[Cite as Mayer v. Bristow, 91 Ohio St.3d 3, 2000-Ohio-109.]




                   MAYER, APPELLANT, v. BRISTOW, APPELLEE.
               [Cite as Mayer v. Bristow (2000), 91 Ohio St.3d 3.]
Courts — Vexatious litigator statute — R.C. 2323.52 is constitutional — R.C.
       2323.52 grants authority to court of common pleas to order a vexatious
       litigator to obtain its leave before proceeding in the Court of Claims, a
       court of common pleas, municipal court, or county court — Court of
       common pleas has no authority under R.C. 2323.52 to restrict the
       activities of a vexatious litigator in courts other than those specifically
       enumerated Ohio trial courts.
        (Nos. 99-2216 and 00-56 — Submitted November 14, 2000 — Decided
                              December 29, 2000.)
           CERTIFIED by and APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Crawford
                              County, No. 3-98-29.
                             __________________
                               SYLLABUS OF THE COURT
1.     R.C. 2323.52, the vexatious litigator statute, is constitutional in its
       entirety.
2.     R.C. 2323.52 grants authority to the court of common pleas to order a
       vexatious litigator to obtain its leave before proceeding in the Court of
       Claims, a court of common pleas, municipal court, or county court. A
       court of common pleas has no authority under R.C. 2323.52, or pursuant
       to its own inherent powers to prevent abuse of the judicial process, to
       restrict the activities of a vexatious litigator in courts other than these
       specifically enumerated Ohio trial courts.
                             __________________
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




       ALICE ROBIE RESNICK, J. On June 1, 1998, plaintiff-appellant, James J.
Mayer, Jr., Prosecuting Attorney of Richland County, Ohio, filed a complaint in
the Crawford County Court of Common Pleas to have defendant-appellee, Lonny
Lee Bristow, declared a “vexatious litigator” pursuant to R.C. 2323.52. In his
answer, Bristow admitted to “all of the allegations contained in the complaint.”
       Bristow’s admission to being a vexatious litigator was apparently made as
part of a plea agreement in a criminal case, which is described in State v. Bristow
(Mar. 26, 1999), Wyandot App. No. 3-98-24, unreported, 1999 WL 254098, as
follows:
       “On Monday, June 1, 1998, Bristow entered guilty pleas in Crawford
County Case No. 98-CR-54 to three felonies: Aiding an Escape in violation of
R.C. § 2921.35(A) and two counts of Harassment by Inmate in violation of R.C. §
2921.38(A). The Friday before Bristow pled guilty to the charges in Case No. 98-
CR-54, a jury found Bristow guilty in a separate criminal case of committing
fourteen counts of felony telephone harassment. (Crawford County Case No. 98-
CR-53). Bristow’s sentencing in the telephone harassment case was continued to
Monday, June 1, 1998. During Bristow’s sentencing in that case, his counsel
interrupted the court and advised the trial judge that Bristow wanted to accept a
previously negotiated plea bargain that he had earlier refused. That negotiated
plea encompassed an agreed sentence in the telephone harassment case, Bristow’s
admission of guilt and an agreed sentence with respect to another case involving a
probation violation and the charges at issue in this case. The agreement also
called for Bristow’s admission to being a vexatious litigator in response to a civil
action filed by the State.”
       Accordingly, in its judgment entry dated June 1, 1998, the trial court
determined Bristow to be a vexatious litigator as defined in R.C. 2323.52(A)(3),
and ordered that Bristow be prohibited from doing all of the following without
first obtaining leave of the court to proceed:




                                          2
                                 January Term, 2000




         “(a) Instituting legal proceedings in the court of claims or in a court of
common pleas, municipal court, or county court;
         “(b) Continuing any legal proceedings that the defendant had instituted in
the court of claims or in a court of common pleas, municipal court, or county
court prior to the entry of this order; and
         “(c) Making any application, other than an application for leave to proceed
under Ohio Revised Code Section 2323.52(F), in any legal proceedings instituted
by the defendant or another person in the court of claims or in a court of common
pleas, municipal court, or county court.”
         On July 30, 1998, the trial court found that Bristow had violated the terms
of the June 1, 1998 order and “still harbors future plans of blanketing certain
individuals with lawsuits.” Accordingly, the court ordered that Bristow “not have
mail privileges at any state institution wherein he may be housed.”
         However, this order was subsequently modified in a judgment entry dated
August 20, 1998, which reads, in its entirety:
         “Based upon practical concerns raised by the State of Ohio, Department of
Rehabilitation and Correction, the Judgment Entry of July 30, 1998 is hereby
clarified as follows:
         “It is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the State of
Ohio, Department of Rehabilitation and Correction may send out mail from
Lonny Lee Bristow without opening it if:
         “1. It is addressed to Judge Nelfred G. Kimerline, care of either the
Crawford County or Richland County Court of Common Pleas. In this way,
defendant Bristow is assured of mail privileges to file any legal papers in this
action or in his criminal matters and is further assured mail privileges to file any
legal paper to institute any non-frivolous action upon motion and order of this
Court.




