[Cite as In re A.C.H., 2011-Ohio-5595.]
                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       GALLIA COUNTY


IN THE MATTER OF:                                   :

          A.C.H., A.M.H., AND
           A.R.H.                                   :   Case No. 11CA2

Adjudicated Dependent                               :
 Children.
                                                    :   DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY

                                       :
_________________________________________________________________

                                           APPEARANCES:

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:                    Robert W. Bright, 530 2nd Avenue, Gallipolis, Ohio 45631

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:                     Jeff Adkins, Gallia County Prosecuting Attorney, and Pat
                                          Story, Gallia County Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 18
                                          Locust Street, Gallipolis, Ohio 45631

CIVIL CASE FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT, JUVENILE DIVISION
DATE JOURNALIZED: 10-19-11

ABELE, J.

          {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Gallia County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division,

judgment that awarded permanent custody of A.C.H. (born September 15, 1994), A.M.H. (Born

November 15, 1995), and A.R.H. (July 22, 1998), to Gallia County Children Services (GCCS).

          {¶ 2} R.H., the children’s natural father and appellant herein, assigns the following errors for

review:

                 FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN TERMINATING THE FATHER
                 [R.H.]’S PARENTAL RIGHTS WITHOUT SUFFICIENT BASIS OR
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                       2

                EVIDENCE TO JUSTIFY SUCH A DECISION.”

                SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                “THE FATHER, [R.H.], RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE
                OF COUNSEL AS A RESULT OF HIS COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO
                REQUEST THAT [R.H.] BE BROUGHT TO THE HEARING FROM
                PRISON.”

         {¶ 3} On November 18, 2009, GCCS filed a complaint that alleged the children to be

dependent and also requested emergency custody. In an affidavit, GCCS caseworker Russ Moore

stated that the Gallia County Sheriff’s Department contacted him on November 17, 2009 to advise

him that appellant admitted that he had sexually abused a minor female who is a neighbor and that he

also admitted that a “sexual incident” occurred between appellant and his oldest daughter. On that

same date, the court granted GCCS emergency custody of the children. At a shelter care hearing,

the court granted GCCS temporary custody of the children pending further order.

         {¶ 4} On January 14, 2010, the trial court adjudicated the children dependent. The court

found that appellant “has allegedly confessed to law enforcement to having sexual contact with both

an underage neighbor girl and his oldest daughter.” The court continued the temporary custody

order.

         {¶ 5} Southern Ohio Behavioral Health therapist Rebecca Casto wrote in a letter dated

January 15, 2010 that she does not believe that appellant should have any contact with the oldest

daughter, “as she is anxious about his being out of jail and has verbalized being fearful of him.

Her behaviors have improved considerably and contact with father at this time would most likely

trigger these behaviors again.” She further advised the court that the other two children wish to

have contact with appellant, and recommended that the court permit supervised telephone contact.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                       3

        {¶ 6} On March 11, 2010, the trial court entered a dispositional order that continued the

children in GCCS’s temporary custody.

        {¶ 7} On July 20, 2010, the trial court held a review hearing. During the hearing, the court

was advised that appellant had pled guilty to gross sexual imposition and that he expected to be

placed in prison for at least six months and up to one year. Appellant advised GCCS that his

mother had agreed to take custody of the oldest daughter and that some relatives in Nevada had

agreed to take custody of the other two children until appellant could resume custody. GCCS

agreed to investigate these placement options before filing for permanent custody.

        {¶ 8} On December 7, 2010, GCCS filed a permanent custody motion.

        {¶ 9} On January 26, 2011, the court held a permanent custody hearing. At the start of the

hearing, the court observed that appellant was in prison and had not requested to be present at the

hearing.

        {¶ 10} GCCS caseworker Kristi Smith testified that the case plan required appellant to: (1)

obtain mental health services and a psychological evaluation; (2) attend parenting classes; and (3)

undergo substance abuse counseling. She stated that appellant completed the parenting classes

before he was sentenced to prison, but he did not complete a mental health evaluation or substance

abuse counseling. She further explained that before his imprisonment, appellant had difficulty

maintaining a stable, permanent home for the children. She stated that he had been evicted from

his home three times.

