     Case: 17-50046      Document: 00514421560         Page: 1    Date Filed: 04/09/2018




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                Fifth Circuit

                                      No. 17-50046                            FILED
                                                                           April 9, 2018
                                                                         Lyle W. Cayce
ALEXANDER STROSS,                                                             Clerk

              Plaintiff–Appellant Cross-Appellee,

v.

REDFIN CORPORATION,

              Defendant–Appellee Cross-Appellant.




                  Appeals from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                             USDC No. 1:15-CV-223


Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and HAYNES and WILLETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM*:
       The Copyright Act of 1976 arms a copyright holder with a statutory cause
of action against anyone who displays, distributes, or publishes his copyrighted
materials without permission. 17 U.S.C. § 501 (2002). In response to an
accusation of copyright infringement, a party may raise as a shield the
existence of a valid license to use the copyrighted materials. Because we
conclude that the district court erred by conflating the copyright holder’s


       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                  No. 17-50046
statutory cause of action (arising under federal copyright law) with the
downstream licensee’s defense (interpreted under state contract law), we
REVERSE the district court’s order granting summary judgment and
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We also
DISMISS as moot Redfin’s appeal of the portion of the order denying it
attorney fees.
                            I.    BACKGROUND
      Alexander Stross is an Austin-based architectural photographer and real
estate broker who regularly licenses his photographs to real estate agents for
marketing use. Relevant to this case, Stross licensed a number of his
photographs to the Austin/Central Texas Realty Information Service
(ACTRIS), an Austin-area multiple listing service (MLS). MLS sites like
ACTRIS compile active real estate listings into a database for use by area
realtors and brokers in connection with the sale, lease, and valuation of real
property. The database allows realtors both to find properties for their clients
and to share those properties via their own sites, ensuring real estate listings
get the broadest possible exposure to online viewers.
      Under the ACTRIS Rules, users who upload their listing data “license”
the data to ACTRIS for use in accordance with the ACTRIS Rules. ACTRIS
Rule 7.10 lays out the scope of this license:
      7.10. Warranty and License to ACTRIS. By the act of submission
      of any Listing Content to ACTRIS or into the MLS Compilation,
      the Participant and/or Subscriber . . . thereby does grant, ACTRIS
      (and its service providers and licensees) an irrevocable, worldwide,
      paid up, royalty-free, right and license to include the Listing
      Content in the MLS Compilation, any statistical report or
      comparables, and to use, copy and create derivative works of it and
      authorize its use, copying and creation of derivative works for any
      purpose consistent with the facilitation of the sale, lease and
      valuation of real property or such other use; provided that with


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                                       No. 17-50046
       respect to such other use, the Participant has not opted-out of such
       other use after notice of the same.
       To download listings from ACTRIS, realtors and brokers must sign a
sublicensing agreement: the Participant Content Access Agreement (PCAA).
The PCAA incorporates the ACTRIS Rules, and provides a “non-exclusive,
limited-term, revocable license,” expressly subject to the Participant’s
compliance with the Rules. 1 The incorporated Rules ensure that Participants
use ACTRIS data in accordance with ACTRIS’s purpose, that is, “solely. . . in
connection with the sale, lease and valuation of real property.”
       A few ACTRIS Rules are particularly relevant to this appeal. First, the
“sold homes” restrictions in Rule 7.3 limit a Participant’s use of previously sold
home data to “support[ing] an estimate of value on a particular property for a
particular client.” The listing Participant may also use “sold” data about a
specific property to advertise his or her own prior sales. The rule makes clear,
however, that “[a]ny other use of ‘sold’ information, including, without
limitation, importation of such information into a separate database or
compilation, is unauthorized and prohibited.” Next, Rule 7.5 imposes an
obligation on ACTRIS Participants to control dissemination of the MLS
content, and restricts them from using it for purposes other than those for
which it is licensed. Finally, Rule 7.2 limits the use of ACTRIS content to the
purposes provided for in the Rules and the PCAA, namely the sale, lease, and
valuation of real property.
       This case revolves around a PCAA signed by Redfin Corporation, an
online real estate brokerage company that advertises itself as providing “full-



