IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

STATE OF DELAWARE, )
) I.D. No. 1902013833
V. ) In and for Kent County
)
MICHAEL K. PALMER, )
)
Defendant. )
ORDER

Submitted: September 19, 2019
Decided: September 30, 2019

Upon Defendant’s Motion to Suppress
DENIED

Upon consideration of Defendant Michael Palmer’s (hereinafter “Defendant”)
Motion to Suppress of and the State’s response, as well as the evidence and closing
arguments presented at the hearing held on September 19, 2019, the Court finds that
the police had probable cause to seize Defendant and search the Vehicle and the
Package, and therefore the motion to suppress is DENIED.

I. Factual Background

In January 2019, a confidential informant relayed information to Detective
Joshua Boesenberg of the Dover Police Department that Defendant was sending mail
laced with controlled substances to a Delaware Department of Correction facility
from 16 Evergreen Circle, Dover, Delaware (hereinafter “the Residence”). The
confidential informant also informed Detective Boesenberg that Defendant was in
possession of firearms and that he lived at the Residence with an individual named
Jasmine Street. The police later confirmed that the Residence was owned or leased

by an individual named Michael Street.
State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

In February 2019, Homeland Security Investigations (hereinafter “HSI’’)
Special Agent Sean Downey informed the Dover Police Department as well as U.S.
Postal Service officials in Dover that Customs and Border Patrol had intercepted a
U.S. Postal Service package (hereinafter the “Package”), addressed to the Residence,
that contained illicit narcotics. Law enforcement authorities arranged for the Package
to be delivered to the post office located at 55 Loockerman Plaza, Dover, Delaware
(hereinafter the “Post Office”), where it would be provided to the recipient.

On February 21, 2019, an individual later identified as Sheldon Claud entered
the Post Office and inquired about the Package. A postal worker instructed Mr.
Claud to call a general information phone number to inquire further about the
Package. A call was made on the evening of February 21 to the phone number that
had been provided to Mr. Claud. On February 22, 2019, a postal service agent
contacted the number from which the inquiry had been made on the evening of
February 21 and left information that the Package had been located and could be
picked up at the Post Office on February 22.

On February 22, Detective Matthew Krough of the Dover Police Department
observed Defendant leave the Residence in a silver Dodge Caravan (hereinafter the
“Vehicle”). Later that day, Detective Boesenberg and Special Agent Downey, who
were seated in a vehicle outside the Post Office, observed the Vehicle enter the
vicinity of the Post Office and park nearby. Defendant was in the driver’s seat, and
an individual later identified as Mr. Claud was in the passenger’s seat. Defendant
then drove the Vehicle to the other side of the Post Office. Detective Boesenberg and

Special Agent Downey, along with Master Corporal Jordan Miller of the Dover
State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

Police Department, who was stationed on the other side of the Post Office, believed
that Defendant and his passenger were engaging in counter-surveillance: Defendant
and Mr. Claud drove slowly around the Post Office, remained inside the Vehicle, and
eventually left the area.

Master Corporal Miller followed the Vehicle and observed Defendant park in
front of 30 South New Street, Dover, Delaware. Mr. Claud exited the Vehicle,
entered the building, and soon returned with another unknown individual later
identified as Stanley Stanford. After Mr. Claud and Mr. Stanford entered the Vehicle,
Defendant drove back to the Post Office and parked nearby. All three men exited the
Vehicle but walked separately as they entered the Post Office. A Postal Service agent
inside the Post Office texted Special Agent Downey, informing him that someone had
signed for the Package and was now carrying it out of the building. Master Corporal
Miller observed Mr. Stanford carrying the Package, accompanied by Defendant and
Mr. Claud. Defendant, Mr. Stanford, and Mr. Claud were taken into custody after
they returned to the Vehicle. Master Corporal Miller conducted a pat down search
of Defendant and recovered $6,904.00 in cash.

The Vehicle was impounded and searched. Law enforcement found the
Package inside the Vehicle with the narcotics previously discovered by Customs and
Border Patrol. Law enforcement also recovered other illegal drugs, a firearm, other
contraband, and mail addressed to a Department of Correction facility laced with
narcotics.

