               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                         No. 110,048

                                     STATE OF KANSAS,
                                         Appellee,

                                               v.

                                     AARON M. SAYLER,
                                        Appellant.


                               SYLLABUS BY THE COURT



1.
       Charging documents do not bestow or confer subject matter jurisdiction on state
courts to adjudicate criminal cases; the Kansas Constitution does.


2.
       Charging document sufficiency is a question of law subject to de novo review.


3.
       Charging documents need only show that a case has been filed in the correct court,
e.g., the district court rather than municipal court; show that the court has territorial
jurisdiction over the crime alleged; and allege facts that, if proved beyond a reasonable
doubt, would constitute a Kansas crime committed by the defendant.


4.
       Instructional error issues are subject to a multistep analysis: (a) the reviewing
court must determine whether it can or should review the issue; (b) the court then must
decide whether there was any error at all by considering whether the instruction at issue


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was factually and legally appropriate; and (c) if error is found, the court assesses whether
the error requires reversal.


5.
        For jury instruction issues raised for the first time on appeal, the court applies a
clear error standard, i.e., the court will not disturb the conviction unless it is firmly
convinced that the jury would have reached a different verdict had the instructional error
not occurred.


        Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed August 22, 2014.
Appeal from Kingman District Court; LARRY T. SOLOMON, judge. Opinion filed October 27, 2017.
Judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is affirmed. Judgment of the district court is
affirmed.


        Rick Kittel, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the briefs for
appellant.


        Natalie Chalmers, assistant solicitor general, argued the cause, and Matthew W. Ricke, county
attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with her on the briefs for appellee.


The opinion of the court was delivered by


        BILES, J.: Aaron M. Sayler appeals his Kingman County conviction for failure to
register as an offender under the Kansas Offender Registration Act, K.S.A. 22-4901 et
seq. He advances two arguments, both premised on his claim that the reason he was
required to register in Kingman County—the fact that he resided there—was an essential
element of the offense: (1) the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the
prosecution because the charging document failed to allege he resided in Kingman
County; and (2) the jury instructions, which similarly failed to require the jury to find he

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resided in Kingman County, permitted the jury to convict him without finding each
element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.


       A panel of the Court of Appeals rejected both arguments and affirmed the
conviction. State v. Sayler, No. 110,048, 2014 WL 4231244 (Kan. App. 2014)
(unpublished opinion). But after the panel's decision, State v. Dunn, 304 Kan. 773, 375
P.3d 332 (2016), made significant changes to the law on charging document sufficiency,
the effect of deficient charging documents, and appellate review of deficient charging
document claims. Among these, Dunn held charging document sufficiency does not
implicate state courts' subject matter jurisdiction in criminal cases. 304 Kan. at 810-11.


       We ordered supplemental briefs as to what effect, if any, Dunn had on Sayler's
first issue. Sayler conceded Dunn foreclosed his lack-of-jurisdiction claim but argued the
charging document still failed to allege facts sufficient to constitute a Kansas crime. We
hold the charging document was sufficient because it alleged facts that, if proved beyond
a reasonable doubt, would constitute the crime of failing to register under KORA. We
further hold there was no error in the jury instructions. Accordingly, we affirm.


                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Sayler is a convicted sex offender. He began registering as required under KORA
with the Kingman County Sheriff's Office. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-4905(b) (imposing
registration duties on sex offender). In February 2012, Sayler failed to register. The State
charged him with violating KORA, alleging he unlawfully


       "after being convicted of Indecent Solicitation of a Child, contrary to K.S.A. 21-
       3510(a)(1), in Stafford County District Court case 2002 CR 02, an offense defeined [sic]
       as a 'sexually violent crime' by K.S.A. 22-4902(c)(6), failed to comply with any and all
       provisions of [KORA], including all duties set forth in K.S.A. 22-4905 throught [sic]
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       K.S.A. 22-4907, and amendments thereto. Specifically the Defendant failed to register in
       the month of February 2012, with the Kingman County Sheriff as required by K.S.A. 22-
       4905(b), based on the Defendant's month of birth being in May, and February being the
       ninth (9th) month following the Defendant's month of birth. The Defendant having two
       prior convitions [sic] of . . . violating [KORA]."


       At trial, Sayler stipulated: "That in the month of February 2012 [he] was a person
convicted of a crime that required [him] to register with the Kingman County Sheriff
pursuant to [KORA]." Sayler's defense was that his failure to register was inadvertent.
The jury was instructed, in relevant part, that to convict Sayler, it was required to find he
"failed to register with the Kingman County Sheriff for the month of February 2012, as
required by K.S.A. 22-4905(b) . . . ." The jury returned a guilty verdict, and the district
court sentenced Sayler to 94 months' imprisonment.


