[Cite as Breen v. Total Quality Logistics, 2017-Ohio-439.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


John Breen,                                             :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,                   :
                                                                          No. 16AP-3
v.                                                      :            (M.C. No. 2014 CVF 8306)

Total Quality Logistics,                                :           (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Defendant-Appellee.                    :




                                            D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on February 7, 2017


                 On brief: Breen Law, and John E. Breen, for appellant.
                 Argued: John E. Breen.

                 On brief: Lindhorst & Dreidame, Barry F. Fagel and
                 James L. O'Connell, for appellee. Argued: Barry F. Fagel.


                        APPEAL from the Franklin County Municipal Court

KLATT, J.
        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, John Breen, appeals from a judgment of the Franklin
County Municipal Court granting sanctions for his frivolous conduct in filing a complaint
against defendant-appellee, Total Quality Logistics ("TQL"). For the following reasons,
we affirm that judgment.
I. Factual and Procedural Background

        {¶ 2} TQL is a company mainly engaged in the logistics business, i.e., brokering
freight shipments throughout the United States. In 2009 or 2010, TQL hired a law firm,
The Law Offices of John Alden ("the firm"), to handle its collections litigation. TQL and
the firm entered into a contingency agreement whereby the firm would be paid a third of
No. 16AP-3                                                                               2

any money TQL recovered (plus its expenses) in these matters. Breen worked as an
independent contractor for the firm and represented TQL in many of its collections cases.
The firm paid Breen half of any recovery it received as payment for his services.
         {¶ 3} In 2011, Breen represented TQL in a matter against C&L Logistics ("C&L"),
a Florida-based contract carrier. TQL alleged that C&L damaged cargo while in shipment
and otherwise breached its agreement with TQL resulting in a loss of $55,776.40. Breen
engaged in settlement discussions with C&L on behalf of TQL. C&L initially offered TQL
$10,000 to settle the case. C&L later raised the settlement offer to $25,000 and then to
$30,000. TQL's corporate counsel, Chris Brown, rejected these settlement offers. After
Brown rejected the $30,000 offer, Breen withdrew as counsel for TQL in the matter.
Neither the firm nor Breen received any compensation from TQL in connection with
Breen's representation of TQL in this matter. TQL ultimately recovered nothing from
C&L.
         {¶ 4} On March 17, 2014, Breen filed a complaint against TQL asserting claims for
breach of contract and quantum meruit arising from Breen's legal representation of TQL.
Ultimately, both Breen and TQL filed motions for summary judgment. Breen argued that
he was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because he provided legal services to TQL
and obtained a settlement offer of $30,000 in the matter, which he argued was a recovery
whether or not TQL accepted the offer. Breen also argued that TQL and Brown acted in
bad faith by rejecting the $30,000 offer in the C&L litigation. Breen alleged that Brown
rejected the offer because Brown believed that Breen had not done enough work to get
paid out of the settlement. (Aug. 18, 2014 Breen Dep. at 78, 107.) He also accused Brown
of not acting in the company's best interest by rejecting the offer. Id. at 102. TQL argued
that under its agreement with the firm, the firm was entitled to a contingent fee only if
TQL received a monetary recovery. Therefore, Breen could not recover because TQL did
not accept the $30,000 offer and never obtained a recovery in the C&L matter. TQL also
argued that Breen had no claim against it because its agreement was with the firm, not
Breen.
         {¶ 5} The trial court granted summary judgment to TQL and denied it to Breen.
The court concluded that Breen could not recover as a matter of law because TQL did not
accept the $30,000 offer, and therefore, did not recover anything in the C&L matter. The
No. 16AP-3                                                                                           3

court further concluded that Breen's speculation as to TQL's rationale for rejecting the
$30,000 offer was insufficient to demonstrate it acted in bad faith. Breen did not appeal
the trial court's summary judgment decision.
       {¶ 6} Subsequently, TQL filed a motion for sanctions based on its contention that
Breen's complaint constituted frivolous conduct pursuant to R.C. 2323.51(B) and Civ.R.
11. In the motion, TQL argued that Breen should have known that he could not succeed
on his claim and that the filing of this action, and continued prosecution of it even after
being made aware of the substantive flaws in his claims, amounted to frivolous conduct.1
Breen filed his own motion for sanctions as a result of TQL's filing. The trial court set a
hearing on TQL's motion but concluded that Breen's motion did not demonstrate
arguable merit to warrant a hearing and denied it without a hearing. At the hearing,
TQL's attorney testified to the events that preceded the hearing and to the billable hours
he spent defending Breen's suit. The trial court granted TQL's motion for sanctions for
frivolous conduct and awarded it $15,000 in attorney fees as a result.
II. Breen's Appeal

