                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 16a0257n.06

                                          No. 15-2220

                                                                                     FILED
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        May 11, 2016
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


JOHN C. BUCHANAN, JR.,                                  )
                                                        )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                             )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                        )      COURT FOR THE EASTERN
v.                                                      )      DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                        )
JAMES W. METZ II and DONOVAN MOTLEY,                    )
                                                        )      OPINION
       Defendants-Appellees.                            )

       Before: SUTTON and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and OLIVER, District Judge. *

       OLIVER, District Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant, John C. Buchanan, Jr., brought this action

against Defendants-Appellees James W. Metz II, an Assistant Attorney General for the State of

Michigan, and Donovan Motley, a special agent with the Michigan Attorney General’s Office,

for malicious prosecution and false arrest under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Michigan law. The

district court granted Metz’s motion to dismiss Buchanan’s First Amended Complaint, holding

that Metz was entitled to absolute immunity on Buchanan’s claims. Thereafter, the court granted

Buchanan leave to file a Second Amended Complaint, allowing Buchanan to assert claims of

false arrest under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Michigan law against Metz for actions allegedly

conducted outside of his prosecutorial function that resulted in Buchanan’s arrest. Subsequently,

the court granted Motley and Metz’s summary judgment motions with respect to all of

Buchanan’s claims. The district court concluded that Motley was entitled to qualified immunity

       *
       The Honorable Solomon Oliver, Jr., Chief Judge, United States District Court for the
Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


on the federal malicious prosecution and false arrest claims and governmental immunity on the

state malicious prosecution and false arrest claims. The district court also determined that Metz

was entitled to absolute immunity on the federal false arrest claim and governmental immunity

on the state false arrest claim. Buchanan argues on appeal that Motley and Metz are not entitled

to immunity.     For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of

Buchanan’s federal and state claims against Metz in his First Amended Complaint and AFFIRM

the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Motley and Metz on Buchanan’s remaining

federal and state claims.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Buchanan filed this civil rights action against Motley and Metz, claiming that they falsely

arrested him for attempting to defraud the State of Michigan of tax incentives for the film

industry. This case arises from Buchanan’s involvement with several other individuals in their

efforts to redevelop a manufacturing plant into a film studio as part of Michigan’s Film and

Digital Media Tax Credit program.

       In 2008, the Michigan State Legislature enacted a film infrastructure tax credit statute,

which, at the time relevant to this case, permitted a taxpayer “to claim a tax credit equal to 25%

of the taxpayer’s base investment” for investing in “a qualified film and digital media

infrastructure project” (“Tax Credit”). M.C.L. § 208.1457(1)-(2). The Michigan Film Office

(“MFO”), with the concurrence of the State Treasurer, oversaw the issuance of the Tax Credit.

M.C.L. § 208.1457(1).

                                        A. Factual History

       Buchanan and his father formed Alpinist Endeavors, LLC (“Alpinist”) to purchase a

former plant known as Lear Plant or Hangar 42. Buchanan approached Joseph Peters, who



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


owned West Michigan Films, LLC (“WMF”), and they agreed that WMF would purchase two

units of the Lear Plant for $40 million to take advantage of a $10 million Tax Credit.

Buchanan’s father did not have any input or knowledge about the specifics of this agreement

when it was formed.      In November 2009, WMF filed an application for the Tax Credit

(“Application”) with the MFO. The Application included a business plan, describing a state-of-

the-art film production facility. The MFO also received a purchase agreement executed by

Buchanan and Peters, demonstrating Alpinist’s agreement to transfer two units of the Lear Plant

to WMF. The purchase agreement contained a condition precedent that the buyer WMF would

not be obligated to close the transaction unless it “obtained a commitment for [the Tax Credit] of

no less than $10,000,000.” R. 66-10, ID 1431, 1433. In November 2009, the MFO and the

Treasurer preliminarily approved the Application. Ultimately, the Application was denied in

May 2010.

       Between the filing of the Application and the denial of the Application, Peters

communicated frequently with Janet Lockwood, then Film Commissioner of the MFO, and

Penny Launstein, an employee at the Michigan Economic Development Corporation (“MEDC”).

