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07/13/2018 12:09 AM CDT




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                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          299 Nebraska R eports
                                                 STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                                                   Cite as 299 Neb. 896




                                         State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
                                        Desiderio C. Hernandez, appellant.
                                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                                            Filed May 11, 2018.     No. S-17-235.

                1.	 Constitutional Law: Self-Incrimination: Appeal and Error. Whether
                    a defendant voluntarily made a statement while in custody and whether
                    a defendant unambiguously invoked his or her right to remain silent or
                    to have counsel present are mixed questions of law and fact. An appel-
                    late court reviews a trial court’s finding of historical facts for clear error
                    and independently determines whether those facts satisfy the constitu-
                    tional standards.
                2.	 Evidence: Appeal and Error. A trial court has the discretion to deter-
                    mine the relevancy and admissibility of evidence, and such determina-
                    tions will not be disturbed on appeal unless they constitute an abuse of
                    that discretion.
                3.	 Motions for Mistrial: Appeal and Error. Whether to grant a motion
                    for mistrial is within the trial court’s discretion, and an appellate court
                    will not disturb its ruling unless the court abused its discretion.
                4.	 Criminal Law: Motions for Mistrial: Appeal and Error. A mistrial
                    is properly granted in a criminal case where an event occurs during the
                    course of a trial which is of such a nature that its damaging effect can-
                    not be removed by proper admonition or instruction to the jury and thus
                    prevents a fair trial.
                5.	 Constitutional Law: Witnesses: Self-Incrimination. The 5th
                    Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—applicable to state governments
                    by incorporation through the 14th Amendment—protects against com-
                    pelled self-incrimination by providing that no person shall be compelled
                    in any criminal case to be a witness against himself or herself.
                6.	 Motions to Suppress: Self-Incrimination: Proof. To overcome a
                    motion to suppress, the prosecution has the burden to prove by a pre-
                    ponderance of the evidence that incriminating statements by the accused
                    were voluntarily given and not the product of coercion.
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              Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                      299 Nebraska R eports
                            STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                              Cite as 299 Neb. 896

 7.	 Confessions: Police Officers and Sheriffs. In determining whether an
      accused’s statement was given freely and voluntarily, courts examine
      police conduct in light of the totality of the circumstances.
  8.	 ____: ____. Coercive police activity is a necessary predicate to a finding
      that a confession is not voluntary.
 9.	 Miranda Rights: Waiver: Words and Phrases. To be a valid waiver
      of Miranda rights, the waiver must be knowing and voluntary. A waiver
      is knowing if it is made with a full awareness of both the nature of the
      right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon
      it. A waiver is voluntary if it is the product of a free and deliberate
      choice rather than through intimidation, coercion, or deception.
10.	 Miranda Rights: Waiver. An express waiver of a suspect’s Miranda
      rights is not required to be made in writing; an oral waiver is sufficient.
11.	 ____: ____. Where the prosecution shows that a Miranda warning was
      given and that it was understood by the accused, an accused’s uncoerced
      statement establishes an implied waiver of the right to remain silent.
12.	 ____: ____. Statements prefaced by equivocal words like “I think,”
      “maybe,” or “I believe” generally do not constitute a clear, unambigu-
      ous, and unequivocal invocation.
13.	 Evidence: Words and Phrases. To be relevant, evidence must be pro-
      bative and material. Evidence is probative if it has any tendency to make
      the existence of a fact more or less probable than it would be without the
      evidence. A fact is material if it is of consequence to the determination
      of the case.
14.	 Rules of Evidence: Words and Phrases. In the context of Neb. Evid.
      R. 403, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-403 (Reissue 2016), unfair prejudice means
      an undue tendency to suggest a decision based on an improper basis.
15.	 Convictions: Other Acts: Appeal and Error. When considering
      whether evidence of other acts is unfairly prejudicial, an appellate court
      considers whether the evidence tends to make conviction of the defend­
      ant more probable for an incorrect reason.
16.	 Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Words and Phrases. Generally, pros-
      ecutorial misconduct encompasses conduct that violates legal or ethical
      standards for various contexts because the conduct will or may under-
      mine a defendant’s right to a fair trial.
17.	 Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Due Process. Prosecutorial misconduct
      prejudices a defendant’s right to a fair trial when the misconduct so
      infects the trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.
18.	 Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys. Prosecutors generally may not give their
      personal opinions on the veracity of a witness or the guilt or innocence
      of the accused. The principle behind this rule is that the prosecutor’s
      opinion carries with it the imprimatur of the government and may
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               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       299 Nebraska R eports
                              STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                                Cite as 299 Neb. 896

       induce the jury to trust the government’s judgement rather than its own
       view of the evidence.
19.	   ____: ____. When a prosecutor’s comments rest on reasonably drawn
       inferences from the evidence, the prosecutor is permitted to present a
       spirited summation that a defense theory is illogical or unsupported by
       the evidence and to highlight the relative believability of witnesses for
       the State and the defense.
20.	   Juries: Prosecuting Attorneys. Prosecutors should not make statements
       or elicit testimony intended to focus the jury’s attention on the qualities
       and personal attributes of the victim.
21.	   Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys. Whether prosecutorial misconduct is
       prejudicial depends largely upon the context of the trial as a whole.
22.	   Trial: Prosecuting Attorneys: Appeal and Error. In determining
       whether a prosecutor’s improper conduct prejudiced the defendant’s
       right to a fair trial, an appellate court considers the following factors:
       (1) the degree to which the prosecutor’s conduct or remarks tended to
       mislead or unduly influence the jury, (2) whether the conduct or remarks
       were extensive or isolated, (3) whether defense counsel invited the
       remarks, (4) whether the court provided a curative instruction, and (5)
       whether the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction.

  Appeal from the District Court for Richardson County:
Daniel E. Bryan, Jr., Judge, Retired. Affirmed.
  Robert W. Kortus, of Nebraska Commission on Public
Advocacy, for appellant.
   Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Erin E. Tangeman
for appellee.
  Heavican, C.J., Cassel, Stacy, and Funke, JJ., and Colborn
and Samson, District Judges.
   Samson, District Judge.
                     I. INTRODUCTION
   A confession may not be used in a criminal prosecution
if it was obtained through police coercion rather than volun-
tarily made. The appellant, who was convicted of first degree
murder, argues that his confession was not voluntary, because
he was still under the influence of the methamphetamine he
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                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        299 Nebraska R eports
                             STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                               Cite as 299 Neb. 896

smoked the day before. Because we find no police coercion,
we conclude it was voluntary.
   The appellant also claims that prior to his confession, he
did not voluntarily waive his right to remain silent, but instead
invoked that right during his interview with law enforcement.
After a review of the evidence, we conclude that the appel-
lant understood his rights, yet still agreed to speak with law
enforcement. We also find that the appellant’s statement that
he would “probably stop talking” was not an unequivocal invo-
cation of the right to remain silent. We also conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion by not redacting some
of the statements in the interview.
   Finally, we conclude that the prosecuting attorney made
several inappropriate comments during his closing arguments.
However, the district court did not abuse its discretion by not
declaring a mistrial, in part because of the strength of the evi-
dence supporting the convictions.
                    II. BACKGROUND
   Desiderio “Desi” C. Hernandez was charged with first
degree murder (a Class I or IA felony),1 use of a firearm to
commit a felony (a Class IC felony),2 and possession of a fire-
arm by a prohibited person (a Class ID felony).3 All of these
charges were made in connection with the death of his cousin,
Joseph “Joey” A. Debella, Jr. A 5-day jury trial was held. The
following evidence was adduced.
                   1. The Brownell House
  Debella moved to Falls City, Nebraska, in the summer
of 2015. Shortly thereafter, Debella began staying at Jason
Brownell’s house (the Brownell house). Several other individ­
uals also stayed there or visited frequently, including John
Hall, Brett Winters, David McPherson, Jeff Morley, and

 1	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-303 (Supp. 2017).
 2	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1205(1)(c) (Reissue 2016).
 3	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1206(3)(b) (Reissue 2016).
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          Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                  299 Nebraska R eports
                      STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                        Cite as 299 Neb. 896

