                         No. 3--09--1031
_________________________________________________________________
Filed January 14, 2010 Corrected Copy
                              IN THE

                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                         THIRD DISTRICT

                           A.D., 2010

DANIEL GOODMAN,                 ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
     Petitioner-Appellee,       ) Will County, Illinois,
                                )
     v.                         )
                                )
CHRIS WARD,                     )
                                )
     Respondent-Appellant,      )
                                )
and WILL COUNTY OFFICERS        ) No. 09--MR--1299
ELECTORAL BOARD, NANCY SCHULTZ )
VOOTS, PAMELA McGUIRE, and MARY )
TATROE (as representative of    )
James W. Glasgow), each in her )
capacity as a member of the     )
Will County Officers Electoral )
Board, and COUNTY CLERK OF WILL )
COUNTY (Nancy Schultz Voots),   ) Honorable
                                ) James E. Garrison,
     Respondents.               ) Judge, Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________

     JUSTICE CARTER delivered the opinion of the court:
 _______________________________________________________________


     Daniel Goodman petitioned the Will County Officers Electoral

Board (Board), objecting to listing Chris Ward as a candidate on

the ballot in the primary for the office of Circuit Court Judge

of the Twelfth Judicial Circuit, Fourth Subcircuit (subcircuit).

The Board denied Goodman's petition.    On review, the Will County

circuit court reversed the Board's decision.   We reverse the

Board's decision and affirm the circuit court's ruling.
                             BACKGROUND

     Ward acknowledged to the Board, to the circuit court, and to

this court that he did not reside within the subcircuit on the

date he petitioned the Board to be placed on the primary ballot.

In Goodman's petition objecting to Ward's candidacy, he argued

that Ward's failure to reside within the subcircuit was a

violation of article VI, section 12, of the Illinois Constitution

(Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §12) (section 12), and therefore

Ward's name should not appear on the ballot.    The Board denied

Goodman's petition, and the circuit court reversed the Board's

decision.   Ward appealed.

     Additionally, Ward moved this court to stay the circuit

court's decision.   We granted the stay.

                               ANALYSIS

     As a preliminary matter, we note that in his notice of

appeal Ward stated that he was appealing from the circuit court's

ruling.   However, the Illinois Supreme Court has said that an

appellate court must review an electoral board's determination de

novo.   See Cinkus v. Village of Stickney Municipal Officers

Electoral Board, 228 Ill. 2d 200, 886 N.E.2d 1011 (2008).

Therefore, in this case, we review de novo the Board's ruling.

     In pertinent part, section 12 says, "A person eligible for

the office of Judge may cause his name to appear on the ballot as

a candidate for Judge at the primary *** by submitting

petitions."   Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §12.   Article VI, section

11, of the Illinois Constitution (section 11), states that, "[n]o


                                 2
person shall be eligible to be a Judge or Associate Judge unless

he is a United States citizen, a licensed attorney-at-law of this

State, and a resident of the unit which selects him."        Ill.

Const. 1970, art. VI, §11.

     Ward contends that section 12 did not require him to reside

within the subcircuit on the date he submitted his nominating

petitions to the Board.   He asserts that he need not take up

residency in the subcircuit at any time prior to the election.

Goodman, however, argues that the residency requirement of

section 12 bars Ward's name from being placed on the ballot.

Although the parties' arguments focus on section 12, we observe

that as a threshold matter, the definition of the term "eligible"

in section 11 is dispositive of this issue.

      The Illinois Supreme Court has instructed that an appellate

court is to review an electoral board's factual findings under

the manifest weight of the evidence standard, and questions of

law under the de novo standard.       Girot v. Keith, 212 Ill. 2d 372,

818 N.E.2d 1232 (2004).   In this case, because the facts are not

in dispute, we review de novo the question of law concerning

construction of section 11.   See Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d 200, 886

N.E.2d 1011.

     Generally, the rules of statutory construction apply to the

construction of provisions of the Illinois Constitution.

Coalition for Political Honesty v. State Board of Elections, 65

Ill. 2d 453, 359 N.E.2d 138 (1976).      In interpreting a

constitutional provision, the language used should be given its


                                  3
plain and commonly understood meaning, unless it is clearly

evident that a contrary meaning was intended.    Coalition, 65 Ill.

2d 453, 359 N.E.2d 138.

