              By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect
               of this decision is limited to the case and parties pursuant to 6th
               Cir. BAP LBR 8013-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8010-1©.

                                   File Name: 12b0010n.06

            BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


In re: CECIL H. MILLER,                            )
                                                   )    No. 12-8004
            Debtor.                                )
______________________________________             )



                       Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                              for the Northern District of Ohio
                                       No. 09-42411.

                                Submitted: November 14, 2012

                            Decided and Filed: December 27, 2012

      Before: EMERSON, FULTON, and PRESTON, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.

                                   ____________________

                                         COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Thomas N. Michaels, Youngstown, Ohio, for Appellants. Michael J. McGee,
HARRINGTON, HOPPE & MITCHELL, LTD., Warren, Ohio, for Appellee.

                                   ____________________

                                         OPINION
                                   ____________________


       THOMAS H. FULTON, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. In this appeal Cecil H. Miller
(the Debtor) and his daughter Latrese Hyshaw (“Hyshaw”) (collectively “the Appellants”) appeal




                                               1
January 10, 2012 orders of the United States Bankruptcy Court of the Northern District of Ohio
authorizing the trustee in the Debtor’s chapter 7 bankruptcy (the “Trustee”) to employ an auctioneer
and sell at public auction three pieces of real property (the “Properties”) free and clear of liens.


       For the reasons that follow, the panel affirms the bankruptcy court’s January 10, 2012 orders
authorizing the Trustee to employ an auctioneer and sell the Properties.


                                     I. ISSUES ON APPEAL


       The issues in this appeal are as follows: (1) whether the Appellants have standing to appeal
the court’s order granting the Trustee’s motion to sell the Properties; (2) whether the Trustee’s
proposed sale complies with the requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 363(f) governing sales of estate
property free and clear of interests; and (3) whether Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 6004(c)
required the Trustee to serve Hyshaw or the Debtor’s widow, Latraill Miller (“Latraill Miller”), with
notice of the motion to sell the Properties.


                    II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW


       The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit has jurisdiction to decide this appeal.
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio has authorized appeals to the
Panel, and no party has timely elected to have this appeal heard by the district court. 28 U.S.C.
§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1). A final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of right pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). For purposes of appeal, a final order “ends the litigation on the merits and
leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United
States, 489 U.S. 794, 798, 109 S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989) (citations omitted). A bankruptcy court’s
order authorizing the sale of property of the estate is an appealable final order. Winget v. J.P.
Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 537 F.3d 565, 578 (6th Cir. 2008).




                                                  2
       A bankruptcy court’s order authorizing the sale of assets under 11 U.S.C § 363(b) is reviewed
under an abuse of discretion standard. Stephens Industries, Inc. v. McClung, 789 F.2d 386, 388-89
(6th Cir. 1986). “An abuse of discretion occurs only when the [trial] court relies upon clearly
erroneous findings of fact or when it improperly applies the law or uses an erroneous legal standard.”
Kaye v. Agripool, SRL (In re Murray, Inc.), 392 B.R. 288 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2008). The bankruptcy
court’s decision, under this standard, will only be disturbed if it “relied upon clearly erroneous
findings of fact, improperly applied the governing law, or used an erroneous legal standard.” Elec.
Workers Pension Trust Fund of Local Union #58, IBEW v. Gary’s Elec. Serv. Co., 340 F.3d 373, 378
(6th Cir. 2003) (citing Blue Cross & Blue Shield Mut. v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass’n, 110 F.3d
318, 322 (6th Cir. 1997)). See also Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Md. v. W. Va. (In re
Eagle-Picher Indus., Inc.), 285 F.3d 522, 529 (6th Cir. 2002) (“An abuse of discretion is defined as
a ‘definite and firm conviction that the [court below] committed a clear error of judgment.’”) “The
question is not how the reviewing court would have ruled, but rather whether a reasonable person
could agree with the bankruptcy court’s decision; if reasonable persons could differ as to the issue,
then there is no abuse of discretion.” Barlow v. M.J. Waterman & Assocs. Inc. (In re M.J. Waterman
& Assocs., Inc.), 227 F.3d 604, 608 (6th Cir. 2000).


