                  United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 17-2948
                          ___________________________

                                    Jeanette McKee

                          lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                    Susan Hickman

                                lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff

                              Sharon Rebecca Hickman

                          lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                             v.

Michael Reuter, in his individual capacity; Christy Scrivner, in her individual capacity

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellants

                                     Teresa Cusick

                               lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                   ____________

                           Submitted: November 26, 2018
                              Filed: January 8, 2019
                                  [Unpublished]
                                  ____________
Before HARTZ, BALDOCK, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.*
                          ____________

HOLMES, Circuit Judge.

       Jeanette McKee and Sharon Rebecca Hickman brought First Amendment
political patronage claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Michael Reuter, the
Republican elected clerk of the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Missouri, and his
subordinate, Christy Scrivner. After dismissing some claims, the district court1
denied Mr. Reuter and Ms. Scrivner summary judgment based on qualified immunity.
They appealed, and exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the
denial of qualified immunity.

                                          I
      A. Jeanette McKee
      Ms. McKee began working for the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Missouri
in 1989. In 1998, she became the chief deputy clerk. In 2014, she was both the
highest ranking and the highest paid deputy clerk, and she was nominated to run as
the Democratic candidate to replace the outgoing clerk of court. Her opponent in the
general election was Mr. Reuter, the Republican candidate. During the course of the
campaign, Ms. McKee publicly commented that Mr. Reuter had been accused of
domestic violence. Although he later acknowledged he was arrested for domestic
violence and his wife obtained a temporary protective order against him, he indicated
that no charges were ever filed. Mr. Reuter won the election and took office on
January 2, 2015.


* The Honorable Harris L. Hartz, the Honorable Bobby R. Baldock, and the
Honorable Jerome A. Holmes, United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit,
sitting by intercircuit designation.
1
 The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
       On Mr. Reuter’s first day on the job, he and his wife, Renee Reuter, were
present when Ms. McKee arrived at work. Before Ms. McKee removed her coat,
Mr. Reuter instructed her to relocate her work station from her semi-private desk to
a cubicle immediately outside his office. Mr. Reuter assured her that her duties
would remain the same, meaning she would still be the chief deputy clerk. But the
next day, he directed Ms. McKee to tend the front counter and answer telephones
while he convened a meeting of all the deputy clerks, of whom there were
approximately 53. At the meeting, Mr. Reuter announced that Ms. Scrivner, who had
no relevant experience, would be the chief deputy clerk, not Ms. McKee. Mr. Reuter
held another meeting of supervisors immediately afterwards and again excluded
Ms. McKee. On Mr. Reuter’s third day as clerk, he directed Ms. McKee to surrender
her office keys and parking pass because she was no longer the chief deputy clerk.
At some point, he also installed two security cameras in the office. By the end of
Mr. Reuter’s second week in office, Ms. McKee was on medical leave.

       Ms. McKee returned from medical leave in early February 2015. When she
returned, Mr. Reuter issued her a notice of corrective action “for (1) failure or refusal
to comply with a lawful order and to accept a reasonable and proper assignment
from an authorized supervisor; (2) documented inefficiency, incompetence,
negligence [. . .] in the performance of duties; and (3) behavior that adversely affects
the court or the employees’ ability to perform assigned duties.” Aplt. App. at 257.
The notice indicated that Mr. Reuter received a complaint from Ms. Scrivner, who
claimed that Ms. McKee refused to help update forms and notify attorneys about
time-sensitive materials. The notice stated that Ms. McKee’s attitude was creating
“a hostile work environment,” id., and that if she was “unable to obey [Mr. Reuter’s]
orders or perform [her] job duties,” she would be subject to disciplinary action,
including dismissal, id. at 258. The notice also informed Ms. McKee that she would
be meeting with Mr. Reuter monthly “to assess [her] progress in resolving these
issues.” Id.



