[Cite as Russ v. Reynoldsburg, 2017-Ohio-1471.]

                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                     LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT


DARLENE RUSS                                      :   JUDGES:
                                                  :   Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
        Plaintiff - Appellant                     :   Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                                                  :   Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vs-                                              :
                                                  :
CITY OF REYNOLDSBURG                              :   Case No. 16-CA-58
                                                  :
        Defendant - Appellee                      :   OPINION



CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                              Appeal from the Licking County
                                                      Municipal Court, Case No. 2015 CVF
                                                      2039


JUDGMENT:                                             Reversed, Judgment Entered



DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                     April 19, 2017



APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant                               For Defendant-Appellee

J. PHILIP CALABRESE                                   JOSEPH R. DURHAM
Porter, Wright Morris & Arthur LLP                    Eastman & Smith LTD.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 500                            100 E. Broad Street, Suite 2100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113                                 Columbus, Ohio 43215


                                                      And

                                                      JAMES E. HOOD
                                                      MATTHEW R. ROTH
                                                      Reynoldsburg City Attorney
                                                      7232 East Main Street
                                                      Reynoldsburg, Ohio 43068
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                     2


Baldwin, J.

       {¶1}   Plaintiff-appellant Darlene Russ appeals from the July 18, 2015 Judgment

Entry of the Licking County Municipal Court denying her complaint for declaratory

judgment and entering judgment in favor of defendant-appellee City of Reynoldsburg.

                           STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

       {¶2}   Appellant Darlene Russ moved from upstate New York to the City of

Reynoldsburg in Licking County, Ohio during Memorial Day weekend in 2014. At the time,

she had a dog that she described as “a mixed Pit, some Terrier.” Transcript at 11.

Appellant conceded that veterinary records classify the dog as a pit bull. Appellant

testified that she obtained a license for the dog after registering it with the Licking County

Auditor and that on the day she moved into her apartment, she was cited for keeping,

harboring, or owning a vicious dog in violation of Reynoldsburg Codified Ordinance

Section 505.35 (a), which prohibits owning, harboring or keeping a vicious dog. Section

505.01(m) defines a vicious dog, in part, as a pit bull. Ultimately, the case against

appellant was dismissed.

       {¶3}   Appellant, on September 24, 2015, filed a verified complaint for declaratory

judgment in Licking County Municipal Court, challenging the constitutionality of

Reynoldsburg’s Ordinances prohibiting the ownership of dogs that the City considers pit

bulls. Appellant specifically sought a declaration that appellee could not enforce its

prohibitions against owning, keeping, or harboring a pit bull and that Section 505.01(m)(5)

of the Codified Ordinances “impermissibly conflicts with State law in violation of the Home

Rule Amendment to the Ohio Constitution, R.C. 955.221, or both…” After Appellee City

of Reynoldsburg filed an answer, appellant filed a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                   3

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals filed an amicus curiae brief

on November 23, 2015. Appellee filed a memorandum in opposition to the Motion for

Judgment on the Pleadings and a Motion for Summary Judgment on December 15, 2015.

As memorialized in a Judgment Entry filed on March 21, 2016, both the Motion for

Judgment on the Pleadings and the Motion for Summary Judgment were denied.

      {¶4}   A bench trial was held on March 21, 2016. Both parties filed post trial briefs.

The trial court, as memorialized in a Judgment Entry filed on July 18, 2016, denied

appellant’s complaint for declaratory judgment and entered judgment in favor of appellee.

The trial court specifically found that R.C. 955.11(A)(6)(a) and 955.221(B)(3) were not

general laws and that the City of Reynoldsburg did not exceed its authority under the

Home Rule Amendment to the Ohio Constitution.

      {¶5}   Appellant now raises the following assignments of error on appeal:

      {¶6}   THE MUNICIPAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT BECAME THE FIRST COURT

IN OHIO TO HOLD THAT CHAPTER 955 OF THE OHIO REVISED CODE, WHICH

REGULATES DOG OWNERSHIP IN THE STATE, IS NOT A GENERAL LAW.

