                                                      RENDERED : MAY 20, 2010
                                                            TO BE PUBLISHED


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                               2008-SC-000895-DG
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BRANDI CHIPMAN                                                         APPELLANT


                     ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V.                      CASE NO . 2007-CA-000690-MR
                        KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NOS .
                      06-CR-00539 AND 06-CR-00539-001


COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                APPELLEE


                 OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE NOBLE

                   REVERSING, VACATING AND _REMANDING


       This case involves the disposition of a juvenile convicted in circuit court

and sentenced as a youthful offender. The Court of Appeals affirmed. This

Court granted discretionary review to address two issues : (1) Does KRS

640.040(4) apply to a youthful offender transferred to the circuit court based

on her "use of a firearm" under KRS 635 .020(4) when she pleads guilty to a

lesser included offense, the elements of which do not reflect the use of a

firearm? And (2), in answering the first question, what sources should the

court consider? For the reasons set forth below, the Court of Appeals is

reversed .
                                  I. Background

       Appellant, Brandi Chipman, was a seventeen-year-old girl with no prior

criminal history. She bought marijuana from Brandon Vest, and gave him a

video camera as collateral until she could come up with the money for the

drugs. Later, Vest refused to return the camera, claiming that he had sold it.

Learning that Vest still had the camera, Appellant asked three adult males to

accompany her while she went to Vest's apartment to exchange the money for

her camera.

      One of the adults allegedly brought a gun with him, pistol-whipped Vest,

and took various items from the apartment. Appellant claimed that she

believed the adults were just going to accompany her while she retrieved her

property, and that she did not know one of them had a gun or that any of them

intended to rob or hurt any occupants of the apartment.

      Appellant was charged with first-degree burglary, first-degree robbery,

and second-degree assault. After a preliminary hearing, the district court

transferred Appellant to circuit court, where a grand jury indicted her on these

three charges . She entered into a plea agreement with the Commonwealth

before trial, pleading guilty to second-degree robbery. In exchange, the

Commonwealth recommended an eight-year sentence and dismissal of the

other charges. She also agreed to testify against the adult males and to help

police apprehend two of them who had avoided arrest.

      After some discussion, Appellant's attorney and the Commonwealth

agreed that Appellant should be sentenced as a juvenile, not as a youthful

offender. The circuit court disagreed, based on its interpretation of the relevant
                                        2
 statute, and sentenced Appellant as a youthful offender to sixty-one months'

imprisonment . The court then allowed Appellant to amend her earlier plea to

be conditional, in order to allow this appeal .

       The Court of Appeals affirmed Appellant's sentence. This Court granted

discretionary review to consider whether Appellant should have been sentenced

as a juvenile .

                                    II. Analysis

      Whether Appellant should have been sentenced as a juvenile or an adult

is a question of law. Consequently, this Court will review the decision of the

circuit court de novo . Richardson v. Louisville/Jefferson County Metro

Government, 260 S.W.3d 777, 778 (Ky. 2008) (citation omitted) .

      At common law, through the present day, Kentucky has recognized that

children should not be held to the same standard as adults . However, as

modern society saw a rise in more heinous crimes being committed by

children, concerns about punishment and setting an example soon followed .

Consequently, the legislature enacted exceptions to the Juvenile Code by

creating a class of offenders known as "youthful offenders," who are children

that are prosecuted and sentenced as if they were adults . Yet, being mindful of

the traditional reluctance to treat children as adults, the legislature set a high

bar for children to be deemed youthful offenders .

      Thus, under the statutory scheme,      KRS 635 .010- .120 8v 640 .010- .120,


two steps are required before a child will be sentenced as a youthful offender.

First, the child must qualify for transfer to circuit court and prosecution as a

youthful offender by falling under one of the youthful offender provisions in
                                         3
 KRS 635 .020(2)-(7) . Then, upon conviction in the circuit court, the child may

be sentenced as a youthful offender only if he is not "exempt" under KRS

640 .040(4) . This means that the child's ultimate conviction must continue to

qualify him as a youthful offender under one of the provisions in KRS

635 .020(2)-(7) . See Canter v. Commonwealth, 843 S.W .2d 330, 331-32 (Ky .

 1992) . As a result, to be properly sentenced as an adult, a child must qualify

as a youthful offender both for prosecution and for sentencing . Id.

