                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                        Appellate Court




                           People v. Belknap, 2013 IL App (3d) 110833




Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                    DANIEL BELKNAP, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.             Third District
                           Docket No. 3-11-0833


Filed                      November 19, 2013


Held                       Where defendant’s convictions for first degree murder and a related
(Note: This syllabus       offense were reversed and the cause was remanded for a new trial due to
constitutes no part of     the trial court’s violation of Supreme Court Rule 431(b) and defendant
the opinion of the court   was found guilty of first degree murder a second time, the second
but has been prepared      conviction was also reversed and remanded for a new trial due to a
by the Reporter of         violation of Rule 431(b), notwithstanding the fact that the trial judge at
Decisions for the          the second trial covered all of the Zehr principles with each panel of
convenience of the         prospective jurors and that, prior to Wilmington, no error would have
reader.)
                           been found; Wilmington, however, mandates a specific question as to
                           whether the prospective jurors understood the principles, and the failure
                           of the judge in the second trial to ask that question was an error for
                           purposes of the plain-error doctrine.


Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of McDonough County, No. 07-CF-251;
Review                     the Hon. Gregory K. McClintock, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Reversed and remanded.
Counsel on                   Andrew J. Boyd (argued), of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of
Appeal                       Ottawa, for appellant.

                             Gary F. Gnidovec (argued), of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s
                             Office, of Ottawa, and Edwin A. Parkinson, of State’s Attorneys
                             Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of Springfield, for the People.


Panel                        JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                             Justice Lytton concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                             Presiding Justice Wright concurred in part and dissented in part, with
                             opinion.




                                                OPINION

¶1          After his convictions for first degree murder and a related offense were reversed by this
        court and remanded for a new trial, defendant, Daniel Belknap, was found guilty again by a
        jury of first degree murder and was sentenced to 24 years’ imprisonment. Defendant appeals
        his conviction, arguing that: (1) the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty beyond a
        reasonable doubt of first degree murder; (2) he was denied a fair trial because of the trial
        court’s failure to strictly comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007)
        in admonishing the potential jurors during voir dire; and (3) he was denied a fair trial because
        of certain improper remarks made by the prosecutor in opening statement and in closing
        argument. For the reasons that follow, we agree with defendant’s second argument and,
        therefore, we reverse defendant’s conviction and remand this case for a new trial.

¶2                                            FACTS
¶3          On Sunday, September 10, 2006, at about 1 p.m., five-year-old Silven Yocum was found
        seizing in her bed at defendant’s home, where she and her mother, Erin Yocum, were staying.
        Silven was rushed to McDonough District Hospital (MDH) in Macomb and then airlifted to
        St. Francis Hospital (St. Francis) in Peoria. She never regained consciousness and died a
        week later at St. Francis. An autopsy revealed that Silven had been murdered and that she
        had died from blunt force trauma to the head. Based upon the time frame established, the
        only person who could have committed the crime was defendant or Silven’s mother.1


                1
                 A third person, Silven’s uncle, was with Silven for a very brief period during that time
        frame, but the State and defendant both agree that the uncle either could not have, or did not, commit
        the crime.

                                                     -2-
¶4        In December 2007, more than 15 months after the crime was committed, defendant was
     charged with Silven’s murder. He was later found guilty by a jury in McDonough County of
     first degree murder and endangering the life of a child in connection with Silven’s death and
     was sentenced to concurrent terms of imprisonment of 30 years and 10 years. We reversed
     defendant’s convictions on appeal, finding that the evidence in the case was closely balanced
     and that as a matter of first-prong plain error, defendant was denied a fair trial when the trial
     court failed to comply with Supreme Court Rule 431(b) in admonishing potential jurors.
     People v. Belknap, 396 Ill. App. 3d 183, 204-07 (2009) (Belknap I). Because we concluded
     that the evidence presented at the trial was sufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a
     reasonable doubt, we remanded the case for a new trial, rather than reversing defendant’s
     conviction outright. Id.
¶5        On remand, because of pretrial publicity, the case was transferred to Warren County on
     motion of defendant. The second jury trial began in August 2011 and lasted about a week.
     During the beginning of the jury selection process, the trial court informed the entire pool of
     prospective jurors as to the four principles contained in Rule 431(b)–that defendant was
     presumed innocent of the charge against him; that the State had to prove defendant guilty
     beyond a reasonable doubt; that defendant was not required to offer any evidence on his own
     behalf; and that if defendant chose not to testify, the jury could not hold that against him (see
     Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007)). The voir dire was conducted in panels of six
     prospective jurors and the trial court went through six of those panels before the entire jury
     and the alternate jurors were selected. With each panel, the trial court admonished the
     potential jurors as a group as to all four of the Rule 431(b) principles and asked the panel
     members as a group whether they all agreed with, accepted (or had any difficulty accepting),
     or had any quarrel with, those principles, varying the language that it used from time to time.
     At no time, however, did the trial court inquire of any of the panels whether the panel
     members understood the Rule 431(b) principles. After the jury had been selected and sworn
     and just prior to opening statements, the trial court provided the jury with some basic
     instructions. As part of those instructions, the trial court again informed the jury of the four
     Rule 431(b) principles.
¶6        During its opening statement, the State made certain remarks which defendant claims on
     appeal constituted an improper attempt by the prosecution to elicit the jury’s sympathy for
     the victim. Those remarks were not objected to by the defense.
¶7        After opening statements had concluded, the State called Larry Leasman as its first
     witness.2 Leasman testified that during the early morning hours of Saturday, September 9,
     2006, at about 2 a.m., he stopped by defendant’s house in rural McDonough County outside
     of Macomb on his way home from work after he saw defendant’s light on. Defendant was
     working in the garage. Leasman stayed about an hour and smoked methamphetamine (meth)
     with defendant. After Leasman was there a short period of time, Erin Yocum came into the
     garage. Erin said that she had been at the Wal-Mart store in Macomb. Leasman did not


             2
                The testimony has not always been arranged in this opinion in the order it was presented
     at trial. Some changes have been made in an attempt to make the fact section easier to read.

                                                -3-
       remember whether Erin had smoked any meth with them and did not see Silven Yocum
       (Erin’s daughter) at all while he was there.
¶8         Erin Yocum testified for the State that she was Silven’s mother and that she was 36 years
       old at the time of trial. In February 2006, Erin started dating defendant while she and Silven
       lived in Macomb. Later that summer, Erin and Silven spent almost every night at defendant’s
       house. During that time period, both Erin and defendant were using meth. When summer was
       ending and school had started, during what turned out to be the last week of Silven’s life,
       Erin and Silven moved into defendant’s house on a more permanent basis and Erin moved
       Silven’s bed and toys to defendant’s house. At the time of Silven’s death in September 2006,
       Silven was five years old and was attending kindergarten at a local school.
¶9         On Friday, September 8, 2006, Erin and Silven were spending the night at defendant’s
       house. At about midnight, Erin left defendant’s house to go to the Wal-Mart and HyVee
       stores in Macomb to get some magazines. Silven stayed at defendant’s house with defendant
       and was asleep in her bedroom. When Erin returned, defendant was in the garage with Larry
       Leasman. Defendant and Leasman were smoking meth. Erin did not know Leasman and did
       not smoke meth with defendant and Leasman in the garage that night. After a short while,
       Erin went to bed and defendant stayed out in the garage.
¶ 10       Erin woke up at about 6 a.m. Defendant was still out in the garage and Silven was asleep
       in her bed. Erin went out to the garage and Silven followed her out there a short while later.
       At some point before 11 a.m., Erin and Silven painted a dog house that was behind the
       garage. While Erin was painting, Silven sat on Erin’s lap and was very clingy that entire day.
       Erin believed that Silven was getting sick. Defendant asked Silven to come into the house
       with him and to help him make breakfast. Silven cried and did not want to go with defendant.
       Defendant took Silven into the house and he and Silven made breakfast, which they all ate.
       When Erin went into the house after defendant and Silven had made breakfast together, she
       did not notice anything wrong with Silven, other than Silven was feeling sluggish and tired.
       Silven was not complaining about any head injuries or holding her head in the back area, and
       she was not bleeding.
¶ 11       After breakfast, defendant took Silven for a ride on his four wheeler. Later in the day,
       Silven was not happy and had no one to play with so Erin went to her brother Erik’s house
       to pick up Erik’s son, Brett, so that Silven would have someone with whom to play. Brett
       was a year older than Silven. Silven did not go with Erin to pick up Brett. Rather, because
       Silven was still not feeling well, Erin had Silven lie down in bed and watch a movie. When
       Erin returned with Brett about 45 minutes later, Silven was still lying in her bed but was not
       asleep. Nothing appeared to be wrong with Silven at that time, other than it seemed that
       Silven was not feeling well. Silven was conscious, was not bleeding, and was not
       complaining of any head injuries, and Erin did not notice anything unusual. Brett tried to get
       Silven to play on the trampoline at defendant’s house with him, but Silven did not feel like
       playing. Brett jumped on the trampoline, and Silven sat in a chair that defendant brought to
       the backyard for her and watched Brett jump.
¶ 12       At some point between 6 p.m. and 7 p.m., Erin’s brother, Erik, who was Brett’s father,
       came to defendant’s house to pick up Brett and to take Brett to a birthday party at a pizza


                                                -4-
       place in Macomb. Silven went with Erik to drop off Brett. A short while later, after he had
       dropped off Brett, Erik returned with Silven. Erik commented that Silven did not seem to
       have an appetite that night, which was unusual for Silven. Silven was holding onto Erik.
       Defendant took Silven and put her to bed, and Erik left.
¶ 13       Shortly thereafter, at about 7:30 p.m., Erik called and told Erin that the tire had fallen off
       of his truck while he was on the way to pick up Brett from the party. Erin left to pick up Erik.
       At that point, Silven was still awake. Defendant said that he would take Silven, and Erin
       handed Silven to defendant. When Erin returned with Erik about 20 minutes later, Silven was
       in bed. Erin never saw Silven awake again after that point. Defendant and Erik went to fix
       Erik’s truck and were able to get it back to defendant’s residence. Erik used Erin’s car to pick
       up Brett and took Erin’s car with him back to his house for the night. As some point later that
       night, defendant left the house and went and got medicine and food for Erin and Silven.
¶ 14       The next morning, Sunday, September 9, 2006, Erin woke up at about 6:30 a.m. and
       again at about 10 or 10:30 a.m. to go to the bathroom and to get a glass of water. At both
       times, defendant was still in bed sleeping and there was no indication that he had been
       awake. When Erin walked by Silven’s bedroom during those times, she heard what she
       believed was Silven snoring unusually loud. Erin was not wearing her glasses at the time and
       did not go into Silven’s bedroom to check on her. Erin peeked into the room, heard Silven
       breathing loud, thought that Silven was getting sick, and decided to let Silven sleep.
¶ 15       During the noon hour, Erik called and asked them if they wanted anything to eat from
       McDonald’s. Silven was still asleep in her bed at the time. Erin went to see what Silven
       wanted to eat and discovered that Silven was seizing. Erin acknowledged while testifying,
       however, that she could not remember for sure and that defendant may have been the person
       who actually discovered that Silven was seizing. Silven did not have epilepsy or any
       condition like that, and Erin had never seen Silven seize before. The noise that Silven was
       making was the snoring-like noise that Erin had heard earlier. Erin tried to wake Silven up,
       but Silven did not wake up or respond. Defendant was in and out of the room during that
       time, but Erin was not paying attention to him.
¶ 16       Erin called 9-1-1 and an ambulance crew arrived at defendant’s house shortly thereafter.
       Erin acknowledged during her testimony, however, that she may have called her mother
       before she called 9-1-1. The ambulance took Silven to McDonough District Hospital (MDH)
       in Macomb. Erin and defendant followed. When Erin and defendant got to MDH, Silven was
       not awake. While at MDH, Silven’s primary care doctor, Dr. Khaled Dabash, told Erin some
       shocking things about Silven’s injuries, most of which were later determined not to be true.
       The doctor told Erin that Silven was broken from head to toe, that Silven had a broken
       sternum and punctured bowels, that Silven had been tied at the ankles, and that she had been
       sodomized.
¶ 17       Silven was later airlifted to St. Francis hospital in Peoria for more intensive care.
       Defendant and Erin started on their way to the hospital in Peoria in defendant’s truck but on
       the way, defendant decided not go. Defendant pulled over and let Erin out and she was
       picked up by her parents, who were also on their way to St. Francis. Defendant did not say
       why he did not want to go to St. Francis. Although Erin could not quite remember, she


