                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                                   May 24, 2011
                                    PUBLISH                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                TENTH CIRCUIT


 IN RE: MOTOR FUEL
 TEMPERATURE SALES                                 Nos. 10-3086, 10-3101
 PRACTICES LITIGATION.


         APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS
                  (D. Ct. No. 07-MD-01840-KHV-JPO)


Tristan L. Duncan (Manuel Lopez, Kevin R. Corlew, and Sarah Lynn Baltzell,
Shook, Hardy & Bacon, L.L.P., Kansas City, Missouri, Alphonse Alfano and
Robert Bassman, Bassman, Mitchell & Alfano Chartered, Washington, D.C.,
Joseph M. Weiler, Alderson, Alderson, Weiler, Conklin, Burghart, & Crow, LLC,
Topeka, Kansas, Rusty Rinehart, Rinehart Law Offices, Campbell, California,
John F. O’Connor, Steptoe & Johnson, LLP, Washington, D.C., with counsel on
the briefs), Shook, Hardy & Bacon, L.L.P., Kansas City, Missouri, for Appellants.

Elizabeth G. Taylor (Robert A. Horn and Joseph A. Kronawitter, Horn Aylward &
Bandy, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri, with counsel on the briefs), Zuckerman
Spaeder LLP, Washington, D.C., for appellees.


Before KELLY and MURPHY, Circuit Judges, and TACHA, Senior Circuit
Judge.


TACHA, Senior Circuit Judge.


      The appellants, who include the defendant motor fuel retailers

(“defendants” or “retailers”) and non-party, retail motor fuel trade associations

(“non-party trade associations” or “trade associations”) to which the retailers
belong, seek reversal of the district court’s discovery order directing them to

disclose information that they claim is privileged under the First Amendment. To

achieve this end, the appellants filed both an interlocutory appeal and a petition

for a writ of mandamus in this court. We DISMISS the interlocutory appeal for

lack of appellate jurisdiction, and we DENY the mandamus petition.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      The plaintiffs filed twelve putative class actions in seven federal district

courts against the defendant retailers. The plaintiffs seek damages and injunctive

relief based on the retailers’ maintenance of a volumetric pricing system for retail

motor fuel that does not account for expansion of the fuel’s volume due to

temperature increases. The plaintiffs allege that when the temperature of motor

fuel increases, its volume expands but its energy content remains the same.

Furthermore, the plaintiffs contend that pricing mechanisms for motor fuel sales

account for temperature variations at all levels of the distribution chain except at

the retail level. Accordingly, the plaintiffs charge the retailers with conspiring to

defraud American consumers by purchasing motor fuel at wholesale under a

pricing system that compensates for temperature variations, and then selling that

fuel, after its volume has expanded and without disclosing that fact, to consumers

according to a pricing system that does not account for temperature variations. In

response to the plaintiffs’ consolidated complaint, the retailers alleged, among

other things, that it would be illegal, impractical, and impossible to account for

                                         -2-
temperature variations in retail motor fuel sales.

      In 2007, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation consolidated and

transferred the plaintiffs’ lawsuits to the District of Kansas for discovery and

other pre-trial proceedings. The plaintiffs then served interrogatories and

document requests on the retailers, seeking information relating to their

communications with retail motor fuel trade associations, weights and measures

organizations, government agencies, and each other regarding automatic

temperature compensation (“ATC”). 1 The retailers opposed these discovery

requests on the grounds that disclosure of such information would infringe on the

their First Amendment rights to freely associate in order to pursue political,

social, and economic ends and to petition the government. The plaintiffs then

filed a motion to compel.

      Shortly thereafter, the plaintiffs served subpoenas on the non-party retail

motor fuel trade associations seeking information relating to their

communications with the retailers, government entities, and other trade

associations regarding the implementation of ATC in the United States. A

number of the retailers, who are members of these non-party trade associations,

filed a motion to quash the subpoenas. The retailers argued, among other things,

that the disclosure of such information would infringe on the retailers’ and the


      1
        ATC generally refers to technology that enables retail fuel pumps automatically to
adjust the price of the fuel based on the fuel’s temperature.

                                           -3-
trade associations’ First Amendment associational rights. The non-party trade

associations filed motions stating that they joined in the retailers’ motion to

quash, but they did not formally seek to intervene in the lawsuit.

      In subsequent briefing on both the motion to compel and the motion to

quash, as well as during a hearing before the magistrate judge, the retailers argued

for a “presumed privilege” not to disclose internal and inter-group

communications regarding ATC, which the retailers characterized as strategic

lobbying materials. In the alternative, the retailers argued that (1) they could

demonstrate a reasonable probability that disclosure of that information would

chill their First Amendment associational rights sufficient to establish a prima

facie claim of privilege; and (2) the plaintiffs had not met their resultant burden

to demonstrate a compelling need for the information that outweighed the

retailers’ and trade associations’ interests in keeping the information private.

      Holly Alfano, vice president of government affairs for the National

Association of Truckstop Operators (“NATSO”), 2 provided an unsworn statement

to the court in support of the retailers’ privilege claim. Ms. Alfano gave her

opinion regarding the temporal and economic costs of complying with the

discovery requests; stated that she believed it would be unfair for NATSO to have

to disclose its past research, strategy, and deliberative processes regarding ATC

to its opponents in the ATC debate; and described what she thought the effects of

      2
          NATSO is one of the non-party trade associations served with a subpoena.

                                            -4-
a disclosure order would be. In relevant part, she stated:

      You know, why should they [the plaintiffs] have everything we’ve
      done, all of our internal research, all of our private conversations
      with our members trying to understand this issue, you know, because
      they think maybe there’s something there, you know, that’s not, it’s
      nonexistent. . . .

      So I just—I think it’s very unfair for us to turn over all of our work
      and all of our strategy on this issue which is ongoing.

      ...

      So if I have to plan my . . . testimony at [weights and measures] hearings,
      because they’re open hearings, where they get people—they invite
      interested parties to come up and speak, I’m very reluctant to call any of
      my members and ask them questions knowing that it’s information that I
      have to provide to my adversaries. . . .

      I just don’t think I would be able to do it and I won’t be able to effectively
      represent the interests of my members. So that’s a huge burden. And I
      kind of feel like this is an effort really to shut down our . . . lobbying
      efforts. . . .

