Opinion issued November 1, 2012.




                                     In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                           ————————————
                             NO. 01-11-01074-CV
                           ———————————
       EAST HOUSTON ESTATE APARTMENTS, L.L.C., Appellant
                                       V.
                  CHASE BANK OF TEXAS, N.A., Appellee



                   On Appeal from the 333rd District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2007-5873B



                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      East Houston Estate Apartments, L.L.C. (EHEA) appeals from the trial

court’s summary judgment in favor of Chase Bank of Texas, N.A. In two issues,

EHEA contends that its claims against Chase are not time barred by the statute of
limitations and that it presented sufficient evidence to raise a fact issue as to the

causation element of its claims against Chase. We affirm.

                                   Background

      EHEA sought to rehabilitate a low-income apartment complex in northeast

Houston. It obtained financing for the project from Chase and, as a subordinate

creditor, the City of Houston. EHEA and Chase entered into a Construction/Term

Loan Agreement for the rehabilitation project.1 Chase and the City (but not EHEA)

also entered into an intercreditor agreement regarding the project. The loan

agreement required EHEA to comply with certain conditions of funding, and gave

Chase approval rights with respect to the project’s general contractor.

      After EHEA terminated its original general contractor, disagreements arose

between EHEA and Chase. Chase asserted the EHEA was in violation of the loan

agreement’s funding conditions, ceased funding the project, and declined EHEA’s

request for a loan extension. Over the next few years, Chase continued to notify

EHEA that Chase would not resume funding unless EHEA cured its breaches of

the loan agreement. EHEA declined or was unable to address these concerns to

Chase’s satisfaction, and Chase ultimately accelerated the loan. Shortly thereafter,

EHEA filed for bankruptcy. The bankruptcy action was dismissed later that year.


1
      EHEA also entered into a financing agreement with the City. EHEA issued notes
      to both Chase and the City.

                                          2
      Chase sold EHEA’s note on the project property to East Houston

Apartments, LLC, which then sent EHEA notice of foreclosure on the project

property. EHEA filed for bankruptcy a second time. After the bankruptcy stay was

lifted, East Houston Apartments foreclosed on the property.

      EHEA filed this suit against Chase, the City, and East Houston Apartments.

EHEA asserted claims against Chase for breach of contract, common-law and

statutory fraud, civil conspiracy, tortious interference with prospective relations,

tortious interference with existing contracts, violations of the Deceptive Trade

Practices Act (DTPA), and for equitable relief. Chase moved for traditional and

no-evidence summary judgment, which the trial court granted.2 The trial court

severed EHEA’s claims against Chase, rendering the summary judgment order

final and appealable, and this appeal ensued.

                                 Scope of Appeal

      In its brief, EHEA identifies eleven grounds on which Chase sought

summary judgment:

      Grounds asserted in the traditional motion:

      [1]   The contract, fraud, tortious interference, Deceptive Trade
            Practices Act (DTPA), and civil conspiracy claims are barred
            by limitations.


2
      The trial court issued several orders granting some of the relief requested in
      Chase’s summary judgment motion before granting the motion in its entirety.

                                         3
      [2]   Appellant has no standing to sue under the Intercreditor
            Agreement.

      [3]   Appellant is not a consumer as contemplated by the DTPA.

      [4]   The DTPA does not apply because the transaction that is the
            basis of the claims exceeds the monetary caps contained in the
            DTPA.

      [5]   The statutory fraud claim fails because Chase was a lender and
            the transaction did not involve the sale of real property, neither
            of which is contemplated by section 27.01 of the Texas
            Business & Commerce Code, the authority for a statutory fraud
            cause of action.

      [6]   The equitable relief sought by appellant is moot.

      Grounds asserted in the no-evidence motion:

      [7]   There is no evidence to support the fraudulent inducement
            element of common law fraud.

      [8]   There is no evidence that Chase tortiously interfered with an
            existing contract.

      [9]   There is no evidence that Chase tortiously interfered with any
            prospective business relationship.

      [10] There is no evidence [of an illegal and overt act,] required for a
           civil conspiracy cause of action [].

      [11] There is no evidence of cause-in-fact regarding damages to any
           of the causes of action.

(Bracketed numbers added.) EHEA challenges only two of these grounds for

summary judgment: limitations (ground 1) and causation (ground 11).




