                                                                                       Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                             Lansing, Michigan
                                                                Chief Justice:         Justices:



Syllabus                                                        Robert P. Young, Jr.   Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                       Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                                       David F. Viviano
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been             Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.               Corbin R. Davis


                                         PEOPLE v CHENAULT

       Docket Nos. 146523 and 146524. Argued December 12, 2013 (Calendar No. 6). Decided April
       4, 2014.

               An Oakland Circuit Court jury convicted Schuyler D. Chenault of felony murder, MCL
       750.316(1)(b), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b,
       arising out of the shooting death of Kevin Harris, a cocaine dealer, during a drug transaction in
       which defendant was involved. The sole question at trial was the identity of the shooter. During
       one of her interviews with the police, Heather Holloway (Harris’s girlfriend) identified defendant
       as the shooter. Her interviews were videotaped, but defendant’s counsel did not receive copies
       of the recordings. Holloway’s written statements did not mention that Jared Chambers (a
       middleman whom Harris sometimes used) was also present at the shooting. Only defendant,
       Holloway, and Chambers witnessed the shooting, and there was no physical evidence to tie either
       defendant or Chambers to the shooting. The defense theory was that Chambers shot Harris and
       that Holloway identified defendant as the shooter out of fear of Chambers. A month after the
       trial, defense counsel moved for a new trial and requested a copy of the recordings of
       Holloway’s interviews. Defense counsel also added claims of ineffective assistance of counsel
       and prosecutorial misconduct regarding the failure to provide the recordings. The court, Daniel
       Patrick O’Brien, J., granted defendant’s motion for a new trial, concluding that his due process
       rights had been violated under Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83 (1963), because the suppressed
       videotaped recordings undermined confidence in the outcome of the trial. The Court of Appeals,
       FORT HOOD, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and DONOFRIO, JJ., reversed in an unpublished opinion per
       curiam, issued November 27, 2012 (Docket Nos. 309384 and 310456). The panel analyzed the
       Brady claim using the four-factor test articulated in People v Lester, 232 Mich App 262 (1998),
       which had added a requirement of due diligence to the Brady test, and concluded that defense
       counsel had not exercised due diligence and that the suppressed evidence was neither favorable
       nor material. It also held that defendant had not been denied the effective assistance of counsel
       because there was no prejudice. Defendant sought leave to appeal, which the Supreme Court
       granted. 494 Mich 862 (2013).

               In a unanimous opinion by Justice MCCORMACK, the Supreme Court held:

              Brady and its progeny do not support a diligence requirement, and Lester must be
       overruled.
        1. Brady held that the prosecution’s suppression of evidence favorable to an accused
upon request violates due process when the evidence is material to either guilt or punishment,
irrespective of the prosecution’s good or bad faith. The United States Supreme Court articulated
the essential components of a Brady violation in a three-factor test: (1) The evidence at issue
must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory or because it is impeaching, (2)
the prosecution must have suppressed that evidence, either willfully or inadvertently, and (3)
prejudice must have ensued, that is, the evidence must be material. The government is held
responsible for evidence within its control, even evidence unknown to the prosecution, without
regard to the prosecution’s good or bad faith. Evidence is favorable to the defense when it is
either exculpatory or impeaching. To establish materiality, the defendant must show a
reasonable probability that had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome. This standard does not require demonstrating by a
preponderance of the evidence that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have ultimately
resulted in the defendant’s acquittal. The question is whether in the absence of the suppressed
evidence, the defendant received a fair trial, that is, a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of
confidence. In assessing the materiality of the evidence, courts must consider the suppressed
evidence collectively, rather than piecemeal.

         2. In Lester, the Court of Appeals added an additional requirement to the Brady test: that
the defendant did not possess the evidence and could not have obtained it himself or herself with
any reasonable diligence. Neither the United States Supreme Court nor the Michigan Supreme
Court has endorsed this element. Any concerns that a diligence requirement might address are
already confronted in the context of Brady’s suppression requirement and the Sixth
Amendment’s guarantee of the effective assistance of counsel. A diligence rule of the sort
adopted in Lester is contrary to Brady. The Brady rule is aimed at defining an important
prosecutorial duty; it is not a tool to ensure competent defense counsel. Adding a diligence
requirement to the rule undermines the fairness that it is designed to protect. Because the four-
factor Lester test was not doctrinally supported and undermined the purpose of Brady, it was
overruled. The controlling test is that articulated in Strickler v Greene, 527 US 263 (1999): (1)
the prosecution has suppressed evidence (2) that is favorable to the accused and (3) viewed in its
totality, material.

