 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

 HICKEL CORPORATION d/b/a
 CORNICE CONST. CO., a Washington                 No. 78416-1-1
 corporation,
                                                  DIVISION ONE
                     Appellant,
                                                  UNPUBLISHED OPINION
               V.

 RANDY RICHARDSON AND LESLIE
 RICHARDSON, husband and wife,
 individually and the marital community
 composed thereof,
                                                  FILED: August 5, 2019
                     Res•ondents.


       DWYER, J. — Nickel Corporation d/b/a Cornice Construction Company
(Cornice) appeals from the trial court's order entering judgment in favor of Randy

and Leslie Richardson and awarding attorney fees and costs. We conclude that

the trial court properly ruled that ER 408 did not exclude evidence of a settlement

agreement between Cornice and one of its subcontractors in calculating the

damage award. Although Cornice argued below that this evidence was not

admissible under the collateral source rule, it abandoned this argument on

appeal. We further conclude that the trial court did not err in awarding attorney

fees and costs to the Richardsons. We therefore affirm.
No. 78416-1-1/2




       Randy and Leslie Richardson own a single story ranch style home on five

acres of land in Woodinville. In August 2015, the Richardsons contacted Brad

Hickel, owner of Cornice, to find out whether he would be interested in serving as

general contractor to direct and supervise construction of an addition to their

home. The parties verbally agreed that Cornice would serve as contractor for a

fixed price of $200,000 plus agreed upon change orders with a markup of 20

percent. Approximately 30 days after the project commenced, Cornice drafted

and signed a written construction agreement. The Richardsons did not sign it.

      Work commenced in September 2015. Cornice submitted monthly

invoices, including change orders, to the Richardsons. As the project

progressed, the Richardsons became increasingly dissatisfied with the quality of

Cornice's workmanship and materials. On February 25, 2016, Cornice submitted

its final invoice to the Richardsons for $83,495.93. The Richardsons, asserting

extensive damages, refused to pay it.

       Cornice subsequently recorded a claim of lien against the Richardsons'

property and filed a complaint alleging that the Richardsons had failed to pay the

final balance of $83,495.93 owed on the parties' contract. The lawsuit sought

judgment for breach of contract in the principal amount of $83,495.93, plus costs,

prejudgment interest, and reasonable attorney fees. In their answer, the

Richardsons denied that they owed Cornice money and denied that Cornice

properly recorded its lien. As affirmative defenses, the Richardsons asserted




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that Cornice failed to complete its tasks in a workmanlike and timely manner and

that it failed to properly supervise its subcontractors.

       Hydrus Plumbing LLC (Hydrus) was the subcontractor responsible for

plumbing work on the Richardson project. In May 2017, Cornice moved for leave

to file a third party complaint against Hydrus seeking indemnification for damages

caused by Hydrus's allegedly defective plumbing work. After the court granted

the motion, Cornice filed a third party complaint against Hydrus for breach of

contract and contractual indemnity. Cornice agreed to settle its claims against

Hydrus for $32,000, and Hydrus was dismissed from the lawsuit prior to trial.

The Richardsons were not a party to this settlement agreement.

       A bench trial commenced in November 2017. Cornice argued that the

Richardsons were bound by the terms of the written agreement and that it was

entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees and costs pursuant to that

agreement. Cornice further argued that attorney fees and costs were

recoverable under the lien foreclosure statute, RCW 60.04.181(3). The

Richardsons asserted that the parties never entered into a written contract, that

Cornice wrongfully filed a lien on the property, and that damages caused by

Cornice's defective workmanship exceeded the outstanding invoice amount. The

Richardsons also noted that Cornice reportedly received a $32,000 settlement

payment from Hydrus.

       On February 21, 2018, the trial court entered findings of fact, conclusions

of law, and remedies. The court ruled that although the parties reached a verbal

agreement regarding price and change orders, they did not agree on the other


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terms and conditions of the agreement drafted by Cornice and no written contract

existed. The court also ruled that the Richardsons owed Cornice nothing

because their damages exceeded the outstanding invoice amount. The court

indicated that it could modify this ruling to the extent the Richardsons' damages

exceeded what they owed Cornice. The court further ruled that Cornice's lien

against the Richardson property was invalid and that the Richardsons were

entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs incurred in defending against the

lien, as well an award of attorney fees for defending against a frivolous lawsuit.

       In the remedies section, the trial court included an enumerated list of 24

specific types of damage caused by Cornice. The court also noted that the

Richardsons sought to make an offer of proof that Cornice received settlement

funds from Hydrus. The court ordered Cornice to "provide the offer of settlement

for consideration by this court as mitigation and offset of any monies owed to the

Plaintiff." After Cornice complied with the order, the Richardsons argued that the

$32,000 settlement payment should be considered an offset against the

outstanding invoice balance they owed to Cornice. They also requested $62,000

in attorney fees. In response, Cornice argued that evidence regarding the

settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus was barred by the collateral

source rule.

