                                                                  NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  ____________

                                       No. 15-1756
                                      _____________

                                  HARRY D. MARTIN,
                                           Appellant

                                             v.

                          SNAP-TITE, INC.; JOHN S. CLARK;
                         GEORGE P. CLARK; GARY L. CLARK
                                  _____________

             APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
              FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                            (D.C. Civil No. 12-cv-00162)
                   District Judge: Honorable Joy Flowers Conti
                                   ____________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   January 22, 2016
                                    ____________

               Before: FISHER, CHAGARES and BARRY, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion Filed: February 12, 2016)
                                     ____________

                                        OPINION*
                                      ____________




*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
BARRY, Circuit Judge

          Harry Martin appeals from the order of the District Court granting summary

judgment and dismissing his claims against John, George and Gary Clark.1 We will

affirm.

                                                I.

          From 1940 until its sale in 2012, Snap-tite operated as a manufacturing business in

Erie, Pennsylvania. Prior to the sale, and since at least 1965, the company was majority-

owned by one or more members of the Clark family. Harry Martin, a friend of the

Clarks, assisted Snap-tite in varied capacities for over forty years, serving as outside

counsel and an outside member of the Board of Directors and the Long Range Planning

Committee (“LRPC” or “the Committee”). He also claims to have provided management

consulting services throughout his tenure.

          Martin’s professional relationship with Snap-tite can be broken down into three

separate periods: 1965 to 2004, 2005 to 2008, and 2009 to 2012. At first, he was

compensated by the company in two ways: $500 per meeting for his role on the Board of

Directors, plus compensation for the legal services he provided to Snap-tite as a member

of Elderkin, Martin, Kelly & Messina, P.C. (the “Elderkin Firm”). Martin retired from

the practice of law in late 2004, but continued to serve on the Snap-tite Board. During

the 2005 to 2008 time period, Martin was, again, paid on a per meeting basis, but also


1
       The claims against Snap-tite had earlier been voluntarily dismissed after the
Clarks agreed to assume any liability the company owed to Martin. (A24-41.)
                                               2
received additional compensation for management consulting services he allegedly

provided the company—$104,999.92 in 2005, $122,666.64 in 2006, $93,333.35 in 2007,

and $75,000.00 in 2008.2 And although Martin’s role essentially remained the same

through 2012, his compensation structure changed significantly in 2009. At or around

that time, the company increased Martin’s Board pay to $32,000 per year and stopped

providing him with any additional payment for his consulting services.

      Martin’s contractual claims deal mainly with this lost consulting income for the

period of 2009 to 2012. The issue, as framed by the Clarks and the District Court, was

whether this work was sufficiently distinct from his compensated Board and LRPC

service to warrant recovery. Martin, naturally, maintains that it was. He submits that his

consulting work during this period dealt with “a prospective sale of the company in 2010

and then the ultimate sale of the company in 2012.” (Appellant’s Br. at 9.) He claims to

have spent roughly 2,000 hours advising the company about ways to maximize its value,

preparing for the sale of a Snap-tite subsidiary, and guiding the company’s ultimate sale

to Parker Hannifin, including by and through his efforts to retain and work with the

lawyers and investment bankers preparing for sale.

      The Clarks maintain, however, that these services overlapped substantially, if not

entirely, with Martin’s role on the LRPC. That Committee was composed of the Clarks,

Zachary Savas, David Nevins and Martin, all of whom were also members of the Board.


2
       While the precise amount paid to Martin is in dispute, he concedes that the
discrepancy is immaterial for the purposes of this appeal.
                                            3
They convened roughly six times per year, four times concurrent with quarterly Board

meetings. The “goal” of the LRPC, in Martin’s words, was to “sharpen up [the company]

for eventual sale.” (A143). He did not receive additional compensation for his role on the

Committee; he “considered [it] as part of being on the [B]oard.” (A150.)

       This apparent overlap notwithstanding, Martin requested additional compensation

for his consulting work on two occasions. One month before Snap-tite was sold to Parker

Hannifin, Martin wrote a letter to John Clark and, echoing a prior conversation in

November 2011, sought several million dollars in compensation for work he claimed to

have performed for the company. Martin informed Snap-tite that he “believe[d]” he was

“entitled to a bonus because of [his] contributions to enhancing shareholder value,” and

pointed to “two major contributions” in support.         (A388.)    First, he assisted the

company’s purchase of Autoclave Engineers in 1995. And, second, it was his idea to

redeem shares of stock at the time of George Clark’s death in 2002. Although admitting

that he “never raised this issue before” and that it “[was] awkward for [him] to press [his]

own advantage while reducing the advantage for the Clark family,” he nonetheless asked

for a “bonus” of $300 per share.3 (Id.) Martin was “count[ing] on [the Clark family’s]

fairness and appreciation of [his] part in this venture,” but his request for additional

compensation was denied. (Id.) This lawsuit followed shortly thereafter.

