                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


6-9-2006

Lynn v. Christner
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-4838




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                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      No. 05-4838
                                      ___________

                                  CHARLES M. LYNN,
                                           Appellant

                                            v.

                     LT. JOHN E. CHRISTNER, Individually and as
                      police officer for the Township of Rostraver;
                     GEORGE T. MILKENT, Individually and as a
                      police officer for the Township of Rostraver
                                 ____________________
                      Appeal From the United States District Court
                        For the Western District of Pennsylvania
                               (D.C. Civil No. 03-cv-00846)
                     District Judge: Honorable William L. Standish
                               ________________________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    May 26, 2006

             Before: RENDELL and AMBRO and ROTH*, Circuit Judges.

                                   (Filed: June 9, 2006)
                                    _______________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                   _______________
PER CURIAM

       Charles M. Lynn appeals pro se from the order of the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania dismissing his civil rights action brought

*Judge Roth assumed senior status on May 31, 2006.
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

       The parties are familiar with the facts of the case, which are fully set forth in the

Magistrate Judge’s Report, and therefore, we will not recount them here. In 2003, Lynn

filed a civil rights complaint, which was later amended, alleging that defendants Christner

and Milkent arrested him without probable cause in June 2002, for a robbery that had

occurred at a Texaco Crossroads 24-Hour Foodmart about two months earlier. He

contended that the defendants knew when they arrested him that he was not guilty of the

robbery because his facial characteristics, especially a scar on his forehead and temple,

did not match the face of the suspect in security camera photos taken at the time of the

robbery. Unable to post bail, Lynn was incarcerated until he was acquitted of the robbery

and related charges on May 7, 2003. Lynn claimed false arrest, false imprisonment, and

malicious prosecution, in violation of the Fourth Amendment under § 1983, conspiracies

to fraudulently alter the security camera photos by digital image manipulation and to

obtain a false conviction. He sought damages.

       Before discovery had begun, Christner and Milkent moved for dismissal pursuant

to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) or alternatively for summary judgment; Lynn

filed a response.1 The Magistrate Judge recommended granting the defendants’ motion as

to all claims. As to Lynn’s Fourth Amendment false arrest claim, the Magistrate Judge

found that probable cause existed to arrest Lynn for robbery based on the positive


       1
         Because Lynn responded in opposition to summary judgment, we will review the
District Court decision as a grant of summary judgment.

                                              2
identification of Lynn by the victim, Barbara Cox. The Magistrate Judge rejected Lynn’s

contention that there was no probable cause for arrest because the defendants knew that

Lynn had facial scarring and that the robber depicted in a security camera photograph did

not, finding that the security camera photo was not necessary to establish probable cause

in light of the victim’s independent identification.

       As for the malicious prosecution claim, the Magistrate Judge determined that the

Amended Complaint contained no allegation(s) upon which the court could draw a

reasonable inference that the defendants initiated the criminal prosecution. Moreover, the

Magistrate Judge found that there was no allegation or record evidence demonstrating that

the District Attorney was unable to exercise independent judgment in deciding whether to

prosecute Lynn or not. The Magistrate Judge also concluded that, absent any allegations

the defendants deliberately or recklessly intended to falsely imprison Lynn, the

defendants’ alleged failure to properly investigate the crime prior to his arrest failed to

state a constitutional claim under § 1983.2 Finally, the Magistrate Judge found that the §

1983 conspiracy claims failed as a matter of law because the Amended Complaint was

devoid of any allegation(s) indicating an agreement by the defendants to deprive Lynn of

his constitutional rights. On September 28, 2005, the District Court overruled Lynn’s

objections, adopted the Magistrate Judge’s Report, and granted the defendants’ motion to


       2
         In his Objections to the Magistrate Judge’s Report, Lynn adamantly asserts that
he did not raise a negligent investigation claim. Rather, he alleges that the defendants
conspired to deny him a fair trial by deliberately altering security camera photos.
Accordingly, we will address the allegation as part of his § 1983 conspiracy claim.

                                              3
dismiss or for summary judgment.

       Lynn filed a timely notice of appeal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

1291. We review de novo an order granting summary judgment. Saldana v. K Mart

Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 231 (3d Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is proper when, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, there is no genuine issue of

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 232;

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The “nonmoving party cannot rely upon conclusory allegations in

its pleadings or in memoranda and briefs to establish a genuine issue of material fact.”

