                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 19a0169p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                               ┐
                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,   │
                                                         │
                                                         >      No. 18-3904
        v.                                               │
                                                         │
                                                         │
 JOEY D. WISEMAN, JR.,                                   │
                                Defendant-Appellant.     │
                                                         ┘

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                   No. 1:17-cr-00464-1—Donald C. Nugent, District Judge.

                              Decided and Filed: July 26, 2019

                   Before: MOORE, COOK, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Marisa L. Serrat, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Scott Zarzycki, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge.                Defendant Joey Wiseman appeals his
conviction and sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition and
possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. In the early hours of August 4, 2017, Wiseman
intercepted a would-be-robber entering his home through a window, disarmed the intruder, and
shot him with a gun already in Wiseman’s possession. Wiseman subsequently placed the gun in
a safe containing individual baggies of drugs in a vehicle parked in his driveway prior to
 No. 18-3904                         United States v. Wiseman                              Page 2


cooperating with the police who investigated the shooting. Wiseman now argues that the First
Step Act of 2018 renders his sentencing improper, that he was entitled to a jury instruction on the
justification defense, and that testimony about his parolee status was improperly admitted. We
reject his challenges and AFFIRM his conviction and sentence.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

       On August 4, 2017, at around 6:30 a.m., several Elyria Police Department officers were
dispatched to 201 George Street in Elyria, Ohio and observed blood on the lower part of the
frame of an open window of the home. R. 74 (Trial Tr. at 104–07) (Page ID #426–29).
Wiseman soon appeared from between the house and a GMC Yukon parked in the driveway. He
held his hands up and informed the officers that there was a handgun laying in the driveway. Id.
at 113, 222 (Page ID #435, 544). The handgun was black and stainless steel. Id. at 114 (Page ID
#436). The officers entered the home and observed a teenaged male, Jaymone Whitaker, in a
pool of blood on the living-room floor close to the window with the bloody frame; he appeared
to have been shot multiple times. Id. at 121 (Page ID #443). Paramedics took Whitaker to the
hospital, and officers brought Wiseman to the police station. Id. at 124–25, 153 (Page ID #446–
47, 475).

       The police collected the gun, a loaded Taurus PT 709 9mm, from the driveway. They
collected a package with approximately .3 grams of white powder containing cocaine from the
kitchen floor and several 9mm Luger shell casings from the living room, where there were signs
of a struggle. Id. at 186–87, 224 (Page ID #508–09, 546). They also observed that there were
surveillance cameras on the outside of the home and a monitor in the living room that displayed
the security footage.

       At the police station, officers swabbed Wiseman’s hands for gun residue and collected
$4,949.00 in cash from Wiseman’s person. Id. at 154, 190–91 (Trial Tr. at 476, 512–13).
Wiseman was Mirandized, and he indicated that he understood his rights and agreed to talk with
the police officers. R. 75 (Trial Tr. at 325) (Page ID #647). The interview was recorded on
video. Id. at 326 (Page ID #648).
 No. 18-3904                         United States v. Wiseman                            Page 3


       Wiseman informed the police that he had been awoken by a voice, used the restroom,
came back, sat down on the couch, and then, aided by his surveillance monitor, he saw Whitaker
“coming up to his window, peeking in, wearing the mask.” Id. at 337, 360 (Page ID #659, 682).
Wiseman stated that he had knocked Whitaker’s gun out of his hand as Whitaker entered the
home and then Wiseman shot Whitaker with a black Lorcin gun that Wiseman had in the house
with him prior to the robber’s entry. Id. at 338 (Page ID #660). Wiseman subsequently placed
the black Lorcin gun in a safe in the back of the Yukon parked in the driveway. Id. at 335 (Page
ID #657). Wiseman admitted that between five and twenty-five grams of cocaine were also
inside of the safe. Id. at 333, 341–42 (Page ID #655, 663–664). Wiseman stated that he had not
called 9-1-1 after shooting Whitaker, but rather Wiseman’s first response had been to gather his
money and other things prior to calling the authorities. Id. at 334 (Page ID #656).

       Wiseman provided the officers with the combination to the safe in the Yukon. Id. at 342
(Page ID #664). The officers obtained a search warrant, towed the vehicle to the police station,
and searched the safe. Id. at 343 (Page ID #665). It contained the black Lorcin 9mm handgun
with a defaced serial number, 11 individual bags of similar quantities of a white powder
containing cocaine, a bag of cutting material, and a shoebox containing a digital scale, spoon,
scissors, and baggies. R. 74 (Trial Tr. at 158–60) (Page ID #480–82); R. 75 (Trial Tr. at 343)
(Page ID #665). The safe also contained documents bearing Wiseman’s name. R. 75 (Trial Tr.
at 343–44) (Page ID #665–66).

