                                    Fourth Court of Appeals
                                            San Antonio, Texas
                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                               No. 04-19-00632-CV

                                  IN THE INTEREST OF L.V.B.D., a Child

                        From the 408th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                      Trial Court No. 2018PA02174
                           Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:         Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Sitting:            Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                    Beth Watkins, Justice
                    Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: February 12, 2020

AFFIRMED

           In this parental rights termination case, the trial court terminated Mom’s parental rights to

her child L.V.B.D. i Mom challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence for the trial court’s

findings on statutory grounds and best interest of the child, and argues the trial court abused its

discretion in denying her conservatorship.

           Having reviewed the evidence, we conclude it was factually sufficient. We overrule each

of Mom’s issues and affirm the trial court’s order.

                                                   BACKGROUND

           In May 2018, the Department received a report of negligent supervision of L.V.B.D., and

the Department began an investigation. After the Department was unable to locate Mom and the


i
    We use aliases to protect the child’s identity. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8.
                                                                                         04-19-00632-CV


child, it placed their names on a child safety check alert list. When Mom was picked up on a

domestic violence charge, the Department was notified, and the investigator met with Mom and

placed her on a safety plan. When Mom violated the safety plan, the Department petitioned to

remove the child, the petition was granted, and L.V.B.D. was removed on September 25, 2018.

        The Department created a service plan for Mom. She signed the plan but did not complete

the services. She was arrested on May 4, 2019, and she was incarcerated at the time of trial.

        After a one-day trial on the merits, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence

that Mom’s course of conduct met the grounds in Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)’s subsections

(E), (N), (O), and (P), and terminating Mom’s parental rights was in L.V.B.D.’s best interest. It

terminated Mom’s parental rights to L.V.B.D. and appointed the Department as L.V.B.D.’s

permanent managing conservator.

        On appeal, Mom raises three issues. She argues the evidence was factually insufficient to

support the trial court’s statutory grounds and its best-interest-of-the-child findings. And she

argues that because the evidence was factually insufficient to terminate her parental rights, the trial

court abused its discretion by failing to appoint her as at least a possessory conservator of L.V.B.D.

                           EVIDENCE REQUIRED, STANDARD OF REVIEW

        The evidentiary standard 1 the Department must meet and the statutory grounds 2 the trial

court must find to terminate a parent’s rights to a child are well known, as is the factual 3 sufficiency

standard of review. We apply them here.

             STATUTORY GROUNDS FOR TERMINATING MOM’S PARENTAL RIGHTS

A.      Statutory Ground Finding Required

        A single statutory ground finding, when accompanied by a best interest of the child finding,

is sufficient to support a parental rights termination order. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex.

2003); In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d 92, 111 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.). The Department


                                                  -2-
                                                                                       04-19-00632-CV


argues the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court’s finding on each ground, i.e., (E), (N),

(O), and (P). We begin with ground (E). See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(E).

B.     Section 161.001(b)(1)(E)

       A parent’s rights to their child may be terminated if, inter alia, the parent “engaged in

conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the

physical or emotional well-being of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b); In re R.S.-T.,

522 S.W.3d 92, 109 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.).

       For a parent to endanger a child, “it is not necessary that the [parent’s] conduct be directed

at the child or that the child actually suffers injury.” Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727

S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). “[R]ather, a child is endangered when the environment or the

parent’s course of conduct creates a potential for danger which the parent is aware of but

disregards.” In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d at 110 (quoting In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d 472, 477 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.)).

       A parent’s drug use, domestic violence, and imprisonment are all factors which may be

considered on the question of endangerment. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009) (drug

use); In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 503 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) (imprisonment);

In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (domestic

violence).

       A parent’s placing a child in a potentially unsafe environment is also evidence of

endangerment. See In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d 92, 110 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, no pet.)

(“[A] child is endangered when the environment . . . creates a potential for danger which the parent

is aware of but disregards.”).




                                                 -3-
                                                                                   04-19-00632-CV


C.     Mom’s Course of Conduct Endangering the Child

       The trial court heard testimony regarding Mom’s conduct that endangered L.V.B.D.

including domestic violence, drug abuse, and unsafe living conditions.

