                                                                        FILED
                                                                      MAY 21, 2020
                                                             In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                            WA State Court of Appeals Division III




         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                            DIVISION THREE

In re the Marriage of:                        )
                                              )      No. 35888-7-III
JERRIE RENEE KULESZA,                         )
                                              )
                     Respondent,              )
                                              )
       and                                    )      UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                              )
KONRAD PATRICK KULESZA,                       )
                                              )
                     Appellant.               )

       FEARING, J. — Konrad Kulesza appeals the dissolution court’s finding that he

violated the dissolution decree. We affirm.

                                        FACTS

       Jerrie Renee Kuleza n/k/a “Jerrie Bee Anthony” and Konrad Kulesza married in

August 2010 and separated in February 2015, when Anthony filed for a marital

dissolution. Kulesza worked as a nuclear engineer. The couple bore two children.
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       At the time of separation, Jerrie Anthony accused Konrad Kulesza of assaulting

her. Kulesza denied the assault. He contends the false accusation led to financial

difficulties and undue sympathy toward Anthony from the dissolution court.

       Konrad Kulesza claims that, after the separation and on March 25, 2015, he retired

an Equiline line of credit that encumbered the family’s Richland home. He presented the

dissolution court no evidence of such payment. On appeal, Kulesza identifies the amount

paid as $17,923.31, but he does not cite to the record to confirm this figure. The parties

borrowed other funds on a line of credit against the home.

       On April 23, 2015, the dissolution court entered a temporary order of child support

and spousal maintenance that directed Konrad Kulesza to monthly pay $500 in spousal

support and $1,200 in child support. CP 96-97. The court also awarded Jerrie Anthony

temporary custody of the family residence and ordered Kulesza to pay the monthly

mortgage on the home.

       According to Konrad Kulesza, the stress caused by the the marital dissolution and

difficulty in visiting his children impacted his physical and mental health. As a result, he

absented himself for many days from employment. His absences either led to his

dismissal or resignation from employment on August 27, 2015. Jerrie Anthony then

obtained employment, and Kulesza cared for the children during Anthony’s work hours.

Kulesza later gained employment and subsequently lost that position.



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       On August 19, 2015 and before Konrad Kulesza’s first cessation in employment,

Jerrie Anthony and Kulesza mediated a resolution as to the division of assets and debts.

On December 18, 2015, the parties reached an agreement toward a parenting plan. The

parties did not sign any settlement agreement, however, until February 1, 2016. The

settlement agreement, captioned CR 2A Mediated Agreement, read in part:

              Wife shall be awarded [one hundred percent] of husband’s
       VanGuard IRA Retirement Plan with the agreement that she will be
       responsible for payment of all the taxes on the distribution and the
       community debt that is to be paid from a portion of the IRA proceeds.
       Upon final decree of dissolution being entered and a subsequent QDRO
       being completed, wife shall withdraw from the IRA account a minimum of
       $70,000 in order to pay the outstanding community debts of the parties. A
       comprehensive list shall be updated and attached to this agreement. These
       debts must be paid as soon as possible and no later than one month from the
       date of completion of the QDRO. Any remaining funds shall be released to
       wife. This agreement is based upon acknowledgement that wife shall
       require these funds to get started out on her own. In exchange, wife agrees
       that she will not file a notice of intended relocation away from the Tri-cities
       area for a period of at least (3) three years from the date the final decree
       dissolution is entered.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 227 (emphasis added). On appeal, Konrad Kulesza blames the

delay in the signing of settlement agreement on Jerrie Anthony, but cites to no facts in the

record supporting this contention.

       On February 3, 2016, the trial court entered the parties’ agreed dissolution decree.

The decree attached and incorporated the February 1 settlement agreement. The

dissolution decree awarded Konrad Kulesza the family home in Richland and obligated

him to pay the mortgage and the home equity line of credit loan associated with the

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property. With the entry of the decree, Kulesza did not pay spousal maintenance, but

paid $1,000 per month for child support.

