                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    ________________________________________
                                          )
JESSE SKINNER,                            )
                                          )
                        Plaintiff,        )
                                          )
v.                                        )                  Civil Action No. 09-0725 (PLF)
                                          )
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT                  )
OF JUSTICE, et al.,                       )
                                          )
                        Defendants.       )
_________________________________________ )


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
               This matter is before the Court on the Second Renewed Motion for Summary

Judgment filed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (“BATFE”).

Having carefully considered the motion, the opposition and the reply, and for the reasons stated

below, the motion will be granted.


                                       I. BACKGROUND

               Plaintiff brought this action under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”). See

5 U.S.C. § 552. The sole matter remaining for resolution in this case is the decision of the

United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (“USCIS”) to withhold certain information

from a one-page document. See Skinner v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 806 F. Supp. 2d 105, 116

(D.D.C. 2011).1 The document is described as “a printout of information from a Privacy Act


1
       Plaintiff initially submitted his FOIA request to the BATFE. Defs.’ Mem. of P. & A. in
Supp. of the Mot. to Dismiss In Part, and Alternatively, for Summ. J. [Dkt. #18], Decl. of Averill
P. Graham (“Graham Decl.”) ¶ 19. In relevant part, the request read:



                                                 1
system of records commonly referred to as The Enforcement Communications System (formerly,

Treasury Enforcement Communications System (TECS)).” Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Defs.’

Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. #55] (“Def.’s Renewed Mot.”), Ex. 4 (Decl. of Jill A.

Eggleston (“Eggleston Decl.”)) ¶ 5. A fuller description of the document, titled “TECS II –

Person/Subject Entry screen printout,” is included in the BATFE’s Vaughn Index:

              The screen print in questions [sic] displays information maintained
              by the government on Jesse Manuel Skinner in the U.S.
              Department of Homeland Security DHS/CBP-011 TECS database,
              such as, name, physical identifiers, social security number, known
              resident [sic] address and date of birth. Also displayed in the
              screen print is the strategy for apprehending Skinner; name and
              duration of posting of the operation under which the apprehension
              was orchestrated and undertaken; and name of reporting law
              enforcement officer, individual identification and contact numbers,
              and computer access codes.

Def. BATFE’s Mem. in Supp. of its Second Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. #73] (“BATFE

Mem.”), Vaughn Index at 1.

              The USCIS initially relied in part on Exemptions 2 and 7(E) to redact from the

printout “internal computer codes, an unpublicized investigation technique, and the names and

employee identification numbers of federal law enforcement officers involved in the matter.”


______________________

              This letter serves as a FOIA request . . . for copies of any and all
              records created and received by the Biloxi, Mississippi Field
              Office for the [BATFE] in regards to myself – JESSE SKINNER.
              In addition, this is a request for an index of any and all files
              maintained by the [BATFE] in reference to me.

Id., Graham Decl., Ex. Q (Letter from plaintiff to BATFE, Biloxi, Mississippi Field Office, dated
July 3, 2007) at 1. The BATFE referred the one-page document to the USCIS from whence it
came. Id., Graham Decl. ¶ 29 & Ex. AA (Letter to Brian J. Welsh, FOIA Officer, USCIS, from
Suzanne Placanica, Disclosure Specialist, BATFE, dated December 13, 2007).




                                               2
Def.’s Renewed Mot., Eggleston Decl. ¶ 7; see id., Ex. D (Vaughn Index) at 2-3.2 In light of the

Supreme Court’s ruling in Milner v. Dep’t of the Navy, __ U.S. __, __, 131 S. Ct. 1259, 1264-71

(2011), the USCIS now has abandoned its reliance on Exemption 2. It “has reviewed the

redactions and determined that [Exemption 7(E)] is equally applicable.” BATFE Mem. at 2.


                                         II. DISCUSSION

                              A. Summary Judgment in a FOIA Case

               “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary

judgment.” Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009).

The Court grants summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In a

FOIA action to compel production of agency records, the agency “is entitled to summary

judgment if no material facts are in dispute and if it demonstrates ‘that each document that falls

within the class requested either has been produced . . . or is wholly exempt from the [FOIA=s]

inspection requirements.’” Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F. 3d 828, 833

(D.C. Cir. 2001) (quoting Goland v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 607 F.2d 339, 352 (D.C. Cir.

1978)). Summary judgment may be based solely on information provided in an agency’s

supporting affidavits or declarations if they are relatively detailed and when they describe “the

documents and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate

that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not


2
       The names and identification and contact numbers of law enforcement officers properly
have been withheld under Exemption 7(C). See Skinner v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 806 F. Supp. 2d
at 114-15. In addition, the USCIS “properly has redacted from the TECS screen printout
information pertaining to the techniques, procedures and guidelines for action in an ongoing
criminal law enforcement operation,” set forth in an all-points bulletin. Id. at 116.



