                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


Thomas M. White, Jr.,
Petitioner Below, Petitioner                                                        FILED
                                                                               February 3, 2020
vs) No. 18-0892 (Cabell County 16-C-322)                                        EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                    OF WEST VIRGINIA
Donnie Ames, Superintendent,
Mount Olive Correctional Complex,
Respondent Below, Respondent


                               MEMORANDUM DECISION

       Petitioner Thomas M. White, Jr., by counsel Steven M. Wright, appeals the September 28,
2018, order of the Circuit Court of Cabell County that denied his petition for post-conviction
habeas corpus relief. Respondent Donnie Ames,1 Superintendent, Mount Olive Correctional
Complex, by counsel Caleb E. Ellis, filed a response in support of the habeas court’s order.

       The Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

         On November 6, 2012, two armed men entered a known drug house at 1932 Foster Avenue
in Huntington, West Virginia. Soon thereafter, at about 10:30 a.m., Cabell County 9-1-1 received
a call from a young girl who was in an upstairs bedroom of the drug house with her mother. The
girl said she heard gunshots fired inside the house. Around the same time, another child who lived
nearby saw two adult males leave the drug house; one was running and the other was limping and
carrying a handgun. Both men stopped at a red Honda Pilot that was parked down the street from
the drug house. The men argued and then left on foot in different directions.

        Huntington police officers arrived at the drug house shortly thereafter. They found Devonte
Penn on the main floor of the house; he was bleeding profusely from a gunshot wound to the groin.
Mr. Penn told the officers that “Rocky, with a mole on his face” shot him. Mr. Penn died soon
thereafter as a result of his gunshot wound. The officers then found Darrell Fuqua on the second
floor of the house dead from a gunshot to the leg and the back of the head.

       1
         Petitioner filed this appeal against Ralph Terry, who was then the Superintendent of the
Mount Olive Correctional Center. The Court has made the necessary substitution of parties
pursuant to Rule 41(c) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure.
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        Around this same time, petitioner asked a friend to take him to the hospital. Petitioner told
the friend that he had been shot in a drive-by shooting.

       The police searched the crime scene and found drugs and cell phones inside the house, and
additional cell phones on the porch of the house and in the mulch next to the porch. Next to the
phone in the mulch, the police found a set of car keys that fit a red Honda Pilot (the “Honda”) that
was seen parked near the drug house. The police searched the Honda and found a Ruger pistol
under the front seat. The police also saw a man who had a mole on his face walking near the drug
house. The police questioned the man and learned his name was Rocky Williams. The police took
Mr. Williams into custody. The police also learned that petitioner was at a local hospital with a
gunshot wound.

        A forensic investigation found petitioner’s blood and latent fingerprint on the Ruger pistol
found near the Honda. The police also found petitioner’s blood inside the drug house and in the
street near the drug house. The police determined that the Honda parked near the drug house was
registered in the name of petitioner’s girlfriend. The police traced one of the cell phones found on
the porch of the drug house to Mr. Williams; they traced the cell phone found in the mulch next to
the Honda keys to petitioner. The police searched petitioner’s cell phone and discovered text
messages between “T-man,” who was later determined to be petitioner, and another person known
as “Big Dog.”

         When the police questioned Mr. Williams, he gave varying accounts of what happened at
the drug house. For example, he told the police that he was at the drug house to buy drugs and the
occupants of the house tried to rob him. However, Mr. Williams eventually confessed that he and
petitioner had gone to the drug house to rob the occupants, that the robbery had gone wrong, and
that, as he shot Mr. Fuqua in the leg and head on the second floor of the house, he heard shots ring
out on the main floor. When the police questioned petitioner, he denied shooting Mr. Penn.

         On January 16, 2013, petitioner was indicted on two counts of first-degree murder under
West Virginia Code § 61-2-1 for his part in the November 6, 2012, crimes. Mr. Williams was also
indicted for multiple crimes, including burglary and second-degree murder. Thereafter, but prior
to petitioner’s trial in this matter, Mr. Williams pled guilty to one count of second-degree murder
and one count of first-degree burglary. The trial court sentenced Mr. Williams to forty years in
prison on the murder conviction and ten years in prison on the robbery conviction, to be served
consecutively.

