                        COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                             NO. 02-13-00355-CV


WAL-MART STORES, INC. A/K/A                                        APPELLANT
WAL-MART SUPER CENTER
#3286

                                       V.

KIMBERLY G. SPARKMAN                                                APPELLEE


                                    ----------

          FROM THE 431ST DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY
                   TRIAL COURT NO. 2010-50116-367

                                    ----------

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                    ----------

      In this slip-and-fall case, appellant Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. a/k/a Wal-Mart

Super Center #3286 appeals the trial court’s final judgment in favor of appellee

Kimberly G. Sparkman. We affirm.



      1
      See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
                                    Background

      On a rainy day in February 2010, Sparkman slipped and fell as she

entered the Hickory Creek Wal-Mart in Denton County, Texas. Wal-Mart had

implemented its inclement weather guidelines that day by placing two orange

caution signs in the entryway. Wal-Mart employees had also swept the floor, but

they had used a dust mop instead of a “dry mop.” The dust mop spread the

water around instead of absorbing it like a dry mop would. Wal-Mart’s high-gloss

entryway—known as a “wet look” floor—made it difficult to spot any accumulated

water. Sparkman claims not to have seen the water or the warning signs.

      When Sparkman stepped off the entry mat and onto the concrete floor, her

foot slid out from underneath her. The fall shattered her femur. Sparkman sued

Wal-Mart for negligently maintaining its store. A jury found Wal-Mart negligent

and awarded Sparkman $510,820.60 in damages plus interest and costs. Wal-

Mart then filed this appeal.

                                    Discussion

      Wal-Mart raises three challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence.

Although Wal-Mart characterizes its arguments as matter-of-law challenges, it did

not have the burden of proof at trial; thus, we review its complaints as no-

evidence challenges. We may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when

(1) the record discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the

court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only

evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact


                                          2
is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the

opposite of a vital fact. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328,

334 (Tex. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999); Robert W. Calvert, “No

Evidence” and “Insufficient Evidence” Points of Error, 38 Tex. L. Rev. 361, 362–

63 (1960). In determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support

the finding under review, we must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a

reasonable factfinder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless

a reasonable factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228

S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827

(Tex. 2005).

         To prevail on her premises-liability claim as set forth in the jury charge,

Sparkman had to prove that (1) Wal-Mart had actual or constructive knowledge

of the wet floor, (2) the wet floor posed an unreasonable risk of harm, and

(3) Wal-Mart failed to use ordinary care to reduce or eliminate the unreasonable

risk of harm by failing to adequately warn her of the wet floor and by failing to

make the wet floor safe. See LMB, Ltd. v. Moreno, 201 S.W.3d 686, 688 (Tex.

2006); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex. 1998). In

three issues, Wal-Mart challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to prove all

three.

I. The adequacy of Wal-Mart’s warning

         In its first issue, Wal-Mart argues that because the evidence shows it

placed warning signs in the entryway, Sparkman failed to prove the lack of an


                                          3
adequate warning.       Premises owners can satisfy their duty to invitees by

adequately warning invitees of potentially dangerous conditions.           State v.

Williams, 940 S.W.2d 583, 584 (Tex. 1996). An adequate warning is clearly

visible and communicates the specific condition that invitees face.             TXI

Operations, L.P. v. Perry, 278 S.W.3d 763, 765 (Tex. 2009) (holding that 15-mph

street sign failed to warn plaintiff of specific danger of pothole).

