                                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

DELTA SIGMA THETA SORORITY INC.,

                           Plaintiff,
                                                                      Civil Action No. 13-252 (BAH)
                           v.
                                                                      Judge Beryl A. Howell
LETISHA D. BIVINS, et al.

                           Defendants.


                                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

         In this trademark infringement suit, the plaintiff, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., seeks

to enjoin the defendants, Letisha D. Bivins (“Bivins”), Alphonso D. Goins (“Goins”), and

FratHouse Clothing, LLC (“FratHouse”) 1 (collectively, “the defendants”), from selling

merchandise that allegedly infringes upon its registered trademarks, as well as to recover

damages from the defendants. See Compl., ECF No. 1, generally. Pending before the Court are

Defendants Bivins and Goins’ Joint Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction; 12(b)(3) for improper venue; and 12(b)(6),

for failure to state a claim against Defendant Bivins. See Defs.’ Joint Mot. Dismiss (“Defs.’

Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 51. For the reasons discussed below, the motion is granted in part on




1
  Defendant FratHouse has yet to appear in this matter. Although Defendant FratHouse purported to file a Motion to
Dismiss on April 10, 2013, see ECF No. 14, the motion was stricken because Defendant FratHouse failed to appear
by counsel and, as a limited liability corporation, is not entitled to appear pro se. See Rowland v. Cal. Men’s
Colony, Unit II Men’s Advisory Council, 506 U.S. 194, 201–02 (1993). Nevertheless, the plaintiff has not sought an
entry of default against Defendant FratHouse as a result of its failure to appear. Consequently, since venue is
improper in this district as to all the defendants, see infra, the case against Defendant FratHouse will be transferred
in conjunction with the transfer by motion of the case against Defendants Bivins and Goins. See Cottman
Transmission Sys., Inc. v. Martino, 36 F.3d 291, 292 (3d Cir. 1994) (transferring entire trademark infringement
action, including action against corporation that failed to appear by counsel, “so that the entire action may be
transferred to the same district.”).

                                                          1
grounds that venue in this district is improper and transfer of this case to the Middle District of

Florida is warranted.

I.       BACKGROUND

         The defendants operate a clothing business in Naples, Florida, for which business they

maintain a website. See Compl. ¶ 26. The plaintiff alleges that the defendants have engaged in

the sale of merchandise bearing the plaintiff’s trademarks without authorization. Id. ¶ 27.

Despite serving the defendants with multiple cease and desist letters, the plaintiff alleges the

defendants continued to sell the allegedly infringing merchandise. Id. ¶¶ 33–37.

         The plaintiff initiated this lawsuit on February 26, 2013. See id. at 1. Defendants Bivins

and FratHouse, proceeding pro se, timely moved to dismiss the complaint on grounds of lack of

personal jurisdiction, improper venue, and, as to Defendant Bivins, failure to state a claim. See

Mots. Dismiss, ECF Nos. 13 and 14. After the plaintiff improperly filed a Motion for Default

against Defendant Goins, 2 Defendant Goins, who is also proceeding pro se, filed a Motion to

Dismiss on similar grounds. See Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 29.

         In October, 2013 the plaintiff filed a Motion for Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”),

seeking, inter alia, the immediate removal of all allegedly infringing merchandise from the

defendants’ website and an immediate cessation of the allegedly infringing activity. See Pl.’s

Mot. TRO, ECF No. 34. The Court set a prompt hearing date on the plaintiff’s TRO motion and

directed that the parties “be prepared to discuss whether this Court has the power to enter such an

Order, given the jurisdictional and venue disputes raised by the defendants.” Minute Order

(October 21, 2013). In advance of the TRO hearing, the Court also denied the three pending

motions to dismiss without prejudice and granted the plaintiff limited discovery “to determine if

2
 The Court denied, without prejudice, the plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default for failing first to obtain an entry
of default from the Clerk of the Court, as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a). See Mem. Order at 6,
ECF No. 36.

                                                           2
this Court has jurisdiction over the defendants and if venue is proper in this District.” See Mem.

