Filed 2/27/13 P. v. Nunez CA4/3




                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
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                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                          FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                       DIVISION THREE


THE PEOPLE,

     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                                   G046486

          v.                                                                     (Super. Ct. No. 09NF2905)

ANTHONY NUNEZ,                                                                   OPINION

     Defendant and Appellant.



                     Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, William
L. Evans, Judge. Affirmed.
                     Jeanine G. Strong, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
                     Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, James D. Dutton and
Donald W. Ostertag, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
              Following his conviction for grand theft, appellant Anthony Nunez was
ordered to pay restitution to the victim jointly and severally with his brother and
codefendant Phillip Nunez.1 Anthony argues he was less blameworthy than his brother,
and therefore he should only have to pay restitution in proportion to his culpability. We
disagree and affirm the judgment.
                                                 FACTS
              Anthony was charged with committing grand theft against Joseph Lopez.
After pleading guilty to the charge, he was placed on probation and ordered to serve 120
days in jail. The court then held a hearing on the issue of restitution.
              At the hearing, Lopez testified he lived with the Nunez brothers from about
December 2008 to March 2009. During that time, he not only paid the Nunez brothers
rent, he also loaned them an extra $10 or $20 from time to time because they threatened
to “kick [his] ass.” Lopez asked them to repay the money, but they refused.
              After Lopez moved out, the Nunez brothers came to his residence four or
five different times and asked him for money. On each occasion, they accompanied him
to the post office to pick up his monthly pension check of $985. Then they made him
cash the check and give them all the money. Lopez testified that he felt threatened by the
Nunez brothers and that “they” forced him to give them the cash. In fact, one time in
August or September 2009, he and Phillip had a brief physical confrontation over one of
his pension checks. Following that incident, Lopez called the police and reported the
thefts.
              Based on this evidence, the trial court ordered restitution in the amount of
$3,940 (four pension checks worth), plus interest. Because the Nunez brothers were both
involved in the thefts, the court ordered them jointly and severally liable for the full
amount of Lopez’s losses.

         1    To avoid confusion we will refer to the Nunez brothers by their first names; no disrespect is
intended.


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                                       DISCUSSION
              Anthony argues the trial court erred in imposing the restitution award
jointly and severally because he was less culpable than his brother. The argument fails
on both factual and legal grounds.
              Penal Code section 1202.4 provides, “[I]n every case in which a victim has
suffered economic loss as a result of the defendant’s conduct, the court shall require that
the defendant make restitution to the victim or victims in an amount established by court
order, based on the amount of loss claimed by the victim or victims or any other showing
to the court.” (Pen. Code, § 1202.4, subd. (f).)
              “‘“[T]he standard of proof at a restitution hearing is by a preponderance of
the evidence, not proof beyond a reasonable doubt.”’ [Citation.]” (People v. Gemelli
(2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1539, 1542.) On appeal, we review the trial court’s
restitution order under the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. (Ibid.) If there is a
rational and factual basis for the order, no abuse of discretion will be found. (Ibid.)
However, a restitution order premised upon a demonstrable legal error cannot stand.
(People v. Millard (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 7, 26.)
              The factual premise of Anthony’s argument is that he was far less culpable
than his brother for the thefts. However, Lopez testified that both Anthony and Phillip
threatened him, came to his house and forced him to give them his pension money.
Although Lopez did not say whether Anthony was involved in the September 2009
incident, the evidence shows the Nunez brothers worked in concert to intimidate Lopez
and shared their ill-gotten gains. The record simply does not support Anthony’s claim he
was substantially less blameworthy than his brother.
              Even if Anthony were less culpable, he would still be on the hook for the
full amount of the restitution award. Relying on People v. Millard, supra, 175
Cal.App.4th 7, Anthony contends the tort principle of comparative fault applies to
criminal restitution orders. However, Millard is inapt here. The defendant there was

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convicted of criminal negligence, not intentionally harming the victim. (Id. at p. 39.)
The amount of restitution was reduced because the victim’s own negligence contributed
to the harm he suffered. (Ibid.) Here, Anthony was not merely criminally negligent; he
engaged in intentional conduct in stealing Lopez’s money. The principle of comparative
fault generally does not apply in situations where the defendant intentionally harms the
victim. (Heiner v. Kmart Corp. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 335, 350; Rest.3d Torts,
Apportionment of Liability, § 12 [“Each person who commits a tort that requires intent is
jointly and severally liable for any indivisible injury legally caused by the tortious
conduct.”].)
               Moreover, Anthony does not allege Lopez contributed to his own injury;
rather, he claims the restitution order should be modified because his brother was
primarily responsible for the thefts. However, restitution orders may lawfully be imposed
jointly and severally regardless of the codefendants’ proportionate level of culpability.
(People v. Madrana (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 1044, 1051 [restitution order under Pen.
Code, § 1202.4]; People v. Campbell (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 825, 834 [restitution ordered
as condition of probation]; People v. Zito (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 736, 745 [restitution
order under former Gov. Code, § 13967].)
               In arguing otherwise, Anthony relies on People v. Leon (2004) 124
Cal.App.4th 620. In that case, Leon was convicted of passing one forged check, while
his codefendant Garza was convicted of passing three other checks from the same victim.
(Id. at p. 622.) Even though Leon was not involved with Garza’s thefts, the trial court
ordered him jointly and severally liable for the full amount of the victim’s losses,
$13,450. (Id. at p. 620.) On appeal, the court determined Leon should only have to pay
restitution for the single check he passed. The court reasoned that “because $11,000 of
[the victim’s] loss resulted from the crimes of Garza, not Leon, and nothing in the record
suggests that Leon aided and abetted commission of Garza’s crimes, the trial court was



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not authorized by [Penal Code] section 1202.4 to order Leon to pay restitution for a crime
he did not commit.” (Id. at p. 622.)
              Leon is distinguishable because Anthony has not been ordered to pay
restitution for a crime he did not commit. Unlike the defendants in Leon, he and his
brother did not commit separate crimes but instead worked together in a scheme to coerce
Lopez into giving them his money. Under these circumstances, the trial court properly
adjudged Anthony jointly and severally liable for the entire restitution award. There is no
basis for disturbing the court’s ruling in that regard.
                                       DISPOSITION
              The judgment is affirmed.



                                                   BEDSWORTH, J.

WE CONCUR:



RYLAARSDAM, ACTING P. J.



FYBEL, J.




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