                                                                                               08/14/2019
                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT JACKSON
                                       June 20, 2019 Session

                  IN RE ESTATE OF RICKIE CHARLES VAUGHN

                     Appeal from the Probate Court for Shelby County
                      No. D-14407-1      Kathleen N. Gomes, Judge
                        ___________________________________

                               No. W2018-01600-COA-R3-CV
                           ___________________________________

An alleged child of the decedent sought to establish paternity and thereby inherit through
intestate succession. The probate court concluded that the child should be excluded as an
heir as a result of his failure to timely assert a claim. We affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Probate Court Affirmed
                                  and Remanded

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J. STEVEN
STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined and KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., filed a separate opinion
dissenting in part.

Laura L. Deakins and Michael E. Kenney, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Nolan
Michael DeSoto.

Lynn W. Thompson, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees, Tangie Sue Phillips, Robert
Earl Vaughn, Zenobia Ruth Vaughn, and Marjorie Ann Vaughn.

                                               OPINION

                     BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Rickie Charles Vaughn (“the Decedent”) died intestate on July 11, 2012. At the
time of his death, the Decedent was not married and had no known children. The
Decedent was survived by six siblings: Dickie Vaughn, Robert Earl Vaughn, Marjorie1
Ann Vaughn, Zenobia Ruth Vaughn, Tangie Sue Phillips, and Babe Renee Bordelon.
Dickie was appointed Administrator of the Decedent’s estate on July 18, 2012, and on
August 27, 2012, Babe filed a disclaimer to any interest in the Decedent’s estate. Robert,
Marjorie, Zenobia, and Tangie are the participating Appellees herein.
      1
          At some places in the record, the spelling of this name is presented as “Majorie.”
       As is pertinent to this appeal, Dickie filed a pleading in his capacity as
Administrator on September 19, 2013 entitled “Administrator’s Petition to Determine
Heirship,” that alleged that the Decedent had a putative son, Nolan Michael Desoto (“Mr.
Desoto”). It is not disputed that Mr. Desoto was identified by DNA testing, with a 94.4%
degree of certainty, to be the biological son of the Decedent. The record reflects that Mr.
Desoto was on active duty with the U.S. Navy from November 19, 2012 until he was
discharged on April 1, 2014. The record further reflects that Mr. Desoto was the subject
of two previous adoptions, but that these adoptions had been vacated by a Mississippi
court in July 2017.

       On January 6, 2015, the Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment on the
question of Mr. Desoto’s heirship, and approximately two months later, Mr. Desoto
submitted a letter with the court asking for direction on how to obtain an attorney. On
April 8, 2015, counsel for Mr. Desoto filed a notice of appearance in the probate court
but made no other filing.

        On July 12, 2017, the Appellees filed a second motion for summary judgment.
Through that motion and its accompanying papers, the Appellees specifically asserted
that Mr. Desoto could not assert heirship because he had not done so within one year of
the Decedent’s death. On August 11, 2017, Mr. Desoto filed a response in opposition to
the Appellees’ July 12 motion. In a supplemental filing later submitted on November 20,
2017, Mr. Desoto argued that his military service from November 19, 2012 to April 1,
2014, and the corresponding authority of 50 U.S.C. § 3936(a),2 tolled the applicable
statute of limitations for asserting a claim to the Decedent’s estate. Given the benefit of
this tolling, he argued that the statute of limitations for his claim did not run until
November 21, 2014. According to Mr. Desoto, he had timely asserted a claim through
the “Administrator’s Petition to Determine Heirship,” which was filed on September 19,
2013. Although that petition had clearly been filed by the Administrator, not Mr. Desoto,
Mr. Desoto submitted that his claim to the Decedent’s estate had been made “by and
through” the Administrator and the lawyers representing the Administrator.

      By order entered on March 13, 2018, the probate court granted the Appellees’
second motion for summary judgment. The court held that it did “not believe that the
Administrator of an estate can assert someone else’s claim to an estate” and further held

      2
          50 U.S.C. § 3936(a) provides as follows:

      The period of a servicemember’s military service may not be included in computing any
      period limited by law, regulation, or order for the bringing of any action or proceeding in
      a court, or in any board, bureau, commission, department, or other agency of a State (or
      political subdivision of a State) or the United States by or against the servicemember or
      the servicemember’s heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns.


                                                     -2-
that because Mr. Desoto had not timely asserted his claim, he was thereby “excluded as
an heir.” Within thirty days of the court’s March 13 order, on April 12, 2018, Mr. Desoto
filed a “Motion to Revise, and Alternatively, Motion for Permission to Seek Interlocutory
Appeal and for Stay of Proceedings.” The motion averred that the probate court had
erred in its legal conclusion and requested that the court’s ruling be revised. The probate
court ultimately denied Mr. Desoto’s April 12 motion on August 24, 2018, and on
September 4, 2018, Mr. Desoto filed a notice of appeal.

                                 ISSUES PRESENTED

       Although the Appellees raise as a preliminary issue whether this Court has subject
matter jurisdiction to consider this appeal, Mr. Desoto only raises one substantive issue
for our consideration: Whether the Probate Court erred in determining that, as a matter of
law, the “Administrator’s Petition to Determine Heirship” could not assert Mr. Desoto’s
interest in the estate because it was filed by an Administrator?

