                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A14-1646

                                    State of Minnesota,
                                       Respondent,

                                            vs.

                                   Jean Clarice Clement,
                                        Appellant.

                                    Filed July 20, 2015
                                         Affirmed
                                        Kirk, Judge

                            Koochiching County District Court
                                File No. 36-CR-14-348

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Steven M. Shermoen, International Falls City Attorney, International Falls, Minnesota
(for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Chelsie M. Willett, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Kirk, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Chutich,

Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

KIRK, Judge

         Appellant challenges her misdemeanor theft conviction, arguing that the district

court erred by admitting a copy of a surveillance video that violated the best-evidence
rule and was not properly authenticated, and by allowing officer opinion testimony about

the contents of the video. Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting the video or commit plain error in admitting the officer’s testimony, we affirm.

                                          FACTS

       On the evening of May 1, 2014, the manager at the Verizon Wireless retailer in

International Falls, Minnesota, determined that a purple phone charger was missing from

the store. He suspected that appellant Jean Clement had stolen the charger, as it had been

present that morning, she had spent several minutes in its area that afternoon, and he did

not recall any other customers spending time in its area that day.           He notified the

corporate office and law enforcement of the suspected theft.

       After a delay in receiving video-surveillance evidence from the corporate office,

the manager personally downloaded the video directly from the system and delivered it

on a flash drive to law enforcement. Law enforcement made a copy onto a DVD. At

trial, appellant’s counsel objected to the video’s introduction on the basis that it was “not

the best evidence.” The district court allowed the state to play law enforcement’s copy of

the video for the jury. A police officer later testified regarding the contents of the video.

       The jury found appellant guilty of theft, as charged. This appeal follows.

                                      DECISION

I.     In admitting the surveillance video, the district court did not abuse its
       discretion because the video complied with the best-evidence rule and was
       properly authenticated.

       “Evidentiary rulings rest within the sound discretion of the [district] court and will

not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion. On appeal, the appellant has the


                                              2
burden of establishing that the [district] court abused its discretion and that appellant was

thereby prejudiced.”    State v. Amos, 658 N.W.2d 201, 203 (Minn. 2003) (citation

omitted).   If the district court erroneously admitted evidence, the reviewing court

determines “whether there is a reasonable possibility that the wrongfully admitted

evidence significantly affected the verdict.” State v. Post, 512 N.W.2d 99, 102 n.2

(Minn. 1994). If there is a reasonable possibility that the verdict might have been more

favorable to the defendant without the evidence, then the error is prejudicial. Id.

       A.     The Best-Evidence Rule

       Appellant argues that the best-evidence rule required the state to present “the

video from the [recording] device directly, or an official copy made by the corporate

office.”

       Under the best-evidence rule, an “original writing, recording, or photograph is

required” to prove its contents. Minn. R. Evid. 1002; see State v. Carney, 649 N.W.2d

455, 463 (Minn. 2002). A video or motion picture is considered a “photograph” for

purposes of the rule. Minn. R. Evid. 1001(2). “If data are stored in a computer or similar

device, any printout or other output readable by sight, shown to reflect the data

accurately, is an ‘original.’” Minn. R. Evid. 1001(3). The best-evidence rule “simply

prohibits the introduction of secondary evidence to establish the contents of a writing

where the writing itself is available.” State v. DeGidio, 277 Minn. 218, 220, 152 N.W.2d

179, 180 (1967); see Carney, 649 N.W.2d at 463 (holding that the district court did not

abuse its discretion in excluding testimony concerning contents of a videotape that was

not shown in court, applying the best-evidence rule).


                                             3
      However, “[a] duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless

(1) a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the original or (2) in the

circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original.” Minn. R.

Evid. 1003. “A ‘duplicate’ is a counterpart produced by the same impression as the

original, or from the same matrix, or by means of photography, including enlargements

and miniatures, or by mechanical or electronic rerecording, or by chemical reproduction,

or by other equivalent techniques which accurately reproduce the original.” Minn. R.

Evid. 1001(4).   “Re-recordings of audio tapes or videotapes should be accepted as

duplicates when shown to have been made by a technique designed to ensure accurate

reproduction of the original.”   State v. Brown, 739 N.W.2d 716, 722 (Minn. 2007)

(quotation omitted).

      Appellant argues that the manager lacked authorization to “cut and copy” the

video, and that the manager’s copy is unreliable because he “is not a video expert and

does not copy such videos on a regular basis.” Further, she contends, an employee at the

corporate headquarters would not have known to focus on appellant and “would likely

have copied the video from the entire day.” These arguments are unavailing.

      The manager testified that he received permission from his district manager to

retrieve the data directly from the recording device. He described the location of the

video cameras, and knew “the length of time in question” to download because he was

present in the store that day. The manager copied a continuous period of approximately

15 minutes when appellant was in the store, denied altering the video in any way or

knowing how to do so, immediately brought the flash drive to law enforcement, and


                                            4
confirmed that what he viewed on the monitor in the store was consistent with the video

played in court.

