                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS


                                               Nos. 118,673
                                                    118,674
                                                    118,675

                                            STATE OF KANSAS,
                                                Appellee,

                                                      v.

                                        KEVIN COIL COLEMAN,
                                             Appellant.


                                   SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
        Interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which appellate courts have
unlimited review.


2.
        Generally, a statute operates prospectively unless there is clear language indicating
the Legislature intended it to operate retrospectively.


        Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed December 14,
2018. Appeal from Saline District Court; RENE S. YOUNG, judge. Opinion filed April 10, 2020. Judgment
of the Court of Appeals reversing the district court is affirmed. Judgment of the district court is reversed,
and the case is remanded with directions.


        Kai Tate Mann, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause, and Christina M. Kerls,
of the same office, was on the brief for appellant.


        Anna M. Jumpponen, assistant county attorney, argued the cause, and Ellen Mitchell, county
attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with her on the brief for appellee.

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The opinion of the court was delivered by


       GREEN, J.: The State moved to revoke Kevin Coil Coleman's probation in January
2017 for failure to report. The Kansas Legislature enacted K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(9)(B), effective July 1, 2017, which permitted a trial court to revoke a
probationer's probation without first imposing graduated sanctions if the probation was
granted as the result of a dispositional departure. See L. 2017, ch. 92 § 8. Coleman was
arrested and his probation, which had been granted as a dispositional departure, was later
revoked at a hearing on November 1, 2017. A majority of the Court of Appeals
determined that the trial court could not revoke Coleman's probation without first
imposing intermediate sanctions and remanded to the trial court. Because we hold that
K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(B) does not apply to probationers such as Coleman
whose offenses were committed before that statute's effective date, we remand for a new
probation violation hearing with directions.


                                          FACTS


       On May 23, 2013, police arrested Coleman for unlawful possession of a controlled
substance. Coleman pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a controlled substance in
Saline County case 13CR518 on October 31, 2013. Although Coleman's criminal history
score of B would have meant presumptive imprisonment, the trial court granted a
downward dispositional departure to 12 months' probation with an underlying 34-month
prison term. On June 21, 2014, police arrested Coleman for unlawful possession of a
controlled substance. And on July 7, 2015, Coleman pleaded no contest to the new charge
of unlawful possession of a controlled substance in Saline County case 14CR674.


       For the 14CR674 case, the trial court sentenced Coleman to a 34-month prison
term. Coleman also pleaded no contest to aggravated failure to appear in Saline County

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case 15CR142. For this case, the trial court sentenced Coleman to a 10-month prison
term. The trial court granted Coleman's request for a dispositional departure to 12
months' probation in both the 14CR674 and 15CR142 cases. In the 2013 case, the trial
court extended Coleman's probation for 12 months.


       At a later revocation hearing, the trial court ordered a jail sanction of 45 days
under K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(11), after which Coleman would be reinstated on
probation in all three cases for 12 months. Coleman was released from his jail sanction on
October 30, 2016, and did not report to his supervising probation officer. He instead
called his probation officer and scheduled a meeting for November 17, 2016, but he
failed to attend that meeting. His probation officer had no other contact with Coleman.


       On January 19, 2017, the State moved to revoke Coleman's probation in all three
cases for failure to report. A probation revocation hearing was held in all three cases on
November 1, 2017. At the hearing, Coleman stipulated that he had violated his probation
by failing to report to his probation officer. The State requested that Coleman's probation
be revoked and that he be ordered to serve his underlying sentences. The State
maintained that the trial court did not need to impose intermediate sanctions because
Coleman's probation was granted as the result of dispositional departures.


       Coleman argued that the trial court did not have the authority to bypass the
intermediate sanctions because he had committed all of his original crimes of conviction
before the enactment of the July 1, 2017 amendment, which provided the dispositional
departure exception to the graduated sanction scheme. Coleman asked the trial court to
impose intermediate sanctions because "the change of law which allowed for
dispositional departures to be immediately revoked upon first appearance in front of the
Court on a probation violation" did not apply retrospectively.




