                          UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

SERVICE EMPLOYEES
INTERNATIONAL UNION LOCAL 32BJ,

                      Plaintiff,
                                                   Civil Action No. 12-cv-1608 (RLW)
      v.

DIVERSIFIED SERVICES GROUP, INC.,

                      Defendant.

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

I.     INTRODUCTION

       In this case, Plaintiff Service Employees International Union Local 32BJ (SEIU or the

Union) argues that a number of its members were discharged in violation of an agreement the

Union had with Defendant Diversified Services Group, Inc. (Diversified). SEIU seeks to have

the merits of Diversified’s actions discharging the employees heard in arbitration, which it

claims is compelled by an agreement between the parties. Diversified responds that there is no

such agreement, and accordingly disputes that arbitration is appropriate.

       Upon careful consideration of the parties’ briefs and related papers, and the arguments

presented at a hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment held on July 30, 2013, for

the reasons stated herein the Court finds that Plaintiff’s motion is due to be GRANTED and

Defendant’s motion is DENIED.

II.    FACTUAL SUMMARY

       A.      Background

       As of July 2011, contractor East-West, Inc. provided the cleaning and maintenance

work at the Nebraska Avenue Complex (NAC). (Dkt. No. 1, ¶ 6). East-West employed

approximately twenty-three people at NAC for this purpose. (Id.). Those twenty-three people
                                               1
were represented by SEIU, “a labor organization within the meaning of the National Labor

Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 152(5) . . . .” (Dkt. No. 1, ¶¶ 2, 6). East-West was a party to a

collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with the Union that covered the terms and conditions

of employment for its cleaning employees at NAC; as of July 2011, the period of the

agreement was October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2011. (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement (Dkt. No. 12, at

38-45), ¶ 15). The CBA stated that “the employer shall only discipline or discharge employees

for just cause.” (Dkt. No. 10-2, at 12 (§ 16.2)). It also provided that “all disputes, complaints

or grievances in connection with the interpretation or application of the terms of this

Agreement” were to be resolved through a Grievance and Arbitration Procedure. (See id. at 12

(Article 17 and § 17.1)).

       In 2011, the General Services Administration (GSA) solicited bids for the cleaning

services contract at NAC. (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 3; Brome Supp. Decl. (Dkt. No. 14, at 26), ¶

2). In July 2011, Diversified, a cleaning service contractor, through its agent Marc Banks,

“requested a copy of the seniority list [from SEIU] for the incumbent workers employed at that

time at NAC.” (See Dkt. No. 14, at 19). According to the Union, but denied by Diversified,

“[a] seniority list aids a company in pricing the costs for an account and helps it submit a

competitive bid.” (See Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 6). Just before 11:30 a.m. on July 27, 2011, the

Union responded to Banks by e-mail, stating it would provide the list if Diversified signed a

Memorandum of Understanding (“MoU”). (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 5). The MoU lists the

following four points:

               1.      The Employer [i.e., Diversified] intends to submit bids for work
               in the jurisdiction of the Union, Washington DC, including all DC
               District and Federal Government buildings, Montgomery County
               Maryland, Baltimore County Maryland, and Northern Virginia sites
               where the cleaning and maintenance employees are currently
               represented by the Union.


                                               2
               2.    It is the Employer’s intent, if it is awarded such work, to hire the
               incumbent employees and maintain their current terms and conditions of
               employment.

               3.       In the event the Employer is the successful bidder, it agrees that
               it will assume the collective bargaining agreement in effect at the sites.

               4.     The Union agrees not to take any action, including leafleting or
               other public demonstrations, opposing the Employer’s bid.

(Dkt. No. 1-2, at 8). Diversified signed and returned the MoU by e-mail twelve minutes later,

and then the Union sent the seniority list by e-mail just over an hour after that. (See id. at 10).

