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                                                                   [PUBLISH]



          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                           No. 12-14373
                     ________________________

             D.C. Docket No. 2:05-cr-00119-MEF-CSC-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

DON EUGENE SIEGELMAN,

                   Defendant-Appellant.

                     ________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Middle District of Alabama
                    ________________________

                            (May 20, 2015)
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Before JILL PRYOR, FAY, and EBEL,∗ Circuit Judges.

EBEL, Circuit Judge:


       Defendant-Appellant Don Eugene Siegelman appeals from the district

court’s order denying his motion for a new trial and the court’s amended final

judgment sentencing him to seventy-eight months in prison. Exercising our

jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we hold that the

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Siegelman’s motion for a new

trial and did not err in calculating Siegelman’s sentence under the Guidelines.

Accordingly, we affirm.


                                    BACKGROUND 1

       From 1995 to 2003, Siegelman served the State of Alabama first as

Lieutenant Governor and then as Governor. During his time in office, Siegelman

engaged in a range of conduct that eventually became the focal point of a state-

federal criminal investigation. See United States v. Siegelman, 640 F.3d 1159,

1164, 1168 (11th Cir. 2011) [hereinafter Siegelman II]. That investigation targeted

Siegelman and several other individuals, including: Richard Scrushy, the Chief

Executive Officer of a major hospital corporation with operations throughout

∗
  The Honorable David M. Ebel, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the United States Court
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation.
1
  Because this case has complicated facts and a complex procedural history, we narrowly tailor
our background section to track the issues presented in this appeal.
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Alabama; Nicholas Bailey, Siegelman’s close associate and former confidential

assistant; and Lanny Young, Siegelman’s long-time business associate. See id. at

1164, 1166, 1168.

      As a result of the investigation, Plaintiff-Appellee United States (the

“Government”) charged Siegelman and Scrushy with multiple counts of federal

funds bribery and honest services mail fraud, and one count of conspiracy to

commit honest services mail fraud. These charges were based on an arrangement

(the “Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange”) wherein Siegelman appointed Scrushy to the

Certificate of Need (“CON”) Board, a state board that determined the number of

healthcare facilities in Alabama, in exchange for Scrushy’s $500,000 donation to

the Alabama Education Lottery Foundation (the “Foundation”), a foundation

Siegelman established to raise money for a ballot initiative that would help fund

universal education in Alabama through the creation of a state lottery. Id. at 1164–

67. Although Siegelman eventually reported Scrushy’s donation, Bailey helped

Siegelman conceal the donation for approximately two years. Id. at 1167–68.

      The Government also charged Siegelman, but not Scrushy, with, inter alia,

honest services wire fraud, additional counts of honest services mail fraud, and

obstruction of justice. The obstruction of justice charges were based on a series of

sham transactions (the “Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions”) carried out

after the investigation into Siegelman had commenced, wherein Siegelman,


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Young, and Bailey attempted to conceal a $9200 payment that Young had made to

Siegelman. Id. at 1164, 1168, 1177. The honest services wire fraud charges, as

well as the additional counts of honest services mail fraud, were based on conduct

arising from a general “pay-for-play” agreement (the “Siegelman-Young

Agreement”) wherein Young gave Siegelman money and other things of value in

return for official action that benefited Young’s business interests. 2

       In 2006, a jury found Siegelman and Scrushy—who were tried together3—

each guilty of one count of federal funds bribery, four counts of honest services

mail fraud, and one count of conspiracy to commit honest services mail fraud, all

pertaining to the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange. Id. at 1164, 1169, 1172. The jury

also found Siegelman guilty of one count of obstruction of justice related to the

Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions. Because the jury acquitted

Siegelman of all other charges, he was not convicted of any counts that were based

on the Siegelman-Young Agreement. Id. at 1169. The district court thereafter

sentenced Siegelman to eighty-eight-months’ imprisonment and Scrushy to eighty-

two-months’ imprisonment.




