                  United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 12-2074
                          ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                               Benjamin Joseph Hager

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                        ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of North Dakota - Fargo
                                   ____________

                           Submitted: December 14, 2012
                              Filed: March 29, 2013
                                  ____________

Before WOLLMAN, BYE, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Benjamin Joseph Hager appeals the denial of his motion to suppress evidence
discovered during a search at his residence pursuant to a warrant. Because the district
court1 correctly denied the motion, we affirm.

      1
        The Honorable Ralph R. Erickson, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of North Dakota.
                                  I. Background

       In September 2010, Special Agent Timothy Litzinger of the Department of
Homeland Security, Homeland Security Investigations directorate (HSI) learned from
Michigan HSI agents that they were engaging in a child pornography investigation of
Robert J. Mueller, a Michigan resident. During a search of Mueller’s residence,
Michigan HSI agents discovered images of more than one adult male sexually
assaulting Mueller’s four minor daughters. The Michigan HSI agents discovered also
a pair of soiled young girl’s underwear and a note from an individual named “Ace.”
Mueller admitted that he produced child pornography depicting his daughters and that
he traded child pornography with others on the Internet. A search of Mueller’s
computer hard drive uncovered a photograph of a package marked “Handle with Care”
and bearing the return address of “Ben Hager, 716 6th Street South, Apartment #7,
Wahpeton, ND 58075.” The Michigan HSI agents also found emails from the email
address “Cujoben@webtv.net” and learned that this person had a sexual interest in
children, that this person referred to himself as “Ace,” and that the account was
registered to Ben Hager at the same Wahpeton address.

       On September 20, 2010, Litzinger received a CD from Michigan HSI that
contained explicit emails in which “Cujoben” admitted to having a sexual interest in
young girls and their feet. At some point, Michigan HSI agents informed Litzinger
that Mueller had been charged with multiple counts related to child pornography and
that a search of Mueller’s email account uncovered a series of sexually suggestive
emails between Mueller and Hager, some of which contained non-pornographic
sexually suggestive photographs of Mueller’s daughters. Some, but not all, of the
emailed images contained exchangeable image file or “EXIF” metadata.2 When

      2
       The district court explained the nature of EXIF metadata:

            EXIF-metadata is underlying data that is attached to a file that
      provides identifying information about the file. It includes such

                                        -2-
Michigan HSI agents informed Litzinger of Mueller’s and Hager’s actions, they
disclosed only that Hager was a person of interest and did not ask Litzinger or other
North Dakota HSI agents to aid in their investigation.

       After receiving this information, North Dakota HSI agents investigated Hager
and learned that he had at least two prior law enforcement contacts resulting from his
interest in young girls and that he lived with his young daughter at the same Wahpeton
address provided as the package’s return address. Litzinger told the Michigan HSI
agents that he intended to seek a search warrant for Hager’s residence and that he
intended to search for copies of the images of Mueller’s daughters in Hager’s
possession and for metadata to aid their case against Mueller. The Michigan HSI
agents thanked Litzinger, saying that they would find the information helpful.

      On November 23, 2010, Litzinger applied for a warrant to search Hager’s
residence. The warrant application stated that the basis for the search was
“contraband, fruits of crime, or other items illegally possessed[.]” Appellant’s App.
2. Attached to the application was an affidavit in which Litzinger averred:

      [T]here is probable cause to believe that currently located within
      [Hager’s] residence are sexually suggestive images depicting known
      children which were produced by Robert John Mueller in Detroit,
      Michigan. Specifically, it is believed that Robert John Mueller produced
      sexually suggestive images depicting his four minor daughters and
      subsequently emailed such images to Ben Hager in Wahpeton, ND. As
      further set forth below, it is believed that the recovery of these images


      information as (1) when the data file was produced; (2) when it was last
      modified; (3) the type of device used to create it; (4) the brand or model
      of a digital camera that was used to create it; and (5) the program or
      firmware used to create the file. While it can identify a brand and model
      of camera it does not identify a specific unique camera or serial number
      of a camera.

D. Ct. Order of Aug. 31, 2011, at 5 n.1 (internal citations omitted).

                                         -3-
      will establish that Robert John Mueller is responsible for producing other
      images depicting his minor daughters engaged in sexually explicit
      conduct which were discovered at his residence . . . .

