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                                                                           [PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                             No. 16-16486; 16-16783
                           ________________________

                       D.C. Docket No. 0:15-cv-60716-WPD



DR. DAVID S. MURANSKY,
individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,

                                                                 Plaintiff - Appellee,

JAMES H. PRICE,
ERIC ALAN ISAACSON,

                                                      Interested Parties - Appellants,

                                        versus

GODIVA CHOCOLATIER, INC.,
a New Jersey corporation,

                                                               Defendant - Appellee.

                           ________________________

                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                   (April 22, 2019)
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Before MARTIN, JORDAN, and GINSBURG, * Circuit Judges.

MARTIN, Circuit Judge:

       We sua sponte vacate our previous opinion and publish this one in its place.

For ease of reading, the major change is to Part II.B, our discussion of Dr.

Muransky’s standing to bring this action.

       This appeal was brought to contest the approval of a class-action settlement.

Dr. David Muransky filed a class action against Godiva Chocolatier, Inc. for

violating the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (“FACTA”). Appellants

James Price and Eric Isaacson (“the objectors”) objected to a class settlement

reached by Dr. Muransky and Godiva. Over their objections, the District Court

approved the settlement, class counsel’s request for attorney’s fees, and an

incentive award for Dr. Muransky. After careful review and with the benefit of

oral argument, we affirm.

                                      I. Background

       In April 2015, Dr. Muransky filed a class action against Godiva for allegedly

violating FACTA. FACTA prohibits merchants from printing “more than the last

5 digits of the card number or the expiration date upon any receipt provided to the

cardholder at the point of the sale or transaction.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681c(g)(1). We



       *
       Honorable Douglas H. Ginsburg, United States Circuit Judge for the District of
Columbia Circuit, sitting by designation.
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will refer to this as the “truncation requirement.”

      FACTA authorizes customers to sue merchants that willfully or negligently

violate the truncation requirement. 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681n(a); 1681o(a). A merchant

willfully violates FACTA by acting in knowing violation of its statutory duties or

by acting in reckless disregard of those duties. See Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr,

551 U.S. 47, 57–58, 127 S. Ct. 2201, 2208–09 (2007). For willful violations,

customers may recover actual damages or statutory damages from $100 to $1000,

and punitive damages. 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a)(1), (a)(2); Safeco, 551 U.S. at 53,

127 S. Ct. at 2206. Customers can recover statutory damages for willful violations

even if they cannot show their identity was stolen or credit impacted, 15 U.S.C.

§ 1681n(a), and even if they received and kept the defective receipt. Engel v.

Scully & Scully, Inc., 279 F.R.D. 117, 125–26 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). By contrast,

when the violation is a result of negligence, customers can only recover their actual

damages as well as attorney’s fees. 15 U.S.C. § 1681o(a); Engel, 279 F.R.D. at

125–26.

      The operative complaint alleges that after Dr. Muransky made a purchase at

a Godiva store, Godiva gave him a receipt that showed his credit card number’s

first six and last four digits. Dr. Muransky sought to represent a class of customers

whose credit card numbers Godiva printed on receipts in violation of FACTA.

These violations, the complaint says, exposed Dr. Muransky and the class “to an


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elevated risk of identity theft.” According to the complaint, Godiva’s violation of

FACTA was willful, so the class was entitled to statutory and punitive damages, as

well as attorney’s fees and costs. See id. § 1681n(a).

      Godiva moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that it did not

plausibly allege a willful violation of FACTA. The District Court denied Godiva’s

motion. After that, the parties engaged in discovery then mediated the case. In

late November 2015, the parties notified the court of an agreement in principle to

settle the case on a class-wide basis. They requested a stay, which the court

granted.

      Two months after that request, Dr. Muransky moved for preliminary

approval of the class-action settlement. He explained that the parties agreed to a

settlement fund of $6.3 million from which all fees, costs, and class members

would be paid. He estimated that class members who submitted a timely claim

form would receive around $235 as their pro-rata share of the settlement fund.

None of the money would revert to Godiva. Dr. Muransky indicated he intended

to apply for an incentive award of up to $10,000 and that class counsel would

move for an award of attorney’s fees of up to one-third of the settlement fund,

which would be $2.1 million.

      In this motion, Dr. Muransky also argued that the amount class members

would recover by submitting a claim compared favorably to their possible recovery


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had the case proceeded to trial. FACTA provides for a combination of actual and

statutory damages. 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a). For statutory damages, FACTA

provides for an award of $100 to $1,000 for each violation. Id. § 1681n(a)(1)(A).

Given the nature of the violation, Dr. Muransky acknowledged there was “a good

chance” each class member would recover the $100 minimum statutory damage

award if the case went to trial. At the fairness hearing, the District Court agreed

with Dr. Muransky’s assessment, saying it was reasonable for class counsel to have

estimated that class members “could [receive] more than double what the class

members could get if they went to trial and won the case.”

      Dr. Muransky’s motion also addressed some of the risks that favored pre-

trial settlement. Most notably, Dr. Muransky pointed to two cases then pending

before the Supreme Court: Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 1540

(2016), on Article III standing, and Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, 577 U.S.

___, 136 S. Ct. 1036 (2016), on class certification under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23(b)(3). The outcomes of those two cases, which at the time were

uncertain, posed serious risks to the class members’ ability to pursue FACTA

claims against Godiva. Dr. Muransky also acknowledged the difficulty of proving

the “willfulness” of Godiva’s FACTA violation, which the District Court also

discussed at the fairness hearing. Without proving “willfulness,” the class would

not be entitled to statutory damages. See 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a).


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      The motion for preliminary approval also contained a proposed class notice

and a proposed schedule of notice, opt-out, and motion deadlines. The proposed

notice said Dr. Muransky would seek an incentive award of up to $10,000 “for his

work in representing the class” and that class counsel would seek up to $2.1

million in attorney’s fees. The District Court granted the motion for preliminary

approval, certified the class under Rule 23(b)(3), and approved the form of notice.

Under the preliminary approval order, class members who wanted to be excluded

from the settlement were required to give written notice of exclusion to the claims

administrator. Those who failed to submit an opt-out certification would be

included in the settlement class and bound by its terms. Then to get money from

the settlement fund, class members had to file a claim form with the claims

administrator. Class members could also file objections, which the court would

consider as part of its determination of whether the settlement was fair. After

extensions by the District Court, the final deadline for class members to submit

claims, object, or opt-out was August 23, and the deadline for Dr. Muransky to

move for final settlement approval was September 9.

      Notice of the settlement was sent to 318,000 class members and over 47,000

submitted claim forms. Only fifteen class members opted out. Five class

members, including Mr. Price and Mr. Isaacson, objected to the settlement. In

their objections, Mr. Price and Mr. Isaacson said they are members of the


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settlement class and that they timely submitted claim forms. Among other

arguments, they said notice of Dr. Muransky’s attorney’s fee motion was

inadequate under Rule 23(h); the court should subject any attorney’s fee award to a

lodestar analysis; and a $10,000 incentive award was not warranted.

      On September 7, Dr. Muransky moved for final approval of the class

settlement and requested an award of $2.1 million in attorney’s fees as well as

$10,000 as an incentive award. At the court’s direction, Dr. Muransky filed a

separate motion for attorney’s fees and expenses. The Magistrate Judge issued a

report and recommendation (“R&R”) on the attorney’s fee motion just four days

later, before the objectors filed opposition briefs. The R&R recommended that the

District Court grant the motion and award the full amount of $2.1 million.

Although the R&R was issued before the objectors filed opposition briefs, the

Magistrate Judge considered Mr. Price’s and Mr. Isaacson’s previously filed

objections to the settlement. In addition, soon after the R&R was issued, the

objectors filed briefs in opposition to the motion for attorney’s fees. They later

filed objections to the R&R as well.

