       Third District Court of Appeal
                                State of Florida

                            Opinion filed May 22, 2019.
          Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
                                ________________

                                No. 3D17-2443
                          Lower Tribunal No. 15-27242
                              ________________


                          Sea Vault Partners, LLC,
                            & Homero Meruelo,
                                    Appellants,

                                         vs.

                    Bermello, Ajamil & Partners, Inc,
                                     Appellee.


      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Rosa I.
Rodriguez, Judge.

      Capote Grandal, P.L., and Susan Capote, for appellants.

      Daniels, Rodriguez, Berkeley, Daniels & Cruz, P.A., and Daniel A. Pelz, for
appellee.


Before SALTER, SCALES, and LINDSEY, JJ.

      LINDSEY, J.
      Sea Vault Partners, LLC and Homero Meruelo (collectively, “Sea Vault”)

appeal a final judgment awarding Bermello, Ajamil & Partners, Inc. (“BAP”)

monetary sanctions against Sea Vault for bad-faith failure to arbitrate. Despite the

lengthy and complicated procedural history of this case, the resolution of this appeal

turns on whether the trial court erred by awarding monetary sanctions against Sea

Vault for failing to pay a $5,000 fee in an arbitration proceeding pending before the

American Arbitration Association. For the reasons set forth below, we find that it

did, and reverse.1

I.    BACKGROUND

      In December 2014, BAP and Sea Vault entered into an agreement (the

“Agreement”) whereby BAP would provide architectural services for a development

project located at 1583 NW 24th Ave, Miami, FL 33125 (the “Real Property”).


1
  We do not reach the issue of whether the amount of sanctions awarded was error
because it is not necessary to do so given our decision. See Menendez v. W. Gables
Rehab. Hosp., LLC, 123 So. 3d 1178, 1181 n.2 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013) (“[I]f it is not
necessary to decide more, it is necessary not to decide more.” (alteration in original)
(quoting PDK Labs., Inc. v. U.S. D.E.A., 362 F.3d 786, 799 (D.C. Cir. 2004)
(Roberts, J. concurring) (recognizing the cardinal principle of judicial restraint)));
Pintado v. Miami-Dade Cty. Hous. Agency, 20 So. 3d 929, 933 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009)
(Shepherd, J., concurring) (“Because ‘[t]his is a sufficient ground for deciding this
case, ... the cardinal principle of judicial restraint—if it is not necessary to decide
more, it is necessary not to decide more—counsels us to go no further.” (quoting
PDK Labs, 362 F.3d at 799)); Mann v. State, 937 So. 2d 722, 730 (Fla. 3d DCA
2006) (Shepherd, J., concurring) (citing N. Fla. Women’s Health & Counseling
Servs., Inc. v. State, 866 So. 2d 612, 640 (Fla. 2003) (“Pursuant to the doctrine of
judicial restraint, we decline to address petitioners’ remaining constitutional claims
because resolution of those claims is unnecessary for the disposition of this case.”)).

                                          2
Things did not work out as BAP and Sea Vault originally planned, and in October

2015, BAP recorded a claim of lien on the Real Property, alleging that Sea Vault

had failed to pay BAP for services rendered under the Agreement. After recording

its claim of lien, BAP requested mediation pursuant to the Agreement.2

         In November 2015, Brisas Del Rio, Inc. (“Brisas”), a non-party to the

Agreement,3 filed an action in the trial court against BAP seeking to discharge

BAP’s claim of lien (the “Trial Court Action”) on the basis that BAP had improperly

recorded the claim of lien. Brisas claimed to be the actual owner of the Real Property

and asserted the Agreement was only between BAP and Sea Vault.


2
 The Agreement required BAP and Sea Vault to mediate disputes arising thereunder
before the American Arbitration Association (the “AAA”). If issues remained
unresolved after mediation, the Agreement provided that the parties would then
proceed to arbitrate before the AAA. More specifically, the Agreement provided as
follows:

                § 4.2.1 Any claim, dispute or other matter in question
                arising out of or related to this Agreement shall be subject
                to mediation as a condition precedent to binding dispute
                resolution.
                ....
                § 4.2.4 If the parties do not resolve a dispute through
                mediation pursuant to this Section 4.2, the method of
                binding dispute resolution shall be . . . [a]rbitration
                pursuant to Section 4.3 of this Agreement[.]

