                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 05a0860n.06
                           Filed: October 19, 2005

                                          No. 04-3369


                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LULZIM FLAMUR DUSHI,

       Petitioner-Appellant,

v.                                                  ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM
                                                    A FINAL ORDER OF THE BOARD OF
ALBERTO GONAZLES,                                   IMMIGRATION APPEALS
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

       Respondent-Appellee.

______________________________________/



BEFORE:        CLAY and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges, and STEEH, District Judge.*

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner, Lulzim Flamur Dushi, is an Albanian citizen who

petitions for review from a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), affirming an

order of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) which denied Petitioner’s claims for withholding of removal

pursuant to Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”), Section 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3),

and withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“Convention Against Torture”) pursuant to 8

C.F.R. § 208.16(c) et seq.



       *
       Honorable George Caram Steeh, United States District Court Judge for the Eastern District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
For the reasons set forth below, we DENY the petition for review.




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                                       I. BACKGROUND

A.     Procedural History

       Petitioner Lulzim Flamur Dushi (“Dushi”) applied for asylum and withholding of removal

under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) in April 1999. On November 2, 2000, Dushi

was charged with being removable from the United States under Section 212(a)(6)(A) of the INA

and ordered to appear before an immigration judge. At a hearing before Immigration Judge (“IJ”)

Elizabeth Hacker in Detroit on July 13, 2001, Dushi, through his attorney, conceded removability

and asserted that he would be seeking asylum and withholding of removal under the INA and

protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture.       A hearing on Dushi’s claims was

held on November 20, 2002, at which Dushi and his mother testified. In an oral decision issued the

same day, the IJ denied all of Dushi’s claims for relief. The IJ found that his application for asylum

was untimely as he could not establish that it was filed within one year of his arrival in the United

States, as required by 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B), and that he had not met the statutory requirement

to excuse this missed deadline, of “changed circumstances which materially affect eligibility for

asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application within the

period.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). The IJ also found that his application for asylum would fail in

any event because Dushi had not established past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution. The IJ denied Dushi’s request for withholding of removal and protection under the

Convention Against Torture on the merits. Among other findings, the IJ found the testimony of

Dushi and his mother not to be credible.




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       Dushi appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) for review. The BIA

dismissed his appeal on February 27, 2004. The BIA agreed with the IJ that Dushi’s petition for

asylum was untimely and that Dushi had failed to establish persecution or a well-founded fear of

future persecution on account of membership in a protected group. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s

determination that Dushi had not established that it was more likely than not that he would be

tortured if returned to Albania. The BIA adopted the decision of the IJ and affirmed based on the

reasons set forth in her decision.

       Dushi petitioned this court for review of the BIA’s decision on March 22, 2004. Presumably

because this Court is without jurisdiction to review the determination that his asylum petition was

untimely, see Gjyzi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 710 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3)), Dushi

does not challenge the denial of asylum in his brief to this Court.

B.     Substantive Facts

       1.      Petitioner’s Asylum Application

       In an affidavit submitted in connection with his asylum application, Dushi averred that he

was born in Albania and came to the United States with his mother on December 25, 1998. He

asserted that he had been arrested, beaten, and deprived of food because of his public support of the

Democratic Party in Albania and his involvement with the Anti-Communist Association.

       Dushi stated that his family had never supported Communism, and that his maternal

grandfather was sentenced to fifteen years in prison and tortured because of his open opposition to

the Communist Party. Dushi stated that his parents actively demonstrated for democracy. Dushi

averred that in March of 1991, police came to his family’s home and “violently” led his father away.



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His father returned the next day bruised and bleeding. Dushi asserted that in April 1991, his parents

attended another demonstration. His mother was severely beaten by police and hospitalized for ten

days. His father was shot several times and beaten, and died on May 5, 1991.

