NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
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                                            2018 VT 9

                                          No. 2017-092

HSBC Bank USA N.A.                                             Supreme Court
(Jeffrey C. Riley, Appellant)
                                                               On Appeal from
   v.                                                          Superior Court, Windham Unit,
                                                               Civil Division

Scott A. McAllister and Eddy Mulder                            September Term, 2017


Michael R. Kainen, J.

Jeffrey J. Hardiman of Shechtman Halperin Savage, LLP, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, for
 Plaintiff-Appellee.

Alexander W. Shriver of Phillips, Dunn, Shriver & Carroll, PC, Brattleboro, for
 Intervenor-Appellant.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ., and Dooley, J. (Ret.),
         Specially Assigned


        ¶ 1.   SKOGLUND, J. Appellant Jeffrey C. Riley asks this Court to reverse the superior

court’s denial of his motion to confirm a foreclosure sale in his favor and its order for HSBC Bank

USA (bank) to conduct a second foreclosure sale. For the reasons below, we affirm.

        ¶ 2.   The relevant history is as follows. The superior court entered a Judgment of

Foreclosure and Sale in favor of bank on October 26, 2015, for the property at issue. The

foreclosure judgment provided the standard six-month redemption period under 12 V.S.A.

§ 4946(b), expiring on April 29, 2016. Once the redemption period lapsed, bank organized a public

auction of the property in accordance with the foreclosure judgment and 12 V.S.A. § 4952. Bank
retained an auctioneer to conduct the auction. Before the auction, bank gave the auctioneer an

electronic bid, which was to be entered at the auction. The auction was held on July 28, 2016.

Only the auctioneer and appellant were physically present at the property during the auction—

bank did not send a personal representative. Once the auctioneer opened the bidding, appellant

entered a bid for $10,000. The auctioneer then entered bank’s bid of $57,000. When appellant

did not bid again, the auctioneer issued a report of sale for bank.

       ¶ 3.    Bank moved to confirm the sale and waive the deficiency judgment1 on August 29,

2016. Soon thereafter, appellant moved to intervene and confirm the sale of the property to

himself. In his motion and during a hearing held on September 22, 2016, appellant argued that

bank “violated the rule that the auctioneer in a judicial foreclosure sale must be independent, and

therefore a mortgagee such as [bank] may not simultaneously hire the auctioneer in a judicial

foreclosure and contract with [the] auctioneer to enter bids on its behalf.” To support this

argument, appellant cited a superior court opinion. Bank of N.Y. Mellon v. Campbell, Nos. 229-

4-10 Wrcv, 78-2-12 Wrcv, 568-10-11 Wrcv, 319-5-12 Wrcv, 2013 WL 6631044 (Vt. Super. Ct.

Dec. 2, 2013), https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/2013-12-5-7.pdf

[https://perma.cc/575P-PHY8]. In Campbell, the court considered four judicial foreclosure cases

in which the mortgagees hired auctioneers who simultaneously conducted the public auctions and

entered bids on behalf of the mortgagees. Id. at *4. The Campbell court held that an auctioneer

in a judicial foreclosure sale may not enter bids on behalf of any party that is not present at the

auction. Id. at *12.

       ¶ 4.    In this case, the superior court was convinced by Campbell’s reasoning and adopted

the holding. Thus, because the auctioneer had entered a bid on behalf of bank who was not present



       1
          A deficiency judgment holds a mortgagor liable for the deficiency that results if the
proceeds of a foreclosure sale are insufficient to meet the expenses incurred in making the sale and
the amount due to the plaintiff. 12 V.S.A. § 4854(d).
                                                   2
at the auction, the superior court denied bank’s motion for a confirmation order and waiver of

deficiency. The superior court went on to deny appellant’s motion for confirmation of the sale in

his name, noting it did not “believe it would be equitable in this case to confirm a sale to

[appellant], leaving the [mortgagor] with a more than $100,000 deficiency” and that it had

concerns regarding the lack of an in-person bidding requirement in the foreclosure judgment.

Therefore, the court ordered bank to give notice and conduct a new judicial foreclosure sale in

accordance with the foreclosure judgment entered on October 26, 2015 and the newly adopted in-

person bidding requirement. Bank did not appeal this order.

       ¶ 5.    This appeal followed. Appellant first argues that this Court should review the

appeal de novo because the superior court was faced with a pure question of law. Second, appellant

argues that the superior court erred in giving bank a second chance to hold the auction because

bank should have known that it needed to send a live representative to the auction based on several

sources, including Vermont statutes, this Court’s caselaw, applicable caselaw from other states,

Vermont superior court caselaw, informal rules established through practice by the judge presiding

in the superior court, and the actual judgment order and decree of foreclosure in this case. Third,

appellant argues that the superior court’s holding was based in unfounded concerns about the

deficiency judgment. Fourth, appellant argues that the superior court erred in noting the lack of

an explicit requirement of in-person bidding in its judgment and decree of foreclosure by judicial

sale. Finally, appellant argues that public policy considerations favor not giving bank a second

chance to hold the auction.

