                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


7-7-2005

USA v. Coffey
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-3128




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                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL


UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                         No. 03-3128




              UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                              v.

                     TRAVIS COFFEY,
                                  Appellant




        On Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                  (D.C. No. 01-cr-00457-11)
             District Judge: Hon. James T. Giles




          Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                        July 15, 2004
         Resubmitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                      February 16, 2005

     Before: SLOVITER, BARRY and WEIS, Circuit Judges


                     (Filed: July 7, 2005)




                 OPINION OF THE COURT



                              1
SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.

       Appellant Travis Coffey was found guilty, following a jury trial, of conspiracy to

distribute over 50 grams of cocaine base (“crack”) within 1,000 feet of a school, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A), 860, and 846 (Count 1), carrying a

firearm during a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (Count

9), and two counts of possession with intent to distribute cocaine base (“crack”), in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B) (Counts 15 and 20). The District Court

had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. This court has jurisdiction to review this matter

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and jurisdiction to review the sentence imposed on Coffey under

18 U.S.C. § 3742.

                                             I.

       Coffey was a member of the “Do or Die” (“D.O.D.”) narcotics group, a violent

narcotics organization led by Daniel Coach, Jr. The organization, which operated from

early 1992 through May 28, 2001, consisted of numerous members who manufactured

and distributed crack cocaine in North Philadelphia. The D.O.D. was responsible for

distributing in excess of 250 kilograms of crack cocaine, and had gross revenues

exceeding $20,000,000.

       During this conspiracy, the D.O.D. stored, manufactured, prepared and distributed

crack cocaine from or near buildings owned or controlled by some of the managers,

including Coffey. It operated through an established hierarchy. At the top of the D.O.D.



                                             2
were the “Owners,” principally Daniel Coach, Jr. Other members, including Coffey,

shared partial ownership of the organization during the conspiracy. Below the owners

were the “Managers,” who were each responsible for the overall management of one of

the properties used by the D.O.D. to distribute crack cocaine. The “Enforcers” were

responsible for protecting the distribution corners, and carried firearms while providing

security. “Caseworkers” were responsible for delivering bundles of crack to the sellers at

the distribution properties and returning the cash to a Manager or to Coach. The

“Packagers” were responsible for placing the crack cocaine into the $3 bags or vials.

“Sellers” conducted the transactions. Finally, “Lookouts” alerted other members to the

presence of police, rival drug dealers, or other threats.

       The organization sold crack cocaine from various locations in North Philadelphia

year round. In aggregate, they sold between $3,000 to $4,000 and $10,000 to $12,000 per

day. On average, the organization sold approximately nine to ten kilograms of crack

cocaine per month from 1992 to 2001. Two locations used for the sale of this crack

cocaine are located within 1,000 feet of a school zone.

       Coffey served as an enforcer for the D.O.D. organization at various time periods

throughout the life of the conspiracy and at different locations used by the D.O.D. until

May of 1999. In this role, Coffey guarded the locations and street corners where the

organization stored and processed cocaine into crack cocaine as well as distributed it to

customers. Coffey was also identified as the co-owner of the D.O.D.’s operation located



                                               3
at 19th and Somerset.

       Coffey, as an enforcer, routinely carried firearms to protect the business. During

the conspiracy, Coffey was involved in the 1995 shooting of rival drug dealers at 20th and

Susquehanna, Park Avenue and York Street, and 7th and Montgomery Avenue; the

February 17, 1997 shooting of Raymond Moore and Jerry Shorter; and the May 20, 1998

shooting of Brian Kee at Warnock and Cambria Streets. Coffey owned a house near 9th

and Wyoming Streets where the D.O.D. organization stored drugs, drug proceeds,

firearms, and bagged crack cocaine for distribution.

