                      NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 17a0573n.06

                                         No. 17-3286


                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                              FILED
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                              Oct 10, 2017
                                                                            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
JOHN ABBOUD, Administrator of the Estate of )
Nahida Abboud, deceased,                    )
                                            )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                  )
                                            )              ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                          )              STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                            )              THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE GROUP, )                          OHIO
INC., dba Liberty mutual Insurance; LIBERTY )
MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,                   )                           OPINION
                                            )
      Defendants-Appellees.




       BEFORE:        KEITH, McKEAGUE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Dr. John Abboud appeals from the

district court’s decision granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants Liberty Mutual

Insurance Group, Inc. and Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. (collectively Liberty Mutual). Abboud

appeals only the dismissal of his claim of negligent misrepresentation, in which he asserts that

Liberty Mutual negligently represented that its umbrella liability policies would extend the

Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist (UM/UIM) coverage already available as part of his

underlying auto insurance policy. The district court determined that no trier of fact could find

that Abboud had demonstrated the requisite element of justifiable reliance, and therefore held

that his negligent misrepresentation claim failed as a matter of law. Because we find that the

record reveals genuine issues of material fact as to Abboud’s reliance on representations by
No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


Liberty Mutual, we REVERSE the district court’s decision and REMAND for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                   I.       BACKGROUND

       Abboud purchased an auto insurance policy from Liberty Mutual in 2011 after buying a

BMW and learning about Liberty Mutual’s special rates for BMW owners. At that time, Abboud

purchased single limit coverage with a per accident liability limit of $1,000,000 and a per

accident UM/UIM limit of $500,000. The liability coverage applied where someone insured

under Abboud’s policy was at fault, and the UM/UIM coverage protected Abboud and his family

in the event of an accident where a third-party motorist with insufficient coverage was at fault.

       In June 2012, Abboud received an unsolicited email from Liberty Mutual advertising

Personal Liability Protection (PLP) or “umbrella” coverage. On August 9, 2012, Abboud called

Liberty Mutual to inquire about the umbrella policy and to pay his auto insurance bill. He spoke

with Daniel Fissel, a customer service representative licensed to sell insurance in the

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Abboud recalls speaking with Fissel about incorporating a

Liberty Mutual umbrella policy into his auto and home insurance policies. Abboud asserts that,

upon Fissel’s recommendation, he switched his auto insurance coverage from a single limit

policy to split limit coverage, with the goal of adding an umbrella policy on top.

       Fissel confirmed that it was his “habit and practice” to advise switching to split limit

coverage, which is less expensive than a single limit policy. Where insureds had considerable

assets, he would recommend this step in conjunction with the purchase of an umbrella policy

“providing coverage over and above the coverage available under the insured’s personal

automobile and homeowner’s policies.” Fissel states that he “would not have recommended

reduction of the insured’s personal automobile insurance liability limits unless the insured was

also purchasing a PLP policy to provide additional liability coverage.” While Fissel does not


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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


specifically remember speaking with Abboud in August 2012, his review of Liberty Mutual’s

system records cause him to “believe it probable that [he] would have discussed and

recommended to Dr. Abboud the purchase of PLP insurance.” By the end of their August 9

conversation, Abboud had a new auto insurance policy with split limit coverage of $250,000 per

person/$500,000 per accident liability coverage and $100,000 per person/$200,000 per accident

UM/UIM coverage.       These limits represent the minimum underlying automobile coverage

necessary to purchase and sustain a PLP policy with Liberty Mutual.

       Fissel did not have the authority to sell umbrella policies, and Abboud remembers that

Fissel then transferred him to another sales employee to continue discussing umbrella coverage.

Abboud does not know the identity of the individual with whom he spoke about umbrella

insurance that day, and Liberty Mutual’s records do not indicate a second August 9 conversation.

