            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS


 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     May 7, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                                   No. 345585
                                                                     Oakland Circuit Court
 CARLTON PAUL WILLIAMS,                                              LC No. 2018-266150-FC

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of carjacking, MCL 750.529a; three
counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), second
offense, MCL 750.227b; armed robbery, MCL 750.529; and being a felon in possession of a
firearm, MCL 750.224f. The trial court sentenced defendant, as a fourth habitual offender, MCL
769.12, to 25 to 50 years’ imprisonment for his carjacking and armed robbery convictions, five
years’ imprisonment for each count of felony-firearm conviction, second offense, and 58 months
to 30 years’ imprisonment for the felon-in-possession conviction. We affirm.

        On October 17, 2017, Moroch Kouza went to Car Stop Automotive (Car Stop) on Coolidge
Highway in Oak Park, Michigan for an oil change. After the oil change was completed Kouza sat
in her car and checked her email when a man approached her car and opened the front driver’s
side door. The man pointed a silver revolver at Kouza and said, “You know what this is.” Kouza
attempted to push the door open wider to flee and the man said, “No, no, no, you got to get back,
move – get back into the car.” Despite this demand, Kouza got out of the car and fled. The man
drove away in Kouza’s car with her cell phone inside.

        Because Kouza’s cell phone had a GPS tracking application, she was able to track the
location of her cell phone and, thus, her car. Kouza informed the police where her cell phone
appeared to be and they quickly located Kouza’s car. Defendant’s left palm print was found on
the driver’s side exterior door handle of Kouza’s car.

      Two days later, Oak Park Police searched defendant’s bedroom and found male clothing,
documents addressed to defendant, and a .38 special blue steel loaded revolver in the closet.


                                               -1-
Additionally, the police were able to create a map tracking the location of defendant’s cell phone,
based on his cell phone records, starting from the time of the robbery and carjacking at the Car
Stop to the location where Kouza’s car was located after the carjacking, and then to defendant’s
bedroom at his sister’s house. Defendant was charged and convicted as indicated above.

        On appeal, defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to find him guilty of the
three counts of felony-firearm and the single count of felon-in-possession. We disagree.

        This Court reviews a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. People v Cline,
276 Mich App 634, 642; 741 NW2d 563 (2007). To determine whether there was sufficient
evidence presented to support a conviction, this Court considers whether a rational trier of fact
could find that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People
v Reese, 491 Mich 127, 139; 815 NW2d 85 (2012). This standard of review is deferential and the
evidence is to be viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution. People v Nowack, 462
Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000). Furthermore, circumstantial evidence and all reasonable
inferences drawn therefrom can constitute sufficient proof of the elements of a crime. Id.

        The elements of felon-in-possession are: “(1) the defendant is a felon who possessed a
firearm (2) before his right to do so was formerly restored.” MCL 750.224f; People v Bass, 317
Mich App 241, 267-268; 893 NW2d 140 (2016). “The elements of felony-firearm are that the
defendant possessed a firearm during the commission of, or the attempt to commit, a felony.”
People v Muhammad, 326 Mich App 40, 61; 931 NW2d 20 (2018). Possession can be established
through direct or circumstantial evidence and is a factual question for the factfinder. People v
Flick, 487 Mich 1, 14; 790 NW2d 295 (2010) citing People v Hill, 433 Mich 464, 469; 446 NW2d
140 (1989). Additionally, a firearm is a weapon “that is designed or intended to propel a dangerous
projectile.” People v Humphrey, 312 Mich App 309, 316; 877 NW2d 770 (2015), citing People v
Peals, 476 Mich 636, 642; 720 NW2d 196 (2006).

        Defendant’s argument concerning the sufficiency of the evidence is based upon the
discrepancy between Kouza’s statement to the police that the revolver the carjacker pointed at her
was silver, and the police having recovered a blue steel revolver from defendant’s bedroom closet.
Defendant contends that it is “pure conjecture to assume that the blue steel [revolver] was used in
the offense.”

        While there is, indeed, a discrepancy regarding the color of the revolver that Kouza
described and the revolver found in defendant’s bedroom, sufficient evidence was presented to
support the jury’s finding that defendant possessed a firearm during the commission of the robbery,
carjacking, and felon-in-possession. Kouza initially described the revolver as silver in her
statement to the police. Kouza then explained at trial also that she was not certain about the color
of the gun because she was more concerned about the gun being pointed at her and with saving
her life than the gun’s aesthetic. Kouza testified that her car was running when the man opened
her car door holding a gun. When she looked up at the man, he said, “You know what this is.”
Since Kouza’s car was still running, she could have simply driven off. However, the fact that
Kouza pushed past defendant to flee, despite his demands to stay in the car, supports her testimony
that defendant brandished a weapon. Moreover, while Kouza may not have accurately described
the color of the revolver, she identified the type of weapon as a revolver, which was the same type
of gun recovered from the defendant’s bedroom. Thus, Kouza’s testimony, and the reasonable

                                                -2-
inferences therefrom, support the jury’s finding that defendant possessed a firearm at the time of
the robbery and carjacking.

