Filed 10/6/14 Lostaunau v. Rolling Frito-Lay Sales CA5




                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.




              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

ADOLPH LOSTAUNAU et al.,
                                                                                           F064174
         Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                                             (Super. Ct. No. VCU232409)
                   v.

ROLLING FRITO-LAY SALES, LP,                                                             OPINION
         Defendant and Respondent.


ADOLPH LOSTAUNAU et al.,
                                                                                           F065459
         Plaintiffs and Respondents,
                                                                             (Super. Ct. No. VCU232409)
                   v.

ROLLING FRITO-LAY SALES, LP,                                                           Tulare County

         Defendant and Appellant.
      APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Tulare County. Patrick J.
O’Hara (Retired Judge of the Tulare Sup. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) and Paul A. Vortmann, Judges.*
      Greene, Broillet & Wheeler, Bruce A. Broillett, Scott H. Carr and Alan Van
Gelder; Esner, Chang & Boyer, Stuart B. Esner and Andrew N. Chang for Plaintiffs and
Appellants and for Plaintiffs and Respondents.
      Manning & Kass, Ellrod, Ramirez, Trester, Louis W. Pappas and Steven J. Renick
for Defendant and Respondent and for Defendant and Appellant.
                                         -ooOoo-
      This is a consolidated appeal from a judgment and postjudgment order of the
Superior Court of Tulare County. Plaintiff Adolph Lostaunau pled a cause of action for
negligence against defendant Rolling Frito-Lay Sales, LP (Frito-Lay). Plaintiff Vivian
Lostaunau,1 Adolph’s wife, sued for loss of consortium. At trial, Frito-Lay conceded that
its employee Sandy Nardone was negligent and that her negligence caused harm to
Adolph. By special verdict, the jury awarded Adolph $90,896 for past lost earnings,
$340,000 for past medical expenses,2 $75,000 for past pain and suffering, $21,872 for
future lost earnings, $40,064 for future medical expenses, and $0 for future pain and




*     Judge O’Hara presided over the jury trial and ruled in the motion for a new trial;
Judge Vortmann ruled in the postjudgment motion to tax costs.
1      We subsequently identify plaintiffs by their first names, even though Vivian is
often identified by her middle name Marlene in the appellate record. No disrespect is
intended.
2       This amount was subsequently reduced to $157,931. (See Howell v. Hamilton
Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 541 [a plaintiff may not recover the
difference between the amount stated in a medical provider’s bill for medical care and
services rendered and the discounted amount the provider agreed to accept from the
plaintiff’s private insurer as full payment].)



                                            2.
suffering.3 The jury also found that Vivian was not entitled to damages “for loss of her
husband’s love, companionship, comfort, care, assistance, protection, affection, society,
moral support, and enjoyment of sexual relations.” The court denied Adolph and
Vivian’s motion for a new trial on the issue of damages. Following entry of judgment,
Frito-Lay filed a memorandum of costs against Vivian in the amount of $62,300.16.
Vivian filed a motion to tax these claimed costs in their entirety. The court issued an
order granting Vivian’s request.
       On appeal, Adolph challenges the adequacy of the jury’s determination of his past
and future noneconomic damages and Vivian challenges the jury’s determination of her
loss of consortium damages.4 Frito-Lay challenges the superior court’s postjudgment
order granting Vivian’s motion to tax costs. We conclude that substantial evidence
supported the jury’s awards for Adolph’s pain and suffering, but did not support its
finding that Vivian was not entitled to damages for loss of consortium. We reverse the
judgment as to Vivian’s claim, and remand the matter for a new trial limited to the
calculation of damages for loss of consortium. (Mealy v. B-Mobile, Inc. (2011) 195
Cal.App.4th 1218, 1225, 1227 (Mealy).) Because we find Vivian was entitled to
compensation, Frito-Lay’s appeal is moot. We therefore reverse the superior court’s
order granting Vivian’s motion to tax the costs sought, postjudgment, by Frito-Lay.
(Paul v. Milk Depots, Inc. (1964) 62 Cal.2d 129, 134-135; Giles v. Horn (2002) 100
Cal.App.4th 206, 229; County of Fresno v. Shelton (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 996, 1005.)

3      In addition, the jury pronounced that Adolph’s own negligence was a substantial
causal factor and attributed 10 percent of the fault to him, reducing the gross award from
$385,763 to $347,186.70.
4      In their brief, Adolph and Vivian raise another argument in a footnote. We decline
to address this argument because it is not listed under a separate heading or subheading as
required by California Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B). (Silverado Modjeska
Recreation & Park Dist. v. County of Orange (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 282, 314, fn. 24;
Sierra Club v. City of Orange (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 523, 542.)



