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                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 15-14645
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cv-23293-UU



MYRNA LOPEZ,

                                              Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

CITY OF WEST MIAMI,

                                              Defendant – Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (October 17, 2016)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JORDAN, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Myrna Lopez appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of her former employer, the City of West Miami, on her claims under the

Family and Medical Leave Act, 29 U.S.C. § 2611, et seq., as well as the district

court’s denial of her motion for reconsideration. After review of the parties’ briefs

and the record, we affirm.

                                           I

      We review a district court’s grant or denial of a motion for summary

judgment de novo, and an order denying a motion for reconsideration for abuse of

discretion. See Weeks v. Harden Mfg. Corp., 291 F.3d 1307, 1311 (11th Cir.

2002); Equity Inv. Partners, LP v. Lenz, 594 F.3d 1338, 1342 (11th Cir. 2010). A

district court abuses its discretion if it makes a clear error of judgment or applies an

incorrect legal standard. See Peat, Inc. v. Vanguard Research, Inc., 378 F.3d 1154,

1159 (11th Cir. 2004).

                                          II

      The FMLA grants eligible employees the right to “12 workweeks of leave

during any 12-month period . . . [b]ecause of a serious health condition that makes

the employee unable to perform the functions of the position of such employee.”

29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). The FMLA “creates two types of claims: interference

claims, in which an employee asserts that his employer denied or otherwise

interfered with his substantive rights under the Act, . . . and retaliation claims, in


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which an employee asserts that his employer discriminated against him because he

engaged in activity protected by the Act.” Strickland v. Water Works and Sewer

Board, 239 F.3d 1199, 1206 (11th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).

      “To state a claim of interference with a substantive right, an employee need

only demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that he was entitled to the

benefit denied.”   Id. at 1206–07 (citations omitted).     “A prima facie case of

retaliation under the FMLA,” on the other hand, “requires a showing that (1) the

employee engaged in statutorily protected conduct, (2) the employee suffered an

adverse employment action, and (3) there is a causal connection between the two.”

Krutzig v. Pulte Home Corp., 602 F.3d 1231, 1234 (11th Cir. 2010) (citation

omitted).

                                        III

      Because we write for the parties, we assume their familiarity with the

underlying facts and recite only what is necessary to explain our decision.

                                         A

      For the past twenty years, Ms. Lopez, a former police sergeant with the City,

has suffered from a permanent medical condition known as severe endometriosis.

Ms. Lopez’s suit against the City initially involved gender discrimination and

retaliation claims under Title VII (Counts I and IV), and discrimination and

retaliation claims under the Americans with Disability Act (Counts II and V).


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These claims were dismissed without prejudice by the district court as a Rule 11

sanction against Ms. Lopez for misrepresenting that she had exhausted her

administrative remedies with the EEOC. See D.E. 110 at 1–11. Ms. Lopez does

not appeal this dismissal.

      In the only remaining claim (Count III), Ms. Lopez alleged that the City

interfered with, restrained, or denied her the right to exercise (or attempt to

exercise) her FMLA rights. And although not pled as a separate claim, Ms. Lopez

also alleged that the City discriminated against her, and ultimately discharged her,

for exercising her FMLA rights. The district court construed that allegation as an

FMLA retaliation claim. See D.E. 110 at 18.

                                         B

      After dismissing Ms. Lopez’s Title VII and ADA claims, the district court

granted the City’s motion for summary judgment as to Ms. Lopez’s FMLA claims.

      The district court rejected the City’s first argument—that Ms. Lopez did not

provide adequate notice of her need to take FMLA leave. The district court

concluded that Ms. Lopez had not given proper notice in August of 2014 by her

filing of a grievance and a doctor’s note, because neither indicated the need,

timing, or duration of the FMLA leave Ms. Lopez might need. See D.E. 110 at 16.

Nonetheless, the district court found Ms. Lopez provided sufficient notice in her

WH 380-E Certification, which she submitted to the City Manager in October of


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2014 and which specified that she needed one to two days of medical leave per

month. See id. In spite of finding adequate notice, however, the district court

concluded the City was entitled to summary judgment.