                                              3
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




       “2. It is addressed to any attorney-at-law not listed below as a person
requesting to not receive mail from Bristow. In this way, Bristow is assured mail
privileges to access legal counsel or advice should he so choose.
       “It is further ORDERED that the State of Ohio, Department of
Rehabilitation and Correction will not send out mail from Lonny Lee Bristow that
is addressed to any person Bristow has harassed in the past and who does not
want to receive mail from Bristow. Counsel for plaintiff herein shall provide the
Department of Rehabilitation and Correction a list of such persons for purposes of
implementation of this portion of this Order.
       “It is further ORDERED that the State of Ohio will examine all other
outgoing mail suspected to be from Lonny Lee Bristow to any other addressee not
listed above, to determine whether the outgoing mail includes materials in
violation of this Court’s order.     If these mailings contain pleadings or other
materials believed to be in violation of this Court’s Order, they shall be sent to
this Court. This measure is necessary in light of Bristow’s threats and promises to
file vexatious pleadings by himself and through others.
       “It is further ORDERED that any mail from Lonny Lee Bristow that is
addressed to any court other than to Judge Nelfred G. Kimerline, as stated above,
shall be forward[ed] to this Court for a determination as to its disposition.
       “Every time a court of law takes a step to curb Bristow’s proven abuse of
the judicial system, he finds another way to access another court for the only
purpose of satisfying his vindictiveness through the filing of frivolous lawsuits.
Innocent people in Richland County, including law enforcement officials, judges,
the Sheriff, their families and even their children are the perpetual victims of
Bristow’s meritless lawsuits and his vulgar, menacing, threatening letters and
phone calls. Although several courts in Ohio now refuse his pauper pleadings and
he has been declared a vexatious litigator in Ohio, Bristow has pledged to, and is
now filing his frivolous actions across the United States and in foreign countries.




                                          4
                                January Term, 2000




        “Based upon the foregoing, the Court hereby finds a substantial
governmental interest in curbing Bristow’s costly abuses of the judiciary and
others and has issued this Order and the Order of July 30, 1998 to facilitate
protection of that interest.
        “The court finds that these Orders are limited to accomplish this
governmental interest and are unrelated to the suppression of free expression.
        “IT IS SO ORDERED.”
        On September 21, 1998, Bristow filed a motion for leave to proceed on a
civil complaint to be filed in the Richland County Court of Common Pleas against
various employees of the Richland County Sheriff’s Department for allegedly
violating and conspiring to violate his constitutional rights, and against another
individual for alleged defamation. In a judgment entry dated December 16, 1998,
the trial court denied Bristow’s motion for leave to file this proposed complaint.
        On appeal, Bristow challenged the constitutionality of the trial court’s
August 20, 1998 judgment entry.         Bristow argued that while R.C. 2323.52
“ensures one a right of access to the courts by asking a certain court permission to
proceed in another court * * * [t]he order now being appealed goes way over the
scope of said authority.”      Specifically, Bristow argued that the trial court’s
authority under R.C. 2323.52 is limited to monitoring his lawsuits brought in
Ohio courts, and that the court’s restrictions on his mail are in contravention of
Ohio Adm.Code 5120-9-18.
        The court of appeals recognized that Bristow’s arguments were directed at
the procedure established in the trial court’s August 20, 1998 order, rather than at
the statute itself. Nevertheless, the majority of the court of appeals found that the
trial court’s order was essentially an implementation of the procedure
contemplated under R.C. 2323.52 in the context of incarceration and proceeded
“to analyze R.C. 2323.52 itself under Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio
Constitution.”




                                         5
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




       The majority ultimately held that “the procedure established by R.C.
2323.52, the vexatious litigator statute, fails to provide a reasonable and
meaningful substitute for direct access to Ohio’s trial courts.       We therefore
determine that the statute is unconstitutional in its entirety as violative of Ohio
Const., Art. I Sec. 16.” In so doing, the court of appeals found that a conflict
exists between its decision and those of the First District Court of Appeals in
Deters v. Briggs (Dec. 31, 1998), Hamilton App. No. C-971033, unreported, 1998
WL 906405, and the Tenth District Court of Appeals in Cent. Ohio Transit Auth.
v. Timson (1998), 132 Ohio App.3d 41, 724 N.E.2d 458, and certified the issue to
this court pursuant to Section 3(B)(4), Article IV of the Ohio Constitution.
       Judge Hadley, dissenting, found that the issue of the statute’s
constitutionality had not been properly raised, that in any event the statute is
constitutional, and that the trial court’s August 20, 1998 order “is overbroad
because it prohibits a vexatious litigator from instituting a legal proceeding or
action in a court other tha[n] those enumerated in the statute.”
       The cause is now before this court pursuant to Section 3(B)(4), Article IV
of the Ohio Constitution (case No. 99-2216), and the allowance of a discretionary
appeal (case No. 00-56).
       We are asked to determine whether, and to what extent, R.C. 2323.52 is
unconstitutional. We are also asked to make a similar determination with regard
to the trial court’s August 20, 1998 “mail restriction” or “implementation” order,
and to decide whether, and to what extent, that order violates the provisions of
R.C. 2323.52, contravenes Ohio Adm.Code 5120-9-18, and/or exceeds the trial
court’s inherent authority to protect its own docket.
                                          I
                                 Preliminary Issues
       The unusual procedural circumstances of this case have given rise to
certain preliminary concerns about the propriety of the court of appeals’ decision




