Filed 2/26/14 Jones v. Barnes CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

FREDDIE L. JONES et al.,                                             H037971
                                                                    (Santa Clara County
         Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                  Super. Ct. No. 1-09-CV137086)

         v.

CHARLES WAYNE BARNES,

         Defendant and Respondent.


         This appeal arises from a two-vehicle accident between plaintiffs Freddie and Lisa
Jones and defendant Charles Wayne Barnes that occurred on March 14, 2007, in San
Jose. Plaintiffs filed a personal injury action against defendant, asserting his negligence
caused spinal injuries Mr. Jones allegedly sustained in the collision. Following a trial,
the jury concluded that defendant was not negligent.
         Plaintiffs moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV), for a new trial,
and to strike or tax defendant’s expert witness fees. The trial court denied all three
motions. We shall affirm.
I.       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         Our summary of the facts is taken from the reporter’s transcript and the portions of
the written record contained in the clerk’s transcript.
         A.        The Accident
         Shortly after 3:00 p.m. on March 14, 2007, defendant left work to pick up his
children at daycare, something his wife usually did. The traffic was heavy and he needed
to pick the children up by 5:00 p.m. Defendant drove his Ford F-150 pickup truck
westbound on Brokaw Road in San Jose and planned to take a left on First Street. When
the left turn signal at the First Street intersection turned green, the vehicle in front of
defendant, a white sedan, did not pull forward. Defendant honked at the white sedan
before realizing that its right turn signal was on, and the driver was attempting to move
into the through traffic lane to the right.
         The white sedan was occupied by plaintiffs, a couple from Arizona on their way to
the airport after visiting San Jose for the first time. Mr. Jones, who was rendered a
paraplegic by a prior truck accident, was driving the white sedan using hand controls.
Mr. Jones intended to go straight on Brokaw at the First Street intersection, and had
mistakenly ended up in the left turn lane. Therefore, when the left turn signal at the First
Street intersection turned green, Mr. Jones did not pull forward, and instead waited until
he could move into the through traffic lane to his right. By the time he changed lanes, the
left turn signal at the First Street intersection had turned red.
         Rather than pull forward in the left turn lane and wait for the signal to turn green,
defendant went straight at the First Street intersection. There were two through lanes of
traffic. Defendant moved into the right lane to pass plaintiffs’ vehicle, and then pulled
back in front of plaintiffs in the left through lane. Defendant testified that he slowed after
passing plaintiffs’ vehicle because of the traffic conditions, but that he never slammed on
his brakes. Defendant also testified that he did not change lanes again before the
accident, which occurred at the intersection of Airport Parkway1 and Gateway Place.
According to defendant, plaintiffs’ vehicle hit the back bumper and side panel of his
truck.
         Lance Rasmussen, who was driving on Brokaw Road behind the parties’ vehicles,
testified that he first noticed plaintiffs’ vehicle when it was sitting in the left turn lane at


         1
             Brokaw Road becomes Airport Parkway between First Street and Gateway Place.

                                                2
the First Street intersection and attempting to move into the through traffic lane.
Rasmussen testified that after plaintiffs’ vehicle moved into the through lane, defendant
pulled alongside plaintiffs’ vehicle, yelling at plaintiffs and shaking his fist. According
to Rasmussen, defendant then cut in front of plaintiffs and slammed on his brakes.
Rasmussen testified that plaintiffs moved to the right lane and defendant again cut them
off and slammed on his brakes. At that point, Rasmussen wrote down the pickup truck’s
license plate number because he believed he was observing a road rage incident.
Rasmussen testified that the accident occurred shortly thereafter when defendant, who
was travelling in the left lane, swerved into plaintiffs’ vehicle in the right lane, causing
plaintiffs’ vehicle to go up on the curb. Rasmussen called 911 to report the accident.
       Mr. Jones testified that defendant pulled in front of his vehicle and stopped twice
prior to the accident, although Mr. Jones did not observe defendant yelling or gesturing.
Mr. Jones testified that defendant’s truck struck his vehicle, causing his vehicle to go up
on the curb.
       Following the accident, plaintiffs and defendant pulled into a parking lot.
Defendant testified that he wrote down his contact information and gave it to plaintiffs,
but that Mr. Jones refused to provide his information. According to defendant, Mr. Jones
also told defendant “you’re crazy” following the accident. By contrast, Mr. Jones
testified that defendant did not provide his contact information, but instead asked why
Mr. Jones hit his truck, to which Mr. Jones responded “I am not talking until the police
get here.” Defendant denied hearing Mr. Jones mention the police.
       Defendant left the scene to go pick up his children. About 10 minutes after the
accident, after defendant had left, the police arrived. Mr. Jones did not say anything to
defendant or the police about being injured. Plaintiffs’ vehicle needed to be towed, and
plaintiffs took a cab to the airport and left for Arizona as scheduled.
       Shortly after leaving the scene, defendant spoke with his wife, who said she could
pick up the children. That afternoon, defendant took his vehicle to the auto body repair

