                                      RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-5938-17T1

J.R.M.,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

S.A.M.,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________

                    Argued June 25, 2019 – Decided October 15, 2019

                    Before Judges Rothstadt and Suter.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                    Chancery Division, Family Part, Union County, Docket
                    No. FV-20-1718-18.

                    Damiano Marcello Fracasso argued the cause for
                    appellant.

                    Kathleen B.             Estabrooks          argued        the      cause       for
                    respondent.

PER CURIAM
      Defendant S.A.M. appeals from the Family Part's August 24, 2018 order

granting her former husband, plaintiff, J.R.M. a Final Restraining Order (FRO)

and awarding attorney's fees against her under the Prevention of Domestic

Violence Act of 1991 (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. The trial judge

entered the order after finding that defendant had committed the predicate act of

harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c), by following plaintiff and taking pictures of

him, his wife, and her children while at the boardwalk in Point Pleasant.

      On appeal, defendant argues that the judge's order should be reversed

because his finding of a predicate act under the PDVA was unsupported by the

evidence as a "matter of law," and because "plaintiff failed to prove that relief

under the PDVA [was] necessary to prevent further abuse." In addition, she

contends that the judge erred by awarding attorney's fees and requiring that they

be paid within sixty days. We agree with defendant's contentions about the lack

of evidence to support the trial judge's conclusions and we reverse his

determination.

      The parties were married in 1996 and had two children, who at the time

of the alleged domestic violence incident were both emancipated and estranged

from plaintiff. The parties were divorced in 2016 and at the time of the alleged




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                                       2
domestic violence incident, plaintiff, who had remarried, lived in Cranford with

his wife and her children. Defendant resided in Pennsylvania.

      Three days before the day of the incident, the parties' son had graduated

from high school and became emancipated. According to plaintiff, defendant

had alienated their son from him, as determined by a court in Pennsylvania, and

she became upset about the anticipated loss of child support.1 At that time,

defendant began texting and emailing plaintiff, even though he had mailed her

a May 2017 letter telling her to "cease and desist" from contacting him.

      The alleged harassment took place on June 18, 2018, beginning at 2:00

p.m. in Point Pleasant. Plaintiff and his new family arrived to spend the day on

the boardwalk and beach before taking his twelve-year-old stepdaughter to a

Girl Scouts event. Soon after his arrival, plaintiff realized defendant was in

Point Pleasant after he saw defendant's car parked on the street. Upon seeing

her vehicle, plaintiff took photographs of her parked car and proceeded to the

boardwalk.




1
   Earlier, a Pennsylvania court entered an order acknowledging the son's
anticipated emancipation and directed that a hearing be scheduled to address
plaintiff's contention that defendant did not comply with earlier parenting time
orders even though those orders expired with the son's emancipation.
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                                       3
      At approximately 4:00 p.m., plaintiff observed defendant and their adult

daughter on the boardwalk. Plaintiff believed he saw them taking photographs

of him and his new family, although no photographs from the incident were ever

produced. There was also no verbal or physical confrontation between plaintiff,

defendant, or their daughter. Although she knew defendant was in the area,

plaintiff's wife became panicked and petrified upon seeing defendant, whom the

wife believed to be unstable. Nevertheless, plaintiff and his wife felt safe

knowing the Girl Scouts were nearby and allowed the stepdaughter to play on

the rides until it was time to leave.

      Plaintiff's wife believed defendant knew in advance about their plan to go

to Point Pleasant. According to plaintiff's wife, she had informed her former

spouse they were going to Point Pleasant and he then told defendant about their

plans. According to plaintiff's wife, her former spouse and defendant were

friendly. Her former spouse, however, denied advising defendant that his former

wife, plaintiff, and the children would be in Point Pleasant on that day.

      Although plaintiff claimed he filed a police report with the Point Pleasant

Police Department after the incident, he did not possess a copy of the report and

he did not seek a restraining order that day. During the days following the

incident, the parties exchanged texts and emails about defendant's behavior.


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                                        4
      The day after the incident, defendant and her son got into an argument that

resulted in his leaving the house and going to plaintiff's home, after the son

called plaintiff to pick him up that day. When plaintiff arrived to pick up his

son, he did so with a police escort.

      On June 21, 2018, plaintiff obtained a temporary restraining order from

the Family Part based upon the allegations of a complaint he filed that day. In

his complaint, plaintiff stated that defendant committed the predicate act of

harassment by "dodging behind cars, hiding behind the games [on the

boardwalk], and appeared to be taking photos of the plaintiff and his family."

