                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA



 MICHELLE FERGUSON,

        Plaintiff,
                v.                                        Civil Action No. 08-1030 (JDB)
 LOCAL 689, AMALGAMATED
 TRANSIT UNION, et al.,

        Defendants


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Michelle Ferguson brings this action against defendants Local 689,

Amalgamated Transit Union, and three of its employees, sued in their official capacities only

(together "Local 689"). Ferguson, an employee of Washington Metropolitan Area Transit

Authority ("WMATA"), was discharged from her position as a bus driver after her bus hit and

killed a pedestrian. She alleges that WMATA discharged her without sufficient cause, in

violation of its collective bargaining agreement with Local 689. She further alleges that Local

689 breached its duty of fair representation under section 301 of the Labor Management

Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185, by handling the grievance proceedings following her discharge

in an arbitrary and perfunctory manner. Ferguson also asserts a claim against Local 689 for

intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED"). On June 19, 2009, this Court granted

WMATA's motion to dismiss and permitted Ferguson to pursue her claims against Local 689.

See Ferguson v. Local 689, Amalgamated Transit Union, 626 F. Supp. 2d. 55 (D.D.C. 2009).

Currently before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment from Ferguson and Local


                                                1
689. For the following reasons, this Court will grant Local 689's motion for summary judgment.

                                         BACKGROUND

       WMATA employed Ferguson as a bus driver from September 6, 2002 until her discharge

on June 29, 2006. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 10. During that time, Ferguson was covered by the terms of

the collective bargaining agreement between WMATA and Local 689. Id. ¶ 7. On June 8, 2006,

Ferguson's bus hit a pedestrian, who later died from injuries sustained in the collision. Id. ¶ 9.

WMATA discharged Ferguson after determining that the accident was "major" and "preventable"

under WMATA’s Accident Policy, and that the accident resulted from her gross negligence,

reckless conduct, and disregard for the basic principles of bus safety. Id. ¶¶ 10-11. Prior to June

8, 2006, Ferguson had not been involved in any accidents while performing her duties as a bus

operator at WMATA. Plaintiff’s Statement of Material Facts Which Are Undisputed (“Pl.’s

Statement”) [Docket Entry 36-2] ¶ 3. Ferguson contends that WMATA's investigation of the

accident was not thorough and the allegations against her were "false and groundless and wholly

without evidentiary support." Am. Compl. ¶ 11. She further contends that Local 689's actions

were "discriminatory, in bad faith, arbitrary and capricious" and that Local 689 frustrated her

attempts to appeal her discharge by instituting only a "perfunctory defense" on her behalf. Id. ¶

21.

       Accident Investigation

       On June 8, 2006, as Ferguson's bus made a right turn off of Jenifer Street onto Wisconsin

Avenue, the bus struck a pedestrian "who had walked into the crosswalk crossing Wisconsin

Avenue." Pl.’s Statement ¶ 11. WMATA Assistant Superintendent Robert L. Ballard

investigated the accident. See Accident Report Form, Plaintiff’s Deposition Exhibit 4 (“Accident


                                                  2
Rpt.”) [Docket Entry 60-15]. Ballard interviewed Ferguson and Metropolitan Police Officers

Connor and Belton, who witnessed the accident. Id. Ballard's attempts to contact other

witnesses to the accident were not successful. Id. Officer Connor reported that Ferguson "was

turning right, watching a male pedestrian on the left side walking towards the bus" when the

"female pedestrian began to walk into the crosswalk." Id. at 2. The female pedestrian, according

to Officer Conner, "was in the operator's blind spot" when the bus hit her. Id. The Accident

Report Form contains a number of questions, to which the WMATA investigator must check

“yes” or “no.” Id. at 1. Ballard’s responses to these questions indicate that he did not visit the

scene of the accident (although he was thoroughly familiar with it), that he did not inspect the

equipment involved, that a brake test was not performed, and that a traffic citation was not

issued. Id. "Based on . . . the Operator's report, the Street Supervisor's report and The Guide to

Determining Preventable Accidents," Ballard concluded that the accident was "major" and

"preventable," that Ferguson had committed "multiple violations of Standard Operating

Procedures," and accordingly he dismissed Ferguson effective June 29, 2006. Id.