                                               3
shop, which repaired the damage from the accident for $2,816. Defendant also called his
insurance agent, who told him he was not required to report the incident.
       Mr. Jones testified that he noticed numbness in his right arm on the plane ride
home that has persisted since the accident. Mr. Jones’s doctor testified that the accident
caused Mr. Jones’s right arm numbness as well as the enlargement of a pre-existing
spinal cyst, which required surgery.
       B.     Evidentiary Rulings
       Before trial, the court granted defendant’s motion in limine to exclude the police
report of the accident on hearsay grounds. The court also barred any direct reference to
the fact that defendant had insurance. Consequently, defendant testified that he reported
the accident to an unidentified individual, and that “they” said there was no need to report
it to the police; defendant did not testify as to who gave him that information. On cross-
examination, defendant acknowledged that the individual who advised him was not a
member of law enforcement or his attorney.
       C.     The Verdict
       The jury found defendant was not negligent. The jury did not reach the issues of
causation or damages. The court entered judgment on the verdict on November 28, 2011.
       D.     Plaintiffs’ Posttrial Motions
       On December 9, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion for JNOV on the ground that no
substantial evidence supported the verdict and that the evidence required a directed
verdict in their favor on “all the issues.”
       Also on December 9, 2011, plaintiffs filed a notice of intention to move for a new
trial. In their new trial motion, filed on December 16, 2011, plaintiffs sought a new trial
on grounds of jury misconduct, insufficiency of the evidence, and evidentiary errors they
said prevented a fair trial. In support of their claim of jury misconduct, plaintiffs
submitted declarations from one of the jurors, Vernie Dela Cruz, and from their trial
attorneys, Anton Gerschler and Dena Acosta.

                                              4
       Juror Dela Cruz declared that: (1) several jurors who voted in the majority
“struggled with the jury instructions defining standard of care for driving,” noting that
one of the jurors stated “we are all negligent in our driving if this is the law,” and that
others agreed; (2) one of the jurors stated “[a]t night time, if there is a refrigerator in the
road and you swerve to miss it, it wasn’t because I was negligent, it was because there
was a refrigerator in the freeway”; (3) after the jurors were told they could not see the
police report because it was not in evidence, several jurors “became bogged down with
why we couldn’t have it, since it would contain pictures from the scene to support
Plaintiffs’ theory of the case”; (4) several jurors who voted in the majority did not believe
Rasmussen because his memory was too clear; and (5) Juror Cynthia Mitchell said during
deliberations that she had made up her mind early in the trial.
       Plaintiffs’ attorneys declared that they and defense counsel Michael Dodson spoke
with three jurors after the trial, including Cynthia Mitchell. Plaintiffs’ counsel declared
that Mitchell made the following statements, among others:
       “I made my mind up 2 days in”; and
       “The testimony of eyewitness Lance Rasmussen was discounted because his
memory was too clear after four years and he seemed too motivated to tell his story.”
       In opposition to plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial, defendant objected to the
declarations submitted by plaintiffs on various grounds. Defendant also submitted
declarations from Juror Mitchell and attorney Dodson. Mitchell stated that she did not
recall telling other jurors or the parties’ counsel that she made her mind up early in the
case, and that she would not make such statements. Dodson stated that, during the
posttrial conversation with counsel, Mitchell never said “I made my mind up 2 days in”
and none of the jurors remarked that the accident was not intentional.
       The trial court denied plaintiffs’ JNOV and new trial motions on January 27, 2012.
With respect to the JNOV motion, the court found that there was substantial evidence to
support the jury verdict regarding liability. In reaching that conclusion, the court noted

