             SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                        en banc
STATE OF MISSOURI ex rel.                      )          Opinion issued July 16, 2019
CEDAR CREST APARTMENTS, LLC                    )
and PETERSON PROPERTIES, INC.                  )
d/b/a THE PETERSON COMPANIES,                  )
                                               )
              Relators,                        )
                                               )
v.                                             )         No. SC96977
                                               )
THE HONORABLE                                  )
JACK GRATE,                                    )
                                               )
               Respondent.                     )


                   ORIGINAL PROCEEDING IN PROHIBITION

       Lincoln Rene Aguiriano Martinez (“Martinez”) filed a lawsuit in the circuit court

of Jackson County, alleging personal injury sustained while working at an apartment

complex in Overland Park, Kansas. Two of the defendants, Cedar Crest Apartments,

LLC (“Cedar Crest”), and Peterson Properties, Inc. d/b/a The Peterson Companies

(“Peterson Properties,” and, collectively with Cedar Crest, “Relators”), are Kansas

business entities. Relators seek a writ of prohibition directing the circuit court to dismiss

Martinez’s claims against them for lack of personal jurisdiction. Because Martinez failed

to show that Relators are “at home” in Missouri and failed to identify any conduct by
Relators in this state out of which his claims arise, the preliminary writ of prohibition is

now made permanent.

                                           Background

       On August 31, 2015, Martinez, a Kansas resident, alleges he was working at an

apartment complex in Overland Park, Kansas. He was electrocuted and seriously injured

when he touched a ladder that had become charged due to arcing from or contact with an

overhead power line. On August 25, 2017, Martinez filed a lawsuit for damages in the

circuit court of Jackson County.

       Martinez alleges Relators “owned and/or controlled and/or maintained” the

Kansas property on which he was injured and, therefore, are liable to him under various

theories including premises liability. Relators are Kansas business entities, 1 with Kansas

employees, and their principal places of business are in Kansas. Nevertheless, Martinez

claims Peterson Properties has been registered to do business in Missouri since 1979, that

it has solicited business here during that period, that it has filed (unrelated) lawsuits in

this state, and that it owns (unrelated) rental property here.

       Martinez also named as a defendant J.A. Peterson Enterprises, Inc. (“Peterson

Enterprises”). Peterson Enterprises is a Missouri corporation, it is the managing member

of Cedar Crest, and it owns (through a subsidiary) Peterson Properties.



1
  Martinez argues Cedar Crest is a “citizen of Missouri” because it is a limited liability company
(“LLC”) and, for purposes of determining federal diversity jurisdiction, the citizenship of an
LLC is determined by the citizenship of each of its members. Diversity jurisdiction is a topic
peculiar to the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal courts. Martinez offers no support for his
assertion that the membership of an LLC has any bearing on the question of whether a state court
can assert personal jurisdiction over the LLC itself, and the Court rejects this argument.
                                                 2
       Relators filed a motion to dismiss on the ground the circuit court lacked personal

jurisdiction over them. Respondent overruled Relators’ motion. Relators sought – and

were denied – a writ of prohibition in the court of appeals and now petition this Court for

the same relief. This Court has the authority to issue and determine original remedial

writs, Mo. Const. art. V, § 4.1, and the preliminary writ is now made permanent.

                                          Analysis

       “Prohibition is an original proceeding brought to confine a lower court to the

proper exercise of its jurisdiction.” State ex rel. Bayer Corp. v. Moriarty, 536 S.W.3d

227, 230 (Mo. banc 2017) (quotation omitted). In particular, “[p]rohibition is the proper

remedy to prevent further action of the trial court where personal jurisdiction of the

defendant is lacking.” State ex rel. Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Dolan, 512 S.W.3d 41, 45 (Mo.

banc 2017) (quotation omitted). “However, prohibition is only proper when usurpation

of jurisdiction is clearly evident.” Id. (quotation and alteration omitted).

       “Personal jurisdiction refers quite simply to the power of a court to require a

person to respond to a legal proceeding that may affect the person’s rights or interests.”

Bayer, 536 S.W.3d at 230-31 (quotation and alteration omitted). To exercise personal

jurisdiction over a non-resident corporation, such an assertion of jurisdiction must be

authorized by Missouri’s long-arm statute, § 506.500, RSMo 2016, and it must not offend

due process. “It is a due process requirement limiting the power of courts over litigants.”

