                                                                                              06/09/2020


                                           DA 19-0549
                                                                                          Case Number: DA 19-0549

              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                           2020 MT 150


THOMAS FLOWERS,

               Petitioner and Appellant,

         v.

BOARD OF PERSONNEL APPEALS, MONTANA
DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE AND PARKS,

               Respondents and Appellees.

APPEAL FROM:           District Court of the First Judicial District,
                       In and For the County of Lewis and Clark, Cause No. DDV 2019-183
                       Honorable James P. Reynolds, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                       Palmer A. Hoovestal, Hoovestal Law Firm, PLLC, Helena, Montana

                For Appellee:

                       Aimee Hawkaluk, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena,
                       Montana


                                                   Submitted on Briefs: April 1, 2020

                                                              Decided: June 9, 2020


Filed:
                                 q3,,---,6mal•-.— 4f
                       __________________________________________
                                         Clerk
Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     Appellant Thomas Flowers appeals the First Judicial District Court’s dismissal of

his petition for judicial review for failure to exhaust Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks

(“FWP”) employee grievance remedies. When a hearing officer recommended an order

dismissing Flowers’s grievance as untimely, Flowers filed a petition for judicial review

after that order became final twenty days later. Because Flowers did not pursue the final

step of the available administrative process, the court dismissed the petition on FWP’s

motion. The court ruled alternatively that Flowers’s claims were barred by collateral

estoppel. Flowers challenges both rulings on appeal. We affirm on the dispositive ground

that Flowers failed to exhaust administrative remedies.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2     Flowers has worked for FWP for over thirty years. In the summer of 2015, FWP

hired Flowers as its Enforcement Division Chief. On January 4, 2016, another candidate,

David Loewen, filed a grievance with FWP challenging FWP’s hiring and selection process

for the position. Hearing Officer Steven Wise held a hearing on Loewen’s grievance on

June 27, 2016, at which Flowers testified. On December 8, 2016, Hearing Officer Wise

recommended that Loewen be appointed to the Enforcement Division Chief position or to

the Enforcement Division Assistant Chief position with back pay and benefits. FWP

consequently appointed Loewen as division chief and reassigned Flowers to a different

position with the same pay effective January 9, 2017.




                                              2
¶3     Flowers petitioned for judicial review of the Loewen grievance decision on April 21,

2017. District Judge Mike McMahon determined that Flowers had not exhausted all

available administrative remedies by filing his own grievance regarding his reassignment

and had failed to exercise his right to intervene in Loewen’s grievance pursuant to Admin.

R. M. 24.26.204.1 Judge McMahon dismissed the petition with prejudice on April 20,

2018. He noted that because Flowers was reassigned on January 8, 2017, his deadline to

file a grievance was July 10, 2017, pursuant to Admin. R. M. 24.26.403(1)(a).

¶4     Flowers then filed a grievance on June 28, 2018, asserting that he had been

unlawfully reassigned and requesting reinstatement.           FWP responded by letter that

Flowers’s     grievance     was      time-barred     under     §    87-1-205,      MCA,       and

Admin. R. M. 24.26.403(1)(a), which requires a grievance to be filed within 180 days after

the alleged incident or action occurs.        The Board of Personnel Appeals (“BOPA”)

appointed an investigator to review the case. On October 9, the investigator issued a

preliminary decision denying Flowers’s grievance as untimely. Flowers appealed the

preliminary decision on October 16 and argued for equitable tolling of his

grievance deadline. On January 14, 2019, Hearing Officer Caroline Holien issued findings

of fact, conclusions of law, and a recommended order, recommending that Flowers’s

grievance “be denied as being untimely with no grounds available for extending the time

allowed for the filing of his grievance.” The recommended order also included the

following notice:


1
  All references to the administrative rules are to those in effect in 2017 during the pendency of
these proceedings.
                                                3
       Pursuant to Admin. R. Mont. 24.26.403(3)(c), this RECOMMENDED
       ORDER shall become the Final Order of this Board unless written exceptions
       are filed, postmarked no later than February 6, 2019. This time period
       includes the 20 days provided for in Admin. R. Mont. 24.26.403(3)(c), and
       the additional 3 days mandated by Rule 6(e), [M. R. Civ. P.], as service of
       this Order is by mail.

