                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 12-1117
                        ___________________________

  Pedro Garcia-Colindres; Brenda Maribel Garcia; Sergio Geovani Garcia Cano

                             lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioners

                                           v.

             Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General of the United States

                            lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                    ____________

                      Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: October 30, 2012
                            Filed: November 30, 2012
                                 ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BEAM and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                              ____________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

      Pedro Garcia-Colindres, a native of Guatemala in the United States illegally
with his wife and son, seeks review of the Board of Immigration Appeal's (BIA) order
affirming an immigration judge's (IJ) denial of his application for asylum and
withholding of removal. For the reasons discussed below, we deny the petition for
review.
                                           I

       Pedro Garcia-Colindres was born in Escuintla, Guatemala in 1953, where he
remained with his wife and five children until 1993. In April of 1993, members of
Guatemala's National Civilian Police (PNC) came to Garcia-Colindres's home on the
suspicion that his teenage son Pedro was hiding weapons for a guerilla group. Thirty
to forty men forcibly entered Garcia-Colindres's home, woke his sleeping children,
and ransacked the house in search of weapons; none were found. Because Pedro was
not home at the time, the men took Garcia-Colindres into custody in his place.
Garcia-Colindres was transported to a police station where he was handcuffed, beaten,
and burned with a cigarette for approximately eight hours. Before they released him,
Garcia-Colindres's interrogators told him if Pedro did not reappear, they would hold
his family responsible and kill Garcia-Colindres instead. Pedro has not been seen or
heard from since that day.

       Garcia-Colindres did not return to his residence after the interrogation and went
instead to stay with friends. Over the following months, however, the PNC returned
to search his home several times and indicated they would continue to do so. As a
result, Garcia-Colindres hid his family in Guatemala and fled to the United States.
Two years later, Garcia-Colindres's second son Enio was found in a sugarcane field
with acid burns covering his face and body. He died shortly thereafter. Because this
method of torture was characteristic of the PNC, Garcia-Colindres suspects the group
was responsible for his son's death. Garcia-Colindres's wife left Guatemala for the
United States a few months later. Their two youngest children joined them in 2004.

      Garcia-Colindres's eldest daughter Lucy remained in Guatemala with her
husband. From Guatemala, Lucy attempted to assist her family in the United States
by gathering documentation and records in support of their application for asylum.
During this time, Lucy informed her family that she was being followed by armed
men. She reported her concerns to an investigator, but in 2007, Lucy was found dead

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from at least nine gunshot wounds. The investigative report that followed listed her
assailant as "unknown."

       Garcia-Colindres believes the PNC is responsible for the disappearance and
deaths of his children who remained in Guatemala. He filed an initial application for
asylum in 1994, shortly after he arrived in the United States. On September 24, 2005,
the government commenced removal proceedings against him. Garcia-Colindres
submitted an updated application for asylum in 2006 on behalf of himself, his wife,
their son, and their daughter (now deceased). The application was also considered to
be a request for withholding of removal.

       On January 20, 2008, an IJ denied Garcia-Colindres's applications for asylum
and withholding of removal. Although the court found Garcia-Colindres credible, it
determined he could not demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of future
persecution and, in any event, the changed conditions in Guatemala's political climate
rendered his apprehensions objectively unreasonable. Accordingly, the IJ ordered
Garcia-Colindres and his family to be removed to Guatemala. Garcia-Colindres
appealed the decision to the BIA, which affirmed the IJ's decision. Garcia-Colindres
filed this petition for review on January 18, 2012.

                                           II

      "Any alien who is physically present in the United States . . . may apply for
asylum . . . ." 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). To qualify for asylum, an alien shoulders the
burden of establishing he is a refugee, as that term is defined in 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42). Id. § 1158(b)(1). Under § 1101(a)(42)(A), a refugee includes "any
person who is outside any country of such person's nationality . . . and who is unable
or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the
protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of . . . membership in a particular social group, or political

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opinion." Thus, an alien petitioning for asylum must prove past persecution or a
well-founded fear of future persecution due to one of the bases enumerated in the
statute. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a). Even where past persecution is shown, an IJ must
deny asylum when a preponderance of the evidence shows "[t]here has been a
fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant no longer has a
well-founded fear of persecution in the applicant's country of nationality." Id.
§ 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(A).

