                                                                  FILED
                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                              Tenth Circuit

                                                            August 19, 2013
                                     PUBLISH              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                              Clerk of Court
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                             TENTH CIRCUIT



 CAROLINA CASUALTY
 INSURANCE COMPANY,

             Plaintiff - Counter-
             Defendant - Appellee,
       v.                                           No. 12-2110
 NANODETEX CORPORATION;
 ALAN P. SYLWESTER; ANGELO L.
 SALAMONE,

            Defendant - Counter-
            Claimants - Appellants,

      v.

 MONITOR LIABILITY MANAGERS,
 INC.,

            Counter-Defendant -
            Appellee.


        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
                 (D.C. NO. 6:09-CV-01183-JCH-RHS)


Maureen A. Sanders (Duff Westbrook with her on the briefs), Sanders &
Westbrook, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Defendants - Counter-Claimants
- Appellants.

George J. Manos, Lewis, Brisbois, Bigaard & Smith, LLP, Chicago, Illinois,
(Jeffrey A. Goldwater, Darcy Ibach, Robert A. Chaney of Lewis, Brisbois,
Bigaard & Smith, LLP, and Michael T. Pottow of Catron, Catron & Pottow, P.A.,
Santa Fe, New Mexico, with him on the brief), for Plaintiff - Counter-Defendants
- Appellees.


Before HARTZ, MCKAY, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.


HARTZ, Circuit Judge.


      A few years ago the New Mexico Supreme Court recognized a new tort

called “malicious abuse of process,” which subsumed the traditional causes of

action for malicious prosecution and abuse of process. Nanodetex Corporation

and two of its principals (the Insureds) were successfully sued for malicious

abuse of process. They then sought indemnification from Carolina Casualty

Insurance Company, which covered the Insureds under a management liability

policy (the Carolina Policy). Carolina denied the claim, relying on an exclusion

in the policy for losses arising from claims for “malicious prosecution.” It sought

a declaratory judgment that it was not liable for the damages arising from the

malicious-abuse-of-process judgment. On Carolina’s motion for summary

judgment, the district court agreed with Carolina and also rejected the Insureds’

counterclaims. The Insureds appeal.

      We reverse the declaratory judgment. We hold that the term malicious

prosecution in the exclusion does not encompass all claims of malicious abuse of

process, but only claims whose elements are essentially those of the common-law

cause of action for malicious prosecution. Because the judgment against the

                                        -2-
Insureds in the tort case was affirmed on appeal on a claim that was not

substantially the same as common-law malicious prosecution, the exclusion in the

Carolina Policy does not apply. We reverse the judgment below and remand for

reconsideration in light of our ruling on coverage.

I.     BACKGROUND

       In 2005 Nanodetex sued Sandia Corporation over a dispute about licensing

of what is called MicroChemLab technology. The day that Nanodetex announced

the suit, it learned information suggesting that Defiant Technologies also had an

arrangement with Sandia concerning the technology. Allan Schwartz, a

Nanodetex shareholder who had also been one of the company’s lawyers,

telephoned one of Defiant’s principals, Doug Adkins, to propose a merger

between Nanodetex and Defiant. When this proposal was refused, Schwartz

insinuated that the litigation would keep Defiant from exploiting the technology

for years. Soon thereafter, Nanodetex added Defiant and three of its principals as

defendants in the suit against Sandia. Citing the Schwartz conversation, Defiant

asserted several state-law counterclaims against the Insureds. The counterclaims

included malicious abuse of process and tortious interference with prospective

business relationships. The Insureds asked Carolina to pay for defending these

counterclaims. Carolina agreed to do so, but reserved its right to contest coverage

at a later time.