      The complaint also addressed what was alleged to be a past history of

domestic violence. It stated that from 2014 to 2018, defendant had "subjected

[him] to thousands of harassing and threatening emails . . .[,] plaintiff was

forced to file a 'cease and desist' order[2] against the defendant [that defendant]

ignored . . . and continued to email" plaintiff. The complaint also set forth

specific incidents in 2012 when defendant allegedly strangled him and threw

items around their house. It further alluded to "past disputes" during which

defendant grabbed plaintiff "around the neck and/or slapped [him] on the back



2
  No such order existed. The allegation actually referred to the May 2017 letter
plaintiff sent to defendant.
                                                                           A-5938-17T1
                                        5
of the head."    The complaint also stated that defendant threatened "to kill

herself;" "conveyed threats to harm and/or kill" him; and "damaged household

items."

      The matter came before the trial judge for a trial on the FRO on July 12,

2018. At trial, plaintiff was represented by counsel. Defendant was self-

represented. Plaintiff, his wife, and her former spouse testified for plaintiff.

Defendant, her adult daughter, and defendant's mother testified on her behalf.

Defendant's mother's testimony related specifically to her grandson's

involvement with counseling and the parties' dispute regarding his therapy.

      Plaintiff testified to his version of what occurred and to the emails and

texts he received from defendant. According to plaintiff, those communications

related to defendant's demands for payment of child support, threats that plaintiff

would not see his children, and wishes that he was dead. He also described

phone calls he alleged defendant made to him at all hours about her wanting him

to pay for things for their children. The trial judge admitted ten emails and texts

as examples of the alleged thousands of emails sent by defendant. Those emails

primarily related to the parties' parenting issues as to their son.

      After considering the testimony and the documents admitted into

evidence, the judge placed his findings on the record. The judge concluded that


                                                                           A-5938-17T1
                                         6
plaintiff had met his burden of proof. The judge identified harassment as the

predicate offense pled by plaintiff and noted his testimony about "a prior history

of domestic violence, or harassing behavior."

      The judge also described the dispute concerning the parties' son, as

testified to by defendant and her mother, as an intervening action. The issue

involved the son's reunification with plaintiff, whether defendant was

obstructing that process, and the son's emancipation upon graduation from high

school that resulted in the termination of child support which, according to the

judge, "caused some upset between the plaintiff and the defendant" on June 18.

However, the judge later corrected himself, stating that the date of the argument

was actually June 15, pre-dating the June 18 incident.

      The judge then stated that he reviewed all the emails exchanged between

the parties and he found their behavior was getting worse over time.            He

described the contents as "name calling" and "accusations." He turned to an

email from January 10, 2018, two years after the divorce, in which defendant

stated to plaintiff they were never going to reach a point of being "civil" with

each other. He also found that while there "was some testimony about physical

violence, there wasn't much, if any, testimony about physical violence, . . . and

there's no documentary or other proof of that."


                                                                          A-5938-17T1
                                        7
      He established plaintiff's continuing fear of defendant by relying upon

plaintiff choosing to have the police accompany him the day after the incident

when he picked up his son. According to the judge, that indicated plaintiff had

a level of fear or concern about the reprisal. The judge credited plaintiff's

testimony by stating that "he believes he needs an FRO because he fears for the

safety of himself, his wife . . . and his three stepchildren . . . as a result of the

defendant's actions." He found that the plaintiff's wife was very concerned about

her children and found that she became panicked and immediately wanted to

leave upon seeing defendant at the boardwalk.

      After reviewing each of the witnesses' testimony, the judge placed his

conclusions on the record. He stated the following:

             If I were to look at the incident of June 18 in a vacuum,
             I would question whether it is sufficient to constitute a
             predicate act of domestic violence. But I'm not allowed
             to do that because the statute tells me I've gotta look at
             the allegation in conjunction with the history of
             domestic violence. And I don't think that there is
             much . . . doubt in my mind that, taken in conjunction,
             there is sufficient proof, under 2C:33-4(c), of . . . an
             act of harassment having occurred because I do believe
             that the defendant, with the purpose to harass the
             plaintiff, engaged in a course of alarming conduct of
             repeatedly committed acts with the purpose to alarm or
             seriously annoy.




                                                                             A-5938-17T1
                                         8
      The judge concluded that there was a "purpose on the part of the defendant

to harass the plaintiff in this case."