         In addition to Kouza’s testimony, the prosecution presented direct and circumstantial
evidence that defendant used a gun to rob and steal Kouza’s car. The palm print developed from
the exterior driver’s side door handle of Kouza’s car matched defendant’s left palm print. Evidence
was also presented that defendant did not previously know Kouza, have permission to use her car,
or have any connection to the Car Stop that would support an alternative rationale for why his
palm print was on Kouza’s car. Additionally, two days after the robbery and carjacking, the police
recovered a blue steel loaded revolver from defendant’s bedroom closet. Detective Taylor also
explained that blue steel is a dark color that has more shine than black. Thus, substantial
corroborating circumstantial evidence existed to support Kouza’s testimony and for a reasonable
jury to infer that defendant possessed a firearm during the robbery and carjacking of Kouza, which
account for two of the three felony-firearm convictions.

       Defendant also argues that insufficient evidence was presented to support his conviction
because the prosecution merely assumed that the revolver was not a “facsimile.” However, when
the prosecution introduced the revolver recovered from defendant’s bedroom into evidence, an
Oak Park detective specifically informed the court that the revolver was unloaded and secure. This
suggests that the recovered revolver was real.

        With respect to the felon-in-possession conviction and the third felony-firearm conviction,
detectives located the revolver in a shoebox in the closet of defendant’s bedroom. While the
detectives did not have personal knowledge of who may have access to defendant’s bedroom,
defendant’s sister escorted the detectives to the bedroom after they disclosed to her why they were
at her home. The detectives also found paystubs and court documents addressed to defendant in
the bedroom along with male clothing. And, defendant did not object to the assertion that the
bedroom where the revolver was found was his. Defendant was previously convicted of armed
robbery, MCL 750.227b, in July 2010. Thus, the evidence supports defendant’s felon-in-
possession conviction based on his mere possession of the blue steel revolver and also supports
the third felony-firearm conviction.

       In a supplemental brief, defendant next argues that his 25-year mandatory minimum
sentence is disproportionate and violates the Constitutional prohibitions against cruel and/or
unusual punishment set forth in Const 1963, art 1, § 16 and US Const, Am VIII. We disagree.

       Matters of constitutional and statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo on appeal.
People v Skinner, 502 Mich 89, 99; 917 NW2d 292 (2018). We review the reasonableness of a
sentence under the abuse of discretion standard, which occurs when a trial court’s decision falls
outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. People v Blanton, 317 Mich App 107,
117; 894 NW2d 613 (2016). However, “[t]his Court is required to review for reasonableness only
those sentences that depart from the range recommended by the statutory guidelines.” People v
Anderson, 322 Mich App 622, 636; 912 NW2d 607 (2018), citing People v Lockridge, 498 Mich
358, 365; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). “If a statute mandates a minimum sentence . . . , the court shall
impose sentence in accordance with that statute,” and imposing such a mandatory minimum
sentence is not considered a guidelines departure.” MCL 769.34(2)(a). An imposed sentence


                                               -3-
constitutes an abuse of discretion if it violates the principle of proportionality.       People v
Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 475; 902 NW2d 327 (2017).

        Carjacking is a felony punishable by imprisonment “for life or for any term of years.” MCL
750.529a. Armed robbery is also a felony punishable by imprisonment for life or for any term of
years. MCL 750.529. Defendant’s sentencing guidelines in these matters were calculated to be
126-420 months’ imprisonment. However, defendant is a fourth habitual offender. As a result, he
is subject to the following:

       If the subsequent felony is a serious crime or a conspiracy to commit a serious
       crime, and 1 or more of the prior felony convictions are listed prior felonies, the
       court shall sentence the person to imprisonment for not less than 25 years. [MCL
       769.12]


        Defendant admits that his prior convictions and current conviction satisfy the requirements
for sentencing him as a fourth habitual offender under MCL 769.12. His mandatory minimum
sentence under that statute is legislatively mandated. “Legislatively mandated sentences are
presumptively proportional and presumptively valid.” People v Brown, 294 Mich App 377, 390;
811 NW2d 531 (2011). “In order to overcome the presumption that the sentence is proportionate,
a defendant must present unusual circumstances that would render the presumptively proportionate
sentence disproportionate.” People v Bowling, 299 Mich App 552, 558; 830 NW2d 800 (2013)
(citation omitted).

