Filed 9/9/16 Roshan, LLC v. Peltekci CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO



ROSHAN, LLC,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      E064205

v.                                                                      (Super.Ct.No. UDFS1406704)

SAIT PELTEKCI et al.,                                                   OPINION

         Defendants and Appellants.




         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Lily L. Sinfield,

Judge. Reversed with directions.

         Law Offices of Richard Pech and Richard Pech for Defendants and Appellants.

         Chandler Law Firm, Robert C. Chandler, and Carla R. Kralovic for Plaintiff and

Respondent.




                                                             1
       Defendants Sait and Albert Peltekci are tenants who prevailed in an unlawful

detainer action brought by their landlord, Roshan, LLC. The Peltekcis appeal from the

trial court’s order awarding them attorney fees under Civil Code section 1717 totaling

less than 15 percent of their actual expenses. Despite the Peltekcis’ submission of billing

records detailing work their counsel performed over approximately six months of

litigation, the trial court awarded fees for only four days of trial, three days of trial

preparation, and two pretrial motions.

       A fee award under Civil Code section 1717 calculated using the lodestar method

should represent “a computation of time spent on a case and the reasonable value of that

time.” (PLCM Group, Inc. v. Drexler (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1095 (PLCM Group),

italics added.) Because the record discloses the trial court considered only a portion of

the hours counsel spent on the case, we conclude the trial court’s application of the

lodestar method was erroneous. We therefore remand the matter for a new determination

of the amount of attorney fees to be awarded to Peltekcis’ counsel.

                                                I

                               FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The Peltekcis rent space from Roshan, LLC in a commercial shopping center in

Ontario and operate under the dba Ontario Jewelry Plaza. Their commercial lease with

Roshan, LLC provides in the event of “an action to enforce the [lease’s] terms . . . the

prevailing party in any such action, trial or appeal thereon, shall be entitled to his


                                                2
reasonable attorneys’ fees to be paid by the losing party as fixed by the court.” Roshan,

LLC initiated an unlawful detainer action against the Peltekcis in September 2014,

seeking $336,432.06 in alleged unpaid rent for the period of February 2011 to July 2014.

To represent them in the litigation, the Peltekcis hired the Law Offices of Richard Pech, a

firm located in Santa Monica. After four months of pretrial proceedings—during which

the Peltekcis’ counsel, Richard Pech (partner) and Thang Le (associate), conducted

discovery, filed a number of motions, including a successful motion to compel discovery

resulting in sanctions, and attended a settlement conference—the case went to trial. The

jury returned a verdict for the Peltekcis, finding they had not missed any rent payments

and Roshan, LLC had suffered no damages.

       Following judgment in their favor, the Peltekcis sought attorney fees under Civil

Code section 1717 as the prevailing party under the lease agreement. They requested a

total of $185,897 for 618.6 hours of attorney and paralegal time spent on the case from its

inception, through discovery, pretrial motions, trial, and postjudgment work. In support

of the requested fee, Mr. Pech filed a declaration in which he set forth his qualifications

and experience, as well as that of Mr. Le and the paralegal and assistants who worked on

the case. Mr. Pech described the work his firm performed in defending the action and

attached detailed billing records. As explained in the declaration and documented in the

billing records, Mr. Pech’s trial team researched affirmative defenses and issues raised in

the complaint, conducted discovery, which included deposing Roshan, LLC’s main

witness, successfully compelled discovery responses and obtained over $2,000 in


                                              3
sanctions, moved for judgment on the pleadings on the ground the notice to pay rent or

quit was defective, successfully moved to abate the action on the ground Roshan

Properties, LLC was not a registered entity and therefore not authorized to sue (which

resulted in Roshan, LLC filing an amended complaint), drafted a trial brief, prepared trial

documents such as jury instructions and exhibit lists, pursued settlement options and

attended a mandatory settlement conference, applied for and attended an ex parte hearing

regarding entry of judgment, and prepared a memorandum of costs and motion for

attorney fees. The Peltekcis filed their fees motion with Judge Lily Sinfield, who

presided over pretrial proceedings before transferring the case to Judge Donna Garza for

trial.

