                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  __________

                                      No. 18-1614

                                       _________



                          JENCY DAMARIS LOPEZ–CRUZ,
                                               Petitioner

                                            v.

             ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                  Respondent
                            ____________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                            (Agency No. A206-685-950)
                        Immigration Judge: Steven A. Morley
                                   ______________

                                 Argued October 31, 2018
                                    ______________

                 Before: CHAGARES and JORDAN, * Circuit Judges

                                 (Filed: March 28, 2019)

Alex G. Isbell [Argued]
Matthew J. Hartnett
Solow, Isbell, & Palladino LLC

      *
         The Honorable Thomas I. Vanaskie retired from the Court on January 1, 2019
after the argument and conference in this case, but before the filing of the opinion. This
opinion is filed by a quorum of the panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(d) and Third Circuit
I.O.P. Chapter 12.
1601 Walnut St., Suite 1200
Philadelphia, PA 19102
       Counsel for Petitioner

Gregory A. Pennington, Jr.
Benjamin Zeitlin [Argued]
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation
P.O. Box 878
Ben Franklin Station
Washington, DC 20044
       Counsel for Respondent

                                      _____________

                                        OPINION **
                                      _____________

PER CURIAM
       Petitioner Jency Lopez–Cruz challenges an order of the Board of Immigration

Appeals denying her petition for asylum. Because the Board did not err in finding that

Lopez–Cruz failed to establish a sufficient nexus between her protected social group and

the alleged persecution, we will deny the petition for review. 1

                                             I.

       Lopez–Cruz, a native and citizen of Honduras, arrived in the United States as an

unaccompanied minor in 2014, without being admitted or paroled. She received a

Notice to Appear on March 31, 2014, charging her as removable pursuant to



       **
         This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7
does not constitute binding precedent.
       1
       Also before us are Respondent’s unopposed motion to supplement the record
and Respondent’s motion to supplement its brief. We will grant both motions.
                                             2
§ 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C.

§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Lopez–Cruz conceded that she was removable as charged. She

applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”), citing incidents in which she was harassed and threatened by

three men: two neighbors, who are brothers, and the ex-partner of her sister. (A.R. 330–

46). In particular, Lopez–Cruz asserted that she was persecuted because of her status as

a “young female head of household.” 2 (A.R. 99).

      The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) found that Lopez–Cruz was entitled to asylum

based on her status as a “young female head of household.” (A.R. 92–105). He

considered that, although the incidents described by Lopez–Cruz did not amount to past

persecution, they were indicators of Lopez–Cruz’s credible fear of future persecution. In

particular, the IJ found that there was a clear nexus between Lopez–Cruz’s status as a

young female head of household and the harm she would suffer if she were forced to

return to Honduras. In making this finding, the IJ pointed to evidence that Lopez–

Cruz’s father abandoned her family at a young age and that she cares for her ailing

mother and her two younger nephews. (A.R. 93–94). He also found that Lopez–Cruz’s

neighbor, who regularly assaulted and threatened her, told her: “You look like your


      2
          Lopez–Cruz also asserted that she was persecuted because of her religion as a
Seventh Day Adventist. The IJ denied this claim, finding that the only incident that
could be perceived as motivated by her religion—that one man commented on her loose-
fitting clothing—was motivated not by her religion but by her physical appearance. The
IJ found that, to the extent any future persecution was motivated by Lopez–Cruz’s
religion, such a motivation was incidental and not a central reason for the persecution.
Lopez–Cruz did not challenge this finding before the BIA and the issue is not before us
on appeal.
                                            3
sister. You will take your sister’s place[,]” and that Lopez–Cruz took this to mean that

she would be possessed by the man because her sister––who had been the man’s

partner––had left him. (A.R. 95). The IJ also noted evidence presented by Lopez–Cruz

that female heads of household are a “vulnerable population” as defined by the

Honduran government and, according to country reports, are frequently victims of

violence. (A.R. 103). 3 Having found Lopez–Cruz eligible for asylum, the IJ did not

reach Lopez–Cruz’s applications for withholding of removal and protection under the

CAT.