       ¶ 6.    Regarding the standard of review, appellant asserts that the superior court faced a

pure question of law at the hearing for the confirmation order—whether Vermont law requires in-

person bidding at foreclosure auctions and if so, whether the only live bid made at an auction must

be honored—and thus this Court must review the question de novo. See Cenlar FSB v. Malenfant,

2016 VT 93, ¶ 13, __ Vt. __, 151 A.3d 778. While the question of whether Vermont law requires

                                                3
in-person bidding at foreclosure auctions is a legal question and thus requires de novo review, it is

not the question presented in this appeal. As noted, bank did not appeal the superior court’s refusal

to confirm its bid, and thus the issue is not addressed in this decision. Two questions are directly

presented in this appeal: (1) whether the superior court has the authority to, on equitable grounds,

decline to confirm a bid, and (2) whether the superior court was within its discretion in exercising

that authority in this present case.

        ¶ 7.    The first question—whether the superior court had the authority to decline to

confirm the sale—is a legal one to be reviewed de novo that can be answered by looking at the

statute. Confirmation of a foreclosure sale is a discretionary judicial action, the purpose of which

is to ensure fairness in the foreclosure process. See 12 V.S.A. § 4954(a) (“The court may issue an

order of confirmation of the sale without hearing, unless the court in its discretion determines that

a hearing is necessary.      The order of the court confirming the sale shall be conclusive

evidence . . . that the foreclosure and sale were conducted in accordance with this section.”

(emphasis added)). Regardless of whether the superior court holds a hearing, if it finds that the

sale was not conducted according to statutory requirements or the foreclosure judgment’s

requirements—or if it finds that there is another reason to be concerned with the integrity of the

sale—it has the authority, in its discretion, refuse to confirm the sale and order another one. Id.

        ¶ 8.    The second question—whether the superior court acted within its discretion—is

reviewed for abuse of discretion. “A trial court’s discretionary rulings are examined under an

abuse of discretion standard of review, which ‘requires a showing that the trial court has withheld

its discretion entirely or that it was exercised for clearly untenable reasons or to a clearly untenable

extent.’ ” Quenneville v. Buttolph, 2003 VT 82, ¶ 11, 175 Vt. 444, 833 A.2d 1263 (quoting Vt.

Nat'l Bank v. Clark, 156 Vt. 143, 145, 588 A.2d 621, 622 (1991)). The statute governing

confirmation orders does not set forth specific criteria for setting aside a judicially ordered public



                                                   4
sale. See 12 V.S.A. § 4954. Therefore, we consider the entirety of the reasoning behind the

superior court’s decision to determine if it abused its discretion.

       ¶ 9.    In deciding whether to confirm the sale in appellant’s favor, the superior court

looked to other courts’ consideration of the issue,2 and its own concerns over the integrity of the

sale at issue. The superior court noted that appellant’s bid was relatively low and that the

foreclosure judgment lacked an explicit in-person bidding requirement.           Further, there was

significant uncertainty as to the status of bank’s competing virtual bid. Based on these concerns,

the court refused to confirm the sale and ordered bank give notice and conduct a new judicial

foreclosure sale.

       ¶ 10.   While appellant argues that these concerns were misplaced and thus the superior

court should not have considered them when deciding whether to issue the confirmation of sale

order, the statute does not list specific criteria to be considered for a confirmation order. It is

within the superior court’s discretion to consider all factors that it finds relevant and necessary to

fulfill the purpose of confirmation orders—ensuring a court reviews the sale and finds it was

conducted with fairness and in accordance with the legal requirements. See 12 V.S.A. § 4954(a).

Thus, we hold that the superior court was presented with sufficient evidence to create reasonable

apprehension and concern surrounding the integrity of the first sale and thus the decision to order

a second sale with the in-person bidding requirement explicitly stated was not an abuse of the

superior court’s discretion.

       ¶ 11.   Lastly, appellant argues that public policy considerations favor not giving bank a

second chance to hold the auction. However, this argument hinges on appellant’s argument that

bank was not entitled to confirmation of its virtual bid—a question we do not reach here. While



       2
         As mentioned above, the superior court adopted Campbell. This issue is not before us
today, we need not determine if this Court would do the same and adopt the rules laid out in
Campbell.
                                             5
public policy can be one factor this Court considers when determining questions of law and may

have been one factor the superior court considered when denying confirmation for both parties, it

is not something this Court will consider when reviewing discretionary matters such as

confirmation orders.

       Affirmed.

                                              FOR THE COURT:



                                              Associate Justice




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