II. Discussion

Defendant argues that the police did not have probable cause to arrest him, and

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State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

therefore that any evidence obtained as fruit of the arrest should be suppressed
because it was obtained in violation of his Constitutional rights. Defendant also
separately challenges the search of the Vehicle and the search of the Package, arguing
that a search warrant or warrants should have been obtained before searching the
Vehicle and the Package.

The State responds that law enforcement had probable cause to search the
Vehicle and the Package because they had reason to believe that both contained
contraband. According to the State, law enforcement knew that a package containing
illegal narcotics was placed inside the Vehicle, and Delaware law allows the police
to search containers within a vehicle for contraband that could be found in those
containers. Therefore, the State asserts that Defendant’s motion to suppress should
be denied.

A. The Police Had Probable Cause to Seize Defendant.

A police officer may make a warrantless arrest for a felony offense when the
arresting officer has “reasonable ground to believe that the person to be arrested has
committed a felony, whether or not a felony has in fact been committed.”! The phrase
“reasonable ground to believe” means probable cause, which is established by a
totality of the circumstances.’

The requirements for probable cause to arrest an individual without a warrant

 

* Hovington v. State, 616 A.2d 829, 834 (Del. 1992) (quoting 11 Del. C. § 1904(b)).
* Id. at 833 (citing Ilinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)).

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State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

”3 Probable cause may

are “at least equal to those where an arrest warrant is obtained.
be established from either direct observation or hearsay.’ Hearsay is an acceptable
basis for probable cause provided that the information is corroborated by other facts.°

Here, the facts and circumstances were sufficient to establish probable cause
for the police to arrest Defendant without a warrant. First, a confidential informant
told the Dover Police that Defendant was sending mail laced with drugs from the
Residence to a Department of Correction facility, and that Defendant lived at the
Residence with an individual named Jasmine Street. Second, law enforcement
confirmed that the owner or lessee of the Residence was an individual named Michael
Street. Third, HSI informed local law enforcement and postal authorities that it had
intercepted the Package, which was addressed to the Residence and contained
narcotics. Fourth, an individual inquired about the Package at the Post Office and
was given a general information number to inquire further about the Package;
information was left with an inquirer to report to the Post Office on February 22 to
retrieve the Package; and Defendant left the Residence and subsequently made two
trips to the Post Office on February 22, ultimately retrieving the Package with two

other men. Fifth, on the day of Defendant’s seizure, a surveillance team saw

Defendant perform “counter-surveillance” tactics outside the Post Office. Sixth,

 

* Thompson v. State, 539 A.2d 1052, 1055-56 (Del. 1988) (citing Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S.
471, 479 (1963)).

* O’Neil v. State, 691 A.2d 50, 54 (Del. 1997) (quoting Garner v. State, 314 A.2d 908, 911 (Del.
1973)).

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Id. (quoting Garner, 314 A.2d at 911).
State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

when Defendant entered the Post Office along with the two other men, they walked
separately from each other, a suspicious approach to a routine errand. Seventh, the
Package was addressed to the Residence, but Mr. Stanford was carrying the Package
when the three men left the Post Office, despite the fact that Defendant went into the
Post Office along with Mr. Stanford.

Even assuming that standing alone, none of these facts were sufficient to
establish probable cause, under a totality of the circumstances analysis, the facts
provided “reasonable ground to believe” that Defendant had committed or was about
to commit a felony.°

B. The Police Had Probable Cause to Search the Package and the Vehicle.

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires that the
police obtain a warrant before executing a search.’ However, there are exceptions to
this requirement, the most relevant of which to this case is the “vehicle search”
exception.®

Under the “vehicle search” exception, the police may search a vehicle when

they have probable cause to believe that it contains evidence of a crime.” Probable

 

° See Hovington, 616 A.2d at 834.

” California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 390-91 (1985); Ortiz v. State, 862 A.2d 386, at *2 (Del.
2004) (TABLE).