       Dushi conceded in his affidavit that the Democratic Party, which his family supported, came

into power in March 1992 but insists that “communism remained a threat. Everything worked the

same way. Nothing had changed. The corruption and police brutality continued.” In June 1997,

the Socialist Party returned to power. In September 1998, a prominent democratic leader, Azem

Hadjari, was killed. Dushi asserted that he and his uncle participated in Hadjari’s funeral, and that

a pro-democracy demonstration was held on the day of his funeral. According to Dushi, the

demonstration became violent, and he and three friends were arrested and taken to the police station.

Dushi stated that they were beaten and deprived of food for 24 hours.

       Dushi averred that he and his mother then hid with various relatives for three months, finally

leaving Albania on December 20, 1998. Dushi stated that they traveled to Macedonia, Switzerland,

Canada, and finally the United States, where they arrived on December 25, 1998.

       2.      Witness Testimony

       Dushi’s mother, Lajla Dushi, testified as Dushi’s only other witness at the hearing.1 She

testified that she participated in the “December 13th” organization “of ex-persecuted people.” She

       1
         The IJ included the following footnote in her decision: “The respondent testified that the
woman who testified before this Court was indeed his mother. However, the individual who
testified had no identification, although she asserts that she is a lawful permanent resident of the
United States who is the possessor of temporary evidence of permanent residency. She had no State
of Ohio documentation establishing even a name or address, or any Immigration documentation
establishing her identity.” During the hearing, the IJ told Dushi’s attorney: “counsel, how do you
expect me to listen to this testimony? I will certainly will listen to it, counsel, but whether I give
it any weight, since we don’t know who this woman is.”

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stated that she participated in peaceful demonstrations beginning in 1990. She joined these protests

because she was against communism.

       Ms. Dushi testified that at some point in 1991, the police came to the family’s home and

arrested her husband. He returned twenty-four hours later after having been tortured by police

because he was anti-communist.

       Ms. Dushi testified that she and her husband attended another pro-democracy demonstration

in April 1991. The police hit her on the head, causing her to lose consciousness for twenty-four

hours. Her husband was shot, went into a coma, and died in May 1991.

       Ms. Dushi testified that on September 14, 1998, her son attended the funeral of “one of

founders of Democratic Party” – presumably Hadjari. Ms. Dushi did not attend. She testified that

her son returned the next day with a black eye and bruises on his face and body. She testified that

he had gone to the funeral “[b]ecause of his hate for socialists and because that’s the reason that his

father would [sic] died.”

       After Petitioner returned, Ms. Dushi decided to leave Albania because she was afraid her son

would be killed. According to her testimony, she and Dushi left Albania and went to Macedonia

for two days. From there, they flew to Switzerland. From Switzerland they traveled to Canada. Ms.

Dushi testified that she did not have a passport; rather, “the person who accompanied us had the

passport. He submitted the passport to the immigration.” Once in Canada, they came to Detroit in

a truck, and then traveled by bus to Cleveland. Ms. Dushi testified that they arrived in the United

States on December 25, 1998.




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                                           No. 04-3369

       On cross-examination, Ms. Dushi testified that she paid $9,000 each for her and her son for

their trip from Macedonia to the United States. She testified that her son was never a member of the

Democratic Party. On questioning from the IJ, Ms. Dushi stated that she did not know who had shot

her husband or struck him on the head. Ms. Dushi stated that she did not apply for asylum in

Canada or Switzerland because she wanted to come to the United States. She stated that she had

intended to come to the United States “forever,” but denied that she came in order to join her

daughter and grandchildren.

       3.      Petitioner’s Testimony

       Dushi testified that he hates the Communist Party and Socialist Party because they killed his

father and grandfather and hurt his mother. He testified that the Communist Party killed his father

because the family was anti-communist. His father told him that “we want to be free in a free

country” and that his father hated the communist government.

       Dushi testified that he does not know the name of the person or people who killed his father.

