[Cite as State v. Simes, 2016-Ohio-7300.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 103672




                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                     PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                               vs.

                                      LAURA J. SIMES
                                                     DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED



                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-15-595615-A

        BEFORE: Celebrezze, J., McCormack, P.J., and Blackmon, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 13, 2016
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Robert L. Tobik
Cuyahoga County Public Defender
BY: Sarah E. Gatti
       Noelle A. Powell
Assistant Public Defenders
310 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 200
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Gregory Paul
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Laura Simes (“appellant”), brings this appeal

challenging her conviction for tampering with evidence.      Specifically, appellant argues

that her conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence, is against the manifest

weight of the evidence, and that the trial court erred by failing to provide the jury with a

duress instruction.   After a thorough review of the record and law, this court affirms.

                            I. Factual and Procedural History

       {¶2} The instant matter arose from an altercation involving appellant and her

boyfriend, Ronald Towns (“Towns”).        The altercation took place on May 4, 2015, at

Towns’s house in Lakewood, Ohio. Appellant returned to the house around 8:00 p.m.

and found Towns with another woman, P.Q.              Appellant confronted P.Q. and an

altercation ensued.   After P.Q. left the house, appellant and Towns continued to argue.

       {¶3} The argument between appellant and Towns escalated and became physical.

At some point during the physical altercation, Towns suffered a puncture wound to his

abdomen.     Before first responders arrived at the scene, appellant took the knife with

which Towns was stabbed and threw it in the front yard of another house on the street.

       {¶4} Appellant initially told the officers that she did not know how Towns was

injured.   However, appellant eventually informed the officers that Towns’s injuries were

caused by a knife.    Furthermore, appellant directed the officers to the location where she

threw the knife.
       {¶5} In Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-15-595615-A, the Cuyahoga County Grand Jury

returned a four-count indictment charging appellant with (1) felonious assault, in

violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1); (2) felonious assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2);

(3) domestic violence, in violation of R.C. 2919.25(A); and (4) tampering with evidence,

in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). Appellant pled not guilty to the indictment, and the

matter proceeded to trial.

       {¶6} A jury trial commenced on August 24, 2015.            Appellant moved for a

Crim.R. 29 judgment of acquittal at the close of the state’s case.   The trial court denied

the motion. At the close of trial, the jury found appellant guilty of tampering with

evidence, a felony of the third degree.      The jury found appellant not guilty of the

remaining counts.    The trial court ordered a presentence investigation report and set the

matter for sentencing.

       {¶7} On September 28, 2015, the trial court sentenced appellant to community

control sanctions for a period of two years under the supervision of the probation

department’s domestic violence unit.

       {¶8} Appellant filed the instant appeal assigning three errors for review:

       I. [Appellant] did not tamper with evidence and the trial court erred in
       denying the defense’s Rule 29 motion as the evidence was insufficient to
       find her guilty.

       II. [Appellant’s] conviction for tampering with evidence was against the
       manifest weight of the evidence.
       III. The trial court erred when it refused to give the jury instructions

       regarding the affirmative defense of duress as it related to the tampering
       with evidence charge.

                                   II. Law and Analysis

                                       A. Sufficiency

       {¶9} In her first assignment of error, appellant argues that her conviction for

tampering with evidence is not supported by sufficient evidence.      Specifically, appellant

contends that the state failed to prove that she acted purposely.

       {¶10} The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the prosecution

met its burden of production at trial. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266,

2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12.     The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins,

78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

       {¶11} In the instant matter, appellant was convicted of tampering with evidence in

violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) provides that “no person, knowing

that an official proceeding or investigation is in progress, or is about to be or likely to be

instituted, shall * * * alter, destroy, conceal, or remove any record, document, or thing,

with purpose to impair its value or availability as evidence in such proceeding or

investigation[.]”    In examining R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), the Ohio Supreme Court

acknowledged that there are three elements to tampering with evidence:

       (1) the knowledge of an official proceeding or investigation in progress or
       likely to be instituted; (2) the alteration, destruction, concealment, or
       removal of the potential evidence; [and] (3) the purpose of impairing the
       potential evidence’s availability or value in such proceeding or
          investigation.

