                              NUMBER 13-12-00164-CV

                                 COURT OF APPEALS

                      THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                         CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG


        IN THE INTEREST OF C.N.C. AND I.C.C., MINOR CHILDREN


                      On appeal from the County Court at Law
                            of Kleberg County, Texas.


                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
              Before Justices Rodriguez, Benavides, and Perkes
                 Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
        Appellee the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the

Department) filed suit against appellants Arturo and Bobbie for involuntary termination of

their parental rights to C.N.C., their son who was three years of age at the time of trial, and

I.C.C., their daughter who was two years of age at that time.1 See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

' 161.001 (West Supp. 2011). The trial court found that one or more statutory grounds


        1
        We will refer to the appellants as Arturo and Bobbie and to the children as C.N.C. and I.C.C. in
accordance with rule of appellate procedure 9.8. See TEX. R. APP. R. 9.8(b).
for termination existed for each parent.2 See id. § 161.001(1)(E), (F), (O), & (P). It also

found that termination was in the children's best interest. See id. § 161.001(2). Based

on these findings, on December 14, 2011, the trial court terminated Arturo's and Bobbie's

parental rights to C.N.C. and I.C.C. and appointed the Department as the children's

managing conservator. On appeal, by a single issue, Arturo asserts that the "trial court

erred in finding . . . that the termination of the parent-child relationship . . . was in the best

interest" of the children.3 Bobbie also brings a single issue, complaining of the legal and

factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's best-interest finding and the

appointment of the Department as permanent managing conservator of the children. 4


        2
           The trial court found the following predicate grounds for termination: (1) Arturo and Bobbie
engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the children with persons who engaged in conduct which
endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the children; (2) Arturo and Bobbie failed to comply with
the provisions of the court order that specifically established the actions necessary for them to obtain the
return of the children who have been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the
Department for not less than nine months as a result of the children's removal for abuse or neglect of the
children; and (3) Arturo and Bobbie used a controlled substance in a manner that endangered the health or
safety of the children, and (a) failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program or (b)
after completion of a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program continued to use a controlled
substance. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E), (O), & (P) (West Supp. 2011). In addition, the trial
court found that Arturo failed to support the children in accordance with his ability during a period of one
year ending within six months of the date of the filing of the petition. See id. § 161.001(1)(F).
        3
          Arturo also attempts to raise sufficiency challenges to the trial court's predicate termination
ground findings. He does not, however, provide citations to the record or to authority or a substantive legal
analysis regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to support the elements of subsections (E), (F), (O), or (P)
of section 161.001(1). See id. ' 161.001(1)(E), (F), (O), & (P). One of the requirements of rule 38.1 is
that an appellant's brief must contain a clear and concise argument, including appropriate citations to
authority and the record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). "This requirement is not satisfied by merely uttering
brief conclusory statements unsupported by legal citations." Ward v. Ladner, 322 S.W.3d 692, 697 (Tex.
App.—Tyler 2010, pet. denied) (op. on reh'g). "Failure to provide substantive analysis of the legal issue
presented results in waiver of the complaint." Id.; see also In re C.N.M., No. 10-10-00178-CV, 2011 Tex.
App. LEXIS 2117, at *3-6 (Tex. App.—Waco Mar. 23, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (same); King v. Tex. Dep't
of Protective and Regulatory Servs., No. 08-03-00100-CV, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 5997, at *14-16 (Tex.
App.—El Paso July 2, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (same). Therefore, Arturo has waived our review of these
complaints.
        4
         Bobbie challenges the trial court's finding that appointment of the Department as permanent
managing conservator was in the children's best interest. However, the Department was appointed only
because of the termination; therefore, this challenge is subsumed in Bobbie's challenge to the termination
order. See In re D.N.C., 252 S.W.3d 317, 319 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam) (holding that when the Department
is appointed as managing conservator solely as a consequence of termination, a challenge to that
                                                      2
We affirm.

                       I. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW

        In a hearing on the termination of parental rights, due process requires that the

Department prove its case by clear and convincing evidence. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

256, 263 (Tex. 2002) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 769 (1982); In re G.M.,

596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980)). Any complaint that the evidence is legally or factually

insufficient to support the findings necessary for involuntary termination is analyzed by

this heightened standard of appellate review. Id. at 265-66; In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25

(Tex. 2002). The clear and convincing standard is defined as the "measure or degree of

proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the

truth of the allegations sought to be established." TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West

2008); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265-66.