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

        At issue on appeal is the probate court’s March 13, 2018 order granting summary
judgment. As this inquiry involves “purely a question of law,” Staples v. CBL & Assocs.,
Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 88 (Tenn. 2000), our standard of review is de novo, and we afford no
presumption of correctness to the probate court’s determination. Maggart v. Almany
Realtors, Inc., 259 S.W.3d 700, 703 (Tenn. 2008) (citations omitted). A motion for
summary judgment should only be granted when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04.

                                      DISCUSSION

       Although Mr. Desoto attempts to appeal the probate court’s decision excluding
him as an heir, the Appellees have raised as an issue that this Court is without subject
matter jurisdiction based on the alleged untimeliness of Mr. Desoto’s notice of appeal.
The Appellees’ position is based on the argument that the March 13, 2018 order of
summary judgment was final and appealable and that the April 12, 2018 motion to
“revise” did not extend the time for filing a notice of appeal. This issue must be
addressed as a threshold consideration before we can proceed any further.

       Subject matter jurisdiction relates to the authority of a court to hear a matter.
Meighan v. U.S. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 924 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996). It cannot be
conferred by appearance, plea, consent, silence, or waiver, Dishmon v. Shelby State Cmty.
Coll., 15 S.W.3d 477, 480 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999), and as such, we are required to

                                           -3-
determine the question as an initial concern regardless of whether it was raised. See
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b).

     Because the jurisdictional question involved here asks whether the appeal was
timely filed, we turn to Rule 4(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, which
contains a “mandatory and jurisdictional” time limit for filing a notice of appeal in civil
cases. Albert v. Frye, 145 S.W.3d 526, 528 (Tenn. 2004). Pursuant to that rule, “In an
appeal as of right to the . . . Court of Appeals . . . the notice of appeal required by Rule 3
shall be filed with the clerk of the appellate court within 30 days after the date of entry of
the judgment appealed from.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a). It should be noted, however, that
another mechanism exists in the appellate rules to extend the time period for filing a
notice of appeal. Specifically, pursuant to Rule 4(b), the following is provided:

       In a civil action, if a timely motion under the Tennessee Rules of Civil
       Procedure is filed in the trial court by any party: (1) under Rule 50.02 for
       judgment in accordance with a motion for a directed verdict; (2) under Rule
       52.02 to amend or make additional findings of fact, whether or not an
       alteration of the judgment would be required if the motion is granted; (3)
       under Rule 59.07 for a new trial; (4) under Rule 59.04 to alter or amend the
       judgment; the time for appeal for all parties shall run from the entry of the
       order denying a new trial or granting or denying any other such motion.

Tenn. R. App. P. 4(b).

        The timeliness of the appeal in this case requires us to consider two questions that
have been the subject of dispute. First, was the probate court’s March 13, 2018 order
appealable so as to trigger the running of the time period for filing a notice of appeal
under Rule 4(a)? If so, did Mr. Desoto’s April 12, 2018 motion extend the time period
for filing a notice of appeal? We turn first to the matter of the March 13, 2018 order.
Pursuant to Rule 3(a) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, “every final
judgment entered by a trial court from which an appeal lies to the Supreme Court or
Court of Appeals is appealable as of right.” Tenn. R. App. P. 3(a). Therefore, if the
March 13 order represented a final judgment, it was appealable as of right. The
controversy here surrounds the initial determination of finality.

       Probate proceedings such as the present one “frequently contain multiple
intermediate orders that are final with respect to discrete issues.” In re Estate of
McCants, No. E2017-02327-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 3217697, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. July
2, 2018). Indeed,

       an order is appealable in many instances notwithstanding the fact that the
       probate case has not definitively concluded. For example, when a claim
       filed against the estate is tried and resolved, “[a] party dissatisfied with the
                                              -4-
       outcome of a trial regarding a disputed claim must file a timely appeal
       without waiting for a final order closing the probate proceeding.” In re
       Estate of Trigg, 368 S.W.3d 483, 497 (Tenn. 2012) (citation omitted).

Id. As we further elaborated in an opinion issued last year:

       [C]laims against an estate . . . may be finally resolved prior to the final
       order resolving all of the outstanding issues in an estate matter. According
       to the Tennessee Supreme Court, “[a] party dissatisfied with the outcome of
       a trial regarding a disputed claim must file a timely appeal without waiting
       for a final order closing the probate proceeding.” In re Estate of Trigg, 368
       S.W.3d 483, 497 (Tenn. 2012) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 30–2–315(a)(2),
       (c) (stating that when an exception to a claim is filed, the trial court should
       promptly “hear and determine all issues arising upon all the exceptions”
       and that “[a] judgment upon the findings of the court shall be entered in the
       court and from the judgment an appeal may be perfected within thirty (30)
       days from the date of entry of the judgment”)). The Tennessee Supreme
       Court has recognized a similar rule applicable to claims in which no
       exception has been filed, explaining that “claims unexcepted to become the
       equivalent of judgments against the estate excepting of course that the right
       to an execution thereon does not follow” and the issue of the claim is
       immediately appealed as a final order, rather than an interlocutory order.
       Warfield v. Thomas’ Estate, 185 Tenn. 328, 334–35, 206 S.W.2d 372, 375
       (Tenn. 1947) (quoting Higgins’ Administration of Estates in Tennessee, §
       126(a), p. 97) (“[T]his claim was final in that it was unexcepted to within
       the time allowed by law, and there was nothing to be adjudicated”); see also
       Needham v. Moore, 200 Tenn. 445, 451, 292 S.W.2d 720, 723 (1956)
       (“When the time for filing exceptions has passed, the uncontested claim
       becomes final against the estate.”).