       The officers obtained Wiseman’s consent to view the surveillance video from the home.
Id. at 346 (Page ID #668). It showed Whitaker entering the home through the window and
holding a black and silver gun. Id. at 350 (Page ID #672). It subsequently showed Wiseman
walking outside the home. Id. at 352–53, 355 (Page ID #674–75, 677).

B. Procedural History

       On November 8, 2017, Wiseman was indicted on three counts stemming from the August
4 events. R. 1 (Indictment) (Page ID #1–2). Count 1 charged him with possession with intent to
distribute approximately .28 grams of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(C).
Count 2 charged him with possession with intent to distribute approximately 11.28 grams of
 No. 18-3904                         United States v. Wiseman                              Page 4


cocaine in violation of the same statute. Count 3 charged him with being a felon in possession of
a firearm and ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) & 924.

       On January 23, 2018, the government filed an information under 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)
stating the previous felony drug offense convictions that it intended to rely upon in enhancing his
sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C).       R. 18 (Information) (Page ID #57–59).        These
convictions were for: (1) Possession of Cocaine in 2016; (2) Illegal Conveyance of Drugs of
Abuse onto the Grounds of a Specified Government Facility, Trafficking in Drugs and
Possession of Drugs in 2015; (3) Trafficking in Drugs in 2014; and (4) Trafficking in Cocaine in
2012. On June 8, 2018, Wiseman filed a proposed jury instruction on a justification defense.
R. 47 (Def.’s Proposed Jury Instruction) (Page ID #201–02).

       Wiseman’s jury trial commenced on June 12, 2018. R. 50 (Trial Minutes) (Page ID
#206). At trial, Special Agent Eric French testified about his involvement in the case. When
asked how he had come to be involved in the case, he testified that he got “a call from Adult
Parole Authority,” specifically Parole Officer Daniel Riley. R. 74 (Trial Tr. at 259) (Page ID
#581). Wiseman objected to this testimony and the court instructed the government to move on.
Id. at 259–60 (Page ID #581–82). French went on to testify that his role in the case involved
attempting to trace the Lorcin gun. Id. at 260–68 (Page ID #582–90). At the close of trial,
Wiseman reiterated his request for a jury instruction on a justification defense, and the district
court heard oral argument from both sides and ultimately declined to issue such an instruction.
R. 75 (Trial Tr. at 375–82) (Page ID #697–704). Wiseman moved for a judgment of acquittal on
all counts under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29; the court denied his motion. R. 75
(Trial Tr. at 409) (Page ID #731).

       Wiseman was acquitted of Count 1 and convicted of Counts 2 and 3. R. 52 (Jury Verdict
on Count 1) (Page ID #208); R. 53 (Jury Verdict on Count 2) (Page ID #210); R. 54 (Jury
Verdict on Count 3) (Page ID #212). The jury found via a special verdict form that Wiseman
possessed the Lorcin pistol with an obliterated serial number and ammunition. R. 55 (Special
Verdict Form) (Page ID #214).
 No. 18-3904                        United States v. Wiseman                              Page 5


       The presentence report (“PSR”) calculated the adjusted offense level, after grouping, to
be 28. PSR at 5. The amount of drugs and the government’s filing of an information under
21 U.S.C. § 851(a) increased the maximum term of imprisonment from 20 to 30 years.
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C).    The PSR then applied the career offender enhancement under
§ 4B1.1(b), based on the fact that the offense of conviction was a felony controlled substance
offense and Wiseman’s having at least two prior felony convictions for a controlled substance
offense:     (1) Trafficking in Cocaine in 2012; (2) Trafficking in Drugs in 2014; and
(3) Trafficking in Drugs in 2015. This meant that the offense level increased to 34. PSR at 5.
The resulting guideline range was 262 to 327 months of imprisonment. Id. at 16.

       On September 19, 2018, the district court imposed a sentence of 262 months for Count 2
and 120 months for Count 3, to run concurrently. R. 63 (Minutes of Proceedings) (Page ID
#292); R. 64 (Criminal Judgment at 2) (Page ID #294). Wiseman timely filed his notice of
appeal. R. 65 (Notice of Appeal) (Page ID #301).

                                       II. DISCUSSION

   Wiseman advances four claims of error on appeal. We address and reject each one in turn.

