                                                                                          06/17/2020
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                           Assigned on Briefs April 14, 2020

         STATE OF TENNESSEE v. PRECIOUS BRIANA HORTON

            Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
               No. 2016-C-1417         Cheryl A. Blackburn, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. M2019-00826-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________

A jury convicted the Defendant, Precious Briana Horton, of two counts of aggravated
robbery, and the Defendant pleaded guilty to one count of theft of property valued under
$500. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to eight years of incarceration. On appeal,
the Defendant contends that: (1) the State exercised its preemptory challenges in a
discriminatory manner; (2) the trial court erred when it excluded testimony regarding the
Defendant’s mental health; (3) the trial court prohibited her from offering to the jury her
pretrial, out-of-court statement; and (4) the evidence is insufficient to sustain one of her
aggravated robbery convictions. After review, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS, P.J., and ALAN E. GLENN, J., joined.

Manuel B. Russ, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Precious Briana Horton.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General; and Megan M. King,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                                         I. Facts

      This case arises from an armed robbery that occurred on March 1, 2015, in
Davidson County. For this incident, a Davidson County grand jury charged the
Defendant with the aggravated robbery of each victim and also with theft. At the
Defendant’s trial, the parties presented the following evidence:1 Emily Bullen testified
that she and her friend, Kennalee Davis, were both students at Belmont University at the
time of these events. The two were shopping for materials with which to make costumes,
so they went to Target at around 2:00 in the afternoon and, when they arrived, Ms. Bullen
parked her four-door Mazda 6 toward the side of the store. As they exited the car and
headed toward the building, the Defendant approached them and said that her boyfriend
had left her at the store and that she needed a ride to meet her aunt at Logan’s Roadhouse,
a restaurant. Ms. Bullen said that she and Ms. Davis agreed to give the Defendant a ride,
thinking that doing so was the “nice” thing to do. Ms. Bullen recalled that the Defendant
carried a twelve-inch purse that she hugged to her chest.

        Ms. Bullen testified that the three women got into her car, with her and Ms. Davis
sitting up front and the Defendant sitting in the back. On the way to the steakhouse, the
women were trying to make the Defendant feel better about her boyfriend leaving her, so
they were saying things like, “boys are stupid,” in comradery with her. The Defendant at
some point asked Ms. Bullen to take her to the parking lot in the Books-A-Million/Hobby
Lobby parking lot.

       Ms. Bullen said that, as she pulled into the parking lot, she heard a click and
turned around to see the Defendant holding a gun. The Defendant said that she had a
daughter that she needed to take care of and said she needed Ms. Bullen’s car. The
Defendant said that she did not want to hurt anyone. Ms. Bullen said that she parked the
car and asked the Defendant if there was any other way that they could work this out, and
the Defendant said only if they gave her $1,000, which Ms. Bullen did not have. Ms.
Bullen gave the Defendant the $20 or $30 that she had with her at the time. The
Defendant said that she still needed the car, and Ms. Bullen gave it to her. The Defendant
then said that she would return the car at 8:00 p.m. to the same location. Ms. Bullen and
Ms. Davis exited the vehicle, and the Defendant climbed into the driver’s seat.

       Ms. Bullen described that she felt fearful during the course of this incident and
stated that she only gave the Defendant her car and money because the Defendant had a
gun. After the Defendant drove away, Ms. Bullen and Ms. Davis went into the Books-A-
Million store, calmed themselves as much as possible, and Ms. Davis called 911. Ms.
Bullen identified the 911 call, which records showed was placed at 3:00 p.m. She
recounted that Ms. Davis told the 911 operator that the Defendant had a gun. After police
arrived, Ms. Bullen and Ms. Davis gave them the Defendant’s description. Ms. Bullen
said that, while police located her vehicle, neither the car nor her money was ever


       1
         The Defendant raises an issue regarding the State’s use of its peremptory challenges.
We will summarize the facts as relevant to that issue below.
                                            -2-
returned to her. Ms. Bullen identified her vehicle’s registration, noting that her car was in
her father’s name.

      During cross-examination, Ms. Bullen said that the Defendant appeared “shaken”
and on the “verge of tears but not quite crying.” Ms. Bullen said that she could not
remember the color of the gun, and she was unsure whether the gun was one with
chambers, like a revolver, or one that “slid.” She said that, when she heard the click, the
Defendant said, “Boys are full of shit and so am I.” Ms. Bullen, curious, turned and
looked at the Defendant who had a gun. Ms. Bullen recalled that the Defendant put the
gun back in her purse before driving away in Ms. Bullen’s vehicle.