The MEDC assisted the MFO in evaluating applications for the Tax Credit. Launstein and

Lockwood sought final confirmation of WMF’s purchase of the Lear Plant, details regarding the

improvements to convert the Lear Plant into a film studio, the cost of these improvements, and

other information. The MFO also repeatedly asked to conduct its own appraisal to determine

whether the $40 million purchase price was reasonable and for invoices for the improvements to

assist in conducting its own appraisal. Buchanan had access to these invoices but would not

provide them to the MFO.




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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


       There were also a number of other individuals involved in the preparation and support of

the Application. Buchanan recruited Brice Bossardet, who assisted with the business plan.

Eventually though, Bossardet became increasingly uncomfortable with how the project was

being financed and handled. He was concerned that Buchanan was ghostwriting statements for

others to the MFO and taking a “loose or cavalier approach” to the Tax Credit procedure. R. 67-

1, ID 1935; R. 67-12, ¶¶ 7-8. Buchanan and Bossardet had a falling out over this project and a

different project. As a result, Bossardet stopped working on the Lear Plant project. Buchanan

also recruited Noah Seifullah, a legislative aide to then-House Representative Robert Dean.

Bossardet claimed that Seifullah was to be part owner of the film studio and paid a salary, but

appear as an outside official lobbying for a project that would benefit Rep. Dean’s constituency.

Buchanan also sought the assistance of CPA Dennis Weiss with the project. Weiss sent a letter

to the MFO and MEDC, representing that the qualifying infrastructure cost for the first phase of

the project was $40 million, and that the cost complied with the Tax Credit requirements.

       On February 2, 2010, Buchanan and his father entered into a “Redemption Agreement,”

where Buchanan’s father would sell Alpinist and its ownership in the Lear Plant to Buchanan for

$3.2 million. Payment of the purchase price to Buchanan’s father was required in order to

finalize the deal. On March 2, 2010, Peters submitted an Investment Expenditure Certificate

(“IEC”) form to Lockwood with various representations about the project’s progress, along with

a letter from Weiss stating that the WMF’s purchase of the Lear Plant was complete and the

infrastructure costs qualified the applicant for the $10 million Tax Credit.

       On April 5, 2010, Buchanan and Peters executed a number of agreements purportedly

closing the sale of the Lear Plant from Alpinist to WMF. In these documents, Peters assigned his

interest in WMF to Seifullah, Seifullah appointed Peters as “authorized agent” for WMF, and



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


Peters (on behalf of WMF) executed a land contract with Buchanan (on behalf of Alpinist),

granting the Lear Plant to WMF for $40 million. In his interview with Motley, Buchanan’s

father stated that he had not transferred the Lear Plant to Buchanan or approved any sale of the

Lear Plant to WMF, and thus Buchanan had no authority to sell the Lear Plant to WMF. On May

23, 2010, the MFO denied the Application due to questions about the veracity of the $40 million

purchase price, the accuracy of information contained in the Application, and the failure to

provide requested documents.

       On June 17, 2010, the Attorney General’s Office began an investigation of Buchanan and

Peters for potential fraud in their pursuit of the Tax Credit, which was assigned to Motley and

Metz. On August 2, 2010, the Attorney General’s Office announced that it was filing criminal

charges against Peters for attempted fraud on the State. On October 27, 2010, Metz prepared an

internal “Request to Initiate Litigation” memorandum for his supervisors in the Attorney

General’s Office, seeking one count of attempted false pretenses and one count of conspiracy

against Buchanan.     At least two of Metz’s supervisors in the Attorney General’s Office

supported filing of the charges. Because of a change in administration in the Attorney General’s

Office from Attorney General Cox to Attorney General Schuette, approval was delayed, and

Metz filed a largely identical second request on January 19, 2011, which was approved by a

different supervisor in the Attorney General’s Office.