       On August 8, 2001, a grand jury in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania returned a

16-count indictment charging 12 defendants, including Coffey, with conspiracy to

distribute cocaine base and other offenses. Coffey was charged in the four counts noted

above. Eight of the defendants pled guilty and were cooperating with the prosecution

when jury selection began. Four days before opening statements were scheduled, Coach,

one of the remaining defendants, pled guilty and cooperated with the prosecution. The

jury returned a verdict of guilty on all charges against the three remaining defendants.

The District Court imposed a sentence on Coffey of 42 years imprisonment, concurrent

terms of 37 years imprisonment for the drug-related offenses covered by Counts 1, 15,

and 20, and a consecutive five-year sentence on the possession of a firearm during a drug-

related offense covered by Count 9. The court also imposed a lifetime term of supervised

release, a $3,500 fine, and a special assessment of $400.



                                             4
       After filing a timely appeal, defense counsel filed a motion to withdraw as counsel

and a brief in support of that motion pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744

(1967). Under Anders, if, after review of the district court record and a conscientious

investigation, counsel is convinced that the appeal presents no issue of arguable merit,

counsel may properly ask to withdraw while filing a brief referring to anything in the

record that might arguably support the appeal. Id. at 741-42, 744. To satisfy the Anders

requirements, appellant’s counsel must “satisfy the court that he or she has thoroughly

scoured the record in search of appealable issues” and then “explain why the issues are

frivolous.” United States v. Marvin, 211 F.3d 778, 780 (3d Cir. 2000) (citing United

States v. Tabb, 125 F.3d 583, 585-86 (7th Cir. 1997)). We have stated that:

       The Court's inquiry when counsel submits an Anders brief is thus twofold:

       (1) whether counsel adequately fulfilled [Third Circuit Local Appellate

       Rule 109.2's] requirements; and (2) whether an independent review of the

       record presents any nonfrivolous issues.

United States v. Youla, 241 F.3d 296, 300 (3d Cir. 2001). Appellant Coffey has been

notified that he can file a pro se brief, and he has done so in this case, along with a motion

for appointment of new counsel. We exercise plenary review of the court record to

determine whether an appeal is wholly frivolous. Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 80

(1988).




                                              5
                                            II.

        Coffey’s attorney has fulfilled his duty under Anders. The appeal was timely,

there is a certificate of service, and the requirements of Local Appellate Rule 109.2 have

been satisfied. The Anders brief references numerous portions of the trial testimony that

show that any appeals on the merits would be frivolous.

        As counsel has correctly stated, the evidence against Coffey was “stupendously

overwhelming.” Appellant’s Brief at 13. Most of the evidence against Coffey came from

his co-conspirators, including Coach who owned and ran the organization, who testified

for the prosecution. The following is just a sample of the incriminating testimony given

at trial.

        Anthony Martinez testified that he saw and heard Coffey shoot Brian Kee in the

leg and tell him “Smoke[, Coach,] wants you to give that shit up,” on May 20, 1998, App.

at 50a-51a; and that Coffey sold drugs at 19th and Somerset from 1996 to 1999, App. at

54a.

        Vincent Jones testified that the D.O.D. stored guns, drugs, and money at Coffey’s

house at 9th and Wyoming Streets, App. at 57a; and that he witnessed transfers of large

quantities of crack cocaine from Coach to Coffey, App. at 58a.

        William Rodriguez testified that he bagged crack cocaine at Coffey’s house for

about two months in 1995, App. at 59a-60a; that he witnessed Coffey, among others,

leaving the house at 3115 Hutchinson Street for a shooting expedition and Coffey



                                             6
returning after having been shot in the arm, App. at 61a-63a, referring to the shooting on

February 17, 1997; that he was present when Coffey shot Kee and that he heard Coffey

say, “you’re going to have to give that shit up,” App. at 64a-65a, referring to the drug

operation at the corner of Warnock and Cambria; and that he observed Coffey managing

the drug distribution property at 19th and Somerset and counting money at his house at

9th and Wyoming. App. at 67a-68a.