       Ms. Davis testified and confirmed many of the details given by Ms. Bullen. Ms.
Davis added that, when the Defendant first approached the women, she held her purse to
her chest “kind of a little protectively.” Ms. Davis said that the Defendant appeared to be
of a similar age to the women and was crying, so, while Ms. Davis felt unsettled, she
wanted to help the Defendant out of sympathy. Ms. Davis also added that during the
drive to Logan’s the women talked, apologizing for the mess in the car, and the
Defendant talked about her daughter “[i]n a disinterested way.” Ms. Davis said that,
because she felt unsettled, she wanted to keep an eye on the Defendant and was turned in
the front seat, positioned so she could see the Defendant in the backseat. Ms. Davis
recalled that the Defendant repeatedly checked her phone during the ride. As they
approached Logan’s, which appeared crowded, the Defendant asked the women to take
her to Books-A-Million.

        Ms. Davis testified that, as they were pulling into the parking lot, the Defendant
pulled out a gun, which she described as a silver handgun with “a short barrel.” Ms.
Davis confirmed that the Defendant pointed the gun at Ms. Bullen and stated “Men are
full of shit and so am I.” The Defendant demanded the car or $2,000. Ms. Bullen gave
the Defendant about $30 and her car, and Ms. Davis said that she did not have her purse
with her, so she had nothing to give the Defendant. Ms. Davis said that she had items in
the car, including her left-over lunch and the flip flops that Ms. Bullen had purchased for
her for their class play.

       Ms. Davis confirmed that, after this incident, the women went into the Books-A-
Million where Ms. Davis called 911 using Ms. Bullen’s phone. Ms. Davis offered the
police the Defendant’s description.

       During cross-examination, Ms. Davis testified that she was unsettled by the
Defendant asking for a ride, which made her nervous and talkative during the car ride.
Ms. Davis said that the Defendant mentioned her daughter, and the three women
discussed music and engaged in other small talk. When the conversation turned to why
                                            -3-
the Defendant’s boyfriend had left her, Ms. Davis found that the Defendant’s story did
not make sense. The Defendant said that she and her boyfriend had been in the lingerie
section of Target when the Defendant accused her boyfriend of infidelity, causing her
boyfriend to leave her at the store.

       Ms. Davis said that, after the Defendant pulled out the gun, she told them that she
did not want to hurt them, but Ms. Davis understood the Defendant to be implying that
she would hurt them if necessary. The Defendant asked for the car and, at some point,
the Defendant became emotional and started crying. Ms. Davis agreed that she did not
“own” anything in the car because Ms. Bullen’s grandparents had purchased the lunch
from which she had kept the leftovers and Ms. Bullen had purchased the flip flops.

       During redirect-examination, Ms. Davis agreed that the lunch in the car was hers,
but she had not purchased it. Ms. Davis said that flip flops were something that the two
girls were going to share, even though Ms. Bullen purchased them.

        Byron Dewalt, an officer with the Metro Nashville Police Department (“Metro”),
testified that he responded to the 911 call in this case. When he arrived between 3:00 and
3:30 p.m., he saw Ms. Bullen and Ms. Davis standing in front of the Books-A-Million
store. He described them as “nervous” and “shaken up” as they provided him a
description of both the events and the Defendant. Officer Dewalt said that he put the
license tag number of the stolen vehicle into a national database of stolen items.

       Jeanine Sarno, also an officer with Metro, testified that she responded to a call
about a suspicious vehicle. When she arrived at the location, she saw a black Nissan
parked in a driveway on Georgia Avenue. The Defendant was in the driver’s seat of the
vehicle, and a man was in the passenger seat. Officer Sarno also saw that a silver Mazda
was in the back yard of the house “being stripped” and that one of the doors to the silver
Mazda was in the back seat of the black Nissan. There was a tag in the trunk of the silver
Mazda, and, when the officer ran the tag, it came back to a different but stolen vehicle.
The tag came back as registered to a Chevrolet Astro van belonging to Jenny and Charles
Scott. The VIN number on the silver Mazda revealed that the vehicle had been stolen.
The tag to the stolen Mazda was located inside the black Nissan with the Defendant. The
officer said that officers took the Defendant into custody.