                                                  -5-
       guessed that she had told defendant what Dr. Dabash had said while they were on the way
       to St. Francis. After they arrived at St. Francis, hospital personnel told Erin’s family that
       defendant was not allowed to be there, and Erin’s parents took her cell phone away.
       Although Erin could not remember exactly, she speculated that defendant wanted to come
       to the hospital, but that her parents and the police did not want defendant there. Despite
       treatment procedures being administered for brain trauma and to relieve the pressure in
       Silven’s head, Silven remained in a coma and never regained consciousness. Silven passed
       away at St. Francis on the following Saturday, September 16, 2006.
¶ 18       Erin started using meth when she was dating John Shriver, Silven’s father, who was not
       actively involved in Silven’s life. From 2001 through February 2006, Erin dated Andy Yates
       and continued to use meth throughout that period. Yates was like a father to Silven and had
       a very close relationship with her. When Erin started dating defendant, Silven had a very
       difficult time adjusting to being away from Yates and being with defendant. As the start of
       the school year was approaching, Erin was so concerned about the problem that she talked
       to school personnel about it and also noted on a teacher questionnaire that Silven was
       struggling with that issue. After Erin started dating defendant, she tried to let Silven maintain
       a relationship with Yates and Yates’s mother but eventually had to terminate that relationship
       because Yates was questioning Silven about who Erin was dating and Erin did not want
       Silven to see her and Yates arguing.
¶ 19       Erin was interviewed by the police on several occasions after Silven’s injury and death.
       Erin told the police that defendant was new to Silven and that Silven was having difficulty
       adjusting but that the two got along well. It became apparent to Erin very early on after
       Silven was injured that the police were focusing on defendant. During her police interviews,
       the detectives made significant attempts to try to make Erin tell them that defendant was the
       person who had injured Silven. The detectives pleaded with Erin and told her to do it for
       Silven and herself. At one point, the detectives had Erin come in on Valentine’s Day and
       showed her a tape of defendant’s old girlfriend visiting defendant in jail in an attempt to get
       Erin to tell them that defendant had caused Silven’s injuries. In spite of all that, Erin never
       told the police that defendant killed Silven. During her testimony, portions of Erin’s
       statement to police were played for the jury.
¶ 20       Erin testified further that she did not strike Silven with her hand or an object, did not kick
       Silven, and did not do anything to Silven that would have caused Silven’s head injuries. Erin
       also stated that she did not witness anything happen to Silven and did not know what had
       caused Silven’s injuries. Erin had given Silven a bath within a couple of days prior to
       Sunday, September 10, 2006, and did not notice any bruises or scrapes on Silven’s body,
       other than something on the inside of Silven’s ankle and a blister on her heel from her new
       shoes. Erin never heard anything in the middle of the night on Saturday night or Sunday
       morning–she did not hear Silven crying or screaming or any commotion. Erin was never
       charged with causing Silven’s death. She was, however, charged with, and pled guilty to,
       misdemeanor child endangerment for having Silven in a place where meth was being used.
       At some point, Erin was also arrested and charged with a federal crime for her use of meth.
       On that charge, Erin was allowed to participate in a pretrial diversion program in which she
       had to complete drug treatment.

                                                  -6-
¶ 21        Erin continued to be defendant’s girlfriend for several months after Silven’s death.
       According to Erin, defendant was very good to Silven and tried very hard to please Silven
       so that she would warm up to him. Defendant was kind to Silven, took her places, and
       appeared to love Silven. During the last week of Silven’s life, Erin started to get sick and was
       very sick by that Saturday. Erin became so sick that while Silven was in the hospital, Erin
       had to go to the emergency room to be treated for a sinus infection. During the entire day of
       Saturday, September 9, 2006, defendant tried to help out with Silven. Defendant made
       breakfast with Silven, called some people to try to find someone for Silven to play with, took
       Silven for a four-wheeler ride, got Silven a chair so that she could watch Brett play on the
       trampoline, and tried to find things to help Silven occupy her time. Defendant was not mad
       or angry with Silven, never screamed at Silven, and never spanked her. After defendant was
       charged in federal court with crimes relating to meth, Erin made numerous trips in the spring
       and summer of 2007 to the Tazewell County jail, where defendant was being held on those
       charges, to visit defendant. All of those visits were recorded. Defendant had not been charged
       with Silven’s murder at that point. While defendant was in jail, Erin had hundreds of
       telephone conversations with defendant, wrote hundreds of letters to defendant, and sent
       pictures and cards to defendant. In a recorded phone conversation, Erin stated that she felt
       that the police were unfairly targeting defendant in the death of Silven. Erin had grown very
       frustrated with the sheriff’s office and felt that she was being pressured very hard by the
       sheriff to say that defendant committed the crime or to say that she knew something that she
       did not know.
¶ 22        Erin stated that she maintained her relationship with defendant for several months after
       Silven’s death because she loved defendant and because she could not believe that defendant
       had done anything to Silven since she had never seen any signs that defendant would do
       anything bad to Silven. During those same months, Erin cooperated with the police as best
       she could. In a phone conversation that Erin had with defendant in January 2007 when
       defendant was in jail in which Erin was telling defendant that the sheriff wanted her to come
       back in for another interview and that she did not want to go, defendant told Erin not to go
       talk to the sheriff. Erin acknowledged in her testimony that Silven had been uprooted from
       her home in Macomb to go out and live in a house with defendant and that Silven did not like
       it. Erin could sense at times that Silven was not fond of defendant. According to Erin, she
       was in denial all those months when she wrote hundreds of letters and made numerous phone
       calls to defendant while he was in jail on the drug charges. Defendant was not charged with
       Silven’s murder until a year later.
¶ 23        Erik Yocum, Erin’s brother, provided testimony that was similar to Erin’s as to the events
       of September 9 and 10, 2006, regarding his son, Brett, going to defendant’s house on
       September 9 to play with Silven; Silven riding with him to drop Brett off at a birthday party;
       Silven being very clingy; his truck breaking down later in the evening; him and defendant
       going back to fix his truck; and his calling and returning to the residence on Sunday,
       September 10. In further detail, Erik stated that when he was leaving from defendant’s
       residence to pick up Brett from the party and to go back to his own house Saturday night,
       Silven did not want to stay at defendant’s residence and was begging and crying to go home
       with him. Erik handed Silven to defendant and left the residence to pick up Brett. When Erik

                                                 -7-
       got to the defendant’s residence on Sunday, defendant was out on the porch brushing his
       teeth and motioned Erik to go into the house. Erin was kneeling next to Silven’s bed. Shortly
       thereafter the paramedics arrived. According to Erik, at that time, Erin appeared upset.
       Defendant showed concern but did not appear to be upset. Although he did not remember
       initially, after being shown a transcript of his testimony before the grand jury, Erik
       acknowledged that he testified at that time that he had only seen defendant and Silven
       together once or twice, but what he had seen was fairly good and that defendant treated
       Silven like his own child.
¶ 24        Aaron Wilson testified for the State that he was a paramedic through MDH and, as of the
       trial date, had been a paramedic for over 15 years. Wilson was the first paramedic to arrive
       at defendant’s residence on Sunday, September 10, 2006, in response to the 9-1-1 call. When
       Wilson arrived on the scene, there were several toys scattered throughout the driveway and
       defendant was outside removing the toys from the porch. Wilson went into the house with
       his medical bag to address the emergency, which he had been told was a five-year-old having
       a seizure. Wilson entered through the kitchen area and went with Erin to the back bedroom
       where Silven was located. Upon entering the bedroom, Wilson saw that Silven was lying on
       the bed and was having convulsions and seizures. It did not appear to Wilson to be a standard
       seizure. Silven’s upper extremities were shaking uncontrollably and she would not respond
       to any stimuli. Silven’s eyes were open and fixed to the right, there was nystagmus
       (uncontrolled shaking of the eyeballs) present, and she had dried blood around her nose and
       mouth. Wilson began asking Erin, who was crying and very upset, the standard treatment
       questions. There were six people in Silven’s bedroom while Wilson was attending to Silven,
       including Erin, Wilson, and members of the rescue squad. Wilson eventually scooped Silven
       up and handed her to members of the rescue squad and told them to take Silven out to the
       ambulance. Upon arrival at MDH, Wilson turned Silven over to paramedic Heather Connor
       and to the doctors and nurses at MDH.
¶ 25        According to Wilson, the entire time he was at defendant’s residence, defendant never
       went into Silven’s bedroom. Wilson acknowledged, however, that he had no idea whether
       defendant was in Silven’s room before he arrived and that defendant may have stepped into
       the bedroom while Wilson had his back turned and was attending to Silven. At one point
       while Wilson was kneeling down attending to Silven, he saw that defendant was pacing back
       and forth in the kitchen and was saying, “oh, sh***; oh, d***; and God d***.” In addition,
       Wilson stated that at the hospital, there was a time when everyone was looking for defendant.
       Wilson went outside and found defendant standing in the parking lot by his truck.
¶ 26        Heather Connor testified that she was a paramedic at MDH at the time of Silven’s injury
       and, as of the date of trial, had been a paramedic for 10 years. Connor assisted Wilson when
       he brought Silven into the hospital that day. Connor met Wilson in the hospital garage with
       a stretcher and placed Silven in a trauma bay. Connor stayed with Silven the entire time at
       MDH until she was placed on the helicopter to be airlifted to St. Francis. The only time
       Connor left Silven was when she went to call for the helicopter. When Silven arrived, she
       was limp, had no spontaneous movement in any of her extremities, and did not respond to
       stimuli. Erin, Erin’s mother, and defendant were brought into the trauma bay to be with
       Silven. When Erin learned from the doctor that it was an injury and that Silven’s brain was