A. First Step Act and qualifying convictions under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C) & 851(a)

       We review de novo the sufficiency of an information filed under 21 U.S.C. § 851(a) to
support the enhancement of a statutory penalty. United States v. Pritchett, 496 F.3d 537, 541
(6th Cir. 2007).

       Wiseman argues that he has not committed any “serious drug felonies” as defined by the
First Step Act of 2018, and therefore that he is not eligible for the sentencing enhancement under
21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(C) and 851(a). The government counters that the First Step Act does not
apply to Wiseman both because he was sentenced before its effective date and also because the
First Step Act did not alter 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C), the subsection under which Wiseman was
convicted.

       Under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C), the statutory maximum penalty increases from twenty to
thirty years of imprisonment if the perpetrator has a prior conviction for a felony drug offense.
 No. 18-3904                          United States v. Wiseman                              Page 6


The government must file an information pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851(a) informing the defendant
and court of the defendant’s qualifying prior conviction or convictions. Here, the government
filed its January 23, 2018 notice informing Wiseman and the court that it would rely on three of
Wiseman’s prior felony drug offense convictions to seek the enhanced penalty.

       Wiseman’s First Step Act argument fails for both independent reasons advanced by the
government. First, the First Step Act is largely forward-looking and not retroactive, applying
only where “a sentence for the offense has not been imposed as of [the] date of enactment.” Pub.
L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, § 401(c). Section 404 of the Act makes retroactive only certain
statutory changes pertaining to threshold crack cocaine weights triggering mandatory minimum
sentences that were enacted under the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010. See Pub. L. No. 115-391,
132 Stat. 5194, § 404(b); see also United States v. Potter, 927 F.3d 446, 455 (6th Cir. 2019)
(noting that § 404 of the First Step Act applies retroactively); United States v. Jones, 767 F.
App’x 475, 476 (4th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (noting the process to attain retroactive application
of the Fair Sentencing Act under the First Step Act); United States v. Bedford, 770 F. App’x 260,
262 (7th Cir. 2019) (discussing the limited retroactivity of the First Step Act). This provision
does not pertain to Wiseman’s case. The First Step Act had an effective date of December 21,
2018, but Wiseman was sentenced on September 19, 2018. R. 63 (Minutes of Proceedings)
(Page ID #292); R. 64 (Criminal Judgment at 2) (Page ID #294). He therefore cannot benefit
from the First Step Act as he was sentenced prior to its effective date and its limited retroactivity
does not apply to him.

       Second, the First Step Act did not alter the definition of “felony drug offense[s]” that
serve as qualifying convictions under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C).           It did, however, impact
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) & (B), changing qualifying convictions under these sections from
“felony drug offense[s]” to “serious drug felon[ies]” as defined by the First Step Act. Pub. L.
No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, § 401(a)(2)(A) & (B); see Potter, 927 F.3d at 455 (briefly
discussing the impact of the First Step Act on 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)). A felony drug offense, as
defined in 21 U.S.C. § 802(44) is “an offense that is punishable by imprisonment for more than
one year under any law of the United States or of a State or foreign country that prohibits or
restricts conduct relating to narcotic drugs, marihuana, anabolic steroids, or depressant or
 No. 18-3904                          United States v. Wiseman                              Page 7


stimulant substances.” A “serious drug felony” under the First Step Act and 21 U.S.C. § 802(57)
covers a smaller set of crimes, offenses “described in [18 U.S.C. §] 924(e)(2) for which-- (A) the
offender served a term of imprisonment of more than 12 months; and (B) the offender’s release
from any term of imprisonment was within 15 years of the commencement of the instant
offense.” Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194, § 401(a)(1); 21 U.S.C. § 802(57).

         Because Wiseman was convicted under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C), not § 841(b)(1)(A) or
(B), the First Step Act’s narrowing of qualifying convictions to serious drug felonies rather than
felony drug offenses under those provisions would not impact him, even if he had been
sentenced after the First Step Act’s effective date. We therefore reject Wiseman’s first claim of
error.

B. Justification jury instruction

         Next, Wiseman argues that the district court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on his
proposed justification defense. The government argues that the district court properly rejected
the proposed instruction because Wiseman did not produce evidence that would have supported
each element of the defense.

