       Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                           Opinion filed May 13, 2015.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                                No. 3D14-985
                         Lower Tribunal No. 13-24934
                             ________________


                            John Michaluk, etc.,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                    Credorax (USA), Inc., etc., et al.,
                                    Appellees.



      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Jerald Bagley,
Judge.

     Kravitz & Co. PA, and Adam Kravitz, for appellant.

      Gunster, Yoakley & Stewart and Kenneth Bell, Raymond V. Miller, Allison
J. Cammack and Amy Brigham Boulris, for appellees.


Before WELLS, ROTHENBERG and EMAS, JJ.

     EMAS, J.
      John Michaluk d/b/a Nessport Consulting (“Michaluk”) appeals an order

dismissing his complaint for improper venue. We hold that the forum selection

clause at issue was permissive, and therefore reverse the order of the trial court

dismissing the complaint for improper venue.

      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      Credorax (Malta), Ltd. (“Credorax Malta”), a Malta company, is an

acquiring bank which processes credit or debit card payments for sellers of

products and services online. On November 1, 2011, Credorax Malta entered into

an “Introducer Agreement” with Michaluk, a Canadian consultant, wherein it

agreed to pay Michaluk a transaction fee in exchange for, inter alia, his assistance

in soliciting new business and acquiring new clients.

      Pursuant to paragraph 10 of the Introducer Agreement, which was titled

“Governing Law and Jurisdiction,” the parties agreed as follows:

      This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance
      with the Laws of Malta and each party hereby submits to the
      jurisdiction of the Courts of Malta as regards any claim, dispute or
      matter arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, its
      implementation and effect.

      Following a dispute over the payment of certain transaction fees, Michaluk

filed a complaint in Miami-Dade County Circuit Court against Credorax Malta and

Credorax USA, setting forth counts for fraud in the inducement, FDUPTA




                                         2
violations, unjust enrichment, and (against Credorax Malta only) breach of

contract.

      Credorax Malta and Credorax USA moved to dismiss the complaint for,

inter alia, improper venue, asserting that the Introducer Agreement contains a

mandatory forum selection clause, and thus, the claims could be brought only in

Malta. Michaluk responded that the forum selection clause is permissive and not

mandatory and thus, did not prohibit the filing of the cause of action in Miami-

Dade. Following a non-evidentiary hearing, the trial court ruled that the language

in the forum selection clause was mandatory and not permissive, and thus, entered

a final order dismissing the complaint for improper venue.1   The parties agree that

the sole issue on appeal is whether the language of the forum selection clause in

the Introducer Agreement is “permissive” or “mandatory.” We review this issue

de novo. Espresso Disposition Corp. 1 v. Santana Sales & Mktg. Grp., Inc., 105

So. 3d 592, 594 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013).2


1 Upon a motion for clarification filed by Michaluk as to whether the court’s order
applied to both Credorax Malta and Credorax USA, the court entered a separate
order clarifying that the order of dismissal applied to both defendants. Michaluk
appeals both orders.
2 Importantly, the parties agreed below (and maintain on appeal) that the language

of the forum selection clause is unambiguous, leaving only a legal determination of
whether this unambiguous language is mandatory or permissive. In any event,
there was no evidentiary hearing which might provide an evidentiary basis to
resolve any purported claim of ambiguity. Even the elementary question of which
party drafted the clause at issue was not submitted by the parties or determined by
the trial court.

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      ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

      Our analysis begins with Manrique v. Fabbri, 493 So. 2d 437 (Fla. 1986), a

case in which the Florida Supreme Court considered the broader issue of whether

such contractual forum selection clauses were enforceable at all. The district

courts were in disagreement over the enforceability of such clauses. The Manrique

Court observed that although our court had “consistently held that contractual

provisions requiring that future disputes be resolved in specified foreign

jurisdictions are void as impermissible attempts to oust Florida of subject matter

jurisdiction,” id. at 438 (citing Huntley v. Alejandre, 139 So. 2d 911 (Fla. 3d DCA

1962)), the Fourth District Court of Appeal had held that “parties to a contract may

agree to submit to the jurisdiction of a chosen forum” under certain circumstances.

