                           PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


RICHIE H. CONNER,                      
                Plaintiff-Appellant,
                 v.                              No. 05-1051
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
               Defendant-Appellee.
                                       
           Appeal from the United States District Court
         for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.
                 Samuel G. Wilson, District Judge.
            (CA-03-834-7; CA-03-835-7; CA-04-37-7)

                      Argued: December 1, 2005

                      Decided: January 11, 2006

         Before LUTTIG and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges,
             and HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge.



Affirmed by published opinion. Senior Judge Hamilton wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Luttig and Judge Michael joined.


                             COUNSEL

ARGUED: G. Nelson Mackey, Jr., BRUMBERG, MACKEY &
WALL, P.L.C., Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellant. Anthony Thomas
Sheehan, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Tax
Division, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Paul Anthony
Dull, Mark A. Black, BRUMBERG, MACKEY & WALL, P.L.C.,
Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellant. Eileen J. O’Connor, Assistant
2                     CONNER v. UNITED STATES
Attorney General, Frank P. Cihlar, Tax Division, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; John L. Brownlee,
United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee.


                             OPINION

HAMILTON, Senior Circuit Judge:

   Richie H. Conner (Conner), the subject of an ongoing criminal tax
investigation, appeals the district court’s order: (1) dismissing his
petitions to quash certain summonses issued by the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) to two third-party record keepers; and (2) granting the
government’s cross motion for enforcement of such summonses. We
affirm.

                                  I.

   Since the early 1970s, Conner has owned and operated Shags Lum-
ber Company, a sole proprietorship in the business of purchasing and
harvesting timber, pressing timber into wood products, and selling
those products. In June 1999, IRS Agent Michael Durland began a
civil audit of Conner’s 1996 and 1997 federal income tax returns. Fol-
lowing completion of those audits, the IRS assigned IRS Agent
Thomas Walker (Agent Walker) to audit Conner’s 1998 and 1999
federal income tax returns. Subsequently, in February 2002, Agent
Walker began to audit Conner’s 2000 and 2001 federal income tax
returns.

   Accountant Rudolph Nagy (Accountant Nagy) had prepared Con-
ner’s 1996 through 2000 federal income tax returns and represented
Conner before the IRS during its civil audits of those returns. A dif-
ferent accountant, Lloyd Hartman (Accountant Hartman), had pre-
pared Conner’s 2001 federal income tax return. As of March 2004,
Conner had not yet filed a federal income tax return for 2002.

  When Agent Walker received Conner’s civil audit file, it contained
few documents pertaining to tax years 1996 and 1997, because those
                       CONNER v. UNITED STATES                         3
documents had been transmitted to the IRS’s Appeals Office. The file
did, however, contain Conner’s federal income tax returns and profit
and loss statements for 1998 and 1999, which documents Agent
Walker assumed came from Accountant Nagy, but did not know for
certain. Agent Walker then requested additional records from
Accountant Nagy, which he did not provide.

   Conner retained an attorney to represent him in the civil audit of
his federal income tax return for 2000. Agent Walker reviewed
records pertaining to Conner’s 2000 tax year at the attorney’s office,
copied those he needed, and authorized the return of the original
records to Conner.

   Agent Walker ultimately referred Conner’s case to the IRS’s Crim-
inal Investigation Division for a tax fraud investigation with respect
to tax years 1996 through 2002. Special Agent Ross Pierson (Special
Agent Pierson) was assigned the case.1

