                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]


           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                              FILED
                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                     ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                          Sept. 21, 2009
                           No. 08-11309                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                       Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                     ________________________

                   D. C. Docket No. 06-00083-CV-6

MARQUIS B. WEST,


                                                         Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                versus

BRYAN HIGGINS,
JENNIFER ZAK,
TAMARA BENNETT,
KIMBERLY BRAUDA,
VIRGINIA SCOTT,
et al.,


                                                      Defendants-Appellees.

                     ________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Southern District of Georgia
                   _________________________

                         (September 21, 2009)
Before CARNES, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Marquis B. West, an inmate at the Georgia State Prison (“GSP”) proceeding

pro se, appeals the grant of a motion to dismiss as to Defendant Higgins and

summary judgment as to the other appellees, in his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights

case. West argues that the court erred in finding that he had not exhausted his

administrative remedies as to his claim that Higgins retaliated against him.

Additionally, West argues that the evidence showed that the defendants violated

his due process rights and were deliberately indifferent to his mental health needs

when they downgraded his mental health status and placed him in the general

population where he harmed himself.1

                                         DISCUSSION

       A.      Higgins’ Motion to Dismiss

       We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a § 1983 action for failure

to exhaust available administrative remedies. Johnson v. Meadows, 418 F.3d

1152, 1155 (11th Cir. 2005). When considering whether to dismiss a § 1983

complaint, all facts set forth in the complaint are to be accepted as true and


       1
         Because West does not argue, on appeal, that the defendants motions for summary
judgment should not have been ruled on due to insufficient discovery, under Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(f), any claim in this respect is waived. Cont’l Technical Servs., Inc. v. Rockwell Int’l Corp.,
927 F.2d 1198, 1199 (11th Cir. 1991) (holding that “[a]n argument not made is waived”).

                                                 2
consideration is limited to the pleadings and exhibits attached to it. Thaeter v.

Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office, 449 F.3d 1342, 1352 (11th Cir. 2006).

      The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) provides that “[n]o action shall

be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 . . . by a prisoner .

. . until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 1997e(a). This mandatory exhaustion requirement applies to all inmate suits

about prison life. Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532, 122 S. Ct. 983, 992 (2002).

Furthermore, the PLRA “requires proper exhaustion.” Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S.

81, 92, 126 S. Ct. 2378, 2387 (2006). An inmate must use all steps in the

administrative process and comply with any administrative “deadlines and other

critical procedural rules” before exhaustion is proper. Id. at 89, 126 S. Ct. at

2385-86 (internal quotation omitted). Thus, if an inmate has filed an “untimely or

otherwise procedurally defective administrative grievance or appeal,” he has not

properly exhausted his administrative remedies. Id. at 83-84, 126 S. Ct. at 2382.

      According to the grievance procedure in place at the Georgia State Prison,

inmates are required to file an informal grievance to attempt a resolution. See

Turner v. Burnside, 541 F.3d 1077, 1080 (11th Cir. 2008). If the inmate is

unsatisfied with this result, he may file a formal grievance. Id. at 1081. If the

formal grievance is denied, the inmate may appeal to the final step, a review by the



                                           3
Commissioner’s office. Id.

      Here, the record reveals that West did not file an informal or formal

grievance regarding retaliation by Higgins prior to filing his current lawsuit.

Therefore, West failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, and the court did not

err in dismissing his complaint as to Higgins.

      B.     The District Court’s Grant of Summary Judgment

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying

the same legal standards as the district court. Sierra Club, Inc. v. Leavitt, 488 F.3d

904, 911 (11th Cir. 2007). “Summary judgment is proper if, when viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no genuine

issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Id. Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers

to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

323-24, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 2553 (1986).

      The non-moving party “[m]ay not rely merely on allegations or denials in its

own pleading; rather, its response . . . must set out specific facts showing a

genuine issue for trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2). “A mere ‘scintilla’ of evidence



                                           4
supporting the opposing party’s position will not suffice; there must be enough of a

showing that the jury could reasonably find for that party.” Walker v. Darby, 911

F.2d 1573, 1577 (11th Cir. 1990) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.

242, 252, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2512 (1986)). Conclusory, uncorroborated allegations

by a plaintiff in an affidavit or deposition will not create an issue of fact for trial

sufficient to defeat a well supported summary judgment motion. See Earley v.

Champion Int’l Corp., 907 F.2d 1077, 1081 (11th Cir. 1990). Unsworn statements,

even from pro se parties, should not be “consider[ed] in determining the propriety

of summary judgment.” Gordon v. Watson, 622 F.2d 120, 123 (5th Cir.1980).

Federal law does provide an alternative to making a sworn statement, but requires

that the statement include a handwritten averment, signed and dated, that the

statement is true under the penalties of perjury. 28 U.S.C. § 1746.

       To succeed on a § 1983 action, a plaintiff must show that he was deprived of

a federal right acting under color of state law. Griffin v. City of Opa-Locka, 261

F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001). With respect to convicted and sentenced

prisoners, “[a]s long as the conditions or degree of confinement to which the

prisoner is subjected is within the sentence imposed upon him and is not otherwise

violative of the Constitution, the Due Process Clause does not in itself subject an

inmate’s treatment by prison authorities to judicial oversight.” Montanye v.