Order at 4–6, ECF No. 36. 3

         Oral argument was heard on the plaintiff’s TRO motion on October 23, 2013. 4 The

Court granted the plaintiff’s motion and imposed a Temporary Restraining Order on the

defendants for the duration of the plaintiff’s jurisdictional discovery period. 5 See Order Granting

the Plaintiff’s Mot. for TRO at 1, ECF No. 37; Minute Order (December 5, 2013). At the

conclusion of jurisdictional discovery, the Court granted, with Defendant Bivin’s consent, an

extension of the temporary restraining order through the date of the Court’s ruling on the

anticipated renewed motions to dismiss. See Minute Order (December 23, 2013). Defendant

Bivins and Defendant Goins subsequently filed a joint motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), improper venue under Rule 12(b)(3),

and, as to Defendant Bivins, failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Rule

12(b)(6). See Defs.’ Mot. at 1.

II.      LEGAL STANDARD

         Rule 12(b)(3) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes a party to move to

dismiss a case for “improper venue.” FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(3). Similarly, the federal venue

statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), requires that a district court “dismiss, or if it be in the interest of

justice, transfer” a case, which is filed “in the wrong division or district.” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a).

Together, “Section 1406(a) and Rule 12(b)(3) allow dismissal only when venue is ‘wrong’ or

‘improper’. . . in the forum in which [the case] was brought.” Atl. Marine Constr. Co. v. U.S.

3
  In this same order, the Court struck the plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction as improperly filed as one of
over ten attachments to the Complaint, and ordered Defendant FratHouse to appear by counsel no later than October
31, 2014. See Mem. Order at 6, ECF No. 36. As noted previously, see n.1 supra, to date, Defendant FratHouse has
not entered appearance by counsel.
4
  Counsel for the plaintiff appeared in person and Defendant Bivins appeared by telephone at this hearing.
Defendants Goins and FratHouse failed to appear.
5
  The plaintiff’s jurisdictional discovery period was extended until December 20, 2013 on the plaintiff’s motion. See
Minute Order (December 5, 2013).

                                                          3
Dist. Court, 134 S. Ct. 568, 577 (2013). The Supreme Court explained that “[w]hether venue is

‘wrong’ or ‘improper’ depends exclusively on whether the court in which the case was brought

satisfies the requirements of federal venue laws.” Id.

        “When venue is challenged, the court must determine whether the case falls within one of

the three categories set out in § 1391(b),” id., which governs “the venue of all civil actions

brought in district courts of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(a)(1). Specifically, venue of a

civil case is properly laid in the following three categories of judicial district: where “any

defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is located;”

where “a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a

substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated;” or where “any defendant

is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with respect to such action,” so long as venue is

unavailable in any other district. Id. § 1391(b).

        The moving party objecting to venue must provide “sufficient specificity to put the

plaintiff on notice of the defect” that the case fails to fall within one of the three categories set

out in section 1391(b). 14D CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND

PROCEDURE § 3826, at 496 (4th ed. 2013). Nevertheless, the burden remains on the plaintiff to

establish that venue is proper since it is “‘the plaintiff’s obligation to institute the action in a

permissible forum . . . .’” Williams v. GEICO Corp., 792 F. Supp. 2d 58, 62 (D.D.C. 2011)

(quoting Freeman v. Fallin, 254 F. Supp. 2d 52, 56 (D.D.C. 2003)); see also WRIGHT ET AL., §

3826, at 502, 505‒06 (“[W]hen [an] objection has been raised, the burden is on the plaintiff to

establish that the district he [or she] chose is a proper venue[,] . . . consistent with the plaintiff’s

threshold obligation to show that the case belongs to the particular district court in which the suit

has been instituted.”).



                                                    4
        In reviewing a motion to dismiss for improper venue, the court “‘accepts the plaintiff’s

well-pled factual allegations regarding venue as true, draws all reasonable inferences from those

allegations in the plaintiff’s favor and resolves any factual conflicts in the plaintiff’s favor.’”

Wilson v. Obama, 770 F. Supp. 2d 188, 190 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting James v. Verizon Servs.

Corp., 639 F. Supp. 2d 9, 11 (D.D.C. 2009)). The court may resolve the motion on the basis of

the complaint alone, or, as necessary, examine facts outside the complaint that are presented by

the parties, while drawing reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Herbert v. Sebelius,

925 F. Supp. 2d 13, 17‒18 (D.D.C. 2013).

III.    DISCUSSION

        Since the propriety of venue in this district has been challenged, the Court must evaluate

whether venue is proper here under any of the three prongs of 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). See Atl.

Marine Constr. Co., 134 S. Ct. at 577. According to the allegations in the Complaint, all three

defendants are residents of the Middle District of Florida, specifically, the city of Naples,

Florida. See Compl. ¶¶ 4–6. This allegation renders venue improper in this district under both

§ 1391(b)(1), since none of the defendants reside in this district, and § 1391(b)(3), since all

defendants reside in Florida, making venue available in another district, namely, the Middle

District of Florida. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(3) (providing for jurisdiction over a civil action in

“any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction with

respect” to the action only if “there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought.”).