       1Throughout litigation Stross has referred to Redfin primarily as a “Participant,”
because Redfin gained access to ACTRIS content by signing the PCAA, which refers to
ACTRIS users as “Participants.” But Redfin refers to itself primarily as a “licensee” based on
the language in ACTRIS Rule 7.10 that it maintains provided a broad license to use Stross’s
photographs.
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                                        No. 17-50046
service, local agents who get to know you over coffee and on home tours,” and
“online tools to make you smarter and faster.” REDFIN.COM. Redfin entered the
Austin market in 2012, but maintains that it became an ACTRIS Participant
in 2010. When Redfin became an ACTRIS Participant, it gained access to the
MLS contents, including Stross’s previously sold listings, and sold listings from
other realtors to whom Stross had licensed his photographs directly.
       In May 2013, Stross noticed several photographs from his sold listings
posted on Redfin’s website. After further digging he found that Redfin had
displayed more than 1,800 of his copyrighted photographs in a manner he
believed    violated     both     the     ACTRIS       Rules     and    his    copyrights.
Specifically, Stross noticed that numerous sold listings were displayed for
reasons other than to support an estimate on a particular property or advertise
a particular realtor’s prior sales. Stross also observed that Redfin encouraged
its users to post his sold home photographs to social-media sites like Facebook
and Pinterest through “share” buttons, and that it provided an online
“Collections” album for users to save his photographs for “design ideas” and
“fun”—separate from any anticipated real-estate transaction.
       Based on these discoveries, Stross sued Redfin for copyright
infringement under the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 501 (2002). He brought
three claims: (1) direct copyright infringement—for copying, displaying, and
distributing Stross’s photographs on its website; (2) contributory copyright
infringement—for knowingly encouraging third parties to “share” Stross’s
photographs      to   social    media;    and    (3)   false   copyright      management
information 2—for violating the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) by



       2 Stross has not argued this claim on appeal and thus abandons it. Geophysical Serv.,
Inc. v. TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co., 850 F.3d 785, 792 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting Cinel v.
Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 1345 (5th Cir. 1994) (“An appellant abandons all issues not raised
and argued in its initial brief on appeal.”)).
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attributing false “courtesy credits” to Stross. In his complaint, Stross alleged
that rather than using his photographs of sold homes “to support an estimate
of value on a particular property for a particular client,” Redfin simply posted
his photographs on its site to draw internet traffic. Stross also complained that
real estate companies such as Redfin routinely leverage copyrighted
photographs to attract customers, often without the authorization of the
copyright owner.
      Redfin moved for summary judgment on all three of Stross’s claims,
raising an affirmative defense of license. Redfin conceded that it had
reproduced every photograph at issue, but argued that Stross had licensed the
photographs to not only ACTRIS but also Redfin and other ACTRIS licensees
via ACTRIS Rule 7.10. Redfin argued that because this license was
“sufficiently broad” to cover its actual use of the photographs, it had not
directly infringed Stross’s copyrights. And since it had not directly infringed
Stross’s copyrights, it could not be held liable on a secondary basis for
contributory      copyright     infringement      or   false   copyright    management
information. Redfin also argued that the DMCA’s safe harbor provisions
shielded it from damages liability. 3 Stross filed a response and cross-motion
for partial summary judgment, maintaining that he had not given Redfin the
same broad license as he gave ACTRIS. Instead, Stross explained, Redfin had
received a narrower sublicense from ACTRIS—the PCAA. Stross also alleged
that Redfin had failed to prove it had any license before April 2012.
      The district court denied both parties’ motions. At the close of discovery,
Redfin again moved for summary judgment on its defenses of license and safe
harbor. And Stross again moved for partial summary judgment, alleging that