Hernandez. Debella lived in the basement. All other residents,
including Hernandez, slept upstairs.
   Evidence suggested that methamphetamine was sold in the
house on a daily basis and that everyone in the house was
involved in drug sales, including Hernandez and Debella. One
house resident testified that Debella was the primary dealer of
methamphetamine.
                       2. August 4, 2015
   Hall and McPherson testified to the events leading up to
the discovery that Debella had been shot. On the evening of
August 4, 2015, Hall and McPherson were smoking metham-
phetamine in Hall’s bedroom in the Brownell house when they
heard what sounded like a gunshot. According to McPherson,
he said to Hall, “‘was that a gunshot I just heard?’” to which
Hall replied, “‘Yeah. They’re probably shooting that gun in the
basement, again.’”
   A few minutes later, Hernandez opened the door to Hall’s
bedroom and asked if they wanted to go to the basement to
smoke. Hall accepted the invitation, but shortly afterward,
Hernandez left out the front door.
   After Hernandez left, Hall yelled downstairs to Debella.
Debella did not answer. Hall then heard “fast” breathing and
went downstairs to discover Debella lying on the floor and
shaking, with blood coming out of his head and blood on the
floor. Hall yelled to McPherson that Debella had been shot and
told McPherson to call the 911 emergency dispatch service.
McPherson testified that he did not call 911, because it was
not his house and he did not want to get involved. Instead,
McPherson went to Brownell’s workplace to tell Brownell
about Debella.
   McPherson and Hall testified that they did not hear anyone
entering or leaving the house from the time they arrived to the
time Hernandez left. Winters arrived at the house around the
time that McPherson was leaving.
   Hernandez’ sister, Esperanza Ogden, also testified as to her
recollections of that night. She testified that Hernandez came
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   299 Nebraska R eports
                      STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                        Cite as 299 Neb. 896

to her house at approximately 11:40 p.m. Hernandez gave
Ogden a cigarette and said, “‘That will probably be the last
cigarette I ever give you.’” Hernandez then told Ogden he had
shot Debella and indicated he had shot him in the forehead.
Hernandez then walked away.
   Ogden then called her and Hernandez’ brother and sister-in-
law, who also lived in Falls City, to tell them what Hernandez
had said. Minutes later, Hernandez arrived at their house.
When he arrived, the brother and sister-in-law were on the
front porch. From the sidewalk, Hernandez said, “‘I shot
that motherfucker.’” The brother asked why, and Hernandez
replied, “‘His bitch shouldn’t have been late.’” Hernandez also
said, “‘I told you guys I wasn’t fucking around.’” According to
the sister-in-law, as Hernandez was walking away, he sarcasti-
cally said, “‘Somebody should probably call 911. It’s been at
least ten minutes now.’” The sister-in-law testified that dur-
ing the time Hernandez was at their house (about a minute),
Hernandez was “hopping around” and could not keep still
from adrenaline.
   After Hernandez left, the sister-in-law called Ogden back
and said she was coming to get her so they could go to the
Brownell house together.
   When Ogden and the sister-in law arrived at the Brownell
house, the front door was locked. As they were knocking,
McPherson arrived and yelled to Hall to open the door. Soon
after, Hall and Winters opened the door, and McPherson left.
   Ogden and the sister-in-law entered the house, and they
could hear Debella’s labored breathing and moaning. Ogden
described Debella’s breathing as a “death hurl” or “death
gurgle.” Ogden then went into the basement and found Debella
lying face down, with blood around his head. She told the
sister-in-law to call 911.
                       3. August 5, 2015
   Police responded shortly after the call. At approximately
12:15 a.m. on August 5, 2015, a Falls City Police Department
officer, Jonathan Kirkendall, and another officer arrived at the
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   299 Nebraska R eports
                      STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                        Cite as 299 Neb. 896

scene. Hall told the officers that Debella was downstairs. When
Kirkendall arrived at Debella’s side, Debella was still breathing
laboriously, but when Kirkendall attempted to communicate
with him, Debella did not respond.
   Kirkendall testified that he did not see any signs of struggle
in the basement. The officers found some .22-caliber ammuni-
tion in the basement and a revolver handgun under some blan-
kets on a futon bed.
   Debella was taken by ambulance to a local hospital and then
transported by helicopter to a hospital in Lincoln, Nebraska,
where he was stabilized and placed in an intensive care unit.
He was kept alive with a life support system. About a week
later, Debella’s mother decided to remove him from life sup-
port, after which he died.
   At around 10 a.m. on August 5, 2015, Hernandez went to
Michael Seager’s house in Falls City. Seager was an acquaint­
ance of Hernandez, whom Hernandez had gotten into an
altercation with and had not been in contact with for 6 to
8 months.
   Hernandez told Seager he had nowhere to go and asked if
Seager wanted to “hang out” and smoke methamphetamine.
Seager agreed, and the two spent the day together smoking
multiple times. At some time during the day, Hernandez asked
Seager if he could stay in his house and pay rent. Seager
turned him down.
   Hernandez then called his cousin, Tiffany Gates, who lived
in Horton, Kansas, which is approximately 35 minutes outside
of Falls City. Hernandez told Gates that he needed a place
to stay. At the time Hernandez called, Gates already knew
Hernandez was wanted in connection with the shooting of
Debella and told Hernandez that he could come stay with her.
Gates then got her children out of the house and arranged for
someone to call the police when she sent a text message indi-
cating that Hernandez had arrived.
   Seager drove Hernandez to Gates’ house. When they arrived,
Gates sent the text message. Gates testified that she asked
Hernandez what happened and that he chuckled and said, “‘I
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   299 Nebraska R eports
                      STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                        Cite as 299 Neb. 896

got that motherfucker right there.’” Seager testified that he
overheard Hernandez say to Gates, “‘He was breathing when I
got there. He wasn’t when I left,’” and he saw Hernandez make
a gesture like a gun pointed at his forehead. However, Gates
testified that Hernandez told her Debella was still breathing
when he left.
   At about 7 p.m. on August 5, 2015, Horton police approached
the Gates’ residence. Hernandez immediately said to Gates,
“‘I’m not here’” and ran into the house. Gates told one of the
officers that Hernandez was inside.
   Hernandez was ordered to come out of the house, but he
stayed inside. The officers did not enter the house.
                        4. August 6, 2015
   After an 8-hour standoff, which included a “SWAT team,”
Hernandez was taken into custody at approximately 3 a.m. on
August 6, 2015. A Taser was deployed on Hernandez during
his arrest.
   After being briefly treated at a local hospital for a small
laceration on his head and for a Taser prong stuck in his chest,
Hernandez was medically cleared, turned over to the police,
and transported to jail at around 3:30 a.m. on August 6, 2015.
               5. Interview With Investigators
   At around 2:30 p.m. on August 6, 2015, Hernandez was
interviewed by two Nebraska State Patrol investigators, Cory
Townsend and Nicholas Frederick, in an interview room at the
Brown County sheriff’s office in Hiawatha, Kansas.
   At the beginning of the video-recorded interview, Townsend
introduced himself and Frederick and told Hernandez that
they were from the Nebraska State Patrol. Hernandez asked
Townsend, “Why am I in Kansas, and you guys are questioning
me in another state?” Townsend explained that they can ques-
tion people in other states, but do not have authority to make
arrests there.
   Townsend told Hernandez that they had an idea about
what happened between him and “Joey.” Hernandez said,
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   299 Nebraska R eports
                      STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                        Cite as 299 Neb. 896