In re Estate of Meadows, No. M2017-01062-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 1920378, at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 24, 2018). Under the holding of In re Estate of Trigg and its
progeny, when the probate court adjudicates a claim against an estate, the aggrieved party
“must file a timely appeal without waiting for a final order closing the probate
proceeding.” In re Estate of Trigg, 368 S.W.3d at 497 (emphasis added).

       In this case, it is acknowledged that Mr. Desoto is “a child born out of wedlock,
whose paternity was not adjudicated prior to the death of the father.” Bilbrey v. Smithers,
937 S.W.2d 803, 808 (Tenn. 1996). In Bilbrey, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that if
a child’s paternity was not adjudicated prior to the father’s death, then that child could
“establish the right to inherit by intestate succession by asserting that right against the
estate of the deceased owner of the property in which an interest is claimed within the
time allowed for creditors to file claims against the estate and by establishing paternity by
                                            -5-
clear and convincing proof.” Id. With this in mind, it is evident that an assertion of
heirship to inherit by intestate succession is properly classified as a “claim” against the
estate. By excluding Mr. Desoto as an heir through its March 13, 2018 order, the probate
court denied a claim of heirship. Under the previously-cited authority, specifically the
referenced holding from In re Estate of Trigg, the March 13 order was final and
appealable when the probate court adjudicated that claim.

       With the finality question addressed, we now consider whether Mr. Desoto’s April
12, 2018 motion extended the time for filing a notice of appeal. As previously noted,
certain post-trial motions, including motions to alter or amend, toll the commencement of
the time for an appeal. See Tenn. R. App. P. 4(b). It is clear that the filing of any post-
trial motion will not suffice, as echoed by Rule 59.01 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil
Procedure, which provides as follows:

       Motions to which this rule is applicable are: (1) under Rule 50.02 for
       judgment in accordance with a motion for a directed verdict; (2) under Rule
       52.02 to amend or make additional findings of fact, whether or not an
       alteration of the judgment would be required if the motion is granted; (3)
       under Rule 59.07 for a new trial; or (4) under Rule 59.04 to alter or amend
       the judgment. These motions are the only motions contemplated in these
       rules for extending the time for taking steps in the regular appellate
       process. Motions to reconsider any of these motions are not authorized and
       will not operate to extend the time for appellate proceedings.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 59.01 (emphasis added).

       Although Mr. Desoto’s April 12, 2018 motion was styled as a “Motion to Revise,
and Alternatively, Motion for Permission to Seek Interlocutory Appeal and for Stay of
Proceedings,” we do not merely look to the heading to see whether it constitutes the type
of motion that would effectively extend the time for an appeal. Rather, this Court is to
consider the substance of the motion. See Goetz v. Autin, No. W2015-00063-COA-R3-
CV, 2016 WL 537818, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 10, 2016) (noting that courts “must
parse through the body of the motion to determine whether it requests the sort of relief
available through one of the four motions specified in the procedural rules”). As the
Tennessee Supreme Court has cautioned:

       Requiring courts to consider the substance of a post-trial motion, rather
       than its form, is consistent with the rules of civil procedure. Rule 8.05,
       Tenn. R. Civ. P., explicitly states that “[n]o technical forms of pleading or
       motions are required.” (Emphasis added.) Moreover, allowing the form of
       a motion to control its substance could result in the dismissal of many
       appeals and would, in turn, defeat the mandate of Rule 1, Tenn. R. App. P.,
       which instructs that the rules of appellate procedure are to be “construed to
                                             -6-
       secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every proceeding
       on its merits.” Accordingly, we hold that when determining whether a
       post-trial motion is one of those designated by the rules of civil and
       appellate procedure as tolling commencement of the time for filing a notice
       of appeal, courts must consider the substance of the motion, rather than its
       form.

Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Farmer, 970 S.W.2d 453, 455 (Tenn. 1998).


        The substance of Mr. Desoto’s April 12 motion largely called for the probate court
to “revise” its March 13, 2018 order for the purpose of correcting an alleged legal error.3
Specifically, whereas the probate court’s order excluded Mr. Desoto as an heir, the April
12 motion submitted that the probate court “should revise its prior ruling and permit Mr.
Desoto to assert his legal rights as the only biological child to Mr. Rickie Vaughn’s
estate.” According to Mr. Desoto, the probate court “overlooked” the pronouncement of
the Legislature and misapplied the law, thereby justifying a revision of the court’s order.
Explaining his position at the outset of his argument in his motion, Mr. Desoto stated as
follows: “Respectfully, Mr. Desoto submits that the Court[] erred in its purely legal
conclusion that an administrator of an estate cannot assert someone else’s claim against
an estate and that revising the Court’s March 13, 2018 Order is necessary to comport with
the overall statutory scheme and precedential authority governing these types of issues.”
The essence of the argument—that the trial court’s ruling should be revisited due to an
alleged clear misapplication of law—is one that is typical of motions to revise under Rule
54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure and motions to alter or amend under
Rule 59.04. While these rules are obviously not synonymous, “they are similar in intent
and operation.” Harris v. Chern, 33 S.W.3d 741, 744 (Tenn. 2000). Specifically, “[b]oth
rules . . . afford litigants a limited opportunity to readdress previously determined issues
and afford trial courts an opportunity to revisit and reverse their own decisions.” Id.

