                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2007 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


1-3-2007

USA v. Selby
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-4641




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                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                    No. 05-4641
                                    ___________



                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                           v.

                              MICHAEL JOHN SELBY,

                                                Appellant
                            ________________________

             ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT
           COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

                  District Court Judge: The Honorable Malcolm Muir
                            (Criminal No. 4:03-CR-00347-1)
                                     ___________

                     Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                September 11, 2006

            BEFORE: FUENTES, FISHER, and BRIGHT,* Circuit Judges.

                               (Filed: January 3, 2007)




      *
         The Honorable Myron H. Bright, Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals
for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.

                                          1
                               _______________________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                               _______________________


FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

       Michael Selby pleaded guilty in July 2004 to one count of conspiracy to distribute

controlled substances and was sentenced in October 2005 to 188 months in prison. He

appeals (1) the District Court’s denial of a motion to withdraw his guilty plea and (2) the

Court’s sentencing of him based on a “career offender” designation. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.1

                                             I.

       While executing a search warrant in October 2003 at Michael Selby’s residence,

police recovered crack cocaine, cocaine powder, marijuana, drug paraphernalia, and about

$3000 in cash. Selby and his father, who also lived in the residence, were indicted in

November 2003 for conspiracy to distribute, possession with intent to distribute, and

distribution of crack cocaine and marijuana. Selby pleaded guilty in July 2004 to one

count of conspiracy. In the plea agreement and accompanying written statement, Selby

acknowledged his understanding that there was a mandatory minimum sentence of five

years imprisonment and a statutory maximum of forty years.


       1
         Selby has also submitted a pro se supplemental brief which includes a separate
argument that Congress exceeded its legislative power when it enacted 21 U.S.C. §§ 841,
846. It does not appear this claim was properly raised before the District Court and, in any
event, we find that it is without merit.

                                             2
       The District Court held a plea hearing on July 7, 2004. Selby was represented in

the case by Todd Henry, but another attorney, Todd Eisenberg—who Selby had not met

before—appeared at the hearing instead. During the plea colloquy, the District Court

asked Selby if any “predictions” had been made to him regarding the precise sentence he

would receive. According to Selby, he then told Eisenberg off-the-record that Henry had

assured him that he would receive no more than five years. Eisenberg allegedly replied

that if Henry had said that, Selby should not worry about a more severe sentence.

       At the time of the plea hearing, the probation department’s assessment suggested a

sentence of 100 to 125 months in accordance with the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. The

September 2004 presentence report, however, designated Selby as a career offender and

stated that his Guidelines imprisonment range was from 188 to 235 months. On October

13, 2004, Selby filed a pro se motion seeking to withdraw his guilty plea because his

attorney had not alerted him to the potential sentence he faced. The District Court denied

the motion without prejudice on December 1. Selby, having been appointed new counsel,

subsequently renewed his application to withdraw the plea. Following a hearing, the

District Court denied the motion, concluding that no facts in the record supported Selby’s

claim of innocence, that withdrawal of the plea would prejudice the government, and that

Selby’s assertions about his previous attorney were unpersuasive. The District Court then

sentenced Selby to 188 months in prison.2


       2
        The District Court had jurisdiction over this federal criminal case pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3231. This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. §

                                             3
                                             II.

       We review the District Court’s denial of Selby’s motion to withdraw his guilty

plea for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Brown, 250 F.3d 811, 815 (3d Cir.

2001). A defendant may withdraw a guilty plea before sentencing by demonstrating “a

fair and just reason for requesting the withdrawal.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B). “We

look to three factors to evaluate a motion to withdraw: (1) whether the defendant asserts

[his] innocence; (2) whether the government would be prejudiced by the withdrawal; and

(3) the strength of the defendant’s reason to withdraw the plea.” Brown, 250 F.3d at 815.

   Selby asserts that he is innocent and that he pleaded guilty “in order to protect the

other individuals in his household, including his father, and because prior counsel . . .

assured him that he would receive a sentence of only five years.” Appellant Br. at 11.

However, “[a]ssertions of innocence must be buttressed by facts in the record that support

a claimed defense.” Brown, 250 F.3d at 818 (internal quotation marks omitted). As the

District Court noted, there are no facts in the record supporting Selby’s claim of

innocence.

