Opinion filed February 7, 2019




                                       In The


        Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                    __________

                                 No. 11-17-00131-CR
                                     __________

                    TREVOR AARON BAUGH, Appellant
                                 V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 441st District Court
                            Midland County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. CR48163


                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
      The grand jury indicted Trevor Aaron Baugh for the offense of aggravated
robbery. After a trial on the merits, the jury found Appellant not guilty of aggravated
robbery, but it found Appellant guilty of the lesser included offense of robbery. At
the conclusion of the punishment phase of the trial, the jury found two enhancement
paragraphs to be true and assessed Appellant’s punishment at confinement for forty-
five years. In his sole issue on appeal, Appellant contends that the trial court erred
when it failed to sua sponte conduct an informal inquiry into his competency to stand
trial. We affirm.
      In the indictment, the State alleged that Appellant threatened a Walmart
employee and placed him in fear of imminent bodily injury and death, by using and
exhibiting a deadly weapon, namely a knife, while Appellant committed theft from
Walmart and the Walmart employee. On appeal, Appellant does not challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. Thus, we will limit our
discussion of the facts to the issue of whether Appellant was competent to stand trial.
      After he had consulted with both of his attorneys, Appellant elected to testify
at trial. Before he testified, the trial court thoroughly admonished Appellant about
his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. During the trial court’s
questioning, Appellant stated that he understood he had a right to remain silent and
that he understood the advantages and disadvantages of his decision to testify.
Appellant also stated that he had had sufficient time to consult with his attorneys
about the subject and that he wanted to voluntarily waive his right to remain silent.
      During this part of the trial, the trial court also questioned Appellant about his
educational level and about his technical job training. In addition, the trial court
asked Appellant whether he had recently (i.e., within the last twenty-four hours)
consumed alcohol or taken any controlled substances. Appellant responded that he
had not. The trial court also asked Appellant whether he had recently taken any
prescription or over-the-counter medication; Appellant responded: “Yes, sir.”
Appellant stated that he had taken Prozac, hydroxyzine, and Buspar.
      Appellant further explained that he was currently under the care of
Dr. Strobel, a psychiatrist.    Appellant stated that Dr. Strobel prescribed the
medications and that jail personnel administered the medicine. The following
exchange occurred between the trial court and Appellant:
            THE COURT: Is there anything about that medication that you
      take that affects your ability to think and concentrate in these
      proceedings?
             THE DEFENDANT: Not to my knowledge, no, sir.
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             THE COURT: Do you believe that you have been able to
      understand all of the proceedings that were held yesterday and today to
      this point?
             THE DEFENDANT: Most -- for the most part, yes, sir.
             THE COURT: Have you had an opportunity to consult with
      either of your attorneys to ask them questions about any aspect of the
      proceeding, either yesterday or today?
             THE DEFENDANT: Absolutely.
      Next, the trial court asked Appellant whether he had ever been confined in a
mental health facility. Appellant replied: “[Y]es, sir.” Appellant explained that he
had been committed when he was a child, about fifteen or sixteen years ago. The
record reflects that Appellant was twenty-eight years old at the time of trial. The
trial court then questioned Appellant about whether he believed that anything from
his prior hospitalization or confinement as a child affected his “ability to understand
these proceedings or to think and concentrate today.” Appellant responded: “From
my knowledge, no, sir.”
      After the trial court questioned Appellant, the trial court asked Appellant’s
trial counsel about Appellant’s statements:
             THE COURT: Okay. [Defense Counsel], does the fact that your
      client wishes to give up his right to remain silent, take the oath and
      testify today meet with your approval?
             [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor. After speaking with
      [Appellant], I have informed him of the consequences of taking it and
