254 F.3d 162 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
Ellen W. Schrecker, Appellantv.U.S. Department of Justice, Appellee
No. 00-5033
United States Court of Appeals FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
Argued January 19, 2001Decided June 26, 2001

Appeal from the United States District Court  for the District of Columbia (No. 95cv00026)
James H. Lesar argued the cause and filed the briefs for  appellant.
Michael J. Ryan, Assistant U.S. Attorney, argued the  cause for appellee. With him on the briefs were Wilma A.  Lewis, U.S. Attorney at the time the briefs were filed, and R.  Craig Lawrence, Assistant U.S. Attorney.
Before:  Williams, Ginsburg and Garland, Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge Ginsburg.
Ginsburg, Circuit Judge:


1
Ellen Schrecker appeals the  judgment of the district court rejecting her claims that the  Federal Bureau of Investigation violated the Freedom of  Information Act, 5 U.S.C.   552, by failing to conduct an  adequate search for information responsive to her FOIA  request, and that both the FBI and the National Labor  Relations Board violated that Act by improperly withholding  responsive information they had located.  See Schrecker v.  U.S. Dep't of Justice, 74 F. Supp. 2d 26 (D.D.C. 1999).  We  reverse with respect both to the adequacy of the search and  to one aspect of Schrecker's claim regarding Exemption 7(C)  of the FOIA.  With respect to her other claims, we affirm.

I. Background

2
In October 1988 Schrecker filed a FOIA request seeking  information regarding Gerhard Eisler and Clinton Jencks,  suspected communists whom the FBI had investigated in the  1940s and 1950s.  The FBI released some documents to  Schrecker and withheld others pursuant to various exemptions to the FOIA.  In 1994 Schrecker filed a new request for  the same information and, less than two months later, initiated this lawsuit.


3
In 1998 the district court directed the FBI to reprocess all  responsive material.  Schrecker v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 14  F. Supp. 2d 111, 117 (D.D.C. 1998) ("Under the FBI's own  admission, a 'significant portion,' of its withholdings may have  been inappropriate....  [T]his court orders that the defendant reprocess all withholdings and submit appropriate affidavits regarding any future withholdings").  After reprocessing the responsive material, the Government prepared a  Vaughn index stating, with respect to a sample of the disputed material, its basis for withholding each item.  Subsequently, the district court granted the Government's motion for  summary judgment.

II. Analysis

4
Upon appeal Schrecker argues that the Government conducted an inadequate search for documents and improperly  withheld information pursuant to a number of exemptions to  the FOIA.

A. Adequacy of Search

5
Schrecker argues the FBI conducted an inadequate search  because it did not search for "ticklers."  As this court explained in Campbell v. United States, 164 F.3d 20, 27 n.1  (1998):


6
A "tickler" is a duplicate file containing copies of documents, usually kept by a supervisor.  Such files can be of interest to a FOIA requester because they could contain documents that failed to survive in other filing systems or that include unique annotations.


7
The Government acknowledges both that there were at one  time ticklers for certain FBI files responsive to Schrecker's  request and that it did not search for them, but it argues that  it did not need to do so because ticklers are not indexed to  the FBI's Central Records System.  We are not a little  dismayed by the Government's position, for we rejected this  self-same argument in Campbell.  Id. at 28 (holding that  where FOIA request includes ticklers and agency's initial  search reveals that responsive ticklers existed at one time,  then a search for ticklers is presumptively necessary).  As  the Government must know, this panel is bound not only by  good sense but also by circuit law to reject this argument  once again.  See, e.g., Brewster v. Commissioner of Internal  Revenue, 607 F.2d 1369, 1373-74 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (panels  bound to follow circuit precedent until en banc court or  Supreme Court overrules that precedent).


8
Next the Government argues it need not search for the  ticklers responsive to Schrecker's request because, under  FBI policy during the time it investigated Eisler and Jencks,  ticklers were to be retained for only 60 days.  The Government acknowledges that the FBI granted requests to retain  some ticklers past the 60 day mark, but it explains that even those documents were retained "with the understanding that  they will be disposed of as soon as they no longer serve a  useful purpose."  See, e.g., Memoranda to Mr. Boardman  from A.H. Belmont re:  Retention of Ticklers, Domestic Intelligence Division, dated August 5 and November 9, 1955. Schrecker points out, however, that there is no evidence the  reprieved documents were ever destroyed despite the FBI's  practice of "recording the destruction of records."  The Government does not rebut this argument and, without such  evidence, the standard "no longer serv[ing] a useful purpose"  is simply too vague to obviate the need for a search.  Under  that standard, the ticklers might well be extant in the files of  some cautious bureaucrat.


9
Finally, the Government argues that searching for ticklers  would be unduly burdensome.  We readily acknowledge that  "there are some limits on what an agency must do to satisfy  its FOIA obligations."  Nation Magazine, Washington Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 891-892 (D.C. Cir.  1995) (holding search through 23 years of unindexed files  would impose unreasonable burden upon agency).  Schrecker  claims, however, and the Government does not deny, that in  other cases the FBI has managed to locate ticklers:


10
For example, in connection with the FBI's investigation into the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a file of several hundred tickler copies was maintained by FBI Supervisor Richard Long....  In another instance, the FBI processed some twenty volumes of ticklers compiled in connection with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.


11
Nor does the Government deny that the Bureau retains the  files of higher-level supervisors after they depart, or that in  the past it has managed to locate ticklers in the files of such  higher-ups.  It is not improbable, therefore, that the Bureau  both has the files of some supervisors who received ticklers in  the Eisler and Jencks investigations and that those files are  indexed and include the responsive ticklers.  Schrecker observes further that "[s]ome of the files of the high supervisory  officials listed on the Eisler and Jencks records as recipients of ticklers may already have been processed for public release  and can be searched for ticklers pertaining to these cases." In response to this observation, the Government raises the  prospect that a search for ticklers might "compel[ ] an  agency-wide, desk-to-desk, manual search for ticklers," but it  points to nothing in the record to suggest that the search  actually required will be unduly burdensome.  Accordingly,  we reverse the judgment of the district court on this claim.

