                                                                           F I L E D
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        December 28, 2005
                               FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           Clerk of Court

    HOVHANNES ORUJYAN,

                 Petitioner,
                                                          No. 04-9594
     v.                                                (No. A95-219-160)
                                                      (Petition for Review)
    ALBERTO R. GONZALES, *

                 Respondent.


                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT **


Before TYMKOVICH, PORFILIO, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.



          After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.


*
      On February 4, 2005, Alberto R. Gonzales became the United States
Attorney General. In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure, Mr. Gonzales is substituted for John Ashcroft as the
Respondent in this action.
**
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Petitioner Hovhannes Orujyan is a citizen of Armenia who faces removal

from this country. He seeks review of the decision of the Board of Immigration

Appeals (BIA) affirming the decision of an Immigration Judge (IJ) denying his

application for asylum, restriction on removal, 1 and relief under the Convention

Against Torture. We deny the petition for review.

                                      FACTS

      Petitioner entered the United States illegally in January, 2001, near San

Ysidro, California. He filed his application for asylum on November 26, 2001,

and was issued a notice to appear in removal proceedings a few months later. He

has conceded his removability from this country. On July 25, 2003, he received a

hearing before the IJ, at which he testified concerning his application for asylum

and other claims of relief from removal.

      At his hearing, petitioner testified that he belonged to the Russian military

from 1986 to 1988. He completed a trade school program in carpentry in 1990,

and afterwards became a Fedayi, which he described as an Armenian volunteer




1
        Prior to the amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act made by
the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA),
“restriction on removal” was known as “withholding of removal.”     Wiransane v.
Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 889, 892 n.1 (10th Cir. 2004). Although the BIA referred in
its decision to “withholding of removal,” since this claim was filed after IIRIRA’s
effective date, we will use the term “restriction on removal” here.

                                        -2-
freedom fighter, until 1992. In 1992, he became a member of the Armenian

military, and in 1994 he was assigned the title of lieutenant in the Armenian army.

      Petitioner was assigned to a post on the Iranian border. He encountered

problems there beginning in 1997. He testified that lower-ranking soldiers in the

Armenian army without political connections were abused and brutally beaten by

their officers. These soldiers were ordered to go to their homes and obtain money

to be paid to the officers, and were pressured into petty theft.

       Petitioner heard during this time period that an officer named Alen

Poghosyan had murdered an unnamed soldier. Poghosyan had been extorting this

soldier for money and also apparently was hazing him because the soldier was

believed to be a homosexual.

      Captain Gorusk Grigoryan, in petitioner’s unit, also hazed army conscripts.

At some point, petitioner was approached by a solider named Razmik Amiryan,

who requested petitioner’s help in obtaining a transfer to a different part of the

country. Rumors had been spreading in his unit that Amiryan was a homosexual,

and as a result, he had been mocked and abused by other soldiers, who had beaten

him and threatened to kill him. Grigoryan was one of the soldiers who had

threatened Amiryan with death.

      Petitioner approached Captain Grigoryan to arrange a transfer for Amiryan.

Grigoryan, however, responded poorly to the overture, telling petitioner that “this


                                          -3-
disgusting person had to stay here and serve in the army here and die here.”

Admin. R. at 101. Grigoryan told petitioner not to interfere, or the same would

happen to petitioner.

      Amiryan died on May 26, 2000. Petitioner described the events of that day

in detail. He was assigned to go to the border with Amiryan, to undertake their

regular shift. He heard a pistol shot. Petitioner headed toward the sound, telling

other soldiers to stay behind until he could determine if there would be more

shooting.

      Petitioner found Amiryan on the ground. Nearby, Grigoryan and another

soldier were laughing. Petitioner, angered by the laughter, asked them to help

Amiryan. They responded that Amiryan had shot himself. When petitioner

examined the body, he found that Amiryan had been shot in the head from behind

and that the exit wound had “exploded” his face. Id. at 104. Petitioner

unbuttoned Amiryan’s shirt and found that his entire body was covered in bruises.

Grigoryan then took out his pistol and put it to petitioner’s head, threatening to

kill petitioner if he told anyone about the circumstances of Amiryan’s death.

      The soldiers took Amiryan to a first aid office and he was transferred to a

hospital, where he died. Petitioner later filed a complaint with the military. As a

result of his complaint, an officer from the defense ministry visited the base.

Petitioner testified that he was unable to meet with this officer, however, because


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it was petitioner’s day off when the officer visited the base. This was

inconsistent with the statement attached to his asylum application, in which

petitioner specifically stated that he had spoken with the officer.