                                               5
that, at trial, “witnesses presented conflicting accounts concerning liability” and reasoned
that the existence of “inconsistent” witness accounts “does not mean that the evidentiary
record is insufficient to support a jury’s verdict.” The court also stated that “even if [it]
were to find legal grounds for setting aside the verdict, a [JNOV] . . . would not be
available unless damages were certain.”
       As to the motion for a new trial, the court found plaintiffs’ arguments to be
without merit. With respect to their claim of jury misconduct, the court assumed without
deciding that plaintiffs’ supporting declarations were admissible but concluded that
plaintiffs had not met their burden of establishing misconduct, reasoning that the
evidence was “conflicting and equivocal.”
       F.     Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike or Tax Expert Witness Fees
       On December 20, 2011, plaintiffs filed a motion to strike or tax costs. Plaintiffs
argued in their motion that defendant was not entitled to the $23,251.98 in expert witness
fees he requested pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 998 (section 998) because
defendant had not made a good faith settlement offer. Plaintiffs argued that defendant’s
settlement offers--to Mr. Jones for $6,501 and to Mrs. Jones for $501--were made at a
time when the defense lacked sufficient information upon which to determine the
reasonableness of the offers and were not made in good faith. The trial court denied the
motion on April 5, 2012, reasoning that defendant’s settlement offers were neither
unreasonable nor made in bad faith, given that defendant had strenuously denied
negligence and causation throughout the litigation.
       G.     Judgment and Notice of Appeal
       Plaintiffs timely filed a notice of appeal from the judgment and the order denying
their JNOV and new trial motions on February 22, 2012. On April 26, 2012, plaintiffs
filed an amended notice of appeal to include an appeal from the order denying their
motion to strike or tax costs.



                                               6
II.    DISCUSSION
       A.     Denial of JNOV Motion
              1.     Standard of Review
       “A motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict may be granted only if it
appears from the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the party securing the
verdict, that there is no substantial evidence in support.” (Sweatman v. Department of
Veterans Affairs (2001) 25 Cal.4th 62, 68.) On appeal “the standard of review is whether
any substantial evidence--contradicted or uncontradicted--supports the jury’s
conclusion.” (Ibid.) In determining whether substantial evidence supports the verdict,
we view the evidence “ ‘ “in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, resolving all
conflicts and drawing all inferences in favor of that verdict.” ’ ” (Ajaxo Inc. v. E*Trade
Group, Inc. (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 21, 49.)
       “We emphasize that the [substantial evidence] test is not the presence or absence
of a substantial conflict in the evidence. Rather, it is simply whether there is substantial
evidence in favor of the respondent. If this ‘substantial’ evidence is present, no matter
how slight it may appear in comparison with the contradictory evidence, the judgment
must be upheld. As a general rule, therefore, we will look only at the evidence and
reasonable inferences supporting the successful party, and disregard the contrary
showing.” (Howard v. Owens Corning (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 621, 631.)
              2.     Sufficiency of the Evidence
       Plaintiffs contend the verdict is unsupported by substantial evidence because the
evidence establishes that defendant’s version of events--that plaintiffs’ vehicle hit his
vehicle--is false. According to plaintiffs, because their vehicle went over the curb to the
right of the roadway, defendant must have hit them from the left as Mr. Jones and
Rasmussen testified. They claim that it would have been “impossible” for their vehicle to
go over the right-hand curb if they had hit defendant’s vehicle, which was to their left.



                                              7
       Plaintiffs offered no direct evidence--such as expert accident reconstruction
testimony--in support of their physical impossibility theory. Based on the evidence that
was before it (namely, the testimony of the parties and Rasmussen), the jury reasonably
could have believed defendant’s version of events and inferred that Mr. Jones swerved to
the right after making contact with defendant’s vehicle, causing plaintiffs’ vehicle to go
up on the curb. Because the verdict is supported by defendant’s testimony and
reasonable inferences, we cannot conclude that it lacks substantial evidentiary support.
       Plaintiffs argue that the jury could not reasonably credit defendant’s testimony
because he “abandoned the scene . . . and lied in his testimony about giving his contact
information to” plaintiffs. But plaintiffs ignore the fact that defendant explained his
departure, testifying he believed he still needed to pick up his children at the time he left
the scene. Plaintiffs also gloss over the fact that whether defendant in fact provided his
information was disputed, with defendant testifying that he did and plaintiffs saying he
did not. In any event, neither the trial court nor the appellate court can reevaluate the
credibility of witnesses on a motion for JNOV. (Ajaxo Inc. v. E*Trade Group, Inc.,
supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 49.) The jury evidently believed defendant, and his
testimony alone constitutes substantial evidence supporting the verdict. (In re Marriage
of Mix (1975) 14 Cal.3d 604, 614 [“ ‘The testimony of a witness, even the party himself,
may be sufficient.’ ”].)
       We also note that, contrary to plaintiffs’ suggestion, the jury was not required to
credit Rasmussen’s testimony merely because he was a disinterested witness. The finder
of fact is free to reject even uncontested testimony so long as the rejection is not
arbitrary. (Ortzman v. Van Der Waal (1952) 114 Cal.App.2d 167, 171.) Here, the jury
reasonably could have disbelieved Rasmussen, believing Rasmussen had concluded
defendant was engaged in road rage before the collision occurred and that his memory of
the accident was tainted by that judgment.