                                             3.
                                  FACTUAL HISTORY
       On April 30, 2007, at the Save Mart Supermarket in Porterville, California,
Nardone was in the process of delivering product when Adolph, a Surtec service
technician, arrived to fix the store’s floor buffer. Adolph brought the appliance outside to
his vehicle, where he kept tools and spare parts and which was parked “some distance”
from Nardone’s Frito-Lay truck. Adolph sat on a milk crate, faced away from the Frito-
Lay truck, and performed repairs on the appliance. While Nardone was attempting to
load two 137-pound carts into the truck, one of the carts rolled off the lift gate and struck
Adolph from behind.5 Adolph sustained a visible head wound.6 Adolph was initially
attended by several Save Mart employees, but subsequently drove himself to Sierra View
District Hospital, where he was examined by the emergency physician, underwent X-rays
and a computed tomography (CT) scan, and was prescribed Vicodin,7 ibuprofen, and a
muscle relaxant. He did not require stitches and was discharged later that evening.
       The next day, on May 1, 2007, Adolph experienced head, neck, and left shoulder
pain. He worked intermittently for a few weeks and reported pain, discomfort,
headaches, blurred vision, poor concentration, memory lapses, and panic attacks.
Adolph’s employee logs, which had been “very thorough” prior to the accident, were
terse and filled with errors. At home, he was unable to accomplish tasks or perform

5       The record presents conflicting accounts on what transpired immediately after the
collision. Adolph testified he was temporarily unconscious and later found himself on
the ground. He then heard Nardone scream, “I killed him.” Nardone corroborated
Adolph was “flat on his back.” By contrast, Kevin Pope, the store manager, testified he
witnessed the accident, was the first person to attend Adolph, and saw Adolph, who was
neither unconscious nor “sprawled out on the ground,” “sitting upright” on the milk crate
and “propp[ing] up” the cart with his back.
6      Pope testified that Adolph “had a scratch on his head,” which “was red on the
surface” but did not bleed. Nardone, on the other hand, specified that “there was blood
on [Adolph’s] head.”
7      This drug is alternatively identified as Norco in the record.



                                              4.
sexually. In July and August 2007, Adolph was assessed by various physicians and
underwent physical therapy. He was eventually referred to the Centre for Neuro Skills
(CNS) in Bakersfield, California, where he engaged in weekly psychotherapy and
occupational rehabilitation sessions for the period of August 27, 2007, to April 9, 2009.
At some point in 2009, Adolph was prescribed the antidepressant Zoloft.
       In May 2008, Adolph was referred to Dr. Sheldon Jordan, who is board certified in
neurology, clinical neurophysiology, interventional pain procedures, pain medicine, and
addiction medicine. Adolph presented neck and shoulder pain, headaches, and bilateral
hand numbness. On July 9, 2008, Jordan administered a scalene block, the results of
which were negative and consequently ruled out thoracic outlet syndrome. On
August 13, 2008, Jordan administered a facet block, the results of which were positive
and confirmed that Adolph’s pain emanated from the cervical facet joints.8 Thereafter,
Jordan recommended a rhizotomy, a “radiofrequency procedure [that] … cauterize[s] …
the little nerve endings that go to those [facet] joints.” He described the procedure:

       “[W]e take a 20-gauge needle ... and we come in through the behind, right
       next to where that nerve is[.] … [W]hen we pass electrical current through
       it very rapidly,… the current is passed back and forth so rapidly that the
       electrons basically produce friction, so that heats up the tip of the needle[.]
       … [W]e’re talking about 80 degrees [Celsius],… just below boiling, so
       [you can] imagine a hot stove, you put your hand on it, you look at it, and
       it’s going to be burned…. It’s that kind of a burn. [¶] So we burn the


8      Jordan detailed:
              “What’s relevant are these joints in the back of the spine which are
       called the facet joints. So you had the discs in front, in the neck here. And
       you have the facet joints in the back on both sides. [¶] … [¶] These joints
       on the back side are designed for maintaining lateral stability so your head
       doesn’t just flop over and it limits the amount of extension and flexion that
       you can have…. [¶] … [¶] There are pain fibers in all of these structures
       and there are pain fibers that innervate these joints so if these joints are
       damaged, it hurts.”



