                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT JACKSON
                                       June 10, 2015 Session

      HANNA (JOHN) NAZI, ET AL. v. JERRY’S OIL COMPANY INC.

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                         No. C12289     Nathan B. Pride, Judge

                             ________________________________

                       No. W2014-02008-COA-R3-CV – June 24, 2015
                           _________________________________

The trial court determined that Appellant Hanna (John) Nazi executed the contractual
documents between the parties as the owner/proprietor of the Handy Peddler and that he
was liable for a judgment in favor of Appellee Jerry‘s Oil Company, Inc. We affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J. STEVEN
STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., joined.

Robert T. Keeton, III, Huntingdon, Tennessee, for the appellant, Hanna (John) Nazi and
Banham (Ben) Nazi.

Adam C. Crider and Brandon J. Stout, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellee, Jerry‘s Oil
Company, Inc.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION1

        This is the second appeal in this contract dispute. The background facts and
procedural history were set-forth comprehensively in Nazi v. Jerry’s Oil Company, Inc.,
No. W2013–02638–COA–R3–CV, 2014 WL 3555984 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 18, 2014)
(―Nazi I‖), and it is unnecessary to repeat them in detail here. In Nazi I, we vacated the
trial court‘s order dismissing Hanna (John) Nazi (―John Nazi‖) following a bench trial of

1
 Rule 10 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals of Tennessee provides:
This Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, may affirm, reverse or modify the
actions of the trial court by memorandum opinion when a formal opinion would have no precedential
value. When a case is decided by memorandum opinion it shall be designated ―MEMORANDUM
OPINION‖, shall not be published, and shall not be cited or relied on for any reason in any unrelated case.
a June 2012 breach of contract claim filed by Jerry‘s Oil, Inc., (―Jerry‘s Oil‖) against
John Nazi and his brother, Banham (Ben) Nazi (―Ben Nazi‖).2 We determined that the
documents forming the parties‘ agreement were ambiguous with respect to whether John
Nazi was acting as the owner/proprietor of the Handy Peddler, a sole proprietorship,
when he executed the purchase contract, security agreement, fuel supply agreement, and
promissory note that, together, formed the agreement between Jerry‘s Oil and the Handy
Peddler. Nazi I, 2014 3555984, at *12. We observed that, although it was undisputed
that John Nazi executed the documents under which Jerry‘s Oil supplied fuel to the
Handy Peddler, the parties disputed whether John Nazi signed the documents ―merely as
its manager,‖ acting on behalf of Ben Nazi – who John Nazi asserts is, in fact, the
proprietor of the Handy Peddler – or whether he was acting as its owner/proprietor. Id.
We noted that the trial court made no findings with respect to the intent of the parties
when the documents were executed in 2007, but ―simply determined that John Nazi could
not be liable because he was no longer involved with the Handy Peddler at the time the
breaches occurred, which was an improper basis for the involuntary dismissal.‖ Id. We
determined that the evidence was contested and that resolution of the issue turned on a
determination of facts. Id. Accordingly, we remanded the matter to the trial court for
further consideration and to make findings of fact. Id.

        On remand, the trial court heard arguments in the matter in August 2014. Upon
consideration of the parties‘ arguments and review of the documents and the transcripts
of the 2013 bench trial, the trial court entered judgment on September 10, 2014. The trial
court determined that the testimony of the witnesses did not clarify the issue. The trial
court found that, in light of the language of the documents executed by John Nazi and in
view of the parties‘ course of dealing, John Nazi was the proprietor of the Handy Peddler
when the agreement with Jerry‘s Oil was executed. Accordingly, it held John Nazi liable
for the judgment in favor of Jerry‘s Oil. John Nazi filed a timely notice of appeal.

                                              Discussion

       The sole question for review is whether the trial court erred by determining that
John Nazi was acting as the proprietor of the Handy Peddler when he executed the four
documents comprising the agreement between Jerry‘s Oil and the Handy Peddler. We
review the findings of fact by a trial court sitting without a jury de novo upon the record,
with a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(d); e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Tarrant, 363 S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. 2012).


