                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]


            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                      ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             No. 05-12754                 JANUARY 12, 2006
                         Non-Argument Calendar            THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                              CLERK
                       ________________________

                   D. C. Docket No. 04-60067-CV-UUB

JEANNIE NUNEZ SULLIVAN,
a.k.a. Jennie Sullivan,

                                                       Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                  versus

CITY OF PEMBROKE PINES,
a Florida municipality,
MICHAEL SCOPA,
Officer,


                                                       Defendants-Appellees.


                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      _________________________

                            (January 12, 2006)

Before CARNES, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

      Jeannie Nunez Sullivan appeals the district court’s decision granting

summary judgment in favor of Officer Michael Scopa on her 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and

malicious prosecution claims and in favor of the City of Pembroke Pines on her

false arrest and battery claims. We affirm.

                                         I.

      On January 13, 2002, Sullivan called 911 and requested help from the police

during a fight with her sixteen-year-old daughter, Tiffany Gonzalez. Sullivan,

Gonzalez, Sullivan’s parents, and Sullivan’s other two daughters were riding

together in the family van when a domestic dispute occurred. While Sullivan was

on her cell phone speaking to the 911 operator, Gonzalez opened the sliding van

door and exited the slowly moving vehicle. Sullivan’s distraught tone of voice is

evident on the recording of this call.

      Sullivan informed the 911 operator that Gonzalez was getting violent, that

she had jumped from the moving vehicle, and that the police should be sent right

away. On the recording, she can be heard telling Gonzalez that she is “Baker

Acting [her] tonight,” referring to Florida’s involuntary commitment statute. See

Fla. Stat. § 394.463. Gonzalez had been “Baker Acted” before on other occasions.

      Officer Michael Scopa responded to this call. Sullivan located Gonzalez



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after Scopa had already arrived on the scene. Sullivan exited the van, and she and

Scopa exchanged angry words. Sullivan told Scopa that Gonzalez needed to be

“Baker Acted.” Sullivan admitted that she “is usually loud and was loud then.”

Appellant’s Br. at 15. Scopa told her that he was not ready to talk to her yet and

told her twice to get back in the van.

      Sullivan called 911 a second time, and once again her distraught tone of

voice is evident on the tape of this call. During it, Sullivan told the operator that an

officer was now on the scene but that he was making the situation worse and that

she would not deal with him. She asked for another officer to be dispatched. The

operator told her: “Ma’am stop yelling. I’m going to try to help you, but I can’t

hear you when you’re screaming at me.” Sullivan apologized and explained that

she was upset. The operator asked her the name of the officer on the scene.

Sullivan asked Scopa his name, but he told her he was busy. She approached him

again, and he told her for a third time to get back to her vehicle. The parties

dispute whether Sullivan touched Scopa at this point, but it is undisputed that she

came close to him in an attempt to look at his name tag. Scopa told her one last

time to get back to her car, and then he arrested her. He pushed her to the ground

with her hands behind her back, placed his knee on her back, and handcuffed her.

      Sullivan was charged with battery upon a law enforcement officer and



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resisting an officer without violence. She was acquitted following a jury trial.

After her acquittal, Sullivan filed suit against Scopa and the City of Pembroke

Pines alleging violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and claiming false arrest, battery, and

malicious prosecution.

      Sullivan claimed that Scopa violated § 1983 because his arrest of her was

not supported by probable cause and because he had used excessive force. The

district court found that Scopa had probable cause to believe that Sullivan was

guilty of “resisting an officer without violence and/or disturbing the peace.” The

court also concluded that on Sullivan’s excessive force claim, Scopa was entitled

to qualified immunity because at the time of the arrest, no law clearly established

that Scopa violated Sullivan’s constitutional rights. The court found that summary

judgment was proper on Sullivan’s malicious prosecution claim against Scopa

because probable cause for the arrest existed.

      Sullivan also claimed that the City of Pembroke Pines was liable for false

arrest and battery based on Scopa’s conduct in arresting her. The court found that

because Sullivan could not establish that Scopa committed the underlying

intentional torts of false arrest or battery, the city could not be held liable on these

claims. The court concluded that Scopa had probable cause to arrest Sullivan;

therefore, her false arrest claim was barred. It also found that the force Scopa used



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to arrest Sullivan did not constitute battery under Florida law because Scopa’s

actions were reasonably necessary and not clearly excessive under the

circumstances. The court noted that it was undisputed that Sullivan ignored

Scopa’s instructions to return to her vehicle and continued to approach him, and it

was also undisputed that she was yelling at him and at the 911 operator.