        Under the clear and convincing standard, an appellate "'court [reviewing the legal

sufficiency of the evidence in a parental termination case] should look at all the evidence

in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable [factfinder]

could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.'" In re J.L., 163

S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266). We assume all

disputed facts were resolved "'in favor of [the] finding if a reasonable factfinder could do

so.'"   Id. (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266).           An appellate court must also

disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved. City of Keller

v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The

appellate court considers undisputed evidence, even if it is contrary to the finding. In re

appointment is subsumed in the appeal of the termination order). Therefore, we will not address this
contention separately. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
                                                 3
J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.       "If [an appellate court] determines that no reasonable

factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true,

then that court must conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient." Id.

       In our factual sufficiency review, "[i]f, in light of the entire record, the disputed

evidence that a reasonable fact[ ]finder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so

significant that a fact[ ]finder could not have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction

in the truth of its finding, then the evidence is factually insufficient." In re M.C.T., 250

S.W.3d 161, 168 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (citing In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d

105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)). Despite the above, an appellate court must give due

deference to the factfinder's findings and not supplant the judgment with its own. In re

H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108. The factfinder has the sole authority to weigh the evidence,

draw reasonable inferences, and choose between conflicting evidence and inferences.

In re R.D.S., 902 S.W.2d 714, 716 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, no writ). The factfinder

also enjoys the right to resolve credibility issues and may freely choose to believe all, part,

or none of the testimony espoused by any particular witness. Id. (citing In re E.S.M. 550

S.W.2d 749, 757 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.)) (observing

that the trial court was entitled to disbelieve the testimony of the biological parent).

       In reviewing a best-interest determination, we may consider: the child's wishes,

the child's emotional and physical needs now and in the future, emotional or physical

danger posed to the child now and in the future, the parenting skills of those seeking

custody, programs available to assist those seeking custody to promote the child's best

interest, plans for the child's future, the stability of the home, any conduct by the parent

that might show that the existing parent-child relationship is improper or harmful, and any

                                              4
excuse for that conduct. See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976). The

absence of evidence as to some of the nine Holley factors does not preclude the

factfinder from reasonably forming a strong belief or conviction that termination is in the

child's best interest, particularly if the evidence is undisputed that the parental relationship

endangered the child's safety. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. A best-interest analysis

may be based on direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, subjective factors, and the

totality of the evidence as a whole. In re S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d 73, 86 (Tex. App.—Dallas

1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (en banc).

                            II. BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILDREN

       By each of their issues on appeal, Arturo and Bobbie contend that the evidence is

legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding that termination of their

parental rights to C.N.C. and I.C.C. is in the children's best interest.

A.     The Evidence

       Ramiro Gutierrez, an investigation supervisor for the Department, testified that the

Department opened the case in October 2009 when I.C.C., Arturo's and Bobbie's second

child, was born and when I.C.C. and Bobbie tested positive for cocaine. Because Arturo

and Bobbie were willing to accept voluntary services, the Department referred them to the

Family Based Safety Services (FBSS) program. The children, who were already in the

care of a family friend, continued that voluntary placement. When the placement broke

down in 2010, the Department returned the children to their parents with the

understanding that Arturo and Bobbie would continue with FBSS.

       Veronica Zavala, a caseworker specialist with FBSS, testified that when the

children were returned, Arturo and Bobbie participated in the FBSS services, which

                                               5
included individual counseling, substance abuse counseling, and family counseling. 5

However, on April 30, 2010, Bobbie and Arturo were arrested for domestic violence, and

the Department placed the children in foster care. The Department filed its termination

petition on June 7, 2010. That same day, the trial court entered a protective order for the

children and appointed the Department as their temporary managing conservator.

        According to Stephanie Garcia, a caseworker assigned to the case in August

2010, when the trial court removed the children from their home in June, it ordered Arturo

and Bobbie (1) to complete individual counseling, family counseling, substance abuse

counseling, if recommended; (2) to complete parenting, anger management, and

domestic violence classes; and (3) to submit to random drug testing. The trial court also

ordered Arturo to pay monthly child support of $100. On February 2, 2011, because

Arturo and Bobbie were "doing well," "completing their services," and did not "have any

positive drug testing," the trial court ordered a monitored return of the children. Arturo

had not yet, however, paid any child support.