¶5     Flowers did not file exceptions. Instead, on February 13, he filed a second petition

for judicial review in the District Court. FWP moved to dismiss on two grounds: first, that

Flowers had failed to exhaust available administrative remedies; and second, that the

doctrine of collateral estoppel barred his claims because Judge McMahon’s prior order had

resolved the same issues presented in the second petition—whether his grievance was

timely and whether he was required to exhaust administrative remedies.               Presiding

District Judge James Reynolds “join[ed] Judge McMahon in [the court’s] sincere sympathy

for Flowers[,]” but concluded that his failure to timely file a grievance or intervene in

Loewen’s grievance was fatal to his case and granted FWP’s motion to dismiss.

                               STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶6     The District Court determined that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over

Flowers’s petition based on his failure to exhaust administrative remedies. We review

de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

Stowe v. Big Sky Vacation Rentals, Inc., 2019 MT 288, ¶ 12, 398 Mont. 91, 454 P.3d 655.

A court’s decision that a party failed to exhaust administrative remedies presents a

conclusion of law reviewed for correctness. See Schuster v. Northwestern Energy Co.,




                                               4
2013 MT 364, ¶ 6, 373 Mont. 54, 314 P.3d 650 (citation omitted); Art v. Mont. Dep’t of

Labor & Indus., 2002 MT 327, ¶ 9, 313 Mont. 197, 60 P.3d 958.2

                                         DISCUSSION

¶7     The District Court determined—and FWP maintains on appeal—that by failing to

file exceptions to Hearing Officer Holien’s recommended order, Flowers fatally failed to

exhaust his administrative remedies. Flowers contends that under Admin. R. M. 24.26.403,

the filing of exceptions is not a prerequisite to seeking judicial review. He argues further

that Hearing Officer Holien’s recommended order was a procedural ruling entitled to

immediate judicial review pursuant to § 2-4-701, MCA.                He thus contends that he

sufficiently exhausted FWP’s administrative process.

¶8     It is well-settled that a person is not entitled to judicial relief for a supposed or

threatened injury until the prescribed administrative remedy has been exhausted.

Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., 303 U.S. 41, 50-51, 58 S. Ct. 459, 463 (1938);

see also Art, ¶ 14 (citations omitted). The exhaustion doctrine “allows a governmental

entity to make a factual record and to correct its own errors within its specific expertise

before a court interferes.” Bitterroot River Prot. Ass’n v. Bitterroot Conservation Dist.,

2002 MT 66, ¶ 22, 309 Mont. 207, 45 P.3d 24. For a case to be ripe for judicial review,




2
  Both parties cite to Shoemaker v. Denke, 2004 MT 11, ¶ 15, 319 Mont. 238, 84 P.3d 4, in which
we stated, “We review a district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss ‘to determine whether the
court abused its discretion.’” The abuse of discretion standard does not apply. The case cited for
that proposition in Shoemaker noted, “However, a court’s determination that it lacks subject matter
jurisdiction is a conclusion of law which we review to determine whether the court’s interpretation
of the law is correct.” Pickens v. Shelton-Thompson, 2000 MT 131, ¶ 7, 300 Mont. 16, 3 P.3d 603.
                                                5
each individual issue must have been properly raised, argued, or adjudicated pursuant to

the administrative process. Marble v. State, 2000 MT 240, ¶ 27, 301 Mont. 373, 9 P.3d 617.

¶9     Section 2-4-702(1)(a), MCA, embodies the maxim of exhaustion of remedies.

Art, ¶ 14. It provides, “[A] person who has exhausted all administrative remedies available

within the agency and who is aggrieved by a final written decision in a contested case is

entitled to judicial review[.]” Accordingly, we begin by examining FWP’s grievance

process and the remedies it affords.

¶10    FWP is authorized to adjudicate serious matters of employment raised by its

employees, subject to BOPA review. Section 87-1-205, MCA. Admin. R. M. 24.26.403

sets forth a three-step grievance procedure for FWP employees. First, the grieving

employee must complete a Personnel Grievance form within 180 days after the alleged

incident and submit it to an immediate supervisor or department designee.

