                                          No. 2--05--1180                           filed: 7/14/06


                                             IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                      SECOND DISTRICT



LOMBARD HISTORICAL COMMISSION,                   )           Appeal from the Circuit
THE FRIENDS OF THE DU PAGE THEATRE, )                        Court of Du Page County.
LTD., and PETE KRAMER,                                       )
                                                 )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                                )
                                                 )
v.                                               )           Nos. 05--MR--1234
                                                 )                05--MR--1235
                                                 )
THE VILLAGE OF LOMBARD, THE                      )
LOMBARD VILLAGE PRESIDENT,                       )
and THE LOMBARD VILLAGE TRUSTEES,                )
                                                 )
       Defendants-Appellees                                  )
                                                 )
(National Trust for Historic Preservation in the )           Honorable
United States and Landmarks Preservation                     )     Edward R. Duncan, Jr.,
Council of Illinois, Intervenors-Appellants).                )    Judge, Presiding.



       PRESIDING JUSTICE GROMETER delivered the opinion of the court:

       Plaintiffs, the Lombard Historical Commission (which has since withdrawn as a party), Pete

Kramer, and The Friends of the Du Page Theatre, Ltd., filed in the circuit court of Du Page County

two petitions for mandamus, which were subsequently consolidated. The National Trust for Historic

Preservation in the United States and the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois, intervened in

the action shortly thereafter. The trial court dismissed plaintiffs' and intervenors' (collectively,

plaintiffs') cause. It found that the Lombard Historical Commission, Kramer, and The Friends of the
No. 2--05--1180


Du Page Theatre lacked standing. As to the remaining plaintiffs, it concluded that they had

demonstrated no clear right to relief sufficient to support the issuance of a writ of mandamus. For

the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       The instant dispute arises out of the Village of Lombard's decision to demolish the Du Page

Theatre, which has stood in Lombard since 1928 and is currently owned by the Village. The

Lombard Historical Commission (Commission) sought to exercise its claimed authority to stay the

demolition for six months while it tried to find an alternative use for the theater. The Village

disregarded the Commission's attempt, and this action ensued. Plaintiffs sought to require

defendants, the Village and its president and trustees, to comply with a portion of a village ordinance

that, they claim, gave the Commission the authority it tried to exercise. The trial court dismissed

plaintiffs' cause for the reasons set forth in the preceding paragraph.

       On appeal, plaintiffs raise a number of issues. First, they contend that the trial court erred in

finding that, under the village ordinance (Lombard Village Code '32.079(E)(3) (eff. February 10,

1982)), the Commission had no clear right to impose a stay of the demolition of the theater for the

purpose of a writ of mandamus. Second, they contest the trial court's rulings concerning standing.

As a preliminary matter, plaintiffs argue that the trial court should not have permitted defendants to

convert their motion, which was originally brought under section 2--615 of the Civil Practice Law

(735 ILCS 5/2--615 (West 2004)), into a section 2--619 motion (735 ILCS 5/2--619 (West 2004)). 1

They then argue that Kramer, The Friends of the Du Page Theatre, and the Commission all have

standing. As the Commission is no longer a party, we need not consider whether it had standing.


       1
           Given our resolution of the standing issue, along with the Commission's withdrawal from

these proceedings, this issue need not be addressed.


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See Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Ass'n v. Bower, 325 Ill. App. 3d 1045, 1050

(2001), quoting Jenner v. Wissore, 164 Ill. App. 3d 259, 267 (1988) ("The doctrine of

standing is designed to insure that the courts are accessible to resolve actual controversies between

parties and not 'address abstract questions, moot issues, or cases brought on behalf of others who may

not desire judicial aid' ").       We first address whether Kramer and The Friends of the Du Page

Theatre have standing to seek a writ of mandamus in this case. Standing requires an injury to a legally protected

interest. Board of Trustees of Community College District No. 502 v. Department of Professional

