State of Maryland v. Neiswanger Management Services, LLC et al., No. 28, September
Term, 2017, Opinion by Adkins, J.

HEALTH — INJUNCTIVE RELIEF — EFFECT OF STATUTORY
AUTHORIZATION: Md. Code (1982, 2015 Repl. Vol.), § 19-345.3(c) of the Health–
General Article (“HG”) permits the Attorney General to seek, and a circuit court to grant,
broad injunctive relief on behalf of multiple unnamed residents of nursing facilities for
violations of HG §§ 19-345, 19-345.1, or 19-345.2, which address involuntary discharges
and transfers of residents from nursing facilities.

HEALTH — INJUNCTIVE RELIEF — AUTHORITY TO ENFORCE: HG § 19-
344(c)(5)(ii) requires nursing facilities to cooperate with and assist residents’ agents in
seeking assistance from the medical assistance program. HG § 19-344(c)(6)(ii), which
directs the Attorney General to enforce and prosecute violations of HG § 19-344(c)(4)–(5),
impliedly authorizes the Attorney General to seek injunctive relief to enforce a nursing
facility’s statutory obligations.
Circuit Court for Montgomery County
Case No.: 428607V
Argued: December 5, 2017
                                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                            OF MARYLAND



                                                 No. 28

                                          September Term, 2017



                                        STATE OF MARYLAND

                                                   v.

                                      NEISWANGER MANAGEMENT
                                          SERVICES, LLC et al.



                                          Barbera, C.J.
                                          Greene
                                          Adkins
                                          McDonald
                                          Watts
                                          Hotten
                                          Getty,

                                                 JJ.



                                          Opinion by Adkins, J.



                                          Filed: February 20, 2018
       Statutory interpretation is a complex task for any court, and requires careful

reflection upon the text of the statute, and the intent of the legislative body. These

complexities are compounded when we consider a statute’s relationship with equitable

doctrines. The Maryland General Assembly has enacted a comprehensive scheme to

identify and protect the rights of individuals in nursing facilities in Maryland called the

Patient’s Bill of Rights. Md. Code (1982, 2015 Repl. Vol.), §§ 19-343 et seq. of the

Health–General (“HG”) Article. In this case, we are asked to decide whether the Attorney

General has authority to request injunctive relief against a nursing facility pursuant to two

different provisions of the Patient’s Bill of Rights.

                         FACTS AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

       Neiswanger Management Services, LLC (“Neiswanger”) operates four Maryland

nursing facilities1 located in Anne Arundel County (“New Annapolis”), Montgomery

County (“NMS Silver Spring” and “NMS Springbrook”), and Prince George’s County

(“NMS Hyattsville”).2     On December 21, 2016, the State of Maryland, through the

Attorney General, filed a two-count Complaint in the Circuit Court for Montgomery

County against Neiswanger and other related corporate and individual defendants. The


       1
         Md. Code (1982, 2015 Repl. Vol.), § 19-343(a) of the Health–General Article
defines a “facility” as “a related institution that, under the rules and regulations of the
Department [of Health], is a comprehensive care facility or an extended care facility.” See
COMAR 10.07.09.02.B(6) (defining comprehensive care facility); COMAR
10.07.09.02.B(13) (defining extended care facility). We use the term “nursing facility” for
convenience.
       2
        Neiswanger formerly operated a facility in Washington County (“NMS
Hagerstown”), which closed in 2017.
Complaint alleged violations of the Patient’s Bill of Rights, and the Maryland False Health

Claims Act, HG §§ 2-601, et seq. Count One, the subject of this appeal, related to allegedly

unlawful resident discharges from Neiswanger facilities in violation of HG §§ 19-345, 19-

345.1, and 19-345.2, as well as multiple provisions of COMAR.3

       The State alleged that Neiswanger engages in a widespread pattern of unlawful

involuntary discharges of residents from their nursing facilities. These practices include

involuntary discharges to homeless shelters or “sham assisted living facilities” with

operators who unlawfully exploit residents’ public benefits.         Neiswanger discharged

residents to shelters or facilities far from residents’ hometowns and families. Many evicted

residents are ultimately hospitalized, at the State’s expense, with serious or life-threatening

medical complications caused by the evictions.

       To support its claims about the breadth of Neiswanger’s alleged misconduct, the

State asserted that during a 17-month period, from January 1, 2015 to May 31, 2016,

Neiswanger issued involuntary discharge notices to at least 1,061 residents. In 1,038 of

these discharge notices, Neiswanger stated that the resident was discharged for failure to

pay, or for failure to arrange for payment from Medicare, 4 Medicaid,5 or another third-


       3
         The State alleged violations of: COMAR 10.09.10.03(Q); 10.07.09.04(A)(7);
10.07.09.09(C) and (F)(4); 10.07.09.10(A)(4), (C) and (D)(8); 10.07.09.11(A)(1)(a)–(c),
(B), and (C)(2).
       4
         Medicare is “a health insurance program which provides for payment for medical
care to persons over 65 years of age.” Fort Washington Care Ctr. Ltd. P’ship v. Dep’t of
Health & Mental Hygiene, 80 Md. App. 205, 211 n.3 (1989).
       5
         The Maryland Medical Assistant Program or “Medicaid” is a “a State program
partially funded by the federal government, which reimburses nursing homes for their

                                              2
party payor. By contrast, the State observed that during the same 17-month period, all of

Maryland’s other 225 licensed nursing facilities issued approximately 510 involuntary

discharge notices. It claimed that “more than 700 people” who “reside in the five NMS

facilities,” could be affected by Neiswanger’s unlawful discharge practices.

       The State provided detailed factual narratives of eight Neiswanger residents’

discharges between October 2015 and August 2016. These residents were improperly

discharged to family members’ homes, homeless shelters, or predatory unlicensed assisted

living facilities in violation of the Patient’s Bill of Rights. One resident was left outside a

family member’s home on a hot day. Residents were sent to unfamiliar locations. In many

cases, Neiswanger failed to communicate with residents and their family members

regarding discharge plans.      Three of the named residents had been evicted from

Neiswanger facilities on multiple occasions over a period of several years.

       The State asserted that Neiswanger unlawfully discharges residents to benefit from

the public-insurance payment system for residents of nursing facilities in Maryland.

Medicare recipients are entitled to up to 100 days’ coverage in a nursing facility after a

qualifying hospital stay. For the first 20 days of a resident’s stay, Medicare pays the full

reimbursement rate, and an 80% reimbursement rate for days 21 to 100. Some residents

may be “dual eligibles,” who participate in both Medicare and Medicaid. When a resident

has exhausted their Medicare coverage, and is eligible for Medicaid, then the




patient related costs of medical care rendered to indigent or medically indigent persons.”
Liberty Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Dep’t of Health & Mental Hygiene, 330 Md. 433, 436 (1993).


                                              3
reimbursement rate shifts to the Medicaid rate. Medicaid provides coverage for long-term

care in nursing facilities for eligible Maryland residents, and has significantly lower

reimbursement rates than Medicare.

       The Complaint charged that Neiswanger “strives to discharge each resident of its

nursing homes at the precise point in time when the resident can be replaced by someone

else with a more favorable public health insurance profile.” It does this by maximizing the

number of Medicare recipient residents and minimizing the number of Medicaid recipient

residents. The State alleged that Neiswanger monitors residents’ public health insurance

statuses to identify candidates for eviction, and times that eviction to coincide with the end

of the resident’s Medicare coverage.        It also claimed that Neiswanger unlawfully

discharges Medicaid recipients to make room for more lucrative Medicare recipients in

violation of HG § 19-345(b)(1)(ii).

       The State alleged that in executing these practices, Neiswanger committed multiple

violations of the Patient’s Bill of Rights and COMAR, including failure to give required

notices, in violation of HG § 19-345.1(c)(2)(i) and COMAR 10.07.09.10(D)(8). The

timing of Neiswanger’s discharge notices is also allegedly improper. The State claims that

Neiswanger issued discharge notices before providing residents with notice of

nonpayment, in violation of HG § 19-345(a)(4).          Family members often learned of

discharges shortly before they occurred, the day of the discharge, or not at all, in violation

of COMAR 10.07.09.09(F)(4).           Neiswanger allegedly fails to properly document

discharges or provide residents and families with a written statement containing statutorily-

required information about discharges.