        Thus, the plaintiff must show that venue is proper in this district under 28 U.S.C. §

1391(b)(2), which provides that “[a] civil action may be brought in—(2) a judicial district in

which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a

substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated.” Indeed, this is the prong



                                                   5
of the general venue statute on which the plaintiff relies, alleging in the complaint that venue is

proper in this district “because a substantial part of the events giving rise to the claims asserted

herein arose in this district.” Compl. ¶ 12; see also Modaressi v. Vedadi, 441 F. Supp. 2d 51, 56

(D.D.C. 2006) (finding where all defendants resided in another state, “plaintiff must establish

that a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred in the District

of Columbia.”). 6

         The plaintiff begins its argument as to the propriety of venue in this district by stating “a

substantial part of the events giving rise to an action may occur in more than one district.” Pl.’s

Opp’n Defs.’ Mot. (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 19, ECF No. 52. It is true that “in some cases, a plaintiff

will have a choice among multiple districts where a substantial portion of the underlying events

occurred.” Modaressi, 441 F. Supp. 2d at 57. Nevertheless, the burden is still on the plaintiff to

allege sufficient facts to indicate “a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the

claim occurred” in the chosen district. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2) (emphasis added). It is in this

respect that the plaintiff fails to satisfy its burden.

         During the period of jurisdictional discovery authorized by the Court, the plaintiff

uncovered the total number of transactions and sales allegedly infringing upon the plaintiff’s

marks. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3. In total, the plaintiff discovered that only ten of the defendants’

total transactions since they started operating their business—out of 733 total transactions, or 1.3

percent of the defendants’ sales—were shipped or billed to addresses within the District of

Columbia. See id. For the purposes of determining appropriate venue, the plaintiff alleges that




6
 The plaintiff also states that venue is proper in this district “because Defendants transact business in this district.”
Compl. ¶ 12. In so doing, the plaintiff appears to conflate the standard for exercise of personal jurisdiction over the
defendants under the District of Columbia’s long-arm statute with the standard for assessing whether venue is proper
here.

                                                           6
only two of those transactions involved goods bearing the allegedly infringing marks. 7 Id. One

of those purchases was made by a member of the plaintiff. See Decl. of Nicole Lenon Johnson

(“Johnson Decl.”) ¶ 18, ECF No. 1-4. The other, which the plaintiff refers to as a “1913” tote

bag, was cancelled and payment authorization was reversed, according to the defendants’

submissions and documentary evidence. See Defs.’ Joint Reply Mem. Supp. Defs.’ Mot.

(“Defs.’ Reply”) at 2 & n.2, ECF No. 53; see also Defs.’ Reply Ex. 1 at 2, ECF No. 53-1 (order

information for a “1913” tote bag showing order to be shipped to Washington, D.C. as cancelled

with payment refunded). The plaintiff “reserves the right to challenge the validity” of the

defendants’ documentary evidence regarding the cancellation of this second allegedly infringing

transaction, but offers no justification for such a challenge. See Pl.’s Surreply to Defs.’ Reply

(“Pl.’s Surreply”) at 2–3, ECF No. 54-1. The plaintiff’s complaint certainly does not provide

any justification for such a challenge since it makes no reference to any specific items bearing

the allegedly infringing marks that were shipped into this district. See Compl. generally. Thus,

the plaintiff has not alleged with any specificity in its complaint that a substantial or, indeed, any

allegedly infringing merchandise was shipped to the District of Columbia and jurisdictional

discovery has confirmed only a single item purchased by a member of the plaintiff.

         The D.C. Circuit has had few opportunities to address the propriety of venue when

trademark infringement has been alleged, but the Circuit’s analysis in Noxell Corp. v. Firehouse

No. 1 Bar-B-Que Restaurant, 760 F.2d 312, 314 (D.C. Cir. 1985), makes clear that venue is

improper in this district. 8 In that case, the plaintiff filed a trademark infringement action in this


7
  The plaintiff does not include in this number a third transaction that the defendants assert was modified so as not to
include any allegedly infringing merchandise. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3.
8
  No party addresses the application of Noxell to this case. Although Noxell was decided before 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)
was amended to account for a claim to arise in more than one district, the D.C. Circuit analyzed the claim at issue in
Noxell under the Supreme Court’s decision in Leroy v. Great Western United Corp., 443 U.S. 173, 185 (1979),
which held that a claim could arise in more than one district. See Noxell Corp., 760 F.2d at 316 (quoting Leroy, 443
U.S. at 185). Moreover, the D.C. Circuit’s precedent prior to Leroy had held that a claim “arose” under the previous

                                                           7
district against two San Francisco barbeque restaurants and their sole proprietor for allegedly

using certain trademarked terms on the defendants’ barbecue sauce packaging. Id. The D.C.