                                          6
                                January Term, 2000




to address the constitutionality of R.C. 2323.52. While no one questions the
appellate court’s authority to determine the legality or constitutionality of the trial
court’s August 20, 1998 order, a question was raised at oral argument whether the
court of appeals lacked jurisdiction to consider the constitutionality of R.C.
2323.52 because the Attorney General was not served in accordance with R.C.
2721.12.
       The question appears to have been prompted by the court’s recent decision
in Cicco v. Stockmaster (2000), 89 Ohio St.3d 95, 728 N.E.2d 1066, which held:
       “A party who is challenging the constitutionality of a statute must assert
the claim in the complaint (or other initial pleading) or an amendment thereto, and
must serve the pleading upon the Attorney General in accordance with methods
set forth in Civ.R. 4.1 in order to vest a trial court with jurisdiction under former
R.C. 2721.12.” Id. at the syllabus.
       At the time Cicco was decided, the court had already ordered the parties in
this case to brief the issue whether R.C. 2323.52 is unconstitutional and granted
the Attorney General’s motion to intervene as a party for the purpose of being
heard on this issue. (2000), 88 Ohio St.3d 1445, 725 N.E.2d 285. Thus, we were
already poised to consider the constitutionality of R.C. 2323.52 in this case,
despite the fact that the Attorney General was not notified that the
constitutionality of the statute was under consideration until after the appellate
court decided the issue sua sponte.
       A decision favoring jurisdiction in this case does not conflict with our
holding regarding the timing and method of service in Cicco. The majority in
Cicco explained that R.C. 2721.12 “identifies the Attorney General as an
interested person [entitled to service] in cases where the constitutionality of a
statute is challenged.” Id., 89 Ohio St.3d at 99, 728 N.E.2d at 1070. The majority
acted to protect that interest by requiring a party who is challenging the
constitutionality of a statute to assert the claim in the initial pleading and effect




                                          7
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




service in accordance with Civ.R. 4.1. In so doing, the court was concerned that
otherwise the Attorney General would be provided inadequate time to evaluate
the issues and respond to the challenge, and, more specifically, that notification at
the summary judgment stage comes too little, too late. Id. at 99-100, 728 N.E.2d
at 1070-1071.
       However, as the Attorney General notes in her motion to intervene, in the
instant case “[t]he Constitutionality of R.C. 2323.52 was not raised by either
party, but was instead sua sponte addressed by the Third District Court of
Appeals. Therefore, the Attorney General did not have a legal interest in this case
prior to the Third District Court’s decision.” These are the circumstances that
necessitated our action to grant intervention in this case at the later stages of the
appellate process. It was the only way we could ensure that the Attorney General
would be provided the same opportunity to address the constitutionality of R.C.
2323.52 that was provided to the other parties. Accordingly, our decision here is
entirely consonant with the decision in Cicco; the two decisions simply represent
the application of the same principles to differing procedural circumstances.
       Moreover, the issue is raised as to whether the court of appeals should
have considered the constitutionality of the statute sua sponte. “ ‘Ohio law
abounds with precedent to the effect that constitutional issues should not be
decided unless absolutely necessary.’ ” Ohioans for Fair Representation, Inc. v.
Taft (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 180, 183, 616 N.E.2d 905, 908, quoting Hall China
Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm. (1977), 50 Ohio St.2d 206, 210, 4 O.O.3d 390, 393, 364
N.E.2d 852, 854. However, the court of appeals specifically determined that it
was necessary to consider the constitutionality of R.C. 2323.52 in rendering its
decision, and we find nothing improper in its reasons for doing so.
       Accordingly, we now proceed to determine the merits of this appeal.
                                         II
                         Constitutionality of R.C. 2323.52




                                         8
                                  January Term, 2000




                                           A
                                     The Statute
        Effective March 18, 1997, R.C. 2323.52, Ohio’s vexatious litigator statute,
provides as follows:
        “(A) As used in this section:
        “(1) ‘Conduct’ has the same meaning as in section 2323.51 of the Revised
Code.
        “(2) ‘Vexatious conduct’ means conduct of a party in a civil action that
satisfies any of the following:
        “(a) The conduct obviously serves merely to harass or maliciously injure
another party to the civil action.
        “(b) The conduct is not warranted under existing law and cannot be
supported by a good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law.
        “(c) The conduct is imposed solely for delay.
        “(3) ‘Vexatious litigator’ means any person who has habitually,
persistently, and without reasonable grounds engaged in vexatious conduct in a
civil action or actions, whether in the court of claims or in a court of common
pleas, municipal court, or county court, whether the person or another person
instituted the civil action or actions, and whether the vexatious conduct was
against the same party or against different parties in the civil action or actions.
‘Vexatious litigator’ does not include a person who is authorized to practice law
in the courts of this state under the Ohio Supreme Court Rules for the
Government of the Bar of Ohio unless that person is representing or has
represented self pro se in the civil action or actions.
        “(B) A person, the office of the attorney general, or a prosecuting attorney,
city director of law, village solicitor, or similar chief legal officer of a municipal
corporation who has defended against habitual and persistent vexatious conduct in




                                           9
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




the court of claims or in a court of common pleas, municipal court, or county
court may commence a civil action in a court of common pleas with jurisdiction
over the person who allegedly engaged in the habitual and persistent vexatious
conduct to have that person declared a vexatious litigator. The person, office of
the attorney general, prosecuting attorney, city director of law, village solicitor, or
similar chief legal officer of a municipal corporation may commence this civil
action while the civil action or actions in which the habitual and persistent
vexatious conduct occurred are still pending or within one year after the
termination of the civil action or actions in which the habitual and persistent
vexatious conduct occurred.
       “(C) A civil action to have a person declared a vexatious litigator shall
proceed as any other civil action, and the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure apply to
the action.
       “(D)(1) If the person alleged to be a vexatious litigator is found to be a
vexatious litigator, subject to division (D)(2) of this section, the court of common
pleas may enter an order prohibiting the vexatious litigator from doing one or
more of the following without first obtaining the leave of that court to proceed:
       “(a) Instituting legal proceedings in the court of claims or in a court of
common pleas, municipal court, or county court;
       “(b) Continuing any legal proceedings that the vexatious litigator had
instituted in the court of claims or in a court of common pleas, municipal court, or
county court prior to the entry of the order;
       “(c) Making any application, other than an application for leave to proceed
under division (F) of this section, in any legal proceedings instituted by the
vexatious litigator or another person in the court of claims or in a court of
common pleas, municipal court, or county court.
       “(2) If the court of common pleas finds a person who is authorized to
practice law in the courts of this state under the Ohio Supreme Court Rules for the