       1.      Mom’s Domestic Violence, Imprisonment

       The investigator testified that Mom admitted she fought with her husband in their car while

L.V.B.D. was present. Mom was the perpetrator, Dad was the victim, and Mom was arrested and

charged with assault. Mom’s violence was not directed at L.V.B.D., but Mom’s violent conduct

was evidence of endangering L.V.B.D. See In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2003, no pet.) (“[A]busive or violent conduct by a parent . . . may produce an environment

that endangers the physical or emotional well-being of a child.”); see also Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at

533 (noting that a parent’s violence need not be directed at the child or the child injured to

constitute endangering the child).

       Further, Mom’s imprisonment as a result of her violent conduct was also “a factor to be

considered by the trial court on the issue of endangerment.” See Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533

(allowing a parent’s imprisonment to be considered as part of a course of conduct endangering a

child); In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d at 503. Mom’s voluntary conduct led to her incarceration,

which separated her from L.V.B.D., prevented her from caring for L.V.B.D., and had a negative

impact on L.V.B.D.’s emotional well-being. See In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d at 503; see also In

re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 360 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied).

       2.      Mom’s Drug Use

       Although Mom tested negative for drugs on September 6, 2018 (before L.V.B.D. was

removed), based on its investigation, the Department had concerns about Mom’s drug use. After

L.V.B.D. was removed, the Department created a service plan for Mom, which she signed. In her




                                              -4-
                                                                                                        04-19-00632-CV


plan, Mom was ordered to undergo a drug assessment and drug treatment. ii Mom admitted that

while she was in treatment, about six months after L.V.B.D. was removed, Mom used

methamphetamine. iii

         Mom’s use of an illegal drug after L.V.B.D. was removed is evidence of a course of

conduct that endangered L.V.B.D. See In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d at 361–62 (“Continued illegal drug

use after a child’s removal is conduct that jeopardizes parental rights and may be considered as

establishing an endangering course of conduct.”); see also In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345

(recognizing that a parent’s drug abuse may endanger the child).

         3.       Mom’s Choice of an Unsafe Environment

         After Mom was picked up on the domestic violence charge, the Department investigator

met with Mom to address his concerns about Mom’s drug use and her domestic violence charge.

The investigator put Mom on a safety plan and found a place for her to move into. Mom moved

into the placement, but within a week, Mom violated the safety plan.

         Without telling the Department, Mom moved into a home that she had previously proposed

to the Department, but the Department had rejected as inappropriate. In the disapproved home,

the mother was under Department oversight because of her drug use. Nevertheless, Mom chose

to move into a home with the risk, or certainty, of ongoing illegal drug use, which home would

have been an unsafe environment for L.V.B.D. See In re D.M., 452 S.W.3d 462, 471 (Tex. App.—




ii
  Mom asserts the trial court did not take judicial notice of its file. But “a ‘trial court is presumed to judicially know
what has previously taken place in the case tried before it.’” In re J.E.H., 384 S.W.3d 864, 869 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2012, no pet.) (quoting In re J.J.C., 302 S.W.3d 436, 446 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet.
denied)). The Department did not ask for the trial court to take judicial notice of its file, and the trial court did not
announce that it had, but “when the record is silent, as here, the trial court may be presumed to have taken judicial
notice of the records in the court’s file without any request being made and without an announcement in the record
that it has done so.” Id.
iii
  Methamphetamine is a controlled substance. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.102; Perkins v. Delaney,
170 S.W.3d 136, 137 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, no pet.).


                                                          -5-
                                                                                   04-19-00632-CV


San Antonio 2014, no pet.) (“A factfinder may infer that past conduct endangering the well-being

of a child may recur in the future if the child is returned to the parent.”).

        Mom’s decision to violate her service plan and move into a home in which L.V.B.D. would

have been at risk could support the trial court’s inference that Mom’s future conduct could

endanger L.V.B.D. See In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d 105, 119 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014,

no pet.) (“[T]he fact finder may permissibly infer that a parent’s future conduct may be measured

by recent past conduct as it relates to the same or a similar situation.”).

