                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  STATE OF ARIZONA
                                    DIVISION TWO


JENNIFER L. BERGERON, Deputy Public             )
Defender, Pinal County, on behalf of            )
JOSEPH LOUIS PEREZ,                             )
                                                )
                                 Petitioner,    )
                                                )
                    v.                          )
                                                )
HON. WILLIAM J. O’NEIL, Judge of the            )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in      )
and for the County of Pinal, and HON.           )
COLIN F. CAMPBELL, Judge of the                 )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in      )
and for the County of Maricopa,                 )
                                                )
                               Respondents,     )   2 CA-SA 2003-0053
                                                )   2 CA-SA 2003-0054
                    and                         )   2 CA-SA 2003-0055
                                                )   2 CA-SA 2003-0060
THE STATE OF ARIZONA,                           )   (Consolidated)
                                                )   DEPARTMENT B
                      Real Party in Interest.   )
                                                )   OPINION
                                                )
BRET HUGGINS and RAYMOND BECK,                  )
Deputy Public Defenders of Pinal County,        )
on behalf of JEREMY MYERS and JOHN              )
J. NEWSOME,                                     )
                                                )
                                Petitioners,    )
                                                )
                    v.                          )
                                                )
HON. WILLIAM J. O’NEIL, Judge of the            )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in      )
and for the County of Pinal, and HON.           )
COLIN F. CAMPBELL, Judge of the                 )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in      )
and for the County of Maricopa,                 )
                                                )
                               Respondents,     )
                                                )
                    and                         )
                                                )
THE STATE OF ARIZONA,                           )
                                                )
                      Real Party in Interest.   )
                                                )
                                                )
BRADLEY SOOS, on behalf of                      )
THE STATE OF ARIZONA,                           )
                                                )
                                 Petitioner,    )
                                                )
                    v.                          )
                                                )
HON. WILLIAM J. O’NEIL, Judge of the            )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in      )
and for the County of Pinal, and HON.           )
COLIN F. CAMPBELL, Judge of the                 )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in      )
and for the County of Maricopa,                 )
                                                )
                               Respondents,     )
                                                )
                    and                         )
                                                )
PATRICK LEWIS,                                  )
                                                )
                      Real Party in Interest.   )
                                                )
                                                )
DAVID W. GREGAN, MARIO E.                       )
URRUTIA, and LAWTON CONNELLY,                   )
on behalf of SHANNON DUVALL,                    )
CONNIE STEVENS, and KENNETH L.                  )
FARNSWORTH,                                     )
                                                )
                                 Petitioners,   )
                                                )
                    v.                          )
                                                )
HON. WILLIAM J. O’NEIL, Judge of the            )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in      )
and for the County of Pinal, and HON.           )
COLIN F. CAMPBELL, Judge of the                  )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in       )
and for the County of Maricopa,                  )
                                                 )
                                Respondents,     )
                    and                          )
                                                 )
THE STATE OF ARIZONA,                            )
                                                 )
                       Real Party in Interest.   )
                                                 )
                                                 )
RAYMOND BECK, Deputy Public                      )
Defender of Pinal County, on behalf of           )
GAVINO GARCIA BARRERAS and                       )
RUDOLPH SALAS,                                   )
                                                 )
                                  Petitioners,   )
                                                 )
                     v.                          )
                                                 )
HON. WILLIAM J. O’NEIL, Judge of the             )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in       )
and for the County of Pinal, and HON.            )
COLIN F. CAMPBELL, Judge of the                  )
Superior Court of the State of Arizona, in       )
and for the County of Maricopa,                  )
                                                 )
                                Respondents,     )
                                                 )
                    and                          )
                                                 )
THE STATE OF ARIZONA,                            )
                                                 )
                       Real Party in Interest.   )
                                                 )


                             SPECIAL ACTION PROCEEDINGS

          Pinal County Cause Nos. CR 200300475, CR 200300463, CR 200300419,
               CR 200300326, CR 20026792, CR 200300199, CR 200300368,
                    CR 200300512, CR 200300563, and CR 200201387

                                     RELIEF GRANTED
Ralph E. Ellinwood                                                                        Tucson
                                                                 Attorney for Petitioner Bergeron


Eleanor L. Miller                                                                        Phoenix
                                                                          Attorney for Petitioners
                                                                               Huggins and Beck

Robert Carter Olson, Pinal County Attorney
 By Bradley Soos                                                                         Florence

     and

Jones, Skelton & Hochuli
 By Georgia Staton and Eileen Dennis GilBride                                            Phoenix
                                                                    Attorneys for Petitioner Soos

Nicholas S. Hentoff                                                                       Phoenix
                                                                 Attorney for Petitioners Gregan,
                                                                           Urrutia, and Connelly

Terry Goddard, Arizona Attorney General
 By Anne C. Longo                                                                        Phoenix
                                                                       Attorneys for Respondents


E C K E R S T R O M, Judge.


¶1             In these consolidated special actions, we are asked to determine whether an attorney

who has filed a notice of change of judge pursuant to Rule 10.2, Ariz. R. Crim. P., 16A A.R.S.,

and who has therein avowed that the notice was not being filed for any improper purpose may be

ordered to divulge his or her reasons for seeking a change of judge. We conclude that compelling

counsel to divulge the reasons for filing a notice in accordance with Rule 10.2 is contrary both to

the rule’s express terms and its intent. For that reason, we further conclude that respondents,

                                                4
Judges O’Neil and Campbell, proceeded in excess of their jurisdiction and legal authority when

they failed to immediately reassign the underlying actions as required by the express terms of that

rule.

                                        BACKGROUND

A.      The Rule.

¶2             Rule 10.2 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

                       a. Entitlement. In any death penalty case, any party shall
               be entitled to request a change of judge as a matter of right no later
               than ten (10) days after the state files a notice of intention to seek
               the death penalty. In any criminal case other than a death penalty
               case, each side is entitled as a matter of right to a change of judge.
               Each such non-death penalty case, whether single or consolidated,
               shall be treated as having only two sides: provided that, whenever
               two or more parties on a side have adverse or hostile interests, the
               presiding judge or that judge’s designee may allow additional
               changes of judge as a matter of right.

                      b. Procedure. A party may exercise his or her right to a
               change of judge by filing a pleading entitled “Notice of Change of
               Judge” signed by counsel, if any, stating the name of the judge to
               be changed. The notice shall also include an avowal that the request
               is made in good faith and not:

                      1.   For the purpose of delay;

                      2.   To obtain a severance;

                       3. To interfere with the reasonable case management
               practices of a judge;

                       4. To remove a judge for reasons of race, gender or
               religious affiliation;

                       5. For the purpose of using the rule against a particular
               judge in a blanket fashion by a prosecuting agency, defender group
               or law firm (State v. City Court of Tucson, 150 Ariz. 99, 722 P.2d
               267 (1986));


                                                 5
                      6.   To obtain a more convenient geographical location; or

                     7. To obtain advantage or avoid disadvantage in
              connection with a plea bargain or at sentencing, except as permitted
              under Rule 17.4(g).

                      The avowal shall be made in the attorney’s capacity as an
              officer of the court.