Liberty Mutual’s business records do not show generation of an umbrella coverage quote for

Abboud until November 21. A corporate witness clarified, however, that “Liberty [Mutual] does

not maintain records of all calls between existing or potential customers and sales

representatives. It is possible that a general information call could have taken place without any

record being generated in Liberty [Mutual]’s computer system.”          A Liberty Mutual sales

employee likewise confirmed that she had conducted informational calls that were not captured

by Liberty Mutual’s record/notation system.

       Abboud ended his August 9 call with the understanding that he would be receiving

umbrella coverage paperwork. Yet it was not until a November follow-up call that Liberty

Mutual generated a quote for a PLP policy for Abboud and he actually purchased umbrella

coverage with a policy limit of $2,000,000. This purchase was formalized when Liberty Mutual

mailed Abboud an application form with pre-populated information.            The section of the




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


application form regarding UM/UIM coverage was left blank. In response to the question, “UM

Coverage? (where applicable),” neither the “yes” nor the “no” box is checked. The form also

lacks responses regarding the “[u]nderlying UM limit $” and the “PCP UM Limits $.” Abboud

and his wife signed the application without adding any additional information, and the umbrella

policy took effect on November 22, 2012.

       The PLP policy enumerates some exclusions, including an exclusion for UM/UIM

coverage “unless these coverages are specifically listed on your policy declarations.” The

second page of the PLP policy declarations lists Abboud’s auto insurance policy, which included

UM/UIM coverage, on the “underlying policy schedule.”           Somewhat circularly, the policy

defines an “underlying policy” as “a policy listed as an underlying policy in the Declarations[.]”

       Abboud read and understood both the PLP application and policy. He asserts that, based

on his conversations with the Liberty Mutual employees, he understood that as long as he kept

his “UM coverage under the underlying policy[,] that would be part of the umbrella to take

effect.” He states that he “expressed that [his] intent in purchasing the umbrella [coverage] was

to increase the net coverage available for the coverages purchased under [his] auto and

homeowner’s policies, and [he] was informed the umbrella policy provided excess coverage for

all underlying coverages.” Abboud believed that the PLP policy incorporated his UM/UIM

coverage despite the exclusionary language because that coverage is part of his auto insurance,

which is listed in the policy declarations.

       Abboud renewed his auto insurance policy in August 2013 and his umbrella policy in

November 2013.       In August 2014, while both of the renewed policies remained in place,

Abboud’s mother, Nahida Abboud, was out walking when she was struck by a third-party

motorist. Mrs. Abboud suffered severe brain damage as a result of the accident. She ultimately




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


passed away after incurring over $1.5 million in medical expenses. The third-party motorist’s

insurance carrier tendered her liability limit of $100,000 without issue. Abboud then filed a UIM

claim on behalf of his mother under both his auto and PLP Liberty Mutual policies. Because the

third-party motorist’s insurance carrier had already paid the equivalent of the UM/UIM limit in

Abboud’s auto policy, Liberty Mutual denied additional coverage under that policy. Liberty

Mutual also denied coverage under the PLP policy, asserting that it did not include UM/UIM

coverage.

        At no point between 2012 and the present has Liberty Mutual sold UM/UIM coverage in

Ohio under any type of policy other than auto policies. Liberty Mutual did not at the time of the

accident, and does not now, include excess UM/UIM coverage in its Ohio PLP policies.

        Abboud filed suit in the Court of Common Pleas in Summit County, Ohio, bringing

claims of breach of contract, negligent/intentional misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty,

and negligent hiring. Liberty Mutual removed the case to the Northern District of Ohio, and the

district court granted summary judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual. The district court granted

summary judgment on Abboud’s negligent misrepresentation claim after determining that the

plain language of the PLP application and policy covered losses only where Abboud or a family

member was liable and specifically excluded UM/UIM coverage.1 For that reason, the district

court found that “any reliance on representations related to the PLP policy by an unidentified

individual—in the face of the clear language of the policy—was not justified as a matter of law.”