2
  Based on all of the conduct that is relevant on appeal (i.e., the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange,
the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions, and the Siegelman-Young Agreement), as well
as some conduct not relevant on appeal, the Government also charged Siegelman with
racketeering conspiracy and racketeering.
3
  Siegelman and Scrushy were also tried with Paul Michael Hamrick and Gary Mack Roberts.
Hamrick and Roberts were found not guilty.
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      On appeal, we reversed two of Siegelman’s fraud convictions related to the

Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange, but affirmed all of Scrushy’s convictions. See

United States v. Siegelman, 561 F.3d 1215, 1232, 1245 (11th Cir. 2009). The

Supreme Court granted certiorari, vacated the judgment, and remanded the case

back to this Court for further consideration in light of Skilling v. United States, 561

U.S. 358, 130 S. Ct. 2896 (2010). See Siegelman v. United States, 561 F.3d 1215

(11th Cir. 2009), 130 S. Ct. 3542 (2010); Scrushy v. United States, 561 U.S. 1040,

130 S. Ct. 3541 (2010). On remand from the Supreme Court, we reversed two of

Siegelman’s fraud convictions (again), as well as two of Scrushy’s fraud

convictions that were related to the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange, and remanded

the case so both defendants could be resentenced. See Siegelman II, 640 F.3d at

1174–77, 1190.

      Importantly, during the pendency of their joint appeal, Siegelman and

Scrushy each filed a motion for a new trial under Fed. R. Crim. P. 33(b)(1) and a

related motion for additional discovery. These separate—but nearly identical—

motions were based, in relevant part, on allegations that U.S. Attorney Leura

Canary continued to participate in the defendants’ prosecution after voluntarily

disqualifying herself because of a possible conflict of interest. According to

Siegelman and Scrushy, they were each entitled to a new trial under Rule 33(b)(1)




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because evidence of Canary’s purported failure fully to honor her disqualification

surfaced after they were originally sentenced.

      On remand for resentencing, Scrushy’s motions were considered first. After

a magistrate judge denied Scrushy’s motion for additional discovery, the district

court denied his motion for a new trial and ultimately issued an amended final

judgment resentencing Scrushy to seventy-months’ imprisonment. Scrushy

appealed the district court’s order denying his motion for a new trial. This Court

affirmed, concluding, in relevant part, that “Canary’s limited involvement in [the]

case did not deprive Scrushy of a disinterested prosecutor.” United States v.

Scrushy, 721 F.3d 1288, 1303, 1307–08 (11th Cir. 2013).

      While Scrushy’s appeal was pending in our court, the same magistrate judge

denied Siegelman’s motion for additional discovery and the same district court

denied Siegelman’s motion for a new trial, which was based on, inter alia, the

same allegations that Canary had failed to honor her voluntary disqualification.

Noting that Siegelman’s motion “by and large copie[d] the one filed by Scrushy,”

the district court rejected Siegelman’s argument that Canary’s alleged failure to

honor her disqualification deprived him of his right to a disinterested prosecutor.

Order Den. Siegelman New Trial Mot. at 2, 15–17. The district court thereafter

issued an amended final judgment sentencing Siegelman to seventy-eight-months’

imprisonment. Siegelman now appeals, arguing that he is entitled to appellate


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relief because the district court (1) abused its discretion in denying his motion for a

new trial, and (2) erred in calculating his sentence under the Guidelines.

                                   DISCUSSION

      We begin our analysis by considering whether the district court erred in

denying Siegelman’s motion for a new trial based upon U.S. Attorney Leura

Canary’s alleged failure to honor her disqualification. As to that, we affirm the

district court’s order denying Siegelman’s motion for a new trial. Next, we

consider whether the district court improperly calculated Siegelman’s sentence on

remand. Finding no reversible error in the district court’s sentencing calculation,

we also affirm the district court’s amended final judgment sentencing Siegelman to

seventy-eight-months’ imprisonment.

                                I. New Trial Motion

      Although the district court denied Siegelman’s motion for a new trial on

several grounds, the only ground at issue on appeal relates to U.S. Attorney

Canary’s alleged failure to honor her disqualification. Canary voluntarily

disqualified herself in May 2002, before Siegelman and Scrushy were indicted.

Scrushy, 721 F.3d at 1298 n.23. Siegelman’s lawyer had requested Canary’s

disqualification based on an alleged conflict of interest flowing from Canary’s

husband, who had worked as a paid consultant for Siegelman’s political opponents.