                                             II.


3
      With 13,068.2 shares outstanding as of the company’s sale, Martin’s request
would have amounted to a bonus of $3,920,460.
                                             4
      The amended complaint contains four counts: one for breach of express contract,

one for breach of an implied-in-fact contract, and two for unjust enrichment.4 The

District Court granted the Clarks’ subsequent motion for summary judgment and

dismissed Martin’s claims in their entirety in an order dated February 27, 2015.

      The District Court first considered and dismissed Martin’s claim that he had a

contract implied-in-fact with Snap-tite, pursuant to which the company was obligated to

pay him $1,640,000 for consulting services he provided between December 2008 and

April 2012.    The Court held that Martin’s express contract for his Board and LRPC

service foreclosed the possibility of an implied contract and additional compensation for

the same work. In dismissing his unjust enrichment claims in counts three and four, the

Court held that “the services Martin provided to Snap-tite were in his capacity as a Board

member for which he was paid, or in his capacity as an attorney with the Elderkin firm

for which he was paid through the law firm.” (A23.) Martin’s appeal timely followed.

                                          III.

      The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1), and we have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We apply the same standard as the District Court.

S.H. v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 729 F.3d 248, 256 (3d Cir. 2013). Summary judgment

is proper where “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

4
       Martin conceded in his opposition to the motion for summary judgment that
“discovery has revealed no writing, or specific exchange of promises, that established”
his claim for breach of an express contract. (A558.) The District Court summarily
dismissed count one on that basis, and Martin does not attempt to resurrect the claim on
appeal. (A12.)
                                             5
and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “The

reviewing court should view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party

and draw all reasonable inferences in that party's favor.” S.H., 729 F.3d at 256.



                                           IV.

       Martin raises three arguments on appeal, none of which is persuasive. First, he

argues that, because his consulting work was “much different” from that ordinarily

expected of a corporate director, the District Court erred in finding those services to be an

aspect of his role on the Board and LRPC. (Appellant’s Br. at 18.) Second, he argues, in

the alternative, that the record is inadequate to establish the terms of his express contract,

making it “impossible to decide” whether his work actually was “encompassed by his

role as a director and committee member.” (Appellant’s Br. at 19.) Finally, he argues

that his unjust enrichment claims should proceed because the work on which those claims

are based was different from the work for which he previously was compensated, either

in his capacity as outside counsel or member of the Board.

                                             A.

       Under Pennsylvania law, an implied-in-fact contract will not be found “when the

parties have an express agreement dealing with the same subject.” Mill Run Assocs. v.

Locke Prop. Co., Inc., 282 F. Supp. 2d 278, 293 (E.D. Pa. 2003). “To be valid, [the]

implied contract must be entirely unrelated to the express contract.” Turkmenler v.

Almatis, Inc., 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44027, at *10 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 28, 2012) (internal
                                              6
quotations omitted). Martin fails to demonstrate as much here.

       Martin claims that Snap-tite owes him $1,640,000 in consulting fees pursuant to

an implied-in-fact contract covering the approximate period of December 2008 to April

2012. He argues that, pursuant to this agreement, he advised the company about ways to

“maximize” its value for sale; participated in “negotiations” and provided “tax advice”

regarding sale of a subsidiary and the potential sale of the company itself; identified other

potential buyers after that sale fell through; and performed “extensive work” with regard

to the company’s ultimate sale to Parker Hannifin. (A408-09).

       This work was entirely indistinct from that performed pursuant to Martin’s express

contract for service on the Board and the LRPC, the contours of which were clearly

established by his own testimony. (A143) (“The goal of the Long Range Planning

Committee was to sharpen up Snap-tite for eventual sale.”). His attempts to distinguish

the substance of each “agreement” falls well short.        Martin points primarily to his

relationship with the lawyers and investment bankers involved with the sale to Parker

Hannifin—he claims to have been “heavily involved” in hiring attorney Lee Charles and

investment banker Peter Lieberman, and to have “worked closely with both throughout

their relationship with Snap-tite on matters of analysis, strategy and negotiations.”