Appellant’s App. 3-4, Litzinger Aff. ¶ 3. The affidavit then described, generally,
procedures for seizing computers and characteristics of individuals who have a sexual
interest in children, including that “[t]hose who may be collecting sexually suggestive
material involving children, including child erotica[,] often possess and maintain any
hard copies of such material in the privacy and security of their homes.” Appellant’s
App. 8, Litzinger Aff. ¶ 12. The affidavit described also, in great detail, the
investigation of Hager, including the discoveries at Mueller’s residence and online
conversations between Hager and Mueller and between Hager and young girls. The
affidavit concluded:

            Based upon these prior investigations involving a pattern of
      conduct involving children as well as the information contained in
      previous paragraphs 15-56, it is believed that Ben Hager is the individual
      who received the sexually suggestive images of [Mueller’s minor
      daughters] via the email account CujoBen@webtv.net.

             As set forth in paragraph 56, the exif metadata associated with the
      sexually suggestive images depicting Mueller’s minor daughters (which
      is believed to be stored on a computer within Hager’s residence), when
      compared with the exif metadata associated with the child pornographic
      images depicting Mueller’s minor daughters that were recovered from
      Mueller’s residence in Detroit, Michigan, will reveal whether the two
      sets of images were produced with the same two cameras . . . .

Appellant’s App. 35-36, Litzinger Aff. ¶¶ 99-100.

      The magistrate judge issued a warrant authorizing a search of Hager’s residence
for and the seizure of “sexually suggestive images depicting [Mueller’s minor
daughters] wherever they may be stored or found[.]” Appellant’s App. 42. In an


                                         -4-
addendum, the warrant listed “requirements [applicable] to any . . . tapes . . . seized
pursuant to [the] warrant[,]” including the requirement that:

      Electronic Devices, Storage Media, and Electronically Stored
      Information seized pursuant to this warrant are subject to search only for
      the Electronically Stored Information that is specifically described in and
      that is the subject of this warrant.

Appellant’s App. 43 (emphasis omitted).

      The next day, Litzinger and seven other law enforcement agents executed the
search warrant. During the search, Hager told the agents that he knew Mueller, that
they had met in an online chat forum for men who liked young girls, and that he and
Mueller shared an interest in young girls. Hager said that he knew that Mueller was
molesting his daughters and admitted that he had received non-pornographic pictures
of Mueller’s daughters. Hager said that the pictures were legal and that he did not
have any child pornography. Hager said also that he used a WebTV connection to
copy information from the Internet to VHS tapes.

       During the search of Hager’s residence, agents found 747 VHS tapes capable
of holding more than 4,400 hours of information when viewed on a television.
Litzinger called a computer forensic expert in North Dakota to ask whether the tapes
constituted “electronic media.” The expert said that they did. Litzinger then called
the First Assistant United States Attorney for North Dakota, who said that the VHS
tapes were within the scope of the warrant. Agents then seized the tapes.

      Litzinger was unfamiliar with WebTV or how VHS recording devices worked,
thinking that WebTV was similar to a modem. Litzinger believed that he would find
the Mueller images on the VHS tapes and that the VHS tapes would contain metadata
useful to the Mueller case. Litzinger did not know that VHS tapes are analog, not



                                         -5-
digital, and as such cannot contain metadata; Litzinger saw a USB3 port on the
WebTV box and assumed that the information on the VHS tapes would be the same
as if it was saved on a computer.

       Litzinger and a non-expert support staff member of the North Dakota HSI
reviewed the VHS tapes at the North Dakota HSI office. Neither Litzinger nor the
support staff member knew that the VHS tapes could not contain metadata, although
a reasonably competent forensic computer examiner would know this. Upon viewing
the tapes, Litzinger and the support staff member found child pornography,
whereupon they stopped viewing the tapes and sought and obtained an additional
warrant.

       Hager was charged with receiving and possessing materials involving the sexual
exploitation of minors, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and (a)(4)(B). He
moved to suppress the evidence derived from the search at his residence. Following
the denial of his motion, Hager entered into a conditional guilty plea that reserved his
right to appeal the denial of the motion. The district court accepted the plea and
sentenced Hager to 120 months’ imprisonment.

                                    II. Discussion

       “We review the denial of a motion to suppress de novo but review underlying
factual determinations for clear error, giving due weight to the inferences of the
district court and law enforcement officials.” United States v. Nichols, 574 F.3d 633,
636 (8th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Hinkle, 456 F.3d 836, 840 (8th Cir.
2006)). “We affirm a denial of a motion to suppress unless the district court’s
decision ‘is unsupported by substantial evidence, based on an erroneous interpretation

      3
       Universal Serial Bus or “USB” refers to “a standardized technology for
attaching peripheral devices to a computer.” New Oxford Am. Dictionary 1907 (3d
ed. 2010).