                                          10
                                 January Term, 2000




Government of the Bar of Ohio to be a vexatious litigator and enters an order
described in division (D)(1) of this section in connection with that finding, the
order shall apply to the person only insofar as the person would seek to institute
proceedings described in division (D)(1)(a) of this section on a pro se basis,
continue proceedings described in division (D)(1)(b) of this section on a pro se
basis, or make an application described in division (D)(1)(c) of this section on a
pro se basis. The order shall not apply to the person insofar as the person
represents one or more other persons in the person’s capacity as a licensed and
registered attorney in a civil or criminal action or proceeding or other matter in a
court of common pleas, municipal court, or county court or in the court of claims.
Division (D)(2) of this section does not affect any remedy that is available to a
court or an adversely affected party under section 2323.51 or another section of
the Revised Code, under Civil Rule 11 or another provision of the Ohio Rules of
Civil Procedure, or under the common law of this state as a result of frivolous
conduct or other inappropriate conduct by an attorney who represents one or more
clients in connection with a civil or criminal action or proceeding or other matter
in a court of common pleas, municipal court, or county court or in the court of
claims.
          “(E) An order that is entered under division (D)(1) of this section shall
remain in force indefinitely unless the order provides for its expiration after a
specified period of time.
          “(F) A court of common pleas that entered an order under division (D)(1)
of this section shall not grant a person found to be a vexatious litigator leave for
the institution or continuance of, or the making of an application in, legal
proceedings in the court of claims or in a court of common pleas, municipal court,
or county court unless the court of common pleas that entered that order is
satisfied that the proceedings or application are not an abuse of process of the
court in question and that there are reasonable grounds for the proceedings or




                                         11
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




application. If a person who has been found to be a vexatious litigator under this
section requests the court of common pleas that entered an order under division
(D)(1) of this section to grant the person leave to proceed as described in this
division, the period of time commencing with the filing with that court of an
application for the issuance of an order granting leave to proceed and ending with
the issuance of an order of that nature shall not be computed as a part of an
applicable period of limitations within which the legal proceedings or application
involved generally must be instituted or made.
       “(G) During the period of time that the order entered under division (D)(1)
of this section is in force, no appeal by the person who is the subject of that order
shall lie from a decision of the court of common pleas under division (F) of this
section that denies that person leave for the institution or continuance of, or the
making of an application in, legal proceedings in the court of claims or in a court
of common pleas, municipal court, or county court.
       “(H) The clerk of the court of common pleas that enters an order under
division (D)(1) of this section shall send a certified copy of the order to the
supreme court for publication in a manner that the supreme court determines is
appropriate and that will facilitate the clerk of the court of claims and a clerk of a
court of common pleas, municipal court, or county court in refusing to accept
pleadings or other papers submitted for filing by persons who have been found to
be a vexatious litigator under this section and who have failed to obtain leave to
proceed under this section.
       “(I) Whenever it appears by suggestion of the parties or otherwise that a
person found to be a vexatious litigator under this section has instituted,
continued, or made an application in legal proceedings without obtaining leave to
proceed from the appropriate court of common pleas to do so under division (F)
of this section, the court in which the legal proceedings are pending shall dismiss
the proceedings or application of the vexatious litigator.”




                                         12
                                January Term, 2000




                                         B
                                Section 16, Article I
       Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution provides:
       “All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him in his
land, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and
shall have justice administered without denial or delay.”
       According to the Attorney General, “there are two separate inquiries under
this section: first, whether the law is constitutional under the due course of law
provision; second, whether the law is constitutional under the access-to-courts
provision.”
       We agree that the constitutionality of R.C. 2323.52 must be tested under
both of these provisions. However, there comes a point in the analysis under each
provision where we must determine the constitutionality of R.C. 2323.52 as it
applies to restrict the activities of a person after he or she is determined to be a
vexatious litigator. At this point, the analysis under the due-course-of-law and
access-to-courts provisions of Section 16, Article I becomes so intertwined in
application as to render any uncompromising insistence on separate inquiries
unjustified. Thus, for purposes of this case, we will consider the constitutionality
of the statute under both provisions as a single question.
       Generally, “[a] legislative enactment will be deemed valid on due process
grounds ‘ * * * [1] if it bears a real and substantial relation to the public health,
safety, morals or general welfare of the public and [2] if it is not unreasonable or
arbitrary.’ ” Mominee v. Scherbarth (1986), 28 Ohio St.3d 270, 274, 28 OBR
346, 349-350, 503 N.E.2d 717, 720-721, quoting Benjamin v. Columbus (1957),
167 Ohio St. 103, 4 O.O.2d 113, 146 N.E.2d 854, paragraph five of the syllabus.
See, also, Morris v. Savoy (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 684, 688-689, 576 N.E.2d 765,
769.