                                                -8-
       bleeding, Erin was very distraught and upset and was in a state of shock. Erin stayed by
       Silven’s bedside the entire time and rubbed Silven’s hand and stroked her head. Defendant
       was also in the room but, according to Connor, defendant kept his back to the stretcher and
       never went over and tried to touch Silven. Conner acknowledged, however, that every person
       grieved differently and that there was not much that could be read into defendant’s demeanor
       in that regard. Connor told Erin, Erin’s mother, and defendant that the helicopter would
       arrive in 25 minutes and that it would take 20 minutes for the helicopter to get to St. Francis
       once Silven was aboard. Erin waited for the helicopter, and defendant left to pack a bag for
       Erin and to get Erin her medicine.
¶ 27       Dr. Khaled Dabash’s testimony from defendant’s first trial was read to the jury, but was
       not recorded. Dabash testified during that trial that he was Silven’s pediatrician and that he
       was present in the emergency room on September 10, 2006, when Silven was brought in by
       ambulance. Upon arrival, Silven was unconscious and was still seizing but did not have a
       fever or any signs of infection. Silven’s body was in contracture, which indicated a central
       nervous system insult. Dabash observed bruising and marks on Silven’s body, which he
       believed were indicative of abuse, so he ordered a CT scan of her head. The CT scan showed
       that blood was covering the entire right side of Silven’s brain. Dabash also suspected that
       Silven had a sternal fracture. Dabash ordered a life flight to take Silven to St. Francis in
       Peoria. Dabash opined that Silven’s head injury was caused by blunt force trauma, which had
       occurred within 24 hours at the least before she was brought into the hospital. Dabash
       explained that when a child received blunt force trauma to the head, the brain would swell
       over time until the compression of blood on the brain caused seizures. Dabash felt that
       Silven’s injuries were recent because the swelling in her brain had not yet reached the point
       of herniation. Herniation was beginning to occur at the hospital, and Dabash gave Silven a
       drug to reduce the swelling of her brain.
¶ 28       Dr. Julian Lin’s testimony from defendant’s first trial was read to the jury but not
       recorded. Lin testified at that trial that at the time of Silven’s injury, he was a pediatric
       neurosurgeon at St. Francis Children’s Hospital in Peoria, Illinois. On September 10, 2006,
       after 5 p.m., Lin examined Silven at St. Francis. Silven was in a coma, and Lin performed
       surgery to remove a very large blood clot on the surface of the right hemisphere of Silven’s
       brain. Although Lin was able to successfully remove the clot, Silven remained in a coma. A
       CAT scan revealed that her brain had swelled and that the efforts to control the swelling were
       unsuccessful. Over the next week, Silven did not improve. She eventually had no brain
       activity and passed away on September 16, 2006.
¶ 29       Dr. Bryan Mitchell’s testimony from defendant’s first trial was read to the jury but not
       recorded. Mitchell testified during that trial that he was a forensic pathologist and that he
       conducted an autopsy on Silven on September 18, 2006. During the autopsy, Mitchell
       observed bruises on the right side of Silven’s head, abrasions on the back of her head, a
       bruise on her right shoulder, and bruises and abrasions on her right foot. An internal
       investigation revealed that underneath the abrasions on Silven’s head, there was a bruise
       inside Silven’s scalp that extended to her occipital bone. Mitchell also observed that blood
       had collected under a membrane on the right side of Silven’s brain and that the brain was
       very swollen. Mitchell opined that the injuries were the result of blunt force trauma and

                                                -9-
       would not likely be caused by falling off a trampoline or by falling down once. According
       to Mitchell, there were five distinct areas of blunt force trauma to Silven’s head. The blows
       could have been delivered by a human hand, or possibly by a foot. Some of the symptoms
       of brain injury were lethargy, loss of appetite, and loss of interest in activities. Mitchell
       explained that a brain injury, such as the one experienced by Silven, would not necessarily
       result in the immediate display of symptoms, such as unconsciousness. Mitchell opined that
       Silven sustained the blunt force trauma 12 to 24 hours before she began having seizures and
       that Silven died as a result of complications of closed-head injuries due to blunt force trauma
       caused by blows delivered directly to her head or by blows to the head followed by her
       striking another object.
¶ 30        Dr. Larry Blum testified for the State as an expert in forensic pathology. Blum was asked
       by authorities in McDonough County to review the case. After reviewing the reports,
       photographs, and the findings of Dr. Mitchell, Blum concluded that Silven died of a closed-
       head injury due to multiple blunt force trauma. According to Blum, severe blunt force trauma
       to the head may cause bleeding within the skull and swelling of the brain. In Blum’s opinion,
       Silven received three separate severe blows to her head, which were evidenced by three
       different circular or oval-shaped contusions. The injuries were about an inch to an inch-and-
       a-half wide and could have all been caused by the same impacting force or object. All three
       of the blows to Silven’s head contributed to her death and were nonaccidental in nature. The
       injuries could have been caused by a hand, fist, or foot, by either of the two bottles that were
       located in Silven’s bedroom (discussed in later testimony), by a broom handle, or by any
       number of other household items. Blum stated that some of the symptoms that a person who
       had suffered blunt force trauma to the head could experience would include a loss of
       consciousness, loss of appetite, vomiting, headache, listlessness, sleepiness, seizure, and an
       inability to wake up. Blum explained that the loss of consciousness from such an injury could
       take several hours to occur because it would take time for the brain to bleed and swell, and
       as the brain did so, the symptoms the person was exhibiting would become progressively
       worse until the person began to seize and lose consciousness. Blum opined that it was
       reasonable to believe that the blunt force trauma occurred between 12 and 24 hours before
       the seizures and convulsions.
¶ 31        Silven’s teacher, the teacher’s aide, a program assistant, and the school nurse all testified
       that Silven was attending kindergarten in September 2006, that she appeared to be a normal
       five-year-old girl, and that there was nothing about her that caused them any alarm as to her
       medical or physical condition during the week leading up to her death.
¶ 32        Michael Skelton testified that he worked for the city of Macomb and knew defendant
       from work. On Monday, September 11, 2006, during the morning hours, Skelton was
       working when he saw defendant walking west near the fire department and sheriff complex
       building. Skelton stopped his vehicle and asked defendant what was happening. Defendant
       responded that he needed to talk to “them” about some “sh***.” Skelton assumed that the
       “them” defendant was referring to was the sheriff’s department. Defendant asked Skelton
       how to get into that place. Skelton drove defendant around to the front door. When Skelton
       drove off, defendant was still standing outside of the building and Skelton had no idea
       whether defendant went inside.

                                                 -10-
¶ 33        Matthew Hocker testified that he was defendant’s cousin, that he had known defendant
       all of his life, and that he and defendant had grown up together. On Sunday night, September
       10, 2006, defendant came to Hocker’s residence. Defendant was crying, was visibly upset
       and worried, and was shaking. Defendant told Hocker that Silven was hurt and had been life-
       flighted to Peoria and expressed concern about not being allowed to go to the hospital. In
       Hocker’s presence, defendant wondered out loud if he should be worried about whether the
       police would be waking him up the next day. Defendant never stated, however, that he had
       hurt Silven. Hocker testified further that he had seen defendant around Silven in the past and
       that defendant was “[j]ust fine” around her.
¶ 34        Jill Kepple (formerly Jill Goodpasture) testified that she was a friend of Erin and
       defendant. During the evening of Sunday, September 10, 2006, defendant came to her house.
       Defendant was nervous, pacing, upset, and restless. Defendant appeared to be concerned
       about the situation in general and asked Kepple if she thought someone would call the police.
       Kepple had no idea what defendant was talking about. Defendant told Kepple that he did not
       know what could have happened to Silven. According to Kepple, although she never saw
       defendant and Silven personally interacting, whenever she did see the two together,
       defendant did not mistreat Silven or cause any harm to her.
¶ 35        Joseph Burgess testified for the State that he was currently an inmate in the Department
       of Corrections (DOC) at the Hill Correctional Center and was serving an eight-year sentence
       at 85% for aggravated arson. For about four months from about April 2007 to about July
       2007, Burgess shared a two-person jail cell with defendant at the Tazewell County jail.
       Burgess was being held at the Tazewell County jail at that time on multiple charges,
       including aggravated arson, residential arson, arson, residential burglary, and burglary. In the
       summer of 2007, he and defendant became friends and they occasionally made jailhouse
       alcohol together in their cell. Burgess and defendant were eventually caught making jailhouse
       alcohol and were disciplined.
¶ 36        During the end of June or first part of July, Burgess and defendant were having a
       conversation in their cell. Burgess mentioned that his birthday was July 28 and was talking
       about the things that he used to do with his family. Defendant mentioned in response that it
       would be Silven’s birthday if she were still alive. Burgess asked defendant what happened.
       Defendant became very emotional, started pacing the floor, and looked very distraught.
       Defendant told Burgess that Silven walked in on him using meth and told him that if he did
       not stop, she was going to tell on him. Defendant slapped Silven, went berserk, and killed
       Silven. Defendant stated that he had been up for about two weeks on meth and that his
       condition might have triggered his reaction. A few weeks later, defendant and Burgess were
       in the day room with a couple of other inmates and were talking about family-related issues
       when defendant mentioned the death of Silven. Defendant stated to the other inmates that
       Silven died after she hit her head on the trampoline and then looked at Burgess and winked.
¶ 37        Burgess stated that he was disturbed by what defendant had told him and was
       uncomfortable being in the same cell with defendant or being around defendant after that
       point but acknowledged that he never told jail administrators that he was afraid of defendant
       or that he wanted to be transferred. Burgess also acknowledged that even after defendant’s
       confession to him, it was still widely known in the jail that defendant and Burgess were very

                                                -11-
       close friends and that they were almost inseparable. According to Burgess, as time went by,
       the story about what happened to Silven grew on him and he did not want it to eat away at
       him if he did not come forward even though he knew the truth. Burgess stated that he had
       nephews and nieces at that age and that he thought that telling someone was the right thing
       to do.
¶ 38        Burgess was interviewed in January 2008 and told police in a videotaped statement what
       defendant had allegedly told him. At no point after that time did the police come back to
       Burgess and try to clarify any of the information that turned out to be inaccurate or incorrect.
       Burgess stated that he talked to his attorney before talking to the police and that he did so to
       get the burden off of his chest and not because he was looking to gain a benefit as to his
       potential sentence in Tazewell County. Prior to Burgess coming forward with the
       information, the prosecutor had made a plea offer to Burgess of 22 years in DOC. After
       Burgess assisted the authorities in this case, he pled guilty to aggravated arson for an eight-
       year sentence in DOC to be served at 85%, and the other charges were dismissed.
¶ 39        Jeffrey Ahlers testified for the State that he was an inmate in the DOC at the Centralia
       facility and was serving a sentence for forgery. Ahlers was in custody at the Tazewell County
       jail from about August 15, 2007, to about October 15, 2007, while awaiting trial on some
       charges. While at the jail, Ahlers was housed in the same unit as defendant and became
       acquainted with defendant through Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings, which were held
       in the library at the jail once a week. Ahlers had prior problems with cocaine abuse and also
       had a past history of using meth. At the AA meetings, the attendees would talk about religion
       and about the hurt that they had caused their families while they were under the influence.
       Ahlers told defendant that when using meth, he would stay up for 7 to 10 days in a row while
       driving a truck to California and back, and that after a certain point of being up on meth like
       that, he would become very paranoid and almost schizophrenic. Defendant told Ahlers that
       he had been on many binges and had “tweaked” many times while on meth. Ahlers explained
       that “tweaked” meant that a person using meth had been up for an extended period of time.
       Ahlers stated that when a person tweaked, he or she might become very paranoid, start
       grinding his or her teeth, or start doing things that he or she would not regularly do.
¶ 40        After one of the AA meetings, Ahlers and defendant had a conversation about religion
       and the Ten Commandments while out in the unit. Ahlers and defendant were talking about
       going to heaven and about how a person would not go to heaven if he killed someone.
       Defendant broke down and told Ahlers that a D.A.R.E. officer had come to the school or was
       going to come to the school and that Silven had said something to the D.A.R.E. officer or
       that he was afraid that she would and that she came home and said something to him that
       irritated him because he was tweaking and had been up for a very long time, so defendant hit
       Silven in the head and lost control. Defendant realized that he had hurt Silven very badly and
       that he had killed her. Ahlers stated that defendant told him that his girlfriend was present
       when the incident occurred and was in the corner freaking out. According to Ahlers, he and
       defendant were in the day room of the unit at the time and defendant was sobbing but not
       crying.
¶ 41        Ahlers went to the authorities on December 24, 2007, and told them he had some
       information about the case. Ahlers was interviewed by the sheriff on December 26, 2007,

