                              154 T.C. No. 1



                     UNITED STATES TAX COURT



BELAIR WOODS, LLC, EFFINGHAM MANAGERS, LLC, TAX MATTERS
                    PARTNER, Petitioner v.
      COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent



   Docket No. 19493-17.                         Filed January 6, 2020.



          P is the tax matters partner of LLC, which claimed on its 2009
   return a charitable contribution deduction for a conservation ease-
   ment. R commenced an examination of LLC’s return and secured
   from an IRS engineer a report concluding that LLC had substantially
   overvalued the easement.

          R’s agent sent P a Letter 1807 inviting P to a closing confer-
   ence to discuss R’s tentative proposed adjustments. The proposed
   adjustments, set forth in an accompanying summary report, included
   disallowing the charitable contribution deduction and alternative
   penalties under I.R.C. sec. 6662(c), (d), and (h). The Letter 1807
   explained that all of these adjustments would be discussed at the
   conference.

          R’s Examination Division held two conferences with LLC’s
   representatives, but no agreement was reached. R’s agent finalized a
   Civil Penalty Approval Form memorializing R’s intention to assert
                                  -2-

alternative penalties under I.R.C. sec. 6662(c), (d), and (h). The
agent’s immediate supervisor signed that form, approving assertion of
those three penalties.

       R subsequently issued P a 60-day letter disallowing the chari-
table contribution deduction and asserting the three penalties set forth
in the Civil Penalty Approval Form. The 60-day letter offered P the
opportunity to appeal these determinations to R’s Appeals Office,
which P did unsuccessfully. R then issued P an FPAA asserting alter-
native penalties under I.R.C. sec. 6662(c), (d), and (h), as set forth in
the 60-day letter, and a fourth penalty under I.R.C. sec. 6662(e). R’s
agent did not secure supervisory approval of the fourth penalty before
issuing the FPAA.

        I.R.C. sec. 6751(b)(1) provides that “[n]o penalty under this
title shall be assessed unless the initial determination of such assess-
ment is personally approved (in writing) by the immediate supervisor
of the individual making such determination.”

       1. Held: R’s issuance to P of a Letter 1807 and summary re-
port, setting forth the Examination Division’s tentative proposed ad-
justments and inviting P to a conference to discuss them, did not con-
stitute “the initial determination of * * * [a penalty] assessment”
necessitating prior supervisory approval under I.R.C. sec. 6751(b)(1).

       2. Held, further, R satisfied the requirements of I.R.C. sec.
6751(b)(1) for the first three penalties because R’s agent secured
written supervisory approval on the Civil Penalty Approval Form be-
fore the 60-day letter was issued to P, formally communicating to P
the Examination Division’s definite determination to assert those
penalties.

       3. Held, further, R did not satisfy the requirements of I.R.C.
sec. 6751(b)(1) with respect to the fourth penalty because he did not
show timely supervisory approval of that penalty.
                                        -3-

      David M. Wooldridge, Ronald Levitt, Gregory P. Rhodes, and Michelle A.

Levin, for petitioner.

      Christopher D. Bradley, Jason P. Oppenheim, John W. Sheffield III, and

John T. Arthur, for respondent.



                                     OPINION


      LAUBER, Judge: This case involves a charitable contribution deduction

claimed by Belair Woods, LLC (Belair), for a conservation easement. The Internal

Revenue Service (IRS or respondent) issued a timely notice of final partnership

administrative adjustment (FPAA) disallowing that deduction in its entirety and

determining four penalties. In an earlier report we addressed Belair’s failure to

attach to its 2009 tax return a fully completed appraisal summary on Form 8283,

Noncash Charitable Contributions. We granted in part and denied in part respond-

ent’s motion for partial summary judgment on that point. See Belair Woods, LLC

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-159.

      Currently before the Court is a second round of cross-motions for partial

summary judgment. These motions address the question whether timely written

supervisory approval was secured for the four penalties at issue, as required by
                                         -4-

section 6751(b)(1).1 It provides that “[n]o penalty under this title shall be assessed

unless the initial determination of such assessment is personally approved (in writ-

ing) by the immediate supervisor of the individual making such determination.” In

Clay v. Commissioner, 152 T.C. 223, 249 (2019), we interpreted this provision to

require that supervisory approval be secured no later than (1) the date on which

the IRS issues the notice of deficiency or (2) the date, if earlier, on which the IRS

formally communicates to the taxpayer the Examination Division’s determination

to assert a penalty and notifies the taxpayer of his right to appeal that determina-

tion.

        Applying that analysis here, we hold that the transmission by the examining

agent to Belair’s tax matters partner (TMP or petitioner) of a “summary report”

setting forth tentative proposed adjustments, and inviting petitioner to a confer-

ence to discuss them, did not constitute “the initial determination of * * * [a penal-

ty] assessment” necessitating prior supervisory approval. See sec. 6751(b)(1).

Rather, we conclude that the “initial determination” of the penalty assessment was

embodied in the 60-day letter issued to petitioner on March 9, 2015, when the

Examination Division formally notified Belair that it had concluded its work and,

        1
        All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect at
all relevant times, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice
and Procedure. We round all monetary amounts to the nearest dollar.
                                        -5-

after considering Belair’s arguments, had made a definite decision to assert penal-

ties. Because the examining agent secured supervisory approval of the three pen-

alties listed on the Civil Penalty Approval Form before the Examination Division

issued the 60-day letter, we hold that respondent complied with section 6751(b)(1)

with respect to those three penalties. Respondent has conceded that timely super-

visory approval for the fourth penalty was not secured. We will accordingly grant

in part and deny in part each party’s motion for partial summary judgment.