   Before Special Agent Pierson issued the third-party summonses at
issue in the present appeal, Special Agent Pierson reviewed the IRS’s
civil audit file on Conner and discussed the case with Agent Walker.
Notably, the file contained documents indicating that Conner had
directed Accountant Nagy to submit a set of federal income tax
returns for the years 1994 through 1997 as part of a bank loan appli-
cation, which returns reflected substantially more income than was
reported on the returns Conner had filed with the IRS for the same
years. These discrepancies, inter alia, prompted Special Agent Pier-
son to issue summonses to Accountants Hartman and Nagy in order
that he (Special Agent Pierson) could compare records pertaining to
Conner held by the accountants with those in the IRS’s civil audit file
on Conner.
  1
    At all relevant times, there was no United States Department of Jus-
tice referral in effect with respect to Conner. Accordingly, 26 U.S.C.
(IRC) § 7602(d)(1) has no application in this case. Id. ("No summons
may be issued under this title, and the Secretary may not begin any
action under section 7604 to enforce any summons, with respect to any
person if a Justice Department referral is in effect with respect to such
person.").
4                      CONNER v. UNITED STATES
   Special Agent Pierson (accompanied by another IRS special agent
and Agent Walker) personally served a summons on Accountant
Hartman on December 3, 2003, and a summons on Accountant Nagy
on December 8, 2003. The summonses were virtually identical. The
first page directed the named accountant to appear at the IRS’s office
in Staunton, Virginia, before Special Agent Pierson on January 5,
2004, to produce the documents described on the second page relating
to Conner’s financial transactions for 1996 through 2002. The third
and fourth pages quoted extensively from Internal Revenue Code sec-
tions containing the rights of third parties who receive summonses for
taxpayer records. Rather than producing the summoned documents at
the IRS’s office in Staunton, Virginia on January 5, 2004, Accoun-
tants Hartman and Nagy turned over the summoned documents to
Special Agent Pierson on the day of service.

   Conner’s third petition to quash pertains to a second summons
served on Accountant Hartman. Believing that he had been tardy in
giving Conner notice of the first summons served on Accountant
Hartman, Special Agent Pierson served a second summons on
Accountant Hartman in early January 2004. Accountant Hartman did
not produce any documents in response to this second summons
because he had already complied with the first summons.2

   Pursuant to IRC § 7609(h), Conner filed petitions in the United
States District Court for the Western District of Virginia to quash
each of the three third-party summonses. The district court consoli-
dated the petitions and held an evidentiary hearing on December 10,
2004, in order to resolve factual disputes bearing on the questions of
whether the IRS issued the summonses in good faith and whether the
IRS currently possessed the records sought.3 Special Agent Pierson,
Agent Walker, Accountant Hartman, and Shag Lumber Company’s
office manager, Eunice Montgomery, testified at the evidentiary hear-
ing. The district court also considered affidavits by Special Agent
    2
     In his opening appellate brief, Conner states that "[f]or purposes of
this appeal, [he] does not raise these notice issues." (Conner’s Opening
Br. at 3 n.2).
   3
     Conner requested prehearing discovery, which the district court
denied.
                       CONNER v. UNITED STATES                        5
Pierson, Accountant Hartman, and Accountant Nagy. Accountant
Nagy died before the evidentiary hearing.

  Following the evidentiary hearing, the district court made the fol-
lowing findings of fact in a Memorandum Opinion issued on Decem-
ber 17, 2004:

    1) Pierson did not demand production of the documents on
    the day of service;

    2) Each summons conspicuously noted its return date;

    3) Hartman produced the documents on the day of service
    in order to avoid having to appear at the IRS office on the
    summons return date;

    4) Pierson did not verbally inform Hartman and Nagy of
    Conner’s right to petition to quash; however, he gave them
    each a written explanation of Conner’s rights, and each had
    an opportunity to read it before producing the records;

    5) Pierson questioned Hartman and Nagy about their rela-
    tionship with Conner; however, he did not by that question-
    ing, in effect, prematurely examine the records;

    6) Upon learning of Conner’s petitions to quash, Pierson
    sealed the records in envelopes, and they have remained
    sealed to this date;

    7) As of this date, neither Pierson nor any other IRS agent
    has examined the sealed records;

    8) Conner has failed to demonstrate that the IRS already
    possessed the records at the time Pierson served the sum-
    monses.

(J.A. 463).

   Based on these findings, the district court denied Conner’s petitions
to quash and granted the government’s motion to enforce the sum-
6                     CONNER v. UNITED STATES
monses. This timely appeal followed. Pursuant to motion by Conner,
the district court stayed the effect of its final order pending appeal.

                                  II.

