                          COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                               FORT WORTH


                                NO. 2-09-001-CV


IN THE INTEREST OF V.R., A CHILD


                                     ------------

           FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                     ------------

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                     ------------

                                   Introduction

      Appellants S.P. and M.R. appeal the trial court’s order terminating their

parental rights to their child V.R.2 They each argue in three issues that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s statutory

termination findings and its best interest finding. We affirm.




      1
          … See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
      2
       … To protect the privacy of the parties involved in this appeal, we
identify them by initials only. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b); Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 109.002(d) (Vernon 2008).
                                Background Facts

      In 2005, S.P. gave birth to V.R.’s older half-brother D.R. The Texas

Department of Family and Protective Services (Department) removed D.R. from

S.P.’s care because of her cocaine and alcohol abuse during pregnancy. S.P.’s

parental rights to D.R. were terminated in August 2007 when she failed to

complete any of her service plan; D.R. has since been adopted by his foster

family.3 S.P. was pregnant with V.R. when her rights to D.R. were terminated.

      S.P. gave birth to V.R. on October 21, 2007. The Department removed

V.R. from S.P. at the hospital after a nurse informed the Department that S.P.

had tested positive for opiates. The nurse told the Department that S.P.’s

positive test could have been the result of pain medication the hospital had

given her;4 nevertheless, the Department was concerned because of S.P.’s

taking drugs while pregnant with D.R.5 In addition, the Department was not

able to quickly find a suitable family placement.



      3
       … The termination order in D.R.’s case reflects that M.R., V.R.’s father,
is not D.R.’s father.
      4
      … M.R. and S.P. testified that S.P. had tested positive for opiates only
because she had been given Vicodin at the hospital for an earache (S.P.’s
testimony) or a toothache (M.R.’s testimony) before her labor was induced.
S.P. and M.R. believed that it was okay for S.P. to take Vicodin because
doctors at the hospital gave it to her.
      5
          … V.R. never tested positive for any drugs.

                                         2
      S.P. testified that she had obtained a prescription for Vicodin for false

labor contractions in September 2007, a month before V.R.’s birth, but that she

never filled the prescription. She had received another prescription for Vicodin

a few weeks earlier for pain between her leg and pelvis; she testified that she

did not get that prescription filled either. She was also hospitalized in March,

May, and June 2007, but she denied that she was taking drugs at the time of

those visits.

      In April 2008, after V.R. had been removed and while S.P. was supposed

to be working her service plan, S.P. tested positive for codeine. At trial, she

explained that the drug test was positive because she had gone to the hospital

for a sprained ankle and was given a Vicodin pill. According to S.P., the doctor

tried to give her a prescription at that time but she refused to take it.

      The Department did not produce any evidence that S.P. had actually filled

her Vicodin prescriptions, but it did elicit testimony from S.P. that she had lied

about her past drug problems during her hospital visits, which implied to the

Department that S.P. may have obtained the Vicodin under false and nefarious




                                        3
pretenses.6   S.P.’s caseworker testified that she believed S.P. was abusing

prescription drugs.

      At the time of trial, S.P. was in this country illegally and did not have a

green card or a driver’s license (although she testified that this did not prevent

her from driving); however, she had applied for a green card, had lived here for

twenty-three years, went to public school, and could speak fluent English. She

has a history of abusing drugs, having admitted to cocaine use in 2005 and

during her pregnancy with D.R. S.P. overdosed on cocaine in 2005 and was

hospitalized, but she testified that she last used cocaine in that year7 and that

she had not used any drugs while this case was pending other than the

prescribed Vicodin. She was unemployed.




      6
       … S.P. agreed that if she had been honest with nurses and doctors and
told them that she had a drug history, they may have prescribed other
nonnarcotic substances to her during her hospital stays.
      7
        … According to the testimony of Laurie Smith, a licensed chemical
dependency counselor, S.P. admitted taking cocaine in the past to treat a tooth
infection. S.P. admitted at trial that in summer 2006, she had put cocaine “in”
her tooth to treat an infection.

                                        4
      M.R., V.R.’s father,8 also has a history of abusing cocaine, which he

admitted using when V.R. was born. However, he said that he only used drugs

on a once-per-week basis for a three-month period ending in January 2008.