      {¶7}   THE CITY OF REYNOLDSBURG’S ORDINANCES PROHIBITING THE

OWNERSHIP OF DOGS IT CONSIDERS PIT BULLS EXCEED THE CITY’S

AUTHORITY UNDER THE HOME RULE AMENDMENT TO THE OHIO CONSTITUTION

BECAUSE      THEY     PROHIBIT     THAT     WHICH      STATE     LAW     PERMITS        AND

SPECIFICALLY LICENSES.

                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶8}   The constitutionality of a statute or ordinance presents a question of law

and is therefore reviewed under a de novo standard. Andreyko v. Cincinnati, 153 Ohio

App.3d 108, 2003-Ohio-2759, 791 N.E.2d 1025 (1st Dist). In determining the
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                      4

constitutionality of an ordinance, we are mindful of the fundamental principle requiring

courts to presume the constitutionality of lawfully enacted legislation. Akron v. Molyneaux,

144 Ohio App.3d 421, 426, 760 N.E.2d 461 (9th Dist. 2001), citing Univ. Hts. v. O'Leary,

68 Ohio St.2d 130, 135, 429 N.E.2d 148 (1981). The legislation being challenged will not

be invalidated unless the challenger establishes that it is unconstitutional beyond a

reasonable doubt. Molyneaux, 144 Ohio App.3d at 426, 760 N.E.2d 461.

                                                 I, II

       {¶9}   Appellant, in her first assignment of error, argues that the trial court erred in

holding that the provisions of Chapter 955, as amended by House Bill 14 in 2012, are not

general laws. In her second assignment of error, appellant contends that the City of

Reynoldsburg’s pit bull Ordinances conflict with state law and exceed its authority under

the Home Rule Amendment to the Ohio Constitution.

       {¶10} Article XVIII, Section 3 of the Ohio Constitution gives municipalities their

powers of home rule. Article XVIII, Section 3 provides as follows: “Municipalities shall

have authority to exercise all powers of local self-government and to adopt and enforce

within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in

conflict with general laws.” The Ohio Supreme Court has established the following three-

part test to determine whether a municipal ordinance must yield to the provisions of a

state statute: “A state statute takes precedence over a local ordinance when (1) the

ordinance is in conflict with the statute, (2) the ordinance is an exercise of the police

power, rather than of local self-government, and (3) the statute is a general law.” Canton

v. State of Ohio, 95 Ohio St.3d 149, 151, 2002-Ohio-2005, 766 N.E.2d 963, citing Ohio

Assn. of Private Detective Agencies, Inc. v. N. Olmsted, 65 Ohio St.3d 242, 244-245, 602

N.E.2d 1147 (1992), and Auxter v. Toledo, 173 Ohio St. 444, 183 N.E.2d 920 (1962).
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                     5

       {¶11} At issue in the case sub judice is whether or not R.C. Chapter 955 is a

general law. The trial court, in its July 18, 2016 Judgment Entry, found that it was not.

       {¶12} The Ohio Supreme Court          has set forth a four-part test for evaluating

whether a statute is a general law in Canton, supra: “To constitute a general law for

purposes of home-rule analysis, a statute must (1) be part of a statewide and

comprehensive legislative enactment, (2) apply to all parts of the state alike and operate

uniformly throughout the state, (3) set forth police, sanitary, or similar regulations, rather

than purport only to grant or limit legislative power of a municipal corporation to set forth

police, sanitary, or similar regulations, and (4) prescribe a rule of conduct upon citizens

generally.” Id. at syllabus. We note that, in Lima v. Stepleton, 3rd Dist. Allen No. 1-13-

28, 2013-Ohio-5655, 5 N.E.3d 721, the City of Lima conceded that R.C. Chapter 955 was

a general law.

       {¶13} The trial court, in this matter, found that “the language in R.C.

955.11(A)(6)(a) and 955.221(B)(3) must be construed as being part of a statewide and

comprehensive legislative enactment” and that the first and second prongs of the Canton

test were met. We concur.

