            IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                        OF TEXAS
                                          NO. PD-1067-10



                           WALTER BRUCE CORNET, Appellant

                                                   v.

                                     THE STATE OF TEXAS



            ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
                   FROM THE EIGHTH COURT OF APPEALS
                             EL PASO COUNTY

      P RICE, J., announced the judgment of the Court and delivered an opinion, Part
IIAi of which was for the Court, and was joined by K ELLER, P.J., and W OMACK,
J OHNSON, and A LCALA, JJ. The remainder of the opinion was joined by K ELLER, P.J.,
and J OHNSON and A LCALA, JJ. C OCHRAN, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which
M EYERS, K EASLER, and H ERVEY, JJ., joined.

                                            OPINION

        The appellant was charged with three counts of aggravated sexual assault of an eight-

year-old child, his step-daughter, for allegedly digitally penetrating her genitals,1 digitally


        1

          See TEX . PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i) & (a)(2)(B) (“A person commits an offense . .
. if the person . . . intentionally or knowingly . . . causes the penetration of the . . . sexual organ of
                                                                                                 Cornet — 2

penetrating her anus,2 and making oral contact with her anus.3 The trial court directed a

verdict of acquittal with respect to the charge of digitally penetrating her anus, but the

appellant was convicted of the two remaining charges. On appeal, the appellant complained

that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the medical-care defense to digital

penetration.4 The Eighth Court of Appeals affirmed.5

        We granted the appellant’s petition for discretionary review to address three issues

with respect only to his conviction of the count pertaining to the digital penetration of the

child’s sexual organ: (1) whether the medical-care defense is available when the accused, a

layperson with respect to medical science, is attempting to ascertain information regarding

the existence of a relevant medical fact, (2) whether the doctrine of confession and avoidance



a child by any means . . . and . . . if . . . the victim is younger than 14 years of age[.]”)
        2

        See id. (“A person commits an offense . . . if the person . . . intentionally or knowingly . . .
causes the penetration of the anus . . . of a child by any means . . . and . . . if . . . the victim is younger
than 14 years of age[.]”).
        3

         See TEX . PENAL CODE §§ 22.021(a)(1)(B)(iv) & 22.021(a)(2)(B) (“A person commits an
offense . . . if the person . . . intentionally or knowingly . . . causes the anus of a child to contact the
mouth . . . of another person, including the actor . . . and . . . if . . . the victim is younger than 14
years of age[.]”).
        4

        See TEX . PENAL CODE § 22.021(d) (“The defense provided by Section 22.011(d) [Section
22.011 defines the offense of non-aggravated sexual assault] applies to this section.”); TEX . PENAL
CODE § 22.011(d) (“It is a defense to prosecution . . . that the conduct consisted of medical care for
the child and did not include any contact between the anus or sexual organ of the child and the
mouth, anus, or sexual organ of the actor or a third party.”).
        5

        See Cornet v. State, No. 08-09-00054-CR, 2010 WL 2396799, at *4 (Tex. App.—El Paso
June 16, 2010) (not designated for publication).
                                                                                   Cornet — 3

applies to the medical-care defense, such that a defendant attempting to claim the defense

must “essentially admit” to each element of sexual assault, including digital penetration of

the sexual organ, and (3) if so, whether the defensive evidence in this case amounts to a

concession of the elements of the offense, thus rendering the trial court’s refusal to instruct

the jury on the defense erroneous. We respond to all three issues in the affirmative, and

therefore reverse the judgment of the court of appeals.

                        I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL POSTURE

       In June 2006, forensic interviewer Laura Moreno-Frescas conducted a video-taped

interview with eight-year-old K.M., on suspicion that the child had been sexually abused by

her mother’s first husband, Brian Valentine. During the course of the interview, K.M. made

various statements causing Moreno-Frescas to suspect that she may have also suffered sexual

abuse at the hands of her mother’s current husband, the appellant. Specifically, K.M. told

Moreno-Frescas that the appellant had, on one occasion, told K.M. to sit on his face, and had

thereupon made oral contact with her anus. K.M. also drew a picture illustrating what she

alleged had transpired, and she went on to state that the appellant had, on one occasion,

showed her various “sex toys” and that he had placed one between her legs so that she could

“feel the vibration.”