1
  Abboud asserts that he also appeals the district court’s ruling on his “negligent advice” claim, but Abboud’s
complaint does not contain a cause of action for negligent advice. It appears that he is referring to his claim of
breach of fiduciary duty, although he simultaneously states that he does not “assert on appeal” that a fiduciary duty
existed. Accordingly, our review is limited to Abboud’s negligent misrepresentation claim.



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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


                                      II.       ANALYSIS

       We review grants of summary judgment de novo. V&M Star Steel v. Centimark Corp.,

678 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is appropriate only when the evidence,

taken in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, establishes that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

       A.      Negligent Misrepresentation

       Under Ohio law, the elements of a claim for negligent misrepresentation are as follows:

       One who, in the course of his business, profession or employment, or in any other
       transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false information for the
       guidance of others in their business transactions, is subject to liability for
       pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance upon the information, if
       he fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating
       the information.

Delman v. City of Cleveland Heights, 534 N.E.2d 835, 838 (Ohio 1989). The district court’s

decision turned on the issue of justifiable reliance.

       Ohio courts have clarified that justifiable reliance differs from reasonable reliance.

Amerifirst Sav. Bank of Xenia v. Krug, 737 N.E.2d 68, 88 (Ohio Ct. App. 1999), cause dismissed

sub nom. AmeriFirst Sav. Bank of Xenia, Ohio v. Krug, 730 N.E.2d 384 (Ohio 2000). Rather

than looking at the conduct of a reasonable person or applying a community standard,

“[j]ustification is a matter of the qualities and characteristics of the particular plaintiff, and the

circumstances of the particular case.” Id. (citing Restatement (Second) of the Law, Torts,

§ 545A Cmt. b (Am. Law Inst. 1977)). To evaluate justifiable reliance a court “must consider

the nature of the transaction, the form and materiality of the representation, the relationship of

the parties and their respective means and knowledge, as well as other circumstances.” Johnson




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


v. Church of the Open Door, 902 N.E.2d 1002, 1007 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008) (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Contrary to Liberty Mutual’s assertions, this court’s decision in Wright v. State Farm

Fire & Casualty Co., 555 F. App’x 575 (6th Cir. 2014), does not control our analysis. In Wright,

the plaintiffs suffered roof damage during a storm. 555 F. App’x at 578. Their roof repair was

subject to a number of deed restrictions enforced by their homeowners’ association, one of which

required them to replace the entire roof in the event of any damage. Id. at 577. The plaintiffs

filed an insurance claim with their carrier, State Farm, for the cost of replacement. Id. State

Farm denied the claim and reimbursed them for only a fraction of the cost on the grounds that the

plaintiffs’ policy covered only roof repairs, not replacement. Id. The plaintiffs filed suit, and

their negligent misrepresentation claim failed because they did not identify a misrepresentation

by the insurer. Id. at 577–78. The policy was silent on roof replacement, and the plaintiffs

admitted that they did not even discuss the deed restrictions with the insurance agent when they

purchased the policy. Id. at 577.

       Liberty Mutual contends that, like the plaintiffs in Wright, “Abboud cannot identify any

evidence that Liberty supplied him with false information for his guidance.” But Abboud points

to statements in the August 2012 call as the source of false information. He asserts that Fissel

and the second Liberty Mutual sales employee with whom he spoke misrepresented the scope of

umbrella coverage by telling him that a PLP policy would extend all of the limits in his

underlying auto insurance policy. Abboud testified as to his recollection of his conversations

with both Fissel and the unidentified sales employee. He also submitted an affidavit from Fissel

setting forth his habits and practices, which are largely consistent with Abboud’s recollection.

This evidence is not negated by Abboud’s inability to recall the second employee’s name or by




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


the lack of a record of the second conversation, especially since Liberty Mutual has confirmed

that their system would not necessarily have captured an informational call.         Because he

identifies misrepresentations by Liberty Mutual on which he relied, Abboud’s claim is materially

distinct from the situation in Wright.