                                                -12-
       and, in a recorded interview, told the sheriff what defendant had told him. The entire
       interview lasted between 10 and 20 minutes. According to Ahlers, a few days before
       Christmas, he started to think that it was not right, that there was a little girl that was never
       going to have another Christmas and a family that did not know what had happened to her,
       and that somebody had to stand up and let it be known what had happened. The sheriff was
       the person who had transferred Ahlers from Tazewell County jail to McDonough County jail
       on October 11, 2007, so that Ahlers’s criminal charges in McDonough County could be
       addressed. Ahlers was in McDonough County jail from October 11, 2007, until some time
       after January, February, or March 2008. Prior to December 26, the sheriff had asked Ahlers
       if he knew anything about the matter because the sheriff knew that Ahlers had been in
       Tazewell County jail with defendant, but Ahlers denied that he knew anything about the case.
       According to Ahlers, he never asked for anything in return for the information he provided
       and he ended up getting more time in McDonough County than in any other county. Ahlers
       stated that at no time did anyone from the sheriff’s office ever come back to him and try to
       clarify any discrepancies or inaccuracies in his statement. Ahlers made his statement to the
       sheriff a few days after another inmate, Nathan Wallick, had come into Ahlers’s unit.
       Wallick had been interviewed by the sheriff regarding this case. Ahlers denied, however, that
       he ever asked Wallick or another inmate named Nathan Ralph any details about defendant’s
       case. Ahlers also stated that when he made his statement to the sheriff, he had no idea that
       defendant had been indicted for Silven’s murder just a week before. According to Ahlers, it
       was Christmas and he was clearing his conscience.
¶ 42        Ahlers stated that he had been a religious man all his life, but acknowledged that he had
       been in the DOC about five times, all for crimes of dishonesty. During cross-examination,
       the defense played a detailed PowerPoint presentation of Ahlers’s extensive criminal history.
       The presentation showed that Ahlers had been convicted numerous times in several different
       Illinois counties of various felony crimes of dishonesty, including forgery, retail theft, an
       offense involving electronic funds, deceptive practices, and theft, and that he had been
       sentenced to the DOC multiple times both before and after he gave his statement to police
       in the instant case.
¶ 43        The redacted testimony of defendant from the first trial was read to the jury but not
       recorded. In his redacted testimony, defendant stated that he and Erin became boyfriend and
       girlfriend in April 2006. As spring progressed into summer, Erin and Silven spent more and
       more nights at defendant’s house. Silven started school at the end of August 2006, and Erin
       and defendant decided at that time that it would be better if Silven had her own bed at
       defendant’s house, so they moved Silven’s bed, a television, a videotape player, and some
       toys to defendant’s house for Silven. Defendant also set up his trampoline in the yard so that
       Silven could play on it.
¶ 44        The weekend before Silven’s injury was Labor Day weekend, and Silven spent the
       weekend with Erin’s mother. Defendant smoked meth numerous times that weekend and on
       Monday with Erin and with other people. According to defendant, neither he nor Erin went
       to sleep at all on Friday night or on Saturday night. On Monday night, he and Erin picked
       Silven up from Erin’s mother’s house and brought her home. They again smoked meth on
       Tuesday when Silven was in school. After school on Wednesday, Scott Kepple and his

                                                 -13-
       girlfriend, Jill Goodpasture, came over to defendant’s house and Kepple helped defendant
       set up Silven’s bed. According to defendant, he, Erin, Kepple, and Goodpasture all smoked
       meth. Neither defendant nor Erin went to sleep on Wednesday night. On Thursday, defendant
       went for a four-wheeler ride with a friend during the late afternoon or early evening and
       again smoked meth. Defendant did not know if Erin smoked meth that day. Defendant
       thought that he and Erin smoked meth again on Friday during the day.
¶ 45        On Friday night, defendant was working outside in the garage from about 8:30 p.m. to
       about 11 p.m. Erin and Silven were in the house. Some time after 11 p.m., Erin left to go into
       town. Defendant did not go into the house while Erin was gone. At about midnight, while
       defendant was in the garage working and Erin was gone, Larry Leasman stopped by.
       Defendant and Leasman smoked meth. According to defendant, meth made him feel alert and
       awake and cleared his mind to where he could think and focus better and get a lot of work
       done. Shortly after midnight, Erin returned home from Wal-Mart. Erin put a few things away
       in the refrigerator in the garage and then went inside to go to bed. After some time, Leasman
       left. Defendant was tired and not feeling well, so he lay down on the futon in the garage and
       went to sleep.
¶ 46        At about 5 a.m. or a little after on Saturday morning, Erin came into the garage and woke
       defendant up. They were going to smoke meth, but Silven came into the garage. Defendant
       asked Silven to come into the house with him to make breakfast. Silven wanted to stay with
       Erin, but Erin told her to go with defendant, so she did. About 10 minutes later, Erin came
       into the house. Erin was not as tired when she came in and defendant suspected that Erin had
       smoked meth while she was in the garage and he and Silven were in the house.
¶ 47        After breakfast, they started doing activities outside. Erin and Silven were painting a dog
       house and defendant was working in the garage. From Friday evening through Saturday
       morning, Silven had made a few complaints about having a headache, which they assumed
       was from her new glasses. Other than that, Silven did not complain about any pain to any
       part of her body or head. Silven did not seem as active as she usually was that morning and
       was clinging to Erin. Defendant made some calls to some of his friends to try to find
       someone for Silven to play with but was unsuccessful. Defendant took Silven for a four-
       wheeler ride. A little while later, Erin had Silven lie down in the house in her bed in the air
       conditioning and watch a movie because she was not feeling well, and Erin went to pick up
       Brett. Erin was gone for about 45 minutes to 1 hour. While Erin was gone, defendant finished
       up what he was working on in the garage and went inside and took a shower. Silven was
       lying in her bed with her movie on but with her eyes closed.
¶ 48        Erin came home with Brett while defendant was in the shower, and Brett and Silven went
       outside to jump on the trampoline. After a short while, Silven got off the trampoline and said
       that she just wanted to watch Brett jump. Defendant brought a chair over by the trampoline
       for Silven to sit in. Defendant and Erin did not smoke any meth on Saturday, other than Erin
       possibly smoking meth in the garage in the morning as defendant had mentioned. Some time
       later in the day, Erik arrived at defendant’s house to take Brett to a birthday party. Silven
       went with Erik to drop off Brett. Erik returned with Silven and they all went into the house
       and sat in the air conditioning. Silven was getting ready for bed at that time. After Silven got
       in bed, defendant tucked her in.

                                                -14-
¶ 49        Erik left in his truck to pick up Brett. After no time at all, Erik called and stated that the
       tire had fallen off of his truck about a mile and a half from defendant’s house. Erin left to
       pick up Erik and was gone for about 5 or 10 minutes. While Erin was gone, defendant waited
       outside and loaded up some tools into his truck so that he could help Erik fix his tire. When
       Erin and Erik returned, defendant and Erik left to go work on Erik’s vehicle. They were gone
       for about 15 minutes, during which time, as far as defendant knew, Erin stayed outside.
       When defendant and Erik returned, Erin was standing outside. According to defendant, Erin
       looked as if she were getting sick. Erik borrowed Erin’s car to go pick up Brett, and
       defendant told Erin to go into the house and lie down.
¶ 50        Erin was a diabetic and had not eaten anything for dinner, so defendant left to go into
       town to get her and Silven some medicine and to get them all something to eat. Defendant
       left his house around 8:30 p.m., shortly after Erik left to pick up Brett. While defendant was
       gone, he made several phone calls to Erin because he could not find the particular type of
       medicine to get from Erin’s house. Erin did not answer the phone. Defendant just grabbed
       all of the medicines that he could find at Erin’s, a tote box of children’s movies for Silven,
       and a tote box of clean clothes for Silven. At about 9:30 p.m., while he was still out,
       defendant stopped at Taco Bell to get some food for everyone. Defendant got back home at
       about 10 p.m. When defendant got home, Erin was sleeping on the couch. Silven was
       sleeping too, and Erin told defendant not to wake Silven up. After they ate, at about 10:30
       p.m., defendant and Erin went to bed.
¶ 51        Defendant slept until about 1 p.m. Sunday afternoon when Erin woke him up and stated
       that Erik was on the phone and wanted to know if they wanted anything to eat from town.
       Upon being told the time, defendant was surprised that Silven was still sleeping and asked
       Erin about it. Erin told defendant that Silven had not felt well the previous night and that she
       let Silven sleep in. Erin stated that she had gotten up at 6 a.m. and at about 9:30 or 10 a.m.,
       and Silven was still sleeping. It did not seem right to defendant that Silven slept that long
       because it was not like her to sleep that late, but defendant did not think much of it.
¶ 52        Defendant used the bathroom and then checked on Silven. Silven was only half covered
       up and did not look right to him. As defendant walked closer, he could hear that Silven was
       making a wheezing-type sound. Defendant could also tell that Silven’s eyes did not look
       right, and he yelled for Erin. Defendant and Erin both tried to wake up Silven, but she would
       not wake up. When Erik pulled in with Brett, defendant ran outside to get Erik. Defendant
       told Erik that there was a problem and that Erik needed to get inside. Brett did not know
       what was going on, so defendant stayed outside with Brett. When the paramedics got there,
       defendant flagged them down and showed them where to go in the house. Defendant did not
       go into Silven’s room during that time because Brett was really confused and there were
       several people in Silven’s room.
¶ 53        After the ambulance left for MDH with Silven, defendant drove Erin to the hospital.
       Defendant did not remember much about being at the hospital and did not remember turning
       his back on Silven in the emergency room. While at the hospital, defendant learned that
       Silven was having a seizure, that she had sustained some serious head injuries, that she had
       been subjected to blunt force trauma, and that she had a bleed in her brain. When he and Erin
       found out that Silven was going to be airlifted to Peoria, defendant left the hospital to get