        On July 21, 2011, one day before the permanency hearing, Arturo informed Garcia

that a week earlier he and Bobbie had used cocaine while the children were sleeping and

that they had argued and "a wine glass was thrown." Arturo had moved out of the

residence. Arturo told Garcia that he loved his children and "wanted what was best for

his children." Arturo said that he and Bobbie "needed help" and that he "wanted them to


        5
            Christina Celeste Cruz, a licensed therapist employed by Counseling Resources of South Texas,
testified that she saw Arturo and Bobbie in the Spring of 2010. Both would alternate between progress and
regression. Cruz stated that Bobbie had made progress during her counseling services and did participate
consistently with the therapy as required by the trial court. Cruz recommended that both Arturo and
Bobbie continue outpatient therapy. Cruz's impression was that Arturo and Bobbie loved their children.
When asked if it appeared that Arturo had "made a decision between his kids and his drugs," she
responded, "I couldn't tell you." Finally, Cruz testified that children are at risk living with parents who use
drugs.
                                                      6
do what they needed to [do]."

        According to Garcia, at the permanency hearing, Arturo and Bobbie volunteered to

enter a forty-five day drug rehabilitation program, and the trial court agreed. The court

ordered hair follicle tests, which measure drug use in the prior ninety days. 6 Following

the hearing, the children were returned to foster care.7

        On October 6, 2011, Arturo completed his forty-five day inpatient treatment

program, which included parenting classes and substance abuse counseling. After his

release, Arturo attended individual counseling and substance abuse counseling for a

short time, but later failed to report every week as required. Garcia testified that Arturo's

October 13, 2011 urinalysis test result was negative, but his November 2011 hair follicle

test came back positive. Arturo denied using cocaine, but admitted using hydrocodone

pills obtained from Bobbie. Arturo told Garcia that he had not paid any court-ordered

child support, but had taken clothing and toys to the children when he visited them.

        Garcia also testified that the Department performed five drug tests on Bobbie with

the following results: (1) a June 24, 2011 mouth swab with a negative result; (2) a July

22, 2011 urinalysis with a negative result; (3) a July 25, 2011 hair follicle test with a

positive result for a relatively high level of cocaine; (4) an October 13, 2011 urinalysis with

a negative result for cocaine but a positive result for hydrocodone; and (5) a November

10, 2011 hair follicle test with a level of cocaine lower than the July 25 result but still high

enough for a positive result. Following the July 25 positive cocaine test, Garcia referred

Bobbie to individual counseling and substance abuse counseling through Counseling
        6
            The hair follicle test for each came back positive.
        7
         The trial court also ordered the removal of a third child, A.C., born to Arturo and Bobbie on
February 14, 2011. A separate petition relating solely to A.C. was filed in Brooks County, where the family
had been living. A.C. is not part of the current suit.
                                                        7
Resources of South Texas for a second time. Bobbie attended counseling consistently

for approximately three months; however, after Arturo was released from the inpatient

treatment program in October 2011, Bobbie's attendance became inconsistent, and she

did not complete her counseling. Nonetheless, Garcia agreed that Bobbie tried to follow

through with the requirements. Bobbie attended weekly visitations with the children and

when the children were with Bobbie, Garcia believed they were in a safe environment until

Arturo informed Garcia that there had been domestic violence in the home and drug use

in July 2011.

        Garcia explained that, at the time of trial, C.N.C. and I.C.C. were living in a foster

home, where they had been placed on August 30, 2011. Garcia believed that because

of Arturo's and Bobbie's drug use and domestic violence, it was in the children's best

interests for the trial court to terminate their parental rights.

        Claudia Pina, a caseworker with the Kleberg/Kenedy County community

supervision department, testified that the trial court placed Arturo on community

supervision on October 28, 2010 for assaulting Bobbie.8 According to Pina, Arturo had

not completed some required conditions of his supervision, including the required

Batterer's Intervention Program, the anger management program, and fifty hours of

community service. Pina explained that because of his noncompliance, the community

supervision department planned to file a motion to revoke Arturo's community

supervision.