“Joey who?” Townsend said, “Joey [Debella,] your cousin.”
Hernandez said, “What about my cousin?” Townsend said,
“Tell me your name, please.” Hernandez said, “My name is
Desi. You just got my name from in there, didn’t you?”
   Hernandez then launched into a long discussion of his fam-
ily and various topics. After a while, Townsend told Hernandez
again that he wanted to talk to him about Debella and that he
needed Hernandez’ cooperation to get his side of the story.
Hernandez said, “There’s nothing I can tell you guys that can
help me any more than if I tell you the truth.”
   Townsend told Hernandez that he needed to make sure
Hernandez knew what his rights were. Hernandez responded,
“I don’t even know what my rights are.” As Townsend tried to
proceed with reading Hernandez his rights, Hernandez inter-
jected and started talking about various off-topic subjects.
   Townsend tried to bring Hernandez back on topic and read
from a Miranda rights advisory form. He read, “Before ask-
ing you any questions about the shooting of Joseph Anthony
Debella Jr., I must advise you and you must understand each of
the following,” and he read the Miranda rights. He then said,
“Now [Hernandez], did you understand those?” Hernandez
said, “Yeah, I’m still focusing on the shooting.” Townsend
said, “Do you want me to explain or to repeat any of that?”
Hernandez shook his head “no.”
   Townsend then read the bottom of the form, which stated
that Hernandez had been advised of his rights and was will-
ing to answer questions. He told Hernandez that there are
two sides to every story and that Townsend wanted to get
Hernandez’ side of the story. Pointing to the line on the rights
advisory form that read “the shooting of Joseph Anthony
Debella, Jr.,” Hernandez said, “That right there is . . . some-
body’s mistake somewhere.” He said he heard that “something
happened at that house,” but that no one told him what hap-
pened. He then asked Townsend to tell him.
   Hernandez started talking about his family and other topics.
Townsend tried to bring Hernandez’ attention back to the advi-
sory form. The following colloquy occurred:
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          Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                  299 Nebraska R eports
                      STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                        Cite as 299 Neb. 896

        Townsend: Because of my job as a police officer, I live
     by a lot of rules. And I have expectations. And I live by
     upholding the rights of individuals. Ok?
        Hernandez: And because of my job as a civilian I live
     by a lot of rules. I respect them a lot more than I prob-
     ably should.
        Townsend: And that’s what makes socie . . . .
        Hernandez: I get disrespected more than I probably
     should. But that’s nor [sic] here nor there.
        Townsend: To talk to you about this, [Hernandez], I’d
     like for you to know that you understand this and to agree
     to talk to me. Is that something you can do?
        Hernandez: I can try.
        Townsend: Ok, would you be willing to sign here?
        Hernandez: I guess. Well, what do I sign, my name?
     You [inaudible] my name.
        Townsend: Is this your name right here?
        Hernandez: [Inaudible] I was around in things that
     happened in the ’70s, supposedly. Everybody swears I
     wasn’t there. Do you know what I mean? I’ve got cousins
     upon cousins telling me, “You couldn’t have been there.”
     You know what I’m saying? “That didn’t happen.” Well,
     I know that happened. I was there. I was there when this
     happening [sic] in Grandma’s front yard. I was there
     when Grandpa kept bringing all this fucking [inaudible].
        Hernandez: [Pointing at the rights advisory form and
     stating,] I just want to know if this is my name or not.
        Townsend: Well, I believe that’s what your name to
     be. I mean you’ve got a tattoo there on your forearm that
     says “Desi.”
        Hernandez: That’s why I’m slowly putting all this shit
     on my body.
Hernandez then complained that he was shocked with a Taser
and began discussing other topics like his family and child-
hood. He then said, “You guys probably don’t even know
where this is coming from. I’m just fed the fuck up. I’m fed
up with lies.”
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           Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                   299 Nebraska R eports
                        STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                          Cite as 299 Neb. 896

   At many times during the interview, Hernandez would
change the topic or talk about things that were not responsive
to the question he was asked. He spoke multiple times at length
about his family, wondering whether various family members
were actually his family members.
   Hernandez also made multiple odd or nonsensical state-
ments, such as statements about people having two stomachs
like cows and about defecating being similar to having a child.
   Townsend then told Hernandez that Hernandez’ perspective
of what happened mattered. Hernandez interjected, “Yeah, I’m
catching everything you are saying.”
   Townsend asked Hernandez why he shot Debella, and
Hernandez denied shooting him. Townsend told Hernandez
that other people had told him that Hernandez shot Debella.
Hernandez said, “Well as far as things go, anything I say can
incriminate me and put me in prison.”
   Townsend told Hernandez that Hall told him what had hap-
pened. Hernandez then claimed he was in the basement “smok-
ing dope” with Debella and went upstairs to ask Hall and
McPherson if they wanted to smoke dope. Hernandez did not
want to wait on Hall, so he left. Hernandez claimed he did not
hear any gunshot.
   Townsend told Hernandez that what makes people inter-
ested in a case is “the why” behind what happened and that
people want to know what Debella did to offend Hernandez.
Hernandez said, “What did he do to offend me? Well, there’s
a number of things.” Townsend asked him if he was upset that
Debella was not cutting him in on his profits. Hernandez said,
“It’s not about the profits, it’s about respect.” Later in the inter-
view, Hernandez said, “Never once. [Debella’s] never showed
me respect from the very first time I ever met him.” Townsend
asked, “Is that why you got upset and shot him?” Hernandez
said, “No, no, no. And I didn’t shoot him. Thanks for that addi-
tion, though.”
   At some time during the interview, Hernandez said, “I
think I’ll probably stop talking now.” Townsend said, “What’s
that?” Hernandez repeated, “I think I’ll probably stop talking
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                      STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                        Cite as 299 Neb. 896

now.” Townsend said “ok,” paused, and then started talking
about the importance of getting Hernandez’ side of the story.
Townsend then told Hernandez that he is a unique person.
Hernandez replied:
         And I’m very intelligent. I know what I’m doing. All
      this shit right here. [Circling the rights advisory form in
      pen and stating,] I don’t run around trying to do all this
      shit because I think I’m a badass or a hardass or I can
      prove something. I do all this because I know all this shit
      that happens [pointing at rights advisory form with a pen
      in hand] in the court of law. All this shit happens for a
      reason, which is good. And some of it I love too much,
      you know what I’m saying, as far as reading people’s
      cases, this and that, and the other. I can go and tell you
      where the judge, the prosecutor, and your lawyer fucked
      you. . . . I can tell you who can be judges and who can be
      lawyers and who can be prosecutors.
   Townsend also asked Hernandez about the gun. Hernandez
said, “That was [Debella’s] revolver. That revolver don’t belong
to me.” Townsend asked Hernandez how, if the gun belonged
to Debella, Hernandez ended up using it. He replied, “Let’s just
say because [Debella’s] careless.”
   Townsend again talked about the importance of honesty and
asked Hernandez whether his story was going to change once
DNA testing results were received. Townsend stressed that no
matter what Hernandez had done, he could still have his integ-
rity and honesty and not be a liar. Hernandez said, “A liar is a
liar because they lie to themselves.”
   Townsend asked Hernandez if he was lying to himself about
shooting Debella. Hernandez said no. Townsend asked, “Did
you shoot [Debella]?” Hernandez then confessed, “Did I shoot
[Debella]? Yes, I did.” He told Townsend that he left the gun
“right there.” When pressed more about his motive, Hernandez
said, “He was stepping on my toes, we can say.”
   Townsend asked Hernandez if he was sorry about what
happened. Hernandez replied, “Of course I am.” He started
talking about how he was raised and then said, “But as far as
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                           STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                             Cite as 299 Neb. 896

[Debella] goes, if I could take everything back, that’s what I’d
love to do.”
   Near the end of the interview, Hernandez asked, “Who told
you I shot [Debella]?” Townsend said, “You just told me that
you shot [Debella].” Hernandez said, “Of course I did. But
I also told many a people that Bill Clinton was my daddy.
Or I shot John F. Kennedy too. Can you guys believe that?
Would you believe that? No.” Similarly, several minutes later,
Hernandez said, “You’re so convinced I shot him. . . . Who
told you that I shot him?” Townsend said, “You just did.”
Hernandez said, “I also told you that I shot John F. Kennedy.
Can you prove that?”
   At the end of the interview, Hernandez put his face in his
hands, and as Townsend was starting to ask another question,
Hernandez said, “Boss, I think we should end this interview
right now. If we could please. I’d much rather talk later.” The
investigators ended the interview, which lasted approximately
2 hours.
                     6. Motion to Suppress
   Prior to trial, Hernandez moved to suppress the statements
made in the August 6, 2015, interview on the basis that
they were involuntary or taken in violation of his Miranda 4
rights. At a hearing to determine the statements’ admissibility,
Hernandez argued that his statements were not voluntary and
that he could not waive his Miranda rights “due to his mental
state and the influence of illegal narcotics in his system.”
   At the hearing, the video of the interview was introduced
and the court heard testimony from Townsend and the Falls
City Police Department’s chief of police.
   Townsend testified that prior to Hernandez’ interview, inves-
tigators had spoken with Seager and Gates. Gates told investi-
gators that Hernandez appeared to be “high” when he arrived
at her house the day before the interview.

