                 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                              No. 18–1999

                           Filed April 3, 2020


STATE OF IOWA,

      Appellee,

vs.

BRENNA FOLKERS,

      Appellant.


      On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.



      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County,

Brook K. Jacobsen, District Associate Judge.



      The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support

her conviction of child endangerment.       DECISION OF COURT OF

APPEALS AND JUDGMENT OF DISTRICT COURT AFFIRMED.


      Mark C. Smith (until withdrawal) and then Martha J. Lucey, State

Appellate Defender, and Maria Ruhtenberg, Assistant Appellate Defender,

for appellant.



      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Sharon K. Hall, Assistant

Attorney General, Brian Williams, County Attorney, and Michael S.A.

Hudson, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
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McDONALD, Justice.

      At approximately six o’clock in the morning on a January day, local

fire and police departments responded to a fire at the mobile home of

Brenna Folkers and her husband Richard Wilson. By the time the police

arrived, Wilson had extinguished the fire with an extinguisher, but the

house had filled with smoke. Folkers, Wilson, and their two-year-old son

had escaped from the home but not before exposure to the smoke. Folkers

and her son, who was covered with black soot, were taken to the hospital

for medical treatment. When the police spoke with Folkers and Wilson,

the police learned Folkers and Wilson smoked marijuana and hash oil in

the home. With Wilson’s consent, officers searched the home later that

day. They found a cache of illegal drugs and paraphernalia.

      The State charged Folkers with child endangerment, in violation of

Iowa Code section 726.6(1)(a) (2017).    As relevant here, the State was

required to prove Folkers had custody of her child and she knowingly acted

in a manner that created a substantial risk to her child’s physical health

or safety. After a bench trial, the district court found the State met its

burden of production and persuasion and found Folkers guilty as charged.

Folkers appealed her conviction, contending there was insufficient

evidence to support the conviction. We transferred the case to the court

of appeals, and the court of appeals affirmed Folkers’s conviction. We

granted Folkers’s application for further review.

      Folkers challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support her

conviction. Our review is for the correction of legal error. See State v.

Petithory, 702 N.W.2d 854, 856 (Iowa 2005).         With respect to factual

findings, this is a deferential standard of review.    “The district court’s

findings of guilt are binding on appeal if supported by substantial

evidence. Evidence is substantial if it would convince a rational trier of
                                        3

fact the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Hearn,

797 N.W.2d 577, 579–80 (Iowa 2011) (quoting State v. Hansen, 750 N.W.2d

111, 112 (Iowa 2008)). We consider all of the evidence in the light most

favorable   to   the   verdict,   including   all   legitimate   inferences   and

presumptions that may fairly and reasonably be deduced from the

evidence in the record. See id. at 580; State v. Leckington, 713 N.W.2d

208, 212–13 (Iowa 2006).

      When the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the

verdict, the record reveals the following. Folkers, Wilson, and their two-

year-old child lived in a small mobile home. The mobile home was filled

with clutter. When officers searched the home after the fire, they found

hash oil, several bags of marijuana, marijuana blunts, marijuana

containers with residue, a glass marijuana pipe, and two glass bongs all

in a cabinet back by the parents’ bedroom. Officers also found a large

butane torch—approximately one and a half feet tall—on the kitchen

counter by the front door near the child’s bedroom. Folkers and Wilson

used the oversized butane torch “to light cigarettes and illegal drugs.”

      On the night before the fire, Wilson smoked hash oil around seven

o’clock and again around midnight. He testified he smoked the hash oil

alone and in the bathroom of the home.              However, he did admit he

previously told “law enforcement that [he] had smoked [the] hash oil with

[his] . . . wife, Ms. Folkers.” The fire started at some point after two o’clock

in the morning. The fire ignited on the floor of the front room near the

child’s bedroom. Folkers was asleep at the time. The police “ascertained

that . . . the cause of the fire was the butane torch utilized to smoke

cigarettes and illegal narcotics.” The police based their determination on

the suspicious nature of the fire, including the lack of any source “around

that area that could have ignited the fire,” and Wilson’s statements. One
                                      4

officer testified, “According to Mr. Wilson he said that they -- he had

smoked some hash oil, and it was on fire.” Wilson denied hash oil was the

cause of the fire. Wilson testified he smoked a cigarette at approximately

two o’clock in the morning using the butane torch as a lighter.

      We first address the question of whether the circumstances created

a substantial risk to the child’s physical health and safety. “Substantial

risk is not defined in section 726.6. The phrase substantial risk, however,

has been heavily defined in other contexts and enjoys a fairly ascertainable

meaning.”      State v. Anspach, 627 N.W.2d 227, 232 (Iowa 2001).           A

“substantial risk” in the context of child endangerment is “[t]he very real

possibility of danger to a child’s physical health or safety.” Id. at 233. In

the context of parental drug use, the State must show some nexus between

the drug use and the creation of a substantial risk of harm to the child.