      On September 21, the District Court held a fairness hearing, during which

objectors’ counsel made their case. During the hearing, Mr. Isaacson’s counsel

raised standing as a new objection, saying that the court needed to decide whether

Dr. Muransky had Article III standing. Soon after the hearing, the District Court


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approved the settlement and gave the incentive award and attorney’s fees to Dr.

Muransky and class counsel respectively. In response to the objectors’ argument

that notice was not adequate, the District Court noted it had “permitted objections

to be filed both before and after” the motion for attorney’s fees was filed and that

“meaningful objections were in fact filed both before and after the filing” of that

motion. The court said it had reviewed the class members’ objections to the R&R

de novo, “taken them into full consideration,” and “carefully analyzed” them. The

court then found that the requested attorney’s fees were reasonable and awarded

$2.1 million, one-third of the settlement fund, in fees. The Court also granted the

$10,000 incentive award for Dr. Muransky’s “efforts in this case.”

      The objectors appealed. They say the District Court abused its discretion by

finding that the notice satisfied Rule 23(h), by awarding $2.1 million in attorney’s

fees, and by awarding $10,000 as an incentive to Dr. Muransky. Mr. Isaacson

raises a fourth issue: he challenges Dr. Muransky’s Article III standing to pursue a

FACTA claim against Godiva. Before addressing those arguments, we consider

the objectors’ ability to make them on appeal. We then consider the merits of the

arguments properly before us.




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                                   II. Jurisdiction

A. The objector’s right to appeal

      The Supreme Court has held “only parties to a lawsuit, or those that properly

become parties, may appeal an adverse judgment.” Marino v. Ortiz, 484 U.S. 301,

304, 108 S. Ct. 586, 587 (1988) (per curiam). We start by deciding whether

objectors like Mr. Price and Mr. Isaacson are “parties” with the ability to appeal

from a district court’s judgment. We hold that they are.

      In Devlin v. Scardelletti, 536 U.S. 1, 122 S. Ct. 2005 (2002), the Supreme

Court addressed whether a nonnamed class member who timely objects to a

settlement agreement but does not opt out is a “party for the purposes of appealing

the approval of the settlement.” Id. at 7, 122 S. Ct. at 2009 (quotation marks

omitted). The Court held that nonnamed class members who are bound by a

judgment must “be allowed to appeal the approval of a settlement when they have

objected at the fairness hearing.” Id. at 10, 122 S. Ct. at 2011. “To hold

otherwise,” the Court explained, “would deprive nonnamed class members of the

power to preserve their own interests in a settlement that will ultimately bind them,

despite their expressed objections before the trial court.” Id.

      Devlin addressed a mandatory settlement class, but not whether objectors to

a Rule 23(b)(3) settlement who can opt out of a settlement also are “parties” that

can appeal. See id. at 10–11, 122 S. Ct. at 2011 (noting that appeal was the


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objectors’ only option because they could not opt out of the settlement). Since

Devlin, the only circuit courts of appeal to have decided this issue have held that

class members who object to a Rule 23(b)(3) settlement but do not opt out are

“parties” for purposes of appeal. 1 Generally, these courts reason that Devlin “is

about party status and one who could cease to be a party is still a party until opting

out.” Nat’l Ass’n of Chain Drug Stores, 582 F.3d at 40. In AAL High Yield Bond

Fund v. Deloitte & Touche LLP, 361 F.3d 1305 (11th Cir. 2004), this Court ruled

that objectors who were not class members could not appeal because they were not

“parties who are actually bound by a judgment.” Id. at 1310. Yet at the same time,

we know that actual class members who object but do not opt out of a Rule

23(b)(3) class settlement are still bound by the judgment approving the class

settlement. See Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 614–15, 117 S.

Ct. 2231, 2245 (1997). With all of this in mind, we conclude that class members

who object to Rule 23(b)(3) class settlements but do not opt out are “parties” for

purposes of appeal. Mr. Price and Mr. Isaacson are therefore proper parties.

B. Article III standing

       We next consider whether Dr. Muransky has standing to bring this class




       1
         Nat’l Ass’n of Chain Drug Stores v. New England Carpenters Health Benefits Fund,
582 F.3d 30, 39–40 (1st Cir. 2009); Fidel v. Farley, 534 F.3d 508, 512–13 (6th Cir. 2008);
Churchill Vill., LLC v. Gen. Elec., 361 F.3d 566, 572–73 (9th Cir. 2004); In re Integra Realty
Res., Inc., 354 F.3d 1246, 1257–58 (10th Cir. 2004).
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action. Standing is a limitation on federal subject matter jurisdiction derived from

Article III. Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1546–47. It

requires plaintiffs to show they suffered an injury in fact traceable to the

defendant’s conduct and redressable by a favorable judicial decision. Id. at 1547.

      As the party invoking jurisdiction, of course it is the plaintiff who bears the

burden of establishing standing. Id. However, a plaintiff is not required to

demonstrate the merits of his case in order to establish his standing to sue. Pedro v

Equifax, Inc., 868 F.3d 1275, 1279 (11th Cir. 2017). Beyond that, we are here

evaluating standing at the motion to dismiss stage, so we are also mindful that the

plaintiff’s burden for establishing standing corresponds to “the manner and degree

of evidence required at the successive stages of litigation.” Bischoff v. Osceola

Cty., 222 F.3d 874, 878 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 405

U.S. 555, 561, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 2136 (1992)). Thus, “when standing becomes an

issue on a motion to dismiss, general factual allegations of injury resulting from

the defendant’s conduct may be sufficient to show standing.” Moody v. Holman,

887 F.3d 1281, 1286 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted). So in order to

survive a facial challenge on a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff is required to allege

enough facts to show he plausibly has standing. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974 (2007). After de novo review, London v.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 340 F.3d 1246, 1251 (11th Cir. 2003), we conclude Dr.


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Muransky alleged enough to carry his burden of showing standing at this stage.

      Dr. Muransky alleges he suffered a heightened risk of identity theft when

Godiva printed more digits of his credit card number than the law allows. Because

the objectors raise a facial challenge to standing, we must accept the truth of this

allegation. See Stalley ex rel. United States v. Orlando Reg’l Healthcare Sys., Inc.,

524 F.3d 1229, 1232–33 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). Dr. Muransky has plainly

shown Godiva’s conduct caused the alleged injury, and the statutory damages Dr.

Muransky seeks will redress it. He has thus shown two of the three elements of

standing: causation and redressability.

      We turn, then, to our reasons for concluding the heightened risk of identity

theft Dr. Muransky experienced as a result of the FACTA violation constitutes an

injury in fact. “To establish injury in fact, a plaintiff must show that he or she

suffered ‘an invasion of a legally protected interest’ that is ‘concrete and

particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.’” Spokeo,

136 S. Ct. at 1548 (quoting Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.

Ct. 2130, 2136 (1992)). Dr. Muransky’s alleged injury is “particularized” because

the heightened risk of identity theft affected him “in a personal and individual

way”—it was his credit card number that appeared on the receipt. Spokeo, 136 S.

Ct. at 1548 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 n.1, 112 S. Ct. at 2136 n.1). The injury

is “actual” rather than “conjectural” because it has already occurred. See Robins v.


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Spokeo, Inc. (Spokeo II), 867 F.3d 1108, 1117–18 (9th Cir. 2017); cf. Clapper v.

Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 409, 133 S. Ct. 1138, 1147 (2013) (explaining

that possible future injury does not constitute an injury in fact). Dr. Muransky

suffered the heightened risk of identity theft the moment Godiva printed too many

digits of his credit card number.

        That brings us to whether the heightened risk of identity theft is sufficiently

“concrete” to confer standing. Our starting point in this analysis is the Supreme

Court’s decision in Spokeo. We first review Spokeo and then turn to our analysis

of Dr. Muransky’s standing.

   i.      Interpreting Spokeo

        Spokeo clarified that concreteness and particularity are distinct, and both are

essential to establish injury in fact. 136 S. Ct. at 1548. But Spokeo did not, as the

objector suggests, alter either the concreteness or particularity analysis. That is,

Spokeo did not change the legal principles that have long governed both. See In re

Horizon Healthcare Servs. Inc. Data Breach Litig., 846 F.3d 625, 638 (3d Cir.

