                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0512n.06

                                            No. 11-1193                                      FILED
                                                                                       May 17, 2012
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                            LEONARD GREEN, Clerk


DAVID DUYST,                                               )
                                                           )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Petitioner-Appellant,                               )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                           )        COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v.                                                         )        DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                           )
LLOYD RAPELJE,                                             )                           OPINION
                                                           )
       Respondent-Appellee.                                )




BEFORE:        MARTIN and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; and CALDWELL, District Judge.*

       McKeague, Circuit Judge. Petitioner David Duyst was convicted in a jury trial of

first-degree murder and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. He was

sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for the murder conviction, to be served

consecutively to two years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. People v. Duyst, No.

234482, 2003 WL 21921163, at *1 (Mich. Ct. App. Aug. 12, 2003). In his petition for habeas

corpus, Duyst raised three distinct ineffective assistance of counsel claims. The district court denied

the petition. Because counsel performed effectively and any error did not result in prejudice, we

AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




       *
       The Honorable Karen K. Caldwell, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

                                       I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

       This case arises from the death of Petitioner’s wife, Sandra Duyst, on March 29, 2000. She

died of two gunshot wounds to the head. Petitioner told police that he was asleep in another room

when he heard a shot, ran to the bedroom, and found Sandra in the bed with a gun in her hand. He

called 911 and reported that his wife had shot herself.

       Police and emergency medical personnel arrived at the scene and did not find anything

immediately inconsistent with a suicide. Dr. Stephen Cohle, a forensic pathologist, conducted an

autopsy and his initial examination lined up with the case history he was provided (suicide). Upon

closer inspection, however, he discovered a second entry wound above the initial wound. He

believed that the damage caused by what he determined to be the first wound would have rendered

the victim immediately unconscious and unable to pull the trigger a second time. He ruled the case

a homicide. Dr. Vincent DiMaio was asked to render a second opinion, and he came to the same

conclusion—that the first gunshot would have been completely incapacitating and that the death was

a homicide.

       Petitioner took two polygraph tests in which he denied any involvement in his wife’s death.

Both examiners concluded that he was being truthful. Nonetheless, Petitioner was charged with

first-degree murder and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. The defense

theory at trial was that Sandra Duyst committed suicide and the gun had accidentally double-fired

after a single trigger-pull. The district court provided the following summary of the trial:



                                                -2-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

               Tim, the 11-year-old son of the Duysts, testified that the evening before his
       mother’s death she seemed to be her usual self. He and his brother shared an upstairs
       bedroom; his parents’ bedroom was on the main floor. When he woke up on the
       morning of his mother’s death, he heard two loud noises that sounded to him like two
       loud piano cords [sic]. About ten seconds after he heard the loud noises, he heard his
       father move from the family room, through the kitchen and hallway and into the
       bedroom. He heard his father open the bedroom door forcefully. Tim testified that
       the door to his bedroom was shut when he heard the loud noises and his father’s
       subsequent footsteps. He testified that his mother was frightened of guns and did not
       own one.
               Erica Duyst, Tim’s 13-year-old sister, testified that the night before her
       mother died, she saw Sandra in bed doing crossword puzzles . . . . The next morning,
       she was awakened by the sound of her father running upstairs. She heard urgent
       voices and left her bedroom. She was told to stay [in her upstairs bedroom] with her
       brother Tim. Erica also testified that, in November 1998, her mother suffered serious
       injuries when she was kicked by a horse she owned, Dexter. Many additional
       witnesses testified that Sandra told them that her serious injuries were caused by her
       horse. Erica testified that after her mother was released from the hospital, her mother
       and father fought more frequently and her mother seemed depressed.
               David Duyst, Jr., testified that his mother seemed to be normal on the day
       before her death. On the morning of March 29, 2000, David, Jr., was lying in bed
       when he heard two loud bangs, approximately half a second apart. He then heard
       footsteps coming from the TV room, through the kitchen, and then heard the
       bedroom door violently opened. He heard Petitioner on the phone. David, Jr., went
       to the stairway to go downstairs and saw his father on the stairs. His father was on
       the phone and told David, Jr., that Sandra had shot herself. David, Jr., testified that
       his mother did not like guns.
               Sheriff’s deputy Daniel J. Scalici testified that he was contacted on the
       morning of March 29, 2000 and told to report to the Duyst home, where a suicide had
       been reported. When he arrived at the home, several other deputies were present.
       He entered the bedroom and observed a great deal of blood on the bed. Two shell
       casings were recovered, one on the night stand, the other on the floor. Scalici had a
       brief conversation with Petitioner, during which Petitioner explained that he had
       fallen asleep on the couch of the TV room and was awakened by a gunshot. He
       immediately went to the bedroom, where he found his wife and then called 911.
       Petitioner told Scalici that the gun in the bedroom was his and he had purchased it
       weeks earlier.
               Scalici left the crime scene to attend the autopsy, performed by Dr. Stephen
       Cohle . . . . The medical examiner indicated to Scalici that the death would not be
       ruled a suicide.