       The difference between Rule 54.02 motions to revise and Rule 59.04 motions to
alter or amend is one of timing. “Rule 59.04 addresses final judgments and requires a
motion to alter or amend to be made within 30 days of the entry of judgment. In contrast,
Rule 54.02 addresses interlocutory orders.” Id. Under Rule 54.02, a trial court has “the
privilege of reversing itself up to and including the date of entry of a final judgment.” Id.
(quoting Louis Dreyfus Corp. v. Austin Co., 868 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)).

        In this case, Mr. Desoto’s April 12 motion specifically invoked Rule 54.02 and
was brought as a “motion to revise,” as opposed to being denominated as a motion to
alter or amend under Rule 59.04. This labeling was grounded in Mr. Desoto’s mistaken

       3
          The motion was brought pursuant to Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure to
“revise” the probate court’s March 13 order, not to “finalize” said order pursuant to the same rule.
                                               -7-
understanding that the probate court’s order was not final. Indeed, Mr. Desoto’s motion
actually referenced the type of motions available under both Rules 59.04 and 54.02,
seemingly acknowledging their similarity in substance, but it ultimately invoked Rule
54.02 based on Mr. Desoto’s understanding of finality. In relevant portion, the motion
reads as follows:

               The Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure permit motions “to alter or
       amend” a final judgment pursuant to Rule 59.04 of the Tennessee Rules of
       Civil Procedure and motions “to revise” a non-final partial judgment
       pursuant to Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Because
       Rule 59.04 deals only with final judgments, which we do not have in this
       case, the Court must consider Mr. Desoto’s motion under Rule 54.02.

(internal citations omitted).
        Under the circumstances of this case, Mr. Desoto’s mistaken understanding as to
finality should not prevent his motion from being construed and treated as a proper
motion to alter or amend. First, it should be emphasized that the April 12 motion was
brought within the time parameters for a Rule 59.04 motion. Second, and as has already
been discussed, the substance of the requested relief is qualitatively similar to the type of
relief available under Rule 59.04.

       Our case law is not devoid of examples where technical differences in these
specific rules have gone unheeded by parties and yet courts have still considered the
motions in their proper light, irrespective of a parties’ labeling. For example, as is
evident from a recent opinion and the cases cited therein, this Court has treated motions
filed under Rule 59.04 as motions under Rule 54.02 if the actual timing of the motion
made Rule 54.02, as opposed to Rule 59.04, the proper vehicle for seeking redress:

       [E]ven though one [motion] was entitled “Motion to Alter or Amend” and
       the other “Motion” likewise sought alteration of the trial court’s oral ruling,
       we construe these as motions to revise a non-final decision pursuant to Rule
       54.02. Johnson v. Tanner-Peck, L.L.C., No. W2009-02454-COA-R3-CV,
       2011 WL 1330777, at *16 n.6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 8, 2011) (explaining
       that this Court treated a motion to alter or amend as a motion to revise
       under Rule 54.02 because the order sought to be amended was not a final
       order); Howell v. Baptist Hosp., No. M2001-02388-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL
       112762, at *8 n.9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 14, 2003) (noting that the trial court
       properly considered a “Motion to Alter or Amend” filed pursuant to Rule
       59.04 as a motion to revise a non-final judgment under Rule 54.02 because
       the order was not final when the motion was filed); see also Weaver v.
       McCarter, No. W2004-02803-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 1529506, at *7
       (Tenn. Ct. App. June 6, 2006) (treating a “motion to reconsider” a non-final
                                            -8-
        decision as a motion to revise under Rule 54.02). Thus, Mother’s pre-
        judgment motions were not Rule 59 post-trial motions.

Hibbens v. Rue, No. E2014-00829-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 3643421, at *5 (Tenn. Ct.
App. June 12, 2015).

        It stands to reason that the same type of treatment, albeit in reverse, should be
given here. Obviously, Mr. Desoto specifically denominated his motion under Rule
54.02 as opposed to under Rule 59.04, but that was due to his mistaken understanding of
the finality of the court’s order.4 That mistaken understanding notwithstanding, having
been filed within the time parameters of Rule 59.04 and having sought the same type of
relief available under Rule 59.04 motions,5 Mr. Desoto’s April 12 motion should have,
under the circumstances, been treated as a motion to alter or amend. It is apparent that
Mr. Desoto would have formally denominated the motion as one under Rule 59.04 had he
understood the probate court’s order to be final. But putting the label aside, he
essentially sought to have the order reversed on account of an alleged error of law.6 As
emphasized, that type of request is amenable to consideration under Rule 59.04, and the
motion was not belated within the context of that rule.