State v. Straley, 139 Ohio St.3d 339, 2014-Ohio-2139, 11 N.E.3d 1175, ¶ 11.

          {¶12}   “Tampering with evidence under R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) requires a person to

act with purpose, meaning that the person has a specific intention to cause a certain

result.” State v. Sharp, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103445, 2016-Ohio-2634, ¶ 19, citing

State v. Skorvanek, 182 Ohio App.3d 615, 2009-Ohio-1709, 914 N.E.2d 418, ¶ 21 (9th

Dist.); R.C. 2901.22(A).      When determining whether the defendant acted purposely, a

defendant’s state of mind may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances. State v.

Rock, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-13-38, 2014-Ohio-1786, ¶ 13, citing Skorvanek at ¶ 21.

          {¶13} Appellant concedes that she “may have moved the knife” and that she

“simply took the knife out of the equation at a time of crisis.” Appellant’s brief at 4.

Nevertheless, she argues that because she helped the officers find the knife, the state

failed to prove the third element under R.C. 2921.12(A)(1).

          {¶14} Lakewood Police Dispatcher, Christine Sykora (“Sykora”), testified that she

received a call from appellant “regarding a male that was bleeding from the side.”

Sykora explained that “[appellant] stated [Towns] had fallen and cut himself on a piece of

glass.”

          {¶15} Lakewood Police Investigator, Todd Allen (“Allen”), testified that he was

dispatched to the residence regarding a report that “a male had fallen down and had cut

himself.”      Allen testified that he spoke with appellant to try and determine what

transpired at the residence and how Towns became injured.      Allen testified that appellant
initially stated that “she didn’t know how [Towns] had become injured.”              Allen

explained that appellant’s initial story that Towns fell and accidentally cut himself on a

piece of glass was neither believable nor consistent with Towns’s injuries.          Allen

testified that approximately a half hour or an hour after she provided the initial story,

appellant abandoned the story that Towns cut himself on a piece of glass and gave the

following description of the incident:

       She eventually stated that after she had confronted [P.Q.] out front of the
       apartment building, she went back into the apartment, that she had gotten
       into an argument with [Towns], at which point he had grabbed her in a
       choke hold with both [his] hands, breaking her necklace. And right inside
       the door was a couch, and they had fallen over the couch, and the two of
       them were wrestling in the living room. And at some point, she states she
       didn’t know where it came from or how she — how she got the knife, but
       she had a knife, she stabbed him, at which time the fight stopped.

       {¶16} Allen testified that appellant stated that after she stabbed Towns, “she

walked out the front door, south on Lakewood [Avenue], and thr[ew] the knife in the

front yard of a house.”     Based on appellant’s statement, Allen and another officer

attempted to locate the knife, but were unable to do so.    Thereafter, appellant directed

the officers to the location of the knife.   Allen explained that the knife “was a couple

houses south of where the incident had happened, and it was alongside a fence in some

brush.” Allen testified that the knife was purposely hidden.

       {¶17} Detective Larry Kirkwood of the Lakewood Police Department testified that

he interviewed appellant on the day after the incident.    During the interview, appellant

stated that immediately after Towns was injured, she panicked and “ditched” the knife.

Detective Kirkwood explained that appellant stated that she threw the knife in the bushes.
       {¶18} After reviewing the record, when viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the state, we find that any rational trier of fact could infer that appellant

concealed or removed the knife by taking it outside of the residence and throwing it in the

bushes with the purpose of impairing its availability in the investigation. Although

appellant eventually informed the officers that she stabbed appellant with the knife and

directed the officers to the location of the knife, she initially stated that she did not know

how Towns was injured and made no mention of the knife. It was only after the officers

determined that appellant’s initial account of the incident was inconsistent with their

observations and the extent of Towns’s injuries that appellant mentioned the knife and led

the officers to the location where she threw it.