                      ....

                      d. At the time of the filing of a notice of change of judge,
              the parties shall inform the court in writing if they have agreed upon
              a judge or judges who are available and are willing to have the
              action assigned to that judge. An agreement of all parties upon such
              judge may be honored and, if so, shall preclude further changes of
              judge as a matter of right unless the agreed judge becomes
              unavailable. If no judge has been agreed upon, then the presiding
              judge shall immediately reassign the action.

¶3            Effective July 1, 2001, the supreme court added the mandatory avowals in Rule

10.2(b) on an experimental basis to address the perception that the rule was being abused. Ariz.

R. Crim. P. 10.2 cmt. Although the amendments were to remain in effect until June 30, 2002,

the supreme court has twice extended them. Ariz. Sup. Ct. Order (June 9, 2003) (extending

amendments to January 23, 2004).

B.     The Special Actions.

¶4            These special actions arose out of criminal proceedings in Pinal County Superior

Court and involve nine different defendants in ten cases. In State v. Lewis, CR 20026792,

petitioner Bradley Soos, Deputy Pinal County Attorney, filed a notice of change of judge seeking

to remove Pinal County Superior Court Judge Gilberto V. Figueroa from the case pursuant to Rule

10.2. Finding that it appeared the office of the Pinal County Attorney had “repetitively” filed

such notices as to Judge Figueroa, respondent Judge O’Neil, the Presiding Judge of Pinal County


                                                6
Superior Court, assigned the matter to respondent Judge Campbell, the Presiding Judge of

Maricopa County, for the purpose of “reviewing” the notice. In forwarding the notice to Judge

Campbell, Judge O’Neil noted that Soos had filed notices as to Judge Figueroa in four other cases

between January 13 and March 31, 2003.

¶5             On April 23, Judge Campbell ordered Soos to appear before him on May 2 to

“provide a reason and explanation as to why a Notice of Change of Judge was filed by him” in

the underlying action. Soos filed a motion to vacate the April order and the May 2 hearing, asking

that the case be assigned to a new judge. Alternatively, Soos asked Judge Campbell to stay the

May 2 hearing so Soos and the State of Arizona could seek special action relief in this court. Soos

attached to that motion the affidavit of Robert Carter Olson, the Pinal County Attorney, in which

Olson stated that his office did not “have a practice of filing a notice of change of judge pursuant

to Rule 10.2 against a particular judge in a blanket fashion.” He also stated that his deputy county

attorneys are authorized to file notices “in good faith and not for any improper purpose.”

¶6             On April 16, petitioner Bret H. Huggins of the Pinal County Public Defender’s

office filed a notice of change of judge in State v. Myers, CR 200300463, seeking to remove

respondent Judge O’Neil from that case. Similarly, on April 24, petitioner Raymond Beck of the

Pinal County Public Defender’s office filed a notice of change of judge in State v. Newsome,

CR 200300419, and in another case involving the same defendant, CR 200300326, seeking to

remove Judge O’Neil. And, on April 16, petitioner Jennifer L. Bergeron, also of the Pinal County

Public Defender’s office, filed a similar notice in State v. Perez, CR 200300475. Judge O’Neil

referred these matters to Judge Campbell, who ordered Huggins, Beck, and Bergeron to appear

before him on May 2 for the same reason he had ordered Soos to appear before him: to explain


                                                 7
the reasons for filing the Rule 10.2 notices and to ensure the notices had not been filed for an

improper purpose. Huggins filed a motion to quash the order requiring his appearance, a request

to expedite a hearing on the motion to quash, and a motion to stay the May 2 hearing indefinitely

or, alternatively, for a brief stay so he could seek a stay in this court.

¶7             Judge Campbell consolidated these and other cases involving similar notices for the

limited purpose of considering the notices. Petitioners and their attorneys participated in a May 1

telephonic hearing before Judge Campbell addressing the propriety of proceeding with the May 2

hearing. Petitioners argued that the orders that compelled them to explain their reasons for having

filed the notices were contrary to the intent of Rule 10.2. They asserted that, once proper notices

had been filed, Judge O’Neil was required to reassign the cases.

¶8             Judge Campbell disagreed. He analogized the right to a change of judge under Rule

10.2 to the right to peremptorily strike a juror. Judge Campbell reasoned that, just as Batson v.

Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986), and its progeny require counsel

to explain why they struck a juror in determining whether the strike was based on race or gender,

such an inquiry should be permitted to determine the propriety of counsel’s utilization of Rule 10.2

to remove a judge from a case. Judge Campbell further concluded that the “[c]ourt has the

inherent authority to review a Rule 10.2 Notice for impropriety” and that “[t]he Rule itself

contemplates that there will be judicial review of a notice.” Judge Campbell then stayed the

May 2 hearing until May 16.

¶9             Soos, Bergeron, Huggins, and Beck filed petitions for special action challenging

the orders entered by Judges O’Neil and Campbell. We consolidated the petitions and granted

petitioners’ request for a stay of the May 16 hearing. Petitioners David W. Gregan, Mario


                                                  8
Urrutia, and Lawton Connelly, attorneys practicing in the office of Gregan & Associates,

requested and were permitted to join in the special actions. These petitioners had filed notices

seeking to remove Judge O’Neil in State v. Duvall, CR 200300199, State v. Farnsworth, CR

200300512, and State v. Stevens, CR 200300368. And, like the other petitioners, they had been

ordered to appear on May 2 to explain their reasons for using Rule 10.2 to remove Judge O’Neil.

¶10            Meanwhile, on April 29, Beck filed two additional notices of change of judge in

State v. Garcia Berreras, CR 200300563, and State v. Salas, CR 200300387, seeking to remove

Judge O’Neil. Judge O’Neil referred these cases to Judge Campbell, who ordered Beck to appear

on May 30 to explain his reasons for filing the Rule 10.2 notices. Beck filed a petition for special

action, which we consolidated with the other three petitions; we also granted Beck’s request for

a stay of the hearing before Judge Campbell.

                              SPECIAL ACTION JURISDICTION

¶11            Petitioners contend they have no equally plain, speedy, or adequate remedy by

appeal. See Ariz. R. P. Special Actions 1(a), 17B A.R.S. We agree. As petitioners correctly

note, and the respondent judges concede, appellate challenges relating to a peremptory request for

a change of judge are appropriately reviewed by special action. Taliaferro v. Taliaferro, 186 Ariz.

221, 223, 921 P.2d 21, 23 (1996) (appellate review of denial of notice of change of judge filed

pursuant to Rule 42(f)(1), Ariz. R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt.1, must be obtained by special action);

Brush Wellman, Inc. v. Lee, 196 Ariz. 344, ¶5, 996 P.2d 1248, ¶5 (App. 2000) (finding special

action review appropriate to determine whether party entitled to peremptory removal of judge

under Rule 42(f), Ariz. R. Civ. P., when request made after remand from appellate court and

party had exercised peremptory removal of judge before appeal); Fiveash v. Superior Court, 156


                                                 9
Ariz. 422, 423, 752 P.2d 511, 512 (App. 1988) (special action proper means for seeking appellate

review to determine whether defendant, whose plea agreement trial court had rejected and who

had been granted change of judge pursuant to Rule 17.4(g), Ariz. R. Crim. P., 17 A.R.S., entitled

to peremptory change of judge under Rule 10.2, Ariz. R. Crim. P., as to judge subsequently

assigned to case).

