Filed 2/13/20; Opinion following rehearing
                                      OPINION ON REHEARING

                          CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*


                  COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                             DIVISION ONE

                                       STATE OF CALIFORNIA



In re the Marriage of ROSALINDA and
GEORGE DELUCA.
                                                    D071379
ROSALINDA DELUCA,

        Appellant,                                  (Super. Ct. No. D533280)

        v.

GEORGE DELUCA,

        Appellant.


        APPEALS from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,

Lisa C. Schall, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.

        Higgs, Fletcher & Mack, John Morris and Rachel E. Moffitt for Appellant

Rosalinda Deluca.

        Stephen W. Hogan for Appellant George Deluca.



*      Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for
publication with the exception of the discussion section, part A.
       In this marital dissolution action between Rosalinda Deluca and George Deluca,

both parties appeal from a judgment determining the division of property and other

matters, including spousal support.1 During the marriage, George's sister transferred to

him title to an apartment complex referred to in this case as the "Florida Street property"

or simply "Florida Street." Rosalinda contends the trial court erred in ruling the Florida

Street property was George's separate property rather than community property. George

has custody of the parties' two children and contends the court erred by awarding

Rosalinda spousal support in an amount greater than his total net income available to

support the children. Specifically, he asserts the court erred by including the amount of

monthly loan principal payments he is required to make on his income-producing

properties as income available for spousal support.

       In the unpublished portion of this opinion we reverse that part of the judgment

awarding the Florida Street property to George as his separate property and remand with

directions to determine the amount of reimbursement credit to which George is entitled

for Florida Street, as well as to consider George's new contention that he should be

awarded a fractional separate property interest in the property. In the published portion

of this opinion we also reverse the spousal support award and direct the trial court to

reconsider the amount of support after determining the extent to which George's loan




1     As is customary in family law cases, we will refer to the parties by their first
names for convenience and clarity, intending no disrespect.


                                             2
principal payments reasonably and legitimately reduce his income for purposes of

support. We otherwise affirm the judgment.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Background Facts

       George and Rosalinda were married on September 7, 1996, and separated 15 years

and two months later, on November 21, 2011. They had two children during the

marriage—one born in 1998, and the other in 2003. At the time judgment was entered,

George had sole physical custody of the children.2

       Before and during the marriage, George owned and operated an insurance agency.

He also owned and managed several income-producing rental properties that the court

found to be his separate property. Rosalinda has a bachelor's degree in political science

and a paralegal certificate. She worked as a legal secretary for over 26 years, including

throughout the marriage.

B. The Deluca Properties Trust Litigation

       Before George's father died in 1990, he acquired multiple parcels of real property

that he held in various trusts, including the Deluca Properties Trust that contained the

Florida Street property. George, his brother Sylvester, and his sister Rosalie were the

beneficiaries of the Deluca Properties Trust. After their father's death, disputes over his

trusts led to four and one-half years of litigation between George and his siblings.




2      The parties' oldest child turned 18 years old and was emancipated in July 2016.

                                             3
       On October 25, 1996, just after George married Rosalinda, the three siblings

entered into a written agreement (the settlement agreement) to resolve their litigation over

the family properties. The settlement agreement noted the existence of "claims, demands

and differences" between the parties relating to the ownership and management of the

subject properties and the administration of the Deluca Properties Trust, and stated the

parties had "settled all of these claims, demands, differences and disputes . . . ."

       Under the settlement agreement, George received title to three properties:

(1) a commercial property in Santee (referred to as the Santee property); (2) a commercial

property in Encinitas (referred to as the Encinitas property); and (3) a commercial

property on Orange Avenue in San Diego (referred to as the Orange property). Rosalie

received title to the Florida Street property and a promissory note from George in the

amount of $75,000. The note was to be secured by a first priority deed of trust

encumbering the Orange property. Sylvester agreed to forgive an outstanding debt

Rosalie owed him in the amount of $32,000. Sylvester received title to a property on

West Palm Street in San Diego and a promissory note from George in the amount of

$250,000. The note was to be secured by a third priority deed of trust encumbering both

the Santee property and the Encinitas property.

       The settlement agreement provided that "[i]n exchange for receiving the Santee,

Encinitas and Orange Properties, GEORGE relinquishes his right to receive or claim an

interest in any of the assets of the [Deluca Properties] Trust, and expressly agrees that he

is no longer a beneficiary of the Trust," and that "all assets of the Trust belong solely to



                                              4
ROSALIE and SYLVESTER . . . ." The settlement agreement also provided: "This

agreement may be amended only by a written agreement executed by all the Parties."

C. George's Later Acquisition of Florida Street

       At trial, George testified that Rosalie never wanted the Florida Street property. So

in September 1997, roughly one year after the original settlement agreement, George and

Rosalie signed another agreement under which Rosalie transferred title to the Florida

Street property to George. This second agreement, labeled "AMENDMENT TO

SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT AND MUTUAL RELEASE," states that it amends "that

Agreement of Settlement and Mutual Release . . . executed October 25, 1996, by and

between Rosalie . . . George . . . and Silvester [sic]. . . . This amendment does not in any

way [affect] the terms of the original settlement with respect to George . . . and

Silvester . . . or as between Rosalie . . . and Silvester . . . , and makes no other changes or

modification, other than those set forth herein."

       The "amendment" to the settlement agreement provided that Rosalie would

transfer Florida Street to George by grant deed, and George would execute a promissory

note to Rosalie in the amount of $164,700, secured by the property. George would "have

the option to assume the first deed of trust on [the] property, in the approximate amount

of $235,300 or continue making the monthly payments on [the] first deed of trust."

George would also pay $20,000 in cash to Rosalie at the close of escrow. Thus, what

George referred to at trial as the "transfer price" of Florida Street was $420,000

($164,700 + $235,300 + $20,000), which was the value of the property when it was

appraised in 1995, in connection with the original settlement agreement.

                                               5
       The amendment to the settlement agreement stated: "It is expressly agreed

between the Parties that this exchange and transfer of ownership to the Florida Street

property is an extension of and modification of the Parties' original settlement

agreement . . . , and the Parties' express intent herein is to redistribute trust assets." It also

stated: "Except as expressly stated herein, all other terms and provisions of the original

settlement agreement remain in full force and effect, without modification or change."

George and Rosalie signed the amendment; Sylvester did not sign it.

       At trial, George testified that he had many conversations with Rosalinda about the

Deluca properties and that as "my fiancée, my wife, my confidant, [Rosalinda] was aware

of everything that was happening in the litigation [with his siblings] so I'm sure she had a

chance to see [the settlement agreement] numerous times if she wanted to or she glanced

at it. It was available for her." He also testified that he provided Rosalinda a copy of the

trust that was the subject of the litigation.

