                                                                                          January 19 2016


                                          DA 13-0856
                                                                                          Case Number: DA 13-0856

              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                          2016 MT 14



STATE OF MONTANA,

               Plaintiff and Appellee,

         v.

TRAVIS MORGAN McALISTER,

               Defendant and Appellant.


APPEAL FROM:           District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
                       In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. ADC 12-157
                       Honorable Gregory G. Pinski, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

                For Appellant:

                       Chad R. Vanisko, Assistant Appellate Defender; Helena, Montana

                For Appellee:

                       Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, C. Mark Fowler, Assistant
                       Attorney General; Helena, Montana

                       John W. Parker, Cascade County Attorney, Joshua A. Racki, Deputy
                       County Attorney; Great Falls, Montana



                                                   Submitted on Briefs: December 16, 2015
                                                              Decided: January 19, 2016


Filed:

                       __________________________________________
                                         Clerk
Justice Jim Rice delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     After a three-day trial before the Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County, a

jury found Travis Morgan McAlister (McAlister) guilty of sexual intercourse without

consent, a felony, pursuant to § 45-5-503, MCA (2011). Due to the age of the victim,

McAlister was sentenced to 100 years in prison and is not eligible for parole for the first

50 years. He challenges his conviction. We affirm, addressing the following issues:

       1. Did the District Court err by denying McAlister’s motions made during trial to
dismiss the charge for insufficient evidence?

      2. Did McAlister’s trial counsel provide ineffective assistance by failing to call
any expert witnesses?

                 PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶2     This case was put into motion by a call to the child abuse hotline through the

division of Child and Family Services, relating that the victim, A.H., had made a

disclosure to her grandmother regarding possible sexual abuse. Detective Noah Scott of

the Great Falls Police Department received the referral and that same afternoon

conducted a forensic interview with A.H., who was four years old at that time. A.H.

made several statements regarding McAlister, whom she referred to as “Dad,” “Daddy,”

or “Travis”; he is not her biological father. A.H. told Detective Scott that she and

McAlister “watch private movies” and “sometimes get naked on them.” A.H. stated that

her dad would “kiss her peepee,” and that “he just sticks [his peepee] in my peepee,” and

that sometimes it “hurts my peepee.” A.H. also made statements during the interview

that were contradictory and nonsensical. When asked where she had sex, A.H. stated that

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she would have sex at her daycare and “the whole world.” She also stated that she had

sex with her “brother” (A.H. did not have any brothers at the time), that she would have

sex “in that building,” and in her closet. Detective Scott also interviewed McAlister,

after which McAlister was arrested and charged with one count of sexual intercourse

without consent and one count of felony sexual assault, arising out of conduct that

allegedly occurred between March 1, 2010, and March 27, 2012.1

¶3     At trial, A.H., who was then five years old, testified. While on the stand, she

stated that she would watch “sexy movies” while staying at McAlister’s house. She

stated that “we did the same thing as them [the movies], but I didn’t want to.” When

asked what she did that was on the movies, A.H. answered that “He put his peepee in my

mouth and my peepee.” As direct examination continued, A.H. repeated this testimony

several times. A.H. also testified that she “had sex” with “a friend” at daycare, and “with

[her] big frog” in the closet at home.

¶4     The State called four expert witnesses to testify at trial. Dr. Robert Page, a

specialist in forensic psychology, testified that, after watching the video of A.H.’s

forensic interview with Detective Scott, it was his opinion that A.H.’s behaviors during

the interview were “more consistent with a memory of an event that occurred that is

attached to an aversion,” rather than appearing to be a disclosure of a mere fantasy or

coached allegations. Dr. Page further testified that A.H.’s graphic descriptions in the

forensic interview of an erect male penis and the act of ejaculation were significant, as a

1
  The State later moved to dismiss the count of sexual assault, and only the count of sexual
intercourse without consent went to the jury.
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four year old child would not normally have experienced this, and would be unlikely to

fabricate a description in that level of detail, bolstering his opinion that A.H.’s disclosures

were not fabricated. Dr. Nancy Maynard performed a physical examination on A.H.

shortly after the report was made. Dr. Maynard reported that she found no physical

abnormalities, such as scars, skin tags, or other injuries that would be signs that sexual

abuse occurred, finding an intact hymen with no signs of past healing. Maynard noted,

however, that in the majority of sexual abuse cases, professionals do not find such

physical evidence of abuse. Dr. Wendy Dutton testified as to the victimization process,

or the process that leads up to sexual abuse of a child and the aftermath of the abuse, and

about the ways in which a victim might disclose sexual abuse. Finally, Dr. Charlene

Sabin, a behavioral pediatrician, testified that “I find it upsetting that [A.H.’s] child

sexual behavior has gotten so intense, so extreme, and so entrenched. . . . It’s not in the

range of normal child sexual behavior.” While she could not give an opinion as to

whether A.H. had been sexually abused by McAlister specifically, Dr. Sabin testified that

something must have happened to result in A.H.’s behaviors.

