
249 U.S. 12 (1919)
BUTTE & SUPERIOR COPPER COMPANY, LIMITED,
v.
CLARK-MONTANA REALTY COMPANY ET AL.
No. 598.
Supreme Court of United States.
Argued January 10, 13, 1919.
Decided March 3, 1919.
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
*14 Mr. William Wallace, Jr., with whom Mr. T.L. Chadbourne and Mr. K.R. Babbitt were on the briefs, for appellant.
Mr. W.H. Dickson, with whom Mr. J. Bruce Kremer, Mr. A.C. Ellis, Jr., and Mr. William Scallon were on the briefs, for appellant.
*20 Mr. John P. Gray, with whom Mr. W.A. Clark, Jr., and Mr. John L. Templeman were on the briefs, for appellees.
*19 MR. JUSTICE McKENNA delivered the opinion of the court.
A contest between mining claims as to the right to the ores that may be not only inside the surface lines of the claims but outside their vertical side lines  dip or extralateral rights. It was commenced in the United States District Court for the District of Montana by a bill filed therein by the appellees Clark-Montana Realty Company and Elm Orlu Mining Company against appellant Butte & Superior Copper Company, Limited, under a statute of Montana authorizing an action to be brought by any person against another who claims an estate or interest in real property adverse to him, for the purpose of determining such adverse claim.
The appellees (plaintiffs in the suit) obtained a decree in the District Court quieting their title and decreeing an accounting. 233 Fed. Rep. 547. The decree was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. 248 Fed. Rep. 609. To review the latter action this appeal is prosecuted.
We are confronted with a motion to dismiss on the ground that the decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals was final, the jurisdiction of the District Court having been, in legal effect, rested, it is asserted, upon diversity of citizenship. To judge of the motion requires a consideration of appellees' statement of their grounds of suit. An outline of them only is necessary.
At the outset we may say there is a diversity of citizenship, the parties being respectively corporations of Washington and Arizona, and it was so averred.
The predecessors of appellees (so run the allegations) on April 18, 1875, discovered a vein or lode of mineral-bearing *21 rock in the ground described as the Elm Orlu. Discovery was followed by location of the claim and other acts of its appropriation prescribed by the mining laws, proof of which was duly made; and such steps were taken that on December 30, 1882, application for patent was made and patent issued for the claim January 31, 1884. The locators and their successors in interest held, worked, possessed and actually occupied the claim continuously from the date of discovery for more than five years thereafter and during all that time were in the open, notorious, exclusive and uninterrupted possession of it.
The Clark-Montana Realty Company became the owner of the claim and entitled to its possession and of all veins, lodes or ledges having their tops or apices therein throughout their entire depth between the end lines of said claim extended northerly in their own direction. That company leased the claim to appellee Elm Orlu Mining Company, which is occupying it by virtue of the lease.
The appellant is the owner of the Black Rock, Jersey Blue, Admiral Dewey and Silver Lode Mining Claims which adjoin the Elm Orlu claim on its north side. Their locations progressed to patent.
In the Elm Orlu claim there is a vein or lode known as the Rainbow Lode, which crosses the west end line of the Elm Orlu claim and proceeds in an easterly direction through it. It was upon this lode that the discovery of the claim was made. It downward course through the side line of the claim drawn vertically is northerly and it extends downward and passes below the surface of appellant's claims.
Appellant claims an estate or interest adverse to appellees' in the Rainbow Lode, the exact nature of which claim is unknown to appellees, but it is false and groundless.
The value of the Elm Orlu claim is given, and it is averred that appellant has by means of secret underground works in its possession wilfully penetrated the *22 Rainbow Lode and has extracted and is extracting large amounts of ore therefrom, the exact amount being unknown, but exceeding in value the sum of $50,000.
It is prayed that appellant declare its title and, when declared, that it be adjudged without merit; that appellees' title be established and appellant enjoined from further assertion of rights adverse to appellees, and for an accounting.
There is an averment, however, that requires notice. It is as follows:
"That the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Montana over this suit is invoked and depends upon two grounds, to-wit:
"1. Upon the ground that the construction and application of Sections 2322, 2324, 2325, and 2332 of the Revised Statutes of the United States are involved, and the amount in controversy exceeds in value the sum of Three Thousand ($3,000.00) Dollars, exclusive of interest and costs, all of which will appear from the facts hereinafter set forth.
