                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2007-CT-00750-SCT

GREGORY S. DALTON, INDIVIDUALLY AND
d/b/a LOUISVILLE ELECTRONICS

v.

CELLULAR SOUTH, INC.

                             ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         04/04/2007
TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. JOSEPH H. LOPER, JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                WINSTON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                 WILLIAM LISTON
                                          DEWITT T. HICKS
                                          JOHN M. MONTGOMERY
                                          SARA ELAINE WOODRELL
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                   CHARLES LOUIS McBRIDE
                                          ANNE CLARKE SANDERS
                                          KATIE LOFTON WALLACE
NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART;
                                          AND REMANDED - 11/12/2009
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


       EN BANC.

       RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    This case involves the termination clause of an agency contract. The issues are

whether the contract was ambiguous vel non and whether Cellular South, Inc. (“CSI”) was

within its contractual rights to terminate its agency agreement with Gregory Dalton. Dalton

submits that the Court of Appeals erred in affirming a grant of summary judgment in favor
of CSI. We agree. Dalton asks also that we reverse the denial of his motion for partial

summary judgment. We decline. The judgments of the circuit court and the Court of

Appeals are affirmed in part and reversed in part. We remand this case to the Winston

County Circuit Court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                       BACKGROUND

¶2.    Dalton was the owner of a Radio Shack store in Louisville, Mississippi. In April

1992, he entered into an agency agreement with Cellular Holding, a predecessor corporation

of CSI. The original agreement was replaced on March 1, 1993, with a new Authorized

Agent Agreement, which is the contract at dispute.1 Under the agreement drafted by CSI,

       1
           The relevant clauses of the contract follow:

       3.1 Term: The term of the Agreement shall be one year, commencing on the
       date specified in Exhibit D of this Agreement [March 1, 1993], unless
       otherwise terminated or renewed pursuant to the provisions hereinafter
       provided. Cellular Holding is cognizant of the increasing value of the Agency
       relationship to a successful AGENT and therefore will terminate a successful
       Agency relationship only if Cellular Holding determines that the continuation
       of the Agency relationship would be detrimental to the overall well being,
       reputation and goodwill of Cellular Holding.
       ...
       3.3 Renewal: This agreement shall be automatically renewed for one-year
       terms unless terminated as herein provided.
       3.4 Default: In the event AGENT fails to perform any of its obligations under
       this Agreement and such failure continues unremedied for a period of thirty
       (30) days after written notice is given by Cellular Holding to AGENT, then
       Cellular Holding may thereupon elect to cancel and terminate this Agreement,
       which termination shall be effective immediately upon the expiration of said
       thirty-day period.
       3.5 Termination: Either party may terminate this Agreement by giving the
       other party written notice of its desire to terminate at least thirty (30) days
       prior to the intended date of termination.

(Emphasis added.) An unnumbered paragraph follows clause 3.5. It begins, “Further, [CSI]
shall have the right to terminate this Agreement upon written notice if: . . . .” It goes on to

                                                2
Dalton was, inter alia, to procure cellular-phone customers for CSI in exchange for

commission payments. The circuit court found that the agency relationship was beneficial

to both parties, to wit:

       Dalton worked hard to help [CSI] establish a presence in the seven Mississippi
       counties covered by the Agreement. He helped [CSI] locate a site for a
       cellular tower in Louisville, Mississippi, and assisted it in obtaining the
       approval of the city government to re-zone the property so that a cellular tower
       could be erected there. Over the course of his relationship with [CSI], Dalton
       helped it gain over 6,000 customers. Dalton’s hard work for [CSI] proved to
       be very rewarding to him as reflected by the 1099-MISC tax forms that were
       provided to him. In the form for 1999, it shows that Dalton was paid
       $81,970.30; for 2000, $127,740.00; for 2001, $172,095.00; for 2002,
       $183,380.00; and for 2003, $197,160.00.

The agency relationship lasted twelve years, during which Dalton operated a cellular-phone

store in the same building as his Radio Shack store. Dalton was a nonexclusive agent in a

seven-county area. CSI reserved the right to market its product through its own employees

or other independent contractors.

¶3.    In 1993, CSI instituted a policy concerning new agents. Beginning that year, all new

agency contracts contained different provisions for termination. CSI removed the language

in clause 3.1 requiring it to determine that it would be detrimental to continue an agency

relationship. The new contracts were terminable at will. Six years later, CSI sent Dalton a

new contract. Dalton refused to execute the new contract. The parties continued to operate

under the March, 1, 1993, agreement. Subsequent to Dalton’s 1999 refusal, payments by CSI

increased significantly, more than doubling by 2003.



list several circumstances allowing for immediate termination. These include: agent making
an assignment for the benefit of creditors, an order for relief for bankruptcy, appointment of
a trustee, material misrepresentation or omission by the agent.