      Between the time of the mediation and the entry of the divorce decree, Konrad

Kulesza withdrew an unidentified sum from the VanGuard IRA retirement account.

After the entry of the decree, Konrad Kulesza invaded the VanGuard IRA account five

times before he assigned the account to Jerrie Anthony. The first two postdecree

withdrawals occurred respectively on February 9 and 23, 2016. The five withdrawals

amounted to $82,978. A portion of this amount went to income taxes resulting in

Kulesza receiving a net sum of $58,096. CP 551; RP 209.

      From the withdrawals from the VanGuard IRA retirement account, Konrad

Kulesza paid community debts of $17,380. RP 209. Thus, Kulesza pocketed $40,716.

He could have paid additional community debits, including a debt to U.S. Bank in the

amount of $4,450 and a debt owed to Citibank in the sum of $1,230, but he chose

otherwise.

      On February 12, 2016, Jerrie Anthony signed a qualified domestic relations order

(QDRO) as required under the parties’ agreement and the dissolution decree so that the

holder of the VanGuard IRA retirement account would assign the account to Anthony.

Konrad Kulesza told her she must pay $300 for the QDRO to be prepared, and, on

February 12, she went to Kulesza’s attorney’s office and paid the sum. The trial court

entered the QDRO on April 14, 2016.

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                                       PROCEDURE

       As a result of Konrad Kulesza’s withdrawal of funds from the VanGuard IRA

retirement account, Jerrie Anthony filed a motion to enforce the 2016 decree of

dissolution. In response, Konrad Kulesza argued that the settlement agreement was

ambiguous. He further argued that Jerrie Anthony delayed entry of the QDRO such that

he needed to invade the VanGuard IRA account. The delay left him floundering in

community debt payments, and he needed the funds from the IRA account to pay

community debt. He claimed he informed Anthony that he needed the funds to pay debts

and that he was taking the money.

       In response to Jerrie Anthony’s motion, Konrad Kulesza further asked to receive

credit, from the amounts he withdrew from the VanGuard IRA retirement account, for

payment of a cell phone bill and car insurance premiums because the payments benefited

Jerrie Anthony. He also sought credit for retiring the Equiline home equity line of credit

on March 25, 2015, a month after the parties separated.

       After reviewing evidence and entertaining argument, the dissolution court entered

findings of fact. Finding of fact 3 read in part:

               The parties attended mediation in August 2015 and executed a CR
       2A agreement signed February 1, 2016. The CR 2A agreement was
       attached and incorporated into the Decree of Dissolution which was signed
       by the court on February 3, 2016. Attached to the CR 2A agreement and
       Decree was a list of community assets and debts, with a total of 11 debts
       listed for Petitioner to pay with a total of approximately $26,000.00.


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              The CR 2A agreement incorporated into the Decree states that in
      part that:
                      Wife shall be awarded 100% of Husband’s Vanguard
              IRA Retirement Plan with the agreement that she will be
              responsible for payment of all taxes on the distribution and
              the community debt that is to be paid from a portion of the
              IRA proceeds. Upon a final decree of dissolution being
              entered and a subsequent QDRO being completed, wife shall
              withdraw from the IRA account a minimum of $70,000.00 in
              order to pay the outstanding community debts of the parties.
              A comprehensive list shall be updated and attached to this
              agreement. These debts must be paid as soon as possible and
              no later than one month from the date of completion of the
              QDRO. Any remaining funds shall be released to wife[....]
      Decree at 9. Mr. Kulesza withdrew money six days after the Decree was
      entered and again two weeks later. He made a total of five withdraws after
      the Decree was entered and before the account was turned over to Ms.
      Anthony.
              After the Decree was entered, a Qualified Domestic Relations Order
      (“QDRO”) was signed by Ms. Anthony on February 12, 2016. Mr. Kulesza
      demanded that Ms. Anthony pay $300.00 to get the QDRO prepared and
      Ms. Anthony paid $300.00 to Mr. Kulesza’s attorney’s office. The QDRO
      was entered with the court on April 14, 2016, approximately two months
      after the Decree was entered.
              After the Decree was entered, $82,978.00 was withdrawn from the
      Vanguard IRA Retirement Plan (“IRA”). Mr. Kulesza actually received
      $58,096 after applicable taxes and fees. Mr. Kulesza paid community debts
      totaling $17,300.00 from the monies he received. Ms. Anthony received
      $18,435.00.
              . . . The Court finds that the CR 2A agreement incorporated in to the
      Decree is not ambiguous. It is not disputed that Mr. Kulesza unilaterally
      invaded the IRA after the Decree was signed. Mr. Kulesza actually
      invaded the account before, but the CR 2A agreement was signed
      contemporaneously with the Decree and the Court declines to reach behind
      the Decree and address funds withdrawn from the IRA prior to the date of
      the Decree.
              . . . The Court . . . finds that the QDRO was entered two months
      after Ms. Anthony signed the document, which is not an unreasonable
      delay. The Court further finds the delay was not Ms. Anthony’s fault.

