            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

    LINDA SAWYER (aka Aarons),1 §
                                §                    No. 3, 2019
        Respondent Below–       §
        Appellant,              §
                                §
        v.                      §                    Court Below–Family Court
                                §                    of the State of Delaware
    DEPARTMENT OF SERVICES FOR §
    CHILDREN, YOUTH AND THEIR   §                    File Nos. 18-08-08TN
    FAMILIES/DIVISION OF FAMILY §                              CN08-02835
    SERVICES,                   §
                                §                    Petition Nos. 18-24769
        Petitioner Below–       §                                  17-18676
        Appellee.               §

                               Submitted: June 19, 2019
                               Decided:   September 12, 2019

Before STRINE, Chief Justice; VALIHURA and TRAYNOR, Justices.

                                            ORDER

         Upon consideration of the appellant’s brief filed under Supreme Court Rule

26.1(c), her attorney’s motion to withdraw, the appellee’s response and motion to

affirm, and the Child’s attorney’s response, it appears to the Court that:

         (1)     This is an appeal from the Family Court’s December 5, 2018 order that

terminated the parental rights of Linda Sawyer (aka Aarons) (“the Mother”) in her

son (“the Child”).




1
    The Court previously assigned pseudonyms to the parties pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 7(d).
      (2)   The Mother’s counsel has filed a no-merit brief and a motion to

withdraw under Supreme Court Rule 26.1(c). Counsel asserts that, based on a

conscientious review of the record, there are no arguably appealable issues. Counsel

informed the Mother of the provisions of Rule 26.1(c), provided her with a copy of

his motion to withdraw and the accompanying brief, and informed the Mother of her

right to supplement counsel’s presentation.      Counsel submitted the Mother’s

concerns as “Appellant’s Points” in the brief on appeal.         The appellee, the

Department of Services for Children, Youth and Their Families/Division of Family

Services (“DFS”), and the Child’s attorney have responded to the Rule 26.1(c) brief

and argue that the Family Court’s judgment should be affirmed.

      (3)   The Child was born in 2008 and is now eleven years old. In June of

2017, DFS received a report that emergency services had been called to a public park

in Wilmington where the first responders found the Mother extremely intoxicated

with the Child in her care. The Mother was transported to Christiana Hospital where

she was sedated due to her high level of intoxication and combativeness. The Child

reported to DFS that his father lived in Wilmington but he was unable to provide

any contact information for either his father or any other family member. The

Family Court granted ex parte custody of the Child to DFS on June 21, 2017. With




                                         2
the filing of DFS’s dependency and neglect petition on June 22, 2017, the mandated

hearings ensued.2

       (4)     At the preliminary protective hearing on June 28, 2017, the Mother

stipulated the Child was dependent in her care based on the Mother’s unstable

housing situation and an acute alcohol dependency that required treatment. The

Family Court found that the Child was dependent and that it was in his best interests

to remain in DFS’s care and custody. The Family Court also found that DFS had

made reasonable efforts to prevent the removal of the Child from the home and to

reunify the family.3 The Family Court concluded that placement of the Child in the

home of a relative was not appropriate because there were no relatives in Delaware

known to be available and willing resources for placement.

       (5)     On July 21, 2017, the Family Court held a dispositional hearing. The

Child’s father did not appear and DFS had been unable to ascertain his current

address.     DFS had developed and reviewed with the Mother a case plan for

reunification with the Child. The Mother’s case plan required that she: (i) undergo

a substance abuse evaluation; (ii) obtain and maintain housing and financial stability;

(iii) undergo a mental health evaluation; (iv) resolve her pending legal matters; and



2
  When a child is removed from home by DFS and placed in foster care, the Family Court is
required to hold hearings at regular intervals under procedures and criteria detailed by statute and
the court’s rules. 13 Del. C. § 2514; Del. Fam. Ct. R. 212-219.
3
  Under a September 20, 2016 protection from abuse order the Mother had obtained against the
Child’s father, the Mother was the Child’s legal guardian.


                                                 3
(v) address her experience as a victim of domestic violence. The Mother had

disclosed to DFS that she had previously been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and

had been inconsistently taking her medications after her Medicaid had been

deactivated. The Mother also acknowledged that she recently struggled with alcohol

abuse.