       George testified that he told Rosalinda his sister was transferring Florida Street to

him and the property was his inheritance. He explained that Florida Street had been part

of his family trust, his parents had built the apartment building on the property, and it was

to remain his separate property. He gave Rosalinda a copy of the amendment to the

settlement agreement before the close of escrow on Rosalie's transfer of Florida Street to

him, and he discussed the terms of the amendment with her. When asked if Rosalinda

"[made] any reply" to him about the terms of the amendment, George testified, "She

thought it was good."



                                                6
       At George's request in January 1998, Rosalinda signed a quitclaim deed

transferring any interest she had in the Florida Street property to George as his sole and

separate property. When George refinanced the property in 2002, Rosalinda signed a

"SPOUSAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT" document stating that she claimed no ownership

rights in Florida Street.

       Rosalinda testified at trial that when she and George were dating, he told her that

he was involved in litigation with his brother regarding the "trust for his inheritance," but

he did not tell her any details about his claims. He never provided her with a copy of any

of the family trusts, and he never discussed the details of the terms of the settlement

agreement between him and his siblings or the amendment to the settlement agreement

before or during the marriage. The first time she saw the settlement agreement and the

amendment to the settlement agreement was during the divorce proceedings, and George

did not tell her anything about terms of the amendment to the settlement agreement when

he asked her to sign the quitclaim deed to the Florida Street property. He told her that

Florida Street was part of his inheritance and his sister was going to transfer it to him

because she was unable to manage the apartments. He explained that his lender needed

the quitclaim deed "to get everything through." Rosalinda did not seek legal advice

before signing the quitclaim deed because she trusted her husband and "just signed it."

       Rosalinda's counsel argued at trial that the Florida Street property should be

divided as community property because George purchased it from his sister during the

marriage with community funds. Counsel further argued that George induced Rosalinda

to sign the quitclaim deed to the property by undue influence in breach of the fiduciary

                                              7
duty he owed her because she did not sign the quitclaim deed with full knowledge of the

material facts, her signing it unfairly advantaged George, she waived a valuable right by

signing it, and she received no consideration for signing it.

       George's counsel argued that Rosalinda knew she had no interest in the Florida

Street property, knew it was part of George's inheritance, and knew the effect of the

quitclaim deed—i.e., she knew that if she had any interest in the property, she was

transmuting it. He argued that the presumption of undue influence had been rebutted by

evidence that Rosalinda "knew at all times that these properties were being handed down

through the family. Even if he had to make a payment to his siblings, the payment was

supported by the loans on the commercial properties and the loans on the commercial

properties were supported by the commercial properties themselves . . . ."

D. Statement of Decision and Judgment

       1. Character of the Florida Street property

       In its "Final Statement of Decision and Judgment," the trial court ruled that the

Santee property, the Encinitas property, and the Orange property were George's separate

properties under Family Code section 770 "in that they were received through inheritance

and devise."3 The court relied on the fact that George acquired the properties through the



3      All subsequent statutory references are to the Family Code unless otherwise
specified. Section 770, subdivision (a) provides: "(a) Separate property of a married
person includes all of the following: [¶] (1) All property owned by the person before
marriage. [¶] (2) All property acquired by the person after marriage by gift, bequest,
devise, or descent. [¶] (3) The rents, issues, and profits of the property described in this
section."

                                              8
settlement agreement between him and his siblings, which was reached before the

marriage but executed two months after the marriage. It found that all of the properties at

issue in the litigation between George and his siblings were "a direct result of an

inheritance received and an agreement devising the real properties at issue."

       Regarding the Florida Street property, the court determined that George "met his

burden of proof to establish that the real property is his separate property . . . in that it

was received through inheritance and devise." His acquisition of Florida Street was

"memorialized" by the amendment to the settlement agreement, which "provided for the

same value of the property that existed at the time of the original Settlement Agreement

and Mutual Release . . . ." Rosalinda, in turn, "freely and voluntarily executed a Quit

Claim Deed at the time of the transfer of the property to [George]." She testified that she

read the quitclaim deed before she signed it and that George did not threaten her to make

her sign it. When George refinanced the property in 2002, Rosalinda "executed a spousal

acknowledgement indicating that she claimed no ownership interest in the property . . . ."

Noting that the Florida Street property was solely in George's name during the marriage,

the court found that "[t]he community did not acquire an interest in the property by way

of pay down of principal (as established through the tracing report of [George's expert

witness, accountant Anna Addleman])."

       The court ruled that George met his burden of proof by substantial evidence to

overcome any presumption of undue influence and unfair advantage in his relationship

with Rosalinda, and that Rosalinda did not present sufficient evidence to support a

finding of constructive fraud. Based on findings that Rosalinda had access to legal

                                                9
advice because she worked in a law firm, and that George discussed the amendment to

the settlement agreement with her and informed her that his sister would transfer Florida

Street to him under the agreement, the court concluded Rosalinda executed the quitclaim

deed and spousal acknowledgment regarding the Florida Street property "freely and

voluntarily, and with full knowledge of all the facts, and with understanding of the effect

of the transfers."

       The court found that Addleman's tracing report accurately traced the payments on

the Florida Street property, reflecting that $974 of community funds were used to pay

down the principal on the property, and that "the indirect tracing (Recapitulation/Family

Expense) by Ms. Addleman [was] accurate and properly provide[d] for tracing of

separate property. (See findings in (b) above)."4 Observing that the loans against the

property were solely in George's name, the court found "the lender relied upon the

rent/profitability of the property itself to underwrite the loan . . . ."




4        The "findings in (b) above" were the court's findings regarding the Santee,
Encinitas, and Orange properties. In that section of its statement of decision and
judgment, the court explained indirect tracing as follows: "Payments may be traced to a
separate property source based upon a showing that the community income throughout
the marriage was exhausted by family expenses, such that any sums devoted to separate
property were necessarily separate in origin. This method is called the 'Recapitulation' or
'Family Expense' method. 'Under the "family living expense" or "recapitulation" method,
it is assumed that family living expenses are paid out of community property funds.
[Citations.] Payments may be traced to a separate property source by showing
community income at the time of the payments or purchase was exhausted by family
expense, so that the payments or purchase necessarily must have been made with separate
property funds.' " (In re Marriage of Braud (1996) 45 Cal.App.4th 797, 823 (Braud).)


                                                10
       2. Income available for support

       The court noted that George had self-employment income from his insurance

agency and rental income from his real property. It found George's monthly self-

employment income was $7,281, based on the "competing testimony" of George's expert

witness Addleman, and Rosalinda's expert witness, accountant Karen Kaseno.

       According to Addleman's report, George's monthly average income was $25,332

before principal payments on the loans against his commercial and residential properties.

