                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Judges Beales, Russell and AtLee
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED




              JOSEPH CARROLL BUSH
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1628-17-2                                   JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                  MARCH 5, 2019
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
                                          Margaret P. Spencer, Judge Designate

                               Lauren Whitley, Deputy Public Defender, for appellant.

                               Brittany A. Dunn-Pirio, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                               Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Appellant Joseph Bush was tried by a jury and found guilty of possession of a firearm by a

              person previously convicted of a violent felony in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2. On appeal, he

              argues that the “trial court erred in admitting evidence of the nature and number of Mr. Bush’s prior

              felony convictions during the guilt phase of his trial” when Bush had offered to stipulate to having

              been convicted of a violent felony.

                                                        I. BACKGROUND

                     On April 6, 2017, Bush was tried by a jury for possession of a firearm by a convicted violent

              felon. Immediately after the parties’ opening statements (during which the Commonwealth stated

              that Bush “has been convicted of armed robbery”), the Commonwealth moved to introduce a

              redacted sentencing order, dated April 25, 2012, showing Bush’s previous convictions for robbery

              and use of a firearm in the commission of a robbery for events that occurred on March 23, 2011.



                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
The portion of the order stating the sentence imposed was redacted. Bush objected to the admission

of the sentencing order, stating that Bush was willing to stipulate to having been convicted of a

violent felony.1 He argued that since he was willing to make such a stipulation, “the certified

conviction sentencing order is not relevant. . . . There is no probative value given the fact that we

are willing to stipulate that he’s been convicted of a violent felony.” Bush also argued the probative

value of the sentencing order was greatly outweighed by its prejudice, especially since the

sentencing order showed two convictions instead of just one. The trial judge answered, “I think the

law in Virginia is that neither the Commonwealth nor the defendant is required to accept a

stipulation. That’s the law in Virginia. So I have to ask if the Commonwealth accepts the

stipulation?” The Commonwealth rejected the stipulation, the judge then denied Bush’s motion to

exclude, and the redacted sentencing order was admitted into evidence. Bush was ultimately found

guilty and sentenced to five years of incarceration.

                                             II. ANALYSIS

        “Decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence ‘lie within the trial court’s sound

discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.’” Michels v.

Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 461, 465 (2006) (quoting Breeden v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App.

169, 184 (2004)). “[A] trial court ‘by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law

. . . . The abuse-of-discretion standard includes review to determine that the discretion was not

guided by erroneous legal conclusions.’” Booker v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 35, 40 (2012)

(quoting Porter v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 203, 260 (2008)).




        1
         Bush had filed a “Motion to Exclude Prejudicial Collateral Evidence of Defendant’s Prior
Conviction” three days prior to trial. In that motion, he argued that evidence of his prior convictions
should be excluded because he was willing to stipulate that he had been convicted of a felony. The
Commonwealth filed a response on April 5, 2016, the day prior to trial. The trial judge addressed
this motion after Bush objected to the introduction of the sentencing order at trial.
                                                  -2-
       In this appeal of his conviction, Bush argues that the sentencing order showing his previous

convictions should have been excluded based on Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:403. That Rule states:

               Relevant evidence may be excluded if:
               (a) The probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed
               by (i) the danger of unfair prejudice, or (ii) its likelihood of confusing
               or misleading the trier of fact; or
               (b) the evidence is needlessly cumulative.

Bush argues that the evidence should have been excluded under each of the three reasons provided

in the Rule. First, he contends the probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of

unfair prejudice, especially because one of Bush’s previous convictions was use of a firearm and he

was on trial for a firearm offense. He argues that this similarity made the jury likely to convict him

based on his prior bad acts as opposed to the evidence related to the offense for which he was then

charged. Bush notes that this was the reason that the United States Supreme Court reversed a

conviction based on Federal Rule of Evidence 403 (which is substantially similar to Virginia Rule

of Evidence 2:403) in Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172 (1997).2 Second, Bush argues that

there was a likelihood that the jury would be misled by the information of the prior convictions, and

the jury’s passions would be inflamed because the prior convictions would encourage them to

assume that “once a violent felon, always a violent felon.” Third, Bush contends that because the

sentencing order included two convictions, the evidence was needlessly cumulative.

       Bush also argues that, with his offer to stipulate to being a convicted violent felon, the

sentencing order was rendered irrelevant because it retained no probative value, and thus should

have been inadmissible. Bush contends the only reason the Commonwealth had for seeking to

admit the sentencing order was to poison or inflame the minds of the jury as to his character. He

alleges that the Commonwealth relied on the previous conviction inappropriately, citing the



       2
         Bush argues that this Court should consider Old Chief to be persuasive authority in its
interpretation of the Virginia Rules of Evidence.
                                               -3-
prosecutor’s reference to “armed robbery” during his opening statement3 at trial and reference to

robbery in a jury instruction and verdict form.

        Bush argues that Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:403 should be interpreted in the same manner

as Federal Rule of Evidence 403. However, when the Virginia Rules of Evidence were adopted in

2012, they expressly provided that they were not intended to abrogate or overturn existing case law.

The Rules were

                 adopted to implement established principles under the common law
                 and not to change any established case law rendered prior to the
                 adoption of the Rules. Common law case authority, whether decided
                 before or after the effective date of the Rules of Evidence, may be
                 argued to the courts and considered in interpreting and applying the
                 Rules of Evidence.

Va. R. Evid. 2:102. Virginia case law prior to the adoption of the Virginia Rules of Evidence,

therefore, still applies.

