
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-06-00578-CR


Samuel Ceballos, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY, 264TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 59458, HONORABLE MARTHA J. TRUDO, JUDGE PRESIDING


O P I N I O N

		On May 4, 2006, Samuel Ceballos pleaded guilty to evading arrest using a motor
vehicle, enhanced to a third-degree felony by Ceballos's previous conviction for evading arrest.  See
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.04(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2007).  Ceballos pleaded true to the
enhancement allegations, and he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and ordered to pay all
court costs, court-appointed attorney's fees, and restitution as conditions of his parole.  Ceballos
argues on appeal that the trial court erred in assessing his sentence, which he argues should have
come within the range for a state jail felony rather than a third-degree felony, because the date of his
prior conviction preceded the legislature's amendment of the statute creating the third-degree felony
offense.  He also seeks modification of the judgment on the basis that the trial court did not
have the authority to order parole conditions.  We will modify the judgment and affirm the
judgment as modified.
BACKGROUND
		On April 3, 2006, Temple police arrested Ceballos for evading arrest or detention in
a motor vehicle.   See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.04(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2007).  He was charged
by information with the enhanced third-degree felony offense of evading arrest, having previously
been convicted of misdemeanor evading arrest on August 17, 2001.  After waiving indictment and
a jury trial, Ceballos pleaded guilty, admitting to both the offense charged and the prior evading-arrest conviction.
		In the intervening time between Ceballos's previous conviction for evading arrest and
the enhanced felony conviction that is the subject of this appeal, the statute governing punishment
for the enhanced felony offense was amended by the legislature.  Prior to that amendment, the
offense of evading arrest with a motor vehicle enhanced by a prior conviction was characterized as
a state jail felony.  Act of June 17, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1480, § 1, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 5265
(amended 2001) (current version at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.04(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2007)). 
The statute as amended defines the same offense as a third-degree felony.  Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 38.04(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2007).  The amendment became effective on September 1, 2001.
		In his first issue on appeal, Ceballos argues that his punishment in this case should
be governed by the pre-amendment law.  He contends that his conviction should be reversed as to
punishment and remanded to the trial court for punishment as a state jail felony.  In his second issue,
Ceballos argues that the trial court exceeded its authority by placing impermissible conditions on his
parole and seeks reform of the judgment entered.

DISCUSSION
Punishment
		We first address Ceballos's arguments concerning the assessment of punishment as
a third-degree felony.  His assertion that he should be punished under the pre-amendment version
of section 38.04 is a matter of statutory construction, which is a legal question that we review
de novo.  See Texas Dep't of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex. 2004).  
		Prior to its amendment, the penal code provided that evading arrest was a state jail
felony if the actor had been previously convicted under this section.  Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 38.04(b)(2) (West 2000) (amended 2001).  The current version of section 38.04 states, in
pertinent part,

		(b)  An offense under this section is a Class B misdemeanor, 
		except that the offense is:

		. . . 
 
		(2)  a felony of the third degree if:                                         
 
			(A)  the actor uses a vehicle while the actor is in  flight and 
			 the actor has been previously convicted under this section.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.04(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2007) (emphasis added). 
		Ceballos maintains that the words "under this section" require that his prior evading
arrest conviction must have come under section 38.04 as amended in order for the third-degree
felony enhancement provision to apply.  In support of his reading, he cites the historical and statutory
note to the amended statute, which provides that an offense is committed before the effective date
of the statute "if any element of the offense occurs before the effective date."  See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 38.04 historical note (West Supp. 2007) [Act of June 17, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1480, § 2,
2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 5265, 5265].  He argues that, because the prior conviction is an element of the
enhanced crime, the date of his prior conviction is an additional element that must be proved by the
State in order to sustain his conviction in this case.  Therefore, since his previous conviction
occurred prior to the effective date of the amended statute, Ceballos argues that he has not been
previously convicted "under this section" and must be punished only for a state jail felony. 
		Ceballos acknowledges that the court of criminal appeals, having heard a similar
argument in reference to the offense of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon in Mason v. State,
980 S.W.2d 635 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998), declined to hold that the date of the prior offense was an
element of the enhanced crime.  He also notes that the Waco Court of Appeals, when faced with this
same issue under section 38.04, adopted the reasoning of Mason in interpreting the enhancement
provision of the evading-arrest statute.  See Powell v. State, 151 S.W.3d 646, 654
(Tex. App.--Waco 2004), rev'd on other grounds, 189 S.W.3d 285 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).  
		Nonetheless, Ceballos urges us to distinguish Mason and ignore Powell, arguing that
the language of section 38.04 requires that he must have been previously convicted "under this
section" if the offense is to rise to the level of a third-degree felony.  See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 38.04(b)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2007).  Because we agree with the court of criminal appeals's
reasoning in Mason and believe that it is equally applicable to this case, we reject Ceballos's
contention that the date of his prior conviction is an element of the enhanced
offense of evading arrest.
		In Mason, the defendant argued that he could not be prosecuted for the offense of
unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon because the date of his prior felony conviction was an
element of the offense that occurred before the statute's effective date.  Mason, 980 S.W.2d at 641. 
The court of criminal appeals rejected Mason's argument and ruled that he was subject to
prosecution under the existing version of the statute, reasoning that not every issue to which the State
has the burden of proof is an "element of an offense."  Id.  The court went on to state that only
Mason's status as a felon, and not the date on which his prior felony conviction occurred, could be
viewed as an element of the crime.  Id. at 640.  To hold otherwise "would result in the absurd
consequence of omitting all felons who committed their prior felonies before [the effective date of
the amendment]."  Id.  
		Likewise, as the State correctly points out, it is Ceballos's status as one who has been
previously convicted of evading arrest, and not the date of that previous conviction, which is relevant
for enhancement purposes.  Ceballos has suggested no rational reason that we should distinguish
between offenders whose prior evading-arrest convictions occurred before September 1, 2001, and
those whose convictions came down afterward.  Based on the reasoning of Mason and the
plain language of section 38.04, we hold that Ceballos was properly sentenced within the range for
a third-degree felony.
		In adopting this interpretation of section 38.04, we join the other two courts of
appeals who have addressed this issue with respect to the evading-arrest statute.  See Powell,
151 S.W.3d at 654; Thomas v. State, No. 07-03-0198-CR, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 3929, at *4-5
(Tex. App.--Amarillo May 18, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(distinguishing between "elements" of offense set out in § 38.04(a) and grade of offense prescribed
by § 38.04(b)). (1)  Ceballos cites to no authority, nor could we find any, where a court has interpreted
the date of the previous conviction to be an element of the enhanced offense under section 38.04. 
We overrule Ceballos's first point of error.