       On September 16, 2011, the Union and East-West signed a new CBA that extended

from October 1, 2011 through September 30, 2014. (See id. Ex. E (35-54)). This agreement

includes the same language in Articles 16 and 17 as in the previous CBA. According to the

Union, the new agreement increased wages “and other benefit funds.” (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶

17). The Union claims this negotiation happened “[w]hile the NAC account was out to bid.”

(Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 16). Diversified disagrees, claiming that “[i]n the fall of 2011, GSA

cancelled the aforementioned 2011 Solicitation.         In early 2012, GSA issued a separate

Solicitation, utilizing a completely different procurement approach . . . .” (Brome Decl. (Dkt.

No. 10-1, at 11), ¶ 5).

       Banks informed the Union in May 2012 that Diversified would be taking over the

contract from East-West at NAC as of June 1, 2012. (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 18). On May 9,

the Union sent Diversified a copy of the CBA then in effect between East-West and the Union

at NAC, i.e. the CBA signed in September 2011. (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 19). In sending the

document, the Union stated it “would like to have the same contract as East West (current

employer).” (Dkt. No. 12-2, at 53). The document sent by the Union contained essentially two

changes from the CBA signed in September 2011: the initial date of the agreement was

changed to June 1, 2012, and East-West was replaced with Diversified. (See Dkt. No. 1-2, Ex.


                                                 3
D (13-34)). On May 21, 2012, Diversified and the Union met; the contents of that discussion

are in dispute. (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 21; Dkt. No. 14, at 21).

       The parties agree that around June 1, 2012, Diversified replaced East-West at NAC and

hired the twenty-three incumbent East-West employees. (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 22). Within

the first thirty days of assuming the NAC account, Diversified discharged seventeen of the

twenty-three incumbent employees. (Def.’s Statement of Material Facts (Dkt. No. 10-1, at 1-

8), ¶ 30).    The Union responded to this in several ways.          On June 13, 2012, Union

representative Luis Benitez “reached out to Diversified seeking to bargain.”         (Pl.’s 7(h)

Statement, ¶ 26). After “confirming” that Diversified signed the MoU, later that day Benitez

“corrected his initial request to bargain, and sent an e-mail to remind Banks that Diversified

had assumed the 2011 CBA.” (Pl.’s 7(h) Statement, ¶ 27). Then, beginning June 14, 2012 and

continuing through July 2, 2012, the Union initiated written grievances on behalf of the

discharged employees. (Dkt. No. 1, ¶¶ 23, 26-30). On July 10, 2012, Teodoro Rodriguez of

the Union “consolidated all of the grievances into one omnibus grievance, alleging that

Diversified had discharged all of these employees without just cause.” (Dkt. No. 12-3, ¶ 4).

By letter dated July 26, 2012, Rodriguez notified Diversified of the Union’s intent to arbitrate,

and on August 1, 2012 he filed a request to arbitrate with the Federal Mediation and

Conciliation Services (FMCS). (Dkt. No. 12-3, ¶¶ 6-7).

       Meanwhile, Diversified viewed the unfolding events from a very different perspective.

Diversified denied it was required to assume the CBA signed in September 2011. (Dkt. No. 1,

¶ 25). Diversified “disagreed with the Union’s interpretation of the MOU,” and “declined to

accept the 2011 East West CBA with Local 32BJ’s unilateral changes.” (Brome Decl., ¶ 7).

On July 9, 2012, Diversified submitted its own proposal for a CBA to the Union. (Id. ¶ 13).

The Complaint refers to a July 10, 2012 e-mail from Diversified in which the company stated it

                                                 4
had “no intention” of adopting the CBA signed in September 2011, had “no obligation” to

arbitrate the discharge grievances, and refused to reinstate any employees. (Dkt. No. 1, ¶ 31).

Diversified e-mailed the Union on July 26, 2012, stating that “Diversified has not entered into

a collective bargaining agreement or a contractual agreement of any kind with Local 32BJ.