        Testifying at trial, Arturo characterized his drug use as "a bad habit that I had
        8
         The record also provides that Arturo was convicted for this offense on January 28, 2010.
Because the discrepancy in the date is irrelevant to our analysis, we need not address it. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 47.1.


                                                    8
picked up, a wrong road that I turned to that I do not want my children going down

through."   Arturo acknowledged that he bought cocaine and shared it with Bobbie.

Arturo testified that "[a]s far as cocaine," he no longer had a drug problem, and he would

stop drinking alcohol and smoking if his children were returned to him. Arturo testified

that, on the day of trial, he would test negative for cocaine.

       Arturo explained that he had been living at a motel for approximately two months

and planned to pay his rent "with labor."         Arturo believed he could provide a safe

environment for the children at the motel. His alternate plan was to live at a mobile home

park where the owner would provide him with a mobile home. Arturo would work for the

owner and pay monthly rent for the lot. Arturo had also applied for a job a few days

before trial and had picked up other job applications. His present income from "service

call[s]" was "very, very hard to predict." Arturo testified that he profited approximately

$400 from three jobs that he had done the previous day.

       Arturo had not paid any child support because he had "other bills," and had not

"thought about it and it hadn't been brought to [his] attention that [he] needed to be

paying." According to Arturo, a Department caseworker told him "everything's taken

care of" and not to "worry about it."

       Bobbie testified that she had used drugs to cope with her problems, but had

learned other coping skills, such as work and exercise. She had been "clean" since

November and would, on the day of trial, test negative for cocaine. Bobbie did not

believe she had a drug problem, but agreed she would benefit from additional substance

abuse counseling. When asked what would prevent her from returning to drugs to cope

with stressful events, Bobbie responded that being away from Arturo would help because

                                              9
she and Arturo had a history of domestic violence. Arturo had assaulted her twelve

different times, but she had not prosecuted him every time because they would get "back

together." Bobbie had taken Arturo off the apartment lease, changed the locks, and

notified the landlord; she and Arturo would "live in two totally different towns." Bobbie

explained that "I want a good life for my children[,] and I know that him [sic] and I together

are poison."

        Despite her problems with Arturo, Bobbie testified that she still worked part-time at

the same motel where Arturo worked.                  She saw Arturo daily and assisted him, for

example, with the regular use of her vehicle. According to Bobbie, as of October 2011

when Arturo completed the rehabilitation program, their relationship had become that of

friends, and she tried to help him in any way she could.9

        At the motel, Bobbie worked at the front desk at night and worked as a

housekeeper during the day, earning between $20 and $70 a day—$150 to $200 a week.

Bobbie testified that she also worked "at a cleaners" and volunteered at the volunteer fire

department.

        If the children were returned to her, Bobbie would use resources such as Head

Start and Medicaid. Although Bobbie had a three-bedroom apartment in Falfurrias that

she maintained at "zero rent" through government assistance, she was staying at her

sister's house in Riviera, twenty-six miles away, because of her work. When she moved

back to Falfurrias, Bobbie planned to return to a full-time job as a certified dialysis

technician. She was not working in that field at the time of trial, even though it provided

        9
         Despite this characterization of their relationship, Garcia testified that on November 10, 2011,
Arturo and Bobbie told her that they had "gone out drinking to a bar," began arguing, and returned to a hotel
room, where the argument escalated. Bobbie told Garcia that she had called the sheriff's department on
that occasion. At trial, Bobbie testified that the altercation was not physical, but "a civil family" incident.
                                                     10
insurance benefits, because it was "hard . . . to get a full-time job . . . because of the

therapy, like having to go see the therapist and then having visitation" with the children.

       Bobbie testified that she now had family members who could watch her children

and provide emotional support because she was no longer seeing Arturo. She did not

plan to reunite with Arturo. Bobbie explained that she wanted to "go forward with [her]

life and have something for [her] children to be proud of."

B.     Discussion of the Holley Factors

       1.     Desires of the Children

       There is no direct evidence in the record regarding the desires of the children, who

were two and three at the time of trial.

