                                NO. 07-10-0397-CV

                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                   AT AMARILLO

                                     PANEL A

                                 AUGUST 24, 2011




                CHESAPEAKE EXPLORATION, L.L.C., APPELLANT

                                         V.

               DALLAS AREA PARKINSONISM SOCIETY, INC., AND
              AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY HIGH PLAINS DIVISION,
                            INC., APPELLEES



           FROM THE 153RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY;

              NO. 153-241012-09; HONORABLE KEN CURRY, JUDGE



Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.


                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant, Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C. ("Chesapeake"), appeals from entry

of summary judgment in favor of Appellees, Dallas Area Parkinsonism Society, L.L.C.

("DAPS") and American Cancer Society High Plains Division, Inc. ("ACS"), on

Chesapeake's claim to recover bonus money paid to DAPS and ACS (together the

"Charities") in return for two oil and gas leases. In support, Chesapeake asserts the
trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of DAPS and ACS because (1)

Chesapeake's rescission and restitution claims are not barred as a matter of law under

the theory that Chesapeake bargained for and received a lease that operates as a

quitclaim deed; and disputed issues of material fact exist whether: (2) the parties shared

a mistaken belief that DAPS and ACS held title to the mineral estate which materially

affected the oil and gas transaction; (3) there is some evidence of a unilateral mistake;

(4) some or all of the bonus monies in equity and good conscience belong to

Chesapeake; (5) the Charities made negligent misrepresentations to Chesapeake; and

(6) some evidence exists supporting Chesapeake's claim for breach of the covenant of

seisin. We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.


                                          Background


       The testamentary bequest of Clere Pearle Geneske provided for the distribution

of her residuary estate one-half each to DAPS and ACS. In April 2006, at the request of

ACS's counsel, Bill Roberts,1 Frank Finn and Bank One Trust Company, N.A., co-

independent executors of Ms. Geneske's estate, conveyed to DAPS and ACS all of the

estate's "right, title and interest" to two tracts of land totaling approximately 83 acres in

Tarrant County, Texas, (the "Property"). The conveyance instrument, entitled

Conveyance and Assignment Without Warranty, was then filed in the Tarrant County




1
 Roberts was the Associate Corporate Counsel in ACS's Probate and Trust Department. After graduating
from law school in 1980, he worked as an in-house landman for Getty Oil Company before becoming self-
employed in 1984 as a landman putting oil and gas deals together. In 1986, he joined a small town
practice and thereafter worked at private law firms until joining ACS.

                                                 2
property records.2 At the time, DAPS and ACS believed that they were the owners of

the Property and were unaware that other entities possessed superior title.


       In May 2006, the Charities leased the Property to Llano Royalty, Ltd. (Llano) for

purposes of oil and gas exploration, development and production. During negotiations

with Llano and in subsequent negotiations with Chesapeake, Roberts referred to the

Property as "our tract," "our acreage," "[ACS]'s and [DAPS]'s minerals," "our minerals,"

and "our land." When the Llano lease expired by its terms, Chesapeake sought to lease

the Property from the Charities. Chesapeake contracted with PFM, L.L.C. ("PFM"), an

independent lease broker, to negotiate and submit lease proposals to Chesapeake for

approval.     Doug McCutchin, PFM's landman, was responsible for negotiating and

submitting lease proposals for the Property to Chesapeake.                     It is undisputed that

Roberts was the only person who communicated with McCutchin on behalf of both

DAPS and ACS.


       In a series of e-mails prior to execution of any lease between Chesapeake,

DAPS and ACS, Roberts indicated that he could "not warrant title, except that it is

unencumbered."         While Chesapeake wanted a general warranty, Roberts made a


2
This instrument, in pertinent part, stated as follows:

       NOW, THEREFORE, Grantor, for and in consideration of Ten and no/100 Dollars and
       other valuable consideration, does hereby GRANT, SELL, CONVEY, ASSIGN and
       DELIVER to American Cancer Society and to Dallas Area Parkinsonism Society (together
       herein called "Grantee") in equal undivided one-half interests each of the following:

       A.       All Grantor's right, title and interest in the Property.

                                           *      *       *
       TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the Assigned Interests unto Grantee, and their successors and
       assigns forever . . . and Grantor makes no warranty of title, express or implied, statutory
       or otherwise.


