                Case: 16-14814        Date Filed: 10/09/2018      Page: 1 of 9


                                                                                   [PUBLISH]



                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                    No. 16-14814-BB
                               ________________________



PEOPLE FOR THE ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS, INC.,
ANIMAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND,
HOWARD GARRETT,
ORCA NETWORK,

                                                          Plaintiffs - Appellants,


versus

MIAMI SEAQUARIUM,
FESTIVAL FUN PARKS, LLC,

                                                          Defendants - Appellees.


                               ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            ________________________

Before BLACK and HULL, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI, * Judge.


         *
          Honorable Jane A. Restani, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade,
sitting by designation.
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DENIAL OF PETITION FOR PANEL REHEARING:

       The panel issued its opinion affirming the district court on January 12, 2018

(the Opinion). People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Miami Seaquarium,

879 F.3d 1142 (11th Cir. 2018). A petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en

banc was filed on February 2, 2018. Having considered the arguments raised in

the petition for panel rehearing, the panel adheres to its Opinion. Although the

petition does not cause us to change our conclusion, the panel believes a few of

Appellants’ arguments warrant a response.

       Appellants object to the Opinion’s summary discussion of Lolita’s injuries.

As an initial matter, Lolita presents a unique case because she: (1) is of advanced

age at 51, having surpassed the median life expectancy for wild, female Southern

Resident Killer Whales;1 (2) has received medical care for approximately 48 years 2

and continues to receive medical care; (3) has already been subject to an

unsuccessful federal challenge to the conditions of her captivity; and (4) has no

realistic means for returning to the wild without being harmed. Id. at 1145-46. At

her advanced age, Lolita cannot be expected to be free of health problems.


       1
         According to Miami Seaquarium, the median life expectancy of wild, female Southern
Resident Killer Whales is 38. According to Appellants, it is 50. We accept Appellants’ figure as
accurate for purposes of summary judgment, but note that Lolita—who is approximately 51—
has surpassed either measure.

       2
         This figure assumes Lolita was captured at 3 years of age. The record shows she was
captured between the ages of 3 and 6.
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      The outcome here avoids tying the hands of future courts in cases involving

younger, healthier animals who may be faced with different circumstances. It also

avoids signaling unintentionally that an animal’s age and the level of medical care

it receives are determinative. Put simply, based on the undisputed evidence and

the unique circumstances of this case, the panel determined that no reasonable fact

finder could conclude that Lolita’s injuries present a “threat of serious harm”

sufficient to trigger liability under the ESA. The Opinion further reflects the

panel’s determination that the law would be better served by announcing the

“threat of serious harm” rule, without defining its contours, and allowing district

courts the flexibility to apply that rule to future circumstances with which they are

presented.

      In any event, some injuries noted by Appellants would, given the record

evidence, plainly fail to meet the “threat of serious harm” standard. For example,

Appellants cite the “rakes” inflicted when the Pacific white-sided dolphins with

whom Lolita shares her tank scrape her with their teeth. But cetaceans, including

orcas and dolphins, undisputedly rake each other in the wild. And Appellants’ own

expert rated Lolita’s rakes as a three to four on a scale from one to ten, with ten

being the most raked orca observed in the wild and one being the least raked orca

observed in the wild. So, not only is Lolita suffering fewer rakes than the average

wild orca, she is receiving care to make sure her rakes heal. Given that evidence,


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Lolita’s rakes are not serious enough to illustrate that the conditions of her

captivity amount to “harm” or “harass[ment]” in violation of the ESA.

      The Opinion also faithfully applied the Supreme Court’s decision in Babbitt

v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon, 515 U.S. 687, 698,

704-06 (1995). Appellants read Babbitt as holding that noscitur a sociis should not

be used to interpret the ESA’s prohibition against the “tak[ing]” of any endangered

or threatened species. See 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B). We disagree.

      In Babbitt, the Supreme Court was urged to affirm a court of appeals

decision that used noscitur a sociis to invalidate a regulation that interpreted

“harm” as covering actions that “indirectly” impact endangered or threatened

animals (e.g., habitat destruction). 515 U.S. at 697-99. The court of appeals had

applied noscitur a sociis to support its conclusion that “harm” only includes

actions that “directly” impact endangered or threatened animals, reasoning “that

‘harm’ must refer to a direct application of force because the words around it do.”

Id. at 701. The Supreme Court concluded that the court of appeals incorrectly

applied noscitur a sociis to give the term “harm,” which could have been read as

covering indirect action, “essentially the same function as the other words in the

definition [of ‘take’],” which the court of appeals understood as covering only

direct action. Id. at 702. Babbitt therefore stands for the proposition that noscitur

a sociis should not be used to interpret the ESA’s prohibition against “tak[ing]” in


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a manner that would deprive a term in the definition of “take” of standalone

meaning. In other words, the Supreme Court in Babbitt did not indicate that

noscitur a sociis cannot be applied in cases involving the ESA’s prohibition

against “tak[ing]” or in the analysis of the ESA’s definition of “tak[ing].” The

Supreme Court merely held that the manner in which the court of appeals had

applied noscitur a sociis in that case was incorrect.

