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             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                  No. 16-BG-762
                                                                         12/7/2017
                     IN RE DORRANCE DICKENS, RESPONDENT,

                                        and

                    IN RE DEBORAH LUXENBERG, RESPONDENT.

                    (Bar Registration Nos. 450751 and 215657)

                       On Report and Recommendation
                 of the Board on Professional Responsibility
           (BDN-271-11, BDN-10-12, BDN-11-12, and BDN-272-11)

(Argued April 25, 2017                                Decided December 7, 2017)

        Richard J. Berwanger, Jr., with whom Edward J. Hutchins, Jr., was on the
brief, for Respondent Luxenberg.

      Julia L. Porter, Senior Assistant Disciplinary Counsel, with whom Wallace
E. Shipp, Jr., Disciplinary Counsel at the time the brief was filed, and Jennifer P.
Lyman, Senior Assistant Disciplinary Counsel, were on the brief, for the Office of
Disciplinary Counsel.

      Before GLICKMAN and FISHER, Associate Judges, and REID, Senior Judge.

      REID, Senior Judge:     This attorney disciplinary case involves the main

partner in a small law firm, respondent Deborah Luxenberg, and an attorney,

respondent Dorrance Dickens, who started at the firm as a law clerk but became an
                                           2
associate and eventually a partner. Disciplinary Counsel1 charged Ms. Luxenberg

with several violations of the District of Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct

after Mr. Dickens allegedly stole at least $1,434,298.50 from three estates,

including that of Ms. Luxenberg‘s client, Michelle Seltzer. Following his theft,

Mr. Dickens fled to an island outside of the United States.



      The Board on Professional Responsibility (―the Board‖) has recommended

that Mr. Dickens be disbarred from the practice of law due to his violation of

multiple rules of professional conduct, including Rule 1.15 (a) and (c),

commingling and misappropriation, and Rule 8.4 (c), conduct involving

dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.2 The Board also has recommended

      1
         When this case began, ―Disciplinary Counsel‖ was known as ―Bar
Counsel,‖ but the name later changed. For convenience, we use ―Disciplinary
Counsel‖ throughout this opinion.
      2
           Mr. Dickens did not respond to Disciplinary Counsel‘s charges, take
exception to the Board‘s Report and Recommendation, or file an appellate brief.
The factual summary section of this opinion includes facts pertinent to the cases of
both Mr. Dickens and Ms. Luxenberg. However, since Mr. Dickens did not
participate in the disciplinary proceedings, and did not contest the Hearing
Committee‘s and the Board‘s findings and conclusions, the analysis section of this
opinion focuses only on arguments presented by Ms. Luxenberg. Furthermore,
since Mr. Dickens has not contested the case against him, we conclude that
Disciplinary Counsel has proven by clear and convincing evidence that he violated
Rules 1.1 (a), 1.1 (b), 1.3 (b)(1) and (b)(2), 1.4 (a) and (b), 1.7 (b)(4), 1.15 (a) and
(c), 8.1 (b), and 8.4 (b), (c), and (d) in the Harris, O‘Brien, and Seltzer matters, and
                                                                          (continued…)
                                          3
that Ms. Luxenberg be suspended from the practice of law for six months due to

her violation of Rules 1.3 (a), 5.1 (a), and 5.1 (c)(2), relating to the responsibility

of partners in law firms to ensure competency and ethical behavior by attorneys in

the firm.



      Ms. Luxenberg argues on appeal that the Board erred by (1) considering

evidence from disciplinary matters to which she was not a party; (2) finding that

she violated Rules 1.3 (a), 5.1 (a), and 5.1 (c); and (3) recommending a ―harsh‖

sanction that is inconsistent with this court‘s case law and that is greater than the

45-day sanction recommended by the Board‘s Hearing Committee. Disciplinary

Counsel argues that the Board erred by failing to find that Ms. Luxenberg also

violated Rules 1.3 (b)(1) and (2) pertaining to (a) a lawyer‘s intentional failure to

seek the lawful objectives of a client and (b) prejudice or damage to the client;

Rule 1.7 (b)(4) concerning a lawyer‘s representation of a client where the lawyer‘s

professional judgment may be affected by her own interest; and Rule 8.4 (a)

regarding a lawyer‘s professional misconduct by knowingly assisting or inducing



 (…continued)
he is hereby disbarred from the practice of law in the District of Columbia, and as a
condition of reinstatement he is required to make restitution in the amount of
$1,434,298.50, with interest at the legal rate.
                                        4
another to violate or attempt to violate the Rules of Professional Conduct.

Disciplinary Counsel also asserts that given the record in this case, the proper

sanction for Ms. Luxenberg is a one-year suspension, with a fitness requirement.



      For the reasons stated below, we accept the recommendation of the Board.



                            FACTUAL SUMMARY



      The findings of fact contained in the voluminous Report and

Recommendation of the Board‘s Hearing Committee Number 12, and supporting

record evidentiary documents, reveal the following factual context.            Ms.

Luxenberg commenced her practice of law as a member of the District of

Columbia Bar in 1975. Eventually she was joined in practice by her husband,

Stephen Johnson. While Mr. Dickens was completing his legal studies, he became

a law clerk at the firm; he was hired in October 1995 because of his computer

skills. His status changed to that of an associate in the firm in October 1996 when

he became a member of the District of Columbia Bar.
                                          5
      In 1998, the firm incorporated in Maryland as Luxenberg and Johnson, and

in 2003, when Mr. Dickens became a partner, the firm changed its name to

Luxenberg, Johnson and Dickens. The firm had no partnership agreement but Ms.

Luxenberg always retained a 52% interest in the firm. Ms. Luxenberg‘s practice

has been devoted to family matters such as divorce and custody. Although she has

never been the managing partner of the firm, she decided which clients the firm

would represent and who would handle the client matters. Mr. Johnson also had a

family law practice, and he took on cases in other areas of the law.



      Mr. Dickens handled some cases with Ms. Luxenberg and some with Mr.

Johnson, but also took on cases on his own, such as the representation, beginning

in 2000, of Vernon Harris in the probate of Mr. Harris‘s sister‘s estate, and the

representation of the personal representative of the estate of Dr. JoAnne S. O‘Brien

in April 2008 (the ―Garrity/O‘Brien‖ matter). There was a different arrangement

in the case of Ms. Seltzer whose separation and divorce Ms. Luxenberg had

handled in 1994. When Ms. Seltzer sought Ms. Luxenberg‘s representation in

2004 to update her estate plan, which included a revocable trust created in 1990

(the ―1990 trust‖), Ms. Luxenberg explained to Ms. Seltzer that she did not do that

type of legal work; however, during a meeting at the law firm, Ms. Luxenberg
                                         6
introduced Ms. Seltzer to Mr. Dickens as the person who could do the required

work. Mr. Dickens made a few amendments in 2004 to the 1990 trust, and he

prepared a general power of attorney as well as a healthcare power of attorney for

Ms. Seltzer. In response to Ms. Seltzer‘s request, Ms. Luxenberg became a co-

trustee of the trust; Ms. Seltzer remained as the other co-trustee. In mid-November

2004, Ms. Seltzer executed the amended trust as grantor and trustee, and Ms.

Luxenberg signed the document as trustee.



      In early 2007, Ms. Luxenberg and Mr. Johnson decided to move the main

office of the firm from the District of Columbia to Maryland, and to maintain

satellite offices in the District and Virginia. By this time Mr. Johnson‘s law

practice was limited and his time centered on administration of the firm. Even

though he was not a member of the Virginia Bar and Ms. Luxenberg had

knowledge of that fact, Mr. Dickens worked out of the Virginia office that the firm

leased in February 2007; the lease was signed by Mr. Dickens but the firm paid the

rent for several months before delegating that responsibility to Mr. Dickens.



      The management of the small firm was not rigorous after the 2007 move of

the main office to Maryland and Mr. Dickens‘ relocation to the Virginia office.
                                           7
Although the firm appears to have some policies and procedures to ensure

compliance with ethical obligations, these were either loosely followed or not

enforced with respect to matters handled by Mr. Dickens. Generally, the firm held

biweekly staff meetings during which open cases were reviewed; however, Mr.

Dickens‘ attendance at these meetings decreased significantly, his participation by

phone was sporadic, and there were occasions on which he simply could not be

reached. Moreover, despite the firm‘s record-keeping policies, Mr. Dickens failed

to execute retainer agreements with clients that he represented, maintain proper

billing records, and save electronic client documents to the firm‘s computer server.

Even when the firm discovered that Mr. Dickens had clients for whom the main

office had no records, or when the firm received checks, sometimes for substantial

amounts of money, without documentation – as in the Garrity/O‘Brien matter – the

firm made little or no effort to ensure that Mr. Dickens followed its policies and

procedures, as well as the ethical rules of the legal profession.



      There was limited contact between Ms. Seltzer and the Luxenberg firm in

2006 and 2007 regarding her trust. In late 2007, Ms. Seltzer was diagnosed with

Stage IV colon cancer.       She underwent surgery, followed by chemotherapy

treatment which she received through 2009. During that period of time, in addition
                                         8
to Ms. Luxenberg‘s role as co-trustee of Ms. Seltzer‘s trust, Ms. Seltzer and Ms.

Luxenberg became friends.



      Sometime in early 2009, Mr. Dickens advised Ms. Luxenberg that he

planned to leave the firm to spend time on other interests, but that he could still

handle some legal matters; he traveled quite a bit, apparently in connection with a

Middle East telecommunications venture and also business at the Vatican. Around

April 2009, Ms. Seltzer contacted Ms. Luxenberg because she desired some

changes in her estate plan, to ensure that she properly provided for her adult

children, Eric Seltzer and Jerri Seltzer Falk. She stated in an email on May 11 that

if Ms. Luxenberg was too busy to handle her request and would like for Mr.

Dickens to do so, that would be ―okay.‖        On the same day, Ms. Luxenberg

responded that Mr. Dickens ―would have to deal with any trust questions.‖

Thereafter, Ms. Luxenberg sent Mr. Dickens an email detailing information about

Ms. Seltzer‘s children and the family trusts; she ended the email by saying, in part,

―I have told Michelle [Ms. Seltzer] I will still be involved and will talk to her and

if necessary do conference calls with her and you.‖ In addition, Ms. Luxenberg

informed Ms. Seltzer that the firm would charge a discounted hourly rate of $375

―because of our long relationship with you.‖
                                        9



      When she had not heard from Mr. Dickens, Ms. Seltzer sent emails to Ms.

