                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 19-0540
                               Filed July 22, 2020


ARTHUR H. KOLLIAS d/b/a CUSTOM BUILDERS & REMODELERS,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

MARK J. CARDIS, LAURA ELENA C. DE GALLEGO, and OHNWARD BANK &
TRUST,
     Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Christopher L. Bruns,

Judge.



      A builder appeals the denial of his application to foreclose a mechanic’s lien

and argues he is entitled to a judgment for the reasonable value of his work and

materials from the owners of a Victorian house. AFFIRMED.



      Kevin H. Collins and Sarah J. Gayer of Nyemaster Goode, PC, Cedar

Rapids, for appellant.

      Stephen B. Jackson, Sr. and Elizabeth J. Craig (until withdrawal) of

Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellees.



      Considered by Tabor, P.J., and May and Greer, JJ.
                                         2


TABOR, Presiding Judge.

       Neglected for decades, an 1876 Victorian mansion brought two former

Cedar Rapids neighbors together. Mark Cardis and his business partner Laura

DeGallego bought the house and enlisted Cardis’s old friend, Arthur Kollias, to help

restore “its original grandeur.” Cardis believed: “It became a good chore.” But the

trust between Cardis and Kollias eroded about two years into the project. Kollias

filed a mechanic’s lien on the property, alleging Cardis and DeGallego owed him

more than $100,000 in labor and materials. Kollias petitioned to foreclose on the

mechanic’s lien and sued for damages. After a trial, the district court ruled for the

homeowners. On appeal, Kollias alleges Cardis and DeGallego owe him about

$148,000 for the reasonable value of his services and materials, plus interest and

attorney fees. Because we find substantial evidence to support the district court’s

ruling, we affirm.

       I.     Facts and Prior Proceedings

       Cardis grew up in the historic Cedar Rapids neighborhood of 12th Street

and First Avenue. Builder Kollias lived on the same block and became a mentor

to Cardis, who was twenty years younger than Kollias. Also in the neighborhood

stood a dilapidated Victorian house known as Ferguson’s Hill.1

       Fast forward to 2012. Now living in California, Cardis and his business

partner, Laura DeGallego, buy Ferguson’s Hill. Cardis found the house “in rough



1 According to Cedar Rapids historian Mark Stoffer Hunter, “The house, a Victorian
with Italianate features, was built for businessman Henry V. Ferguson—vice-
president of the Cedar Rapids & Marion Railway Co.—and later used as a home
by Mayor Charles Huston.” California Man Returns to Cedar Rapids to Restore
Hilltop Victorian Home, savecrheritage.org (December 10, 2013).
                                          3


shape.” Previous owners had “trashed the place out, cut it up and tried to remodel

it, but it was very poor workmanship.”

       Enter Arthur Kollias. He was then in his late sixties and had more than three

decades of experience as a building trades contractor. Cardis approached Kollias

a couple of times about helping with the Victorian renovation before he agreed.

Cardis would be going back and forth from California and wanted Kollias to

oversee the other workers on the project.2 Kollias testified he didn’t think his

involvement “would last that long.” But Kollias worked on the renovation from

December 2012 until December 2014.

       During those two years, Kollias did not have a written contract with Cardis

and DeGallego. Kollias testified the owners never told him that he was taking too

much time or incurring too much expense. According to Kollias, “Mark said we

would settle up later. And as a friend, I accepted that.”3 At trial, Kollias testified,

“I made notes of what I did and so forth.” Yet he never submitted time sheets to

Cardis or DeGallego. They also never settled on an hourly rate for Kollias’s work.4

Kollias conceded, “We never discussed much about money. He said he would

take care of me in the end.”


2  Cardis later estimated they had more than twenty contractors, including
plumbers, painters, and electricians, working on the house project. Mark’s brother,
Craig Cardis—who was self-employed as a general contractor--also helped with
the repair work.
3 In his trial brief, Kollias contends this case “epitomizes the adage ‘no good deed

goes unpunished.’” In their responsive brief, the owners couch the situation in
more legal terms, contending they had no “meeting of the minds” on
reimbursement for Kollias.
4 Kollias insists he should receive $65 per hour for his skilled work. DeGallego

testified they never agreed to that rate, and wouldn’t have, because “[i]t’s too
expensive for our budget.” Kollias contends he cannot make a profit at the rate of
$40 per hour applied by the district court.
                                          4


        On their end, Cardis and DeGallego believed they had taken care of Kollias.

