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08/31/2018 09:10 AM CDT




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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          300 Nebraska R eports
                                  SHAWN E. ON BEHALF OF GRACE E. v. DIANE S.
                                              Cite as 300 Neb. 289




                                         Shawn E.       on behalf of  Grace E.,
                                        a minor child, appellant, v.     Diane S.
                                         and    State   of   Nebraska, appellees.
                                                         ___ N.W.2d ___

                                               Filed June 22, 2018.    No. S-17-074.

                1.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question which does
                    not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a
                    matter of law.
                2.	 Moot Question: Appeal and Error. An appellate court may choose to
                    review an otherwise moot case under the public interest exception if it
                    involves a matter affecting the public interest or when other rights or
                    liabilities may be affected by its determination.
                3.	 Moot Question: Words and Phrases. The public interest exception
                    requires a consideration of the public or private nature of the question
                    presented, the desirability of an authoritative adjudication for future
                    guidance of public officials, and the likelihood of future recurrence of
                    the same or a similar problem.
                4.	 Garnishment. Garnishment in aid of execution is a provisional remedy
                    created by statute directing the procedure to obtain such relief.
                5.	 Final Orders: Words and Phrases. A substantial right is an essential
                    legal right.
                6.	 Final Orders: Appeal and Error. A substantial right is affected if an
                    order affects the subject matter of the litigation, such as diminishing a
                    claim or defense that was available to an appellant before the order from
                    which an appeal is taken.
                7.	 Final Orders: Dismissal and Nonsuit: Appeal and Error. Without
                    a final order, an appellate court lacks jurisdiction and must dismiss
                    the appeal.

                Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
               Moore, Chief Judge, and R iedmann, Judge, and Inbody,
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   300 Nebraska R eports
           SHAWN E. ON BEHALF OF GRACE E. v. DIANE S.
                       Cite as 300 Neb. 289

Judge, Retired, on appeal thereto from the District Court for
Buffalo County, John H. Marsh, Judge. Judgment of Court of
Appeals affirmed.

  Shawn E., pro se.

   Shawn R. Eatherton, Buffalo County Attorney, and Kari R.
Fisk for appellee State of Nebraska.

  Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, and
Papik, JJ., and H all, District Judge.

  Cassel, J.
                        INTRODUCTION
   As a matter of first impression, we consider whether a judg-
ment debtor who, using the procedure specified in Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 25-1011 (Reissue 2016), unsuccessfully objects to a
garnishment may immediately appeal. Because we conclude
that a substantial right is not affected until judgment is entered
in the garnishment, an appeal must wait. The Nebraska Court
of Appeals correctly dismissed Shawn E.’s premature appeal
for lack of jurisdiction, and we affirm its decision.

                      BACKGROUND
   The State of Nebraska initiated a garnishment action against
Shawn, an inmate residing at the Nebraska State Penitentiary,
alleging that he owed $3,097.67 in past due child support and
$2,499.54 in medical support for a total of $5,597.21. It caused
a summons and order of garnishment to be sent to “the gar-
nishee, [the] Nebraska Department of Corrections,” to recover
money in its possession belonging to Shawn.
   Shawn requested a hearing, asserting that he did not owe
the amount of the judgment. A hearing was held, during which
Shawn appeared telephonically. The State offered certified
copies of Shawn’s Department of Health and Human Services
child support payment history and medical support payment
history, which were received into evidence. The court took
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   300 Nebraska R eports
           SHAWN E. ON BEHALF OF GRACE E. v. DIANE S.
                       Cite as 300 Neb. 289