Luxenberg on July 6, and again on August 10, about the lack of communication

from Mr. Dickens. On August 12, 2009, Ms. Luxenberg sent an email to Mr.

Dickens, saying ―I need to know if you can do this realistically. Otherwise we

need to get someone else to do it.‖ Mr. Dickens sent Ms. Seltzer a responsive

communication and Ms. Luxenberg arranged for Ms. Seltzer and Mr. Dickens to

speak by phone on a certain date. After speaking with Ms. Seltzer on August 18,

2009, Mr. Dickens sent an email to Ms. Luxenberg outlining the work to be

performed on the trust and other documents, and he included mention of ―[a] new

trust‖ for Ms. Seltzer.



      Because Ms. Seltzer had not received any draft documents from Mr. Dickens

and had learned that her cancer had ―metastasized and spread,‖ she again reached

out to Ms. Luxenberg on September 14, 2009, saying in part: ―If this is an

undertaking that [Mr. Dickens] is not interested in doing, I understand and perhaps

I should find someone else. I do put my trust in both of you and that is why I felt

you and [Mr. Dickens] could help me.‖ Mr. Dickens claimed he had sent the

documents by regular mail, then said he spelled the name of Ms. Seltzer‘s street
                                        10
incorrectly, and subsequently, he sent a package to Ms. Seltzer by FedEx on

September 16, which she received. Ms. Luxenberg and Mr. Dickens apparently

had a tense telephone conversation during which Ms. Luxenberg requested copies

of the Seltzer documents for the firm‘s central files; Mr. Dickens apparently took

offense at the tone and content of the conversation. By September 21, 2009, it

became clear that the only document Mr. Dickens had sent to Ms. Seltzer at that

point was the new trust, which he discussed directly with Ms. Seltzer on September

21. Both Ms. Seltzer and Mr. Dickens informed Ms. Luxenberg on September 22

and 23, that they were making progress on the trust. Later, Ms. Seltzer‘s son

(undoubtedly at the request of his mother) sent Mr. Dickens a list of Ms. Seltzer‘s

assets, including account numbers.



      Sometime thereafter, Mr. Dickens traveled to Rome. Upon his return, he

sent Ms. Seltzer an email on October 20, 2009, acknowledging her calls and

questions while he was away, the potential need for some changes in the trust, and

the need to schedule a date for signing the trust. Between October 20 and October

26, Mr. Dickens and Ms. Seltzer exchanged emails regarding a date for the signing

of the new trust. Although Eric and Jerri were included in the email exchange, Ms.

Luxenberg was not, except for an October ―FYI‖ email to her from Mr. Dickens on
                                        11
October 26, which included the chain of emails beginning on October 20. On the

day of the signing of the new trust, November 2, 2009, Mr. Dickens met with Ms.

Seltzer, Eric, and Jerri in the Luxenberg firm‘s Maryland office. Mr. Dickens did

not provide a copy of the new trust, labeled the ―Michelle S. Seltzer Family Trust,‖

to Ms. Seltzer‘s children before the meeting, and the schedule of Ms. Seltzer‘s

assets was neither attached to the document she signed nor discussed during the

meeting. Ms. Luxenberg did not see Ms. Seltzer or her children until the meeting

had concluded; she claimed she did not know about the meeting or the signing.



      One month after the execution of the new trust, Ms. Seltzer sent Mr. Dickens

an email inquiring about her will, and advising that she wanted to complete

everything before going to Johns Hopkins for further treatment. She followed that

email with another on December 4 stating, ―if you still have any documents to

complete could we take care of that now?‖ Subsequently, on December 11, 2009,

Ms. Seltzer signed her new will, which essentially mirrored her old will, except

that Mr. Dickens was appointed as personal representative of her will; the will

named Stephen Johnson as Mr. Dickens‘ successor. The will was witnessed by a

non-lawyer employee of the firm, Stephen Gleichman, and by Billy Tollar, Mr.

Dickens‘ friend who later became his spouse. Apparently Ms. Luxenberg did not
                                         12
see the new will before it was presented to Ms. Seltzer, but Ms. Luxenberg was

copied on a December 8, 2009, email that scheduled the will signing for December

11.



       On December 23, 2009, Mr. Dickens was supposed to meet Ms. Seltzer at

her bank, but did not appear. Ms. Luxenberg sent an apologetic email to Ms.

Seltzer the following day stating that Mr. Dickens ―went away for Christmas.‖ But

Mr. Gleichman had earlier informed Ms. Seltzer that Mr. Dickens was

―unfortunately stuck in court for a vicious case,‖ as the reason for his failure to

keep the bank appointment with Ms. Seltzer; Ms. Luxenberg reiterated that reason

in a later communication to Ms. Seltzer. In response to Ms. Luxenberg‘s email,

Ms. Seltzer discussed her cancer treatments, and stated, ―I‘m sorry [Mr. Dickens]

didn‘t relay where and why we were meeting since it wasn‘t extremely urgent. If

he still wants to introduce himself to the officers of my bank, we‘ll have to do it

after the first [of the year].‖



       In late January and early February 2010, Mr. Dickens filed an application for

an IRS EIN number for the new Michelle Seltzer trust; the information he sent to

the IRS identified himself as ―Grantor‖ and ―Trustee‖ of the trust. He also notified
                                          13
Ms. Luxenberg about a change in his cellular service ―[i]n preparation for my

move to Italy,‖ and he received confirmation from the State Corporation

Commission for the Commonwealth of Virginia that articles of incorporation for

the limited liability corporation, JECRAL, LLC had been filed successfully.

Earlier on December 11, 2009, (according to Mr. Dickens‘ First Account for the

Seltzer Family Trust, filed on March 25, 2011), Ms. Seltzer had purchased an

Assignment of a 1% interest in JECRAL and FRW Telecom with a demand note

payable to Mr. Dickens in his individual capacity in the amount of $685,000.



      Ms. Seltzer‘s condition continued to deteriorate, and her daughter notified

Mr. Dickens on February 14, 2010, that Ms. Seltzer had been placed in hospice

care at Casey House in Maryland. Ms. Luxenberg bought several plants and went

to see Ms. Seltzer on February 23. Until Ms. Luxenberg encountered Mr. Dickens

in the parking lot of Casey House, she was unaware that Mr. Dickens planned to

visit Ms. Seltzer on the same day to obtain her signature on a legal document.

When Ms. Luxenberg arrived in Ms. Seltzer‘s room, Ms. Seltzer asked her to

witness papers that Mr. Dickens had brought for Ms. Seltzer‘s signature. Ms.

Luxenberg did not read the document she was asked to witness but she understood

that it pertained to ―marshall[ing] assets for the trust for Michelle Seltzer . . . that
                                         14
were left in the PNC Bank.‖ Ms. Luxenberg did not recall Mr. Dickens reading or

explaining the document to Ms. Seltzer; nor did Ms. Luxenberg question Mr.

Dickens about the document which stated: ―To Any and All Officers of PNC

Bank[,] Please cash-in or liquidate all of the Certificates of Deposit that I have in

your bank, including, but not limited to all those listed on the attached two sheets

and give the proceeds to Dorrance D. Dickens, who is my attorney.‖               Ms.

Luxenberg did not see ―the two attached sheets‖ because they were not affixed to

the document that Ms. Seltzer signed.         The other person who witnessed the

document was Carolyn Hohlfeld, then a human resources employee with

Montgomery County government who had assisted Ms. Seltzer while she was still

working and receiving cancer treatments. She happened to be visiting with Ms.

Seltzer on February 23 and Mr. Dickens asked her to witness a document. Like

Ms. Luxenberg, Ms. Hohlfeld did not read the document and did not recall seeing

any attachments, but Ms. Hohlfeld questioned Ms. Seltzer to be sure Ms. Seltzer

was aware of the nature of the document she was about to sign.



      Armed with the February 23 document, Mr. Dickens proceeded to the PNC

Bank on February 26, 2010, and transferred Ms. Seltzer‘s PNC assets to another

PNC account for which he was the sole signatory, the ―Michelle Seltzer Family
                                         15
TRT, Dorrance D. Dickens Trustee‖ account. He deposited $20,000 of the funds

into his personal account at another bank, the United Bank, on February 26, 2010.

A few days later, on March 5, Ms. Seltzer succumbed to her illness. Mr. Dickens

removed a total of $60,000 from Ms. Seltzer‘s trust funds from two checks written

on March 8 and 11; he again deposited the funds in his personal account at United

Bank. He also wrote a check to the Luxenberg firm on the Seltzer trust account on

March 11, in the amount of $4,478 indicating on the memo line of the check

―Legal Fees.‖ The firm‘s bookkeeper posed an email question to Mr. Dickens

about the missing bill that would explain the check; Mr. Dickens‘ return

explanation was limited to, ―[A]s soon as I decompress I will log on and handle it.‖

Nevertheless, the firm cashed the check without any record confirming that it was

entitled to funds from Ms. Seltzer‘s trust, a fact that Ms. Luxenberg acknowledged

during her testimony before the Board.



      Not long after Ms. Seltzer‘s memorial service on March 11, her children,

Eric Seltzer and Jerri Seltzer Falk, communicated with Mr. Dickens by phone and

email to inquire whether he was ready to meet with them about their mother‘s

estate, but he ―kept putting [them] off.‖     Eventually, on March 23, 2010, he

notified the Seltzer children that he had been ―traveling outside the country‖ but
                                         16
had returned; however, he did not indicate when he would meet with Mr. Seltzer

and Ms. Falk. When Ms. Falk‘s April 1 email to Mr. Dickens, inquiring as to

when they might meet ―to discuss [the] will and other details,‖ received no

response, Stuart Plotnick, the trustee of the trust created for Eric Seltzer by his

father, called and requested Ms. Seltzer‘s will and trust.       A paralegal at the

Luxenberg firm reported the call by email to both Mr. Dickens and Ms. Luxenberg

on April 15, 2010.3 Mr. Seltzer informed Mr. Dickens on April 19 that he still had

not received the requested documents. Finally, on April 20, the firm‘s paralegal

sent the trust without the statement of assets, but not the will, to Mr. Plotnick. Mr.