D.      Factually Sufficient Evidence

        The evidence pertaining to Mom’s drug abuse, domestic violence, incarceration, and

choice to live in a home that would be unsafe for L.V.B.D. shows her deliberate course of conduct

from which the trial court could have found that Mom endangered L.V.B.D.’s physical and

emotional well-being. See Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608,

618 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); see also In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345

(drug use); In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d at 110 (unsafe conditions); In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d at

503 (imprisonment); In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d at 845 (domestic violence).

        We conclude the trial court could have “reasonably form[ed] a firm belief or conviction

about the truth of the [Department’s] allegations.” See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002).

Therefore, the evidence was factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding under

subsection 161.001(b)(1)(E). See id.; Walker, 312 S.W.3d at 618.

        Because only a single statutory ground finding is needed to support an order terminating a

parent’s rights to a child, In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362, we need not address the other statutory

grounds, see TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; In re R.S.-T., 522 S.W.3d at 111.

        We overrule Mom’s first issue.




                                                  -6-
                                                                                      04-19-00632-CV


                                  BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD

       In her second issue, Mom argues the evidence was factually insufficient to support the trial

court’s finding that terminating her parental rights was in L.V.B.D.’s best interest. See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(2).

       The Family Code statutory factors 4 and the Holley factors 5 for best interest of the child are

well known. Applying the applicable standard of review and statutory and common law best

interest factors, we examine the evidence pertaining to the best interest of the child. The same

evidence we considered in the statutory ground review may also be probative in the best interest

of the child review. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; Walker, 312 S.W.3d at 618.

A.     Mom’s Course of Conduct

       Mom admitted she fought with her husband in their car while L.V.B.D. was in the car, and

the assault was serious enough for Mom to be arrested, charged with assault, and incarcerated. See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1), (3), (7), (8), (12); Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372

(Tex. 1976) (factors (B), (C), (D), (H)). Mom also admitted that, while she was in a drug treatment

program, she used methamphetamine, which would have put L.V.B.D. at risk if she was in Mom’s

care. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1), (3), (8), (10), (11), (12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at

372 (factors (B), (C), (D), (H)). And, Mom chose to leave a safe, Department-approved home to

live in a home the Department had specifically rejected because of the occupant’s active

Department case, which was based in part on the mother’s drug use. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 263.307(b)(1), (7), (8), (10), (11), (12); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (factors (B), (C), (D), (H)).

B.     L.V.B.D.’s Placement

       Since her removal, L.V.B.D. has lived with her maternal grandmother, who wants to adopt

her. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (factors (F), (G)). The grandmother is taking good care of

L.V.B.D.; she is ensuring all of L.V.B.D.’s needs are met, including her medical and dental needs.


                                                -7-
                                                                                      04-19-00632-CV


See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1), (12), (13); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372 (factors (B),

(C), (D), (G)). The grandmother’s home is safe and stable, and there are other, older children

living there. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1), (12), (13); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372

(factors (B), (C), (D), (G)). L.V.B.D. is bonded to the grandmother and each of the other children,

and she is thriving. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1), (12), (13); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at

372 (factors (B), (C), (D), (G)).

C.     Ad Litem’s Recommendation

       The child’s ad litem noted how well L.V.B.D. was doing with the maternal grandmother.

The ad litem stated it was in L.V.B.D.’s best interest for Mom’s parental rights to be terminated

and for L.V.B.D. to remain with her maternal grandmother—who wants to adopt L.V.B.D.

D.     Factually Sufficient Evidence

       Having reviewed the evidence, we conclude the trial court could have “reasonably form[ed]

a firm belief or conviction” that it was in L.V.B.D.’s best interest for Mom’s parental rights to be

terminated. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108 (citing In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25). Therefore,

the evidence was factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest-of-the-child finding.

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(2); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002).

       We overrule Mom’s second issue.