                                                         3
counterproposal of a special warranty and the parties agreed to a provision wherein the

Charities agreed to "bind themselves . . . and assigns to warrant and forever defend all

and singular the said property unto said Lessee, herein, . . . against every person

whomsoever claiming or to claim the same or any part thereof, by, through and under

[Lessor], but not otherwise."


       Roberts then indicated by e-mail that "[t]he only other thing we have not

discussed is method of payment" and suggested Chesapeake pay the bonus money by

check. He further suggested that, after Chesapeake was "comfortable with the title,"

they could meet and Roberts would exchange the original oil and gas lease for the

bonus money. McCutchin countered that Chesapeake would rather pay using a 30 day

draft because it would give them more time to run the title back. Roberts countered that

the Charities preferred a check and suggested: "How about if you (sic) we send you the

lease, and you agree in writing to pay us within 30 days after clearing title?" McCutchin

agreed to "pay within 30 days of clearing title," and asked Roberts if he wanted "a letter

acknowledging this agreement?" On Chesapeake's behalf, PFM subsequently

performed a title search of the Tarrant County property records which revealed the

conveyance of the Property from Genseke's estate to the Charities.


       In late 2007, Chesapeake executed two oil and gas leases with DAPS and ACS

pursuant to the terms negotiated between Roberts and McCutchin (the Leases). The

Leases' terms are virtually identical and state as folllows: "In consideration of a cash

bonus in hand paid and covenants contained herein, Lessor hereby grants, leases and

lets exclusively to Lessee the following described land, hereinafter, called the Leased



                                            4
premises . . . for the purpose of exploring for, developing, producing and marketing oil

and gas . . . ."


       Paragraph 23 of the addendums to the Leases stated as follows:


         [Lessor] does hereby bind themselves, their heirs, executors,
         administrators, successors, and assigns to warrant and forever defend
         all and singular the said property unto the said Lessee, herein, their
         heirs, successors, and assigns against every person whomsoever
         claiming the same or any part thereof, by, through and under [Lessor],
         but not otherwise.


       After execution of the Leases and payment of $498,000 in bonuses ($249,000

each to DAPS and ACS), Chesapeake recorded a memorandum of the Leases in the

real property records of Tarrant County and prepared to develop the Property. As part

of these preparations, Chesapeake subsequently obtained a detailed drilling title opinion

on the Property and discovered that neither DAPS nor ACS owned any interest in the

Property. Instead, the chain of title revealed the Property belonged to the Children's

Medical Foundation of Dallas and the Dallas Methodist Hospitals Foundation, Inc.,

through previous conveyances. When Chesapeake sought to obtain a refund of the

Lease bonuses, the Charities refused to repay the money. Thereafter, Chesapeake

filed suit and asserted actions for breach of the covenant of seisin, rescission of the

Leases due to mutual mistake, rescission of the Leases due to Chesapeake 's unilateral

mistake, money had and received/unjust enrichment and negligent misrepresentation.


       In April 2010, the Charities filed a traditional motion for summary judgment

asserting that all Chesapeake's theories "fail because [Chesapeake] accepted leases

from DAPS and ACS containing special warranties." The Charities asserted the special

warranty provision in the Leases did not warranty title but warranted "that [the Charities]

                                            5
[had] taken no action to encumber the title, or otherwise divest itself of any title it may

have." In July 2010, the Charities filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment on

Chesapeake's action for negligent misrepresentation asserting that Chesapeake did not

rely on any representations by DAPS or ACS regarding title to the Property but

conducted an independent investigation of the Property's title and bargained for the right

to check title before paying bonus money. The Charities also asserted they did not

proximately cause any injury to Chesapeake because the parties bargained for and

received a conveyance that is the functional equivalent of a quitclaim deed.