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       The trial court ruled that because Coleman's probation had been granted as the
result of dispositional departures, it had the authority to revoke Coleman's probation and
impose the underlying sentences without first imposing intermediate sanctions. The trial
court ran the 2013 and 2014 case sentences consecutive, but ran the sentence from
Coleman's 2015 case concurrent with the 2013 and 2014 sentences, resulting in a total
sentence of 68 months. Coleman timely appealed. A majority of the Court of Appeals
reversed and remanded, holding that the trial court erred in applying K.S.A. 2017 Supp.
22-3716(c)(9)(B) retrospectively. State v. Coleman, No. 118,673, 2018 WL 6580094
(Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished opinion).


       This court granted the State's timely petition for review under K.S.A. 20-3018(b),
obtaining jurisdiction under K.S.A. 60-2101(b).


                                        ANALYSIS


Did the Court of Appeals err by holding K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(B) does
not operate retrospectively?


       Standard of Review


       Where the issue is the propriety of the sanction imposed by the trial court for a
probationer's violation of the terms and conditions of probation, the standard of review is
an abuse of discretion. State v. Hurley, 303 Kan. 575, 580, 363 P.3d 1095 (2016).
Nevertheless, to the extent Coleman's appeal involves interpreting K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-
3716, interpreting a sentencing statute is a question of law over which this court has
unlimited review. State v. Collins, 303 Kan. 472, 473-74, 362 P.3d 1098 (2015).




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          Discussion


          In its petition, the State argues that the Legislature intended K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(9)(B) to operate retroactively. Coleman argues that subsection (c)(9)(B) does not
apply to him because the Legislature did not intend for (c)(9)(B) to apply to probationers
whose crimes of conviction were committed before the enactment of this subsection. In
the alternative, Coleman argues that (c)(9)(B) should not apply to him because retroactive
application of this subsection to probationers whose offenses were committed before
(c)(9)(B)'s effective date would violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of the United States
Constitution.


          Subsection (c)(9)(B) was enacted as a part of K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716, which
states:


                  "(c)(1) Except as otherwise provided, if the original crime of conviction was a
          felony, other than a felony specified in K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 21-6804(i), and amendments
          thereto, and a violation is established, the court may impose the following sanctions:


                          (A) Continuation or modification of the release conditions of the
                  probation, assignment to a community correctional services program, suspension
                  of sentence or nonprison sanction;


                          (B) continuation or modification of the release conditions of the
                  probation, assignment to a community correctional services program, suspension
                  of sentence or nonprison sanction and an intermediate sanction of confinement in
                  a county jail to be imposed as a two-day or three-day consecutive period. The
                  total of all such sanctions imposed pursuant to the subparagraph and subsections
                  (b)(4)(A) and (b)(4)(B) shall not exceed 18 total days during the term of
                  supervision;




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        (C) if the violator already had at least one intermediate sanction imposed
pursuant to subsection (b)(4)(A), (b)(4)(B) or (c)(1)(B) related to the crime for
which the original supervision was imposed, continuation or modification of the
release conditions of the probation, assignment to community correctional
services program, suspension of sentence or nonprison sanction and remanding
the defendant to the custody of the secretary of corrections for a period of 120
days, subject to a reduction of up to 60 days in the discretion of the secretary.
This sanction shall not be imposed more than once during the term of
supervision. The sanction imposed pursuant to this subparagraph shall begin
upon pronouncement by the court and shall not be served by prior confinement
credit, except as provided in subsection (c)(7);


        (D) if the violator already had a sanction imposed pursuant to subsection
(b)(4)(A), (b)(4)(B), (c)(1)(B) or (c)(1)(C) related to the crime for which the
original supervision was imposed, continuation or modification of the release
conditions of the probation, assignment to a community correctional services
program, suspension of sentence or nonprison sanction and remanding the
defendant to the custody of the secretary of corrections for a period of 180 days,
subject to a reduction of up to 90 days in the discretion of the secretary. This
sanction shall not be imposed more than once during the term of supervision. The
sanction imposed pursuant to this subparagraph shall begin upon pronouncement
by the court and shall not be served by prior confinement credit, except as
provided in subsection (c)(7); or


        (E) if the violator already had a sanction imposed pursuant to subsection
(c)(1)(C) or (c)(1)(D) related to the crime for which the original supervision was
imposed, revocation of the probation, assignment to a community corrections
services program, suspension of sentence or nonprison sanction and requiring
such violator to serve the sentence imposed, or any lesser sentence and, if
imposition of sentence was suspended, imposition of any sentence which might
originally have been imposed.