       Separately, the Metropolitan Police Department also prepared an investigative report on

the accident to determine whether to pursue criminal charges against Ferguson. See Metropolitan

Police Department Report, January 1, 2007, Plaintiff's Deposition Exhibit 11 ("Police Rpt.")

[Docket Entry 60-16]. Detective Michael Miller performed a "crash reconstruction," which

involved witness statements, pictures of the crash scene, and a study of the traffic light timing

sequence, among other components of the accident scene. Id. Miller also interviewed Officer

Connor, who again stated that Ferguson "was looking in the direction of the [male] pedestrian

who was walking westbound in the crosswalk," and also provided the additional details for the


                                                  3
police report: that the female pedestrian "was 5 to 7 feet inside the crosswalk" and "using her

hands in the air, saying 'hey, hey'" when she was hit by the bus. Id. at 2. The Police Report's

final recommendations state that Ferguson "most likely did not see the pedestrian prior to

impact" and that the pedestrian "entered the crosswalk during the 'don't walk' stage of the light

timing sequence." Police Rpt. at 5. Miller recommended against proceeding with criminal

charges against Ferguson. Id. An initial Police Report was available in September 2006, and a

final, supplemental report was completed on January 1, 2007. Id.; Deposition of Michelle

Ferguson, July 8, 2009 ("Ferguson Dep.") [Docket Entry 60-14] 165:5-14. Ferguson provided

the initial report from Detective Miller to Local 689 in September 2006. Ferguson Dep. 165:5-

14.

       Grievance Proceedings

       Immediately after her termination, Ferguson sought assistance from Local 689 to contest

her discharge. Ferguson Dep. 120:8-10. Ferguson met with the shop steward, Michael Myrick,

and then with union officer Wayne Garland. Id. 128:6-12. The union representatives informed

her about the grievance procedure and the additional option to appeal the classification of her

accident as "major" and "preventable" to the accident review board. Id. 125:12-24; 126:1-21.

WMATA’s Accident Policy, which was negotiated by WMATA and Local 689, permits an

employee to "appeal the accident rating [] to a review board composed of an Assistant General

Superintendent, a Union Business Agent, and a Police Officer" and provides that "[a]ll results

from a majority of the review board will be binding." BUSV Disciplinary Policy for Preventable

Accidents ("Accident Policy") [Docket Entry 60-4] at 81.

       On July 6, 2006, Ferguson submitted her accident appeal to the accident review board.


                                                 4
Ferguson Dep. 129: 7-13; Accident Appeal Form, Plaintiff's Deposition Exhibit 6 ("Accident

Appeal") [Docket Entry 60-15]. The accident appeal hearing occurred the next day. Ferguson

Dep. 129: 7-13; see also Accident Appeal. At the hearing, Myrick and Ferguson presented

Ferguson's case, spending "about an hour" reenacting the accident and explaining Ferguson's

perspective as to what had happened. Ferguson Dep. 132:16-24; 133:1-12. The accident review

board denied Ferguson's appeal that day. See Accident Appeal.

       On July 10, 2006, Ferguson spoke with union representative Garland and filed a

grievance asserting that the punishment of discharge was "too harsh." Ferguson Dep. 128:6-24;

129:1-6; Grievance of Michelle Ferguson, Plaintiff's Deposition Exhibit 5 ("Ferguson

Grievance") [Docket Entry 60-15]. WMATA subsequently denied Ferguson's grievance at each

of the four required administrative steps of the grievance process. Id.; see Am. Compl. ¶ 16. At

Step 4, Garland met with Jerome Artis from WMATA. Defendant's Revised Statement of

Undisputed Facts ("Def.'s Statement") [Docket Entry 60-2] ¶ 8. On behalf of WMATA's General

Manager, Artis denied Ferguson's grievance on October 5, 2006. Id. The CBA allowed 60 days

to send written notice to WMATA if Local 689 desired to appeal the General Manager's decision

to arbitration. Id. On October 20, 2006, Local 689's Executive Board voted not to pursue

Ferguson's grievance because Board members believed it could not be won in arbitration. Id. ¶ 9.