       In two orders, the trial court granted summary judgments in favor of the Charities

on all Chesapeake's causes of action and issued a final judgment wherein it ordered

that Chesapeake take nothing and taxed costs against Chesapeake.               This appeal

followed.


                                  Standard of Review


       Because the propriety of a summary judgment is a question of law, we review the

trial court's granting of a traditional or no-evidence summary judgment de novo.

Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). While viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to non-movants, we resolve all doubts and indulge

every reasonable inference against movants. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v.

Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003).


       For a party to prevail on a traditional motion for summary judgment, that party

must conclusively establish the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and that

he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Browning


                                            6
v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2005).           A defensive motion for summary

judgment should be granted if the defendant disproves at least one essential element of

each of the plaintiff=s causes of action, or conclusively establishes all the elements of an

affirmative defense as a matter of law. Shaw v. Moss, 67 S.W.3d 836, 842 (Tex. 2001).


       For a party to prevail on a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the

moving party must establish that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements

of the claim or claims for which the non-movant would bear the burden of proof at trial.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). A no-evidence summary judgment will be sustained when (1)

there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred by rules of

law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact,

(3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla, or (4) the

evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of a vital fact.       King Ranch Inc. v.

Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 750-51 (Tex. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1030, 124 S.Ct.

2097, 158 L.Ed.2d 711 (2004). When the evidence supporting a finding rises to a level

that would enable reasonable, fair-minded persons to differ in their conclusions, more

than a scintilla of evidence exists. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Havner, 953

S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997).


       Moreover, where, as here, the trial court=s order granting summary judgment

does not specify the basis for the ruling, we must affirm summary judgment if any of the

summary judgment grounds are meritorious. Western Investments, Inc. v. Urena, 162

S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005).       See Texas Workers= Compensation Commission v.

Patient Advocates of Texas, 136 S.W.3d 643, 648 (Tex. 2004).



                                             7
                                Quitclaim vs. Special Warranty


       The traditional motion for summary judgment filed by the Charities in the trial

court asserted a single ground for defeating all Chesapeake's theories for recovery of

the Leases' bonuses, i.e., that the Leases, although containing a special warranty, did

not warrant title but instead operated as a quitclaim deed. The Charities asserted the

special warranty provision "simply warrant[ed] that if the grantor has title, he has done

nothing to encumber or otherwise divest himself of title." (Emphasis added).

Chesapeake counters that the Leases' provisions taken as whole represent a special

warranty that purports to convey property, not a quitclaim purporting to convey the right,

title, and interest, if any, of the Charities in any given property.


       A deed that is unambiguous is construed as a matter of law. J. Hiram Moore,

Ltd. v. Greer, 172 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex. 2005). Texas law has long recognized that an

oil and gas lease is not a "lease" in the traditional sense of a lease of the surface of real

property. Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of America v. Pool, 124 S.W.3d 188, 192 (Tex.

2003). Rather, "[i]n a typical oil and gas lease, the lessor is a grantor and grants a fee

simple determinable interest to the lessee, who is actually a grantee. Id. (citing W. T.

Waggoner Estate v. Sigler Oil Co., 118 Tex. 509, 19 S.W.2d 27, 28-29 (Tex. 1929)).3

As a result, the lessee/grantee acquires ownership of all the minerals in place that the

lessor/grantor owned and purported to lease. Id.




3
 The lessee/grantee's interest is "determinable" because it may terminate and revert entirely to the
lessor/grantor upon occurrence of events that the lease specifies will cause termination of the estate.
Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of America, 124 S.W.3d at 192 (citing W. T. Waggoner Estate, 19 S.W.2d at
28.)


                                                  8
      A warranty deed to land conveys property while a quitclaim deed conveys the

grantor's rights in that property, if any. Geodyne Energy Income Production v. The

Newton Corporation, 161 S.W.3d 482, 485 (Tex. 2005) (citing Cook v. Smith, 107 Tex.