Id. (citing Maritime Ltd. P’ship v. Greenman Adv. Assoc., Inc., 455 So. 2d 1121

(Fla. 4th DCA 1984)).      In resolving the conflict, the Florida Supreme Court

reviewed and relied upon federal decisions, including, most prominently, M/S

Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1 (1972), in which the United States

Supreme Court held that such forum selection clauses are prima facie valid and

should generally be enforced:

      [I]n the light of present-day commercial realities and expanding
      international trade we conclude that the forum clause should control
      absent a strong showing that it should be set aside. The correct
      approach [is] to enforce the forum clause specifically unless [the other
      party] could clearly show that enforcement would be unreasonable



                                         4
        and unjust, or that the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or
        overreaching.

Zapata, 407 U.S. at 15.

        Finding that the modern trend (and rapidly-growing majority view)

recognized the presumptive enforceability of forum selection clauses3, the Florida

Supreme Court adopted the view of Bremen, approved the Fourth District’s

decision in Maritime, and held that “forum selection clauses should be enforced in

the absence of a showing that enforcement would be unreasonable or unjust.” Id.

at 440. However, the Manrique Court did not address whether the forum selection

clause in that case was mandatory or permissive, remanding the case to the trial

court for such a determination. Id.

        A year later, the Court revisited the issue of mandatory vs. permissive forum

selection clauses in Quinones v. Swiss Bank Corp. (Overseas), S.A., 509 So. 2d

273, 274-75 (Fla. 1987), and reaffirmed its holding in Manrique, noting:

        Permissive clauses constitute nothing more than a consent to
        jurisdiction and venue in the named forum and do not exclude
        jurisdiction or venue in any other forum. See Citro Florida, Inc., v.
        Citrovale, S.A., 760 F.2d 1231, 1232 (11th Cir. 1985); Keaty v.
        Freeport Indonesia, Inc., 503 F.2d 955, 956-67 (5th Cir. 1974).

        Since that time, the case law in this area has crystallized, and forum

selection clauses are now routinely enforced.      A forum selection clause will be

deemed mandatory where, by its terms, suit may be filed only in the forum named

3   Manrique, 493 So. 2d at 439 n. 3.

                                          5
in the clause, whereas “permissive forum selection clauses are essentially a

‘consent’ to jurisdiction or venue in the named forum and do not exclude

jurisdiction or venue in another forum.” Travel Exp. Inv. Inc. v. AT&T Corp., 14

So. 3d 1224, 1226 (Fla. 5th DCA 2009) (quoting Shoppes Ltd. P’ship v. Conn, 820

So. 2d 356, 358 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002). “Generally, a forum selection clause is

mandatory where the plain language used by the parties indicates ‘exclusivity.’”

Espresso Disposition, 105 So. 3d at 595 (citing Golden Palm Hospitality, Inc. v.

Stearns Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 874 So. 2d 1231, 1236 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004)). Absent

words of exclusivity, a forum selection clause will be deemed permissive. Regal

Kitchens, Inc. v. O’Connor & Taylor Condo. Constr., Inc., 894 So. 2d 288, 291

(Fla. 3d DCA 2005).

      For example, “[i]f the forum selection clause ‘states or clearly indicates that

any litigation must or shall be initiated in specified forum,’” then the clause is

mandatory and must be honored by the trial court in the absence of a showing that

the clause is unreasonable or unjust. AT&T Corp., 14 So. 3d at 1226 (internal

quotations omitted) (holding forum selection clause was mandatory where it

provided: “The parties consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts located in

New York City, USA.” (emphasis added.)) See also World Vacation Travel, S.A.

de C.V. v. Brooker, 799 So. 2d 410, 411 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (holding forum

selection mandatory where it provided: “[B]oth parties agree and accept to be



                                         6
subjected to the jurisdiction and competence of the Administrative Authorities and

Courts of the city of Cancun, Municipality of Benito Juarez, in the State of

Quintana Roo, Mexico, and the Federal Consumer Office, forsaking any other

jurisdiction which either party may claim by virtue of its residency.” (emphasis

added)); Bremen, 407 U.S. at 2 (construing forum selection clause to be mandatory

where it provided: “Any dispute arising must be treated before the London Court

of Justice.”(emphasis added)).

