                                               This opinion was filed for record
                                             at {}O) OJv:::. oJ~ UJI Wn
                                            (5:tvJ.,_ <::i. (l:_
                                                       SUSAN L. CARLSON
                                                     SUPREME COURT CLERK




     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                          )
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, )
                          )
              Respondent, )                 No. 94232-3
                          )
     V.                   )
                          )                 EN BANC
CITY OF SEATTLE;          )
DOCOMOMO US - WEWA;       )                 Filed:    JUL 2 0 2117
HISTORIC SEATTLE; and     )
THE WASHINGTON TRUST FOR )
HISTORIC PRESERVATION,    )
                          )
              Appellants. )
          ______          )

      YU, J.-The city of Seattle's (City's) municipal code includes a

"' Landmarks Preservation Ordinance'" (LPO ), chapter 25 .12 Seattle Municipal

Code (SMC). SMC 25.12.010. Pursuant to the LPO, property with significant

historical or cultural importance may be designated as landmark property. Once

property has been nominated for potential landmark designation, the LPO restricts

the owner's ability to make changes to that property. The University of
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


Washington (UW) owns property in Seattle but contends that the LPO cannot

apply to any property owned by UW (UW property). The City disagrees.

       We must now resolve this disagreement. UW wanted to demolish a building

on its Seattle campus, but that building was nominated for potential landmark

designation pursuant to the LPO. UW therefore filed a declaratory judgment

action asking for a judicial determination that the LPO cannot apply to any UW

property as a matter of law.

       As discussed below, all of UW' s arguments either fail as a matter of law or

cannot be decided in the first instance by a state court of general jurisdiction.

Therefore, we reverse the trial court and remand for entry of summary judgment in

favor of the City and DOCOMOMO US-WEWA (DOCOMOMO). 1

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The basis for the controversy currently before us dates back nearly 20 years.

In 2000, UW prepared a draft campus master plan (CMP) that made UW's position

clear: "The City landmarks ordinance is a local ordinance which is inapplicable to




       1
          DOCOMOMO is a nonprofit group dedicated to the preservation of modern
architecture. The name "is an acronym that stands for Documentation and Conservation of
Buildings, Site[s], and Neighborhoods of the Modern Movement." Clerk's Papers at 181. The
nonprofit groups Historic Seattle and the Washington Trust for Historic Preservation intervened
in this action by stipulation. All three nonprofits are represented by the same counsel and have
filed joint briefing throughout the case, so this opinion refers to all three as "DOCOMOMO."


                                                2
Univ. of Wash. v. City ofSeattle, et al., No. 94232-3


University property because it conflicts with the [Board of] Regent[s'] exclusive

authority over its buildings." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 99.

       UW ultimately agreed to an amended CMP, which the City approved, that

memorialized the parties' disagreement without resolving it: "By adopting and

approving the Master Plan, neither the University nor the City of Seattle waives or

concedes its legal position concerning the scope of either party's legal authority to

control or regulate University property." Id. at 277; see also UNIVERSITY OF

WASHINGTON MASTER PLAN: SEATTLE CAMPUS 125 (Jan. 2003 ),

http://cpd.uw.edu/sites/default/files/master-plan/2003 _ CMP/uw-2003-campus-

master-plan.pdf [https://perma.cc/9T66-LF3W].

       Since UW adopted its CMP in 2003, the applicability of the LPO came up in

connection with UW' s 20 IO renovation of Husky Stadium and with a 2011

nomination of the Sand Point Naval Air Station for potential landmark designation.

In both of those situations, UW chose to voluntarily comply with the LPO process

but was careful to note that such voluntary compliance "neither waives nor

concedes its legal position with regard to the City's regulatory jurisdiction over the

University as an agency of the State of Washington." CP at 176.

       The facts alleged in UW' s complaint in this case are uncontroverted. In

2015, UW's Board of Regents (Regents) identified the More Hall Annex (Annex)

for possible demolition, to be replaced with a new Computer Science and


                                               3
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


Engineering Building (CSE II). The Annex had been constructed in 1961 to house

UW's nuclear reactor. After the reactor was shut down in 1988 and UW's nuclear

engineering program ended four years later, the Annex sat vacant and unused. On

December 2, 2015, DOCOMOMO nominated the Annex for potential designation

as a landmark pursuant to the LPO. While the process of choosing the site for CSE

II continued, UW filed this declaratory action in King County Superior Court,

seeking a ruling that the LPO cannot apply to UW property as a matter of law.