       Section 4.3 of the Agreement provides that the agreement to arbitrate “shall
be specifically enforceable in accordance with applicable law in any court having
jurisdiction thereof.”
3
    Brisas is not a party to the instant appeal.

                                              3
      In December 2015, BAP filed its answer, affirmative defenses, and

counterclaim against Brisas in the Trial Court Action. In January of 2016, though

mediation was not yet complete, BAP voluntarily initiated an arbitration proceeding

with the AAA alleging Sea Vault had failed to compensate BAP for services

rendered under the Agreement (the “Arbitration”). The Arbitration was stayed

pending the outcome of mediation. Mediation between BAP and Sea Vault ended

in an impasse in May 2016.

      Shortly thereafter, BAP filed an amended counterclaim, in the parallel Trial

Court Action, adding Sea Vault as counter-defendants.                BAP’s amended

counterclaim added fraudulent misrepresentation claims against Sea Vault. A few

months later, Sea Vault filed their answer in the Arbitration. The Arbitrator set a

final hearing date for March 22-24, 2017. In December of 2016, Sea Vault filed a

motion for injunctive relief in the Trial Court Action (the “Injunction Motion”),

requesting that the parties be required to litigate the issues in the Trial Court Action

instead of in the Arbitration.4

      On February 13, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on Sea Vault’s Injunction

Motion and entered a hand-written order denying the Injunction Motion (“Injunction


4
  On December 22, 2016, Sea Vault filed a motion to stay the proceedings in the
Arbitration pending resolution of their Injunction Motion, filed the day before in the
Trial Court Action. On January 3, 2017, the Arbitrator denied Sea Vault’s motion
to stay, concluding that the Arbitration would continue absent an order from the trial
court enjoining the matter.

                                           4
Order”), which simply stated “Denied.” On February 24, 2017, Sea Vault appealed

the Injunction Order to this Court. Meruelo v. Bermello, Ajamil & Partners, Inc.,

232 So. 3d 354 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017).5 On February 27, 2017, Sea Vault moved the

Arbitrator to stay the Arbitration while the appeal was pending. The Arbitrator

denied Sea Vault’s motion in an order entered March 2, 2017.

      Also, on March 2, 2017, the Arbitrator notified both parties that Sea Vault had

not yet paid the required $5,000 deposit for the Arbitrator’s compensation.6 A few

days later, BAP filed a motion in the Arbitration asking the Arbitrator to sanction

Sea Vault for its failure to pay the $5,000 deposit by precluding Sea Vault from

presenting a defense and by limiting Sea Vault’s participation to cross-examination

of BAP’s witnesses.7 The Arbitrator entered an order denying BAP’s motion on the

basis that the relief sought was not available under the Arbitration Rules of the

AAA.8

      On March 17, 2017, BAP filed an emergency motion in the Trial Court Action

asking the trial court to award monetary sanctions against Sea Vault for bad faith


5
  On May 11, 2017, this Court recognized Sea Vault’s notice of voluntary dismissal
and dismissed the appeal.
6
    The Arbitrator informed the parties that its options for non-payment included
proceeding with the Arbitration and continuing collection efforts or suspending or
terminating the case.
7
  BAP did not request monetary sanctions or an order compelling Sea Vault to pay
the deposit in this motion.
8
   On March 20, 2017, the Arbitration was suspended, and on April 24, 2017, the
Arbitration was terminated due to Sea Vault’s failure to make the required payment.

                                         5
failure to arbitrate (“Sanctions Motion”). The trial court held a hearing on the

Sanctions Motion less than two weeks later. On April 21, 2017, the trial court

entered an order granting BAP’s motion for sanctions and finding BAP was entitled

to an award of all its reasonable attorney’s fees and costs incurred in the Arbitration.

