                    FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SANJEEB SHARMA DHITAL,                    
                            Petitioner,          No. 06-75043
                  v.
                                                 Agency No.
                                                 A79-625-778
MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, Attorney
General,                                           OPINION
                    Respondent.
                                          
          On Petition for Review of an Order of the
               Board of Immigration Appeals

                  Argued and Submitted
          May 14, 2008—San Francisco, California

                       Filed July 17, 2008

           Before: Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain and
         Michael Daly Hawkins, Circuit Judges, and
             James V. Selna,* District Judge.

                    Per Curiam Opinion;
              Concurrence by Judge O’Scannlain




  *The Honorable James V. Selna, United States District Judge for the
Central District of California, sitting by designation.

                               8883
8886                 DHITAL v. MUKASEY


                         COUNSEL

Elisa C. Brasil, Law Offices of Kaiser and Capeci, San Fran-
cisco, California, argued the cause for the petitioner and was
                      DHITAL v. MUKASEY                   8887
on the opening brief; Dominic E. Capeci, Law Offices of Kai-
ser and Capeci, San Francisco, California, filed the briefs.

Sarah Maloney, Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation,
Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing-
ton, DC, argued the cause for the respondent; Greg D. Mack,
Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation,
filed a brief; Annette J. Clark, Of Counsel, Office of Immigra-
tion Litigation, Terri Scadron, Assistant Director, Office of
Immigration Litigation, and Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attor-
ney General, Civil Division, were on the brief.


                         OPINION

PER CURIAM:

  We must decide whether an Immigration Judge properly
denied admissibility to a noncitizen student who admitted to
having previously obtained asylum under a false identity.

                               I

                              A

   Sanjeeb Sharma Dhital, a native and citizen of Nepal, was
admitted to the United States on an F-1 student visa in 1998.
Dhital enrolled at Lincoln University in San Francisco, Cali-
fornia, and later transferred to Laney College in Oakland, Cal-
ifornia. In January 2003, Dhital failed to enroll in the next
semester of classes at Laney College and has not attended any
educational institution since.

   On September 2, 2004, approximately twenty months after
Dhital’s last day in school, the Department of Homeland
Security, Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”)
served him with a Notice to Appear, alleging that his failure
8888                  DHITAL v. MUKASEY
to attend classes was a violation of his student visa that ren-
dered him removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(C)(i).

   At a hearing before an immigration judge (“IJ”), Dhital
admitted the allegations in the Notice to Appear and conceded
removability. He also applied for asylum, withholding of
removal, protection under the Convention Against Torture
(“CAT”), and voluntary departure. In addition, he confessed
that he previously had been granted asylum under a false
identity.

                              B

   Dhital claims he was a popular political activist in Nepal
who opposed the Maoists, an insurgent group that has fought
against Nepal’s constitutional monarchy since 1996. Accord-
ing to Dhital, he was approached in January 1997 by a Maoist
leader who encouraged him to join the Maoist movement and
threatened to harm him if he did not. Dhital refused the over-
ture, and he was attacked outside his home four months later
by the Maoist leader and a group of five or six other people.
Eight months after such incident, Dhital applied for a student
visa to come to the United States, an act he claims was moti-
vated by fear of further retribution by the Maoists.

   Once he arrived here, Dhital alleges that he started writing
anti-Maoist articles and sending them to a friend to distribute
in Nepal. In response, Maoists went to Dhital’s parents’ home
in Nepal and threatened to kill Dhital unless he ceased his
writing campaign and paid the group a ransom. Dhital contin-
ued sending his letters, but began signing them under various
pseudonyms. The Maoists were not fooled and again told Dhi-
tal’s parents that they would harm Dhital unless he abandoned
his efforts. Soon after, Dhital claims that the Maoists seized
his parents’ land and that his sister fled the country.

   As a result of these developments, Dhital says he feared
that the Maoists’ “international network” would pursue him in
                      DHITAL v. MUKASEY                   8889
the United States. Accordingly, he alleges that he assumed a
“very low profile” and acquired a fraudulent Bhutanese
national identity card containing his photograph and the name
“Pugman Sharma.” He decided to apply for asylum using the
false ID, later explaining that he believed it was the only way
he could obtain legal status in the United States and that it
offered the additional benefit of allowing him to avoid detec-
tion by the Maoists.