       On cross motions for summary judgment, the trial court ruled in favor of

UW, determining that the LPO "has no application because the University is not a

'person' or 'owner' as defined in the LPO." Id. at 609. The trial court expressly

did not consider any of the other issues presented. The City and DOCOMOMO

appealed. 2

       The Court of Appeals, Division One, certified the case for our direct review,

and our commissioner accepted certification pursuant to RCW 2.06.030 and RAP

4.4. Ruling Accepting Certification, Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, No. 94232-

3, at 2 (Wash. Mar. 9, 2017). We accepted amici briefings supporting the City




       2  The City and DOCOMOMO did not seek a stay of the trial court's ruling pending
appeal. Therefore, following the ruling, the City issued a demolition permit and UW demolished
the Annex. However, we decide this case on the merits because it raises "a question of
continuing and substantial public interest." Klickitat County Citizens Against Imported Waste v.
Klickitat County, 122 Wn.2d 619,632, 860 P.2d 390, 866 P.2d 1256 (1993) (citing Sorenson v.
City of Bellingham, 80 Wn.2d 547,558,496 P.2d 512 (1972)).


                                                4
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


from the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation,

Futurewise, and the Washington State Association of Municipal Attorneys

(WSAMA).

                                           ISSUES 3

       A.      Is the Regents' "full control" over UW property "except as otherwise

provided by law," as expressed in RCW 28B.20.130(1), subject to limitation by

applicable state statutes?

       B.      If so, is UW a "[s]tate agenc[y]" that must comply with local

development regulations adopted pursuant to the Growth Management Act (GMA)

in accordance with RCW 36.70A.103?

       C.      If so, is the LPO a local "development regulation[]" that was "adopted

pursuant to" the GMA in accordance with RCW 36.70A.1037

       D.      Is UW a property "'[o]wner"' as defined by SMC 25.12.200 such that

the LPO applies to UW's Seattle property?

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

       UW seeks a holding that the LPO can never apply to any UW property as a

matter of law. There are no disputed material facts in this case, and all the



       3
         The City raises the question of whether UW's CMP supplants the LPO. However, UW
invokes the CMP only as evidence that it is mmecessary to apply the LPO to UW property. We
therefore discuss the CMP to the extent that it is relevant to the other issues presented, rather
than as a stand-alone issue.


                                                5
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


questions presented require statutory and regulatory interpretation. Our review is

thus de novo. Burns v. City of Seattle, 161 Wn.2d 129, 140, 164 P.3d 475 (2007).

       State statutes and local ordinances are subject to the same interpretive rules.

Faciszewski v. Brown, 187 Wn.2d 308, 320, 3 86 P .3d 711 (2016). Where the

meaning of a statute or ordinance is plain and unambiguous, we must "give effect

to that plain meaning as an expression of legislative intent." Burns, 161 Wn.2d at

140. "Plain meaning is discerned from viewing the words of a particular provision

in the context of the statute in which they are found, together with related statutory

provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole." Id.

                                         ANALYSIS

       UW and the City have been grappling over the LPO's applicability to UW

property since the City first adopted the LPO in 1977. State v. City of Seattle, 94

Wn.2d 162, 164-65, 615 P.2d 461 (1980). There is no question that UW's Seattle

property includes historically and culturally significant resources. The debate has

always centered on who has the authority to control those resources.

       The last time we addressed this issue directly was in 1980. The court held

that the LPO could not apply to a portion of UW property as a matter of

constitutional law. Id. at 166. In the present case, however, the questions

presented are based on the interpretation of statutes and regulations that have been

substantially amended since City of Seattle was decided, so we must reconsider the


                                                6
Univ. a/Wash. v. City ofSeattle, et al., No. 94232-3


ultimate question of whether the LPO can apply to UW property in light of the

current statutory language.

       We hold that City of Seattle has been superseded in part by statute and that

the LPO can, at least in some circumstances, be applied to UW property in Seattle.

We therefore reverse and remand for the entry of summary judgment in favor of

the City and DOCOMOMO.

A.     The Regents' control over UW property is subject to limitation by applicable
       state statutes

       Both UW and its Regents are creatures of statute, with "no powers that are

not conferred by statute, and none that the legislature cannot take away or ignore."