Plotnick immediately asked about the schedule of assets and Mr. Dickens

responded via email, with a copy to Ms. Luxenberg, that he did not yet have a

schedule of assets since ―[m]ost of the assets will be coming from the estate per the

will.‖ Mr. Dickens sent another email to Mr. Plotnick on April 21, with a copy to

Ms. Luxenberg saying, in part, that he was ―in the process of going through the

papers to locate the assets‖ and mentioning the assets of ―a revocable trust‖ as well

as the irrevocable family trust that he had created for Ms. Seltzer. After Ms. Falk

pressed the issue of Mr. Dickens‘ non-response in an email dated April 23, Mr.


      3
         Ms. Luxenberg billed Ms. Seltzer‘s account for a trip to PNC Bank on
April 16, 2010, with Mr. Dickens to transfer assets from the 1990 trust.
                                        17
Dickens sent her a check and cash around April 26 to cover Ms. Seltzer‘s funeral

expenses and honorarium for the rabbi who officiated at Ms. Seltzer‘s memorial

service. It was in April and again in July 2010 that Ms. Luxenberg went to the

PNC Bank with Mr. Dickens to transfer assets belonging to the 1990 trust to the

2009 trust.4 Ms. Luxenberg billed Ms. Seltzer‘s account for the second trip to PNC

Bank with Mr. Dickens on July 13, 2010. As Trustee of Ms. Seltzer‘s amended

1990 trust and in accordance with Mr. Dickens‘ direction, she transferred


      4
          While he was avoiding sending documents to or meeting with Mr. Seltzer,
Ms. Falk, and Mr. Plotnick, Mr. Dickens continued to siphon funds from Ms.
Seltzer‘s family trust to benefit his personal account at United Bank, including
$30,000 on March 12, $70,000 on March 23, and $35,000 on April 2, 2010. Mr.
Seltzer and Ms. Falk continued to seek a meeting with Mr. Dickens, as well as a
list of assets, and proceeds from the trust in May and June 2010. In addition, Ms.
Luxenberg attempted to reach Mr. Dickens by phone in late June after Mr. Johnson
indicated that there was ―an immediate deadline‖ regarding the Seltzer matter. Ms.
Luxenberg sent Mr. Dickens a follow-up email on June 23, 2010, asking ―when the
deadline is or what [she] h[ad] to do,‖ and closing the email with ―we need to get
Seltzer done and I need to know what you want me to do.‖ In the face of these
requests for information Mr. Dickens removed more funds from the trust and
placed them into his personal account including, $12,300 on May 10, 2010, $7,500
on May 26, $15,000 on June 10, and $10,000 on June 24. He transferred another
$50,000 to James Frelk on June 7; Mr. Frelk was not a beneficiary of Ms. Seltzer‘s
trust or will and was not connected to Ms. Seltzer. He dipped into the Seltzer trust
again in July 2010, taking $3,500 on July 8, and paying $43,719.05 to Tysons Audi
on July 14 for a car that he and Mr. Tollar co-purchased. By that time, he had
lifted approximately $360,000 from the trust, leaving only about $200 as the
balance at the end of July. He failed to properly deposit a $25,035.59 benefits
payment from Montgomery County to the Seltzer trust, instead depositing it in his
personal account on July 20, 2010.
                                        18
$27,742.12 from the Michelle S. Seltzer Trust funds at the bank to the Michelle

Seltzer Family Trust, although she thought the funds were being transferred to ―the

irrevocable trust.‖ On the same day she transferred a smaller sum for a total of

more than $33,000.



      By early August 2010, Mr. Seltzer and Ms. Falk had not received the

information they had requested from Mr. Dickens about the assets of the trust. Mr.

Seltzer reported to his sister on August 2 that he had spoken with Mr. Dickens who

said ―he ha[d] run into complications with [Ms. Seltzer‘s] assets because [she] has

two trusts.‖ Mr. Seltzer added that Mr. Dickens ―[s]ays he will know soon how

much is in the estate and then I imagine [he] will also work on getting checks out

to us that were promised at the end of last month.‖ On August 9 Mr. Seltzer again

pressed Mr. Dickens by asking for an accounting of the assets in the Seltzer trust

set up by Mr. Dickens, requesting ―copies of the first trust‖ as well as an

accounting, and inquiring ―where the assets are being kept (for example, where

[his] half of [his mother‘s] life insurance proceeds are.‖ Mr. Dickens sent an

extensive response on August 10, outlining what purportedly were the steps he still

had to take, promising to send Mr. Seltzer and Ms. Falk $5,000 each that day, and

indicating that Ms. Luxenberg ―is cooperating to get this done as efficiently as
                                         19
possible.‖ Ms. Falk sent a rapid response to Mr. Dickens, with a copy to Ms.

Luxenberg, asserting in part that more important than a distribution was ―a full and

accurate accounting of the assets that are supposed to be in the trust.‖ Shortly after

receiving her copy of Ms. Falk‘s email, Ms. Luxenberg asked Mr. Dickens for ―all

of the documents in the Seltzer file,‖ informed him that she had neither the trust

documents nor the will, and reminded him that he had promised to submit the

Seltzer file ―a while ago when [he was] traveling the globe.‖          Although Mr.

Dickens sent Ms. Luxenberg some files, he did not transmit the schedule of assets

or information about any of the trust bank accounts.5


      5
          Between August and November 2010, when Mr. Seltzer, Ms. Falk, and
Ms. Luxenberg were seeking information from him, Mr. Dickens began to collect
and take for himself funds from Ms. Seltzer‘s estate that were earmarked for her
1990 trust. These included funds from T. Rowe Price investments - $10,000 taken
on August 9, $42,000 on August 25, $15,000 on September 3, $10,000 on
September 20, and $17,000 on September 28 for a total of $94,000; funds from
Vanguard Mutual investments - $27,886 on October 8, $29,000 on October 15,
$20,000 on November 10, $15,000 on November 18, (and later $29,985.86 on
March 19, 2011), for a total of $121,871.86. In late November an attorney for Ms.
Falk, Carole Gelfeld, tried to reach Mr. Dickens; after learning that he was
reportedly ill, Ms. Gelfeld tried to reach Mr. Johnson, the successor trustee to the
Seltzer family trust and successor personal representative for Ms. Seltzer‘s will.
Mr. Johnson informed Ms. Luxenberg about the communication from Ms. Gelfeld.
Ms. Luxenberg sent Mr. Johnson an email on November 30 stating ―I can talk to
[Mr. Dickens] about this. If you don‘t want to. Someone has to.‖ Mr. Johnson in
turn sent an email the same day to Mr. Dickens, with a copy to Ms. Luxenberg,
stating in part ―DDD: HELP!!!!!!!!!!! Please call her and me.‖ Later that day,
Ms. Luxenberg sent an email to Michelle DeLuca, President of the firm‘s Virginia
                                                                     (continued…)
                                          20



      As the December 6, 2010, deadline approached for the filing of Ms. Seltzer‘s

Maryland Estate Tax return, Ms. Gelfeld sent a formal letter to Mr. Dickens and

Mr. Johnson expressing (1) concern that the estate might owe Maryland estate tax,

and (2) concern not only about the absence of an accounting of estate and trust

assets but also about the ―[i]nability of Trustee to administer the Trust on a

reasonable and timely basis.‖ Ms. Luxenberg was aware of Ms. Gelfeld‘s letter

through Mr. Johnson.       Mr. Dickens sent an immediate defensive and partly

dishonest response to Ms. Gelfeld claiming that he saw ―no reason not to file the

return by the deadline,‖ denying that the Luxenberg firm had any ―responsibility

for anything under either the trust or estate,‖ asserting that he had the responsibility

and that Mr. Seltzer and Ms. Falk had ―received a copy of the trust and Schedule A

[listing Ms. Seltzer‘s assets] . . . on the morning Ms. Seltzer signed the trust

agreement,‖ declaring that Ms. Seltzer personally transferred her PNC bank assets

to her new trust, insisting that he was ―administering the Estate and Trust in a



 (…continued)
lessor who provided administrative services to the firm. Mr. Johnson was copied
on the email which stated, ―We need to find out what to do in . . . [the] Seltzer‖
matter; Ms. Luxenberg also indicated that she did not ―want to call [Mr. Dickens]
and spring this on him.‖ Ms. Luxenberg was aware that Mr. Dickens had had a
heart attack.
                                        21
reasonable and timely manner,‖ and failing to mention that he had already pilfered

a large chunk of Ms. Seltzer‘s assets. Mr. Dickens offered to meet with Ms.

Gelfeld on the morning of December 15. On December 8, an associate in the

office of Gary Altman, Mr. Seltzer‘s attorney, sent a letter to Mr. Dickens

indicating that Mr. Altman could participate in the December 15 meeting by

phone.6



      As the new year dawned, Ms. Luxenberg became aware that Mr. Dickens

had billed over $25,000 in personal expenses to a firm credit card that she thought

had been closed out by Mr. Dickens after the firm had paid off $27,000 on the card

in July 2007. Although Ms. Luxenberg had received calls from creditors about the

credit card bill, she had hung up on the callers because she thought the card had

been cancelled. Nevertheless, she began to communicate with Ms. DeLuca on

January 5, 2011, asking her to get Mr. Dickens, who was facing heart surgery, to

take care of the matter. Ms. Luxenberg explained during her hearing testimony


      6
          Instead of a face-to-face meeting with Ms. Gelfeld, Mr. Dickens spoke
with her and Mr. Altman by phone on December 15. Mr. Dickens claimed that he
had filed the Maryland tax return on December 6 but acknowledged that he had not
paid the tax that was due. Nor had he sent copies of the return to Ms. Gelfeld or
Mr. Altman. Mr. Dickens agreed that modifications to the Seltzer family trust
were required, and that he would step down as trustee in favor of an individual
                                                                   (continued…)
                                           22
that she was communicating with Ms. DeLuca instead of Mr. Dickens because ―he

wasn‘t returning her calls.‖ However, Mr. Dickens sent a letter to Ms. Gelfeld and

Mr. Altman on January 6, 2011, disclaiming that he had ever been asked to do an

estate plan for Ms. Seltzer and asserting that had he done a plan for her he ―would

certainly [have] had a greater knowledge of her assets and their whereabouts and

disposition than [he] actually did.‖ He insisted that neither he nor Mr. Johnson had

ever wanted to be a trustee of the trust or a personal representative of Ms. Seltzer‘s

estate, and that after closing out the estate and the tax year, he would hand over the

trusteeship. As the month of January drew to a close, Ms. Luxenberg was trying to

locate Mr. Dickens through Ms. DeLuca on January 21 to wish him a happy

birthday, while Ms. Gelfeld and Mr. Altman were writing to Mr. Dickens about

serious problems they were discovering with his handling of Ms. Seltzer‘s assets

and Mr. Dickens was trying to explain away their discoveries.



