289 F.3d 142
Raul CASANOVA, Demond Hicks, Kevin Bush, Antwyan Pridgett, Joseph D. Williams, Gary Bon, And John Carter, Plaintiffs, Appellants,v.Larry E. DUBOIS, Ronald Duval, Steven Ayala, Daniel George Sullivan, Edward Klos, Robert Daigle, Richard Holden, Richard E. Kelly, William Kelly, James B. Hetherson, James Coffone, Patrick Smith, John Brodbeck, Bruce Tessier, William Grossi, Richard Deraleau, Edward Rizzi, Kevin Deschamps, Timothy J. Bolton, Wayne Belisle, Scott A. Galsband, Scott T. Regan, Richard Busa, Kenneth Perron, Steven Lydon, Donald Denomme, Brian Ford, Robert J. Blood, Michael Allan, Fred Callender, James S. Roberts, Roland Gonsalves, Thomas Perkins, Kenneth Ayala, Thomas Fisher, Steven N. Dehestani, Ronald Goncalves, John Bruce, Paul Aucoin, Thomas Borroni, Kenneth J. Silva, Sr., Mark O'Reilly, Russell S. Hallett, William Comeau, Ernest Therrien, Scott Callender, Khalid N. Khan, MD, Christine Malmquist, Naomi Baker, Bernadette Melendy, D. Michel, RN, and Maureen Mcimn, Defendants, Appellees.
No. 99-1838.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Heard April 3, 2002.
Decided May 6, 2002.

Toni G. Wolfman, with whom Megan H. Mack, William W. Fick, and Foley, Hoag & Eliot LLP, were on brief, for appellants.
Joel J. Berner, Counsel, with whom Nancy Ankers White, Special Assistant Attorney General, was on brief for appellees.
Before SELYA, Circuit Judge, BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge, and STAHL, Senior Circuit Judge.
STAHL, Senior Circuit Judge.


1
Appellants, inmates at MCI Cedar Junction, have appealed from the sua sponte dismissal of their complaint by the district court on the basis that the majority of their claims were time-barred and that the non-barred claims failed to allege facts that rose to the level of a constitutional violation. Appellees challenge the jurisdiction of this court to consider the appeal of all of the appellants except that of Raul Casanova for their failure to file proper notices of appeal on a timely basis. In addition to the arguments presented in their briefs supporting affirmance, appellees asserted at oral argument that sua sponte dismissal was appropriate because appellants did not exhaust their administrative remedies prior to filing suit in federal court, as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA).1 Although we find that there are no barriers to our exercising jurisdiction in this case, we remand the case to the district court for further development of the record with regard to the issue of exhaustion.

I.

2
On April 3, 1995, a corrections officer allegedly was assaulted in the appellants' housing unit during a recreation period when inmates were permitted to be outside of their cells. The prison officials ("appellees") immediately closed all cell doors, locking some inmates, including appellants, out of their cells. Appellees then activated the Tactical Response Team, which purportedly gassed and attacked with batons and dogs those inmates not in their cells. Even after the inmates were fully restrained, appellees allegedly continued to beat appellants. Although they were injured, appellants claim that they were denied proper medical treatment, and beaten further when they asked for medical attention. They were allegedly forced to lie face down in handcuffs and leg shackles for 3-4 hours in cold outdoor yard cages. Appellees then purportedly locked all of the appellants behind a steel door for approximately thirty days without shower facilities, towels, bed sheets, blankets, pillows, cell cleaning supplies or toiletries. In addition to various physical hardships allegedly inflicted on the inmates, the prisoners claim that appellees also denied them access to legal phone calls and to both legal and personal mail during the thirty-day period they remained behind the steel door. Appellants also allege that they were denied all yard exercise from April 3 until August 1995.


3
On March 18, 1998, Plaintiff Casanova handed over a complaint, a cover letter and a purchase slip for certified postage to a prison caseworker for mailing to the federal district court. The complaint was signed by Kevin Bush, Antwyan Pridgett, Joseph D. Williams, Demond Hicks, Gary Bon, John Carter and Casanova himself. Casanova's cover letter to the District Court Clerk ("Clerk") explained that the filing fee would arrive separately. The court received the cover letter and complaint on March 24, 1998. On March 25, 1998, Plaintiff Carter (and another inmate not named in the appeal) submitted purchase slips to a prison caseworker for the issuance and mailing of two checks payable to the District Court Clerk in the amounts of $120 and $30. Carter also gave the caseworker a cover letter to enclose with his $120 check, specifying the case name and advising the Clerk to expect a second check for $30.