                                              5.
      nerves that go into these facet joints at each level where the pain is
      produced. [¶] … [¶]

      “… [T]he heat actually makes that nerve shrivel up. But … it can actually
      take several weeks and … sometimes more than a month. So it’s not
      actually instantaneous. And that’s important because the patient will go
      through a painful process because now you’ve stuck needles in and
      cauterized the tissues and it hurts and it takes several weeks for the good
      part to actually come into effect. [¶] … [¶] … [A]t the end of the
      procedure this nerve is still connected, but it’s angry because you’ve just
      heated it up, and you’ve also heated up the tissues around it, so there’s an
      inflammatory process which can be quite painful and that could last for
      many weeks. [¶] … [¶] … So it could take several weeks, maybe up to six
      weeks at the most for the pain relief to happen. And patients are usually
      pretty good for a certain number of months. [¶] We like to get 12 months
      out of these, but very often it’s only six months. And at the end of the six
      months these nerves sprout and they actually grow back, and they actually
      go back to pretty much the original configuration so the pain all comes
      back because the joints are still bad joints…. [¶] … [¶]

             “… You know, I’d say we would consider it a good outcome if
      people get 50 percent improvement, that would be great. If they can reduce
      their pain medications, that would be great. If they can improve their
      everyday activities and activities around the house, that’s great. But we
      don’t expect [a] cure from this.”
      Jordan performed a rhizotomy on January 8, 2009, after which Adolph complained
of postoperative soreness for at least four weeks. Although his pain somewhat improved,
Adolph still needed pain medication. Jordan administered another facet block on
November 10, 2009, and reconfirmed that the pain emanated from the cervical facet
joints. He performed a second rhizotomy on December 29, 2009, after which Adolph
experienced less postoperative discomfort, took less pain medication, and experienced
relief for five months. Jordan performed three additional rhizotomies on May 5, 2010,
September 28, 2010, and February 15, 2011, respectively. Jordan opined that the
April 30, 2007, accident caused Adolph’s physical condition.
      Dr. Lester Zackler, a neuropsychiatrist, reviewed Adolph’s medical history and
conducted an examination on December 6, 2010. He rated Adolph a 41 to 50 on the


                                            6.
Social and Occupational Functional Assessment Scale, which indicated “serious
impairment.” Zackler diagnosed cognitive disorder, pain disorder, major depressant
disorder, and panic disorder in remission and attributed these maladies to the April 30,
2007, accident. He also remarked that Adolph sustained sexual dysfunction:

       “Zoloft … is an antianxiety, anti-depression medication…. [¶] … [¶] …
       The medication has been helpful. He is [nowhere] near as depressed as he
       had been. The panic attacks aren’t as frequent as they had been…. [¶] …
       [¶] … [The medication] has side effects. Among the problems that -- I
       didn’t list it because it’s almost taken for granted, is [Adolph] has impaired
       sexual function. He has both erectile dysfunction and decreased interest or
       decreased libido…. [¶] … [¶]

               “… He had been sexually active up until the time of the incident.
       And since the accident, his sexual drive and behavior has dramatically
       deteriorated. And it’s understandable in terms of two factors: One, when
       you’re anxious and depressed and in pain, you’re not interested in having
       sex…. [I]t’s not the way we’re built. And secondly, medications like
       Zoloft, like the opiates, like some of the other medications he’s been taking,
       affect sexual drive and sexual performance. Zoloft causes delayed
       ejaculation. In doses that he’s taking it, one can barely have an orgasm.
       And so people lose motivation. And so his sexual dysfunction has been
       really a secondary issue. It wasn’t caused directly by this head and neck
       injury, but instead has followed as a result of the pain and medications.”
Zackler recommended additional medication, such as Wellbutrin, to offset Zoloft’s side
effects.
       Dr. Daniel Zehler, a neuropsychologist, testified that Adolph’s evaluations, dated
August 13, 2007, and September 18, 2009, respectively, documented abnormal mental
processing speed, visual and auditory deficiencies, memory deficits, and other cognitive
weaknesses as well as ongoing pain, anxiety, and depression. He stated a side effect of
ongoing pain was “sexual dysfunction” and decreased libido.9 He rejected the notion
that Adolph was a malingerer:

9     Zehler also testified that a diminished libido is a common side effect of Zoloft,
which was prescribed for Adolph’s depression.



