      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                       NO. 03-10-00673-CV



      Texas Board of Chiropractic Examiners, Glenn Parker, Executive Director, and
                       Texas Chiropractic Association, Appellants

                                                 v.

    Texas Medical Association, Texas Medical Board, and the State of Texas, Appellees


     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 250TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
     NO. D-1-GN-06-003451, HONORABLE STEPHEN YELENOSKY, JUDGE PRESIDING



                                          OPINION


               The Texas Board of Chiropractic Examiners (TBCE), its executive director, and

the Texas Chiropractic Association appeal a final district court judgment invalidating portions

of TBCE’s recently adopted administrative rule defining the scope of practice of chiropractic. See

22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17 (2011) (Tex. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, Scope of Practice). The

rule provisions at issue purport to authorize TBCE’s licensees to perform procedures known as

manipulation under anesthesia and needle electromyography, and to “diagnose” certain conditions.

See id. § 75.17(a)(3), (c)(2)(D), (c)(3)(A), (d)(1)(A)-(B), (e)(2)(O). We will affirm the judgment in

part and reverse and remand in part.
                                          BACKGROUND

                Article XVI, section 31 of the Texas Constitution authorizes the Legislature to “pass

laws prescribing the qualifications of practitioners of medicine in this State,” with the caveat that “no

preference shall ever be given by law to any schools of medicine.” Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 31. In

turn, the Legislature has enacted the Medical Practice Act, in which it has delegated broad authority

to the Texas Medical Board (TMB) to regulate the “practice of medicine” in this state, mandated that

a person cannot lawfully “practice medicine” without a TMB-issued license, and imposed rigorous

education and training requirements as a prerequisite to licensing eligibility. See Tex. Occ. Code

Ann. §§ 151.001-.056 (West 2004 & Supp. 2011) (Medical Practice Act); id. §§ 151.003(2)

(providing that TMB “should remain the primary means of licensing, regulating, and disciplining

physicians.”), 152.001(a) (West Supp. 2011) (designating TMB as agency with power to regulate

the practice of medicine), 153.001(3) (West 2004) (granting TMB the authority to adopt rules to

regulate the practice of medicine), 155.001 (West 2004) (requiring license to practice medicine),

155.003 (West Supp. 2011) (setting forth requirements for license to practice medicine). The

Legislature has defined “practicing medicine” under the Medical Practice Act as “the diagnosis,

treatment, or offer to treat a mental or physical disease or disorder or a physical deformity or injury

by any system or method, or the attempt to effect cures of those conditions” by a person who either

“directly or indirectly charges money or other compensation for those services” or publicly professes

to be a physician or surgeon. See id. § 151.002(a)(13).

                However, the Legislature has carved out of this broad definition of “practicing

medicine”—and, thus, exempted from the Medical Practice Act’s education, training, and licensing

standards and the TMB’s regulatory authority—a variety of other health-related fields on which it

                                                   2
has imposed different legal requirements and regulations. See id. § 151.052. Such exemptions,

our Texas high courts have reasoned, do not amount to an unconstitutional “preference . . . to

any school[] of medicine” to the extent the exempted treatment or method does not extend

to the “whole body.” See Schlichting v. Texas State Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 310 S.W.2d 557, 564

(Tex. 1958); Ex parte Halsted, 182 S.W.2d 479, 486 (Tex. Crim. App. 1944). Among the

exemptions, the Legislature has included “a licensed chiropractor engaged strictly in the practice of

chiropractic as defined by law.” See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 151.052(a)(3). Chiropractors are

currently regulated under chapter 201 of the occupations code, which defines the permissible scope

of chiropractic practice, imposes its own set of educational and licensing requirements, and delegates

authority to TBCE to administer the regime. See id. §§ 201.001-.606 (West 2004 & Supp. 2011).

               The net effect of the statutory interplay is that a person licensed by TBCE as a

chiropractor but not by the TMB to “practice medicine” (i.e., as a physician1) can lawfully do things

that would otherwise constitute “practicing medicine” as long as he remains within the statutory

scope of chiropractic under chapter 201. However, to the extent he exceeds the statutory scope of

chiropractic, he would subject himself to the Medical Practice Act—and practice medicine

unlawfully. See id. §§ 151.002(a)(13), 201.002;2 see also Teem v. State, 183 S.W. 1144 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1916) (involving prosecution of chiropractor for unlawfully practicing medicine prior to

Texas’s legislative recognition and legalization of chiropractic). Another consequence of this



       1
          See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 151.002(a)(12) (West Supp. 2011) (“physician” refers to a
licensee under the Medical Practice Act).
       2
           Conversely, physicians do not subject themselves to chapter 201 if their conduct comes
within the statutory scope of chiropractic. See id. § 201.003(b) (West 2004) (Chapter 201 “does not
limit or affect the rights and powers of a physician licensed in this state to practice medicine.”).

                                                  3
statutory interplay is a long history of professional, scientific, or economic antagonism between

chiropractors and the medical community, and resultant disputes, spanning all three branches of

government, regarding where any legal line between chiropractic and the practice of medicine is or

should be. Key participants in these disputes have included the two professional associations that

are parties to this appeal, the Texas Chiropractic Association (TCA) and the Texas Medical

Association (TMA), which advocate on behalf of the respective interests of chiropractors and

physicians and their sometimes-competing views of patient welfare.

                Chiropractic was historically rooted in a theory that a wide range of human health

problems stem from spinal misalignment—or a broader category of spinal disorders termed

“subluxations”—and can be cured through manipulation of vertebrae.3 At its 1949 inception,

Texas’s statutory regime defining and regulating chiropractic reflected this traditional focus on

ascertaining spinal problems and manipulating vertebrae as an intended means of cure.4 However,

       3
          While different cultures throughout history have employed manipulation of human bones
and tissue as an intended means of improving health, David D. Palmer is typically credited with
originating the modern theory of chiropractic in 1895, when he reportedly restored a man’s hearing
by using spinal manipulation. See Walter I. Wardwell, Chiropractic: History & Evolution of a New
Profession 2 (1992); Erland Pettman, A History of Manipulative Therapy, 15 The Journal of Manual
& Manipulative Therapy 165, 165-66 (2007); Judith Turner, Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine:
Chiropractic (2006). Palmer concluded that misalignment or “subluxations” in the spine created
pressure on or irritation of nerves that, in turn, could lead to various health problems, disease,
or disability. Wardwell at 2; Pettman at 168. Based on this theoretical premise, Palmer sought to
develop a procedure for adjusting misaligned vertebrae as a means of improving health and,
eventually, founded this country’s first chiropractic school, the Palmer School of Cure in Davenport,
Iowa, currently known as the Palmer College of Chiropractic. See Palmer College of Chiropractic,
http://www.palmer.edu/History (last visited Mar. 13, 2011). While today’s chiropractors typically
recognize the importance of other factors in disease causation, they still manipulate spines to correct
musculoskeletal problems. See Wardwell at 2.
       4
           The 1949 enactment defined the practice of chiropractic as follows:



                                                  4
over the ensuing decades, Texas chiropractors evidently came to engage in identifying and treating

a wider range of musculoskeletal problems with a wider range of procedures or methods. In 1989,

the Legislature saw fit to take account of these developments through amendments to the statutory

definition of chiropractic practice that expanded the focus of chiropractic beyond the spine to the

more general “biomechanics” of the “musculoskeletal system,” and added somewhat broader

language regarding the treatments or methods chiropractors could perform. See Act of May 12,

1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 227, §§ 1-3, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 1005, 1005-06.5 Although procedures


       Any person shall be regarded as practicing chiropractic within the meaning of this
       Act who shall employ objective or subjective means without the use of drugs,
       surgery, X-ray therapy or radium therapy, for the purpose of ascertaining the
       alignment of the vertebrae of the human spine, and the practice of adjusting the
       vertebrae to correct any subluxation or misalignment thereof, and charge therefor,
       directly or indirectly, money or other compensation; or who shall hold himself out
       to the public as a chiropractor or shall use either the term “chiropractor,”
       “chiropractic,” “doctor of chiropractic,” or any derivative of any of the above in
       connection with his name.

See Act of Apr. 21, 1949, 51st Leg., R.S., ch. 94, § 1, 1949 Tex. Gen. Laws 160, 160-61. The
Texas Legislature first enacted a statute recognizing chiropractic and exempting it from the laws
governing the practice of medicine in 1943. See Act of May 5, 1943, 48th Leg., R.S., ch. 359, §§ 1-
17, 1943 Tex. Gen. Laws 627. The 1943 statute authorized chiropractors to treat the “spinal column,
and its connecting tissues.” Id. § 3, 1943 Tex. Gen. Laws at 628-29. The Court of Criminal Appeals
later invalidated this law as an unconstitutional “preference” to chiropractic, reasoning that
“the spinal column and its connecting tissues embraces the entire body and all organs thereof.” See
Ex parte Halsted, 182 S.W.2d 479, 486 (Tex. Crim. App. 1944) (emphasis added). The current
statutory regime defining and regulating chiropractic traces back to the 1949 enactment.
       5
           The amended definition provided:

       A person shall be regarded as practicing chiropractic within the meaning of this Act
       if the person:

       (1)      uses objective or subjective means to analyze, examine, or evaluate the
                biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal system of the
                human body;


                                                5
entailing “surgery, drugs that require a prescription to be dispensed, x-ray therapy, or therapy that

exposes the body to radioactive material” were expressly excluded from the practice, chiropractors

were now permitted to use (1) “objective or subjective means to analyze, examine, or evaluate

the biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal system of the human body” and

(2) “adjustment, manipulation, or other procedures in order to improve subluxation or the

biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system.” See id. §§ 1, 3, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws at 1005-06.

               In the aftermath of the 1989 amendments, a number of controversies arose concerning

whether particular examination or treatment procedures exceeded the statutory scope of chiropractic

and, relatedly, the extent to which TBCE, by permitting chiropractors to perform them, was abetting

unlawful encroachments upon the practice of medicine. Areas of dispute included the extent to

which chiropractors could perform procedures entailing the insertion of needles into the human body,

such as acupuncture and a procedure known as needle electromyography, or “needle EMG.” Simply

described, needle EMG entails the insertion of needle electrodes into a patient’s muscle and



       (2)     uses adjustment, manipulation, or other procedures in order to improve
               subluxation or the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system; or

       (3)     holds himself out to the public as a chiropractor or uses the term
               “chiropractor,” “chiropractic,” “doctor of chiropractic,” “D.C.,” or any
               derivative of those terms in connection with his name.

Act of May 12, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 227, § 1, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 1005. Excluded from the
scope of chiropractic practice, however, were the provision of “surgery, drugs that require a
prescription to be dispensed, x-ray therapy, or therapy that exposes the body to radioactive material.”
See id. § 3, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws at 1006. Amendment proponents evidently touted the changes as
necessary to modernize the “outdated” statutory definition to “reflect the education, training, and
clinical expertise of chiropractors today” and to account for a study showing that “86.8% of the
conditions treated by chiropractors can be classified as musculoskeletal problems” rather than spinal
misalignment. See Senate Comm. on Health & Human Servs., Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 169,
71st Leg., R.S. (1989).

                                                  6
transmitting a small electric current as a means of evaluating nerve conductivity. Another subject

of controversy was a treatment method known as manipulation under anesthesia, or “MUA.” As the

term suggests, MUA entails a chiropractor’s manipulation of the musculoskeletal system while the

patient is under general anesthesia so as to facilitate a greater range of motion than if the patient was

feeling pain or resisting.6

                Against this backdrop, in 1995 the Legislature made several important amendments

to the statutory scope of chiropractic. These included specifying that the treatment methods that

defined the scope of chiropractic were “nonsurgical, nonincisive procedures, including but not

limited to adjustment and manipulation, in order to improve the subluxation complex or the

biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system,” and likewise excluding “incisive or surgical

procedures” from the scope of chiropractic practice. See Act of May 29, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S.,

ch. 965, §§ 13, 18, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 4789, 4802-03 (current version at Tex. Occ. Code Ann.

§ 201.002(b)-(c)). The Legislature defined or described “incisive or surgical procedures” as follows:


        In this act, “incisive or surgical procedure” includes but is not limited to making an
        incision into any tissue, cavity or organ by any person or implement. It does not
        include the use of a needle for the purpose of drawing blood for diagnostic testing.


See id. § 18, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws at 4803. Additionally, the Legislature prohibited TBCE from

“adopt[ing] a process to certify chiropractors to perform manipulation under anesthesia.” See id.