                                              8
         For the foregoing reasons, we conclude there was substantial evidence to support
the jury’s verdict.2
         B.     Denial of Motion for New Trial
         Plaintiffs moved for a new trial on the grounds of juror misconduct, insufficiency
of the evidence, and allegedly prejudicial evidentiary rulings. We address each ground
below.
                1.     Juror Misconduct
         Plaintiffs claim they are entitled to a new trial because one or more jurors (1)
prejudged the case; (2) misstated the law to other jurors; and (3) disregarded the court’s
instructions on the law.3




         2
          Plaintiffs also argue the trial court mistakenly believed it could not grant them a
partial JNOV on the issue of liability and have another trial to determine damages. That
argument is based on the court’s statement that “even if [it] were to find legal grounds for
setting aside the verdict, a [JNOV] . . . would not be available unless damages were
certain.” Assuming the court mistakenly believed it could not grant a partial JNOV, the
error was harmless because the court concluded substantial evidence supported the jury’s
verdict as to negligence. Therefore, the court would have reached the same result even if
it knew if could grant a partial JNOV.
        3
          Plaintiffs, who are African American, also speculate that the jury, which had no
African American members, was racially biased against them. In support of that claim,
raised for the first time on appeal, plaintiffs request that we take judicial notice of (1) the
results of an Associated Press poll indicating that 51 percent of Americans express “anti-
black attitudes”; (2) “State & County QuickFacts” from the United States Census Bureau
showing that, in 2010, 3.2 percent of the population in the City of San Jose was Black;
and (3) a San Francisco Chronicle article about racially mixed juries. The request for
judicial notice is denied because it would require us to accept as true the contents of
those three documents, which we may not do. (Ragland v. U.S. Bank National Assn.
(2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 182, 193 [“ ‘When judicial notice is taken of a document,
however, the truthfulness and proper interpretation of the document are disputable.’ ”].)
We need not further consider what plaintiffs themselves characterize as an “hypothesis of
animus toward Mr. Jones because he is black,” because it is untimely, unsupported by
any evidence, and rests on the premise that there is no other explanation for the verdict in
this case. For the reasons discussed in this opinion, we disagree with that premise.

                                               9
                       a.     Standard of Review
       “ ‘In ruling on a request for a new trial based on jury misconduct, the trial court
must undertake a three-step inquiry. [Citation.] First, it must determine whether the
affidavits supporting the motion are admissible. [Citation.] If the evidence is admissible,
the trial court must determine whether the facts establish misconduct. [Citation.] Lastly,
assuming misconduct, the trial court must determine whether the misconduct was
prejudicial.’ ” (Sierra View Local Health Care Dist. v. Sierra View Medical Plaza
Associates (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 478, 484.) We review the trial court’s determination
regarding the admissibility of affidavits for abuse of discretion. (Barboni v. Tuomi
(2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 340, 345).4 “On review from a trial court’s ‘determin[ation of]
whether misconduct occurred, “[w]e accept the trial court’s credibility determinations
and findings on questions of historical fact if supported by substantial evidence.” ’ ”
(Ibid.) If misconduct occurred, we must determine whether it was prejudicial. In doing
so, we review “the entire record, including the evidence, and make[] an independent
determination as to whether the misconduct was prejudicial.” (Ibid.)
                       b.     Prejudgment of the Case
       Plaintiffs argue that Juror Mitchell committed juror misconduct by prejudging the
case. For this claim of misconduct, plaintiffs rely on the declarations of Juror Dela Cruz
and attorneys Gerschler and Acosta, all of whom declared that Mitchell told them she
made up her mind to find defendant not negligent before hearing all of the testimony.
       Courts have held that statements similar to the one Mitchell is said to have made,
such as “I made up my mind during trial,” show that the juror “prejudged the case.”
(Grobeson v. City of Los Angeles (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 778, 790.) “For a juror to
prejudge the case is serious misconduct.” (Clemens v. Regents of University of
California (1971) 20 Cal.App.3d 356, 361.) Accordingly, if Mitchell in fact decided that