      3   The district court did not reach this defense, and we express no opinion as to its
merits.
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                                    No. 17-50046
Redfin had exceeded the scope of its sublicense. The district court initially
denied this second round of motions, holding that fact issues precluded
summary judgment and that Stross presented a “strong case for infringement.”
But shortly thereafter, the district court withdrew its prior orders and granted
Redfin’s motion for summary judgment. The court did not base this decision on
Redfin’s argument that it received the same “broad license” as ACTRIS.
Instead, it determined that Stross lacked standing to sue Redfin because he
was not a party to the ACTRIS–Redfin PCAA. The court also held, however,
that Redfin’s licensed use of Stross’s photographs shielded it from Stross’s
direct infringement allegations.
      Following the district court’s entry of final judgment, Stross filed a
motion for reconsideration, and Redfin filed a motion requesting attorney fees.
The district court denied both motions. Stross timely appealed, and Redfin
cross-appealed on the denial of attorney fees.
                             II.     DISCUSSION
      “To prevail on a copyright infringement claim, a plaintiff must show (1)
ownership of a valid copyright and (2) unauthorized copying.” Peel & Co., Inc.
v. The Rug Mkt., 238 F.3d 391, 394 (5th Cir. 2001). The parties here do not
dispute that Stross owns a valid copyright for these photos. Nor do they dispute
that Redfin copied the photos. At issue is whether a license authorized Redfin
to use the photos the way it did.
      Enforcing a copyright license “raises issues that lie at the intersection of
copyright and contract law.” MDY Indus., LLC v. Blizzard Entm’t, Inc., 629
F.3d 928, 939 (9th Cir. 2010), as amended on denial of reh’g (Feb. 17, 2011),
opinion amended and superseded on denial of reh’g, No. 09-15932, 2011 WL
538748 (9th Cir. Feb. 17, 2011) (citation omitted). The district court here took
a wrong turn, mistakenly focusing on whether Stross had contractual standing
to bring his copyright claims. The court ultimately granted summary judgment
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                                  No. 17-50046
in Redfin’s favor based on two conclusions: (1) Stross did not have standing to
sue Redfin; and (2) Redfin’s licensed use of Stross’s photographs was a defense
to the infringement claims. We consider each of these in turn.
      Because this appeal comes to us from an order granting summary
judgment, we review the district court’s decision de novo. Fairmont Cash
Mgmt., L.L.C. v. James, 858 F.3d 356, 360 (5th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted)).
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “In deciding whether a fact issue exists,
courts must view the facts and draw reasonable inferences in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party.” Wilson v. Tregre, 787 F.3d 322, 325 (5th
Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). Although a “mere ‘metaphysical doubt’ about
material facts is insufficient to preclude a grant of summary judgment,”
Thomas v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 233 F.3d 326, 331 (5th Cir. 2000), a
movant’s burden to establish its right to summary judgment is heavy. Stafford
v. United States, 611 F.2d 990, 993 (5th Cir. 1980).
      A. Stross’s Copyright Claims
      First things first: This is a copyright case, not a contracts case. The right
to bring a copyright infringement claim comes from federal copyright law,
specifically the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 501(b). This right does not
depend on state contract law. Whether Stross may sue (under federal law) for
copyright infringement is a separate question from whether Redfin can prove
(under state law) that it has a meritorious license defense. The district court
conflated these inquiries, holding that Stross lacked “standing” to sue Redfin
because he was neither a party to, nor a third-party beneficiary of, the
ACTRIS–Redfin PCAA. Had Stross sued Redfin for contractual violations of
the PCAA, this analysis would have been sound. But Stross did not bring