                                          -3-
        Ms. McKee contested the notice of corrective action by filing a formal
grievance with Mr. Reuter. She denied the allegations and asserted the “corrective
action was politically motivated.” Id. at 261. She requested that it be withdrawn in
its entirety, stating that she had never had corrective action taken against her and that
Mr. Reuter and Ms. Scrivner were intentionally impeding her ability to do her job:

      You and [Ms. Scrivner] have prevented me from doing my job
      responsibilities on a daily basis by excluding me from meetings and
      email notices that ALL other employees received. You have disabled
      several computer program functions . . . without informing me as to
      why; or that a change was being made to my daily job responsibilities.
      You have humiliated me and singled me out by not including me in staff
      meetings where all staff were invited, but told me, “I was not needed”,
      [sic] while other subordinate employees listened and witnessed as you
      informed me loudly as employees were walking by. You have taken me
      out of any supervisory or managerial position within the office.

Id. at 260. Additionally, Ms. McKee asserted that Ms. Scrivner was purposefully
making her working conditions intolerable:

      The hostile work environment is created by Christy Scrivner. She has
      refused to talk to me or ask me any questions. She has told other
      employees that it is uncomfortable for me, which I’ve never said. She
      stood at the front counter and read the [news]paper article involving a
      personal matter between her and my husband on Thursday, January 29th
      where she also made threatening comments. Christy stated, “It’s really
      hard for her to keep her mouth shut she would rather kick some ass”.
      [sic]. She then made reference to her father being a good shot as she
      witnessed him shoot her dog between the eyes . . . . This behavior
      should not be tolerated and causes stress, harassment and a hostile work
      environment.

Id. at 259.



                                          -4-
       Mr. Reuter referred the grievance to an outside fact-finder, Paul Maddock, an
attorney who previously worked with Mrs. Reuter. While Mr. Maddock investigated
the grievance, Mr. Reuter reassigned Ms. McKee to an entirely new position in an
isolated, windowless office doing microfilm tasks. On February 24, 2015,
Mr. Maddock issued his report in which he “reluctantly recommend[ed]” that the
notice of corrective action be withdrawn. Id. at 272. Mr. Reuter accepted
Mr. Maddock’s recommendation, withdrew the notice of corrective action, and
eventually allowed Ms. McKee to return to her desk.

       Then on April 2, 2015, Ms. McKee was involved in an argument with several
other employees about office gossip. As a result, Mr. Reuter notified Ms. McKee that
he intended to terminate her employment for six separate incidents, all of which
transpired during the single argument. He had her escorted from the courthouse, and
Ms. Scrivner wrote the word “karma” on a bulletin board outside her office, id. at
199-200. Ms. McKee contested her termination with Mr. Reuter, but after a hearing
he upheld the dismissal. She appealed to the court’s presiding judge, who referred
the matter to a state-wide budget committee, which, in turn, appointed a three-judge
panel from outside counties. After a lengthy hearing, the panel overturned
Mr. Reuter’s decision and reinstated Ms. McKee with backpay.

       Ms. McKee returned to work in June 2015 and was assigned to the traffic
division. Her position required that she perform tasks considerably below her
qualifications. Mr. Reuter also instructed Ms. McKee’s new supervisor, Teresa
Cusick, that Ms. McKee should not enter the second floor, where the main clerk’s
office was located. Given these circumstances and her past experiences, Ms. McKee
resigned.

      B. Sharon Rebecca Hickman
      Ms. Hickman was a deputy clerk and a Democrat who supported Ms. McKee
during the 2014 campaign. When Mr. Reuter took office, Ms. Hickman had been

                                        -5-
employed in the clerk’s office support division for four years and had no negative
performance evaluations. In July 2015, Mr. Reuter transferred her to the traffic
division, where she was supervised by Ms. Cusick. Ms. Hickman was anticipating
surgery and repeatedly asked Mr. Reuter to transfer her back out of the traffic division
because she was in pain, but he refused.

