        IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
                WESTERN DISTRICT

PAUL H. COWIN, ET AL.,                      )
                                            )
              Appellants,                   )
                                            )
vs.                                         )       WD78020
                                            )
SHELTER MUTUAL INSURANCE                    )       Opinion filed: May 5, 2015
COMPANY, ET AL.,                            )
                                            )
              Respondents.                  )


      APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JACKSON COUNTY, MISSOURI
               THE HONORABLE JAMES F. KANATZAR, JUDGE

                 Before Division Two: Lisa White Hardwick, Presiding Judge,
                    Victor C. Howard, Judge and Cynthia L. Martin, Judge

       Paul and Doris Cowin brought an equitable garnishment action against Shelter Mutual

Insurance Company seeking to satisfy a judgment against its insured, Jonathon Parsons Jr., in

their personal injury case arising out of a car accident. On cross-motions for summary judgment,

the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of Shelter finding that the Cowins’ claim

against Mr. Parsons fell outside the coverage of the insurance policy and Shelter owed no duty to

pay the claim. On appeal, the Cowins contend that trial court erred in finding no coverage

because Mr. Parsons was driving a non-owned auto as defined in the policy. The judgment is

affirmed.
       Appellate review of the grant of summary judgment is de novo. ITT Commercial Fin.

Corp. v. Mid-Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 376 (Mo. banc 1993). Summary

judgment will be upheld on appeal if the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law and no

genuine issues of material fact exist. Id. at 377. “Summary judgment is frequently used in the

context of insurance coverage questions.” Assurance Co. of America v. Secura Ins. Co., 384

S.W.3d 224, 230 (Mo. App. E.D. 2012). The facts in this case are not disputed; the issue is one

of interpretation of the insurance policy. As with any other contract, the interpretation of an

insurance policy, particularly the question of coverage, is a question of law that an appellate

court determines de novo. Id.

       Paul and Doris Cowin were injured in an automobile accident on February 20, 2009,

when a 1987 Western Star log truck owned by Todd Lumber Company and driven by its

employee, Jonathon Parsons Jr., struck the rear of the Cowins’ automobile. Mr. Parsons was

authorized by his employer to use the log truck for business purposes. He did not have authority

to use the log truck for personal purposes. He did not need to ask specific permission before

using the truck. Mr. Parsons used the log truck for business purposes in excess of 50 times in the

nine months prior to the accident without seeking specific permission for those uses. On the day

of the accident, Mr. Parsons was using the log truck for business purposes, and he did not seek

permission that day to use it. The log truck was insured by an insurance policy through State

Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company with limits of $100,000 per claim.

       At the time of the accident, Mr. Parsons had an automobile insurance policy on his 1999

Ford F250 through Shelter Mutual Insurance Company. The insuring agreement contained in the

Shelter policy provided bodily injury coverage of $50,000 each person and $100,000 each

accident. It contained the following relevant language:



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       INSURING AGREEMENT FOR COVERAGES A AND B
       Subject to the limits of our liability for these coverages stated in the
       Declarations, we will pay damages for an insured, if:
       (1) that insured is legally obligated to pay those damages; and
       (2) the accident that caused those damages arose out of the ownership or use of
       the described auto or a non-owned auto.

The Shelter policy defined “described auto” in pertinent part as:

       Described auto means the vehicle described in the Declarations, but only if a
       named insured owns that vehicle.

The policy defined “non-owned auto” in pertinent part as:

       Non-owned auto means any auto being used, maintained, or occupied with
       permission, other than…
       (c) an auto that you or any resident of your household has general consent to
       use.

“General consent” was defined in the policy in pertinent part as:

       General consent means the authorization of the owner of an auto of another to
       use it on one or more occasions without the necessity of obtaining permission for
       each use. General consent can be expressed or implied.

Shelter denied coverage for the accident.

       The Cowins filed a personal injuries suit against Todd Lumber Company and Mr.

Parsons. Thereafter, the parties entered into a settlement agreement, and a consent judgment was

entered by the Crawford County Circuit Court. The consent judgment was in the amount of

$300,000 with execution of the judgment limited to available insurance coverage. State Farm,

which insured the log truck, satisfied $200,000 of the judgment; and the Cowins initiated this

equitable garnishment action against Shelter seeking to collect the balance of the judgment.