        Petitioner’s trial commenced on April 14, 2014. During its case-in-chief, the State sought
to admit photographs of petitioner’s two tattoos: “Thug Life” and “Fast Life” as evidence of
petitioner’s lifestyle. Petitioner’s counsel countered that the photographs were prejudicial and
irrelevant. The circuit court allowed the evidence over petitioner’s objection finding that the
prejudicial value of the photographs did not outweigh their probative value.

       The State called Mr. Williams to establish his and petitioner’s motives for their crimes. Mr.
Williams testified that (1) he drove to the drug house in the Honda with petitioner to steal drugs
from Mr. Penn; (2) both he and petitioner were armed; (3) he went upstairs where he shot and

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killed Mr. Fuqua; (4) he and petitioner ran out of the drug house together towards the Honda; (5)
they discovered they lost the keys to the Honda; and (6) ran off in different directions.

         A forensic expert in gunshot residue from the West Virginia State Police Laboratory
testified that he found gunshot residue on petitioner’s hand after the shooting. An expert in tool
mark and firearm examinations from the State Police Forensic Laboratory, Philip Cochran,
testified that the bullet removed from Mr. Penn’s leg was fired from petitioner’s Ruger pistol. The
State also introduced a call log from Mr. Williams’s phone that showed several calls between Mr.
Williams and petitioner’s phone on November 5, 2012, and November 6, 2012, i.e., the day before
and the day of the shooting at the drug house.

       Cpl. Paul Hunter of the Huntington Police Department testified regarding the text messages
found on petitioner’s phone from “T-man” (petitioner) to “Big Dog.” Cpl. Hunter stated that the
terms used in the text messages are commonly used by those buying or selling illegal drugs.

       Petitioner did not testify during his own case-in-chief.

        During the instruction phase of trial, the State asked the court to instruct the jury
exclusively on a felony-murder theory for both first-degree murder counts. The circuit court gave
that instruction as well as a limiting instruction regarding the Rule 404(b) evidence entered at trial,
such as the text messages between “T-man” and “Big Dog.”

       The jury convicted petitioner of two counts of first-degree murder under the felony-murder
doctrine. The circuit court sentenced petitioner to two life sentences, with mercy, to run
consecutively.

         Petitioner filed a direct appeal in which he argued that the circuit court erred in admitting
the text messages between “T-Man” and “Big Dog” at trial. We found that the circuit court did not
abuse its discretion in admitting the text messages, and noted they “were related to [petitioner’s]
drug dealing ‘business’ and tended to show an overall criminal intent to enhance his illegal
‘business’ by robbing a known drug house.” State v. White, No. 14-0918, 2015 WL 7628721, at
*4 (W. Va. Nov. 20, 2015)(memorandum decision). We also found that the circuit court did not
err in finding that the text messages were more probative than prejudicial under Rule 403 of the
West Virginia Rules of Evidence. Id. Finally, we held that, due to the “ample and overwhelming
evidence of petitioner’s guilt, any error resulting from the admission of the text messages at trial
was harmless.” Id. at *5.

       Thereafter, petitioner filed a pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The circuit court
appointed counsel who, on September 30, 2016, filed petitioner’s amended habeas petition. The
habeas court held an omnibus hearing on August 2, 2018. Petitioner’s trial attorneys, Kerry Nessel
and Timothy Rosinsky, and petitioner testified at the omnibus hearing. On September 28, 2018,
the habeas court issued its order denying relief on all grounds. Petitioner now appeals.

               In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the circuit court
       in a habeas corpus action, we apply a three-prong standard of review. We review
       the final order and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard;

                                                  3
       the underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions
       of law are subject to a de novo review.

