                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 13-3689
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                  Dereld Humphrey

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 17, 2014
                               Filed: July 18, 2014
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN, BYE, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Dereld Humphrey pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in possession
of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court1 sentenced
Humphrey as an armed career criminal, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), and imposed the

      1
       The Honorable Carol E. Jackson, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
statutory mandatory minimum sentence of 180 months’ imprisonment. Humphrey
appeals, arguing that the district court erred in sentencing him as an armed career
criminal because he does not have three predicate offenses as required by § 924(e)(1).
We affirm.

                                   I. Background

      After Humphrey pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm, a
probation officer prepared a presentence investigation report (PSR) and recommended
that Humphrey be sentenced under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA). The
ACCA imposes a mandatory minimum fifteen-year prison sentence on a defendant
who violates § 922(g)(1) and “has three previous convictions . . . for a violent felony
or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one
another[.]” § 924(e)(1).

       The PSR identified three of Humphrey’s prior convictions as the basis for this
recommendation: a first-degree assault conviction, a first-degree robbery conviction,
and an armed criminal action conviction. These convictions arose from crimes that
Humphrey committed over the course of two days when he was fifteen years old.
Specifically, on December 10, 1995, at approximately 6:20 p.m., Humphrey and at
least one other individual approached a man in a parking lot in St. Louis, Missouri,
pointed a gun at the man, and ordered the man to give them his money. Before the
man could comply, Humphrey’s cohort shot the man. Approximately fifteen minutes
later and three blocks away, Humphrey and at least one other individual approached
a woman, threatened her with a gun, and forcibly stole her money and food stamps.
At approximately 6:30 p.m. on December 11, 1995, Humphrey and at least one other
individual approached a woman as she exited her vehicle, pointed a gun at her, and
demanded that she give them her money. When she refused, Humphrey’s cohort
struck the woman in the head with the gun. Humphrey pleaded guilty to the three
offenses set forth above as a result of his involvement in these incidents.

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       At his sentencing for the felon in possession offense, Humphrey objected to the
PSR’s recommendation that he be sentenced as an armed career criminal. He did not
contest that his three prior convictions were for violent felonies, nor did he challenge
the determination that his armed criminal action conviction, which stemmed from the
December 11, 1995, incident, constituted a predicate offense for purposes of the
ACCA. Instead, Humphrey argued that his convictions for the first-degree assault
and first-degree robbery December 10, 1995, offenses should have counted as one
predicate offense under the ACCA because they were not committed “on occasions
different from one another,” leaving him with only two of the three predicate offenses
required to trigger application of the ACCA. The district court overruled Humphrey’s
objection, determining that the two December 10 offenses were committed on
different occasions and that Humphrey was thus subject to an enhanced sentence
under the ACCA.

                                    II. Discussion

       The sole issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in concluding that
Humphrey’s convictions for first-degree assault and first-degree robbery each
constituted a predicate offense for purposes of the ACCA. “We review de novo
whether a prior conviction is a predicate offense under the ACCA.” United States v.
Van, 543 F.3d 963, 966 (8th Cir. 2008). “To qualify as predicate offenses under the
statute, each conviction must be a separate and distinct criminal episode, rather than
part of a continuous course of conduct.” United States v. Deroo, 304 F.3d 824, 828
(8th Cir. 2002). We have considered at least three factors “in deciding whether
offenses are sufficiently separate and distinct . . . : (1) the time lapse between
offenses, (2) the physical distance between their occurrence, and (3) their lack of
overall substantive continuity, a factor that is often demonstrated in the violent-felony
context by different victims or different aggressions.” United States v. Willoughby,
653 F.3d 738, 742-43 (8th Cir. 2011).



