    17-739
    Singh v. Sessions
                                                                                         BIA
                                                                               Christensen, IJ
                                                                               A205 935 135


                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                   SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED
ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT
FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
(WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

         At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for
    the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States
    Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
    16th day of October, two thousand eighteen.

    PRESENT:
             RICHARD C. WELSEY,
             PETER W. HALL,
             GERARD E. LYNCH,
                  Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    AMRITPAL SINGH,
             Petitioner,

                        v.                                           17-739
                                                                     NAC
    JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, UNITED
    STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,
             Respondent.
    _____________________________________

    FOR PETITIONER:                        Anas J. Ahmed, Pannun The Firm,
                                           P.C., Jackson Heights, NY.

    FOR RESPONDENT:                        Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant
                                           Attorney General; Andrew N.
                                           O’Malley, Senior Litigation
                                           Counsel; Lindsay M. Murphy, Trial
                                           Attorney, Office of Immigration
                                 Litigation, United States
                                 Department of Justice,
                                 Washington, DC.

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a

Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby

ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the petition for review is

DENIED.

       Petitioner Amritpal Singh, a native and citizen of India,

seeks review of a February 17, 2017, decision of the BIA

affirming a July 20, 2016, decision of an Immigration Judge

(“IJ”) denying Singh’s application for asylum, withholding of

removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”).      In re Amritpal Singh, No. A205 935 135 (B.I.A. Feb.

17, 2017), aff’g No. A205 935 135 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City July

20, 2016).       We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

underlying facts and procedural history in this case.

       Under the circumstances of this case, we have reviewed both

the IJ’s and BIA’s decisions.          See Yun-Zui Guan v. Gonzales,

432 F.3d 391, 394 (2d Cir. 2005).        The applicable standards of

review are well established.           See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B);

Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 165-66 (2d Cir. 2008).

       The governing REAL ID Act credibility standard provides

that    the   agency   must   “[c]onsider[]   the   totality   of   the


                                   2
circumstances,” and may base a credibility finding on an

applicant’s      “demeanor,     candor,     or     responsiveness,”     the

plausibility of his account, and inconsistencies or omissions

in his or his witness’s statements, “without regard to whether”

they go “to the heart of the applicant’s claim.”                   8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 163-64, 166-67.

“We    defer . . . to     an     IJ’s     credibility         determination

unless . . . it is plain that no reasonable fact-finder could

make such an adverse credibility ruling.”            Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d

at 167.        For the reasons that follow, we conclude that

substantial evidence supports the agency’s adverse credibility

determination.

      First, contrary to Singh’s assertions, the agency properly

relied    on    his   border    interview        record   when    assessing

credibility.      See Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 169,

179-81    (2d    Cir.   2004)    (observing        that   a      credibility

determination may be based on inconsistencies arising from an

airport interview).      We exercise caution when reviewing border

interview statements because such interviews “may be perceived

. . . as coercive or threatening . . . [and] aliens may not be

entirely forthcoming in the initial interview.”                  Id. at 179.

The agency may nevertheless rely on border interview statements


                                    3
when assessing credibility if the interview record “bears

hallmarks of accuracy and reliability.”   Ming Zhang v. Holder,

585 F.3d 715, 721 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Ramsameachire, 357

F.3d at 181).   Some of those hallmarks are that the interview

was memorialized in a typewritten document, was conducted

through an interpreter, and included questions designed to

elicit an asylum claim.     Id. at 725.   As the IJ correctly

observed, those hallmarks are present here.   Moreover, as the

Government observes, Singh’s counsel did not object to the

admission of the border interview record before the IJ.    The

agency therefore properly considered the interview record when

assessing Singh’s credibility.

    Second, the agency reasonably relied on inconsistency

among Singh’s application, testimony, and border interview

about when he began having problems with members of the rival

Congress Party (“CP”).    Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 163-64, 167.