       The only provision which could qualify Appellant as a youthful offender

here is KRS 635 .020(4) . That provision states that a child

      shall be transferred to the Circuit Court for trial as an adult if,
      following a preliminary hearing, the District Court finds probable
      cause to believe that the child committed a felony, that a firearm
      was used in the commission of that felony, and that the child was
      fourteen (14) years of age or older at the time of the commission of
      the alleged felony.

This provision continues: "If convicted in Circuit Court, he shall be subject to

the same penalties as an adult offender," as set forth in this and other statutes .

      Appellant does not argue that her initial transfer was improper . Rather,

her argument is that she could not be sentenced as a youthful offender

because she was "exempt" from such sentencing under KRS 640 .040(4) . That

provision states that: "Any youthful offender convicted of a misdemeanor or

any felony offense which would exempt him from KRS 635.020(2), (3), (4), (5),

(6), (7), or (8) shall be disposed of by the Circuit Court in accordance with the

provisions of KRS 635.060 [juvenile sentencing] ." This exemption provision

covers KRS 635.020(4), the "use of a firearm" provision at issue in this case .
       The effect of this exemption statute was clearly articulated in     Canter.

Canter was charged with murder and first-degree criminal abuse. She was

transferred to circuit court for trial as a youthful offender under KRS

635.020(2) because she was "charged with a capital offense, Class A felony, or

Class B felony, [and] had attained age fourteen (14) at the time of the alleged

commission of the offense ." The murder charge qualified her for transfer

because she was over fourteen and murder is a capital offense,       see   KRS

507.020(2) ; however, the first-degree criminal abuse charge did not because

that offense is only a Class C felony,    see   KRS 508.100(2) . Canter was

ultimately acquitted of the capital offense but convicted of the Class C felony,

and then sentenced as a youthful offender.

      On appeal, the issue was whether Canter could be properly sentenced as

a youthful offender, given that her only conviction was for a Class C felony, a

charge for which she could not have been transferred. This Court unanimously

held that such sentencing was improper and remanded with instructions to

sentence her as a juvenile .   Canter,   843 S .W.2d at 332 .

      In its decision, this Court focused on the crime for which Canter was

actually convicted :

      A Class C felony, of which Canter was ultimately convicted, certainly
      would not fall within the purview of KRS 635 .020(2) ; had she originally
      been charged with only a Class C felony, she clearly would have been
      exempt from youthful offender status, and disposition would have been
      pursuant to IKRS 635 .060 [juvenile sentencing] .

Id. The Court then explained the importance of focusing on the conviction for

sentencing purposes, rather than on mere charges:
       The Commonwealth contends that Canter is not exempt from KRS
       635 .020(2), because that statute was satisfied when Canter was "charged
       with a capital offense ." We find the Commonwealth's position utterly
       untenable. First, KRS 640 .040 is clearly and entirely intended to
       prohibit certain sentencing alternatives . . . . The Commonwealth's
       interpretation would render KRS 640.040(4) a nullity. Secondly, and
       more fundamentally, we cannot accept the proposition that the final
       disposition of any offender is dependent upon the original charge rather
       than the ultimate conviction . We will not presume guilt, and particularly
       not after acquittal.

Id .

       The Canter decision makes it clear that sentencing of children is

controlled by the child's conviction, not any prior charge that may have been

the initial basis for transfer. Id. Indeed, as this Court realized in Canter, this

is the only way to give KRS 640.040(4) any effect, as that statute requires that

certain convictions in circuit court "exempt" children from youthful offender

sentencing . Such exemption would be impossible if the sentencing did not

depend on whether the ultimate conviction satisfied the youthful offender

statutes.

       Thus, this case turns on whether the crime of which Appellant was

convicted continued to qualify her as a youthful offender. This depends on

whether she was actually convicted of a felony in which "a firearm was used ."

See KRS 635 .020(4) .

       Despite the clarity of Canter, that case is not dispositive here because

KRS 635.020(4) creates a unique problem: it is the only youthful offender

provision whose applicability post-conviction will not be self-evident . All other

youthful offender provisions require looking at only the class of the crime, the

age of the defendant, and perhaps prior adjudications or convictions on his or
her record . I For that reason, determining whether the relevant provision still

applies when fixing a sentence can be done by glancing at the defendant's

conviction and official records . In almost every case the issue will be clear and

uncontestable, and a direct application of Canter will allow the court to resolve

the issue with little effort.