       During her tenure in the traffic division, Ms. Cusick warned Ms. Hickman that
she would probably lose her job. Ms. Cusick told Ms. Hickman that she was
“stupid,” that she had a “mental handicap,” and that she “would never learn the job.”
Aplt. App. at 217. Ms. Cusick would also ask Ms. Hickman, “[D]o you have to stand
so close to me?” and “Do you have to be in my [] area?” Id. at 214. According to
Ms. Hickman, she was not “trained consistently” and “was never taking classes, like
other people got chances to,” but instead, she was “thrown into a department and . . .
sat with someone for about a week.” Id. at 213. Ms. Hickman explained that her
training was deficient because she had been trained by someone who had been
employed in the traffic division for many years, but it would have been more helpful
if she had been trained by a different employee who had more recently gone through
the process. Ms. Hickman believed that Ms. Cusick added to the confusion by giving
her conflicting instructions, sometimes telling her to answer the phone and go to the
window and other times telling her not to answer the phone and not to go to the
window. Ms. Hickman complained to Mr. Reuter that Ms. Cusick was mistreating
her and inadequately training her—while Ms. Scrivner was present—but Mr. Reuter
did not act. Instead, he told her to “go home, relax, [and] have a good weekend.”
Id. at 217. Notwithstanding these comments, he instituted monthly performance
reviews by which Ms. Cusick repeatedly documented negative appraisals of
Ms. Hickman’s work. Ms. Cusick eventually recommended that Ms. Hickman be
terminated or transferred to another department. Mr. Reuter terminated Ms. Hickman
on October 13, 2015.




                                          -6-
       As Ms. McKee had done, Ms. Hickman contested her termination with
Mr. Reuter. He upheld his decision, so she appealed to the presiding judge, who
referred the matter to the budget committee, which appointed an outside three-judge
panel. After a hearing, the panel overruled Mr. Reuter’s decision and reinstated
Ms. Hickman with backpay. Mr. Reuter subsequently initiated a lawsuit challenging
the panel’s decision. Although he initially prevailed in that suit, Ms. Hickman
appealed to the Missouri Court Appeals, which reversed and upheld the lower panel’s
decision to reinstate her with backpay. See Reuter v. Hickman, No. WD81632, 2018
WL 5913107, at *5 (Mo. Ct. App. Nov. 13, 2018).

        Meanwhile, Ms. Hickman returned to work, underwent surgery, and afterwards
notified Mr. Reuter, Ms. Cusick, and Ms. Scrivner that she was in a lot of pain and
that she was taking pain medication. She requested to be restricted to light duty,
but Ms. Cusick told her “she didn’t need to know about [her] medical history.”
Id. at 238. Ms. Scrivner asked whether she “was having problems doing [her] job,”
id., while Mr. Reuter did not respond at all. Ms. Hickman suffered a nervous
breakdown and went on medical leave. During her absence, Mr. Reuter informed her
that an en banc panel of judges authorized her to take unpaid extended leave if she
faxed in a written request. Ms. Hickman faxed her request, and Ms. Scrivner
confirmed that she received it. But on October 5, 2016, Ms. Scrivner told
Ms. Hickman that her request was not dated, so she needed to return to work the next
day or she would lose her job. Ms. Hickman resigned.

                                      II
     Based on these events, Ms. McKee and Ms. Hickman filed an amended
complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, naming as defendants Mr. Reuter, Mrs. Reuter,
Ms. Scrivner, Ms. Cusick, and Jefferson County, Missouri.2 Ms. McKee and
Ms. Hickman claimed defendants violated their First Amendment rights by taking
2
 A third deputy clerk, Susan Hickman, was a plaintiff, but the district court dismissed
some of her claims and granted summary judgment on the rest.