Consequently, we will not participate in any contract-based arbitration proceeding concerning

the for-cause discharge” of “at-will” employees. (Dkt. No. 1, ¶ 33). Then in an August 7,

2012 letter to the FMCS (that Diversified did not send to the Union until September 20, 2012),

Diversified stated it “does not have an arbitration agreement or a contractual agreement of any

stripe with SEIU Local 3[2]BJ at this time. In light of the absence of such an agreement,

[Diversified] will not participate in the process of selecting an arbitrator or have any role in this

non-contractual, extra-legal process unilaterally initiated by Local 3[2]BJ.” (Dkt. No. 1-2, at

110) (emphasis in original).

       With respect to the twenty-three workers previously employed by East-West,

Diversified states it “informed these incumbent workers that Diversified would hire them on a

thirty-day probationary basis.” (Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ¶ 26). The 2008-2011 and

2011-2014 CBAs both contain, at Section 14.1, the following language: “PROBATIONARY

PERIOD. New employees shall be on probation until completion of thirty (30) calendar days

of service from the date of hire. During this probationary period, such employees shall be

considered as being on trial subject to immediate dismissal at ANY TIME WITHOUT

RECOURSE to the grievance and Arbitration procedure.” Based on this language, Diversified,

without acknowledging it is bound by the 2011 CBA, argues that the employees were properly

terminated for unsatisfactory job performance even under the terms of the CBA, and thus are

not entitled to any arbitration procedure. (See Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ¶¶ 29-33).



                                                 5
       B.      Procedural History

       The Union filed an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations

Board on July 5, 2012. (Dkt. No. 14, at n.3). Diversified opposed the charge on July 30, and

on August 7 the Union voluntarily withdrew the charge. (Id.). On August 18, 2012, according

to Diversified, the Union “orchestrated the filing of a lawsuit in the Superior Court of the

District of Columbia on behalf of fourteen of the 17 discharged probationary employees under

the District of Columbia Displaced Workers Protection Act.            On or about December 4

[Diversified] filed a Motion to Dismiss or, in the alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment in

the Superior Court proceeding.” (Id.).

       The Union initiated this action against Diversified on September 27, 2012.             The

Complaint “is brought pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 4 and Section 301(a)

of the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA), 29 U.S.C. § 185(a).” 1 In its Complaint, the

Union requests that the Court compel Diversified to submit to arbitration regarding the

termination of employees, and order Diversified “to honor its obligations under the CBA and

cease breaching the parties’ MOU.” (See Dkt. No. 1, at 11).

       Diversified filed a Motion to Dismiss, or, in the Alternative, a Motion for Summary

Judgment. (Dkt. No. 10-3). In its Motion, Diversified argues that the complaint should be

dismissed because a contractual agreement did not exist between Diversified and the Union

since (1) the MoU did not contain a duration period (Dkt. No. 10-3, at 8-10), and (2) there was

no meeting of the minds regarding the applicability of the MoU to a particular CBA (id. at 10-

12). Diversified argues that, “[a]lternatively, in the absence of an explicit term of duration, the

1
        29 U.S.C. § 185(a) reads: “Suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a
labor organization representing employees in an industry affecting commerce as defined in this
chapter, or between any such labor organizations, may be brought in any district court of the
United States having jurisdiction of the parties, without respect to the amount in controversy or
without regard to the citizenship of the parties.”

                                                6
MOU would conceptually have to have been limited to the time period or periods referenced

therein.” (Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ¶ 16). Therefore, according to Diversified, the

language in the MoU that Diversified would accept the “current terms and conditions of

employment” means it adopted only the CBA in place when the MoU was signed, and never

agreed to adopt the subsequent CBA negotiated between the Union and East-West.

Furthermore, without admitting the 2011 CBA applies to the company, Diversified asserts that

a reasonable interpretation of the 2011 CBA permits Diversified to identify the incumbent

employees as probationary from their date of hire by Diversified and, therefore, permits

discharge without access to recourse. (Dkt. No. 14, at 14).