Id. at 231. Due process is satisfied when a court possesses “general – that is, all-purpose

jurisdiction” – or “specific – that is, conduct-linked jurisdiction.” Norfolk, 512 S.W.3d at

46 (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 121-22 (2014)).

                                              3
                                    General Jurisdiction

       “When a [s]tate exercises personal jurisdiction over a defendant in a suit not

arising out of or related to the defendant’s contacts with the forum, the [s]tate has been

said to be exercising ‘general jurisdiction’ over the defendant.” Id. (quoting Helicopteros

Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 415 n.9 (1984)). “A court normally

can exercise general jurisdiction over a corporation only when the corporation’s place of

incorporation or its principal place of business is in the forum state.” Id. (citing

Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011); Daimler,

571 U.S. at 126-27).

       However, “[i]n ‘exceptional cases,’ general jurisdiction may exist in an additional

state if the corporation’s activities in that other state are ‘so substantial and of such a

nature as to render the corporation at home in that [s]tate.’” Id. (quoting Daimler, 571

U.S. at 139 n.19). The Supreme Court’s decision in Perkins v. Benguet Consolidated

Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437 (1952) – in which general jurisdiction was found to exist in

Ohio state court over a Philippine mining company that conducted business out of

necessity from an office in Ohio during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during

World War II – “remains the textbook case of general jurisdiction appropriately exercised

over a foreign corporation that has not consented to suit in the forum.” Goodyear, 564

U.S. at 928 (quotation and alteration omitted).

       Relators are Kansas business entities with their principal places of business in

Kansas. As a result, the traditional bases for general jurisdiction are lacking.

Nevertheless, Martinez argues Relators are “at home” in Missouri to such an extent that

                                               4
they are subject to the general jurisdiction of Missouri courts, i.e., that Relators can be

sued in this state by anyone on any claim no matter where or how such claims arose. In

support of this argument, Martinez claims Relators have had “systematic and continuous”

contacts in Missouri because one or both Relators is registered to do business here, has

solicited business here, has filed (unrelated) lawsuits in this state, and owns rental

property here. But these are typical contacts of a non-resident corporation. As such, they

fall far, far short of establishing the “exceptional case” for general jurisdiction over a

non-resident corporation that is “at home” in Missouri. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 126-27.

       In Norfolk, this Court held a railway company that owned some 400 miles of track,

generated approximately $232 million in yearly revenue, and employed some 590 people

in Missouri was not “essentially at home” in Missouri. Norfolk, 512 S.W.3d at 47-48.

The Court noted that “at home” is not synonymous with “doing business,” and, when “a

corporation is neither incorporated nor maintains its principal place of business in a state,

mere contacts, no matter how systematic and continuous, are extraordinarily unlikely to

add up to an exceptional case.” Id. at 48 (quotation omitted). Relators’ contacts with

Missouri do not rise to – let alone surpass – the level of those rejected as insufficient in

Norfolk. Accordingly, there is no basis to find that Missouri is a “surrogate for place of

incorporation or home office” for either Relator. Id

                                    Specific Jurisdiction

       Even if general jurisdiction is lacking because Missouri is not the de facto

domicile of the defendant under Daimler and Norfolk, Missouri courts may still assert

personal jurisdiction over a non-domiciliary defendant corporation without violating due

                                               5
process if that entity has at least one contact with this state and the cause of action being

pursued arises out of that contact. Id. at 48-49; Daimler, 571 U.S. at 127. This

contact-based jurisdiction is referred to as specific jurisdiction.

       Martinez argues the trial court has specific jurisdiction over his claims against

Relators based, in part, on the same contacts analyzed above (e.g., registering to do

business in Missouri, soliciting business here, filing lawsuits here, and owning rental

property here). The Court already has held that these contacts are insufficient to establish

general jurisdiction. Similarly, these contacts are insufficient to establish specific

jurisdiction because Martinez fails to show any connection between these contacts and

his claims, far less that his claims against Relators arise out of those contacts. 2 Bayer,

536 S.W.3d at 233 (no specific jurisdiction when there is no “affiliation between the

forum and the underlying controversy”) (quoting Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Super. Ct.

of Cal., S.F. Cty., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1780 (2017)).