      First, as to the FMLA interference claim, the district court found no

evidence that Ms. Lopez was denied a benefit to which she was entitled under the

FMLA because, seven days after she submitted her WH 380-E Certification, she

was placed on paid administrative leave—“which [was] more generous than

FMLA leave, which is unpaid”—pending the resolution of an internal affairs

investigation which began in July of 2014. Id. at 17. The district court also ruled

that Ms. Lopez had not shown that her termination was an interference with her

FMLA rights because “the undisputed evidence show[ed] that the internal affairs

investigation ultimately leading to [Ms. Lopez’s] termination began long before

she ever requested FMLA leave,” and Ms. Lopez was ultimately terminated due to

the internal affairs investigation, and not because of her FMLA request. Id.

      Second, as to the FMLA retaliation claim, the district court held that Ms.

Lopez did not provide sufficient evidence of a causal connection between her

request for FMLA leave and her termination. The district court found a lack of

temporal proximity between her request for leave in October of 2014, and her

termination in January of 2015. See id. at 18. In addition, the district court

concluded that, even if there was temporal proximity, Ms. Lopez “fail[ed] to show


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any evidence that Chief [of Police Nelson] Andreu, the person who terminated her

employment, was aware of her [WH 380-E] Certification of Health Care Provider,

which was submitted to the City Manager.” Id. at 19.

      The district court entered final judgment on the same day it granted

summary judgment for the City.      See D.E. 111. But because Ms. Lopez did not

have notice that the district court would be deciding her FMLA retaliation claim on

the basis of causation, the court gave her an opportunity to submit a motion for

reconsideration on that issue.   See D.E. 110 at 19 n.9. In response, Ms. Lopez

submitted a nine-page brief with ten exhibits. See D.E. 113. For reasons we

discuss in detail below, the district court held that its previous order granting

summary judgment to the City would not be disturbed and denied Ms. Lopez’s

motion for reconsideration.

                                         IV

      Ms. Lopez raises four arguments on appeal.             We address each one

separately.

                                          A

      Ms. Lopez contends that the district court erred by failing to recognize that

the City violated the FMLA when Ms. Lopez took intermittent leave on June 30,

2014. Ms. Lopez argues that she informed Chief Andreu of that leave on July 2,

2014, and within hours of this notification, Captain Carlos Avila began an internal


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affairs investigation against Ms. Lopez which “was orchestrated because [Captain]

Avila and [Chief] Andreu, and probably [City Manager Yolanda] Aguilar, wanted

[Ms.] Lopez out of the department but she refused to quit.” Br. for Appellant at

16. Ms. Lopez also argues the district court abused its discretion by determining

that she was amending her FMLA claim through her motion for reconsideration.

See id. at 27.

      Based on our review of the proceedings below, the district court was correct

in concluding that Ms. Lopez was improperly attempting to amend her complaint

when she moved for reconsideration. The motion for reconsideration was the first

time Ms. Lopez relied on the June 30, 2014, request for leave date. It was also the

first time Ms. Lopez argued she was entitled to intermittent FMLA leave and that

the internal affairs investigation was a retaliatory act initiated against her in

response to her request for such leave. Prior to her motion for reconsideration, Ms.

Lopez had consistently argued that she first requested FMLA leave in August of

2014, and it was the City’s delay in processing that request, as well as her ultimate

termination in January of 2015, that formed the factual basis for her interference

and retaliation claims.

      As background, Ms. Lopez’s initial pro se complaint did not include an

FMLA claim. In her amended complaint, filed by counsel, Ms. Lopez alleged

simply that she “requested family leave time based upon her medical condition,”


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the City “failed and refused to respond to her request,” and that “[f]ailure to timely

respond . . . constitute[d] a denial of her request, and a violation of the FMLA.”

D.E. 30 at ¶¶ 31–32.

      The second amended complaint contained a section titled “facts specific to

Lopez’[s] FMLA claim” and contained more detailed allegations. D.E. 45 at 9.

Ms. Lopez alleged that in August of 2014 she received written counseling for

taking sick leave. She filed a grievance and met with Chief Andreu and Captain

Avila on August 20, 2014, “at which time she provided them with a letter from her

doctor . . . which stated that she suffered from chronic pain syndrome which

required her to occasionally miss work, work less hours and to avoid prolonged

sitting positions.” Id. at ¶ 28. She explained that “[a]lthough [she] asked the Chief

for medical leave at that time, he did not acknowledge her request.” Id.