                                                -3-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

                Scalici testified that in a subsequent conversation with Petitioner he admitted
       that he was involved in an affair with one of his employees, Linda Ryan.
                David DeHaan testified that he was employed in the Kent County Sheriff’s
       Office in the scientific support unit. He responded to the report of a shooting at the
       Duyst home. When he arrived at the scene, he was informed that the death was a
       suicide. He photographed the scene. After the autopsy revealed two bullet entry
       wounds, he returned to the crime scene. He discovered that the room had been
       cleaned up. The bedding had been pulled off the bed and placed in plastic bags.
                Dr. Cohle testified concerning the autopsy. Before performing the autopsy,
       he received a case history informing him that [Sandra] was alone in her bedroom
       when her husband heard a loud noise coming from that room. He went to the
       bedroom and discovered her with a large amount of blood coming from her head. Dr.
       Cohle testified that during the course of the autopsy he examined Sandra’s hands to
       look for gunshot residue. He found none. He also examined the firearm used in the
       shooting and saw blood spatter on the weapon. Given that he was informed that this
       was a suicide and that he saw blood spatter on the weapon, he expected to find blood
       spattering on Sandra’s hands. He did not. Dr. Cohle testified that he discovered two
       bullet entry wounds and two exit wounds. He was able to conclude based upon the
       characteristics of the entry wounds that both were made by the gun being in loose
       contact with the scalp. Dr. Cohle determined that the first bullet wound would have
       rendered Sandra unconscious, and, although heartbeat and respiration may have
       continued for a bit, she was essentially dead. She would have been completely
       incapacitated and incapable of any voluntary movement. Dr. Cohle testified that after
       sustaining the first gunshot wound, Sandra would have been incapable of pulling the
       trigger a second time. Dr. Cohle concluded that the manner of Sandra’s death was
       homicide.
                At the request of the prosecution, Dr. Cohle did not immediately issue a death
       certificate; instead, he solicited a second opinion on the manner of death from
       another forensic pathologist, Vincent DiMaio.
                Dr. DiMaio testified that he reviewed the autopsy report, photographs of the
       victim and of the weapon, and a police investigative file. He testified that it would
       have been impossible for Sandra to inflict the second bullet wound because of the
       nature of the injuries caused by the first wound.
                The clothing worn by Petitioner on the day of Sandra’s death was submitted
       to the State Police evidentiary laboratory. Rodney Wolfarth, a biology unit
       supervisor, testified that he performed a visual inspection of Petitioner’s clothing
       without using a magnifying glass or microscope and detected no evidence of blood
       on the clothing.
                Jeffery Crump, who was employed at the Michigan State Police Crime Lab
       as a firearms examiner, testified as an expert in firearms. He testified that he
       test-fired the weapon that caused Sandra’s death. He test-fired the gun six times.

                                                -4-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

       The gun worked properly. He also tested the trigger pull and found it to require
       between 8-1/4 and 8-1/2 pounds of weight to get the trigger to pull. The factory
       specifications for this type of firearm are between eight and ten pounds. This
       particular firearm required the same weight for initial and subsequent trigger pulls.
               Bradford Bacheldor [sic] also testified for the prosecution as an expert
       witness in firearms. He testified that the gun was test-fired by his son and appeared
       to be functioning normally. He also testified that the number of safety mechanisms
       inherent in this firearm to prevent accidental firing appeared to be functioning
       properly.
               Rod Englert testified as an expert in crime scene reconstruction. He testified
       that he examined the pillows and fitted sheets from the crime scene and Petitioner’s
       clothing. He testified that he observed a high-velocity mist pattern of blood spatter
       on the fitted sheet and pillows. He also observed a void in the pattern consistent with
       something having been present at the time the shots were fired to intercept the high
       velocity mist and prevent it from being deposited on the sheet. He testified that the
       void was consistent with someone firing the fatal shots while standing behind Sandra.
       That person would have intercepted some of the high velocity blood spatter which
       would otherwise have landed on the sheets. He found evidence of blood spatter on
       both sides of the gun. He concluded that the absence of blood spatter on Sandra’s
       hands indicated that she did not fire the gun.
               Englert examined Petitioner’s clothing for evidence of high-velocity blood
       mist. Using a magnifying glass and high-intensity lights, he located numerous spots
       on Petitioner’s shirt that appeared to be blood. He testified these spots were
       consistent with high-velocity blood mist. He testified that these spots were
       inconsistent with coughed or expirated blood.
               An expert in DNA analysis, Shawn Weiss, testified that three of the spots
       identified by Englert as high-velocity blood spatter matched Sandra’s DNA on all
       eight genetic markers tested. He testified that the probability of randomly selecting
       an unrelated individual with a DNA statistic consistent with Sandra’s on this stain
       is one in 16.6 million for the Caucasian population.
               Mary Ellen Spring, Sandra’s sister, testified that in the spring of 1999, Sandra
       called Spring and said, if anything should happen to her, she had left a note in the
       china cabinet. After the phone call, she had a prayer group meeting and told the other
       members about her sister’s phone call. As time passed, Spring forgot about the
       conversation and the note. Spring was reminded of the letter by a member of her
       prayer group after her sister’s death. Spring testified that she immediately contacted
       the police, who found a letter inside the china cabinet. The parties stipulated that a
       fingerprint on the letter belonged to Sandra and that saliva found on the envelope
       matched Sandra’s. The letter stated that the head injuries Sandra sustained on
       November 19, 1998, were not caused by her horse Dexter, but by Petitioner. It also