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              ....
              The Court finds that Mr. Kulesza made five withdraws totaling
      $82,978.00 after the Decree was entered and prior to Ms. Anthony
      receiving the account via the QDRO. The Court also finds that Mr.
      Kulesza used the money to pay some community debts, but that a number
      of community debts remain unpaid even though he had the money to pay
      the debts but decided not to. The Court further finds that this litigation was
      due to Mr. Kulesza’s actions and that he violated the CR 2A agreement and
      the Court’s order when he invaded the IRA after entry of the Decree. The
      Court finds that Mr. Kulesza’s actions prevented Ms. Anthony from paying
      off the community debts she was ordered to pay pursuant to the Decree.
              The Court rejects any argument that Mr. Kulesza should receive
      credit for paying interest on community debt because the non-payment of
      community debt was due to Mr. Kulesza’s actions in relation to the IRA.
      The Court also rejects the argument that Mr. Kulesza should receive credit
      for paying cell phone bills and car insurance bills for the benefit of Ms.
      Anthony that he paid after the Decree was signed because he was not
      required to do so by the terms of the Decree and because Ms. Anthony was
      not required to contribute to any payments for cell phone or car insurance
      paid on her behalf by Mr. Kulesza.
              ....
              The Court finds that Mr. Kulesza should not receive credit for
      paying off the home equity line of credit because he made the decision to
      pay it off by himself without obtaining court permission, nor was any proof
      provided of how the line of credit was paid off. The Court understands that
      the home equity line of credit account acquired during the marriage was not
      the same home equity line of credit account enumerated in the CR 2A
      agreement table of debts. The Court finds that whether Mr. Kulesza paid
      off the line of credit, got a line of credit to pay it off, or didn’t pay it off
      himself, the parties contemplated he would be responsible for the line of
      credit and he is therefore not entitled to credit.
              ....
              The Court finds that the actions of Mr. Kulesza are the embodiment
      of bad faith, and that his actions were intransigent. The Court finds that
      Mr. Kulesza should pay reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. The
      attorney’s fees and costs listed in the Cost Bill submitted by Petitioner’s
      attorney are reasonable and appropriate because of Mr. Kulesza’s actions
      resulted in Ms. Anthony bringing this motion.


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CP at 551-53 (alteration in original).

       In essence, the trial court found the settlement agreement unambiguous. The court

found Konrad Kulesza to be in violation of the dissolution decree by withdrawing funds

from the VanGuard IRA account, but declined to find him in violation for the withdrawal

of funds before February 3. As a result of the dissolution court’s findings, the court

entered judgment against Konrad Kulesza in favor of Jerrie Anthony for the amount of

$45,120 as compensation due to her pursuant to the award of the Vanguard IRA

Retirement Account under the terms of the dissolution decree. The court also awarded

Anthony $13,405 in reasonable attorney fees and costs in the sum of $1,000. The court

affirmed that Konrad Kulesza must pay the remaining community debts of the US Bank

credit card account number ending in 3095 in the sum of $4,450 plus any accrued interest

and the Citi credit card account number ending in 9259 in the sum of $1,230 plus any

accrued interest.

