                  NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 12a1254n.06

                                          No. 11-4334
                                                                                         FILED
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                    Dec 06, 2012
                                                                              LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
MARIE CLAIRE MUKESHIMANA,                           )
                                                    )
       Petitioner,                                  )
                                                    )
v.                                                  )       ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
                                                    )       FROM THE UNITED STATES
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,              )       BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                    )       APPEALS
       Respondent.                                  )
                                                    )




       BEFORE: MARTIN and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; BECKWITH, District Judge.*


       PER CURIAM. Marie Claire Mukeshimana, a native and citizen of Rwanda, petitions for

review of an order from the Board of Immigration Appeals dismissing her appeal of the denial of her

applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against

Torture. She also is appealing the denial of her motion to remand.

       In October 2009, Mukeshimana, a Hutu, received a summons to appear as a suspect before

the Gacaca, a community-based court for the prosecution of crimes arising out of the 1994 Rwandan

genocide. Mukeshimana did not appear at the Gacaca hearing. Mukeshimana subsequently learned

that she had been convicted in absentia of taking a student from a Catholic school which ultimately

resulted in the student’s murder. The Gacaca sentenced Mukeshimana to nineteen years of

       *
         The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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Mukeshimana v. Holder

imprisonment. On November 3, 2009, Mukeshimana fled Rwanda, going first to Burundi, and then

to Kenya. Mukeshimana left Kenya for the United States in June 2010.

         Upon her arrival in the United States, Mukeshimana initially told an immigration officer that

she was visiting a relative, but then she expressed her fear of returning to Rwanda because of the

criminal charges against her. Mukeshimana stated that she came “here to find a lawyer to explain

[her] case.” The immigration officer determined that Mukeshimana was inadmissible to the United

States, and she was detained. An asylum officer conducted a credible fear interview, found that

Mukeshimana had established a credible fear of persecution, and referred the case to the immigration

court.

         The Department of Homeland Security served Mukeshimana with a notice to appear,

charging her with removability as an alien who, at the time of application for admission, was not in

possession of a valid entry document. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). Before an immigration judge

(IJ), Mukeshimana admitted the factual allegations contained in the notice to appear and conceded

removability as charged. Mukeshimana filed applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture. Mukeshimana asserted that she and her family

are Hutus and had been falsely accused by Tutsis of participating in the genocide.

         After a three-day hearing, the IJ issued a written decision denying Mukeshimana’s

applications for relief and ordering her removal to Rwanda. The IJ found that Mukeshimana was

not credible based on the inconsistent and incredible statements in her testimony and supporting

documents, as well as her demeanor and lack of responsiveness. The IJ went on to find that

Mukeshimana’s applications were subject to mandatory denial because she assisted or otherwise

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participated in the persecution of another person based on ethnicity and because there were serious

reasons to believe that she committed a serious nonpolitical crime outside the United States.

According to the IJ, even if the persecutor and serious nonpolitical crime bars did not apply,

Mukeshimana was not entitled to asylum because she failed to demonstrate past persecution or a

well-founded fear of future persecution. The IJ stated that Mukeshimana could not meet the higher

burden for withholding of removal and she failed to prove that it is more likely than not that she

would be tortured if she returned to Rwanda.

       In her appeal to the Board, Mukeshimana did not challenge the IJ’s denial of her application

for protection under the Convention Against Torture, which the Board deemed to be waived. The

Board found no clear error in the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. The Board also affirmed the

IJ’s determination that Mukeshimana was ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal based

on the persecutor and serious nonpolitical crime bars. Mukeshimana filed a motion to remand the

case based on ineffective assistance of counsel. The Board denied the motion for failure to

demonstrate prejudice.

       “Where the [Board] reviews the immigration judge’s decision and issues a separate opinion,

rather than summarily affirming the immigration judge’s decision, we review the [Board’s] decision

as the final agency determination.” Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). We review

factual findings, including an adverse credibility finding, under the substantial evidence standard,

upholding the agency’s determination “as long as it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record as a whole.” Parlak v. Holder, 578 F.3d 457, 462 (6th Cir. 2009)



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(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Abdulahad v. Holder, 581 F.3d 290, 294

(6th Cir. 2009).

       Mukeshimana contends that, to support an adverse credibility determination, inconsistencies

“must significantly enhance the asylum claim” and that the IJ and Board erred in applying that

standard. Mukeshimana filed her applications for relief after the enactment of the REAL ID Act,

Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (2005), which allows an adverse credibility determination to be

made “without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the

applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); see El-Moussa v.

