                                                                                       Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                             Lansing, Michigan
                                                                Chief Justice:         Justices:



Syllabus                                                        Robert P. Young, Jr.   Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                       Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                                       David F. Viviano
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been             Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.               Corbin R. Davis


                        HARRIS v AUTO CLUB INSURANCE ASSOCIATION

       Docket No. 144579. Argued March 6, 2013 (Calendar No. 7). Decided July 29, 2013.

               Brent Harris filed an action in the Oakland Circuit Court against Auto Club Insurance
       Association (ACIA), seeking to recover a duplicate payment for medical expenses incurred as
       the result of a motorcycle-motor vehicle accident, which had been paid directly to providers by
       his health insurer, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (BCBSM). Harris asserted that ACIA
       was required to pay him directly the same amounts paid by BCBSM to any healthcare provider
       for the medical expenses. ACIA filed a third-party complaint against BCBSM and Harris filed
       an amended complaint naming BCBSM as a defendant. The circuit court, Rudy J. Nichols, J.,
       granted summary disposition in favor of BCBSM and ACIA, concluding that because ACIA’s
       policy was uncoordinated, ACIA was the primary insurer, and that the BCBSM certificate
       coordinated benefits with the no-fault policy. Relying on the health insurance contract language,
       the circuit court determined that BCBSM was not required to pay for care and services for which
       Harris did not have to pay or for which he would not have been charged if he did not have
       coverage. Harris appealed, challenging only the circuit court’s order dismissing his claims
       against BCBSM. In a split decision, the Court of Appeals, O’CONNELL, P.J., and DONOFRIO, J.,
       MURRAY, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part), reversed the circuit court order,
       concluding that the BCBSM certificate did not coordinate with ACIA’s no-fault policy. It
       further determined that Harris had incurred expenses when he sought treatment for his injuries
       that arose from the motor vehicle accident and that once he became liable for those expenses,
       BCBSM was in turn liable to cover those expenses regardless of the fact that ACIA had paid
       those bills as PIP benefits. Unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued
       December 27, 2011 (Docket No. 300256). The Supreme Court granted BCBSM’s application
       for leave to appeal to determine whether Harris was entitled to receive a double recovery from
       both ACIA and BCBSM of medical expenses arising from a motorcycle accident involving a
       motor vehicle. 491 Mich 933 (2012).

             In an opinion per curiam signed by Chief Justice YOUNG and Justices MARKMAN, KELLY,
       ZAHRA, MCCORMACK, and VIVIANO, the Supreme Court held:

               An individual injured in a motorcycle-automobile accident who receives personal
       protection insurance (PIP) benefits by statute under MCL 500.3114(5)(a) of the no-fault act,
       MCL 500.3101 et seq., does not legally have to pay the medical expenses incurred as a result of
       the accident; rather, the no-fault insurer that is legally assigned under MCL 500.3114(5) is
       responsible. If an insured’s health insurance policy provides that it is not liable for medical
expenses that the insured does not legally have to pay, the insured may not receive double
recovery from the health insurer for those medical expenses paid as PIP benefits by the legally
designated no-fault insurer under MCL 500.3114(5).

        Under certain circumstances, an insured who has elected an uncoordinated no-fault policy
may obtain double recovery from both the insured’s no-fault insurer and the health insurer for
medical expenses arising from the same accident. Generally, an insured may procure insurance
policies that are uncoordinated with other policies to allow for such double recovery. Under
MCL 500.3114(5)(a), with regard to order of priority, a person suffering accidental bodily injury
arising from a motor vehicle accident which shows evidence of the involvement of a motor
vehicle while an operator or passenger of a motorcycle, must first claim PIP benefits from the
insurer of the owner or registrant of the motor vehicle involved in the accident. In this case, the
Court of Appeals erred by concluding that Harris was entitled to double recovery. Under MCL
500.3114(5)(a), Harris was not obligated to pay his medical expenses because, as a matter of
law, ACIA was liable for Harris’s PIP benefits. ACIA was liable regardless of when the
expenses were incurred and BCBSM’s certificate that stated it would not cover those services for
which Harris legally did not have to pay precluded Harris from receiving double recovery for
those medical expenses.

       Reversed in part, trial court judgment reinstated.