       Although a child's love of his natural parents is a very important
       consideration in determining the best interests of the child, it cannot
       override or outweigh the overwhelming and undisputed evidence showing
       that the parents placed or allowed the child to remain in conditions, and
       engaged in conduct or placed the child with persons who engaged in
       conduct, which endangers the physical and emotional well-being of the
       child.

In re W.S.M., 107 S.W.3d 772, 773 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.); compare id.

("The child's love of his parents cannot compensate for the lack of an opportunity to grow

up in a normal and safe way equipped to live a normal, productive, and satisfying life.")

with Yonko v. Dep't of Family & Protective Servs., 196 S.W.3d 236, 245 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (op. on rehr'g) ("We agree that the child's desire

to remain with a parent is only one factor to consider among many, but love for a parent

cannot be ignored as a reflection of the parent's ability to provide for the child's emotional

needs. Where the evidence of the parent's failures is not overwhelming, the desires of

the child weigh against termination of parental rights.").       In light of the undisputed

                                             11
evidence of Arturo's and Bobbie's history of domestic violence and drug usage, both

before and during the pendency of this case, this factor does not weigh in favor of the

parents.

       2.     Present and Future Emotional and Physical Needs and Dangers

       Arturo's and Bobbie's cocaine use while Bobbie was pregnant with I.C.C., their

continued drug use while the children were in their monitored care, their engagement in

domestic violence for which both were arrested, and Arturo's actions in possessing

cocaine and providing it to Bobbie, support the trial court's implied determination that

these acts negatively affected the children's emotional and physical needs and created a

danger to their emotional and physical needs. See In re R.R., 294 S.W.3d 213, 236, 237

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.); In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 903-05 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2007), pet. denied, 260 S.W.3d 463 (Tex. 2008). Arturo was also in

danger of incarceration because he had not complied with the terms of his community

service and had paid no court-ordered child support, from which the trial court could

conclude that he was not able to meet some of the children's physical needs. See D.O.

v. Tex. Dep't of Hum. Servs., 851 S.W.2d 351, 356 (Tex. App.—Austin 1993, no writ),

disapproved of on other grounds by In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 267 n.39. And Bobbie,

despite admitting that her relationship with Arturo led to domestic violence and drug use,

continued to associate with him on a daily basis.

       Based on our review of the evidence at trial, Arturo and Bobbie repeatedly

endangered the children physically and emotionally through their drug use and domestic

violence. This instability, as well as the instability of Arturo's and Bobbie's income and

living arrangements, illustrates that they are unable to provide for their children's needs.

                                            12
See In re C.A.J., 122 S.W.3d 888, 893-94 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.).

       Measuring Arturo's and Bobbie's future conduct by their past conduct, the trial

court was entitled to conclude that their past inability to meet the children's physical and

emotional needs is indicative of their future inability to meet those needs if the children are

returned to them. See Davis v. Travis County Child Welfare Unit, 564 S.W.2d 415, 421

(Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1978, no writ); see also Ray v. Burns, 832 S.W.2d 431, 435 (Tex.

App.—Waco 1992, no writ) ("Past is often prologue."); In re E.A., No. 13-06-503-CV, 2007

Tex. App. LEXIS 7159, at *24-25 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 31, 2007, no pet.)

(mem. op.) ("[C]onsidering appellant's drug use, the trial court could have concluded that,

in the future, similar unsuitable conduct might occur. Because there is evidence that

appellant's past actions were unsuitable, the trial court could have inferred that similar

unsuitable conduct could recur in the future if the children are returned to appellant."); In

re F.A.R., No. 11-04-00014-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 234, at *11-12 (Tex.

App.—Eastland Jan. 13, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding that the mother's

"[c]ontinued     drug     use—even        after    undergoing      two     drug     treatment

programs—demonstrates an inability to provide a stable environment for [her child] and

an inability to provide for his emotional and physical needs"). Our review of these

factors, therefore, does not weigh in favor of Arturo and Bobbie.

       3.      Parental Abilities of the Individuals Seeking Custody

       Arturo and Bobbie continually had periods of regression in their interpersonal

relationship and their drug use, which could have negatively impacted their parenting

skills and their ability to improve those skills. See Wilson v. State, 116 S.W.3d 923, 925

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.) (providing that evidence that a parent has poor

                                              13
parenting skills and "was not motivated to learn how to improve those skills" supports a

finding that termination is in the child's best interest). Both parents failed to pursue

counseling, as required. Arturo continued to assault Bobbie, was placed on community

supervision during the pendency of the case, and then did not comply with the

requirements of that community supervision. He placed himself at risk of incarceration.