DeGallego testified, “I think we paid him very well.” She recalled that when they

asked how much they owed him, “Art would say, ‘don’t worry about it, it’s okay,

you’re paying me.’” Cardis testified Kollias preferred being paid in cash because

it “wouldn’t interfere with his assistance from Social Security or Medicare.” The

home owners called three witnesses who recalled Cardis paying Kollias in cash.

When asked for a tally of their reimbursements, Cardis estimated they paid Kollias

around $200,000 during his involvement in the project. But Cardis could not

produce an accounting of those payments. In their pretrial brief, the owners

asserted they had compensated Kollias “to the tune of over $105,000.”

        Cardis acknowledged the renovation project succeeded and Kollias was

“essential” to that success. Indeed, both Cardis and DeGallego admired Kollias’s

craftsmanship, especially his skill in fabricating most of the custom millwork for the

house. Kollias testified he bought special equipment to replicate the Victorian-era

trim.

        So the problem was not the quality of Kollias’s work. Rather, the problem

was the parties’ undefined expectations. Cardis testified they never discussed the

financial terms of their arrangement. For his part, Kollias claimed he “accounted

for every penny that came in and went out, every nail that was used.” Yet he

acknowledged he did not assemble that information into a written bill for the owners

until he filed the mechanic’s lien in September 2016.

        In the mechanic’s lien, Kollias alleged the owners owed him $133,735 in

materials and labor. By trial, Kollias had upped that amount by about $15,000.

Overall, he alleged he expended $222,099.77 in labor and materials on the house
                                         5


project. Kollias alleged the owners paid him $105,400, of which $31,515 went to

other contractors, leaving $73,885 owed to him.5 (Kollias then added $470 for

“administration, travel, and filing fees.”) At bottom, Kollias contended that Cardis

and DeGallego still owed him $148,684.77 for his performance and materials.

       In February 2017, Kollias filed both a petition at law seeking damages for

breach of contract6 and a petition in equity to enforce the mechanic’s lien.7 The

district court consolidated the actions in April 2018. The parties tried the matters

to the court in December 2018.

       In January 2019, the court entered judgment for the owners. The court

determined Kollias “should have been paid $113,877.13” under the theory of

quantum meruit. The court then noted Kollias’s concession that he received

$73,885 from the owners. The court continued:

       Kollias’s figure includes the $18,500 in cash that he admits he was
       paid. The question the court is faced with is whether Cardis likely
       paid Kollias another $39,992.13 in cash. More correctly stated, did
       Kollias prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he wasn’t paid
       the $39,992.13?

       Faced with no contemporaneous accounting from either party to document

the amount of cash payments, the court split the difference. “In short, the court is

convinced Kollias was paid significantly more cash than the $18,500 to which he

admits. The court is also convinced Kollias was paid significantly less cash than



5 Kollias agreed in his testimony that Cardis sometimes paid him in cash but was
evasive about how many times.
6 The petition did not allege recovery under a theory of quantum meruit or mention

an implied-in-fact contract.
7 Kollias alleged in the equity petition that Ohnward Bank’s interest in the mortgage

was subordinate to his interest. The district court dismissed the claim against the
bank, and it is not at issue in this appeal.
                                         6


the $104,460 claimed by Cardis.” The court deduced, “Cardis paid Kollias at least

$39,992.13 in cash over and above the $18,500 admitted by Kollias.” From that

deduction, the court ruled Kollias failed to prove a breach of the implied-in-fact

contract or any damages.

      Seizing on the district court’s language on his burden, Kollias moved to

reconsider the judgment. He argued under the doctrine of quantum meruit he did

not have to prove the owners breached the implied contract through nonpayment

or damages. In a March 2019 order, the court held, “The parties’ dispute as to

burden of proof does not impact the outcome of this case.” The court reasoned,

whether it placed the burden on Kollias or required the owners to prove an

affirmative defense, “the preponderance of credible evidence established that

[Kollias] had been paid at least $113,877.13.”

       Kollias now challenges the January and March 2019 rulings.

      II.    Scope and Standards of Review

      Often the standard of review is a routine recitation in our opinions. But here

it is contested and critical. In his opening brief, Kollias contends we have a dual

standard: (1) de novo review for the mechanic’s lien because it was tried in equity

and (2) correction of errors at law for the contractual damage claims.