Id. Although the Department of Justice had advised Canary “that no actual


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conflicts of interest exist,” she nonetheless removed herself from the defendants’

prosecution out of “an abundance of caution.” Press Release, U.S. Attorney Leura

Canary (May 16, 2002), Scrushy’s New Trial Mot., Exhibit III-B. Eventually,

Acting U.S. Attorney Louis Franklin was appointed to oversee the case. Scrushy,

721 F.3d at 1298 n.23.

      On appeal, Siegelman argues that the district court should have granted his

motion for a new trial because he presented sufficient evidence to show that

Canary violated his right to a disinterested prosecutor under Young v. United

States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A., 481 U.S. 787, 814 (1987) (plurality) (holding

that appointment of an interested prosecutor is a structural defect), by continuing

“to communicate with and influence the prosecution team long after” her voluntary

disqualification. Appellant’s Br. at 26. The Government argues, in contrast, that

our decision in Scrushy—which addressed the exact same evidence Siegelman

relies on here—dictates that Siegelman’s disinterested-prosecutor claim be rejected

under the law-of-the-case doctrine. We agree with the Government.

      As most commonly defined, the law-of-the-case doctrine “posits that when a

court decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue to govern the same

issues in subsequent stages in the same case.” Pepper v. United States, 131 S. Ct.

1229, 1250 (2011) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Importantly, we also have held that the doctrine applies to those issues decided on


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a co-defendant’s earlier but closely related appeal. See United States v. Bushert,

997 F.2d 1343, 1356 (11th Cir. 1993) (holding that the co-defendants’ prior appeal

mooted any subsequent appeal by the defendant under the law-of-the-case doctrine

because the defendant’s appeal would have challenged the same joint motion that

his co-defendants’ appeal had unsuccessfully challenged).

        Applying these principles, Scrushy binds our decision here. 4 In Scrushy, we

considered whether the district court abused its discretion in denying Scrushy’s

motion for a new trial. See Scrushy, 721 F.3d at 1304–08. In Scrushy’s motion,

he argued, inter alia, that Canary violated his right to a disinterested prosecutor

under Young by failing to honor her voluntary disqualification. To support his

claim, “Scrushy offered emails and statements provided by a whistleblower in the

U.S. Attorney’s office, Tamarah Grimes, indicating that Canary had kept up with

the case and contributed to litigation strategy” following her disqualification. Id. at

1307.

        Specifically, three main emails and an unsworn statement by the

whistleblower were offered as evidence. In one email that Canary sent to the

prosecution team, she suggested that the team seek a gag order against Siegelman.


4
  There are some narrow exceptions to the law-of-the-case doctrine. See United States v.
Tamayo, 80 F.3d 1514, 1520 (11th Cir. 1996) (“We have recognized narrow exceptions to the
law of the case doctrine, where there is new evidence, an intervening change in controlling law
dictating a different result, or the appellate decision, if implemented, would cause manifest
injustice because it is clearly erroneous.”). We conclude that none of these exceptions apply
here, and Siegelman does not argue to the contrary.
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Id. In a second email, Canary merely forwarded a letter to the editor criticizing the

grand jury investigation.5 Id. The third email was sent by an Assistant U.S.

Attorney, who indicated that Canary had approved of a staffing decision related to

the Siegelman-Scrushy case. Id. The whistleblower’s unsworn and conclusory

statements suggested that Canary “maintained direct communication with the

prosecution team, directed some action in the case, and monitored the case through

members of the prosecution team.” Id.

       After considering this evidence, we concluded in Scrushy that Canary’s

“limited involvement in [the] case did not deprive Scrushy of a disinterested

prosecutor.” Id. at 1307–08. In reaching this conclusion, we distinguished the

Supreme Court’s decision in Young, wherein the Court held that a defendant’s

right to a disinterested prosecutor was violated, thereby requiring reversal, when

private counsel for a party that was the beneficiary of an earlier civil court order

was later appointed to prosecute criminally an alleged violation of that order.

Young, 481 U.S. at 807–09, 814. Unlike the conflict of interest at issue in Young,

we explained that the allegations pertaining to Canary were different, concluding

that

              [s]uch a clear conflict of interest does not exist in this
              case. . . . Scrushy makes no allegation that [Acting U.S.

5
  Acting U.S. Attorney Franklin indicated that “the prosecution team took no action in response
to [these] emails.” Decl. of Louis Franklin, Ex. 4, Government Resp. to Defs.’ New Trial Mots.
and Mots. for Disc.
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             Attorney] Franklin had any conflict of interest.
             Moreover, there is no evidence that Canary’s emails
             influenced any decisions made by the U.S. Attorney’s
             office in prosecuting Scrushy.