In so doing, the trial court concluded it had jurisdiction pursuant to sections 682.015

and 682.031, Florida Statutes (2017), as well as under the court’s inherent authority

to impose sanctions for bad-faith conduct.

      The trial court then conducted an evidentiary hearing on May 30; August 14;

and August 16, 2017, to determine the amount of fees and costs to which BAP was

entitled. On October 12, 2017, the trial court entered an 18-page Final Judgment

(the “Final Judgment”) awarding sanctions in favor of BAP and against Sea Vault

in the amount of $302,848.03. After the trial court denied Sea Vault’s motion for

rehearing on October 31, 2017, this timely appeal ensued.

II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Pure questions of law are subject to a de novo review. Pino v. Bank of New

York, 121 So. 3d 23, 31 (Fla. 2013) (observing that de novo review applied to its

determination whether the trial court had inherent authority to strike a notice of

voluntary dismissal); see also Wells v. Halmac Dev., Inc., 189 So. 3d 1015, 1019

(Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (“[T]o the extent the trial court’s determination on a motion for

attorney’s fees is based on an issue of law, our standard of review is de novo.”).



                                           6
Accordingly, this Court’s determination whether the trial court was authorized to

sanction Sea Vault for their conduct in the Arbitration Proceeding, a separate

proceeding, which was not court-ordered, must be reviewed de novo.9

III.   ANALYSIS

       The sole basis for the trial court’s award of sanctions was Sea Vault’s failure

to pay a $5,000 deposit for fees and costs in March 2017. The trial court premised

its decision to award sanctions for this failure to pay on its February 13, 2017

Injunction Order. Specifically, the trial court stated:

             [Sea Vault] had repeatedly sought to avoid arbitration,
             however, this Court ordered them to proceed with the
             arbitration on February 13, 2017, when this Court entered
             its Order denying [Sea Vault’s] Motion for Injunctive
             Relief . . . The Injunction Order required the parties to
             proceed to the arbitration trial that was scheduled for
             March 22, 2017 through March 24, 2017.

However, despite the trial court’s mistaken characterization of its Injunction Order,

the Order does not require the parties to proceed with the Arbitration. The only

relief requested in Sea Vault’s Injunction Motion was for the trial court to require

BAP to litigate the issues in the Trial Court Action. The only ruling rendered by the



9
  If the trial court were authorized to sanction Sea Vault, its decision to impose
sanctions for bad-faith conduct would be reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See,
e.g., Goldman v. Estate of Goldman, 166 So. 3d 927, 929 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (“We
review a trial court’s decision to impose sanctions for bad faith conduct for abuse of
discretion.”).


                                           7
trial court was a denial of that request. The Injunction Order simply stated “Denied.”

As such, the trial court never affirmatively ordered the parties to arbitrate, neither

on the face of the Injunction Order nor anywhere in the transcript of the hearing from

which it sprung.

      Further, the trial court erred in sanctioning Sea Vault for its failure to pay the

$5,000 deposit because this issue was not before it. See Fla. Fish & Wildlife

Conservation Comm’n v. Wakulla Fishermen’s Ass’n, 141 So. 3d 723, 729 (Fla. 1st

DCA 2014) (“In ... civil matters, courts are not authorized to award relief not

requested in the pleadings.” (quoting Worthington v. Worthington, 123 So. 3d 1189,

1190 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013))); Antoniadis v. EARCA, N.V., 442 So. 2d 1001, 1001

(Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (holding that the trial court lacked the authority to fashion a

remedy that was not raised by any of the pleadings and not tried by consent)); see

also Gold v. M & G Servs., Inc., 491 So. 2d 1297, 1299 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986) (“The

trial court erred in awarding damages to a party not seeking the relief granted.”

(citing Antoniadis, 442 So. 2d at 1001)).

      At the time of the Injunction Order, there existed two parallel proceedings:

the Arbitration and the Trial Court Action. There was no pending request to compel

Sea Vault to pay the $5,000 deposit in either proceeding nor had such request ever

been made. Accordingly, it was error to for the trial court to award sanctions against




                                            8
Sea Vault for failing to do something no party had asked that Sea Vault be compelled

to do.