¶5     After the State rested, McAlister’s counsel moved for dismissal based on

insufficient evidence, which the District Court denied.         The defense proceeded and

McAlister testified on his own behalf. His testimony established that he had a father-like

relationship with A.H., and that he would provide childcare for A.H., sometimes

overnight.   McAlister adamantly denied having sexual intercourse with or sexually

assaulting A.H. At the conclusion of his testimony, McAlister’s counsel renewed his

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motion for dismissal for insufficient evidence, which the District Court again denied.

The case was then submitted to the jury, which found McAlister guilty. McAlister

appeals.

                              STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶6     We review the denial of a motion to dismiss a criminal charge for insufficient

evidence de novo. State v. Swann, 2007 MT 126, ¶¶ 18-19, 337 Mont. 326, 160 P.3d

511. A motion to dismiss for insufficient evidence is appropriate only if, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, there is not sufficient evidence

upon which a rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt. State v. Rosling, 2008 MT 62, ¶ 35, 342 Mont. 1, 180 P.3d 1102;

§ 46-16-403, MCA.

¶7     We address the ineffective assistance of counsel claims as follows:

       Ineffective assistance of counsel claims constitute mixed questions of law
       and fact which we review de novo. To prevail on an ineffective assistance
       of counsel claim, the defendant must show that: (1) his counsel’s
       performance was deficient, and (2) that counsel’s deficient performance
       prejudiced him. The defendant must satisfy both prongs of the test, and
       where the defendant makes an insufficient showing as to one prong of the
       test, it is unnecessary to address the other prong.

State v. Lindberg, 2008 MT 389, ¶ 26, 347 Mont. 76, 196 P.3d 1252 (citing Whitlow v.

State, 2008 MT 140, ¶¶ 9-11, 343 Mont. 90, 183 P.3d 861) (internal citations omitted).

                                     DISCUSSION

¶8     1. Did the District Court err by denying McAlister’s motions made during trial to
dismiss the charge for insufficient evidence?


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¶9     McAlister argues that the evidence presented by the State was not sufficient to

convict him and that his motions to dismiss the charge should have been granted.

McAlister notes many contradictions and inconsistencies between A.H.’s statement to

Detective Scott and her later testimony at trial, including A.H.’s occasional denials that

she had ever engaged in sex or even knew what sex was. He argues that A.H. “never

definitively and independently identif[ied] McAlister as having had sexual intercourse

with her . . . ,” and that the State failed to offer any physical evidence of a crime or that

A.H. had even been sexually abused, noting that Dr. Maynard testified that she found no

physical signs of scarring or past healing. McAlister argues that his case “is mired in a

sea of insufficient evidence.”

¶10    Section 45-5-503(1), MCA (2011), provides that “[a] person who knowingly has

sexual intercourse without consent with another person commits the offense of sexual

intercourse without consent.” In turn, § 45-2-101(68)(a), MCA (2011), defines “sexual

intercourse” as “penetration of the vulva, anus, or mouth of one person by the penis of

another person, [or] penetration of the vulva or anus of one person by a body member of

another person . . . .” Instructions submitted to the jury stated that the State was required

to prove that McAlister had sexual intercourse with A.H., that McAlister acted

knowingly, and that the act of sexual intercourse was without the consent of A.H.,

although, because A.H. was younger than the age of 16, she was statutorily incapable of

giving her consent to sexual intercourse. See § 45-5-501(1)(a)(ii)(D), MCA (2011). The

State was thus tasked with proving that McAlister had sexual intercourse with A.H., and

                                             6
that he did so knowingly. See § 45-2-101(35), MCA (2011) (“a person acts knowingly

. . . when the person is aware of the person’s own conduct . . . .”). The jury found that all

of these elements had been proven beyond a reasonable doubt when convicting

McAlister.

¶11    McAlister supports his argument by necessarily focusing on A.H.’s testimony that

McAlister did not “touch her peepee” and other like comments. However, A.H. also

affirmatively repeated her statement that McAlister had penetrated her several times.

After A.H. testified that she would watch “sexy movies” at McAlister’s house, and the

prosecutor asked A.H. “And what did you do that was on the movies?” A.H. clearly

answered “He put his peepee in my mouth and my peepee.” A.H. repeated this same

phrase almost verbatim in response to another question.             Later on during direct

examination, the State asked, “Did anyone else besides Travis [McAlister] put his peepee

in your peepee?” A.H. responded, “No.”

¶12    A.H.’s testimony offers evidence of the necessary elements of the crime of sexual

intercourse without consent.       Her testimony clearly identified McAlister as the

perpetrator and described his actions in sufficient detail to satisfy the statutory definition.