                                         4
      Because the trial court’s order does not state the ground on which the court

granted summary judgment, we must affirm the trial court’s judgment if any

ground for summary judgment is meritorious. See Harwell v. State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co., 896 S.W.2d 170, 173 (Tex. 1995); Gillebaard v. Bayview Acres

Ass’n, Inc., 263 S.W.3d 342, 347 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.

denied). Put another way, with respect to each of its claims, EHEA must negate

any grounds on which the trial court could have relied, and we must affirm the trial

court’s judgment with respect to any ground for summary judgment not challenged

on appeal. See Gillebaard, 263 S.W.3d at 347–48 (“When a summary-judgment

order does not specify or state the grounds on which the trial court relied, on

appeal, the non-movant must negate any grounds on which the trial court could

have relied, and a reviewing court will affirm the summary-judgment order if any

of the grounds presented is meritorious.”) (citations omitted); McCoy v. Rogers,

240 S.W.3d 267, 271 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (“If

summary judgment may have been rendered, properly or improperly, on a ground

not challenged on appeal, the judgment must be affirmed.”).

      Thus, we must affirm the trial court’s summary judgment with respect to

each claim on which summary judgment could have been granted based on one of

the above-listed grounds not challenged by EHEA here. Specifically, because

EHEA does not challenge summary judgment ground (2), we must affirm the trial

                                         5
court’s judgment on EHEA’s breach of contract claim against Chase based on the

Intercreditor Agreement (if any). Because EHEA does not challenge grounds (3)

and (4), we must affirm the trial court’s judgment on EHEA’s DTPA claim against

Chase. Because EHEA does not challenge grounds (5) and (7), we must affirm the

trial court’s judgment on EHEA’s statutory and common-law fraud claims.

Because EHEA does not challenge ground (6), we must affirm the trial court’s

judgment on EHEA’s claim for equitable relief. Because EHEA does not challenge

grounds (8) and (9), we must affirm the trial court’s judgment on EHEA’s tortious

interference claims. Finally, because EHEA does not challenge ground (10), we

must affirm the trial court’s judgment on EHEA’s civil conspiracy claim.

      In sum, EHEA challenges the summary judgment only with respect to its

breach of contract claims based on contracts other than the Intercreditor

Agreement. EHEA’s live pleadings state a claim against Chase for breach of the

loan agreement between EHEA and Chase. We therefore consider EHEA’s

appellate arguments to determine whether summary judgment was proper on its

claim against Chase for breach of the loan agreement.

               No-Evidence Challenge to Causation of Damages

      In a no-evidence summary judgment, the movant may challenge the

nonmovant’s evidence as to one or more elements of a claim on which the

nonmovant bears the burden of proof at trial. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). The burden

                                        6
then shifts to the nonmovant to present evidence sufficient to raise a fact issue on

the challenged elements. See id. (“The court must grant the motion unless the

respondent produces summary judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of

material fact.”); Airgas-Sw., Inc. v. IWS Gas & Supply of Tex., Ltd., No. 01-10-

00938-CV, 2012 WL 3772502, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30,

2012, no. pet. h.). We must ascertain whether the nonmovant produced more than a

scintilla of probative evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact. Aleman v.

Ben E. Keith Co., 227 S.W.3d 304, 308 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no

pet.). “More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence ‘rises to a level that

would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.’” Id.

at 308–09 (quoting King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex.

2003), which in turn quotes Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d

706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). If the evidence does no more than create a mere surmise or

suspicion of fact, less than a scintilla of evidence exists. Id. (citing Havner, 953

S.W.2d at 711–12).

      Contending that it raised a question of fact on the causation element of its

claims, EHEA makes the following argument on appeal:

      Appellant has argued, testified, and presented evidence that Chase
      continually strung it along when trying to comply with the terms and
      conditions of the Loan. It is clear and undisputed that Chase required
      any contractor performing work [o]n the property made the subject of
      the suit had to be approved by Chase. The first contractor that Chase
      approved could not perform the job and was therefore terminated. (CR
                                          7
      905). Appellant made efforts to complete the project on his own but
      was prevented from doing so by Chase. (CR 907). Chase provided
      Appellant with a list of contractors and continued to refuse to approve
      any of the contractors that it had suggested. (CR 908). The only
      contractor Chase would approve was one whose budget was $1.5
      million dollars higher than all of the other contractors. (CR 909).
      Subsequently, many meetings were held and letters changed hands to
      resolve the matter. Had Chase approved the contractors in a timely
      manner or not required Appellant to use a contractor that was
      substantially over the budgeted amount, Appellant would have
      completed the project and would not have lost the property. Moreover,
      because the project was never completed (due to Chase’s actions)
      Appellant could not make any money. Chase’s constant string-a-long
      tactics and false promises caused Appellant to suffer damages. There
      is in fact “evidence” of causation.3

