                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 15-1184
                              Filed March 23, 2016


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JASON GERALD BILLINGS,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Karen

Kaufman Salic, District Associate Judge.




      Jason Billings appeals following his Alford plea to domestic abuse assault

impeding breathing or circulation causing bodily injury. AFFIRMED.




      Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Robert P. Ranschau,

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee.




      Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ.
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DOYLE, Judge.

       Jason Billings appeals following his Alford1 plea to domestic abuse assault

impeding breathing or circulation causing bodily injury, with a habitual offender

enhancement, in violation of Iowa Code sections 236.2(2), 708.2A(1), 708.2A(5),

902.8, and 902.9 (2015). He claims his attorney was ineffective in permitting him

to plead guilty to the charges when there was not a factual basis to support the

element that he caused a bodily injury.

       “Although claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are generally

preserved for postconviction relief hearings, we will consider such claims on

direct appeal where the record is adequate.” State v. Lopez, 872 N.W.2d 159,

169 (Iowa 2015).       The record here is sufficient to reach Billings’s claim

challenging his counsel’s performance.        Our review is de novo. See State v.

Thacker, 862 N.W.2d 402, 405 (Iowa 2015).           To succeed on an ineffective-

assistance-of-counsel claim, Billings must prove both that (1) his counsel failed to

perform an essential duty and (2) he suffered prejudice as a result of his

counsel’s failure. See Dempsey v. State, 860 N.W.2d 860, 868 (Iowa 2015).

       Before accepting a guilty plea, the district court must first determine the

plea has a factual basis, and that factual basis must be disclosed in the record.

State v. Finney, 834 N.W.2d 46, 61 (Iowa 2013); see also Iowa R. Crim. P.

2.8(2)(b). “This requirement exists even where the plea is an Alford plea.” State

v. Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d 785, 788 (Iowa 1999). “Where a factual basis for a

charge does not exist, and trial counsel allows the defendant to plead guilty

1
  An Alford plea allows a defendant to consent to the imposition of a sentence without
admitting participation in the crime. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37
(1970).
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anyway, counsel has failed to perform an essential duty.” State v. Gines, 844

N.W.2d 437, 441 (Iowa 2014).         “Prejudice is inherent in such a case.”2         Id.

Accordingly, with regard to this claim, our first and only inquiry is whether the

record shows a factual basis for Billings’s Alford plea to the charge of domestic

abuse assault impeding breathing or circulation causing bodily injury. See id. In

determining whether a factual basis exists, “we consider the entire record before

the district court at the guilty plea hearing, including any statements made by the

defendant, facts related by the prosecutor, the minutes of testimony, and the

presentence report.”3 Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d at 788.

       Our de novo review of the record indicates that when Billings threw the

victim against a wall and grabbed her by the throat, she could not breathe. The

victim had red marks on both sides of her neck. Her lip was swollen and painful.

This is sufficient to establish he caused a bodily injury. See State v. Taylor, 689

N.W.2d 116, 136 (Iowa 2004) (finding sufficient evidence of bodily injury when

the victim suffered bruises, abrasions, cuts, and was stiff and sore); State v.

Canas, 597 N.W.2d 488, 495 (Iowa 1999) (holding evidence that victim, who was

struck in the chest with defendant’s fist, had the wind knocked out of him and

momentarily felt pain was sufficient proof of bodily injury notwithstanding that

victim had no visible injuries and did not require medical treatment), abrogated

on other grounds by State v. Turner, 630 N.W.2d 601, 606 n.2 (Iowa 2001).


2
  In other words, when trial counsel permits a defendant to plead guilty and waive the
right to file a motion in arrest of judgment absent a factual basis to support the guilty
plea, counsel violates an essential duty, and prejudice is presumed. See State v.
Rodriguez, 804 N.W.2d 844, 849 (Iowa 2011).
3
  This assumes the presentence investigation report was available at the time of the
guilty plea proceeding. See State v. Fluhr, 287 N.W.2d 857, 868 (Iowa 1980), overruled
on other grounds by State v. Kirchoff, 452 N.W.2d 801, 802 (Iowa 1990).
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       Because a factual basis supports his plea, Billings’s attorney was not

ineffective in allowing him to enter an Alford plea to the charge of domestic abuse

assault impeding breathing or circulation causing bodily injury.     We therefore

affirm Billings’s conviction and sentence pursuant to Iowa Court Rule 21.26(1)(a),

(c), and (e).

       AFFIRMED.