      On April 16, 2018, the trial court entered an "Order Re: Offset" modifying

the findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court ruled that evidence of the

settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus was not excluded by ER 408

or by the collateral source rule. The court also ruled that the damages sustained


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by the Richardsons was in excess of the invoice amount and struck its earlier

finding that the lawsuit was frivolous. The court ordered that judgment be entered

against Cornice as follows:

       Richardson Damages                    $ 113,880.
       Less Invoice Amount                  <$83,495>
       Plus Offset                           $32,000.
       Total owed to Richardson              $62,385.

       On May 10, 2018, Cornice filed a notice of appeal seeking review of the

April 16, 2018 "Order Re: Offset."

       On July 16, 2018, the Richardsons noted presentation of the final

judgment to be heard without oral argument. They also moved for an award of

contractual attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.330, to be heard on

the same day as the judgment presentation. Cornice objected on the ground that

the court already entered judgment in its April 16, 2018 order. The Richardsons

then filed a motion in this court seeking dismissal of Cornice's appeal as

premature because the final judgment had not yet been entered. On July 18,

2018, a commissioner of this court ruled that "[Necause the trial court has

already determined the liability and the amount of the final judgment to be

entered in 10 days, a proper remedy is to stay this appeal pending the final

judgment." Cornice did not move to modify the commissioner's ruling.

      On July 31, 2018, the trial court entered final judgment in favor of the

Richardsons and dismissed Cornice's claim. The court also ruled that the

Richardsons were entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs as the

prevailing party pursuant to RCW 4.84.330 and Herzog Aluminum, Inc. v.

General American Window Corp., 39 Wn. App. 188, 692 P.2d 867(1984). The

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court awarded $62,385.00 as principal damages, $69,725.00 as reasonable

attorney fees, and $524.55 as reasonable costs. After entry of the final

judgment, Cornice filed an amended notice of appeal and the stay was lifted.

                                          II

Settlement Agreement

       Cornice asserts that the trial court erred in concluding that ER 408 did not

exclude evidence of the settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus. We

review the trial court's interpretation of evidentiary rules de novo. Diaz v. State,

175 Wn.2d 457, 462, 285 P.3d 873(2012). We review the trial court's decision

to admit or exclude evidence under a correctly interpreted evidentiary rule for

abuse of discretion. State v. DeVincentis, 150 Wn.2d 11, 17,74 P.3d 119

(2003).

       As a preliminary matter, the Richardsons assert that Cornice cannot raise

their ER 408 argument on appeal because they did not raise it below. We

generally refuse to review any claim of error not raised in the trial court. RAP

2.5(a). The purpose of the rule is to allow the trial court to correct any error

called to its attention, thus avoiding needless appeals and retrials. State v.

O'Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). Here, the record lacks direct

evidence that Cornice objected to admission of the settlement agreement based

on ER 408. However, the record does clearly establish that the trial court

considered whether the rule operated to bar admission of the settlement

agreement. We thus consider Cornice's ER 408 argument.




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       Cornice argues that the trial court erred in ruling that ER 408 did not bar

evidence of its settlement agreement with Hydrus. Cornice contends that ER

408 is intended to prevent exactly what the trial court did here, which was to

consider its settlement agreement with Hydrus for the express purpose of

determining the Richardsons' damages. We disagree.1

       ER 408 provides, in pertinent part:

              In a civil case, evidence of(1)furnishing or offering or
       promising to furnish, or (2) accepting or offering or promising to
       accept a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to
       compromise a claim which was disputed as to either validity or
       amount, is not admissible to prove liability for or invalidity of the
       claim or its amount.

"The rule is intended to encourage settlements and promote free communication

in compromise negotiations." Diaz 175 Wn.2d at 471 (citing 5A KARL B.

TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: EVIDENCE, § 408.1, at 59 (5th ed. 2007)). ER

408 "does not. . . require the exclusion of such evidence when it is offered for

another purpose." Brothers v. Pub. Sch. Emps. of Wash., 88 Wn. App. 398, 406,

945 P.2d 208 (1997)).

       Under ER 408, offers to settle a claim between parties going to trial are

not admissible to prove liability for that claim or its amount. But ER 408 is silent

regarding settlement offers involving a third party. Here, the Richardsons

asserted no claim against third party Hydrus. Nor were they involved in the

settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus. Accordingly, in this lawsuit




       'Our holding regarding admissibility of the settlement agreement under ER 408
should not be mistaken for a ruling that the trial court's judgment was correct in all other
respects. We resolve the issues as the parties present them.
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No. 78416-1-1/8

between Cornice and the Richardsons, ER 408 has no bearing on the

admissibility of the settlement agreement between Cornice and Hydrus.