        {¶ 11} Regarding the children, Smith testified that the oldest daughter has had at least two

suicide attempts. GCCS placed her in a therapeutic foster home in March 2010, and her condition

has improved. Smith explained that the oldest daughter has a likelihood of being adopted–that the
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                       4

foster family is “very interested” in adopting her. Smith stated that the child has done well in the

home: “[She] loves the home, loves the family * * * and feels like she has a home now with two

parents and that she’s able to * * * get her mental health needs and her * * * feel supported there

and able to be a * * * a typical teenager.”

        {¶ 12} Smith also testified that the other two children are “very adoptable.” She stated that

the male child has related to her that he is tired of being in foster care and wants to have a

permanent home.

        {¶ 13} Smith also stated that she evaluated relative placement options. According to

Smith, appellant’s parents informed her at the outset that they could not take custody of the

children. She informed appellant’s parents of the procedure to follow to be involved in the case,

but they did not follow the procedure. She stated that she sent appellant’s counsel forms for the

Nevada relatives. Smith explained that appellant’s counsel was supposed to provide GCCS more

detailed information so that GCCS could send the forms interstate, but he did not. Smith stated

that she contacted the Nevada relatives by telephone. They advised her that they would take the

children until appellant was released from prison.

        {¶ 14} Rebecca Casto, the children’s therapist, testified that the children should not be

returned to appellant. She explained:

        “[The oldest daughter will] never * * * feel safe with her father again. * * * [Y]ou
        know she’s in a very good place. * * * I think her being returned back to her dad is
        just going to, she’s going to revert back to those very self-destructive * * * she was
        suicidal when I first started working with her, had been hospitalized * * * I think
        she’s going to revert right back to that. * * * [The oldest boy] * * * he has a lot of
        anger toward dad * * * which we continue to work on but * * * you know I think
        some of that is just normal you know he, he’s not happy with dad’s behaviors and
        the things that dad has done. * * * [The youngest daughter] * * * she definitely
        idolizes her father, but she has indicated that she wouldn’t feel safe * * * being with
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                         5

        her father on a full time basis.”

        {¶ 15} Richard Hedges, the children’s guardian ad litem, recommended that the court

award GCCS permanent custody. Hedges stated that the male child

        “is extremely angry with his father because of the circumstance to the extent that
        [the child] has to prove himself * * * and to everybody else that he and
        quote/unquote ‘his family’ are worthy. Because I think he feels a really strong
        social stigma on you know what has happened because of his dad[‘s conviction for
        gross sexual imposition and other criminal charges].”

        {¶ 16} Regarding the oldest daughter, Hedges stated:

                 “[The oldest daughter], any child who has attempted suicide twice * * *
        especially * * * I mean if you think about it contextually she attempted suicide the
        first time after Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving should be a time when you have
        strong family ties, those ties are emphasized, the relationships between all of the
        families are emphasized and she sees that and she attempts suicide. That to me is a
        very dramatic indicator of a problem * * * and so you know that hopefully has been
        corrected. Again, it’s clearly a self-esteem, part of it would be a self-esteem issue.
        * * * * My understanding is that [she] was and did witness some of the sexual
        allegation that was done to her friend. And witnessing a father, your own father * *
        * having some kind of sexual activity with your peer, your 14, 13, 12 year old you
        know peer has got to be traumatic. And I’ve seen that time after time after time in
        this situation and others.”

        {¶ 17} With respect to the youngest daughter, Hedges testified: “[The youngest child] is

doing well grade wise, but the fact that she is scared of her father because of sexual abuse or sex *

* * or the allegation of the possibility of sexual abuse you know, for a child of that age to be

concerned about that is a problem.”

        {¶ 18} Appellant’s mother testified on his behalf. She testified that she does not believe

appellant is guilty of a criminal offense. She stated that she shares a good relationship with the

three children. She explained that approximately two and one-half years ago, the children lived

with her and their grandfather for a little over one year. She stated that she tried to contact the
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                      6

children’s lawyer in Athens but was unsuccessful. She further stated that GCCS did not tell her

what she would need to do to seek custody of the children. But later, she testified that Smith told

her that she would need to undergo a background check and complete a home study in order to

seek custody. She admitted that she has breast cancer and that her husband is in remission from

bladder cancer, but she stated that despite their ages (she is seventy and her husband is

seventy-two) and health concerns (she and her husband each has a pacemaker; both have arthritis;

she needs a knee replacement; he has congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary

disorder), they are able to care for the children.