       The Defendant testified that she and her boyfriend had fought the night before this
incident. She left their home in the morning to clear her head, and she spoke with him
later by telephone. He met her at Target, and the two fought again, and he left her, so she
began asking for a ride. She described her mental state as “just bad,” saying that she was
“nervous,” and “shaky.” She said that, while she was in the backseat of the car, she had
“flashback” to when she was raped in the backseat of the car and “just went crazy.” She
                                           -4-
said that she yelled that she was going to get out of the car and that she was going to beat
up the other women and told them to “get the f*** out of the car.” The Defendant
testified that she did not have a weapon or pretend to have a weapon.

        The Defendant said that she knew that she had done something wrong and wanted
to tell the truth about this incident. She agreed that when she first spoke with police she
told them that she had purchased the car for $1,200. She said that she was scared, as this
was her first encounter with the police. She apologized for the incident but reiterated that
she did not have a gun.

       During cross-examination, the Defendant stated that, when Officer Sarno arrived,
the Defendant was in the driver’s seat of a black Nissan, with a man as her passenger.
The front passenger door of Ms. Bullen’s vehicle was in the backseat of the Nissan, along
with Ms. Bullen’s vehicle registration and license tag. She agreed that she admitted to
police that she was “taking apart” Ms. Bullen’s silver, four door Mazda. The Defendant
agreed that she had pleaded guilty to taking Mr. and Mrs. Scott’s license plate, which she
took off his car without his permission.

       The Defendant agreed that she lied to the police when she stated that she had
purchased Ms. Bullen’s car two months prior to this incident. She told police that she
paid cash for the vehicle and could not get the title put in her name because she did not
have a bill of sale. It was not until the officer told her that he was going to conduct a
lineup that included her and show it to the victims, that the Defendant admitted that she
had stolen the vehicle. She also admitted in her statement to police that her boyfriend
had not left her at Target but that she was there by herself. The Defendant said that, at
the time she took Ms. Bullen’s car, she did not have a sick child for whom she needed
money. If she told the victims this, it would have been a lie.

       During redirect-examination, the Defendant testified that law enforcement did not
find a gun in her possession. During re-cross examination, the Defendant testified that
she took the car on March 1, 2015, and was not arrested until March 16, 2015.

        Based upon this evidence, the jury convicted the Defendant of two counts of
aggravated robbery. The Defendant then pleaded guilty to theft of property valued at
$500 or less. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to eight years for each aggravated
robbery conviction and to eleven months and twenty-nine days for the theft conviction,
and it ordered that all the sentences run concurrently for a total effective sentence of eight
years.

       It is from these judgments that the Defendant now appeals.

                                            -5-
                                    II. Analysis

       On appeal, the Defendant contends that: (1) the State exercised its peremptory
challenges in a discriminatory manner; (2) the trial court erred when it excluded
testimony regarding the Defendant’s mental health; (3) the trial court prohibited her from
offering to the jury her pretrial, out-of-court statement; and (4) the evidence is
insufficient to sustain one of her aggravated robbery convictions.

                                 A. Peremptory Challenges

        The Defendant contends that the State struck prospective jurors without a race-
neutral reason, in violation of the law as articulated by the United States Supreme Court
in Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89 (1986) (holding that peremptory challenges may
not be exercised in a discriminatory manner). The State counters that the record evinces
that it had race-neutral reasons for using peremptory challenges against six prospective
jurors and did so without furthering a discriminatory purpose.

       “Peremptory challenges, along with challenges for ‘cause’, are the principal tools
that enable litigants to remove unfavorable jurors during the jury selection process.”
State v. Spratt, 31 S.W.3d 587, 598 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (quotations omitted). A
peremptory challenge allows for the removal of jurors who may exhibit hostility or bias
but whose removal for cause has not been established. Id.

       Since as early as 1880, the United States Supreme Court has consistently
recognized that racially-based juror exclusions affect and injure the integrity of the justice
system. See Woodson v. Porter Brown Limestone Co., 916 S.W.2d 896, 902 (Tenn.
1996) (citing Carter v. Jury Comm’n of Green County, 396 U.S. 320 (1970); Ballard v.
United States, 329 U.S. 187 (1946); Hollins v. Oklahoma, 295 U.S. 394 (1935); Norris v
Alabama 294 U.S. 587 (1935); Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U.S. 303 (1880)). In
Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 87 (1986), the United States Supreme Court held that a
criminal defendant could challenge the exclusion of racial minorities on equal protection
grounds. Id. at 90; State v. Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d 356, 368 (Tenn. 2006). The Court
held that the equal protection clause guarantees a defendant that the State will not exclude
members of a defendant’s race from the venire on account of race. Batson, at 97-98.