 4	
      Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694
      (1966).
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                       STATE v. HERNANDEZ
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   Townsend testified that a baggie of what appeared to con-
tain methamphetamine was found on the passenger side of
Seager’s truck, where Hernandez had been sitting. But no
evidence of methamphetamine or other drug use was found in
Gates’ residence where Hernandez was apprehended.
   Townsend explained that his technique for interviews is to
initially build rapport. He said that neither he nor Frederick
yelled or raised their voices during the interview. The tem-
perature and lighting in the interview room were normal. The
interview lasted around 2 hours, without any breaks. Townsend
said that Hernandez did not appear overly tired and was
“very focused.”
   Townsend testified that Hernandez did not demonstrate any
behaviors associated with methamphetamine use at the time
of the interview. Although Townsend did not know when
Hernandez had last used methamphetamine or any other drugs,
Hernandez had been in custody for approximately 12 hours,
so Townsend assumed he had not had any during that time.
Townsend thought Hernandez’ “odd” statements were the result
of his personality or a “show or display.”
   The district court overruled Hernandez’ motion to sup-
press. In its findings of fact, the court noted that the interview
began approximately 111⁄2 hours after Hernandez was arrested.
The court said that Hernandez “was articulate at times” and
“appeared coherent throughout the interview.” The court said
that Hernandez’ lack of focus “was not because Hernandez was
delusional or under some type of drug but because he . . . [h]ad
emotional difficulty trying to admit his actions involving his
cousin [Debella] and . . . was aware of the legal consequences
of his admission.”
   The court concluded that Hernandez’ statements were not
involuntarily made and that his Miranda waiver was also vol-
untary. It further found that his statement midway through the
interview was not a clear, unequivocal, unambiguous invoca-
tion of the right to remain silent.
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                       7. Motion in Limine
   Hernandez also filed a motion in limine to exclude certain
statements made during the interview. The motion requested
that the court exclude various statements, primarily about his
past behavior and his family, on the basis of Neb. Evid. R. 401
to 403.5
   The district court overruled Hernandez’ motion in limine
in part and in part sustained it. The court excluded state-
ments by Hernandez about being in prison, about “screwing
[a] bitch,” and about a prior assault conviction for slitting an
individual’s throat. The court also found that “while there are
many statements made by [Hernandez] during [the] interview
that seem irrelevant[,] any unfair prejudice (403) is outweighed
by [the] necessity for [the] fact finder to consider context
within [the] interview and [Hernandez’] voluntariness of his
ultimate confession.”
                     8. Closing A rguments
   At the conclusion of the State’s closing arguments, Hernandez
moved for a mistrial based upon several statements made by
the prosecuting attorney. These statements are set forth in
greater detail in our discussion of Hernandez’ assignment of
error on this topic. The district court overruled Hernandez’
motion for mistrial, finding that if any of the statements were
improper, they were harmless.
                9. Jury Verdicts and Sentences
   The court instructed the jury on determining the voluntari-
ness of the statements made by Hernandez in his interview
with the investigators. The instruction required the jury to find
that he understood what he was saying and made the state-
ments freely and voluntarily under all of the circumstances. If
the jury did not find that this was established by proof beyond
a reasonable doubt, it was instructed to disregard the state-
ments even if it believed them to be true.

 5	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 27-401 to 27-403 (Reissue 2016).
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   The jury found Hernandez guilty on all three counts. He
was sentenced to life imprisonment for the first degree murder
conviction and 3 to 7 and 5 to 10 years’ imprisonment on the
other two convictions, all to run consecutively.
              III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
  Hernandez assigns, combined and restated, that the district
court erred in (1) admitting the video of his interview with
law enforcement officials, (2) not redacting various statements
made in the interview pursuant to evidence rules 401 to 403,
and (3) overruling his motion for mistrial based on statements
made by the prosecution in closing arguments.
                  IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] Whether a defendant voluntarily made a statement
while in custody and whether a defendant unambiguously
invoked his or her right to remain silent or to have counsel
present are mixed questions of law and fact. We review a trial
court’s finding of historical facts for clear error and inde-
pendently determine whether those facts satisfy the constitu-
tional standards.6
   [2] A trial court has the discretion to determine the relevancy
and admissibility of evidence, and such determinations will
not be disturbed on appeal unless they constitute an abuse of
that discretion.7
   [3,4] Whether to grant a motion for mistrial is within the
trial court’s discretion, and this court will not disturb its ruling
unless the court abused its discretion.8 A mistrial is properly
granted in a criminal case where an event occurs during the
course of a trial which is of such a nature that its damaging
effect cannot be removed by proper admonition or instruction
to the jury and thus prevents a fair trial.9

 6	
      State v. Burries, 297 Neb. 367, 900 N.W.2d 483 (2017).
 7	
      State v. Rocha, 295 Neb. 716, 890 N.W.2d 178 (2017).
 8	
      Id.
 9	
      Id.
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                         V. ANALYSIS
   Before delving into the assignments of error, we note that it
is not entirely clear from Hernandez’ brief whether his consti-
tutional arguments are grounded solely in the U.S. Constitution
or also in the Nebraska Constitution. Because Hernandez has
not argued to the contrary, we will adhere to our practice of
construing the provisions of the bill of rights in article I of the
Nebraska Constitution in lockstep with the U.S. Supreme Court’s
construction of parallel provisions in the U.S. Constitution.10
                 1. A dmission of Video Interview
   We first consider Hernandez’ assignment that the district
court erred in overruling his motion to suppress and admit-
ting the video of his interview with law enforcement officials.
Hernandez argues that the video should have been excluded
because the statements in the video were obtained involun-
tarily in violation of the Fifth Amendment prohibition of com-
pelled self-incrimination, Hernandez did not validly waive his
Miranda rights, and Hernandez invoked his right to remain
silent during the interview.
                 (a) Voluntariness of Confession
   [5] The 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—appli-
cable to state governments by incorporation through the 14th
Amendment—protects against compelled self-incrimination by
providing that “[n]o person shall be . . . compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . .”11 This con-
stitutional provision, along with the Due Process Clause of the
14th Amendment, prevents the use of involuntary confessions
in criminal prosecutions.12 Likewise, the Nebraska Constitution

10	
      See, State v. Baker, 298 Neb. 216, 903 N.W.2d 469 (2017); State v. Rocha,
      supra note 7; State v. Dubray, 289 Neb. 208, 854 N.W.2d 584 (2014).
11	
      U.S. Const. amend. V; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 84 S. Ct. 1489, 12 L.
      Ed. 2d 653 (1964).
12	
      Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 120 S. Ct. 2326, 147 L. Ed. 2d
      405 (2000); Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 84 S. Ct. 1774, 12 L. Ed. 2d
      908 (1964); State v. Turner, 288 Neb. 249, 847 N.W.2d 69 (2014).
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bars the use of involuntary confessions.13 These constitutional
protections are rooted not only in the risk of false confessions
flowing from the use of coercion, but also in the right of citi-
zens to be free from oppressive overreaching at the hands of
government officials.14
   [6] To overcome a motion to suppress, the prosecution has
the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
incriminating statements by the accused were voluntarily given
and not the product of coercion.15
   [7] In determining whether an accused’s statement was given
freely and voluntarily, courts examine police conduct in light
of the totality of the circumstances, including the tactics used
by the police and the details of the interrogation.16 Importantly
for Hernandez’ argument, relevant factors include any charac-
teristics of the accused known to police, which might cause his
or her will to be easily overborne, such as a defendant’s mental
state or intoxication.17
   Hernandez argues that the statements made in the video inter-
view were not voluntary for purposes of the Fifth Amendment,
because they were made while he was under the influence of
methamphetamine. We disagree.
   While intoxication is relevant to determining whether police
conduct amounted to coercion, “[i]ntoxication does ‘not auto-
matically render a confession involuntary . . . .’”18
   [8] We have repeatedly said that coercive police activity
is a necessary predicate to a finding that a confession is not