        {¶ 19} Smith testified on rebuttal that she does not believe that appellant’s parents should

have custody of the children due to their poor health and appellant’s mother’s belief that appellant

is innocent. Smith stated that she requested appellant’s mother to undergo a background check

“and she said bullshit, I’m their grandmother, I don’t have to get a background check.”

        {¶ 20} On February 9, 2011, the trial court awarded GCCS permanent custody of the three

children. The court found that the children cannot and should not be returned to either parent

within a reasonable time, and that it is in the children’s best interests to award GCCS permanent

custody.

        {¶ 21} The trial court also found that the children cannot or should not be returned to

appellant within a reasonable time for the following reasons: (1) appellant has not received a

psychological assessment or mental health counseling; (2) appellant admitted that he had

inappropriate sexual contact with a child while his daughter witnessed. The court stated:

                “The Court will not return custody of children to a sexual offender without
        the offender first obtaining a significant amount of mental health counseling.
        Custody would only then be returned to the offender upon assurances from mental
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                       7

        health professionals that it was safe to do so. It is clear from the testimony of the
        children’s mental health counselor that she believes that it would be detrimental to
        return the children to the custody of their father.”

        {¶ 22} The court found that the children cannot or should not be returned to their mother

because the mother did not contact GCCS after she was served with the dependency complaint.

The court found that the mother demonstrated a lack of commitment to the children by failing to

regularly support, visit, or communicate with them.

        {¶ 23} With respect to the children’s best interests, the court found that: (1) the guardian ad

litem recommended that the court award GCCS permanent custody; (2) the children have been in

GCCS’s custody for over one year; (3) the parents have failed to correct the problems that led to

dependency complaint; (4) the children need a legally secure permanent placement that can only be

established by awarding GCCS permanent custody; (5) the children have bonded with foster

parents; and (6) GCCS believes that the children have a strong likelihood of being adopted.

        {¶ 24} This appeal followed.

                                                    I

        {¶ 25} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by

awarding GCCS permanent custody when the record does not contain clear and convincing

evidence to support the award. Appellant additionally argues that the trial court should have given

temporary custody of the children to his parents. He asserts that his parents were willing and able

to take temporary custody of the children until appellant would be able to resume custody.

Appellant further asserts that the trial court erred by proceeding with the permanent custody

hearing without ordering his presence and that his absence rendered him unable to meaningfully

participate in the case.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                        8

                                                   A

                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW

        {¶ 26} Generally, an appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s permanent custody

decision if some competent and credible evidence supports the judgment. In re Perry, Vinton

App. Nos. 06CA648 and 06CA649, 2006-Ohio-6128, at ¶40, citing State v. Schiebel (1990), 55

Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 564 N.E.2d 54. Thus, our review of a trial court’s permanent custody decision

is deferential. See In re Hilyard, Vinton App. Nos. 05CA600, 05CA601, 05CA602, 05CA603,

05CA604, 05CA606, 05CA607, 05CA608, 05CA609, at ¶17. Moreover, “an appellate court

should not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court when there exists competent and

credible evidence supporting the findings of fact and conclusion of law.” Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d

at 74. Issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence are

primarily for the trier of fact. As the court explained in Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland (1984), 10

Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273: “The underlying rationale of giving deference to the

findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view the

witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in

weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Moreover, deferring to the trial court on

matters of credibility is “crucial in a child custody case, where there may be much evident in the

parties’ demeanor and attitude that does not translate to the record well.” Davis v. Flickinger

(1997), 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419, 674 N.E.2d 1159.

                                                   B

                    STANDARD FOR GRANTING PERMANENT CUSTODY

        {¶ 27} A trial court may not grant a permanent custody motion absent clear and convincing
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                        9

evidence to support the judgment. The Ohio Supreme Court has defined “clear and convincing

evidence” as:

                 “The measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of
        fact a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established. It is
        intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the extent of such
        certainty as required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal cases. It does not
        mean clear and unequivocal.”

In re Estate of Haynes (1986), 25 Ohio St.3d 101, 103-04, 495 N.E.2d 23; see, also, Schiebel, 55

Ohio St.3d at 74. In reviewing whether a trial court based its decision upon clear and convincing

evidence, “a reviewing court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had

sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.” Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d at

74, 564 N.E.2d 54.

                                                   C

                              PERMANENT CUSTODY PRINCIPLES

        {¶ 28} A parent has a “fundamental liberty interest” in the care, custody, and management

of his or her child and an “essential” and “basic civil right”to raise his or her children. Santosky v.

