
223 Va. 695 (1982)
THOMAS FRANKLIN DRUMHELLER
v.
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Supreme Court of Virginia.
June 18, 1982.
William B. Allen, III; J. Daniel Pond, II, for appellant.
Elizabeth C. Gay, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Present:  All the Justices.
Allegations in affidavit for search warrant for affense of abduction constitute probable cause; the credibility of an eyewitness or victim and the reliability of his or her information may be inferred for the purposes of such an affidavit.
Defendant was convicted of first degree murder of Hope Atkins, abduction with intent to defile, use of a firearm in the commission of murder and the possession of a handgun after a felony conviction.  After Hope Atkins was discovered to be missing under suspicious circumstances on December 7, 1979, a search warrant for the offense of abduction was issued for defendant's apartment and his automobile.  There were three grounds for the search warrant stated in the affidavit:  (1) on the morning of the abduction a car meeting the description of the defendant's car was seen leaving the area of the suspected crime (2) defendant shook a sexual object at two other women on the highway, three days prior to the suspected crime and (3) defendant was known for "unjust sexual acts." The information to the officer filing the affidavit as to the vehicle leaving the site of the suspected crime and the defendant's demonstration to the two women on the highway were by eyewitnesses.  During the search the officers overheard an inculpatory statement by defendant.  They gave him his Miranda warning, searched the apartment and found a pistol which was introduced in evidence.  The issue on appeal is the sufficiency of the affidavit supporting the search warrant.
1.  Code | 19.2-54 requires that the affidavit for a search warrant allege briefly material facts constituting probable cause.  The affidavit must establish the credibility of the informants or the reliability of their information.  If the affidavit fails to uphold a determination of probable cause, then the warrant is void and the search illegal.  Any evidence secured through an illegal search is inadmissible at trial.  Here, the affidavit succinctly outlined material facts for an abduction investigation.
2.  The test formulated in Aguilar  Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964), and Spinelli United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969) applies only when the informer is an underworld figure or a professional informer.
3.  If the informer is an eyewitness or victim, a magistrate may infer credibility based on firsthand knowledge.  A crime rarely involves an eyewitness, thus, the eyewitness is unmotivated by self-interest.  Also, an eyewitness does not repeat rumor, but states his observations.
4.  Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information, alone are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed.  The facts here constitute probable cause.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Warren County.  Hon. Henry H. Whiting, judge presiding.
POFF
POFF, J., concurring.
I concur in the result.  However, I am not satisfied that the facts stated in the affidavit are sufficient to satisfy the Fourth Amendment mandate or the requirements of Code | 19.2-54.  Notwithstanding my view on this point, it is clear that the officer who conducted the search believed, as does the majority, that the affidavit and the warrant which he was executing were legally sufficient.  Hence, application of the exclusionary rule does not serve the purpose contemplated by the Supreme Court when the rule was announced in Weeks United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914).
Under the circumstances of this case, I would apply what has come to be known as the "good faith exception" to the exclusionary rule.  See Holloman Commonwealth, 221 Va. 947, 950, 275 S.E.2d 620, 622 (1981); Abell  Commonwealth, 221 Va. 607, 616-17, 272 S.E.2d 204, 210 (1980); United States  Williams, 622 F.2d 830 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1127 (1981).  See also Ball, Good Faith and the Fourth Amendment:  The "Reasonable" Exception to the Exclusionary Rule, 69 J. Crim.L. & Criminology 635 (1978).
STEPHENSON, J., joins in the concurring opinion.
THOMPSON
THOMPSON, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
Thomas Franklin Drumheller was convicted in the trail court of first degree murder, abduction with intent to defile, use of a firearm in the commission of murder, and possession of a handgun after a felony conviction.  On appeal, the sole issue before us is the sufficiency of the affidavit which supported a search warrant for Drumheller's residence and automobile.  During the execution of the search warrant, Drumheller made certain incriminating statements which led to his arrest and eventual conviction.
Robert Atkins last saw his 21-year-old wife, Hope Rogers Atkins, alive as he left their home in Front Royal to go hunting early on December 7, 1979.  At 6:45 a.m., a laundromat owner discovered a purse, coat, unattended laundry, and car at his establishment.  A nearby resident remembered hearing two muffied screams at approximately 6:30 a.m. and also observed a green and black car leaving the laundromat.
On December 8, a magistrate issued a search warrant for Drumheller's residence and automobile based on the following sworn affidavit:
Before me, the undersigned, this day came Roger W. Fox, who, after being duly sworn, made oath that:
(1)  He has reason to believe that on the premises known as Riverside Motor Court, Rt. 340S., Apt. #10 1967 Ply.  FPE-497 in the county of Warren there is now being concealed certain property, namely 1 - Hope Rogers Atkins, 2 - Personal effects of Hope Atkins.
(2)  He bases his belief that such property can be found on those premises on the following facts:  On the morning of the abduction a car fitting Drumheller's car was seen leaving the area of the crime of Abduction that occourred [sic] at Edie's Laundromat on 12-07-79 and that on Tuesday 12-04-79 he shook a dildo at two women on Rt. 522, also that the information he has is that Drumheller is known for unjust sexual acts.