       The Union filed an Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment and a

Motion for Summary Judgment on December 11, 2012. The Union argues that (1) the MoU is

an enforceable contract because there was mutual assent to be bound, an express duration

clause is not required for an agreement to be binding, and regardless the MoU contains an

implied durational term; (2) the terms of the MoU are unambiguous and bind Diversified to the

2011 CBA; and (3) the broad arbitration clause in the 2011 CBA requires an arbitrator to

decide the status of the employees regarding their discharge.

       The parties appeared for oral argument on the cross-motions for summary judgment on

July 30, 2013.

III.   LEGAL STANDARDS

       A.        Motion To Dismiss

       Diversified has moved to dismiss the Union’s Complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). “To

survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as

true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). In evaluating a

                                                7
Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court construes the complaint liberally in the plaintiff’s favor and

grants them all reasonable inferences. See Stokes v. Cross, 327 F.3d 1210, 1215 (D.C. Cir.

2003). Despite the positive inferences granted in considering a motion to dismiss, a complaint

must sufficiently “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon

which it rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (internal citations omitted). Although the complaint

does not require detailed factual allegations, it must provide “more than labels and conclusions,

and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Id.

       B.      Motion For Summary Judgment

       Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party demonstrates that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247

(1986); Moore v. Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009). A genuine issue of material fact

exists if the evidence “is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving

party.” Steele v. Schafer, 535 F.3d 689, 692 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at

248). While the Court views all facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party in

reaching that determination, Keyes v. District of Columbia, 372 F.3d 434, 436 (D.C. Cir. 2004),

the nonmoving party must nevertheless provide more than “a scintilla of evidence” in support

of its position, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. To establish a genuine issue of material fact, the

nonmoving party must demonstrate—through affidavits or other competent evidence, FED. R.

CIV. P. 56(c)(1)—that the quantum of evidence is such that a “jury could reasonably find for

the [nonmoving party],” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252.

       C.      Contract Principles

       “In this circuit, the interpretation of contracts is considered an issue of law, not fact,

and thus cannot preclude summary judgment.” Cook v. Babbitt, 819 F. Supp. 1, 15 (D.D.C.

                                                8
1993) (citing Pa. Ave. Dev. Corp. v. One Parcel of Land, 670 F.2d 289, 292 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).

“In the District of Columbia, an enforceable contract exists when there is an agreement about

all material terms and an intention of the parties to be bound.” United States v. Mahoney, 247

F.3d 279, 285 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). “There must thus be an honest and fair

‘meeting of the minds’ as to all issues in a contract.” Simon v. Circle Assocs., Inc., 753 A.2d

1006, 1012 (D.C. 2000) (citation omitted). “[T]he party asserting the existence of a contract

has the burden of proof on that issue.” Jack Baker, Inc. v. Office Space Dev. Corp., 664 A.2d

1236, 1238 (D.C. 1995) (citation omitted).

       Mutual assent can be found when two parties sign a contract regardless of the parties’

subjective intent. 17A Am. Jur. 2d Contracts §31. The question is “whether a reasonable

person would, based upon the objective manifestations of assent and all the surrounding

circumstances, conclude that the parties intended to be bound to the contract.” Id. Parties may

be bound to an agreement if their conduct gives the unintended appearance of mutual assent; a

party can manifest assent to an offer in writing without reading it and still be bound to the

terms therein.   RESTATEMENT (SECOND)        OF   CONTRACTS § 23 cmt. b (1981).     Without a

manifestation of mutual assent, however, there can be no agreement and, therefore, no contract.

Provided there is no fraud, duress, undue influence, or mistake, a party is typically bound to

any agreement for which there is assent. 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 168.

        Duration is “usually” considered a material term, but the District of Columbia Court

of Appeals has not mandated that duration “must be in a contract for it to be enforceable.”

Calvetti v. Antcliff, 346 F. Supp. 2d 92, 103 (D.D.C. 2004) (citing Rosenthal v. Nat’l Produce

Co., 573 A.2d 365, 370 (D.C. 1990)). When an essential term is omitted from a contractual

agreement, the court can supply a term that is reasonable given the circumstances.