Circuit noted that “[a]t the time [the plaintiff] lodged its complaint here, no more than 200 cases

of [the defendants’] product had been sold in the District [of Columbia]. This number of cases

amounted to less than 1.5% of [the defendants’] total barbecue sauce sales,” with “40%” of the

defendants’ sales occurring in California. Id. In response to the plaintiff’s argument that, even if

the claim arose in California, where the defendants were located, it also arose in the District of

Columbia because the defendants’ allegedly infringing products were available for sale “in local

food shops” here, the Circuit observed that the plaintiff “appears to have collapsed or

homogenized issues of personal jurisdiction and venue that should be analyzed discretely.” Id. at

316; see also Murdoch v. Rosenberg & Assoc., L.L.C, 875 F. Supp. 2d 6, 10–11 (D.D.C. 2012)

(“Analysis of the relevant facts under § 1391(b)(2) conforms to the general rule that questions of

personal jurisdiction and venue are distinct.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Day v. Cornér

Bank (Overseas) Ltd., 789 F. Supp. 2d 150, 160 (D.D.C. 2011) (“[Q]uestions of personal

jurisdiction and venue are distinct. The former concerns itself with the power of a court to

adjudicate the rights and liabilities of a party, while the latter focuses on the most convenient

location for litigation.”). Repeating the fact that “[n]ot more than 200 cases had reached District

of Columbia grocery shelves,” and noting that “[d]efending a trademark infringement action

some 3000 miles away from where all employees and corporate records are located would

exceed ‘inconvenience’—it would occasion a hardship for [the defendants],” the Noxell court




version of 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) “where a substantial portion of the acts or omissions giving rise to the actions
occurred.” Id. at 317 n.8 (quoting Lamont v. Haig, 590 F.2d 1124, 1134 (D.C. Cir. 1978)). Consequently, the logic
in Noxell is instructive as to how the current version of 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) should be interpreted for the purposes of
the instant matter.

                                                          8
held “that the District of Columbia may not be assigned as the locus of the claim in this case.”

Id. at 317.

          Of particular importance to the D.C. Circuit in Noxell was the Supreme Court’s

instruction in Leroy that, when considering a plaintiff’s choice of venue, “the convenience of the

defendant (but not of the plaintiff)” was an appropriate factor to take into account. Id. at 316–17

(quoting Leroy, 443 U.S. at 185). The D.C. Circuit found “this conclusion inescapable: [the

plaintiff] has chosen the District of Columbia simply to suit its own convenience.” Id. at 317;

see also Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Miski, 496 F. Supp. 2d 137, 142

(D.D.C. 2007) (“Because venue is intended to protect defendants, ‘courts often focus on the

relevant activities of the defendant . . . in determining where a substantial part of the underlying

events occurred.’” (quoting Abramoff v. Shake Consulting, L.L.C, 288 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C.

2003)).

          The plaintiff’s proffered basis for proper venue in this district pales in comparison to the

facts found to be insufficient for venue in Noxell. For example, the Noxell court focused on the

fact that only a small fraction, amounting to about 1.5 percent of the defendants’ sales, occurred

in this district, but that percentage is a larger proportion than the alleged number of sales of

allegedly infringing merchandise sold in this district by the defendants in this matter. At best,

crediting the plaintiff’s “challenge” to the cancelled sale, the plaintiff alleges that two sales of

allegedly infringing merchandise resulted in goods being shipped into this district. See Pl.’s

Opp’n at 3. This amounts to two-tenths of one percent, or .2 percent, of the defendants’ total

sales. See id. (detailing 733 transactions and alleging “two (2) involved merchandise bearing

[the plaintiff’s] Marks.”).