   Thus, claiming to be Sharma, Dhital hired an attorney and
explained that he was a Bhutanese citizen of Nepali origin and
Hindu beliefs who was fleeing religious persecution in Bhu-
tan. Dhital spoke Hindi to the attorney, purporting to speak
very little English, and told the attorney that he escaped Bhu-
tan in 2000 and entered the United States without inspection
by crossing the Canadian border. The attorney then filed an
asylum application on Sharma’s behalf, and Dhital repeated
his story during an asylum interview and at a hearing before
an IJ. The IJ granted Sharma’s application for asylum.

                              C

   Two weeks later, Dhital declined to enroll in the next
semester of classes at Laney College. At the same time, he
began introducing himself as Sharma and, soon after, used
Sharma’s asylee status to obtain a refugee travel document,
visa, driver’s license, social security number and employment
authorization card; to open a bank account; and to travel to
India. Dhital also applied for permanent resident status under
Sharma’s name. Dhital did not entirely abandon his true iden-
tity, however. He renewed his Nepalese passport in 2002
under his true name and address and used the same informa-
tion to apply for 11 credit cards over the Internet between
2001 and 2003.

   On September 2, 2004, after discovering that Dhital had not
attended classes for approximately twenty months, agents
from ICE arrived at his home and served him with a Notice
8890                      DHITAL v. MUKASEY
to Appear. Dhital never attempted to convince the officers
that he was Sharma, but he was unable to produce any identi-
fication documents, explaining that he had given them to a
friend for “security reasons.” He later explained that he
destroyed other materials, such as the anti-Maoist articles he
allegedly wrote, for the same purpose.

                                    D

   Dhital, represented by new counsel, received a removal
hearing before the same IJ who granted Sharma’s application
for asylum. The IJ denied each of Dhital’s claims for relief.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA” or the “Board”)
affirmed in a separate opinion, concluding that Dhital’s first
asylum application was a frivolous filing that permanently
barred him from obtaining such relief under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(d)(6). In the alternative, the BIA determined that Dhi-
tal’s second asylum application was untimely because it was
filed more than one year after Dhital entered the United States
and no “extraordinary circumstances” justified the delay. See
id. § 1158(a)(2)(D). Next, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s determi-
nation that Dhital’s lack of credibility rendered him ineligible
for withholding of removal. Finally, the BIA determined that
Dhital did not qualify for CAT relief because he failed to
present any credible evidence that he would be tortured upon
his return to Nepal by the Nepalese government or by the
Maoists with the government’s acquiescence.1

   Dhital timely filed this petition for review.
  1
   On June 15, 2006, Dhital filed a motion to reopen, which the Board
denied based on Dhital’s lack of credibility. Dhital has not petitioned for
review of that decision, nor has he petitioned for review of the BIA’s dis-
missal of his claim for voluntary departure.
                      DHITAL v. MUKASEY                    8891
                               II

                               A

   [1] Section 208 of the Immigration and Nationality Act
(“INA”) provides that “[i]f the Attorney General determines
that an alien has knowingly made a frivolous application for
asylum and the alien has received the notice under paragraph
(4)(A), the alien shall be permanently ineligible for any bene-
fits under this chapter.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6); see id.
§ 1158(d)(4)(A) (stating that “[a]t the time of filing an appli-
cation for asylum, the Attorney General shall . . . advise the
alien of the privilege of being represented by counsel and of
the consequences, under paragraph (6), of knowingly filing a
frivolous application for asylum”). Dhital does not dispute the
BIA’s substantive determination that his first application was
frivolous, but argues that he did not receive adequate notice
of the consequences of his action.

   [2] In a recent decision, the BIA provided guidance as to
when an asylum application may be found frivolous in accor-
dance with the INA and applicable regulations. See In re Y-L-
, 24 I. & N. Dec. 151, 155 (2007). However, the BIA dis-
missed Dhital’s appeal seven months before it decided In re
Y-L-. In another case where the BIA’s decision pre-dated In
re Y-L- and where the petitioner also challenged the adequacy
of notice, we remanded the petition for review so that the BIA
could “apply the standards set forth in In re Y-L- to Petition-
er’s case in the first instance.” Kalilu v. Mukasey, 516 F.3d
777, 779 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam); see also Ahir v.
Mukasey, 527 F.3d 912, 916-18 (9th Cir. 2008) (declining to
remand an identical claim only because the petitioner failed
to exhaust such claim before the BIA).

  [3] If the BIA’s frivolousness determination were the sole
basis on which it denied Dhital’s asylum application, a
remand would also be required here. However, because the
BIA articulated an alternative ground for its decision, we turn
8892                  DHITAL v. MUKASEY
to that ground to determine whether it is sufficient to support
the BIA’s decision.