       On January 25, 2011, Motley appeared before a magistrate with an affidavit supporting

his request for a warrant to arrest Buchanan, which cited three main bases for probable cause:

(1) the Application was filed before Peters had any ownership interest in the Lear Plant, and

falsely indicated that Peters had already purchased it; (2) Buchanan told Doug Adams, who

appraised the Lear Plant, that the appraisal should be no less than $40 million, and hired Weiss to



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


send letters convincing the MFO that the Lear Plant had been sold to Peters; and (3) Buchanan

signed a Memorandum indicating that he had sold the Lear Plant units to Peters, when Buchanan

knew that, in fact, he did not have the authority to sell the units without his father’s consent. The

magistrate granted the request for the arrest warrant. Buchanan was booked and released on

bond. After holding preliminary examinations in May, July and September of 2011, at which the

state district court heard testimony, the state judge dismissed the charges against Buchanan and

Peters for lack of probable cause. On December 17, 2012, Buchanan filed the instant suit,

claiming that Motley’s affidavit in support of the arrest warrant contained false statements and

omissions, and that Defendants lacked probable cause to charge him. Thereafter, Buchanan

amended his initial Complaint.

                                       B. Procedural History

       On March 11, 2013, Metz filed a Motion to Dismiss Buchanan’s First Amended

Complaint, asserting that he was entitled to absolute immunity. The district court agreed,

holding that Metz was entitled to absolute immunity regarding his prosecutorial functions,

including his decision to initiate charges against Buchanan. The district court acknowledged that

wrongful investigatory actions taken by Metz would not be protected by absolute immunity.

However, the district court found that Buchanan failed to state any claim “to which absolute

prosecutorial immunity does not apply[,]” since any investigative role taken by Metz only

harmed Buchanan “as a result of his prosecution.” R. 36, ID 686-87. Based on this analysis, the

district court dismissed all of Buchanan’s claims against Metz. Buchanan then filed a Motion to

Reconsider and a Motion for Leave to File a Second Amended Complaint. The district court

denied Buchanan’s Motion to Reconsider and allowed Buchanan to file a Second Amended

Complaint that asserted false arrest claims against Metz for actions he allegedly conducted



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


outside of his prosecutorial function, which resulted in Buchanan’s arrest. These included

allegations that Metz “falsely advised Motley that probable cause existed to arrest [Buchanan], or

ordered his arrest in the absence of probable cause,” and advised Motley on the investigation. R.

93, ID 4626-27.

       Subsequently, Motley and Metz moved for summary judgment, asserting immunity on all

of Buchanan’s claims. The district court granted summary judgment, finding that Motley was

entitled to qualified immunity on the federal malicious prosecution and false arrest claims and to

governmental immunity on the state law malicious prosecution and false arrest claims. The

district court also determined that Metz was entitled to absolute immunity, or, in the alternative,

qualified immunity, on the federal false arrest claim, and was entitled to governmental immunity

on the state law false arrest claim. Buchanan appealed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                     A. Standards of Review

       A district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim is reviewed de novo. Benzon v. Morgan Stanley Distribs.,

420 F.3d 598, 605 (6th Cir. 2005). Well-pled factual allegations in the complaint must be

accepted as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id.

       Summary judgment is proper if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review de

novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Wesley v. Campbell, 779 F.3d 421, 434-35

(6th Cir. 2015). Furthermore, “[w]e do not weigh evidence, assess credibility of witnesses, or

determine the truth of matters in dispute.” Halasah v. City of Kirtland, 574 F. App’x 624, 629

(6th Cir. 2014) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986)).



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


                                    B. Claims Against Motley

                  1. Federal Malicious Prosecution and False Arrest Claims

       When the district court grants summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds, we

determine whether—viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Buchanan—Motley’s

conduct (1) violated a statutory or constitutional right, which (2) is clearly established such that a

reasonable officer would have known that the officer’s conduct violated that right. Harvey v.

Carr, 616 F. App’x 826, 827 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818

(1982)); Martin v. City of Broadview Heights, 712 F.3d 951, 957 (6th Cir. 2013). Qualified

immunity is ordinarily a question of law for the court. Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 228

(1991); see also Thacker v. City of Columbus, 328 F.3d 244, 259 (6th Cir. 2003).

       Although the legal standards for claims of false arrest and malicious prosecution under

the Fourth Amendment are different, both claims turn on the existence of probable cause. To

prevail on a false arrest claim brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, “a plaintiff [must] prove that the

arresting officer lacked probable cause to arrest the plaintiff.” Voyticky v. Village of Timberlake,

412 F.3d 669, 677 (6th Cir. 2005). In other words, “probable cause provides a complete defense

to a claim of false arrest.” Halasah, 574 F. App’x at 629. When the arrest at issue is made

pursuant to a warrant, “a plaintiff must prove (1) that the officer applying for the warrant, either

knowingly and deliberately or with reckless disregard for the truth, made false statements or

omissions that created a falsehood and (2) that such statements or omissions were material to the

finding of probable cause.” Id. If an affidavit contains a false statement or material omission, a

court should set aside any false statement, or include any omission, in order to determine

whether probable cause nonetheless exists, and an alleged misstatement or exaggeration of facts

is insufficient to make a claim if other facts support the State’s probable cause determination.