Dushi first attended a demonstration with his mother when he was eleven. In 1998, he attended the

funeral of Azem Hadjari, which turned into a demonstration, with his uncle and his friends Molla

and Edmon Idrizi. Dushi was detained by the police, put in a cell, and beaten often, everywhere on

his body. The police also threatened to kill him. After he was released, Dushi returned home and

told his mother what had happened. He and his mother left Albania. They went to Macedonia by

car, where they stayed “for some days,” and then flew to Switzerland. They remained in

Switzerland for one day and then flew to Canada, where they also remained for one day. Dushi

testified that he was traveling with his mother “and the person who took charge of us.”



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                                          No. 04-3369

       Dushi testified that they entered by the United States by car or by truck. They did not have

to show any documents to any customs officers, because “the person who put the money, he took

charge, he took care of everything.” They entered the United States on December 25, 1998. Dushi

explained that they were “hidden” in the truck where no one could see them. No customs officials

looked inside.

       Dushi believes he would have problems if he returned to Albania because the police have

threatened to kill him and because his family is known for being anti-communist. Dushi was not

a member of any political party in Albania. He testified that he would attend democratic events in

Albania because he hates socialists and communists and wants freedom.

       On cross-examination, Dushi stated that he has never read a book about Albanian history or

politics. He stated that two of his friends were arrested following the Hadjari funeral. On

questioning by the IJ, Dushi stated that he has no documents showing when he entered the United

States or when he traveled through Europe, and does not know under what name he traveled. He

testified that “the person who took the money, he had everything in his hand.”

       4.        Statement by Petitioner’s Uncle

       Petitioner also submitted a statement from his uncle, who “declare[d] that on 14 September

1998, [I] have taken part together with my nephew Lulzim Flamur Dushi, at the burial of the deputy

Azem Hajdari, in Tirane, and after that we have taken part together with the crowd at the

demonstration of that day in the Square “Skenderbej”, where we are striked with the hard menas

(heavy ones) by the Police Forces.”

       5.        State Department Report on Albania



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                                           No. 04-3369

       According to the 2001 State Department Country Report on Albania, entered into evidence

at the hearing as Exhibit 6, police in Albania “beat and otherwise abused suspects, detainees, and

prisoners.” The report states that the Democratic Party “credibly reported some incidents of police

harassment of its members and of the dismissal of some of its members from official positions for

political reasons.” The report states that several people have been arrested and charged in

connection with the murder of Hadjari.

                                         II. DISCUSSION

A.     Credibility of Petitioner and the Witness

       1.      Standard of Review

       “Credibility determinations are considered findings of fact, and are reviewed under the

substantial evidence standard.” Sylla v. INS, 388 F.3d 924, 925 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Yu v.

Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 700, 703 (6th Cir. 2004)). This Court will afford substantial deference to an IJ’s

adverse credibility determination. However, “the finding must be supported by specific reasons.”

Id. (citing Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 623 n.7 (6th Cir. 2004); Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d

266, 276 (3d Cir. 2002)). “[M]inor and irrelevant inconsistencies cannot constitute the basis for an

adverse credibility determination.” Sylla, 388 F.3d at 926. Rather, “[a]n adverse credibility finding

must be based on issues that go to the heart of the applicant's claim.” Id. In sum, this Court may

reverse the IJ’s credibility determination only if “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled

to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1254(b)(4)(B). See also Yu, 364 F.3d 703.

       2.      Analysis




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                                            No. 04-3369

       As an initial matter, Petitioner’s contention that “[n]either the Immigration Judge nor the

Board specifically made an adverse credibility finding”, Pet. Brief at 13, is simply wrong. The IJ

stated that “the Court finds the respondent’s testimony and that of his witness not to be credible.”

The IJ engaged in an extensive discussion of credibility. The BIA adopted the IJ’s decision in

denying Dushi’s petition for review.

       The IJ’s adverse credibility finding was based on the following omissions and

inconsistencies:

       (1)     First, the IJ noted the fact that Lajla Dushi presented no documents to establish her

               identity, “find[ing] this to be highly suspect since this is a hearing which has been

               long scheduled . . . .”