§ 19, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws at 4803. These provisions were later codified in sections 201.002 and

201.154 of the occupations code. See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. §§ 201.002(a)(3) (“‘Incisive or surgical


        6
         The anesthesia itself is evidently administered by a qualified health-care professional other
than a chiropractor, including an anesthesiologist, a physician.

                                                   7
procedure’ includes making an incision into any tissue, cavity or organ by any person or implement.

The term does not include the use of a needle for the purpose of drawing blood for diagnostic

testing.”), .002(c) (“The practice of chiropractic does not include . . . incisive or surgical

procedures.”), .154 (“Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the [TBCE] may not adopt

a process to certify chiropractors to perform manipulation under anesthesia.”).7


       7
           TMA and TMB, in particular, place great emphasis on the legislative history of these
amendments. Although versions of the changes had appeared in earlier bills considered by the
Seventy-Fourth Legislature, the amendments’ immediate origins were a House floor amendment that
Representative Tom Uher proposed to add to a bill that had theretofore focused chiefly on rural
health-care issues. Although containing the same limitation of treatment methods to “nonsurgical,
nonincisive procedures” and exclusion of “incisive or surgical procedures” that ultimately appeared
in the final, enacted version, Uher’s amendment defined “incisive procedure” to “include[] entry into
any tissue, cavity, or organ by any person or implement,” subject to some broad exceptions:

       [“incisive procedure”] does not include examination of the ear, nose, and throat,
       drawing blood for the purposes of diagnostic testing, or acupuncture or needle EMG
       if the chiropractor is certified to perform acupuncture or needle EMG under . . . this
       Act.

Floor Amendment No. 9 to Tex. S.B. 673, at 2, 74th Leg., R.S. (May 22, 1995). Additionally, as the
exceptions contemplated, other provisions of Uher’s proposed amendment would have required
TBCE to adopt procedures and standards for “certifying” chiropractors to perform needle EMG
and acupuncture. See id. at 6. The amendment imposed a similar mandate requiring TBCE to adopt
procedures to certify chiropractors to perform MUA. See id. at 5.

         In response to Uher’s proposed amendment, then-Representative (later Senator) Kyle Janek,
a physician, proposed to amend Uher’s amendment to, in relevant part, (1) delete the exceptions for
needle EMG and acupuncture in Uher’s definition or description of “incisive” procedures; (2) delete
the mandate that TBCE adopt processes for certifying chiropractors to perform needle EMG
and acupuncture; and (3) invert the mandate that TBCE “shall adopt” processes for certifying
chiropractors to perform MUA into an explicit prohibition that TBCE “shall not” adopt processes
to “certify” chiropractors to perform MUA. See Floor Amendment No. 12 to Tex. S.B. 673,
74th Leg., R.S. (May 22, 1995). During the debate on these amendments, Representative Janek
expressed his opinion that “[t]his amendment would take out any ability by the chiropractors to
put needles in people.” Debate on S.B. 673 on the Floor of the House, 74th Leg., R.S. (May 22,
1995) (statement of Rep. Janek) (transcript available from Senate Staff Services). The House of
Representatives ultimately adopted Uher’s amendment with Janek’s modifications and a few

                                                 8
                 In the aftermath of these changes to the statutory scope of chiropractic, TBCE issued

what it styled as informal “statements” or “memoranda” advising its licensees of its view that the

1995 amendments had not rendered needle EMG, acupuncture, or MUA beyond the scope of

chiropractic practice.8 Meanwhile, the Attorney General issued opinions reasoning that, to the

contrary, any procedure involving the insertion of a needle into the body (other than the excepted

blood draw for diagnostic use) was “incisive” and thus excluded it from the scope of chiropractic.9

Applying this reasoning, for example, the Attorney General opined that acupuncture was an

“incisive” procedure and thus excluded from the scope of chiropractic.10 Thereafter, the Legislature

amended the statutory definition of acupuncture, which had previously been stated in terms of

“the insertion of an acupuncture needle,” see Act of May 30, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S, ch. 862, § 37,

1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 3374, 3400, to refer instead to “the nonsurgical, nonincisive insertion of an

acupuncture needle.” See Act of May 28, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1170, § 1, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws

4418 (emphasis added) (current version at Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 205.001(2)(A) (West Supp.

2011)); see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-471 (1998) (concluding that the 1997 amendment

served to ensure that the practice of acupuncture would be within the practice of chiropractic, thereby



additional, less sweeping changes and refinements. See Floor Amendment Nos. 9-14 to Tex. S.B.
673 (May 22-24, 1995). These changes, in turn, were ultimately enacted into law, as described
above.
       8
          See Tex. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, Acupuncture, MUA, and Needle EMG (ratified
September 11, 1997, amended May 7, 1998, and May 1999); Tex. Bd. Chiropractic Exam’rs,
RE: Scope of Practice Clarification regarding Nerve Conduction Studies (Jan. 25, 2002) (memo
to all Texas chiropractic licensees).
       9
            See, e.g., Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-472, at 3 (1998).
       10
            See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-415, at 4-6 (1996).

                                                   9
superseding the prior opinion). But the broader underlying disagreement concerning the use of

needles in chiropractic remained,11 as did the controversy regarding whether chiropractors could

perform MUA. However, due in part to the advisory nature of the administrative pronouncements

and related jurisdictional and procedural limitations, the controversies eluded judicial resolution

for several years.12

                The Legislature returned to chiropractic scope-of-practice issues in 2005 when

TBCE came up for sunset review. Although it did not address either needle EMG or MUA through

statutory amendments expressly mentioning either procedure, the Legislature did add a new

description of the “surgical procedures” that were excluded from chiropractic:


         “Surgical procedure” includes a procedure described in the surgery section of the
         common procedure coding system as adopted by the Centers for Medicare and
         Medicaid Services of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

        11
           See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-472, at 6 (concluding that “the use of a needle . . . for
any purpose other than the drawing of blood for diagnostic purposes or the practice of acupuncture
is not within the scope of practice of a licensed Texas chiropractor.”).
        12
           See O’Neal v. Texas Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, No. 03-03-00270-CV, 2004 Tex. App.
LEXIS 8254, at *9 (Tex. App.—Austin Sept. 10, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that suit by
chiropractor against TBCE seeking declaration that needle EMG was within the scope of chiropractic
practice did not present a justiciable controversy “where the . . . Board indisputably agrees with the
legal interpretation . . . that [the chiropractor] seeks” and there was no more than speculation that it
would change that view; also observing that Attorney General opinions did not in themselves present
a justiciable controversy); Continental Cas. Co. v. Texas Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, No. 03-00-
00513-CV, 2001 Tex. App. LEXIS 2336, at * 2 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 12, 2001, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding court lacked jurisdiction to hear insurance
company’s claim that TBCE improperly authorized chiropractors to perform MUA and needle EMG
because there was no justiciable controversy where company was not a licensee or otherwise subject
to TBCE); see also Texas Mut. Ins. Co. v. Stelzer, No. 03-06-00675-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS
236, *2-10 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (rejecting carrier’s challenge to workers’
compensation division order requiring reimbursement of chiropractor for needle-EMG procedure;
holding that division properly deferred to TBCE interpretation of statutory scope of practice and that
underlying scope-of-practice dispute was not properly before the court).

                                                   10
See Act of May 27, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1020, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 3464, 3465 (codified

at Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(a)(4)). The Legislature also mandated that TBCE “adopt rules

clarifying what activities are included within the scope of the practice of chiropractic and what

activities are outside of that scope,” including “clearly specify[ing] the procedures that chiropractors

may perform” and “any equipment and the use of that equipment that is prohibited.” See id. § 8,

2005 Tex. Gen. Laws at 3466 (codified at Tex. Occ. Code Ann. §§ 201.1525-.1526). Among other

implications, this rule-making mandate ensured that TBCE would issue scope-of-practice directives

to its licensees in a form that opponents could test in court to determine whether they exceeded

the underlying statutory scope of chiropractic. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2001.038 (West 2008)

(creating cause of action for declaratory relief regarding “the validity or applicability of a rule” where

“it is alleged that the rule or its threatened application interferes with or impairs, or threatens to

interfere with or impair, a legal right or privilege of the plaintiff”); see also Texas Orthopaedic Ass’n

v. Texas State Bd. of Podiatric Med. Exam’rs, 254 S.W.3d 714, 718 n.1 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008,

pet. denied) (recognizing physician’s standing to challenge validity of podiatric board rule that

included ankle within the definition of “foot” and ultimately holding that rule exceeded board’s rule-

making authority).13

                In response to this rule-making mandate, TBCE promulgated a “Scope of Practice”

rule authorizing chiropractors to perform both needle EMG and MUA. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code




        13
          In fact, one of the Sunset recommendations preceding the 2005 amendments had criticized
TBCE’s “practice of issuing Board opinions” to define the scope of chiropractic and recommended
that the agency be required to promulgate administrative rules instead. See Sunset Advisory
Comm’n, Sunset Comm’n Decisions: Tex. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs (May 2004) at 3; Sunset
Advisory Comm’n: Tex. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, Staff Report, at 5 (Feb. 2004).

                                                   11
§ 75.17.14 Invoking section 2001.038 of the Administrative Procedures Act, TMA sued TBCE15

seeking declarations that various provisions of the scope-of-practice rule that permitted needle EMG

and MUA were invalid because they exceeded the statutory scope of chiropractic and, therefore,

constituted the unlawful practice of medicine.16 TMA also asserted similar claims concerning a

provision of the rule permitting chiropractors to “diagnose” certain conditions. In the alternative,

if any of the challenged rule provisions proved to be within TBCE’s statutory authority, TMA sought

declarations that the underlying statutes granted chiropractors a “preference” over physicians in

practicing “medicine” in violation of article XVI, section 31 of the Texas Constitution. TMA further

sought injunctive relief barring enforcement of the challenged rules or, alternatively, statutes.

               On petition of TMA, the TMB was joined in the suit as a plaintiff. After TBCE was

unsuccessful in challenging TMA’s standing, TCA intervened as a defendant and also asserted its



       14
           When it initially promulgated the scope-of-practice rule in 2006, TBCE purported to leave
MUA unaddressed pending further rule-making while also emphasizing in the rule’s preamble that
MUA “ha[d] been part of the practice of chiropractic in Texas for more than 25 years” and that the
agency was leaving this “status quo” undisturbed. See 31 Tex. Reg. 4613 (2006) (proposed Dec. 16,
2005), amended in part by 34 Tex. Reg. 4331 (2009) (proposed Jan. 2, 2009) (former 22 Tex.
Admin. Code § 75.17). This former version of the rule was the subject of the interlocutory
jurisdictional appeal we addressed in Texas Board of Chiropractic Examiners v. Texas Medical
Association, 270 S.W.3d 777, 780-83 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.). During the pendency of
the litigation, TBCE amended the text of the rule to include an explicit authorization for
chiropractors to perform MUA, discussed above. See 34 Tex. Reg. 4331 (2009) (codified at 22 Tex.
Admin. Code § 75.17) (proposed Jan. 2, 2009).
       15
           TMA also named TBCE’s executive director as a defendant, and he appears in his official
capacity as a party to this appeal. Because any distinction between the two parties is not material
to this appeal, for convenience we will use “TBCE” hereinafter to refer both to the agency itself and
the agency and executive director collectively.
       16
            TMA also sought a declaration that TBCE had failed to provide an adequate “reasoned
justification” for the challenged rules, as required by the Administrative Procedure Act. These
claims are not at issue on appeal.

                                                 12
own affirmative claims for declarations that each of the challenged rules were within the statutory

scope of chiropractic. In the alternative, TCA sought a declaration that a statutory definition of

“surgical” added by the Legislature in the 2005 Sunset legislation was unconstitutional on grounds

that included improper delegation of legislative authority to a private entity. See Texas Boll Weevil

Eradication Found., Inc. v. Lewellen, 952 S.W.2d 454, 465-75 (Tex. 1997).

               TMA, joined by TMB (hereafter, the “Physician Parties”), sought traditional

partial summary judgment on their claims seeking to invalidate, as beyond the statutory scope

of chiropractic, TBCE’s rules authorizing chiropractors to perform needle EMG and MUA. The

district court granted the motion as to these claims.

               In the same motion, the Physician Parties similarly sought summary judgment

invalidating TBCE’s rule permitting chiropractors to make “diagnoses” as beyond the statutory

scope of chiropractic. TBCE and TCA (hereafter the “Chiropractor Parties”) countered with a cross-

motion for partial summary judgment dismissing the Physician Parties’ claims challenging whether

TBCE’s rules permitting “diagnoses” were within the statutory scope of chiropractic.17 The

district court denied the Physician Parties’ motion and granted the Chiropractor Parties’ motion in

part “as to the Chiropractic Board’s use of the word ‘diagnosis’ in its rule.” “However,” the court

emphasized, it “reserve[d] judgment regarding ‘diagnosis’ as it related to scope of practice.”