      not taking it that he’s asked me.
              THE COURT: Okay. In your opinion, is [Appellant] competent
      to testify at this point in time?
           [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor, [Appellant] is
      competent.
      After the trial court completed its admonishment of Appellant, it concluded
that it “[would] approve of [Appellant] giving up [his] right to remain silent, taking
                                          3
the oath and testifying in this proceeding.” The trial court further declared that it
was its opinion that Appellant was “doing so freely and voluntarily, with the consent
of counsel.”
      After Appellant testified on direct examination, the State conducted a voir dire
examination of Appellant, outside the presence of the jury, during its cross-
examination. The State’s voir dire examination was based on Appellant’s testimony
on direct examination that he had heard someone call his name as he left Walmart
and headed to his pickup in the parking lot. Specifically, Appellant testified that he
heard someone say: “Don’t do this, Trevor.”          Appellant’s answer apparently
prompted the State to question Appellant about his mental health history. Appellant
testified that, at the time of trial, he was taking medication for and had been
diagnosed with the following conditions: “[m]anic depressi[on], bipolar,
schizophreni[a], and just ADAD [sic] and ADHD.” Appellant stated that he began
taking medication only after his current incarceration began and that he was not on
medication during the incident at Walmart. Appellant explained that he did not take
any medication for “approximately five years prior to” his arrest for the offense with
which he is charged in this case. Appellant also denied that he had heard voices in
his head on the day of the incident and clarified that he had heard an actual person
call his name.
      We review a trial court’s decision not to conduct an informal competency
inquiry into a defendant’s competency to stand trial for an abuse of discretion.
Montoya v. State, 291 S.W.3d 420, 426 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009), superseded by
statute on other grounds as stated in Turner v. State, 422 S.W.3d 676, 692 & n.31
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see also Luna v. State, 268 S.W.3d 594, 599–600 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008). A trial court does not abuse its discretion absent a showing that
its decision was arbitrary or unreasonable. Montoya, 291 S.W.3d at 426. When we
determine whether the trial court has abused its discretion, we do not substitute our
                                          4
own judgment for that of the trial court; instead, we determine whether the trial
court’s decision was arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. A trial court’s firsthand factual
assessment of a defendant’s competency is entitled to great deference on appeal.
Ross v. State, 133 S.W.3d 618, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
       “As a matter of constitutional due process, a criminal defendant who is
incompetent may not stand trial.” Boyett v. State, 545 S.W.3d 556, 563 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2018); Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 688. The legislature has codified this due-
process requirement to ensure that legally incompetent criminal defendants do not
stand trial. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. arts. 46B.003–.005 (West 2018). A
person is presumed to be competent and the burden is on the criminal defendant to
prove incompetency by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. art. 46B.003(b).
Substantively, incompetency to stand trial is shown if the defendant does not have
“(1) sufficient present ability to consult with the person’s lawyer with a reasonable
degree of rational understanding; or (2) a rational as well as factual understanding
of the proceedings against the person.” Id. art. 46B.003(a). Procedurally, a trial
court employs two steps for making competency determinations before it may
conclude that a defendant is incompetent to stand trial. The first step is an informal
inquiry; the second step is a formal competency trial. Id. arts. 46B.004–.005.
      An informal inquiry is called for when there is a “suggestion” from any
credible source that the defendant may be incompetent. Id. art. 46B.004(a), (c), (c-
1). “Either party may suggest by motion, or the trial court may suggest on its own
motion, that the defendant may be incompetent to stand trial.” Id. art. 46B.004(a).
Upon such a suggestion, the trial court must undertake an informal inquiry to
determine whether there is “some evidence from any source that would support a
finding that the defendant may be incompetent to stand trial.”                    See
id. art. 46B.004(c). However, an informal inquiry is not required unless the trial