                                             7.
       “[O]ne of the things that we see with chronic pain patients is that if you
       have depression, if you have a mood disturbance, if you’re anxious and
       discouraged and depressed, your pain level objectively may not have
       changed, but you will report higher levels of pain when you’re down, when
       you’re discouraged. It just hurts more. You know, pain is one of those
       things if you’re distracted or you’re involved, sometimes it hurts less….
       [W]ith my chronic pain patients, when their mood improves, their pain
       complaints go down. And certainly [Adolph’s] mood improved somewhat
       with the medication, it didn’t clear it up. But you’ll see this type of pattern
       that … as the depression intensifies, you get more pre-occupation with
       pain, and I think that was illustrated in this case as well. [¶] … [¶]

              “… [A]fter [Adolph] left CNS, he still had the pain pattern, and I
       think without the structure of the program, inevitably pain took on more
       and more of a dominating impact in his life and really has gotten to the
       point where, you know, he’s had a hard time functioning across the board.”
Zehler opined that Adolph’s neuropsychological problems were “clearly caused” by the
April 30, 2007, accident.
       Vivian testified that Adolph regularly hugged, kissed, massaged, and “spoiled” her
and shared household responsibilities prior to April 30, 2007. After the accident, Adolph
was usually lying down, unable to perform chores to the same extent, and seldom
engaged in sexual activity. Vivian stated, “He’s not my partner any more. He’s like my
child.”10 Florencia Sadoy, Vivian’s sister, testified that Vivian, in caring for Adolph, was
essentially confined to her home.
       Frito-Lay called several physicians on its behalf. Dr. Barry Ludwig, a neurologist,
testified that Adolph sustained a mild scalp injury as a result of the April 30, 2007,
accident. He pointed out that the emergency physician at Sierra View District Hospital
rated Adolph a 15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale, which equated to “perfectly normal.”
Ludwig added:



10     The record indicates that Frito-Lay’s counsel opted not to cross-examine Vivian.



                                             8.
       “[A] simple blow to the head doesn’t cause a concussion because … we’ve
       got helmets on. Our skull protects our brain. And most of the energy that’s
       applied to the head is absorbed or transmitted through the skull. [¶] If the
       blow were severe enough, if this 130-pound object really hit him head on,
       what you’d expect to see is maybe a skull fracture, a little bleeding
       underneath where the bone was hit, maybe a bruise of the brain, but that
       kind of impact does not cause a concussion. [¶] … [¶] The kind of thing
       that causes concussions are acceleration/deceleration, falls from height, or
       angular velocity, twisting movements because that can stretch brain cells.
       So this is not the mechanism for a concussion.”
       Ludwig noted that Adolph’s evaluations, dated July 11, 2007, and September 18,
2007, respectively, documented signs of improvement. In particular, Adolph had fewer
headaches, better cognitive function, minimal neck pain, and unrestricted cervical range
of motion. Based on these evaluations, Ludwig concluded that Adolph’s scalp laceration
had resolved and his neck strain should have resolved. He explained, “Once you get
better after a head injury, it should continue to get better. That’s the natural history of a
head injury. You don’t then suddenly get worse from a brain perspective. The brain
heals.” Ludwig opined that Adolph remained symptomatic because of his addiction to
narcotic pain medication:

       “I think he’s on too much medication. He’s on narcotics. He’s basically
       addicted to narcotics. And what happens is when you’re addicted, you get
       a rebound phenomenon. [¶] … [¶] … You take narcotics. It starts to get
       out of your system. The headache comes back. The only way you can get
       rid of the headache is by taking more narcotic.[11] [¶] … [¶]

11     Zackler countered:
       “There’s a difference between addiction and physical dependency. With
       drugs like the opiates, he’s taking one called Norco. It’s a high potency
       pain reliever that can cause physical dependency. If you stopped it abruptly
       yourself, you’d say give me more of it. Simple as that. But he doesn’t
       engage in any addictive behavior. He hasn’t spontaneously increased his
       dose. He doesn’t take more than is recommended. He doesn’t go doctor
       shopping. He doesn’t have any history of alcohol or chemical dependency
       issues. So I do not see him as having a problem with medication
       dependency or addiction in any negative sense.”



                                              9.
              “… He needs to be seen by someone who can gradually wean him
       off narcotics, get him on an appropriate drug regimen, to re-orient him
       towards a healthy lifestyle, someone to educate him. I mean, I think
       sending him to [CNS] and making him think that he had a brain injury was
       one of the worst things that could have been done. [¶] … [¶] … [T]his was
       a scalp injury. I mean, somebody should have said, you know, the natural
       history, even if this was a mild concussion, the overwhelming majority of
       people get better within a number of weeks, so this is something that you’re
       gonna work through, it’s going to gradually get better. We’ll put you on an
       exercise program. We’ll gradually get you back to work. And this is all
       going to resolve. [¶] What this did was emphasize to him that he had a
       brain injury. And enough people tell you you have a brain injury, you
       begin to believe it.”
Ludwig did not believe that Adolph was a malingerer.
       Dr. Richard Ruffalo, a clinical pharmacologist, testified that Adolph sustained
neuropathic pain due to the April 30, 2007, accident, but was not properly prescribed
anti-neuropathic pain medications such as Pregabalin and Gabapentin, which are non-
opiate, are non-addictive, and contain fewer side effects. Ruffalo attributed Adolph’s
physical and mental sluggishness to his narcotic pain medication:

