                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 05a0094p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                     X
                             Petitioner-Appellant, -
 JACKIE HUMPHRESS,
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                      -
                                                          No. 03-5951
          v.
                                                      ,
                                                       >
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                            -
                             Respondent-Appellee. -
                                                     N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                    No. 00-00943—Todd J. Campbell, District Judge.
                                   Argued: September 23, 2004
                             Decided and Filed: February 25, 2005
                Before: SILER, BATCHELDER, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: William S. Walton, MILLER & MARTIN, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant.
Hilliard H. Hester, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Nashville, Tennessee, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: William S. Walton, MILLER & MARTIN, Nashville, Tennessee, for
Appellant. Hilliard H. Hester, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
         ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Jackie Humphress appeals the district
court’s denial of his motion, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, to vacate, set aside or amend his
sentence, imposed after a jury convicted him on charges of conspiracy to murder an officer or
employee of the United States on account of performance of official duties, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1117, and attempted murder of an officer or employee of the United States on account of
performance of official duties, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1114 and 2. Humphress argues that the
district court erred in concluding that he was not denied the effective assistance of counsel during
plea negotiations. In a supplemental brief, Humphress argues that his sentence was increased on the
basis of facts found by the sentencing court, in violation of Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531
(2004). Because the Supreme Court’s intervening decision in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct.
738 (2005), which now governs Humphress’s Blakely claim, does not apply retroactively to cases
already final on direct review and because there is no reasonable probability that, but for his


                                                 1
No. 03-5951           Humphress v. United States                                              Page 2


counsel’s allegedly deficient performance, Humphress would have pled guilty, we will AFFIRM
the district court’s denial of the § 2255 motion.
                                                  I.
        Humphress’s underlying conviction is based on an agreement to murder an FBI agent, which
he entered into with his co-defendant, Ronald Dick. While serving a prison sentence on a drug
conviction, Dick told his cellmate that he wished to have several federal officials, including an FBI
agent, murdered. Unbeknownst to Dick, his cellmate informed the FBI and began assisting FBI
agents in an investigation which eventually led to Humphress’s indictment on charges of conspiracy
to commit murder, attempted murder, aiding and abetting murder, soliciting a crime of violence, and
utilizing a firearm in relation to a crime of violence.
        Humphress retained Charles Ray, an experienced criminal defense attorney, to represent him.
During December of 1996, Hilliard Hester, the Assistant United States Attorney assigned to
Humphress’s case, discussed with Ray the possibility of a plea agreement in which Humphress
would plead guilty to the charge of using a firearm in relation to a crime of violence in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) and another substantive count in exchange for the Government’s
recommendation of a ten-year prison sentence. Hester testified that this agreement was never
reduced to writing, and Ray was unable to produce any record of the negotiations. Ray discussed
the terms of the agreement with Humphress and recommended that he decline the offer. The parties
dispute the extent to which Ray counseled Humphress on the sentencing guidelines and whether Ray
warned Humphress of the risks associated with going to trial, but in any event, Ray sent the United
States Attorney’s office a letter advising that Humphress was unwilling to accept the plea agreement.
        Despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, Humphress testified at trial that he had not
willingly conspired with Dick to murder the FBI agent. He claimed that he had participated in the
murder plot only because two or three unknown men had threatened his family. The jury rejected
Humphress’s duress defense and convicted him on the conspiracy, attempt, and aiding and abetting
counts. Humphress was acquitted of soliciting a crime of violence and utilizing a firearm in relation
to a crime of violence. In calculating Humphress’s sentence, the district court increased the base
offense level from 28 to 37 based on factual findings, at least some of which had not been found by
the jury. The court then sentenced Humphress to 210 months’ imprisonment, the minimum sentence
allowed under the guidelines.
        After his sentence was affirmed by this court on direct appeal, see United States v. Dick &
Humphress, 194 F.3d 1314 (Table), 1999 WL 825037 (6th Cir. 1999), Humphress filed this motion
under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 attacking his convictions and resulting sentence on numerous grounds. A
magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation concluding that all of Humphress’s claims,
save the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, should be denied. The district court adopted and
approved the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation. After conducting an evidentiary
hearing on the ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the magistrate judge concluded that Ray’s
failure to advise and inform his client on the plea agreement constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel, but that because Humphress had not shown that there was a reasonable probability that he
would have pled guilty but for the alleged errors of his trial attorney, Humphress had failed to
demonstrate prejudice resulting from counsel’s ineffective assistance. The magistrate judge
therefore recommended that the claim should be denied and the motion dismissed.
        The district court agreed that Humphress had failed to demonstrate prejudice, but also
concluded that Humphress had failed to prove that his trial counsel was ineffective. Humphress
timely appealed, and we issued a Certificate of Appealability on the issue of “whether trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by failing to adequately advise Humphress about a plea offer.”
No. 03-5951           Humphress v. United States                                                Page 3


