                           NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                   File Name: 15a0511n.06

                                                 No. 13-2253                                       FILED
                                                                                             Jul 21, 2015
                                                                                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                        )
                                                                 )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                      )
                                                                 )    ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                               )    UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                                 )    COURT FOR THE EASTERN
BRYAN ROSS,                                                      )    DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                                 )
        Defendant-Appellant.                                     )                    OPINION
                                                                 )
                                                                 )



        BEFORE:           BOGGS and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; CARR, District Judge.*

        JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. This appeal after remand concerns a single issue:

whether defendant Bryan Ross received constitutionally adequate representation during a pretrial

competency hearing. Ross represented himself leading up to and during the hearing, but was

aided by court-appointed standby counsel, Allen Early. In a prior joint direct criminal appeal

before this panel, Ross and codefendant Robert Burston challenged their convictions on multiple

counts relating to a counterfeit-check scheme. United States v. Ross, 703 F.3d 856, 865 (6th Cir.

2012). They brought twelve different types of claims between them, and we upheld the district

court’s rulings on all save the one before us here. Finding the record insufficient to determine

whether Early’s representation met the minimum constitutional standard, we remanded the case

with instructions to hold an evidentiary hearing on the issue. After taking testimony from Early,

        *
         The Honorable James Carr, Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting
by designation.
No. 13-2253
United States v. Ross

the district court issued an order establishing that Ross was adequately represented at the

competency hearing. Ross appealed. With the benefit of the district court’s additional fact

finding, we now affirm Ross’s conviction.

        Before trial and while represented by Early (his third successive attorney in the case),

Ross filed a motion to waive counsel and represent himself. Ross, 703 F.3d at 865. The

Government then filed a motion for a competency examination and hearing, voicing concern

about signs of delusion and paranoia Ross had exhibited and Ross’s inability to get along with

any of the different lawyers who had represented him. Id. The court denied Ross’s motion

solely out of concern that, without counsel, he would misspend defense funds provided to him by

virtue of his indigent status. Id.

        On June 10, 2008, Ross filed another motion to “substitute counsel until trial,” which also

expressed his ongoing desire to represent himself. Id. at 865-66. The court denied Ross’s

request for a new attorney, but permitted Ross to represent himself after determining that he

knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. Id. at 866. The court then shifted Early

to the role of standby counsel. Id. On July 30, the Government filed a second motion for a

competency examination and hearing, which the court granted in an August 5 hearing without

reappointing fulltime counsel. Id. On October 29, 2008 the court held the competency hearing

and found Ross competent to stand trial based on the court’s own observations and the report of

a psychologist the court itself had selected, Dr. William Nixon. Id. at 866, 873. Ross later

represented himself at trial with the assistance of yet another attorney acting as standby counsel

and was convicted of conspiracy and five of six substantive counts against him. Id. at 866.

        We review the district court’s legal conclusions concerning Early’s representation de

novo, and review its factual findings under a clear error standard. See Ornelas v. United States,


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United States v. Ross

517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996) (appellate courts review questions of law de novo and questions of

historical fact for clear error with respect to probable cause determinations); First Options of

Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 948 (1995) (same, with regard to parties’ agreement to

submit their dispute to arbitration).

       On the initial appeal, we noted that “[i]t is well-settled that complete absence of counsel

at a critical stage of a criminal proceeding is a per se Sixth Amendment violation warranting

reversal of a conviction, a sentence, or both, as applicable, without analysis for prejudice or

harmless error.” Ross, 703 F.3d at 873-74 (quoting Van v. Jones, 475 F.3d 292, 311-12 (6th Cir.

2007)), and held that a competency hearing is a critical stage, id. at 874. We further noted that it

was not clear on the record whether Early, acting as standby counsel, provided the

constitutionally required “meaningful adversarial testing” leading up to and during Ross’s

competency hearing. Id. at 872 (citing United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 656-57 (1984)).

       Here, satisfaction of the Cronic standard “requires evidence, at a minimum, that standby

counsel (1) conducted an adequate investigation into Ross’s competency, including reading and

analyzing Dr. Nixon’s report, and preparing for the hearing, and (2) chose not to contest Ross’s

competency based on his own strategic decision rather than a belief that he simply had no

obligation to do so over Ross’s instructions.” Ross, 703 F.3d at 874. The record created on

remand supports the district court’s conclusion that standby counsel met both requirements.