                                              4
       The State also asserted that Neiswanger violates HG § 19-345.2 by failing to engage

in discharge planning, develop appropriate post-discharge plans of care, or comply with

other statutory procedures required before an involuntary discharge or transfer.

Neiswanger allegedly does not arrange for post-discharge medical care for discharged

residents, or provide a 3-day supply of current medications upon discharge. Neiswanger

also violates its statutory obligation to place involuntarily discharged residents in safe and

secure environments, in violation of HG § 19-345.2(c)(2).

       The State also alleged that Neiswanger violates HG § 19-344(c)(5)(ii) (“C & A

Clause”) by failing to “cooperate with and assist” residents and their agents in applying for

long-term care coverage from the medical assistance program. Specifically, Neiswanger

“ignor[es] resident requests for assistance,” “delay[s] the submission of required

paperwork to the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene,”6 or “impedes the submission

of the long-term care applications of Medicare/Medicaid dual eligibles . . . .”

       Relying on HG §§ 19-344(c)(6)(iii) (“Enforcement Clause”) and 19-345.3(c)

(“Injunction Clause”), Count One7 of the State’s Complaint sought an injunction to prohibit

Neiswanger from: (1) further violations of HG §§ 19-344–19-345.2 and COMAR


       6
        The Department of Health and Mental Hygiene was renamed in July 2017 to the
Department of Health (“Department”). See HG § 1-101(c); 2017 Md. Laws ch. 214, § 1.
For convenience, we refer to it as the Department, rather than DHMH.
       7
         Count Two of the Complaint alleged that Neiswanger submitted false claims to
Maryland’s Medicaid program in violation of the Maryland False Health Claims Act. See
HG §§ 2-601 et seq. Specifically, the State alleged that Neiswanger falsely sought
reimbursement for discharge planning and related services that it does not provide, and
falsely certified compliance with discharge-related provisions of the Patients’ Bill of
Rights.

                                              5
10.07.09; (2) issuing notices of involuntary discharge for failure to pay except under

specifically delineated circumstances; (3) discharging a resident who is a Medicaid

participant or is Medicaid-eligible, without documenting the resident’s or legal

representative’s failure to cooperate in applying for benefits or arranging for

reimbursement; (4) discharging, for non-payment, any resident who has a pending

application for Medicaid benefits, unless Neiswanger had a good faith basis for believing

that the resident is ineligible for benefits; (5) discharging any resident to an unlicensed

assisted living facility or incorporating such a facility into a post-discharge plan of care;

and (6) discharging any resident to a homeless shelter, or incorporating such a discharge

into a post-discharge plan of care, or discharging a resident without an identified discharge

destination.

       After the State filed its Complaint, but before Neiswanger had responded, the

Department issued a Notice of Restrictions on Admissions to Neiswanger facilities,

prohibiting the facilities from admitting or re-admitting residents. After a hearing, an

administrative law judge recommended that the Secretary rescind the ban. On January 26,

2017, Neiswanger entered into a Consent Agreement with the Department, requiring

Neiswanger to implement changes to its involuntary discharge practices, comply with the

Patient’s Bill of Rights, and install an independent monitor to supervise and ensure its

compliance with the Consent Agreement.8           Neiswanger, the Department, and the


       8
        On the same day, the State sought a temporary restraining order from the Circuit
Court for Montgomery County to block Neiswanger for discharging residents for non-
payment. The Circuit Court denied the State’s application in an order dated March 15,
2017.

                                             6
independent monitor, Dr. Daniel Haimowiz, entered into a Memorandum of Understanding

(MOU) dated February 8, 2017, which expired after three months, to implement the terms

of the Consent Agreement.        The MOU set out specific compliance procedures for

Neiswanger and outlined numerous conditions for the independent monitoring.

       Neiswanger and the other defendants moved to dismiss the Complaint. After a

hearing, the Circuit Court dismissed Count One of the State’s Complaint for failure to state

a claim upon which relief can be granted. The trial court agreed that the allegations in the

State’s Complaint, if true, “would certainly be in violation of the Patient’s Bill of

Rights . . . .” But the Circuit Court concluded that the Injunction Clause does not authorize

“a broad sweeping injunction against these Defendants’ company practices.”                  It

determined, based on the plain language of the statute, that the Injunction Clause authorizes

injunctive relief only for an individual resident. The Circuit Court also found that the State

lacked authority to sue for an injunction under the Enforcement Clause, because the statute

does not specify injunctive relief as a means of enforcement for violations of § 19-344.9

       The State filed a timely appeal pursuant to Md. Code (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.), § 12-

303(3)(iii) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, which authorizes an

interlocutory appeal from a court’s refusal to grant an injunction. Before the Court of

Special Appeals issued a scheduling order, the State petitioned this Court for a writ of

certiorari. We granted certiorari to answer the following questions:


       9
        The Circuit Court also dismissed Count Two, the Maryland False Health Claims
Act, for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted against some of the
defendants. Count Two survived against Neiswanger, NMS Silver Spring, NMS
Springbrook, and NMS Hagerstown.

                                              7
              1. Did the Circuit Court err in holding that, although Health–
                 General § 19-345.3 authorizes a court to grant “injunctive
                 relief” to remedy violations of the discharge-related
                 provisions of the Patient’s Bill of Rights, the statute
                 excludes injunctive relief barring “company practices” that
                 violate those provisions?

              2. Did the Circuit Court err in holding that the statutory
                 responsibility conferred on the Attorney General by
                 Health–General § 19-344 for the “enforcement” of certain
                 of its provisions related to the Medicaid application process
                 does not authorize the Attorney General to seek, or a court
                 to grant, a judicial injunction enforcing those provisions?

   We answer both questions affirmatively.

                                      DISCUSSION

        The State appeals from the grant of a motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted. A court considering a motion to dismiss

must:

              assume the truth of, and view in a light most favorable to the
              non-moving party, all well-pleaded facts and allegations
              contained in the complaint as well as all inferences that may
              reasonably be drawn from them, and order dismissal only if the
              allegations and permissible inferences, if true, would not afford
              relief to the plaintiff . . . .

RRC Ne., LLC v. BAA Maryland, Inc., 413 Md. 638, 643 (2010). The Circuit Court ruled

that the Injunction Clause did not authorize the kind of broad injunctive relief the State

sought, and that the Enforcement Clause did not authorize injunctive relief at all. Our

resolution of these questions necessitates interpretation of these statutes, which is a

question of law. Davis v. Slater, 383 Md. 599, 604 (2004). We review the Circuit Court’s

statutory interpretation without deference. Id.



                                             8
                                 Justiciability—Mootness

       We first address justiciability. A case is moot if, “at the time it is before the court,

there is no longer an existing controversy between the parties, so that there is no longer any

effective remedy that the court can provide.” Frazier v. Castle Ford, Ltd., 430 Md. 144,

162–63 (2013). “An injunction should not issue if the acts sought to be enjoined have been

discontinued or abandoned.” Attorney Gen. v. Anne Arundel Cty. Sch. Bus Contractors

Ass’n, Inc., 286 Md. 324, 327 (1979). Although we do not generally offer opinions on

moot questions, City of College Park v. Cotter, 309 Md. 573, 580 (1987), we may address

moot issues under certain circumstances. See Hammen v. Baltimore Cty. Police Dep’t, 373

Md. 440, 450–51 (2003).

       Neiswanger argues that this case is moot for two reasons. First, NMS Hagerstown

has closed, and Neiswanger no longer operates the other facilities. Neiswanger asserted

that “the owners of NMS are out of the picture,” but admitted that its “management services

company” and “personnel” were involved in the transition. Second, Neiswanger maintains

that the Consent Agreement and MOU contain the relief the State initially sought in its

Complaint. The State disagrees. The State also contends that the best place to resolve the

mootness inquiry regarding the transition in management is before the Circuit Court on

remand. Further, the State argues that even if the case is moot, this Court can, and should

apply either of two exceptions to mootness: (1) voluntary cessation, and (2) important

issues of public interest, to decide the questions presented.