                                                    9
        In addition, the Noxell court considered and rejected the plaintiff’s argument that

“confusion” for the purposes of trademark infringement, could have occurred in the District of

Columbia because two stores in the District carried both the plaintiff’s and defendant’s barbeque

sauce products. Noxell, 760 F.2d at 317. By contrast, the plaintiff’s complaint does not allege

that licensed merchandise bearing the plaintiff’s marks is being sold in this District. See Compl.

generally. Indeed, the plaintiff only alleges that it has “granted hundreds of such licenses” to

vendors who “actively compete for the limited available spaces to exhibit at Delta’s national

conventions and other events.” Compl. ¶ 22.

        Finally, the plaintiff admitted at the hearing held on its TRO motion that it was plainly

bringing suit in this district to suit its own convenience. The plaintiff responded to a question

from the Court as to why this case should not be transferred to the Middle District of Florida by

stating “it’s a hardship to try to try [this case] in Florida with counsel being here . . . so it would

be a hardship for us in terms of what – where we’re located and where our plaintiff is located.”

TRO Hrg. Tr. at 19:7-12, ECF No. 55. There is no need for the Court to infer that the plaintiff is

bringing this case in this district solely for its own convenience since the plaintiff conceded this

point in a direct answer to the Court.

        The plaintiff’s stated reason for bringing the instant suit in this district runs directly

counter to the venue statute’s “inten[t] to protect defendants,” Miski, 496 F. Supp. 2d at 142, and

this circuit’s “commonsense appraisal of the implications of those events [that gave rise to the

claim at issue] for accessibility to witnesses and records.” Sharp Electronics Corp. v. Hayman

Cash Register Co., 655 F.2d 1228, 1229 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (quoting Lamont, 590 F.2d at 1134).

There is little doubt that the defendants’ witnesses and records will mainly be found in the

Middle District of Florida, where all of the defendants reside and the business is operated.



                                                   10
       Common sense, in addition to D.C. Circuit precedent, counsels that venue should lie

there, not in this district where the only connection to the claims are that, arguably, two people,

one of whom was a member of the plaintiff, placed orders through a generally accessible website

for shipment of a small amount of allegedly infringing merchandise to the District of Columbia.

See Trenwyth Indus. Inc. v. Burns and Russell Co., 701 F. Supp. 852, 853; 856 (D.D.C. 1988)

(holding that “one, although possibly two, direct sales to District of Columbia residents” was

insufficient to trigger venue under previous version of 28 U.S.C. 1391(b) because “nearly all of

the actions or events giving rise to [the suit] occurred at [the defendant’s] various corporate

locations in” another venue).

       The plaintiff relies upon several cases from outside this circuit for the proposition that, in

Lanham Act cases, a “substantial part” of the events giving rise to an infringement claim occurs

where the alleged confusion as to the goods bearing the mark’s origin occurs. See Pl.’s Opp’n at

19–20. These cases are either unpersuasive or undercut the plaintiff’s argument, however, since

each of the cases relied upon by the plaintiff, in addition to being non-binding on this Court,

involved an additional factor not present in the instant matter, namely (1) advertising targeted at

the forum or (2) substantial sales or other indicia of the presence of the defendant in the forum.

       With respect to the first factor, the plaintiff relies on two cases that found venue proper in

the plaintiff’s chosen forum because the defendant in a trademark action had undertaken specific

targeted actions, such as advertising, aimed at the challenged forum. In Sutter Home Winery,

Inc. v. Madrona Vineyards, L.P. (“Sutter Home”), No. 05-0587, 2005 WL 701599, at *4 n.2

(N.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2005), the court addressed the defendants’ venue argument in a footnote and

then only in the context of the likelihood of the plaintiff’s success on the merits in the context of

a motion for preliminary injunction. The court in Sutter Home was careful to note that, while it



                                                 11
found venue proper in the challenged district, it did “not foreclose the possibility that a different

conclusion might be warranted upon consideration of a more complete record” and that its

finding that consumers may be confused in the challenged district was merely sufficient to allow

the court to reach the merits of the plaintiff’s preliminary injunction motion. Id.

         The Sutter Home court noted that sales in the challenged forum were “relatively modest,”

and based its finding that venue was proper in the challenged district on the authority of two

cases, Radical Products, Inc. v. Sundays Distribution, 821 F. Supp. 648, 649–50 (W.D. Wash.

1992) and Sidco Industries, Inc. v. Wimar Tahoe Corp., 768 F. Supp. 1343, 1346–47 (D. Or.

