Filed 11/13/15 P. v Austin CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,                                                          H041449
                                                                    (Santa Clara County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   Super. Ct. No. C1355430)

         v.

EDWARD LEON AUSTIN,

         Defendant and Appellant.


         Defendant Edward Leon Austin was convicted by jury trial of one count of
making criminal threats (Pen. Code, § 422),1 one count of felony false imprisonment
(§§ 236, 237), five counts of grand theft of a firearm (§§ 484, 487, subd. (d)), one count
of first degree robbery (§§ 211, 212.5, subd. (a)), and one count of first degree burglary
(§§ 459, 460, subd. (a)). The court also found true multiple prior convictions. Defendant
was sentenced to a total term of 175 years to life plus 63 years in prison.
         On appeal, defendant challenges his five convictions for grand theft of a firearm.
He argues that these five convictions all stemmed from the same theft. Therefore, under
People v. Bailey (1961) 55 Cal.2d 514 (Bailey), he insists that four of his grand theft
convictions must be reversed. We agree and reverse the judgment.




         1
             Unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.
                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The Information
       On April 4, 2014, defendant and codefendant, Amber Sapp, were charged by a
second amended information with first degree robbery (§§ 211, 212.5, subd. (a), count 1),
first degree burglary (§ 459, count 2), assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2), count 3),
making criminal threats (§ 422, count 4), false imprisonment (§ 236, count 5), and five
counts of grand theft (§§ 484, 487, counts 6-10). As to count 1, it was also alleged that
the victim was 65 years of age or older (§ 667.9, subd. (a)), and that defendant was armed
with a handgun (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)). As to counts 2 through 5, it was alleged that
defendant personally used a handgun (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). The information further
alleged that defendant had seven prior strike convictions (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i)) and two
prior serious felony convictions (§ 667, subds. (a), (b)).
       The Crime
       On January 8, 2013, two individuals rang the doorbell of victim John Sheehan’s
house. Sheehan’s live-in helper and roommate, Marcelle Gourley, answered the door.
Sheehan heard voices and saw Gourley walk towards him after answering the door.
Someone grabbed Sheehan’s cane and pushed him and Gourley to the floor. Sheehan
heard a male voice say: “Stay right down there, old man, and you won’t get hurt.”
Sheehan was unsure if the individuals were armed. At trial, he testified that he thought
he saw a weapon.
       Sheehan said that Gourley was taken to a different part of the house. Sheehan
managed to pull himself off the floor, and he saw two individuals take his television set
off the wall. He could not see their faces. Eventually, Sheehan heard Gourley say that
the intruders had left. Gourley called the police. Sheehan also spoke with the 911
operator, but could not recall if he had told them that the individuals had threatened to



                                              2
shoot him. The individuals took Sheehan’s guns, his television set, his wallet with his
driver’s license and credit cards, and some watches.
       Gourley identified defendant at trial and said she had never seen him before the
robbery. She said defendant had come into the house and had threatened to shoot her.
She thought he had a gun, because defendant placed something against her head that felt
like a steel rod. Eventually, defendant put a pillowcase over Gourley’s head and took her
to the master bedroom. He asked Gourley where the gold and cash were. Based on the
sound of shuffling feet, Gourley thought there were two individuals in the room.
However, she did not hear a second voice and did not hear defendant mention a second
person.
       Defendant loosely tied Gourley’s hands and legs and placed a mattress on top of
her. He told her to count to 200. As Gourley counted, she heard noises that sounded like
things were being taken outside. When it got quiet, she freed herself and went over to
Sheehan. Gourley’s cell phone, cigarettes, tennis shoes, and $5 were taken. Gourley told
police that she believed that a friend, Amber Sapp, was involved in the robbery. Gourley
had introduced Sheehan to Sapp, and Sapp had done some housecleaning work for
Sheehan in December 2012. In the past, Sapp had occasionally stayed over at Sheehan’s
house in Gourley’s room. Police recovered three fingerprints from the master bedroom
door that were a match to Sapp.
       On January 9, 2013, someone attempted to use Sheehan’s Target credit card to
make a purchase, which was declined. Someone also attempted to use one of Sheehan’s
other credit cards to complete the purchase but that card was also declined.
       Defendant had been wearing an electronic monitoring ankle bracelet the date that
Sheehan’s home was invaded. Records reflected that he was at Sheehan’s home during
the robbery. Records also showed that he was at a Target store on January 9, 2013.