Bobbie also admitted returning to Arturo on numerous occasions after he assaulted her,

despite his on-going drug and alcohol use and his supplying her with cocaine. By these

actions, Arturo and Bobbie showed poor judgment and a lack of motivation to improve

their parenting skills. See id.

       Both parties testified as to their hopes and desires for the future, but at the time of

trial, they had not made changes in living arrangements or employment that would

accomplish those goals. And both, although testifying that they would test negative for

cocaine at the time of trial, had tested positive for hydrocodone within months of the

trial—either without a prescription or without a current prescription.          This evidence

reveals that neither Arturo nor Bobbie was motivated to improve or to learn how to

improve their parenting skills. See id. Based on this analysis, this factor does not weigh

in their favor.

       4.         Programs Available to Assist the Parties Seeking Custody

       A factfinder can infer from a parent's failure to take the initiative to avail himself or

herself of the programs offered by the Department, that the parent did not have the ability

to motivate himself or herself to seek available resources needed now or in the future. In

re W.E.C., 110 S.W.3d 231, 345 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Although Arturo

and Bobbie participated in, and even completed, some substance abuse treatment as

                                              14
well as other services, they failed to demonstrate that they had learned from the services

because the drug use and domestic violence continued even after they had completed

services and even after the children were returned to them on a monitored return.

Arturo's and Bobbie's compliance with some required services does not constrain a

factfinder from determining that termination is in the children's best interest. See In re

M.G.D., 108 S.W.3d 508, 514-15 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied)

(holding that evidence of recent improvement and compliance with service plan is not

determinative when evaluating child's best interest); see also In re K.B., No.

03-09-00366-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 9783, at *21-22 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 9,

2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). Therefore, our review of this factor supports the trial court's

finding that termination of Arturo's and Bobbie's parental rights is in the children's best

interest.

       5.     Plans for the Children by the Individuals or Agency Seeking Custody

       The factfinder can compare the contrasting plans for a child's future and consider

whether the plans and expectations of each party are realistic or weak and ill-defined.

D.O., 851 S.W.2d at 356. A factfinder can reject a parent's claim that he intends to

change his lifestyle to provide and care for a child. See D.F. v. State, 525 S.W.2d 933,

939-40 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1975, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Even when a factfinder

determines that a parent has improved, the factfinder is free to determine that any recent

improvements do not outweigh the parent's prior behavior.         See In re M.G.D., 108

S.W.3d at 514-15; see also K.B., 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 9783, at *22.

       In this case, the trial court could have disbelieved Arturo's and Bobbie's assertions

at trial that they were no longer using illegal drugs, especially because they had both

                                            15
tested positive after drug treatment and after their parental rights were in jeopardy. See

In re R.D.S., 902 S.W.2d at 716.        It could also have determined that Arturo's and

Bobbie's more recent improvements and completion of services did not outweigh their

prior behavior. See In re M.G.D., 108 S.W.3d at 514-15; see also K.B., 2010 Tex. App.

LEXIS 9783, at *22. The trial court could have believed that Arturo's plans for his work

and his living arrangements and his lack of plans for day care demonstrated that his plans

were merely speculative. See D.F., 525 S.W.2d at 939-40. It could also have believed

that Bobbie's failure to seek a job in Falfurrias and to live there in preparation for the

children's return and her actions in remaining in Riviera where she could work with and be

of assistance to Arturo, indicated that her plans for a new life in Falfurrias away from

Arturo were unrealistic. See id.

       Although there was no testimony from the Department regarding a future

placement for the children the children were together in a foster home and had been there

since August 30, 2011. There is no requirement that the Department have definite

placement plans at the time of termination, and lack of such plans does not preclude a

factfinder from finding that the termination of parental rights is in a child's best interest.

See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28; see also Spencer v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective

Servs., No. 03-10-00498-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 10338, at *9 (Tex. App.—Austin

Dec. 31, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.).

       Based on our review, this factor further supports the trial court's finding that

termination of Arturo's and Bobbie's parental rights is in the children's best interest.