Kaseno testified it would not be appropriate to reduce George's income available for

support by the amount of his principal payments on his separate property. Addleman

testified that George's principal payments should be excluded from his income available

for support because if those payments were not made, the properties would go into

foreclosure and George would lose the income they generated.5 The court concluded

Addleman's reasoning was "flawed," stating: "Payments made to solely benefit the

separate property of [George] cannot operate to reduce his income available for support.

If that were the case then any party could divert income to the benefit of their separate

property at the exclusion of being considered income available for support." It added that

"[n]either party provided the Court with any case authority addressing this issue." Based



5     Rosalinda's expert Kaseno testified that she disagreed with Addleman's subtracting
George's loan principal payments from his income available for support. She explained,
"Payments of principal [are] not normally deducted from a party's income available for
support. When you're paying off your principal, you're basically increasing your net
worth. You are paying money that is paid down on your debt obligation. It's not an
expense, an accounting term, and it's basically increasing your net worth."

                                             11
on Addleman's report but consistent with Kaseno's analysis, the court found George's

combined self-employment income and separate property rental income available for

support was $25,332. It imputed annual income of $60,000 to Rosalinda ($5,000 per

month) based on her earning capacity.

       The court found that during the marriage the parties enjoyed an upper middle class

lifestyle, which "was in large part supplemented by the separate property income of

[George]." Rosalinda "had been living rent free for approximately the last three years,"

and George had been "living in a 2 million dollar plus residence in Point Loma." During

the marriage, the parties traveled to Europe each year, which "in large part was supported

by the separate property residence that [George] inherited from his mother." The court

noted that Rosalinda had been able to put money into a profit-sharing plan and a 401(k)

account when she was employed, the parties drove older vehicles, and the minor children

were enrolled in private schools.

       The court ordered George to pay spousal support of $7,500 per month. The court

explained that although Rosalinda had made minimal efforts to become self-supporting

and had the ability to earn $60,000 per year, George's total income was $25,332 per

month and he lived with the children in a home valued in excess of $2 million.

Rosalinda, on the other hand, "live[d] with her sister's extended family and no longer

[had] any of the [lifestyle] comforts she once shared with [George]."

       We will include additional relevant facts in our discussion of the legal issues.




                                             12
                                       DISCUSSION

A. Characterization of the Florida Street Property

       Section 760 states that "[e]xcept as otherwise provided by statute, all property, real

or personal, wherever situated, acquired by a married person during the marriage while

domiciled in this state is community property." Commenting on this general rule, the

court in In re Marriage of Haines (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 277 explained: "A basic rule of

a community property system is that all property acquired during marriage is community

property unless it comes within a specific exception; the major exceptions to the basic

community property rule are those relating to separate property. [Citation.] Thus, there

is a general presumption that property acquired during marriage by either spouse other

than by gift or inheritance is community property unless traceable to a separate property

source. [Citations.] This is a rebuttable presumption affecting the burden of proof; hence

it can be overcome by the party contesting community property status. [Citation.] Since

this general community property presumption is not a title presumption, virtually any

credible evidence may be used to overcome it, including tracing the asset to a separate

property source, showing an agreement or clear understanding between parties regarding

ownership status and presenting evidence the item was acquired as a gift." (Id. at

pp. 289-290, fn. omitted.) " 'The status of property as community or separate is normally

determined at the time of its acquisition.' " (In re Marriage of Buol (1985) 39 Cal.3d

751, 757 (Buol), quoting In re Marriage of Bouquet (1976) 16 Cal.3d 583, 591.)

       In general, "factual findings that underpin the trial court's characterization of

property as separate or community property are reviewed for substantial evidence."

                                             13
(In re Marriage of Rossin (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 725, 734.) However, de novo review

is appropriate where " 'the determination in question amounts to the resolution of a mixed

question of law and fact that is predominantly one of law.' " (Ibid.)

       Rosalinda contends the trial court erred in ruling the Florida Street property was

George's separate property. She correctly notes that Florida Street is presumed to be

community property because it was acquired during marriage, and asserts that no

exception to the community property presumption applies. She further maintains that her

signing a quitclaim deed stating the property was George's sole and separate property was

ineffective to transmute the property from community property to George's separate

property because George did not rebut the presumption of undue influence as to that

transaction.

       Responding to Rosalinda's invocation of the community property presumption,

George relies on several exceptions to the general rule. He argues that Florida Street was

his separate property because: (1) it was part of his inheritance; (2) his right to the

property actually arose before the marriage; (3) or his expert was able to trace all the

funds used to acquire the property to separate property sources. He adds that even if the

presumption applied to initially characterize Florida Street as community property, the

quitclaim deed signed by Rosalinda effectively transmuted any community interest into

his separate property.

       As we will explain, we largely agree with Rosalinda. And while it seems clear

that George used some separate property funds to purchase Florida Street from his sister

Rosalie in the form of a down payment or subsequent loan payments, the trial court's

                                              14
decision to characterize it as entirely George's separate property meant the court never

had to account for the nature and extent of his separate property contributions. We will

leave it to the trial judge on remand to perform such an accounting and address George's

further arguments as to the type and amount of separate property interest or section 2640

credit to which he may be entitled.

       1. George did not acquire the Florida Street property by inheritance or devise.

       George starts by contending substantial evidence supports the court's finding that

he acquired the Florida Street property "through inheritance and devise." He maintains

the settlement agreement between him and his siblings established their respective

inheritances of the various family properties, including the Florida Street property, and

asserts he acquired the Florida Street property through the "amendment" of that

agreement. Essentially, George argues that the purported amendment to the settlement

agreement operated as an instrument of devise that changed the Florida Street property

from his sister's inherited property to his inherited property. We conclude otherwise,

holding that, as a matter of law, the amendment to the settlement agreement was a

contract by which George purchased the Florida Street property from his sister.

Accordingly, George did not acquire the Florida Street property through inheritance or

devise; he acquired it by purchase during marriage.

       As previously noted, the settlement agreement between George and his siblings

provided that "[i]n exchange for receiving the Santee, Encinitas and Orange Properties,

GEORGE relinquishes his right to receive or claim an interest in any of the assets of the

[Deluca Properties] Trust, and expressly agrees that he is no longer a beneficiary of the

                                            15
Trust." (Italics added.) The italicized language establishes that George's "inheritance" as

a trust beneficiary was fully and finally established by the settlement agreement and there

was no additional property he stood to acquire by "inheritance or devise" after the

agreement's execution and performance. George acknowledged that fact at trial when he

testified, in response to questioning by the court, that as of November 7, 1996 (the date a

grant deed was recorded showing title to the Florida Street property in the name of

George's sister Rosalie), the Florida Street property "was no longer part of any

inheritance that [he] had a legitimate right to . . . ."

