UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                         No. 95-5069

JOHN PRZENKOP,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                         No. 95-5124

ROY JAMES PARKS,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                         No. 95-5209

GAREY ROGER WALLACE,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Wheeling.
Frederick P. Stamp, Jr., Chief District Judge.
(CR-94-50056)

Argued: May 10, 1996

Decided: November 12, 1996
Before WIDENER and MURNAGHAN, Circuit Judges, and
PHILLIPS, Senior Circuit Judge.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

ARGUED: Ronald Edward Schwartz, Cincinnati, Ohio; Martin Pat-
rick Sheehan, Wheeling, West Virginia; Craig Stephen Boda, Day-
tona Beach, Florida, for Appellants. Thomas Oliver Mucklow,
Assistant United States Attorney, Wheeling, West Virginia, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: William D. Wilmoth, United States Attorney,
Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellee.

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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

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OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Defendants John Przenkop, Roy Parks, and Garey Roger Wallace
raise evidentiary and sentencing issues1 following their convictions
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1 Przenkop seeks reversal of all of his convictions or, in the alternative,
a remand for resentencing. Parks seeks reversal on the grounds of insuffi-
ciency of evidence of his conviction for conspiracy, and he seeks a new
trial on the ground of inadmissible evidence with respect to the conspir-
acy which had a prejudicial effect on the other counts of which he was
convicted. Alternately, Parks claims the district court erred in his sen-
tencing in treating him as a career offender. Wallace has asked for no
particular relief. (Brief, Conclusion, p.30.) In order that none of the

                    2
for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and mari-
juana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846; and for some
or all of the various other drugs-related offenses of illegal use of a
communications facility to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 843(b);
distribution of marijuana, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); possession of
cocaine with the intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C.§ 841(a)(1); and inter-
state transportation in aid of racketeering, 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3).

I

In late February or early March of 1993 Thomas Strohmeyer spoke
to his friend Roy Parks and asked him if he could provide marijuana
for Strohmeyer to sell. Parks agreed to supply Strohmeyer with a
pound of marijuana a month at a price of $1850 to $2000 a pound.
Strohmeyer used the marijuana to support his own habit and sold the
remaining at a profit of about $300 to $400 a pound. These transac-
tions continued until around October of 1993 when Strohmeyer
decided to stop activities for awhile because of a drug raid in the area.
During that time Strohmeyer maintained contact with Parks and
resumed the same arrangement around January of 1994.

Around the middle of March of 1994 Strohmeyer was introduced
to Przenkop and shortly thereafter arranged to purchase an ounce of
cocaine from Przenkop for $1200. Przenkop obtained cocaine from a
source in New York. Strohmeyer testified that he discussed with both
Przenkop and Parks his plan to trade cocaine obtained from Przenkop
for marijuana obtained from Parks. Around March 25 or 26, 1994,
Przenkop supplied Strohmeyer with the ounce of cocaine Strohmeyer
had requested as well as a second ounce which he gave to Strohmeyer
_________________________________________________________________
defendants suffer any procedural prejudice on account of our construc-
tion of their brief, we will treat the objections to the sufficiency of the
evidence which would require a reversal as made by each of the three
defendants, and the other objections which would require a new trial
as made by each of the three defendants. We consider separately
Przenkop's objection to his sentencing and, as well, that of Parks. We do
not take into account any objection Wallace may have had to his sentenc-
ing, it not having been brought to our attention.

                     3
on credit. In accordance with the plan, Strohmeyer traded one ounce
of the cocaine for a pound of marijuana from Parks. Strohmeyer then
asked Parks for help in finding a buyer for the remaining ounce of
cocaine that Przenkop had provided to Strohmeyer on credit. Parks
arranged for Strohmeyer to sell a quarter ounce of cocaine to Wallace.
Parks informed Strohmeyer that if Wallace liked the cocaine, Wallace
might be interested in supplying marijuana in exchange for cocaine
on a weekly basis. Strohmeyer sold a quarter ounce of the cocaine
through Parks to Wallace for $525. Strohmeyer gave $500 of the
money to Przenkop in partial payment for the cocaine he had received
on credit, at which time he arranged to obtain a third ounce of cocaine
from Przenkop. Shortly thereafter, Strohmeyer became afraid of being
caught by the police. On March 29, 1994 he contacted authorities and
turned over the remainder of the second ounce of cocaine he had
received from Przenkop and the marijuana from Parks and agreed to
become an informant. Thereafter working with the authorities Stroh-
meyer called Przenkop on March 30, 1994 and asked for two addi-
tional ounces of cocaine instead of the one ordered prior to March 29.
On April 5, 1994, Strohmeyer went to Przenkop's house and with
money provided by the authorities paid Przenkop $700 he owed for
the cocaine Przenkop had given him on credit. Strohmeyer called
Przenkop on April 6, 1994 to see if the additional two ounces of
cocaine had arrived and it had not. On April 7, 1994, Strohmeyer
asked Parks to set up a meeting with Wallace. Parks arranged the
meeting later that same day at which time Strohmeyer and Wallace
negotiated to trade cocaine for marijuana at the rate of an ounce of
cocaine for a pound of marijuana. Parks was to receive $50 per pound
of marijuana from Wallace for his role in bringing him into the agree-
ment, and Strohmeyer was to give Parks up to a third of what Stroh-
meyer made on the transactions. On April 8, Strohmeyer and Wallace
met again and planned a transaction in which Wallace would provide
16 pounds of marijuana in exchange for 16 ounces of cocaine and an
additional 9 pounds of marijuana at $1600 a pound for a total of 25
pounds of marijuana. On April 9, 1994 Strohmeyer met Parks and
Wallace at a hotel and exchanged cocaine and money supplied by
the authorities for the 25 pounds of marijuana from Wallace. Follow-
ing this transaction, the three were arrested with Strohmeyer being
released shortly thereafter.