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contractual claims and did not seek contractual remedies—he sued solely for
copyright infringement.
      Section 501(b) of the Copyright Act establishes who may sue for
copyright infringement: “the legal or beneficial owner of an exclusive right
under a copyright.” 17 U.S.C. § 501(b). These exclusive rights include, among
others, the right to display, distribute, and publish a copyrighted work. Id.
§ 106. Stross’s copyright registrations are prima facie evidence that he is the
legal owner of these exclusive rights. See Gen. Universal Sys., Inc. v. Lee, 379
F.3d 131, 141 (5th Cir. 2004) (per curiam). And Stross’s claims implicate these
rights—specifically, the display and distribution of his photographs. Simply
put, because Stross fulfills the statutory requirements of the Copyright Act, he
has a valid claim. He does not lose his right to bring this claim just because
Redfin raises a downstream sublicense in its defense.
      While “[c]ontracts . . . generally affect only their parties,” a “copyright is
a right against the world.” ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447, 1454 (7th
Cir. 1996). The two claims are distinct. That a license defense requires privity
of contract has no bearing on a copyright holder’s initial “right against the
world.” For this reason the district court erred by focusing primarily on
whether Stross had contractual standing to sue Redfin, and we must reverse.
      B. Redfin’s License Defense
      Because Redfin’s license defense does not strip Stross of standing to sue
under the Copyright Act, we must consider the merits of this defense. A license
acts as a shield: As long as Redfin acts within the scope of its license, it remains
safe from Stross’s claims. But if Redfin acts outside the permitted scope of its
license, it may be held liable for copyright infringement.
      Stross challenges Redfin’s license defense in two ways: (1) by arguing
that Redfin cannot establish it had any license before April 2012; and (2) by
alleging that Redfin exceeded the scope of its license. Although the district
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court granted summary judgment primarily based on Stross’s lack of standing
to enforce the Redfin PCAA, it also noted that Stross did not create a genuine
issue of material fact as to either the time period or scope of the license. Stross
v. Redfin Corp., 204 F.Supp.3d 915, 921 n.4, 923 (W.D. Tex. 2016). We disagree
and conclude that Stross created a genuine issue of material fact as to both
issues.
      1. Stross Demonstrated a Genuine Issue of Material Fact as to
         Whether Redfin Had a License to Use His Photographs Before
         April 2012.
      Because license to use a copyrighted work is an affirmative defense,
Redfin, as the defendant, bears the burden of proving it had a valid license to
use the photographs for the relevant time period. See Baisden v. I'm Ready
Prods., Inc., 693 F.3d 491, 499 (5th Cir. 2012). The disputed time period here
spans about a year and a half. Redfin claims it has been an ACTRIS licensee
since October 2010, but Stross alleges that Redfin did not become an ACTRIS
Participant until April 2012—eighteen months after it began displaying
Stross’s photographs.
      The record contains two pieces of relevant evidence, one supporting each
party’s version of the facts. Redfin relies primarily on an affidavit by Beth
Gatlin, the Director of ACTRIS Member Services from October 1997 to June
2015. In her affidavit, Gatlin states that Redfin became an ACTRIS licensee in
October 2010. As Stross points out, however, the only PCAA in the record
conflicts with this testimony: It is signed and dated April 2012. Redfin shrugs
in response, stating only that it must not have retained a copy of the
“superseded PCAA.” But it provides no further explanation as to why the only
document in evidence indicates that its agreement with ACTRIS began in 2012
rather than 2010. And although Gatlin plainly states that Redfin became an
ACTRIS licensee in 2010, her affidavit sheds no light on the mismatched dates
nor on the lack of documentation supporting her statement.
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      There very well may be an explanation for the incongruity. But Redfin
bears a heavy burden at the summary judgment stage—any doubt must be
resolved in Stross’s favor. See Stafford v. United States, 611 F.2d 990, 993 (5th
Cir. 1980). When, as here, “the record before the court on the motion for
summary judgment . . . contains conflicting evidence as to any material fact or
as to the inferences to be drawn from basic facts, summary judgment should
not be granted.” Id.
      Further, the credibility of an affiant is a fact issue that may preclude
summary judgment. See Lodge Hall Music, Inc. v. Waco Wrangler Club, Inc.,
831 F.2d 77, 81 (5th Cir. 1987). Given the absence of any explanation for the
discrepancy between Gatlin’s testimony and the date of the PCAA in the
record, a reasonable juror could question Gatlin’s credibility. And if the jury
would be free to find against Redfin based on the evidence before the court, we
cannot hold that the facts are undisputed. See Stafford, 611 F.2d at 993.
      Because a genuine fact issue remains as to whether Redfin held a valid
license to use Stross’s photographs between October 2010 and April 2012, we
reverse the district court’s order granting summary judgment on this point.
      2. Stross Demonstrated a Genuine Issue of Material Fact as to
         Whether Redfin Exceeded the Scope of its License to Use His
         Photographs.
      The parties also dispute whether Redfin exceeded the scope of its license
to use Stross’s photographs. Much of this disagreement stems from their
opposing views as to which license Redfin may raise in its defense. Stross
argues that Redfin may raise only the PCAA—the license to which it is a party.
But Redfin argues that it may raise the Stross–ACTRIS license under Rule
7.10, because when Stross gave ACTRIS a license to use his photographs, he
simultaneously gave Redfin the same license.
      In essence, Redfin’s argument is that all ACTRIS users grant all other
ACTRIS users a broad license to use their photographs simply by uploading
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                                       No. 17-50046
those photographs to the MLS. Redfin roots this argument in ACTRIS Rule
7.10, which grants “ACTRIS (and its service providers and licensees) an
irrevocable, worldwide, paid-up, royalty-free, right and license” to use a
Participant’s content “for any purpose consistent with the facilitation of the
sale, lease and valuation of real property.” Redfin takes the phrase “and its
service providers and licensees” to mean that it benefits directly from Rule 7.10
in the same way that ACTRIS does. Stross argues in turn that, rather than
automatically transfer ACTRIS’s rights to its licensees, this phrase merely
empowers ACTRIS to sublicense the photographs.
      Because “licensing agreements, like other contracts, are interpreted
under state law,” Compliance Source v. GreenPoint Mortg. Funding, Inc., 624
F.3d 252, 259 n.9 (5th Cir. 2010) (citations omitted), we must look to Texas law
to resolve this threshold dispute. 4 Under Texas law, “the benefits and burdens
of a contract belong solely to the contracting parties.” First Bank v. Brumitt,
519 S.W.3d 95, 102 (Tex. 2017). An exception to this foundational principle
allows a third-party to enforce a contract if it can demonstrate that the
contracting parties “intended to secure a benefit” to it. Id. But Texas law
disfavors contract interpretations that imply a third-party beneficiary,
requiring “a clear and unequivocal expression of the contracting parties’ intent
to directly benefit a third party.” Id. at 103 (quoting Tawes v. Barnes, 340
S.W.3d 419, 425 (Tex. 2011)). Implied intent is insufficient.
      Although Redfin does not explicitly assert third-party-beneficiary status,
its arguments betray a belief that Rule 7.10 is intended to secure a benefit not
only to ACTRIS but also to Redfin. But Redfin cannot reap the benefit of the
Stross–ACTRIS license by raising it as a defense unless Stross and ACTRIS
“intended to secure a benefit” to it and provided “a clear and unequivocal