                                                -5-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

       stated that, if anything happened to her, Petitioner should be looked at as a suspect
       and that she would never commit suicide.
                Linda Ryan testified that beginning in 1995, she worked for Petitioner and his
       partner, Larry Bos, Sr., at their insurance company, Northwestern Mutual Life. The
       partnership dissolved in 1999, and Ryan continued working with Petitioner. In July
       1998, she began an affair with Petitioner. She was aware that Petitioner and Sandra
       argued often. Petitioner informed her that Sandra had tried to commit suicide three
       times. She and Petitioner discussed divorcing their respective spouses so that they
       could marry one another. Ryan’s divorce from her husband was final on February
       7, 2000. Ryan took a leave of absence in March 2000 because she was having
       difficulty with her ex-husband and because Petitioner had not gotten divorced. She
       wanted him to choose between her and Sandra. Between the time she began her
       leave and March 27, Ryan only saw Petitioner once in person at an office meeting,
       though she spoke to him on the phone more than that. On March 27, 2000, Petitioner
       came to her apartment and told her he had made the decision to divorce Sandra.
       Petitioner told Ryan that Sandra had been looking at the apartment section of the
       newspaper the previous Sunday and that, whether she left or not, he would file for
       divorce. At 11:00 p.m. that evening, Ryan visited a website that allows users to
       design their own engagement rings.
                The prosecution also presented evidence that Petitioner’s income declined in
       the years preceding Sandra’s death and that Sandra was insured for in excess of half
       a million dollars.
                Petitioner testified in his own defense and denied killing his wife. Petitioner
       first testified generally about his upbringing and his family. He testified about the
       head injuries sustained by Sandra on November 19, 1998. He testified that, on that
       date, he entered the horse barn that they maintained on their property and heard
       moaning coming from Dexter’s stall. He found Sandra slumped on the ground. He
       went into the stall and helped her out. She had blood streaming down her face and
       told him that Dexter had repeatedly kicked her. Petitioner called 911 and Sandra was
       hospitalized for seven days. After the accident, Sandra became severely depressed,
       gained weight, and had memory problems. He testified that between the time of the
       accident and when she died, Sandra attempted suicide three times.
                Petitioner admitted that he began an affair with Linda Ryan in 1998. He
       testified that on February 29, 2000, he had a meeting with a divorce lawyer. In the
       beginning of March 2000, Ryan took a leave of absence from work due to pressures
       related to her divorce. Petitioner testified that Ryan never gave him an ultimatum to
       choose between her and Sandra. He testified that on Friday, March 24, 2000, he
       informed Sandra that he was going to file for divorce and that he had an excellent
       chance of gaining custody of the children. Sandra did not respond. On Sunday,
       March 26, he observed Sandra looking through the apartments-for-rent section of the
       newspaper. On March 27, he went to Ryan’s house to tell her that he had decided to

                                                -6-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

        file for divorce. On the evening of March 28, Petitioner fell asleep on the couch. He
        was awakened by a loud bang. He ran to the bedroom, opened the door, and saw
        Sandra on the bed, gurgling and coughing. After a few moments, he noticed the gun
        in Sandra’s hand; it was covered by a sheet. He took the gun out of her hand and
        removed the magazine. Petitioner then called 911.
                 Petitioner testified that he purchased the gun in January 2000. He was
        prompted to purchase the gun because he and his deceased brother used to enjoy
        going to the firing range together. Additionally, his son, David, Jr., was interested
        in guns and this was something he felt they could share.
                 The defense presented two expert witnesses in psychiatry and psychology.
        Both testified that Sandra’s behavior prior to her death was consistent with someone
        who was contemplating suicide. The defense presented numerous witnesses who
        testified that Sandra’s behavior was markedly different since the head injury in 1998.
        The defense also presented testimony from several witnesses that the amount of
        Sandra’s life insurance policy was appropriate.

Duyst v. Rapelje, No. 2:08-CV-11728, 2011 WL 528768, at *1-5 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 8, 2011). After

twenty-four days of trial and less than six hours of deliberation, the jury returned with a verdict of

guilty on both counts.

B. Procedural History

        Petitioner appealed, retaining the same counsel he had at trial. The Michigan Court of

Appeals affirmed his conviction. People v. Duyst, No. 234482, 2003 WL 21921163 (Mich. Ct. App.

Aug. 12, 2003). The Michigan Supreme Court denied review. People v. Duyst, 469 Mich. 999, 675

N.W.2d 592 (Mich. 2004) (table).