                                                  9
RESTATEMENT (SECOND)      OF   CONTRACTS § 204 (1981). See also Independence Mgmt. Co. v.

Anderson & Summers, LLC, 874 A.2d 862, 869 (D.C. 2005) (citing the Restatement).

IV.    ANALYSIS

       The Union asserts that Diversified, by signing the MoU on July 27, 2011, is bound to

comply with the terms of the 2011 CBA that was in effect when Diversified assumed

responsibility for the cleaning services at NAC. Diversified contends that the MoU is not an

enforceable agreement and, even if the MoU is binding, Diversified’s execution of the MoU

only bound it to the 2008 CBA, which was the collective bargaining agreement in effect at the

time the MoU was executed. Three issues regarding whether a contract was formed will be

addressed first.

       A.      The MoU is an enforceable contract because it is a product of mutual
               assent between the parties

       Diversified argues that the parties never reached an enforceable agreement because they

disagree about the meaning of the language in the MoU, language that merits repeating here.

Paragraph two of the MoU states that if Diversified is awarded work in the relevant

jurisdictions, it intends “to hire the incumbent employees and maintain their current terms and

conditions of employment.”       Paragraph three reads:    “In the event the Employer is the

successful bidder, it agrees that it will assume the collective bargaining agreement in effect at

the sites.” The Union believes that this language requires Diversified to accept the CBA

signed in September 2011, while Diversified believes that this language means that the

company was only required to accept the CBA in effect at the time it signed the MoU.

According to Diversified, “the parties’ divergent positions concerning the MOU’s purported

applicability further reveals the lack of the requisite meeting of the minds to form an

enforceable agreement.” (Dkt. No. 10-3, at 10). For this proposition, Diversified cites several


                                               10
cases, such as Estate of Taylor v. Lilienfield, which states that there is no contract if there is

“mistake or mutual misunderstanding.” (Dkt. No. 10-3, at 11 (citing 744 A.2d 1032, 1035

(D.C. 2000)).

       But “a party cannot show lack of mutual assent merely by pointing to areas of

disagreement over previously adopted language.” Eastern Air Lines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots

Ass’n, Int’l, 861 F.2d 1546, 1551 (11th Cir. 1988). “In the absence of fraud or its equivalent,

one is obligated by his contract, though signed without knowledge of its terms. It is not

enough to avoid a contract that one party who signed it believed it did not contain what was

plainly expressed therein.” Hart v. Vermont Inv. Ltd. P’ship, 667 A.2d 578, 582 (D.C. 1995)

(citations and quotation marks omitted). There are no allegations of fraud or similar defects

with the MoU here, and Diversified’s allegations of a lack of mutual assent are not persuasive.

       Diversified itself notes that alleged contractual ambiguity “may”—not definitively

does—indicate a lack of a meeting of the minds. (See Dkt. No. 14, at 6). Diversified argues

that the MoU they signed cannot bind them to a CBA that did not yet exist, and thus there was

no meeting of the minds. But this argument is contradicted by several cases cited by the Union

that Diversified fails to rebut. For example, in UMWA 1974 Pension v. Pittston Co., 984 F.2d

469, 474 (D.C. Cir. 1993), the D.C. Circuit found an agreement to assume an obligation under

a future contract enforceable. “The District Court, relying on the words of the agreements and

the extrinsic evidence properly before it, concluded that the only reasonable interpretation of

the evergreen clause is one premised on a principle of ‘perpetual obligation.’ . . . [W]e agree

with the conclusion reached by the District Court.” Id. at 473. In Robbins v. Lynch, 836 F.2d

330, 331-32 (7th Cir. 1988), the Seventh Circuit found an employer bound by “any agreement

[later] concluded by multiemployer and multiunion bargaining associations.” These cases and

others cited by the Union stand for the proposition that several courts, including the D.C.

                                               11
Circuit, have found employers bound to future agreements. Thus Diversified’s suggestion that

no meeting of the minds could occur regarding a CBA not yet finalized is rejected. The plain

language of the agreement indicates that Diversified agreed that a future event would trigger its

assent to the CBA. The company took the risk that in the future a new CBA would be in

effect.

