         [Cite as State v. Jones, 2018-Ohio-565.]
                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
             FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
                  HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO



STATE OF OHIO,                                      :   APPEAL NO. C-160908
                                                        TRIAL NO. 16CRB-13505
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                         :
                                                        O P I N I O N.
  vs.                                               :

JOSEPH JONES,                                       :

    Defendant-Appellant.                            :




Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court

Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Appellant Discharged

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: February 14, 2018


Paula Boggs Muething, City Solicitor, Natalia Harris, City Prosecutor, and
Christopher Liu, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and David Hoffmann,
Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


M ILLER , Judge.

         {¶1}   Defendant-appellant Joseph Jones was found guilty of failing to confine

a dangerous dog, a fourth-degree misdemeanor, in violation of R.C. 955.22(D). In a

single assignment of error, Jones now claims that his conviction was not supported

by sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the

following reasons, we reverse Jones’s conviction.

                                              Facts

         {¶2}   Jones walked to his apartment building with his dog, an American Pit

Bull named Prince Bane, on May 15, 2016, at about 3:30 a.m. Jones unleashed his dog

during the walk so that it could interact with a stray female dog. At trial, Jones testified

that the stray looked like an American Pit Bull and was almost the same color as Prince

Bane, but was about half his size.

         {¶3}   Alyssa Rushing, who lived in the same apartment building, also walked

her dog, a Chinese Crested Hairless, that night. Rushing and her dog were on the

steps to the apartment building when Jones, Prince Bane, and the stray approached.

Rushing saw both dogs running at her and attempted to pick up her dog. Prince

Bane attacked her, biting her hands and pulling her down.

         {¶4}   Jones countered that the stray had attacked Rushing’s dog and bit

Rushing as she struggled to protect her dog. Jones grabbed the stray and threw it to

the sidewalk below, ending the attack. Jones contended that his dog was innocent

and that Rushing was confused because Prince Bane and the stray were similar in

color.

                           Jones’s Appeal is not Moot

         {¶5}   Even though Jones has already served six months of probation

following the trial court’s denial of his motion to stay his sentence, the appeal of his


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                       OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


conviction is not moot. While Jones did not subsequently file a motion to stay his

sentence with this court, the Ohio Supreme Court has said that such an appeal is not

moot. “The completion of a sentence is not voluntary and will not moot an appeal if

the circumstances surrounding it demonstrate that the appellant neither acquiesced

in the judgment nor abandoned the right to appellate review, that the appellant has a

substantial stake in the judgment of conviction, and that there is subject matter for

the appellate court to decide.” Cleveland Hts. v. Lewis, 129 Ohio St.3d 389, 2011-

Ohio-2673, 953 N.E.2d 278, ¶ 26. See State v. Farris, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-

150567, 2016-Ohio-5527, ¶ 4. While we cannot restore the time served on probation,

we can reverse his conviction.

                                Sufficiency of the Evidence

          {¶6}   Jones asserts that his conviction was not supported by sufficient

evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. We will address only

the sufficiency of the evidence. A conviction is supported by sufficient evidence when,

after viewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier

of fact could have found all of the elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable

doubt. State v. Grice, 180 Ohio App.3d 700, 2009-Ohio-372, 906 N.E.2d 1203 (1st

Dist.).

          {¶7}   In this case, Jones was charged with, and convicted of, a violation of

R.C. 955.22(D), which states in relevant part that

          (D) * * * no owner, keeper, or harborer of a dangerous dog shall fail to

          do either of the following: (1) While that dog is on the premises of the

          owner, keeper, or harborer, securely confine it at all times in a locked

          pen that has a top, locked fenced yard, or other locked enclosure that

          has a top; (2) While that dog is off the premises of the owner, keeper,



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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


       or harborer, keep that dog on a chain-link leash or tether that is not

       more than six feet in length and additionally * * * [m]uzzle that dog.