Syl. Pt. 1, Mathena v. Haines, 219 W. Va. 417, 633 S.E.2d 771 (2006).

        Petitioner raises five assignments of error on appeal. Petitioner first argues that the circuit
court erred in denying relief on his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for their failure
to retain an expert to conduct an independent analysis of the bullet removed from Mr. Penn’s leg.
Petitioner’s theory of the case appears to have been that Mr. Williams shot Mr. Penn, and that
petitioner accidentally shot himself. Specifically, petitioner claims that, when he heard shots fired
on the second floor of the drug house, he pulled the Ruger pistol out of the waistband of his pants
and accidentally shot himself. Petitioner notes that the bullet remains lodged in his leg and cannot
be removed without endangering his life, but that the angle of the bullet wound supports his
argument. Petitioner also highlights that Mr. Penn told the police shortly before he died that Mr.
Williams shot him. Petitioner claims that, absent an independent investigation of the bullet, it was
impossible for him to prove his theory of the case. Accordingly, petitioner contends that no
reasonable attorney would have refrained from hiring a forensic expert to show that the bullet that
struck Mr. Penn was not fired from petitioner’s Ruger pistol.

              “In the West Virginia courts, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are
       to be governed by the two-pronged test established in Strickland v. Washington,
       466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984): (1) Counsel’s performance
       was deficient under an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a
       reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
       proceedings would have been different.” Syl. Pt. 5, State v. Miller, 194 W.Va. 3,
       459 S.E.2d 114 (1995).

Syl. Pt. 2, Raines v. Ballard, 236 W. Va. 588, 782 S.E.2d 775 (2016).

        At petitioner’s omnibus hearing, Mr. Rosinsky, petitioner’s primary trial counsel, testified
that he investigated petitioner’s case extensively, retained an investigator, met with petitioner
frequently, and spent more than 300 hours on the case. With respect to the bullet lodged in
petitioner’s leg, Mr. Rosinsky testified that he asked the State to pay for a surgery to remove the
bullet in order to prove that it came from petitioner’s gun; however, the surgery could not be
performed due to the danger it presented to petitioner’s life. Mr. Rosinsky also testified that he
chose not to press the issue because he was confident that the State would rely on a felony-murder
theory, given that Mr. Penn told the officers that “Rocky [Williams], with a mole on his face” shot
him. Mr. Rosinsky further testified that he did not hire a ballistics expert for the same reason, i.e.,
he saw no benefit in challenging the State’s expert’s conclusions that the bullet in Mr. Penn’s leg
came from petitioner’s gun because it would not have negated the State’s felony-murder theory.

        Petitioner’s trial counsel’s decisions regarding an independent analysis of the bullet found
in Mr. Penn’s groin, and the presentation of medical evidence showing how petitioner was shot,
are ordinarily construed to be strategic or tactical choices. “Where a counsel’s performance,
attacked as ineffective, arises from occurrences involving strategy, tactics and arguable courses of
action, his conduct will be deemed effectively assistive of his client’s interests, unless no

                                                  4
reasonably qualified defense attorney would have so acted in the defense of an accused.” Syl. Pt.
5, Ballard v. Thomas, 233 W. Va. 488, 759 S.E.2d 231 (2014) (quoting Syl. Pt. 21, State v. Thomas,
157 W. Va. 640, 203 S.E.2d 445, 449 (1974)). Here, the record shows that petitioner’s trial counsel
adequately investigated the issues related to the bullet recovered from Mr. Penn’s leg and the bullet
lodged in petitioner’s groin, and made a strategic decision not to present additional evidence on
these issues due to the likelihood that the State would proceed against petitioner on a felony-
murder theory, which it did, in fact, do. Accordingly, petitioner fails to satisfy either prong of
Strickland/Miller with respect to his trial counsel’s decision not to retain an expert to conduct an
independent analysis of the bullet removed from Mr. Penn’s leg.

