         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                September 2019 Term
                                 _______________                              FILED
                                                                          October 18, 2019
                                   No. 19-0404                                released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                          EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                 _______________                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               OF WEST VIRGINIA

                        STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA ex rel.,
                          MUNICIPAL WATER WORKS,
                                  Petitioner

                                          v.

                        THE HONORABLE DEREK C. SWOPE,
    sitting by special assignment as Judge of the Circuit Court of Wyoming County;
           SHERMAN TAYLOR, DAVID BAILEY, and JOANNA BAILEY,
                                       Respondents
       ____________________________________________________________

                     PETITION FOR WRIT OF PROHIBITION

                            WRIT GRANTED
      ____________________________________________________________

                             Submitted: October 2, 2019
                              Filed: October 18, 2019

Duane J. Ruggier, II, Esq.                     Adam D. Taylor, Esq.
Evan S. Olds, Esq.                             Taylor & Hinkle, Attorneys at Law, Inc.
Pullin, Fowler, Flanagan,                      Stephen P. New, Esq.
Brown & Poe, PLLC                              Amanda J. Taylor, Esq.
Charleston, West Virginia                      The Law Office of Stephen P. New
Counsel for Petitioner                         Beckley, West Virginia
                                               Counsel for Respondents



JUSTICE ARMSTEAD delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT


              1.      “In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition

for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower

tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether

the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the

desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not

correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter

of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent

disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s

order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors

are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a

discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be

satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law,

should be given substantial weight.” Syl. Pt. 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W. Va.

12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).

              2.     “This Court will review a circuit court’s order granting or denying a

motion for class certification pursuant to Rule 23 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil

Procedure [1998] under an abuse of discretion standard.” Syl. Pt. 1, In re W. Va. Rezulin

Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52 (2003).




                                               i
              3.     “Where a judge has a pecuniary interest in any case to be tried by him

he is disqualified from trying the case, and prohibition is the proper remedy to restrain such

trial.” Syl. Pt. 1, Keith v. Gerber, 156 W. Va. 787, 197 S.E.2d 310 (1973).

              4.     “It is a fundamental rule in the administration of justice that a person

cannot be a judge in a cause wherein he is interested, whether he be a party to the suit or

not.” Syl. Pt. 1, Findley v. Smith, 42 W. Va. 299, 26 S.E. 370 (1896).

              5.     “Before certifying a class under Rule 23 of the West Virginia Rules of

Civil Procedure [1998], a circuit court must determine that the party seeking class

certification has satisfied all four prerequisites contained in Rule 23(a)—numerosity,

commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation—and has satisfied one of the three

subdivisions of Rule 23(b). As long as these prerequisites to class certification are met, a

case should be allowed to proceed on behalf of the class proposed by the party.” Syl. Pt. 8,

In re W. Va. Rezulin Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52 (2003).

              6.     “The numerosity provision of Rule 23(a)(1) of the West Virginia

Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] requires that a class be so numerous that joinder of all of

its members is ‘impracticable.’ It is not necessary to establish that joinder is impossible;

rather, the test is impracticability. The test for impracticability of joining all members does

not mean ‘impossibility’ but only difficulty or inconvenience of joining all members.” Syl.

Pt. 9, In re W. Va. Rezulin Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52 (2003).

              7.     “The ‘commonality’ requirement of Rule 23(a)(2) of the West

Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] requires that the party seeking class certification

show that ‘there are questions of law or fact common to the class.’ A common nucleus of

                                              ii
operative fact or law is usually enough to satisfy the commonality requirement. The

threshold of ‘commonality’ is not high, and requires only that the resolution of common

questions affect all or a substantial number of the class members.” Syl. Pt. 11, In re W. Va.

Rezulin Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52 (2003).

              8.     “The ‘typicality’ requirement of Rule 23(a)(3) of the West Virginia

Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] requires that the ‘claims or defenses of the representative

parties [be] typical of the claims or defenses of the class.’ A representative party’s claim

or defense is typical if it arises from the same event or practice or course of conduct that

gives rise to the claims of other class members, and if his or her claims are based on the

same legal theory. Rule 23(a)(3) only requires that the class representatives’ claims be

typical of the other class members’ claims, not that the claims be identical. When the claim

arises out of the same legal or remedial theory, the presence of factual variations is

normally not sufficient to preclude class action treatment.” Syl. Pt. 12, In re W. Va. Rezulin

Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52 (2003).