       Cornice argued below that the collateral source rule barred admission of

the settlement agreement. "'The collateral source rule provides that a tortfeasor

may not reduce its liability due to payments received by the injured party from a

collateral source' when that source is independent of the tortfeasor." Matsyuk v.

State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 173 Wn.2d 643, 657, 272 P.3d 802(2012)(quoting

Maziarski v. Bair, 83 Wn. App. 835, 841 n.8, 924 P.2d 409 (1996)). Its purpose is

to ensure that a fact finder will not reduce a defendant's liability based on money

the claimant received from other sources. Mazon v. Krafchick, 158 Wn.2d 440,

452, 144 P.3d 1168 (2006). Cornice abandoned this argument on appeal.

Hence, we need not consider it. Holder v. City of Vancouver, 136 Wn. App. 104,

107, 147 P.3d 641 (2006).

       Cornice also argues, briefly and without citation to authority, that the

award was an inequitable windfall to the Richardsons. "Such '[p]assing treatment

of an issue or lack of reasoned argument is insufficient to merit judicial

consideration." West v. Thurston County, 168 Wn. App. 162, 187, 275 P.3d

1200(2012)(alteration in original)(quoting Holland v. City of Tacoma, 90 Wn.

App. 533, 538, 954 P.2d 290 (1998)).

Attorney Fees

       Cornice does not challenge the substantive basis for the trial court's award

of contractual attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.330 and Herzog, 39

Wn. App. 188. The sole basis for its challenge is that the Richardsons' July 16,


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No. 78416-1-1/9

2018 request for additional attorney fees and costs was untimely. The linchpin of

its argument is that the April 16, 2018 "Order Re: Offset" was a final

determination of the rights of the parties, thereby rendering it a "judgment" for

purposes of CR 54(a)(1).2 Per CR 54(d)(2), parties have 10 days after a

judgment is entered to submit a request for attorney fees and costs. Because

the Richardsons waited until July 16, 2018 to move for an award of contractual

attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.330, Cornice contends that the

request was untimely and should have been denied. Cornice further contends

that the trial court's July 31, 2018 "final judgment" order was unnecessary and

duplicative of the April 2018 order.

       Cornice's argument is not persuasive. In ruling on the Richardsons' motion

to determine appealability of the April 2018 "Order Re: Offset," the commissioner

stayed Cornice's appeal "pending entry of a final judgment." The inescapable

conclusion is that the commissioner determined that the April 2018 order was not

a final judgment. Cornice filed no response to the motion to determine

appealability, nor did it file a RAP 17.7 motion to modify the commissioner's

ruling within 30 days of its entry. That ruling is now a final decision of this court.

Hough v. Ballard, 108 Wn. App. 272, 277 n.3, 31 P.3d 6(2001).

       Lastly, the Richardsons request attorney fees and costs on appeal based

on RCW 4.84.330. "Reasonable attorney fees are recoverable on appeal if

allowed by statute, rule, or contract, and the request is made pursuant to RAP




       2  CR 54(a) defines a "judgment" as "the final determination of the rights of the
parties in the action and includes any decree and order from which an appeal lies."
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No. 78416-1-1/10

18.1(a)." In re Guardianship of Wells, 150 Wn. App. 491, 503, 208 P.3d 1126

(2009).

       RCW 4.84.330 provides:

              In any action on a contract or lease ... where such contract
       or lease specifically provides that attorneys' fees and costs, which
       are incurred to enforce the provisions of such contract or lease,
       shall be awarded to one of the parties, the prevailing party, whether
       he or she is the party specified in the contract or lease or not, shall
       be entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees in addition to costs and
       necessary disbursements.

       Here, Cornice's written contract provides that "[i]n the event that a lawsuit

is filed to enforce the terms of this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be

awarded its attorney fees and costs to be paid by the non-prevailing party." "By

its terms, RCW 4.84.330 applies only to contracts with unilateral attorney fee

provisions." Kaintz v. PLG, Inc., 147 Wn. App. 782, 786, 197 P.3d 710 (2008).

"1[W]here, as here, the agreement already contains a bilateral attorneys' fee

provision, RCW 4.84.330 is generally inapplicable." Kaintz, 147 Wn. App. at 786

(quoting Hawk v. Branies, 97 Wn. App. 776, 780, 986 P.2d 841 (1999)).

Because RCW 4.84.330 does not apply here, we decline to award attorney fees

and costs on appeal on this basis.

       Affirmed.


WE CONCUR:




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