See, e.g., In re M.S., 889 N.W.2d 675, 682 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016) (stating the

mere fact of drug use does not, in and of itself, establish a risk of harm to

a child and the State must prove a nexus between parental use and risk

of harm to a child).    The risk does not have to be likely, probable, or

statistically significant. It just needs to be real or identifiable as opposed

to speculative or conjectural. See State v. Schlitter, 881 N.W.2d 380, 390

(Iowa 2016).

      Here, there is substantial evidence of a nexus between the parents’

use of illegal drugs in the home and the creation of a substantial risk to

the child’s health and safety due to the risk of fire. The evidence showed

the parents knowingly possessed hash oil, marijuana, and paraphernalia

in the home and smoked the drugs in the home. They used an oversized

butane torch to smoke illegal drugs and cigarettes in the home. The police

concluded the torch was used in the middle of the night or early morning

hours. The police concluded the fire started when the oversized torch was
                                      5

used to light hash oil. The police based their determination, in part, on

Wilson’s admission “he had smoked some hash oil, and it was on fire.”

      While Wilson denied this at trial, we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict. In addition, one officer testified regarding

the risks created in manufacturing hash oil. These risks appear to be well

known. See Ken Helm & Logan Leichtman, Implementation of Oregon’s

Measure 91 in the State Legislature, 52 Willamette L. Rev. 1, 23–24 (2015)

(stating the manufacture of butane hash oil “requires volatile chemicals

that can be dangerous when used outside of a properly controlled

environment” and “[t]he fact that these products are in high demand and

not generally available to all consumers has led to attempts at home

production, with sometimes disastrous results”). As one medical resource

explained,

      Because [butane hash oil or] BHO production is
      uncomplicated, requires few resources, and is the subject of
      countless instructional videos on social media Web sites,
      recreational users have created BHO at home in a process
      colloquially called “blasting.” . . . The process of creating these
      products is extremely dangerous because butane is flammable
      and volatile, and a number of fires, explosions, and severe
      burns have been attributed to home blasting. . . . [T]he safety
      risks have been described as comparable to those of
      manufacturing methamphetamine.

John M. Strogner & Bryan Lee Miller, Assessing the Dangers of “Dabbing”:

Mere Marijuana or Harmful New Trend?, 136 Pediatrics Perspectives, 1, 1

(July 2015).

      Regardless, Wilson and Folkers’s conduct created a substantial risk

of harm to the child due to the risk of fire. The fire originated in the front

room only feet from the sleeping child’s bedroom. The child escaped the

home with his parents, but he was covered in soot and “literally black from

head to toe.” He “smelled extremely smoky,” and the first responders took

him to the hospital for medical attention. The risk is heightened here
                                      6

because the child was two years old at the time. He was mobile but lacked

the capability to self-protect.   See, e.g., Petithory, 702 N.W.2d at 859

(noting children of a “tender age . . . [cannot] be expected to protect

themselves from the dangers and hazards to which” they are exposed);

State v. Janes, No. 16–1590, 2018 WL 347534, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan.

10, 2018) (noting a two-year-old child lacks the ability to self-protect). The

fire risk posed to the child’s health and safety by the home environment

was real and actualized in this case.

      We next address whether there was substantial evidence to support

the finding Folkers knowingly created the risk of these harms to her child.

With respect to intent, child endangerment is a general intent crime. See

State v. Benson, 919 N.W.2d 237, 244–45 (Iowa 2018) (stating “the district

court was correct to instruct the jury that child endangerment is a general-

intent crime”). The State need not prove the defendant acted with desire

to achieve the prohibited result. See id. at 244. Instead, the State need

only show that “the prohibited result may reasonably be expected to follow”

from the circumstances presented.         Id. (quoting State v. Fountain, 786

N.W.2d 260, 264 (Iowa 2010)). “[I]t is the appreciation of the risk to the

child or minor posed by one’s conduct that creates criminal culpability

under this statute.” State v. Millsap, 704 N.W.2d 426, 430 (Iowa 2005).

“[T]he defendant’s knowledge may be proved not only by direct evidence,

but also by reasonable inferences drawn from the circumstances

surrounding the accident.” Id.

      We conclude there is substantial evidence in support of the district

court’s verdict. The evidence showed Folkers knowingly possessed illegal

hash oil, marijuana, and paraphernalia. She smoked drugs in the home

with Wilson and was aware Wilson smoked drugs in the home, sometimes

using the large butane torch. Folkers’s failure to remove the child from
                                      7

the physical environment where drugs were being smoked with an

oversized butane torch is sufficient to establish Folkers had knowledge she

had created or allowed her child to remain in a physical environment that

posed a substantial risk to her child’s physical health and safety. See id.

at 431 (“That is all the State was required to prove: defendant’s knowledge

that the children were in a position of substantial risk.”).

      For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals and

the judgment of the district court.

      DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AND JUDGMENT OF

DISTRICT COURT AFFIRMED.