¶12            Moreover, the issues raised in the special actions require us to determine the

meaning and correct application of Rule 10.2, a legal question of statewide importance to the

judiciary and the litigants who come before it on criminal matters. Brush Wellman, 196 Ariz.

344, ¶5, 996 P.2d 1248, ¶5; see also City of Tucson v. Superior Court, 167 Ariz. 513, 513, 809

P.2d 428, 428 (1991) (finding acceptance of special action jurisdiction appropriate when “issue

presented is a pure issue of law that is of statewide significance”). In addition, the litigants

present us with an issue of first impression. See Blake v. Schwartz, 202 Ariz. 120, ¶7, 42 P.3d

6, ¶7 (App. 2002); State ex rel. Pennartz v. Olcavage, 200 Ariz. 582, ¶8, 30 P.3d 649, ¶8 (App.

2001) (acceptance of special action jurisdiction appropriate “in cases involving a matter of first

impression, statewide significance, or pure questions of law”).           Accordingly, we accept

jurisdiction of these special actions.

                                          DISCUSSION

¶13            Petitioners assert that no language in Rule 10.2, or in any other rule or statute,

authorizes a judge to question a litigant about the basis for seeking a change of judge once a proper

notice has been filed in full compliance with Rule 10.2(b). Petitioners maintain that Rule 10.2(d)

expressly requires presiding judges to “immediately reassign” cases upon receipt of notices that

comply fully with the rule.


                                                 10
¶14             By contrast, the respondent judges insist that they possess the authority to question

counsel based on what they characterize as the “long recognized,” “inherent power” “every court

has . . . to do what it deems necessary for the efficient exercise of its jurisdiction.” 1 In this vein,

the respondent judges suggest that the decision to question counsel in these cases was justified by

“repetitive and excessive notices” as to Judges O’Neil and Figueroa. In their view, this pattern

“had the outward appearance of violating Rule 10.2’s prohibitions.” The judges maintain that the

experimental amendments of Rule 10.2, as well as the comments to that rule, and Ethical Rule

8.4(g), Ariz. R. Prof’l Conduct, Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 42, 17A A.R.S., contemplate such an inquiry.

¶15             We find that the clear language of Rule 10.2, its purpose, its history, and the case

law addressing it all reflect a deliberate intent by the supreme court to retain a litigant’s right to

an automatic change of judge. In this light, we cannot authorize a procedure that constructively

amends the rule by conditioning the exercise of that right on a potential judicial inquiry into the

litigant’s reasons for seeking a change of judge.

¶16             In determining the meaning of a rule promulgated by the supreme court, “we apply

principles of statutory construction.” State v. Baca, 187 Ariz. 61, 63, 926 P.2d 528, 530 (App.

1996). Consequently, “[o]ur primary objective is to discern and give effect to the intent of . . .

our supreme court in promulgating [the rule].” Vega v. Sullivan, 199 Ariz. 504, ¶8, 19 P.3d 645,

¶8 (App. 2001). “[W]e focus on the language of the . . . rule and, if it is inconclusive or

ambiguous, we then consider other factors such as [its] context, subject matter, effects,

consequences, spirit, and purpose.” Id.


       1
        The Arizona Attorney General has properly appeared on behalf of the respondent judges
because “the purpose of the response is to explain or defend an administrative practice [or]
policy.” Hurles v. Superior Court, 174 Ariz. 331, 333, 849 P.2d 1, 3 (App. 1993).

                                                  11
¶17             Each party “is entitled as a matter of right to a change of judge.” Ariz. R. Crim.

P. 10.2(a) (emphasis added). Once a party or counsel has filed a notice in compliance with the

rule, “the presiding judge shall immediately reassign the action” unless the parties agree upon a

judge. Ariz. R. Crim. P. 10.2(d) (emphasis added). In an opinion issued after the 2001

amendments, the supreme court reiterated the continuing force of these provisions: “Rule 10.2

entitles either party in a criminal case to a change of judge as a matter of right. . . . A court

cannot disregard a timely notice of a change of judge.” Godoy v. Hantman, 205 Ariz. 104, ¶6,

67 P.3d 700, ¶6 (2003) (citation omitted). Thus, the mandatory language of Rule 10.2 itself

contradicts any claim that a court may exercise its own discretion in deciding whether to make the

required reassignment. Nor does any other provision of the rule permit a judge to question

counsel about the veracity of his or her avowal before honoring the notice and assigning the case

to a different judge.

¶18             Although Rule 10.2 is so clear on its face that we need not look to its history,

context, spirit, or purpose to construe it, our interpretation of Rule 10.2 is only reinforced by that

exercise. “Arizona is in the minority of states that permit peremptory changes of judge in criminal

proceedings.” Fiveash, 156 Ariz. at 425, 752 P.2d at 514; see also 5 Wayne R. LaFave et al.,

Criminal Procedure § 22.4(d) (2d ed. 1999). In cases pre-dating the 2001 amendments, our

supreme court and this court have acknowledged and defended the mandatory, automatic nature

of Rule 10.2.

¶19             In State v. City Court of Tucson, 150 Ariz. 99, 722 P.2d 267 (1986), our supreme

court held that the chief magistrate of a city court lacked the authority to require city prosecutors




                                                 12
to avow they had filed their notices in good faith. Although the magistrate in question had good

reason to suspect an abuse of the rule, 2 the court reminded the parties that

               Rule 10.2 permits a party to disqualify a judge for no cause or
               reason. Under Rule 10.2, a party may exercise his right to a change
               of judge merely by filing a pleading entitled “Notice of Change of
               Judge.” No allegation of bias or prejudice is required by Rule 10.2.

Id. at 102, 722 P.2d at 270. The court added that, “[o]nce the Notice of Change of Judge has

been filed, the procedure under Rule 10.2 is summary and automatic.” Id.; see also State v. Keel,

137 Ariz. 532, 534, 672 P.2d 197, 199 (App. 1983).

¶20            In State v. Greenlee County Justice Court, Precinct 2, 157 Ariz. 270, 756 P.2d 939

(App. 1988), we relied on City Court of Tucson and held that the superior court did not have

authority to require prosecutors to make avowals of good faith when they filed a peremptory

challenge to a justice of the peace. There, we concluded that, once a proper notice had been filed

pursuant to Rule 10.2, the justice of the peace had been required to transfer the case to a new

judge and had exceeded his legal authority by failing to do so. Greenlee County Justice Court,

157 Ariz. at 273, 756 P.2d at 942; see also State v. Neil, 102 Ariz. 110, 112-13, 425 P.2d 842,

844-45 (1967) (filing of notice of change of judge required trial court to transfer case to another

judge); State v. Shahan, 17 Ariz. App. 148, 149, 495 P.2d 1355, 1356 (1972) (litigant has

peremptory right to disqualify judge, and if notice is timely, case must be transferred to another

judge).




          2
        The city prosecutor had issued a blanket order to his assistant attorneys to peremptorily
challenge the city magistrate in question—an action that the supreme court found to be a genuine
abuse of the rule. City Court of Tucson, 150 Ariz. at 103, 722 P.2d at 271.