       “That’s the usual … effect especially when you’re starting out, they’re
       much more severe then, you develop some tolerance to some degree, but
       not full, from the sedating qualities, if you will, the mental slowness, you
       know, difficulty focusing, and so on, and so forth. [¶] … [¶] … With the
       appropriate therapy, early intervention, tapering down off the opiate,…
       combining it with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, anti-neuropathic
       medicines usually at least a couple of them, and over a period of probably a
       month, and then getting into physical therapy because then he’d feel better
       to be able to do the physical therapy and that’s basically the key.”
Ruffalo acknowledged that Adolph took Zoloft to treat his depression, and that the use of
Zoloft has the side effect of sexual dysfunction.
       Dr. William Dillin, a spine surgeon, testified that multiple nerve blocks are
required before a rhizotomy to avoid a false positive:

              “The criteria for doing a rhizotomy has been worked out and
       published by the different societies, and it requires that you do the medial


                                            10.
       branch block, first time. You have to have 80 percent relief, independent
       documentation, increased functional capacity. Then at least two weeks
       later, you do it again. You’ve got to fit the same criteria. You’ve got to get
       80 percent, independent documentation, increased functional capacity,
       ability to perform previously painful movements. [¶] So if you have two
       of these that line up with th[ese] criteria, then the rhizotomy becomes the
       procedure of choice to try to desensitize this joint by affecting that nerve.…
       [¶] … [¶] So to do any cervical rhizotomy, you have to do either two
       blocks for the anatomic control, three blocks with the physiologic control,
       or two blocks for the comparative. Never one block. Minimum criteria.”
He added that a physician must “document unequivocally that [a patient] ha[s] a 50
percent consistent relief of pain,… improved functional status, return[ed] to work
normally, improved psychological status, and significant reduction in their medicines” to
justify repeat surgery.
       Dillin criticized Jordan for administering a single, left-sided facet block before
Adolph’s first rhizotomy and a second block after the procedure. He also criticized the
lack of pain diaries and other documentation detailing the effectiveness of the first
rhizotomy and the necessity of subsequent rhizotomies. Regarding alternatives to the
surgery, Dillin remarked:

       “[Y]ou could have done other invasive diagnostic tests …. [Y]ou could
       have done other testing in that area. Or you could have said no, you know
       what, maybe I’ll just switch strategies, … maybe we’ll get him detoxed or
       put another substitute medication, re-condition him, try to get all these
       other medicines consolidated and globally, without specifically targeting
       the piece of anatomy, try to improve his clinical situation. [¶] … [¶]

             “… It’s rehabilitation. So you’re taking somebody and you’re trying
       to make their life better. Now, will procedures give us the value to rehab
       someone? And if we don’t have that documentation, we go to the non-
       procedural aspect, and we use exercise, conditioning, medication changes,
       ergonomic types of issues, psychological support, all these things that help
       you improve their quality of life.”
       Dr. Charles Furst, a neuropsychologist, examined Adolph on August 26, 2010, and
diagnosed psychological adjustment disorder and somatoform disorder, the latter of
which “describes a person who amplifies their level of pain … because of their

                                             11.
psychological condition.” He disagreed with Zackler’s diagnosis of major depressant
disorder. Furst did not believe Adolph was a malingerer.
       Frito-Lay played sub rosa video footage showing Adolph pumping gasoline on
September 4, 2010, attending a gun show on September 5, 2010, visiting an amusement
park on December 3, 2010, and climbing a ladder and standing on a roof on
December 24, 2010.12
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Standard of review
       “The amount of damages is a fact question, first committed to the discretion of the
jury and next to the discretion of the trial judge on a motion for new trial.” (Seffert v. Los
Angeles Transit Lines (1961) 56 Cal.2d 498, 506; accord Ray v. Jackson (1963) 219
Cal.App.2d 445, 451.) “When the trial court has resolved a disputed factual issue, the
appellate courts review the ruling according to the substantial evidence rule.” (Winograd
v. American Broadcasting Co. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 624, 632.)
       The substantial evidence rule consists of two aspects. (Kuhn v. Department of
General Services (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1627, 1632.) First, “we consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the judgment, accepting every reasonable inference and
resolving all conflicts in its favor.” (Westphal v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (1998) 68
Cal.App.4th 1071, 1078; accord Lenk v. Total-Western, Inc. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 959,
968.) A determination by the trier of fact “comes to us cloaked with the presumption that
it is correct” (Westphal v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., supra, at p. 1074) and “is entitled to
great deference because the [trier of fact], having been present at trial, necessarily is more

12     Jordan testified that the footage validated the efficacy of the rhizotomies: “… I
would expect [Adolph] to be doing more things around the house, repairing things and
homework, fixing things, driving. I wouldn’t particularly recommend him climbing
ladders and getting up on the roof but that shows how good this radiofrequency procedure
was.”