2017) (“[W]e understand that the Spokeo Court meant to reiterate traditional

notions of standing.”); Lee v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 837 F.3d 523, 529 (5th Cir.

2016) (“The Supreme Court reaffirmed in Spokeo that violation of a procedural

right granted by statute may in some circumstance be a sufficiently concrete, albeit

intangible, harm to constitute injury-in-fact without an allegation of ‘any additional


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harm beyond the one Congress has identified.’” (quoting Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at

1549) (first emphasis added)).

      Spokeo reaffirmed a “‘concrete’ injury must be ‘de facto’; that is, it must

actually exist.” 136 S. Ct. at 1548; see also id. at 1555–56 (Ginsburg, J.,

dissenting) (“Concreteness as a discrete requirement for standing, the Court’s

decisions indicate, refers to the reality of an injury, harm that is real, not abstract,

but not necessarily tangible.”). But “concrete” is not “necessarily synonymous

with ‘tangible.’” Id. at 1549 (majority opinion). After Spokeo as before,

“intangible” injuries, including injury in the form of a “risk of real harm,” may

satisfy Article III’s concreteness requirement. Id. Nor must the injury (tangible or

not) be substantial. Spokeo made no change to the rule that “a small injury, ‘an

identifiable trifle,’ is sufficient to confer standing.” Common Cause/Georgia v.

Billups, 554 F.3d 1340, 1351 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Students

Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP), 412 U.S. 669, 689 n.14, 93

S. Ct. 2405, 2417 n.14 (1973)).

      The objector argues that Spokeo compels the conclusion that Dr.

Muransky’s injury was not concrete. However, he neglects to mention that the

Spokeo Court did not decide whether the plaintiff in that case suffered a concrete

injury. Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1545, 1550. Instead, the Court pointed out that the

Ninth Circuit erred in conflating concreteness and particularity, and then vacated


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and remanded the case for the Ninth Circuit to rule on concreteness in the first

instance. Id. at 1550 (“We take no position as to whether the Ninth Circuit’s

ultimate conclusion—that Robins adequately alleged an injury in fact—was

correct.”).

       In remanding Spokeo, the Supreme Court noted that, as has long been the

case, “both history and the judgment of Congress play important roles” in

analyzing concreteness.2 Id. at 1549. History plays a role because the Article III

case-or-controversy requirement, from which standing is derived, “is grounded in

historical practice.” Id. For that reason, “it is instructive to consider whether an

alleged intangible harm has a close relationship to a harm that has traditionally

been regarded as providing a basis for a lawsuit in English or American courts.”

Id. Congress’ judgment plays a role because it “is well positioned to identify

intangible harms that meet minimum Article III requirements.” Id. And while

Spokeo reiterated that “bare procedural violation[s], divorced from any concrete

harm” do not give rise to standing, it made clear that “the violation of a procedural

right granted by statute can be sufficient in some circumstances to constitute injury



       2
         Neither point was an innovation. The Supreme Court looked to “the long tradition of
qui tam actions in England and the American Colonies” in concluding a plaintiff had standing to
sue under the False Claims Act. Vermont Agency of Nat. Res. v. United States ex rel. Stevens,
529 U.S. 765, 774–78, 120 S. Ct. 1858, 1863–65 (2000). And the Court has many times held
that Congress “may ‘elevate to the status of legally cognizable injuries concrete, de facto injuries
that were previously inadequate in law.’” Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549 (alteration adopted)
(quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 578, 112 S. Ct. at 2145).
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in fact.” Id.; see also Frank v. Gaos, 586 U.S. __, 139 S. Ct. 1041, 1046 (2019)

(per curiam) (remanding for reconsideration in light of Spokeo). On remand, the

Ninth Circuit concluded the plaintiff had shown a concrete injury. Spokeo II, 867

F.3d at 1118.

      As we see it, Spokeo’s upshot in cases like this one is that a plaintiff may

show injury in fact by alleging “the violation of a procedural right granted by

statute” poses a “risk of real harm” to a concrete interest. Spokeo 136 S. Ct. at

1549; see Strubel v. Comenity Bank, 842 F.3d 181, 190 (2d Cir. 2016) (“[W]e

understand Spokeo, and the cases cited therein, to instruct that an alleged

procedural violation can by itself manifest concrete injury where Congress

conferred the procedural right to protect a plaintiff’s concrete interests and where

the procedural violation presents a risk of real harm to that concrete interest.”

(quotation marks omitted)); see also Spokeo II, 867 F.3d at 1113 (“[W]e now agree

that the Second Circuit’s formation in Strubel best elucidates the concreteness

standards articulated by the Supreme Court in Spokeo.”). The common law and

congressional judgment inform the necessary quantum of risk. Spokeo, 136 S. Ct.

at 1549–50. And where Congress elevates the risk of harm to a concrete interest to

the status of a concrete injury, the risk need be no more than an “identifiable trifle”

to be concrete. See Billups, 554 F.3d at 1351.

      Borrowing a hypothetical the Supreme Court offered in Spokeo may


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illuminate our reading of that case. There, the Court acknowledged that Congress

enacted the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) to “curb the dissemination of false

information” but noted that “not all inaccuracies cause harm or present a material

risk of harm.” Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1550. For example, the Court said it would

be “difficult to imagine how the dissemination of an incorrect zip code, without

more, could work any concrete harm.” Id. At the same time, the Supreme Court

did not foreclose the possibility that an incorrect zip code could in some instances

pose a risk of harm to a concrete interest. An employer might, for example, be

looking for a worker with connections to and knowledge of a particular city. But if

a third party posted an incorrect zip code for the person online, that might put the

person’s employment prospects at risk or even kill a job opportunity. A plaintiff

who alleged a risk that this might come to pass would show a connection between

the violation of a statutory right and a concrete interest in employment. See

Spokeo II, 867 F.3d at 1115–17. This, we think, is the “more” the Supreme Court

said Article III demands when a plaintiff alleges a statutory violation that would

otherwise be unmoored from any concrete harm.

   ii.      Applying Spokeo

         Application of these principles here demonstrates that Dr. Muransky’s injury

is concrete for two independent reasons. First, Congress judged the risk of identity

theft Dr. Muransky suffered to be sufficiently concrete to confer standing. Second,


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the risk of identity theft bears a close enough relationship to the common law tort

of breach of confidence to make Dr. Muransky’s injury concrete. Either is enough

on its own to establish standing. We address each in turn.

       With FACTA, Congress sought to “protect[] consumers from identity theft.”

Harris v. Mexican Specialty Foods, Inc., 564 F.3d 1301, 1306 (11th Cir. 2009); see

also Credit and Debit Card Receipt Clarification Act of 2007 (“Clarification Act”),

Pub. L. No. 110-241, § 2(a)(1), 122 Stat. 1565, 1565 (finding that “the purpose[]”

of FACTA is to “reduce identity theft and credit card fraud”).3 The truncation

requirement reflects Congress’s view that printing more than the last five digits of

a credit card number contributes to the problem of identity theft. See Harris, 564

F.3d at 1306.