                                          5
court observes or is presented with evidence suggesting incompetency. See
id. art. 46B.004(c-1).
      “Evidence suggesting the need for an informal inquiry may be based on
observations made in relation to one or more of the factors described by
Article 46B.024 or on any other indication that the defendant is incompetent within
the meaning of Article 46B.003.” Id. art. 46B.004(c-1). These factors include the
defendant’s capacity during criminal proceedings to (a) rationally understand the
charges against him and the potential consequences of the pending criminal
proceedings; (b) disclose to counsel pertinent facts, events, and states of mind;
(c) engage in a reasoned choice of legal strategies and options; (d) understand the
adversarial nature of criminal proceedings; (e) exhibit appropriate courtroom
behavior; and (f) testify. Id. art. 46B.024(1). Additional considerations include
whether the defendant suffers from mental illness and, if so, what impact it has on
the defendant’s capacity to reasonably and rationally participate in his own defense.
See id. art. 46B.024.
      Appellant contends that the trial court should have sua sponte conducted an
informal competency inquiry based on the following evidence: (1) Appellant
suffered from “a variety of [mental] conditions, including schizophrenia”; (2) he
“went through a five-year period without medication until his arrest”; (3) he “did not
understand all of the proceedings”; and (4) Appellant’s “answers to questions were
somewhat bizarre and non-responsive.” We disagree.
      We conclude that the evidence in this case did not suggest that Appellant was
incompetent to stand trial and, thus, did not trigger the trial court’s duty to conduct
an informal inquiry. With respect to Appellant’s first two assertions as to why an
informal inquiry was required, we note that “[t]he fact that a defendant is mentally
ill does not by itself mean he is incompetent.” Turner, 422 S.W.3d at 691. A
defendant’s mental illness—absent credible evidence that, because of it, he lacks the
                                          6
ability to rationally consult with his attorney or rationally and factually understand
the proceedings against him—“does not equate to a suggestion of incompetency.”
Dusenbery v. State, No. 02-16-00125-CR, 2018 WL 4025078, at *9 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Aug. 23, 2018, pet. dism’d, untimely filed) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (quoting Moore v. State, No. 02-15-00381-CR, 2016 WL 4474354,
at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 25, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication)).
      Here, nothing in the record suggests that Appellant’s mental illness and lack
of medication for a five-year period before his arrest rendered Appellant incapable
of rationally consulting with his attorneys or rationally and factually understanding
the proceedings against him. Rather, the record reflects that, although Appellant
took medication for various mental conditions at the time of the trial, Appellant
understood the nature and consequences of the proceedings against him, was able to
consult with his attorneys and engage in a reasoned choice of legal strategies and
options, exhibited appropriate courtroom behavior, and clearly answered the trial
court’s questions. Therefore, evidence of Appellant’s mental illness and former lack
of medication did not constitute evidence of his incompetency.
      With respect to Appellant’s third assertion, Appellant contends that an
informal inquiry was required because Appellant did not understand all the
proceedings against him. To support this argument, Appellant asserts that he
responded: “[F]or the most part, yes, sir,” to the trial court’s inquiry about whether
Appellant understood “all of the proceedings” against him. While Appellant did not
unequivocally express that he understood all of the proceedings against him, we
conclude that the record does reflect that Appellant had “a rational [and] factual
understanding of the proceedings against [him].” CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.003(a).
      Here, the record shows that Appellant understood the charge against him and