       In contrast, the "firearm was used" provision is fact-specific and requires

the court to conduct deeper inquiry . The court must look at the particular

facts underlying the conviction because, as the Commonwealth points out in

its brief, KRS 635 .020(4) covers crimes for which the use of a firearm is not an

element but where a firearm was nevertheless used in a particular case.

Indeed, the crimes potentially covered by the provision are quite broad : it

requires that the "child committed a felony[ and] that a firearm was used in the

commission of that felony."

       Seemingly, any felony could qualify under the right set of facts. For

example, although first-degree wanton endangerment and reckless homicide

need not involve a firearm, see KRS 508.060; KRS 507 .050, they certainly

could . And the crime for which Appellant pleaded guilty, second-degree

robbery, requires that "in the course of committing theft, [s]he use[d] or

threaten[ed] the immediate use of physical force upon another person ." KRS



1 See KRS 635 .020(2) ("capital offense, Class A felony, or Class B felony" by child at
  least fourteen years old); (3) ("Class C or Class D felony," with one prior felony
  adjudication as a juvenile, by child at least sixteen years old) ; (5) (felony, by child
  with previous conviction as youthful offender, before eighteenth birthday) ; (6) (joining
  lesser charges for youthful offenders under subsection (2)) ; (7) (felony committed
  before eighteenth birthday by person who is at least eighteen years old) ; (8) (joining
  certain offenses) .
515 .030 . This could involve-but certainly does not need to involve-the use

of a firearm.

       However, the seeming breadth of this provision is curtailed because the

use of the firearm must be tied to the child . This is because the statute refers

to a firearm being "used in the commission of that felony," referring back to the

felony "that the child committed." KRS 635.040(4) (emphasis added) . Thus, the

child must use the firearm while committing a felony, or at least be complicit in

another person's use of a firearm. Indeed, this is consistent with the statutory

scheme, which subjects children to adult sentencing for only the most heinous

and serious of crimes . However, it also underscores the uniqueness of the "use

of a firearm" provision because it requires evidence in the record indicating

that the child used a firearm in committing the felony; the child's use of a

firearm will not be self-evident from the conviction .

      If the use of a firearm is not self-evident from the conviction, it must

appear somewhere from the record . In this case, Appellant and the

Commonwealth reached a plea agreement before trial, and so no evidence was

introduced that might establish Appellant's use of a firearm . Indeed, other

than Appellant's plea colloquy, no testimony was heard at all. Of course, if this

case were tried, the court could have made findings, based on the evidence

introduced at trial, about whether Appellant had used a firearm. The

disposition of the child depends on whether or not a firearm was used, and so

a finding in this regard is necessary to properly fix the sentence . But here, the

court had no evidence before it on this point. The court only had the plea, and

so the plea must establish Appellant's use of a firearm . It did not do so.
                                         8
         Of course, if the Commonwealth wishes to preserve the possibility of

youthful offender sentencing when negotiating pleas, it could require

defendants to stipulate to their use of a firearm (or to their complicity in

another's use of a firearm) as a condition of the plea agreement. In addition,

the Commonwealth could require an express, knowing, and voluntary waiver of

the right to juvenile sentencing, which would vest the court with the discretion

to sentence the defendant under the harsher, adult provisions, if appropriate .

See Kozak v. Commonwealth, 279 S.W .3d 129 (Ky. 2009) .

         No such stipulation, agreement, or waiver was made here . In fact, the

record makes clear that the Commonwealth's Attorney had no objection to

sentencing Appellant as a juvenile . He told the court: "I have no problem after

having had it pointed out to me that she must be treated as a juvenile . The

legislature says that in these circumstances (juvenile sentencing is required],

then they are the ones that made the policy." The Commonwealth never

objected to juvenile sentencing or argued that Appellant had waived juvenile

sentencing . Indeed, the Commonwealth expressly stated that sentencing as an

adult was not a condition of the plea . And when the court ruled that Appellant

was to be sentenced as an adult anyway, the Commonwealth asked the court

to amend her plea to make it conditional to allow the issue to be appealed . In

short, the Commonwealth had the opportunity to secure the possibility of

youthful offender sentencing, but decided it was not in the interest ofjustice to

do so.

