              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA19-1033

                               Filed: 18 August 2020

Carteret County, No. 18 CVS 1139

THE BROAD STREET CLINIC FOUNDATION, Plaintiff,

             v.

ORIN H. WEEKS, JR., Individually and as Trustee of the Orin H. Weeks, Jr.
Revocable Living Trust, PLANTATION VENTURE, LLC, IZORAH, LLC, EDWARD
HILL, LLC, ROBERT H., LLC, and CARTERET-CRAVEN ELECTRIC
MEMBERSHIP CORPORATION, Defendants.


      Appeal by plaintiff from order entered 20 May 2019 by Judge George F. Jones

in Carteret County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 June 2020.


      Harvell and Collins, P.A., by Wesley A. Collins and Samuel K. Morris-Bloom,
      for plaintiff-appellant.

      Ward and Smith, P.A., by Michael J. Parrish and Alex C. Dale, for defendants-
      appellees Orin H. Weeks, Jr., individually and as Trustee of The Orin H. Weeks,
      Jr. Revocable Living Trust, Izorah, LLC, Edward Hill, LLC, and Robert H.,
      LLC.

      White & Allen, P.A., by John P. Marshall, and Womble Bond Dickinson (US)
      LLP, by Michael Montecalvo, for defendant-appellee Plantation Venture, LLC.

      Blanco Tackabery & Matamoros, P.A., by Chad A. Archer and Ashley S.
      Rusher, for defendant-appellee Carteret-Craven Electric Membership
      Corporation.


      ZACHARY, Judge.


      Plaintiff The Broad Street Clinic Foundation appeals from the trial court’s

order granting Defendants’ motions to dismiss its claims, asserting that the provision
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of a deed that Plaintiff seeks to enforce is not an unenforceable transfer fee covenant.

After careful review, we affirm.

                                    Background

      The relevant factual allegations of Plaintiff The Broad Street Clinic

Foundation’s (the “Clinic’s”) complaint, which for purposes of this appeal are taken

as true, are as follows: Among other assets, John R. Jones owned three valuable tracts

of land, consisting of approximately 60 acres in Carteret County, North Carolina (the

“Property”). Upon his death on 23 April 2015, Mr. Jones’s 88-year-old wife, Lois B.

Jones, inherited the Property.

      Shortly after Mr. Jones’s death, Mrs. Jones and Orin H. Weeks, Jr., negotiated

the sale of the Property to Weeks. Although the Property’s tax value exceeded

$800,000, Weeks offered Mrs. Jones approximately $200,000; however, he suggested

that the deed contain a provision obligating Weeks to give 25% of the proceeds of the

first conveyance of the Property to the charitable organization of her choice. Mr. Jones

was a dedicated supporter of the Clinic, a non-profit, free health clinic that provides

medical care to underserved individuals in Carteret County and the surrounding

areas. Accordingly, Mrs. Jones designated the Clinic as the charitable organization

to benefit from Weeks’s first conveyance of the Property.

      Mrs. Jones agreed to accept Weeks’s offer of $200,000 for the Property, with

the proviso that she retain a life estate in the Property, and that the deed provide



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that the Clinic would receive 25% of the proceeds of the first conveyance of the

Property.

      On 21 May 2015, Mrs. Jones conveyed the Property to Weeks, and retained a

life estate. On 22 May 2015, the deed was recorded at Book 1509, Page 191, Carteret

County Register of Deeds (the “Jones Deed”). The deed, which the Clinic contends

was prepared by Weeks’s attorneys, also contained the agreed-upon “25% Provision.”