      By February 1, 2011, Mr. Dickens agreed to accept the recommendation of

Ms. Gelfeld and Mr. Altman that Peg Shaw, an attorney licensed in the District of

Columbia, prepare a Seltzer trusts/estate accounting. As Ms. Shaw worked on the



 (…continued)
acceptable to the beneficiaries of the trust.
                                         23
estate accounting, she raised questions with Mr. Dickens about missing items such

as Ms. Seltzer‘s pension funds, and Mr. Dickens sought to deflect the questions.

Before Ms. Shaw completed the draft estate accounting on February 21, based on

the information provided by Mr. Dickens, he had taken more money from Ms.

Seltzer‘s assets - $3,184.40 on February 10, and $6,000 and $12,000 on February

14. As Ms. Shaw began working with Mr. Dickens, but not Ms. Luxenberg, on the

trust accounting in early March, she sent Mr. Dickens an email on March 2, 2011,

informing him that a page from the estate tax return – listing the assets relating to

―Mortgages, Notes, and Cash‖ – was missing. On that same day Mr. Dickens took

$25,000 from Ms. Seltzer‘s assets. The following day Ms. Shaw sent Mr. Dickens

an email attaching the draft trust accounting and stating in part, ―Please review the

document called Missing Assets. This shows what I can account for and what I

can‘t account for. We need to find the missing stuff.‖7 Ms. Shaw sent a final draft

accounting to Mr. Dickens on March 14 with an extensive email identifying

problems, including ―what happened to the approximately $300,000 in CD‘s


      7
          On March 9, 2011, Ms. Shaw sent Mr. Dickens an email attaching a
revised draft of the accounting and listing missing items, including those related to
the T. Rowe Price and Vanguard Mutual investments; information about Ms.
Seltzer‘s alleged purchase of an interest in FRW Telecom; and statements from the
PNC trust account and the United Bank trust account.
                                         24
owned by [Ms. Seltzer] until she liquidated them . . . a few days before her death.‖ 8

On March 18, 2011, Ms. Shaw sent Mr. Dickens yet another email identifying

missing items from the estate and trust accountings. That same day Mr. Dickens

lifted $15,000 from Ms. Seltzer‘s assets, and on March 29, he took $29,985.86 in

proceeds from the Vanguard Mutual investment.9 Also on March 29, 2011, Mr.

Dickens made a handwritten note on the $685,000 demand note that Ms. Seltzer

had signed on December 11, 2009, stating ―This note is hereby satisfied, cancelled,

and released this 29th day of March, 2011.‖



      Mr. Altman sounded the alarm on March 29, 2011, when he attempted to

reach Ms. Luxenberg, Mr. Johnson, and Mr. Dickens by phone. He left a message


      8
        Ms. Shaw sent another email to Mr. Dickens on March 17, 2011, attaching
a revised draft of the accounting, indicating that she was ―able to reconcile the
Family Trust First Account‖ but raising a question about the retirement plan
payment and advising Mr. Dickens that there was no disclosure of his ―personal
United Bank account where the retirement fund proceeds were deposited.‖ The
accounting contained a footnote regarding the Assignment of Interest purchased by
Ms. Seltzer on December 11, 2009, and the use of over $300,000 from the PNC
Bank accounts to pay part of the Demand Note.
      9
          As of March 15, 2011, Ms. Luxenberg was aware of Mr. Dickens‘
decision to move to a Caribbean island; an email sent from Ms. Luxenberg to Ms.
DeLuca stated that Mr. Johnson would call her to ―discuss arrangements for
continuing with [her] as a satellite office after [Mr. Dickens] leaves to go to St.
Kitts.‖
                                          25
saying it was ―an absolute emergency.‖ Ms. Luxenberg tried to reach Mr. Dickens

through Ms. DeLuca.10 Mr. Altman followed his call with a letter dated March 30,

2011, indicating that there should be approximately $1,485,842 in Ms. Seltzer‘s

estate and demanding a distribution of $750,000 each to Ms. Seltzer‘s children, as

well as Mr. Dickens‘ resignation, and that of Ms. Luxenberg, from their respective

roles in Ms. Seltzer‘s estate and trust. Mr. Dickens sent letters to Ms. Gelfeld and

Mr. Altman on April 7, April 19, 2011, and May 2, 2011, in an attempt to resolve

the matter. He met with Mr. Altman and Ms. Gelfeld on April 27, admitted that

his ―telcom deal‖ had been worthless since around August 2010, defended the

Demand Note that Ms. Seltzer had signed, and promised to close out the Seltzer

estate before departing on May 6, 2011. On April 29, Mr. Dickens removed

another $11,000 from Ms. Seltzer‘s trust, allegedly for ―fees.‖ Ms. Falk and Mr.

Seltzer filed a multi-count lawsuit against Mr. Dickens, Ms. Luxenberg, and the

Luxenberg firm on May 5, 2011. The parties settled and Ms. Falk and Mr. Seltzer

dismissed the lawsuit against Ms. Luxenberg and the Luxenberg firm with

      10
           In her email to Ms. DeLuca, Ms. Luxenberg reported that Mr. Altman‘s
message said that she ―had better call the malpractice carrier . . . and the State Bar‖
because of her role as a trustee, and that she had ―conspired to steal money from
the trust.‖ Ms. Luxenberg reported that she did not ―know anything about what
has been happening in the case‖ and that she was ―frightened‖ because of the threat
of malpractice.
                                        26
prejudice, and dismissed the action against Mr. Dickens without prejudice on

August 16, 2012.11 Disciplinary Counsel began its investigation of Ms. Luxenberg

and Mr. Dickens in July 2011.12



      Both Ms. Luxenberg and Disciplinary Counsel filed Briefs before the

Hearing Committee supporting their respective exceptions to the Committee‘s

Report and Recommendation, as well as oppositions to the other‘s Brief.          In

      11
         Ms. Gelfeld testified before the Board that Ms. Seltzer‘s estate originally
had approximately $1.6 million, and was ―left with well under $700,000‖ after Mr.
Dickens‘ theft of Seltzer assets.
      12
            After Disciplinary Counsel filed specification of charges against Mr.
Dickens and Ms. Luxenberg, the Board‘s Hearing Committee Number Twelve
conducted the proceedings against both attorneys. In response to Disciplinary
Counsel‘s motion, to which neither Mr. Dickens nor Ms. Luxenberg filed a
response, on November 27, 2013, the Board issued an order assigning Mr.
Dickens‘ and Ms. Luxenberg‘s cases to the same hearing committee and sua
sponte consolidated the specifications of charges in both cases. Subsequently, on
February 14, 2014, the Hearing Committee issued an Order in which it stated, in
part, that ―[Ms.] Luxenberg is on notice that when considering the charges against
her, the Hearing Committee may consider evidence presented in connection with
[the Dickens‘ matters], as well as [the Luxenberg matters].‖ Nevertheless, the
Hearing Committee stated in its conclusions of law relating to the Seltzer matter
that ―the Committee has considered against [Ms.] Luxenberg only the charges
against her that are set forth in the Specification of Charges in which she is
named.‖ The Hearing Committee added, ―to the extent that certain of those
charges address [Ms.] Luxenberg‘s responsibility for [Mr.] Dickens‘ misconduct,
the Committee has considered only whether she is responsible for [Mr.] Dickens‘
violations in the Seltzer matter, not whether she is responsible for [Mr.] Dickens‘
violations in the Harris or O‘Brien matters.‖
                                         27
addition, both Disciplinary Counsel and Ms. Luxenberg filed exceptions to the

Board‘s Report and Recommendation, on August 16 and August 18, 2016,

respectively. Mr. Dickens took no exception to the Board‘s Report and did not

respond to this court‘s order to show cause why he should not be suspended;

consequently, on October 3, 2016, this court suspended Mr. Dickens from the

practice of law, pending the outcome of the disciplinary proceedings against him.



                           STANDARD OF REVIEW



      D.C. Bar Rule XI, § 9 (h)(1) provides that ―the Court shall accept the

findings of fact made by the Board unless they are unsupported by substantial

evidence of record . . . .‖ See also In re Downey, 162 A.3d 162, 167 (D.C. 2017).

However, we owe no deference to the Hearing Committee‘s or the Board‘s

findings of ultimate fact or conclusions of law, which we review de novo. In re

Samad, 51 A.3d 486, 495 (D.C. 2012). ―The decision on sanction is committed, in

the final analysis, to this Court‘s discretion.‖ In re Cater, 887 A.2d 1, 12 (D.C.

2005) (citation omitted). ―In exercising that discretion, our policy is to ‗adopt the

recommended disposition of the Board unless to do so would foster a tendency
                                            28
toward inconsistent dispositions for comparable conduct or would otherwise be

unwarranted.‘‖ Id. (citing D.C. Bar R. XI, § 9 (g)).



                                       ANALYSIS



        Did Ms. Luxenberg Violate Rules 1.3 (a), 1.3 (b)(1), and 1.3 (b)(2) of the

Rules of Professional Conduct?



        Rule 1.3 of the District of Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct provides

that:



              (a)       A lawyer shall represent a client zealously and
                    diligently, within the bounds of the law.

              (b)      A lawyer shall not intentionally:

                       (1)    Fail to seek the lawful objectives of a
                          client through reasonably available
                          means permitted by law and the
                          disciplinary rules; or
                       (2) Prejudice or damage a client during
                          the course of the professional
                          relationship.