        Petitioner, with new counsel, filed a motion for post-conviction relief in Kent County Circuit

Court under Mich. Ct. Rule 6.500 et seq. He asserted, for the first time, ineffective assistance of trial

counsel. The state trial court found Petitioner’s ineffective assistance claims procedurally defaulted

under Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D) because he did not raise them on direct appeal and was unable to



                                                  -7-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

establish good cause.1 People v. Duyst, No. 00-09779-FC (Cir. Ct. Apr. 6, 2006). The Michigan

Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal, citing Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D). The Michigan Supreme

Court also denied leave to appeal, citing Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D), with two justices dissenting.

People v. Duyst, 480 Mich. 1055, 743 N.W.2d 885 (Mich. 2008).

        Petitioner then filed a habeas petition in the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of Michigan. He requested release of physical evidence for testing and an evidentiary

hearing and claimed that his trial counsel was ineffective. The district granted his requests, and, after

a two-day evidentiary hearing, denied habeas relief. Petitioner timely appealed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

        Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), a federal court may

not grant a writ of habeas corpus unless it concludes that the state court’s adjudication of the claim:

        (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
        application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
        of the United States; or
        (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the
        facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.




        1
         The relevant portion of Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D) provides: “Entitlement to Relief. The
defendant has the burden of establishing entitlement to the relief requested. The court may not grant
relief to the defendant if the motion . . . (3) alleges grounds for relief, other than jurisdictional
defects, which could have been raised on appeal from the conviction and sentence or in a prior
motion under this subchapter, unless the defendant demonstrates (a) good cause for failure to raise
such grounds on appeal or in the prior motion, and (b) actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities
that support the claim for relief.”

                                                  -8-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). However, “AEDPA’s deferential standard of review applies only to state-court

adjudications on the merits. Where AEDPA deference does not apply, state-court adjudications of

legal issues are reviewed de novo and state-court fact findings are reviewed only for clear error.”

Jalowiec v. Bradshaw, 657 F.3d 293, 301-02 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449

(2009)). The district court’s legal conclusions, including the ultimate decision to grant or deny the

writ, are reviewed de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Satterlee v. Wolfenbarger, 453

F.3d 362, 365 (6th Cir. 2006).

B. Procedural Default

       The State argues that Petitioner procedurally defaulted his ineffective assistance of counsel

claims and that he is unable to establish cause. “Whether a state court rested its holding on

procedural default so as to bar federal habeas review is a question of law that we review de novo.”

Combs v. Coyle, 205 F.3d 269, 275 (6th Cir. 2000).

       “It is well established that ‘[i]n all cases in which a state prisoner has defaulted his federal

claims in state court pursuant to an independent and adequate state procedural rule, federal habeas

review of the claims is barred unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual

prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider

the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.’” Combs, 205 F.3d at 274 (quoting

Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991)). “A habeas petitioner procedurally defaults a

claim if: (1) the petitioner fails to comply with a state procedural rule; (2) the state courts enforce

the rule; (3) the state procedural rule is an adequate and independent state ground for denying review

of a federal constitutional claim; and (4) the petitioner cannot show cause and prejudice excusing

                                                 -9-
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

the default.” Wogenstahl v. Mitchell, 668 F.3d 307, 321 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Guilmette v.

Howes, 624 F.3d 286, 290 (6th Cir. 2010) (en banc)).

       Prongs (1) and (2) have been met here. Form orders citing Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D) are

“unexplained,” and we “look to the last reasoned state court opinion to determine the basis for the

state court’s rejection of [Petitioner’s] claim.” Guilmette, 624 F.3d at 291. Here, the last reasoned

state court opinion clearly rested its rejection of Petitioner’s claim on procedural grounds.

       Whether prongs (3) and (4) have been met is less clear. In his motion for post-conviction

relief, Petitioner argued that he met the “good cause” requirement of Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D)

because his trial and appellate counsel were the same, so the first opportunity to raise ineffective

assistance of trial counsel was at the post-conviction stage. The state trial court was unpersuaded

and found that Petitioner failed to establish good cause because his trial/appellate counsel was

retained rather than appointed, stating Petitioner could not “circumvent the ‘good cause’ requirement

simply by asserting that his choice to have his retained counsel also pursue his appeal supplies the

‘good cause’ requirement.” People v. Duyst, No. 00-09779-FC (Cir. Ct. Apr. 6, 2006). On habeas

review, the federal district court found no reason to distinguish between appointed and retained

counsel and declined to apply a procedural bar. Duyst, 2011 WL 528768, at *9. It cited Hicks v.

Collins, 384 F.3d 204, 211 (6th Cir. 2004), where this Court noted, in the context of analyzing

Ohio’s res judicata rule, that “if the defendant was represented by the same counsel at trial and on

direct appeal, claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel are not defaulted because appellate

counsel will rarely assert his own ineffectiveness at trial.”