(Emphasis in original.) Following a second round of summary-judgment filings, however, the




       17
            The district court’s final judgment also references cross-motions purportedly filed by
the Chiropractor Parties concerning the needle-EMG and MUA issues. However, no such motions
appear in the appellate record, nor does the docket sheet reflect that any such motions were
ever filed.

                                                 13
district court granted summary judgment for the Physician Parties as to a narrower portion of the

“diagnosis” rule than they had challenged previously.

                In the meantime, the Attorney General had intervened on behalf of the State of Texas

to defend against each side’s alternative constitutional claims, see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 37.006(b) (West 2008), and the Attorney General and various other parties had filed pleadings

attacking those claims. After the district court indicated its intended disposition of the second round

of partial summary-judgment motions, but before it signed an order, TCA non-suited its affirmative

claims for relief.

                In light of TCA’s non-suit, and concluding that the Physician Parties’ “constitutional

challenges” had been rendered “moot” by its summary-judgment rulings, the district court rendered

a final judgment incorporating its summary-judgment rulings and declaring the aforementioned

rule provisions concerning needle EMG, MUA, and “diagnoses” “invalid and void.” Both of the

Chiropractor Parties filed notices of appeal.


                                            ANALYSIS

                In five issues on appeal, TCA challenges the district court’s judgment invalidating

TBCE rules regarding needle EMG, MUA, and “diagnoses.” TBCE brings three issues challenging

only the portions of the judgment invalidating the needle-EMG and MUA rules.


Standard of review

                The challenged portions of the district court’s judgment are predicated on its rulings

granting or denying motions for partial summary judgment. We review the district court’s summary

judgments de novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005); Provident

                                                  14
Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). Summary judgment is proper

when there are no disputed issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). When reviewing a summary judgment, we take as true all evidence

favorable to the non-movant, and we indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in

the non-movant’s favor. Valence Operating Co., 164 S.W.3d at 661; Knott, 128 S.W.3d at 215.

When parties file cross-motions for summary judgment on overlapping issues and the trial court

grants one motion and denies the other, we review the summary-judgment evidence supporting both

motions and determine all questions presented and preserved. See FM Props. Operating Co. v. City

of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000). We “should render the judgment that the trial court

should have rendered.” Id.

               In this case, the parties’ respective entitlements to summary judgment turn principally

on whether the rules in question were within TBCE’s statutory authority to adopt. To resolve such

questions, we consider whether each rule: (1) contravened specific statutory language; (2) ran

counter to the general objectives of the underlying statute, chapter 201 of the occupations code; or

(3) imposed additional burdens, conditions, or restrictions in excess of or inconsistent with the

relevant statutory provisions. See City of Garland v. Public Util. Comm’n, 165 S.W.3d 814, 819

(Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. denied).

               Statutory construction presents a question of law that we review de novo. State

v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). Our primary objective in statutory construction is

to give effect to the Legislature’s intent. See id. We seek that intent “first and foremost” in the

statutory text. Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. 2006). “Where text is clear,

text is determinative of that intent.” Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437

                                                 15
(Tex. 2009) (op. on reh’g) (citing Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 284; Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs.

v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651-52 (Tex. 2006)). We use definitions prescribed by the Legislature

and any technical or particular meaning the words have acquired; otherwise we construe the words

according to their plain and common meaning unless a contrary intent is apparent from the context.

City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625-26 (Tex. 2008). We also presume that the

Legislature was aware of the background law and acted with reference to it. See Acker v. Texas

Water Comm’n, 790 S.W.2d 299, 301 (Tex. 1990). We further presume that the Legislature selected

statutory words, phrases, and expressions deliberately and purposefully. See Texas Lottery Comm’n

v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010); Shook v. Walden, 304 S.W.3d

910, 917 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). Our analysis of the statutory text may also be informed

by the presumptions that “the entire statute is intended to be effective” and that “a just and

reasonable result is intended,” see Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.021(2), (3) (West 2005),

and consideration of such matters as “the object sought to be attained,” “circumstances under which

the statute was enacted,” legislative history, “common law or former statutory provisions, including

laws on the same or similar subjects,” “consequences of a particular construction,” and the

enactment’s “title,” id. § 311.023(1)-(5), (7) (West 2005). However, only when the statutory text

is ambiguous—i.e., susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation—“do we ‘resort to

rules of construction or extrinsic aids.’” See Entergy Gulf States, Inc., 282 S.W.3d at 437 (quoting

In re Estate of Nash, 220 S.W.3d 914, 917 (Tex. 2007)).

               As the Chiropractor Parties emphasize, in certain circumstances courts may be

required to defer to an administrative agency’s construction of its own statutory authority. See

Railroad Comm’n v. Texas Citizens for a Safe Future & Clean Water, 336 S.W.3d 619, 624-25

                                                16
(Tex. 2011). But these principles apply only where the statute in question is ambiguous and only

to the extent that the agency’s interpretation is one of those reasonable interpretations. See id.

“Consequently, to determine whether this rule of deference applies, a reviewing court must first

make a threshold determination that the statute is ambiguous and the agency’s construction is

reasonable—questions that turn on statutory construction and are reviewed de novo.” City of Waco

v. Texas Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, 346 S.W.3d 781, 800 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. filed)

(citing Texas Citizens, 336 S.W.3d at 625). Additionally, this Court has recognized that these

principles of deference may be subject to further qualifications where the subject matter is not within

any specialized expertise of the agency, see id. (citing Texas Citizens, 336 S.W.3d at 630), and where

“a nontechnical question of law” is involved, see Rogers v. Texas Bd. of Architectural Exam’rs,

No. 03-10-00182-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 6110, at * 15 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, no pet. h.)

(citing Rylander v. Fisher Controls Int’l, Inc., 45 S.W.3d 291, 302 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001,

no pet.)).

                To the extent our analysis turns on administrative construction of the rules

themselves, we defer to an agency’s interpretation of its own rules unless that interpretation is plainly

erroneous or inconsistent with the text of the rule or underlying statute. See Public Util. Comm’n

v. Gulf States Utils. Co., 809 S.W.2d 201, 207 (Tex. 1991); Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co. v. Rylander,

80 S.W.3d 200, 203 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied). We construe administrative rules in the

same manner as statutes because they have the force and effect of statutes. Rodriguez v. Service

Lloyds Ins. Co., 997 S.W.2d 248, 254 (Tex. 1999).




                                                   17
Needle EMG

               TCA’s second issue and TBCE’s first two issues challenge the district court’s

summary judgment invalidating rules relating to needle EMG.

               As previously noted, the statutory scope of chiropractic practice includes “using

objective or subjective means to analyze, examine, or evaluate the biomechanical condition of the

spine and musculoskeletal system of the human body,” see Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(1);

see also 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(a)(1)(A) (tracking the same language in TBCE’s scope-of-

practice rule), but excludes any “incisive or surgical procedure,” see Tex. Occ. Code Ann.

§ 201.002(c)(1); see also 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(a)(2)(A), (c)(4), (d)(2), (e)(3) (tracking same

exclusion in scope-of-practice rule), a term that:


       includes making an incision into any tissue, cavity, or organ by any person or
       implement . . . .

       [but] does not include the use of a needle for the purpose of drawing blood for
       diagnostic testing.


Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(a)(3) (formatting altered for emphasis).

               In its scope-of-practice rule, TBCE construed and defined the term “incision”—i.e.,

that which characterizes an “incisive procedure”—as “[a] cut or a surgical wound; also, a division

of the soft parts made with a knife or hot laser.” 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(b)(3). TBCE further

determined that the insertion of a needle into the human body might or might not “cut” the body or

be “incisive” in the sense of the exclusion, or be “surgical,” and promulgated a standard, found in

subparagraph (a)(3) of the rule, for distinguishing “incisive” or “surgical” needle insertions from

non-incisive and non-surgical ones:

                                                 18
       (3)     Needles may be used in the practice of chiropractic under standards set forth
               by the [TBCE] but may not be used for procedures that are incisive or
               surgical.

               (A)     The use of a needle for a procedure is incisive if the procedure results
                       in the removal of tissue other than for the purpose of drawing blood.

               (B)     The use of a needle for a procedure is surgical if the procedure is
                       listed in the surgical section of the CPT Codebook.


Id. § 75.17(a)(3). The “CPT Codebook” is defined elsewhere in the rule as “the American Medical

Association’s annual Current Procedural Terminology Codebook (2004) . . . . adopted by the Centers

for Medicare and Medicaid Services of the United States Department of Health and Human Services

as Level I of the common procedure coding system.” See id. § 75.17(b)(2).

               Applying this standard, TBCE concluded that needle EMG was neither an “incisive”

nor “surgical” procedure and, thus, was not excluded from the scope of chiropractic practice.

Premised on that conclusion, TBCE promulgated two additional rule provisions addressing

needle EMG specifically. The first, paragraph (c)(2)(D), listed “electro-diagnostic testing” among

several examples of testing and measurement procedures that chiropractic licensees were permitted

to use in evaluating or examining patients. See id. § 75.17(c)(2)(D). In the second provision,

paragraph (c)(3)(A), TBCE imposed certification and supervision requirements on any licensees who

administered “electro-neuro diagnostic testing” that varied according to whether the testing was

“surface (non-needle)” or involved the use of needles. See id. § 75.17(c)(3)(A). The import or effect

of paragraphs (c)(2)(D) and (c)(3)(A), as the parties agree, was that chiropractors with specified

training and certification could utilize needle EMG in evaluating or examining patients.




                                                 19
               In their live petition and summary-judgment motions, the Physician Parties challenged

the validity of the two rule provisions specifically addressing needle EMG—75.17(c)(2)(D) and

(c)(3)(A)—plus the general standard regarding use of needles—75.17(a)(3)—based on the assertions

that each rule permitted chiropractors to perform needle EMG, and needle EMG was an “incisive”

procedure excluded from the statutory scope of chiropractic. The district court granted the motions

and rendered judgment declaring that “22 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 75.17(a)(3), 75.17(c)(2)(D) and

75.17(c)(3)(A), concerning needle electromyography, are . . . invalid and void.” The Physician

Parties did not challenge, and the district court did not invalidate, TBCE’s definition of “incision”

as a “cut,” “surgical wound,” or “division of the soft parts.” See id. § 75.17(b)(3).

               In holding that the three rules improperly permitted chiropractors to perform an

“incisive” procedure, the district court, the Chiropractor Parties assert, misconstrued unambiguous

statutory language or at least erred in failing to give required deference to TBCE’s reasonable

construction of ambiguous language. They concede that the last sentence of occupations code

section 201.002(a)(3)—“[an incisive or surgical procedure] does not include the use of a needle for

the purpose of drawing blood for diagnostic testing”—negatively implies that the use of a needle to

draw blood for diagnostic testing would otherwise have been considered an “incisive” procedure in

the view of the Legislature, as otherwise the exception created in that sentence would have amounted

to a redundant nullity. See DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d at 638 (“Courts ‘do not lightly presume that the

Legislature may have done a useless act.’” (quoting Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Garrison Contractors,

Inc., 966 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tex. 1998)); Sultan v. Mathew, 178 S.W.3d 747, 751 (Tex. 2005) (“We

must avoid, when possible, treating statutory language as surplusage.”). But the fact that this

procedure involving use of a needle would be considered “incisive,” the Chiropractor Parties

                                                 20
insist, does not imply that every procedure involving the insertion of a needle into the human

body necessarily is. They urge that any such construction or inference ignores the Legislature’s

1997 amendments to the statutory definition of acupuncture. In those amendments, as previously

explained, the Legislature, with evident reference to its prior exclusion of “incisive” and “surgical”

procedures from the practice of chiropractic, changed the definition of acupuncture to refer to “the

nonsurgical, nonincisive insertion of an acupuncture needle . . . to specific areas of the human body.”

See Act of May 28, 1997, § 1, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws at 4418 (codified at Tex. Occ. Code Ann.