                                                  -15-
       some things for Erin so that they could immediately go to the Peoria hospital. As defendant
       was heading back to MDH, Erin called him and told him that Silven had already been
       airlifted out, that Erin was with her parents, that he should stop and pick her up at a certain
       location, and that they would follow each other to St. Francis.
¶ 54        Defendant stopped and picked Erin up as directed. On the way to St. Francis, defendant
       and Erin were both upset and were wondering what could have happened to Silven. Erin told
       defendant that the police were at MDH, that they had immediately pointed a finger at
       defendant, and that they had told Erin that they knew defendant had done this and had
       questioned Erin hard about what had happened. Erin told defendant further that Dr. Dabash
       had stated that Silven had been hurt very badly, that she had been tied at the ankles and
       sodomized, and that every bone in her body was broken. Most of that information turned out
       to be wrong. Defendant was upset and disturbed by that information and he pulled off the
       road because he was not driving too well. Erin’s parents pulled in behind them, and Erin got
       out and rode to Peoria with her parents. Erin’s mom told defendant to go home and to ride
       to St. Francis with his mom and dad.
¶ 55        Defendant went back to his house but could not get a hold of his mom and dad, so he
       went to the house of Scott Kepple and Jill Goodpasture because he had gotten a call from
       Erin’s mom telling him that they did not want him to come to St Francis. Defendant wanted
       to know if Kepple and Goodpasture would try to find out why he was not wanted at the
       hospital. Defendant stayed there for probably a half an hour. Defendant testified that he could
       have made a statement while there about whether Kepple and Goodpasture thought that
       someone was going to call the police. Defendant made that statement because of the phone
       call from Erin’s mom and because he felt that Erin’s mom was insinuating that he was
       somehow accountable for Silven’s injury. Defendant also went to Matt Hocker’s house and
       may have made a similar statement there about whether he had to worry about the police
       knocking on his door, although he did not remember saying anything like that.
¶ 56        After Silven’s injury and death, it seemed to defendant that every time he left the house,
       he was getting pulled over by the police for something. The police would run a drug dog
       around his vehicle and tell him that the dog alerted and then would search his vehicle, but
       would not find anything. One of the police officers gave defendant a business card and told
       defendant that if he ever wanted to get out of the meth circle and stop doing drugs, to give
       the officer a call. Eventually in December 2006, defendant called the officer and told him
       that he wanted to come in and talk. Defendant told the officer everything about his
       involvement with meth. About a month later, defendant was charged with a federal drug
       offense. He was taken into custody and placed in Tazewell County jail, which housed some
       federal prisoners. Defendant subsequently pled guilty to the offense and received a sentence
       of 44 months in federal prison.
¶ 57        While he was in Tazewell County jail, defendant met Jeff Ahlers. Defendant and Ahlers
       were in the same unit at the jail and they both attended AA meetings in the jail. Defendant
       probably attended three or four AA meetings that Ahlers was at as well. Defendant and
       Ahlers were never cellmates and they never became friends. Defendant never talked to
       Ahlers about his family and never had any conversations with Ahlers about Silven.
       According to defendant, he never told Ahlers that he hit Silven, that Silven had told a

                                                -16-
       D.A.R.E. officer about his and Erin’s drug use, or that he lost it and went into a rage while
       Erin was in the corner watching. According to defendant if an inmate was ever out in the unit
       crying or sobbing, it would draw attention from the officers. Defendant described a situation
       where an inmate was crying because he was locked up and the officers removed the inmate
       and put him in special housing because they thought he might be suicidal. Defendant denied
       that he ever talked to Ahlers while in the unit, other than just in passing, or that he ever
       sobbed during a conversation with Ahlers.
¶ 58       Defendant admitted that he was cellmates with Burgess at the Tazewell County jail and
       that they became friends. Defendant denied, however, that he and Burgess ever made
       jailhouse alcohol in their cell and stated that there were daily cell searches. Defendant stated
       further that Burgess had learned from another inmate how to make jailhouse alcohol and was
       accumulating and storing items to do so in their cell. Burgess was eventually caught with the
       items and disciplined. Defendant was disciplined as well, even though Burgess admitted that
       defendant did not have anything to do with it, because defendant knew what Burgess was
       doing. Defendant acknowledged that he did, at times, have conversations with Burgess about
       Erin and Silven. Defendant stated that those conversations would usually occur when
       defendant got letters from Erin with pictures in them and Burgess would ask to see the
       pictures. Defendant also acknowledged that he told Burgess when Silven’s birthday was after
       he got a picture in the mail from Erin of Silven sitting on defendant’s porch with a birthday
       cake. At no time, however, did defendant tell Burgess that Silven was going to tell on him
       or that he slapped Silven and that things got carried away. There was also no conversation
       where defendant was telling some other inmate about the trampoline and winked at Burgess.
¶ 59       Defendant stated that his attorney in his federal case had told him that under absolutely
       no circumstances was he to discuss any details of his federal case or any other cases pending
       with anyone in the jail, not cellmates or correctional officers, no one. The attorney told
       defendant that jails were full of snitches and people looking to better their position in their
       cases by giving false testimony and told defendant not to mention anything. According to
       defendant, he followed his attorney’s advice. Defendant stated that he loved Erin and Silven
       and that he did not do anything to cause any of Silven’s injuries. Defendant stated further that
       Silven never said anything to indicate that she knew that defendant and Erin were using
       drugs. Defendant did not think that Silven even knew what drugs were. Defendant also stated
       that Silven never made any reference to him regarding a D.A.R.E. officer and that she never
       threatened to tell on defendant to anyone.
¶ 60       During his testimony, defendant had referenced Silven’s injuries as an “accident.” On
       cross-examination, the prosecutor showed defendant pictures of Silven in the hospital and
       of her injuries and asked defendant if that looked like an accident. Defendant stated that he
       did not know what happened to Silven. Defendant denied that he caused Silven’s injuries but
       acknowledged that neither Erik nor Erin caused Silven’s injuries. Defendant admitted that
       he told Erin not to talk to the police anymore and to change her cell phone number but stated
       that he did so because Erin was complaining that the police were harassing her and that it
       was upsetting her. Defendant denied that he ever told Burgess about Silven’s death or that
       Silven had died. According to defendant, Burgess knew about Silven’s birthday because
       defendant told him and knew about the trampoline because he saw it in one of the pictures

                                                -17-
       defendant had received from Erin. Defendant did not dispute the findings of the forensic
       pathologists–that Silven died from blunt force trauma and that she had been struck multiple
       times–but denied that he was the person who struck Silven. Defendant also stated, however,
       that Erin did not strike Silven and acknowledged that he and Erin were the only ones who
       were around Silven for the whole weekend, except for the short time when she went with
       Erik to drop off Brett.
¶ 61        After the State rested, the defense first presented the affidavit of Burgess’s attorney in
       the Tazewell County case. The affidavit was read to the jury without objection from the
       State. In the affidavit, Burgess’s attorney stated that in June 2008, Burgess agreed in the
       Tazewell County case to be tried on the aggravated arson charge by way of a stipulated bench
       trial and the remaining charges were dismissed. No agreement was made as to sentencing and
       no limitations were imposed on the sentencing options available to the court. After Burgess
       was found guilty, his attorney contacted the State’s Attorney of McDonough County, James
       Hoyle, and requested that Hoyle write a letter regarding Burgess’s cooperation in the
       prosecution of defendant in the instant case. Hoyle did so and that letter was presented to the
       court in the Tazewell County case for consideration in sentencing. Following a sentencing
       hearing, the trial court initially sentenced Burgess to 12 years in the DOC. However, upon
       reconsideration, the trial court reduced Burgess’s sentence to eight years in the DOC.
¶ 62        Candice Simmons testified for the defense that she was Erin’s cousin and that on one
       occasion in September 2005, she was at Roger Stout’s house and she heard Erin, who was
       also present, state to Stout that if her child ever told on her she would “f***ing kill her.”
       Simmons conceded, however, that she did not think Erin would kill Silven.
¶ 63        Mark Godar testified for the defense that he was a correctional officer at the Tazewell
       County jail. According to Godar, cells at the jail were inspected on a daily basis and searched
       thoroughly for contraband once a week. On August 1, 2007, after searching Burgess’s cell,
       officers found nine containers of juice, some bread items in a torn sock, a cleaning bottle,
       sugar, and candy.
¶ 64        Richard Johnston testified for the defense that he worked for the Tazewell County
       sheriff’s department at the Tazewell County jail. Johnston was the sergeant at the jail who
       conducted Burgess’s disciplinary hearing after certain items of contraband were found in
       Burgess’s cell. Burgess told Johnston at the hearing that he was going to use the items to try
       to make jailhouse alcohol. Burgess stated that he was the one who collected the items but
       admitted to Johnston that defendant also knew about the plan. As far as Johnston knew, no
       one had ever successfully made jailhouse alcohol at the new jail facility.
¶ 65        Chris Butcher testified for the defense that he was a sergeant with the Macomb police
       department and that in September 2006, he was the school resource officer. As part of his
       responsibilities, Butcher taught the fifth grade D.A.R.E. program at Macomb schools.
       Butcher did not recall whether he had gone into the kindergarten classroom in the first
       several weeks after school started in August or September 2006 but did remember that he did
       not teach the D.A.R.E. program to the kindergarten. Butcher acknowledged, however, that
       when he went to the school, he wore his uniform and that at the start of the school year, he
       would try to visit all of the classrooms.