       A witness to this interview, Detective Jaime Terrazas, informed K.M.’s mother and

the appellant of what K.M. had alleged. Upon learning that he was suspected of sexually

assaulting K.M., the appellant voluntarily participated in a non-custodial interview with
                                                                                  Cornet — 4

Detective Terrazas. The appellant’s responses were reduced to a formal written statement,

which, in relevant part, reads:

       I suspected my step[-daughter] had problems because she had devulged [sic]
       to me that she had sex with both of her brothers, which caused me great
       concern. [O]n one particular incident, I had physically examined my step
       daughter because she [said she] had secrets which I believed were sexual in
       nature . . . This made me want to exam [sic] her to see if she had any physical
       evidence of sexual contact or injury.

       I layed [sic] her down on the bed in my master bedroom and proceeded to
       exam [sic] her. . . I had spread her legs while she was on her stomach while
       I opened her buttocks to check her anus and labia. I visually inspected her
       genetal [sic] area and remember my fingers getting wet which she may have
       thought was my licking anus [sic]. My fingers made contact with her anus but
       it was only during the time that I was examining her . . .

       My fingers also made contact with her labia, which I spread to see if her
       hymen was still intact because at her age, I did not know if it would have been
       developed. After examining the child, I noticed that she did not have a hymen,
       which I did not know if it had been developed or had been broken. The
       examination was inconclusive and her anus did not appear to be streached [sic]
       [or] ripped.

The appellant signed this statement, and he placed his initials upon it in several places to

signify that it comported with his understanding of the events.

                                        A. At Trial

       The appellant was charged in a three-count indictment with aggravated sexual assault

of a child. One of the counts alleged that he caused the penetration of K.M.’s vagina with

his finger (“Count I”), one alleged that he caused the penetration of her anus with his finger

(“Count II”), and one alleged that he caused her anus to come into contact with his mouth

(“Count III”). At the close of the State’s evidence at the ensuing jury trial, the appellant
                                                                                       Cornet — 5

moved for a directed verdict with regard to all three charges. The State made the following

argument against that motion, referring to the appellant’s statement to Detective Terrazas:

“In the defendant’s own words, your [sic] Honor, he says he spread her labia . . . . I have

some very graphic case law that indicates once you break the plane of the labia . . . that

equals penetration. In his own words he says that.” The trial court ultimately granted a

directed verdict with respect to Count II, but refused the appellant’s motion for a directed

verdict on Counts I and III.

       The appellant then took the stand to testify on his own behalf. On direct examination,

when asked if he had ever “insert[ed] [his] finger in the vagina of [his] step-daughter,” the

appellant responded, “No. I have no business doing that.” He was also asked whether he had

“ever touch[ed] any areas [he] would consider her private parts”; but before the appellant

could respond, this question was immediately rephrased to inquire whether he had “invade[d]

any of those areas.” The appellant then responded, “No, I did not have to, I was looking for

external signs of any injuries.” The appellant maintained that he had “spread her cheeks . .

. to look to see if there was any swelling, any scarring, any indication externally that she had

been injured.”

       During the jury-charge conference, the appellant requested that the jury be instructed

on the medical-care defense to aggravated sexual assault. The court, apparently reading

from the litany of medical professions described in Sections 22.011(c)(3) and (4),6 concluded


       6

           See TEX. PENAL CODE §§ 22.011(c)(3), 22.011(c)(4) (“Health care services provider” means
                                                                                              Cornet — 6

that the defense was limited in its application to use by licensed medical professionals, and

thus denied the appellant’s requested instruction. In its closing argument, the State directed

the jury to “look at [the appellant’s written statement]. Tell me that doesn’t give you a

picture of what’s going on in his mind and what he’s doing . . . . [D]oes he confess to doing

it? Well, yeah, I think, in there.” The jury returned a verdict of guilty with respect to Counts

I and III and assessed punishment at ten years’ confinement for each count of aggravated

sexual assault, to run concurrently, and a fine of $7,500.