      Wal-Mart claims that under Texas law, placing warning signs by a danger

satisfies its duty to warn customers, and it cites a number of cases that it argues

support that proposition. See Brooks v. PRH Invs., Inc., 303 S.W.3d 920, 922

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.); Tucker v. Cajun Operating Co., No. 11-

07-00026-CV, 2008 WL 802985, at *2 (Tex. App.—Eastland Mar. 27, 2008, no

pet.) (mem. op.); Bill’s Dollar Store, Inc. v. Bean, 77 S.W.3d 367, 370 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). However, none of these cases

indicate that such a bright-line rule exists. “Negligence is commonly a question

of fact unless the evidence establishes a complete absence of negligence as a

matter of law.” TXI Operations, 278 S.W.3d at 765. The cases cited by Wal-Mart

note a number of circumstances bearing on the determination of whether a

premises owner has adequately warned of a danger. See Brooks, 303 S.W.3d at

922 (noting that restaurant told plaintiff to “be careful, the floor may be a little

damp”); Tucker, 2008 WL 802985, at *2 (noting that yellow caution sign was

placed where plaintiff was forced to walk around it); Bill’s Dollar Store, 77 S.W.3d




                                           4
at 370 (noting that employee pointed to a spilled soda and told customer “to

watch the wet spot”).

      Wal-Mart had placed two warning cones in the entryway.              Sparkman’s

expert witness testified that the signs were “very small, very short, [and] hard to

see” and opined that Wal-Mart should have used taller signs that would better

attract customers’ attention and should have placed them closer to the doors.

Sparkman testified that she did not remember seeing the cones before she fell. 2

The Wal-Mart manager testified that the store had mats on the floor, but no more

than it usually did, nor was there anything else present that might alert customers

to the wet floor. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s

verdict, we hold that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s finding that the

warning cones were not adequate in this circumstance to warn invitees of the

slippery floor.   See Dimmitt v. Brookshire Grocery Co., No. 11-12-00129-CV,

2014 WL 2957438, *4–5 (Tex. App.—Eastland June 26, 2014, pet. filed) (mem.

op.) (holding, in summary judgment appeal, that “the evidence does not

conclusively show that a ‘wet floor’ cone placed some twenty feet away from

where [plaintiff] fell adequately warned her about excess water left by a defective

scrubber”); cf. Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 771 n.32 (Tex.

2010) (“We have recognized that owners must adequately warn or make


      2
      Wal-Mart argues that Sparkman’s “subjective appreciation” of the warning
cones is irrelevant, but it also acknowledged in its reply brief that whether
Sparkman saw the cones was a “factor which can demonstrate [their] adequacy.”


                                          5
safe, . . . and in some circumstances no warning can adequately substitute for

taking reasonably prudent steps to make the premises safe.”). We overrule Wal-

Mart’s first issue.

II. The dangerousness of the condition

       In its second issue, Wal-Mart argues that, as a matter of law, 3 it owed no

duty to Sparkman because the wet entryway was not an unreasonably

dangerous condition. Wal-Mart relies on Scott & White Memorial Hospital v. Fair,

310 S.W.3d 411 (Tex. 2010). Scott & White held that “naturally occurring ice that

accumulates without the assistance or involvement of unnatural contact is not an

unreasonably dangerous condition.” Id. at 414. The “naturally occurring” rule

has been limited to outdoor accumulations without human intervention. See,

e.g., Callahan v. Vitesse Aviation Servs., 397 S.W.3d 342, 352–54 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2013, no pet.) (applying Scott & White when plaintiff slipped on ice while

walking outdoors); Lough v. Pack, No. 02-12-00336-CV, 2013 WL 1149524, at *2

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 21, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (applying Scott &

White when plaintiff slipped on porch). This case involves rainwater, not ice or

snow, on an indoor concrete floor treated with a shiny sealant. Texas courts

have consistently found that indoor wet floors can pose an unreasonably

dangerous condition. See, e.g., City of San Antonio v. Rodriguez, 931 S.W.2d

535, 536 (Tex. 1996) (noting that city was required to prevent water leaking

       3
       Whether a landowner owes a duty to an invitee in the first place is a
question of law for the court to decide. TXI Operations, 278 S.W.3d at 765.


                                        6
through roof from causing a dangerous condition by dripping onto indoor

basketball court); Rosas v. Buddie’s Food Store, 518 S.W.2d 534, 537–38 (Tex.

1975) (holding wet floor, caused by customer foot traffic and windblown water,

may be an unreasonably dangerous condition); Dimmitt, 2014 WL 2957438, at

*4–5 (implying puddles left from floor cleaner are an unreasonably dangerous

condition); Duprie v. Dolgencorp of Tex., 59 S.W.3d 196, 198–99 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont 2000, pet. denied) (implying wet floors caused by tracked-in water are

an unreasonably dangerous condition).