       A party’s voluntary cessation of conduct, or a change in the factual circumstances

that formed the basis for seeking judicial relief does not require “dismissal of the judicial


                                              9
proceedings on the grounds of mootness where the matter is a continuing controversy or

the circumstances are likely to recur.” Chase v. Chase, 287 Md. 472, 482 (1980) (Eldridge,

J., dissenting). As the Supreme Court explained in Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw

Envtl. Servs., 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000), the standard for determining whether a defendant’s

“voluntary conduct” has mooted a case is “stringent,” and subsequent events must make it

“absolutely clear” that the alleged misconduct “could not reasonably be expected to recur.”

The party seeking to prove mootness carries a “heavy burden.” Id.

       A “reasonable expectation of recurrence” may exist when the alleged misconduct

was a “continuing practice or was otherwise deliberate.”       Sheely v. MRI Radiology

Network, P.A., 505 F.3d 1173, 1184–85 (11th Cir. 2007). Mootness is more likely if

cessation was “motivated by a defendant’s genuine change of heart rather than his desire

to avoid liability.” Id. at 1186. This may be shown by the factual circumstances,

particularly the relationship between the cessation and pending litigation. Id. (collecting

cases). Refusal to acknowledge misconduct tends to support a conclusion that the cessation

was motivated by a desire to evade liability, leaving a “live dispute” between the parties.

Id. at 1187.

       We may also address moot issues if we are convinced that the case contains

unresolved issues of great public concern that “merit an expression of our views for the

guidance of courts and litigants in the future.” Robinson v. Lee, 317 Md. 371, 376 (1989).

As we explained in Potomac Abatement, Inc. v. Sanchez, 424 Md. 701, 710 (2012), we will

depart “‘from the general rule and practice of not deciding academic questions,’” only

when “‘the urgency of establishing a rule of future conduct in matters of important public


                                            10
concern is imperative and manifest . . . .’” (quoting Lloyd v. Bd. of Supervisors, 206 Md.

36, 43 (1954)). If the recurrence involves the “relationship between government and its

citizens or a duty of government,” and is likely to evade review in the future, then we may

decide a question that has become moot. La Valle v. La Valle, 432 Md. 343, 352 (2013).

       The record before the Court does not detail the transfer of management in the

Neiswanger facilities. It is similarly lacking in specifics regarding implementation of the

Consent Agreement and MOU, other than Neiswanger’s assertion of compliance. We

observe that the State sought relief beyond the terms of these documents, and that the

Consent Agreement only required three months of supervision implemented under the

MOU.10 Given the paucity of the information available to us, we do not conclude that the

factual circumstances make this case moot. We agree with the State that the best place to

resolve this question is the Circuit Court.

       Even if changed circumstances rendered the case moot, we could nonetheless

address these questions under the voluntary cessation exception.        The State alleged

deliberate, unlawful conduct over a prolonged period of time in multiple Neiswanger

facilities. Neiswanger entered into the Consent Agreement only after the State sued and

the Department suspended all admissions, and it has never admitted any misconduct or

illegality. As such, Neiswanger has not demonstrated that its allegedly wrongful behavior

“could not reasonably be expected to recur.” Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 189.




       10
            By its own terms, the MOU expired in May 2017.

                                              11
       The Court may address the questions presented under the other mootness exception.

The legislative history surrounding the enactment of these statutes, discussed infra,

demonstrates that the Maryland General Assembly considered the issues presented in this

case to be a matter of significant public policy. The Attorney General’s power under the

Enforcement Clause and the scope of the Injunction Clause necessarily implicate the

relationship between the government of Maryland and its citizens. Further, an involuntary

discharge may be completed before individual residents can seek effective relief,

particularly if residents do not receive adequate notice and opportunity for a hearing before

discharge as required by HG § 19-345.1. Determining the nature of the relief available and

the extent of the Attorney General’s enforcement powers provides important guidance for

courts resolving time-sensitive issues, and will avoid duplicative and inconsistent litigation

results. See Potomac Abatement, 424 Md. at 710–11.

       With justiciability resolved, we turn to the questions presented.

                                 Statutory Interpretation

       “The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the real

and actual intent of the Legislature.” Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 274 (2010). Our

analysis begins with the plain meaning of the statute. The language “must be viewed within

the context of the statutory scheme to which it belongs, considering the purpose, aim, or

policy of the Legislature in enacting the statute.” Id. at 275–76. “If the intent of the

[L]egislature is clear from the words of the statute, our inquiry normally ends and we apply

the plain meaning of the statute.” Huffman v. State, 356 Md. 622, 628 (1999). “[I]f ‘the

language is subject to more than one interpretation, or when the language is not clear when


                                             12
it is part of a larger statutory scheme,’ we try ‘to resolve that ambiguity by looking to the

statute’s legislative history, case law, and statutory purpose, as well as the structure of the

statute.’” State v. Ray, 429 Md. 566, 576 (2012) (quoting Friedman v. Hannan, 412 Md.

328, 337 (2010)).     The interpretation must be reasonable, not “absurd, illogical, or

incompatible with common sense.” Lockshin, 412 Md. at 276. We begin with the

Injunction Clause.

                                  The Injunction Clause

       The Circuit Court, relying on State Comm’n on Human Relations. v. Talbot Cty.

Detention Ctr., 370 Md. 115 (2002), reasoned that traditional equitable factors do not apply

if an injunction is statutorily authorized, and the court must be guided by the specific

language of the statute. Applying this rule, the Circuit Court determined that “injunctive

relief authorized is only for an individual resident, or a specified resident acting on the

resident’s behalf, if an involuntary discharge in violation of the law is imminent or has

taken place.” Thus, it reasoned, the State was not entitled to broad relief enjoining

Neiswanger’s “company practices” under the Injunction Clause and had failed to state a

claim upon which relief could be granted. Neiswanger urges this Court to accept the Circuit

Court’s interpretation of the Injunction Clause—as law that not only authorizes, but cabins,

relief to actions on behalf of named individuals.

       To the contrary, the State sees the Injunction Clause as containing no restriction on

the Attorney General’s ability to act on behalf of multiple residents. In its view, when a

violation of the Patient’s Bill of Rights occurs, at the request of the Attorney General, a

circuit court would have discretion to exercise its “full equitable authority.” The State


                                              13
avers that the Circuit Court read the Injunction Clause too narrowly, and ignored the

principle that enforcement provisions of remedial statutes should be read broadly to “afford

complete relief consistent with the statute’s remedial purposes.”

                         The Language Of The Injunction Clause

       We turn to the language of the Injunction Clause.

              A resident, resident’s agent, or resident’s attorney, or the
              Attorney General on behalf of the resident, who believes that
              an involuntary discharge or transfer that violates the
              requirements of § 19-345, § 19-345.1, or § 19-345.2 of this
              subtitle is imminent or has taken place may request injunctive
              relief from a circuit court.

HG § 19-345.3(c).

       The statute accords standing to two categories of parties. The first, a “resident,

resident’s agent, or resident’s attorney” are plaintiffs whose suits would likely redress the

unlawful involuntary transfer or discharge of a specific resident. The second, and the one

at issue here, is “the Attorney General, on behalf of the resident.” We consider whether,

by authorizing the Attorney General to take such action, the General Assembly intended

for the Attorney General to act on behalf of multiple residents.11 We are unable to find any


       11
           Statutory standing requires determining if the statute at issue “contemplates
litigants like [the State] availing [itself] of its remedies.” Suessman v. Lamone, 383 Md.
697, 712 (2004). The Injunction Clause authorizes the Attorney General to file suit. HG
§ 19-345.3(c). Because the Complaint is brought under the Clause, the Attorney General
has statutory standing. See Suessman, 383 Md. at 712. Neiswanger does not contend that
the Attorney General is not a proper party to file suit. Rather, Neiswanger argues that the
State lacks standing to file suit on behalf of multiple residents and that it is not entitled to
the relief it seeks. The State reasons that this Court should not address standing because
the Circuit Court did not rule on the issue. Neiswanger’s standing argument is substantially
interwoven into the interpretation of the Injunction Clause. In addressing whether the
Attorney General may sue on behalf of multiple residents, and whether the violations the

                                              14
Maryland cases that have addressed the meaning of “on behalf of” in this context. To

consider whether the General Assembly intended to authorize broad or narrow enforcement

of the Injunction Clause, we turn to the statutes constituting the Patient’s Bill of Rights and

legislative history.