Scrushy, 721 F.3d at 1307.

      By focusing on the absence of evidence suggesting that Canary’s conduct

actually influenced prosecutorial decision-making, we necessarily concluded that

Scrushy had not shown that Canary possessed sufficient control over the

prosecution to implicate the right to a disinterested prosecutor under Young. As

the Supreme Court explained in Young, the danger presented by a disinterested

prosecutor flows from the broad power a prosecutor wields over a defendant:

             A prosecutor exercises considerable discretion in matters
             such as the determination of which persons should be
             targets of investigation, what methods of investigation
             should be used, what information will be sought as
             evidence, which persons should be charged with what
             offenses, which persons should be utilized as witnesses,
             whether to enter into plea bargains and the terms on
             which they will be established, and whether any
             individuals should be granted immunity.

481 U.S. at 807.

Because prosecutors are charged with making such critical decisions, there is a

“potential for private interest to influence the discharge of public duty” whenever a

prosecutor has a personal stake in the outcome of a case. Id. at 805. But, where, as

here, the allegedly interested person does not possess control over prosecutorial

decision-making, there is no comparable risk that private interests will infect a
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defendant’s prosecution. Cf. id. at 806 n.17 (explaining that although counsel for

the beneficiary of the court order could not “be in control” of a later contempt-

action prosecution, such counsel may nonetheless “be put to use in assisting a

disinterested prosecutor” (emphasis added)); Person v. Miller, 854 F.2d 656, 663–

64 (4th Cir. 1988) (explaining that there is no error under Young where

"disinterested government counsel" has "control over the critical prosecutorial

decisions" even where an interested private party assists in the prosecution).

      Thus, although Young categorically forbids an interested person from

controlling the defendant’s prosecution, it does not categorically forbid an

interested person from having any involvement in the prosecution.

      In his motion for a new trial, Siegelman relied on the same disinterested-

prosecutor argument and the exact same evidence as Scrushy did. Accordingly,

our determination in Scrushy that Canary did not exercise sufficient control to

trigger Young—which hinged on the absence of evidence that Canary actually

influenced the prosecution—necessarily resolves Siegelman’s current

disinterested-prosecutor claim. And, because the absence of prosecutorial control

by Canary is dispositive here, this conclusion holds true even if we accept

Siegelman’s argument, raised for the first time on appeal, that Canary had a




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stronger conflict of interest with respect to him. 6 Cf. Erikson v. Pawnee Cnty. Bd.

of Cnty. Comm’rs, 263 F.3d 1151, 1154 (10th Cir. 2001) (rejecting the plaintiff’s

argument that his constitutional rights were violated when a privately-retained

attorney participated in his state criminal prosecution because the plaintiff did not

allege that the private attorney “effectively controlled critical prosecutorial

decisions”).

       Thus, regardless of whether Canary possessed a stronger conflict of interest

with respect to Siegelman, our determination in Scrushy that there was no evidence

that Canary influenced the prosecution team—meaning there was no evidence that

she possessed sufficient prosecutorial control to implicate Young—binds

Siegelman on this appeal. Following the law of the case as established in Scrushy,

we therefore affirm the district court’s order denying Siegelman’s motion for a

new trial. 7



6
 Specifically, Siegelman argues for the first time on appeal that Canary had a more direct and
personal financial conflict of interest with respect to him because Canary’s husband was a
political consultant for several of Siegelman’s opponents, including one who was running against
Siegelman for Governor around the time that the criminal investigation began. Although we
assume without deciding that Canary possessed a stronger conflict of interest with respect to
Siegelman, we note that the individual who was running against Siegelman for Governor in
2002, and who was being supported by Canary’s husband, did not win the Republican
nomination and therefore did not directly oppose Siegelman. And, in any event, our decision to
affirm the district court is predicated on Canary’s lack of control over the prosecution, not on the
extent of her alleged conflict of interest. It is worth noting again, however, that the Department
of Justice looked into this and concluded “that no actual conflicts of interest exist.” Press
Release, U.S. Attorney Leura Canary (May 16, 2002), Scrushy’s New Trial Mot., Exhibit III-B.
7
 We also affirm the magistrate judge’s denial of Siegelman’s related motion for
additional discovery on this issue. See Scrushy, 721 F.3d at 1303 n.27.
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                                        II. Sentencing