                                                  II.
        In reviewing the denial of a motion to vacate, alter, or amend a sentence pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2255, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions
de novo. Smith v. United States, 348 F.3d 545, 550 (6th Cir. 2003). “To warrant relief under section
2255, a petitioner must demonstrate the existence of an error of constitutional magnitude which had
a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the guilty plea or the jury’s verdict.” Griffin v.
United States, 330 F.3d 733, 736 (6th Cir. 2003).
        Humphress argues that the district court’s denial of habeas relief was erroneous because he
did not receive effective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations. Defendants have a
constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations. Hill v. Lockhart, 474
U.S. 52, 58-59 (1985). The two-prong ineffective assistance of counsel analysis that the Supreme
Court announced in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), applies to claims that counsel’s
performance was constitutionally deficient during plea negotiations. Hill, 474 U.S. at 58. A
petitioner who claims that he was denied effective assistance of counsel with regard to whether or
not to plead guilty must prove that (1) counsel rendered constitutionally deficient performance, and
(2) there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s deficient performance, the petitioner
would have pled guilty. Magana v. Hofbauer, 263 F.3d 542, 547-48 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Turner
v. Tennessee, 858 F.2d 1201, 1206 (6th Cir. 1988)). “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
       Even assuming that Ray’s performance was constitutionally deficient, see Strickland, 466
U.S. at 697 (“a court need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before
examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant . . . If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness
claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice . . . that course should be followed”),
Humphress’s petition must fail because he has not established a reasonable probability that he would
have pled guilty if properly advised by counsel.
        During the evidentiary hearing, Humphress’s appellate counsel asked him “do you believe
that [counseling on the Sentencing Guidelines] would have influenced your decision at all whether
to proceed to trial if you had some kind of knowledge about how the sentencing guidelines might
affect your case if you were found guilty?” Humphress answered “it’s hard to say what – speculate
on what I would have done, but it’s – if I would have knew then the facts that I know now, I would
have had a lot better chance to make a more intelligent decision in what we could do.”
        On cross-examination, counsel for the government asked Humphress “[a]re you telling the
judge that if you had it to do all over again today that you’d plead guilty instead of going to trial?”
Humphress answered “[i]t’s hard to say what I would do today. I mean, there’s no – it’s not a black
and white issue.” The government’s counsel persisted, asking “are you telling us that you would
have insisted on pleading guilty, that’s what you wish you had done and that’s what you would do
if you had the chance to do it all over again?” Humphress responded equivocally: “[t]o a certain
extent, yes, sir.” Humphress’s evasive answers preclude a finding that there is a reasonable
probability that he would have chosen to plead guilty.
       Humphress’s assertions of his innocence at trial and during the magistrate’s evidentiary
hearing lend additional support to the district court’s conclusion that Humphress would not have
pled guilty. During the evidentiary hearing, Humphress repeatedly asserted that he never willingly
entered into an agreement to murder a federal official. Even assuming that Humphress would have
accepted an Alford-like guilty plea, North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970), it is highly
unlikely that the United States would have offered one in light of the overwhelming evidence of his
guilt. See Stephanos Bibas, Harmonizing Substantive- Criminal- Law Values and Criminal
Procedure: the Case of Alford and Nolo Contendere Pleas, 88 CORNELL L. REV. 1361, 1380 (2003)
No. 03-5951               Humphress v. United States                                                              Page 4


