J-A06036-16


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                      PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

STEPHEN CALVIN PARRISH

                            Appellant                No. 1329 MDA 2015


         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence entered July 1, 2015
                In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
             Criminal Division at No: CP-67-CR-0006243-2013


BEFORE: LAZARUS, STABILE, and DUBOW, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.:                             FILED JULY 21, 2016

       Stephen Calvin Parrish (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered by the Court of Common Pleas of York County entered on

July 1, 2015, challenging the denial of his motion to suppress evidence

obtained following a traffic stop. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

       In the early morning hours of June 25, 2013, Officer Michael Carpenter

of the Wrightsville Police Department was on patrol in the 800 block of

Hellam Street in Wrightsville Borough.1 Trial Court Opinion, 10/5/15, at 1.

Having been an officer with the Wrightsville Police Department for seven

years, Officer Carpenter was familiar with Hellam Street and knew the speed

limit to be thirty-five miles per hour. N.T., Suppression Hearing, 7/1/15, at
____________________________________________


1
 It is also worth noting that Officer Carpenter was in a marked police cruiser
and in full uniform while on patrol on the morning of June 25, 2013.
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17-18. While parked along Hellam Street at 1:48 a.m., Carpenter observed

a white Honda Accord traveling eastbound at a “high rate of speed.” Trial

Court Opinion, 10/5/15, at 1. Utilizing his experience as a police officer and

his observation of the Accord, Carpenter estimated the vehicle’s speed to be

about sixty-five miles per hour.         N.T. Suppression Hearing, 7/1/15, at 19.

At no point did Carpenter use a PennDOT approved speed timing device to

verify this appraisal. Id. at 21.

       Officer Carpenter initiated a traffic stop, requiring first that he

accelerate past thirty-five miles per hour to reach the Accord.                N.T.,

Suppression Hearing, 7/1/15, at 18, 22. Upon stopping the vehicle, Officer

Carpenter identified the driver as the Appellant.              Trial Court Opinion,

10/5/15, at 2.      While speaking with Appellant, Officer Carpenter noticed a

“strong odor of alcohol” emanating from the vehicle and that Appellant’s

eyes were “glassy.” Id. During the stop, Appellant admitted to having had

“a couple of beers” prior to driving.          Affidavit of Probable Cause, 7/16/13.

Officer Carpenter then administered field sobriety tests,2 on which Appellant

performed poorly.         N.T., Suppression Hearing, 7/1/15, at 19-20.            A

preliminary breath test indicated that Appellant had a blood alcohol content




____________________________________________


2
 The tests consisted of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) and the walk
and turn. N.T., Suppression Hearing, 7/1/15, at 19-20.




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(“BAC”) of .120.3 Trial Court Opinion, 10/5/15, at 2. At the conclusion of

the    stop,   Officer   Carpenter     charged   Appellant   with   DUI   –   general

impairment,4 DUI – high rate of alcohol,5 and Obedience to Traffic-Control

Devices.6

        Appellant subsequently filed a motion to suppress the evidence of his

BAC obtained because of the June 2013 traffic stop. After a brief hearing,

the trial court denied the motion. The court then held a bench trial wherein

it found the Appellant guilty of the DUI related offenses only.                 N.T.,

Suppression Hearing, 7/1/15, at 23-26.

        Appellant timely appealed the decision not to suppress the BAC

evidence.      Notably, Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s factual

findings; rather, he merely contests the court’s legal conclusions drawn

therefrom. Appellant’s Brief at 6. On appeal, Appellant argues that a police

officer must use one of the speed timing methods enumerated in 75

Pa.C.S.A. § 3368 to establish sufficient probable cause to initiate a traffic

stop for speeding. We disagree.



____________________________________________


3
  A subsequent blood test revealed a BAC of .132.              Trial Court Opinion,
10/5/15, at 2.
4
    75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(a)(1).
5
    75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(b).
6
    75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3111(a).



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       Our standard and scope of review for an order denying a motion to

suppress is well established:

       We are limited to determining whether the lower court’s factual
       findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
       conclusions drawn therefrom are correct. We may consider the
       evidence of the witnesses offered by the Commonwealth, as
       verdict winner, and only so much of the evidence presented by
       [the] defense that is not contradicted when examined in the
       context of the record as a whole.

Commonwealth v. Feczko, 10 A.3d 1285, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2010)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Hughes, 908 A.2d 924, 927 (Pa. Super.

2006)). However, when an appellant maintains that the suppression court

committed a legal error, “[t]he suppression court’s conclusions of law . . .

are not binding on an appellate court.”          Commonwealth v. Nester, 709

A.2d 879, 881 (Pa. 1998). We are also mindful that, in our review of the

trial court’s decision, we may look no further than the record produced at

the suppression hearing;7 evidence presented at another time is irrelevant.