                                         13
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




        As aptly explained in Timson, supra, 132 Ohio App.3d at 50, 724 N.E.2d
at 463-464:
        “The purpose of the vexatious litigator statute is clear. It seeks to prevent
abuse of the system by those persons who persistently and habitually file lawsuits
without reasonable grounds and/or otherwise engage in frivolous conduct in the
trial courts of this state. Such conduct clogs the court dockets, results in increased
costs, and oftentimes is a waste of judicial resources — resources that are
supported by the taxpayers of this state. The unreasonable burden placed upon
courts by such baseless litigation prevents the speedy consideration of proper
litigation.”
        The court in Timson appropriately identified the untoward effects of
vexatious litigation in depleting judicial resources and unnecessarily encroaching
upon the judicial machinery needed by others for the vindication of legitimate
rights. In addition, vexatious litigators oftentimes use litigation, with seemingly
indefatigable resolve and prolificacy, to intimidate public officials and employees
or cause the emotional and financial decimation of their targets. See, e.g., Procup
v. Strickland (C.A.11, 1986), 792 F.2d 1069; In re Green (C.A.D.C.1981), 669
F.2d 779. Such conduct, which employs court processes as amusement or a
weapon in itself, undermines the people’s faith in the legal system, threatens the
integrity of the judiciary, and casts a shadow upon the administration of justice.
Thus, the people, through their representatives, have a legitimate, indeed
compelling, interest in curbing the illegitimate activities of vexatious litigators.
        The relationship between these goals and the methods employed in R.C.
2323.52 to achieve them is substantial. At its core, the statute establishes a
screening mechanism that serves to protect the courts and other would-be victims
against frivolous and ill-conceived lawsuits filed by those who have historically
engaged in prolific and vexatious conduct in civil proceedings.            It provides
authority to the court of common pleas to require, as a condition precedent to




                                          14
                                January Term, 2000




taking further legal action in certain enumerated Ohio trial courts, that the
vexatious litigator make a satisfactory demonstration that the proposed legal
action is neither groundless nor abusive. Thus, “[t]he vexatious litigator statute
bears a real and substantial relation to the general public welfare because its
provisions allow for the preclusion of groundless suits filed by those who have a
history of vexatious conduct.”      Timson, supra, 132 Ohio App.3d at 50, 724
N.E.2d at 464.
       The remaining question under the due process analysis is whether R.C.
2323.52 is unreasonable or arbitrary.          In order to make this determination,
however, we must necessarily consider whether the statute accomplishes its goals
without foreclosing truly legitimate claims. This is where the due-course-of-law
and access-to-courts provisions tend to merge and overlap in application. In
determining the propriety of a particular method used to restrict or condition the
activities of a vexatious litigator, the principles of reasonableness, rationality, and
access to courts apply interdependently to frame a single constitutional inquiry,
which is whether the challenged procedure is properly tailored to prevent further
abuse of court processes without unduly burdening the submission of legitimate
claims. See Smith v. Ohio Dept. of Human Serv. (1996), 115 Ohio App.3d 755,
686 N.E.2d 320, cited with approval in State ex rel. Forsyth v. Brigner (1999), 86
Ohio St.3d 71, 711 N.E.2d 684; Procup, 792 F.2d 1069; In re Green, 669 F.2d
779.
       R.C. 2323.52 is obviously designed to prevent vexatious litigators from
gaining direct and unfettered access to our trial courts. Otherwise, its enactment
would have no meaning. Thus, R.C. 2323.52(D)(1) provides that the court of
common pleas that declared a person to be a vexatious litigator may enter an order
that essentially enjoins that person from engaging the processes of any Ohio trial
court without first obtaining the leave of the common pleas court to proceed; and




                                          15
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




R.C. 2323.52(H) and (I) provide for statewide refusal or dismissal of any pleading
or action submitted by the vexatious litigator in the absence of leave to proceed.
       However, the statute is not designed, nor does it operate, to preclude
vexatious litigators from proceeding forward on their legitimate claims. Instead,
it establishes a screening mechanism under which the vexatious litigator can
petition the declaring court, on a case-by-case basis, for a determination of
whether any proposed action is abusive or groundless. Thus, R.C. 2323.52(F)
provides that the court of common pleas is precluded from granting leave to the
vexatious litigator unless it “is satisfied that the proceedings or application are not
an abuse of process of the court in question and that there are reasonable grounds
for the proceedings or application.”
       Apparently, this was enough to convince Bristow that R.C. 2323.52
“ensures one a right of access to the courts by asking a certain court permission to
proceed in another court.” It was also enough to persuade the court in Timson
that, except for R.C. 2323.52(G), the statute provides vexatious litigators an
opportunity for remedy at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner, and also
provides them a reasonable substitute for those common-law rights or remedies
that may be impaired by its denial of direct access to the courts. Id., 132 Ohio
App.3d at 50-51 and 53, 724 N.E.2d at 464 and 466. See, also, Burgess v. Eli
Lilly & Co. (1993), 66 Ohio St.3d 59, 62-63, 609 N.E.2d 140, 142-143; Gaines v.
Preterm-Cleveland, Inc. (1987), 33 Ohio St.3d 54, 60, 514 N.E.2d 709, 715-716;
Hardy v. VerMeulen (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 45, 47, 512 N.E.2d 626, 628;
Mominee, supra, 28 Ohio St.3d at 291-292, 28 OBR at 365, 503 N.E.2d at 733-
734 (Douglas, J., concurring).
       With regard to R.C. 2323.52(G), the court in Timson found this provision
unconstitutional under Section 16, Article I because it “completely precludes any
appeal from a court’s denial of a vexatious litigator’s application for leave to
proceed with a case.” Id., 132 Ohio App.3d at 53, 724 N.E.2d at 466. However,