                                                - 10 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

        Resolution of the procedural default question would require either a complicated analysis of

whether the state trial court’s application of Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D) was an “adequate and

independent state ground”2 or charting new territory in our own case law.3 The Supreme Court has

noted that federal courts are not required to address a procedural default issue before deciding against

a petitioner on the merits. Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 525 (1997) (“Judicial economy

might counsel giving the [other] question priority, for example, if it were easily resolvable against

the habeas petitioner, whereas the procedural-bar issue involved complicated issues of state law.”);

cf. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2) (“An application for a writ of habeas corpus may be denied on the merits,

notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to exhaust the remedies available in the courts of the

State”). This Court has previously relied on Lambrix to bypass the procedural default question,




        2
         “A state procedural rule is adequate if it was ‘firmly established’ and ‘regularly followed’
by the time it was applied in this case.” Monzo v. Edwards, 281 F.3d 568, 577 (6th Cir. 2002)
(quoting Ford v. Georgia, 498 U.S. 411, 423-24 (1991)). Hicks v. Straub, 377 F.3d 538, 557 (6th
Cir. 2004) found that Mich. Ct. Rule 6.508(D)(3) was “firmly established and regularly followed”
by the time of the appeal at issue in that case and cited to previous cases where we found that the rule
was being regularly followed as of 1990. E.g., Simpson v. Jones, 238 F.3d 399, 407 (6th Cir. 2000).
However, in those cases, we considered whether the general rule that claims not raised on direct
appeal are procedurally barred was firmly established and regularly followed. This case arguably
presents the distinct question of whether what constitutes “good cause” for failing to raise a claim
on direct appeal is firmly established and regularly followed. Cf. White v. Schotten, 201 F.3d 743,
751 (6th Cir. 2000) (reviewing Ohio case law to demonstrate that “the state courts have not achieved
consensus on what constitutes ‘good cause’ to excuse non-compliance with [an Ohio procedural
rule]”), overruled on other grounds by Lopez v. Wilson, 426 F.3d 339 (6th Cir. 2005) (en banc).
       3
        This Circuit has never squarely determined whether having the same counsel at trial and on
appeal constitutes cause excusing procedural default of an ineffectiveness claim. Hicks’s conclusion
was based on Ohio’s judicially recognized exception to its own res judicata rule. 384 F.3d at 211.

                                                 - 11 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

which was complicated and unnecessary to the court’s determination of the case. Hudson v. Jones,

351 F.3d 212, 215-16 (6th Cir. 2003). We do so here as well and proceed directly to the merits.

C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

        To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Petitioner must first demonstrate

that counsel’s performance “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466

U.S. at 688. “[T]here is a strong presumption in favor of finding that counsel’s performance ‘falls

within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.’” White v. Mitchell, 431 F.3d 517, 528

(6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). “Even under de novo review, the standard for

judging counsel’s representation is a most deferential one.” Harrington v. Richter, -- U.S. --, 131

S.Ct. 770, 788 (2011). Second, the Petitioner must show he was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient

performance, meaning that “counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair

trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

        Petitioner claims that his trial counsel performed ineffectively in three respects: (1) failing

to object to, and eventually stipulating to the admission of, Mrs. Duyst’s inculpatory note, (2) failing

to adequately confront the State’s blood spatter evidence, and (3) failing to obtain a ballistics expert.

Because the state courts did not review the merits of Petitioner’s claims, this Court reviews them de

novo. Maples v. Stegall, 340 F.3d 433, 436 (6th Cir. 2003).

        1. Note From the Grave

        The note in question was written thirteen months before Mrs. Duyst’s death and read as

follows:

        February 28, 1999

                                                 - 12 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

               To anyone interested in what happened to me, look to David Duyst, Sr. On
       November 19th, my accident was no accident. David beat me with a hammer/axe.
       He came from behind while I was in Dexter’s stall. He hit me repeatedly. Only
       when I told him I would sell my horse and support him in leaving the partnership he
       had formed with my dad would he let me go. I ran to Gray’s house when David
       called 911. I feared he would come back and kill me.

              If anything has happened to me, look first to David Duyst, Sr. He could be
       my killer. I would never4 commit suicide. He may have killed me.

       Respectfully,
       Sandra A. Duyst

       Petitioner’s trial counsel, David Dodge, had originally objected to the note on four grounds.

At a preliminary hearing in state court, Dodge argued that the note was inadmissible because it was

(1) unreliable, (2) irrelevant, (3) inadmissible hearsay, and (4) prior bad act evidence inadmissible

under Michigan Rule of Evidence 404(b). The trial court overruled the objections but noted they

were preserved and could be raised later.