       The Cowins and Shelter filed cross-motions for summary judgment. In Shelter’s motion,

it argued that because the damages sought by the Cowins arose from Mr. Parsons’s use of the log

truck owned by his employer that was neither the “described auto” or a “non-owned auto” under

the policy, those damages were not covered by the policy and it was not obligated to satisfy any

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portion of the judgment. The Cowins argued, on the other hand, that the damages sought by

them arose from Mr. Parsons’s use of a non-owned auto as defined by the policy.

       The trial court granted Shelter’s motion for summary judgment and denied the Cowins’

motion. It found that the definitions of non-owned auto and general consent in the Shelter policy

were clear and unambiguous and that the Cowins’ claim fell outside the coverage of the Shelter

policy and Shelter owed no duty to pay the claim in this case. This appeal by the Cowins

followed.

       In their two points on appeal, the Cowins contend that the trial court erred in finding no

coverage under the Shelter policy for their claims against Mr. Parsons. First, they contend that

Mr. Parsons was driving an auto that he did not have general consent to use; therefore, it was a

covered non-owned auto as defined in the policy. Alternatively, in point two, the Cowins argue

that the term “general consent” is ambiguous and should be construed in favor of coverage. Both

points are addressed together.

       The general rule in interpreting an insurance policy is to give the language of the policy

its plain meaning. Floyd-Tunnell v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 439 S.W.3d 215, 217 (Mo. banc

2014). “The entire policy and not just isolated provisions must be considered.” Id. If the

policy’s language is not ambiguous, the policy must be enforced as written. Id.

       “An ambiguity exists where there is duplicity, indistinctness, or uncertainty in the

meaning of the language in the policy.” Fanning v. Progressive Northwestern Ins. Co., 412

S.W.3d 360, 364 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013)(internal quotes and citation omitted). If an ambiguity

exists, the language of the policy is construed against the insurer. Id. In determining whether

policy language is ambiguous, it is considered in the light in which it would be understood by the

lay person who bought and paid for the policy. Id. “[C]ourts may not unreasonably distort the



                                                4
language of a policy or exercise inventive powers for the purpose of creating an ambiguity where

none exists.”    Allen v. Continental Western Ins. Co., 436 S.W.3d 548, 554 (Mo. banc

2014)(internal quotes and citation omitted).

       Generally, if a term is defined in the insurance policy, a court looks to that definition and

nowhere else. Vega v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 162 S.W.3d 144, 147 (Mo. App. W.D. 2005). “If a

term within an insurance policy is clearly defined, the policy definition controls.” Id. (internal

quotes and citation omitted). “If a conflict arises between a technical definition of a term and the

meaning of the term which would reasonably be understood by the average lay person, the lay

person’s definition will be applied, unless it is obvious the technical meaning was intended.” Id.

(internal quotes and citation omitted). The fact that the parties disagree on the interpretation of a

term in an insurance policy does not render the term ambiguous. Id. at 150.

       Under the Shelter policy, coverage is provided for damages arising out the ownership or

use of the described auto or a non-owned auto. It is undisputed that the log truck was not the

described auto in the Shelter policy. The dispute between the parties is on the question of

whether it was a non-owned auto.        The policy defines a non-owned auto as any auto used,

maintained, or occupied with permission but specifically excludes an auto that the insured has

general consent to use. General consent is defined in the policy. It is “the authorization of the

owner of an auto of another to use it on one or more occasions without the necessity of obtaining

permission for each use. General consent can be expressed or implied.”

       The Cowins do not argue that Mr. Parsons was not authorized to use the log truck on one

or more occasions without first seeking permission for each use. Instead, they contend that

because Mr. Parsons only had permission to use the log truck for limited purposes, i.e. only for

business, he did not have general consent to use the log truck.



                                                 5
       To support their contention, the Cowins rely on two cases, Allstate Insurance Company v.

Ibrahim, 243 S.W.3d 452 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007), and Spicer by Spicer v. Jackson by Berra, 853

S.W.2d 402 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993), which involved non-owned auto clauses similar but not

identical to the provision in this case. In those cases, the policy definitions of non-owned auto

specifically excluded any auto furnished or available for regular use by the insured. Ibrahim,

243 S.W.3d at 454; Spicer, 853 S.W.2d at 403. In determining whether the vehicles in question

in those cases were furnished or available for the regular use of the insured, the appellate court

considered the following factors: (1) type and length of use; (2) purpose for which the non-

owned auto was furnished; (3) whether the use and purpose to which the vehicle was put was in

harmony with or violative of the objective of the non-owned auto clause; and (4) any other

pertinent facts. Ibrahim, 243 S.W.3d at 458; Spicer, 853 S.W.2d at 404 (both citing State Farm

Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Western Cas. & Sur. Co., 477 S.W.2d 421, 424 (Mo. banc 1972)).

