                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                             FILED
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          JUN 28 2018
                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DAIN SANSOME; et al.,                             No.    16-35724

                 Plaintiffs-Appellants,           D.C. No. 6:15-cv-02267-AA

 v.
                                                  MEMORANDUM*
GLENN FAIRALL; et al.,

                 Defendants-Appellees.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Oregon
                      Ann L. Aiken, District Judge, Presiding

                              Submitted May 17, 2018**
                                 Portland, Oregon

Before: TASHIMA, McKEOWN, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.

      Dain Sansome and his minor children (collectively, “the Sansomes”) appeal

the district court’s denial of reconsideration and dismissal of their civil rights

claims against detective Glenn Fairall and the City of Albany. We review de novo




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
the district court’s statute of limitations rulings.1 Orr v. Bank of Am., NT & SA,

285 F.3d 764, 779–80 (9th Cir. 2002). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and

remand with instructions to appoint a representative for the minor children.

      1. As a preliminary matter, we may review the district court’s dismissal

order even though the notice of appeal references only the district court’s denial of

reconsideration. The Sansomes’ opening brief gave defendants sufficient notice

that they also intended to appeal the dismissal order, and because defendants

responded to the Sansomes’ arguments challenging the dismissal of their claims,

defendants are not prejudiced by our review of the dismissal order. See Barnes v.

Sea Haw. Rafting, LLC, 889 F.3d 517, 535 n.14 (9th Cir. 2018).

      2. (a) The two-year statute of limitations, Oregon Revised Statutes

§ 12.110, which applies to these claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, see

Bonneau v. Centennial Sch. Dist. No. 28J, 666 F.3d 577, 580 (9th Cir. 2012), does

not bar Dain Sansome’s claim that Fairall violated his due process rights by

investigating and prosecuting him while Fairall knew or should have known that he

was innocent. The complaint, filed in December 2015, alleges a continuing

violation in the form of a “continuing . . . criminal investigation and criminal


1
 Although we review the district court’s denial of reconsideration for abuse of
discretion, Kona Enterprises, Inc. v. Estate of Bishop, 229 F.3d 877, 883 (9th Cir.
2000), “[t]he abuse-of-discretion standard includes review to determine that the
discretion was not guided by erroneous legal conclusions,” Koon v. United States,
518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996).

                                          2
prosecution.” This claim is similar to a malicious prosecution claim, which “does

not accrue until the plaintiff is acquitted.” RK Ventures, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 307

F.3d 1045, 1060 n.11 (9th Cir. 2002). Accordingly, this claim did not accrue until

Sansome was acquitted of all criminal charges in December 2013, which is within

the two-year limitations period.

      (b) Assuming for purposes of appeal that Sansome’s Sixth Amendment

retaliatory prosecution claim is cognizable, it similarly alleges a continuing

violation that did not stop until he was acquitted. Thus, Sansome’s Sixth

Amendment claim also accrued in December 2013 and is not time-barred.

      (c) The statute of limitations bars Sansome’s claim that Fairall violated his

due process rights by falsifying interview transcripts and presenting them as

accurate transcripts to his superiors in November 2011. These alleged unlawful

actions constitute “discrete acts,” not a continuing violation. Pouncil v. Tilton, 704

F.3d 568, 583 (9th Cir. 2012). At most, the complaint alleges that Fairall’s

subsequent investigation and prosecution of Sansome was a “continuing impact” of

the prior discrete acts. Knox v. Davis, 260 F.3d 1009, 1013–14 (9th Cir. 2001).

Accordingly, this claim accrued in November 2011 and the limitations period

expired in November 2013, prior to the filing of the complaint.

      (d) We do not consider whether Sansome’s putative claim against the City

pursuant to Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978), is barred by the


                                           3
statute of limitations. Sansome did not argue before the district court that the

complaint alleged a timely Monell claim, and the district court did not consider the

issue. Therefore, the issue is waived on appeal. United States v. Crowell, 9 F.3d

1452, 1453 (9th Cir. 1993). In addition, the district court did not err in failing to

address any potential Monell claim sua sponte when dismissing the case and

denying reconsideration. Cf. Ghazali v. Moran, 46 F.3d 52, 54 (9th Cir. 1995).

      3. (a) The two-year statute of limitations bars Sansome’s claim that Fairall

violated his Fourteenth Amendment right to family association by restricting his

contact with his children. This claim accrued when Sansome’s contact with his

children was restricted in November 2011. The ongoing restriction that followed is

best characterized as the “continuing impact” of the initial restriction rather than a

continuing violation. Knox, 260 F.3d at 1013–14.

      (b) The statute of limitations does not bar the minor children’s claims that

Fairall violated their Fourteenth Amendment right to family association. For

minors’ section 1983 claims, we apply Oregon Revised Statutes § 12.160, which

tolls the general two-year limitations period for five years or until the minors turn

nineteen years old, whichever occurs first. Bonneau, 666 F.3d at 580. The

Sansome children were aged one, three, and six when their contact with their father

was restricted in November 2011. Thus, the limitations period for their claims was

tolled until November 2018, and so their claims were timely filed in December


                                           4
2015. Furthermore, the district court erred in dismissing the children’s claims with

prejudice without first appointing a representative or “next friend” to represent

them. See Johns v. Cty. of San Diego, 114 F.3d 874, 878 (9th Cir. 1997); Fed. R.

Civ. P. 17(c)(2).

      Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part the district court’s orders

dismissing the case and denying reconsideration. We remand for further

proceedings consistent with this disposition, with instructions to appoint an

appropriate representative for the minor children in advance of such proceedings.2

      AFFIRMED in part; REVERSED in part; REMANDED with

instructions. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.




2
 Because we do not decide whether the Sansomes have pled cognizable claims, or
whether they have sufficiently alleged facts to support such claims, the district
court may consider these questions in the first instance on remand.

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