                                           III.   FACTS


       The factual and procedural background of this case is essentially undisputed. On February
9, 2009, the Debtor granted his daughter Hyshaw three pieces of real property for no consideration.
(Appellee’s Br. at 5). Several months later, on June 29, 2009, the Debtor filed a voluntary chapter
7 bankruptcy petition. The Debtor received his chapter 7 discharge on February 22, 2010.


       The three pieces of real property that the Debtor transferred to Hyshaw (the “Properties”)
are and have been heavily encumbered. The U.S. Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) holds
liens on the Properties in excess of $118,000.         Collectively, the Properties are valued at
approximately $23,000.




                                                  3
        The Debtor’s transfer of the Properties to Hyshaw did not pass unnoticed. On March 15,
2010, the Trustee initiated an adversary proceeding against the Debtor and Hyshaw. The Trustee’s
complaint contained three counts: it sought to avoid the Debtor’s transfer to Hyshaw as a fraudulent
transfer, obtain authorization to sell the Properties free and clear of liens, and determine the validity,
priority, and extent of liens on the Properties. On June 16, 2010, shortly after the commencement
of the adversary proceeding, the Debtor died.


        On February 22, 2011, the Trustee and the Appellants moved for summary judgment on the
Trustee’s fraudulent transfer claim. Together with his motion for summary judgment, the Trustee
submitted to the court “Stipulations of Material Fact.” In this document, the Trustee, the Appellants,
and the Small Business Administration stipulated that:


        The Small Business Administration has consented to the payment of the Chapter 7
        Trustee’s administrative fees, attorneys’ fees, and costs of sale, prior to the payment
        of the mortgage of the Small Business Administration from the proceeds of any
        eventual sale in this case.

        The Small Business Administration has also consented to the payment of the first
        $5,000 of proceeds of sale after payment of the administrative fees, attorneys’ fees,
        and costs of sale to the Chapter 7 Trustee, prior to any distribution of sale proceeds
        on the properties located at 843 Cameron Drive, Youngstown, Ohio; 349 Breaden
        Street, Youngstown Ohio; and 7489 Brentwood, Youngstown Ohio.

(Stipulations of Material Fact at 2, Adv. Proc. No. 10-04057, ECF No. 60-2).


        On June 28, 2011, the bankruptcy court granted the Trustee’s summary judgment motion as
to the fraudulent transfer claim, ruling that the Properties “constitute property of the Debtor’s
bankruptcy estate.” (Summary Judgment Order at 13, Adv. Proc. No. 10-40576, ECF No. 72). The
bankruptcy court, however, dismissed without prejudice the Trustee’s requests to sell the Properties
and determine the validity, priority, and extent of liens on the Properties. The court gave its
reasoning as follows:


                                                    4
       [I]t appears that any potential sale of the properties would provide no benefit to the
       estate because the amount of the SBA liens far surpasses the combined value of the
       Properties. As a consequence, no purpose can be served by this Court determining
       the validity or priority of liens against the Properties because the Properties will
       come back into the estate fully encumbered by the SBA liens.

(Id. at 13-14). The court did not mention the Trustee’s stipulated agreement with the SBA regarding
the sale of Properties. Neither party appealed the bankruptcy court’s ruling.


       On October 18, 2011, the Trustee filed motions to sell the Properties and appoint an
auctioneer. In his motion to sell the Properties (“Motion to Sell”), the Trustee again recounted his
agreement with the SBA regarding the sale of the Properties–the same agreement described in the
Stipulations in the adversary proceeding. The Trustee confirmed that the SBA had “agreed to a
carve-out from the sale proceeds to provide funds to the Chapter 7 Trustee to satisfy all the Trustee’s
fees and costs, the attorney for the Trustee’s fees and costs, and the first $5,000 beyond attorney’s
fees and Trustee’s fees, to go to the Trustee for distribution to the unsecured creditors.” (Id.).