                                         -7-
adverse employment action against them on account of their political affiliations and
activities during the 2014 campaign. The district court dismissed several claims
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), leaving Ms. McKee’s claims against
Mr. Reuter and Ms. Scrivner, and also leaving Ms. Hickman’s claims against
Mr. Reuter, Ms. Scrivner, and Ms. Cusick. Following discovery, these defendants
moved for summary judgment based on qualified immunity.

       The district court granted qualified immunity on Ms. Hickman’s claim against
Ms. Cusick, ruling there was no evidence she intended to terminate Ms. Hickman
based on her political affiliation. Rather, the court observed, Ms. Cusick’s
recommendation to transfer or terminate Ms. Hickman was based on her alleged poor
job performance. The court cited Ms. Cusick’s affidavit indicating that Ms. Hickman
issued arrest warrants for the wrong people, failed to issue warrants in a timely
fashion and as directed, failed to check her office mail for one month, and otherwise
displayed neglect, incompetence, and poor performance. The court pointed out that
Ms. Hickman did not dispute these negative averments regarding her performance but
merely denied remembering them and acknowledged that she made some mistakes
due to poor training.

       The court further concluded that Ms. Hickman’s only evidence against
Ms. Scrivner was (1) she was present when Ms. Hickman complained about
Ms. Cusick’s mistreatment to Mr. Reuter and (2) Ms. Scrivner falsely told
Ms. Hickman that her request for extended medical leave was complete when it was
not. The court determined these circumstances failed to establish a constitutional
violation.

       The court denied qualified immunity, however, on Ms. Hickman’s claim
against Mr. Reuter, as well as Ms. McKee’s claims against Mr. Reuter and
Ms. Scrivner. The court determined the law governing these claims was clearly
established and the facts, accepted in the light most favorable to Ms. McKee and

                                         -8-
Ms. Hickman, were sufficient to show a constitutional violation.3 Mr. Reuter and
Ms. Scrivner subsequently brought this interlocutory appeal to challenge the denial
of qualified immunity.

                                            III
       “We review a denial of summary judgment on the grounds of qualified
immunity de novo.” Nord v. Walsh Cty., 757 F.3d 734, 738 (8th Cir. 2014). We have
jurisdiction over the denial of summary judgment based on qualified immunity when
the “interlocutory appeal[] reaches only to issues of law.” Ferguson v. Short, 840
F.3d 508, 511 (8th Cir. 2016). In evaluating the denial of qualified immunity, we ask
“(1) whether the facts taken in the light most favorable to [the plaintiffs] make out a
violation of a constitutional or statutory right; and (2) whether that right was clearly
established at the time of the alleged violation.” Thompson v. City of Monticello, 894
F.3d 993, 998 (8th Cir. 2018). “Our review is thus limited to determining whether all
of the conduct that the district court deemed sufficiently supported for purposes of
summary judgment violated the plaintiff[s’] clearly established federal rights.” Id.
at 997-98 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       It is clearly established that the practice of political patronage, in which “public
employees hold their jobs on the condition that they provide, in some acceptable
manner, support for the favored political party,” “unquestionably inhibits protected
belief and association.” Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 359 (1976). Political
patronage dismissals unconstitutionally infringe on First Amendment rights of speech
and association “unless ‘the hiring authority can demonstrate that party affiliation is
an appropriate requirement for the effective performance of the public office
involved.’” Langley v. Hot Spring Cty., 393 F.3d 814, 817 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting
Branti v. Finkel, 445 U.S. 507, 518 (1980)). Such positions usually involve “policy-
making or a confidential relationship with an elected official.” Id.; see Barnes v.
3
  The court also denied summary judgment on the merits of these claims, but those
issues are not before us.

                                           -9-
Bosley, 745 F.2d 501, 505 (8th Cir. 1984) (explaining that under Elrod, “the
governmental interest in effectiveness and efficiency is only seriously threatened
when an employee with an opposition party viewpoint is in a policymaking and
confidential position”).