Singh provided in his application and testimony that he first

had problems in February 2011, but he stated during his 2013

border interview that his problems began four or five years

earlier.   The agency was not required to credit Singh’s

explanation that his father had problems with the CP then

because it did not resolve the inconsistency given that Singh


                               4
was asked when his own problems with the CP began.           See Majidi

v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2005) (“A petitioner must

do more than offer a plausible explanation for his inconsistent

statements to secure relief; he must demonstrate that a

reasonable   fact-finder   would       be   compelled   to   credit   his

testimony.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

    Third, the agency reasonably relied on inconsistency among

Singh’s application, testimony, and interviews concerning his

reports to the police.     Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 163-64, 167.

Singh gave varying accounts of his reporting to police: he

stated during his border interview that he complained to the

police many times, but they refused to help; he stated during

his credible fear interview that he and his father reported both

attacks, but the police refused to help them and pushed them

out of the station each time; he provided in his application

that he and his father reported only the February 2013 attack;

and he testified that he reported only the February 2013 attack

with his father, but that his father had complained to the police

by himself many times.     The agency was not required to credit

Singh’s explanation that he misspoke during his border

interview because he was nervous.           See Majidi, 430 F.3d at

80-81.   An applicant’s “mere recitation that he was nervous or


                                   5
felt pressured during an [initial] interview will not

automatically prevent the IJ or BIA from relying [o]n statements

in such interviews when making adverse credibility

determinations,” Yun-Zui Guan, 432 F.3d at 397 n.6, and Singh’s

explanation did not resolve the inconsistency between the

subsequent credible fear interview and his application and

testimony.

       Fourth, the agency reasonably relied on inconsistency

between Singh’s testimony and credible fear interview regarding

who attacked him in June 2012.   Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 163-64,

167.    Singh testified that he recognized two of the men because

they had previously threatened him, but he stated during his

credible fear interview that he did not recognize any of his

attackers.    Although Singh contends that the IJ erred by

failing to solicit an explanation for this inconsistency, the

Government is correct that Singh failed to exhaust this

challenge before the BIA.     See Lin Zhong v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 480 F.3d 104, 122 (2d Cir. 2007) (providing that issue

exhaustion is mandatory).    Regardless, even assuming that this

inconsistency was not obvious, and that the agency therefore

erred by failing to solicit an explanation, remand would be

futile given the support for the agency’s credibility


                                 6
determination set forth above.          See Ming Shi Xue v. BIA, 439

F.3d 111, 121 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[W]here the perceived

incongruities in an asylum applicant’s testimony are not

plainly obvious, an IJ cannot rely on them to support an adverse

credibility ruling without first identifying the alleged

inconsistencies for the applicant and giving the applicant an

opportunity to address them.”); Li Hua Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 453 F.3d 99, 106-07 (2d Cir. 2006) (observing that

remand is futile if the agency’s “errors are relatively minor

in light of the record as a whole”; for example, “where the IJ

or BIA’s reliance on an erroneous aspect of its reasoning is

so tangential that there is no realistic possibility that the

outcome would be different on remand.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)).1

     Given the foregoing inconsistencies, the “totality of the

circumstances”   supports    the   agency’s     adverse   credibility

determination.    Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 167.           The adverse

credibility    determination       is     dispositive     of   asylum,

withholding of removal, and CAT relief because all three claims


1 The IJ also considered SADM’s failure to mention any ill-treatment
of Petitioner in its letter supporting Petitioner’s claim. See Hong
Fei Gao v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 67, 81 (2d Cir. 2018). We need not
address whether this bears on the credibility determination, as the
BIA did not rely on it, and the above inconsistences, on which the
BIA did rely, are sufficient to support its decision.
                                   7
are based on the same factual predicate.   See Paul v. Gonzales,

444 F.3d 148, 156-57 (2d Cir. 2006).

    For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is

DENIED.

                        FOR THE COURT:
                        Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe
                        Clerk of Court




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