 Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
 this Memorandum Decision shall not be
 regarded as precedent or cited before any                Feb 14 2014, 10:02 am
 court except for the purpose of
 establishing the defense of res judicata,
 collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                               ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

THOMAS W. VANES                                       GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Merrillville, Indiana                                 Attorney General of Indiana

MARK A. BATES                                         JODI KATHRYN STEIN
Office of the Public Defender                         Deputy Attorney General
Crown Point, Indiana                                  Indianapolis, Indiana



                                IN THE
                      COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

DONALD W. ESCO,                                       )
                                                      )
       Appellant-Defendant,                           )
                                                      )
                vs.                                   )       No. 45A03-1304-CR-138
                                                      )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                     )
                                                      )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                            )


                        APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT
                         The Honorable Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
                               Cause No. 45G04-1107-FA-30


                                          February 14, 2014

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

FRIEDLANDER, Judge
         Donald Warren Esco brings an interlocutory appeal of the denial of his motion to

suppress. Esco presents the following consolidated and restated issue for review: Did the

search warrant become stale and, therefore, invalid because of the passage of eight days from

issuance and eleven days from the controlled buy giving rise to probable cause for the

warrant?

         We affirm.

         On June 24, 2011, Gary Police Detective Willie McLemore arranged a controlled drug

transaction between a confidential informant and Esco. At McLemore’s direction, the

informant made a phone call to arrange the purchase of $60 worth of crack cocaine at the

home where Esco resided.1 The informant then drove to this residence and was admitted

entry after knocking on a rear door. After a brief conversation with individuals in the home,

the informant met with Esco in the living room for the drug transaction. The informant

provided the buy money to Esco and, after going into another room, Esco returned and

handed the informant 1.7 grams of crack cocaine. The informant wore an audio/video

recording device throughout the controlled buy, allowing constant police surveillance.

         Thereafter, on Monday morning, June 27, 2011, Detective McLemore obtained a

search warrant for the target residence. The warrant authorized a search of this home for

crack cocaine and anything related to the operation of an illegal drug trafficking operation, as

well as a search of Esco’s person. The warrant expressly required that the search occur by

July 6, 2011.


1
    The informant had also previously resided at this residence several months earlier.

                                                      2
        Officers executed the warrant on July 5, 2011, while Esco was inside the residence.

Among other things, the officers seized approximately 98 grams of crack cocaine, money, a

scale, a box of sandwich bags, marijuana, and firearms. As a result of the search, the State

charged Esco with class A felony dealing in cocaine, class C felony possession of cocaine,

and class A misdemeanor possession of marijuana.

        Esco later filed a motion to suppress all evidence obtained during the search.

Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion on February 11, 2013. Upon Esco’s

motion, the trial court certified its suppression ruling for interlocutory appeal. This court

accepted jurisdiction on May 28, 2013. Additional facts will be provided below as needed.

        Esco’s sole argument on appeal is that the search warrant became stale at some point

during the eight days that police waited to execute it.2 Thus, he contends the trial court

abused its discretion when it denied his motion to suppress. A trial court abuses its discretion

if its decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it.

Montgomery v. State, 904 N.E.2d 374 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. Upon review of

the denial of a motion to suppress, we do not reweigh the evidence, and we consider

conflicting evidence in a light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Webster v. State, 908

N.E.2d 289 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. We also consider any uncontested evidence

favorable to the defendant. Id.




2
  Although raised below, Esco does not challenge on appeal the trial court’s determination that sufficient
probable cause existed for issuance of the search warrant.

                                                    3
       Ind. Code Ann. § 35-33-5-7(b) (West, Westlaw current through 2013 1st Regular Sess.

& 1st Regular Technical Sess.) sets an outer limit of time for execution of a search warrant:

“search warrant must be…executed not more than ten (10) days after the date of issuance”.

Despite this statutory limitation, a search warrant may go stale, making a search

constitutionally impermissible, prior to the tenth day depending on the particular

circumstances of the case. See Huffines v. State, 739 N.E.2d 1093, 1095 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)

(“the fact that the search did not violate the statue does not address Huffines’ separate

constitutional arguments”), trans. denied.

       In Huffines, the defendant moved to suppress evidence that had been collected from

his home pursuant to a search warrant that, like the instant case, was issued three days after a

controlled buy and executed eight days after issuance. The defendant argued that the

probable cause to search was based on a single controlled buy and that the probable cause

dissipated during the eleven-day period leading up to the search. We agreed with the

defendant.

       Probable cause is a fair probability that evidence of a crime will be found in the

specific location to be searched and is determined by considering the totality of the

circumstances. Huffines v. State, 739 N.E.2d 1093. Once a warrant issues, a delay in

execution of the warrant may render stale the probable cause finding. Id. Factors that may

be considered in determining whether probable cause has dissipated include the amount of

time since the warrant was issued, the nature of the criminal activity, and the type of property

subject to the search. Id.


                                               4
        The initial probable cause determination upon which the warrant issued in Huffines

was based on a one-time controlled buy of crack cocaine at the defendant’s residence. We

observed that the State presented no evidence at the suppression hearing that police

conducted surveillance of the residence between the time the warrant issued and when it was

executed eight days later. Further, the State failed to present any evidence indicating ongoing

drug activity. Based upon the specific circumstances of the case, we held: “the State has

failed to demonstrate that continuing criminal activity was suspected and corroborated. As

such, probable cause dissipated in the eight days that lapsed between the time of the

warrant’s issuance and the search of Huffines’ home.” Id. at 1097. Accordingly, we

concluded that the search violated both the United States and the Indiana constitutions.3

        Esco argues that the facts of the instant case are on par with those in Huffines.

Certainly, the location of the search (a residence) and the period of delay are precisely the

same. The respective warrants were also both issued based on a one-time controlled buy of

crack cocaine. Esco, however, ignores a significant distinction. The record before us

indicates evidence of ongoing drug activity at Esco’s residence. Detective McLemore

testified at the suppression hearing that he had been investigating Esco “for quite some time”

and had conducted a “series of buys” (specifically, three or four recorded controlled buys)

between Esco and the informant. Transcript at 16 and 38. Further, a document signed by



3
   The State asks that we find, as a matter of first impression, that a warrant executed within the ten-day
statutory period is presumed to retain the probable cause attributed to it by the issuing magistrate, subject to a
contrary evidentiary showing by the defendant. We observe that the State did not raise this argument below.
Moreover, we would reach the same result in this case regardless of whether the proposed presumption is
applied.

                                                        5
Detective McLemore and included with the application for the search warrant indicated that

the informant “had made crack cocaine purchases from inside the [target] residence.”

Exhibits Volume at Attachment “B” to Search Warrant (emphasis supplied). In light of the

evidence of repeated drug sales by Esco out of his residence, we conclude that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by determining that probable cause still existed when the warrant

was executed. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying Esco’s motion to suppress.

       Judgment affirmed.

KIRSCH, J., and BAILEY, J., concur.




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