
709 N.W.2d 164 (2005)
268 Mich. App. 659
CITIZENS INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
F.C. SCHOLZ, III, Bultsma Excavating, Inc., and Hoonhorst Concrete, Inc., Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. 254466.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted September 6, 2005, at Detroit.
Decided November 8, 2005, at 9:15 a.m.
Released for Publication January 23, 2006.
*165 Betz & Bloss, P.C. (by Ralph M. Reisinger), Grand Rapids, for Citizens Insurance Company.
Damon, Oosterhouse & Witte, LLP (by Charles E. Damon), Grand Rapids, for F.C. Scholz, III.
Worsfold Macfarlane McDonald, P.L.L.C. (by David M. Pierangeli), Grand Rapids, for Bultsma Excavating, Inc.
Straub, Seaman & Allen, P.C. (by Joseph R. Enslen and Mary Catherine Beach), Grandville, for Hoonhorst Concrete, Inc.
Before: BANDSTRA, P.J., and NEFF and DONOFRIO, JJ.
NEFF, J.
Plaintiff filed this action as subrogee of its insured, Zinger Sheet Metal, to recover damages sustained by Zinger when a building wall collapsed during a construction project undertaken by defendant contractors. Plaintiff appeals as of right an order of the trial court granting summary disposition for defendants pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7). The court ruled that plaintiff's claim was time-barred because it was governed by the three-year statute of limitations applicable to ordinary negligence actions, MCL 600.5805(10),[1] and not by the six-year statute of limitation for breach of contract claims, MCL 600.5807(8), or for an action against a contractor based on an improvement to real property, MCL 600.5839(1). We conclude that plaintiff's claim is governed by MCL 600.5839(1) and was, therefore, timely filed. We reverse the grant of summary disposition and remand for further proceedings.

I
In 1997, plaintiff's insured, Zinger Sheet Metal, retained defendant F.C. Scholz, III, as the construction manager for a project to build an addition to Zinger's main building. Defendants Bultsma Excavating, Inc.; and Hoonhorst Concrete, Inc., were hired as subcontractors for the project. On July 31, 1997, after the subcontractors dug below the foundation of the existing *166 building while excavating for the addition's foundation, the adjoining wall of the existing building collapsed. Plaintiff paid $62,182.97 in insurance proceeds for damages related to the wall collapse.
Nearly six years later, on April 23, 2003, plaintiff filed a complaint seeking recovery from defendants. The trial court granted defendants' motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the basis that plaintiff's claim was time-barred.

II
This Court reviews de novo a trial court's grant of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). Summary disposition is properly granted under MCR 2.116(C)(7) when an action is time-barred. Id. at 118, n. 3, 597 N.W.2d 817. Young v. Sellers, 254 Mich. App. 447, 449, 657 N.W.2d 555 (2002). "`[A]bsent disputed questions of fact, whether a cause of action is barred by a statute of limitations is a question of law that this Court also reviews de novo.'" Id. at 450, 657 N.W.2d 555 (citation omitted).