judicial notice of a journal entry establishing Shawn’s child
support obligation in the amount of $379 per month and cash
medical support obligation in the amount of $62 per month. It
also took judicial notice of a second journal entry suspending
the child support portion of the prior order.
   At the hearing, Shawn argued that he did not owe the
amount alleged and that there was no way he could make the
payments the State claimed he owed. He further alleged that
the Department of Health and Human Services “is charging
me $62 . . . per month . . . for services that my daughter is
not receiving.”
   The court noted that the cash medical support obligation
was never suspended and that the child support arrearage was
for arrearage accumulated prior to the suspension of the child
support. It therefore found that Shawn’s arguments were not a
defense to the fact that the debt was owed or that garnishment
was appropriate.
   Shawn requested a continuance so he could call on witnesses
to determine that the “$62 is also suspended” and that the
child’s mother does not receive services from the Department
of Health and Human Services. The district court denied this
request and overruled Shawn’s objection to the garnishment. In
its journal entry and order overruling the objection, it ordered
that “the garnishment may proceed.”
   Shawn appealed and assigned that the district court erred in
(1) ordering the garnishment “to proceed on the finding that
[he] owes $5,597.27” and (2) disregarding his verbal motion
for a continuance.
   But, before considering these arguments, the Court of
Appeals addressed whether it had jurisdiction in a memoran-
dum opinion filed January 24, 2018. It concluded that because
the order did not determine that the State was entitled to funds
held by the garnishee and did not order any execution of a gar-
nishment, the order did not affect Shawn’s substantial rights.
Furthermore, it noted that Shawn’s rights could be effectively
vindicated in an appeal from the final judgment. Finding no
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       300 Nebraska R eports
                SHAWN E. ON BEHALF OF GRACE E. v. DIANE S.
                            Cite as 300 Neb. 289

final order, the Court of Appeals determined that it lacked
jurisdiction and dismissed the appeal.
   We granted Shawn’s petition for further review.
                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
   Shawn asserts that he appealed from a final order, because
the order that the garnishment “may proceed” affected a sub-
stantial right and was made in a special proceeding.
                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] A jurisdictional question which does not involve a fac-
tual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter
of law.1
                           ANALYSIS
   At oral argument, the State confessed that it was abandoning
the garnishment in light of the garnishee’s answers to inter-
rogatories showing only $0.07 belonging to Shawn. Thus, the
State suggests that the appeal may be moot.
   [2,3] However, an appellate court may choose to review an
otherwise moot case under the public interest exception if it
involves a matter affecting the public interest or when other
rights or liabilities may be affected by its determination.2 The
public interest exception requires a consideration of the public
or private nature of the question presented, the desirability
of an authoritative adjudication for future guidance of public
officials, and the likelihood of future recurrence of the same
or a similar problem.3 Because the finality of orders overrul-
ing judgment debtors’ objections under § 25-1011 is a public
matter deserving authoritative adjudication for future guid-
ance of public officials and is likely to recur, we choose to
review the matter.
   Shawn argues that the district court’s order was a final
order, because it affected a substantial right and determined the

 1	
      Deleon v. Reinke Mfg. Co., 287 Neb. 419, 843 N.W.2d 601 (2014).
 2	
      Nesbitt v. Frakes, ante p. 1, ___ N.W.2d ___ (2018).
 3	
      Id.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                SHAWN E. ON BEHALF OF GRACE E. v. DIANE S.
                            Cite as 300 Neb. 289

outcome in a special proceeding. While it is well established
that garnishment in aid of execution is a legal statutory remedy,
we have not always been consistent in describing its nature.4
At various times we have described garnishment as a legal
action5 or as a special proceeding,6 and we have even alluded
to a challenge to a garnishment as a summary application in
an action after judgment is rendered.7 But, we need not resolve
this tangle of garnishment precedents. Clearly, there was no
judgment in the garnishment proceeding. And all three types
of final orders require that the order affect a substantial right.
Here, no substantial right was affected, which is dispositive.
   It is first helpful to summarize the procedure for a garnish-
ment in aid of execution. Because this appeal does not involve
the garnishment of wages, we omit those statutes which impose
additional requirements for the garnishment of wages.
                    Garnishment Procedure
   [4] Garnishment in aid of execution is a provisional remedy
created by statute directing the procedure to obtain such relief.8
A judgment creditor seeking a garnishment in aid of execu-
tion begins by filing an affidavit and praecipe for summons,
alleging that the garnishee has property of or is indebted to the
judgment debtor.9 The court then issues a summons and inter-
rogatories to be completed by the garnishee.10

