
367 Mass. 454 (1975)
327 N.E.2d 720
COMMONWEALTH
vs.
LARRY MICHEL.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Essex.
December 3, 1974.
April 22, 1975.
Present: TAURO, C.J., REARDON, BRAUCHER, KAPLAN, & WILKINS, JJ.
Anthony R. DiFruscia for the defendant.
Robert J. O'Sullivan, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
REARDON, J.
The defendant was convicted of robbery and mayhem in a jury waived trial in the Superior Court. The cases were taken on appeal under the provisions of G.L.c. 278, §§ 33A-33G, and were transferred here from the Appeals Court pursuant to G.L.c. 211A, § 10 (A). The evidence can be briefly stated.
On March 19, 1972, the victim, one William Howard Cole, encountered the defendant at "The Vets," a drinking establishment in Lawrence. From there they proceeded to a series of drinking spots, traveling in a car driven by the defendant. They departed the last establishment in the company of three other individuals, two brothers named Dennis Dietrich and Ernest Dietrich, *456 and Walter Coyne, Third.[1] In due course the car turned off a Methuen street onto a snow covered road running between a playground and a cemetery. The car stopped and everyone alighted. Thereupon Cole was robbed of his wallet and unmercifully beaten. He was kicked in the head repeatedly, struck with a broken beer bottle, and a cemetery urn was dropped on his chest. As a result he received numerous lacerations, his jaw and right leg were fractured, and his left ear was partially torn off. His assailants left him in this condition in the snow, clad only in his undershorts, his clothes having been ripped off in the process of his beating. It appears that the four occupants of the car other than Colethen returned to the English Social Club in Lawrence, one of the drinking spots they had visited previously that day. On the following day the police found two stained jackets behind the English Social Club building. The manager at that club identified one of these jackets as that worn by the defendant on the previous evening. It was introduced as an exhibit. Further reference to testimony will be made as required hereafter.
The appeal brings three issues here: (1) the judge's refusal to make findings of not guilty of the robbery and mayhem charges; (2) an alleged denial of the right of confrontation with respect to the testimony of the witness Coyne; and (3) an alleged denial of due process in the judge's conduct of certain aspects of the trial.
1. In considering the defendant's motion for findings of not guilty (only Michel has perfected his appeal), we consider the evidence most favorable to the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. Burns, 362 Mass. 875 (1972). Michel first contends that there is insufficient evidence to indicate that he participated in the robbery. He relies on *457 Commonwealth v. Benders, 361 Mass. 704, 708 (1972), in which it was stated that "mere presence at the commission of the wrongful act and even failure to take affirmative steps to prevent it do not render a person liable as a participant." Accord, Commonwealth v. Clark, 363 Mass. 467, 472-473 (1973). To be convicted as a principal the defendant must have participated to some extent in the commission of the offense. Commonwealth v. Jacobson, 260 Mass. 311, 326 (1927). Commonwealth v. Stasiun, 349 Mass. 38, 49 (1965). Commonwealth v. Medeiros, 354 Mass. 193, 198 (1968), cert. den. sub nom. Bernier v. Massachusetts, 393 U.S. 1058 (1969). Commonwealth v. Pina, 360 Mass. 139, 143 (1971). Commonwealth v. Benders, supra. G.L.c. 274, § 2. We have no doubt that the evidence in this instance suffices to enable the fact finder to infer the defendant's participation in the robbery. The victim had testified that someone demanded his wallet containing ten or twenty dollars upon the arrival of the car near the cemetery, and that when he failed to hand it over he was slugged. The brutal beating followed and his wallet was later found empty some thirty feet away. There can be little doubt in establishing that this was a robbery. Commonwealth v. Novicki, 324 Mass. 461, 465 (1949). G.L.c. 265, § 19. Cole testified that he was dazed during the course of the beating and could not recall whether two or three individuals assaulted him, but the day following the incident he did identify the defendant from a picture as one of those present at the scene. Also present was Coyne who, in testimony for the Commonwealth, stated that "three of them were beating him up," that is, the Dietrich brothers and the defendant Michel. In response to a query from the judge as to whether his testimony was that the defendant "took some part in what was being done to Mr. Cole," he answered in the affirmative. The discovery of the defendant's jacket the following day was further evidence of his participation since it had been identified as being worn by him on *458 March 19. There was testimony that on March 19 it appeared "new and clean" as contrasted with its condition when discovered, when it was "stained." It is argued by the defendant that the foregoing evidence might indicate his part in the assault but not in the robbery. He stresses Coyne's testimony that he and Coyne had left the motor vehicle initially and had returned to find the Dietrich brothers already engaged in "beating up" Cole. This indicates, he says, that any participation in the assault by him came after the robbery was complete. See Commonwealth v. Flowers, 1 Mass. App. Ct. 415 (1973). The trouble with this argument is that there was no evidence that Cole's wallet had been taken from him prior to the time that the defendant took part in the beating, a fact