III
Plaintiff contends that, contrary to the trial court's conclusion, the statute of repose for actions against architects, engineers, and contractors, MCL 600.5839(1), provides the limitations period for this action. We agree.
MCL 600.5839(1) provides:
No person may maintain any action to recover damages for any injury to property, real or personal, or for bodily injury or wrongful death, arising out of the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property, nor any action for contribution or indemnity for damages sustained as a result of such injury, against any state licensed architect or professional engineer performing or furnishing the design or supervision of construction of the improvement, or against any contractor making the improvement, more than 6 years after the time of occupancy of the completed improvement, use, or acceptance of the improvement, or 1 year after the defect is discovered or should have been discovered, provided that the defect constitutes the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which the action is brought and is the result of gross negligence on the part of the contractor or licensed architect or professional engineer. However, no such action shall be maintained more than 10 years after the time of occupancy of the completed improvement, use, or acceptance of the improvement.
Section 5839 was enacted in 1967 in response to changes in the law that eliminated privity of contract as a defense against suits by injured third parties and that increased the likelihood that architects and engineers involved in the design and construction of improvements to real property might be forced to defend against claims arising out of alleged defects in the improvements many years after completion. O'Brien v. Hazelet & Erdal, 410 Mich. 1, 14, 299 N.W.2d 336 (1980). As originally enacted, the statute protected only architects and engineers. Id. at 9, 14, 299 N.W.2d 336; Frankenmuth Mut. Ins. Co. v. Marlette Homes, Inc., 456 Mich. 511, 514, 573 N.W.2d 611 (1998). In 1985, the statute was amended to include claims against contractors within its coverage. Id. at 513-514, 573 N.W.2d 611; Ostroth v. Warren Regency, GP, LLC, 263 Mich.App. 1, 9, 687 N.W.2d 309 (2004), lv. gtd. 472 *167 Mich. 898, 696 N.W.2d 708 (2005).[2]
MCL 600.5839(1) is both a statute of limitations and a statute of repose. Ostroth, supra at 9, 687 N.W.2d 309, citing O'Brien, supra. "For actions which accrue within six years from occupancy, use, or acceptance of the completed improvement, the statute prescribes the time within which such actions may be brought and thus acts as a statute of limitations. When more than six years from such time have elapsed before an injury is sustained, the statute prevents a cause of action from ever accruing."[3]Id. at 15, 299 N.W.2d 336.
The trial court concluded that the general negligence statute of limitations, MCL 600.5805(8), rather than § 5839(1), governed plaintiff's claim under the analysis in Witherspoon v. Guilford, 203 Mich.App. 240, 511 N.W.2d 720 (1994). In Witherspoon, a panel of this Court held that § 5839 did not preclude application of a general limitations period in § 5805 when the cause of action has accrued and been brought within six years after the occupancy, use, or acceptance of the improvement. Witherspoon, supra at 246, 511 N.W.2d 720. The panel reasoned that although § 5839 was intended to protect architects, engineers, and contractors from stale claims, it was not intended to expand the general three-year period of viability for injury claims under § 5805 to a six-year period and, thus, breathe additional life into claims that otherwise would have expired under § 5805. Witherspoon, supra at 247, 511 N.W.2d 720.
However, in Ostroth,[4] this Court recently observed that Witherspoon was inconsistent with other decisions of this Court that have held that the specific statute of limitations, § 5839(1), controls over arguably applicable general statutes of limitations. See, e.g., Michigan Millers Mut. Ins. Co. v. West Detroit Bldg. Co., Inc., 196 Mich.App. 367, 378, 494 N.W.2d 1 (1992); Traver Lakes Community Maintenance Ass'n v. Douglas Co., 224 Mich.App. 335, 339, 341, 568 N.W.2d 847 (1997). The Ostroth panel reviewed the apparent conflict in case law and concluded that Witherspoon was wrongly decided. Ostroth, supra at 13, 687 N.W.2d 309. The Ostroth panel held that MCL 600.5839(1) provided the applicable six-year period of limitations for "all negligence actions against architects, contractors, and engineers" involving improvement to real property. Ostroth, supra at 16, 687 N.W.2d 309. The decision in Ostroth therefore settles any question whether this action falls outside the reach of § 5839 merely because it may arguably be governed by a general statute of limitations. "[B]y enacting § 5839(1) and later § 5805(10), the Legislature knowingly and necessarily abrogated the applicability of the general statutes of limitations for professional negligence, § 5805(4), and ordinary negligence, § 5805(8)." Ostroth, supra at 14, 687 N.W.2d 309.

IV
Defendants nonetheless argue that § 5839(1) is inapplicable because the injury in this case did not arise "out of the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement *168 to real property," pursuant to the express language of § 5839(1). We disagree.
Under MCL 600.5805(14) and MCL 600.5839(1), the six-year period of limitations at issue applies to actions based on an improvement to real property. The general statute of limitations, MCL 600.5805, provides:
The period of limitations for an action against a state licensed architect, professional engineer, land surveyor, or contractor based on an improvement to real property shall be as provided in section 5839. [MCL 600.5805(14) (emphasis added).]
MCL 600.5839(1) more specifically states:
No person may maintain any action to recover damages for any injury to property, real or personal, or for bodily injury or wrongful death, arising out of the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property ... against any contractor making the improvement, more than 6 years after the time of occupancy of the completed improvement, use, or acceptance of the improvement.... [Emphasis added.]
Defendants argue that the act of excavating is not a "defective and unsafe condition" nor does it constitute an "improvement" to real property, which defendants assert has been defined as a "permanent addition to or betterment of real property..." [citation and quotation marks deleted] or a "product, object, or some other tangible item that remains on the real property after the contractor completes his work," Pitsch v. ESE Michigan, Inc., 233 Mich.App. 578, 601, 593 N.W.2d 565 (1999); Travelers Ins. Co. v. Guardian Alarm Co. of Michigan, 231 Mich.App. 473, 478, 586 N.W.2d 760 (1998). However, case law applying § 5939(1) leaves no logical ground for an exception to § 5839 on the basis argued by defendants. Defendants' interpretation does not comport with our previous decisions, which consider the project as a whole and not as isolated components in determining whether the injury involves an improvement to real property. More importantly, decisions of this Court that have addressed the applicability of § 5839(1) to construction activities have, in effect, held that § 5839(1) applies regardless of whether the claim accrues during construction and is based on the contractor's workmanship rather than on the completed improvement. While defendants' argument may appear viable in theory, it is inconsistent with this Court's previous analyses and holdings.