                    4
II

Parks claims that the district court used an improper standard for
determining the admissibility of evidence, erred in admitting dis-
jointed evidence that was irrelevant to proof of a single conspiracy,
and that the evidence was insufficient to establish a single conspiracy
because the alleged co-conspirators did not share a common goal. The
argument is that because the evidence supported multiple conspiracies
rather than a single conspiracy, evidence of communications or trans-
actions between individual co-defendants supporting other multiple
conspiracies was outside the scope of and therefore not relevant to the
single charged conspiracy. Przenkop likewise claims that the govern-
ment failed to prove a single conspiracy and that this created a fatal
variance in the indictment. Przenkop further claims that the evidence
was insufficient to support his conspiracy conviction because the evi-
dence showed only a one time sale on his part and failed to show that
he had an ongoing agreement with anyone to buy and sell cocaine.

We are of opinion that the government sustained its burden of
proof as to the guilt of each of the defendants for the charged conspir-
acy. A single conspiracy depends upon the overlap of main actors,
methods and goals and exists where there is one overall agreement or
general business venture. United States v. Barsanti, 943 F.2d 428, 439
(4th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 936 (1992). The question of
single or multiple conspiracies is one of fact and properly the prov-
ince of the jury. United States v. Leavis, 853 F.2d 215, 218 (4th Cir.
1988). "To sustain [a] conspiracy conviction, there need only be a
showing that the defendant knew of the conspiracy's purpose and
some action indicating his participation." United States v. Collazo,
732 F.2d 1200, 1205 (4th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1105
(1985). We must uphold the jury verdict if there is substantial evi-
dence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the government, to
support the verdict. Glasser v. United States , 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942).

The indictment states that from about February 1993 to about April
1994 the defendants Garey Roger Wallace, Roy James Parks, John
Przenkop, and Dawn Wallace

          did knowingly and willfully combine, conspire, confederate
          and agree and have a tacit understanding with each other

                    5
        and with other persons known and unknown to the grand
        Jury, to commit an offense against the United States, to wit:
        to violate Title 21, United States Code, Section 841(a)(1). It
        was a purpose and object of the conspiracy knowingly and
        intentionally to possess with intent to distribute and to dis-
        tribute cocaine . . . and marijuana . . . in violation of Title
        21, United States Code, Section 846.

Reviewing the record, we find evidence from which a jury could
find that the conspiracy began in February 1993 with the agreement
between Strohmeyer and Parks to exchange marijuana for money, that
these transactions were temporarily interrupted around October 1993
but resumed around January 1994, and that Przenkop entered the con-
spiracy in mid-March 1994 when he was informed of the plan and
furnished cocaine in furtherance thereof. Przenkop and Parks knew
the role that the other played in the plan even though they may not
have personally met. The evidence is that prior to Strohmeyer's with-
drawal from the conspiracy on March 29, 1994, Przenkop led Stroh-
meyer to believe that he would and could continue to furnish cocaine
in furtherance of the plan. Strohmeyer withdrew from the conspiracy
on March 29. As to Wallace, the evidence is that he knew about the
overall plan prior to Strohmeyer's withdrawal and a jury could find
that he entered the ongoing conspiracy in March when he purchased
a quarter ounce of cocaine to try out for future trade. The record
shows that the district court properly instructed the jury on single ver-
sus multiple conspiracies and indeed the defendants do not challenge
the jury instructions.2 We conclude that there is substantial evidence
(Text continued on page 8)
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2 The court instructed the jury that:

         There can be no conspiracy committed where the participation
        or action of the defendant is exclusively with a Government
        informant. It takes two to conspire and a Government informer
        is not a true conspirator. . . .

