           IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                       OF TEXAS
                                     NO. PD-1238-15



                                THE STATE OF TEXAS

                                              v.

                        JIMMY EARL DRUMMOND, Appellee

            ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
                  FROM THE FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
                            HARRIS COUNTY

       H ERVEY, J., delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court.

                                       OPINION

       The issue here is whether the State successfully tolled the statute of limitations in

its prosecution of Jimmy Earl Drummond for official oppression. Believing that it did not,

the trial court granted Drummond’s motion to quash. The court of appeals agreed, holding

that, because the State was required to present an information or indictment to prosecute

the Class A misdemeanor offense of official oppression, the statute of limitations was not

tolled when it presented only a complaint. Because we conclude that the document
                                                                                 Drummond–2

constituted a complaint and information, and the filing was sufficient to toll the statute of

limitations, we will reverse the judgment of the court of appeals, set aside the trial court’s

order granting the motion to quash, and remand this cause for further proceedings.

                                     BACKGROUND

       On September 2, 2013, the Civil Rights Division of the Harris County District

Attorney’s Office received a complaint alleging that Drummond, a sergeant in the Harris

County Constable’s Office, engaged in official oppression when he used excessive force

while arresting five individuals. Detective Patrick Smith was assigned to handle the

complaint, and during his investigation, he obtained a video recording of the incident

from one of the deputy’s dash-mounted cameras. According to the State’s filing, the video

showed that, while the complainant was held face down on the ground by two deputies,

Drummond kicked him in the chest five times and wiped the underside of one of his shoes

on one of the complainant’s shoulders. The charging instrument goes on to state that,

while the complainant was still “squirming” on the ground on his stomach and

handcuffed, Drummond “dropp[ed] his knee forcefully on the back of the complainant’s

head or neck,” before bending over, grabbing his head, and pulling it back forcefully.

Drummond also “rear[ed] his right arm back and . . . extend[ed] it upwards to the

complainant’s face.” Medical records given to the investigator show that the complainant

suffered a “nondisplaced, simple fracture of the right seventh rib,” and photographs taken

shortly after the complainant’s release from jail showed scratches and contusions on his
                                                                                  Drummond–3

face, head, neck, arms, and chest.

       Seven days after the complaint was received, and one day before the expiration of

the statute of limitations,1 a probable-cause affidavit was presented to a magistrate who

agreed with the State and authorized the issuance of a capias. That same day, an assistant

district attorney charged Drummond with official oppression.

       The document commences, “In the name and by authority of the State of Texas”

and concludes, “Against the peace and dignity of the State.” It was presented by Assistant

District Attorney Ramirez and makes three separate, detailed allegations that Jimmy Earl

Drummond committed the offense of official oppression in Harris County. It also notes

that the offense took place before presentment and that the prosecution is not barred by

limitations. Below the three allegations, the probable-cause affidavit was incorporated,

including the signature of the affiant, the assistant district attorney, and a magistrate. At

the bottom of the document, the word “COMPLAINT” appears.

       About three months after the State filed the document in question, a grand jury

returned an indictment based on the same allegations, but the indictment did not include

tolling language. Drummond filed a motion to quash based on the lack of that language,

but before the judge ruled on the motion, a grand jury returned a second indictment that

included tolling language. Drummond argued that both indictments should have been

quashed, and the trial court agreed.

       1
        The record does not reveal why the complaint was received only seven days before the
expiration of the two-year statute of limitations.
                                                                                 Drummond–4

         The State appealed the decision only as to the second indictment, arguing that the

statute of limitations was tolled. The court of appeals disagreed. It reasoned that the

instrument filed by the State could not toll the statute of limitations because the State filed

only a complaint, even though it was required to charge Drummond by information or

indictment. State v. Drummond, 472 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2015).

         The State filed a petition for discretionary review, which we granted, asking

whether,

         [t]he court of appeals erred in holding that the running of the statute of
         limitations was not tolled by the filing of the initial complaint against
         [Drummond] when the clear language of the controlling statute states that
         the filing of a complaint tolls the running of the statute of limitations.

Because we hold that the statute of limitations was tolled in this case, albeit not for the

reasons argued by the State, we will reverse the judgment of the court of appeals, set

aside the order of the trial court granting the motion to quash, and remand this cause to

the trial court for further proceedings.

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

         The sufficiency of a charging instrument is a question of law, and we review the

ruling of a trial court quashing an indictment de novo. Smith v. State, 309 S.W.3d 10,

13–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

                           INFORMATIONS & COMPLAINTS

                                      1. Applicable Law
                                                                                    Drummond–5

       To initiate the prosecution of a Class A misdemeanor, as was charged in this case,

the State must present an information or an indictment within two years of the

commission of the offense. T EX. C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 12.02(a). An information cannot

be presented, however, unless it is filed with a complaint. Id. art. 21.22.