              9.     “The ‘adequacy of representation’ requirement of Rule 23(a)(4) of the

West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] requires that the party seeking class action

status show that the ‘representative parties will fairly and adequately represent the interests

of the class.’ First, the adequacy of representation inquiry tests the qualifications of the

attorneys to represent the class. Second, it serves to uncover conflicts of interest between

the named parties and the class they seek to represent.” Syl. Pt. 13, In re W. Va. Rezulin

Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52 (2003).



                                              iii
              10.    “The party who seeks to establish the propriety of a class action has

the burden of proving that the prerequisites of Rule 23 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil

Procedure have been satisfied.” Syl. Pt. 6, Jefferson Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Jefferson Cty.

Educ. Ass’n, 183 W. Va. 15, 393 S.E.2d 653 (1990).

              11.    “A class action may only be certified if the trial court is satisfied, after

a thorough analysis, that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil

Procedure have been satisfied. Further, the class certification order should be detailed and

specific in showing the rule basis for the certification and the relevant facts supporting the

legal conclusions.” Syl. Pt. 8, State ex rel. Chemtall Inc. v. Madden, 216 W. Va. 443, 607

S.E.2d 772 (2004).

              12.    “‘Merits questions may be considered to the extent—but only to the

extent—that they are relevant to determining whether the Rule 23 prerequisites for class

certification are satisfied.’ Amgen Inc. v. Connecticut Ret. Plans & Tr. Funds, 568 U.S.

455, 466, 133 S. Ct. 1184, 1195, 185 L. Ed. 2d 308 (2013).” Syl. Pt. 7, State ex rel. West

Virginia University Hospitals, Inc. v. Gaujot, 242 W. Va. 54, 829 S.E.2d 54 (2019).

              13.    “When consideration of questions of merit is essential to a thorough

analysis of whether the prerequisites of Rule 23 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil

Procedure [2017] for class certification are satisfied, failing to undertake such

consideration is clear error and an abuse of discretion.” Syl. Pt. 8, State ex rel. West

Virginia University Hospitals, Inc. v. Gaujot, 242 W. Va. 54, 829 S.E.2d 54 (2019).




                                              iv
ARMSTEAD, Justice:

                Petitioner Municipal Water Works (“Municipal Water”) invokes this Court’s

original jurisdiction in prohibition to challenge the March 12, 2019, order issued by the

Circuit Court of Wyoming County granting respondents’ (“plaintiffs”)1 motion for class

certification. In its petition to this Court, Municipal Water raises two main arguments: 1)

the circuit court judge should have disqualified himself prior to granting the motion to

certify the class because he is a potential class member; and 2) the circuit court’s order did

not contain a “thorough analysis” of the four class certification prerequisites in Rule 23(a)

of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. After review and for the reasons stated

herein, we grant the requested writ of prohibition.

                  I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                Plaintiffs, individually and on behalf of “a class of similarly situated

individuals,” filed a complaint on June 19, 2018, in the Circuit Court of Wyoming County

against Municipal Water. The complaint alleged that “each putative class member was a

customer of [Municipal Water] . . . and, as a result, was exposed to illness causing

pollutants in their water supply.” This exposure, according to the complaint, put the class

members at “an increased risk of illnesses including, but not limited to, kidney and liver

disease, failure and/or cancer.” Further, the complaint alleges that the polluted water led a




       1
           Plaintiffs below are Sherman Taylor, David Bailey, and Joanna Bailey.

                                              1
“certain subset” of the class members to develop and seek treatment for illnesses including

“kidney and liver disease, failure, or cancer.”

              Plaintiffs defined two sub-classes in their complaint: 1) customers who

suffered and were treated for adverse health effects, and 2) customers who require medical

monitoring for adverse health effects. The complaint provides that “[t]his class action

seeks damages, punitive damages, costs, establishment of a medical monitoring fund,

attorneys’ fees, and other relief as a result of [Municipal Water’s] conduct described

herein.”