       {¶8}   R.C. 955.11 defines a “dangerous dog” as “a dog that, without

provocation * * * has done any of the following: (i) Caused injury, other than killing

or serious injury, to any person; (ii) Killed another dog; (iii) Been the subject of a

third or subsequent violation of division (C) of section 955.22 of the Revised Code.”

       {¶9}   R.C. 955.222 sets forth how dangerous-dog designations are made,

and affords a right to request a hearing. It requires notice by certified mail. Any

hearing shall occur in “[t]he municipal court or county court that has territorial

jurisdiction over the residence of the owner, keeper, or harborer of a dog.” R.C.

955.222(A).

       {¶10} In this case, Prince Bane was not previously designated a dangerous

dog under R.C. 955.11. This designation is a prerequisite to finding a violation of

R.C. 955.22(D), as the designation is an element of the offense. If the designation

were not prerequisite, Jones would not have been put on notice as to the statutory

requirements for confining his dog, or had the opportunity to challenge the

designation and consequent restriction on his property rights.              Any other

interpretation of R.C. 955.22(D) would render R.C. 955.11 superfluous and deprive

dog owners of their statutory and constitutional rights to due process. The Ohio

Supreme Court already said as much in State v. Cowan, 103 Ohio St.3d 144, 2004-

Ohio-4777, 814 N.E.2d 864, when it struck down a former version of the “dangerous

dog statute” for infringing upon the due process rights of dog owners for the same

reason, leading to the enactment of R.C. 955.222.

       {¶11} Cowan involved a dog owner who was charged with failing to confine a

vicious dog and a dangerous dog—labels that were applied, as in this case,




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                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


concurrent with the prosecution for failure-to-confine.     The court held that the

former version of “R.C. 955.22 violates procedural due process insofar as it fails to

provide dog owners a meaningful opportunity to be heard on the issue of whether a

dog is ‘vicious’ or ‘dangerous’ as defined in R.C. 955.11(A)(1)(a) and (A)(4)(a).”

Cowan at ¶ 13. Not requiring compliance with R.C. 955.222’s notice and hearing

requirements would do the same here.

       {¶12} The state would like us to follow State v. Crocker, 5th Dist. Coshocton

No. 2012-CA-0021, 2013-Ohio-3100, which it argues is indistinguishable from this

case. In Crocker, a pit bull broke its leash, attacked and killed another dog, and bit

two people. The dog was not previously designated a dangerous dog, but the court

nonetheless found the owner in violation of R.C. 955.22(C) for harboring a

dangerous dog. The Fifth District simply stated that there was

       no support for Appellant’s position that a dog has to have previously

       violated the “dangerous dog” statute to be designated as a “dangerous

       dog.” Here, the dog in question both injured a person and killed

       another dog. As such, the dog was a “dangerous dog” within the

       meaning of the statute and the offense was a fourth degree

       misdemeanor.

Crocker at ¶ 32.

       {¶13} We disagree with the Fifth District. First, Crocker ignores the plain

language of R.C. 955.11, which defines “dangerous dog” in the past-perfect tense,

which means that the conduct that triggers the designation must precede the

designation. While the dog in Crocker was certainly a dangerous dog within the

meaning of R.C. 955.11 after the attack, it does not follow that the harborer of the

dog was on notice of the dangerous propensities of the dog prior to the attack, and




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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


therefore violated R.C. 955.22. Moreover, Crocker completely ignores Cowan and

R.C. 955.222. Without a designation that the dog was dangerous, the owner was not

put on notice of the necessary precautions to take to avoid prosecution under R.C.

955.22. We decline to follow Crocker.

                                     Conclusion

       {¶14} We sustain Jones’s sole assignment of error. We reverse the judgment

of the trial court and hereby discharge Jones from further prosecution.

                                     Judgment reversed and appellant discharged.


D ETERS , J., concurs.
M YERS , P.J., concurs in judgment only.




Please note:
       The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.




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