State v. Hewitt Land Co., 74 Wash. 573, 580, 134 P. 474 (1913). The first

Washington State Legislature established "the University of Washington" and

"vest[ed]" its governance in the Regents. LAWS OF 1889, ch. 12, §§ 1, 3, at 395,

96. Beginning in 1909, the legislature expressly granted the Regents "full control

of the university and its property of various kinds." LAWS OF 1909, ch. 97, § 5, at

240.

       That statutory language had not been amended when City of Seattle was

decided in 1980, and the statute's strong, unequivocal language was a key factor in

our decision. City of Seattle, 94 Wn.2d at 165 (citing former RCW 28B.20.130

(1977)). We began with the principle that municipal ordinances such as the LPO



                                              7
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


cannot apply where they conflict with state statutes pursuant to article XI, section

11 of the Washington Constitution. Id. at 166.

       Two state statutes were at issue in City of Seattle. The first was former

RCW 28B.20.130(1), which, as noted, gave the Regents "'full control of the

university and its property of various kinds."' Id. at 165. The court also

considered former RCW 28B.20.392(2)(b)(ii) (1969), which specifically gave the

Regents the authority to "'to raze, reconstruct, alter, remodel or add to existing

buildings,"' id. at 166, in the "Metropolitan Tract," which is "the original 10-acre

parcel of land endowed to Washington Territory to establish a university, and now

lies in the center of downtown Seattle," id. at 164. We held that applying the LPO

to UW property in the Metropolitan Tract would conflict with both of those

statutes and therefore that such application would be unconstitutional. Id. at 166.

       However, in 1985, the legislature amended the statute regarding the

Regents' control to provide that the Regents have "full control of the university

and its property of various kinds, except as otherwise provided by law." LAWS OF

1985, ch. 370, § 92(1). That language remains in the current statute, codified at

RCW 28B.20.130(1). In addition, the statute authorizing UW to raze its

Metropolitan Tract buildings was repealed in 1999. LAWS OF 1999, ch. 346, § 8(2).

Consequently, "the legal underpinnings of our precedent have changed or

disappeared altogether," and we must consider the issue anew. W G. Clark Constr.


                                                8
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


Co. v. Pac. Nw. Reg'l Council of Carpenters, 180 Wn.2d 54, 66,322 P.3d 1207

(2014).

       The language of the current version ofRCW 28B.20.130(1) is unequivocal:

the Regents have "full control" over UW property "except as otherwise provided

by law." When presented with such clear language, we must "'assume the

Legislature meant exactly what it said and apply the statute as written."' Town of

Woodway v. Snohomish County, 180 Wn.2d 165,174,322 P.3d 1219 (2014)

(quoting Duke v. Boyd, 133 Wn.2d 80, 87, 942 P.2d 351 (1997)). There can be

little doubt that the plain language ofRCW 28B.20.130(1) means that the Regents'

control over UW property may be limited, at least, by other applicable state

statutes. 4 The GMA is certainly a state statute. Whether it is applicable is

discussed below.

       Despite this plain language, UW argues that the legislature never intended to

limit the Regents' plenary authority over UW property. As a matter of statutory

interpretation, UW argues that the GMA is a "general law" that cannot "implicitly


       4
         There may be a question as to whether the Regents' full control over UW property may
be limited directly by local ordinances. In City of Seattle, UW argued "that a blanket rule of
immunity applies to exempt state property from municipal regulations unless the legislature
specifically provides otherwise." 94 Wn.2d at 166. This court "decline[d] to apply a rule of
immunity, and [found] it unnecessary to express an opinion on the validity of such a rule." Id. at
167. We have since firmly rejected any such blanket immunity, holding instead that we must
'"determine the intent of the Legislature when deciding whether a govermnental unit is subject to
a municipal zoning ordinance."' City of Everett v. Snohomish County, 112 Wn.2d 433, 440, 772
P.2d 992 (1989) (quoting Dearden v. Detroit, 403 Mich. 257,264,269 N.W.2d 139 (1978)).
However, this case concerns only applicable state statutes, not local ordinances.


                                                9
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


amend" the Regents' full control over UW property. Br. ofResp't at 28 (boldface

omitted). Relatedly, UW also argues that a "general law" cannot "alter prior

enabling statutes that assign specific authority to individual state agencies." Id. at

3 6 (boldface omitted) (citing Residents Opposed to Kittitas Turbines v. State

Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council, 165 Wn.2d 275, 309-10, 197 P.3d 1153

(2008)).