       Thus, Rosalie was the sole owner of the Florida Street property before George

acquired it from her. Being the property's sole owner, Rosalie was the only person who

could have transferred Florida Street to George or anyone else in 1997. The written

agreement (amendment to the settlement agreement) by which George acquired the

property from Rosalie was not a transfer of property by gift, bequest, devise, or

inheritance.

       Black's Law Dictionary defines "inheritance" as "[p]roperty received from an

ancestor under the laws of intestacy" or "[p]roperty that a person receives by bequest or

devise." (Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) p. 903, col. 1.) The definition of

"bequest" is "[t]he act of giving property . . . by will" or "[t]he money or other property

that a person arranges to give to someone or an organization upon death; esp.,

property . . . disposed of in a will." (Id. at p. 189, col. 2.) The four definitions of

"devise" are: "1. The act of giving property by will. . . . 2. The provision in a will

containing such a gift. 3. Property disposed of in a will. 4. A will disposing of property."

                                                16
(Id. at p. 547, cols. 1-2.) The definition of "descent" is "[t]he acquisition of real property

by law, as by inheritance; the passing of intestate real property to heirs." (Id. at p. 539,

col. 1.)

       The agreement by which Rosalie transferred the Florida Street property to George

does not fall within any of these definitions. George did not receive the property under

the laws of intestacy, by will or trust, or as a direct consequence of any person's death;

accordingly, he did not acquire it by inheritance or by "bequest, devise or descent" within

the meaning of section 770. George received the property under an agreement with

Rosalie by which she deeded the property to him in exchange for valuable consideration

in the form of cash, a promissory note, and George's assumption of the obligation to pay

off the existing loan on the property.6

       In short, George purchased the Florida Street property from his sister. The

transaction falls squarely within Black's Law Dictionary's definition of "contract for

sale," which is: "A contract for the present transfer of property for a price." (Black's

Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014), p. 392, col. 1.) Because uncontroverted evidence shows

that George acquired Florida Street through a purchase-sale contract, the trial court erred




6     " 'A valuable consideration means a pecuniary consideration.' " (Morse v. Wright
(1882) 60 Cal. 260.)


                                              17
in finding that the community property presumption was rebutted by evidence that he

acquired the property "through inheritance and devise."7

       Even if the settlement agreement could have been amended one year later in a way

that effectively changed the siblings' inheritances, the amendment that George and

Rosalie executed was ineffective to do so because it was not signed by Sylvester, as the

settlement agreement expressly required. Although the absence of Sylvester's signature

on the amendment does not invalidate it as a purchase contract between George and

Rosalie, it does render it invalid as an amendment of the original settlement agreement.

Consequently, the amendment could not operate to change any of the three siblings'

respective inheritances established by the original settlement agreement.

       2. The "inception of title" theory does not apply.

       George next argues that Florida Street is his separate property under the equitable

theory of inception of title, citing In re Marriage of Joaquin (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d

1529. The Joaquin court explained that under the inception of title theory, the status of

property as separate or community property "depends upon the existence or nonexistence

of the marriage at the time of the incipiency of the right by virtue of which the title is

finally extended and perfected; the title when so extended and perfected relates back to


7      George impliedly acknowledged that he purchased the Florida Street property in
an exchange with the court during his trial testimony. The court asked, "You had a
conversation with [Rosalie] and she gave you an impression she was kind of forced into
taking the Florida property. Is that what I'm hearing?" George replied, "Yes." The court
asked, "You had a conversation with her. She said she didn't want it and she offered
what, for you to buy it?" (Italics added.) George answered, "Yes, to amend the original
settlement agreement and transfer it into my name."

                                              18
that time." (Id. at p. 1533.) In other words, the character of a property as separate or

community depends on when the equitable right to the property was acquired—i.e.,

whether the spouse who acquired the property was single or married at the time of the

inception of his or her equitable right to the property. "Under this rule, property to which

one spouse has acquired an equitable right before marriage is separate property, though

such right is not perfected until after marriage . . . ." (Ibid.) Thus, property that a spouse

purchased before marriage subject to a condition precedent remains the spouse's separate

property even though satisfaction of the condition resulting in the spouse's acquisition or

perfection of legal title occurs during marriage. (Ibid.) The Joaquin court applied

"principles respecting lease renewals/extensions/options, and inception of title" (id. at

p. 1534), to conclude that where the husband in that case acquired a leasehold with an

option to renew the lease before marriage, remained in continuous possession of the

leasehold, and exercised his option to renew the leasehold during marriage, the renewed

leasehold remained his separate property because "once exercised, the option . . .

transfer[s] an equitable interest in the land relating back to the time the option was

given." (Id. at p. 1533.)

       George contends, in his words, that he "acquired an equitable interest in all the

properties that he and his siblings inherited when their father died before this marriage."

He reasons that because he had some undetermined interest in and, therefore, an equitable

right to all of the family trust assets before marriage, his acquisition of the Florida Street

property from his sister in 1997 simply perfected his preexisting equitable right.



                                              19
Accordingly, he claims, the trial court "achieved equity by characterizing Florida Street

as his separate property."

       George's inception of title argument is unpersuasive. Although he had some

undetermined interest in some undetermined portion of the family trust assets before the

marriage and before he entered into the settlement agreement that fixed his interest, there

was no evidence that, before the marriage, he had an unperfected equitable right to

acquire the Florida Street property in particular as its sole owner under some condition

precedent that would later mature into full legal title. The inception of George's title to

Florida Street did not occur until he and Rosalie executed the "amendment" to the

settlement agreement effecting his purchase of the property from her. There was no

evidence of an inception of unperfected equitable title to the Florida Street property

solely in George's name before marriage. Accordingly, there was no equitable basis to

characterize Florida Street as George's separate property despite his acquisition of the

property during marriage.

       3. George's tracing evidence was insufficient to show he acquired the
          Florida Street property solely with separate property funds.

       George additionally contends that substantial evidence supports the court's

characterization of Florida Street as his separate property because his expert Addleman

accurately traced its acquisition entirely to funds that were George's separate property.

To do so he relies on an "indirect tracing" approach. (See In re Marriage of Mix (1975)

14 Cal.3d 604, 612 (Mix).) He maintains that both his $20,000 down payment to Rosalie

(when he acquired the property from her in 1997) and all his subsequent loan payments


                                             20
on the property were necessarily made with his separate property funds because at the

time he made them, all community income was exhausted by family expenses.

       The parties dispute the character of the funds used to make the down payment.

The trial court made no express findings regarding the source of the $20,000; its other

conclusions rendered such a finding unnecessary. But even if the entire $20,000 came

from a separate property source (a question on which we express no opinion), the down

payment alone is not enough. To show that all the funds used to acquire the property

came from a separate property source, George would have to establish as well that the

portion of the Florida Street acquisition financed by credit was separate property.

