                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                               No. COA19-490

                                       Filed: 21 January 2020

Gaston County, No. 17 JB 239

IN THE MATTER OF: H.D.H.


          Appeal by juvenile from order entered 3 January 2019 by Judge Angela G.

Hoyle in District Court, Gaston County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 4 December

2019.


          Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Sharon
          Patrick-Wilson, for the State.

          Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Jillian C.
          Katz, for juvenile-appellant.


          STROUD, Judge.


          Helen1 appeals from an order extending her probation for an additional six

months. Helen argues the trial court’s findings of fact were insufficient to support

the extension. Because the trial court’s order extending Helen’s probation is not

supported by sufficient findings, we reverse and remand for the trial court to add

written findings in accordance with North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510(c).

                                          I.       Background




1   A pseudonym is used to protect the juvenile’s identity and for ease of reading.
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                                   Opinion of the Court



      On 13 September 2017, an undisciplined juvenile petition was filed alleging

Helen had fifteen unexcused absences from school and was in violation of “NC GS 7B-

1501(27)(a) Truancy.” Helen admitted the allegations of the petition and was placed

“under the protective supervision of a court counselor” for three months.           The

conditions of Helen’s supervision required her to: (1) attend school regularly, not have

any unexcused absences, tardies, in school or out of school suspensions; (2) maintain

passing grades; (3) remain on good behavior; (4) report to a court counselor; (5) not

possess any alcoholic beverages or illegal drugs and submit to random drug screens;

and (6) have no contact with certain individuals identified by the court.

      On 27 November 2017, a petition was filed alleging Helen violated a contempt

warning by having two unexcused absences, receiving a three-day out-of-school

suspension, and refusing to stay after school for a meeting. At a hearing on 14

December 2017, Helen admitted to indirect contempt. The trial court imposed a level

one disposition and placed Helen on twelve months of probation. The terms of the

order required Helen to: (1) comply with a curfew; (2) not associate with two

individuals identified by the court; (3) spend five days in secure custody; (4) fully

cooperate with all mental health recommendations, including therapy, a substance

abuse program, medication management, and out of home placement; (5) cooperate

with the Port Program; (6) attend school, each and every day, with no unexcused




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absences, tardies, in school or out of suspensions; and (7) abide by all school rules and

regulations.

      A motion for review was filed on 3 December 2018. The motion stated that

while Helen had abided by the terms of her probation and made great progress

overall, the State requested her probation be “extended for six months to allow

Juvenile Justice Staff to monitor the juvenile’s attendance, and behaviors until the

end of this school year.” At the review hearing, the State explained Helen had

recently transitioned back to living with her mother and extending probation would

“get her to the end of the school year.” The State was also concerned that Helen was

struggling with one class. The State noted Helen’s therapist recommended extending

probation because she was participating in a six-month program that had only

recently begun. Helen asked for her probation supervision to be terminated. The

trial court stated at the hearing, “I want you to move off probation quickly but I also

want you to continue to do well. And I think you’ve done well partly because you’ve

come in, you got to talk to us, and we put services in place.” The trial court extended

Helen’s probation for six months but failed to include written findings or conclusions

in its order. Helen timely appealed.

                                II. Standard of Review

      “[W]hen the trial court sits without a jury, the standard of review on appeal is

whether there was competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact and



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whether its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts.”              Malone v.

Hutchinson-Malone, 246 N.C. App. 544, 546, 784 S.E.2d 206, 208 (2016) (alteration

in original) (quoting Romulus v. Romulus, 215 N.C. App. 495, 498, 715 S.E.2d 308,

311 (2011)).

      The parties disagree on whether North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510(c)

requires the trial court to make written findings. “Questions of statutory

interpretation are questions of law, which are reviewed de novo by an appellate

court.” Thomas v. Williams, 242 N.C. App. 236, 239, 773 S.E.2d 900, 902 (2015)

(quoting State v. Largent, 197 N.C. App. 614, 617, 677 S.E.2d 514, 517 (2009)).

                              III.   Review Hearing Order

      Helen argues

                       [t]he trial court committed reversible error by
               extending Helen’s probation for six months because the
               trial court’s findings of fact were insufficient to support the
               extension. The court made no oral or written findings that
               the extension was necessary to protect the community or
               necessary to safeguard the welfare of the juvenile, as
               required by N.C.G.S. § 7B-2510(c).

      The State argues that the trial court was not required to make written findings

in this case and cites to several cases in which this Court has found some findings to

be sufficient. However, this case is distinct from the cases cited by the State because

those cases were not based upon North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510(c), with

the exception of In re D.L.H., 198 N.C. App. 286, 296, 679 S.E.2d 449, 456 (2009),



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rev’d, 364 N.C. 214, 694 S.E.2d 753 (2010), and, here, the trial court made no findings

of fact or conclusions of law in the order on appeal.