§ 205.001(2)(A)); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-471 (1998) (observing that 1997 amendment

responded to prior opinion concluding that acupuncture was an “incisive” procedure outside the

scope of chiropractic). By expressly contemplating, in a related statute, that the insertion of a needle

into the human body may be “nonincisive” (not to mention “nonsurgical”), the Legislature, in

the Chiropractor Parties’ view, confirmed that needle insertions may either be “incisive” or

“nonincisive” within the meaning of the statutory exclusion from chiropractic. And it follows, they

add, that the mere fact a needle insertion creates some degree of hole or separation of tissue along

the length of the inserted instrument, as all needle insertions will, cannot in itself be the criterion

that distinguishes an “incisive” needle insertion from a “nonincisive” one within the Legislature’s

contemplation.

                 The Chiropractor Parties add that TBCE’s standard for distinguishing “incisive” from

“nonincisive” needle use, which focuses on whether the procedure results in the removal of tissue,

see 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(a)(3), is consistent with this statutory framework. They reason

that (1) if using needles for blood draws for diagnostic use is an “incisive” procedure (again, the

negative implication of the Legislature’s exception of blood draws from “incisive or surgical”

                                                  21
procedures, see Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(a)(3)), (2) but needle insertion in itself cannot be

what makes the procedure “incisive” (as implied by the statutory definition of acupuncture as

entailing “nonincisive” needle insertion into the body, see Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 205.001(2)(A)),

(3) then the “incisive” character of a needle blood draw must relate to the fact that it results in the

separation and removal of the blood itself or, more generally, tissue, as blood is considered to be a

form of connective tissue. That distinguishing feature, the Chiropractor Parties assert, is properly

reflected in TBCE’s standard for determining “incisive” needle use. In striking down that standard,

they argue, the district court overlooked the unambiguous text of the relevant statutes, or at least

failed to give required deference to TBCE’s reasonable construction of ambiguous text. And the

same error, they add, led the district court to improperly strike down the two rules permitting needle

EMG, as it is undisputed that the procedure does not entail the removal of tissue.

               The Physician Parties’ core contention in response, as it was in their summary-

judgment motions, is that occupations code section 201.002(a)(3)’s express exception for needle

blood draws for diagnostic purposes from the “incisive or surgical” procedures excluded from

chiropractic reflects the Legislature’s intent that all other procedures involving needle usage,

including needle EMG, be excluded from the scope of chiropractic practice. Such a construction,

they reason, is necessary both to give effect to the exclusion, see Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. American

Emp’rs Ins. Co., 556 S.W.2d 242, 245 (Tex. 1977) (in context of construing a contract, observing

“the purpose of an exclusion is to take something out . . . that would otherwise have been included

in it”), and by the canon of statutory construction known as expressio unius est exclusio

alterius—literally “the specific mention of one is the exclusion of the other”—under which we

would presume that the Legislature’s explicit mention or inclusion of one thing signals its intention

                                                  22
to exclude the other or the alternative thing. See Johnson v. Second Injury Fund, 688 S.W.2d 107,

108-09 (Tex. 1985) (citing Bryan v. Sundberg, 5 Tex. 418, 422-23 (Tex. 1849)). They similarly

rely on the more general principle that courts must assume that the Legislature chose its words

carefully and deliberately, and included or excluded particular words purposefully. See, e.g.,

DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d at 635; USA Waste Servs. of Houston, Inc. v. Strayhorn, 150 S.W.3d 491, 494

(Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied).

                  In further support, the Physician Parties emphasize the legislative history of the

1995 amendments that added the exclusion and description of “incisive or surgical procedures.” In

their view, this history confirms the Legislature’s intent to forbid chiropractors from performing

needle EMG and any other procedure entailing the insertion of needles into the human body. In

reply, the Chiropractor Parties remind us that statutory construction turns not on the statements

of individual legislators but on the text of the statutes the Legislature collectively enacts. See Ojo

v. Farmers Grp., Inc., 356 S.W.3d 421, 435 (Tex. 2011) (noting that courts should apply “text-

centric model” when construing statutes, using extrinsic aids such as legislative history only when

text is not clear). And that statutory text, they urge, stops well short of evidencing intent to outlaw

needle EMG by chiropractors, especially considering that the procedure has been performed by

Texas chiropractors since the early 1990s and been a frequent concern of the medical community

for much of that time. If the Legislature had truly meant to prohibit chiropractors from performing

needle EMG, they suggest, it presumably would have said so more clearly and directly instead

of condemning “incisive” procedures and delegating power to TBCE to promulgate scope-of-

practice rules.




                                                  23
                As for the implications of the acupuncture statute’s reference to “nonsurgical,

nonincisive” needle insertions, the Physician Parties first suggest that this language is simply

irrelevant because chiropractors acting within the scope of their license are exempted from the

acupuncture statutes.18 They similarly question the premise of the Chiropractor Parties (and the

Attorney General)19 that the definition of acupuncture as “nonsurgical” and “nonincisive” under the

statutes regulating its practice necessarily resolves whether or not it is “incisive” under the meaning

of the chiropractic statutes. However, the Physician Parties have also relied on the narrower point

(so to speak) that the types of needles used in needle EMG have physical features that materially

distinguish them from those used in acupuncture.

                In support of their summary-judgment motion, TMA presented the affidavit of

Dr. Sara G. Austin, a physician, who compared the characteristics of acupuncture needles versus

those used in needle EMG. Attached to her affidavit were photographs comparing what she averred

were “a standard needle used in performing acupuncture” alongside “two of the types of needles I

use in performing EMG.” The photographs reflected that the two needle-EMG needles were longer

and somewhat thicker than the acupuncture needle, with one of the needle-EMG needles appearing

to extend four or five times the length of the acupuncture needle.20 Austin further testified that the


       18
           See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 205.003 (West 2004) (government code chapter 205, the
chapter regulating acupuncture, “does not apply to a health care professional licensed under another
statute and acting within the scope of the license”).
       19
            See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-471 (1998); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-472 (1998).
       20
          The photographic depictions show the acupuncture needle as approximately three-quarters
to one inch long, one of the needle-EMG needles appears to be roughly one-and-a-half inches long,
and the remaining needle-EMG needle is approximately four or five inches long. However, Austin
indicated that while the photographs accurately depicted the needles’ comparative sizes, shapes,
and configurations, the “photocopying process” had created some differences from their actual sizes.

                                                  24
tips of the types of needles used in needle EMG “typically are beveled”—i.e., have an angled side

or end, characteristic of a blade or cutting edge21—and, consequently, “incise tissue” (in the sense

of cutting it like a blade) when they are inserted during the EMG examination.22 She did not,

however, speak directly to the types of tips found on acupuncture needles.

                 The Physician Parties portray this summary-judgment evidence as establishing

conclusively that needle-EMG needles characteristically have a beveled or cutting edge.

Consequently, they reason, the insertion of such a needle into the human body effects a “cut” or

“incision” and, thus, is an “incisive procedure” within the meaning of the statutory exclusion. In

reply, the Chiropractor Parties emphasize Dr. Austin’s deposition testimony, which they presented

with their summary-judgment response. During her deposition, Austin acknowledged that while she

used needle-EMG needles that have a beveled, blade-like edge, some other practitioners performing

the procedure instead used needles having a tapered or blunt edge.

                 Our analysis of the parties’ competing contentions begins, in the first instance, with

a threshold question of whether the Legislature intended the term “incisive” procedure as used in the

statutory exclusion to be afforded its ordinary meaning or a somewhat narrower technical meaning.

See City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625-26. Especially in the context of health care, “incisive”

is used to refer to the act of cutting, usually tissue. See Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 700

       21
            Austin also referenced an attached magnified image of a needle tip showing such an edge.
       22
           Austin did not purport to opine as to whether the needle would be “incisive” in the sense
that term is used in the statutory exclusion. To the extent her testimony might be so construed, we
note that the testimony would amount to an incompetent legal conclusion. See LMB, Ltd. v. Moreno,
201 S.W.3d 686, 689 (Tex. 2006) (holding that bare legal conclusion is not competent summary-
judgment evidence); see also City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009)
(observing that unsupported legal conclusions are not competent evidence and may not support a
judgment even in the absence of an objection).

                                                  25
(5th Unabridged Lawyers’ ed. 1982) (defining “incisive” as “cutting; having the power to cut”);

Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 940 (31st ed. 2007) (defining “incisive” as “having the

power or quality of cutting,” and listing under its heading for “incision” various types of medical

tissue incisions). By contrast, the ordinary meaning of “incisive” embraces not only the concept of

cutting, but also “piercing” (“run[ning] into or through as a pointed instrument . . . does, stab[bing]

. . .[,] mak[ing] a hole in or through”) and “penetrating” (“pass[ing] into or through”).23 A needle

insertion into the human body would quite obviously satisfy the ordinary meaning of “incisive,” as

such a procedure would plainly “penetrate” tissue, if not also “pierce” it. But it is a closer question

whether a needle insertion likewise “cuts” tissue and meets the narrower, technical definition.

               In this case, our choice between the ordinary and technical meaning of “incisive” has

been narrowed somewhat by TBCE’s rule provision, unchallenged by the Physician Parties and

undisturbed by the district court’s judgment, construing the related term “incision.” See Tex. Occ.

Code Ann. § 201.002(c) (providing that “‘[i]ncisive or surgical procedure’ includes making an

incision into any tissue, cavity, or organ by any person or implement . . . ) (emphasis added).

Consistent with the technical meaning of “incisive,” TBCE has defined “incision” to mean, in

relevant part, “a cut or surgical wound.” See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(b)(3). Consequently,

whether the use of a needle is “incisive” so as to be excluded from chiropractic turns on whether

such use “cuts” or makes a “surgical wound” “into any tissue, cavity, or organ.” And, in light of this




       23
           See Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 1142 (defining “incisive” as “having a cutting
edge or a piercing point”), 1670 (defining “penetrate”), 1712 (defining “pierce”) (2002); American
Heritage College Dictionary 687 (defining “incisive” as penetrating), 1010 (defining “penetrate” as
“to enter or force a way into; pierce”), 1035 (defining “pierce” as “to cut or pass through with or as
if with a sharp instrument; stab or penetrate”) (2000).

                                                  26
rule definition, our analytical focus must shift to determining whether the three invalidated rules

permitting needle EMG are premised on a construction and application of “cut” that is clearly

erroneous or inconsistent with the rule’s text and underlying statutes. See TGS-NOPEC Geophysical

Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Tex. 2011) (“If there is vagueness, ambiguity, or room for

policy determinations in a statute or regulation, . . . we normally defer to the agency’s interpretation

unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the statute, regulation, or rule.”);

Rodriguez, 997 S.W.2d at 254 (“While we defer to the Commission’s interpretation of its own

regulation, we cannot defer to an administrative interpretation that is ‘plainly erroneous or

inconsistent with the regulation.’” (quoting Gulf State Utils. Co., 809 S.W.2d at 207)).

                Here the summary-judgment evidence becomes relevant to our analysis. Although

the summary-judgment evidence falls short of establishing conclusively that all needle-EMG needles

have a beveled, blade-like edge, Dr. Austin’s testimony remains undisputed that at least some of the

types of needles used by practitioners in performing that procedure do have that feature. And the

very purpose of having such an edge on a needle, as Austin further explained, is to make the needle

cut or slice through tissue, like a blade or knife. This evidence conclusively establishes that at least

some types of needles used in needle EMG “cut” into tissue under any conceivable definition of that

term. In its ordinary usage, “cut” with reference to something being inserted into or applied to tissue

means “to penetrate with or as if an edged instrument” or to separate into parts with a sharp

instrument. See Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 560 (2002) (defining “cut” as “to penetrate

with or as if with an edged instrument . . . . make an incision in . . . . to separate into parts”);

American Heritage College Dictionary 341 (2000) (defining “cut” as “to penetrate with a sharp edge;

. . . . [t]o separate into parts with or as if with a sharp-edged instrument; sever”); Random House

                                                  27
Dictionary of the English Language 494 (2d ed. 1987) (defining “cut” as “to penetrate with or as if

with a sharp-edged instrument or object . . . to divide with or as if with a sharp-edged instrument or

object”). We also observe that in the context of health care, needles with beveled edges are said to

“cut” or have a “cutting edge,” as contrasted with differently edged needles that do not “cut.”

Compare Dorland’s at 1255 (defining “cope needle” as “blunt-ended hook like needle with a

concealed cutting edge and snare” and “Hagedorn’s needles” as “surgical needles that are flat from

side to side with a straight, cutting edge near the point”) with id. (defining “spatula needle” as

“minute needle with a flat or slightly curved concave surface that does not cut or pierce”). Further,

while the question of whether acupuncture is within the chiropractic scope of practice is not before

us, nor does the summary-judgment evidence address whether or not acupuncture needles have a

beveled edge, this distinction between beveled, “cutting” needles and other kinds that do not “cut”

would perhaps explain how, in the Legislature’s view, acupuncture needles would be capable of

being inserted into the body in a “nonincisive” and “nonsurgical” manner. See Tex. Occ. Code Ann.