       The Batson Court outlined a three step process for raising the equal protection
challenge. First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that the prosecutor
exercised peremptory challenges on the basis of race. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767
(1995); Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-98. A defendant “may make out a prima facie case of
purposeful discrimination by showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an
interference of discriminatory purpose.” Id. at 93-94. Under this first step, the defendant
                                            -6-
need not establish that the State’s challenge was “more likely than not the product of
purposeful discrimination.” Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162, 170 (2005). A
defendant can establish a prima facie case merely by demonstrating that the State
excluded members of a cognizable racial group for the jury pool. State v. Echols, 382
S.W.3d 366, 281 (Tenn. 2012); State v. Joan Odell, No. W2018-013410CCA-R3-CD,
2019 WL 6499438, at * 6 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Dec. 3, 2019), no Tenn. R. App.
P. 11 application filed. Furthermore, “the exercise of even one peremptory challenge in a
purposefully discriminatory manner would violate equal protection.” State v. Ellison,
841 S.W.2d 824, 827 (Tenn. 1992) (concluding that Batson applied even though only one
member of the venire belonged to the cognizable racial group).

       The second prong of Batson requires that, if the defendant satisfies this initial
burden, the burden then shifts to the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral explanation for
excluding the venire member in question. Purkett, 514 U.S. at 767; Batson, 476 U.S. at
97. The prosecutor may not merely assert that the reason for the challenge was not
discriminatory. Ellison, 841 S.W.2d at 827. The State’s race-neutral reason explanation
“must be a clear and reasonably specific account of the prosecutor’s legitimate reasons
for exercising the challenge . . . [but] need not be persuasive, or even plausible.”
Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d at 368 (citing Batson, 476 U.S. at 97; Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S.
745, 767-68 (1995)). The State’s explanation need not include a reason that would justify
excusing the juror for cause. Batson, 476 U.S. at 97. “‘Unless a discriminatory intent is
inherent in the prosecutor’s explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race[-
]neutral.’” Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d at 368 (quoting Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768).

       Third and finally, the trial court must determine whether the defendant met his
burden of proving purposeful discrimination. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359
(1993); Batson, 476 U.S. at 98. “‘The trial court may not simply accept a proffered race-
neutral reason at face value but must examine the prosecutor’s challenges in context to
ensure that the reason is not merely pretextual.’” State v. Kiser, 284 S.W.3d 227, 255
(Tenn. 2009) (quoting Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d at 368). In making its determination of
whether use of a peremptory challenge was discriminatory, the trial court must articulate
specific reasons for each of its factual findings. Woodson, 916 S.W.2d at 906. .

       “[D]etermination of the prosecutor’s discriminatory intent or lack thereof turns
largely on the evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility, of which the attorney’s demeanor
is often the best evidence.” State v. Smith, 893 S.W.2d 908, 914 (Tenn. 1994). The
United States Supreme Court has recognized that a defendant may present a variety of
evidence to support a claim that a prosecutor’s peremptory strikes were made on the basis
of race, including: (1) statistical evidence comparing the prosecutor’s use of peremptory
strikes against African-American jurors and Caucasian jurors in the case; (2) the
prosecutor’s disparate questioning of African-American and Caucasian jurors in the case;
                                            -7-
(3) “side-by-side comparisons” of African-American jurors who were struck and
Caucasian jurors who were not challenged; (4) the “prosecutor’s misrepresentations of
the record when defending the strikes during the Batson hearing; (5) relevant history of
the State’s use of peremptory strikes in past cases; or (6) any other relevant circumstances
bearing upon the issue. Flowers v. Miss., 139 S. Ct. 2228, 2243 (2019). “When a
prosecutor misstates the record in explaining a strike, that misstatement can be another
clue showing discriminatory intent.” Id. at 2250. A prosecution’s shifting of reasons for
the strike also suggests that the reasons may be pretextual. Frost v. Chatman, 136 S. Ct.
1737, 1751 (2016).

       “[T]he ultimate burden of establishing purposeful discrimination lies with the
party objecting to the peremptory challenge.” Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d at 374 (citing
Batson, 476 U.S. at 93). When ruling on a Batson challenge, the trial court must give
specific reasons for each of its factual findings, including: (1) whether a prima facie case
has been established; (2) whether a race-neutral reason for the challenge has been
provided; and (3) whether the totality of the circumstances supports a finding of
purposeful discrimination. Id. at 369 (citing Woodson, 916 S.W.2d at 906). The trial
court’s findings are imperative because rarely will a trial record alone provide a
legitimate basis from which to substitute an appellate court’s opinion for that of the trial
court. Woodson, at 916. Thus, on appeal, the trial court’s finding that the State excused a
venire member for race-neutral reasons will not be reversed unless it is clearly erroneous.
Id.