                               B

   The INA, as amended by the Illegal Immigration Reform
and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, requires an asy-
lum application to be filed “within 1 year after the date of the
alien’s arrival in the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B).
There are two exceptions to this rule: if “the alien demon-
strates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General either [1]
the existence of changed circumstances which materially
affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum or [2] extraordi-
nary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an applica-
tion,” the agency may grant his application even if it is filed
after the one-year deadline. Id. § 1158(a)(2)(D). Dhital did not
submit his second asylum application until six years after he
arrived in the United States, and the BIA found no “extraordi-
nary circumstances” to justify the delay.

                               1

   We have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s ruling on this
question. Although 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3) provides that “[n]o
court shall have jurisdiction to review any determination of
the Attorney General” relating to the one-year filing deadline,
section 106 of the Real ID Act of 2005 restored our jurisdic-
tion over “constitutional claims or questions of law” raised in
a petition for review. Id. § 1252(a)(2)(D). As we held in Ram-
adan v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 646 (9th Cir. 2007) (per curiam),
and Husyev v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2008), such
“questions of law” include the agency’s application of the
changed and extraordinary circumstances exceptions to undis-
puted facts. Ramadan, 479 F.3d at 650 (holding that the
Board’s application of the changed circumstances exception
to undisputed facts presents a “mixed question[ ] of fact and
law” subject to our review under section 106 of the Real ID
Act); Husyev, 528 F.3d at 1178-79 (holding the same with
                         DHITAL v. MUKASEY                         8893
respect to the extraordinary circumstances exception); see Sil-
lah v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 1042, 1043-44 (9th Cir. 2008) (per
curiam) (holding that we lack jurisdiction to review the
Board’s timeliness determination where the petitioner’s
arrival date was in dispute).2

   Here, the date of Dhital’s arrival and the date he filed his
second asylum application are not in dispute. While the par-
ties disagree over the date on which his lawful nonimmigrant
status expired, the outcome of this legal argument is not a fac-
tual dispute that affects our jurisdiction to review this claim.
Thus, we turn to the merits of the BIA’s “extraordinary cir-
cumstances” determination.

                                   2

   [4] The applicable regulation provides a nonexclusive list
of “extraordinary circumstances” that excuse such an
untimely filing, including cases in which “[t]he applicant
maintained . . . lawful immigrant or nonimmigrant status . . .
until a reasonable period before the filing of the asylum
application.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.4(a)(5)(iv) (emphasis added).
Dhital argues that he fits within this category because he
maintained lawful non-immigrant status from his arrival in the
United States in 1998 until September 2, 2004, the date ICE
served him with a Notice to Appear. Dhital filed his second
  2
    As we held in Ramadan, exercising jurisdiction over the BIA’s appli-
cation of § 1158(a)(2)(D)’s exceptions to the asylum filing deadline does
not require us to review a discretionary determination by the agency as
described in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B). Although an alien must prove that
changed or extraordinary circumstances exist “to the satisfaction of the
Attorney General” to overcome the one-year bar, id. § 1158(a)(2)(D), this
phrase “is a specification of who is to make the decision, rather than a
characterization of that decision itself.” Ramadan, 479 F.3d at 655
(emphasis in original). But see Husyev, 528 F.3d at 1179-80 (noting that
Ramadan creates tension with Afridi v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 1212, 1218
(9th Cir. 2006), in concluding section 106 of the Real ID Act does not
restore our jurisdiction over discretionary determinations by the agency,
but declining to resolve the question).
8894                      DHITAL v. MUKASEY
asylum application 76 days after being served with the Notice
to Appear and argues that such delay was reasonable.

   [5] The BIA rejected this contention, concluding that Dhital
surrendered his lawful non-immigrant status when he dropped
out of school in January 2003. We agree. The governing regu-
lation states that “[a] student who drops below a full course
of study without the prior approval of the [designated school
official] will be considered out of status.” Id. § 214.2(f)(6)(iii).3
Dhital dropped below a full course of study when he declined
to enroll in the spring semester of classes at Laney College in
January 2003. Thus, the BIA properly determined that he lost
F-1 status as of that date. Dhital did not file his second asylum
application until 22 months after he failed to enroll in school
and offers no explanation for such delay. See Husyev, 528
F.3d at 1181 (holding that “where there is no explanation for
the petitioner’s delay, [petitioner’s] 364-day wait after his
lawful nonimmigrant status expired is not a reasonable peri-
od”). Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s
conclusion that extraordinary circumstances do not justify
Dhital’s untimely filing and that he is ineligible for asylum as
a result.

