                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-2929
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                  Jeremy D. Terrell

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Iowa - Ft. Dodge
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: October 19, 2018
                             Filed: January 10, 2019
                                  ____________

Before WOLLMAN, ARNOLD, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       Jeremy D. Terrell pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine and
possession with intent to distribute meth and “a mixture or substance containing a
detectable amount of cocaine” in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A),
§ 841(b)(1)(C), 846, and 851. The district court1 denied the motion to suppress
evidence from the wiretaps. He appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,
this court affirms.

        In 2014, Nebraska law enforcement began investigating a series of gang-
related robberies. Terrell, an alleged member of the NIKE gang, was a “target
suspect.” In 2015, the county attorney for Douglas County, Nebraska submitted a
wiretap application—not “signed and sworn”—to the Nebraska Attorney General.
The application sought to tap the phones of two members of the NIKE gang (not
Terrell). It included extensive information about felony firearms violations, drug use
and trafficking, robberies, and gang activity. The Attorney General recommended
granting it. The next day, the state court ordered the wiretap. It later extended it.

       In August 2015, after the first wiretap ended, the county attorney applied for
a wiretap on Terrell’s phones. The county attorney submitted another wiretap
application—again not “signed and sworn”—to the Nebraska Attorney General, who
recommended granting it. Four days later, the state court ordered the wiretap. It also
was extended.

        The second wiretap ended September 15. Terrell learned about the wiretaps
for the first time on October 26 during a proffer interview with law enforcement. He
received written notice of the wiretaps in January 2016.

      Terrell contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress. This
court reviews the district court’s factual findings for clear error, and its legal
conclusions de novo. United States v. Lomeli, 676 F.3d 734, 738 (8th Cir. 2012).



      1
      The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa.

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                                          I.

       Terrell believes the wiretaps and extensions were invalid because they were not
preauthorized by the Nebraska Attorney General. The federal wiretap statute requires
that a federal prosecutor, before applying to a federal court for a wiretap, receive
authorization from the United States Attorney General (or a designee). See 18 U.S.C.
§ 2516(1). Terrell argues this requirement applies to Nebraska’s state wiretap statute.
It does not.

      A “wiretap order issued by a state court must comply with state as well as
federal law.” United States v. Moore, 41 F.3d 370, 373 n.1 (8th Cir. 1994). When
sought by a state prosecuting attorney, the federal statute requires that state-issued
wiretaps comply with “applicable State statute.” See 18 U.S.C. § 2516(2). Under
the Nebraska wiretap statute, the Attorney General is required to give a
recommendation, not pre-authorization, to the district court. See Neb. Rev. Stat. §
86-291 (“Within twenty-four hours of receipt by the office of the Attorney General
of the application from the county attorney, the Attorney General or his or her
designated deputy or assistant, as the case may be, shall state to the district court
where the order is sought his or her recommendation as to whether the order should
be granted.”). The district court did not err in granting the wiretap applications
without preauthorization from the Nebraska Attorney General.

                                          II.

       Terrell argues the wiretap applications were improper because they were not
sworn under oath before submission to the Attorney General and were submitted by
a deputy county attorney rather than the principal county attorney. Both arguments
are without merit.

     There is no requirement that wiretap applications be sworn under oath before
submission to the Nebraska Attorney General. The Nebraska statute, like 18 U.S.C.

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§ 2518(1), requires only that a wiretap application be sworn under oath before
presentation to the judge, not the Attorney General. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-293(1)
(“Each application for an order authorizing or approving the interception of a wire,
electronic, or oral communication shall be made in writing upon oath or affirmation
to a judge of a district court and shall state the applicant’s authority to make such
application.”).

       There also is no requirement that wiretap applications be submitted to the
Attorney General by the principal county attorney. Although the federal wiretap
statute requires the “principal prosecuting attorney” of the state to submit the wiretap
application to the judge, there is no similar requirement for submission to the
Attorney General. See 18 U.S.C. § 2518(2). Nebraska also does not have this
requirement. Nebraska law authorizes a county attorney to appoint one or more
deputies to assist in the discharge of official duties. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 23-1204.
Nothing in the Nebraska wiretap statute prohibits deputy county attorneys from
submitting wiretap applications to the Attorney General. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-
291. See also Thompson v. O’Grady, 290 N.W. 716, 718 (Neb. 1940) (holding that
a deputy county attorney has the authority under Nebraska law to sign a criminal
information for the county attorney). The district court did not err in granting the
wiretap applications despite these objections.