       The legislative history confirms as much. After FACTA passed, businesses

faced crippling litigation because they continued printing expiration dates on

receipts, which FACTA prohibits. Clarification Act § 2(a)(4). With the

Clarification Act, Congress gave amnesty to merchants that printed an expiration

date on a receipt between FACTA’s passage and the passage of the Clarification

Act. Id. § 3(a). But Congress granted no amnesty to merchants who printed more




       3
        Conference and committee reports on FACTA likewise indicate that its purpose was to
combat identity theft. H.R. Rep. No. 108-396, at 1753–54 (2003) (Conf. Rep.); H.R. Rep. No.
108-263, at 22 (2003) (noting that FACTA’s truncation requirement was enacted in part to
combat identity theft).
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than the permitted number of digits. Id. Quite to the contrary, it found that

“[e]xperts in the field agree that proper truncation of the card number, by itself as

required by [FACTA] . . . , prevents a potential fraudster from perpetrating identity

theft or credit card fraud.” Id. § 2(a)(6).4

       Dr. Muransky alleged that Godiva’s FACTA violation subjected him to a

risk of real harm to the concrete interest in avoiding identity theft, the very interest

that Congress sought to protect with FACTA. We think it beyond debate that a

consumer has a concrete interest in preventing his identity from actually being

stolen. See Attias v. Carefirst, Inc., 865 F.3d 620, 627 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (“Nobody

doubts that identity theft, should it befall one of these plaintiffs, would constitute a

concrete and particularized injury.”). Victims of identity theft face a host of

financial woes. To name just one, identity thieves can run up fraudulent credit

card charges and leave the victim with the bill, and all the problems associated

with getting the fraudulent charges cleaned up. Dr. Muransky’s allegation, which

we accept as true, thus establishes a risk of real harm to a concrete interest.

       With FACTA’s truncation requirement, Congress “adopt[ed a] procedure[]

designed to decrease that risk” that a consumer would have his identity stolen.



       4
         Legislative materials show that members who supported the bill favored amnesty for
businesses that printed expiration dates but not those that violated the truncation requirement, on
the view that “truncation of the credit card numbers accomplishes the intent of the statute.” 154
Cong. Rec. E925-02, 2008 WL 2051340 (2008) (statement of Rep. Maloney); see generally 154
Cong. Rec. H00000-29, 2008 WL 2038627 (2008).
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Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1550. Congress’s elevation of the risk to the status of a

concrete harm is a judgment we accept under the principles laid down in Spokeo.

The risk may not be great, but a great risk is not necessary to satisfy Article III’s

minimal demand for an “identifiable trifle.” Billups, 554 F.3d at 1351 (quotation

marks omitted). In our view, if Congress adopts procedures designed to minimize

the risk of harm to a concrete interest, then a violation of that procedure that causes

even a marginal increase in the risk of harm to the interest is sufficient to constitute

a concrete injury. And that is what Congress did here.

       Indeed, this is a case in point for Congress’s relatively greater institutional

competence to draw the line between a concrete injury and non-actionable risk.

Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549 (“Congress is well positioned to identify intangible

harms that meet minimum Article III requirements, [making] its judgment . . .

instructive and important.”); see also Daniel Townsend, Who Should Define

Injuries for Article III Standing?, 68 Stan. L. Rev. Online 76, 81–83 (2015)

(discussing Congress’s superior ability to gather facts and make empirical

judgments about the risk underlying injuries). After hearing from experts on the

matter, Congress decided to set the tolerable level of risk at printing the last five

digits of a card number. We decline to substitute our judgment for Congress’s by

saying that, as a matter of law, the risk of identity theft is not concrete until a

merchant prints the first eight or ten digits instead of the first six.


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      In sum, Congress conferred the procedural right in FACTA to reduce the

risk of identity theft. Dr. Muransky alleged he suffered a heightened risk of

identity theft as a result of a FACTA violation. That allegation suffices for

standing under Spokeo.

      We are aware the Third Circuit recently drew the opposite inference from

the Clarification Act. That court ruled that, in passing the Clarification Act,

Congress intended to limit FACTA actions to “those claims implicating actual

harm.” By this, the court seemed to say that the statute aided only those plaintiffs

who claimed their identities were in fact stolen. Kamal v. J. Crew Grp., Inc., 918

F.3d 102, 113 (3d Cir. 2019). Our understanding of the Clarification Act does not

comport with this ruling in Kamal. In our view, when it left the truncation

requirement in place at the same time it limited liability for printing expiration

dates, Congress judged the truncation requirement necessary to prevent the risk of

identity theft. In fact, Congress made a specific finding that FACTA’s truncation

requirement by itself would “prevent[] a potential fraudster from perpetrating

identity theft or credit card fraud.” Clarification Act § 2(a)(6). We are also

mindful that Spokeo expressly recognized that the risk of harm may satisfy the

concreteness requirement, even absent a tangible injury. As we have explained,

FACTA creates a procedure to minimize the risk of identity theft. For these

reasons we decline to follow the Third Circuit’s rule that actual identity theft is


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required for standing to bring a FACTA claim.

       Our holding here is not inconsistent with other decisions from our sister

circuits that found no standing in FACTA cases. The Second, Seventh, and Ninth

Circuits have all found no standing in cases where consumers alleged a merchant

printed receipts that included a credit card expiration date in violation of FACTA.

Bassett v. ABM Parking Servs., Inc., 883 F.3d 776 (9th Cir. 2018); Crupar-

Weinmann v. Paris Baguette Am., Inc., 861 F.3d 76 (2d Cir. 2017); Meyers v.

Nicolet Rest. of De Pere, LLC, 843 F.3d 724 (7th Cir. 2016). We think those cases

are distinguishable from this one. They all rely on Congress’s finding in the

Clarification Act that “a receipt with a credit card expiration date does not raise a

material risk of identity theft.” Crupar-Weinmann, 861 F.3d at 78; see also

Bassett, 883 F.3d at 781–82; Meyers, 843 F.3d at 727–28. As we explained, the

Clarification Act points to the opposite conclusion in this case.5

       The Second Circuit also found no standing in a FACTA case that is

distinguishable in its posture. In Katz v. Donna Karan Co., L.L.C., 872 F.3d 114

(2d Cir. 2017), the Second Circuit dismissed a FACTA case where the district

court found on a factual challenge to standing that printing the first six digits of a

credit card number poses no risk of identity theft. Id. at 116. Specifically, the



       5
        To be clear, we express no view whether a plaintiff suffers a concrete injury when a
merchant prints an expiration date on a receipt in violation of FACTA.
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district court found that the first six digits of a credit card number identify only the

card issuer, which, in turn, poses no risk of identity theft. Id. at 118–19. The

district court also found that the receipts at issue in Katz did not “disclose[] Katz’s

name, a fact that also reduces the possibility that disclosure of the [first six digits]

would result in harm.” Id. at 120. Reviewing these findings for clear error, the

Second Circuit affirmed. However it did express trepidation about the

“abbreviated” fact-finding procedure the district court appeared to have used. Id.

      We are wary of Katz’s premise that a federal district court may make factual

findings that override Congress’s standard for what harm constitutes a concrete

injury. Congress engaged in its own factfinding and set a uniform standard for the

number of digits appropriate to print in its effort to curb the risk of identity theft.

Clarification Act § 2(a)(6). We do not read Spokeo as giving courts a license to

reject the standard set by Congress in favor of judge-found facts at odds with that

standard. Spokeo certainly makes clear that not all statutory violations constitute

an injury in fact. Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549; see also Frank, 139 S. Ct. at 1046.

However, we have explained that a plaintiff can establish Article III standing at the

pleading stage by alleging a risk of harm of the type Congress elevated to the status

of a concrete injury when it created procedures designed to minimize that risk. See

Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549. Once a plaintiff does that, Article III’s concreteness

requirement is satisfied. See id. Here, Congress established the acceptable level of


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risk at printing five digits of a credit card number. Dr. Muransky alleged a

heightened risk of identity theft as a result of Godiva’s FACTA violation, and that

satisfies Article III under the principles Spokeo laid down.

         In any event, Katz is distinguishable from this case. There is nothing in the

record before us to support a finding that the first six digits identify a card issuer or

that printing the first six digits poses no risk of identity theft. We will not impose a

factual finding made in the Southern District of New York upon Mr. Muransky,

particularly given the Second Circuit’s concern about the fact-finding procedures

in that case. See McIvor v. Credit Control Servs., Inc., 773 F.3d 909, 914 (8th Cir.