Parole Conditions
		We now address Ceballos's second point of error concerning the trial court's
imposition of parole conditions.  In addition to imposing a ten-year prison sentence, the written
judgment contains a provision which reads, "PAROLE CONDITION:  DEFENDANT ORDERED
BY COURT TO PAY COURT COSTS, ATTORNEY FEES, FINES, AND RESTITUTION AS A
CONDITION OF PAROLE." 
		Ceballos argues that the trial court erred by ordering him to pay court costs, attorney's
fees, and restitution because trial courts lack the authority to place conditions on a convicted
defendant's parole.  He also argues that restitution is not appropriate in this case, presumably because
there is no alleged victim to whom restitution should be paid.  The State concedes that the authority
to place conditions on parole is solely within the purview of the Board of Pardons and Paroles but
does not address Ceballos's contention that he should not pay restitution.  
		We agree that the executive branch alone has the authority to place conditions on
parole and that, as a general rule, a trial court cannot order a parole condition.  See Tex. Gov't Code
Ann. § 508.221 (West 2004); see also Bray v. State, 179 S.W.3d 725, 729 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth
2005, no pet.).  However, as the parties acknowledge, a trial court does have the authority to
recommend parole conditions for the Board to consider.  See McNeill, 991 S.W.2d 300, 302
(Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. ref'd, untimely filed).  Accordingly, we strike the
language conditioning parole upon the payment of court costs, fines, and attorney's fees and modify
the judgment to reflect that the trial court recommends that the Board of Pardons and Parole order
Ceballos to pay court costs, fines, and attorney's fees.  See Asberry v. State, 813 S.W.2d 526, 529
(Tex. App.--Dallas 1991, writ ref'd).
		With regard to restitution, the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes the
sentencing court to order payment of restitution to any victim of the offense.  Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 42.037(a) (West 2006).  However, restitution can be ordered only for an injury resulting
from the offense charged and can be made only to the victim, except where justice dictates payment
be made to a person or party who has compensated the victim for the loss.  Gonzalez v. State,
954 S.W.2d 98, 106 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1997, no pet.).  Furthermore, due process requires
a factual basis in the record for the amount of restitution ordered.  Martin v. State, 874 S.W.2d 674,
676 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).  There must be sufficient evidence in the record to support the order
of restitution.  Cartwright v. State, 605 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980).
		In this case, there is no evidence in the record to support the order of restitution or
to indicate that there was any victim to whom restitution should be made under the definition of
"victim" in article 56.32 of the code of criminal procedure.  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
56.32(a)(11) (West Supp. 2007) ("victim" means individual who suffers personal injury or death as
result of criminally injurious conduct).  We therefore reform the trial court's judgment to delete those
portions awarding restitution.  See French v. State, 830 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
 CONCLUSION
		Having sustained in part Ceballos's point of error regarding parole conditions and
having overruled his point of error contesting punishment, we modify the judgment to strike mention
of restitution and to read as follows:  "The court recommends that as a condition of parole the
defendant pay court costs, fines, and attorney's fees."
		As modified, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

__________________________________________
						Diane Henson, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Puryear and Henson
Modified and, as Modified, Affirmed
Filed:   February 7, 2008
Publish
1.    See also Cannady v. State, 11 S.W.3d 205, 208 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (addressing same
argument with respect to penal code section 19.03 and holding defendant's status of serving a life
sentence at time of present offense, and not date on which he committed crime for which he was
serving life sentence, is element of statute); Manning v. State, 112 S.W.3d 740, 743-44 (Tex.
App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd) (addressing same argument and holding same with
regard to enhancement provision in penal code section 22.01).