                       Legislative History Of The Injunction Clause

       The Injunction Clause was not enacted in a vacuum. It was part of a broad statutory

scheme governing involuntary discharge or transfer practices in Maryland nursing facilities

that amended the Patient’s Bill of Rights. See H.B. 343, 1995 Leg., 409th Sess. (Md. 1995).

HG § 19-343(b) delineates the General Assembly’s policy behind the Patient’s Bill of

Rights:

                       (b)(1) The General Assembly intends to promote the
                       interests and well-being of each resident of a facility.
                       (2) It is the policy of this State that, in addition to any
                       other rights, each resident of a facility has the following
                       basic rights:
                               (i) The right to be treated with consideration,
                               respect, and full recognition of human dignity
                               and individuality;
                               (ii) The right to receive treatment, care, and
                               services that are adequate, appropriate, and
                               in compliance with relevant State and federal
                               laws, rules, and regulations . . . .

(Emphasis added). This statement of intent reflects the purpose of the General Assembly

to sweep broadly in according legislative protection to the vulnerable population of nursing




State has alleged are capable of redress under the Injunction Clause, we necessarily resolve
the question of standing.

                                               15
facilities. See 2A Norman J. Singer, Sutherland’s Statutory Construction § 45.9 (7th ed.

2014) (policy section of statute stating general objectives helps court’s interpretation).

       In 1995, the General Assembly, at the “urging of the Attorney General . . . .” Oak

Crest Village, Inc. v. Murphy, 379 Md. 229, 245 n.5 (2004), amended the Patient’s Bill of

Rights (“1995 Amendments”).          The General Assembly delegated investigatory and

enforcement authority to the Attorney General in several provisions of the Patient’s Bill of

Rights, including the Injunction Clause. HG § 19-345.2(e) authorizes the Attorney General

to investigate, either upon receipt of a complaint, or under independent initiative, whether

an abuse of funds under HG § 19-34612 contributed to a decision to transfer or discharge a

resident, and make referrals to other agencies.13 The Attorney General must also enforce

HG § 19-344(c)(4)–(5), relating to applications to the medical assistance program on behalf

of a nursing facility resident or applicant, which we discuss in greater detail infra. See HG


       12
            HG § 19-346(a)(2) defines “abuse of funds” as the use of a resident’s assets or
income:

                [a]gainst the express wish of the resident, if the expenditure
                was not necessary for the direct and immediate benefit and
                welfare of the resident; or [f]or the use or benefit of a person
                other than the resident if the expenditure is not also for the
                direct and immediate benefit of the resident or consistent with
                an express wish and past behavior of the resident.

See also id. (n). This provision may implicate nursing facilities, in addition to the usual
suspects for abuse of funds, because residents are permitted to designate facility
administrators to handle their funds. See id. (c)(2); (d)–(n).
       13
         HG § 19-346(n) contemplates that a local department of social services or the
Secretary of Aging may also receive complaints, and refer them to a State’s Attorney for
additional investigation or prosecution.


                                              16
§ 19-344(c)(6)(iii); see also Walton v. Mariner Health of Md., Inc., 391 Md. 643, 672

(2006).

       In the 1995 Amendments, the General Assembly also made substantial alterations

to existing statutes, and enacted HG §§ 19-345.1 through 19-345.3.14 See 1995 Md. Laws,

ch. 547, § 1. As we observed in Walton, 391 Md. at 671, the General Assembly passed

this bill to “safeguard nursing home residents from being involuntarily discharged from a

facility due to nonpayment.” Proponents of 1995 Amendments sought “to assure the safety

and well-being of vulnerable Marylanders facing the trauma often associated with the

discharge and transfer process. . . . [because] [p]atients facing discharge may fear that they

will not receive adequate care in the new location, or may face a new environment which

threatens their physical or emotional well-being.”15

       The provisions most relevant to the scope of the Injunction Clause are HG §§ 19-

345 through 19-345.2, which provide a comprehensive statutory scheme regulating

involuntary transfers and discharges from nursing facilities. HG § 19-345(a) permits an

involuntary discharge or transfer from a nursing facility only in certain circumstances:


       14
          The Legislature also expanded the definition of neglect to include “intentional
failure to provide necessary assistance and resources for the physical needs of the
vulnerable adult, including food, clothing, toileting, essential medical treatment, shelter, or
supervision.” Md. Code (2002, 2012 Repl. Vol.), § 3-604 of the Criminal Law Article; see
also 1995 Md. Laws, ch. 547, § 1. This statute, formerly Article 27, Crimes and
Punishments § 35D, has since been modified and renumbered.
       15
          Letter from Daniel R. Anderson, Director of the Medicaid Fraud Control Unit,
Office of the Attorney General, to Senator Thomas L. Bromwell, Chair of the Maryland
Senate Finance Committee, Regarding House Bill 343: Related Institutions—Discharge,
Transfer, and Assets of Residents, at 2 (Mar. 22, 1995).


                                              17
              (1) The transfer or discharge is necessary for the resident’s
                  welfare and the resident’s needs cannot be met in the
                  facility;
              (2) The transfer or discharge is appropriate because the
                  resident’s health has improved sufficiently so that the
                  resident no longer needs the services provided by the
                  facility;
              (3) The health or safety of an individual in a facility is
                  endangered;
              (4) The resident has failed, after reasonable and appropriate
                  notice to pay for, or under Medicare or Medicaid or
                  otherwise to have paid for, a stay at the facility; or
              (5) The facility ceases to operate.

These provisions are generally consistent with federal law and regulations governing

involuntary discharges and transfers. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. 1396r(c)(2)(A)(i)–(vi) (2012);

42 C.F.R. § 483.15(c)(1) (2018). As amended, HG § 19-345 retained existing protections

for Medicaid-eligible residents, and added new ones. Id. (b)(1)–(2).16

       HG § 19-345.1(a) established new guidelines for notice and hearing requirements

before a proposed involuntary discharge or transfer.17 HG § 19-345.2 was an essential

feature of the 1995 Amendments. Notes from the testimony of the Director of the Attorney

General’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit refer to the implementation of specific practices


       16
          The 1995 Amendments prohibited Medicaid-certified facilities from requiring
Medicaid-eligible residents to pay as a private resident for any length of time, and retained
an existing prohibition on involuntarily discharging or transferring residents because they
receive Medicaid. HG § 19-345(b)(1)(i)–(ii). A facility that discharges or transfers a
Medicaid-eligible resident or Medicaid recipient is presumed to be acting in violation of
the law, but that presumption may be overcome if the resident was discharged for a failure
to pay, and was not eligible for Medicaid. Id. (b)(2)(i)–(ii).
       17
         Before the 1995 Amendments, HG § 19-345 required the facility to provide 30
days’ written notice to the resident, and next of kin or guardian for the resident specifying
the reason for the transfer or discharge, as well as afford the resident an opportunity for a
hearing thereon.

                                             18
before involuntary discharge as the “heart of this bill.”         See Related Institutions—

Discharge, Transfer and Assets of Residents: Hearing on H.B. 343 before the H. Comm.

on Envtl. Matters, 1995 Leg., 409th Sess. (Md. 1995).

