349 F.3d 986
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Joshua N. EMERSON, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 03-1622.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued September 26, 2003.
Decided November 18, 2003.

Richard H. Lloyd (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, Fairview Heights, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Andrea L. Smith (argued), Office of the Federal Public Defender, East St. Louis, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, and BAUER and MANION, Circuit Judges.
BAUER, Circuit Judge.


1
In March 2001, Emerson was charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm. In May of that year he entered into a cooperative plea agreement whereby he agreed to provide the government with any information he might have concerning other criminal activity. In exchange the government agreed to consider filing a motion to reduce his sentence pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(b). After Emerson gave the government information, the government decided not to petition for his sentence reduction. Emerson appeals. We affirm.

I. Background

2
The government frequently makes cooperating plea agreements with defendants who they believe have knowledge of criminal activity that would be helpful to the government in further investigations. Normally, under these agreements, the government receives information from the prisoner and then makes a determination as to whether the information given by the prisoner is truthful and helpful. If the government finds that the information is of "substantial assistance" it may choose to file the motion under Rule 35(b) to reduce the prisoner's sentence.1


3
In this case, Emerson entered into such a plea agreement. Among other things, the agreement provided that Emerson would plead guilty, waive his right to appeal, and would provide the government with whatever information he had regarding criminal activity. The agreement also provided that once Emerson did all these things, the government would have "sole discretion" as to whether it would file the Rule 35 motion for a reduction of sentence. (Brief for Appellee at app. B8.) After Emerson gave the government information about two drug dealers, the government did not immediately file a Rule 35 motion; Emerson's attorney then contacted the government to let them know that the one year time limit on filing the motion was approaching. In response, the government filed a Rule 35 motion to avoid the upcoming deadline but asked the district court not to rule on it until the government had a chance to assess whether the information Emerson had provided was indeed truthful and of substantial assistance. The government determined that Emerson had not been truthful in his information and later told Emerson's attorney that the information had not been of substantial assistance. The government then moved to withdraw its Rule 35 motion, and that motion was granted. Counsel for the defendant then filed a motion asking the district court to reconsider allowing the government to withdraw its Rule 35 motion and requested an evidentiary hearing.

II. Discussion

4
Emerson fails in his appeal for two reasons: first, he waived his right to appeal his sentence and second, the government did not abuse its discretion when it determined that Emerson did not provide substantial assistance.


A. Waiver


5
The validity of a waiver agreement is reviewed de novo. Jones v. United States, 167 F.3d 1142, 1144 (7th Cir. 1999). Generally, waivers of appeal are enforceable. United States v. Kratz, 179 F.3d 1039, 1041 (7th Cir.1999). A waiver is binding so long as the terms of the waiver are unambiguous and it was made "knowingly and voluntarily." Jones, 167 F.3d at 1144 (quoting United States v. Woolley, 123 F.3d 627, 632 (7th Cir.1997)). In this case, the waiver agreement Emerson entered into was explicit in the terms of his cooperative plea agreement. Specifically, Section II, Paragraph eleven of the agreement states,


6
[T]he Defendant knowingly and voluntarily waives the right to appeal any sentence ... (or the manner in which that sentence was determined) on the grounds set forth in Title 18, United States Code, Section 3742 or on any ground whatever.... The Defendant also waives his right to challenge his sentence or the manner in which it was determined in any collateral attack....


7
(Brief for Appellee at app. B8.) Emerson does not contend that the waiver was non-binding but argues that his specific appeal is not covered by the waiver. The language of the waiver is clear; it bars Emerson from appealing his sentence on "any ground whatever." Such language must include appeals regarding reductions in sentence for cooperating with the government.


B. Governmental Discretion


8
Even if Emerson had not waived his right to appeal his sentence, he has no cause to complain. Under the terms of the agreement, the government retained "sole discretion" as to whether to file a Rule 35 motion. (Brief for Appellee at app. B8.) In considering such agreements, the Supreme Court has upheld the government's discretion unless the refusal to file the motion was based on religious or racial grounds, or if the refusal "was not rationally related to any legitimate government end." Wade v. United States, 504 U.S. 181, 185-86, 112 S.Ct. 1840, 118 L.Ed.2d 524 (1992).


9
Emerson does not argue that the decision was motivated by improper racial or religious motivations but instead argues that it was not rationally related to any legitimate governmental end. Emerson points out that the government offered inconsistent reasons for its decision not to request the downward departure when it initially stated that he had lied, and then later, that he had not provided substantial assistance. Emerson is also miffed at the government's slow and seemingly disorganized manner of handling the motion for downward departure. Although the government could have been more attentive to Emerson's situation, this does not meet the high standard necessary to show an absence of a rational basis. By the nature of the plea agreement, the government must make a judgment call as to whether "substantial assistance" has been rendered. Given the discretion afforded to the government and its explanation for its decision, it is of little importance that the government provided differing reasons for not recommending a downward departure. Emerson failed to demonstrate that the government's actions were not rationally related to a legitimate end.


10
For this reason, we AFFIRM.



Notes:


1
 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(b) provides that:
Upon government's motion made within one year of sentencing, the court may reduce a sentence if:
(A) the defendant, after sentencing, provided substantial assistance in investigating or prosecuting another person; and
(B) reducing the sentence accords with the Sentencing Commission's guidelines and policy statements.