                                    Background

      There is no dispute as to the following facts, which are drawn from the par-

ties’ motion papers and the attached declarations and exhibits. Belair had its prin-

cipal place of business in Georgia when its petition was filed.

      Belair was formed in late 2008 and has operated at all times as a partnership

for Federal income tax purposes. Belair timely filed Form 1065, U.S. Return of

Partnership Income, for its short taxable year beginning November 11 and ending

December 31, 2009. On that return it claimed a charitable contribution deduction

of $4,778,000 for the donation of a conservation easement to the Georgia Land

Trust, a “qualified organization” for purposes of section 170(h)(3).

      On October 22, 2012, the IRS mailed to petitioner a Letter 1787, Notice of

Beginning of Administrative Proceeding. This notice informed petitioner that
                                        -6-

“we’re beginning our audit of your partnership’s federal tax return.” The letter

was signed by Ellie Pennington, the revenue agent (RA) assigned to conduct the

examination.

      RA Pennington’s activity record indicates that the examination was con-

ducted on a fast track because less than a year remained in the period of limita-

tions when the examination began. On October 23, 2012, RA Pennington referred

the case to an IRS engineer for preparation of an appraisal valuing the easement.

On November 30, 2012, she received from the engineer a report concluding that

Belair had substantially overvalued the easement. Between November 30 and De-

cember 17, 2012, she discussed the possible application of penalties with Carl

Schneider, her then-supervisor.

      On December 18, 2012, RA Pennington sent petitioner a Letter 1807 invit-

ing the TMP (and other partners) to a closing conference to discuss the IRS’ pro-

posed adjustments. (RA Pennington, not her immediate supervisor, signed the

Letter 1807.) These proposals were detailed in an attached “summary report on

the examination,” which “explain[ed] all proposed adjustments including facts,

law and conclusion.” The Letter 1807 indicated that “[a]ll proposed adjustments

in the summary report will be discussed at the closing conference” and asked peti-

tioner to propose a date, time, and place for that meeting. The letter instructed the
                                         -7-

TMP to “send a copy of the summary report to each partner,” together with infor-

mation concerning the conference.

      The enclosed summary report proposed to deny the $4,778,000 charitable

contribution deduction in its entirety, proposed a “gross overvaluation” penalty

under section 6662(h), and in the alternative proposed penalties for negligence and

substantial understatement of income tax under section 6662(c) and (d), respec-

tively. The summary report explained in detail the defenses against these pro-

posed penalties that might be available to Belair, including defenses based on

“reasonable cause and good faith,” reliance on appraisals, and reliance on profes-

sional tax advice. Addressing the “gross overvaluation” penalty, the summary re-

port advised petitioner that “[i]n order to avoid this penalty, the facts and circum-

stances test of whether the taxpayer (investor) acted in good faith, must be taken

into account. * * * The taxpayer’s (investor’s) purpose for entering into the

transaction may be considered. Each investor should establish the purpose for

claiming the conservation easement deduction.”

      The IRS exam team attended an initial conference with Belair’s representa-

tives in Atlanta in February 2013. At that conference it was agreed that the IRS

engineer would revise his report and that Belair would execute Form 872-P, Con-

sent to Extend the Time to Assess Tax Attributable to Partnership Items, which
                                        -8-

would enable discussions to continue. A second conference was held in May

2014, but no agreement was reached.

      At a time not disclosed by the record, RA Pennington completed work on a

Civil Penalty Approval Form, which she had initiated when commencing the audit

on October 22, 2012. In the box captioned “Reason(s) for Assertion of Penalty(s)”

she wrote: “The contribution deduction flowing through to the individuals is over-

valued by over 8,000%. No reasonable cause was established. Discussed the as-

sertion of penalties with the group manager. He concurred that penalties are ap-

plicable prior to the issuance of the summary report.”

      The Civil Penalty Approval Form includes a section captioned “Penalties

Requiring Group Manager Approval” and asks the examining agent to check the

“Yes” or “No” box for various penalties. RA Pennington checked the “Yes” box

for the section 6662(h) penalty, indicating her recommendation to assert it as the

“primary position.” She also checked the “Yes” box for the section 6662(b)

and (c) penalties, indicating her recommendation to assert each as an “alternative.”

She did not recommend, on the Civil Penalty Approval Form, assertion of any

penalty under section 6662(e) for substantial valuation misstatement.

      On August 27, 2014, RA Pennington forwarded the case file, including the

Civil Penalty Approval Form, to Cheryl Mixon, her then-supervisor. On Septem-
                                         -9-

ber 2, 2014, Ms. Mixon, in her capacity as “Group Manager,” signed the Civil

Penalty Approval Form, approving assertion of the three penalties listed on that

form. There is no evidence that Carl Schneider, RA Pennington’s original super-

visor, approved in writing at any time--by signing a Civil Penalty Approval Form,

a letter, or any other document--the assertion of these three penalties.

      On March 9, 2015, the IRS issued petitioner a “TMP 60-Day Letter” (60-

day letter). This letter formally communicated to petitioner the Examination Divi-

sion’s decision to assert the tax adjustments determined in the examination and the

three penalties listed on the Civil Penalty Approval Form. The 60-day letter offer-

ed petitioner the options of accepting the adjustments or appealing them to the IRS

Appeals Office (Appeals Office).