       Here, the BIA affirmed the IJ's findings that Garcia-Colindres did not suffer
past persecution and, due to changed circumstances in Guatemala, does not suffer a
well-founded fear of future persecution. Garcia-Colindres challenges those findings.
"Because the BIA's decision is the final decision of the agency, it is the subject of our
review." Falaja v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 1076, 1081 (8th Cir. 2005) (citing Ismail v.
Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 970, 974 (8th Cir. 2005)). "To the extent, however, that the BIA
adopted the findings or the reasoning of the IJ, we also review the IJ's decision as part
of the final agency action." Id. We review the BIA's determination that
Garcia-Colindres is ineligible for asylum or withholding of removal under the
substantial evidence standard. Ismail, 396 F.3d at 974. Under this standard of review,
we will affirm the denial of the withholding unless no reasonable factfinder could fail
to find the requisite fear of persecution. Id. (internal citation and quotation marks
omitted).

                                           III

       We first address Garcia-Colindres's challenges to the IJ's findings that he did
not suffer past persecution on account of a protected status and that he cannot
establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. This Court has described
persecution as "the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one's person or
freedom, on account of [a protected ground]." Malonga v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 546,
552 (8th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted). Persecution is "an extreme concept and does

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not include low-level intimidation and harassment." Id. (citation omitted). An alien
who establishes past persecution is entitled to a presumption that he has a
well-founded fear of future persecution if removed to his country of origin. 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.13(b)(1).

                                 A. Past Persecution

       Although the IJ found Garcia-Colindres's testimony credible, he concluded the
harm Garcia-Colindres suffered in Guatemala did not rise to the level of past
persecution. In declining to characterize Garcia-Colindres's detention by the PNC as
persecution, the IJ relied upon this Court's collective holdings that "brief periods of
detention, ethnic conflict, or isolated violence do not necessarily constitute
persecution." Pet'r's App. 42 (citing Ngure v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 975, 990 (8th Cir.
2004) ("Generally speaking, evidence of isolated violence does not compel a finding
of persecution."); Al Tawm v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d 740, 743 (8th Cir. 2004) (noting that
some physical harm or brief detention is not necessarily persecution); Eusebio v.
Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1088, 1091 (8th Cir. 2004) (holding that minor beatings and brief
detentions do not necessarily rise to the level of persecution); Feleke v. I.N.S., 118
F.3d 594 (8th Cir. 1997) (holding that political unrest and ethnic conflict do not
compel a finding of persecution)).

       Because Garcia-Colindres was subjected to brief detention, minor beatings, and
the threat of future violence, it bears mention that this case involves a combination of
elements which may not individually amount to persecution. Even in the aggregate,
however, we must agree that the harm suffered by Garcia-Colindres during his
eight-hour detention was less severe than that suffered by those whose claims we have
routinely rejected. We thus affirm the BIA's holding that the physical harm and brief
detention inflicted by the PNC did not rise to the level of past persecution.




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       With regard to the terrible fates of Garcia-Colindres's children, the IJ likewise
concluded Garcia-Colindres could not demonstrate past persecution as the unknown
circumstances surrounding their deaths could not conclusively establish governmental
involvement or indifference. "The BIA has adopted, and we have approved as
reasonable, a definition of 'persecution' that requires a harm to be inflicted either by
the government of [a country] or by persons or an organization that the government
was unable or unwilling to control." Menjivar v. Gonzales, 416 F.3d 918, 921 (8th
Cir. 2005) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). This standard makes
critical the identity and motives of one's persecutors. See Menendez-Donis v.
Ashcroft, 360 F.3d 915, 919 (8th Cir. 2004) (affirming the BIA's denial of asylum for
a petitioner who could not identify her attackers or the motives for their attacks and
whose son was killed under unknown circumstances). Here, we are presented with a
complete absence of evidence as to the individuals and motives behind the deaths and
disappearance of Garcia-Colindres's children. Without more, we simply cannot
conclude Pedro, Enio, and Lucy were not the casualties of general civil unrest, crime,
or societal violence. Accordingly, we must affirm the BIA's holding that these
incidents also did not constitute past persecution on account of a protected ground.