       Although there is no evidence that the manager and the police officer are “video

experts,” there also is no indication that they do not retrieve or copy videos on a regular

basis, nor legal authority requiring a video expert to perform these straightforward tasks.

With more than two years of experience managing a store selling electronics, it would be

reasonable to conclude that the manager was familiar with recording equipment,

particularly that used in the store, and could thus competently download the video.

Likewise, it would be reasonable to conclude that the experienced officer was capable of

competently copying data from a flash drive onto law-enforcement computer equipment

without making any inadvertent alterations. Further, the chain of custody is quite clear,

as the manager delivered the flash drive directly to law enforcement, which made the

copy admitted at trial.

       The choice to retrieve only the portion of the video showing appellant does not

raise an issue as to the reliability of the video shown under the best-evidence rule, but

rather goes to the weight of the evidence.       See Buffalo Ins. Co. v. United Parking

Stations, Inc., 277 Minn. 134, 139, 152 N.W.2d 81, 84 (1967) (“The best-evidence rule

goes only to the competency of evidence, not to its relevancy, materiality, or

weight . . . .”). When only part of the video was offered, appellant could have invoked

Minn. R. Evid. 106 to “require the introduction . . . of any other part . . . which ought in

fairness to be considered contemporaneously with it.” Instead, in closing argument,




                                             5
defense counsel twice alluded to other customers in the store as potential alternative

perpetrators.

       Appellant does not argue, and there is no reason to find, that there is a genuine

question as to the authenticity of what she describes as the “original” video from the

corporate office, nor the data on the recording device at the store. See Minn. R. Evid.

1003. Because the data were stored in a computer or similar device and the video

downloaded onto the manager’s flash drive was shown to reflect the data accurately, the

manager’s video constitutes an “original” under Minn. R. Evid. 1001(3). For the reasons

stated above, it was not unfair to admit law enforcement’s duplicate in lieu of an original

video at trial. See Minn. R. Evid. 1003. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its

discretion in concluding that the video met the requirements of the best-evidence rule.

       B.       Authentication of the Video

       Appellant also argues that the district court erred by admitting the video because it

was not properly authenticated.

       “The [district] court has considerable discretion under Minn. R. Evid. 901(a) in

deciding whether evidence has been adequately authenticated or identified . . . .” State v.

Dulak, 348 N.W.2d 342, 344 (Minn. 1984). “The requirement of authentication or

identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient

to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Minn. R.

Evid. 901(a). Minn. R. Evid. 901(b) provides examples of authentication methods “[b]y

way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation.”




                                              6
       Two methods for authenticating a video are the pictorial-witness theory and the

silent-witness theory. In re Welfare of S.A.M., 570 N.W.2d 162, 164-65 (Minn. App.

1997); see Minn. R. Evid. 901(b)(1), (9). Under the pictorial-witness theory, a video is

authenticated by a witness who observed the events depicted on the video. S.A.M., 570

N.W.2d at 164. Under the silent-witness theory, a proponent offers evidence of the

reliability of the process by which the video was made. Id. at 165.

       S.A.M. involved the admissibility of a surveillance video from a bus. Id. at 163.

The state offered the testimony of a video technician, who explained how the video was

made, stated that the video produced an accurate result, and provided some evidence on

the chain of custody. Id. at 166. The bus driver “partially authenticated” the video by

testifying “that a large portion of it . . . was a fair and accurate representation of what he

had witnessed” that day, and there was additional evidence on chain of custody from a

police sergeant. Id. This court concluded that “[t]he videotape was properly admitted

because it was authenticated according to a method listed in 901(b) and consistent with

the broad guideline for authentication set out in [r]ule 901(a): that is, evidence was

produced showing that the tape is what its proponent claimed.” Id. at 166-67.

       Here, the manager, the person who retrieved and redacted the video from the

surveillance system, testified at trial and thoroughly described the process. The manager

explained that he copied only the portion of the video showing appellant because he had

been present at the store all day and no one else had spent so much time in the area of the

missing phone charger. He also confirmed that the video delivered to law enforcement,

and the copy played at trial, were consistent with what he viewed on the monitor


                                              7
connected to the recording device. Further, the police officer testified as to the process of

copying the data from the manager’s flash drive onto the DVD that was played at trial

and confirmed that the video he received from the manager was consistent with the DVD.

This testimony provides significant silent-witness testimony about the reliability of the

process that created the DVD.        In addition, as in S.A.M., the video was “partially

authenticated” by the manager’s testimony that he selected the portion of the recording

that represented his recollection of the time period that appellant was in the store that day,

during which the behavior arousing his suspicions occurred. See 570 N.W.2d at 166.

Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the DVD was what

the state claimed and in admitting it into evidence. See Minn. R. Evid. 901(a).

II.    The district court did not plainly err in permitting the officer’s opinion
       testimony that the video showed appellant concealing store merchandise.