"2. . . ."
The averment is explicit and, we may assume, had a purpose; but appellees do not wish to be taken at their word. The confidence they thought and expressed when invoking the powers of the court in the first instance  and providing, we may assume, for review in case of an adverse decision  they now recant and urge that it should not be used to question or disturb their success or become an avenue of relief to their antagonist. This is not unusual and counsel has cited prior examples and the action of the court therein.
The principle of decision which the court then announced is familiar. It is that the ground of jurisdiction in the District Court and ultimately in this court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Appeals is the statement of the suing party of his cause of suit. And there must *23 be substance in it, not mere verbal assertion or the anticipation of defenses. Taylor v. Anderson, 234 U.S. 74; Hull v. Burr, id. 712, 720.
Has appellees' statement these defects? As we have seen, there is a confident assertion that the construction and application of the designated sections of the Revised Statutes are involved, and, turning to them, we find that they are the foundation of the rights to mining claims and express the conditions of their acquisition and extent, and, it would seem, are often the basis of controversies as to them and the solution of the controversies. And realizing this, we may suppose, appellees were at pains to set out the conditions and steps they observed, and lest there might be omission, and in remedy of it if there should be, they availed themselves by appropriate allegations of § 2332, Rev. Stats.; that is, they alleged that they were in the actual, open, exclusive and uninterrupted possession of the Elm Orlu, working the same for more than five years, (the period of limitation under § 2332) continuously from the date of discovery. And counsel admitted upon a question from the bench at the oral argument, that the allegation had jurisdictional purpose and that resort was had to the federal court that appellees might avail themselves of the provisions of § 2332 and of Clipper Mining Co. v. Eli Mining Co., 194 U.S. 220, 226, the Supreme Court of Montana having decided[1] that a notice of location which failed to comply, as appellees' did, with a statute of Montana was defective. The allegation, therefore, was part of appellees' case  fortified the other allegations as grounds of suit and recovery  and made the suit one involving the construction and application of that section. The motion to dismiss is, therefore, denied.
On the merits the case is not of novelty. It is the usual *24 one of priority of rights in a mineral-bearing vein. The averments of appellees we have given. They are met by appellant by denials, counter averments of location and rights, not only by grounds of defense but of affirmative relief; prayers for recompense for trespasses upon its rights and that its title be quieted against the assertion of appellees.
In summary description of the controversies in the case we may say they center in the Rainbow Lode, so-called  in regard to which the parties are in absolute antagonism both in averment and contention  and incidentally in other lodes.
Upon the issues thus joined the District Court made certain findings which were affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. We take them up in their order as we shall thereby be able to separate the questions of law from the questions of fact.
(1) The court found that the Elm Orlu was located before the Black Rock. Of this finding there can be no doubt if the procedure of the law was observed in the location of the Elm Orlu. The steps in that procedure and their order are well established. The first of them is the discovery of mineral-bearing rock within the claim, and it must precede location. The subsequent steps  marking the boundaries, posting notice, recording  are the declaration of title; the patent is the final evidence of it. Such steps being observed, the right is acquired under the Revised Statutes to the vein on its course and dip to the extent that its top or apex is within the surface boundaries of the claim or within vertical planes drawn downward through them. Lawson v. United States Mining Co., 207 U.S. 1; Stewart Mining Co. v. Ontario Mining Co., 237 U.S. 350.
It is, however, provided by § 2322, Rev. Stats., that there must be not only compliance with the laws of the United States, but with "State, territorial and local *25 regulations" and appellant asserts that the location of appellees' predecessors did not comply with the territorial statute of Montana and that, therefore, though the location preceded that of appellant, it was destitute of legal sufficiency. And it is contended that the Supreme Court of Montana has decided in several cases[1a] that the requirements of the state statute are imperative and that one of these cases (Baker v. Butte City Water Co.) was affirmed by this court. 196 U.S. 119.
It is further contended that "from the date when final entry of the Black Rock was made, certainly from the date when patent therefor issued, the patentee's title not only to the surface of the claim, but to every vein or lode the top or apex of which was found within the boundaries thereof, became unassailable."
The following is the relevant chronology: The location of the Elm Orlu, following discovery of mineral, was made April 18, 1875, the declaratory statement thereof recorded on the 22nd of that month; the location of the Black Rock was made November 6, 1875, the declaratory statement recorded the 13th of the same month. The entry for patent of the Black Rock was made November 24, 1880, and patent issued February 15, 1882; the Elm Orlu made final entry December 30, 1882, and patent issued January 31, 1884.