situation dissimilar to that in the Flowers case. Furthermore, there was evidence that the empty wallet was found some thirty feet from the spot where the beating took place. A "reasonable and possible" inference, Commonwealth v. Medeiros, supra, at 197, is that the robbery was not completed until after the assailants had finished their attack on Cole and left him minus his wallet. See Commonwealth v. Novicki, supra, at 465; Commonwealth v. Beaulieu, 333 Mass. 640, 644-645 (1956), cert. den. sub nom. Weaver v. Massachusetts, 351 U.S. 957 (1956), and cert. den. sub nom. Boisvert v. Massachusetts, 352 U.S. 857 (1956). Cf. Commonwealth v. Green, 302 Mass. 547, 555 (1939). Thus, the judge could have found a causal connection between the defendant's use of violence and the taking of Cole's money. Commonwealth v. Jones, 360 Mass. 498, 502 (1972). LaFave and Scott, Criminal Law, § 94, at 696-702 (1972). Anderson, Wharton's Criminal Law & Procedure, § 559 (1957). There was no error in the denial of the defendant's motion for a finding of not guilty on the robbery charge. Nor was there error in denying a finding of not guilty as to the mayhem charge. The evidence of the defendant's participation in this *459 malicious beating, which led to the partial tearing off of the victim's left ear, was sufficient to sustain a conviction under G.L.c. 265, § 14.
2. The defendant claims error in the judge's refusal to strike direct testimony of the witness Coyne after the defendant was allegedly denied the right to cross-examine Coyne fully relative to possible bias. This argument stems from an arrangement made by Coyne with the prosecution where in exchange for Coyne's testimony the prosecution would nol pros the indictments against Coyne in the instant cases, as well as file a disclaimer of two rape charges then pending against him. Since all negotiations with the prosecutor's office were handled by Coyne's attorney in his absence the judge instructed Coyne as to the attorney-client privilege, telling him that he need not answer questions about his arrangements with the prosecutor which would involve "[a]ny talk between you and ... [your attorney], where there was nobody else there."
It has long been the law in the Commonwealth that parties are entitled as matter of right to reasonable cross-examination of a witness for the purpose of showing bias. Commonwealth v. Russ, 232 Mass. 58, 79 (1919). Commonwealth v. Sansone, 252 Mass. 71, 74 (1925). Within the scope of this cross-examination it is proper to inquire whether the witness expects more favorable treatment from the government in return for his testimony. Commonwealth v. Bosworth, 22 Pick. 397, 400 (1839). Commonwealth v. DeBrosky, 363 Mass. 718, 726-727 (1973). Wigmore, Evidence, § 967 (Chadbourn rev. 1970). This right of cross-examination may assume constitutional dimensions under the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of the Commonwealth. Douglas v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 415, 418 (1965). Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 295 (1973). Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315 (1974). Commonwealth v. Johnson, *460 365 Mass. 534, 543 (1974). Most recently, in the case of Davis v. Alaska, the Supreme Court held that the right to cross-examine a witness for possible bias arising out of his probationary status as a juvenile delinquent transcends the State's interest in preserving the confidentiality of juvenile records. Furthermore, it has been held that where the witness's credibility is a critical issue in the case, the requirements of due process also mandate that the jury be aware of "evidence of any understanding or agreement as to a future prosecution." Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154-155 (1972).
It is thus apparent that in certain circumstances assertion of an attorney-client privilege in such a way as to prevent the defense from exposing the bias of an important witness may deprive the defendant of his constitutional rights. Properly applied, however, the privilege should present no obstacle to inquiry into promises made to the Commonwealth's witnesses. Typically, as in this instance, discussions will have taken place with counsel of a prospective witness in the absence of the witness. A.B.A. Standards Relating to the Administration of Criminal Justice, The Prosecution Function, § 4.1 (b) (1974); The Defense Function, § 6.2 (1974), and commentary in Approved Draft (1971). But from the fact that such a prospective witness is educated on the arrangements with the prosecution only through his counsel it does not follow that the attorney-client privilege prevents inquiry into the details of the arrangements. The privilege applies only to matters discussed between the attorney and his client which are confidential in nature, and not to matters known to third persons, or intended to be made public. Ramacorti v. Boston Redevelopment Authy. 341 Mass. 377, 380-381 (1960). Wigmore, Evidence, § 2311 (McNaughton rev. 1961). McCormick, Evidence, § 91 (2d ed. 1972). While an attorney's advice to his client on whether to accept the offer of the prosecution may be confidential, it is evident that the attorney's recitation of that offer is not *461 confidential, for necessarily the offer is known to the prosecutor and it is likely to become the basis of a statement for the record in court. A.B.A. Standards Relating to the Administration of Criminal Justice, The Prosecution Function, § 4.4 (1974); The Defense Function, § 6.2 (1974), and commentary in Approved Draft (1971) at 251-252. See Esposito v. United States, 436 F.2d 603, 605-606 (9th Cir.1970).
