[Cite as State v. Dudley, 2012-Ohio-3844.]




                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                              SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 MONTGOMERY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                 :     Appellate Case No. 24408
        Plaintiff-Appellee                       :
                                                 :     Trial Court Case No. 2005-CR-3565
v.                                               :
                                                 :
RONALD E. DUDLEY                                 :     (Criminal Appeal from
                                                 :     (Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                 :
                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                             Rendered on the 24th day of August, 2012.

                                              ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by R. Lynn Nothstine, Atty. Reg. #0061560, Montgomery County
Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O. Box 972,
301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

BRANDIN D. MARLOW, Atty. Reg. #0076381, 150 North Limestone Street, Suite 218,
Springfield, Ohio 45502
       Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............

HALL, J.

        {¶ 1}     Ronald E. Dudley appeals from his resentencing following a remand to merge
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allied offenses of similar import.

       {¶ 2}    Dudley advances five assignments of error on appeal. First, he contends the

trial court erred in not merging his kidnapping and rape convictions. Second, he claims the

trial court erred in failing to inform him of the imposition of court costs at his resentencing

hearing. Third, he asserts that the trial court erred in determining his sex-offender status based

on S.B. 10. Fourth, he argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for

reconsideration of the denial of his motion for a new trial. Fifth, he maintains that the trial

court erred in not considering his motion to suppress.

       {¶ 3}    The record reflects that a jury found Dudley guilty of rape, kidnapping, two

counts of attempted rape, and gross sexual imposition. In August 2008, the trial court imposed

an aggregate sentence of twenty to fifty years in prison. In a July 9, 2010 opinion on direct

appeal, this court found no prejudice resulting from defense counsel’s failure to file a motion

to suppress statements Dudley made to police. In addition, this court rejected an argument that

applying S.B. 10, Ohio’s Adam Walsh Act, to Dudley was unconstitutional. This court also

held that Dudley’s kidnapping and rape convictions did not merge for purposes of sentencing

because a separate animus existed for each offense. Finally, this court agreed with Dudley that

his rape, attempted rape, and gross sexual imposition convictions should have been merged for

sentencing. As a result, the cause was remanded for a new sentencing hearing for the State to

elect which sex offenses to pursue. See State v. Dudley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22931,

2010-Ohio-3240 (“Dudley I”).

        {¶ 4}   The trial court held a new sentencing hearing on December 15, 2010. At that

time, the State elected to proceed with sentencing on the rape conviction. The trial court
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sentenced Dudley to an aggregate prison term of twenty to fifty years for the rape and

kidnapping convictions. As it had done previously, the trial court designated Dudley as a Tier

III sex offender under S.B. 10. During the hearing, the trial court also heard pro se argument

from Dudley and orally overruled several motions he made, including a motion for

reconsideration, a motion to suppress, and a motion to merge his rape and kidnapping

convictions.   Finally, although the trial court did not mention court costs during the

resentencing hearing, its termination entry ordered Dudley to pay such costs. (Resentencing

Termination Entry, Doc. #23).

       {¶ 5}    In his first assignment of error, Dudley contends the trial court erred in not

merging his kidnapping and rape convictions. In support, he relies primarily on State v.

Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, which the Ohio Supreme

Court decided on December 29, 2010, eight days before the trial court’s resentencing

termination entry.

       {¶ 6}    Upon review, we find no merit in Dudley’s argument. This court fully

addressed the allied-offense issue in Dudley I, reasoning:

               In the case before us, Dudley first restrained B.C. when he tackled her,

       caused both parties to fall over a guardrail, and landed on top of B.C. These

       actions posed a substantial risk of harm to B.C., and, did, in fact, cause harm to

       her ankle. Dudley then grabbed B.C. by the hair and dragged her fifty or sixty

       feet to the woods. This again posed a substantial risk of harm to B.C., was

       more than a brief restraint, and was secretive. While Dudley restrained B.C., he

       also threatened to kill her. And finally, when Dudley left, he told her that if she
                                                                                             4


       moved before he came back, he would kill her. He also took B.C.’s pants and

       shoe, subjecting her to a risk of harm due to the cold and damp weather. Under

       the circumstances, we conclude that a separate animus existed for the

       kidnapping and rape.

       ***

Dudley I at ¶ 50.