       4
           Like the trial court, we assume plaintiffs’ declarations were admissible.

                                               10
defendant was not negligent before the close of evidence, we would have no trouble
concluding that misconduct occurred.
       However, defendant submitted declarations from Mitchell and attorney Dodson
that contradicted those of Juror Dela Cruz and attorneys Gerschler and Acosta regarding
Mitchell’s statements. Given this “battle of the declarations,” we conclude that
substantial evidence supports the trial court’s determination that no juror misconduct
occurred. (Barboni v. Tuomi, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 351.)
                     c.      Introduction of Extraneous Law
       Plaintiffs also claim juror misconduct occurred when one juror erroneously
described the law as follows: “At night time, if there is a refrigerator in the road and you
swerve to miss it, it wasn’t because I was negligent, it was because there was a
refrigerator in the freeway.”
       It is true that the introduction of “extraneous law [to] a jury room--i.e., a statement
of law not given to the jury in the instruction by the court--” can constitute juror
misconduct. (Young v. Brunicardi (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 1344, 1349-1350 (Young); see
also In re Stankewitz (1985) 40 Cal.3d 391, 397.) But Young and Stankewitz are
distinguishable. In each of those cases, a juror “described his own outside experience as
a police officer on a question of law” and “erroneously instructed his fellow jurors” as to
the governing law. (Young, supra, at p. 1351 [comparing facts to Stankewitz].) Here,
there is no suggestion that the juror who made the statement purported to rely on his or
her professional experience.
       “The jury system is an institution that is . . . fundamentally human. Jurors bring to
their deliberations knowledge and beliefs about general matters of law and fact that find
their source in everyday life and experience. That they do so is one of the strengths of
the jury system. It is also one of its weaknesses: it has the potential to undermine
determinations that should be made exclusively on the evidence introduced by the parties
and the instructions given by the court. Such a weakness, however, must be tolerated[,] .

                                             11
. . [or] few verdicts would be proof against challenge.” (People v. Marshall (1990) 50
Cal.3d 907, 950.) The comment at issue was “a general statement about the law that
finds its source in everyday life and experience” that does not rise to the level of
misconduct.5 (Ibid.)
                       d.    Disregarding the Court’s Instructions
       Finally, plaintiffs argue that certain jurors committed misconduct by disregarding
the court’s instructions regarding the law. For this contention, plaintiffs rely on one
juror’s statement that “we are all negligent in our driving if this is the law,” and other
jurors’ agreement with that statement.
       It is not clear to us what “this” refers to in the juror’s statement. Plaintiffs
speculate “this” references the definition of negligence in the jury instructions, but
without context we cannot agree. The statement is simply too vague to establish whether
the jurors committed misconduct by disregarding the court’s instructions.
              2.       Sufficiency of the Evidence
       Plaintiffs also requested a new trial on the ground that there was insufficient
evidence to support the jury’s verdict.
                       a.    Standard of Review
       “When a trial court rules upon a motion for a new trial made upon the ground of
insufficiency of the evidence, the judge is required to weigh the evidence and judge the
credibility of witnesses. . . . Nonetheless, a new trial cannot be granted ‘. . . unless after
weighing the evidence, the court is convinced from the entire record, including
reasonable inferences therefrom, that the court or jury clearly should have reached a
different verdict or decision.’ ” (Locksley v. Ungureanu (1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 457,

       5
         Somewhat cryptically, plaintiffs note that some of the misinformation the police
officer provided his fellow jurors in Young related to why the police report was not in
evidence, and that the jurors here requested a copy of the police report but were told it
was not in evidence. We fail to see any connection in this case between the police report
and the juror statement at issue.