      4   The parties do not dispute that Texas law applies to any contractual issues.
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expression” of this intent. First Bank, 519 S.W. at 102–03. That is not the case
here. The language of Rule 7.10 does not amount to “a clear and unequivocal
expression of the contracting parties’ intent to directly benefit” Redfin, and any
implied intent is insufficient. Id. at 102
      What is more, Redfin’s interpretation of Rule 7.10 myopically ignores the
remainder of its sublicense. Texas law instructs that “[i]n construing a written
contract, the primary concern of the court is to ascertain the true intentions of
the parties as expressed in the instrument.” Moayedi v. Interstate 35/Chisam
Rd., L.P., 438 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. 2014) (quoting J.M. Davidson v. Webster, 128
S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tex. 2003)). To achieve this objective, “courts must examine
and consider the entire writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all
of the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered meaningless.”
Moayedi, 438 S.W.3d at 7 (quoting Seagull Energy E & P, Inc. v. Eland Energy,
Inc., 207 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. 2006) (emphasis removed)).
      Reading Rule 7.10 in isolation to automatically transfer all of ACTRIS’s
rights to Redfin renders the PCAA—Redfin’s sublicense from ACTRIS—
meaningless. Although ACTRIS could have sublicensed Redfin up to as much
as it received from Stross, the PCAA from ACTRIS to Redfin is undoubtedly
narrower than the license from Stross to ACTRIS. 5 As Redfin’s own affiant


      5 Redfin witness Beth Gatlin’s description of ACTRIS’s “two-part licensing structure”
confirms this:

      First, subscribers (both agents and brokers) who upload information into the
      ACTRIS database, grant to ACTRIS and its Licensees a broad license to use
      the uploaded content ‘for any purpose consistent with the facilitation of the
      sale, lease and valuation of real property or other such use.’ This grant is set
      forth in ACTRIS Rule 7.10. Once content is entered into the ACTRIS database
      it becomes part of the “MLS Compilation.” ACTRIS owns the MLS
      Compilation.

