                                                        FILED
 1                       ORDERED PUBLISHED               JUL 25 2012
                                                    SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                    U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                      O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT

 3               UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                         OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )    BAP No.    ID-11-1389-MkHJu
                                   )
 7   ANDY N. SALGADO-NAVA,         )    Bk. No.    09-41646
                                   )
 8                  Debtor.        )
                                   )
 9                                 )
     R. SAM HOPKINS, Chapter 7     )
10   Trustee,                      )
                                   )
11                  Appellant,     )
                                   )
12   v.                            )    O P I N I O N
                                   )
13   ASSET ACCEPTANCE LLC; RECOVERY)
     MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CORP.;     )
14   BONNEVILLE BILLING &          )
     COLLECTIONS; NCO PORTFOLIO    )
15   MANAGEMENT; EASTERN IDAHO RMC;)
     SPRINT NEXTEL CORRESPONDENCE; )
16   AMERICAN INFOSOURCE LP,       )
                                   )
17                  Appellees.*    )
                                   )
18
                   Argued and Submitted on June 14, 2012
19                            at Boise, Idaho
20                         Filed - July 25, 2012
21            Appeal From The United States Bankruptcy Court
                         for the District of Idaho
22
23        *
           Appellant named all unsecured creditors who filed proofs of
24   claim in the debtor’s bankruptcy case as appellees. While none
     of them actively participated in the bankruptcy court proceedings
25   leading up to this appeal or in the appeal itself, naming them as
     appellees was not inappropriate because each of them might be
26
     affected by the relief appellant seeks on appeal. See generally
27   Int’l Ass’n of Firefighters, Local 1186 v. City of Vallejo (In re
     City of Vallejo), 408 B.R. 280, 298-99 (9th Cir. BAP 2009)
28   (discussing criteria for appellee standing).
 1            Honorable Jim D. Pappas, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
 2
 3   Appearances:     Monte Gray of the Gray Law Offices, PLLC argued
                      for appellant R. Sam Hopkins, chapter 7 trustee;
 4                    Ronald R. Peterson of Jenner & Block LLP argued
                      for amici curiae Jeremy Gugino and the National
 5                    Association of Bankruptcy Trustees; and
                      Cameron M. Gulden argued for amicus curiae the
 6                    Office of the United States Trustee.
 7
 8   Before:    MARKELL, HOLLOWELL and JURY, Bankruptcy Judges.
 9   MARKELL, Bankruptcy Judge:
10
11                                INTRODUCTION
12        R. Sam Hopkins (“Hopkins”) sought $1,315.41 in fees for his
13   service as a chapter 71 bankruptcy trustee.    He based his request
14   on the trustee compensation rates set forth in § 326(a).     The
15   bankruptcy court, however, found that the reasonable value of his
16   services only amounted to $750 and limited Hopkins’s fees to that
17   amount.
18        We REVERSE the bankruptcy court’s fee award and REMAND with
19   instructions to enter a fee award of $1,315.41, the full amount
20   Hopkins requested.
21                                   FACTS
22        Andy N. Salgado-Nava (“Salgado-Nava”) commenced his
23   voluntary chapter 7 bankruptcy case by filing his bankruptcy
24   petition on October 22, 2009.    Hopkins was then appointed to
25
26        1
           Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     all Rule references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
28   Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

                                       2
 1   serve as trustee for Salgado-Nava’s chapter 7 bankruptcy estate.
 2        Hopkins initially determined that there were no non-exempt
 3   assets to distribute to creditors.     He thus categorized Salgado-
 4   Nava’s case, in line with most chapter 7 cases, as a no-asset
 5   case.2   Hopkins had reached his decision after performing a
 6   number of tasks, including reviewing Salgado’s schedules, his
 7   statement of financial affairs, his tax returns, and his
 8   responses to Hopkins’s examination questions at the first meeting
 9   of creditors held pursuant to § 341(a).      Because of Hopkins’s no-
10   asset determination, creditors and other parties in interest were
11   told in January 2010 not to file proofs of claim in the case.
12   See Rule 2002(e).    Hopkins’s only income expectation was a small
13   $60 fee.3
14
          2
15          Approximately 90% of all chapter 7 cases are classified as
     no-asset cases. LOIS R. LUPICA , THE CONSUMER BANKRUPTCY FEE STUDY FINAL
16   REPORT 47 (2011), available at
     http://bapcpafeestudy.com/tag/final-report/ (last visited July
17   20, 2012) (finding 89.4% of chapter 7 cases after the 2005
     Bankruptcy Code amendments are no-asset cases); see also W.
18
     Clarkson McDow, Jr., Protecting the Integrity of the Bankruptcy
19   System in Chapter 7 No-Asset Cases, NABTALK (Fall 2001),
     available at
20   http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/public_affairs/articles/docs/nabtal
     kfall2001.htm (last visited July 20, 2012) (estimating
21   approximately 96% of chapter 7 cases were no-asset cases).
22         That no-asset cases are all-too-common is underscored by
     Rule 2002(e), which allows trustees and clerks generally to tell
23   creditors to dispense with filing proofs of claim unless the
     creditors are later notified that there will be assets to
24   disburse.
25        3
           In a no-asset case such as Salgado-Nava’s, Hopkins and all
26   other trustees receive only a $60 fee, regardless of how much
     work is undertaken. § 330(b)(1) & (2). This amount has not
27   changed since 1994, and Congress has not made this amount subject
     to the Code’s provision indexing various amounts for inflation.
28                                                      (continued...)

