J   -A15010-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
    PIERRETTE DUVLAIRE-STACK AND                   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
    ROBERT MORTIMER, INDIVIDUALLY AND                          OF
    AS W/H,                                                PENNSYLVANIA

                            Appellants

                       v.

    ROBERT A. WILSON AND OLIVIA L.
    WILSON,

                            Appellees                 No. 3518 EDA 2018


                 Appeal from the Order Entered November 15, 2018
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
                       Civil Division at No(s): 2015-0055693


BEFORE:       BENDER, P.J.E., GANTMAN, P.J.E., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                       FILED AUGUST 12, 2019

        Appellants, Pierrette Duvlaire-Stack and Robert Mortimer, individually

and as wife and husband, appeal from the trial court's November 15, 2018

order granting summary judgment in favor of Appellee, Robert A. Wilson.1,2

We affirm.



*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 Although Olivia L. Wilson remains in the caption, the record indicates that
the parties entered a stipulation on January 9, 2018, dismissing her from the
case.

2The trial court orally granted summary judgment in favor of Mr. Wilson on
November 7, 2018, but did not enter a corresponding order on the docket until
November 15, 2018. We have amended the caption accordingly. See
Pa.R.A.P. 108(b) ("The date of entry of an order in a matter subject to the
J   -A15010-19



        Although the Honorable Charles   B.   Burr, II, Senior Judge of the Court of

Common Pleas of Delaware County entered the November 15, 2018 order

underlying this appeal, the Honorable Barry      C.   Dozor of the Court of Common

Pleas of Delaware County authored the Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion in this

matter, due to Judge Burr's retiring from judicial service. Judge Dozor's Rule

1925(a) opinion sets forth the procedural and factual history of this case as

follows:
        [Appellants,] on February 6, 2015[,] filed a [c]omplaint in the
        Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia[] County[,] which alleged
        that[,] on February 7, 2013[,] [Ms.] Duvlaire-Stack was operating
        a motor vehicle on City Avenue, Township of Lower Merlon,
        Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, when [Mr. Wilson], operating
        a motor vehicle in the opposite direction, negligently made a left
        hand turn without yielding the right of way to [Ms. Duvlaire-
        Stack]. Count I of the [c]omplaint sought damages for [Ms.]
        Duvlaire-Stack as the operator of the automobile[,] and Count II
        submitted a claim by [Mr.] Mortimer for loss of consortium. On
        May 13, 2015, the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas sustained
        [Mr. Wilson's] [p]reliminary [o]bjections and transferred
        jurisdiction to this [c]ourt. [Mr. Wilson] answered the complaint
        on July 20, 2015. [Mr. Wilson,] in new matter[,] submitted that
        [Appellants'] claims were barred and/or limited by the Motor
        Vehicle Financial Responsib[ility] Law, (75 Pa.C.S.[] § 1701, et
        seq.[,]) and/or the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle No -Fault Insurance
        Act, (75 Pa.C.S.[] § 1705). On April 18, 2016, this [c]ourt
        approved [Mr. Wilson's] [p]etition to [t]ransfer the [a]ction to
        [a]rbitration after [Appellants] failed to respond. Next, on
        December 7, 2016, this [c]ourt granted [Mr. Wilson's] [m]otion
        for [p]artial [s]ummary [j]udgment and deemed [Appellants] to
        be subject to the limited tort option (75 Pa.C.S.[] § 1705) for


Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure shall be the day on which the clerk
makes the notation in the docket that notice of entry of the order has been
given as required by Pa.R.C.P. 236(b).").



