             IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
                     WESTERN DISTRICT

 HEALTH CARE FOUNDATION OF                        )
 GREATER KANSAS CITY,                             )
                                                  )
                                  Respondent,     )
                                                  )    WD79340
 v.                                               )
                                                  )    OPINION FILED:
                                                  )    January 17, 2017
 HM ACQUISITION, LLC and HCA,                     )
 INC.,                                            )
                                                  )
                                   Appellants.    )

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri
                          The Honorable John M. Torrence, Judge

                    Before Division IV: Mark D. Pfeiffer, Chief Judge, and
                      Thomas H. Newton and Cynthia L. Martin, Judges

       HM Acquisition, LLC (“HM Acquisition”) and HCA, Inc. (“HCA”) appeal from the

judgment entered by the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri (“trial court”), after a bench

trial, in favor of Health Care Foundation of Greater Kansas City (“Foundation”) on the

Foundation’s petition for declaratory judgment, accounting, and specific performance. The trial

court’s judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and modified.

                             Factual and Procedural Background

       Health Midwest, a Missouri nonprofit public benefit corporation, owned a number of

hospitals in the greater Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2002, because of Health Midwest’s lack
of access to capital necessary to maintain, expand, and renovate the facilities it owned, its board

decided to explore the sale of its hospitals and other assets.

         Health Midwest contacted HCA, a publicly-traded corporation with headquarters in

Nashville, Tennessee, and the largest for-profit health care provider hospital chain in the nation,

and solicited it to buy the assets of Health Midwest. This led to negotiations between the parties

that were ultimately successful. Later that year, HCA formed HM Acquisition, a Missouri limited

liability company, for the purpose of acquiring certain assets and liabilities of Health Midwest.

         Health Midwest and HM Acquisition executed an Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) on

November 22, 2002. Under the terms of the APA, HCA agreed to serve as guarantor of HM

Acquisition’s performance and obligations. Under Section 2.1 of the APA, Health Midwest agreed

to sell to HM Acquisition substantially all of its tangible and intangible assets, principally nine

hospitals in the Kansas City metropolitan area, for the purchase price of $1.125 billion dollars.

Under Article 5 of the APA, HM Acquisition agreed to certain post-closing operating covenants.

Section 5.1 states:

         5.1 Capital Improvements.[1] Within two (2) years following the Closing Date,
         [HM Acquisition] will either spend or commit to spend at least Three Hundred
         Million Dollars ($300,000,000) in capital expenditures. In each of the three (3)
         years subsequent to the two-year period following the Closing Date, [HM
         Acquisition] will either spend or commit to spend at least Fifty Million Dollars
         ($50,000,000) in capital expenditures. Any amounts spent in any period that are in
         excess of the required amount for such period will be credited against amounts
         required to be spent or committed to be spent in subsequent periods. Moreover,
         any Permitted Capital Expenditures and any capital expenditures made by Seller or
         System Entities which are approved by [HM Acquisition] shall be credited against
         [HM Acquisition’s] obligations under this Section 5.1. The amount of capitalized
         expenditures made under this Section 5.1 will be determined in accordance with
         [HM Acquisition’s] then applicable accounting policies and procedures. The
         construction of new facilities by [HM Acquisition] will not materially detract from
         the required maintenance and necessary improvement of existing Facilities.

         1
           Section 14.2 of the Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) provides that: “The divisions of this Agreement
into sections and subsections and the use of captions and headings in connection therewith are solely for convenience
and shall have no legal effect in construing the provisions of this Agreement.”


                                                         2
       HM Acquisition also agreed in Section 5.14 to provide Health Midwest an annual report

“setting forth in reasonable detail how it complied with the operating covenants, including a

specific accounting of capital expenditures [HM Acquisition] agree[d] to make in accordance with

Section 5.1.”

       Section 5.15 spelled out Health Midwest’s remedies should HM Acquisition breach or not

perform any of the Article 5 operating covenants:

       Breach or nonperformance of any operating covenant set forth in this Article 5 will
       entitle [Health Midwest] to the indemnification rights set forth in Article 13 and/or
       any and all other remedies at law or equity (including monetary damages suffered
       by the community as a result of such breach or nonperformance, specific
       performance, and restraining order, injunction or other equitable relief). In
       addition, if the annual report shows that, for any applicable period, [HM
       Acquisition] has not spent or committed to spend dollars on capital expenditures
       during such period at least equal to the amount [HM Acquisition] agreed to provide
       in Section 5.1, then [HM Acquisition] will immediately pay such shortfall to
       [Health Midwest]. Moreover, if [HM Acquisition] has not spent $450,000,000 on
       capital expenditures (and amounts paid to [Health Midwest] pursuant to this
       Section 5.15) within a reasonable period of time after the fifth anniversary of the
       Closing . . . , then [HM Acquisition] will immediately pay such shortfall to [Health
       Midwest].

Pursuant to Section 14.18 of the APA, HCA, as guarantor, “unconditionally and absolutely

guarantee[d] the prompt performance and observation of [HM Acquisition] for each and every

obligation, covenant[,] and agreement of [HM Acquisition] arising out of, connected with, or

related to this [APA] or any ancillary documents hereto[.]”

       Four days after the execution of the APA, Health Midwest filed lawsuits against the

Attorneys General of Missouri and Kansas, challenging their attempts to exercise authority over

the disposition of the proceeds of the sale of Health Midwest’s public benefit assets. Section 8.5

of the APA provided that Health Midwest and HM Acquisition would cooperate to secure all

necessary government approvals to consummate the transaction anticipated by the APA, including




                                                3
from the Missouri and Kansas Attorneys General. Though the APA obligated Health Midwest to

“take the lead” in any such efforts, Health Midwest was obligated to “include [HM Acquisition]

in any such discussions.” In the same section of the APA, the parties agreed to “prepare any

document or other material which may be required by [the Missouri and Kansas Attorneys

General] as a predicate to or result of the transactions contemplated” by the APA. Accordingly,

Health Midwest2 entered into a Settlement Agreement on July 23, 2003, with the Missouri

Attorney General, wherein Health Midwest agreed to create the Foundation,3 a Missouri nonprofit

public benefit corporation, to receive eighty percent of the net proceeds of the sale and eighty

percent of the net assets retained by Health Midwest upon its future dissolution. The Settlement

Agreement provided that the Missouri Attorney General “specifically reserve[d] his right . . . to

monitor HCA’s[4] compliance with its obligations under the APA and to seek to enforce those

obligations.” The Settlement Agreement attached as an exhibit an agreement to be later executed

(“Joinder Agreement”) wherein foundations created in Missouri and Kansas5 to receive shares of

the proceeds paid to Health Midwest would become parties to the APA with HM Acquisition’s

consent. By virtue of the Settlement Agreement, the transactions contemplated in the APA were

authorized to proceed.6

        On February 19, 2004, the Joinder Agreement anticipated by the Settlement Agreement

was executed by representatives of Reach Healthcare, the Foundation, Health Midwest, and HM



        2
            In 2003, Health Midwest amended its articles of incorporation and became known as Community Health
Group; however, for the sake of clarity in today’s ruling, Community Health Group will be referred to as “Health
Midwest.”
          3
            The Foundation was incorporated as “A Rising Tide—The Greater Kansas City Healthcare Foundation”
and later changed its name to “Health Care Foundation of Greater Kansas City.”
          4
            The Settlement Agreement referred to HM Acquisition and its guarantor, HCA, collectively as “HCA.”
          5
            Reach Healthcare Foundation (“Reach Healthcare”), a Kansas nonprofit corporation created pursuant to a
settlement agreement with the Kansas Attorney General, would receive 20% of the sale proceeds.
          6
            The Settlement Agreement amended and replaced a Memorandum of Understanding that had been earlier
reached in January 2003. The closing anticipated by the APA was thus permitted to proceed on March 31, 2003.


                                                        4
Acquisition. The Joinder Agreement identified Reach Healthcare and the Foundation as Health

Midwest’s “Transferees” as contemplated by the APA.                         In the Joinder Agreement, the

“Transferees” agreed “to be bound by the provisions in the [APA] to the same extent as [Health

Midwest].” Numbered paragraph 1 of the Joinder Agreement provided that Reach Healthcare and

the Foundation each:

        (i) agrees to be made a party to the [APA] solely for purposes of assuming the
        obligations of [Health Midwest] thereunder and (ii) assumes and consents to be
        bound by all post-closing terms and conditions of the [APA] as [Health
        Midwest] . . . to the same extent as, and jointly and severally obligated with,
        [Health Midwest] . . . ; provided that the foregoing agreement, assumption and
        consent by [the Foundation] is not intended to, and does not, constitute an
        assignment of rights of [Health Midwest] under the [APA] pursuant to Section 14.3
        of the [APA] and [HM Acquisition] does not hereby consent to any such
        assignment.