       An employee’s political affiliation need not be “the sole motivating factor
behind the . . . dismissal[].” Barnes, 745 F.2d at 507. “In ‘mixed-motive’ cases,
where the evidence demonstrates that both legitimate and illegitimate motives may
have prompted action against a public employee who engaged in protected conduct,
the allocation of the burden of proof is dictated by Mt. Healthy City School District
Board of Education v. Doyal, 429 U.S. 274 (1977).” Barnes, 745 F.2d at 507; accord
Mahn v. Jefferson Cty., 891 F.3d 1093, 1097 (8th Cir. 2018) (recognizing inconsistent
Eighth Circuit authority on whether Mt. Healthy or McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.
Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), governs, but following Mt. Healthy). Under that
analysis, the plaintiff must produce “sufficient evidence from which the fact finder
reasonably can infer that the plaintiff’s protected conduct was a ‘substantial’ or
‘motivating’ factor behind her dismissal.” Wagner v. Jones, 664 F.3d 259, 270 (8th
Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). “If the plaintiff meets this burden,
summary judgment must be denied unless the defendant establishes either that the
political motive is an appropriate requirement for the job, or that the dismissal was
made for mixed motives and the plaintiff would have been discharged in any event.”
Mahn, 891 F.3d at 1096 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Wagner, 664
F.3d at 270-73 (applying Mt. Healthy in the context of qualified immunity analysis).

       A. McKee v. Reuter
       Ms. McKee has marshalled enough evidence for a jury to reasonably infer that
her political affiliation and activities during the 2014 campaign were substantial
factors, both in the way Mr. Reuter treated her after the election and in his decision
to dismiss her. They ran as opposing political candidates in a partisan campaign. On
his first day in office, with his wife present, he directed Ms. McKee to relocate her

                                        -10-
work station from a semi-private desk to a cubicle immediately outside his office,
where he installed two security cameras. The next day, he replaced her with
Ms. Scrivner, who had no relevant qualifications. He announced this personnel
change at a meeting in which Ms. McKee was the only deputy clerk excluded, despite
her status as the highest ranking, highest paid deputy clerk, and despite his assurance
she would remain the chief deputy clerk.

       Mr. Reuter also demanded Ms. McKee’s office keys and parking pass, and
when she returned from medical leave, he issued a notice of corrective action,
ostensibly based solely on Ms. Scrivner’s complaint, although Ms. McKee disputed
it as politically motivated. In the notice, Mr. Reuter faulted Ms. McKee for creating
a hostile work environment, threatened her with sanctions, and placed her on a
monthly evaluation schedule, all without soliciting any input from her. While these
justifications were evaluated by Mr. Maddock, who was a prior associate of
Mrs. Reuter, Mr. Reuter assigned Ms. McKee to menial work in an isolated office.
He withdrew the notice only after Mr. Maddock advised him to do so. And after the
gossip argument, he terminated her and had her escorted from the courthouse. This
evidence is sufficient for a rational factfinder to infer that Mr. Reuter mistreated and
terminated Ms. McKee on account of her political affiliation and activities during the
2014 campaign.

       Defendants offer two principal justifications—one legal and one factual—for
Mr. Reuter’s actions. The legal argument relies on Carver v. Dennis, 104 F.3d 847,
848 (6th Cir. 1997), where a deputy county clerk was terminated by her boss, who
was the county clerk, a day after the deputy clerk announced she was challenging her
boss in the next election. The Sixth Circuit, noting there was no evidence the deputy
clerk was dismissed for her political beliefs, observed that the record instead
indicated that the deputy clerk was fired for her candidacy. Id. at 850. Accordingly,
the court distinguished the Elrod/Branti line of cases and held there was no First
Amendment “right to express one’s political views through candidacy.” Id. at

                                         -11-
850-51. The court reasoned that to find a First Amendment violation under the facts
of that case “would be to read out of the entire line of relevant Supreme Court
precedent the factual requirements of political belief, expression and affiliation,
partisan political activity, or expression of opinion, and to read into that precedent a
fundamental right to candidacy.” Id. at 853. Based on Carver, defendants contend
that Ms. McKee had no First Amendment right to run for clerk of court and then, after
losing the election, retain her position.