       {¶ 7} Breen appeals the trial court's decision granting sanctions and assigns the
following errors:
               1. The lower court erred and abused its discretion in holding
               that an attorney who sues a former client for non payment of
               legal fees, based upon breach of contract and/or quantum
               meruit, which are not paid due to the bad faith and other
               misconduct of the client, engages in frivolous conduct
               pursuant to R.C. 2323.51.

               2. The lower court abused its discretion in holding that an
               attorney acts frivolously in seeking payments of unpaid legal
               fees, when the client refuses the highest and maximum
               settlement possible, offers conflicting excuses and pretexts for
               doing so, demands that counsel reduce its percentage fees as a
               condition of acceptance and then transfers the case to its own
               local counsel.

               3. The lower court abused its discretion in disregarding the
               uncontroverted evidence of record – which was unopposed—
               showing that defendant's newly hired in house counsel, Chris

1Counsel for TQL wrote Breen a letter two months after he filed his complaint detailing the legal flaws
with his claim, including the flaws relied on by the trial court in granting TQL summary judgment.
No. 16AP-3                                                                              4

              Brown, who the court observed acted "foolishly," did not also
              act in bad faith, in refusing a settlement that was the highest
              and best attainable, and then demanded to handle the case his
              way with another attorney and obtained a recovery of zero,
              and then used his own bad judgment as a basis to refuse
              payment to plaintiff.

              4. The lower court erred in conducting proceedings pursuant
              to R.C. 2323.51, by essentially misunderstanding the
              procedure to be a perfunctory submittal of legal bills.

              5. The lower court erred in failing to reach any findings of fact
              or conclusions of law relative to each alleged instance of
              frivolous conduct.

              6. The lower court erred in admitting general time sheets,
              without supporting substantiation, when the sheets contained
              admitted errors and hearsay, and without expert testimony to
              substantiate the reasonableness of the fees.

   A. Statutory Provisions for Frivolous Conduct

       {¶ 8} R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a) defines frivolous conduct as conduct that satisfies any
of the following:
              (i) It obviously serves merely to harass or maliciously injure
              another party to the civil action or appeal or is for another
              improper purpose, including, but not limited to, causing
              unnecessary delay or a needless increase in the cost of
              litigation.

              (ii) It is not warranted under existing law, cannot be
              supported by a good faith argument for an extension,
              modification, or reversal of existing law, or cannot be
              supported by a good faith argument for the establishment of
              new law.

              (iii) The conduct consists of allegations or other factual
              contentions that have no evidentiary support or, if specifically
              so identified, are not likely to have evidentiary support after a
              reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery.

              (iv) The conduct consists of denials or factual contentions
              that are not warranted by the evidence or, if specifically so
              identified, are not reasonably based on a lack of information
              or belief.
No. 16AP-3                                                                                  5

         {¶ 9} "Conduct" includes "[t]he filing of a civil action, the assertion of a claim,
defense, or other position in connection with a civil action, the filing of a pleading,
motion, or other paper in a civil action, including, but not limited to, a motion or paper
filed for discovery purposes, or the taking of any other action in connection with a civil
action." R.C. 2323.51(A)(1).
         {¶ 10} For a trial court to award sanctions under this statute, it must first conduct
a hearing and allow the parties and counsel of record involved to present any relevant
evidence, determine that the conduct involved was frivolous and that a party was
adversely affected by it, and then determine the amount of the award to be made. R.C.
2323.51(B)(2). As relevant here, the amount awarded constitutes reasonable attorney fees
incurred in connection with the civil action. R.C. 2323.51(B)(1).
    B. Standard of Review

