                               UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                          Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53




           United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Seventh Circuit
                             Chicago, Illinois 60604

                               Argued April 20, 2005
                               Decided June 15, 2005

                                       Before

                   Hon. JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge

                   Hon. DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

                   Hon. DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge

No. 04-1931

AGIM STERMOLLI and ELIDJONA                  Petition for Review of an Order of the
STERMOLLI,                                   Board of Immigration Appeals
            Petitioners,
     v.                                      Nos. A79-583-042 & A79-583-043

ALBERTO R. GONZALES,* Attorney
General of the United States,
                 Respondent.

                                     ORDER
      Agim and Elidjona Stermolli, husband and wife, are Albanians who sought
asylum based on past persecution on account of political opinion. An Immigration
Judge denied relief because Agim (the lead applicant), failed to meet his burden of
supporting his claim with credible testimony, and the BIA dismissed the appeal.
We deny the petition.

       Agim and Elidjona are Albanian citizens from the Albanian district of Korca,
from where they fled to Greece, then to Mexico with fake Greek passports, and
finally to the United States, which they entered illegally in October 2000. After
they were here for eleven months, Agim applied pro se for asylum, withholding of
removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). An asylum officer


      Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c), we have substituted Alberto Gonzales for
      *

John Ashcroft as the named respondent.
No. 04-1931                                                                   Page 2

referred Agim’s case to the Executive Office for Immigration Review, and Agim
obtained counsel and filed a supplemental written statement. Elidjona’s claim is
derivative of Agim’s and stands or falls with his.

        Agim testified that he became politically active in 1996—four years after the
fall of the communists in Albania—when he joined the Legality Movement. The
Legality Movement is a minority party that advocates a return to monarchy in
Albania. When Agim joined, the Legality Movement was pushing for the passage of
a referendum—to be held before the regular elections in 1997—for the return of a
king. To support the referendum, Agim participated in party meetings and
disseminated party information.

        Agim testified to being attacked twice for belonging to the Legality
Movement. The first of these attacks came on the day of the referendum in 1997
when he was assaulted while walking to party headquarters by men in civilian
clothes who hit him with clubs and their gun butts. The men called Agim a “kulak,”
a term used for certain families persecuted under the communists, and Agim later
testified thinking that they “were police officers, because they talked to me only
about the party.” He assumed that these men were police because the police knew
him to be a member of the Legality Movement. After the men hit him, they left him
on the ground. Then he went to a clinic for treatment on two lacerations that he
suffered in the beating.

       The next attack occurred three years later during another election in October
2000. At that time Agim was assigned to be a poll watcher for the Legality
Movement at the Bulgarec voting station in Korca. While monitoring the polls, he
observed voting violations, including people casting votes for dead voters. After the
election, members of parties like Agim’s Legality Movement and the Albanian
Democratic Party—both of whom opposed the ruling Socialist Party—held a rally to
express concern over voting manipulations. At the rally Agim described voting
violations he observed, but the police broke up the meeting and arrested him and
five others. Agim was detained for three days at the Korc’a police station.
Although his testimony regarding his detention is somewhat difficult to parse, Agim
said that he was beaten every few hours for fifteen minutes or more at a time.
During the beatings, he was questioned about his political party and the voting
violations he witnessed. He also testified that on at least one occasion his hands
were tied over his head for two hours. Last, he said that the police took him to
receive medical treatment (it is not clear where), but “only for the marks that were
very visible.” Agim also testified generally that, after his release, the police
“threatened” him and warned him not to tell anyone about what they did to him.

       The IJ denied all of Agim’s—and therefore Elidjona’s—claims for relief.
First, the IJ reasoned that Agim’s testimony was too vague and inconsistent to be
No. 04-1931                                                                      Page 3

credible. In part, the IJ discredited Agim’s testimony because his asylum
application neglected to mention the 1997 election-day beating. The IJ also found
that Agim’s testimony of his three-day beating in 2000 lacked detail and made
“little sense.” Furthermore, the IJ was troubled by Agim’s failure to provide
background information about the Legality Movement. Additionally, the IJ found
that documentary evidence Agim submitted to be too unreliable to corroborate the
testimony, stating that it was “impossible to conclude that the information
contained therein is reliable or that they are from the people that they allegedly
have come from.” Among other things, the IJ noted that “none of the documents”
were on “official stationary.” Not only did the documents fail to save Agim’s
testimony, the IJ reasoned that they “cast[ ] serious doubt on the accuracy of the
respondent’s story” because some of the documents conflicted with details in Agim’s
testimony.

       The BIA dismissed Agim’s appeal, concurring “with the Immigration Judge’s
finding that [Agim’s] testimony was inconsistent, and he failed to meet his burden
of proof to provide testimony that was ‘believable, consistent, and sufficiently
detailed to provide a plausible and coherent account of the basis for his fear.’” Like
the IJ, the BIA also discredited Agim’s testimony because his asylum application
omitted any reference to the beating in 1997, and because a written statement filed
with the IJ said that he was attacked by “several men” rather than “two plain-
clothed police officers,” as he testified at his hearing. Next, the BIA reasoned that
the documents that Agim submitted to corroborate his story could not satisfy his
burden of proof because they were unreliable and had not been authenticated.