       {¶19} Finally, in support of her sufficiency challenge, appellant suggests that she

only “moved” the knife because Towns instructed her to do so and threatened to harm her

if she did not comply.        Appellant’s argument, however, is misplaced because it

implicates the affirmative defense of duress.

       {¶20} The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that a sufficiency challenge does

not implicate affirmative defenses.          State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57,

2006-Ohio-160, 840 N.E.2d 1032, ¶ 37. In           State v. Davis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

100526, 2014-Ohio-2769, this court explained that “proof supportive of an affirmative

defense cannot detract from proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused had

committed the requisite elements of the crime.”         Id. at ¶ 19, citing Hancock at id.

Therefore, we address appellant’s arguments regarding duress only in our analysis of the
manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶21} Based on the foregoing analysis, we find that appellant’s conviction for

tampering with evidence is supported by sufficient evidence.      Accordingly, appellant’s

first assignment of error is overruled.

                                    B. Manifest Weight

       {¶22} In her second assignment of error, appellant argues that her conviction for

tampering with evidence is against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶23} In contrast to a sufficiency argument, a manifest weight challenge questions

whether the state met its burden of persuasion. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266,

2009-Ohio-3598, at ¶ 12.      A reviewing court “weighs the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 388, 678 N.E.2d 541. A conviction should be reversed as

against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the most “exceptional case in which

the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.

       {¶24} Although we review credibility when considering the manifest weight of the

evidence, we are cognizant that determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses and

the weight of the testimony are primarily for the trier of fact. State v. Bradley, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 97333, 2012-Ohio-2765, ¶ 14, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230,

227 N.E.2d 212 (1967). The trier of fact is best able “to view the witnesses and observe
their demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing

the credibility of the proffered testimony.”       State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382,

2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 24. The jury may take note of any inconsistencies

and resolve them accordingly, “believ[ing] all, part, or none of a witness’s testimony.”

State v. Raver, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶ 21, citing State v.

Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548 (1964).

       {¶25} In the instant matter, appellant argues that the state’s evidence weighs

strongly against her conviction.     Specifically, appellant emphasizes that (1) the knife

was only removed from the scene for 30 minutes to one hour, (2) she neither washed,

destroyed, nor made the knife inaccessible, (3) she only “moved” the knife because

Towns insisted that she do so, and (4) she told the officers about the knife and helped

them locate it.

       {¶26} Towns testified at trial that appellant discarded the knife before the police

were called.      Towns testified that he told appellant to get rid of the knife before the

police arrived at the scene.      Towns explained that he neither wanted the knife nor

“trouble” in his house. Towns acknowledged that he told appellant that he would harm

her if she did not get rid of the knife.        Furthermore, Towns testified that he has

physically abused appellant in the past.

       {¶27} After reviewing the record, we cannot say that appellant’s conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence.     The jury heard the evidence presented and

was in the best position to take into account inconsistencies in the testimony and to assess
the credibility of the witnesses. Furthermore, the jury had sufficient information to

judge each witness’s credibility and “was free to believe all, part, or none of the testimony

of each witness.” State v. Colvin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-421, 2005-Ohio-1448, ¶

34; State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93593, 2010-Ohio-4006, ¶ 16.

       {¶28} The jury had sufficient information to judge Towns’s and appellant’s

credibility. The jury heard that Towns did not cooperate with the investigating officers.

Towns provided at least three different accounts of the incident. First, Towns insisted

that he was accidentally injured. Towns told Detective Kirkwood that he sustained his

injuries from falling. Second, in a written statement to appellant’s trial counsel, Towns

alleged that P.Q. and appellant got into an altercation, P.Q. — rather than appellant —

had a knife, and he was “stuck accidentally” when he intervened in the altercation.       In

the same written statement, Towns stated that P.Q. left the knife in the living room and

ran out the door.      Third, after Detective Kirkwood informed Towns that appellant

admitted that she stabbed him with a knife, Towns “immediately said it was an accident.”

Towns testified that he is still in a “dating relationship” with appellant and that he would

“do anything to protect [her.]” Finally, Towns acknowledged that he had appellant tell “a

few different stories” regarding the incident.       Towns explained that he instructed

appellant to tell the 911 dispatcher that he fell.

