                      RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                 File Name: 13a0036p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                _________________


                                               X
                                                -
 DOUGLAS L. COLEY,
                                                -
                           Petitioner-Appellant,
                                                -
                                                -
                                                    No. 10-3469
         v.
                                                ,
                                                 >
                                                -
                      Respondent-Appellee. -
 MARGARET A. BAGLEY, Warden,
                                               N
                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
            No. 1:02-cv-457—Lesley Brooks Wells, District Judge.
                               Argued: October 3, 2012
                        Decided and Filed: February 8, 2013
             Before: MERRITT, SILER, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

                                 _________________

                                      COUNSEL
ARGUED: Kevin M. Cafferkey, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Ashon L. McKenzie,
OFFICE OF THE OHIO ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Kevin M. Cafferkey, John B. Gibbons, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant.
Ashon L. McKenzie, OFFICE OF THE OHIO ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus,
Ohio, for Appellee.
                                 _________________

                                      OPINION
                                 _________________

       SILER, Circuit Judge. Douglas Coley, an Ohio state prisoner, was convicted in
Lucas County of aggravated murder, attempted murder, kidnapping, aggravated robbery
and firearm specifications. He was sentenced to death on the aggravated murder
charges. Coley then petitioned for state postconviction relief, but was turned down at
all levels of the state judiciary. He subsequently sought habeas corpus relief in federal



                                           1
No. 10-3469         Coley v. Bagley                                                Page 2


court. The district court denied his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. For the reasons
set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       A.      Factual Background

               1.      Kidnapping, Aggravated Robbery and Attempted Murder of
                       David Moore

       On December 23, 1996, around 7:30 p.m., while David Moore was unloading his
light blue, four-door Ford Taurus at his residence, Joseph Green asked Moore for
directions. As Moore obliged, Coley appeared. When Moore moved to leave, Coley and
Green held pistols on Moore and forced him into the car. Coley then drove the car away,
demanded Moore’s cash, and eventually told Moore to get out of the car. While Moore
backed out, Coley shot him in the stomach. Moore then ran away, but one of the men
chased him, other shots were fired, and Moore fell down. Moore pretended that he was
dead, and his assailant walked away.

       Moore had been shot in the head, stomach, arms, and twice in the hand. A gun
identified as Coley’s had ejected the shell casings found on Green Street and fired the
bullet removed from Moore’s wrist.

       On an evening shortly before Christmas, Tyrone Armstrong, a cousin of both
Coley and Green, saw Coley and Green in a light blue, four-door Ford Taurus. That
same evening, Armstrong witnessed Coley and Green with the same .25 caliber
semiautomatic pistols that Armstrong had seen each of them previously carry, and heard
Green make up a rap song with the words “I shot him five times and he had dropped.”
Green also pointed his gun at Coley and said, “You better never snitch on me.” Coley
mimicked the action to Green, repeating, “Better never snitch on me.”

       Armstrong identified State Exhibit 32 as the pistol Coley previously carried and
also State Exhibit 33 as a pistol belonging to Green. Coley’s girlfriend also recognized
State Exhibit 32 as a gun she had seen around her house. On December 27, 1996, police
recovered Moore’s car in an area near the residence of Coley’s girlfriend.
No. 10-3469         Coley v. Bagley                                                 Page 3


               2.      Kidnapping, Aggravated Robbery, and Murder of Samar El-
                       Okdi

       Samar El-Okdi was found dead in an alley behind West Grove Place on January
7, 1997. She had been shot with a .25 caliber bullet from a gun fired at a distance of
approximately twelve to eighteen inches. She was wearing the same white shirt, black
shoes, and black trousers that she wore to work on January 3. At the scene, police found
a live .25 caliber bullet and a .25 caliber shell casing near her body.

       El-Okdi had last been seen around 8 p.m. on January 3, 1997. That same day,
around 8:45 p.m., as Rosie Frusher left a friend’s house at West Grove Place, she heard
two gunshots and saw a car nearby in an alley. The car had taillights similar to a Pontiac
6000, the vehicle driven by El-Okdi. Frusher saw a man outside the car bending over
and another man sitting in the driver’s seat.