        Justice CAVANAGH, dissenting, would have affirmed the Court of Appeals’ conclusion
that Harris legally had to pay the medical expenses at the time he received care and services for
injuries resulting from his accident and could thus seek duplicate recovery of those expenses
from BCBSM.




                                    ©2013 State of Michigan
                                                                       Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                             Lansing, Michigan
                                                 Chief Justice:          Justices:



Opinion                                          Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                      Stephen J. Markman
                                                                      Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                      Brian K. Zahra
                                                                      Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                      David F. Viviano

                                                                  FILED JULY 29, 2013

                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT


 BRENT HARRIS,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                        No. 144579

 AUTO CLUB INSURANCE
 ASSOCIATION,

               Defendant-Third-Party
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 and

 BLUE CROSS           BLUE      SHIELD    OF
 MICHIGAN,

               Third-Party Defendant-
               Appellant.




 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 PER CURIAM.
      The significant question in this case is whether a person claiming personal

protection insurance (PIP) benefits under MCL 500.3114(5)(a) for injuries arising from a

motor vehicle accident may also recover an award for those same injuries under a health

insurance policy that contains a provision titled, “Care and Services That Are Not

Payable,” which provides, “[w]e do not pay for the following care and services: Those

for which you legally do not have to pay or for which you would not have been charged if

you did not have coverage under this certificate.” The Court of Appeals majority in this

case held that because plaintiff Brent Harris, for purposes of the no-fault act, incurred

expenses on receiving treatment,1 he could seek a duplicate award from his health

insurer, third-party defendant Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan (BCBSM), because

these were services for which Harris legally had to pay.2 We conclude that, regardless of

when Harris incurred expenses arising from the motor vehicle accident, he simply did not

legally have to pay these expenses. When Harris sought treatment for his injuries under

MCL 500.3114(5)(a), the legally assigned insurer, defendant Auto Club Insurance

Association (ACIA), became liable for all of Harris’s PIP expenses. Because BCBSM’s

policy plainly provides that BCBSM is not liable for expenses that Harris does not legally

have to pay, Harris cannot collect expenses from both ACIA and BCBSM. Accordingly,



1
  MCL 500.3107(1)(a) provides that “personal protection insurance benefits are payable
for . . . [a]llowable expenses consisting of all reasonable charges incurred for reasonably
necessary products, services and accommodations for an injured person’s care, recovery,
or rehabilitation.”
2
  Harris v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals,
issued December 27, 2011 (Docket No. 300256), p 4.



                                            2
we reverse in part the December 27, 2011 judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate

the judgment of the Oakland Circuit Court.

                            I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

        On July 11, 2008, Harris was injured when he was struck by a motor vehicle while

operating a motorcycle.      Harris had a health insurance policy, referred to as a

Professional Services Group Benefit Certificate (the policy or the certificate), with

BCBSM. The owner of the motor vehicle that struck Harris was insured under a no-fault

insurance policy issued by ACIA. Under the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq., the

statutory definition of motor vehicle expressly “does not include a motorcycle.”3

However, MCL 500.3114 provides in relevant part:

                (5) A person suffering accidental bodily injury arising from a motor
        vehicle accident which shows evidence of the involvement of a motor
        vehicle while an operator or passenger of a motorcycle shall claim personal
        protection insurance benefits from insurers in the following order of
        priority:

              (a) The insurer of the owner or registrant of the motor vehicle
        involved in the accident.

Accordingly, if Harris claimed PIP benefits, ACIA would be responsible for paying those

benefits, despite the fact Harris did not purchase a no-fault insurance policy from ACIA.

        Following his accident, Harris sought insurance coverage for his medical bills

from both ACIA and BCBSM. Harris expected BCBSM to pay the bills submitted by his

medical care providers and expected ACIA to send a check directly to him in the same

amount as the BCBSM payments. BCBSM initially paid $19,801.75 in benefits, but then

3
    MCL 500.3101(2)(e).



                                             3
retracted those payments and denied coverage, relying on provisions in its policy that

stated BCBSM would not pay for medical care and services for which benefits are paid

by another plan. In light of BCBSM’s denial of coverage, ACIA paid all Harris’s

medical bills, including those bill payments retracted by BCBSM. ACIA has paid in

excess of $85,000.