      Petitioner sought review by the Appeals Office, but its appeal was unsuc-

cessful. On June 19, 2017, the Appeals Office issued petitioner an FPAA disal-

lowing the charitable contribution deduction in its entirety and determining a gross

valuation misstatement penalty. In the alternative the FPAA determined penalties

for negligence, substantial understatement of income tax, and substantial valuation

misstatement under section 6662(e). This was the first time the IRS had communi-

cated to petitioner its intention to assert the section 6662(e) penalty. Respondent

has conceded that he cannot show timely supervisory approval as to it.
                                       - 10 -

                                    Discussion

I.    Summary Judgment

      The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite litigation and avoid costly,

unnecessary, and time-consuming trials. See FPL Grp., Inc. & Subs. v. Commis-

sioner, 116 T.C. 73, 74 (2001). We may grant partial summary judgment regard-

ing an issue as to which there is no genuine dispute of material fact and a decision

may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b); Elec. Arts, Inc. v. Commission-

er, 118 T.C. 226, 238 (2002). The sole question presented for decision at this

stage of the proceedings is whether the IRS complied with the penalty approval

requirement of section 6751(b)(1). The parties have filed cross-motions for partial

summary judgment on this question, and we find that it may appropriately be ad-

judicated summarily.

II.   Analysis

      A.     Timeliness of Penalty Approval

      Section 6751(b)(1) provides that “[n]o penalty under this title shall be as-

sessed unless the initial determination of such assessment is personally approved

(in writing) by the immediate supervisor of the individual making such determina-

tion.” The phrase “initial determination of * * * [an] assessment” appears no-

where else in the Code. It is what scholars of ancient Greek call a “hapax lego-
                                         - 11 -

menon,” a word or phrase that occurs only once in a document or corpus. Graev v.

Commissioner, 149 T.C. 485, 500 (2017) (Lauber, J., concurring), supplementing

and overruling in part 147 T.C. 460 (2016). And the phrase has no ordinary mean-

ing, at least not in tax law, because the words “determine” and “assessment” are

not normally joined together. See Chai v. Commissioner, 851 F.3d 190, 218-219

(2d Cir. 2017) (“[O]ne can determine a deficiency * * * and whether to make an

assessment, but one cannot determine an assessment.” (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted)), aff’g in part, rev’g in part T.C. Memo. 2015-42.

      Confronted with this ambiguity, this Court and others have looked to the

statute’s legislative history as a possible guide to its interpretation. See id. at 219;

Clay, 152 T.C. at 248; Williams v. Commissioner, 151 T.C. 1, 8-10 (2018). The

Senate Finance Committee stated Congress’ belief that penalties should not be

used to gain inappropriate leverage over taxpayers, but “should only be imposed

where appropriate and not as a bargaining chip.” S. Rept. No. 105-174, at 65

(1998), 1998-3 C.B. 537, 601.

      Given this legislative purpose, the Second Circuit reasoned in Chai that

managerial approval would not be meaningful if deferred until after the taxpayer’s

liability had been determined, e.g., by a decision of this Court. To be meaningful,

supervisory approval must be secured at a time “when the supervisor has the dis-
                                        - 12 -

cretion to give or withhold it.” Chai, 851 F.3d at 220. The Second Circuit accord-

ingly interpreted section 6751(b)(1) to “require[] written approval of the initial

penalty determination no later than the date the IRS issues the notice of deficiency

(or files an answer or amended answer) asserting such penalty.” Id. at 221. In

partnership cases, we have ruled similarly that supervisory approval must be ob-

tained no later than the date on which the IRS issues the FPAA. See Palmolive

Bldg. Inv’rs, LLC v. Commissioner, 152 T.C. 75, 89 (2019); Sugarloaf Fund, LLC

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-181, at *22; Endeavor Partners Fund, LLC v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-96, at *65, aff’d, 943 F.3d 464 (D.C. Cir. 2019).

      In Clay, we considered whether the “initial determination” of a penalty

assessment might occur at an earlier stage of the administrative process, and we

held that it could. We interpreted section 6751(b)(1) to require that supervisory

approval for a penalty be secured no later than (1) the date on which the IRS issues

the notice of deficiency or (2) the date, if earlier, on which the IRS formally com-

municates to the taxpayer the Examination Division’s determination to assert a

penalty and notifies the taxpayer of his right to appeal that determination. See

Clay, 152 T.C. at 249.

      In Clay the penalties were formally communicated to the taxpayers in a

revenue agent report (RAR) accompanied by a 30-day letter, which entitled them
                                        - 13 -

to appeal by filing a protest with the Appeals Office. We concluded that the “ini-

tial determination for purposes of section 6751(b) was made no later than * * *

when * * * [the Commissioner] issued the RAR * * * proposing adjustments in-

cluding penalties and gave * * * [the taxpayers] the right to protest those proposed

adjustments.” Ibid. Because the IRS agent neglected to secure supervisory ap-

proval for the penalties before the Examination Division, by issuing a 30-day let-

ter, formally communicated to the taxpayers its definite decision to assert penal-

ties, we held that the Commissioner had failed to show compliance with section

6751(b)(1).

      In the instant case the 60-day letter determining penalties under section

6662(b), (c), and (h) was issued on March 9, 2015. That letter, like the 30-day

letter in Clay, formally communicated to Belair the Examination Division’s defi-

nite decision to assert those penalties, thus concluding the Examination Division’s

consideration of the case. See Internal Revenue Manual (IRM) pt. 8.19.1.6.8.4(3)

(Oct. 1, 2013) (“The 60-day letter is the equivalent of a 30-day letter in deficiency

proceedings. It gives the partners the opportunity to appeal the findings of the ex-

aminer.”).

      Group Manager Mixon, RA Pennington’s immediate supervisor, signed a

Civil Penalty Approval Form approving assertion of the first three penalties on
                                        - 14 -

September 2, 2014. That date was more than six months before the 60-day letter

was issued. The IRS thus secured supervisory approval for those penalties before

formally communicating to Belair the Examination Division’s definite decision to

assert the penalties. Respondent accordingly contends that, with respect to those

penalties, he has shown compliance with section 6751(b)(1).