                                          -6-
of applicable law, or, based on the entire record, it is clear a mistake was made.’”
United States v. Hastings, 685 F.3d 724, 727 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States
v. Bay, 662 F.3d 1033, 1035 (8th Cir. 2011)).

                              A. Scope of the Warrant

       Hager argues that the first search warrant authorized only a search for the
metadata of the sexually suggestive images of Mueller’s daughters. Accordingly,
Hager argues that the agents were not authorized to search for the images on the VHS
tapes in his residence because the VHS tapes could not contain metadata. Reviewing
de novo, see United States v. Stoltz, 683 F.3d 934, 938 (8th Cir. 2012), we conclude
that the agents did not exceed the scope of the warrant.

       In his affidavit in support of the search warrant, Litzinger made clear that he
sought to recover “sexually suggestive images depicting known children which were
produced by Robert John Mueller in Detroit, Michigan[.]” Appellant’s App. 3-4,
Litzinger Aff. ¶ 3. Similarly, the warrant authorized a search for and the seizure of
“sexually suggestive images depicting [Mueller’s minor daughters] wherever they
may be stored or found[.]” Appellant’s App. 42. In his affidavit, Litzinger averred
that Hager had received the Mueller images and that Hager likely possessed hard
copies thereof. Although Litzinger undoubtedly sought to examine any metadata from
the Mueller images, a fair reading of his affidavit reveals that Litzinger sought to
recover the metadata in addition to, and not to the exclusion of, the images
themselves. See United States v. Monson, 636 F.3d 435, 441 (8th Cir. 2011)
(explaining that “we ordinarily interpret affidavits in a ‘common sense’ fashion that
is not ‘hypertechnical’” (quoting United States v. Hudspeth, 525 F.3d 667, 674 (8th
Cir. 2008))).

       Hager argues also that the warrant’s addendum limited the scope of the search
to only metadata. The addendum limited the search of tapes to “Electronically Stored

                                         -7-
Information that is specifically described in and that is the subject of this warrant.”
Appellant’s App. 43. The warrant, however, authorized a search for “sexually
suggestive images depicting [Mueller’s minor daughters] wherever they may be stored
or found[.]” Appellant’s App. 42. When read in conjunction with the warrant’s
authorization, the addendum limited the search of tapes to the Mueller images and
accompanying metadata, that is, “the subject of [the] warrant.” See United States v.
Fiorito, 640 F.3d 338, 347 (8th Cir. 2011) (“The broad language of the warrant must
be given a practical, rather than a hypertechnical, interpretation that is cabined by the
purpose for which it issued.”). Accordingly, the agents acted within the scope of the
warrant when viewing the VHS tapes found in Hager’s residence.

                                  B. Probable Cause

        Hager argues that Litzinger’s affidavit did not establish probable cause to
search for the Mueller images or the metadata because the affidavit did not establish
how recovery of the Mueller images or the metadata would aid in the prosecution of
Mueller. We review de novo the district court’s legal determination of probable cause.
United States v. Coleman, 700 F.3d 329, 334 (8th Cir. 2012). “Probable cause exists
when ‘there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found
in a particular place.’” United States v. Palega, 556 F.3d 709, 714 (8th Cir. 2009)
(quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983)). “A totality of the circumstances
test is used to determine whether probable cause exists.” United States v. Gleich, 397
F.3d 608, 612 (8th Cir. 2005). “Courts should apply a common sense approach and,
considering all relevant circumstances, determine whether probable cause exists.” Id.

      Litzinger argues that the Mueller images and the metadata were “mere
evidence,” not contraband, and that the agents failed to show how “the evidence
sought [would] aid in a particular apprehension or conviction.” Warden v. Hayden,
387 U.S. 294, 307 (1967). Litzinger’s affidavit, however, stated that “recovery of [the
Mueller] images [would] establish that Robert John Mueller is responsible for

                                          -8-
producing other images depicting his minor daughters engaged in sexually explicit
conduct[.]” Appellant’s App. 4, Litzinger Aff. ¶ 3. Regarding the metadata, Litzinger
averred that the metadata from the Mueller images thought to be at Hager’s residence,
“when compared with the exif metadata associated with the child pornographic images
depicting Mueller’s minor daughters that were recovered from Mueller’s residence in
Detroit, MI, [would] reveal whether the two sets of images were produced with the
same two cameras . . . .” Appellant’s App. 26, Litzinger Aff. ¶ 56; accord Appellant’s
App. 35-36, Litzinger Aff. ¶ 100.