Kramer (1982), 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599; In re Murray (1990), 52 Ohio

St.3d 155, 156, 556 N.E.2d 1169; see, also, In re D.A., 113 Ohio St.3d 88, 2007-Ohio-1105, 862

N.E.2d 829. A parent’s rights, however, are not absolute. See D.A. at ¶11. Rather, “‘it is plain

that the natural rights of a parent * * * are always subject to the ultimate welfare of the child,

which is the pole star or controlling principle to be observed.’” In re Cunningham (1979), 59

Ohio St.2d 100, 106, 391 N.E.2d 1034 (quoting In re R.J.C. (Fla.App.1974), 300 So.2d 54, 58).

Thus, the state may terminate parental rights when a child's best interest demands such termination.

 D.A. at ¶11.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                     10

        {¶ 29} Before a court may award a children services agency permanent custody of a child,

R.C. 2151.414(A)(1) requires the court to hold a hearing. The primary purpose of the hearing is to

allow the court to determine whether the child’s best interests would be served by permanently

terminating the parental relationship and by awarding permanent custody to the agency. See R.C.

2151.414(A)(1). Additionally, when considering whether to grant a children services agency

permanent custody, a trial court should consider the underlying principles of R.C. Chapter 2151:

               (A) To provide for the care, protection, and mental and physical
        development of children * * *;
        ***
               (B) To achieve the foregoing purpose[ ], whenever possible, in a family
        environment, separating the child from its parents only when necessary for his
        welfare or in the interests of public safety.

                                                  D

                            PERMANENT CUSTODY FRAMEWORK

        {¶ 30} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) permits a trial court to grant permanent custody of a child to a

children services agency if the court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, that the child’s

best interest would be served by the award of permanent custody and that:

                (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned or has not been in the temporary
        custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing
        agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two month period
        ending on or after March 18, 1999, and the child cannot be placed with either of the
        child’s parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s
        parents.
                (b) The child is abandoned.
                (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who are able
        to take permanent custody.
                (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
        children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more
        months of a consecutive twenty-two month period ending on or after March 18,
        1999.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                       11

        {¶ 31} Thus, before a trial court may award a children services agency permanent custody,

it must find: (1) that one of the circumstances described in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) applies; and (2)

that awarding the children services agency permanent custody would further the child’s best

interests.

                                                   E

                                         R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)

        {¶ 32} In the case at bar, the trial court determined that R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) applied, in

that the children cannot or should not be placed with either parent within a reasonable time.

        {¶ 33} R.C. 2151.414(E) requires the trial court to consider “all relevant evidence” and sets

forth the factors a trial court must consider in determining whether a child cannot or should not be

placed with either parent within a reasonable time. See R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a). As relevant in

the case at bar, if the court finds the existence of any one of the following factors, “the court shall

enter a finding that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should

not be placed with either parent”:

                 (1) Following the placement of the child outside the child’s home and
        notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency to assist
        the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child to be placed
        outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially
        remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child’s home. In
        determining whether the parents have substantially remedied those conditions, the
        court shall consider parental utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and
        other social and rehabilitative services and material resources that were made
        available to the parents for the purpose of changing parental conduct to allow them
        to resume and maintain parental duties.
                 ****
                 (4) The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the child by
        failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the child when able to do so,
        or by other actions showing an unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent
        home for the child;
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                                               12

                (13) The parent is repeatedly incarcerated, and the repeated incarceration
         prevents the parent from providing care for the child.
         ****
                (16) Any other factor the court considers relevant.

         {¶ 34} In the case at bar, the record contains substantial credible and competent evidence to

support the trial court’s finding that the children cannot, or should not, be placed with either parent

within a reasonable time. The children’s mother has had no contact with them in several years,

and she did not participate in the trial court proceedings. Her actions, or lack thereof, demonstrate

a lack of commitment towards her children.

         {¶ 35} With respect to appellant, our review of the evidence reveals that he complied with

the case plan requirement to take parenting classes, but that he did not complete a mental health

evaluation or substance abuse counseling. Due to the nature of his criminal conduct (gross sexual

imposition involving a minor), GCCS found it particularly important for appellant to obtain mental

health counseling so that he could learn how to act appropriately with his children, especially his

daughter who witnessed the sexual act. The trial court also noted that given the nature of

appellant’s criminal act, mental health counseling was necessary before the court would ever allow

the children to be returned to appellant’s custody. Thus, some evidence supports the court’s

finding that appellant failed to remedy the conditions that led to the children’s removal, i.e.,

undergoing counseling for his sexual behaviors.

