                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                December 21, 2009
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                        No. 08-8066
 v.                                          (D.Ct. No. 2:07-CR-00237-WFD-4)
                                                          (D. Wyo.)
 ALICE LOU MCCLURE, a/k/a Alice
 Aragon,

          Defendant-Appellant.


                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before O'BRIEN, BRORBY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.



      Appellant Alice Lou McClure pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to

traffic in methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and

846, and one count of possession with intent to distribute at least 500 grams but

less than 1.5 kilograms of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A). She now appeals her 188-month sentence, claiming the

district court erred in: (1) increasing by two levels her base offense level under


      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”) § 2D1.1(b)(1)

for possession of two firearms; (2) increasing her criminal history by two points

under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d) for committing the instant methamphetamine

conspiracy offense while on unsupervised probation for another offense; and (3)

failing to apply a two-level safety valve reduction under U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2. We

exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and

affirm Ms. McClure’s sentence.



                      I. Factual and Procedural Background

      The charges against Ms. McClure arose out of an investigation concerning

a methamphetamine trafficking conspiracy which began in 2004 in southwestern

Wyoming. During the same year, Albert Ramos Guerra became romantically

involved with Ms. McClure and left Wisconsin to live with her in her single-wide

trailer in Rock Springs, Wyoming. Based on interviews later conducted by Drug

Enforcement Administration Special Agent Steven Woodson, Ms. McClure and

Mr. Guerra began distributing methamphetamine almost immediately after he

moved in with her in 2004, and, through her, he met the sources they used to

purchase the methamphetamine, which included other members of the instant drug

trafficking conspiracy. Mr. Guerra and Ms. McClure began distributing

methamphetamine by purchasing and reselling relatively small ounce quantities

but eventually, by 2007, increased the amount they purchased and sold to as much

                                        -2-
as a pound for each transaction, which occurred as frequently as every week or

two. During part of this time, from May 2004 to May 2005, Ms. McClure was

serving a deferred sentence of unsupervised probation for driving under the

influence.



      By 2007, as part of the investigation into the methamphetamine conspiracy,

a confidential informant made three methamphetamine purchases from Mr.

Guerra, including one-half ounce on January 12, 2007; fifty-two grams on January

15, 2007; and eighty-two grams on February 1, 2007. Based on these purchases,

agents obtained and executed a search warrant on February 1, 2007, for the trailer

where Mr. Guerra and Ms. McClure resided. During the search, they found and

seized electronic scales; approximately one-half pound of methamphetamine in

the living room; a .22 magnum pistol from a cabinet in the living room; and a .22

caliber rifle from the utility room, as well as ammunition, various payment and

debt ledgers, marijuana, prescription pills, and other drug paraphernalia. In

addition, the agents found and seized one-half pound of methamphetamine in a

vehicle belonging to Mr. Guerra and another 99.9 grams of methamphetamine

from a vehicle belonging to both Mr. Guerra and Ms. McClure.



      Following her indictment on multiple methamphetamine trafficking counts,

Ms. McClure entered into a written plea agreement in which she agreed to plead

                                         -3-
guilty to one count of conspiracy to traffic in methamphetamine, in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846, and one count of possession with

intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and

(b)(1)(A). She also stipulated her relevant conduct involved at least 500 grams

but less than 1.5 kilograms of methamphetamine.



      During her change of plea hearing, the district court conducted a Rule 11

colloquy during which it discussed with Ms. McClure the factual basis for her

guilty plea to the drug conspiracy count, including the time frame of her

participation in the conspiracy. It began by asking her whether she read and

understood the conspiracy count, which stated, “from ... January 2004, through

and including the return of this indictment,” she conspired to possess with intent

to distribute methamphetamine, to which she answered, “yes.” Ape. App., Vol. 1

at 66-67. She also stated she reviewed the charge with her attorney. The district

court then asked if she understood the portion of the document called “Elements

of the Crime and the Prosecutor’s Statement,” which stated the government must

prove that “from ... January 2004 through and including September 19, 2007,” she

participated in the conspiracy, to which she also responded, “yes.” Id. at 85-86.