         In petitioner’s second assignment of error, he argues that the circuit court erred in denying
relief on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for his trial counsel’s failure to object or
move to strike the speculative theories put forth by Detective Chris Sperry at petitioner’s trial. At
trial, petitioner’s counsel called Detective Sperry as an adverse witness. Detective Sperry testified
that his theory of the case was a “robbery gone bad.” Petitioner’s counsel asked Detective Sperry
if he had any direct evidence that petitioner and Mr. Williams agreed to rob the drug house, other
than Mr. Williams’s testimony. Detective Sperry replied,

       [Mr. Williams] sat up here and said I didn’t shoot downstairs, I believe. I don’t
       think at the time he knew downstairs, if he shot anybody downstairs or not. I think
       he fired his gun, he didn’t know. I don’t think [petitioner] knew for sure who he
       shot or if he shot anybody until the ballistics report came back, then I knew for sure
       who he shot.

       So when they went in there to make a drug transaction it went bad, but I know as
       an investigator . . . , I didn’t have to prove who shot who. I just had to show it was
       a robbery and during the robbery a murder happened, so it doesn’t matter who shot
       who. So I know as an investigator, and the statute is it’s murder, everybody is
       charged with murder.

         According to petitioner, Detective Sperry contradicted himself when he said (1) this was a
“robbery gone bad,” and (2) petitioner and Mr. Williams were at the drug house to make a drug
transaction. Petitioner further argues that Detective Sperry speculated as to (1) what Mr. Williams
knew at the time, and (2) the applicable law of the case. Petitioner highlights that the trial court
told Detective Sperry, “I’m in charge of the law. Just answer the questions.” Detective Sperry then
testified that,

       something happened in the house to make the shots. I mean, why did he have to
       shoot everybody in the house, they thought. . . . Why did they have to shoot
       everybody in the house? When Rocky left, he fired some more grounds [sic]. I think
       he inadvertently shot [petitioner] on the way out, but they continued to leave
       together.

        At a bench conference immediately thereafter, the court told petitioner’s counsel, “This is
your witness, he’s speculating all over the place on theories that aren’t in evidence. So either wrap
it up or be direct, but I am not going to let him speculate about the law and things that aren’t in

                                                  5
evidence.” Petitioner highlights that, despite this admonition, his trial counsel did not object to or
move to strike any portion of Detective Sperry’s testimony.

         Petitioner further argues that Detective Sperry repeatedly told the jury that the police
investigated petitioner’s girlfriend’s Honda with regard to three other crimes, which was why the
Detective knew this case regarded a robbery. Petitioner argues that, even if the Honda was involved
in other crimes, the evidence regarding those crimes was irrelevant and extremely prejudicial
because it suggested petitioner was connected to the other crimes. Petitioner avers that, in light of
Rules 401 and 403 of the Rules of Evidence, Detective Sperry’s statement about the Honda should
not have been admitted into evidence. Petitioner contends that Detective Sperry corroborated the
State’s theory of the case and that, without Detective Sperry’s testimony, the State had only Mr.
Williams’ testimony that this case regarded a “robbery gone bad.” Petitioner contends that his trial
counsel should have stopped Detective Sperry from making speculative and prejudicial comments
or, alternatively, moved to strike those comments and sought a cautionary instruction from the
court. Petitioner concludes that trial counsel’s failure to do so satisfies the first prong of Strickland.
As to the second prong of Strickland, petitioner contends there is a reasonable probability that, but
for trial counsel’s errors, there would have been a different outcome at trial.

         We disagree and find that petitioner’s trial counsel was not ineffective for allowing
Detective Sperry to speculate about the events that transpired at the drug house. Although
petitioner cites to various answers given by Detective Sperry, he offers no substantive analysis of
the first prong of Strickland with respect to those answers. The record on appeal shows that trial
counsel made strategic decisions during this line of questioning. For example, trial counsel asked
Detective Sperry questions about his investigation of the case to prove the defense’s theory of the
case, i.e., that the State was proceeding on a felony-murder theory to compensate for their lack of
evidence against petitioner. Trial counsel was successful in getting Detective Sperry to admit that
the State was doing just that.

