            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    August 20, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 343528
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
LAMONT XAVIER CLARK,                                                LC No. 17-007830-01-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BECKERING, P.J., and SAWYER and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Lamont Xavier Clark, appeals his jury-trial convictions of armed robbery,
MCL 750.529, carjacking, MCL 750.529a, and possession of a firearm during the commission of
a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Clark was sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 10
to 20 years for the armed robbery and carjacking convictions, to be served consecutive to a two-
year prison term for the felony-firearm conviction. On appeal, Clark argues there was
insufficient evidence to convict him of all three charges. We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

         Clark’s convictions arise out of a carjacking during the early morning hours of July 27,
2017. According to the victim, Drew Burrell, he went for a drive that morning at about 3:00 a.m.
in his mother’s white Saturn Ion, which he had permission to use. After taking an unfamiliar exit
and getting lost, Burrell pulled over at a stop sign to use his cell phone for directions. While
Burrell was searching for directions, Clark approached Burrell’s car and put a gun to Burrell’s
head through the open driver’s-side window. Clark told Burrell to get out of the car. Burrell
testified that he got a good look at his assailant. After Burrell got out of the car, he complied
with Clark’s orders to run into an adjacent alley and lie down on the ground. As Burrell was
lying in the alley, he heard the vehicle drive away. Burrell then walked to a nearby gas station to
call the police. He informed the police that his carjacker was wearing a Detroit Tigers hat and a
Detroit Tigers tie-dye shirt during the robbery.

       The police were able to quickly locate Burrell’s cell phone, but not the stolen vehicle,
using the GPS locator on Burrell’s phone. Police found the phone at a phone store in Detroit.


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The officer in charge of the investigation learned from the store clerk that two people attempted
to sell the phone, and the officer testified that he viewed a surveillance video of two individuals
arriving at the phone store in a car that appeared to be Burrell’s. The video also showed the two
suspects entering the phone store, and they were later identified as Clark and his girlfriend, Josie
Jones.

         The police located the stolen vehicle a few days later in a hotel parking lot in Livonia.
The officer who discovered the vehicle ran the plates and determined that the car had been
stolen. He also saw a Detroit Tigers hat on the dashboard. Police surveillance of the vehicle was
futile, but the officers later found fingerprints inside the vehicle matching Clark’s and Jones’s
fingerprints. Surveillance video from the hotel also showed Clark, Jones, and two children get
out of the vehicle and enter the hotel, and Jones had filled out a hotel registration form.

       Days later, Burrell was called to the police department to identify Clark from a
photographic array. Burrell identified Clark as the carjacker from one of the photographs, and
Clark was arrested.

        At trial, Clark’s mother claimed that Clark had been at her home the night of the
carjacking. However, she admitted seeing Clark riding with Jones in a white car that “looked
like a Saturn.” Additionally, the home where defendant was living was just a few minutes from
the location of where the carjacking occurred. Burrell also testified and identified Clark as the
carjacker. Clark was convicted of armed robbery, carjacking, and felony-firearm.

                            II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       On appeal, Clark argues that the prosecution failed to present legally sufficient evidence
to support his convictions for armed robbery, carjacking, and felony-firearm. We disagree.

       “A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a jury trial is reviewed de novo.”
People v Gaines, 306 Mich App 289, 296; 856 NW2d 222 (2014). All record evidence must be
viewed in the “light most favorable to the prosecutor to determine whether any trier of fact could
find the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v
Robinson, 475 Mich 1, 5; 715 NW2d 44 (2006).

       The standard of review is deferential: a reviewing court is required to draw all
       reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.
       The scope of review is the same whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial.
       Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from that evidence can
       constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of a crime. [People v Nowack, 462
       Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

“It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to determine what inferences may be fairly
drawn from the evidence and to determine the weight to be accorded those inferences.” People v
Hardiman, 466 Mich 417, 428; 646 NW2d 158 (2002). Our Supreme Court has explained that
“it does not matter that the evidence gives rise to multiple inferences or that an inference gives
rise to further inferences.” Id.



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       Clark was convicted of armed robbery, carjacking, and felony-firearm. As this Court
explained in People v Henry, 315 Mich App 130, 136-137; 889 NW2d 1 (2016), to convict a
defendant of armed robbery, the prosecution must prove:

          (1) the defendant, in the course of committing a larceny of any money or other
          property that may be the subject of a larceny, used force or violence against any
          person who was present or assaulted or put the person in fear, and (2) the
          defendant, in the course of committing the larceny, either possessed a dangerous
          weapon, possessed an article used or fashioned in a manner to lead any person
          present to reasonably believe that the article was a dangerous weapon, or
          represented orally or otherwise that he or she was in possession of a dangerous
          weapon. [Quotation marks and citations omitted.]