      You know, we have a right to gather those facts and present them in the
      best way we can. We’re going to have a hard time doing that if . . . every
      time I want to call a member . . . I’d have to say . . . if you tell me anything
      and I make a note of it, I’ve got to disclose it. I don’t think I’m going to
      get a lot of help from them. So that’s our big problem with this.

The retailers did not otherwise produce evidence to support their claim of

privilege.

      The magistrate determined that many of the communications at issue were

privileged under the First Amendment and that the plaintiffs had not met their




                                         -5-
burden to overcome the privilege. 3 See generally In re Motor Fuel Temperature

Sales Practices Litig., 258 F.R.D. 407 (D. Kan. 2009). On both the plaintiffs’ and

the defendants’ motion for review, however, the district court found entirely in

favor of the plaintiffs. See In re Motor Fuel Temperature Sales Practices Litig.,

707 F. Supp. 2d 1145 (D. Kan. 2010). In doing so, the district court concluded

that none of the requested information was entitled to a presumption of privilege

under the First Amendment and that the retailers must instead make a prima facie

showing that the privilege applies. See id. at 1155, 1158–59, 1163–64. The court

went on to hold that the retailers failed to meet that burden because they had not

presented evidence sufficient to demonstrate a reasonable probability that

disclosure of any of the information would chill their associational rights. 4 Id. at

1160, 1164.

       The retailers then filed a motion to reconsider, arguing primarily that: (1)

the requested information is presumptively privileged; (2) to the extent a



       3
         It is unclear whether the magistrate applied a presumption of privilege to any or
all of the requested information. In addition, we note that the magistrate determined that
the First Amendment did not apply to information shared among the trade associations.
Because the district court issued its own opinion without adopting the magistrate’s
analysis, however, it is not necessary at this point to relate in detail the magistrate’s
memorandum and order.
       4
        In the alternative, the district court held that even if the retailers had met their
burden with respect to the discovery requests seeking internal trade association
communications, the plaintiffs demonstrated a need for the information that outweighed
the retailers’ First Amendment interests in non-disclosure. In re Motor Fuel
Temperature, 707 F. Supp. 2d at 1163.

                                             -6-
presumption is inapplicable, the retailers satisfied their burden to make a prima

facie showing that disclosure of the information would arguably chill their

associational rights; and (3) the retailers should be permitted to supplement the

record with additional evidence of a chilling effect. The retailers also moved for

an emergency stay of the district court’s order. The district court denied both the

motion to reconsider and the motion for an emergency stay, reiterating its holding

that the retailers had failed to meet their prima facie burden and declining the

retailers’ request to supplement the record. In re Motor Fuel Temperature, 707 F.

Supp. 2d at 1166–69.

       The retailers and the non-party trade associations then filed an interlocutory

appeal, a petition for a writ of mandamus, and a request for an emergency stay of

the district court’s order in this court. The plaintiffs seek dismissal of the

interlocutory appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction, and they oppose the

mandamus petition and the request for an emergency stay. We consolidated the

interlocutory appeal and the mandamus petition and temporarily stayed the

district court’s order pending our resolution of those matters.

                                   II. DISCUSSION

A.     The First Amendment Privilege: Right of Association 5

       5
        We note that, at times, the appellants appear to frame the right at issue as one
involving the right to petition the government. The essence of the appellants’ briefing
below and to this court, however, is that disclosure of the information would chill their
right of association. Moreover, the appellants fail to make any clear argument
distinguishing the right to petition the government and the right of association that would

                                            -7-
       Before reaching the interlocutory appeal and mandamus petition, we begin

by setting forth the contours of the First Amendment privilege and how it is

implicated in the case before us. The Supreme Court has long “acknowledged the

importance of freedom of association in guaranteeing the right of people to make

their voices heard on public issues.” Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of

Berkeley, 454 U.S. 290, 295 (1981). Indeed, the right of association guaranteed

by the First Amendment is premised in part on the notion that some ideas will

only be expressed through collective efforts. See id. at 294 (“[B]y collective

effort individuals can make their views known, when, individually, their voices

would be faint or lost.”). Moreover, because some collective efforts to express

ideas will only be undertaken if they can be undertaken in private, see NAACP v.

Alabama, 357 U.S. 449, 462 (1958) (“Inviolability of privacy in group association

may in many circumstances be indispensable to preservation of freedom of

association, particularly where a group espouses dissident beliefs.”), the Supreme

Court has recognized a privilege, grounded in the First Amendment right of

association, not to disclose certain associational information when disclosure may

impede future collective expression. Id. (“It is hardly a novel perception that

compelled disclosure of affiliation with groups engaged in advocacy may

constitute a[n] effective [] restraint on freedom of association.”). In other words,



permit us to analyze their claims as derivative of the right to petition the government.
Accordingly, this opinion refers only to the appellants’ right of association.

                                            -8-
the First Amendment privilege generally guarantees the right to maintain private

associations when, without that privacy, there is a chance that there may be no

association and, consequently, no expression of the ideas that association helps to

foster.

          The seminal case addressing the First Amendment privilege is the Supreme

Court’s decision in NAACP v. Alabama. There, the state of Alabama brought suit

in state court to enjoin the NAACP from doing any business in the state based on

its alleged noncompliance with the state’s foreign corporation qualification

statute. Id. at 451. To support its claim that the NAACP was conducting

intrastate business in Alabama, the state moved for—and the state court

ordered—the production of the NAACP’s membership lists. Id. at 453–54. The

NAACP did not comply with the order and was held in contempt. Id. at 454. The

United States Supreme Court reversed the contempt judgment. Id. at 467. The

Court first acknowledged that the “compelled disclosure of affiliation with groups

engaged in advocacy may constitute a[n] effective [] restraint on freedom of

association” because of “the vital relationship between freedom to associate and

privacy in one’s associations.” Id. at 462. The Court then recognized that the

NAACP had made “an uncontroverted showing that on past occasions revelation

of the identity of its rank-and file members [] exposed these members to

economic reprisal, loss of employment, threat of physical coercion, and other

manifestations of public hostility.” Id. Accordingly, the Court concluded that,

                                          -9-
under the circumstances, compelled disclosure would “chill” or “affect adversely

the ability of [the NAACP] and its members to pursue their collective effort to

foster beliefs which they admittedly have the right to advocate” by “induc[ing]

members to withdraw . . . and dissuading others from joining [] because of fear of

exposure of their beliefs shown through their associations and of the

consequences of exposure.” Id. at 462–63. The Court did not find a compelling

state interest which would justify the intrusion on the right. Id. at 466; see also

Gibson v. Fla. Legis. Investigation Comm., 372 U.S. 539–43 (1963) (Florida state

legislature’s investigation into criminal activity and communism; the legislature

sought by subpoena to obtain the entire membership list of the Miami branch of

the NAACP, which the records custodian disobeyed and was then held in

contempt and sentenced to imprisonment by state court).