                                            B. On Appeal

        On appeal, the appellant complained that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct

the jury on the defense of medical care. In an unpublished opinion, the court of appeals made

a two-pronged ruling. First, while admitting that the case presented an “extremely close

call,”7 it held that there existed no evidence at trial showing that the appellant admitted to the

offense, and that, therefore, the trial court did not err in refusing to grant the instruction.8 In

its second prong, the court of appeals went on to hold that, in any event, the defense “is not



a physician, chiropractor, physical therapist, physician assistant, or nurse; and “Mental health
services provider” means, among other things, a licensed social worker, chemical dependency
counselor, licensed professional counselor, licensed marriage and family therapist, or psychologist
offering psychological services). Section 22.011(b)(9) of the Penal Code, to which this provision
refers, says that “[a] sexual assault . . . is without the consent of the other person if . . . the actor is
a mental health services provider or a health care services provider who causes the other person . .
. to submit or participate by exploiting the other person’s emotional dependency on the actor[.]”
        7

            Cornet, supra, at *3.
        8

            See id. at *4.
                                                                                    Cornet — 7

meant to apply . . . in cases . . . when the parent suspects his child has been sexually abused

and proceeds, without any medical education, training, or experience, to examine the area.” 9

We review these determinations in reverse order, as we consider the latter holding to be

logically precedent to the former.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

       Sections 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i) and 22.021(a)(2)(B) of the Texas Penal Code state that

a person commits aggravated sexual assault, a felony of the first degree, if the person

intentionally or knowingly causes the penetration “by any means” of the anus or sexual

organ of a child younger than 14 years of age.10 Section 22.021(d) provides, by reference to

Section 22.011(d), that “it is a defense to prosecution . . . that the conduct [constituting the

offense] consisted of medical care for the child and did not include any contact between the

anus or sexual organ of the child and the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of the actor[.]” 11




                                    A. Availability of the Defense

       We turn first to the holding of the court of appeals that the appellant’s conduct did not

fall within the purview of the defense because “the statute is not meant to apply . . . in cases



       9

           Id.
       10

           See notes 1 & 2, ante.
       11

           TEX . PENAL CODE §§ 22.021(d), 22.011(d).
                                                                                        Cornet — 8

. . . when the parent suspects his child has been sexually abused and proceeds, without any

medical education, training, or experience, to examine the area.”12 We are called upon, in

addressing this issue, to interpret the statutory language of the medical-care defense—what

does it mean, in the context of digital penetration, for conduct to “consist[] of medical care”?

       Nearly two decades ago, in Boykin v. State, this Court declared that its ultimate goal

in the practice of statutory interpretation is to “effectuate the ‘collective’ intent or purpose

of the legislators who enacted the legislation.”13 In effectuating this collective intent, we

must look first to the text of the statute itself, because “the text is the only definitive evidence

of what the legislators . . . had in mind when the statute was enacted into law.” 14 Looking to

the text of the statute, we initially ascertain whether a plain-meaning interpretation is

possible—that is, whether the text has a non-ambiguous meaning on its face. If so, we

consider whether the adoption of that interpretation would produce “absurd consequences

that the Legislature could not possibly have intended”; and if the plain-meaning interpretation

generates no such absurdities, we adopt that interpretation.15

       If, on the other hand, an ambiguity or absurdity arises, we are permitted to peer behind


       12

         Cornet, supra, at *4.
       13

        818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (citing Camacho v. State, 765 S.W.2d 431
(Tex. Crim. App 1989)).
       14

        Id.
       15

        Id.
                                                                                      Cornet — 9

the statutory text and employ limited extra-textual sources in adopting an interpretation that

best honors the will of the Legislature. These include the “object sought to be attained;

circumstances under which the statute was enacted; legislative history; common law or

former statutory provisions, including laws on the same or similar subjects; consequences of

a particular construction; administrative construction of the statute; and title (caption),

preamble, and emergency provision.”16          We resort to these sources “out of absolute

necessity,” and only insofar as they do not “add or subtract from [the] statute.” 17 We must

take care, when searching beyond the text to find meaning, that we do not substitute our

judgment for that of the Legislature in giving effect to a statutory provision.