       Liberty Mutual emphasizes that Abboud is a well-educated cardiologist who understood

the difference between liability insurance and UM/UIM insurance at all relevant times.

Regardless of Abboud’s professional status, it is not unjustifiable to rely on the statements of

Liberty Mutual sales employees when considering the product they offer for purchase.

Moreover, the question here is not how liability coverage differs from UM/UIM coverage, but

rather whether Abboud was justified in believing that the latter type of coverage was

encompassed by his umbrella PLP policy.

       On this question, both Liberty Mutual and the district court found controlling the plain

language in the PLP application and policy. We are not so convinced of its clarity, and we find

this court’s decision in Greenberg v. Life Insurance Co. of Virginia, 177 F.3d 507 (6th Cir.

1999), instructive. There, an insurance agent told the plaintiffs, two sisters, that they could

obtain a life insurance policy for their father by purchasing a single-premium policy. 177 F.3d at

511. The agent represented that, for a single payment, the sisters could maintain the policy

during their father’s lifetime without having to make additional premium payments. Id. Over a

decade later, the sisters learned that they would need to make substantial additional payments to

keep the life insurance policy in place. Id. The district court granted the insurer’s motion to

dismiss the sisters’ negligent misrepresentation claim on the ground that the sisters’ reliance on

the agent’s statements was unjustified in light of language in the policy itself, which warned of

policy expiration absent additional premium payments. Id. at 516. This court reversed, noting




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


that at least some of the language in the policy was ambiguous with respect to the terms “single

payment” and “single premium.” Id. at 516–17. The panel’s decision specifically noted “the

internal inconsistencies in the policy language” when finding that the sisters had sufficiently

alleged justifiable reliance. Id. at 516. Although we are considering justifiable reliance on a

motion for summary judgment rather than on a motion to dismiss, the ambiguous language in the

umbrella application and policy nevertheless supports the same conclusion:                        Confusing or

ambiguous policy language may compound a prior misrepresentation and support a finding of

justifiable reliance.

        Here, Liberty Mutual completed the PLP application and sent it to Abboud with

prepopulated information.          Abboud understood the application to reflect his August and

November 2012 umbrella coverage conversations with Liberty Mutual sales employees. In those

conversations, the sales employees represented that the PLP policy would extend both the

liability and the UM/UIM coverage.              This understanding is supported by the application’s

express reference to Abboud’s underlying auto insurance policy, which included UM/UIM

coverage.2 And although the application has blank spaces in the UM/UIM section, both the

“yes” and “no” boxes were unchecked. The application cannot be construed as confirming the

absence of UM/UIM insurance any more than it can be construed as indicating its inclusion.




2
  Contrary to the dissent’s portrayal of the facts, Abboud did not concede he understood that the PLP language “did
not support” his understanding of his umbrella coverage, Dissenting Op. at 14, nor did he acknowledge that Liberty
Mutual’s telephonic statements were “inconsisten[t] with the policy language,” id. at 15. Rather, when asked at
deposition if he understood from the PLP policy application that he was “not paying for UM[/]UIM coverage under
[his] PLP policy,” Abboud responded, “No. I did not understand it.” Abboud went on to say: “It was my
understanding that as long as I keep my UM coverage under the underlying policy that would be part of umbrella to
take effect.” Abboud read and understood the policy, but, as he has maintained throughout this litigation, he read
and understood it to confirm the representations of Liberty Mutual sales employees.