4
On April 27, 1998, the Clerk returned the complaint and the check for $120 to Casanova with a form letter stating that "the remainder of the filing fee in the amount of $30 is missing." Two days later, Casanova wrote to the court, stating that the filing fee would be resent. That same day, he also sent a copy of the complaint to an attorney with the Massachusetts Correctional Legal Services (MCLS), Gary Rothberger, and requested his assistance to assure that the complaint and filing fee were delivered simultaneously to the court.


5
On June 8, 1998, Rothberger mailed the complaint to the court with a cover letter indicating that the filing fee would arrive separately. Plaintiff Carter requested that the prison authorities issue a check in the amount of $150 to the district court to cover the filing costs. The district court received his letter and check on June 12, 1998, a few days after the complaint had arrived. Despite Rothberger's communications with the Clerk's Office, on June 11, 1998, the Clerk again returned the complaint to Casanova with a form letter indicating that it could not be docketed without a filing fee or an application to proceed in forma pauperis (IFP). Rothberger then apparently spoke with the pro se clerk directly, and requested that she hold the $150 filing fee until Casanova could resubmit the complaint. On June 29, 1998, Casanova sent the complaint to the pro se clerk's attention. The Clerk finally docketed the complaint on July 1, 1998.


6
On January 15, 1999, the district court denied without opinion motions for appointment of counsel and for service of the complaint by the U.S. Marshal on the numerous defendants named therein. He also issued an order to show cause why the case should not be dismissed under Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) based on the statute of limitations and other ostensible deficiencies in the complaint. Plaintiffs Casanova and Pridgett both submitted various filings that attempted to respond to the order to show cause and reiterated their request that an attorney be appointed in their case. For some reason, not all of these filings appeared on the docket sheet (and apparently did not make it into the record), leading the plaintiffs to file some of their documents with the court multiple times. Nevertheless, on May 7, 1999, the district court dismissed the case by summary order, finding that the bulk of the alleged violations in the complaint were barred by the statute of limitations. Specifically, the relevant Massachusetts statute of limitations governing the allegations stemming from the events of April 3 was three years, and had expired on April 3, 1998.2 Furthermore, the court found that the only claim that was not time-barred — namely, the allegedly impermissible denial of yard exercise — did not as a matter of law violate the Eighth Amendment.


7
On May 28, 1999, Plaintiff Casanova filed a notice of appeal on behalf of all the plaintiffs, stating that "all plaintiffs in the above action hereby appeal." Casanova signed the notice "on behalf of all plaintiffs," but the other inmates did not affix their signatures to the notice of appeal. In lieu of a responsive brief, on December 18, 2000, Defendants filed a motion for summary disposition, which argued that only Casanova had perfected his appeal. In an order dated June 22, 2001, this court directed the Clerk's Office to serve each of the six non-signing plaintiffs with a copy of the notice of appeal, an application to proceed IFP, and instructions to sign and return the papers within fourteen days to indicate their respective interest in being a party to this appeal.3 All plaintiffs returned signed copies in a timely manner. We allowed the appeal to proceed with respect to the additional complainants, but reserved the question of our jurisdiction to hear the nonsigning appellants' appeal on the merits.

II.

8
Accordingly, we turn first to the issue of whether the six prisoners who did not sign Casanova's notice of appeal have lost their opportunity to be heard by this court. Appellees insist that the well-established rule prohibiting non-attorney inmates from representing one another, Herrera-Venegas v. Sanchez-Rivera, 681 F.2d 41, 42 (1st Cir. 1982), requires this court to dismiss the appeal of all petitioners except Casanova. See Ruiz Rivera v. Riley, 209 F.3d 24, 27 (1st Cir.2000) ("a notice of appeal that is not signed either by the appealing party or by that party's attorney is a nullity"). Appellants, on the other hand, argue that the failure of the six other prisoners to sign the notice of appeal is a mere technical error, the correction of which permits this court to hear their appeal.


9
According to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3, a party has thirty days after the entry of judgment to file a notice of appeal with the district court. Any other party who wishes to appeal has fourteen days after the initial notice was filed to pursue an appeal. Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(3). Where an inmate desires to appeal from an adverse judgment, Rule 4(c)(1) provides that "the notice is timely filed if it is deposited in the institution's mail system on or before the last day for filing." If other parties wish to join the appeal, they have fourteen days from the date when the district court dockets the inmate's notice of appeal. Fed. R.App. P. 4(c)(2).