        On appeal, defendant does not identify any unusual circumstances that would make his 25-
year minimum sentence disproportionate. Defendant argues that he is only 27 years old and that
of his lengthy criminal history, only one of the crimes was violent (a prior armed robbery). He
also points out that all of his prior felony convictions occurred when he was 20 years old or
younger, and that no one was physically harmed in the instant matter. What defendant omits,
however, is the fact that he was in prison for armed robbery from the time he was 19 until he was
released on parole on August 2, 2016—just before his 26th birthday. He was thus physically
prevented from committing crimes such as armed robbery and carjacking for the vast majority of
his twenties. In addition, defendant was on parole at the time of the instant offense and had been
out of prison only a little over a year when he again committed armed robbery as well as carjacking.
And, while the victim was not physically hurt in this matter, defendant tried to get her to stay in
the car while pointing a gun at her. The victim fled despite defendant’s orders to stay in the car.
Thus, the lack of physical harm may have been due entirely to the victim’s action in fleeing, not
because of a conscious decision on defendant’s part not to hurt her.

       Defendant compares his sentence to the 20-year mandatory minimum sentence the
Supreme Court struck down for a first-time offense of selling any amount of marijuana. See
People v Lorentzen, 387 Mich 167; 194 NW2d 827 (1972). The nonviolent crime of selling of any
quantity of marijuana, however, does not compare to the violent crimes of carjacking and armed
robbery. And, defendant was not a first-time offender. Because defendant has failed to present
any unusual circumstances that would render the 25-year minimum sentence disproportionate, his
claim of a disproportionate sentence fails.


                                                -4-
        Defendant's claim that his sentence constitutes cruel or unusual punishment also fails. The
United States Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, U.S. Const. Am. VIII, while
the Michigan Constitution prohibits cruel or unusual punishment, Const. 1963, art. 1, § 16. People
v Costner, 309 Mich App 220, 232; 870 NW2d 582 (2015). Thus, “[i]f a punishment passes
muster under the state constitution, then it necessarily passes muster under the federal
constitution.” People v Benton, 294 Mich App 191, 204; 817 NW2d 599 (2011) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). A sentence that is proportionate, however, does not constitute cruel or
unusual punishment. People v Powell, 278 Mich App 318, 323; 750 NW2d 607 (2008).

        As previously discussed, defendant has not established that his 25-year minimum sentence
is disproportionate. His sentence thus does not constitute cruel of unusual punishment. Id.
Defendant relies upon People v Bullock, 440 Mich 15; 485 NW2d 866 (1992) to nevertheless argue
that his sentence was cruel and/or unusual. In Bullock, our Supreme Court considered whether
“Michigan's mandatory penalty of life in prison without possibility of parole, for possession of 650
grams or more of any mixture containing cocaine, is ‘cruel or unusual’ under our state
constitution.” Id. at 21. The Bullock Court concluded that

                the penalty at issue here is so grossly disproportionate as to be “cruel or
       unusual.” The penalty is imposed for mere possession of cocaine, without any
       proof of intent to sell or distribute. The penalty would apply to a teenage first
       offender who acted merely as a courier. Indeed, on the basis of the information
       before this Court, it appears that prior to the offense giving rise to this case,
       defendant Bullock, a forty-eight-year-old grandmother, had never been convicted
       of any serious crime and had held a steady job as an autoworker for sixteen years.
       [Id. at 37-38].

        In stark contrast, defendant here was convicted of violent crimes, not “mere” possession of
a controlled substance. He was not a first offender and, in fact, it was his status as a habitual fourth
time offender, that gave rise to his mandatory minimum 25-year sentence. MCL 769.12 applies
only to fourth habitual offenders and thus protects against the possibility hypothesized by the
Bullock court of an offender with no criminal history being sentenced to the mandatory minimum
sentence. In sum, defendant's arguments and reasons do not constitute unusual circumstances
sufficient to overcome the presumption of proportionality. “Because defendant has not overcome
the presumption of proportionality, and because a proportionate sentence is not cruel or unusual,
defendant has not established a constitutional violation.” Powell, 278 Mich App at 324.

       Affirmed.



                                                                /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                                /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                                /s/ Deborah A. Servitto




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