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        Eventually, Sapp was located at a detention facility in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
She was transported to San Jose by one of the officers investigating the robbery. The
officer noticed that Sapp was wearing tennis shoes that matched the description of
Gourley’s missing tennis shoes. Sapp admitted to the officer that the shoes were
Gourley’s.
        The Verdict and Sentencing
        After a jury trial, defendant was found guilty of all counts except for count 3,
assault with a firearm. Instead, defendant was found guilty of a misdemeanor simple
assault. The jury also found the enhancements for personal use of a weapon not to be
true. However, the jury found the age enhancement alleged as to the robbery count to be
true.
        Following a court trial, the court found defendant’s prior convictions to be true.
After denying defendant’s Romero2 motion, the trial court sentenced defendant to a total
term of 175 years to life plus 63 years in prison. Defendant was sentenced to five
consecutive sentences of 25 years to life for his five convictions of grand theft and was
also sentenced to consecutive terms of 25 years to life for his convictions for making
criminal threats and false imprisonment. He was also sentenced to two 25-year-to-life
terms for his convictions for robbery and burglary, which were stayed under section 654.
The trial court also stayed a one-year enhancement for the robbery conviction under
section 667.9, subdivision (a). The trial court also imposed 12 five-year enhancements
for his prior serious felony convictions (§ 667, subd. (a)) and one three-year enhancement
for his prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (a)). Defendant was awarded a total of 660 days
of custody credit and was ordered to pay various fines and fees, including $5,120 in



        2
            People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497.


                                              4
victim restitution. The victim restitution order was made on a joint and several basis with
Sapp. Defendant appealed.
                                        DISCUSSION
       Defendant’s sole argument on appeal is that four of his five convictions for grand
theft of a firearm must be reversed, because they arose out of the same theft.
   1. Grand Theft of a Firearm and the Bailey Doctrine
       a. Overview
       Section 487, subdivision (d)(2) provides that grand theft is theft committed when
the property taken is “[a] firearm.” All five of defendant’s convictions of grand theft of a
firearm arose from the theft of guns from Sheehan’s home during the January 2013
robbery. Defendant was charged with a separate offense for each stolen firearm and was
found guilty of each charge.
       A criminal defendant cannot be punished multiple times for the same criminal act
if it is committed with the same intent or objective. (People v. Kirvin (2014) 231
Cal.App.4th 1507, 1517; § 654.) “However, as a general matter, a criminal defendant can
suffer multiple convictions for a single criminal act or series of related criminal acts.”
(People v. Kirvin, supra, at p. 1517; § 954.) The People need not elect between different
offenses or counts in an accusatory pleading. (§ 954.)
       This general rule is subject to an exception carved out by our Supreme Court in
Bailey, supra, 55 Cal.2d at page 519. In Bailey, the defendant received multiple welfare
payments as a result of a single fraudulent act. Each payment would have only amounted
to petty theft, but the aggregate total of payments received amounted to grand theft.
The Bailey defendant was convicted of one count of grand theft, which the Supreme
Court found proper. (Id. at pp. 515-516.) Thus, Bailey concerned whether petty thefts
could be aggregated to a single count of grand theft. However, Bailey also asserted that a
defendant cannot be convicted of more than one grand theft if all the theft or takings are