       That same weekend, Armstrong saw Coley driving a gray Pontiac 6000 that he
later identified as El-Okdi’s car. On the night his cousins were arrested, Armstrong
bought for Green and Coley some cigars and two bottled drinks, which police later found
in the Pontiac. Armstrong also admitted that Green and Coley had keys for the Pontiac.

       On January 6, El-Okdi’s friend was parked on a street waiting to distribute
missing-person flyers for El-Okdi and saw El-Okdi’s car. The friend identified the car
by its dented rear fender and a distinctive bumper sticker, although the license plate was
different. The friend followed the Pontiac until the driver parked at an apartment
complex and two men got out. Then, after talking with police, the friend and a Toledo
detective returned to where the stolen Pontiac was parked. It bore an Ohio license plate
which had been stolen from another Pontiac 6000 on January 4, 1997. Police staked out
the car until Green, Coley and a woman with a baby got into the Pontiac and drove away.
Police forced the Pontiac to stop and arrested Green and Coley.

       Upon approaching the vehicle, police noticed that Coley had a metallic object in
his hand. Later, on the Pontiac’s rear floor, they found a loaded .25 caliber pistol (State
Exhibit 32) near where Coley had been sitting. Inside the trunk, police found a black
No. 10-3469         Coley v. Bagley                                              Page 4


crochet purse that El-Okdi had with her on January 3 when she disappeared. Police also
found one of El-Okdi’s license plates underneath the stolen rear plate, and they found
her other license plate in the car trunk.

       A firearms expert examined the .25 caliber bullet removed from El-Okdi’s brain,
the .25 caliber bullet removed from Moore’s wrist, three .25 caliber shell casings from
the two crime scenes, and Coley’s .25 caliber semiautomatic pistol recovered from the
rear floor of El-Okdi’s Pontiac. The firearms expert concluded that Coley’s pistol was
in operating condition and had fired the bullets into Moore and El-Okdi and had ejected
the three crime-scene shell casings. After police searched Green’s residence, they found
an empty box that had contained .25 caliber ammunition.

       While in jail, Coley admitted to Armstrong, who was being held on unrelated
charges, that he “did it.” Armstrong understood Coley to mean that Coley had shot El-
Okdi. Coley also asked Armstrong to lie for him by claiming that Coley had obtained
his weapon and the Pontiac from someone named Denny. Additionally, Moore
recognized Green and Coley as the men who had shot him. See also State v. Coley,
754 N.E.2d 1129, 1134-37 (Ohio 2001).

       B.      Procedural Background

       In 1997, Coley was indicted by a grand jury on eight counts, including charges
of kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and attempted murder of Moore, and three counts of
aggravated murder, kidnapping, and aggravated robbery of El-Okdi.

       In 1998, Coley was convicted by a jury as charged. The jury found both that
Coley was the principal offender in the aggravated murder of El-Okdi and that he
committed the offense with prior calculation and design. The trial court sentenced Coley
to 58 years in prison for the noncapital counts, and followed the jury’s recommendation
of death for the aggravated murder of El-Okdi. Coley unsuccessfully sought relief via
direct appeal, see State v. Coley, 754 N.E.2d 1129 (Ohio 2001), and an application to
reopen that appeal pursuant to Ohio Sup. Ct. Prac. R. 11, § 5(A) (West 2004). See State
v. Coley, No. 98-1474 (Ohio Mar. 4, 2002) (unpublished). While Coley was appointed
No. 10-3469         Coley v. Bagley                                                    Page 5


counsel to assist him in post-conviction proceedings, no post-conviction petition was
timely filed on his behalf.

        In 2003, Coley sought habeas relief in federal court under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
See Coley v. Bagley, No. 1:02CV0457, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33063, at *1 (N.D. Ohio
Apr. 5, 2010). The district court denied relief, but granted a certificate of appealability
(“COA”) for the following issues: (1) ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failure
to object to the indictment; (2) ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failure to request
that the trial judge recuse herself; (3) prosecutorial misconduct for using inconsistent
theories to convict; (4) ineffective assistance of counsel during mitigation; (5) ineffective
assistance of counsel during mitigation for failing to request that trial judge recuse
herself based on Moore’s letter; (6) ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failing
to raise on appeal the issue of the trial court’s review of the letter; (7) the trial court and
jury did not consider mitigating evidence; and (8) the trial court’s decisions to not
provide Coley with grand jury transcripts and to not sever the Moore counts from the El-
Okdi counts. See id. at *185–92.

