J-A24008-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    JEAN-BAPTISTE GUIRLENE                     :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    DONNA RYAN, AS ADMINISTRATIX               :   No. 1851 EDA 2018
    OF THE ESTATE OF MYCHAJLO                  :
    JAREMIJCZUK                                :

                  Appeal from the Order Entered June 7, 2018
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                              No(s): 170302707


BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                        FILED FEBRUARY 24, 2020

        Appellant, Guirlene Jean-Baptiste,1 appeals from the trial court’s June

7, 2018 order granting Appellee’s, Donna Ryan, as administratrix of the estate

of Mychajlo Jaremijczuk, motion for post-trial relief. In that order, the trial

court set aside the jury’s verdict and directed that a new trial on all issues

take place. After careful review, we affirm.

        The trial court summarized the procedural history and factual

background of this case as follows:
____________________________________________


*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 We note that the caption incorrectly names Appellant as “Jean-Baptiste
Guirlene,” instead of “Guirlene Jean-Baptiste.”          Because the caption
apparently has been incorrect throughout the entire proceedings below and
neither party asks us to amend it, we will leave it as is.
J-A24008-19


       I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On May 2, 2018, following trial, a jury returned a verdict against
       [Appellee] and awarded [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] $600,000 in future
       economic damages for future medical expenses. Liability was not
       at issue. The jury found that [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] did not suffer
       serious impairment of a body function.[2] See Verdict Slip [at]
       Question 3. The jury did not award [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] non-
       economic damages. See Verdict Slip [at] Question 4.

       On May 10, 2018, [Appellee] filed a [p]ost-[t]rial [m]otion. On
       June 7, 2018, this [c]ourt granted [Appellee’s] [p]ost-[t]rial
       [m]otion, set aside the verdict, and ordered a new trial on all
       issues.

       On June 12, 2018, [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] filed a notice of appeal.[3]
       On June 18, 2018, [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] file[d] a [m]otion for
       [r]econsideration of the order granting [Appellee’s] [p]ost-[t]rial
       [m]otion, which was denied on June 29, 2018. On July 2, 2018,
       [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] filed [a timely Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise]
       [s]tatement of [e]rrors [c]omplained of on [a]ppeal….

       II. FACTS

       [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] testified that on August 5, 2015[,] at
       approximately 11:00 a.m.[,]1 … she was driving on Roosevelt
       Boulevard in Philadelphia when she was rear[-]ended by a vehicle
       operated by [Mr. Jaremijczuk]. [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] testified that
       the impact was hard and that her neck, shoulder[,] and back hurt
       immediately. [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] was transported by ambulance
       to the hospital. At the hospital, [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] underwent a
       CT scan.     She was given a prescription for ibuprofen and
       discharged. Shortly thereafter, [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] consulted her
____________________________________________


2 Ms. Jean-Baptiste is a limited-tort plaintiff. A limited-tort plaintiff “may seek
recovery for all medical and other out-of-pocket expenses, but not for pain
and suffering or other nonmonetary damages unless the injuries suffered fall
within the definition of ‘serious injury’….” 75 Pa.C.S. § 1705(a)(1). In
contrast, a full-tort plaintiff “may seek recovery for all medical and other out-
of-pocket expenses and may also seek financial compensation for pain and
suffering and other nonmonetary damages as a result of injuries caused by
other drivers.” Id.

3 An appeal may be taken as of right from an order in a civil action awarding
a new trial. See Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(6).

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        primary care physician, who recommended physical therapy. [Ms.
        Jean-Baptiste] commenced physical therapy about a month later,
        attending approximately three times a week for six to seven
        months. [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] testified that she cannot bend her
        back as well as she could before the accident and that she can no
        longer lift heavy objects. As a result of the accident, [Ms. Jean-
        Baptiste] testified that she missed three days of work as [a]
        certified nursing assistant (“CNA”)[,] that she takes ibuprofen for
        her pain[,] and that she received two injections for pain relief in
        her neck just below the shoulder. [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] testified
        that the pain has persisted, especially in the morning when her
        neck and shoulder are stiff.
           1 [Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s] [c]omplaint indicates that the
           accident occurred on August 7, 2015; also see N.T.,
           4/30/18[,] at 99-100.