understood the adversarial nature of the proceedings. Appellant also understood that
                                          7
he had a right to remain silent and understood the consequences of his decision to
testify. Further, Appellant informed the trial court that he “[a]bsolutely” had the
opportunity to ask his attorneys “about any aspect of the proceeding[s],” and his trial
counsel confirmed that Appellant did make such inquiries, specifically regarding
Appellant’s decision to testify. In addition, Appellant stated that the medication he
was taking at the time of trial did not affect his ability to think and concentrate during
the trial. Appellant also informed the trial court that his ability to understand the
proceedings against him was not affected by his history of mental illness. Moreover,
when the trial court asked Appellant’s trial counsel whether Appellant was currently
competent to stand trial, trial counsel stated: “Yes, Your Honor, [Appellant] is
competent.” Thus, nothing in the proceedings below suggested that Appellant was
unable to rationally and factually understand the proceedings against him.
      Even if we were to hold that an informal inquiry was required after Appellant
responded that he understood the proceedings against him “for the most part,” we
conclude that the trial court essentially conducted an informal competency inquiry
during its admonishment of Appellant regarding his Fifth Amendment right against
self-incrimination. An informal inquiry may be satisfied when the trial court poses
simple, short questions to the defendant or defense counsel regarding the defendant’s
competency—exhaustive inquisitions are not required. See Coyt–Sowells v. State,
No. 14-11-00986-CR, 2013 WL 1499579, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
Apr. 11, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Luna, 268
S.W.3d at 599–600).
      Here, the trial court posed such questions to both Appellant and his trial
counsel. Specifically, after Appellant stated that he understood the proceedings
against him “for the most part,” the trial court asked Appellant whether he had had
the opportunity to consult with either of his attorneys about any aspect of the
proceedings against him, whether he had a history of mental illness, and whether he
                                            8
believed his history of mental illness affected his ability to currently understand the
proceedings against him or to think and concentrate. Additionally, the trial court
questioned Appellant’s trial counsel about Appellant’s decision to testify and asked
trial counsel whether he believed Appellant was currently competent to stand trial.
The answers to these questions show that Appellant was competent to stand trial.
        Finally, with respect to Appellant’s fourth assertion, he contends that his
“somewhat bizarre and non-responsive” answers served as a basis for the trial court
to inquire into his competency. To support this argument, Appellant cites to the
following six examples: (1) during direct examination, when Appellant’s trial
counsel asked Appellant whether he remembered seeing Rennetta Lambert (an asset-
protection associate who testified for the State) at Walmart, Appellant initially
testified that he did, but later stated that the Rennetta Lambert who testified earlier
“didn’t even look like the woman that [he] had seen”; (2) when Appellant’s trial
counsel asked whether Appellant recalled hearing the testimony of Brendan Hinojos
(another asset-protection associate at Walmart), Appellant testified that he heard “a
few of his testimonies”; (3) when the prosecutor asked Appellant why the FM radio
transmitter (the object Appellant was charged with stealing) caught his attention,
“Appellant’s response did not answer the question”; 1 (4) on cross-examination, in
response to two other questions about Appellant’s actions in the store, Appellant
responded “by telling the prosecution they watched the same surveillance videos he
did”; (5) Appellant “attempted to make his own [relevancy] objection” in response
to a question on cross-examination; and (6) although Appellant testified that he heard
someone say: “Don’t do this, Trevor,” as he walked out of Walmart, when asked
who made the statement, Appellant could not identify the person, and Appellant


