J-S19040-17


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN RE: THEODORE J. DAVENPORT               :      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :           PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: THEODORE J.                     :
    DAVENPORT                                  :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :      No. 766 MDA 2016

                  Appeal from the Order Entered April 27, 2016
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-MD-0000648-2016


BEFORE:      GANTMAN, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E. and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                               FILED MARCH 10, 2017

        Appellant, Theodore J. Davenport, appeals pro se from the order

entered on April 27, 2016, in the Criminal Division of the Court of Common

Pleas of Dauphin County that affirmed the district attorney’s denial of

Appellant’s private criminal complaints.           After a careful review, we affirm.

        The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: In August of

2011, Appellant pled guilty to two counts of robbery, and for each count, he

was sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of 120 months to 240 months

in prison, the sentences to run concurrently. Appellant did not file a direct

appeal to this Court; however, on March 5, 2012, he filed a collateral

petition under the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§
____________________________________________


*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S19040-17


9541-9546. Following the dismissal of this petition on August 20, 2013,

Appellant     filed   an   appeal    to      this   Court,   and    we   affirmed.   See

Commonwealth v. Davenport, 2014 WL 10936923 (Pa.Super. filed

5/19/14) (unpublished memorandum).

        Thereafter,    Appellant     filed     four    private     criminal   complaints.

Specifically, as explained by the trial court:

               [Appellant] filed four private criminal complaints in
        November [of] 2015. [The complaints named Detectives John
        O’Connor and Quinton Kennedy, as well as two unknown female
        officers.]...The complaints allege that four officers conspired to
        forge Magisterial District Judge George A. Zozos’ signature on
        several documents relating to [Appellant’s] November 2010
        arrest. The crimes alleged are: criminal solicitation, criminal
        conspiracy, forgery, fraudulent destruction, tampering with
        records/identification, identity theft, perjury, false swearing,
        tampering with or fabricating physical evidence, tampering with
        public records/information, impersonating a public servant,
        obstructing administration of law, obstructing or impeding the
        administration of justice[,] and official oppression.
              Detective John Goshert investigated and the officers in
        question indicated there was nothing unusual about the arrest[.]
        [H]e also spoke with [Magisterial District Judge] Zozos who
        confirmed the signature on the documents is his. Detective
        Goshert also spoke with [Appellant] about his claims.

Trial Court Order/Opinion, filed 4/27/16.1

        By letter dated March 15, 2016, the District Attorney’s Office

disapproved Appellant’s four private criminal complaints. In so doing, the

district attorney provided the following reasons:

____________________________________________


1
    The trial court’s order/opinion is not paginated.



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             I have reviewed the November 2015 private criminal
        complaints and I had CID Detective John Goshert investigate this
        matter.
              Detective Goshert spoke with you via telephone. You
        informed him that you were taken into custody by the Harrisburg
        Police on Wednesday, November 10, 2010. You remained in
        their custody from approximately Noon until 4:00/5:00 p.m. It
        was during this time that you allege you heard Detective
        O’Connor say to another officer that the judge did not sign the
        criminal complaint. When you received the charging documents,
        you noticed the signature of Magisterial District Judge George
        Zozos did not look like it was completely signed. You suspected
        that Detective O’Connor and other officers forged the judge’s
        name.     When Detective Goshert asked you why you never
        brought this issue up during the time of your court proceedings,
        you indicated that your Public Defender Jessica Bush advised she
        was not “going down that road.”
              Detective Goshert then interviewed both Detective
        O’Connor and Detective Kennedy. They denied forging the
        judge’s signature. They asserted there was nothing unusual
        about your arrest.
              On February 8, 2016, Detective Goshert interviewed
        [Magisterial District Judge] Zozos concerning your allegations.
        He stated that he has no direct knowledge about the situation as
        he signs thousands of documents every year. However, when
        shown the documents in question, he verified his signature. He
        stated that he must have been in a hurry that day, but that it
        was definitely his signature on the documents.
             Since [Magisterial District Judge] Zozos confirmed there
        was no wrongdoing in this matter, your private criminal
        complaints are [ ] disapproved.

District Attorney’s Letter, dated 3/15/16.2

        Appellant filed with the trial court petitions for review of the

disapproval of the private criminal complaints, and by order/opinion entered
____________________________________________


2
    This document is not paginated.




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on April 27, 2016, the trial court denied the petitions.   This timely pro se

appeal followed.       The trial court directed Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b) statement, Appellant timely complied, and the trial court filed a

brief statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

       Initially, we note that, although he purports to present sixteen issues

for our review, many of the issues are overlapping and/or repetitive.