      Petitioner contends that supervisory approval was required almost two years

before the IRS issued the 60-day letter, viz., on December 12, 2012. That was the

date on which RA Pennington mailed the Letter 1807 inviting the TMP (and other

partners) to a conference to discuss the exam team’s proposed adjustments, as set

forth in an enclosed summary report. But the summary report did not notify peti-

tioner of a definite decision to assert penalties. Rather, it set forth the exam team’s

tentative proposals and invited Belair’s partners to a conference to discuss them.

See IRM pt. 8.19.1.6.8.4(2) (Dec. 1, 2006). The Letter 1807 launched a lengthy

communication and fact-gathering process during which Belair had the opportuni-

ty to present its side of the story. Only after that process concluded did the Exami-

nation Division finalize its penalty determination by issuing the 60-day letter.

      The statute requires approval for the initial determination of a penalty as-

sessment, not for a tentative proposal or hypothesis. As the Second Circuit noted

in Chai, a “determination” denotes a “consequential moment” of IRS action. See
                                        - 15 -

Chai, 851 F.3d at 220-221 (analogizing the “initial determination” of a penalty to

the “first determination made by the Social Security Administration of a person’s

eligibility for benefits” (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 460 (7th ed. 1999))).

The natural place to look for an initial “determination” of a penalty assessment is a

document that formally communicates to the taxpayer a definite decision to assert

penalties.

      As used elsewhere in the Code, the words “determine” and “determination”

carry with them a sense of definiteness and formality. In the deficiency context

the IRS issues a notice of deficiency when it “determines” that a deficiency exists.

Sec. 6212(a). The essential purpose of that document is to provide formal notice

that a deficiency “has been determined.” Pietz v. Commissioner, 59 T.C. 207,

213-214 (1972). In collection due process (CDP) cases, we review the “determi-

nation” of the Appeals Office set forth in a “notice of determination.” See sec.

6330(d)(1); IRM pt. 5.1.9.3.9 (Feb. 7, 2014). In each instance, the “determina-

tion” is embodied in a written communication to the taxpayer that notifies him of a

final IRS decision and of his right to appeal that decision to the Tax Court.

      The “initial determination” of a penalty may occur earlier in the administra-

tive process, but it still must be a formal act with features resembling those that a

“determination” itself displays. Like the 30-day letter involved in Clay, the “ini-
                                         - 16 -

tial determination” of a penalty assessment will be embodied in a formal written

communication to the taxpayer, notifying him that the Examination Division has

completed its work and has made a definite decision to assert penalties.

      We confronted somewhat similar questions in Kestin v. Commissioner, 153

T.C. __ (Aug. 29, 2019). Kestin involved penalties under section 6702(a) for friv-

olous tax submissions; these are assessable penalties not subject to deficiency pro-

cedures. The IRS examiner initially proposed assessment of penalties on March

18, 2016, by completing Form 8278, Assessment and Abatement of Miscellaneous

Civil Penalties. Her immediate supervisor approved that proposal on April 7,

2016, by signing and dating that form. Id. at __ (slip op. at 7). The penalties were

assessed on May 2, 2016. We held that the IRS satisfied section 6751(b)(1) by

showing timely supervisory approval.

      In reaching that conclusion, we considered whether the “initial determina-

tion” of a penalty should be deemed to have occurred earlier, on February 3, 2016,

when the IRS sent the taxpayers a Letter 3176C. This letter advised the taxpayers

that the IRS intended to impose a section 6702(a) penalty and invited them to

avoid that result by correcting their frivolous filing.

      We held that the Letter 3176C did not constitute an unapproved “initial de-

termination.” Id. at __ (slip op. at 26). “Although it gave a stern warning about
                                          - 17 -

the IRS’s intention to impose a penalty,” the purpose of the Letter 3176C “was

actually to invite the taxpayer to make a correction” that could result in the penal-

ty’s not being asserted. Ibid. When the Letter 3176C was issued, “one could not

‘determine,’ initially or otherwise, the application of the penalty,” because its

application vel non would depend on further input from the taxpayer. Ibid.

      We noted in Kestin the ambiguity of the phrase “initial determination of

such assessment.” But the statute instructs us “to look for a ‘determination’ of a

penalty liability, not just an indication of a possibility that such a liability will be

proposed.” Id. at __ (slip op. at 27). We held that the Letter 3176C “by its nature

* * * is not an ‘initial determination’ of a penalty assessment” because it “is not an

unequivocal ‘communication that advises the taxpayer that penalties will be pro-

posed.’” Id. at __ (slip op. at 27-28) (emphasis in Kestin) (quoting Clay, 152 T.C.

at 249).

      For similar reasons we reach the same conclusion here. The Letter 1807

informed Belair of the exam team’s “proposed adjustments,” advising that “[a]ll

proposed adjustments * * * will be discussed at the closing conference.” The

summary report explained the penalties at issue and the defenses that might be

available to Belair, including defenses based on “reasonable cause and good

faith,” reliance on appraisals, and reliance on professional tax advice. This docu-
                                         - 18 -

ment surely advised Belair of the possibility that penalties might be proposed. But

it was not “an unequivocal ‘communication that advise[d] the taxpayer that penal-

ties will be proposed.’” Kestin, 153 T.C. at __ (slip op. at 27) (emphasis in

Kestin) (quoting Clay, 152 T.C. at 249).

         Although the statutory text is ambiguous, we must strive to give as much

meaning as possible to the words Congress chose. Section 6751(b)(1) looks for

approval of the “initial determination” of a penalty assessment, not for approval of

an RA’s “first proposal.” As the Second Circuit stated in Chai, a “determination”

denotes a “consequential moment” of IRS action. Chai, 851 F.3d at 221. That

term clearly is not a synonym for a mere suggestion or indication of a possibility

that a penalty might be asserted.