       {¶29} The jury heard that appellant provided at least three different accounts of the

incident to the investigating officers.      The jury was permitted to weigh appellant’s

statements to the officers following the incident against Towns’s statements at the time of
the incident and his trial testimony.   The state presented evidence from which the jury

could have reasonably concluded that appellant hid the knife and lied to the police about

Towns’s injuries to avoid facing criminal charges for her involvement in the incident.

Furthermore, the state presented evidence from which the jury could have reasonably

concluded that appellant only changed her story, informed the officers about the knife,

and helped the officers locate the knife after the officers determined that her initial story

was not consistent with their observations at the scene of the incident and the extent of

Towns’s injuries.

       {¶30} Based on the foregoing analysis, we cannot say that this is the exceptional

case where the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction or that the jury clearly lost

its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.     Accordingly, appellant’s second

assignment of error is overruled.

                                C. Duress Jury Instruction

       {¶31} In her third assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by

failing to provide the jury with an instruction on the affirmative defense of duress.

       {¶32} During appellant’s trial, defense counsel requested that the trial court

provide an instruction on the affirmative defense of duress to the jury.                After

entertaining the parties’ arguments regarding the duress instruction, the trial court rejected

defense counsel’s request.

       {¶33} This court reviews a trial court’s decision on jury instructions for an abuse

of discretion.   State v. Leonard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98626, 2013-Ohio-1446, ¶ 33.
An abuse of discretion is a decision that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.

Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). A trial court is

provided the discretion to determine whether the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient

to require an instruction. State v. Fulmer, 117 Ohio St.3d 319, 2008-Ohio-936, 883

N.E.2d 1052, ¶ 72.    Jury instructions are reviewed in their entirety to determine if they

contain prejudicial error. State v. Fields, 13 Ohio App.3d 433, 436, 469 N.E.2d 939

(8th Dist.1984).

       {¶34} The affirmative defense of duress is recognized as a legitimate defense to all

crimes, with the exception of taking an innocent person’s life.     State v. Getsy, 84 Ohio

St.3d 180, 197, 702 N.E.2d 866 (1998). However, the defense of duress is extremely

limited and should only be applied in rare instances. State v. Cross, 58 Ohio St.2d 482,

488, 391 N.E.2d 319 (1979).

       {¶35} In order to successfully raise the defense, a defendant has the “burden of

going forward with evidence of a nature and quality sufficient to raise” it. Getsy at 198.

 “Evidence is sufficient where a reasonable doubt of guilt has arisen based upon a claim

of duress.   If the evidence generates only a mere speculation or possible doubt, such

evidence is insufficient to raise the affirmative defense, and submission of the issue to the

jury will be unwarranted.” Id. at 198-199. In State v. Matthews, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 97916, 2012-Ohio-5174, this court explained that “before a trial court will instruct

the jury on the defense of duress, it must find as a matter of law that evidence presented is
sufficient to warrant an instruction on duress.” (Emphasis sic.)        Id. at ¶ 40, citing

Cross at 488.

       One of the essential features of the defense of duress is a sense of
       immediate, imminent death, or serious bodily injury if the actor does not
       commit the act as instructed. See Cross [at] 487. The force used to
       compel the actor’s conduct must remain constant; controlling the will of the
       unwilling actor during the entire time he commits the act, and must be of
       such a nature that the actor cannot safely withdraw. See State v. Good,
       110 Ohio App. 415, 165 N.E.2d 28 [(10th Dist.1960)].

(Emphasis added.)        Getsy at 199.    “All the conditions must be met,” before the

instruction is sufficiently warranted.    Cross at 488.   If these conditions are not met,

“[t]he court may refuse to give an instruction which is not applicable to the evidence

governing the case[.]”    Id.

       {¶36} In the instant matter, the trial court concluded that the evidence presented at

trial did not warrant a jury instruction on duress:

       I do believe that the law — that the evidence that’s going to be presented —
       or that was presented is insufficient to warrant an instruction on duress.