      Second, ACTRIS grants to its Participants who desire to display the MLS
      Compilation on their own websites a narrower license to use the MLS
      Compilation in accordance with the ACTRIS Rules and its Terms and
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confirms, Redfin and other ACTRIS Participants gain access to MLS listings
via the PCAA, 6 which expressly provides that Participants “may display the
Licensed Content on a website available to the public only to the extent
permitted by the ACTRIS Policies.” (emphasis added).
       And a number of these policies go beyond Rule 7.10’s restrictions. For
example, Rule 7.5 requires Participants to maintain control over and
responsibility for each copy of any MLS content; Rule 7.3 instructs that Redfin
may display data about “sold” properties only “to support an estimate of value
on a particular property for a particular client”; and Rule 7.12 clarifies that the
“License from ACTRIS” to its Participants is “a limited, non-exclusive,
personal, revocable license, solely to use and copy the Compilation, subject to
all of the limitations and restrictions set forth herein.” This is a far cry from
the “irrevocable, worldwide, paid-up, royalty-free, right and license” that Rule
7.10’s “Warranty and License to ACTRIS” provides. With this in mind, a better
reading of Rule 7.10 is that, along with acting as a direct license to ACTRIS, it
also authorizes ACTRIS to sublicense Stross’s listings to other users, but does
not automatically do so.
       Redfin also suggests on appeal that ACTRIS may be “the sole party with
legal standing” to challenge the alleged misuse of the copyrighted photos
because “Stross transferred to ACTRIS the right he now seeks to enforce.” But
this argument is unavailing. Only the legal or beneficial owner of an “exclusive




       Conditions of Use. This grant is set forth in the ACTRIS Participant Content
       Access Agreement (“PCAA”).

       6 The district court mistakenly referred to the two agreements as the “Stross PCAA”
and the “Redfin PCAA.” But Stross did not sign a PCAA; Stross’s agreement with ACTRIS
arises under Rule 7.10 as a result of uploading photographs to the ACTRIS database. Redfin’s
PCAA, by contrast, is a specific, outbound sublicensing agreement by which ACTRIS provides
Participants a license to use its database in compliance with its Rules and Policies.

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right” under a copyright may sue for a violation of that right. 17 U.S.C.
§ 201(d)(2). Section 101 of the Copyright Act “expressly excludes nonexclusive
licenses.” Lulirama Ltd., Inc. v. Axcess Broad. Servs., Inc., 128 F.3d 872, 879
(5th Cir. 1997). A non-exclusive license is one “that gives the licensee a right
to use [copyrighted materials] . . . on a shared basis with the licensor and
possibly other licensees.” License, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
That is the case here—Stross did not transfer to ACTRIS an exclusive right
under the Copyright Act. Instead, he provided a non-exclusive license,
bestowing the right to “use, copy, and create derivative works,” but only “for
any purpose consistent with the facilitation of the sale, lease and valuation of
real property or such other uses.” Because of this, Stross is the only party able
to sue for copyright infringement.
      To sum up, ACTRIS received certain rights from Stross via Rule 7.10,
and passed along a portion of those rights to Redfin via the PCAA. ACTRIS
could, of course, have sublicensed to Redfin the entirety of what it received
from Stross. But the text of the PCAA indicates that the sublicense ACTRIS
gave to Redfin was narrower than the license it originally received from
Stross. 7 And in the absence of evidence that Redfin is an intended party or
third-party beneficiary of Stross’s initial license to ACTRIS, Redfin is limited
to asserting in its defense the sublicense it received from ACTRIS: the PCAA.
Whether Redfin exceeded the scope of the PCAA, however, remains an open
question.
      C. Redfin’s Cross-Appeal.
      In its cross-appeal, Redfin contends that the district court erred by
denying it attorney fees because the Copyright Act expressly provides for



      7 Therefore, we need not address Redfin’s arguments about the meaning of “or other
such use” in ACTRIS Rule 7.10.
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prevailing defendants in copyright actions to recover their costs and fees. We
need not address this argument, however, as it is mooted by our summary
judgment reversal.
                             III.    CONCLUSION
      For the reasons discussed above, we REVERSE the district court’s order
granting summary judgment in Redfin’s favor and REMAND for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. We also DISMISS as moot Redfin’s
appeal of the portion of the district court’s order denying it attorney fees.




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