                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 15-1631
                               Filed August 17, 2016


STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

DEREK MCKAY,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Nancy S. Tabor,

Judge.



      The        defendant   challenges   his   convictions   for   manufacturing

methamphetamine and child endangerment. AFFIRMED.



      Thomas J. O’Flaherty of O’Flaherty Law Firm, Bettendorf, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Benjamin M. Parrott, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee.



      Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ. Tabor, J.,

takes no part.
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POTTERFIELD, Presiding Judge.

       Derek McKay appeals from his convictions for manufacturing a controlled

substance (methamphetamine) in an amount more than five grams and child

endangerment.1     McKay maintains neither his conviction for manufacturing

methamphetamine nor his conviction for child endangerment is supported by

substantial evidence.    In the alternative, McKay maintains the sentence he

received for manufacturing methamphetamine is cruel and unusual.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

       In May 2015, McKay was charged by trial information with multiple

charges    involving   the   possession   of   precursors   used   to   manufacture

methamphetamine, the manufacture of methamphetamine, and endangerment of

a child.

       McKay waived his right to a jury trial, and the matter was tried to the

bench in August 2015. Several officers and criminalists testified as follows:

       Police officers became interested in McKay after learning some of his

associates were making unusual purchases of pseudoephedrine.             Eventually,

officers did a “trash pull” at the home on Crestview Drive where McKay appeared

to be living. Officers recovered lithium battery packs, more than fifty foil balls

with residue—some of which were tested at the scene and confirmed to be

methamphetamine—and mail with McKay’s name2 on it.




1
  As a result of the same bench trial, McKay was also convicted of possession of
pseudoephedrine with the intent to manufacture a controlled substance
(methamphetamine). None of his claims on appeal challenge this conviction or
sentence.
2
  The mail had McKay’s name, but it listed a different address.
                                         3


      Because of interactions officers witnessed between McKay and one of his

later codefendants, Amber Moore-Herschman, officers conducted a trash pull of

Moore-Herschman’s residence on 17th Street as well. Officers recovered ten

aluminum foil balls with residue, with those tested on the scene again giving a

positive result for methamphetamine, and an empty pseudoephedrine pack.

      On April 15, 2015, as officers were observing the home on 17th Street in

preparation for executing a search warrant, they saw McKay’s eleven-year-old

daughter being picked up from the home by her mother.             McKay was seen

leaving the premises shortly thereafter. Officers then entered the residence and

located several items commonly used to manufacture methamphetamine. Officer

Doug Scott testified they found:

      [F]oils used to ingest methamphetamine, straws used to inhale the
      smoke off of the foils; coffee filters, which [could be] use[d] to strain
      methamphetamine in the process; less than a gram and a half of
      methamphetamine; nine empty blister packs; some cold packs that
      contained ammonium nitrate, also a precursor for the
      manufacturing of methamphetamine; hydrochloric acid generations;
      [and] reactionary vessels containing sludge or the remnants of a
      methamphetamine process.

Based on the items found in the search of the 17th Street residence and earlier

officer surveillance of McKay traveling back and forth between the two

residences, the officers applied for and received a warrant to search the

residence on Crestview Drive as well.

      Officers surveilling the residence on Crestview Drive saw McKay leave

that residence and noted the vehicle did not have a front license plate, as

required by law. McKay was stopped, and during a pat down of his person, a ball

of aluminum foil was found in his pocket.        A field test showed the foil had
                                          4


methamphetamine residue on it, and McKay was arrested and taken into

custody. While in custody, McKay told an officer that he and his children had

been staying at the residence on 17th Street. Additionally, when officers later

searched the vehicle, they found approximately 1.5 grams of methamphetamine

as well as empty lithium battery packs.

       As the officers entered the residence on Crestview Drive, they could

immediately smell that there was a hydrochloric acid generator somewhere in the

home. The officers ultimately located a tied-up shopping bag with several bottles

that were being used to manufacture methamphetamine. In a suitcase in the

room appearing to be McKay’s bedroom, officers found a soda bottle containing

sludge, solvent, and lithium pieces; a container of lye; a Coleman fuel can; a

small glass container with an acidic liquid inside; and a container which had been

modified to act as a hydrochloric acid generator. Based on the contents of the

soda bottle, Officer Matthew Ahlers opined that it was “towards step 2 of the

process” of manufacturing methamphetamine; he further explained that it was

either mid-process or someone “has not started yet in the process of converting

the pseudoephedrine into the meth oil.” Additionally, in the basement, officers

located “cut-up” batteries, lithium battery casings, ammonium nitrate packaging,

and boxes of ammonium nitrate.

