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             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                  No. 12-CF-803

                           DONALD BROWN, APPELLANT,

                                        V.

                            UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.

                      Appeal from the Superior Court of the
                              District of Columbia
                                (CF2-23028-11)

                       (Hon. Florence Y. Pan, Trial Judge)

(Submitted June 13, 2014                               Decided August 7, 2014)

      Cynthia Nordone filed a brief for appellant.

      Ronald C. Machen Jr., United States Attorney, Elizabeth Trosman, Brandon
Long, and James M. Perez, Assistant United States Attorneys, filed a brief for
appellee.
      Before WASHINGTON, Chief Judge, GLICKMAN, Associate Judge, and RUIZ,
Senior Judge.

      RUIZ, Senior Judge: Following a bench trial, the trial court found appellant,

Donald Brown, guilty of carrying a pistol without a license (“CPWL”), possession

of an unregistered firearm (“UF”), and unlawful possession of ammunition

(“UA”). On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court erroneously denied his
                                         2

motion to suppress because the police violated the Fourth Amendment when they:

(1) stopped, seized, and attempted to frisk him without reasonable articulable

suspicion; and (2) conducted a warrantless frisk and search of his jacket after they

removed it from his person when he attempted to flee. Assuming that the police

action in this case actually amounted to a seizure of appellant, we affirm

appellant’s convictions and hold: (1) that officers had reasonable articulable

suspicion to do so; and (2) that appellant abandoned his jacket, thereby placing the

subsequent police inspection outside the scope of the Fourth Amendment.


                                         I.


      On November 30, 2011, Officers Allen and Fisher responded to reports of a

“man with a gun wearing a black hood, black hoody, blue jeans, brown

complexion, and in the hallway gambling with several other[s]” in the building at

2446 Wagner Street in Southeast D.C. After Officer Allen canvassed the building

in question and found no evidence of gambling, he and Officer Fisher spotted three

men outside. Out of the three, two matched portions of the description given by

dispatch: one “had a black hoody on with blue jeans” and another—appellant—

“had on a black jacket with blue jeans” and a black hat. The individual with the

hoody separated from the other two while they walked into a parking lot.

Officers Allen and Fisher approached appellant and a second individual and, after
                                         3

asking if they would be willing to speak, the officers explained that they were

investigating a 911 call. Officer Allen asked both men if they had any weapons on

them, to which both men responded in the negative. Officer Allen indicated that

he “may” have to pat them down and, at this point, the second individual,

continuing at his “normal pace,” walked up to a fence and assumed the frisk

position on his own. Appellant slowed down and began to follow suit but, after

putting his hands up, put them down and repeated those actions a second time “like

he was a little indecisive of exactly what he wanted to do.” Officer Allen, noting

appellant’s indecisiveness, suggested that he set down the fast-food bag and

beverage he was holding. Appellant started to do so, but then fled. As he began

running, Officer Allen reached out and grabbed the back of appellant’s jacket,

which appellant “wiggled out of.” Dropping the jacket, Officer Allen continued to

pursue appellant until he was apprehended a short time later with the help of two

other officers. During this time, Officer Fisher remained and frisked the other

individual1 and picked up appellant’s jacket. As she frisked him with one hand,

Officer Fisher held appellant’s jacket in the other hand. She immediately noticed

that appellant’s jacket felt heavy. She then frisked the jacket, felt something hard

inside of it, and knew it was a gun. Officer Fisher took out a gun from the inside


      1
          Nothing was found during the frisk and the second individual was not
further detained.
                                          4

right pocket. It was later identified as a loaded .22 caliber semi-automatic. She

also found a cellphone with appellant’s picture on the front, a SmarTrip card, and

McDonald’s gift certificates in the jacket.



      A grand jury indicted appellant on December 21, 2011, on one count of

CPWL, in violation of D.C. Code § 22-4504 (a) (2011 Supp.), one count of UF, in

violation of D.C. Code § 7-2502.01 (2011 Supp.), and one count of UA, in

violation of D.C. Code § 7-2506.01 (2011 Supp.). On March 2, 2012, appellant

sought to suppress physical evidence—namely, the weapon and ammunition found

in his jacket—on the grounds that the evidence was obtained following an illegal

stop, seizure, and search in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The trial court

denied the motion, finding that: (1) the officers responded to a radio run in a high

crime area; (2) appellant and his acquaintance were initially involved in a

consensual encounter with police;2 (3) appellant was not seized until Officer Allen


      2
          The trial court made the following findings:

              The officers were speaking to the defendant and his
              companion. They used a conversational tone. Weapons
              were holstered. They asked if they could speak to the
              defendant and his companion. They said they were
              investigating a 911 call and they said—they asked if the
              defendant and his companion had anything illegal. And
              then they said I may have to pat you down.