        3. Defendant’s Brady claim failed because the suppressed evidence was not material to
his guilt. The prosecution conceded that the evidence in question was suppressed, leaving the
questions of whether the suppressed evidence was favorable to defendant, either as exculpatory
or impeaching evidence, and whether it was material. Only three people witnessed the shooting.
Other than Holloway’s and Chambers’s testimony, no other evidence at trial identified defendant
as the shooter. Because the videotaped statements could have impeached Holloway and
Chambers as well as undermined the strength of Holloway’s identification of defendant, the
evidence was favorable to the defense. The suppressed evidence was not material, however.
The question was not whether defendant would more likely than not have received a different
verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence defendant received a fair trial, understood
as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence. Even in the absence of the suppressed
evidence, defendant received such a trial because the cumulative effect of the evidence was not
material. The promises of leniency made to both Holloway and Chambers were not material;
they were not conditioned on any behavior on their part. The evidence would not have
undermined Holloway’s identification of defendant in a material way. Despite minor
discrepancies, Holloway identified defendant with confidence, and her qualifications about her
ability to view the shooter did not undermine the overall strength of her identification. The
suppressed evidence also did not contain information that would lead to the conclusion that
defense counsel would have asserted that Holloway misidentified defendant rather than the
cover-up theory pursued at trial.

        4. Defendant could not establish the prejudice necessary to prevail on his claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant claimed that defense counsel was ineffective for
failing to investigate and acquire the recordings during trial. Defendant could not establish a
Brady violation because the suppressed evidence was not material, however, and Brady
materiality is assessed under the same reasonable-probability standard as that used to assess
prejudice for purposes of ineffective assistance of counsel.

       Court of Appeals’ result affirmed.




                                   ©2014 State of Michigan
                                                                            Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                  Lansing, Michigan
                                                       Chief Justice:         Justices:



Opinion                                                Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                            Stephen J. Markman
                                                                            Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                            Brian K. Zahra
                                                                            Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                            David F. Viviano

                                                                        FILED APRIL 4, 2014

                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                    SUPREME COURT


 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                      Nos. 146523 and146524

 SCHUYLER DION CHENAULT,

              Defendant-Appellant.


 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 MCCORMACK, J.
       In this case we consider the proper test for applying the United States Supreme

 Court’s decision in Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963).

 In People v Lester, 232 Mich App 262; 591 NW 2d 267 (1998), the Court of Appeals

 adopted a four-factor test that added a requirement of defendant diligence to the

 traditional Brady test. Neither the Supreme Court of the United States nor this Court has

 endorsed this element.

       We hold that a diligence requirement is not supported by Brady or its progeny.

 Thus, we overrule Lester and reaffirm the traditional three-factor Brady test. Because the
defendant cannot establish that the suppressed evidence was material, however, his Brady

claim nevertheless fails. Accordingly, we affirm the result reached by the Court of

Appeals.

                   I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The defendant’s convictions for felony murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b), and

possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b, arose out of

the shooting death of Kevin Harris in Pontiac, Michigan, on June 29, 2008. Harris was a

cocaine dealer, who often used Jared Chambers as a middleman to connect with buyers.

Chambers occasionally contacted Harris through Harris’s girlfriend, Heather Holloway.

       On June 29, 2008, Chambers arranged a transaction between the defendant and

Harris. The defendant and Chambers, together with several others, met Harris on a side

street in Pontiac. Harris pulled up behind the defendant’s car. Holloway was in Harris’s

passenger seat. As both Chambers and the defendant approached Harris’ car, shots were

fired at Harris, and he was struck in the head.

       The Pontiac Police Department conducted an investigation and interviewed

Holloway on June 29 and July 2, 2008, and Chambers on June 30, 2008. All of these

interviews were video recorded. Holloway also produced two written statements, one

after each interview, and Detective Steven Wittebort summarized the interviews in an

incident report. Holloway’s written statements and the police report summarizing them

were provided to defense counsel before trial, but the video recordings were not.