        As for the habeas court, it found that “trial counsel believed [Detective Sperry’s] testimony
would be harmless or beneficial to his client.” Petitioner has not demonstrated this finding to be
clearly erroneous. Indeed, in light of his counsel’s overall strategy, opting not to move to strike
Detective Sperry’s testimony was clearly a strategic decision.

         Petitioner also fails to show that he was prejudiced by any of these alleged errors. He asserts
that (1) the jury likely deferred to Detective Sperry’s testimony; and (2) by allowing Detective
Sperry to testify that he believed a robbery occurred the jury heard testimony that supported Mr.
Williams’s testimony. This claim fails because Detective Sperry’s answers were arguably
favorable to petitioner’s case, i.e., Detective Sperry stated, “I don’t think the defendant knew for
sure who he shot or if he shot anybody until the ballistics report came back.” Detective Sperry also
initially characterized petitioner’s presence at the drug house as “a drug transaction” before stating
that the State “had to show it was a robbery” in order to satisfy the felony-murder statute. That
answer restated petitioner’s theory of the case that he was at the drug house to buy drugs and the
police made the facts fit the State’s robbery theory. That said, even if Detective Sperry’s testimony
was not favorable to petitioner, it was likely not dispositive because the State’s case against
petitioner was based on significant circumstantial evidence, and – given the overwhelming
testimony against petitioner at trial – there is no reasonable probability that the outcome would

                                                    6
have been different if Detective Sperry had not testified or if trial counsel had objected to or moved
to strike his testimony.

        Petitioner’s trial counsel was also not ineffective with regard to Detective Sperry’s
implication that petitioner was involved in other crimes. Specifically, petitioner points to Detective
Sperry’s testimony that: (1) “I know [petitioner and Mr. Williams] would have got in a Honda
Pilot that I knew who owned that Honda Pilot from a previous incident, I knew who owned that. I
know what that car had been involved in.” (2) “I had all that information, the information that the
[red] Honda Pilot, that I am very familiar with through prior contact in investigating crimes, that
[the owner] was [petitioner’s] woman.” (3) “I know the red Honda Pilot, again I have had
interaction with that lady in another particular case, similar to this case, I know its’s [petitioner’s]
woman.”

         Petitioner claims Detective Sperry’s answers suggest petitioner was involved in, or
connected to, other similar crimes. Petitioner argues that “no reasonably qualified defense attorney
would have failed to object to these prejudicial statements.” We disagree. First, each of the answers
noted above resulted from an open-ended question; therefore, if trial counsel had objected or
moved to strike, the motion likely would have been overruled or denied. See Syl. Pt. 4, State v.
Crabtree, 198 W. Va. 620, 623, 482 S.E.2d 605 (1996). Thus, the decision not to object or move
to strike was reasonable to avoid drawing the jury’s attention to potentially unfavorable answers.
Petitioner also claims that Detective Sperry’s answers were prejudicial because they suggested
petitioner was involved in other crimes. However, the answers to which petitioner objects focus
on the car and on petitioner’s “woman,” and not on petitioner. Even if the jury inferred otherwise,
petitioner fails to show that if trial counsel had objected to Detective Sperry’s answers that the
outcome at trial would have been different. Accordingly, his ineffective assistance of counsel claim
fails as it relates to his trial counsel’s handling of Detective Sperry at trial.