       (2)     The IJ noted that while Petitioner’s counsel argued that the Dushi family has a

               history of anti-communist “sentiment,” no documents to support that claim were

               submitted.

       (3)     The IJ noted that this statement and other documents submitted were copies, rather

               than original documents. “When questioned as to where the original documents

               were, counsel has indicated that they are in possession of respondents, but were not

               either authenticated or presented to the Court . . . the Court questions why the

               original documents were not presented so that a careful examination might be made.

               The only reasonable inference is that the failure to do so would somehow lead to

               intrinsic questions being raised about them considering the inconsistency and

               credibility findings in this case.”



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       (4)     The IJ found Dushi’s testimony to be inconsistent with his prior statements. She

               noted that he testified that following Hadjari’s funeral, he and two friends were

               arrested. However, in his statement he named three friends with whom he was

               arrested.

       (5)     The IJ noted that while Dushi testified that he attended demonstrations as a child, he

               was unable to offer any specifics. The IJ stated “[w]hile a child of those tender years

               might be permitted to some vagaries on the dates; nevertheless, these events were

               apparently not so frequent that he would be unable to articulate at least the number

               of times he attended.”

       (6)     The IJ found Dushi and his mother to be incredible in their accounts of their travel

               to the United States. Specifically, the IJ found it “implausible and not credible” that

               neither Dushi nor his mother had passports when they passed through immigration

               and customs checks in Macedonia, Switzerland, and Canada, and that they were

               unable to state the names under which they traveled. The IJ also noted that Dushi

               was unable to describe with any specificity the truck in which he and his mother

               allegedly traveled to the United States.

       These inconsistencies represent substantial evidence to support the IJ’s adverse credibility

findings. Petitioner ignores many of these inconsistencies and contends that “the only inconsistency

appears to be with the number of people that were with Petitioner at the 1998 demonstration,” and

insists that this inconsistency is minor. When viewed alone, this inconsistency may be picayune;

however, the Court views this inconsistency in the context of all of the evidence the IJ considered



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                                            No. 04-3369

in her credibility determination. The Court cannot say that it is compelled to reach a decision

contrary to that of the IJ based on the entirety of the evidence.

B.     Petitioner’s INA claim

       1.      Legal Framework and Standard of Review

       Unlike a grant of asylum, a grant of withholding of removal under the INA, Section

241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), is not discretionary. An applicant who meets the statutory and

regulatory requirements must be granted withholding of removal. Klawitter v. INS, 970 F.2d 149,

151 (6th Cir. 1992). An applicant for withholding of removal must prove that his or her life or

freedom would be threatened in the country of removal on account of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b) (2005).

Furthermore, an applicant for withholding of removal must show a “clear probability” of

persecution. Persecution on account of a protected ground must be more likely than not to occur in

order for withholding of removal to be granted. INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 423 (1987).

       If an applicant is determined to have suffered past persecution, a rebuttable presumption is

created that his or her life or freedom would be threatened in the future. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1).

The government can rebut this presumption by presenting evidence of a fundamental change in

circumstances in the proposed country of removal, such that the applicant’s life or freedom would

not be threatened or the applicant could avoid the threat to his or her life or freedom by relocating

to another part of that country, and it would be reasonable under the circumstances to expect the

applicant to do so. Id.




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       The denial of Dushi’s claim for withholding of removal must be upheld if “supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. (quoting

Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 388). “The petition for review may be granted only if the evidence

presented ‘not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed compels it.’” Id. (quoting Klawitter,

970 F.2d at 151-52)).

       2.      Analysis

       The IJ’s credibility determination is dispositive of Dushi’s INA claim; however, even

assuming Dushi is credible, his claim still fails.

       Because the INA provides no definition of “persecution,” this Court,“[i]n Mikhailevitch v.