        In the case under submission, the trial court found that the Defendant was black
and that State had exercised six peremptory challenges, four of which were exercised
against African-American potential jurors and two of which were exercised against
potential jurors of Middle Eastern or Arabic descent. The trial court stated, “I can
honestly say I don’t see any prima facie case here on its face.” The trial court went on to
ask the parties to present their reasons for challenging the respective jurors. After
hearing their respective reasoning, the trial court found that the Defendant had not made a
prima facie showing that a Batson violation had occurred. It is apparent that the trial
court found that the State had offered race-neutral reasons for each of its challenges and
that the totality of the circumstances did not support a finding of purposeful
discrimination. While the record is adequate for our review, we would encourage the
trial court to examine Woodson and Huguely and, in the future, articulate specific reasons
for its findings, including whether the State has offered a race-neutral explanation for its
peremptory strike and whether the totality of the circumstances support a finding of
purposeful discrimination.

      The trial court in this case found that the Defendant had not made a prima facie
showing of a Batson violation. It noted that, while the State had exercised six of its seven
                                           -8-
peremptory challenges against minorities, the jury was comprised of five African-
Americans jurors, one other minority juror, and six Caucasian jurors. Because the trial
court then asked the prosecutor to offer its race-neutral explanations, and then made a
finding that the Defendant had not proven a Batson violation, we will review the State’s
reasoning in this regard. See Hugueley, 185 S.W.3d at 371 (although the trial court failed
to make a specific finding that a prima facie discrimination had been made,
“[n]evertheless, the prosecutor’s response to each objection clearly implies that the trial
court expected the State to proffer its reasons”); see also Woodson, 916 S.W.2d at 905
(holding that, even when the trial court made no explicit finding, it was proper to
conclude that the objecting party had made a prima facie case “[o]therwise, the court
would not have required the [striker] to explain the challenge”). While the trial court’s
findings are “barely adequate to permit our review,” similar to those in Woodson, we
conclude that a close examination of the record evinces that the prosecution’s exercise of
its peremptory challenges was for race-neutral reasons. See id. at 373.

       “In reviewing the prosecutor’s explanations, we acknowledge that ‘many of the
judgments made by counsel in picking a jury are purely intuitive and based upon
inarticulable factors.’” State v. Carroll, 34 S.W.3d 317, 320 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)
(quoting United States v. Bently-Smith, 2 F.3d 1368, 1374 (5th Cir. 1993)). Accordingly,
while subjective considerations may not be susceptible to objective rebuttal or
verification, they are permitted because of the inherent nature of peremptory challenges,
with the understanding that ultimate Batson findings will largely turn on the evaluation of
the credibility of counsel’s explanations. Id. Neutral explanations that are based on
subjective assessments, such as the juror’s demeanor, must be carefully scrutinized. Id.
At this step, the crucial inquiry is the facial validity of the prosecutor’s explanation.
Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 360. Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the
prosecutor’s explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race-neutral. Id. Indeed,
what Batson means by a “legitimate reason” is not a reason that makes sense, but a
reason that does not deny equal protection. Purkett, 514 U.S. at 769 (citations omitted);
see also State v. George Arthur Lee Smith, Nathanial (“Nat”) Allen, and Shannon Lee
Jarnigan, No. E2006-00984-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 4117603, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
at Knoxville, Nov. 19, 2007), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 25, 2008).

       According to the trial court’s jury pool list, the State exercised seven peremptory
challenges, five to strike people of African-American descent and two to strike people of
Arabic decent. The State challenged: Juror Marthel; Juror Crowder; Juror Jordan; Juror
Burdalic; Juror Gad; Juror Foote; and Juror Posey.2


      2
        We note that the defense exercise a peremptory challenge to exclude an African-
American, Juror Cook, from the venire.
                                           -9-
       Juror Marthel. The record evinces that Juror Marthel, a woman of African-
American descent, admitted that she was a person who had difficulty being fair and
impartial if there was no video evidence or if the proof was “hearsay.” She also said that
she had been kidnapped when she was in her early twenties and had to testify about the
kidnapping. She further stated that this experience would not affect her ability to be a
juror. The State explained that it asked Juror Marthel whether, because there was no
video, she could make a decision about guilt in this case. Juror Marthel responded that
she “really would like to see a video.” The State talked with the juror and eventually the
juror appeared to be fine with evaluating the case with no video, but her stance was
concerning to the State since there was no video evidence in this case. It therefore
exercised a peremptory challenge against her.