       UW relies heavily on the "general-specific rule," which is a rule of statutory

construction that "a specific statute will prevail over a general statute." Residents

Opposed, 165 Wn.2d at 309. The general-specific rule is undoubtedly a sound

principle of statutory construction where applicable. The problem is that before

applying the general-specific rule, we must identify a conflict between the relevant

statutes that cannot be resolved or harmonized by reading the plain statutory

language in context. Id. at 309-10 (holding that RCW 36.70A.103 is a general

statute that cannot apply in the face of a state statute that specifically and explicitly

exempts alternative energy facilities from local regulation). Where such a conflict

is presented, "[a] state agency cannot both preempt local laws and comply with

such laws at the same time," and the more specific statute prevails. Id. at 309.

       Here, there was no implicit amendment ofRCW 28B.20.130(1), and there is

no conflict between that statute and the GMA. The Regents' authority over UW

property was explicitly amended in 1985, allowing the Regents to exercise full


                                               10
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


control over UW property "except as otherwise provided by law." LAWS OF 1985,

ch. 370, § 92(1) (emphasis added) (underlining omitted). This language

unambiguously reflects a legislative decision that the Regents' authority is subject

to limitation by applicable state statutes. Therefore, if the GMA is applicable, then

the Regents' authority must yield unless there is a specific statute that conflicts

with the GMA's application to a particular portion of UW's property. Any such

conflict must be addressed in the context of a particular nomination for potential

landmark designation or similarly specific facts.

       UW also points to RCW 28B.20.700, which empowers the Regents "to

provide for the construction, completion, reconstruction, remodeling, rehabilitation

and improvement of buildings and facilities authorized by the legislature for the

use of the university" as proof that it cannot be subject to the LPO via the GMA.

Unfortunately for UW, this statute says nothing about demolishing any buildings,

and it does not give the Regents any authority over buildings or facilities on UW

property that were not authorized by the legislature for the use of the university.

However, UW is seeking a holding that the LPO cannot ever be applied to any UW

property in any way. There are certainly factual scenarios where the LPO might

conflict with the Regents' specific authority and thus be inapplicable, but again,

those scenarios must be considered in their specific factual contexts.




                                               11
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


       Finally, UW points to legislative history, claiming that the legislature added

the "'except as otherwise provided by law'" language in 1985 for the sole purpose

of enabling the newly created, now-defunct Higher Education Coordinating Board

to carry out its "authority to coordinate educational policy among the state's four-

year institutions of higher education." Br. of Resp't at 29. But UW does not

explain why we should look to legislative history even though the statute's

meaning is unambiguous. We decline to do so. Tingey v. Haisch, 159 Wn.2d 652,

657, 152 P.3d 1020 (2007).

       UW also raises a number of policy arguments. We may resist a plain

meaning interpretation that would lead to absurd results, Burns, 161 Wn.2d at 150,

but UW's policy-based arguments show only that UW views the consequences of

RCW 28B.20.130(l)'s plain meaning as undesirable, not that we should view those

consequences as absurd. There are competing, reasonable policy arguments that

favor the City and DOCOMOMO. We do not attempt to resolve these competing

policy arguments, but they do show that the plain meaning of the statute does not

necessarily lead to absurd results.

       UW relies on City of Seattle to demonstrate the legislature's "'intent that the

decision-making power as to preservation or destruction of Tract buildings rests

with the Board of Regents."' Br. ofResp't at 12 (quoting City of Seattle, 94

Wn.2d at 166). This argument suffers from two fundamental problems. First, as


                                               12
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


noted above, former RCW 28B.20.392(2)(b)(ii) was repealed in 1999. UW argues

the repeal does not matter because when it repealed the statute, the legislature

provided that "[n]othing in this act may be construed to diminish in any way the

powers of the board of regents to control its property including,. but not limited to,

the powers now or previously set forth in RCW 28B.20.392." LAWS OF 1999, ch.

346, § 1. This would be a forceful argument if not for the second fundamental

problem with UW's argument: the Annex building at issue in this case was located

on the Seattle campus in the University District, not in the downtown Metropolitan

Tract. Thus, the Regents' specific authority to raze Metropolitan Tract buildings

pursuant to former RCW 28B.20.392 is inapplicable.