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


Hill v. McIntyre, 884 F.2d 271, 275 (6th Cir. 1989); Burleigh v. City of Detroit, 80 F. App’x 454,

458 (6th Cir. 2003).

       To prevail on a malicious prosecution claim brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and

premised on a violation of the Fourth Amendment (assuming that such claims are cognizable, see

Manuel v. City of Joliet, 136 S. Ct. 890 (2016)), a plaintiff is required to prove four things:

(1) the defendant made, influenced, or participated in the decision to prosecute the plaintiff;

(2) there was a lack of probable cause for the prosecution; (3) as a consequence of the

prosecution, the plaintiff suffered a deprivation of liberty, apart from the initial seizure; and

(4) the criminal proceeding was resolved in the plaintiff’s favor. Halasah, 574 F. App’x at 631.

The definition of probable cause is “reasonable grounds for belief, supported by less than prima

facie proof but more than mere suspicion.” Id. at 629. The key inquiry here is whether a

reasonable officer in Motley’s position “would have known that his affidavit [in support of the

arrest warrant] failed to establish probable cause and that he should not have applied for the

warrant.” Legenzoff v. Steckel, 564 F. App’x 136, 149 (6th Cir. 2014); see also Stahl v. Czernik,

496 F. App’x 621, 624 (6th Cir. 2012); Halasah, 574 F. App’x at 630 (“knowledge of the precise

crime committed is not necessary to a finding of probable cause provided that probable cause

exists” showing that the defendant was committing a crime).

                                    a. Elements of the Crime

       Buchanan argues that, taking the facts in the light most favorable to Buchanan,

“Defendants could not have reasonably thought there was probable cause to arrest for attempted

fraud by false pretenses,” because there was no evidence of the intent to defraud and false

pretenses elements of the crime. Appellant’s Br. at 26-31. He maintains that any evidence

supported only a generalized suspicion, not probable cause. We disagree.



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


       The Michigan Supreme Court has stated, “[t]o defraud is to deprive another of a right, of

property or of money, and this may be accomplished by falsehood, by withholding the right or

property, or by force.” People v Getchell, 6 Mich. 496, 504-505 (1859); see also People v.

McCoy, 254 N.W.2d 829, 834 (Mich. Ct. App. 1977). At the time of Buchanan’s arrest, “false

pretense” included “a false or fraudulent representation,” which may be “regarding a past or

existing fact or . . . regarding the intention to perform a future event or to have a future event

performed[,]” “communicated by any means to another person, that the maker of the

representation . . . knows is false or fraudulent.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.218(9) (West 2011).

Buchanan does not challenge any other elements.

       Buchanan admits that he and Peters formulated the plan to sell the Lear Plant to WMF in

order to obtain and use the Tax Credit. There is no dispute that Peters submitted the IEC form to

Lockwood on March 2, 2010, along with a letter from Weiss, representing that WMF had

purchased the qualifying facility, Lear Plant, as a complete “turnkey” digital media and film

studio from Alpinist. This was not a true statement. Lockwood did subsequently learn from

Peters that WMF had not purchased Lear Plant as represented in Weiss’s letter, but she and

Launstein found this information concerning and possibly illegal.

       Furthermore, Peters represented to Lockwood that he had “no interest whatsoever [in]

allow[ing] Buchanan access to details” and that Buchanan was “a pushy demanding Seller,”

which were clearly false and misleading representations of his relationship with Buchanan. R.

82-6, ID 3259. Buchanan was a driving force behind the plan, and the record indicates that the

individuals involved in this plan tried to portray an arms-length transaction to the MFO to obtain

the Tax Credit. Additionally, it is undisputed that Bossardet told Motley during Motley’s pre-

arrest investigation that Buchanan threatened him in order to prevent him from calling Launstein



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


or leaking information Bossardet believed was misleading to obtain the Tax Credit. Further,

Bossardet provided Motley with a documented example of a potential threat. While Buchanan

argues that Bossardet had a vendetta against Buchanan and thus he should not be believed, this

does not negate the fact that the information he provided to Motley could lead a reasonable

officer to conclude that a crime was afoot.