2014) (“Judicial notice of another court’s opinion takes notice of the existence of

the opinion, which is not subject to reasonable dispute over its authenticity, but not

of the facts summarized in the opinion.” (quotation marks omitted). Here, we

don’t even have “abbreviated” factfinding. We have no factfinding at all. Dr.

Muransky has had no chance to rebut the objectors’ claims about the risk the first

six digits pose. At minimum, then, we decline to follow Katz based on its

procedural posture. Rather, as we must on this facial challenge to a motion to

dismiss, we accept as true that Dr. Muransky suffered a heightened risk of identity

theft.

         Finally, we examine the Ninth Circuit ruling that a plaintiff had no standing

to bring a FACTA action where a merchant printed the first digit of his credit card


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number along with the last four. Noble v. Nev. Checker Cab Corp., 726 F. App’x

582, 583–84 (9th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (unpublished). This unpublished opinion

does not say whether the court was considering a facial or factual challenge. We

therefore cannot know how the court came to hold that this posed no risk of harm.

      Also, we know that the Ninth Circuit had binding precedent holding that a

FACTA plaintiff lacked standing where the plaintiff “did not allege that anyone

else had received or would receive a copy of” the noncompliant receipt. Id. at 584

(citing Bassett, 883 F.3d at 776). This Circuit has no such precedent, and we

decline to adopt the Ninth Circuit’s reasoning. FACTA is designed to minimize

the risk that disclosure will occur, not to remedy only actual disclosures. We

accept that a risk of disclosure is greater if someone else sees the receipt. But

Congress made it unlawful to print more than the last five digits of a credit card

number, not to print more than the last five digits and show the receipt to someone.

From this, we deduce that Congress intended to draw the line at the risk that comes

of printing the untruncated card number, irrespective of whether anyone saw the

receipt. And we decline to follow opinions from our sister circuits’ opinions that

rely on a contrary interpretation of the law.

      Dr. Muransky can thus show standing based on Congress’s judgment that

the heightened risk of identity theft he experienced constitutes a concrete injury.

And there is another way, as well. His standing also independently rests on the


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similarity between the harm he alleges and the common law tort of breach of

confidence. See Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549 (describing it as “instructive to

consider whether an alleged intangible harm has a close relationship to a harm that

has traditionally been regarded as providing a basis for a lawsuit in English or

American courts” (emphasis added)).

      A common law breach of confidence lies where a person offers private

information to a third party in confidence and the third party reveals that

information. See Alan B. Vickery, Breach of Confidence: An Emerging Tort, 82

Colum. L. Rev. 1426, 1427–28 (1982). We note that the harm from a breach of

confidence occurs when the plaintiff’s trust in the breaching party is violated,

whether or not the breach has other consequences. See generally Alicia Solow-

Niederman, Beyond the Privacy Torts: Reinvigorating A Common Law Approach

for Data Breaches, 127 Yale L.J. Forum 614, 619–24 (2018) (arguing that the harm

in breach of confidence results from the failure to securely maintain confidential

information separate and apart from any harm resulting from publication or

misuse). With FACTA, Congress created a statutory right to protect consumers’

expectation that their credit card information will remain private. By printing more

than the statute allows, Godiva created a heightened risk that information Dr.

Muransky entrusted to it will become public. We think this risk has a sufficiently

close relationship to breach of confidence to satisfy Spokeo.


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      We recognize the match is not exact. However, it need not be exact in order

to satisfy Spokeo. A “close relationship does not require that the newly proscribed

conduct would give rise to a cause of action under common law.” See Susinno v.

Work Out World Inc., 862 F.3d 346, 351 (3d Cir. 2017) (quotation marks omitted).

A FACTA violation does not involve the kind of traditional confidential

relationship that is at issue in a breach of confidence—say, a doctor-patient

relationship. And unlike a common law breach of confidence, a merchant need not

disclose a credit card number to anyone in order to violate FACTA. Even so, the

harm in a breach of confidence tort—disclosing information provided in

confidence—bears sufficient similarity to the harm Congress intended to prevent

with FACTA—the risk of identity theft. A consumer provides a merchant with his

credit card number with the expectation that it will remain secret, not least because

of the risk of credit card fraud if the merchant reveals it. FACTA gives legal

protection to that confidentiality interest by permitting merchants to print only the

last five digits of a credit card number. A merchant who prints more than the

permitted five digits creates a risk that information FACTA makes confidential

will fall into a third party’s hands. In fact, the risk here comes from the receipt

Godiva gave Dr. Muransky and the copy Godiva seems to have kept. Here we are

obligated to accept the allegation of the complaint that Godiva has experienced

data breaches. Under these circumstances, we think the risk of disclosure bears a


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close enough relationship to the disclosure of confidential information actionable

at common law to satisfy Article III.

      The Third Circuit rejected our holding in the original opinion issued in this

case that breach of confidence is sufficiently analogous to give rise to standing.

Kamal, 918 F.3d at 114. In the view of the Third Circuit, the relationship between

FACTA and the common law cause of action is not sufficiently analogous because

the statute does not require actual disclosure while the common law tort does. Id.

We do not think Spokeo’s “close relationship” standard demands such complete

correlation. Spokeo merely recognized that federal courts may have jurisdiction

when Congress takes steps to prevent “the risk of real harm” that was actionable at

common law. Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1549. We read Spokeo to mean that, where

the common law allowed a cause of action to remedy an injury, Congress can

create a statutory cause of action to remedy the risk of such an injury. If, for

example, Congress passed a statute to minimize the risk of trespass, we see nothing

in Spokeo that would mean federal courts lack jurisdiction to hear cases brought

under the statute. Here, in enacting FACTA, Congress sought to mitigate the risk

of disclosure of credit card information, which we think sufficiently analogous to

the disclosure of confidential information that the common law remedied by the

breach of confidence tort.

      The relationship we find here is consistent with the way this Circuit’s post-


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Spokeo precedent compares alleged harms to common law harms. In Nicklaw v.

CitiMortgage, Inc., 839 F.3d 998 (11th Cir. 2016), a plaintiff sued for “failure to

record a satisfaction of mortgage within a statutory period” but did not “bring suit

until after that statutory violation ha[d] been remedied;” that is, the mortgage had

been recorded by the time the plaintiff sued. Id. at 1000. The panel concluded the

statute in question “provided a remedy to prevent the risk of harm that occurred

while title to property was wrongfully clouded, not a remedy after the cloud was

lifted.” Id. at 1003 (first emphasis added). It ruled the plaintiff lacked standing on

that basis. This case is distinguishable from Nicklaw. In Nicklaw, the risk had

abated by the time the plaintiff brought suit. The plaintiff’s title was no longer

clouded. If a Godiva cashier immediately shredded a FACTA-noncompliant

receipt, we might agree Nicklaw controls. But nothing in this record establishes

that the receipt no longer exists. This means the risk of disclosure still exists. As

noted, the complaint indicates that Godiva might keep a version of the untruncated

receipt. And even if Dr. Muransky destroyed the receipt himself, in Nicklaw the

defendant, not the plaintiff, remedied the risk of harm. The effort Dr. Muransky

put into doing away with the risky receipt would suffice for standing. Cf. Pedro v.

Equifax, Inc., 868 F.3d 1275, 1280 (11th Cir. 2017) (holding that lost time spent

attempting to resolve credit inaccuracies suffices for standing).

      To be sure, the harms alleged in Pedro and Perry v. Cable News Network,


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Inc., 854 F.3d 1336 (11th Cir. 2017), have a closer relationship to more familiar

torts than the harm alleged in this case does to breach of confidence. In Pedro, the

panel ruled that the alleged FCRA violation—“the reporting of inaccurate

information about Pedro’s credit to a credit monitoring service—has a close

relationship to the harm caused by the publication of defamatory information.”

