J-S01014-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    MADOU GASSIMOU BAH                         :   No. 912 MDA 2018

                  Appeal from the Order Entered May 11, 2018
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-22-CR-0002263-2016


BEFORE:      PANELLA, P.J., MURRAY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.:                              FILED JUNE 28, 2019

         The Commonwealth appeals1 from the order of the trial court granting

the motion filed by Appellee, Madou Gassimou Bah, seeking to suppress all

evidence obtained as a result of his vehicle stop. We affirm.

        The Commonwealth alleges that Bah was found transporting counterfeit

name brand apparel when his vehicle was stopped by the State Police. As a

result, the Commonwealth charged Bah with a single count of trademark

counterfeiting, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4119 (a)(7).

        Bah filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the stop of

his vehicle, asserting that the stop violated his rights against unreasonable

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   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 The Commonwealth has certified that the trial court’s order substantially
handicaps its prosecution as required by Pa.R.A.P. 311(d).
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searches under the Pennsylvania and Federal Constitutions. Bah further

contended that the items seized from his vehicle were “fruits of the poisonous

tree.” Id.

       A hearing on the suppression motion was held on March 27, 2018.

Trooper Travis Martin, of the Pennsylvania State Police, was the only witness.

The suppression court accurately summarized the factual history from the

testimony given at the Suppression Hearing as follows.

       On November 10, 2015, Trooper Travis Martin [] was conducting
       stationary patrol on Interstate 81 [] in the area of mile marker 75.
       At approximately 11:55 A.M., Trooper Martin observed[2] a brown
       Kia Sedona bearing a Minnesota license plate travelling
       southbound without its headlights activated in rainy conditions.[3]
       However, at the suppression hearing, Trooper Martin testified that
       he did not recall whether or not the vehicle's windshield wipers
       were in use, thereby triggering the requirement for the use of
       headlights. Trooper Martin pulled from his stationary position,
       activated his emergency lights and initiated a traffic stop. The
       driver of the vehicle was identified as Defendant Madou Bah.

       During the course of the traffic stop, Trooper Martin testified that
       he observed multiple indicators of criminal activity, such as
       nervous behavior, Defendant stating that he was from Columbus,
       Ohio, but his driver's license listing his residence as Philadelphia,
       Pennsylvania,[4] observed a number of boxes and bags in the rear
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2 Officer Martin testified that Bah was driving slower than the posted speed
limit and looked away as he passed. See N.T., Suppression Hearing,
3/27/2018, at 4.

3 Officer Martin testified that there was a light steady rain and cloudy
conditions at the time. See id., at 3.

4Officer Martin estimated that the location of the traffic stop was 35 miles off
course if travelling between Columbus and Philadelphia. He explained that the



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       seat, and Defendant continued to turn around to look in the rear
       seat of the vehicle. Thereafter, Defendant gave verbal and written
       consent for Trooper Martin to search his vehicle.

See Opinion and Order, filed 6/11/2018, at 1-2. A search of the vehicle

revealed counterfeit apparel in the cardboard boxes.

       In an opinion and order dated June 11, 2018, the suppression court

granted Bah’s motion to suppress. This timely appeal follows.

       On appeal, the Commonwealth presents the following issue for our

review:

       Whether the lower court erred in granting appellee’s suppression
       motion where Trooper Martin possessed probable cause to initiate
       a traffic stop as appellee was in violation of 75 Pa.C.S.A. §
       4302(a)(2)? Appellee failed to activate his headlights though there
       was a steady rain in cloudy conditions which called at least for
       intermittent windshield wiper use.

Commonwealth’s Brief, at 7.

       When a suppression court has granted a defendant’s motion to suppress

evidence, our standard and scope of review is as follows:

       [W]e are bound by that court’s factual findings to the extent that
       they are supported by the record, and we consider only the
       evidence offered by the defendant, as well as any portion of the
       Commonwealth’s evidence which remains uncontradicted, when
       read in the context of the entire record. Our review of the legal
       conclusions which have been drawn from such evidence, however,
       is de novo, and consequently, we are not bound by the legal
       conclusions of the lower court.



____________________________________________


quickest route between those two areas is the Pennsylvania turnpike and that
there are generally several hotels and places to eat at all interchanges along
the turnpike. See N.T., Suppression Hearing, 3/27/2018, at 10.

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Commonwealth v. Busser, 56 A.3d 419, 421 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation

omitted, brackets in original, italics added).

      The Motor Vehicle Code provides the authorization for a police officer

to stop a motor vehicle:

      Whenever a police officer ... has reasonable suspicion that a
      violation of this title is occurring or has occurred, he may stop a
      vehicle, upon request or signal, for the purpose of checking the
      vehicle's registration, proof of financial responsibility, vehicle
      identification number or engine number or the driver's license, or
      to secure such other information as the officer may reasonably
      believe to be necessary to enforce the provisions of this title.