       As we have noted, the character of property as separate or community is normally

determined at the time of its acquisition. (Buol, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 757; In re

Marriage of Grinius (1985) 166 Cal.App.3d 1179, 1188 (Grinius).) And it is well settled

that property acquired on credit during a marriage, like other property generally, is

presumed to be community property. (See Gudelj v. Gudelj (1953) 41 Cal.2d 202, 210

(Gudelj); Grinius, at pp. 1186-1187 [presumption that loan proceeds acquired during

marriage are community property maybe overcome by showing the lender intended to

rely solely on a spouse's separate property].) Determining the character of property

purchased on credit during a marriage typically requires analyzing the nature of the credit

and the source of any down payment.

       The critical flaw in George's argument is his failure to evaluate the credit

component of his purchase of the Florida Street property from Rosalie. Rather than

address the nature of that credit, he relies exclusively on Addleman's tracing analysis of

                                             21
his later payments on the loans. But the nature of the credit at the time of the property's

acquisition cannot depend on future events or circumstances, such as the source of later

loan payments. Instead, we look to "the intent of the seller to rely upon the separate

property of the purchaser or upon a community asset." (Gudelj, supra, 41 Cal.2d at

p. 210.) The proceeds of a loan made on the personal credit of a spouse is regarded as

community property. (Bank of California v. Connolly (1973) 36 Cal.App.3d 350, 375.)

       As to the existing loan on the Florida Street property (which he agreed to make

payments on) and the additional promissory note for $164,700, it was George's burden to

rebut the community property presumption by showing that the person or entity

extending the credit—here, Rosalie—was relying solely on his separate property assets

for repayment.8 But there is nothing in the record to indicate anything about Rosalie's

intent or expectation regarding George's payments. This complete lack of evidence

cannot satisfy his burden. Addleman's tracing evidence, which focused on the source of

future loan payments, simply addressed the wrong issue.

       Indeed, the only reference to "lender intent" appears in the trial court's statement

of decision where the court commented that "[a]ny loans against the property were solely

in [George's] name . . . and the lender relied upon the rent/profitability of the property

itself to underwrite the loan . . . ." The court presumably was referring to the refinance

loans that George took against Florida Street in 1999 and 2002. The lender's intent in



8     As George acknowledged in his respondent's brief, Rosalie was "the only lender
whose intent matters here."

                                             22
making those later loans is not helpful in determining the character of Florida Street at

the time of George's acquisition because those loans were not used to acquire the

property. And even if the court's conclusion could somehow be extended to Rosalie,

saying that a seller or lender intended to rely for payment on the rent/profitability of

Florida Street fails to address the foundational question of whether Florida Street is

community or separate property. (Grinius, supra, 166 Cal.App.3d at p. 1188.)

       Because there is no evidence that Rosalie was looking solely to George's separate

property for repayment when she extended credit to him in his acquisition of the Florida

Street property, the community property presumption applies and Florida Street is, at

least to the extent of that credit, community property.9

       4. The court erred in finding George rebutted the presumption of undue influence
          with respect to Rosalinda's signing the quitclaim deed and acknowledgment.

       George further contends that even if the character of Florida Street was

community property in whole or in part at the time of its acquisition, Rosalinda agreed it

would become his separate property by signing the quitclaim deed and spousal

acknowledgement. He claims substantial evidence supports the court's finding that

Rosalinda executed the quitclaim deed and spousal acknowledgment "freely and




9     As we later explain, George will have the opportunity on remand to establish that
the down payment on Florida Street came entirely from his separate property.

                                             23
voluntarily, and with full knowledge of all the facts, and with understanding of the effect

of the transfers."10 Rosalinda contends the court erred in making that finding.

       "In property-related transactions between spouses, . . . section 721, subdivision (b)

'imposes a duty of the highest good faith and fair dealing on each spouse . . . .' This duty

stems from the 'general rules governing fiduciary relationships which control the actions

of persons occupying confidential relations with each other,' prohibiting each spouse

from taking 'any unfair advantage of the other.' [Citation.] Thus, ' "[i]f one spouse

secures an advantage from the transaction, a statutory presumption arises under section

721 that the advantaged spouse exercised undue influence and the transaction will be set

aside." ' [Citation.] An advantage results to one spouse when that spouse gains or when

the other spouse is hurt by the transaction. [Citation.] A spouse obtains an advantage

when the 'spouse's position is improved, he or she obtains a favorable opportunity, or

otherwise gains, benefits, or profits. [Citation.]' [Citation.] The presumption is

rebuttable; the spouse advantaged by the transaction must establish that the

disadvantaged spouse acted freely and voluntarily, with ' " ' "full knowledge of all the

facts, and with a complete understanding of the effect of" the transaction." ' " ' " (Lintz v.

Lintz (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1346, 1353.)




10     George does not refer to Rosalinda's signing the quitclaim deed as a transmutation
on appeal but, as noted, his counsel argued at trial that in signing the quitclaim deed,
Rosalinda was "transmuting her interest." He also argued that in signing quitclaim deeds
to various properties, Rosalinda "knew, if there were any interest, she was transmuting it,
but she also knew she had no interest in those properties. None."

                                              24
       Here, the statutory presumption of undue influence arises because Rosalinda's

signing the quitclaim deed and spousal acknowledgement regarding the Florida Street

property were transactions by which George sought to obtain an advantage. Specifically,

he sought to extinguish any community interest that his acquisition of the property may

have created and hold title as his sole and separate property. We conclude the evidence

does not support the court's finding that Rosalinda executed the quitclaim deed and

spousal acknowledgment with a complete understanding of the effect of those

transactions. Although there was evidence that George informed Rosalinda of the facts

and circumstances surrounding his acquisition of the Florida Street property from his

sister and that she knew the terms of the agreement by which George acquired the

property, it is undisputed that George told her the property was part of his inheritance,

and that he truly believed it was part of his inheritance when he acquired it and

throughout the marriage. Rosalinda's testimony that George told her his lender needed

the quitclaim deed "to get everything through" was uncontroverted, as was her testimony

that she did not seek legal advice before signing the quitclaim deed because she trusted

George and "just signed it."

       Thus, the evidence showed Rosalinda signed quitclaim deed and spousal

acknowledgement under a mistaken view of her rights and the legal effect of the

agreement, having accepted George's erroneous representation that the property was part

of his inheritance. There was no evidence that she was aware the Florida Street property

was presumptively community property because George acquired it by purchase, or that

she freely and voluntarily intended to transmute any community interest in the property

                                             25
to George's sole and separate property. Uncontroverted evidence showed that George

believed the Florida Street property was his separate property by inheritance, that

Rosalinda accepted George's representations that the Florida Street property was his

separate property, and that her understanding when she signed the quitclaim deed and

spousal acknowledgement was that she was merely signing documents required by a

lender that were not changing the character of the property. The trial court erred in

finding George rebutted the presumption that he exercised undue influence in obtaining

Rosalinda's signature on the quitclaim deed and spousal acknowledgment regarding the

Florida Street property. Accordingly, the quitclaim deed was ineffective to transmute the

community interest in the property to George's separate property.

