                United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 18-3623
                        ___________________________

                                   Jennifer Paskert

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

   Kemna-ASA Auto Plaza, Inc., doing business as Auto Smart of Spirit Lake

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant

Brent Burns; Brent Weringa; Auto$mart, Inc.; Kenneth Kemna; Kemna Motor Company

                     lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees
                                     ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Iowa - Sioux City
                                ____________

                          Submitted: December 11, 2019
                            Filed: February 13, 2020
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, GRASZ and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

GRASZ, Circuit Judge.
       Jennifer Paskert seeks review of the district court’s1 grant of summary
judgment, in which the court found Paskert failed to exhaust administrative remedies
in her retaliation claim, failed to allege a sex discrimination claim, and failed to show
defendant’s conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to constitute a hostile work
environment claim under Title VII, or the Iowa Civil Rights Act (“ICRA”). For the
reasons set forth below, we affirm.

                                   I. Background

       Paskert was a sales associate of Auto$mart, Inc. (“Auto Smart”) in Spirit Lake,
Iowa, from May to November 2015.2 Auto Smart is a “buy here, pay here” used-car
dealership and part of a larger group of businesses operated by Kenneth Kemna.
During her tenure at Auto Smart, Paskert was supervised by Brent Burns, the manager
of the Spirit Lake Auto Smart location. James Bjorkland was also a sales associate
employed at the Spirit Lake location.

       When Paskert was hired, her job duties included car sales, collections, and
preparing cars for sale. The training for these jobs included role-playing exercises
where the sales associates would take turns giving the “sticker presentation” for
particular cars. Paskert was also trained on the collections portion of her role.

       Paskert alleges she was prevented from completing her training. She claims this
was because, when she tried to shadow Burns or Bjorkland on the lot while they were
pitching cars to customers, Burns would send her back inside to answer the phone.


      1
        The Honorable Leonard T. Strand, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Northern District of Iowa.
      2
       The facts are recited viewing the record in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Garrison v. Dolgencorp, LLC, 939 F.3d 937, 940–41 (8th Cir.
2019).

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       The evidence shows Burns’s behavior as a manager was volatile. Burns
frequently lost his temper with everyone, he ridiculed and screamed at his employees,
he referred to female customers using derogatory names, and threw objects in the
office.

      Evidence also shows Burns’s treatment of women was demeaning, sexually
suggestive, and improper. Bjorkland and Paskert both testified to having heard Burns
remark that he “never should have hired a woman” and wonder aloud if he could make
Paskert cry. Burns also openly bragged at work about his purported sexual conquests.
On one occasion, Bjorkland witnessed Burns attempt to rub Paskert’s shoulders and
say he was going to give her a hug. Bjorkland believed the contact was unwelcome.
On another occasion, after Paskert criticized the way Burns treated women and
wondered how his wife tolerated such behavior, Burns replied, “Oh, if you weren’t
married and I wasn’t married, I could have you . . . You’d be mine . . . I’m a closer.”

     Both Paskert and Bjorkland testified that they reported these incidents to Brent
Weringa, the Director and Supervising Manager of Auto Smart.

      In the fall, Burns met with Kenneth Kemna. Kenneth suggested that Paskert
should be terminated because in her four months on the job she had not sold any cars,
yet was making the same amount as Bjorkland who was doing all of the sales work.
Burns pushed back; he proposed that Paskert be retained, but with a different job title
and pay structure.

      In November 2015, Paskert was offered a new payment plan and job title
whereby she would shift from a sales associate to a collections management and sales
support role. As a result, she would likely make less money. Paskert understood this
new offer as a demotion.




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      Three days after Paskert accepted the new payment plan and job title, she was
discharged for insubordination and for “refus[ing] to discuss what was bothering her
on Friday, November 6th.” In the discharge report, Burns further justified the
discharge by criticizing Paskert’s sales record and use of profanity at work. He also
claimed that, immediately after the discharge, Paskert threw candy all over the desk
and took her computer passwords with her. Paskert denies Burns’s allegations,
claiming she never threw anything nor did she take information when she was
terminated.

      In January 2016, Paskert filed a complaint with the Iowa Civil Rights
Commission (“ICRC”) alleging a hostile work environment created and maintained
by Burns, Weringa, and Kemna. The ICRC issued a right-to-sue letter on November
21, 2016, and so Paskert proceeded to file suit before the federal district court.
Paskert’s federal complaint included a claim for sex discrimination based on a hostile
work environment, and retaliation. The district court granted the defendants’ motion
for summary judgment.