       On December 30, 2011, Hyshaw objected to the Trustee’s motions. In her Objections, she
argued that “it appears any potential sale of the Properties would provide no benefit to the estate
because the amount of the SBA liens far surpasses the combined value of the Properties.” (Id. at 2).
Hyshaw then argued that the value of the Properties was so low that it was possible “that the amount
of [the Trustee’s] combined fees and costs could exceed the value of the properties leaving no money
left for unsecured creditors.” (Id. at 3). Finally, Hyshaw stated that the Debtor’s widow, LaTraill
Miller had not been given notice of the Motion to Sell, and that the Trustee was “without authority
to sell the property” because the titles were recorded in Hyshaw’s name. (Id. at 3). In the filed
objections Hyshaw repeatedly implied that, because the court had dismissed without prejudice the
Trustee’s requests for sale and determination of validity of liens in the adversary proceeding, the
court was somehow obligated to deny the Motion to Sell.




                                                  5
         The bankruptcy court held the hearing on the Motion to Sell on January 5, 2012. At the
hearing, Trustee’s counsel explained to the court that the SBA was in agreement as to the sale of the
Properties and that the sale of the Properties was expected to pay both expenses and fees as well as
$5,000 to unsecured creditors even if the Properties sold for only half their appraised value.
Furthermore, the Trustee’s counsel assured the court that the Trustee would have the option of
abandoning the Properties if the auction failed to produce an acceptable bid. The bankruptcy court
then granted the Trustee’s motions to sell the Properties and appoint an auctioneer.


         Thomas Michaels (“Michaels”), the attorney for the Debtor and Hyshaw, presented Hyshaw’s
objections at the hearing. The bankruptcy court asked Michaels what basis Hyshaw had to object
to the sale of the Properties. After Michaels responded that Hyshaw was an heir to the Debtor’s
estate, the bankruptcy court stated: “The property is not in a probate estate and will not be in a
probate estate unless the Trustee abandons it . . . . So as a potential heir to the estate of [the Debtor],
that’s entirely speculative.” (Tr. of Hr’g at 6, Bankr. Case No. 09-42411, ECF No. 95). Shortly
after this exchange, Michaels changed the focus of his presentation from his client Hyshaw to
Latraill Miller, arguing that there “has to be a determination of at least Latraill Miller, the decedent’s
spouse, what her interest in these properties are.” (Id.). To this the bankruptcy court replied: “It’s
property of the estate. I have never heard of Latraill Miller until you mentioned her. If she doesn’t
show up in the chain of title, I don’t know whether she is entitled to notice or not. If there is a
deficiency, you’ve just indicated that you don’t represent her, so you can’t speak on her behalf.” (Id.
at 7).


         On January 10, 2012, the bankruptcy court issued orders granting the Trustee’s Motion to
Sell the Properties and appoint an auctioneer. Fourteen days later, on January 24, the Debtor’s
attorney and Hyshaw filed a notice of appeal of the court’s orders.


         In their Statement of Issues and Designation of Record, the Appellants argued that the
bankruptcy court had erred in approving the Trustee’s Motion to Sell. The Appellants listed a




                                                    6
number of arguments as to why they believed the bankruptcy court erred. These arguments included:
(i) that it was improper for the bankruptcy court to grant the Motion to Sell after it had dismissed the
Trustee’s request to sell the Properties during the adversary proceeding; (ii) that the Trustee had not
shown that the sale of the Properties would benefit the estate; (iii) that the Trustee failed to provide
Latraill Miller with notice of the Motion to Sell; (iv) that the Debtor’s interest in the Properties had
transferred to Latraill Miller on the Debtor’s death; and (v) that the Trustee was “not in control” of
the Properties either on the date the Motion to Sell was filed or the date the motion was granted. (Id.
at 2).