1991), which themselves based their findings of proper venue on the fact that the defendant in

those cases directed advertising toward the challenged forum. Id. Here, the plaintiff has not

shown any non-Internet based advertising engaged in by the defendants and has failed to show

that the Internet advertising—primarily on social media sites—was aimed at this forum. See

Pl.’s Opp’n at 12–13. Thus, to the extent that Sutter Home is persuasive, it cuts against the

plaintiff in light of the absence of advertising from the defendants purposefully directed at this

forum.

         The court in Gary Scott International v. Baroudi (“Baroudi”), 981 F. Supp. 714, 718 (D.

Mass. 1997), another case on which the plaintiff relies, focused on the trademark infringement

defendant’s targeted advertising in the challenged district, together with additional steps by the

defendant to generate business there, to find venue proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b).

Specifically, the Baroudi court found venue appropriate in a state where the defendant had sold

twelve allegedly infringing items, was actively seeking distribution at a major retailer in the

forum state, and was soliciting business from the forum state’s residents through its website. See

Baroudi, 981 F. Supp. at 718. The Baroudi court noted that courts considering where trademark



                                                 12
infringement actions occurred typically “focused on the absence or presence of advertising and

sales in the district.” Id. (collecting cases). In the instant case, the plaintiff has been able to

show no advertising directed at customers in this district and, at most, two sales of allegedly

infringing merchandise that were shipped into this district. Under the Baroudi analysis,

therefore, venue is improper here.

        The remaining cases on which the plaintiff relies address the second factor that courts

have found dispositive in assessing venue, namely, the substantial sales or other indicia of the

presence of the defendant in the forum. In Vanity Fair Mills, Inc. v. T. Eaton Co. (“Vanity

Fair”), 234 F.2d 633, 639 (2d Cir. 1956), for example, the court was primarily concerned with

the extraterritorial application of the Lanham Act. The court found that because the majority of

the allegedly infringing sales “with the exception of defendant’s few mail order sales into the

United States,” occurred in Canada, Canadian law should apply. See id. Moreover, the Vanity

Fair court found that since the American claims “appear to be of minor significance” when

compared with the total allegedly infringing sales, dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds

was appropriate. See id. at 647–48. Vanity Fair, therefore, implicitly acknowledged that venue

may be appropriate in the district where a substantial number of sales are made, which plainly

does not help the plaintiff here. See id.

        Likewise, the court in Allstar Marketing Group, L.L.C v. Your Store Online, L.L.C

(“Allstar”), 666 F. Supp. 2d 1109 (C.D. Cal. 2009), focused on the significance of the allegedly

infringing sales activity in the challenged forum. In Allstar, the defendants were accused of

selling allegedly infringing merchandise through an Internet website. See id. at 1116. The

plaintiffs alleged that nineteen percent of the defendants’ sales occurred in California, where

venue was being asserted. Id. at 1129. The evidence proffered by the plaintiffs consisted of an



                                                   13
“internet printout of customer comments and complaints” related to the defendants. Id. The

court, focusing on the level of sales that occurred in the challenged venue, found that “[e]ven

drawing all inferences in plaintiffs’ favor, the court cannot conclude, based on this evidence, that

a substantial amount of infringing sales occurred in this district.” Id. Nevertheless, the

defendants came “forward with no evidence controverting plaintiffs’ allegations regarding their

sales.” Id. The court found, therefore, that in the absence of any contradictory evidence from

defendants, and in light of the holding in Sutter Home that “only a modest amount of sales of

infringing product is sufficient to support venue in a particular district,” the case would go

forward. Id. at 1130 (internal quotation marks omitted).

         Allstar, far from supporting the plaintiff’s assertion of venue, weighs in favor of the

defendants’ motion. In the instant matter, there is substantial evidence regarding the sales

engaged in by the defendants in this district, presented by both the plaintiff and the defendants,

and it shows, at most, two sales causing allegedly infringing merchandise to be shipped into this

district. 9 Even under the “modest” sales approach of Sutter Home, which was apparently

adopted by the Allstar court, two sales do not amount to even a “modest” number of sales. See

Allstar, 666 F. Supp. 2d at 1130 (implying that nineteen percent of a company’s total sales was

“modest” under the Sutter Home analysis). Moreover, the plaintiff has shown no evidence, after

discovery, of any advertising purposefully directed at this forum. Indeed, if the plaintiff were

correct, any company that has a generally accessible website would be vulnerable to a Lanham