         (6)   At the time of the dispositional hearing, the Mother was unemployed

and living with a friend. DFS did not approve of the home as a residence for the

Child or as an acceptable environment for visitation. The Mother had been regularly

visiting with the Child on a weekly basis. DFS was exploring the option of placing

the Child with his maternal grandmother. Although the maternal grandmother was

then residing in a shelter in New York, she planned to move into her own residence

and wished to be a resource. The Mother testified that the Child’s adult half-sister

also lived in New York and the Family Court encouraged DFS to arrange for the two

to have regular one-to-one contact via video. The Family Court found DFS had

made reasonable efforts to reunify the family.

         (7)   On October 23, 2017, the Family Court held a review hearing. DFS

had not made an effort to engage the Child’s father in the proceedings. The Mother

was receiving mental health services through Connections but it was unclear what

substance abuse services she was receiving. Although the Mother now lived in a

shelter, she remained unemployed and needed to obtain employment to maintain her



                                         4
placement. Since the last hearing, the Mother had received inpatient mental health

treatment for roughly ten days reportedly because she was still abusing alcohol and

was having suicidal thoughts. The Mother continued to have weekly visits with the

Child and had met with a family interventionist the week before the hearing. The

Family Court reserved making a finding about reasonable efforts to reunify before

DFS made additional efforts to engage the Child’s father and to assess what progress,

if any, the Mother had made in her recovery.

      (8)    The Family Court held another review hearing on February 1, 2018.

The Mother had voluntarily attended two days of an intensive outpatient treatment

program but had arrived inebriated on the second day. In December 2017, DFS

suspended visits after the Mother appeared intoxicated during a visit with the Child

and during a therapy session with the Child’s therapist. On December 21, 2017, the

Mother was admitted to an inpatient program, and her visits with the Child resumed.

The Mother had completed the program the day before the review hearing and had

been released to Madre House in Felton, where she would receive help with

medication management as well as assistance in securing employment and housing.

DFS wanted the Mother to focus on maintaining sobriety and achieving mental

health stability before addressing the other elements of her case plan. DFS had

spoken with potential placement resources—the Child’s maternal grandmother and

maternal uncle—who had recently relocated from a shelter to stable housing in the



                                         5
Bronx. The Family Court found DFS had made reasonable efforts to reunify the

family.

      (9)    At the permanency hearing held on April 23, 2018, the Mother had

made significant progress on her case plan. She had been sober for approximately

five months and was regularly attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. The

Mother was working at McDonald’s, and she and her fiancé—with whom DFS had

no issues or concerns—had obtained housing. The Mother was scheduled to begin

parenting classes, was in counseling, and was taking medication to address her

mental health issues. Supervised visitation with the Child continued to take place

on a weekly basis. Although DFS asked the court to change the goal to concurrent

goals of reunification and termination of parental rights/adoption, the Family Court

decided that the goal would remain solely reunification. The Family Court made

this determination based on the Child’s attachment to his parents and the Mother’s

progress in maintaining sobriety, securing housing and employment, and fostering

her relationship with the Child.

      (10) The Family Court held a review hearing on August 2, 2018.

Unfortunately, the Mother had relapsed and was again struggling with her sobriety.

After the Mother attended a spring concert at the Child’s school where she smelled

of alcohol and appeared to be under the influence, DFS suspended visits with the

Child until a team meeting could be held. When the team members arrived at the



                                         6
Mother’s home for the meeting, the Mother was stumbling and had trouble speaking.

Open beer cans were found on her bedroom floor. It was recommended that the

Mother enroll in a rehabilitation program, which she did on June 12, 2018. DFS was

unable to verify whether the Mother had completed the program.

      (11) Mother’s fiancé, with whom she had been living, had obtained a

protection from abuse order against her. The Mother had also lost her job at

McDonald’s and was now unemployed. On July 31, 2018, an arrest warrant had

been issued for the Mother for criminal contempt for violation of a domestic violence

order. The Mother had missed several parenting classes as well. But, the Mother

testified she continued to see her therapist and that she was working with vocational

rehabilitation services to obtain employment. DFS continued to have contact with

the Child’s maternal grandmother, who had moved into an apartment in the Bronx.