                                      -2
J   -A15010-19


        purposes of the claims to be asserted in this action.[3] The
        [a]rbitration hearing was conducted on October 26, 2017.
        [Appellants] appealed that decision[,] and trial was assigned to
        Senior Judge Burr.
        The docket[] disclose[s] certain discovery motions and [o]rders
        entered ... which ultimately resulted in this case being listed for
        [j]ury trial on a term commencing November 5, 2018. On
        November 5, 2018[,] [Mr. Wilson] filed a [m]otion in [I]imine to
        preclude expert testimony and [the] report of William D. Emper,
        M.D.[] [Mr. Wilson] averred that Dr. Emper first examined [Ms.]
        Duvlaire-Stack on November 14, 2017, which ... was nearly five
        years after the accident. [Mr. Wilson] averred that Dr. Emper's
        report and deposition trial transcript stated that [Ms.] Duvlaire-
        Stack informed Dr. Emper that the accident occurred "a couple of
        years prior" to the evaluation and that Dr. Emper did not know
        the date of the accident. [Mr. Wilson] submitted that the proposed
        trial testimony of Dr. Emper failed to establish an unequivocal
        connection between the accident and the alleged shoulder injury
        to Ms. Duvlaire-Stack.     [Appellants] answered the motion on
        November 6, 2018[,] and responded that the testimony of Dr.
        Emper unequivocally related Ms. Duvlaire-[Stack]'s injury to the
        motor vehicle accident of February[] 2013. [Appellants] attached
        the November 1, 2018 video deposition transcript of Dr. Emper
        along with a follow-up evaluation report by Tricia M. Beatty,
        D.0.[,] dated October 11, 2017, conducted at the Rothman
        Institute[,] where both Dr. Beatty and Dr. Emper were employed.
        After full review of the motion, answer, deposition transcript and
        argument of counsel, Judge Burr entered an [o]rder ... on
        November 7, 2018, granting the [m]otion in [I]imine and
        precluding the testimony of Dr. Emper.



3 When choosing car insurance in Pennsylvania, insureds have the option of
electing 'limited tort' coverage or 'full tort' coverage. See 75 Pa.C.S. § 1705.
With the 'limited tort' option, an insured "may seek recovery for all medical
and other out-of-pocket expenses, but not for pain and suffering or other
nonmonetary damages unless the injuries suffered fall within the definition of
'serious injury' as set forth in the policy or unless one of several other
exceptions noted in the policy applies."            75 Pa.C.S. § 1705(a)(1)(A).
Conversely, with the 'full tort' option, an insured "may seek recovery for all
medical and other out-of-pocket expenses and may also seek financial
compensation for pain and suffering and other nonmonetary damages as a
result of injuries caused by other drivers." 75 Pa.C.S. § 1705(a)(1)(B).
                                       - 3 -
J   -A15010-19



Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 1/20/2019, at 1-3 (internal citations omitted).

        Because of the preclusion of Dr. Emper's testimony and Appellants'

consequential failure to prove causation, the trial court entered an order

granting summary judgment in favor of Mr. Wilson on November 15, 2018.

On November 28, 2018, Appellants filed a           timely notice of appeal from the

order granting summary judgment. The trial court ordered Appellants to file

a   Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, and

they timely complied.

        Presently, Appellants raise   a   single issue for our review:
        Did the lower court err in precluding the testimony of [Appellants']
        expert witness and granting summary judgment as a result when
        the expert's testimony was unequivocal and he opined to a
        reasonable degree of medical certainty that [Ms. Duvlaire-Stack's]
        injuries were caused by the motor vehicle accident and she had
        suffered a serious impairment of bodily function to her right
        shoulder in said accident and[,] as a result[,] there was a genuine
        issue of material fact as to whether she had suffered a serious
        injury entitling [Ms. Duvlaire-Stack] to bring an action for pain and
        suffering?
Appellants' Brief at   5   (emphasis and unnecessary capitalization omitted).

        At the outset, we acknowledge:
        A  trial court's decision to grant or deny a motion in limine is
        subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion standard of review.
        Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence lie within the
        sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not reverse the
        court's decision absent a clear abuse of discretion. An abuse of
        discretion may not be found merely because an appellate court
        might have reached a different conclusion, but requires a manifest
        unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill -will, or such
        lack of support so as to be clearly erroneous. In addition, to
        constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only be
        erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the complaining
        party.