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       Humphrey contends on appeal that the first-degree assault and the first-degree
robbery were part of a continuous course of conduct because the offenses were
committed by the same group of individuals, involved the same type of criminal
conduct, and were committed fifteen minutes apart and within three blocks of each
other. Humphrey relies on Willoughby and United States v. Petty, 828 F.2d 2 (8th
Cir. 1987) (per curiam), to support this argument, but both cases are readily
distinguishable. In Willoughby, we held that the defendant’s drug sales to a
confidential informant, and seconds later to a police officer who was standing next
to the confidential informant, were part of one continuous course of conduct because
the drug sales were “committed, in essence, simultaneously.” 653 F.3d at 740-42.
Similarly, in Petty, we held that the defendant’s “simultaneous robbery of six
individuals at a restaurant” constituted one predicate offense for purposes of the
ACCA, even though the defendant was convicted of six counts of armed robbery as
a result of his conduct. 828 F.2d at 3.

       Unlike the offenses committed in Willoughby and Petty, the first-degree assault
and the first-degree robbery offenses were not committed simultaneously. Rather,
Humphrey committed the first-degree assault in one location against one victim, and
then fifteen minutes later and three blocks away he committed the first-degree
robbery against an unrelated victim. “[W]e have indicated that a criminal offense is
a distinct criminal episode when it occurs in a different location and at a different
time.” United States v. Chappell, 704 F.3d 551, 552 (8th Cir. 2013). Moreover, we
have held that “[c]rimes occurring even minutes apart can qualify [as separate and
distinct criminal episodes] . . . if they have different victims and are committed in
different locations.” Deroo, 304 F.3d at 828. Our precedent thus makes clear that the
December 10 offenses were separate and distinct criminal episodes rather than part
of a continuous course of conduct. See Chappell, 704 F.3d at 552-53 (holding that,
although the defendant committed all three offenses on the same day, the defendant’s
murder conviction was based on a criminal episode that was separate from his
burglary and arson convictions because the defendant “committed the murder after

                                         -4-
the [burglary and] arson, at a different location, and against a different victim”);
Deroo, 304 F.3d at 828 (concluding that the defendant’s three burglary convictions
were each predicate offenses under the ACCA even if the three burglaries were
committed within an hour of one another because they “involved breaking into three
separate homes located on different lakes and unrelated victims”); United States v.
Gray, 85 F.3d 380, 381 (8th Cir. 1996) (holding that the burglaries of two homes
located in close proximity to one another within a span of twenty-five minutes were
separate and distinct criminal episodes); United States v. Hamell, 3 F.3d 1187, 1191
(8th Cir. 1993) (concluding that the defendant’s two assaults—the first occurring
inside a tavern and the second involving a different victim outside the tavern twenty-
five minutes later—were distinct criminal episodes). The district court thus did not
err in holding that the first-degree assault and the first-degree robbery were
committed “on occasions different from one another.”

       Humphrey further contends that we should consider two additional factors in
determining whether the first-degree assault and the first-degree robbery were
separate and distinct criminal episodes or part of a continuous course of conduct. He
asserts that because he acted with at least one other individual in committing the
offenses, we should consider whether “he intended to commit two separate acts.” He
also argues that we should take into account the fact that he was a juvenile at the time
he committed the offenses.2 Humphrey, however, cites no authority to support his

      2
        At oral argument, Humphrey’s counsel clarified that Humphrey was not
asserting an Eighth Amendment challenge to the use of juvenile convictions as
predicate offenses for purposes of the ACCA. Moreover, Humphrey’s counsel
acknowledged that other courts that have considered this issue have concluded that
the use of juvenile conduct as the basis for an ACCA enhancement does not violate
the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. See
United States v. Hunter, 735 F.3d 172, 176 (4th Cir. 2013); United States v. Orona,
724 F.3d 1297, 1309-10 (10th Cir. 2013); see also United States v. Hoffman, 710
F.3d 1228, 1229-33 (11th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (deciding the issue under 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(A)(viii)).

                                          -5-
claim that a court should examine a defendant’s subjective intent or consider a
defendant’s juvenile status in deciding whether offenses are distinct criminal episodes
under the ACCA, and we decline to do so in this case.

                                   III. Conclusion

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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