         {¶ 11} No single standard of review applies in R.C. 2323.51 cases.          Judd v.
Meszaros, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1189, 2011-Ohio-4983, ¶ 18, citing Wiltberger v. Davis,
110 Ohio App.3d 46, 51 (10th Dist.1996). The standard an appellate court uses depends
upon whether the trial court's determination resulted from factual findings or a legal
analysis.    Bell v. Nichols, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-1036, 2013-Ohio-2559, ¶ 18.            R.C.
2323.51(A)(2)(i), (iii), and (iv) call on a court to make factual determinations. Review of a
trial court's factual determinations is subject to deference and will not be disturbed where
the record contains competent, credible evidence to support the trial court's findings.
Brisco v. U.S. Restoration & Remodeling, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-533, 2015-Ohio-3567,
¶ 35, citing Judd at ¶ 18. By contrast, a determination under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(ii) that
conduct is not warranted under existing law and cannot be supported by a good faith
argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of existing law requires a legal
analysis and is, therefore, subject to de novo review. Brisco at ¶ 35, citing Judd at ¶ 19,
and Stuller v. Price, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-30, 2003-Ohio-6826, ¶ 14. Finally, where a trial
court finds frivolous conduct, the decision whether to assess a penalty lies within the
sound discretion of the trial court. Judd at ¶ 19.
         {¶ 12} In its motion for sanctions, TQL argued that Breen's conduct in filing and
continuing to prosecute his claim was frivolous pursuant to R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(ii) and
(iii).   At the hearing on the motion, TQL's counsel also argued, pursuant to R.C.
No. 16AP-3                                                                                 6

2323.51(A)(2)(i), that Breen filed the suit merely to harass or maliciously injure Brown,
characterizing the suit as a "personal vendetta" against Brown. (Oct. 13, 2015 Mot.
Hearing at 16.) The trial court found frivolous conduct without making any factual
findings or conclusions of law in support of its finding.
       {¶ 13} We now address Breen's assignments of error, although we do so out of
order for analytical clarity.
   C. Breen's Fifth Assignment of Error–The Absence of Factual Findings

       {¶ 14} In his fifth assignment of error, Breen points out that the trial court did not
make any factual findings in its decision granting TQL's motion. This omission, however,
does not constitute error. First, Breen did not request factual findings or conclusions of
law. Law Office of Natalie F. Grubb v. Bolan, 11th Dist. No. 2010-G-2965, 2011-Ohio-
4302, ¶ 24 ("Absent a request in accordance with Civ.R. 52, however, a trial court need
not issue findings and conclusions."). Second, while such findings would assist this court
in conducting a review of the trial court's decision, R.C. 2323.51 does not require the trial
court to make factual findings in order to grant a motion for sanctions.           Patton v.
Ditmyer, 4th Dist. No. 05CA12, 2006-Ohio-7107, ¶ 91 (rejecting argument that trial
court's failure to make written findings of fact require reversal of frivolous conduct
findings). Absent findings of fact, we will affirm if there is some basis in the record for
doing so. Bolan at ¶ 26.
       {¶ 15} Accordingly we overrule Breen's fifth assignment of error.
   D. Breen's First, Second, and Third Assignments of Error–Did he Engage
      in Frivolous Conduct?

       {¶ 16} We consider these assignments of error together because they each
challenge the trial court's ultimate conclusion that Breen engaged in frivolous conduct.
Specifically, Breen argues that his complaint sought recovery for his unpaid legal services
under two well-recognized causes of actions: breach of contract and quantum meruit and,
therefore, the filing of the complaint cannot be frivolous conduct. We disagree.
       {¶ 17} We interpret Breen's argument as contesting the frivolousness of his
conduct under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii), which defines frivolous conduct to include the
filing of a claim which is not warranted under existing law, cannot be supported by a good
faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, or cannot be
No. 16AP-3                                                                               7