At union meetings that took place on November 6 and 7, 2006, the union membership voted to

overturn the Executive Board's decision and to have the union present Ferguson's case before the

Arbitration Board. Id. ¶ 10. Local 689 conducted triennial union-wide elections for union

officers in December 2006, which resulted in a change of leadership at the union, including the

officials responsible for pursuing Ferguson's grievance. Id. ¶ 12, 13.


                                                5
       On February 9, 2007, long after the 60-day window within which to file an arbitration

request had lapsed, Local 689 requested arbitration of Ferguson's grievance. Id. ¶¶ 18-19. On

November 6, 2007, the Board of Arbitration declined to hear the merits of Ferguson's grievance

because Local 689 had filed the request in an untimely manner. Id. ¶ 20. The arbitration

decision stated that the determination of the accident review board that the accident was "major"

and "preventable" was binding. Michelle Ferguson Arbitration Decision, Plaintiff's Deposition

Exhibit 8 ("Ferguson Arbitration")[Docket Entry 60-16] at 2. However, the Arbitration Chair also

indicated that he was "not persuaded at [that] point that the binding nature of the decision

extends to the degree of discipline imposed on Ms. Ferguson." Id.



                                      LEGAL STANDARD

       Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and the evidence demonstrate that

"there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). The party seeking summary judgment bears the initial

responsibility of demonstrating the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact. See Celotex

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The moving party may successfully support its

motion by identifying those portions of "the record, including depositions, documents,

electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made

for purposes of motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials," which it

believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2);

see Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323.

       In determining whether there exists a genuine dispute of material fact sufficient to


                                                 6
preclude summary judgment, the court must regard the non-movant's statements as true and

accept all evidence and make all inferences in the non-movant's favor. See Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). A non-moving party, however, must establish more than

the "mere existence of a scintilla of evidence" in support of its position. Id. at 252. By pointing

to the absence of evidence proffered by the non-moving party, a moving party may succeed on

summary judgment. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. "If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not

significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50

(citations omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate if the non-movant fails to offer "evidence

on which the jury could reasonably find for the [non-movant]." Id. at 252.

                                           ANALYSIS

I.        Count I -- Section 301/Fair Representation Claim

          A "hybrid" action under § 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947

("LMRA"), 29 U.S.C.A. § 185, is one in which a union member sues his or her employer for

breach of its contractual obligations under a collective bargaining agreement and also sues the

union for breach of its duty of fair representation. An employee may bring a hybrid section 301

claim against the employer, the union, or both, but regardless of who he sues, "the case he must

prove is the same." DelCostello v. Int'l Broth. of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 165 (1983). In a

hybrid action, the employee must show that (1) the union breached its duty of fair representation

("DFR") and (2) the employer breached the collective bargaining agreement ("CBA"). Id. at 164-

65; Cephas v. MVM, Inc., 520 F.3d 480, 485 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The employee may only prevail

upon proving both causes of action. Hines v. Anchor Motor Freight, 424 U.S. 554, 570-71

(1976).


                                                 7
       1. Union's Duty of Fair Representation

       The union has an obligation "to serve the interests of all members without hostility or

discrimination toward any, to exercise its discretion with complete good faith and honesty, and to

avoid arbitrary conduct." Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 177 (1967). A union breaches its duty of

fair representation "only when a union's conduct toward a member of the collective bargaining

unit is arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith." Id. at 197. Thus, "a union may not arbitrarily

ignore a meritorious grievance or process it in a perfunctory fashion." Id. at 191. However,

"[m]ere negligence is insufficient to establish that the union acted arbitrarily." Noble v. USPS,

537 F. Supp. 2d. 210, 216 (D.D.C. 2008); Watkins v. Commc'ns Workers of Am., 736 F. Supp.

1156, 1161 (D.D.C. 1990). "In considering DFR complaints that are premised on assertions of

arbitrary action, the courts and the Board accord deference to a union, finding a DFR breach only

if the union's action 'can be fairly characterized as so far outside a "wide range of

reasonableness"' that it is entirely irrational." Thomas v. N.L.R.B., 213 F.3d. 651, 656 (D.C. Cir.

2000) (quoting Air Line Pilots Ass'n Int'l v. O'Neill, 499 U.S. 65, 78 (1991)).