         In their brief to this panel, the Appellants now make a somewhat different set of arguments.
First, the Appellants argue that the Trustee failed to satisfy the requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 363(f),
governing the sale of property free and clear of liens. Second, the Appellants argue that the Trustee
failed to give Hyshaw and Miller proper notice of the Motion to Sell as required by Rule of
Bankruptcy Procedure 6004(c).


         In his reply brief, the Trustee fails to delve into details regarding the propriety of the sale
order. Instead, it appears that the Trustee has devoted most of his efforts to arguing the propriety of
the court granting summary judgment in the adversary proceeding to avoid the Debtor’s transfer of
the Properties to Hyshaw. Toward the end of his brief the Trustee does, however, make a few points
to support his position in this appeal: First, he states that his agreement with the SBA will give the
sale a chance to bring in funds for unsecured creditors. Second, he claims that the Motion to Sell
was “served upon Latreese Hyshaw and Latrail[l] Miller through [] attorney Thomas Michaels.” (Id.
at 9). The Trustee further states that “the argument that the property belonged to Latrail[l] Miller,
the widow of Cecil Miller, immediately upon his death is incorrect, since the property had been
transferred to his daughter Latreese [Latrese] Hyshaw, prior to the instant bankruptcy case.” (Id. at
9).




                                                   7
                                       IV.    DISCUSSION


         As described above, the Appellants have made a number of arguments in opposition to the
bankruptcy court’s order authorizing the Trustee to sell the Properties. The Panel need not address
those arguments, however, because the Appellants lack standing to appeal the bankruptcy court’s
order.


         It is appropriate for the Panel to raise the issue of standing sua sponte.1 S.E.C. v. Basic
Energy, 273 F.3d 657, 665 (6th Cir. 2001). The lack of standing is a jurisdictional bar to appellate
review. Harker v. Troutman (In re Troutman Enters.), 286 F.3d 359, 364 (6th Cir. 2002). An
appellate court must therefore raise the issue of standing sua sponte because it is “under an
independent obligation to police its own jurisdiction.” Basic Energy, 273 F.3d at 665.


         “Appellate standing in bankruptcy cases is more limited than Article III standing or the
prudential requirements associated therewith.” Troutman, 286 F.3d at 364. In order to have standing
to appeal a bankruptcy court order, an appellant must be a “person aggrieved” by the bankruptcy
court’s order. Fid. Bank, N.A. v. M.M. Group, Inc., 77 F.3d 880, 882 (6th Cir. 1996). This doctrine
limits standing to those persons who “have been directly and adversely affected pecuniarily by the
order . . . . Only when the order directly diminishes a person’s property, increases his burdens, or
impairs his rights will” an appellant have standing to appeal. Id.; Travelers Cas. & Sur. v. Corbin
(In re First Cincinnati, Inc.), 286 B.R. 49, 51 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). The burden
of proving that a party is a “person aggrieved” is on the appellant asserting standing to pursue an
appeal. Fid. Bank, 77 F.3d at 882.




         1
         The Trustee has filed a motion to dismiss this appeal based on the Appellants’ lack of
standing, and the Appellants have responded. Because the Panel raises the issue of standing sua
sponte, there is no need to address the parties’ arguments.


                                                  8
         Courts rarely find that a chapter 7 debtor is a “person aggrieved” by a bankruptcy court order
regarding the disposition of property of the estate. Monus v. Lambros, 286 B.R. 629, 634 (N.D. Ohio
2002).

         The advent of the chapter 7 estate and the appointment of the chapter 7 trustee divest
         the chapter 7 debtor of all right, title and interest in nonexempt property of the estate
         at the commencement of the case. Since title to property of the estate no longer
         resides in the chapter 7 debtor, the debtor typically lacks any pecuniary interest in the
         chapter 7 trustee’s disposition of that property.