(citing The United States Department of Justice Principles of Federal Prosecution as evidence that
the Department discourages Alford pleas). Furthermore, there is no evidence in the record which
suggests that the district court would have accepted an Alford plea.
        Accordingly, we find that Humphress did not demonstrate a reasonable probability that he
would have pled guilty but for his trial counsel’s allegedly ineffective performance, and we affirm
the conclusion of the district court that Humphress failed to demonstrate prejudice as a result of his
trial counsel’s errors.
                                                           III.
        Humphress argues that his sentence was imposed in violation of Blakely, 124 S. Ct. 2531,
because the trial judge increased his sentence based on findings of fact made by the judge. This
claim is now governed by the Supreme Court’s intervening decision in Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738,
which applied the Blakely reasoning to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, holding that “[a]ny fact
(other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum
authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the
defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 756. Because we conclude that
Booker’s rule does not apply retroactively in collateral proceedings, we find this claim meritless.
       Generally speaking, federal habeas corpus petitioners may not rely on new rules of criminal
procedure1 handed down after their convictions have become final on direct appeal. Schriro v.
Summerlin, 124 S. Ct. 2519, 2523 (2004). In Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), however, the
Supreme Court announced a three-step analysis to determine whether a new rule of criminal
procedure applies to a case on collateral review. The reviewing court must first determine when the
defendant’s conviction became final. Beard v. Banks, 124 S. Ct. 2504, 2510 (2004). Next, the court
must decide whether the rule in question is actually “new.” Id. If it is, the court must determine
whether the new rule falls into either of two exceptions to nonretroactivity. Id.
        Determining the date on which Humphress’s conviction became final is not a difficult task.
The conviction of a federal criminal defendant who takes a direct appeal to the court of appeals
becomes final for the purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2255 “upon the expiration of the 90-day period in
which the defendant could have petitioned for certiorari to the Supreme Court, even when no
certiorari petition has been filed.” Sanchez-Castellano v. United States, 358 F.3d 424, 426 (6th Cir.
2004). Because he did not file a petition for certiorari, Humphress’s conviction became final in
January of 2000, 90 days after we denied his direct appeal. See United States v. Dick & Humphress,
194 F.3d 1314 (Table), 1999 WL 825037 (6th Cir. 1999).
       Next, we must decide whether Booker’s rule constitutes a “new rule” of criminal procedure.
See Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2510. The Supreme Court has stated that a new rule is a rule that “breaks
new ground.” Teague, 489 U.S. at 301. In other words, “a case announces a new rule if the result
was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.” Id. As
the Court put it in Beard,
         We must therefore assay the legal landscape as of [January 2000] and ask “whether
         the rule later announced in [Booker] was dictated by then-existing precedent –
         whether, that is, the unlawfulness of [respondent’s] conviction was apparent to all
         reasonable jurists.”


         1
           Without question, this rule is a procedural one. See Schriro v. Summerlin, 124 S.Ct. 2519, 2524 (2004)
(distinguishing between new substantive rules and new procedural rules, and noting that a rule requiring that a jury rather
than a judge find the facts essential to the death penalty is a procedural rule, whereas a rule that a particular fact is
essential to the death penalty is a substantive rule).
No. 03-5951               Humphress v. United States                                                            Page 5


Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2511 (quoting Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 527-28 (1997)).
        The Booker rule is clearly new. It was not dictated by precedent existing at the time that
Humphress’s conviction became final, and it would not have been apparent to “all reasonable
jurists” that his conviction was unlawful. Indeed, the Booker Court explicitly held that the holding
applies to all cases on direct review, quoting Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328 (1987): “‘[A]
new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied retroactively to all cases . . .
pending on direct review or not yet final, with no exception for cases in which the new rule
constitutes a ‘clear break’ with the past.’” Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 769. This discussion would be
wholly unnecessary had the rule been dictated by precedent. See McReynolds v. United States,
___F.3d___, 2005 WL 237642, at *2 (7th Cir. Feb 2, 2005) (“Blakely reserved decision about the
status of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines . . . , so Booker itself represents the establishment of a
new rule . . . .”)
         That the federal judiciary has been deeply divided on the issue of whether the rule announced
in Blakely applies to the   Federal Guidelines lends further support to the conclusion that Booker
announced a new rule.2 As we have noted above, a rule of criminal procedure does not break new
ground if “the unlawfulness of [the petitioner’s] conviction was apparent to all reasonable jurists.”
Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2511; see also O’Dell v. Netherland, 521 U.S. 151, 164 (1997) (analyzing
whether a reasonable jurist “would [] have felt compelled to adopt the rule”). First, Booker was
decided over a four-justice dissent. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 807 (Breyer, J., dissenting) (opining that
factual distinctions “offer a principled basis” for refusing to extend Blakely and Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000) to the Federal Guidelines). Further, the differing interpretations of
Blakely announced by the United States Courts of Appeals also indicate that not all reasonable
jurists believed that the Booker rule was compelled by Blakely. In United States v. Koch, 383 F.3d
436 (6th Cir. 2004) (en banc), this Circuit joined the Second, Fourth, and Fifth Circuits in holding
that Blakely did not compel the conclusion that the Federal Sentencing Guidelines violate the Sixth
Amendment. See United States v. Mincey, 380 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2004); United States v. Hammoud,
378 F.3d 426 (4th Cir. 2004) (en banc); United States v. Pineiro, 377 F.3d 464 (5th Cir. 2004). The
Eleventh Circuit endorsed Koch’s holding. See United States v. Reese, 382 F.3d 1308, 1310 (11th
Cir. 2004). Even those Circuits that have applied Blakely’s rule to the Federal Guidelines have done
so over dissents. See United States v. Booker, 375 F.3d 508, 515 (7th Cir. 2004) (Easterbrook, J.,
dissenting); United States v. Ameline, 376 F.3d 967, 984 (9th Cir. 2004) (Gould, J., dissenting).
These authorities are all premised on the idea that, given the proper circumstances, a judge may
make sentence-enhancing      findings of fact pursuant to the Federal Guidelines and not run afoul of
the Sixth Amendment.3 We are mindful of the observation in Beard that “[b]ecause the focus of the
inquiry is whether reasonable jurists could differ as to whether precedent compels the sought-for
rule, we do not suggest that the mere existence of a dissent suffices to show that the rule is new.”
Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2513 n.5. We are confident, however, not only that the jurists who authored
these majority opinions and dissents are reasonable, but that these opinions and dissents make it
manifest that the rule of Booker is new.

         2
           In Blakely, which was itself a 5-4 decision, the Court analyzed a sentence imposed pursuant to the State of
Washington’s sentencing scheme, which is similar to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. The Court held that the
application of Washington’s sentencing scheme violated the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights because it permitted
an increase of the defendant’s sentence on the basis of facts found by the judge and not by the jury. Blakely, 124 S. Ct.
at 2537-38. Although Justice O’Connor observed that “Washington’s scheme is almost identical to the upward departure
regime established by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) and implemented in USSG § 5K2.0,” Blakely, 124 S. Ct. at 2549 (O’Connor,
J., dissenting), it was by no means a foregone conclusion that the rule in Blakely rendered the Federal Guidelines
unconstitutional, as Justice Breyer’s dissent in Booker proves. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 802-03 (Breyer, J., dissenting).
         3
          Considering its statement that “[t]he Federal Guidelines are not before us, and we express no opinion on them,”
it comes as no surprise that many jurists did not read Blakely as invalidating the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.
Blakely,124 S. Ct. at 2538 n.9.
No. 03-5951               Humphress v. United States                                                          Page 6