§ 205.001(2)(A).

               In contending that needle EMG is not a “cutting” or “incisive” procedure, the

Chiropractor Parties ultimately rely upon an asserted distinction predicated on the size of a needle’s

cutting edge as compared to that of scalpels, knives, or other larger cutting instruments. As they

explain their position on appeal, “[a] ‘cut’ or ‘wound’ involves an appreciable separation of tissue

in at least two directions, as when a knife cuts into and along the body at the same time,” (citing

dictionary definition of “cut” as “an opening made with an edged instrument”), “[b]ut a needle entry

typically creates an appreciable separation of tissue in only one direction—along the length of the

needle—because the width of most needles is small.” Consequently, in their view, “[t]he resulting

                                                 28
hole is not obviously a ‘cut,’” creating “a conceptually difficult question of interpretation: when

does a needle entry qualify as a ‘cut’ or ‘wound’ (and hence become ‘incisive’),” answered in turn

by TBCE’s “rational” conclusion focused on tissue removal. But these musings about needle points

ultimately miss the point—regardless of the relative size of the instrument, or whether its effects on

tissue are “obvious,” it remains that the insertion of a needle EMG needle having a beveled edge

would “cut” tissue, as it is designed to do, under any definition of that term. It would, therefore, be

an “incisive” use of a needle. Consequently, the Chiropractor Parties’ construction is contrary to the

text of its own definition of “incision” as well as the underlying statutes. See Gulf State Utils. Co.,

809 S.W.2d at 207; City of Garland, 165 S.W.3d at 819.

               It follows that the three challenged rule provisions purport to authorize chiropractors

to perform “incisive” procedures that are beyond chiropractic’s statutory scope—75.17(c)(2)(D) and

75.17(c)(3)(A) authorize chiropractors to perform needle EMG, and 75.17(a)(3) states that a

procedure involving a needle is “incisive” only if it results in removal of tissue. In so doing, these

rules exceed the statutory limits of chiropractic by, at a minimum, authorizing chiropractors to

perform needle EMG with beveled-edged needles that are made to cut or incise tissue. They were,

accordingly, beyond TBCE’s statutory authority and void. See Gulf States Utils. Co., 809 S.W.2d

at 207. The district court did not err in granting summary judgment to that effect. We overrule the

Chiropractor Parties’ issues concerning needle EMG.


MUA

               TCA’s first and TBCE’s third issue challenge the district court’s summary judgment

invalidating a provision of the scope-of-practice rule, subsection 75.17(e)(2)(O), that included

MUA among the treatment procedures or services that chiropractors are expressly authorized

                                                  29
to perform. See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(e)(2)(O). As previously noted, chiropractors are

generally authorized to “perform[] nonsurgical, nonincisive procedures, including adjustment and

manipulation, to improve the subluxation complex or the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal

system.” See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(2); see also 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(a)(1)(B)

(tracking the same language in TBCE’s scope-of-practice rule). In their summary-judgment motions,

the Physician Parties sought to invalidate the rule’s authorization of MUA on two basic grounds.

First, they asserted that the authorization was contrary to the prohibition in occupations code

section 201.154 barring TBCE from “adopt[ing] a process to certify chiropractors to perform

manipulation under anesthesia.” See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.154. Second, the Physician Parties

urged that MUA was a “surgical” procedure excluded from the scope of chiropractic. See id.

§ 201.002(b)(2), (c)(1). In this regard, they relied on the definition or description of “surgical

procedure” added by the Legislature in 2005: “‘[s]urgical procedure’ includes a procedure described

in the surgery section of the common procedure coding system as adopted by the Centers for

Medicare and Medicaid Services of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.”

Id. § 201.002(a)(4). The district court did not specify in its summary-judgment order and judgment

the ground or grounds on which it relied.24 The Chiropractor Parties challenge both grounds on

appeal, which they perceive to be related to one another.




       24
            Although both sides reference explanatory letters from the district court that preceded
its summary-judgment order and judgment, they acknowledge that the letters do not impact the
standard or scope of our appellate review. See Cherokee Water Co. v. Gregg County Appraisal Dist.,
801 S.W.2d 872, 878 (Tex. 1990) (holding that trial court’s letter to parties was not competent
evidence of the trial court’s basis for judgment); Summers v. Fort Crockett Hotel, Ltd., 902 S.W.2d
20, 25 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied) (refusing to consider trial court’s letter
to parties explaining reasons why judge would grant summary judgment).

                                                30
               Regarding section 201.154’s ban on TBCE “adopt[ing] a process to certify

chiropractors to perform [MUA],” the Chiropractor Parties insist that a ban on “certifying”

chiropractors to perform MUA means only that TBCE cannot create some sort of advanced training

or “certification” process beyond licensing minimums as a prerequisite to being allowed to perform

MUA, but does not prohibit chiropractors from performing the procedure itself. They add that such

a ban further implies that MUA itself could not be banned anywhere in chapter 201, as otherwise

section 201.154’s “certification” ban would be redundant surplusage. See Columbia Med. Ctr. of

Las Colinas, Inc. v. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 256 (Tex. 2008) (citing general rule that courts should

avoid statutory constructions that create surplusage or fail to give effect to provisions).

               As for the implications of occupations code 201.002(a)(4)’s definition or description

of “surgical procedure” (i.e., the language added in 2005), TBCE in its scope-of-practice rule

elaborated that “the common procedure coding system as adopted by the Centers for Medicare and

Medicaid Services of the United States Department of Health and Human Services,” referenced in

the statute, referred to “the American Medical Association’s annual Current Procedural Terminology

Codebook (2004),” which “has been adopted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid

Services . . . as Level 1 of the common procedure coding system.” See 22 Tex. Admin. Code

§ 75.17(b)(2) (defining “CPT Codebook”). Simply described, the CPT Codebook identifies several

thousand medical procedures and services and provides a five-digit code and brief description

for each. The American Medical Association began the development of the CPT coding system in

1966 to—




                                                 31
       encourage the use of standard terms and descriptors to document procedures in the
       medical record; help[] communicate accurate information on procedures and services
       to agencies concerned with insurance claims; provide[] the basis for a computer
       oriented system to evaluate operative procedures; and contribute[] basic information
       for actuarial and statistical purposes.


American Medical Association, CPT Coding Billing & Insurance, CPT Application Process FAQ,

http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/solutions-managing-your-practice/coding

-billing-insurance/cpt/cpt-process-faq/code-becomes-cpt.page (last visited Mar. 13, 2012).

Currently, the CPT is used “to report medical procedures and services under public and private

health insurance programs . . . [and] is also used for administrative management purposes such as

claims processing and developing guidelines for medical care review.” Id. The AMA updates the

CPT each year, effective January 1, to reflect new developments in medical procedures and services.

See id.; Practice Mgmt. Info. Corp. v. American Med. Ass’n, 121 F.3d 516, 517 (9th Cir. 1997). The

summary-judgment record contains excerpts from what appears to be a CPT Codebook for 2007,25

one of the versions in effect during the course of this litigation.

               The five-digit codes in the CPT are divided into three categories: Category I covers

medical services and procedures; Category II includes codes related to performance measurement;

and Category III lists the temporary codes for new and emerging technology. Category I is further

divided into six sections—“evaluation,” “anesthesia,” “radiology,” “pathology,” “medicine,” and,

of relevance here, “surgery.” See American Medical Association Current Procedural Terminology

(CPT®) 2007 xiv (4th ed. 2006). Within each section, procedures are arranged to enable the user




       25
           See American Medical Association, Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®) 2007
(4th ed. 2006).

                                                  32
to locate the code number readily. In the “surgical” section, the procedures are grouped according

to the body system on which surgery is performed.

               On appeal, TBCE concedes that “MUA is listed in the surgery section of the

CPT Codebook and [is] thus a surgical procedure under the Chiropractic Act.” See also 31 Tex.

Reg. 4615 (2006) (Texas Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs) (stating the same thing). Nonetheless, TBCE

insists that we must “harmonize” occupations code 201.002(a)(4), which would otherwise serve to

exclude MUA from the scope of chiropractic, see Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(c)(1), with the

general statutory authorization of chiropractors to perform “adjustment and manipulation,” see id.

§ 201.002(b)(2), and what it perceives to be an implicit authorization or recognition in occupations

code 201.154 that chiropractors can perform MUA because, as previously explained, TBCE

maintains that the section’s ban on “certification” of chiropractors to perform MUA would otherwise

be redundant surplusage. Relatedly, TBCE also invokes the principle that when statutory provisions

irreconcilably conflict, the “more specific” provision—what they view as the implicit authorization

of MUA present in section 201.154—should control over the “general” statutory exclusion of

surgical procedures from chiropractic. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.026(b) (West 2005)

(providing that specific provision prevails over general); MBM Fin. Corp. v. Woodlands Operating

Co., L.P., 292 S.W.3d 660, 670 n.56 (Tex. 2009) (citing to government code section 311.026(b) for

same proposition).

               In contrast to TBCE, TCA vigorously disputes that MUA is “described in the surgery

section” of the CPT Codebook in any sense relevant to chiropractors. While not disputing that the

“surgery” section of the book has contained a description of MUA at all times relevant to our inquiry




                                                 33
here,26 TCA insists that the reference “does not encompass chiropractic procedures.” It emphasizes

a cross-reference that appears in the 2007 CPT Codebook’s description of MUA:


       Manipulation

                      (For spinal manipulation without anesthesia, use 97140)

       22505          Manipulation of spine requiring anesthesia, any region


American Medical Association, 2007 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®) 2007 85 (4th ed.

2006). TCA represents that the referenced code “97140” does not apply to chiropractors because

there are different codes—98940 through 98943—that cover “chiropractic manipulative treatment.”

And because manipulation by chiropractors is not covered by the cross-referenced code 91740,

it reasons, the “manipulation of spine requiring anesthesia” code from which the reference is

made must likewise not apply to chiropractors. See id. at xiv, 85 (describing the “Surgery” section

of the CPT codebook as including code numbers 10021 through 69990). The portions of the

CPT Codebook concerning chiropractic manipulation do not appear in our record. Regardless,

assuming that TCA’s description of those codes is accurate, and even assuming it is correct in

concluding that code 22505 (“manipulation of the spine requiring anesthesia,” i.e., MUA) would not

actually be the code applied by a chiropractor who was billing for the treatment, it remains

undisputed that this code and accompanying description have appeared in the CPT Codebook’s


       26
          In fact, the 1970 edition of the CPT Codebook lists “22505 MANIPULATION SPINE
ANY REGION, REQUIRING ANESTHESIA” in the surgery section using the same five-digit
code used in the most current version of the CPT. See American Medical Association, Current
Procedural Terminology 135 (2d ed. 1970); American Medical Association, Current Procedural
Terminology CPT® 2012 75 (4th ed. 2011) (“22505 Manipulation of spine requiring anesthesia, any
region”).

                                                34
“surgery” section at all relevant times. This is all that the Legislature has required in order for MUA

to be deemed a “surgical” procedure excluded from the scope of chiropractic: “‘[s]urgical procedure’

includes a procedure described in the surgery section of the [CPT Codebook].” See Tex. Occ. Code

Ann. § 201.002(a)(4); 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(b)(2). The Legislature did not condition this

requirement on the identity or type of health-care provider who performs the procedure. And in the

face of this unambiguous statutory language, it is simply irrelevant whether, as TCA insists, a

chiropractor would actually bill under code 22505. To the contrary, such a fact would, if anything,

further confirm that the Legislature intended procedures “described” in the Codebook’s “surgical”

section be off-limits to chiropractors.

               Nor should we construe section 201.002(a)(4) any differently to “harmonize” or

avoid “conflict” with section 201.154, the provision barring TBCE from “adopt[ing] a process

to certify chiropractors to perform [MUA].” As an initial observation, the gravamen of the

Chiropractor Parties’ position concerning section 201.154 is that the Legislature, despite its specific

prohibition barring chiropractors from performing procedures listed under the CPT surgery codes,

intended to impliedly allow chiropractors to perform one of the listed procedures. Their position

further suggests that the Legislature intended (without explicitly saying so) that chiropractors be

allowed to perform MUA, yet went out of its way to bar TBCE from requiring any additional training

or qualifications beyond licensing minimums to ensure that chiropractors perform that procedure

safely. Such a construction yields what approaches “absurd results” that we presume the Legislature

could not possibly have intended. See Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. 2011) (“The

plain meaning of the text is the best expression of legislative intent unless a different meaning is

apparent from the context or the plain meaning leads to absurd or nonsensical results.” (citing

                                                  35
City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625-26)). It is also unsupported by the text of section 201.154

itself.