         {¶ 36} The trial court also determined that “other relevant factors” existed that made it

inappropriate to return the children to appellant’s care within a reasonable time.1 Appellant

         1
            The court did not recite these “other relevant factors” in its judgment entry. In the absence of a proper Civ.R. 52
request, however, it was not required to do so. See, e.g., In re E.W., Washington App. Nos. 10CA18, 10CA19, and 10CA20,
2011-Ohio-2123, at ¶22.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                      13

admitted to having inappropriate sexual contact with one of his teenage daughter’s friends while

his daughter watched. It is inconceivable that his daughter was not traumatized by witnessing this

event. Appellant's conduct demonstrates, at the least, poor judgment. The trial court could have

concluded that appellant’s criminal act was so egregious that it would not be possible to ensure the

children’s future safety were they returned to appellant’s care. Moreover, the trial court could

have determined that this criminal act caused too much emotional trauma for the children’s

relationship with their father to ever be repaired in such a manner that they could be returned to his

custody. Although appellant argues that his son and younger daughter were not as traumatized

because they did not witness the crime, and therefore they should be returned to him, we find this

claim dubious. Furthermore, the record contains testimony that the youngest daughter is

frightened of her father, even though she did not witness the sexual abuse. Also, the son is angry

with his father as a result of his father’s criminal conduct. Thus, his claim that these two children

did not suffer trauma simply because they did not witness his criminal act is specious at best.

        {¶ 37} Although the trial court cited R.C. 2151.414(E)(13)–a parent’s repeated

incarcerations–in support of its finding, the record, however, is not clear regarding appellant’s prior

incarcerations. Nevertheless, the record, does contain clear and competent evidence regarding the

other two factors that the trial court cited–R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) and (16). Consequently, we

disagree with appellant that the evidence fails to show that the children cannot or should not be

returned to either parent within a reasonable time.

                                                  F

                                         BEST INTERESTS

        {¶ 38} R.C. 2151.414(D) requires a trial court to consider specific factors to determine
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                                                14

whether a child’s best interests will be served by granting a children services agency permanent

custody. The factors include: (1) the child’s interaction and interrelationship with the child’s

parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents and out-of-home providers, and any other person who

may significantly affect the child; (2) the child’s wishes, as expressed directly by the child or

through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the child’s maturity; (3) the child’s

custodial history; (4) the child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that

type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5)

whether any factors listed under R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply.2


        2
            R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) provide as follows:

                  (7) The parent has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to one of the following:
                  (a) An offense under section 2903.01, 2903.02, or 2903.03 of the Revised Code or under an
        existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is substantially equivalent to an
        offense described in those sections and the victim of the offense was a sibling of the child or the victim was
        another child who lived in the parent’s household at the time of the offense;
                  (b) An offense under section 2903.11, 2903.12, or 2903.13 of the Revised Code or under an
        existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is substantially equivalent to an
        offense described in those sections and the victim of the offense is the child, a sibling of the child, or another
        child who lived in the parent's household at the time of the offense;
                  (c) An offense under division (B)(2) of section 2919.22 of the Revised Code or under an existing or
        former law of this state, any other state, or the United States that is substantially equivalent to the offense
        described in that section and the child, a sibling of the child, or another child who lived in the parent’s
        household at the time of the offense is the victim of the offense;
                  (d) An offense under section 2907.02, 2907.03, 2907.04, 2907.05, or 2907.06 of the Revised
        Code or under an existing or former law of this state, any other state, or the United States requiring
        treatment of the parent was journalized as part of a dispositional order issued with respect to the child or an
        order was issued by any other court requiring treatment of the parent.
                  (e) A conspiracy or attempt to commit, or complicity in committing, an offense described in
        division (E)(7)(a) or (d) of this section.
                  (8) The parent has repeatedly withheld medical treatment or food from the child when the parent
        has the means to provide the treatment or food, and, in the case of withheld medical treatment, the parent
        withheld it for a purpose other than to treat the physical or mental illness or defect of the child by spiritual
        means through prayer alone in accordance with the tenets of a recognized religious body.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                                            15



        {¶ 39} In the case at bar, we believe that competent and credible evidence supports the trial

court’s finding that awarding GCCS permanent custody would serve the children’s best interests.