Regulation, 363 Ill. App. 3d 190, 197 (2006). In determining that Kramer and The Friends of

the Du Page Theatre lacked standing, the trial court relied on Landmarks Preservation Council v. City of

Chicago, 125 Ill. 2d 164 (1988), where the supreme court refused to recognize the standing of several

groups to challenge a Chicago ordinance that removed landmark status from the McCarthy building. The court

found that the groups--Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois and the Chicago Chapter, American

Institute of Architects--lacked standing, noting that a party "cannot gain standing merely through a self-

proclaimed concern about an issue, no matter how sincere." Landmarks Preservation Council, 125 Ill. 2d at

175. The court specifically rejected, as bases for standing, both the aesthetic interests of these parties and

their "alleged right to participate in a public hearing" regarding the ordinance where the "municipality has bestowed

that alleged procedural right apparently not as a legal entitlement but as a tool to assist the municipality in

performing its legislative function." Landmark Preservation Council, 125 Ill. 2d at 175.

        There exists one important difference between Landmark Preservation Council and this case.

In Landmark Preservation Council, 125 Ill. 2d at 175, the McCarthy building was privately owned.

Here, the Du Page Theatre is owned by the Village. Defendants argue that the Village owns the theater

as a property owner, rather than in a governmental capacity, and that the Village is seeking to act as

an ordinary property owner would. While defendants cite several cases to support their claim that


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No. 2--05--1180


the Village's actions are outside the scope of governmental action for the purpose of mandamus

relief (see, e.g., Lewis E. v. Spagnolo, 186 Ill. 2d 198, 230 (1999)), they cite nothing to support the

proposition that a municipality may use property other than for the public benefit (O'Fallon

Development Co. v. City of O'Fallon, 43 Ill. App. 3d 348, 353 (1976)). For the purpose of standing,

we reject defendant's distinction.

       Plaintiffs assert two reasons that Kramer and The Friends of the Du Page Theatre have

standing. First, they contend that the labor and money that these parties have contributed to the

theater vest them with an interest. This argument, as the trial court recognized, is foreclosed by

Landmark Preservation Council, 125 Ill. 2d at 175, because, as that case held, "self-proclaimed concern"

cannot vest one with standing. That this concern was manifested by voluntary contributions does not

alter these parties' status with regard to the theater, as a gift vests one with no interest after it is

alienated (cf. In re Marriage of Peshek, 89 Ill. App. 3d 959, 964 (1980) ("It is possible that a hearing

on this issue would result in a finding that the parties have no interest in the property because they

deeded the house to the Maidas as a gift ***")). Second, plaintiffs argue that these parties have

standing because members of the public "have a protectable interest in ensuring that public officials

follow the requirements of public statutes." American Federation of State, County, & Municipal

Employees, Council 31 v. Ryan, 332 Ill. App. 3d 866, 876 (2002) (Myerscough, J., dissenting).

Indeed, "a taxpayer has standing to bring suit, even in the absence of a statute, to enforce the

equitable interest in public property which he claims is being illegally disposed of." Martini v.

Netsch, 272 Ill. App. 3d 693, 696 (1995). Here, plaintiffs seek to prevent defendants from

demolishing the Du Page Theatre, which is owned by the Village, in a manner that plaintiffs claim is

inconsistent with a village ordinance. If proven, plaintiffs would be demonstrating that defendants

are disposing of public property in a manner contrary to law. As such, Landmarks Preservation

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No. 2--05--1180


Council provides no guidance, and, in accordance with the law set forth above, Kramer and The

Friends of the Du Page Theatre have standing to bring this action. We now turn to the merits of this

cause.

         As plaintiffs filed petitions for a writ of mandamus, it was incumbent upon them to

demonstrate a clear right to relief, a clear duty by defendants to act, and clear authority for

defendants to comply with the writ. People ex rel. Waller v. McKoski, 195 Ill. 2d 393, 398 (2001).