        In Glover v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 152 (1986), which was summarily affirmed by the

Supreme Court in Glover v. Commonwealth, 236 Va. 1 (1988), Glover made a similar argument to

the one made by Bush in the case now before us. Glover was convicted of being a felon in

possession of a weapon in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2(A). On appeal, Glover argued, inter alia,

that the trial court erred by allowing the Commonwealth to introduce the specific nature of his prior

felony conviction for robbery when he offered to stipulate that he had a prior conviction of the type

required by Code § 18.2-308.2(A). This Court (and the Supreme Court through its summary

affirmance) rejected Glover’s argument. Noting that Code § 18.2-308.2(A) required proof of

specifically enumerated felonies, the Court held that “[t]he Commonwealth . . . is not obliged to

enter into an agreement whereby it is precluded from putting on its evidence simply because the



        3
         Bush complains that the Commonwealth made inappropriate reference to his robbery
conviction during opening statements. However, the record does not reflect that Bush objected
to such statements during or at any point after the statements were made.
                                                -4-
defendant is willing to make a qualified stipulation. The trial court correctly ruled that the

Commonwealth was entitled to prove the indictment . . . .” Glover, 3 Va. App. at 162.

        In Essex v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 168 (1994), this Court again recognized that the

Commonwealth was permitted to reject a defendant’s proposed stipulation and introduce evidence

of a prior conviction. Essex was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of

Code § 18.2-308.2(A). On appeal, Essex argued, inter alia, that the trial court erred in allowing the

Commonwealth to admit the specific nature of his prior felony conviction for murder, especially

when the Commonwealth could have offered a copy of Essex’s prior burglary conviction order

instead of the murder conviction. Although Code § 18.2-308.2(A) had been amended since Glover

so that the Commonwealth no longer needed to prove a specifically enumerated felony but only had

to show conviction of any felony, this Court found that the change in the statute did not require a

different outcome than in Glover. “The Commonwealth is not required to accept a stipulation. The

most efficient way to prove the prior felony conviction is to offer in evidence an authenticated copy

of the prior order of conviction.” Essex, 18 Va. App. at 171. Further, relying on Pittman v.

Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 33 (1993), where the Court held that the Commonwealth can prove

multiple convictions when it only is required to prove one, this Court in Essex held, “It follows that

if the Commonwealth can prove multiple convictions when it only needs to prove one, the

Commonwealth may select any one of the prior convictions to prove its case.” Id. at 172. The

Court noted that any “prejudice may be alleviated by a jury instruction limiting the purpose for

which the evidence is offered.” Id.

        The precedents provided in Glover and Essex, taken in conjunction with the express

statement in Rule 2:102 that the Virginia Rules of Evidence did not change case law, make clear

that “[t]he Commonwealth is not required to accept a stipulation.” Essex 18 Va. App. at 171.

Instead, this Court has consistently held that, where there are concerns that evidence may be

                                                  -5-
unfairly prejudicial, a limiting or clarifying instruction is the appropriate remedy. See Sheppard v.

Commonwealth, 250 Va. 379, 394-95 (1995); Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 751,

adopted upon reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811 (2005); Essex, 18 Va. App. at 172; Woodson v.

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 539, 541 (1993); Clinton v. Commonwealth, No. 0184-16-1, at *2

(Va. Ct. App. Apr. 18, 2017). The Commonwealth, in its “Response to Motion to Exclude

Evidence of Prior Conviction” made prior to trial, provided a sample limiting instruction that

could have been provided to the jury.4 The record does not reflect that at any time Bush

requested that a limiting or clarifying instruction be given informing the jury of the limited

purpose for which his prior sentencing order was admitted.5 Bush cannot now on appeal claim

prejudice after having rejected the opportunity at trial to resolve such prejudice. Consequently,

because Bush sought no such limiting or clarifying instruction, Bush cannot prevail on appeal

and we do not need to reach his other arguments, including his argument about Old Chief, which

addresses a federal, nonconstitutional rule of evidence.6




       4
         The Commonwealth’s suggested jury instruction, derived from Virginia Criminal
Model Jury Instruction No. 2.250, stated, “Evidence that the defendant was previously convicted
of robbery is not proof that he possessed a firearm on November 14, 2016, and such evidence
may not be considered by you in determining whether the defendant possessed a firearm on
November 14, 2016.”
       5
          Bush argues on appeal that he was not required to request a cautionary instruction or a
mistrial because those actions are reserved for times when evidence is admitted in error. Bush
contends on brief that, since the trial court found the evidence was not erroneously admitted, no
mistrial or cautionary instruction was warranted. However, Bush at trial and on appeal argues
that his prior sentencing order was admitted erroneously at trial. Bush’s argument is circular,
and, in any event, runs counter to settled case law. See Sheppard, 250 Va. at 394-95; Thomas,
44 Va. App. at 751; Essex, 18 Va. App. at 172; Woodson, 16 Va. App. at 541.
       6
          Our jurisprudence dictates that we should resolve cases on appeal on the narrowest and
best grounds available. See Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196 (2015) (“The doctrine
of judicial restraint dictates that we decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest grounds available.’”
(quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 620, 626 n.4 (2010))); Luginbyhl v.
Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 58, 64 (2006) (en banc).
                                                 -6-
                                         III. CONCLUSION

       In short, it is well established that the Commonwealth is not required to accept a

defendant’s offered stipulation, even when there are multiple convictions which the

Commonwealth could choose to admit into evidence. At trial, Bush failed to request a limiting or

clarifying instruction which could have addressed his concerns for any undue prejudice that he

argues arose from the admission into evidence of the redacted sentencing order. For these reasons,

the trial court did not err in admitting the sentencing order showing Bush’s previous convictions

despite Bush’s offer to stipulate to being previously convicted of a violent felony. Therefore, we

affirm Bush’s conviction for possession of a firearm by a previously convicted violent felon under

Code § 18.2-308.2.

                                                                                            Affirmed.




                                                -7-