        1
        In response to this question, Appellant stated: “Just like I stated on the record before, I opened the
box and handed it off.” Appellant testified that he handed it off to the person that accompanied him to
Walmart on the day in question.
                                                     9
admitted that it could not have been “his accomplice, Hinojos, or Lambert” or any
other “third party near the scene.”
      We conclude that Appellant’s responses to these questions do not suggest that
Appellant was incompetent to stand trial. The fact that Appellant could not identify
a witness as the person whom he saw at Walmart, apparently misspoke or used
incorrect grammar, refused to answer some questions to the prosecutor’s liking
during cross-examination, and could not identify the person that called after him as
he left Walmart does not constitute evidence that Appellant was unable to rationally
consult with his attorneys or rationally and factually understand the proceedings
against him. CRIM. PROC. art. 46B.003(a). To the contrary, Appellant’s responses,
in particular his responses on cross-examination, were indicative of a rational and
factual understanding of the proceedings against him. Specifically, Appellant’s
testimony showed that he was able to comprehend the prosecutor’s questions and
respond in a manner that Appellant believed would further his defense. Indeed,
Appellant attempted to minimize his involvement in the crime when he claimed that
all he did was open the box and hand the radio transmitter to the person that
accompanied him. Furthermore, Appellant decided not to answer select questions
that he believed were apparent from the evidence already admitted or not relevant to
the charged offense. Moreover, with respect to Appellant’s suggestion on appeal
that his testimony indicated that he was hearing voices, the record reflects that
Appellant maintained at trial that he was not hearing voices in his head but, rather,
that he heard an actual, unidentified person call his name. Accordingly, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by failing to conduct an informal inquiry based on
this evidence.
      Appellant also argues that an informal inquiry was required in this case
because “[t]he facts surrounding Appellant’s case are similar” to the facts of
Greene v. State, where the San Antonio Court of Appeals held that the trial court
                                         10
erred by failing to conduct an informal inquiry. 225 S.W.3d 324, 329 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2007, no pet.). We disagree.
      In Greene, the court of appeals concluded that the defendant’s “rambling,
nonresponsive” answers to questions and testimony “of the most bizarre quality”
suggested that he was incompetent to stand trial. Id. at 329. There, the court of
appeals noted that Greene’s testimony showed that he had confused thoughts and
was out of touch with reality when he testified. Id. At trial, Greene testified that, on
the day of the incident, he “started hallucinating [his] shadows”; he emphasized that
he was hearing voices, which were “telling [him] to smoke a cigarette the whole
time.” Id. at 326–27. Greene also stated that he “kept thinking they were trying to
put their image inside of [him] to control [him] and . . . possess [him] or something.”
Id. at 327. Greene further explained that he bit an officer in a previous assault
because “[t]he other cop was telling [him] in his mind to bite [the officer], thinking
[he] was a vampire.” Id. at 328.
      In addition to Greene’s bizarre testimony, the court of appeals noted that the
defendant was on schizophrenia medication and had a long history of mental illness.
Id. at 329. Greene’s testimony established that he had recently been institutionalized
because “he was hearing voices and having a vision that he had a twin who would
not leave him alone.” Id. at 326. Moreover, Greene testified that he understood that
he had been accused of “something” and relayed that he “somewhat” understood
“the role of defense counsel, the prosecution, judge, and jury.” Id. at 327. Greene
also told the jury that he thought he was insane. Id. When asked whether insanity
is a defense in his case, Greene stated, “I have no clue.” Id.
      We conclude that the circumstances described in Greene bear little
resemblance to those present in this case. Unlike in Greene, the record before us
does not show that Appellant provided rambling or bizarre testimony. Nor does
Appellant’s testimony show that he was confused or out of touch with reality when
                                          11
he testified. At trial, Appellant denied that he had heard voices on the day of the
incident. Although at the time of trial Appellant was taking medication for his
mental illness, Appellant testified that the medication did not affect his ability to
think and to concentrate during the proceedings. Moreover, there was no evidence
to suggest that Appellant had recently been institutionalized prior to the commission
of the present offense, and his trial counsel confirmed that Appellant was competent
to stand trial. Indeed, Appellant’s behavior at trial suggested that he understood the
crime for which he was charged, that he was able to rationally consult with both his
attorneys, and that he had a rational and factual understanding of the proceedings
against him. Accordingly, we conclude that Greene does not compel us to make a
similar holding.
      In the alternative, Appellant asserts that, if this court determines that the trial
court’s admonishment of Appellant about his right to remain silent constituted an
informal competency inquiry, “the trial court should have stayed the proceedings
and ordered an examination” under Article 46B.005(a) of the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure. Article 46B.005(a) contains the following provision: “If after
an informal inquiry the court determines that evidence exists to support a finding of
incompetency, the court shall order an examination under Subchapter B to determine
whether the defendant is incompetent to stand trial in a criminal case.” CRIM. PROC.
art. 46B.005(a) (footnote omitted). Because we have already determined that an
informal inquiry into Appellant’s competency was not warranted, and to the extent
that it was required, the trial court conducted the inquiry and found no evidence to
support a finding of incompetency, we conclude that the trial court was not required
to order a mental examination.
      Accordingly, based on the record before us, we hold that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion when it did not, sua sponte, conduct an informal inquiry into


                                          12
Appellant’s competency beyond the inquiry that the trial court made during its
admonishment. We overrule Appellant’s sole issue on appeal.
        We affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                           JIM R. WRIGHT
                                                           SENIOR CHIEF JUSTICE




February 7, 2019
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Stretcher, J., and Wright, S.C.J.2

Willson, J., not participating.




        2
          Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland,
sitting by assignment.
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