         In any IRS examination the RA is charged with gathering information, in-

cluding facts that may bear on whether assertion of a particular penalty is appro-

priate. This may necessitate document requests and other preliminary communi-

cations with the taxpayer about the possible assertion of a penalty. As was true

here, the fact-gathering process may include one or more conferences during

which the taxpayer will have the opportunity to present facts and tell its side of the

story.
                                        - 19 -

      In this case, the summary report was sent to petitioner less than two months

after the examination began. It informed Belair of the penalties the IRS was con-

sidering imposing and of the defenses that might be available to Belair. Belair’s

entitlement to such defenses was presumably among the topics discussed during

the parties’ conferences in February 2013 and May 2014. Here, as in Kestin,

whether or not a penalty would actually be asserted depended on further input

from petitioner.

      Considerations of fairness and efficient tax administration dictate that the

taxpayer be given an opportunity to submit information bearing on the appropri-

ateness of penalties before the Examination Division finalizes its adjustments. In

some circumstances, facts that bear on the appropriateness of penalties may be ex-

clusively in the taxpayer’s possession. See, e.g., sec. 6664(c)(3)(B) (requiring tax-

payer to show that he “made a good faith investigation of the value of the contri-

buted property” in order to establish defense to valuation misstatement penalty).

Section 6751(b) does not require examining agents to get supervisory approval

before taking exploratory steps to gather the pertinent facts.

      For these reasons, we conclude that the summary report transmitting the

exam team’s tentative penalty proposals did not require prior supervisory approv-
                                        - 20 -

al.2 But the case law sheds little light on what specific action by the IRS affirma-

tively constitutes the “initial determination of * * * [a penalty] assessment” within

the meaning of section 6751(b)(1). See Chai, 851 F.3d at 221 (concluding that

supervisory approval must be secured “no later than the date the IRS issues the

notice of deficiency (or files an answer or amended answer) asserting such penal-

ty” (emphasis added)); Clay, 152 T.C. at 249 (concluding that the “initial deter-

mination * * * was made no later than” the date on which the IRS mailed the 30-

day letter (emphasis added)).

      In Palmolive, 152 T.C. at 88, we concluded that a subordinate IRS employee

should be considered to have made his “initial determination” to assert penalties

“at the time he solicited his supervisor’s approval” on the Civil Penalty Approval

Form or similar document. Palmolive involved four penalties. We held that all

four had received the requisite supervisory approval because each “was ‘initial[ly]

determined’ and then approved in writing by a supervisor before being communi-

cated to * * * [the taxpayer]” in the FPAA. Id. at 89.

      Alternatively, we might treat the “initial determination” of a penalty as be-

ing made in the notice that embodies, and formally communicates to the taxpayer,

      2
       For similar reasons, we reject the notion that RA Pennington’s oral discus-
sion of penalties with Mr. Schneider, her then-supervisor, in December 2012
should be considered to have been the “initial determination” of the penalties.
                                       - 21 -

the Examination Division’s unequivocal decision to assert a penalty. Under this

approach, section 6751(b)(1) would be satisfied so long as supervisory approval

was secured before that notice was mailed.

      This equation of a “determination” with the IRS notice that communicates

the determination to the taxpayer is explicit elsewhere in our jurisprudence. In

CDP cases section 6330(d)(1) grants us jurisdiction if a taxpayer petitions “within

30 days of a determination under this section.” In whistleblower cases section

7623(b)(4) grants us jurisdiction of a “determination regarding an award” if the

whistleblower petitions “within 30 days of such determination.” Under these pro-

visions, we do not ask on what date an IRS officer made his or her decision in a

personal, subjective sense. Rather, we treat the “notice of determination” issued to

the taxpayer as “the determination” and compute the 30-day period from the date

that notice was mailed. See, e.g., Bongam v. Commissioner, 146 T.C. 52 (2016);

Kasper v. Commissioner, 137 T.C. 37 (2011).

      We have taken a similar approach in partnership cases. Section 6231(g)(2),

for example, provides that TEFRA procedures shall not apply if the Secretary

“reasonably determines” (correctly or not) that they do not apply. In Bedrosian v.

Commissioner, 143 T.C. 83 (2014), aff’d, 940 F.3d 467 (9th Cir. 2019), we were
                                       - 22 -

required to decide at what point in time the Secretary should be deemed to have

made his “determination” to this effect.

      We held in Bedrosian that “the FPAA is the IRS’ determination,” following

authorities dating back “to the earliest days of TEFRA litigation.” Id. at 107. The

taxpayers urged that earlier communications and actions by the IRS exam team

amounted to determinations that TEFRA procedures did apply, but we rejected

that argument. “These events,” we concluded, were “part of the give-and-take of

an on-going examination,” and none of them “amount[ed] to a determination” that

TEFRA procedures applied. Ibid. “To look to the actions within an ongoing exam

to find a ‘determination’ would be an unworkable rule raising any number of

problems.” Ibid.

      Practical considerations support a similar conclusion here. It may be diffi-

cult or impossible to ascertain the precise point in time at which an IRS officer

should be deemed to have made, in a subjective sense, the “initial determination”

that is ultimately embodied in the notice issued to the taxpayer. An RA may have

jotted down notes on a legal pad, or had a conversation with a supervisor, indica-

ting that he intended to recommend penalties. An RA may have mentioned the

possibility of penalties, with varying shades of conviction, during meetings or
                                         - 23 -

telephone calls. Or as here, the RA may have forwarded proposed adjustments to

the taxpayer in anticipation of a conference.