       Appellant argues that the district court erred in allowing the police officer’s

opinion testimony about her behavior on the surveillance video, either as a lay or expert

witness. The officer testified that he observed appellant concealing merchandise on the

video. He later testified that he observed nothing indicating that any other patron in the

video should be considered a suspect, and that nothing in his viewing of the video at trial

altered his decision that appellant should be prosecuted for theft of the phone charger.

Appellant did not object to this testimony at trial.

       Where an appellant fails to make an evidentiary objection on specific grounds at

trial, the objection is generally not preserved for appeal. State v. Brown, 792 N.W.2d

815, 820 (Minn. 2011) (citing Minn. R. Evid. 103(a)(1)); see State v. Abraham, 338



                                              8
N.W.2d 264, 266 (Minn. 1983) (deciding not to address an issue on appeal in part

because defense counsel did not state precisely his objection on the record). But an

appellate court has discretion to consider the issue for plain error, which requires an

appellant to demonstrate that (1) there was an “error”; (2) the error was “plain”; and

(3) the error affected substantial rights. State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn.

1998); see Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.02 (providing that “[p]lain error affecting a substantial

right can be considered” even if the error was not brought to the district court’s attention).

       An error is plain if it is clear or obvious under current law, State v. Strommen, 648

N.W.2d 681, 688 (Minn. 2002), and an error is clear or obvious if it “contravenes case

law, a rule, or a standard of conduct,” State v. Ramey, 721 N.W.2d 294, 302 (Minn.

2006). An error affects substantial rights where there is a “reasonable likelihood” that the

absence of the error would have had a “significant effect” on the jury’s verdict. State v.

MacLennan, 702 N.W.2d 219, 236 (Minn. 2005) (quotation omitted). If the first three

requirements of the plain-error test are satisfied, we then consider the fourth requirement,

whether the error “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.”     State v. Washington, 693 N.W.2d 195, 204 (Minn. 2005) (quotation

omitted).

       Minn. R. Evid. 701 provides:

                If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’
                testimony in the form of opinion or inferences is limited to
                those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on
                the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear
                understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination
                of a fact in issue.



                                              9
Under this rule, “the emphasis is not on how a witness expresses himself or herself—

[i.e.], whether in the form of an opinion or a conclusion—but on whether the witness

personally knows what he or she is talking about and whether the testimony will be

helpful to the jury.” Post, 512 N.W.2d at 101. Further, “[t]estimony in the form of an

opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces an

ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” Minn. R. Evid. 704; see Post, 512

N.W.2d at 101-02, 104 (holding that the district court erred in excluding testimony that

the victim was the aggressor in a prosecution for attempted murder and assault). For

example, in State v. Washington, where a 911 call recording was admitted, we held that

the 911 operator’s testimony that she believed the caller was being assaulted was

admissible lay opinion testimony under rule 701. 725 N.W.2d 125, 137 (Minn. App.

2006), review denied (Minn. Mar. 20, 2007).

       Appellant argues that the officer’s testimony did not assist the jury in

understanding the video and was prejudicial.       Courts should be cautious about the

influence of a law enforcement officer’s opinion on ultimate issues.          See State v.

Hogetvedt, 623 N.W.2d 909, 915 (Minn. App. 2001) (stating that, “[g]iven [the officer]’s

status as a police officer,” his opinion as to guilt “may have unduly influenced the jury”),

review denied (Minn. May 29, 2001).         However, the officer’s testimony here was

rationally based on his perception of the video, and was helpful to the jury’s clear

understanding of his testimony regarding the investigation and the decision to charge

appellant. See Griller, 583 N.W.2d at 743 (holding that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting evidence of events that triggered an investigation and excavation


                                            10
as “context for an investigation”); State v. Czech, 343 N.W.2d 854, 856-57 (Minn. 1984)

(upholding admission of the defendant’s taped statement in which he implicated himself

in other crimes, concluding that the whole tape was necessary to give the jury the proper

context for the defendant’s statement and to reveal to the jury why the police were

conducting an undercover investigation). Notably, appellant’s counsel not only failed to

object to the testimony, but also elicited further testimony about the contents of the video

on cross-examination of the officer. Consequently, the district court did not plainly err in

allowing the testimony.

       Even if the district court plainly erred by admitting the challenged testimony,

appellant’s argument nonetheless would fail because she cannot demonstrate that any

error affected her substantial rights. The jury viewed the video multiple times and was

able to reach its own conclusions about the video’s contents. See State v. Breeden, 374

N.W.2d 560, 561-62 (Minn. App. 1985) (stating that the district court erred in

suppressing a video of a defendant who claimed to have a balance problem performing

sobriety tests on the ground that the video was unfairly prejudicial because “the jury is

capable of viewing the real evidence of intoxication together with any proof of a balance

problem and reaching their own conclusion as to the facts”). Therefore, the testimony did

not affect the verdict. See Strommen, 648 N.W.2d at 688.

       Because we conclude that the officer’s testimony regarding the video was

admissible lay opinion testimony, we do not reach appellant’s argument that it was

inadmissible as expert opinion testimony.

       Affirmed.


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