       Juror Crowder. The record evinces that Juror Crowder, a woman of African-
American descent, testified that she had ten children and was disabled to some extent but
capable of doing most things. The record shows that the juror mentioned that she could
not hear a question being asked. The State said that Juror Crowder was an “elderly lady”
and had trouble hearing. The State said that, four times, it asked her about a spouse, and
“she wasn’t hearing” the questions. The State said that it was also concerned that,
because she was elderly, she may be more sympathetic to the defense, but that their main
issue with this juror was her apparent hearing impairment. It therefore exercised a
peremptory challenge against her.

        Juror Jordan. The record evinces that Juror Jordan, a man of African-American
descent, was a substitute teacher and had testified as a character witness for a friend
convicted of robbery a year before the Defendant’s trial. The trial court noted that the
State’s notes indicated that Juror Jordan had a brother in prison for robbery and had
testified for a friend who had committed robbery.

       Juror Burdalic. The record evinces that Juror Burdalic, who the trial court said
appeared to be of Arabic descent, was a full-time student majoring in psychology and
majoring in sociology, with an aim to enter the field of health counseling. He stated that
his brother was incarcerated for a robbery that occurred in Davidson County, and he
learned about his conviction shortly before the Defendant’s trial.

        Juror Gad. The record evinces that Juror Gad, a man who appeared to be of
Middle Eastern descent, was a twenty-four-year-old medical student. The State informed
the trial court that Juror Gad was a medical student. The State said that it was concerned
that, if the defense raised the issue of mental health, that Juror Gad may put too much
weight on that and want to talk about mental health to the other jurors. It therefore
exercised a peremptory challenge against him.

                                          - 10 -
        Juror Foote. The record evinces that Juror Foote, a woman of African-American
descent, stated that she had a “large family” and that the Defendant may be her son-in-
law’s cousin. She said that she did not personally know the Defendant but that they two
may be related. Additionally she stated that she there were multiple members of her
family who had been arrested and spent time incarcerated. She said that her son and
brothers had been convicted of drug-related offenses and that her son had not been treated
fairly by the justice system. The State exercised its peremptory challenge based upon the
potential that Juror Foote was related to the Defendant.

       Juror Posey. The record evinces that Juror Posey, a woman of African-American
descent, said that her sister had been charged with an offense similar to robbery and that
her father had been charged with domestic violence, both in Davidson County. She
stated that she could not say whether her family had been treated fairly by the justice
system and stated that she had appeared in court on her sister’s behalf.

       After reviewing each of these jurors responses to the questions posed by the
parties during voir dire and the State’s articulated reasoning for exercising its peremptory
challenges, we are satisfied that the prosecutor provided a facially race-neutral reason for
the challenges to these jurors. The jury was comprised of five jurors that were non-
Caucasian, and the State had not exercised all of its peremptory challenges at the time
that these five non-Caucasian jurors were sworn. While this does not in and of itself
convince us that the State’s proffered race-neutral reasons for excusing the seven
potential jurors were merely pretextual, our close review of the transcript reveals no
disparate treatment based upon race. We therefore conclude that the trial court did not err
when it determined that, under all the circumstances, the Defendant failed to establish
purposeful discrimination.

                               B. Mental Health Testimony

        The Defendant next contends that the trial court erred when it granted the State’s
motion in limine prohibiting the Defendant from presenting evidence of her mental health
condition during the trial. She states that her family members should have been able to
testify as laypersons about her mental health conditions. Further, she asserts the trial
court erred when it limited her testimony about a prior trauma, namely a rape experience,
which she contends caused her to act in “a manner without recognition of what she was
doing and rendered her unable to recall what happened during the incident.” The State
counters first that the Defendant withdrew her request to call an expert witness, waiving
her right for our review. The State further contends that the Defendant has waived the
exclusion of the lay witnesses because she failed to make an offer of proof, citing State v.
Hall, 958 S.W.2d 679 (Tenn. 1997). The State finally contends that the trial court did not

                                           - 11 -
abuse its discretion when it limited the Defendant’s own testimony about her mental
health.

       “Generally speaking, the trial court is afforded broad discretion in resolving
questions concerning the admissibility of expert testimony; in consequence, we will not
overturn its ruling on appeal absent a finding that it abused its discretion.” State v.
Ferrell, 277 S.W.3d 372, 378 (Tenn. 2009) (citations omitted). Diminished capacity

       is not considered a justification or excuse for a crime, but rather an attempt
       to prove that the defendant, incapable of the requisite intent of the crime
       charged, is innocent of that crime but mostly likely guilty of a lesser
       included offense. Thus, a defendant claiming diminished capacity
       contemplates full responsibility, but only for the crime actually committed.