   When an interested party challenges enforcement of an IRS sum-
mons, under United States v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48 (1965), the initial
burden rests with the government to establish a prima facie showing
of good faith in issuing the summons, requiring proof that the IRS has
satisfied the following four elements: (1) the investigation is being
conducted for a legitimate purpose; (2) the inquiry is relevant to that
purpose; (3) the information sought is not already in the possession
of the IRS; and (4) the administrative steps required by the Internal
Revenue Code have been followed. United States v. Stuart, 489 U.S.
353, 359-60 (1989); Powell, 379 U.S. at 57-58; Alphin v. United
States, 809 F.2d 236, 238 (4th Cir. 1987). The burden on the govern-
ment to produce a prima facie showing of good faith in issuing the
summons is "slight or minimal." Mazurek v. United States, 271 F.3d
226, 230 (5th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed,
the government need only present "an affidavit of an agent involved
in the investigation averring the Powell good faith elements" in order
to establish a prima facie case for enforcement of a civil summons.
Alphin, 809 F.2d at 238.

    Once the IRS has made such a showing . . . it is entitled to
    an enforcement order unless the taxpayer can show that the
    IRS is attempting to abuse the court’s process. Such an
    abuse would take place . . . if the summons had been issued
    for an improper purpose, such as to harass the taxpayer or
    to put pressure on him to settle a collateral dispute, or for
    any other purpose reflecting on the good faith of the particu-
    lar investigation. The taxpayer carries the burden of proving
    an abuse of the court’s process.

Stuart, 489 U.S. 353 at 360 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted).

  We review the district court’s factual findings underlying its
enforcement order for clear error, Hintze v. Internal Revenue Service,
879 F.2d 121, 125 (4th Cir. 1989), overruled on other grounds,
                       CONNER v. UNITED STATES                        7
Church of Scientology of California v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 15-
17 (1992), and its legal rulings de novo, see, e.g., Hillman v. Internal
Revenue Service, 263 F.3d 338, 340 (4th Cir. 2001). We review the
district court’s denial of Conner’s request for discovery for abuse of
discretion. Hintze, 879 F.2d at 126.

                                  III.

   On appeal, Conner does not take issue with the district court’s
holding that the government carried its minimal burden of establish-
ing a prima facie case of good faith under Powell for enforcement of
the three summonses at issue by submitting Special Agent Pierson’s
affidavit averring the Powell good faith elements. Powell, 379 U.S.
at 57-58. Neither does Conner take issue on appeal with the district
court’s factual findings with respect to Powell’s first and second
prongs (i.e., (1) that the IRS issued the summonses for a legitimate
purpose, and (2) that the material sought was relevant to that pur-
pose).

  Rather, Conner’s appellate challenges are limited to the district
court’s findings with respect to Powell’s third and fourth prongs. We
address each in turn.

                                  A.

   With respect to Powell’s third prong, the district court found that
"Conner has failed to demonstrate that the IRS already possessed the
records at the time [Special Agent] Pierson served the summonses."
(J.A. 463). Conner disputes this finding. Alternatively, Conner seeks
to excuse himself from the burden of proving Powell’s third prong on
two grounds: (1) that Special Agent Pierson’s failure to tender inven-
tory receipts for the records he took left him with no reasonable
method for determining whether the IRS already possessed the
records at the time he served the summonses; and (2) the district court
erred in denying his request for discovery.

  None of Conner’s arguments warrant reversal of the district court’s
enforcement order. Powell’s third prong focuses upon whether the
IRS already possessed the records sought in the challenged summon-
8                      CONNER v. UNITED STATES
ses. Notably, the Fourth Circuit has held in applying this prong that,
when the government has grounds to suspect alteration of a taxpayer’s
financial records, it has the right to obtain the same records from dif-
ferent sources for comparison purposes. United States v. Daffin, 653
F.2d 121, 124 (4th Cir. 1981).