119, 174 S.W. 1094, 1095 (Tex. 1915)).          In deciding whether an instrument is a

quitclaim deed, courts look to whether the language of the instrument, taken as a whole,

conveyed the property itself or merely the grantor's rights. Id.; Enerlex, Inc. v. Amerada

Hess, Inc., 302 S.W.3d 351, 354 (Tex.App.--Eastland 2009, no pet.). What is important

and controlling is not whether the grantor actually owned the title to the land conveyed,

but whether the deed purported to convey the property. Enerlex, 302 S.W.3d at 355

(citing Am. Republics Corp. v. Houston Oil Co. of Texas, 173 F.2d 728, 734 (5th Cir.

1949)); Cook, 174 S.W. at 1096. Further, "[t]he language of the conveyance will be

construed most strongly against the grantor and in favor of the grantee, so as to convey

the greatest estate which the language used can be construed to pass." Roswurm v.

Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., 181 S.W.2d 736, 744 (Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth 1943, writ ref'd

w.o.m.).


      The Leases herein stated that "[i]n consideration of the cash bonus in hand paid

and covenants contained herein, Lessor hereby grants, leases and lets exclusively to

Lessee the following described land . . . for the purposes of exploring for, developing,

producing and marketing oil and gas . . . ." This phrase is followed by a detailed

description of the Leased property and represents a present grant of a determinable fee

interest in land. Obelgoner v. Obelgoner, 526 S.W.2d 790, 792 (Tex.Civ.App.--Corpus

Christi 1975, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (the phrase "hereby grants, leases and lets exclusively

unto Lessee . . . indicates a present grant"). See Parker v. Standard Oil Co. of Kansas,


                                            9
250 S.W.2d 671, 681 (Tex.Civ.App.--Galveston 1952, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ("A mineral lease

is the conveyance of a determinable fee interest in land" and "[t]he intention of the

parties to a mineral lease is that minerals shall be produced from the land lease, and

shared as therein specified.")


       Both in their briefs on appeal and in their pleadings before the trial court, the

parties describe the warranty clause to the Leases as a special warranty, i.e., that

DAPS and ACS "warrant and forever defend all and singular the said property unto the

said Lessee, herein, . . . against every person whomsoever claiming the same or any

part thereof, by, through and under [Lessor], but not otherwise." As such, taken as a

whole, the language of both the granting and warranty clauses supports a conclusion

the Leases purport to convey title to the Property itself, not merely quitclaim the

Charities rights therein. See Whitehead v. State, 724 S.W.2d 111, 112 (Tex.App.--

Beaumont 1987, writ ref'd) (deed containing the qualifying words "by, through or under

me, but not otherwise" not a quitclaim deed but a special warranty deed); Van Cleave v.

Bell Oil & Gas Co., 102 S.W.2d 1103, 1105 (Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth 1937, writ dism'd)

(warranty clause that contains the qualifying words "by, through, or under me, but not

otherwise," is not a quitclaim deed); Huling v. Moore, 194 S.W. 188, 192 (Tex.Civ.App.--

San Antonio 1917, writ ref'd) (special warranty deed was not a quitclaim deed, but

conveyed the land itself). As a result, Chesapeake's breach of the covenant of seisin,

money had and received, unjust enrichment, recession and restitution claims are not

barred as a matter of law under the theory that Chesapeake bargained for and received

a quitclaim.




                                          10
        Chesapeake's first issue is sustained.              Having sustained Chesapeake's first

issue, issues two, three, four and six are pretermitted.


                                   Negligent Misrepresentation

        In their no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the Charities assert that

Chesapeake cannot prevail because it cannot show justifiable reliance or causation4

because it conducted an independent investigation of the property's title and bargained

for the right to check the property's title before paying any bonus money. See King

Ranch, Inc., 118 S.W.3d at 751 (no-evidence summary judgment sustained when

evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of a vital fact). The Charities also assert

they made no representations regarding title to the property.


        Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Chesapeake while resolving all

doubts and indulging every inference against the Charities, we find that the Charities

have failed to establish as a matter of law the opposite of a fact vital to Chesapeake's

cause of action, to-wit: justifiable reliance. If anything, the results of Chesapeake's

preliminary independent title investigation reinforced the information that was being

provided by the Charities, i.e., that they held title to the Property.                        Where an

independent investigation "fails to disclose any facts which contradicted those made by

applicant, nor did they reveal anything that would lead defendant to believe applicant's

statements were untrue . . . the defendant [does] not preclude itself from relying upon

the truth of applicant's statements and warranties." Gaston v. Woodmen of World Life
4
 The elements of negligent misrepresentation are: (1) the representation is made by the defendant in the
course of his business, or in a transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest; (2) the defendant supplies
"false information" for the guidance of others in their business; (3) the defendant did not exercise
reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating the information; and (4) the plaintiff suffers
pecuniary loss by justifiably relying on the representation. Federal Land Bank Ass'n v. Sloane, 825
S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1991).

                                                    11
Ins. Soc., 167 S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth 1942, writ dism'd); Woodmen

of the World Life Ins. Co. v. Davenport, 159 S.W.2d 913, 918 (Tex.Civ.App.—Eastland

1941, no writ). "The mere fact that one makes a personal investigation, or consults with

others, or has other sources of information open to him, does not necessarily show that

he relied on such personal investigation, or the information gained therefrom, or through

other sources."         Durham v. Wichita Mill & Elevator Co., 202 S.W. 138, 142

(Tex.Civ.App.--Fort Worth 1918, writ ref'd). See Kessler v. Fannig, 953 S.W.2d 515,

519 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1997, no writ) ("possibility of an independent investigation

that might have uncovered fraud does not preclude recovery for fraudulent

representations" and "the [plaintiff's] inspection was not a defense to this

misrepresentation claim"); Carruth v. Allen, 368 S.W.2d 672, 679 (Tex.Civ.App.--Austin

1963, no writ) ("An independent investigation of matters that eventually culminate in a

contract does not as a matter of law defeat a right to rely on allegedly false

representations.") Compare Camden Machine & Tool, Inc. v. Cascade Company, 870

S.W.2d 304, 311 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1993, no writ) ("when a person makes his own

investigation of the facts, and knows the representations are false, he cannot, as a

matter of law, be said to have relied upon the misrepresentations of another")

(emphasis added).          "The material question is, Did [Chesapeake] . . . rely on false

statements or misrepresentations made by the [Charities]?" Durham, 202 S.W. at 142.5



5
 The Charities cite Bartlett v. Schmidt, 33 S.W.3d 35, 38 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2000, pet. denied) for
the proposition that any independent investigation by the buyer negates reliance on the seller's
representations. This proposition overstates the holding of the Bartlett case. See Pleasant v. Bradford,
260 S.W.3d 546, 554 n.3 (Tex.App.--Austin 2008, pet. denied) ("Of course, the [Bartlett] court was not
stating that any evidence of an investigation defeats an allegation of reliance . . . .") In Barlett, the court
recognized that any independent investigation sufficient to negate reliance would encompass "matters
covered by representations, which is sufficient to inform him of the truth." Bartlett, 33 S.W.3d at 38.
Moreover, "[a]lthough the courts of appeals have articulated different tests for when a buyer's

                                                      12
        In addition, an injury may have more than one producing cause, and Texas

courts have found that a seller's misrepresentations can be a producing cause of a

buyer's injury even when the buyer has conducted an independent investigation. See,

e.g., Kessler, 953 S.W.2d at 519; O'Hern v. Hogard, 841 S.W.2d 135, 137-38

(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, no writ) (finding inspection did not constitute new

and independent cause of buyer's damages and determining proper inquiry is whether

the seller's act was the producing cause of buyer's damages). The rationale behind

doing so is that, although the buyer may have conducted an independent investigation,

he may have also relied on representations by the seller and seller's agent. Kessler,

953 S.W.2d at 519. Thus, without evidence to show that a buyer relied exclusively on

his independent report or had actual and complete knowledge of the alleged defect,

false information provided by the seller might have been a producing cause of a buyer's

damages. Blackstock v. Dudley, 12 S.W.3d 131, 133-34 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1999, no

pet.) The Charities' summary judgment evidence fails to establish as a matter of law the

opposite of a vital fact, to-wit: that Chesapeake relied either exclusively on PFM's title

search or that Chesapeake had actual and complete knowledge of the defect in the

Charities' title to the property.