                                        3
 1        But Hopkins had also sent routine notices to various taxing
 2   authorities, including the State of Idaho.    These notices told of
 3   Salgado-Nava’s bankruptcy filing.     They also requested that the
 4   recipients advise Hopkins of any tax refunds owed to Salgado-
 5   Nava, as Hopkins claimed that such refunds were property of the
 6   bankruptcy estate under § 541.
 7        These notices brought results.    As it turned out, Salgado-
 8   Nava had overpaid his state taxes for 2009 and 2010 by
 9   approximately $10,000.   In compliance with the notices, Idaho
10   sent Hopkins Salgado-Nava’s tax refunds.    Hopkins then withdrew
11   his no-asset report.   He also issued a new notice advising
12   creditors that there might be a distribution of assets and
13   directing them to file proofs of claim in order to share in that
14   distribution.   Seven creditors, appellees here, did so.
15        After Hopkins received the tax refunds, Salgado-Nava amended
16   his bankruptcy schedules to list the tax refunds as assets and to
17   claim $4,160 of his 2009 refund as exempt.    No one contested
18   Salgado-Nava’s exemption claim.   As a consequence, the exemption
19   was deemed allowed pursuant to § 522(l) and Rule 4003(b).     Part
20   of his 2010 refund also was excluded from the estate.4
21        When all was said and done, Hopkins collected $11,099 in
22   assets.   He paid $5,445 to Salgado-Nava in respect of his allowed
23   exemptions, which left $5,654 available to pay creditor dividends
24
          3
           (...continued)
25   See § 104.
26        4
           Hopkins paid Salgado-Nava $1,285 of the 2010 refund because
27   he determined that it had accrued postpetition, and thus was not
     property of the estate as it related to postpetition service
28   income. See § 541(a)(6).

                                       4
 1   and Hopkins’s chapter 7 trustee fees and expenses.    Based on the
 2   trustee compensation rates set forth in § 326(a),5 Hopkins filed
 3   a request in March 2011, along with his Final Report, asking the
 4   bankruptcy court to award him fees in the amount of $1,315.41,
 5   plus actual expenses of $46.10.6
 6        Before hearing the matter, the bankruptcy court requested
 7   Hopkins provide additional information.   Specifically, the court
 8   requested Hopkins file:
 9        a sworn affidavit in support of his requested
          compensation and expenses which includes an itemization
10        setting for[th] the date and time spent providing all
          services rendered by Trustee for which he seeks
11        compensation, together with a narrative discussion or
          explanation of any other information he wishes the
12        Court to consider in support of his application.
13   Order to Trustee to File Supplementation of Record (April 12,
14   2011) at p. 1.
15        In response, Hopkins filed a one-page document entitled
16   “Supplement to Trustee Fee Application,” which provided a brief
17   narrative summary of the services that Hopkins had provided in
18
          5
19         Those rates are based on amounts disbursed or turned over
     by the trustee to parties in interest other than the debtor
20   according to the following schedule: 25% of the first $5,000 or
     less; 10% for amounts in excess of $5,000 but not in excess of
21   $50,000; 5% for amounts in excess of $50,000 but not in excess of
22   $1,000,000; and 3% for amounts in excess of $1,000,000. See
     § 326(a).
23
          6
            The Idaho district court had jurisdiction over the fee
24   request as a matter “arising under” title 11, 28 U.S.C.
     § 1334(b), and then referred to the bankruptcy court from the
25   district court under the district court’s general order of
26   reference permitted by 28 U.S.C. § 157(a). THIRD AMENDED GENERAL
     ORDER NO. 38 (D. Idaho April 24, 1995). The fee request was a
27   core matter under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), and thus the
     bankruptcy court could hear and determine the matter under 28
28   U.S.C. § 157(b)(1).