     Fortunately, we do not have to approach this issue in a

vacuum because the Illinois Supreme Court has previously

interpreted section 11.    In Maddux v. Blagojevich, 233 Ill. 2d

508, 514-15, 911 N.E.2d 979, 984 n.3 (2009), the court stated,

"Under section 11 of the judicial article, to be eligible to run

for judicial office a person must be a citizen, an attorney, and

a resident of the district in which the judicial seat is being

sought."   Thus, the court interpreted "a resident of the unit

which selects him(,)" in section 11, to mean "a resident of the

district in which the judicial seat is being sought."    Maddux,

233 Ill. 2d at 514-15, 911 N.E.2d at 984 n.3.

     We observe that section 11 concerns both judges and

associate judges.    Therefore, also helpful in determining the

residency requirement for eligibility to be a judge is the

February 1, 2007, amendment to Supreme Court Rule 39 (Official

Reports Advance Sheet No. 4 (February 14, 2007), R. 39, eff.

February 1, 2007).    Rule 39 implements article VI, section 8, of

the 1970 Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §8), which

directs the supreme court to provide by rule for the appointment

of associate judges.    The 2007 amendment to the rule substituted

"Any attorney who seeks appointment to the office of associate

judge must be a United States citizen, licensed to practice law

in this state, and a resident of the unit from which he/she seeks


                                  4
appointment" for "Any attorney licensed to practice law in this

state who seeks appointment to the office of associate judge."

Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 4 (February 14, 2007), R. 39,

eff. February 1, 2007.    Arguably, prior to this amendment, a

licensed attorney-citizen in Illinois had to be or become a

resident of a circuit on or before the effective date of

appointment.    The current Rule 39 makes it clear that is not the

case.    Notably, the 2007 amendment tracks the qualifications of

section 11, but substitutes "a resident of the unit from which

he/she seeks appointment" for "a resident of the unit which

selects him."    Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 4 (February 14,

2007), R. 39, eff. February 1, 2007; Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI,

§11.    In Thies v. State Board of Elections, 124 Ill. 2d 317, 325,

529 N.E.2d 565, 569 (1988), regarding a statute, our supreme

court said, "the legislature is without authority to change or

add to the qualifications [for a judgeship] unless the [Illinois]

Constitution gives it the power."     Certainly, just as the

legislature is without such authority, the supreme court would

not change or add to the qualifications for a judgeship, in a

supreme court rule, unless the Illinois Constitution gave it the

power.

       Additionally, in Thies, our supreme court indicated that

there might be an arguable ambiguity in section 11.     See Thies,

124 Ill. 2d at 325, 529 N.E.2d at 569.     However, the court went

on to say:




                                  5
     "it would seem logical that under section 11, if the unit

     that selects the judge is the circuit, then any person

     otherwise qualified who lives anywhere in the circuit is

     qualified.   Similarly, if the unit that selects the judge is

     a county or a division of the circuit, then any otherwise

     qualified person who resides within the unit would be

     eligible for the judgeship."       Thies, 124 Ill. 2d at 325, 529

     N.E.2d at 569.

Thus, our supreme court indicated in Thies that in order to be

eligible to be a judge in a geographical unit that is smaller

than a circuit, such as the subcircuit in this case, the judge

must reside within the smaller geographical unit.

     As a matter of Illinois constitutional history, the 1848 and

1870 Constitutions required geographic residency for a person to

be eligible for judicial office.       The 1848 Constitution required

that "[n]o person shall be eligible to the office of judge of any

court of this state *** who shall not for two years next

preceding his election have resided in the division, circuit or

county in which he shall be elected[.]"      Ill. Const. 1848, art.

V, §11.   The 1870 Constitution continued the 1848 requirements of

geographic residency but without a minimum specified term.      See

Ill. Const. 1870, art. VI.   Under the 1964 amendment to the

judicial article of the 1870 Constitution, to be eligible for the

office of judge, the person had to be "a resident of the judicial

district, circuit, county or unit from which selected."      Ill.

Const. 1870, art. VI (1964), §15.      George Braden and Rubin Cohn,


                                   6
in their book prepared for the Illinois Constitution Study

Commission in 1969, stated simply that the eligibility provisions

in article VI, section 15, retained the "general current

geographic residency requirements of prior Constitutions[.]"

G. Braden & R. Cohn, The Illinois Constitution: An Annotated &

Comparative Analysis 368 (1969).       That history suggests that

section 11 of the 1970 Constitution continues the same general

current geographic residency requirements of past versions of the

Illinois Constitution.

     Finally, the record of the proceedings of the Illinois

Constitutional Convention that adopted the 1970 Constitution

stated that "12 million copies of the 'Official Text [of the 1970

Constitution] With Explanation' were printed in newspaper tabloid

form by the Secretary of State.    One copy was mailed to each

registered voter in the State."    7 Record of Proceedings, Sixth

Illinois Constitutional Convention 2667.       The record of

proceedings also gave the following commentary concerning section

11: "This revises Article VI, Section 15 of the 1870

Constitution.   It extends the requirements of residence and

attorney status to new Associate Judges, formerly known as

magistrates."   7 Record of Proceedings, Sixth Illinois

Constitutional Convention 2719.    Therefore, the record of

proceedings again shows the historical continuity of the

residency requirement of section 11.

