                                  NOT FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         AUG 6 2018
                                                                           MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: WESTERN STATES WHOLESALE                      No.   17-16227
NATURAL GAS ANTITRUST
LITIGATION,                                          D.C. No.
                                                     2:03-cv-01431-RCJ-PAL
------------------------------
                                                     MEMORANDUM
ARANDELL CORP.; et al.,                                 and
                                                      ORDER*
                   Plaintiffs-Appellants,

  v.

CANTERA RESOURCES, INC.; et al.,

                   Defendants-Appellees.

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                                 for the District of Nevada
                           Robert Clive Jones, District Judge, Presiding

                                 Argued and Submitted July 12, 2018
                                      San Francisco, California

Before: GRABER and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges, and LEMELLE, ** District
Judge.



       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
       **
             The Honorable Ivan L.R. Lemelle, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.
      The plaintiffs in each of these actions are commercial and industrial

purchasers of natural gas, who allege that the defendant natural gas traders conspired

between 2000 and 2002 to manipulate prices. The original complaints were filed in

various state courts between 2007 and 2010. The defendants removed each case to

federal court, invoking diversity jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act, 28

U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). The cases were consolidated as Multidistrict Litigation (MDL)

No. 1566 and transferred to the District of Nevada.

      In 2007, this court reversed dismissals premised on the filed rate doctrine in

various actions arising out of MDL No. 1566. Sinclair Oil Corp. v. OneOK Energy

Servs. Co., L.P., 377 F. App’x 622, 623 (9th Cir. 2010) (unpublished). In 2013, we

reversed summary judgment orders in several MDL No. 1566 actions, holding that

the Natural Gas Act, 15 U.S.C. § 717 et seq., did not preempt the plaintiffs’ state law

claims. See In re W. States Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitr. Litig., 715 F.3d 716 (9th Cir.

2013), aff’d sub nom. Oneok, Inc. v. Learjet, Inc., 135 S. Ct. 1591 (2015). This third

appeal is from the district court’s order denying motions for class certification in

four actions. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(e); we vacate

and remand to the district court.

      1. After citing and quoting caselaw, the district court’s order denying class

certification devoted only a few sentences to its analysis of why the predominance

requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) was not satisfied in the Kansas Learjet action. The


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court then simply incorporated that discussion by reference—without more—into

the portions of its order denying class certification in the other three actions. The

centerpiece of the district court’s brief rationale was that the “class members in these

cases are not small consumers whose damages constitute a straightforward

calculation” but rather are “sophisticated industrial and commercial consumers who

used varying and complex strategies for purchasing natural gas such that it is difficult

to calculate their damages in most cases.” However, “the amount of damages is

invariably an individual question and does not defeat class action treatment.”

Yokoyama v. Midland Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 594 F.3d 1087, 1094 (9th Cir. 2010)

(quoting Blackie v. Barrack, 524 F.2d 891, 905 (9th Cir. 1975)).

      To the extent that the district court’s order can be read as finding that common

questions of law or fact did not predominate with respect to antitrust injury, it was

similarly sparse. The court simply noted, without citation to the record or further

explanation, that “Plaintiffs’ own experts have used different methods to calculate

injury resulting in disparate estimations of what percentage of class members were

even harmed.” The court then concluded by stating that “[a]lthough there are some

common questions of law and fact, they simply do not predominate over individual

issues,” without clearly identifying either the common or the individual issues.

      The court’s terse order with respect to Rule 23(b)(3) predominance does not

provide a sufficient analysis to permit us to engage in “[m]eaningful appellate


                                           3
review.” Narouz v. Charter Commc’ns, LLC, 591 F.3d 1261, 1266 (9th Cir. 2010).

It is not enough for a district court to “paraphrase” the requirements of Rule 23 and

simply “indicate the court’s conclusion that those provisions were not satisfied.”

Loc. Joint Exec. Bd. of Culinary/Bartender Tr. Fund v. Las Vegas Sands, Inc., 244

F.3d 1152, 1161 (9th Cir. 2001). Although we review district court orders denying

class certification for abuse of discretion, we cannot perform even that deferential

review without determinations keyed to the particular facts and issues in these cases.