         We generally review challenges to jury instructions for an abuse of discretion, assessing
the instructions in their entirety “to determine whether they adequately informed the jury of the
relevant considerations and provided a basis in law for aiding the jury in reaching its decision.”
United States v. Williams, 612 F.3d 500, 506 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Frederick,
406 F.3d 754, 761 (6th Cir. 2005)). However, “[w]here a defendant claims an affirmative
defense, and that defense finds some support in the evidence and in the law, the defendant is
entitled to have the claimed defense discussed in the jury instructions.” United States v. Clark,
485 F. App’x 816, 818 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 416 F.3d 464, 467 (6th
Cir. 2005)). In such circumstances, “[r]efusal to give an accurate jury instruction is reversible if
it impairs the defendant’s theory of the case and is not covered adequately by the instructions
given.” Id. (quoting United States v. Riffe, 28 F.3d 565, 569 (6th Cir. 1994)).

         Wiseman appears to suggest that he was entitled to a justification instruction if he made
out only a prima facie case for that defense. Appellant Br. at 29–30. To be clear, a prima facie
 No. 18-3904                          United States v. Wiseman                                Page 8


case for the justification defense entitles the defendant to present evidence to support it, but when
the defendant requests such an instruction at the close of evidence, the instruction is proper only
if he has “produce[d] evidence upon which a reasonable jury could conclude by a preponderance
of the evidence” that the defense was established. United States v. Ridner, 512 F.3d 846, 849–50
(6th Cir. 2008) (discussing the different questions asked at different stages of the litigation); see
also United States v. Kemp, 546 F.3d 759, 765 (6th Cir. 2008); United States v. Sloan, 401 F.
App’x 66, 69 (6th Cir. 2010).

        In the Sixth Circuit, the defendant advancing a justification defense must prove each of
five requirements set out in United States v. Singleton, 902 F.2d 471, 472 (6th Cir. 1990):

        (1)   that defendant was under an unlawful and present, imminent, and impending
              threat of such a nature as to induce a well-grounded apprehension of death
              or serious bodily injury;
        (2)   that the defendant had not recklessly or negligently placed himself in a
              situation in which it was probable that he would be forced to choose the
              criminal conduct;
        (3)   that the defendant had no reasonable, legal alternative to violating the law, a
              chance both to refuse to do the criminal act and also to avoid the threatened
              harm;
        (4)   that a direct causal relationship may be reasonably anticipated between the
              criminal action taken and the avoidance of the threatened harm;
        (5)   that the defendant did not maintain the illegal conduct any longer than
              absolutely necessary.

Sloan, 401 F. App’x at 69 (quoting Riffe, 28 F.3d at 569). “The justification defense ‘arises only
in “rare situations” and “should be construed very narrowly.”’” Id. (quoting Kemp, 546 F.3d at
765).

        In United States v. Ridner, in analyzing an assertion of the justification defense in a
felon-in-possession case, we quoted the Seventh Circuit’s observation that “[t]he defense of
necessity [or justification] will rarely lie in a felon-in-possession case unless the ex-felon, not
being engaged in criminal activity, does nothing more than grab a gun with which he or another
is being threatened.” 512 F.3d at 849 (quoting United States v. Perez, 86 F.3d 735, 737 (7th Cir.
1996)). In United States v. Sloan, for example, we determined that the district court had properly
 No. 18-3904                          United States v. Wiseman                              Page 9


refused to instruct the jury on the justification defense where the ex-felon defendant argued that
he was justified in possessing a weapon because of “bizarre occurrences” around the mobile
home where he was living, including “a man with an assault rifle standing on the property,
looking at the mobile home,” and then “disappear[ing] into the woods,” unlawful and mysterious
spraying of chemicals, and the deaths of animals on the property. 401 F. App’x at 68–69.
We found these strange occurrences insufficient to establish the first Singleton requirement. Id.
at 69. We further concluded that the defendant could not meet the fifth Singleton requirement
because he maintained the gun at his residence for ten days and “there was no ‘imminent’ or
‘impending’ threat.” Id. at 70.

       Wiseman similarly has failed to show evidence of at least the first and fifth Singleton
requirements.    First, Wiseman was not “under an unlawful and present, imminent, and
impending threat of such a nature as to induce a well-grounded apprehension of death or serious
bodily injury” when he first possessed the gun with which he shot Whitaker. Sloan, 401 F.
App’x at 69 (quoting Riffe, 28 F.3d at 569). Wiseman possessed the gun and had it accessible
long before he observed the would-be-robber’s entry; he did not begin to possess it only when he
learned of the imminent robbery. To hold that a situation such as this could give rise to a
justification defense would be to authorize all felons continually to possess guns within their
homes on the off-chance that they might one day be burglarized. Second, Wiseman clearly did
“maintain the illegal conduct . . . longer than absolutely necessary.” Id. (quoting Riffe, 28 F.3d at
569). After defending himself against Whitaker, he stashed the gun he had used in a safe to
which he possessed the combination and in which he maintained other contraband, rather than
immediately relinquishing it. A justification defense could not be supported by the facts here,
and accordingly we affirm the district court’s refusal to instruct the jury on it.