        4
           This entire situation could have perhaps been avoided if the probate court, as is done by the
circuit and chancery courts when they make interlocutory orders final judgments, had included the
certification language from Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Although certain
probate orders, like the March 13, 2018 order, are undoubtedly final and appealable under existing case
law in the absence of such a certification, adding such language, even if superfluous, would clearly signal
to the parties that the judgment is final.
         5
           The dissent maintains that we erred in concluding that the relief requested by Mr. Desoto is
qualitatively similar to the type of relief available under Rule 59.04, and notes that Mr. Desoto’s April 12
motion requested relief unavailable under Rule 59.04, such as an alternative motion for permission to
seek an interlocutory appeal. No doubt, some of Mr. Desoto’s requested relief from the April 12
document is not amenable to consideration under a motion to alter or amend, and further, it is clear that
some of his adopted terminology, such as his request to “revise,” is specifically tailored to Rule 54.02, not
Rule 59. With that said, and as we have already noted, Rule 59.04, like 54.02, allows trial courts an
opportunity to revisit and reverse their own decisions. Indeed, a motion to alter or amend can allow a trial
court to correct errors of law, see Vaccarella v. Vaccarella, 49 S.W.3d 307, 312 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001),
and here, even the dissent acknowledges that the “gravamen of Mr. DeSoto’s motion is that the trial court
erred in its legal analysis.” We certainly agree with this characterization, and it complements our
conclusion that the substance of the April 12 motion requested relief that is qualitatively similar to a
motion under Rule 59. Although the dissent criticizes our alleged failure to parse the specifics of Mr.
Desoto’s motion and asserts that Mr. Desoto’s motion rested purely on theories previously not asserted or
already rejected, we are of the opinion that the dissent reads the motion too restrictively. By specifically
criticizing the manner in which the probate court applied a prior decision of this Court, for instance, Mr.
Desoto “arguably also requested that the trial court correct a clear error of law.” Goetz, 2016 WL
537818, at *6.
         6
           Mr. Desoto’s motion emphasized that a correction of the alleged error would help “avoid an
unnecessary appeal.” We note that the prevention of unnecessary appeals is the purpose of Rule 59
motions, including motions to alter or amend. See Discover Bank v. Morgan, 363 S.W.3d 479, 489
(Tenn. 2012).
                                                   -9-
       Because we are of the opinion that the April 12 motion should have been
construed as a motion to alter or amend, it follows that the motion extended the time for
filing a notice of appeal. The motion was ultimately resolved on August 24, 2018,
making Mr. Desoto’s September 4, 2018 notice of appeal timely. Accordingly, this Court
has jurisdiction to resolve the merits of the appeal.

        Having concluded that we have jurisdiction, we now shift our discussion to
consider whether the probate court erred in holding that Mr. Desoto’s claim was
untimely. To begin, we look to Tennessee Code Annotated section 31-2-105, which
provides instruction as to how a non-marital child can establish the right to inherit by
intestate succession. Pursuant to that provision, if paternity was not adjudicated before
the death of a father, it may be “established thereafter by clear and convincing proof.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 31-2-105. At the time of the Decedent’s death in this case, this
statute did not specify the period within which a putative child must seek a determination
of paternity by the requisite proof. However, as noted previously in this opinion, through
the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in Bilbrey, litigants were directed to follow the
limitation period applicable to creditor claims:

      [A] child born out of wedlock, whose paternity was not adjudicated prior to
      the death of the father, can establish the right to inherit by intestate
      succession by asserting that right against the estate of the deceased owner
      of the property in which an interest is claimed within the time allowed for
      creditors to file claims against the estate and by establishing paternity by
      clear and convincing proof.

Bilbrey, 937 S.W.2d at 808.

      As this Court later explained:

      [Tennessee Code Annotated section 31-2-105] required judicial
      interpretation because it did not specify exactly how much time after the
      death of a father his putative children should be allowed to have to obtain
      an adjudication of paternity “by clear and convincing proof.” The
      Tennessee Supreme Court determined that the term “thereafter” could not
      be unlimited or uncertain, for if it were, it could disturb rights of
      inheritance that had already vested in the decedent’s other heirs. Bilbrey v.
      Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 807. The court concluded, after considering the
      law of real property, or intestate succession, and of equal protection, that
      the best approach would be to tie the time limits applicable to the
      establishment of paternity by non-marital children to those applicable to
      creditors of the decedent’s estate. Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 808.


                                          - 10 -
               Under current law, creditors must file claims against the estate of a
        decedent within four months of the date on which the statutorily-required
        Notice to Creditors is published or posted, or else their claims are forever
        barred. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 30-2-306(b) and § 30-2-307(a). If the
        creditor does not receive actual notice of the Notice to Creditors, the
        creditor may not be bound by the four-month deadline, but must still file a
        claim within one year of the date of the decedent’s death in order for the
        claim to be adjudicated. The Bilbrey v. Smithers court declared that these
        same deadlines should apply to claims of paternity by putative children in
        attempts to share in the estate of an intestate father.