Although he tested positive for cocaine in April 2008, after V.R.’s removal, he

contended that it resulted from his January 2008 drug use. 9 A licensed drug

counselor for Tarrant County MHMR testified, however, that when M.R.

attended group counseling in July 2008, he told the group that he was there

because he had “relapsed.” M.R. further testified that he had taken every drug

test the Department had asked him to take, that all drug tests had been

negative since April 2008, and that S.P. did not know about his drug use. 1 0

M.R. knew about S.P.’s drug use, however, including the circumstances of

D.R.’s removal and termination.




      8
       … The Department alleged that M.R. is V.R.’s alleged father. M.R.
admitted paternity in his request for counsel and referred to V.R. as his
daughter during trial; thus, termination would not have been proper under
section 161.002 of the family code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.002
(Vernon 2008) (relating to termination of rights of an alleged biological father);
In re K.W., 138 S.W.3d 420, 430 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied)
(holding that letters to the Department and to the court comprised an admission
of paternity under the termination statute).
      9
          … The test was a hair follicle test rather than a urinalysis.
      10
       … S.P. testified that she did not know about M.R.’s drug use but that
he knew about hers.

                                           5
         M.R. was also in this country illegally and did not have a green card or a

driver’s license.11   He admitted that he could be deported at any time. He

testified that he worked sixty to seventy hours a week helping his cousin install

marble bathroom floors; he was paid in cash and did not pay taxes.

         The Department filed its original petition on October 24, 2007, three days

after V.R.’s birth. The Department placed V.R. in the same licensed foster

home as D.R. She has lived there all of her life, and her foster parents are

interested in adopting her. She was one year old at the time of the termination

trial, at which time S.P. was pregnant again.

         The Department filed its service plan in December 2007. At that time,

the Department’s goal was to reunify V.R. with her parents. The service plan

required the parents to maintain employment, maintain stable housing, obtain

green cards, complete various classes and assessments, and take random drug

tests.

         M.R. and S.P. affirmed that the Department explained the service plan to

them, that they understood the service plan’s requirements, that they

understood the importance of following the service plan to their continued

relationship with V.R., and that all of the services in the plan were available to



         11
        … M.R. does not speak English; he participated at trial through an
interpreter.

                                          6
them without any cost. A Department caseworker testified that she reviewed

the service plan with M.R. and S.P. on seven dates over the course of the trial

court’s proceedings and that she discussed the “need for them to complete the

services so they would have the opportunity to show the Court they would

provide a safe and secure environment” for V.R.

      In April 2008, the Department filed a service plan review. The review

indicated, among other facts, that (1) V.R.’s foster mother provided a “child

proofed” home and “educationally appropriate toys and activities” for V.R., (2)

S.P. and M.R. had completed parenting classes and had tested negative for

drugs from November 2007 to February 2008, and (3) S.P. and M.R. were

appropriate and loving during their visits with V.R., and they also had a home

that was “clean, appropriate, and child proofed.” The review stated, however,

that S.P. and M.R. needed to change their behavior by demonstrating an ability

to support themselves and V.R. and by demonstrating a crime-free and drug-

free lifestyle.

      The Department’s goal to reunify V.R. with her parents remained until

August 2008, when its goal became termination and adoption because the

parents had apparently become disinterested in completing their service plan,

had tested positive for drugs (opiates for S.P. and cocaine for M.R.) in April of

that year but had denied having drug problems, and had remained “illegal

                                       7
immigrants with the risk of being deported.” Additionally, although S.P. and

M.R. had been telling their caseworker that they had been attending Narcotics

Anonymous (NA) meetings regularly,12 the caseworker testified that they did

not provide verification when pressed. M.R. and S.P. testified that they did

show the caseworker a sign-in sheet once but that she just looked at it and

gave it back to them.

      At the time of trial in October 2008, S.P. and M.R. had been dating for

over two years and had lived in the same apartment for over a year. Although

they were not married, S.P. testified that they planned to marry sometime in

the future.   They had completed the parenting classes and psychological

evaluations that the Department required in their service plan. But although

they both had attended at least some classes related to their drug use

(Community Addiction Treatment Services (CATS)13 and ROADS), they failed


      12
       … M.R. testified that he went to NA meetings from about February or
March to July. S.P. testified that she went from April through May.
      13
         … S.P. went to CATS evaluations because of referrals from the
Department in December 2007 and May 2008. CATS did not admit her to the
program in 2007 because she “denied any illicit drug use at that time.” But
after her positive drug test in April 2008, she was again referred to CATS.
After an evaluation in May 2008, CATS recommended that S.P. complete
twenty-eight two-hour group classes and four one-hour individual classes—this
is the standard recommendation in Department referrals for significant narcotics
abuse. S.P. completed only five group classes and one individual class, and she
did not complete any classes after July 1, 2008, although CATS provided free
transportation to and from the classes. M.R. testified that he also did not

                                       8
to complete the recommended course of classes.14 Further, neither completed

the additional psychological counseling recommended.