                                    II. Analysis

        We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the
record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and granting all reasonable
inferences in her favor. Withers v. Johnson, 763 F.3d 998, 1002 (8th Cir. 2014).
Additionally, because Paskert presents no separate arguments under the ICRA, which
was modeled after Title VII of the United States Civil Rights Act, we address her state
civil rights claims together with her Title VII claims. See Hannoon v. Fawn Eng’g
Corp., 324 F.3d 1041, 1046 (8th Cir. 2003); Vivian v. Madison, 601 N.W.2d 872, 873
(Iowa 1999).




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                          A. Hostile Work Environment

       Title VII prohibits sexual harassment that takes the form of a hostile work
environment. An employee can sue under Title VII if the harassment is “sufficiently
severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [the victim’s] employment and create an
abusive working environment.” Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67
(1986) (alteration in the original and internal quotation omitted). Although the
Supreme Court’s precedent is clear that “Title VII comes into play before the
harassing conduct leads to a nervous breakdown,” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510
U.S. 17, 22 (1993), our Eighth Circuit precedent sets a high bar for conduct to be
sufficiently severe or pervasive in order to trigger a Title VII violation.

      This court has previously described the “boundaries of a hostile work
environment claim,” and demonstrated that some conduct well beyond the bounds of
respectful and appropriate behavior is nonetheless insufficient to violate Title VII.
McMiller v. Metro, 738 F.3d 185, 188 (8th Cir. 2013). In McMiller the court outlined
several cases illustrating conduct that was not sufficient to amount to actionable
severe or pervasive conduct. First, in McMiller we described the facts of Duncan v.
General Motors Corp. in which:

      a supervisor sexually propositioned [the employee], repeatedly touched
      her hand, requested that she draw an image of a phallic object to
      demonstrate her qualification for a position, displayed a poster
      portraying the plaintiff as the ‘president and CEO of the Man Hater’s
      Club of America,’ and asked her to type a copy of a ‘He-Men Women
      Hater’s Club’ manifesto.

Id. at 188 (citing Duncan, 300 F.3d 928, 931–35 (8th Cir. 2002)). The court held
these facts were not sufficiently severe or pervasive enough to establish a Title VII
hostile work environment claim. Id. Similarly, in McMiller the court summarized the
facts of LeGrand v. Area Resources for Community and Human Services, where it
determined even more outrageous conduct, including graphic sexual propositions and

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even incidental unwelcome sexual contact, did not establish severe or pervasive
conduct sufficient to be actionable. Id. at 189 (citing LeGrand, 394 F.3d 1098,
1100–03 (8th Cir. 2005)).

        In light of these precedents, Burns’s alleged behavior, while certainly
reprehensible and improper, was not so severe or pervasive as to alter the terms and
conditions of Paskert’s employment. Unlike even the plaintiffs in Duncan, LeGrand,
or McMiller, Paskert only alleges one instance of unwelcome physical contact, one or
two statements where Burns stated he could “have Paskert,” and several statements
about how he never should have hired a female and wanted to make Paskert cry. All
of this behavior is inappropriate and should never be tolerated in the workplace, but
it is not nearly as severe or pervasive as the behavior found insufficient in Duncan and
LeGrand. Assuming Paskert’s allegations are true, Auto Smart and Burns should both
be embarrassed and ashamed for how they treated her. Nevertheless, we may only ask
whether their behavior meets the severe or pervasive standard applied by this circuit,
and it does not. Therefore, the district court properly granted the motion for summary
judgment regarding the hostile work environment claim under Title VII and the ICRA.



                                    B. Retaliation

       On appeal, Paskert argues the district court erroneously dismissed her
retaliation claim for failing to exhaust her administrative remedies. In the context of
employment discrimination, the “[a]dministrative remedies are exhausted by the
timely filing of a charge and the receipt of a right-to-sue letter.” Faibisch v. Univ. of
Minn., 304 F.3d 797, 803 (8th Cir. 2002). Regarding a particular claim, the Eighth
Circuit “deem[s] administrative remedies exhausted as to all incidents of
discrimination that are ‘like or reasonably related to the allegations of the
[administrative] charge.’” Tart v. Hill Behan Lumber Co., 31 F.3d 668, 671 (8th Cir.
1994) (alteration in original) (quoting Anderson v. Block, 807 F.2d 145, 148 (8th Cir.

