                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A14-0077

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                  Devon Griffen Seivers,
                                       Appellant.

                                  Filed January 5, 2015
                                        Affirmed
                                      Larkin, Judge

                             Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-CR-11-31502


Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda K. Jenny, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Davi E. Axelson, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)


         Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and Hudson,

Judge.
                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

LARKIN, Judge

      Appellant challenges his conviction of a first-degree controlled-substance crime,

arguing that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence seized

during execution of a search warrant. He contends that the warrant was not supported by

probable cause and that the warrant’s no-knock provision was unjustified. We affirm.

                                        FACTS

      Respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant Devon Griffen Seivers with

first-degree possession of a controlled substance.      The complaint alleged that on

October 5, 2011, Minneapolis police executed a no-knock search warrant at an apartment

at 309 1/2 West Lake Street. As officers entered the front of the residence, an officer

positioned at the rear of the apartment building saw Seivers come out onto the rear deck

and drop a paper bag onto a drain spout connected to the wall of the residence. The

officer retrieved the bag, which contained 37.2 grams of cocaine.

      Seivers moved to suppress the drugs, arguing that the warrant to search the Lake

Street apartment was not supported by probable cause and that the warrant’s no-knock

provision was unjustified.    The state responded that Seivers lacked “standing” to

challenge the search, noting that the apartment was leased by K.K., that Seivers did not

reside at the apartment, and that Seivers “was present at the apartment for the purpose of

conducting his narcotics sales.” The state also argued that even if Seivers had standing,

the drugs should not be suppressed because the warrant was supported by probable cause

and that the unannounced entry was properly authorized.


                                            2
       The district court held a hearing on the motion to suppress. Seivers presented

testimony from the Lake Street apartment leaseholder, K.K., in an attempt to establish

that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the apartment as a social guest. The

district court rejected that theory and concluded that Seivers lacked standing to challenge

the search. The district court denied Seivers’s motion to suppress without addressing

probable cause or the no-knock provision in the warrant. The case was tried to a jury, the

jury found Seivers guilty, and the district court sentenced Seivers to serve 125 months in

prison. Seivers appeals.

                                     DECISION

       Seivers argues that he “had standing to challenge the search warrant executed at

his friend [K.K.’s] apartment because he was [a] social guest.” Seivers further argues

that “[b]ecause the district court mistakenly held that [he] did not have standing to

challenge the search warrant” and therefore did not address his arguments regarding

probable cause and the no-knock provision in the warrant, this court should address these

challenges. The state responds that “there is no merit to [Seivers’s] arguments that the

search warrant was not supported by probable cause or that the unannounced entry was

unjustified.” Thus, the state argues, “even if [Seivers] had standing . . . , the evidence

would not have been suppressed.”

       Because the issues regarding probable cause and the validity of the no-knock

provision are fully briefed and clearly dispositive, we assume, without deciding, that




                                            3
Seivers had the necessary reasonable expectation of privacy to challenge the search and

focus our review on the search warrant.1

         Probable Cause

         The United States and Minnesota Constitutions provide that no warrant shall issue

without a showing of probable cause. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10.

Generally, a search is lawful only if it is executed pursuant to a valid search warrant

issued by a neutral and detached magistrate after a finding of probable cause. See Minn.

Stat. § 626.08 (2010); State v. Harris, 589 N.W.2d 782, 787 (Minn. 1999). “When

determining whether a search warrant is supported by probable cause, we do not engage

in a de novo review.” State v. McGrath, 706 N.W.2d 532, 539 (Minn. App. 2005),

review denied (Minn. Feb. 22, 2006). Instead, “great deference must be given to the

issuing [magistrate’s] determination of probable cause.” State v. Valento, 405 N.W.2d

914, 918 (Minn. App. 1987). When reviewing a decision to issue a search warrant, we

limit our review to whether the judge issuing the warrant had a substantial basis for

concluding that probable cause existed. State v. Yarbrough, 841 N.W.2d 619, 622 (Minn.

2014).

         To determine whether the issuing magistrate had a substantial basis for finding

probable cause, we look to the “totality of the circumstances.” State v. Wiley, 366

N.W.2d 265, 268 (Minn. 1985).

1
  This court has recognized that the proper framing of the issue is not whether a person
has “standing” to challenge a search, but whether the person has a reasonable expectation
of privacy in the area to be searched. State v. Stephenson, 760 N.W.2d 22, 24 n.2 (Minn.
App. 2009).


                                             4
               The task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a
               practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the
               circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including
               the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons supplying
               hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband
               or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.