          Also as part of their argument for a lack of mutual assent regarding the MoU,

Diversified claims that the parties have “diametrically opposed interpretations of the operative

term ‘current.’” (Dkt. No. 14, at 6). But this is not accurate. Both parties have the same

interpretation of the term current. The difference is that the Union gives the word meaning

with regard to the context in which it is used, modified by what happens only “if” an employer

is awarded a contract. There is no dispute about what the word current means, and thus

Diversified’s production of dictionary definitions of the word are but a distraction.

          B.     The MoU’s language is not ambiguous

          Although Diversified alleges ambiguity in the MoU, the Court finds that the language is

clear. First, Diversified argues that, because it submitted its successful bid on a second GSA

solicitation rather than the one it obtained the seniority list for, the MoU only applies to the

first bid. (See Dkt. No. 14, at 21). But given that the MoU refers to “bids” in paragraph one,

not a single “bid,” this argument fails to persuade.

          Next, Diversified argues that the use of “current” in paragraph two of the MoU refers to

the CBA at the time the MoU was signed, “not the then nonexistent 2011 CBA.” (Dkt. No. 10-

3, at 11) (emphasis removed). But the company all but ignores that the term “current” in

paragraph two is modified by “if it is awarded such work,” and thus “current” refers to the

CBA in effect when the work is awarded. Diversified never acknowledges the “if it is awarded

such work” language in paragraph two of the MoU. The phrase does not appear in the

                                                12
company’s motion or opposition. Nonetheless, Diversified claims that the Union “does not and

cannot explain how the ‘current terms and conditions of employment’ would ever encompass”

a CBA negotiated after the signing of an MoU. (Dkt. No. 14, at 8). Diversified calls the

Union’s position “an unworkable and illogical interpretation of the MOU.” (Dkt. No. 10-3, at

11). It is no such thing. It can work simply as follows: an employer assumes the current

CBA, or if no CBA is in place then it assumes whatever current terms and conditions are in

place, at the time it is awarded a contract.

       Not only does paragraph two indicate that an employer would assume the current

conditions at the time it is awarded a contract, paragraph three of the MoU indicates this as

well. Paragraph three states that an employer would assume the CBA “in effect at the sites . . .

[i]n the event” of a successful bid. For Diversified’s reading of this language to make sense,

paragraph three would need to state that, if an employer was the successful bidder, they would

need to assume the CBA in effect at the time the MoU was signed. But it says no such thing.

Moreover, as with the “if it is awarded such work” language in paragraph two of the MoU,

again Diversified never mentions paragraph three of the MoU, which further clarifies, when

read in context, that the CBA in effect at the time of an employer’s successful bid is the

operative one.

       C.        The MoU would be voidable, not void, if it lacked a durational term

       Assuming without deciding that Diversified is correct and there is no durational term,

the parties disagree on the import of such a finding. According to Diversified, “[i]n light of the

absence of a period of duration, the MOU lacks an ‘essential term’ and cannot constitute an

enforceable contractual agreement.” (Dkt. No. 10-3, at 9-10). According to the Union, “labor

agreements that lack express duration clauses are not void, but are merely terminable upon

proper notice.” (Dkt. No. 12, at 19).

                                               13
       Case law supports the Union’s position that a labor agreement lacking an explicit

duration term is not void, but merely voidable upon reasonable notice. See, e.g., Boeing

Airplane Co. v. NLRB, 174 F.2d 988, 991 (D.C. Cir. 1949) (“We agree with the principle of

law that a contract of indeterminate duration may become terminable by unilateral action on

the part of either party after a reasonable lapse of time.”); E. Dist. Council of the United Bhd.

of Carpenters v. Blake Constr. Co., 457 F. Supp. 825, 830 (E.D. Va. 1978) (“The agreement

contains no provision regarding termination, or even the duration of the contract. Such a

contract is presumed to be terminable at will according to principles of labor law, and

traditional contract law, upon reasonable notice to the other party of intent to terminate.”)