       The only issues that the Stermollis raise in their petition concern the BIA’s
credibility determination.1 We review the BIA’s factual determinations
deferentially. See Liu v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 307, 311 (7th Cir. 2004); Korniejew v.
Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 377, 383 (7th Cir. 2004). To warrant overturning a credibility
determination, the evidence must be “such that a reasonable fact finder would be
compelled to reach an opposite conclusion.” Krouchevski v. Ashcroft, 344 F.3d 670,
673 (7th Cir. 2003); see also INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992); Pop v.
INS, 270 F.3d 527, 529 (7th Cir. 2001). Still, the credibility determination must be
supported by “‘specific, cogent reasons’ that ‘bear a legitimate nexus to the finding.’”
 See Oforji v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 609, 613 (7th Cir. 2003) (internal citation omitted).


      1
       Only Agim’s asylum claim is before this court because he failed to raise his
CAT claim in his opening brief, see Lin v. Ashcroft, 385 F.3d 748, 750 (7th Cir.
2004); Brucaj v. Ashcroft, 381 F.3d 602, 611 n.7 (7th Cir. 2004), or make any
argument why the IJ and BIA erred by denying withholding of removal, see Fed. R.
App. P. 28(a)(9)(A); Kramer v. Banc of Am. Sec., LLC, 355 F.3d 961, 964 n.1 (7th
Cir. 2004).
No. 04-1931                                                                     Page 4

And those reasons should go to the “heart” of the claim. See Capric v. Ashcroft, 355
F.3d 1075, 1090 (7th Cir. 2004).

       The Stermollis first argue that because Agim did not have a lawyer’s help
when filling out his asylum application, the BIA unfairly discredited him for not
specifying the 1997 beating in that application. The Stermollis are right that an
omission in itself from a pro se application should not determine the outcome of a
case; indeed, we have been reluctant to penalize applicants who made such
omissions when they did not have lawyers to help them write their applications.
See Pop, 270 F.3d at 531–32. Yet Agim compounded that omission by failing to
mention in his subsequent counseled, written statement that his attackers in 1997
were police. An omission that is repeated or further confused by a discrepancy is far
more serious than the first pro se mistake. See id. at 532.

        The Stermollis next argue that the BIA was merely “splitting hairs” when it
discredited Agim’s testimony because of the discrepancy between his counseled,
written statement stating that he was attacked by “several men” in 1997 and his
oral testimony specifying “two plain-clothed police officers.” They insist that there
was no inconsistency at all—except the difference between “several” and
“two”—because Agim was only speculating at his hearing that his attackers were
police.

       But the Stermollis’ argument misses the point. The BIA based its opinion
not on a distinction between “several” and “two,” but instead on the difference
between being attacked by “men” or “police.” And that discrepancy is hardly trivial.
In fact, whether he was attacked by “police” is vital to Agim’s claim for asylum,
which requires his persecutors to have been government agents or people whom the
government is unable or unwilling to control. Balogun v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 492,
499 & n.8 (7th Cir. 2004); Guchshenkov v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 554, 557 (7th Cir.
2004); Bace v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 1133, 1138–39 (7th Cir. 2003). Here, apart from
the speculation that these men were police—from which the Stermollis now
distance themselves—the Stermollis offer no link at all between Agim’s attackers
and the government. Therefore, given the legal significance of the distinction
between being beaten by “men” or “police,” the BIA’s reasoning cuts to the heart of
the claim, so this discrepancy supports the credibility determination. See Pop, 270
F.3d at 531–32; see also Capric, 355 F.3d at 1090 (holding that discrepancies that
go to the heart of the claim are most probative of an adverse credibility
determination).

      In fact, to emphasize the significance of this “men” vs. “police” discrepancy to
Agim’s claim, it is worth noting that Agim may not be able to establish past
persecution at all if the 1997 beating was not carried out by the Albanian
government or people it was unable or unwilling to control. In their opening brief,
No. 04-1931                                                                      Page 5

the Stermollis argue generally that the “harms that befell Mr. Stermolli in Albania
rise to the level of persecution” but nonetheless fail to identify the specific “harms”
upon which Agim is basing his asylum claim. Yet the claim can rest on only two
possible bases: the 1997 beating and the 2000 detention. Attempting to revive
Agim’s credibility by downplaying the importance of the 1997 incident to the claim,
the Stermollis asserted in a conclusory fashion at oral argument that the 2000
detention and beating would be enough to warrant asylum. But that is not
necessarily so. In fact, we have affirmed a decision of the BIA denying asylum
based on past persecution for a man who was detained for three days, deprived of
food, and beaten until his face swelled. See Dandan v. Ashcroft, 339 F.3d 567,
573–74 (7th Cir. 2003). In affirming, we pointed to the lack of specific testimony,
including the lack of specificity about injuries, and the one-time nature of the
detention. See id.; see also Prela v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 515, 518 (7th Cir. 2005)
(holding that an applicant who was “interrogated at various times by the police,
detained for twenty-four hours, harassed for money, and beaten, causing an injury
to his hands” did not suffer past persecution). Here, the Stermollis neither cite nor
attempt to distinguish Dandan, and as noted above, Agim’s testimony was difficult
to parse and left the IJ understandably confused about the duration and the
severity of the beating and whether Agim suffered any injury.

      In any event, considering the limited scope of our review, we cannot say that
the Stermollis’ limited attack on the BIA’s reasoning compels us to reverse, see
Krouchevski, 344 F.3d at 673, and the petition for review is DENIED.