      The district court aptly described the hybrid situation:

      The mechanic’s lien case is in equity, but the remainder of the case
      appears to be one that’s at law. . . . So that will put me in a weird
      position with regard to objections. I probably will, unless the
      objection is one of the rare objections that matters in equity, take
      evidence subject to objections. I’ll have to, when I write the decision
      if I rely on a piece of evidence that I took subject to objection, give
      you a ruling on the objection so we can all discern whether I relied
                                            7


       on it for the law part of the case and if I relied on it for the equity part
       of the case, what I did with the objection.

       In response, Cardis and DeGallego argue that because the issue is “legally

framed by the doctrine of quantum meruit” and that doctrine falls into “the realm of

pure contract,” our review is for correction of errors at law. See Frontier Props.

Corp. v. Swanberg, 488 N.W.2d 146, 147 (Iowa 1992). In his reply brief, Kollias

insists “[b]ecause of the manner in which the district court received evidence,

review should be de novo.”

       We agree with Cardis and DeGallego. When a litigant seeks both legal and

equitable relief, we classify the action according to its primary purpose or

controlling issue. See Van Sloun v. Agans Bros., Inc., 778 N.W.2d 174, 179 (Iowa

2010). The essential character of Kollias’s case is determining the amount of

recovery, if any. See Iowa Waste Sys. Inc. v. Buchanan Cty., 617 N.W.2d 23, 30

(Iowa Ct. App. 2000) (noting courts normally review quantum meruit recovery

based on implied-in-fact contract for corrections of errors at law). At trial, the court

ruled on some objections. And the court issued a ruling and judgment, not a

decree. In view of these factors, we find the case was tried at law. Thus, we

review for the correction of legal error.

       Under that standard, as long as substantial evidence supports the district

court’s findings of fact, they are binding on us. Hendricks v. Great Plains Supply

Co., 609 N.W.2d 486, 490 (Iowa 2000). Substantial evidence means that proof

which a reasonable mind would accept as adequate to reach the same findings.
                                          8

Id. We won’t find evidence insubstantial just because it would have supported

contrary inferences. Id.

       III.    Analysis

       The district court declared, “If Kollias has a claim in this case, it is clearly

one for quantum meruit.” Quantum meruit “means literally ‘as much as he or she

has earned.’” Bryan A. Garner, Garner’s Dictionary of Legal Usage 741 (3d ed.

2011) (also defining term as “the reasonable value of services” and defining

companion term, quantum valebant, as “the reasonable value of goods and

materials”).

       Our supreme court describes these theories of recovery as “quasi-

contractual” because they arise from the law’s recognition of an implied promise

to pay for the services of another that the recipient knows about and accepts. State

Pub. Def. v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Woodbury Cty., 731 N.W.2d 680, 684 (Iowa 2007).

Put another way, “it is unfair to allow a person to benefit from another's services

when the other expected compensation.” Id.; see also Simon v. Avenarius, No.

08-1874, 2009 WL 2525485, at *5 n.5 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 9, 2009) (noting plaintiff

misused “quantum meruit terminology” as a synonym for unjust enrichment).8

“True to its contractual roots, one may recover under a claim of quantum meruit,

or more accurately a breach of an implied-in-fact contract, for the reasonable value




8 Unlike quantum meruit, unjust enrichment ignores the parties’ expectations and
focuses on society’s interest in preventing the injustice of one party retaining a
benefit without paying the provider. See H. Hugh McConnell, Distinguishing
Quantum Meruit and Unjust Enrichment in the Construction Setting, 71 Fla. B.J.
88, 88 n. 2 (1997)
                                          9

of the services provided and the market value of the materials furnished.”9 Iowa

Waste Sys. Inc., 617 N.W.2d at 29.

       Without dispute, the parties here did not enter an express written contract.

So the district court examined whether Kollias proved the elements of an implied-

in-fact contract. To be reimbursed, Kollias had to show (1) he performed services

under circumstances giving the home owners reason to understand (a) that he was

providing the services for them, (b) he did not do so gratuitously, but expected

compensation from the home owners; and (2) the services benefited the home

owners. See id. at 30; see also Scott v. Grinnell Mut. Reinsurance Co., 653

N.W.2d 556, 562 (Iowa 2002). The parties did not dispute these elements. The

owners agreed Kollias expected compensation for his labor and materials. In fact,

the owners paid him, at least in part, for his efforts. And the owners acknowledged

they accepted and enjoyed his craftsmanship.