                                          III.

       Terrell asserts the first wiretap—which listed him as a target subject—lacked
probable cause. The Nebraska requirement for probable cause matches the federal
requirement. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-293(3)(a)-(d); 18 U.S.C. § 2518 (3)(a)-(d).
The federal wiretap statue does not “prohibit the government from listing someone
as a target subject even if probable cause is lacking as to that person.” United States
v. Dunn, 723 F.3d 919, 927 (8th Cir. 2013). The district court did not err in finding
probable cause to wiretap Terrell’s co-conspirators: “Law enforcement officers had

                                          -4-
information from multiple sources that defendant and other members of a gang were
involved in bank robberies and narcotics trafficking. The reliability of these sources
was corroborated.” Thus, Terrell properly was listed as a target subject. Id.

       Terrell also claims that the length of time from gathering the information until
ordering the wiretap made probable cause stale. The district court said “the mere
lapse of time between information and its use in an affidavit is not controlling, a court
must also consider the nature of the criminal activity involved and whether such
activity is continuous or ongoing in nature.” A lapse in time is less significant when
the criminal activity is continuous and ongoing. See United States v. Jeanetta, 533
F.3d 651, 655 (8th Cir. 2008) (“[W]here continuing criminal activity is suspected, the
passage of time is less significant.”);United States v. Macklin, 902 F.2d 1320, 1326
(8th Cir. 1990) (same). Here, because the criminal activity was continuous and
ongoing, the district court did not err in finding the probable-cause information was
not stale.

                                          IV.

       Terrell disputes that wiretaps were necessary on his phones and those of his co-
conspirators. Under Nebraska law, a judge may approve a wiretap application if the
applicant shows that “normal investigative procedures have been tried and have
failed or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or to be too dangerous.”
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-293(3)(c). See 18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c) (containing similar
language). “Whether the statutory requirement is met is to be determined by the
issuing judge in a commonsense manner, and the determination is a finding of fact,
which can be reversed only if clearly erroneous.” United States v. Maxwell, 25 F.3d
1389, 1394 (8th Cir. 1994). Terrell believes law enforcement failed to pursue several
traditional procedures before seeking a wiretap. But the necessity requirement does
not require the government to exhaust every available investigative technique.
United States. v. Losing, 560 F.2d 906, 910 (8th Cir. 1977) (“Congress did not
require the exhaustion of ‘specific’ or ‘all possible’ investigative techniques before

                                          -5-
wiretap orders could be issued.”). Instead, “it is sufficient if there is evidence that
‘normal investigative techniques . . . reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if
tried.’” United States v. Williams, 124 F.3d 411, 418 (8th Cir. 1997), quoting 18
U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c). The original wiretap affidavit detailed the investigative
techniques police used before applying for the wiretap and reasons why other
traditional procedures would be insufficient. The district did not clearly err in finding
the wiretaps were necessary.

                                           V.

       Terrell maintains the government failed to give him timely notice of the
wiretaps. The Nebraska statute, like 18 U.S.C. § 2518(8)(d), requires that “the
persons named in the order” receive notice of the wiretap within 90 days after “the
termination of the period of [a wiretap] order or extensions thereof.” See Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 86-293(9)(a).

       The county attorney did not give Terrell written notice of the wiretaps on his
phones until 120 days after their termination. Terrell did, however, receive actual
notice of the wiretaps within the 90 days required by state statute. During a proffer
interview with law enforcement—86 days after the first wiretap ended—agents told
Terrell they had intercepted his calls. This was sufficient. See Dunn, 723 F.3d at 927
(holding that “actual notice” of interception is adequate). The district court did not
err when it found the government provided timely notice of the wiretaps.



                                     *******

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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