        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.


  United States Court of Appeals
      for the Federal Circuit
                     ______________________

                KEITH ALEXANDER ASHE,
                       Petitioner

                                    v.

    DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
                SERVICES,
                 Respondent
           ______________________

                           2018-1390
                     ______________________

   Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection
Board in No. DC-1221-16-0619-W-1.

   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                KEITH ALEXANDER ASHE,
                       Petitioner

                                    v.

    DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
                SERVICES,
                 Respondent
           ______________________

                           2018-1465
                     ______________________
2                                              ASHE v. HHS




   Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection
Board in No. DC-0752-17-0352-I-1.
                ______________________

                 Decided: August 9, 2018
                 ______________________

      KEITH ALEXANDER ASHE, Bethesda, MD, pro se.

    MELISSA BAKER, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing-
ton, DC, for respondent. Also represented by ELIZABETH
MARIE HOSFORD, ROBERT EDWARD KIRSCHMAN, JR., CHAD
A. READLER.
                 ______________________

    Before O’MALLEY, REYNA, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
    In these companion appeals, Petitioner Keith Alexan-
der Ashe seeks review of two Merit Systems Protection
Board (“Board”) decisions pertaining to his employment
with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(“HHS”). In the first decision, the Board denied Ashe’s
request for corrective action under the Whistleblower
Protection Act (“WPA”), 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), based on
HHS’s alleged retaliation against Ashe for certain disclo-
sures he made to his supervisors. See Ashe v. Dep’t of
Health & Human Servs., No. DC-1221-16-0619-W-1, 2018
WL 702226 (M.S.P.B. Feb. 2, 2018) (“WPA Decision”). In
the second decision, the Board sustained Ashe’s subse-
quent removal from HHS and rejected his whistleblower
retaliation defense based on the same and additional
disclosures. See Ashe v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs.,
No. DC-0752-17-0352-I-1, 2018 WL 1146097 (M.S.P.B.
Mar. 1, 2018) (“Removal Decision”).
ASHE v. HHS                                               3



   Because we find that each of the Board’s decisions is
supported by substantial evidence, we affirm both rulings.
                     I. BACKGROUND
    From October 2007 until his termination in February
2017, Ashe was employed at HHS’s National Institutes of
Health as an Industrial Engineer and Safety Engineering
Activity Program Manager in the Division of Occupational
Health and Safety, Office of Research Services. For most
of that time, Ashe served as the Contracting Officer
Representative on a biosafety laboratories contract.
    Ashe alleges that, in April 2013, his supervisor, Dr.
Deborah Wilson, instructed him to fabricate an engineer-
ing report stating that a laboratory was suitable for use in
research, when in fact the lab failed to meet a critical
regulatory requirement. Ashe refused to remove from the
report what he viewed as a lab deficiency, and, instead,
reported the incident to Dr. Wilson’s supervisor. He also
alleges that, in early 2015, he discovered evidence of
contract fraud, which he likewise reported to Dr. Wilson
and another supervisor.
    Ashe asserts that, as a result of these disclosures,
HHS retaliated against him, including by ordering that he
undergo a psychiatric evaluation, giving him negative
comments and low performance evaluations—despite his
“stellar performance record over 9 years with awards and
rapid promotions”—reassigning his duties, and scrutiniz-
ing his time and attendance. Pt’r Second Suppl. Br., at 1
¶ 4, Dkt. 22. 1
    In January 2016, Ashe filed a complaint with the Of-
fice of Special Counsel, which did not investigate his
whistleblower claims. He then filed an Individual Right