                                           -4
J   -A15010-19



Dibish v. Ameriprise Financial, Inc., 134 A.3d 1079, 1095              (Pa. Super.

2016) (citation omitted). Further:
        Our scope of review of an order granting summary judgment is
        plenary. We apply the same standard as the trial court, reviewing
        all the evidence of record to determine whether there exists a
        genuine issue of material fact. We view the record in the light
        most favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts as to the
        existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved
        against the moving party. Only where there is no genuine issue
        as to any material fact and it is clear that the moving party is
        entitled to a judgment as a matter of law will summary judgment
        be entered.

        Motions for summary judgment necessarily and directly implicate
        the plaintiff's proof of the elements of his cause of action. Thus,
        a record that supports summary judgment will either (1) show the
        material facts are undisputed or (2) contain insufficient evidence
        of facts to make out a prima facie cause of action or defense and,
        therefore, there is no issue to be submitted to the fact -finder.
        Upon appellate review, we are not bound by the trial court's
        conclusions of law, but may reach our own conclusions. The
        appellate court may disturb the trial court's order only upon an
        error of law or an abuse of discretion.
Id. at 1084-85 (citation omitted).
        In precluding Dr. Emper's testimony, the trial court initially observed

that, "[i]n personal injury proceedings, unequivocal medical testimony           is

necessary to establish   a   causal connection between an accident and an injury

in   the absence of an obvious relationship." TCO at   3   (citing Albert v. Alter,

381 A.2d 459, 470 (Pa. Super. 1977)).4          It then described the deposition
testimony of Dr. Emper as follows:




4 The trial court noted that Appellants "agree with this standard but assert
that Dr. Emper's testimony meets that burden[.]" TCO at 3 (citation omitted).
                                        - 5 -
J   -A15010-19


        The accident in this proceeding[] occurred on February 7, 2013.
        Dr. Emper first evaluated [Ms.] Duvlaire-Stack on November 14,
        2017. The video deposition of Dr. Emper occurred on November
        1, 2018. Dr. Emper initially testified as to his education and
        professional background.          Dr. Emper is a board certified
        orthopedic surgeon. Dr. Emper is the Chief of Orthopedic Surgery
        at Bryn Mawr Hospital and teaches at Thomas Jefferson
        University. Dr. Emper initially responded that all opinions that he
        would provide at his deposition would be within a reasonable
        degree of medical certainty and that in his practice, he regularly
        relies on reports of other physician[s] and medical providers in
        making his diagnosis and prognosis. Dr. Emper testified that[,]
        after his initial examination of Ms. Duvlaire-Stack, his treatment
        plan was to perform surgery for a rotator cuff tear. Dr. Emper
        testified that he conducted a second surgery due to stiffness in his
        patient's shoulder in an effort to regain proper motion. Dr. Emper
        stated that his first visit with Ms. Duvlaire-Stack was on November
        14, 2017. The patient informed Dr. Emper at that examination
        that her injury was the result of an automobile accident.
        [Appellants'] counsel then requested Dr. Emper to opine as to
        whether he had formed an opinion as to whether Ms. Duvlaire-
        Stack suffered a serious injury as a result of the accident. [Mr.
        Wilson] objected to the question but Dr. Emper responded in the
        affirmative.
        [Mr. Wilson] then proceeded to cross-examination. [Mr. Wilson]
        initially reviewed the file that Dr. Emper had in his possession in
        regards to Ms. Duvlaire-Stack's care. Dr. Emper responded that
        his record included his office notes, his physician assistant's office
        notes and a record of some visits his patient had with other
        physicians in his practice.      [Mr. Wilson] then inquired as to
        whether Ms. Duvlaire-Stack told [Dr.] Emper at the first
        evaluation as to whether she had shoulder pain immediately after
        the accident. Dr. Emper responded that Ms. Duvlaire-Stack
        reported that she had pain after the accident, but continued "I
        don't know how immediate it was, at least I don't have it down in
        my note there." [Mr. Wilson] then asked if Ms. Duvlaire-Stack had
        told Dr. Emper that the accident had occurred a couple of years
        before she came to the doctor's office[.] Dr. Emper responded in
        the affirmative. The video transcript then provides[:]
           [Mr. Wilson's counsel]: Do you know when this accident
           happened?
           [Dr. Emper]: I don't have   a   date down, no.