                                              5
committed against a single victim pursuant to the same general impulse, plan, and
intention. Bailey concluded that “a defendant may be properly convicted upon separate
counts charging grand theft from the same person if the evidence shows that the offenses
are separate and distinct and were not committed pursuant to one intention, one general
impulse, and one plan.” (Id. at p. 519.) “Whether a series of wrongful acts constitutes a
single offense or multiple offenses depends upon the facts of each case.” (Ibid.)
       Following Bailey, appellate courts have interpreted its decision as holding that if a
defendant commits a series of takings from one victim pursuant to the same impulse,
intent, plan or scheme, he only commits one theft. (See People v. Packard (1982) 131
Cal.App.3d 622, 626, disapproved of by People v. Whitmer (2014) 59 Cal.4th 733
(Whitmer).) Courts have also generally held that “ ‘[w]hen a defendant steals multiple
items during the course of an indivisible transaction involving a single victim, he
commits only one robbery or theft notwithstanding the number of items he steals.’ ”
(People v. Ortega (1998) 19 Cal.4th 686, 699, overruled on other grounds in People v.
Reed (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1224, 1228-1232; see also Bailey, supra, 55 Cal.2d at p. 519.)
       Our Supreme Court revisited its decision in Bailey in Whitmer, supra, 59 Cal.4th
733. In Whitmer, the defendant arranged for the fraudulent sale of 20 motorcycles and
other recreational vehicles over the course of 13 days. (Id. at p. 735.) He was
subsequently convicted of 20 counts of grand theft, one count for each fraudulent sale.
The defendant appealed, arguing that under the Bailey doctrine he could only be
convicted of one grand theft because he had operated pursuant to a single scheme. Our
Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s arguments, finding that Bailey did not bar
multiple convictions of theft if they are separate and distinct, even if the thefts are
committed pursuant to a single overarching scheme or plan. (Id. at p. 741.) Whitmer’s
interpretation of Bailey disapproved of appellate court decisions that had concluded that
Bailey shielded defendants from multiple convictions of theft if each theft was committed

                                               6
pursuant to a single criminal intention, even if the takings were separate and distinct.
(Ibid.)
          However, noting the “long, uninterrupted series of Court of Appeal cases . . . that
have consistently held that multiple acts of grand theft pursuant to a single scheme cannot
support more than one count of grand theft,” Whitmer concluded that its decision was an
“unforeseeable judicial enlargement of criminal liability for multiple grand thefts.”
(Whitmer, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 742.) Therefore, Whitmer held that its decision could
only be applied prospectively. (Ibid.) Consequently, even if Whitmer compelled a
different conclusion based on the facts of defendant’s case, it is inapplicable here. Like
the defendant in Whitmer, defendant committed his underlying offense in 2013, prior to
our Supreme Court’s decision in Whitmer. We must therefore analyze his claims under
the pre-Whitmer doctrine set forth in Bailey and the cases interpreting Bailey.
          b. Standard of Review
          We review the judgment for substantial evidence. “As with all factual questions,
on appeal we must review the record to determine whether there is substantial evidence to
support a finding that the defendant harbored multiple objectives. [Citations.] The
Bailey doctrine applies as a matter of law only in the absence of any evidence from which
the jury could have reasonably inferred that the defendant acted pursuant to more than
one intention, one general impulse, or one plan.” (People v. Jaska (2011) 194
Cal.App.4th 971, 984.)
          c. Application to Defendant’s Case
          Here, there is no evidence that defendant committed separate or distinct thefts, or
that he acted pursuant to a separate scheme regarding the theft of each individual firearm.
All five firearms were stolen during the same indivisible transaction, the robbery that
took place at Sheehan’s home. They all involved the same victim. Further, all evidence
indicated the thefts were all part of the same general intent, impulse, and plan. There was

                                                7
no evidence suggesting anything otherwise. There was also no testimony that would
support an inference that the guns were taken separately, such as any testimony by
Sheehan or Gourley that defendant entered and exited the house multiple times to take
guns. Gourley testified only that she heard shuffling that sounded like people were
taking items out of the house over the course of several minutes.
       Accordingly, absent any evidence to the contrary, the jury could not have
reasonably inferred that defendant acted pursuant to more than one intention, impulse, or
plan. Under Bailey, four of the five convictions cannot stand and must be reversed.
   2. Theft of Each Firearm as a Separate Offense
       The People do not argue that there is evidence that defendant harbored multiple
intents, impulses, or plans. Rather, they argue that the language of the grand theft of a
firearm statute (theft of “[a] firearm,” § 487, subd. (d)(2)) is indicative that each firearm
theft should be treated as a separate offense. Therefore, they claim that Bailey is
inapplicable to this specific crime.
       The People urge us to follow the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in Grappin v.
State (Fla. 1984) 450 So.2d 480. There, the court found that the defendant’s theft of six
firearms during a single burglary was the proper basis of six separate convictions of
grand theft. (Id. at p. 482.) The Florida Supreme Court reasoned that the Legislature’s
“use of the article ‘a’ [as opposed to a plural article] in reference to ‘a firearm’ in [the
Florida statute] clearly show[ed its intent] to make each firearm a separate unit of
prosecution.” (Ibid.)
       The People also rely on a similar case from Wisconsin, State v. Trawitzki (Wisc.
2001) 244 Wis.2d 523. Similar to Grappin, Trawitzki concluded that the defendant was
properly convicted of 10 theft charges for stealing 10 firearms because the Legislature’s
use of the singular word “firearm” in its statute indicated its intent that each firearm theft
would constitute a separate charge. (Id. at p. 543.)