      Harris then filed this lawsuit naming ACIA as the only defendant. Harris alleged

that ACIA was required to pay him directly the same amounts paid by BCBSM to any

healthcare provider for medical expenses arising from the motor vehicle accident. ACIA

subsequently filed a third-party complaint against BCBSM. Harris then filed an amended

complaint naming BCBSM as a defendant.

      BCBSM and Harris filed motions for summary disposition. ACIA opposed the

motions. The circuit court determined that because ACIA’s policy was uncoordinated,4

ACIA was the primary insurer. The court also opined that the BCBSM certificate

coordinated benefits with the no-fault policy. The court emphasized that the BCBSM

certificate included a “Coordination of Benefits” provision. The court additionally relied

on the “Physician and Other Professional Provider Services That Are Not Payable” and

“Care and Services That Are Not Payable” provisions in concluding that BCBSM does

not pay for care and services for which the insured legally does not have to pay or for

which the insured would not have been charged if the insured did not have coverage. The

court held that ACIA was primarily responsible for the payment of Harris’s medical

4
  An uncoordinated policy means that an insurer pays benefits regardless of other
insurance the insured may have. Smith v Physicians Health Plan, Inc, 444 Mich 743,
747; 514 NW2d 150 (1994).



                                            4
expenses. Accordingly, the court denied Harris’s motion for summary disposition, but

granted BCBSM’s motion, resulting in the dismissal of all the claims asserted against

BCBSM by Harris and ACIA. The court also granted summary disposition in favor of

ACIA against Harris.

          Harris appealed, challenging only the circuit court’s order dismissing his claims

against BCBSM. ACIA did not appeal the circuit court’s order dismissing its third-party

claims against BCBSM. A split panel of the Court of Appeals reversed the circuit court’s

order to the extent that it granted summary disposition to BCBSM.5           The majority

characterized the dispute as “whether the BCBSM certificate coordinates with the no-

fault policy.”6 The majority rejected BCBSM’s reliance on several provisions in the

certificate that the circuit court relied on to preclude coverage.7

          The majority expressly addressed the provision of the BCBSM certificate titled,

“Care and Services That Are Not Payable,”8 which as previously stated, provides: “We

do not pay for the following care and services: Those for which you legally do not have

to pay or for which you would not have been charged if you did not have coverage under

this certificate.” Rather than applying the language of this provision, however, the

majority looked to the Court of Appeals’ decisions in Shanafelt v Allstate Ins Co and



5
    Harris, unpub op at 2.
6
    Id. at 1.
7
    Id. at 2-4.
8
    Id. at 3-4.



                                               5
Bombalski v Auto Club Ins Ass’n. 9 In those cases, the panels “examined the meaning of

the term ‘incurred’ in MCL 500.3107(1) and considered the no-fault insurer’s contention

that the plaintiff did not ‘incur[]’ expenses that were paid by the health insurer.”10 As

noted by the majority, Shanafelt explained that “[t]he primary definition of the word

‘incur’ is ‘to become liable for.’”11 In applying this definition, Shanafelt reasoned that

          [o]bviously, [the] plaintiff became liable for her medical expenses when she
          accepted medical treatment. The fact that plaintiff had contracted with a
          health insurance company to compensate her for her medical expenses, or
          to pay directly the health care provider on her behalf, does not alter the fact
          that she was obligated to pay those expenses.[12]

Relying on this reasoning, the majority concluded that Harris had incurred expenses

when he sought treatment for his injuries that arose from the motor vehicle accident, and

that once he became liable for those expenses, BCBSM was in turn liable to cover those

expenses.13 The majority concluded in part that the circuit court “erred in determining

that the BCBSM certificate coordinated with the no-fault policy.”14

          The majority also addressed BCBSM’s contention that Shanafelt and Bombalski

were inapposite because they addressed the no-fault act while the instant case turns on the


9
 Id. at 2-3, citing Shanafelt v Allstate Ins Co, 217 Mich App 625; 552 NW2d 671 (1996)
and Bombalski v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 247 Mich App 536; 637 NW2d 251 (2001).
10
     Harris, unpub op at 3.
11
     Id. at 3-4, quoting Shanafelt, 217 Mich App at 638.
12
     Shanafelt, 217 Mich App at 542-543.
13
     Harris, unpub op at 4.
14
     Id. at 6.