Such being the order of procedure of the parties, which acquired the title? Or, to express the issue in conformity to the contentions of appellant, was there defect in the location of appellees by reason of the Montana statute and did the prior issue of patent to appellant give impregnability to its title and right to the veins in controversy? The District Court, and the Circuit Court of Appeals affirming it, decided both issues against appellant on the *26 grounds: (1) That the Montana cases did not furnish the rule of decision for the federal courts, the better reasoning being (for which cases were cited) that as the Montana statute did not impose a forfeiture hence none resulted from defects in the declaratory statement of the Elm Orlu. (2) That the Elm Orlu people were in possession of their claim, working the same  of which the Black Rock people had knowledge  and that hence the latter could not avail themselves of the defects in the location of the Elm Orlu. Yosemite Mining Co. v. Emerson, 208 U.S. 25, was adduced. In the latter ground we concur, and we need not express opinion of the other although it has impressive strength and was conceded to have in Yosemite Mining Co. v. Emerson. Indeed, there was a revulsion in the State against the ruling of the cases and a law was enacted making the issue of a patent for a mining claim conclusive evidence of compliance with the requirements of the laws of the State and making valid all locations under them theretofore made "that in any respect have failed to conform to the requirements of such laws," "except as against one who has located the same ground . . . in good faith and without notice."
Yosemite Mining Co. v. Emerson was concerned with a regulation of the State of California which prescribed the manner of the location of a claim. The regulation had not been conformed to and the validity of the location was attacked on that ground by a subsequent locator who had had notice of the claim, he contending that there was forfeiture of it. The contention was rejected and we said, that to yield to it would work great injustice and subvert the very purpose for which the posting of notices was required, which was, we further said, "to make known the purpose of the discoverer to claim title to the" claim "to the extent described and to warn others of the prior appropriation." The comment is obviously applicable to the asserted defects in the declaratory statement of *27 appellees. It, like the California requirement, had no other purpose than "to warn others of the prior appropriation" of the claim, and such is the principle of constructive notice. It  constructive notice  is the law's substitute for actual notice, and to say that it and actual notice are equivalents would seem to carry the self-evidence of an axiom. Besides, in this case there was unequivocal possession of the Elm Orlu and it is elementary that such possession is notice to all the world of the possessor's rights thereunder. Simmons Creek Coal Co. v. Doran, 142 U.S. 417.
The other contention of appellant is, as we have said, that the title not only to the surface of its claim but to every vein whose top or apex was found within it became impregnable by the issue of patent to it. We need not follow the details of counsel's argument to sustain the contention  its reliance is on the dates on which entries for the patents were made, the Black Rock entry preceding that of the Elm Orlu. It is, however, admitted that by the issue of the patent to the Elm Orlu "it was thereby conclusively adjudicated or determined that at the time of final entry the applicants were entitled to a patent to that claim." But the admission is combined with the declaration that "to authorize the courts to give effect to a mining patent as of a date anterior to the final entry, it must be made to appear that prior to that date there was a valid location [italics counsel's] upon which the patent issued." And to establish that appellees' was not a valid location appellant relies upon the asserted defect in the declaratory statement. With that defect we have dealt and have decided that it had not the consequences ascribed to it. We may say, however, that priority of right is not determined by dates of entries or patents of the respective claims, but by priority of discovery and location, which may be shown by testimony other than the entries and patents. In the absence from the record of an adverse *28 suit there is no presumption that anything was considered or determined except the question of the right to the surface. Lawson v. United States Mining Co., supra.
The relevancy of that case is resisted. Appellant urges that by the application of the Black Rock for patent appellees were "confronted with the necessity of either adversing or suffering the consequences of a failure to do so," and the consequence is said to be that the Elm Orlu was made subordinate in time and right to the Black Rock. We can not assent. The application of the Black Rock for patent did not show a surface conflict and the doctrine of the Lawson Case is that on an application for a patent only surface rights are determined, and Lindley is quoted for the proposition that "`an application for patent invites only such contests as affect the surface area . . . Prospective underground conflicts . . . are not the subject of adverse claims.'"