        [Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s] expert, Dr. Lance Yarus (“Dr. Yarus”),
        testified that he believed [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] would require future
        medical care. Dr. Yarus testified about possible future medical
        care and associated costs. The future medical expenses included:
        rhizotomy or the burning of the nerves ($3,500-4,000, with
        associated surgical fees of $2,500-3,000), epidural injections
        ($850-1,100), ultrasound ($250-300), additional medications
        other than ibuprofen including opioids, anti-inflammatories,
        muscle relaxers, membrane stabilizers ($850-1,200/month),
        MRIs ($1,800-1,900),[4] another round of physical therapy ($950-
        1,250/week), electrodiagnostic testing on a yearly basis,
        epidurography (injecting dye into the area of pain to image the
        nerves), and possibly two different types of surgery: (1) disc
        removal ($22,000-25,000) and (2) fusion and stabilization
        ($165,000-170,000).

        Based on the testimony and [Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s] life expectancy
        of 34 years, a jury returned a verdict against [Appellee] and
        awarded [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] $600,000 in future economic
        damages.

Trial Court Opinion (“TCO”), 11/14/18, at 1-3 (most internal citations omitted;

commas added to some numbers).


____________________________________________


4   MRI stands for magnetic resonance imaging.

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J-A24008-19



       As mentioned supra, upon granting Appellee’s post-trial motion, the trial

court set aside the jury’s $600,000 verdict in favor of Ms. Jean-Baptiste and

ordered that a new trial take place on all issues. The trial court set forth two

grounds for its decision: first, it explained that the jury’s verdict of $600,000

in future economic damages was against the weight of the evidence and so

grossly excessive as to shock its sense of justice; and, second, it stated that

the verdict slip incorrectly permitted the jury to consider the question of future

economic damages before determining whether Ms. Jean-Baptiste had

suffered a serious injury. See TCO at 6, 10-11. As a result of this ruling, Ms.

Jean-Baptiste submits a single issue for our review:
       Whether the trial court abused its discretion and otherwise
       committed an error of law when it improperly set aside [Ms. Jean-
       Baptiste’s] verdict of $600,000?

Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s Brief at 9.5

       Though Ms. Jean-Baptiste raises a single issue in her statement of

questions    involved,    she    divides       her   argument   into   two   sections   in

contravention of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (“The argument

shall be divided into as many parts as there are questions to be argued; and

shall have at the head of each part—in distinctive type or in type distinctively

displayed—the particular point treated therein, followed by such discussion

and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.”); Donaldson v.

Davidson Bros., Inc., 144 A.3d 93, 99 n.9 (Pa. Super. 2016) (determining

____________________________________________


5We note that the Pennsylvania Association for Justice has filed a brief of
amicus curiae in support of Ms. Jean-Baptiste.

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J-A24008-19



that the appellant failed to comply with Rule 2119(a) where the appellant’s

brief did not “present and develop eight arguments in support of the eight

questions raised”). Notwithstanding Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s noncompliance, our

review is not precluded.

      In the first section of Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s brief, she challenges the trial

court’s determination that the jury’s verdict of $600,000 for future economic

damages was against the weight of the evidence and so excessive that it

shocked its sense of justice. For such claims, we apply the following standard

of review:
         Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the [trial
         court’s] exercise of discretion, not of the underlying
         question of whether the verdict is against the weight of the
         evidence. Because the trial judge has had the opportunity
         to hear and see the evidence presented, an appellate court
         will give the gravest consideration to the findings and
         reasons advanced by the trial judge when reviewing a trial
         court’s determination that the verdict is against the weight
         of the evidence. One of the least assailable reasons for
         granting or denying a new trial is the lower court’s
         conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight
         of the evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the
         interest of justice.

      The factfinder is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence
      and to determine the credibility of the witnesses. The trial court
      may award a … new trial only when the jury’s verdict is so contrary
      to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice. In determining
      whether this standard has been met, appellate review is limited to
      whether the trial judge’s discretion was properly exercised, and
      relief will only be granted where the facts and inferences of record
      disclose a palpable abuse of discretion. When a fact finder’s
      verdict is so opposed to the demonstrative facts that looking at
      the verdict, the mind stands baffled, the intellect searches in vain
      for cause and effect, and reason rebels against the bizarre and
      erratic conclusion, it can be said that the verdict is shocking.