      Next, Ms. Lopez alleged that on August 28, 2014, she met with City

Manager Aguilar and “explained to [him] the need to take a medical leave of

absence under the FMLA.” Id. at ¶ 29. The City Manager told Ms. Lopez that she

had to make a formal request for FMLA leave on forms provided by the United

States Department of Labor. See id. According to Ms. Lopez, the City interfered

with her request for FMLA leave when it “kept putting off [the] meeting” to

provide her with the FMLA request forms and by requesting a second opinion as to

Ms. Lopez’s medical condition from a doctor of their choice. See id. at ¶¶ 31, 33.


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“To Lopez’[s] knowledge, the City never even bothered to obtain a copy of their

chosen doctor’s reports in a timely manner.” Id. at ¶ 35.1

       When the City moved for summary judgment on the FMLA interference

claim, Ms. Lopez responded in two paragraphs. Consistent with her complaint, she

argued that her “FMLA requested [sic] started in early August 2014” and

“[i]nstead of dealing with it the City attempted to discipline Lopez for it.” D.E. 92

at 10. Ms. Lopez argued that she met with the City Manager on August 28, 2014,

and provided the City Manager with her doctor’s letter and requested FMLA leave.

See id. In response, the City Manager “did [his] part” and “continually stalled

Lopez’[s] FMLA request until she was terminated, and then denied it as a moot.”

Id. at 11. “It is Lopez’[s] position that doing nothing is doing something—it is

denying her request for FMLA leave.” Id.

       Therefore, when the district court was presented with Ms. Lopez’s motion

for reconsideration—propounding the argument that Ms. Lopez was entitled to

intermittent FMLA-protected leave in the summer of 2014, and that her June 30,

2014 leave request led to an internal affairs investigation being commenced against

her just hours later—it concluded that the factual basis she presented was “entirely


1
  It is undisputed that Ms. Lopez formally requested the forms from the City Manager on
September 4, 2014, obtained the FMLA forms from the City on September 19, 2014, and
submitted the completed forms (the WH 380-E Certification) along with a note from her doctor
on October 3, 2014. See D.E. 82 (Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in
Support of Summary Judgment) at ¶¶ 8, 11, 12; D.E. 93 at 2 (“Lopez does not dispute the City’s
Facts.”).
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new” and was an improper attempt to “reformulate her FMLA retaliation claim and

test an alternative theory” in response to the district court’s order on summary

judgment. D.E. 130 at 2 & 3. The district court declined to “entertain [Ms.

Lopez’s] motion for reconsideration based on a completely new theory.” Id. at 5.

      On this record, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ms.

Lopez’s motion for reconsideration. A “motion for reconsideration cannot be used

to relitigate old matters, raise argument or present evidence that could have been

raised prior to the entry of judgment. This prohibition includes new arguments that

were previously available, but not pressed.” Wilchombe v. TeeVee Toons, Inc., 555

F.3d 949, 957 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

That is what Ms. Lopez attempted to do here.

      We are also not persuaded by Ms. Lopez’s argument that she “did not inject

any new facts into the case” because “the events of June 30–July 2, 2014 were

alleged, albeit, under the wrong section of the complaint.” Br. for Appellant at 28.

Notably, Ms. Lopez has not provided any paragraph citations in her complaint to

support this argument. At summary judgment, the City “properly responded to,

and the district court properly relied on, [Ms. Lopez’s] [FMLA] count as it was

pled.” Lightfoot v. Henry County Sch. Dist., 771 F.3d 764, 779 (11th Cir. 2014)

(holding that the district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to construe

plaintiff’s ADA retaliation claim as being based on different facts than the ones


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actually pled in her ADA count). See also Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co.,

382 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2004) (“Liberal pleading does not require that, at

the summary judgment stage, defendants must infer all possible claims that could

arise out of facts set forth in the complaint.”).

      We also reject Ms. Lopez’s argument that, assuming there was an attempt to

amend the complaint, leave should have been freely given because “this was

summary judgment proceedings and not trial.”          Br. for Appellant at 28.   “A

plaintiff may not amend her complaint through argument in a brief opposing

summary judgment,” Gilmour, 382 F.3d at 1315, let alone in a motion for

reconsideration after summary judgment has been granted.

                                            B

      All of Ms. Lopez’s remaining arguments on appeal stem from her

reformulated FMLA retaliation claim and the district court’s denial of her motion

for reconsideration.     They fail to persuade for the same reasons previously

discussed.