              On December 7, 2018, plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification,

asserting that the proposed class “potentially consists of thousands of [sic] who were

exposed to carcinogenic water provided by Defendant [Municipal Water] between 2016-

2018, including not only those who suffer from adverse health effects, but also those who

appear to be healthy but seek medical monitoring relief. Counsel for Plaintiffs have already

been retained by 26 of those affected who are seeking to file suit.” Municipal Water filed

a response to this motion, noting that limited discovery had occurred, and asserting that

only one plaintiff, Sherman Taylor, alleged an actual injury:

              Plaintiff Taylor is the only named plaintiff to allege an injury.
              In the Complaint, the Baileys are simply listed as customers of
              [Municipal Water]. They do not allege that they have suffered
              any injury. At this point in the litigation, adequate discovery
              has not been provided by the plaintiffs and there are no other
              known named plaintiffs that have allegedly been harmed by
              alleged polluted water.




                                              2
                Based on this argument, Municipal Water urged the circuit court to deny the

motion for class certification because the plaintiffs failed to satisfy the four prerequisites

contained in Rule 23(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure—numerosity,

commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation.2 After holding a hearing, the

circuit court entered an order granting class certification. The “conclusions of law” section

of the circuit court’s order recites our case law addressing the four prerequisites contained

in Rule 23(a). The order then sets forth the following analysis of the four prerequisites:

                        [Numerosity]: The size and scope of the putative class
                is sufficiently large to compel the conclusion that numerosity
                does lie, and that joinder of this many individuals is
                impracticable. Therefore, Plaintiffs have satisfied the
                numerosity prong of Rule 23(a).
                        ....

                       [Commonality]: Given the nature of the claims in the
                case, class members share overarching questions of both law
                and fact in relation to the class claim; as such, the commonality
                prong of Rule 23 is satisfied.
                       ....




       2
           Rule 23(a), entitled “Prerequisites to a Class Action,” provides:

                       One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as
                representative parties on behalf of all only if (1) the class is so
                numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2)
                there are questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the
                claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of
                the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the representative
                parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the
                class.



                                                3
                     [Typicality]: Plaintiffs’ claims rest on precisely the
              same legal and factual foundations as those of the class which
              they seek to represent. There are no significant legal or factual
              differences between Plaintiffs’ claims and those of the
              proposed class members. Their interests are squarely aligned
              with the interests of the class members and his claims arise
              from the same course of conduct as the claims of the class
              members. Therefore, Plaintiffs have satisfied the typicality
              requirement of Rule 23(a).
                     ....

                     [Adequacy of representation]: The absent class
              members are more than adequately represented by Plaintiffs,
              both in similarity and in zeal.3

              Following entry of the circuit court’s order, Municipal Water filed the instant

writ on April 26, 2019, seeking to prohibit enforcement of the class certification order. On

May 2, 2019, the circuit court judge, the Honorable Warren R. McGraw (“circuit court

judge”), advised this Court that counsel for Municipal Water filed a motion for his

disqualification. Further, the circuit court judge advised this Court that he “wishes to




       3
         The “findings of fact” section of the circuit court’s order also addresses adequacy
of representation:

              [C]lass counsel have litigated this matter vigorously thus far
              and are qualified, experienced and able to conduct the
              litigation. Class counsel have vigorously and competently
              prosecuted approximately five class actions, all of which
              proceeded to successful resolution for the class. Class counsel
              has extensive litigation experience in West Virginia courts.
              Their practice includes the representation of plaintiffs in
              personal injury, medical malpractice, and other civil matters,
              as well as litigation involving multiple defendants.



                                             4
recuse himself voluntarily from presiding” over this matter. By administrative order

entered on May 16, 2019, this Court granted the motion for disqualification.4

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

              This Court set forth the following standard for issuance of a writ of

prohibition when it is alleged a lower court is exceeding its authority:

                      In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of
              prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction
              but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded
              its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1)
              whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate
              means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2)
              whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way
              that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower
              tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4)
              whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or
              manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or
              substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s order
              raises new and important problems or issues of law of first
              impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a
              useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary
              writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need
              not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of
              clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial
              weight.

Syl. Pt. 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).