              (c) A lawyer shall act with reasonable promptness in
              representing a client.
                                         29
      Ms. Luxenberg contends that ―[t]he Board incorrectly concluded [that she]

neglected Ms. Seltzer‘s trust and estate matters in violation of Rule 1.3 (a).‖ She

argues that the Board ―in essence‖ determined that she violated Rule 1.3 (b) rather

than Rule 1.3 (a), and that the Board‘s conclusions are ―based on findings that are

unsupported by the record.‖ Disciplinary Counsel argues that the Board correctly

found that Ms. Luxenberg violated Rule 1.3 (a), and that the record also establishes

a Rule 1.3 (b) violation because Ms. Luxenberg ―knowingly and intentionally

defaulted on her obligations to serve her client [Ms. Seltzer] in violation of Rules

1.3 (a), 1.3 (b)(1) and 1.3 (b)(2).‖



      Our analysis of the Rule 1.3 issue is guided by the following legal principles.

Rule 1.3 (a) which mandates that ―[a] lawyer shall represent a client zealously and

diligently, within the bounds of law[,]‖ clearly requires the existence of an

attorney/client relationship. The trier of fact determines whether an attorney-client

relationship exists, In re Lieber, 442 A.2d 153, 156 (D.C. 1982), and this court

―consider[s] the totality of the circumstances to determine whether an attorney-

client relationship exists,‖ In re Fay, 111 A.3d 1025, 1030 (D.C. 2015) (per

curiam). ―[N]either a written agreement nor the payment of fees is necessary to

create an attorney-client relationship.‖ In re Lieber, supra, 442 A.2d at 156.
                                         30
―Furthermore, it is not necessary for an attorney to take substantive action and give

legal advice in order to establish such a relationship.‖ Id. ―An attorney‘s ethical

responsibilities exist independently of contractual rights and duties; consequently,

the obligations imposed by the Rules arise from the establishment of a fiduciary

relationship between the attorney and client.‖ In re Fay, supra, 111 A.3d at 1030

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).



      ―All that is required [to create an attorney-client relationship] is that the

parties explicitly or by their conduct, manifest an intention to create the attorney[-

]client relationship.‖   In re Ryan, 670 A.2d 375, 379 (D.C. 1996) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). In that regard, ―a client‘s perception of an

attorney as his counsel is a consideration in determining whether a relationship

exists.‖ In re Lieber, supra, 442 A.2d at 156 (citation omitted). ―Doubt about

whether a client-lawyer relationship still exists should be eliminated by the lawyer,

preferably in writing, so that the client will not mistakenly suppose the lawyer is

looking after the client‘s affairs when the lawyer has ceased to do so.‖ District of

Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.3, Comment 9.
                                         31
      Once an attorney-client relationship is established, Rule 1.3 (a) requires the

lawyer ―to represent the client zealously within the bounds of the law, including

the Rules of Professional Conduct and other enforceable professional regulations‖;

thus, ―[a] lawyer should act with commitment and dedication to the interests of the

client‖; with the realization that ―unreasonable delay can cause a client needless

anxiety and undermine confidence in the lawyer‘s trustworthiness‖; and with

awareness that a lawyer has an ―obligation of diligence‖ with respect to client

matters. District of Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.3, Comments

1, 8; see also In re Starnes, 829 A.2d 488, 503 (D.C. 2003) (per curiam) (Rule 1.3

(a) is ―directed at the lawyer‘s obligation of due diligence [and] zealous

representation‖). The words of Rule 1.3 (b)(1) and Rule 1.3 (b)(2) plainly require

a finding of intentional conduct on the part of the lawyer. ―Neglect ripens into an

intentional violation when the lawyer is aware of his neglect of the client matter, or

the neglect is so pervasive that the lawyer must be aware of it.‖ In re Anderson,

979 A.2d 1206, 1222 (D.C. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).



      Here, neither the Hearing Committee nor the Board explicitly addressed

whether an attorney-client relationship generally existed between Ms. Luxenberg

and Ms. Seltzer regarding the trusts and estates matter, although both briefly
                                       32
addressed whether Ms. Luxenberg acted in a legal capacity when she witnessed

Ms. Seltzer‘s signing of the letter of instruction in February 2010. Nevertheless,

the Committee and Board disagreed as to whether Ms. Luxenberg violated Rule

1.3 (a) – the Committee determined that she did not, and the Board that she did

violate Rule 1.3. On this record we first conclude that there was an attorney-

client/fiduciary relationship between Ms. Luxenberg and Ms. Seltzer with respect

to the trusts and estates matter. Second, we conclude that the record contains

substantial evidence supporting the Board‘s conclusion that Ms. Luxenberg

violated Rule 1.3 (a).



      First, there is no doubt that Ms. Seltzer and Ms. Luxenberg had an attorney-

client relationship, beginning in 1994 when Ms. Seltzer engaged Ms. Luxenberg to

handle her divorce action. Later, Ms. Seltzer approached the Luxenberg firm in

2004 to update her estate plan, and although Ms. Luxenberg clearly informed Ms.

Seltzer that she did not handle cases involving trusts and estates, she introduced

Mr. Dickens, a partner in the firm, as a person who could do that type of work.

Moreover, Ms. Luxenberg agreed to become a co-trustee of the 1990 Seltzer trust,

replacing Ms. Seltzer‘s brother in that role. Again, in 2009 Ms. Seltzer requested

Ms. Luxenberg‘s assistance to make additional changes to her estate plan.
                                        33
Although Ms. Luxenberg clearly stated that Mr. Dickens ―would have to deal with

any trust questions,‖ Ms. Luxenberg informed Mr. Dickens that she would ―still be

involved and [would] talk to [Ms. Seltzer] and if necessary do conference calls

with her and you,‖ manifesting an intention that both she and Mr. Dickens would

have an attorney-client relationship with Ms. Seltzer. See In re Ryan, supra, 670

A.2d at 379.     Because Mr. Dickens had not performed any work during an

approximate three-month period, Ms. Seltzer suggested to Ms. Luxenberg that

perhaps she should find someone else to do the necessary work. Significantly, Ms.

Seltzer also stated in the same communication that she ―put [her] trust in both [Ms.

Luxenberg and Mr. Dickens] and that is why [she] felt that [Ms. Luxenberg and

Mr. Dickens] could help [her],‖ clearly indicating Ms. Seltzer‘s perception that

both Ms. Luxenberg and Mr. Dickens were her attorneys. See In re Lieber, supra,

442 A.2d at 156. Consequently, the record supports the existence of an attorney-

client relationship between Ms. Luxenberg/Mr. Dickens and Ms. Seltzer regarding

the trusts and estates matter.



      Second, even though the Board and the Hearing Committee disagreed as to

whether Ms. Luxenberg violated Rule 1.3 (a), our review of the record convinces
                                         34
us that Ms. Luxenberg violated the duty of diligence that the Rule mandates.13

Indeed, Comment 8 to the Rule emphasizes that ―unreasonable delay can cause a

client needless anxiety and undermine confidence in the lawyer‘s trustworthiness,‖

and the Rule also underscores the fact that ―[n]eglect of client matters is a serious

violation of the obligation of diligence.‖        District of Columbia Rules of

Professional Conduct, Rule 1.3, Comment 8; see also In re Reback, 487 A.2d 235,

238 (D.C. 1985) (neglect means ―indifference and a consistent failure to carry out

the obligations which the lawyer has assumed to [her] client or a conscious

disregard for the responsibility owed to the client‖). The duty or obligation of

diligence was particularly compelling in this case because Ms. Seltzer had been

battling a terminal illness since 2007 and both Ms. Luxenberg and Mr. Dickens

were aware of the illness.



      The record reveals Ms. Luxenberg‘s failure to recognize, at least by July

2009 that her longstanding trust in Mr. Dickens was not warranted, especially in

the face of Ms. Seltzer‘s declining health and anxiousness to complete work on the

documents reflecting her wishes to protect and provide for her adult children.


      13
         We do not agree with Disciplinary Counsel‘s argument that the Board ―in
essence‖ decided that Ms. Luxenberg violated Rule 1.3 (b)(1) and Rule 1.3 (b)(2).
                                         35
Although Ms. Luxenberg had become a seasoned lawyer with an admirable track

record of service to her clients and the legal profession, her actions and omissions

manifested a consistent failure to carry out her obligation of diligence to Ms.

Seltzer. Ms. Luxenberg ignored clear warning signs that the trust and confidence

Ms. Seltzer had placed in her and Mr. Dickens was no longer justified. The

warning signs included (a) Mr. Dickens‘ long delay in addressing Ms. Seltzer‘s

2009 request for additional modifications of her trust and estate documents; (b) Mr.

Dickens‘ frequent travels abroad while work on Ms. Seltzer‘s matter was pending,

and his notice to the Luxenberg firm that he would be moving to Italy; (c) Mr.

Dickens‘ failure to honor Ms. Luxenberg‘s September 2009 request that he submit

copies of the Seltzer trusts and estate documents to the firm‘s central files; (d) Mr.

Dickens‘ failure to notify Ms. Luxenberg about Ms. Seltzer‘s November 2009 visit

to the Luxenberg firm‘s Maryland office to sign the Seltzer Family Trust

agreement; (e) the delay in Mr. Dickens‘ transmittal of the redraft of the Seltzer

will to the client; (f) Mr. Dickens‘ failure to meet Ms. Seltzer at the bank on

December 23, 2009, as planned and Ms. Luxenberg‘s confusion as to the reason

for his failure; and (g) Mr. Dickens‘ lack of notice to Ms. Luxenberg, a co-trustee

of the 1990 amended trust, that he would seek Ms. Seltzer‘s signature, on February
                                         36
23, 2010, on a letter of instruction regarding the transfer of assets from the 1990

amended trust to the Seltzer Family Trust created by Mr. Dickens.



      The events surrounding the letter of instruction substantiated Ms.

Luxenberg‘s consistent failure to carry out her obligation of diligence to her client,

Ms. Seltzer. Notwithstanding Ms. Luxenberg‘s friendship with Ms. Seltzer, Ms.

Luxenberg had an attorney-client, and hence, a fiduciary relationship with Ms.

Seltzer. That relationship not only covered the legal work that Ms. Seltzer had

requested in 2009 which had been unduly delayed, but also Ms. Luxenberg‘s

fiduciary role as co-trustee of Ms. Seltzer‘s 1990 trust. Yet, Ms. Luxenberg had

little idea about the content of the document – the letter of instruction – that Ms.