                                        5
 1   the bankruptcy case.    It also summarized the results of those
 2   services: Hopkins had cash on hand which he estimated would be
 3   sufficient, after the payment of his requested trustee’s fees, to
 4   pay $4,292 to unsecured creditors who had filed proofs of claim.
 5   This would result in a 39% dividend to creditors.
 6        The Trustee also filed time records detailing the amount of
 7   time and services he and his staff had performed in the
 8   bankruptcy case.   According to Hopkins, he and his staff spent
 9   approximately 14 hours on the case:    Hopkins personally spent
10   3 hours, his bankruptcy administrator spent 6 hours, his office
11   clerk spent 1 hour, and his paralegals accounted for the final
12   4 hours.
13        After the hearing, the bankruptcy court issued a memorandum
14   decision awarding Hopkins only $750 of the $1,315.41 in fees
15   requested.   Relying on In re B & B Autotransfusion Servs., Inc.,
16   443 B.R. 543 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2011), and on the other cases cited
17   in B & B, the court held that $750 was a reasonable fee for
18   Hopkins’s services.    According to the court, based on its
19   consideration of the extent and difficulty of the services
20   Hopkins and his paralegals had provided, the requested fees were
21   unreasonable.   In making this determination, the court reasoned:
22        The only assets requiring administration by Trustee in
          this case were Debtor’s tax refunds. Trustee has not
23        shown that any significant efforts on his part were
          required to secure the refunds from Debtor; apparently,
24        Debtor surrendered them to Trustee promptly. Beyond
          accepting and holding the tax refunds, Trustee was
25        required to perform only routine, simple administrative
          tasks in this case. While all of those services are
26        compensable (i.e., actual and necessary), they required
          no special skills or expertise, and required no
27        significant amounts of time to complete. Indeed, most
          of those services were not performed personally by
28        Trustee at all, but, instead, were provided by

                                       6
 1        Trustee’s support staff of “paralegals” and
          others. . . . When the Court focuses upon only those
 2        services of Trustee and his paralegals, and assigns
          appropriate reasonable value to those services, the
 3        requested fee is not a reasonable one.
 4   Mem. Dec. (June 23, 2011) at pp. 3-4 (footnote omitted).
 5        In addition, the bankruptcy court rejected Hopkins’s
 6   argument that, under § 330(a)(7), he should receive $1,315.41 in
 7   fees as a commission based on the compensation rates set forth in
 8   § 326(a).   As the court put it, § 326(a) in essence “caps”
 9   trustee compensation but does not alter or limit the court’s duty
10   and authority to determine a reasonable fee.
11        On June 30, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered its order
12   approving Hopkins’s Final Report and awarding Hopkins $750 in
13   fees and $46.10 in expenses.     The Trustee timely filed a notice
14   of appeal on July 13, 2011, which gave us jurisdiction under 28
15   U.S.C. § 158(b).
16                                 DISCUSSION
17   A.   Standard of Review
18        Although this Panel reviews a bankruptcy court’s fee award
19   pursuant to § 330(a) for abuse of discretion, Ferrette & Slater
20   v. U.S. Trustee (In re Garcia), 335 B.R. 717, 723 (9th Cir. BAP
21   2005), we still must “determine de novo whether the [bankruptcy]
22   court identified the correct legal rule to apply to the relief
23   requested.”   United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th
24   Cir. 2009) (en banc).     And that is the issue here: what is the
25   “correct legal rule” set forth in § 330(a)(7)?
26   B.   Interpreting § 330(a)(7)
27        We start with the paragraph’s provenance.     Congress added
28   § 330(a)(7) when it adopted § 407 of the Bankruptcy Abuse

                                        7
 1   Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-8,
 2   § 407, 119 Stat. 23, 106 (2005) (“BAPCPA”).      To determine what
 3   this new paragraph means and what it added, we begin with the
 4   text of the statute itself.    Ransom v. FIA Card Servs., N.A., ––-
 5    U.S. ––--, 131 S. Ct. 716, 723–24, 178 L. Ed. 2d 603 (2011)
 6   (quoting United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235,
 7   241 (1989)).
 8        Section 330(a)(7) provides:
 9        In determining the amount of reasonable compensation to
          be awarded to a trustee, the court shall treat such
10        compensation as a commission, based on section 326.
11   Somewhat surprisingly, the published decisions construing this
12   paragraph conclude that it added little to the law of trustee
13   compensation.   These decisions rest primarily on the view that
14   trustee compensation is always subject to a review for
15   reasonableness.   See, e.g., In re B & B Autotransfusion Servs.,
16   Inc., 443 B.R. 543, 550 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2011); In re Healy, 440
17   B.R. 834, 835-36 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2010); In re Ward, 418 B.R.
18   667, 675-78 (W.D. Pa. 2009); In re Coyote Ranch Contractors, LLC,
19   400 B.R. 84, 94-95 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2009); In re McKinney, 383
20   B.R. 490, 493-94 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2008); In re Phillips, 392
21   B.R. 378, 389-90 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2008) In re Mack Props., Inc.,
22   381 B.R. 793, 799 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2007); In re Clemens, 349
23   B.R. 725, 729-31 (Bankr. D. Utah 2006).
24        There is, however, an alternate view of § 330(a)(7).       This
25   view, adopted by the Office of the United States Trustee,7
26
          7
27          Trustee Compensation, in FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS ) FOR
     TRUSTEES (2006), available at
28                                                            (continued...)