(Appellant’s Br. at 11.) He maintains that no other outside director was as involved as

he, and asks us to infer therefrom that such service was thus sufficiently distinct from his

role on the Board and the Committee. But even accepting this as true, Martin establishes

only that he worked more than others on the Committee toward the Committee’s
                                             7
undisputed purpose. This is insufficient to establish that his work as a “consultant” was

“entirely unrelated” to his work on the Board and the Committee, see Turkmenler, 2012

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44027, at *10, and, as such, his claim was rightly dismissed.5

                                            B.

       A claim of unjust enrichment requires the plaintiff to “show that the party against

whom recovery is sought either wrongfully secured or passively received a benefit that

would be unconscionable for the party to retain without compensating the provider.”

Hershey Foods Corp. v. Ralph Chapek, Inc., 828 F.2d 989, 999 (3d Cir. 1987) (applying

Pennsylvania law). Such a claim may not be stated where an express contract exists.

Premier Payments Online, Inc. v. Payment Sys. Worldwide, 848 F. Supp. 2d 513, 527

(E.D. Pa. 2012); Lackner v. Glosser, 892 A.2d 21, 34 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2006) (“By its

nature, the doctrine of quasi-contract, or unjust enrichment, is inapplicable where a

written or express contract exists.”).

       Martin asserts two distinct claims of unjust enrichment. First, as an alternative to

the implied-in-fact contract claim, he seeks the same $1,640,000 for services provided

between December 2008 and April 2012. And, second, he seeks just under $4 million for

his apparently successful efforts to increase the amount realized by Snap-tite’s

5
       The Clarks also submit that the implied-in-fact contract should be dismissed for
two separate reasons: first, that the terms of Martin’s alleged contract are insufficiently
specific to enforce and, second, that the alleged contract is barred by Pennsylvania’s
Business and Corporation law, which requires that all contracts between a corporation
and its directors be disclosed and approved or ratified by the Board. Because we will
affirm the District Court’s dismissal of Martin’s implied-in-fact claim for the reasons
explained above, we need not reach these arguments.
                                            8
shareholders upon the sale to Parker Hannifin. Each claim fails for the same reason: he

was already compensated for the work performed.

       Martin was paid $32,000 per year for his Board service pursuant to an express

contract, which encompassed his service on the LRPC.            The sole purpose of that

Committee was to ready Snap-tite for sale, and he may not recover additional

compensation—$1,640,000 here—for the same services under an unjust enrichment

theory. See Herbst v. Gen. Accident Ins. Co., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15807, at *27 (E.D.

Pa. Sept. 30, 1999) (dismissing unjust enrichment claim for discretionary bonus where

the employee failed to show “that he did anything more than work to the best of his

abilities for [the] defendant as he was engaged to do”). It is also undisputed that Martin’s

then-employer, the Elderkin Firm, was compensated for Martin’s representation of Snap-

tite in connection with the Autoclave transaction and his representation of George Clark’s

estate regarding the stock redemption—i.e., the two areas of work he now argues give

rise to his $4 million unjust enrichment claim. See Hershey Foods Corp., 828 F.2d at

999-1000 (rejecting unjust enrichment claim brought by consulting firm because it was

already paid for the work under an express agreement).

       These undisputed facts are fatal to his unjust enrichment claims. Kia v. Imaging

Sciences Int’l, Inc., 735 F. Supp. 2d 256 (E.D. Pa. 2010), relied on by the District Court,

is instructive.   The plaintiff there was hired at a fixed salary, but claimed he was

promised that he would be compensated on “par” with the company’s five owners as the

company grew. Id. at 263. The company was later sold, and the plaintiff sued based on
                                             9
his dissatisfaction with the bonus received under a theory of unjust enrichment. The

court found that, even assuming his work “actually contributed to the increased value of

the company,” his claim must nonetheless fail because he had an express contract with

the company and its enrichment was therefore not unjust. Id. at 269. Significantly, the

plaintiff failed to show “that he provided the defendants with anything more than the

work he was hired to do.” Id.

       Such is the case here. The doctrine of unjust enrichment “does not apply simply

because the defendant may have benefited as a result of the actions of the plaintiff.” Id.

(quoting Styer v. Hugo, 736 A.2d 347, 350 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1993)). As the District Court

aptly found, “all the services Martin provided to Snap-tite were in his capacity as a Board

member for which he was paid, or in his capacity as an attorney with the Elderkin firm

for which he was paid through the law firm.”         (A23.)   Martin’s claims for unjust

enrichment cannot stand because an express contract governs that same relationship. He

could not have reasonably expected to share in the proceeds of Snap-tite’s ultimate sale

absent a separate agreement promising the same.

                                           V.

       The February 27, 2015 order of the District Court will be affirmed.




                                            10