      (12) The Family Court directed DFS to be more proactive with its efforts to

place the Child with his relatives.     The Family Court found DFS had made

reasonable efforts to reunify the family but, due to the Mother’s persistent issues

with alcohol and the length of time the Child had spent in foster care, it changed the

permanency goal for the Child to the (admittedly conflicting) concurrent goals of

reunification and termination of parental rights/adoption.

      (13) On August 21, 2018, the Family Court interviewed the Child. The

Child read to the court a letter he had written to the Mother expressing sadness and



                                          7
frustration with the Mother’s substance abuse issues. In response to questioning by

the court, the Child admitted that it was not fair for him to keep waiting for the

Mother to “get better.” The Child accepted the possibility that he would be adopted

and discussed his wishes for a future home with the court.

      (14) On August 22, 2018, DFS filed its petition for termination of the

Mother’s parental rights based on her failure to plan. A termination of parental rights

(“TPR”) hearing was held on November 19, 2018, and December 5, 2018. At the

hearing, the Family Court heard testimony from the DFS treatment worker, the DFS

permanency worker, the Child’s therapist, the foster-care and social worker for

Children and Families First, the Mother, and the Child’s court-appointed special

advocate. The testimony reflected that (i) the Mother failed to accept she had a

problem with alcohol abuse; (ii) the Mother had failed to address her substance abuse

for over a year, despite encouragement from her team; (iii) the Mother could not

assume custody and financial support of the Child due to her unstable housing and

lack of employment; (iv) the Child’s mental health continued to suffer from

Mother’s failure to seek serious help for her alcohol dependency; and (v) placement

with the Child’s maternal grandmother was not feasible because the placement had

not yet received approval under the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children

(“ICPC”). Importantly, the Family Court heard from the Child’s therapist who

testified that the Child has a long history—predating DFS’s involvement with the



                                          8
family—of tending to Mother’s needs and worrying about Mother’s health. DFS’s

case was underscored by the fact that the Child, despite his advanced age and close

bond with Mother, expressed curiosity about being adopted and becoming part of

another family.

         (15) At the conclusion of the hearing, the Family Court granted DFS’s

petition for termination of the Mother’s parental rights. The Family Court found

that DFS had shown by clear and convincing evidence that the Mother had failed to

plan adequately for the Child’s needs under 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(5) and that DFS

had made reasonable efforts to reunify the Child with the Mother. The Family Court

also concluded that DFS had shown by clear and convincing evidence that the best

interests factors under 13 Del. C. § 722 weighed in favor of termination of the

Mother’s parental rights.

         (16) On appellate review of a termination of parental rights, this Court is

required to consider the facts and the law as well as the inferences and deductions

made by the Family Court.4 We review legal rulings de novo.5 We conduct a limited

review of the factual findings of the trial court to assure that they are sufficiently




4
    Scott v. DSCYF, 2012 WL 605700, at *1 (Del. Feb. 27, 2012).
5
    Wilson v. DFS, 988 A.2d 435, 440 (Del. 2010).


                                                9
supported by the record and are not clearly erroneous.6 If the trial judge has correctly

applied the law, our review is limited to abuse of discretion.7

       (17) The statutory framework under which the Family Court may terminate

parental rights requires two separate inquiries. 8 First, the court must determine

whether the evidence presented meets one of the statutory grounds for termination.9

If the Family Court finds a statutory basis for termination of parental rights, the court

must determine whether, under 13 Del. C. § 722, severing parental rights is in the

best interests of the child.10 It is incumbent on the petitioner—DFS in this case—to

prove by clear and convincing evidence that there is a statutory basis for termination

of parental rights and that the best interests analysis favors termination.11

       (18) On appeal, Mother has submitted an eighteen-page narrative she asks

us to consider. Perhaps because she wrote the narrative without the aid of counsel,

it is difficult at times to follow. As we understand it, Mother’s central arguments

are that (i) it was not in the Child’s best interests to terminate Mother’s parental

rights; and (ii) the record reflects Mother was, in fact, receiving treatment for alcohol

dependency and otherwise addressing the elements of her case plan. Mother also



6
  Id.
7
  Id.
8
  Shepherd v. Clemens, 752 A.2d 533, 536-37 (Del. 2000).
9
  Id. at 537. See also 13 Del. C. § 1103(a) (enumerating the grounds for termination of parental
rights).
10
   Shepherd, 752 A.2d at 537.
11
   Powell v. DSCYF, 963 A.2d 724, 731-32 (Del. 2008).