       We do not dispute that there is no clearly established First Amendment right
to run for office. As defendants correctly point out, Carver makes clear there is not.
Consequently, to the extent any of Ms. McKee’s claims are predicated solely upon
her candidacy, defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. But as we understand
Ms. McKee’s claims, they are not predicated upon her candidacy; they are predicated
upon her affiliation with the Democratic party, the expression of her political views,
and the activities she undertook as a Democrat during a partisan campaign, which fall
squarely within the protections of the First Amendment. See id.

       Defendants insist that “virtually all of the applicable case law” holds that there
is no First Amendment right to remain on the staff of a prevailing political opponent.
Reply Br. at 10 (citing Bart v. Telford, 677 F.2d 622, 624 (7th Cir. 1982)). But that
is an overbroad characterization of the legal issue we confront here. Our task is to
determine whether, absent political affiliation being an appropriate requirement for
the job, there is a First Amendment right not to be removed from a prevailing
opponent’s staff because of one’s political affiliation. There is indeed such a right.
See Rutan v. Republican Party of Ill., 497 U.S. 62, 64 (1990) (“[T]he First
Amendment forbids government officials to discharge or threaten to discharge public
employees solely for not being supporters of the political party in power, unless
political affiliation is an appropriate requirement for the position involved.”). Bart
does not suggest otherwise. In that case, a subordinate of the mayor announced that
she intended to run for mayor. 677 F.2d at 623-24. The mayor required that the

                                          -12-
employee take a leave of absence, and when she returned to work after having lost the
race, she alleged the mayor subjected her to harassment for having run for office. Id.
at 624. The Seventh Circuit affirmed dismissal of the complaint to the extent it
alleged the compelled leave of absence violated the employee’s First Amendment
rights, holding that the First Amendment does not confer a right to run for office. Id.
But to the extent the complaint alleged harassment motivated by the employee’s
expression of her political views, the Seventh Circuit reversed, holding “that is all
that is necessary to save this part of the complaint from being dismissed.” Id. at 625.
We think Bart illustrates the distinction between this case and Carver, which
explicitly recognized that harassment based on political views can raise a
constitutional violation, even if the victim was also a candidate. See Carver, 104
F.3d at 852.

       As for whether political affiliation was an appropriate requirement for the job,
defendants cite no evidence and offer no argument from which we might conclude
that the chief deputy clerk was a policymaking or confidential position. Instead,
defendants cite Wallace v. Benware, 67 F.3d 655, 661 (7th Cir. 1995), for the
proposition that an employer—in that case, a sheriff—may dismiss or demote a
deputy who challenged him in an election without violating the First Amendment.
Wallace is inapposite, however, because underlying its entire disposition, which we
discuss more fully below, is the recognition that deputy sheriffs are policymaking
employees—a showing that has not been made here. See id. at 659 (explaining that
deputy sheriffs fall under the policymaker exception to the First Amendment’s ban
on patronage dismissals); id. at 661 (“We have permitted a sheriff to dismiss or
demote a politically disloyal deputy under the theory that once elected to public
office, a sheriff should be entitled to place in the policymaking position of deputy
sheriff loyal and trustworthy individuals who would be most effective in carrying out
his electoral mandate.” (emphasis added)). Absent any showing that the chief deputy
clerk was a policymaking or confidential position, Wallace is legally inapplicable.