       Holloway was more forthcoming in her second interview than in her first. At her

first interview, Holloway told the police that two unknown men walked up to the car and




                                              2
shot Harris. During her second interview, which took place after Harris died on June 30,

2008, Holloway said that Harris had been shot as part of a drug deal. Although Holloway

identified the defendant in a photo array, neither of Holloway’s written statements

mentioned Chambers’s presence. According to Wittebort’s report, Holloway said that

she did not get a good look at the shooter but that she could identify him. The report also

revealed that she confidently selected the defendant’s photo from an array.

       The defendant never denied that he was present at the scene of the shooting, and

most of the facts were likewise not in dispute. The sole question at trial concerned the

identity of the shooter. Only the defendant, Holloway, and Chambers witnessed the

shooting and, unsurprisingly, they did not agree about what happened: the defendant

identified Chambers as the shooter while Holloway and Chambers identified the

defendant.1 There was no physical evidence to tie either the defendant or Chambers to

the shooting. The defense theory was that Chambers shot Harris, and that Holloway

identified the defendant as the shooter out of fear of Chambers.

       On the last day of trial, the prosecution called Wittebort as its final witness. When

questioned, Wittebort was surprised that Holloway’s second written statement did not

confirm that she had mentioned Chambers and was confident that the video recordings

would verify his recollection. He was also surprised to learn that the recordings had not



1
  Three others were present at the scene, but did not provide any evidence supporting
either theory. Two of them were never questioned by police. The third did not see who
shot Harris but testified that immediately after the shot was fired, he saw the defendant
standing on the driver’s side of Harris’s car. The prosecution concedes that the Court of
Appeals was mistaken in stating otherwise.



                                             3
been provided to the defendant. On March 11, 2010, the defendant was convicted of

felony murder and felony-firearm.

         On April 13, 2010, defense counsel filed a motion for a new trial and requested a

copy of the interview recordings. Later, counsel amended the motion to add claims of

ineffective assistance of counsel and prosecutorial misconduct regarding the failure to

provide the recorded statements. There was no dispute that the defendant never had the

recordings.2 The trial court conducted two evidentiary hearings on the motion. On

February 29, 2012, Wittebort testified that the police generally let the prosecution know

when recordings are available, but the regular practice was to provide them only “if

there’s an admission or something of that nature from the person of interest or defendant

in that matter.”3 On March 8, 2012, the trial court granted the defendant’s motion for a

new trial, concluding that his due process rights were violated pursuant to Brady because

the suppressed videotaped recordings undermined confidence in the outcome of the trial.

         The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court. People v Chenault, unpublished

opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued November 27, 2012 (Docket Nos.

309384 and 310456). The Court of Appeals analyzed the Brady claim using the four-

factor test articulated in Lester. The Court held that trial counsel had not exercised due

diligence, and that the suppressed evidence was neither favorable nor material. It also




2
  In fact, the defendant’s first counsel submitted an affidavit stating that he had not
received the recorded statements.
3
    Wittebort also testified that he had never heard of the phrase “Brady material.”



                                               4
held that the defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel because there

was no prejudice.

       On June 5, 2013, this Court granted leave to appeal, directing the parties to

address:

              (1) whether the Court of Appeals’ decision in Lester correctly
       articulates what a defendant must show to establish a Brady violation; (2)
       whether the Court of Appeals erred when it reversed the trial court’s grant
       of a new trial, which was premised on the prosecution’s violation of the
       rule from Brady; and (3) whether trial counsel rendered ineffective
       assistance of counsel under Strickland for failing to exercise reasonable
       diligence after learning of the existence of the videotaped interviews.
       [People v Chenault, 494 Mich 862 (2013) (citations omitted).]

                              II. LEGAL BACKGROUND

       The Supreme Court of the United States held in Brady that “the suppression by the

prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where

the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or

bad faith of the prosecution.”     Brady, 373 US at 87.       In identifying the essential

components of a Brady violation, the Supreme Court has articulated a three-factor test:

              The evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either
       because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that evidence must
       have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and
       prejudice must have ensued. [Strickler v Greene, 527 US 263, 281-282;
       119 S Ct 1936; 144 L Ed 2d 286 (1999).]

Stated differently, the components of a “true Brady violation,” are that: (1) the

prosecution has suppressed evidence; (2) that is favorable to the accused; and (3) that is

material. Id.