       Finally, we must decide whether Booker’s new rule falls into either of Teague’s two
exceptions to the nonretroactivity rule. First, the nonretroactivity rule “does not apply to rules
forbidding punishment ‘of certain primary conduct [or to] rules prohibiting a certain category of
punishment for a class of defendants because of their status or offense.’” Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2513
(quoting Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 330 (1989)). Because this exception is clearly
inapplicable, we proceed directly to our analysis of Teague’s second exception.
         Beard succinctly explained the second Teague exception:
         The second exception is for watershed rules of criminal procedure implicating the
         fundamental fairness and accuracy of the criminal proceeding. We have repeatedly
         emphasized the limited scope of the second Teague exception, explaining that it is
         clearly meant to apply only to a small core of rules requiring observance of those
         procedures that . . . are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. And, because any
         qualifying rule would be so central to an accurate determination of innocence or guilt
         [that it is] unlikely that many such components of basic due process have yet to
         emerge, it should come as no surprise that we have yet to find a new rule that falls
         under the second Teague exception.
Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2513-14 (internal quotations and citations omitted). The Court went on to state
that Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), which established an affirmative right to counsel
in felony cases, might constitute a watershed rule that would satisfy Teague’s second exception. Id.
at 2514. Examples of rules that do not fall within Teague’s second exception include the following:
Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 323 (1985) (holding that the Eighth Amendment bars
imposition of the death penalty by a jury that had been led to believe that they would not be
responsible for the imposition of the death penalty), see Sawyer v. Smith, 497 U.S. 227, 242 (1990);
Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986) (holding that a member of a cognizable racial group may
establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination under the Fourteenth Amendment by showing
that a prosecutor exercised peremptory challenges to remove jurors because of their race), see
Teague, 489 U.S. at 314-15; and Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154, 156 (1994) (requiring
that a capital defendant be permitted to inform his sentencing jury that he is ineligible for parole if
the state argues that he presents a “future danger”), see O’Dell, 521 U.S. at 153.
         The Supreme Court’s decision in Schriro is highly instructive as to whether Booker’s is a
watershed procedural rule. 124 S. Ct. 2519. Schriro held that Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002)
(holding that provisions of Arizona’s sentencing scheme that allowed a judge to find those
aggravating factors authorizing the death penalty violate the Sixth Amendment) did not announce
a “watershed rule[] of criminal procedure” that would apply retroactively to cases already final on
direct review. Schriro, 124 S. Ct. at 2524-26. The Court framed the issue as “whether judicial
factfinding so seriously diminishe[s] accuracy that there is an impermissibly large risk of punishing
conduct the law does not reach.” Id. at 2525 (internal citations and quotations omitted). Citing
DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631, 633-34 (1968) (holding that procedural rule applying the Sixth
Amendment’s jury-trial guarantee to the states has no retroactive effect), the Schriro Court observed
that “[i]f . . . a trial held entirely without a jury was not impermissibly inaccurate, it is hard to see
how a trial in which a judge finds only aggravating factors could be.” 124 S. Ct. at 2526.
       Schriro’s reasoning applies with equal force to Booker.4 Both Ring and Booker found
unconstitutional particular aspects of sentencing schemes allowing a judge to impose punishment

         4
           If the Schriro Court was unwilling to consider Arizona’s death penalty sentencing scheme under a less
stringent reading of the second Teague exception than it had theretofore required, see Schriro, 124 S. Ct. at 2526
(rejecting the dissent’s “death is different” approach), surely the Court would not review the sentencing scheme of the
Federal Sentencing Guidelines under a less stringent reading of that Teague exception.
No. 03-5951           Humphress v. United States                                               Page 7


on the basis of judge-found facts. We see no basis for concluding that the judicial factfinding
addressed in Booker is either less accurate or creates a greater risk of punishing conduct the law does
not reach than did the judicial factfinding addressed in Ring. The Supreme Court has never held that
a new rule of criminal procedure falls within Teague’s second exception. Beard, 124 S. Ct. at 2513-
14. We hold that Booker’s rule does not either. Accord McReynolds, 2005 WL 237642 at *2.
                                                 IV.
     For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court dismissing
Humphress’s 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside or amend his sentence.