                                        8
 1   focuses on § 330(a)(7)’s terms – particularly the use of the term
 2   “commission” – which seem to alter the court’s role in reviewing
 3   trustee compensation.     See Kenneth N. Klee & Brendt C. Butler,
 4   The Bankrutpcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of
 5   2005 – Business Bankruptcy Amendments, 28 CAL . BANKR . J. 270, 336
 6   (2006) (stating that § 330(a)(7) is “supposed to ensure that the
 7   court will award compensation to a trustee on a commission basis
 8   using the upper limit in section 326 as a standard”); see also
 9   Tally M. Wiener & Nicholas B. Malito, On the Nature of the
10   Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Trustee Fee, 18 NORTON J. BANKR . L. & PRAC .
11   No. 2, Art. 3 (2009) (“The nature of the Chapter 7 trustee fee
12   under the revised Bankruptcy Code is that it is a commission.         It
13   makes sense from a policy perspective to award Chapter 7 trustees
14   commission-based awards because this method of compensation
15   focuses on results achieved.”); Samuel K. Crocker & Robert H.
16   Waldschmidt, Impact of the 2005 Bankruptcy Amendments on Chapter
17   7 Trustees, 79 AM. BANKR . L.J. 333, 364 (2005) (stating that
18   § 330(a)(7) “appears to overrule the circuit court decisions
19   which have computed trustee compensation pursuant to the lodestar
20   method, adjusted by enhancing factors such as the complexity of
21   the case and extraordinary results.”).
22        1.      Parsing § 330(a)(7)
23        It is against this background of published cases,
24   administrative commentary, and academic opinion that we interpret
25   § 330(a)(7).     On its face, § 330(a)(7) is made up of an
26
          7
27            (...continued)
     http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/bapcpa/trustees_faqs.htm#trust_issue4
28   (last visited July 20, 2012).

                                        9
 1   introductory dependent clause – “In determining the amount of
 2   reasonable compensation to be awarded to a trustee” – followed by
 3   an independent clause – “the court shall treat such compensation
 4   as a commission, based on section 326.”      In reading this
 5   statutory directive, we think the most natural reading of this
 6   provision is that the independent clause states a mandatory rule,
 7   while the dependent clause states when that rule applies.
 8              a.     The Commission Clause
 9        If this reading is accepted, it means that we should start
10   with the independent clause – which we will call the commission
11   clause.   On its face, this clause requires bankruptcy courts to
12   treat a trustee’s fee request as if the trustee were requesting
13   payment of a commission – a fixed amount – based on the rates set
14   forth in § 326.    If correct, this reading would change our prior
15   view that § 326 simply “capped” trustee compensation by setting
16   forth maximum compensation rates.      See Arnold v. Gill (In re
17   Arnold), 252 B.R. 778, 788 n.12 (9th Cir. BAP 2000).
18        This change is warranted.    Congress’s addition of the
19   commission clause changed both the function of § 326 and its
20   relationship with § 330(a).    The amendment fixed a statutory
21   commission for chapter 7 trustees tied to – or, in the language
22   of the last provision of the commission clause, “based on” –
23   § 326’s compensation scheme.
24        No other reading of the phrase “based on section 326" seems
25   plausible, especially given the use of the word “commission.”      If
26   Congress did not want to link a trustee’s commission to the rates
27   set forth in § 326, it could have ended the commission clause
28   after the word “commission;” that is, it could have omitted the

                                       10
 1   phrase “based on section 326.”   Or it could have created a new
 2   and separate list of commission rates.   Moreover, if Congress had
 3   merely meant to reiterate in § 330(a)(7) that a trustee’s
 4   commission was subject to the caps set forth in § 326, it could
 5   have used the phrase “subject to section 326.”   For an example of
 6   how that phrasing would work, one only has to look at § 330(a)(1)
 7   (“subject to section[] 326, . . . the court may award . . .”).
 8        But Congress chose to use different words to refer to § 326
 9   in §§ 330(a)(1) and (a)(7).   The use of different words
10   presumably means that Congress intended that the different words
11   had different meanings and effects.   See Sosa v. Alvarez–Machain,
12   542 U.S. 692, 711 n.9 (2004).    Put another way, standard canons
13   of statutory interpretation require us to give “based on section
14   326" a different interpretation from one we would give if the
15   phrase read, as its cognate phrase in § 330(a)(1) does, “subject
16   to section 326.”   In short, we follow established precedent by
17   giving each word and provision of the commission clause meaning.
18   See Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 314 (2009) (“[a]
19   statute should be construed so that effect is given to all its
20   provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous,
21   void or insignificant . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted));
22   see also Meyer v. Renteria (In re Renteria), 470 B.R. 838, 843
23   (9th Cir. BAP 2012) (interpreting § 1322(b)(1) so as to give
24   effect to all of the words and phrases in the statute).
25        That said, we need to examine the remainder of the
26   commission clause, including the relationship the phrase “based
27   on” has to the word “commission” and, in turn, the meaning of the
28   word “commission.”   One key indicator of the substantive