      The judge then addressed the factors under Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J.

Super. 112 (App. Div. 2006), and found that the emails and text messages gave

rise to a need for a FRO because plaintiff did not want to receive those emails

and text messages.

      The judge entered the FRO on July 12, 2018. Later, after submissions

were made by counsel, the judge entered an amended FRO on August 24, 2018,

which included an award of counsel fees in the amount of $4469 in favor of

plaintiff and against defendant as an element of damages under the PDVA. This

appeal followed.

      Our review of a Family Part judge's granting of an FRO is limited. We accord

"great deference to discretionary decisions of Family Part judges" given the "family

courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters." G.M. v. C.V., 453 N.J.

Super. 1, 11 (App. Div. 2018) (first quoting Milne v. Goldenberg, 428 N.J. Super.

184, 197 (App. Div. 2012); and then quoting N.J. Div. of Youth and Family Servs.

v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 343 (2010)). When reviewing "a trial court's order

entered following trial in a domestic violence matter, we grant substantial

deference to the trial court's findings of fact and the legal conclusions based


                                                                             A-5938-17T1
                                         9
upon those findings." D.N. v. K.M., 429 N.J. Super. 592, 596 (App. Div. 2013).

We do "not disturb the 'factual findings and legal conclusions of the trial judge

unless [we are] convinced that they are so manifestly unsupported by or

inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to

offend the interests of justice.'" Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412 (1998)

(quoting Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)).

Deference is particularly appropriate when the evidence is testimonial and

involves credibility issues because the judge who observes the witnesses and

hears the testimony has a perspective that the reviewing court does not enjoy.

Pascale v. Pascale, 113 N.J. 20, 33 (1988). However, we owe no deference to a

Family Part judge's legal conclusions. See S.D. v. M.J.R., 415 N.J. Super. 417,

430 (App. Div. 2010) (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Twp.

of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)) ("We, of course, review the judge's

legal conclusions de novo.").

      In determining whether to issue an FRO, the court first must determine

whether the plaintiff has established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that

the defendant has committed a predicate act of domestic violence as defined in

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a). Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. The PDVA defines

domestic violence by referring to a list of predicate offenses found within the


                                                                         A-5938-17T1
                                      10
New Jersey Criminal Code. J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 473 (2011). "[T]he

commission of a predicate act, if the plaintiff meets the definition of a 'victim

of domestic violence,' constitutes domestic violence . . . ."       Ibid. (quoting

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(d)).

        If the court determines a plaintiff established, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that the defendant has committed a predicate act of domestic violence

as defined in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a), it must then consider the factors enumerated

in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to (6),3 to determine whether an FRO is necessary


3
    The factors are:

              (1) The previous history of domestic violence between
              the plaintiff and defendant, including threats,
              harassment and physical abuse;

              (2) The existence of immediate danger to person or
              property;

              (3) The financial circumstances of the plaintiff and
              defendant;

              (4) The best interests of the victim and any child;

              (5) In determining custody and parenting time the
              protection of the victim's safety; and

              (6) The existence of a verifiable order of protection
              from another jurisdiction.

              [N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to (6).]
                                                                          A-5938-17T1
                                        11
"to protect the victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse."

Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125-27; see also A.M.C. v. P.B., 447 N.J. Super. 402,

414 (App. Div. 2016). "Commission of a predicate act is necessary, but alone

insufficient, to trigger relief provided by the [PDVA]." R.G. v. R.G., 449 N.J.

Super. 208, 228 (App. Div. 2017). The mere finding of a predicate act of

domestic violence, standing alone, is insufficient to support the issuance of an

FRO. Kamen v. Egan, 322 N.J. Super. 222, 227 (App. Div. 1999).

      Whether a plaintiff has established an act of domestic violence has

occurred is not determined in a vacuum. As we have stated:

            The law mandates that acts claimed by a plaintiff to be
            domestic violence must be evaluated in light of the
            previous history of domestic violence between the
            plaintiff and defendant including previous threats,
            harassment and physical abuse and in light of whether
            immediate danger to the person or property is present.
            N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) and (2). This requirement
            reflects the reality that domestic violence is ordinarily
            more than an isolated aberrant act and incorporates the
            legislative intent to provide a vehicle to protect victims
            whose safety is threatened. This is the backdrop on
            which defendant's acts must be evaluated.

            [R.G., 449 N.J. Super. at 228-29 (quoting Corrente v.
            Corrente, 281 N.J. Super. 243, 248 (App. Div. 1995)).]