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, through which a public official can be compelled to perform

a ministerial duty. People ex rel. Madigan v. Snyder, 208 Ill. 2d 457, 464 (2004). Typically, we will

not disturb a trial court's decision regarding the propriety of a writ of mandamus unless the trial

court abuses the discretion with which it is vested in these matters or its factual findings are contrary

to the manifest weight of the evidence. 1350 Lake Shore Associates v. Hill, 326 Ill. App. 3d 788,

794 (2001). However, where a petition is dismissed under section 2--615 or section 2--619 of the

Civil Practice Law (735 ILCS 5/2--615, 2--619 (West 2004)), review is de novo. In re Application

of Anderson, 313 Ill. App. 3d 578, 581 (2000).

         Plaintiffs rely on the following allegations in support of the existence of a clear right to

relief. In 1969, the Village enacted an ordinance creating the Commission. Lombard Village

Ordinances, Ordinance No. 1471 (eff. April 7, 1969). In 1982, the ordinance was revised. Lombard

Village Code '32.075 et seq. (eff. February 10, 1982). The original ordinance provided no specific

mechanism regarding classifying property as a historic site. The 1982 ordinance set forth such a

procedure and vested the Commission with certain powers. Of relevance to this case, the 1982

ordinance states:

         "The Commission shall have the authority to review all proposed alterations, regardless of

         whether or not they require a building permit. Alterations shall be defined as any work that

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No. 2--05--1180


       results in changes in the exterior form, shape or appearance of a building designated as a

       'landmark site' which thereby destroys its original architectural integrity. No alterations will

       be made and no building permit issued in regard to property classified as a 'landmark site' to

       any applicant without a certificate of appropriateness *** [w]here such permit would allow

       the demolition of any building designated as a 'landmark site.' " Lombard Village Code

       ''32.079(E)(1), (E)(1)(b) (eff. February 10, 1982).

Also at issue here is the following portion of the ordinance:

       "The Commission shall review an application for demolition and have the authority to delay

               said demolition for a period not to exceed six months, to enable the Commission to

       try to find a purchaser or alternate use for the building."          Lombard Village Code

       '32.079(E)(3) (eff. February 10, 1982).

The Commission sought to invoke this latter provision in response to the Village's decision to

demolish the theater.

       The Du Page Theatre was built in 1928 and is currently owned by the Village. It is listed in

the National Register of Historic Places. The theater has been eligible for and has received various

grants designed to preserve it. On February 9, 1978, the Board of Trustees of the Village of

Lombard (Board) designated the theater a "historically significant site." The minutes of the meeting

in which the Board approved this designation read as follows:

       "It was moved by Trustee Yangas, seconded by Trustee Garrity, that the Lombard Village

               Board accept the recommendation of the Lombard Historical Commission in re[]

       designating the Du Page Theatre as a historically significant site and allowing the waterfall

       lights to operate."

The motion was unanimously approved.

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          On June 2, 2005, the Board voted to demolish the theater. On September 1, 2005, the

Historical Commission stated, in a letter to the Board, "We write to lodge our objections and to

exercise our authority to stay demolition for six months while the Commission considers alternatives

to demolition." The letter further noted the Village's rejection of grant money for the theater and

reflected the Commission's understanding that the Village's motivation for so doing was to avoid

scrutiny from the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. 2 The Board disregarded the Commission's

letter and began seeking to procure bids for demolition of the theater. Plaintiffs then instituted this

action.

          The trial court held that plaintiffs had not demonstrated a clear right to relief. It based its

decision on the language of the 1982 ordinance, which requires that a building be designated a

"landmark" for the Commission to have authority over it. The theater never received such a


          2
              These facts have no bearing on the outcome of this cause, as "mandamus will not issue to

direct the manner in which a discretionary act is performed [citation], even if the judgment or discretion

has been erroneously exercised." Turner-El v. West, 349 Ill. App. 3d 475, 480 (2004).