                                         -3-
        After all other claims in the case had been either settled or disposed of

through summary judgment, only Defiant’s counterclaims remained for trial. The

jury found for Defiant and awarded $1 million in compensatory damages on the

malicious-abuse-of-process counterclaim; $1 in nominal damages on the tortious-

interference counterclaim; and $1 million in punitive damages. The verdict form

did not specify whether the punitive damages were awarded on the malicious-

abuse counterclaim or the tortious-interference counterclaim. We affirmed on

appeal. See Nanodetex Corp. v. Defiant Techs., 349 F. App’x 312 (10th Cir.

2009)

        Carolina filed this action in the United States District Court for the District

of New Mexico in December 2009, invoking diversity jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332(a)(1). It sought a declaratory judgment that the Carolina Policy covered

neither the compensatory damages on Defiant’s malicious-abuse-of-process

counterclaim nor the punitive damages. Carolina relied on Section IV.D.3 of the

policy, which states:

              The Insurer shall not be liable to make any payment for Loss
        in connection with a Claim made against any Insured:

        ....

        . . . for:

        ....

         . . . invasion of privacy, wrongful entry, eviction, false arrest, false
        imprisonment, malicious prosecution, libel, slander, mental anguish,

                                            -4-
      humiliation, emotional distress, oral or written publication of
      defamatory or disparaging material . . . .

J. App., Vol. I at 44–45 (emphasis added). In light of this provision, Carolina

claimed that it had no duty to indemnify the Insureds for Defiant’s judgment. The

Insureds counterclaimed against Carolina and Monitor Liability Managers, Inc.

(the underwriting and claims manager for Carolina) for breach of the insurance

contract and the covenant of good faith and fair dealing; breach of fiduciary duty;

violation of the New Mexico Unfair Practices Act; and violation of the New

Mexico Insurance Code.

      Both sides moved for partial summary judgment on whether the Carolina

Policy covered the $1 million compensatory-damages award for malicious abuse

of process. The district court ruled that the term malicious prosecution in

Section IV.D.3 is ambiguous but that “the most reasonable interpretation . . . and

the one most likely in line with the expectations of the parties” is that the term

“includes claims brought for malicious abuse of process, and that such claims are

therefore excluded from coverage.” Id. at 366 (Memorandum Opinion & Order at

12, Carolina Cas. Ins. Co. v. Nanodetex Corp., Civ. No. 09-1183 JCH/RHS

(D.N.M. July 27, 2011)) (Memorandum I). Alternatively, the court ruled that

Defiant’s evidence could have satisfied the traditional elements of malicious

prosecution in New Mexico in any event. See id. at 366–68 (Memorandum I at




                                          -5-
12–14). It awarded partial summary judgment to Carolina. See id. at 368

(Memorandum I at 14).

      The district court later granted Carolina’s motion for summary judgment on

all remaining issues. See id., Vol. II at 754 (Memorandum Opinion & Order at

19, Carolina Cas. Ins. Co., Civ. No. 09-1183 JCH/RHS (D.N.M. July 2, 2012))

(Memorandum II). It ruled that the Carolina Policy did not cover the punitive

damages because the evidence clearly indicated that they were awarded for

malicious abuse of process rather than for tortious interference, and thus were

excluded under Section IV.D.3. See id. at 748–50 (Memorandum II at 13–15).

With respect to the Insureds’ counterclaims, the court noted that each

counterclaim rested on the same theory, bad-faith failure to settle, and it ruled

that an insurer’s liability for bad-faith failure to settle does not extend to any

portion of a judgment arising from a claim that the insurance policy does not

cover. See id. at 744–48 (Memorandum II at 9–13). And regardless, the court

ruled, the Insureds had failed to show factual support for their allegations of bad

faith. See id. at 753–54 (Memorandum II at 18–19). The court concluded that

Carolina’s liability was limited to the costs of defending the Defiant action plus

the $1 in nominal damages on Defiant’s tortious-interference counterclaim. See

id. at 754 (Memorandum II at 19).