       {¶14} Ohio Revised Code Chapter 955 is titled “Dogs” and contains state-wide

comprehensive provisions relating to dog and kennel licenses, impounding, assistance

dogs and other dog-related matters. R.C. 955.11(A)(6)(a), cited by the trial court, defines

a “vicious dog” as follows:

       (6)(a) “Vicious dog” means a dog that, without provocation and subject to

       division (A)(6)(b) of this section, has killed or caused serious injury to any

       person.

       (b) “Vicious dog” does not include either of the following:
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                   6

       (i)    A police dog that has killed or caused serious injury to any person

       while the police dog is being used to assist one or more law enforcement

       officers in the performance of their official duties;

       (ii)   A dog that has killed or caused serious injury to any person while a

       person was committing or attempting to commit a trespass or other criminal

       offense on the property of the owner, keeper, or harborer of the dog.

       {¶15} In turn, R.C. 955.221(B)(3) states that a “municipal corporation may adopt

and enforce ordinances to control dogs within the municipal corporation that are not

otherwise in conflict with any other provision of the Revised Code.”

       {¶16} As noted by the trial court, Chapter 955, as amended by House Bill 14, is

part of state-wide comprehensive legislation for regulating ownership of dogs and applies

to all parts of the state alike and “does not differentiate between regions of the state or

contrast townships versus counties versus towns or cities.” R.C. Chapter 955 applies

uniformly to the whole state without exception.

       {¶17} However, the trial court found that the third prong of the Canton test was

not met. As is stated above, under such prong, the statute must “set forth police, sanitary,

or similar regulations, rather than purport only to grant or limit legislative power of a

municipal corporation to set forth police, sanitary, or similar regulation.” The trial court

specifically found that the provisions of R.C. 955.221(B)(3) “does not set forth ‘police,

sanitary, or similar regulations’ so much as it establishes a definition” and that R.C.

955.221(B)(3) both grants and limits the legislative authority of municipalities.

       {¶18} However, as noted by the Court in Mendenhall v. City of Akron, 117 Ohio

St. 3d 33, 2008-Ohio-270, 881 N.E.2d 255 at paragraph 27, “[S]ections within a chapter

will not be considered in isolation when determining whether a general law exists. See
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                    7

Clermont Environmental Reclamation Co. v. Wiederhold (1982), 2 Ohio St.3d 44, 2 OBR

587, 442 N.E.2d 1278. All sections of a chapter must be read in pari materia to determine

whether the statute in question is part of a statewide regulation and whether the chapter

as a whole prescribes a rule of conduct upon citizens generally. Canton, 95 Ohio St.3d

149, 2002-Ohio-2005, 766 N.E.2d 963, ¶ 38.”

      {¶19} As noted by the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Anderson, 57 Ohio St.3d

168, 170, 566 N.E.2d 1224, [a]mong the regulations which have been upheld as

legitimate exercises of police power are those regulations addressing the ownership and

control of dogs.“   See also Youngstown v. Traylor, 123 Ohio St. 3d 312, 2009-Ohio-

4184,914 N.E.2d 1026 at paragraph 9 in which the Ohio Supreme Court held as follows:

                Although dogs are “private property to a qualified extent, they are

            subject to the state police power, and ‘might be destroyed or

            otherwise dealt with, as in the judgment of the legislature is necessary

            for the protection of its citizens. * * * [L]egislatures have broad police

            power to regulate all dogs so as to protect the public against the

            nuisance posed by a vicious dog.’ ” *135 State v. Anderson (1991),

            57 Ohio St.3d 168, 170, 566 N.E.2d 1224, quoting Sentell v. New

            Orleans & Carrollton RR. Co. (1897), 166 U.S. 698, 701–704, 17 S.Ct.

            693, 41 L.Ed. 1169.

      {¶20} Moreover, as noted by appellant, “no provision of Chapter 955 at issue in

this case relating to the designation of dogs as vicious, dangerous, or a nuisance, or to

the ownership, keeping, or harboring of dogs, grants local governments any degree of

authority.” R.C. 955.22 contains no language specifically granting or limiting municipal
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                    8

action. We find, based on the foregoing, that Chapter 955 sets forth police regulations and

does not purport to grant or limit the legislative power of a municipality.