         Roshan, LLC filed an opposition arguing it was not liable for attorney fees as a

non-party to the lease and that the requested fees were excessive and unreasonable.

Roshan, LLC did not specify which fees it viewed as unreasonable. Instead, it claimed

$18,000 would be a reasonable fee “for the law and motion practice, four-day jury trial,

and other claimed charges.”

         After a hearing on the motion, the court took the matter under submission and

issued a statement of decision. At the outset of the decision, the court noted that the

Peltekcis had filed their motion in the law and motion court (Judge Sinfield) as opposed

to the trial court (Judge Garza) and that neither party had objected to the former hearing

the motion. The court also rejected Roshan, LLC’s argument it was not liable for

attorney fees.


                                              4
       As to the amount of the award, the court stated it had reviewed the Peltekcis’

moving papers and attachments and found the requested fee “excessive and

unreasonable.” The court cited three instances of unreasonable fees. First, it found

excessive 25.8 hours of travel, preparation, and trial time for the first day of trial because

only Mr. Pech had appeared in court.1 Second, it found excessive the 9.7 hours a legal

assistant had billed on the fourth day of trial for travel and trial assistance, which

included running the PowerPoint presentation for closing argument. Third, it found the

approximately one hour Mr. Le spent preparing a subpoena duces tecum to be duplicative

of the approximately one hour a legal assistant spent on the same document: “The court

finds unpersuasive that two different individuals and two hours were required to prepare

a [subpoena duces tecum].” Finally, the court found the Peltekcis had not demonstrated it

was necessary to hire a Santa Monica firm as opposed to a local, Inland Empire firm with

lower billing rates. The court selected $300 as a reasonable billing rate for a local

unlawful detainer attorney.

       The court concluded the Peltekcis were entitled to a total of $23,800 in fees. It

explained how it reached this amount using the lodestar method: “[T]he court considered

the minutes which reflected a four (4) day trial commencing around 10:00 a.m. each trial

day and concluding around 4:00 p.m.—six (6) hours of trial work. The court also added


       1 The statement of decision refers to December 3, 2015 as the first day of trial,
and on appeal the Peltekcis cite this date as an example of error in the court’s analysis;
however, we conclude the error was simply typographic and the court intended to refer to
February 3, 2015.

                                               5
ten (10) hours of trial preparation days for three days and three (3) hours per day of travel

time for four (4) days. The court multiplied those total hours of 66 to $300 per hour for

the local unlawful detainer attorney rate. The total sum from these calculations is

$19,800 . . . The [Peltekcis] prevailed on the Motion to Compel in October 2014, and the

Motion to Abate in December 2015 [sic] . . . The court awards an additional $2,000.00

per prevailing motion to the award for attorney fees. Thus, the court awards to the

[Peltekcis] $23,800 in attorney fees as the prevailing party.” To summarize, the court

allocated 36 hours for the trial and 30 hours for trial preparation for a total of 66 hours,

and added to that total $4,000 for two successful motions.

       As support for this reduced figure, the court cited Save Our Uniquely Rural

Community Environment v. County of San Bernardino (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1179

(SOURCE), a case where this court affirmed an 80 percent reduction in attorney fees.

(Id. at p. 1189.) Analogizing to that case, the court reasoned a reduction of the Peltekcis’

requested amount was appropriate because the unlawful detainer action was a relatively

short and simple case and because they had hired expensive, non-local counsel without

justification.

       The Peltekcis timely appealed.