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No. 2--05--1180


designation. Instead, in 1978, the Board designated it a "historically significant site." We agree

with the reasoning of the trial court.         Because, however, this case turns largely upon the

interpretation of these two ordinances, review is de novo. Hawthorne v. Village of Olympia Fields,

204 Ill. 2d 243, 254-55 (2003).

       In construing an ordinance, the familiar principles of statutory construction apply. Illinois

Wood Energy Partners, L.P. v. County of Cook, 281 Ill. App. 3d 841, 850 (1995). Thus, the plain

language of an ordinance is the best indication of the intent of the body that enacted it. City of

Chicago v. Gomez, 256 Ill. App. 3d 518, 519 (1993). In this case, that principle appears dispositive.

In 1978, the theater was designated a "historically significant site." The 1982 ordinance gives the

Commission the power to stay the demolition of a "landmark." Since the theater was never

designated a "landmark," it would appear to be outside the scope of the Commission's authority. The

terms do not appear interchangeable, and our supreme court recognized a distinction between

"landmark" and "historic significance" when it wrote the following:

       "It appears to us that in bestowing powers on the National Trust in order to further this broad

               national policy, Congress intended to permit the National Trust to, inter alia, object to

       the allegedly unlawful destruction of buildings such as the McCarthy Building, which the National

       Trust deems of national historic significance, even if those buildings have not been officially declared

       'national landmarks.' " Landmarks Preservation Council, 125 Ill. 2d at 177.

Indeed, the supreme court expressly juxtaposed the terms "historic significance" and "landmark" in

the above-quoted passage.

       Plaintiffs, however, contend that the terms are synonymous. Initially, we note that plaintiffs

point out that ordinances are presumptively valid. City of Decatur v. Chasteen, 19 Ill. 2d 204, 210




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(1960). 3 This principle has no bearing on this case. At issue is not whether the ordinance declaring

the theater a "historically significant site" is valid; rather, it is the meaning of that phrase.




        3
            Counsel's citation to authority for this proposition fails to comply with Supreme Court Rule

6, which requires, inter alia, that "[c]itations of cases must be by title, to the page of the

volume where the case begins, and to the pages upon which the pertinent matter appears

in at least one of the reporters cited." (Emphasis added.) 145 Ill. 2d R. 6. We remind

counsel that compliance with the supreme court rules is mandatory. Geers v. Brichta, 248 Ill.

App. 3d 398, 400 (1993).




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       Plaintiffs next note that the relevant portion of the 1982 ordinance is captioned, "Historical

Sites; Designation and Maintenance," and that the balance of that portion of the ordinance refers to

designating sites as "landmarks" but makes no reference to any other designation, such as

"historically significant site." See Lombard Village Code '32.079. (eff. February 10, 1982). Hence,

they conclude, the terms "landmark" and "historically significant site" are synonymous. We find this

argument unpersuasive. The 1978 resolution declaring the theater a "historically significant site"

was adopted approximately four years prior to the 1982 ordinance. Thus, it would have been

impossible for the Board to have that latter scheme in mind when it made its original declaration.

Since the 1982 ordinance did not exist at the time the theater was declared a "historically significant

site," it provides no guidance in discerning the Board's intent. Moreover, the general rule is that

ordinances, like statutes, are presumed to have only prospective effect. Hopkinson v. Chicago

Transit Authority, 211 Ill. App. 3d 825, 835 (1991); City of Chicago v. Ballinger, 45 Ill. App. 2d

407, 414 (1964). Plaintiffs provide no reason to depart from this general rule, so we cannot hold that

the 1982 ordinance had any substantive effect upon the Village's 1978 resolution. We further note

that the power that the Commission sought to exercise here, to stay the demolition of the theater for

six months, was not a part of its powers in 1978. We simply cannot say that the Board intended, in

1978, to vest the Commission with authority over the theater that the Commission did not even

possess at the time.