Regarding the first best interest factor (the child’s interaction and interrelationships), the evidence

shows that the male child holds hostility towards his father due to his father’s criminal actions, and

that he feels that he needs to prove himself worthy. The male child has made progress while in

foster care. The oldest daughter who witnessed her father’s crime is afraid of her father. She had

multiple suicide attempts before her placement in a therapeutic foster home. She now loves her

foster family. The youngest child also is afraid of her father.

        {¶ 40} With respect to the next best interest factor (the child’s wishes), the children did not

testify at the hearing, but the guardian ad litem recommended that the court award GCCS

permanent custody. The oldest daughter and the son both expressed a desire for a permanent

placement.

        {¶ 41} Regarding the third best interest factor (the child’s custodial history), the evidence

shows that the children had been in GCCS’s temporary custody for thirteen months when GCCS

filed for permanent custody and for a little over fourteen months at the time of the permanent


                   (9) The parent has placed the child at substantial risk of harm two or more times due to alcohol or
        drug abuse and has rejected treatment two or more times or refused to participate in further treatment two
        or more times after a case plan issued pursuant to section 2151.412 [2151.41.2] of the Revised Code.
                   (10) The parent has abandoned the child.
                   (11) The parent has had parental rights involuntarily terminated pursuant to this section or
        section 2151.353 [2151.35.3] or 2151.415 [2151.41.5] of the Revised Code with respect to a sibling of the
        child that is substantially equivalent to an offense described in those sections and the victim of the offense
        is the child, a sibling of the child, or another child who lived in the parent's household at the time of the
        offense[.]
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                      16

custody hearing. Before that, they lived with their father in various homes.

        {¶ 42} With respect to the fourth factor (the child’s need for a legally secure permanent

placement and whether that placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody), the

evidence demonstrates that the children need a legally secure permanent placement. They have

been in GCCS’s temporary custody for over one year due to their father’s criminal conduct and

incarceration. At the time of the permanent custody hearing, the father was incarcerated and

expected to remain incarcerated for at least another six months and up to one year. GCCS was

unable to secure placement with any relatives. Furthermore, the relatives who allegedly expressed

interest in taking custody of the children stated that they could do so only until appellant was

released from prison and deemed suitable to have custody of the children. Whether appellant

would ever be deemed suitable to have custody of the children again is questionable, given the

testimony of the children’s mental health therapist. The trial court was not required to deny these

children the permanency that they need in order to provide appellant the chance to prove, upon his

release from prison, that he can mend the fences with his children, who are afraid of him and

traumatized by his criminal actions. To deny GCCS permanent custody would only prolong the

uncertainty and instability that these children have faced at least since GCCS obtained temporary

custody in November 2009. In the case at bar, the only way for the children to obtain a legally

secure permanent placement is by granting GCCS permanent custody. We do not believe that the

trial court was required to experiment with the children’s best interests in order to permit appellant

to prove that he has been rehabilitated sufficiently to resume custody of his children. Courts have

recognized that:

                “‘ * * * [A] child should not have to endure the inevitable to its great
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                      17

        detriment and harm in order to give the * * * [parent] an opportunity to prove her
        suitability. To anticipate the future, however, is at most, a difficult basis for a
        judicial determination. The child’s present condition and environment is the
        subject for decision not the expected or anticipated behavior of unsuitability or
        unfitness of the * * * [parent]. * * * The law does not require the court to
        experiment with the child's welfare to see if he will suffer great detriment or harm.’”

In re Bishop (1987), 36 Ohio App.3d 123, 126, 521 N.E.2d 838 (quoting In re East (1972), 32 Ohio

Misc. 65, 69, 288 N.E.2d 343, 346). We therefore disagree with any suggestion that the court

should have granted appellant’s relatives temporary custody of the children pending appellant’s

unpredictable rehabilitation and ability to regain custody of the children.

        {¶ 43} Appellant also complains that GCCS failed to consider relative placement. It

appears, however, that GCCS did consider appellant’s suggested relative placements, i.e., his

parents and relatives in Nevada, but that the potential relative placements did not follow through

with the requirements to be considered as placements. Appellant’s mother allegedly refused to

submit to a background check, stating that it was “bullshit,” because she is the children’s

grandmother. In any event, the trial court did not deem the grandparents suitable relative

placement due to their multiple health problems. The Nevada relatives apparently did not

complete the appropriate paperwork.