                                          16
                                January Term, 2000




the court never considered the appropriateness or availability of alternative
methods of review. In routing all claims brought by a vexatious litigator to a
single trial court for preliminary review, R.C. 2323.52 establishes the trial court as
the administrative conduit through which the statutory scheme is effectuated.
Thus, in this specific situation, under this particular statute, an original action in
mandamus is an appropriate means by which the vexatious litigator could
effectively challenge arbitrary denials of leave. See State ex rel. Glass, Molders,
Pottery, Plastics & Allied Workers Internatl. Union, Local 333, AFL-CIO, CLC v.
State Emp. Relations Bd. (1993), 66 Ohio St.3d 157, 159, 609 N.E.2d 1266, 1267.
       Nevertheless, the court of appeals in this case opined that no means of
review, whether through mandamus proceedings or direct appeal, could “remedy
the wholly vague and arbitrary nature of the underlying determination.”            In
support, the court reasoned that “the vexatious litigator statute vests complete
authority to determine the validity of virtually all of a person’s statewide legal
actions in one trial court,” while leaving unresolved “[e]xactly what constitutes
‘an abuse of process’ * * * [or] what situations might constitute ‘reasonable
grounds’ for leave to proceed.” In addition, the statute does not require “any sort
of fact finding process” and “there is no requirement that the trial court articulate
upon the record whatever factual or legal grounds may have been the basis for its
decision to deny leave to proceed.” Accordingly, the court concluded, leave
could be arbitrarily and summarily denied “upon a formally proper complaint that
would ordinarily survive a motion to dismiss under Civ.R. 12(B)(6).”
       While we appreciate these concerns, we do not share them. Considering
the nature of the abuse that the statute is designed to remedy, it becomes quite
evident that the General Assembly has made a rational policy choice to force the
vexatious litigator into a single forum for preliminary review. See, e.g., Conley v.
Shearer (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 284, 292, 595 N.E.2d 862, 869. The fact that there
is some inherent difficulty in any attempt to define “abuse of process” or




                                         17
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“reasonable grounds” in all its particulars does not render the trial court’s
prefiling determinations vague or arbitrary. See State ex rel. Ohio Academy of
Trial Lawyers v. Sheward (1999), 86 Ohio St.3d 451, 504-505, 715 N.E.2d 1062,
1104-1105. Indeed, it would be anomalous to find these terms too amorphous to
direct an inquiry, considering that a “good ground” standard applies to Civ.R. 11
determinations and that abuse of process and malicious civil prosecution are
cognizable torts under Ohio common law. See Yaklevich v. Kemp, Schaeffer &
Rowe Co., L.P.A. (1994), 68 Ohio St.3d 294, 626 N.E.2d 115.
        In addition, we find no relevance in the fact that the statute fails to require
the trial court to issue formal findings in denying leave or to conduct any sort of
fact-finding process. Regardless of R.C. 2323.52, “sua sponte dismissal without
notice is appropriate where the complaint is frivolous.” State ex rel. Fogle v.
Steiner (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 158, 161, 656 N.E.2d 1288, 1292.                Besides,
“[w]hen a court dismisses a complaint pursuant to Civ.R. 12(B)(6), it makes no
factual findings beyond its legal conclusion that the complaint fails to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted. Thus, the court does not assume the role
of factfinder and has no duty to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law.”
State ex rel. Drake v. Athens Cty. Bd. of Elections (1988), 39 Ohio St.3d 40, 41,
528 N.E.2d 1253, 1254. Certainly, the statute cannot be faulted for failing to
impose requirements on a trial court that are not otherwise imposed in the absence
of the statute.
        Thus, we conclude that R.C. 2323.52 is not arbitrary or unreasonable, nor
does it deny vexatious litigators their constitutional right of access to the courts.
Accordingly, we hold that R.C. 2323.52 is constitutional in its entirety under
Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution.
                                          C
                                Separation of Powers




                                          18
                                  January Term, 2000




        In his only challenge to the statute itself, Bristow proposes that R.C.
2323.52 usurps judicial power in violation of the Ohio constitutional doctrine of
separation of powers and, therefore, is unconstitutional.        In support of this
proposition, Bristow argues as follows:
        “This court has enacted the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure which govern
the dismissals of lawsuits. Thus, as in Sheward, supra, the Ohio legislature has
once again trampled on this court’s authority, as the conduct R.C. 2323.52 seeks
to prevent is already promulgated in the Civil Rules. Moreover, R.C. 2323.51 has
been struck down under Sheward, supra. R.C. 2323.52 is an extension of that
statute.”
        Bristow has not identified any Civil Rule governing or related to the
dismissal of actions or claims that can be said to stand in conflict with R.C.
2323.52. This court never found R.C. 2323.51 itself unconstitutional in Sheward
as it was amended in Am.Sub.H.B. No. 350. Instead, we held Am.Sub.H.B. No.
350 unconstitutional under the one-subject rule and, therefore, amended R.C.
2323.51 fell along with the rest of the bill. Moreover, former R.C. 2323.51 had
never been declared unconstitutional, and R.C. 2323.52 is not a reenactment of
that statute.
        In addition, while the ability to curb frivolous litigation practices is an
essential part of the inherent powers of courts to control and protect the integrity
of their own processes, Smith, supra, 115 Ohio App.3d at 759, 686 N.E.2d at 323,
the public also has a definable interest in curtailing the activities of vexatious
litigators that transcends the boundaries of judicial concerns and, as a result, is
appropriate for legislative enactment.
        Accordingly, we hold that R.C. 2323.52 does not violate the Ohio doctrine
of separation of powers.
                                          III
                Constitutionality of Trial Court’s August 20, 1998 Order