      The Supreme Court has not limited the First Amendment privilege to

membership lists. In DeGregory v. Atty. Gen. of New Hampshire, 383 U.S. 825

(1966), for example, the Supreme Court considered the right of a private

individual to refuse to answer questions from New Hampshire’s attorney general

regarding the individual’s affiliation with communist groups. In that case, the

attorney general was investigating—pursuant to his authority under a state

statute—the individual’s interest in the overthrow of the United States or in other

subversive acts. See Maynard v. DeGregory, 209 A.2d 712, 713–14 (N.H. 1965).

The individual refused to answer the questions and was held in contempt in state

                                         - 10 -
court. See id. at 714–15. The Supreme Court reversed. See 383 U.S. at 830. It

reasoned that governmental exposure of unpopular political views and

associations is objectionable and damaging, and that it is indefensible under the

First Amendment absent an overriding and compelling state interest, which had

not been demonstrated in the circumstances. See id. at 829–30.

      The Supreme Court similarly faced an assertion of First Amendment

associational rights in Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976). Candidates for

federal office and political groups challenged provisions of the Federal Election

Campaign Act of 1974 and portions of the Internal Revenue Code which

established caps and reporting requirements on federal campaign contributions.

424 U.S. at 6–7. The Court recognized that the caps and reporting requirements

impinged on the freedom of association under the First Amendment and went on

to consider whether the federal government had an appropriately compelling

justification for imposing the laws. See id. at 24–25, 35–36, 44–45, 57–58,

64–65. Other cases raising the constitutionality of statutes in light of the First

Amendment associational right include NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 434–38

(1963) (Virginia law criminalizing the act of giving advice to a person that his

rights may have been violated and referring him to an attorney for help); Shelton

v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479, 480–84 (1960) (Arkansas law requiring public school

teachers to submit affidavits listing the names of all organizations to which they

belonged as a prerequisite to employment); and Bates v. City of Little Rock, 361

                                         - 11 -
U.S. 516, 518 (1960) (city ordinance requiring any organization to supply its

membership and contributor list to the city upon request and requiring that the

lists be made public).

       Although the First Amendment privilege has now been applied by various

courts in varying contexts, no court has directly considered its application to a

case like ours, where a court compels disclosure of trade groups’ and their

members’ strategic pre-lobbying communications in a lawsuit between private

parties. In NAACP v. Alabama, however, the Court made it clear that the First

Amendment privilege applies “whether the beliefs sought to be advanced by

association pertain to political, economic, religious, or cultural matters.” 357

U.S. at 461 (emphasis added). Moreover, in Grandbouche v. Clancy, we

expressly held that the First Amendment privilege applies to discovery orders

issued in litigation involving only private parties. 852 F.2d 1463, 1466 (10th Cir.

1987). 6 Thus, we conclude that the First Amendment privilege applies to the


       6
        The Ninth Circuit faced a similar situation in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, 591 F.3d
1126 (9th Cir. 2009). Two same-sex couples filed suit challenging the constitutionality of
California’s Proposition 8, which provided that the state would only recognize marriage
between a man and a woman. Perry, 591 F.3d at 1131. The state attorney general
refused to defend in the suit. Id. at 1132. The court then permitted the official
proponents of Proposition 8 and the official Proposition 8 campaign committee, all of
whom were private parties, to intervene as defendants. Id. The plaintiffs served
discovery requests on the defendant-proponents seeking their campaign communications,
but the defendant-proponents objected on First Amendment grounds. Id. The Ninth
Circuit held that the defendant-proponents were entitled to assert a First Amendment
privilege and that the plaintiffs had to demonstrate a sufficiently justifiable interest in the
information that would outweigh the privilege. See id. at 1139–41.

                                            - 12 -
district court’s discovery order, which requires trade groups and their members to

disclose to a private party their communications regarding strategy for lobbying

against the implementation of ATC in the United States. Accordingly, we turn

now to the substance of the interlocutory appeal and mandamus petition.

B.    Jurisdiction Over the Interlocutory Appeal

      “Congress has the constitutional authority to define the jurisdiction of the

lower federal courts, and, once the lines are drawn, limits upon federal

jurisdiction must be neither disregarded nor evaded.” Keene Corp. v. United

States, 508 U.S. 200, 207 (1993) (internal citations, quotations, and alterations

omitted). Generally, Congress has afforded the courts of appeals jurisdiction to

review only “final decisions of the district courts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “A

decision is ‘final’ when it ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for

the court to do but execute the judgment.” S.E.C. v. Merrill Scott & Assocs., Ltd.,

600 F.3d 1262, 1270 (10th Cir. 2010) (quotations omitted).

      “Implicit in § 1291 is Congress’ judgment that the district judge has the

primary responsibility to police the prejudgment tactics of litigants, and that the

district judge can better exercise that responsibility if the appellate courts do not

repeatedly intervene to second-guess prejudgment rulings.” Richardson-Merrell,

Inc. v. Koller, 472 U.S. 424, 436 (1985). The final judgment rule also alleviates

the substantial burden that would be imposed on the courts of appeals by the

“fragmentary and piecemeal review of the district court’s myriad rulings in the

                                         - 13 -
course of a typical case.” Boughton v. Cotter Corp., 10 F.3d 746, 748 (10th Cir.

1993). Moreover, deferring appellate review until the district court has finally

resolved a case promotes efficient judicial administration by “reduc[ing] the

ability of litigants to harass opponents and to clog the courts through a succession

of costly and time-consuming appeals.” Flanagan v. United States, 465 U.S. 259,

264 (1984). With these interests in mind, we have long held that “[d]iscovery

orders entered during the course of litigation ordinarily are not ‘final’ under [§

1291].” Merrill Scott & Assocs., Ltd., 600 F.3d at 1270; see also Boughton, 10

F.3d at 748.

      The appellants contend that notwithstanding our general prohibition against

interlocutory appeals of discovery orders, we may exercise jurisdiction over their

interlocutory appeal pursuant to: (1) the collateral order/Cohen doctrine, see

Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 (1949); (2) the Perlman

doctrine, see Perlman v. United States, 247 U.S. 7 (1918); and (3) the pragmatic

finality doctrine.