                                                            (continued . . .)
                                          5

grabbed his jacket; (4) at the time of seizure, the officers had a reasonable

articulable suspicion; and (5) appellant abandoned his jacket when he wiggled out

of it and ran away, thereby eliminating any reasonable expectation of privacy he

may have had in it. Appellant was found guilty on all counts and sentenced to

twelve months incarceration for CPWL, six months for UF, and six months for

UA, with all sentences running concurrently. On appeal, appellant argues that the

trial court erroneously denied his motion to suppress the gun recovered from his

jacket, and therefore his convictions based on possession of the gun and its

ammunition should be vacated.


                                          II.



       “When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we defer to the trial

court’s findings of fact, but we determine questions of law de novo.” Tuckson v.

(. . . continued)
                     I don’t think any of these statements to the
              defendant or his companion constituted an order or
              indicated that the defendant or his companion were not
              free to leave. They didn’t order the defendant to submit
              to a patdown. They didn’t order the defendant to put
              down his food and drink.          They were having a
              conversation with him. I think he went to the fence
              because his companion had done so and so he was just
              following suit. It was not because the officers told him to
              go to the fence or told him that he was going to be
              frisked.
                                        6

United States, 77 A.3d 357, 360 (D.C. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Napper v. United States, 22 A.3d 758, 766 (D.C. 2011)). We recognize

that, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, officers “must have a reasonable,

articulable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot” in order to conduct a

“brief, investigatory stop.” Singleton v. United States, 998 A.2d 295, 299 (D.C.

2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Wilson v. United States, 802

A.2d 367, 369 (D.C. 2002)). “[T]he threshold question is whether a seizure has

occurred” because “an encounter will not trigger Fourth Amendment protection

unless it ceases to be consensual.” Jackson v. United States, 805 A.2d 979, 984

(D.C. 2002); see also In re J.F., 19 A.3d 304, 309 (D.C. 2011) (“It is ‘[o]nly when

the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way

restrained the liberty of a citizen [that] we may conclude that a ‘seizure’ has

occurred.’” (alterations in original) (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 n.16

(1968))). To raise a Fourth Amendment challenge to a search or seizure, a person

must have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the person or property seized or

searched. Napper, 22 A.3d at 767. Whether there has been a seizure, whether

officers have a reasonable articulable suspicion, and whether a person has standing

based on a reasonably expectation of privacy are issues of law we review de novo.

See Henson v. United States, 55 A.3d 859, 863 (D.C. 2012) (seizure); Singleton,

998 A.2d at 299 (reasonable articulable suspicion); Napper, 22 A.3d at 769
                                          7

(expectation of privacy).


                                         III.



      The trial court found that appellant was seized when Officer Allen grabbed

appellant’s jacket.3 The relevant question, therefore, is whether the officers had a

reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot at that point in

time. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 30. Given the facts of this case, we agree with the

trial court that the officers had reasonable articulable suspicion to stop appellant at

the time they grabbed his jacket. See, e.g., Jackson, 805 A.2d at 989 (“Various

factors are considered in determining whether a Terry stop is justified, including

‘the time of day, flight, the high crime nature of the location, furtive hand

movements, an informant’s tip, a person’s reaction to questioning, a report of

criminal activity or gunshots, and viewing of an object or bulge indicating a

weapon.’” (emphasis added)); see also Trice v. United States, 849 A.2d 1002, 1006

      3
         The government notes that the trial court’s finding on this point may be
incorrect, based on our subsequent decision in Henson v. United States, 55 A.3d
859 (D.C. 2012). In Henson, we held that a person was not seized within the
meaning of the Fourth Amendment when officers grabbed his arm, and later his
jacket, because his freedom of movement was not terminated and the officers “did
not acquire ‘physical control’” over the person when he broke free from their
grasp, wiggled out of his jacket, and continued running. Id. at 866-67. Here, we
assume that appellant was seized when Officer Allen grabbed his jacket, but we
need not decide the issue because by that time the officers had acquired reasonable
articulable suspicion.
                                          8