The parties further agreed that under no circumstances would Health Midwest be liquidated or

dissolved until five years after the closing date of the APA. Numbered paragraph 4 of the Joinder

Agreement stated:

        Each party shall be entitled to specific performance of any of the provisions of this
        Joinder or the [APA] in addition to any other equitable remedies to which such
        party may otherwise be entitled as a result of a failure by the other party to comply
        with its obligations hereunder or thereunder.

        On October 2, 2009, the Foundation filed a four-count petition against HM Acquisition and

HCA.7 In Counts II, III, and IV, the Foundation sought to enforce certain covenants in Article 5

of the APA: for an accounting related to HCA’s required reporting and compliance with the APA

(Count II); for a declaration regarding HM Acquisition and HCA’s compliance with Section 5.1

and 5.14 of the APA (Count III); and to order specific performance of the covenants in the APA

(Count IV). The primary dispute related to the interpretation of Section 5.1 of the APA, and



        7
         Count I sought a declaration regarding HM Acquisition’s right, if any, to approve in advance certain grants
made by the Foundation. Count I was voluntarily dismissed by the Foundation with prejudice on June 22, 2011.


                                                         5
whether HCA was entitled to take credit for the construction of new facilities in Independence and

Lee’s Summit in order to satisfy the $450 million capital expenditure requirements of Section 5.1.

         On January 24, 2013, after two-plus weeks of evidentiary hearings, the trial court issued a

ruling denominating 571 paragraphs (and 140 pages) of findings of fact and conclusions of law

(“FOF”), in which the trial court concluded that HM Acquisition (as the purchaser under the APA)

and HCA (as the guarantor under the APA) (collectively referred to hereafter as “HCA”) had

breached the APA in that: (i) HCA was not entitled to take credit for the construction of new

facilities in order to satisfy the APA’s Section 5.1 requirements, which related only to capital

expenditures for “existing Facilities” purchased by HCA; and (ii) HCA improperly attempted to

take credit for “commitments” to spend claimed to have been made by HCA in alleged compliance

with Section 5.1 of the APA. The trial court preliminarily awarded the Foundation a total of

$161,908,504, representing the trial court’s calculation of the lowest shortfall sum due and owing

under the APA; awarded the Foundation attorney’s fees and costs; and ordered the parties to

participate in a court-supervised accounting with a special master to determine whether the

Foundation was owed additional shortfall amounts under Section 5.1 of the APA.

         During the accounting phase with the special master, additional shortfalls totaling

$77,536,321 were stipulated to exist.8 On December 9, 2015, the trial court issued its Judgment,

awarding the Foundation $239,444,825 (total shortfall amount), plus $167,105,206 (prejudgment

interest), plus $27,175,562 in attorney’s fees, costs, and prejudgment interest on the fees and costs,

for a total judgment of $433,725,593, with interest continuing to accrue thereon at nine percent

per annum, compounded annually, from and after November 19, 2015.


         8
           Though HCA stipulated to shortfall amounts during the accounting phase, it did so reserving its objection
to excluding new construction expenditures from amounts it should be credited for capital expenditures pursuant to
Section 5.1 of the APA, and its objection regarding the trial court’s determination of what had to be demonstrated to
establish a Section 5.1 “commitment to spend.”


                                                          6
        HCA timely appealed.

                                        Standard of Review

        In a bench-tried case, the judgment of the trial court will be sustained by the appellate court

“unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, unless it is against the weight of the evidence,

unless it erroneously declares the law, or unless it erroneously applies the law.” Murphy v. Carron,

536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976). We defer to the trial court’s determination of the weight to

be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. Brasher v. Craig, 483 S.W.3d 446, 450

(Mo. App. W.D. 2016). The trial court is free to believe some, all, or none of the testimony of any

witness. Id. We review the evidence in a bench-tried case “in a light most favorable to the

judgment, accept it as true, and disregard any contradictory evidence.” Id. (internal quotation

omitted). In reviewing a court-tried case, “[t]he appellate court is primarily concerned with the

correctness of the trial court’s result, not the route taken by the trial court to reach that result.”

Business Men’s Assurance Co. of Am. v. Graham, 984 S.W.2d 501, 506 (Mo. banc 1999). “Thus,

the judgment will be affirmed if cognizable under any theory, regardless of whether the reasons

advanced by the trial court are wrong or not sufficient.” Id.

                                               Analysis

                                         Point I – Standing

        In HCA’s first point, it asserts that the Foundation lacked standing to bring this suit.

Standing is a question of law that we review de novo. Schweich v. Nixon, 408 S.W.3d 769, 773

(Mo. banc 2013). To have standing, a plaintiff must have a legally protectable interest at stake

arising from threatened or actual injury. Id. “A plaintiff has a legally protectable interest if the

plaintiff is directly and adversely affected by the action in question . . . .” Byrne & Jones Enters.,

Inc. v. Monroe City R-1 Sch. Dist., 493 S.W.3d 847, 851 (Mo. banc 2016).




                                                   7
       The gist of HCA’s argument is that the Foundation, via the Joinder Agreement, acquired

Health Midwest’s “obligations” under the APA but not its “rights,” and thus had no standing to

utilize remedial measures to compel HCA’s compliance with Section 5.1 of the APA.

       To address HCA’s standing argument, we must necessarily interpret the terms of the

Joinder Agreement and APA. Interpretation of a contract is a question of law, which we review

de novo. Newco Atlas, Inc. v. Park Range Constr., Inc., 272 S.W.3d 886, 891 (Mo. App. W.D.

2008). “The cardinal principle of contract interpretation is to ascertain the intention of the parties

and to give effect to that intent.” Dunn Indus. Grp., Inc. v. City of Sugar Creek, 112 S.W.3d 421,

428 (Mo. banc 2003). We read the terms of a contract as a whole to determine the intention of the

parties, and we give the terms their plain, ordinary, and usual meaning. Id. “Additionally, each

term of a contract is construed to avoid rendering other terms meaningless.” Id. “A construction

that attributes a reasonable meaning to all the provisions of the agreement is preferred to one that

leaves some of the provisions without function or sense.” Id.

       The APA was the definitive acquisition agreement between the seller, Health Midwest, and

the buyer, HCA. Section 14.3 of the APA provides that, subject to any contrary provisions, the

APA “inure[s] to the benefit of and [is] binding upon the parties hereto and their respective legal

representatives, successors and assigns.” Section 14.3 of the APA further provides that “any

transferee of funds of [Health Midwest] . . . shall become obligated hereunder in the same manner

as [Health Midwest] and shall execute any agreements or other documentation to effect such

obligation as [HCA] may reasonably request.”

       The APA anticipated the need to secure various governmental approvals as a condition to

closing, and particularly the approvals of the Missouri and Kansas Attorneys General. Section 8.5

obligated the parties to the APA to cooperate to secure any required approvals, and in executing




                                                  8
documents required to do so. The Settlement Agreement between Health Midwest and the

Missouri Attorney General constituted just such a document, and though not itself signed by HCA,

was nonetheless negotiated with HCA’s involvement, as found by the Judgment. In keeping with

this fact, the Settlement Agreement attached an agreed form of the Joinder Agreement—a

document which required HM Acquisition’s signature—to evidence the Foundation’s right to

receive funds otherwise payable to Health Midwest pursuant to the APA and HCA’s consent to

same, as required by Section 14.3 of the APA.

       In numbered paragraph 1 of the Joinder Agreement, the Foundation:

       hereby (i) agrees to be made a party to the [APA] solely for the purposes of
       assuming the obligations of [Health Midwest] thereunder and (ii) assumes and
       consents to be bound by all the post-closing terms and conditions of the [APA] . . .
       to the same extent as, and jointly and severally obligated with, [Health Midwest]
       (including without limitation the obligations set forth in Section 12.6 and
       Article 13); provided that the foregoing agreement, assumption and consent by [the
       Foundation] is not intended to, and does not, constitute an assignment of rights of
       [Health Midwest] under the [APA] . . . and [HCA] does not hereby consent to any
       such assignment. . . . Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, [the
       Foundation] agrees to comply with the provisions of Section 14.3 of the Asset
       Purchase Agreement . . . .