      Therefore, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of both

defendants.

                                         II.

      We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, and we resolve any

reasonable dispute of material fact in favor of the nonmoving party. Zipperer v.

City of Ft. Myers, 41 F.3d 619, 622 (11th Cir. 1995).

                                         A.

      First, we must resolve whether there is a genuine issue of material fact

concerning whether Scopa had probable cause to arrest Sullivan. “[P]robable

cause constitutes an absolute bar to both state and § 1983 claims alleging false

arrest . . . .” Rankin v. Evans, 133 F.3d 1425, 1435 (11th Cir. 1998). Moreover,

Florida law and federal law apply the same standard to determine whether probable

cause exists. Id. Probable cause exists when an arrest is objectively reasonable

under the totality of the circumstances. Id. (citations and quotation marks



                                          5
omitted). There is probable cause “when the facts and circumstances within the

officer’s knowledge, of which he or she has reasonably trustworthy information,

would cause a prudent person to believe, under the circumstances shown, that the

suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense.” Id.

(citations and quotation marks omitted).

      To prove a § 1983 claim for false arrest, a plaintiff must demonstrate the

absence of probable cause. Id. at 1436. The existence or absence of probable

cause can be determined as a matter of law from the facts. See id.

      Sullivan contends that no probable cause existed for her arrest for any crime.

She argues that in considering the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, the

district court failed to view the facts in the light most favorable to her as the non-

movant. Sullivan asserts that Scopa began his interaction with her by yelling at

her, approaching very close to her, and acting aggressive as he ordered her to

return to her vehicle. She argues that the district court failed to consider these facts

when it reached its conclusions about the existence of probable cause and the

absence of excessive force.

      Florida law makes it a crime to resist an officer without violence. Fla. Stat.

§ 843.02. The law provides:

             Whoever shall resist, obstruct, or oppose any officer . . . in the lawful
             execution of any legal duty, without offering or doing violence to the

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               person of the officer, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first
               degree.

Id. In Wilkerson v. State, 556 So. 2d 453, 455 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990), the First

Florida District Court of Appeal held that Fla. Stat. § 843.02 was not

unconstitutionally overbroad. Wilkerson, who was arrested for resisting an officer

without violence, yelled and cursed at police officers. She contended that she was

merely exercising her right to free speech and was not otherwise interfering with

the officers’ performance of their duties. Id. The court concluded that Wilkerson

was engaged in conduct that went beyond the mere exercise her free speech rights.

Id. at 456. The officers repeatedly told her to leave the area so that they could

perform their duties, and she refused to do so. The court concluded that “[p]olice

officers may lawfully demand that citizens move on and away from the area of a

crime without impermissibly infringing upon the citizen’s First Amendment

rights.” Id.

      Sullivan contends that because she initiated the 911 call to request assistance

from the police and simply tried to speak to Scopa to explain to him the mental

health condition of her daughter, Wilkerson is distinguishable. These facts are

insufficient to distinguish Wilkerson. In Wilkerson the court noted that the

defendant was not arrested for merely yelling and cursing at the officers; she was

arrested only after she refused to leave the area where the officers were attempting

                                            7
to perform their legal duties. Id. Similarly, Sullivan was arrested only after she

repeatedly approached Scopa and interfered with his investigation.

      Sullivan also cites a case from Vermont that distinguishes Wilkerson and

holds that failure to obey an officer’s command does not automatically make a

person guilty of “hindering” the officer. See State v. Stone, 756 A.2d 785 (Vt.

2000). Sullivan’s reliance on Stone is misplaced. In addition to the fact that the

language of the Vermont statute at issue in Stone differs from Fla. Stat. § 843.02,

Stone is a criminal case in which the court ruled that it could not determine beyond

a reasonable doubt that the defendant had violated Vermont law by “hindering” an

officer in the performance of his duties. Id. at 791. In the present civil case, we

must determine whether Sullivan failed to establish that probable cause justified

her arrest for obstructing an officer in the performance of his legal duty. We

conclude that Sullivan did fail to establish the absence of probable cause.

      Scopa had been dispatched to the scene of a domestic disturbance. Sullivan

had told the 911 operator that her sixteen-year-old daughter was getting violent and

had jumped from the family’s moving vehicle. An involuntary commitment

situation under Florida’s Baker Act also potentially existed and required Scopa to

investigate whether involuntary commitment was necessary. See Fla. Stat.

