    Filed 9/18/14 P. v. Friend CA1/4

                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS


California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.



                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION FOUR


THE PEOPLE,
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                    A139295
v.
RYAN MATTHEW FRIEND,                                                (Humboldt County
                                                                    Super. Ct. No. CR1301606)
           Defendant and Appellant.


           In return for a three-year prison term, defendant Ryan Matthew Friend pleaded
guilty to one count of felony possession of methamphetamine in jail and admitted the
offense constituted a violation of probation. The court included a penal fine of $600 in
the sentence. Defendant now argues that this fine must be stricken. Defendant, however,
was informed and acknowledged that a penal fine of up to $10,000 and a restitution fine
of up to $10,000 were possible consequences of his plea. We affirm.
                                                I. BACKGROUND
           We dispense with a recitation of the facts underlying defendant’s offense, as they
are irrelevant to the disposition of this appeal.
           Defendant was charged with possession of methamphetamine in a jail facility
(Pen. Code,1 § 4573.6) (count 1), and possession of methamphetamine (Health & Saf.
Code, § 11377, subd. (a)) (count 2).

1
           All further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
                                                                1
        Defendant entered into a negotiated plea agreement wherein he agreed to plead
guilty to count 1 in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining count. It was further
agreed that if defendant did not receive probation that there would be a three-year cap on
any imprisonment. At the change of plea hearing in April 2013, defendant stated that he
understood the agreement. The court warned defendant that the maximum financial
penalty for unauthorized possession of a controlled substance in jail “is a fine of up to
$10,000; restitution fine of no less than [$]280 and no more than $10,000 . . . [¶] Do you
understand that?” Defendant answered, “Yes, sir.”
        After additional advisements, the trial court asked defendant whether “anyone
promised you anything other than that which has been stated here in open court to get you
to enter your plea and admission?” Defendant answered, “No, sir.” Defendant also
acknowledged that he was pleading freely and voluntarily.
        The probation officer’s report was prepared after defendant’s plea had been taken.
The probation report recommended imposition of a $600 court fine pursuant to section
672.2
        At the sentencing hearing in May 2013, the trial court denied probation and
sentenced defendant to three years in prison. Consistent with the probation officer’s
recommendation, the court imposed, among other things, a court fine of $600. Defendant
did not object that the $600 fine violated the plea agreement.
                                     II. DISCUSSION
        As an initial matter, defendant has not forfeited his argument on appeal. Absent
compliance with the section 1192.5—informing the defendant that the court may
withdraw its approval of the plea, and if it does so, the defendant may withdraw the
plea—the defendant’s “constitutional right to the benefit of his bargain is not waived by a
mere failure to object at sentencing.” (People v. Walker (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1013, 1025

2
  Section 672 provides as follows: “Upon a conviction for any crime punishable by
imprisonment in any jail or prison, in relation to which no fine is herein prescribed, the
court may impose a fine on the offender not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000) in
cases of misdemeanors or ten thousand dollars ($10,000) in cases of felonies, in addition
to the imprisonment prescribed.”
                                                2
(Walker).) Here, the trial court failed to provide this admonition. Proceeding to the
merits, we address defendant’s claim and find that it, nevertheless, fails.
       When a defendant enters a plea pursuant to a plea bargain, the “punishment may
not significantly exceed that which the parties agreed upon.” (Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d
at p. 1024.) This rule applies to fines. (Ibid.) In forming the plea agreement, however,
the parties may elect to fix the amount of prison time to be served while leaving the
amount of any applicable fines to the court’s discretion. (See People v. Crandell (2007)
40 Cal.4th 1301, 1309-1310 (Crandell); People v. Dickerson (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th
1374, 1384 (Dickerson) [criminal defendants may negotiate “whatever bargains appear to
be in their best interests, including leaving the imposition of fines to the discretion of the
sentencing court”].) In that situation, the defendant has no grounds for claiming that the
fine imposed by the court exceeded the punishment contemplated by the agreement.
(Crandell, supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 1309-1310.) When a fine is challenged as exceeding
the agreed upon punishment the “ ‘core question in every case is . . . whether the . . . fine
was actually negotiated and made a part of the plea agreement, or whether it was left to
the discretion of the court.’ ” (Id. at p. 1309.)
       Here, when taking defendant’s plea, the trial court warned defendant that the
“maximum financial penalty is a fine of up to $10,000.” Defendant verbally confirmed
that he understood this penalty. The probation report also alerted defendant that he was
required to pay a $600 court fine pursuant to section 672. (See Dickerson, supra, 122
Cal.App.4th at p. 1385 [non-bargained for fines did not violate plea agreement, in part
because probation report warned defendant of such possible fines].) In light of these
admonitions, defendant could not “reasonably could have understood the negotiated plea
agreement to signify that no substantial fine would imposed.” (In re Moser (1993) 6
Cal.4th 342, 356 discussing Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d 1013.)
       Further, as part of the plea colloquy the court also asked defendant: “[H]as anyone
promised you anything other than that which has been stated here in open court to get you
to enter your plea and admission?” Defendant denied receiving any such promises. This
statement, given after the court warned defendant that he could be subject to $10,000 in