                The Chiropractor Parties’ construction of section 201.154 assumes that the word

“certify” expresses an intent to grant some special or additional type of authority to perform MUA

beyond that conveyed through licensing. But “certify” simply means “to designate as having met

the requirements for pursuing a certain kind of study or work.” See Webster’s 367 (defining “certify”

and comparing to “license”); see also Black’s Law Dictionary 258 (9th ed. 2009) (describing

“certify” as “attest as being true or as meeting certain criteria”). It does not necessarily require some

underlying, preexisting authority that would be enhanced, as it were, by the certification. In fact, the

plain language of section 201.154—i.e., “the board may not adopt a process to certify chiropractors

to perform [MUA]”—suggests that without certification, chiropractors lack the authority to perform

MUA. See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.154 (emphasis added).

                If the Legislature had intended “certify” to have the meaning that the Chiropractor

Parties suggest here—i.e., that “certification” contemplates some special designation and presumes

a status quo in which chiropractors can perform the procedure—a clearer statement of that intent

would have been a prohibition against TBCE adopting a process to certify chiropractors,

for example, “as an MUA specialist” or “in the field of MUA.” See, e.g., Tex. Occ. Code Ann.

§ 205.303(a) (West 2004) (“The medical board may certify a person as an acudetox specialist . . . .”)

(emphasis added); id. § 1701.404(b) (West Supp. 2011) (“The commission may certify a sheriff,

sheriff’s deputy, constable, other peace officer, county jailer, or justice of the peace as a special

officer for offenders with mental impairments . . . .”) (emphasis added). But the plain language of

section 201.154 does not do this. Rather, it merely forbids TBCE from designating chiropractors

                                                   36
as having met the requirements to perform MUA. Therefore, it does not necessarily follow that

chiropractors already have the authority to perform MUA.

               For similar reasons, we also reject the TBCE’s related contention that the “more

specific” language of section 201.154 should control over the statute’s general ban on surgical

procedures. But even if we were to apply this canon of construction, section 201.154 cannot be said

to be “more specific” than the ban on surgical procedures with regard to whether chiropractors

may perform MUA. At best, section 201.154 implies that chiropractors may perform MUA,

but section 201.002(a)(4) specifically provides that chiropractors may not perform MUA. Thus,

201.002(a)(4) is the specific provision that should control.

               Although our construction here could appear, at first glance, to render section 201.154

superfluous given the Act’s ban on MUA as a surgical procedure, it also can be viewed as

reinforcing the Legislature’s intent that chiropractors not perform MUA. See Nash, 220 S.W.3d

at 917-18 (noting that “there are times when redundancies are precisely what the Legislature

intended”); In re City of Georgetown, 53 S.W.3d 328, 335-36 (Tex. 2001) (construing duplicative

provisions of the Open Records Act and concluding that “the Legislature repeated itself out of an

abundance of caution, for emphasis or both”). In any event, occupations code section 201.002(a)(4)

means what it says, and we cannot ignore this clear expression of legislative intent in the cause

of avoiding any redundancy with section 201.154. See City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne,

111 S.W.3d 22, 29 (Tex. 2003) (“‘It is an elementary rule of construction that, when possible to do

so, effect must be given to every sentence, clause, and word of a statute so that no part thereof be

rendered superfluous.’”) (quoting Spence v. Fenchler, 180 S.W. 597, 601 (Tex. 1915)).




                                                 37
               Based on the unambiguous text of occupations code section 201.002(a)(4), we

conclude that MUA is a “surgical procedure” excluded from the statutory scope of chiropractic and

that occupations code section 201.154 is not to the contrary. Although the Physician Parties also

emphasize the anecdotal legislative history of section 201.154, the statutory text is dispositive here.

See DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d at 635 (noting that courts should look first to the plain meaning of

statutory text as expressing legislative intent); Alex Sheshunoff, 209 S.W.3d at 652 n.4 (noting that

reliance on secondary materials such as legislative history should be avoided when text is

unambiguous). We must, however, consider one final argument asserted by TCA.

               TCA urges that if we construe section 201.002(a)(4) to deem MUA performed by

chiropractors a “surgical procedure,” we must invalidate the provision as an improper delegation of

legislative authority that violates the separation-of-powers clause of the Texas Constitution.27 See

Tex. Const. art. III, § 1 (vesting the legislative power in the Senate and House of Representatives).28

Specifically, the Chiropractor Parties assert that by effectively incorporating a coding system

developed by the AMA—a private association (not to mention a longtime professional rival to

chiropractors and chiropractic)—to supply a definition or description of “surgical procedure,” the

Legislature has delegated its authority to the AMA in a manner that fails the eight-factor balancing

test articulated by the supreme court in Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation, Inc., 952 S.W.2d



       27
           As was the case with TCA’s assertion that MUA performed by chiropractors is not
described in the surgical section of the CPT Codebook, TBCE does not join in this argument.
       28
           Both the Physician Parties and the State of Texas assert that TCA waived this argument
by non-suiting its affirmative claims for relief. To the contrary, TCA also raised this contention
defensively, as a ground for denying the Physician Parties’ summary-judgment motion, thereby
preserving it for appeal. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). Furthermore, in its notice of non-suit, TCA
explicitly disclaimed any intent to waive its right to assert any defensive arguments.

                                                  38
at 472, for delegations of authority to private entities.29 Although we agree that a delegation of

unbridled discretion to the AMA to define “surgical procedures” would potentially raise

constitutional concerns, see id. at 471-75, we disagree that the Legislature has delegated its authority

in this situation.

                Whether the Legislature has, in fact, delegated its authority to define “surgical

procedures” to the AMA depends initially on whether section 201.002(a)(4) incorporates (1) some

fixed version of the CPT Codebook or (2) the CPT Codebook in whatever manner the AMA may

revise or amend it in the future. If the former, the Legislature has not delegated its authority to

define “surgical procedure,” but has instead defined that term itself, albeit by reference to another

source. See Ex parte Elliott, 973 S.W.2d 737, 741 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. ref’d). This sort

of cross-reference to fixed external fact, source, or standard is no more a delegation of legislative

authority than a statutory reference to a measure of time or volume.

                Although no party has emphasized it, we observe that TBCE’s scope-of-practice rule

defines the “CPT Codebook” as the version published by the AMA in 2004. See 22 Tex. Admin.




        29
            Although the text of section 201.002(a)(4) itself refers to an agency of the
federal government rather than the AMA (“the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services of the
United States Department of Health and Human Services”), there is no dispute that at all relevant
times CMS has fully incorporated the AMA’s CPT coding system, as TBCE has acknowledged in
its rules. See Department of Health & Human Services Medical Data Code Sets Rule, 45 C.F.R.
§ 162(b)(1) (2012) (adopting AMA’s CPT codebook for the period from October 16, 2003 through
September 30, 2013); 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(a)(4) (2011) (Tex. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs,
Scope of Practice); see also HCPCS-General Information, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Servs.,
https://www.cms.gov/MedHCPCSGenInfo (last visited Mar. 13, 2012) (“Level I of the HCPCS is
comprised of CPT (Current Procedural Terminology), a numeric coding system maintained by the
American Medical Association (AMA).”). Consequently, the statutory reference to the “common
procedure coding system adopted” by CMS was, at least at the time of the statute’s 2005 enactment,
tantamount to incorporating the AMA’s CPT Codebook.

                                                  39
Code § 75.17(b)(2) (identifying “the American Medical Association’s annual Current Procedural

Terminology CodeBook (2004)”). That is, in fact, the version of the CPT Codebook that was in

effect when the Legislature adopted section 201.002(a)(4) in May 2005.30 Thus, TBCE has

interpreted section 201.002(a)(4) to incorporate a fixed version of the CPT Codebook. See Ex parte

Elliott, 973 S.W.2d at 741. Moreover, we would reach the same conclusion even in the absence of

this rule. In Ex parte Elliott, we considered, in the context of a habeas proceeding, whether the

Legislature’s incorporation of the Environmental Protection Agency’s definition of “hazardous

waste” was an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority. See id. at 741. We held that the

Legislature intended to adopt the EPA’s definition of hazardous waste that existed on the date

the relevant legislation was enacted. See id. In reaching our holding, we relied on supreme court

precedent that (1) a statute that adopts another statute by reference adopts the referenced statute as

it exists at the time of adoption, but not as it may be amended in the future, see id. (citing Trimmier

v. Carlton, 296 S.W. 1070, 1074 (Tex. 1927)), and that (2) we must construe a statute subject to

varying interpretations in a manner that assumes the Legislature’s intent to enact a constitutional

statute. See id. at 742 (citing Brady v. Fourteenth Court of Appeals, 795 S.W.2d 712, 715

(Tex. 1990)); see also Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.021(1) (West 2005) (establishing presumption

that the Legislature intended for statutes to be constitutional); but see id. § 311.027 (West 2005)

(providing that statutory references to a statute or rule applies to revisions or amendments to the




       30
           According to the evidence in the record, the AMA publishes the CPT Codebook annually
in the late summer or early fall, to be effective January 1. Thus, the CPT Codebook in effect for
the calendar year 2005—i.e., CPT 2005—would have had a publication date of 2004. See, e.g.,
American Medical Association Current Procedural Terminology CPT 2012 (4th ed. 2011)
(designated as “CPT 2012,” but published in 2011).

                                                  40
statute or rule). In this case, we would similarly construe section 201.002(a)(4) so as to avoid the

potential constitutional infirmities and hold that it references the version of the CPT Codebook in

effect on the date of its enactment, May 27, 2005. Under that construction, no delegation of the

Legislature’s authority to define “surgical procedure,” much less an unlawful one, has occurred. See

Ex parte Elliott, 973 S.W.2d at 742.

               TCA counters that construing section 201.002(a)(4) to adopt a fixed version of the

CPT Codebook poses due-process concerns because the AMA updates the CPT Codebook annually

and prior versions of the CPT Codebook are “inaccessible.” We simply note that, in addition to

the fact that there is no summary-judgment evidence in the record that the 2004 edition of the

CPT Codebook was inaccessible to any party, our own independent research on the delegation

question has confirmed that this specific publication is available through public sources, including

interlibrary loan from the Texas State Law Library. Thus, although not as readily accessible as the

current version of the CPT Codebook, the 2004 CPT Codebook is not inaccessible.

               As previously noted, there is no dispute that MUA was described in the “surgical”

section of the CPT Codebook throughout the period at issue, including in its 2004 version. As there

is no constitutional barrier to section 201.002(a)(4)’s enforcement, we must give it effect and hold

that MUA is a “surgical procedure” excluded from the statutory scope of chiropractic practice. See

Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(2), (c)(1). Consequently, subsection 75.17(e)(2)(O), which

purports to authorize chiropractors to perform MUA, is beyond TBCE’s statutory authority and void.

See Gulf States Utils. Co., 809 S.W.2d at 207. The district court did not err in granting summary

judgment to that effect. We overrule the Chiropractor Parties’ issues concerning MUA.




                                                41
“Diagnosis”

               In its remaining issues, TCA (but not TBCE) challenges the district court’s judgment

invalidating rules authorizing chiropractors to make certain “diagnoses.” In addition to responding

to TCA’s issues, the Physician Parties assert what they term a “cross-point” urging affirmance based

on the grounds they raised in their first motion for partial summary judgment, and also what is

substantively a motion to dismiss one of TCA’s issues for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Before

turning to the parties’ competing contentions, it is necessary to clarify, at some length, the specific

rules at issue, the scope of the district court’s ruling, and the procedural posture of the remaining

issues on appeal.