        If events transpiring during informal meetings were deemed critical in as-

certaining whether an “initial determination” had been made, difficult evidentiary

problems would arise in establishing who said what to whom. Cf. Palmolive, 152

T.C. at 88 (noting that inferences about the timing of an “initial determination”

could amount to “mere speculation”). Indeed, a strategically minded taxpayer

could seek to insulate himself from penalties by initiating a discussion of that

subject at an early stage of the examination, conscious that the examining agent

most likely would not have secured supervisory approval of any penalties by that

time.

        In the case at hand, we conclude that the “initial determination of * * * [the

penalty] assessment” was embodied in the 60-day letter issued on March 9, 2015,

by which the IRS formally notified Belair that the Examination Division had com-

pleted its work and, after considering Belair’s arguments, had made a definite

decision to assert penalties. This approach comports with the statutory text--

generally acknowledged to be ambiguous--and is consistent with our case law and

the terminology used elsewhere in the Code. Because the RA secured supervisory

approval of the first three penalties, by the signing of the Civil Penalty Approval
                                        - 24 -

Form, before the Examination Division issued the 60-day letter, we hold that the

IRS complied with section 6751(b)(1) with respect to those three penalties.3

      As we noted in Kestin, the ambiguity of the statute’s operative phrase makes

interpretation and application of section 6751(b)(1) difficult. Kestin, 153 T.C.

at __ (slip op. at 26-27). “[N]o matter how it is interpreted, the statute will achieve

only imperfectly the congressional purpose of ensuring ‘that penalties [w]ould

only be imposed where appropriate and not as a bargaining chip.” Ibid. (quoting

Chai, 861 F.3d at 219). An RA’s reference to penalties at any stage of an exam-

ination might be viewed colloquially as a “bargaining chip.” But this metaphor

from the legislative history cannot displace the statutory text.

      Section 6751(b)(1) requires supervisory approval, not for a preliminary pro-

posal, but for the initial “determination” of a penalty. That term has an established

meaning in the tax context and denotes a communication with a high degree of

concreteness and formality. In a deficiency context such as this, we conclude that

the “initial determination” of a penalty assessment--the “consequential moment”

of IRS action, as the Second Circuit put it in Chai, 851 F.3d at 220-221--is em-

bodied in the document by which the Examination Division formally notifies the

      3
       As noted supra p. 9, respondent has conceded that he cannot show timely
supervisory approval for the section 6662(e) penalty, which was first communi-
cated to petitioner in the FPAA.
                                       - 25 -

taxpayer, in writing, that it has completed its work and made an unequivocal deci-

sion to assert penalties. As Chief Justice Burger wrote in United States v. Boyle,

469 U.S. 241, 248 (1985), we think “[t]he time has come for a rule with as ‘bright’

a line as can be drawn consistent with the statute.” The interpretation we adopt

here may help achieve that goal in manner consistent with the statutory text.

      B.    Form of Supervisory Approval

      Petitioner directs two arguments toward the Civil Penalty Approval Form

that Group Manager Mixon signed on September 2, 2014. Petitioner first con-

tends that the penalties should have been approved by Mr. Schneider, RA Penn-

ington’s original supervisor, with whom she orally discussed the penalties at the

outset of the examination. But as we held in Palmolive, 152 T.C. at 84-86, section

6751(b)(1) does not require approval by a specific person in a particular way.

Rather, the statute “mandates only that the approval of the penalty assessment be

‘in writing’ and by a manager.” PBBM-Rose Hill, Ltd. v. Commissioner, 900 F.3d

193, 213 (5th Cir. 2018).

      Section 6751(b)(1) provides that the initial determination of a penalty as-

sessment must be approved in writing “by the immediate supervisor of the individ-

ual making such determination.” Ms. Mixon was RA Pennington’s immediate
                                       - 26 -

supervisor when the Civil Penalty Approval Form was forwarded to her. She was

thus the appropriate person to sign that form.

      Petitioner alternatively contends that Ms. Mixon’s signature on the Civil

Penalty Approval Form was a nominal act that did not reflect meaningful review,

noting that her supervision of RA Pennington began somewhat late in the exam-

ination process. Petitioner filed a request for admissions asking respondent to

“admit that Ms. Mixon had not discussed the Penalty Approval Form with the

examiner prior to Ms. Mixon[’s] signing such form.” Respondent declined to

comply with that request on relevancy grounds, citing Raifman v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2018-101.

      In Raifman the record included a Civil Penalty Approval Form signed by

the RA’s immediate supervisor. Id. at *57. The taxpayers moved to reopen the

record to enable them to cross-examine both IRS officials, urging that “the penalty

approval form is insufficient to establish whether * * * [the RA and her

supervisor] adequately considered the applicability of any reasonable cause

penalty defense” that might be available to the taxpayers. Id. at *59-*60. We

denied that motion, concluding that “such a line of questioning would be im-

material and wholly irrelevant to ascertaining whether * * * [the Commissioner]
                                       - 27 -

complied with the written supervisory approval requirement of section

6751(b)(1).” Id. at *60-*61.

      We reach a similar conclusion here. Section 6751(b)(1) requires only that

the initial determination of a penalty assessment be “personally approved (in writ-

ing) by the immediate supervisor.” As we said in Raifman, “[t]he written supervi-

sory approval requirement * * * requires just that: written supervisory approval.”

Raifman, at *61. As in Raifman, “[w]e decline to read into section 6751(b)(1) the

subtextual requirement” that respondent demonstrate the depth or comprehensive-

ness of the supervisor’s review. Ibid. We have held in numerous cases that the

group manager’s signature on the Civil Penalty Approval Form is sufficient to

satisfy the statutory requirements. See, e.g., McNely v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2019-39; Brown v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2019-30; Dasent v. Com-

missioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-202; Giunta v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-

180; Berry v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-143.