(citations omitted). Diversified does not respond directly to any of the cases cited by the Union

on this point, and in its briefing papers Diversified “provided zero case law that establishes that

a labor agreement that lacks a duration clause is void.” (See Dkt. No. 17, at 7). Given the

weight of authority, this is not surprising. “[A] labor contract of indefinite duration or one that

does not specify a time or manner of termination is terminable at the will of either party upon

reasonable notice to the other party.” United Autoworkers v. Randall Div. of Textron, Inc., 5

F.3d 224, 229 (7th Cir. 1993). 2

       According to Diversified, the Union argues that Section 8(d) of the National Labor

Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 158(d), “cures the unassailable fact [that] the MOU lacks a

durational provision,” and the company criticizes this supposed argument for “blithely


2
        At oral argument, Diversified stated it discovered that day the case NLRB v. Downs-
Clark, Inc., 479 F.2d 546 (5th Cir. 1973), calling it “directly on point.” But it is no such thing.
In Downs-Clark, the NLRB tried to force the company to execute a contract with a union after
claiming the two parties had reached an agreement. The Fifth Circuit found “that the Board’s
decision is not supported by substantial evidence. Rather, the record clearly shows that there
was no meeting of the minds on the key issues of wages and merit increases.” Id. at 548.
Nowhere does the opinion state that a labor agreement without a duration clause is void rather
than voidable.

                                                14
ignor[ing] the salient fact that the MOU does not constitute a collective bargaining agreement.”

(Dkt. No. 14, at 2) (emphasis removed).        Diversified then claims that “even assuming

arguendo that the MOU constituted a collective bargaining agreement under the NLRA and

that Section 8(d) applies to the MOU, this Court would consequently lack jurisdiction to

determine whether the defendant’s rejection of the MOU complied with Section 8(d)” because

the NLRB “has exclusive jurisdiction to ascertain whether Diversified contravened Section

8(d) and to remedy violations thereof.” (Dkt. No. 14, at 4) (citing Waggoner v. Dallaire, 767

F.2d 589, 592 (9th Cir. 1985) and NLRB v. Local 554, 991 F.2d 1302, 1306 (7th Cir. 1993)).

       But the Union is not arguing that Section 8(d) “cures” anything, and does “not seek a

bargaining order or otherwise allege a violation of § 8(a)(5) of the NLRA.” (Dkt. No. 17, at

n.2). At issue here is a contract between a union and an employer, which is governed by § 301

of the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185. Therefore Diversified’s argument

that this Court is without jurisdiction because of the reference to Section 8(d) does not

persuade. See Retail Clerks Int’l Assn., Local Unions Nos. 128 and 633 v. Lion Dry Goods,

Inc., 369 U.S. 17, 28 (1962) (“We need not decide whether or not this strike settlement

agreement is a ‘collective bargaining agreement’ to hold, as we do, that it is a ‘contract’ for

purposes of § 301(a).”) The Union cites to Section 8(d) to illustrate a method for determining

the appropriate notice period, and notes that even if the MoU is not a collective bargaining

agreement, a labor contract of indefinite duration is terminable at will upon reasonable notice.

(See Dkt. No. 17, at 6). The point is that since Diversified failed to provide reasonable notice

of its intent to terminate the MoU, the company is precluded from evading its obligations

thereunder.




                                              15
       D.      The discharged employees’ grievances should be sent to arbitration.

       Having determined that the MoU is a binding contract, the Court now addresses the

issue of arbitration. An agreement with language such as that found here, which states that all

disputes regarding the CBA will use the Grievance and Arbitration Procedure, “should be

submitted to arbitration.” See Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n v. United Transport Union, 767

F. Supp. 2d 161, 173 (D.D.C. 2011) (citation omitted). The Court’s role is to determine

whether the Union has a plausible argument that the grievances are arbitrable. See Wash.