                                      II. ANALYSIS

        A.      Standard of Review

        “In a habeas corpus appeal, we review the district court’s legal conclusions de
novo, but will not set aside its factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous.” Ivory
v. Jackson, 509 F.3d 284, 291 (6th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).           The standard for
reviewing state-court determinations, by contrast, is governed by the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). See Frazier v. Huffman, 343 F.3d 780, 787
(6th Cir. 2003) (citing Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997)). Under AEDPA, a
writ of habeas corpus should be denied unless the state court decision was contrary to,
or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined
by the Supreme Court, or based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light
of the evidence presented to the state courts. See Slagle v. Bagley, 457 F.3d 501, 513
(6th Cir. 2006) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). The petitioner carries the burden of
No. 10-3469            Coley v. Bagley                                                             Page 6


proving that this standard has been met. Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398
(2011).

          A state court’s decision is “contrary to” Supreme Court precedent if (1) “the state
court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a
question of law[,]” or (2) “the state court confronts facts that are materially
indistinguishable from a relevant Supreme Court precedent and arrives” at a different
result. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405 (2000). A state court’s decision is an
“unreasonable application” under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) if it “identifies the correct
governing legal rule from [the Supreme] Court’s cases but unreasonably applies it to the
facts of the particular . . . case” or either unreasonably extends or unreasonably refuses
to extend a legal principle from Supreme Court precedent to a new context. Id. at 407.

          This analysis does not apply to claims that the state court resolved without
deciding the federal constitutional issues, as when the claims were held procedurally
barred. Instead, if the federal court reaches their merits, they are reviewed under pre-
AEDPA law. Under that standard, we review mixed questions of law and fact de novo.
Williams v. Coyle, 260 F.3d 684, 706 (6th Cir. 2001).

          B.      Alleged Ineffective Assistance of Trial and Appellate Counsel

          According to Coley, defense counsel were constitutionally ineffective both at
trial and on direct appeal because counsel (1) at the penalty phase did not investigate and
present evidence of his character, education, or employment history; (2) failed to
demand that the judge recuse herself at the penalty phase or file an affidavit of
disqualification with the Ohio Supreme Court; (3) failed to request that the judge recuse
herself in the guilt phase; (4) at the appeal stage failed to raise trial counsel’s
ineffectiveness in not requesting that the judge recuse herself. Coley’s first claim fails
because he neglected to raise it in his state appellate proceedings.1 See Roberts v.


          1
           No part of the trial-counsel-ineffectiveness claims was raised in state courts but Coley raised a
claim of appellate-counsel-ineffectiveness via his application for re-opening. In the district court, the
Warden conceded preservation, even though the district court viewed it as a mistake, but the court
nevertheless held the trial-counsel-ineffectiveness claims preserved and then held that they nonetheless
failed on the merits. See Coley, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 33063, at *54–56 n.8.
No. 10-3469         Coley v. Bagley                                                    Page 7


Carter, 337 F.3d 609, 613 (6th Cir. 2003). Even if not procedurally defaulted, it still
fails on the merits because Coley has not shown any prejudice, for he has never shown
what evidence he had which was not presented to the jury.

        The factual basis of the judicial bias claims originates from the following: The
court-appointed defense investigator discovered a letter sent to a witness in the trial. The
letter, addressed to Coley’s brother, asked him to get a rifle to a certain individual to
“take care” of someone. The letter, allegedly authored by Coley, was delivered to
Coley’s defense attorney. The defense attorney consulted with the Supreme Court of
Ohio Board of Commissioners, and made the trial judge aware of the contents of the
letter. Only having heard about, but not having seen the letter, the judge contacted the
police and the prosecutors, who began an investigation. After the court overruled a
motion to quash, it furnished the letter to law enforcement. The defense attorney moved
to withdraw, the motion was granted, and new trial counsel was appointed.

