          Case: 18-13376   Date Filed: 06/05/2019   Page: 1 of 10


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                            No. 18-13376
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                       Agency No. A209-386-785



ALICIA BERENICE TOSAR-CEDENO,
DIANA SOPHIA TOSAR-CEDENO,

                                                                     Petitioners,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                    Respondent.

                      ________________________

                 Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                      Board of Immigration Appeals
                       ________________________

                             (June 5, 2019)

Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
               Case: 18-13376      Date Filed: 06/05/2019      Page: 2 of 10


       Alicia Berenice Tosar-Cedeno, a native and citizen of Venezuela, and her

daughter, Diana Sophia Tosar-Cedeno, seek review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’s (“BIA”) decision affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) order

denying Tosar-Cedeno’s application for asylum and withholding of removal.

Tosar-Cedeno argues that the record compels a finding that the mistreatment she

suffered in Venezuela amounted to persecution, and that she suffered that

mistreatment on account of her political opinion. We disagree and, accordingly,

deny her petition for review.

                                              I.

       Tosar-Cedeno and her daughter applied for admission to the United States at

a port of entry on the Mexican border in August 2016.                     The government

immediately began removal proceedings on the ground that she lacked a visa or

valid entry document. She conceded that she was subject to removal and applied

for asylum and withholding of removal. 1 The IJ presided over a merits hearing on

her application in August 2017, at which she was represented by counsel.

       At the merits hearing, Tosar-Cedeno testified that she feared returning to

Venezuela because she believes that she had been harmed and would be targeted

for harm in the future based on her political opinion. According to Tosar-Cedeno,


       1
         Tosar-Cedeno also applied for relief under the Convention Against Torture, but she
does not address the denial of this application in her briefing to this Court. Accordingly, we
deem this issue abandoned.
                                              2
              Case: 18-13376     Date Filed: 06/05/2019   Page: 3 of 10


she began participating in antigovernment political rallies in 2014. She and the

company she worked for, Preincar01 (“Preincar”), offered assistance to

participants in the rallies, including snacks and sometimes shelter for those who

were being sought after by police. In her testimony, she described two main

incidents that she believed were connected to her participation in the rallies.

      The first incident occurred in February or March of 2016. Tosar-Cedeno

and her baby daughter were attending a family reunion at her mother’s house,

when 20 “collectivos”—a group of people who, according to Tosar-Cedeno, were

armed by the government and trained to harass and attack others—showed up on

10 motorcycles and began harassing her.          Two collectivos disembarked and

approached her on foot, while the other collectivos continued on their way. The

two collectivos pushed her and grabbed her harm and tried to take her daughter

from her. She was able to escape by jumping into a nearby car, and her father and

brother intervened to protect her. She stated that she did not know why the

collectivos tried to take her daughter, but she believed they intended to punish her

for participating in antigovernment rallies.

      The second incident occurred on June 28, 2016. On that day, Tosar-Cedeno

and a coworker were preparing to reopen Preincar, which sold various goods, after

it had been vandalized earlier in the year. Police officers arrived and asked her

when Preincar’s owners, who were out of the country, were going to be back. She


                                          3
             Case: 18-13376     Date Filed: 06/05/2019   Page: 4 of 10


refused to provide that information, stating that the officers did not have a proper

order. The officers then demanded invoices and merchandise from the store and

wanted her to sign an order they would not let her read. She refused and then tried

to call an attorney on the company phone, but an officer intervened and hung up

the phone. She then tried to call her husband on her cell phone, but an officer

grabbed her phone and arrested her. The officer put her in a car, shoving her twice

along the way, and took her to jail. Meanwhile, her coworker called a company

attorney.

      Tosar-Cedeno was detained at the jail for around seven hours. At some

point during her detention, an attorney who worked for Preincar arrived and met

with the police outside of her presence. She later learned from the attorney that the

police were looking for Preincar’s owners because they had been identified as

participants in antigovernment rallies. She explained that Preincar used to provide

services to Venezuela’s judiciary, so the police had access to information about its

owners and employees, which it used to identify them as participants in the rallies.

The police demanded a bribe of $25,000 to release her, but they eventually

accepted 5 million bolivars, equivalent to about $500. Preincar paid the money,

and she was released. As she was being released, one of the officers took her aside

and told her to leave the country because she had become their “ATM,” the




                                         4
              Case: 18-13376    Date Filed: 06/05/2019    Page: 5 of 10


implication being that she could be arrested for other fictitious charges and have to

pay more bribes.

      Tosar-Cedeno also testified that she received threatening phone calls nearly

everyday throughout 2016. The callers demanded information about Preincar’s

owners and threatened to kill her or hurt or take away her daughter if she did not

cooperate. She believed that the police were calling her because they had asked

about her detention.

      Finally, Tosar-Cedeno described two other brief incidents that she thought

were connected to her political activities. In April or May of 2016, she was

walking on the street with her daughter and a friend when a black car “stopped

abruptly.” In light of the threatening phone calls she had been receiving, she was

afraid that the car contained collectivos, so she started running. The car sped off.

Also, just before her arrest and detention, an armed group of collectivos on

motorcycles outside her home fired shots into the air, which she thought was

intended to scare her.

      The IJ issued an oral decision denying Tosar-Cedeno’s applications for

asylum and withholding of removal. Despite having “serious concerns” about her

credibility, the IJ assumed that Tosar-Cedeno was credible for purposes of his

decision. The IJ first found that her past experiences were not severe enough to

rise to the level of persecution. Next, the IJ found that she had not established that


                                          5
              Case: 18-13376    Date Filed: 06/05/2019   Page: 6 of 10


what she experienced was on account of her political opinion. The IJ found that

the attempted kidnapping of her daughter did not have any connection to her

political activities and that her arrest and detention were due to officers’ attempts

to find information about Preincar’s owners, not her political opinion. As to the

phone calls and other incidents, the IJ found that any connection to her political

activities was speculative.

