                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                    October 25, 2018
               Plaintiff-Appellee,                                  9:05 a.m.

v                                                                   No. 339068
                                                                    Isabella Circuit Court
BENJAMIN KEITH MCKEWEN,                                             LC No. 2016-001924-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: STEPHENS, P.J., and SHAPIRO and GADOLA, JJ.

SHAPIRO, J.

        Defendant appeals his convictions following a jury trial of assault with intent to do great
bodily harm less than murder (AWIGBH), MCL 750.84, and felonious assault, MCL 750.82.
The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms of five to ten years for the
AWIGBH conviction, and two to four years for the felonious assault conviction. For the reasons
set forth below, we affirm defendant’s conviction for AWIGBH, but vacate his conviction for
felonious assault.

                                            I. FACTS

        Defendant’s convictions arose from an altercation between himself and the complainant,
Aristotle Zarkin, at a birthday party. Zarkin confronted defendant after his girlfriend told him
that defendant’s conduct towards her made her feel uncomfortable. According to witnesses, the
two pushed or punched each other, after which Zarkin fell to the ground. When he got back up,
witnesses noticed that he was bleeding profusely from his chest. Although Zarkin initially
thought he had cut himself from landing on a broken shard of glass, witnesses and investigators
did not find any glass or other sharp object in the area where Zarkin fell. Medical providers
believed that Zarkin received a stab wound to his chest. The object made a clean cut, and it
traveled through muscle, fascia, and cartilage, and then severed his mammary artery. None of
the witnesses to the altercation observed defendant armed with a knife, but a witness testified
that after Zarkin fell to the ground, defendant kept his right hand behind his back as if trying to
conceal something, and that he continued to keep his right hand concealed from view as he
walked away after the altercation.




                                                -1-
                                         II. ANALYSIS

                    A. DENIAL OF MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT

        On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a
directed verdict. Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he actually
possessed a knife and stabbed Zarkin, which in turn rendered the evidence insufficient to support
his convictions. We disagree.1

        Various witnesses testified that after defendant either pushed or punched Zarkin in the
chest during the altercation, Zarkin got up from the ground with a chest wound that bled
profusely. It is undisputed that none of the witnesses actually saw defendant with a knife.
However, an emergency medical technician, who was present at the party and provided
assistance after Zarkin was injured, testified that the wound appeared to be a stab wound that was
made by something very sharp, narrow, long, and skinny. The emergency room physician, who
treated Zarkin at McLaren Hospital, similarly testified that the wound was a stab wound with
clean edges and made by something sharp, and that Zarkin sustained a laceration to his
mammary artery.

        Dr. Daniel Meldrum, M.D., a board-certified cardiothoracic and general trauma surgeon
who treated Zarkin at Covenant Medical Center, testified that based on his observations during
the physical examination, Zarkin was stabbed with a knife about three to four inches long and
approximately an inch in width, and three to four millimeters thick. Dr. Meldrum also explained
that the trajectory of the wound was at an angle from “outside to inside” rather than “straight
on,” and the trajectory would be “counterintuitive” with falling directly onto glass. One of the
eyewitnesses testified that she saw defendant strike Zarkin in the chest, but defendant did not
throw a “normal” punch with his knuckles “straight to whatever body part he was hitting.”
Instead, he struck at Zarkin “sideways” with the thumb and forefinger of his hand using a
roundhouse punch.

       Although defendant and other witnesses initially thought that defendant had fallen on a
piece of glass, witnesses and investigators did not see any large shards of glass or other items on
the ground that might have caused Zarkin’s injury when he fell. And although none of the


1
  We review a trial court’s decision denying a motion for a directed verdict de novo. People v
Hammons, 210 Mich App 554, 556; 534 NW2d 183 (1995). Our task is to review the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether the essential elements of the
charged crimes were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Schrauben, 314 Mich App
181, 198; 886 NW2d 173 (2016). “Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising
therefrom may constitute proof of the elements of [a] crime.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich App
465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). “[A] reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable
inferences and make credibility determinations in support of the jury verdict.” People v Nowack,
462 Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000). With regard to an actor’s intent, due to the
difficulties inherent in “proving an actor’s state of mind, minimal circumstantial evidence is
sufficient.” People v McRunels, 237 Mich App 168, 181; 603 NW2d 95 (1999).


                                                -2-
witnesses actually saw a knife, a witness testified that after the altercation, defendant held his
right hand behind his back and appeared to be trying to conceal something as he argued with
bystanders and as he left the scene.

        Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the testimony of the emergency
room physician and the surgeon combined with the evidence that defendant was concealing his
right hand behind his back following the altercation was sufficient to enable the jury to infer, and
conclude beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant stabbed Zarkin in the chest with a knife.
Thus, the jury could reasonably conclude that defendant’s use of a knife to stab Zarkin in the
chest proved that he assaulted Zarkin with a dangerous weapon, and did so with the intent to
cause great bodily harm less than murder. People v Stevens, 306 Mich App 620, 629; 858 NW2d
98 (2014).

       Accordingly, sufficient evidence supports defendant’s convictions.

                                    B. EXPERT TESTIMONY

        Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion by determining that Dr.
Meldrum was qualified to offer his expert opinion that Zarkin’s wound was a stab wound from a
knife.2

       The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by MRE 702, which provides:

               If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized
       knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a
       fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
       training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if
       (1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the
       product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the
       principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

Before admitting expert testimony, a trial court must “ensure that the testimony, (1) will assist
the trier of fact to understand a fact in issue, (2) is provided by an expert qualified in the relevant
field of knowledge, and (3) is based on reliable data, principles, and methodologies that are
applied reliably to the facts of the case.” People v Kowalski, 492 Mich 106, 120; 821 NW2d 14
(2012) (footnotes omitted). In this case, defendant challenges the second and third requirements.
He argues that Dr. Meldrum was not qualified to testify as an expert, and that his opinion
testimony was not based on reliable principles and methods. We disagree.




2
  We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. People v
Lukity, 460 Mich 484, 488; 596 NW2d 607 (1999). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it
chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of principled outcomes.” People v Musser, 494
Mich 337, 348; 835 NW2d 319 (2013).


                                                 -3-
        With respect to the second requirement, the trial court found that Dr. Meldrum was
qualified to render an opinion regarding the nature of Zarkin’s wound based on his training and
decades of experience as a cardiothoracic surgeon, general surgeon, and trauma surgeon. Dr.
Meldrum testified about his qualifications and board certifications including the fact that as part
of the periodic recertification process, he is required to address identification of the
instrumentality that caused a particular wound. Dr. Meldrum also testified that he trained under
a preeminent expert in trauma surgery, and received instruction in making a determination in
different types of wounds.

        Defendant argues that Dr. Meldrum was not qualified because he did not possess the
same qualifications as, for example, a medical examiner. Defendant appears to conflate the
qualifications for testifying as an expert under MRE 702 with the requirements of MCL
600.2169, which governs a witness’s qualifications for testifying about the standard of care in a
medical malpractice case. In contrast to MCL 600.2169, however, nothing in MRE 702 requires
either that a medical expert be board certified in a particular specialty, such as forensic
pathology, or to have devoted a majority of his practice to a given specialty to be qualified to
offer expert testimony. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that Dr. Meldrum’s
training, education, and experience qualified him as an expert in determining the nature of
Zarkin’s wound.

        With respect to the third requirement, the trial court found that Dr. Meldrum’s opinion
was based on sound scientific principles. The court noted that Dr. Meldrum was required to
investigate other possible causes of the wound. Specifically, he needed to check whether glass
or other particles were present in the wound to make sure that no particles were left behind to
cause further injury and that he found none. Dr. Meldrum explained his process of ruling out
other potential explanations for Zarkin’s wound through differential diagnosis, a well-recognized
process. See Lowery v Enbridge Energy Ltd Partnership, 500 Mich 1034, 1046; 898 NW2d 906
(2017) (MARKMAN, J. concurring).

       For these reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Dr. Meldrum’s
opinion testimony was based on reliable data, principles, and methodologies.

                      C. CHALLENGES TO THE DUAL CONVICTIONS

        Defendant raises two arguments challenging his convictions for both AWIGBH and
felonious assault arising out of a single incident with one victim. First, defendant argues that his
conviction for both offenses for a single act violates the constitutional double jeopardy protection
against multiple punishments for the same offense. However, this argument was rejected by the
Supreme Court in People v Strawther, 480 Mich 900; 739 NW2d 82 (2007), and was more fully
discussed in People v Wilson, 496 Mich 91, 102; 852 NW2d 134 (2014), abrogated on other
grounds by Bravo-Fernandez v United States, ___ US ___; 137 S Ct 253; 196 L Ed 2d 242
(2016), where the Court held that “[t]he very application of the Double Jeopardy Clause
necessarily requires more than one trial.” Next, defendant argues that the language of the
statutes defining these offenses require the court to enter a judgment of conviction only as to one
of the two offenses for which the jury convicted him. We agree.



                                                -4-
        The crime of assault with intent to do great bodily harm is defined by MCL 750.84. That
statute provides that a person who “[a]ssaults another with intent to do great bodily harm, less
than the crime of murder” is guilty of a felony. (Emphasis added). The crime of felonious
assault is defined by MCL 750.82, which provides that “a person who assaults another person
with a . . . dangerous weapon without intending to commit murder or inflict great bodily harm
less than murder.” (Emphasis added).