       Sayler timely appealed, arguing for the first time that (1) the district court lacked
jurisdiction over the case because the charging document was fatally defective; and (2)
the jury instructions were clearly erroneous because they did not require the jury to find
the reason he was required to register in Kingman County, i.e., he resided there.


       The panel rejected Sayler's jurisdictional challenge because he failed to
demonstrate "the alleged defect prejudiced his defense, impaired his ability to plead the
conviction in a subsequent prosecution, or limited his substantial rights to a fair trial," as
was then required to successfully raise such a challenge for the first time on appeal. 2014
WL 4231244, at *3-4. The panel further held the charging document was sufficient
because it contained Sayler's Kingman County address in the caption, despite not alleging
the particular reason he was required to register in Kingman County. 2014 WL 4231244,
at *4. And from this the panel concluded the information was sufficient when read as a
whole to confer jurisdiction over the prosecution. 2014 WL 4231244, at *4.

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         The panel also held the jury instructions were not erroneous. The instructions, it
noted, were consistent with the then-applicable pattern jury instructions. The panel
rejected Sayler's argument that the instructions were deficient because updated pattern
instructions would require the jury to find the reason the defendant had a duty to register
in a particular county. The panel reasoned that the updated instruction was "substantially
similar" to the instruction given at Sayler's trial "and [sought] the same finding from the
jury." Sayler, 2014 WL 4231244, at *5. In other words, the fact that the two PIK
instructions were different does not necessarily make the earlier one deficient. The panel
also noted that "even if the prior version . . . was deficient, the deficiency does not rise to
the level of clear error that is required for reversal." 2014 WL 4231244, at *5.


         We granted Sayler's petition for review on both issues. Jurisdiction is proper.
K.S.A. 20-3018(b) (petition for review of Court of Appeals decision); K.S.A. 60-2101(b)
(providing Supreme Court jurisdiction over cases subject to review under K.S.A. 20-
3018).


                         SUFFICIENCY OF THE CHARGING DOCUMENT

         Sayler argues the charging document was insufficient to charge a KORA
registration violation because it failed to allege he resided in Kingman County.


Standard of Review

         Charging document sufficiency is a question of law subject to de novo review. See
Dunn, 304 Kan. at 819.




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Analysis

       At the time of Sayler's trial and when the panel filed its decision, appellate courts
reviewed charging document sufficiency using the framework set out in Hall, which
established different standards for obtaining relief depending on when the defendant first
raised the issue. One of two sets of rules would apply, depending upon whether the
defendant (1) raised the issue in the district court before, during, or within 14 days after
the trial, or (2) raised it for the first time on appeal. State v. Hall, 246 Kan. 728, 764-65,
793 P.2d 737 (1990). A defendant who demonstrated the charging document was
insufficient under the applicable framework established there was no subject matter
jurisdiction over the prosecution. See 246 Kan. at 765.


       In 2016, Dunn overruled Hall. The Dunn court conducted a comprehensive study
of historical support for the jurisdictional instrument rule underlying Hall and concluded
the Kansas Constitution—not charging documents—bestow subject matter jurisdiction on
the courts. 304 Kan. at 811. Dunn identified three possible types of charging instrument
insufficiency:


       "First, either a district or appellate court may be asked to decide whether the document
       shows that the Kansas constitutional minimums of correct court and correct territory are
       met. Second, a court may be asked to evaluate whether the document alleges facts about
       the intent and action on the part of the defendant that, if proved beyond a reasonable
       doubt, would constitute violation of a Kansas criminal statute. And, third, a court may be
       asked to determine whether the charging document meets federal and state constitutional
       standards for due process and notice, such that the defendant has an opportunity to meet
       and answer the State's evidence and prevent double jeopardy." 304 Kan. at 815.




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         In his supplemental brief, Sayler argues the complaint did not include sufficient
facts to charge him with the failure-to-register crime. This implicates the second type of
error.


         For claims of this type, a "charging document should be regarded as sufficient . . .
when it has alleged facts that would establish the defendant's commission of a crime
recognized in Kansas." 304 Kan. at 811-12. "[T]he facts alleged, rather than the legal
elements regurgitated, determine whether the charge is sufficient under the statute
defining the crime." 304 Kan. at 820. Since all crimes are defined by statute, our inquiry
is informed by statute. We compare "[t]he legislature's definition of the crime charged . . .
to the State's factual allegations of the defendant's intention and action. If those factual
allegations, proved beyond a reasonable doubt, would justify a verdict of guilty, then the
charging document is statutorily sufficient." 304 Kan. at 812.


         K.S.A. 2011 Supp. 22-4903 provides an offender who fails "to comply with any
and all provisions of [KORA], including any and all duties set forth in K.S.A. 22-4905
through K.S.A. 22-4907" is guilty, "[u]pon a third or subsequent conviction, [of] a
severity level 3, person felony." K.S.A. 2011 Supp. 22-4905(b) requires sex offenders to
"report in person four times each year to the registering law enforcement agency in the
county or location of jurisdiction in which the offender resides, maintains employment or
is attending a school."