       Given their agreement, the district court decided Kollias was entitled to

compensation under an implied-in-fact contract with the owners. But how much

compensation was still due? In the court’s words, “To prevail in this case, Kollias

had to prove Cardis has not paid for the services and materials Kollias contributed




9 Justice Michael Streit, then a judge on our court, noted, “[T]he term quantum
meruit is not only antiquated but inevitably breeds confusion.” Iowa Waste Sys.
Inc., 617 N.W.2d at 29 n.4. The opinion urged “the preferred phrase for asserting
such a cause of action is an implied-in-fact contract.” Id. Other experts say the
preferred term is quasi-contract. “Quasi-contracts have often been called implied
contracts or contracts implied in law; but, unlike true contracts, quasi-contracts are
not based on the apparent intention of the parties to undertake the performances
in question, nor are they promises. They are obligations created by law for reasons
of justice.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 4 (1981).
                                            10


to Ferguson’s Hill. As to the additional $39,992.13 [in cash payments], the court

finds Kollias failed to meet his burden.”

       Attacking that analysis, Kollias contends the district court mistakenly placed

the burden on him to prove nonpayment.10 Kolias cites McFarlin v. Quegg to

argue, once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of quantum meruit, the

burden shifts to the defendant to prove an “affirmative or special defense.” 192

N.W. 401, 402 (Iowa 1923). Kollias also relies on Sulzberger Excavating, Inc. v.

Glass, for this contention: “If the defendant proves no defense, the plaintiff is

entitled ‘to recover the reasonable value of its services rendered thereto.’” 351

N.W.2d 188, 194 (Iowa Ct. App. 1984). By quoting selective snippets from earlier

cases, Kollias blurs the line between the concept of quantum meruit and the

burden of proof under an implied-in-fact contract.11

       We take this chance to add some clarity. Quantum meruit is a “theory of

recovery.” State Pub. Def., 731 N.W.2d at 684. More precisely, under Iowa law,

it is the recovery available for an injured party who can show the breach of an

implied-in-fact contract. See Scott, 653 N.W.2d at 562. The measure of that


10 Cardis and DeGallego argue the structuring of the burden of proof is not critical
because they pleaded payment by way of affirmative defense. We believe Kollias
had the burden to prove his claim for additional reimbursement. But if the burden
shifted, we agree the owners offered sufficient proof that their existing payments
satisfied their obligation to Kollias.
11 No doubt Justice Streit saw this confusion coming. See Iowa Waste Sys. Inc.,

617 N.W.2d at 29 n.4. Contrary to Kollias’s argument, McFarlin did not place the
burden on the defendant to prove payment as an affirmative defense to a quantum
meruit claim. Rather, the affirmative defense in McFarlin was the existence of a
contract term setting a different hourly compensation rate. 192 N.W.2d at 401–02.
By the same token, the issue in Sulzberger was whether the defendant proved that
an express contract superseded the implied contract. 351 N.W.2d at 194. Kollias
also points to several other cases that discuss affirmative defenses, but they do
not involve claims under quantum meruit or implied-in-fact contracts.
                                          11


recovery is “the reasonable value of the services provided and the market value of

the materials furnished.” Id. That measure differs from proof of damages related

to an expectation or reliance interest for the breach of an express contract. Id.

       As the district court found, “There was never any meeting of the minds

between Cardis and Kollias as to what Kollias would be paid for any work he

performed on Ferguson’s Hill.” When that specification is lacking, “a person who

performs services pursuant to request is entitled to the reasonable value of the

services.” Heninger & Heninger, P.C. v. Davenport Bank & Tr. Co., 341 N.W.2d

43, 48 (Iowa 1983) (citing Drake v. Block, 74 N.W.2d 577, 580 (1956)).

       As a starting point, Kollias had the burden of proving his claim for the

reasonable value of his services.       See McFarlin, 192 N.W. at 401; see also

Biedenfeld v. Est. of French, No. 12-1577, 2013 WL 3271847, at *11 (Iowa Ct.