It would thus appear that the judge may have defined the privilege too broadly in instructing Coyne that he need not disclose anything that he and his attorney had discussed. In any event, we do not believe that the defendant's constitutional rights were impaired. Whatever Coyne believed to be the scope of his privilege, it is evident that the privilege was waived. On cross-examination he was asked by counsel for a codefendant to describe the substance of his conversation with his attorney with regard to any charges pending against him. We quote from the colloquy.
COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENDANT: "What was said?" THE WITNESS: "What was said?" COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENDANT: "Yes." THE WITNESS: "He said if I testify, these charges would be dropped." COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENDANT: "And if you didn't testify?" THE WITNESS: "I would be hit with a big bit." COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENDANT: "What did that mean to you?" THE WITNESS: "What do you mean, what?" COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENDANT: "The big bit?" THE WITNESS: "Fifteen to 20 years."
A similar colloquy took place at another point in the cross-examination. In addition, the prosecution itself called to the stand the first assistant district attorney for Essex County who described in great detail all negotiations with Coyne's attorney which preceded Coyne's testimony for the Commonwealth. Therefore, despite the potential limitation on cross-examination which was the consequence of the judge's broad instruction on the privilege, the issue of the witness's bias was fully before the fact finder and the defendant's rights were amply *462 protected. State v. Brown, 321 Atl.2d 478, 485 (Maine 1974). Cf. Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318 (1974).
3. The defendant makes reference to four alleged shortcomings in the conduct of the trial which he says, considered together, denied him due process and equal protection. (a) After the victim Cole had completed his testimony, the judge remanded him to the sheriff on a presumption of perjury. The defendant said that this was an indication that the judge was aware of extraneous facts not in evidence, since Cole's statements were not so contradictory as to constitute perjury. But the judge operated within the authority of G.L.c. 268, § 4, in concluding that this testimony created a reasonable presumption of perjury. The judge had an opportunity to observe the witness's demeanor and "had a right to use his knowledge of human nature and his judicial experience in determining the character of the testimony." Blankenburg v. Commonwealth, 272 Mass. 25, 34 (1930), cert. den. 283 U.S. 819 (1931). Our reading of the transcript does not convince us that the judge relied on extraneous facts in making his determination. (b) The defendant lodges another complaint that the court considered the perjured testimony of Coyne. First, on direct examination, Coyne denied having been present at the robbery, but following a conference with his attorney he testified for the Commonwealth as described above. We find the defendant's complaint without merit. The existence of inconsistencies in a witness's testimony may bear on the weight to be given the testimony by the fact finder but it is not required that the testimony be rejected in its entirety. Commonwealth v. Wood, 11 Gray 85, 93 (1858). Commonwealth v. Billings, 97 Mass. 405, 406 (1867). Commonwealth v. Snow, 111 Mass. 411, 417 (1873). Berggren v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. 231 Mass. 173, 178 (1918). Boston v. Santosuosso, 307 Mass. 302, 344 (1940). (c) There was no error in the judge's decision to admit a jacket as an exhibit after the direct examination of the witness *463 through whom the jacket was introduced had been completed. It is within the judge's discretion to permit the introduction of competent evidence out of the usual order for admission of evidence. Commonwealth v. Piper, 120 Mass. 185, 187 (1876). Commonwealth v. Meaney, 151 Mass. 55, 56-57 (1890). Commonwealth v. Corcoran, 252 Mass. 465, 488 (1925). Commonwealth v. Fine, 321 Mass. 299, 304 (1947). Commonwealth v. Whooley, 363 Mass. 313, 318 (1972). (d) There was no error in failing to make a finding of not guilty on an opening by the Commonwealth. We do not agree with the contention that the opening was void of any implication of the defendant in robbery and mayhem, and in any event a judge cannot be required to direct a verdict or make a finding of not guilty on an opening. Perry v. Carter, 332 Mass. 508, 509 (1955). Commonwealth v. Hartford, 346 Mass. 482, 489 (1963). Commonwealth v. Binnette, 351 Mass. 704 (1966). Commonwealth v. van Kooiman, 353 Mass. 759 (1967). Commonwealth v. Sloane, 361 Mass. 872 (1972). Since we find no merit in the above allegations, we cannot conclude that taken together they amount to a deprivation of any of the defendant's constitutional rights.
Judgments affirmed.
NOTES
[1]  Michel, the two Dietrichs, and Coyne were all indicted for robbery and mayhem and tried jointly. During the trial the indictments against Coyne were nol prossed and he was given immunity from any future proceedings except for perjury related to any testimony he might give as a witness in the trial.