                                      11
 1   relationship among these terms and phrases is indicated by the
 2   spatial relationship of each in the statute’s text.        The words
 3   “based on” follow the main portion of the commission clause, a
 4   placement and ordering which generally means that the former
 5   limits, qualifies or refines the meaning of the latter.         See In
 6   re Renteria, 470 B.R. at 842 (citing 2A NORMAN J. SINGER , SUTHERLAND
 7   ON   STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION § 47.33 (7th ed. 2011) (explaining the rule
 8   of the last antecedent).      In short, the use of “commission”
 9   before the words “based on” indicates that the normal meaning of
10   commission starts the analysis of the main text, with the
11   addition of “based on section 326" indicating a refinement or
12   limitation of that accepted meaning.
13          Turning to the accepted meaning of “commission” in normal
14   parlance, a “commission” is a form of compensation set as a fixed
15   percentage of what is sold or transferred.       See BLACK ’S LAW
16   DICTIONARY 306 (9th ed. 2009) (defining commission as “[a] fee
17   paid to an agent or employee for a particular transaction,
18   usu[ally] as a percentage of the money received from the
19   transaction <a real-estate agent’s commission>.”); OXFORD ENGLISH
20   DICTIONARY (2d ed. 1989), available at
21   http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/37135 (last visited July 20, 2012)
22   (defining commission as “[a] remuneration for services or work
23   done as agent, in the form of a percentage on the amount involved
24   in the transactions; a pro rata remuneration to an agent or
25   factor.”).
26          Outside of bankruptcy, commissions generally are not subject
27   to a review for reasonableness unless an agreed-upon commission
28   rate is not duly fixed before the commission is earned.         As

                                        12
 1   stated in the Restatement (Third) of Agency:
 2         The amount of compensation due may be determined by the
           terms of agreement between principal and agent and may
 3         be fixed in amount or made contingent on whether the
           agent achieves stated outcomes or on other
 4         criteria. . . . If an agent has a right to be paid
           compensation by a principal but the amount due cannot
 5         be determined on the basis of the terms of the parties’
           agreement, the agent is entitled to the value of the
 6         services provided by the agent.
 7   RESTATEMENT (THIRD )   OF   AGENCY § 8.13, Comment d (2006).8
 8         Much the same analysis applies in bankruptcy when, for
 9   example, a court pre-approves a professional’s percentage-based
10   fee or a contingency fee arrangement before the work is
11   performed.       See § 328.      If the fee arrangement is properly
12   authorized under § 328, the bankruptcy court does not conduct a
13   standard § 330(a) reasonableness review of contingency fees or
14   percentage-based fees it has pre-approved under § 328.           See
15   Friedman Enters. v. B.U.M. Int’l, Inc. (In re B.U.M. Int’l,
16   Inc.), 229 F.3d 824, 829 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Pitrat v.
17   Reimers (In re Reimers), 972 F.2d 1127, 1128 (9th Cir. 1992));
18   see also In re Confections by Sandra, Inc., 83 B.R. 729, 731-32
19   (9th Cir. BAP 1987).          Indeed, a bankruptcy court only can disturb
20   such pre-approved fees when it finds that the pre-approval of
21   such fees turned out to be “improvident in light of developments
22   not capable of being anticipated at the time” the court fixed the
23   fees.       § 328(a); see also In re Reimers, 972 F.2d at 1128.
24
             8
            This concept is not new to the law of agency. Both the
25   Restatement (Second) of Agency and the initial Restatement of
26   Agency articulate the same concept and reference cases and
     annotations reflecting the existence of this concept. See
27   RESTATEMENT (SECOND ) OF AGENCY § 443 (1958) and accompanying comments,
     annotations and cases; RESTATEMENT OF AGENCY § 443 (1933) and
28   accompanying comments, annotations and cases.

                                             13
 1        As a result of this analysis, the plain language of the
 2   commission clause leads us to conclude that § 330(a)(7) sets
 3   commissions for bankruptcy trustees based on the rates set forth
 4   in § 326.    Given this, if the commission clause stood alone,
 5   independent of the rest of § 330, we could immediately hold that
 6   trustee fees should not be disturbed absent circumstances like
 7   those required in order to disturb fees pre-approved under § 328,
 8   or like the circumstances that might justify reformation or
 9   rescission of a commission agreement outside of bankruptcy.
10               b.   Section 330(a)(7)’s Dependent Clause
11        But the commission clause does not stand alone.    We still
12   must construe the remainder of § 330(a)(7), because ascertaining
13   the plain meaning of statutory text requires a contextual
14   reading.    State Comp. Ins. Fund v. Zamora (In re Silverman), 616
15   F.3d 1001, 1006 (9th Cir. 2010) (“To determine plain language we
16   consider the language itself, the specific context in which that
17   language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a
18   whole.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Carpenters Health &
19   Welfare Trust Funds for Cal. v. Robertson (In re Rufener Constr.,
20   Inc.), 53 F.3d 1064, 1067 (9th Cir. 1995) (“When we look to the
21   plain language of a statute in order to interpret its meaning, we
22   do more than view words or sub-sections in isolation.    We derive
23   meaning from context, and this requires reading the relevant
24   statutory provisions as a whole.”)
25        This requires us to look at the dependent clause that
26   immediately precedes the commission clause.    Its wording and
27   placement suggests that bankruptcy courts still must consider the
28   reasonableness of trustee fees because it specifies that