       Dodge then decided to change course and stipulate to the note’s admission. After Petitioner

was charged, Dodge contacted a forensic pathologist, Dr. Laurence Simson, to review the pathology

reports. Dr. Simson rendered an opinion consistent with the State’s pathologists—that the area of

the brain affected would have caused a complete shutdown precluding even an involuntary reflexive

movement after the first shot—and stated he could not testify for the defense. Dodge also consulted

a forensic neurologist, who came to the same conclusion as Dr. Simson. These medical opinions,

Dodge explained, were surprising and caused him to change the direction of the defense

strategy—specifically, he believed that in the face of such evidence weighing against a finding of



       4
           The word “never” was underlined three times in the letter.
                                               - 13 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

suicide, he needed to present a stronger picture of why Mrs. Duyst would have, in fact, committed

suicide, using evidence more compelling than the usual patterns of depression and alienation. This

led him to agree to the admission of Ms. Duyst’s note in order to support a theory that Ms. Duyst

planned to frame Petitioner. At trial, Dodge presented two experts in psychiatry and psychology who

testified that a person’s strong assertion that she would never commit suicide may indicate that she

is actually contemplating it. Counsel also presented several witnesses who testified that Mrs. Duyst

had told them her November 19 accident was caused by a kick to her head by her horse, and one

witness testified that she thought of Mrs. Duyst as a strong-willed person and believed she would

have told others if assaulted by her husband.

       Counsel’s decision was reasonable trial strategy. Dodge had investigated other causes of

death, including the possibility of an intruder, and made the judgment call that suicide was the best

(and perhaps only) theory. He further determined that Mrs. Duyst’s note was not merely cumulative

evidence of suicide but probative of a framing theory, as it accounted for “how a person who was

very strong-willed, very determined would not only take her own life but would also take the life of

her husband at the same time.” R. 30, Evidentiary Hearing Vol. 1, at 69. As the district court

concluded, the record “reveals a carefully considered decision, reached with awareness of the

relevant law, an appreciation for the challenges the defense faced in light of substantial evidence

against Petitioner, and a consideration of the practices of the trial court.” Duyst, 2011 WL 528768,

at *12. Such “strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to

plausible options are virtually unchallengeable[.]” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Counsel was not

ineffective on this ground.

                                                - 14 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

       Petitioner also contends that counsel should have asked for a limiting instruction directing

the jury not to consider the top portion of the note for substantive truth and cites White v. McAninch,

235 F.3d 988, 997 (6th Cir. 2000), in support. Dodge acknowledged that this was a “legitimate

argument” but said it was “too fine with the two head shots we had in this case” and that in his view,

“we had much bigger issues to deal with that we did not go down to every potential other instruction

or issue that might have been mentioned and there certainly could have been a request[.]” R. 30,

Evidentiary Hearing Vol. 1, at 83-84.

       We find no merit to this argument either. The Supreme Court has acknowledged that an

attorney “can avoid activities that appear distractive from more important duties” and is entitled to

“balance limited resources in accord with effective trial tactics and strategies.” Richter, 131 S. Ct.

at 789 (internal quotation marks omitted). Even if the failure to request a limiting instruction here

were not a product of resource allocation but of carelessness, such isolated error does not rise to

ineffective assistance in this case, where counsel’s “overall performance indicates active and capable

advocacy.” Id. at 791. And, we could hardly find that the lack of such limiting instruction so

prejudiced Petitioner he was deprived of a fair trial. This Court’s decision in McAninch is easily

distinguishable, where our finding that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to request a

limiting instruction was based on his gross unpreparedness, which caused the harm that required the

limiting instruction in the first place. See 235 F.3d at 997.

       2. Blood Spatter Evidence

       Petitioner makes three sub-arguments under this claim: (a) counsel failed to obtain a true

blood spatter expert to undertake a hands-on examination of the blood-stained sheet and clothing,

                                                - 15 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

(b) counsel ignored the advice of consultants to present the results of an experiment that could have

impeached the State’s expert, and (c) counsel failed to adequately investigate the State expert’s

background. Dr. Herbert MacDonnell testified as a blood spatter expert for Petitioner at his

evidentiary hearing below.

       Petitioner’s first point is grounded on assertions that Toby Wolson, an expert the defense

consulted for a preliminary review, was not a true blood spatter expert and that sending him photos

rather than arranging for an in-person examination was inadequate.

       We fail to see how Wolson was insufficiently qualified. Wolson possessed a bachelor’s

degree in science and a master’s in serology from Michigan State University and had worked in the

Miami-Dade Police Department’s Forensic Biology section for nearly twenty years. Petitioner seizes

on Dodge’s characterization of Wolson having a “sub-expertise” in blood spatter work without

explaining why that is insufficient or otherwise casting doubt on Wolson’s credentials.5 Essentially,

Petitioner argues that Wolson was not the best expert, an argument this Court has previously found

to fall short of the Strickland hurdles. Reynolds v. Bagley, 498 F.3d 549, 557 (6th Cir. 2007) (“At

bottom, [petitioner] is claiming [defense experts] were not the ‘best’ experts. While this may or may

not be true, it is not enough to clear the Strickland prejudice hurdle, let alone the Strickland

performance hurdle.”). As the Supreme Court has said, “Strickland does not enact Newton’s third




       5
         Petitioner’s own proffered expert, Dr. MacDonnell, has testified as an expert in everything
from fingerprint identification to breathalyzers to autoerotic masochism to footwear and tire wear
patterns, in addition to blood spatter evidence. R. 31, Evidentiary Hearing Vol. 2, at 43-44. As his
own expert demonstrates that one might have many areas of expertise or sub-expertise, Petitioner’s
argument on this point falls particularly flat.
                                                - 16 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

law for the presentation of evidence, requiring for every prosecution expert an equal and opposite

expert from the defense.” Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 791.