            And the party of the second part, [Weeks,] for itself and its
            successors and assigns, hereby covenants and agrees with
            the parties of the first part[, Mrs. Jones,] that upon the first
            conveyance of the Property from [Weeks] or its successors or
            assigns to a party other than Orin H. Weeks, Jr. or an heir
            or devisee of Orin H. Weeks, Jr., [Weeks] or its successor or
            assign, as the case may be, will pay twenty-five percent
            (25%) of the gross proceeds less all customary costs
            (excluding any debt repayment) to be received by [Weeks] to
            The Broad Street Clinic Foundation, or if The Broad Street
            Clinic Foundation does not then exist, then to Carteret
            County General Hospital Foundation Corporation, or if
            Carteret County General Hospital Foundation Corporation
            does not then exist, then to a similar non-profit
            organization serving Carteret County and Eastern North
            Carolina chosen by [Weeks].

(Emphasis added).

      Mrs. Jones died later that year. The Clinic alleges that, following Mrs. Jones’

death, Weeks “or a presently unknown associate” formed four limited liability

companies: Defendant Plantation Venture, LLC; Defendant Izorah, LLC; Defendant

Robert H., LLC; and Defendant Edward Hill, LLC.




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      On 17 August 2017, Weeks recorded a gift deed conveying title to a portion of

the Property to Plantation Venture, LLC. On 24 January 2018, Weeks conveyed

approximately 10.35 acres of the Property by special warranty deed to Defendant

Robert H., LLC; approximately 10.33 acres of the Property by special warranty deed

to Defendant Izorah, LLC; and approximately 10.44 acres of the Property by special

warranty deed to Defendant Edward Hill, LLC. The revenue stamps on the Robert

H., LLC deed, the Izorah, LLC deed, and the Edward Hill, LLC deed indicate that the

land was conveyed for no consideration. On 22 February 2018, Plantation Venture,

LLC, used 4.588 acres of the land as collateral for a $750,000 loan from Defendant

Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corporation, and executed a deed of trust and

security agreement securing the loan.

      The Clinic eventually learned about Weeks’s conveyance to Plantation

Venture, LLC and, by letter dated 14 June 2018, demanded payment in accordance

with the 25% Provision. By letter dated 18 June 2018, Weeks informed the Clinic’s

counsel that no proceeds had been generated by the conveyance, and that therefore

the Clinic was “not entitled to anything.”

      On 6 November 2018, the Clinic filed its complaint against Defendants and its

notice of lis pendens. On 16 November 2018, the Clinic filed an amended complaint,

adding Defendant Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corporation as a named

party. The amended complaint included two requests for declaratory judgment, as



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well as a claim to void transfers of trust property, and claims for breach of

contract/covenant (Weeks only); breach of fiduciary duty (Weeks only); constructive

fraud (Weeks only); interference with prospective advantage (Plantation Venture,

LLC; Izorah, LLC; Edward Hill, LLC; and Robert H., LLC only); fraud (excluding

Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corporation); unjust enrichment (excluding

Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corporation); civil conspiracy (excluding

Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corporation); punitive damages (excluding

Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corporation); unfair and deceptive trade

practices (excluding Carteret-Craven Electric Membership Corporation); and

piercing the limited liability shield (excluding Carteret-Craven Electric Membership

Corporation).

      On 21 December 2018, Weeks, individually and as Trustee of the Orin H.

Weeks, Jr., Revocable Living Trust; Izorah, LLC; Edward Hill, LLC; and Robert H.,

LLC moved to dismiss the Clinic’s claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, and filed their answer to the Clinic’s amended

complaint. In their answer, these defendants asserted, inter alia, that the Clinic “has

no right to bring any claim against” them because, “[t]o the extent that the Jones

Deed required the payment of any amount of proceeds to the Clinic upon the sale of

any portion of the [Property], such a requirement is void, invalid, and/or

unenforceable as a matter of North Carolina law and public policy,” in that “[a]ny



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such requirement is a transfer fee covenant which is specifically prohibited by, and

deemed void under, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-1 et seq.” That same day, Plantation

Venture, LLC also moved to dismiss the Clinic’s claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6),

asserting that the 25% Provision “is an unenforceable ‘transfer fee covenant’

prohibited by N.C. Gen. Stat. §39A.” Plantation Venture, LLC filed its answer to the

Clinic’s amended complaint as well. Lastly, on 27 December 2018, Carteret-Craven

Electric Membership Corporation moved to dismiss the Clinic’s claims pursuant to

Rule 12(b)(1) and (6), and moved for attorneys’ fees.