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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


       Neither do we find the UM/UIM language in the PLP policy itself to be unambiguous. It

excludes UM/UIM coverage except as “specifically listed on your policy declarations,” and the

policy declarations pages specifically list the auto insurance policy, which, in turn, specifically

includes UM/UIM coverage. Abboud discussed with Liberty Mutual sales representatives his

existing single limit auto policy providing UM/UIM limits of $500,000 and his intention to

extend his coverage by converting to a $2,000,000 umbrella policy on top of a split limit auto

policy. Abboud viewed the PLP paperwork through the lens of these conversations, leaving him

with the impression that the umbrella coverage extended his entire auto policy, UM/UIM

coverage included. In this way, too, the case before us is distinguishable from Wright. There,

the insurance policy was completely silent on roof replacement. 555 F. App’x at 578. The

policy at issue here is not silent on UM/UIM insurance—it creates space for reasonable minds to

disagree.

       Liberty Mutual stresses that the PLP is a personal liability policy, and therefore is

necessarily and obviously limited to coverage for when Abboud or one of his insured family

members is at fault. While this argument has facial plausibility, it ignores the fact that a PLP

policy is designed to sit atop a variety of underlying policies, including auto policies that provide

UM/UIM coverage. This supports our conclusion that genuine issues of material fact regarding

Abboud’s reliance on his phone calls with Liberty Mutual render summary judgment

inappropriate. “Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of

legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge.” Savage v. Fed.

Express Corp., 856 F.3d 440, 446 (6th Cir. 2017), reh’g denied (July 26, 2017) (quoting

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986)). The district court’s decision failed

to consider the ambiguity in the PLP language and overlooked Abboud’s consistent assertions




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


that his understanding of that language was guided by Liberty Mutual’s representations regarding

the scope of his coverage. This evidence, when properly considered and viewed in the light most

favorable to Abboud, creates genuine disputes of material fact that should be presented to a jury.

Accordingly, the district court’s decision granting summary judgment on Abboud’s negligent

misrepresentation claim must be reversed.

         B.     Comparative Negligence

         The parties also raise arguments regarding comparative negligence and cite caselaw

addressing the extent to which an insured’s failure to read an insurance policy bears on negligent

misrepresentation claims. In Amankwah v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., an Ohio Court of Appeals

surveyed comparative negligence determinations in insurance procurement cases and found that

whether comparative negligence must go to a jury varies based “upon the unique facts of each

case.”    62 N.E.2d 814, 817 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016).          Many Ohio courts put the issue of

comparative negligence to the jury, although some courts have resolved the issue upon a motion

for summary judgment. See Id.; see also Robson v. Quentin E. Cadd Agency, 901 N.E.2d 835,

841–45 (Ohio App. 2008) (collecting cases sending comparative negligence to a jury).

         The district court here held:

         Dr. Abboud testified that he read the PLP policies and understood that 1) the 2012
         and 2013 PLP policies did not have the UIM coverage box marked; 2) he was not
         being charged a premium for UIM coverage under either PLP policy; and 3) UIM
         coverage was explicitly excluded under the language of both PLP policies.
         Therefore, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to comparative negligence,
         and Liberty is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

Abboud v. Liberty Mut. Grp., Inc., No. 5:15CV02344, 2017 WL 749182, at *7 (N.D. Ohio Feb.

27, 2017). We do not think that this paraphrasing accurately reflects the events that transpired.

Abboud asserts that he read and understood his insurance policies, but that his understanding was

guided by the misrepresentations made by Liberty Mutual sales employees. He did not say he



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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


understood UIM coverage to be specifically excluded from the PLP policy. To the contrary, he

thought that the PLP declarations incorporated his UM/UIM coverage by referencing his auto

policy.     Reasonable minds could disagree regarding the extent to which Abboud’s own

negligence contributed to the harm he alleges. The unique facts of this case therefore warrant

sending the issue of comparative negligence to a jury along with Abboud’s negligent

misrepresentation claim.