The following discussion then occurred:

      The Court:          Were you involved in a criminal conspiracy as
                          identified in Count One of this indictment in a
                          period of time from in or about January 2004

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                           through and including September 19, 2007?

      [Ms. McClure]:       Yes, Your Honor.

             ....

      The Court:           What did you do, ma’am?

      [Ms. McClure]:       I was involved with a delivery of meth with my
                           boyfriend.

      The Court:           Explain in detail what you did as part of this
                           conspiracy.

      [Ms. McClure]:       We sold meth, bought it, sold it.

Id. at 88-89 (emphasis added). The final discussion regarding the date of her

involvement in the conspiracy then occurred:

      The Court:           And all of these events occurred within the time
                           frame identified in this indictment count; and, that
                           is, from beginning on or about January 2004
                           through and including September 19, 2007?

      [Ms. McClure]:       The large amounts was [sic] just from like maybe
                           November of 2006 to January of 2007. Before
                           that it wasn’t big, huge amounts.

Id. at 91 (emphasis added).



      Following the district court’s acceptance of Ms. McClure’s guilty plea, a

probation officer prepared a presentence report, applying the 2007 Guidelines and

calculating her base offense level at 36 as a result of her stipulation to

distributing at least 500 grams but less than 1.5 kilograms of methamphetamine.


                                          -5-
The probation officer also recommended a two-level increase to the offense level

for possession of dangerous weapons under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), which, in this

case, involved recovery of two firearms, and also recommended a three-level

reduction in the offense level for Ms. McClure’s acceptance of responsibility, for

a total offense level of 35.



      In calculating Ms. McClure’s criminal history category, the probation

officer increased her criminal history points by two, under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d),

for committing the instant methamphetamine conspiracy offense while on

unsupervised probation for her conviction for driving under the influence. A total

offense level of 35, together with a criminal history category of II, resulted in a

recommended advisory Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months imprisonment.

The probation officer also pointed out the statutory minimum sentence for Ms.

McClure’s offense was ten years.



      Thereafter, Ms. McClure filed three objections to the presentence report,

regarding: (1) the recommended two-level offense level increase under U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1(b)(1) for possession of firearms; (2) the recommended two-point criminal

history increase under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d) for committing the instant

methamphetamine conspiracy offense while on unsupervised probation; and (3)

the probation officer’s failure to recommend and apply a two-level safety valve

                                          -6-
reduction under U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2. In making her objections, Ms. McClure

claimed the two-point criminal history increase did not apply because the

evidence showed her involvement in the conspiracy only included 2006 and 2007,

and not the year of her probation, which ran from 2004 to 2005. As to the firearm

enhancement, Ms. McClure asserted she had no knowledge of the rifle found by

agents in her home or that her boyfriend, Mr. Guerra, traded drugs for weapons.

Finally, she argued that without the objectionable firearm enhancement she

qualified for a two-level safety valve reduction. Ms. McClure did not otherwise

object to the facts provided in the presentence report.



      At the sentencing hearing, Ms. McClure again objected to the firearm

enhancement and two-point criminal history increase and requested application of

a safety valve reduction – all based on the same arguments previously presented.

In turn, the government pointed out Ms. McClure and Mr. Guerra lived together

and participated as partners in a business selling drugs out of their home and they

would likely have communicated about the firearms, or, alternatively, Ms.

McClure would have reasonably foreseen Mr. Guerra, as a co-conspirator in the

distribution of drugs, would possess a firearm. It also pointed out that during her

change of plea hearing, Ms. McClure admitted to her participation in the drug

conspiracy from 2004 to 2007, during the time of her unsupervised probation,

even though the amount of drugs sold in the early years of their conspiracy was

                                         -7-
less than the amount sold later on. It also presented the testimony of Special

Agent Woodson, who, as previously mentioned, testified Mr. Guerra and Ms.