       5. Remand is required to determine the extent of George's right to
          reimbursement and to consider if George has a separate property
          interest in the Florida Street property.

       Our initial opinion in this case concluded that George had failed to rebut the

presumption that Florida Street is community property. Acknowledging the evidence that

George had used separate property funds to pay for Florida Street in various ways, we

remanded for further proceedings to determine the extent to which he was entitled to

reimbursement of his separate property contributions under section 2640. George then

challenged that conclusion in a petition for rehearing, which we granted. He cited for the

first time a case—In re Marriage of Bonvino (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1411 (Bonvino)—to

argue that he was not limited to reimbursement credit but instead was entitled to a

fractional separate property interest based on his use of separate funds to make the down

payment.

                                            26
       Section 2640 was enacted " 'to overturn a long line of cases which had held that

absent an agreement to the contrary, separate property contributions to the community

were deemed to be gifts to the community.' " (In re Marriage of Walrath (1998) 17

Cal.4th 907, 918 (Walrath).) It provides: "In the division of the community estate under

this division, unless a party has made a written waiver of the right to reimbursement or

has signed a writing that has the effect of a waiver, the party shall be reimbursed for the

party's contributions to the acquisition of property of the community property estate to

the extent the party traces the contributions to a separate property source. The amount

reimbursed shall be without interest or adjustment for change in monetary values and

may not exceed the net value of the property at the time of the division." (§ 2640,

subd. (b).) The statute further clarifies that " '[c]ontributions to the acquisition of

property' " include "downpayments, payments for improvements, and payments that

reduce the principal of a loan used to finance the purchase or improvement of the

property but do not include payments of interest on the loan or payments made for

maintenance, insurance, or taxation of the property." (§ 2640, subd. (a).)

       In Bonvino, the husband and wife purchased a family home in Westlake Village

during the marriage. The husband made the down payment on the property with his

separate property funds and obtained a loan for the remainder of the purchase price.

(Bonvino, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1418-1419.) The monthly mortgage payments

on the property were initially paid from community funds. Fifteen months later the

husband sold a separate property residence and used the sale proceeds to pay off the

mortgage on the Westlake home. (Id. at p. 1419.)

                                              27
       In dissolution proceedings, the trial court found that the Westlake home was

presumed to be community property because it was acquired during marriage. (Bonvino,

supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 1420.) The court awarded the husband reimbursement of

his separate property funds that were used for the down payment on the property and the

loan payoff. (Id. at p. 1421.) On appeal, the husband contended that the trial court

should have found there were both separate and community interests in the property in

proportion to the separate and community contributions to the equity in the property. (Id.

at p. 1416.)

       The appellate court agreed, rejecting the trial court's finding that the property was

entirely community property subject only to section 2640 reimbursement. Although

Bonvino accepted the trial court's conclusion that the loan proceeds were community

property based on lender's intent (Bonvino, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 1424), it

nonetheless concluded that the husband's down payment contribution to the purchase of

the property maintained its separate character because he did not sign an express written

declaration transmuting to community property pursuant to section 852. (Bonvino, at

p. 1422.) The Bonvino court thus agreed with the husband that there continued to be

separate and community interests in the property in proportion to the separate and

community contributions to the property's equity, and that the trial court erred in

awarding the husband reimbursement under section 2640 instead of his separate property

share of the equity. (Bonvino, at pp. 1422, 1434.) It determined that section 2640 "does

not purport to apply to separate property used during marriage to acquire an asset that

retains its character of separate property. " (Bonvino, at p. 1433.) According to Bonvino,

                                             28
the husband's separate property down payment retained its character as separate property,

entitling him to a fractional separate property interest. (Id. at p. 1434.)

       As we have noted, George never presented his Bonvino theory to the trial court,

and that court never had occasion to decide whether the $20,000 down payment for

Florida Street was entirely his separate property.11 Having concluded the court erred in

finding Florida Street was entirely George's separate property, we need not comment on

the viability of his new claim to a fractional separate property interest under Bonvino.12

Instead, it suffices at this juncture to remand the matter to the trial court with directions to

conduct further proceedings to determine the reimbursement credit owed to George for

the Florida Street property, as well as to consider any new argument based on Bonvino.

B. Spousal Support Award

       George contends the court erred by failing to reduce his income available for

spousal support by the amount of monthly loan principal payments he is required to make

on his income-producing properties. He argues the court abused its discretion by

"imputing" the amount of his monthly loan payments to him as "phantom income" and

11      George's petition for rehearing claimed his uncontroverted testimony at trial
established that the source of the $20,000 down payment for Florida Street was a bank
account in his name containing only rental income from his separate properties. In her
answer to the petition, Rosalinda disputed that the $20,000 down payment on the Florida
Street property was made solely with George's separate property funds. The trial court
did not make a finding regarding the source of the $20,000 down payment on Florida
Street, and Addleman did not specifically address it in her tracing report and testimony.
It will be for the trial court on remand to evaluate these factual contentions based on the
evidence.

12     Bonvino has yet to be relied on in a published California opinion on this point.

                                              29
awarding Rosalinda monthly spousal support of $7,500, despite finding that the

maximum monthly income available to him to support the children after making his loan

payments was $7,281.

       At trial, George's expert Addleman testified that she determined the amount of

George's income "less the principal payments" he made on the loans against his rental

properties because "[t]he loans had been in place as of the date of marriage and prior to

the date of separation . . . ." If George had taken out the loans after the date of separation,

she would not have considered them, but the loans were "part of the [parties'] marital

lifestyle, how they operated." She testified that George's principal payments should not

be included in his income available for support because "[George] generates earnings

from rental properties . . . . That income is generated because loan payments are made

and that loan is in good standing. Should that property or loan be not in good standing

there is potential that that property could . . . be lost and, therefore, not generate the rental

income that it is generating. [¶] In order for [George] to continue to earn this . . . money,

those loans need to be serviced and payments need to be made."

       Rosalinda's expert Kaseno disagreed with Addleman's subtracting George's loan

principal payments from his income available for support. She explained, "Payments of

principal [are] not normally deducted from a party's income available for support. When

you're paying off your principal, you're basically increasing your net worth. You are

paying money that is paid down on your debt obligation. It's not an expense, an




                                               30
accounting term, and it's basically increasing your net worth."13 The court rejected

Addleman and George's position and included George's principal payments in his income

available for support.