        {¶ 44} Moreover, while a court that is considering a permanent custody motion possesses

the discretion to award legal custody to either parent or to any other person who files a motion

requesting legal custody, see R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), the statute does not require a juvenile court to

consider relative placement before granting the motion for permanent custody. See In re Dyal

(Aug. 9, 2001), Hocking App. No. 01CA11; In the Matter of Knight (Mar. 22, 2000), Lorain App.

Nos. 98CA7258 and 98CA7266. In other words, a juvenile court need not find, by clear and
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                      18

convincing evidence, that a relative is an unsuitable placement option prior to granting the

permanent custody request. Id. Relatives seeking the placement of the child are not afforded the

same presumptive rights that a natural parent receives as a matter of law, and the willingness of a

relative to care for the child does not alter the statutory factors to be considered in granting

permanent custody. See Dyal; In re Jefferson (Oct. 25, 2000), Summit App. Nos. 20092 and 20110;

In re Davis (Oct. 12, 2000), Cuyahoga App. No. 77124. Rather, a juvenile court is vested with

discretion to determine what placement option is in the child’s best interest. See Dyal; Patterson;

Benavides. The child’s best interests are served by the child being placed in a permanent situation

that fosters growth, stability, and security. In re Adoption of Ridenour (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 319,

324, 574 N.E.2d 1055. Therefore, courts are not required to favor a relative if, after considering

all the factors, it is in the child’s best interest for the agency to be granted permanent custody. See

In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498, 2006–Ohio–5513, 857 N.E.2d 532, ¶64; see, also, In re Dyal,

Hocking App No. 01CA11, 2001-Ohio-2383; see, also, In re Lewis, Athens App. No. 01CA20,

2001-Ohio-2618; In re Wilkenson, (Oct 12, 2001), Hamilton App. No. C-010402, C-010408; In re

Knight (March 22, 2000), Lorain App. Nos. 98CA72589, 98CA726698. Consequently, the trial

court had no duty to first consider placing the children with appellant’s relatives before granting

GCCS permanent custody.

                                                   G

                        APPELLANT’S ABSENCE FROM THE HEARING

        {¶ 45} Within his first assignment of error, appellant further argues that the trial court erred

by proceeding with the permanent custody hearing without ordering that appellant be conveyed

from prison.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                    19

        {¶ 46} A trial court possesses discretion to proceed with a permanent custody hearing in a

parent’s absence. See In re S.G., 22. In S.G., the court determined that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by proceeding with a permanent custody hearing in a parent’s absence when

counsel represented the parent at the hearing, a complete record was made, and the parent failed to

demonstrate that the parent would have presented evidence that would have affected the outcome

of the case. The same scenario applies in the case sub judice. Counsel meaningfully represented

appellant at the hearing, a complete record was made, and appellant has failed to show what

testimony or evidence he would have offered that would have changed the outcome of the case.

        {¶ 47} Moreover, as appellee notes, the record demonstrates that appellant received notice

of the hearing date. The record contains no evidence that he requested to be present at that

hearing. We have previously held that a parent does not suffer a violation of the parent’s due

process right to be present and heard at a permanent custody hearing when the parent receives

proper notice of the hearing and fails to request transport from prison. See In re T.F., Pickaway

App. No. 07CA34, 2008-Ohio-1238, ¶13.

        {¶ 48} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s first

assignment of error.

                                                  II

        {¶ 49} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that trial counsel did not provide

effective assistance of counsel. Appellant complains that counsel failed to request that he be

brought before the court for the permanent custody hearing and failed to arrange for appellant to

participate by alternate means.

        {¶ 50} The right to counsel, guaranteed in permanent custody proceedings by R.C.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                         20

2151.352 and by Juv.R. 4, includes the right to the effective assistance of counsel. See In re

Wingo (2001), 143 Ohio App.3d 652, 666, 758 N.E.2d 780 (citing In re Heston (1998), 129 Ohio

App.3d 825, 827, 719 N.E.2d 93). “‘Where the proceeding contemplates the loss of parents’

‘essential’ and ‘basic’ civil rights to raise their children, * * * the test for ineffective assistance of

counsel used in criminal cases is equally applicable to actions seeking to force the permanent,

involuntary termination of parental custody.’” Id. (quoting Heston).