868 F.3d at 1279–80. In Perry, the panel ruled that an alleged violation of the

Video Privacy Protection Act, which prohibits “video tape service provider[s]”

from disclosing personal information about consumers, has a close relationship to

“the right of privacy” and “intrusion upon seclusion.” 854 F.3d at 1340–41

(quotation marks omitted). But these cases do not foreclose our analysis. Neither

Pedro nor Perry commented on whether a plaintiff has standing where a

defendant’s behavior creates a heightened risk of a harm recognized at common

law.

       For these reasons, we conclude Dr. Muransky suffered a concrete injury, and

thus that he has standing to bring this action.

                                   III. The Merits

A. Notice of class counsel’s attorney’s fee motion

       We now consider the objectors’ challenge to the sufficiency of notice of the

attorney’s fee motion. As required by Rule 23(c)(2)(B), these class members got




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notice of the preliminary approval of the class settlement. That notice gave

information about the attorney’s fees and expenses Dr. Muransky would seek:

         Plaintiff will petition for a service award not to exceed $10,000 for his
         work in representing the Class, and for Class Counsel’s fees not to
         exceed one-third of the fund, which is $2,100,000, plus reasonable
         expenses.

Class members got this notice in advance of counsel’s motion for attorney’s fees.

Yet the attorney’s fees motion was not filed until two weeks after the deadline for

class members to object had already passed. 6 The class did not receive additional

notice after the motion was filed. The objectors say this process deprived class

members of the notice they needed to assess the fee request and violated Rule

23(h).

         Rule 23(h) sets up the procedures required for an award of attorney’s fees in

class actions. As for notice, Rule 23(h)(1) says that “[n]otice of the motion [for

attorney’s fees] must be served on all parties and, for motions by class counsel,

directed to class members in a reasonable manner.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h)(1).

Although “reasonable manner” is not specific about when notice must be given,

courts interpreting Rule 23(h) have observed that the right to object to the fee

motion under Rule 23(h)(2) necessarily means that courts must give notice of the

attorney’s fee motion itself. The leading case is In re Mercury Interactive Corp.

         6
        Dr. Muransky originally made the attorney’s fee request on September 7 as part of the
motion for final approval. The District Court instructed him to file a separate attorney’s fee
motion, which he did on September 12.
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Securities Litig., 618 F.3d 988, 989 (9th Cir. 2010). The Ninth Circuit interpreted

“[t]he plain text of” Rule 23(h) to “require[] that any class member be allowed an

opportunity to object to the fee ‘motion’ itself, not merely to the preliminary notice

that such a motion will be filed.” Id. at 993–94 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(h)(2)).

The Advisory Committee’s notes support the Ninth Circuit’s interpretation of Rule

23(h). They say that “[i]n setting the date objections are due, the court should

provide sufficient time after the full fee motion is on file to enable potential

objectors to examine the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 advisory committee’s note to

2003 amendment. The Seventh Circuit follows the Ninth Circuit’s Mercury

decision. Redman v. RadioShack Corp., 768 F.3d 622, 637–38 (7th Cir. 2014); see

also 3 Newberg on Class Actions § 8:24 (5th ed.) (endorsing the approach of the

Ninth and Seventh Circuits on doctrinal and policy grounds).

        The Ninth Circuit’s holding in Mercury was that “class members were

deprived of an adequate opportunity to object to the motion itself because, by the

time they were served with the motion, the time within which they were required to

file their objections had already expired.” 618 F.3d at 994. That same sequence—

objection deadline before a filed motion for attorney’s fees—was what happened

here. As in Mercury, this schedule deprived class members of “an opportunity to

object to the fee motion itself” because they had to file objections before the




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motion was even filed. See id. at 993–94. As a result, this process violated Rule

23(h).7

       Although we conclude the District Court erred by requiring class members

to object before they could assess the attorney’s fee motion, we hold that error does

not warrant reversal under the particular facts of this case. After receiving the

notice, four class members objected. Two of those, Mr. Price and Mr. Isaacson,

made detailed arguments in opposition to the requested attorney’s fee and incentive

awards, including by filing opposition briefs after Dr. Muransky filed the

attorney’s fee motion. Cf. Coleman v. Smith, 828 F.2d 714, 716–17 (11th Cir.

1987) (per curiam) (holding that notice of consequences of summary judgment was

adequate in part because party’s actions showed he understood how to respond to

summary judgment motion). The arguments made against the attorney’s fee

motion were considered by the Magistrate Judge and by the District Court. And on

this record, we have no reason to think other unnamed class members would have

made arguments besides those made by Mr. Price and Mr. Isaacson. Class

       7
          The objectors also argue that the class notice did not provide class members with
sufficient information to file meaningful objections to class counsel’s attorney’s fee request. Mr.
Price, for example, says the notice should have advised class members of the “Eleventh Circuit’s
25% benchmark for attorneys’ fees [or] of Class Counsel’s justification for seeking a $525,000
bonus” above the 25% benchmark. Rule 23(h) requires only that notice of an attorney’s fee
motion be “served on all parties and . . . directed to class members in a reasonable manner.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 23(h). The objectors cite no authority that requires the detail they request. Decisions
about the detail in descriptions about the attorney’s fees required to be included in class notice
are necessarily case specific and are best left to the discretion of district courts.



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members were not therefore prejudiced by the objection schedule established by

the District Court. See Voeller v. Neilston Warehouse Co., 311 U.S. 531, 537, 61

S. Ct. 376, 379 (1941) (observing that “the rights of parties are habitually protected

in court by those who act in a representative capacity”); see also O’Bannon v.

Town Court Nursing Ctr., 447 U.S. 773, 797, 100 S. Ct. 2467, 2482 (1980)

(Blackmun, J., concurring) (because nursing home had an interest in making the

same arguments as absent patients, those patients’ due process interests were

satisfied). The District Court did not abuse its discretion by awarding attorney’s

fee, despite the Rule 23(h) violation.

B. The attorney’s fee award
      The objectors also argue that the District Court made a mistake by awarding

33% of the class settlement fund as attorney’s fees to Dr. Muransky’s counsel.

The District Court’s approval of the attorney’s fee award is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. Camden I Condo. Assoc. v. Dunkle, 946 F.2d 768, 770 (11th Cir.

1991). “A district court abuses its discretion if it applies an incorrect legal

standard, applies the law in an unreasonable or incorrect manner, follows improper

procedures in making a determination, or makes findings of fact that are clearly

erroneous.” Aycock v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 769 F.3d 1063, 1068 (11th Cir.

2014) (quotation marks omitted). Under this standard, district courts have “great

latitude” in setting fee awards in class action cases. See Faught v. American Home


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Shield Corp., 668 F.3d 1233, 1242 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). We conclude the District Court did not abuse its discretion.

      To begin, the objectors say the District Court applied the wrong legal test to

evaluate Dr. Muransky’s attorney’s fee request. In their view, the District Court

should have applied a lodestar analysis that multiplied the number of hours counsel

worked by the prevailing hourly rate. They claim that analysis is required by

Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 546, 130 S. Ct. 1662, 1669 (2010).

In Perdue, the Supreme Court decided “whether the calculation of an attorney’s

fee, under federal fee-shifting statutes, based on the ‘lodestar,’ i.e., the number of

hours worked multiplied by the prevailing hourly rates, may be increased due to

superior performance and results.” Id. The Court allowed the award of attorney’s

fees under a fee-shifting statute to be enhanced above the lodestar amount, but only

in “rare” and “exceptional” cases. Id. at 554, 130 S. Ct. at 1674. Here, the

objectors say the District Court should have followed Perdue because class

counsel’s fees would have been decided under a fee-shifting statute if the class

prevailed against Godiva. See 15 U.S.C. § 1681n(a)(3) (providing for attorney’s

fees “in the case of any successful action to enforce any liability” for a willful

violation of FACTA).