                                                6
language of BCBSM’s certificate.15 The majority rejected this claim because the term

“incurred” is synonymous with the phrase, “legally obligated to pay.”16 The majority

opined that the rationale of Shanafelt and Bombalski was nonetheless applicable.17 That

is, “that a party receiving services has a legal obligation to pay for them when rendered

and incurs the expense even if the expense is paid by an insurer, is applicable here,

although the phrase and context are different.”18

           Judge MURRAY partially dissented.19      Judge MURRAY found controlling the

provision in the certificate, titled “Care and Services That Are Not Payable.” Judge

MURRAY noted that this provision was stated in the present tense, and that “whether we

look to the factual situation at the time the complaint was filed or when plaintiff

submitted his demand upon BCBSM, we know that plaintiff did not legally have to pay

anything.”20




15
     Id. at 4.
16
     Id.
17
     Id.
18
     Id.
19
   Judge MURRAY concurred in the majority’s decision to affirm the circuit court’s order
denying Harris’s motion for summary disposition, as well as the dismissal of ACIA, but
dissented from the majority’s decision to reverse the order granting BCBSM’s motion for
summary disposition. Harris, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals,
issued December 27, 2012 (Docket No. 300256), p 1 (MURRAY, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part).
20
     Id. (MURRAY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).



                                               7
         We granted BCBSM’s application for leave to appeal, instructing that “[t]he

parties shall include among the issues to be briefed whether [Harris] is entitled to a

double recovery from both [ACIA] and [BCBSM] of medical expenses arising from a

motorcycle accident involving a motor vehicle.”21

                               II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         This Court reviews a circuit court’s decision on a motion for summary judgment

de novo.22 We also review de novo the proper interpretation of a contract.23

                                      III. ANALYSIS

         In Smith v Physicians Health Plan, Inc,24 this Court acknowledged that an insured

who had elected an uncoordinated no-fault policy may, under certain circumstances, be

able to obtain a double recovery from both the no-fault insurer and the health insurer for

medical expenses arising from the same accident.          “It is when both the no-fault

automobile insurance and the health insurance are uncoordinated policies that multiple

recovery is possible for the insured.”25 Thus, for example, in Shanafelt,26 the Court of

Appeals permitted an insured who had an uncoordinated no-fault policy, and was

allegedly injured in a motor vehicle accident, to collect the costs of her PIP benefits from

21
     Harris v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 491 Mich 933 (2012).
22
     Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).
23
     Rory v Continental Ins Co, 473 Mich 457, 464; 703 NW2d 23 (2005).
24
     Smith v Physicians Plan, Inc, 444 Mich 743, 752; 747; 514 NW2d 150 (1994).
25
     Id. at 752, citing Haefele v Meijer, Inc, 165 Mich App 485; 418 NW2d 900 (1987).
26
     Shanafelt, 217 Mich App 625.



                                             8
her no-fault insurer despite the fact that the insured’s health insurer had already covered

the expense.27

         However, in this case, Harris’s claim is fundamentally at odds with those cases.

Unlike the claimant in Shanafelt, and other cases in which a double recovery of insurance

benefits was awarded, Harris is not claiming benefits under a no-fault insurance policy

that he or anyone else procured. Harris is neither a third-party beneficiary28 nor a

subrogee29 of the no-fault policy issued to the person that struck him and thus he is not


27
   Harris also relies on Bombalski, but this reliance is misplaced. Admittedly, the facts of
Bombalski are very similar to the instant case. However, the court in Bombalski did not
address whether the insured was entitled to a double recovery because the parties agreed
that he was. Indeed, “the parties did not dispute [the] plaintiff[-insured]’s entitlement to
uncoordinated personal protection benefits from defendant in addition to the coverage
provided by BCBSM.” Id. at 539. Rather, “the only issue in [Bombalski] involved [the]
[p]laintiff[-insured]’s claim for reimbursement of medical benefits and the rate of that
reimbursement.” Id. That is not the case here.
28
     MCL 600.1405, “Rights of third party beneficiaries,” provides in part that:

         [a]ny person for whose benefit a promise is made by way of contract, as
         hereinafter defined, has the same right to enforce said promise that he
         would have had if the said promise had been made directly to him as the
         promisee.