                                                -18-
¶ 66        Jami Hocker (formerly Jami Dysert) testified for the defense that she was a friend of Erin
       and that she knew Erin, defendant, and Silven. On Saturday, September 9, 2006, Erin called
       her to see if Silven could come to Hocker’s house and play with Hocker’s children. Erin
       seemed agitated and frustrated that Hocker was not able to have Silven over to play that day.
       During her testimony, however, Hocker also stated that Erin was a good mother.
¶ 67        Rick VanBrooker testified that he became the McDonough County sheriff in December
       2006, while the investigation into Silven’s death was still pending. At that point, it seemed
       to VanBrooker that the investigation had stalled. VanBrooker met with Steve Holt, the lead
       detective in the investigation. Holt was being assisted by Detective John Carson. Early on
       in his involvement in the case, VanBrooker made up his mind “fairly quickly” that defendant
       had killed Silven. At one point, VanBrooker sent a letter to a pathologist in Rockford, Dr.
       Blum, asking him to take another look at the autopsy and to render an opinion as to the
       timeline, the type of object used to strike Silven, and any pattern of injuries that existed.
¶ 68        The first time VanBrooker met with Erin was on January 16, 2007. During the interview
       with Erin, VanBrooker pressed Erin, using various interrogation tactics, including offering
       to show Erin the autopsy photographs of Silven, to try to get Erin to admit that defendant
       killed Silven and to find out how much Erin knew about the killing. VanBrooker denied,
       however, that he ever abused, berated, or threatened Erin during the interview. VanBrooker
       stated that he was searching for the truth and that he wanted to know if Erin had knowledge
       of what had happened to Silven. According to VanBrooker, the “theme” of the interview was
       that defendant had gone into a meth-induced rage and had killed Silven. Despite the
       interrogation tactics used, Erin never stated that defendant had anything to do with Silven’s
       injuries.
¶ 69        On October 11, 2007, VanBrooker personally transported Ahlers from Tazewell County
       jail to McDonough County jail. VanBrooker asked Ahlers at that time if he knew anything
       about Silven’s death, and Ahlers responded that he did not. On December 24, 2007, Ahlers
       contacted one of the jailers and stated that he wanted to talk to somebody about Silven’s
       murder. VanBrooker interviewed Ahlers two days later, on December 26, 2007. Before
       videotaping Ahlers’s statement, VanBrooker conducted a “raw interview” of Ahlers.
       VanBrooker denied, however, that he walked Ahlers through his story or that he suggested
       a version of events to Ahlers to use as his statement. VanBrooker stated that he did a “raw
       interview” first because in his experience, people acted and talked differently than they
       normally would after the camera was turned on. Despite later learning of inconsistencies in
       Ahlers’s statement, VanBrooker did not go back and reinterview Ahlers or confront Ahlers
       with those inconsistencies. In addition, although Ahlers’s statement implied that Erin was
       in the room when the beating occurred, VanBrooker did not confront Erin with that
       information.
¶ 70        McDonough County State’s Attorney James Hoyle testified that the charge against
       defendant in this case was amended and made more specific after information was provided
       by Burgess and Ahlers as to how Silven was killed. At some point during the investigation,
       police searched defendant’s residence, where the injuries occurred. A search warrant was not
       needed because defendant consented to the search. In around July 2008, Hoyle wrote a letter
       on Burgess’s behalf to the trial judge in Tazewell County, where Burgess had charges

                                                -19-
       pending. The purpose of the letter was to inform the court in sentencing that Burgess had
       cooperated in the prosecution of defendant. Hoyle was later informed by Burgess’s attorney
       that the letter he sent on Burgess’s behalf was quite beneficial and was later told by the
       sentencing judge in Burgess’s case that the letter was very significant. According to Hoyle,
       he did not offer Burgess a deal on any charges in McDonough County. Burgess gave his
       statement to the police without any input from Hoyle, and Burgess asked for nothing in
       return.
¶ 71       John Carson testified that he was a deputy sheriff with the McDonough County sheriff’s
       department. Carson was the crime scene investigator in the instant case. During the afternoon
       of September 10, 2006, Carson was dispatched to MDH. Upon arrival, he spoke to Dr.
       Nabash and another medical professional. They informed Carson that Silven had traumatic
       head injuries and other suspicious bruising, that the injuries were nonaccidental, and that
       Silven had been abused. In addition to the injuries mentioned, Silven had an injury with a
       pattern to it on her back, which appeared to have possibly been caused by a shoe, as if Silven
       had been kicked in the back. The pattern was also found on the back of Silven’s shirt. The
       Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) was contacted and it implemented a
       protective safety plan for Silven at the hospital.
¶ 72       On September 12, 2006, Carson went to defendant’s residence, where Silven had been
       found, to search for and collect any possible evidence. Defendant consented to the search.
       A second search was conducted on September 14, 2006, again with defendant’s consent. On
       both occasions, Carson took photographs of various aspects of the scene where Silven was
       found and of defendant’s residence. Carson also collected Silven’s bedding, a bottle of
       massage oil (lotion bottle) located in the closet in Silven’s bedroom, and Silven’s clothes
       from the hospital, among other things. A bottle of possibly cranberry juice (juice bottle) was
       located on Silven’s bedroom floor but was not collected. Carson stated that the bottle did not
       appear to have evidentiary value but acknowledged later in his testimony that from the
       photographs, it did not appear that anyone had looked at or had picked up the bottle or had
       inspected it for the presence of DNA or other possible evidence. The bottle of lotion was
       later disposed of by police because it did not appear to have any evidentiary value and was
       leaking. Photographs were also taken of several pairs of shoes that were found in the house,
       and Silven’s shirt with the scuff mark on it was sent to the crime lab. The crime lab found
       that the scuff mark had a pattern to it and wanted to see shoe exemplars so that it could make
       a comparison. No shoes were sent to the crime lab, however, because Carson did not take any
       of the shoes into evidence. In Carson’s opinion, none of the shoes at the scene appeared to
       match the pattern on Silven’s back. According to Carson, no fingerprints were taken at the
       scene and nothing was sent to the crime lab for DNA testing. In addition, although the
       injuries to the back of Silven’s head were severe and there were many of them, Carson did
       not photograph or examine defendant’s hands or knuckles to determine if they were bruised
       or swollen.
¶ 73       Ronald Vose testified that he was a licensed private investigator and had previously been
       a Springfield police officer for 27 years. Vose was retained by the defense to assist them in
       preparing the case for trial. As part of his work on the case, about six months prior to trial,
       Vose took several photographs at defendant’s residence and took video footage of the inside

                                                -20-
       and outside of the residence. A copy of the photographs and the video footage was put on
       disc and was admitted into evidence without objection as an exhibit at trial. In March 2011,
       Vose took video footage under normal highway conditions of the route that was taken by
       Erin to pick up Erik after Erik’s truck had broken down. That footage had been shown earlier
       in the trial. The video footage was admitted into evidence without objection as an exhibit,
       as was a diagram that Vose had made of the inside of defendant’s residence. In addition to
       taking photographs and video and making a diagram, Vose attempted to replicate the pattern
       of blows that were delivered to Silven’s head. Vose obtained a bottle that was similar to the
       juice bottle that was located in Silven’s bedroom and experimented by striking the bottle
       against a foam board and some drywall and by driving some nails into a board with the bottle
       to get an idea as to the type of marks the bottle would make and the amount of force that
       could be generated with the bottle. The foam board and the drywall that Vose had struck with
       the bottle were admitted into evidence as an exhibit without objection. Vose acknowledged
       during his testimony, however, that he was not in any way suggesting that he had any
       evidence to show that a bottle of that type was used to inflict Silven’s head wounds and that
       he was not an expert in the density of a five-year-old girl’s skull.
¶ 74        Tessa Pfafman testified for the defense that during the summer of 2006, her daughter was
       a friend of Silven. On one occasion in June 2006, Silven spent the night at Pfafman’s house.
       When Erin came to pick up Silven the next day, Silven did not want to leave, so Pfafman
       said that Silven could stay over and spend the night again. Pfafman did not hear from Erin
       the following day, and Silven stayed at Pfafman’s residence for two days after that (although
       Pfafman estimated that Silven was there a total of three days). Pfafman thought the whole
       thing was a little unusual, and she was surprised that she did not hear from Erin. Pfafman did
       not have Erin’s phone number and had no way to contact Erin. Pfafman’s partner found Erin
       at Heritage Days and asked Erin to pick up Silven. Pfafman was a college professor and had
       to teach that afternoon, so her friend, Gretchen Weiss, picked up Silven and Pfafman’s
       daughter and took them to the local pool.
¶ 75        Gretchen Weiss testified that she was a friend of Pfafman and that they both had
       daughters who were around the same age. On one occasion in June 2006, Weiss was
       supposed to take Pfafman’s daughter to the local pool in Macomb with her own daughters.
       When Weiss went to Pfafman’s house that day to pick up Pfafman’s daughter, Silven was
       there. Weiss did not know Silven or Erin, but because of the situation, took Silven to the pool
       with them. According to Weiss, the children all played together and had a great time at the
       pool. After a couple of hours, they decided to get a snack at the pool snack bar, which was
       close to the entrance. They were sitting at a table in that area when Silven started to cry.
       Weiss did not know initially why Silven was crying but then saw that Erin was standing at
       the entrance, presumably to take Silven home. Weiss was struck by the fact that Silven
       started crying when she saw Erin, even though she had not seen Erin for about three days.
       To Weiss, it did not seem to be a typical interaction between a parent and a child as Silven
       did not say that she missed Erin, and Erin did not say that she was sorry for being gone so
       long. Erin seemed to be very agitated and upset and told Silven to hurry up because she had
       to go to work. Silven was crying and saying that she did not want to leave, although Weiss
       acknowledged that it could have just been because she was having fun at the pool. At one

                                                -21-
       point, while Silven was attempting to gather up her things, she grabbed the wrong things, and
       Erin told her to get the right stuff or that she was never going to see her friends again. Weiss
       did not have a good feeling about the entire situation but felt that she had no legal right to
       keep Silven with her at the pool. After Weiss learned that Silven had been killed, she
       reported the encounter to the police.
¶ 76        Forensic pathologist Dr. John Ralstan testified as an expert witness for the defense.
       Ralstan had reviewed the original autopsy report of Dr. Mitchell, the transcript of Mitchell’s
       testimony, the transcript of Dr. Blum’s testimony, autopsy photographs, and Silven’s CT
       scan results. From his review, Ralstan agreed with Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Blum that Silven
       died from nonaccidental blunt force trauma to the head and that the injuries were inflicted
       within 12 to 24 hours of Silven’s hospitalization. Ralstan stated that the autopsy photographs
       showed multiple bruises on the right and left sides of the back of Silven’s head. The blows
       to Silven’s head were severe and caused deep tissue damage to Silven’s brain. According to
       Ralstan, there were three distinct injuries on the back of Silven’s head and possibly a fourth
       injury on the back of her neck. The injuries were round to oval in shape and about an inch
       to an inch and a half in diameter. Ralstan’s best estimate was that the injuries were inflicted
       with a blunt object with possibly a round face. All of the injuries were close in size and could
       have been inflicted by the same type of object. It did not appear to Ralstan that the object that
       was used to inflict the injuries had any sharp edges. According to Ralstan although it was
       possible for a hand or knuckle to cause a round-shaped injury, such as the ones suffered by
       Silven, it was not likely, based upon the separate nature and the size of the impacts in this
       case. Ralstan commented that a person’s knuckles would generally leave two or three smaller
       circular wounds in a row, not the separate large round impacts that were visible on the back
       of Silven’s head. Ralstan opined that any household object of sizeable heft had enough mass
       to cause Silven’s injuries, such as a coffee cup, a drink bottle, a dowel rod, the end of a
       broom, or a bottle like the juice bottle used by Vose in his experiments or the lotion bottle,
       both of which had round edges and had caps that were of the appropriate diameter. Ralstan
       could not state with certainty, however, that the injuries were caused by a bottle, only that
       the injuries were caused by a medium-sized cylindrical object. According to Ralstan, either
       a man or a woman could have inflicted the type of injuries that Silven suffered. Ralstan
       opined that if the bottle used by the defense was able to make impressions in a section of
       drywall, it could leave a similar impression on a child’s head. Although Ralstan noticed the
       abrasion on Silven’s back, he did not focus on that because it was not a cause of Silven’s
       death. Ralstan prepared a report of his conclusions, which was admitted into evidence as an
       exhibit at trial without objection.
¶ 77        After the defense rested and prior to closing arguments, the trial court gave the jury
       partial instructions on the law that would apply in this case. As part of those instructions, the
       jury was again informed as to first three Rule 431(b) principles. The jury was not informed
       of the fourth principle regarding defendant’s right not to testify because defendant’s redacted
       testimony from the prior trial had been presented to the jury during the evidence phase of the
       trial. In its closing argument, the State again made certain remarks which defendant claims
       on appeal constituted an improper attempt by the prosecution to elicit the jury’s sympathy
       for the victim. Those remarks were not objected to at trial by the defense. After closing

                                                 -22-
       arguments had concluded, the trial court gave the jury the remaining jury instructions.
       Following deliberations, the jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder. The
       defendant was subsequently sentenced to 24 years’ imprisonment. Defendant filed a posttrial
       motion for judgment of acquittal or, alternatively, for new trial. In the motion, defendant
       asserted primarily that he had not been proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant
       did not raise any issue in his motion regarding the Rule 431(b) admonishments or about the
       remarks of the prosecutor of which defendant complains in this appeal. Defendant’s posttrial
       motion was apparently denied, although there is no indication of the trial court’s ruling on
       the motion in the record. Defendant was subsequently sentenced to 24 years’ imprisonment
       for first degree murder. This appeal followed.