              Additionally, this Court has “previously recognized that writs of prohibition

offer a procedure . . . preferable to an appeal for challenging an improvident award of class




       4
         This Court’s May 16, 2019, order appointed the Honorable Derek C. Swope to
replace the circuit court judge.

                                               5
standing.” State ex rel. Chemtall Inc. v. Madden, 216 W. Va. 443, 450, 607 S.E.2d 772,

779 (2004) (internal citation and quotation omitted). It also has been held that “[t]his Court

will review a circuit court’s order granting or denying a motion for class certification

pursuant to Rule 23 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] under an abuse

of discretion standard.” Syl. Pt. 1, In re W. Va. Rezulin Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d

52 (2003).

                                       III. ANALYSIS

              Municipal Water asserts that it is entitled to a writ based on the first three

Hoover factors.5 In support of its argument, Municipal Water raises two main assignments

of error: 1) the circuit court judge should have disqualified himself prior to granting the

motion for class certification because he is a potential class member, and 2) the circuit

court’s order did not contain a “thorough analysis” explaining how plaintiffs satisfied the

four prerequisites contained in Rule 23(a). We address both arguments in turn.

                                     A. Disqualification

              It is undisputed that the circuit court judge who granted the motion certifying

the class is a potential class member—Municipal Water supplies water to the circuit court

judge’s residence and to the Wyoming County courthouse. Municipal Water asserts that




       5
         While plaintiffs filed a brief contesting Municipal Water’s petition for a writ of
prohibition, counsel for plaintiffs conceded during oral argument that the most economical
and fair way to proceed in this matter is for this Court to vacate the class certification order
and remand to the circuit court for further proceedings.

                                               6
because the circuit court judge is a potential class member his “impartiality is reasonably

and necessarily questioned. It is not disputed that [the circuit court judge] had more than a

de minimus interest in the proceeding and a clear economic interest in the subject matter

in controversy when he certified the class.” Thus, to avoid the appearance of impropriety,

the circuit court judge had a duty to disqualify himself, according to Municipal Water. We

agree.

              Rule 2.11 of the West Virginia Code of Judicial Conduct provides, in relevant

part:

              (A) A judge shall disqualify himself or herself in any
              proceeding in which the judge’s impartiality might reasonably
              be questioned, including but not limited to the following
              circumstances: . . .

               (2) The judge knows that the judge . . . is: (a) a party to the
              proceeding, . . .; (c) a person who has more than a de minimis
              interest that could be substantially affected by the proceeding;
              ...

              (3) The judge knows that he or she, individually or as a
              fiduciary, or the judge’s spouse, domestic partner, parent, or
              child, or any other member of the judge’s family residing in the
              judge’s household, has an economic interest in the subject
              matter in controversy or is a party to the proceeding.

(Internal asterisks omitted).

              Under Rule 1.2 of the West Virginia Code of Judicial Conduct, “[a] judge

shall act at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the independence,

integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary and shall avoid impropriety and the appearance




                                             7
of impropriety.” (Internal asterisks omitted). In Tennant v. Marion Health Care Found.,

Inc., 194 W. Va. 97, 108, 459 S.E.2d 374, 385 (1995), Justice Cleckley noted:

                     To protect against the appearance of impropriety, courts
              in this country consistently hold that a judge should
              disqualify himself or herself from any proceeding in which
              his or her impartiality might reasonably be questioned.
              Again, we have repeatedly held that where the circumstances
              offer a possible temptation to the average . . . [person] as a
              judge not to hold the balance nice, clear and true between the
              parties, a judge should be recused.

(Emphasis added, cleaned up).

              Additionally, this Court has held that “[w]here a judge has a pecuniary

interest in any case to be tried by him he is disqualified from trying the case, and prohibition

is the proper remedy to restrain such trial.” Syl. Pt. 1, Keith v. Gerber, 156 W. Va. 787,

197 S.E.2d 310 (1973). See also Syl. Pt. 1, Findley v. Smith, 42 W. Va. 299, 26 S.E. 370

(1896) (“It is a fundamental rule in the administration of justice that a person cannot be a

judge in a cause wherein he is interested, whether he be a party to the suit or not.”).