(D.C. 2004) (“Despite the general rule, immediate safety concerns may justify

police in stopping, or stopping and frisking, a person based on his association with

someone else whom the police reasonably suspect of criminal activity.”); Bennett

v. United States, 26 A.3d 745, 756 (D.C. 2011) (noting that Trice recognized “two

narrow exceptions” to the rejection of “guilt by association” as justification for

seizure: (1) “immediate safety concerns” because the individual who matched the

description was suspected of being armed and dangerous; and (2) due to recency of

the crime, it would be reasonable to think the companion was aware of it and either

a witness or an accomplice). Here the trial court noted that the seizure occurred in

a high-crime area, the officers were “there to investigate a man with a gun,”

appellant “had been with the suspect who matched the lookout for the man with a

gun to a ‘T,’” appellant “made some hesitant or indecisive motions” that “could be

interpreted as nervous and evasive behavior,” and appellant “tried to flee after the

police or just before the police were about to pat him down.” All of these factors,

taken together, gave the officers reasonable articulable suspicion to seize appellant.



      We also agree with the trial court’s determination that appellant abandoned

his jacket and thus had no “legitimate expectation of privacy” in it. Spriggs v.

United States, 618 A.2d 701, 703 & n.3 (D.C. 1992).               “The issue is not

abandonment in the strict property-right sense, but whether the person prejudiced
                                          9

by the search had voluntarily discarded, left behind, or otherwise relinquished his

interest in the property in question.” United States v. Boswell, 347 A.2d 270, 274

(D.C. 1975). The trial court found that appellant intended to abandon his jacket

(and the contents therein) when he wiggled out of it, ran away, and left it behind

with “no indication that he was going to come back to get it because he was trying

to make his escape.” This finding was not clearly erroneous.4 Because the officer

had acted lawfully when he seized appellant, his abandonment of the jacket

relinquished any reasonable expectation of privacy protected by the Fourth

Amendment.5 This determination forecloses appellant’s motion to suppress. We

      4
         See generally State v. Dailey, No. 8-10-01, 2010 WL 3836204 at *4 (Ohio
Ct. App. Oct. 4, 2010) (“[Appellant] claims that he did not voluntarily abandon his
cell phone [and jacket] because his relinquishment of his coat was the result of the
restraints placed upon him by [a store employee]. We disagree and fail to see how
being restrained by [the employee] rendered his decision to leave his jacket and its
contents behind involuntary. In fact, it seems rather clear that in an attempt to
escape being detained by the store employee, [appellant] deliberately chose to
leave his jacket and its contents behind. As a result, we find that he no longer
retained a reasonable expectation of privacy . . . .”); State v. Collins, 874 So. 2d
724, 725-26 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2004) (“Additionally, the State argues that by
continuing to run after his jacket [was pulled] off [by police], [appellant]
abandoned the jacket. . . . We conclude that because [appellant] abandoned the
jacket, the search was legal. . . . Here it can be inferred by [appellant’s] action of
leaving his jacket behind in an attempt to flee from police that he did not intend to
return to retrieve it.”).

      5
      The same actions would not constitute abandonment for Fourth
Amendment purposes, however, if they were the result of an unlawful seizure or
                                                       (continued . . .)
                                         10

have long held that “one who abandons property . . . lack[s] standing” to “raise the

Fourth Amendment issue.” Boswell, 347 A.2d at 273.



                                         IV.



      Because the officers acted with lawful justification in their interactions with

appellant, who abandoned any reasonable expectation of privacy in his jacket, the

trial court properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress. Appellant’s convictions

are hereby



                                                    Affirmed.




(. . . continued)
other police misconduct. See, e.g., United States v. Flynn, 309 F.3d 736, 738 (10th
Cir. 2002) (“In order to be effective, abandonment must be voluntary. It is
considered involuntary if it results from a violation of the Fourth Amendment. . . .
[P]roperty is considered to have been involuntarily abandoned if the defendant
discards it as a consequence of illegal police conduct.” (citations omitted)); United
States v. Maryland, 479 F.2d 566, 568 (5th Cir. 1973) (“The Government’s
standing argument does not, however, eliminate the necessity to determine the
legality of the arrest, for a loss of standing to challenge a search cannot be brought
about by unlawful police conduct.”).