HCA argues that, pursuant to this provision of the Joinder Agreement, none of Health Midwest’s

“rights” under the APA were assigned to the Foundation by the Joinder Agreement, leaving the

Foundation with no remedy for HCA’s argued failure to pay Section 5.1 shortfalls. Though the

Joinder Agreement does state that none of Health Midwest’s “rights” under the APA have been

assigned, at the same time, the Joinder Agreement incongruently recognizes that the Foundation

had acquired the right to receive funds payable to Health Midwest pursuant to the APA. And the

Joinder Agreement incongruently affords “each party” (including the Foundation) the right to

enforce by specific performance violated provisions of either the Joinder Agreement or the APA.9


       9
           Numbered paragraph 4 of the Joinder Agreement states:



                                                       9
To conclude, HCA’s argument—that the Foundation assumed no enforceable rights by virtue of

the Joinder Agreement—would render meaningless HCA’s consent to the Foundation’s status as

the lawful transferee of Health Midwest’s right to receive APA proceeds, and would render

meaningless the Foundation’s expressed right to resort to the Joinder Agreement’s “remedies”

provision.

       This seeming conflict can be reconciled without rendering any provision of the Joinder

Agreement meaningless. See Dunn Indus. Grp., Inc., 112 S.W.3d at 428. HCA consented to the

Foundation’s lawful status as a “transferee” of funds otherwise payable to Health Midwest. HCA

consented to the Foundation’s “assum[ption] . . . [of] all post-closing terms and conditions of the

[APA]” as if the Foundation were Health Midwest. And HCA agreed that the Foundation could

specifically perform any violated provision of the APA impacting its rights as a transferee. The

post-closing terms and conditions set forth in Section 5.1 of the APA, and the right described in

Section 5.15 to insist on payment of a Section 5.1 shortfall, plainly inured to the benefit of the

Foundation as HCA’s transferee, and plainly fall within the scope of the Joinder Agreement’s

remedy provision. Though the Foundation did not “assume,” per se, HCA’s rights under the APA,

it did not need to, as the Joinder Agreement afforded the Foundation the right to protect its lawful

status as the transferee of funds otherwise payable to Health Midwest pursuant to the APA.

       In summary, by executing the Joinder Agreement (which was agreed to and signed by

HCA), the Foundation necessarily acquired a consented-to right to receive Health Midwest’s

proceeds from the APA, necessarily assumed Health Midwest’s obligations under the APA, and

necessarily acquired the remedial authority to enforce either the Joinder Agreement or the APA to



       Each party shall be entitled to specific performance of any of the provisions of this Joinder or the
       [APA] in addition to any other equitable remedies to which such party may otherwise be entitled as
       a result of a failure by the other party to comply with its obligations hereunder or thereunder.


                                                       10
the extent appropriate to preserve its rights. Pursuant to the contractually created remedial

authority, the Foundation was entitled to sue HCA to enforce the terms of the APA, including the

Post-Closing Operating Covenants, relating to its rights as a transferee of funds otherwise payable

to Health Midwest pursuant to the APA—which included the right to enforce the shortfall

provisions expressed in Section 5.15 of the APA. The Foundation established its standing by

showing that it has a “legally protectable interest at stake in the outcome of the litigation” so as to

be “directly and adversely affected” by its outcome. Byrne & Jones Enters., Inc. v. Monroe City

R-1 Sch. Dist., 493 S.W.3d 847, 851 (Mo. banc 2016) (internal quotation omitted). “In contract

actions, a party has a legally protectable interest at stake if it has a right to enforce the contract as

a party thereto . . . .” Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp. v. Windsor Grp., Inc., 2 S.W.3d 836, 839

(Mo. App. E.D. 1999).

         Point I is denied.10

                                          Point II – Necessary Party

         In HCA’s second point, it asserts that the trial court erred in denying its motion to join

Health Midwest as a necessary party under Rule 52.04(a). HCA contends that Health Midwest is

a necessary party because: (i) it was a signatory to the APA; and (ii) if the Foundation has standing,

Health Midwest is a co-obligee with a shared right to enforce HCA’s Section 5.1 performance.

         “We review the trial court’s denial of relief under this Rule [52.04(a)] only to determine if

it is supported by substantial evidence, is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously

declares or misapplies the law.” Williams Pipeline Co. v. Allison & Alexander, Inc., 80 S.W.3d

829, 837 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002).



         10
           Given our conclusion that the Foundation had standing pursuant to the terms of the Joinder Agreement, we
need not and do not address the trial court’s alternative legal conclusion in paragraph 516 of its Findings of Fact and
Conclusions of Law that the Foundation had “special interest” standing.


                                                          11
       HCA asserted as a defense in its answer that the Foundation’s petition must be dismissed

in whole or in part because the Foundation did not join Health Midwest as a party under

Rule 52.04. In its motion to dismiss filed along with its answer, HCA raised the Foundation’s

failure to join Health Midwest as a necessary party and moved that Health Midwest be joined as a

cross-claim defendant. There are two problems with HCA’s procedure. First, “[t]he remedy for

failure to join a necessary party is by motion to add a necessary party rather than by a motion to

dismiss.” Edmunds v. Sigma Chapter of Alpha Kappa, 87 S.W.3d 21, 27 (Mo. App. W.D. 2002).

Second, Rule 55.32(g) provides that “[p]arties other than those made parties to the original action

may be made parties to a counterclaim or cross-claim in accordance with the provisions of

Rules 52.04 and 52.05.” “This language assumes ‘a counterclaim or cross-claim’ exists separate

from the addition of the new party—it does not provide that non-parties may be added to assert a

new cross-claim.” State ex rel. Cohen McNeile & Pappas, P.C. v. Blankenship, 375 S.W.3d 233,

236 (Mo. App. S.D. 2012). Here, HCA claimed Health Midwest was a necessary party but did not

file a Rule 52.04 motion. Even if we concluded that HCA’s motion to dismiss constituted a motion

to add a necessary party, HCA’s argument still fails.

       Rule 52.04(a) requires the joinder of a person if:

       (1) in the person’s absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already
       parties, or (2) the person claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and
       is so situated that the disposition of the action in the person’s absence may: (i) as
       a practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to protect that interest or
       (ii) leave any of the persons already parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring
       double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of the claimed
       interest. If the person has not been joined, the court shall order that the person be
       made a party. If the person should join as a plaintiff but refuses to do so, the person
       may be made a defendant.

“A necessary person is one who is so vitally interested in the subject matter that a valid judgment

cannot be effectively rendered without their presence.” Williams Pipeline Co., 80 S.W.3d at 837.




                                                 12
“An ‘interest’ exists within the meaning of the Rule where there is a direct claim upon the subject

matter of the action that the person will either gain or lose by direct operation of the judgment.”

Id. (internal quotation omitted).

       Health Midwest created the Foundation to receive a percentage of the net proceeds of the

sale of Health Midwest’s assets to HCA pursuant to the terms of the APA. The parties to the

transaction anticipated that Health Midwest would be liquidated or dissolved approximately five

to six years after the closing date of the APA. In the Joinder Agreement, the Foundation agreed

“to be bound by the provisions in the [APA] to the same extent as [Health Midwest].” In numbered

paragraph 1 of the Joinder Agreement, the Foundation agreed to be made a “transferee” party to

the APA for the purpose of assuming Health Midwest’s obligations thereunder and assumed and

consented to be bound by all post-closing terms and conditions of the APA jointly and severally

with Health Midwest. Numbered paragraph 4 of the Joinder Agreement entitled each party “to

specific performance of any of the provisions of this Joinder or the [APA] in addition to any other

equitable remedies to which such party may otherwise be entitled as a result of a failure by the

other party to comply with its obligations hereunder or thereunder,” including the obligations

assumed by HCA under the Post-Closing Operating Covenants.

       “In determining which parties are required to be before the court, consideration is

given . . . to the nature of relief requested and the interests to be adjudicated.” Dolphin Capital

Corp. v. Schroeder, 247 S.W.3d 93, 97 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008) (internal quotation omitted). In

Counts II, III, and IV of the Foundation’s petition against HCA, the Foundation sought to enforce

certain covenants in Article 5 of the APA and requested an accounting related to HCA’s required

reporting and compliance with the APA (Count II), a declaration regarding HCA’s compliance




                                                13
with Section 5.1 and 5.14 of the APA (Count III), and specific performance of HCA’s covenants

in the APA (Count IV).