2
   In seeking to establish specific jurisdiction, Martinez invokes the hoary notion of “purposeful
availment,” i.e., that Relators (particularly Cedar Crest) utilized Missouri courts in the past by
filing unrelated lawsuits and, so, should expect to be hailed into Missouri courts to defend
Martinez’s claims. To be sure, “purposeful availment” traditionally has been referred to in the
context of specific jurisdiction, see, e.g., Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 924, but there is considerable
doubt as to what relevance – if any – this concept retains in light of Bristol-Myers Squibb.
There, the majority of the Supreme Court – over Justice Sotomayor’s lone dissent –
conspicuously omitted any discussion of “purposeful availment” in its specific jurisdiction
analysis. Compare Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1777-84, with id. at 1784-89 (Sotomayor,
J., dissenting). Even if the light of “purposeful availment” has not yet been fully extinguished,
there can be no question that every assertion of specific jurisdiction must rest upon a showing
that: (1) the defendant had at least one contact with the forum state, and (2) the claim being
asserted against that defendant arose out of that contact. Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at
1780. Martinez failed to make that showing in this case.

                                                6
       Because Relators’ contacts with Missouri are insufficient to make Missouri their

de facto domicile (and, therefore, to subject Relators to the general jurisdiction of

Missouri courts), and because those contacts are insufficient to establish specific

jurisdiction because Martinez’s claims against Relators do not arise out of those contacts,

Martinez argues the circuit court has personal jurisdiction over Relators because of their

relationship with Missouri defendant Peterson Enterprises. Martinez claims Peterson

Enterprises is the (indirect) owner of Peterson Properties and the managing member of

Cedar Crest and, in those roles, “makes business decisions” for both Relators. In essence,

Martinez argues that – because Peterson Enterprises is a Missouri corporation and

Relators are, as a practical matter, mere extensions of Peterson Enterprises – Relators

should be subject to general jurisdiction (as Peterson Enterprises is) and specific

jurisdiction (as Martinez’s claims ultimately arise out of decisions Peterson Enterprises

made or should have made).

       “A corporation can act only through its agents.” Piatt v. Ind. Lumbermen’s Mut.

Ins. Co., 461 S.W.3d 788, 794 (Mo. banc 2015). As a result, a personal jurisdiction

analysis will involve (though, usually, only implicitly) imputing the contacts of a

defendant corporation’s agent(s) to that corporation. See, e.g., Chromalloy Am. Corp. v.

Elyria Foundry Co., 955 S.W.2d 1, 5 (Mo. banc 1997) (per curiam) (imputing Missouri

contacts of president and sole shareholder of Ohio corporation to that corporation for

purposes of analyzing personal jurisdiction over the foreign corporation); § 506.500.1

(long-arm statute expressly states jurisdictional acts can be performed “in person or

through an agent”). But one corporation does not become the agent of another

                                              7
corporation merely because it is owned by the other. State ex rel. Ford Motor Co. v.

Bacon, 63 S.W.3d 641, 642 (Mo. banc 2002). See, e.g., Daimler, 571 U.S. at 135-36

(declining to impute forum state contacts of subsidiary to foreign corporate parent merely

because the former performed “important” tasks for the latter). 3 Martinez failed to plead

(let alone prove) facts sufficient to show that this is one of the extraordinary cases and

that one or both Relators are the agent of Peterson Enterprises for purposes of general or

specific jurisdiction. 4

       But there is an even more fundamental flaw in Martinez’s imputation argument.

As noted above, in a proper case, the Missouri contacts of an agent can be imputed to an

out-of-state principal for purposes of determining whether Missouri courts have general

or specific jurisdiction over that out-of-state principal. But that is not the argument

Martinez is making. Instead, Martinez would have this Court impute the Missouri

contacts of the principal (Peterson Enterprises) to its out-of-state agents (Relators) for

purposes of determining whether Missouri courts have general or specific jurisdiction

over those out-of-state agents. Martinez offers no support for this novel argument, and

the Court declines to adopt it here.