                                               8
       We decline to follow either Grappin or Trawitzki. In California, the Penal Code
specifies that throughout the code “the singular number includes the plural, and the plural
the singular.” (§ 7.) Therefore, the Legislature’s use of the singular pronoun “a” when
referring to grand theft of a firearm is not indicative of an intent to treat each firearm theft
as a separate offense.
   3. Applicability of the Bailey Doctrine to Grand Theft of a Firearm
       The People also insist that Bailey should not apply to the crime of grand theft of a
firearm, because “such an action would fail to account for the greatly increased danger
inherent in the theft of multiple deadly weapons.” In essence, the People claim that there
is an inherently greater risk of danger when the theft involves firearms. However, our
Supreme Court set forth the rule in Bailey, supra, 55 Cal.2d at page 519, which we are
bound to follow. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)
And, as defendant notes in his reply brief, “[i]f the [L]egislature wishes to discourage
multiple thefts of weapons, it can amend Penal Code section 487 to state that the theft of
each firearm is a separate offense.”
       Consequently, the People’s reliance on People v. Correa (2012) 54 Cal.4th 331 is
misplaced. In Correa, our Supreme Court concluded that “a felon who possesses several
firearms is more culpable than one who possesses a single weapon.” (Id. at p. 342.)
Therefore, “[t]o apply the section 654 bar punishment for multiple violations of the
weapons possession statute here would mean that once a felon has acquired one firearm,
‘ “he may thereafter with impunity” ’ acquire as many guns as he wishes, at least as long
as he keeps his arsenal in one place and is arrested while possessing all of its contents.”
(Id. at pp. 342-343, fn. omitted.) However, the Legislature made it clear in enacting
former section 12001, subdivision (k) (now section 23510) that possession of each
firearm is a separate and distinct offense. (People v. Correa, supra, at pp. 345-346.)
Section 23510, subdivision (a) expressly states that “each firearm constitutes a distinct

                                               9
and separate offense . . . .” In contrast, the Legislature has not included similar language
in section 487, subdivision (d) that would specify that each firearm theft is a separate and
distinct offense.
   4. Resentencing
       The People assert that if this court were to reverse any of defendant’s convictions
for grand theft, the matter should be remanded for resentencing. We agree. Here,
defendant was convicted of multiple counts and was sentenced to an aggregate prison
term. “[A] defendant’s aggregate prison term . . . ‘cannot be viewed as a series of
separate, independent terms, but rather must be viewed as one prison term made up of
interdependent components. The invalidity of some of those components necessarily
infects the entire sentence . . . . In making its sentencing choices in the first instance the
trial court undoubtedly considered the overall prison term to be imposed . . . . When
defendant successfully urged the illegality of his sentence on appeal the illegality did not
relate only to the portion of the sentence but infected the whole.’ ” (People v. Burns
(1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 1178, 1183 (Burns).)
       Accordingly, resentencing is appropriate in this case, so long as the sentence on
remand is not longer than the original term imposed. (Burns, supra, 158 Cal.App.3d at
p. 1183.)
                                        DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed and remanded for resentencing. On remand, the trial
court shall strike defendant’s convictions for grand theft in counts 7 through 10 and the
corresponding sentences, leaving one conviction of grand theft intact.




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                                                            Walsh, J.*




      WE CONCUR:




             Rushing, P.J.




             Elia, J.




      *
        Judge of the Santa Clara County Superior Court assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