   1    We cite here to Ashe’s briefing in case No. 2018-
1390.
4                                              ASHE v. HHS




of Action appeal with the Board, seeking corrective action
against HHS. In a February 2018 initial decision, an
administrative law judge denied Ashe’s claim, finding
that he failed to establish that the disclosures were pro-
tected under the WPA. WPA Decision, 2018 WL 702226,
at 6–10.
     Meanwhile, during much of 2016, Ashe failed to re-
port to work. According to Dr. Wilson, Ashe was nonre-
sponsive during this time and did not produce any
appreciable work product. Also during this time, Ashe
failed to update his supervisors of his whereabouts, even
after he was suspended for fourteen days for refusing to
use an electronic sign-in/sign-out board as instructed by
Dr. Wilson. Thus, in January 2017, HHS initiated re-
moval proceedings, and, one month later, terminated
Ashe’s employment. Ashe thereafter filed a separate
appeal with the Board challenging his removal.
    As an affirmative defense before the Board, Ashe ar-
gued that his removal was retaliation for the whistle-
blower disclosures described above, as well as additional
disclosures that Ashe made in February and March 2012.
In those disclosures, Ashe informed his supervisors that
the Division of Occupational Health and Safety Branch
Chief requested that Ashe use American Recovery Rein-
vestment Act funds to purchase equipment using a con-
tract that expressly prohibited such purchases.
    In a March 2018 initial decision, the administrative
law judge rejected Ashe’s whistleblower retaliation de-
fense and sustained his removal. The judge again deter-
mined that Ashe failed to establish that his disclosures of
report fabrication and contract fraud were protected, and
also found that he failed to show that the 2012 disclosures
contributed to his removal. Removal Decision, 2018 WL
1146097, at 5–12.
   Ashe did not appeal either decision to the full Board,
and the decisions therefore became final. Ashe appealed
ASHE v. HHS                                                5



to our court, however, seeking, inter alia, more than $11
million in compensatory and punitive damages. 2 Pt’r
Second Suppl. Br. 2 ¶ 6, Dkt. 22. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9).
                      II. DISCUSSION
     The scope of our review in an appeal from a decision
of the Board is limited. We must affirm the Board’s
decision unless it is “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law;
(2) obtained without procedures required by law, rule, or
regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported by
substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c).
    Ashe challenges the Board’s decisions denying his
WPA claim for corrective action and affirming his removal
from HHS. We address each of Ashe’s claims below.
                      A. WPA Claim
    To establish a prima facie case of retaliation for whis-
tleblowing activity, a claimant must show by a prepon-
derance of the evidence that (1) he made a protected
disclosure, and (2) the disclosure was a contributing factor
in a personnel action taken against the claimant. Briley



    2    Ashe also filed multiple suits in the District of
Maryland against HHS, the U.S. Office of Special Coun-
sel, and the Board, asserting various causes of action
based on the same or similar misconduct alleged here.
See, e.g., Ashe v. Price, No. 8:17-cv-01969 (D. Md.); Ashe v.
Price, No. 8:17-cv-01986 (D. Md.); Ashe v. United States,
No. 8:17-cv-02071 (D. Md.); Ashe v. United States, No.
8:17-cv-02073 (D. Md.); Ashe v. United States, No. 8:17-cv-
02076 (D. Md.); Ashe v. United States, 8:17-cv-02077 (D.
Md.); Ashe v. Hargan, No. 8:17-cv-03730 (D. Md.); Ashe v.
Kerner, No. 8:17-cv-03814 (D. Md.); Ashe v. Merit Sys.
Prot. Bd., No. 8:18-cv-00372 (D. Md.).
6                                                ASHE v. HHS