It is true, as we have seen, there was some overlapping of the lines of the claims. If, however, a conflict was thus indicated the Black Rock secured the advantage. The ground within the overlapping lines was included within the Black Rock patent and expressly excepted from the application of the Elm Orlu for its patent. And no part of the decree was determined by it.
(2) The District Court found from the testimony that the Elm Orlu was of prior location and right and in this was confirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. The inevitable consequence is that appellees have title to the veins or lodes whose tops or apices are within the Elm Orlu. This consequence appellant admits at the very beginning of its argument, and says that one of the vital questions in the case is the priority of the claims and that if the Elm Orlu had priority over the Black Rock the appellees would be entitled to all the Rainbow Lode between the planes designated by the court and would be also entitled *29 "to all ores within the intersection spaces of that vein with the Jersey Blue vein and the Creden vein."
We state the admission not in estoppel of appellant but only in concentration of attention upon the question for decision. In its solution there are in dispute many elements of importance. Among these necessarily is the question: In which of the claims do the veins apex, course and dip? In the question there is complexity and grounds for diversity of judgment, and the District Court felt and expressed them after hearing and estimating the testimony and the admission of the parties.
The court (Judge Bourquin) said that the chief contesting claims, the Elm Orlu and the Black Rock, "have a common side line for 850 feet of the Elm Orlu east end and of the Blackrock west end." And further said:
"It is now admitted that the Rainbow vein at the apex crosses the Elm Orlu west end line, courses easterly, crosses the common side line and branches in the Blackrock, one strand crossing the Blackrock north side line and one coursing easterly a disputed distance; that the Pyle strand of the Rainbow at some depth in the Elm Orlu diverges from the south side of the said vein and coursing easterly unites with the Rainbow at the Blackrock 1,100 level; that the Jersey Blue vein at the apex crosses the Blackrock west end line and courses easterly a disputed distance, it and the Rainbow converging on strike and dip to union or crossing; that the Creden vein at some depth in the Elm Orlu near the Blackrock west end diverges from the north side of the Rainbow, courses northwesterly under both claims and unites with or is cut off by the Jersey Blue. Very large ore bodies are in the Rainbow under both claims, at places bisected on strike by the common side line, and both parties have mined them under both claims. From various names of the veins those herein are chosen to avoid confusion." And to all other elements of decision, presented in a trial *30 which occupied 16 days, the court gave a painstaking consideration and in estimate of them found the issues in favor of appellees, and carefully adjudged the rights of the contestants according to the lines of their respective properties and the relation of the mineral veins to them.
The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the findings, saying, by Circuit Judge Gilbert: "The appellant does not assert that the findings of fact are unsupported by competent evidence, but contends that they are contrary to the weight of the evidence. The trial court made its findings after an evidently careful and painstaking investigation of the testimony and the exhibits, and after a personal inspection of the mining properties. We have examined the record sufficiently to see that the findings are all supported by the credible testimony of reputable witnesses. Upon settled principles which this court has always recognized, findings so made upon conflicting testimony are conclusive upon this appeal." And we said in Lawson v. United States Mining Co., supra, of the conclusion of the Circuit Court of Appeals in such case  and the concession is as great as appellant is entitled to  "That if the testimony does not show that it [the conclusion of the court] is correct, it fails to show that it is wrong, and under those circumstances we are not justified in disturbing that conclusion. It is our duty to accept a finding of fact, unless clearly and manifestly wrong." The findings accepted, the conclusions of law must be pronounced to be of necessary sequence.
One of the defenses of appellant is that on October 29, 1906, the Clark-Montana Realty Company, then being the owner of an undivided one-fourth interest in the Black Rock claim, executed and delivered to the predecessors in interest of appellant a deed of release and quit-claim of all its "right, title, interest, claim and demand . . . in and to that certain portion, claim and mining right, title and property on those certain ledges, veins, lodes or deposits *31 of quartz and other rock in place, containing precious metals of gold, silver and other metals . . ." And it was stated that it was "the intention of the party of the first part to convey to the party of the second part all of its right, title and interest in and to the above described property" (referring to the claim, which was described). "Together with all the dips, spurs and angles, and also all the metals, ores, gold, silver and metal bearing quartz, rock and earth therein, . . ."
The deed is urged as an estoppel and appellant insists that it "operates to grant the fractional interest in `all earth, rock and ores' found within the exterior limits of the Black Rock claim extended downward vertically," citing therefor Montana Mining Co. v. St. Louis Mining Co., 204 U.S. 204; Bogart v. Amanda Consolidated Gold Mining Co., 32 Colorado, 32.