        In petitioner’s third assignment of error, he argues that the habeas court erred in denying
relief on his claim that his sentence is disproportionate when compared to Mr. Williams’s sentence.
Petitioner claims that the nature of his offenses and the circumstances of this case show that his
two consecutive life sentences with the possibility of parole are not constitutionally proportional
to his level of culpability. Petitioner highlights that Mr. Williams shot and killed Mr. Fuqua, and
that, before he died, Mr. Penn said Mr. Williams shot him. Under his plea agreement, Mr.
Williams’s sentence is ten years in prison for robbery and forty years in prison on the murder
charge. Thus, Mr. Williams will be eligible for parole in twelve years and six months. However,
under his two life sentences, petitioner will not be eligible for parole for thirty years. Thus,
petitioner contends that, in comparison to Mr. Williams’s sentence, his sentence shocks the
conscience and offends fundamental notions of human dignity, thereby violating West Virginia
Constitution, Article III, Section 5 that prohibits a penalty that is not proportionate to the character
and degree of an offense. See Syl. Pt. 5, State v. Cooper, 172 W. Va. 266, 304 S.E.2d 851 (1983).
Petitioner claims that his actions did not manifest an intent to kill anyone, nor did he kill anyone,
whereas Mr. Williams clearly intended to murder Darrell Fuqua given that he shot Mr. Fuqua in
the leg and the head.

       In denying relief to petitioner on the ground of constitutional disproportionality of
sentence, the habeas court ruled that,

                                                   7
                Petitioner was convicted by a jury of two counts of felony murder. The
       sentence pronounced is proper pursuant to W. Va. Code 62-3-15. The co-
       Defendant, [Mr.] Williams, entered into a plea deal prior to trial and testified
       against [p]etitioner at trial. Moreover, trial counsel testified at the omnibus hearing
       that he had argued for lighter sentencing, but that he and [p]etitioner “knew going
       in that if we were convicted that that [sentence] was a very real possibility in this
       case” and that they had many discussions about that in conjunction with the much
       lower sentences offered to the petitioner in plea negotiations . . . . Therefore, there
       is not a reasonable argument for relief based on disproportionate sentencing in this
       case.

      There are two tests to determine whether petitioner’s sentence is constitutionally
impermissible:

       The first is subjective and asks whether the sentence for the particular crime
       shocks the conscience of the court and society. If a sentence is so offensive
       that it cannot pass a societal and judicial sense of justice, the inquiry need
       not proceed further. When it cannot be said that a sentence shocks the
       conscience, a disproportionality challenge is guided by the objective test we
       spelled out in Syllabus Point 5 of Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W.Va.
       523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981):

               In determining whether a given sentence violates the
               proportionality principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the
               West Virginia Constitution, consideration is given to the
               nature of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the
               punishment, a comparison of the punishment with what
               would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, and a comparison
               with other offenses within the same jurisdiction.

Cooper, 172 W.Va. at 272, 304 S.E.2d at 857.

        Moreover, “[s]entences imposed by the trial court, if within statutory limits and if not based
on some [im]permissible factor, are not subject to appellate review.” Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Goodnight,
169 W. Va. 366, 287 S.E.2d 504 (1982). Finally, the Court has declined to review proportionality
challenges to sentences rendered under statutes providing maximum penalties. A jury convicted
petitioner of two counts of first-degree murder, in violation of West Virginia Code § 61-2-1 (1991).
In West Virginia, life imprisonment is the required sentence for a defendant convicted of such a
crime. See W. Va. Code § 61-2-2; see also State v. Holstein, 235 W. Va. 56, 68, 770 S.E.2d 556,
568 (2015) (finding that a sentence of life imprisonment for first-degree murder was
“unquestionably within statutory limits”). As for parole, a defendant convicted of first-degree
murder by a jury and sentenced to life imprisonment is not eligible for parole, absent the jury’s
recommendation of mercy. If mercy is granted, the defendant becomes eligible for parole after
serving fifteen years in the penitentiary. See W. Va. Code § 62-3-15. Here, the State declined to
seek the jury’s determination regarding mercy. Nevertheless, the circuit court sentenced petitioner

                                                  8
as if there had been a mercy recommendation. Therefore, the court sentenced petitioner in
accordance with the relevant statutes, and he has not shown that his sentence was based on any
impermissible factor. Therefore, his sentence is not subject to appellate review.