                                              3
¶4.    In December 2003, CSI informed Dalton by letter that it was terminating the agency

agreement. The stated reason for termination reads as follows: “This letter serves as notice

to you under the Authorized Agent Agreement executed by you and [CSI] pursuant to a

reorganization of [CSI]’s retail distribution plan, [CSI] is terminating its agent agreement

with you effective February 6, 2004.” Enclosed with the letter was a Full and Final Release,

which Dalton refused to sign.2 At the same time, CSI terminated ninety other agents in

Mississippi. Only eight other agents had the 3.1 clause found in the Dalton contract. The

remaining agents were terminated at will.

                                LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

¶5.    After Dalton refused to sign the Full and Final Release, CSI filed a declaratory-

judgment action in the Circuit Court of Winston County, seeking a judgment that it had

complied with the agreement in terminating Dalton. CSI moved for summary judgment,

asserting that the contract allowed it to terminate the agreement at will, as long as it gave

Dalton thirty-days’ notice. After Dalton filed a motion for partial summary judgment, CSI

abandoned that position, claiming that it had made the determination that continuation of the

contract would be detrimental to CSI, as provided in 3.1. Contemporaneously, CSI filed an

affidavit from its president, Hu Meena.       Meena cited the administrative burdens of

maintaining the agency agreements, as well as the need for good customer service and




       2
        The release contained the following language: “The Agency Agreement is terminable
by either party without cause upon thirty days’ written notice . . . . [CSI] has given proper
notice to Agent of termination of the Agency Agreement without cause.” The release also
included: (1) a covenant not to sue, and (2) a release from the noncompete clause of the
contract.

                                             4
uniformity, before concluding that continuation would be “detrimental to the overall well

being, reputation and goodwill of Cellular South.” Meena’s affidavit tracked the contractual

language of 3.1 concerning termination. Thus, CSI acceded that 3.1 placed limitations upon

its termination rights under 3.5. CSI then argued that it had complied with the requirements

of 3.1 by referencing corporate reorganization in its December 2003 letter to Dalton. Dalton

argued that 3.1 required CSI to determine that continuation of his contract was detrimental

to CSI, and that CSI had not done so, and could not have done so, because of the success of

his agency relationship with CSI. Dalton argued also that it would be error to grant summary

judgment based on a self-serving, conclusory affidavit, which posited that CSI had complied

with the contract terms. Further, Dalton argued that the terms of the contract had not been

honored, as CSI admitted in the proceeding that the only stated basis for the termination,

before litigation, was its reorganization plan.

¶6.    The circuit court found the contract to be unambiguous, and that there was only one

reasonable interpretation regarding the parties’ authority to terminate the contract: (1) Dalton

could have terminated the contract at any time, with or without a reason, so long as he gave

thirty-days’ notice; (2) CSI could have terminated without prior notice for a reason listed in

the unnumbered paragraph following clause 3.5 (see note 1), or after thirty days for a

continued failure of Dalton to comply with a contract term; (3) however, because the second

sentence of 3.1 limited CSI’s right to terminate, absent any of the for-cause reasons in 3.4

and 3.5, CSI could terminate Dalton’s “successful Agency relationship” only after thirty-

days’ notice to Dalton that CSI had determined that continuation “would be detrimental to

the overall well being, reputation and goodwill of [CSI]”; (4) CSI was the sole arbiter of


                                               5
whether continuation of the agency was detrimental. The court found no requirement that

CSI determine that Dalton or his agency had caused the detriment, just that continuation had

been determined by CSI to be detrimental. Thus, according to the trial court, CSI was

contractually required, before terminating Dalton, to determine that continuation of the

contract was to the detriment of its well-being, reputation, and goodwill.

¶7.      After considering the Meena affidavit, the court then found that CSI had made the

required determination. The court held that, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to Dalton, no genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the contract had been

followed, and that CSI was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. The circuit court

granted CSI summary judgment, and denied Dalton’s motion for partial summary judgment.

A divided Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court. See Dalton v. Cellular South, Inc.,

2008 WL 4212553, at *5 (Miss. Ct. App. Sept. 16, 2008). Dalton’s motion for rehearing was

denied. This Court granted certiorari. Dalton v. Cellular South, Inc., 12 So. 3d 531 (Miss.

2009).