       The Government appealed, and the Board of Immigration Appeals vacated the

IJ’s grant of asylum. The Board found that the IJ clearly erred in finding that Lopez–

Cruz’s membership in the social group of “single female heads of household” was one

central reason why she would be targeted for harm. 4 (A.R. 3). The Board reasoned:

           [Lopez–Cruz] contends that the absence of a male figure in the household
           provides motivation. However, this argument demonstrates that those at
           risk are not necessarily the head of the household. In other words, the
           fact that the respondent was the victim of her assailants’ criminal conduct
           does not necessarily establish a nexus between the harm and a protected

       3
      Lopez–Cruz also said that one of the men told her that he would “make her the
woman of the house,” in reference to his plans to rape her. (A.R. 220).
       4
         The Board did not address whether “young female heads of household” qualify
as a cognizable particular social group. We have been critical of the Board jumping to
the nexus requirement to resolve disputes. See, e.g., Serrano-Alberto v. Att’y Gen., 859
F.3d 208, 219 n.5 (3d Cir. 2017) (“In a number of recent cases, the [Board] likewise has
assumed a cognizable [particular social group] or imputed political opinion and disposed
of the appeal by finding no nexus. ... This practice, however, can have troubling
consequences. ... [T]he [Board]’s practice of assuming [particular social group] and
resolving cases on nexus grounds often inhibits the proper and orderly development of
the law in this area by leaving the contours of protected status undefined, precluding
further appellate review[.]” (citations omitted)).
                                               4
           ground. Thus, in the absence of evidence that the respondent would not
           have been treated in the same manner had she not held the status of head
           of household, we discern clear error in the [IJ]’s nexus finding and will
           reverse this portion of his decision.

(A.R. 4–5) (citations omitted). The Board vacated the IJ’s decision and ordered Lopez–

Cruz removed to Honduras. 5 The Board did not address Lopez–Cruz’s petitions for

withholding of removal and for relief under the CAT. Lopez–Cruz filed a timely

petition for review.

                                             II.

       “We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1) to review a final order of

removal issued by the BIA.” Huang v. Att’y Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 379 (3d Cir. 2010).

We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual conclusions for

substantial evidence. Valdiviezo–Galdamez v. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d 582, 590 (3d Cir.

2011). Under the substantial-evidence standard, we may reverse the Board’s factual

conclusions only if the record shows that any reasonable factfinder would be compelled

to a different conclusion. Id.

       “To qualify for asylum, an alien must show persecution, or a well founded fear of

persecution, on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.” Amanfi v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 719, 726 (3d Cir. 2003) (citing



       5
        The Board’s original order, dated February 22, 2018, ordered Lopez–Cruz
deported to El Salvador, despite the fact that Lopez–Cruz is a native and citizen of
Honduras. Then, on July 6, and subsequent to Lopez–Cruz’s petition for review, the
Board vacated its February 22 order and issued a new order. The July 6 order is
materially the same as the February 22 order except that it changed the country of
removal from El Salvador to Honduras.
                                              5
8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(42)(A), 1158(a); I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481–82

(1992)). In 2005, Congress passed the REAL ID Act, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 199 Stat. 302

(2005), which clarified the standard for evaluating mixed-motive asylum cases: in cases

where the persecutor has more than one motive, an applicant must prove the protected

characteristic “was or will be at least one central reason for persecuting the applicant.” 8

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). The protected ground need not be the primary motivation for

persecution, but “asylum may not be granted if a protected ground is only an ‘incidental,

tangential, or superficial’ reason for persecution of an asylum applicant.” Ndayshimiye

v. Att’y Gen., 557 F.3d 124, 130 (3d Cir. 2009). “Therefore, a key task for any asylum

applicant is to show a sufficient ‘nexus’ between persecution and one of the listed

protected grounds.” Id. at 129. The Board’s decision on whether an asylum applicant

has established the necessary nexus between persecution and a protected ground is based

on factual findings that we review for substantial evidence. See Shehu v. Att’y Gen., 482

F.3d 652, 657 (3d Cir. 2007) (“Substantial evidence also supports the IJ’s conclusion

that the [persecutors] w[ere] not motivated by animus [based on an alleged protected

ground].”). 6

                                            III.




       6
         We note that “[w]e exercise de novo review over constitutional claims or
questions of law and the application of law to facts.” Garcia v. Att’y Gen., 665 F.3d
496, 502 (3d Cir. 2011), as amended (Jan. 13, 2012) (citation omitted).