       Troy Anderson testified that Coffey was an enforcer in the D.O.D organization and

also ran the drug corner at 19th and Somerset, App. at 70a-71a; that he saw Coffey

receive crack cocaine from Coach at least seven times, App. at 72a, which was then sold

at the 19th and Somerset location, App. at 73a; and that he saw guns, crack cocaine, and

the bagging of crack cocaine at Coffey’s house at 9th and Wyoming, App. at 74a.

       William Smith gave substantially similar testimony regarding the illegal guns and

drugs at Coffey’s house. App. at 74a. Smith testified that the crack bagged there was

transferred to 19th and Somerset for sale. App. at 75a. Smith knew that Coffey ran the

drug operation at 19th and Somerset and that Coffey had participated in the shooting at

20th and Susquehanna, App. at 76a-77a, and that Coach told him that Coach was “in

cahoots” with Coffey’s operation at 19th and Somerset. App. at 78a.

       Kyhree Junius and Clifton Junius testified that Coffey sold drugs at 19th and

Somerset and stored drugs, guns, and money at his house. App. at 79a-84a.

       Officer Fredericksdorf testified that he found 33 packets of crack cocaine in



                                             7
Coffey’s pocket when Coffey was arrested on December 12, 2000. App. at 85a.

       Coach testified that he and Coffey took part in the shooting of rival drug dealers at

13th and Somerset on February 19, 1997, App. at 91a; that he and Coffey sold crack

cocaine at 19th and Somerset from 1993 to 1996, App. at 92a; that for six months in

1999, he and Coffey and Coach were partners in the sales of crack cocaine at 19th and

Somerset, App. at 92a; and that he sold crack cocaine to Coffey from 1994 to 1997 and

that he lived with Coffey for two years during the conspiracy, App. at 94a-95a.

       Finally, Kenyatta Muhammad testified that Coffey controlled the corner at 19th

and Somerset and sold crack cocaine there, App. at 96a; that he saw Coffey shoot Kee,

App. at 97a; and that the drug organization was selling $12,000 a day worth of drugs at

Warnock and Cambria, App. at 98a.

       In the face of the evidence outlined above, any appeal on the merits of the case

would be frivolous, particularly as the witnesses gave substantially similar testimony

about the same events. Moreover, the physical evidence of crack cocaine found in

Coffey’s possession at the time of at least one of his arrests corroborates the testimony.

Therefore, Coffey’s attorney did not err in arguing that there were no non-frivolous

grounds on which to appeal the conviction.

                                             III.

       As noted, Coffey was sentenced to a total term of forty-two years imprisonment to

be followed by supervised release for a term of life. The District Court further imposed a



                                              8
fine and a special assessment. Thereafter, the United States Supreme Court issued its

opinion in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), where it applied the rule

announced in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), holding that under the Sixth

Amendment the jury must decide beyond a reasonable doubt any fact that is used to

enhance a defendant’s sentence beyond the statutory maximum. In Blakely, the Court

applied the Apprendi rule to a state’s sentencing guidelines. Less than a year later, it

issued its decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.    , 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), where

the Court held, inter alia, that the United States Sentencing Guidelines were no longer to

be considered mandatory but were discretionary.

       None of those decisions affects the five year sentence imposed on Coffey for his

conviction on Count 9, possession of a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking

offense, because the statutory minimum punishment for that offense is five years under 18

U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i). On the other hand, our review of the record in this case shows

that the District Court set Coffey’s sentence at least in part on the Sentencing Guidelines,

apparently applying them as mandatory. If so, the sentencing would violate Booker.

This court has concluded that sentencing issues such as those presented here are best

determined by the District Court in the first instance. United States v. Davis, 407 U.S.

162 (3d Cir. 2005) (en banc).

       For the reasons set forth we will affirm the District Court’s judgment of conviction

and remand to the District Court for its determination of the sentence in light of Booker.



                                              9
                                           IV.

      For the reasons set forth, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment of

conviction but will vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing pursuant to Booker.

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