        1.      Counsel was not ineffective for not seeking removal of the trial judge
                because the court was impartial and unbiased during the penalty phase
                of Coley’s trial

        Coley argues that the trial judge was unconstitutionally biased and her removal,
therefore, should have been sought by trial counsel and appellate counsel should have
accused trial counsel of ineffectiveness for not doing so. We must therefore consider the
underlying issue of whether the judge was indeed biased. Judicial bias is a deep-seated
favoritism or antagonism that makes fair judgment impossible. See Mayberry v.
Pennsylvania, 400 U.S. 455, 465-66 (1971). A biased decision-maker is constitutionally
unacceptable. Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 (1975). “[T]he Due Process Clause
clearly requires a fair trial in a fair tribunal before a judge with no actual bias against the
defendant or interest in the outcome of his particular case.” Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S.
899, 904-05 (1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Tumey v. Ohio,
273 U.S. 510, 535 (1927).

        The bias inquiry is objective, asking “whether the average judge in his position
is likely to be neutral, or whether there is an unconstitutional potential for bias.”
No. 10-3469        Coley v. Bagley                                                  Page 8


Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 868, 872, 881 (2009) (internal quotation
marks omitted) (citing Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 584 (1964)). Recusal is required
when “the probability of actual bias rises to an unconstitutional level.” Id. at 887. Since
judicial bias is a structural defect both when actual and when merely unconstitutionally
probable, see Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309-10 (1991), if either type of
judicial bias is proven, Strickland prejudice need not be proven. See Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 691–96 (1984).

       Coley maintains that counsel’s failure to seek removal of the trial judge resulted
in actual bias on the part of the judge at sentencing. Coley also argues that counsel, in
the penalty phase, should have sought removal of the judge who had already presided
over the guilt phase because she had been biased by information obtained even before
the guilt phase began. To establish bias, Coley need not prove actual bias, but merely
an unconstitutionally high probability of actual bias. Caperton, 556 U.S. at 887. Coley
believes the following factors create a high probability of actual bias: (1) the judge was
exposed to bad facts about the defendant; (2) she passed that information on to law
enforcement, which resulted in a separate grand-jury investigation; and (3) after the jury
had recommended death, she had to independently determine whether that was the
appropriate sentence.

       These factors do not singly or cumulatively establish the requisite probability of
actual bias. Exposure to bad facts about the defendant does not, as a per se matter,
establish bias. See Esparza v. Mitchell, 310 F.3d 414, 424–25 (6th Cir. 2002), rev’d on
other grounds, 540 U.S. 12 (2003). “The nature of the criminal justice system often
requires judges to consider evidence and then dismiss it from their minds.” Id. at 425.
Even exposure to bad facts and formation of an opinion based on them are not enough
to establish bias. See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 550–51 (1994). Nor does
the analysis change merely because the judge received the information in a pretrial
proceeding. Id. at 551. Therefore, even if the judge were to have viewed the letter as
threatening, rather than relatively benign, and as indisputably coming from the defendant
No. 10-3469         Coley v. Bagley                                               Page 9


himself, her exposure to it does not establish an unconstitutionally high probability of
actual bias.

       Furthermore, Coley’s judge did not dig deeper to learn whether there was a nexus
between Coley and the letter. She did not even read it to learn whether, upon
examination, it fell more on the “benign” or “death threat” end of the spectrum. Instead,
she turned the information about the letter over to a detective, for him to take whatever
steps he thought appropriate. Nor was she the one who proffered any charges against
Coley. Cf. In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 133-38 (1955). That leaves the trial judge
as neither investigator nor prosecutor, but simply a judge to whom the presumption of
impartiality applies.

       Finally, we presume “honesty and integrity in those serving as adjudicators.”
Withrow, 421 U.S. at 47. The presumption of impartiality stems not merely from the
judicial-bias caselaw, see id., but from the more generally applicable presumption that
judges know the law and apply it in making their decisions, see Lambrix v. Singletary,
520 U.S. 518, 532 n.4 (1997), and the even more generally applicable presumption of
regularity, see Parke v. Raley, 506 U.S. 20, 30-31 (1992); United States v. Chem.
Found., Inc., 272 U.S. 1, 14-15 (1926). Coley must overcome those presumptions. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88; see also Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 375
(1986) (included within defendant’s burden to prove Strickland claim is a burden to
prove the merit of the underlying claim). He does not; the claim fails.