                                i. Non-Medical Professionals

       Turning first to the question of whether non-medical professionals are precluded from

claiming the defense, we note that, while the court of appeals did mention that the medical-

care defense sometimes encompasses “treatment of infections or injuries by the parent,” it

went on to cast doubt on the appellant’s claim to the defense, observing that he lacked

“medical education, training, or experience.”18 It further concluded that such inspections




       16

        TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 311.023 (internal numbering omitted).
       17

        Boykin, supra, at 785 (quoting Coit v. State, 808 S.W.2d 473, 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
       18

        Cornet, supra, at *4.
                                                                                         Cornet — 10

“should be left to the medical professional.”19 To the extent that such language implied that

the availability of the medical-care defense turns upon the accused’s familiarity with the

science of medicine, we reject any such notion.20

       This conclusion derives from the plain language of Section 22.011(d). The text of the

statute makes it abundantly clear that it is the nature of the “conduct,” not the occupation of

the actor, that characterizes the availability of the defense.21 Nowhere in that section is there

any mention or suggestion that the availability of the defense is limited to health-care

professionals; and for this Court to read such a restriction into the defense would

impermissibly “add or subtract from [the] statute.” 22

       Furthermore, we have said that when the Legislature desires to convey a certain level

of specificity within a statutory provision, it knows how to do it.23 For example, Section


       19

         Id.
       20

         To the contrary, as the Ninth Court of Appeals has aptly observed: “Daily, throughout the
world, parents administer ‘medical care’ to their children . . . [and] on many occasions lives are
saved through the administration of ‘medical care’ by non-licensed persons.” Lynch v. State, 952
S.W.2d 594, 597 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1997, no pet.).
       21

         See TEX . PENAL CODE § 22.011(d) (“It is a defense . . . that the conduct consisted of medical
care for the child . . .”) (emphasis added).
       22

         Boykin, supra, at 785.
       23

          See, e.g., Long v. State, 931 S.W.2d 285, 290 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (“[H]ad the
legislature intended to apply a reasonable person standard, they easily could have specified one, or
a clear synonym.”); Hatch v. State, 958 S.W.2d 813, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (“Chapter 62 of
the Government Code shows that the Legislature knew how to restrict statutes to civil cases. For
                                                                                   Cornet — 11

22.04(k) of the Penal Code says that it is a defense to the crime of causing injury to a child

that the “act or omission consisted of . . . reasonable medical care occurring under the

direction of or by a licensed physician [or] emergency medical care administered in good

faith and with reasonable care by a person not licensed in the healing arts.” 24 That Section

22.011(d) refers simply to “medical care,” and does not, as Section 22.04(k) does, provide

for different standards according to the medical savvy of the person claiming the defense,

suggests two things: first, that the Legislature did not intend for Section 22.011(d) to exclude

from its coverage any group of persons on the basis of their training in or familiarity with the

“healing arts,” and second, that the same standard for the defense should apply to all persons,

health-care professional or not, who can otherwise validly claim the defense based on their

conduct.

                                   ii. “Mere” Inspections

       Next we address the question of whether the defense is available when the penetrative

conduct consisted of a “mere” medical inspection. Again we start with the particular

language of the statute itself, asking whether the phrase “medical care” plainly encompasses

such inspections. We have often turned to dictionaries as an aid in discerning what the

Legislature intended in adopting particular language in a statute and whether its meaning is




example, the very next section of the Texas Government Code, Section 62.202, is restricted to ‘a
civil case.’”).
       24

        TEX . PENAL CODE § 22.04(k).
                                                                                 Cornet — 12

plain.25 In consulting dictionaries for the meaning of a particular word, we look to the

lexicographical alternatives that the Legislature most likely had in mind, taking into account

the context provided by the phrase, subsection of the statute, and overall statutory scheme in

which the word appears. The question, then, is not whether the word “care” by itself should

be understood to embrace the concept of “inspection,” but whether the whole phrase

“medical care” does.

       Webster’s Third International Dictionary defines “medical” as “of, relating to, or

concerned with physicians or the practice of medicine[.]”26 This near-tautological definition

begs the question: what is “medicine”? Again consulting Webster’s, we see that it defines

“medicine” as, in relevant part, “the science and art dealing with the maintenance of health

and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease[.]”27 Thus, if indeed the Legislature

intended to include examinations as protected conduct under the defense, there is a strong

inference, from the Legislature’s inclusion of the word “medical,” that the Legislature sought

only to protect examinations insofar as they are medically relevant—that is, relevant to the

state of the child’s health and well-being.