      The problem for the objectors is that class counsel sought attorney’s fees

from a common fund rather than under a fee-shifting statute. See Fed. R. Civ. P.


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23(h) (authorizing courts to award attorney’s fees that are “authorized by law or

by the parties’ agreement”). Camden I holds that “attorneys’ fees awarded from a

common fund shall be based upon a reasonable percentage of the fund established

for the benefit of the class.” 946 F.2d at 774. The common-fund doctrine applies

to class settlements that result in a common fund even when class counsel could

have pursued attorney’s fees under a fee-shifting statute. See Staton v. Boeing Co.,

327 F.3d 938, 968–69 (9th Cir. 2003); Florin v. Nationsbank of Ga., 34 F.3d 560,

563 (7th Cir. 1994). Perdue addresses fee-shifting statutes and says nothing about

the award of attorney’s fees from a common fund. 559 U.S. at 554, 130 S. Ct. at

1674. Perdue is therefore not contrary to our precedent in Camden I.

       In the alternative, the objectors say that the District Court misapplied

Camden I by awarding 33% of the fund to class counsel. In Camden I, this Circuit

called 25% of a common fund a benchmark attorney’s fee award that “may be

adjusted in accordance with the individual circumstances of each case.” 946 F.2d

at 775. To evaluate whether the benchmark should be enhanced, district courts can

apply the twelve factors from Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d

714, 717–19 (5th Cir. 1974), 8 in addition to other class-settlement specific factors.



       8
          In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as
binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981.
Id. at 1209. We recognize that the Supreme Court criticized the Johnson factors in Perdue, 559
U.S. at 550–51, 130 S. Ct. at 1671–72. But as we’ve explained, Perdue arose in a different


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Camden I, 946 F.2d at 775. We have also said that the “majority of common fund

fee awards fall between 20% and 30% of the fund.” Waters v. Int’l Precious

Metals Corp., 190 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 1999). In this case, the objectors

argue the District Court misapplied the Johnson factors in awarding 33% of the

settlement fund as attorney’s fees.

       We see no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s decision. Although the

objectors “are correct that the fee award is bigger than some awards in other

suits[,] . . . that does not mean the award is too big.” Birchmeier v. Caribbean

Cruise Line, Inc., 896 F.3d 792, 796 (7th Cir. 2018). The Magistrate Judge’s R&R

concluded that the Johnson factors supported the request for a fee above the 25%

benchmark. That conclusion was based on weighing nine Johnson factors in favor

of the enhanced award, including, by way of example, “the novelty and difficulty

of the issues” and “the results obtained.” After considering the objections to the

R&R de novo, the District Court reached the same conclusion that “the requested

attorneys’ fees are reasonable under the Johnson/Camden I analysis.” 9 The District

Court found that the settlement “confers substantial benefits” on class members.

The District Court’s order also emphasized “the results obtained,” saying the class



context (fee-shifting statutes), and we are bound to apply our precedent in Camden I and Johnson
to this common fund.
       9
         The District Court gave no weight to the Magistrate Judge’s characterization of Mr.
Price and Mr. Isaacson as “professional objectors.” We don’t either.
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members who submitted claims “will receive cash payments that represent a

significant portion of the damages that would be available to them were they to

prevail in an individual action.” The District Court elaborated on these points at

the fairness hearing. There, the court discussed the significant legal hurdles class

counsel faced, including the possibility that the Supreme Court would hold in

Spokeo that risk of identity theft could not support standing. The court explained

the difficulty of proving willfulness, and its own skepticism that the evidence

would support a willfulness finding in this case.

      The District Court properly assessed the risks faced by the class and the

compensation secured by class counsel. Under the circumstances, the District

Court did not abuse its discretion by awarding an above-benchmark percentage of

the common fund. The attorney’s fee award is therefore affirmed.

C. The incentive award
      Finally, the objectors challenge the $10,000 incentive award the District

Court approved for Dr. Muransky as class representative. A district court’s

decision to grant an incentive award to a named class representative is reviewed for

abuse of discretion. Hadix v. Johnson, 322 F.3d 895, 897 (6th Cir. 2003).

      The objectors make two arguments on appeal. First, Mr. Isaacson argues

incentive awards are prohibited in common-fund settlements. Second, the

objectors jointly challenge the $10,000 award as too large because they say Dr.


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Muransky put little personal time and effort into the litigation. We reject both

arguments.

      Relying on two common fund cases, Mr. Isaacson says litigants who secure

a common fund can recover reasonable attorney’s fees and litigation expenses but

cannot recover incentive awards for their own services. See Central R.R. &

Banking Co. v. Pettus, 113 U.S. 116, 122, 5 S. Ct. 389, 390 (1885); Trustees v.

Greenough, 105 U.S. 527, 538 (1882).

      We are not persuaded by this argument. Many circuits have endorsed

incentive awards and recognize them as serving the purposes of Rule 23. See, e.g.,

Staton, 327 F.3d at 975–77; Hadix, 322 F.3d at 897–98. No circuit has applied

Greenough or Central Bank, which were decided well before the adoption of Rule

23, to prohibit incentive awards in the class-action context. We do not view

granting a monetary award as an incentive to a named class representatives as

categorically improper.

      At the same time, there are limits to an appropriate incentive award. In

Holmes v. Continental Can Co., 706 F.2d 1144 (11th Cir. 1983), the class

settlement awarded the class representatives different amounts than the unnamed

class members because class counsel estimated that the named representatives had

meritorious claims. Id. at 1148–49. This Court held that “[w]hen a settlement

explicitly provides for preferential treatment for the named plaintiffs in a class


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action, a substantial burden falls upon the proponents of the settlement to

demonstrate and document its fairness.” Id. at 1147. We said that “a disparate

distribution favoring the named plaintiffs requires careful judicial scrutiny into

whether the settlement allocation is fair to the absent members of the class.” Id.

At the same time, we recognized that “the inference of unfairness” associated with

unequal distributions “may be rebutted by a factual showing that the higher

allocations to certain parties are rationally based on legitimate considerations.” Id.

      Like the settlement distribution in Holmes, incentive awards “provide[] for

preferential treatment for the named plaintiffs,” see id. at 1147, and create a similar

possibility of collusion between class representatives, their counsel, and

defendants. See id. at 1148; Hadix, 322 F.3d at 897 (“[I]ncentive awards are

scrutinized carefully by courts who sensibly fear that [they] may lead named

plaintiffs to expect a bounty for bringing suit or to compromise the interest of the

class for personal gain.”). As a result, we hold that incentive awards must be

supported by “legitimate considerations” sufficient to “dispel the cloud of

collusion which such a settlement suggests.” See Holmes, 706 F.2d at 1147

(quotation marks omitted).

      The parties dispute what those considerations should be. The objectors

focus on the time and money actually spent on the case by the named

representative while Dr. Muransky argues that the value of the settlement to the


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class members is most important. We see no reason to limit the discretion of

district courts to consider the justifications proposed by either party. Indeed, we

are aware of a number of justifications regularly cited in support of incentive

awards. For example, incentive awards may be given “to compensate class

representatives for work done on behalf of the class, to make up for financial or

reputational risk undertaken in bringing the action, . . . to recognize their

willingness to act as a private attorney general,” Rodriguez v. W. Publ’g Corp.,

563 F.3d 948, 958–59 (9th Cir. 2009), and to “induce an individual to become a

named plaintiff,” Montgomery v. Aetna Plywood, Inc., 231 F.3d 399, 410 (7th Cir.

2000). Although these considerations will certainly weigh differently in different

cases, together they “help illuminate the fact that class representatives . . . have

typically done something the absent class members have not—stepped forward and

worked on behalf of the class.” 5 Newberg on Class Actions § 17.3. All of these

justifications are legitimate, and district courts may exercise their discretion to

determine whether they favor an incentive award in any given case.