       HG § 19-345.2 established specific procedures to be followed before a discharge or

transfer, including medical assessments, a “post-discharge plan of care for the resident,” as

well as written documentation from the resident’s attending physician indicating that the

transfer is consistent with the post-discharge plan of care, and appropriate based on the

resident’s medical condition. Id. (a)(1). Facilities must provide residents with at least a 3-

day supply of medications, and certain information. Id. (b). A resident must consent in

writing to a discharge or transfer unless it is consistent with the post-discharge plan of care,

and is to a “safe and secure” environment where the resident is under the care of a licensed

provider, or a person “who has agreed in writing to provide a safe and secure environment.”

Id. (c)(2).

       These statutes demonstrate clear legislative intent to limit involuntary discharges

and transfers, and ensure that when they do occur, they are subject to procedural controls

ensuring a resident’s health and safety. See Walton, 391 Md. at 671. Although Maryland

law had some protections for residents of nursing homes before the 1995 Amendments, the

new statutory scheme is more robust, and gives the Attorney General the authority to

address violations of key provisions. See 1995 Md. Laws, ch. 547, § 1.

       The 1995 Amendments are remedial because they authorized injunctive relief for

residents who are facing, or have been subjected to involuntary discharge or transfer. See

Langston v. Riffe, 359 Md. 396, 408 (2000) (“[R]emedial statutes are those which provide


                                              19
a remedy, or improve or facilitate remedies already existing for the enforcement of rights

and the redress of injuries.” (quoting 3 Norman J. Singer, Sutherland’s Statutory

Construction § 60.02, at 152 (5th ed. 1993))). See also Lockett v. Blue Ocean Bristol, LLC,

446 Md. 397, 424 (2016). But the legislative history does not explicitly state whether the

General Assembly intended for the Attorney General to be able to act on behalf of multiple

residents, or the breadth of relief available.

                                 Relevant Federal Authority

       The State asks us to consider Federal authority interpreting remedial federal statutes

that permit public enforcement based on statutory violations by private individuals. In

United States v. Sch. Dist. of Ferndale, Mich., 577 F.2d 1339, 1343–44 (6th Cir. 1978), the

Sixth Circuit considered a similar issue under the Equal Education Opportunity Act

(“EEOA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1706 (2012). Section 1706 authorizes an “individual denied an

equal education opportunity” to file a civil action for relief, and further provides that “[t]he

Attorney General of the United States . . . for or in the name of the United States, may also

institute such a civil action on behalf of such an individual.”

       In Ferndale, the district court dismissed an EEOA claim for failure to state a claim

upon which relief could be granted because the complaint “did not adequately identify

those persons ‘on whose behalf’ the action was being brought by the Attorney General.”

557 F.2d at 1343–44. The district court did not require the Attorney General to actually

name the individuals, but sought enough specificity to allow the court to determine whether

a particular individual was within the group the Attorney General had sued on behalf of.

Id. at 1344. The Sixth Circuit reversed, ruling that § 1706 did not require the Attorney


                                                 20
General to identify “all actual or potential victims” who had been denied an equal

educational opportunity, or even specifically identify such an individual in the complaint.

Id. at 1344–45. Provided that there was “at least one person arguably denied equal

educational opportunity,” the statutory requirement was met. Id. at 1345.

       In reaching this conclusion, the Sixth Circuit emphasized that Congress had

established a “broad role” for the Attorney General in “enforcing the remedial provisions

of the EEOA.” Id. at 1345 n.8.18 The court saw “no reason to read into the statute a

pleading rule not specified by Congress that can only have the effect of impeding

enforcement of the Act.” Id. at 1345. It explained that the district court’s narrow

interpretation of the purpose of the EEOA to protect individual rights was inconsistent with

the EEOA’s broader purpose of eliminating segregation-era school systems. Id. at 1345

n.9.

       We agree with the State that, for our purposes, § 1706 of the EEOA is similar,

although not identical, to the Injunction Clause.19 Both statutes authorize an individual



       18
         The General Assembly’s decision to give the Attorney General standing under
the Injunction Clause is of some consequence. As we explained in State ex rel. Attorney
Gen. v. Burning Tree Club, Inc., 301 Md. 9, 34 (1983), “the Attorney General is first and
foremost the lawyer of the State. . . . [whose] duties include prosecuting and defending
cases on behalf of the State in order to protect and promote the State’s policies,
determinations, and rights.” (Emphasis added).
       19
           20 U.S.C. § 1706 (2012) authorizes the Attorney General of the United States to
file suit in the name of the United States on behalf of an individual. This distinction does
not defeat the comparison between § 1706 and the Injunction Clause. Although the
Attorney General is acting on behalf of residents under the Injunction Clause, the action is
also intended to vindicate State interests and policies. As such, it is reasonable to infer that
the Attorney General may sue in the name of the State.

                                              21
cause of action, as well as public enforcement by the Attorney General. Compare 20

U.S.C. § 1706, with HG § 19-345.3(c). Further, like § 1706, the Injunction Clause

establishes a standard the Attorney General must meet to seek injunctive relief—i.e., an

illegal involuntary discharge or transfer. See Ferndale, 557 F.2d at 1345. And the

Injunction Clause, like § 1706, is a remedial statute. As such, we construe it “liberally in

favor of claimants to ‘suppress the evil and advance the remedy.’” Wash. Suburban

Sanitary Comm’n v. Phillips, 413 Md. 606, 620 (2010) (quoting Haas v. Lockheed Martin

Corp., 396 Md. 469, 495 (2007)).

        Statutorily-Authorized Injunctive Relief And Judicial Equitable Discretion

       To determine whether the Injunction Clause permits the broad relief the State

sought, we consider the effect of a statutory injunctive remedy on a court’s equitable

discretion.   Both parties rely on State Comm’n on Human Relations v. Talbot Cty.

Detention Ctr., 370 Md. 115 (2002), but disagree about the application of this case.

       The State argues that because the Injunction Clause does not contain a limitation on

available relief, Talbot County requires a court to read that provision broadly. It reasons

that once it has satisfied the statutory standard, the circuit court’s equitable jurisdiction

permits complete relief. Neiswanger contends that Talbot County restricts courts from

exercising equitable discretion in statutorily-authorized injunctions, and the Injunction

Clause limits the scope of the relief to redressing wrongs for an individual resident.

       “An injunction is ‘a writ framed according to the circumstances of the case

commanding an act which the court regards as essential to justice, or restraining an act

which it esteems contrary to equity and good conscience.’” El Bey v. Moorish Sci. Temple


                                             22
of America, 362 Md. 339, 353 (2001) (quoting Colandrea v. Wilde Lake Cmty. Ass’n, Inc.,

361 Md. 371, 394 (2000)). To receive injunctive relief, a plaintiff must demonstrate that

“it will sustain substantial and irreparable injury as a result of the alleged wrongful

conduct.” Id. at 355. Injunctions authorized by statute are, however, distinct from those

issued under a court’s traditional equitable powers. See Talbot Cty., 370 Md. at 128–29.

       In Talbot County, the Maryland Commission on Human Rights alleged that the

Talbot County Detention Center impeded the Commission’s investigation into two verified

complaints of employment discrimination. Id. at 123. The Commission sought injunctive

relief pursuant to Art. 49B § 4 of the Human Relations Commission Article, Md. Code

(1957, 1998 Repl. Vol.), repealed by 2009 Md. Laws ch. 120, § 1, for the duration of its

investigation to prohibit the Detention Center from attending confidential witness

interviews, and from discouraging witnesses from participating in the Commission’s

investigation. Talbot Cty., 370 Md. at 124. In the appeal, we considered whether the

Circuit Court had subject matter jurisdiction to issue the injunction, and the propriety of its

decision to deny the injunction. Id. at 127.