       In the Code of Criminal Procedure, the term “complaint” is used in three different

contexts: (1) as a prerequisite to an information;2 (2) to obtain an arrest warrant, issue a

summons, or authorize further detention of a suspect after a warrantless arrest;3 and (3) as

the sole charging instrument in municipal and justice courts.4 Huynh v. State, 901 S.W.2d

480, 481 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). This case concerns the first category—complaints

used to support informations.

       A complaint to support an information is a sworn affidavit, duly attested to by the

district or county attorney, that is made “by some credible person charging the defendant

with an offense.” T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. arts. 2.04 & 21.22. “Credible person” has been

defined as a person who is competent to testify.5 Halbadier v. State, 220 S.W. 85, 87


       2
           TEX . CODE CRIM . PRO . art. 21.22.
       3
        TEX . CODE CRIM . PRO . art. 15.03–15.05 (magistrate may issue warrant or summons);
Green v. State, 872 S.W.2d 717, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (defendant arrested without a
warrant is entitled to a prompt probable-cause determination).
       4
        TEX . CODE CRIM . PRO . arts. 45.018(a) (defining a complaint as a sworn allegation
charging the accused with commission of an offense) & 45.019 (setting forth the formal
requirements of a complaint to charge a defendant in justice and municipal courts).
       5
        The Halbadier Court was asked to construe Article 479 of the 1911 Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure. Halbadier, 220 S.W. at 85. That provision is virtually identical to the
current Article 21.22 and states,
                                                                                    Drummond–6

(Tex. Crim. App. 1920). The credible-person requirement distinguishes a supporting

complaint from a complaint to obtain an arrest warrant:

       It may be appropriate, for example, to refuse to permit incompetent
       statements in an affidavit to supply the basis for an information, in that, no
       further document being needed to bring the accused to trial, no showing that
       competent evidence would be available at trial would open the door to
       prosecutorial abuse. A lack of evidence competent at trial should not and
       does not preclude the issuance of an arrest warrant, however. A warrant is
       procurable upon hearsay information where circumstances showing the
       credibility of the informant and the reliability of the information are shown.
       An arrest, while part of the accusatory process, may also be part of the
       investigatory process—as shown by the instant case. And, as here, mere
       arrest is insufficient to bring the accused to trial.

Jernigan v. State, 661 S.W.2d 936, 938 nn.1 & 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (emphasis in

original).

       An information is “a written statement filed and presented in behalf of the State by

the district or county attorney, charging the defendant with an offense which may by law

be so prosecuted.” T EX. C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 21.20. It can be used to charge a defendant

with any misdemeanor offense and non-capital felonies if a defendant waives his right to

be indicted. Id. arts. 1.141 & 12.02; Washington v. State, 531 S.W.2d 632, 632 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1976). An information is sufficient if it meets the following requisites:


       An information shall not be presented by the district or county attorney until oath
       has been made by some credible person, charging the defendant with an offense.
       The oath shall be reduced to writing and filed with the information. It may be
       sworn to before the district or county attorney who, for that purpose, shall have
       power to administer the oath, or it may be made before any officer authorized by
       law to administer oaths.

TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 479 (1911).
                                                                                 Drummond–7

       (1) It shall commence, “In the name and by the authority of the State of
       Texas”;

       (2) That it appear to have been presented in a court having jurisdiction of
       the offense set forth;

       (3) That it appear to have been presented by the proper officer;

       (4) That it contain the name of the accused, or state that his name is
       unknown and give a reasonably accurate description of him;

       (5) It must appear that the place where the offense is charged to have been
       committed is within the jurisdiction of the court where the information is
       filed;

       (6) That the time mentioned be some date anterior to the filing of the
       information, and that the offense does not appear to be barred by limitation;

       (7) That the offense be set forth in plain and intelligible words;

       (8) That it conclude, “Against the peace and dignity of the State”; and

       (9) It must be signed by the district or county attorney, officially.

T EX. C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 21.21.

                                         2. Analysis

       When asked at oral argument whether a single document could meet the statutory

requirements of both an information and a supporting complaint, Drummond agreed that

such was possible. He further conceded that the document here contained all of the

necessary ingredients of both an information and complaint. His sole argument was that a

complaint and information must be two separate documents.

       We agree with Drummond that the Code of Criminal Procedure contemplates that
                                                                                     Drummond–8

the complaint and information should be two separate documents and that it is far more

preferable to use two separate documents (which would have avoided the unnecessary

problems in this case). But the Code does not prohibit the filing of a single document that

meets the requirements of both an information and a complaint to support an information.

In fact, an examination of the statutory provisions at issue supports the proposition that

the State can file a single document that meets the requirements of both. The information

statute speaks only to the minimum requirements a document must meet to constitute an

information, and the supporting-complaint statute simply requires an “affidavit . . . made

by some credible person charging the defendant with an offense.” Id. arts. 21.21 (“An

information is sufficient if it has the following requisites . . .”), 21.22 (defining a

complaint to support an information). Neither provision incorporates language prohibiting

the inclusion of additional information.