App. June 26, 2013) (finding plaintiff “adduced no evidence of the reasonable value

of his services, as required to recover under quantum meruit”). The district court

was not satisfied with Kollias’s proof.        The court did not find his testimony

trustworthy on (1) the proper hourly rate, (2) the number of hours he worked, or

(3) the value of the materials he provided. We defer to the district court’s credibility

findings. See Brokaw v. Winfield-Mt. Union Cmty. Sch. Dist., 788 N.W.2d 386, 394

(Iowa 2010) (“The district court as the fact finder, determines witness credibility

and the weight of the evidence as a whole, and we will not disturb the district court’s

findings if they are supported by substantial evidence.” (citation omitted)).
                                        12


      After listening to testimony and reviewing the parties’ exhibits, the district

court found Kollias proved he worked 1364 hours on Ferguson’s Hill.12 As for an

hourly rate, the court rejected Kollias’s claim that $65 was reasonable. Instead,

the court accepted the owners’ view that a reasonable rate for his work was $40

per hour. Beyond his labor, the court found Kollias contributed $26,126.56 in

millwork and $33,190.57 in other materials. The court set Kollias’s total outlay at

$113,877.13. From that amount, the court subtracted the $73,885 that Kollias

acknowledges being paid by Cardis. Although vigorously contested by Kollias, the

court determined Cardis paid Kollias the remaining $39,992.13 in cash.

      We find substantial evidence in the record to support the district court’s

determinations. On appeal, Kollias rehashes his factual claims from trial. He

challenges the district court’s findings on the number of hours he worked, the

industry standards on hourly rates, the tools and supplies he provided, as well as

the amount he received in cash. Essentially, Kollias asks us to reweigh the proof,

which we cannot do when reviewing for substantial evidence. See Hendricks, 609

N.W.2d at 490 (citation omitted). Instead, we construe the district court’s findings

“broadly and liberally.” Id. “In case of doubt or ambiguity we construe them to

uphold, rather than defeat, the judgment.” Id.

      On each point Kollias contests, the record backs the court’s findings. On

time spent, the court heard evidence Kollias never showed contemporaneous time



12 Kollias offered an exhibit showing he worked 1680 hours on the project. The
court found “Kollias failed to prove he performed 326 hours of the work reflected
in his exhibits.” While 1680 minus 326 equals 1354, the court found Kollias should
receive compensation for 1364 hours of work. Because the ten-hour discrepancy
is in Kollias’s favor, we take no corrective action.
                                          13


records to the owners. Several contractors noted his unpredictable presence at

the site. And the owners offered evidence showing that others completed work

Kollias claimed to perform. On the hourly rate, Gallego testified they would not

have approved his work at $65 per hour because it was beyond their budget. As

fact finder, the district court had a right to reject Kollias’s reliance on trade

magazines to calculate his hourly rate for trial. On the other hand, the court could

accept Cardis’s position, given his hiring of many other contractors, that $40 per

hour was a reasonable rate. As for supplies, the court believed Kollias “clearly

overreached” on his claim for materials and tools.               After reviewing the

documentation, the court “became convinced that Kollias had included costs for

items not used on Ferguson’s Hill and for many tools.” We decline to tinker with

those detailed findings.

       Finally, we recognize the district court faced a difficult task in reconstructing

the history of cash payments to Kollias. As the court noted, “Neither party appears

to have contemporaneously accounted for the cash payments.” And the court did

not fully trust either parties’ after-the-fact estimates.13 To fill the void, the court

considered evidence that “Kollias wanted cash because it would help him avoid

any potential impact income might have on governmental benefits.” The court also

recalled “Cardis’ non-party witnesses testified to instances in which they were

present and Cardis was paying Kollias in cash.” All things considered, we find the



13 Cardis offered two years’ worth of bank documents to show the payments he
made to Kollias. The court noted Cardis’s reconstruction assumed “all or almost
all significant cash withdrawals at any point when he would have been in a
geographic location where he could pay Kollias were used to pay Kollias.”
                                         14


court’s determination that the cash payments exceeded $39,992.13 found

adequate support in the record.

       The question is not whether the evidence would support a different finding,

but whether it supports the finding actually made. See Raper v. State, 688 N.W.2d

29, 36 (Iowa 2004). When we “broadly and liberally” construe the district court’s

factual findings, we find substantial evidence to uphold its holding that Cardis paid

Kollias for the reasonable value of his services and the market value of the

materials he furnished.    The court properly entered judgment for Cardis and

DeGallego on the quantum meruit claim. For the same reasons, we affirm the

dismissal of Kollias’s application to foreclose mechanic’s lien.

       AFFIRMED.