      S.P. attended some but not all scheduled visits with V.R. She was also

fifteen to twenty minutes late to at least some of the hour-long visits. 15 M.R.

did not attend many visits because of his work schedule.

      After multiple permanency hearings and a bench trial, the trial court

terminated both S.P.’s and M.R.’s parental rights to V.R. The court cited its

reasons for termination as those contained in subsections 161.001(1)(D), (E),

and (M) of the family code as to S.P. and those in subsections 161.001(1)(D)

and (E) as to M.R.16 See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D), (E), (M). The



complete the CATS classes.
      14
        … The record does not indicate what the acronym ROADS stands for,
but it does indicate that it is a substance abuse education class aimed at
recovery. M.R. testified that the ROADS classes were difficult to complete for
him because he was “battling with [his] Spanish.” When asked what part of
the service plan she successfully completed, S.P. testified, “My psychological,
my parenting. That’s about it.” She also stated that even in those two
classes, she participated in only fourteen hours of services.
      15
         … A Department caseworker testified that S.P. was late to all of her
visits; S.P. admitted that she was late to two visits.
      16
        … Subsection 161.001(1)(D) provides grounds for terminating the rights
of a parent who knowingly places or knowingly allows a child to remain in
conditions or surroundings that endanger the physical or emotional well-being
of the child.    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D) (Vernon 2008).
Subsection 161.001(1)(E) provides grounds to terminate the rights of a parent
who engages in conduct or knowingly places the child with persons who

                                       9
court also found that termination of both parents’ rights was in V.R.’s best

interest. See id. § 161.001(2). The trial court denied the parents’ motions for

new trial, and the parents filed their notices of this appeal.

                              Standards of Review

      In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under

section 161.001 of the family code, the petitioner must establish one ground

listed under subdivision (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination

is in the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001; In re J.L.,

163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005).            Both elements must be established;

termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child. Tex.

Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987).

      Termination decisions must be supported by clear and convincing

evidence. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001, 161.206(a). Evidence is clear

and convincing if it “will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.”         Id.




engage in conduct that endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the
child. Id. § 161.001(1)(E). Subsection 161.001(1)(M) applies to a parent who
has had his or her parent-child relationship terminated with respect to another
child based on a finding that the parent’s conduct was in violation of paragraph
(D) or (E). Id. § 161.001(1)(M). The order terminating S.P.’s rights to D.R.
(V.R.’s half-brother) was based on findings under subsections 161.001(1)(D)
and (E).

                                        10
§ 101.007 (Vernon 2002). Due process demands this heightened standard

because termination results in permanent, irrevocable changes for the parent

and child. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002); see In re J.A.J., 243

S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007) (contrasting standards for termination and

modification).

Legal sufficiency

      In reviewing the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental termination

cases, we must determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the grounds for termination

were proven. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005); see In re Z.C.,

280 S.W.3d 470, 474 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied). We must

review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and judgment.

J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; see Z.C., 280 S.W.3d at 474. This means that we

must assume that the factfinder resolved any disputed facts in favor of its

finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done so. J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at

573; see Z.C., 280 S.W.3d at 474. We must also disregard all evidence that

a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved. J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; see

Z.C., 280 S.W.3d at 474.

      We must consider, however, undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to

the finding. J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; see Z.C., 280 S.W.3d at 474. That

                                      11
is, we must consider evidence favorable to termination if a reasonable factfinder

could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not.

J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; see Z.C., 280 S.W.3d at 474.

      We must therefore consider all of the evidence, not just that which favors

the verdict.   J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573.       But we cannot weigh witness

credibility issues that depend on the appearance and demeanor of the

witnesses, for that is the factfinder’s province. Id. at 573–74. And even when

credibility issues appear in the appellate record, we must defer to the

factfinder’s determinations as long as they are not unreasonable. Id. at 573.

Factual sufficiency

      In reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we must give due

deference to the factfinder’s findings and not supplant the judgment with our

own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We must determine

whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm

conviction or belief that the parent violated the relevant conduct provisions of

section 161.001(1) and that the termination of the parent-child relationship

would be in the best interest of the child. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex.