      After the officer visited the base, Captain Grigoryan called petitioner on the

telephone, to tell him that “what you wanted has happened.” Id. at 107. 2

Grigoryan, who had been advised that petitioner had filed a complaint against

him, again threatened petitioner with death. Petitioner stated that he had also

been warned about Grigoryan by an official at the defense ministry where he had

filed his complaint.

      The day after the officer from the defense ministry came to the base in

Goris, Captain Grigoryan ordered petitioner to appear at the base. He yelled at

petitioner and threatened to kill him and his family. He held petitioner by the

throat and pushed him, saying “I’ll get rid of you.” Id. at 109.

      Petitioner never returned to the base after this incident. He subsequently

prepared a letter to a human rights organization called the “Helsinki office[],” id.,

detailing everything he had witnessed at the army base and the events of the

Amiryan case. He did not keep a copy of the letter. He claimed that the letter




2
       At first, petitioner identified the person who called him at home as the
officer who had visited his army base; he later clarified, however, that it was
Captain Grigoryan who was speaking.        See Admin. R. at 107-08.

                                          -5-
was intercepted by either the military or the police before it ever reached the

Helsinki office.

      About a week after petitioner wrote the letter, two men came to his home.

One was dressed in a police uniform, and the other in plainclothes. They knocked

on the door to petitioner’s house, and when he began to open it, they slammed the

door into petitioner’s face, knocking him down. The two men began kicking him

while he lay on the ground. When his wife came to help him, they kicked her

also, and the police officer also beat his son and pushed him away. The men

arrested petitioner, calling him a spy for sending a letter to the Helsinki office.

They showed him the letter that he had sent. They tied petitioner’s hands and

took him in a military jeep to prison.

      Petitioner testified that he remained in jail from June 28, 2000 until

July 7th of that year. He was beaten while in prison. He stated he was hit with a

glass bottle and that a gun was put to his head, and the trigger pulled, but the gun

was empty. He was given a court date of September 5, 2000.

      Petitioner’s brother paid a bribe of $1,500 to obtain his release from prison.

He obtained the money by selling petitioner’s home. Upon his release, petitioner

took his family to live with his nephew. He then went to the hospital, where it

was determined that his nose was broken, and he received stitches on his head. A

hospital report that petitioner submitted, however, mentions only multiple bruises


                                          -6-
and makes no mention of a broken nose or stitches. Petitioner later left Armenia

and made his way to this country via several other countries including Turkey,

Russia, Spain, and several South and Central American countries.

      Petitioner’s passport was held by the Armenian court pending his scheduled

appearance there on September 5, 2000. His brother helped him obtain a

replacement passport. This passport bore an issue date of May 17, 2000. When

asked about the issue date, petitioner at first testified that his brother helped him

to get the passport “in advance because I knew that I was going to need a

passport.” Id. at 131. When reminded, however, that the issue date was before

Razmik Amiryan’s murder and the seizure of his passport by the Armenian court,

petitioner claimed that the date of issue on the passport was incorrect, and that it

had been backdated to permit him to cross the border. Id. at 132.

      Petitioner stated that after he left Armenia, his brother told him that

petitioner’s wife had been beaten. She was in hiding at petitioner’s cousin’s

house but petitioner stated “she used to go back and forth to the old house to get

clothing and necessary items and she was followed and they caught her and they

beat her up” inside the house. Id. at 138. At the time of the IJ hearing, she was

in Germany. Petitioner’s children remained in Armenia where they were shuttled

between relatives for their protection.




                                          -7-
      The IJ found that petitioner’s testimony was “not sufficiently detailed,

consistent or believable to provide a plausible and coherent account of the basis

for his fears” of persecution if he were returned to Armenia. Id. at 74. Given the

lack of credibility of petitioner’s account, and the questionable weight of the

medical evidence he had supplied to corroborate his claims, the IJ found that

petitioner had failed to establish his eligibility for asylum. The BIA, noting

alleged inconsistencies in petitioner’s testimony, determined that the IJ’s decision

was not clearly erroneous and therefore dismissed petitioner’s appeal.