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J-A24008-19



Haan v. Wells, 103 A.3d 60, 70 (Pa. Super. 2014) (brackets in original;

internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

      Here, the trial court provided the following rationale for why it set aside

the jury’s verdict and ordered a new trial:
      “It is well-settled that an item of damage claimed by a plaintiff
      can properly be submitted to the jury only where the burden of
      establishing damages by proper testimony has been met.”
      Mendralla v. Weaver Corp., 703 A.2d 480, 485 (Pa. Super. …
      1997); Cohen v. Albert Einstein Medical Center, 592 A.2d
      720, 729 (Pa. 1991). “In the context of a claim for future medical
      expenses, the movant must prove, by expert testimony, not only
      that future medical expenses will be incurred, but also the
      reasonable estimated cost of such services.” Id. (emphasis
      added). “Because the estimated cost of future medical services is
      not within the layperson’s general knowledge, the requirement of
      such testimony eliminates the prospect that the jury’s award will
      be speculative.” Id.; Cohen, 592 A.2d at 729.

      In determining whether a jury’s award of damages is supported
      by the evidence, the following factors are taken into account:

         1. the severity of the injury[;]

         2. whether the injury is demonstrated by objective physical
         evidence or subjective evidence[;]

         3. whether the injury is permanent[;]

         4. the plaintiff’s ability to continue employment[;]

         5. the disparity between the amount of out of pocket
         expenses and the amount of the verdict; and

         6. damages plaintiff requested in his complaint.

      Gillingham v. Consol Energy, Inc., 51 A.3d 841, 861 (Pa.
      [Super.] 2012).

      Based upon testimony from [Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s] expert, Dr.
      Yarus, which included estimated values for future medical care,
      the jury was instructed on future medical expenses. See 7.30
      (CIV) Future Medical Expenses, Pa. SSJI. This instruction may be
      appropriately given where the jury could reasonably infer that the

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J-A24008-19


     plaintiff would require future medical treatment based on evidence
     of past medical expenses and evidence of the permanent nature
     of the disability. Pratt v. Stein, 444 A.2d 674, 697 (Pa. Super.
     … 1982).

     The jury’s verdict of $600,000 for future economic damages is
     against the weight of the evidence and so grossly excessive as to
     shock the [c]ourt’s sense of justice. This is especially true under
     the particular circumstances of this case, where the jury found
     that [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] did not suffer a serious impairment of a
     body function. See Verdict [S]lip at [Q]uestion 3.

     [Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s] own expert, Dr. Yarus, testified to the
     severity of [Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s] injuries and whether the injury
     was demonstrated by objective evidence. Dr. Yarus testified that
     [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] suffered … a herniated disc at C5-C6. N.T.,
     4/30/18[,] at 77. However, Dr. Yarus did not testify that [Ms.
     Jean-Baptiste’s] injuries were permanent. Dr. Yarus further
     testified that [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] suffered soft tissue injuries to
     the neck; a C5-C6 bilateral radiculopathy; and chronic pain
     syndrome. Id. at 76-77.

     [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] testified that she missed just three days of
     work as a CNA as a result of this accident. Id. at 61, 98.
     According to [Ms. Jean-Baptiste], most of her neck and shoulder
     pain occurred in the morning; she has never taken anything other
     than ibuprofen for pain; her social activities were not affected by
     her injuries; and … her treatment consisted of physical therapy
     and two injections. Id. at 63, 97, 105[.]

     The jury’s verdict is against the weight of the evidence and so
     grossly excessive as to shock the [c]ourt’s sense of justice
     because [Ms. Jean-Baptiste] did not suffer a serious injury and the
     evidence did not warrant an award of $600,000.

TCO at 5-7.

     In response, Ms. Jean-Baptiste argues that “credible evidence was

presented to the jury without objection of required future care for [Ms. Jean-

Baptiste]; the cost of the future care was estimated to be approximately

$700,000; [and] the jury returned a verdict of $600,000. The verdict is 100%



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J-A24008-19



in line with the evidence presented and should not have been set aside.” Ms.

Jean-Baptiste’s Brief at 13. She advances, verbatim:
      The critical evidence presented was that of the cost of future
      medical care. As explained above, Dr. Yarus testified to the future
      care that Ms. Jean-Baptiste grows older and her condition worsens
      as a result of the trauma from the crash. Again, no objections
      were lodged to the presentation of the need for future medical
      care, nor was an objection lodged to the cost of the future care
      being presented to the jury. RR-93.