2002). If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable

factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that

a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction in the

                                       12
truth of its finding, then the evidence is factually insufficient. H.R.M., 209

S.W.3d at 108.

               Findings Under Subsections 161.001(1)(D) and (E)

      In their first two issues, S.P. and M.R. contend that the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings under subsections

161.001(1)(D) and (E).

S.P.’s Appeal

      Along with a best interest finding, a finding of only one ground alleged

under family code section 161.001(1) is sufficient to support a judgment of

termination.    In re E.M.N., 221 S.W.3d 815, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2007, no pet.). Although S.P. appeals the court’s findings under subsection (D)

and (E), she failed to challenge its finding under subsection (M):        that her

parental rights to another child had been terminated under subsection (D) or

(E).17 In fact, she confirmed at trial that her rights to D.R. had previously been

terminated because she abused drugs during and after her pregnancy with him.

Based on this finding alone, the trial court had a sufficient basis to terminate

S.P.’s rights under section 161.001(1).      See Fletcher v. Dep’t of Family &

Protective Servs., 277 S.W.3d 58, 64 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009,



      17
       … The Department pled subsection (M) in its original petition as a
ground for termination of S.P.’s parental rights.

                                       13
no pet.); In re B.K.D., 131 S.W.3d 10, 16 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet.

denied) (explaining that “to be successful on appeal, the appellant must

establish that the . . . findings on all of the [Department’s] pleaded grounds are

unsupported by the evidence”); Green v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory

Servs., 25 S.W.3d 213, 219 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2000, no pet.) (holding that

because the appellant “failed to challenge the legal or factual sufficiency of the

evidence with regard to [one of the statutory provisions], the first element of

involuntary termination c[ould] be affirmed based on th[at] provision”).

      Because S.P. failed to challenge at least one ground for termination, we

normally would not address the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial

court’s findings as to the other two grounds. However, because the evidence

relevant to those two grounds is also relevant in evaluating the findings as to

M.R., we will address them as well.

      Endanger means to expose to loss or injury or to jeopardize. Boyd, 727

S.W.2d at 533; In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2003, no pet.); see also In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 1996). To

prove endangerment under subsection (D) of section 161.001(1), the

Department had to prove that S.P. (1) knowingly (2) placed or allowed V.R. to

remain (3) in conditions or surroundings that endangered her physical or

emotional well-being. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(D); Z.C., 280

                                       14
S.W.3d at 474. “Under subsection (D), it is necessary to examine evidence

related to the environment of the child to determine if the environment was the

source of endangerment to the child’s physical or emotional well-being.” In re

M.C.T., 250 S.W.3d 161, 168 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.). But to

support a finding of endangerment, “the parent’s conduct does not necessarily

have to be directed at the child nor is the child required to suffer injury.” Id. at

169.

       Under subsection 161.001(1)(E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence

exists that the endangerment of the child’s physical well-being was the direct

result of the parent’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act.

J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125.          Additionally, termination under subsection

161.001(1)(E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; a

voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is

required. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(E); J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125.

The specific danger to the child’s well-being may be inferred from parental

misconduct standing alone. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d

732, 738 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied).

       As a general rule, conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and

instability endangers the physical and emotional well-being of a child. R.W.,

129 S.W.3d at 739. Drug use and its effect on a parent’s life and his or her

                                        15
ability to parent may establish an endangering course of conduct. Id.; see Z.C.,

280 S.W.3d at 474 (stating that a parent’s “drug use and drug-related criminal

activity may support a finding that the child’s surroundings endanger his [or her]

physical or emotional well-being”). Further, a parent’s mental state may be

considered in determining whether a child is endangered if that mental state

allows the parent to engage in conduct that jeopardizes the physical or

emotional well-being of the child. Id. To determine whether termination is

necessary, courts may look to parental conduct both before and after the

child’s birth. In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001,

no pet.); see In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 502 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2009, no pet.) (op. on reh’g) (explaining that the ”factfinder may infer from

past conduct endangering the child’s well-being that similar conduct will recur

if the child is returned to the parent”). Because the evidence concerning the

two statutory endangerment grounds for termination is interrelated, we

consolidate our examination of it. See M.C.T., 250 S.W.3d at 169; In re S.D.,

980 S.W.2d 758, 762 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied); In re B.R.,

822 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1991, writ denied) (recognizing the

link between a parent’s conduct and a child’s conditions and surroundings).