                                            1

      Ms. Lopez argues that the district court “erred by limiting [her] showing that

[Chief] Andreu was aware that she was making an FMLA claim to proof that he

was aware that [she] submitted a formal medical certification [the WH 380-E] to

[City Manager] Aguilar.” Br. of Appellant at 25. She asserts that, assuming Chief


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Andreu was not aware that Ms. Lopez submitted this particular FMLA request

form to the City Manager, there was “ample other evidence that [Chief] Andreu

knew that [Ms.] Lopez was pursuing FMLA relief,” including that “she told him so

in lay terms” at their July 2, 2015 meeting and also because he “knew of [Ms.]

Lopez’s condition for years.” Id.

      Ms. Lopez’s argument is not entirely clear. Chief Andreu’s knowledge of

Ms. Lopez’s FMLA request was relevant to the district court’s ruling on the

retaliation claim.   If Ms. Lopez is claiming—as she did in her motion for

reconsideration—that she exercised FMLA leave for her medical condition on June

30, 2014, and Chief Andreu knew of this as of July 2, 2014, and retaliated against

her by initiating the internal affairs investigation and, ultimately, terminating her,

this argument fails for the same reasons explained above.

      Alternatively, Ms. Lopez may be arguing that Chief Andreu (and the City)

knew of her medical condition for years and that she qualified for intermittent

FMLA leave all along. Such an argument may be more appropriately directed

toward an FMLA interference claim, as opposed to a retaliation claim. See Cruz v.

Publix Super Markets, Inc., 428 F.3d 1379, 1383 (11th Cir. 2005) (“An employee

is not required to assert expressly her right to take leave under the FMLA.” (citing

29 C.F.R. §§ 825.302(c), 825.303(b))); Strickland, 239 F.3d at 1209 (“Once an

employee taking unforeseeable leave informs his employer that potentially FMLA-


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qualifying leave is needed, the regulations place on the employer the burden of

ascertaining whether the employee’s absence actually qualifies for FMLA

protection.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted). It does little to rebut the

district court’s finding that there was a lack of temporal proximity between her

FMLA request and her termination. It is also a theory for relief under the FMLA

that was not timely and properly raised in district court, as already discussed.

                                          2

      Next, Ms. Lopez argues that the district court “erred by refusing to apply

‘negative inferences’ arising from the City’s spoliation of evidence to her FMLA

case and ignoring [Chief] Andreu’s lack of credibility.” Br. for Appellant at 26.

      In the district court, Ms. Lopez filed a motion for discovery sanctions

against the City. She claimed that the City delayed in producing certain patrol

reports and, when these reports were eventually produced to her, some entries had

been deleted and the rest were presented in such a convoluted manner as to make it

near impossible for her to make sense of them. See id. In her motion, Ms. Lopez

argued that these reports were necessary for her to prove her Title VII claim and

show that the City terminated her for having variances in her reported start and

stop times, which was the same conduct engaged in by her male counterparts. See

D.E. 72. She requested an adverse inference that the reports “would show as a

matter of fact that [Sergeant] Valencia [a purported male comparator] committed


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the same violations as [Ms.] Lopez during the same time period; and he received

no discipline for it; and a finding that the City deliberately and intentionally

tamped [sic] with the Sky Patrol Reports.” Id. at 18. The district court denied Ms.

Lopez’s motion for sanctions as moot in light of its dismissal of her Title VII

claim. See D.E. 110 at 20.

      Ms. Lopez raises the argument she first raised in her motion for

reconsideration. She argues that the negative inference from the tampered reports

is not solely limited to her Title VII claim, but is also relevant to her FMLA claim

because it bears on Chief Andreu’s credibility if he “testifies that he doesn’t really

recall that Lopez had a serious medical condition, or whether she discussed it with

him on July 2, 2014.” D.E. 113 at 8. Again, this argument stems from Ms.

Lopez’s belated attempt to reformulate her FMLA retaliation claim and argue that

she first requested leave on June 30, 2014, and fails for the same reasons discussed

above.

                                          V

      We affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the City on

Ms. Lopez’s FMLA claims, as well as the district court’s denial of Ms. Lopez’s

motion for reconsideration.

      AFFIRMED.




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