Locke v. Estate of Rose, Nos. M2012-02508-COA-R3-CV, M2012-01314-COA-R3-CV,
M2012-02504-COA-R3-CV, 2014 WL 2999739, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 30, 2014).7

        The application of these deadlines is illustrated by a number of this Court’s
decisions, including the decision in In re Estate of Bennett, No. E2004-02007-COA-R3-
CV, 2005 WL 2333597 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2005). In that case, the decedent died
intestate in April 2002, but an alleged daughter of the decedent, Angela Clabough, did
not file a claim against the estate until October 2003. Id. at *1. The trial court held that
Ms. Clabough’s claim to share in the decedent’s estate was time-barred, id. at *2, and
when the matter was appealed, we agreed. In explaining our decision, we stated as
follows:

        Clabough, who was required to proceed as a creditor of the estate, had a
        maximum of one year from the date of the decedent’s death in which to file
        her claim against the estate. Because she failed to do so, the Chancery
        Court correctly determined that her claim was time barred.

Id. at *5.

       In the present case, the Decedent died on July 11, 2012. Mr. Desoto did not
thereafter submit a claim for heirship within the applicable time period. However, as is
relevant to the primary dispute herein, it is Mr. Desoto’s contention that a timely
assertion of paternity was made through the “Administrator’s Petition to Determine
Heirship,” which was filed September 19, 2013. This argument is essentially predicated
on a couple of sub-arguments: (1) that Mr. Desoto is entitled to rely on a pleading filed
        7
          As currently enacted, effective July 1, 2017, a limitation period is now specifically set as a
matter of statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 31-2-105 (providing that paternity may be established after the
death of the father but only if an assertion of paternity is made within the earlier of (a) “[t]he period
prescribed in the notice published or posted in accordance with § 30-2-306” or (b) “One (1) year after the
father’s death”).


                                                 - 11 -
by the administrator to assert his rights and (2) that the administrator is entitled to receive
the benefit of the tolling available to Mr. Desoto for his active service in the military.

       The probate court ultimately rejected the contention that a timely assertion of
paternity had been made, stating that it did “not believe that the Administrator of an
estate can assert someone else’s claim to an estate.” We find no basis to disturb the
probate court’s ruling. As explained in further detail below, we are aware of no authority
that endorses the proposition that an administrator can assert a non-marital child’s claim
to establish paternity for purposes of intestate succession.

        At the outset, we note that Bilbrey and other cases speak to whether the non-
martial child/putative child has timely asserted a claim for paternity after a father’s death.
Indeed, as was stated in one case from the Tennessee Supreme Court, “If a child born out
of wedlock asserts his status as a child of a decedent and a corresponding right to inherit
by intestate succession within the time allowed for creditors to file claims against the
decedent’s estate, the claim will not be barred by any statutory limitations period.”
Lanier v. Rains, 229 S.W.3d 656, 662 (Tenn. 2007) (emphases added). See also Bilbrey,
937 S.W.2d at 808 (holding that a “child born out of wedlock” can establish the right to
inherit by asserting that right against the estate); Locke, 2014 WL 2999739, at *5
(discussing Bilbrey and the corresponding limitation period that should apply to “claims
of paternity by putative children”); In re Estate of Snapp, No. E2009-00551-COA-R3-
CV, 2010 WL 1924017, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 13, 2010) (“It is well settled that non-
marital children claiming a share in an estate must file their claims within the one-year
statute of limitations.”). On their respective faces, these decisions suggest, as is logical,
that a claim to establish paternity in order to share in the intestate estate belongs to the
putative child. Although this much should be fairly apparent, the contention essentially
advanced by Mr. Desoto here is that it is nonetheless permissible for an assertion of
paternity to be made by an administrator on behalf of a non-marital child to whom the
claim belongs.

       In an effort to substantiate his position, Mr. Desoto relies in large part on this
Court’s decision in Glanton v. Lord, 183 S.W.3d 391 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Mr. Desoto
specifically cites to Glanton to support his assertion that “procedural technicalities” and
the “formality of a filing” are not significant. Although Glanton does contain
pronouncements disclaiming formalism, in no way does it support the notion that an
administrator may validly file a claim to establish paternity on behalf of a putative child
claimant in the absence of the timely raising of the issue by the putative child.

       In Glanton, it was argued that certain disputed heirs could not inherit because they
had allegedly failed to assert a right to inherit within the relevant time period. Id. at 396.
However, when faced with this argument, the disputed heirs pointed out that an initial
complaint filed by separate parties, as well as the disputed heirs’ own answer, had raised
the paternity claim and corresponding inheritance claim. Id. at 396-97. According to this
                                             - 12 -
Court, it was of no moment that the disputed heirs’ answer, as opposed to a separate
complaint or counterclaim, was the vehicle for raising the paternity issue:

               Neither Bilbrey v. Smithers nor its progeny require that a non-marital
       child’s assertion of paternity and a corresponding right to inherit by
       intestate succession must be made in a separate complaint or a counterclaim
       in order to be valid. While it is true that the non-marital child in Bilbrey v.
       Smithers asserted his claim in a complaint instituting a lawsuit rather than
       in an answer to a complaint, there is no suggestion in Bilbrey v. Smithers
       that this procedural detail affected the outcome of the case. Bilbrey v.
       Smithers requires only that non-marital children “assert the right to inherit”
       in some proceeding leading to a “judicial determination” of paternity.
       Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 807–08. It does not require that the
       assertion be made in a particular proceeding or that it be made in any
       particular form.