                                          19
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




                                          A
                              Procedural Due Process
       In his second proposition of law, Bristow maintains that “[t]he mail
restriction court order dated August 20, 1998 is unconstitutional as it violates
procedural due process pursuant to Ohio Administrative Code 5120-9-18.”
Bristow argues that several aspects of the trial court’s order conflict with various
provisions of Ohio Adm.Code 5120-9-18 governing institutional restrictions on an
inmate’s outgoing mail.
       Mayer contends that “[t]he implementation order at issue does not violate
Bristow’s due process rights because no protected liberty interest has been
conferred upon him by the institutional regulations regarding his mail privileges.”
Relying on Hewitt v. Helms (1983), 459 U.S. 460, 103 S.Ct. 864, 74 L.Ed.2d 675,
and Sandin v. Conner (1995), 515 U.S. 472, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418,
Mayer further contends that the regulations cannot be used as a source of a liberty
interest in outgoing prison mail because they “do not even remotely concern
Bristow’s freedom from restraint” and “serve only to provide the [Department of
Rehabilitation and Correction] with a permissive, nonmandatory procedural
guideline for curbing inmate abuses of the prison mail system.” In addition,
Mayer asserts that the trial court’s order “does not violate or conflict with the
OAC regulations” and, in any event, “Bristow received all the process due him
when” he was declared a vexatious litigator.
       We find no merit to Bristow’s argument, since he is claiming nothing
more substantial or worthy of protection as a liberty interest than a right to exploit
an institutional mail system for vexatious purposes.         Depriving him of this
“deprives him of nothing at all, except perhaps the punishment of [Civ.R.] 11
sanctions.” Lewis v. Casey (1996), 518 U.S. 343, 353, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 2181, 135
L.Ed.2d 606, 619, fn. 3.




                                         20
                               January Term, 2000




       Accordingly, we hold that the trial court’s August 20, 1998 order does not
violate Bristow’s procedural due process rights under the Ohio or United States
Constitutions.
                                         B
   Access to Courts, Freedom of Expression, and the “Any Court” Restriction
       In his third proposition of law, Bristow asserts that “[t]he trial court’s mail
restriction court order dated August 20, 1998 is unconstitutional as it denied and
is denying appellee access to the courts.”
       In his fourth proposition of law, Bristow asserts that “[t]he trial court’s
mail restriction court order dated August 20, 1998 violates appellee’s
constitutional right to the freedom of expression.”
       Given the nature of Bristow’s supporting arguments, we reject these
propositions of law for the reasons already stated in Parts IIB and IIIA of this
opinion.
       However, embodied within these propositions is the argument that the trial
court’s order impermissibly restricts Bristow’s access to courts other than the
Ohio trial courts mentioned in the statute. The trial court’s August 20, 1998 order
provides:
       “It is further ORDERED that any mail from Lonny Lee Bristow that is
addressed to any court other than to Judge Nelfred G. Kimerline, as stated above,
shall be forwarded to this Court for a determination as to its disposition.”
(Emphasis added.)
       The court of appeals majority found that “basic principles of federalism
and sovereignty prohibit the trial court from relying upon an Ohio statute to
impede appellant’s actions in any courts other than Ohio’s own.” Similarly,
Judge Hadley, dissenting, also found that “the trial judge in this matter has
exceeded his authority [in this regard].       R.C. 2323.52(D)(1) reveals that a
common pleas court which adjudicates a person to be a vexatious litigator may




                                         21
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




only enter an order prohibiting that person from instituting legal proceedings in
the court of claims or in a court of common pleas, municipal court, or county
court.   Thus, the order of the Crawford County Court of Common Pleas is
overbroad because it prohibits a vexatious litigator from instituting a legal
proceeding or action in a court other than those enumerated in the statute.”
         However, Mayer asserts:
         “Bristow himself has made this Order necessary. When forbidden from
filing in the Richland County or Northern District of Ohio (where venue was
proper), he began to file in other Courts instead. When forbidden from filing in
other Ohio Courts, he sued in out-of-state Courts. When forbidden from filing in
his name, he uses other names. It is his action which requires this Order to be
exactly as broad as it is.” (Emphasis sic.)
         Pointing out that “[t]housands of jurisdictions exist from which Bristow
can choose,” Mayer proposes that the trial court’s order should be considered a
valid, necessary, and unavoidable exercise of its “inherent authority and duty * *
* to control abuses of the judicial process.”
         We are fully convinced that the order issued by the trial court was
absolutely necessary, in every sense of the word, to control Bristow’s seemingly
innate proclivity toward vexatious litigation.
         We also doubt that any court outside Ohio would object to being spared
the time and expense of dealing with Bristow’s pestilent litigation practices. As
the court explained in Bristow v. Steirhoff (Feb. 15, 1995), N.D.Ohio No. 5:93 CV
2698, unreported:
         “The uncontroverted evidence in the record establishes that Bristow has
filed thirty-nine (39) lawsuits in this Court against various defendants without
paying any fees or costs due to his in forma pauperis status. Most of these actions
are directed at Richland County Officials and employees, but others include
victims of his telephone harassment. * * * Bristow used filing complaints as a




