                    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2012-KA-00405-SCT

TWONIA RENEE WILLIAMS a/k/a TWONIA
WILLIAMS a/k/a TWONIA R. WILLIAMS

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         02/16/2012
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. ROGER T. CLARK
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                   OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER
                                          BY: HUNTER NOLAN AIKENS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                    OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                          BY: W. GLENN WATTS
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                        CONO A. CARANNA, II
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION:                              REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/18/2013
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:




       BEFORE RANDOLPH, P.J., PIERCE AND KING, JJ.

       RANDOLPH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Twonia Renee Williams was convicted in the Circuit Court of Harrison County,

Mississippi, for the murder of Katrina Sergeant. She was sentenced to life imprisonment in

the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections (MADOC). On appeal, Williams

contends that jury instructions S-2A, S-4, and/or S-6 were given in error.

                                         FACTS
¶2.    In late November, 2009, Twonia Williams ended her three-and-a-half year

relationship with Sean Lindsay. According to Williams, she “put [Lindsay] out” of her home

due to his continued infidelity. Almost immediately, Lindsay moved in with his new

girlfriend, Katrina Sergeant, her three children, and her niece, Stacey McCall.

¶3.    McCall testified that, around midnight on December 5, 2010, she and Sergeant drove

to the gas station in “[Lindsay’s] truck” to purchase “black and mild . . . cigars].” Williams’s

cousin recognized McCall and Sergeant in Lindsay’s truck and called Williams to inform her

of what she had seen. Williams admitted being upset by this information because she had

“just struggled to get the $2000 to get [the truck] paid off so [Lindsay] could get his title.”

¶4.    Shortly after McCall and Sergeant returned home from the gas station, Williams began

calling Lindsay’s phone repeatedly. Lindsay placed the calls on speaker phone, and McCall

overheard Williams say she was “about to come blow up the house, blow up everybody in

there.” Williams continued calling until Lindsay turned his phone off, at which point, she got

in her car and drove to Sergeant’s house. According to Williams, she initially was not going

to stop, but, as she drove by, she saw the front “door . . . fly open” and believed that

“[Lindsay] was coming out to talk to her.” However, Sergeant, and not Lindsay, emerged

from the front door. Williams testified that she parked and exited her car with “the gun in

[her] hand,” and that an argument ensued between her and Sergeant. Williams claimed that

she told Sergeant she just “wanted to see [Lindsay],” but that Sergeant told her, “you need

to leave, you’re not going to talk to [Lindsay], you need to leave.” Williams admitted that,

at some point in the argument, she shot Sergeant, causing her death.

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¶5.        On July, 26, 2010, Williams was indicted for “willfully, feloniously and without the

authority of law kill[ing] and murder[ing] Katrina Sergeant, a human being, with deliberate

design . . . .” See Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(1)(a) (Rev. 2006). On February 14, 2012, the

jury trial commenced. Williams testified on her own behalf, “. . . sometime or another I did

pull the trigger . . . I was arguing with [Sergeant] and I was talking with her with my hand.

The gun went off, and I heard it pop and saw [Sergeant] go to the ground.” Despite

acknowledging on direct examination that she “did pull the trigger,” Williams claimed that

she shot Sergeant by accident. However, two eyewitnesses contradicted Williams’s claim.

McCall testified that she was outside with Sergeant when the confrontation took place, and

that Williams raised the gun up to Sergeant’s face and pulled the trigger. McCall also

testified that, around the time she pulled the trigger, Williams stated, “I don’t give a f***.”

Furthermore, Sergeant’s neighbor, Carsie Durr, testified that he witnessed part of the

confrontation from his front yard and that the shot “wasn’t like an accident . . . [Williams]

deliberately pulled that gun up and shot one time . . . .” In addition to the two eyewitnesses,

the State offered two experts whose testimony contradicted Williams’s. The State’s forensic

expert, Dr. Paul McGarry, testified that Sergeant suffered a “close range wound within 12,

18, 20 inches . . . .” Lori Beall, a firearms expert, testified that the type of gun used has

certain safety mechanisms that require the trigger be pulled in order to prevent accidental

firing.1


           1
        The gun used was a Rossi .357 magnum revolver. Beall testified that the gun requires
fifteen-seventeen pounds of trigger pressure to fire when the hammer is unbooked. If the

                                                3
¶6.    Williams was found guilty of murder and sentenced to “life imprisonment in the

custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections.” After hearing, the circuit court denied

Williams’s “Motion for New Trial or Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict (NOV).”

Thereafter, Williams filed this “Notice of Appeal.”

                                           ISSUE

¶7.    On appeal, this Court will consider:

       Whether the circuit court erred in granting instructions S-2A, S-4 and/or S-
       6.

                                        ANALYSIS

¶8.    The jury instructions at issue read, in pertinent part:

       [A] person is presumed to have intended the natural and probable
       consequences of his voluntary and deliberate acts. (Instruction S-4.)