       {¶ 7}    Given this court’s holding in Dudley I that the kidnapping and rape

convictions were not subject to merger, the trial court was not free to find otherwise on

remand. Moreover, the Ohio Supreme Court’s ruling in Johnson provides no support for

Dudley’s argument. “Johnson was concerned with how the ‘same conduct’ constitutes allied

offenses of similar import for purposes of R.C. 2941.25(A), which requires that allied offenses

of similar import be merged for purposes of sentencing.” State v. Turner, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24421, 2011-Ohio-6714, ¶ 25. But “R.C. 2941.25(B) provides an exception

to the merger requirement when the allied offenses were committed separately or with a

separate animus as to each.” Id. Notably, Johnson recognized that “if the [allied] offenses are

committed separately, or if the defendant has separate animus for each offense, then,

according to R.C. 2941.25(B), the offenses will not merge.” Johnson at ¶ 51. Because Dudley

had a separate animus for his two offenses, the outcome would be the same even if we applied

Johnson to his case. Dudley’s first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 8}    In his second assignment of error, Dudley claims the trial court erred in failing

to inform him of the imposition of additional court costs during his resentencing hearing.

Although the trial court included court costs in its resentencing termination entry (Doc. #23),
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it did not mention court costs during the resentencing hearing. (Dec. 15, 2010 Transcript).

Dudley contends the trial court’s failure to advise him of the additional court costs was

prejudicial because it deprived him of the opportunity to seek a waiver. We agree.

       {¶ 9}    “Although a judge has discretion to waive court costs assessed against an

indigent defendant, such a person ordinarily ‘must move a trial court to waive payment of

costs at the time of sentencing. If the defendant makes such a motion, then the issue is

preserved for appeal and will be reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Otherwise,

the issue is waived and costs are res judicata.’” State v. Lunsford, 193 Ohio App.3d 195,

2011-Ohio-964, 951 N.E.2d 464, ¶ 14 (2d Dist.), quoting State v. Threatt, 108 Ohio St.3d 277,

2006-Ohio-905, 843 N.E.2d 164, ¶ 22. “The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized an

exception, however, when a trial court fails to mention court costs during a sentencing

hearing. A trial court errs in failing to tell a defendant at sentencing that it is imposing court

costs.” Id. at ¶ 15, citing State v. Joseph, 125 Ohio St.3d 76, 2010-Ohio-954, 926 N.E.2d 278,

¶ 22. “The error is not harmless because it deprives the defendant of an opportunity to contest

the imposition of court costs.” Id. “Under such circumstances, principles of waiver and res

judicata do not apply.” Id.

       {¶ 10} In the present case, the trial court did not mention additional court costs

during Dudley’s resentencing hearing. This omission denied him an opportunity to raise a

timely objection and to seek a waiver. As a result, we will sustain Dudley’s second assignment

of error to the extent that it challenges the imposition of court costs related to his resentencing.

The trial court’s December 21, 2010 judgment will be reversed with regard to the imposition

of resentencing costs, and the cause will be remanded for the limited purpose of allowing
                                                                                            6


Dudley to seek a waiver. See Lunsford at ¶ 16, citing Joseph at ¶ 22-23. We caution, however,

that our remand does not entitle Dudley to challenge court costs that were imposed as part of

his original 2008 termination entry. His obligation to pay court costs related to his original

conviction and sentencing is res judicata. Id. at ¶ 13. We are unpersuaded by Dudley’s

assertion that he should be entitled, on remand, to challenge those costs.

          {¶ 11} In his third assignment of error, Dudley asserts that the trial court erred in

determining his sex-offender status based on S.B. 10. Relying on State v. Williams, 129 Ohio

St.3d 344, 2011-Ohio-3374, 952 N.E.2d 1108, Dudley contends S.B. 10 cannot be applied to

defendants who committed their offenses prior to its effective date. He argues that a remand is

necessary for a sex-offender classification under the law in effect when he committed his

crimes.

          {¶ 12} The State makes two arguments in response. First, it contends Dudley’s

classification under S.B. 10 had become final before Williams was decided. Therefore, the

State claims res judicata bars his current challenge. Second, the State asserts that Dudley’s

argument about Williams and S.B. 10 is beyond the scope of the present appeal. The State

contends Dudley’s sex-offender classification under S.B. 10 was not an issue on remand and is

not a proper subject for this appeal, noting that our prior remand was solely for the purpose of

resentencing to merge allied offenses.

          {¶ 13} The record reflects that Dudley originally was classified as a Tier III sex

offender under S.B. 10 when he was convicted and sentenced in August 2008. In his first

direct appeal, Dudley argued that application of S.B. 10 to him was unconstitutional for

numerous reasons. In a July 2010 opinion, this court rejected his constitutional challenges and
                                                                                          7


upheld his S.B. 10 classification. Dudley I at ¶ 66-80. As set forth above, however, we

remanded the case for merger of allied offenses at a new sentencing hearing. Id. at ¶ 64, 81

(reversing the judgment of conviction and remanding for a new sentencing hearing). Further

review was denied by the Ohio Supreme Court in October 2010. See State v. Dudley, 126

Ohio St.3d 1619, 2010-Ohio-5101, 935 N.E.2d 856. On remand, the trial court merged the

allied offenses and resentenced Dudley in December 2010. (Doc. #23). Dudley timely

appealed that same month. (Doc. #25). The Ohio Supreme Court decided Williams in July

2011, while the present appeal was pending. The Williams court held that S.B. 10 could not

constitutionally be applied to defendants who committed their sex offenses prior to its

enactment. Williams, at syllabus.