       Ferguson alleges that the union breached its duty of fair representation when it failed to

thoroughly investigate her accident, failed to contact witnesses to the accident, and failed to

request arbitration of the grievance protesting her discharge in a timely fashion. Am. Compl. ¶¶

12, 19. To find that a union's representation was perfunctory requires "evidence that the union

acted with reckless disregard for the employee's rights." Gwin v. Nat'l Marine Eng'rs Beneficial

Ass'n, 966 F. Supp. 4, 8 (D.D.C. 1997) (citing Castelli v. Douglas Aircraft Co., 752 F.2d 1480,

1482 (9th Cir.1985)). "A union's duty does require some 'minimal investigation' of an employee's

grievance . . . but the quantum that will be considered 'minimal' is quite small." Gwin, 966 F.


                                                  8
Supp. at 8; see Castelli, 752 F.2d at 1483 (finding no DFR breach when the union representative

"spent no more than one and a half hours in investigation and preparation for the arbitration, and

did not call key witnesses"). Here, it is undisputed that union representatives met with Ferguson

multiple times, presented her case with her for "about an hour" before the accident review board,

and appealed her grievance through Step 4 of the process. The facts, then, do not support

plaintiff's claim that the union processed her grievance in a "perfunctory fashion."

        Although a union's actions are accorded substantial deference, courts have "attempted to

formulate some standards for determining when a union's conduct rises to the level of

arbitrariness." See Watkins, 736 F. Supp. at 1160-61. “[A]n act of omission by a union may be

so egregious and unfair as to be arbitrary." Id. (quoting Galindo v. Stoody, 793 F.2d 1502, 1514

(9th Cir. 1986)). "The crucial elements for a claim of arbitrariness are that the union's error

involved a ministerial rather than judgmental act, that there was no rational or proper basis for

the union's conduct, and that the union's conduct prejudiced a strong interest of the employee."

Watkins, 736 F. Supp. at 1161. Timeliness is a ministerial duty, and courts have found a breach

of the duty of fair representation when a union fails to meet a mandatory deadline. Dutrisac v.

Caterpillar Tractor Co., 749 F.2d 1270, 1273-74 (9th Cir. 1983) (citing cases) ("Keeping track of

deadlines is a mechanical function that depends on establishing a tickler system and diligence in

using it, not on special training.").

        In Watkins, the union failed to set up a necessary "first-step grievance hearing within

thirty days of filing the grievance." Watkins, 736 F. Supp. at 1161. The union moved for

summary judgment, asserting that plaintiff alleged "nothing more than negligence" which "is

insufficient to support a [DFR] claim." Id. at 1160. The court denied the union's motion, ruling

that summary judgment was inappropriate when the union failed to "present plaintiff's grievance
                                            9
on time," which prejudiced "plaintiff's interests in having his grievance heard." Id. Local 689,

like the union in Watkins, asserts that its conduct was merely "negligent correspondence."

Defendant's Motion in Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def. Opp'n")

[Docket Entry 67] at 6. However, missing the deadline is a ministerial duty, which a reasonable

jury could find prevented Ferguson from having a final opportunity to "hav[e] her grievance

heard" without a "rational or proper basis." Watkins, 736 F. Supp. at 1161. Alternatively, a

reasonable jury could find that the union's missed deadline during a hectic election time period,

after representing Ferguson before the accident review board and four steps of the grievance

procedures, was "mere negligence" that does not support a DFR claim. There is, quite simply, a

genuine dispute as to that issue. Hence, summary judgment is not appropriate for either Local

689 or Ferguson on the DFR claim. However, in a hybrid action, Local 689 may still prevail on

summary judgment upon showing that WMATA did not breach the CBA when it discharged

Ferguson. See Delcostello, 463 U.S. at 165.


       2. WMATA Did Not Violate the CBA

       "Whether the undisputed facts in a specific case establish -- or fail to establish -- proper

cause for discharge within the contemplation of a given CBA is a question of law (and, thus, a

question for the court)." Mulvihill v. Top-Flite Golf Co., 335 F.3d 15, 22 (1st Cir. 2003) (citing

Crider v. Spectrulite Consortium, 130 F.3d 1238, 1242 (7th Cir. 1997)). "When courts interpret

CBAs, traditional rules of contract interpretation apply as long as they are consistent with federal

labor policies." Aeronautical Indus. Dist. Lodge 91 v. United Techs. Corp., 230 F.3d 569, 576

(2d Cir. 2000) (citing Plumbers & Steamfitters Local No. 150 Pension Fund v. Vertex Constr.