      Applying these guiding principles, we first examine whether the record

demonstrates, by a preponderance of the evidence, that defendant committed a


                                                                         A-5938-17T1
                                       12
predicate act of domestic violence. Here, the judge considered whether plaintiff

proved harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c), a predicate act under the PDVA.

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a). Harassment occurs when a person, with the purpose to

harass another, "[e]ngages in any other course of alarming conduct or of

repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or seriously annoy such other

person." N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c). A finding of harassment requires proof the

defendant acted with a purpose to harass. See Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 124.

Although a purpose to harass may, in some cases, be "inferred from the

evidence" and from "[c]ommon sense and experience," a finding by the court

that the defendant acted with the purpose or intent to harass another is integral

to a determination of harassment. State v. Hoffman, 149 N.J. 564, 576-77

(1997). There must be proof that a defendant's conscious object was to "harass,"

that is, "annoy," "torment," "wear out," and "exhaust." State v. Castagna, 387

N.J. Super. 598, 607 (App. Div. 2006) (quoting Webster's II New College

Dictionary 504 (1995)).

      Merely knowing that someone would be annoyed, as opposed to having a

conscious objective to annoy, is insufficient to prove a purpose to harass. See

State v. Fuchs, 230 N.J. Super. 420, 428 (App. Div. 1989). Moreover, a "victim's




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                                      13
subjective reaction alone will not suffice; there must be evidence of the improper

purpose." J.D., 207 N.J. at 487.

      N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c) "was never intended to protect against the common

stresses, shocks, and insults of life that come from exposure to crude remarks

and offensive expressions, teasing and rumor mongering, and general

inappropriate behavior. The aim of subsection (c) is not to enforce a code of

civil behavior or proper manners." State v. Burkert, 231 N.J. 257, 285 (2017).

      In Burkert, the Court held, as it did twenty years ago in Hoffman, 149 N.J.

at 580-81, "[t]hat the primary thrust of N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4(c) is not to interdict

speech, but rather conduct . . . ." Id. at 273. Therefore, the Court "construe[d]

the terms 'any other course of alarming conduct' and 'acts with purpose to alarm

or seriously annoy' as repeated communications directed at a person that

reasonably put that person in fear for his safety or security or that intolerably

interfere[d] with that person's reasonable expectation of privacy." Id. at 284-85

(emphasis added).

      Applying these principles, we cannot conclude from the judge's findings

that defendant engaged in a "course of alarming conduct" or acts that rose to the

level of what the Legislature intended as "domestic violence" under the PDVA.

In this case, defendant allegedly took photographs of plaintiff and his family in


                                                                          A-5938-17T1
                                       14
public. Defendant's acts, even considered against the backdrop of the alleged

transmittal of texts and emails containing nasty marital contretemps over the

years, while obviously inappropriate, simply did not constitute a "course of

alarming conduct" or the invasion of privacy necessary to sustain the entry of

the FRO. See State v. Sloane, 193 N.J. 423, 435 (2008) (quoting Doe v. Poritz,

142 N.J. 1, 28 n.8 (1995) (stating a person "has no reasonable expectation of

privacy in his . . . photograph")).

      The statute prohibiting harassment is intended to criminalize "repeated

threats or menacing communications that reasonably place a person in fear for

his safety or security" or actions such as "repeated[] . . . unwanted

communications . . . thereby intolerably interfering with [a victim's] reasonable

expectation of privacy." Id. at 285. Here, defendant never threatened plaintiff's

safety, security, or privacy by taking photographs in public and her emails and

texts, like plaintiff's, were unkind but not threatening or alarming as

contemplated by the statute. Under these circumstances, we conclude that

defendant's acts as found by the trial judge were insufficient to establish the

alleged predicate act.

      Even if this were not the case, the FRO would still have to be reversed

because the judge did not find a FRO was necessary to protect plaintiff "from


                                                                         A-5938-17T1
                                      15
an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at

127. He found only that plaintiff's wife was disturbed by defendant's conduct

and that it was necessary to stop defendant from sending emails and texts. Such

conduct hardly amounts to the type of fear contemplated by both the statute and

Silver. See ibid.; see also N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(2) (identifying "[t]he existence

of immediate danger to person or property" as a factor).

      Reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court to vacate the FRO and

the award of counsel fees. We do not retain jurisdiction.




                                                                         A-5938-17T1
                                      16
