                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        FEB 7 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PATRICIA L. WOODS,                              No. 18-16816

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.2:17-cv-00793-TLN-AC

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
ROBERT STORMS, Staff Services
Manager II; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of California
                    Troy L. Nunley, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted February 4, 2020**

Before:      FERNANDEZ, SILVERMAN, and TALLMAN, Circuit Judges.

      Patricia L. Woods appeals pro se from the district court’s judgment

dismissing as untimely her action alleging violations of 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981,

1985(3), and 1986 arising out of her termination from her employment with

defendant California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. We have


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo a district court’s

dismissal on the basis of the applicable statute of limitations grounds. Mann v. Am.

Airlines, 324 F.3d 1088, 1090 (9th Cir. 2003). We affirm.

      The district court properly dismissed Woods’s § 1981 claims as untimely

because Woods failed to file these claims within the applicable four-year statute of

limitations. See Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 541 U.S. 369, 382-84 (2004)

(because § 1981(a) does not contain a statute of limitations, the four-year “catch

all” statute limitations articulated by Congress applies (citing 28 U.S.C.

§ 1658(a)); Lukovsky v. City & County of San Francisco, 535 F.3d 1044, 1048 (9th

Cir. 2008) (under federal law, a claim accrues “when the plaintiff knows or has

reason to know of the injury which is the basis of the action” (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted)).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that equitable tolling

did not apply to Woods’s § 1981 claims because, contrary to Woods’s contentions,

§ 1981 does not require that a plaintiff exhaust administrative remedies before

filing a federal lawsuit. See Johnson v. Lucent Techs. Inc., 653 F.3d 1000, 1009

(9th Cir. 2011) (setting forth standard of review); see also Del. State Coll. v. Ricks,

449 U.S. 250, 261 (1980) (explaining that “the pendency of a grievance or some

other method of collateral review” does not toll the limitations period for a

§ 1981 claim (internal citations omitted)); Surrell v. Cal. Water Ser. Co., 518 F.3d


                                           2                                    18-16816
1097, 1103 (9th Cir. 2008) (noting that “§ 1981 has no . . . requirement” that a

plaintiff exhaust administrative remedies “before seeking a private action for

damages”).

      The district court properly dismissed Woods’s §§ 1985(3) and 1986 claims

as untimely because Woods failed to file these claims within the applicable two-

year statute of limitations. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1 (California’s two-year

statute of limitations for personal injury actions); Taylor v. Regents of Univ. of

Cal., 993 F.2d 710, 711 (9th Cir. 1993) (claims under § 1985(3) are governed by

the state personal injury statute of limitations); see also Trerice v. Pederson, 769

F.2d 1398, 1403 (9th Cir. 1985) (a claim under § 1986 can only be stated if there is

a valid claim under § 1985).

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that equitable tolling

did not apply to Woods’s § 1985(3) claims because Woods’s new evidence

regarding defendant California Public Employment Relations Board’s alleged

conflict of interest did not form the basis of her § 1985(3) conspiracy claims. See

Johnson, 653 F.3d at 1009 (standard of review); Retail Clerks Union Local 648,

AFL-CIO v. Hub Pharmacy, Inc., 707 F.2d 1030, 1033 (9th Cir. 1983) (“When

federal courts borrow a state statute of limitations, they also apply the state’s

tolling law if it is not inconsistent with federal law.”); Lukovsky, 535 F.3d at 1051

(equitable tolling focuses on “whether there was excusable delay by the plaintiff:


                                           3                                        18-16816
[i]f a reasonable plaintiff would not have known of the existence of a possible

claim within the limitations period,” then equitable tolling applies (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted)). Equitable estoppel also does not apply to these

claims. See Lukovsky, 535 F.3d at 1051-52 (explaining doctrine of equitable

estoppel under California and federal law).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Woods leave to

amend because amendment would have been futile. See Smith v. Pac. Props. &

Dev. Corp., 358 F.3d 1097, 1100 (9th Cir. 2004) (setting forth standard of review);

see also Hoang v. Bank for Am., N.A., 910 F.3d 1096, 1103 (9th Cir. 2018)

(explaining that “amendment would be an exercise in futility . . . when the claims

are barred by the applicable statute of limitations” (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted)).

      We do not consider matters not specifically and distinctly raised and argued

in the opening brief. See Padgett v. Wright, 587 F.3d 983, 985 n.2 (9th Cir. 2009).

      Woods’s request for oral argument, set forth in the reply brief, is denied.

      AFFIRMED.




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