      In this case, the penalty approval form was signed in timely fashion by

Group Manager Mixon, the then-immediate supervisor of RA Pennington. It is a

fact of life in the IRS (as in any large organization) that staff members change

jobs, are reassigned, or retire. The fact that RA Pennington had a different super-

visor earlier in the examination is inconsequential. See Palmolive, 152 T.C.
                                       - 28 -

at 84-86. We accordingly hold that, with respect to the three penalties listed in the

Civil Penalty Approval Form, the IRS satisfied all of the requirements imposed by

section 6751(b)(1).

      To implement the foregoing,


                                                An order will be issued granting in

                                       part and denying in part each party’s motion

                                       for partial summary judgment.


Reviewed by the Court.

    THORNTON, PARIS, KERRIGAN, BUCH, NEGA, PUGH, and
ASHFORD, JJ., agree with this opinion of the Court.
                                       - 29 -

      MORRISON, J., concurring: On the facts of this case, I agree with the

opinion of the Court that the 60-day letter was the initial determination to impose

the penalties. However, I do not agree with any suggestion in the opinion of the

Court that the initial determination to impose the penalties may only be “a formal

written communication to the taxpayer, notifying him that the Examination

Division has completed its work and has made a definite decision to assert

penalties.” See op. Ct. p. 16.
                                         - 30 -

        MARVEL, J., dissenting: This case once again requires that we wade into

the mire created by the imprecise text of section 6751(b)(1). See Clay v.

Commissioner, 152 T.C. 223 (2019); Graev v. Commissioner (Graev III), 149 T.C.

485 (2017), supplementing and overruling in part Graev v. Commissioner (Graev

II), 147 T.C. 460 (2016); see also Chai v. Commissioner, 851 F.3d 190 (2d Cir.

2017), aff’g in part, rev’g in part T.C. Memo. 2015-42. In an attempt to bring

order to the imprecise text of section 6751(b)(1), the opinion of the Court holds

that the “initial determination” to assert a penalty was “embodied in the 60-day

letter issued on March 9, 2015,” because that document “formally notified”

petitioner of a “definite decision to assert penalties.” See op. Ct. p. 23. In doing

so, the opinion of the Court’s analysis relies on parts of our section 6751(b)(1)

caselaw and a technical reading of the word “determine” as used elsewhere in the

Code.

        While the opinion of the Court does yeoman’s work in its attempt to identify

the initial determination that requires written approval, the text of section 6751(b)

simply cannot bear the weight. Instead, I contend that the Letter 1807, dated

December 18, 2012, and the attached summary report on the examination

(collectively, Letter 1807) set forth the initial determination in this case. In that

letter, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) informed petitioner in writing that it
                                         - 31 -

intended to impose a penalty in petitioner’s case. Because written supervisory

approval was not obtained before the IRS mailed Letter 1807, I would hold that

respondent has failed to meet his burden of production as to the penalties asserted.

      Section 6751(b)(1) has produced a disproportionate share of this Court’s

recent reviewed and precedential Opinions. Since Graev II, we have recognized

that identifying the moment of “initial determination” requires an inquiry into

ever-earlier timeframes. See Graev II, 147 T.C. at 477-478 (initial determination

occurred at assessment); Graev III, 149 T.C. at 495 (initial determination occurred

no later than the notice of deficiency or amended answer); Clay v. Commissioner,

152 T.C. at 249 (initial determination occurred no later than the revenue agent

report proposing adjustments and granting a right to appeal proposed adjustments).

This trend is the result of the use of the word “initial” in section 6751(b)(1). The

“initial determination” to impose penalties will come at different points in

different cases, but it will always be found before the date of the first written

assertion of proposed penalties by the IRS. See Graev III, 149 T.C. at 501

(Lauber, J., concurring); see also Chai v. Commissioner, 851 F.3d at 220-221.

Our prior cases have recognized this; they demonstrate that the relevant “initial

determination” occurs no later than the date on which the examining agent

furnishes a report to the taxpayer proposing a penalty requiring section 6751(b)(1)
                                        - 32 -

approval. See Graev III, 149 T.C. at 494-495 (“[W]e conclude that * * * [the]

recommendation was the initial determination[.]” (Emphasis added.)); see also

Chai v. Commissioner, 851 F.3d at 220-221.

      This reading is consistent with the underlying purpose of section

6751(b)(1). Specifically, Congress enacted section 6751(b)(1) to prevent

unapproved penalty proposals from being used “as a bargaining chip”. See Chai

v. Commissioner, 851 F.3d at 219 (quoting S. Rept. No. 105-174, at 65 (1998),

1998-3 C.B. 537, 601). This notion--that unapproved penalty proposals should

not be used as leverage--arose in response to testimony explaining the pressure

induced at closing conferences of the type called for in Letter 1807. See id.; see

also IRS Restructuring: Hearings on H.R. 2676 before the S. Comm. on Finance,

105th Cong. 92 (1998) (statement of Stefan F. Tucker, Chair-Elect, Section of

Taxation, American Bar Association) (“[W]e ought to note that * * * penalties

* * * are an IRS negotiating tool. * * * If * * * [the taxpayer] do[es] settle, * * *

[the IRS] may not assert the penalties.”). Letter 1807 invoked the possibility of

penalties and invited petitioner to negotiations involving both the proposed

substantive adjustments and the proposed penalties. This is precisely the situation

for which Congress mandated prior supervisory approval to ensure the

appropriateness of any proposed penalties.
                                        - 33 -

      The opinion of the Court, nevertheless, concludes that section 6751(b)(1)

did not require written supervisory approval before the IRS issued Letter 1807.