9
  The defendants cite a footnote in Allstar, where the court noted it discounted sales to the plaintiff’s employees “as
these individuals were not confused by defendants’ products,” Allstar, 666 F. Supp. 2d at 1129 n.44, to argue that
this Court should also ignore the defendants’ sale of an allegedly infringing item to a member of the plaintiff. The
plaintiff challenges this argument in its surreply, relying upon several unpublished district court cases from the
Second Circuit for the proposition that discounting the sale of merchandise to someone affiliated with the plaintiff is
improper. Pl.’s Surreply at 7–8 & n.3. The plaintiff notes that each of these cases failed to discount such sales when
analyzing whether a defendant had “purposefully availed” itself of the forum’s laws for the purposes of personal
jurisdiction. Id. at 7 n.3. Thus, these cases are inapposite and, in any event, the Court is not discounting the sale of
allegedly infringing merchandise to the plaintiff’s member for the purposes of determining venue.

                                                          14
Act claim in any district in the United States—a result that would eviscerate the protections of

the general venue statute. See Miski, 496 F. Supp. 2d at 142.

       The last two cases on which the plaintiff relies are also unavailing since they too focused

on the presence of the defendant or the defendants’ sales in the challenged district. In Cottman

Transmission Systems, Inc. v. Martino (“Cottman”), 36 F.3d 291, 292 (3d Cir. 1994), the Third

Circuit found venue improper when a Pennsylvania franchisor attempted to sue several Michigan

auto repair facilities in a Pennsylvania court. The dispute in Cottman centered on alleged

activities that occurred exclusively outside the plaintiff’s selected forum, except for the alleged

preparation of a yellow pages advertisement for the alleged infringers that purportedly used the

plaintiff’s trademark. See id. at 295. The Third Circuit found that because the defendants’

business was located in Michigan, the allegedly infringing advertisements were published in

Michigan, and the trademarks were alleged to have been used in Michigan, venue was improper

in Pennsylvania. See id. at 295–96. Thus, Cottman also supports the defendants’ position that

the mere presence of allegedly infringing material in a district—in Cottman, the prepared

advertisement—is insufficient to support venue in that district, particularly when the defendants

reside and “most, if not all, of the significant events” occurred in another forum. See id. at 295.

       Finally, the facts in R. Griggs Group Ltd. v. Consolidated Shoe, Inc. (“Griggs”), No.

C98-4676, 1999 WL 226211, at *1; *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 9, 1999), which is cited by the plaintiff,

are distinguishable because in that case, the court found venue proper against corporations that

had a regular presence, through a national sales force, in many districts, including two permanent

salespeople in the district in which the plaintiff sought to establish venue. In Griggs, the two

defendants were Virginia-based corporations with offices in two other states and five countries,

in addition to “a nationwide sales force.” See id. at *1. The defendants employed “more than



                                                 15
300 people, ha[d] a net worth of $78,888,038, and realized sales revenue of $62,347,375” the

year before the suit was brought. Id. The Griggs court found that because “there is evidence that

both [the plaintiff’s] shoes and defendants’ shoes are sold in this district, this is one of the

districts in which confusion is likely to occur.” Id. at *4. Based upon these facts, the Griggs

court cited, inter alia, Cottman and Vanity Fair for the proposition that a “‘substantial part’ of

the events giving rise to [a Lanham Act] claim occurs in any district where consumers are likely

to be confused by the accused goods.” Id. 10

        The instant case differs from Griggs’ explicit finding that venue is proper where the

allegedly infringing goods are being sold in direct competition with the mark-holder’s goods—a

holding rejected by this Circuit in Noxell—and the implicit finding that venue was proper in that

case because the corporate defendants had employees in the challenged venue. In the instant

case Defendants Goins and Bivins work for a small company, Defendant FratHouse, that

employs, arguably, two people in Naples, Florida, 11 with gross revenue of $36,537 over the

course of its existence. See Aff. of Alphonso D. Goins (“Goins Aff.”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 51-2. The

plaintiff, despite jurisdictional discovery that included documentary evidence of every sale

engaged in by the defendants through its e-commerce vehicles, has uncovered, at most, two

items allegedly bearing the plaintiff’s marks sold to two people in the District of Columbia, and

one of those people was a member of the plaintiff, who was not confused and promptly alerted

the plaintiff that she had purchased the item. See Goins Aff. ¶ 7; Johnson Decl. ¶ 12. The

plaintiff has failed to show a likelihood of confusion in this district through the sale of both the

plaintiff’s products and the defendant’s products here, a factor found to be dispositive in Griggs,


10
   The Griggs court dismissed the D.C. Circuit’s holdings in Noxell with no analysis beyond noting that Noxell was
decided before the 1990 amendments to 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(2). Id.
11
   Defendant Bivins disputes the allegations that she is actively involved in the business activities of Defendants
Goins and FratHouse.