       So one of the essential features of the defense of duress is a sense of
       immediate, imminent death or serious bodily injury if the actor does not
       commit the act as instructed.

       The force used to compel the actor’s conduct must remain constant, and I
       emphasize that, controlling the will of the unwilling actor during the entire
       time he commits or she commits the act and must be of such a nature that
       the actor cannot safely withdraw.

       ***

       All of the conditions must be met before the instruction is sufficiently
       warranted. If these — if these conditions are not met, the Court may
       refuse to give the instruction, which is not applicable to the evidence
       governing this case.
       I reviewed not only the case law, I started looking at my notes on this
       matter, and I go right to the 9-1-1 tape where I hear [appellant] on the call
       to the 9-1-1 operator screaming, yelling: [Towns is] dying, he’s dying, he’s
       dying, he’s in pain, he’s on Coumadin, get help, he’s dying. I hear
       [Towns] screaming in the background his pain and anguish, and I couple
       that with the fact of the immediacy or the constant threat and it looks like —
       and it sounds like that — I mean, there was time for [appellant] to safely
       withdraw from the scene if she was in fear that he would beat her ass if she
       doesn’t get rid of the knife.

       So based upon a review of the evidence and the review of the case law, I’m
       not going to instruct on the defense of duress.

(Tr. 676-678.)

       {¶37}     Appellant argues that the trial court should have provided a duress

instruction to the jury because (1) Towns had a history of physically abusing appellant,

(2) Towns had been physically violent with appellant during the altercation that resulted

in him being stabbed, and (3) Towns threatened physical violence when he ordered

appellant to remove the knife from the residence.

       {¶38}     After reviewing the record, we find no evidence of an immediate and

continuous threat of harm.     Appellant concedes that Towns “was injured at the time he

issued the threat[.]”   Appellant’s brief at 7.   When appellant called 911, she advised the

dispatcher that Towns was “bleeding to death.” When Jeffrey Robinson (“Robinson”),

an investigator with the Lakewood Police Department, arrived on the scene, appellant told

him that Towns “was inside and he was bleeding to death.” Robinson testified that

Towns was “bleeding all over the place” and that he was “obviously in a lot of pain.”

Paramedic Jeremy King testified that upon arriving at the scene, he observed “copious
amounts of blood on the floor” and estimated that Towns lost approximately one liter of

blood.

         {¶39} Given these circumstances, the condition in which the first responders found

Towns at the scene, and the extent of Towns’s injuries, we find no evidence of an

immediate and continuous threat of harm.      Appellant neither alerted the first responders,

the 911 dispatcher, nor her brother-in-law that Towns had threatened her or that she was

actually in fear of harm. By appellant’s own admission, she was in possession of the

knife with which Towns was stabbed, and there was no testimony indicating that Towns

had a weapon.      Appellant had an opportunity to escape when she took the knife out of

the house and threw it down the street.   However, instead of leaving, appellant threw the

knife down the street, returned to the house, and proceeded to lie to the first responders

about what had transpired.

         {¶40} Finally, we find no merit to appellant’s argument that she was under duress

when she removed the knife from the house because Towns’s “force” over her is

“constant” and she knew that Towns would “make good on his threats[.]”        Fear of future

harm is not sufficient to prove the affirmative defense of duress. State v. Zhang, 6th

Dist. Wood No. WD-15-018, 2016-Ohio-975, ¶ 17, citing Good, 110 Ohio App. at 419,

165 N.E.2d 28. Appellant’s fear that Towns would “make good” on his threat at some

undetermined time in the future is insufficient to support a duress instruction.

         {¶41} Based on the foregoing analysis, we find that all of the aforementioned

conditions required for a duress instruction were not met.      Accordingly, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s request for a duress instruction.

Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                                      III. Conclusion

       {¶42}    Appellant’s conviction for tampering with evidence is supported by

sufficient evidence and is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.      The trial

court did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s request for a jury instruction on

the affirmative defense of duress.

       {¶43}   Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE

TIM McCORMACK, P.J., and
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., CONCUR