      North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510 provides for extending a juvenile’s

probation:

             An order of probation shall remain in force for a period not
             to exceed one year from the date entered. Prior to
             expiration of an order of probation, the court may extend it
             for an additional period of one year after notice and a
             hearing, if the court finds that the extension is necessary
             to protect the community or to safeguard the welfare of the
             juvenile.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-2510(c) (2017).

      “When the language of a statute is clear and without ambiguity, it is the duty

of this Court to give effect to the plain meaning of the statute.” Matter of B.O.A., ___

N.C. ___, ___, 831 S.E.2d 305, 311 (2019) (quoting Diaz v. Div. of Soc. Servs. & Div.

of Med. Assistance, N. Carolina Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 360 N.C. 384, 387,

628 S.E.2d 1, 3 (2006)). North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510(c) states the trial

court “may” extend Helen’s probation if it “finds that the extension is necessary to

protect the community or to safeguard the welfare of the juvenile.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §

7B-2510(c). The use of the word may, which is permissive, applies to the trial court’s

decision to extend Helen’s probation. See Anthony v. City of Shelby, 152 N.C. App.

144, 147, 567 S.E.2d 222, 225 (2002) (“As a general rule, ‘when the word “may” is used

in a statute, it will be construed as permissive and not mandatory.’” (quoting In re



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Hardy, 294 N.C. 90, 97, 240 S.E.2d 367, 372 (1978))).                 The trial court has the

discretion to extend Helen’s probation as allowed by the statute. See N.C. Gen. Stat.

§ 7B-2510(c). However, North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510(c) requires the

trial court to find either that the probation extension is “necessary to protect the

community or to safeguard the welfare of the juvenile.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-2510(c).

       We note that the problem in this case may have arisen because the trial court

used an apparently outdated form entitled “Order for Motion for Review Hearing,”

MCCS Form JV-MCCS 100 (12/00) for entry of the order. 2 This form has preprinted

language directed to an admission of a violation of “probation or protective

supervision.” But Helen had not violated her probation; the matter was on for review

for an extension of probation. The current juvenile court form normally used in this

situation would be AOC-J-481, Rev. 12/17, entitled “Juvenile Order on Motion for

Review (Other than Violation)” based upon North Carolina General Statutes §§ 7B-

2510, -2600. This form includes blanks and information based upon the type of review

motion presented, and the language tracks the required findings as required by North

Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510(c). The form also includes a notation as follows:

“NOTE: Pursuant to G.S. 7B-2510, the juvenile’s probation may not be extended

beyond one year. If the juvenile’s probation is extended, the Court must find that the


2 Based upon our research, the form used was a Mecklenburg County form and not a standard form
adopted by the Administrative Office of the Courts. The notation at the bottom of the form indicates
it was adopted in December 2000. The relevant statutory provisions have been amended several times
since 2000. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-2510 (history).

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extension is necessary to protect the community or to safeguard the welfare of the

juvenile.”

      We conclude that North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510 requires the trial

court to make written findings regarding the statutory factor supporting extension of

the juvenile’s probation. See In re D.L.H., 198 N.C. App. at 296, 679 S.E.2d at 456,

rev’d on other grounds, 364 N.C. 214, 694 S.E.2d 753. The evidence could support

findings of fact supporting an extension of probation as necessary to safeguard

Helen’s welfare, but this Court cannot make findings of fact.

             When the trial court is the trier of fact, the court is
             empowered to assign weight to the evidence presented at
             the trial as it deems appropriate. In this situation, the trial
             judge acts as both judge and jury, thus resolving any
             conflicts in the evidence. If there is competent evidence to
             support the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of
             law, the same are binding on appeal even in the presence
             of evidence to the contrary.

In re Oghenekevebe, 123 N.C. App. 434, 439, 473 S.E.2d 393, 397-98 (1996) (citations

omitted).

      Based on the transcript, the trial court indicated that continuing Helen’s

probation was in her best interest, although the trial court did not specifically find

that the extension was “necessary . . . to safeguard the welfare of the juvenile.” See

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-2510(c). Because there was information before the trial court

which could support findings of fact as required by North Carolina General Statute §

7B-2510(c) to support extending Helen’s probation, but the trial court did not make


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any findings in the order, we reverse and remand for entry of a new order.

                                  IV.     Conclusion

      Because the trial court did not include any findings in the motion for review

order, we reverse and remand for the trial court to enter a new order, including

findings of fact as required by North Carolina General Statute § 7B-2510(c), based

upon the existing record. It is within the trial court’s discretion to determine whether

“the extension is necessary to protect the community or to safeguard the welfare of

the juvenile.” Id.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      Judges ARROWOOD and BROOK concur.




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