A
In Pendzsu v. Beazer East, Inc., 219 Mich.App. 405, 411, 557 N.W.2d 127 (1996), this Court adopted a common-sense analysis used by other courts in construing the term "improvement":
"The issue is whether a component of a system which is definitely an improvement to real property is an improvement to real property itself. However, to artificially extract each component from an improvement to real property and view it in isolation would be an unrealistic and impractical method of determining what is an improvement to real property. Frequently, as in this case, an improvement to real property is going to consist of a complex system of components." [Citations omitted.]
The Court held that the relining of coke ovens and blast furnaces was "integral" to the usefulness of the automotive and steel plants and, therefore, constituted an improvement to real property rather than a repair. Id. at 411-412, 557 N.W.2d 127. Accordingly, MCL 600.5839(1) governed the successor contractor's liability for alleged injuries from asbestos products used *169 in the relining process. Id. at 412, 557 N.W.2d 127.
In Travelers Ins Co, supra at 478, 586 N.W.2d 760, this Court again applied the rationale in Pendzsu, recognizing that "if a component of an improvement is an integral part of the improvement to which it belongs, then the component constitutes an improvement to real property." Because a new electric circuit panel box and transformer were integral components of an electrical system that was essential to the operation of the engineering and manufacturing facility, the Court concluded that they constituted an improvement to real property for the purposes of MCL 600.5839(1). Travelers Ins, supra at 478-479, 586 N.W.2d 760. Likewise, a fire alarm system installed by the defendant alarm company was an improvement to real property. Id. at 480, 586 N.W.2d 760.
The reasoning in Pendzsu is equally applicable to this case. The excavating work at issue was integral to the real property improvement. It was essentially a component of the building addition and is therefore an improvement for the purposes of § 5839.

