   Because of the dismissals, at the time of the
                                    15

bankruptcy proceeding, DuTrac had not yet received a judgment against

the Hefels.   It was only after the Hefels’ discharge was revoked that

DuTrac received a judgment against them for the first time. At the time

of the bankruptcy proceeding, DuTrac was not a “judgment creditor” for

purposes of the charging order statute. See id. Furthermore, DuTrac

was subject to the automatic stay of collection efforts at that time. See,

e.g., 9 Norton § 178.18 (“The filing of a bankruptcy petition operates as

an automatic stay of all judicial, administrative, or other actions or

proceedings against the debtor . . . .”). DuTrac did not have the remedy

of a charging order available to it during the bankruptcy proceedings,

and therefore Westgate and the Hefels are unable to prove the first

element of the election of remedies doctrine.

      However, even if they were able to establish the first element, they

are unable to establish elements two or three.       After the bankruptcy

court revoked the Hefels’ discharge due to fraud, DuTrac pursued relief

against the Hefels personally by filing a petition in district court against

them and ultimately obtaining a judgment. After obtaining its judgment,

DuTrac was for the first time able to request a charging order.       In all

respects, DuTrac has taken actions which are timely and consistent with

its rights then existing under the circumstances.      There was no time

when DuTrac was pursuing inconsistent remedies. DuTrac utilized the

proof of claim to collect its debt from the Hefels’ bankruptcy estate;

DuTrac used the petition and subsequent charging order to collect its

debt from the Hefels personally. Certainly, pursuing the charging order

when it did is not an inconsistent remedy, and Westgate and the Hefels

have failed to prove otherwise. Finally, there is no evidence that DuTrac

made an intelligent and intentional choice of one of the remedies. Funke,

531 N.W.2d at 127. The compromise agreement was between the Hefels
                                    16

and the trustee in bankruptcy.       DuTrac was never a party to the

compromise agreement. The Hefels and Westgate were unable to prove

the equitable defense of election of remedies.

      3. Waiver. The Hefels and Westgate argue that DuTrac’s dismissal

of its appeal of the compromise agreement and its acceptance of payment

on its claim in bankruptcy constitutes a waiver of any right it now has to

obtain a charging order.      Waiver applies when a party voluntarily

relinquishes a known right. IBP, Inc. v. Al-Gharib, 604 N.W.2d 621, 629

(Iowa 2000); see also Travelers Indem. Co. v. Fields, 317 N.W.2d 176, 186

(Iowa 1982). “The essential elements of a waiver are the existence of a

right, knowledge, actual or constructive, and an intention to relinquish

such a right.” Iowa Comprehensive Petroleum Underground Storage Tank

Fund Bd. v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co., 596 N.W.2d 546, 552 (Iowa 1999)

(quoting Scheetz v. IMT Ins. Co. (Mut.), 324 N.W.2d 302, 304 (Iowa 1982)).

Waiver can be either express or implied. Id.

      Several things are worth noting with respect to this claim of waiver.

First, had the bankruptcy court not found that the Hefels committed

fraud in their bankruptcy proceedings, this pending action would have

been unnecessary and unavailable to DuTrac.           DuTrac would have

received its distribution from the Hefels’ bankruptcy with no additional

legal recourse for the collection of its debt. There was no waiver of any

known right by DuTrac before it obtained relief from the bankruptcy

court when the court revoked the Hefels’ discharge.

      More importantly, as discussed above, at the time of the

bankruptcy proceedings, DuTrac was not yet a judgment creditor. See

Iowa Code § 489.503(1). DuTrac therefore did not yet have the right to

request a charging order under Iowa Code section 489.503.          See id.

Because the right did not exist, DuTrac could not have voluntarily
                                      17

relinquished it. See, e.g., IBP, Inc., 604 N.W.2d at 629. The defense of

waiver does not apply to the facts of this case.