       To the extent that the affidavit lacked a thorough explanation as to how this
evidence would aid in the prosecution of Mueller, this omission is not fatal to the
validity of the search warrant, for “[j]udges ‘may draw reasonable inferences from the
totality of the circumstances in determining whether probable cause exists to issue a
warrant[.]’”4 United States v. Summage, 481 F.3d 1075, 1078 (8th Cir. 2007)
(quoting United States v. Thompson, 210 F.3d 855, 860 (8th Cir. 2000)). Upon
considering Litzinger’s affidavit in its entirety, the magistrate judge could have
reasonably inferred that recovery of the Mueller images at Hager’s residence would
establish that Mueller produced sexually suggestive, albeit legal, images of his minor
daughters and that Mueller distributed those images over the Internet. Similarly, the
magistrate judge could have reasonably inferred that recovery of the metadata, in turn,
would establish that the same camera used to take the sexually suggestive photographs
of Mueller’s daughters was used to take the illegal pornographic photographs of
Mueller’s daughters. From all of this, the magistrate judge could have reasonably



      4
        Nor would the fact that agents may have been interested in investigating Hager
for crimes undermine the validity of the warrant. E.g. United States v. Romo-
Corrales, 592 F.3d 915, 919 (8th Cir. 2010) (“In general, an officer’s underlying
motive for obtaining the warrant is irrelevant, as ‘[s]ubjective intentions play no role
in ordinary, probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis.’” (quoting Whren v. United
States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996))).

                                          -9-
inferred that recovery of the Mueller images and the metadata would aid in the
Mueller prosecution.

      Hager argues also that Litzinger’s affidavit failed to establish probable cause
to search for “contraband, fruits of crime, or other items illegally possessed[.]”
Appellant’s App. 2. Litzinger’s affidavit made clear, however, that he sought to
recover “evidence of a crime” in the form of the Mueller images and the metadata, for
the purpose of establishing that Mueller produced other, illegal images. See
Appellant’s App. 3-4, Litzinger Aff. ¶ 3. Accordingly, Litzinger’s failure to aver that
Hager possessed “contraband, fruits of crime, or other items illegally possessed” does
not undermine the validity of the search warrant.

       Moreover, even if we were to agree with Hager that Litzinger’s affidavit
somehow failed to establish probable cause to search for the Mueller images and the
metadata, the evidence would nonetheless be admissible under the Leon good-faith
exception to the exclusionary rule. See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 920-21
(1984). “Under the Leon good-faith exception, disputed evidence will be admitted if
it was objectively reasonable for the officer executing a search warrant to have relied
in good faith on the judge’s determination that there was probable cause to issue the
warrant.” United States v. Patten, 664 F.3d 247, 251 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting United
States v. El-Alamin, 574 F.3d 915, 924 (8th Cir. 2009)). “When assessing the
objective [reasonableness] of police officers executing a warrant, we must look to the
totality of the circumstances, including any information known to the officers but not
presented to the issuing judge.” United States v. Houston, 665 F.3d 991, 995 (8th Cir.
2012) (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Proell, 485 F.3d 427, 431 (8th
Cir. 2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Hager argues that it was not objectively reasonable for Litzinger to rely on the
warrant because a reasonable computer forensic examiner, such as the one Litzinger
consulted before searching the VHS tapes, would have known that the tapes could not

                                         -10-
contain metadata. See United States v. Cannon, 703 F.3d 407, 412 (8th Cir. 2013)
(recognizing “four circumstances that preclude a finding of good faith”); United States
v. Moya, 690 F.3d 944, 948 (8th Cir. 2012) (“The officer must act with objective good
faith and within the scope of the search warrant.”). This argument fails, however,
because as discussed above, see supra Section II(A), the warrant authorized the search
for the Mueller images themselves in addition to the metadata. Accordingly, even if
Litzinger had personally known that the tapes could not contain metadata, they would
nonetheless have come within the scope of the warrant.

      Hager also argues that Litzinger misled the issuing magistrate judge by
recklessly omitting from his affidavit the fact that HSI agents already possessed the
metadata for some of the images. As discussed below, see infra Section II(C), this
fact would not undermine the authorities’ need to search the tapes for the Mueller
images themselves and for the remaining metadata.