       We now turn to Siegelman’s sentencing arguments. 8 According to

Siegelman, this Court should reverse the district court’s sentencing determination

on two different grounds. First, Siegelman argues that reversal is warranted

because the district court failed to explain why Siegelman’s conduct with respect

to the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the Siegelman-Young

Agreement qualified as “relevant conduct” under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. Second,

Siegelman argues that the district court miscalculated his sentence because the

court’s interpretation of relevant conduct was impermissibly broad. We address

each asserted ground for reversal in turn.

                A. Failure to Make Explicit Relevant-Conduct Findings

       On remand for resentencing, the district court used Siegelman’s bribery

conviction—which was based on the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange—as the

offense of conviction under the Guidelines. However, in calculating Siegelman’s

sentence for the bribery conviction, the district court considered conduct beyond

just the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange. Specifically, the district court also

considered conduct flowing from the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham



8
  In evaluating the propriety of Siegelman’s sentence, we rely on the 2002 version of the
Guidelines. Although the district court resentenced Siegelman in 2007, the court applied the
2002 version of the Guidelines and neither party contests this on appeal. See generally U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.11 (explaining that a sentencing court should use the Guidelines in effect on the date that
the defendant is sentenced unless such application would violate the ex post facto clause).
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Transactions 9 and the Siegelman-Young Agreement. 10 In so doing, however, the

district court did not explicitly explain why the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham

Transactions and the Siegelman-Young Agreement qualified as “relevant conduct”

under § 1B1.3 with respect to Siegelman’s bribery conviction. Siegelman argues

that the district court’s failure to provide such an explanation requires reversal.

                                      1. Standard of Review

          Because Siegelman did not object to the district court’s failure to explain

why the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the Siegelman-Young

Agreement qualified as relevant conduct, our review is only for plain error. United

States v. Vandergrift, 754 F.3d 1303, 1307, 1309 (11th Cir. 2014). “We have

discretion to correct an error under the plain error standard where (1) an error

occurred, (2) the error was plain, (3) the error affected substantial rights, and

(4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” United States v. Duncan, 400 F.3d 1297, 1301 (11th Cir. 2005).




9
    Siegelman was convicted of one count of obstruction of justice for this conduct. See supra p. 4.
10
     Siegelman was acquitted of all charges related to this conduct. See supra p. 4.
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                                2. No Error Occurred

      Under § 1B1.3, a sentencing court must consider “relevant conduct” when

calculating the Guidelines range for the offense of conviction. Because § 1B1.3

calls for a factual finding that certain conduct is “relevant” to the offense of

conviction, see United States v. Valarezo-Orobio, 635 F.3d 1261, 1264 (11th Cir.

2011) (explaining that whether an act “qualifies as relevant conduct is a question of

fact”), a sentencing court should make explicit relevant-conduct findings in order

to facilitate appellate review, see United States v. Bradley, 644 F.3d 1213, 1293

(11th Cir. 2011) (explaining that “a district court should make explicit [those]

factual findings that underpin its sentencing decision”).

      Importantly, however, a district court’s failure to make such explicit findings

does not preclude appellate review—and therefore does not warrant reversal—

“where the court’s decisions are based on clearly identifiable evidence.” Id. For

example, in Bradley, we found “no error, much less plain error, in the district

court’s failure to make specific factual findings because it [was] clear from the

record what evidence the court credited in making its loss determination.” Id. In

so finding, we explained that the sentencing court reviewed the defendants’

amount-of-loss arguments, but chose “instead to adopt the probation officer’s

[presentence report] and Addendum in their entirety.” Id. Because it was clear




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that the court was resolving all questions of fact in favor of the Government, we

could “easily determine on which evidence the court relied.” Id.

      Here, it is undisputed that the district court failed explicitly to explain why

Siegelman’s conduct with respect to the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham

Transactions and the Siegelman-Young Agreement was “relevant conduct” under

§ 1B1.3. However, in rejecting Siegelman’s objection to the value-of-the-bribe

calculation contained in the amended presentence report, the district court

expressly listed both the amount and the source of the money it was using to

calculate the value of the bribe. See Siegelman Resentencing Hr’g Tr. at 35–36.