                                 LAW AND ANALYSIS

       Konrad Kulesza assigns seven errors to the dissolution court’s rulings:

              1. The trial court erred when finding his actions entailed bad faith.

              2. The trial court erred when it refused to consider facts before the
       date of the dissolution decree.

            3. The trial court erred when ruling that the settlement agreement
       unambiguous.

              4. The trial court erred when it ordered him to pay $45,120.

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              5. The trial court erred when it ordered him to pay $13,405 in
       attorney fees and $1,000 for costs.

             6. The trial court erred when it ordered him to pay the community
       debt owed on the US Bank credit card and the Citi credit card.

             7. The trial court erred when it declined to credit him for paying off
       the home equity loan.

We address these assignments in a different order. We conflate assignment of error 2

with assignment 7, and combine assignments of error 1, 4, 5, and 6.

       RAP 10.3(g) reads:

              . . . A separate assignment of error for each finding of fact a party
       contends was improperly made must be included with reference to the
       finding by number.

Konrad Kulesza identifies no findings of fact by number for purposes of his assignments

of error. If the appellant assigns no error to the findings of fact, the trial court’s findings

become the established facts of the case. State v. Roggenkamp, 115 Wn. App. 927, 943,

64 P.3d 92 (2003), aff’d 152 Wn.2d 614, 106 P.3d 196 (2005). Application of this rule

assists us in resolving this appeal.

                            Ambiguity of Settlement Agreement

       Konrad Kulesza assigns error to the dissolution court’s interpretation of the

settlement agreement. We deem the court’s ruling regarding the language of the

settlement agreement to be legal, rather than factual, in nature. Therefore, we review the

ruling despite the failure to assign error to any finding of fact.

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       The dissolution decree incorporated Jerrie Anthony and Konrad Kulesza’s

settlement agreement. Interpretation of a dissolution decree is a question of law. In re

Marriage of Thompson, 97 Wn. App. 873, 877, 988 P.2d 499 (1999). This court applies

de novo review to questions of law. In re Marriage of Thompson, 97 Wn. App. at 877.

       When the decree incorporates an agreement, we must ascertain the parties’ intent

at the time of the agreement. In re Marriage of Smith, 158 Wn. App. 248, 255, 241 P.3d

449 (2010). If the language of the decree is unambiguous, there is no room for

interpretation. In re Marriage of Smith, 158 Wn. App. at 256. Generally, this court

limits its review to the language of the decree when discerning the agreement’s intended

effect. In re Marriage of Smith, 158 Wn. App. at 256.

       Konrad Kulesza suggests that the dissolution court impermissibly modified the

decree. A decree is modified when rights given to one party are extended beyond the

scope originally intended or reduced. In re Marriage of Thompson, 97 Wn. App. at 878.

We observe no modification of the decree entered by the dissolution court.

       We agree with the dissolution court that, at least as far as the pending dispute is

concerned, the agreement contained no ambiguity. The agreement and the decree

awarded the entire amount in the VanGuard IRA retirement account to Jerrie Anthony.

Kulesza provides no meaningful argument regarding an ambiguity. The main theme of

Kulesza’s appeal does not surround an ambiguity in the settlement agreement, but rather

that the lower court failed to consider financial hardships and other facts that occurred

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before and after the entry of the agreement. He retroactively challenges the agreement he

entered as unfair rather than unclear.

                                   Facts Pre-dating Decree

         Konrad Kulesza next asks this court to consider predecree facts which he

maintains demonstrate financial hardship toward him to fulfill the terms of the dissolution

decree. Kulesza emphasizes the large amount of community debt faced by himself and

Jerrie Anthony after separation but before entry of the decree. Kulesza explains that as of

March 12, 2015, less than a month after separation, the debts faced by the parties totaled

$75,046.70 which represented a $3,598.04 increase in community debt. Kulesza argues

the trial court never acknowledged the financial declarations he submitted on March 12,

2015, October 6, 2015, and October 8, 2015, which disclosed the amount of the debt he

faced.