                                             6
       The sole issue in this case is whether the Board erred by reversing the IJ’s

conclusion as to nexus. Under the deferential standard applicable in this case, we cannot

say that it so erred.

       Lopez–Cruz asks us to rule that the Board applied the incorrect standard to her

asylum claim by requiring her to prove that, but for her status as a young female head of

household, she would not face persecution. The Board has adopted a but-for standard in

asylum cases, requiring asylum applicants to establish the “at least one central reason”

standard of § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i) by showing that “the persecutor would not have harmed

the applicant if the protected trait did not exist.” Matter of N –M–, 25 I. & N. Dec. 526,

531 (BIA 2011) (citing Parussimova v. Mukasey, 555 F.3d 734, 741 (9th Cir. 2009)).

Whether that but-for standard is correct is not something we need to address here. Even

if Lopez–Cruz were right that the Board applied the wrong standard, she has failed to

demonstrate that a reasonable factfinder would be compelled to conclude that her status

as a young female head of household would be at least one central reason for the

persecution she fears. See Gonzalez-Posados v. Att’y Gen., 781 F.3d 677, 685 (3d Cir.

2015) (noting in the withholding of removal context that to qualify as “one central

reason” the reason must be “essential”).

       “Where the [Board] rejects an IJ’s findings . . . we carefully scrutinize its

reasoning to determine whether the [Board] has overstepped [its] bounds and misapplied

the clear error standard by ignoring evidence relevant to determining the merits of a

petitioner’s claim, failing to supply cogent reasons for its rulings, substituting its own

judgment for that of the IJ, or failing to defer to the IJ’s findings.” Alimbaev v. Att’y

                                              7
Gen., 872 F.3d 188, 197 (3d Cir. 2017) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

We cannot say that the Board committed any such errors in this instance.

       The IJ based his findings regarding nexus on the following evidence: (1) Lopez–

Cruz’s father left at a young age; (2) her mother is seriously ill; (3) her would-be

persecutors told her that they would rape and kill her; (4) one persecutor told her: “You

look like your sister. You will take your sister’s place,” which Lopez–Cruz took to

mean that she would be possessed by the man; and (5) country reports indicating that

female heads of household are a “vulnerable population” as defined by the Honduran

government and are frequently victims of violence. With the exception of the country

conditions evidence, the Board addressed each of these pieces of evidence in its opinion.

Indeed, the Board accepted the IJ’s fact finding on each aspect of Lopez–Cruz’s petition

except for the final conclusion that the findings demonstrated a nexus.

       After carefully scrutinizing the BIA’s reasoning, we cannot say that it was in any

way wrong to conclude that the IJ clearly erred in finding that Lopez–Cruz had

established the requisite nexus. While Lopez–Cruz need not prove the exact motive of

her perpetrators, she carries the burden of providing “some evidence of [a motive based

on a statutorily protected ground], direct or circumstantial.” Ndayshimiye, 557 F.3d at

131 (alteration in original) (quoting Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 483). The record

evidence suggests, at best, that Lopez–Cruz’s status as a “young female head of

household” provided an opportunity for her alleged persecutors to take advantage of her;

it does not establish that such status was relevant to their motivation. The facts that

Lopez–Cruz’s father is absent and her mother is ill, while perhaps indicative of her

                                             8
social vulnerability, do not evidence any motive of her persecutors. After all, such facts

would also provide the same opportunity for alleged persecutors to take advantage of a

young woman who was not the head of household.

       Similarly, country reports indicating that female heads of household are

considered a vulnerable population do not relate to the particular motives of Lopez–

Cruz’s would-be persecutors. The only evidence in the record relating to the motives of

Lopez–Cruz’s would-be persecutors—that one wanted to “make [her] the ‘woman of the

house,’” (A.R. 220), and that she would “take [her] sister’s place,” (A.R. 95)––does not

tend to suggest that they were motivated by Lopez–Cruz’s status as a young female head

of household. As such, it was not unreasonable for the BIA to conclude that, even if

Lopez–Cruz belonged to a protected group, she did not satisfy her burden of establishing

that her membership in that group was more than an “incidental, tangential, or

superficial” reason for the persecution she fears. Ndayshimiye, 557 F.3d. at 130.

                                           IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will grant Respondent’s unopposed motion to

supplement the record, grant Respondent’s motion to supplement the brief, and deny the

petition for review.




                                            9