                                      14
 1   bankruptcy courts must apply the commission clause “in
 2   determining the amount of reasonable compensation to be awarded
 3   to a trustee . . . .”   We should not ignore the contents of this
 4   dependent clause any more than we should ignore the contents of
 5   the commission clause itself.9
 6        The starting place for a reasonableness analysis component
 7   of trustee compensation might be § 330(a)(3).   Before BAPCPA’s
 8   enactment in 2005, § 330(a)(3) required bankruptcy courts, when
 9   considering the reasonableness of all trustee fees under all
10   relevant chapters, including chapters 7, 11, 12, and 13, to
11   consider:
12        (A) the time spent on such services;
13        (B) the rates charged for such services;
14        (C) whether the services were necessary to the
          administration of, or beneficial at the time at which
15        the service was rendered toward the completion of, a
          case under this title;
16
          (D) whether the services were performed within a
17        reasonable amount of time commensurate with the
          complexity, importance, and nature of the problem,
18        issue, or task addressed; and
19        (E) whether the compensation is reasonable based on the
          customary compensation charged by comparably skilled
20        practitioners in cases other than cases under this
          title.
21
22        BAPCPA changed this.   It amended § 330(a)(3) so that the
23   only types of trustees that come within its ambit are chapter 11
24   trustees; chapter 7 trustees no longer are subject to its terms.
25   BAPCPA, Pub. L. 109-8, § 407, 119 Stat. 23, 106 (2005).   As a
26
          9
27         Nor can we ignore the language in § 326 and elsewhere in
     § 330(a) indicating that bankruptcy courts are authorized to
28   award trustee fees only to the extent those fees are reasonable.

                                      15
 1   consequence, the factors of reasonableness specified in paragraph
 2   (3) no longer directly apply to chapter 7 trustees such as
 3   Hopkins when reviewing their fee requests.
 4        Section 330(a)(7), however, applies to all trustees under
 5   all chapters.   This indicates a shift in treatment and analysis
 6   of chapter 7 trustee fees from paragraph (3) and its catalogue of
 7   factors, to paragraph (7) and its explicit incorporation of
 8   commission rates.
 9        But the shift was not complete.     Notwithstanding the
10   applicability of paragraph (7) to chapter 11 trustees, they are
11   still specifically included in paragraph (3) with its litany of
12   reasonableness factors.     As a result, we cannot construe
13   paragraph (7) to require a fixed commission in all cases
14   regardless of chapter.     Otherwise, we would create an absurd
15   situation in which § 330(a)(3) requires what § 330(a)(7)
16   prohibits.
17        This requires us to search for an interpretation of the
18   § 330(a)(7) that harmonizes the various provisions.     See, e.g.,
19   Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, 551 U.S.
20   644, 661-66 (2007); Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Pueblo of
21   Santa Ana, 472 U.S. 237, 249 (1985).     In this endeavor, it is not
22   our role to pick and choose between statutory provisions and only
23   give effect to some of them.     See Nigg v. U.S. Postal Serv., 555
24   F.3d 781, 785-86 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Morton v. Mancari, 417
25   U.S. 535, 551 (1974)).10
26
          10
27         If either provision had to give way, it would be
     § 330(a)(3). As later enacted and more specific, § 330(a)(7)
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       16
 1             c.     Synthesis: Fixed Commissions for Non-extraordinary
                      Duties
 2
 3        The challenge is, if possible, to give a meaning to both
 4   § 330(a)(3) and § 330(a)(7) that can be applied in all cases
 5   regardless of the applicable chapter.11   In the process, we must
 6   try to minimize any potential conflict between the two
 7   provisions.    Fortunately, non-bankruptcy federal law suggests a
 8   possible solution.   There are certain instances outside of
 9   bankruptcy when federal law requires federal agencies and federal
10   courts to consider the reasonableness of percentage-fee or
11   commission-based compensation.   See Bjustrom v. Trust One Mortg.
12   Corp., 322 F.3d 1201, 1207-08 (9th Cir. 2003) (applying a two-
13   part test developed by the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban
14   Development to determine whether certain fees paid to mortgage
15   brokers were reasonable and hence permissible under § 8(c) of the
16   Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), 12 U.S.C.
17   § 2607(c)); Schuetz v. Banc One Mortg. Corp., 292 F.3d 1004, 1014
18
19
20
21        10
           (...continued)
22   would be entitled to primacy. See Bulova Watch Co. v. United
     States, 365 U.S. 753, 758 (1961).
23
          11
           We could give an alternate and plausible meaning to both
24   § 330(a)(3) and § 330(a)(7) if we were to assume that Congress
     actually meant for § 330(a)(7) to apply to all trustees except
25   chapter 11 trustees, who would be subject only to § 330(a)(3).
26   But we cannot assume that Congress inadvertently included chapter
     11 trustees within the scope of § 330(a)(7). If Congress’s
27   inclusion of chapter 11 trustees in § 330(a)(7)’s coverage was
     inadvertent, it is up to Congress to fix the statute. See Lamie
28   v. U.S. Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 542 (2004).