                                    III

   We next consider Dhital’s application for withholding of
removal. To establish his eligibility for such relief, Dhital
must demonstrate that it is “more likely than not that [he]
would be subject to persecution based on [a protected
ground]” if he is removed to Nepal. Kohli v. Gonzales, 473
F.3d 1061, 1070 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A)).
  3
    The regulation further provides that “an F-1 student is admitted for
duration of status. Duration of status is defined as the time during which
an F-1 student is pursuing a full course of study at an educational institu-
tion . . . . The student is considered to be maintaining status if he or she
is making normal progress toward completing a course of study.” Id.
§ 214.2(f)(5)(i) (emphasis added).
                          DHITAL v. MUKASEY                          8895
   The BIA affirmed the IJ’s denial of Dhital’s application for
withholding of removal based on the IJ’s conclusion that Dhi-
tal was not a credible witness.4 Specifically, the BIA cited the
IJ’s acknowledgment that Dhital filed a fraudulent asylum
application and that Dhital’s explanation for such filing—he
assumed a false identity to hide from the Maoists—was
inconsistent with his simultaneous use of his true name and
address to renew his Nepalese passport and to apply for 11
credit cards over the Internet. Dhital argues that these grounds
do not support the agency’s adverse credibility determination
because they do not “go to the ‘heart’ ” of his claim. See Li
v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 959, 962 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting Singh
v. Ashcroft, 301 F.3d 1109, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002)).

   [6] We have previously upheld an adverse credibility deter-
mination where the petitioner had a “propensity for dishones-
ty.” Don v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 738, 743-44 (9th Cir. 2007)
(concluding that substantial evidence supported an adverse
credibility determination where the petitioner “admitted
lying” to the authorities in his home country because he was
afraid of what would happen if he told the truth). We have
also upheld an adverse credibility finding where the petitioner
lied on an asylum application and failed to clarify her answers
despite multiple opportunities to do so. Kaur v. Gonzales, 418
F.3d 1061, 1067 (9th Cir. 2005). While we evaluate Dhital’s
misrepresentations “in light of all the circumstances of the
case,” Kaur v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 876, 889 (9th Cir. 2004), we
conclude that his initial filing of a fraudulent asylum applica-
tion, combined with his repetition of his fabricated narrative
in his asylum interview and in his first hearing before the IJ,
provided the agency with a “specific, cogent reason” upon
  4
   In the typical case, a determination by the agency that a petitioner’s
lack of credibility renders him ineligible for asylum will also support a
determination that the petitioner is ineligible for withholding of removal.
See, e.g., Farah v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1153, 1156 (9th Cir. 2003). In this
case, however, the BIA denied Dhital’s application for asylum solely on
the grounds discussed above, see supra Part II, and considered Dhital’s
credibility only for purposes of withholding of removal.
8896                  DHITAL v. MUKASEY
which to find him incredible. Li, 378 F.3d at 962 (internal
quotation marks omitted); see Kaur, 418 F.3d at 1065-67.

   In addition, the inconsistency between Dhital’s statement
that he filed for asylum under a false identity to hide from the
Maoists and his simultaneous use of his true name and
address to renew his Nepalese passport and to apply for credit
cards further supports the agency’s determination. Contrary to
Dhital’s assertion, such inconsistency goes to the heart of his
claim because it “concerns events central to [his] version of
why he was persecuted and fled” Nepal. Singh v. Gonzales,
439 F.3d 1100, 1108 (9th Cir. 2006). Although Dhital did not
adopt his alias until after he arrived in the United States, his
alleged reason for doing so—his fear that his Maoist persecu-
tors would find him in the United States—is quite relevant to
why he left Nepal.

   [7] Accordingly, we conclude that substantial evidence sup-
ports the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s determination that Dhi-
tal’s lack of credibility prevented him from obtaining
withholding of removal.

                               IV

    Our final task is to consider whether substantial evidence
supports the denial of Dhital’s application for CAT relief. To
obtain relief under the CAT, a petitioner “need not show that
he or she would be tortured on account of a protected ground”
if returned to his or her home country, but “must show that
it is ‘more likely than not’ that he or she will be tortured, and
not simply persecuted upon removal to [such] country.’ ”
Lanza v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 917, 936 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting
Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir. 2001)). In
addition, the petitioner must demonstrate that he would be
subject to a “particularized threat of torture,” id. (emphasis
added) (internal quotation marks omitted), and that such tor-
ture would be inflicted “by or at the instigation of or with the
                      DHITAL v. MUKASEY                     8897
consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person
acting in an official capacity,” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1).