Hall, 958 S.W.2d at 688 (citations omitted). Such evidence is usually introduced through
expert testimony showing that a defendant was incapable of forming the requisite
criminal intent due to an impaired mental condition. State v. Adams, 405 S.W.3d 641,
660-61 (Tenn. 2013) (citations omitted).

        In the case under submission, the Defendant’s brief is unclear. She cites and
quotes from the law regarding expert witnesses, but then states “[the] law does not
require that evidence of mental illness that affects the mens rea of a defendant be
exclusively from a mental health expert to be admissible for the defense.” She posits that
“[t]he Court erred when it limited [her] testimony and her ability to present proof relating
to her mental health diagnosis.” Before trial, the Defendant informed the trial court that
she would not be calling an expert witness but wanted to call lay witnesses to testify
about her mental state. On appeal, the Defendant’s brief contends that the trial court
erred when it limited potential witnesses. She states that her “witnesses, specifically
family members that were familiar with her condition, should have been permitted to
testify about her mental health conditions and the impact that condition had on her” and
that she herself should have been able to testify about her mental health condition. Thus,
it appears that the Defendant is not actually complaining about the limitation of any
expert witness but the limitation of the testimony of lay witnesses, namely family
members, and limitations of her own testimony about her mental health.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 103 specifically discusses a trial court’s error
regarding the admission or exclusion of evidence. Rule 103(a)(2) states, in pertinent part:

       Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes
       evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and

                                           - 12 -
              ....

       (2) Offer of proof. In case the ruling is one excluding evidence, the
       substance of the evidence and the specific evidentiary basis supporting
       admission were made known to the court by offer or were apparent from
       the context.

This rule requires a party seeking admission of the evidence to make an offer of proof
unless the substance of the evidence and the evidentiary basis supporting the evidence’s
admission is apparent under the circumstances. Id. The purpose of an offer of proof is to
preserve excluded evidence in a manner sufficient to allow appellate review of the trial
court’s decision to exclude the evidence. State v. Lowe, 552 S.W.3d 842, 864 (Tenn.
2018). Our supreme court has previously recognized:

       In order for an appellate court to review a record of excluded evidence, it is
       fundamental that such evidence be placed in the record in some manner.
       When it is a document or exhibit this is done simply by having the exhibit
       marked for identification only and not otherwise introduced. When,
       however, it consists of oral testimony, it is essential that a proper offer of
       proof be made in order that the appellate court can determine whether or
       not exclusion was reversible.

State v. Goad, 707 S.W.2d 846, 852-53 (Tenn. 1986); see also Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d
81, 816 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (“When a party contends that the trial court erred in
excluding testimony, the need for a description of that testimony is compelling. Absent
such a showing, an appellate court cannot determine whether the exclusion was error, and
if error is found, whether the error is harmless.”). The Tennessee Supreme Court has
routinely held that the failure to make an offer of proof following a trial court’s exclusion
of evidence results in waiver of the issue on appeal. State v. Sims, 45 S.W.3d 1, 15
(Tenn. 2001).

        In the case under submission, the substance of the testimony the Defendant sought
to present about her mental health “disorder” is not apparent from the record. The
Defendant made no offer of proof regarding any “disorder.” The Defendant did mention
during the trial a traumatic event that happened to her while she was in the backseat of a
vehicle, testimony which the trial court excluded, but she made no offer of proof
regarding this traumatic event or any resulting mental health disorder. As such, we are
unable determine whether the trial court’s exclusion of any such testimony was error or
whether any error, if it did exist, is harmless. The Defendant is not entitled to relief on
this issue.

                                           - 13 -
                              C. The Defendant’s Statement

       The Defendant contends that the trial court prohibited her from offering to the jury
her interview with law enforcement after arrest. This, she argues, prejudiced her because
the State had questioned her about portions of the statement, leaving the jury with an
“incomplete picture of the statement that [she] had given to the police after her arrest.”
The State counters that the Defendant waived this issue because she did not move to
admit the statement at trial and failed to included the statement in the appellate record
preventing our review either on the merits or for plain error. We agree with the State.