               2.       Counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise judge recusal

                        a.     Procedural Default

       The parties contest whether Coley’s claim that counsel were ineffective in the
guilt phase in failing to request that the judge recuse herself is preserved and whether
this court should consider the procedural-default issue sua sponte. We decline to engage
in the debate, because even when reviewed de novo, the claim is meritless. In an attempt
to prove the contrary, Coley cites State v. Gillard, 533 N.E.2d 272, 276 (Ohio 1988),
overruled on other grounds by State v. McGuire, 686 N.E.2d 1112 (Ohio 1997) (ruling
No. 10-3469         Coley v. Bagley                                                Page 10


that “when the state seeks to obtain relief from discovery or to perpetuate testimony
under Crim. R. 16(B)(1)(e), the judge who disposes of such a motion may not be the
same judge who will conduct the trial.”). See State v. Esparza, 660 N.E.2d 1194, 1196-
97 (Ohio 1996) (per curiam) (clarifying that Gillard is a state-law ruling granting the
defendant more protection than the Constitution required). Even assuming the Gillard
rule applies – or that trial counsel could have obtained a recusal by analogizing Coley’s
situation to Gillard’s – there is still no prejudice.

                        b.      The Merits of Coley’s Trial Counsel Ineffectiveness
                                Claim for Failing to Raise Judge Recusal

        We have found no constitutionally actionable bias in capital cases just because
the trial judge knew of such bad facts, but did not recuse herself. See Gillard v. Mitchell,
445 F.3d 883, 893 (6th Cir. 2006) (from pretrial, ex parte hearing, judge knew that
Gillard had been president of the Outlaws motorcycle gang and his brothers had
threatened witnesses with harm if they testified against him); Esparza, 310 F.3d at 424-
25 (from pretrial, ex parte hearing, judge knew about violent past of Esparza and about
the fear of his girlfriend (and mother of his child) that his brothers would harm her for
testifying). We presume the judge to have followed the Ohio state law which forbids
considering nonstatutory aggravators while weighing aggravation against mitigation, to
have known that law, and to have applied it in making her decision, see Ohio Rev. Code
Ann. § 2929.03(D)(2)-(3) (West 2004) (amended 2005, 2008), before imposing the death
penalty. See State v. Wogenstahl, 662 N.E.2d 311, syl. ¶ 1 (Ohio 1996); State v.
Johnson, 494 N.E. 2d 1061, syl. (Ohio 1986). That is the state of affairs when looking
only at the underlying bias argument, before taking into account the requirement, under
Strickland’s prejudice prong, that she be presumed to have acted according to the law.
See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694–95; see also id. at 700.

        This judge was not biased under the Constitution and therefore Strickland
prejudice is not presumed but must be proven. Strickland’s prejudice test “focuses on
the question whether counsel’s deficient performance renders the result of the trial
unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair. Unreliability or unfairness does not
No. 10-3469        Coley v. Bagley                                                Page 11


result if the ineffectiveness of counsel does not deprive the defendant of any substantive
or procedural right to which the law entitles him.” Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364,
372 (1993) (citations omitted). No substantive or procedural right entitles a defendant
to one judge instead of another. See Sinito v. United States, 750 F.2d 512, 515 (6th Cir.
1984). Moreover, the test asks whether there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Confidence in the outcome is not undermined simply
because unbiased Judge A, rather than unbiased Judge B, sat. Coley fails to show an
unconstitutionally high probability of actual bias, and there is no prejudice. Therefore,
his Strickland claim fails.

                       c.      The Merits of Coley’s Appellate Counsel Ineffectiveness
                               Claim for Failing to Raise Judge Recusal