      EHEA’s record citations, to pages 905 and 907 through 909 of the clerk’s

record, direct the Court’s attention to specific pages of EHEA’s summary

judgment response in the trial court. EHEA’s summary judgment briefing is, itself,

not evidence. See, e.g., Sher v. Fun Travel World, Inc., 118 S.W.3d 500, 503 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.) (“Of course, pleadings are not competent summary

judgment evidence.”). But these pages contain citations to exhibits to the motion,




3
      EHEA’s breach of contract claim, as pleaded in its live petition, asserts that Chase
      breached its contractual obligations to EHEA “by refusing or failing to fund the
      loans for which Plaintiff pledged its property.” EHEA does not reference Chase’s
      decision not to approve certain contractors for the rehabilitation project in the
      context of its breach of contract allegations but does reference this elsewhere in
      the petition. For purposes of this appeal, we will read the petition broadly and
      assume that EHEA has pleaded a breach of contract claim based on Chase’s non-
      approval of contractors—the subject matter of EHEA’s causation argument.

                                           8
which are contained in the summary judgment record. We will consider whether

this evidence raised an issue of fact on causation.4


4
      In the trial court, EHEA responded to Chase’s evidentiary challenge on the
      element of causation with respect to EHEA’s tortious interference claim, stating:

             . . . Defendant Chase Bank asserted again in 2004 that they would be
             willing to go forward on the project. Based upon such
             representation, the Plaintiff went out and received a bid for 1.5
             Million dollars, and later Defendant Chase Bank (CB) transferred
             the note, and the buying entity Defendant East Houston Apartments
             (EHA) and assign of Chase Bank, wrongfully foreclosed on the
             property; thus causing the Plaintiff to lose such bid for l.5 Million
             which are the damages to the Plaintiff for such misrepresentation.
             This is proof of tort[i]ous interference.

      EHEA also responded to Chase’s causation challenge with respect to EHEA’s
      fraud claim, stating:

             [T]he Fraud occurred when the Project property was actually
             foreclosed on. That was the ultimate damages to the Plaintiff. So, the
             misrepresentation was from Defendant CB, we will fully fund the
             loan made back in 99, the plaintiff reasonabl[y] relied on such
             misrepresentation through 2007, in 2007 Defendant Chase Bank
             transferred the note, and Defendant East Houston Apartments (EHA)
             [] foreclosed on the Plaintiff’s, East Houston Estate Apartments
             (EHEA) property causing the Plaintiff injury and damages in this
             case.

      But EHEA did not make an argument with respect to evidence of causation of its
      breach of contract damages in its response to Chase’s motion for summary
      judgment. In its reply in support of summary judgment, Chase pointed out that
      EHEA had failed to respond to its no-evidence challenge on causation (as well as
      other grounds for summary judgment). EHEA responded with the following
      statement:

             The Plaintiff incorporates by reference all responding briefs, all
             submitted Affidavits and Letters, Motions and Exhibits which have
             been presented as part of their response(s) to Defendant Chase
             Bank[’]s motions for Summary Judgment. Accordingly, the Plaintiff
             has timely responded to Chase Bank[’]s Traditional and No
                                           9
      We hold that EHEA has not demonstrated that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment against EHEA on the ground that it presented no

evidence that Chase’s conduct caused it damages.5 EHEA’s first contention—that

the original general contractor approved by Chase “could not perform the job”—is

not supported by the portion of record EHEA cites. Exhibit A, referenced on page

905 of the clerk’s record, is the first page of a letter in which EHEA’s counsel

states that, pursuant to the construction contract between EHEA and the original

general contractor, the rehabilitation project commenced in March 2000 rather than

August 1999. The portion of the letter contained in the record does not tend to

establish the reason for the March 2000 starting date, that the starting date was

dictated or otherwise caused by Chase rather than the parties to the contract, or

how the March 2000 starting date caused EHEA damages.