      4. Operating agreement.        The Hefels and Westgate claim the

district court erred in granting the charging order because Westgate’s

operating agreement prohibits the transfer of an ownership interest

without the other member’s consent.            DuTrac responds that the

prohibition on the transfer of interests does not affect the charging order

because the charging order is not a transfer of Douglas Hefel’s interest.

We agree.

      Iowa Code section 489.503 defines a charging order:

      A charging order constitutes a lien on a judgment debtor’s
      transferable interest and requires the limited liability
      company to pay over to the person to which the charging
      order was issued any distribution that would otherwise be
      paid to the judgment debtor.

Iowa Code § 489.503(1). Distribution is defined as “a transfer of money

or other property from a limited liability company to another person on

account of a transferable interest.”       Id. § 489.102(5).     Transferable

interest is defined as “the right . . . to receive distributions from a limited

liability company in accordance with the operating agreement, whether
or not the person remains a member or continues to own any part of the

right.” Id. § 489.102(24). A transferable interest is personal property.

Id. § 489.501. The transfer of a transferable interest does not cause a

member’s disassociation or the dissolution or winding up of the LLC’s

activities. Id. § 489.502(1). The transferee is not entitled to participate

in management of the LLC, nor is the transferee able to access records or

information about the company’s activities. Id. When the transfer of a

transferable interest occurs, the transferor (i.e., Douglas Hefel) “retains

the rights of a member other than the interest in distributions
                                          18

transferred and retains all duties and obligations of a member.”                     Id.

§ 489.502(7).

       There is no language in Westgate’s operating agreement that

prevents the transfer of distributions. 6          The operating agreement only

prohibits the transfer of an ownership interest.              Because the charging

order does not transfer any ownership interest in Westgate, the operating

agreement does not prevent the court from entering a charging order.

       5. Motion to compromise.           The Hefels and Westgate argue the

motion to compromise ordered by the district court remains in effect, and

it therefore prevented the district court from entering a charging order.

DuTrac responds that Westgate did not preserve error on this argument

because the district court did not consider or rule on it.

       Generally, we will not decide an issue presented to us on appeal

that was not presented to and decided by the district court. See, e.g.,

City of Postville v. Upper Explorerland Reg’l Planning Comm’n, 834 N.W.2d

1, 8 (Iowa 2013). For error to be preserved on an issue, it must be both


       6The operating agreement references ownership interests in multiple places.
Section 3.8 provides that the units of the company and “the interests represented
thereby” shall not be transferable without meeting the terms and conditions of the
agreement. Section 8.1 provides,
       No member shall dispose of his Units in whole or in part, during his
       lifetime or after his death, except as provided in this Agreement. The
       term “dispose” includes, but is not limited to, acts of selling, signing,
       transferring, pledging, encumbering, giving or any other form of
       conveying whether a voluntary, involuntary, or by operation of law.
Additionally, section 8.6 provides that the assignment of a unit does not entitle the
assignee

       to participate in the management and affairs of the Company or to
       become or to exercise any rights of a Member . . . but rather only entitles
       the assignee to receive, to the extent assigned, only the distributions to
       which assignor would be entitled.

(Emphasis added.)
                                       19

raised and decided by the district court. Bank of Am., N.A. v. Schulte,

843 N.W.2d 876, 883 (Iowa 2014). If a party raises an issue and the

district court does not rule on it, the party must file a motion to request

a ruling on the issue.      Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa

2002).

         Here, Westgate did raise the issue in the district court in its brief.

However, the district court order never addressed the argument that the

motion to compromise remains in effect. Westgate never filed a motion

requesting a ruling on the issue and therefore did not properly preserve

error.

         C. Motion to Quash. DuTrac filed and was granted a request for

execution.      Thereafter, it directed the sheriff to garnish and levy

described wages and property from the Hefels, and provided proper

notice to the Hefels.     The Hefels filed a motion to quash the multiple

garnishments and levies. They argue that the Iowa Code only allows one

execution, but DuTrac brought multiple execution actions.              DuTrac

responds that it only obtained one general execution, but acknowledges

that it directed multiple garnishments and levies to the sheriff to collect

under the general execution.       DuTrac argues this does not violate the

Iowa Code because the multiple garnishments and levies were all under

one execution.