Moreover, we note that Appellant’s pro se brief is confusing, unorganized,

and redundant.       However, upon review, we have discerned the following

issues: (1) the district attorney erred and had an insufficient basis to

disapprove Appellant’s private criminal complaints since she failed to conduct

an adequate investigation;3 (2) the district attorney erred in concluding

there was insufficient evidence of the forgery since the signature was not

that of a full name but consisted only of initials and Detective O’Connor

made accompanying statements of intent; (3) by failing to recognize the

signature was a forgery, the district attorney and the lower court violated

Appellant’s due process rights; and (4) assuming the magisterial district

judge wrote the initials, as opposed to the officers, the use of initials was

improper, thus voiding the criminal complaints against Appellant.
____________________________________________


3
   Appellant points to various ways in which the district attorney’s
investigation was allegedly inadequate, including failing to conduct an
independent investigation, failing to attempt to learn the identity of the two
female officers who were present when the forgery occurred, and failing to
consider whether Magisterial District Judge Zozos was on duty at the time in
question.



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      We note the following legal precepts, which are relevant to this case.

Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 506 provides for the submission of

private criminal complaints to an attorney for the Commonwealth, “who shall

approve or disapprove it without unreasonable delay.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 506(A).

The rule further provides that “if the Commonwealth’s attorney disapproves

the complaint, the attorney shall state the reasons on the complaint form

and return it to the affiant. Thereafter, the affiant may petition the court of

common pleas for review of the decision.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 506(B)(2).

      Our examination of a trial court’s review of the district attorney’s

decision to disapprove a private criminal complaint implicates the following:

      [W]hen the district attorney disapproves a private criminal
      complaint solely on the basis of legal conclusions, the trial court
      undertakes de novo review of the matter. Thereafter, the
      appellate court will review the trial court's decision for an error
      of law. As with all questions of law, the appellate standard of
      review is de novo and the appellate scope of review is plenary.
                                    ***
       [W]hen the district attorney disapproves a private criminal
      complaint on wholly policy considerations, or on a hybrid of legal
      and policy considerations, the trial court's standard of review of
      the district attorney's decision is abuse of discretion.       This
      deferential standard recognizes the limitations on judicial power
      to interfere with the district attorney's discretion in these kinds
      of decisions.

In re Wilson, 879 A.2d 199, 214-15 (Pa.Super. 2005) (en banc) (citations

omitted).

      A private criminal complaint must at the outset set forth a prima facie

case of criminal conduct.   In re Private Complaint of Adams, 764 A.2d


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577 (Pa.Super. 2000).    Nevertheless, even “a well-crafted private criminal

complaint cannot be the end of the inquiry for the prosecutor.” Id. at 580.

The district attorney must investigate the allegations of the complaint to

permit a proper decision whether to approve or disapprove the complaint.

Commonwealth v. Muroski, 506 A.2d 1312 (Pa.Super. 1986) (en banc).

“[S]uch investigation is not necessary where the allegations of criminal

conduct in the complaint are unsupported by factual averments. Both the

district attorney and the trial court have a responsibility to prevent the

misuse of judicial and prosecutorial resources in the pursuit of futile

prosecutions.” Id. at 1317 (citation omitted).

     Moreover,

     [E]ven if the facts recited in the complaint make out a prima
     facie case, the district attorney cannot blindly bring charges,
     particularly where an investigation may cause h[er] to question
     their validity. Forcing the prosecutor to bring charges in every
     instance where a complaint sets out a prima facie case would
     compel the district attorney to bring cases [s]he suspects, or has
     concluded via investigation, are meritless. The public prosecutor
     is duty bound to bring only those cases that are appropriate for
     prosecution. This duty continues throughout a criminal
     proceeding and obligates the district attorney to withdraw
     charges when [s]he concludes, after investigation, that the
     prosecution lacks a legal basis.

In re Wilson, 879 A.2d at 212 (quotation and citations omitted).

     When the district attorney disapproves a private criminal complaint,

based on the sufficiency of the evidence necessary to establish the elements

of the crime charged, that decision is a legal conclusion subject to de novo

review. See Commonwealth ex rel. Guarrasi v. Carroll, 979 A.2d 383,

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385 (Pa.Super. 2009) (stating district attorney's disapproval of private

criminal complaint due to lack of evidence to prove elements of crimes

charged constitutes legal conclusion subject to de novo review).

      With regard to Appellant’s first claim, contrary to his averment, we

conclude the district attorney adequately investigated the allegations made

in Appellant’s private criminal complaints in determining whether she should

approve or disapprove the complaints.          As the trial court succinctly

indicated:

             As is the usual practice in the District Attorney’s Office,
      [the district attorney] contacted a detective to investigate a
      claim of criminal activity. She followed the proper procedure in
      this matter. [The district attorney] utilized the evidence that
      Detective Goshert gathered to make her decision to deny the
      private criminal complaints. Her reasoning was set forth in a
      letter attached to the complaints.
                                      ***
            [Appellant] contends that [the district attorney] failed to
      conduct a full and thorough investigation of the evidence
      submitted by [Appellant]. Again, we note that Detective Goshert
      did thoroughly investigate the claims upon [the district
      attorney’s] request. He also interviewed Magisterial District
      Judge George Zozos who confirmed that the signature was his,
      but also indicated he had no direct knowledge of that as he signs
      thousands of documents every year. He also interviewed
      [Appellant].