       Moreover, Motley averred that in one of his interviews with Douglas Adams, who

conducted the 2010 appraisal of the Lear Plant, Adams relayed a discussion he had with

Buchanan with respect to the $40 million land contract regarding the Lear Plant.           Adams

indicated he relied on this discussion, in part, to appraise the Lear Plant, and that Buchanan told

him that the 2010 appraisal should be for no less than $40 million. Adams did testify a few years

later in a deposition that he could not recall the conversation with Motley well enough to

determine whether Motley’s affidavit was accurate, but that Motley’s averments were possible.

Adams also testified that Buchanan did tell him about the $40 million land contract with WMF

and that the amount did have an effect on his assumption about sufficient demand for the Lear

Plant. Furthermore, based on a statement Weiss made to Metz during an interview at which

Motley was present, and email exchanges between Weiss and Buchanan, there was sufficient

information to support a conclusion that Buchanan sought to influence the audit Weiss provided

to the State through offering ownership interest in the project to Weiss. A reasonable officer

reviewing the evidence Motley had leading up to the request for an arrest warrant could conclude

that Buchanan sought to influence the $40 million valuations. Adams’s testimony does not

negate this evidence or change this conclusion.

       Buchanan’s interactions with Adams and Weiss suggested that Buchanan sought to

mislead the State about the value of the property in order to receive an inflated Tax Credit from



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


the State, thereby defrauding Michigan’s taxpayers in the process. Thus, a reasonable officer

could have concluded that there was probable cause that Buchanan’s actions satisfied every

element of Michigan’s attempted false pretenses crime, including the intent to defraud.

          We are not persuaded by Buchanan’s contention that this case required a jury

determination. The question at issue here is whether, in analyzing that evidence, no reasonable

officer would believe that a crime was being committed. Examining the totality of the evidence

that was before Motley prior to his request for an arrest warrant, we find that it is not clearly

established that a reasonable officer in Motley’s position would believe that his affidavit in

support of the arrest warrant was insufficient to establish probable cause.

                                         b. Exculpatory Evidence

          Buchanan argues that Motley violated the Fourth and Fifth Amendments by deliberately

ignoring exculpatory evidence. Buchanan asserts that Motley failed to inform his superiors that

“everyone believed” the Lear Plant’s converted film studio would operate as promised upon

payment of the Tax Credit, and that there were emails demonstrating that Lockwood knew the

sale was not completed. Appellant’s Br. at 52. Buchanan also maintains that Motley failed to

disclose that Buchanan’s father authorized the sale of the Lear Plant to WMF, despite his

subsequent statements to Motley refuting this contention, and that testimony varied regarding the

potentially inflated appraisal of the Lear Plant.

          A determination of probable cause “is based on the ‘totality of the circumstances,’ and

must take account of ‘both the inculpatory and exculpatory evidence.’” Wesley v. Campbell,

779 F.3d 421, 429 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Gardenhire v. Schubert, 205 F.3d 303, 318 (6th Cir.

2000)).     Here, after examining the totality of the evidence, both harmful and helpful to

Buchanan, as described above, we found that it was not clearly established that no reasonable



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


officer would have concluded that a crime had been committed.                Although Buchanan

overreaches in his description of the allegedly exculpatory evidence, there was certainly

information favorable to Buchanan, which raises questions as to the strength of the case against

him. However, even considering this evidence in the light most favorable to Buchanan, we

cannot say that it is clearly established that no reasonable officer would believe that a crime was

being committed. Thus, we need not address the prong of whether there was a violation of

Buchanan’s constitutional rights.

                    2. State Law Malicious Prosecution and False Arrest Claims

       Governmental immunity from liability for intentional torts is granted under Michigan

state law where a governmental employee:

       establish[es] that (1) the employee’s challenged acts were undertaken during the
       course of employment and that the employee was acting, or reasonably believed
       he was acting, within the scope of his authority, (2) the acts were undertaken in
       good faith, and (3) the acts were discretionary, rather than ministerial, in nature.