       UW further claims support for its position from the fact that "the Legislature

has appropriated funds both to demolish the Annex and to construct CSE II in its

place." Br. of Resp't at 27. This assertion is misleading. UW cites as support for

its assertion the declaration of UW' s senior vice president of planning and

management. That declaration actually states that the legislature appropriated

funds to deactivate the Annex's nuclear facility in 2006 as required by federal law.

Nine years later, in 2015, the legislature approved funding for construction of CSE

II. There is no indication these funding grants were in any way related to each

other or to the statutory interpretation issue before us now.




                                               13
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


       Finally, UW claims that its CMP already protects historical resources, so

applying the LPO is unnecessary. This does nothing to advance UW's argument

about the plain meaning ofRCW 28B.20.130(1) as a matter of law. IfUW feels

that plain meaning was unintended or ill advised, it must take its concerns to the

legislature.

       Meanwhile, WSAMA' s amicus brief lays out in detail the potential

ramifications of a decision in UW's favor. WSAMA points to potential effects

statewide, given "that the campuses of other colleges and universities are located

within cities and towns," and those cities and towns have their own local

development regulations that expressly contemplate application to higher

education facilities. Br. of Amicus WSAMA at 5. WSAMA further contends that

the statutes governing the control of these higher education facilities are "identical

to the UW' s authorizing legislation," such that "the careful balance established by

other cities' codes will be upset, and ... the legal dispute between the City and the

UW could recur in another forum as a dispute between a different city and a

different college or university." Id. at 6-7.

       In addition to these widespread geographical implications, WSAMA notes

that accepting UW' s position may have widespread legal implications because the

GMA's entire statutory scheme "is unworkable if development regulations are not

applied equally." Id. at 16. According to WSAMA, a holding in UW's favor in


                                               14
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


this case would not be limited to the context of historic preservation. Rather, the

GMA' s entire scope would be called into question, potentially affecting such

broad, critically important areas as "protection of the environment and critical

areas, and providing for housing, transportation[,] water, sewer and stormwater."

Id. To that end, WSAMA contends that the plain language ofRCW 28B.20.130(1)

shows that the legislature "acted conclusively to rein in the UW and put to rest the

UW's blanket immunity claim in [City of Seattle, 94 Wn.2d 162]." Id. at 10-11.

       We do not attempt to resolve how these potential ramifications should be

balanced against UW's competing policy arguments, but WSAMA's concerns are

certainly reasonable enough to demonstrate that applying RCW 28B.20.130(1) as

written will not lead to absurd results. Accordingly, we hold that the plain

language ofRCW 28B.20.130(1) provides that the Regents' control over UW

property is subject to limitation by other applicable state statutes.

B.     UW is a state agency that must comply with local development regulations
       adopted pursuant to the GMA

       UW next contends that even if the Regents' authority is subject to limitation

by applicable state statutes, the GMA is not an applicable state statute because UW

is not a "[s]tate agenc[y]" that "shall comply with the local comprehensive plans

and development regulations and amendments thereto adopted pursuant to" the

GMA. RCW 36.70A.103. The term "state agency" is not defined by either the



                                               15
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


GMA or the regulations interpreting it. RCW 36.70A.030; WAC 365-196-200,

-210. "When a statutory term is undefined, the words of a statute are given their

ordinary meaning." State v. Gonzalez, 168 Wn.2d 256, 263, 226 P.3d 131 (2010).

We hold that UW is a state agency within the plain and ordinary meaning of that

term as it is used in RCW 36.70A.103.

        At the risk of overstating the obvious, the plain and ordinary meaning of a

"state agency" is an "agency of the state"-that is, an entity authorized to act on

behalf of and under the control of the State of Washington. See Bain v. Metro.