Id. (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2332 (1983)). In

reviewing the sufficiency of a search-warrant affidavit under the totality-of-the-

circumstances test, “courts must be careful not to review each component of the affidavit

in isolation.” Id. “[A] collection of pieces of information that would not be substantial

alone can combine to create sufficient probable cause.” State v. Jones, 678 N.W.2d 1, 11

(Minn. 2004). “Furthermore, the resolution of doubtful or marginal cases should be

largely determined by the preference to be accorded warrants.” Wiley, 366 N.W.2d at

268 (quotation omitted).

       In this case, Minneapolis Police Officer Matt Kipke submitted the search-warrant

application.   Kipke’s sworn affidavit in support of probable cause provided facts

regarding two separate time periods. Kipke stated that he “began receiving information

in May of 2011 from a confidential reliable informant (CRI) that crack cocaine was being

sold from 309 1/2 West Lake Street.” Kipke explained that K.K. leases the apartment

and allows people to sell crack cocaine from her apartment in exchange for providing her

with crack. Kipke summarized the information regarding the drug sales at the apartment

as follows:

               The CRI had seen crack cocaine inside of this apartment
               numerous times within the past two months. The CRI told
               me that numerous different people are selling crack cocaine
               from this address with the main dealer being “Ike.” He was


                                              5
              described as a black male, 30s in age, cornrows. “Ike” was
              described as being very volatile and violent. The CRI has
              seen “Ike” assault numerous people in [the CRI’s] presence.
              The CRI states that it is common knowledge that “Ike” is
              always armed with a handgun while selling narcotics. The
              CRI has heard “Ike” reference his gun and having a gun. The
              CRI told me that everyone is afraid of “Ike” because of him
              being violent and having a handgun.

       Kipke further attested that “Ike” “usually starts selling after dark” and “usually

sells crack cocaine all night long from this location.”      Kipke explained that after

conducting surveillance on more than one occasion and twice observing heavy foot traffic

coming and going from the location around 10 p.m., he obtained a no-knock search

warrant on June 24. But “Ike” left the apartment and officers were not able to execute the

warrant before it expired. Kipke contacted K.K., and K.K. “assured [him] that ‘Ike’ was

not going to be selling narcotics from her apartment anymore.”

       The second time period Kipke referenced in his supporting affidavit was “[w]ithin

the past 72 hours” of the date of the search-warrant application, September 29. Kipke

stated the following:

              I received information from a confidential reliable informant
              (CRI) that crack cocaine was being sold from 309 1/2 West
              Lake Street. I have used this CRI numerous times and have
              always found [the CRI’s] information to be reliable and
              truthful. Information from this CRI has led to the recovery of
              narcotics, money and weapons which have led to numerous
              convictions in state court. Within the past 72 hours, the CRI
              was inside this apartment and had observed “Ike” sell crack
              cocaine to over ten different people. The CRI advised that
              “Ike” stores the crack cocaine outside on the rear deck. The
              CRI believes that “Ike” has taken over the apartment and is
              threatening [K.K.] with bodily harm if his crack cocaine sales
              are interrupted. “Ike” was observed threatening numerous
              different people in the apartment. “Ike” was heard telling


                                            6
             people that this was “his spot” and that he would shoot if
             anyone came in and sold crack cocaine from “his spot.”

      Seivers contends that “[t]he warrant application fell short of establishing probable

cause” and challenges the reliability of the CRI in support of his contention. When a

search-warrant application is based on an informant’s tip, we will not assume that the

informant is credible. State v. Siegfried, 274 N.W.2d 113, 114 (Minn. 1978). The

supporting “affidavit must provide the magistrate with adequate information from which

he can personally assess the informant’s credibility.”     Id.   The issuing judge must

consider the informant’s basis of knowledge and veracity. State v. Souto, 578 N.W.2d

744, 750 (Minn. 1998) (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, 103 S. Ct. at 2332). The United

States Supreme Court has stated that the basis of knowledge and veracity should not be

viewed as “entirely separate and independent requirements.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 230, 103

S. Ct. at 2328. “[T]hey should be understood simply as closely intertwined issues that

may usefully illuminate the commonsense, practical question [of] whether there is

‘probable cause’ to believe that contraband or evidence is located in a particular place.”

Id.

      Seivers cites State v. Ward, which describes “six considerations bearing on the

reliability of an informant who is confidential but not anonymous to police.”         580

N.W.2d 67, 71 (Minn. App. 1998).

             [First, a] first-time citizen informant who has not been
             involved in the criminal underworld is presumed to be
             reliable, but the affidavit must specifically aver that the
             informant is not involved in criminal activity. [Second], an
             informant’s reliability may be demonstrated where the



                                            7
              informant has previously given police correct information,
              but the affidavit must explicitly state this to be the case.