Seltzer asked her to witness on February 23.          Nevertheless, Ms. Luxenberg

understood that the document concerned ―marshall[ing] assets for the trust for

[Ms.] Seltzer that were left in the PNC Bank.‖             Even with this limited

understanding, Ms. Luxenberg as co-trustee of Ms. Seltzer‘s 1990 trust did not

bother to read the one sentence instruction to the officers of the PNC Bank,

―[p]lease cash-in or liquidate all of the Certificates of Deposit that I have in your

bank, including, but not limited to all those listed on the attached two sheets and

give the proceeds to Dorrance D. Dickens, who is my attorney.‖ Because she did
                                         37
not read the one-sentence instruction, she of course did not realize that nothing was

attached to the letter of instruction, and did not comprehend the significance of the

missing schedule of Ms. Seltzer‘s assets. Ms. Luxenberg‘s failure to carry out her

obligation of diligence to Ms. Seltzer under Rule 1.3 (a) left a clear path not only

for Mr. Dickens to go to the PNC Bank on February 26 to transfer some of Ms.

Seltzer‘s PNC assets to an account over which he had control, but also paved the

way for Mr. Dickens to return to the bank in April and July 2010, with Ms.

Luxenberg, to transfer assets from the amended 1990 trust to the 2009 trust, assets

that Mr. Dickens began to transfer into his personal account.



      Ms. Luxenberg‘s obligation of diligence and her fiduciary duty to Ms.

Seltzer included not only reading the letter of instruction, but also obtaining and

reading copies of the 1990 trust, the 2004 amendments, and the 2009 trust. As a

result of reading these documents, Ms. Luxenberg would have been aware of

important provisions of the documents and would have had a proper context for

understanding the significance of the letter of instruction. She would have known

at least the following. The beneficiaries of the 1990 trust were Ms. Seltzer‘s

children, Mr. Seltzer and Ms. Falk, and the co-trustees were Ms. Seltzer and her

brother, Charles Schaffer; Article 8 (A) of the 1990 trust specified that when one of
                                          38
the co-trustees ceased to serve, the sole successor trustee could appoint a co-

successor. Article 10 outlined the extensive fiduciary powers of the trustees.

Under the 2004 Amended Michelle S. Seltzer Revocable Trust, Ms. Seltzer

designated herself and Ms. Luxenberg as the co-trustees; Article 8 (B) provided

that upon the death of either Ms. Seltzer or Ms. Luxenberg, ―the other shall be the

sole successor co-trustee‖ and could ―appoint a corporate trustee or a child of the

grantor, if over the age of 21, as a co-successor or successor trustee.‖ The 2004

amendment did not alter Article 10 regarding fiduciary powers, including Article

10 (1) concerning the power to transfer investments and property of the trust. A

reading of these documents also would have made Ms. Luxenberg cognizant of the

fact that instead of again amending the 1990 trust in 2009, Mr. Dickens created a

new trust, the Michelle S. Seltzer Family Trust. The trust document specified that

that trust was between Ms. Seltzer as Grantor or Settlor and ―Dorrance D. Dickens,

trustee, of Luxenberg, Johnson, and Dickens, P.C.‖            The new trust did not

reference the 1990 trust, nor provide for the transfer of assets or the conveyance of

legal title of the 1990 trust assets to the new trust, and the Schedule A of assets that

was attached to the new trust, did not mention the assets of the 1990 trust. Mr.

Dickens and Mr. Johnson were named as trustees of the new trust, and Ms. Seltzer

and her children as beneficiaries. Since she had not read the trust documents even
                                         39
though she was a co-trustee of the amended 1990 trust, Ms. Luxenberg was

negligent in failing to determine her powers and duties under Article 8 (B) and

Article 10 (1) of the 1990 amended trust, before witnessing the letter of instruction,

and before accompanying Mr. Dickens to the PNC Bank for a transaction that

resulted in the transfer of assets from the 1990 trust to the trust which Mr. Dickens

had created, ostensibly for Ms. Seltzer, but actually to advance his own interests.14

In short, the record contains substantial clear and convincing evidence supporting

the Board‘s conclusion that Ms. Luxenberg violated Rule 1.3 (a).



      Although we agree with the Board that Ms. Luxenberg violated Rule 1.3 (a),

we conclude the record does not support by clear and convincing evidence

Disciplinary Counsel‘s contention that Ms. Luxenberg also violated Rule 1.3 (b)(1)

and Rule 1.3 (b)(2). Like the Hearing Committee and the Board, we see no

substantial evidence in the record to support a finding that Ms. Luxenberg violated


      14
          In light of our conclusion, we see no need to fully address the Board‘s
acceptance of two other arguments initially presented by Disciplinary Counsel
before the Hearing Committee and later restated by the Board – that Ms.
Luxenberg violated Rule 1.3 (a), first by ―delegat[ing] [Ms.] Seltzer‘s 2009 matter
to [Mr.] Dickens while knowing that he was not licensed in Maryland, was rarely
around, and already had made plans to leave the firm and practice of law,‖ and
second ―[Ms.] Luxenberg neglected [Ms.] Seltzer‘s matter because she knew [Mr.]
Dickens was not working on the Seltzer matter for four months, but took no actions
                                                                      (continued…)
                                         40
Rule 1.3 (b)(1) because she intentionally ―[f]ail[ed] to seek the lawful objectives of

[her] client[, Ms. Seltzer,] through reasonably available means permitted by law

and the disciplinary rules,‖ or Rule 1.3 (b)(2) because she intentionally

―[p]rejudice[d] or damage[d] [Ms. Seltzer] during the course of the professional

relationship.‖ District of Columbia Rules of Professional Responsibility, Rules 1.3

(b)(1) and 1.3 (b)(2).



      Rule 1.3 (b) does not ―require proof of intent ‗in the usual sense of the

word.‘‖ In re Ukwu, 926 A.2d 1106, 1116 (D.C. 2007). ―Rather, neglect ripens

into an intentional violation when the lawyer is aware of [her] neglect of the client

matter; or put differently, when a lawyer‘s inaction coexists with an awareness of

[her] obligations to [her] client.‖    Id. (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). ―[I]n assessing intent, the court must consider the entire context.‖ Id.

Here the record does not contain evidence of intentional or deliberate conduct or

evidence showing that Ms. Luxenberg‘s inaction coexisted with her awareness of

her obligations to Ms. Seltzer under the trust documents. For example, unlike the

respondent in In re Alexander, 865 A.2d 541, 542 (D.C. 2005), who was found to



 (…continued)
to ensure that [Ms.] Seltzer was receiving proper representation.‖
                                             41
have violated Rule 1.3 (b)(2), Ms. Luxenberg did not engage in fraudulent

misappropriation or theft of client assets. Nor did she, unlike the respondent in In

re Mance, 869 A.2d 339, 340 (D.C. 2005), fail to correct the problem after

receiving formal notice that his client‘s appeal was untimely. In sum, we cannot

agree with Disciplinary Counsel that Ms. Luxenberg violated Rules 1.3 (b)(1) and

1.3 (b)(2).



       Did Ms. Luxenberg violate Rules 5.1 (a), 5.1 (c)(2), 1.7 (b)(4), and 8.4

(a)?



       Rules 5.1 (a) and 5.1 (c)(2) provide in pertinent part:



              (a)      A partner in a law firm, and a lawyer who
                    individually or together with other lawyers possesses
                    comparable managerial authority in a law firm . . .,
                    shall make reasonable efforts to ensure that the firm
                    has in effect measures giving reasonable assurance
                    that all lawyers in the firm . . . conform to the Rules of
                    Professional Conduct . . . .

              (c)      A lawyer shall be responsible for another lawyer‘s
                    violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct if:


                       ....
                                          42
               (2) The lawyer has direct supervisory authority over
            the other lawyer or is a partner or has comparable
            managerial authority in the law firm . . . in which the
            other lawyer practices, and knows or reasonably should
            know of the conduct at a time when its consequences can
            be avoided or mitigated but fails to take reasonable
            remedial action.


      Rule 1.7 (b)(4) states in relevant part:

      [A] lawyer shall not represent a client with respect to a matter if:

                  ....

                   (4) The lawyer‘s professional judgment on behalf
            of the client will be or reasonably may be adversely
            affected by the lawyer‘s responsibilities to or interests in
            a third party or the lawyer‘s own financial, business,
            property, or personal interests.

      Rule 8.4 (a) provides:

      It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:

            (a)      [v]iolate or attempt to violate the Rules of
                  professional Conduct, knowingly assist or induce
                  another to do so, or do so through the acts of
                  another. . . .



      With respect to Rule 5.1 (a) Ms. Luxenberg first contends that ―Disciplinary

Counsel failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that [Ms.] Luxenberg

had sufficient managerial authority within her [f]irm to place her in charge of
                                         43
putting in place policies and procedures to ensure that [Mr.] Dickens, a named

partner in the [f]irm, complied with the Rules of Professional Conduct.‖15

Disciplinary Counsel supports the finding of the Hearing Committee and the Board

that Rule 5.1 (a) applies to Ms. Luxenberg and that she violated that rule.