      The diverse language used in forum selection clauses often prevents direct

application of or reliance on decisions in other cases. In the instant case however,

there are several cases construing nearly identical language to be a permissive,

rather than mandatory, forum selection clause.     For example, and as mentioned

earlier, the Florida Supreme Court in Quinones cited with approval to Keaty v.

Freeport Indonesia, Inc., 503 F.2d 955 (5th Cir. 1974). In that case, the parties

entered into an employment agreement containing a forum selection clause which

provided:

      This agreement shall be construed and enforceable according to the
      law of the State of New York and the parties submit to the jurisdiction
      of the courts of New York.
Id.

      When Keaty filed a breach of contract action in Louisiana, Freeport moved

to dismiss, contending the forum selection clause mandated New York as the

exclusive jurisdiction to maintain the action. The trial court agreed and dismissed


                                         7
Keaty’s action. On appeal, the fifth circuit reversed the trial court’s order, holding

that the forum selection clause was permissive rather than mandatory.             The

language at issue in this case is virtually identical to that in Keaty.

      Other federal cases involving nearly identical language have uniformly held

such clauses to be permissive, rather than mandatory. See e.g., Redondo Constr.

Corp. v. Banco Exterior de Espana, S.A., 11 F.3d 3 (1st Cir. 1993) (following

language held permissive: “Borrower and the Guarantors each hereby expressly

submits to the jurisdiction of all Federal and State courts located in the State of

Florida.”); LFR Collections LLC v. Phillip H. Taylor, M.D., J.D., P.A., 2011 WL

4736360 (M.D. Fla. 2011) (following language held permissive: “The undersigned

hereby irrevocably submits to the jurisdiction of any New York State or Federal

Court located in New York City, over any action or proceeding arising out of any

dispute between the undersigned and the Lender.”); Land-Cellular Corp. v.

Zokaites, 2006 WL 3039964 (S.D. Fla. 2006) (following language held permissive:

“The debtor irrevocably submits and consents to the jurisdiction of any court of the

State of Pennsylvania located in Allegheny, and waives any and all objections to

jurisdiction or venue that any such party may have under the laws of the State of

Florida or otherwise in those courts in any such suit, action, or proceeding.”); Wai

v. Rainbow Holdings, 315 F.Supp. 2d 1261 (S.D. Fla. 2004) (following language

held permissive: “The law for the time being in force in the Republic of Singapore



                                            8
shall apply to this agreement. . . and parties hereby agree to submit [to] the

jurisdiction of the Courts of Singapore.”)(alteration in original); Robatech

Midwest, Inc. v. Leuthner, 2015 WL 1219642 (E.D. Wis. 2015) (following

language held permissive: “The parties agree that the Laws of the State of Georgia

have exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute that may arise under, or in connection

with, the enforcement o[r] interpretation of this Agreement. Distributor waives

any objection based on inconvenience of venue and any objection to venue or

forum for such claim or cause of action, and hereby submits to jurisdiction and

venue in the Superior Court of Cobb County, Georgia.”); Beissbarth USA, Inc. v.

KW Prods., Inc., 2005 WL 38741 (N.D. Ill. 2005) (following language held

permissive: “Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably submits to the

jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois,

Eastern Division, or the Illinois State Court in Cook County for any action, suit or

proceeding arising out of or in connection with the transactions contemplated by

the Agreement.”).

      Other Florida district courts have considered forum selection clauses with

language similar to that used in the clause at issue, and have concluded that the

forum selection clause was permissive. In Shoppes Limited Partnership v. Conn,

829 So. 2d 356 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), the court determined the following language

to be permissive:



                                          9
      This instrument shall be construed in accordance with the laws of
      Massachusetts. The Guarantor hereby consents to the jurisdiction of
      the state and federal courts of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

      The court explained that because the clause lacked words of exclusivity, it

was “a classic permissive forum selection clause doing nothing more than

consenting to jurisdiction in Massachusetts but not excluding jurisdiction in

another forum.” Id. at 358.

      In Regal Kitchens, 894 So. 2d at 291, this court found the following

language to be permissive:

      Any litigation concerning this contract shall be governed by the law of
      the State of Florida, with proper venue in Palm Beach County.

Specifically, we held that “although the venue clause unequivocally states that

Florida law shall apply to any litigation of the subcontract, it lacks mandatory

language or words of exclusivity to show that venue is proper only in Palm Beach

County.” Id.