v. Nat’l Archives & Records Admin., 236 F.3d 1373, 1378
(Fed. Cir. 2001) (citing 5 U.S.C. §§ 1221(e)(1), 2302(b)(8)).
A disclosure is protected for purposes of the WPA if it
pertains to information that the employee “reasonably
believes evidences[] any violation of any law, rule, or
regulation, or gross mismanagement, a gross waste of
funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific
danger to public health or safety.” 5 U.S.C. §§ 2302(a)(2),
(b)(8)(A).
    Substantial evidence supports the Board’s determina-
tion that Ashe’s disclosure regarding the fabrication of an
engineering report is not protected. Ashe alleges that he
told HHS officials that Dr. Wilson instructed him to
falsely state in a report that a laboratory was suitable for
use in research, even though certain tests revealed that
the lab failed to meet a critical safety requirement per-
taining to differential pressure. The Board found that
this disclosure is not protected based in part on Dr. Wil-
son’s testimony that the test results were acceptable
because the air flow remained negative or neutral to the
anteroom and would therefore prevent contaminants from
leaking out of the lab. WPA Decision, 2018 WL 702226, at
6. The Board also credited Dr. Wilson’s testimony that
administrative procedures would be used, if necessary, to
ameliorate any remaining risk of contamination. Id.
Finally, the Board credited her testimony that the proto-
col that she instructed Ashe to follow was widely used
across the United States and accepted by other regulatory
authorities. Id. Based on these findings, the Board
concluded that Ashe’s disclosure “amount[ed] to a disa-
greement with [Dr. Wilson’s] conclusions regarding the
verification test and the data to be included” in the report.
Id. at 7. We see no reversible error in these findings. See
Harden-Williams v. Agency for Int’l Dev., 469 F. App’x
897, 900 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (“We are not per-
mitted[] . . . to second-guess the Board in its fact-findings
so long as they are supported by substantial evidence.”).
ASHE v. HHS                                                 7



    The Board also stated that Ashe had not tied his dis-
closure to any law, rule, or regulation within the meaning
of the WPA:
   Here, the appellant’s alleged disclosures about his
   disagreements with the verification test results
   and the data reported on [sic] the . . . report can-
   not be stitched to any “law, rule or regulation” . . .
   since a method to conduct a scientific test is nei-
   ther a statute nor a regulation, or a “rule.” In-
   deed, neither empirical nor analytical science
   (including scientific tests, scientific experiments,
   scientific research, etc.) is amenable to being regu-
   lated by a legal or quasi-legal pronouncement.
WPA Decision, 2018 WL 702226, at 7. This statement
fails to acknowledge that Ashe identified a specific regula-
tion, 9 C.F.R. § 121.9(a)(6)—which requires the responsi-
ble official to ensure that laboratory testing results be
documented and any deficiencies identified during an
inspection be corrected—that he alleges Dr. Wilson violat-
ed. 3 See Pt’r Second Suppl. Br. 1 ¶ 2, Dkt. 22. We read
this statement in context, however, to mean that the
Board determined either that there was no actual viola-
tion of that provision, or that Ashe’s belief that there was
such a violation was not reasonable. Either determina-
tion is supported by the Board’s factual findings described
above, and both determinations foreclose Ashe’s whistle-
blower claims.



   3    Further, the Board’s statement that science is not
“amenable to being regulated” is incorrect and irrelevant.
Scientific research is regulated in many forms and by
many agencies, including the Food and Drug Administra-
tion, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Depart-
ment of Energy, and the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration.
8                                                  ASHE v. HHS




    Substantial evidence also supports the Board’s deter-
mination that Ashe’s disclosure of contract fraud is not
protected. Ashe alleges that one of the agency’s contrac-
tors violated a small business set-aside contracting re-
quirement by outsourcing a large portion of the work to a
sub-contractor. But the evidence shows that Dr. Wilson
was “equally as concerned about a potential contract
violation,” and there was no evidence that she was con-
sidering paying the contractor for any invoices that would
violate the contract. WPA Decision, 2018 WL 702226, at
10. The Board therefore determined that, although Ashe
“ha[d] a reasonable concern of a potential contract viola-
tion,” the disclosure does not rise to the level of a protect-
ed disclosure because it was not “real or immediate.” Id.
Instead, the Board determined that Ashe’s concerns
merely “amounted to a discussion about a potential con-
tract violation.” Id. (emphasis added); Reid v. Merit Sys.
Prot. Bd., 508 F.3d 674, 678 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (rejecting the
notion that “any mere thought, suggestion, or discussion
of an action that someone might consider to be a violation
of a law, rule, or regulation is a justification for a whistle-
blower complaint”). We see no reversible error in this
conclusion.
   We therefore affirm the Board’s decision denying
Ashe’s WPA claim.
               B. Whistleblower Retaliation
          Affirmative Defense to Ashe’s Removal
     When taking adverse action against an employee, an
agency must (1) “establish by preponderant evidence that
the charged conduct occurred,” (2) “show a nexus between
[the] conduct and the efficiency of the service,” and
(3) “demonstrate that the penalty imposed was reasonable
in light of the relevant factors set forth” in Douglas v.
Veterans Administration, 5 M.S.P.R. 280 (1981). Malloy
v. U.S. Postal Serv., 578 F.3d 1351, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2009).
ASHE v. HHS                                              9