      Here, the District Court awarded Dr. Muransky $10,000 “for his efforts in

this case.” It is not clear what the District Court meant by that. Even so, we find

that the record supports the incentive award. See Friends of the Everglades v. S.

Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist., 678 F.3d 1199, 1201 (11th Cir. 2012) (explaining that a

district court abuses its discretion when “neither the . . . decision nor the record


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provide sufficient explanation to enable meaningful appellate review” (emphasis

added)); Cox Enters. v. News-Journal Corp., 510 F.3d 1350, 1361 (11th Cir. 2007)

(finding no abuse of discretion in district court’s decision not to award

prejudgment interest based on the record). At the District Court, Dr. Muransky

argued that an incentive award was justified by the size of the settlement. As

previously discussed, the District Court found that the class settlement “confers

substantial benefits” on the class members. And at the fairness hearing, the

District Court observed that Dr. Muransky “was subjecting himself to

inconvenience and time delays that didn’t materialize as much as they might have,

but they still were a possibility when he signed on as the class representative.”

These statements give meaning to the court’s $10,000 incentive award to Dr.

Muransky “for his efforts in this case.” 10 We therefore hold that the District Court

did not abuse its discretion by granting this incentive award.

       AFFIRMED.




       10
           By our calculation, Dr. Muransky’s incentive award had little impact on the class
members’ recovery. Assuming 48,000 class members submitted valid claims (a high-end
approximation) for the $4.2 million in the fund for distribution, Dr. Muransky’s incentive award
of $10,000 resulted in a reduction of about 21 cents in the recovery of the class members who
filed claims ($87.50 vs. $87.29).
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JORDAN, Circuit Judge, concurring:

      I join Judge Martin’s thorough opinion for the court. I write separately to

note that Mr. Isaacson, a class member and one of the appellants, may lack Article

III standing to challenge the Article III standing of Dr. Muransky, the named

plaintiff and class representative.

      As a member of the class, Mr. Isaacson did not just file objections to the

proposed settlement; he chose not to opt out and submitted a claim for

compensation pursuant to the settlement agreement. Given that the proposed

settlement fund totaled $4.1 million after attorney’s fees, and that approximately

47,000 class members filed claims, Mr. Isaacson stands to receive about $85 even

if his arguments about the attorney’s fees and the incentive award fail. Although

that sum is not a king’s ransom, there is no doubt that Mr. Isaacson is going to

realize some financial benefit from the settlement.

      Article III’s standing requirements—injury-in-fact, causation, and

redressability—persist “throughout the life of [a] lawsuit.” Wittman v.

Personhuballah, 136 S. Ct. 1732, 1736 (2016). As a result, standing “must be met

by persons seeking appellate review, just as it must be met by persons appearing in

courts of first instance.” Hollingworth v. Perry, 570 U.S. 693, 705 (2013) (citation

and quotation marks omitted). Because “standing is not dispensed in gross,” it

seems to me that Mr. Isaacson “must demonstrate standing for each claim he seeks


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to press and for each form of relief that is sought.” Town of Chester v. Laroe

Estates, Inc., 137 S. Ct. 1645, 1650 (2017) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). If Mr. Isaacson “lacks standing to bring [a certain claim on] appeal, we

lack jurisdiction over [that claim] and must dismiss it.” Tenille v. Western Union

Co., 809 F.3d 555, 559 (10th Cir. 2015).

      Mr. Isaacson certainly has standing on appeal to pursue his challenges to the

deadline set by the district court for objections to the proposed settlement, to the

attorney’s fees awarded to counsel for the plaintiffs, and to the incentive award

given to Dr. Muransky. An incorrect deadline could have certainly affected Mr.

Isaacson’s ability to assert objections to the motion for attorney’s fees, and any

decrease in the attorney’s fees or the incentive award would be redistributed

among the class members, potentially increasing Mr. Isaacson’s own monetary

recovery. But Mr. Isaacson has also challenged Dr. Muransky’s standing to bring

a FACTA claim in the first place, and it is with respect to that challenge that his

standing is at best doubtful.

      According to Mr. Isaacson—who happens to be a plaintiffs’ class-action

attorney—Dr. Muransky did not suffer an injury that allows him to bring a claim

under FACTA because he “fail[ed] to allege that his credit suffered when he was

handed a receipt with a few extra digits, or that anyone else knew of the violation

or was in a position to take advantage of it to his injury.” Br. for Mr. Isaacson at


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34. In a recent law review article that he authored, Mr. Isaacson explained his

motivation for challenging Dr. Muransky’s standing in the following way: “I was

troubled by the notion that a class representative who suffered no injury should be

able to evade the burden of demonstrating his own Article III standing . . . when

entering [into] a class-action settlement that purports to release other class

members’ claims for actual damages.” Eric Alan Isaacson, A Real-World

Perspective on Withdrawal of Objections to Class Action-Settlements and

Attorneys’ Fees Awards: Reflections on the Proposed Revisions to Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 23(E)(5), 10 Elon L. Rev. 35, 51 (2018) (footnotes omitted).

      I do not doubt the sincerity of Mr. Isaacson’s convictions, but it might fairly

be said that one could be just as troubled by the notion that an appellant who

suffered no injury from a judgment should be able to seek reversal without

demonstrating that he has been injured by that judgment and has Article III

standing. After all, the desire to ensure compliance with the law affects only the

“generalized interest of all citizens in constitutional governance.” Schlesinger v.

Reservists Committee to Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208, 217 (1974). See also

Hollingsworth, 570 U.S. at 704 (“The presence of a disagreement, however sharp

and acrimonious it may be, is insufficient by itself to meet Art[icle] III’s

requirements.”).




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      Mr. Isaacson, as noted, stands to gain financially from the settlement. How,

then, can it be said that Mr. Isaacson suffered any cognizable harm (aside from his

arguments as to the deadline for objections, the attorney’s fees, and the incentive

award) from the institution of the lawsuit by Dr. Muransky and/or the

consummation and approval of the settlement which provided him with a tangible

benefit? If Mr. Isaacson thought that the action brought by Dr. Muransky on

behalf of a class did not constitute a justiciable case or controversy under Article

III, why did he not simply opt out and let the statute of limitations expire on any

FACTA claim he might have had individually? Conversely, if Mr. Isaacson

thought that he (unlike Dr. Muransky) had Article III standing to assert a FACTA

claim and believed that he could do better as an individual litigant, why did Mr.

Isaacson not simply file suit on his own against Godiva?

      Stated differently, if Mr. Isaacson prevailed on his standing argument, I do

not see how we could redress any injury he has suffered. See Wittman, 136 S. Ct.

at 1732 (dismissing appeal by intervenors who could not explain how their alleged

injury would be redressed by a favorable judicial decision). Indeed, Mr. Isaacson

will cause himself injury if he succeeds because his monetary recovery—along

with that of every class member—will be wiped out. For if Dr. Muransky has not

suffered an Article III injury, he does not have standing to sue Godiva under

FACTA, and that means that the entire case must be dismissed for want of a


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justiciable case or controversy. See generally William B. Rubenstein, 1 Newberg

on Class Actions § 2:8 (5th ed. June 2018) (“[I]f a case has only one class

representative and that party does not have standing, then the court lacks

jurisdiction over the case and it must be dismissed.”).

      The rule against permitting appeals by prevailing litigants is a prudential

one, but a litigant who obtains a favorable judgment must nevertheless have a

personal stake to appeal. See generally Camreta v. Greene, 563 U.S. 692, 701-02

(2011). In an appropriate case, we may need to address whether a class member

like Mr. Isaacson has standing on appeal to challenge the standing of a class

representative who obtained a settlement providing economic benefits to the entire

class. Cf. King v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 505 F.3d 1160, 1165 (11th Cir. 2007) (“if

the requirements for appellate jurisdiction are not met ‘we cannot review whether a

judgment is defective, not even when the asserted defect is that the district court

lacked jurisdiction’”) (citation omitted).




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