       At the post-remand evidentiary hearing, Early testified that once the government filed its

second motion for a competency evaluation, he began preparing for the motion hearing and was

exercising independent judgment as an attorney for Ross, though he already had been assigned

the role of standby counsel. At the August 5, 2008 hearing to decide the Government’s motion

to conduct a competency evaluation of Ross, Early stated his view that Ross’s erratic behavior


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No. 13-2253
United States v. Ross

could be due to incompetence, but it could also be a bad-faith effort to create error in the record,

and that the court should hold a competency examination to “rule out” the competency issue.

       Once the court ordered a competency hearing, Early undertook logistical tasks such as

compiling a list of experts acceptable to Ross and submitting them to the court. When it became

apparent that the parties could not agree on an expert, the court appointed its own selection, Dr.

Nixon. Early testified that he considered himself Ross’s counsel with respect to facilitating Dr.

Nixon’s evaluation of Ross.

       Early reviewed Nixon’s background and found Nixon to be a “learned” and

“experienced” forensic psychiatrist. He submitted various relevant documents to Nixon to assist

in the evaluation and discussed the documents over the phone with him. Among others, he

provided Nixon with the complaint, indictment, case report, Ross’s criminal history, and several

of Ross’s pro se pleadings.     In addition, Early provided pertinent Supreme Court caselaw

pertaining to competence to represent oneself to Nixon, including the then-recent opinion in

Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008). Early explained the details of Ross’s case to the

doctor, and told Nixon that “it was going to be a fairly extensive trial with a lot of documents”

and would be “a major undertaking.” Early also advised Nixon that he believed Ross to be

competent, testifying that:

       I told him Mr. Ross was very sophisticated in terms of fact analysis, legal
       analysis, arguments. That he could integrate the facts with the law. That he could
       look at a witness sheet and pick it apart in terms of what was wrong with the
       witness and how to attack the witness on cross examination. And that he could
       interface with counsel. He understood the proceedings. And that this was not a
       rudimentary type of knowledge that Mr. Ross had. That he had a very
       sophisticated type of knowledge in terms of dealing with these issues. He was a
       very sophisticated person.

R. 455, PageID# 5436.



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No. 13-2253
United States v. Ross

       Once Nixon released his report finding Ross to be competent, Early studied it and

discussed it with the doctor. Early believed Nixon’s evaluation was thorough and complete, and

that Nixon had reached the correct result. Early sent a copy of Nixon’s report to Ross and

discussed it with him twice before the hearing. With Nixon, Ross, and Early all in agreement,

Early had nothing to add to the competency hearing aside from expressing his acceptance of

Nixon’s conclusion.

       This record indicates that, though Early was standby counsel, he provided

constitutionally adequate representation to Ross leading up to and during the competency hearing

by: adequately considering Ross’s competency on his own, providing information to aid Nixon

in making an informed analysis, analyzing Nixon’s completed report, and preparing for the

hearing. Further, it is apparent that Early’s decision not to contest the report was based on his

agreement with it, rather than a belief that he simply had no obligation to do so.

       On appeal, Ross argues that Early failed to provide meaningful adversarial testing

because he abstained from providing information relevant to the issue of competency at the

hearing and “simply relied on Dr. Nixon’s report.” As a result, according to Ross, “[n]obody

actually got up and argued that Mr. Ross was incompetent,” and “Early did not provide this court

what it required.” But Early did not “simply rely” on the report. Rather, he provided Nixon with

pertinent documents and his own perspective, which happened to be in accord with Nixon’s final

report. Early had no duty to argue that Ross was incompetent simply for the sake of playing

devil’s advocate and airing that perspective in court, given that Early, Nixon, and Ross himself

had all independently concluded that Ross was indeed competent.

       Ross also argues that Nixon presented the wrong legal standard in his report, but this too

is unavailing. Though Nixon’s report does not explicitly address Indiana v. Edwards in its


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No. 13-2253
United States v. Ross

discussion of the mental competence standard for waiving counsel, the report directly quotes the

American Psychiatric Association’s position—quoted approvingly in Edwards—that:

       [d]isorganized thinking, deficits in sustaining attention and concentration,
       impaired expressive abilities, anxiety, and other common symptoms of severe
       mental illnesses can impair the defendant’s ability to play the significantly
       expanded role required for self-representation even if he can play the lesser role
       of represented defendant.

Edwards, 554 U.S. at 176. Nixon’s report concludes that Ross “is not currently demonstrating

any of the above stated symptoms as outlined by the American Psychiatric Association.” This

demonstrates that Nixon was aware of Edwards’s discussion of a heightened standard of

competence for defendants seeking to represent themselves at trial, and found that Ross had met

it.

       With the benefit of a sufficient record, we now AFFIRM Ross’s conviction.




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