McClure began distributing methamphetamine almost immediately after he moved

in with her in 2004, and, through her, he met the sources they used to purchase

the methamphetamine. Special Agent Woodson also testified it is not uncommon

to encounter firearms in the course of investigating methamphetamine

conspiracies, and Mr. Guerra disclosed to him he traded drugs for the firearms at

issue.



         Following this testimony and the parties’ arguments, the district court

determined a two-point increase applied in calculating Ms. McClure’s criminal

history category because the instant offense was clearly committed while serving

a one-year term of unsupervised release for driving under the influence,

regardless of the fact her involvement in the conspiracy at that time was more

modest than later on. It next held a two-level increase for possessing a dangerous

weapon applied because: (1) agents found the two firearms in her single-wide

trailer, which it found was an intimate dwelling where it would be inconceivable

she would be unaware of their presence; (2) the drugs to which she pled guilty of

possessing were in close proximity to those guns; and (3) the presence of the guns

was reasonably foreseeable to her and others during the course of the drug

conspiracy. Based on these findings, the district court determined the safety

                                           -8-
valve reduction did not apply to Ms. McClure. It then imposed a sentence at the

low end of the recommended Guidelines range for a term of 188 months

imprisonment.



                                    II. Discussion

                               A. Standard of Review

      Ms. McClure now appeals her 188-month sentence based on the same

issues and arguments presented in her objections to the presentence report and at

the sentencing hearing. She does not otherwise appeal the reasonableness of her

sentence.



      We begin with a discussion of our standard of review and the applicable

legal principles. 1 “Even after Booker, when reviewing a district court’s

application of the Sentencing Guidelines, we review legal questions de novo and

... any factual findings for clear error, giving due deference to the district court’s

application of the guidelines to the facts.” United States v. Wolfe, 435 F.3d 1289,

1295 (10 th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “Clear error exists

      1
         Rather than providing the standard of review for the first two issues on
appeal, counsel for Ms. McClure merely cites to our jurisdictional statute, 18
U.S.C. § 3742, under the heading “Standard of Review” at the beginning of her
brief. We kindly remind counsel the appellant’s brief should contain “for each
issue, a concise statement of the applicable standard of review,” together with
citations to the authorities on which the appellant relies. Fed. R. App. P.
28(a)(9)(A) and (B).

                                          -9-
if a factual finding is wholly without factual support in the record, or after

reviewing the evidence, we are definitively and firmly convinced that a mistake

has been made.” United States v. Hooks, 551 F.3d 1205, 1217 (10 th Cir. 2009)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). In pursuing sentence enhancements,

“[t]he government bears the burden of proving sentencing enhancements by a

preponderance of the evidence,” United States v. Orr, 567 F.3d 610, 614 (10 th Cir.

2009), and “showing facts necessary to justify the addition of criminal history

points,” United States v. Randall, 472 F.3d 763, 766 n.1 (10 th Cir. 2006). On the

other hand, the defendant bears the burden of showing by a preponderance of the

evidence she is eligible for safety valve relief. See United States v. Payton, 405

F.3d 1168, 1170 (10 th Cir. 2005).



                              B. Firearm Enhancement

      Having discussed the standard of review and the parties’ burdens, we turn

to the legal principles implicated. The first Guidelines section at issue,

§ 2D1.1(b)(1), provides for a two-level enhancement “[i]f a dangerous weapon

(including a firearm) was possessed” during the drug trafficking offense, and

reflects the “increased danger of violence when drug traffickers possess

weapons.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.3. Commentary to § 2D1.1(b)(1) states the

enhancement applies “if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable

that the weapon was connected with the offense.” Id. Generally, we have held

                                         -10-
possession under § 2D1.1(b)(1) is “satisfied by showing mere proximity to the

offense.” United States v. Smith, 131 F.3d 1392, 1400 (10 th Cir. 1997). “This

burden is satisfied when the government demonstrates that a temporal and spatial

relation existed between the weapon, the drug trafficking activity, and the

defendant.” United States v. Williams, 431 F.3d 1234, 1237 (10 th Cir. 2005)

(quotation marks and citation omitted). As a result, the government need only

show the weapon was found in the same location where drugs or drug

paraphernalia are stored or in the general vicinity of where part of the drug

activity occurred. See id.