Odom v. Wayne Cty., 760 N.W.2d 217, 218 (Mich. 2008); see also Binay v. Bettendorf, 601 F.3d

640, 653 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Odom).

       Here, Buchanan does not argue that the district court erred in its conclusion that Motley

was entitled to governmental immunity with respect to Buchanan’s state law claims. Buchanan

also does not directly challenge the district court’s conclusion that there is no evidence Motley

acted with malicious intent or in bad faith. Instead, Buchanan argues that Motley violated the

Fourth and Fifth Amendments by “deliberately ignoring exculpatory evidence” and “falsifying

the picture to charging authorities.”     Appellant’s Br. at 51-53.    The allegedly exculpatory

evidence included that “everyone believed” the film studio would operate as promised upon

payment of the Tax Credit, that Lockwood knew the sale was not completed, that Buchanan’s




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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


father authorized the sale of the Lear Plant to WMF, and that testimony varied regarding the

potentially inflated appraisal of the Lear Plant.

       Since governmental immunity only applies to state law claims, not allegations of

violation of federal constitutional law, Buchanan has not properly raised this issue on appeal.

Furthermore, even if we construe Buchanan’s argument as challenging the district court’s finding

of governmental immunity, while the evidence Buchanan points out does raise questions about

the strength of the case against him, we do not find that Motley’s failure to inform his superiors

of the listed omissions constitutes conduct undertaken without good faith.

                                       C. Claims Against Metz

                                   1. Federal False Arrest Claim

       Prosecutors generally “enjoy absolute immunity from civil liability for actions performed

within the scope of their prosecutorial duties.” Huffer v. Bogen, 503 F. App’x 455, 459-60 (6th

Cir. 2012); see also Drake v. Howland, 463 F. App’x 523, 525 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Imbler v.

Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 427-28 (1976)). The question of whether “absolute immunity protects

a defendant from liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is a legal question” reviewed de novo. Cady v.

Arenac Cty., 574 F.3d 334, 339 (6th Cir. 2009).

       The Supreme Court uses a “functional approach” for determining when a prosecutor “is

acting within the scope of his duties as a prosecutor and when he is merely giving legal advice or

investigating.” Howell v. Sanders, 668 F.3d 344, 349 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Burns v. Reed, 500

U.S. 478, 486 (1991)). The key inquiry is “how closely related . . . the prosecutor’s challenged

activity [is] to his role as an advocate intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal

process.” Id. at 349-50 (quoting Ireland v. Tunis, 113 F.3d 1435, 1443 (6th Cir. 1997)). The

prosecutor’s “decision to file a criminal complaint and seek issuance of an arrest warrant are



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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


quasi-judicial duties involved in ‘initiating a prosecution’” and are protected. Ireland, 113 F.3d

at 1446 (quoting Joseph v. Patterson, 795 F.2d 549, 555-56 (6th Cir. 1986)). Furthermore,

“[p]rosecutorial immunity extends to claims regarding the evaluation of evidence and the

determination of probable cause.” Huffer, 503 F. App’x at 460.

       Based on the governing law, Metz is entitled to absolute immunity for any prosecutorial

functions. Buchanan argues that Metz’s Requests to Initiate Litigation did not serve such a

function, because Metz had to seek approval to prosecute Buchanan from his superiors and his

Requests were only presentations of fact rather than legal analysis. Buchanan contends that the

Requests were investigatory functions, not advocacy functions protected by absolute immunity.

       Prosecutors acting within the scope of their duties in initiating and pursuing criminal

prosecutions are entitled to absolute immunity. Spurlock v. Thompson, 330 F.3d 791, 796-97

(6th Cir. 2003) (citing Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430); see also Schenk v. Chavis, 461 F.3d 1043, 1046

(8th Cir. 2006) (“‘[A]ctions connected with initiation of prosecution, even if those actions are

patently improper’ are immunized”); cf. Wilson v. Kinneary, 740 F.2d 970 (6th Cir. 1984)

(unpublished) (“clerks have absolute immunity from actions for damages arising from acts which

they must perform under court order or at a judge’s direction”). Here, Metz was acting within

the scope of his duty when he initiated and pursued criminal prosecution against Buchanan

through his Requests to Initiate Litigation. The fact that Metz’s Requests had only a “Facts”

heading, and no “Law” heading, is of no consequence. Metz’s acts of evaluating the evidence

and drafting requests to trigger a criminal prosecution against Buchanan are immunized. Thus,

the district judge properly dismissed the claims in Buchanan’s First Amended Complaint that

relate to evaluation of evidence and initiation of criminal prosecution.