                                             5
Haymes, 427 U.S. 236, 242, 96 S. Ct. 2543, 2547 (1976). This is because the Due

Process Clause, standing alone, confers no liberty interest in freedom from state

action taken “‘within the sentence imposed.’” Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 468,

103 S. Ct. 864, 869 (1983).

      While states may, under certain circumstances, create liberty interests which

are protected by the Due Process Clause, these interests will be generally limited to

freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an

unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its

own force, nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in

relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life. See Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S.

472, 483-84, 115 S. Ct. 2293, 2300 (1995); Kirby v. Siegelman, 195 F.3d 1285,

1290-91 (11th Cir. 1999). An inmate has no liberty interest in a particular

classification, prison assignment, or transfer even if the inmate loses access to

rehabilitative programs and experiences more burdensome conditions than before.

McKune v. Lile, 536 U.S. 24, 39-40, 122 S. Ct. 2017, 2027-28 (2002) (rejecting a

challenge by the inmate to expected demotion in custodial status classification).

Other examples of prison decisions not giving rise to liberty interests include

transfers to other prisons and visitation. See Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238,

103 S. Ct. 1741 (1983) (interstate transfers); Ky. Dep’t of Corr. v. Thompson, 490



                                           6
U.S. 454, 109 S. Ct. 1904 (1989) (visitation).

      The Eighth Amendment, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth

Amendment, governs the conditions under which convicted prisoners are confined

and the treatment they receive while in prison. Farrow v. West, 320 F.3d 1235,

1242 (11th Cir. 2003). Deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious medical

needs violates the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 1243. “To show that a prison official

acted with deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, a plaintiff must satisfy

both an objective and a subjective inquiry.” Id. First, a plaintiff must demonstrate

an objectively serious medical need that has been “diagnosed by a physician as

mandating treatment or one that is so obvious that even a lay person would easily

recognize the necessity for a doctor’s attention,” and that, “if left unattended, poses

a substantial risk of serious harm.” Id. (internal quotation and brackets omitted).

Second, a plaintiff must show that the prison official acted with an attitude of

deliberate indifference to that serious medical need. Id. “[D]eliberate indifference

has three components: (1) subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2)

disregard of that risk; (3) by conduct that is more than mere negligence.”

McElligott v. Foley, 182 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th Cir. 1999).

      Deliberate indifference requires that the response made by prison officials to

the serious medical need “was poor enough to constitute an unnecessary and



                                           7
wanton infliction of pain, and not merely accidental inadequacy, negligence in

diagnosis or treatment, or even medical malpractice actionable under state law.”

Taylor v. Adams, 221 F.3d 1254, 1258 (11th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation

omitted).

      Where an inmate receives adequate medical care, but desires different modes

of treatment, the care provided does not amount to deliberate indifference. See

Hamm v. DeKalb County, 774 F.2d 1567, 1575 (11th Cir. 1985). A simple

difference in medical opinion between the medical staff and an inmate as to the

latter’s diagnosis or course of treatment does not establish deliberate indifference.

Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495, 1505 (11th Cir. 1991). Furthermore, “whether

governmental actors should have employed additional diagnostic techniques or

forms of treatment is a classic example of a matter for medical judgment and

therefore not an appropriate basis for grounding liability under the Eighth

Amendment.” Adams v. Poag, 61 F.3d 1537, 1545 (11th Cir. 1995) (internal

quotation omitted). However, even when medical care is provided, the following

conduct may be actionable as deliberate indifference: (1) grossly inadequate care;

(2) a decision to take an “easier but less efficacious course of treatment;” (3)

medical care that is “so cursory as to amount to no treatment at all;” and (4) a delay

in treatment. McElligott, 182 F.3d at 1255; see also, Brown v. Johnson, 387 F.3d



                                           8
1344, 1351 (11th Cir. 2004).

       West did not have an established liberty interest in his mental health

classification; therefore, the district court’s conclusion that the defendants did not

violate his due process rights by downgrading his mental health status was correct.

Furthermore, West did not present evidence creating a question of fact as to

whether the defendants were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs,

as the judgement, procedures, and care they provided were not in disregard of

West’s mental health needs or grossly inadequate. Much of West’s “evidence” to

the contrary consisted of affidavits not made under penalty of perjury, but,

regardless, West did not provide sufficient evidence to establish that the defendants

were deliberately indifferent to his mental health needs.2 West’s claims rest on a

difference of opinion regarding the care that he needed and received, and the

evidence does not establish deliberate indifference to a serious medical need.

       The district court did not err in dismissing the complaint against Higgins or

granting summary judgment in favor of the remaining defendants. Based on the

foregoing, we affirm.


       2
         West’s claim that the defendants violated a medical profile was not properly raised
before the district court. See Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1314-15 (11th
Cir. 2004) (holding that, even under the liberal pleading standard, a plaintiff must amend a
complaint once discovery commences and may not amend through argument in a brief opposing
summary judgment). Regardless, even if it had been properly raised, it fails for the reasons
herein.

                                              9
AFFIRMED.3




       3
                All pending motions are denied. For example, West’s motion for a temporary
restraining order and order to show cause for a preliminary injunction is denied. West’s motion
to file a supplemental brief is denied. West’s request for oral argument is denied.

                                               10
