                                                                        FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                    April 15, 2015
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
                                TENTH CIRCUIT



 MICHAEL JOE VILLAREAL,

              Petitioner - Appellant,

 v.                                                      No. 14-7090
                                            (D.C. No. 6:11-CV-00123-RAW-KEW)
 ROBERT PATTON, DOC Director,                           (E.D. of Okla.)

              Respondent - Appellee.


          ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *


Before HARTZ, BALDOCK, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.


      Michael Villareal seeks a certificate of appealability (COA) to challenge

the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed under 28

U.S.C. § 2254.

      His petition presented three challenges to a 2009 conviction in Oklahoma

state court of lewd molestation of two young girls. First, Villareal argued that the

trial court violated his right to due process when it allowed a victim of a prior

crime to testify to her encounters with Villareal. Second, Villareal asserted that

the admission of evidence relating to a fourth victim from a prior crime violated


      *
         This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
the collateral estoppel component of the Double Jeopardy Clause because he had

been acquitted of the charges relating to that victim. Third, Villareal argued that

he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of trial counsel

because of his attorney’s failure to object to the testimony and arguments

concerning the fourth victim. In addition, Villareal’s application to this court

raised a cumulative error argument that he did not present below.

       Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253, we deny a COA

and dismiss the appeal.

                                   I. Background

       An Oklahoma state court jury convicted Michael Villareal of lewd

molestation of two young girls, J.Y. and her cousin M.C. Both J.Y. and M.C.

testified at the trial, as did a third girl, E.J., who testified that Villareal had

sexually abused her several years earlier. Prior to trial, the state filed a Notice of

Intent to Offer Evidence of Other Crimes which detailed E.J.’s allegations

alongside those of a fourth girl, M.O. After Villareal objected and a hearing was

held, the trial court excluded the evidence relating to M.O. but ruled that the

allegations by E.J. would be admissible.

       At trial, J.Y. and M.C. testified that Villareal began abusing them at five

and nine years old, respectively, while he was living with J.Y.’s mother. J.Y.

further testified that Villareal ensured her silence by threatening to kill her

animals if she told anyone about the abuse. E.J. provided similar testimony—she

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asserted that Villareal had abused her beginning when she was seven years old

while Villareal was living with E.J. and her mother. She further testified that

Villareal threatened to beat her brother if she told anyone about the abuse. On

cross-examination, Villareal’s attorney attempted to impeach E.J.’s credibility by

questioning why she had not told anyone about the abuse earlier. During that line

of questioning, the following exchange occurred:

      Q: Did you ever tell anyone else?

      A: I told a friend.

      Q: Did that friend go to the cops?

      A: Yes, she did.

R., Vol. II, Doc. 13-1 at 186. The prosecutor, believing the door had been opened

to testimony concerning the friend, established on re-direct that the friend in

question was M.O., that M.O. went to the police about her own abuse at the hands

of Villareal, and that M.O. also came from a single-parent household. Although

the jury was not informed of the fact, Villareal earlier had been tried and

acquitted of molestation charges relating to M.O.

      Villareal raised three issues on direct appeal, all of which he subsequently

raised in his petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. He raises each

of these issues again in his application for a COA and also advances a cumulative

error argument not presented below.

                                   II. Analysis

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      A COA is a jurisdictional prerequisite to our review of a § 2254 action.

Clark v. Oklahoma, 468 F.3d 711, 713 (10th Cir. 2006). “We will issue a COA

‘only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right.’” Allen v. Zavaras, 568 F.3d 1197, 1199 (10th Cir. 2009)

(quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003)). A “substantial

showing” requires that the movant demonstrate “that reasonable jurists could

debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been

resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to

deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473,

484 (2000). We conduct this review against the background of the Antiterrorism

and Effective Death Penalty Act, which prohibits us from overturning a state’s

adjudication of a claim unless it is “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable

application of, clearly established Federal law.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Dockins v.

Hines, 374 F.3d 935, 938 (10th Cir. 2004). As for the order below, “we review

the district court's legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings under the

clearly erroneous standard.” English v. Cody, 241 F.3d 1279, 1282 (10th Cir.

2001) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      A. Admission of E.J.’s Testimony

      Villareal first argues that the district court violated his right to due process

by allowing E.J. to testify that he had abused her years earlier. Because the

habeas statute only allows for a writ of habeas corpus to issue to a state prisoner

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who is “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the

United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a), we do not consider whether the trial court

committed an error of state law by admitting E.J.’s testimony, see Estelle v.

McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67 (1991). Rather, we may only “disturb a state court’s

admission of evidence of prior crimes, wrongs or acts” if “the probative value of

such evidence is so greatly outweighed by the prejudice flowing from its

admission that the admission denies [the] defendant due process of law.”

Knighton v. Mullin, 293 F.3d 1165, 1171 (10th Cir. 2002) (quoting Duvall v.

Reynolds, 139 F.3d 768, 787 (10th Cir. 1998)).

      In rejecting his claim on direct appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal

Appeals (OCCA) found that:

      Appellant had ample notice of the details of the proffered evidence and
      argued against its admissibility in a pretrial hearing; the trial court found a
      visible connection between the past conduct and the present offenses, given
      the age, gender, and other circumstances of the alleged victims. The trial
      court also instructed the jury on the limited use of the other-crimes
      evidence.


R., Vol. I, Doc. 1-1 at 2; Villareal v. State, No. F-2009-328, slip op. at 2 (Okla.