2
 Jerry‘s Oil filed its original complaint against John Nazi. John Nazi asserted that he was acting as a
representative of the Handy Peddler when he executed the contract with Jerry‘s Oil and that the Handy
Peddler was in fact owned by Ben Nazi. Ben Nazi was joined as a Defendant in Nazi I; John Nazi was
involuntarily dismissed by the trial court; and the trial court entered a judgment in favor of Jerry‘s Oil
against Ben Nazi in the amount of $99,875.71. On remand, the trial court entered the judgment against
John Nazi, and John Nazi is the only Appellant in the current appeal.
                                                    2
Where the trial court‘s factual findings are based on its assessment of credibility of the
witnesses, we will not reverse those findings unless there is clear and convincing
evidence to the contrary. E.g., In Re: M.L.D., 182 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005). We review the trial court‘s conclusions of law de novo with no presumption of
correctness. E.g., Rogers v. Louisville Land Co., 367 S.W.3d 196, 204 (Tenn. 2012).

       The four documents executed by John Nazi on behalf of the Handy Peddler in
2007 include a Purchase Contract, a Security Agreement, a Fuel Supply Agreement, and
a Promissory Note. Ben Nazi did not sign any of the documents. The Fuel Supply
Agreement defined Handy Peddler as the ―Retailer.‖ John Nazi signed the Agreement,
but left the space designated for ―Title‖ blank. The Agreement recited a term of 120
consecutive months with automatic renewal on a month-to-month basis until terminated
with 30 days‘ notice. Paragraph 14 of the Agreement provided:

          This Agreement shall not be transferred or assigned by Retailer in whole or
          in part, directly or indirectly, without the prior written consent of Supplier.
          Any granted request to assign may require that Retailer remain obligated to
          Supplier according to the terms of this Agreement. Supplier may assign
          this Agreement in whole or in part.

Paragraph 17 provided that notice required under the Agreement would be provided in
writing to ―Handy Peddler c/o John Nazi[.]‖ It further stated that a copy of any notice
would be sent to ―Handy Peddler C/O John Nazi[.]‖ We observe that the paragraph
provided for notice to Jerry‘s Oil, with a copy to its legal counsel. Paragraph 32 of the
Agreement provided that it constituted the entirety of the parties‘ agreement and further
provided that it could not be modified except in a writing signed by the parties.

       The Purchase Contract was signed by John Nazi as ―Buyer‘s Representative
Handy Peddler.‖ The Promissory Note identified ―John Nazi doing business as Handy
Peddler (maker)‖ and was signed by John Nazi without any designation of title. John
Nazi executed the Security Agreement as ―Manager,‖ and we observe that Jerry‘s Oil
recited John Nazi as the ―exact full legal name‖ of the debtor on its UCC Financing
Statement.3

      The record also contains correspondence dated March 24, 2007, and signed by
John Nazi on behalf of the Handy Peddler. The correspondence states:

          I am John Nazi owner of the Handy Peddler B.P. in Camden Tn. I am
          advising you at this time, I wish to discontinue with my present supplier
          (Jobber) Reynolds Br. I hold no contractual agreement nor do I have any
          indebtedness with them. I wish to have Jerry‘s Oil out of Jackson Tn

3
    The UCC Financing Statement supplied John Nazi‘s legal name: Hanna E. Nazi.
                                                   3
       become my supplier. I would like to start transferring my Credit Cards
       over to Jerry‘s Oil when possible.