        Regarding the Charities' representations, the statements in the record that,

during negotiations, the Charities referred to the property as "[ACS]'s and [DAPS]'s


independent inspection will defeat causation and reliance as a matter of law; [citations omitted], the courts
have consistently applied these tests such that a buyer's independent inspection precludes a showing of
causation and reliance if it reveals to the buyer the same information that the seller allegedly failed to
disclose." Williams v. Dardenne, No. 01-10-00492, ___ S.W.3d___, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 3849, at *19-
21 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] May 19, 2011, pet. filed) (collected cases cited therein) (emphasis
added). As already noted, here, the results of Chesapeake's preliminary independent investigation did
not reveal what the Charities allegedly failed to disclose, i.e., lack of ownership. To the contrary, the
information acquired tended to bolster the Charities alleged misrepresentations.

                                                     13
minerals," "our minerals," and "our land," at the least, when coupled with McCutchin's

affidavit wherein he states he relied on the Charities’ representations as well as the

Leases' granting clauses and special warranty provisions in executing the Leases,

creates a fact issue whether Chesapeake reasonably relied upon those representations.

In addition, our review of the e-mail exchange wherein the Charities assert Chesapeake

assumed the risk of checking title and ownership of the property, when viewed in a light

most favorable to Chesapeake, indicates otherwise. That is, after the parties completed

their negotiations of the special warranty provision, the negotiations, at the Charities'

request, turned to the method of payment--not the parties' relative contractual

responsibilities regarding title to the property.


       Further, we do not reach the issue raised by the Charities whether the special

warranty provision, by itself, put Chesapeake on notice as to any doubts regarding the

Property's title. This argument was not made to the trial court in either motion for

summary judgment. To preserve error on appeal, a party must make a timely, specific

objection or motion to the trial court that states the grounds for the ruling sought with

sufficient specificity and complies with the rules of evidence and procedure. See Tex.

R. App. P. 33.1(a). If an argument is presented for the first time on appeal, it is waived.

Id.   See Marine Transport Corp. v. Methodist Hospital, 221 S.W.3d 138, 147 n.3

(Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).


       That said, however even if we were to consider the cases cited by the Charities

in support of the principle that a special warranty deed itself puts a party on notice of

defects in the title as a matter of law; see McIntyre v. DeLong, 8 S.W. 622, 623 (Tex.

1888); Rhode v. Alley, 27 Tex. 443, 1864 Tex. LEXIS 21, at *3 (Tex. 1864); see also

                                              14
Colonial & U.S. Mortgage Co., Ltd. v. Tubbs, 45 S.W. 623, 624 (Tex.Civ.App.--Dallas

1898, no writ), other cases indicate that, while a quitclaim deed to land conveys upon its

face doubts about a grantor's interest and a buyer is necessarily put on notice as to

those doubts; South Plains Switching, Ltd. v. BNSF Railway Company, 255 S.W.3d

690, 707 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2008, no pet.), a special warranty deed does not, of itself,

carry notice of defects in title. Richardson v. Levi, 67 Tex. 359, 3 S.W. 444, 447 (1887)

("On its face, [a special warranty deed] possesses an indefeasible title, and gives no

notice that there may be some secret claim which may defeat it."); Munawar v. Cadle

Co., 2 S.W.3d 12, 16 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1999, pet. denied); Paul, 211 S.W.2d at

356. We believe the second group of cases present the more reasoned approach

because a special warranty deed conveys the land itself; Paul, 211 S.W.2d at 356;

Choice Acquisitions No. Two, Inc. v. Noesi, No. 14-06-00973-CV, 2007 Tex. App.

LEXIS 6218, at *15-20 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.);

Huling, 194 S.W. at 192, and is not a quitclaim deed. Whitehead, 724 S.W.2d at 112;

Van Cleave, 102 S.W.2d at 1104. Accordingly, Appellant's fifth issue is sustained.


                                      Conclusion


      The trial court's judgment is reversed and this cause is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                                 Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                     Justice




                                            15