          Petitioner’s sentence is also not subjectively or objectively disproportionate. As noted
above, under the subjective test for disproportionality, “[p]unishment may be constitutionally
impermissible, although not cruel or unusual in its method, if it is so disproportionate to the crime
for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of human
dignity.” Cooper, 172 W. Va. at 267-68, 304 S.E.2d at 852, syl. pt. 5. “‘If a sentence is so offensive
that it is found to shock the conscience, the inquiry need not further proceed. Such a sentence must
be vacated.’ See Cooper, 172 W.Va. at 272, 304 S.E.2d at 857.” State v. Goff, 203 W. Va. 516,
523, 509 S.E.2d 557, 564 (1998). If a sentence does not shock the conscience, the Court evaluates
it under the objective test set out above in syllabus point 5 of Wanstreet, 166 W. Va. at 523-24,
276 S.E.2d at 207. Petitioner’s sentence does not shock the conscience. Murder is, by its very
nature, a heinous offense because it involves the taking of a human life. Here, the evidence showed
that two men died due to petitioner’s and Mr. Williams’s acts. The evidence also showed that the
crime occurred in a home where a child and her mother were present. Therefore, under the
subjective standard, petitioner’s life sentence, with mercy, for each of his first-degree murder
convictions is not disproportionate.

         Nor was petitioner’s sentence disproportionate when considered under Wanstreet’s
objective factors. First, we examine the nature of the offense. As previously stated, murder is a
heinous offense. In this case, the two murders occurred while petitioner and Mr. Williams sought
to rob the victims of illegal drugs. Second, under West Virginia Code § 61-2-2, life imprisonment
is the mandatory sentence for a first-degree murder conviction. Third, a review of other
jurisdictions shows that a life sentence with the possibility of parole is not an unduly harsh sentence
for a first-degree murder conviction. For example, in Pennsylvania and Missouri, a conviction of
first-degree murder carries the potential sentence of death or life without possibility of parole. See
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 565.020; 42 Pa.C.S.A § 9711. In Tennessee, the penalty ranges from death to life
with or without the possibility of parole. See Tenn. Code § 39-13-204(a). Fourth, in comparison
with other offenses in West Virginia, many other serious crimes are also punishable by a life
sentence or an uncapped determinative sentence. See, e.g., W. Va. Code § 61-1-2 (treason
punishable by up to life imprisonment); W. Va. Code § 61-2-14a (kidnapping punishable by life
with or without the possibility of parole); W. Va. Code § 61-2-12 (first-degree robbery punishable
by an uncapped determinative sentence with a minimum of ten years). Thus, petitioner’s sentence
was clearly not disproportionate.

          Petitioner also asserts that his sentence is disproportionate in light of Mr. Williams’s
consecutive sentences of forty years in prison for second-degree murder, and ten years in prison
for first-degree robbery. “Disparate sentences for codefendants are not per se unconstitutional” but
if “codefendants are similarly situated, some courts will reverse on disparity of sentence alone.”
Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Buck, 173 W. Va. 243, 314 S.E.2d 406, 407 (1984). In determining whether
codefendants are similarly situated, the Court considers “each codefendant’s respective
involvement in the criminal transaction (including who was the prime mover), prior records,
rehabilitative potential (including post-arrest conduct, age and maturity), and lack of remorse.” Id.
In this case, such an inquiry has no application because petitioner and Mr. Williams were convicted

                                                  9
of different crimes and in different manners, i.e., Mr. Williams plead guilty to second-degree
murder and first-degree robbery, while a jury convicted petitioner of two counts of first-degree
murder under a felony-murder theory. Petitioner asserts this distinction is not dispositive given
that the co-defendants in Buck were also convicted of different offenses. However, unlike
petitioner, Mr. Buck was convicted of first-degree robbery; accordingly, the trial court had
discretion in sentencing. Finally, petitioner received the minimum possible sentence for each of
his convictions: life with the possibility of parole.