       The contours of these three factors are fairly settled. The government is held

responsible for evidence within its control, even evidence unknown to the prosecution,


                                             5
Kyles v Whitley, 514 US 419, 437; 115 S Ct 1555; 131 L Ed 2d 490 (1995), without

regard to the prosecution’s good or bad faith, United States v Agurs, 427 US 97, 110; 96

S Ct 2392; 49 L Ed 2d 342 (1976) (“If the suppression of evidence results in

constitutional error, it is because of the character of the evidence, not the character of the

prosecutor.”). Evidence is favorable to the defense when it is either exculpatory or

impeaching. Giglio v United States, 405 US 150, 154; 92 S Ct 763; 31 L Ed 2d 104

(1972) (“When the ‘reliability of a given witness may well be determinative of guilt or

innocence,’ nondisclosure of evidence affecting credibility falls within this general rule

[of Brady].”), quoting Napue v Illinois, 360 US 264, 269; 79 S Ct 1173; 3 L Ed 2d 1217

(1959). To establish materiality, a defendant must show that “there is a reasonable

probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.         A ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” United States v Bagley, 473 US 667,

682; 105 SC 3375; 87 L Ed 2d 481 (1985).                 This standard “does not require

demonstration by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have

resulted ultimately in the defendant’s acquittal . . . .” Kyles, 514 US at 434. The question

is whether, in the absence of the suppressed evidence, the defendant “received a fair trial,

understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Id. In assessing the

materiality of the evidence, courts are to consider the suppressed evidence collectively,

rather than piecemeal. Id. at 436.

       In contrast to the three-factor Brady test articulated by the United States Supreme

Court, our Court of Appeals adopted a four-factor Brady test in 1998:




                                              6
              In order to establish a Brady violation, a defendant must prove: (1)
       that the state possessed evidence favorable to the defendant; (2) that he did
       not possess the evidence nor could he have obtained it himself with any
       reasonable diligence; (3) that the prosecution suppressed the favorable
       evidence; and (4) that had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, a
       reasonable probability exists that the outcome of the proceedings would
       have been different. [Lester, 232 Mich App at 281, citing United States v
       Meros, 866 F 2d 1304, 1308 (CA 11, 1989).]

The inclusion of the second factor is the only difference between the Lester test and the

test articulated in Strickler. Although Lester did not involve a question of a defendant’s

diligence, the Court of Appeals relied on authority from the United States Court of

Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit for this additional requirement, now widely referred to

as a “due diligence” or “reasonable diligence” factor. This test has been applied by our

Court of Appeals since Lester.

                              III. BRADY DISCLOSURES

    A. PEOPLE v LESTER AND THE ADDITION OF A DILIGENCE REQUIREMENT

       This is the first occasion on which this Court has examined the merits of the

diligence requirement. Some understanding of its doctrinal history is useful. As noted,

the Court of Appeals borrowed the four-factor test from the Eleventh Circuit’s opinion in

Meros, 866 F 2d at 1308, which in turn cited another Eleventh Circuit case, United States

v Valera, 845 F 2d 923, 927-928 (CA 11, 1988). In Valera, the Eleventh Circuit relied on

two cases from the Fifth Circuit, United States v Cravero, 545 F2d 406, 420 (CA 5,

1976), and United States v Prior, 546 F2d 1254, 1259 (CA 5, 1977). Both of these Fifth

Circuit cases in turn relied on authority from other circuits.4 None of these cases,


4
 See Cravero, 545 F2d at 420 n 46, citing Maglaya v Buchkoe, 515 F 2d 265, 268 (CA 6,
1975), and United States v Ruggiero, 472 F2d 599, 604 (CA 2, 1973); Prior, 546 F2d at


                                            7
however, provides a sufficient explanation for adding a diligence requirement to the

Supreme Court’s three-factor Brady test and are consequently of little value to us.

       We disagree with the prosecution’s suggestion that the diligence requirement is

consistent with or implied by United States Supreme Court precedent. Nor do we

conclude that a diligence requirement is consistent with the Brady doctrine generally.

We believe that the concerns that a diligence requirement might address are already

confronted in the context of Brady’s suppression requirement as well as in the Sixth

Amendment’s guarantee of the effective assistance of counsel. For these reasons, we

reject the addition of a diligence requirement to the Brady test and we overrule Lester.