§ 394.463(2)(a) (“A law enforcement officer shall take a person who appears to



                                           8
meet the criteria for involuntary examination into custody . . . . The officer shall

execute a written report detailing the circumstances under which the person was

taken into custody . . . .”).

       Scopa was investigating the situation—that is, he was performing his legal

duty as a police officer—when Sullivan repeatedly interrupted him and interfered

with his investigation. It is undisputed that he told her several times to return to

her vehicle. He arrested her with probable cause to believe that she was violating

Fla. Stat. § 843.02 because Sullivan obstructed his efforts to conduct his

investigation of a suspected domestic disturbance and Baker Act situation by

continuing to approach and interrupt him after she had been instructed to return to

her vehicle. See Francis v. State, 736 So. 2d 97, 98–99 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999)

(affirming the resisting without violence conviction of a woman who blocked an

officer’s path and told him, “[I]t’s okay; we don’t need you,” when the officer was

investigating a 911 call).

       In addition to evaluating probable cause in relation to Fla. Stat. § 843.02, the

district court also considered whether probable cause existed to arrest Sullivan for

disturbing the peace. This analysis was proper even though Sullivan was not

charged with disorderly conduct because we have held that “the validity of the

arrest does not turn on the offense announced by the officer at the time of the



                                           9
arrest.” Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1195–96 (11th Cir. 2002); see also State v.

Cote, 547 So. 2d 993, 996 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989) (same). However, because we

conclude that Scopa had probable cause to arrest Sullivan for a violation of Fla.

Stat. § 843.02, we need not address the issue of whether probable cause existed for

disturbing the peace.

                                          B.

      Our next inquiry is whether Scopa used excessive force when he arrested

Sullivan. It is undisputed that Scopa grabbed Sullivan’s arm, pulled her arms

behind her back, forced her to the ground, placed his knee on her back, and

handcuffed her. There are no allegations that he hit, kicked, or used other force or

that he kept her on the ground for any appreciable period of time.

      “This Court has explained that when applied in excessive force cases,

qualified immunity applies unless application of the standard would inevitably lead

every reasonable officer [in the position of the defendant officer] to conclude the

force was unlawful.” Nolin v. Isbell, 207 F.3d 1252, 1255 (11th Cir. 2000)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). We have “established the principle that the

application of de minimis force, without more, will not support a claim for

excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 1257 (11th Cir.

2000). In Nolin v. Isbell a seventeen-year-old boy, Nathan Nolin, was wrestling



                                          10
and roughhousing with a friend, and police officers believed that the boys were

fighting. Id. at 1254. As a result, Nolin was arrested. Id. Nolin brought a § 1983

excessive force claim against the officer who arrested him and alleged that the

officer “grabbed him from behind by the shoulder and wrist, threw him against a

van three or four feet away, kneed him in the back and pushed his head against the

side of the van, searched his groin area in an uncomfortable manner, and

handcuffed him.” Id. at 1255. We held that “a minimal amount of force and

injury, as present in the facts of this case, will not defeat an officer’s qualified

immunity in an excessive force case.” Id. at 1258.

       Scopa did not use more force in arresting Sullivan than the officer used in

Nolin. See id. Because we have held that this is a “de minimis” amount of force in

effectuating a valid arrest, Sullivan has failed to establish an excessive force claim

against Scopa. See id. at 1257.

                                            C.

       Sullivan also brought false arrest and battery claims against the City of

Pembroke Pines. As we have already noted, “probable cause constitutes an

absolute bar to both state and § 1983 claims alleging false arrest.” Rankin, 133

F.3d at 1435. We have concluded that probable cause existed for Scopa’s arrest of

Sullivan. Therefore, the false arrest claim against Pembroke Pines cannot stand.



                                            11
      Sullivan also alleges that the amount of force Scopa used in arresting her

was unreasonable and unnecessary, and that it constituted a battery for which the

city should be held liable. Florida law provides that “a presumption of good faith

attaches to an officer’s use of force in making a lawful arrest and an officer is

liable for damages only where the force used is clearly excessive . . . . A battery

claim for excessive force is analyzed by focusing upon whether the amount of

force used was reasonable under the circumstances.” City of Miami v. Sanders,

672 So. 2d 46, 47 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1996) (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

For the same reasons we concluded that the force used by Scopa was not clearly

excessive under the law of this Circuit, we also conclude that it was not clearly

excessive according to the similar standard set forth under Florida law.

      AFFIRMED.




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