                                           ISSUES

         The issues are as follows:

         I.     Whether it was error to find the contract unambiguous.

         II.    Whether the circuit court erred in its summary judgment
                decisions.

                                        DISCUSSION

¶8.      Our standard of review is de novo. For contract construction, the standard is:

         “Questions concerning the construction of contracts are questions of law that
         are committed to the court rather than questions of fact committed to the fact

                                               6
       finder.” We, as an appellate court, employ the de novo standard of review for
       questions of law.

Facilities, Inc. v. Rogers-Usry Chevrolet, Inc., 908 So. 2d 107, 110 (Miss. 2005) (quoting

Miss. State Highway Comm'n v. Patterson Enters., Ltd., 627 So. 2d 261, 263 (Miss. 1993)).

The standard for review of a summary judgment is likewise de novo:

       The circuit court’s grant [or denial] of a motion for summary judgment is
       reviewed by this Court de novo. See Wilner v. White, 929 So. 2d 315, 318
       (Miss. 2006) . . . . In this Court’s de novo review, “[t]he evidence must be
       viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion has
       been made.” Daniels v. GNB, Inc., 629 So. 2d 595, 599 (Miss. 1993) (citation
       omitted).

Kilhullen v. Kan. City S. Ry., 8 So. 3d 168, 174 (Miss. 2009).

¶9.    Dalton first submits that the contract is unambiguous. Dalton next argues that the

circuit court failed to use applicable contract-construction rules, and improperly used parol

or extrinsic evidence, i.e., the Meena affidavit, in finding that the contract was unambiguous.

Dalton maintains, alternatively, that if the Court finds the contract to be ambiguous, the

ambiguous terms should, as a matter of law, be determined in his favor. CSI counters that

the contract was properly construed and that Dalton’s interpretation selectively adds and

subtracts words from the contract.

       I.     Whether it was error to find the contract unambiguous.

¶10.   We find the contract clauses, standing alone, are unambiguous. Giving the words

their plain and ordinary meaning does not generate an ambiguity. See Miss. Farm Bureau

Cas. Ins. Co. v. Britt, 826 So. 2d 1261, 1266 (Miss. 2002). However, when the clauses are

read together, the clauses conflict. A conflict within the whole meets the very definition of

ambiguity. “An ambiguity is defined as a susceptibility to two reasonable interpretations.”

                                              7
Amer. Guarantee & Liability. Ins. Co. v. 1906 Co., 129 F.3d 802, 811-812 (5th Cir. 1997)

(citing Ins. Co. of N. Amer. v. Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank, 258 So. 2d 798, 800 (Miss. 1972)).

A widely-quoted judicial definition of “ambiguous” is as follows:

       An “ambiguous” word or phrase is one capable of more than one meaning
       when viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who has examined
       the context of the entire integrated agreement and who is cognizant of the
       customs, practices, usages and terminology as generally understood in the
       particular trade or business.

Walk-In Med. Ctrs., Inc. v. Breuer Capital Corp., 818 F.2d 260, 263 (2d Cir. 1987) (quoting

Eskimo Pie Corp. v. Whitelawn Dairies, Inc., 284 F. Supp. 987, 994 (S.D.N.Y. 1968)). A

contract is ambiguous if it contains conflicting clauses when the contract is read as a whole.

This contract is capable of more than one reasonable interpretation as to when and how the

contract can be terminated. This contract fails to provide clear direction as to which

termination clause applies, without consideration of extrinsic evidence. Once a contract is

found to be ambiguous, resolution of any uncertainties will be against the drafter of the

contract. See Pursue Energy Corp. v. Perkins, 558 So. 2d 349, 352 (Miss. 1990).

¶11.    Courts may use a three-tiered approach to contract construction, if required. See

Perkins, 558 So. 2d at 351. The Perkins Court construed a deed, but this analysis has been

followed by this Court in the construction of various types of contracts. See id. at 350. See

also One South, Inc. v. Hollowell, 963 So. 2d 1156, 1158, 1162-63 (Miss. 2007) (lease);

Gatlin v. Sanderson Farms, Inc., 953 So. 2d 220, 221-23 (Miss. 2007) (contract to grow

broiler chickens for processor); HeartSouth, PLLC v. Boyd, 865 So. 2d 1095, 1097, 1107-08

(Miss. 2003) (employment contract); Royer Homes of Miss., Inc. v. Chandeleur Homes,

Inc., 857 So. 2d 748, 751-53 (Miss. 2003) (sales and distribution contract). In the first tier,

                                              8
“the court will attempt to ascertain intent by examining the language contained within the

‘four corners’ of the instrument in dispute.” Perkins, 558 So. 2d at 352. The Perkins Court

stated the following:

       In cases in which an instrument is not so clear ( e.g., different provisions of the
       instrument seem inconsistent or contradictory), the court will, if possible,
       harmonize the provisions in accord with the parties' apparent intent. A cursory
       examination of the provisions may lead one to conclude that the instrument is
       irreconcilably repugnant; however, this may not be a valid conclusion. If
       examination solely of the language within the instrument's four corners does
       not yield a clear understanding of the parties' intent, the court will generally
       proceed to another tier in the three-tiered process. This entails discretionary
       implementation of applicable “canons” of contract construction. For example,
       one rule espoused by this Court suggests that uncertainties should be resolved
       against the party who prepared the instrument. Application of “canons” of
       construction may provide a court with an objective inference of the parties'
       intent. But if, at this step in the process, intent remains unascertainable ( i.e.,
       the instrument is still considered ambiguous), then the court may resort to a
       final tier in the three-tiered process of construction. This final tier entails
       consideration of extrinsic or parol evidence.

Id. at 352-53 (internal citations omitted).

¶12.   The contract at issue contains termination clauses that lack clarity and that are not

harmonious. Clause 3.1 calls for a one-year term and restricts the right of CSI to terminate

the agreement as to “a successful AGENT” and “a successful Agency relationship.” Clause

3.3 allows for automatic one-year renewals. Clause 3.5 allows either party to terminate at

will. Clause 3.4 and the unnumbered paragraph following clause 3.5 allow CSI to terminate

with cause under certain circumstances. Thus, reasonable minds could reach different

conclusions after reading the whole contract, in discerning the intent of the parties, while

giving effect to each separate clause. We find that the conflicts among the clauses create an

ambiguity. Perkins establishes the next tier of canons of construction, i.e., resolution of



                                               9
ambiguities shall disfavor the drafter of the instrument. Id. However, resolving the

ambiguity to give Dalton the most favorable interpretation does not end the inquiry.

¶13.   The language of the contract requires the use of parol or extrinsic evidence to

determine if Dalton is eligible for 3.1 consideration, as 3.1 applies only to “a successful

AGENT” with “a successful Agency relationship,” which cannot be determined within the

four corners of the contract. A court cannot complete the third tier of analysis without parol

or extrinsic evidence. In the case sub judice, this evidence was provided by CSI, whose

president attested, “Dalton’s agency was a successful agency . . . .” However, that finding

begs the question as to whether CSI terminated the contract for the reason it originally

furnished to Dalton or whether CSI terminated the contract for the reasons offered after

litigation began. That determination is a material fact and is in dispute. Whether CSI

honored or breached the contract is a task for a jury, which leads us to Issue II. See Royer

Homes, 857 So. 2d at 752 (“If the terms of a contract are subject to more than one reasonable

interpretation, it is a question properly submitted to the jury.”); Burton v. Choctaw County,

730 So. 2d 1, 9 (Miss. 1997).

       II.    Whether the circuit court erred in its summary judgment
              decisions.

¶14.   A conclusory, self-serving affidavit, unsupported by material facts relevant to the

proposition at issue, is insufficient as a basis to grant summary judgment. See Burton, 730

So. 2d at 9 (Miss. 1997). See also Hubbard v. Wansley, 954 So. 2d 951, 965-66 (Miss.

2007); Wallace v. Texas Tech Univ., 80 F.3d 1042, 1047 (5th Cir. 1996). In Burton, a

wrongful-death case involving a nursing home, “professional services,” including “nursing



                                             10
treatment,” were contractually excluded from insurance coverage. Burton, 730 So. 2d at 5.

A nurse’s aide submitted an affidavit, in which she claimed that, in giving a bath to a

nursing-home resident, she had provided “nursing treatment.” Id. at 3. This Court, in a

unanimous opinion, reversed the trial court by finding that the term “nursing treatment” was

ambiguous, and that the affidavit, as a self-serving, conclusory statement, could not “form

the basis of summary judgment evidence.” Id. at 9. The Burton Court held further that, as

the party moving for summary judgment, Choctaw County bore “the burden of persuading

the trial court that no genuine issue of material fact exist[ed].” Id. at 4; see Frank v. Dore,

635 So. 2d 1369, 1373 (Miss. 1994). Here, the moving party, CSI, has the burden of

production, persuasion and proof, as it would have the burden of proof at trial as the plaintiff

in a declaratory judgment action. See Calvert v. Griggs, 992 So. 2d 627, 632 (Miss. 2008);

26 C.J.S. Burden of Proof § 145 pp. 243-44 (2001).

¶15.   The majority of cases illustrating this point of law involve the burden of summary-

judgment nonmovants. See Hubbard, 954 So. 2d at 964; Evan Johnson & Sons Constr.,

Inc. v. State, 877 So. 2d 360, 365-66 (Miss. 2004); Wallace, 80 F.3d at 1047. In every case,

before any burden falls to the nonmovant, the party moving for summary judgment first must

have met its burden under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 56. See Van v. Grand

Casinos of Miss., Inc., 767 So. 2d 1014, 1017-18 (Miss. 2000) (citing Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986)). Our

disdain for conclusory, self-serving affidavits applies equally to summary-judgment movants

and nonmovants, especially considering our requirement to view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the nonmovant. See Daniels, 629 So. 2d at 599.