       Having attained some understanding of the modifier “medical,” we must be cautious



       25

       See, e.g., Ex Parte Reick, 144 S.W.3d 510, 512 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
       26

        Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1402 (2002).
       27

       Id.
                                                                                     Cornet — 13

in searching for meaning in the word “care” that we limit ourselves to definitions of the word

that make sense in the context of the phrase “medical care.” To that end, we find that

Webster’s relevantly defines “care” as “CHARGE, SUPERVISION, MANAGEMENT: responsibility

for or attention to safety and well-being ‹under a doctor’s ~›[.]”28 It is evident to us that even

the simple inspection of a child’s anatomy, if conducted for medical purposes, is consistent

with the “responsibility for or attention to the safety and well-being” of that child. We would

not hesitate to say so were that inspection conducted by a physician, physician’s assistant,

nurse, or other trained professional. Surely the Legislature meant for the medical-care

defense to immunize from prosecution medically trained professionals who examine victims

of child sexual assault for medically motivated purposes. A parent or other person in loco

parentis ordinarily assumes at least as great a responsibility for the safety and medical well-

being of his child. We think it would dishonor the legislative intent, expressed in its very

choice of words, to construe the phrase “medical care” so rigidly as to exclude inspections,

whether conducted by trained medical personnel, by a parent, or by another adult acting in

loco parentis, when those inspections are undertaken for the medical benefit of the child.

       The State opposes the inclusion of medical inspection within the contours of the

defense, asserting that the plain meaning of “medical care” adopted in the statute is,

according to the State’s preferred dictionary, “medical treatment.”29 It further avers that, had

       28

        Id. at 338.
       29

            State’s   Brief     at   15    (citing     Medical      Care,     Dictionary.com,
                                                                                        Cornet — 14

the Legislature intended to protect conduct aiming to merely ascertain the state of the child’s

health, it could have adopted the language “ascertain the need for medical care” or “ascertain

if the child was injured.” Such exercises in hypothetical counter-drafting are especially risky

where, as here, the term proffered as a corrective synonym (“medical treatment”) has been

used elsewhere within the Penal Code.30 We think it more plausible that, had the Legislature

intended to protect “medical treatment” alone, it would have expressly adopted the language

of “medical treatment.” For these reasons, we conclude that the medical-care defense may

be raised by evidence supporting a “mere” medical inspection.

                          iii. The Appellant’s Claim to the Defense

       Measured by these criteria, and putting aside for the moment the question (to which

we will turn next) whether it is a confession-and-avoidance type of defense,31 we think the

evidence at trial raised the issue of whether the appellant’s conduct legitimately consisted of

medical care. In his written statement to Detective Terrazas, the appellant claimed that he

examined K.M. “to see if she had any physical evidence of sexual contact or injury,” and that


http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medical+care) (emphasis added).
       30

         See TEX . PENAL CODE § 22.06(a)(2)(B) (“The victim’s effective consent . . . to the actor’s
conduct is a defense to prosecution [for non-sexual assault] if . . . the victim knew the conduct was
a risk of . . . recognized medical treatment[.]” (emphasis added)).
       31

         If the medical care defense is in the nature of a confession-and-avoidance type of defense,
then the appellant may not be entitled to an instruction without “an admission to the [otherwise
prohibited] conduct, which includes both the act or omission and the requisite mental state.” Juarez
v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We address whether the medical care
defense is of such a nature in Part IIB, and (concluding that it is) whether the evidence in this case
satisfies the admission-of-the-prohibited-conduct requirement, in Part IIC, post.
                                                                                    Cornet — 15

the examination came to a halt once he “determined there was nothing wrong with the child.”

At trial, the defendant testified that, in conducting the examination on K.M., he “wanted to

find out that she was okay,” and that he “just wanted to take a look to see if there was any

swelling, any scarring, any indication externally that she had been injured.” The appellant’s

written statement also indicates that he had good reason to suspect that the child had been

abused before, making an examination of the area all the more likely to turn up signs of

abuse. This evidence, if believed by the jury, would support a rational inference that the

appellant’s touching of the child was, in fact, an inspection for a medically relevant purpose.