              This Court has addressed whether a justice of the peace [magistrate]6 may

preside over a case in which he or she has a potential interest. “A justice of the peace is




       6
        In State v. Mason, 162 W.Va. 297, 298 n.1, 249 S.E.2d 793, 795 n.1 (1978), this
Court provided:

              Article VIII § 15 of the Judicial Reorganization Amendment of 1974
       abolished the office of justice of the peace, effective January 1, 1977, and W.
       Va. Code § 50-1-17 [1976] requires that all references in the West Virginia
       Code to ‘justices of the peace’ or to ‘justice’ when meaning ‘justice of the


                                               8
disqualified from acting in a criminal case in which he has a pecuniary interest, however

remote, and a judgment of conviction rendered by him in such case is void because

violative of the due process clauses of the Federal and State Constitutions.” Syl. Pt. 2, State

ex rel. Moats v. Janco, 154 W.Va. 887, 180 S.E.2d 74 (1971). Similarly, this Court found

that a justice of the peace was disqualified from acting in a civil case in which he had an

interest. State ex rel. Shrewsbury v. Poteet, 157 W.Va. 540, 545-46, 202 S.E.2d 628, 631

(1974) (“It is essential to the fair and proper administration of justice that courts, whether

the highest in the land or the most minor, be completely independent, absolutely free from

influence and wholly without any pecuniary interest, however remote, in any matter before

them.” (Emphasis added)); Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. Osborne v. Chinn, 146 W.Va. 610, 121

S.E.2d 610 (1961) (“Where a justice of the peace has any pecuniary interest in any case to

be tried by him, however remote, he is disqualified from trying such case.”).

                Courts outside of our jurisdiction have concluded that a judge should be

recused when he or she has a potential financial interest in a class action. In Tramonte v.

Chrysler Corp., 136 F.3d 1025, 1029 (5th Cir. 1998), the court addressed whether a judge

was required to recuse herself when members of her immediate family could join a class

action:

                Should the class action prove successful, Judge Lemmon’s
                spouse or minor child would be entitled to recover financially.
                Although few federal courts have ever reached the issue



          peace’ shall be construed to mean magistrate as created by the provisions of
          that chapter.

                                               9
              squarely, it seems fairly obvious that where a judge or an
              immediate family member is a member of a class seeking
              monetary relief, § 455(b)(4) requires recusal because of the
              judge’s financial interest in the case. In re City of Houston,
              745 F.2d at 928 n. 6 (strongly implying that judges must recuse
              themselves if they are class members with a pecuniary interest
              in the outcome of the litigation); Christiansen v. National Sav.
              & Trust Co., 683 F.2d 520, 526 (D.C.Cir.1982) (implying that
              judges should recuse themselves if they are members of a class
              for which individual recovery is sought); In re Cement
              Antitrust Litig., 673 F.2d 1020, 1024 (9th Cir.1981) (implying
              that judge’s ownership of stock in a putative class member
              requires recusal).

(Emphasis added).

              In the present case, the circuit court judge is a potential class member and

could be entitled to recover financially if the class action is successful. We find that this

potential financial interest creates an appearance of impropriety. Under this Court’s well-

established case law, “a person cannot be a judge in a cause wherein he is interested,

whether he be a party to the suit or not.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, Findley. The circuit court judge

appropriately requested that he be recused from presiding over further action in this matter.

This Court granted his motion for disqualification. However, because the circuit court

judge granted the class certification order prior to his disqualification, and because this

certification order is the central issue in this litigation, we find that Municipal Water’s writ

challenging the circuit court’s March 12, 2019, order certifying the class must be granted.

                                B. Rule 23(a) Prerequisites

              Next, Municipal Water argues that the circuit court’s order did not include a

“thorough analysis” explaining how plaintiffs satisfied the four prerequisites contained in


                                              10
Rule 23(a). Municipal Water argues that under this Court’s well-settled case law, a class

action may only be certified after a circuit court undertakes a rigorous analysis of the four

requirements set forth in Rule 23(a). Because this analysis did not occur, Municipal Water

asserts that the circuit court’s order granting class certification must be vacated. We agree.

               This Court has addressed the circuit court’s role in deciding whether to

certify a class action:

                      Before certifying a class under Rule 23 of the West
               Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998], a circuit court must
               determine that the party seeking class certification has satisfied
               all four prerequisites contained in Rule 23(a)—numerosity,
               commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation—and
               has satisfied one of the three subdivisions of Rule 23(b). As
               long as these prerequisites to class certification are met, a case
               should be allowed to proceed on behalf of the class proposed
               by the party.