      On 7 January 2019, Defendants’ motions came on for hearing in Carteret

County Superior Court before the Honorable George F. Jones. On 20 May 2019, the

trial court entered an order granting Defendants’ motions to dismiss. The Clinic

entered timely notice of appeal.

                                     Discussion

      Each of the Clinic’s claims is predicated on the enforceability of the 25%

Provision. Accordingly, the determinative issue at bar is whether the 25% Provision

in the Jones Deed is an unenforceable transfer fee covenant.

                                I. Standard of Review

      A party may move for the dismissal of a claim or claims based on the

complaint’s “[f]ailure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted[.]” N.C. Gen.

Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(6) (2019). “The motion to dismiss under N.C. R. Civ. P.



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12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint.” Stanback v. Stanback, 297 N.C.

181, 185, 254 S.E.2d 611, 615 (1979) (citation omitted). “In ruling on the motion[,] the

allegations of the complaint must be viewed as admitted, and on that basis the court

must determine as a matter of law whether the allegations state a claim for which

relief may be granted.” Id. (citation omitted). “[T]he well-pleaded material allegations

of the complaint are taken as admitted; but conclusions of law or unwarranted

deductions of fact are not[.]” Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 98, 176 S.E.2d 161, 163

(1970) (citation omitted).

      Dismissal of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is proper “(1) when the complaint on

its face reveals that no law supports [the] plaintiff’s claim; (2) when the complaint

reveals on its face the absence of facts sufficient to make a claim; [or] (3) when some

fact disclosed in the complaint necessarily defeats the plaintiff’s claim.” Intersal, Inc.

v. Hamilton, 373 N.C. 89, 98, 834 S.E.2d 404, 411 (2019) (citation omitted). “However,

a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears

beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of a claim which

would entitle the plaintiff to relief.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Upon review of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, this Court must determine “whether, as a matter

of law, the allegations of the complaint, treated as true, are sufficient to state a claim



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upon which relief could be granted under some legal theory.” McGuire v. Dixon, 207

N.C. App. 330, 336, 700 S.E.2d 71, 75 (2010) (citation omitted). In doing so, “this

Court must conduct a de novo review of the pleadings to determine their legal

sufficiency and to determine whether the trial court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss

was correct.” Wilson v. Pershing, 253 N.C. App. 643, 651, 801 S.E.2d 150, 157 (2017)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                      II. Analysis

      On appeal, the Clinic argues that the trial court erred by granting Defendants’

motions to dismiss because the 25% Provision is not a transfer fee covenant under

Chapter 39A, and if it were, it is nonetheless enforceable.

      Transfer fee covenants are prohibited under Chapter 39A of the North

Carolina General Statutes. North Carolina’s “public policy . . . favors the

marketability of real property and the transferability of interests in real property free

from title defects, unreasonable restraints on alienation, and covenants or servitudes

that do not touch and concern the property.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-1(a). “A transfer

fee covenant violates this public policy by impairing the marketability of title to the

affected real property and constitutes an unreasonable restraint on alienation and

transferability of property, regardless of the duration of the covenant or the amount

of the transfer fee set forth in the covenant.” Id. § 39A-1(b).




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       In accordance with the public policy enunciated by our General Assembly in

Chapter 39A, transfer fee covenants are unenforceable.

             Any transfer fee covenant or any lien that is filed to enforce
             a transfer fee covenant or purports to secure payment of a
             transfer fee, shall not run with the title to real property and
             is not binding on or enforceable at law or in equity against
             any subsequent owner, purchaser, or mortgagee of any
             interest in real property as an equitable servitude or
             otherwise.