        {¶ 51} To reverse a trial court’s judgment based upon a claim of ineffective assistance, the

defendant must show, first, that counsel’s performance was deficient and, second, that the deficient

performance prejudiced the defense so as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial. See Strickland v.

Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674; State v. Noling (2002), 98

Ohio St.3d 44, 65, 781 N.E.2d 88; State v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373.

Both prongs of this test need not be analyzed, however, if a claim can be resolved under one prong.

 See State v. Madrigal (2000), 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d 52; State v. Loza (1994), 71

Ohio St.3d 61, 83, 641 N.E.2d 1082.

        {¶ 52} Counsel’s performance may be found to be deficient if counsel “made errors so

serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth

Amendment.” Id. at 687; see, also, Bradley, paragraph two of the syllabus (stating that counsel’s

performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard of reasonable representation); State

v. Peeples (1994), 94 Ohio App.3d 34, 44, 640 N.E.2d 208 (stating that counsel’s performance is

deficient if it “raise[s] compelling questions concerning the integrity of the adversarial process”).

To establish prejudice, “the defendant must prove that there exists a reasonable probability that,

were it not for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been different.” Bradley,
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                            21

paragraph two of the syllabus; see, also, Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Noling; Bradley, paragraph

three of the syllabus (“To show that a defendant has been prejudiced by counsel’s deficient

performance, the defendant must prove that there exists a reasonable probability that, were it not

for counsel’s errors, the result of the trial would have been different.”). When an appellate court

considers an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the court “‘will not presume prejudice but will

require an affirmative showing thereof.’” In re Z.S., Lawrence App. No. 10CA16,

2010-Ohio-5038, ¶35, quoting Matter of Shelton (Mar. 16, 1993), Highland App. No. 818.

        {¶ 53} In In re J.M., Licking App. No. 10-CA-97, 2010-Ohio-6075, the court considered a

situation similar to the case at bar. In J.M., the appellant asserted that his counsel was ineffective

for failing to request that he be conveyed from prison for the permanent custody hearings. The

appellant based his argument upon a decision from the Second District Court of Appeals, In re

S.A., Clark App. No. 07-CA-110, 2008-Ohio-2225, ¶5, where the court stated:

                 “Counsel’s failure to protect Rogan’s right to meaningful participation in the
        permanent custody hearing caused the trial to be fundamentally unfair. ‘When
        there is no possibility for a fair trial, it is inherently prejudicial to the integrity of the
        trial * * * * [T]here is no possibility that a fair trial, one with a reliable outcome,
        resulted from the proceedings herein.’ Roque [In re, Trumbull App.
        No.2005-T-0138, 2006-Ohio-7007] supra, at ¶13. See, also, Strickland, supra, at
        686 (‘[c]ounsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial
        process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.’) Thus,
        the second prong of Strickland is met. Because Rogan was denied the effective
        assistance of trial counsel, we sustain her Second Assignment of Error.”

        {¶ 54} The J.M. court did not find S.A. dispositive. Rather, the court found that the

appellant could not have possibly suffered any prejudice as a result of his absence at the hearings

when he “had not met any of the case plan requirements and would not be available to parent for

seven years.” Id. at ¶31.
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                     22

        {¶ 55} In the case at bar, even if we assume for purposes of argument that counsel

performed deficiently by failing to request appellant’s presence at the permanent custody hearing,

appellant failed to put forth any evidence to show how his absence prejudiced the outcome of the

case. He has not explained how his presence would have changed the court’s decision to award

GCCS permanent custody. Rather, he alleges that his absence rendered the proceeding unfair.

Appellant’s counsel was present and engaged in thorough cross-examination and presentation of

witnesses. We believe that it is speculative to suggest that appellant’s presence at the trial, or his

live trial testimony, would have changed the outcome. Moreover, given appellant’s failure to

comply with all of the case plan’s requirements and the nature of his sexual offense, it is

implausible to believe that anything he could have done or said at the permanent custody hearing

would have altered the court’s decision. Consequently, because appellant did not demonstrate any

prejudice, his ineffective assistance of counsel claim must fail.

        {¶ 56} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we hereby overrule appellant’s

second assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                      JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.



                                        JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs
herein taxed.

        The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Gallia County
Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution.

        A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules
GALLIA, 11CA2                                                                                23

of Appellate Procedure.

        Harsha, P.J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

                                                           For the Court




                                                           BY:
                                          Peter B. Abele, Judge




                                   NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