      On appeal the Insureds argue (1) that the district court erred in ruling that

the Carolina Policy did not cover the damages award for malicious abuse of

                                          -6-
process; (2) that even if they are wrong on issue (1), the court erred in ruling that

the punitive damages were awarded for malicious abuse of process rather than

tortious interference and therefore were not covered; (3) that even if they are

wrong on issue (1), the court erred in ruling that under New Mexico law an

insurer’s liability for bad-faith failure to settle cannot extend to judgments on

noncovered claims; and (4) that the court erred in granting summary judgment on

the counterclaims against Carolina for lack of evidence of bad faith, a ground not

raised in Carolina’s motion for summary judgment. We agree with the Insureds

on the first issue, holding that the malicious-prosecution exclusion in the Carolina

Policy did not apply to the malicious-abuse-of-process judgment against the

Insureds. The second and third issues are therefore mooted. We also agree with

the Insureds on the fourth issue. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment below and

remand for further proceedings. We deny the Insureds’ motion to certify certain

issues to the New Mexico Supreme Court.

II.   DISCUSSION

      A.     Standard of Review

      “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,

applying the same standards that the district court should have applied.”

Sabourin v. Univ. of Utah, 676 F.3d 950, 957 (10th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation

marks omitted). “A grant of summary judgment is proper only if the record

shows no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to

                                          -7-
judgment as a matter of law.” Union Standard Ins. Co. v. Hobbs Rental Corp.,

566 F.3d 950, 952 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(c). Because the parties agree that New Mexico law governs the

construction of the Carolina Policy, our analysis of the policy will apply New

Mexico law. See Union Standard, 566 F.3d at 952 (adopting the parties’ shared

view of the governing law).

      B.    Coverage for Malicious Abuse of Process

      We begin with the text of the Carolina Policy itself. The clause at issue is

found in Part IV, which is titled “Exclusions.” J. App., Vol. I at 44. Part IV

provides that “[t]he Insurer shall not be liable to make any payment for Loss in

connection with a Claim made against any Insured” arising from a number of

specified circumstances. Id. Section D.3 lists the following claims among those

excluded from coverage: “invasion of privacy, wrongful entry, eviction, false

arrest, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, libel, slander, mental anguish,

humiliation, emotional distress, oral or written publication of defamatory or

disparaging material.” Id. at 45 (emphasis added). The policy’s definitions

section does not define these terms. Also worth noting is that the policy’s

coverage is not restricted to liability for conduct occurring in New Mexico; the

“Coverage Territory” provision of the policy states that it “applies to a Wrongful

Act . . . taking place anywhere in the world.” Id. at 49. Nor does anything in the

policy restrict coverage to suits in New Mexico courts. The policy contains no

                                        -8-
choice-of-law provision, except to say that when certain conditions are met,

coverage for noncompensatory damages will be determined under the law of the

jurisdiction most favorable to coverage.

      New Mexico law treats an insurance policy as an ordinary contract to be

construed according to customary principles of contract interpretation. See

Rummel v. Lexington Ins. Co., 945 P.2d 970, 976 (N.M. 1997). Thus, a policy

“must be construed as intended to be a complete and harmonious instrument

designed to accomplish a reasonable end.” Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., Inc. v.

McKenna, 565 P.2d 1033, 1037 (N.M. 1977). When policy terms “have a

common and ordinary meaning, that meaning controls in determining the intent of

the parties.” United Nuclear Corp. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 285 P.3d 644, 647 (N.M.

2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although the focus should be on the

expectations that the policy language would create in the mind of a reasonable

insured who has only a “limited knowledge of insurance law,” Battishill v.

Farmers Alliance Ins. Co., 127 P.3d 1111, 1114 (N.M. 2006) (internal quotation

marks omitted), the meaning of legal terms of art that are not part of common

speech is best determined by using legal sources, see Hinkle v. State Farm Fire &

Cas. Co., No. 31,707, slip op. at **14–16 (N.M. Ct. App. June 3, 2013) (the terms

malicious prosecution and abuse of process, when listed as covered claims in a

liability policy, unambiguously conveyed their legal definitions); cf. United

Nuclear, 285 P.3d at 650–52 (consulting Black’s Law Dictionary as aid in

                                           -9-
construing insurance policy). After all, a reasonable insured who saw a clearly

“legal” term in a policy would expect its meaning to be what lawyers make of it.