               In short, we do not construe Bilbrey v. Smithers to impose a
       formalistic pleading requirement that would force non-marital children to
       file a separate action or a counterclaim when the issue has already been
       raised in the complaint instituting the lawsuit and the issue has been joined
       in an answer filed by the non-marital children seeking to inherit. Thus, it is
       irrelevant that the Disputed Heirs raised the issue by way of an answer
       rather than by filing a separate complaint or a counterclaim. Bilbrey v.
       Smithers requires only that a non-marital child seeking to inherit by
       intestate succession from or through his or her father raise the issue of
       paternity and a corresponding right to inherit in some proceeding which
       affords the other putative heirs notice and an opportunity to be heard on the
       issue. Because the Disputed Heirs met this requirement, we reject the
       Plaintiff Cousins’ argument that Bilbrey v. Smithers bars their claim to
       inherit from Uncle Simon.

Id. at 397.

       It is true that the paternity issue in Glanton was initially injected into the suit by
someone other than the disputed heirs, but there is no indication that such a fact was itself
sufficient. What Glanton stands for is simply this: the disputed heirs were not required to
formally file a separate complaint when they raised the issue by way of an answer in
response to the initial complaint. Again, as we noted in that decision, “Bilbrey v.
Smithers requires only that a non-marital child seeking to inherit by intestate succession
from or through his or her father raise the issue of paternity and a corresponding right to
inherit in some proceeding which affords the other putative heirs notice and an
opportunity to be heard on the issue.” Id. (emphases added). Glanton does not contain
any support for the notion that non-marital children must not actually timely raise the
                                             - 13 -
issue of paternity of themselves;8 it simply relaxes the procedural formality pursuant to
which they may do so.

       Mr. Desoto also relies on this Court’s decision in In re Estate of Smith, No.
E2012-00995-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 6727408 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2012). To
some degree, Mr. Desoto appears to embrace the Smith case for similar reasons that he
embraces Glanton. That is, he seems to be urging this Court to adopt a reasoning that
focuses on the substance of a claim and relegates as unimportant any formality
surrounding the claim’s assertion, including who filed it. For example, according to Mr.
Desoto, the Smith case “indicates that a court’s analysis should consider the substance of
an assertion of rights, without thought as to who filed it.” Respectfully—and as further
explained below—we do not glean this principle from Smith. A claim must be asserted
by someone with authority to raise it. Such a proposition is not one that should go
“without thought.”

       What Mr. Desoto ultimately seems to be suggesting is that, if the substance of the
“Administrator’s Petition to Determine Heirship” is considered in this case, it may be
considered to constitute a timely assertion of his rights, regardless of the fact that the
pleading was filed by the Administrator, not him. He suggests such is the analysis that
follows from Smith. We respectfully disagree. The Smith case does not stand for this
proposition, and the opinion in no way endorses the notion that an administrator can, for
purposes of satisfying the applicable limitation period, file a claim on behalf of a putative
child claimant. To understand why, it is helpful to briefly consider the facts of that case.

        In Smith, the decedent died on May 11, 2010. Id. at *1. A few months later, on
August 24, 2010, the administrators in the case filed their petition for intestate
administration. Id. Within their petition, the administrators listed “Sonya Wych[e],
Adult Daughter, Address unknown” as one of the heirs. Id. Notice to creditors
subsequently published on August 27 and September 3, 2010, and the case was later
referred to the clerk and master for a hearing concerning the parentage of some of the
children who claimed to be heirs. Id. Although it was subsequently learned that Ms.
Wyche, a putative daughter of the decedent, had filed a separate action to establish
paternity, the clerk and master ruled that her claim was barred because it was filed more
than a year after the decedent’s death. Id. at * 1-2. A hearing was subsequently held in
the trial court after the putative daughter filed objections to the clerk and master’s report,


        8
          In a footnote to his principal appellate brief, Mr. Desoto candidly admits that “the facts of
Glanton indicate that there was some pleading filed by the non-marital children themselves that is not
present in the instant case.” Although Mr. Desoto submits that this should be regarded as a “distinction
without a difference,” those specific facts are not to be glossed over. In Glanton, the disputed heirs filed a
pleading that timely asserted the paternity issue. Had they not, they would not have had a valid claim. Of
course, as explained herein, it was incumbent on them to assert the issue. There is no holding in Glanton
to the contrary.
                                                   - 14 -
but that hearing was limited to the issue of whether the administrators were estopped to
assert the untimeliness of the putative daughter’s claim. Id. at *2.

       This last point is a significant one as it relates to Mr. Desoto’s argument. It is
perhaps true to a degree that the Smith court looked at the so-called “substance” of the
administrators’ August 24, 2010 petition. Yet, the purpose of that inquiry was not to see
whether the administrators’ petition, which identified the putative daughter as an heir,
somehow constituted a timely assertion of rights on behalf of the putative daughter.
Indeed, the entire premise of the inquiry followed from the understanding that the
putative daughter’s claim had been untimely filed. Properly understood, the Smith case
simply shows that the August 24, 2010 petition was looked at in furtherance of an
estoppel argument raised by the putative daughter, which was rejected. Id. at *4 (“The
Putative Daughter raises issues as to whether the court erred in finding that the petition
deceived her into believing that she did not need to file a claim.”).

       In addition to the above authorities, Mr. Desoto relies on the opinion authored in
In re Estate of Armstrong, 859 S.W.2d 323 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993), as specific support for
his contention that an administrator can raise a claim on behalf of a putative child. We
disagree with Mr. Desoto that this case supports his position. We further note that, at oral
argument, his counsel acknowledged that the opinion did not support the contended
proposition regarding an administrator’s authority as squarely as she would have liked.