         HCA contends that Health Midwest must be joined as a necessary party because it is a

signatory to and co-obligee under the APA. We disagree. The Foundation petitioned for equitable

relief. The rule that an action upon a joint contract cannot be maintained by one joint obligee

without the joinder of co-obligees has long been recognized in Missouri as applicable only in

actions at law. Priest v. Oehler, 41 S.W.2d 783, 788 (Mo. 1931). See also State ex rel. Massman

Constr. Co. v. Shain, 130 S.W.2d 491, 497 (Mo. 1939); Skidmore v. Back, 512 S.W.2d 223, 235

(Mo. App. 1974) (“[O]ur Supreme Court has held [in Priest] that the proposition urged by the

defendant, that one joint obligee must join with other joint obligees in suing upon a joint obligation,

is inapposite to suits of an equitable nature.”).

         The interests of the Foundation and Health Midwest in enforcing HCA’s obligations under

the APA are similar, and complete relief has been accorded among the parties, even in Health

Midwest’s absence. In Health Midwest’s “straw man” role as a conduit of the proceeds to the

Foundation, Health Midwest neither gained nor lost by direct operation of the trial court’s

judgment. Health Midwest’s ability to protect its interests under the APA have not been impeded

or impaired by its absence from the action. Further, there is no “substantial risk” that HCA would

be exposed to double or inconsistent obligations resulting from Health Midwest’s absence as a

party.

         In conclusion, Health Midwest was not so vitally interested in the subject matter of the

controversy that a valid judgment adjudicating HCA’s obligations under the APA could not be




                                                    14
effectively rendered without its presence as a party. The trial court did not err in determining that

HCA was not a necessary party to this action.11

         Point II is denied.12

                              Points III, IV, and VI – Contract Interpretation

         HCA’s Points III, IV, and VI require us to interpret Sections 5.1, 5.14, and 5.15 of the APA

to determine whether, in addition to payment of the purchase price, HCA is contractually obligated

to pay a shortfall because it failed to “spend or commit to spend” a minimum of $450 million in

capital expenditures in the time and manner required.

                                                       Point III

         In HCA’s third point, it asserts that the trial court erred in failing to enter judgment for

HCA on the Foundation’s claim for breach of Section 5.1 of the APA because the term “capital

expenditures” in Section 5.1 of the APA is unambiguous, and includes capital expenditures for

new construction, not just capital expenditures to improve the purchased hospitals.13 In contrast


         11
              HCA cites to three cases in support of its argument: Fruin-Colnon Corp. v. Missouri Highway &
Transportation Commission, 736 S.W.2d 41 (Mo. banc 1987); Roberts Holdings, Inc. v. Becca’s Barkery, Inc., 423
S.W.3d 920 (Mo. App. S.D. 2014); and Karsch v. Carr, 807 S.W.2d 96 (Mo. App. E.D. 1990). In Roberts Holdings,
the necessary party ruling related to a property dispute in which not all the entities with ownership interest were made
parties to the replevin action; in Fruin-Colnon and Karsch, jointly and severally liable defendants were not parties.
Here, the entity in question was a “straw man” entity for its transferee, the Foundation, the plaintiff in the case below.
Health Midwest had nothing to lose or gain (i.e., no property rights or claim to proceeds) from the Foundation’s
equitable relief litigation. Thus, the cases cited by HCA are inapposite.
           12
              Given our resolution of this point, we do not address the applicability of the “virtual representation”
doctrine relied on by the Foundation, particularly given the Supreme Court’s observation in Taylor v. Sturgell, 553
U.S. 880, 904, 128 S. Ct. 2161, 2178, 171 L. Ed. 2d 155 (2008), that “[m]any opinions use the term ‘virtual
representation’ in reaching results at least arguably defensible on established grounds. In these cases, dropping the
‘virtual representation’ label would lead to clearer analysis with little, if any, change in outcomes.” (Citation omitted.)
           13
              In the Foundation’s response to HCA’s third point, it contends as a threshold issue that HCA did not
preserve for appeal the issue of whether Section 5.1 of the APA is ambiguous because HCA did not object at trial to
the Foundation’s introduction of extrinsic evidence and, in fact, introduced its own extrinsic evidence. We disagree.
           In Count III of the Foundation’s petition, it requested that the trial court enter a judgment declaring that the
money spent by HCA on the construction of new facilities not transferred pursuant to the APA was not included
toward satisfaction of HCA’s covenant in Section 5.1 of the APA to make “capital expenditures” on the existing
facilities. In HCA’s answer, it admitted that it disagreed with the Foundation “on the following issues of interpretation
of the APA: generally whether [HCA] has complied with Section 5.14 of the APA and specifically whether the term
‘capital expenditures’ in Section 5.1 of the APA may include the construction of new facilities.” HCA also moved
the trial court for partial summary judgment, asking the trial court to declare that Section 5.1 of the APA permitted


                                                           15
to HCA’s argued position on appeal, the trial court found Section 5.1 of the APA to be ambiguous,

and the court resolved that ambiguity in favor of limiting creditable capital expenditures to those

on existing Facilities acquired pursuant to the APA. As a result, HCA was not afforded credit

against its Section 5.1 capital expenditure obligations for amounts spent or committed to be spent

on building a new hospital in Lee’s Summit and a new hospital in Independence.14

         The interpretation of a contract is a question of law that we review de novo. Belton

Chopper 58, LLC v. N. Cass Dev., LLC, 496 S.W.3d 529, 532 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016). “When we

conduct a de novo review, the judgment may be affirmed on an entirely different basis than that

presented to the trial court and can be affirmed on any theory that is supported by the record.” Id.

(internal quotation omitted). The cardinal rule of contract interpretation is to ascertain the intention

of the parties and to give effect to that intention. West v. Sharp Bonding Agency, Inc., 327 S.W.3d

7, 15-16 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). “As with all questions of contract interpretation, we first attempt

to ascertain the intent of the parties by looking at the words of the contract and giving those words

their plain, ordinary, and usual meaning.” Belton Price Chopper 58, LLC, 496 S.W.3d at 532




HCA to count expenditures on new construction toward its obligation to spend or commit to spend at least $450
million in “capital expenditures” within five years following the closing date. The trial court denied HCA’s motion
for partial summary judgment. While this ruling preserved nothing for appeal, see Short v. S. Union Co., 372 S.W.3d
520, 537 n.22 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012), HCA did not abandon the issue at trial. Instead, in response to the Foundation’s
extrinsic evidence and in consideration of the trial court’s summary judgment ruling, HCA introduced its own extrinsic
evidence regarding pre-deal negotiation history and post-deal, pre-litigation conduct to counter the extrinsic evidence
being offered by the Foundation.
          HCA’s failure to object to the introduction of the Foundation’s extrinsic evidence at trial in this bench-tried
case waived any objection to its admissibility but did not waive on appeal consideration of whether the terms of the
APA were ambiguous in the first instance. “When evidence of one of the issues in the case is admitted without
objection, the party against whom it is offered waives any objection to the evidence, and it may be properly considered
even if the evidence would have been excluded upon a proper objection.” Klotz v. St. Anthony’s Med. Ctr., 311 S.W.3d
752, 766 (Mo. banc 2010) (emphasis added) (internal quotation omitted). So, while this court may properly consider
any of the extrinsic evidence admitted without objection at trial, it is also proper for this court to first determine
whether any ambiguity exists in the wording of the APA necessitating such evidentiary considerations.
          14
             The existing Facilities acquired by HCA pursuant to the APA included a hospital in Lee’s Summit, and
two hospitals in Independence. These existing Facilities were closed after HCA built the new Lee’s Summit Hospital
and Centerpoint Medical Center.


                                                          16
(internal quotation omitted). “We determine this intent based upon the contract language alone

unless its terms are ambiguous.” Id.

       “[A]mbiguity arises only where the terms are reasonably open to more than one meaning,

or the meaning of the language used is uncertain.” Woods of Somerset, LLC v. Developers Sur. &

Indem. Co., 422 S.W.3d 330, 335 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (internal quotation omitted). “Ambiguity

does not arise merely because the parties disagree over the meaning of a provision, and courts may

not create ambiguity by distorting contractual language that may otherwise be reasonably

interpreted.” Id. Where the contract language is ambiguous, a question of fact arises, and the

parties’ intent must be established by extrinsic or parol evidence. West, 327 S.W.3d at 15.