                                              12
463, quoting Code Civ. Proc., § 657.) On appellate review, “this court, unlike the trial
court, does not weigh the evidence; our power begins and ends with a determination as to
whether there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will
support the jury’s verdict.” (Locksley v. Ungureanu, supra, at p. 463.) In reviewing an
“order denying a new trial, as distinguished from an order granting a new trial” (City of
Los Angeles v. Decker (1977) 18 Cal.3d 860, 872), where we find error we must
“review[] the entire record, including the evidence, . . . [and] make an independent
determination as to whether the error was prejudicial.” (Ibid.)
                     b.     Analysis
       For the reasons stated above with respect to the JNOV motion, substantial
evidence, in the form of defendant’s testimony, supports the verdict.
              3.     Evidentiary Rulings
       Plaintiffs also challenge two evidentiary rulings by the trial court, which they
claim entitle them to a new trial. In particular, they challenge the court’s exclusion of
any mention of insurance and of the police report.
                     a.     Standard of Review
       We review the trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, which we
will find only where the trial court exceeded the bounds of reason. (Shaw v. County of
Santa Cruz (2008) 170 Cal.App.4th 229, 281.) Given that we are reviewing a denial of a
motion for a new trial, if we find the court erred in excluding evidence, we independently
determine whether the error was prejudicial. (Ajaxo Inc. v. E*Trade Financial Corp.
(2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 1295, 1307.)
                     b.     Exclusion of Any Reference to Defendant’s Insurance
       Plaintiffs argue that the court erred by precluding them from eliciting testimony
from defendant that the individual to whom he “reported” the accident, and who told him
he was not required to report it to the police, was his insurance agent. According to



                                             13
plaintiffs, that ruling permitted jurors to incorrectly infer that some “authoritative . . .
individual . . . believed [defendant’s] account denying fault.”
       Evidence Code section 1155 prohibits the admission of evidence of insurance “to
prove negligence or other wrongdoing.” Plaintiffs’ argument appears to be that they were
not seeking to introduce the evidence to prove defendant’s negligence, but rather to
disprove his claim that he reasonably concluded he was not required to report the
accident to police after speaking with some anonymous individual.
       Assuming the trial court erred, it is plaintiffs’ burden is to establish that, in the
absence of the asserted error, there is a reasonable probability of a different result. (Zhou
v. Unisource Worldwide (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1471, 1480.) Plaintiffs’ theory of
prejudice is that the purported error likely caused the jury to conclude that an
authoritative individual believed defendant’s claim that he was not at fault for the
accident, and found him not negligent as a result. This theory fails for three reasons.
       First, plaintiffs established through cross-examination that the individual was not a
member of law enforcement or defendant’s attorney. Plaintiffs do not indicate what other
“authoritative” individual the jury could have thought defendant consulted.
       Second, defendant did not testify that the individual he spoke with told him he was
not required to report the accident because he was not at fault. Indeed, it is not even clear
from defendant’s testimony whether he told the agent his version of how the accident
occurred.6 Therefore, there is no reason to believe the jury thought the individual
concluded defendant did not cause the accident.
       Third, defendant’s testimony about the conversation at issue related to whether he
believed he was legally required to report the accident to the police. But his belief in that


       6
         Defendant testified as follows: “I reported that I was in an automobile accident.
I gave my information and the other party refused to give their information. And they
said that it was not a problem. Everything I did was legal. There was no reason to call
the police or anything.”

                                               14
regard (and, indeed, whether he was in fact required to report) is irrelevant to whether he
was negligent.
        For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs have failed to show that it is reasonably
probable that if the trial court had admitted evidence that defendant’s conversation was
with his insurance agent the jury would have returned a different verdict as to defendant’s
liability.
                       c.    Exclusion of the Police Report
        Plaintiffs also claim the court erred by excluding the police report, but they
advance no argument as to (1) why the exclusion constituted error or (2) how it caused
them prejudice. Accordingly, we treat the argument as abandoned. (Berger v. Godden
(1985) 163 Cal.App.3d 1113, 1119 [“ ‘ “ ‘Contentions supported neither by argument nor
by citation of authority are deemed to be without foundation, and to have been
abandoned.’ ” ’ ”].)
        D.     Denial of Motion to Strike or Tax Expert Witness Fees
        Section 998 is a cost-shifting statute designed to encourage pretrial settlements
and avoid needless litigation. (Barba v. Perez (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 444, 451.) It
provides that “[i]f an offer made by a defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to
obtain a more favorable judgment or award, . . . the court or arbitrator, in its discretion,
may require the plaintiff to pay a reasonable sum to cover costs of the services of expert
witnesses, who are not regular employees of any party, actually incurred and reasonably
necessary in either, or both, preparation for trial or arbitration, or during trial or
arbitration, of the case by the defendant.” (§ 998, subd. (c)(1).) To be valid, a section
998 offer must be made in good faith, which requires that the offer of settlement be “
‘realistically reasonable under the circumstances of the particular case.’ ” (Jones v.
Dumrichob (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1258, 1262.) “ ‘Normally, therefore, a token or
nominal offer will not satisfy this good faith requirement.’ ” (Ibid.)