                (1) A promise shall be construed to have been made for the benefit
         of a person whenever the promisor of said promise had undertaken to give
         or to do or refrain from doing something directly to or for said person.

There is no allegation in this case that the no-fault insurance policy contained any
promise to benefit Harris.
29
  A subrogee is defined as “[o]ne who is substituted for another in having a right, duty,
or claim.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed). However, subrogation is based on equitable
principles that are not present in this case because Harris has a statutory remedy. Auto
Club Ins Ass’n v New York Life Ins Co, 440 Mich 126, 132; 485 NW2d 695 (1992).



                                               9
eligible to receive benefits under that policy. Rather, Harris’s right to PIP benefits arises

solely by statute. As previously noted, MCL 500.3114 provides in relevant part:

               (5) A person suffering accidental bodily injury arising from a motor
       vehicle accident which shows evidence of the involvement of a motor
       vehicle while an operator or passenger of a motorcycle shall claim personal
       protection insurance benefits from insurers in the following order of
       priority:

             (a) The insurer of the owner or registrant of the motor vehicle
       involved in the accident.

       The Court of Appeals majority erred when it concluded that Harris was covered by

the uncoordinated no-fault insurance policy held by the motor vehicle driver involved in

the accident. Harris is entitled to PIP coverage because MCL 500.3114(5)(a) designates

ACIA as the responsible insurer. This conclusion is consistent with our holding in Smith,

where we concluded that an insured must pay a premium to obtain insurance policies that

provide for double recovery.30 Harris has simply not shown that he paid the necessary

premiums to receive a double recovery.

       Under MCL 500.3114(5)(a), Harris was not obligated to pay his medical expenses

because, as a matter of law, ACIA was liable for Harris’s PIP expenses. This disposition

is generally consistent with Judge MURRAY’s partial dissenting opinion, except that it

focused almost entirely on the present tense of the phrase “for which you legally do not

have to pay,” to determine the applicability of MCL 500.3114(5)(a). Judge MURRAY


30
   Smith, 444 Mich at 760. We also note that denying Harris double recovery is in accord
with the no-fault act’s stated objectives to maintain availability of insurance at affordable
rates and cost-effective health care, neither of which are promoted when decisions about
health care are influenced by the potential of a matching cash grant. Id. at 757.



                                             10
considered only whether Harris had potential liability “at the time the complaint was filed

or when [he] submitted his demand upon BCBSM.”31 We conclude, however, that ACIA

was liable regardless of when Harris first received treatment, when Harris filed a

complaint against BCBSM or when Harris submitted his demand to BCBSM.

Consequently, the provision of the BCBSM certificate titled “Care and Services That Are

Not Payable,” is directly applicable when Harris claimed PIP benefits under MCL

500.3114(5)(a).     Regardless of when Harris sought treatment for his injuries, those

services are “[t]hose for which [Harris] legally [did] not have to pay . . . .” Accordingly,

Harris is not entitled to a double recovery. We reverse in part the December 27, 2011

judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the judgment of the Oakland Circuit

Court.


                                                         Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                         Stephen J. Markman
                                                         Mary Beth Kelly
                                                         Brian K. Zahra
                                                         Bridget M. McCormack
                                                         David F. Viviano




31
     Harris, unpub op at 1 (MURRAY, J. concurring in part and dissenting in part).



                                              11
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                   SUPREME COURT


BRENT HARRIS,

             Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                           No. 144579

AUTO CLUB INSURANCE
ASSOCIATION,

             Defendant-Third-Party
             Plaintiff-Appellee,

and

BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD
OF MICHIGAN,

             Third-Party
             Defendant-Appellant.




CAVANAGH, J. (dissenting).
      I do not join the majority opinion because, in my view, the Court of Appeals did

not err by concluding that the applicable language of Blue Cross Blue Shield of

Michigan’s (BCBSM) certificate at issue in this case does not exclude coverage from

BCBSM. Specifically, I do not believe that the Court of Appeals majority erred by

reasoning that Harris legally had to pay his medical expenses at the time he received care

and services and, thus, is not precluded from recovering medical expenses from BCBSM.

Harris v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals,
issued December 27, 2011 (Docket No. 300256), pp 3-4. Accordingly, I would affirm

the judgment of the Court of Appeals.



                                                 Michael F. Cavanagh




                                        2