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               "(2) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (c)(3), (c)(8) and (c)(9), no
       offender for whom a violation of conditions of release or assignment or a nonprison
       sanction has been established as provided in this section shall be required to serve any
       time for the sentence imposed or which might originally have been imposed in a state
       facility in the custody of the secretary of corrections for such violation, unless such
       person has already had at least one prior assignment to a community correctional services
       program related to the crime for which the original sentence was imposed.


               ....


               "(9) The court may revoke the probation, assignment to a community
       correctional services program, suspension of sentence or nonprison sanction of an
       offender pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(E) without having previously imposed a sanction
       pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(B), (c)(1)(C) or (c)(1)(D) if:


                        (A) The court finds and sets forth with particularity the reasons for
               finding that the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized or that the
               welfare of the offender will not be served by such sanction; or


                        (B) the probation, assignment to a community correctional services
               program, suspension of sentence or nonprison sanction was originally granted as
               the result of a dispositional departure granted by the sentencing court pursuant to
               K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 21-6815, and amendments thereto.


               ....


               "(12) The violation sanctions provided in this subsection shall apply to any
       violation of conditions of release or assignment or a nonprison sanction occurring on and
       after July 1, 2013, regardless of when the offender was sentenced for the original crime
       or committed the original crime for which sentenced."


See L. 2017, ch. 92, § 8.




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       The Legislature added (c)(12) in 2014, indicating the violation sanctions in
subsection (c) would apply to violations occurring on or after July 1, 2013. See L. 2014,
ch. 102, § 8; see also State v. Battle, 52 Kan. App. 2d 149, 151, 363 P.3d 424 (2015).
Then, K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(B) became effective on July 1, 2017, allowing a
trial court to revoke a probationer's probation without first imposing graduated sanctions
if the probation was originally granted as a dispositional departure. Subsection (c)(9)(B)
does not contain any retroactivity language.


       "Generally, a statute operates prospectively unless there is clear language
indicating the legislature intended it to operate retrospectively." State v. Corbin, 305 Kan.
619, 625, 386 P.3d 513 (2016); Brennan v. Kansas Insurance Guaranty Ass'n, 293 Kan.
446, 460, 264 P.3d 102 (2011). When it was adopted, the language of (c)(12) operated as
an effective date provision for the graduated sanctions statutory amendment enacted in
2013. See State v. Kurtz, 51 Kan. App. 2d 50, 56, 340 P.3d 509 (2014). Subsection
(c)(12) did not express an intent for subsection (c)(9)(B) to operate retrospectively
because (c)(9)(B) did not then exist. Subsection (c)(9)(B) was not adopted until July 1,
2017. Thus, (c)(12) is an effective date provision which cannot function as "clear
language indicating the legislature intended" (c)(9)(B) to operate retrospectively. Corbin,
305 Kan. at 625.


       Thus, we hold that the K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(B) exception, which
allows a trial court to revoke a probationer's probation without first imposing graduated
sanctions if the probation was granted as a result of a dispositional departure, applies only
to probationers whose offenses or crimes of conviction occurred on or after July 1, 2017.
Coleman's offenses or crimes of conviction were all committed before July 1, 2017. As a
result, subsection K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(B) does not apply to him.




                                               8
       We affirm the Court of Appeals decision and remand Coleman's cases involving
offenses or crimes of conviction occurring on or after July 1, 2013 and before July 1,
2017, to the trial court for a new probation violation hearing with directions to apply the
law in effect when Coleman committed his offenses or crimes of convictions.
       Judgment of the Court of Appeals reversing the district court is affirmed.
Judgment of the district court is reversed, and the case is remanded with directions.


       HENRY W. GREEN, JR., J., assigned.1
       STEVE LEBEN, J., assigned. 2




1
 REPORTER'S NOTE: Judge Green, of the Kansas Court of Appeals, was appointed to
hear case No. 118,673, 118,674, and 118,675 vice Justice Johnson under the authority
vested in the Supreme Court by K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 20-3002(c) to fill the vacancy on the
court by the retirement of Justice Lee A. Johnson.

²REPORTER'S NOTE: Judge Leben, of the Kansas Court of Appeals, was appointed
to hear case No. 118,673, 118,674, and 118,675 vice Chief Justice Nuss under the
authority vested in the Supreme Court by K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 20-3002(c) to fill the
vacancy on the court by the retirement of Chief Justice Lawton R. Nuss.


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