                                          -6-
1986)). Thus, the scope of a civil suit before a district court for retaliation under Title
VII is limited to the claims properly brought before the appropriate administrative
body, here the ICRC.

       Paskert failed to exhaust her retaliation claim. Question 18 of the ICRC
Complaint Form asked, “If you have previously complained to anyone within the
organization or the ICRC or reported discrimination or participated as a witness, do
you believe you have suffered an adverse action or been treated differently since you
complained about discrimination?” The subpart to this question specifically asked,
“If yes, how were you retaliated against and by whom?” Paskert left both portions of
Question 18 blank and did not specifically allege retaliation in any other portion of her
ICRC complaint.

       Paskert argues the retaliation claim can be gleaned or reasonably inferred from
her narrative answers to other questions, most specifically Question 27 of the ICRC
Questionnaire. In response to this question Paskert described how Burns stated he
should not have hired a woman, tried to make her cry, yelled and threw objects,
required Paskert to answer phones like a secretary, and prevented her training. But,
Paskert fails to describe how her termination or demotion was caused by her reporting
harassment, complaining of sexual harassment, or participating in a harassment
investigation, as required for a Title VII retaliation claim. Under our precedent, “it
is well established that retaliation claims are not reasonably related to underlying
discrimination claims,” and therefore a retaliation claim must be distinctly and
separately alleged. Wallin v. Minn. Dep’t of Corrs., 153 F.3d 681, 688–89 (8th Cir.
1998).

      Here, although Paskert claims she reported Burns’s inappropriate behavior to
Weringa, the narrative answers in her ICRC Complaint and Questionnaire fail to draw
a connection between her reporting of Burns’s behavior and the adverse employment
actions Auto Smart took against her. And while we read ICRC submissions

                                           -7-
charitably, we cannot “invent[], ex nihilo, a claim which simply was not made.”
Shannon v. Ford Motor Co., 72 F.3d 678, 685 (8th Cir. 1996). Because Paskert failed
to answer Question 18, which directly asked about retaliation, and also failed to
separately allege a retaliation claim before the ICRC, we conclude there was no
distinctly-alleged retaliation claim before the ICRC. Therefore the district court
properly found that she failed to exhaust her administrative remedies before suing.

                  C. Employment Discrimination Based on Sex

       In a footnote of the district court’s opinion, the court noted “Paskert has not
advanced a claim of discriminatory treatment, distinct from hostile work environment,
based on sex.” The court went on to note that although Paskert’s complaint used the
term “discrimination based on sex,” all of her allegations focus on a claim of a hostile
work environment. Because hostile work environment claims are separate from sex
discrimination claims, and because Paskert failed to make any separate arguments
regarding a claim for sex discrimination in her summary judgment resistance briefs,
the district court concluded the claim was not before the court. We agree.

       While it is true Paskert used the phrase “discrimination based on sex” to
describe the first claim in her second amended complaint, she did not allege a
particular theory of relief in the complaint or facts to support such a theory. Instead,
she used buzzwords like discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment as
broad, catch-all terms for her claims. Paskert never set out the prima facie elements
for a sex discrimination claim in any of her briefing, nor did she argue that her
circumstances met such requirements. And, Paskert did not oppose the granting of
summary judgment on sex discrimination grounds. Rather, she argued there was no
genuine dispute of material fact regarding the creation of a “hostile work
environment” and no genuine dispute that her “termination was retaliation.” As such,
Paskert failed to allege a claim for sex discrimination distinct from her hostile work
environment claim.

                                          -8-
       Additionally, even if Paskert had properly pled a sex discrimination claim, she
waived it when she failed to oppose summary judgment on those grounds. The
“failure to oppose a basis for summary judgment constitutes waiver of that argument,”
because the non-moving party is responsible for demonstrating any genuine dispute
of material fact that would preclude summary judgment. Satcher v. Univ. of Ark. at
Pine Bluff Bd. of Trs., 558 F.3d 731, 735 (8th Cir. 2009). “It was not the District
Court’s responsibility to sift through the record to see if, perhaps, there was an issue
of fact.” Id. at 735. Thus, even if Paskert had properly pled a sex discrimination
claim, her failure to oppose such a claim on summary judgment means she waived the
argument on appeal.

                                   III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________




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