       “[D]eliberate design” may be inferred through the intentional use of any
       instrument which based on its manner of use is calculated to produce death or
       serious bodily injury. (Instruction S-2A.)

       [I]f wounds are inflicted upon a person with a deadly weapon in a manner
       calculated to destroy life then intent may be inferred from the use of the
       weapon. (Instruction S-6.)

(Emphasis added.)

¶9.    “Jury instructions are generally within the discretion of the trial court and the settled

standard of review is abuse of discretion.” Bailey v. State, 78 So. 3d 308, 315 (Miss. 2012)

(citing Newell v. State, 49 So. 3d 66, 73 (Miss. 2010)). “The instructions are to be read




hammer is cocked, the gun requires two to two and a half pounds of trigger pressure to fire.

                                              4
together as a whole, with no one instruction to be read alone or taken out of context.” Id.

(quoting Young v. State, 891 So. 2d 813, 819 (Miss. 2005)). “When read together, if the jury

instructions fairly state the law of the case and create no injustice, then no reversible error

will be found.” Id. (citing Newell, 49 So. 3d at 73).

¶10.   Williams was indicted for “deliberate design” murder pursuant to Mississippi Code

Section 97-3-19(1)(a). “[D]eliberate design connotes an intent to kill . . . .” Brown v. State,

965 So. 2d 1023, 1030 (Miss. 2007). Thus, “intent” was an essential element of the crime

upon which the State was required to prove Williams’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See

In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970) (“[T]he Due

Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a

reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.”);

Hodges v. State, 743 So. 2d 319, 324 (Miss. 1999) (“The State is required to prove every

element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt.”) (citing Heidel v. State, 587 So.

2d 835, 843 (Miss. 1991)). This burden of proof “never shifts from the State to the

defendant.” Sloan v. State, 368 So. 2d 228, 229 (Miss. 1979).

¶11.   Williams admits that she shot and killed Sergeant. Her defense at trial was that the

shooting was an accident, and, therefore, she lacked the requisite intent to be found guilty of

“deliberate design” murder.2 Consequently, Williams argues that S-4, along with S-2A and

S-6, shifted the burden of proof on the only contested issue at trial, her intent, vel non.


       2
        Consistent with this defense, Williams received two separate manslaughter
instructions and an instruction on accident or mistake.

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¶12.   Williams relies primarily on the United States Supreme Court’s holdings in

Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S. Ct. 2450, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39 (1979), and Francis

v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 105 S. Ct. 1965, 85 L. Ed. 2d 344 (1985). In Sandstrom,

Sandstrom admitted to the killing, but defended on the grounds that it was not “deliberate.”

Id. at 512. Therefore, “[intent] was the lone element of the offense at issue . . . .” Id. at 520-

21. The jury was given the following instruction: “[T]he law presumes that a person intends

the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts.” Id. at 512. In Francis, the Court again

examined a case where “intent” to commit murder was “the only contested issue at trial.”

Francis, 471 U.S. at 309. The jury was instructed, “[a] person of sound mind and discretion

is presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his acts but the presumption

may be rebutted.” Id. at 311. These two instructions are indistinguishable from S-4. In both

cases, the Court emphatically held that the instruction violated the Due Process Clause in that

it shifted the burden of proof to the defendant on an essential element of the charged offense,

i.e., intent. Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 521; Francis, 471 U.S. at 325.

¶13.   This Court has condemned similar presumptive instructions. In Tran v. State, 681 So.

2d 514, 516 (Miss. 1996), the jury was given the following instruction: “Deliberate design

may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon.” (Emphasis

added.) This Court held that the instruction was given in error because “it relieved the

prosecution of its [burden of] persuasion.” Id. at 518.

¶14.   The State counters that, when the instructions are read as a whole, S-4 did not shift

the burden of proof. Specifically, the State directs this Court to instructions C-3, C-6, S-8 and

                                                6
S-10. C-3 instructed the jury that Williams was “presume[d] . . . innocent” and that the “State

must prove beyond a reasonable doubt” that Williams was “guilty of every material element

of the offense.” C-5 instructed the jury, in pertinent part, “not to single out any certain . . .

instruction and ignore others. The order in which these instructions are given has no

significance . . . .” S-8 allowed the jury to find Williams not guilty based on “accident or

misfortune,” and S-10 encompassed the lesser-included offense of manslaughter.

¶15.   But Sandstrom and Francis addressed and rejected the very arguments presented by

the State. In addition to the erroneous instruction, the Sandstrom “jury was instructed

generally that the accused was presumed innocent until proved guilty, and that the State had

the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant caused the death of the

deceased purposely or knowingly.” Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 518 n.7; Francis, 471 U.S. at

311.3 The general instructions given in Sandstrom and Francis are very similar to those

relied on by the State. The Court found that “[t]hese general instructions as to the

prosecutor’s burden and the defendant’s presumption of innocence do not dissipate the error

in the challenged portion of the instructions.” Francis, 471 U. S. at 319-20.