         Moreover, a trial court’s inherent authority does not extend to a party’s

conduct in arbitration. Once a matter has been voluntarily submitted to arbitration,

a trial court lacks authority to become involved in the arbitration. See John B.

Goodman Ltd. P’ship v. THF Constr., Inc., 321 F.3d 1094, 1098 (11th Cir. 2003)

(“[O]nce the district court was satisfied the parties assented to the arbitration clause,

it was for the arbitration panel, not the district court, to determine whether the

construction contracts generally were enforceable under Florida law.”); Mogler v.

Franzen, 669 So. 2d 269, 271 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995) (concluding that the trial court

lacked jurisdiction to consider a party’s recoverable damages where the parties gave

the arbitrator sole authority to determine issue by agreeing to binding arbitration).

         Accordingly, the Arbitrator, not the trial court, was authorized to decide

procedural questions in the arbitral dispute, such as the payment of fees and

questions of timeliness. See Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79,

84 (2002) (“‘[P]rocedural questions which grow out of the dispute and bear on its

final disposition’ are presumptively not for the judge, but for an arbitrator, to

decide”); Dealer Comput. Servs., Inc. v. Old Colony Motors, Inc., 588 F.3d 884, 887

(5th Cir. 2009) (“Payment of fees is a procedural condition precedent that the trial




                                           9
court should not review.”). Thus, the trial court was without authority to sanction

Sea Vault for failing to pay the Arbitrator’s fee.

      Finally, the trial court’s reliance on sections 682.015 and 682.031 was

misplaced. Neither grants the trial court authority to sanction Sea Vault. Chapter

682, Florida Statutes, is known as the “Revised Florida Arbitration Code.” Section

682.015, irrelevant to the issue before us, governs the procedure for serving petitions

and motions in the trial court.

      Section 682.031 is entitled “Provisional remedies” and provides as follows:

             (1) Before an arbitrator is appointed and is authorized and
             able to act, the court, upon motion of a party to an
             arbitration proceeding and for good cause shown, may
             enter an order for provisional remedies to protect the
             effectiveness of the arbitration proceeding to the same
             extent and under the same conditions as if the controversy
             were the subject of a civil action.

             (2) After an arbitrator is appointed and is authorized and
             able to act:

             (a) The arbitrator may issue such orders for provisional
             remedies, including interim awards, as the arbitrator finds
             necessary to protect the effectiveness of the arbitration
             proceeding and to promote the fair and expeditious
             resolution of the controversy, to the same extent and under
             the same conditions as if the controversy were the subject
             of a civil action.

             (b) A party to an arbitration proceeding may move the
             court for a provisional remedy only if the matter is urgent
             and the arbitrator is not able to act timely or the arbitrator
             cannot provide an adequate remedy.



                                          10
Subsection (1) is inapplicable because an arbitrator had already been appointed at

the time of filing the Sanctions Motion. Subsection (2), applicable here, authorizes

the Arbitrator to issue orders for provisional remedies and specifies that a party may

move the court for a provisional remedy only “if the matter is urgent and the

arbitrator is not able to act timely or the arbitrator cannot provide an adequate

remedy.” § 682.031(2)(b), Fla. Stat. (2019). Here, BAP filed its motion for

sanctions in the Arbitration on March 6, 2017. The Arbitrator denied the motion

one week later. Hence, no argument can be made that the Arbitrator was not able to

act timely or that the Arbitrator could not provide an adequate remedy.

      Three days later, BAP filed the Sanctions Motion in the Trial Court Action on

March 17, 2017, seeking a second bite at the sanctions apple. Based on a plain

reading of the statute, section 682.031(2)(b) does confer jurisdiction on the trial

court to award sanctions simply because the Arbitrator declined to do so.

   I. CONCLUSION

      Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, we reverse and remand for

proceeding consistent herewith.

      Reversed and remanded.




                                         11