                                              6
                                              II

                                       DISCUSSION

       A.     The Fee Award Was Not Designed to Fully Compensate Counsel

       The Peltekcis argue the trial court erred in awarding fees for only four days of

trial, three days of trial prep, and two pretrial motions and disregarding the rest of the

time their counsel spent litigating the case. The Peltekcis’ argument is well taken. While

a trial court has broad discretion to determine a reasonable fee for the hours the

prevailing party expended on a case, the fee must fully compensate the party, meaning

the court cannot award fees for only a portion of the case unless it finds the other portion

unreasonable and thus not compensable.

       We review a fee award for abuse of discretion. (PLCM Group, supra, 22 Cal.4th

at p. 1095.) As an initial matter, the Peltekcis argue we should afford less discretion to

the court’s order because the judge who issued it did not preside over the trial. There is

some authority for the proposition that a reviewing court may apply a less deferential

standard of review to a fee order issued by a judge other than the one who presided over

the merits of the litigation. (Center for Biological Diversity v. County of San Bernardino

(2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 603, 616 (Center for Biological Diversity) [“when, as here, the

fee order under review was rendered by a judge other than the trial judge, we may

exercise ‘ “somewhat more latitude in determining whether there has been an abuse of

discretion than would be true in the usual case” ’ ”].) However, Judge Sinfield presided

over the case for several months before transferring it to Judge Garza for trial and thus is


                                              7
familiar with the issues of this case and counsel’s performance. In any event, we need

not decide whether to modify our standard of review because the court’s application of

the lodestar method was erroneous under either abuse of discretion standard.

       When attorney fees are authorized by contract, Civil Code section 1717,

subdivision (a) provides, “the prevailing party . . . shall be entitled to reasonable

attorney’s fees.” The trial court must fix a reasonable fee award, and it has broad

discretion in determining the amount. (Civ. Code, § 1717; PLCM Group, supra, 22

Cal.4th at p. 1096.) “The court must determine the number of hours reasonably expended

on the case and a reasonable hourly rate for the work.” (Douglas E. Barnhart, Inc. v.

CMC Fabricators, Inc. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 230, 249, italics added, citing PLCM

Group, at p. 1095.) The hours “reasonably spent” includes “those necessary to establish

and defend the fee claim.” (Serrano v. Unruh (1982) 32 Cal.3d 621, 639.)

       In this case, the court used the widely-accepted lodestar method to determine the

fee award.2 Under the lodestar method, a court must first determine the actual hours

counsel has spent on the case, subtract any hours it finds inefficient or unreasonable, and

multiply that amount by a reasonable billing rate. (Syers Properties III, Inc. v. Rankin

(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 691, 697; Horsford v. Board of Trustees of California State


       2 The Peltekcis contend the court’s predominate error was a failure to use the
lodestar method, which they argue is mandatory. The lodestar method is not mandatory.
(PLCM Group, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1097 [the lodestar method is “presumably
reasonable” but “the trial court is not precluded from using other methodologies”].) In
any event, it is evident from the statement of decision that the trial court did use the
lodestar method.

                                               8
University (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 359, 395, (Horsford) [“[T]he court’s discretion in

awarding attorney fees is . . . to be exercised so as to fully compensate counsel for the

prevailing party for services reasonably provided to his or her client”].) The court has

discretion to adjust the product of this calculation upward or downward “based on

consideration of factors specific to the case,” such as the complexity of the litigation,

counsel’s skill, and the amount of money involved, “in order to fix the fee at the fair

market value for the legal services provided.” (PLCM Group, supra, 22 Cal.4th at

p. 1095.)

       A court abuses its broad discretion if it “applie[s] ‘the wrong test’ or standard” in

setting the fee. (Gorman v. Tassajara Development Corp. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 44, 92

(Gorman) [reversing fee award because appellate court could discern no rational basis for

the court’s downward adjustment of the lodestar amount].) A court incorrectly applies

the lodestar method when it fails to fully compensate counsel for “services provided” on

the case. (Horsford, supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at pp. 395-396.) “The basis for the trial

court’s calculation must be the actual hours counsel has devoted to the case, less those

that result from inefficient or duplicative use of time.” (Id. at p. 395, italics added.)