3
  Even if contacts sufficient to show a subsidiary agent is subject to general jurisdiction are
imputed to the parent principal, Daimler holds that general jurisdiction over the parent cannot
exist unless its own contacts with the forum state are sufficient to create it. Daimler, 571 U.S. at
137-39.
4
   Martinez failed to show, and does not even argue, that Peterson Enterprises and Relators are
alter egos of each or that there is any other basis for disregarding the corporate structure entirely
under the merger doctrine.
                                                  8
       In sum, this Court declines to hold that Relators are subject to personal jurisdiction

in Missouri courts merely because their corporate parent or managing member is

domiciled here. Rather, each Relator’s contacts with Missouri must be sufficient to

create general or specific jurisdiction on their own. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 137-38;

Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1783. Here, Relators’ contacts fall well short of

either standard. 5




5
  Finally, if Martinez fails on the merits of his jurisdictional arguments (as the Court holds he
does), he asks the Court to quash the preliminary writ nonetheless so he can conduct jurisdiction-
related discovery. A court evaluates personal jurisdiction by considering the allegations
contained in the pleadings to determine whether, if taken as true, they establish facts adequate to
invoke Missouri’s long-arm statute and support a finding of minimum contacts with Missouri
sufficient to satisfy due process. Angoff v. Marion A. Allen, Inc., 39 S.W.3d 483, 487 (Mo. banc
2001). When the defendant contests personal jurisdiction, however, it is the plaintiff who bears
the burden of establishing the defendant’s contacts with the forum state are sufficient. Id. at 486.
Thus, when the defendant presents evidence refuting personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff must
respond with contrary evidence or otherwise refute the evidence presented by the defendant as
opposed to merely relying on his or her pleadings. See Chromalloy Am. Corp., 955 S.W.2d at 3-
4. Here, Relators contested personal jurisdiction and presented the affidavit of James Peterson,
the president of Peterson Properties and Peterson Enterprises, in support of that challenge.
Because Relators set forth evidence contesting personal jurisdiction, Martinez cannot rely solely
on his pleadings. See id. But, even if he could, Martinez’s pleadings do not assist him because
he fails to allege facts in support of personal jurisdiction over Relators. Martinez alleges mere
boilerplate allegations and legal conclusions (e.g., “Defendants conduct business within the State
of Missouri, make contracts within the State of Missouri, make contracts with citizens of the
State of Missouri, and/or solicit customers in and from Missouri, constituting the transaction of
business in Missouri.”). Notwithstanding that these statements make no allegations regarding
Relators individually – but instead refer to “Defendants” as a whole, which include various
Missouri corporations and residents as well as Relators, Kansas business entities – Martinez’s
pleadings fail as a matter of law to establish personal jurisdiction. Accordingly, Martinez is not
entitled to jurisdiction-related discovery.

                                                 9
                                       Conclusion

      For the reasons set forth above, the preliminary writ of prohibition is now made

permanent.



                                                     _____________________________
                                                     Paul C. Wilson, Judge



Russell, Powell, Breckenridge and Fischer, JJ., concur;
Draper, C.J., concurs in separate opinion filed.
Stith, J., concurs in opinion of Draper, C.J.




                                           10
             SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                        en banc
STATE OF MISSOURI ex rel.                      )
CEDAR CREST APARTMENTS, LLC                    )
and PETERSON PROPERTIES, INC.                  )
d/b/a THE PETERSON COMPANIES,                  )
                                               )
              Relators,                        )
                                               )
v.                                             )          No. SC96977
                                               )
THE HONORABLE                                  )
JACK GRATE,                                    )
                                               )
               Respondent.                     )

                               CONCURRING OPINION

       I concur with the principal opinion’s analysis and result. However, I write

separately because I believe the principal opinion does not address fully Lincoln Rene

Aquiriano Martinez’s (hereinafter, “Martinez”) argument regarding J.A. Peterson

Enterprises, Inc.’s (hereinafter, “Peterson Enterprises”) ownership of Cedar Crest

Apartments, LLC and Peterson Properties, Inc. d/b/a The Peterson Companies

(hereinafter and collectively, “Relators”). While the principal opinion views Martinez’s

argument as imputing agency, I view it as a request to pierce the corporate veil.

