J-A10024-17


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA


                       v.

JOSEPH M. BOCCALUPO

                            Appellant                  No. 1846 EDA 2015


          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence dated June 4, 2015
            In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0006814-2014

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., SOLANO, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY SOLANO, J.:                        FILED SEPTEMBER 25, 2017

       Appellant Joseph M. Boccalupo appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered following his conviction for driving under the influence of a drug

(hereinafter “DUI”) in violation of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2).

After careful review, we affirm.

       Appellant’s bench trial took place on April 2, 2015. The trial court has

summarized the testimony of the two witnesses presented at trial as follows:

           [O]n November 24, 2012[,] Appellant’s vehicle was observed
       by Philadelphia Police, [who were] in an unmarked pickup truck,
       turning off of eastbound Cottman Avenue onto southbound Brous
       Avenue and nearly striking a vehicle traveling in front of the
       observing police. Officer Lanz testified that Appellant turned on
       the red light and did not “pause, stop or hesitate when he turned
       in front of the traffic.”[1] Officer Lanz and his Partner immediately
____________________________________________
1
  Officer Lanz testified that the accident was only narrowly avoided because
the driver of the other car, whose vehicle was between the police and
Appellant’s, quickly braked. N.T., 4/2/15, at 13. When Appellant pulled into
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
J-A10024-17


        pulled Appellant over.[2] Officer Lanz smelled the odor of PCP[3]
        when he approached Appellant’s vehicle. Officer Lanz testified
        that he knew it was the distinct odor of PCP because he had
        come into contact with the odor at least a dozen times
        previously during his twelve (12) years of employment with the
        department.[4] Officer Lanz also testified that Appellant exhibited
        symptoms of being under the influence of PCP including slow
        responses to questioning, slower slurred speech, and a
        distinctive stare.[5]

           Appellant was arrested based on evidence of narcotic
        intoxication, including the odor or PCP emanating from
        Appellant’s vehicle, the observation of his vehicle almost striking
        another vehicle, his inability to focus and provide his
        paperwork,[6] and his slowed response to questioning. When

                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)
the southbound lane of Brous Avenue, he was approximately 10 feet from
that car. N.T. at 22. An additional one to one-and-a-half car lengths
separated that vehicle from the police pickup truck. N.T. at 22-23.
2
 Officer Lanz testified that he could not remember if Appellant’s car swerved
during the twenty seconds the police observed him after the near-miss. N.T.
at 24.
3
  Though not defined in the record, we assume that the reference to “PCP” is
to the drug phencyclidine. N.T. at 31. Appellant does not dispute that PCP is
a controlled substance, and the precise nature of the drug at issue here is
not an issue in this appeal.
4
    Officer Lanz stated that PCP has a very distinct odor. N.T. at 13-14.
5
  Officer Lanz testified that he has encountered persons under the influence
of PCP “[a] dozen of times” (sic). N.T. at 13-14. According to the officer,
persons under the influence “are slow to respond, they don’t always have
the focus to them. Sometimes you get their attention, sometimes you can’t.”
N.T. at 14-15.
6
    The Officer testified that

        I started to ask [Appellant] if he had his license, registration,
        insurance. He had kind of like a stare about him; he wasn’t
        focusing on me. I couldn’t tell what he was focusing on.

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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J-A10024-17


      Appellant was removed from his vehicle, Officer Lanz noted that
      the odor of PCP was apparent on Appellant’s person and that
      Appellant was unable to maintain his balance. Based on the
      evidence of narcotic intoxication, it was not safe for Appellant to
      operate a motor vehicle.

Trial Ct. Op., 7/26/16, at 1-2 (citations omitted).

      On cross-examination, Officer Lanz testified that no field sobriety test

was performed on Appellant. N.T. at 26-27. The officer also admitted that he

is not a qualified Drug Recognition Expert. Id. Officer Lanz stated that he

saw several cigarette butts on the floor of the car, and that cigarettes can be

used to ingest PCP. Id. at 16-29. However, no physical evidence from the

search of Appellant’s car was introduced at trial.