      At the same time, however, clauses excluding coverage must be narrowly

construed. “If the insurer urges an exclusion to coverage that the policy does not

clearly express, the courts will not write an exception into it by construction, for

the purpose of exempting the insurer from liability.” Rummel, 945 P.2d at 982

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      The term malicious prosecution in Section IV.D.3 of the Carolina Policy is

obvious legal jargon, a term that would rarely be heard in everyday speech. We

therefore look to its meaning in legal sources. That task is complicated, however,

by the New Mexico Supreme Court’s abandonment of the term eight years before

the Carolina Policy became effective. See DeVaney v. Thriftway Mktg. Corp., 953

P.2d 277 (N.M. 1997), overruled on other grounds by Durham v. Guest, 204 P.3d

19, 26 (N.M. 2009). The question addressed by the DeVaney court was whether

the trial court had erred in granting summary judgment to the defendant on two

separate claims under New Mexico law: one for malicious prosecution and the

other for abuse of process. See 953 P.2d at 280–81. The supreme court held that

the two causes of action should be restated as a new tort that encompassed both.

It began by reviewing the traditional elements of each claim. Malicious

prosecution, it explained, historically had consisted of “(1) the institution of civil

proceedings by the defendant; (2) malice; (3) a lack of probable cause; (4)

                                          -10-
termination of such proceedings in plaintiff’s favor; and (5) damages.” Id. at 282.

In contrast, abuse of process had consisted of “(1) the existence of an ulterior

motive; (2) an act using process other than that which would be proper in the

regular prosecution of the charge; and (3) damages.” Id. at 281–82.

      The court remarked that the two torts had “[s]teadily . . . become less

distinguishable,” largely because of “a commonality in their purpose and their

elements.” Id. at 282. In particular, it observed that “malicious prosecution

probably is better understood as a specific application of the more general tort of

abuse of process.” Id. at 283. And it noted that recent developments had “further

obscured the differences between these two torts.” Id. It concluded:

             Based on these similarities, we believe that there is no longer a
      principled reason for characterizing these two forms of misuse of
      process as separate causes of action. As a result, we conclude that
      these torts should be restated as a single cause of action, which shall
      be known as “malicious abuse of process,” and which shall be
      defined by the following elements: (1) the initiation of judicial
      proceedings against the plaintiff by the defendant; (2) an act by the
      defendant in the use of process other than such as would be proper in
      the regular prosecution of the claim; (3) a primary motive by the
      defendant in misusing the process to accomplish an illegitimate end;
      and (4) damages. In short, there must be both a misuse of the power
      of the judiciary by a litigant and a malicious motive.

Id. (citations omitted).

      DeVaney elaborated on the requirements for proving the new tort. It

explained that the second element, which it termed “misuse of process,” could be

established through one of “two independent means.” Id. at 285. The first would


                                         -11-
be to show that the defendant had filed an action against the plaintiff without

probable cause, historically an element of malicious prosecution. See id. at

285–86. The second means would be to show that the plaintiff had committed

“some irregularity or impropriety suggesting extortion, delay, or harassment,

conduct formerly actionable under the tort of abuse of process.” Id. at 287. The

court applied the label “[p]rocedural [i]mpropriety” to this second method of

proof. Id. All the examples of procedural impropriety it cited came from

authorities addressing abuse of process. See id. (citing Simon v. Navon, 71 F.3d

9, 15 (1st Cir. 1995); Richardson v. Rutherford, 787 P.2d 414, 421–22 (N.M.