C. Suggestion of Wiseman’s status as a parolee

       Wiseman argues that he was prejudiced by Officer Eric French’s testimony, which
suggested to the jury that Wiseman was a parolee. The government responds that French’s
testimony did not make clear that Wiseman was a parolee and that any error in the admission of
this testimony was harmless.
 No. 18-3904                               United States v. Wiseman                                     Page 10


        “We review the district court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for an abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Ayoub, 498 F.3d 532, 547 (6th Cir. 2007). Erroneous admissions of
evidence by the district court are “subject to harmless error analysis, and it is well settled that an
error which is not of constitutional dimension is harmless ‘unless it is more probable than not
that the error materially affected the verdict.’” United States v. Daniel, 134 F.3d 1259, 1262 (6th
Cir. 1998) (quoting United States v. Fountain, 2 F.3d 656, 668 (6th Cir. 1993)).

        We need not decide whether the district court abused its discretion in allowing French to
relate that he had been alerted to the case by the Adult Parole Authority because any error was
harmless.1 “[W]here the government is required to prove as an element of the offense that the
defendant has previously committed a felony, as in a [felon-in-possession] prosecution, the
potential for prejudice [from the jury hearing evidence of parole status] is substantially
lessened.” United States v. Griffin, 476 F. App’x 592, 598 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States
v. Griffin, 389 F.3d 1100, 1103–04 (10th Cir. 2004)) (alterations in original). In United States v.
Griffin, we determined that a police officer’s revelation that the defendant was a parolee in
explaining why no search warrant was required to search his home was harmless error. Id. at
597–98.

        Here, as in Griffin, “[t]he jury was already well aware that the defendant had a felony
conviction because [he] was being prosecuted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), which prohibits
convicted felons from possessing firearms [and ammunition].” Id. at 598. Wiseman stipulated
that he had been convicted of crimes punishable under Ohio law with a term of imprisonment of
over one year. R. 75 (Trial Tr. at 397) (Page ID #719). This stipulation was read to the jury,
meaning that the jury would have learned that Wiseman had past involvement with the criminal
justice system even without French’s comment.                  The evidence against Wiseman was also
overwhelming. Any error in the admission of French’s testimony regarding his communication
with the parole officer was harmless.




        1We  do note, however, that the district court did not allow this testimony to go on for long and responded
to Wiseman’s objections immediately by instructing the government to “[p]ut another question” and “[m]ove on to
something else.” R. 74 (Trial Tr. at 259–60) (Page ID #581–82).
 No. 18-3904                         United States v. Wiseman                             Page 11


D. Career offender enhancement

       Finally, Wiseman argues that his prior felony controlled substance convictions should not
serve as qualifying offenses for U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1’s career offender enhancement because he
served less than a year of imprisonment for each conviction; he claims that the First Step Act
should inform our analysis. He essentially asks us to replace the definition of a qualifying
offense under the career offender Guideline with the definition of a “serious drug felony” from
the First Step Act. The government counters that the First Step Act did not impact this Guideline
enhancement and that Wiseman’s offenses qualified because they were punishable by a term of
imprisonment exceeding one year.

       We review de novo the legal question of whether a conviction is a qualifying offense for
a career offender sentencing enhancement. United States v. Montanez, 442 F.3d 485, 488 (6th
Cir. 2006).

       The government is correct that the First Step Act did not affect the definition of offenses
that qualify for career offender status under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat.
5194. It is not the role of this court to alter the Guidelines’ content. That is the province of the
Sentencing Commission.

       As it stands, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 provides:

       A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years
       old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction; (2) the
       instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a
       controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony
       convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.

Under the Guidelines, a controlled substance offense is

       an offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term
       exceeding one year, that prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or
       dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession
       of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture,
       import, export, distribute or dispense.

U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(b) (emphasis added). Wiseman does not argue that he was not at least 18 years
old when he was convicted of the qualifying offenses, that the offense of conviction is not a
 No. 18-3904                        United States v. Wiseman                            Page 12


controlled substance offense, that the designated prior felony convictions were not for controlled
substance offenses, or that they were not punishable for a term exceeding one year, even if he
himself did not actually serve more than one year for each conviction. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2
app. n.1 (noting that a prior conviction need only have presented the possibility of a sentence of
more than a year, “regardless of the actual sentence imposed”). We therefore reject his final
claim of error.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed above, we AFFIRM Wiseman’s conviction and sentence.