Co., 932 F.2d 1443, 1448 (11th Cir.1991)). "Interpretation of a contract [] must begin with the

                                                 10
plain meaning of the language." Am. Fed'n of Gov't Emps. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 470

F.3d 375, 381 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Unambiguous provisions in the agreement must be given effect

as written. Ameren Servs. Co. v. FERC, 330 F.3d 494, 498 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ("[W]e first

consider de novo whether the . . . agreement unambiguously addresses the matter at issue. If so,

the language of the agreement controls for we must give effect to the unambiguously expressed

intent of the parties.”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted); Wash. Metro. Area Transit

Auth. v. Georgetown Univ., 347 F.3d 941, 946 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ("If the ... language is

unambiguous, the court need only apply the meaning of the words. If the language is ambiguous,

the court must determine the parties' intent ... in light of the circumstances surrounding [the

agreement's] execution.”). Only when provisions are ambiguous may courts turn to extrinsic

evidence -- such as bargaining history, past practices, and other provisions in the CBA -- to

interpret the language in question. See Am. Fed'n of Gov't Emps, 230 F.3d at 383.

       Section 104(d) of the CBA negotiated by WMATA and Local 689 requires that WMATA

have “sufficient cause” to “discharge[], suspend[], or otherwise discipline[]” a covered

employee. Agreement between WMATA and Local Union 689, Defendants' Motion for

Summary Judgment, Exhibit I (“CBA”) at 2. WMATA’s Accident Policy “outline[s] minimum

standard actions to be administered when an employee is involved in an accident.” Accident

Policy at 79. Under the Accident Policy, the minimum disciplinary action for an employee’s first

“major” “preventable” accident within the last 365 days is “written warning, 3 days suspension,

and 1 day of paid training.” Id. After three “major” “preventable” accidents, the minimum

disciplinary action is dismissal. Id. However, the policy “does not restrict a Superintendent from

taking more severe action based on specific circumstances surrounding an individual accident,

with the approval of the General Superintendent." Id. at 80.
                                              11
       The parties interpret this policy differently as applied to Ferguson’s discharge. Ferguson

asserts that, because WMATA did not “thoroughly investigate” the accident scene or identify

"specific circumstances" that warranted more than the minimum action under the Accident

Policy, WMATA violated the "sufficient cause" provision of the CBA when she was discharged.

Pl.’s Mot. at 3. On the other hand, Local 689 asserts that "WMATA was entitled to administer

discharge to the operator who had a preventable collision with a pedestrian resulting in death."

Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def.'s Mot.") at 16. The union argues that

WMATA’s "more severe action" of discharge was permitted due to the severity of Ferguson’s

accident that "was preventable by a professional bus operator." Id. at 16-17.1

       Prior to June 8, 2006, Ferguson was not involved in any accidents while performing her

duties as a bus operator at WMATA. Pl.’s Statement ¶ 3. Ferguson alleges that discharge was

"too harsh" a disciplinary action under the CBA for the June 8, 2006 accident given her otherwise

clean record. See Ferguson Grievance. She relies on (1) WMATA’s failure to "thoroughly

investigate" the accident and incorporate facts from the Metropolitan Police Report into its

conclusion that Ferguson violated operating rules and (2) an arbitration decision relating to

another bus driver involved in an accident initially classified as "major" and "preventable," who

was held not to have been properly discharged under the CBA. Pl.'s Mot. at 2. The Court will

address each argument in turn.