1990); Farmers Gin Co. v. Ward, 389 P.2d 9, 11 (N.M. 1964); Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 682 cmt. b (1977)). A later New Mexico Supreme Court

decision reaffirmed that the two methods of proving misuse of process are

disjunctive: a plaintiff need not satisfy both to prevail on a malicious-abuse-of-

process claim. See Fleetwood Retail Corp. of N.M. v. LeDoux, 164 P.3d 31, 36

(N.M. 2007).

      Not surprisingly, the parties have relied on DeVaney in offering

diametrically opposed views of how to interpret the Carolina Policy’s exclusion

for claims of “malicious prosecution.” J. App., Vol. I at 45. The Insureds argue

that “malicious prosecution” in Section IV.D.3 cannot refer to a claim for

malicious abuse of process because “New Mexico law recognizes significant and

meaningful distinctions among three different torts: malicious prosecution, abuse

                                        -12-
of process, and malicious abuse of process.” Aplt. Br. at 16 (emphasis added).

They point out that Section IV.D.3 lists 12 excluded claims, among which

malicious prosecution appears but malicious abuse of process does not. Invoking

the interpretative canon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, they reason that

the policy did not exclude coverage of Defiant’s damages because malicious

abuse of process is not listed as an excluded claim.

      Carolina disagrees with the idea that malicious prosecution and malicious

abuse of process can be understood as separate torts in New Mexico after

DeVaney. Instead, it contends that “[u]nder New Mexico law as expressed in

DeVaney and its progeny, there is no distinction between the terms ‘malicious

prosecution’ and ‘malicious abuse of process.’” Aplee. Br. at 21 (emphasis

added). Thus, it argues, “[b]y including the term ‘malicious prosecution’ in

[Section IV.D.3], Carolina has, in effect, also included the term ‘malicious abuse

of process’ under New Mexico law.” Id. at 21–22.

      We disagree with both parties. Both go unreasonably far—in opposite

directions— in applying the malicious-prosecution exclusion to the present

context. Although it is clear that the common-law cause of action for malicious

prosecution is encompassed by malicious abuse of process, see Fleetwood, 164

P.3d at 35 (“In DeVaney, we created the tort of malicious abuse of process by

merging the formerly separate torts of malicious prosecution and abuse of

process.”), the Insureds think that because malicious prosecution and malicious

                                         -13-
abuse of process are not identical, an exclusion for malicious prosecution has no

effect in a jurisdiction that recognizes the broader tort. Carolina draws the

contrary inference, suggesting that since malicious prosecution is a type of

malicious abuse of process, an exclusion for the former has now expanded into an

exclusion for the latter. Each approach exalts nomenclature over substance. If a

jurisdiction were to decide to treat all common-law intentional torts under the

rubric of “intentional infliction of harm,” presumably the Insureds would argue

that no exclusion for a common-law intentional tort would have any further effect

in that jurisdiction; and presumably Carolina would argue that all intentional torts

are excluded in that jurisdiction so long as at least one is listed in an exclusion

provision. Neither argument gives a sensible meaning to the exclusion in the

Carolina Policy.

      It is worth keeping in mind that the Carolina Policy has a national scope. It

covers wrongful acts and lawsuits throughout the United States (and perhaps

beyond). If labels rather than substance were the governing interpretative

principle, then the term malicious prosecution would have no application in those

states that use a different term to describe essentially the same tort. See, e.g.,

Somers v. Chan, 955 A.2d 667, 686–87 (Conn. App. Ct. 2008) (“vexatious

litigation”); One Thousand Fleet Ltd. P’ship v. Guerriero, 694 A.2d 952, 955–56

(Md. 1997) (“malicious use of process”); LoBiondo v. Schwartz, 970 A.2d 1007,

1022–23 (N.J. 2009) (“malicious use of process”); Gilbert v. Ince, 981 P.2d 841,

                                          -14-
845–46 (Utah 1999) (“wrongful use of civil proceedings”); Restatement (Second)

of Torts § 674 (1977) (“wrongful civil proceedings”); W. Page Keeton et al.,

Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 120 (5th ed. 1984) (“Wrongful Civil

Proceedings”).