        The controversy in Armstrong surrounded a reputed half-sister of the decedent.
As we later summarized in a subsequent opinion discussing Armstrong, “[The half-sister]
was born to her mother and her mother’s husband . . . during their marriage, but the ‘talk’
in the community was that her mother had an affair with Clyde Wells, who was also [the
decedent’s] father, and that he was [the half-sister’s] biological father.” Coyle v.
Erickson, No. E2010-02585-COA-R9-CV, 2011 WL 3689157, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 24, 2011). It is true, as counsel for Mr. Desoto pointed out at oral argument, that
the Armstrong opinion outlined facts showing that an administrator initially filed a
petition seeking a determination of heirs of the decedent. In re Estate of Armstrong, 859
S.W.2d at 324. It is further true that a trial of the matter eventually ensued after the filing
of that action, resulting in a determination of heirship regarding the reputed half-sister of
the decedent. Id. Nevertheless, the opinion does not specifically hold that the
administrator had authority to assert a claim on behalf of the putative half-sister. That
specific proposition was never discussed, nor did any issue ever appear to be raised as to
whether the putative half-sister timely asserted her rights. As we have noted, counsel for
Mr. Desoto has acknowledged that the Armstrong opinion is not squarely on point for the
legal proposition advanced by Desoto on appeal, and ultimately, Mr. Desoto’s argument
appears to be tied to a supposed implication derived from the following two facts: (a) an
administrator initially filed a pleading in Armstrong and (b) a determination of the merits
later ensued.

                                            - 15 -
      “It is axiomatic that judicial decisions do not stand for propositions that were
neither raised by the parties nor actually addressed by the court.” Staats v. McKinnon,
206 S.W.3d 532, 550 n.41 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). Moreover, the facts from Armstrong
do not suggest that the half-sister never timely asserted a claim for paternity herself. No
doubt, the opinion describes the administrator as initially filing an action for declaratory
judgment, but the facts in no way indicate that the reputed half-sister did not
subsequently assert her rights in a timely manner. In fact, the only suggestion is to the
contrary, at least as to the base assertion of rights.9 There are several references, for
example, naming the half-sister as “the claimant” and stating that she had “proven” her
case. See In re Estate of Armstrong, 859 S.W.2d at 326-327. The opinion does not
exactly shed light on the procedural manner in which the half-sister asserted her claim
before later proving it, but the included facts would indicate that she did so.10 All that is
required pursuant to Bilbrey is that “a non-marital child . . . raise the issue of paternity
and a corresponding right to inherit in some proceeding which affords the other putative
heirs notice and an opportunity to be heard on the issue.” Glanton, 183 S.W.3d at 397.
Here, of course, Mr. Desoto did not timely assert a claim to establish paternity and to
inherit.

       In closing, we briefly address a statutory argument advanced by Mr. Desoto. As
we understand his argument, Mr. Desoto submits that Tennessee Code Annotated section
30-2-307(f) and current Tennessee Code Annotated section 30-2-313(b) are evidence of a
policy under Tennessee law that allows personal representatives to file claims on behalf
of third parties. Initially, we note that the statutory provisions relied upon were enacted
after the death of the Decedent and after the filing of the “Administrator’s Petition to
Determine Heirship” and therefore of no import to this case. In any event, it is unclear
how the cited statutes provide any support for the proposition that an administrator can
file a paternity claim on behalf of the putative child claimant.

      Tennessee Code Annotated section 30-2-307(f) provides as follows:
      (f) If a claim filed against the decedent’s estate is filed by a personal
      representative of the decedent’s estate, the personal representative must
      provide the clerk of the court with the name and current mailing address of
      each residuary beneficiary of the decedent’s estate at the time the claim is
      filed.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 30-2-307(f). Moreover, Tennessee Code Annotated section 30-2-
313(b) currently provides in pertinent part that:

       (b) If a personal representative of the decedent’s estate files a claim against
       the estate of the decedent, the clerk of the court, within five (5) days after

       9
          Whether the assertion of rights was untimely or not is not considered.
       10
           We note that in a subsequent opinion discussing Armstrong, we wrote that the “child herself
ultimately sought to establish another as her father.” Coyle, 2011 WL 3689157, at * 8.
                                               - 16 -
      the filing of a claim and the entry thereof in the claim book as provided in §
      30-2-312, shall give written notice to each residuary beneficiary of the
      decedent’s estate of the filing of the claim, by mailing each a true and
      correct copy of the claim.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 30-2-313(b). Although these statutes indicate that personal
representatives may file a claim against the estate, they do not indicate that personal
representatives may file a claim against an estate on behalf of another. As argued by the
Appellees, it appears that the requirements in these statutes regarding notice to
beneficiaries are intended to prevent personal representatives from paying their own
claims without notice to other interested parties.

      To conclude, we find no support for Mr. Desoto’s position in this appeal. He is
not entitled to rely on the Administrator’s filing, and his claim being untimely, the
probate court’s grant of summary judgment was not in error. We accordingly affirm.

                                    CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the probate court is hereby affirmed.



                                                   _________________________________
                                                   ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JUDGE




                                          - 17 -