10
In this case, Casanova filed a timely notice of appeal purportedly on behalf of all plaintiffs, but the notice contained only his signature. Rather than call this error to the attention of the court immediately, however, the appellees waited over eighteen months to raise the issue. As a result, we are unable to know with certainty whether the other six prisoners intended to appeal from the district court's adverse ruling during the relatively brief window of opportunity provided by the federal rules. Nonetheless, we do know that once the prisoners were given the opportunity to signify their desire to join in the appeal by providing signatures for the notice of appeal, all six of them did so within the time frame provided by this court.


11
The Supreme Court's recent decision in Becker v. Montgomery, 532 U.S. 757, 121 S.Ct. 1801, 149 L.Ed.2d 983 (2001), specifically states that the signature requirement of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 is not jurisdictional, and so long as the technical mistake is corrected promptly after being brought to a party's attention, the court may hear the appeal. Id. at 766. The purpose of the signature requirement is to ensure that there is no doubt about "who is appealing, from what judgment, to which appellate court." Id. at 767. In this case, the other prisoners may very well have believed that Casanova's appeal was sufficient to preserve the rights of all plaintiffs, and they corrected the error as soon as it was brought to their attention. In light of Becker and our general obligation to read pro se complaints generously, see Rodi v. Ventetuolo, 941 F.2d 22, 23 (1st Cir.1991), we find that dismissal of the appeal of the other inmates is unwarranted.

III.

12
The next issue we must confront deals with exhaustion. At oral argument, appellees insisted that, in addition to the reasons given by the district court, sua sponte dismissal of the prisoners' complaint was proper because they had not exhausted their administrative remedies. Section 1997e of the PLRA states that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). According to appellees, the prisoners' failure to demonstrate in their pleadings that they have satisfied this exhaustion requirement divested the lower court of jurisdiction to consider the case.


13
Although this is an issue of first impression in this circuit, all federal appellate courts that have considered the question have rejected this jurisdictional argument. Most recently, in Ali v. District of Columbia, the D.C. Circuit clarified the extent to which appellees' argument has been repudiated: "Removing any doubt, we now hold, as has every circuit to have considered the matter, that the PLRA's exhaustion requirement simply governs the timing of the action and does not contain the type of sweeping and direct language that would indicate a jurisdictional bar rather than a mere codification of administrative exhaustion requirements." 278 F.3d 1, 5-6 (D.C.Cir.2002) (internal quotations omitted). In justifying its decision, the Ali court cited cases from the Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Circuits. Finding the analysis of our sister circuits to be sound, we join the chorus of voices concluding that exhaustion is not a prerequisite to federal jurisdiction.


14
Although not jurisdictional, the exhaustion requirement is nonetheless mandatory. See Curry v. Scott, 249 F.3d 493, 501 n. 2 (6th Cir.2001) ("We note, however, that, while it is true we have concluded § 1997e does not impose a jurisdictional bar to federal jurisdiction, we have also concluded that the obligation to exhaust administrative remedies before resort to federal court is a mandatory one."). As the Supreme Court recently clarified, cases involving allegations of physical violence by prison guards are not exempt from this rule. Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 122 S.Ct. 983, 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 12 (2002).


15
While we have the ability to affirm the lower court's dismissal on any grounds made manifest by the record, Aldridge v. A.T. Cross Corp., 284 F.3d 72, 84 (1st Cir.2002), here, the record is devoid of any evidence whatsoever on the issue of exhaustion. Unless appellants have satisfied the PLRA's exhaustion requirement, their case must be dismissed. If, on the other hand, appellants have exhausted their administrative remedies, this court would then need to consider numerous other complicated issues that have been raised in this case.


16
After reviewing the matter carefully, we believe that it would not be prudent to proceed further until the matter of exhaustion has been resolved. Therefore, we remand this case to the district court for development of the record with regard to the issue of exhaustion of administrative remedies. After eliciting from the parties whatever information it deems necessary to making this determination, the district court shall transmit its written findings to the Clerk of this Court no later than sixty days from the date of this opinion. Although we remand for this limited purpose, we retain jurisdiction over this appeal so that we may consider, if required, the remaining arguments raised by the parties in this appeal.


17

So ordered.




Notes:


1
 Pub.L. No. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 18 U.S.C., 28 U.S.C., & 42 U.S.C.)See discussion infra Part III.


2
 The parties agree that Massachusetts's three-year statute of limitations on personal injury actions, Mass. Gen. L. ch. 260 § 2A, governs the appellants' § 1983 complaintSee generally Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 266-67, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 85 L.Ed.2d 254 (1985) ("When Congress has not established a time limitation for a federal cause of action, the settled practice has been to adopt a local time limitation as federal law if it is not inconsistent with federal law or policy to do so.").


3
 In that same order, this court appointed counsel to represent Casanova and the other inmates for purposes of this appeal. We thank them for their able service