13	
      Neb. Const. art. I, §§ 3 and 12.
14	
      See, Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 107 S. Ct. 515, 93 L. Ed. 2d 473
      (1986); Jackson v. Denno, supra note 12.
15	
      State v. McClain, 285 Neb. 537, 827 N.W.2d 814 (2013).
16	
      See State v. Bormann, 279 Neb. 320, 777 N.W.2d 829 (2010).
17	
      See, State v. Melton, 239 Neb. 790, 478 N.W.2d 341 (1992); State v. Lamb,
      213 Neb. 498, 330 N.W.2d 462 (1983).
18	
      U.S. v. Jones, 842 F.3d 1077, 1083 (8th Cir. 2016).
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voluntary.19 The prohibition on the use of involuntary confes-
sions is at its core—like other constitutional rights—a limita-
tion on the power of government.20 Thus, the focus of this
inquiry is on the conduct of governmental actors.21
    This principle is demonstrated in the U.S. Supreme Court
case Colorado v. Connelly,22 in which the defendant approached
a police officer on the street and made an unprompted confes-
sion that he had murdered someone and wanted to talk about
it. The confession was suppressed by a Colorado trial court,
and the suppression was affirmed by the Colorado Supreme
Court, based on evidence that the defendant suffered from
schizophrenia and was in a psychotic state at the time of the
confession.23 The defendant heard what he believed to be the
“‘voice of God’” telling him to confess to the murder or com-
mit suicide.24 The Colorado courts concluded that the confes-
sion was involuntary, because it was not “‘the product of a
rational intellect and a free will.’”25
    The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the decision of the
Colorado Supreme Court, concluding that the confession was
voluntary for purposes of the Due Process Clause.26 The Court
said that its voluntariness cases have all “focused upon the

19	
      See State v. Grant, 293 Neb. 163, 876 N.W.2d 639 (2016). See, also, State
      v. Dubray, supra note 10; State v. McClain, supra note 15; State v. Landis,
      281 Neb. 139, 794 N.W.2d 151 (2011); State v. Goodwin, 278 Neb. 945,
      774 N.W.2d 733 (2009).
20	
      See, generally, NCAA v. Tarkanian, 488 U.S. 179, 109 S. Ct. 454, 102 L.
      Ed. 2d 469 (1988) (state action doctrine); Colorado v. Connelly, supra note
      14 (coercion and state action); State v. Dubray, supra note 10 (confession
      to private citizens).
21	
      Colorado v. Connelly, supra note 14. See, also, State v. Dubray, supra
      note 10.
22	
      Colorado v. Connelly, supra note 14.
23	
      Id.
24	
      Id., 479 U.S. at 161.
25	
      Id., 479 U.S. at 162.
26	
      Colorado v. Connelly, supra note 14.
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crucial element of police overreaching” and each contained “a
substantial element of coercive police conduct.”27 The Court
contrasted the facts in Connelly to the facts of a prior case28 in
which a confession was deemed involuntary where the police
knew of a defendant’s history of mental illness and exploited it
with coercive tactics such as an 8- to 9-hour interrogation in a
tiny room in isolation from family, friends, or legal counsel.29
The Court reversed, because it concluded that the Colorado
Supreme Court’s approach “fail[ed] to recognize the essential
link between coercive activity of the State, on the one hand,
and a resulting confession by a defendant, on the other.”30
   Again, the primary basis of Hernandez’ argument is that
he was under the influence of methamphetamine. He points
to the fact that, as the investigators knew, he had used meth-
amphetamine the day before the interview. He also points to
the many odd statements made during the interview. He also
raises the question of whether he had adequate sleep prior to
the interview.
   Applying the voluntariness factors set forth above, a review
of the video interview reveals no overreaching or coercive
conduct by law enforcement.
   The demeanor of each investigator was calm and relaxed.
Throughout the interview, Townsend focused on building rap-
port with Hernandez and appealing to his better instincts, such
as a belief in the importance of telling the truth. The investi-
gators never raised their voices, took an aggressive demeanor,
or unfairly manipulated or lied to Hernandez. Hernandez was
also allowed to speak at length without interruption on a vari-
ety of topics well afield of the scope of the interview, with
eventual gentle redirection.

27	
      Id., 479 U.S. at 163, 164.
28	
      Blackburn v. Alabama, 361 U.S. 199, 80 S. Ct. 274, 4 L. Ed. 2d 242
      (1960).
29	
      Colorado v. Connelly, supra note 14.
30	
      Id., 479 U.S. at 165.
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   The interview was only about 2 hours long, and there was
nothing unusual or oppressive about the environment in which
it was conducted. There is no evidence in the record that
Hernandez was ever kept from sleeping, and Townsend testi-
fied that Hernandez appeared reasonably well rested.
   Hernandez undoubtedly made numerous strange statements
in the interview. It is possible he felt some effect from the
residual methamphetamine in his body from smoking the day
before, was not in a state of full mental health, or both. But
such facts are not dispositive. As we have explained, intoxi-
cation and mental illness alone are insufficient to render a
confession involuntary.31 The record belies any notion that the
investigators exploited Hernandez’ mental state in order to
overbear his will and wring out a confession. To the contrary,
Hernandez was certainly coherent and able to intelligently
answer questions with specificity and in a reasonably articulate
manner when he chose to do so. The questioning was entirely
appropriate for someone in Hernandez’ state.
   Moreover, some of Hernandez’ statements indicate that sev-
eral of his strange comments may have been strategic, rather
than the product of drugs or his mental condition. When con-
fronted with the fact that he said he shot Debella, he said, “Of
course I did. But I also told many a people that Bill Clinton
was my daddy. Or I shot John F. Kennedy too. Can you guys
believe that? Would you believe that? No.” He made a simi-
lar comment after another reminder of his previous confes-
sion: “I also told you that I shot John F. Kennedy. Can you
prove that?”
   These statements show that, at least sometimes, Hernandez
made absurd statements in an effort to undermine the cred-
ibility of his incriminating statements. It is thus doubtful
whether all of his off-the-wall comments were truly the result
of intoxication or an unsound mental state.

31	
      See, Colorado v. Connelly, supra note 14; U.S. v. Jones, supra note 18.
      See, also, State v. Goodwin, supra note 19.
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   Additionally, Hernandez’ ability to think clearly was illus-
trated by the fact that he began the interview by asking the
Nebraska investigators why they were questioning him in
Kansas. Questioning the territorial scope of law enforcement
jurisdiction reveals a reasonably cogent mind.
   Because we find no evidence of coercion on the part of law
enforcement officials, we conclude that Hernandez’ statements
were made voluntarily. The district court did not err in over-
ruling Hernandez’ motion to suppress or his trial objections
regarding the admission of the video interview.
                 (b) Waiver of Miranda Rights
   Hernandez also argues that the district court erred in admit-
ting the video interview, because he did not voluntarily waive
his Miranda rights to remain silent and to counsel.
   In Miranda v. Arizona,32 the U.S. Supreme Court announced
the rule that confessions obtained in custodial interrogations
may not be used in criminal prosecutions unless certain pro-
cedural safeguards were met, including advising the detainee
of his or her constitutional right to remain silent and right
to counsel.33 These rights must be knowingly and volun-
tarily waived.34
   Although the Miranda rule and the requirement that con-
fessions be made voluntarily both arise out of the Fifth
Amendment, the question of whether a custodial interroga-
tion complies with Miranda is distinct from the question
of whether statements made during a custodial interrogation
were sufficiently voluntary.35 The Miranda warnings are an
“absolute prerequisite” to custodial interrogation; statements
made during a custodial interrogation in the absence of these