       Talbot County was the first opportunity this Court had to address a court’s

discretionary authority in considering injunctions authorized by statute. Id. at 128. We

relied on federal precedent to determine “the degree of discretionary authority a court

maintains when considering injunctions sought pursuant to, and authorized by, a specific

statute . . . .” Id. The statute is the starting point. Some statutes may limit a court’s

equitable jurisdiction entirely and mandate the issuance of an injunction. Id. (citing

Tennessee Authority v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 193–95 (1978)). Other statutes may leave


                                               23
greater discretion to a court. Id. at 129 (citing United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers

Co-op, 532 U.S. 483, 496–97 (2001); Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 313

(1982)). In Talbot County, § 4 authorized the Commission to seek injunctive relief “[a]t

any time after a complaint has been filed, if the Commission believes that appropriate civil

action is necessary to preserve the status of the parties or to prevent irreparable harm from

the time the complaint is filed until the time of its final disposition . . . .” Id. at 131 (quoting

Art. 49B § 4).       We explained that while § 4 did not eliminate the circuit court’s

discretionary authority or mandate an injunction, it “narrow[ed] the circuit court’s

discretionary authority by replacing the considerations in equity with the statutory

criteria . . . .” Id. at 129–30.

       We determined that § 4 granted the circuit court “unmistakable” authority and

statutory jurisdiction to “issue injunctive relief at any time after a complaint has been filed

with the Commission.” Id. at 131–32. Relying on federal precedent, we explained that

when the Legislature provides opportunities for a party to seek injunctive relief, it

“implicitly establish[es] a standard for courts reviewing these requests . . . .” Id. at 137–

39. Provided the Commission met the standard, the court should have granted the

injunction. Id. at 139. The standard in § 4, we observed, was “markedly similar” to the

general function of equitable relief—to prevent irreparable harm. Id. at 140.

       In Talbot County, when we characterized traditional equitable factors20 as “largely

inapplicable” we spoke only to the factors relating to a preliminary or interlocutory


       20
         The party seeking an interlocutory injunction must show: (1) a likelihood of
success upon the merits; (2) that the injury suffered by granting the injunction is less than

                                                24
injunction—recognizing that the injunction authorized by § 4 “share[d] more of the

characteristics of a permanent injunction.”21 Id. at 136 (emphasis added). Here, the

Circuit Court misread Talbot County when it concluded that traditional equitable factors

were “largely inapplicable” in statutory injunctions.          The language of the statute

undoubtedly governs, but it does not invariably displace equitable factors.

       Talbot County teaches us that a statutory injunctive remedy is not necessarily a

limitation on the scope of available relief. The Legislature authorized the Commission to

seek an injunction when it was necessary to carry out its purpose of investigating and

enforcing the State’s laws prohibiting employment discrimination.               Id. at 142–43.

Permitting the Commission to carry on its investigation without interference was consistent

with the “ubiquitous nature of our State’s anti-discrimination legislation” and the

“indispensable nature of tools of enforcement it afforded the Commission . . . .” Id. at 144.

Thus, the court could afford complete relief in a manner that was consistent with the

purpose of the statute. Id. at 131.




the injury that would result from refusing to grant it; (3) the plaintiff will suffer irreparable
injury unless the injunction is granted; and (4) granting the injunction is in the public
interest. See Md. Comm’n on Human Relations v. Downey Commc’ns, Inc., 110 Md. App.
493, 516–17 (1996).
       21
         The State initially sought, and was denied, a temporary injunction. The Injunction
Clause does not specify whether the injunctive relief may be temporary or permanent. But
the State asked the Circuit Court to enter a judgment that Neiswanger had violated the
Patient’s Bill of Rights, and injunctive relief. This appears to be more consistent with a
permanent injunction, because it would dispose entirely of Count One. See Colandrea v.
Wilde Lake Cmty. Ass’n, 361 Md. 371, 395 (2000) (a permanent injunction is granted after
determination on merits that finally disposes on the action, not because it lasts indefinitely).

                                               25
              The Scope Of Available Relief Under The Injunction Clause

       Talbot County and Ferndale are our guideposts in resolving whether the Attorney

General may seek injunctive relief on behalf of multiple residents, and the scope of

available relief. Talbot County demonstrates that legislative injunctive remedies establish

standards for a circuit court reviewing a request for injunctive relief. 370 Md. at 139.

Ferndale suggests that a court interpreting a statute like the Injunction Clause that

authorizes public enforcement should not construe the statute narrowly when to do so

would be inconsistent with the legislative policy behind the statute. 577 F.2d at 1345.

       Statutes authorizing equitable relief have been subject to an “interpretive principle

that inserts a presumption into what would otherwise be the standard exercise of statutory

construction: we presume that Congress, in statutorily authorizing the exercise of the

district court’s injunctive power ‘acted cognizant of the historic power of equity to

provide complete relief in light of statutory purposes.’” F.T.C. v. Ross, 743 F.3d 886,

890 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc., 361 U.S. 288, 291–

92 (1960)) (emphasis added); see also Dan B. Dobbs, Law of Remedies § 5.7(5), at 781 (2d

ed. 1993). Once the Legislature has created a statutory equitable remedy, unless a court’s

inherent equitable powers are explicitly restricted by the statute, the court retains the power

“to exercis[e] jurisdiction, to do equity and to [mold] each decree to the necessities of the

particular case.” Porter v. Warner Holding Co., 328 U.S. 395, 398 (1946) (quoting Hecht

v. Bowles, 321 U.S. 321, 329 (1944)).

       Applying Talbot County, we consider that the Injunction Clause establishes a

standard for a circuit court to apply in deciding whether to issue injunctive relief—the


                                              26
Attorney General must have reason to believe that an involuntary discharge or transfer in

violation of the Patient’s Bill of Rights has taken place or is imminent. See HG § 19-

345.3(c). This standard does not operate as a limitation, on available remedies, as

Neiswanger suggests. Rather, it how the legislature has circumscribed the traditional

showing a party must make before a court may issue an injunction. See Talbot Cty., 370

Md. at 140–41; State ex rel. Office of Attorney Gen., Bureau of Consumer Protection v.

NOS Commc’ns, Inc., 84 P.3d 1052, 1054 & n.7 (Nev. 2004); Dobbs, supra, at § 2.10, at

243.

       The Legislature authorized the Attorney General to seek injunctive relief to carry

out its goals of preventing unlawful involuntary discharges or transfers that threaten

residents’ health and safety. The statutes identified in the Injunction Clause, HG §§ 19-

345, 19-345.1, and 19-345.2, establish comprehensive policies and practices nursing

facilities must follow when attempting to involuntarily discharge or transfer residents.

Neiswanger’s proposed narrow reading of the Injunction Clause is inconsistent with

legislative goals and would impede enforcement of the Patient’s Bill of Rights. See Neal

v. Fisher, 312 Md. 685, 694 (1988) (“A court should not permit ‘a narrow or grudging

process of construction to exemplify and perpetuate the very evils to be remedied.’”

(quoting Van Beeck v. Sabine Towing Co., Inc., 300 U.S. 342, 350–51 (1937))); Ferndale,

577 F.2d at 1345. Broad relief, including the ability to act on behalf of multiple residents

and to enjoin company practices that violate the Patient’s Bill of Rights, is consistent with

the Legislature’s intent, particularly if, as the State alleges here, a facility’s conduct

potentially affects hundreds of residents.


                                             27
       Our analysis is consistent both with our mandate to construe remedial statutes

broadly, see Lockett, 446 Md. at 424, and with our precedent concerning “cases in which

injunctive relief directly impacts governmental interests.” Fogle v. H&G Restaurant, Inc.,

337 Md. 441, 456 (1995). We have accepted that “in litigation between the government

and a private party, the court is not bound by the strict requirements of traditional equity

as developed in private litigation.” State Dep’t of Health & Mental Hygiene v. Baltimore

Cty., 281 Md. 548, 555 (1977). And “‘[c]ourts of equity may, and frequently do, go much

farther both to give and withhold relief in furtherance of the public interest than they are

accustomed to go where only private interests are involved.’” Space Aero Prods. v. R.E.