       The Accident Policy permits disciplinary action once accidents "have been thoroughly

investigated and rated preventable based on the Metrobus Standard Operating Procedures and the

Guide to Determining the Preventability of Accidents." Accident Policy at 80. Ferguson argues


       1
       Having earlier been dismissed from this action, WMATA is not a participant in this
assessment.
                                             12
that Superintendent Ballard did not "thoroughly investigate" the accident because he did not visit

the scene of the accident or interview witnesses other than herself and two Metropolitan police

officers who witnessed the accident. See Pl.'s Mot. at 2; Pl.'s Statement ¶ 17. Additionally,

Ferguson emphasizes that Ballard failed to "take into account" the findings of the Police Report

that indicated the pedestrian had committed a violation by entering the crosswalk after the "walk"

sign had transitioned to a flashing "don't walk" sign. See Pl.'s Mot. at 2; Investigative Report;

Investigative Supplemental Report.

       Ballard's investigation was sufficient under WMATA's Accident Policy. He interviewed

Ferguson and two police officers who were witnesses to the accident. See Accident Report. The

parties do not dispute that Ferguson's bus hit a pedestrian walking in a crosswalk, whom she did

not see, when making a right turn on a green light. Pl.'s Statement ¶¶ 7, 8, 13. Further

investigation by WMATA would not have changed these facts. A WMATA bus driver must "do

everything expected of a trained[] professional to avoid involvement in an accident." Accident

Policy at 79. This standard of care far exceeds whether a bus driver will be held criminally liable

for an accident, which was the focus of the police investigation. For example, WMATA's

Standard Operating Procedures for "Defensive Driving" include observing "all directions before

moving [the] bus. Proceed only when certain that pedestrians will stay clear of the bus."

WMATA Metrobus Standard Operating Procedures [Docket Entry 60-11] at 44. The Standard

Operating Procedures for "Right Turns" require bus operators to "observe left and left front for

approaching vehicles or pedestrians in the crosswalks" and to "use right side and interior mirrors

to check clearance from curb, fixed objects and pedestrians." Id. at 16. Police reports may

provide helpful insight into an accident scene, but the Accident Policy states that WMATA must

evaluate the accident based on WMATA's Standard Operating Procedures and its Guide to
                                           13
Determining the Preventability of Accidents, not on the standards for criminal liability. Accident

Policy at 79. Based on the undisputed facts, WMATA concluded that Ferguson violated a

number of WMATA's Standard Operating Procedures because she "failed to make the proper

observations while turning" and "failed to enter the crosswalk with caution." Accident Report at

3. Professional bus drivers are held to a higher safety standard to avoid accidents precisely

because pedestrians do not always follow traffic rules.

       Next, Ferguson relies on another arbitration decision to demonstrate how WMATA

lacked "sufficient cause" to discharge her. The Arbitration Board in that case evaluated whether

an accident between a WMATA bus and a taxi cab -- that resulted in the death of a taxi passenger

-- had been properly classified as “major” and “preventable.” Arbitration Decision of Ronald

Taylor [Docket Entry 65] at 1-2. That bus operator had not previously presented his case before

the accident review board. See id. WMATA’s investigation relied on one witness to the

accident -- who claimed that he saw the bus run a red light -- who the Board found unreliable due

to a series of contradictory statements about the accident scene. Id. at 28, 31. Thus, the

Arbitration Board ruled that WMATA had failed to prove that the bus operator could have

prevented the accident. Id. Under the Accident Policy, discharge is only permitted if the

accident is classified as both “major” and “preventable”; thus, WMATA had violated the CBA

by discharging Taylor without "sufficient cause." See id. at 34. In contrast, here Ferguson had

already appealed the classification of her decision to the accident review board, which upheld

Ballard's decision that she was responsible for a "major" "preventable" accident. See Accident

Appeal. The accident review board decision is binding as to the classification of the accident.

See Accident Policy at 3. Hence, if Ferguson's appeal to the Arbitration Board had been timely,


                                                14
the Board could only have reviewed "the degree of discipline imposed on Ms. Ferguson."

Ferguson Arbitration at 3.