32	
      Miranda v. Arizona, supra note 4.
33	
      Id.
34	
      Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 106 S. Ct. 1135, 89 L. Ed. 2d 410 (1986);
      Miranda v. Arizona, supra note 4; State v. Goodwin, supra note 19.
35	
      See, Miranda v. Arizona, supra note 4; State v. Rogers, 277 Neb. 37, 760
      N.W.2d 35 (2009); State v. Ball, 271 Neb. 140, 710 N.W.2d 592 (2006).
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warnings and a valid Miranda waiver are inadmissible, even if
otherwise voluntarily made.36
   [9] To be a valid waiver of Miranda rights, the waiver must
be “‘knowing’ and ‘voluntary.’”37 A waiver is “knowing” if
it is “made with a full awareness of both the nature of the
right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision
to abandon it.”38 A waiver is “voluntary” if it is “the product
of a free and deliberate choice rather than [through] intimida-
tion, coercion, or deception.”39 The standard for determining
voluntariness in the context of a Miranda waiver is the same
standard used to determine the voluntariness of confessions,
which we have discussed in detail above.40 Whether a knowing
and voluntary waiver has been made is determined by looking
to the totality of the circumstances.41
   The parties do not dispute that Hernandez was given a
Miranda rights advisory. The issue is whether Hernandez
knowingly and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights. After a
review of the evidence, we find that he did.
   First, several of Hernandez’ statements show that he under-
stood his rights. One comment is of unique importance. At
one point in the interview, Hernandez said, “[A]nything I say
can incriminate me and put me in prison.” This statement is
strong evidence of his understanding of his rights. Additionally,
Hernandez’ clear and unequivocal invocation of his right to
remain silent at the end of the interview indicates that he
understood that right as well.
   Hernandez also boasted of his understanding of the legal
system, saying, “I know all this shit that happens in the court

36	
      Miranda v. Arizona, supra note 4, 384 U.S. at 468.
37	
      Moran v. Burbine, supra note 34, 475 U.S. at 419. Accord State v.
      Goodwin, supra note 19.
38	
      Moran v. Burbine, supra note 34, 475 U.S. at 421.
39	
      Id.
40	
      See Colorado v. Connelly, supra note 14.
41	
      State v. Burries, supra note 6.
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of law.” He spoke about how he liked to read other people’s
cases and understood how they were disadvantaged by the
legal system.
   Testimony was presented at the suppression hearing that
Hernandez was questioned in connection with a prior assault
conviction, and at that time, he signed a rights advisory form
and seemed to understand his rights.
   Hernandez also expressly indicated that he understood his
rights. When Townsend asked him if he understood, Hernandez
said “Yeah, I’m still focusing on the shooting.” After Hernandez
gave this response, Townsend asked him, “Do you want me to
explain or to repeat any of that?” Hernandez shook his head
“no,” indicating that he understood his rights.
   [10,11] Not only did Hernandez understand his rights, but
he voluntarily waived them. An express waiver of a suspect’s
Miranda rights is not required to be made in writing; an oral
waiver is sufficient.42 In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court has
said that a Miranda waiver need not be express, but can be
implied.43 A “defendant’s silence, coupled with an understand-
ing of his rights and a course of conduct indicating waiver,” may
establish a valid, implied waiver.44 Thus, “[w]here the prosecu-
tion shows that a Miranda warning was given and that it was
understood by the accused, an accused’s uncoerced statement
establishes an implied waiver of the right to remain silent.”45
   As discussed, the evidence shows that Hernandez understood
these rights. Thus, by voluntarily speaking with the investiga-
tors, Hernandez impliedly waived his rights.46

42	
      U.S. v. Sturdivant, 796 F.3d 690 (7th Cir. 2015); U.S. v. Murdock, 491 F.3d
      694 (7th Cir. 2007). See, also, North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 99
      S. Ct. 1755, 60 L. Ed. 2d 286 (1979).
43	
      Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 130 S. Ct. 2250, 176 L. Ed. 2d 1098
      (2010).
44	
      North Carolina v. Butler, supra note 42, 441 U.S. at 373.
45	
      Berghuis v. Thompkins, supra note 43, 560 U.S. at 384.
46	
      See, Berghuis v. Thompkins, supra note 43; North Carolina v. Butler, supra
      note 42.
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   Not only did Hernandez’ conduct constitute an implied
waiver, but he also validly provided an express oral waiver.
When Townsend asked Hernandez if he would be willing to
speak with him, Hernandez said, “I can try.” When asked to
sign the rights advisory form to express this waiver in writ-
ing, he said, “I guess,” and leaned forward to sign before get-
ting sidetracked and moving on to another topic. Hernandez’
statements and conduct constitute an express waiver of his
Miranda rights.
                     (c) Invocation of Right
                         to Remain Silent
   Hernandez also argues that the video interview should have
been excluded, because he invoked his right to remain silent
when he said, “I think I’ll probably stop talking now.” We
disagree. An invocation of the right to remain silent or right to
counsel must be clear, unambiguous, and unequivocal.47
   [12] Here, to “think” about “probably” being silent is
ambiguous and equivocal. In State v. Rogers,48 we discussed
how statements prefaced by equivocal words like “I think,”
“maybe,” or “I believe” generally do not constitute a clear,
unambiguous, and unequivocal invocation.
   Hernandez’ equivocal statement about how he thought he
would “probably stop talking” stands in stark contrast to his
unequivocal invocation of his right to remain silent at the end
of the interview, which was scrupulously honored. Hernandez
said, “Boss, I think we should end this interview right now. If
we could please. I’d much rather talk later.” When he wanted
to exercise his right to remain silent, rather than merely
musing about probably stopping talking, Hernandez was very
capable of requesting that the interviewers “end this interview
right now.”

47	
      See, Berghuis v. Thompkins, supra note 43; Davis v. United States, 512
      U.S. 452, 114 S. Ct. 2350, 129 L. Ed. 2d 362 (1994); State v. Rogers,
      supra note 35.
48	
      State v. Rogers, supra note 35.
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   We conclude that Hernandez’ statement, “I think I’ll prob-
ably stop talking now,” was not a clear, unambiguous, and
unequivocal of his right to remain silent and terminate the
custodial interrogation.
   Because Hernandez validly waived his Miranda rights, vol-
untarily spoke with the investigators, and did not subsequently
invoke his right to remain silent until the end of the inter-
view, we conclude that the district court did not err in deny-
ing Hernandez’ motion to suppress and trial objections to the
video interview.
                  2. R elevance and Rule 403
   Hernandez also argues that the district court erred in over-
ruling in part his motion in limine and trial objections and
admitting various statements in Hernandez’ interview with
the investigators. He argues first that these statements were
not relevant and, secondly, that even if relevant, the state-
ments should have been excluded under rule 403. We conclude
that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding
the statements were relevant. Nor did it abuse its discretion
in finding that the statements were not inadmissible under
rule 403.
                          (a) Relevance
   [13] Evidence which is not relevant is inadmissible.49 To be
relevant, evidence must be probative and material.50 Evidence
is probative if it has any tendency to make the existence of a
fact more or less probable than it would be without the evi-
dence.51 A fact is material if it is of consequence to the deter-
mination of the case.52
   The district court determined that Hernandez’ statements
were relevant to show the voluntariness of his confession in

49	
      § 27-402.
50	
      State v. Rocha, supra note 7.
51	
      Id.
52	
      Id.
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his interview with law enforcement. We find that this was not
an abuse of discretion.
   At the suppression hearing, the State was required to prove
that Hernandez’ confession was voluntary by a preponderance
of the evidence. At trial, in order to rely on the confession,
the jury was required to find voluntariness beyond a reason-
able doubt. Thus, evidence probative of the voluntariness of
Hernandez’ statements in the interview is relevant and the
statements made by Hernandez in the interview are undoubt-
edly relevant to the voluntariness of Hernandez’ confessions in
the interview. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its
discretion in determining that the statements Hernandez sought
to exclude were relevant.