               The statutory scope of chiropractic, again, includes “us[ing] objective or subjective

means to analyze, examine, or evaluate the biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal

system of the human body” and “perform[ing] nonsurgical, nonincisive procedures . . . to improve

the subluxation complex or the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system.” See Tex. Occ. Code

Ann. § 201.002(b)(1), (2). In subpart (d)(1) of its scope-of-practice rule, TBCE construed these

provisions to permit chiropractors to render certain “analyses,” “diagnoses,” and “other opinions”:


       (d)     Analysis, Diagnosis, and Other Opinions

               (1)     In the practice of chiropractic, licensees may render an analysis,
                       diagnosis, or other opinion regarding the findings of examinations
                       and evaluations. Such opinions could include, but are not limited to,
                       the following:

                       (A)     An analysis, diagnosis or other opinion regarding the
                               biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal
                               system including, but not limited to, the following:

                               (i)     the health and integrity of the structures of the system;

                                                  42
      (ii)    the coordination, balance, efficiency, strength,
              conditioning and functional health and integrity of the
              system;

      (iii)   the existence of structural pathology, functional
              pathology or other abnormality of the system;

      (iv)    the nature, severity, complicating factors and effects
              of said structural pathology, functional pathology, or
              other abnormality of the system;

      (v)     the etiology of said structural pathology, functional
              pathology or other abnormality of the system; and

      (vi)    the effect of said structural pathology, functional
              pathology or other abnormality of the system on the
              health of an individual patient or population of
              patients;

(B)   An analysis, diagnosis or other opinion regarding a
      subluxation complex of the spine or musculoskeletal system
      including, but not limited to, the following:

      (i)     the nature, severity, complicating factors and effects
              of said subluxation complex;

      (ii)    the etiology of said subluxation complex; and

      (iii)   the effect of said subluxation complex on the health of
              an individual patient or population of patients;

(C)   An opinion regarding the treatment procedures that are
      indicated in the therapeutic care of a patient or condition;

(D)   An opinion regarding the likelihood of recovery of a patient
      or condition under an indicated course of treatment;

(E)   An opinion regarding the risks associated with the treatment
      procedures that are indicated in the therapeutic care of a
      patient or condition;




                        43
                      (F)     An opinion regarding the risks associated with not receiving
                              the treatment procedures that are indicated in the therapeutic
                              care of a patient or condition;

                      (G)     An opinion regarding the treatment procedures that are
                              contraindicated in the therapeutic care of a patient or
                              condition;

                      (H)     An opinion that a patient or condition is in need of care from
                              a medical or other class of provider;

                      (I)     An opinion regarding an individual’s ability to perform
                              normal job functions and activities of daily living, and the
                              assessment of any disability or impairment;

                      (J)     An opinion regarding the biomechanical risks to a patient, or
                              patient population from various occupations, job duties or
                              functions, activities of daily living, sports or athletics, or from
                              the ergonomics of a given environment; and

                      (K)     Other necessary or appropriate opinions consistent with the
                              practice of chiropractic.


22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1). In a subpart (d)(2) to the rule, however, TBCE described

several examples of “analyses,’ “diagnoses,” or “other opinions” that would be, in its view, outside

the permissible scope of chiropractic practice:


               (2)     Analysis, diagnosis, and other opinions regarding the findings of
                       examinations and evaluations which are outside the scope of
                       chiropractic include:

                       (A)     incisive or surgical procedures;

                       (B)     the prescription of controlled substances, dangerous drugs,
                               or any other drug that requires a prescription;

                       (C)     the use of x-ray therapy or therapy that exposes the body to
                               radioactive materials; or



                                             44
                        (D)     other analysis, diagnosis, and other opinions that are
                                inconsistent with the practice of chiropractic and with the
                                analysis, diagnosis, and other opinions described under this
                                subsection.


Id. § 75.17(d)(2).

                In their live pleadings, the Physician Parties sought a declaration invalidating 75.17(d)

in its entirety, as well as certain other rule provisions that defined terms used within that provision,

on the basis that the provision exceeded the statutory scope of chiropractic and permitted

chiropractors to practice medicine without a medical license, violating the Medical Practice Act and,

alternatively, article XVI, section 31 of the Texas Constitution. Additionally, in the event 75.17(d)

(or any of the challenged rules) were held to be within the statutory scope of chiropractic, TMA

asserted an alternative constitutional challenge to the underlying statutes themselves under

article XVI, section 31 of the Texas Constitution.

                In their first motion for partial summary judgment, the Physician Parties asserted that

they were entitled to a declaration invalidating 75.17(d) as a matter of law because the statutory

scope of chiropractic permits licensees to “analyze, examine, or evaluate” certain conditions, but not

to “diagnose” them, and “diagnose” is instead reserved to the practice of medicine and certain other

health care professions. Compare Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(1) (one practices chiropractic

if he or she “uses objective or subjective means to analyze, examine, or evaluate . . .”) with id.

§ 151.002(a)(3) (“‘[p]racticing medicine’ means the diagnosis, treatment, or offer to treat . . .”). The

Chiropractor Parties countered with their own motion for partial summary judgment seeking

dismissal of the Physician Parties’ claims that the use of the term “diagnosis” in its scope-of-practice

rule exceeded chiropractic’s statutory scope. They asserted that “diagnosis” in its ordinary meaning

                                                   45
broadly denoted a process of analysis and evaluation and was, therefore, included or implicit in the

express statutory authorizations of chiropractors to “analyze,” “examine,” and “evaluate,” if not also

the authorizations to treat certain conditions. The district court denied the Physician Parties’ motion

and granted the Chiropractors’ motions “in part as to the Chiropractic Board’s use of the word

‘diagnosis’ in its rule.” “However,” the court emphasized in its order, it “reserve[d] judgment

regarding ‘diagnosis’ as it relates to scope of practice.” (Emphasis in original.)

               Subsequently, the Physician Parties filed a second motion for partial summary

judgment seeking relief only as to two portions of 75.17(d)—(d)(1)(A), which authorized “analysis,

diagnosis or other opinion” concerning a list of six specific subjects “regarding the biomechanical

condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system”; and (d)(1)(B), which authorized “analysis,

diagnosis or other opinion” concerning a list of three specific subjects “regarding a subluxation

complex of the spine or musculoskeletal system.” See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1)(A), (B).

The basis of this motion was that these provisions exceeded chiropractic’s statutory scope of practice

and also violated article XVI, section 31 of the Texas Constitution by permitting chiropractors to

“diagnose” conditions, such as diseases, that were beyond the “biomechanical condition[s] of the

spine and musculoskeletal system of the human body” that chiropractors were statutorily permitted

to “analyze, examine, or evaluate.” See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(1). The Chiropractor

Parties countered with a joint “supplemental” motion for partial summary judgment and request for

judicial notice urging that “diagnose” (which, again, they viewed as synonymous or implicit in

“analyze,” “examine,” and “evaluate”) encompassed diagnosis of diseases and any other matter listed




                                                  46
in 75.17(d)(1) and (2).31 Without stating the specific grounds on which it relied, the district court

granted the Physician Parties’ second motion for partial summary judgment and, as before, denied

the Chiropractor Parties’ motions except to the extent of granting them “as to the use of the word

‘diagnosis’ in the rule.”

               In its third issue, TCA urges that the district court erred in concluding that (d)(1)(A)

(concerning “analysis, diagnosis or other opinion” regarding what were termed aspects of “the

biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system”) exceeded chiropractic’s statutory

scope of practice. In its fourth issue, it advances a similar contention as to the district court’s

invalidation of (d)(1)(B) (concerning “analysis, diagnosis or other opinion regarding a subluxation

complex of the spine or musculoskeletal system”). In its fifth and final issue, TCA challenges the

Physician Parties’ alternative summary-judgment ground that (d)(1)(A) and (B) violated article XVI,

section 31 of the Texas Constitution.

               In addition to joining issue on the merits of TCA’s third and fourth issues, the

Physician Parties assert what they style as a “cross-point” urging that we affirm the summary

judgment as to (d)(1)(A) and (B) on the ground, originally presented in their first motion for partial

summary judgment, that the statutory scope of chiropractic does not include “diagnosing” a

condition, as opposed to “analyzing, examining, or evaluating” it. TCA replies, and we agree, that

the Physician Parties’ “cross-point” seeks relief beyond that which they were afforded in the

district court’s judgment, which explicitly granted the Chiropractor Parties’ motion for partial


       31
          Additionally, in the meantime, TBCE filed a motion for partial summary judgment seeking
dismissal of the Physician Parties’ constitutional claims challenging 75.17(d) and, alternatively, its
underlying statutes. However, we cannot discern from the record that TBCE ever obtained a ruling
on this motion.

                                                 47
summary judgment “as to the use of the word ‘diagnosis’ in the rule” and left undisturbed numerous

provisions of 75.17(d) that explicitly authorize chiropractors to “diagnose.”32 Consequently, to raise


       32
          The district court’s judgment left intact the following provisions of 75.17(d) authorizing
“diagnosis” by chiropractors:

       (d)     Analysis, Diagnosis, and Other Opinions

               (1)     In the practice of chiropractic, licensees may render an analysis,
                       diagnosis, or other opinion regarding the findings of examinations
                       and evaluations. Such opinions [i.e., “an analysis, diagnosis, or other
                       opinion”] could include, but are not limited to, the following:

                       ...

                       (C)     An opinion regarding the treatment procedures that are
                               indicated in the therapeutic care of a patient or condition;

                       (D)     An opinion regarding the likelihood of recovery of a patient
                               or condition under an indicated course of treatment;

                       (E)     An opinion regarding the risks associated with the treatment
                               procedures that are indicated in the therapeutic care of a
                               patient or condition;

                       (F)     An opinion regarding the risks associated with not receiving
                               the treatment procedures that are indicated in the therapeutic
                               care of a patient or condition;

                       (G)     An opinion regarding the treatment procedures that are
                               contraindicated in the therapeutic care of a patient or
                               condition;

                       (H)     An opinion that a patient or condition is in need of care from
                               a medical or other class of provider;

                       (I)     An opinion regarding an individual’s ability to perform
                               normal job functions and activities of daily living, and the
                               assessment of any disability or impairment;



                                                 48
this contention on appeal, the Physician Parties were required to file their own notice of appeal. See

Tex. R. App. P. 25.1(c) (“A party who seeks to alter the trial court’s judgment . . . must file a notice

of appeal.”); Lubbock County, Tex. v. Trammel’s Lubbock Bail Bonds, 80 S.W.3d 580, 584

(Tex. 2002); Quimby v. Texas Dep’t of Transp., 10 S.W.3d 778, 781 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000,

pet. denied). They did not do so. We thus lack jurisdiction to consider the Physician Parties’ “cross-

point” and dismiss it.33 See Tarrant Restoration v. TX Arlington Oaks Apartments, Ltd., 225 S.W.3d

721, 733-34 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. dism’d w.o.j.).

                Conversely, the Physician Parties suggest that we lack subject-matter jurisdiction to

consider TCA’s fifth issue challenging the potential summary-judgment ground that 75.17(d)(1)(A)

and (B) violate article XVI, section 31 of the Texas Constitution. Citing the portion of the

district court’s judgment stating that its summary-judgment rulings had rendered “moot” “TMA’s

and TMB’s constitutional challenges,” the Physician Parties accuse TCA of seeking an “advisory

opinion” regarding a claim or issue that the district court never reached. We observe that while

TMA’s alternative constitutional challenges to the underlying statutes were never adjudicated below

and would indeed have been mooted by the district court’s summary-judgment rulings, it is unclear



                       (J)      An opinion regarding the biomechanical risks to a patient, or
                                patient population from various occupations, job duties or
                                functions, activities of daily living, sports or athletics, or from
                                the ergonomics of a given environment; and

                        (K)     Other necessary or appropriate opinions consistent with the
                                practice of chiropractic.

22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1).
       33
         We emphasize that we express no opinions regarding the merits of the cross-point that the
Physician Parties attempt to assert.

                                                   49
whether the district court’s reference to “moot” “constitutional challenges” was intended also to

refer to the constitutional challenge to rule 75.17(d)(1)(A) and (B), as opposed to the statutes, that

the Physician Parties had presented as a ground for partial summary judgment. Regardless, we

ultimately agree with the Physician Parties that TCA’s fifth issue is moot, if for no other reason than

that the Physician Parties, by taking the position that the district court never reached their summary-

judgment ground concerning the constitutionality of 75.17(d)(1)(A) and (B), have conceded that we

cannot affirm the summary judgment invalidating those provisions on that basis.

               Having thus clarified and narrowed the matters in dispute, the sole dispositive

questions remaining before us in regard to 75.17(d)(1)(A) and (B) are whether those rule provisions

exceed the statutory scope of chiropractic—assuming, as we must do in the present procedural

posture, that TBCE’s use of the term “diagnosis” does not in itself cause the provision to exceed the

statutory or permissible constitutional scope of chiropractic practice.


       “Diagnoses” and “opinions” regarding the “biomechanical condition of the spine or
       musculoskeletal system”

               Subpart (d)(1)(A) of TBCE’s scope-of-practice rule allows a chiropractor, again, to

render “an analysis, diagnosis or other opinion regarding the biomechanical condition of the spine

or musculoskeletal system” and provides a non-exclusive list of examples of such analyses,

diagnoses, and opinions that TBCE has determined fit within this provision. See 22 Tex. Admin.