         Iowa Code section 626.3 provides that “[o]nly one execution shall

be in existence at the same time.” Iowa Code § 626.3 (emphasis added).

DuTrac argues that it only obtained one execution, while the Hefels and

Westgate argue that the multiple garnishments and levies fall under the

statute as well. When we are asked to interpret a statute, we apply well-

settled principles of statutory interpretation:
                                      20
      The purpose of statutory interpretation is to determine the
      legislature’s intent.   We give words their ordinary and
      common meaning by considering the context within which
      they are used, absent a statutory definition or an established
      meaning in the law. We also consider the legislative history
      of a statute, including prior enactments, when ascertaining
      legislative intent. When we interpret a statute, we assess the
      statute in its entirety, not just isolated words or phrases.
      We may not extend, enlarge, or otherwise change the
      meaning of a statute under the guise of construction.

Howse, 875 N.W.2d at 691 (quoting Schaefer v. Putnam, 841 N.W.2d 68,

75 (Iowa 2013)).

      “Execution” can be defined as the “[j]udicial enforcement of a

money judgment, usu. by seizing and selling the judgment debtor’s

property” or “[a] court order directing a sheriff or other officer to enforce a

judgment, usu. by seizing and selling the judgment debtor’s property.”

Execution,   Black’s   Law     Dictionary   (10th   ed.   2014).      Whereas

“garnishment” can be defined as

      A proceeding whereby a plaintiff creditor, i.e., garnishor,
      seeks to subject to his or her claim the property or money of
      a third party, i.e., garnishee, owed by such party to
      defendant debtor, i.e., principal defendant. Satisfaction of
      an indebtedness out of property or credits of debtor in
      possession of, or owing by, a third person. An ancillary
      remedy in aid of execution to obtain payment of a judgment.

Designate, Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990) (citations omitted)

(emphasis added). Likewise, “levy” can be defined as “to impose or collect

. . . by legal process or authority,” “to seize in satisfaction of a legal claim

or judgment,” or “to carry into effect (as a writ of execution).”         Levy,

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (unabr. ed. 2002).

      Further, the language used throughout chapter 626 supports the

enforcement of a single execution with multiple garnishments or levies.

Section 626.4 provides,

            When the plaintiff in judgment shall file in any court
      in which a judgment has been entered an affidavit made by
                                      21
      the plaintiff, the plaintiff's agent or attorney, or by the officer
      to whom the execution was issued, that an outstanding
      execution has been lost or destroyed, the clerk of such court
      may issue a duplicate execution as of the date of the lost
      execution, which shall have the same force and effect as the
      original execution, and any levy made under the execution so
      lost shall have the same force and effect under the duplicate
      execution as under the original.

Iowa Code § 626.4 (emphasis added). The language “any levy” indicates
that more than one levy may be available under the single writ of
execution. Section 626.28 provides,

      Where parties have been garnished under it, the officer shall
      return to the clerk of court a copy of the execution with all
      the officer’s doings thereon, so far as they relate to the
      garnishments, and the clerk shall docket an action thereon
      without fee, and thereafter the proceedings shall conform to
      proceedings in garnishment under attachments as nearly as
      may be.

Iowa Code § 626.28 (emphasis added).          The term “the garnishments”
indicates that multiple garnishments may exist under a single execution.
      We find that the language of the statute is unambiguous. Section
626.3 prevents more than one execution, but makes no mention of
garnishments or levies.    DuTrac filed a single grant of execution, and
thereafter directed the sheriff to garnish or levy the Hefels’ property in
order to fulfill the grant of execution. There is no statutory prohibition to
the issuance of multiple garnishments and levies under a single general
execution.   We reverse the decision of the district court granting the
motion to quash.
      IV. Conclusion.
      For the above reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court
granting DuTrac’s request for entry of the charging order. However, we
reverse the decision of the district court granting the motion to quash.
We remand this case to the district court.
      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
      All justices concur except Appel, J., who takes no part.