¶ 78                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 79       On appeal, defendant argues first that the evidence was insufficient to prove him guilty
       beyond a reasonable doubt of first degree murder. Defendant asserts that the evidence was
       lacking in that: (1) there were no eyewitnesses to the crime; (2) there was no physical
       evidence directly linking defendant to the crime; (3) the strongest evidence against defendant
       was the testimony of two jailhouse informants regarding inculpatory statements allegedly
       made by defendant, testimony that defendant asserts was not worthy of belief; (4) the
       victim’s mother had an equal opportunity and motive to commit the crime and was also
       addicted to drugs; (5) defendant had a good relationship with the victim and had no reason
       to harm the victim; and (6) defendant’s reactions to the victim’s injuries and the other
       circumstances presented did not constitute indications of defendant’s guilt of the crime.
       Based upon this alleged lack of credible evidence, defendant asks that we reverse his
       conviction outright.
¶ 80       The State argues that the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to prove defendant
       guilty and that defendant’s conviction should be affirmed. The State asserts that the alleged
       deficiencies in the evidence were argued to the jury at trial, that the jury found defendant
       guilty, and that defendant is asking this court to reweigh the evidence on appeal and to
       substitute its judgment for that of the jury as to the credibility of the witnesses and the weight
       to be given to the evidence, something this court clearly cannot do.
¶ 81       Pursuant to the Collins standard (People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985)), a
       reviewing court faced with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence must view the
       evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether any rational trier
       of fact could have found the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People
       v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 280 (2009). The reviewing court will not retry the defendant.
       People v. Jimerson, 127 Ill. 2d 12, 43 (1989). Determinations of witness credibility, the
       weight to be given testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence
       are responsibilities of the trier of fact, not the reviewing court. See Jimerson, 127 Ill. 2d at
       43. Thus, the Collins standard of review gives “ ‘full play to the responsibility of the trier of
       fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable
       inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’ ” Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 281 (quoting Jackson
       v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). This same standard of review is applied by the


                                                 -23-
       reviewing court regardless of whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial, or whether
       defendant received a bench or a jury trial, and circumstantial evidence meeting this standard
       is sufficient to sustain a criminal conviction. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 281; People v. Kotlarz,
       193 Ill. 2d 272, 298 (2000). In applying the Collins standard of review, a reviewing court will
       not reverse a conviction unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that it leaves
       a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 281; People v. Flowers,
       306 Ill. App. 3d 259, 266 (1999).
¶ 82        Having reviewed the evidence in the present case and applying the Collins standard, we
       find that the evidence was sufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
       first degree murder. The only issue at the trial in this case was whether the defendant was the
       person who had beaten the victim and had caused her death. There was no dispute that the
       five-year-old victim had been murdered and that defendant or Erin were the only two people
       who could have committed the crime. To establish that defendant was the killer, the State
       presented the testimony of two jailhouse informants, Burgess and Ahlers, both of whom had
       spent time in the Tazewell County jail with defendant after the murder was committed. Both
       witnesses testified that defendant confessed to them that while he was in a meth-induced rage
       and fearful that the victim was going to tell on him for using drugs, he lost control and killed
       the victim. Although the two witnesses had never been together in the Tazewell County jail,
       their statements as to how defendant killed the victim were strikingly similar. It was for the
       jury, which was fully aware of the possible problems with the informants’ testimony, to
       determine if that testimony was worthy of belief. See Jimerson, 127 Ill. 2d at 43; People v.
       Fields, 135 Ill. 2d 18, 47-49 (1990).
¶ 83        In addition to the testimony of Burgess and Ahlers, the State presented numerous pieces
       of circumstantial evidence to establish that defendant was the killer. In the light most
       favorable to the State (see Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 280), that evidence showed that defendant
       had the opportunity to kill the victim, that he had been abusing meth all week leading up to
       the victim’s death, that he had not been sleeping or had been sleeping erratically, and that at
       varying times he had acted in a manner or made statements that were indicative of
       guilt–when the paramedics were present at the house, when he was at MDH, when he
       initially decided not to go to St. Francis, when he was walking to the sheriff’s station to be
       interviewed after the injury occurred, when he was with his friends and his cousin after the
       injury occurred, and when he spoke to Erin on the phone while he was in jail. It was for the
       jury to determine whether the circumstantial evidence was indicative of defendant’s guilt and
       the amount of weight to give to that evidence. See Jimerson, 127 Ill. 2d at 43; Jackson, 232
       Ill. 2d at 281. Under the Collins standard, all of that evidence, along with the statements of
       Burgess and Ahlers, left no reasonable doubt as to defendant’s guilt and was sufficient to
       prove defendant guilty. See Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 281; Flowers, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 266.
       Therefore, we reject defendant’s argument on this issue.
¶ 84        As his second argument on appeal, defendant argues that he was denied a fair trial when
       the trial court failed to strictly comply with Supreme Court Rule 431(b) while admonishing
       potential jurors during voir dire. Specifically, defendant asserts that at no time did the trial
       court inquire of the potential jurors whether they understood the four Rule 431(b) principles.
       Defendant acknowledges that this issue has not been properly preserved for appellate review

                                                -24-
       since he did not object to the alleged error during voir dire and did not raise the issue in his
       posttrial motion (see People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988); People v. Allen, 222 Ill.
       2d 340, 350 (2006) (an error is not preserved for appellate review unless the defendant
       objects at trial and includes the error in a written posttrial motion)) but asserts, nevertheless,
       that we should reach the merits of this issue as a matter of first-prong plain error because,
       according to defendant, the evidence in this case was closely balanced. Based upon the
       application of the plain-error doctrine, defendant asks that we reverse his conviction and that
       we remand this case for a new trial.
¶ 85        The State argues that the plain-error rule does not apply in this case and that defendant’s
       forfeiture of this issue, therefore, must be honored. In support of that argument, the State
       asserts first that no error occurred during voir dire because the trial court’s questioning of the
       potential jurors as to whether they agreed or accepted the four Rule 431(b) principles implied
       that the jurors also understood the principles and was sufficient to satisfy the requirements
       of Rule 431(b). Second, the State asserts that even if this court finds that the trial court erred
       by failing to specifically ask the potential jurors whether they understood the four Rule
       431(b) principles, the plain-error rule would still not apply because the evidence in this case
       was not closely balanced in that defendant convicted himself by excluding both Erin and Erik
       as the perpetrator. Finally, as a third alternative, the State asserts that even if an error
       occurred and the evidence was closely balanced, the application of the plain-error doctrine
       would not be warranted in this case because it cannot be shown that the particular error in
       question, alone, tipped the scales of justice against defendant.
¶ 86        Defendant responds to the State’s argument by asserting in reply that: (1) the recent
       Illinois Supreme Court case of People v. Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, which was also cited
       in defendant’s initial brief on appeal, requires that potential jurors be asked both whether
       they understand and whether they accept the four Rule 431(b) principles; (2) this court
       previously found in the last appeal based upon similar evidence that the evidence in this case
       was closely balanced; and (3) under the first prong of the plain-error doctrine, defendant was
       only required to show that plain error occurred and that the evidence was closely balanced
       and was not required to show anything else.
¶ 87        The plain-error doctrine is a very limited and narrow exception to the forfeiture or
       procedural default rule that allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved error if either
       one of the following two circumstances is present: (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and
       the evidence in the case was so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the
       scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error; or (2) a clear
       or obvious error occurred and the error was so serious that it affected the fairness of the
       defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the
       closeness of the evidence. People v. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 124 (2009); People v.
       Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007); People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 177-87 (2005);
       Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a). Under either prong of the plain-error doctrine, the burden of persuasion
       is on the defendant. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d at 124. If the defendant fails to satisfy that burden,
       the procedural default of the issue must be honored. Id. The first step in any plain-error
       analysis is to determine whether an error occurred. Id. at 124-25. To do so, a reviewing court
       must conduct a substantive review of the issue. Id. at 125.

                                                  -25-
¶ 88       The supreme court rules are obligations that the court and the parties are required to
       follow and are not merely suggestions to be followed by the court and parties if it is
       convenient to do so. Belknap I, 396 Ill App. 3d at 205. The determination of whether a
       supreme court rule has been violated and the consequences that should apply if it has been
       are questions that are reviewed de novo by the appellate court. See Wilmington, 2013 IL
       112938, ¶ 26.
¶ 89       The version of Supreme Court Rule 431(b) that was in effect when defendant was tried
       provided:
           “The court shall ask each potential juror, individually or in a group, whether that juror
           understands and accepts the following principles: (1) that the defendant is presumed
           innocent of the charge(s) against him or her; (2) that before a defendant can be convicted
           the State must prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (3) that the
           defendant is not required to offer any evidence on his or her own behalf; and (4) that the
           defendant’s failure to testify cannot be held against him or her; however, no inquiry of
           a prospective juror shall be made into the defendant’s failure to testify when the
           defendant objects.
                The court’s method of inquiry shall provide each juror an opportunity to respond to
           specific questions concerning the principles set out in this section.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b)
           (eff. May 1, 2007).
       Under Rule 431(b), a specific question and response process is mandated. Wilmington, 2013
       IL 112938, ¶ 32; People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 607 (2010). The trial court is required
       to ask each potential juror whether he or she understands and accepts each of the principles
       set forth in Rule 431(b). Id. “The questioning may be performed either individually or in a
       group, but the rule requires an opportunity for a response from each prospective juror on their
       understanding and acceptance of those principles.” Id. “[T]he trial court’s failure to ask
       jurors if they [understand] the four Rule 431(b) principles is error in and of itself.” (Emphasis
       omitted.) Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, ¶ 32.
¶ 90       In the instant case, based upon the supreme court’s recent decision in Wilmington, we
       must conclude that error occurred during the voir dire in defendant’s trial. See id. There is
       no dispute in this case that the trial court at no time asked any of the potential jurors whether
       they understood the four Rule 431(b) principles. Other than failing to so inquire, the trial
       court was very thorough in its Rule 431(b) admonishments and covered all four principles
       with each panel of prospective jurors during voir dire and at other times throughout the trial.
       Under those circumstances, prior to the Wilmington court’s decision, we would have found
       that no error occurred, as had at least one other district of the appellate court. See People v.
       Blankenship, 406 Ill. App. 3d 578, 581-83 (2010) (juror’s response that he or she accepts or
       agrees with Rule 431(b) principles implies that juror understands principles and is sufficient
       to comply with the requirements of Rule 431(b)). In our opinion, however, the Wilmington
       court’s decision compels a different result, and we must now conclude that the failure to
       specifically ask jurors whether they both understand and accept the Rule 431(b) principles
       constitutes error. See Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, ¶ 32; Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 607;
       People v. Curry, 2013 IL App (4th) 120724, ¶¶ 64-65 (the trial court’s failure to give the