       In his final challenge to his counsel’s ineffectiveness, Coley argues that appellate
counsel was ineffective because he failed to raise trial counsel’s ineffectiveness in not
requesting that the judge recuse herself. Although AEDPA deference applies, this claim
fails even if reviewed de novo. The underlying arguments are meritless; it could
scarcely be ineffective of appellate counsel not to raise them. See Rashad v. Lafler, 675
F.3d 564, 571 (6th Cir. 2012). Omitting meritless arguments is neither professionally
unreasonable nor prejudicial. See also Allen v. Harry, No. 10-1304, 2012 WL 3711552,
at *10 (6th Cir. Aug. 29, 2012) (unpublished) (citing Hoffner v. Bradshaw, 622 F.3d 487,
509 (6th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 2117 (2011)).

       C.      Alleged Trial Court Error: Grand Jury Transcript

       Coley argues that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion for
disclosure of the grand jury transcript. Coley, who was indicted twice – first without
capital charges and second in a capital indictment – argued on direct appeal that the
reindictment demonstrated the “particularized need” required under Ohio law to justify
unsealing the grand jury transcripts. The Ohio Supreme Court held the claim meritless,
noting that a presumption of regularity supports prosecutorial decisions to present
additional evidence to another grand jury and, for that discrete point, cited Supreme
No. 10-3469           Coley v. Bagley                                                          Page 12


Court precedent. Otherwise citing only state law, the court held that Coley had failed
to show a particularized need for the grand jury testimony.                       In federal habeas
proceedings, the district court held this a state law claim, whose rejection by the Ohio
Supreme Court was not contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established
Supreme Court precedent. We agree. Coley does not meet his burden of proving that
state court rejection of his claim was contrary to or an unreasonable application of
clearly established Supreme Court precedent. See Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. at 1398. This
claim fails.

         D.       Alleged Trial Court Error: Not Severing Counts

         Coley argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to sever the Moore
counts from the El-Okdi counts. The prejudice he alleges is that the jury improperly
considered the acts involving Moore when deciding Coley’s guilt of the aggravated
murder of El-Okdi. The district court held that this was a state law issue and that
nothing in the Ohio Supreme Court decision was contrary to or an unreasonable
application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. The Warden contends this
claim is both defaulted – because raised in state court only as a matter of state law – and
meritless. The claim is preserved, however, because Coley’s brief alleged that improper
joinder of the offenses denied him his rights under the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendments. See Sheppard v. Bagley, 657 F.3d 338, 347 (6th Cir. 2011); West v. Bell,
550 F.3d 542, 557–58 (6th Cir. 2008). We review the merits under AEDPA’s contrary-
to clause because, under currently controlling caselaw, that is the clause that applies
when the state court cited only state law. See Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002).2

         Misjoinder is not per se unconstitutional, but rises to that level if it results in
prejudice so great as to deny a defendant his due process right to a fair trial. See United
States v. Lane, 474 U.S. 438, 446 n.8 (1986). The harmless-error rule governs. See id.


         2
          The U.S. Supreme Court has granted certiorari on the issue of whether a federal claim has been
adjudicated on the merits under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) when the state court denied the claim in an explained
decision, but did not expressly acknowledge the federal basis of the claim. See Williams v. Cavazos,
646 F.3d 626 (9th Cir. 2011), cert. granted, 132 S. Ct. 1088 (2012) (No. 11-465). At this time, however,
the Court has yet to issue an opinion.
No. 10-3469        Coley v. Bagley                                                Page 13


at 446. In federal habeas proceedings, we ask whether the error had “substantial and
injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Brecht v. Abrahamson,
507 U.S. 619, 623 (1993) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Fry v. Pliler, 551
U.S. 112, 121-22 (2007). “[A] risk of undue prejudice exists whenever joinder of counts
permits introduction of evidence of other crimes that would otherwise be inadmissible.”
Davis v. Coyle, 475 F.3d 761, 777 (6th Cir. 2007). However, in Coley’s case, the
evidence of other crimes was not otherwise inadmissible. The Ohio Supreme Court
specifically held that evidence of the Moore offenses was admissible under Ohio R.
Evid. 404(b) “to prove Coley’s identity as El-Okdi’s killer.” Coley, 754 N.E.2d at 1139.