                            CONCLUSION




                                   7
     The Illinois Supreme Court has interpreted the residency

requirements in section 11 for eligibility to be a judge in

Illinois.   In Thies, the court noted that where a judgeship

concerns a portion of a circuit, residency was required in the

that portion.   In Maddux, the court observed that such residency

was required in order to seek election for such a judgeship.    The

supreme court's interpretation of section 11 is consistent with

Rule 39, and with the constitutional history of residency

requirements for judgeships in Illinois.   In this case, under the

plain language of section 11 as interpreted by our supreme court

in Thies and Maddux, Ward was required to be a resident of the

subcircuit in order to seek election in the primary for a

judgeship there.   Therefore, we hold that the Board erred as a

matter of law by ruling that Ward was not required to be a

resident of the subcircuit for his name to be placed on the

primary ballot.    Consequently, we vacate our stay of the circuit

court's order instanter, and therefore Ward's name should be

removed from the official ballot as a candidate for the Fourth

Subcircuit of the Twelfth Judicial Circuit for the Democratic

Party at the primary election on February 2, 2010.

     Will County circuit court judgment affirmed; Will County

Officers Electoral Board judgment reversed.

     LYTTON, J. concurring.

     JUSTICE WRIGHT, dissenting:

     The majority holds that Candidate Ward's failure to reside

within the Fourth Subcircuit at the time he filed his nomination


                                   8
petitions did not comply with the provisions of article VI of the

Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI), and therefore

Ward's name should be removed from the ballot.                                I respectfully

dissent.

        It is undisputed that Candidate Ward resides in Will County

but that his residence was not located in the Fourth Subcircuit

at the time he filed the required nomination petitions pursuant

to section 12.1           Further, the parties agree that Candidate Ward

did not misrepresent the location of his residence.

        For purposes of this dissent, it is important to understand

my view of the precise issue raised in this appeal.                                   Here, we are

called upon to decide whether, in the absence of a statute, the

Illinois Constitution itself requires a person to

contemporaneously reside in a certain location at the time the

candidate files his or her nomination petitions.

        We are not called upon to consider whether a statute or some other directive could require

subcircuit residency that contemporaneously exists at the time a person seeks to place their name

on a ballot for judicial office, in a primary election, by filing petitions as required by section 12.

Our lawmakers have not enacted such a statute and thus a constitutional analysis of that issue is

not at hand. Similarly, it should be emphasized that we are not called upon to decide whether the

successful judicial candidate in a primary election or the successful candidate in the general

election must have been a resident of the selection district at the time of the election. Again, that




        1
         For the sake of clarity, all references to section 12 refer to section 12 of article VI of the
1970 Illinois Constitution.
                                                    9
issue regarding residency in a subcircuit at the time of the primary or general election is not ripe

for our review in this case.

        Since the phrase “eligible for judicial office” appears in section 12 and the same phrase is

included in the caption selected by the drafters for section 11,2 I begin by construing those

provisions together. The language of section 11 discusses residency without a specific reference

to the time the residency must exist. Consequently, Section 11 does not expressly answer the

question whether residency in the selection district must be established at the time petitions are

filed. Moreover, the language of section 12 allows a person “eligible for the office of judge” to

place his or her name on a ballot without specific reference to all three requirements listed in

section 11 and without direct reference to section 11 itself.

        Here, the circuit court's written order found both sections 11 and 12 "are NOT

ambiguous" (emphasis in the original). I respectfully disagree and conclude, when construed

together, the language of section 11 and section 12 can be subject to multiple logical

constructions based on the language of the Illinois Constitution alone and based on the decisions

of our supreme court.

        Turning to the language incorporated into the Constitution, the term “unit” seems to have

a specific meaning as provided by the drafter’s of the 1970 Constitution in section 7 of article VI.

The term “unit” identifies two distinct geographical areas of Cook County which would separately

select judges at large. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §7. In my view, other than a resident Cook

County judge, other judicial candidates seeking election in Cook County were required by the



        2
         Again, for the sake of clarity, all references to section 11 refer to section11 of article VI
of the 1970 Illinois Constitution.
                                                  10
Constitution to reside in smaller geographical units and the voters in the smaller units would then

select those candidates at large from the designated unit.