(3)(a)  He has personal knowledge of the facts set forth in paragraph (2). or
(3)(b)  He was advised of the facts set forth in paragraph (2) by an informer.  This informer's credibility or the reliability of the information may be adjudged by the following facts:  Eyewitnesses and personal observation of past acts seen by 2 other witnesses.
(4)(a)  The offense in relation to which the search is to be made is: Abduction.
(4)(b)  The grounds for search and seizure are established by the following facts:
(1)  Suspects [sic] vehicle was seen leaving area of crime 12-07-79.
(2)  Suspect shook a didldo at two other women 12-04-79.
(3)  Suspect is known for certain unjust sexual acts.
(5)(a)  He has personal knowledge of the facts set forth in paragraph (4). or
(5)(b)  He was advised of the facts set forth in paragraph (4) by an informer.  This informer's credibility or the reliability may be adjudged by the following facts:  Eye witness that says the car that left the scene is the same type and make that the suspect owns.  Also it is the same color.
s/ Roger W. Fox, Investigator
The police and local sheriffs executed the warrant that evening and gave Drumheller his Miranda warnings.  Drumheller asked them to bring his uncle to his apartment.  The police stood in the kitchen next to the room in which Drumheller spoke with his uncle.  No door closed off the kitchen.  They overheard Drumheller's inculpatory statements, at which time they gave him his Miranda warnings, arrested him, and searched his apartment.  At trial, the prosecution offered into evidence Exhibit 10, a. 22 caliber revolver discovered in Drumheller's bedroom.
On review, we consider only the written affidavit to determine whether a neutral and detached magistrate reasonably could have found probable cause. Aguilar  Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964).  We realize that search warrants "are normally drafted by non-lawyers in the midst and haste of a criminal investigation." United States  Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108 (1965).  The "perspective of a legal technician" is inappropriate for examining the existence of probablc cause.  Taylor  Commonwealth, 222 Va. 816, 820, 284 S.E.2d 833, 836 (1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S.     (1982).  Further, courts generally accord a preference to searches under warrants over warrantless searches and resolve doubtful cases in a "common-sense and realistic fashion." Ventresca, supra at 108, Johnson  United States, 333 U.S. 10 (1948).
Briefly, Drumheller contends that the affidavit does not meet the requirements set forth in Code | 19.2-54.  Code | 19.2-54 requires, among other things, that the affidavit allege briefly "material facts, constituting probable cause." Code | 19.2-54 (Suppl. 1981).  Additionally, the affidavit must establish the credibility of the informants or the reliability of their information.  Aguilar  Texas, supra; Spinelli  United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969).  If the affidavit fails to uphold a determination of probable cause, then such failure renders the warrant void and the search illegal.  Any evidence secured through an illegal search becomes inadmissible at trial.  Wong Sun United States,  371 U.S. 471 (1963); Mapp  Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961); Wiles Commonwealth, 209 Va. 282, 163 S.E.2d 595 (1968)(insufficient affidavit). Drumheller would exclude the December 8 inculpatory statements and all evidence discovered therefrom because, he says, the affidavit was insufficient.  We reject this argument.
The affidavit informed the magistrate that the offense charged was a recent abduction and that the purpose of the search was to locate Atkins or her "personal effects." It then briefly stated the material facts constituting probable cause.  One eyewitness observed a car at the laundromat on December 7. A different eyewitness reported that a man had driven by her three days before, shaking a dildo in her direction.  The descriptions of the observed car matched that of Drumheller's vehicle.  The third ground set forth was that the affiant had information that Drumheller was "known for unjust sexual acts." We hold that the affidavit succinctly outlined material facts for an abduction investigation as required by Code | 19.2-54.
Next, Drumheller erroneously applies the test formulated in Aguilar and Spinelli.  This test applies when the informant is an underworld figure or a professional informer; if the informer is an eyewitness or victim, a magistrate may infer credibility based on firsthand knowledge.  Saunders  Commonwealth, 218 Va. 294, 237 S.E.2d 150 (1977).  A dual rationale supports this distinction.  A crime rarely involves an eyewitness, thus, he remains unmotivated by self-interest.  Second, an eyewitness does not repeat rumor, but states his observations.  United States  Bell, 457 F.2d 1231, 1239 (5th Cir. 1972).  In the case before us, the affidavit contained two eyewitness reports from ordinary citizens.  Under Saunders, the magistrate properly inferred their credibility and their information's reliability.
These facts constitute probable cause.  We recently stated in Taylor "probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information, alone are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed." 222 Va. at 820, 284 S.E.2d at 836.  We find a recent case, Schaum  Commonwealth, 215 Va. 498, 211 S.E.2d 73 (1975), helpful. The police observed a car, similar to the codefendant's car, near the scene of a burglary and then later at the residence of a "known fence." They arrested the defendant, based on these facts, and searched the car.  We upheld the warrantless search, concluding that the facts established probable cause for the defendant's involvement in the burglary.  The affidavit in the present case revealed that a car, matching the type and color of Drumheller's, left the scene of the abduction on the morning of December 7.  Independent information revealed Drumheller had manifested sexually deviant behavior only three days before the abduction.  A reasonably cautions person could conclude that Drumheller's involvement justified a search of his premises and car for the body or personal effects of Hope Atkins.
The trial court did not err in overruling the motion to suppress and in upholding the validity of the search warrant.  The judgment of the trial court will be
Affirmed.
Affirmed.