                                                13
¶21            Nor can the later 2001 amendments to Rule 10.2 be interpreted as a renewed

invitation for trial courts to engraft their own preconditions on the operation of the rule. Although

the supreme court did adopt the 2001 amendments to address a perceived abuse of the rule, see

Rule 10.2 cmt., those amendments constituted the supreme court’s best judgment at the conclusion

of a vigorous debate on whether the rule should be abolished altogether.3 In light of this debate,

the supreme court installed the avowal procedure set forth in Rule 10.2(b), a specific mechanism

for requiring attorneys to demonstrate that they have not abused the rule. It also articulated a

remedy if attorneys violate the rule notwithstanding facial compliance with the avowal procedure,

potential punishment through the state bar disciplinary process. Ariz. R. Crim. P. 10.2 cmt. to

2001 amendments; ER 8.4(g), Ariz. R. Prof’l Conduct.4 Given that the supreme court received

the benefit of extensive debate and thereafter so carefully set forth the remedies for potential abuse

of the rule, we cannot conclude that the 2001 amendments implicitly permit superior courts to

supplement those amendments with remedies of their own design.


       3
        Then Chief Justice Zlaket noted that Justices Jones and Martone had dissented from the
order amending the rule and were in favor of abolishing it. Ariz. Sup. Ct. Order (May 23, 2001)
(experimentally amending Rule 10.2, effective July 1, 2001, to June 30, 2002). Judge Campbell,
the Presiding Judge of Maricopa County Superior Court, and three of his colleagues filed formal
comments to the rule stating that they favored severely limiting the rule because their court
suffered administrative difficulty from reassigning cases. In re Rule 10.2, R. No. 00-0025 cmt.
by Maricopa County Presiding Judge and Criminal Department Presiding Judge (filed March 8,
2001). The board of governors of the State Bar of Arizona opposed the amendments, apparently
based on the board’s belief that, because the requirements of Rule 10.1 were so difficult to meet,
“some mechanism is necessary to replace judges without acrimony and confrontation.” In re Rule
10.2, R. No. 00-0025 cmt. by the State Bar of Arizona (filed March 16, 2001). The Yuma
County Attorney had similar comments, noting the need for a process to reassign cases that
avoided embarrassment to judges and attorneys. In re Rule 10.2, R. No. 00-0025 cmt. by Yuma
County Attorney (filed March 15, 2001).
       4
        The comment also noted that wholesale abolition of the right of a peremptory change of
judge is a potential remedy for continued abuse of the rule.

                                                 14
¶22           In fact, the mechanism respondents utilized here—requiring a hearing set before

another judge in which the litigant must explain the grounds for filing the notice—is the same

species of procedure set forth in Rule 10.1 to address a motion for a change of judge for cause.

See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 10.1(b) and (c). If the supreme court had intended to apply such a

procedural remedy for potential abuse of Rule 10.2, it was certainly aware of that potential

procedural remedy and could have imposed it in the 2001 amendments.

¶23           Moreover, respondents’ orders directly contradict the purpose of Rule 10.2 as

described by the supreme court and articulated by case law. In its comment to the 2001

amendments, the supreme court observed: “Rule 10.2 is intended to ensure a party’s right to have

a matter heard before a fair and impartial judge without the necessity of divulging details that

could cause needless embarrassment and antagonism or showing actual bias which may be difficult

to prove.” (Emphasis added.) Therein, the supreme court cited with approval our opinion in

Anonymous v. Superior Court ex rel. County of Pima, 14 Ariz. App. 502, 484 P.2d 655 (1971).

In that case, we observed:

                     While other states require that the affidavit of bias and
              prejudice set forth the facts upon which the allegation of bias and
              prejudice is based . . . , Arizona has the salutary rule making
              disqualification automatic. Thus, in this state it is not necessary to
              embarrass the judge by setting forth in detail the facts of bias,
              prejudice or interests which may disqualify him nor is it necessary
              for judge, litigant and attorney to involve themselves in an
              imbroglio which might result in everlasting bitterness on the part of
              the judge and the lawyer.

Id. at 504, 484 P.2d at 657. In short, the perceived policy benefits of Rule 10.2 depend on a

mechanism by which litigants may remove a judge without explaining their basis for doing so.

Rule 10.2 was specifically designed to provide such a mechanism. For this reason, the procedure


                                               15
respondents ordered in this case—requiring petitioners to explain their basis for a change of

judge—undermines the very purpose of the rule and the chief mechanism by which it operates.

In approving the 2001 amendments, the supreme court could not have intended the superior courts

to employ a procedural remedy for suspected abuse that so directly contradicts the purpose of the

rule.5

¶24            As noted, respondent judges contend that courts have “inherent power to do what

[they] deem[] necessary for the efficient exercise of their jurisdiction.” They assert this power

includes the authority to question petitioners because it appeared petitioners were violating the

rule. Respondents point to statistics on the number of times petitioners used the rule to remove

Judges O’Neil and Figueroa during a specific period, insisting that the numbers “amounted to

prima facie evidence of a rule violation . . . [and that Judge O’Neil] thus properly invoked the

court’s inherent power to make further inquiries to determine whether a rule violation had, in fact,

been committed.” The respondent judges rely on A.R.S. § 12-122, which states that “[t]he

superior court, in addition to the powers conferred by constitution, rule or statute, may proceed

according to the common law.” The respondent judges maintain that the statute recognizes the

court’s inherent powers and argue that, “[o]nce a court has jurisdiction over a matter, it may

exercise its inherent powers for the ordinary and efficient exercise of that jurisdiction.”


         5
         In light of Rule 10.2’s requirement that attorneys specifically avow that they have filed
a notice in good faith and not for any impermissible reason, respondents’ orders, which in essence
require petitioners to appear and demonstrate the veracity of those avowals, suggest that the
attorneys’ avowals cannot be trusted. Such orders carry an inherent challenge to an attorney’s
credibility and thereby ensure the very acrimony Rule 10.2 was designed to prevent. The tone of
petitioner Bergeron’s pleadings exemplifies how such orders will be received by counsel.
Bergeron complains that order “implies that judges are able to tell when attorneys—as officers of
the court—are willing to lie to the court . . . . Once again, this attitude reveals the unfortunate
state of relationships between the bench and the bar . . . .”

                                                16
¶25            First, the statistics submitted to us do not present a compelling basis for suspecting

that petitioners had been abusing the rule. Those statistics demonstrate only that each petitioner

had filed repeated notices against a particular judge. Those statistics tell us nothing about whether

the grounds for those exercises were proper. If a particular attorney possessed a permissible

reason under Rule 10.2 for using a “peremptory strike,” that concern might well reemerge each

time the attorney had a case assigned to the same judge.

¶26            Second, a “blanket” use of the rule against a particular judge does not constitute

an abuse unless it is conducted by a “prosecuting agency, defender group or law firm.” Ariz. R.