       "Permanent spousal support 'is governed by the statutory scheme set forth in

sections 4300 through 4360. Section 4330 authorizes the trial court to order a party to

pay spousal support in an amount, and for a period of time, that the court determines is

just and reasonable, based on the standard of living established during the marriage,

taking into consideration the circumstances set forth in section 4320.' [Citations.] The

statutory factors include the supporting spouse's ability to pay; the needs of each spouse

based on the marital standard of living; the obligations and assets of each spouse,

including separate property; and any other factors pertinent to a just and equitable award.

(§ 4320, subds. (c)-(e), (n).) 'The trial court has broad discretion in balancing the



13      Kaseno further testified that George had increased his mortgage payments shortly
before the date of separation by refinancing certain properties, stating: "There were
several refinances that took place shortly before separation that went from longer term
loans down to 15 year loans or seven year loans and what this does is it increases the
amount of principal that is paid down with each payment so it increases the payment and
increases the amount that is being paid down on principal." Kaseno was specifically
questioned about the portion of Addleman's written report/declaration stating that George
paid $2,035,000 in cash to purchase the family residential property on San Fernando
Street in San Diego, referred to as the "San Fernando property," and that $485,000 of the
purchase price came from his refinancing the Encinitas property. When the court asked
why it was "a problem" to deduct George's principal payments on the Encinitas property
from his income available for support, Kaseno testified: "We're reducing someone's
income available for support so they're going to have less money to pay support because
they purchased their residence for cash. I just don't think that's what we do is deduct
what we're paying down on a loan on another property to lessen our income that we have
to pay support."

                                             31
applicable statutory factors and determining the appropriate weight to accord to each, but

it may not be arbitrary and must both recognize and apply each applicable factor.' " (In

re Marriage of Blazer (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1438, 1442-1443 (Blazer).) Failure to

consider each applicable factor is reversible error. (In re Marriage of Cheriton (2001) 92

Cal.App.4th 269, 304 (Cheriton).)14

       "As a general rule, we review spousal support orders under the deferential abuse of

discretion standard. [Citation.] We examine the challenged order for legal and factual

support. 'As long as the court exercised its discretion along legal lines, its decision will

be affirmed on appeal if there is substantial evidence to support it.' [Citations.] 'To the

extent that a trial court's exercise of discretion is based on the facts of the case, it will be

upheld "as long as its determination is within the range of the evidence presented." '

[Citation.] [¶] Where a question of law is presented on undisputed facts, appellate




14     George contends the trial court committed reversible error because it failed to
consider the factor set forth in section 4320, subdivision (e), which is "[t]he obligations
and assets, including the separate property, of each party." We agree. George correctly
notes that the court's final statement of decision and judgment lists and addresses each of
the factors set forth in section 4320, and after listing the subdivision (e) factor, states:
"(See discussion below)[.]" However, the remainder of the judgment/statement of
decision does not address the "obligations and assets" factor, which is particularly
important in this case because George's net worth is vastly greater than Rosalinda's, due
largely to his real property assets. "Under [section 4320, subdivision (c)], a key factor is
the supporting party's 'ability to pay,' which encompasses assets as well as income.
[Citations.] Thus, it is 'proper for the court to look to assets controlled by husband, other
than income, as a basis for the award [of spousal support].' " (Cheriton, supra, 92
Cal.App.4th at pp. 304-305.) We will direct the trial court on remand to consider all of
the applicable factors specified in section 4320.

                                               32
review is de novo." (Blazer, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 1443.) "[W]e affirm the trial

court's decision if it is supported in fact and law." (Id. at p. 1447.)

       The question raised by George's appeal is whether a trial court should deduct

principal payments a spouse makes on business loans—including loans secured by

income producing property—from income available for support. California case law

provides little help in addressing this issue.

       George relies on Blazer in arguing it was an abuse of discretion to include his

principal payments as income available for support. In Blazer, the parties principal

marital asset was a company created by the husband and a partner. (Blazer, supra, 176

Cal.App.4th at p. 1441.) On appeal from her permanent spousal support award, the wife

contended the court abused its discretion by excluding from the husband's income

available for support a portion of his business income used to capitalize and vertically

integrate the business. (Id. at pp. 1441, 1444.) The trial court excluded that income

based on its finding that the business's need to maintain higher capitalization and

diversify its work were reasonable business expenses that " 'should be taken out of the

company before assessing what [the husband's] reasonable income [was] for purposes of

support.' " (Id. at p. 1444.) The Blazer court concluded, among other things, that there

was no abuse of discretion because the trial court's reasonable expense finding was

supported by substantial evidence. (Id. at p. 1447.)

       Blazer supports the proposition that reasonable business expenses may be properly

excluded from a spouse's business income in determining income available for spousal

support. However, the deduction from income allowed in Blazer was business income

                                                 33
reinvested in the business; it was not income used for mortgage or business loan

payments that directly increased the payor spouse's net worth by decreasing debt. Thus,

Blazer does not specifically address the question of whether business income used to pay

down business debt should be included in or excluded from income available for support.

However, a number of out-of-state authorities provide guidance on this issue. Although

most of those cases address income available for child support and we recognize that

there are important differences between spousal support and child support, the analysis of

available income for child support provides useful guidance in resolving available-

income issues regarding spousal support.

      Some decisions support a general rule that principal payments should be excluded

from income. Ohio courts generally view principal payments on business loans or

mortgages on income-producing properties as business expenses that should be excluded

from income available for support, particularly when the loan is an "acquisition" loan

rather than a refinancing or "equity" loan. (Orecchio v. Colantoni (Ohio Ct.App., June

21, 2010, No. 2010-Ohio-2849) 2010 Ohio App. Lexis 2356, p. *29;15 DeCapua v.

DeCapua, (Ohio Ct.App., Jan. 8, 1992, No. 2651) 1992 Ohio App. Lexis 86, p. *8

[husband's principal payments on business loans represented ordinary and necessary

business expenses to be subtracted from his income available for child support where the


15     Rule 3.4 of the Ohio Supreme Court Rules for the Reporting of Opinions states:
"All opinions of the courts of appeals issued after May 1, 2002 may be cited as legal
authority and weighted as deemed appropriate by the courts without regard to whether the
opinion was published or in what form it was published." (Ohio S.Ct. Rep. Op. Rule
3.4.)

                                            34
money borrowed was used for fixtures, leasehold improvements, and operating expenses,

and the husband did not accelerate or prepay the principal on any of the loans, but rather

paid the loans according to their terms].) And in Betancourt v. Betancourt

(Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2010) 50 So.3d 768, the Florida appellate court concluded the "trial

court erred in attributing to the [husband] the gross rental income from a rental property

without first deducting the mortgage payment and other expenses associated with the

property." (Id. at p. 769; accord, In re Albert (N.H. 2007) 922 A.2d 643, 645, 647 [Trial

court erred by including the husband's mortgage payments on two rental properties in

determining his income available for child support where statutory definition of "gross

income" for purposes of child support included "net rental income."].)