                                         22
                               January Term, 2000




source of amusement to pass his time in jail at the expense of the defendants and
the taxpayers.
        “***
        “Mr. Bristow’s new found weapon — filing meritless claims — has
resulted in exorbitant expense to the named defendants and the taxpaying public.
Through the abuse of the in forma pauperis device, Bristow attempts to make a
mockery of the judicial system.
        “***
        “Bristow * * * has learned how to circumvent the pre-screening process.
Although he knows he will never win a judgment, he gets revenge each time the
defendants pay their attorney fees and court costs. For the cost of a stamp,
Bristow has found a way to inflict his revenge on the defendants and the general
taxpaying public. The only effective and fair way to curb his abuse is to take
away the procedural privilege that he has twisted into a weapon.”
        Nevertheless, necessity and propriety are not always coextensive. Mayer
has cited no authority, and we certainly have not found any, that purports to
authorize a single state common pleas court to control the processes of every state
and federal court throughout the United States. Thus, while we sympathize with
Mayer and the trial court under these exceedingly difficult circumstances, we find
no authority to support this order, as it exceeds the scope of the court’s inherent
powers.
        Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals on this
particular issue.
                                        IV
                                   Conclusion
        Based on all of the foregoing, we hold that R.C. 2323.52 is constitutional
in its entirety. We hold also that R.C. 2323.52 grants authority to the court of
common pleas to order a vexatious litigator to obtain its leave before proceeding




                                        23
                                 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




in the Court of Claims, a court of common pleas, municipal court, or county court.
A court of common pleas has no authority under R.C. 2323.52, or pursuant to its
own inherent powers to prevent abuse of the judicial process, to restrict the
activities of a vexatious litigator in courts other than these specifically enumerated
Ohio trial courts.     The trial court’s order of August 20, 1998, is valid and
constitutional in all respects, except to the extent that it restricts Bristow’s access
to courts other than those Ohio trial courts specifically enumerated in the statute.
        Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals is reversed in part and
affirmed in part, and the cause is remanded to the trial court to modify its August
20, 1998 order consistent with this opinion.
                                                          Judgment reversed in part,
                                                                      affirmed in part
                                                                and cause remanded.
        MOYER, C.J., DOUGLAS, F.E. SWEENEY and PATTON, JJ., concur.
        PETER B. ABELE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.
        PFEIFER, J., dissents.
        JOHN T. PATTON, J., of the Eighth Appellate District, sitting for COOK, J.
        PETER B. ABELE, J., of the Fourth Appellate District, sitting for LUNDBERG
STRATTON, J.
                                  __________________
        PETER B. ABELE, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur
in large part with the well-reasoned majority opinion. I agree that R.C. 2323.52
does not deprive litigants of meaningful access to Ohio’s courts. Sadly, the facts
and circumstances surrounding the instant case amply illustrate the need for this
type of legislation.
        I disagree, however, with that portion of the majority’s holding concerning
R.C. 2323.52(G), which provides that no appeal shall lie from a court’s denial of
an application for leave to proceed with a case. I believe that the denial of a




                                          24
                                  January Term, 2000




litigant’s right to appeal runs afoul of Section 16, Article I of the Ohio
Constitution. See, also, App.R. 3; Moldovan v. Cuyahoga Cty. Welfare Dept.
(1986), 25 Ohio St.3d 293, 25 OBR 343, 496 N.E.2d 466; and Cent. Ohio Transit
Auth. v. Timson (1998), 132 Ohio App.3d 41, 724 N.E.2d 458. When a state
provides an appellate review process, the procedures used to implement appellate
review must comply with the constitutional dictates of due process and equal
protection. Atkinson v. Grumman Ohio Corp. (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 80, 84, 523
N.E.2d 851, 855. Thus, in this limited regard, I believe that the statute denies
litigants the right to legal redress of injuries.
                                 __________________
        PFEIFER, J., dissenting. I join Judge Abele’s dissent with respect to R.C.
2323.52(G).
        The intent behind the vexatious litigator statute is laudable. Our system of
justice will cease to serve a useful function if it is overwhelmed with meritless
lawsuits and there is no question that the vast majority of the suits filed by
Bristow are meritless.
        Section 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution provides: “All courts shall
be open, and every person, for an injury done him in his land, goods, person, or
reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and shall have justice
administered without denial or delay.” The Constitution does not differentiate
between those who have filed frivolous lawsuits in the past and those who
haven’t. I am concerned that a valid complaint may not receive the attention it
deserves simply because it was filed by a vexatious litigator. Our courts are open
to all who have been injured whether or not they have frivolously cried “Wolf”
too many times in the past. I therefore dissent.
                                 __________________
        Isaac, Brant, Ledman & Teetor, Mark Landes, Terri B. Gregori and Lance
Chapin, for appellant.




                                            25
                          SUPREME COURT OF OHIO




      Lonny Lee Bristow, pro se.
      Betty D. Montgomery, Attorney General, Judith L. French and Elizabeth
Luper Schuster, Assistant Attorneys General, for intervenor Attorney General
Betty D. Montgomery.
      Burton H. Wolfe, urging affirmance for amicus curiae, Burton H. Wolfe.
      Laurence A. Neuton, urging affirmance for amicus curiae, Laurence A.
Neuton.
                           __________________




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