B. Exemption 1

12
Exemption 1 to the FOIA permits an agency to withhold  information if it is "specifically authorized under criteria  established by an Executive order" to do so "in the interest of  national defense or foreign policy."  5 U.S.C.   552(b)(1).  In  this case, Schrecker argues that the FBI erred in withholding  information pursuant to Exemption 1 because, among other  things, it withheld documents related to the identity of confidential sources under the theory that "[a]ll sources, dead or  alive, active or inactive, must be protected for all time because otherwise current and potential sources will fear revelation of their identities at some point."  According to Schrecker, this rationale for withholding is too broad because it would  "recreate[ ] the presumption of damage to national security  due to disclosure of an intelligence source which EO 12958  eliminated."


13
The Government responds that it did not apply a presumption but, rather, pursuant to Executive Order 12958 considered the potential harm of releasing information about the  sources implicated in this case and concluded the information  should be withheld in order to protect national security. Specifically, the Government's declarant, Scott Hodes, testified that he:


14
personally and independently.... determined that the remaining portions of classified information ... are exempt from automatic declassification pursuant [to] EO 12958,   3.4(b) as the release of the specific information should be expected to reveal the identity of a confidential human source ... or reveal the identity of a human  intelligence source when the unauthorized disclosure of that source would clearly and demonstrably damage the national security interests of the United States....  [by harming] the FBI's ability to ... continuously recruit sources for current and future use.


15
Second Hodes Declaration at 13-14;  see also Third Hodes  Declaration at p p 3, 7.


16
While the affidavit is not entirely free of ambiguity, we  think it is most naturally to be read, as the Government  suggests, to say the FBI considered each source -confidential or otherwise -and determined in each case that release  of the information in question would damage national security  by dissuading current and future sources from cooperating. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment with regard to information related to the identity of intelligence sources.

C. Exemption 7(C)

17
Exemption 7(C) permits an agency to withhold information  compiled "for law enforcement purposes" if that information  "could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted  invasion of personal privacy."  5 U.S.C.   552(b)(7)(C).  In  determining whether release of particular information is an  "unwarranted" invasion of privacy, an agency must balance  the type of privacy interest at stake against the public  interest in release of the type of information involved.  See  U.S. Dep't of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the  Press, 489 U.S. 749 (1989).


18
Schrecker argues that in this case the FBI improperly  withheld information pursuant to Exemption 7(C) in part  because it failed to conduct an adequate investigation into  whether the individuals whose privacy might be invaded are  deceased.  As the FBI concedes, the death of the subject of  personal information does diminish to some extent the privacy  interest in that information, though it by no means extinguishes that interest;  one's own and one's relations' interests  in privacy ordinarily extend beyond one's death.  See, e.g.,  Swidler & Berlin v. U.S., 524 U.S. 399, 406 (1998) ("the  attorney-client privilege continues after death");  Accuracy in Media, Inc. v. National Park Serv., 194 F.3d 120, 121 (D.C.  Cir. 1999) (noting precedent under FOIA holding privacy  interests continue after death).  The fact of death, therefore,  while not requiring the release of information, is a relevant  factor to be taken into account in the balancing decision  whether to release information.


19
The FBI explained as follows its efforts to establish death  in this case:  "if we were aware that an individual was 100  years of age or older, or we were able to determine from Who  Was Who or from other readily available information that  individuals were deceased, we released their identities."  Second Hodes Decl., p 40.  Upon inquiry at oral argument, the  Government represented that the "other readily available  information" to which the quoted affidavit refers includes the  Social Security database and the agency's internal records. Although we find support in the record for the latter, we  cannot fairly read the vague wording used by the declarant  under oath as a statement that the Bureau consulted the  Social Security database.  Without confirmation that the Government took certain basic steps to ascertain whether an  individual was dead or alive, we are unable to say whether the  Government reasonably balanced the interests in personal  privacy against the public interest in release of the information at issue.  We therefore reverse this aspect of the judgment;  on remand the Government may document what "other  readily available information" it consulted, and the district  court can decide in the first instance whether the Government  did all it should have done, and whether it may withhold the  disputed information pursuant to Exemption 7(C).


20
Relatedly, Schrecker argues that the Government failed to  weigh the privacy interests of the people it assumed were  alive, opting instead for a per se rule of withholding.  The  Government denies using a per se rule and points us to the  Second Hodes Declaration at p 40:


21
In asserting this exemption, each piece of information was scrutinized to determine the nature and strength of the privacy interest of any individual whose name and/or identifying data appears in the documents at issue.  In  withholding the information, the individual's privacy interest was balanced against the public's interest in disclosure.  In each instance where information was withheld, it was determined that individual privacy interests were not outweighed by any public interest.


22
Although the next few sentences of the declaration appear to  state general principles rather than relate how the facts of  this case were weighed in the balance, the quoted passage  establishes that "in each instance where information was  withheld," the agency considered the private and public interests at stake.  We therefore affirm the judgment of the  district court with regard to this claim.

III. Conclusion

23
Schrecker raises a number of other arguments against the  Government's invocation of various exemptions to the FOIA,  all of which we reject for substantially the reasons given by  the district court.  See Schrecker, 74 F. Supp. 2d 26.  With  respect both to the adequacy of the search for ticklers and to  the applicability of Exemption 7(c), we reverse the judgment  of the district court and remand this matter for further  proceedings consistent with this opinion.  In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.


24
So ordered.