supported by a good faith argument for the establishment of new law. Under this section,
the test to determine frivolous conduct is whether no reasonable attorney would have
brought the action in light of the existing law. Bennett v. Martin, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-99,
2013-Ohio-5445, ¶ 18; Bell at ¶ 17, citing Groves v. Groves, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-1107,
2010-Ohio-4515, ¶ 17, overruled on other grounds, Jacobson v. Kaforey, __Ohio St.__,
2016-Ohio-8434. In other words, a claim is frivolous if it is absolutely clear under the
existing law that no reasonable lawyer could argue the claim. Bennett citing Riston v.
Butler, 149 Ohio App.3d 390, 2002-Ohio-2308, ¶ 36 (1st Dist). Our review of this
determination is de novo. Brisco.
      {¶ 18} Both of Breen's causes of action fail as a matter of law. First, Breen cannot
recover under a breach of contract theory because he did not have a contract with TQL.
TQL's contract for legal services was with the firm. Spoerke v. Abruzzo, 11th Dist. No.
2013-L-093, 2014-Ohio-1362, ¶ 29, quoting Ireton v. JTD Realty Invests., LLC, 12th Dist.
No. CA2010-04-023, 2011-Ohio-670, ¶ 38 ("The existence of an enforceable contract is a
prerequisite to a claim for breach of contract."); Federman v. Christ Hosp., 1st Dist. No.
C-120484, 2013-Ohio-5507, ¶ 14 (affirming dismissal of breach of contract claim where
no contract existed). Additionally, even when a contingent fee agreement is in effect at
the time of an attorney's discharge, a discharged attorney recovers on the basis of
quantum meruit, not pursuant to the terms of the agreement. Fox & Associates Co.,
L.P.A. v. Purdon, 44 Ohio St.3d 69, 72 (1989); Reid, Johnson, Downes, Andrachik &
Webster v. Lansberry, 68 Ohio St.3d 570, 573 (1994); Zunshine v. Cott, 10th Dist. No.
08AP-347, 2009-Ohio-439, ¶ 15; Brancatelli v. Soltesiz, 11th Dist. No. 2009-L-10, 2009-
Ohio-6861, ¶ 23. Thus, Breen cannot as a matter of law recover under a breach of
contract theory.
      {¶ 19} Second, Breen also cannot recover under a theory of quantum meruit.
When an attorney representing a client pursuant to a contingency fee agreement is
discharged, the attorney's cause of action for a fee recovery on the basis of quantum
meruit arises upon the successful occurrence of the contingency. Reid at paragraph two of
the syllabus; Renner, Otto, Boisselle & Sklar, L.L.P. v. Estate of Siegel, 8th Dist. No.
101861, 2015-Ohio-1839, ¶ 26. A discharged attorney cannot recover if the client recovers
nothing. Id., citing Doellman v. Midfirst Credit Union, Inc., 12th Dist. No. CA2006-06-
No. 16AP-3                                                                                               8

074, 2007-Ohio-5902, ¶ 23; Reid.              Here, since TQL recovered nothing in the C&L
litigation, Breen is not entitled to recovery under quantum meruit. Taylor v. Geer, 10th
Dist. No. 00AP-159 (Dec. 21, 2000); Hawthorne v. Benton Ridge Tel. Co., 10th Dist. No.
99AP-1476 (Nov. 9, 2000).
        {¶ 20} Breen argues that TQL recovered nothing only because Brown acted in bad
faith by rejecting the $30,000 offer. However, it is solely within the client's discretion
whether to accept or reject a settlement offer. Bernard v. Moretti, 34 Ohio App.3d 317,
319 (10th Dist.1987). See also Michael D. Tully, Co., L.P.A. v. Dollney, 42 Ohio App.3d
138, 140 (9th Dist.1987) (noting that clients are free to reject any settlement offers).
While our decision in Bernard does note that there was no evidence of bad faith in the
client's motive to reject a settlement offer, that case involved a breach of contract action,
which is not available to Breen in this case.2 In an action for quantum meruit, this court
has indicated that the only circumstance that would allow for recovery in this factual
situation is where the attorney could demonstrate fraud or collusion. Hawthorne, citing
Paxton v. Dietz, 10th Dist. No. 84AP-972 (May 28, 1985). Breen has not made nor even
alleged such a demonstration.
        {¶ 21} In light of this existing relevant law, Breen could not recover against TQL.
Thus, we conclude that no reasonable attorney would have brought this action and that
the filing of the complaint herein constitutes frivolous conduct as defined in R.C.
2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii). Accordingly,         we overrule Breen's           first,   second,    and third
assignments of error.
    E. Breen's Fourth and Sixth Assignments of Error–The Award of Attorney
       Fees

        {¶ 22} We address these assignments of error together because they both challenge
the evidence supporting the trial court's award of attorney fees. Breen first argues that the
trial court erred by admitting the monthly billing sheets presented by TQL's attorney
because they were hearsay. We disagree.