Pastore v. Bell Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, 24 F.3d 508, 511 (3d Cir. 1994). Rather,

the nonmoving party “must make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of every

element essential to his case, based on the affidavits or by the depositions and admissions

on file.” Harter v. GAF Corp., 967 F.2d 846, 852 (3d Cir. 1992). For the reasons that

follow, we will affirm in part and vacate in part the District Court’s judgment.

       We will affirm summary judgment as to Lynn’s false arrest, false imprisonment,

and malicious prosecution claims. Lynn alleged that the defendants arrested him,

detained him, and instituted criminal charges against him without probable cause after

they were on notice that he had been misidentified. Lynn was arrested and arraigned for

robbery and related offenses on June 23, 2002. At the preliminary hearing, a state district

justice found that the prosecution had established a prima facie case through the

testimony of one of the victims, Barbara Cox, and bound the charges over for trial in the

Westmoreland County Court of Common Pleas. Lynn was incarcerated for almost a year

                                             4
before he was acquitted of all charges in May 2003.

       Lynn argues that both defendants knew at the time of his arrest that Cox’s

identification of him as the robber was mistaken because the robber in the security camera

photos had no discernible scar, and thus, the defendants, in the face of this alleged

undeniably exonerative evidence, lacked probable cause to arrest him. Lynn relies on

Cooper v. City of Chester, 810 F.Supp. 618 (E.D. Pa. 1992), in support of his claim.

Unlike the plaintiff in Cooper v. City of Chester, however, Lynn does not challenge the

validity of the arrest warrant.3 He admits that Cox’s identification, alone, may support

probable cause, but he argues broadly that it “did not authorize probable cause” to arrest

him, detain him, or to initiate criminal prosecution against him.

       Probable cause to arrest “exists whenever reasonably trustworthy information or

circumstances within a police officer’s knowledge are sufficient to warrant a person of

reasonable caution to conclude that an offense has been committed by the person being

arrested.” United States v. Myers, 308 F.3d 251, 255 (3d Cir. 2002). Necessarily, the

analysis is based on the objective facts available to the officers at the time of the arrest.



       3
         Viewing Lynn’s allegations liberally, the Magistrate Judge treated Lynn’s
allegations as claiming that the defendants deliberately omitted from the affidavit for
probable cause exculpatory information that the security camera photo failed to show a
detectable scar on the robber’s face. To the extent that the allegations amount to such a
claim, we agree with the Magistrate Judge’s conclusion that, weighed against the strong
inculpatory evidence of the victim’s positive identification of Lynn as the robber based on
her own in-person observation of the sound of his voice and his build and hair color, the
omission was not material to the probable cause determination under Franks v. Delaware,
438 U.S. 154 (1978).

                                               5
“The proper inquiry in a 1983 claim based on false arrest . . . is not whether the person

arrested in fact committed the offense but whether the arresting officers had probable

cause to believe the person arrested had committed the offense.” Dowling v. City of

Philadelphia, 855 F.2d 136, 141 (3d Cir. 1988). Although the issue of probable cause is

usually a factual one, a district court may conclude “that probable cause did exist as a

matter of law if the evidence, viewed most favorably to Plaintiff, reasonably would not

support a contrary factual finding,” and may enter summary judgment. Estate of Smith v.

Marasco, 318 F.3d 497, 514 (3d Cir. 2003). That is the case here, as the District Court

correctly held.

       In the Affidavit of Probable Cause the victims described the robber as having “a

strange walk and a distinguishing voice,” and as “wearing a blue coat and dark mask

covering everything but his eyes and a small amount of the front of his hair.” The

presence or absence of a scar on the actor’s forehead was not a characteristic noted by

Cox or her fellow employee. On June 23, 2002, Cox identified Lynn as the robber

“without doubt,” based on her independent in-person observation that Lynn was the same

build and height, and had the same hair and eyes and the same distinctive voice, as the

robber. Cox had an opportunity to observe Lynn in person, scar and all, when he walked

into the Foodmart store and talked to her on June 23, 2002. Based on her own

observations that day, she called the police to the scene to arrest Lynn. Notably, she did

not identify Lynn from any security camera photo. Thus, even if we assume that the

defendants knew Lynn had a facial scar on his forehead and that the security camera