B
This Court has further recognized that MCL 600.5839(1) governs liability for injuries occurring during, as well as after, construction. Traver Lakes, supra at 341-343, 568 N.W.2d 847. In Traver Lakes, the plaintiff, a maintenance association for a residential community, alleged that the defendant contractors had installed ineffective or insufficient erosion control measures in the construction of a nearby apartment complex, resulting in interference with the pond system used by the plaintiff for storm and ground water discharge into the Ann Arbor city storm water drainage and septic system. The plaintiff sought recovery for damages that occurred during and after construction when excessive amounts of silt and sediment flowed from the construction site into the plaintiff's pond system, causing a build up of sediment in the ponds and decreased water flow through the system. The Court held that the six-year limitations period set forth in MCL 600.5839(1), rather than the three-year limitations period applicable to injuries to property, applied to the plaintiff's negligence claim against the general contractor and a subcontractor. Traver Lakes, supra at 341-342, 568 N.W.2d 847.
It is particularly noteworthy that in Traver Lakes, the plaintiff's action was filed against the apartment complex owner, Windemere, as well as the contractors on the basis of the same alleged activities. The Court analyzed the claim as an ordinary negligence action against Windemere and determined that the predicate negligent act was the failure to install sufficient erosion control measures. Id. at 340-341, 568 N.W.2d 847. The Court concluded that, unlike the action against the contractors, the action against Windemere was time-barred because the claim accrued at the latest by September 1988, when the plaintiff became aware that silt and sediment were coming from the Windemere project. Accordingly, the three-year limitations period for ordinary negligence had run. Id. at 340, 568 N.W.2d 847. Thus, the same facts gave rise to two different limitations periods merely because one defendant was the owner and the other two defendants were contractors. Applying the Traver Lakes analysis to this case requires that defendants' argument be rejected. Otherwise, the Traver Lakes panel would necessarily have found that the action against the contractors was time-barred, the same as the action against Windemere.
*170 More recently, in Abbott v. John E Green Co., 233 Mich.App. 194, 592 N.W.2d 96 (1998), this Court applied MCL 600.5839(1) to claims expressly premised on a contractor's workmanship. The plaintiffs sought recovery for injuries sustained during construction activities associated with improvements to a foundry. Abbott, supra at 196-197, 592 N.W.2d 96. The plaintiffs alleged that they sustained injuries from exposure to asbestos fibers released from the defendant contractors' construction activities, such as cutting and sawing asbestos pipe covering and mixing powdered asbestos cement in preparation for the incorporation of those materials into the foundry improvements. Id. at 197, 199, 592 N.W.2d 96. The plaintiffs sought to avoid the effect of the statute of repose, arguing that it applied only to the resulting improvement and not to the construction activities. Id. at 199, 592 N.W.2d 96. The Court concluded that the claims, premised on the defendants' "workmanship," were properly governed by MCL 600.5839(1):
The purpose of the statute of repose is to protect engineers, architects, and contractors from stale claims and to eliminate open-ended liability for "defects in workmanship." Pendzsu, supra at 410, 557 N.W.2d 127; Ali v. Detroit, 218 Mich.App. 581, 587-588, 554 N.W.2d 384 (1996). The term "workmanship" encompasses not only the quality of the finished product, but the manner of construction as determined by the "art, skill, or technique of [the] workman." The American Heritage Dictionary: Second College Edition (1982), p. 1391. In this case, plaintiffs contend that the manner of construction was defective in that the components were cut and assembled on-site resulting in the release of asbestos. Plaintiffs thus challenge defendants' "workmanship," and it would be contrary to the purpose of the statute to allow this stale claim to proceed. Contractors would not enjoy the "repose" that the statute intends to guarantee if plaintiffs, barred from bringing claims arising out of the finished result of an improvement, could nonetheless bring claims arising out of the construction practices employed in making the improvement. [Abbott, supra at 200-201, 592 N.W.2d 96.]
The Abbott Court declined to separate the construction of the improvement from the improvement itself, noting that to do so would be inconsistent with the holding in Pendzsu, in which the defendants' virtually identical activities were found to be improvements to property for the purposes of MCL 600.5839(1). Abbott, supra at 200, 592 N.W.2d 96. The Court expressly rejected the argument that the statutory language referring to the "condition of an improvement" limited coverage of the statute only to claims arising out of the finished product, noting that the statute also specifically covered "any contractor making the improvement." Id. at 201, n. 2, 592 N.W.2d 96.
In Abbott, this Court also specifically addressed accrual of an action under § 5839(1) in determining whether the amendment adding contractors applied to the action in Abbott given the effective date of the amendment. Id. at 202, 592 N.W.2d 96. The Court concluded that an action accrues when all the elements of an action for personal injury, including damages, are present, rather than when the improvement to real property was completed. Id. at 202-203, 592 N.W.2d 96. Given this analysis, it is clear that an action under § 5839(1) may accrue before the improvement is completed, but the period of limitations nonetheless commences at "the time of occupancy of the completed improvement, use, or acceptance of the improvement," as in this case.
*171 In light of this precedent and the holding in Ostroth, we must reject defendants' argument that the act of excavating is not a "defective and unsafe condition" nor does it constitute an "improvement" to real property. Because the excavation was an integral part of the construction of the building addition, we hold that it was an improvement to real property. Further, because the injuries at issue stem from workmanship involved in the construction project, plaintiff's claim properly falls within the coverage of MCL 600.5839(1).

V
The statute of repose, MCL 600.5839, was specifically enacted to protect architects and engineers from "latent defect" claims that often arose many years after an improvement to real property was completed. However, the evolving case law has drawn no distinction between "latent defect" cases and other actions seeking recovery for construction-related negligence. Moreover, nearly two decades after the enactment of the statute of repose, the Legislature amended the general statute of limitations to expressly state that all actions against contractors based on an improvement to real property were governed by § 5839. MCL 600.5805(14). Although the "defective and unsafe condition" language of § 5839(1) more specifically addresses the statute's original purpose, case law and the Legislature's subsequent amendment of MCL 600.5805 leave no logical ground for excluding actions based on construction activities from the coverage of § 5839(1).
Plaintiff's claims were timely filed pursuant to the six-year period of limitations in MCL 600.5839(1). The trial court's grant of summary disposition must be reversed.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1]  MCL 600.5805 was amended effective March 31, 2003, changing the paragraph numbers of the provisions at issue in this case. The provisions are referenced as renumbered.
[2]  Our Supreme Court's grant of leave does not change the precedential effect of this Court's holding in Ostroth. MCR 7.215(C)(2).
[3]  This statement was based on an earlier version of § 5839(1), which provided for a six-year period of repose. See O'Brien, supra at 9, 299 N.W.2d 336. The statute was amended in 1985 to add a one-year discovery rule and provide for a ten-year period of repose. Frankenmuth Ins, supra at 514, n. 5, 573 N.W.2d 611.
[4]  Ostroth was decided after the lower court decision in this case.