         Konrad Kulesza further contends that he faced further financial hardship due to a

temporary order of child support and spousal maintenance entered on April 23, 2015.

The order demanded that he monthly pay $500 in spousal support and $1,200 in child

support. He contends the award of spousal maintenance pursuant to RCW 26.09.090 was

based on insufficient evidence of the appropriate statutory factors and purpose of spousal

maintenance and the trial court chose to overlook the financial circumstances. He

contends these awards exceeded his financial means and the dissolution court based the

award on the accusation against him of domestic violence.

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       All of these arguments raised by Konrad Kulesza could have been asserted by him

before entering the settlement agreement on February 1, 2016. He could have also

withheld his signature to the agreed February 3 dissolution decree if he deemed the

settlement unfair. Kulesza cites no authority on which we could rule that the dissolution

court erred by failing to consider facts known to Kulesza before entry of the dissolution

decree when determining whether to enforce the terms of the decree. We observe that,

although Kulesza acts pro se on appeal, excellent dissolution counsel represented him

before the dissolution court.

                                         Bad Faith

       Konrad Kulesza claims the dissolution court committed error by finding him in

bad faith when violating the terms of the dissolution decree. Nevertheless, he assigned

no assignment of error to the finding of fact that found him to have acted in bad faith.

For this reason alone, we reject the assignment of error. Even if we addressed the merits,

we would affirm the dissolution court.

       In addition to asserting that the trial court should have reviewed his financial

condition before the entry of the decree, he maintains that the court should have

considered the financial situation between the date of the decree and his violations of the

decree when withdrawing funds from the VanGuard IRA retirement account. We

respond to this assignment of error with the same answer as to the previous assignment of

error. At the time of signing the settlement agreement and the dissolution decree,

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Kulesza knew that his financial condition would not change in the coming months. He

cites no authority that would allow us to reverse the dissolution court because of its

refusal to consider his financial condition at the time of violation of the decree.

       Konrad Kulesza also asserts that the entry of the QDRO was delayed and this led

to an increase of debt. He blames the delay on Jerrie Anthony and suggests the delay

excuses his violation of the dissolution decree. Nevertheless, the dissolution court found

that Anthony did not cause any delay. Kulesza assigned no error to this finding of fact.

Therefore, we do not review this contention.

       We observe that the settlement agreement did not direct Jerrie Anthony to pay the

community debt until assignment of the VanGuard IRA retirement account to her and the

assignment was not complete until after entry of the QDRO. The signed agreement

afforded Anthony thirty days from the date of the QDRO to pay the debt. Although

Konrad Kulesza contends the unpaid community debts threatened to cause him

bankruptcy, he provides no explanation for this dire predicament, nor does he cite the

record to any evidence of an impending bankruptcy.

       The finding of bad faith and intransigence supported the dissolution court’s award

to Jerrie Anthony of reasonable attorney fees and costs. On appeal, Konrad Kulesza does

not challenge the reasonableness of the amount of the awards.




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       As a whole, Konrad Kulesza misunderstands the nature of an appeal. Kulesza

wishes this court to provide a fresh view and review the case in its entirety as to whether

the dissolution court rulings were fair. Nevertheless, appellate courts play a limited role

in the American judicial system. Because the trial court directly sees and hears the

parties, the trial court deserves some deference in its rulings, particularly factual rulings.

We do not second guess the fairness of a dissolution court’s ruling unless the rulings are

not based on the facts or contrary to the law.

                                          Sanctions

       On appeal, Jerrie Anthony seeks sanctions on the basis that Konrad Kulesza

litigated a frivolous appeal. If an attorney represented Anthony on appeal, we would

award reasonable attorney fees and costs based on the nature of the appeal. Because of

the lack of legal representation, we deny sanctions.

                                       CONCLUSION

       We affirm the dissolution court’s rulings and deny Jerrie Anthony an award of

sanctions on appeal.




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      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.


                                            _________________________________
                                            Fearing, J.

WE CONCUR:


______________________________
Korsmo, J.


______________________________
Pennell, C.J.




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