      1.       The Collateral Order/Cohen Doctrine

      “[I]n Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 (1949), the

Supreme Court long ago held that, as a ‘practical’ matter, some interlocutory

orders can qualify as ‘final decisions’ within the meaning of § 1291 because,

while they don’t conclusively resolve the litigation, they do conclusively resolve

important questions separate from the merits.” United States v. Wampler, 624

                                         - 14 -
F.3d 1330, 1334 (10th Cir. 2010). This practical construction of the final

judgment rule, which has come to be known as the collateral order or Cohen

doctrine, permits interlocutory review of district court orders which “(1) finally

decide (2) an important question collateral to (or separate from) the merits of the

underlying proceeding, and (3) [are] ‘effectively unreviewable’ after final

judgment.” Id. “This circuit has repeatedly held that discovery orders are not

[generally] appealable under the Cohen doctrine.” Boughton, 10 F.3d at 749.

      Without addressing the first two Cohen requirements, we conclude that

discovery orders adverse to a claimed First Amendment privilege are not

immediately appealable under the Cohen doctrine because they are effectively

reviewable after final judgment and by other means. See Digital Equip. Corp. v.

Desktop Direct, Inc., 511 U.S. 863, 869 (1994) (“[T]he failure to meet the third

condition of the Cohen test . . . would in itself suffice to foreclose immediate

appeal under § 1291.”). When analyzing the third Cohen requirement, we do not

consider whether the circumstances of the particular case before us warrant our

immediate review; rather, we examine whether the entire category of rulings to

which the claim belongs can be adequately vindicated on review of a final

judgment or by other means. See Mohawk Indus., Inc. v. Carpenter, 130 S. Ct.

599, 605 (2009). “The crucial question . . . is whether deferring review until final

judgment so imperils [a substantial public interest] as to justify the cost of

allowing immediate appeal of the entire class of relevant orders.” Id. at 606.

                                         - 15 -
       Preservation of the right to associate privately in order to pursue common

objectives is undoubtedly a substantial public interest. The appellants argue that

immediate appeals of discovery orders adverse to a claimed First Amendment

privilege justify the resultant costs because once private information is disclosed,

“the violation of privacy . . . cannot be undone.” Moreover, the appellants

contend that deferring review of such orders until final judgment will deter

association and dampen full and frank communication within associations. 7 We

do not agree that these potential harms justify the costs of allowing immediate

collateral order review of all discovery orders adverse to a claimed First

Amendment privilege.

       While we readily acknowledge that no perfect remedy can be obtained once

a party discloses information which it has a right and a desire to keep private, the

absence of a perfect remedy does not justify a less-than-strict adherence to the

final judgment rule. Mohawk, 130 S. Ct. at 605 (“That a ruling may burden

litigants in ways that are only imperfectly reparable by appellate reversal of a

final district court judgment . . . has never sufficed.”). Indeed, in Mohawk, the

Supreme Court rejected an argument which is nearly identical to the one



       7
        We are not unsympathetic to the appellants’ additional arguments that the
possibility of a settlement or defense verdict at trial, in addition to the fact that the
privilege has been asserted in multidistrict litigation, further justifies review. We are
reminded, however, that the availability of an interlocutory appeal under Cohen turns not
on the facts of any specific case but rather to the class of claims as a whole. See Mohawk,
130 S. Ct. at 605.
                                           - 16 -
appellants now propound. There, a corporation sought immediate review of a

discovery order adverse to its claimed attorney-client privilege, 8 arguing that the

privilege “provides a ‘right not to disclose privileged information in the first

place,’” id. at 607, and that “the right to maintain attorney-client confidences . . .

is ‘irreparably destroyed absent immediate appeal’ of adverse privilege rulings.”

Id. at 606. The Supreme Court disagreed, stating that “[a]ppellate courts can

remedy the improper disclosure of privileged material in the same way they

remedy a host of other erroneous evidentiary rulings: by vacating an adverse

judgment and remanding for a new trial in which the protected material and its

fruits are excluded from evidence.” Id. at 606–07.

       Moreover, as was the case in Mohawk, there are several additional

alternatives to collateral order review of a discovery order that may adequately

remedy alleged violations of the First Amendment privilege. First, the district

court may certify an interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). See id. at

607. Second, parties claiming a privilege may, as the appellants in this case have,

seek a writ of mandamus. Id. Third, parties claiming a privilege may defy the



       8
        The fact that the privilege at issue here is derived from the First Amendment
rather than common law does not render Mohawk unpersuasive. Cf. United States v.
Wampler, 624 F.3d 1330, 1340 (10th Cir. 2010) (holding that criminal defendants could
not immediately appeal the denial of their motion to dismiss an indictment on First
Amendment grounds because “First Amendment defenses like those asserted here are
adequately safeguarded by review after any adverse final judgment.”) (quotations
omitted); see also Perry, 591 F.3d at 1135 (“The constitutional nature of the right is not
dispositive of the collateral order inquiry.”) .
                                           - 17 -
discovery order, incur court-imposed sanctions, and appeal from the sanctions.

See id. at 607–08. The availability of these alternatives counsels strongly against

permitting immediate collateral order review of all discovery orders adverse to a

claimed First Amendment privilege. See id. at 609 (“We expect that the

combination of standard postjudgment appeals, § 1292(b) appeals, mandamus, and

contempt appeals will continue to provide adequate protection to litigants ordered

to disclose materials purportedly subject to [a] privilege. Any further avenue for

immediate appeal of such rulings should be furnished, if at all, through

rulemaking, with the opportunity for full airing it provides.”).

      Finally, we are not persuaded by the appellants’ suggestion that the

inability immediately to appeal discovery orders adverse to a claimed First

Amendment privilege will discourage individuals and businesses from associating

to pursue common purposes and stifle full and frank communications among

members of associations. Indeed, we are skeptical that the availability of an

immediate appeal is a primary concern for an individual or business who is

considering associating with others to achieve a common purpose or considering

discussing a matter of importance with a fellow member of an association. And

we seriously doubt that such individuals or businesses will actually refrain from

associating or choose not to communicate with others in their associations simply

because they will not be permitted to immediately appeal a discovery order which

requires them to disclose allegedly privileged information. Cf. Mohawk, 130 S.