Mortg. Grp., Inc., 175 Wn.2d 83,106,285 P.3d 34 (2012); RESTATEMENT (THIRD)

OF   AGENCY § 1.01 (AM. LA w INST. 2006). UW is an entity that is authorized to act

on behalf of the State of Washington "to provide a liberal education in literature,

science, art, law, medicine, military science and such other fields as may be

established therein from time to time by the board of regents or by law." RCW

28B.20.020. To fulfill its mission, UW has been granted specific authority, see

generally ch. 28B.20 RCW, which is subject to revision by the legislature, Hewitt,

74 Wash. at 580. UW is clearly a state agency as that term is ordinarily defined.

        This ordinary meaning of a state agency is in no way undermined by the

statutory context at issue. In fact, one limitation on the GMA's requirement that

state agencies must comply with local development regulations is that "[n]o local

comprehensive plan or development regulation may preclude the siting of essential


                                               16
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


public facilities." RCW 36.70A.200(5). "Essential public facilities include ...

state education facilities." Id. at (1). This limitation would be superfluous if

agencies concerned with siting state educational facilities, such as UW, were not

required to comply with local development regulations at all.

       Furthermore, the City points out that UW is a state agency for the purposes

of many state laws, including "the Public Records Act and the Washington Law

Against Discrimination, among others." City's Reply Br. at 6 (citing RCW

42.56.010(1); RCW 49.60.040(19)). Moreover, UW has consistently held itself

out as a state agency in this and other cases. See, e.g., City of Seattle, 94 Wn.2d at

166-67 ("Since the University is a state agency and no statute expressly provides

that the Tract is subject to local laws, the University argues that the Tract is

immune from the city's landmarks ordinance." (emphasis added)); CP at 178

(''[T]he University neither waives nor concedes its position with regard to the

City's regulatory jurisdiction over the University as an agency of the State of

Washington." (emphasis added)).

       In response, UW contends that "[t]he Legislature expressly specifies where

it intends the broad term 'state agencies' to include institutions of higher

education." Br. of Resp't at 40 (boldface omitted). This is not necessarily the

case. Certainly, some statutes are written to expressly include state universities

when referring to state agencies. See, e.g., RCW 70.175.070(2) (rural health


                                               17
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


system project). However, some statutes are written to expressly exclude state

universities. See, e.g., RCW 41.06.133(1)(k)(iii) (state civil service law). And

some statutes are written with the assumption that state universities are state

agencies. See, e.g., RCW 42.56.010(1) (Public Records Act); Progressive Animal

Welfare Soc '.Y v. Univ. of Wash., 125 Wn.2d 243, 884 P.2d 592 (1994) (plurality

opinion) (applying the Public Records Act to UW). Thus, UW's argument that the

legislature always specifies when it intends to include state universities as state

agencies is simply not true.

       UW is a state agency in accordance with the plain and ordinary meaning of

that term, which is clearly appropriate given the statutory context of RCW

36.70A.103. Therefore, UW must comply with local development regulations

adopted pursuant to the GMA.

C.     We do not address the merits ofUW's argument that the LPO is not a local
       development regulation adopted pursuant to the GMA

       UW next argues that even if it is required to comply with local development

regulations adopted pursuant to the GMA, the LPO is not such a regulation

because, according to UW, the LPO was not properly adopted in compliance with

the GMA. 5 On this issue, UW' s arguments must be addressed in the first instance


       5
         The court requested supplemental briefing from the parties regarding the adoption of the
LPO. After the parties filed their supplemental briefs, the City moved to admit additional
evidence or to strike portions of UW' s supplemental brief. This motion was passed to the merits
and is now denied.


                                               18
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


by the Growth Management Hearings Board (GMHB). RCW 36.70A.280(1)(a);

Stafne·v. Snohomish County, 174 Wn.2d 24, 32, 271 P.3d 868 (2012). Therefore,

if UW wants its arguments considered on the merits, it must file a petition with the

GMHB. If the result is unfavorable, UW may then appeal to the superior court.

Stafne, 174 Wn.2d at 38.

D.     UW is a property owner as defined by the LPO

       Finally, we reach the specific issue on which the trial court based its ruling.

The trial court agreed with UW that the LPO, by its own terms, cannot apply to

UW property because UW is not a property "'owner'" as defined by the LPO. CP

at 610. We reverse this determination because by failing to account for the

regulatory context in which the LPO defines a property owner, the trial court

applied an unreasonably technical and narrow definition of that term. We hold that

UW is a property owner as defined by the LPO and therefore that the LPO's own

language does not preclude its application to UW property.

       Seattle's LPO creates a comprehensive regulatory scheme for historic

preservation. There are procedural and substantive rules for every stage of the

process: nominating property for potential landmark designation, considering such

nominations and seeking input from the property owner and the public at large,

approving or disapproving nominations, negotiating with the property owner

regarding the controls that apply to landmark property and the incentives the


                                               19
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


property owner will receive in return, and amending or repealing previous

landmark designations. Thus, landmark designation is not automatically given to

any nominated property that meets the minimum qualifications, and landmark

designations may be reviewed to accommodate changed circumstances.