                                             6
photo shown to Lynn on June 23, 2002, did not reveal a detectable scar on the robber’s

forehead, they had no reason to question Cox’s independent eyewitness identification of

Lynn based on other physical characteristics. The defendants were not required to

undertake an exhaustive investigation in order to validate the probable cause that already

existed in the officers’ minds. Viewing the facts most favorably to Lynn, Cox’s credible

identification of him as the person who robbed her was sufficient to establish probable

cause to arrest him. Additionally, because the defendants had probable cause to arrest

Lynn, his false imprisonment and malicious prosecution claims must fail as a matter of

law. See Groman v. Township of Manalapan, 47 F.3d 628, 636 (3d Cir. 1995) (false

imprisonment); See also e.g., Estate of Smith, 318 F.3d at 521 (holding that a malicious

prosecution plaintiff must show, inter alia, that the criminal proceeding was initiated

without probable cause).

       Turning to the § 1983 conspiracy claims, Lynn’s Amended Complaint includes

two sets of allegations for each defendant, all of which arise out of the defendants’

alleged actions to alter the image of the robber in certain security camera photos and, in

concert with a Foodmart employee, to conceal from Lynn the existence of the original

photos. See Amended Compl. at 26-30. The District Court dismissed Lynn’s § 1983

conspiracy claims because he failed to allege any facts showing an agreement or plan by

any of the defendants to achieve a conspiracy. Although Lynn’s unduly rambling and

repetitive Amended Complaint is not a model of clarity, we are constrained to conclude

that the allegations state a § 1983 conspiracy claim sufficient to survive a Rule 12(b)(6)

                                             7
motion to dismiss and that summary judgment is premature.

       Under the notice-pleading standard, a complaint must include more than

“conclusory allegations of concerted action.” Abbott v. Latshaw, 164 F.3d 141, 148 (3d

Cir. 1998). It must also contain at least some facts which could, if proven, permit a

reasonable inference of a conspiracy to be drawn. See Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347,

353 (3d Cir. 2005); Langford v. City of Atlantic City, 235 F.3d 845, 847 (3d Cir. 2000).

This requirement is established where the complaint sets forth a valid legal theory and it

adequately states the conduct, time, place, and persons responsible. Evancho, 423 F.3d at

353.

       In Evancho, Plaintiff complained that the Pennsylvania Attorney General

conspired with “underlings” to carry out an employment transfer. The complaint named

the Attorney General only once and provided no indication of when, where, or with

whom the alleged unconstitutional conduct occurred. Id. at 350. In contrast, Lynn’s

Amended Complaint sufficiently presents the time, place, and with whom the alleged

conspiracy took place. Specifically, Lynn claims that a week or so after his arrest and

arraignment on June 23, 2002, the defendants manipulated the image on security camera

photos in order to further obscure the robber’s facial characteristics, especially his

forehead. See Amend. Compl. at 30, ll 17-39. He also alleged that the Defendants, along

with a Foodmart employee, concealed the existence of the original unaltered photos from

discovery by Lynn and his counsel. Id. at 29, LL 19-25. Construing his pro se pleadings

liberally, Dluhos v Strasberg, 321 F.3d 365, 369 (3d Cir. 2003), we conclude that a

                                              8
reasonable juror could infer some sort of mutual understanding or plan to deny Lynn a

fair trial.

        Although the Amended Complaint does not include an extensive discussion of the

claim, the “simplified notice pleading standard relies on liberal discovery rules and

summary judgment motions to define disputed facts and issues and to dispose of

unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002).

Summary judgment is not appropriate at this time with respect to the conspiracy claims

because Lynn has not had the opportunity to conduct any discovery on the existence of an

agreement or on the whereabouts of the alleged original security camera photo. If Lynn is

unable to provide additional facts supporting his allegations in response to a motion for

summary judgment after discovery has closed, the District Court then may fairly dispose

of this claim.

        For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s dismissal of the

complaint with respect to the § 1983 conspiracy claims and remand the matter for further

proceedings. We will affirm the order with respect to the remaining claims in Lynn’s

Amended Complaint.




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