                                                        16
since, as mentioned previously, the plaintiff has not pled that any of the plaintiff’s merchandise

is actually for sale in this District. Moreover, the minuscule number of sales in this district,

together with the manner of those sales through a generally accessible website, falls far short of

the implicit finding in Griggs that venue is appropriate where a company’s employees are

actively selling the allegedly infringing goods. See Griggs, 1999 WL 226211, at *1. Thus,

Griggs is unavailing.

         Since the plaintiff, after jurisdictional discovery, has failed to uncover evidence sufficient

to show that a substantial part of the events giving rise to the plaintiff’s claim occurred in this

district, the plaintiff has failed to show that venue is proper in the District of Columbia under any

of the prongs of 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). 12

         Nevertheless, the Court will exercise its “sound discretion” to transfer this case to the

Middle District of Florida since “the interest of justice generally requires transferring a case to

the appropriate judicial district in lieu of dismissal.” Johnson v. Deloitte Servs., LLP, 939 F.

Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Ellis-Smith v. Sec’y of the Army, 793 F. Supp. 2d 173, 177

(D.D.C. 2011)). As the Supreme Court cautions, plaintiffs should “not be penalized by . . .

‘time-consuming and justice-defeating technicalities.’” Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, 369 U.S. 463,

466 (1962) (quoting Internatio-Rotterdam, Inc. v. Thomsen, 218 F.2d 514, 517 (4th Cir. 1955)).

The D.C. Circuit has held that transfer is “in the interest of justice” where procedural obstacles to

the resolution of a case on the merits may be removed by a transfer, such as “lack of personal

jurisdiction, improper venue and statute of limitations bars.” Sinclair v. Kleindienst, 711 F.2d


12
   Since the Court finds venue to be improper in this forum and that transfer is appropriate, the Court need not
address nor resolve the parties’ arguments regarding lack of personal jurisdiction or failure to state a claim. See,
e.g., Sinochem Int’l Co. Ltd. v. Malay. Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431 (2007) (“[A] federal court has leeway
to choose among threshold grounds for denying audience to a case on the merits.”) (internal quotation marks
omitted); Willis v. Chase Home Fin., 923 F. Supp. 2d 89, 92 (D.D.C. 2013) (concluding that since a transfer of
venue was appropriate, the court “need not reach the merits of Defendant’s arguments for dismissal for failure to
state a claim”); Pacific Maritime Ass’n v. NLRB, 905 F. Supp. 2d 55, 58–59 (D.D.C. 2012) (same).

                                                         17
291, 293–94 (D.C. Cir. 1983); see also Gonzalez v. Holder, 763 F. Supp. 2d 145, 153 (D.D.C.

2011).

         In the instant matter, the defendants concede that venue would be proper in the Middle

District of Florida since “all Defendants reside [in] the Middle District of Florida” and because

“a substantial part of events giving rise to the action occurred in the Middle District of Florida.”

Defs.’ Mem. at 13. The defendants would not be prejudiced by a transfer “in light of [their]

substantial connections to the district and the fact that the alleged [wrongful acts] occurred” in

that district. O’Keefe v. Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P., 634 F. Supp. 2d 284, 289 (E.D.N.Y. 2009).

Thus, since the claim “could have been brought” in the Middle District of Florida under 28

U.S.C. §§ 1391(b)(1) or (b)(2), the Court finds it is in the interest of justice to transfer this case,

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), to the Middle District of Florida.

IV.      CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ Joint Motion to Dismiss is granted in part to

the extent that it alleges venue is improper in this District and requests that this matter be

transferred to the Middle District of Florida. Since the Court need not reach the merits of the

defendants’ alternative arguments for dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2)

and 12(b)(6) in light of the finding that transfer is appropriate, those portions of the defendants’

joint motion are denied without prejudice so that the defendants may re-file, if appropriate, after

the case is transferred.

         An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
                                                                          Digitally signed by Beryl A. Howell
         Date: February 19, 2014                                          DN: cn=Beryl A. Howell, o=District
                                                                          Court for the District of Columbia,
                                                                          ou=District Court Judge,
                                                                          email=howell_chambers@dcd.uscourt
                                                                          s.gov, c=US
                                                        __________________________
                                                                          Date: 2014.02.19 14:02:35 -05'00'


                                                        BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                        United States District Judge



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