       HCA argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant it judgment on the Foundation’s

claim for breach of Section 5.1 of the APA because the term “capital expenditures” in Section 5.1

is unambiguous and includes new construction. We agree that the term “capital expenditures” is

unambiguous and includes new construction. We do not agree, however, that as a result, the trial

court erred in failing to grant judgment in HCA’s favor on the Foundation’s claim for breach of

Section 5.1.

       The Post-Closing Operating Covenant in Section 5.1 of the APA provides:

       Capital Improvements. Within two (2) years following the Closing Date, [HCA]
       will either spend or commit to spend at least Three Hundred Million Dollars
       ($300,000,000) in capital expenditures. In each of the three (3) years subsequent
       to the two-year period following the Closing Date, Buyer will either spend or
       commit to spend at least Fifty Million dollars ($50,000,000) in capital expenditures.
       Any amounts spent in any period that are in excess of the required amount for such
       period will be credited against amounts required to be spent or committed to be
       spent in subsequent periods. Moreover, any Permitted Capital Expenditures and
       any capital expenditures made by [Health Midwest] or System Entities which are
       approved by [HCA] shall be credited against [HCA’s] obligations under this
       Section 5.1. The amount of capitalized expenditures made under this Section 5.1
       will be determined in accordance with [HCA’s] then applicable accounting policies
       and procedures. The construction of new facilities by [HCA] will not materially




                                                17
        detract from the required maintenance and necessary improvement of existing
        Facilities.

Though the APA does not expressly define “capital expenditures,” it effectively does so by

directing that “[t]he amount of capital expenditures made under this Section 5.1 will be determined

in accordance with [HCA’s] then applicable accounting policies and procedures.” (Emphasis

added.) This provision in Section 5.1 of the APA was recognized by the trial court, which found

that any expenditure for which HCA sought to take credit toward its obligation to spend or commit

to spend as required by Section 5.1 “needed to be capitalized and made in accordance with HCA’s

‘then applicable accounting policies and procedures.’” (FOF ¶ 301) The trial court also found

that the effect of this provision was to require expenditures claimed to be capital in nature to

conform to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). (FOF ¶ 330) Neither of these

findings is challenged on appeal.

        Pursuant to GAAP, the term “capital expenditures” has a settled and accepted meaning

insofar as it includes costs of new construction. “‘It has long been recognized, as a general matter,

that costs incurred in the acquisition . . . of a capital asset are to be treated as capital expenditures.’

This principle has obvious application to the acquisition of a capital asset by purchase, but it has

been applied, as well, to the costs incurred in a taxpayer’s construction of capital facilities.”

Comm’r of Internal Revenue v. Idaho Power Co., 418 U.S. 1, 12, 94 S. Ct. 2757, 41 L. Ed. 2d 535

(1974) (quoting Woodward v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 397 U.S. 572, 575, 90 S. Ct. 1302, 25

L. Ed. 2d 577 (1970)) (other citations omitted). In fact, applicable Internal Revenue Code

regulations addressing capital expenditures “include the ‘cost of acquisition, construction, or

erection of buildings.’” Id. at 16 (quoting Treas. Reg. § 1.263(a)-2(a)).

        In fact, the Foundation does not contest that the phrase “capital expenditures” has a

common and accepted meaning. The Foundation conceded in its pleadings that “money spent on



                                                    18
the construction of new hospitals can be properly characterized as ‘capital expenditures’”; that

“there is no dispute that the APA recognizes that HCA, at the time it entered into the APA, was

contemplating building new facilities within the Kansas City area”; and that “[i]n the present

case . . . the parties agree on the meaning of ‘capital expenditures.’”       (L.F. at 2612)     The

Foundation reiterated during oral argument that it does not dispute that the term “capital

expenditures” has a settled meaning which includes new construction.

       Because the term “capital expenditures” possesses a commonly understood meaning,

which includes within its ambit capital improvements to existing Facilities and the cost to construct

new facilities, the term is unambiguous. Despite this conceded point, the Foundation argued, and

the trial court agreed, that Section 5.1 is ambiguous because it was not clear which capital

expenditures should be eligible for credit against HCA’s $450 million capital expenditure

obligation. We disagree.

       Section 5.1 unambiguously provides that “[t]he amount of capitalized expenditures made

under this Section 5.1 will be determined in accordance with [HCA’s] then applicable accounting

policies and procedures.” Section 5.1 thus directs in plain and simple terms which capital

expenditures are to be credited against HCA’s $450 million capital expenditure obligation. As we

have already explained, the trial court found that Section 5.1’s reference to HCA’s “then applicable

accounting policies and procedures” necessarily referred to GAAP.            Thus, substituting the

commonly understood meaning of the term “capital expenditures,” and this finding, accordingly,

Section 5.1 plainly directed that “[t]he amount of [expenditures on existing Facilities or new

construction] under this Section 5.1 will be determined in accordance with [GAAP].” There is no

ambiguity in this directive. HCA was to have been credited with capital expenditures properly

characterized as such pursuant to GAAP.




                                                 19
        The Foundation nonetheless argues that, read as a whole, the APA reflects an intent to limit

the capital expenditures for which HCA should receive credit to expenditures on existing Facilities.

Though it is true that many provisions of the APA refer to the existing Facilities, no provision of

the APA is rendered meaningless or ambiguous if Section 5.1 is given its plain and unambiguous

meaning. In contrast, ambiguity is created only when Section 5.1 is not afforded its plain and

unambiguous meaning. We do not resort to rules of construction to create an ambiguity where

none exists. Dunn Indus. Grp., Inc. v. City of Sugar Creek, 112 S.W.3d 421, 429 (Mo. banc 2003).

        Moreover, the Foundation’s argument ignores its concession that the APA contemplated

HCA’s possible construction of new facilities. Nowhere is that point made clearer, in fact, than in

Section 5.1 itself. The last sentence of Section 5.1 provides that “the construction of new facilities

by [HCA] will not materially detract from the required maintenance and necessary improvement

of existing Facilities.” It is not a coincidence that this sentence refers to new construction and

improvements to existing Facilities, both agreed-upon components of the settled meaning of the

term “capital expenditure.” Plainly read, the last sentence of Section 5.1 recognizes that even

though HCA is contractually entitled to receive credit toward its Section 5.1 capital expenditure

obligation for new construction and improvements to existing Facilities, that right is tempered by

HCA’s obligation to insure that new construction expenditures do not materially detract from

necessary improvements to existing Facilities.15

        In summary, Section 5.1 is unambiguous. Section 5.1 unambiguously permitted HCA to

credit amounts “spent or committed to be spent” on the construction of Lee’s Summit Hospital and




        15
             Here, the trial court rejected the Foundation’s contention that HCA’s construction of two new hospitals
materially detracted from required maintenance or improvements to existing Facilities. (FOF ¶¶ 245-275) In fact, the
trial court found that there were no required or necessary improvements to the existing Facilities that were not made
by HCA.


                                                         20
Centerpoint Hospital against its $450 million capital expenditure obligation. In this respect,

Point III is granted.

        However, our determination does not lead automatically to the conclusion that the trial

court erred in failing to enter judgment in HCA’s favor on the Foundation’s claim for breach of

Section 5.1 of the APA. The trial court found that Section 5.1 of the APA created four independent,

temporal covenants,16 the breach of any one of which supported a claim for breach of contract.

This subject is addressed in our discussion of Point VIII on appeal, infra. And the trial court found

that HCA improperly claimed “commitments to spend” in calculating its compliance with the

temporal covenants set forth in Section 5.1, a subject we address in our discussion of Point VI on

appeal, infra.

                                                     Point IV

        In Point IV, HCA argues that if Section 5.1 is deemed ambiguous, the trial court’s

interpretation is against the weight of the evidence because the weight of the evidence (albeit

extrinsic) shows that the parties intended the term “capital expenditures” to include new

construction. Point IV is rendered moot by our resolution of Point III on appeal and need not be

further discussed.