Id. § 39A-3(a) (emphases added).

       Whether the 25% Provision of the Jones Deed constitutes an unenforceable

transfer fee covenant under Chapter 39A is a matter of statutory interpretation.

“Statutory interpretation properly begins with an examination of the plain words of

a statute. When a statute is clear and unambiguous, the Court will give effect to the

plain meaning of the words without resorting to judicial construction.” McGuire, 207

N.C. App. at 337, 700 S.E.2d at 75 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

   A. Transfer Fee Covenant

       A transfer fee covenant as defined in Chapter 39A is “a declaration or covenant

purporting to affect real property that requires or purports to require the payment of

a transfer fee to the declarant or other person specified in the declaration or covenant

or to their successors or assigns, upon a subsequent transfer of an interest in real

property.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-2(3). Chapter 39A defines a transfer fee, in pertinent

part, as:



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              a fee or charge payable upon the transfer of an interest in
              real property or payable for the right to make or accept
              such transfer, regardless of whether the fee or charge is a
              fixed amount or is determined as a percentage of the value
              of the property, the purchase price, or other consideration
              given for the transfer.

Id. § 39A-2(2).

       The Clinic contends that the 25% Provision is not a fee or charge as defined by

Black’s Law Dictionary, which defines the term “fee” as “[a] charge or payment for

labor or services, esp[ecially] professional services,” and the term “charge” as “[p]rice,

cost, or expense[.]” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). In the Clinic’s view, the

right to a percentage of the proceeds of the first conveyance of the Property is

materially different from a fee or charge. A thorough appraisal of Chapter 39A does

not support the narrow reading propounded by the Clinic. Upon review of the plain

language of the statute, to which this Court must give effect, a charge of 25% of the

gross proceeds of the first conveyance, less customary costs, is manifestly “a fee or

charge payable upon the transfer of an interest in real property . . . as a percentage

of . . . the purchase price, . . . given for the transfer.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-2(2).

       In addition, the Clinic asserts that the 25% Provision is not a fee or charge

upon transfer under Chapter 39A, but is rather the payment of subsequent additional

consideration for the Property. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-2(2)(a)-(j) sets forth several

types of fees that “shall not be considered a ‘transfer fee’ ” within the purview of

Chapter 39A. Id. Subsection (a) exempts from the definition of transfer fee


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             [a]ny consideration payable by the grantee to the grantor
             for the interest in real property being transferred,
             including any subsequent additional consideration for the
             property payable by the grantee based upon any
             subsequent appreciation, development, or sale of the
             property that, once paid, shall not bind successors in title
             to the property.

Id. § 39A-2(2)(a) (emphasis added).

     Weeks’s obligation to pay a percentage of the proceeds to the Clinic upon sale of

the Property seems consonant with the statutory definition of additional

consideration, given the low price Weeks paid for the Property. However, the statute

plainly provides that the additional consideration must be payable “by the grantee to

the grantor.” Id. “This language is clear and unambiguous, and we are not at liberty

to divine a different meaning through other methods of judicial construction.”

Haarhuis v. Cheek, 261 N.C. App. 358, 366, 820 S.E.2d 844, 851 (2018) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted), disc. review denied, 372 N.C. 298, 826 S.E.2d 708

(2019).

     In the instant case, the 25% Provision calls for payment by the grantee, Weeks,

to a third party, the Clinic, rather than to the grantor. Thus, the 25% Provision is not

exempt from the definition of a transfer fee, and is instead a fee or charge upon

transfer of the Property, as defined in Chapter 39A.

   B. Enforceability of a Transfer Fee Covenant

      The Clinic also argues that even if the 25% Provision were a transfer fee

covenant, it is enforceable against Weeks because Weeks is a covenanting party to

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the deed rather than a subsequent owner or purchaser of the Property, and against

the successor LLCs because they exist merely as the alter ego of Weeks. This

argument also lacks merit.