         In petitioner’s fourth assignment of error, he argues that the habeas court erred in denying
relief on his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for appellate counsel’s alleged
failure to fully argue issues regarding Rule 404(b) evidence. Petitioner’s appellate counsel listed
twelve assignments of error in petitioner’s notice of appeal. Petitioner avers that he urged appellate
counsel to raise additional grounds in his direct appeal and to meet with him to discuss those
grounds prior to the filing of his appeal. However, appellate counsel opted not to meet with
petitioner or to allow him to review his petition on appeal, which regarded only the admission at
trial of the text messages between “T-man” and “Big Dog.”

       At the omnibus hearing, petitioner’s habeas counsel questioned petitioner’s appellate
counsel as follows:

       Habeas Counsel: Do you recall whether or not you met with [petitioner] prior to
       filing your Supreme Court appeal?

       Appellate Counsel: I don’t think so. I’ve never been to prison to see him. I was over
       at the Western Regional a lot to see him.

       Habeas Counsel: Do you recall whether or not he sent you correspondence with the
       substance of said correspondence directing you to meet with him prior to the filing?

       Appellate Counsel: I don’t know. He may have. I wouldn’t have cared, to be honest
       with you. It’s a legal document and I know [petitioner] didn’t go to law school, I
       know I did. And I don’t routinely meet . . . with my clients on criminal appeals once
       the record has been made, and it was in this case made.

       In the order on appeal, the habeas court found that,

       All of the issues addressed [in petitioner’s direct] appeal related to the introduction
       of Rule 404(b) evidence [the text messages sent between “T-man” and “Big Dog.”]
       The Court fully considered those issues and addressed each in the resulting
       Memorandum Decision. The other extraneous issues that the [p]etitioner claims
       should have also been raised on appeal do not rise to the level of ineffective
       assistance. Importantly, the Supreme Court’s Memorandum decision specifically
       notes that there was “ample and overwhelming evidence of petitioner’s guilt . . . .”

        Regarding petitioner’s claim that appellate counsel refused to meet with him to discuss
the issues to be raised in petitioner’s appeal, the United States Supreme Court has held that

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appellate attorneys must have discretion in selecting the issues on appeal. See Jones v. Barnes, 463
U.S. 745, 754 (1983) (“Nothing in the Constitution or our interpretation of that document requires”
appellate counsel to “raise every ‘colorable’ claim suggested by a client. . . .”). Therefore, it was
reasonable for appellate counsel to focus on the admission of the text messages between petitioner
(“T-man”) and “Big Dog.” Accordingly, petitioner fails to show appellate counsel’s performance
was deficient.

         Petitioner also claims that his appellate counsel was deficient for failing to appeal the
introduction of the photographs of petitioner’s tattoos as improper 404(b) evidence, to his
prejudice. Petitioner’s claim fails under Strickland’s prejudice prong because he fails to state how
the result of his appeal would have been different if appellate counsel had raised that issue. In
petitioner’s direct appeal the Court found with regard to the admission of certain text messages on
petitioner’s phone that, even it were assumed that the circuit court erred in allowing this evidence,
it was harmless given the “ample and overwhelming evidence of petitioner’s guilt.” White, 2015
WL 7628721, at *5. Given that the evidence of petitioner’s guilt was so substantial, even if
appellate counsel had raised the admission of the photographs of petitioner’s tattoos, there was no
reasonable probability that the Court would have reversed his conviction. Accordingly, petitioner’s
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim fails because he failed to demonstrate that he was
unfairly prejudiced by the admission of this evidence.

         In petitioner’s fifth assignment of error, he argues that the habeas court erred in denying
relief for the cumulative effect of the State’s multiple errors at trial. The cumulative error doctrine
does not apply where no errors are found. See State v. Knuckles, 196 W. Va. 416, 473 S.E.2d
131(1996). “Cumulative error analysis should evaluate only the effect of matters determined to be
error, not the cumulative effect of non-errors.” Id. at 426, 473 S.E.2d at 141. Having found no
error, we reject this assignment of error.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the habeas court’s September 28, 2018, order denying
petitioner’s request for post-conviction habeas corpus relief.

                                                                                            Affirmed.

ISSUED: February 3, 2020

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison




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