                      [Third, a]n informant’s reliability may be established
              by sufficient police corroboration of the information supplied,
              and corroboration of even minor details can lend credence to
              the informant’s information where the police know the
              identity of the informant. [Fourth, w]here an informant
              voluntarily comes forward (without having first been
              arrested) to identify a suspect, and in the absence of a motive
              to falsify information, the informant’s credibility is enhanced
              because the informant is presumably aware that he or she
              could be arrested for making a false report. [Fifth, i]n
              narcotics cases, where the affidavit refers to a “controlled
              purchase,” the magistrate may accept this as a term of art and
              presume that police searched the informant immediately
              before and after the alleged drug purchase and conducted
              surveillance of the purchase to the extent feasible.

                     [Sixth], the fact that an informant makes a statement
              against his or her own penal interest is of some minimal
              relevance in a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis.

Id. (citations and quotations omitted).

       Under these factors, Seivers correctly points out that the search-warrant

application does not establish that the CRI is a first-time citizen informant, that the CRI

voluntarily came forward, or that the CRI was subject to penal consequences as a result

of the information the CRI provided to Kipke. Seivers also argues that Kipke did not

sufficiently corroborate the CRI’s information because “there is no indication that the

foot traffic was attributable to 309 1/2 Lake Street, or if it came from a different

apartment in the same building.” But Kipke stated in the warrant application that he

observed the heavy foot traffic “coming and going from this location” (emphasis added),

indicating that he was referring to 309 1/2 Lake Street.       And although there is no



                                            8
indication that Kipke observed the foot traffic enter K.K.’s apartment, heavy foot traffic

in and out of the apartment building at night is consistent with drug dealing and provides

corroboration amounting to at least a “minor detail.” See id. (“[C]orroboration of even

minor details can lend credence to the informant’s information where the police know the

identity of the informant.” (Quotation omitted.)). Moreover, the CRI’s information was

corroborated by K.K., who provided the police with at least a tacit admission that “Ike”

was dealing drugs from the apartment when she “assured” the police that “‘Ike’ was not

going to be selling narcotics from her apartment anymore.” (Emphasis added.)

       Seivers further argues that “even if there was corroboration of the original claims

of the CRI of drug selling, this information was only relevant to the original unexecuted

search warrant in June of 2011” and that “[a]fter that warrant was not executed, the

information became stale.” In determining whether information supporting a search

warrant is stale, the issuing judge must apply “practical considerations of everyday life on

which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act.” State v. Jannetta, 355

N.W.2d 189, 193 (Minn. App. 1984) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. Jan. 14,

1985). “The court’s approach should be one of flexibility and common sense.” Id. And

“[w]hen an activity is of an ongoing, protracted nature, the passage of time is less

significant.” Souto, 578 N.W.2d at 750. Here, the search-warrant application indicated

that the alleged drug dealing from the apartment was ongoing and of a protracted nature.

The warrant application alleged that “Ike” was selling drugs from the apartment in May.

It also alleged that “Ike” was selling drugs from the same apartment in September. The

passage of a few months did not render Kipke’s corroboration stale.


                                             9
       But even without corroboration, the CRI’s veracity was established by the sworn

statement in the warrant application that the CRI had previously given police correct

information. See Ward, 580 N.W.2d at 71. This “factor is fulfilled by a simple statement

that the informant has been reliable in the past because this language indicates that the

informant had provided accurate information to the police in the past and thus gives the

magistrate reason to credit the informant’s story. There is no need for law-enforcement

officers to provide specifics of the informant’s past veracity.” State v. Ross, 676 N.W.2d

301, 304 (Minn. App. 2004) (citation and quotation omitted). Kipke stated in the warrant

application that he had “used this CRI numerous times and [had] always found [the

CRI’s] information to be reliable and truthful. Information from this CRI has led to the

recovery of narcotics, money and weapons which have led to numerous convictions in

state court.” This statement was sufficient to provide the issuing judge reason to credit

the CRI’s allegations.

       Seivers argues that there is no indication that the CRI referenced in the first time

period is the same person as the CRI referenced in the second time period and that “there

is no information that the first CRI has provided correct information to the police in the

past.” It is unclear from the warrant application if the CRI who provided information in

May was the same CRI who provided information in September.                 And only the

September CRI was credited with having providing correct information in the past. But

Seivers’s argument regarding this ambiguity is irrelevant because the information

provided by the September CRI was sufficient to establish probable cause in and of itself.

“Recent personal observation of incriminating conduct has traditionally been the


                                            10
preferred basis for an informant’s knowledge.” Ward, 580 N.W.2d at 71 (quotation

omitted). “Additionally, an informant’s statement that the event was observed first-hand

entitles his tip to greater weight than might otherwise be the case.” State v. Holiday, 749

N.W.2d 833, 840 (Minn. App. 2008) (quotation omitted). Here, the September CRI

stated that he or she had been inside the Lake Street apartment within the past 72 hours

and personally observed “Ike” sell crack cocaine to over ten different people.