       {¶21} The last prong of the Canton test, which was not addressed by the trial

court, requires that Chapter 955, as amended by House Bill 14, prescribe a rule of conduct

on citizens generally. We find that it does because it establishes rules that govern all Ohio

residents who own dogs.

       {¶22} Having found that Ohio Revised Code Chapter 955 is a general law, we

must next consider whether or not the Reynoldsburg Ordinances are in conflict with

Chapter 955, as amended by House Bill 14. The trial court never reached such issue. “[I]n

order for such a conflict [between state laws and local ordinances] to arise, the state

statute must positively permit what the ordinance prohibits, or vice versa, regardless of

the extent of state regulation concerning the same object.” Cincinnati v. Hoffman, 31 Ohio

St.2d 163, 169, 285 N.E.2d 714 (1972).

       {¶23} Reynoldsburg Codified Ordinance Section 501.01(m)(5) states that a dog

that “[b]elongs to a breed that is commonly known as pit bull dog” is a ”vicious dog.”

Reynoldsburg Codified Ordinance Section 505.35(a) provides that “[n]o person shall

keep, or harbor any vicious dog… as defined in section 505.01(m) within the municipality.”

Thus, all pit bull dogs are labeled as “vicious” without regard to conduct and keeping or

harboring them is prohibited.

       {¶24} Prior to House Bill 14, R.C. 955.11(A)(6)(a)(iii) provided, in part, that a

“vicious dog” meant “a dog that, without provocation….: (iii) Belongs to a breed that is

commonly known as a pit bull dog…” R.C. 955.221(B)(3), which was not amended, states

that a “municipal corporation may adopt and enforce ordinances to control dogs within
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                   9

the municipal corporation that are not otherwise in conflict with any other provision of the

Revised Code.”

       {¶25} House Bill 14, which became effective May 22, 2012, repealed the

automatic inclusion of a pit bull as a vicious dog. As is stated above, House Bill 14

amended Section 955.11(A)(6) to define a “vicious dog” as follows:

       (6)(a) “Vicious dog” means a dog that, without provocation and subject to

       division (A)(6)(b) of this section, has killed or caused serious injury to any

       person.

       (b) “Vicious dog” does not include either of the following:

       (i)    A police dog that has killed or caused serious injury to any person

        while the police dog is being used to assist one or more law enforcement

        officers in the performance of their official duties;

       (ii)   A dog that has killed or caused serious injury to any person while a

       person was committing or attempting to commit a trespass or other criminal

       offense on the property of the owner, keeper, or harborer of the dog.

       {¶26} While Reynoldsburg’s Ordinances prohibit the ownership of pit bulls

outright, Ohio Revised Code Chapter 955 has abolished breed-specific determinations of

whether or not a dog is vicious or dangerous and focuses instead on the conduct of the

individual dog. Under Ohio law, Ohio residents may keep or own any dog they choose,

provided that if the dog is determined to be “dangerous” as defined in R.C.

955.11(A)(1)(a), the owner must comply with R.C. 955.22. Thus, while a pit bull is

automatically considered “vicious” under the Reynoldsburg Ordinances and ownership of

the same is prohibited, a pit bull may or may not be considered “vicious” under Ohio

Revised Code Chapter 955 based on its conduct. We find, on such basis, that there is a
Licking County, Case No. 16-CA-58                                                  10

conflict between Reynoldsburg’s pit bull Ordinances and Chapter 955, as amended by

House Bill 14. The Ordinances prohibit that what is permitted by Ohio statutes (ownership

of dogs identified as pit bulls). See Lima v. Stepleton, 3rd Dist Allen. No. 1–13–28, 2013

-Ohio- 5655, 5 N.E.3d 721.

      {¶27} Based on the foregoing, we find that Revised Code Chapter 955 is a general

law and that the Ordinances at issue in this case conflict with state law and exceed

appellee’s authority under the Home Rule Amendment.

      {¶28} Appellant’s two assignments of error are, therefore, sustained.

      {¶29} Accordingly, the judgment of the Licking County Municipal Court is reversed

and, pursuant to App.R. 12(B), final judgment is entered in favor of appellant.

By: Baldwin, J.

Gwin, P.J. and

Hoffman, J. concur.
