                                                                       FILED
                                                                United States Court of
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                   Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit
                         FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                       _________________________________
                                                                   March 9, 2020

                                                               Christopher M. Wolpert
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                      Clerk of Court

          Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                    No. 19-3080
    v.                                    (D.C. No. 6:18-CR-10023-EFM-1)
                                                      (D. Kan.)
    CHARLES L. HERVEY,

          Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                       _________________________________

Before MATHESON, McKAY, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
               _________________________________

         After unsuccessfully moving to suppress evidence, Mr. Charles

Hervey was convicted of being a user of a controlled substance in

possession of a firearm. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3). Mr. Hervey appeals,

arguing that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress

because (1) the warrantless search of an outdoor trash cart violated his



*
      The parties do not request oral argument, and it would not materially
help us to decide this appeal. We have thus decided the appeal based on the
appellate briefs and the record on appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2);
10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).

      This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value as
appropriate under Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a) and 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
reasonable expectation of privacy and (2) the search warrant was deficient

because it didn’t adequately describe the items of interest. We reject these

arguments and affirm.

I.   The Investigation and Search

     In 2017, the Wichita police were watching a house occupied by

residents who had frequently been arrested with firearms. The police

suspected that gang members were using the house to hide from law

enforcement.

     While watching the house, Officer Perry saw a car arrive. A

passenger went inside the house, then left in the car after only about five

minutes. Officer Perry followed and stopped the car for a traffic infraction.

During the traffic stop, Officer Perry found 56 grams of marijuana and

learned that someone named “Little” lived at the house. “Little” was a

name known to the Wichita Police as an alias for Mr. Hervey.

     Six days later, Officer Perry searched an outdoor trash cart at the

edge of the house and found roughly 23 baggies and 2 large vacuum-sealed

bags. The bags contained marijuana residue. Officer Perry also learned that

     •     Mr. Hervey was believed to be a member of a well-known
           violent gang,

     •     Mr. Hervey had frequently been arrested with firearms in his
           possession, and

     •     other residents of the house had recently been stopped with a
           .40 caliber handgun in their possession.

                                      2
         With this information, Officer Perry obtained a warrant to search the

house for seven items:

         1.     Unknown quantity of a leaf y green substance commonly
                known as marijuana in any and all forms.

         2.     Packaging material, scales, paraphernalia, pagers, portable
                phones and surveillance equipment used in the association
                with the sale of marijuana.

         3.     U.S. currency, used in the sale of marijuana.

         4.     Address and/or telephone books and any papers and/or
                computer records reflecting names, addresses, telephone
                numbers, and pager numbers of: co-conspirators, sources
                of supply, customers, and other individuals or businesses
                connected with the sale of marijuana.

         5.     Indicia of occupancy, residency, rental, and/or ownership
                of the premises described herein, including, but not limited
                to, utility and telephone bills, canceled envelops [sic],
                rental, purchase or lease agreements, and keys.

         6.     Firearms and ammunition used in connection with the sale
                of marijuana.

         7.     Scanners and or radios used in connection with the sale of
                marijuana.

    R. at 65.

         The police executed the search warrant while Mr. Hervey was at

home and discovered more marijuana, illegal pills, 1 a firearm, and

documents relating to residency.


1
      The record is inconsistent regarding whether these pills were
methamphetamine or ecstasy. Mr. Hervey was indicted for possession of
methamphetamine. R. vol. 1, at 15. But the presentence report refers to
“ecstasy pills (methamphetamine).” R. vol. 2, at 14. The pills were also
                                          3
II.   The Search of the Outdoor Trash Cart

      Mr. Hervey challenges the search of the trash cart. We reject this

challenge because Mr. Hervey failed to preserve the issue.

      To challenge the introduction of evidence in a criminal case, the

appellant must have raised the issue in a pretrial motion to suppress. When

the appellant omits an issue from the motion to suppress, appellate review

is waived. Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(C); see United States v. Bowline, 917

F.3d 1227, 1234 (10th Cir. 2019); United States v. Vance, 893 F.3d 763,

769–70 (10th Cir. 2018).

      In district court, Mr. Hervey did not ever object to the initial search

of the outdoor trash cart. We thus conclude that Mr. Hervey has waived his

challenge to the introduction of evidence from the warrantless search of

the trash cart.




referred to as ecstasy during the hearing on Mr. Hervey’s motion to
suppress. The government’s brief refers to the substance as ecstasy (except
when listing the charges in the indictment). But methamphetamine and
ecstasy are distinct drugs, appearing in different schedules under the
Controlled Substance Act. See 21 U.S.C. § 812; 21 C.F.R. §§ 1308.11,
1308.12; see also Drug Scheduling, DEA, https://www.dea.gov/drug-
scheduling. Because Mr. Hervey’s conviction was not based on the pills,
we need not resolve this inconsistency in the record.