       Several cases illustrate this point. In Horsford, the appellate court reversed the fee

award because it did not appear, “from a review of the record of the fee award hearings,

that the trial court undertook its review of the fee issue with a focus on providing an

award of attorney fees reasonably designed to fully compensate plaintiffs’ attorneys for

the services provided.” (Horsford, supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 395.) The appellate


                                               9
court held the trial court erred in “completely disregarding” the billing records and failing

to “use [those] records as the starting point for its lodestar determination.” (Id. at p. 397.)

The appellate court explained that “verified time statements of the attorneys, as officers

of the court, are entitled to credence in the absence of a clear indication the records are

erroneous.” (Id. at p. 396.)

       In Hadley v. Krepel (1985) 167 Cal.App.3d 677, the prevailing party requested

$15,647 in fees and the court awarded $3,000. (Id. at p. 681.) The appellate court found

the award bore “no rational relationship to the actual fees incurred” based on its

observation that, “[o]f the 80 hours [counsel] and his associate expended on the matter,

almost 35 hours were devoted to trial preparation, drafting the trial brief, trailing and

attendance at trial” and that “[t]his time alone accounted for more than $4,000 in fees.”

(Id. at p. 686.)

       In Center for Biological Diversity, the fee award excluded over 55 percent of the

hours counsel claimed to have spent litigating the appeal. (Center for Biological

Diversity, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 620.) The appellate court concluded it was error

to set a rate that did not “fully compensate” (id. at p. 623) counsel for the services

provided, stating, “ ‘California courts have consistently held that a computation of time

spent on a case and the reasonable value of that time is fundamental to a determination of

an appropriate attorneys’ fee award.’ ” (Id. at p. 616, italics added, quoting PLCM

Group, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1095.) The appellate court explained that, on remand, “a

reduction of some of the claimed hours for the appeal . . . may be justified on the ground


                                              10
of duplication,” but the starting point must be full compensation. (Center for Biological

Diversity, at p. 622.)

       The court’s fee award in this case suffers from the same defect—it fails to take

into account all hours reasonably spent on the litigation. While it is true we “indulge all

intendments and presumptions to support the trial court’s order,” we are required to do so

only on “matters as to which the record is silent.”3 (Hill v. Affirmed Housing Group

(2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1192, 1196 (Hill).) Where the record clearly discloses the trial

court has made a mistake of law, we must reverse. Here, the trial court explicitly stated it

awarded fees for only four days of trial, three days of trial preparation, and two pretrial

motions, despite the fact the billing records demonstrate Mr. Pech’s firm spent time

litigating the case in the months leading up to trial (developing case strategy, conducting

discovery, filing various motions, pursuing settlement) and in the weeks after trial

(obtaining entry of judgment and moving for attorney fees). The record also

demonstrates the parties attended five days of trial. The parties gave closing argument on

the fourth day, but they appeared in court the following day for jury questions and the




       3   We note a silent record does not shield a trial court’s fee award from reversal in
every instance. When the appellate court can hypothesize no rational reason for the
award from a silent record, the award must be reversed. (E.g., Gorman, supra, 178
Cal.App.4th at p. 101 [reversing award on a silent record, stating “after much puzzlement
and frustration, we have been unable to surmise any mathematical or logical explanation
for the trial court’s award. . . . Instead, the number appears to have been snatched
whimsically from thin air. It is the essence of arbitrariness to make an award of attorney
fees that cannot be justified by the plaintiffs’ request, the supporting bills, or the
defendant’s opposition”].)

                                             11
verdict. The court’s failure to consider the fifth day of trial as well as the pretrial and

posttrial work was error.