       In sum, the search-warrant application sufficiently established the CRI’s basis of

knowledge and veracity, and the CRI’s information established “a fair probability that

contraband or evidence of a crime [would] be found,” Wiley, 366 N.W.2d at 268, in the

Lake Street apartment. Thus, the warrant was supported by probable cause.

       Unannounced Entry

       Seivers also challenges the no-knock provision in the warrant.            “Where the

material facts are not in dispute, this court independently reviews whether a no-knock

entry was justified.” State v. Barnes, 618 N.W.2d 805, 810 (Minn. App. 2000), review

denied (Minn. Jan. 16, 2001).

       A reasonableness inquiry under the Fourth Amendment includes consideration of

the necessity of an unannounced entry. State v. Wasson, 615 N.W.2d 316, 320-21 (Minn.

2000). “Given the constitutional dimension to the method of entry into a residence,

evidence should be suppressed when the circumstances do not warrant an unannounced

entry.” Id. at 321. The supreme court “require[s] the police to inform the issuing

magistrate of the circumstances that they believe justify the unannounced entry and to

obtain specific advance authorization for an unannounced entry.” Id. “To substantiate


                                            11
the need for a no-knock warrant an officer must establish more than that drugs are

involved.”   Id.   The “police must have a reasonable suspicion that knocking and

announcing their presence, under the particular circumstances, would be dangerous or

futile, or that it would inhibit the effective investigation of the crime by, for example,

allowing the destruction of evidence.”       Id. (quotation omitted).     The standard is

“reasonable suspicion,” and “[i]n other contexts [the supreme court] has defined

reasonable suspicion as something more than an unarticulated hunch, . . . the officer must

be able to point to something that objectively supports the suspicion at issue.” Id.

       The search-warrant application in this case stated that an unannounced entry was

necessary for the following reasons: “‘Ike’ is described as being very violent. ‘Ike’

claims to have a gun while selling narcotics. CRI has seen ‘Ike’ assault numerous

people. An unannounced entry would give entry officers a tactical advantage because of

the threat of guns and shooting.”

       Seivers argues that “[t]his information is insufficient because the CRI’s claims

were not corroborated by the police.” Seivers cites Wasson to support his proposition

that the police need to corroborate the facts offered to establish the basis for an

unannounced entry. In Wasson, the supreme court held that the police “presented to the

magistrate facts that established a reasonable suspicion of a threat to officer safety

necessary for an exception to the ‘knock and announce’ requirement of the Fourth

Amendment.” Id. at 322. Part of the supreme court’s reasoning was that “the search

warrant affidavit . . . pointed to a specific, objective piece of information: that weapons

were likely present in the house given that numerous weapons were seized [by the police


                                            12
executing a prior warrant] from the exact location just three months previously.” Id. at

320-21. Seivers appears to argue that this reasoning in Wasson creates a requirement that

the police must always have first-hand knowledge of facts supporting the need for an

unannounced entry.

       But this court has rejected a similar interpretation of Wasson. In Barnes, the

defendant argued that “the no-knock provision was invalid because the application

presented no specific, objective information about weapons or drug amounts present at

[the warrant address]” and “note[d] that in Wasson, weapons had been seized before from

the home to be searched.” 618 N.W.2d at 811. In rejecting that argument, this court

stated that the defendant’s “proposed requirement of specific information about

conditions inside the house would virtually impose a probable-cause standard on no-

knock provisions. The standard, however, is only reasonable suspicion.” Id. at 811-12.

This court noted that the “showing required for a no-knock entry is not high.” Id. at 811

(quotation omitted); see also Wasson, 615 N.W.2d at 321 (noting that “in the

unannounced search context, [a reviewing court] may accept evidence of a threat to

officer safety of a less persuasive character when the officer presents the request for a no-

knock warrant to a magistrate”).

       In this case, Kipke had more than an unarticulated hunch that an unannounced

entry was necessary. The September CRI, who had provided correct information in the

past, told Kipke that he or she had been inside the Lake Street apartment “[w]ithin the

past 72 hours.” The CRI personally observed that “Ike” had “taken over the apartment,”

“threaten[ed] [K.K.] with bodily harm,” “threaten[ed] numerous different people in the


                                             13
apartment,” and said that “he would shoot if anyone came in and sold crack cocaine from

‘his spot.’”   Those assertions established reasonable suspicion to believe that an

announced entry would be dangerous and justified the no-knock provision. See Wasson,

615 N.W.2d at 320 (stating that “police must have a reasonable suspicion that knocking

and announcing their presence, under the particular circumstances, would be

dangerous”).

      In conclusion, assuming without deciding that Seivers had the necessary

reasonable expectation of privacy to challenge the search in this case, the district court

did not err by denying his motion to suppress because the search warrant was supported

by probable cause and the unannounced entry was supported by reasonable suspicion.

      Affirmed.




                                           14