Crim. App. Apr. 8, 2010). The district court agreed that E.J.’s testimony

“demonstrated [Villareal]’s history as a sexual predator with young girls,” R.,

Vol. I, Doc. 15 at 4; Villarreal v. Patton, No. CIV-11-123-RAW-KEW, 2014 WL

4966175, at *2 (E.D. Okla. Sept. 30, 2014), and further noted that this prior




                                          -5-
evidence of abuse demonstrated his lewd intent involved in his “pretend” tickling

of another one of the victims, M.C., id.

      In his application for a COA, Villareal has not presented any argument

attacking the district court’s conclusion. Nor do we see any obvious flaws in the

district court’s reasoning. Villareal’s prior acts provided probative evidence of

his lewd intent in his “pretend” tickling of M.C. Furthermore, E.J.’s age and

family situation were similar enough to those of M.C. and J.Y. that E.J.’s

testimony added credibility to their accounts. Whatever unfair prejudice may

have resulted from E.J.’s testimony was mitigated by the trial court’s limiting

instruction as well as by the fact that Villareal was informed before trial of the

state’s intent to call E.J. as a witness. Given this and Villareal’s lack of specific

argument, we find that Villareal has not made a substantial showing that the

OCCA’s resolution of this issue was contrary to clearly established Supreme

Court precedent or that it was based on an unreasonable factual determination.

      B. Double Jeopardy

      Villareal next argues that the admission of evidence concerning M.O.

violated the collateral estoppel component of the Constitution’s prohibition of

double jeopardy because he had previously been acquitted of molestation charges

relating to M.O. Villareal contends that because of his acquittal, collateral

estoppel principles prohibited the state from asserting in his 2009 trial that he had

molested M.O.

                                           -6-
      The Supreme Court has held that the doctrine of collateral estoppel is

embodied in the Constitution’s Double Jeopardy Clause. Ashe v. Swenson, 397

U.S. 436, 445 (1970). Collateral estoppel is the principle that “when an issue of

ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue

cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future lawsuit.” Id. at

443. As the district court properly noted, however, the Supreme Court has

already rejected the very argument Villareal now makes. In Dowling v. United

States, the Court held that the collateral estoppel component of the Double

Jeopardy Clause does not “exclude in all circumstances . . . relevant and probative

evidence that is otherwise admissible under the Rules of Evidence simply because

it relates to alleged criminal conduct for which a defendant has been acquitted.”

493 U.S. 342, 348 (1990). As the court noted, an acquittal does not establish that

a defendant is innocent of the charged crime; the most that an acquittal can

establish is that there is reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt. Id. at

348–50. Commission of a prior bad act, however, does not need to be proven

beyond a reasonable doubt and evidence of such acts can be admitted, under the

federal rules, “so long as a jury could reasonably conclude that the act occurred

and the defendant was the actor.” Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 689

(1988). Because of the lower standard for admitting such evidence, there is no

necessary conflict between the first jury’s acquittal and the later admission of

evidence concerning the earlier crime. Dowling, 493 U.S. at 348–50. The

                                          -7-
collateral estoppel component of the Double Jeopardy Clause thus does not

prohibit the state from admitting evidence of prior crimes, even where the

defendant was acquitted. Id.

      Again, Villareal has not presented any argument attacking the district

court’s conclusion or explaining why this case is not governed by Dowling. As a

result, we find that Villareal has not made a substantial showing that the OCCA’s

resolution of this issue was contrary to clearly established Supreme Court

precedent or that it was based on an unreasonable factual determination.

      C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      Next, Villareal asserts that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to

effective assistance of trial counsel. More specifically, Villareal claims that his

attorney should have objected to E.J.’s testimony concerning M.O. and the

subsequent mentions of M.O. in closing arguments.

      To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must

prove both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced as

a result. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Prejudice requires

showing there is a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “A

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome.” Id. This requires that “the likelihood of a different result must be

substantial, not just conceivable.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 112

                                         -8-
(2011). Where a state court has already rejected an ineffective assistance claim,

our review is limited to determining “whether the state court’s application of the

Strickland standard was unreasonable.” Id. at 101.

      Here, the OCCA considered and rejected Villareal’s ineffective assistance

of counsel claim under Strickland’s prejudice prong:

      [W]e find any such mistake to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The
      testimony of the two complainants was positive and suffered from no
      obvious credibility issues, and the trial court properly allowed other-crimes
      evidence from one witness. Any missteps on trial counsel’s part did not
      affect the outcome of the trial.

R., Vol. I, Doc. 1-1 at 2–3; Villareal, No. F-2009-328, slip op. at 2–3. Once

again, Villareal has not developed or presented any argument contesting this

finding, nor has our review of the record turned up anything that would allow us

to deem this finding unreasonable. As a result, we must conclude that Villareal

has not met his burden as to his third issue.

      D. Cumulative Error

      Finally, Villareal contends that the cumulative effect of the errors described

above denied him his right to a fair trial. This argument, however, was not

contained in his petition to the district court and thus has been waived. See

Parker v. Scott, 394 F.3d 1302, 1327 (10th Cir. 2005) (holding that issues not

included in habeas petition have been waived); Jones v. Gibson, 206 F.3d 946,

958 (10th Cir. 2000) (refusing to consider a cumulative error argument not raised




                                          -9-
in initial habeas petition). Given this, we decline to consider Villareal’s

cumulative error argument.

                                 III. Conclusion

      For the reasons given above, Villareal’s application for a COA is DENIED

and the appeal is DISMISSED.

                                                     ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                                     Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                                     Circuit Judge




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