8 Ortiz, 862 A.2d at *2.

* Id. at *3 (citing Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 153-54 (1925)); State v. Smith, 2018
WL 3000432, at *2 (Del. Super. June 11, 2018) (citing Tatman v. State, 494 A.2d 1249, 1251
(Del. 1985)).
State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

cause to search a vehicle must be based on objective facts within the knowledge of
an officer that would constitute probable cause for the issuance of a warrant.'®
Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances provide a basis for a
reasonably prudent person to conclude that contraband or evidence of a crime will be
found." If the police have probable cause to search the vehicle, they may search any
part of the vehicle, or containers therein, that may contain contraband or evidence of
a crime.'? A warrantless search of a vehicle need not occur immediately after its
seizure, and justification of the search does not depend upon whether the vehicle has
been immobilized."

Here, the police had probable cause to believe that Defendant was using the
Vehicle as a means to engage in criminal activity. First, the police received
information that Defendant was sending mail laced with narcotics to a prison facility
from the Residence, and the police were informed that the Package, which contained
narcotics and was addressed to the Residence, had been intercepted. Second, after
postal authorities informed an inquirer that the Package could be picked up at the Post
Office on February 22, the police observed Defendant responding to the Post Office

in the Vehicle on that date with another individual and engaging in apparent counter-

 

* See Carroll, 267 U.S. at 153-54, 161-62.

* State v. Watson, 2015 WL 2210343, at *3 (Del. Super. May 8, 2015) (quoting Harris v. State,
806 A. 2d 119, 130 (Del. 2002)).

” Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 347 (2009) (citing United States v. Ross, 456 US 798, 820-21
(1982)); Tatman, 494 A.2d at 1252.

* Tatman, 494 A.2d at 1253 (quoting United States v. Johns, 469 U.S. 478, 484 (1985)).

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State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

surveillance. Next, police observed Defendant leave the Post Office in the Vehicle,
pick up a third individual, return to the Post Office, and enter the Post Office in a
suspicious manner with the two other men. Finally, the police saw Defendant
returning to the Vehicle with the two other men, one of whom was carrying the
Package. The Court finds that these facts, and primarily the course of conduct in
which Defendant engaged on February 22, gave law enforcement probable cause to
believe that the Vehicle would contain evidence of criminal activity, and that such
evidence would not be confined to the Package itself. Therefore, law enforcement
had probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the Vehicle.

In his motion, Defendant argues that it was improper for the police to search
the Vehicle without a warrant but does not specifically address the issue of whether
the police had probable cause to search the Vehicle with or without a warrant. As the
Delaware Supreme Court made clear in Ortiz and Tatman, however, once the police
establish probable cause to search a vehicle, there is no need for them to obtain a
warrant.'* Moreover, the fact that the police impounded the Vehicle and searched it
at a later time does not change the equation: in Tatman, the Court made it clear that
a warrantless vehicle search need not be conducted contemporaneously with its
seizure, and that justification for such a search “does not vanish once the car has been

immobilized.”'* Finally, once law enforcement developed probable cause to conduct

 

“ Id. at 1251 (“So long as the police have probable cause to believe that an automobile is
carrying contraband or evidence [of criminal activity], they may lawfully search the vehicle
without a warrant.”) (citing Carroll, 267 U.S. at 153-54).

* Id. at 1253 (quoting Johns, 469 U.S. at 484 (quoting Michigan v. Thomas, 458 U.S. 259, 261
(1982) (per curiam))).
State v. Palmer
ID No. 1902013833
September 30, 2019

a warrantless search of the Vehicle, there was no need for them to obtain separate
warrants to search the Package or any other containers found in the Vehicle. As the
United States Supreme Court held in United States v. Ross,'° where police develop
probable cause to search a vehicle, they may conduct a warrantless search of every
part of the Vehicle and its contents, including any containers therein."

In summary, the police had probable cause to search the Vehicle. In addition,
the police had probable cause to search the Package because it was in the Vehicle.
Therefore, the evidence will not be suppressed.

WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion to suppress is

DENIED.
Vl We.

IT ISSO ORDERED.
Judge

NEP/dsc

oc: Prothonotary

cc: Nicole S. Hartman, Esquire
John R. Garey, Esquire

 

** 456 U.S. 798 (1982).

* Id. at 821-22.