                                        - 18 -
Ct. at 607 (“[D]eferring review until final judgment does not meaningfully reduce

the ex ante incentives for full and frank consultations between clients and

counsel. . . . [because] in deciding how freely to speak, clients and counsel are

unlikely to focus on the remote prospect of an erroneous disclosure order, let

alone on the timing of a possible appeal.”).

       For these reasons, we conclude that discovery orders adverse to a claimed

First Amendment privilege are not immediately appealable under the collateral

order/Cohen doctrine. 9

       2.     The Perlman Doctrine

       Citing Perlman v. United States, 247 U.S. 7, 13 (1918), the non-party trade

associations seek to appeal the portion of the district court’s order compelling the

retailers to disclose documents. Specifically, the non-party trade associations

contend that some of the retailers have indicated a willingness to disclose

information in which the trade associations claim a privilege, and that the trade

associations will be powerless to protect their privileges if they are not permitted

an immediate appeal.

       In Perlman, the inventor of a device, Louis Perlman, testified on behalf of

his company in an infringement suit against Firestone Tire & Rubber Company.


       9
        We also point out that we have not previously permitted immediate appeals of
discovery orders adverse to a claimed First Amendment privilege under the Cohen
doctrine, and we repeat our recent admonition that “any request for expansion of the
Cohen doctrine should be directed to the [judiciary’s] rules committee, not this court.”
Wampler, 624 F.3d at 1338.
                                           - 19 -
247 U.S. at 8. As part of his testimony, Mr. Perlman submitted exhibits to the

court. Id. Mr. Perlman’s company ultimately sought to dismiss its suit without

prejudice, and the court granted the motion conditioned on the exhibits being

impounded in the custody of the court clerk. Id. at 8–9. Thereafter, the United

States initiated a grand jury proceeding against Mr. Perlman and sought the

exhibits from the court clerk in support of the criminal investigation. Id. at 9–10.

Mr. Perlman objected, but the court ordered the clerk to produce them. Id. at

10–11. On Mr. Perlman’s appeal to the Supreme Court, the United States argued

that the order was interlocutory and unreviewable. Id. at 12. The Supreme Court

disagreed, stating simply:

       The second contention of the government is somewhat strange, that
       is, that the order granted upon its solicitation was not final as to
       Perlman but interlocutory in a proceeding not yet brought and
       depending upon it to be brought. In other words, that Perlman was
       powerless to avert the mischief of the order but must accept its
       incidence and seek a remedy at some other time and in some other
       way. We are unable to concur.

Id. at 13.

       In the nearly one hundred years since Perlman, this court has applied the

so-called Perlman doctrine to permit, in some circumstances, the subject of a

criminal grand jury proceeding to appeal an order of the district court compelling

a witness to provide allegedly privileged testimony or produce allegedly

privileged documents in the grand jury proceeding, despite the fact that the

subject of the proceeding is not the party to whom the order is directed. See, e.g.,

                                        - 20 -
In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 616 F.3d 1172, 1179 (10th Cir. 2010); In re Grand

Jury Proceedings, 156 F.3d 1038, 1040 (10th Cir. 1998); In re Grand Jury

Proceedings, 144 F.3d 653, 657–58 (10th Cir. 1998); In re Grand Jury

Proceedings, 857 F.2d 710, 711–12 (10th Cir. 1988); In re Grand Jury

Proceedings, 723 F.2d 1461, 1464–66 (10th Cir. 1983). Because the subject of

the grand jury investigation will have no other opportunity to contest the order

(once the witness provides his testimony, an indictment may issue and the

defendant irretrievably loses the privilege he maintains in the testimony), we have

reasoned that Perlman provides for an immediate appeal based on the

impossibility of any other review. See, e.g., In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 723

F.3d at 1465; see also United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 691 (1974) (the

Perlman doctrine applies only in a “limited class of cases where denial of

immediate review would render impossible any review whatsoever of an

individual’s claims”) (emphasis added); Cobbledick v. United States, 309 U.S.

323, 328 (1940) (“To have denied him opportunity for review on the theory that

the district court’s order was interlocutory would have made the doctrine of

finality a means of denying Perlman any appellate review of his constitutional

claim.”).

      We are aware of no case, however, and the non-party trade associations do

not cite any, that extends Perlman beyond criminal grand jury proceedings. We

decline to do so here. The underpinnings of the Perlman rule—the impossibility

                                        - 21 -
of an appeal later on—simply do not apply with equal force to a subpoena

directed at a non-party as part of discovery in civil litigation. See In re Grand

Jury Proceedings, 616 F.3d at 1179 (“One to whom a subpoena is directed may

not appeal the denial of a motion to quash that subpoena but must either obey its

commands or refuse to do so and contest the validity of the subpoena if he is

subsequently cited for contempt on account of his failure to obey.”). And in any

event, the non-party trade associations in this case have not shown how they are

precluded from any further review. Although the trade associations claim a First

Amendment privilege in information which the district court has ordered the

retailers to disclose and which some retailers have indicated a willingness to

disclose, the trade associations readily acknowledge that the discovery order

directed to the retailers and subpoenas currently directed at themselves 10 “raise

the same First Amendment issues.” See Def.’s Pet. for Writ of Mandamus at 21

n.7. Thus, it is possible for the trade associations to obtain review of their First

Amendment claims without obtaining an immediate appeal of the portions of the

discovery order which were directed at the retailers. Namely, they may refuse to

comply with the subpoenas directed to themselves, incur contempt citations, and

appeal from the contempt orders. Accordingly, they may not invoke Perlman as a



      10
         The magistrate quashed as unduly burdensome the original subpoenas directed at
the trade associations, but the plaintiffs have since served the associations with revised
subpoenas. Enforcement of the revised subpoenas has been stayed, along with all other
discovery, pending this appeal.
                                          - 22 -
basis for appellate jurisdiction.

      3.     The Pragmatic Finality Doctrine

      Unlike the collateral order/Cohen and Perlman doctrines, which have been

fairly well defined by a significant body of precedent, the pragmatic finality

doctrine is malleable, its applicability depending on the circumstances of any

given case. Indeed, under the pragmatic finality doctrine, “a practical

construction of § 1291 may generate jurisdiction through a subjective and ad hoc

balancing of the interests of the parties against the policies of an unambiguous

finality rule.” Stubblefield v. Windsor Capital Grp., 74 F.3d 990, 996 (10th Cir.