       In Ibrahim, the vehicle in question was found to be available for the insured’s regular use

and thus excluded from coverage because the insured was leasing the car from his friend, he used

the car on a daily basis sometimes for personal errands, the vehicle was kept at the insured’s

home, and there were no restrictions regarding how often or for what purpose the insured used

the vehicle. 243 S.W.3d at 458. Similarly, the vehicle in Spicer was found to be available for

the insured’s regular use and excluded from coverage where the insured used the vehicle for

daily business throughout each work day for a continuous period of six months, the vehicle was

kept at her home and driven to and from work assignments without further authorization, and the

insured was responsible for maintenance of the car. 853 S.W.2d at 405.

       Based on those cases, the Cowins argue that general consent means consent without

limitation or restriction and suggests that any grant of authority falling short of that given in



                                                6
Ibrahim and Spicer cannot be general consent. Such argument, however, ignores that general

consent is expressly defined in the policy in this case. Consequently, it is unnecessary to look at

other cases addressing different policy language to discern the meaning of the term general

consent. The terms non-owned auto and general consent are clearly defined in the policy. The

definition of general consent does not require consent to use the vehicle for any or all purposes.

The unambiguous language of the definition requires only that the insured had the auto owner’s

permission to use the vehicle on one or more occasions without the necessity of obtaining

permission for each use. The uncontroverted facts of this case satisfy the definition and bar

coverage.   Mr. Parsons was authorized by his employer to use the log truck for business

purposes, and he did not need to ask specific permission before using it. He used the log truck

for business purposes in excess of 50 times in nine months prior to the accident without seeking

specific permission for those uses. On the day of the accident, Mr. Parsons was using the log

truck for business purposes, and he did not seek permission that day to use it.

       The Cowins’ argument that general consent must mean unrestricted consent to use for

any purpose essentially asks this court to add language to the policy definition of general

consent. It is well settled that a court will not add language to an insurance policy. Burns v.

Smith, 303 S.W.3d 505, 511 (Mo. banc 2010). A court’s function is to construe, not make,

insurance contracts. Central Sur. & Ins. Corp. v. New Amsterdam Cas. Co., 222 S.W.2d 76, 80

(Mo. banc 1949). Where, as here, a term is specifically defined in the policy, a court will look to

that definition and nowhere else. Vega, 162 S.W.3d at 147. And where, as here, the policy’s

language is not ambiguous, the policy is enforced as written. Floyd-Tunnell, 439 S.W.3d at 217.

The uncontroverted facts of this case reveal that Mr. Parsons was authorized to use the log truck

on one or more occasions without first seeking permission for each use. Mr. Parsons had general



                                                 7
consent to use the log truck; thus, the truck was not a non-owned auto and was excluded from

coverage.1

         Such holding is consistent with the rationale behind non-owned auto provisions in

policies, which is to cover occasional or incidental use of other cars without payment of an

additional premium but to exclude coverage for habitual use of other cars, which would increase

the risk on the insurance company without the corresponding increase in the premium. Shelter

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sage, 273 S.W.3d 33, 38 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008). Mr. Parson’s use of the log

truck was more than incidental and to hold otherwise would extend liability under the policy well

beyond what the parties intended. The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in

favor of Shelter. The points are denied.

         The judgment is affirmed.



                                                      __________________________________________
                                                      VICTOR C. HOWARD, JUDGE

All concur.




1
  The Cowins also argue for the first time in their reply brief that the uncontroverted facts show that Mr. Parsons
received permission from his employer for each use of the log truck, therefore, he did not have general consent to
use it. This argument comes too late and is not preserved. See Smith v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 275
S.W.3d 748, 784 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008)(issues not raised by appellants in their opening brief cannot be raised for
the first time in the reply brief and are not properly preserved). Even if preserved, however, the argument is without
merit. While the uncontroverted facts show that on any given day, Mr. Parsons’s use of the log truck would be
based on what specific job needed to be done for business as discussed by he and his employer, the uncontroverted
facts did not show that Mr. Parson was required to secure permission each time he used the truck. Instead, it was
undisputed that Mr. Parsons was authorized to use the log truck for business purposes without seeking permission
prior to each use.

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