Syl. Pt. 8, In re W. Va. Rezulin Litig., 214 W. Va. 52, 585 S.E.2d 52.7 “The party who

seeks to establish the propriety of a class action has the burden of proving that the

prerequisites of Rule 23 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied.”

Syl. Pt. 6, Jefferson Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Jefferson Cty. Educ. Ass’n, 183 W. Va. 15, 393

S.E.2d 653 (1990). Failure to satisfy all four Rule 23(a) prerequisites requires a court to

deny class certification: “[i]f only one prerequisite is not met, class certification is not




       7
         Municipal Water argued both to the circuit court and to this Court that plaintiffs
failed to satisfy any of the Rule 23(b) prerequisites. Because our analysis herein rests on
the Rule 23(a) factors, we need not address the arguments raised by the parties regarding
Rule 23(b).

                                              11
appropriate.” State ex rel. Erie Ins. Prop. & Cas. Co. v. Nibert, No. 16-0884, 2017 WL

564160, at *2 (W. Va. Feb. 13, 2017) (memorandum decision) (quoting Jones v. Am. Gen.

Life & Accident Ins. Co., 213 F.R.D. 689, 699 (S.D. Ga. 2002)).

              In Rezulin, this Court provided specific guidance addressing numerosity,8

commonality,9 typicality,10 and adequacy of representation.11 Additionally, this Court has




       8
         “The numerosity provision of Rule 23(a)(1) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil
Procedure [1998] requires that a class be so numerous that joinder of all of its members is
‘impracticable.’ It is not necessary to establish that joinder is impossible; rather, the test is
impracticability. The test for impracticability of joining all members does not mean
‘impossibility’ but only difficulty or inconvenience of joining all members.” Syl. Pt. 9,
Rezulin.
       9
          “The ‘commonality’ requirement of Rule 23(a)(2) of the West Virginia Rules of
Civil Procedure [1998] requires that the party seeking class certification show that ‘there
are questions of law or fact common to the class.’ A common nucleus of operative fact or
law is usually enough to satisfy the commonality requirement. The threshold of
‘commonality’ is not high, and requires only that the resolution of common questions affect
all or a substantial number of the class members.” Syl. Pt. 11, Rezulin.
       10
          “The ‘typicality’ requirement of Rule 23(a)(3) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil
Procedure [1998] requires that the ‘claims or defenses of the representative parties [be]
typical of the claims or defenses of the class.’ A representative party’s claim or defense is
typical if it arises from the same event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to
the claims of other class members, and if his or her claims are based on the same legal
theory. Rule 23(a)(3) only requires that the class representatives’ claims be typical of the
other class members’ claims, not that the claims be identical. When the claim arises out of
the same legal or remedial theory, the presence of factual variations is normally not
sufficient to preclude class action treatment.” Syl. Pt. 12, Rezulin.
       11
           “The ‘adequacy of representation’ requirement of Rule 23(a)(4) of the West
Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure [1998] requires that the party seeking class action status
show that the ‘representative parties will fairly and adequately represent the interests of the
class.’ First, the adequacy of representation inquiry tests the qualifications of the attorneys


                                               12
held that “(a) class action may only be certified if the trial court is satisfied, after a thorough

analysis, that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure

have been satisfied. Further, the class certification order should be detailed and specific in

showing the rule basis for the certification and the relevant facts supporting the legal

conclusions.” Syl. Pt. 8, State ex rel. Chemtall Inc. v. Madden, 216 W. Va. 443, 607 S.E.2d

772 (emphasis added). One legal treatise explained that a circuit court must “conduct an

intense factual investigation” before certifying a class action under Rule 23(a):