         In support of upholding the youthful offender sentencing on appeal, the

Commonwealth points to two statements made to the court. Specifically, that
                                         9
Appellant "acknowledged that one of the participants had a . . . pistol" during

the plea colloquy and that "the Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney explained

for the court that the co-defendant pistol whipped the victim ." This does not

adequately establish that Appellant used a firearm or was complicit in another

person's use of a firearm.

      With respect to the colloquy, Appellant's agreement with the court that

one of the adult males accompanying her "was carrying a .25 caliber pistol"

does not establish her use of the pistol. First, this Court has stressed that

"use" requires something more than mere "possession" or being "armed." See,

e.g., Darden v. Commonwealth, 52 S .W.3d 574, 577 (Ky. 2001) ("We believe the

terms `possession of a weapon' and `use of a weapon' are two entirely different

concepts .") ; Haymon v. Commonwealth, 657 S.W .2d 239, 240 (Ky. 1983) ("[T)he

General Assembly took pains to distinguish between being `armed' with a

weapon and the `use of a weapon' in the burglary statute.") . Carrying a firearm

is synonymous with possessing or being armed with a firearm; Appellant did

not state that the firearm was used by her or anyone.

      Second, and more importantly, this statement is not an admission that

the pistol was used by Appellant . As noted above, KRS 635.020(4) requires

that the child use the firearm (or be complicit in its use) . Appellant admitted

that one of her co-defendants happened to have a gun . This is a far cry from

admitting to even a personal connection to the gun, much less a personal use,

especially since Appellant had maintained throughout the proceedings that she

was unaware that her companion had brought the pistol with him.


                                        10
       With respect to the Commonwealth's statement to the court, Appellant's

use of the firearm cannot be established by the Commonwealth's theory of the

case . "[T]he arguments of counsel are not evidence." Miller v. Commonwealth,

283 S .W.3d 690, 695 (Ky. 2009) . In fact, if anything, the Commonwealth's

belief that juvenile sentencing was appropriate based on the plea suggests that

the Commonwealth's theory was that although Appellant had planned the

robbery, she was not complicit in the use of a firearm . But in any event,

juvenile dispositions must be based on the underlying conviction, as in Canter,

or in the case of the "use of a firearm" provision, based on evidence introduced

supporting the underlying conviction . Here, the conviction is based on a plea,

which does not in any way show Appellant's use or complicity in another's use

of a firearm.

      In short, the record before the court suggesting that Appellant used a

firearm conpists of her statement that somebody else possessed a firearm and

the prosecutor's statement about the Commonwealth's theory of the case . The

former is not an admission to her use, as the statute requires; the latter is not

proper evidence of any sort. No stipulation to using a firearm was made in the

plea agreement, a condition the Commonwealth could have placed during

negotiations. This is not enough to conclude "that [Appellant] committed a

felony[ and] that a firearm was used in the commission of that felony." KRS

635 .020(4) . For that reason, Appellant is exempt from youthful offender

sentencing by virtue of KRS 640 .040(4) . Cf. Canter, 843 S .W.2d at 332 .
                                  III. Conclusion

       The Court of Appeals is reversed, Appellant's sentence is vacated, and

the case is remanded with instructions to sentence her as a juvenile under KRS

635 .060.

       Minton, C.J. ; Abramson, Cunningham, and Scott, JJ ., concur. Venters,

J., dissents by separate opinion in which Schroder, J., joins .

      VENTERS, J ., DISSENTING : There is no reasonable doubt in this case

that in the second-degree robbery that Chipman committed, a firearm was

used to persuade the robbery victim to surrender possession of Chipman's

camera . The Majority opinion imposes an unreasonably narrow interpretation

of KRS 635 .040(4) in holding that, because the gun was held in the hand of her

accomplice instead of her own, she is immune from the enhanced punishment

the legislature intended for youthful offenders who commit crimes with guns.

While the Majority's holding may seem benign, even compassionate, in this

case of "a seventeen-year-old girl with no criminal history," its sinister aspect

will become glaringly apparent when invoked by youthful gang members with a

violent and dangerous past . I therefore dissent . Schroder, J., joins .
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT :

Timothy G . Arnold
Department of Public Advocacy
100 Fair Oaks Lane, Suite 302
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601


COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Gregory C . Fuchs
Todd Dryden Ferguson
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Attorney General
Office of Criminal Appeals
1024 Capital Center Drive
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601-8204