                          (b) Rule 403
   Even relevant evidence is not automatically admissible.53 It
must pass muster under rule 403.54 Under rule 403, the proba-
tive value of the evidence must not be substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury.55
   [14,15] Rule 403 considers the danger of unfair prejudice.
Most, if not all, evidence offered by a party is calculated to
be prejudicial to the opposing party.56 In the context of rule
403, unfair prejudice means an undue tendency to suggest a
decision based on an improper basis.57 Unfair prejudice speaks
to the capacity of some concededly relevant evidence to lure
the fact finder into declaring guilt on a ground different from
proof specific to the offense charged, commonly on an emo-
tional basis.58 When considering whether evidence of other

53	
      Id.
54	
      Id.; § 27-403.
55	
      State v. Rocha, supra note 7.
56	
      State v. Oldson, 293 Neb. 718, 884 N.W.2d 10 (2016).
57	
      Id. See, also, State v. Baker, supra note 10; State v. Rocha, supra note 7.
58	
      State v. Oldson, supra note 56.
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acts is unfairly prejudicial, we consider whether the evidence
tends to make conviction of the defendant more probable for
an incorrect reason.59
   When trial courts admit recorded conversations or inter-
views, it does not follow that they must be in an unredacted
form.60 Hernandez rightly points out that “[c]onfessions are not
an all-or-nothing proposition.”61
   We first note that the district court did sustain Hernandez’
motion in limine in part and excluded discussion of an incident
where he slit a person’s throat, a reference to being in prison,
and a comment about “screwing [a] bitch.” These statements,
especially the lengthy discussion about his prior assault, cer-
tainly bear a significant risk of unfair prejudice.
   But the statements that the district court admitted and that
Hernandez challenges do not bear the same risk of unfair
prejudice. The bulk of the statements challenged by Hernandez
pertain to his family. His brief refers to the “perceived
abuse inflicted upon Hernandez by his parents.”62 His state-
ments show a negative perception of many family members.
Additionally, his wondering whether various family members
are truly his family members is a recurring theme.
   Hernandez’ statements about his family do not bear a sig-
nificant risk of unfair prejudice. The fact that Hernandez does
not have a healthy relationship with or a positive view of
some members of his family, or that he has suffered abuse,
is unlikely to make the jury more likely to convict him on
that improper basis. This is not to say that there is no risk
of unfair prejudice from these statements, just that it is not
substantial.
   Hernandez’ statements about his family also have some
probative value on the issue of voluntariness. As discussed

59	
      Id.
60	
      See State v. Rocha, supra note 7.
61	
      Brief for appellant at 39.
62	
      Id.
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                             STATE v. HERNANDEZ
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above, the voluntariness of a statement is considered in light
of the totality of the circumstances, including the suspect’s
mental state or intoxication.63 Hernandez wondered at vari-
ous times whether certain family members were who he was
told they were. These comments, which could be character-
ized as paranoia, have some probative value with respect to
Hernandez’ mental state or intoxication, and thus with respect
to the issue of voluntariness.
   Hernandez also sought to exclude statements in which he
referenced “gang-banging” in his past and not believing in
God. While these types of statements generally can carry a risk
of unfair prejudice, they were in this case isolated statements in
the context of a 2-hour interview. These comments were made
briefly and were not repeated. This is not to say that there is no
risk of unfair prejudice, but merely that the risk of prejudice is
not nearly as grave as if the interview contained an extended
conversation on these topics.
   In sum, Hernandez’ statements about his family have little
risk of unfair prejudice but also only moderate probative value.
His statements about “gang-banging” and not believing in God
carry some risk of prejudice, but not significant given the iso-
lated and brief nature of those comments. Whether the risk of
unfair prejudice substantially outweighed the probative value
of these statements is a question left to the discretion of the
trial court.64 We conclude that the district court did not abuse
its discretion by overruling in part Hernandez’ motion in limine
and trial objections.
                    3. Closing Statements
   Finally, we turn to Hernandez’ assignment that the district
court erred in overruling his motion for mistrial on the basis
that statements made by the prosecuting attorney in his closing
arguments constitute prosecutorial misconduct.

63	
      See State v. Goodwin, supra note 19.
64	
      See State v. Baker, supra note 10.
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                 Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                         299 Nebraska R eports
                                STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                                  Cite as 299 Neb. 896

   [16] When considering a claim of prosecutorial miscon-
duct, we first consider whether the prosecutor’s acts consti-
tute misconduct.65 We have acknowledged that “prosecutorial
misconduct” cannot be neatly defined, but we have said that
generally, it encompasses conduct that violates legal or ethi-
cal standards for various contexts because the conduct will or
may undermine a defendant’s right to a fair trial.66 We have
also said that a prosecutor’s conduct that does not mislead and
unduly influence the jury is not misconduct.67
   [17] If we conclude that a prosecutor’s acts were miscon-
duct, we next consider whether the misconduct prejudiced
the defendant’s right to a fair trial.68 Prosecutorial misconduct
prejudices a defendant’s right to a fair trial when the miscon-
duct so infects the trial that the resulting conviction violates
due process.69
   Hernandez divides the statements into two categories of
prosecutorial misconduct: statements of personal belief/­
imprimatur of government and statements that inflame the
prejudices or excite the passions of the jury against the
accused. We consider each in turn.
              (a) Statements of Personal Belief/
                  Imprimatur of Government
  [18,19] Prosecutors generally may not give their personal
opinions on the veracity of a witness or the guilt or inno-
cence of the accused.70 The principle behind this rule is that

65	
      See State v. Dubray, supra note 10.
66	
      Id.
67	
      Id.
68	
      Id.
69	
      Id.
70	
      See Neb. Ct. R. of Prof. Cond. § 3-503.4 (“[a] lawyer shall not . . . in trial,
      . . . state a personal opinion as to the justness of a cause, the credibility
      of a witness, the culpability of a civil litigant or the guilt or innocence of
      an accused”). See, also, State v. Gonzales, 294 Neb. 627, 884 N.W.2d 102
      (2016).
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                              STATE v. HERNANDEZ
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the prosecutor’s opinion carries with it the imprimatur of
the government and may induce the jury to trust the govern-
ment’s judgment rather than its own view of the evidence.71
Stated differently, when a prosecutor asserts his or her per-
sonal opinions, the jury might be persuaded by a perception
that counsel’s opinions are correct because of his position
as a prosecutor, rather than being persuaded by the evi-
dence. Thus, when a prosecutor’s comments rest on reason-
ably drawn inferences from the evidence, the prosecutor is
permitted to present a spirited summation that a defense
theory is illogical or unsupported by the evidence and to high-
light the relative believability of witnesses for the State and
the defense.72
   Hernandez argues that the prosecutor in this case made
a number of statements improperly expressing his personal
beliefs. These statements include:
          [1] The fact that he had a point to prove and that he then
      acted upon that point by shooting . . . Debella is among
      the numerous reasons the State of Nebraska believes that
      this crime is a premeditated first degree murder because
      it shows he thought about what he wanted to do and
      hoped to accomplish before he actually did it.
          ....
          [2] The State believes that when you consider all of
      the evidence, not just one piece, not just two, but you
      consider all the evidence in totality, the State believes
      that it has more than satisfied its burden to prove that
      this is, in fact, a first degree premeditated murder com-
      mitted by . . . Hernandez, and that he, likewise, used a
      firearm to commit a felony, that being the murder, and
      was a felon at the time he committed his offense and it
      was unlawful for him to possess that gun he used to kill
      . . . Debella.

71	
      United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 105 S. Ct. 1038, 84 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1985).
72	
      See State v. Gonzales, supra note 70.
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         [3] Accordingly, the State of Nebraska is asking you,
      based upon the totality of the circumstances, evidence,
      testimony you’ve heard over these past four days, to
      return a guilty verdict against . . . Hernandez for each of
      these crimes.
         [4] Ladies and Gentlemen, to be perfectly honest with
      you, when looking and reflecting back on the testimony
      and evidence you’ve heard throughout the course of this
      case, I don’t know that there is sufficient words in the
      dictionary or adjectives in the thesaurus to describe the
      selflessness [sic], the senseless, the heartlessness, the dis-
      gusting acts committed not by just by . . . Hernandez but,
      also, by the likes of John Hall, Brett Winters, and Dave
      McPherson. It, honestly, made me sick and it makes me
      sick that the State had to present any of these witnesses
      before you in its case in chief in hopes that you’ll realize
      that this was only necessary because of the fact that . . .
      Debella was the victim of the ultimate injustice that one
      human can commit against another.
         ....
         [5] So the State believes that [the testimony of the fire-
      arms examiner] has helped us corroborate another thing
      that . . . Hernandez tells us in his statement and that is
      that he left that gun there.
   After reviewing these statements, we find that the first, sec-
ond, third, and fifth statements do not constitute prosecutorial
misconduct. Although each of these statements contains the
phrases “the State believes” or “the State of Nebraska is ask-
ing you,” merely using such phrases does not turn an otherwise
proper summation of the evidence into an improper one.73
   In the first statement, the prosecutor was relying on
Hernandez’ statement that he “had a point to prove” as evidence
that the murder was premeditated. Although the prosecutor said