   Because the government had already produced Special Agent Pier-
son’s affidavit disavowing possession of the documents sought in the
summonses at issue, Conner bore the burden of proving otherwise. In
this regard, Conner offered, as the district court described, "[t]he non-
descript testimony of [his] office manager . . . ." (J.A. 465). He also
offered Accountant Nagy’s affidavit stating:

     8. That as part of my representation of Mr. Conner in such
     audits and examinations, I have previously provided the
     Internal Revenue Service, specifically, Revenue Agents,
     Michael Durland and Tom Walker, with all of the informa-
     tion concerning his income tax returns, and his books and
     records in my files.

(J.A. 347). Conner also points out on appeal that Special Agent Pier-
son and Agent Walker both testified that the IRS had some federal
income tax returns for Conner in its civil audit file for the same years
that it sought federal income tax returns from Accountant Nagy.

   Having reviewed the entire record, we hold the district court’s find-
ing in favor of the government with respect to Powell’s third prong
is not clearly erroneous. First, having reviewed the testimony of Con-
ner’s office manager, Eunice Montgomery, we agree with the district
court that it was "nondescript" on the topic of which records she may
have given the IRS, and further agree that her testimony was insuffi-
cient to carry Conner’s burden of proof with respect to Powell’s third
prong. (J.A. 465). As for the district court’s crediting of both Special
Agent Pierson’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing regarding the
records in possession of the IRS and his sworn written statements on
the subject in his affidavit over the directly opposing statements made
by Accountant Nagy in his affidavit, we cannot review such a credi-
bility finding on appeal. Daffin, 653 F.2d at 124 (district court’s credi-
bility determination regarding witness who gave live testimony during
                       CONNER v. UNITED STATES                          9
evidentiary hearing in IRS summons enforcement proceeding "is
unassailable on appeal").

   Moreover, the record also establishes that the government was enti-
tled to the records sought in the summonses in order to compare them
to whatever records the government already possessed, the sources of
which were unknown. In his affidavit, Special Agent Pierson stated
that he became suspicious that Conner had engaged in some income
tax evasion practices when he learned that Conner had filed one set
of federal income tax returns for the years 1994 through 1997 with
the IRS, but had submitted, through Accountant Nagy, a different set
of returns, reporting substantially more income (i.e., higher gross
receipts), to a bank in an effort to secure a loan. The record also con-
tains, as an exhibit to Special Agent Pierson’s affidavit, a chart com-
paring the federal income tax return information for 1994 through
1997. Under these suspicious circumstances, the government was
entitled to obtain Conner’s financial records and income tax returns
from Accountants Hartman and Nagy in order to compare them with
records already in the IRS’s civil audit file on Conner or records they
may obtain from other sources. Daffin, 653 F.2d at 124. For this rea-
son, Conner was in no way prejudiced in carrying his burden of prov-
ing Powell’s third prong by Special Agent Pierson’s failure to tender
inventory receipts for the records he took.4

   Finally, given the district court’s abundant discretion in deciding
whether to grant a taxpayer prehearing discovery in a summons
enforcement proceeding, Conner has failed to show that the district
court abused its discretion in failing to grant him prehearing discov-
ery. The case law is clear that prehearing discovery in summons
enforcement proceedings is only granted where the taxpayer has made
a preliminary demonstration of abuse of process, which preliminary
demonstration Conner failed to make. Hintze, 879 F.2d at 127 ("court
should not allow discovery at this stage unless the taxpayer makes a
preliminary demonstration of abuse"); Tax Liabilities of John Does v.
United States, 866 F.2d 1015, 1019 (8th Cir. 1989) ("The taxpayer
  4
   Notably, the district court found Special Agent Pierson’s failure to
inventory the records taken from Accountants Hartman and Nagy to be
consistent with his good faith in that "he did not inventory the documents
because he would have had to review them to do so." (J.A. 464 n.2).
10                     CONNER v. UNITED STATES
must make a substantial preliminary showing of abuse of the court’s
process before even limited discovery need be ordered [in an IRS
summons enforcement proceeding]."); United States v. Southern
Tanks, Inc., 619 F.2d 54, 56 (10th Cir. 1980) ("As a general rule, dis-
covery is available in summons enforcement proceedings only in
extraordinary situations.").