    Substantial evidence supports the Board’s determina-
tion that HHS carried its burden here. The evidence
establishes, and Ashe concedes, that he was instructed to
report to his office on multiple occasions and to use the
electronic sign-in/sign-out board when working remotely,
but that he failed to follow those instructions, even after
his fourteen-day suspension. Removal Decision, 2018 WL
1146097, at 4. Ashe argued to the Board that he could not
work out of his office because he was concerned for his
safety, but the Board noted that this argument was “bare”
and unsupported by evidence. Id. Finally, considering
the testimony of the deciding official, the Board deter-
mined that HHS properly considered all mitigating fac-
tors, including Ashe’s length of service, and that Ashe’s
removal was not unconscionable “given the facts and
circumstances” of the case. Id. at 12–14. The Board’s
decision on this score is well supported.
    We next turn to Ashe’s whistleblower retaliation de-
fense. First, the Board determined that Ashe’s disclo-
sures pertaining to fabrication of a report and contract
fraud discussed above are unprotected. Id. at 6–12. For
the reasons stated above, we find that substantial evi-
dence supports the Board’s determination with respect to
both disclosures.
    Second, the Board determined that Ashe’s disclosures
pertaining to the Branch Chief’s request for Ashe to use
certain funds to purchase equipment using a contract that
explicitly prohibited such purchases did not contribute to
his removal. The Board noted that those disclosures
occurred in February and March 2012, approximately five
years before he was removed. Id. at 5–6. The Board
found the five-year gap between the disclosures and the
removal “to be too remote in time” to satisfy Ashe’s bur-
den. Id. at 6; see Nuri v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 695 F.
App’x 550, 553 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (sustaining
removal where the allegedly protected disclosure was
10                                               ASHE v. HHS




made seven years before the appellant’s removal). These
findings are reasonable and supported.
   We therefore affirm the Board’s decision sustaining
Ashe’s removal from HHS. 4
                     III. CONCLUSION
     We have considered Ashe’s remaining arguments and
find them unpersuasive. For the reasons stated above, we
affirm each of the Board’s rulings.
                       AFFIRMED
                           COSTS
     No costs.




     4  Ashe also refers in passing to the Board’s decision
denying his motion for sanctions. Ashe alleged in that
motion that HHS failed to comply with procedural dead-
lines and that default judgment was warranted. The
administrative law judge excused the agency’s untimeli-
ness and reset the filing deadlines because HHS had not
timely received the Board’s Acknowledgement Order after
the appeal was filed.         Removal Decision, 2018 WL
1146097, at 2 n.2. To the extent Ashe argues that this
decision was in error, we disagree. It is well established
that the Board has discretion to refuse to grant sanctions
in response to alleged violations of the Board’s procedures
and deadlines, and we will not second guess the Board’s
decision absent a showing that the Board’s “abuse of
discretion is clear and . . . harmful.” See Baker v. Dep’t of
Health & Human Servs., 912 F.2d 1448, 1457 (Fed. Cir.
1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). Ashe has not
made such a showing here.