Mailers Union No. 29 v. Wash. Post Co., 233 F.3d 587, 589 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Again, the CBA

here states that “all disputes, complaints or grievances in connection with the interpretation or

application of the terms of this Agreement” were to be resolved through a Grievance and

Arbitration Procedure. (See Dkt. No. 10-2, at 12 (Article 17 and § 17.1)). “[I]n deciding

whether the parties have agreed to submit a particular grievance to arbitration, a court is not to

rule on the potential merits of the underlying claim.” AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Commc’ns

Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986). The Union has met its burden of demonstrating a

plausible argument of arbitrability in the CBA.

       Of course, Diversified claims it was not bound by any CBA when it terminated

employees within 30 days of taking over the NAC contract.             Alternatively, Diversified

interprets Section 14.1 of the CBA to mean that the terminated employees were “new” with

respect to their employment with Diversified, and thus, even under the CBA, they were

probationary employees who have no recourse to arbitration. 3          This is so, according to

Diversified, because the language in Section 14.1 of the CBA “refers singularly and succinctly

3
       Section 14.1 states: “PROBATIONARY PERIOD. New employees shall be on
probation until completion of thirty (30) calendar days of service from the date of hire. During
this probationary period, such employees shall be considered as being on trial subject to
immediate dismissal at ANY TIME WITHOUT RECOURSE to the grievance and Arbitration
procedure.”

                                               16
to the date of hire by ‘the Employer,’ in this case [Diversified].” (Dkt. No. 10-3, at 13). 4 The

company contrasts this with Section 10.4 of the CBA, which refers to an “original date of

hire.” If there is any ambiguity in Section 14.l, Diversified argues that because “ambiguous

provisions are construed against the drafter of the contract,” Cole v. Burns Int’l Sec. Servs., 105

F.3d 1465, 1486 (D.C. Cir. 1997), “the meaning of this provision would have to be construed

against the draftsman, i.e., Local 32BJ” (Dkt. No. 10-3, at 14). But Section 14.1 does not refer

to “date of hire by ‘the Employer,’” it only refers to “the date of hire.”

       The Union argues that “[i]f the probationary clause means that, once Diversified has

hired the employees, it can then discharge them for any reason within thirty days, then

Diversified’s agreement to retain the incumbent employees would be meaningless.” (Dkt. No.

17, at 19-20). Diversified argues that Section 14.1 clearly establishes they acted appropriately.

This debate is not for this Court to resolve. “[W]here the contract contains an arbitration

clause, there is a presumption of arbitrability in the sense that an order to arbitrate the

particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the

arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.

Doubts should be resolved in favor of coverage.” AT&T Technologies, Inc., 475 U.S. at 650

(citation omitted). The Court finds that the CBA is susceptible of the interpretation proffered

by the Union, and that settles the matter.

V.     CONCLUSION

       The Memorandum of Understanding signed by both parties required Diversified to

accept the collective bargaining agreement in effect at NAC when it obtained the contract from



4
       Diversified repeats this claim, that “it remains unrebutted that Section 14.1 refers
singularly and succinctly to the date of hire by ‘the Employer,’” in its Opposition/Reply. (Dkt.
No. 14, at 16).

                                                 17
GSA. Because Diversified did not do so, and because that CBA contains a requirement that

disputes thereunder will proceed to arbitration, this Court finds that Plaintiff’s motion for

summary judgment (Dkt. No. 12) is GRANTED and Defendant’s motion to dismiss or, in the

alternative, motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 10) is DENIED. An Order accompanies

this Memorandum.


                                                                 Digitally signed by Judge Robert L.
                                                                 Wilkins
                                                                 DN: cn=Judge Robert L. Wilkins,
                                                                 o=U.S. District Court,
                                                                 ou=Chambers of Honorable
                                                                 Robert L. Wilkins,
                                                                 email=RW@dc.uscourt.gov, c=US
Date: August 1, 2013                                             Date: 2013.08.01 18:17:27 -04'00'


                                                  ROBERT L. WILKINS
                                                  United States District Judge




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