          Pursuant to section 7, the First Judicial Circuit was the only circuit that contained smaller

geographical residency “units” for the purpose of at-large judicial elections. Similarly, pursuant to

the Constitution, the resident circuit judge from each county would be elected by the voters from

within the boundaries of the county itself. I suggest the Constitution did not require residency in

a unit smaller than the boundaries of a county for any judicial circuit other than the First Judicial

Circuit. To require residency in an area smaller than a single county in this case, perhaps would

be contrary to the decision in Thies. See Thies v. State Board of Elections, 124 Ill. 2d 317, 325

(1988).

          Next, I suggest that the members of our supreme court have also recognized section 11 is

"arguably ambiguous." See Thies, 124 Ill. 2d at 323. In Thies, when construing the

constitutionality of Public Act 85--866, as amended by Public Act 85--903, our supreme court

contemplated separate examples where residency would be dictated by the boundaries of either

entire judicial circuits or smaller subcircuits. However, based on my interpretation of the

majority’s opinion, the majority in Theis did not provide a definitive view of the term "unit," as

used in article VI, section 11, because it was not outcome-determinative in that case which dealt

with the interpretation of article VI, section 7(a). Thies, 124 Ill. 2d at 323.

          Thus, I am not at all certain of the proper definition of the term “unit.” If our supreme

court later defines “unit” to be a singular county or the full circuit, Candidate Ward could be

considered compliant since the parties agree he has resided in Will County at all times relevant to

this appeal. While my confusion regarding the definition of “unit” prevails, I can state with


                                                   11
certainty that our supreme court did not decide when residency in the “unit,” circuit, subcircuit, or

elective district should occur relative to the filing of petitions in their decision in Theis, or later in

Maddux v. Blagojevich, 233 Ill. 2d 508 (2009).

        Consequently, I embrace our supreme court's general observation, as expressed in Theis,

that section 11 is arguably ambiguous. I observe the ambiguity applies to both the definition of

unit and the timing of residency for purposes of placing a person’s name on the ballot to begin the

nomination process. In light of this ambiguity, I feel compelled to interpret both sections 11 and

12 together in a fashion that recognizes the importance our democracy places on liberal ballot

access. In this view, every arguable doubt should be resolved in favor of eligibility, whether we

are construing statutes or the constitution. See Livingston v. Ogilvie, 43 Ill. 2d 9 (1969);

Velazquez v. Soliz, 141 Ill. App. 3d 1024 (1986).

        The majority points to Supreme Court Rule 39 (210 Ill. 2d R. 39) to support the argument

that our supreme court has construed section 11 to require established residency in a certain area

before a person can seek appointment as an Associate Judge. However, in reality, associate

judges never place their names on a ballot in a primary election with nomination petitions.

Similarly, candidates for associate judge never seek selection from a unit of circuit judges that is

smaller than the entire circuit. See 210 Ill. 2d R. 39. Consequently, the analogy based on

Supreme Court Rule 39, which is central to the majority’s analysis, does not seem applicable in

my view. I respectfully disagree that Supreme Court Rule 39 contains an express directive from

our supreme court on the timing of subcircuit residency for the purpose of placing a candidate’s

name on a ballot in a primary election.




                                                    12
        Employing the rules of construction to favor ballot access and absent specific direction

from our supreme court on the timing of residency related to the time petitions are filed, I assert

the Illinois constitution does not clearly impose a current subcircuit residency requirement in order

for Candidate Ward’s name to appear on the primary ballot. Further, I am not persuaded that the

history of the Illinois Constitution provides insight into whether residency must be established by

a judicial candidate before the date of the primary election since residency requirements have

gradually eroded over the course of history.

        Consequently, I conclude that our state Constitution does not require current residency in

a specific selective unit, smaller than a county, in order to place a candidate’s name on a ballot in

a primary election. 3 This construction promotes ballot access and allows the primary voters in

the subcircuit to accept or reject Candidate Ward after first considering his qualifications and

unique characteristics, including the location of his residence. Moreover, I do not express any

opinion regarding whether residency requirements may be imposed by future legislative enactment

for the purpose of the nomination and the subsequent election of persons to hold judicial office in

the future.

        Therefore, I thoughtfully and most respectfully disagree with the majority in this case.

Accordingly, I would affirm the decision of the electoral board denying Mr. Goodman's challenge

to Candidate Ward's candidacy because residency in the subcircuit was not clearly required at the

time Ward submitted his petitions for the primary election.



        3
        Once selected to be a judge after the general election, a statute imposes subcircuit
residency requirements throughout the judge's term. 705 ILCS 35/2f--4(d) (West 2008). We
note that the constitutionality of this statute is not before us.


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