This list accounted for the $9200 payment that Young made to Siegelman and that

Siegelman tried to conceal through the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham

Transactions. See supra p. 3. The list also accounted for over three million dollars

that arose out of the Siegelman-Young Agreement. See supra p. 3–4. By

including this money in the value-of-the-bribe calculation, it is clear that the

district court treated the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the

Siegelman-Young Agreement as relevant conduct to the bribery offense of

conviction even though the court failed to make an explicit finding to this effect.

      Because it is clear to us what evidence the district court relied upon in

calculating its sentence, the district court did not err by failing to provide an




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explicit relevant-conduct explanation. See Bradley, 644 F.3d at 1293.

Accordingly, reversal is not warranted on this basis.

                                B. Guidelines Calculation

       Siegelman next argues that reversal is warranted because the district court

miscalculated his 151–188 month sentencing range under the Guidelines. This

sentencing range was based on an offense level of thirty-four and a category I

criminal history. The district court ultimately varied downward significantly,

sentencing Siegelman to seventy-eight-months’ imprisonment.11

       On appeal, we focus on the propriety of the district court’s initial calculation

of the sentencing range under the Guidelines without respect to its ultimate

downward variance. According to Siegelman, the district court’s calculation is

flawed because it reflected an impermissibly broad interpretation of relevant

conduct under § 1B1.3. And as a result of this flaw, Siegelman argues that the

district court necessarily erred in calculating the value of the bribe and in granting

both an obstruction-of-justice adjustment and an upward departure for systemic

and pervasive government corruption.




11
  This sentence is eight months longer than Scrushy’s sentence on remand. In sentencing
Siegelman more harshly than Scrushy, the district court considered Siegelman’s obstruction-of-
justice conviction, as well as his role in soliciting the bribe from Scrushy. See Siegelman
Resentencing Hr’g Tr. at 127–128, 131 (“I cannot justify having the person who paid the bribe
and benefited, himself, serve more time than the person who solicited it.”).
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                                1. Standard of Review

      Although the Guidelines are not mandatory, district courts are required to

begin the sentencing process by correctly calculating the sentencing range

prescribed by the Guidelines. United States v. Hamaker, 455 F.3d 1316, 1336

(11th Cir. 2006). This Court reviews a district court’s sentencing-range calculation

under an abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Register, 678 F.3d 1262,

1266 (11th Cir. 2012). “A district court abuses its discretion if it applies an

incorrect legal standard, follows improper procedures in making the determination,

or makes findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Because conduct that is relevant to the offense of conviction is often

included in the sentencing calculation pursuant to § 1B1.3, a district court’s

sentencing range is not accurate unless its relevant-conduct findings are also

accurate. Thus, we first consider whether the district court clearly erred by treating

conduct related to the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the

Siegelman-Young Agreement as relevant conduct under § 1B1.3. See Valarezo-

Orobio, 635 F.3d at 1264 (explaining that whether an act “qualifies as relevant

conduct is a question of fact reviewed for clear error”); United States v. Valladares,

544 F.3d 1257, 1267 (11th Cir. 2008) (explaining that we review “the application

of the relevant conduct guideline in § 1B1.3 to the facts of the case” for clear


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error). Next, we consider whether the district court properly applied the

Guidelines in light of the court’s relevant-conduct determination.

                                    2. Relevant Conduct

       When calculating a defendant’s sentencing range under the Guidelines, the

sentencing court must consider all “relevant conduct” as defined in § 1B1.3. See

United States v. Blanc, 146 F.3d 847, 851–52 (11th Cir. 1998). Because “the

limits of sentencing accountability are not coextensive with the scope of criminal

liability,” Hamaker, 455 F.3d at 1336, 1338 (internal quotation marks and

alternations omitted), relevant conduct is broadly defined to include both

uncharged and acquitted conduct that is proven at sentencing by a preponderance

of the evidence.12 Id. Under section 1B1.3, relevant conduct includes “all acts and