The cited cases are distinguishable from that at bar. In Montana Mining Co. v. St. Louis Mining Co., the land was conveyed "together with all the mineral therein contained," and the words were distinguished from those conveying extralateral rights and considered as a subject of the grant. In the other case the conveyance was of land in conflict between two claims which were in litigation, and in execution of the intention of the parties the deed was interpreted to convey "not merely the surface ground in conflict, as contradistinguished from the mineral beneath, but with this surface ground all underlying minerals" except one vein which had been excluded.
In the case at bar the conveyance was of an undivided one-fourth interest in and to the "mining claim known as the `Black Rock' quartz lode mining claim." It passed no rights or interest that did not belong to that claim or would not appertain to it. Or, to put it another way, the deed passed the rights and interests that were derived from the United States by the location of that claim and conveyed by the patent to the locators. It was not intended to convey *32 any of the rights of the Elm Orlu and denude it of the extralateral rights that the law conferred upon it. In other words, the contention of appellant would make the deed a conveyance of the Elm Orlu as well as of the Black Rock.
We do not stop to specialize either the contests of or the judgments on particular veins. Their relative locations and the rights in them are disposed of by what we have said. But an earnest and special contest is made on the finding of the court in regard to a vein designated as the Pyle strand. The District Court said, as we have seen, "that the Pyle strand of the Rainbow at some depth in the Elm Orlu diverges from the south side of the said vein and coursing easterly unites with the Rainbow at the Blackrock 1,100 level."[1b] And the court decreed the appellees to be the owners of and entitled to the possession of it throughout its entire depth as far as its apex was within the Elm Orlu, but expressly reserved the question of the point where the apex passes out of the Elm Orlu. In other words, in the language of the Circuit Court of Appeals, "the court left to future development the question of how far the Pyle apex continued in the appellees' location, and to what extent beneath the Black Rock it united with the Rainbow in such position as to be controlled by the apex in the Elm Orlu." This action of the District Court is attacked by appellant. It admits, however, that the Pyle strand in its downward course unites with the Rainbow at or about a point which would be intersected by a vertical plane passed through the easterly end line of the Elm Orlu extended northerly in its own direction, but denies that the apex or any portion of the apex is within the Elm Orlu and asserts that where its apex is found is altogether conjectural and that "for aught that appears from the evidence, it may *33 have its apex in the Black Rock and, indeed, this is probably the case." And it is urged that a situation is presented not of the weight of evidence, but of the absence of evidence, or, to quote counsel, the decision is "one which finds no support whatever in the testimony." But manifestly these are but assertions  attacks on the estimate of the testimony made by the District Court and Circuit Court of Appeals and the conclusion it justifies.
It is further said that issue was made upon the title to the Pyle strand and that it was the duty of the court to definitely pass upon it and to decide for appellant, but that "instead of entering such a decree, the court so framed, and intentionally so framed, its decree that it would not be a bar to a new suit which appellees might thereafter bring against this appellant to quiet title to all of the vein below the plane of union between it and the Pyle strand, if by further development they discovered additional evidence in support of their contention that the Pyle strand did apex in the Elm Orlu at the point of alleged forking and at its apex continued thence easterly to and across the east end line of the Elm Orlu."
It is true the apex of the Pyle strand was found to be within the Elm Orlu, but all else as to the vein was reserved and, in the circumstances, properly reserved. There was simply retention of the case for supplementary proceedings, as the Circuit Court of Appeals observed, to carry out the decree and make it effective under altered circumstances. Joy v. St. Louis, 138 U.S. 1, 47; Union Pacific Ry. Co. v. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Co., 163 U.S. 564, 603.
Decree affirmed.
NOTES
[1]   Mickey v. Anaconda Mining Co., 33 Mont. 46.
[1a]   McBurney v. Berry, 5 Mont. 300; O'Donnell v. Glenn, 8 Mont. 248; McCowan v. Maclay, 16 Mont. 234; Hickey v. Anaconda Mining Co., 33 Mont. 46; Baker v. Butte City Water Co., 28 Mont. 222.
[1b]   The formal finding of the District Court is as follows:

"That the Pyle strand of the Rainbow vein diverges from the south side of the latter vein in the Elm Orlu claim, and there and for some indefinite distance easterly has its apex in the Elm Orlu claim."