                                         -13-
       Moreover, even if Wallace were relevant—that is, even if, like Wallace,
political affiliation was a requirement of the chief deputy clerk’s job—Wallace does
not hold that a losing party’s involvement in an election gives the prevailing party
unbridled latitude to harass his opponent. Wallace observed that “a deputy who
challenged the sheriff in an election withstands a First Amendment challenge only
because we presume that the sheriff’s action is directed toward the efficient and
effective operation of his public office.” Id. at 662. As the court explained, “it would
be illogical to apply the same presumption to harassment designed specifically to
hinder or to disrupt a deputy in the performance of his duties.” Id. Defendants fail
to explicate how Wallace supports their position here, where the evidence could be
construed to suggest that, rather than promote the efficiency and effectiveness of the
court, Mr. Reuter instead harassed and impeded Ms. McKee in the performance of her
duties by needlessly relocating her work station, distracting her with security cameras,
taking her keys and parking pass, issuing her a politically motivated notice of
corrective action based on a disputed complaint, retaining his wife’s former associate
as a fact-finder to adjudicate her grievance, isolating her to perform menial work, and
reassigning her old duties to a new hire with no relevant qualifications.

       Turning to defendants’ factual justification, which presumably is their
Mt. Healthy defense, they contend that Ms. McKee was fired for her outburst during
the office-gossip argument. Defendants assert that Mr. Reuter, as the duly elected
clerk, had both the discretion and the authority to discipline his deputy clerks. His
office, however, did not give him license to violate clearly established constitutional
rights. Because Ms. McKee has come forward with sufficient evidence that political
animus was a substantial or motivating factor in her treatment and dismissal,
defendants must demonstrate “that the record would compel a reasonable jury to find
that the adverse action would have occurred anyway,” Mahn, 891 F.3d at 1097
(ellipsis and internal quotation marks omitted). Defendants cannot make this showing
because the outside panel of judges who heard Ms. McKee’s appeal reinstated her
with backpay. Moreover, defendants make no effort to justify any of the other

                                         -14-
treatment she experienced, including her reassignment to the traffic division
following her reinstatement, none of which were ostensible consequences of the
office-gossip argument.

       Defendants nevertheless offer one last fact in support of qualified immunity.
They point out that ultimately neither Mr. Reuter nor Ms. Scrivner fired Ms. McKee;
rather, she voluntarily quit. See Aplt. Br. at 19. But defendants do not contend that
Ms. McKee cannot show she was constructively discharged. See Jones v. Fitzgerald,
285 F.3d 705, 715-16 (8th Cir. 2002) (recognizing that constructive discharge, which
may be based on political retaliation, requires a plaintiff to establish that “defendants
deliberately made or allowed her working conditions to become so intolerable that the
employee had no other choice but to quit”). Instead, defendants reassert that she had
no right to remain on the staff and avoid being assigned to the traffic division. We
have already rejected that contention, and thus, the district court properly denied
qualified immunity on Ms. McKee’s claim against Mr. Reuter.

        B. McKee v. Scrivner
        Our preceding discussion applies, as well, to Ms. McKee’s claim against
Ms. Scrivner. We reiterate that to the extent Ms. McKee’s claims are based on her
candidacy, defendants were entitled to qualified immunity. Again, however, we do
not understand that to be the basis for her claims. Consequently, having rejected
defendants’ arguments, we have little difficulty concluding that a rational jury could
infer that Ms. Scrivner’s conduct was politically motivated. Plaintiffs alleged that
Ms. Scrivner assisted Mr. Reuter in making their working conditions intolerable in
exchange for her appointment to the chief deputy clerk position. Ms. Scrivner
testified that she owned a pizza parlor and hosted Mr. Reuter’s campaign, perhaps
multiple times. She testified that she marched in a parade to support Mr. Reuter’s
wife in her bid for county counselor, and although she could not recall, she may have
marched for Mr. Reuter’s campaign as well. She did recall, however, wearing a
t-shirt that said “Reuter” on it, Aplt. App. at 413, displaying a yard-sign that said

                                          -15-
“Reuter” on it, id. at 415, and handing out flyers at an election poll station while
thanking voters for their support of Mr. Reuter during the 2014 campaign.