                                      17
 1   (9th Cir. 2002) (same);12 see also Bank of Lexington & Trust Co.
 2   v. Vining-Sparks Sec., Inc., 959 F.2d 606, 613-14 (6th Cir. 1992)
 3   (applying test articulated by Municipal Securities Rulemaking
 4   Board to determine whether securities broker’s markup on certain
 5   securities constituted an unreasonable and hence fraudulent fee
 6   under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b),
 7   and under SEC Rule 10b-5).13
 8        While these types of reasonableness reviews vary somewhat,
 9   their overarching purpose is consistent and clear: to determine
10   whether there is a rational relationship between the duties to be
11   compensated by the commission rate and the nature and range of
12   services actually provided.    When a rational relationship exists,
13   the fee is presumed reasonable.    Moreover, in each of these
14   instances, federal courts applied standards that did not require
15   a lodestar analysis to determine the reasonableness of the fees
16   in question.
17        We acknowledge that these nonbankruptcy commission cases are
18
          12
19         The Bjustrom/Schuetz test provides that a mortgage
     broker’s fees are reasonable for purposes of RESPA § 8(c) when:
20   “(1) the mortgage broker performed services that contributed to
     the transaction, and (2) . . . the total compensation received by
21   the mortgage broker . . . was reasonably related to the services
22   provided.” Bjustrom, 322 F.3d at 1207 (citing Schuetz, 292 F.3d
     at 1006).
23
          13
           The Bank of Lexington test “requires brokers to sell
24   municipal securities at a price that is ‘fair and reasonable,
     taking into consideration all relevant factors, including the
25   best judgment of the broker . . . as to the fair market value . .
26   . , the expense involved in effecting the transaction, the fact
     that the broker . . . is entitled to a profit, and the total
27   dollar amount of the transaction.’” Bank of Lexington & Trust
     Co., 959 F.2d at 613 (quoting Municipal Securities Rulemaking
28   Board Manual-General Rules, G-30 (CCH) ¶ 3646 (1985)).

                                       18
 1   not directly comparable with § 326’s commission rates.         Most
 2   significantly, Congress has set chapter 7 trustee commission
 3   rates rather than the market.      But we know of no reason why
 4   courts should second-guess Congress’s clearly expressed intent to
 5   fix trustee commission rates for the vast majority of cases,
 6   especially given that Congress has set the duties that trustees
 7   such as Hopkins must perform to earn that commission.
 8        Accordingly, absent extraordinary circumstances, chapter 7,
 9   12 and 13 trustee fees should be presumed reasonable if they are
10   requested at the statutory rate.        Congress would not have set
11   commission rates for bankruptcy trustees in §§ 326 and 330(a)(7),
12   and taken them out of the considerations set forth in
13   § 330(a)(3), unless it considered them reasonable in most
14   instances.   Thus, absent extraordinary circumstances, bankruptcy
15   courts should approve chapter 7, 12 and 13 trustee fees without
16   any significant additional review.        Indeed, the Office of the
17   United States Trustee has indicated that it will not object in
18   these circumstances if the trustee does not even keep
19   contemporaneous time records.14
20
21        14
            The statement appears on the United States Trustee’s web
     site in the form of a Frequently Asked Question on Trustee
22
     Compensation as follows:
23               Q: Are time records necessary to support a
           trustee’s compensation?
24               A: United States Trustees will not require a
           trustee to provide time records to support trustee
25         compensation with regard to cases filed after October
26         17, 2005. It may, however, be prudent for a trustee to
           keep time records to address objections raised by other
27         parties or to satisfy requirements of the court.
     FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS ) FOR TRUSTEES , available at
28                                                               (continued...)

                                        19
 1        Against this background, we must assume that Congress
 2   already has approved fees set as commissions in § 326 as
 3   reasonable for the duties it has set out for such trustees in
 4   § 704 and elsewhere in the Code.       In effect, Congress has set
 5   both the duties of a trustee and the “market” rate for
 6   compensation related to the delivery of those services.
 7        On the other hand, if extraordinary circumstances exist, or
 8   if chapter 11 trustee fees are at issue, the bankruptcy court may
 9   be called upon in those cases to determine whether there exists a
10   rational relationship between the amount of the commission and
11   the type and level of services rendered.       In the case of a
12   chapter 11 trustee, this determination necessarily requires
13   consideration of the § 330(a)(3) factors, and also ordinarily
14   includes a lodestar analysis.     As for chapter 7, 12, and 13
15   trustee fees, when confronted with extraordinary circumstances,
16   the bankruptcy court’s examination of the relationship between
17   the commission rate and the services rendered may, but need not
18   necessarily include, the § 330(a)(3) factors and a lodestar
19   analysis.     But bankruptcy courts still must keep in mind that
20   tallying trustee time expended in performing services and
21   multiplying that time by a reasonable hourly rate ordinarily is
22   beyond the scope of a reasonableness inquiry involving
23   commissions.     Simply put, a bankruptcy court that diminishes a
24   trustee’s compensation from the statutorily-set rate errs if the
25   only basis offered for this diminution is a lodestar analysis.
26
          14
27             (...continued)
     http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/bapcpa/trustees_faqs.htm#trust_issue4
28   (last visited July 20, 2102).