      By contrast, Florida and federal cases analyzing clauses with similar

language as the instant clause—but containing additional words of exclusivity—

have been deemed mandatory. See e.g., Copacabana Records, Inc. v. WEA Latina,

Inc., 791 So. 2d 1179 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) (providing in pertinent part: “This

agreement. . . shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York. . . .

Copacabana agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the Federal or State courts in

New York City in any action which may arise out of this agreement and said courts


                                        10
shall have exclusive jurisdiction over all disputes between WEA Latina and

Copacabana pertaining to this Agreement. . . .” (emphasis added)); Agile Assur.

Group, Ltd. v. Palmer, 147 So. 3d 1017 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (providing in

pertinent part: “Any legal suit, action, claim, proceeding[,] or investigation arising

out of or relating to this Agreement may be instituted exclusively in the courts of

Makati City and Employee waives any objections which he may now or hereafter

have to such venue of any such suit ... and irrevocably submits to the personal and

subject matter jurisdiction of any such court.” (emphasis added)); Ware Else, Inc.,

v. Ofstein, 856 So. 2d 1079 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) (providing in pertinent part:

“This agreement is accepted and entered into in Missouri and any question

regarding its validity, construction, enforcement, or performance shall be governed

by Missouri law. Any legal proceeding arising from or in any way regarding this

Agreement shall have its venue located exclusively in the Circuit Court of St.

Louis County, Missouri, and the parties hereby expressly consent and submit

themselves to the personal jurisdiction and venue of the court.” (emphasis added));

Coffee Bean Trading-Roasting, LLC v. Coffee Holding, Inc., 510 F. Supp. 2d

1075, 1077 (S.D. Fla. 2007) (providing in pertinent part: “This Agreement shall be

governed by and construed in accordance with the law of the State of Delaware. . .

. [T]he parties hereby (i) submit to the jurisdiction of the state and federal courts

located in the State of Delaware for purposes of any legal action or proceeding



                                         11
brought under or in connection with this Agreement, (ii) agree that exclusive venue

of any such action or proceeding may be laid in the State of Delaware and (iii)

waive any claim that the same is an inconvenient forum.” (emphasis added)).

       Credorax relies principally upon the decisions in Golf Scoring Sys.

Unlimited, Inc. v. Remedio, 877 So. 2d 827 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004), Celistics, LLC v.

Gonzalez, 22 So. 3d 824 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009), and Sonus-USA v. Thomas W.

Lyons, Inc., 966 So. 2d 992 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) to support its position that the

forum selection clause in the instant case is mandatory. However, those cases are

distinguishable.

      In Golf Scoring, the Fourth District found the following language in a forum

selection clause mandatory:

      This Agreement and the rights and obligations of the parties shall be
      governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of
      Florida. The parties hereto consent to Broward County, Florida as the
      proper venue for all actions that may be brought pursuant hereto.

877 So. 2d at 828 (emphasis added.) The appellate court determined that the use

of the word “the” before the words “proper venue” reflected an agreement by the

parties that Broward County was the only proper venue, to the exclusion of all

others. Our court agreed with this analysis in distinguishing the clause in Golf

Scoring from that addressed in Regal Kitchens, 894 So. 2d at 291 (providing that

“[a]ny litigation concerning this contract shall be governed by the law of the State

of Florida, with proper venue in Palm Beach County”).         The forum selection


                                        12
clause in the instant case fails to contain the necessary language of exclusivity

found in Golf Scoring, instead referring to the Courts of Malta in non-exclusive

terms, compelling a conclusion that Malta is a proper jurisdiction, rather than the

only proper jurisdiction.

      In Celistics, the forum selection clause provided:

      In the event of any doubt, question or conflict which may arise from
      the interpretation or implementation of this agreement, the parties
      agree to select the venue and jurisdiction of the Courts and Tribunals
      of the city of Madrid.

Celistics, LLC, 22 So. 3d at 825 (emphasis added).