This being the case, it was not proper for the trial court to deny the appellant a jury

instruction on the medical-care defense either on the basis of his lack of knowledge with

regard to the subtleties of the field of medicine, or on the basis of his failure to administer

a medical treatment per se. We believe that the court of appeals was therefore mistaken to

the extent that it suggested otherwise.

                               B. Confession and Avoidance

       We turn next to the holding of the court of appeals that the medical-care instruction

is inappropriate “when the defendant’s defensive evidence fails to essentially admit to every

element of the offense.”32 This statement, without employing the term, amounts to a ruling

that the doctrine of confession and avoidance applies to the defense of medical care. The

Eighth Court is not alone in so holding; as the State points out in its brief, the First Court of


       32

        See Cornet, supra, at *3.
                                                                                      Cornet — 16

Appeals has reached a similar conclusion.33

       A defense subject to the doctrine of confession and avoidance is one in which “a

defendant admits allegations but pleads additional facts that deprive the admitted facts of an

adverse legal effect.”34 This Court has held that the doctrine of confession and avoidance

applies to the medical-care exception to the offense of causing injury to a child—sometimes

referred to as the “Good Samaritan” defense.35 While the rationale for that application

involved the similarity between the Good Samaritan defense and the justification of

necessity,36 which is an established confession-and-avoidance type of defense,37 we think that

the similarity between the subject-matter of the Good Samaritan defense and the medical-care

defense weighs heavily in favor of the application of the doctrine to the latter. Like the Good

Samaritan defense, the medical-care defense “does not negate any element of the offense,

including culpable intent; it only excuses what would otherwise constitute criminal


       33

        See Callis v. State, No. 01-89-00159-CR, 1990 WL 68465, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] May 24, 1990, no pet.) (not designated for publication).
       34

        Black’s Law Dictionary 339 (9th ed. 2009).
       35

        See Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
       36

         See Shaw, supra (the Good Samaritan defense “operates as a kind of particularized example
of the justification of necessity”).
       37

        See Juarez, supra, at 404 (citing, in support of this assertion, Ex parte Nailor, 149 S.W.3d
125, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Bowen v. State, 162 S.W.3d 226, 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005);
Young v. State, 991 S.W.2d 835, 839 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Vasquez v. State, 830 S.W.2d 948,
950-51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Thomas v. State, 678 S.W.2d 82, 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)).
                                                                                       Cornet — 17

conduct.”38 Indeed, both defenses deal with justifying otherwise-harmful conduct toward a

child on the grounds that the conduct was in the best medical interests of the child.

Consequently, any attempt to apply the doctrine differently across these two thematically

similar defenses swims against the current.

       The appellant points out, nevertheless, that this Court recently pronounced, in Juarez

v. State, that “the doctrine of confession and avoidance does not apply to all defensive

issues.”39 Indeed, the appellant’s statement is accurate, as far as it goes; but it should have

gone further. We clarified, in Juarez, that the defensive issues the doctrine does not apply

to are those that “by [their] terms, negate[] the culpable mental state” required for

commission of the offense.40 But the medical-care defense does not, “by its terms,” negate

the necessary culpable mental states of intent or knowledge; as mentioned above, it merely

justifies what would otherwise be an unlawful touching of a child.41

       The appellant furthermore questions the consistency of this Court’s holdings, arguing

that we ignored the doctrine of confession and avoidance, specifically as it applies to self-




       38

         See Shaw, supra, at 659.
       39

         Appellant’s Brief at 5 (citing Juarez, supra, at 402).
       40

         See Juarez, supra, at 402.
       41

       It should be noted that Section 22.021 does not require the State to prove that the assaultive
conduct it proscribes be committed with a specific lascivious intent.
                                                                                          Cornet — 18

defense, in Martinez v. State.42        We need not determine whether Martinez altogether

abandoned the doctrine of confession and avoidance in the context of self-defense.43 But

even if it were true that some non-element-negating defenses (such as, for instance, self-

defense in the context of murder) were somehow immune from the requirements of

confession and avoidance, a mere reference to this legal anomaly, absent any sort of

analogical reasoning, would not constitute an argument against applying the doctrine to the

justification of medical care—and would not, therefore, suffice to overcome the strong

thematic similarity between the Good Samaritan defense to causing injury to a child and the

medical-care defense to digital penetration of a child’s anus or genitals. The decision of the

court of appeals in this respect is, therefore, affirmed.