Ultimately, Martinez is not entitled to relief under either theory.
       Martinez asserts general jurisdiction should be found because Peterson

Enterprises, a Missouri business entity, is a managing member of Cedar Crest and the

ultimate owner, not the agent, of Peterson Properties. Martinez believes this confers

general personal jurisdiction. 1

       A “corporation is regarded as a wholly and separate legal entity, distinct from the

members who compose it.” Blanks v. Fluor Corp., 450 S.W.3d 308, 375 (Mo. App. E.D.

2014) (quoting Thomas Berkeley Consulting Eng’r, Inc. v. Zerman, 911 S.W.2d 692, 695

(Mo. App. E.D. 1995)). “[O]rdinarily two separate corporations are to be regarded as

wholly distinct legal entities, even though the stock of the one is owned partly or entirely

by the other.” Cent. Cooling & Supply Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, 648 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Mo.

1982). Yet, there is an exception for piercing the corporate veil when one corporation

exercises such dominion and control over the other corporation such that it creates an

alter ego for the principal corporation. Id.; Blum v. Airport Terminal Servs., Inc., 762

S.W.2d 67, 72 (Mo. App. E.D. 1988). 2 The corporate veil may be pierced only if three

factors are met:


1
  While Martinez specifically does not refer to the concept of jurisdictional piercing the
corporate veil, I believe it is clear he presented written and oral arguments in support of
this concept to reach jurisdiction in Missouri.
2
  Although this concept has not been applied in Missouri, this Court is not precluded from
discussing it when the parties present the concept to this Court in their analysis and
argument. This piercing concept for purposes of jurisdiction is applied in other states.
See PHC - Minden, L.P. v. Kimberly - Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 175 (Tex. 2007);
PanAmerican Mineral Servs., Inc. v. KLS Enviro Res., Inc., 916 P.2d 986, 990-91 (Wyo.
1996). While there is no doubt the due process considerations of Daimler AG v. Bauman,
571 U.S. 117, 134 S. Ct. 746, 187 L. Ed. 2d 624 (2014), and Goodyear Dunlop Tires
Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 131 S. Ct. 2846, 180 L. Ed. 2d 796 (2011) still
must be adhered to, there is current scholarly interest in this topic. See King Fung Tsang,
                                             2
       1) Control, not mere majority or complete stock control, but complete
       domination, not only of finances, but of policy and business practice in
       respect to the transaction attacked so that the corporate entity as to this
       transaction had at the time no separate mind, will or existence of its own;
       and

       2) Such control must have been used by the corporation to commit fraud or
       wrong, to perpetrate the violation of statutory or other positive legal duty,
       or dishonest and unjust act in contravention of plaintiff’s legal rights; and

       3) The control and breach of duty must proximately cause the injury or
       unjust loss complained of.

Doe 1631 v. Quest Diagnostics, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 8, 18 (Mo. banc 2013) (emphasis

omitted) (quoting 66, Inc. v. Crestwood Commons Redevelopment Corp., 998 S.W.2d 32,

40 (Mo. banc 1999)).

       Martinez’s assertion Relators should be held liable due to Peterson Enterprises’

subsidiary relationship fails at the first factor. There was no allegation demonstrating

Peterson Enterprises’ ownership or how Peterson Enterprise dominated Relators’

corporate structure. There was no allegation showing Peterson Enterprises directed

Relators’ conduct nor that Relators acted in favor of Peterson Enterprises’ interests.

“One seeking to pierce the corporate veil needs to show both complete control and

improper purpose.” Blanks, 450 S.W.3d at 376. Martinez’s allegations are insufficient to

show Peterson Enterprises exercised complete control over Relators or demonstrate an




The Elephant in the Room: An Empirical Study of Piercing the Corporate Veil in the
Jurisdictional Context, 12 Hastings Bus. L.J. 185, 185-87 (2016); Jennifer A. Schwartz,
Piercing the Corporate Veil of an Alien Parent for Jurisdictional Purposes: A Proposal
for a Standard That Comports with Due Process, 96 Cal. L. Rev. 731, 734 (2008).


                                             3
improper purpose. Accordingly, I concur in the principal opinion to make the writ

permanent.



                                               _______________________________
                                               GEORGE W. DRAPER III, CHIEF JUSTICE




                                           4