1996) (quotations omitted). The doctrine has been the subject of “increasing

criticism,” 15A Charles A. Wright, et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris. § 3913 (2d

ed.), and we have questioned its continued viability for the last fifteen years, see

Stubblefield, 74 F.3d at 996 (“[I]t is unclear whether the [pragmatic finality]

doctrine is still viable.”). We continue to question its viability after Mohawk.

We need not decide that precise issue, however, because the order at issue clearly

does not fall within bounds of the pragmatic finality doctrine.

      We have applied the doctrine “only in unique or exceptional

circumstances.” Id. (quotations omitted). “‘The critical inquiry is whether the

danger of injustice by delaying appellate review outweighs the inconvenience and

costs of piecemeal review.’” Id. (quoting Bender v. Clark, 744 F.2d 1424, 1427

(10th Cir. 1984)). In denying the appellants’ appeal under the collateral

                                         - 23 -
order/Cohen doctrine, we held that, categorically, the danger of injustice by

delaying appellate review of discovery orders adverse to a claimed First

Amendment privilege does not outweigh the inconvenience and costs of

piecemeal review of all such orders. The appellants point out, however, that in

addition to the injustices that are inherent in delaying all discovery orders adverse

to a First Amendment privilege, because this is an MDL case, the respective

actions will be transferred to multiple district courts within various circuit courts

throughout the country for trial. Thus, the appellants argue, if they are forced to

wait until after trial to rectify their First Amendment privilege claims, they will

receive a patchwork of potentially inconsistent rulings affecting their important

constitutional rights.

      We do not find this sufficient to deviate from the plain construction of §

1291. In Mohawk, the Supreme Court cautioned that we are to give “full respect”

to the Rules Enabling Act, which, in part, “designat[es] rulemaking, ‘not

expansion by court decision’ as the preferred means for determining whether and

when prejudgment orders should be immediately appealable.” Mohawk, 130 S.

Ct. at 609 (emphasis added) (quoting Swint v. Chambers Cnty. Comm’n, 514 U.S.

35, 48 (1995)). In light of this admonition and out of deference to Congress’

authority to define our appellate jurisdiction, we decline to permit an immediate

appeal in this case based on our own subjective balancing of the interests

involved.

                                         - 24 -
       4.       Summary

       We lack jurisdiction to review appellants’ interlocutory appeal under the

collateral order/Cohen doctrine, the Perlman doctrine, and the pragmatic finality

doctrine. Accordingly, we dismiss the interlocutory appeal for lack of appellate

jurisdiction.

C.     Mandamus

       Mandamus is not the same as, nor is it a substitute for, a direct appeal. In

re Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., 568 F.3d 1180, 1186 (10th Cir. 2009). Rather, it is

“a drastic remedy, [which] is to be invoked only in extraordinary circumstances.”

Id. When a petitioner seeks a writ of mandamus to reverse a discovery order

adverse to a claimed privilege, we first analyze whether: “(1) disclosure of the

allegedly privileged or confidential information renders impossible any

meaningful appellate review of the claim of privilege or confidentiality; and (2)

the disclosure involves questions of substantial importance to the administration

of justice.” Barclaysamerican Corp. v. Kane, 746 F.2d 653, 654–55 (10th Cir.

1984); see also In re Cooper Tire, 568 F.3d at 1187 n.5. Given the circumstances

of this case, we conclude that the disclosure satisfies these initial prerequisites.11

       We therefore turn to the particulars of the district court’s order. In contrast

to a direct appeal of a discovery order, which is reviewed only for an abuse of


       11
         Our conclusion is based on the unique posture of this particular case. We do not
hold, as a blanket rule, that claims of a First Amendment privilege will always satisfy this
two-pronged test.
                                           - 25 -
discretion, see Trentadue v. FBI, 572 F.3d 794, 806 (10th Cir. 2009), a party

seeking a writ of mandamus “must have no other adequate means to attain the

relief he desires,” and “must demonstrate that his right to the writ is clear and

indisputable.” In re Cooper Tire, 568 F.3d at 1187. In addition, “[we], in

exercise of [our] discretion, must be satisfied that the writ is appropriate under

the circumstances.” Id. Thus, “[a]lthough a simple showing of error may suffice

to obtain reversal on direct appeal, a greater showing must be made to obtain a

writ of mandamus.” Id. at 1186. Indeed, “[t]here must be more than what we

would typically consider to be an abuse of discretion in order for the writ to

issue.” Id.

      1.      The Appellants’ Claims

              a.    The District Court’s Refusal to Consider the Information

                    “Presumptively Privileged” Under the First Amendment

      In support of their mandamus petition, the appellants first argue that the

district court erred in failing to presume that the information sought by the

plaintiffs is privileged under the First Amendment. According to the appellants,

disclosure of the information—which the appellants claim reflects “core

associational activity”—should be deemed presumptively privileged, with the

initial burden on the party seeking the information to demonstrate a compelling

need for it which outweighs the appellants’ interest in keeping it private.




                                         - 26 -
      Contrary to the appellants’ position, however, we have generally held that

the party claiming a privilege always bears the initial burden of establishing the

factual predicate for the privilege. See, e.g., Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. v.

West, 748 F.2d 540, 542 (10th Cir. 1984) (“A party seeking to assert a privilege

must make a clear showing that it applies.”). We are not persuaded that this

traditional allocation of burdens should be dispensed with simply because the

claimed privilege implicates the First Amendment and the appellants’ right of

association. Indeed, the weight of existing authority instructs that the party

claiming a First Amendment privilege in an objection to a discovery request bears

the burden to make a prima facie showing of the privilege’s applicability. See In

re First Nat’l Bank, Englewood, Colo., 701 F.2d 115, 118 (10th Cir. 1983)

(“[W]hen a party makes ‘a prima facie showing of arguable First Amendment

infringement . . . the burden then [shifts] to the government to make the

appropriate showing of need for the material.’”) (quoting United States v. Citizens

State Bank, 612 F.2d 1091, 1094 (8th Cir. 1980)); Nat’l Org. for Women v. Terry,

886 F.2d 1339, 1355 (2d Cir. 1989) (“In each of the [controlling] cases the party

withholding information from a court or public agency made a prima facie

showing that disclosure would infringe its First Amendment rights . . . . [such as

demonstrating] that disclosure of members’ identities exposed these members to

economic reprisal, loss of employment, threat of physical coercion, and other

manifestations of public hostility.”) (quotations omitted); Perry, 591 F.3d at 1140