 4	
      See, e.g., ML Manager v. Jensen, 287 Neb. 171, 842 N.W.2d 566 (2014)
      (legal proceeding); NC+ Hybrids v. Growers Seed Assn., 219 Neb. 296,
      363 N.W.2d 362 (1985) (incident to judgment or ancillary procedure),
      disapproved on other grounds, ML Manager, supra note 4.
 5	
      See Barnett v. Peters, 254 Neb. 74, 574 N.W.2d 487 (1998).
 6	
      See Western Smelting & Refining Co. v. First Nat. Bank, 150 Neb. 477, 35
      N.W.2d 116 (1948).
 7	
      See Cattle Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Watson, 293 Neb. 943, 880 N.W.2d
      906 (2016).
 8	
      Early v. Belgrade-Hord Co., 133 Neb. 884, 277 N.W. 596 (1938).
 9	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1056(1) (Reissue 2016).
10	
      Id.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                SHAWN E. ON BEHALF OF GRACE E. v. DIANE S.
                            Cite as 300 Neb. 289

   When the summons and interrogatories are issued, § 25-1011
provides that a judgment debtor has the right to (1) receive
notice of garnishment action by certified mail and (2) a hearing
if the judgment debtor (a) believes the court should not allow
a garnishment either because the funds sought are exempt or
because the requested amount is not owed on the judgment
and (b) timely requests a hearing on the issue. It is clear from
the record that Shawn followed this procedure in challenging
the garnishment.
   Although the hearing procedure of § 25-1011 became a part
of that section in 1988,11 we have not addressed the finality of
an order denying relief to a judgment debtor following such a
hearing. We granted further review to do so.
   The procedure for what follows an unsuccessful § 25-1011
challenge is not specifically laid out by statute. However,
§ 25-1056(1), which sets forth the general procedure for gar-
nishments, provides in part, “Except when wages are involved,
the garnishee shall hold the property of every description and
the credits of the defendant in his or her possession or under
his or her control at the time of the service of the summons and
interrogatories until the further order of the court.” (Emphasis
supplied.) This would suggest that even if the challenge is
overruled—i.e., the court determines that the funds are not
exempt and that the requested amount is owed on the judg-
ment—the court must still enter a final judgment ordering the
delivery of the judgment debtor’s property to the judgment
creditor, in which case the judgment debtor’s entitlement to his
or her property held by the garnishee is not affected until that
final judgment.
                    Substantial R ight A nalysis
   [5,6] A substantial right is an essential legal right.12 A sub-
stantial right is affected if an order affects the subject matter of
the litigation, such as diminishing a claim or defense that was

11	
      See 1988 Neb. Laws, L.B. 1030, § 14.
12	
      See Cattle Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Watson, supra note 7.
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        300 Nebraska R eports
                SHAWN E. ON BEHALF OF GRACE E. v. DIANE S.
                            Cite as 300 Neb. 289

available to an appellant before the order from which an appeal
is taken.13
   In the context of garnishment proceedings, we have held
that an order affected a substantial right where it “autho-
rized the seizure of property or money that would otherwise
have remained in the [appellants’] ownership and control.”14
However, the order here did not authorize the execution of a
garnishment and did not determine that the State was entitled
to the requested funds.
   Shawn suggests that the order affected a substantial right
by providing that the garnishment “may proceed,” “because
it implicates all manner of means of attachment provided for
under title IV-D of the Social Security Act.”15 However, no
attachment was actually ordered. Consequently, Shawn’s right
to the funds was not affected. And, although the order dimin-
ished Shawn’s defense that the amount alleged was not owed
under the judgment, this claim can be effectively vindicated on
appeal from the final judgment.
   [7] Because the order overruling Shawn’s challenge to the
garnishment did not affect a substantial right, it was not a
final, appealable order. Without a final order, an appellate court
lacks jurisdiction and must dismiss the appeal.16 The Court of
Appeals correctly did so, and we affirm its action.
                        CONCLUSION
   Shawn prematurely appealed from a nonfinal order. Because
the Court of Appeals correctly determined that it lacked juris-
diction, we affirm its decision dismissing the appeal.
                                                    A ffirmed.

13	
      Id.
14	
      Id. at 968, 880 N.W.2d at 926.
15	
      Brief for appellant in support of petition for further review at 4.
16	
      Connelly v. City of Omaha, 278 Neb. 311, 769 N.W.2d 394 (2009).