73	
      See State v. Green, 287 Neb. 212, 229, 842 N.W.2d 74, 91 (2014) (“[s]o,
      while the prosecutor might have referenced his personal beliefs, it appears
      that such were a deduction from the evidence”).
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                        299 Nebraska R eports
                             STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                               Cite as 299 Neb. 896

“the State of Nebraska believes,” within that statement, the
prosecutor was merely attempting to point to evidence support-
ing a finding that the murder was premeditated.
   In the second statement, although the prosecutor again used
the statement “the State believes,” the prosecutor was simply
arguing that the jury should consider all the evidence and find
that the State had met its burden. This is not improper.
   In the third statement, the prosecutor said that “the State
of Nebraska is asking you, based upon the totality of the cir-
cumstances, evidence, [and] testimony . . . to return a guilty
verdict.” Again, the prosecutor is merely asking the jury to
consider all the evidence and to return a guilty verdict, which
is not improper.
   In the fifth statement, the prosecutor said that “the State
believes that [the testimony of the firearms examiner] has
helped us corroborate another thing that . . . Hernandez tells
us in his statement and that is that he left that gun there.”
Although the phrase “the State believes” is used, the prosecu-
tor is simply arguing that certain evidence—the expert’s testi-
mony—helped corroborate Hernandez’ statement.
   Although we find that these specific statements were not
misconduct within their context in this particular case, there
are many circumstances where “I” statements—“I think,”
“I know,” “I believe,” “the State of Nebraska believes,” et
cetera—could be considered as conveying a personal opinion
and are thus misconduct.
   We have previously encouraged prosecutors to preface
any questionable statements with the phrase “‘the evidence
shows.’”74 We emphasize, once again, that prosecutors could
easily avoid an appearance of impropriety by simply substitut-
ing “I believe” or “the State believes” with the simple phrase
“the evidence shows.”
   The fourth statement is another matter. It contains an
improper personal opinion not based on any evidence. Within
that statement, the prosecutor told the jury that it “honestly”

74	
      State v. Gonzales, supra note 70, 294 Neb. at 649, 884 N.W.2d at 119.
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                              STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                                Cite as 299 Neb. 896

“made [him] sick” that the State had to present certain wit-
nesses as part of its case in chief. Although we understand that
the prosecutor was attempting to acknowledge the lack of cred-
ibility in his witnesses, the manner in which he attempted to
do so was highly improper. This statement was not a summa-
tion of the evidence. The prosecutor was expressing a personal
opinion not based on any evidence; this is clearly prosecutorial
misconduct.
   The fourth statement also constitutes prosecutorial miscon-
duct for other reasons, which shall be discussed below.
             (b) Statements That Inflame Prejudices
                   or Excite Passions of Jurors
   [20] Prosecutors also may not inflame the jurors’ prejudices
or excite their passions against the accused.75 Prosecutors
should not make statements or elicit testimony intended to
focus the jury’s attention on the qualities and personal attri-
butes of the victim.76 These facts lack any relevance to the
criminal prosecution and have the potential to evoke jurors’
sympathy and outrage against the defendant.77
   Hernandez argues that the fourth statement, described above,
was intended to inflame the prejudices of the jurors and to
excite their passions. He makes the same argument regarding
the following statements made by the prosecutor in his clos-
ing arguments:
        [6] From every account you’ve heard these past four
     days, including that given by . . . Hernandez, . . .
     Debella’s sins were, at most, punishable by incarceration,
     not eternal rest in a coffin, particularly at the hands of a
     man whose primary complaint was that . . . Debella was
     stepping on his toes.
        ....

75	
      State v. Iromuanya, 282 Neb. 798, 806 N.W.2d 404 (2011). See, also, State
      v. Dubray, supra note 10.
76	
      State v. Iromuanya, supra note 75.
77	
      Id.
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                          STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                            Cite as 299 Neb. 896

          [7] We know that [Debella] fought hard for his life.
      We heard about how he was gasping for breath and trying
      to hang on. We know that he held on in the hospital for
      eight days afterwards with the assistance of machines. We
      heard from [his mother] about the heart-wrenching deci-
      sion she had to make in taking him off those machines . .
      . . She held on as long as she could.
   Hernandez also complains that the prosecutor referred to the
other individuals living in the Brownell house as “vermin,”
“riffraff,” and “lowlife people, so low that they would let a
bleeding man lie on the floor.”
   We agree with Hernandez that all of these statements con-
stitute prosecutorial misconduct. The prosecutor’s comment
about “the selflessness [sic], the senseless, the heartlessness,
the disgusting acts” committed by Hernandez and others was
clearly improper. This type of a comment is an appeal to the
emotions of the jurors, not an argument regarding any of the
elements of the crimes charged. The prosecutor’s comments
about Debella’s fighting for his life and Debella’s mother’s
having to make the “heart-wrenching” decision to take him off
life support, as well as the reference to Debella’s being pun-
ished by “eternal rest in a coffin,” were all clearly intended to
play on the jurors’ emotions by attempting to draw sympathy to
Debella and his mother, which is entirely improper.78
   Referring to the individuals that lived in the Brownell house
as “vermin,” “riffraff,” and “lowlife people” is improper. This
type of name calling has no place in a criminal prosecution.
While this language was not directed at Hernandez, it was
used to describe those living in the Brownell house. This lan-
guage certainly reflected on Hernandez by his association with
those individuals.
   Because we find that the prosecutor’s statements consti-
tuted prosecutorial misconduct, we must consider whether
the misconduct prejudiced Hernandez’ right to a fair trial.

78	
      See id.
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                        299 Nebraska R eports
                             STATE v. HERNANDEZ
                               Cite as 299 Neb. 896

As we said in another prosecutorial misconduct case, “the
prosecutor has dodged a reversal” in this case.79 Despite the
fact that a number of the prosecutor’s statements constitute
prosecutorial misconduct, the evidence against Hernandez is
overwhelming and the misconduct did not prejudice his right
to a fair trial.
    [21,22] Whether prosecutorial misconduct is prejudicial
depends largely upon the context of the trial as a whole.80 In
determining whether a prosecutor’s improper conduct preju-
diced the defendant’s right to a fair trial, we consider the fol-
lowing factors: (1) the degree to which the prosecutor’s con-
duct or remarks tended to mislead or unduly influence the jury,
(2) whether the conduct or remarks were extensive or isolated,
(3) whether defense counsel invited the remarks, (4) whether
the court provided a curative instruction, and (5) the strength
of the evidence supporting the conviction.81
    While the prosecutor made several improper remarks in clos-
ing arguments, and while a curative instruction from the court
would have been warranted, we cannot say that Hernandez’
right to a fair trial was prejudiced.
    Most importantly, the evidence against Hernandez was
overwhelming. Hernandez confessed to shooting Debella to
numerous relatives who testified at trial. Moreover, he con-
fessed to law enforcement in a video interview that was
played for the jury. He was seen shortly after the shooting
by those in the upstairs of the house. There was no evidence
that Debella’s death was the result of suicide, and there was
little to no evidence of any alternative theory of Debella’s
murder. The jury could also infer Hernandez’ guilt from the
fact that he ran from police and resisted arrest. It would sim-
ply stretch credulity to think that the jury found Hernandez
guilty because of the prosecutor’s improper statements rather

79	
      State v. Dubray, supra note 10, 289 Neb. at 228, 854 N.W.2d at 605.
80	
      State v. Iromuanya, supra note 75.
81	
      See id.
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than because of the overwhelming and undeniable evidence
of his guilt.
   For these reasons, we conclude that Hernandez’ right to a
fair trial was not prejudiced and the district court did not abuse
its discretion in overruling Hernandez’ motion for mistrial.
                     VI. CONCLUSION
  For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm.
                                                      A ffirmed.
  Miller-Lerman, J., participating on briefs.
  Wright, J., not participating.
   Miller-Lerman, J., concurring.
   I concur. The prosecutor’s improper statements made in his
closing remarks constituted serious prosecutorial misconduct.
Were it not for the strength of the evidence supporting the con-
victions, I would reverse.
   Cassel, J., joins in this concurrence.