      In addition, “[S]ection 1B1.3(a)(1) directs courts applying a specific

offense characteristic such as [§] 2D1.1(b)(1) to consider ‘all acts and omissions

committed or aided and abetted ... that occurred during the commission of the

offense,’” which includes “‘conduct of others in furtherance of the execution of

the jointly-undertaken criminal activity that was reasonably foreseeable by the

defendant’ regardless whether a conspiracy is charged.” United States v.

McFarlane, 933 F.2d 898, 899 (10 th Cir. 1991) (quoting U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(A) & (B) & cmt. n.2). “Together these provisions permit

sentencing courts to attribute to a defendant weapons possessed by his [or her]

codefendants if the possession of weapons was known to the defendant or

reasonably foreseeable by him [or her].” Id. In addition, we have long

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recognized firearms are “tools of the trade” for drug traffickers. See United

States v. Martinez, 938 F.2d 1078, 1083 (10 th Cir. 1991).



      In this case, the government met its burden of proving the firearm

sentencing enhancement. See Orr, 567 F.3d at 614. It presented evidence

showing the firearms and ammunition were located in Ms. McClure and Mr.

Guerra’s residence and vehicles at the same time and place as the discovery of

large amounts of methamphetamine and other drug paraphernalia, making it clear

the entire residence, as well as the vehicles, constituted the locus of their drug

trafficking operation. Accordingly, the drugs and other paraphernalia were in

sufficient proximity to the firearms for the purpose of applying the enhancement.

Next, by her own admission, Ms. McClure participated in the instant drug

conspiracy, and the evidence presented establishes not only that the firearms were

located in her small home, but were most likely accessible or visible to her,

regardless of whether she was aware of how Mr. Guerra obtained the guns. Even

if, as Ms. McClure claims, she did not know the firearms were in their trailer or

that Mr. Guerra traded drugs for them, we agree with the district court that Ms.

McClure could reasonably have foreseen Mr. Guerra would possess firearms in

conjunction with their drug trafficking conspiracy. For these reasons, we hold the

district court did not err in attributing to Ms. McClure the firearms obtained by

Mr. Guerra because the possession of those firearms was either known to her or

                                         -12-
reasonably foreseeable to her in their jointly-undertaken criminal enterprise. 2 See

McFarlane, 933 F.2d at 899.



                           C. Criminal History Increase

      The next Guidelines section at issue, § 4A1.1(d), provides for a two-point

increase in calculating a defendant’s criminal history category “if the defendant

committed the instant offense while under any criminal justice sentence, including

probation, parole, supervised release, imprisonment, work release, or escape

status.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d) (emphasis added). A note to § 4A1.1(d) reiterates

two points are added “if the defendant committed any part of the instant offense


      2
         In her appellate brief, Ms. McClure relies on an Eighth Circuit case,
United States v. Lopez, 384 F.3d 937, 944 (8 th Cir. 2004), for the proposition that
“a two-level firearm enhancement can only be applied if the Government shows
that the defendant knew or should have known based on specific past experiences
with the co-conspirator that the co-conspirator possessed a gun and used it during
drug deals.” Not only are we not bound by another circuit’s precedent, but the
facts in Lopez are very different from those presented here. In this case, the guns
at issue were found in Ms. McClure’s single-wide trailer where undisputed
evidence showed she and Mr. Guerra lived, kept drugs, and conducted drug
transactions. In Lopez, the defendant received a gun enhancement for a firearm
which was not in his possession but found in the vehicle of someone to whom he
had delivered drugs as part of a conspiracy. See 384 F.3d at 940-41. The Eighth
Circuit determined the government failed to present any evidence showing the
defendant knew or should have known that the person to whom he delivered drugs
possessed a firearm. Id. at 944. In this case, the government provided sufficient
evidence to show Ms. McClure knew or should have known of the existence of
guns located in the cabinet of her own living room and in her utility room or that,
based on their relationship and ongoing drug trafficking conspiracy over the past
three years, Mr. Guerra would possess a gun in conjunction with the drugs they
kept in their residence.