       In People v Davis, 320 Mich App 484, 498-496; 905 NW2d 482 (2017), lv gtd 910
NW2d 301 (2018), we held that in a case involving a single assault, a judgment of conviction for
both AWIGBH and aggravated domestic assault are inconsistent because they are mutually
exclusive.3 As we stated in Davis:

                  Clearly, these two offenses are mutually exclusive from a legislative
         standpoint. One requires the defendant to act with the specific intent to do great
         bodily harm less than murder; the other is committed without intent to do great
         bodily harm less than murder. We must give effect to the plain and unambiguous
         language selected by the Legislature. And the plain language of the statutes
         reveals that a defendant cannot violate both statutes with one act as he or she
         cannot both intend and yet not intend to do great bodily harm less than murder.
         [Id. at 490 (citations omitted).]

        In this case, the trial court did not instruct the jury “regarding the lack of intent to do
great bodily harm necessary to meet the statutory definition of [felonious assault]” because it is a
“negative element” that need not be found by a jury. Id. at 494-495 (quotation marks and
citation omitted). However, the trial court specifically instructed the jury that in order to convict
defendant for AWIGBH, they must find that he “intended to do great bodily harm.” By
convicting defendant on that charge, they made a finding—one we may not disturb—that
defendant acted with the intent to do great bodily harm. But that finding is inconsistent with
felonious assault as defined by MCL 750.82. We, therefore, conclude that the proper action for
the trial court is to enter judgment of conviction on the AWIGBH charge, but not on felonious
assault, even though the jury found defendant guilty of both.

         Our dissenting colleague takes the view that our decision is inconsistent with People v
Doss, 406 Mich 90, 99; 276 NW2d 9 (1979). We disagree. Doss was a police officer who shot a
suspected burglar. Id. at 94. He was charged with manslaughter and bound over. Id. at 95. This
Court concluded that the prosecution had not shown sufficient evidence to show that the
defendant acted without malice. Id. at 96-97. The prosecution appealed to the Supreme Court,
which reversed, holding that the prosecution need not present evidence on a negative element,
i.e., that the defendant acted without malice. Id. at 97-99. As an example, the Court explained
that the prosecution does not need to prove that a defendant was not armed in order to convict of
unarmed robbery. Id. at 99.




3
    Although Davis dealt with aggravated domestic assault, this does not change the analysis here.


                                                 -5-
        However, the issue before us today, and in Davis, was not addressed in Doss. First, Doss
did not involve review of a judgment of conviction and the underlying jury verdict; the only
issue was whether proof of the negative element was required in order to bind over the defendant
on the charge of manslaughter. Second, in Doss, the only crime at issue was manslaughter—the
court was not considering how to address a jury verdict that convicted the defendant of both
manslaughter and murder for the same killing. In other words, there was no issue of inconsistent
verdicts in Doss. The fact that we do not instruct on negative elements is not problematic in
single offense cases. However, it is problematic when two crimes are charged based on the same
conduct, one of which has a negative element that is the direct opposite of a positive element of
the other charge.

       Our review of the caselaw demonstrates that almost all cases dealing with this issue
involved inconsistent verdicts arising out of compound felonies such as felony firearm and
felony murder. These cases offer little guidance in the present setting because in the compound
felony setting, the jury is fully instructed on the elements of both offenses and is therefore aware
that conviction of a compound felony is logically inconsistent with acquittal of the predicate
felony. If they nevertheless choose to enter inconsistent verdicts, they may do so and that
conviction will stand. The Supreme Court addressed this issue in People v Vaughn, 409 Mich
463, 466; 295 NW2d 354 (1980):

               Juries are not held to any rules of logic nor are they required to explain
       their decisions. The ability to convict or acquit another individual of a crime is a
       grave responsibility and an awesome power. An element of this power is the
       jury’s capacity for leniency. Since we are unable to know just how the jury
       reached their conclusion, whether the result of compassion or compromise, it is
       unrealistic to believe that a jury would intend that an acquittal on one count and
       conviction on another would serve as the reason for defendant's release. These
       considerations change when a case is tried by a judge sitting without a jury. But
       we feel that the mercy-dispensing power of the jury may serve to release a
       defendant from some of the consequences of his act without absolving him of all
       responsibility. [Footnotes omitted.4]

Following Vaughn, the Supreme Court decided People v Lewis, 415 Mich 443, 446; 330 NW2d
16 (1982), in which the situation was reversed: the defendant was convicted of felony-firearm
but acquitted of the underlying felony. The Court noted that

             [t]he inconsistency in the instant verdicts suggests that the juries either
       compromised or were lenient.