      As the Opinion explains, the application of noscitur a sociis in this case does

not deprive “harm” of independent meaning. “Harm” brings acts that “injure” by

“caus[ing] hurt or damage” within the ESA’s ambit. The term “harass” brings a

different category of action within the ESA’s purview—namely, “annoying,

vexatious, and troubling conduct.” The Opinion applied the canon to determine

what degree of “harm” or “harass[ment]” was actionable by looking to the eight

surrounding terms in the definition of “take.” The ultimate holding that either sort

of conduct must “pose a threat of serious harm” does not collapse “harm” and

“harass[ment]” into one another. Instead, it clarifies that acts constituting either

“harm” or “harass[ment]” are not actionable unless they meet a threshold level of

severity—any actionable “harm” must be serious and any actionable

“harass[ment]” must pose the threat of serious harm.

      The Opinion also aligns with Congress’ intent in drafting the ESA:

preventing extinction. Appellants contend that the Opinion ignores the


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intentionally broad language with which the ESA was drafted. On the contrary, the

panel acknowledges that the ESA was drafted broadly. The point made in the

Opinion is that the ESA’s language is not so broad as to cover acts totally unrelated

to the ESA’s purpose of preventing extinction. Accounting only for the dictionary

definitions of “harm” and “harass” would bring de minimis annoyances to

endangered animals that bear no reasonable relationship to extinction within the

ESA’s coverage—a result inconsistent with the ESA’s purpose.

        “Harass,” for example, means “to vex, trouble, or annoy continually or

chronically.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1031 (1986). Taken

to its outer limits, this definition could be construed as covering Lolita’s regular

veterinary care which, despite being chronically annoying from her perspective, is

life-prolonging. Surely Congress did not intend the ESA to illegalize veterinary

care.

        Alternatively, Appellants assert that our reading of the ESA conflicts with

regulatory definitions. For example, 50 C.F.R. § 222.102, which is entitled to

deference, provides that “harm” “means an act which actually kills or injures fish

or wildlife. Such an act may include significant habitat modification or

degradation where it actually kills or injures fish or wildlife by significantly

impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, spawning, rearing,

migrating, feeding, or sheltering.” Appellants contend “these definitions provide


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the threshold that conduct must meet to violate the ESA.” Petition at 7 (emphasis

added). But the Opinion does not interpret the level of conduct required to fall

within the ESA; it interprets the level of severity that “harm” or “harass[ment]”

must meet to fall within the ESA.

      Per the regulation, harm “may include significant habitat modification or

degradation which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife by significantly

impairing essential behavioral patterns.” 50 C.F.R. § 222.102 (emphasis added).

The regulation uses “significant” to describe the sort of activities that cause death

or injury and “significantly” to describe the manner in which that death or injury

occurs. The terms are not used to modify the phrase “to injure.” Put differently,

the regulation does not suggest injury must be “significant” to be actionable, it

suggests only that “significant” habitat modification or degradation may constitute

harm where it causes death or injury by “significantly” impairing essential

behavioral patterns. The regulation says nothing about the level of severity to

which the “injury” must rise to constitute actionable “harm.” Therefore, the

regulation does not answer the question posed by this case and is irrelevant to our

analysis.

      Examining the two key clauses in the regulation illustrates this point. First,

we turn to the requirement that habitat modification or degradation be

“significant.” Even “significant” habitat modification would not be actionable if it


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did not injure or kill the animal in question by significantly impairing its

behavioral patterns. Take, for example, an animal whose natural habitat is

destroyed when the forest where it used to live is destroyed by logging. The

habitat modification in that hypothetical is undeniably “significant.” But imagine

the animal, thanks to its adaptiveness, is neither injured nor killed—instead, it

seamlessly relocates and proceeds with its life. That habitat modification, however

“significant,” would not fall within the ambit of the regulation because neither

injury nor death resulted. Thus, the statement that habitat degradation must be

“significant” does not answer the question of what degree of “harm” is actionable.

      The back side of the regulation, which requires that the habitat modification

or degradation “significantly” impair essential behavioral patterns, is similarly

unhelpful. It clarifies that the regulation covers situations where an animal is

injured or killed because its essential behavioral patterns are “significantly”

impaired. The language of the regulation makes clear that it does not cover

situations in which “significant” impairment of essential behavioral patterns

occurs, but neither injury nor death results. Imagine, for example, an animal

whose essential behavioral pattern is “significantly” impaired when it is forced to

find a new breeding ground, but it succeeds in adapting without suffering any

injury. That behavioral impairment, however “significant,” would not be covered

because no injury or death resulted. Further, the regulation cannot be reasonably


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read as indicating that “significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns” is

itself “harm.” If that were the case, there would have been no reason to specify

that the impairment must actually kill or injure the animal in question. Thus, the

statement that the modification of behavioral patterns must be “significant” does

not answer the question of what degree of “harm” is actionable.

      Finally, the standalone statement that the animal must be actually killed or

injured is unhelpful. Harm is defined, in part, as “to injure.” Therefore, the

regulation does not answer the question of what degree of “harm” is actionable.

Instead, it illustrates that “harm” need not be direct. “Harm” can, in some

instances, be inflicted indirectly through habitat modification or degradation that

meets the threshold conditions set forth in the regulation.

      The petition for panel rehearing is therefore DENIED.




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