                                       16
      The trial court could have reasonably inferred that S.P. sought out Vicodin

prescriptions under false pretenses,18 took that drug while pregnant with V.R.,

and, as a result, tested positive for that drug at V.R.’s birth and at times after

her birth; this evidence shows a continuing course of endangering conduct that

is likely to continue in the future, especially when considering S.P.’s refusal to

participate in the service plan’s drug treatment programs and her refusal to

admit that she has a drug problem. See Z.C., 280 S.W.3d at 474. Her poor

choices in the past related to her cocaine and alcohol use during her pregnancy

with D.R. are also evidence of the potential for future endangerment of V.R.

See M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d at 502. Thus, S.P.’s drug history and her drug use

before and during these proceedings (regardless of the medical reasons for

which she claims she took the drugs) sufficiently supports the trial court’s

endangerment findings under the evidentiary review standards described above.

See Vasquez v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 190 S.W.3d 189,

196 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied); In re U.P., 105

S.W.3d 222, 234 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied)




      18
        … The trial court, as the finder of fact, was entitled to resolve the
disputed theories regarding the wrongfulness of S.P.’s opiate use, which S.P.
admitted may have been related to her misrepresentations to doctors. See
J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573.

                                       17
(explaining that endangerment includes evidence of drug addiction before and

after a child’s birth).

      For all of these reasons, we overrule S.P.’s first and second issues.

M.R.’s Appeal

      In his first two issues, M.R. argues that the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to support the trial court’s endangerment findings as to his

conduct.

      M.R. has admitted to abusing cocaine; he tested positive for cocaine as

recently as six months before the termination trial.19 He failed to complete his

substance abuse classes, and he refused to admit to his therapist that he had

a drug problem. Although he insisted that he had not used drugs since January

2008 and that the results of the April 2008 hair follicle test were related to his

January drug use, one of his drug counselors testified that M.R. told his group

in July 2008 that he had relapsed. M.R. knew that S.P. had abused cocaine

and that her rights to D.R. had been terminated for that reason. In addition, the

trial court could have reasonably inferred that M.R. facilitated S.P.’s obtaining

Vicodin during her pregnancy with V.R. He was also in this country illegally




      19
      … M.R. has conceded on appeal that he tested positive for cocaine in
November 2007 and in April 2008; the termination trial occurred in October
2008.

                                        18
and did not have a green card or a driver’s license. He admitted at trial that he

could be deported at any time.

      M.R.’s appeal is admittedly a closer case than S.P.’s appeal, as there is

evidence that M.R. could possibly be an adequate parent if a few circumstances

changed.20 At trial, ad litem counsel for V.R. even acknowledged that if M.R.

was not still living with S.P., he would have a better chance of avoiding

termination. However, S.P. testified that she and M.R., rather than planning a

separation, were planning to be married. Although M.R. knew that S.P.’s rights

to D.R. had been terminated, he testified that S.P. would be responsible for

V.R.’s care while he worked long hours. These facts indicate that V.R. would

continue to be exposed to S.P.’s continuing course of endangering conduct.

      We have carefully reviewed the entire record. Giving due consideration

and deference to all of the evidence, we hold that the trial court could have

reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that M.R. endangered V.R. We

therefore hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support

termination, and we overrule M.R.’s first and second issues.




      20
       … M.R. apparently had some difficulty finding classes in Spanish so that
he could understand them. He did not attend visits with V.R. regularly because
he works long hours supporting himself and S.P., who is unemployed.

                                       19
                              Best Interest of V.R.

      In their third issues, M.R. and S.P. contend that the evidence is

insufficient to prove that termination of their rights is in V.R.’s best interest.

      There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the

child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). Prompt

and permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is also presumed

to be in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(a) (Vernon

2002).

      Among others, factors considered in evaluating the parents’ willingness

and ability to provide the child with a safe environment include the child’s age

and physical and mental vulnerabilities; whether there is a history of substance

abuse by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home; the

willingness and ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete

counseling services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s

close supervision; the willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect

positive environmental and personal changes within a reasonable period of time;

and whether an adequate social support system consisting of an extended

family and friends is available to the child. Id. § 263.307(b); R.R., 209 S.W.3d

at 116; M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d at 506.