       SOURCE, supra, which the trial court relied on in reducing the fee from $185,897

to $23,800 does not support that type of reduction here. In SOURCE, the prevailing party

requested $110,599, with a multiplier of two, for a total of $221,198. (SOURCE, supra,

235 Cal.App.4th at p. 1183.) The trial court found the requested amount “ ‘outrageous,’ ”

concluded a multiplier was not warranted, and reduced the fee to $19,176. (Ibid.)

Although the trial court did not explain how it had arrived at this amount, the record

supported “reasons for reducing the fees that the court might legitimately have relied

upon, even if it did not state them explicitly.” (Id. at p. 1185.) The appellate court

concluded it was obliged to presume the award was reasonable unless it was “convinced”

the award was “clearly wrong.” (Id. at p. 1186.) In this case, we cannot escape the

conclusion the court’s award was clearly wrong because the court made clear it was

compensating counsel only for two motions and 66 hours of trial and trial preparation out

of the 618.6 hours documented in the billing records.

       We are not suggesting that on remand the trial court should “become enmeshed in

a meticulous analysis of every detailed facet of the professional representation.” (PLCM

Group, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1098.) Rather, the court should determine the number of

hours counsel reasonably spent on the entire litigation—not just during trial and not just

on motions that were successful—and multiply that number by a reasonable rate. In

conducting this analysis the court is free to disregard hours it finds to be excessive or


                                              12
duplicative. A prevailing party is not “automatically entitled” to all hours claimed in the

fee request. (Rey v. Madera Unified School Dist. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1223, 1243.)

In reviewing the hours the Peltekcis’ counsel spent on the litigation, the trial court may

determine that some were not reasonably spent. “[T]rial courts must carefully review

attorney documentation of hours expended; ‘padding’ in the form of inefficient or

duplicative efforts is not subject to compensation.” (Gorman, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at

p. 64, citing Serrano v. Priest (1977) 20 Cal.3d 25, 48.)

       Putting aside the error regarding the number of compensable hours, the trial court

did not err in using $300 as a reasonable billing rate. The Peltekcis do not challenge that

rate on appeal and they did not justify the higher rate in their motion. “[T]he party

seeking the fee award has the burden to prove that it was justified in paying higher rates

to attorneys from outside the local market.” (SOURCE, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1187.) A trial court “may make its own determination of the value of the services” as

“[t]he value of legal services performed in a case is a matter in which the trial court has

its own expertise.” (PLCM Group, supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 1096.)

       B.     Roshan LLC’s Corporate Status

       The Peltekcis contend the trial court erred in failing to treat their motion for fees

as uncontested because Roshan, LLC was suspended by the California Secretary of State

when it opposed the motion and, as such, was prohibited from litigating the issue. Even

if Roshan, LLC were suspended at that time, a court is not required to accept an

uncontested fee request. Civil Code section 1717 directs the court to determine a


                                             13
reasonable fee award. (Gorman, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at pp. 91-92 [Code Civ. Proc.,

§ 1021 provides that compensation for attorney fees is left to the agreement of the parties

unless a statute provides otherwise and Civ. Code, § 1717 provides that fees authorized

by contract shall be “fixed by the court”].)

       C.     Attorney Fees on Appeal

       The Peltekcis seek attorney fees incurred in the current appeal. As the prevailing

party on appeal, their lease and Civil Code section 1717 entitle them to such fees. (Hill,

supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 1199.) “ ‘Although this court has the power to fix attorney

fees on appeal, the better practice is to have the trial court determine such fees.’

[Citation.]” (Center for Biological Diversity, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 624.)



                                               III

                                      DISPOSITION

       The order for attorney fees is reversed. We remand the matter to the trial court to

determine—in addition to the fees it already awarded—the reasonable value of the

Peltekcis’ pretrial and posttrial attorney fees and costs, including those pertaining to this

appeal.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS


                                                                 SLOUGH
                                                                                                J.

We concur:


                                               14
HOLLENHORST
          Acting P. J.


MILLER
                    J.




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