Admin. R. M. 24.26.403(1)(a). Second, if after timely receiving a response the employee

wishes to continue the grievance, the employee must submit the form to the department

head. Admin. R. M. 24.26.403(2)(a). Third, if the department head’s response is timely

returned to the employee and the employee wishes to continue the grievance, the employee

must submit the form to BOPA. Admin. R. M. 24.26.403(3)(a). Rule 24.26.403(3) further

provides in relevant part:

       (b) An agent of the board of personnel appeals shall have 30 days from the
       receipt of the form to conduct an inquiry and render a preliminary decision.
       If the employee or the department rejects the preliminary decision, appeal to
       the board must be made within 5 working days. The board, a member of the
       board or an examiner appointed by the board shall schedule a hearing in
       accordance with appropriate provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act
       within 30 days of rejection of the preliminary decision.

                                            6
       (c) If a member of the board or an examiner appointed by the board presides
       over the hearing, the member, or the examiner . . . shall issue and cause to be
       served on the parties to the proceeding a proposed decision together with a
       recommended order, which shall be filed with the board, and if no exceptions
       are filed within 20 days after service thereof upon the parties, or within such
       further period as the board may authorize, the recommended order shall
       become the order of the board.

(Emphasis added.) Hearing Officer Holien’s notice—advising the parties to file written

exceptions by February 6—is consistent with Admin. R. M. 24.26.403(3)(c).

¶11    Flowers contends that Admin. R. M. 24.26.403 allows for a recommended order to

become final regardless of whether a party files exceptions. He argues that once the order

becomes final by operation of the rule, a party may seek judicial review.

¶12    FWP counters, relying on our decision in Art. Art sought judicial review of an

administrative decision that she owed overtime wages to a domestic worker. Art, ¶ 7. A

compliance specialist issued a finding in favor of the worker. Art, ¶ 6. Art requested

reconsideration, and a second compliance specialist affirmed the determination. Art, ¶ 6.

After denying Art’s application for a stay of administrative appeals pending judicial

review, the Department transferred the matter to its Hearings Division. Art, ¶ 7. Art

petitioned for judicial review and injunctive relief. Art, ¶ 7. The District Court dismissed

the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because Art failed to exhaust her

administrative remedies. Art, ¶ 8. On appeal, we observed that applicable statutes and

administrative rules “direct an aggrieved party to request a formal hearing in order to appeal

a Department determination on a wage claim. If unsatisfied with the hearing results, the

party could then appeal to the Board of Personnel Appeals for relief.” Art, ¶ 16. We


                                              7
affirmed, concluding that by failing to appeal the compliance specialist’s determination in

accordance with statute and regulation, Art failed to exhaust her available administrative

remedies, thereby precluding judicial review. Art, ¶ 17.

¶13    Here, as in Art, Flowers failed to exhaust all remedies of the administrative body.

Flowers tries to distinguish his case, pointing out that unlike Art, he fully participated in

the administrative process by filing briefs, attending oral argument, and obtaining a final

order of BOPA. But, though he completed more available administrative steps than Art

did, Flowers did not pursue to their conclusion “all administrative remedies available”

before seeking judicial review. Art, ¶ 17; § 2-4-702(1)(a), MCA. Hearing Officer Holien’s

recommended order directed him to file exceptions with BOPA if he was unsatisfied with

her decision. That her recommendation became a final order of the Board twenty days

later did not obviate the requirement to file exceptions in order to completely exhaust the

“available” administrative remedies.

¶14    Flowers argues that the Hearing Officer decided only that his claim was untimely,

did not address the merits, and therefore was purely procedural and subject to immediate

review under § 2-4-701, MCA, without the need to file exceptions. That section provides,

“A preliminary, procedural, or intermediate agency action or ruling is immediately

reviewable if review of the final agency decision would not provide an adequate remedy.”

Section 2-4-701, MCA. FWP points out that Flowers failed to raise this argument in the

District Court.3 In general, this Court will not consider issues and legal theories raised for


3
  Flowers disputes this contention, pointing out that the relief his petition requested was
“an order that Flowers’ grievance was not time-barred” and that the doctrine of equitable tolling
                                               8
the first time on appeal. See, e.g., Gateway Hosp. Grp. Inc. v. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co.,

2020 MT 125, ¶ 15, ___ Mont. ___, ___ P.3d ___. It is unfair to fault the trial court for

failing to rule correctly on an issue it was never given an opportunity to consider.