                                               15
         Here, defendant made a $6,501 pretrial settlement offer to Mr. Jones and a $501
pretrial settlement offer to Mrs. Jones. On the basis of those offers, the court awarded
defendant expert witness fees from plaintiffs under section 998. Plaintiffs argue that the
court erred in doing so because defendant’s settlement offers were not made in good
faith.
                1.     Standard of Review
         “As a general rule, the reasonableness of a defendant’s offer is measured, first, by
determining whether the offer represents a reasonable prediction of the amount of money,
if any, defendant would have to pay plaintiff following a trial, discounted by an
appropriate factor for receipt of money by plaintiff before trial, all premised upon
information that was known or reasonably should have been known to the defendant. . . .
[¶] If the offer is found reasonable by the first test, it must then satisfy a second test:
whether defendant’s information was known or reasonably should have been known to
plaintiff. This second test is necessary because the section 998 mechanism works only
where the offeree has reason to know the offer is a reasonable one.” (Elrod v. Oregon
Cummins Diesel, Inc. (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 692, 699, fn. omitted.) “Where, as here, the
offeror obtains a judgment more favorable than its offer, the judgment constitutes prima
facie evidence showing the offer was reasonable and the offeror is eligible for costs as
specified in section 998. The burden is therefore properly on plaintiff[s], as offeree[s], to
prove otherwise.” (Id. at p. 700.) We review the trial court’s determination that a section
998 offer was reasonable and made in good faith for abuse of discretion. (Elrod v.
Oregon Cummins Diesel, Inc., supra, at p. 700.)

                2.     The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Awarding Expert
                       Costs to Defendant Under Section 998
         Plaintiffs contend defendant’s offers were unreasonable in view of Mr. Jones’s
high medical bills (which exceeded $55,000), and the fact that defendant made the offers
before the defense conducted its medical examination of Mr. Jones. We conclude


                                               16
plaintiffs have not met their burden of showing that the trial court exercised its discretion
in “an arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd manner.” (Culbertson v. R. D. Werner Co.,
Inc. (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 704, 710 (Culbertson).)
       The amount of the offer is only one factor for the trial judge to consider in
determining reasonableness and good faith. A defendant is entitled to make a “modest
settlement offer,” even if substantial damages are claimed, based on his perception that
he has a strong case. (Culbertson, supra, 190 Cal.App.3d at p. 710.) Furthermore, “the
mere fact” that a plaintiff claimed large losses “does not mean that defendants’ . . . offer
was unreasonable or unrealistic.” (Santantonio v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co. (1994)
25 Cal.App.4th 102, 118.) Here, the trial court found the offers--which totaled $7,002--to
be reasonable based on the fact that defendant had strenuously denied negligence and
causation throughout the litigation. This was not an abuse of discretion. (See Colbaugh
v. Hartline (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1516, 1528-1529 [“ ‘When a defendant perceives
himself to be fault free and has concluded that he has a very significant likelihood of
prevailing at trial, it is consistent with the legislative purpose of section 998 for the
defendant to make a modest settlement offer.’ ”].)
       Nor does the fact that the defense had not yet examined Mr. Jones at the time the
offers were made render them unreasonable. Again, defendant believed himself to be
fault free, which makes his modest settlement offers reasonable regardless of the true
extent of Mr. Jones’s injuries. And the fact that the defense had not completed that
discovery had no impact on plaintiffs’ ability to evaluate the offers.




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III.   DISPOSITION
       The judgment and order on the motion to tax costs are affirmed. Defendant shall
recover his costs on appeal.




                                                           Premo, J.




       WE CONCUR:




              Rushing, P.J.




              Elia, J.




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