                                     ANALYSIS

      1. Standard of review

      The parties disagree concerning the scope of our review. While petitioner

refers repeatedly to the IJ’s credibility findings, the government contends that the

BIA’s order is the proper target for review. The BIA did not expressly adopt the

IJ’s findings. See id. at 2. Instead, in a per curiam decision, the BIA provided

its own brief analysis of the case, noting that it did not find the IJ’s decision

clearly erroneous and citing the facts underlying several of the IJ’s specific

adverse credibility findings. Since the BIA’s decision is the agency’s final

decision, and is adequate in itself to provide a meaningful basis for our review,

we review the BIA’s decision rather than the IJ’s. See Cruz-Funez v. Gonzales,




                                          -8-
406 F.3d 1187, 1190-91 (10th Cir. 2005); Krastev v. INS, 292 F.3d 1268, 1275

(10th Cir. 2002). 3

      “We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo, and its findings of fact

under a substantial-evidence standard.” Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187, 1196

(10th Cir. 2005). The agency’s findings of fact are conclusive unless the record

demonstrates that “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to

the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

      2. Asylum claim

      To be eligible for asylum, an alien must first show that he is a “refugee.”

Wiransane v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 889, 893 (10th Cir. 2004). To establish refugee

status, the applicant must demonstrate that he has suffered past persecution or has

“a well-founded fear of [future] persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). “Aliens basing their asylum claims upon a well-

founded fear of future persecution must show both a genuine, subjective fear of

persecution, and an objective basis by credible, direct, and specific evidence in

the record, of facts that would support a reasonable fear of persecution.”



3
      We assume that although the per curiam order   dismissed petitioner’s
appeal, it was entered pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5), which permits a single
BIA member to issue “a brief order affirming, modifying, or remanding the
decision under review.”

                                         -9-
Wiransane, 366 F.3d at 893 (quotation omitted). We will not reverse the agency’s

decision unless the evidence compels the conclusion that petitioner has a well-

founded fear of persecution based on one of the protected grounds. INS v. Elias-

Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n.1 (1992).

      The BIA found the IJ’s ultimate conclusion, that petitioner’s story was not

credible, not to be clearly erroneous. Having reviewed the administrative record,

we agree. The BIA further stated that petitioner’s testimony was not credible

because he had failed to adequately explain in his agency appeal certain

discrepancies noted by the IJ. The BIA noted two specific discrepancies:

             1. In the statement filed with his application for asylum,
      petitioner stated that the officer who came to his unit after he
      complained to the ministry of defense had spoken with petitioner
      privately. In his testimony before the IJ, however, petitioner
      contended that he did not speak with the officer because it was
      petitioner’s day off.

             2. In petitioner’s testimony before the IJ, he stated that he was
      released from jail after his brother paid a bribe with funds from the
      sale of petitioner’s home. Petitioner later stated, however, that after
      he was in the United States, he learned that his wife was beaten after
      she went back and forth to their home to get necessary items. If the
      home had been sold, it is unclear why the family’s personal items
      were still located there.

      The BIA also noted the questionable value of the medical document

petitioner submitted to corroborate his claim of abuse while he was in custody.

Although petitioner asserted that he was diagnosed and treated at the hospital for

a broken nose and a head wound requiring stitches, the medical record he

                                        -10-
presented in substantiation of this claim noted only “multiple bruises on the

several parts of his body.” Admin. R. at 161.

      Petitioner’s attempts to explain these inconsistencies are unpersuasive, and

do not satisfy the very high standard required to overturn the agency’s findings of

fact. See Aplt. Br. at 12-13; 15. While he points out some factual errors the IJ

may have made in arriving at his adverse credibility finding, he fails to overcome

the BIA’s ultimate conclusion that the IJ’s adverse credibility finding was not

clearly erroneous. Nor do we agree with petitioner that the inconsistencies noted

by the IJ and the BIA are minor inconsistencies that do not relate to the basis of

his fear of persecution. In sum, we cannot agree with petitioner, given the lapses

in credibility and corroboration relied upon by the agency, that the evidence in his

case compelled a finding that he is a refugee entitled to consideration for asylum.

      3. Restriction on removal

      To qualify for restriction on removal, an alien must show a “clear

probability” of persecution in the proposed country of removal. Niang, 422 F.3d

at 1195. The same lack of credibility and corroboration that doom petitioner’s

asylum claim also foreclose relief under the more stringent standard attached to

restriction on removal. See generally Tsevegmid v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 1231, 1234

(10th Cir. 2003).

      4. Convention Against Torture


                                         -11-
       In its order, the BIA found that petitioner “has not specifically addressed

the denial of protection pursuant to the Convention Against Torture, aside from a

brief reference in the conclusion to [his] appeal brief.” Admin. R. at 3. Since

petitioner did not raise any specific issues involving the Convention Against




                                        -12-
Torture before the BIA, there is nothing for us to review. See Tulengkey v.

Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1277, 1279 n.1 (10th Cir. 2005).

      The petition for review is DENIED.



                                                   Entered for the Court



                                                   Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                                   Circuit Judge




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