The opinion of the Court concludes that Letter 1807 lacked the requisite formality

to qualify as an “initial determination” and instead views it as an invitation to

discuss the proposed penalty. The opinion of the Court finds this notion of

formality in a technical construction of the word “determination”, as understood

through its use elsewhere in the Code. The notion of formality, however, appears

nowhere in section 6751(b)(1) or its legislative history. Indeed, this notion is

difficult to understand in the context of section 6751(b)(1) because settlement

negotiations are, by nature, informal until they generate a final agreement. Every

communication from the Commissioner proposing a deficiency and a related

penalty–whether it is a preliminary report, a 30- or 60-day letter, or a notice of

deficiency--sets forth proposed adjustments, which do not become final until a

decision is entered or an assessment is properly recorded.

      Section 6751(b)(1) does not reward overly technical readings; it is a unique

provision that uses terms of art imprecisely and so should be given a common

sense reading. By applying a technical reading, the opinion of the Court will

require the Court to engage in an extratextual quest for an appropriate level of

formality in the various IRS forms and communications generated in an IRS
                                        - 34 -

examination to decide whether the written approval requirement of section

6751(b)(1) has been met. This quest is not necessary. We should instead require

only that which Congress meant to require: that the IRS agent obtain written

penalty approval before putting a penalty into play by issuing the first written

report to the taxpayer proposing a penalty.

      Section 6751(b)(1) is, at best, a difficult statute to parse. In such

circumstances, where textual guideposts are few and potentially unreliable, it is

tempting to forge a standard that depends on some level of formality. Taken

together, however, the text, history, and purpose of section 6751(b)(1)

demonstrate that Congress has already established the standard, and it focuses less

on formality and more on when the IRS first issues a report to the taxpayer

proposing a penalty that is subject to the section 6751(b)(1) approval requirement.

In this case, that first written report in the record was Letter 1807. That report

injects a proposed penalty into negotiations with petitioner and contains the

“initial determination” under section 6751(b)(1).

      Because the opinion of the Court concludes that Letter 1807 did not embody

the initial determination of a penalty within the meaning of section 6751(b)(1), I

respectfully dissent.

      GALE, COPELAND, and JONES, JJ., agree with this dissent.
                                        - 35 -

      GUSTAFSON, J., dissenting: Section 6751(b)(1) provides: “No penalty

under this title shall be assessed unless the initial determination of such

assessment is personally approved (in writing) by the immediate supervisor of the

individual making such determination”. (Emphasis added.) The opinion that the

Court adopts today misconstrues the statute in a manner that frustrates and even

contradicts its purpose.

      The operative term in section 6751(b)(1)--“initial determination of such

[penalty] assessment”--is a difficult one. The majority rightly attends to the word

“determination” so as to avoid applying the statute to a mere “tentative proposal or

hypothesis.” See op. Ct. p. 14. However, “determination” is not the only word to

be construed here. Rather, the statute applies to an “initial determination” by an

“individual”. (Emphasis added.) By deciding instead that the statute applies only

when “the IRS formally notified” the taxpayer that “the Examination Division

* * * ha[s] made a definite decision to assert penalties”, see id. p. 23, the Court has

veered away from what Congress enacted.

      In this case the revenue agent signed a Letter 1807, on letterhead of the

Internal Revenue Service Small Business/Self-Employed Division, that referred to

“proposed adjustments” given in an attached summary report of the examination

(Form 4605-A, “Examination Changes”), and it invited petitioner to attend a
                                        - 36 -

“closing conference”. Notably, the “Remarks” on the first page of the

Form 4605-A state: “Accuracy Penalties under section 6662 are included as a

partnership level determination. See Lead Sheet: Gross Overvaluation Penalty”.

(Emphasis added.) That “Lead Sheet” states on its front page the “Conclusion”

that “[t]he gross overvaluation penalty is applicable”, that in the alternative “[t]he

substantial understatement penalty is applicable”, and that further in the

alternative “[t]he negligence penalty is applicable”.

      In my judgment, that letter with its attachments embodied an “initial

determination” that required written supervisory approval. It is true that the letter

did not reflect “the Examination Division’s definite decision to assert the

penalties.” See op. Ct. p. 14. But this will be true of many--perhaps all--initial

penalty determinations by an agent who has failed to comply with

section 6751(b)(1) by getting supervisory approval. That very failure makes it

impossible to characterize the unapproved act as “the Examination Division’s

definite decision”; but today the Court perversely relieves such an unapproved

“initial determination” of the consequence that Congress intended. The Court

effectively holds that the letter did not require supervisory approval because the

letter lacked supervisory approval.
                                       - 37 -

      The statute applies where there has been an “initial determination” by an

“individual”. By contrast, the Court today looks to see whether there has been a

“definite decision” by the “Examination Division”--a formulation that the majority

opinion uses six times. See op. Ct. pp. 4-5, 13-14, 16, 23. The opinion of the

Court seems to require approval not of an “initial determination” but only of a

more final determination. And it seems to require approval not of a determination

by an individual agent but only of a determination by the Examination Division.

That approach will hereafter make it difficult to identify the individual who makes

an initial determination and the supervisor who must approve it.

      Section 6751(b)(1) was enacted to undo the determinations of individual

agents who make unapproved assertions of penalty liability, but the opinion of the

Court today seems to hold that these assertions may not need supervisory approval

and may not be undone by section 6751(b)(1). I would hold otherwise.

      FOLEY, GALE, MARVEL, URDA, COPELAND, and JONES, JJ., agree
with this dissent.