         The complaint here alleged Sayler had been convicted of a crime for which KORA
compliance would be required and that Sayler failed to register with the county sheriff's
office at the statutorily appointed time and the date registration was required. These facts
are sufficient to constitute the crime of violating KORA's provisions. The basis for the
State's allegation that Sayler breached his KORA obligations in a given county can be
addressed before trial if there is a question. See, e.g., K.S.A. 22-3201(f) ("When a
                                               7
complaint . . . charges a crime but fails to specify the particulars of the crime sufficiently
to enable the defendant to prepare a defense the court may, on written motion of the
defendant, require the prosecuting attorney to furnish the defendant with a bill of
particulars.").


       We further note Sayler could not successfully challenge his conviction by
asserting the third type of Dunn error and arguing the charging document failed to impart
notice that the State believed he was required to register in Kingman County based on his
residence there. Sayler stipulated he had a duty to register and based his defense on his
subjective intent in failing to do so. As Sayler conceded at oral argument, in this
particular case he could not have been prejudiced because he did not dispute his statutory
duty to register in Kingman County.


       Finally, we acknowledge the State's argument that Sayler failed to preserve this
issue for appeal because he did not brief why it can be addressed for the first time on
appeal. The State correctly observes we held in Dunn that defects in a criminal complaint
would be subject to the general rule that an issue may not be raised for the first time on
appeal unless it fits a recognized exception. 304 Kan. at 819. But this is a prudential
consideration rather than an invariable rule. 304 Kan. at 817. We have chosen to address
the issue because Sayler's appeal straddled the period before and after Dunn and because
we expressly asked the parties to brief Dunn's impact on the merits.


       We agree with the panel's outcome on this issue, although our reasons differ
because the panel did not have the benefit of Dunn.




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                                     THE JURY INSTRUCTION

       Sayler next challenges the jury instructions, arguing they were clearly erroneous
because they committed the same omission as the charging document. The instructions
stated in pertinent part:


               "The defendant is charged with failure to register as an offender. The defendant
       pleads not guilty.


               "To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:


               "1. That the defendant has been convicted of crime which required him to
       register under the Kansas Offender Act;


               "2. The defendant failed to register with the Kingman County Sheriff for the
       month of February 2012, as required by K.S.A. 22-4905(b); and


               "3. That this act occurred on or about the month of February, 2012, in Kingman
       County, Kansas."


       This instruction conformed to the original version of PIK Crim. 4th 63.140, which
was applicable at the time of trial.


       Sayler advances two arguments on this instructional error issue: (1) clear error
should not apply to his case because the omission of an element of the charged crime
violates due process and K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5108(a), which require the State to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt each required element of the crime; and (2) the jury
instruction at issue was not legally appropriate since it did not list all necessary elements
of the charged crime.



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Standard of Review

       As is well known, instructional error issues are subject to a multistep analysis: (1)
the reviewing court must determine whether it can or should review the issue; (2) the
court then must decide whether there was any error at all by considering whether the
instruction at issue was factually and legally appropriate; and (3) finally, if error is found,
the court assesses whether the error requires reversal. State v. Herbel, 296 Kan. 1101,
1121, 299 P.3d 292 (2013) (quoting State v. Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 3, 286 P.3d
195 [2012]). For jury instruction issues raised for the first time on appeal, the court
applies a clear error standard, i.e., the court will not disturb the conviction unless it is
firmly convinced the jury would have reached a different verdict had the instructional
error not occurred. See Herbel, 296 Kan. at 1121.


       Sayler argues a different standard of review should apply because any error in the
instructions would constitute a due process violation, rather than a jury instruction error
subject to clear error review. This argument is without merit. See State v. Daniels, 278
Kan. 53, 57, 91 P.3d 1147 (2004) (holding clear error review applied to jury instructions'
erroneous omission of an element of the charged crime).


Analysis

       Sayler argues the reason he was required to register in Kingman County was an
essential element of his convicted crime and, therefore, the jury instructions were not
legally appropriate because they failed to require a finding on that element.


       We find it unnecessary to entertain this claim of error on its merits because Sayler
cannot establish clear error requiring reversal. We are not firmly convinced the jury's
verdict would have differed had it been obligated to find Sayler was required to register

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in Kingman County because he lived there. Sayler stipulated he was required to register
in Kingman County and that stipulation was published to the jury. Moreover, the
evidence included a change of address form that Sayler completed at the Kingman
County Sheriff's Office one month before failing to register in which Sayler listed an
address that he identified as being in Kingman County as his new address.


       Affirmed.




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