       After Mr. Reuter won the election, Ms. Scrivner took Ms. McKee’s job as chief
deputy clerk, despite acknowledging she had no relevant experience, had never been
in a courthouse, and did not know what it meant to be a deputy clerk. See id. at 421
(Scrivner Depo.) (“I—I didn’t know anything about how this office ran. I’ve
never—was never in a courthouse, was never—so I didn’t know what deputy clerk
even actually meant.”). Within days of assuming her new role, Ms. Scrivner lodged
a complaint with Mr. Reuter against Ms. McKee. That complaint resulted in the
notice of corrective action—Ms. McKee’s first in some twenty-five years of service.
Ms. McKee responded that the notice was politically motivated, that Ms. Scrivner
was making threatening comments, and that both Ms. Scrivner and Mr. Reuter were
impeding her ability to do her job by excluding her from meetings and emails,
disabling her computer programs, and humiliating her in front of other employees.
See id. at 259-61 (McKee grievance alleging the notice was “politically motivated,”
Ms. Scrivner was creating a “hostile work environment,” and Mr. Reuter and
Ms. Scrivner had “prevented [her] from doing [her] job responsibilities on a daily
basis by excluding [her] from meetings and email notices that ALL other employees
received[,] disabl[ing] several computer program functions[, and] humiliat[ing her]”).
Mr. Reuter withdrew the corrective action, but when he fired Ms. McKee,
Ms. Scrivner wrote the word “karma” on the board outside her office, which another
employee understood to mean “that Mr. Reuter and . . . Christy Scrivner, were
singling out people who had supported Jeanette McKee in the campaign,” id. at 203.
All this evidence could allow a rational jury to reasonably infer that political animus
was a substantial or motivating factor behind Ms. Scrivner’s conduct. And Ms.
Scrivner has not argued that she was just following orders, as opposed to acting
against Ms. McKee for her own reasons. Because defendants advance no further
argument, we conclude the district court properly denied qualified immunity on
Ms. McKee’s claim against Ms. Scrivner.

                                         -16-
        C. Hickman v. Reuter
        Finally, defendants dispute the denial of qualified immunity on Ms. Hickman’s
claim against Mr. Reuter. They contend the evidence shows Ms. Hickman was fired
not because she is a Democrat and supported Ms. McKee, but because she was
incompetent. They point out that Ms. Hickman issued arrest warrants for the wrong
people, issued warrants untimely and not as directed, failed to check her mail for a
month, and repeatedly showed neglect, incompetence, and poor judgment. But the
evidence also shows that Ms. Hickman had been employed for four years and had
never received a negative performance evaluation. It was not until after Mr. Reuter,
a Republican, was elected in a campaign in which Ms. Hickman supported his
Democratic opponent that she was transferred and began receiving poor performance
evaluations. Ms. Hickman repeatedly asked Mr. Reuter to transfer her out of the
traffic division, just as other employees had been transferred. He refused, however,
suggested that she quit, and otherwise ignored her complaints that Ms. Cusick was
mistreating her. He similarly ignored her concerns of being inadequately trained and
of being fired and told her to relax. Yet at the same time, he had Ms. Cusick
document negative monthly performance evaluations that served to justify her
dismissal. This evidence satisfies Ms. Hickman’s burden to show that her political
affiliation and activities were a motivating factor in her dismissal. That there was
evidence she made mistakes on the job does not compel the conclusion that she would
have been fired in any event, because the outside panel of judges overruled her
dismissal and reinstated her. Accordingly, the district court properly denied qualified
immunity on Ms. Hickman’s claim against Mr. Reuter.

                                       IV
      The district court’s denial of qualified immunity is affirmed. Appellees’
motion to expedite submission of the case to a panel is denied as moot. Appellees’
motion to supplement the record on appeal with Missouri Court Operating Rule 7 is
denied as unnecessary.

                       ______________________________

                                         -17-