                       To determine whether class certification is appropriate,
               trial courts must conduct an intense factual investigation. A
               trial court must rigorously analyze Rule 23’s prerequisites
               before certifying a class. This requires an understanding of the
               relevant claims, defenses, facts, and substantive law presented
               in the case. Class determination generally involves
               considerations that are enmeshed in the factual and legal issues
               comprising the plaintiff’s cause of action. When there are
               disputed facts relevant to Rule 23 requirements, overlap with
               the merits should not be talismanically invoked to artificially
               limit a trial court’s examination of the factors necessary to a
               reasoned determination of whether a plaintiff has met his or her
               burden of establishing each of the Rule 23 class action
               requirements.
                       ....
                       An order that certifies a class action must define the
               class and class claims, issues, or defenses. Specifically, the text
               of the order or an incorporated opinion must include (1) a
               readily discernible, clear, and precise statement of the
               parameters defining the class or classes to be certified, and (2)
               a readily discernible, clear, and complete list of the claims,
               issues or defenses to be treated on a class basis. Clearly
               delineating the contours of the class along with the issues,



to represent the class. Second, it serves to uncover conflicts of interest between the named
parties and the class they seek to represent.” Syl. Pt. 13, Rezulin.

                                                13
              claims, and defenses to be given class treatment serves several
              important purposes, such as providing the parties with clarity
              and assisting class members in understanding their rights and
              making informed opt-out decisions.

Louis J. Palmer, Jr., and Robin Jean Davis, Litigation Handbook on West Virginia Rules

of Civil Procedure, § 23, at 617-18 (5th ed.2017).12

              Turning to the instant case, the circuit court’s order does not contain a

rigorous analysis of the four Rule 23(a) prerequisites. Instead, the analysis only provides

a brief, general statement concluding that plaintiffs have satisfied each of the four

prerequisites. For example, the circuit court’s analysis of whether plaintiffs satisfied Rule

23(a)’s numerosity requirement was, in full, “[t]he size and scope of the putative class is

sufficiently large to compel the conclusion that numerosity does lie, and that joinder of this

many individuals is impracticable.” Similarly, the order’s substantive analysis of the




       12
         In syllabus points 7 and 8 of State ex rel. West Virginia University Hospitals, Inc.
v. Gaujot, 242 W. Va. 54, 829 S.E.2d 54 (2019), this Court held that merits questions may
be considered for the limited purpose of determining whether the Rule 23 prerequisites
have been satisfied:

              7. “Merits questions may be considered to the extent—but only to the
       extent—that they are relevant to determining whether the Rule 23
       prerequisites for class certification are satisfied.” Amgen Inc. v. Connecticut
       Ret. Plans & Tr. Funds, 568 U.S. 455, 466, 133 S. Ct. 1184, 1195, 185 L.
       Ed. 2d 308 (2013).

              8. When consideration of questions of merit is essential to a thorough
       analysis of whether the prerequisites of Rule 23 of the West Virginia Rules
       of Civil Procedure [2017] for class certification are satisfied, failing to
       undertake such consideration is clear error and an abuse of discretion.

                                             14
commonality requirement was, in full, “[g]iven the nature of the claims in the case, class

members share overarching questions of both law and fact in relation to the class claim; as

such, the commonality prong of Rule 23 is satisfied.”

              The circuit court’s analysis of the typicality prerequisite provides,

              Plaintiffs’ claims rest on precisely the same legal and factual
              foundations as those of the class which they seek to represent.
              There are no significant legal or factual differences between
              Plaintiffs’ claims and those of the proposed class members.
              Their interests are squarely aligned with the interests of the
              class members and his claims arise from the same course of
              conduct as the claims of the class members.

The circuit court’s order did not describe in specific detail the legal and factual foundations

underlying the class.

              In sum, it is clear that the circuit court’s order did not contain a thorough

analysis of the Rule 23(a) factors—the order’s brief, general analysis of the four factors

falls far short of the detailed and specific showing that is required. Instead of “[c]learly

delineating the contours of the class along with the issues, claims, and defenses to be given

class treatment,” the circuit court’s order provides only a general, non-specific review of

the Rule 23(a) requirements. Palmer, Litigation Handbook on West Virginia Rules of Civil

Procedure, § 23, at 618. Because the circuit court failed to conduct a thorough analysis of

the Rule 23(a) factors, the order granting class certification must be vacated.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

              Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we find that Municipal Water is

entitled to a writ of prohibition to prohibit the enforcement of the circuit court’s March 12,


                                              15
2019, order granting plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. The circuit court’s order is

vacated and the case is remanded for further proceedings.



                                                                            Writ Granted.




                                             16