                                       20
 1        Although the legislative history is silent on the specific
 2   meaning and purpose of § 330(a)(7), our construction of
 3   § 330(a)(7) generally is consistent with the overall purpose of
 4   § 330, pursuant to which Congress sought to balance the general
 5   bankruptcy interest of conserving estate assets with the goal of
 6   fairly compensating bankruptcy trustees and professionals.15
 7   Especially now, when the most a chapter 7 trustee can expect in
 8   90% of his or her cases is a flat $60 fee, a commission-based
 9   system for the other 10% has a certain symmetry to it.    Under the
10   system as Congress envisaged it, competent individuals with
11   marketable skills and experience will have incentives to work in
12   the bankruptcy area.   In that sense, § 330(a)(7) represents
13   Congress’s latest effort to balance various competing policy
14   interests with respect to the work assigned and the compensation
15   paid to chapter 7 trustees.
16   C.   Applying § 330(a)(7) to This Case
17        Based on the law set forth above, the bankruptcy court erred
18   in determining Hopkins’s fees.   The bankruptcy court did not
19   treat Hopkins’s compensation as a commission based on § 326(a).
20   Instead, the court compared the fees requested to what it
21   considered a reasonable rate of compensation for the time Hopkins
22   and his paralegals actually spent working on the case.    The court
23   offered no other grounds for its decision.   In short, the
24   bankruptcy court substituted a different standard for the
25
           15
26         For a detailed discussion of this legislative history, see
     Burgess v. Klenske (In re Manoa Fin. Co.), 853 F.2d 687, 689-90
27   (9th Cir. 1988) (citing H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, at 329-30 (1978),
     reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5963, 6286; and, 124 Cong.Rec.
28   33,994 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6505, 6511).

                                      21
 1   appropriate method and rate of compensation for Hopkins in place
 2   of the method and rate set by Congress.
 3        When the bankruptcy court does not select and apply the
 4   correct law, we typically remand so that the bankruptcy court can
 5   apply the correct law to the facts of the case.    However, an
 6   appellate court may decide a case on the facts previously found
 7   when the record is sufficiently developed and there is no doubt
 8   as to the appropriate outcome.   See, e.g., Wharf v. Burlington N.
 9   R.R. Co., 60 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 1995); see also Weisgram v.
10   Marley Co., 528 U.S. 440, 456 (2000); Cuddeback v. Florida Bd. of
11   Educ., 381 F.3d 1230, 1236 n.5 (11th Cir. 2004).
12        In this instance, no further proceedings are necessary to
13   apply the facts to the correct law.   The record is complete and
14   establishes that there was nothing unusual, let alone
15   extraordinary, about the bankruptcy case or Hopkins’s services.16
16
17        16
           We thus leave for another day the issue of what facts
     might qualify as extraordinary for purposes of activating the
18   bankruptcy court’s duty to determine the reasonableness of the
19   § 326(a) commission rates.
          Cf. Trustee Compensation, in the United States Trustee’s
20   Frequently Asked Questions about trustee compensation:
               Q: Is a trustee entitled to full statutory trustee
21        fees in all circumstances?
               A: 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(7) provides that the trustee
22
          fee is to be “treated as a commission.” Absent
23        extraordinary factors, the United States Trustee will
          not object to a trustee receiving full commission on
24        all “moneys disbursed or turned over in the case by the
          trustee to parties in interest, excluding the debtor,
25        but including holders of secured claims.” Extraordinary
26        factors are expected to arise only in rare and unusual
          circumstances and include situations such as where the
27        trustee’s case administration falls below acceptable
          standards, or where it appears a trustee has delegated
28                                                       (continued...)

                                      22
 1   Indeed, the bankruptcy court described both the case and
 2   Hopkins’s services as “routine.”       Based on the law we have
 3   articulated above, we are left with no doubt that, on these
 4   facts, the court should have awarded Hopkins $1,315.41 in fees –
 5   the full amount Hopkins had requested based on the compensation
 6   rates set forth in § 326(a).
 7                                 CONCLUSION
 8        For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE the bankruptcy
 9   court’s fee award and REMAND this matter, with an instruction to
10   enter a new fee award in the full amount requested by Hopkins,
11   $1,315.41.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25        16
            (...continued)
26         a substantial portion of his duties to an attorney or
           other professional.
27   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS ) FOR TRUSTEES , available at
     http://www.justice.gov/ust/eo/bapcpa/trustees_faqs.htm#trust_issue4
28   (last visited July 20, 2012).

                                       23