       At both residences, officers found that the packaging from the

pseudoephedrine and the cold compresses were being put through shredders,

apparently in an attempt to conceal their identity.

       Between March 2009 and April 2, 2015, McKay made forty-six purchases

of pseudoephedrine, with fourteen of the purchases taking place in the year
                                            5


leading up to his arrest. He told officers he made those purchases for normal,

legal use by himself and his children. However, no explanation was offered why

he was shredding the packages after using the pseudoephedrine rather than

simply disposing of them.

       On August 17, 2015, the district court filed its findings of fact, conclusions

of law, and verdict. The court ultimately acquitted McKay of four charges and

found him guilty of manufacturing a controlled substance (methamphetamine) in

an amount more than five grams, possession of pseudoephedrine with the intent

to   manufacture     a   controlled   substance     (methamphetamine),        and    child

endangerment.3

       McKay was sentenced to a term of incarceration not to exceed twenty-five

years for his conviction for manufacturing methamphetamine, with a one-third

mandatory minimum imposed. He received a five-year sentence for each of his

other two convictions, and all three sentences were ordered to run concurrently.

       McKay appeals.

II. Standard of Review

       We review claims regarding the sufficiency of evidence for corrections of

errors at law. State v. Thomas, 561 N.W.2d 37, 39 (Iowa 1997). The trial court’s

findings of guilt are binding on appeal if supported by substantial evidence. Id.

Because the case was tried to the court, McKay may challenge the sufficiency of

the evidence on direct appeal regardless of whether he moved for judgment of

acquittal. See id.

3
  Originally, the court also found McKay guilty of possession of methamphetamine, in
violation of Iowa Code section 124.401(5) (2015), but it set the conviction aside following
McKay’s motion for judgment of acquittal.
                                         6


       We review de novo claims that a sentence violates the constitutional

prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. State v. Null, 836 N.W.2d 41,

45 (Iowa 2013).

III. Discussion

       A. Sufficiency of Evidence: Manufacturing Methamphetamine

       McKay maintains there was not substantial evidence to support his

conviction for manufacturing a controlled substance (methamphetamine).            In

order to establish his guilt, the State had the burden to prove on or about the

15th of April, McKay (1) manufactured methamphetamine, (2) knew the

substance he was manufacturing was methamphetamine, and (3) the amount of

methamphetamine or compound, mixture, or preparation containing a detectable

amount of methamphetamine was more than five grams.               See Iowa Code

§ 124.401(1)(b)(7).

       McKay does not dispute that methamphetamine was being manufactured

or that the amount was more than five grams. Rather, he asserts there is not

substantial evidence to establish that he was the person doing so. He maintains

there is “ample evidence in his case to show that another person was

responsible for the one-pot methamphetamine found” in the home he was living

in. He relies on the facts that he had told officers he had been in the hospital for

several days before his arrest, his fingerprints were not recovered on any of the

items tested by the lab, and officers did not find any indicia that McKay was living

at the residence during the earlier trash intercept. When McKay was interrogated

at the police station, he denied knowledge of anything illegal at the Crestview
                                            7


Drive residence and told officers that he was in the process of moving his things

out of the Crestview Drive residence and to 17th Street.

      Officers did find mail with McKay’s name on it during the trash intercept at

Crestview Drive, although the mail did not contain the Crestview Drive address.

McKay had at least previously lived at the residence, and through surveillance, it

was confirmed he was still spending at least some of his time at the property. A

prescription filled by McKay the day before the search listed the Crestview Drive

residence as his address. Additionally, McKay was seen leaving the property

only a short time before officers executed a search warrant. When the officers

entered the residence, the odor of hydrochloric acid was apparent. During the

search, they located a suitcase in the room appearing to be McKay’s room at the

residence,   and   in   it   they   found       an   in-progress   one-pot   batch   of

methamphetamine as well as a few men’s shirts that appeared to be the right

size to fit McKay. We believe there is substantial evidence to support the district

court’s finding that McKay was the person manufacturing the methamphetamine

at the Crestview Drive residence.

      B. Sufficiency of Evidence: Child Endangerment

      McKay maintains there was not substantial evidence to support his

conviction for child endangerment.              To sustain a conviction for child

endangerment, the State had the burden to establish that on or about April 15th,

(1) McKay was the parent, guardian, or person having custody or control of his

child, (2) one of his children was under the age of fourteen, and (3) McKay acted

with knowledge that he was permitting the child to be present at a location where

methamphetamine, its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers, was manufactured, or
                                          8


where a product was possessed with intent to manufacture methamphetamine.