12
   Siegelman does not dispute that our precedent “uniformly states[] [that] relevant conduct of
which a defendant was acquitted nonetheless may be taken into account in sentencing for the
offense of conviction, as long as the government proves the acquitted conduct relied upon by a
preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Duncan, 400 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 2005)
(internal alterations and quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Culver, 598 F.3d
740, 752–53 (11th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 896 (2010); United States v. Smith, 741
F.3d 1211, 1226–27 (11th Cir. 2013) cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 704 (2014). Despite our clear
precedent, Siegelman nonetheless urges us to require the Government to prove his acquitted
conduct (i.e., his conduct with respect to the Siegelman-Young Agreement) by clear and
convincing evidence. According to Siegelman, a heightened evidentiary standard is warranted
here because the district court’s reliance on the acquitted conduct tripled his sentencing range.
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omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, procured,

or willfully caused by the defendant”—as well as “all reasonably foreseeable acts

and omissions of others in furtherance of” jointly undertaken criminal activity—

“that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the

offense of conviction.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1), (2) (emphasis added) 13; see also

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. n.3. “For two or more offenses to constitute part of a

common scheme or plan, they must be substantially connected to each other by at

least one common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common

purpose, or similar modus operandi.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. n. 9(A).

“Accordingly, we consider whether there are distinctive similarities between the

offense of conviction and the remote conduct that signal that they are part of a

single course of conduct rather than isolated, unrelated events that happen only to




        Although the Supreme Court has acknowledged that some circuits have determined that
“relevant conduct that would dramatically increase the sentence must be based on clear and
convincing evidence,” United States v. Watts, 117 S. Ct. 633, 637 (1997), we have not adopted
such a rule. We decline to consider whether to adopt such a rule here. Cf. United States v.
Villareal-Amarillas, 562 F.3d 892, 895–98 (8th Cir. 2009) (overruling circuit precedent
recognizing the possibility that facts relied upon by the district court at sentencing may need to
be proved by clear and convincing evidence in the “exceptional case” and explaining that
“concerns about the tail wagging the dog were put to rest when Booker rendered the Guidelines
advisory” (internal quotation marks omitted)); United States v. Fisher, 502 F.3d 293, 305 (3d
Cir. 2007) (same).
13
   Section 1B1.3(a)(2) applies “solely with respect to offenses of a character for which
§ 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple counts.” We are satisfied that the offenses
associated with the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange, the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham
Transactions, and the Siegelman-Young Agreement are of a character that would require
grouping under § 3D1.2(d), and Siegelman does not expressly argue to the contrary.
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be similar in kind.” Valladares, 544 F.3d at 1268 (internal quotation marks

omitted).


      Here, the district court treated Siegelman’s bribery conviction—which was

based on the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange—as the offense of conviction when

calculating the sentencing range. And, although the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange

was the only conduct underpinning the bribery conviction, the district court treated

conduct from the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the Siegelman-

Young Agreement as relevant conduct at various points in its sentencing

calculation. See, e.g., Siegelman Resentencing Hr’g Tr. at 12–17, 35–36.

Contrary to Siegelman’s arguments on appeal, we conclude that the district court

did not clearly err in treating this conduct as relevant conduct because it “is

plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety” that both the Siegelman-

Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the Siegelman-Young Agreement were part

of the same common scheme or plan as the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange giving

rise to the bribery conviction. Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564,

574 (1985)

      Specifically, the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions are

substantially connected to the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange by a common

accomplice, Nick Bailey, Siegelman’s close associate and former confidential

assistant. Bailey facilitated the sham transactions by executing checks to both

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Siegelman and Young to make it appear as though he, Bailey, had accepted the

$9200 payment Young made to Siegelman. Similarly, Bailey helped Siegelman

acquire and conceal the $500,000 donation from Scrushy in exchange for the seat

on the CON Board. 14

       The Siegelman-Young Agreement is also substantially connected to the

Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange by a common victim, common purpose, and similar

modus operandi. Both offenses deprived the citizens of Alabama of the honest

services of their Governor and therefore harmed a common victim. Moreover,

both offenses were committed for the common purpose of obtaining power and

money for Siegelman and his associates. The Siegelman-Young Agreement

enriched both Siegelman’s interests by facilitating a $50,000 donation from one of