                                        20
      Other, nonexclusive factors that the trier of fact in a termination case

may use in determining the best interest of the child include:

      (A)   the desires of the child;

      (B)   the emotional and physical needs of the child now and
            in the future;

      (C)   the emotional and physical danger to the child now and
            in the future;

      (D)   the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

      (E)   the programs available to assist these individuals to
            promote the best interest of the child;

      (F)   the plans for the child by these individuals or by the
            agency seeking custody;

      (G)   the stability of the home or proposed placement;

      (H)   the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate
            that the existing parent-child relationship is not a
            proper one; and

      (I)   any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976); M.R.J.M., 280

S.W.3d at 506–07.

      Some listed factors may be inapplicable to some cases; other factors not

on the list may also be considered when appropriate. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27.

Furthermore, undisputed evidence of just one factor may be sufficient in a

particular case to support a finding that termination is in the best interest of the

                                        21
child. Id. On the other hand, the presence of scant evidence relevant to each

factor will not support such a finding. Id.

      V.R. was only one year old at her termination hearing and was thus at a

vulnerable age; however, she was physically and emotionally healthy and

developmentally on target. Her mother and father both had substance abuse

issues: S.P. had a history of cocaine abuse leading to the termination of her

rights to another child, she had lied about that abuse during her hospital stays,

she had lied about her parental history to Department personnel, she had used

opiates several times during the course of this case, and she had not completed

or made a good-faith attempt to complete the drug-related services available to

her. M.R. likewise was using cocaine around the time of V.R.’s birth and tested

positive for cocaine during the pendency of this case.

      There is no indication in the record that either S.P. or M.R. has extended

family or friends capable of providing support to V.R. S.P. had named an aunt

as a possible placement, but the Department was never able to determine if the

home was suitable because S.P.’s approximately eighty-year-old grandmother,

who also lived in the home and who would be responsible for some of V.R.’s

care, was in Mexico, and the Department could not interview her. M.R. had

recommended his parents in Mexico, and the trial court had signed an order




                                       22
allowing for a home study to be done, but there was no evidence at trial

regarding their home as a potential placement for V.R.

         V.R. was too young to have her desires meaningfully considered. S.P.

had demonstrated that she did not have adequate parenting abilities. D.R. was

born with drugs in his system, and S.P. failed to get prenatal care while

pregnant with him; she continued to use drugs while pregnant with V.R.,

despite having had her rights to D.R. terminated; and she took Vicodin again

after V.R. had been removed.       According to the affidavit attached to the

Department’s petition, S.P. had twice been placed in a mental hospital for

unknown reasons. She was not employed. She did not have a green card or

a driver’s license even though the Department requested that she obtain those

documents.      Although she had completed parenting classes, she failed to

complete the recommended counseling, including drug counseling.           M.R.

likewise completed parenting classes but not counseling; furthermore, because

of his work schedule, primary parenting responsibility for V.R. would fall to

S.P.21




         21
        … The Department expressed its concern that even if M.R. had not used
drugs in the several months preceding trial, as he testified to, his failure to
complete the drug-related portions of his service plan reduced his ability to
remain drug-free. It also expressed its concern that M.R. never intervened in
S.P.’s drug use.

                                      23
      Neither S.P. nor M.R. expressed any plans for V.R., and neither had

offered any excuses for their behavior. Finally, S.P. acknowledged at trial that

V.R. was in a good environment with her foster family, and the evidence at trial

indicated that V.R. had little to no emotional bond with S.P. or M.R. but that

V.R. had a very strong bond with D.R. and the other children in V.R.’s foster

home.22

      Again, giving due consideration and deference to all of the evidence, we

hold that the trial court could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction

that termination was in V.R.’s best interest and thus that the evidence was

legally and factually sufficient in that regard. We therefore overrule S.P.’s and

M.R.’s third issues.

                                    Conclusion

      Having overruled all three of each of S.P.’s and M.R.’s issues, we affirm

the trial court’s judgment.

                                             TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                             JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, WALKER, and MCCOY, JJ.




      22
          … A Department caseworker testified that the foster family is “very
loving. It’s a very stimulating and educational environment. They treat [V.R.]
as one of their own. The kids have been very concerned about the trial going
on. They ask every day. They love her very much.” The caseworker also
testified regarding V.R.’s bond to her brother D.R., “[D.R.] will not let [V.R.] out
of his sight. . . . They came and picked up [V.R.] without his knowledge and
. . . [h]e was very upset. That is like his rock. He is very, very attached to his
sister.”

                                        24
DELIVERED: July 30, 2009




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