Darling Co., 238 Md. 93, 128 (1965), cert. denied 382 U.S. 843 (1965) (quoting Virginian

Ry. Co. v. Sys. Fed’n No. 40, 300 U.S. 515, 552 (1937)); see also State Dep’t of Health,

281 Md. at 555–56; Fogle, 337 Md. at 456–57.

       Neiswanger argues that if we interpret the Injunctive Clause to permit the Attorney

General to seek injunctive relief protecting multiple unnamed residents, we would override

the General Assembly’s delegation of authority to the Secretary of Health and the

Department to regulate and enforce nursing facilities’ operating conditions. Neiswanger

points to the Secretary’s authority to restrict new admissions to a facility for a 30-day

period if “the Secretary determines that a life-threatening, health or fire safety deficiency

exists in a related institution . . . .” HG § 19-328(a)(1). We are not persuaded—because a

restriction on new admissions does not prohibit a facility from illegally discharging

residents. Thus, there is no conflict between the Attorney General’s authority to act on

behalf of residents, and the Secretary’s authority to restrict admissions.


                                             28
       In addition to authorizing the Attorney General to seek injunctive relief, the General

Assembly also authorized the Secretary to impose civil penalties on facilities for violations

of HG §§ 19-345–19-345.2. See HG § 19-345.3(a). There is no apparent discord between

these provisions. A civil penalty against a facility affords little, if any, relief for residents

who have been subjected to, or are awaiting an unlawful involuntary discharge. The

General Assembly clearly intended for these provisions to operate in tandem. We are

unconvinced that the Attorney General’s authority to seek injunctive relief to require a

facility to comply with its statutory obligations usurps the Secretary’s authority under

state22 or federal regulations.23




       22
           Neiswanger lists “enforcement actions” available under HG § 19-360(d)(1)(i)–
(iv) that may occur “when there has been a violation of the Patient’s Bill of Rights . . . .”
But HG § 19-360(d) permits these enforcement actions when “the Secretary determines
that a serious or life-threatening patient care deficiency exists and the hospital, residential
treatment center, or health care facility fails to correct the deficiency through
implementation of immediate corrective action . . . .” Further, the Secretary must consider
a specific list of factors before determining which actions to take. See id. (e)(1)–(5).
Injunctive relief may offer a more rapid resolution to an imminent or past unlawful
involuntary discharge that is commensurate with the Legislature’s goals of preventing such
discharges. The Attorney General’s ability to take action in that arena does not inhibit the
Secretary’s authority.
       23
           Neiswanger cites a number of federal regulations that authorize the Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid Services and the State to take action against long-term care
facilities for deficiencies. In addition to terminating a provider agreement, remedies
include: temporary management, denials of payment to a facility for Medicaid, or to a State
for Medicare, denials of payment for all new admissions, civil monetary penalties, state
monitoring, transfer of residents, closing a facility and transferring all the residents,
directed in-service training, or alternative state remedies. See 42 C.F.R. § 488.406(a)(1)–
(9) (2018). These remedies may resolve a variety of operating conditions that present a
threat to resident health or safety, but they do not appear to offer the same remedy the
General Assembly authorized to prevent or cure unlawful involuntary discharges.

                                               29
       Neiswanger suggests that the nature of the injunction sought by the Attorney

General is “simply unworkable” in light of the possibility that the Secretary might amend

regulations affecting nursing facilities. We are not persuaded. By that logic, courts should

never issue injunctive relief to enforce provisions of laws because legislatures might

change those laws, or administrative agencies might issue new regulations. Courts can,

and do, compel performance of a variety of obligations, including compliance with law.

See, e.g., Virginian Ry. Co. v. Sys. Fed’n No. 40, 300 U.S. 515, 550–51 (1937).

       We hold that under HG § 19-345.3(c), the Attorney General may bring suit on

behalf of multiple unnamed residents who have been subjected to, or await, imminent,

unlawful involuntary discharges, provided that at least one individual’s statutory rights

have been violated. Further, a court may issue complete injunctive relief for violations of

HG §§ 19-345, 19-345.1, and 19-345.2.

       We turn to the second question presented: whether the Attorney General’s authority

to prosecute violations of HG § 19-344(c)(4)–(5) permits injunctive relief to enforce the

requirement in the C & A Clause, that a facility “cooperate with and assist” a resident or

applicant’s agent in seeking assistance from the medical assistance program.

                           Enforcement Of The C & A Clause

       In its ruling on the State’s request for injunctive relief for alleged violations of the

C & A Clause, the Circuit Court explained that although the Enforcement Clause grants

the Attorney General the responsibility to enforce and prosecute violations of HG § 19-

344(c)(4)–(5), “the use of the word enforcement does not include injunctive relief.” The

Circuit Court reasoned that the General Assembly never intended to permit injunctive relief


                                              30
because it did not specifically authorize injunctive relief either in the original 1995

enactment, or in subsequent amendments.

       Neiswanger encourages us to adopt the Circuit Court’s reasoning that the failure to

explicitly identify injunctive relief renders it unavailable. It argues that because the

General Assembly specifically authorized injunctive relief in the Injunction Clause, and

did not include the C & A Clause in the statutory violations triggering an injunction, “the

General Assembly’s intent is clear that injunctive relief is not authorized for violations of

[HG §] 19-344.” Neiswanger also contends that the Attorney General’s authority under

the Enforcement Clause is restricted to seeking civil financial penalties against a resident’s

agent, and the C & A Clause is enforceable through other provisions of the Patient’s Bill

of Rights.

       The State responds that an express grant of injunctive relief in one statute does not

preempt injunctive relief to enforce other statutory provisions. Rather, injunctive relief is

impliedly authorized by the term “enforcement,” and the Attorney General’s authority.

The State reasons that because there is no other provision to ensure a facility’s compliance

with the C & A Clause, the Circuit Court’s ruling has rendered the statute unenforceable.

       The Enforcement Clause states that “[t]he Attorney General is responsible for the

enforcement and prosecution of violations of the provisions of paragraphs (4) and (5) of

this subsection.” HG § 19-344(c)(6)(iii). The C & A Clause states that “[t]he facility shall




                                             31
cooperate with and assist the agent in seeking assistance from the medical assistance

program on behalf of the applicant or resident.” Id. (c)(5)(ii).

       Neiswanger is correct that paragraphs (4) and (5) are primarily devoted to the

responsibilities of agents in applying for the medical assistance program. See id. (c)(4)–

(5). But the C & A Clause is plainly set forth in mandatory terms and should not be ignored.

We have consistently interpreted legislative use of the word “shall” to “indicate[] the intent

that a provision is mandatory.” Dove v. State, 415 Md. 727, 738 (2010); Montgomery Cty.

v. McDonald, 317 Md. 466, 487 (1989) (Adkins, J. dissenting). A nursing facility’s duty

to cooperate with and assist a resident or applicant’s agent in seeking assistance from the

medical assistance program on behalf of a resident or applicant is not discretionary. See

Walton, 391 Md. at 668 (“Section 19-344(c)(5)(i)–(ii) provides that an agent shall apply

for medical assistance, and that the nursing home facility must assist and advise the

agent in seeking that assistance . . . .”) (emphasis added).

       The General Assembly enacted the Enforcement Clause in the 1995 Amendments,

discussed supra. The Amendments modified existing provisions of HG § 19-344(c)(4)–

(5), added new ones, and expanded the statute to apply to residents of nursing facilities, as

well as applicants. 1995 Md. Laws, ch. 547, § 1. The C & A Clause was enacted in 1988,

see 1988 Md. Laws, ch. 452, § 2, and was already in HG § 19-344 at the time of the

Amendments. We presume the Legislature was aware of its own laws. See Bd. of Educ.

of Garrett Cty. v. Lendo, 295 Md. 55, 63 (1982).

       But what does “enforcement” mean in the Enforcement Clause? The State and

Neiswanger disagree about whether it encompasses the authority to seek injunctive relief


                                             32
against a facility to ensure compliance with the C & A Clause. HG § 19-344(c) provides

civil penalties for agents who “willfully or with gross negligence” violate the requirements

of paragraphs (4) or (5). HG § 19-344(c)(6)(i)–(ii). But it does not list civil penalties for

a facility’s violations of the C & A Clause, or specify how the Attorney General may ensure

a facility’s compliance.