      Here, it is undisputed that Sparkman slipped on a wet floor inside the

store, which was caused by rain––not ice or snow––that had made its way inside

the store, either by wind or by being tracked in by customers. This is not a

natural location nor is it a natural manner for rain to accumulate. Further, Scott &

White reasoned that naturally accumulated ice or snow is not unreasonably

dangerous because, like with mud accumulation, accidents are “likely to occur

regardless of precautions taken by landowners, and invitees are often better

positioned to avoid the dangers associated with muddy walkways.” 310 S.W.3d

at 413. In this case, the sealant used by Wal-Mart on its store’s floor caused the

floor to be glossy and slippery making it more difficult to see accumulated water.

Without the knowledge of the store’s flooring, the customer is not in a better

position than Wal-Mart to protect herself from accidents on the floor.          We

therefore decline to extend the rule in Scott & White to this case.




                                         7
      Wal-Mart also implies that its wet floor was not an unreasonably

dangerous condition because it was not responsible for the rainfall. Wal-Mart is

responsible for protecting its customers from dangerous conditions of which it

knew or should have known. See CMH Homes, Inc. v. Daenen, 15 S.W.3d 97,

101 (Tex. 2000). This duty is not dependent on Wal-Mart’s being the source of

the danger. See Rodriguez, 931 S.W.2d at 536 (noting that city was required to

prevent dangerous conditions caused by water leaking through roof).            We

therefore overrule Wal-Mart’s second issue.

III. Wal-Mart’s actual or constructive knowledge

      In its third issue, Wal-Mart argues that the evidence does not show that it

had actual or constructive knowledge of the wet entryway.           To prove the

premises owner’s knowledge, the plaintiff can show either that (1) the owner

placed the substance on the floor, (2) the owner actually knew that the substance

was on the floor, or (3) it is more likely than not that the condition existed long

enough to give the owner a reasonable opportunity to discover it.        Wal-Mart

Stores, Inc. v. Reece, 81 S.W.3d 812, 814 (Tex. 2002).

      Wal-Mart argues that because an employee had recently mopped the floor,

there is no evidence that it knew the floor continued to pose a danger. However,

there was evidence that the employee’s use of the dust mop only made the

dangerous condition more difficult to see because it dispersed the water over the

floor instead of soaking it up. The jury was free to believe that in the roughly

fifteen minutes between when the employee mopped the floor and when


                                        8
Sparkman fell, a reasonable inspection of the employee’s work would have

revealed that she had not remedied the dangerous condition.       See Farrar v.

Sabine Mgmt. Corp., 362 S.W.3d 694, 700 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,

no pet.) (“Constructive knowledge, which is defined as knowledge that a person,

after reasonable inspection, ought to have or has reason to have, may be

imputed when the premises owner-operator had a reasonable opportunity to

discover and to remedy an allegedly dangerous condition.”); see also Reece, 81

S.W.3d at 816 (“[I]f an employee was in close proximity to a less conspicuous

hazard for a continuous and significant period of time, that too could affect the

jury’s consideration of whether the premises owner should have become aware

of the dangerous condition.”). The jury could have reasonably found that Wal-

Mart knew or should have known that the entryway posed a danger to customers

entering the store.   See Rodriguez, 931 S.W.2d at 537 (holding that some

evidence existed that city knew of dangerous condition when employee “knew of

the leaks in the roof and knew that it had been raining”); Duprie, 59 S.W.3d at

198–99 (holding store had actual knowledge when employees were aware that

customers tracked in rainwater and made the floor slippery). Thus, we overrule

Wal-Mart’s third issue.




                                       9
                              Conclusion

     Having overruled Wal-Mart’s three issues, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.


                                             /s/ Terrie Livingston

                                             TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                             CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MCCOY and MEIER, JJ.

DELIVERED: December 11, 2014




                                   10