                                             12.
familiar with the evidence and is bound by the … demanding test of weighing conflicting
evidence” (id. at p. 1078). We, on the other hand, “do not reassess the credibility of
witnesses or reweigh the evidence.” (Ibid.; see In re Michael G. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th
580, 589 [“The substantial evidence standard of review is generally considered the most
difficult standard of review to meet, as it should be, because it is not the function of the
reviewing court to determine the facts.”].)
       Second, we decide whether substantial evidence supported the ruling. Substantial
evidence is reasonable, credible, of solid value, and of ponderable legal significance.
(Kuhn v. Department of General Services, supra, 22 Cal.App.4th at p. 1633.) An award
of damages that is supported by substantial evidence will not be disturbed. (Toscano v.
Greene Music (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 685, 691.) “‘An appellate court may interfere
with [a trier of fact’s determination of damages] only where the sum awarded is so
disproportionate to the evidence as to suggest that the verdict was the result of passion,
prejudice or corruption [citations] or where the award is so out of proportion to the
evidence that it shocks the conscience of the appellate court. [Citations.]’” (Johnson v.
Stanhiser (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 357, 361; accord Seffert v. Los Angeles Transit Lines,
supra, 56 Cal.2d at p. 507; Ray v. Jackson, supra, 219 Cal.App.2d at p. 451.)

II.    Substantial evidence supported the jury’s awards for Adolph’s pain and
       suffering
       “Noneconomic damages compensate an injured plaintiff for nonpecuniary injuries,
including pain and suffering.” (Corenbaum v. Lampkin (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1308,
1332.) Pain and suffering “encompass[] physical pain and various forms of mental
anguish and emotional distress” (ibid., citing Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals
(1972) 7 Cal.3d 889, 892-893) and “are detriment factors for which an injured plaintiff
must be compensated if [they] are caused by defendant’s tort” (Hilliard v. A. H. Robins
Co. (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 374, 413, citing Civ. Code, § 3333). “Admittedly these terms
refer to subjective states, representing a detriment which can be translated into monetary


                                              13.
loss only with great difficulty.” (Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, supra, at
p. 893; see Torres v. Los Angeles (1962) 58 Cal.2d 35, 53 [“Because injuries are rarely
identical in nature and the amount of pain and suffering endured as a result of similar
physical injuries varies greatly, the extent of damages suffered cannot be measured by an
absolute monetary standard.”].) Our Supreme Court explained:

       “One of the most difficult tasks imposed upon a jury in deciding a case
       involving personal injuries is to determine the amount of money the
       plaintiff is to be awarded as compensation for pain and suffering. No
       method is available to the jury by which it can objectively evaluate such
       damages, and no witness may express his subjective opinion on the matter.
       [Citation.] In a very real sense, the jury is asked to evaluate in terms of
       money a detriment for which monetary compensation cannot be ascertained
       with any demonstrable accuracy…. ‘Translating pain and anguish into
       dollars can, at best, be only an arbitrary allowance, and not a process of
       measurement, and consequently the judge can, in his instructions, give the
       jury no standard to go by; he can only tell them to allow such amount as in
       their discretion they may consider reasonable…. The chief reliance for
       reaching reasonable results in attempting to value suffering in terms of
       money must be the restraint and common sense of the jury….’ [Citation.]”
       (Beagle v. Vasold (1966) 65 Cal.2d 166, 172; see Civ. Code, § 3359.)
In other words, the jury generally has “relatively unfettered authority and responsibility
to calculate damages for pain and suffering.” (Garfoot v. Avila (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d
1205, 1210.)
       An injured plaintiff may be compensated not only for pain and suffering “‘which
have occurred up to the time of the trial’” (Bellman v. San Francisco H. S. Dist. (1938)
11 Cal.2d 576, 588), but also for pain and suffering that “‘[are] reasonably certain under
the evidence [to] follow in the future’” (ibid.; accord Mella v. Hooper (1927) 200 Cal.
628, 631, citing Civ. Code, § 3283). With respect to prospective damages, “‘[t]he jury
may not consider consequences which are only likely to occur. “To entitle a plaintiff to
recover present damages for apprehended future consequences, there must be evidence to
show such a degree of probability of their occurring as amounts to a reasonable certainty