       Given the facts of this case, we conclude that it was objectively reasonable for
Litzinger to rely on the magistrate judge’s determination that there was probable cause
to issue the search warrant. Authorities recovered emails and other evidence from
Mueller’s computer indicating that Hager possessed sexually suggestive images taken
by Mueller of Mueller’s daughters and that these images might contain metadata. As
discussed above, recovery of the images and the metadata would have aided the
prosecution against Mueller. See supra Section II(B). In short, “[n]othing in our
review of the record indicates that the warrant was facially invalid or that the issuing
judge abandoned h[er] role as a neutral and detached magistrate.” United States v.
Keele, 589 F.3d 940, 944 (8th Cir. 2009). Moreover, Litzinger exhibited good-faith
reliance on the warrant during his execution thereof. Prior to seizing and searching
the VHS tapes, Litzinger contacted a computer forensic expert and the First Assistant
United States Attorney for North Dakota to ensure compliance with the warrant. See
United States v. Clay, 646 F.3d 1124, 1127 (8th Cir. 2011) (“One relevant
circumstance to consider when determining whether an officer’s actions were

                                         -11-
objectively reasonable is whether the officer consulted with an attorney prior to
seeking the warrant.”); United States v. Koch, 625 F.3d 470, 477-78 (8th Cir. 2010)
(that agent sought legal advice from county attorney’s office regarding proper
procedure for disposing of evidence, which led to discovery of child pornography, was
relevant to good-faith analysis). When Litzinger discovered child pornography on the
tapes, he stopped searching the tapes and sought a second search warrant.
Accordingly, even if the search warrant were not supported by probable cause, the
evidence gained from the search was admissible pursuant to the Leon good-faith
exception.

                                    C. Omission

       Hager argues that Litzinger intentionally or recklessly failed to inform the
magistrate judge that HSI agents had already recovered the metadata for some of the
Mueller images. Hager argues that the warrant should be invalidated because, with
this information, the magistrate judge would not have found probable cause to issue
the search warrant.

      “A search warrant may be invalidated because of omitted facts if (1) ‘the police
omitted facts with the intent to make, or in reckless disregard of whether they thereby
made, the affidavit misleading,’ and (2) ‘the affidavit, if supplemented by the omitted
information[,] would not have been sufficient to support a finding of probable cause.’”
United States v. Hart, 544 F.3d 911, 914 (8th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v.
Williams, 477 F.3d 554, 557 (8th Cir. 2007)).

      Hager is unable to satisfy either required showing. Hager does not identify any
evidence that Litzinger omitted this information from his affidavit with the intent to
mislead the magistrate judge or in reckless disregard for the truth.5 On the contrary,


      5
       The government argues that because Litzinger did not know that HSI agents
possessed some of the metadata when he applied for the warrant, there could be no

                                         -12-
Litzinger’s affidavit made clear by describing the photographs in detail that authorities
already had access to the photographs, thereby opening the possibility that authorities
had access to at least some of the metadata. Moreover, the fact that authorities had
obtained the metadata for some of the images was not “clearly critical” to the finding
of probable cause; probable cause would have existed to search for the remaining
metadata and for the images themselves. See United States v. Smith, 581 F.3d 692,
695 (8th Cir. 2009) (“[B]ecause a warrant application need only show facts
establishing probable cause, ‘recklessness may be inferred from the . . . omission of
information from an affidavit . . . only when the material omitted would have been
clearly critical to the finding of probable cause.’” (omissions in original) (quoting
United States v. Ozar, 50 F.3d 1440, 1445 (8th Cir. 1995))).

                                 D. Second Warrant

      Hager argues that the second search warrant was invalid because it was based
upon the first, invalid search warrant. Because we conclude that the first search
warrant authorized the search of the VHS tapes, was supported by probable cause, and
was not invalidated by Litzinger’s omission, Hager’s “fruit of the poisonous tree”
argument regarding the second search warrant fails also. E.g., United States v.
McIntyre, 646 F.3d 1107, 1114-15 (8th Cir. 2011).

                                    III. Conclusion

      The judgment is affirmed.
                      ______________________________




intentional or reckless omission. See Appellee’s Br. 41-43. The district court,
however, found that Litzinger “had some information in his possession that some of
the metadata was actually in the possession of the HSI agents in Michigan.” D. Ct.
Order of Aug. 31, 2011, at 14.

                                          -13-