      We think it clear that the term malicious prosecution in the Carolina Policy

is a legal term of art that refers to a claim based on substantially the same

elements as the traditional tort, regardless of the particular label under which the

claim is pleaded. Such an interpretation works in a consistent manner in all

jurisdictions in which the policy may operate and preserves the substance of the

insurer/insured relationship without regard to semantic distinctions that have no

relevance to the protection sought and offered through an insurance policy.

      Accordingly, the Carolina Policy’s exclusion for claims of malicious

prosecution applies only to a claim that requires proof of essentially the elements

required to prove common-law malicious prosecution. Those elements are well-

understood. Black’s Law Dictionary states them as “(1) the initiation or

continuation of a lawsuit; (2) lack of probable cause; (3) malice; and (4) favorable

termination of the lawsuit.” Black’s Law Dictionary 977 (8th ed. 2004). The

Restatement defines wrongful use of civil proceedings as (1) “the initiation,

continuation, or procurement of civil proceedings against another,” (2) lack of

probable cause, (3) a primary purpose “other than that of securing the proper

adjudication of the claim in which the proceedings are based,” and (4) termination

                                         -15-
of the proceedings “in favor of the person against whom they are brought.”

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 674. And the description of malicious

prosecution in DeVaney is similar. See 953 P.2d at 282. If the judgment against

the Insureds on the malicious-abuse-of-process claim did not require proof of

essentially these elements, then the exclusion does not apply.

      Determining the basis of an underlying claim for purposes of liability-

insurance coverage can be challenging. Normally, when a liability insurer seeks

to show that all or part of the underlying judgment against the insured was based

on a noncovered claim, the analysis must focus on “the factual and legal grounds

on which the prior judgment was entered.” 2 Allan D. Windt, Insurance Claims

and Disputes: Representation of Insurance Companies and Insureds § 6:26, at

6-221 (5th ed. 2007). The inquiry may be a matter of looking at the jury

instructions, see, e.g., Magnum Foods, Inc. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 36 F.3d 1491,

1499 (10th Cir. 1994), or perhaps other materials such as pleadings, written

opinions, and trial transcripts, see 2 Windt, supra, § 6:26, at 6-222.

      Here, however, our task is simple. The matter is resolved by a prior

decision of this court in the underlying litigation. When the Insureds appealed

the Defiant judgment, they challenged whether the evidence was sufficient to

satisfy the second element of malicious abuse of process—that is, misuse of

process. See Nanodetex Corp., 349 F. App’x at 317. In an unpublished

disposition, we noted that misuse of process could be satisfied by proving either

                                         -16-
that the Insureds had filed a complaint without probable cause or that they had

committed some “irregularity or impropriety suggesting extortion, delay, or

harassment.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). After observing that Defiant

had “proceeded on both of these misuse theories before the jury,” id. at 317, we

affirmed on the ground that the evidence had been sufficient to support the second

theory, procedural impropriety, see id. at 318–19. 1 Thus, the only reason the

Insureds had to pay the judgment against them is that we held that the judgment

could be sustained by a jury finding that the second theory had been proved.

Because proof of lack of probable cause—an essential element of malicious

prosecution—was not necessary for our decision, the exclusion in the Carolina

Policy does not apply.

      To be sure, our prior decision did not rule out the possibility that the jury’s

verdict was also based on Nanodetex’s claim that the complaint was filed without

probable cause—a traditional malicious-prosecution claim. An award based on


      1
        Carolina suggests that the opinion also addressed probable cause. It cites
our statement that “Nanodetex did not take care with the allegations in its
complaint, alleging that Defiant had entered into an agreement with Sandia
concerning the commercial exploitation of MicroChemLab technology when it
had not.” Nanodetex Corp. v. Defiant Techs., 349 F. App’x 312, 319 (10th Cir.
2009). But Carolina takes this statement out of context. We were discussing not
whether Nanodetex had filed its complaint with probable cause, but whether its
conduct amounted to a procedural impropriety. Indeed, our very next sentence
was: “On this view of the facts, Nanodetex’s actions reflect the sort of ‘extortive’
use of legal process proscribed in [New Mexico case law]—an illicit use of
process not for its intended purpose, but as a means to secure an ulterior end.” Id.
Probable cause was never analyzed in our order and judgment.