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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


       The district judge also correctly concluded that Metz would not be entitled to absolute

immunity for his investigative acts that violated Buchanan’s rights, such as falsifying evidence.

However, Buchanan failed to present any evidence to support a finding that Metz’s investigatory

actions were unlawful. Buchanan maintains that a jury should have made this determination. He

argues that there was circumstantial evidence for a jury to decide whether Metz falsely advised

or instructed Motley that he had probable cause, and whether Metz helped Motley prepare a false

affidavit for an arrest warrant. Buchanan contends that the following circumstantial evidence

supports this argument: (1) Motley testified that the lawyers made determinations of who to

charge with a crime, (2) Metz’s summary of the case was found in Motley’s file, and

(3) Motley’s presentation to the magistrate tracked the theories narrowed down by the attorneys.

This argument is grounded in speculation.

       Buchanan points to no documents or testimony specifically tying Metz to any false

advice or unlawful instructions from which a jury could make any determinations as to a genuine

issue of material fact. Buchanan may point to Motley’s testimony that the lawyers made the

determination as to “who to charge and who not to charge,” R. 83-13, ID 3465, but Motley never

testified that Metz instructed him to arrest Buchanan without soliciting his opinion, such as in

Harris v. Bornhorst, 513 F.3d 503, 510-11 (6th Cir. 2008).          Buchanan instead relies on

speculation, such as “[i]t is far more likely” that Motley structured his presentation based on a

review of Metz’s summary or in discussions with Metz. Appellant’s Br. at 55. But Buchanan

describes no specific facts as to the content of any false advice or instruction that Metz gave

Motley. Thus, this mere speculation as to Metz’s alleged role in advising Motley is insufficient

to survive summary judgment. Furthermore, any role that Metz may have had in advising




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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


Motley would be protected under qualified immunity, since we found that it is not clearly

established that no reasonable officer would believe that a crime was being committed.

       Additionally, insofar as Buchanan characterizes Metz’s failure to disclose exculpatory

evidence as an investigatory rather than prosecutorial act, the district court correctly rejected this

claim. When the “claim (and underlying harm) is only related to the non-disclosure [of facts]

and not [any violation in] the underlying investigation,” such as falsifying evidence, the failure to

disclose is not investigatory but prosecutorial in function and remains within the ambit of

absolute immunity. See Koubriti v. Convertino, 593 F.3d 459, 469 (6th Cir. 2010). Because

“prosecutors are almost always involved with the police’s investigation of crimes,” id., the

claimant would need only to reframe every claim “to attack the preparation instead of the

absolutely immune actions themselves.” Bianchi v. McQueen, 917 F. Supp. 2d 822, 831 (N.D.

Ill. 2013) (quoting Rehberg v. Paulk, 132 S. Ct. 1497, 1506 (2012)). This is not the law; more is

required. Id.; Koubriti, 593 F.3d at 469. Thus, the district judge properly concluded that

Buchanan cannot “seek[] respite from absolute immunity” merely because Metz “participated in

an investigation before [Buchanan’s] arrest,” when Buchanan’s claimed injury arises solely from

the fact of the prosecution, rather than an adequately alleged violation committed in the

underlying investigation. R. 36, ID 686-87. Furthermore, as discussed above with Motley, even

if absolute immunity does not apply to Metz’s failure to disclose this evidence, qualified

immunity applies. Thus, the district court properly dismissed Buchanan’s federal false arrest

claims against Metz.




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No. 15-2220, Buchanan v. Metz et al.


                                  2. State Law False Arrest Claim

       Metz is entitled to governmental immunity on Buchanan’s state law false arrest claim for

the same reasons as Motley.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the above reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of absolute immunity to

Metz on Buchanan’s federal and state claims in the First Amended Complaint, and AFFIRM the

district court’s grant of summary judgment to Motley and Metz on the federal and state claims in

Buchanan’s Second Amended Complaint.




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