See In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073 (Pa. 2013) (holding that appellate courts may

not consider evidence adduced at trial when evaluating the propriety of

suppression decisions).



____________________________________________


7
  In this case, both the Commonwealth and Appellant stipulated that the
record for purposes of the suppression hearing would consist of the criminal
complaint, the affidavit of probable cause, and the testimony offered by
Officer Carpenter at the hearing. N.T., Suppression Hearing, 7/1/15, at 15-
16, 23.



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        In Pennsylvania, the legislature has prescribed the amount of cause

needed for a traffic stop.8 This Court has clarified the statutory standard as

follows:

        [T]he standards concerning the quantum of cause necessary for
        an officer to stop a vehicle in this Commonwealth are settled;
        notwithstanding any prior diversity on the issue among panels of
        this Court. Traffic stops based on reasonable suspicion: either of
        criminal activity or a violation of the Motor Vehicle Code under
        the authority of Section 6308(b) must serve a stated
        investigatory purpose.

Feczko, 10 A.3d 1290-1291 (footnote and citation omitted).                    We further

noted in Feczko that reasonable suspicion, without more, is insufficient to

stop a vehicle “when the driver’s detention cannot serve an investigatory

purpose relevant to the suspected violation.” Id. “In such an instance, it is

[incumbent] upon the officer to articulate specific facts possessed by him, at

the time of the questioned stop, which would provide probable cause to

believe that the vehicle or the driver was in violation of some provision of

the Code.” Id. (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). In this case, neither the Commonwealth nor Appellant dispute the

fact that Officer Carpenter needed probable cause to stop Appellant on the

morning     of   June    25,   2013.           See,   e.g.,   Appellant’s   Brief   at   6,




____________________________________________


8
    See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308(b).



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Commonwealth’s Brief at 9.          As a result, we need not delve into the fine

distinctions of probable cause and reasonable suspicion.9

        The gravamen of Appellant’s argument is that Officer Carpenter could

not have had the requisite probable cause because he did not use a

PennDOT approved speed timing device to ascertain Appellant’s speed.

Appellant’s Brief at 6, 8.       In support of his claim, Appellant proffers our

Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Whitmyer, 668 A.2d 1113

(Pa. 1995). However, a careful review of Whitmyer reveals that Appellant’s

reliance on that case is misplaced.

        The decision in Whitmyer hinged on the outward indicia of a violation

of the Motor Vehicle Code, which the court found to be lacking.             See

Whitmyer, 668 A.2d at 1117.              While appealing, Whitmyer is ultimately

distinguishable from the instant case. Whereas the stop in Whitmyer was

for a failure to drive at a safe speed,10 Officer Carpenter stopped Appellant

for speeding.     Although the former violation considers a driver’s speed, it

nonetheless requires an additional component: an articulable reason why the

speed is inappropriate under the conditions observed. Thus, the fatal flaw in

Whitmyer was the failure to point to specific circumstances that rendered
____________________________________________


9
  We recently devoted significant time to the differences between the two
levels of cause in Commonwealth v. Salter, 121 A.3d 987, 993 (Pa. Super.
2015). See also Commonwealth v. Chase, 960 A.2d 108, 115 (Pa.
2008).
10
     75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3361.



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Whitmyer’s speed unsafe.11           Id. at 1118.    For instance, there was no

indication that the driver’s speed was inappropriate due to poor visibility, a

wet roadway, or especially heavy traffic.           Id. at 1117.   In this case,

Carpenter needed only to observe Appellant’s excessive speed to believe

that a traffic violation had occurred.

       To reconcile our holding today with Whitmyer, we must also address

that case’s treatment of Whitmyer’s alleged speed.         Implicit in the court’s

discussion was the fact that traveling at certain speeds can be a hazardous

condition. Yet, to know whether Whitmyer had crossed that threshold, the

state trooper would have needed an accurate appraisal of the car’s speed.

Then, as now, the legislature premised the existence of such exactitude on

following a vehicle for three-tenths of a mile.12 By trailing Whitmyer for only

two-tenths of a mile, the trooper could not have developed a true

assessment of Whitmyer’s speed for purposes of determining whether the

speed had itself become the dangerous condition. In other words, the court

did not say that the trooper was not entitled to rely on his estimate at all,

only that he could not depend on it for the violation of driving at an unsafe
____________________________________________


11
   The court noted in its decision that the state trooper’s observation that
Whitmyer had made an erratic lane change did not “fit within the ambit of
prohibited vehicle operation as defined in section 3361.” Whitmyer, 668
A.2d at 1117.
12
   The Motor Vehicle Code stipulates that “[i]n ascertaining the speed of a
vehicle by the use of a speedometer, the speed shall be timed for a distance
of not less than three-tenths of a mile.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3368(a).