                                        -17-
such a claim would be excluded under the Carolina Policy. Ordinarily, when a

damages award could be based on both a covered theory of liability and an

excluded theory, the court must allocate the damages between the two theories (or

rule against the party with the burden of persuasion on the issue when

apportionment is impossible). See 2 Windt, supra, § 6:26, at 6-224 to -225; id.

§ 6:27, at 6-227 to -232. For example, in an action by a woman who, along with

her husband, was a victim of an automobile accident, the extent of coverage may

depend on how much of the general verdict for the woman was for wrongful death

of her husband, how much for her personal injuries, and how much for property

damage. See Morris v. W. States Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 268 F.2d 790 (7th Cir.

1959).

         Such apportionment is not necessary or appropriate, however, in the

circumstances of this case. Although there were two theories of liability, they

were based on a single injury, the litigation against Defiant, and our prior

decision affirmed the award of all the damages against the Insureds on the

covered theory of this claim. Any damages awarded under an excluded

malicious-prosecution theory of liability would therefore have to have been

totally duplicative; it would have been for all or a part of the same damages.

Because no element of the damages award could have been solely attributable to

the excluded theory of liability, coverage must be extended to the full amount of

the damages, and no burden of allocation exists. See In re Feature Realty Litig.,

                                         -18-
634 F. Supp. 2d 1163, 1173 (E.D. Wash. 2007) (“As it has not been demonstrated

that any element of damage is solely attributable to the non-covered cause of

action, there is no reasonable basis for allocation.”); see also U.S. Steel Corp. v.

Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 511 F.2d 96, 99 (7th Cir. 1975) (“[W]here the

facts are such that an insured’s liability exists on one theory as well as another

and one of them brings the liability within coverage, we think the insured may

avail himself of the insurance protection.” (footnote omitted)); Aetna Cas. & Sur.

Co. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 136 A.D.2d 246, 248 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)

(same).

      We are confident that the New Mexico Supreme Court would adopt that

same view. Accordingly, we hold that the district court should have awarded

partial summary judgment to the Insureds on Carolina’s claim that the policy

excluded coverage of the malicious-abuse-of-process judgment.

      C.     Remaining Issues

      The district court’s grant of summary judgment to Carolina on the Insureds’

counterclaims rested principally on the premise that the exclusion for claims of

“malicious prosecution” in Section IV.D.3 barred coverage of the award against

the Insureds on Defiant’s malicious-abuse-of-process counterclaim. Because we

hold that the award for malicious abuse of process was not an excluded loss, that

ground for judgment cannot stand. As an alternative ground for judgment,

however, the district court also ruled that the Insureds had failed to produce

                                         -19-
evidence of Carolina’s bad faith. The Insureds contend that this ruling was

improper because Carolina had not raised the issue in its summary-judgment

pleadings so the Insureds had not had an opportunity to respond. Carolina has not

disputed that contention in its brief on appeal, and our review of the record

confirms what the Insureds say. Therefore, we must set aside the summary

judgment against the Insureds on their counterclaims and remand for further

proceedings.

III.   CONCLUSION

       We REVERSE summary judgment for Carolina on all claims and

counterclaims, and we REMAND for further proceedings. We DENY the

Insureds’ unelaborated request for attorney fees on appeal. See FDIC v. Daily,

973 F.2d 1525, 1532 n.8 (10th Cir. 1992). We DENY the Insureds’ motion to

certify questions of state law to the New Mexico Supreme Court.




                                        -20-