INS, 146 F.3d 384 (6th Cir.1998) . . . reviewed numerous cases from other circuits in an attempt to

discern the meaning of the term within the context of the INA.” Gilaj v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 275,

284 (6th Cir. 2005). Mikhailevitch concluded that a claim of persecution will not lie where a

petitioner establishes only “a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation,

unaccompanied by any physical punishment, infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of

liberty.” 146 F.3d at 390. Gilaj explains that “Mikhailevitch has not been interpreted as ‘suggesting

that physical punishment is in all cases sufficient for finding persecution.’” Gilaj, 408 F.3d at 284

(quoting Gjokic v. Ashcroft, Nos. 02-3915, 02-3917, 2004 WL 1491638, at * 4 (6th Cir. June 29,

2004) (unpublished)) (citing Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 390).

       This Court has thus explained, albeit in an unpublished opinion, that “while even a single

beating offends one's sense of civilized governmental conduct, a single beating does not compel a

finding of persecution.” Gjokic, 2004 WL 1491638, at *4 (citing Dandan v. Ashcroft, 339 F.3d 567,



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                                             No. 04-3369

574 (7th Cir. 2003)) (“being detained, beaten and deprived of food for three days did not compel a

finding of persecution”); Prasad v. INS, 47 F.3d 336, 339-40 (9th Cir.1995) (“‘[a]lthough a

reasonable fact-finder could have found’ a brief detention and beating requiring no medical care

‘sufficient to establish past persecution . . . a fact-finder would [not] be compelled to do so’” );

Kapcia v. INS, 944 F.2d 702, 704, 707 (10th Cir.1991) (“being ‘detained for a two-day period [and]

interrogated and beaten’ did not compel a finding of past persecution”); Skalak v. INS, 944 F.2d 364,

365 (7th Cir.1991) (“The function [of the past persecution inquiry] is to identify persecution so

severe that perhaps a person should not be forced to return to the country in which she underwent

it even if the danger of recurrence is negligible.”).

        The Court in Gjokic upheld a finding that petitioner had not been persecuted where he had

been detained for several days following his attendance at a demonstration and who had been beaten

by the police with rubber sticks, which caused bruising but no permanent injuries. Gjokic, 2004 WL

1491638, at *4. The court found that the IJ had properly considered the length of the detention, the

severity of the physical harm, and “the context of the demonstration” that the alien had attended, i.e.,

the fact that the petitioner did not lead any demonstrations, did not speak at any demonstrations, and

had not distinguished himself from the thousands of other demonstrators. Id. at *5.

        This Court’s decision in Gjokic, while unpublished, lends persuasive support to the IJ’s

determination that, even if Dushi were credible, he failed to establish past persecution. Like the

petitioner in that case, Dushi established only one incident of violence at the hands of the authorities,

which resulted in bruising but no permanent injuries. While these allegations are serious, they do

not compel a finding of past persecution, particularly in light of the fact that Dushi, like the



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                                             No. 04-3369

petitioner in Gjokic, similarly failed to establish anything particularly notable about the context of

his arrest and detention at the demonstration: he was not a leader of the demonstrations, did not

speak at the demonstration, and indeed did not belong to any political organization except one which

is a part of the Albanian government.

        Dushi has not established past persecution. As a result, no presumption exists that he would

be persecuted if returned to Albania.

        The question then becomes whether Dushi, without the presumption, has established he is

more likely than not to be persecuted if returned to Albania. He has not met this standard. As the

IJ pointed out, “[T]here is no evidence that the Socialist Party of 1998 would seek to harm [Dushi]

. . . .” This is the result of

                 . . . a change of circumstances since the election of the Democratic
                 Party in March of 1992, a significant change in circumstances in that
                 Albania has undergone several elections, the most recent of which
                 were deemed to be in accord with general international standards,
                 whereby the Democratic Party and the Socialist Party exchanged
                 power on several occasions.

The IJ based her reasoning on the Profile of Asylum Claims and Country Conditions as published

by the Department of State. Dushi’s response was the bald assertion that “[n]othing had changed.”