       Further, although we have explained that a supporting complaint must be filed

with an information to ensure that the person accusing the defendant of a crime is not also

the prosecutor, that concern is not implicated here because the affiant and assistant

district attorney are two different people. We hold that a single document can serve as an

information and the complaint supporting that information so long as the statutory

requirements for both are met, and the accuser is not the same person as the prosecutor

who brought the charges.6 Jernigan, 661 S.W.2d at 938 n.4; Wells v. State, 516 S.W.2d

       6
        Our conclusion does not run afoul of the requirement in Article 21.22 that the complaint
must be filed “with the information.” TEX . CODE CRIM . PRO . art. 21.22; see Talley v. State, 399
                                                                                      Drummond–9

663, 664 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974).

       Because those requirements were met in this case, we hold that document filed by

the State here is both an information and a complaint.7

                                LIMITATIONS & TOLLING

                                        1. Applicable Law

       District courts and criminal district courts retain original jurisdiction “of all

misdemeanors involving ‘official misconduct.’” See T EX. C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 4.05;

Emerson v. State, 727 S.W.2d 267, 268–69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). To initiate the

prosecution of a Class A misdemeanor, as charged here, the State must file an

information, or an indictment must be returned, within two years of the commission of the

offense. T EX. C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 12.02(a).

       Article 12.05 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure sets out the requirements to

toll the statute of limitations of an offense:

       (a) The time during which the accused is absent from the state shall not be
       computed in the period of limitation.



S.W.2d 559, 560 (Tex. Crim. App. 1966) (holding that a complaint need not be filed before the
information, so long as the complaint was filed with the information). When a single document is
used as both a complaint and an information, the complaint is filed with the information.
       7
         Although the court of appeals said in its opinion on multiple occasions that it was
undisputed that the document filed by the State was only a complaint, when construing a court
filing we consider the substance of the filing, not merely the caption or heading. Skinner v. State,
484 S.W.3d 434, 437 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). And although both parties may be under the
mistaken impression that the document in this case constituted only a complaint, the belief of the
parties (and the court of appeals) cannot change the outcome of the legal issue: whether a
document meets the requirements to qualify as a complaint, an information, or both.
                                                                                  Drummond–10

       (b) The time during the pendency of an indictment, information, or
       complaint shall not be computed in the period of limitation.

       (c) The term “during the pendency,” as used herein, means that period of
       time beginning with the day the indictment, information, or complaint is
       filed in a court of competent jurisdiction, and ending with the day such an
       accusation is, by an order of a trial court having jurisdiction thereof,
       determined to be invalid for any reason.

Id. art. 12.05. Under Article 12.05(b), a previously filed charging instrument will toll the

statute of limitations for a subsequently filed charging instrument so long as both allege

the same act, conduct, or transaction. See Hernandez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2004).

                                          2. Analysis

       The information here charged Drummond with committing the Class A

misdemeanor offense of official oppression in Harris County. T EX. P ENAL C ODE

§ 39.03(a) & (d). Official oppression is a type of official misconduct offense for which

district courts retain jurisdiction even when the offense alleged is a misdemeanor. See

T EX. C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 4.05; Emerson, 727 S.W.2d at 268–69. Upon presentment of

the information in this case to the 208th Judicial District Court of Harris County, that

court was vested with jurisdiction over the offense and Drummond, making it a court of

competent jurisdiction for purposes of Article 12.05(c).8 T EX. C ONST. art. V, § 12; T EX.



       8
          Drummond does not complain about the allegations or tolling language in the second
indictment. However, we note that the allegations in the second indictment are the same as in the
first indictment and the information–complaint filed by the State. Moreover, the tolling language
properly refers to the earlier charging instrument.
                                                                                   Drummond–11

C ODE C RIM. P RO. art. 12.05(c). Based on this reasoning, we hold that the filing of the

information–complaint in this case tolled the statute of limitations.9

                                        CONCLUSION

       Because we conclude that the document filed by the State in this case constituted a

complaint and an information, and the statute of limitations for the charged offense was

tolled, we sustain the State’s ground for review, reverse the judgment of the court of

appeals, set aside the trial court’s order granting the motion to quash, and remand this

cause for further proceedings.

Delivered: September 28, 2016

Publish




       9
        The State argues that the filing of a complaint, although insufficient to charge the Class
A misdemeanor alleged in this case, is sufficient to toll the statute of limitations under Article
12.05(b). Article 12.05(b) states that, the time during the pendency of an indictment, information,
or complaint, shall not be computed in the period of limitation. TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. art.
12.05(b). However, we need not reach that argument in light of our disposition of this appeal.