                                           - 6 -
J   -A15010-19


           [Mr. Wilson's counsel]: So as we sit here right now, are you
           certain when this occurred?
           [Dr. Emper]: I'm sorry?
          [Mr. Wilson's counsel]: The accident that brings us here, do
          you know when it occurred?
           [Dr. Emper]: No.
           [Mr. Wilson's counsel]: Would knowing the date of an
           accident be important to you in determining whether or not
           an injury is from a certain event that is being claimed?

           [Dr. Emper]: I think it would be relevant, yeah.
          [Mr. Wilson's counsel]: And according to your report, the
          only documents you reviewed again, or in your earlier
          testimony; is the paperwork from anyone she saw here at
          Rothman, correct?
           [Dr. Emper]: Yes.
        On redirect examination,   [Appellants'] counsel introduced Dr.
        Beatty's[] October 11, 2017 follow[-]up evaluation report and
        asked Dr. Emper if the report indicated the date of the accident.
        Dr. Emper responded in the affirmative and identified February[]
        2013 as the date of the accident.[5]
Id. at 3-5 (internal citations omitted).
        After this thorough discussion of Dr. Emper's deposition testimony, the

trial court explained that "[Appellants'] medical expert could not identify the

exact date of the accident nor the date when shoulder pain first surfaced after

the accident."     Id. at   5.   Further, the trial court discerned that "[t]he medical

records and testimony of Dr. Emper at his video deposition failed to contain

or    review     any   of   Ms.    Duvlaire-Stack's   medical    history or   shoulder



5  However, when Appellants' counsel asked if Dr. Emper remembered
reviewing the October 11, 2017 report, Dr. Emper testified, "I may have in
this instance, but I don't recall reviewing it." N.T., 11/1/2018, at 30.
                                            - 7 -
J   -A15010-19



diagnosis/treatment from the February 7, 2013 accident to April[] 2017 when

she first reported to the Rothman    Institute." Id. at 5-6. Consequently, it
concluded that Dr.      Emper's testimony "failed to establish unequivocal

causation between the accident and the diagnosis."    Id. at   5.

        Appellants do not dispute that unequivocal medical testimony           is

necessary to establish causation in this case.       Appellants' Brief at 14.6

However, they argue that "Dr. Emper testified unequivocally that the injury

was caused by the motor vehicle accident. That he was unsure of the date

the accident occurred in no way affects the opinion as to causation."         Id.
Appellants contend that "[t]here is absolutely no evidence that there was any

other precipitating event and no testimony as to whether the date of the

accident alone was an important factor in determining causation."    Id. at   15.

They assert that, "[w]hile Dr. Emper agreed the date of the accident was

relevant, he never testified it was the determative [sic] factor in determining

causation. When reminded of the date of the accident as it appeared in the

medical records upon which he relied, Dr. Emper rendered unequivocal

testimony as to causation." Id.

        We reject Appellants' argument. Mr. Wilson persuasively asserts:
        In this matter, Dr. Emper's testimony is vague and unfocused. He
        attempts to relate [Ms. Duvlaire-Stack's] alleged shoulder injury
        and surgery of January 31, 2018[,] to the motor vehicle accident
        of February 7, 2013. However, he has no knowledge of the date
        of the accident or her complaints in the years between the