                                            14.
that they will result from the original injury.” [Citations.]’” (Bellman v. San Francisco
H. S. Dist., supra, at p. 588.)
       Substantial evidence demonstrated that Adolph sustained a scalp laceration,
cervical joint pain, various cognitive impairments, and depression, inter alia, due to the
April 30, 2007, accident. He was prescribed narcotic pain medication and attended
physical therapy and rehabilitation. However, Adolph continued to suffer pain and
subsequently underwent five cervical rhizotomies in a two-year span. Although he found
significant, albeit temporary relief for up to five months after each surgery, he would
initially experience up to six weeks of postoperative pain and inflammation.
Furthermore, Adolph’s use of Zoloft, which successfully treated his depression, led to
sexual dysfunction.13 Medical experts for both parties agreed that he did not malinger.
Thus, the jury properly found that Adolph was entitled to damages for past pain and
suffering. (Cf. Hilliard v. A. H. Robins Co., supra, 148 Cal.App.3d at p. 413 [“An award
failing to compensate an injured plaintiff where pain and suffering was present is
inadequate as a matter of law.”].) Regarding the $75,000 sum, we cannot conclude that
this amount was so disproportionate as to “‘shock[] the conscience’” (Johnson v.
Stanhiser, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 361) or implicate passion, prejudice, or corruption
(ibid.), particularly because the evidence showed that Adolph’s level of pain and
suffering fluctuated. While Adolph contends that the $75,000 award for past pain and
suffering was inconsistent in view of the $90,896 award for past lost earnings and
$340,000 for past medical expenses, “[t]he ratio between special and general damages is

13      “Medical treatment for the resulting injuries is a kind of physical harm for which
the defendant is liable whether or not the treatment is itself negligent.” (Munoz v. Davis
(1983) 141 Cal.App.3d 420, 426; see Hastie v. Handeland (1969) 274 Cal.App.2d 599,
605, quoting Rest.2d Torts, § 457 [“‘If the negligent actor is liable for another’s bodily
injury, he is also subject to liability for any additional bodily harm resulting from normal
efforts of third persons in rendering aid which the other’s injury reasonably requires,
irrespective of whether such acts are done in a proper or a negligent manner.’”].)



                                            15.
not controlling. Special damages such as hospital and physicians’ charges are capable of
exact determination and general damages cannot be calculated on the amount paid for
such charges.” (Wood v. Davenport (1954) 127 Cal.App.2d, 247, 252.)
       Likewise, we see no reason to disturb the jury’s $0 award for Adolph’s future pain
and suffering. Substantial evidence indicated that his extant pain and suffering could be
alleviated within one month by anti-neuropathic medications such as Pregabalin and
Gabapentin, which lack the side effects of opiate pain relievers yet were not prescribed.
Ruffalo opined that this new drug regimen would not only mitigate Adolph’s pain, but
also improve his mindset, which Zehler highlighted as a key aspect of his physical
symptoms. Moreover, under this new treatment program, Adolph would no longer be
subjected to a seemingly endless cycle of rhizotomies. Hence, the jury could find that his
pain and suffering were not reasonably certain to occur in the future. Adolph contends
that this determination was inconsistent in view of the $40,064 award for future medical
expenses. We reiterate that “[t]he ratio between special and general damages is not
controlling.” (Wood v. Davenport, supra, 127 Cal.App.2d at p. 252.) To the extent
Adolph suggests that a jury must award for future pain and suffering if it awards for
future medical treatment, we disagree.14 Given the evidence that an alternative course of
treatment could effectively manage his pain and curtail surgical intervention, we see no

14      Adolph cites Dodson v. J. Pacific, Inc. (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 931. In Dodson,
the plaintiff sustained injuries due to the defendant’s negligence and underwent surgery
to remove a herniated disc and insert a metallic plate. The jury awarded him $16,679,
which covered the surgical expenses, but did not compensate him for pain and suffering.
(Id. at pp. 932-935.) The appellate court reversed the judgment, holding that “where a
plaintiff has undergone surgery in which a herniated disc is removed and a metallic plate
inserted, and the jury has expressly found that defendant’s negligence was a cause of
plaintiff’s injury, the failure to award any damages for pain and suffering results in a
damage award that is inadequate as a matter of law.” (Id. at p. 933, italics added.) In
contrast to Dodson, the jury in the instant case awarded Adolph $75,000 for pain and
suffering arising from the rhizotomies, inter alia. Furthermore, Dodson did not address a
jury’s decision not to award for future pain and suffering, a point Adolph concedes.