       Coley does not directly challenge that holding, but argues that the introduction
of this evidence denied him a fair trial. This is not a winning argument. Other evidence
presented against Coley included the facts that: Green and Coley were found traveling
in El-Okdi’s stolen car three days after she disappeared; inside was the black crocheted
purse she had with her; her front license plate had been stowed in the trunk; her rear
plate was still in position, but covered by another license plate, stolen from a different
car; and the bullet found in her brain and the shell casing at the crime scene had come
from Coley’s gun. Additionally, there was evidence of Coley’s inculpatory statements:
“I did it but Joe [Green] shouldn’t have snitched on me,” and asking his cousin to lie for
him by claiming that the gun and stolen car were given to him by a man named Denny.

       Any error in joining the offenses was harmless and Coley was not denied a fair
trial. The state court’s rejection of this claim was not contrary to clearly established
Supreme Court precedent.

       E.      Alleged Prosecutorial Misconduct: Inconsistent Theories

       Coley insists that prosecutorial misconduct so infected his trial with unfairness
as to result in a denial of due process. Specifically, he alleges that the prosecution
engaged in misconduct by using inconsistent theories of criminal culpability: arguing at
the trial of codefendant Green that Green was the principal offender, but at the
subsequent trial of Coley that Coley was the principal offender.
No. 10-3469            Coley v. Bagley                                                           Page 14


                  1.       Procedural Default

          “Federal habeas relief is available to state prisoners only after they have
exhausted their claims in state court.” O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 839 (1999)
(citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)). A habeas petitioner has not exhausted his claims in
state court unless he has “properly presented” his claims to a state court of last resort.
Id. at 848 (emphasis omitted). The state’s argument in the present appeal is that because
Coley failed to raise his prosecutorial misconduct claim before the Ohio Supreme
Court,3 the federal courts are precluded from ruling on the merits of the claim.

          We will consider the merits of a procedurally defaulted claim in a habeas
petition, however, where the petitioner “show[s] that there was cause for the default and
prejudice resulting from the default, or that a miscarriage of justice will result from
enforcing the procedural default in the petitioner’s case.” Lancaster v. Adams, 324 F.3d
423, 436 (6th Cir. 2003), (quoting Seymour v. Walker, 224 F.3d 542, 550 (6th Cir.
2000)).

                  2.       The Merits of Coley’s Prosecutorial Misconduct Claim

          Pre-AEDPA law controls because we reach the merits of a claim whose merits
the state courts did not reach. See Maples v. Stegall, 340 F.3d 433, 436-37 (6th Cir.
2003). Legal and mixed questions receive de novo review. Id. at 436. The district court
understood Coley to be complaining of the alleged prosecutorial misconduct only to the
extent used to obtain his conviction, and Coley does not challenge the district court’s
understanding, even while raising the issue on appeal. Therefore, Coley forfeits any
penalty-phase aspect of this claim, see Hill v. Mitchell, 400 F.3d 308, 335 (6th Cir. 2005)
(appellant forfeits objection to component of district court ruling if appellant, on appeal,
does not object to that component), because it leaves in place the district court’s


          3
           Coley did not raise this claim on direct appeal, but did argue via his application for reopening
that appellate counsel was ineffective for not raising the claim. The Ohio Supreme Court denied reopening
in an unexplained order. State v. Coley, 763 N.E.2d 1182 (Ohio 2002). In federal habeas proceedings,
the Warden conceded that, by this means, Coley had preserved the prosecutorial-misconduct claims, even
though the Warden now asks us to consider the claim procedurally defaulted. The district court held the
claim preserved because the Warden had affirmatively conceded preservation. See Coley, 2010 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 33063, at *54–55 n.8.
No. 10-3469             Coley v. Bagley                                                              Page 15


understanding that Coley did not advance such an argument below. Coley may not argue
here what he did not argue there. See Brown v. Marshall, 704 F.2d 333, 334 (6th Cir.
1983). The penalty-phase argument was not raised in the habeas petition and was not
included in the COA, and may not be considered now.4

         That leaves Coley with the guilt-phase argument. According to Coley, the
prosecution argued in Green’s trial that Green was the shooter, but argued in Coley’s
trial that Coley was the shooter, i.e., the principal offender. He contends that the
prosecution’s use of these inconsistent theories of culpability constituted misconduct.
Assuming the accuracy of Coley’s summary of the prosecution’s argument in Green’s
trial, and assuming for the sake of argument that such inconsistent arguments violate due
process, this claim still fails.

