Filed 5/6/16 P. v. Cox CA3
                                                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.




                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                            (Sacramento)
                                                                    ----


THE PEOPLE,                                                                                               C079266

                     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                              (Super. Ct. No. 14F04909)

          v.

MICHAEL JOSEPH COX,

                     Defendant and Appellant.



          Defendant Michael Joseph Cox entered a negotiated plea of no contest to negligent
discharge of a firearm (Pen. Code, § 246.31) in exchange for no state prison at the outset
and 150 days in county jail as a condition of probation. Prior to sentencing, defendant
requested that the court reduce the offense to a misdemeanor pursuant to section 17,
subdivision (b). At the hearing scheduled for sentencing and defendant’s motion, the
court denied the motion, suspended imposition of sentence, and granted probation for a
term of five years with various conditions, including 150 days in county jail.



1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code in effect at the time of the
charged offense.

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       The trial court granted defendant’s request for a certificate of probable cause.
(§ 1237.5.)
       Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to reduce the
offense to a misdemeanor. In the alternative, he requests that this court remand to the
trial court for reconsideration.
       We affirm.
                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
       On July 7, 2014, at 8:55 p.m., an officer responded to a call of shots fired and
contacted defendant who claimed he had fired gunshots so the police would respond.
Defendant appeared to be intoxicated and was belligerent and yelling. In defendant’s
front yard, the officer found a double-barrel shotgun containing two expended shells.
       Defendant told the officer he had observed two boys climb over a nearby fence
and confronted them about stealing. They admitted having done so and defendant
became angry. One boy pulled out a knife and defendant grabbed the boy’s arm in self-
defense. The boy threw the knife to the other boy who defendant grabbed as well. Both
boys left. About 10 minutes later, five men arrived in one or more cars, got out, and
stood on defendant’s sidewalk, wanting to fight defendant. Defendant did not believe
they would fight fairly so he went into his house to get his shotgun. When he went back
outside, the men were driving away. Defendant fired two shots into the air when the men
were about a block away.
       According to one of the boys, he and his friend were walking past defendant who
accused them of stealing. The boy sarcastically responded and defendant grabbed the
boy’s friend, saying he was going to “kick his ass.” The boy warned defendant not to
“mess[] with his friend” and defendant punched the boy in the face and kicked him in the



2 We take the facts underlying the offense from the probation report, which described the
incident by summarizing the police report.

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stomach. The boy and his friend yelled for onlookers to call 911 and then ran home.
According to the boy’s cousin, the boy arrived home, crying. The family went to
defendant’s house and defendant threatened to call the police and to “ ‘kill’ ” them if they
returned. The cousin heard a gunshot as they started for home.
       The probation report noted defendant’s admitted problem with alcohol. Defendant
lived with his girlfriend and provided care for his 87-year-old mother.
       In his motion to reduce the felony to a misdemeanor, defendant claimed that when
the five men arrived, they threatened defendant and defendant called for emergency
assistance but law enforcement did not respond. Defendant claimed he fired warning
shots towards the empty lot located across the street and that no one was in danger.
Defendant claimed the circumstances of the offense were unusual and included great
provocation and that his conduct was partially excusable due to coercion or duress and
that he exercised caution to avoid harm, noting no one was injured or suffered a monetary
loss. Defendant’s prior performance on misdemeanor grants of probation was
satisfactory. Other than two misdemeanor convictions, defendant claimed he had led a
crime-free life and was willing to comply with probation. Defendant’s neighbors
appreciated defendant’s help in watching the neighborhood.
       The prosecutor argued defendant’s conduct was “extremely dangerous,” having
fired his gun either at an occupied house across the street or into the air with people
around while he was “highly intoxicated.” The prosecutor noted that the incident began
when defendant confronted two boys who defendant had accused of stealing and
assaulted them.
       Defense counsel argued defendant’s intoxication was speculative and had
defendant actually assaulted the boys, he would have been charged with the offense.
       Although the court believed it was a “close case,” the court denied defendant’s
section 17, subdivision (b), motion. In exercising its discretion, the court cited People v.
Superior Court (Alvarez) (1997) 14 Cal.4th 968 (Alvarez). The court expressly noted that