The record additionally contains a document relating to past-due fuel invoices. The
document was signed by a representative for Jerry‘s Oil and ―Handy Peddler John Nazi.‖

        In its September 2014 order, the trial court found that John Nazi was a proprietor
of the Handy Peddler when the documents were executed in 2007. The trial court further
found that John Nazi had actual authority to contract on behalf of the Handy Peddler; that
no proof was offered to demonstrate any business relationship between John Nazi and
Ben Nazi; that no proof was offered to indicate an employer-employee relationship
between Ben Nazi and John Nazi; and that there was no proof that Ben Nazi was
unavailable to execute the documents in 2007. It also found that John Nazi left the
management and operation of the Handy Peddler in 2011 and 2012, when the breaches
occurred, but that the contract with Jerry‘s Oil was not modified or amended. The trial
court stated, ―It appears that the intent of the parties was for the contracts to continue
until they expired or were modified.‖ The trial court concluded:

       With exception of the Security Agreement, all other documents are silent as
       to the relationship as manager of Handy Peddler and preponderates toward
       the contractual liability of John Nazi, to the documents. There is no
       ambiguity in them, so the Court can only use the plain meaning of the
       contracts, documents and terms which indicate John Nazi was a proprietor
       of the Handy Peddler.

       Courts must seek to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the parties at the time
they executed their agreement. Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress & Warehouse Co.,
Inc., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002). In cases where a contract is ambiguous, the
meaning of its terms ―‗becomes a question of fact[.]‘‖ Id. (quoting Smith v. Seaboard
Coast Line R.R. Co., 639 F.2d 1235, 1239 (5th Cir.1981)). In his brief, John Nazi asserts
that the trial court erred where it failed to ―reconcile the ambiguities created by John
Nazi‘s signature.‖ Upon review of the record, and the documentary evidence in
particular, we cannot say that the evidence preponderates against the finding of the trial
court that John Nazi executed the contractual documents as the proprietor of the Handy
Peddler in 2007. When the documents were executed, John Nazi clearly held himself out
as the owner of the Handy Peddler.

        As we noted in Nazi I, ―[a] sole proprietorship necessarily involves individual
liability.‖ Nazi I, 2014 WL 3555984, at *10 (citing see Dexter Ridge Shopping Center,
LLC v. Little, 358 S.W.3d 597, 608 n .8 (Tenn. Ct. App.2010) (noting that because the
business was a sole proprietorship, the question was whether its owner/proprietor was
liable, as the business did not constitute a ―separate legal entity‖)). We further stated in
Nazi I:

                                             4
      The individual proprietorship or sole proprietorship—the two terms being
      interchangeable—is the oldest, simplest, and most prevalent form of
      business enterprise. Rules of contract, torts, property, and agency law loom
      large in its legal character.

      An individual may carry on business as sole proprietor. Such assistance as
      is needed in the way of service may be procured by hiring others, with
      whom the proprietor enters into the relation of master and servant, or
      principal and agent.... If there are losses, the proprietor must bear them
      alone, to the extent of business and personal resources. If there are profits,
      the proprietor does not have to share them, absent any agreement to
      compensate employees, the landlord, or the money lender with a share of
      profits in lieu of fixed wages, rent, or interest.

      In short, the individual proprietor is the ―boss,‖ personally employing
      others as employees or agents. The business contracts—those made
      personally or by agents within their actual or apparent authority or, when
      made beyond the agency power, ratified—are the proprietor‘s contracts.

                                          ***

      The relation of master and servant or principal and agent or employer and
      employee exists between the proprietor and anyone else associated with the
      enterprise. The proprietor retains all the profits of the business and
      likewise must bear all the losses, and remains fully liable for any business
      debts even though the business is dissolved.

Id. at *7 (emphasis added) (quoting 14A Tenn. Prac., Legal Forms Business
Organizations § 12:1). A sole proprietorship has no legal existence separate from its
owner. See Wilson v. Acacia Dermatology PLLC, et al, No. 1:11-CV-00069, 2011 WL
3651779 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 18, 2011). Accordingly, we affirm the trial court‘s judgment
in favor of Jerry‘s Oil against John Nazi.

                                        Holding

       In light of the foregoing, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs on
appeal are taxed to the Appellant, Hanna (John) Nazi, for which execution may issue if
necessary. This matter is remanded to the trial court for the collection of costs,
enforcement of the judgment, and further proceedings as may be necessary and consistent
with this opinion.
                                               _________________________________
                                               ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JUDGE


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