            Evidence Motions for Summary Judgment, and has raised genuine
            issues of material facts to be considered by a jury.

      Thus, EHEA did not raise the causation argument it makes on appeal in its
      summary judgment briefing before the trial court. We nevertheless consider
      EHEA’s causation argument here.
5
      The elements of a breach of contract cause of action are: (1) existence of a valid
      contract; (2) performance or tendered performance by the plaintiff; (3) breach of
      the contract by the defendant; and (4) damages to the plaintiff caused by the
      breach. Godfrey v. Sec. Serv. Fed. Credit Union, 356 S.W.3d 720, 726 (Tex.
      App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.) (citing Roof Sys. Inc. v. Johns Manville Corp., 130
      S.W.3d 430 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.)); Wright v. Christian
      & Smith, 950 S.W.2d 411, 412 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ).

                                          10
      EHEA’s second contention—that EHEA “made efforts to complete the

project on [its] own but was prevented from doing so by Chase”—is likewise

unsupported by the evidence referenced in the record. In the cited portion of

EHEA’s summary judgment response, EHEA asserts that it attempted to complete

the project itself after termination of the original contractor but could not do so

because Chase refused EHEA’s request to draw funding on the ground that EHEA

was not an approved general contractor. But EHEA’s response does not cite any

evidence in support of these contentions.

      With respect to EHEA’s third and fourth contentions—that Chase refused to

approve even a general contractor on its suggested list of contractors and

ultimately approved a contractor “whose budget was $1.5 million dollars higher

than all of the other contractors”—the evidence referenced in the cited portion of

the clerk’s record supports some but not all of EHEA’s contentions. The record

contains a list of contractors provided by Chase to EHEA for consideration; a letter

from EHEA to Chase stating that EHEA had contacted all contractors on the list

but received only one bid from Construction Supervisors, Inc., which was for an

amount “substantially greater than our present budget”; and a letter from Chase to

EHEA approving Qualified Construction, Inc. as the new general contractor.

Assuming that Construction Supervisors is the contractor from the list that EHEA

asserts Chase refused to approve, the evidence does not tend to demonstrate why or

                                        11
how Chase’s alleged refusal to approve Construction Supervisors caused EHEA

any damages. EHEA itself identified Construction Supervisors’s bid as

substantially exceeding the project’s budget. Nor does the cited material indicate

the amount of Qualified Construction’s bid, whether it exceeded the other

contractor’s bids, or how Chase’s approval of Qualified Construction caused

EHEA any damages.

      Finally, although EHEA asserts that Chase’s alleged failure to approve

contractors “in a timely manner” and insistence on using a contractor “that was

substantially over the budgeted amount” caused EHEA to lose the property, EHEA

fails to cite to any evidence in the record to support those contentions. Likewise,

EHEA does not cite to any evidence to support its contention that Chase’s conduct

caused EHEA not to complete the project and thus EHEA “could not make any

money.” EHEA cites to no evidence tending to establish that it could have

completed the rehabilitation project but for Chase’s actions; and the record

contains evidence of other issues that may have prevented EHEA from completing

the project even if the parties had located and approved a replacement contractor

more quickly.6 Nor does EHEA cite evidence tending to establish that, but for

Chase’s action, EHEA would have made a profit on the project upon completion.

6
      EHEA also had disagreements with the City over the project, and the City
      eventually also sent EHEA a notification of various requirements EHEA would
      need to satisfy before the City would consider continuing funding of the project.

                                         12
      Assuming without deciding that Chase’s alleged conduct relating to approval

of a general contractor constituted a breach of the loan contract, EHEA has

presented no evidence tending to show that this conduct caused EHEA’s damages.

Because the trial court could have properly granted summary judgment on EHEA’s

breach of contract claim on the ground that EHEA presented no evidence that

Chase’s alleged breached caused EHEA damages, we must affirm the trial court’s

judgment against EHEA on its breach of contract claim.7

                                  Conclusion

      We hold that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment

against EHEA on its claim against Chase for breach of their loan agreement. The

trial court’s summary judgment on EHEA’s other claims against Chase must be

affirmed on grounds not challenged in this appeal. We therefore affirm the trial

court’s judgment.



                                            Harvey Brown
                                            Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Massengale, and Brown.




7
      Because of our disposition of the EHEA’s second issue on appeal, we need not
      reach EHEA’s first issue on appeal, relating to the statute of limitations.

                                       13