  In sum, we find no reversible error with respect to Powell’s third
prong.

                                  B.

  Conner argues the district court’s finding in favor of the govern-
ment with respect to Powell’s fourth prong is clearly erroneous. Con-
ner’s argument is without merit.

   Powell’s fourth prong asks whether the IRS followed the adminis-
trative steps required by the IRC with regard to the summonses at
issue. In challenge to the district court’s finding with respect to Pow-
ell’s fourth prong, Conner asserts that by accepting the records from
Accountants Hartman and Nagy prior to expiration of the twenty-
three days in which he, the affected taxpayer, could seek to quash the
third-party summonses, Special Agent Pierson did not follow IRC
§ 7609(d)(1) nor Internal Revenue Manual §§ 25.5.3.4(2)(B) and
25.5.6.2(1)(C).

   Again, Conner has failed to establish a case for reversal. IRC
§ 7609(d)(1) provides that "[n]o examination of any records required
to be produced under a [third-party] summons as to which notice is
required under subsection (a) may be made—(1) before the close of
the 23rd day after the day notice with respect to the summons is given
[the subject taxpayer]." 26 U.S.C. § 7609(d)(1) (emphasis added).
Conner argues that Special Agent Pierson’s physical acceptance of
the records from Accountants Hartman and Nagy violated IRC
§ 7609(d)(1). Conner’s argument is without merit. IRC § 7609(d)(1)
plainly prohibits premature examination of the records at issue, not
physical acceptance. Moreover, Conner does not challenge as clearly
erroneous either the district court’s finding that Special Agent Pierson
sealed the records as soon as he learned of Conner’s petitions to quash
                        CONNER v. UNITED STATES                          11
or the district court’s finding that, as of the date of the district court’s
final order, no IRS agent had examined the records.

   Conner’s argument with respect to the Internal Revenue Manual is
also without merit. Internal Revenue Manual §§ 25.5.3.4(2)(B) and
25.5.6.2(1)(C) both direct IRS agents not to physically accept records
in response to a third-party summons prior to expiration of the
twenty-three day period in which the affected taxpayer can seek to
quash the summons. The record is undisputed that Special Agent Pier-
son physically accepted the records from Accountants Hartman and
Nagy on the day of service. Thus, Special Agent Pierson violated
these two Internal Revenue Manual Sections.

   This does not, however, carry the day for Conner on appeal. While
violations of the Internal Revenue Manual are relevant to the bad faith
inquiry presented in this case, they do not constitute proof by them-
selves of the IRS’s bad faith in issuing the challenged summonses.
Groder v. United States, 816 F.2d 139, 142 (4th Cir. 1987) (IRS’s
violation of its own regulations is not proof by itself of bad faith on
part of IRS in a tax investigation) ("A Manual violation may be rele-
vant to this showing [of bad faith] but it is not conclusive.").

  Furthermore, Special Agent Pierson, who had only worked for the
IRS for two and one half years at the time of the evidentiary hearing,
explained during his testimony that although he did not know if he
had ever received training regarding the Internal Revenue Manual
sections at issue, he accepted the records from Accountants Hartman
and Nagy on the day he served the summonses because:

     through my training that I received from the IRS, we were
     taught that you could accept the records. But, you could not
     examine the records until after the expiration date of the
     requirements as far as the noticee having to file a petition.

(J.A. 422). This testimony, implicitly credited by the district court,
sufficiently neutralized any potential inference of bad faith from Spe-
cial Agent Pierson’s physical acceptance of the records from Accoun-
tants Hartman and Nagy prior to the expiration of the twenty-three
day waiting period as provided in the Internal Revenue Manual.
12                    CONNER v. UNITED STATES
   In sum, Conner has failed to show the district court’s finding with
respect to Powell’s fourth prong is clearly erroneous.

                                 IV.

  In conclusion, we affirm the district court’s order denying Conner’s
petitions to quash the summonses at issue and granting the govern-
ment’s cross motion for enforcement.

                                                         AFFIRMED