                                        -13-
(i.e., any relevant conduct) while under any criminal justice sentence ....” Id.,

cmt. n.4.



      In this case, it is clear the district court found the government met its

burden of showing facts necessary to justify the addition of criminal history

points to Ms. McClure’s sentence calculation. See Randall, 472 F.3d at 766 n.1.

As previously discussed, the government presented the testimony of Special

Agent Woodson establishing that Mr. Guerra and Ms. McClure began distributing

methamphetamine, through sources to whom she introduced him, almost

immediately after he moved in with her in 2004. In addition, Ms. McClure

repeatedly acknowledged at her plea hearing she was involved in a criminal

conspiracy during the period of time from January 2004 to September 2007,

although she and Mr. Guerra sold smaller drug quantities early on in the

conspiracy. During this time, it is also undisputed Ms. McClure was serving a

deferred sentence of unsupervised probation from May 2004 to May 2005 for a

conviction for driving under the influence. For these reasons, the district court

did not commit clear error in increasing her criminal history by two points under

U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(d) for committing the instant methamphetamine conspiracy

offense while on unsupervised probation for her conviction for driving under the

influence.




                                         -14-
                                   D. Safety Valve

      The last Guidelines section at issue is § 5C1.2, which is referred to as the

“safety valve” guideline. It states “the court shall impose a sentence in

accordance with the applicable guidelines without regard to any statutory

minimum sentence” if it finds the defendant meets all of the criteria listed.

U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a). This guideline follows 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f), which similarly

states the district court must “impose a sentence pursuant to guidelines ... without

regard to any statutory minimum sentence,” if it finds at sentencing the defendant

meets all of the safety valve criteria. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f). In this case, Ms.

McClure’s 188-month sentence is within the Guidelines range, which happens to

be more than the minimum sentence requirement of ten years. She contests the

district court’s failure to apply the safety valve guideline for the purpose of

reducing her sentence. The only contested safety valve criterion at issue is

whether Ms. McClure “possess[ed] a firearm or other dangerous weapon (or

induce[d] another participant to do so) in connection with the offense.” U.S.S.G.

§ 5C1.2(a)(2). If she did, Ms. McClure is ineligible for a safety valve reduction.



      As previously indicated, the “mere propinquity of the weapons and drugs

suggests a connection between the two,” see Payton, 405 F.3d at 1171, so that

“[a] firearm’s proximity and potential to facilitate the offense is enough to

prevent application of U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(2),” United States v. Hallum, 103 F.3d

                                         -15-
87, 89 (10 th Cir. 1996). A district court’s determination on whether to apply a

safety valve reduction “is fact specific and dependent on credibility

determinations that cannot be replicated with the same accuracy on appeal.”

United States v. Stephenson, 452 F.3d 1173, 1180 (10 th Cir. 2006).



      In this case, the district court credited the government’s evidence agents

found the firearms in Ms. McClure’s small trailer in close proximity to drugs and

other drug paraphernalia, which it determined made Ms. McClure ineligible for

the safety valve provision. Under the circumstances presented, we cannot say the

district court committed clear error as its factual findings are not without support

in the record, nor are we otherwise left with a definite and firm conviction a

mistake has been made. Thus, for the foregoing reasons, we find the district court

imposed a correctly-calculated sentence within the advisory Guidelines range to

which we apply a presumption of reasonableness and which Ms. McClure has not

rebutted. See United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1055 (10 th Cir. 2006).



                                  III. Conclusion

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM Ms. McClure’s sentence.

                                       Entered by the Court:

                                       WADE BRORBY
                                       United States Circuit Judge


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