Specifically, Disciplinary Counsel maintains that Ms. Luxenberg had managerial

authority within the firm because ―the Board noted [her] roles as founder, decision-


      15
          As a threshold matter, Ms. Luxenberg insists that the Board violated her
due process rights under D.C. Bar Rule XI, § 8 (c) by considering evidence
introduced in the Harris and O‘Brien matters, even though she was not charged in
those matters. The Board acknowledged that the Hearing Committee considered
evidence presented in the Harris, O‘Brien, and Seltzer matters in examining
whether Ms. Luxenberg violated Rules 5.1 (a) and 5.1 (c)(2) because the evidence
involved the administration of the Luxenberg firm. Section 8 (c) states in part, that
the petition initiating disciplinary proceedings ―shall be sufficiently clear and
specific to inform the attorney of the alleged misconduct.‖ In its order of February
14, 2014, the Hearing Committee stated that ―Respondent Luxenberg is on notice
that when considering the charges against her, the Hearing Committee may
consider evidence presented in connection with the [Harris and O‘Brien matters].‖
Since Ms. Luxenberg‘s hearing did not begin until March 31, 2014, she had ample
and reasonable notice that evidence regarding the administration of her firm that
might be presented in the Harris and O‘Brien matters might be used in determining
violations in the Seltzer matter, and as the Board found, the pertinent evidence
introduced ―directly related to the charges in the Seltzer matter.‖ Furthermore, in
prior cases, we have indicated that the Hearing Committee and the Board should
consider such evidence. For example, in In re Ukwu, supra, we declared that ―the
Hearing Committee and the Board were required to consider . . . all five
representations [of the lawyer] in determining whether [a specified rule] was
violated.‖ 926 A.2d at 1117. See also In re Godette, 919 A.2d 1157, 1165-66
(D.C. 2007); In re Shillaire, 549 A.2d 336, 343 (D.C. 1988), both stating,
respectively, that the Board should have considered specified uncharged conduct or
                                                                      (continued…)
                                       44
maker, and business-generator, her controlling interest and her husband‘s low

practice profile,‖ all of which ―established her as a partner and lawyer with

managerial authority in the firm, even if she called her husband ‗managing

partner.‘‖



      The plain words of Rule 5.1 (a) assign ―partners,‖ and lawyers who have

―managerial authority in a law firm‖ the responsibility of making ―reasonable

efforts to ensure‖ that the firm‘s lawyers ―conform to the Rules of Professional

Conduct.‖ District of Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 5.1 (a), and

Comment 1. Rule 5.1 (a) of the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of

Professional Conduct is virtually the same as the District‘s Rule 5.1 (a), and

Comment 1 to the rule states that ―Paragraph (a) applies to lawyers who have

managerial authority over the professional work of a firm.‖       However, the

comment further specifies that ―[t]his includes members of a partnership.‖ ABA

Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 5.1 (a), and Comment 1; see also

Center for Professional Responsibility, ABA, Annotated Model Rules of

Professional Conduct, 443 (5th ed. 2003).



 (…continued)
statements.
                                         45



      Ms. Luxenberg argues that ―there are no cases [in this jurisdiction] in which

this [c]ourt sanctioned a partner under Rule 5.1 (a) for the actions of another

partner‖ (emphasis in original). She maintains that our ―cases discussing Rule 5.1

deal exclusively with situations in which the respondent has supervisory control

within the firm or over the offending attorney.‖       She specifically cites In re

Robinson, 74 A.3d 688 (D.C. 2013), a case involving a partner who hired his son-

in-law, also an attorney, to supervise the firm‘s escrow account; this court agreed

with the Board‘s finding that the partner ―fail[ed] to ensure firm compliance with

the Rules of Professional Conduct‖ because he ignored warning signs and ―was on

notice that matters relating to the trust account were awry‖ due to two overdrafts

on the account. Id. at 693, 696. Ms. Luxenberg also cites In re Cohen, 847 A.2d

1162 (D.C. 2004), but that case involved Rule 5.1 (c)(2) rather than 5.1 (a).



      In the factual context of this case, however, we agree with the Board that

Rule 5.1 (a) applies to Ms. Luxenberg. The Hearing Committee found that she was

the majority owner (52%) of Luxenberg, Johnson & Dickens, and she generally

made the decisions as to what clients the firm would represent and who would

handle the client matters. Indeed, she identified and introduced Mr. Dickens to
                                        46
Ms. Seltzer as the firm lawyer who would handle Ms. Seltzer‘s 2004 request, and

later her 2009 request.



      Despite Ms. Luxenberg‘s effort to distance herself from Mr. Dickens with

respect to Ms. Seltzer‘s trusts and estates matter, it is clear that Mr. Dickens

considered himself a member of the Luxenberg firm; indeed, he clearly identified

himself in the 2009 trust document as ―Dorrance D. Dickens, trustee, of

Luxenberg, Johnson and Dickens, P.C.‖ Ms. Luxenberg‘s actions also reflected

her belief that Mr. Dickens was still a member of the Luxenberg firm; she sent

communications to him at the firm‘s Virginia satellite office, and continued efforts

to reach Mr. Dickens through the administrator of the firm‘s Virginia office.

Moreover, Ms. Luxenberg had made clear to Mr. Dickens in 2009, in writing, that

she would continue to be ―involved‖ in the Seltzer matter. In short, the record

contains substantial evidence that even though Ms. Luxenberg did not have the title

of managing partner, she was a ―partner‖ with ―managerial authority‖ during the

time the firm handled Ms. Seltzer‘s trusts and estates matter; therefore, she fell

under the coverage of Rule 5.1 (a).
                                          47
      While the firm had some policies and practices that would assure its lawyers

conformed to the Rules of Professional Conduct, Ms. Luxenberg did not make

―reasonable efforts‖ to make certain these policies and procedures actually were in

effect and followed. Notably, she took no action when Mr. Dickens began to and

continued to miss firm meetings during which firm client matters were reviewed,

and despite the firm‘s policy that all client records should be sent to the firm‘s

main files, she did not make ―reasonable efforts‖ to ensure Mr. Dickens‘

compliance with the policy after he did not respond to repeated requests for the

Seltzer documents, or to Ms. Luxenberg‘s admonition about the missing

documents in a tense phone call around September 2009, prior to the execution of

the 2009 trust document.



      As we indicated in discussing Rule 1.3 (a), Ms. Luxenberg ―was on notice

that matters relating to [Ms. Seltzer‘s] trust . . . were awry.‖ In re Robinson, supra,

74 A.3d at 696. Ms. Luxenberg may have ―assume[d]‖ that Mr. Dickens would

follow the Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 5.1 (a), Comment 3, but she did not

make ―reasonable efforts‖ to ensure that Mr. Dickens‘ behavior conformed to the

Rules of Professional Conduct. Since the firm was very small initially, informal

enforcement of policies and procedures and ―occasional admonition ordinarily
                                         48
might be sufficient,‖ Rule 5.1 (a), Comment 3. However, as we asserted in In re

Robinson, once warning signs appeared, suggesting clear problems regarding

ethical behavior, informal enforcement and occasional admonition no longer

sufficed.



      Similar conclusions were reached in Attorney Grievance Comm’n of

Maryland v. Kimmel, 955 A.2d 269 (Md. 2008) and In re Fonte, 905 N.Y.S.2d 173

(N.Y. App. Div. 2010). In Kimmel, the founding partners of a Pennsylvania law

firm opened a branch office in Maryland and hired a Maryland attorney for the

office. In discussing Maryland Rules 5.1 (a) and 5.1 (b), which are comparable to

the District‘s rules, the court asserted that ―[t]he executive attorneys at [the firm]

had a responsibility to establish and maintain the new office on solid principles of

professional conduct,‖ id. at 285, and that to ensure that the firm‘s lawyers

conform to the Rules of Professional Conduct, ―partners must establish policies

and procedures that, inter alia, are designed to . . . identify dates by which actions

must be taken in pending matters . . .‖ id. at 284. In re Kimmel also pointed out

that periodic review ordinarily is sufficient for a small firm with experienced

attorneys, but that ―other or different circumstances may indicate the need for

‗more elaborate‘ supervisory measures.‖        Id.   One of the differences is the
                                        49
―[p]hysical isolation of an attorney from peers,‖ necessitating ―a heightened need

to adapt supervisory strategies [or periodic review] to ensure compliance with the

Rules.‖ Id. at 287.



      Here, as of 2007, not only was Mr. Dickens in a new office in a jurisdiction

where he was not licensed to practice law, Virginia, but he also decreased his

attendance at meetings in the firm‘s Maryland office, a jurisdiction in which he

was also not licensed to practice law. He was no longer in the same office with his

mentors and partners.     Particularly when warning signs appeared that things

definitely were not in order with respect to Mr. Dickens‘ work on the Seltzer trusts

and estates matter, as a partner with managerial authority over the Seltzer matter,

Ms. Luxenberg should have instituted periodic reviews and intervened to make

certain that Mr. Dickens was doing the Seltzer work in a timely manner and was

conforming to the Rules of Professional Conduct in his handling of the Seltzer trust

assets. As the court said in In re Fonte, supra, ―[i]n the face of . . . warning

[signs], [especially of improper handling of trust assets], greater oversight and

immediate intervention was warranted.‖ Id. at 177. In sum, the record contains

substantial evidence to support the Board‘s finding and conclusion that Ms.

Luxenberg violated Rule 5.1 (a).
                                        50



      Second, Ms. Luxenberg contends that ―[t]he Board‘s conclusion [that she

violated Rule 5.1 (c)(2)] is incorrect inasmuch as Disciplinary Counsel failed to

establish by clear and convincing evidence that [she] had ‗comparable managerial

authority‘ over [Mr.] Dickens or that [she] was his direct supervisor in connection

with Ms. Seltzer‘s estate and trusts matter.‖ Disciplinary Counsel argues that

―[t]he Board and Committee found that [Ms.] Luxenberg had enough of a

supervising role for Rule 5.1 (c)(2) to apply, including ‗direct supervisory

authority‘ over [Mr.] Dickens in the Seltzer matter.‖        Disciplinary Counsel

maintains that Ms. Luxenberg knew or should have known of Mr. Dickens‘

misconduct because she ―was very much involved in Ms. Seltzer‘s case, not only

as her lawyer, but as a trustee of one of her trusts – a position derived from being

Ms. Seltzer‘s lawyer.‖



      The District‘s Rule 5.1 (c)(2) differs from that of the ABA Model Rule 5.1

(c)(2) in one noticeable way. The District‘s rule contains ―know or reasonably

should know‖ language while the ABA Model Rule contains only the word

―know.‖ Under the District‘s Rule, there is substantial evidence supporting the

Board‘s conclusion that Ms. Luxenberg ―reasonably should [have] know[n] of [Mr.
                                         51
Dickens‘] conduct at a time when its consequences [could have] be[en] avoided

but fail[ed] to take reasonable remedial action.‖ Rule 5.1 (c)(2). This court

previously rejected a contention that the District‘s Rule is ―unfair‖ because it

―subjects [a lawyer] to discipline for the dishonesty or misrepresentations of

another attorney of which the [lawyer] had no knowledge.‖ In re Cohen, supra,

847 A.2d at 1166. We said that, ―as the Board recognized, in going beyond the

model rule, Rule 5.1 (c)(2) reflects what this jurisdiction has determined to be a

fair and necessary balance. [Rule 5.1 (c)(2)] is not a rule of imputed liability for

the underlying conduct.‖ Id. (emphasis added). However, Comment 4 to Rule 5.1

(c)(2) specifies that ―paragraph (c) sets forth general principles of imputed

responsibility for the misconduct of others,‖ and ―[s]ubparagraph (c)(2) extends

that responsibility to any lawyer who is a partner or person in comparable

managerial authority in the firm in which the misconduct takes place.‖ District of

Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 5.1 (c)(2), Comment 4.              The

―reasonably should have known standard‖ is an ―objective‖ one ―based on

evaluation of all the facts, including the size and organizational structure of the

firm, the lawyer‘s position, and responsibilities within the firm, the type and

frequency of contacts between various lawyers involved, the nature of the

misconduct at issue, and the nature of the supervision or other direct responsibility
                                         52
(if any) actually exercised‖; ―[t]he mere fact of partnership or a position as a

principal in a firm is not sufficient, without more, to satisfy the standard.‖ Id.,

Rule 5.1 (c)(2), Comment 5.