¶16.   Comparing the instructions reveals an additional conflict. S-4 conflicts with

instruction S-9. S-9 stated, “[t]he Court instructs the jury that an intentional act cannot be

excused under the doctrine of accident or misfortune.” When S-4 and S-9 are read together,

a reasonable juror may have determined that the shooting could not have been an accident


       3
        Along with the two instructions noted in Sandstrom, jurors in Francis also were
instructed on “misfortune or accident.”

                                               7
because “[Williams was] presumed to have intended the natural and probable consequences

of [her] . . . acts” and “an intentional act cannot be . . . [an] accident . . . .”

¶17.   Additionally, the State argues that instruction S-4 did not employ the mandatory terms

“shall” or “will,” and, therefore, merely created a permissive inference for the jury. Yet, the

absence of “shall” or “will” does not automatically render S-4 permissive. Rather, we

consider the distinctive differences between “infer” and “presume.” “Infer” is defined as “to

conclude from certain premises or evidence.” Webster’s II New College Dictionary 567

(2001). By this definition, a jury may not make an inference without evidence adduced at

trial to support that inference. However, S-4 did not employ “infer,” but instead used

“presume,” which is defined as “to assume to be true without proof to the contrary.”

Webster’s II New College Dictionary 875 (2001). “Assume” is analogous to “presume” and

“stress[es] the arbitrary acceptance as true of something which has not yet been proved.”

Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms 646 (1942). As a presumption is accepted as true without

proof to the contrary, it follows that the burden was shifted to the defendant to provide proof.

¶18.   The Sandstrom Court addressed the contention that the instruction merely created a

permissible inference and stated, “[this] argument[] need not detain us long . . . [,]” for

“Sandstrom’s jurors . . . were not told that they had a choice, or that they might infer that

conclusion; they were told only that the law presumed it.” Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 514-15;

see Francis, 471 U.S. at 316 (“The challenged [instruction is] cast in the language of

command.”) “It is clear that a reasonable juror could easily have viewed such an instruction



                                                  8
as mandatory.” Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 515. S-4 created a mandatory presumption, not a

permissible inference, and, therefore, the State’s argument must fail.

¶19.   S-2A and S-6 clearly illustrate the distinction in which the jury is given guidance on

what it may infer from the evidence adduced at trial. In contrast to S-4, S-2A and S-6

explicitly used the phrase “may be inferred.” In addition to including the permissive “may,”

the instructions allow the jury the discretion to reach a conclusion only if evidence has been

presented to support that conclusion, thus creating a true permissive inference. Francis, 471

U.S. at 314 (“A permissive inference suggests to the jury a possible conclusion to be drawn

if the State proves predicate facts, but does not require the jury to draw that conclusion.”)

Therefore, S-2A and S-6 “told [the jurors] that they had a choice, or that they might infer that

conclusion.” Sandstrom, 442 U.S. at 515 (emphasis added). They did not tell the jurors “that

the law presumed it.” Id. S-2A and S-6 do not create a mandatory presumption, and,

therefore, do not impermissibly shift the burden of proof. See Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570,

581, 106 S. Ct. 3101, 92 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1986) (“No one doubts that the trial court properly

could have instructed the jury that it could infer malice from respondent’s conduct.”)

(emphasis in original).

¶20.   S-4 is practically indistinguishable from the burden-shifting instructions condemned

in Sandstrom and Francis and the instruction which relieved the prosecution of its burden

of persuasion condemned in Tran. In contrast to the permissive inference established by S-

2A and S-6, S-4 created a mandatory presumption which could allow a conviction based



                                               9
upon a presumption as opposed to evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, S-4 was

given in error.

¶21.   Having found error, this Court may consider whether such error was harmless. “Error

is harmless if it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that it did not contribute to the verdict.”

Conley v. State, 790 So. 2d 773, 793 (Miss. 2001) (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S.

18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967)). Undoubtedly, the State presented substantial

evidence of Williams’s guilt. See supra ¶ 5. However, Williams testified that the shooting

was an accident. Her testimony was sufficient to warrant an instruction on accident or

mistake, which was granted. Once her defense was placed in issue and the instruction given,

it was the duty of the jury to consider Williams’s testimony and defense among all the other

evidence presented. It was S-4 which created this dilemma, for it is impossible to determine

beyond a reasonable doubt whether the jury engaged in this consideration or merely relied

on S-4's presumption as to intent. We cannot conclude that is it is “clear beyond a reasonable

doubt that [S-4] did not contribute to the verdict.” Conley, 790 So. 2d at 793.

                                       CONCLUSION

¶22.   The circuit court erred in granting instruction S-4, and such error cannot be considered

harmless in this case. Therefore, we reverse Williams’s conviction and sentence and remand

the case to the Circuit Court of Harrison County for a new trial consistent with this opinion.

¶23.   REVERSED AND REMANDED.

     WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON, P.J., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER,
PIERCE, KING AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.


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