                  C. Did the Appellant sufficiently admit to penetration?

        We turn lastly to the holding of the court of appeals that “none of the evidence

presented at trial shows that Appellant admitted to the offense.”44 It made this ruling with

respect to the element of penetration in aggravated sexual assault, on the basis that the

        42

        775 S.W.2d 645, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989); see also Juarez, supra, at 403 (“[Martinez]
ignored the confession and avoidance doctrine altogether.”).
        43

        But we note that in Juarez, supra, at 401-403, we treated Martinez as little more than a legal
anomaly and pointed out that we have, since Martinez, re-emphasized the applicability of confession
and avoidance to self-defense, at least as it relates to misdemeanor assault, in Ex parte Nailor, supra,
at 132-34.
        44

         See Cornet, supra, at *3.
                                                                                   Cornet — 19

appellant “expressly denied ever penetrating K.M.’s sexual organ with his finger or that he

invaded her private parts.”45    In order to determine whether the appellant sufficiently

confessed to the act of penetration, we must first undertake to examine what it means to

“penetrate” in the context of sexual assault, and what it means to “admit” to conduct in the

context of confession and avoidance.

       With respect to “penetrate,” as the court of appeals correctly noted, this Court has held

that penetration occurs when there is “tactile contact beneath the fold of complainant’s

external genitalia,” and that it is not inaccurate “to describe [conduct] as a penetration, so

long as [the] contact with [the complainant’s] anatomy could reasonably be regarded by

ordinary English speakers as more intrusive than contact with her outer vaginal lips.” 46 In

Vernon, the defendant was charged with and convicted of aggravated sexual assault of his

thirteen-year-old step-daughter. The Second Court of Appeals affirmed the defendant’s

conviction, in spite of testimony by the complainant that the defendant had only touched the

“outside” of her vaginal area. In affirming the court of appeals, this Court noted that the

statute does not criminalize penetration of the vagina, but the broader conduct of “penetration

of the . . . sexual organ” of the child.47 We went further to say that “pushing aside and



       45

        Id.
       46

        See Vernon v. State, 841 S.W.2d 407, 409 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
       47

        Id. (quoting the contemporary equivalent of TEX . PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i)).
                                                                                    Cornet — 20

reaching beneath a natural fold of skin into an area of the body not usually exposed to view,

even in nakedness, is a significant intrusion beyond mere external contact[,]”48 and therefore

constitutes penetration in the context of sexual assault.

       As for “admitting” conduct under the doctrine of confession and avoidance, it is

sufficient that the defendant point to defensive evidence, originating in his own statements,

such that a trier of fact could reasonably infer that each element of the offense has been

satisfied.49 In Juarez, for example, the defendant, while pinned to the ground and allegedly

fearful for his life, bit down on a police officer’s finger and, for a protracted period of time,

refused to let go—an act for which he was indicted on one count of aggravated assault on a

peace officer. In attempting to receive a jury instruction on the defense of necessity, the

defendant testified that he “just bit down to get him off of me, because I felt like I was going

to die[,]”50 but nevertheless maintained that he never intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly

bit the officer’s finger. We concluded, after carefully considering the defendant’s own

testimony, that the jury could reasonably infer from the character of his self-described

conduct that he bit the officer intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly,51 notwithstanding the



       48

        Id.
       49

        See Juarez, supra, at 406.
       50

        Id. at 400 (emphasis added).
       51

        Id. at 405-406.
                                                                                   Cornet — 21

fact that he expressly denied having harbored such an intent. On this basis, we held that the

defendant had satisfied the requirements of confession and avoidance and was therefore

entitled to a jury instruction on necessity.