Such an assertion is insufficient to show that Dushi would more likely than not be subjected to

persecution.

        Dushi has not shown past persecution, nor has he shown a probability of future persecution.

The IJ’s decision to deny Dushi’s INA claim was based on substantial evidence. As a result, his

INA claim must fail.

C.      Petitioner’s Convention Against Torture claim


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       1.       Legal Framework and Standard of Review

       An applicant for withholding of removal under the United Nations Convention Against

Torture must establish that it is more likely than not that he will be tortured in the proposed country

of removal. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2) (2005). The applicant’s testimony “if credible, may be

sufficient to sustain the burden of proof without corroboration.” Id. In assessing the risk of torture,

the adjudicator shall consider evidence of past torture inflicted on the applicant; evidence that the

applicant could relocate to a part of the country where he is not likely to be tortured; evidence of

“gross, flagrant, or mass violations of human rights;” and any other relevant information regarding

conditions in the country of removal. Id. § 208.16(c)(3).

        The regulations related to the Convention Against Torture define torture as:

       any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
       intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him
       or her or a third person information or a confession, punishing him or her for
       an act he or she or a third person has committed or is suspected of having
       committed, or intimidating or coercing him or her or a third person, or for
       any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering
       is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of
       a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.

8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1).

       This Court must uphold the IJ’s denial of withholding under the Convention Against Torture

unless it is “manifestly contrary to the law.” Ali v. Reno, 237 F.3d 591,596 (6th Cir. 2001).

        2.      Analysis

        The IJ rejected Dushi’s claim for relief under the Convention Against Torture simply by

noting that he had “failed to establish that it is more likely than not that he would be tortured on one

of the grounds cognizable under the regulations.” The IJ’s determination was, of course, in part


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                                             No. 04-3369

predicated on her determination that his testimony was incredible; however, even if Dushi were

credible, he still failed to make the requisite showing.

       As an initial matter, a petitioner who is unable to make out a claim for withholding of

removal under the INA based on past persecution is unlikely to be entitled to relief under the

Convention Against Torture. If the detention and beating occurred as Dushi describes, undoubtedly

the experience was frightening and painful, but it did not constitute torture because he has presented

no evidence meeting the statutory definition of “severe pain or suffering.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1).

The abuse alleged in this case, while certainly serious, does not appear to be as severe as that alleged

in the rare case where this Circuit has found a petitioner to be entitled to relief under the Convention

Against Torture. See, e.g., Namo v. Gonzales, 401 F.3d 453, 455 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding petitioner

was tortured when Iraqi authorities “detained him for two weeks, during which time he was beaten,

forced to witness the rape of a woman, and threatened with the rape of his own wife”).

       Moreover, in addition to evidence of past torture, this court must weigh evidence of “gross,

flagrant, or mass violations of human rights” – and Dushi has presented none. The IJ may consider

any other information relevant to the question of whether Petitioner is likely to face torture if

returned to Albania, and the IJ specifically noted evidence of changed conditions in Albania

“indicat[ing] that the Socialist Party has not in fact maintained a post-communist tradition of

retribution against political leaders.”

       Finally, as noted supra, the IJ relied on evidence of changed circumstances in Albania, in

that democratic processes were taking hold in the country. Dushi presented no evidence that he was

more likely than not to be tortured in such a changed country.


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       The IJ’s determination that Dushi was not entitled to relief under the Convention Against

Torture was not manifestly contrary to the law, and therefore, this Court denies relief on that ground.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Luzlim Flamur Dushi’s petition for review from a final order of

the BIA is DENIED.




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                                             No. 04-3369

       GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring. I concur in the denial of Dushi’s petition for review

but write separately to note that our conclusion that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s credibility

findings is determinative of all three of Dushi’s claims. It is thus unnecessary to assume that Dushi

had instead been found credible and reach the issues of whether Dushi has established past

persecution or a likelihood of future prosecution, as required for withholding of removal, or a

likelihood of torture, as required under the Convention Against Torture.




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