       We are not persuaded by the prosecution’s reliance on Agurs and Kyles for the

proposition that the diligence requirement is merely a clarification of existing Supreme

Court precedent. The prosecution argues that the phrase “unknown to the defense,” as

used in these two cases, suggests that the Supreme Court would affirm the addition of a

diligence requirement to the Brady analysis. Specifically, the argument goes, the phrase

“unknown to the defense” implies that Brady places some sort of burden onto the defense




1259, citing Williams v United States, 503 F2d 995 (CA 2, 1974), United States v Purin,
486 F2d 1363 (CA 2, 1973), Wallace v Hocker, 441 F2d 219 (CA 9, 1971), and United
States v Brawer, 367 F Supp 156 (SD NY, 1973). None of these cases articulated a
diligence prong of the sort that the Court of Appeals applied in this case. In each of these
cases, the factual predicate was different in an important way because the defendant had
actual knowledge of the evidence in question. In other words, the evidence was not
“suppressed.” In particular, Ruggiero explicitly (and, in our view, appropriately)
addressed diligence under the suppression prong of Brady, finding there was no
suppression when the government provided the requested evidence to the trial court for
an in camera inspection and ruling. Ruggiero, 472 F2d at 604.



                                             8
to discover Brady information when possible.        We do not share the prosecution’s

understanding of the meaning of this phrase in either case.

       In Agurs, the Supreme Court identified three different contexts in which Brady

applies, stating that “[e]ach involves the discovery, after trial, of information which had

been known to the prosecution but unknown to the defense.” Agurs, 427 US at 103. The

phrase is best understood as a general description of what constitutes Brady evidence,

instead of the imposition of a new hurdle for defendants.5 We see no additional meaning

to the phrase given its context.

       The Kyles Court held that “showing that the prosecution knew of an item of

favorable evidence unknown to the defense does not amount to a Brady violation without

more.” Kyles, 514 US at 437. The phrase is used in a larger discussion of the materiality

requirement and the prosecution’s duty to gauge the likely effect of potential Brady

evidence: although the mere showing that the prosecution knew of evidence that was

unknown to the defense does not amount to a Brady showing by itself, Brady imposes on

the prosecution “a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to the others acting on

the government’s behalf in the case, including the police.” Id. Read in context, this

language is meant to define the prosecution’s duty both to become aware of evidence in

the government’s possession and to weigh the materiality of evidence. We believe that if

the Supreme Court wanted to articulate a diligence requirement, it would do so more

directly. It has not.

5
 Bagley retreated from the different materiality standards articulated in Agurs. Bagley,
473 US at 682. Thus, any reliance on the Agurs language as an articulation of existing
Supreme Court precedent is undermined.



                                            9
       Moreover, we do not believe that the goals of Brady counsel in favor of adopting a

diligence requirement. The Supreme Court has consistently stated that, when confronted

with potential Brady evidence, the prosecution must always err on the side of disclosure.

Kyles, 514 US at 439; Agurs, 427 US at 108.            Just recently the Supreme Court

underscored this obligation:

              Our decisions lend no support to the notion that defendants must
       scavenge for hints of undisclosed Brady material when the prosecution
       represents that all such material has been disclosed. As we observed in
       Strickler, defense counsel has no “procedural obligation to assert
       constitutional error on the basis of mere suspicion that some prosecutorial
       misstep may have occurred.” . . .

              The State here nevertheless urges, in effect, that “the prosecution can
       lie and conceal and the prisoner still has the burden to . . . discover the
       evidence,” so long as the “potential existence” of a prosecutorial
       misconduct claim might have been detected. A rule thus declaring
       “prosecutor may hide, defendant must seek,” is not tenable in a system
       constitutionally bound to accord defendants due process . . . . We have
       several times underscored the “special role played by the American
       prosecutor in the search for truth in criminal trials.” Courts, litigants, and
       juries properly anticipate that “obligations [to refrain from improper
       methods to secure a conviction] . . . plainly rest[ing] upon the prosecuting
       attorney, will be faithfully observed.” Prosecutors’ dishonest conduct or
       unwarranted concealment should attract no judicial approbation.[6]

       In fact, we conclude that a diligence rule of the sort adopted by the Court of

Appeals in Lester is contrary to Brady, i.e., a rule requiring a defendant to show that

counsel performed an adequate investigation in discovering the alleged Brady material.