Crim. P. 10.2(b)(4), citing City Court of Tucson. A blanket challenge occurs when chief

prosecutors or public defenders instruct their deputies to disqualify a certain disfavored judge in

all criminal cases of a particular nature. City Court of Tucson, 150 Ariz. at 102, 722 P.2d at

270; see also People v. Superior Court, 10 Cal. Rptr. 2d 873, 874 n.1 (Ct. App. 1992). Nothing

in the rule prohibits individual attorneys who work for an agency or firm from exercising their

individual discretion to repeatedly file Rule 10.2 notices naming a particular judge. In his

affidavit, the Pinal County Attorney denied that his office has a “blanket” policy of disqualifying

any one particular judge. In fact, none of the petitioners here moved to strike the same judge on

every occasion.6 Additionally, we find no evidence in the record before us that supports

respondents’ contention that petitioner Soos’s notices against Judge Figueroa were “based on race


       6
         The report of the Pinal County Superior Court administrator showed, for example, that
petitioner Beck filed a notice as to Judge O’Neil in eleven out of twelve cases or 91.67 percent of
the cases assigned between January 1 and May 2, 2003; Bergeron disqualified O’Neil in three out
of five cases or 60 percent of the cases assigned; Huggins disqualified O’Neil in four out of six
cases or 66.67 percent of the cases assigned; and the Gregan “agency” sought to remove O’Neil
in five out of seven cases or 71.43 percent. Petitioner Soos disqualified Judge Figueroa in five
out of six cases or 83.33 percent of the cases assigned during this period.

                                                 17
or filed in a blanket fashion” or that the use of the rule to remove Judge O’Neil was for the

purpose of interfering with his “reasonable case management practices, or to avoid the Judge’s

lawful (although possibly perceived as harsher) sentencing practices.” On the record before us,

respondents offer nothing more than speculation about petitioners’ motives for repeatedly striking

particular judges.

¶27            Nor are we persuaded by respondents’ argument that they possess inherent authority

to issue the orders in question. Although it may be true as a general proposition that trial courts

have inherent authority to enter orders that facilitate the orderly and efficient execution of their

jurisdiction, see Owen v. City Court, 123 Ariz. 267, 268, 599 P.2d 223, 224 (1979), and Fenton

v. Howard, 118 Ariz. 119, 121, 575 P.2d 318, 320 (1978), the supreme court has been given the

exclusive power to make rules relative to all procedural matters in any court. Ariz. Const. art.

VI, § 5(5); see also State v. Blazak, 105 Ariz. 216, 217, 462 P.2d 84, 85 (1969) (supreme court

has exclusive power to promulgate procedural rules); State v. Jackson, 184 Ariz. 296, 298, 908

P.2d 1081, 1083 (App. 1995) (same). Any court may exercise its inherent power to make and

amend rules governing its own local practice. But such rules cannot be inconsistent with the

supreme court’s rules and, in fact, cannot become effective until approved in writing by the

supreme court. Ariz. R. Crim. P. 36, 17 A.R.S.

¶28            In City Court of Tucson, the supreme court addressed this limitation on the

authority of local courts in the very context presented by the case at hand. 150 Ariz. at 103, 722

P.2d at 271. As noted above, the court held that the chief magistrate of a city court lacked

authority under Rule 10.2 to require city prosecutors to avow that they had filed their notices in

good faith. Id. There, the court construed the magistrate’s order as an intrusion on the supreme


                                                18
court’s exclusive authority to make procedural rules for Arizona’s courts. Id. In so doing, it

emphasized that its rule-making authority “‘may not be supplemented or superseded’” by state

courts of more limited jurisdiction. Id., quoting Hare v. Superior Court, 133 Ariz. 540, 542, 652

P.2d 1387, 1389 (1982); see also Anderson v. Pickrell, 115 Ariz. 589, 566 P.2d 1335 (1977).

Although the magistrate had not suggested that her order constituted a local rule, the supreme

court concluded that “the order was in effect a local rule which was not approved by this court and

is of no force and effect.” Id.; see also Hare, 133 Ariz. at 542, 652 P.2d at 1389 (superior court

“policy” of rejecting plea agreements after a certain deadline was equivalent to local rule that must

be approved by supreme court); State v. Darelli, 404 Ariz. Adv. Rep. 9, ¶20 (Ct. App. July 22,

2003) (interpreting individual judge’s decision to reject last-minute plea negotiation as intrusion

on supreme court’s rule-making authority).

¶29            In short, a superior court may not use its inherent authority to “supplement” the

supreme court’s procedural rules with remedial orders of its own creation when, as here, those

orders frustrate the intent of a rule in question. Such orders are construed as local rules not

approved by the supreme court. Under City Court of Tucson, a court lacks inherent authority to

issue an order that either supersedes or supplements the explicit provisions of a supreme court

procedural rule unless it first adopts a local rule and receives approval of that rule from the

supreme court. Here, respondents have conditioned petitioners’ right to a change of judge under

Rule 10.2 on a procedure that, at minimum, would supplement the rule and, arguably, undermine




                                                 19
it altogether.7 In so doing, respondents have acted in excess of their authority. See Mitchell v.

Superior Court, 142 Ariz. 332, 335, 690 P.2d 51, 54 (1984) (superior court procedural order void

because it produced a result contrary to the rules promulgated by the supreme court).

¶30            Respondents also contend that the exercise of a peremptory strike of a judge is

analogous to the peremptory striking of a juror. Just as counsel may be compelled to establish

race- and gender-neutral reasons for having stricken a potential juror, see Batson, respondents

argue that counsel may be required to establish that they have not employed Rule 10.2 for an

improper purpose. See Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767, 115 S. Ct. 1769, 1770-71, 131

L. Ed. 2d 834, 839 (1995).

¶31            The respondent judges note that the supreme court drew the same analogy in its

comment to ER 8.4(g), but the analogy is of limited significance. The jury selection process

implicates constitutional rights of defendants and jurors, requiring a balancing and recognition of

both. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 87, 106 S. Ct. at 1718, 90 L. Ed. 2d at 81. Rule 10.2, however,

does not enforce a federal constitutional right. Rather, it articulates a procedural right created by

the supreme court. As a result, the supreme court must determine the process that must be

followed to exercise and enforce it. Thus, although Batson illustrates a procedure by which the

supreme court might choose to address abuses under Rule 10.2, that case has nothing to say on



       7
        Other courts have reached similar conclusions and precluded judicial inquiry into the
reasons underlying counsel’s peremptory change of judge. See, e.g., Solberg v. Superior Court,
561 P.2d 1148, 1158 (Cal. 1977) (permitting such judicial inquiry “would rewrite the statute in
the guise of construing it, would introduce procedural complications resulting in delay, and would
contravene the fundamental policies” underlying the change-of-judge statute); Bower v. Morden,
880 P.2d 245, 249 (Idaho 1994) (“There is no discretionary act involved in ruling upon a motion
under [change-of-judge rule] because any motion brought in conformity with the rule must be
granted as a matter of right.”).

                                                 20
the pivotal legal question here: whether superior courts possess the authority to graft their own

procedural overlay on a rule of criminal procedure promulgated and recently amended by the

Arizona Supreme Court.