       The fact that counsel sent only photos to Wolson, rather than arranging for an in-person

examination, also fails to rise to the level of ineffective assistance. Dodge sent Wolson photos of

the clothing, bedding, and autopsy to review and asked for his opinion on the State’s blood spatter

evidence. Wolson concluded that he believed the State’s expert, Rod Englert, was correct in this

case. Petitioner’s expert, Dr. MacDonnell, acknowledged that it is common for experts to receive

and review photographs when rendering a preliminary opinion. MacDonnell testified, “[I]t’s not

unusual for me to only receive photographs, write a report based on it and never hear anything more

about the case because I don’t necessarily agree with the people that sent it to me.” R. 31,

Evidentiary Hearing Vol. 2, at 50. Dr. MacDonnell’s own preliminary review at the request of

Petitioner was also based solely on photos, and he noticed an inconsistent marking of the “void” area

as well as a discrepancy that caused him to believe the sheet had been contaminated. He then

suggested that he see the actual evidence. That Wolson did not notice such discrepancies and did

not suggest that he would be able to give a more accurate opinion if he examined the articles in

person does not indicate that Dodge was incompetent but merely that “the defense strategy did not

work out as well as counsel had hoped.” Richter, 131 S.Ct. at 790.

       Of course, counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations, to a point where he or she

is able to make a reasoned judgment to continue or stop investigating a particular aspect of a case.

See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91 (“[S]trategic choices made after less than complete investigation

are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations

                                               - 17 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

on investigation.”). Counsel cannot, for example, insulate his or her decision by simply consulting

an expert “and then either willfully or negligently keep[ing] himself in the dark about what that

expert is doing, and what the basis for the expert’s opinion is.” Richey v. Bradshaw, 498 F.3d 344,

363 (6th Cir. 2007). This is not what happened here. Dodge did not contact Wolson and review his

opinion in a vacuum. Nor did he leave his experts to their own devices and rely blindly on their

conclusions. Before contacting Wolson, Dodge consulted with Leonard Speckin for expert advice

on crime scene reconstruction. He considered Speckin to have an excellent reputation in his field.

Speckin examined the physical evidence from the crime scene at both the sheriff’s department and

in his laboratory but was ultimately not supportive as a witness. Speckin, however, assisted Dodge

in preparing for cross-examination. Because Speckin was not specifically a blood spatter expert,

Dodge and Speckin attempted to locate a blood spatter expert who was a critic of Englert. Together,

they identified Wolson as a possible expert witness. Considering that Speckin had personally

examined the evidence in his laboratory, under high lights, and was unable to give favorable

testimony, Dodge was in a position to accept Wolson’s opinion and to make the decision that

continued efforts to find an expert to counter the State’s expert were not necessary. See id. at 363

(“The point is not that [counsel] had a duty to shop around for another expert who would refute the

conclusions of . . . the State’s experts. The point is that [counsel] had a duty to know enough to make

a reasoned determination about whether he should abandon a possible defense based on his expert’s

opinion.”).




                                                - 18 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

       Far from being ineffective, Dodge diligently investigated possible defenses and searched for

favorable experts. His decision to discontinue further investigation was carefully informed. That

he was ultimately unsuccessful in his efforts does not accrue to a finding of ineffectiveness.

       Petitioner’s latter two contentions on the blood spatter claim also do not constitute ineffective

assistance. Defense counsel’s retained experts, Speckin and David Townshend (who was consulted

as a ballistics expert), conducted an experiment in which they shot an anesthetized, terminally ill

sheep with the same type of gun and bullets that were involved in Mrs. Duyst’s death. The

experiment resulted in no high velocity impact blood spatter on the shooter’s hands or clothing.

Speckin opined that the experiment would be valuable in impeaching Englert. Dodge ultimately did

not introduce the experiment at trial, in order to prevent the prosecution from drawing out

unfavorable testimony from Townshend and Speckin regarding their conclusions on the ballistics

and blood evidence.

       Petitioner contends, however, that it was unreasonable for counsel not to replicate the

experiment with different experts who could then testify. We disagree. It was eminently reasonable

for Dodge to conclude that the extra time and expense required to reenact the experiment with other

experts was not worthwhile, especially considering the experiment’s limited probative value. The

sheep experiment merely demonstrated that it would have been possible for a shooter not to get high

impact blood spatter on himself and would have added nothing to the suicide theory put forth at trial.

Further, new experts may have been asked from where the idea for the experiment came and why

the original experimenters, Townshend and Speckin, did not testify. And, ultimately, even assuming

the failure to reenact the experiment was deficient, Petitioner has not shown any prejudice flowing

                                                - 19 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

from it. The experiment would not have successfully impeached Englert, as Speckin suggested,

because Englert admitted the possibility of a gunshot incident without back spatter.