                                              11
¶16.   In Hubbard, the plaintiff’s expert submitted multiple affidavits, the second of which

was found to be conclusory in an effort to cure contradictory deposition testimony.

Hubbard, 954 So. 2d at 965-66 (“affidavits which are ‘almost wholly conclusory’ are ‘less

than satisfactory’”) (quoting Walker v. Skiwski, 529 So. 2d 184, 187 n.2 (Miss. 1988)).

Further, the Hubbard Court found that the affidavit contained “‘magical’ language” without

“real facts to back it up.” Hubbard, 954 So. 2d at 965. This is not unlike CSI’s tracking of

contractual language in the affidavit to shore up its new position. CSI’s conclusory affidavit

was offered without foundation in fact as to how, when, and why CSI determined that

continuation of the contract was detrimental to its well-being, reputation, and goodwill.

¶17.   The relevant portions (paragraphs 5-8) of the Meena affidavit are as follows:

             Mr. Dalton's was one of approximately ninety (90) agency relationships
       terminated by [CSI] at my direction in late 2003 and early 2004. [CSI]’s
       decision to discontinue the use of independent agents was in large part due to
       the administrative burdens that it had experienced in managing independent
       agents throughout its service area. These administrative burdens included
       assigning a dedicated management employee to oversee the agents, keeping up
       with commissions earned by the agents, which did not vest until the customer
       had remained with [CSI] for a pre-determined period of time, and insuring that
       agents were marketing [CSI]’s service in a manner consistent with [CSI]’s
       corporate marketing strategy.

               At or about the same time that I made the decision to terminate the
       independent agents used by [CSI], [CSI]’s own network of company-owned
       retail stores had become sufficient to perform its necessary retail functions.

                [CSI]’s reputation for good customer service and the uniformity of the
       customers' experiences in dealing with [CSI], regardless of whether they
       contact [CSI] by visiting its stores, calling on the telephone or using the [CSI]
       website, are critical to [CSI]’s ability to maintain and grow its customer base.
       At the time I made the decision to terminate the use of agents, I believed and
       still do believe that [CSI] is better able to maintain its overall customer service
       standards without the use of independent agents.



                                               12
              To the best of [CSI]'s and my knowledge, Dalton's agency was a
       “successful” agency in terms of sales. However, it was impractical for CSI to
       maintain some agents while terminating others, since the administrative burden
       of maintaining a few agents would have been very similar to the burden of
       maintaining them all. For these reasons, I determined that continuation of
       [CSI]’s agency relationships, including Dalton's, would be detrimental to the
       overall well-being, reputation and goodwill of [CSI].

Dalton, 2008 WL 4212553, at *7. The affidavit posits Meena’s belief that continuation

would be “detrimental to the overall well being, reputation and goodwill of [CSI].” The

claimed administrative burdens, if any, might or might not affect CSI’s financial well-being,

but we discern no evidence of detriment to CSI’s reputation and good will, as the contract

requires.

¶18.   We find that CSI failed to satisfy the requirements for the grant of summary judgment,

as it provided only a conclusory, self-serving affidavit in support thereof. Given our

summary-judgment standard of review, we decline to affirm summary judgment in favor of

CSI. Likewise, concerning Dalton’s motion for partial summary judgment, we find it

wanting for similar reasons. Dalton has failed to show the lack of a genuine issue of material

fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶19.   The contract is ambiguous. Summary judgment should not have been granted to either

party. Therefore, we (1) reverse the grant of summary judgment to CSI; (2) affirm the denial

of partial summary judgment to Dalton; and (3) remand for proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

¶20. THE JUDGMENTS OF THE COURT OF APPEALS AND THE CIRCUIT
COURT ARE AFFIRMED IN PART, AND REVERSED IN PART. THIS CASE IS



                                             13
REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WINSTON COUNTY FOR
PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.

    WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND GRAVES, P.JJ., DICKINSON, LAMAR,
KITCHENS, AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR. CHANDLER, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.




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