       Furthermore, the term "landmark" was not unknown in Illinois law in 1978, and had the

Board so desired, it could have used the term then. See City of Chicago v. Roppolo, 113 Ill. App. 3d

602, 604-05 (1983). It has also been observed that a municipality can recognize the historical

significance of a structure short of declaring it a "landmark." See Wakeland v. City of Urbana, 333

Ill. App. 3d 1131, 1141 (2002) ("We are aware of no case holding that a city must designate houses

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on a street as historical landmarks before passing a zoning ordinance protecting the historical

appearance or ambiance of the street"). Additionally, as defendants point out, declaring something

a "landmark" under the 1982 ordinance requires more than a simple vote. By the time of the 1978

resolution, it was recognized that designating a structure a landmark could, in certain circumstances,

raise takings-clause issues. Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 57

L.Ed. 2d 631, 98 S.Ct. 2646 (1978). The 1982 ordinance recognizes this by requiring both notice to

property owners and a hearing. Lombard Village Code '32.079(D) (eff. February 10, 1982). While

certainly not dispositive, that the designation of the theater as a "historically significant site" was

accomplished by a simple vote of the Board provides some additional support for the notion that, by

making this declaration, the Board did not view its actions to be of the character necessary to

designate a building a landmark.

       Black's Law Dictionary provides further support for this distinction. We recognize that the

current edition defines "landmark" as "[a] historically significant building or site." Black's Law

Dictionary 883 (7th ed. 1999). However, it also recognizes, in the definition of "historic site," that

"[a] historic site usu[ally] cannot be altered without the permission of the appropriate authorities."

Black's Law Dictionary 736 (7th ed. 1999). Thus, not all historic sites are protected.

       Even if we were to equate "landmark" and "historically significant site," it would be dubious

indeed to ascribe to the Board an intent to place the theater within the jurisdiction of the

Commission, as the Commission did not have that authority in 1978 and, as the definitions in Black's

Law Dictionary show, not all historic sites are protected. In other words, to find for plaintiffs, we

would first have to equate the two terms. Then, we would have to find that the Board intended to

vest the Commission with a power it did not posses at the time of the designation. Additionally, we

would have to ignore the common meanings of the terms, which do not necessarily signify equal

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status. This chain of reasoning is simply too tenuous to support a clear right to relief as is required

to support a mandamus action.

        Before closing, we also reject plaintiffs' contention that the trial court resolved questions of

fact and drew inferences against plaintiffs when deciding the motion to dismiss. Doing so would, of

course, be improper. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 355 Ill. App. 3d 685, 688 (2005). The

dispositive issue, however, is the meaning of the terms "historically significant site" and "landmark."

The interpretation of a legislative enactment is a question of law, not one of fact. Victory Auto

Wreckers, Inc. v. Village of Bensenville, 358 Ill. App. 3d 505, 507 (2005); National Conference of

Bar Examiners v. Multistate Legal Studies, Inc., 495 F. Supp. 34, 36 (N.D. Ill. 1980)

("Thus the plaintiffs' motion to strike is based on a question of statutory interpretation, not a question

of fact"). Such issues are properly resolved on a motion to dismiss. See Eads v. Heritage

Enterprises, Inc., 204 Ill. 2d 92, 96 (2003).

        In sum, plaintiffs failed to demonstrate a clear right to relief as is necessary to support a

mandamus action. See Lee v. Findley, 359 Ill. App. 3d 1130, 1134 (2005). Though the trial court

improperly concluded that Kramer and The Friends of the Du Page Theatre lacked standing, we may

affirm on any basis apparent in the record. Larson v. O'Donnell, 361 Ill. App. 3d 388, 397 (2005).

Since plaintiffs did not establish a clear right to the issuance of a writ of mandamus, we affirm the

trial court's judgment.

        Affirmed.

        BOWMAN and CALLUM, JJ., concur.




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