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defendant had a minimal criminal history, having been convicted in 2004 of a
misdemeanor and in 2000 of resisting arrest and satisfactorily performed on probation.
Nevertheless, the court refused to grant relief, determining that the circumstances of the
offense and public safety were paramount. The court noted that defendant started the
incident by confronting the juveniles and later fired into the air with people around. The
probation department opined that defendant is a high risk to reoffend and a high risk for
alcohol and drug problems, noting the arresting officer suspected defendant was under
the influence when he fired the gun. The court stated, “Given that the crime involved the
use of a firearm while the defendant appeared to be intoxicated, the Court is concerned
about the risk to public safety that the defendant may pose.” Regarding the letters from
defendant’s neighbors, the court stated, “[T]he Court does not find that those letters give
it any comfort. In fact, the Court believes that this whole incident started because
[defendant] took it upon himself to police the neighborhood when it surely is not his
place to do so. [¶] So I will tell you that the neighbors’ letters do not provide any
comfort whatsoever to the Court.”
                                      DISCUSSION
       Defendant contends the trial court “unfairly used the positive comments of five of
[defendant’s] neighbors, who said that [defendant] had helped them, against him, turning
[defendant’s] concern for the safety of his neighborhood into something bad: that
[defendant] was some kind of out-of-control neighborhood watch guy, presumably like
George Zimmerman, the neighborhood watch volunteer who shot and killed Trayvon
Martin, whom he had targeted for alleged suspicious activities.” Defendant also argues
that the court failed to properly consider the relevant factors. He reiterates his claims
made in the trial court: no one was in danger when he fired the two warning shots as the
men were driving away; there was no monetary loss; no one was harmed “even if it is
true that [defendant] laid his hands on the boys”; at age 51, he had no felony convictions,



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only two misdemeanors; he would comply with probation; and the objectives of
sentencing would be fulfilled by a reduction to a misdemeanor.
       Section 17, subdivision (b), provides, in pertinent part: “When a crime is
punishable, in the discretion of the court, either by imprisonment in the state prison or
imprisonment in a county jail under the provisions of subdivision (h) of Section 1170, or
by fine or imprisonment in the county jail, it is a misdemeanor for all purposes under the
following circumstances: [¶] . . . [¶] (3) When the court grants probation to a defendant
without imposition of sentence and at the time of granting probation, or on application of
the defendant or probation officer thereafter, the court declares the offense to be a
misdemeanor.”
       Negligent discharge of a firearm is a “wobbler” offense.3 The sentencing court
exercises its discretion whether to reduce a felony conviction for a wobbler offense to a
misdemeanor. (Alvarez, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 977.) “The governing canons are well
established: ‘This discretion . . . is neither arbitrary nor capricious, but is an impartial
discretion, guided and controlled by fixed legal principles, to be exercised in conformity
with the spirit of the law, and in a manner to subserve and not to impede or defeat the
ends of substantial justice. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘Obviously the term is a broad and
elastic one [citation] which we have equated with “the sound judgment of the court, to be
exercised according to the rules of law.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Thus, ‘[t]he courts have
never ascribed to judicial discretion a potential without restraint.’ [Citation.] ‘Discretion
is compatible only with decisions “controlled by sound principles of law, . . . free from
partiality, not swayed by sympathy or warped by prejudice . . . .” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]



3 Section 246.3, subdivision (a), provides: “Except as otherwise authorized by law, any
person who willfully discharges a firearm in a grossly negligent manner which could
result in injury or death to a person is guilty of a public offense and shall be punished by
imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year, or by imprisonment pursuant to
subdivision (h) of Section 1170.” (Italics added.)