¶32               Nothing in the comment to ER 8.4(g) of the Rules of Professional Conduct suggests

that the supreme court considered the propriety of using the Batson methodology to address

potential abuses of Rule 10.2. In referring to the peremptory striking of a juror in the comment

to ER 8.4(g), the supreme court simply acknowledged that both situations offer a potential for

abuse.       Indeed, as the 2001 amendments to Rule 10.2(b) demonstrate, the supreme court

specifically chose a different procedural mechanism from that employed in Batson and its progeny

to address its concerns about abuse. 8

¶33               Finally, the well-crafted and thoughtful dissent merits some response. The dissent

concludes that a trial judge has inherent authority to “inquire into a possible violation of Rule

10.2, either real or perceived, when that judge has determined there is cause to do so” and may



         8
        People ex rel. Baricevic v. Wharton, 556 N.E.2d 253 (Ill. 1990), cited by the dissent,
provides us little guidance in evaluating our Rule 10.2. First, the Illinois provision for a change
of judge arose from statute, whereas Arizona’s provision arises from a supreme court procedural
rule. 38 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/114-5. Second, the Illinois statute permitted a change of judge
exclusively “on the ground that such judge is prejudiced” against a party, Wharton, 556 N.E.2d
at 255, quoting 38 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/114-5(c), while Arizona’s rule contains no such limitation.
Finally, the Illinois statute contained no explicit provision to remedy potential abuse, but our
supreme court has amended Arizona’s rule to include such a provision.

       Even if we were to overlook the dissimilarities between the Illinois statute addressed in
Wharton and Arizona’s procedural rule, Wharton could not be compelling authority here because
we must be guided first by the conclusions of the Arizona Supreme Court. Our supreme court
addressed the same separation-of-powers problem presented in Wharton in the context of our own
Rule 10.2. City Court of Tucson, 150 Ariz. at 102-03, 722 P.2d at 270-71. As discussed above,
our supreme court came to a different conclusion and barred the trial court from providing its own
remedy for perceived abuse of the rule. Id. at 103, 722 P.2d at 271.

                                                  21
“investigat[e] a prima facie violation of the rule by requesting an explanation from counsel.” That

conclusion, however, poses more questions than it answers. On what basis, and using what

factors, is a trial judge to “determine[] there is cause” for such inquiry? And what constitutes a

“prima facie violation” that supposedly triggers the judge’s prerogative to “investigate” and

demand an explanation from counsel? What would be the appropriate nature and scope of the

inquiry?

¶34            As the dissent correctly notes, a statute’s use of the word “shall” may be deemed

directory rather than mandatory when the context and underlying purpose support that

construction. See Way v. State, 205 Ariz. 149, ¶10, 67 P.3d 1232, ¶10 (App. 2003). But here,

as explained above, the history and purpose of Rule 10.2, and our supreme court’s consistent

interpretation of the rule before and after the 2001 amendments, demonstrate that the language of

Rule 10.2(d) is mandatory.

¶35            The dissent further suggests that Rule 10.2(b) is “relegated to an empty and

ineffectual exercise” unless trial judges may question attorneys about their reasons for exercising

their right to a change of judge. But that assumes attorneys will not honestly execute the avowals

now required under Rule 10.2(b) and that judges will be unable or unwilling to report abuses of

the rule to the State Bar, as the comments to the 2001 amendments to Rule 10.2 and ER 8.4(g)

contemplate. We cannot accept those assumptions. See Solberg v. Superior Court, 561 P.2d

1148, 1157-58 (Cal. 1977) (refusing to assume that “substantial numbers of members of the bar

are so neglectful of their personal and professional honor that they repeatedly perjure themselves

merely to gain an uncertain advantage in litigation” by making false statements under oath in

support of change-of-judge motions); Canon 3D(2), Ariz. Code of Judicial Conduct, Ariz. R. Sup.


                                                22
Ct. 81, 17A A.R.S. (“A judge who receives information indicating a substantial likelihood that

a lawyer has committed a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct should take appropriate

action,” and a judge “having knowledge that a lawyer has committed a violation of [those rules]

that raises a substantial question as to the lawyer’s honesty [or] trustworthiness . . . shall inform

the appropriate authority.”).

¶36            Although respondents may not view the avowal requirement coupled with the State

Bar enforcement mechanism as a perfect or adequate remedy for alleged violations of Rule

10.2(b), it is the remedy our supreme court has chosen. Nothing in this record suggests that

mechanism is ineffective, unworkable, or somehow “insulates the rule’s continued misuse,” as the

dissent argues.9 We can reasonably assume that, in interpreting the 2001 amendments to Rule

10.2, the supreme court placed some measure of confidence in both the integrity of this state’s trial

lawyers (to submit honest avowals) and the vigilance of its trial courts (to refer the rare violator

to the State Bar for potential discipline). And, contrary to the dissent’s assertion, neither the rule

nor this opinion confers “immunity” on attorneys whose avowals under Rule 10.2(b) are false or

who otherwise violate the rule.

¶37            In addressing the purpose of the 2001 amendments, the dissent quotes the comments

of the Maricopa County judges who sought to abolish Rule 10.2 altogether. Thereby, the dissent

usefully highlights some of the perceived drawbacks of the rule. As previously noted, however,

the board of governors of the State Bar of Arizona countered the Maricopa County judges with


       9
         We question how respondents’ proposed remedy for abuse improves upon the avowal
requirement explicitly provided by the rule. Those attorneys who have submitted a truthful avowal
pursuant to Rule 10.2(c) have committed no violation of the rule. Those few attorneys who would
submit an untruthful avowal are not likely to demonstrate any greater honesty in the face of a
judicial inquiry.

                                                 23
arguments in favor of the rule. It is not our domain to render any judgment on the merits of these

positions, and we do not do so here. In 2001, our supreme court considered those arguments and,

in response thereto, provided the remedial structure found in Rule 10.2(b) and the comment to its

amendments. We merely hold, as we must, that the courts of Arizona are bound by that

conclusion. See Blazak; Jackson.

                                         CONCLUSION

¶38            By refusing to honor petitioners’ exercise of their clients’ rights to peremptorily

remove a judge and to immediately reassign the case to another judge, respondent Judge O’Neil

“failed to . . . perform a duty required by law as to which he has no discretion” or “proceeded

. . . without or in excess of jurisdiction or legal authority.” Ariz. R. P. Special Actions 3(a) and

(b). Similarly, by accepting the referral of these matters from Judge O’Neil, conducting the

May 1 hearing, and proposing to conduct another hearing to inquire of petitioners the reasons for

their use of Rule 10.2, Judge Campbell also “failed to . . . perform a duty required by law as to

which he has no discretion” or “proceeded or is threatening to proceed without or in excess of

jurisdiction or legal authority.” Ariz. R. P. Special Actions 3(a) and (b). Consequently, we grant

special action relief and vacate the respondent judges’ orders.




                                                 _______________________________________
                                                 PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Judge

CONCURRING:



_______________________________________
JOHN PELANDER, Presiding Judge

                                                24
25
E S P I N O S A, Chief Judge, dissenting.


¶39            While I agree our special action jurisdiction is properly invoked in this consolidated

case, I respectfully disagree that it merits granting relief. The majority goes to some length to

justify a severely restrictive view of a trial court’s possible involvement in the remedial mechanism

added to Rule 10.2 by our supreme court, but I do not believe the strictures of the rule and the

intent of our supreme court are as ironclad in this regard as today’s opinion propounds.