                                    CONSERVATORSHIP ORDER

       In her third issue, Mom argues that the trial court abused its discretion in not appointing

her as at least a possessory conservator because the evidence supporting the statutory grounds and

best-interest-of-the-child findings was factually insufficient.

       Because the evidence was factually sufficient to support the trial court’s statutory ground

and best-interest-of-the-child findings, Mom’s conservatorship argument necessarily fails.

       We overrule Mom’s third issue.


                                                 -8-
                                                                                                      04-19-00632-CV


                                                   CONCLUSION

         The evidence of Mom’s drug use, domestic violence, incarceration, and choice of housing

that would be unsafe for L.V.B.D. was factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding under

subsection 161.001(b)(1)(E) and its finding on best interest of the child. Because the evidence was

factually sufficient to support the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights, Mom’s

conservatorship issue necessarily fails.

         We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                                           Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
1
  Clear and Convincing Evidence. If the Department moves to terminate a parent’s rights to a child, the Department
must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s acts or omissions met one or more of the grounds for
involuntary termination listed in section 161.001(b)(1) of the Family Code, and terminating the parent’s rights is in
the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 261 (Tex. 2002). The
same evidence used to prove the parent’s acts or omissions under section 161.001(b)(1) may be used in determining
the best interest of the child under section 161.001(b)(2). In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002); In re D.M., 452
S.W.3d 462, 471 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.); see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b). The trial
court may consider a parent’s past deliberate conduct to infer future conduct in a similar situation. In re D.M., 452
S.W.3d at 472.
2
  Statutory Grounds for Termination. The Family Code authorizes a court to terminate the parent-child relationship if,
inter alia, it finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s acts or omissions met certain criteria. See TEX.
FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b). Here, the trial court found Appellant’s course of conduct met the following criteria
or grounds:
          (E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which
                 endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child;
                 ....
          (N) constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing
                 conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services for not less than six
                 months, and:
                 (i) the department has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent;
                 (ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and
                 (iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment;
          (O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions
                 necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or
                 temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services for
                 not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent under Chapter 262
                 for the abuse or neglect of the child; [and]
          (P) used a controlled substance, as defined by Chapter 481, Health and Safety Code, in a manner
                 that endangered the health or safety of the child, and:
                 (i) failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program; or
                 (ii) after completion of a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program, continued to
                       abuse a controlled substance.
Id. § 161.001(b)(1).
3
  Factual Sufficiency. Under a clear and convincing standard, evidence is factually sufficient if “a factfinder could
reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the State’s allegations.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25;
accord In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We must consider “whether disputed evidence is such that a


                                                         -9-
                                                                                                     04-19-00632-CV



reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d
at 266; accord In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.
4
  Statutory Factors for Best Interest of the Child. The Texas legislature codified certain factors courts are to use in
determining the best interest of a child:
         (1)    the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities;
         (2)    the frequency and nature of out-of-home placements;
         (3)    the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child;
         (4)    whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm after the initial report and intervention
                by the department;
         (5)    whether the child is fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home;
         (6)    the results of psychiatric, psychological, or developmental evaluations of the child, the
                child’s parents, other family members, or others who have access to the child’s home;
         (7)    whether there is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who
                have access to the child’s home;
         (8)    whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have access
                to the child’s home;
         (9)    whether the perpetrator of the harm to the child is identified;
         (10) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling
                services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision;
         (11) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal
                changes within a reasonable period of time;
         (12) whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting skills; . . . and
         (13) whether an adequate social support system consisting of an extended family and friends is
                available to the child.
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b); see In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624, 631 (Tex. 2018) (recognizing statutory factors).
5
  Holley Factors. In Holley v. Adams, the Supreme Court of Texas identified the following factors courts may use to
determine the best interest of a child:
         (A) the desires of the child;
         (B) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future;
         (C) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;
         (D) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;
         (E) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child;
         (F) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody;
         (G) the stability of the home or proposed placement;
         (H) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship
              is not a proper one; and
         (I) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.
Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976) (footnotes omitted); accord In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796,
807 (Tex. 2012) (reciting the Holley factors).




                                                        - 10 -