                                                     Point VI

        In HCA’s sixth point, it asserts that the trial court erred in failing to enter judgment in its

favor on the Foundation’s claim for breach of Section 5.1 of the APA because the Annual Reports

HCA provided Health Midwest as required by Section 5.14 of the APA included representations

that HCA would build new medical facilities that were sufficient to constitute “commitments to


        16
             Section 5.1 provided that “[w]ithin two (2) years following the Closing Date, [HCA] will either spend or
commit to spend at least Three Hundred Million Dollars ($300,000,000) in capital expenditures. In each of the three
(3) years subsequent to the two-year period following the Closing Date, [HCA] will either spend or commit to spend
at least Fifty Million dollars ($50,000,000) in capital expenditures.”


                                                         21
spend” pursuant to Section 5.1. The essence of HCA’s argument is that by expressing the intent

to make capital expenditures in the future on a required Annual Report, HCA made a Section 5.1

“commitment to spend” that should be credited against its $450 million capital expenditure

obligation. The trial court rejected this argument, finding that Section 5.1 requires any expenditure

that can be counted toward Section 5.1’s capital expenditure obligation must satisfy GAAP, and

that the mere inclusion in an Annual Report of a stated intent to spend money in the future did not

constitute a “commitment to spend” pursuant to GAAP. The trial court did not err in reaching this

conclusion.

        Once again, the plain and unambiguous language of Section 5.1 of the APA controls. As

noted, Section 5.1 provides that “[t]he amount of capitalized expenditures made under this

Section 5.1 will be determined in accordance with [HCA’s] then applicable accounting policies

and procedures.” (Emphasis added.) And as noted, the trial court found that HCA’s then

applicable accounting policies and procedures necessarily referred to GAAP. HCA advances no

argument on appeal to explain how the mere inclusion of a planned future expenditure on an

Annual Report required by the APA constitutes a “commitment to spend” in accordance with

GAAP.

        The plain language of Section 5.14 further undercuts HCA’s contention. In order to

establish compliance with the four temporal covenants set forth in Section 5.1, Section 5.14

required HCA to submit each year to Health Midwest a report “setting forth in reasonable detail

how it complied with the operating covenants, including a specific accounting of capital

expenditures [HCA] agrees to make in accordance with Section 5.1.” (Emphasis added.)

Section 5.14 thus cross-references Section 5.1, where “commit to spend” is necessarily calculated

based on HCA’s then applicable accounting policies and procedures: GAAP. In this context, then,




                                                 22
the trial court correctly concluded that HCA’s bare recitation in its Annual Reports about a lump

sum it intended to spend on “new hospitals” at an unspecified point in the future was insufficient

to constitute the “specific accounting of capital expenditures [HCA] agrees to make” required by

Section 5.14.

       Point VI is denied.

                         Point V – Extrinsic Evidence Application of Law

       In HCA’s fifth point, it asserts that the trial court erred in failing to enter judgment for

HCA because it misapplied the law of the extrinsic evidence as it related to the trial court’s

interpretation of a purported ambiguity in Section 5.1 of the APA.

       Given our ruling in Point III that the APA is unambiguous, however, we need not resort to

a review of extrinsic or parol evidence; thus, we need not and do not evaluate the trial court’s

application of law with regard to the trial court’s interpretation of such extrinsic or parol evidence.

       Point V is denied.

                Points VII and VIII – Issue of Harm Caused and/or Penalty Applied

       HCA’s Points VII and VIII both address the issue of damages; therefore, we will consider

them together. In HCA’s seventh point, HCA asserts that the trial court erred in entering judgment

for the Foundation because the Foundation failed to make a submissible case for breach of contract.

In HCA’s eighth point, it argues that the trial court erred in awarding the Foundation a “shortfall”

of $239 million under Section 5.15 of the APA because the provision is an unenforceable penalty

provision.

                                              Point VII

       “[T]he general rule of the law of contracts is well settled that in certain cases a breach of

contract may give rise to two remedies.” Magruder v. Pauley, 411 S.W.3d 323, 331 (Mo. App.




                                                  23
W.D. 2013) (emphasis added) (internal quotation omitted). “One is an action at law for damages

for the breach; the other is a suit in equity for the specific performance of the contract.” Id.

(emphasis added) (internal quotation omitted). HCA mischaracterizes the Foundation’s suit as an

action at law for damages for breach of contract. The Foundation’s suit is an action in equity for

specific performance; accordingly, the elements of a cause of action for breach of contract are

inapplicable in this case.17

         Point VII is denied.

                                                    Point VIII

         In its eighth point, HCA argues that because it is uncontested that HCA actually spent in

excess of $450 million in capital expenditures within the five-year period following closing,18 an

award of shortfall damages based on shortfalls incurred in the separate, temporal covenant terms

specified by Section 5.1 constitutes an unenforceable penalty. We disagree, as HCA’s argument

requires us to disregard the plain language of the APA.

         Section 5.1 of the APA provides that within two years following the closing date, HCA

will either spend or commit to spend at least $300 million in capital expenditures; and in each of

the three subsequent years, HCA will either spend or commit to spend at least $50 million in capital

expenditures. That totals expenditures or commitments to spend of $450 million over five years,

but Section 5.1 expressly requires those expenditures or commitments to spend to be satisfied in

four temporal increments.



         17
            Even in a breach of contract action at law, “[p]roof of the existence of a contract and its breach make a
submissible case on damages, no matter whether actual damages have been proven.” Hanna v. Darr, 154 S.W.3d 2,
5 n.2 (Mo. App. E.D. 2004). And here, where required capital expenditures in excess of $100 million dollars have
not been made, it can hardly be said that the record is devoid of evidence of damages.
         18
            By including “new construction” within the ambit of capital expenditures, it is uncontested that HCA spent
in excess of $450 million during the five-year term following closing on the APA. The two new hospitals built in
Lee’s Summit and Independence were completed, according to the record on appeal, in 2007 during either the third
or fourth compliance period.


                                                         24
       We have already explained that Section 5.14 required HCA to provide Health Midwest

with an Annual Report detailing “how it complied with the [Article 5] operating covenants,

including a specific accounting of capital expenditures [HCA] agrees to make in accordance with

Section 5.1.” Section 5.15 of the APA specifies remedies if HCA breaches or fails to perform any

of the Article 5 operating covenants, including the payment of shortfalls if HCA does not spend or

commit to spend the agreed amount on capital expenditures in the agreed-upon time frames. In

pertinent part, Section 5.15 provides:

       In addition, if the [Section 5.14] annual report shows that, for any applicable period,
       [HCA] has not spent or committed to spend dollars on capital expenditures during
       such period at least equal to the amount [HCA] agreed to provide in Section 5.1,
       then [HCA] will immediately pay such shortfall to [Health Midwest]. Moreover,
       if [HCA] has not spent $450,000,000 on capital expenditures . . . within a
       reasonable period of time after the fifth anniversary of the Closing . . . , then [HCA]
       will immediately pay such shortfall to [Health Midwest].

       The language in Section 5.15 is not that of a liquidated damages clause. “A liquidated

damages provision is a measure of compensation, which, at the time of contracting, the parties

agree will represent damages in case of breach.” Frank v. Sandy Rothschild & Assocs., Inc., 4

S.W.3d 602, 605 (Mo. App. E.D. 1999). “When such a clause represents a reasonable forecast of

the harm caused by the breach and the harm is of a type that is difficult to accurately estimate,

courts will enforce it as a liquidated damages provision.” Id. at 606. “However, the provision

must be formulated to compensate the plaintiff for damages he would suffer as a result of a breach

of the contract; otherwise courts will construe it as a penalty clause designed primarily to compel

performance and will refuse to enforce it.” Id.

       Rather, Section 5.15 recognizes that one portion of the consideration offered by HCA for

Health Midwest’s agreement to enter into the APA was the injection of capital in the temporal

time frames required by the APA. In failing to fulfill its temporal obligations, HCA failed to afford




                                                  25
Health Midwest a portion of the consideration promised, entitling Health Midwest to recover the

shortfall.

        HCA’s failure to satisfy Section 5.1’s temporal expenditure obligations cannot be

disregarded merely because HCA ultimately spent all that it was required to spend. HCA could

satisfy its Section 5.1 $450 million capital expenditure obligations with “commitments to spend.”