                                                 -26-
       potential jurors an opportunity to respond to the court’s question as to whether the jurors
       understood the four Rule 431(b) principles constituted error even though the court later asked
       potential jurors whether they agreed or disagreed with the four principles and gave the
       potential jurors an opportunity to respond to that question). Thus, we find that the trial
       court’s failure to specifically inquire whether potential jurors understood the four Rule
       431(b) principles during voir dire in the present case constituted error for purposes of the
       plain-error doctrine. See id.
¶ 91       Having concluded that error occurred, we must determine whether the evidence was
       closely balanced, as defendant suggests, so as to warrant the application of the plain-error
       doctrine and to relieve defendant of the forfeiture of this issue. The determination of whether
       the evidence is closely balanced is a different determination than whether the evidence was
       sufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and finding that the evidence
       was sufficient to prove defendant guilty does not preclude a determination that the evidence
       was closely balanced. See Belknap I, 396 Ill App. 3d at 206. Based upon our thorough review
       of the evidence presented at trial in the instant case, we find that the evidence was, in fact,
       closely balanced. As defendant points out, there were no eyewitnesses who saw defendant
       commit the crime and no physical evidence to directly link defendant to the crime. The
       strongest evidence that the State presented was the testimony of the two jailhouse informants
       regarding defendant’s alleged confession to them. As we pointed out in the last trial in this
       case, although such testimony may ultimately be found to be credible by the trier of fact and
       may form the basis of a guilty verdict, it must be treated with caution. Id. In addition, the
       remaining circumstantial evidence presented could have either been viewed as indicative of
       defendant’s guilt or explained innocently away depending on the view of that evidence taken
       by the jury. Under those circumstances, we find that the evidence was closely balanced.
¶ 92       Because we have determined that plain error occurred and that the evidence was closely
       balanced, we reverse defendant’s conviction for first degree murder and remand this case for
       a new trial. Contrary to the State’s alternative assertion on appeal, as of yet, there is no
       de minimus exception to the first prong of the plain-error rule, and defendant in this case is
       not required to show any additional prejudice.3 See id. at 207. Rather, under the first prong
       of the plain-error doctrine, unpreserved error is considered when the evidence is closely
       balanced, regardless of the seriousness of the error. Id. We understand the hardship that
       requiring yet another trial in this case will undoubtedly cause to those who are involved in


               3
                 Arguably, there is some indication in the more recent decisions of our supreme court that
       it may be starting to view the first prong of plain-error as more than just a determination of whether
       an error occurred and whether the evidence was closely balanced. See People v. White, 2011 IL
       109689, ¶¶ 133-34, 139-44, 148; People v. Adams, 2012 IL 111168, ¶¶ 22-23. These rulings may
       indicate that a more contextual approach is warranted under the first prong of plain error and that
       it should be determined based upon the totality of the circumstances whether the particular error in
       question actually or likely tipped the scales of justice against the defendant. However, without more
       of a definitive statement from the supreme court in that regard, we will adhere to its prior established
       precedent on this issue as set forth in People v. Herron. See People v. Vesey, 2011 IL App (3d)
       090570, ¶¶ 18-20.

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       or affected by this case. However, we believe that such a result is required under the law.
¶ 93       Having determined that defendant’s conviction must be reversed and the case remanded
       for a new trial, we need not consider defendant’s third argument on appeal–that he was
       denied a fair trial because of certain improper remarks made by the State in opening
       statement and in closing argument. We trust that both sides will carefully scrutinize their
       planned opening statements and closing arguments prior to the next trial.

¶ 94                                     CONCLUSION
¶ 95      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse defendant’s conviction for first degree murder and
       remand this case for a new trial.

¶ 96       Reversed and remanded.

¶ 97       PRESIDING JUSTICE WRIGHT, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 98       I agree with the majority that the State’s evidence was sufficient to convict defendant of
      first degree murder. However, I respectfully disagree that the trial court’s inexplicable failure
      to strictly comply with Supreme Court Rule 431(b) for a second time constituted plain error
      once again.
¶ 99       I write separately because I respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the
      evidence presented during this second jury trial was closely balanced on the issue of identity.
      I acknowledge the majority’s holding is entirely consistent with the outcome of the first
      appeal in this case, which required our review of very similar evidence presented to the first
      jury. However, I respectfully submit a different conclusion is required with respect to
      whether the evidence against the defendant was truly closely balanced with respect to the
      identity of the perpetrator due to additional guidance provided by our supreme court since
      the date of mandate in the first appeal in People v. Belknap, 396 Ill. App. 3d 183 (2009),
      issued by our court on November 18, 2009.
¶ 100      For example, in People v. White, 2011 IL 109689, Justice Karmeier observed that when
      a defendant seeks review of an otherwise forfeited error by relying on the closely balanced
      prong of plain error, a reviewing court’s preliminary step should be to first evaluate “the
      totality of the evidence” in the case, as a practical matter. White, 2011 IL 109689, ¶ 139. In
      White, the court conducted a qualitative “commonsense assessment” of the totality of
      evidence presented, rather than a quantitative approach, and ultimately concluded the
      evidence in that case was not closely balanced. White, 2011 IL 109689, ¶ 139.
¶ 101      Later, in People v. Adams, 2012 IL 111168, ¶ 22, Justice Burke relied on White and
      reiterated, once again, that when “determining whether the closely balanced prong has been
      met, we must make a ‘commonsense assessment’ of the evidence (People v. White, 2011 IL
      109689, ¶ 139) within the context of the circumstances of the individual case.”
¶ 102      Here, the record shows the State introduced undisputed medical evidence, gathered
      during the child’s autopsy, revealing she suffered multiple blunt force blows to her head,
      with a round object. The medical expert concluded the child’s seizures resulted from recent

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        swelling of her brain due to these three blows, and therefore, the child’s injuries occurred
        within 12 to 24 hours before she arrived at the emergency room.
¶ 103       Erin’s uncontested testimony established only Erin, Erik, and defendant spent time with
        the little girl within the 12 to 24 hours immediately preceding her seizures. Erin’s testimony
        indicated that beginning on September 9, 2006, her daughter did not have any energy and
        was unusually clingy. The next day, September 10, 2006, the child began suffering a cascade
        of seizures in her bed as discovered at 1:30 that afternoon. Silven ultimately slipped into a
        coma and died, days later, on September 16, 2006.
¶ 104       As the State points out, the defense theory excluded both Erin and Erik as the
        perpetrators and suggested reasonable doubt existed because the child may have caused her
        own fatal injuries by falling off a trampoline. However, no witness supported the far-fetched
        theory that the child was responsible for her own significant injuries resulting from a single
        speculative fall from a trampoline.
¶ 105       First, defendant did not see the child fall from a trampoline. Second, Erin testified that
        although Silven was near a trampoline on September 9, 2006, Silven did not show an interest
        in or attempt to jump on the apparatus that day because she was not feeling well. Third, the
        medical expert opined, due to the number and locations of the child’s injuries, that multiple
        blunt force traumas resulted in Silven’s death. In other words, the physical evidence did not
        support a single-fall defense. Finally, I observe that the evidence could not be closely
        balanced unless there was some evidence supporting the theory that the child caused her own
        injuries by playing and then falling from a trampoline 12 to 24 hours before her seizures
        began.
¶ 106       Therefore, I respectfully suggest based on the recently clarified totality of the evidence
        approach to be employed by this court, the case at bar should not be viewed as closely
        balanced with respect to the identity of the child’s murderer, in light of defendant’s own
        statements excluding Eric and Erin as suspects.
¶ 107       I emphasize that every trial is unique. However, in a majority of trials, such as the one
        in the case at bar, the evidence is neither overwhelming nor closely balanced and falls
        somewhere in between these two extremes. I disagree with the implied premise that any trial
        without overwhelming evidence of guilt must be automatically categorized as a closely
        balanced case upon review. In fact, under White and Adams, our supreme court urges us to
        look at the totality of the evidence on both sides when measuring whether a particular case
        falls somewhere in between the two ends of the spectrum between overwhelming proof and
        closely balanced evidence. Here, there is no plausible evidence that the child caused her own
        injuries, thereby excluding the defendant as the perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt.
¶ 108       Next, I turn to the controversial testimony of the jailhouse informants. I agree their
        testimony should be reviewed with a healthy dose of skepticism. Yet, it is entirely possible
        the jurors rejected this testimony as incredible. Assuming the jury did not believe defendant
        spoke to either informant about the incident, the fact remains defendant testified that neither
        Erin nor Erik caused the injuries that caused the child to suffer, and then die. Perhaps, just
        perhaps, the jury circumstantially inferred defendant could only be certain of Erin’s and
        Erik’s innocence due to his personal, but unspoken, knowledge of his role in the child’s


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        death. Without viewing the jailhouse informants’ testimony worthy of consideration and
        based on the recently clarified totality of the evidence approach to be employed by this court,
        I conclude the case at bar should not be viewed as closely balanced with respect to the
        identity of the child’s murderer due to defendant’s own testimony.
¶ 109       While it is discouraging that the trial court repeated the Rule 431(b) error following
        reversal and remand by this court, it is equally troubling for me to recognize the prosecutor
        and defense counsel both stood silent and allowed the court to commit the same error again.
        In addition, it should not be overlooked that the duplicated Rule 431(b) insufficiency has
        now been forfeited by the defense for a second time.
¶ 110       Thus, defense counsel’s failure to preserve the issue by objecting to the court’s
        questioning during voir dire may represent an effective defense strategy insuring automatic
        reversal in any truly closely balanced case, unlike the case at bar, but where the court fails
        to strictly comply with Rule 431(b). Based on the unique circumstances present in this
        record, I respectfully contend the repeated Rule 431(b) error in this appeal should not become
        an automatic “get out of jail free” card to be played each time a properly instructed jury
        convicts this defendant, in the absence of structural error.
¶ 111       Finally, as suggested by the supreme court, I next consider the unique combination of
        various contextual “circumstances” present in this record now before our court. First, the
        Rule 431(b) deficiency during the second trial was completely cured, in my view, by the
        formal instructions provided by the court set out in pattern criminal jury instructions
        regarding the constitutional principles omitted from the voir dire discussions. Thus, in spite
        of the preliminary error during voir dire, I consider it significant that this defendant does not
        contend the second jury was less than neutral, predisposed to reject the Zehr principles, or
        failed to follow and then apply the rules of law according to the court’s instructions at the
        close of the evidence. In other words, defendant does not allege structural error resulted in
        this case. Consequently, I would affirm defendant’s conviction.
¶ 112       For these reasons, I would affirm the conviction in this case.




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