                    B. Well-founded Fear of Future Persecution

       Because Garcia-Colindres has not made a showing of past persecution, the
presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution does not apply. 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.13(B)(1). To qualify for asylum, Garcia-Colindres must therefore demonstrate
a subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable fear of future persecution on
account of a protected ground. See Pavlovich v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 613, 618 (8th
Cir. 2007). While we do not question Garcia-Colindres's subjective fear of returning
to Guatemala, the objective reasonableness of fearing future persecution on account
of a protected ground is considerably weakened by the changed conditions in
Guatemala in the nearly twenty years since his departure. See Regalado-Garcia v.
I.N.S., 305 F.3d 784, 788 (8th Cir. 2002) (finding a petitioner's objective fear of future

                                           -6-
persecution is undermined by changed country conditions). We have had many
opportunities to consider and accept reports of dramatically improved conditions in
Guatemala since the government and guerillas signed peace accords in 1996. See,
e.g., Lorenzo-Gonzales v. Gonzales, 419 F.3d 754, 756 (8th Cir. 2005);
Melencio-Saquil v. Ashcroft, 337 F.3d 983, 986, 988 (8th Cir. 2003). Given these
developments and Garcia-Colindres's inability to demonstrate that his children's
deaths and disappearance were attributable to his political opinion or affiliation,
Garcia-Colindres's fear of future persecution rests on one eight-hour period of
detention, committed approximately twenty years ago by a group that has since fallen
from power. We must therefore agree with the BIA's conclusion that Garcia-
Colindres cannot establish a well-founded fear of future persecution on a protected
ground if returned to Guatemala. See Feleke, 118 F.3d at 598 ("Even attacks on
family members, absent a pattern of persecution tied to the applicant, do not establish
a well-founded fear of persecution; nor do isolated acts of violence."). Accordingly,
the BIA's conclusion that Garcia-Colindres does not qualify as a refugee and is
ineligible for asylum is supported by substantial evidence.

                            C. Withholding of Removal

       When an alien is not entitled to asylum, removal must be withheld if he or she
shows a "clear probability" of future persecution on account of a protected ground.
Ngure, 367 F.3d at 989. This is "a more rigorous standard than the well-founded fear
of persecution that makes one eligible for asylum." Rife v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 606,
613 (8th Cir. 2004). Because substantial evidence supports the BIA's finding that
Garcia-Colindres has not demonstrated a well-founded fear of future persecution,
substantial evidence likewise supports the BIA's determination that he cannot establish
a clear probability of future persecution. Garcia-Colindres is thus ineligible for
withholding of removal.




                                         -7-
                               D. Humanitarian Asylum

       Garcia-Colindres's final argument is that even if he does not have a well-
founded fear of future persecution, he may nevertheless qualify for humanitarian
asylum. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii). Garcia-Colindres did not assert this claim
before the IJ or the BIA and raises it for the first time in his petition for review.
"Failure to raise an issue before the agency constitutes a failure to exhaust
administrative remedies and deprives this court of jurisdiction to hear the matter."
Ixtlilco-Morales v. Keisler, 507 F.3d 651, 656 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Sultani v.
Gonzales, 455 F.3d 878, 884 (8th Cir. 2006)); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d) ("A court
may review a final order of removal only if (1) the alien has exhausted all
administrative remedies available to the alien as of right . . . ."). We therefore will not
consider this claim.

                                            IV

      For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review.
                      ______________________________




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