          Our Supreme Court held in People v Hardy, 494 Mich 430, 444; 835 NW2d 340, 347
(2013):

          A carjacking occurs in the course of committing a larceny of a motor vehicle.
          While doing so, a defendant must use (1) force or violence, (2) the threat of force
          or violence, or (3) put in fear any operator, passenger, or person in lawful
          possession of the motor vehicle, or any person lawfully attempting to recover the
          motor vehicle. (Quotation marks and citations omitted.)

       Finally, as to the count of felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b states, in pertinent part, that “a
person who carries or has in his or her possession a firearm when he or she commits or attempts
to commit a felony” is guilty of felony firearm. “The elements of felony-firearm are that the
defendant possessed a firearm during the commission of, or the attempt to commit, a felony.”
People v Bass, 317 Mich App 241, 268-269; 893 NW2d 140 (2016), quoting People v Avant, 235
Mich App 499, 505; 597 NW2d 864 (1999).

         Clark argues that there is insufficient evidence to convict him of all three charges.
However, Burrell identified Clark as the person who committed the crimes against him. It is
well settled that identity is an element of every offense. People v Yost, 278 Mich App 341, 356;
749 NW2d 753 (2008). Furthermore, Clark’s fingerprints were found inside the stolen vehicle,
there was video of him driving Burrell’s vehicle, there was evidence that he attempted to sell
Burrell’s cell phone at a store, and Clark’s own mother testified that she saw him in a vehicle
that “looked like a Saturn.” There was sufficient evidence introduced at trial to allow a rational
trier of fact to infer that Clark was the perpetrator of the crimes.

         As to armed robbery, Burrell identified Clark as the man who pointed a gun at Burrell
and ordered him out of the car, thus using the threat of force to take Burrell’s vehicle, in which
Burrell had left his cell phone. Clark was in possession of Burrell’s cell phone until he attempted
to sell it. Therefore, a rational trier of fact could conclude that the prosecution had satisfied the
elements of armed robbery beyond a reasonable doubt.

        Similarly, there was sufficient evidence at trial to support the carjacking conviction.
According to Burrell, Clark targeted him specifically for his vehicle, and he ordered Burrell out
of the car by threating him with a gun. A gun was found in Burrell’s vehicle recovered from the

                                                  -3-
hotel parking lot. A rational trier of fact could find that the prosecution had proven all of the
essential elements of carjacking beyond a reasonable doubt.

        Turning to the felony-firearm conviction, armed robbery and carjacking served as
alternative predicate felonies for the felony-firearm charge. As already noted, there was ample
evidence on this record for a reasonable juror to conclude that Clark committed both of the
predicate felonies, and did so by intentionally brandishing a firearm. A rational juror could
reasonably infer that Clark was in knowing possession of a firearm during the commission of
either predicate felony.

        Lastly, in a one-sentence argument lacking any citation to supporting authority, Clark
argues that “the photo array shown to the victim distinguished [Clark’s] photo by cropping it
differently from the others.” Clark seems to suggest that the photographic array should have
been suppressed as unduly suggestive. See Perry v New Hampshire, 565 US 228, 232; 132 S Ct
716; 181 L Ed 2d 694 (2012) (“This Court has recognized . . . a due process check on the
admission of eyewitness identification, applicable when the police have arranged suggestive
circumstances leading the witness to identify a particular person as the perpetrator of a crime.”).
By failing to state that issue in his statement of questions presented, Clark has waived this
Court’s consideration of it, see People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 484 n 4; 802 NW2d 627
(2010), and by failing to cite any supporting authority, Clark has abandoned any such claim of
error, see People v Huffman, 266 Mich App 354, 371; 702 NW2d 621 (2005), (“Defendant
presents only a cursory argument on this issue, without any supporting authority, and we
consider this claim abandoned.”). Regardless, because Clark never moved to suppress the
identification testimony below, the issue is unpreserved, see People v Davis, 241 Mich App 697,
700; 617 NW2d 381 (2000), and given the overwhelming weight of the evidence against Clark,
his claim of error concerning the eyewitness identification necessarily fails under plain-error
review, see People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999), (noting that, under the
plain-error test, the defendant “bears the burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice”). In
light of the fingerprints, the video evidence, and the testimony from Clark’s mother, Clark
cannot demonstrate that the admission of evidence concerning Burrell’s eyewitness identification
was outcome determinative.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                            /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                            /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




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