      Although we noted that the clause did not contain the “‘magic words’ ‘shall’

or must,’” the parties nevertheless employed language of exclusivity by use of the

phrase “agree to select the venue and jurisdiction of. . . .” We held that, by using

such language, the parties “agreed that if there was any litigation stemming from

the ‘interpretation or implementation’ of the Agreement, it would take place in

Madrid, to the exclusion of all other possible venues.” Id. at 826. Such language

of exclusivity is not present in the instant forum selection clause, and cannot be

read to reflect an agreement by the parties that Malta would serve as the exclusive

forum for resolving disputes under the Agreement.

      Finally, Credorax posits that the use of the words “submits to the

jurisdiction” is different in kind from “consents to the jurisdiction” and provides

the language of exclusivity necessary to render the clause mandatory. Credorax


                                        13
relies upon Sonus, 966 So. 2d at 993, for this proposition. In Sonus, the forum

selection clause provided:

      Any controversy relating to this agreement or any modification or
      extension of it and any proceeding relating thereto shall be held in
      Minneapolis, Minnesota. The parties hereby submit to jurisdiction for
      any enforcement of this agreement in Minnesota.

Id.

      However, in concluding that the clause at issue in that case was mandatory,

the Sonus court did not rely primarily upon the distinction between “submit to” and

“consent to.” As the court explained:

      [T]he language of the initial sentence of the provision unquestionably
      says that contractual disputes “shall” be held in Minnesota. This is the
      specific language that makes jurisdiction in Minnesota mandatory.
      The following sentence in the provision only serves to confirm that
      when suit is brought in Minnesota, there will not be a fight about
      whether the opposing party is required to defend there.

Id. at 993-94 (emphasis supplied).

      While we acknowledge that the language “submits to the jurisdiction” may

in some circumstances be construed differently than the term “consents to the

jurisdiction,” courts must consider the entire language of the forum selection

clause (and other relevant portions of the agreement) in determining whether it is

permissive or mandatory. In the instant case, the use of the word “submit” instead

of “consent”, does not by itself provide the requisite words of exclusivity to render

this forum selection clause mandatory.



                                         14
      In Cardoso v. FPB Bank, 879 So. 2d 1247, 1249 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004), this

court construed a forum selection clause which provided in pertinent part:

      Any legal action. . . with respect to this Agreement. . . may be brought
      in the courts of Antigua, and/or in the Courts of the city of Sao Paulo,
      state of Sao Paulo, Federative Republic of Brazil, at the sole option of
      the Lender, and the Borrower and Guarantor hereby accept and
      irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction of such courts for the purpose of
      any such action or proceeding.

Id. at 1249 (emphasis added).

      The phrase “irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction,” juxtaposed with the

earlier phrase “may be brought in courts of. . . ”, undermines any assertion that the

forum selection clause is mandatory in nature.        We held in Cardoso that an

“ordinary and customary reading of the clause in question leads to the inescapable

conclusion that the forum selection clause . . . is permissive, not mandatory.” Id.

Notwithstanding the use of the phrase “irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction,” we

determined that, read as a whole, the forum selection clause was merely a “consent

to a lawsuit in the locations(s) mentioned therein, but does not preclude litigation

in other locations.” Id. See also Keaty, 503 F.2d at 956 (holding forum selection

clause permissive although it provided that “the parties submit to the jurisdiction of

the courts of New York”); Renfroe & Sons, Inc. v. Renfroe Japan Co., 515 F.Supp.

2d 1258 (M.D. Fla. 2007) (holding that, in the absence of some jurisdictional

language of exclusivity, phrases “submit to jurisdiction” and “consent to

jurisdiction” are each construed merely to be a consent to jurisdiction). Compare


                                         15
Weisser v. PNC Bank, N.A., 967 So. 2d 327 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007) (holding forum

selection clause mandatory notwithstanding use of phrase “consent to jurisdiction”,

where the remainder of the clause provided words of exclusivity: “The parties

further consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of either the United States District

Court for the District of Kansas or the District Court of Johnson County, Kansas,

for the judicial resolution of any disputes. . . . “) (emphasis added).

         CONCLUSION

         Having reviewed the entire forum selection clause, together with the other

provisions of the Agreement, we conclude that the clause is permissive, as it lacked

mandatory language or words of exclusivity to establish that jurisdiction was

proper only in the courts of Malta. The trial court erred in concluding that the

forum selection clause was mandatory and in dismissing the complaint on this

basis.

         We reverse the order dismissing the complaint and remand for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.




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