      The trial court continues:

          Appellant was brought to the Police Detention Unit [(“PDU”)]
      for chemical testing following his arrest for driving under the
      influence. Officer Patrick Farrell of the Accident Investigation
      Division (“AID”) observed Appellant after he was brought to the
      PDU and testified that Appellant was “disoriented and confused;
      he had staring eyes, mumbling and repetitive speech, and he
      had an unsteady walking gait.” Officer Farrell testified that he
      believed Appellant was under the influence of PCP based on his
      encounters with approximately 200 persons under the influence
      of PCP during his sixteen (16) year career as a Philadelphia
      police officer.[7]
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)
      He’s rambling about his car; trying to look for paperwork. I tried
      to ask him where he was coming from, where he was going. He
      wasn’t quite fully answering me; he had like a slurred speech, a
      slurred response.

N.T. at 13.
7
   Officer Farrell testified that he has seen over 200 people under the
influence of PCP. N.T. at 29-30. He made no observations of whether there
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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J-A10024-17



Trial Ct. Op. at 2 (citations to the notes of trial testimony omitted).

      Officer Farrell testified that he drew two tubes of Appellant’s blood for

chemical testing. N.T. at 31. However, the results of Appellant’s blood test

was not introduced into evidence, because the authenticating witness was ill

on the date of trial and unavailable to testify. N.T. at 4.8

      The court found Appellant guilty of violating 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2).

Appellant was sentenced to serve ninety days to twenty-three months’

incarceration.

      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.9 He asks us to consider

“[w]hether the court below committed an error of law when it found

Appellant guilty of violating 75 Pa.[C.S.] § 3802(d)[(]2), because the

Commonwealth failed to establish each and every element of the offense

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Appellant’s Brief at 6.

      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
      evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in
                       _______________________
(Footnote Continued)
were any odors emanating from Appellant at the time he was tested, but
stated that often an odor is not present on persons intoxicated when brought
to him for testing. Id. at at 32-33.
8
  The Commonwealth requested that the trial be bifurcated; the court denied
the request. N.T. at 4-6. We note that the trial court had previously denied
Appellant’s motion to dismiss based Pa.R.Crim.P. 1013(G), in which
Appellant claimed that multiple continuances by the Commonwealth had
violated his right to a speedy trial.
9
   The trial court did not order Appellant to file a Rule 1925(b) statement of
errors complained of on appeal, and Appellant did not file one. The trial court
filed a 1925(a) opinion nonetheless.


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J-A10024-17


       the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient
       evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the
       crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we
       may not weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the
       fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
       established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
       possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt
       may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so
       weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of
       fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
       Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every element
       of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly
       circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test,
       the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence actually
       received must be considered. Finally, the finder of fact while
       passing upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the
       evidence produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the
       evidence.

Commonwealth v. Gause, 164 A.3d 532, 540-41 (Pa. Super. 2017) (en

banc).

       Appellant first argues that the trial court committed reversible error

when it permitted lay opinion testimony by an “untrained [p]olice [o]fficer.”

Appellant’s Brief at 10-12. Appellant complains that the officer “had no

formal training in drug recognition,” and that the effect of a drug on an

individual is properly the subject of expert testimony. Id. at 11.10




____________________________________________
10
   Appellant does not name the officer, and we note that both Officers Lanz
and Farrell offered lay testimony regarding whether Appellant was under the
influence of PCP. However, we infer that Appellant’s main complaint is
against the opinion given by Officer Lanz, as Appellant complains that “the
Officer believed Appellant was under the influence and unable to safely
operate a motor vehicle because in his opinion he smelled PCP.” Appellant’s
Brief at 12.


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J-A10024-17


      We find this argument to be waived. Appellant failed to object to the

introduction of the testimony of either officer at trial. Our Rules of Appellate

Procedure provide that “[i]ssues not raised in the lower court are waived and

cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.” Pa.R.A.P. 302(a); see also

Commonwealth v. DiPanfilo, 993 A.2d 1262, 1268 n.8 (Pa. Super. 2010)

(“Our Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that sufficiency claims must be

analyzed based on the entire record of evidence actually admitted.