      We emphasize that there is no record evidence that Ms. Luxenberg

participated in Mr. Dickens‘ acts of misconduct or had actual knowledge of Mr.

Dickens‘ misappropriation/theft of the Seltzer assets, before his misconduct was

discovered—after the fact—by Ms. Shaw and the attorneys for Mr. Seltzer and Ms.

Falk. However, Ms. Luxenberg was the main, majority partner in a very small

firm with, as of 2007, a central office in Maryland and satellite offices in Virginia

and the District of Columbia. The Hearing Committee found that Ms. Luxenberg

brought most of the business to the firm, and Ms. Seltzer not only was Ms.

Luxenberg‘s client but Ms. Luxenberg also was the co-trustee of Ms. Seltzer‘s

1990 trust, as amended in 2004.       While Ms. Luxenberg‘s contacts with Mr.

Dickens were frequent when the firm‘s main office was in the District of Columbia

and Mr. Dickens worked out of that office, the contacts were increasingly less

frequent after Ms. Luxenberg and Mr. Johnson moved their offices to Maryland

and Mr. Dickens chose to work out of the Virginia office.              Under these

circumstances – and at the first signs that Mr. Dickens was not adhering to firm
                                        53
policies (including attendance at firm meetings), failed to complete the work on the

Seltzer matter in a reasonable time period, failed to send the Seltzer documents to

the firm‘s central files, missed a meeting with Ms. Seltzer, failed to inform Ms.

Luxenberg of the new 2009 trust document which implicated the 1990 amended

trust of which Ms. Luxenberg was a co-trustee, and failed to inform Ms.

Luxenberg of the date of the execution of the 2009 trust or the nature of the letter

of instruction that Ms. Luxenberg was asked to witness – Ms. Luxenberg should

have become more vigilant in monitoring Mr. Dickens‘ adherence to the Rules of

Professional Conduct. At these warning signs, and others discussed above in our

consideration of Ms. Luxenberg‘s violation of Rule 1.3 (a), ―[w]e believe a lawyer

of reasonable prudence and competence would have made the inquiry necessary to

determine‖ whether Mr. Dickens was properly handling Ms. Seltzer‘s trusts and

estates matter in a timely fashion. In re Cohen, supra, 847 A.2d at 1167.



      With respect to Ms. Luxenberg‘s alleged violation of Rules 1.7 (b)(4) and

8.4 (a), Disciplinary Counsel essentially argues that Ms. Luxenberg placed her own

interests and those of Mr. Dickens above Ms. Seltzer‘s interests, repeatedly

displayed her unwillingness to challenge Mr. Dickens, and knowingly assisted or

aided and abetted Mr. Dickens in his violation of (a) Rule 1.3 (discussed above),
                                          54
(b) Rule 1.15 (a) and (c) (misappropriation of entrusted funds), and (c) Rule 5.5 (a)

(delegated the Seltzer matter to Mr. Dickens while knowing he was not licensed to

practice in Maryland). Our review of Disciplinary Counsel‘s arguments and the

voluminous evidence presented in this case convinces us that Ms. Luxenberg

violated neither Rule 1.7 (b)(4) nor Rule 8.4 (a).



      Rule 1.7 (b) ―provides a general description of the types of circumstances in

which representation is improper in the absence of informed consent.‖ District of

Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.7 (b), Comment 7. Subparagraph

(b)(4) ―require[s] disclosure and informed consent in any situation in which the

lawyer‘s representation of a client may be adversely affected by representation of

another client‖ or ―by the lawyer‘s responsibilities to or interests in a third party or

the lawyer‘s own financial, business, property, or personal interests.‖ Id., and

Comment 10. The record is devoid of substantial evidence showing that Ms.

Luxenberg‘s representation of Ms. Seltzer was adversely affected by her

representation of another client, or that her responsibilities to or interests in Mr.

Dickens adversely affected her representation of Ms. Seltzer, or that her own

interests adversely affected those of Ms. Seltzer. In fact, the Hearing Committee

found no conflict of interest. The gravamen of Disciplinary Counsel‘s Rule 8.4 (a)
                                          55
argument against Ms. Luxenberg is that she knowingly assisted or aided and

abetted Mr. Dickens in his illegal actions, but just as the record contained no

substantial evidence of Ms. Luxenberg‘s intentional action with respect to Rules

1.3 (b)(1) and (2), the record lacks substantial evidence establishing that Ms.

Luxenberg knowingly assisted, aided, or abetted Mr. Dickens‘ illegal actions.

Most significantly, as the Board pointed out, Ms. Luxenberg‘s credited testimony

reveals her steadfast belief that as soon as the 2009 trust became effective, the

assets of the 1990 trust were transferred to the 2009 trust.



      What is the Appropriate Sanction for Ms. Luxenberg’s Violation of

Rules 1.3, 5.1 (a), and 5.1 (c)(2)?



      We are mindful that the Board‘s recommended six-month sanction comes to

us ―with a strong presumption in its favor.‖ In re Silva, 29 A.3d 924, 926 (D.C.

2011). If the recommended sanction ―falls within a wide range of acceptable

outcomes, it will be adopted and imposed.‖ In re Goffe, 641 A.2d 458, 463-64

(D.C. 1994). In reviewing the recommended sanction, we consider various non-

exclusive factors including ―(1) the seriousness of the conduct at issue; (2) the

prejudice, if any, to the client which resulted from the conduct; (3) whether the
                                          56
conduct involved dishonesty and/or misrepresentation; (4) the presence or absence

of violations of other provisions of the disciplinary rules[;] (5) whether the attorney

had a previous disciplinary history; (6) whether or not the attorney acknowledged

his or her wrongful conduct; and (7) circumstances in mitigation of the conduct.‖

In re Pelkey, 962 A.2d 268, 281 (D.C. 2008).



      Here, there can be no doubt of the seriousness of Ms. Luxenberg‘s conduct

because her lack of diligence and failure to ensure that Mr. Dickens‘ behavior

conformed to the Rules of Professional Conduct enabled him to siphon away

substantial assets of the Seltzer trust belonging to Ms. Luxenberg‘s longstanding

client, Michelle Seltzer. We recognize that Ms. Luxenberg made it quite clear that

she did not specialize in trusts and estates but that does not serve as an excuse for

failing to carry out her fiduciary duty to Ms. Seltzer as both her lawyer and the co-

trustee of the amended 1990 trust. Ms. Luxenberg‘s violation of Rules 1.3 (a), 5.1

(a), and 5.1 (c)(2) undoubtedly played a role in Mr. Dickens‘ misappropriation of

the Seltzer trust assets that clearly prejudiced Ms. Seltzer who was dedicated to

ensuring her children were provided for and protected after her death. However,

Ms. Luxenberg was not charged with dishonesty, misrepresentation, or

misappropriation.     Moreover, Ms. Luxenberg cooperated with Disciplinary
                                         57
Counsel, has no prior disciplinary history, and was found not to have violated other

professional conduct rules.     Notably, as the proceedings before the Hearing

Committee revealed, and as the Board recognized, Ms. Luxenberg has a ―very high

reputation in the legal community,‖ and has shown her commitment to public

service and to the Bar of the District of Columbia.



      Although there is no clear precedent in this jurisdiction for the type of

sanction that is appropriate in Ms. Luxenberg‘s case, under the circumstances

discussed in this opinion we do not believe Disciplinary Counsel‘s advocacy of a

one-year suspension with a fitness requirement is appropriate, given the absence of

intentional conduct and the lack of substantial evidence that Ms. Luxenberg

knowingly assisted or aided and abetted Mr. Dickens‘ misappropriation. Nor do

we think that a simple reprimand as advocated by Ms. Luxenberg, or a 45-day

suspension as recommended by the Hearing Committee would reflect the

seriousness of Ms. Luxenberg‘s violations. Rather, in reviewing the sanctions

imposed in some of our cases, we believe Ms. Luxenberg‘s case falls within the

range of sanctions imposed in In re Robinson, supra, which included a violation of

Rule 5.1 (a) (as well as Rules 1.15 (a) and (b)), and in In re Cater, which included

a violation of Rule 5.3 (b) (comparable to Rules 5.1 (a) and (b) but relating to
                                        58
supervision of a nonlawyer) (as well as Rules 1.1 (a), 8.1 (b), and 8.4 (d)). In

Robinson, which included a Rule 1.15 (a) violation (negligent misappropriation)

we imposed a seven-month suspension, and in Cater, which included a Rule 8.4

(d) violation (seriously interfering with the administration of justice), we imposed

a 180-day suspension plus a fitness requirement. Consequently, consistent with the

presumption in favor of the Board‘s recommended sanction, we accept the

recommendation of the Board that a six-month suspension be imposed without a

fitness requirement.16



      Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, respondent Deborah Luxenberg is

hereby suspended from the practice of law in the District of Columbia for a period

of six months, effective 30 days from the date of this opinion. Respondent‘s

attention is called to the requirements of D.C. Bar R. XI, § 14, including the

affidavit of compliance.



                                      So ordered.




      16
         This court did not temporarily suspend Ms. Luxenberg pending the
outcome of her disciplinary proceeding.