                                                  3
controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.”

Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981); see Beltranena v. Clinton,

770 F. Supp. 2d 175, 182 (D.D.C. 2011).

               Plaintiff’s opposition to the BATFE’s pending motion discusses only his desire to

obtain trial exhibits which had been filed in the United States District Court for the Southern

District of Mississippi. See generally Pl.’s Resp. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt.

#76] (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) ¶¶ 3, 5-7, 12-25. According to plaintiff, defendant is “not being

forthcoming with all information relevant to this instant case at bar,” id. ¶ 12, because an

employee of the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) allegedly obtained the trial exhibits

from the district court, id. ¶ 12, at a time when plaintiff’s motions for release of these exhibits

were pending both in the District of Mississippi and the District of Columbia. Id. ¶ 14. All

FOIA issues regarding the DEA’s response to plaintiff’s FOIA request have been resolved. See

generally Skinner v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 744 F. Supp. 2d 185 (D.D.C. 2010). Furthermore, this

Court already has ruled that the United States District Court for the Southern District of

Mississippi is not subject to the FOIA, and that any trial exhibits kept there are not agency

records responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request to the BATFE. See Order, Skinner v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, No. 09-0725 (D.D.C. filed Jan. 18, 2011). Wholly absent from plaintiff’s opposition

to the pending motion is any discussion of the BATFE’s argument that the USCIS properly

withheld TECS access codes under Exemption 7(E).

               Ordinarily, the Court may treat as conceded any argument raised in a motion

which the opposing party fails to address. See, e.g., Augustus v. McHugh, __ F. Supp. 2d __, __,

2012 WL 2512930, at *4 (D.D.C. July 2, 2012) (where plaintiff’s “opposition did not challenge

the Secretary’s proffered justifications under FOIA for having redacted [information,]” the



                                                  4
arguments were “deemed conceded, and summary judgment [was] entered in favor of the

Secretary”); People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Nat’l Inst. of Health, 853 F. Supp. 2d

146, 151 (D.D.C. Apr. 10, 2012) (“Plaintiff also did not respond to defendant’s arguments with

respect to Count I or Count III in its opposition to defendant’s motion for summary judgment,”

and, accordingly, “the Court . . . treat[ed] Count I and II as conceded and . . . dismiss[ed] these

claims without prejudice”); see also LCvR7(h) In these circumstances, however, the Court will

discuss briefly the applicability of Exemption 7(E) to USCIS’s redactions from the TECS screen

printout at issue.


                                        B. Exemption 7(E)

                Exemption 7(E) protects from disclosure law enforcement records “to the extent

that the production of such . . . information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for law

enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement

investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk

circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). There is no dispute that the records

responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request, including the one-page document at issue, were compiled

for law enforcement purposes. See Skinner v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 744 F. Supp. 2d at 206.

                Courts have held that information pertaining to law enforcement techniques and

procedures properly is withheld under Exemption 7(E) where disclosure reasonably could lead to

circumvention of laws or regulations. See, e.g., Morley v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 453 F.

Supp. 2d 137, 157 (D.D.C. 2006) (approving the withholding of information pertaining to

security clearances and background investigations on the ground that “disclosure . . . would risk

circumvention of those processes in the future”), rev’d on other grounds, 508 F.3d 1108 (D.C.

Cir. 2007).


                                                  5
                                        1. TECS Database

               It is helpful first to review defendant’s description of TECS:

               TECS is a comprehensive computerized law enforcement and
               communications information system . . . designed to identify
               individuals and organizations suspected of involvement in
               violations of federal law. TECS is principally owned and managed
               by DHS’s U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and is
               CBP’s principal law enforcement and anti-terrorism information
               system. This system is comprised of several modules designed to
               collect, maintain, screen, analyze, and share information via secure
               links to telecommunications devices and computers of law
               enforcement agencies. For example, TECS provides direct access
               to other major law enforcement systems of records, including the
               U.S. Department of Justice’s National Crime Information Center
               (NCIC), the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications
               System (NLETS), and the Canadian Police Information Centre
               (CPIC). In addition to CBP, TECS has users from other federal
               agencies, including U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
               (ICE); the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
               (BATFE); Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); the Internal
               Revenue Service (IRS); and the Drug Enforcement Administration
               (DEA), to name a few.
BATFE’s Mem., Vaughn Index at 1 (page numbers designated by the Court). Records

maintained in TECS include those “pertaining to known or suspected violators, wanted persons,

persons of interest for law enforcement and counterterrorism purposes, reference information,

[and] regulatory and compliance data.” Id., Vaughn Index at 1. Access to TECS is strictly

limited:

               All government law enforcement officers and employees
               authorized to execute TECS inquiries have had a full field
               background investigation, database training, and are given access
               to information on a need-to-know basis only. DHS relies on strict
               access controls, passwords and background checks for individuals
               accessing the data, and regular system audits that monitor, track
               and report on all access to system data to ensure that TECS data is
               being handled consistent with all applicable federal laws and
               regulations regarding privacy, data integrity and national security.
Id., Vaughn Index at 2.