Trial Court Order/Opinion, filed 4/27/16.    We find no error in this regard.

Moreover, with regard to the issue of the district attorney’s alleged failure to

attempt to identify two female police officers and determine whether

Magisterial District Judge Zozos was on duty, in light of the fact the

magisterial district judge confirmed the signatures at issue belonged to him,

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Appellant has not explained how the alleged additional information would

have assisted the district attorney in making her decision.

       With regard to Appellant’s next two claims, i.e., that the district

attorney erred in concluding there was insufficient evidence that a crime

occurred in this case and that the district attorney’s/lower court’s failure to

recognize a crime occurred violated Appellant’s due process rights, we find

no relief is due.

       In disapproving Appellant’s private criminal complaints, the district

attorney found no evidence of criminal wrongdoing; that is, she found no

evidence that any person other than Magisterial District Judge Zozos signed

his name to the documents at issue.              Therefore, the district attorney’s

disapproval was based on a legal evaluation of the evidence, resulting in the

conclusion that there was insufficient evidence necessary to establish the

elements of the crimes charged in Appellant’s private criminal complaints.4

The certified record makes clear that the trial court correctly reviewed the

district attorney’s decision under the de novo standard.             See Carroll,

supra.     Specifically, in conducting its de novo review, the trial court

relevantly set forth the following:
____________________________________________


4
  Although Appellant cited several crimes in his private criminal complaints,
the “gist” of the private criminal complaints was that, in the presence of
other officers, a detective, without authorization, signed the Magisterial
District Judge’s signature on Appellant’s criminal complaints. Accordingly,
we find it unnecessary to set forth or discuss in detail the elements for each
crime alleged by Appellant.



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            [Appellant] contends [the district attorney] erred as a
     matter of law when she issued the denial [since there was
     sufficient evidence]. [Appellant also] claims his [due process]
     rights...were violated.
           The [private criminal] complaints and evidence do not
     show direct violations of any of these. The complaints reveal
     [Appellant’s] belief that the officers forged [Magisterial District
     Judge] Zozos’ signature; however, upon investigation,
     [Magisterial District Judge] Zozos confirmed that it was his
     signature. [He] has no reason to lie about the signature being
     his and as his statement indicates the signature is his, there is
     no basis for the complaints.
                                      ***
           [Appellant] contends that [the district attorney] erred as a
     matter of law because [Magisterial District Judge] Zozos
     informed Detective Goshert that he has no direct knowledge of
     the situation, but confirmed that the signature was his when it
     was not a signature on the documents, but rather just initials.
          [Magisterial District Judge] Zozos indicated to Detective
     Goshert that it was his signature, albeit a sloppy signature.
     [Magisterial District Judge] Zozos is best situated to recognize
     his own signature and as he indicated he signs thousands of
     documents each year, one can presume that at some point the
     hand grows weary and the handwriting gets sloppier.

Trial Court Order/Opinion, filed 4/27/16. After an independent review of the

certified record in this case, we accept the trial court’s assessment and see

no error in that decision.    See In re Ullman, 995 A.2d 1207 (Pa.Super.

2010) (setting forth our review of trial court’s determination following the

trial court’s de novo review). We remind Appellant that the district attorney

“cannot blindly bring charges, particularly where an investigation may cause

h[er] to question their validity.” In re Wilson, 879 A.2d at 212 (quotation

and citations omitted).      In the case sub judice, after investigation, the

district attorney concluded the allegations made in Appellant’s private


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criminal complaints were meritless, and thus, there was insufficient evidence

of “wrongdoing.” As this was within the district attorney’s purview, and the

trial court properly undertook a de novo review of the matter, we find no

error.

         In his final claim, Appellant argues that the “signatures” were actually

initials.   He further argues that, assuming the magisterial district judge

wrote the initials, as opposed to the detective, the use of initials was

improper, thus voiding the criminal complaints against Appellant.         To the

extent this claim is not otherwise waived for Appellant failing to present it

within the context of his own criminal proceedings, we simply dispose of the

issue by adopting the trial court’s analysis that “[Magisterial District Judge]

Zozos identified the signatures as his own [and not as his initials]. [H]e is

the best situated to identify his own signature.” Trial Court Order/Opinion,

filed 4/27/16.

         Based on the aforementioned, applying the appropriate appellate

standard of review, we conclude Appellant failed to show the trial court

committed an error of law in affirming the district attorney’s denial of

Appellant’s private      criminal complaints.   See In re Ullman, supra.

Accordingly, we affirm.




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     Affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 3/10/2017




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