75 Pa.C.S. § 6308(b). However, this Court has explained the following,

consistent with our Supreme Court’s clarification of constitutional principles

under the Fourth Amendment and the Pennsylvania Constitution:

      Traffic stops based on a reasonable suspicion: either of criminal
      activity or a violation of the Motor Vehicle Code under the
      authority of Section 6308(b) must serve a stated investigatory
      purpose. In effect, the language of Section 6308(b)—“to secure
      such other information as the officer may reasonably believe to be
      necessary to enforce the provisions of this title”—is conceptually
      equivalent with the underlying purpose of a Terry stop.

      Mere reasonable suspicion will not justify a vehicle stop when the
      driver's detention cannot serve an investigatory purpose relevant
      to the suspected violation. In such an instance, “it is [incumbent]
      upon the officer to articulate specific facts possessed by him, at
      the time of the questioned stop, which would provide probable
      cause to believe that the vehicle or the driver was in violation of
      some provision of the Code.”

Commonwealth v. Feczko, 10 A.3d 1285, 1290–91 (Pa. Super. 2010)

(citations omitted) (emphasis in original). Therefore, there are two types of

traffic stops, with different standards of review applicable to each.


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      Accordingly, when considering whether reasonable suspicion or
      probable cause is required constitutionally to make a vehicle stop,
      the nature of the violation has to be considered. If it is not
      necessary to stop the vehicle to establish that a violation of the
      Vehicle Code has occurred, an officer must possess probable cause
      to stop the vehicle. Where a violation is suspected, but a stop is
      necessary to further investigate whether a violation has occurred,
      an officer need only possess reasonable suspicion to make the
      stop. Illustrative of these two standards are stops for speeding
      and DUI. If a vehicle is stopped for speeding, the officer must
      possess probable cause to stop the vehicle. This is so because
      when a vehicle is stopped, nothing more can be determined as to
      the speed of the vehicle when it was observed while traveling upon
      a highway. On the other hand, if an officer possesses sufficient
      knowledge based upon behavior suggestive of DUI, the officer
      may stop the vehicle upon reasonable suspicion of a Vehicle Code
      violation, since a stop would provide the officer the needed
      opportunity to investigate further if the driver was operating under
      the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance.

Commonwealth v. Salter, 121 A.3d 987, 993 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citations

omitted). In this case, the Commonwealth does not dispute that the stop

served no investigatory purpose, and therefore the stop is valid only if Trooper

Martin had probable cause. See Appellant’s Brief, at 8-9 (unnumbered)

(arguing that Trooper Martin had probable cause to believe that Bah was in

violation of the Vehicle Code).

      After careful review of the record, and the relevant case law, we

conclude that the suppression court accurately and thoroughly addressed the

merits of the Commonwealth’s issue in its Opinion and Order.

      In the instant case, Trooper Martin testified that he performed a
      traffic stop of Defendant's vehicle for a suspected violation of 75
      Pa.C.S.A. § 4302 (periods for required lighting lamps), which
      reads:




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           (a)   General Rule - The operator of a vehicle upon a
                 highway shall display the lighted lamps and
                 other lamps and illuminating devices required
                 under this chapter for different classes of
                 vehicles, subject to exceptions with respect to
                 parked vehicles, at the following times:

                 (1)   Between sunset and sunrise.

                 (2)   Any time when the operator cannot
                       discern a person or vehicle upon the
                       highway from a distance of 1,000 feet due
                       to insufficient light or unfavorable
                       atmospheric conditions, including rain,
                       snow, sleet, hail, fog, smoke or smog.

                 (3)   Any time when the vehicle's windshield
                       wipers are in continuous or intermittent
                       use due to precipitation or atmospheric
                       moisture, including rain, snow, sleet or
                       mist.

     See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 4302. A traffic stop based upon a violation of
     the above–quoted statute does not serve an investigative
     purpose. Therefore, Trooper Martin must have possessed probable
     cause to conduct a traffic stop of Defendant's vehicle for a non-
     investigable violation of the MVC.

     At the suppression hearing, there was no evidence elicited that
     established a violation under Section 4301(a)(1) (the traffic stop
     was conducted around noon) and Section 4301(a)(2) (the dash -
     cam video showed clear visibility). In addition, Trooper Martin
     candidly testified that he was not sure whether or not Defendant's
     windshield wipers were in use prior to conducting the traffic stop.
     Since the basis for the stop was Defendant's failure to turn on his
     headlights while using his windshield wipers, and Trooper Martin
     is unable to state that he believed that Defendant's windshield
     wipers were in use at the time of the stop, Trooper Martin lacked
     probable cause to conduct a traffic stop based on a violation of 75
     Pa.C.S.A. § 4302(a)(3).

     Accordingly, we find that the Commonwealth failed to meet its
     burden that Trooper Martin possessed the requisite probable
     cause to conduct a traffic stop of Defendant’s vehicle for a non-

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     investigable violation of the MVC[.] [T]he evidence obtained
     during the search of Defendant’s vehicle must be suppressed.

See Opinion and Order, filed 6/11/2018, at 2-5.

     Based on the foregoing reasons, we find that the traffic stop of Bah’s

vehicle was not supported by probable cause. Accordingly, we conclude that

the suppression court did not err when it granted the motion to suppress.

     Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 06/28/2019




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