       In addition, we are unpersuaded by Selby’s argument that he should be permitted

to withdraw his guilty plea because he was assured by previous counsel that his sentence

would be no more than five years. First, both the plea agreement and plea colloquy stated

that he could be sentenced for up to forty years. Second, the District Court indicated at



3742(a)(1).

                                              4
the plea hearing that the Guidelines calculation of 100 to 125 months was a tentative one

and that the appropriate range could be determined only after “we go through all the

procedure and the proposal and findings by the Probation Officer.” Third, “fear of

punishment [is] not [an] adequate reason[] to impose on the government the expense,

difficulty, and risk of trying a defendant who has already acknowledged his guilt by

pleading guilty.” Brown, 250 F.3d at 815.3 We hold that the District Court did not abuse

its discretion in denying Selby’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

                                             III.

       The government asserts that we do not have jurisdiction to review a sentence that

falls within a correctly applied Guidelines range. We have stated that “[a]fter Booker,

however, we have jurisdiction to review all criminal sentences for reasonableness, even

those that result from the exercise of a district court’s discretion to set a sentence within

the Guidelines range.” United States v. Jackson, 467 F.3d 834, 839 (3d Cir. 2006). We

consider the reasonableness of the sentence by examining the three steps we have

instructed district courts to follow:

       (1) Courts must continue to calculate a defendant’s Guidelines sentence
       precisely as they would have before Booker.

       (2) In doing so, they must formally rule on the motions of both parties and
       state on the record whether they are granting a departure and how that


       3
         We also note that the District Court determined that withdrawal of the guilty plea
would prejudice the government. Because we agree with the District Court that defendant
has failed to offer persuasive reasons for the withdrawal or to support his claim of
innocence with facts from the record, we need not weigh the prejudice to the government.

                                               5
       departure affects the Guidelines calculation, and take into account our
       Circuit’s pre-Booker case law, which continues to have advisory force.

       (3) Finally, they are to exercise their discretion by considering the relevant
       § 3553(a) factors in setting the sentence they impose regardless whether it
       varies from the sentence calculated under the Guidelines.

Jackson, 467 F.3d at 837 (internal quotation marks omitted). Although district courts

must always consider the relevant factors in 18 U.S.C. 3553(a),4 it is still important that

they “calculate what the proper Guidelines sentencing range is, otherwise the Guidelines

cannot be considered properly at [the] third step.” Jackson, 467 F.3d at 838-39.

       Selby argues that the District Court improperly applied a “career offender”

designation, which Selby asserts “over-represents his criminal history.” Appellant Br. at

11. According to the Guidelines,


       4
         A court need not discuss and make findings as to each relevant factor in 18
U.S.C. 3553(a), but the record must make clear that the court took each factor into
account. Cooper, 437 F.3d at 329. In this case, the relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors
include:

       (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
       characteristics of the defendant;
       (2) the need for the sentence imposed—
           (A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the
               law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;
           (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;
           (C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and
           (D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational
               training, medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most
               effective manner;
        (3) the kinds of sentences available;
        (4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for—
           (A) the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable
               category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines . . . .

                                              6
       a defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen
       years old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of
       conviction; (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a
       crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant
       has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a
       controlled substance offense.

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4B1.1(a) (2003). Selby was twenty-eight when he

committed the instant felony for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. Despite

Selby’s contention that some of his previous convictions were “relatively minor as career

offenders are concerned,” Appellant Br. at 18, he has not asserted that the presentence

report was incorrect in noting that he had two prior felony convictions for a crime of

violence and a drug offense. To the extent Selby argues that the District Court erred in

not downwardly departing, we note only that we “have no authority to review

discretionary denials of departure motions in calculating sentencing ranges,” Jackson, 467

F.3d at 839.5

       The presentence report and the District Court were correct to designate Selby a

“career offender.” In addition, the District Court considered the relevant § 3553(a)

factors and imposed a reasonable sentence at the low end of the applicable Guidelines



       5
          Selby also asserts in his pro se brief that the District Court should not have
sentenced him based on facts that were not submitted to a jury. This argument is
unavailing because district courts may consider prior convictions and Selby was
sentenced below the statutory maximum. See, e.g., United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
220, 244 (2005) (“Any fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support
a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty
. . . must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.”)
(emphasis added).

                                              7
range.

                                            IV.

          The District Court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Selby’s motion to

withdraw his guilty plea. In addition, the Court properly calculated the applicable

Guidelines range and imposed a reasonable sentence. For the foregoing reasons, we

affirm.




                                               8