      Dr. Yarus testified to the estimated cost of the future treatment.
      He explained that Ablation procedures can cost between $3,500
      to $4,000, with surgical fees ranging from $2,500 to $3,000. RR-
      91. Facet injections cost between $850 to $1,100 and further
      diagnostic testing costs $1,800 per MRI. RR-91. Therapy was
      determined to cost Ms. Jean-Baptiste $1,200 a week. RR-92. The
      first surgical procedure recommended, the discectomy, costs
      $22,000 to $25,000 and the fusion stabilization surgery costs
      $165,000 to $170,000. RR-93. Dr. Yarus testified in accordance
      with his report and estimated conservatively that Ms. Jean-
      Baptiste will require treatment going forward that will potentially
      cost as much as $695,000. RR-93.

      The jury is certainly within its discretion to decide to award future
      medical expenses without a finding a serious impairment. Despite
      the seriousness of the injuries, the jury found that she did not
      sustain a serious impairment of a body function. Perhaps, the jury
      felt that her injuries are manageable by the future care she will
      be able to pay for with the damages awarded. It is certainly
      reasonable to assume that the jury relied on the testimony of Ms.
      Jean-Baptiste when she explained that the therapy and injections
      gave her relief and determined that with continued treatment a
      serious impairment of a body function would not be present.

Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s Brief at 16-17 (emphasis in original).

      No relief is due. Initially, Ms. Jean-Baptiste does not cite, nor does our

review of the transcript show, where Dr. Yarus testified that Ms. Jean-

Baptiste’s condition will worsen as she grows older as a result of the trauma

from the accident. Similarly, the transcript does not demonstrate that Dr.

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Yarus testified that Ms. Jean-Baptiste will require treatment going forward

that will potentially cost as much as $695,000. Though Dr. Yarus outlined the

costs of various treatments, he did not specifically explain which treatments

Ms. Jean-Baptiste is likely to require in the future, and he failed to offer a clear

estimation of how frequently — and for how long — such treatments will likely

occur. For instance, Dr. Yarus stated that “[e]pidural and/or facet injections

are [$]850 to $1,100[,]” but he did not say how often Ms. Jean-Baptiste would

likely need to receive them. See N.T. at 91; see also Appellee’s Brief at 14

(listing other ways in which Dr. Yarus’s testimony was unclear; for example,

observing that “Dr. Yarus discussed the costs of two types of surgery … but

[he] failed to state which if any surgery were required or recommended for

[Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s] treatment”). Given that the evidence of future medical

expenses is so vague and undeveloped, the trial court did not palpably abuse

its discretion in finding that the jury’s $600,000 verdict shocked its

conscience. See Haan, supra.

      Moreover, Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s care during the almost 3 years between

the accident and trial does not support such a large award for future medical

expenses. At trial, Ms. Jean-Baptiste stated that she feels basically the same

pain as she did at the time of the accident. N.T. at 49, 62. At the time of the

accident, Ms. Jean-Baptiste went to the hospital, where she was discharged

later that same day and told to take ibuprofen. Id. at 57. Since the accident,

Ms. Jean-Baptiste has treated her injury with physical therapy, ibuprofen, two

injections, and a few MRIs and EMGs. Id. at 42-43, 46-48, 61, 86, 97-98,

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105-06.6    Dr. Yarus acknowledged that Ms. Jean-Baptiste has experienced

some improvement with her pain through ibuprofen and therapy, and he noted

that she has not been affected in her social activities, missed only three days

of work as a CNA because of the accident, and continues to work full-time.

Id. at 97-98. This evidence of her past medical care and her ability to continue

with her regular activities, albeit with some limitations like lifting heavy things,

does not suggest that her future medical expenses will amount to $600,000.

Based on the foregoing, we discern no palpable abuse of discretion by the trial

court in awarding a new trial to Appellee. See Haan, supra.7

       Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 2/24/20




____________________________________________


6 Though the parties do not state what ‘EMG’ signifies, our research shows
that it is an abbreviation for electromyogram.

7 Given our disposition, we need not address Ms. Jean-Baptiste’s issue
pertaining to the propriety of the verdict slip.

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