       UW argues that its own historic preservation procedures are sufficient, if not

superior, to the LPO, but whether UW is a property owner as defined by the LPO

requires us to answer the very different question of what the city council intended.

The LPO defines an '" [oJwner"' as "a person having a fee simple interest, a

substantial beneficial interest of record or a substantial beneficial interest known to

the [Landmarks Preservation] Board [(Board)] in an object, site or improvement."

SMC 25.12.200. In turn, a "person" is defined as "an individual, partnership,

corporation, group or association." SMC 25.12.220.

       The City contends that UW is a person, and therefore an owner, because it is

a corporation according to the ordinary meaning of that term as "a group of

individuals acting collectively as a legal person, distinct from the individuals

themselves, to exercise the powers bestowed upon it," City's Opening Br. at 26.

UW does not dispute that it falls within the ordinary meaning suggested by the

City. However, UW does argue that it is not a corporation because it is not

organized pursuant to Title 23, 23B, or 24 RCW and the state legislation that




                                               20
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


established UW in its present form does not use the word "'corporate"' or

"'corporation."' Br. ofResp't at 18.

       UW casts its interpretation as the only one that accords with the LPO's plain

language, but the LPO does not say "corporation organized pursuant to Title 23,

23B, or 24 RCW" or "corporation as established in its charter or enabling

legislation." It says only "corporation," a word that, as a general matter, may

reasonably be interpreted either ordinarily and broadly, as the City contends, or

technically and narrowly, as UW contends. The word alone, without any context,

does not tell us which interpretation was intended by the city council. Therefore,

before declaring the word's plain meaning, we must consider the context in which

it is used. Burns, 161 Wn.2d at 140; Tingey, 159 Wn.2d at 65 8 (if a word has both

ordinary and technical meanings, the technical meaning is applied only if the

context shows that the word is being "used in its technical field"). It is apparent

from the context that "'[o]wner,"' "'[p]erson,"' and "corporation" were intended to

be interpreted according to their broad, ordinary meanings. SMC 25.12.200, .220 .

      . First looking to the definitions themselves, a narrow and technical

interpretation simply does not make sense. An "'[o]wner"' is not restricted to a

legal owner, but rather includes anyone with "a fee simple interest, a substantial

beneficial interest of record or a substantial beneficial interest known to the

Board." SMC 25.12.200. Similarly, a "'[p]erson"' includes, among others, a


                                               21
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


"group or association," words that, to the best of our knowledge, do not have

technical legal meanings. SMC 25.12.220.

       Second, when read in the complete regulatory context of the LPO, these

terms are not defined for the purpose of limiting the LPO' s intended reach, as UW

contends. Rather, they are defined for the purpose of ensuring that anyone whose

property rights may be affected by an action pursuant to the LPO is given proper

notice of his or her substantive and procedural rights and obligations. Effecting

this purpose requires that the words be interpreted according to their broad,

ordinary meanings.

       The LPO provides that "[a]ny person including the Historic Preservation

Officer and any member of the Board may nominate any site, improvement or

object for designation as a landmark." SMC 25.12.370(A) (emphasis added).

Once property has been nominated, the LPO's standards for approving landmark

designation are as follows:

              An object, site or improvement which is more than twenty-five
       (25) years old may be designated for preservation as a landmark site
       or landmark if it has significant character, interest or value as part of
       the development, heritage or cultural characteristics of the City, state,
       or nation, if it has integrity or the ability to convey its significance,
       and if it falls into one ( 1) of the following categories:
              A.      It is the location of, or is associated in a significant way
       with, an historic event with a significant effect upon the community,
       City, state, or nation; or
              B.      It is associated in a significant way with the life of a
       person important in the history of the City, state, or nation; or

                                               22
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


               C.    It is associated in a significant way with a significant
       aspect of the cultural, political, or economic heritage of the
       community, City, state or nation; or
              D.     It embodies the distinctive visible characteristics of an
       architectural style, or period, or of a method of construction; or
              E.     It is an outstanding work of a designer or builder; or
              F.     Because of its prominence of spatial location, contrasts of
       siting, age, or scale, it is an easily identifiable visual feature of its
       neighborhood or the City and contributes to the distinctive quality or
       identity of such neighborhood or the City.