      The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision on appeal. The BIA agreed with the IJ

that Tosar-Cedeno did not experience past persecution and stated that it was not

clearly erroneous for the IJ to determine that the motivation for her mistreatment

was not her actual or imputed political opinion. The BIA found that the reasons

for her mistreatment were “unclear and thus insufficient to satisfy the nexus

requirement for asylum and withholding of removal.” Tosar-Cedeno now petitions

this Court for review.

                                         II.

      We review the BIA’s decision as the final judgment, unless the BIA

expressly adopted the IJ’s decision. Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 577 F.3d

1341, 1350 (11th Cir. 2009). Where the BIA agrees with the IJ’s reasoning, we

will review the decisions of both the BIA and the IJ to the extent of the agreement.

Id. Here, because the BIA agreed with the findings of the IJ and added its own

observations, we review both.


                                         6
              Case: 18-13376    Date Filed: 06/05/2019    Page: 7 of 10


       We review factual findings for “substantial evidence” and conclusions of

law de novo. Id. Review for substantial evidence is deferential and is based on a

construction of the record evidence that is most favorable to the agency’s decision.

Id.   We must affirm the agency’s decision “if it is supported by reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. at

1351 (quotation marks omitted). Findings of fact may be reversed only if the

record compels a different result. Id. In other words, the mere fact that the record

may support a different conclusion is not sufficient to justify reversal. Sanchez

Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1230 (11th Cir. 2007).

       The government has the discretion to grant asylum if the applicant

establishes that she is a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). A “refugee” is

someone who is unable or unwilling to return to her country of nationality

“because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A). One of these protected grounds must be “at least one central

reason” for the persecution. Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). Similarly, an applicant for

withholding of removal must establish that her life or freedom would be threatened

upon removal “because of [her] race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion.” Id. § 1231(b)(3)(A). In other words,

an applicant must establish a “nexus” between the persecution and a protected


                                          7
                Case: 18-13376        Date Filed: 06/05/2019        Page: 8 of 10


ground to be eligible for asylum or withholding of removal. We will not reverse a

finding that an applicant failed to demonstrate a nexus if the finding is supported

by substantial evidence. Rodriguez Morales v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d 884, 890

(11th Cir. 2007).

                                                III.

       Here, substantial evidence supports the BIA and IJ’s determination that

Tosar-Cedeno failed to establish a nexus between her real or imputed political

opinions and any past persecution or feared future persecution. 2 With regard to the

three incidents with the collectivos—attempting to kidnap her daughter, following

her on the street, and shooting guns outside her house—Tosar-Cedeno’s testimony

did not identify with any specificity how the collectivos knew about her political

activity or why they targeted her and attempted to kidnap her daughter. Because

the connection between these events and Tosar-Cedeno’s political activity was

largely speculative, the record does not compel a conclusion contrary to the BIA

and IJ with respect to these events. See Sanchez Jimenez, 492 F.3d at 1230.

       With respect to her arrest and detention, substantial evidence supports the

BIA and IJ’s determination that Tosar-Cedeno’s actual or imputed political opinion


       2
          We need not and do not consider the BIA and IJ’s determination that the incidents
Tosar-Cedeno described did not rise to the level of persecution. Even assuming that the
incidents rose to the level of persecution, she still must establish a nexus to a protected ground to
be eligible for asylum and withholding of removal. Plus, the BIA and IJ did not address whether
she established a well-founded fear of future persecution even if she did not suffer past
persecution.
                                                 8
              Case: 18-13376    Date Filed: 06/05/2019    Page: 9 of 10


was not one central reason for her mistreatment.          Tosar-Cedeno’s testimony

indicates that the police were targeting the owners of Preincar, the business where

she worked, not Tosar-Cedeno specifically.

      Although the targeting of the owners was linked to their political activities, it

does not necessarily follow that Tosar-Cedeno was mistreated because of her

political activities. See Carrizo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 652 F.3d 1326, 1331 (11th Cir.

2011) (“The ordinary meaning of the phrase ‘persecution on account of . . .

political opinion’ in § 101(a)(42) is persecution on account of the victim’s political

opinion . . . .”) (quoting I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992)).

Despite participating in antigovernment rallies since 2014, Tosar-Cedeno was not

subject to any mistreatment until 2016. And it appears that her arrest and detention

may have been the product of her refusal to comply with the officers’ requests for

information about Preincar’s owners and for merchandise or invoices.              The

threatening phone calls she received likewise appear to have been linked to

Preincar’s owners and her refusal to cooperate.

      Mistreatment based on a refusal to cooperate generally is not enough to

establish the nexus requirement. See Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 438

(11th Cir. 2004) (“It is not enough to show that she was or will be persecuted or

tortured due to her refusal to cooperate . . . .”). Thus, while some evidence

supports Tosar-Cedeno’s claim that she was targeted by the police and the


                                          9
             Case: 18-13376    Date Filed: 06/05/2019   Page: 10 of 10


collectivos because of her participation in antigovernment rallies, we cannot say

that the record compels a finding contrary to that reached by the BIA and the IJ.

See Rodriquez Morales, 488 F.3d at 891.

      Because substantial evidence supports the BIA and IJ’s finding that Tosar-

Cedeno failed to establish a nexus between any mistreatment she suffered or feared

and her political opinions, she is not eligible for either asylum or withholding of

removal. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(A), 1231(b)(3)(A). Accordingly, we deny

the petition for review.

      PETITION DENIED.




                                        10