                                            16.
incongruity in the jury’s decision to award for future medical expenses, but not for future
pain and suffering.

III.   The jury’s finding that Vivian was not entitled to damages for loss of
       consortium was not supported by substantial evidence
       Consortium refers to “‘“the noneconomic aspects of the marriage relation,
including conjugal society, comfort, affection, and companionship”’” and “encompasses
sexual relations, moral support, and household services.” (Mealy, supra, 195
Cal.App.4th at p. 1223.) When a person’s spouse “is negligently injured” and “no longer
capable of providing the love, affection, companionship, comfort or sexual relations
concomitant with a normal married life,” the person is “‘“deprived of [the] full
enjoyment of [the] marital state.”’” (Lantis v. Condon (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 152, 157.)
       A cause of action for loss of consortium has four elements: (1) a valid and lawful
marriage between the plaintiff and the person injured at the time of the injury; (2) a
tortious injury to the plaintiff’s spouse; (3) loss of consortium suffered by the plaintiff;
and (4) the loss was proximately caused by the defendant’s act. (LeFiell Manufacturing
Co. v. Superior Court (2012) 55 Cal.4th 275, 284-285.) A “partial loss” or “diminution”
of consortium is compensable (Mealy, supra, 195 Cal.App.4th at p. 1224) so long as the
loss “is sufficiently serious and disabling to raise the inference that the conjugal
relationship is more than superficially or temporarily impaired” (Molien v. Kaiser
Foundation Hospitals (1980) 27 Cal.3d 916, 932-933).
       The jury ruled in favor of Adolph on the negligence claim and awarded him
noneconomic damages for past pain and suffering. The testimonies of Adolph, Zackler,
and Zehler on behalf of Adolph and the testimony of Ruffalo on behalf of Frito-Lay
supported that verdict. Those witnesses also confirmed that Adolph sustained depression,
inter alia, as a result of the accident, was prescribed the antidepressant Zoloft, and
experienced decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, which affected the noneconomic




                                              17.
aspect of his marriage relation. Thus, their testimonies supported Vivian’s loss of
consortium claim.
       Frito-Lay asserts the jury was free to find Vivian’s testimony not credible. That a
jury “does not credit a witness’s testimony,” however, “does not entitle it to adopt an
opposite version of the facts which otherwise lacks evidentiary support.” (Beck
Development Co. v. Southern Pacific Transportation Co. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1160,
1205.) In our review of the record, we found no substantial evidence to support the jury’s
award of $0 for Vivian’s loss of consortium. Regarding Adolph’s sexual dysfunction,
Vivian’s testimony was analogous to the testimonies of Adolph, Zackler, Zehler, and
Ruffalo. If the jury found Vivian’s testimony not credible, then the jury somehow
deduced that Adolph’s, Zackler’s, Zehler’s, and Ruffalo’s testimonies, although credible
on the negligence claim, were not credible on the loss of consortium claim. Frito-Lay
fails to point to anything in the record that would justify such dissection by the jury. To
countenance this finding would require inferences from the evidence “that are the result
of mere speculation or conjecture.” (Kuhn v. Department of General Services, supra, 22
Cal.App.4th at p. 1633.) Such inferences cannot support a finding of substantial
evidence. (Ibid.) Furthermore, there is evidence in the record to the contrary. It appears
from the determination that Adolph was not entitled to receive compensation for future
pain and suffering that the jury credited Ruffalo’s entire testimony. It was Ruffalo who
testified that a new drug regimen consisting of anti-neuropathic medications, rather than
opiate pain relievers, would effectively manage Adolph’s pain and suffering within a
short period of time. When compared to Frito-Lay’s other expert witnesses on the matter,
Ruffalo, whose field of expertise pertains to drug interactions, provided the most detail




                                            18.
on how this alternative course of treatment would effectively treat Adolph’s chronic pain
and render narcotic pain medication and Zoloft obsolete.15
       The record does not support the conclusion Frito-Lay asserts. Accordingly, the
judgment as to Vivian’s claim is reversed.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed as to Vivian’s loss of consortium claim and the matter is
remanded for a new trial limited to the calculation of damages. The judgment is affirmed
in all other respects. The postjudgment order granting Vivian’s motion to tax costs is
reversed with directions to the superior court to dismiss the postjudgment action as moot.
The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.

                                                               _____________________
                                                                         DETJEN, J.
WE CONCUR:


 _____________________
 HILL, P.J.


 _____________________
 LEVY, J.




15    Frito-Lay does not assert that the jury found the testimony of Ruffalo, its own
witness, not credible.



                                             19.