                                              10
makes new claims of stable housing, employment, and sobriety. As a preliminary

matter, we cannot consider these new claims on appeal. An appeal is heard on the

evidence submitted to the trial court.12

       (19) When considering the eight best-interests factors under 13 Del. C. §

722, the Family Court largely adopted the analysis of those factors as presented by

DFS and the Child’s attorney. That analysis was supported by the record. The court

found that one factor—Mother’s wishes—weighed against termination and the

remaining seven factors weighed in favor of termination. The court, in particular,

focused on the unhealthy nature of the relationship between Mother and the Child.

The Child’s therapist testified extensively about the degree to which the Child

suffers from “parentification,” a process of role reversal whereby a child is obliged

to act as parent to his own parent. The court also gave substantial weight to its

interview with the Child and the fact that the Child indicated a willingness to be

adopted to the court and others. When conducting its best interests analysis, the

court carefully considered the statutory factors and made factual findings that

adequately supported its decision that the termination of Mother’s parental rights

was in the best interests of the Child.


12
  Del. Supr. Ct. R. 8 (“Only questions fairly presented to the trial court may be presented for
review; provided, however, that when the interests of justice so require, the Court may consider
and determine any question not so presented.”); Delaware Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Duphily, 703 A.2d
1202, 1206 (Del. 1997) (“It is a basic tenet of appellate practice that an appellate court reviews
only matters considered in the first instance by a trial court. Parties are not free to advance
arguments for the first time on appeal.”).


                                               11
      (20) The Mother’s claims do not undermine the Family Court’s thoughtful

analysis and ultimate decision to terminate the Mother’s parental rights. The Family

Court found it in the Child’s best interests to have a plan for permanency, which the

Mother was unable to provide after eighteen months of case planning with DFS. The

record is replete with references to the Mother’s fits and starts at obtaining and

benefiting from substance abuse treatment programs.          But the Mother’s own

testimony at the TPR hearing—that she chose to remain incarcerated in order to

receive substance abuse treatment—belies her current argument that she had

demonstrated to the Family Court that she had adequately addressed the substance

abuse component of her case plan. Moreover, the Mother does not dispute she

lacked both employment and stable housing at the time of the TPR hearing.

      (21) In additional to her central underlying arguments that it was not in the

Child’s best interests to terminate her parental rights and that the record supported a

finding that the Mother was compliant with her case plan, the Mother takes issue

with certain specific findings of the Family Court, claiming that they involve a

misreading of the record. For example, the Mother claims that the Family Court said

that the Mother only went involuntarily to treatment. But, the Family Court in fact

found only that the Mother had enrolled in various treatment programs. Likewise,

the Mother argues that the Family Court should have at the very least placed the




                                          12
Child with his maternal grandmother. Yet, the Family Court could not have done

that because it had not received approval under the ICPC to do so.13

       (22) The Mother also complains that the court found that family members

did not want visitation with the Child. In fact, the Family Court specifically

encouraged DFS to arrange for the Child to visit with family members, especially

his half-sister. To the extent the Mother argues the court improperly relied on the

Child’s therapist’s testimony as it related to certain specific events, the court relied

upon the therapist’s testimony only as it concerned the Child’s mental health.

Finally, the Family Court could not have ordered DFS to place the Child with the

Mother while she resided in shelters but was still struggling to maintain sobriety.

       (23) Having carefully considered the parties’ positions and the record on

appeal, we can discern no abuse of discretion in the Family Court’s factual findings

and no error in the court’s application of the law to the facts when terminating the

Mother’s parental rights. We therefore conclude that the Mother’s appeal is wholly

without merit and devoid of any arguably appealable issue. We are satisfied that the

Mother’s counsel made a conscientious effort to examine the record and the law and

properly determined that the Mother could not raise a meritorious claim in this

appeal.



13
  We note that the Child’s maternal grandmother had not filed for guardianship at the time of the
TPR hearing and that she is not precluded from doing so now.


                                               13
     NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Family

Court is AFFIRMED. Counsel’s motion to withdraw is moot.

                                         BY THE COURT:
                                         /s/ Leo E. Strine, Jr.
                                         Chief Justice




                                    14