       {¶ 14} Like the defendant in Williams, Dudley committed his sex offenses before the

enactment of S.B. 10. This court has determined that retroactive application of S.B. 10 to a

defendant who committed his sex offense before the act’s effective date is not merely voidable

but void. State v. Knowles, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2011-CA-17, 2012-Ohio-2543, ¶ 9-10. In

State v. Eads, 197 Ohio App.3d 493, 2011-Ohio-6307, 968 N.E.2d 18 (2d Dist.), this court

applied Williams to a defendant who had not even challenged his S.B. 10 classification in a

direct appeal of his delinquency adjudication. Id. at      ¶ 23-24. Contrary to the State’s

argument, res judicata does not apply because the S.B. 10 classification portion of Dudley’s

2008 judgment was not a “valid” prior judgment for res judicata purposes. State v. Alredge, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 24755, 2012-Ohio-414, ¶ 11-12.

       {¶ 15} Nor are we persuaded by the State’s argument that the issue of Dudley’s

sex-offender classification is beyond the scope of the present appeal. In Dudley I, this court
                                                                                                                                  8


reversed the trial court’s judgment and remanded for a new sentencing hearing. Even if the

2008 classification under S.B. 10 were not void, by reversing the judgment this court

necessarily nullified Dudley’s classification as a Tier III sex offender.1 As a result, the trial

court was required to redetermine his classification upon resentencing. Once it did so, Dudley

became free to challenge that sex-offender classification in this appeal. For the reasons set

forth above, we find his challenge to be persuasive. The trial court erred in classifying Dudley

as a Tier III offender under S.B. 10. The act did not apply to Dudley, who committed his

offenses prior to its effective date. Accordingly, the third assignment of error is sustained. The

cause will be remanded for the trial court to determine Dudley’s classification based on the

law in existence when he committed his offenses.

         {¶ 16} In his fourth assignment of error, Dudley argues that the trial court erred in

denying his motion for reconsideration of the denial of his motion for a new trial.

         {¶ 17} The record reflects that Dudley filed a new-trial motion on December 16,

2008, shortly after his conviction. The trial court overruled the motion on August 7, 2009.

On August 31, 2009, Dudley filed a direct appeal from the denial of the new-trial motion and

others. On September 3, 2010, this court overruled all of Dudley’s assignments of error,

including one challenging the trial court’s denial of the new-trial motion. See State v. Dudley,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23613, 2010-Ohio-4152 (“Dudley II”).

         {¶ 18} Given this court’s decision in Dudley II affirming the denial of the new-trial


           1
            We note that theoretically the State could have elected on remand to merge the rape and attempted rape convictions into the gross
 sexual imposition conviction for purposes of sentencing. Under that scenario, Dudley no longer even would have qualified as a Tier III sex
 offender because his gross sexual imposition conviction was not a Tier III offense. See R.C. 2950.01. Therefore, this court’s reversal and
 remand to merge allied offenses necessarily vacated Dudley’s S.B. 10 sex-offender classification, which was void in any event.
                                                                                          9


motion, the trial court was not free to reconsider the issue when it resentenced Dudley in

December 2010. We note too that Dudley’s motion to reconsider the new-trial issue exceeded

the scope of our remand order, which was limited to resentencing to merge certain sex

offenses as allied offenses of similar import. Accordingly, the fourth assignment of error is

overruled.

       {¶ 19} In his fifth assignment of error, Dudley maintains that the trial court erred in

not considering his motion to suppress.

       {¶ 20} The record reflects that Dudley orally attempted to relitigate a suppression

issue during his resentencing hearing. The trial court rejected Dudley’s argument, noting that

this court already had addressed the issue in Dudley I and had found no reversible error. We

agree with the trial court. Given this court’s holding in Dudley I that the absence of a

suppression motion did not prejudice Dudley, the trial court was not free to find otherwise on

remand. Once again, we note too that Dudley’s suppression argument exceeded the scope of

our remand order. The fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 21} Having sustained Dudley’s second assignment of error, in part, and his third

assignment of error, we reverse in part the trial court’s judgment and remand the cause for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, the trial court should (1) give

Dudley an opportunity to seek a waiver of resentencing-related court costs and (2) determine

his sex-offender classification based on the law in existence at the time he committed his

offenses.

                                                  .............

GRADY, P.J., and DONOVAN, J., concur.
                         10




Copies mailed to:

Mathias H. Heck
R. Lynn Nothstine
Brandin D. Marlow
Hon. Barbara P. Gorman