         The relationship of buyer and seller of cocaine and marijuana,
        mere agreements of one person to buy cocaine or marijuana
        which another agrees to sell, absent prior or contemporaneous
        understandings beyond mere sales agreements, do not prove a
        conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute
        cocaine or marijuana, even though the persons know that cocaine
        and marijuana are controlled substances.

                  6
 In such circumstances the buyer's purpose may be merely to
buy. The seller's purpose may be merely to sell. There can be no
conspiracy where the persons have no joint objective or common
purpose. If the purposes of the alleged co-conspirators are differ-
ent, there is no conspiracy.

 In this case, the defendants contend that the Government's
proof fails to show the existence of only one overall conspiracy.
Rather, the defendants contend that the Government's proof, at
best, shows that there were actually several separate and inde-
pendent conspiracies with various groups of members.

 Whether there existed a single unlawful agreement or many
such agreements or indeed no agreement at all, is a question of
fact for you, the jury, to determine in accordance with the fol-
lowing instructions: When two or more people join together to
further one common, unlawful design or purpose, a single con-
spiracy exists. By way of contrast, multiple conspiracies exist
when there are separate unlawful agreements to achieve distinct
purposes.

 Proof of several separate and independent conspiracies is not
proof of the single, overall conspiracy charged in the indictment,
unless one of the conspiracies proved happens to be the single
conspiracy described in the indictment.

 You may find that there was a single conspiracy despite the
fact that there were changes in either personnel or activities or
both, so long as you find that some of the co-conspirators contin-
ued to act for the entire duration of the conspiracy for the pur-
poses charged in the indictment. The fact that the members of the
conspiracy are not always identical does not necessarily imply
that separate conspiracies exist. On the other hand, if you find
that the conspiracy charged in the indictment did not exist, you
cannot find any defendant guilty of the single conspiracy
charged in the indictment. This is so even if you find that some
conspiracy other than the one charged in this indictment existed,
even though the purposes of both conspiracies may have been
the same and even though there may have been some overlap in
membership.

Similarly, if you find a particular defendant was a member of

          7
to support the jury verdict of guilt as to each defendant's participation
in the charged conspiracy.3

III

Przenkop next challenges the district court's finding that he was
responsible in the conspiracy for four ounces of cocaine rather than
the two ounces actually delivered to Strohmeyer. Przenkop claims
that the record shows that he had no intent to deliver additional
cocaine and that the government failed to prove that he had the ability
to deliver an additional two ounces.

Przenkop argues that "after a time, it became clear that Przenkop
had no intention of delivering any more cocaine to him." He states
that "the testimony of Strohmeyer indicated . . . that in Strohmeyer's
opinion, [Przenkop] did not have the intention of ever delivering on
that promise." Przenkop has not pointed out the particular testimony
which may support this claim. The record does show that Strohmeyer
testified that when Przenkop had not obtained the additional cocaine
by around April 7, Strohmeyer told Przenkop he couldn't wait any
longer and that he needed to go ahead and buy some marijuana. If this
is the evidence referred to, we do not find it adequate to rebut as a
matter of law the evidence that Przenkop delivered two ounces on the
prior occasion and that he indicated to Strohmeyer that he would and
could deliver that amount again. The district court's finding that
Przenkop had the intent and capability of delivering an additional two
ounces of cocaine is not clearly erroneous. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1,
Application Note 12, which was relied upon by the district court.
_________________________________________________________________
           another conspiracy and not the one charged in the indictment,
           then you must acquit the defendant of the conspiracy charged.
3 We need not discuss at length the defendants' claims of inadmissible
evidence, which essentially are that the district court erroneously admit-
ted the statements of co-conspirators as going to the guilt of others than
the speaker. The district court correctly applied the preponderance of the
evidence rule of Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 181 (1987), to
show the existence of a conspiracy, before it admitted the evidence. So
far as the objection may be that a similar preponderance of the evidence
standard should apply to relevancy, that objection is not well taken.

                     8
Parks was sentenced as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.
He objects to the finding of the district court that he was a career
offender.

A career offender under § 4B1.1 is a defendant at least 18 years of
age at the time of the offense, which offense is a felony and which
is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and the
defendant must have at least two prior felony convictions of either a
crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. Under U.S.S.G.
§ 4A1.2(e)(1), the prior convictions which are counted are those with
a prior sentence of imprisonment exceeding one year and one month
imposed within 15 years of the defendant's commencement of the
instant offense, and also any prior sentence of imprisonment exceed-
ing one year and one month, whenever imposed, that resulted in the
defendant being incarcerated during any part of such 15-year period.