       Other jurisdictions have taken a seemingly opposite approach, adopting a general

policy of including principal payments in income available for support either because

such payments are not considered to be ordinary and necessary business expenses or

because they benefit the payor spouse by increasing net worth. (See Lawrence v. Tise

(N.C. 1992) 419 S.E.2d 176, 182 [mortgage principal payments are not an ordinary and

necessary business expense within the meaning of state child support guidelines]; Campo

v. Roberts (La. 1996) 677 So.2d 1042 [same]; In re Marriage of Nikolaisen (Mont. 1993)

847 P.2d 287, 292 [principal payments that increased husband's net equity should not

have been deducted from his income available for child support]; In re Marriage of Dean

(Kan. 2018) 437 P.3d 46, 51 [principal payments are not properly deducted from income

for purposes of support because they increase the payor's net worth].)



                                            35
       Noting different views articulated by courts on this issue, the Wyoming Supreme

Court has adopted a middle-ground approach we find both thoughtful and workable. In

Fleenor v. Fleenor (Wyo. 1999) 992 P.2d 1065 (Fleenor), the mother argued that the trial

court abused its discretion in deciding the father's principal payment on a business

mortgage was deductible from his income available for support as a reasonable

unreimbursed business expense. (Id. at p. 1069.) Highlighting a split of authority on the

issue of whether such principal payments are properly deducted from a parent's income in

determining support, the Fleenor court observed that North Carolina and Montana did not

allow principal payments to be deducted as a legitimate business expense, whereas

"Illinois, Indiana, Colorado, and Delaware appear to find it discretionary whether

principal payments should be deducted from net income for child support purposes."16

(Fleenor, at p. 1069.) Jurisdictions in this latter category have decided "that a parent's

ability to pay was directly connected to debt reduction expenses reasonably necessary for

the production of income. Rather than adopting a view that debt reduction represented

increased net equity, these courts adopted the view that it is 'unsound to consider the cash



16     Courts in Utah and New Mexico have similarly ruled that trial courts have
discretion to include or exclude principal payments based on the relevant circumstances.
(See Bingham v. Bingham (Utah 1994) 872 P.2d 1065, 1067, fn. 2 ["deductibility of
particular expenses poses a question of fact, turning on whether such expenses are
necessary, and, if so, whether or not they exceed those required for the business's
operation at a reasonable level"]; Klinksiek v. Klinksiek (N.M. 2004) 104 P.3d 559 [trial
court erred in excluding payments that increased mother's equity in property from her
income available for child support, although trial court on remand was to determine
whether any portion of mother's rental income would properly be excluded as ordinary
and necessary business expenses].)

                                             36
coming into the husband's business as flowing through to net income without deducting

(to the extent that they are reasonable) the items which must be taken from his cash flow

in order to maintain his business operations.' " (Ibid.) Fleenor explains that "[a] trial

court retains discretion concerning principal payments because it is recognized that

principal payments may be unreasonably excessive or because assets were acquired to

depress income to avoid support payments." (Ibid.)

       The Wyoming high court ultimately concluded that "[t]he crux of this issue is

whether principal payments resulting in increased asset value but decreased cash flow

should be permitted to reduce a parent's income for purposes of child support. . . . [W]e

find that reasonable principal payments can be considered unreimbursed expenses

although, over time, net equity increases. Our review of the authorities persuades us that

we should establish as our general rule that the principal portion of a business mortgage

payment may be deductible if, in its discretion, the [trial] court determines that the

payment reasonably and legitimately reduces net income for child support purposes. The

[trial] court will retain the discretion to decide if the principal portion of business debt

reduction payments is excessive, or assets were acquired to reduce child support

payments, or [there are] other circumstances indicating the principal payments are not

reasonable, unreimbursed, or legitimate." (Fleenor, supra, 992 P.2d at p. 1070, italics

added.)

       We conclude that the italicized language in Fleenor articulates a reasonable and

workable rule for trial courts faced with the issue of whether principal payments on loans

against income-producing properties or business debt in general should be deducted from

                                              37
a party's income available for spousal or child support. Although such principal

payments may increase an obligor spouse's net worth, a trial court retains the discretion to

deduct a payment from income available for support if it finds, based on substantial

evidence, that the payment reasonably and legitimately reduces the spouse's net income

available for support, considering the totality of the relevant circumstances, including the

extent to which the payment constitutes an ordinary and necessary business expense and

whether disallowing the deduction would work a substantial hardship on the payor

spouse.17 The trial court also has discretion to disallow the deduction of principal

payments on business debt from a party's income available for support under appropriate

circumstances, such as where the court reasonably finds the principal payments are

excessive, the property encumbered by the loan in question was acquired for the purpose

of lowering income available for support, or the payments are unnecessary for the

operation of the business at a reasonable level. Accordingly, we will reverse the spousal




17     Section 4320, subdivision (k) requires the trial court to consider "[t]he balance of
the hardships to each party" in determining spousal support.

                                             38
support award and remand the matter for a redetermination of the support issue consistent

with the principles outlined in this opinion.18




18      We recognize that in In re Marriage of Brandes (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 1461, this
court declined to resolve a spousal support issue on appeal because the court's partial
reversal of the judgment on a community property issue potentially rendered the support
issue moot. The Brandes court noted that "[a]mong other key factors, in setting spousal
support the court must consider the 'assets, including the separate property, of each party.'
(§ 4320, subd. (e).) A spouse's share of community property are assets included in the
equation." (Brandes, at p. 1490.) Although Rosalinda 's share of the community's
interest in the Florida Street property will likely increase her separate estate for purposes
of the court's spousal support determination under section 4320, we have decided
George's appeal on the merits because George's income from his rental properties will be
a substantial factor in the court's redetermination of spousal support, and the court will
have to decide whether his principal payments on those properties, or some portion of
those payments, should be included in his income available for support, notwithstanding
any increase in Rosalinda's separate property estate.

                                             39
                                      DISPOSITION

       The portions of the judgment finding that the Florida Street property is George's

separate property in its entirety, finding that George's monthly income available for

support is $25,332, and awarding Rosalinda monthly spousal support in the amount of

$7,500 are reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings to

(1) determine the extent of reimbursement credit for or any fractional separate property

interest in the Florida Street property in accordance with the views expressed in this

opinion; and (2) reconsider the spousal support award in accordance with the views

expressed in this opinion and all the relevant factors under section 4320. In all other

respects, the judgment is affirmed. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.



                                                                                  DATO, J.

WE CONCUR:



McCONNELL, P. J.



BENKE, J.




                                             40