Young’s clients to the Foundation and Young’s interests by helping him obtain

lucrative state- and local- government action. Similarly, the Siegelman-Scrushy

Exchange enriched both Siegelman’s interests by facilitating a $500,000 donation

to the Foundation and Scrushy’s interests by giving him a position on the CON


14
   Relying on a single sentence in our Siegelman II opinion, Siegelman argues that we have
already tacitly concluded that the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions, which led to the
obstruction-of-justice conviction, are not sufficiently related to the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange
for purposes of § 1B1.3. Specifically, in describing the basis for Siegelman’s various charges,
we stated that “[t]he obstruction of justice allegations involved conduct unrelated to the
Siegelman-Scrushy bribery, mail fraud and conspiracy charges.” Siegelman II, 640 F.3d at 1164
n.1 (emphasis added). When read in context, however, this statement merely clarified that the
facts supporting the obstruction-of-justice charges differed from the facts supporting the other
listed charges. Because our statement was not addressing relevant conduct under § 1B1.3, it
does not bind us here.
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Board. Finally, these offenses also shared the same modus operandi because

Siegelman used his political power and influence to effectuate both the Siegelman-

Young Agreement and the Siegelman-Scrushy Exchange. 15

       Because the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the

Siegelman-Young Agreement are substantially connected to the Siegelman-

Scrushy Exchange by at least one of the four factors, the district court did not

clearly err by treating the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the

Siegelman-Young Agreement as relevant conduct when calculating the sentencing

range for the bribery offense of conviction. See United States v. White, 335 F.3d

1314, 1319 (11th Cir. 2003) (explaining that we will not find clear error unless,

upon reviewing the record, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been committed).




15
   Siegelman argues that he should not be accountable for the conduct of others that rippled out
from the Siegelman-Young Agreement because such conduct was “unknown and unforeseeable”
to him. We disagree. Section 1B1.3 defines relevant conduct to include all conduct of others
that is “both in furtherance of, and reasonably foreseeable in connection with” the offense of
conviction. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt. n.2. A defendant’s accountability for the conduct of others
is determined by “the scope of the specific conduct and objectives” that the defendant agreed to
undertake. Id. Siegelman and Young had an ongoing agreement wherein Siegelman would
facilitate governmental action at Young’s request and Young would provide money and other
things of value at Siegelman’s request. This ongoing agreement was, by its nature, open-ended,
encompassing a broad range of possible conduct to be carried out by many possible actors as a
means of enhancing both Siegelman’s and Young’s financial interests. The conduct that
Siegelman challenges was therefore reasonably foreseeable in connection with the broad scope
of his pay-for-play agreement with Young.
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                            3. Resulting Guidelines Calculation

       Having determined that the district court did not clearly err by treating the

Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the Siegelman-Young

Agreement as relevant conduct, we turn to Siegelman’s remaining arguments,

namely that the district court erred in calculating the value of the bribe and in

granting both an obstruction-of-justice adjustment and an upward departure for

systemic and pervasive government corruption. Because these arguments are

premised on Siegelman’s faulty assumption that the Siegelman-Young-Bailey

Sham Transactions and the Siegelman-Young Agreement do not qualify as

relevant conduct, we conclude that the district court did not err by: (1) accounting

for the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions and the Siegelman-Young

Agreement in calculating the value of the bribe; 16 (2) granting an obstruction-of-

justice adjustment based on the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions; 17 or

(3) granting the systemic and pervasive corruption upward departure based on the




16
   We note that the court failed to include the $500,000 connected to the Siegelman-Scrushy
Exchange in calculating the value of the bribe. However, because taking this additional money
into account does not affect the offense level, the district court’s oversight does not undermine
our conclusion.
17
   Because the Siegelman-Young-Bailey Sham Transactions satisfy § 3C1.1, we need not
consider whether the additional conduct that the district court relied upon would also qualify as
obstructive conduct under § 3C1.1. See Siegelman Resentencing Hr’g Tr. at 12–14.
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loss of public confidence in the government of the State of Alabama. 18 We

therefore affirm Siegelman’s seventy-eight-month sentence.

                                       CONCLUSION

       The district court’s order denying Siegelman’s motion for a new trial and the

district court’s amended final judgment are AFFIRMED.




18
  This is the second time that we have affirmed the district court’s upward departure for
systemic and pervasive corruption. See Siegelman II, 640 F.3d at 1190 (noting that Siegelman
conceded at his initial sentencing that “certainly the argument could be made, in all candor, that
there could be some question as to public confidence in this case”).



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