       In the instant case, there are two relevant pieces of evidence, each originating in the

appellant’s own statements, that tend to show the appellant’s admission to the commission

of penetration: his written statement, and the testimony he gave at trial. In his written

statement, the appellant admitted that “[his] fingers also made contact with her labia, which

[he] spread to see if her hymen was still intact.” He also stated that he “remembered [his]

fingers getting wet.” At trial, the appellant testified that he had “spread her cheeks” in order

to ascertain whether or not she had been sexually abused. We think that these statements,

taken together, constitute evidence sufficient to establish confession in the context of

confession and avoidance—that is, we think it would be reasonable for a fact-finder to infer

from the appellant’s defensive evidence that he admitted to penetration as it is described in

Vernon. Specifically, a fact-finder could reasonably infer that his fingers were wet because

he “reached beneath the natural fold of skin” of K.M.’s labia and entered “an area of the

body not usually exposed to view, even in nakedness”;52 that in order to make the hymen

visible, the appellant would have to make some contact with the child’s genitals that could

“reasonably be regarded . . . as more intrusive than contact with her outer vaginal lips”;53 and

       52

        Vernon, supra.
       53

        Id.
                                                                                 Cornet — 22

that the appellant crossed the legal line demarcating penetration when he, as he testified at

trial, “spread her cheeks.”

       The State argues to the contrary that the appellant vehemently denied penetration at

trial, and that such denial precludes him from satisfying the requirement of confession.

While we decline to address the latter part of this argument, we take issue with its premise.

We are not convinced that the appellant denied penetration at all, in the legal sense of the

word. A review of the record establishes that, when asked if he had ever “insert[ed] [his]

finger in the vagina of [his] step-daughter,” the appellant responded, “No. I have no business

doing that.” As noted above, vaginal penetration is not the legal standard prescribed in the

statute—penetration of the “sexual organ” is. This testimony, therefore, is not necessarily

a denial of the element of penetration; it is more plausibly understood as a denial by the

appellant of inserting his finger past the outer and inner labia and into the child’s vaginal

canal. The element of penetration may be satisfied by less than this.

       Furthermore, the appellant was also asked, “[D]id you ever touch any areas that you

would consider her private parts? Did you ever invade any of those areas?” He again

responded “No, I did not have to, I was looking for external signs of any injuries.” The

appellant’s negative response to this question is somewhat ambiguous—did he deny

“touch[ing]” the child’s “private parts,” or did he deny “invad[ing]” them; or did he deny

both acts? And what, specifically, did the appellant interpret the prosecutor to mean by her

“private parts”? Even if the jury believed the appellant was denying “invad[ing]” the child’s
                                                                                    Cornet — 23

“private parts,” it could still find that the appellant did not deny that he had committed

penetration in the legal sense. The term “invade” carries a much different common meaning

than the term “penetrate”;54 accordingly, the jury might have taken the appellant’s denial of

invasion as a mere denial of an inappropriate touching of the child. If, on the other hand,

the jury took the appellant’s response as a denial that he “touch[ed] her private parts,” it

could be argued that “private parts” are not necessarily the same thing as “sexual organ[s].”

The jury might well have believed, especially in light of counsel’s immediately preceding

question—“[D]id you ever put a finger into her vagina?”—that the appellant interpreted

counsel’s use of the term “private parts” to refer specifically to her vagina. In that case, once

again, the jury might have thought that the appellant did not, strictly speaking, deny what it

would have been entitled under Vernon to regard as the penetration of K.M.’s sexual organ.

       For the foregoing reasons, while we agree with the court of appeals that the issue

presents an “extremely close call,”55 we conclude that sufficient evidence existed at trial to

show that the appellant essentially admitted, under the doctrine of confession and avoidance,

to the element of penetration. The court of appeals erred to the extent that it held otherwise.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       In light of our resolutions of the three foregoing issues, we hold that the court of



       54

       And indeed, the term “penetrate” was not used at all in connection with examining or cross-
examining the appellant.
       55

        Cornet, supra, at *3.
                                                                                         Cornet — 24

appeals erred to affirm the trial court’s decision to deny the appellant a jury instruction

regarding medical care to the charge of digitally penetrating the victim’s sexual organ.

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand this case to that

court to determine the extent of the harm, if any, resulting from the trial court’s error.56




DELIVERED:             January 25, 2012
PUBLISH




       56

          See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (“If the error in the
charge was the subject of a timely objection in the trial court, then reversal is required if the error
is calculated to injure the rights of defendant, which means no more than that there must be some
harm to the accused from the error.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Miller v. State,
815 S.W.2d 582, 585-86 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (discussing the harm analysis of Almanza as it
applies to a trial court’s failure to give a defensive instruction that was raised by the evidence).