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speed.    Therefore, we can dispense with any notion that the decision in

Whitmyer stands for the proposition that police officers may pull a driver

over for speeding only if the required probable cause results from using the

methods enumerated in § 3368.

       Throughout his brief, Appellant conflates probable cause with the

standard for a conviction.        Writing in the early nineteenth century, Chief

Justice Marshall aptly noted that the two concepts are not identical. Locke

v. United States, 7 Cranch 339, 348 (1813) (“[P]robable cause, according

to its usual acceptation, means less than evidence which would justify

condemnation.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).            This Court likewise

acknowledged the same distinction in Commonwealth v. Fisher, 440 A.2d

570 (Pa. Super. 1982).           In Fisher, we stated that the statute13 only

specified the requirements for a conviction and was otherwise “silent as to

when a motor vehicle may be stopped for a speed warning or other cause.”

Id. at 572 (emphasis in original).               The same is true in this case.

Establishing approved speed timing methods, § 3368 only speaks to the

evidence necessary for a conviction.           Appellant would have us replace the

____________________________________________


13
   At issue in Fisher were the provisions then located at 75 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 3368(c)(2), which forbade a conviction for speeding unless the recorded
speed was at least six miles per hour above the posted speed limit. The
General Assembly later amended the statute; the requirements relied upon
by the appellants in Fisher are now located at § 3368(c)(4). In the instant
case, Appellant premises his arguments upon different portions of § 3368, as
amended.



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current probabilistic standard required for traffic stops with one hitherto

confined to formal adjudicatory proceedings. Adopting such a position would

graft an impossible burden into the law: the need to have enough evidence

for a conviction before pulling a vehicle over.14

       The question remains whether the trial court properly concluded that

Officer Carpenter had probable cause to pull Appellant’ over for speeding.

Our review of the record convinces us that it did.      “Probable cause exists

where the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the officer are

based upon reasonably trustworthy information and are sufficient to warrant

a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the suspect has committed or

is committing a crime.” Commonwealth v. Joseph, 34 A.3d 855, 863 (Pa.

Super. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 931

(Pa. 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Commonwealth

v. Galendez, 27 A.3d 1042, 1046 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“It is the facts and

circumstances within the personal knowledge of the police officer that

frames the determination of the existence of probable cause.”) (emphasis in

original). Ascertaining the presence or absence of probable cause requires a
____________________________________________


14
   Appellant’s brief suggests the futility of such an obligation when it
acknowledges that some “elements required to find guilt would not be
established despite clocking a vehicle’s speed with an approved method.”
Appellant’s Brief at 9. For instance, an officer could not establish the driver’s
identity without stopping the vehicle. Id. However, if the officer cannot pull
the vehicle over without enough evidence for a conviction, how can he or
she initiate a stop to ascertain the most important component of a
conviction, to wit: the wrongdoer’s identity?



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totality of the circumstances analysis.    Id.    In this case, Officer Carpenter

was patrolling a stretch of roadway with which he was well familiar.

Carpenter knew the posted speed limit and the usual pace of traffic along

Hellam Street.   After observing Appellant’s vehicle, Carpenter’s experience

with traffic enforcement enabled him to estimate Appellant’s speed as being

nearly double the posted speed limit.

      Our precedent further indicates that Carpenter’s probable cause

determination was proper. In Commonwealth v. McElroy, 630 A.2d 35,

40 (Pa. Super. 1993), we concluded that the trial court had properly denied

suppression even though the police officer based his appraisal of the

defendant’s speed on nothing more than observation and experience.

Significantly, we again stated that the inadequacy of the officer’s testimony

to secure a conviction was of no moment to the issue of probable cause. Id.

(“[T]he question is not whether [the officer’s] testimony could sustain a

conviction, but rather whether his testimony amounts to reasonable and

articulable grounds to suspect a violation of the Vehicle Code.”). Nothing in

§ 3368 mandates that police officers ignore their training, experience, or

common sense. We have likewise refused to impose such a constraint.

      Our decision today does not open the door to the arbitrary policing

envisioned by Appellant.      See Appellant’s Brief at 9-10.         Although the

opportunities for police officers to make mistakes will continue to exist, no

pronouncement by this Court could ever eliminate those chances. Indeed,

the   law   tolerates   a   certain   degree     of   imprecision.    See,   e.g.,

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Commonwealth v. Angel, 946             A.2d 115, 118 (Pa. Super. 2008)

(“[P]robable cause does not involve certainties, but rather the factual and

practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent

[persons] act.”); Chase, 960 A.2d at 115 (stating that even stops based on

“factual mistakes” can be constitutional).    Nevertheless, police officers will

still need to comport with statutory and constitutional requirements before

initiating a traffic stop. Just as importantly, the courts will continue to stand

ready to vindicate individuals’ rights if, and when, officers fail to do so.

However, there is no specter of such a violation here.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 7/21/2016




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