The defendant claims the period for the commencement of the
offense under § (e)(1) should end on April 1, 1994. (Brief p.28) The
district court used the date of April 9, 1994 in accordance with the
probation officer's report, so there is no issue in the case as to that
date.

Parks was convicted in Texas July 27, 1982 of delivery of mari-
juana and sentenced to two years, so that conviction counts under
§ (e)(1). Parks was convicted in Ohio of robbery on April 7, 1978 and
sentenced to at least four years but not more than 25 years in prison.
On that same date, in Ohio, he was convicted of escape and sentenced
to at least six months but not more than five years in prison. These
two sentences ran consecutively on the order of the trial court. Parks
was furloughed4 from his sentences for these offenses September 17,
1979, so he was incarcerated on account of the sentences during part
of the 15-year period between April 9, 1979 and April 9, 1994.

At the time Parks was sentenced in Ohio on the convictions for
robbery and escape, and until 1996, § 2929.41 of the Ohio Rev. Code
provided that "[w]hen consecutive sentences of imprisonment are
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4 Furlough and parole are apparently different in Ohio. The parties have
treated September 17, 1979 as the date of Parks' release from incarcera-
tion, and we will do the same.

                     9
imposed for a felony . . . [by the trial court] the minimum term to be
served is the aggregate of the consecutive minimum terms imposed,
and the maximum term to be served is the aggregate of the consecu-
tive maximum terms imposed." Section 2929.41(C)(1). See Baldwin's
Ohio Rev. Code Ann., 1996. The Committee Comment from the 1975
replacement volume of Page's Ohio Rev. Code Ann. provides with
respect to like sentences as those involved here:"For example, if an
offender is sentenced from 2-5 years for grand theft and 7-25 years
for aggravated robbery, the sentence to be served is 9-30 years."
Applying Ohio law, Parks' 1978 sentence in Ohio was thus not less
than 4 years and 6 months but not more than 30 years. His incarcera-
tion for those aggregated offenses lasted until September 17, 1979,
which was within the 15-year period under § (e)(1), the sentence
imposed having exceeded one year and one month.

Parks argues that the district court has, as he calls it, blended the
robbery and escape sentences so as to fit within the 15-year period.
Without attempting to define Parks' use of the term blended, we are
of opinion that under the Ohio law under which Parks was sentenced,
there was one sentence being served on account of the robbery and
escape convictions from which he was released at the earliest, Sep-
tember 17, 1979. Thus the robbery and escape convictions count
under § (e)(1).

Parks' next argument is that the escape conviction may not be used
in any event in computing the time Parks was serving on account of
the Ohio convictions. The argument goes that escape is not a crime
of violence. That argument is foreclosed by our decision in United
States v. Hairston, 71 F.3d 115 (4th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 64
U.S.L.W. 3763 (U.S. May 13, 1996). Parks' escape offense was a fel-
ony in violation of Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.34.

Thus, we hold that Przenkop's and Parks' objections to their sen-
tences are without merit.

The convictions of each of the three defendants and the sentences
of Przenkop and Parks (Wallace's sentence not being noticed on
appeal), are accordingly

                    10
AFFIRMED.5




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5 Ohio law presently would have required the sentences imposed in this
case to be served concurrently. Section 2929.41, Baldwin's Ohio Revised
Code Ann., 1995 amendment effective July 1, 1996. Even if some kind
of concurrent sentencing rule were applied, however, Parks' argument
must yet fail. As we have shown, the escape charge is a crime of vio-
lence, for which a sentence was imposed. So Parks has, in fact, three
controlled substance or crimes of violence convictions rather than merely
two. In United States v. Vanderlaan, 921 F.2d 257 (10th Cir. 1990), cert.
denied, 499 U.S. 954 (1991), the court held that an indeterminate sen-
tence of not to exceed 10 years, with incarceration under the Narcotic
Addict Rehabilitation Act for treatment, should be counted under §(e)(1).
Alternately, we follow Vanderlaan as to the indeterminate sentence for
escape and hold that Parks should yet be considered a career offender.
Parks' best case is that he was incarcerated until September 17, 1979 for
either one offense or two offenses resulting from his 1978 convictions
for robbery and escape. Since both robbery and escape are crimes of vio-
lence, and since the sentences for each exceed one year and one month,
it is a matter of indifference as to whether Parks was incarcerated for one
or the other, or both, until September 17, 1979. In all events, he was
incarcerated for crimes of violence upon sentences each of which
exceeded one year and one month, such incarceration extending into the
period within 15 years of April 7, 1994.

                    11