              If the jury was lenient, the defendant was not prejudiced by the
       inconsistency in the verdicts and has no cause for complaint. In that hypothesis,


4
  See also People v Putnam, 309 Mich App 240, 251; 870 NW2d 593 (2015) (upholding
conviction for armed robbery and second-degree murder despite the jury’s acquittal of first-
degree felony murder).


                                                -6-
         although 12 jurors agreed that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
         of the underlying felony, they nonetheless extended mercy, convicting him only
         of what they may have thought was a lesser offense instead of both. [Id. at 450-
         451 (footnotes omitted).]

        The instant case, like Davis, however, does not involve a compound offense. It involves
conviction of two crimes that by the plain text of the relevant statutes are fundamentally
inconsistent. And unlike the cases involving compound offenses, the jury does not know that its
verdicts are inconsistent. Given that the instructions do not inform the jury of the negative
element, the jury would conclude that convictions on both charges is fully consistent. The
instant verdict, therefore, was not the result of compromise or leniency since defendant was
convicted on both charges. Nor could it be the result of jury error beyond a court’s ability to
correct. To restate the point, in a case in which a defendant is charged only with felonious
assault the fact that there is no instruction on the negative element is of no consequence.
However, where the defendant is charged with both felonious assault and AWIGBH, the lack of
instruction on the negative element deprives the jury of knowledge that their verdicts are
inconsistent. As noted, if a jury decides to render what it knows to be an inconsistent verdict it
may do so and the court may not interfere. However, where the jury is unaware that its verdict is
inconsistent, we should not presume that the jury would have reached the same verdict had it
known the full text of the statute under which the defendant is charged.

         Our dissenting colleague concludes that because the jury is not asked to find the negative
element in felonious assault that the two verdicts are not in conflict. We agree that there is no
conflict regarding the factual findings made by the jury consistent with the instructions it was
given. However, the court, which knows the full text of the relevant statutes, is obviously aware
of the inconsistency and it is the role of the court to assure that the entirety of the felonious
assault statute is considered. Failing to do so renders a portion of the statute nugatory. People v
Kloosterman, 296 Mich App 636, 639-640; 823 NW2d 134 (2012). While the jury does not
know that a finding of intent to do great bodily harm is inconsistent with the statutory definition
of felonious assault, the court does and may not enter judgment when the jury has found that one
of its elements, albeit a negative element, has not and cannot be met. The court, cognizant of the
entire statute, must assure that the judgment it enters is consistent with the law as written.
Accordingly, we conclude that defendant’s felonious assault conviction should be vacated and
the AWIGBH conviction affirmed.

                               D. OFFENSE VARIABLE (OV) 19

        Finally, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it assessed 10 points for offense
variable (OV) 19 of the sentencing guidelines. We disagree.5



5
    In People v Sours, 315 Mich App 346, 348; 890 NW2d 401 (2016), this Court observed:
         Issues involving the proper interpretation and application of the legislative
         sentencing guidelines, MCL 777.11 et seq., are legal questions that this Court
         reviews de novo. On appeal, the circuit court’s factual determinations are

                                                -7-
       MCL 777.49 provides, in pertinent part:

               Offense variable 19 is a threat to the security of a penal institution or court
       or interference with the administration of justice or the rendering of emergency
       services. Score offense variable 19 by determining which of the following apply
       and by assigning the number of points attributable to the one that has the highest
       number of points:

                                               ***

              (c) The offender otherwise interfered with or attempted to interfere with
       the administration of justice …………………………………………….. 10 points

        “Interfering or attempting to interfere with the administration of justice includes acts that
constitute obstruction of justice, but is not limited to such acts.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich
App 192, 204; 793 NW2d 120 (2010). “OV 19 is generally scored for conduct that constitutes
an attempt to avoid being caught and held accountable for the sentencing offense.” Sours, 315
Mich App at 349. See also People v Barbee, 470 Mich 283, 288; 681 NW2d 348 (2004) (giving
a false name to a police officer is interference with the administration of justice), and People v
Hershey, 303 Mich App 330, 344; 844 NW2d 127 (2013).

        Although this case does not involve the combination of factors that was found to
constitute interference with the administration of justice in Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 204, we
agree that defendant’s act of disposing of the weapon used to stab Zarkin, as well as the clothing
he was observed wearing during the attack, supports the trial court’s finding that defendant
interfered with the police investigation of the crime, and thus interfered with or attempted to
interfere with the administration of justice. Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it
assessed 10 points for OV 19.

       Affirmed in part and vacated in part.



                                                              /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                              /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




       reviewed for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the
       evidence. Whether the facts, as found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring
       conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application of the facts to the law, is a
       question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de novo.
       [Citations and quotations omitted.]


                                                -8-