         In Bradshaw v. Stumpf, 545 U.S. 175 (2005), the Supreme Court confronted the
question whether the use of such inconsistent theories voided Stumpf’s guilty plea. See
id. at 177–82, 186–87.5 Without deciding whether such prosecutorial behavior was a
due-process violation, id. at 187, the Court held that any error was harmless – or,
“immaterial,” because under Ohio law Stumpf, even if not the shooter, was guilty of
aggravated murder under an aider-and-abetter theory “so long as the aiding and abetting
is done with the specific intent to cause death.” Id. at 184, 186–87 (relying on In re
Washington, 691 N.E.2d 285, 286-87 (Ohio 1998); State v. Scott, 400 N.E.2d 375, 382
(Ohio 1980)); see also State v. Coleman, 525 N.E.2d 792, syl. ¶ 2 (Ohio 1988).

         The same reasoning applies here. Coley was convicted of prior-calculation-and-
design aggravated murder and two counts of aggravated felony murder, all of which


         4
            In his reply brief, Coley finally addressed the issue of whether the district court misread his
argument below that included the contention that the guilt-phase misconduct had a penalty-phase impact.
If this contention has always been a part of Coley’s argument, then it is perhaps included in the COA the
district court granted. But even so, that does not relieve Coley of his duty to timely object to relevant parts
of the district court opinion – which, here, means objecting in the initial brief on appeal. See United States
v. Crozier, 259 F.3d 503, 517 (6th Cir. 2001); United States v. Jerkins, 871 F.2d 598, 602 n.3 (6th Cir.
1989).
         5
         After Bradshaw, we granted re-hearing en banc, Stumpf v. Houk, No. 01-3613, 2011 U.S. App.
LEXIS 21892 (6th Cir. Oct. 26, 2011), and re-heard the case en banc in June 2012, see Stumpf v. Houk,
No. 01-3613 (6th Cir. 2012).
No. 10-3469        Coley v. Bagley                                                Page 16


required that he “purposely” caused the victim’s death and “specifically intended” to
cause that death. See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.01 (A)-(B), (D) (West 1997)
(amended 1997, 1998, 2002, 2011). Purpose and specific intent are one and the same.
See State v. Treesh, 739 N.E.2d 749, 775 (Ohio 2001) (“A person acts purposely when
he or she specifically intends to cause a certain result.”). Thus, Coley was found to have
specifically intended to cause El-Okdi’s death. And therefore, whether aider or abettor
or actual shooter, Coley was equally guilty of those three counts of aggravated murder.
He was also convicted of the death specification to each aggravated murder count: that
the aggravated murder was committed in conjunction with kidnapping or aggravated
robbery and either he was the principal offender in the aggravated murder or, if not the
principal offender, committed the aggravated murder with prior calculation and design.
Even though the jurors specifically found that he was the principal offender, they also
found that he caused El-Okdi’s death with prior calculation and design. Classifying
Coley as shooter or aider and abettor makes no difference to his guilt of this
specification. As the district court held, any error in the guilt phase was harmless.

       F.      Failure to File Post-Conviction Petition

       Coley claims that appellate counsel was ineffective for not filing a state post-
conviction petition but does not argue the claim in his brief. See United States v. Layne,
192 F.3d 556, 566 (6th Cir. 1999) (“[I]ssues adverted to [on appeal] in a perfunctory
manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived
. . . .”). This claim was not certified for appeal. Hence, we lack the authority to address
it. See Hill, 400 F.3d at 329, 335. To the extent that this argument is another aspect of
Coley’s already-addressed ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, it is
meritless for the reasons stated here.

       Similarly, while the district court granted a certificate of appealability on three
additional issues, Coley has abandoned those issues on appeal.

       AFFIRMED.