       Nonetheless, Ferguson claims WMATA violated the "sufficient cause" provision of the

CBA because discharge was "too harsh" a disciplinary action under the Accident Policy. The

Court disagrees. Under the plain language of the agreement, WMATA has “sufficient cause” to

discharge an employee who has participated in a "major" "preventable" accident “based on

specific circumstances surrounding an individual accident.” Accident Policy at 2. Thus, because

the Court, like the Arbitration Board, is bound by the accident review board's classification of the

accident, the Court may evaluate only whether WMATA properly based its decision to discharge

Ferguson on "specific circumstances surrounding [her] individual accident." See id. This

language does not place a heavy burden on WMATA -- to comply with the plain language of the

Accident Policy, WMATA must simply explain why the "specific circumstances" of Ferguson's

accident warranted discharge. Here, Ferguson's accident was classified "major" and

"preventable," resulted in the death of a pedestrian, and WMATA identified a number of specific

violations as the basis for Ferguson’s discharge:

       Based on all available information, the Operator's report, the Street Supervisor's report
       and the Guide to Determining Preventable Accidents, the accident rated Preventable
       Major. Operator failed to follow Standard Operating Procedure #5 Right Turn, #8
       Intersection Operation, #12 Observation, and #13 Defensive Driving. Operator is
       primarily responsible for this accident, her actions were clearly negligent, and reckless.
       Operator showed disregard for principles of bus safety. Operator failed to make the
       proper observations while turning. She further failed to enter the crosswalk with caution.
       The pedestrian was in the crosswalk when she was struck with the front bumper of the
       bus. Operator had multiple violations of Standard Operating Procedures.

Accident Report at 3. Hence, WMATA based its decision to discharge Ferguson on “specific

circumstances surrounding [the] individual accident” and thereby had "sufficient cause" under

the CBA to discharge Ferguson. Because WMATA did not breach the CBA when it discharged
                                         15
Ferguson, the Court must grant summary judgment for Local 689.

II.     Count II - Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (IIED)

        To assert a claim for IIED, a plaintiff must show “‘(1) extreme and outrageous conduct

on the part of the defendant which (2) intentionally or recklessly (3) causes the plaintiff severe

emotional distress.’” Minch v. Dist. of Columbia, 952 A.2d 929, 940 (D.C. 2008) (quoting Dist.

of Columbia v. Thompson, 570 A.2d 277, 289-90 (D.C. 1990)). “The concept of 'outrageousness'

is central to the tort,” and “[l]iability will not be imposed for ‘mere insults, indignities, threats,

annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities.’” Homan v. Goyal, 711 A.2d 812, 818 (D.C.

1998) (citations omitted). Rather, “[l]iability will be imposed only for conduct ‘so outrageous in

character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be

regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.’” Id. (quoting Drejza v.

Vaccaro, 650 A.2d 1308, 1312 n.10 (D.C. 1994)).

        “[T]he requirement of outrageousness is not an easy one to meet.” Drejza, 650 A.2d at

1312. Here, Ferguson contends that Local 689's conduct in failing to investigate the accident and

in processing her wrongful discharge grievance in a "perfunctory manner" constitutes "extreme

and outrageous" conduct. Plaintiff's Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment ("Pl.'s Mot.") at 8.

Again, the Court disagrees. Local 689's untimely processing of Ferguson's grievance at the

arbitration stage was negligent, but this failure -- after pursuing her grievance through the first

four steps -- does not come close to "extreme and outrageous" behavior. Indeed, Ferguson even

conceded that leadership from Local 689 were "sympathetic" to her case and "thought it ought to

go forward." Ferguson Dep. 154:23-24; 155:1.

        Moreover, to sustain a claim for IIED, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “the defendant's

actions [] proximately cause[d] the plaintiff emotional distress ‘of so acute a nature that harmful
                                                16
physical consequences might be not unlikely to result.’” Kotsch v. Dist. of Columbia, 924 A.2d

1040, 1046 (D.C. 2007) (quoting Clark v. Assoc. Retail Credit Men of Wash., D.C., 105 F.2d 62,

65 (D.C. Cir.1939)). Ferguson has endured emotional distress following the tragic accident on

June 8, 2006. But the undisputed facts do not support that Local 689's conduct was "outrageous"

or caused this distress. Hence, the Court will grant Local 689's motion for summary judgment on

the IIED claim as well.


                                       CONCLUSION

       For the reasons explained above, the Court will grant Local 689's motion for summary

judgment and deny Ferguson's motion for summary judgment A separate Order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.


                                                        /s/
                                                 JOHN D. BATES
                                            United States District Judge

Dated: December 21, 2010




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