                                                    3
fines, demonstrates that fines were not negotiated as part of the plea. (See Crandell,
supra, 40 Cal.4th at pp. 1309-1310 [statement that defendant received no promises
beyond term of imprisonment implied fines were left up to discretion of court].) Rather,
the record suggests that the parties focused on the term of imprisonment, and left the
question of fines up to the trial court’s discretion.
       Nevertheless, relying on Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d 1013, defendant insists that the
imposition of the $600 court fine exceeded the punishment specified in the plea bargain.
Defendant’s reliance on Walker is misplaced.
       In Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d 1013, the trial court imposed a restitution fine on a
defendant who had pled guilty in accordance with a plea bargain that made no mention of
restitution. Although the probation report recommended a $5,000 restitution fine, “the
record disclose[d] no other mention of the possibility of such a fine prior to sentencing”
(id. at p. 1019). Our supreme court held that the unanticipated fine “was a significant
deviation from the negotiated terms of the plea bargain.” (Id. at p. 1029.)
       In the course of deciding Walker, the court carefully distinguished “two related but
distinct legal principles” (Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 1020) that may apply when a
restitution fine is erroneously imposed. “The first principle concerns the necessary
advisements whenever a defendant pleads guilty, whether or not the guilty plea is part of
a plea bargain.” (Ibid.) These include “both the constitutional rights that are being
waived and the direct consequence of the plea.” (Id. at p. 1022) “The second principle is
that the parties must adhere to the terms of a plea bargain. [Citation.] [¶] In any given
case, there may be a violation of the advisement requirement, of the plea bargain, or of
both. Although these possible violations are related, they must be analyzed separately,
for the nature of the rights involved and the consequences of a violation differ
substantially.” (Id. at p. 1020.)
       In Walker, both types of error were present. First, the trial court advised the
defendant only that a $10,000 fine was “a possible consequence” when it “should have
advised defendant there was a possible $10,000 penalty fine and a mandatory restitution
fine of between $100 and 10,000.” (Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 1029.) Second, the

                                                  4
trial court imposed a restitution fine of $5,000 that had not been mentioned in the parties’
plea bargain. (Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 1019.) Under the circumstances, the court
held that imposition of the restitution fine constituted “a significant deviation from the
negotiated terms of the plea bargain. Since the court did not give the section 1192.5
admonition [relating to the defendant’s right to withdraw the plea], and this was not
merely a failure to advise of the consequences of the plea, defendant cannot be deemed to
have waived his rights by silent acquiescence. Nor did he waive them expressly.” (Id. at
pp. 1029-1030.)
       In this case, only the second type of error, violation of the plea bargain, is in
question. Defendant complains that imposition of a $600 court fine violated his plea
bargain and that, pursuant to Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d 1013, he is entitled to have the
amount stricken.
       Here, unlike in Walker, the trial court specifically advised defendant there was a
possible penalty fine up to $10,000, as well as restitution fine of between $280 and
$10,000. (See Walker, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 1029 [advisement that $10,000 fine was
possible consequence was inadequate; “court should have advised defendant there was a
possible $10,000 penalty fine and a mandatory restitution fine of between $100 and
$10,000”].) Similarly distinguishable is the fact that the trial court in the instant case
“ascertained that the prosecution had not made ‘any other promises’ beyond that
defendant would be sentenced to [a specified term] in prison.” (Crandell, supra, 40
Cal.4th at p. 1309.)
       Moreover, in People v. Villalobos (2012) 54 Cal.4th 177 (Villalobos), the
California Supreme Court “clarifie[d] the default rule when neither the parties nor the
trial court mentions restitution fines in the context of a plea bargain.” (Id. at p. 186.) The
court explained that reading Walker to suggest that mere silence concerning a statutorily
mandated punishment indicates a defendant could reasonably understand that no
substantial fine would be imposed cannot be reconciled with subsequent California
Supreme Court authority, particularly Crandell. (Villalobos, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 183-
185.) Discussing Crandell, the court explained that “ ‘ “the core question in every case is