See Iowa Code § 726.6(1)(g).

       McKay tries to raise doubts about the evidence of the age of his daughter4

because it was testified to by only one officer “without reference to any

information to support his claim.”            The testimony of the officer was

uncontroverted, and we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

State. See State v. Sanford, 814 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2012).

       Next, McKay claims his conviction must be set aside because there was

no evidence presented as to which parent had custody of the daughter. This

claim misunderstands what is necessary for a finding that he had “custody or

control of the child.” Case law has established that “legal custody” is a narrower

term than “custody,” which in turn is narrower than “control.” State v. Friend, 630

N.W.2d 843, 845 (Iowa Ct. App. 2001) (citing State v. Johnson, 528 N.W.2d 638,

640 (Iowa 1995)). “[A]n individual could have ‘control’ over a child without also

having ordinary custody of a child. ‘Control’ only refers to the state of having

restricting or governing power over someone, while ‘custody’ implicates not only

a power of oversight but also a responsibility for the care of an individual.”

Johnson, 528 N.W.2d at 641.        McKay told officers he and his children were

staying at the residence at 17th Street. Moreover, he and his daughter were

surveilled at that residence before the daughter’s mother picked her up on the




4
  Although McKay had at least two of his children living with him, his son was fifteen
years old at the time McKay was arrested and does not meet the criteria for the child
endangerment charge. See Iowa Code § 726.6(1)(g); see also Iowa Code § 702.5
(defining “child” as “any person under the age of fourteen years”).
                                           9


day the search warrant was executed. Even if McKay did not have legal custody

of his daughter, it is clear he had control of her, in the legal sense of the word.

       Lastly, McKay claims that “witnesses were unable specifically to identify

any room in either residence as the room in which [his daughter] allegedly slept.”

While we agree there was some question regarding which residence the children

were living in at the time the residences were searched,5 both residences

contained    pseudoephedrine      purchased     with   the   intent   to   manufacture

methamphetamine. McKay had told police his numerous purchases of the drug

were for “normal” use, but due largely to the shredded packaging found in each

of the homes, the district court specifically found this statement lacked credibility.

Additionally, nothing in the plain language of the statute requires that McKay

allow his child to sleep or live in the specific room or rooms where

methamphetamine, its salts, isomers, or salts of isomers, was manufactured, or

where a product was possessed with intent to manufacture methamphetamine.

See Iowa Code § 726.6(1)(g). Rather, it only requires that he allowed his to

daughter “to be present at a location” where those items exist. See id. (emphasis

added).

       Substantial evidence supports the district court’s conclusion that McKay

committed child endangerment.

5
  The district court found that McKay’s children were living at the Crestview Drive
residence, but we do not believe the record affirmatively established that fact. Rather,
the evidence generally showed that while McKay and the children had lived at the
Crestview Drive residence, they either had moved or were in the process of moving to
the 17th Street residence. The only evidence linking the children to the Crestview Drive
residence was the testimony of one of the officers that there appeared to be “kids’
rooms” in the house when it was searched and that McKay’s fifteen-year-old son arrived
at the Crestview Residence during the execution of the search warrant. However,
McKay told officers he and the children were staying at the 17th Street residence and
McKay’s daughter was seen being picked up by her mother at the 17th Street residence.
                                       10


      C. Cruel and Unusual Punishment

      In the alternative, McKay maintains the sentence he received for

manufacturing methamphetamine based upon 8.4 grams of a mixture or

substance containing some amount of methamphetamine was cruel and unusual.

However, McKay has not offered any authority to support his argument, nor has

he applied the appropriate tests. See State v. Oliver, 812 N.W.2d 636, 641 (Iowa

2012) (discussing a categorical challenge based on either the characteristics of

the crime or the criminal); see also State v. Bruegger, 773 N.W.2d 862, 873

(Iowa 2009) (discussing the test for evaluating whether a sentence is grossly

disproportionate). For these reasons, this issue has not been properly presented

for our review, and we decline to consider it. See Hyler v. Garner, 548 N.W.2d

864, 876 (Iowa 1996) (“[W]e will not speculate on the arguments [the defendant]

might have made and then search for legal authority and comb the record for

facts to support such arguments. Consequently, any error by the trial court . . .

was not preserved for our review.”).

IV. Conclusion

      Substantial evidence in the record supports McKay’s convictions for

manufacturing a controlled substance (methamphetamine) in an amount more

than five grams and child endangerment. We decline to consider his argument

regarding an alleged cruel and unusual sentence. We affirm.

      AFFIRMED.