                                        - 27 -
(“In this circuit, a claim of First Amendment privilege is subject to a two-part

framework. The party asserting the privilege must [first] demonstrate a prima

facie showing of arguable first amendment infringement.”). Under these cases,

the burden shifts to the party seeking discovery only after the party claiming the

privilege makes this prima facie showing. See NAACP, 357 U.S. at 463; Terry,

886 F.2d at 1355 (“A party resisting discovery need not make a showing of harm

or other coercion; but before the burden shifts . . . [the party] must at least

articulate some resulting encroachment on their liberties.”); Perry, 591 F.3d at

1140 (“If appellants can make the necessary prima facie showing, the evidentiary

burden will then shift to the [party seeking discovery].”). Accordingly, we cannot

say that the district court committed any error in refusing to presume that the

information at issue is privileged under the First Amendment, let alone that the

court committed the egregious error necessary for us to issue a writ of

mandamus. 12


       12
         In doing so, we also reject the appellants’ related contention that the magistrate’s
protection of the trade associations’ membership and financial contributor lists, in
conjunction with the district court’s refusal to presume a privilege for communications
among trade associations, suggests that the courts below “valu[e] speaker identity more
than political speech itself” and categorically deem those communications among trade
associations unworthy of First Amendment protection, all in violation of Citizens United
v. Fed. Election Comm’n, 130 S. Ct. 876 (2010). To begin, the plaintiffs have never
challenged the protection afforded to the membership and financial contributor lists, so
any alleged inconsistency between that ruling and the district court’s order is simply not
before us. More importantly, however, Citizens United has no bearing on the issues
involved in this interlocutory appeal and petition for mandamus. The district court never
purported to shield trade associations’ members’ speech based on the members’ identity
as individuals and deny protection to the trade associations due to their organizational
                                            - 28 -
              b.     The District Court’s Application of the Prima Facie Burden

       Having refused to presume a First Amendment privilege, the district court

required that the appellants “through objective and articulable facts make an

evidentiary showing of a reasonable probability of chill on an association right.”

In re Motor Fuel Temperature, 707 F. Supp. 2d at 1159 (quotations omitted); see

also id. at 1164. The district court held that the appellants could meet this burden

by demonstrating “that disclosure will deter membership due to fears of threats,

harassment or reprisal from either government officials or private parties which

may affect members’ physical well-being, political activities or economic

interests.” Id. at 1160; see also id. at 1164. According to the district court,

however, the appellants failed to make this showing. See id. at 1160, 1164.

       The appellants claim that even if the information at issue is not

presumptively privileged, they are entitled to a writ of mandamus because the




status. Indeed, the plaintiffs never presented such an argument to either the magistrate or
the district court in opposition to the appellants’ discovery objections. And the district
court clearly held that “[o]n the facts of this case, defendants have not shown an
objectively reasonable probability that disclosure of lobbying and legislative
communications between trade associations regarding ATC for retail motor fuel would
chill their First Amendment rights.” In re Motor Fuel Temperature, 707 F. Supp. 2d at
1164 (emphasis added). This analysis demonstrates: (1) the district court’s application of
the First Amendment analysis to communications among trade associations; and (2) the
appellants’ failure to satisfy their prima facie burden as to those communications. Thus,
we disagree with the appellants that “[t]he District Court . . . abused its discretion in
holding that the presumption only applies to protect speaker identity, i.e., membership
and contributor lists, not political speech itself” and that the court “discriminate[d] against
groups like [the] trade associations by placing extra burdens on them.”

                                            - 29 -
district court imposed too stringent a prima facie burden on them. Specifically,

appellants contend that the district court “too narrowly limit[ed] the type of

consequences that suggest a chill on First Amendment rights,” and that it

“overstat[ed] the [prima facie] burden.”

      With respect to the appellants’ contention that the district court too

narrowly construed the type of potential chilling effects which can satisfy the

prima facie burden, the appellants argue that they adequately showed the

following consequences of disclosure, which objectively suggest a probable chill

on their First Amendment rights: (1) the plaintiffs will gain an unfair advantage in

the policy debate over the implementation of ATC in retail motor fuel sales in the

United States; and (2) complying with the plaintiffs’ discovery requests will cost

several hundred thousand dollars and therefore interfere with the trade

associations’ internal operations.

      As discussed earlier in this opinion, the First Amendment privilege at issue

in this case generally ensures privacy in association when exposure of that

association will make it less likely that association will occur in the future, or

when exposure will make it more difficult for members of an association to foster

their beliefs. These are the “chilling effects,” or consequences of disclosure, that

the First Amendment privilege seeks to avoid. But the appellants in this case fail

to explain how their main contention on this point—that the information sought as

part of this litigation will give the plaintiffs an unfair advantage in the policy

                                         - 30 -
debate over the implementation of ATC—will hinder their associational rights

(e.g., lobbying efforts, ability to communicate among themselves regarding

legislative policy, or maintenance of members within the trade associations).

Instead, the appellants appear simply to argue that a chill can be “inferred” in this

case without describing how the disclosure of information would degrade their

ability to associate. 13 Furthermore, the appellants do not cite any case which

supports their assertion that “mak[ing] . . . political opponents privy to . . .

internal strategies” is “alone” sufficient to demonstrate a chilling effect on their

First Amendment rights. 14

       Likewise, we reject the appellants’ contention that they sufficiently

demonstrated a chilling effect by showing that they will have to devote time and

money to comply with the discovery requests. To begin, this argument seems

better suited to a burdensome, not a First Amendment, challenge. To the extent

that the appellants suggest that the cost of compliance decreases the amount of

available lobbying funds, we do not agree that this is sufficient to establish a

prima facie case of chill on the right of association. As the district court pointed

out, no court has construed the First Amendment privilege so broadly. Indeed,

       13
         Moreover, and contrary to the appellants’ suggestion, one might equally infer
that the appellants’ incentive to associate might be heightened by such disclosure.
       14
         Although Perry recognizes that the compelled disclosure of campaign
communications can deter activities protected under the First Amendment, the campaign
committee in that case also presented evidence in support of their assertion of a chill on
future campaign communications. See Perry, 591 F.3d at 1163. Moreover, the dispute
before us does not involve campaign communications regarding a public referendum.
                                           - 31 -
taken to its logical extreme, this argument would render all discovery prima facie

privileged under the First Amendment because any time or money spent

complying with a discovery request could conceivably be spent petitioning the

government or engaging in other activities which are protected under the First

Amendment.