        A defendant has the burden of ensuring that the record on appeal is “sufficient to
convey a fair, accurate, and complete account of what transpired with respect to those
issues that are the bases of appeal.” Tenn. R. App. P. 24(a); State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d
557, 560-61 (Tenn. 1993). Plenary review, much less plain error review, is precluded
when the appealing party fails to include that portion of the record upon which the party
relies. Id. The Defendant failed to make an offer of proof of her statement to police, and
the statement is not included in the record. As previously stated, the purpose of an offer
of proof is to preserve excluded evidence in a manner sufficient to allow appellate review
of the trial court’s decision to exclude the evidence, and is done by simply having the
statement marked for identification only. See Lowe, 552 S.W.3d at 864; see also Goad,
707 S.W.2d at 852-536. The Defendant’s failure to make an offer of proof following the
trial court’s exclusion of her statement results in her waiving of the issue on appeal. See
Sims, 45 S.W.3d at 15; see also State v. Charles Owens, No. M2005-02571-CCA-R3-CD,
2007 WL 1094136, at *22 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Apr. 12, 2007), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Aug. 20, 2007) (holding that a defendant to preserve the record for
appellate review of whether the trial court properly excluded his statement to a detective
when he failed to include his statement to the detective in the record). The Defendant is
not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                D. Sufficiency of Evidence

        The Defendant next contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain her
conviction for the aggravated robbery of Ms. Davis because “none of the items taken by
[the Defendant] during the robbery belonged to [Ms. Davis] . . .” including the vehicle
itself. The State counters that there was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury
could find that the State had proven the elements of aggravated robbery beyond a
reasonable doubt. We agree with the State.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this court’s standard
of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
                                          - 14 -
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(e); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid,
91 S.W.3d 247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This standard applies to findings of guilt based upon
direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1999) (citing State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)). In the
absence of direct evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by
circumstantial evidence. Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). “The jury
decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and ‘[t]he inferences to be
drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.’” State v.
Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Marable v. State, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457
(Tenn. 1958)). “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] ‘is the same
whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265,
275 (Tenn. 2009)).

       In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990). Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact
from the evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Liakas v.
State, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1956)). “Questions concerning the credibility of
witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues
raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651,
659 (Tenn. 1997). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the
testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of
the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). The Tennessee Supreme
Court stated the rationale for this rule:

       This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
       jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be
       given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d
523, 527 (Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the “‘strongest
legitimate view of the evidence’” contained in the record, as well as “‘all reasonable and
legitimate inferences’” that may be drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d at
                                         - 15 -
775 (quoting State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of
guilt against a defendant removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption
of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence
was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516,
557-58 (Tenn. 2000) (citations omitted).

       The Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain her conviction
for the aggravated robbery of Ms. Davis because Ms. Davis did not own anything in the
vehicle or own the vehicle itself. Robbery, a Class C felony, “is the intentional or
knowing theft of property from a person of another by violence or putting the person in
fear.” T.C.A. § 39-13-401 (2019). As relevant to this case, aggravated robbery, a Class
B felony, is robbery as defined above, “Accomplished with a deadly weapon or by
display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a
deadly weapon.” T.C.A. § 39-13-402(a)(1), (b) (2019). “A person commits theft of
property if, with the intent to deprive the owner of property, the person knowingly
obtains or exercises control over the property without the owner’s effective consent.”
T.C.A. § 39-14-103 (2019).

        We again note that, upon review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the State. The evidence showed that Ms. Bullen and Ms. Davis were out purchasing
items for a school project on the day of this offense. They had purchased multiple pairs
of flip flops, which Ms. Bullen said she purchased for herself and for Ms. Davis. Ms.
Davis had also saved the remainder of her lunch to eat at a later date and had it with her
in the car. The Defendant asked the women for a ride, got into the backseat of Ms.
Bullen’s vehicle, and directed them to a Books-A-Million parking lot. In the parking lot
she pulled a gun from her handbag and pointed it at Ms. Bullen, causing both Ms. Bullen
and Ms. Davis to be in fear. The Defendant told the women to exit the vehicle, and they
both complied. She then got into the front seat of the vehicle and drove away with the
vehicle and all of the contents that it contained. We conclude that, based upon this
evidence, a rational jury could conclude that the Defendant had exercised control over
Ms. Davis’s property, including her lunch and her flip flops, and that her actions met the
other elements of aggravated robbery. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence is
sufficient to sustain the Defendant’s conviction, and she is not entitled to relief on this
issue.




                                           - 16 -
                                   II. Conclusion

        In accordance with the aforementioned reasoning and authorities, we affirm the
trial court’s judgments.


                                           ____________________________________
                                                ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




                                        - 17 -