Moreover, Appellant waived his challenge to the admissibility of the officer’s

‘expert’ testimony by failing to object at trial” (citations omitted)), appeal

denied, 40 A.3d 120 (Pa. 2012).

      Appellant next argues that the Commonwealth failed to present

sufficient evidence of a violation of 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2). Appellant’s

Brief at 12. Appellant asserts that there was insufficient evidence for the

court to conclude that Appellant was under the influence of a drug because

“there was no PCP found in the car[, t]here was no PCP found on

[Appellant],” and “[t]here were no chemical tests in evidence which would

demonstrate that [Appellant] had narcotics in his system. The only evidence

of narcotic ingestion was the testimony from an untrained Police Officer who

stated he smelled what he believed to be PCP.” Appellant’s Brief at 11.

      In addition, Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to

establish a “nexus that the alleged substance somehow was responsible for

the [in]ability of a motorist to operate [his] vehicle in a safe manner.”


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Appellant’s Brief at 12-14 (citing Commonwealth v. Etchison, 916 A.2d

1169, 1172-73 (Pa. Super 2007), aff’d, 943 A.2d 262 (Pa. 2008) (per

curiam)). Appellant asserts that there must be some evidence that the drug

caused him to drive unsafely, for evidence of the consumption of a narcotic

“is not alone sufficient to establish that the driver of a motor vehicle is too

impaired to safely operate the vehicle.” Id. at 14 (citing Commonwealth v.

Gruff, 822 A.2d 773 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal denied, 863 A.2d 1143 (Pa.

2004)). Appellant claims that here there was no evidence of unsafe driving,

because Officer Lanz did not testify that Appellant was speeding or swerving,

made unsafe lane changes, or was not able to control his vehicle, and no

accident resulted from Appellant’s driving. Id. at 12-14. According to

Appellant, he merely “made a legal turn on a red light; a traffic maneuver

that is performed thousands of times a day all across the Commonwealth.”

Id. at 14.

      Subsection (d)(2) of the DUI statute provides:

      (d) Controlled substances.—An individual may not drive,
      operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of a
      vehicle under any of the following circumstances:

                                    ***

         (2) The individual is under the influence of a drug or
         combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the
         individual’s ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual
         physical control of the movement of the vehicle.

75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(d)(2). This subsection “requires only proof that the driver

was under the influence of a drug or combination of drugs to a degree that

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J-A10024-17


the ability to drive is impaired.” Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342,

345 (Pa. Super. 2012). It “does not require that a drug be measured in the

defendant’s blood, nor does it specify any particular manner by which the

Commonwealth is required to prove that the defendant was under the

influence of a drug.” Commonwealth v. Griffith, 32 A.3d 1231, 1239 (Pa.

2011); see also Commonwealth v. Hutchins, 42 A.3d 302, 308 (Pa.

Super.) (court’s inability to consider results of blood test “does not mean

that there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction under”

subsection    (d)(2)),   appeal   denied,   56    A.3d   396    (Pa.   2012);

Commonwealth v. Williamson, 962 A.2d 1200, 1204 (Pa. Super. 2008)

(Subsection (d)(2) “does not require that any amount or specific quantity of

the drug be proven in order to successfully prosecute under that section”),

appeal denied, 980 A.2d 608 (Pa. 2009).

     Expert testimony is not required “to establish that the defendant’s

ability to drive safely was caused by ingestion of a drug.” Commonwealth

v. Hutchins, 42 A.3d 302, 307 (Pa. Super.) (quoting Griffith, 32 A.3d at

1238), appeal denied, 56 A.3d 396 (Pa. 2012). Rather, whether expert

testimony is required to prove a violation of Section 3802(d)(2) —

     must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, taking into account
     not just the specific drug at issue, prescription or otherwise, but
     also the nature and overall strength of the Commonwealth’s
     evidence, viewed pursuant to the general standard [that expert
     testimony is necessary when “the jury is confronted with factual
     issues whose resolution requires knowledge beyond the ken of
     the ordinary layman.” Kozak v. Struth, 531 A.2d 420, 422 (Pa.
     1987)].

