                         RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 09a0246p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________


                                                 X
                                                  -
 DOMINIC NWAGBO,
                                                  -
                                           Petitioner,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 07-3723
            v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the -
                                                  -
                                  Respondent. -
 United States,*
                                                 N
                      On Petition for Review of a Final Order
                       of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
                                 No. A73 368 074.
                                                               *
                                     Argued: June 10, 2009

                             Decided and Filed: June 30, 2009**
            Before: NORRIS, BATCHELDER, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: E. Dennis Muchnicki, LAW OFFICE, Dublin, Ohio, for Petitioner. Katharine
E. Clark, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
Respondent. ON BRIEF: E. Dennis Muchnicki, LAW OFFICE, Dublin, Ohio, for
Petitioner. Katharine E. Clark, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Respondent.




        *
          Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2), Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr. is automatically
substituted for former Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey.
        **
           This decision was originally issued as an “unpublished decision” filed on June 30, 2009. On
July 9, 2009, the court designated the opinion as one recommended for full-text publication.


                                                  1
No. 07-3723          Nwagbo v. Holder                                                 Page 2


                                    _________________

                                         OPINION
                                    _________________

          KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Dominic Nwagbo, a native of Nigeria, petitions for
review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ denial of his motion to terminate removal
proceedings. We dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.

                                              I.

          Nwagbo entered the United States in 1994. He married a U.S. citizen in 1995, and
became a legal permanent resident in 1997. On June 12, 2000, Nwagbo was convicted of
conspiracy to possess, and aiding and abetting in the possession of, counterfeited obligations
of the United States with intent to defraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 371, and 472.

          On September 20, 2001, the then-Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
served Nwagbo with a Notice to Appear (NTA) before an Immigration Judge (IJ). The NTA
charged Nwagbo with being removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i), for having been
convicted of a crime of moral turpitude. On April 17, 2002, the INS also charged Nwagbo
with being removable under § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), for having been convicted of an aggravated
felony.

          Nwagbo denied both charges of removability on April 19, 2005. On October 21,
2005, Nwagbo filed an application for naturalization with the now-Department of Homeland
Security. The following week, he filed a motion with the IJ to terminate his removal
proceedings on the basis of the pending naturalization application, pursuant to 8 C.F.R.
§ 1239.2(f).

          On December 13, 2005, Nwagbo appeared before the IJ for a hearing. The IJ found
that Nwagbo was removable as charged. The IJ also denied Nwagbo’s motion to terminate,
and ordered him removed to Nigeria. Nwagbo appealed the IJ’s decision to the Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA), which affirmed and dismissed the appeal on May 16, 2007.

          This petition for review, in which Nwagbo challenges only the IJ and BIA’s finding
that he is removable for having been convicted of an aggravated felony, followed.
No. 07-3723         Nwagbo v. Holder                                                     Page 3


                                              II.

        As an initial matter, our jurisdiction to review Nwagbo’s petition is limited. Pursuant
to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), “no court shall have jurisdiction to review any final order of
removal against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense
covered in section . . . 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii),” namely, an aggravated felony. That said, “we
retain jurisdiction to consider the limited question of whether the petitioner is removable as
a matter of law.” Patel v. Ashcroft, 401 F.3d 400, 406 (6th Cir. 2005). Here, that “limited
question” is whether a conviction for violating 18 U.S.C. § 472 is an aggravated felony
under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). If so, Nwagbo is properly removable
under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), and we must dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.



        The INA lists the criminal offenses that constitute aggravated felonies for
immigration purposes. See INA § 101(a)(43), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43). Those include any
“offense relating to . . . counterfeiting[.]” INA § 101(a)(43)(R), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(R).
The government charged—and both the IJ and BIA concluded—that Nwagbo’s conviction
under 18 U.S.C. § 472 was such an offense.

        Whether an offense constitutes an aggravated felony under the INA is a purely legal
question that we review de novo. Patel, 401 F.3d at 407. Section 472 provides:

        Whoever, with intent to defraud, passes, utters, publishes, or sells, or
        attempts to pass, utter, publish, or sell, or with like intent brings into the
        United States or keeps in possession or conceals any falsely made, forged,
        counterfeited, or altered obligation or other security of the United States,
        shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.
        “[T]o convict a defendant under § 472, the government must prove 1) the false bill
passed or possessed is counterfeit, 2) the defendant intended to use the false bill to defraud,
and 3) the defendant passed or possessed the false bill.” United States v. Wethington, 141
F.3d 284, 287 (6th Cir. 1998).

        Nwagbo argues that he did not commit “an offense relating to . . . counterfeiting”
because he “did not engage in the overt act of counterfeiting,” and instead joined the
conspiracy after the actual counterfeiting was completed. Pet’r Br. at 7. Three other circuits
have rejected a similar or identical argument. See Kamagate v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 144, 154
No. 07-3723          Nwagbo v. Holder                                                    Page 4


(2d Cir. 2004) (“the requirement that the security at issue . . . be counterfeit coupled with the
element of deceitful intent suffice” to make uttering or possessing counterfeit securities, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 513(a), an offense “related to” counterfeiting); Albillo-Figueroa v.
INS, 221 F.3d 1070, 1073 (9th Cir. 2000) (the “requisite knowledge and intent to defraud is
sufficient to make a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 472 one that is ‘related to’ the act of
counterfeiting itself”); see also Park v. Att’y Gen., 472 F.3d 66, 72 (3d Cir. 2006)
(“Considering the broad reach of the term ‘relating to,’ certainly [18 U.S.C. § 2320,] which
prohibits the knowing use of a counterfeit mark . . . codifies an offense related to
counterfeiting”). Indeed, the IJ here adopted the reasoning of Kamagate and Albillo-
Figueroa.

        We reject the argument as well, and hold that “[s]ection 101(a)(43)(R) [of the INA]
necessarily covers a range of activities beyond those of counterfeiting or forgery itself.”
Albillo-Figueroa, 221 F.3d at 1073. To limit that section to cases of actual counterfeiting
would be to read the phrase “relating to” out of the statute.

        Because Nwagbo’s conviction constitutes an aggravated felony as defined by INA
§ 101(a)(43)(R), the IJ and BIA properly concluded that he is removable under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Consequently, we dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction. See
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C).