See id. (vacating and remanding the district court’s denial of class certification

because the district court failed, in the “four operative sentences” of its order, to

“explain why the court concluded that the provisions were not satisfied on the facts

of this case”).

      The deficiencies in the district court’s order concerning predominance are

exacerbated by the failure to acknowledge, let alone discuss, the differences in the

governing state laws in the four actions. Those differences are particularly acute with

respect to the Wisconsin Arandell and NewPage actions. Under Wisconsin antitrust

law, both direct and indirect purchasers may seek remedies for antitrust injury, Wis.

Stat. § 133.18(1)(a), and direct purchasers may seek full disgorgement, id. § 133.14.

The district court, however, simply incorporated its brief discussion from the portion

of its order dealing with the Kansas Learjet action when finding an absence of

predominance in the Wisconsin action. The district court also failed to discuss


                                          4
differences in the number and nature of the plaintiffs and the defendants in each

action, foregoing any analysis, for instance, of how classwide resolution of the issues

in the Breckenridge action, in which only two defendants remained at the time of

this appeal, would differ from the cases involving more defendants.1

      The plaintiffs ask us to order class certification. We decline to do so. These

cases are decades old, with extensive records, and the issue is better analyzed by the

district court in the first instance. We therefore vacate the orders denying class

certification and remand to the district court to conduct an appropriate analysis of

the Rule 23(b)(3) issue in the first instance, with particular focus on the potential

differences between each of the four actions.

      2. At oral argument, the plaintiffs suggested that, because of differences in

state antitrust laws in each of the four actions, the issue of class certification would

be considered most appropriately by the transferor courts. The plaintiffs asked that

we instruct the district court to request that the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict

Litigation (“the Panel”) remand the cases to their transferor courts.

      There is some facial merit to the plaintiffs’ suggestions. If determination of a

motion “rests on application of the transferor court’s conflicts-of-law and



1
    The district court’s order is also inconsistent with respect to the typicality
requirement of Rule 23(a). The court initially concluded that the claims of the named
plaintiffs in the Learjet action are “typical of the class members’ claims,” but later
suggested that the typicality requirement was not met.

                                           5
substantive law rules, the transferor judge may be able to decide the motions most

efficiently.” Manual for Complex Litig., Fourth § 22.36 at 372. We decline,

however, to instruct the district judge to request a remand. The authority to order

remand to the transferor court lies with the Panel, not with this court or the district

court. 28 U.S.C. § 1407(a). The Panel’s rules permit the parties to make a request

for remand either to the transferee court (whose recommendation the Panel can then

consider) or directly to the Panel. Rules of Procedure of the Judicial Panel on

Multidist. Litig. 10.1(b). No direction or permission from this court is required for

such motions. Indeed, the plaintiffs have previously filed several requests to

recommend remand with the district court. See Order Denying Remand, In re W.

States Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitr. Litig (MDL 1566), No. 2:03-cv-01431-RCJ (PAL)

(D. Nev. Aug. 5, 2015), ECF No. 2142; Motion for Suggestion of Remand, In re W.

States Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitr. Litig (MDL 1566), No. 2:03-cv-01431-RCJ (PAL)

(D. Nev. Jan. 13, 2017), ECF No. 2765; Motion for Suggestion of Remand, In re W.

States Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitr. Litig (MDL 1566), No. 2:03-cv-01431-RCJ (PAL)

(D. Nev. Sept. 8, 2017), ECF No. 2961. In denying the most recent request, the

district court expressly suggested renewal after the mandate issued in this appeal.

See Order Denying Motion for Suggestion of Remand, In re W. States Wholesale

Nat. Gas Antitr. Litig (MDL 1566), No. 2:03-cv-01431-RCJ (PAL) (D. Nev. Nov.

20, 2017), ECF No. 2987. We therefore remand without prejudice to the plaintiffs’


                                          6
pursuing, either before the district court or the Panel, their requests for remand to the

transferor courts to decide the class certification motions.

      VACATED and REMANDED. Costs on appeal awarded to Plaintiffs-

Appellants.2




2
     Appellee Dynegy’s motion for judicial notice, Dkt. 86, is GRANTED.
Appellants’ opposed motion to correct the record, Dkt. 29, is DENIED.

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