       6.     Stability of the Home or Proposed Placement

       A parent's lack of a home may weigh against that parent. See Doe v. Brazoria

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County Protective Servs., 226 S.W.3d 563, 575 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no

pet.); see also In re V.A., No. 13-06-237-CV, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 805, at *12 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi Feb 1, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.). A factfinder can also consider

the consequences of its failure to terminate parental rights and that the best interest of the

child may be served by termination so that adoption may occur rather than the

impermanent foster care arrangement that would result if termination were not ordered.

D.O., 851 S.W.2d at 358.

       Based on the evidence set out above, the trial court could have concluded that the

parents' proposed environments for the children were unstable and that termination, so

that adoption might occur, was in the best interest of the children. See Doe, 226 S.W.3d

at 575; D.O., 851 S.W.2d at 358. We conclude that this factor does not weigh in favor of

Arturo and Bobbie.

       7.     Acts or Omissions of the Parent, Which May Indicate That the Existing
              Parent-Child Relationship Is Not a Proper One

       The following acts or omissions would support a conclusion that the existing

parent-child relationship between Arturo and the children was not a proper one: (1) drug

use while the children were in his care; (2) criminal activity for which he faced potential

incarceration; (3) domestic violence and the exposure of the children to that environment;

(4) failure to support the children; and (5) continued drug use. Similarly, the trial court

could have concluded that the parent-child relationship between Bobbie and the children

was not a proper one from Bobbie's history of the following: (1) drug use while caring for

the children, including while she was pregnant with I.C.C.; (2) domestic violence and

exposure of the children to that environment; and (3) continued drug use. This factor

supports the trial court's finding that termination of Arturo's and Bobbie's parental rights
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was in the children's best interest.

       8.     Any Excuse for the Acts or Omissions of the Parent

       Arturo explained that he was indigent and that his depression from a previous

divorce may have "injected some despair in his job seeking efforts." Arturo suggested

that his community supervision officer and a supervisor caused him to fail to comply with

some terms of his community supervision. He testified that his drug habit was "a bad

habit that [he] picked up, a wrong road that [he] turned to."

       Bobbie directed this Court to her relationship with Arturo as the reason for her acts

or omissions, yet she admitted returning to him often and not parting from him until the

children had been removed twice. Bobbie also claimed that she was "self-medicat[ing]"

when she used cocaine to deal with stressful situations, but had found other ways to

cope, including work and exercise.

       Even if the factfinder believed these excuses and acknowledged the reasoning, it

could have determined that they were not good enough and may have determined,

instead, that the excuses supported termination of Arturo's and Bobbie's parental rights.

This factor then weighs in favor of the trial court's finding that termination of Arturo's and

Bobbie's parental rights is in the children's best interest.

C. Summary

       In light of our analysis of the Holley factors and reviewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the finding under our clear and convincing standard of review, we

conclude that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its

best-interest finding was true. See In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 84 (quoting In re J.F.C., 96

S.W.3d at 266); see also Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372. Thus, the evidence is legally

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sufficient to support the trial court's finding on best interest. See In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at

84; see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265-66. In

addition, in light of the entire record and giving due deference to the factfinder's findings,

see R.D.S., 902 S.W.2d at 716, the disputed evidence, if any, is not so significant that the

factfinder could not have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction in the truth of its

finding. See In re M.C.T., 250 S.W.3d at 168 (citing In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108).

We conclude that the evidence is also factually sufficient to support the best-interest

finding. We overrule Arturo's sole issue and Bobbie's sole issue.

         Further, because Bobbie's challenge to the trial court's finding that appointment of

the Department as permanent managing conservator was in the children's best interest is

subsumed in her appeal of the parental-rights termination order, see In re D.N.C., 252

S.W.3d 317, 319 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam), we similarly overrule the remainder of her

issue.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

         We affirm the final order of the trial court (1) terminating the parent-child

relationship between Arturo and the children, C.N.C. and I.C.C.; (2) terminating the

parent-child relationship between Bobbie and the children, C.N.C. and I.C.C.; and (3)

appointing the Department sole managing conservator of the children, C.N.C. and I.C.C.



                                                                 NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ
                                                                 Justice


Delivered and filed the
27th day of August, 2012.


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