Viewing the evidence as a whole and “in the light most favorable to the prosecution,”

Rosling, ¶ 35, we conclude it was entirely possible that a rational jury could have found

all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt, based upon A.H.’s testimony as a

whole. While A.H.’s statements were inconsistent at times and included the whimsical or

even fantastical, a rationale jury could well have determined that such statements were

                                              7
characteristic of a four or five year old child, but that the substance of her statements

about McAlister were truthful.2          McAlister’s argument challenges the credibility of

A.H.’s testimony (her statements “never rose above the level of being ambiguous at best

and completely contradictory at worst”), but the “[d]eterminations of the credibility of

witnesses and the weight of their testimony are within the exclusive province of the jury,

and conflicting testimony does not render the evidence insufficient to support a guilty

verdict.” State v. Dewitz, 2009 MT 202, ¶ 85, 351 Mont. 182, 212 P.3d 1040 (citations

omitted). He also argues that a rational jury could not find the elements beyond a

reasonable doubt when “the alleged victim simultaneously presents diametrically

opposing testimony.” To the contrary, “[i]t is within the province of the jury to weigh the

evidence based on the credibility of the witnesses and determine which version of events

should prevail,” even when the conflict arises from the victim’s testimony. State v. Trull,

2006 MT 119, ¶ 20, 332 Mont. 233, 136 P.3d 551 (citing State v. Weigand, 2005 MT

201, ¶ 7, 328 Mont. 198, 119 P.3d 74); State v. Hicks, 2006 MT 71, ¶¶ 25-27, 331 Mont.

471, 133 P.3d 206; State v. Kelley, 2005 MT 200, ¶ 22, 328 Mont. 187, 119 P.3d 67 (“a

jury is at liberty to believe all, a part of, or none of the testimony of any witness.”).

¶13      McAlister emphasizes that there was no physical evidence offered to prove that

A.H. had been penetrated. However, Dr. Maynard testified that this is common in cases

of alleged sexual abuse. We have previously upheld a conviction of sexual intercourse

without consent based on the identification of the defendant by a child victim that was

2
    A.H.’s competency as a witness is not an issue herein.

                                                  8
not confirmed by physical evidence. See State v. Osborne, 1999 MT 149, ¶ 39, 295

Mont. 54, 982 P.2d 1045 (“While there is no direct, physical evidence which links [the

defendant] to the crime, the jury could have reasonably concluded from the evidence that

[the victim] identified [the defendant] as the person who penetrated her . . . .”). The lack

of physical evidence does not negate the sufficiency of A.H.’s oral testimony.3

¶14    The District Court did not err in denying McAlister’s motions to dismiss for

insufficient evidence.

¶15 2. Did McAlister’s trial counsel provide ineffective assistance by failing to call
any expert witnesses?

¶16    McAlister argues that his appointed trial counsel was ineffective because he failed

to call an independent expert witness to rebut the expert testimony offered by the State.

Before undertaking review, we must first determine whether this issue is properly before

us on direct appeal. “[W]here ineffective assistance of counsel claims are based on facts

of record in the underlying case, they must be raised in the direct appeal; conversely,

where the allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be documented from the

record in the underlying case, those claims must be raised by petition for postconviction

relief.” Hagen v. State, 1999 MT 8, ¶ 12, 293 Mont. 60, 973 P.2d 233.

¶17    The record indicates that McAlister’s counsel filed a notice of an expert witness

one week prior to trial. The District Court issued an order that permitted McAlister to

3
  McAlister also briefly suggests that the District Court’s statement, made when denying his
motion to dismiss for insufficiency of the evidence, that the court was “not in a position to judge
whether or not it’s beyond a reasonable doubt, it’s just simply whether the evidence is
sufficient,” indicates that the court applied the incorrect legal standard when deciding the issue.
However, we discern no substantive error in the statement.
                                                  9
add Dr. Cindy Miller to his list of witnesses. However, defense counsel did not call

Dr. Miller at trial, and the record mentions only that she was expected to testify regarding

“child psychology, child development[,] and the reliability of the victim’s testimony.”

The bare fact that McAlister’s counsel did not call Dr. Miller or another expert witness to

testify is not sufficient by itself to establish that his performance was deficient, and the

record is silent as to the reasons why defense counsel made these decisions. This Court

will not speculate as to the reasons for this action. See State v. Lewis, 2007 MT 16, ¶ 21,

335 Mont. 331, 151 P.3d 883 (“We refuse to speculate on counsel’s errors in light of the

presumption favoring a finding that counsel performed effectively. A silent record fails

to rebut the strong presumption that counsel provided reasonable professional

assistance.”) (internal citations omitted). Because the basis of this ineffectiveness claim

is not clear from the record, it is more properly brought by a petition for postconviction

relief. See Hagen, ¶ 12.

¶18    Affirmed.

                                                 /S/ JIM RICE

We concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA




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