                                                 6
                  2. Computer Access Codes Withheld Under Exemption 7(E)

       The USCIS invokes Exemption 7(E) “to protect internal computer access codes

associated with a hyper-sensitive law enforcement database containing homeland security

information, i.e., TECS.” BATFE Mem., Vaughn Index at 3. These codes “not only facilitate

access to and navigation through TECS, but are also tied to the means to identify, monitor, track,

audit and, when necessary, block, pursue, apprehend and/or prosecute unauthorized users.” Id.

Each access code is assigned to an individual user, and for this reason, public disclosure of a

user’s access code would (1) permit unauthorized users to avoid recognition, instant detection

and apprehension, (2) give them “near-unfettered access to one of the nation’s most critical

electronic law enforcement infrastructures”, and (3) “arm these intruders with the ability to

irreparably corrupt the integrity” of TECS data by altering or manipulating it. Id. Dissemination

of user codes also would allow the intruders to evade detection of their criminal activity by

“alter[ing] their patterns of conduct, adopt[ing] new methods of operation, relocat[ing],” or

“effectuat[ing] other countermeasures,” such that ongoing investigations are affected. Id.

Further, the declarant states that unauthorized access to TECS by computer hackers endangers

ongoing investigations “by exposing informants, witnesses, and other highly sensitive

information,” leading, for example, to witness intimidation and destruction of evidence. Id.

Lastly, because the CBP’s law enforcement databases are connected to databases maintained by

other federal agencies, the declarant explains that any “distortion of . . . information contained in

[TECS] could . . . impair[] other agencies’ law enforcement operations and missions.” Id.

               D.C. Circuit precedent “sets a relatively low bar for the agency to justify

withholding” information under Exemption 7(E). Blackwell v. Fed. Bureau of Investigation, 646

F.3d 37, 42 (D.C. Cir. 2011). The exemption allows for withholding “not just for circumvention



                                                  7
of the law, but for a risk of circumvention; not just for an actual or certain risk of circumvention,

but for an expected risk; not just for an undeniably or universally expected risk, but for a

reasonably expected risk; and not just for certitude of a reasonably expected risk, but for the

chance of a reasonably expected risk.” Mayer Brown LLP v. Internal Revenue Serv., 562 F.3d

1190, 1193 (D.C .Cir. 2009). Here, the declarant not only describes the TECS database in detail,

but also explains the link between disclosure of authorized users’ access codes and the many

ways individuals could exploit the information to circumvent the law or to corrupt the database

itself. Although the computer access codes are not themselves “guidelines for law enforcement

investigations or prosecutions” entitled to categorical protection under Exemption 7(E), the

declarant adequately demonstrates that release of the codes “would disclose guidelines for law

enforcement investigations or prosecutions[, and that] such disclosure could reasonably be

expected to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E).

               The Court concludes that the USCIS’s decision to redact the TECS access codes

is appropriate under Exemption 7(E). See, e.g., Miller v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, __ F. Supp. 2d

__. __, 2012 WL 2552538, at *13 (D. D.C. July 3, 2012) (withholding TECS numbers relating to

procedures concerning use of law enforcement resources and databases and TECS case program

and access codes on the ground that “disclosing [them] would expose a law enforcement

technique, promote circumvention of the law by allowing criminals to conceal their activity, or

allow fraudulent access to DEA's databases.”); McRae v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, __ F. Supp. 2d

__, __, 2012 WL 2428281, at *14 (D.D.C. June 27, 2012) (redacting “codes, case numbers, and

other computer information pertaining to the TECS, NCIC, and databases maintained by the

North Carolina authorities are techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigation”);

Bloomer v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., __ F. Supp. 2d __, __, 2012 WL 1574468, at *8 (D. Vt.



                                                  8
May 3, 2012) (redacting “various codes and case numbers,” including the TECS Record ID,

because disclosure of “internal instructions, codes, and guidance would reveal both a law

enforcement technique and an internal investigative practice,” which, in turn, “could endanger

future investigations”).


                                      III. CONCLUSION

               The Court concludes that the USCIS properly has withheld information from the

one-page TECS screen printout, and its second renewed motion for summary judgment therefore

will be granted. Now that the Court has ruled on all motions and no matters are outstanding, and

because each agency has demonstrated its compliance with the FOIA and entitlement to

judgment as a matter of law, final judgment will be entered in favor of the defendants. An Order

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion and with prior opinions and orders of this Court will

be issued this same day.




                                                    /s/____________________________
                                                    PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
DATE: September 28, 2012                            United States District Judge




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