Moreover, the court’s ruling is premature and goes further than needed to decide the controversy

at hand. The issue here is simply whether a judge of this state can inquire into a possible violation

of Rule 10.2, either real or perceived, when that judge has determined there is cause to do so.

Questions posed by the majority about the nature and scope of the inquiry, as well as what

standards would be employed, while not unimportant, are not presented here, given the truncated

procedural posture of the case and meager record before us. Such issues might well have arisen

in due course and a more complete record been established had this court not chosen to intervene.

Thus, the majority’s observation that “we find no evidence” to support the respondent judges’

“speculation about petitioners’ motives” is a consequence of its own action in staying, and now

vacating, the hearing ordered for that specific purpose.

¶40            At the outset, I have difficulty accepting the majority’s threshold premise that

nothing in Rule 10.2 “permit[s] a judge to question counsel about the veracity of his or her

avowal.” In fact, nothing in the rule precludes a judge from doing that very thing. Perhaps, as

the majority argues, that was true under the old rule and pre-amendment cases cited in support of

the majority’s position, e.g., City Court of Tucson; Neil; Fiveash; Shahan; Anonymous, all

presumably arising in an era predating reports of widespread abuses of the rule. However, the

                                                 26
supreme court’s addition of specific qualifiers to this long-established rule significantly modifies

and narrows the previously unfettered right to peremptorily remove a judge from a case, clearly

demonstrates the court’s grave concern with abuses of the rule, and suggests, in my view, just the

opposite of the majority’s conclusion.

¶41            As a general rule, judges are exhorted to play an active role in addressing any

unprofessional conduct by lawyers appearing before them. Indeed, Canon 1A of the Arizona

Code of Judicial Conduct, Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 81, 17A A.R.S., directs that judges “shall uphold the

integrity and independence of the judiciary” and “should participate in establishing, maintaining

and enforcing high standards of conduct.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, judges themselves have a

duty and the authority to directly address perceived misconduct that affects or that may affect the

proceedings before them. See Owen (certain powers essential to dignity and operation of court

are implicit, even though they “may not be catalogued in the constitution or statute”); see also

Hmielewski v. Maricopa County, 192 Ariz. 1, 960 P.2d 47 (App. 1997) (trial courts have inherent

power to sanction bad faith conduct during litigation, independent of rules of procedure); cf.

Greenlee County Justice Court (absent any evidence that use of peremptory challenges was attempt

to threaten independence and integrity of particular judge, no abuse of rule found).

¶42            Neither the rule’s language that “the presiding judge shall immediately reassign the

action” nor the reference in the rule’s comment to potential state bar discipline for violators, by

their terms, diminish a trial court’s inherent authority to ensure the integrity of its judicial

proceedings and, if necessary, to determine bad faith by a litigant. For one thing, it is unknown

whether this matter would have been “immediately reassign[ed]” as a result of, or even despite,

the hearing that this court has precluded. Moreover, it is well established that the use of the word


                                                27
“shall” is not always an absolute mandate but may be merely directive, depending on the intent

underlying an enactment and “the effect and consequences of alternative construction.” Way, 205

Ariz. 149, ¶10, 67 P.3d 1232, ¶10. Those consequences are highly instructive here.

¶43            Under the majority’s holding that a court may never question a Rule 10.2 avowal

notwithstanding any compelling impetus to do so, the enactment of the 2001 amendments to the

rule is thereby relegated to an empty and ineffectual exercise. The majority takes issue with this

observation, asserting that it “assumes attorneys will not honestly execute the avowals,” but that

is far from the case.     There can be little doubt the great majority of Arizona’s criminal

practitioners, both prosecution and defense, regularly and routinely observe high ethical standards,

particularly in making personal avowals to courts before which they appear. The amendments to

Rule 10.2, however, were enacted in response to a presumably small but significant minority of

lawyers who have abused the rule and continue to do so. As recently as October 2002, the

supreme court reiterated its concern, “based upon the data already gathered, that Rule 10.2 notices

are still being used for improper purposes.” Ariz. Sup. Ct. Order No. R-00-0025 (Oct. 7, 2002).

For that minority, today’s decision ensures that an avowal under the rule remains little more than

a pro forma procedure.

¶44            The majority also argues that this conclusion suggests lack of confidence in “the

vigilance of [our] trial courts” but, again, that argument misses the mark. The reality is that, for

practical purposes, trial courts’ hands are tied. A court that is directly affected in its case

management and dignity by repeated notices is well situated to question, and if necessary, make

a determination of, the underlying motivation for the notices. But if it cannot, under appropriate

circumstances, even inquire into the general basis for a litigant’s repeated utilization of the rule,


                                                 28
how can the court ever reasonably and ethically refer a suspected violator to the state bar? Under

Canon 3D(2), Arizona Code of Judicial Conduct, a judge should report misconduct when he or

she has knowledge that a lawyer has committed a violation raising a substantial question about that

lawyer’s honesty or fitness. Contrast that provision with the more general directive in Canon

3D(2) that a judge with information indicating a “substantial likelihood” that a lawyer has violated

the rules of professional conduct “should take appropriate action.” See also ER 8.3, Ariz. R.

Prof’l Conduct, Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 42, 17A A.R.S. The majority’s position is inconsistent with

these long-established guidelines.

¶45            Furthermore, if an affected court can take no direct action to ensure that a litigant’s

motives for routinely invoking the rule do not run afoul of its express prohibitions, who, then, can

or will? And what purpose could be served or incentive exist for the judge, or anyone else, to file

a formal bar complaint, even if it were appropriate to do so on mere suspicion, in a remote forum

not well suited for resolving such questions and in a time frame that likely would have no bearing

on the litigation? It is notable that research reveals no state bar disciplinary cases whatsoever

arising from ER 8.4(g), Ariz. R. Prof’l Conduct, the exclusive remedy cited by the majority,

despite the supreme court’s observation that abuses have nevertheless continued well after that

provision’s enactment. It is also significant that, while the court’s comment provides that a

violator “may” face bar discipline, Rule 10.2 cmt., Ariz. R. Crim. P., the court did not say or

suggest that that is the only possible consequence or avenue, although it easily could have done

so. As Justice Feldman noted in Leavy v. Parsell, 188 Ariz. 69, 73-74, 932 P.2d 1340, 1344-45

(1997):

              [C]ertainly our courts can recognize and take action when
              unprofessional conduct occurs in the course of litigation. Judges

                                              29
              need not and should not permit unseemly conduct simply
              because it may not go far enough to warrant imposition of
              disciplinary sanctions. To be silent in the face of unprofessional
              conduct is ultimately to encourage it. It is our experience that
              judges get what they demand from lawyers, and our courts have
              an obligation to demand and thus promote proper conduct by the
              bar. This court has been disturbed by a growing trend in
              unprofessional conduct in and out of the courtroom.

¶46            That judges on occasion question and put to the test the avowals of counsel during

the course of litigation is neither radical nor novel. And courts routinely conduct hearings on all

manner of things related to the cases at bar, even when the rules of procedure do not expressly

provide for such. A good example is the Batson doctrine, to which I believe Judge Campbell aptly

analogized. Once the Supreme Court clarified that, although peremptory strikes can be exercised

for any reason, they cannot be used for a prohibited one, it became incumbent on courts to conduct

limited inquiries into lawyers’ motivations for exercising such strikes if it was suspected the strikes

were based on an illegitimate ground. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 95, 106 S. Ct. at 1722, 90 L. Ed.