2 Indeed, the Bernard case was written in 1987 before the Supreme Court of Ohio's decisions that
quantum meruit, not breach of contract, is the proper vehicle for these types of claims. Roberts v. Hutton,
152 Ohio App.3d 412, 2003-Ohio-1650, ¶ 25-36 (10th Dist.) (noting that the Supreme Court of Ohio's
decisions in Fox and Reid overruled several precedents by limiting a discharged attorney to a quantum
meruit recovery).
No. 16AP-3                                                                                9

       {¶ 23} The trial court admitted the billing documents pursuant to Evid.R. 803(6),
which allows for the admission of records kept in the ordinary course of business. That
rule provides that the hearsay rule does not exclude a document made at or near the time
by, or from information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if the document is kept
in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was the regular practice
of that business activity to make the document, all as shown by the testimony of the
custodian or other qualified witness. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Anders Ins. Co.,
197 Ohio App.3d 22, 2012-Ohio-824, ¶ 12 (10th Dist.), citing State v. Davis, 116 Ohio
St.3d 404, 2008-Ohio-2, ¶ 171. The business-records exception is based on
the assumption that the records, made in the regular course of business by those who
have a competent knowledge of the facts recorded and a self-interest to be served through
the accuracy of the entries made and kept with knowledge that they will be relied upon in
a systematic conduct of such business, are accurate and trustworthy. Ohio Receivables,
LLC v. Dallariva, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-951, 2012-Ohio-3165, ¶ 17. TQL's attorney testified
to all of these foundational requirements and, therefore, the trial court did not err by
admitting the billing sheets. (Mot. Hearing at 23-24, 38.)
       {¶ 24} Breen further argues that counsel should have also presented supporting
time slips, payment records, ledgers, or cover letters with the billing sheets. We disagree.
Breen has not provided any support for such a requirement. Nor are we aware of such a
requirement.
       {¶ 25} Breen also argues that there was no evidence indicating the reasonableness
of the attorney fees. Again, we disagree. TQL's attorney testified at the hearing that his
hourly rate and the time expended in this action were both fair and reasonable. (Mot.
Hearing at 18.) He also submitted monthly itemized billing statements and testified that
the time he spent on this case was "reasonable and necessary to both defend this case, to
obtain the outcome that we obtained and, in addition, to bring this motion for sanctions
and to defend against his motion for sanctions." Id. at 21. While expert testimony may be
presented to address this issue, we have never found such testimony to be necessary in
order to support a finding that attorney fees were reasonable. Hadden Co., L.P.A. v.
Zweier, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-210, 2016-Ohio-2733, ¶ 23-25 (attorneys' own testimony
regarding reasonableness of fees charged was sufficient to support award). See also
No. 16AP-3                                                                                10

Tipton v. Directory Concepts, Inc., 5th Dist. No. 13CA61, 2014-Ohio-1215, ¶ 17-19 (no
requirement of expert testimony to determine reasonableness of fees); Grove v. Gamma
Ctr., 3d Dist. No. 9-12-41, 2013-Ohio-1734, ¶ 26-32 (same). Thus, the itemized
statements, along with TQL's attorney's testimony, are sufficient evidence from which the
trial court could find that his fees were reasonable. All Climate Heating & Cooling v. Zee
Properties, Inc.. 10th Dist. 01AP-784 (Apr. 25, 2002) (itemized bills in conjunction with
attorney's own testimony was sufficient to support award of fees).
         {¶ 26} Last, Breen's related arguments about the bills, such as discrepancies
among bills, reductions in some bills and the vagueness of some billing entries, all go to
the weight of the evidence supporting the award and not the admissibility of that
evidence. The trial court reviewed the evidence and found that it supported an award of
attorney fees. That decision is supported by competent and credible evidence and, as
such, is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Hawkins v. Miller, 11th Dist. No.
2011-L-036, 2011-Ohio-6005, ¶ 30 (rejecting manifest weight argument upon a finding of
competent and credible evidence to support fee award).
         {¶ 27} For all of these reasons, we overrule Breen's fourth and sixth assignments of
error.
III. Conclusion

         {¶ 28} Having overruled Breen's six assignments of error, we affirm the judgment
of the Franklin County Municipal Court.
                                                                        Judgment affirmed.
                                    BROWN, J., concurs.
                                   BRUNNER, J., dissents.