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J-A10024-17



Griffith, 32 A.3d at 1239; see DiPanfilo, 993 A.2d at 1267 n.5 (stating

that, because marijuana is a commonly-known drug, “if a police officer

stopped a driver who was driving erratically, and the driver then rolled down

his window and greeted the officer through a cloud of marijuana smoke,

showing the typical signs of heavy marijuana use, it would be difficult to

imagine that expert testimony would be necessary to establish the link

between the erratic driving and the driver’s marijuana use”).        Therefore,

convictions under subsection 3802(d)(2) have been sustained even without

expert testimony or chemical evidence showing an influencing level of drugs

in the defendant’s system. See, e.g., Griffith, 32 A.3d at 1239-40 (violation

of subsection 3802(d)(2) sustained where officer testified that defendant

was off-balance, had difficulty standing, and failed three field sobriety tests;

only a therapeutic concentration of prescription medication was found in

defendant’s blood). Conversely, we have reversed a conviction under the

same subsection where the Commonwealth presented no evidence that the

defendant was under the influence of the drugs found in his system. See

Etchison, 916 A.2d at 1172 (reasoning that Commonwealth’s case relied on

drug tests indicating that defendant had ingested marijuana previously but

which were inconclusive as to the influence the drug still had on the

defendant).

      As expressed by the trial court in this case:




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J-A10024-17


      Evidence was presented that Appellant was observed driving
      erratically by the arresting Officer. The Officer immediately noted
      an odor of PCP emanating from Appellant’s vehicle after
      Appellant opened his window during the traffic stop. The Officer
      testified that Appellant was unable to focus on his questioning
      and failed to provide his license and vehicle paperwork when it
      was requested. The Officer also noted that Appellant’s speech
      was slowed and slurred and the odor of PCP remained on his
      person after he was removed from his vehicle. . . .

          The Officer who performed chemical testing on the Appellant
      following his arrest also noted similar evidence of intoxication.
      The AID Officer testified that Appellant was disoriented and
      confused when he was brought for testing. The Officer also
      testified that Appellant had staring eyes, mumbling and
      repetitive speech, and an unsteady walking gait.

Trial Ct. Op. at 3. The trial court concluded that this evidence was sufficient

to convict Appellant under Section 3802(d)(2).

      We agree.    This evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, is sufficient to prove a violation of the statute. Officer Lanz

observed Appellant make a very unsafe turn, smelled the strong, unique

odor of PCP on Appellant’s person, and observed Appellant exhibit signs that

he   was   under   its   influence.   Officer   Farrell   corroborated   the   latter

observation. Assuming the truth of the officers’ testimony, as we must, see

Gause, 164 A.3d at 540, the evidence establishes that Appellant was under

the influence of a drug that impaired his ability to drive. Tarrach, 42 A.3d at

345. We reiterate that the Commonwealth may sustain its burden by

circumstantial evidence alone, see Gause, 164 A.3d at 541, and that no




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J-A10024-17


chemical evidence or expert testimony is required to support the conviction.

Griffith, 32 A.3d at 1239; Hutchins, 42 A.3d at 307.11

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 9/25/2017




____________________________________________
11
   We note that while the exact effects of PCP upon a person may be beyond
the ken of an average layperson, see Griffith, 32 A.3d at 1239, the opinion
of the officers was admitted into evidence and a factfinder may therefore
rely upon it. Gause, 164 A.3d at 541. Moreover, Officer Lanz’s testimony
that PCP emanates a strong odor, and that this odor was wafting from
Appellant’s person, is within the realm of lay understanding. See DiPanfilo,
993 A.2d at 1267 n.5.


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