          C.     The Tape Recording

          Finally, we pause to address the transcript of a tape-recorded conversation between

Abboud and a Liberty Mutual employee in August 2014, just after his mother’s accident. In the

conversation, the Liberty Mutual employee enthusiastically confirms that Abboud’s umbrella

policy includes UM/UIM coverage. Abboud’s attorney mailed the recording and a transcript

thereof to Liberty Mutual just four days after the close of discovery. It seems likely that this

four-day delay was harmless or that any potential harm could have been cured through limited

additional discovery. Yet Liberty Mutual sought neither to reopen discovery nor to re-depose

Abboud regarding this recording. Liberty Mutual instead filed a motion seeking the sanction of

exclusion. The district court did not pass on the merits of the motion to exclude, but denied it as

moot after determining that Liberty Mutual was entitled to summary judgment. Given the

persuasive value of this recording and this panel’s decision to remand the negligent

misrepresentation claim, the district court should consider authorizing further discovery limited

to the tape recording on remand.

                                   III.     CONCLUSION

          For the foregoing reasons, the district court should not have granted summary judgment

in favor of Liberty Mutual on Abboud’s negligent misrepresentation claim. We REVERSE the




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judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual and REMAND Abboud’s negligent misrepresentation claim

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


        McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. My colleagues correctly recognize that the

district court awarded summary judgment to Liberty Mutual for lack of evidence of an essential

element of Abboud’s claim, i.e., that he justifiably relied on a negligent misrepresentation

allegedly made by an unidentified employee over the phone. Today we reverse the court’s ruling

without identifying what evidence could be deemed to render Abboud’s reliance justifiable.

Because I see no error in the district court’s application of Ohio law to the record facts, I

respectfully dissent.

        The district court explained its reasoning with detailed references to Abboud’s own

deposition testimony. Abboud conceded that he read the provisions of the subject policies on

receipt and understood that the language in those provisions did not support his claimed

understanding that he is entitled to uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage. His asserted

understanding, admittedly at odds with the policy language, is based on an alleged telephonic

misrepresentation of an unidentified Liberty Mutual employee months before he received the

first such policy.

        Under Ohio law, “reliance is justified if the representation does not appear unreasonable

on its face and if, under the circumstances, there is no apparent reason to doubt the veracity of

the representation.” Lu-An-Do, Inc. v. Kloots, 721 N.E.2d 507. 514 (Ohio App. 5th Dist. 1999).

Here, Abboud himself admitted reading and understanding policy language that was directly at

odds with what he says he was told over the phone, representing abundant reason to doubt the

veracity of the oral representation. Yet, he accepted the policy and paid the reduced premium

without making any further inquiry. I fail to see how this can amount to justifiable reliance

under Ohio law.




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No. 17-3286, Abboud v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Grp. et al.


        In response to the motion for summary judgment, Abboud was obliged to come forward

with evidence—more than a mere scintilla—tending to support a reasonable finding that his

reliance on the telephonic representation was justifiable, despite his acknowledgement of its

inconsistency with the policy language. In my opinion, the district court properly concluded that

the record is devoid of such evidence and Abboud’s appellate briefing has failed to expose any

error in the district court’s reasoning.

        In reaching a contrary result, the majority has not identified the missing evidence.

Rather, my colleagues have subtly reformulated the standard, observing that “it is not

unjustifiable to rely on the statements of a Liberty Mutual sales employee” and that “the

application cannot be construed as confirming the absence of UM/UIM insurance.” Maj. Op. at

8–9, 10 (emphasis added). It seems to me the majority has effectively reversed the parties’

burdens. In response to Liberty Mutual’s motion, it is Abboud who has the burden of adducing

evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact to forestall summary judgment—a

burden he has not met. “No problem,” says the court. Today we impose on Liberty Mutual, as a

condition of affirming the award of summary judgment, the burden of showing that all

possibility of Abboud’s sustaining his claim in trial is foreclosed. That’s just not how the

summary judgment process, “a sort of trial on the paper record,” is designed to work. Street v.

J.C. Bradford & Co., 886 F.2d 1472, 1480–81 (6th Cir. 1989).

        Accordingly, I respectfully DISSENT.




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