       We find the most merit in Petitioner’s last contention. While Dodge put forth a reasonable

strategic explanation for failing to impeach Englert’s background and qualifications (his read of

Englert was that Englert was more an “advocate” than a mere witness and would have further

authenticated himself to the jury if questioned on his background), Dodge admitted that he did not

verify Englert’s credentials or research his testimony at previous trials. Thus, his decision not to

question Englert’s background was not an informed one. We have previously found that “a lawyer

cannot make a protected strategic decision without investigating the potential bases for it.” Couch

v. Booker, 632 F.3d 241, 246 (6th Cir. 2011). However, Dodge did research Englert’s background

to the extent that he found Englert had detractors. And the trial record reveals a prepared advocate

who adequately cross-examined Englert on the substantive portions of his testimony.

       While we note that “it is difficult to establish ineffective assistance when counsel’s overall

performance indicates active and capable advocacy,” Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 791, we find the issue

definitively resolved by the lack of any resulting prejudice. In assessing the prejudice prong of

Strickland, “[t]he likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Id. at

792. Petitioner did cast some doubt on Englert’s credentials and expertise. Some of Englert’s

post-graduate work turned out to be audited courses. Englert claimed to have discovered blood

where the FBI and the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory had not. He demonstrated

unfamiliarity with hard sciences, math, and physics and insisted that he could recognize blood spatter

patterns based on experience. However, Englert also persuasively testified regarding his substantial

                                                - 20 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

experience and mentioned a study published by Dr. MacDonnell, Petitoner’s own expert, in which

a forensics test was given to two groups—one group of academics and one group of experienced

police officers—and the degree-less but experienced group scored higher. And while Petitioner

argued that Englert’s testimony at Petitioner’s trial was inconsistent with testimony Englert had

given at other trials, the allegedly inconsistent testimony was consistent when read in context. We

agree with the district court that any impeachment would not have caused the jury to seriously

question Englert’s credibility, much less affect the outcome at trial.

        3. Ballistics Evidence

        Lastly, Petitioner contends that counsel was ineffective for failing to discover a favorable

ballistics expert in time for trial and, further, for failing to follow up with a ballistics expert counsel

discovered after trial.

        Dodge consulted with David Townshend, whom he considered a reputable expert, on firearm

issues before, during, and after trial. Dodge had Townshend perform extensive testing on the gun,

which included reenactments at the scene. He had Townshend obtain the history of the firearm

model, the service history of the particular firearm, and literature on slam firing, double firing, chain

firing, and chambering issues. Townshend spent over 100 hours investigating the case and met with

Dodge at least ten times. According to Dodge, Townshend “did everything that he could think of

and certainly way beyond what I would think of as far as trying to account for a chain

fire/double-fire.” R. 30, Evidentiary Hearing Vol. 1, at 135. Despite thorough research and testing,

Townshend’s conclusion was that “in this case in this instance with this firearm [a double fire] did

not happen.” Id. at 138. This more than adequately meets the requirement that counsel conduct a

                                                  - 21 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

reasonable investigation that can then support a reasonable professional judgment that further

investigation is unnecessary.

       Post-trial, Dodge continued his efforts to find evidence that would explain the events were

not a homicide. He made contact with Frederick Wentling, another firearms expert, and asked him

to review the trial testimony of one of the State’s firearms experts, Brad Bachelder, but did not

provide for a hands-on examination of the gun. Dodge testified that Wentling did not give him any

information that Dodge did not already have, that Wentling had basically gone over the first 20-25%

of Townshend’s testing and research, and that Dodge decided it was not worth incurring more

expense to go over the same ground Townshend had already covered. Petitioner contends that

Wentling’s testimony, even though inconclusive as to whether the gun actually double-fired on

March 29, 2000, was valuable precisely because Wentling could testify that it was possible that the

gun double-fired. This overlooks the fact that Dodge was already aware of the theoretical possibility

that the gun could double-fire. Dodge stated, “I don’t think there was any question that it’s possible

for a firearm to double-fire, slam-fire, chain-fire, that that mechanism is something that’s

documented. It’s this particular firearm basically.” Id. at 93. Based on Dodge’s thorough

investigation of the firearm with Townshend, he was entitled to make the strategic choice that such

testimony was not worth presenting at trial. “Just as there is no expectation that competent counsel

will be a flawless strategist or tactician, an attorney may not be faulted for a reasonable

miscalculation or lack of foresight or for failing to prepare for what appear to be remote

possibilities.” Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 791. Dodge’s failure to present testimony from a ballistics

expert or follow up with Wentling were not constitutionally ineffective.

                                                - 22 -
No. 11-1193
Duyst v. Rapelje

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       Faced with substantial evidence against Petitioner and no experts who could testify favorably,

defense counsel played the hand he was dealt to the best of his ability. Counsel’s conduct reflected

capable advocacy, awareness of relevant law, and thorough investigation of facts. The judgment of

the district court is accordingly AFFIRMED.




                                               - 23 -