       “Enforcement” is defined as “[t]he action or process of enforcing,” as well as “[t]he

forcible exaction of a payment, an action, etc.; the enforcing or compelling of (a law,

demand, obligation); . . . a means of enforcing a sanction.”        5 The Oxford English

Dictionary 245 (2d ed. 1989).        Courts consistently use the terms “enforce” and

“enforcement” in the context of injunctive relief to require a party to comply with an

obligation. For example, in Talbot County, 370 Md. at 144, we identified the availability

of injunctive relief as a “tool[] of enforcement” the General Assembly provided the

Commission. See also, e.g., Colandrea v. Wilde Lake Cmty. Ass’n, 361 Md. 371, 395–96

(2000) (enforcing covenants that run with land may be accomplished by injunction);

Fitzpatrick v. Michael, 177 Md. 248, 254 (1939) (referencing equity as a means of

enforcement); Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of St. Mary’s Cty. v. Potomac River Ass’n of St Mary’s

Cty., Inc., 113 Md. App. 580, 601 (1997) (enforcement mechanism of a statute leaves

discretion to choose means of enforcement, including injunctions).

       Md. Ins. Comm’r v. Central Acceptance Corp., 424 Md. 1 (2011), is instructive on

the question of whether statutory enforcement authority accorded to a government entity

carries implied powers.      There, we considered whether the Maryland Insurance




                                             33
Administration had the statutory authority to issue a cease-and-desist order under the

Premium Financing Title.24 Id. at 14.

       Central Acceptance argued that because the Commissioner had express grants of

authority to issue cease-and-desist orders in other sections of the Insurance Article, the lack

of the same in the Premium Financing Title, meant that the Legislature did not intend for

the Commissioner to have such authority. Id. at 31–32. Central Acceptance relied on “the

maxim of statutory construction, expressio unius est exclusio alterius, meaning ‘to express

or include one thing implies the exclusion of the other, or of the alternative.’” Id. at 32

(quoting Breslin v. Powell, 421 Md. 266, 287–88 (2011)). We rejected this argument,

observing that the maxim may be easily used “to override the clear intent of the

Legislature . . . .” Id. The statute, and particularly the General Assembly’s directive to the

Commissioner to enforce the Insurance Article, led us to conclude that the Commissioner’s

authority to issue a cease-and-desist order could be reasonably implied from the regulatory

scheme in the Insurance Article. Id. at 34–35.

       Other cases support implied statutory authority to issue injunctive relief. See So.

Ry. Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen, 337 F.2d 127, 132–33 (D.C.

Cir. 1964) (statutory command to maintain status quo pending action of administrative

body sufficient to justify district court’s injunction); Shafer v. United States, 229 F.2d 124,

128 (4th Cir. 1956) (“It is a familiar doctrine that an injunction is an appropriate means for

the enforcement of an Act of Congress when it is in the public interest.”). Injunctive relief



       24
            Md. Code (1996–97, 2017 Repl. Vol.), §§ 23-301 et seq. of the Insurance Article.

                                              34
is a reasonable means to ensure compliance with statutory obligations. See Virginian Ry.

Co. v. Sys. Fed’n No. 40, 300 U.S. 515, 550 (1937) (equitable relief requiring negotiation

was proper to fulfill carrier’s statutory obligation).

       The statutory language and the above precedent persuades us that we would

undermine the General Assembly’s intent if we were to conclude that the Attorney General

lacks the ability to enforce the C & A Clause. The General Assembly intended to prevent

involuntary discharges for nonpayment. See Walton, 391 Md. at 671; see also 1995 Md.

Laws, ch. 547, § 1. As such, HG § 19-344(c)(5)(i) requires applicants, residents, or their

agents to seek assistance from Medicaid. A facility’s compliance is essential to that

endeavor. And “[w]hether an obligation has been discharged, and whether action taken or

omitted is in good faith or reasonable, are everyday subjects of inquiry by courts in framing

and enforcing their decrees.” Virginian Ry., 300 U.S. at 550.

       In Walton, 391 Md. at 672, we determined that a nursing facility could not pursue a

private right of action against a resident’s agent, because the Attorney General is

specifically responsible for enforcement and prosecution of paragraphs (4) and (5) of HG

§ 19-344(c). Although Walton did not consider the extent of Attorney General’s authority

to enforce the C & A Clause, it suggests a broad construction of the Attorney General’s

authority under the Enforcement Clause. See 391 Md. at 672.

       Given the Attorney General’s exclusive power to enforce agents’ obligations, see

id., it is only logical that the Attorney General’s responsibilities also extend to enforcing a

facility’s obligation. The Enforcement Clause directs the Attorney General to enforce and

prosecute violations of HG § 19-344(c)(4)–(5), which includes the C & A Clause. The


                                              35
General Assembly’s intent to make the facility’s cooperation and assistance mandatory “is

in itself a declaration of public interest and policy which should be persuasive in inducing

courts to give relief.” Virginia Ry., 300 U.S. at 552. The ability to seek injunctive relief

necessarily follows.

       Neiswanger’s argument, that the Legislature foreclosed injunctive relief as a means

of enforcing the C & A Clause,25 by explicitly providing for such relief elsewhere, is

substantially similar to the one we rejected in Central Acceptance, 424 Md. at 31–32.

Expressio unius est exclusio alterius should never be applied to “override the manifest

intention of the Legislature . . . .” Kirkwood v. Provident Sav. Bank of Baltimore, 205 Md.

48, 55 (1954). Neiswanger’s proposed construction would render meaningless the General

Assembly’s decision to include the C & A Clause in the Attorney General’s enforcement

purview.

       Neiswanger proposes that its interpretation does not leave the C & A Clause

unenforceable because HG § 19-344(q) permits residents and agents to file administrative

complaints about violations of HG § 19-344. Upon receipt of a complaint, the Secretary

of Aging must investigate the complaint and report any findings to the complainant, and



       25
          Neiswanger also reasons that because the Injunction Clause does not include such
relief for violations of HG § 19-344, the General Assembly did not intend to permit
injunctive relief for those violations.
        We observe that the provisions cross-referenced in the Injunction Clause
specifically address the guidelines for discharge. HG § 19-344 addresses admissions
requirements and residents’ rights. Although we review provisions in the context of the
statutory scheme, Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 275–76 (2010), we do not find this
argument persuasive. We do not expect the General Assembly to list each provision that
could merit injunctive relief.

                                            36
the complainant must receive an opportunity for a hearing before the Department. Id.

(q)(3)–(4). Although HG § 19-344(q) may serve as an alternate means of redressing a

resident’s complaints, we do not conclude that it is the sole enforcement mechanism for

HG § 19-344(c)(4)–(5) in light of the General Assembly’s explicit directive to the Attorney

General.

       We hold that HG § 19-344(c)(6)(iii) permits the Attorney General to seek injunctive

relief to require a facility to comply with its statutory obligation under HG § 19-

344(c)(5)(ii) to “cooperate with and assist” an agent in seeking assistance from the medical

assistance program on behalf of a resident or applicant.

                                     CONCLUSION

       Neiswanger has not met its burden of demonstrating to this Court that the case is

moot. We hold that HG § 19-345.3(c) permits the Attorney General to seek injunctive

relief on behalf of multiple unnamed residents who have been, or await, imminent unlawful

involuntary discharges, provided the statutory standard has been met. HG § 19-345.3(c)

permits a court to issue complete injunctive relief for violations of HG §§ 19-345, 19-

345.1, and 19-345.2. We also hold that the Attorney General may seek injunctive relief

under HG § 19-344(c)(6)(iii) to enforce a facility’s obligation to “cooperate with and

assist” a resident or applicant’s agent in seeking assistance from the medical assistance

program on behalf of a resident or applicant.

                                          JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                          OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY
                                          REVERSED; CASE REMANDED TO THAT
                                          COURT FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
                                          CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.


                                            37
COSTS IN THIS COURT TO BE PAID BY
THE APPELLEE.




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