Gateway, ¶ 15. We decline to consider Flowers’s legal theory that § 2-4-701, MCA,

entitled him to immediate judicial review and excused his failure to exhaust all available

administrative remedies.

¶15    Flowers asserts further that he was not required to exhaust administrative remedies

because    his   petition    raised   a   constitutional    issue—denial      of    due   process.

“Constitutional questions are properly decided by a judicial body, not an administrative

official, under the constitutional principle of separation of powers.” Hoffman v. State,

2014 MT 90, ¶ 9, 374 Mont. 405, 328 P.3d 604 (quoting Mitchell v. Town of

W. Yellowstone, 235 Mont. 104, 109, 765 P.2d 745, 748 (1988)). “Thus, when a party

raises a bona fide constitutional claim, he has a right to resort to declaratory judgment,

rather than submitting himself to an ordinance or rule he deems unconstitutional.”




should apply, which he characterizes as purely procedural questions. But he acknowledges that
his petition expressly sought judicial review only under § 2-4-702(2)(a), MCA.                    In
Wilson v. Dep’t of Pub. Serv. Regulation, 260 Mont. 167, 172, 858 P.2d 368, 371 (1993), we made
clear that §§ 2-4-701 and -702 provide distinct avenues to judicial review. Section -702, on which
Flowers relied in the District Court, “requires exhaustion of administrative remedies and states the
rule that judicial review will generally only be available to a person aggrieved by a final agency
decision.” Wilson, 260 Mont. at 172, 858 P.2d at 371. In contrast, -701 relieves the exhaustion
requirement, see Mont. Trout Unlimited v. Mont. Dep’t of Natural Res. & Conservation,
2006 MT 72, ¶ 31, 331 Mont. 483, 133 P.3d 224, but imposes “a heavy burden to demonstrate that
judicial review of the final agency decision would not provide an adequate remedy.”
Wilson, 260 Mont. at 172, 858 P.2d at 371 (holding that judicial review of the final agency decision
was not adequate where, under the facts of that case, the agency failed to afford Wilson
fundamental fairness and due process). Flowers did not argue the application of § 2-4-701, MCA,
to the District Court.
                                                 9
Brisendine v. Dep’t of Commerce, 253 Mont. 361, 365, 833 P.2d 1019, 1022 (1992)

(citing Mitchell, 235 Mont. at 108, 765 P.2d at 748). But this exception does not afford

relief when the plaintiff “can still seek” effective relief from an agency action that is not

final. Brisendine, 253 Mont. at 365, 833 P.2d at 1022. See also Mt. Water Co. v.

Mont. Dep’t of Pub. Serv. Regulation, 2005 MT 84, ¶ 14, 326 Mont. 416, 110 P.3d 20

(rejecting    a   party’s   attempt   to   “skip   the   administrative   process[]”   as   an

“unwarranted intrusion into [the agencies’] regulatory authority”). Flowers’s due process

argument rests on his challenge to Hearing Officer Holien’s preliminary ruling that his

grievance was untimely and that he had not established grounds for extending the time

allowed for its filing. The requirement that Flowers exhaust this claim before BOPA is

part of the process he was due in grieving FWP’s selection decision; it is not a bona fide

constitutional challenge that exempts him from pursuing administrative remedies to their

conclusion.

¶16    Finally, Flowers challenges the District Court’s ruling that his claims are barred by

the doctrine of collateral estoppel. He argues that the issues presented in the second petition

for judicial review were not identical to those resolved by Judge McMahon in the first

petition. Having concluded that Flowers failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and

that this error is fatal to his claim, we decline to address the issue of collateral estoppel.

Our resolution of the exhaustion issue is dispositive to Flowers’s appeal.




                                              10
                                     CONCLUSION

¶17    The District Court did not err in concluding that Flowers’s failure to file exceptions

to Hearing Officer Holien’s recommended order barred his petition for judicial review. Its

order of dismissal is affirmed.


                                                  /S/ BETH BAKER


We Concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR


Justice Laurie McKinnon did not take part in the consideration of this matter.




                                             11