6        parties agree that this standard applies, we will employ it.
     As the
Consequently, we do not delve into it further. See also footnote 4, supra.
                                      - 8 -
J   -A15010-19


        accident and when he first saw her. His opinion is contrary to the
        evidence in the record, and as such, Dr. Emper's opinion does not
        have an adequate foundation in fact.
        [Ms. Duvlaire-Stack] filed a lawsuit in this case in 2015, two years
        after the accident. In her [c]omplaint, she makes no mention of
        a shoulder injury. [Ms. Duvlaire-Stack] testified at deposition over
        three years after the accident. When she was asked about her
        injuries from the accident[,] she made no mention [of] her right
        shoulder. Her medical records immediately following the accident
        make no mention of shoulder issues.[']
        Dr. Emper's only knowledge of the motor vehicle accident was
        [Ms. Duvlaire-Stack's] representations that she had been in a
        motor vehicle accident and had shoulder pain "for the last few
        years." Dr. Emper saw no medical records from any provider
        other than those of his colleagues from the Rothman Institute. He
        admitted he did not know when the accident occurred, and he
        conceded that knowing the date of the accident would be relevant
        in forming his opinion. He admitted he did not know when [Ms.
        Duvlaire-Stack] first had shoulder pain following the accident.
        Notably, he stated acute shoulder injuries do not start manifesting
        pain years after an accident.[8] He testified he never saw any
        treatment records from the emergency room or from [Medical
        Rehabilitation Centers of Pennsylvania] where [Ms. Duvlaire-
        Stack] underwent therapy in the months following the accident.
        He did not read [Ms. Duvlaire-Stack's] deposition testimony from
        2016[,] and was unaware of her complaints from the accident at
        that time.     Dr. Emper admitted all of the above[ -]listed
        information would have been helpful to him in coming to his
        conclusions.
Id. at 12-13.
        We agree with Mr. Wilson and the trial court that Dr. Emper's testimony

should    be     precluded.   His   medical    testimony did   not      demonstrate,



 Appellants do not specifically address nor counter these claims in their reply
brief.

8Dr. Emper also acknowledged that        a   shoulder tear can be   a   "degenerative
condition[.]" N.T. at 25.
                                       -9
J   -A15010-19



unequivocally,      a   causal connection between the accident and Ms. Duvlaire-

Stack's right shoulder injury. Dr. Emper admitted that his opinion was only

as good as the information he relied on to form it,             that he lacked knowledge
of various relevant medical records and facts, and that such information would

have been useful in formulating his opinion. See N.T. at 25-28.

         We also keep in mind that a trial court's decision to grant a motion in

limine   is   subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review, and Appellants

have not convinced us that the trial court abused its discretion here.                   See

Dibish, supra. The crux of Appellants' argument                 is   that Dr. Emper did not
know the exact date of the accident, and that this lapse does not undermine

his opinion as to causation.                However, aside from not knowing when the

accident occurred, the record shows Dr. Emper had no knowledge of Ms.

Duvlaire-Stack's condition and treatment between the time of the accident in

2013 and April of 2017. Appellants do not account for this unawareness, nor

explain   - by discussing relevant legal authority - why it does not affect Dr.
Emper's ability to provide unequivocal medical testimony as to causation. We

will not develop arguments on their behalf. See Coulter v. Ramsden, 94

A.3d     1080, 1088-89        (Pa.         Super. 2014)   ("[A]rguments which are not
appropriately developed are waived. Arguments not appropriately developed

include those where the party has failed to cite any authority in support of                a

contention. This Court will not act as counsel and will not develop arguments

on behalf of an appellant.           ...   [M]ere issue spotting without analysis or legal

citation to support an assertion precludes our appellate review of              a   matter.")

                                                - 10 -
J   -A15010-19



(internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).                  Based on our

review of the record, it appears to us that Dr. Emper's only basis for believing

that the accident caused        Ms.   Duvlaire-Stack's shoulder injury was because she

suggested it did, not because he applied his medical expertise to her medical

history to establish       a   causal connection.       See Albert, 381 A.2d at 470

("Pennsylvania case law is clear that in          a   personal injury case when there is

no     obvious causal relationship between the accident and the injury,

unequivocal      medical       testimony    is   necessary to     establish    the   causal

connection."). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in granting Mr. Wilson's motion in limine, and consequently entering

summary judgment in his favor.

        Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




J    seph D. Seletyn,
Prothonotary



Date: 8/12/19