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‘[A]ll exercises of legal discretion must be grounded in reasoned judgment and guided by
legal principles and policies appropriate to the particular matter at issue.’ ” (Ibid.)
       The burden is on defendant to demonstrate that the sentencing court abused its
discretion in denying his motion to reduce the offense to a misdemeanor by showing the
sentencing decision was irrational or arbitrary. (Alvarez, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 977.)
“ ‘In the absence of such a showing, the trial court is presumed to have acted to achieve
legitimate sentencing objectives, and its discretionary determination to impose a
particular sentence will not be set aside on review.’ [Citation.] Concomitantly, ‘[a]
decision will not be reversed merely because reasonable people might disagree. “An
appellate tribunal is neither authorized nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the
judgment of the trial judge.” ’ ” (Id. at pp. 977-978.)
       In exercising its discretion under section 17, subdivision (b), the trial court
considers certain relevant factors including “ ‘the nature and circumstances of the
offense, the defendant’s appreciation of and attitude toward the offense, or his traits of
character as evidenced by his behavior and demeanor at the trial[,]’ . . . the general
objectives of sentencing[,] . . . and the public interest . . . .” (Alvarez, supra, 14 Cal.4th at
p. 978.) The general objectives of sentencing include protection of society, punishing
defendant, encouraging defendant and others to live a crime-free life, preventing
defendant from committing additional crimes, securing victim restitution, and achieving
uniformity in sentencing. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.410.)
       Applying this deferential standard, we conclude the sentencing court did not abuse
its discretion. The record reflects that the sentencing court considered relevant factors
including defendant’s minimal criminal history and his prior satisfactory performance on
probation. The court was well within its discretion to disagree with defendant’s
representation that no one was in danger when he discharged his firearm.
       As defendant notes, section 246.3, negligent discharge of a firearm was enacted as
a deterrent to the practice of discharging firearms into the air during festive occasions,

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such as New Year’s and the Fourth of July. (People v. Alonzo (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th
535, 539.) The incident here was not part of a festive occasion; nor was it a holiday.
Defendant’s conduct was much more aggravated than the conduct the law was intended
to deter. Defendant, who was apparently intoxicated, fired two blasts from a shotgun in
an inhabited residential neighborhood with people around at 8:55 p.m. Defendant
concedes in his appellate briefing that he “had an alcohol problem that led him to use bad
judgment that day.” Even if defendant fired into the air, what goes up must come down
and his conduct created the possibility of “responsive gunfire.” (Id. at p. 540.)
       We disagree with defendant’s characterization of the court’s concern about his
monitoring criminal behavior in the neighborhood. Defendant speculates that the court
considered him to be an “out-of-control neighborhood watch guy, presumably like
George Zimmerman . . . .” In our view, the court aptly concluded that it was not
defendant’s place to catch suspected thieves but rather that is the responsibility of the
police. As the court noted, defendant started the incident by confronting the juveniles.
The court also considered defendant to be a high risk to reoffend and a high risk for
alcohol and drug problems as reported by the probation officer.
       We also disagree with defendant’s claim that the trial court failed to consider all
relevant factors. The court cited Alvarez in making its ruling. It was certainly aware of
the factors to consider. That the court did not recite and discuss each and every factor
does not equate to the affirmative showing that defendant must make to demonstrate an
abuse of discretion. Indeed, the trial court is not required to verbally recite each relevant
factor. Rather, the court is deemed to have considered all relevant sentencing factors and
presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives absent an affirmative
showing otherwise. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.409; Alvarez, supra, 14 Cal.4th at
pp. 978-979.) Defendant has failed to demonstrate that the sentencing court, which found
this to be a “close case,” abused its discretion in denying his motion to reduce the offense
to a misdemeanor.

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                                 DISPOSITION
     The judgment is affirmed.



                                               MURRAY   , J.



We concur:



     NICHOLSON          , Acting P. J.



     MAURO              , J.




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