Holder, 569 F.3d 250, 256 (6th Cir. 2009). Mukeshimana further argues that the IJ and Board

perceived inconsistencies based on her “inability to precisely and concisely express her testimony”

and that “debates over semantics” constitute an improper basis for an adverse credibility

determination. The REAL ID Act, however, allows the trier of fact to base an adverse credibility

determination on the “totality of the circumstances,” including “the demeanor, candor, or

responsiveness of the applicant.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).

       Mukeshimana challenges the finding that she testified inconsistently about whether her

mother held a leadership role in the National Republican Movement for Democracy and

Development (MRND). Mukeshimana originally testified that her mother served as the MRND’s

vice president for the sector and distributed party membership cards. Mukeshimana later asserted

that her mother never had a leadership role in the MRND and never had the authority to issue

membership cards. Mukeshimana now contends that she did not testify inconsistently, asserting that

she testified, in the context of the accusations made against her mother, that she never accused her

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mother of being a vice president during the genocide in 1994. Contrary to Mukeshimana’s argument,

the record reflects a flat denial. Mukeshimana fails to challenge any other inconsistency or

implausibility found by the IJ and Board. The numerous inconsistencies and implausibilities in

Mukeshimana’s testimony and supporting documents are established by the record and provide

substantial evidence to support the adverse credibility determination.

       The Board affirmed the IJ’s determination that Mukeshimana’s applications for relief were

subject to mandatory denial because she assisted or otherwise participated in the persecution of

another person based on ethnicity and because there were reasons to believe that she committed a

serious nonpolitical crime outside the United States. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(i), (iii),

1231(b)(3)(B)(i), (iii); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(c)(1). Mukeshimana was convicted in Rwanda of a

category two genocide crime (the kidnapping of a Tutsi boy resulting in his murder) and sentenced

to nineteen years in prison. Because there was evidence indicating that grounds existed for a

mandatory denial, Mukeshimana had the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that

such grounds did not apply. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16(d)(2), 1240.8(d); see also Diaz-Zanatta v.

Holder, 558 F.3d 450, 458 (6th Cir. 2009).

       Mukeshimana does not argue that the offense for which she was convicted constitutes

persecution or a serious nonpolitical crime. Instead, Mukeshimana argues that the IJ and Board

ignored her testimony that she was not involved in the kidnapping and killing of the Tutsi boy.

Mukeshimana states that she never left her mother’s house during the genocide. The IJ and Board

found that Mukeshimana’s testimony lacked credibility. Mukeshimana also contends that the IJ and

Board relied on circumstantial evidence from the prosecutor’s file, rather than records from the

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Gacaca. Mukeshimana further asserts that her conviction in absentia lacked due process. However,

Mukeshimana received notice of the Gacaca hearing and provided varying reasons for her failure to

appear. Mukeshimana further asserts that she was unable to file a timely appeal because she was

unaware of her conviction until 2010. This position contradicts her testimony that she heard

“rumors” shortly after the judgment and her letter dated November 11, 2009, in which she requested

review of her case. Mukeshimana has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the

persecutor and serious nonpolitical crime bars did not apply to her.

       Mukeshimana contends that she has a well-founded fear of future persecution. However, the

Board properly declined to reach this argument. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976)

(“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to make findings on issues the decision of

which is unnecessary to the results they reach.”).

       We review Mukeshimana’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim de novo. Allabani v.

Gonzales, 402 F.3d 668, 676 (6th Cir. 2005). An alien claiming ineffective assistance of counsel

must demonstrate: (1) compliance with the procedural requirements of Matter of Lozada, 19 I. &

N. Dec. 637, 639 (BIA 1988), and (2) prejudice resulting from counsel’s actions or inactions. Sako

v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 857, 863 (6th Cir. 2006). Mukeshimana asserts that her counsel failed to

access or obtain corroborating documents that she brought with her to the United States and were

in storage at the Calhoun County Jail. In response to this allegation, counsel said that the

government made copies of Mukeshimana’s documents when she was arrested and provided them

to counsel. Mukeshimana fails to specify what corroborating documents counsel failed to access or

obtain. She also fails to explain how these documents would have resulted in a different outcome.

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Mukeshimana claims that she made her counsel aware of several issues with the interpreter, but

counsel failed to inform the IJ of these issues to allow her to clarify her testimony. Mukeshimana

fails to identify any specific interpretation problems, or explain their impact on the proceeding.

Because Mukeshimana has failed to demonstrate prejudice, the Board properly denied her motion

to remand.

       The petition for review is denied.




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