Code § 75.17(d)(1)(A). Although the district court did not specify the grounds on which it relied

to find this provision invalid, the Physician Parties argued in support of their motion for

summary judgment, and also in their briefs to this Court, that this provision improperly allows

chiropractors to diagnose diseases that cannot be considered biomechanical conditions of the spine


                                                  50
or musculoskeletal system. On appeal, TCA responds that when read in the context of the rule as

a whole, subpart (d)(1)(A) does not exceed the statutory scope of chiropractic because it limits

chiropractors to making diagnoses only regarding the biomechanical condition of the spine or

musculoskeletal system, consistent with the statutory scope of chiropractic. See Tex. Occ. Code

Ann. § 201.002(b)(1); 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1)(A). We agree.

               The effect of our procedurally required assumption that TBCE’s use of the term

“diagnosis” does not in itself cause the scope-of-practice rule to exceed the statutory scope of

chiropractic is that the word “diagnose” is synonymous with the phrase “analyze, examine, or

evaluate” in the statutory scope of chiropractic. See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(1). As such,

subpart (d)(1)(A) effectively tracks the Legislature’s scope of chiropractic:



     Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(1)                  22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1)(A)
 (b) A person practices chiropractic under [the     (1) In the practice of chiropractic, licensees
 Chiropractic Act] if the person:                   may render and analysis, diagnosis, or other
                                                    opinion regarding the findings of examinations
                                                    and evaluations. Such opinions could include,
                                                    but are not limited to, the following:

 (1) uses objective or subjective means to          (A) An analysis, diagnosis or other opinion
 analyze, examine, or evaluate the                  regarding the biomechanical condition of the
 biomechanical condition of the spine and           spine or musculoskeletal system including, but
 musculoskeletal system of the human body[.]        not limited to, the following [list of examples].



Id.; 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1)(A).             Thus, the plain language of (d)(1)(A) limits

chiropractors to diagnosing—i.e., “analyzing, examining, or evaluating”—biomechanical conditions

of the spine or musculoskeletal system. Further, because the list of non-exclusive examples of such

“diagnoses” are grammatically dependent on or otherwise stem from the paragraph’s initial statement

                                                  51
that the diagnosis regard the biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system, the

listed examples are likewise limited to the biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal

system of the human body. In other words, the non-exclusive list of example opinions or diagnoses

cannot be read in isolation; rather, they must be read as being dependent upon or bounded by the

restriction that they also regard the biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system.

To that extent, this complies with the statutory scope of chiropractic.

               The Physician Parties counter that this provision does not restrict chiropractors to

the biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system because it allows them

to diagnose diseases without limitation. In support of this contention, they point to the rule’s

“expansive definitions” of “musculoskeletal system”34 and “subluxation complex,”35 the rule’s

“broad catch-all phrases “including but not limited to,” “structural pathology,” “functional

pathology,” and “etiology,” and finally to their assertion that the common, ordinary meaning of the

word “diagnose” incorporates identification of diseases, see Webster’s at 622 (defining “diagnose”

as “to identify (as a disease or condition) by symptoms or distinguishing characteristics”); American

Heritage College Dictionary at 383 (defining “diagnosis” as “act or process of determining the

nature and cause of a disease or injury through examination of a patient”). Specifically, they assert

that because “biomechanical” refers only to the application of mechanical principles—i.e., the action



       34
           “The system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated
tissues and nerves that move the body and maintain its form.” 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(b)(4).
       35
          “[A] neuromusculoskeletal condition that involves an aberrant relationship between two
adjacent articular structures that may have functional or pathological sequelae, causing an alteration
in the biomechanical and/or neuro-physiological reflections of these articular structures, their
proximal structures, and/or other body systems that may be directly or indirectly affected by them.”
Id. § 75.17(b)(7).

                                                 52
of forces on matter or material, see Webster’s at 1401 (defining “mechanics” and “mechanical”)—to

living bodies and does not involve diseases of any kind, chiropractors may not render a diagnosis,

which by definition involves the identification of a disease. Relatedly, they point to the rule’s use of

“pathology” and “etiology,” which also involve the study of disease, see Dorland’s at 690 (defining

“etiology” as “the study or theory of the factors that cause disease”), 1416 (defining “pathology” as

“the branch of medicine that deals with the essential nature of disease”), to argue that this provision

of the scope-of-practice rule allows chiropractors to diagnose a wide range of diseases and

conditions, including various cancers, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, ALS, and bone fractures.

                But apart from the fact that the common, ordinary meaning of “diagnosis” also

includes the identification of a “condition” or an “injury,” see Webster’s at 622; American Heritage

College Dictionary at 383, the Physician Parties’ argument presumes that “disease” would extend

beyond the biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system of the human body. This

construction, as previously suggested, ignores the plain language of the rule restricting any

such diagnosis to the biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system. The text and

format of this provision plainly shows that “the system” discussed in each of the examples is “the

biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal system” referred to at the beginning of the

provision. Stated another way, each of the listed examples is limited to the Legislature’s standard

of “biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal system.” Thus, regardless of whether

diagnosis, pathology, or etiology invoke concepts of disease as the Physician Parties suggest,

the bottom line is that paragraph (d)(1)(A) limits chiropractors to diagnoses regarding “the

biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal system” as required by the statutory scope

of chiropractic. Accordingly, the provision does not exceed the statutory scope of chiropractic.

                                                  53
                In a related argument, the Physician Parties challenge TBCE’s use of the phrase

“could include, but are not limited to” in subpart (d)(1) of the scope-of-practice rule, suggesting

that it, in combination with the issues discussed above, eviscerates any purported limitation on

chiropractors’ authority to diagnose by allowing chiropractors to “diagnose any diseases (pathology)

that relate to the biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal system (redefined

to include nerves and other tissues), determine their origins (etiology) and provide a prognosis

on the disease’s effect.” But this argument requires reading 75.17(d)(1) in an unnecessarily

strained manner.

                As set forth above, paragraph (d)(1) states that chiropractors “may render an analysis,

diagnosis, or other opinion regarding the findings of examinations and evaluations. Such opinions

could include, but are not limited to, the following[.]” See 22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1)

(emphases added). “But are not limited to” as it is used here merely means that the list of examples

that follows is not a comprehensive list of every type of authorized opinion—i.e., there could be

other types of opinions that fit within the parameters of the provision that are not mentioned in the

list. Also, use of this phrase does not alter the limitation in the rule that the “diagnosis” referred to

must regard the findings of “examinations and evaluations,” a phrase that itself is described earlier

in the scope-of-practice rule in terms of the statutory scope of chiropractic:


        (c)     Examination and Evaluation

                (1)     In the practice of Chiropractic, licensees of this board provide
                        necessary examination and evaluation services to:

                        (A)     Determine the bio-mechanical condition of the spine and
                                musculoskeletal system of the human body including, but not
                                limited to, the following . . . .

                                                   54
                       ....

                       (B)     Determine the existence of subluxation complexes of the
                               spine and musculoskeletal system of the human body and to
                               evaluate their condition including, but not limited to . . . .


Id. § 75.17(c)(1)(A), (B). Thus, the plain language of 75.17(d)(1) provides that chiropractors may

render diagnoses regarding findings and examinations within the statutory scope of chiropractic, and

offers a non-exclusive list of examples of such opinions. It does not, by its plain language, allow

them to render diagnoses that do not involve the statutory scope of chiropractic. As such, it does not

exceed the statutory scope of chiropractic.

               We sustain TCA’s third issue.


       “Diagnoses” and “opinions” regarding “a subluxation complex of the spine or
       musculoskeletal system”

               Relatedly, the Physician Parties argued successfully to the district court that the

following paragraph of TBCE’s scope-of-practice rule, (d)(1)(B), also exceeds the statutory scope

of chiropractic:


               (1)     In the practice of chiropractic, licensees may render an analysis,
                       diagnosis, or other opinion regarding the findings of examinations
                       and evaluations. Such opinions could include, but are not limited to,
                       the following:

                       ...

                       (B)     An analysis, diagnosis or other opinion regarding a
                               subluxation complex of the spine or musculoskeletal system
                               including, but not limited to, the following: [list of examples].




                                                 55
22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(d)(1)(B). Initially, the Physician Parties argue that this paragraph

of the scope-of-practice rule is invalid because it allows chiropractors to diagnose a subluxation

complex despite the fact that the statutory scope of chiropractic only allows chiropractors to treat

the subluxation complex. Compare Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 201.002(b)(1) (allowing chiropractors

“to analyze, examine, or evaluate the biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal

system”) (emphasis added) with id. § 201.002(b)(2) (allowing chiropractors “to . . . perform

procedures to improve the subluxation complex or the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system)

(emphasis added). Stated another way, the Physician Parties argue that while chiropractors—again

assuming our procedural limitations as to “diagnosis”—may diagnose the biomechanical condition

of the spine or musculoskeletal system, they can only treat, but not diagnose, the subluxation

complex. We find this argument unpersuasive.

               This argument suggests that the Legislature intended to allow chiropractors to treat

a condition that is undisputedly unique to the practice of chiropractic, while also deliberately

depriving them of the ability to analyze, examine, evaluate, or (given our procedural posture)

“diagnose” that condition. We cannot see how a chiropractor would know to treat a subluxation

complex if he had not first determined from an analysis, examination, or evaluation/ “diagnosis” that

there was a problem with the subluxation complex that needed chiropractic treatment. A more

logical interpretation, and one supported by the text of both the occupations code and TBCE’s scope-

of-practice rule and by the summary-judgment evidence, is that a subluxation complex is part of the

biomechanical condition of the spine or musculoskeletal system of the human body and, thus, may

be analyzed, evaluated, examined, and diagnosed by chiropractors.




                                                 56
                TBCE’s unchallenged definition of “subluxation complex” establishes that it is a—


        neuromusculoskeletal condition that involves an aberrant relationship between two
        adjacent articular structures that may have functional or pathological sequelae,
        causing an alteration in the biomechanical and/or neuro-physiological reflections of
        these articular structures, their proximal structures, and/or other body systems that
        may be directly or indirectly affected by them.


22 Tex. Admin. Code § 75.17(b)(7). The rule also defines “musculoskeletal system” as the “system

of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues and nerves that

move the body and maintain its form.” See id. § 75.17(b)(4). “Neuro-” is a prefix meaning “nerve,”

see Dorland’s at 1284, and “articular” refers to joints, see id. at 160. To a certain extent, then, use

of the prefix “neuro-“ with the adjective “articular” in connection with “musculoskeletal” is

redundant in that TBCE’s definition of “musculoskeletal system” already includes both nerves and

joints. Nevertheless, the bottom line here is that 75.17(d)(1)(B) allows chiropractors to diagnose a

condition that under unchallenged rules is part of the musculoskeletal system of the human body.

To that extent, it comports with the statutory scope of chiropractic.

                The Physician Parties also contend that the language of paragraph (d)(1)(B) allows

chiropractors, in violation of the statutory scope of chiropractic, to diagnose neurological conditions,

pathological and neuro-physiological consequences that effect the spine and musculoskeletal system,

and “other body systems” that are affected by subluxation. We disagree that this provision sweeps

so broadly. Although the definition of “subluxation complex” indicates that its existence may have

functional or pathological consequences or that it may affect essentially every part of the body, the

rule itself only allows chiropractors to render an analysis, diagnosis, or other opinion regarding a




                                                  57
subluxation complex of the spine or musculoskeletal system. Accordingly, it does not exceed the

statutory scope of chiropractic.

               We sustain TCA’s fourth issue.


                                         CONCLUSION

               Having determined that, in the procedural posture of this appeal, the district court

erred in its judgment invalidating subparts 75.17(d)(1)(A) and (B) of TBCE’s scope-of-practice rule,

we reverse that portion of the judgment. In light of our reversal of the district court’s summary

judgment invalidating subparts 75.17(d)(1)(A) and (B) of the scope-of-practice rule, we remand the

case for further proceedings regarding the Physician Parties’ alternative constitutional challenges.

Having otherwise overruled each of the Chiropractor Parties’ issues on appeal, we affirm the

remainder of the district court’s judgment that subparts 75.17(a)(3), (c)(2)(D), (c)(3)(A), and

(e)(2)(O) of TBCE’s scope-of-practice rule are void.




                                              __________________________________________

                                              Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Henson

Affirmed in part; Reversed and Remanded in part

Filed: April 5, 2012




                                                 58