6
  Banks v Dretke, 540 US 668, 695-696; 124 S Ct 1256; 157 L Ed 2d 1166 (2004)
(citations omitted). In reliance on this language, the Sixth Circuit recently “decline[d] to
adopt the due diligence rule that the government proposes based on earlier, erroneous
cases.” United States v Tavera, 719 F 3d 705, 712 (CA 6, 2013).



                                            10
The Brady rule is aimed at defining an important prosecutorial duty; it is not a tool to

ensure competent defense counsel.         Adding a diligence requirement to this rule

undermines the fairness that the rule is designed to protect. However, as we previously

explained, evidence that the defense knew of favorable evidence, will reduce the

likelihood that the defendant can establish that the evidence was suppressed for purposes

of a Brady claim.7

       We decline to adopt the four-factor Lester test, as we believe it is not doctrinally

supported and undermines the purpose of Brady. We hold that the controlling test is that

articulated by the Supreme Court in Strickler, no less and no more: (1) the prosecution

has suppressed evidence; (2) that is favorable to the accused; and (3) viewed in its

totality, is material.

                         B. APPLICATION OF BRADY TO THIS CASE

       We now apply the controlling Brady test to the defendant’s claim. As an initial

matter, we note that the prosecution has conceded that the evidence in question was

suppressed.8 That leaves two questions: whether the suppressed evidence was favorable

7
  Failures on the part of defense counsel to make use of known and available evidence
can instead be evaluated under the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of effective assistance
of counsel. To be sure, there is a relationship between Brady claims and ineffective
assistance of counsel claims: when the government complies with its obligation to
provide favorable and material evidence, it becomes the defendant’s burden to then make
use of that evidence. If defense counsel’s failure to make use of the evidence is not
strategic and prejudice results, the defendant will surely bring an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim.
8
  As noted, the defendant’s first counsel never received the recorded statements.
Additionally, all three assistant prosecutors never received the recorded statements, as
evidenced by their affidavits submitted in the trial court. At the second evidentiary
hearing, the prosecution stated, “Certainly it was not disclosed – it was not turned over to


                                             11
to the defendant, either as exculpatory or impeaching evidence, and whether it was

material.

       In contrast to the question of materiality, the favorability of evidence is a simple

threshold question that need not delay us long. Only three people witnessed the shooting:

Holloway, Chambers, and the defendant. Other than the testimony of Holloway and

Chambers, there was no other evidence at trial that identified the defendant as the

shooter.    Because the videotaped statements could have impeached Holloway and

Chambers as well as undermined the strength of Holloway’s identification, the evidence

was favorable to the defense.

       We are not convinced, however, that the suppressed evidence was material. “The

question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a

different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial,

understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Kyles, 514 US at 434.

them and the police had it, so truthfully, my understanding of the case law . . . it really
doesn’t matter whether it was intentional or inadvertent, the question is if it wasn’t
disclosed and is it exculpatory, would it affect the trial . . . .” The prosecution also stated
specifically that the evidence was suppressed: “Well, I would say prong three [of Brady]
is satisfied. The prosecutor suppressed – well, we did not give out the evidence but we
don’t agree it’s favorable . . . .” At no point before the trial court or the Court of Appeals
did the prosecution argue otherwise. The prosecution argued that the evidence was not
suppressed for the first time at oral argument before this Court, and we decline to address
this argument. That the existence of the videotapes was discovered before the end of trial
does not change our view because the prosecution waived the argument that the midtrial
disclosure and defense counsel’s subsequent actions affected the defendant’s ability to
show that he was prejudiced for purposes of his Brady claim. Although a defense
counsel’s failure to ask for a continuance may be relevant in a case where defense
counsel has actual knowledge of the suppressed evidence midtrial, see, e.g., State v
Spivey, 102 NC App 640, 646; 404 SE2d 23 (1991), we decline to address this issue in
light of the prosecution’s waiver.



                                              12
We conclude that, even in the absence of the suppressed evidence, the defendant received

a trial that resulted in a verdict worthy of confidence, because the cumulative effect of the

evidence was not material.