                                                 5
. . . whether the restitution fine was actually negotiated and made a part of the plea
agreement, or whether it was left to the discretion of the court” ’ [Citation.]”
(Villalobos, supra, at p. 185.) Thus, Villalobos overruled Walker to the extent it suggests
that the mere silence of the parties and the trial court provides a basis for a defendant’s
belief that his plea agreement excluded imposition of a substantial fine. (Villalobos, at

p. 183.)

       Although Villalobos addressed a mandatory restitution fine, the rule has been
applied to mandatory penal fines. (See People v. Cruz (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 61, 65-66
[Villalobos equally applicable to mandatory Vehicle Code § 23560 penal fine].) Here,
defendant contends this rule does not apply because the felony fine at issue is
discretionary. According to defendant, silence as to a discretionary fine is consistent with
showing that such a fine was not negotiated as part of the plea and, as such, the “fine was
not intended to be ‘specified in the plea agreement,’ and therefore is not permitted.” We
disagree.
       Of course, although the felony fine set forth in section 672 is discretionary, we fail
to see this fact as being dispositive. As noted ante, section 672 provides that “[u]pon a
conviction for any crime punishable by imprisonment in any jail or prison, in relation to
which no fine is herein prescribed, the court may impose a fine on the offender not
exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000) in cases of misdemeanors or ten thousand
dollars ($10,000) in cases of felonies, in addition to the imprisonment prescribed.”
       “The language used in section 672 demonstrates that it was meant to provide a fine
for offenses for which another statute did not impose a fine. In other words, this is a
catchall provision allowing a fine to be imposed for every crime, even if the statute
criminalizing the conduct did not specifically authorize a fine.” (People v. Breazell
(2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 298, 304.)
       That the fine imposed under section 672 was discretionary does not obviate
consideration of “ ‘ the core question’” of whether the fine was “actually negotiated and
made a part of the plea agreement, or whether it was left to the discretion of the

                                                 6
court.” ’ ” (Villalobos, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 185.) As Villalobos explains “where the
parties have not mentioned the amount of the fine during the plea negotiation, and where
the trial court has not threatened or promised any particular amount of fine during the
plea colloquy, the amount of the fine is not part of the plea agreement, and the trial court
is free to impose a fine within the statutory range. Absent an expressly negotiated term in
the plea bargain concerning the fine, [there is] no basis to conclude that imposition of a
fine within the statutory range constitutes more punishment than what the defendant
bargained for.” (Villalobos, supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 184.)
       Thus, applying Villalobos, supra, 54 Cal.4th 177 to the instant case, a section 672
felony fine is analogous to the amount of a restitution fine above the minimal amount,
and the parties are free to reach any agreement concerning the amount of the fine they
find mutually agreeable. (Crandell, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1309.)
       In sum, because the amount of the penal fine was neither made part of defendant’s
plea agreement nor otherwise specified in the plea colloquy, it was left to the trial court’s
discretion. (See Villalobos, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 181, 184-185, People v. Cruz, supra,
219 Cal.App.4th 61, 65-66.) Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not violate the
terms of the plea agreement by imposing a $600 felony fine. No modification of the
judgment is warranted.




                                                7
                                 III. DISPOSITION
     The judgment is affirmed.




                                              _________________________
                                              REARDON, J.


We concur:


_________________________
RUVOLO, P. J.


_________________________
RIVERA, J.




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