In other words, by the end of the four temporal covenant terms described in Section 5.1, HCA was

not required to have actually spent $450 million in capital expenditures. Instead, it is Section 5.15

which imposed the additional obligation on HCA to demonstrate actual capital expenditures of at

least $450 million within a reasonable period of time after the four temporal covenant terms

described in Section 5.1. Thus, HCA was subject to two distinct capital expenditure obligations:

the temporal obligations to spend or to commit to spend described in Section 5.1, and the

obligation to actually spend described in Section 5.15. The distinct shortfall recovery rights

described in Section 5.15 recognize the independent nature of these contractual obligations. HCA

could have satisfied its temporal obligations to spend or commit to spend set forth in Section 5.1,

while breaching the obligation to actually spend described in Section 5.15. Conversely, as is the

case here, HCA could have satisfied its obligation to actually spend set forth in Section 5.15, while

breaching the temporal obligations to spend or commit to spend set forth in Section 5.1. HCA is

not relieved of its breach of one contract provision by its performance of another.

        Nor can it be said that awarding damages for breach of Section 5.1’s temporal “spend or

commit to spend” provisions is a “penalty” merely because HCA did not breach the “actually

spend” provision described in Section 5.15. HCA’s capital expenditure performance was required

in specified temporal time frames for reasons that were important to the parties, and that were no

doubt influenced by the public impact on the provision of health care; otherwise, the temporal




                                                 26
obligations would not have been inserted into the APA.             HCA’s breach of the temporal

performance obligations is best measured by the temporal shortfall—the amount, not

coincidentally, that the parties contractually agreed should be the appropriate measure of damages.

       The trial court did not err in granting the Foundation the relief provided by Section 5.15 of

the APA for HCA’s shortfalls in satisfying the temporal capital expenditure obligations set forth

in Section 5.1, although the amount of the shortfall awarded by the trial court must be modified

given our determination that HCA should have been afforded credit for amounts spent or properly

committed to be spent on new construction, discussed supra.

       Point VIII is denied.

                                 Point IX – Prejudgment Interest

       In HCA’s ninth point, it asserts that the trial court erred in awarding prejudgment interest,

compounded annually, from the date the Petition was filed because, as of that date, the measure of

damages was unclear and disputed, and the amount of damages was neither liquidated nor

reasonably ascertainable.

       In the trial court’s December 9, 2015 Judgment, it awarded the Foundation the sum of

$239,444,825 as the aggregate shortfall amount. Though the trial court’s ruling in January 2013

had denied the Foundation’s request for prejudgment interest, the trial court reconsidered its ruling

and, in its December 2015 judgment, ordered HCA to pay the Foundation prejudgment interest

from October 2, 2009 (the date the lawsuit was filed) “at the statutory rate of 9% per annum

pursuant to RSMO. § 408.020 and/or § 408.040, compounded annually . . . until this Judgment is

satisfied in full[.]” Thus, at the time of the judgment in 2015, the trial court awarded prejudgment

interest on the shortfall amount in the sum of $167,105,206. With the “compounding annually”

feature in this judgment, the interest on the shortfall would soon exceed the amount of the shortfall.




                                                 27
         In addition, the trial court awarded the Foundation attorney’s fees (approximately

$21,000,000) and costs (approximately $1,500,000) and ordered that HCA pay prejudgment

interest, compounded annually, on the bulk of these fees and costs in the approximate amount of

$5,000,000.

         “In equitable actions, the determination of whether to award prejudgment interest is left to

the discretion of the trial court.” McDonald v. Ins. Co. of State of Pa., 460 S.W.3d 58, 67 (Mo.

App. W.D. 2015) (internal quotation omitted). See also Carpenter v. Countrywide Home Loans,

Inc., 250 S.W.3d 697, 704 (Mo. banc 2008); Boyle v. Crimm, 253 S.W.2d 149, 157 (Mo. 1952).

When a claimant seeks an equitable remedy, the trial court may be guided by the equitable

principles of fairness and justice when determining whether to award prejudgment interest. Ins.

Co. of N. Am. v. Skyway Aviation, Inc., 828 S.W.2d 888, 892 (Mo. App. W.D. 1992). If the trial

court, in its discretion, awards prejudgment interest in an equitable action, the rate of interest

should be that in section 408.020. Vogel v. Lake Timberline Prop. Owners Voluntary Ass’n, 741

S.W.2d 869, 872 (Mo. App. E.D. 1987). Prejudgment interest under section 408.020 may be

awarded when the measure of damages is clear and when the amount due is liquidated or readily

ascertainable. Am. Eagle Waste Indus., LLC v. St. Louis Cty., 379 S.W.3d 813, 835 (Mo. banc

2012).

         Here, it simply cannot be reasonably said that the amount due was either liquidated or

readily ascertainable at the time the petition was filed. Aside from the fact that the trial court’s

judgment itself spends over 100 pages explaining why it believed it needed extrinsic evidence to

understand the “intent” of Section 5.1 of the APA (which obviously impacts calculation of the

shortfall in the judgment), the trial court also considered it necessary to order the appointment of

a special master to conduct a court-supervised accounting in order to determine the full extent to




                                                 28
which HCA satisfied (or failed to satisfy) its obligations under Section 5.1. The trial court stated

that it appointed a special master to conduct the accounting because “this is clearly a ‘matter of

accounting and of difficult computation of damages,’ as stated in Rule 68.01(b).” (Emphasis

added.)

          Specifically, the trial court ordered that the accounting include determinations with regard

to HCA’s compliance with Section 5.1, including whether the amounts claimed in the Second

through the Sixth Annual Reports “for the existing Facilities were actually spent or properly

committed to be spent by HCA in accordance with HCA’s then applicable accounting policies and

procedures.” The trial court further ordered that the accounting consider:

          (1) whether expenditures in the existing Facilities for which HCA could properly
          take credit in accordance with the APA and this Court’s findings were: (a) actually
          expended, and (b) actually capitalized in accordance with HCA’s then applicable
          accounting policies and procedures; (2) whether and to what extent HCA had
          actually entered into agreements giving rise to obligations or otherwise entered into
          actual “commitments” for items relating to the existing Facilities and identified as
          “commitments” in any of the Annual Reports; and (3) whether and to what extent
          HCA properly accounted for the net book value of Medical Center of Independence,
          Independence Regional Health Center, Lee’s Summit Hospital, and Baptist
          Lutheran Medical Center, and the equipment and other assets of those facilities
          upon their closing.

(FOF ¶ 563)

          Simply put, we agree with the trial court that there were “difficult” accounting issues

reasonably in dispute necessitating the use of a court-supervised special master. Thus, we

conclude that the shortfall amount due under the APA was neither liquidated nor readily

ascertainable when the Foundation filed its petition on October 2, 2009, nor as of the 2013

appointment of the special master. The trial court’s conclusion to the contrary was an abuse of its

discretion; thus, the trial court erred in that portion of the judgment awarding prejudgment interest.




                                                   29
        HCA also contends that the trial court erred in awarding compound interest, both in its

prejudgment interest award and all sums continuing to be owed under the judgment until the

judgment is satisfied in full.         Although we need not address HCA’s contention as to the

prejudgment interest award given our conclusion that the trial court erred in awarding the

Foundation prejudgment interest at all, we must review HCA’s claim of error as it relates to

post-judgment interest.

        Section 408.020 governs the rate of interest (nine percent per annum) 19 that a trial court

may award but does not specify whether simple or compound interest20 shall be applied.

“Compound interest generally is not allowable on a judgment.” Wallemann v. Wallemann, 817

S.W.2d 548, 549 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991). There are two exceptions to the general rule that

compound interest is not available on judgments in Missouri. Geisner v. Budget Rent A Car of

Mo., 999 S.W.2d 265, 268 (Mo. App. E.D. 1999). “First, trial courts, sitting as courts of equity,

may assess compound interest when justice requires it to serve the cause of equity.” Id. “Second,

compound interest is allowed if the parties consent to it in the contract or agreement in question.”

Id.

        Here, the parties did not consent to compound interest in the APA. Therefore, the issue is

whether justice required compound interest to serve the cause of equity. The Foundation contends

that the trial court, as a court of equity, had discretion to award it compound interest. It argues that

HCA was the Foundation’s fiduciary, and as a result of HCA’s failure to abide by its APA

obligations, the Foundation lost investment income when HCA retained the compound component




        19
             The parties do not dispute that the applicable interest rate is nine percent per annum.
        20
             “Simple interest is interest computed solely on principal. Compound interest is interest upon interest;
where accrued interest is added to the principal sum and the whole treated as a new principal for the calculation of
interest for the next period.” Wallemann v. Wallemann, 817 S.W.2d 548, 549 (Mo. App. E.D. 1991) (citation omitted)
(internal quotations omitted).