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-3(a) provides that transfer fee covenants are “not binding

on or enforceable at law or in equity against any subsequent owner, purchaser, or

mortgagee of any interest in property.” The Clinic correctly states that Weeks was a

party to the transfer fee covenant, and that Chapter 39A does not include covenanting

parties in the list of those against whom a transfer fee covenant may not be enforced.

Nevertheless, Weeks is also a subsequent owner of the Property, taking his interest

from Mrs. Jones. Chapter 39A does not exclude subsequent owners who are also

covenanting parties from the prohibition on enforcement.

      Here, the parties interpret the meaning and significance of the provisions of

Chapter 39A differently; that does not, however, render it ambiguous. Ambiguity

exists where the language is “reasonably susceptible” to different interpretations. See

Simmons v. Waddell, 241 N.C. App. 512, 520, 775 S.E.2d 661, 671 (citation omitted),

disc. review denied, 368 N.C. 355, 776 S.E.2d 684 (2015). However, “[p]arties can

differ as to the interpretation of language without its being ambiguous[.]” Walton v.

City of Raleigh, 342 N.C. 879, 881-82, 467 S.E.2d 410, 412 (1996).

      When Chapter 39A is read and interpreted as a whole, it is evident that the

25% Provision is a transfer fee covenant, and that Weeks is a subsequent owner



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against whom a transfer fee covenant cannot be enforced. Our legislature has

provided that transfer fee covenants “shall not run with the title to real property and

[are] not binding on or enforceable at law or in equity against any subsequent owner,

purchaser, or mortgagee of any interest in real property as an equitable servitude or

otherwise.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-3(a). Thus, the Clinic cannot enforce the 25%

Provision.

   C. Equitable Relief

      Finally, the Clinic contends that Defendants are estopped from asserting that

the 25% Provision is an unenforceable transfer fee covenant, reminding this Court

that “[e]quity serves to moderate the unjust results that would follow from the

unbending application of common law rules and statutes.” Brooks v. Hackney, 329

N.C. 166, 173, 404 S.E.2d 854, 859 (1991).

      Yet Chapter 39A specifically provides that transfer fee covenants are not

“enforceable at law or in equity,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 39A-3 (emphasis added), and

therefore, this Court is not empowered to achieve an equitable result in this matter.

As Weeks concedes, he proposed a purchase price of approximately one quarter of the

property’s tax value, and he “suggested that 25% of any future sales proceeds be given

to a charity.” Yet, at Weeks’s request, his attorneys prepared a deed with an

unenforceable transfer fee covenant. Nevertheless, Weeks correctly maintains that

our courts have declined to enforce a promise that is in violation of public policy. See,



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e.g., Thompson v. Thompson, 313 N.C. 313, 314-15, 328 S.E.2d 288, 290 (1985) (noting

that an attorney’s contingency fee agreement in a domestic matter was unenforceable

because it was void as against public policy); Glover v. Insurance Co., 228 N.C. 195,

198, 45 S.E.2d 45, 47 (1947) (holding that an insurer could not enforce exclusion in

fire insurance policy, which deviated from the requisite standard form, as void as

against public policy); Lee v. Oates, 171 N.C. 717, 721, 88 S.E. 889, 891 (1916) (holding

that a provision in a deed prohibiting a life tenant from selling her life estate was

void as against public policy).

      Lacking the authority to effectuate another outcome, we must agree with

Weeks’s assertion that “[w]hether to honor [his] promise is a decision that is personal

to [him], but is not one that the law may compel[.]”

                                     Conclusion

       Accordingly, in that the facts alleged in the Clinic’s complaint necessarily

defeat its claims, we affirm the trial court’s order granting Defendants’ motions to

dismiss. Because the dispositive issue is whether the 25% Provision constitutes an

unenforceable transfer fee covenant, and we have held that it does, we decline to

address additional arguments.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges BERGER and BROOK concur.




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