       We disagree with the defendant that Wittebort’s promises of leniency to both

Holloway and Chambers were material. While the detectives assured both witnesses that

they would not be investigated or charged for drug crimes, these promises of leniency

were not conditioned on any behavior on the part of the witnesses. Indeed, Chambers

decided not to make any written statement even after such promises were made, and,

likewise, any alleged promises of leniency occurred after Chambers implicated himself in

the drug activity. For her part, Holloway also admitted that she lied in her first interview,

promises of leniency notwithstanding, and in her second interview, the alleged promises

were made after she disclosed the drug activity.

       We are similarly unconvinced that the evidence would have undermined

Holloway’s identification of the defendant in a material way. While there were minor

discrepancies between the characterization of Holloway’s identification as expressed in

the disclosed material and at trial as contrasted with her recorded identification, she was

able to quickly identify the defendant as the shooter in her second interview.9 Although

9
  Specifically, in her first interview, Holloway was asked if she saw the shooter’s face
“pretty good.” Holloway responded, “Not that good, I could, maybe if I seen him you
know I might be able to say it was him.” In her second interview, Holloway stated: “[I]f
I seen him . . . , I could be like that’s that guy, I know it.” After picking defendant in the
photo array she stated: “This guy right here. This is him right here.” Detective Wittebort
told her to circle it, and she stated: “I think this is him, out of all these guys that looks the
most.” After Holloway initialed the photo, she again stated: “I know that’s him.”
Moreover, contrary to the defendant’s argument, there is nothing unduly suggestive
regarding the photo lineup.



                                               13
the specific strong language that Wittebort attributed to Holloway as she identified the

defendant is not supported by the recording, Holloway did identify the defendant with

confidence. Holloway’s honest qualifications about her ability to view the shooter do not

undermine the overall strength of her identification.

       Finally, we disagree with the defendant that the suppressed evidence supports his

trial theory that Chambers was the shooter, and that Holloway only identified the

defendant as the shooter out of fear of Chambers. Although Holloway was not forthright

in her first statement about Chambers’s involvement, in her second interview she

expressed confidence that Chambers must have been involved.           If Holloway were

frightened of Chambers to the extent that she would implicate an innocent third party, she

would not have engaged in a discussion with the police about Chambers’s own

culpability.   The suppressed evidence did not contain information that leads us to

conclude that defense counsel would have asserted the defense that Holloway

misidentified the defendant, rather than the cover-up theory that defense counsel pursued

at trial. Furthermore, another witness placed the defendant on the side of Harris’s car

where the shooter indisputably stood.

       We therefore conclude that, even in the absence of the suppressed evidence, the

defendant received a trial that resulted in a verdict worthy of confidence.           The

defendant’s Brady claim must fail because the suppressed evidence was not material to

his guilt.




                                            14
                   IV. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       The defendant also raises a claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

investigate and acquire the video recordings during trial. Whether a defendant received

ineffective assistance of counsel presents a mixed question of fact and law. People v

Armstrong, 490 Mich 281, 289; 806 NW2d 676 (2011). A trial court’s factual findings

are reviewed for clear error; questions of law are reviewed de novo. Id. We have

determined that the defendant cannot establish a Brady violation because the suppressed

evidence was not, in sum, material. As Brady materiality is assessed under the same

“reasonable probability” standard that is used to assess prejudice under Strickland v

Washington, 466 US 668; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 LEd2d 674 (1984),10 we similarly conclude

that the defendant cannot establish prejudice in order to prevail on his ineffective

assistance of counsel claim.

                                   V. CONCLUSION

       We conclude that Brady does not support the adoption of a diligence requirement

and we therefore overrule Lester. In order to establish a Brady violation, a defendant

need only demonstrate that the government suppressed evidence that is both favorable to

the defendant and material. Because the defendant cannot establish that the suppressed


10
  Compare Bagley, 473 US at 682 (stating that to establish materiality, a defendant must
show that “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the
defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable
probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome”), with
Strickland, 466 US at 694 (stating that to establish prejudice, a defendant must show that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome”).



                                            15
evidence in this case was material, he cannot prevail on either his Brady claim or his

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Therefore, we affirm the result reached by the

Court of Appeals.


                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                       Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                       Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                       Mary Beth Kelly
                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                       David F. Viviano




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