                                                        30
of the interest and investment income it realized on the Foundation’s principal for more than a

decade.

       “Missouri courts have upheld equitable awards of compound interest only when there has

been a breach of fiduciary duty, such as self-dealing or commingling of funds.” Id. See also

Palmer v. Palmer, 805 S.W.2d 326 (Mo. App. W.D. 1991) (partner); Armstrong v. Priest (In re

Murdoch), 31 S.W. 942 (Mo. 1895) (assignee for distribution among partnership creditors); Bobb

v. Bobb, 4 S.W. 511 (Mo. 1887) (trustee); Pomeroy v. Benton, 77 Mo. 64 (1882) (partner); Camp’s

Creditors & Distributees v. Camp’s Adm’r, 74 Mo. 192 (1881) (administrator); In re Davis, 62

Mo. 450 (1876) (executor); Williams v. Heirs of Petticrew, 62 Mo. 460 (1876) (administrator); and

Frost v. Winston, 32 Mo. 489 (1862) (guardian). Those cases are distinguishable from the present

case because the Foundation has not alleged that HCA engaged in self-dealing or commingling of

funds. Additionally, HCA and the Foundation were parties to a contract with differing interests;

therefore, HCA did not have a fiduciary relationship with the Foundation. See Inauen Packaging

Equip. Corp. v. Integrated Indus. Servs., Inc., 970 S.W.2d 360, 371 (Mo. App. W.D. 1998) (“It

has long been the rule in our state that the existence of a business relationship does not give rise to

a fiduciary relationship, nor a presumption of such a relationship.” (internal quotation omitted)).

Accordingly, the equitable exception to the general rule against compound interest does not apply

in this case, and the trial court erred in awarding compound interest on the judgment.

       Point IX is granted.

                              Point X – Percentage of Shortfall Award

       In HCA’s tenth point, without reference to any legal authority for its position, it asserts that

the trial court erred in awarding the Foundation 100% of the alleged “shortfall.”




                                                  31
        Rule 84.04(e) requires the appellant’s brief to contain an argument section that discusses

the errors included in the point relied on. “An argument should show how the principles of law

and the facts of the case interact.” Nicol v. Nicol, 491 S.W.3d 266, 270 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016)

(internal quotation omitted). HCA’s argument consists of one paragraph, to-wit:

        The trial court erred in awarding the Foundation 100% of the alleged “shortfall,”
        because under the AG Settlement agreement, the Foundation is entitled to only 80%
        of APA-related proceeds and [Reach Healthcare] is entitled to the rest. See L.F.435
        (Foundation identifying itself as “the party entitled to 80 percent of the monetary
        proceeds at trial”). [Reach Healthcare] is not a party to this litigation and never
        assigned its rights to the alleged “shortfall” to the Foundation.

HCA’s argument lacks citation to relevant legal authority, fails to compare the facts of the case to

any relevant principles of law, lacks any pertinent legal analysis, and is comprised mainly of

unsupported conclusions. See id. at 271. An appellant has an obligation to cite appropriate and

available precedent if it expects to prevail, and, if no authority is available, it should explain the

reason why citations are unavailable. Thummel v. King, 570 S.W.2d 679, 687 (Mo. banc 1978).

“Mere conclusions and the failure to develop an argument with support from legal authority

preserve nothing for review.” Nicol, 491 S.W.3d at 271 (internal quotation omitted). “If a party

does not support contentions with relevant authority or argument beyond conclusory statements,

the point is deemed abandoned.” Id. (internal quotation omitted).

        But even if we disregard HCA’s Rule 84.04 violation, its point is without substantive merit.

The record reveals that the Foundation and Reach Healthcare entered into an Agreement on

April 19, 2011, with regard to the Foundation’s pending lawsuit against HCA.21                             In that

Agreement, Reach Healthcare expressly agreed to:



        21
            In the Agreement’s sixth recital paragraph, the parties identify the Lawsuit: “WHEREAS, [the Foundation]
has filed a lawsuit against HCA and HM Acquisition, LLC that is currently pending in the Circuit Court of Jackson
County Missouri, Case No. 0916-CV30692, seeking various remedies, including declaratory judgment and specific
performance of the Asset Purchase Agreement (‘Lawsuit’)[.]”


                                                        32
         fully and forever waive, release, and relinquish any and all rights, claims, or
         interests that it may have or assert in or with regard to any funds that may be
         obtained by [the Foundation] . . . or any other person or entity from HCA, HM
         Acquisition, LLC or an affiliate of HCA or HM Acquisition, LLC through any
         judgment in or by settlement of the Lawsuit.

The Agreement, thus, contradicts the conclusory argument by HCA that the shortfalls awarded by

the trial court should be reduced by Reach Healthcare’s alleged percentage share of any judgment

proceeds.

         Point X is denied.

                                 Rule 84.14 Adjustments to the Judgment

         By virtue of our rulings today, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in

part, and should be modified accordingly. Rule 84.14 directs us to “give such judgment as the

court ought to give” and, “[u]nless justice otherwise requires,” to “dispose finally of the case.”

Accordingly, because we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding credit for

capital expenditures for new construction toward the capital expenditure obligations therein set

forth, and because we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding prejudgment

interest and erred in ordering that compound interest accrue on all the amounts awarded in the

judgment, in lieu of remanding this matter to the trial court, we modify the judgment pursuant to

our authority under Rule 84.14 as follows:

         1. We reverse that portion of the Judgment in favor of the Foundation and against HCA

(that is, HM Acquisition, LLC and HCA, Inc., jointly and severally) in the amount of

$239,444,825, which represented the collective amount of the stipulated shortfalls during the four

reporting periods anticipated by Section 5.1.22 HCA is entitled to credit against the stipulated


         22
           The parties stipulated to shortfalls after court-ordered accounting procedures as follows: $200,819,610 for
the period from April 1, 2003, through March 31, 2005; $4,459,707 for the period from April 1, 2005, through
March 31, 2006; $6,525,288 for the period from April 1, 2006, through March 31, 2007; and $27,640,220 for the
period from April 1, 2007, through March 31, 2008. HCA reserved its right to challenge the stipulated shortfalls based


                                                         33
shortfalls for $22,934,418 the trial court found it spent toward new construction of Lee’s Summit

Hospital during the first covenant period (FOF ¶ 279) and for $12,142,373 the trial court found it

committed to spend in accordance with GAAP toward construction of the new hospital in

Independence during the first covenant period (FOF ¶ 438, 448). HCA is also entitled to credit for

the collective shortfall of $38,625,215 stipulated to for the second, third, and fourth covenant

periods, as the trial court found that HCA committed to spend well in excess of that amount to

build Lee’s Summit Hospital as of January 2006, and as Section 5.1 directs that amounts spent in

excess of the required sum in any covenant period shall be credited to the remaining covenant

periods. Given these credits, we enter judgment in favor of the Foundation and against HCA (that

is, HM Acquisition, LLC and HCA, Inc., jointly and severally) for shortfalls in the amount of

$165,742,819.

        2. We reverse that portion of the judgment that HCA (that is, HM Acquisition, LLC and

HCA, Inc., jointly and severally) shall pay to the Foundation prejudgment interest on any sum of

damages that the trial court itemized with regard to shortfall damages, attorney’s fees, or costs, for

the period from October 2, 2009 (the date the petition was filed), to December 9, 2015 (the date of

final judgment), at the statutory rate of nine percent per annum, compounded annually.

        We order, instead, that interest on $188,074,491 (representing shortfall damages of

$165,742,819 as herein awarded and attorney’s fees and costs of $22,331,672 itemized in the

Judgment) accrue at the statutory rate of nine percent per annum, simple interest, from and after

the date of Judgment, December 9, 2015, until the Judgment as herein modified is satisfied in full.




on whether it should be entitled to credit for amounts spent or committed to be spent on new construction, and based
on whether the trial court correctly determined when an amount could be deemed committed to be spent for purposes
of Section 5.1 credit. We have resolved both reserved issues in this opinion.


                                                        34
      3. As so modified, the trial court’s Judgment is in all other respects affirmed.




                                            Mark D. Pfeiffer, Chief Judge

Thomas H. Newton and Cynthia L. Martin, Judges, concur.




                                               35