   [8] The evidence Dhital offered in support of his CAT
claim was his testimony and State Department reports detail-
ing country conditions in Nepal. As noted, substantial evi-
dence supports the BIA’s determination that Dhital’s
testimony was not credible. Nevertheless, Dhital can demon-
strate his eligibility for CAT relief if the State Department
reports, standing alone, “compel[ ] the conclusion that [he] is
more likely than not to be tortured” if he is returned to Nepal.
Almaghzar v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 915, 922-23 (9th Cir. 2006).

   [9] The reports in the record describe an ongoing struggle
between the Nepalese government and the Maoists, with
atrocities, including torture, having been committed by both
sides. Still, they do not indicate that Dhital would face any
particular threat of torture beyond that of which all citizens of
Nepal are at risk. See id. at 923 (explaining that although
State Department reports in that case “confirm[ed] that torture
takes place” in the petitioner’s home country, they did not
compel the conclusion that the petitioner would be subject to
a particularized threat of torture if returned).

   [10] Accordingly, we conclude that substantial evidence
supports the BIA’s decision to affirm the IJ’s denial of Dhi-
tal’s application for CAT relief.

                               V

  Based on the foregoing, Dhital’s petition for review of the
Board’s decision is

  DENIED.
8898                  DHITAL v. MUKASEY
O’SCANNLAIN, J., specially concurring:

   I join in the court’s decision because it faithfully applies
our precedent in Ramadan v. Gonzales, 479 F.3d 646 (9th Cir.
2007) (per curiam), reh’g en banc denied, 504 F.3d 973 (9th
Cir. 2007), as extended by Husyev v. Mukasey, 528 F.3d 1172
(9th Cir. 2008), to conclude that the Real ID Act of 2005 pro-
vides us with jurisdiction to review the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ determination that Dhital’s second application for
asylum was untimely and not excused by extraordinary cir-
cumstances. As I have previously explained, however, see
504 F.3d at 973-78 (O’Scannlain, J., dissenting from denial of
rehearing en banc), I continue to believe that Ramadan was
wrongly decided.

   The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) authorizes
immigration officials to accept an untimely application for
asylum if “changed” or “extraordinary” circumstances justify
the delay. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D) (stating that an untimely
“application for asylum of an alien may be considered . . . if
the alien demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney Gen-
eral either the existence of changed circumstances which
materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum or
extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an
application” (emphasis added)). The Act plainly commits the
decision whether such circumstances are present to the agen-
cy’s discretion, providing that “[n]o court shall have jurisdic-
tion to review any [such] determination.” Id. § 1158(a)(3).

   The Real ID Act of 2005 created an exception to certain
barriers to judicial review imposed by the INA, providing that
“constitutional claims and questions of law” remain subject to
our review. Id. § 1252(a)(2)(D). In Ramadan, we held that
this enactment restored our jurisdiction over the agency’s
application of the changed circumstances exception to the
asylum filing deadline in that case, reasoning that it presented
a “mixed question[ ] of fact and law” that fell within the
“questions of law” over which the Real ID Act vests us with
                      DHITAL v. MUKASEY                   8899
jurisdiction. 479 F.3d at 650. Yet every other court of appeals
to have considered the question has held that the agency’s
decision to consider an untimely asylum application in cases
of changed or extraordinary circumstances is a discretionary
one over which we lack jurisdiction. See Viracacha v.
Mukasey, 518 F.3d 511, 516 (7th Cir. 2008); Zhu v. Gonzales,
493 F.3d 588, 596 n.31 (5th Cir. 2007); Chen v. U.S. Dep’t
of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 330-32 (2d Cir. 2006); Ferry v. Gon-
zales, 457 F.3d 1117, 1130 (10th Cir. 2006); Sukwanputra v.
Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627, 635 (3d Cir. 2006); Ignatova v. Gon-
zales, 430 F.3d 1209, 1213-1214 (8th Cir. 2005); Chacon-
Botero v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 427 F.3d 954, 957 (11th Cir.
2005) (per curiam).

   I am persuaded by our sister circuits and continue to
believe that Ramadan seizes jurisdiction over a multitude of
petitions for review that Congress, through unambiguous stat-
utory text, has placed beyond our reach. Nevertheless,
because Ramadan is controlling here, I join the court’s deci-
sion.