SMC 25.12.350. The criteria for nominating and approving property for landmark

designation thus do not address what type of entity owns the property. Instead, any

person is permitted to nominate any object, site, or improvement within the City's

geographical jurisdiction for landmark designation, which may be approved if the

property meets the criteria of SMC 25.12.350.

       Meanwhile, in literally every instance where the LPO does use the word

"owner," it is in a provision for giving notice to those whose property rights may

be affected or in a provision advising property owners of their substantive and

procedural rights and obligations. None of these provisions distinguish between

different types of owners; the rights and obligations of an individual are the same

as those of a partnership, corporation, group, or association. SMC 25.12.120

(economic incentives and compensation for affected property owners), .210

(property owner is a party of record), .320(E) (Historic Preservation Officer shall

"encourage and advise owners"), .320(H) (Historic Preservation Officer shall


                                               23
 Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


 "grant certificates of approval all without prejudice to the right of the owner at any

 time to apply directly to the Board"), .3 80 (providing for service on the owner of

 notice of public meetings where the Board considers whether to take further action

 on a nomination), .400 (providing for service of notice on the owner if the Board

 approves landmark designation), .440 (providing for service on the owner of the

 Board's report and the LPO's negotiation procedures for approved landmark

.; designations), .490-.570, .610, .630 (providing procedures for the owner to

 negotiate with the Board regarding controls and incentives if landmark designation

 is approved and for review of any controls or incentives by a hearing officer and

 then by the city council), .580-.600 (providing that owners may not be deprived of

 reasonable economic use of their property), .650-.660 (providing for notice to the

 owner of ordinances designating landmark property and of a!ly intended

 amendment or repeal of such ordinances), .670-.680, .720-.730, .750-.770

 (procedures for obtaining approval for making alterations to property nominated

 for landmark designation), .835 (conditions under which an owner may demolish

 landmark property), .840 (general provisions for service of notice on the owner),

 .850 (situations where proceedings on a landmark nomination will be terminated),

 .860 (owner's right to seek revocation or alteration of designation, incentives, and

 controls), .870 (owner's right to copies of staff reports and studies), .900 (owner's

 right to request advice from the Board).


                                                24
 Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


        Thus, when the plain language is considered in context, the city council's

 clear purpose in defining an owner was to ensure that everyone with the right to

 notice receives it and is made aware of his or her substantive rights and

 obligations. UW's technical, narrow interpretation does not reflect this purpose.

        UW, however, contends that the broad, ordinary interpretation advanced by

 the City would lead to absurd results because it is "so broad [it] would include the

. state and federal government even though neither are corporations as that term is

 commonly understood." Br. of Resp't at 21. To the extent that UW's concern is

 that this would allow the LPO to apply to all state and federal property, it is

 undisputed that the LPO cannot apply where it actually conflicts with state or

 federal law. And to the extent that the LPO can apply to state and federal property

 without conflicting with state or federal law, there is no reason to deprive the state

 or federal government of the same substantive and procedural rights and

 obligations afforded to other property owners by the LPO.

        Considered in context, it is clear that the LPO's definition of "owner" should

 be broadly construed in order to ensure that it serves the purposes for which it was

 intended. UW properly does not dispute that it is a corporation, and thus a person,

 and thus an owner, under a broad reading. We therefore reverse the trial court's

 ruling on this issue.




                                                25
Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3


                                       CONCLUSION

       The Regents enjoyed over a century of plenary authority over UW property.

It is understandable that UW is resistant to changing that structure. It is also

understandable that UW takes offense at any suggestion that it does not sufficiently

value its own historical resources. However, it is up to the legislature, not UW, to

grant, expand, restrict, or rescind the Regents' authority. The plain language of the

current statutes provide that the Regents' authority is subject to limitation by

applicable state statutes, including the GMA's provision that state agencies must

comply with local development regulations adopted pursuant to the GMA. UW

property that is located in Seattle is thus potentially subject to the LPO absent a

specific, directly conflicting statute. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's grant

of summary judgment in favor of UW and remand for entry of summary judgment

in favor of the City and DOCOMOMO.




                                               26
        Univ. of Wash. v. City of Seattle, et al., No. 94232-3




        WE CONCUR:




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