Spenlinhauer v. O’Donnell, 261 F.3d 113, 118 (1st Cir. 2001) (citing 11 U.S.C. §§ 541(a) and
704(a)); see also 11 U.S.C. § 323. Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727, the chapter 7 discharge releases the
debtor from all personal liability for his debts. These Bankruptcy Code sections work together to
restrict a chapter 7 debtor’s standing to appeal an order from the bankruptcy court. “[A] hopelessly
insolvent debtor does not have standing to appeal orders affecting the size of the estate, since such
an order would not diminish the debtor's property, increase his burdens, or detrimentally affect his
rights.” In re El San Juan Hotel, 809 F.2d 151, 154-55 (1st Cir. 1987) (citations omitted). As a
result, the chapter 7 trustee is often the only party who has standing to appeal an order that impacts
the disposition of property of the estate. Richman v. First Woman’s Bank (In re Richman), 104 F.3d
654, 657 (4th Cir. 1997).


         There are two exceptions to a chapter 7 debtor’s limited standing:
         (1) if the debtor can show that a successful appeal would generate assets in excess of
         liabilities, entitling the debtor to a distribution of surplus under Bankruptcy Code
         726(a)(6), . . . or (2) the order appealed from affects the terms of the debtor’s
         discharge in bankruptcy.


Kowal v. Malkemus (In re Thompson), 965 F.2d 1136, 1144 n.12 (1st Cir. 1992) (citations omitted).
If the debtor fails to present concrete evidence that either exception applies, he does not have
standing to challenge a bankruptcy court order. United States v. Jones, 260 B.R. 415, 418 (E.D.
Mich. 2000). To proceed under the first exception, “the debtor cannot simply claim that there is a



                                                    9
theoretical chance of a surplus in the estate, but must show that such surplus is a reasonable
possibility.” Simon v. Amir (In re Amir), 436 B.R. 1, 10 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted) (emphasis added); Nangle v. Surratt-States (In re Nangle), 288 B.R.
213, 216 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2003).


        In this case, neither the Debtor nor Hyshaw is a “person aggrieved” with standing to appeal
the bankruptcy court’s order authorizing the sale of the Properties and appointment of an auctioneer.
The Properties are underwater; encumbered by SBA liens of far greater value than the Properties
themselves. Thus, the Debtor cannot show that an appeal of the sale order would result in any
surplus to which he would be entitled. Furthermore, the Debtor has made no statements–much less
presented concrete evidence–indicating that the sale order would affect his discharge. Thus, the
Debtor has no pecuniary interest in the Properties sufficient to make him a “person aggrieved” by
the Properties’ sale.


        As for Hyshaw, the same considerations operate to deny her standing to appeal the
bankruptcy court’s order. Though Hyshaw may be an heir to the Debtor, and though her name may
appear on the Properties’ recorded titles, these facts do not give her a pecuniary interest in the
Properties. As explained earlier, the Debtor will receive no surplus from the sale of the underwater
Properties and has alleged no effect that the sale might have on his own personal liabilities. Thus,
sale of the Properties will have no pecuniary impact on whatever inheritance Hyshaw may receive
from the Debtor. The Debtor cannot pass on to Hyshaw any surplus that he himself would not
receive. Nor can he pass on any liabilities that he himself would not incur. Moreover, the mere
presence of Hyshaw’s name on the recorded titles to the Properties fails to give her a pecuniary
interest in the Properties. Her name is present on the recorded titles because she received a transfer
of the Properties from the Debtor shortly before the Debtor’s bankruptcy. But that transfer was
avoided by the bankruptcy court during the Trustee’s adversary proceeding. Because Hyshaw will
receive neither a surplus nor liabilities from the sale of the Properties, she has no pecuniary interest
sufficient to allow her to appeal the bankruptcy court’s order. Having determined that the Appellants




                                                  10
lack standing to appeal the bankruptcy court’s order, the Panel will refrain from addressing the issues
raised in the Appellants’ briefs.


                                       V. CONCLUSION


       For the foregoing reasons, the Panel affirms the January 10, 2012 bankruptcy court orders
authorizing the Trustee to sell the Properties and appoint an auctioneer.




                                                  11