                                      4
III.   Particularity of the Warrant

       We also reject Mr. Hervey’s challenge to the particularity of the

warrant. 2 For this challenge, we engage in de novo review. United States v.

Cooper, 654 F.3d 1104, 1125–26 (10th Cir. 2011).

       The Fourth Amendment provides that warrants must “particularly

describ[e] the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

U.S. Const. amend. IV. This requirement prohibits “general, exploratory

rummaging in a person’s belongings.” Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403

U.S. 443, 467 (1971). Given this prohibition, an adequately particularized

warrant must “enable[] the searcher to reasonably ascertain and identify

the things authorized to be seized.” United States v. Riccardi, 405 F.3d

852, 862 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v. Leary, 846 F.2d 592,

600 (10th Cir. 1988)). “Even a warrant that describes the items to be seized

in broad or generic terms may be valid when the description is as specific

as the circumstances and the nature of the activity under investigation

permit.” Id.

       We considered the particularity requirement in United States v.

Harris, 903 F.2d 770 (10th Cir. 1990). There we addressed a similar



2
      Mr. Hervey also asserts that the warrant was “invalid because it was
not fully dated.” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 4. But Mr. Hervey does not
explain or develop this assertion, so we consider it waived. United States
v. Brinson, 772 F.3d 1314, 1321 (10th Cir. 2014).

                                      5
warrant for the seizure of items related to the suspected sale of illegal

substances. 903 F.2d at 774–75. In Harris, a traffic stop in Oklahoma

yielded several trash bags with marijuana residue inside and over $400,000

in cash. Id. at 773. This discovery triggered suspicions about an interstate

drug trafficking operation and prompted a search warrant for the

defendant’s home. Id. The Harris warrant identified seven items for the

search:

      (1)     travel records and receipts;

      (2)     bank safe deposit records;

      (3)     currency;

      (4)     stocks, bonds or other securities;

      (5)     gold, silver and/or jewelry;

      (6)     books, records, memorandum, notes, bank records,
              investment records, or any other documents evidencing the
              obtaining, secreting, transfer, and/or concealment of assets
              and/or money obtained through illegal means, the source
              of which has been attempted to be hidden from the
              government in effort to circumvent, thwart, conceal or
              otherwise impair and impede the U.S. government; and

      (7)     marijuana and/or processing and/or packaging material for
              marijuana.

Id. at 774.

      We regarded this description as sufficient for two reasons. First, “a

drug dealing business[] makes it difficult to list with any greater

particularity the books and records desired to be seized which evidences

                                        6
such activity.” Id. at 775. Second, the warrant had incorporated an

affidavit detailing the investigation and nature of the crime. Id.

      The investigation here also concerned the suspected sale of illegal

drugs. The search warrant reflects the nature of that investigation,

referring to large quantities of marijuana and multiple arrests involving the

possession of firearms. The warrant also incorporates an affidavit by

Officer Perry. In the affidavit, Officer Perry stated that the items listed in

the warrant are commonly used in selling and consuming illegal

substances. Officer Perry’s information shows that the items bore a

reasonable relationship to a crime.

      Mr. Hervey argues that the descriptions were so general that the

warrant would allow the executing officers to readily associate innocuous

items with the sale of drugs. But the sufficiency of the warrant hinges on

the nature of the investigation. Here, as in Harris, the nature of a drug-

related investigation curtailed the investigating officers’ ability to describe

the items with greater precision.

      The warrant did not authorize “general exploratory rummaging.”

Rather, the warrant identified specific items that Officer Perry had linked

to drug crimes. The inclusion of broad categories, such as documentary

evidence related to the sale of marijuana, does not render the warrant too

general when the nature of the investigation prevented further precision.



                                       7
        Mr. Hervey also complains that the warrant lacked any adjectives

describing the items. Mr. Hervey did not present this argument in his

motion to suppress, so this argument has been waived. See Part II, above.

But even if he had preserved this argument, we would reject it because Mr.

Hervey does not explain why the listed items are too general without an

adjective.

                                     ** *

        In sum, the search warrant did not violate the Fourth Amendment’s

particularity requirement. The seven listed items were particular enough

given

        •    the nature of the investigation and

        •    the incorporation of Officer Perry’s affidavit linking the seven
             items to the sale and use of illegal drugs.

        Affirmed.

                                    Entered for the Court



                                    Robert E. Bacharach
                                    Circuit Judge




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