2d at 86-87, quoting Alexander v. Louisiana, 405 U.S. 625, 630, 92 S. Ct. 1221, 1225, 31 L. Ed.

2d 536, 541-42 (1972) (“When circumstances suggest the need, the trial court must undertake a

‘factual inquiry’ that ‘takes into account all possible explanatory factors’ in the particular case.”).

¶47            Notwithstanding the majority’s view, I do not find the situation here far removed

from the Batson scenario. Indeed, another court has readily made that connection. See People

ex rel. Baricevic v. Wharton, 556 N.E.2d 253, 259 (Ill. 1990) (state’s right to peremptory

substitution of judge similar to its right to peremptorily challenge venirepersons—in both

instances, basis for removal generally not subject to judicial scrutiny unless “it appears that such

motions are being used to thwart the [court’s] independent assignment authority”). Once our



                                                  30
supreme court made clear that certain bases for invoking Rule 10.2 are prohibited, trial courts’

authority to, in appropriate circumstances, “look behind” a peremptory strike of a judge became

manifest, even though not specified by any rule of court or state statute. Were this not the case,

it is doubtful that any violation of the rule could ever be established, particularly on grounds

related to race, gender, or religious affiliation. See In re Rule 10.2, R. No. 00-0025, Petition to

Amend Rule 10.2, filed on behalf of the Arizona Judicial Council (Dec. 14, 2000) (alleged abuse

of the rule may be “difficult, if not impossible, to prove . . . in a Bar disciplinary proceeding”).

Yet, as Arizona’s courts continue to grow in racial, ethnic, and gender diversity, this becomes an

increasing concern and another reason why this court today takes a wrong turn.                   An

unquestionable peremptory judicial challenge “provide[s] a barrier-free bypass for litigants with

. . . race-based suspicions. With the small proportion of judges of color in most jurisdictions,

attorneys can safely predict that a minority judge who is challenged usually will be replaced by

a white judge.” Nancy J. King, Batson for the Bench?, 82 Judicature 74, 76 (Sept./Oct. 1998).

¶48            The majority also draws much support from the rule’s policy of avoiding

“embarrassment” or “antagonism” between court and counsel, but that is not a compelling basis

for the majority’s conclusions. Although it is clear that both the historical and continuing intent

of the rule is to permit a lawyer to strike a judge without explanation, see 10.2 cmt., Ariz. R.

Crim. P., this policy falls short of justifying the absolute rule espoused today. That salutary

design is only a means rather than “the very purpose of the rule,” as characterized by the majority,

and must be viewed in the context of the rule’s origins and true objective.

¶49            The right to disqualify a judge is grounded on the fundamental right to a fair trial

that includes “the right to have the trial presided over by a judge who is completely impartial and


                                                31
free of bias or prejudice.” Neil, 4 Ariz. App. at 112, 425 P.2d at 844; cf. Anonymous, 14 Ariz.

App. at 504, 484 P.2d at 657 (peremptory strike obviates “setting forth in detail the facts of bias,

prejudice or interests which may disqualify [a judge]”). But, as noted in the formal comments of

the Maricopa County judges who advocated greatly restricting if not abolishing Rule 10.2, it has

been widely used merely to “judge shop and to seek trial delay.” In re Rule 10.2, R. No. 00-0025

cmt. by Maricopa County Presiding Judge and Criminal Department Presiding Judge (filed March

8, 2001). Those judges concluded: “Rather than remove the occasional and rare abusive judge,

it is used as a tool to delay cases and . . . discipline judges.” Id. In a separate comment, the Pinal

County presiding judge noted that “[t]he rule in its original design was meant to handle that ‘rare

and unusual circumstance’ in which a party or an attorney might not want to bring with

particularity an issue between that judge and the attorney. However, that purpose was abandoned

long ago.” Thus, the true policy of the rule—ensuring a fair trial by an impartial judge—is not

aided by the immunity this court now confers, with only passing regard for our supreme court’s

clear concern about widespread abuses, its specific delineation of prohibited practices, and its

threatened abolition of the rule entirely.

¶50            Furthermore, while avoiding embarrassment and antagonism is surely desirable,

it is hardly a reason for insulating abuses of the rule or clearing the way for even a small minority

of attorneys or their clients who might utilize it to invidiously practice racial, religious, or gender

discrimination. Nor does it outweigh other important policies such as timely justice for crime

victims, efficient court administration, and conservation of judicial resources. Ill feelings may,

in any event, already exist to a significant degree when a lawyer or law firm repeatedly strikes the

same judge, not to mention the profound and long-lasting effect a formal bar complaint would have


                                                  32
on the professional relationship, particularly if the referral were based on mere unverified

suspicion, whether borne out at some point or not.

¶51            Finally, contrary to the majority’s position, the question here is not whether

superior courts can “supplement” Rule 10.2 with their own “procedural overlay,” or even whether

a court can routinely inquire into the validity of Rule 10.2 notices. The only issue presented is

whether a trial court is absolutely precluded from investigating a prima facie violation of the rule

by requesting an explanation from counsel. In this regard, it may be disingenuous of some of the

parties to suggest that, because they did not file Rule 10.2 notices one hundred percent of the time,

there was no cause for concern, a sentiment the majority embraces. However, the trial judges

involved here, highly experienced and fully familiar with the legal communities they serve,

scarcely acted casually or without substantial reason. Their suspicions were well grounded on an

inordinate number of strikes by most, if not all, of the parties involved, whether or not properly

characterized as “blanket challenges” and, contrary to the implication of today’s decision, their

assessments are worthy of some credibility if not deference. In any event, the majority’s reliance

on the prohibition against a court’s enacting its own “local rules” is not well founded. City Court

of Tucson involved a broad order issued by a chief magistrate directing that all Rule 10.2 notices

in all cases filed by the prosecutor’s office would henceforth bear an avowal of good faith, not

unlike the added requirement of the 2001 amendment. No such action is at issue here. Judge

Campbell’s order merely directed specific individuals suspected of abusing the rule in specific

cases to appear and explain their conduct.

¶52            What is also not at issue is the nature of the inquiry and at what point a judge’s

ability to investigate a potential or perceived violation of the rule may end, since, in their haste


                                                 33
to conduct a preemptive strike, the parties have avoided any type of substantive hearing at all.

Although the contested order contains broad language, it is certainly possible that the parties, all

experienced criminal attorneys, could have readily satisfied Judge Campbell’s inquiry without

delving into any privileged information or causing any of the “embarrassment” the rule was

designed to avoid. But we will now likely never know. Instead, the majority chooses to set an

unnecessary and unwarranted precedent that emasculates any ability of judges to call into question

any use of Rule 10.2 regardless of how questionable, that neutralizes the express prohibitions

added by the supreme court, and that insulates the rule’s continued misuse.

¶53            On this record, such as it is, I would uphold the orders below.




                                                 PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Chief Judge




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