      Finally, we disagree that the appellants have demonstrated the requisite

entitlement to mandamus based on the evidence of a chill that they did, in fact,

present to the district court. Unlike their assertions related to a competitive

disadvantage and the cost of compliance, the appellants purported to present

evidence that disclosure of the requested information would discourage

membership in the trade associations and stifle full and frank discussions within

and among the trade associations—a type of chill which, if properly supported by

evidence, would satisfy the appellants’ prima facie burden. The “evidence”

presented, however, was minimal and equivocal, consisting only of the following

unsworn statement of Ms. Alfano:

      You know, why should they [the plaintiffs] have everything we’ve
      done, all of our internal research, all of our private conversations
      with our members trying to understand this issue, you know, because
      they think maybe there’s something there, you know, that’s not, it’s
      nonexistent. . . .

      So I just—I think it’s very unfair for us to turn over all of our work
      and all of our strategy on this issue which is ongoing.

      ...


                                         - 32 -
      So if I have to plan my . . . testimony at [weights and measures] hearings,
      because they’re open hearings, where they get people—they invite
      interested parties to come up and speak, I’m very reluctant to call any of
      my members and ask them questions knowing that it’s information that I
      have to provide to my adversaries. . . .

      I just don’t think I would be able to do it and I won’t be able to effectively
      represent the interests of my members. So that’s a huge burden. And I
      kind of feel like this is an effort really to shut down our . . . lobbying
      efforts. . . .

      You know, we have a right to gather those facts and present them in the
      best way we can. We’re going to have a hard time doing that if . . . every
      time I want to call a member . . . I’d have to say . . . if you tell me anything
      and I make a note of it, I’ve got to disclose it. I don’t think I’m going to
      get a lot of help from them. So that’s our big problem with this.

      Although we have not articulated the precise quantum of proof necessary to

establish a prima facie case of privilege under the First Amendment, we also have

not held that one single unsworn statement is sufficient. Rather, we have held

that a party claiming a First Amendment chilling affect meets its burden by

submitting, for example, affidavits which “describe harassment and intimidation

of [a group’s] known members, and the resulting reluctance of people sympathetic

to the goals of [the group] to associate with [it] for fear of reprisals.” In re First

Nat’l Bank, 701 F.2d at 116–17. Furthermore, other courts, including the

Supreme Court, have held that the prima facie burden is satisfied by similar proof

of a chilling effect. See NAACP, 357 U.S. at 462 (“Petitioner has made an

uncontroverted showing that on past occasions revelation of the identity of its

rank-and-file members has exposed these members to economic reprisal, loss of

employment, threat of physical coercion, and other manifestations of public
                                          - 33 -
hostility.”); see also Perry, 591 F.3d at 1143 (quoting one of multiple

declarations from group’s members that “I can unequivocally state that if the

personal, non-public communications I have had regarding this ballot initiative . .

. are ordered to be disclosed through discovery in this matter . . . I will be less

willing to engage in such communications . . . [and] I . . . would have to seriously

consider whether to even become an official proponent again.”); see also Terry,

886 F.2d at 1355 (“Absent a more specific explanation of the consequences of

compliance with discovery, [such as alleging that access to documents would

discourage potential members from joining the organization for fear of

government retaliation], defendants failed to make the required initial showing of

potential First Amendment infringement.”).

      To be clear, we do not purport, in this opinion, to create a bright-line rule

delineating the minimum proof necessary to satisfy the prima facie burden.

Nevertheless, we cannot say that the district court clearly and egregiously erred in

concluding that Ms. Alfano’s single statement was insufficient. The appellants

presented significantly less evidence of a chilling effect than what has been

deemed sufficient in prior cases. They presented only one witness who presented

only an unsworn statement. The substance of the statement is ambiguous,

appearing to reflect Ms. Alfano’s sense of unfairness in having to share her

association’s work as much as her concern that any court-ordered disclosure in

this case will actually prevent the associations from gathering facts for their

                                          - 34 -
lobbying efforts. Indeed, her statement appears to mischaracterize the extent of

the disclosure to which the appellants might be subject and which, accordingly,

would be the cause of their “chill”: Ms. Alfano suggests that she will now, as a

matter of course and apparently for an indefinite timeframe, have to automatically

turn over any “note” she makes after a discussion with a NATSO member, and

she comments on the impact that would have on NATSO’s fact-finding and

lobbying efforts. We, however, do not understand the issue to be so broad;

instead, the issue is whether a trade association or one of its members will refrain

from communicating regarding lobbying efforts based on their fear that in the

future, a litigant might seek discovery relating to those communications and a

court might order the disclosure of them. Ms. Alfano’s statement does not touch

on that issue.

       Accordingly, the appellants have not demonstrated a “clear and

indisputable right” to a writ of mandamus, see In re Cooper Tire, 568 F.3d at

1187, based on the district court’s holding that they had not satisfied their burden

to establish a prima facie case of First Amendment chill. See id. (“It is not

appropriate to issue a writ when the most that could be claimed is that the district

courts have erred in ruling on matters within their jurisdiction.”). 15


       15
         Because we uphold the district court’s determination that the appellants failed to
satisfy their prima facie burden, we need not address the appellants’ claim that the district
court incorrectly applied the second prong of the First Amendment privilege
inquiry—that is, whether the party seeking the information has a sufficiently compelling
need for the information that outweighs the other party’s interest in keeping it private. As
                                            - 35 -
              c.     Appellants’ Request to Supplement the Record

        Having concluded that the district court did not err in applying the prima

facie burden, we easily decline to issue a writ of mandamus ordering the district

court to permit appellants to supplement the record with further evidence of a

chilling effect. The appellants devoted the majority of their briefing and

argument below to their contention that a First Amendment privilege should be

presumed. As discussed above, however, the weight of authority regarding the

First Amendment privilege has always required the party asserting the privilege to

initially demonstrate a reasonable probability that disclosure will chill its

associational rights. The appellants are not entitled to a second opportunity to

establish their privilege simply because they made the unwise strategic decision

to seek a presumption rather than meet their evidentiary burden. The time for the

appellants to support their privilege claim with evidence has passed.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

        We DISMISS the appellants’ interlocutory appeal for lack of appellate

jurisdiction, and we DENY the appellants’ mandamus petition. Additionally, we

lift the stay of the district court’s discovery order which we issued on April 30,

2010.




discussed above, the court only reaches the second prong of the First Amendment
privilege inquiry if the party claiming the privilege satisfies its prima facie burden.
                                            - 36 -
