                                                                            Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                  Lansing, Michigan
                                                      Chief Justice:          Justices:



Opinion                                               Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                           Marilyn Kelly
                                                                           Stephen J. Markman
                                                                           Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                           Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                           Brian K. Zahra

                                                                       FILED JULY 11, 2011

                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT


 MILLER-DAVIS COMPANY,

              Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v                                                             No. 139666

 AHRENS CONSTRUCTION, INC.,

              Defendant-Appellee,

 and

 MERCHANTS BONDING COMPANY

              Defendant.


 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 MARILYN KELLY, J.

       This case involves a dispute over a construction contract. At issue is whether the

 limitations period in MCL 600.5839(1) applies to an action for breach of contract. The

 Court of Appeals held that it does and that the statute’s six-year limitations period

 expired before plaintiff filed its complaint, barring the suit. Accordingly, the Court of

 Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court, which had awarded plaintiff damages
for breach of contract, and remanded the case for entry of a judgment in favor of

defendant.1

        Plaintiff alleges that the general statute of limitations for breach of contract

actions, MCL 600.5807(8), controls its action and that it filed suit within six years of the

date its action accrued. Defendant alleges that the contractor statute of repose, MCL

600.5839(1), controls plaintiff’s action and that plaintiff filed it more than six years after

the occupancy, use, or acceptance of the roof defendant built.2 If defendant is correct, the

suit is time-barred; if plaintiff is correct, the suit may not be time-barred.

        We agree with plaintiff that MCL 600.5839(1) does not apply to actions for breach

of contract. MCL 600.5807(8) is the applicable statute. The limitations period in both

statutes is six years. But unlike the period in MCL 600.5839(1), which runs from “the

time of occupancy of the completed improvement, use, or acceptance of the

improvement,” the limitations period in MCL 600.5807(8) runs from the date the “claim

first accrued . . . .”

        Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals. Because there is a

question about the date plaintiff’s action accrued, we remand the case to the Court of

Appeals to resolve this issue, as well as other issues not yet considered.



1
  “Defendant,” as used in this opinion, refers to Ahrens Construction, Inc. Plaintiff also
sued Merchants Bonding Company, the surety that issued the performance bond covering
the work to be performed. However, Merchants settled with plaintiff and is not a party to
this appeal.
2
 MCL 600.5839 is both a statute of repose and a statute of limitations. Ostroth v Warren
Regency, GP, LLC, 474 Mich 36, 38-39; 709 NW2d 589 (2006).



                                               2
          THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Plaintiff, Miller-Davis Company, was the general contractor hired to improve and

construct various buildings for the YMCA Camping and Retreat Services of Battle Creek

and Kalamazoo. The project included construction of a natatorium. Plaintiff contracted

with defendant Ahrens Construction, Inc., to install the natatorium’s roof.

       A temporary certificate of occupancy was issued for the entire project on June 11,

1999. The roof was installed before that date. Soon after its installation, the YMCA

noticed excessive condensation in the natatorium, so severe at times that it appeared to be

“raining” in the pool area. The parties refer to this condition as the “natatorium moisture

problem” (NMP).

       The temperature and air pressure in the pool were adjusted. Also, defendant

performed corrective work on the roof.        But the NMP continued into 2003, when

plaintiff’s architect recommended removing the roof as the only means to determine

whether defendant’s improper installation caused the NMP.             The architect, who

eventually testified as plaintiff’s expert witness, opined that rips in and missing sections

of the vapor barrier and improper installation of the insulation had caused the NMP.

       Defendant insisted that the NMP was the result of design defects rather than poor

workmanship. After all defendant’s efforts to correct the problem were unsuccessful,

plaintiff declared a default. Plaintiff eventually performed the corrective work itself in

the fall of 2003.

       In May 2005, plaintiff sued defendant, alleging that it had breached its contract by

installing a roof that did not conform to the plan’s specifications.          Plaintiff sought

indemnification for the necessary corrective work. Its complaint did not allege that


                                             3
defendant’s work created a defective and unsafe condition, that defendant caused the

NMP, or that plaintiff’s damages arose from a defective and unsafe condition. Nor did it

refer to defendant’s express one-year guarantee or allege a breach of warranty.

       Defendant sought summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), claiming that

plaintiff had filed suit after expiration of the six-year period specified in the statute of

repose contained in MCL 600.5839(1).            The trial court denied defendant’s motion

without addressing the applicability of MCL 600.5839(1).3

       The case proceeded to a bench trial. Plaintiff’s theory was that defendant had

constructed a defective roof and that the nature of the defect became apparent only when

the roof was removed. It asserted that the NMP did not reappear after the roof was

reconstructed.   Defendant’s defense was that design defects caused the NMP.            For

example, defendant claimed that the NMP arose because the roof’s design allowed the

vapor barrier to come into contact with cold outside air. Defendant’s expert testified that

once the defectively designed roof had been removed, the NMP was corrected because

trapped moisture was allowed to escape. Alternatively, defendant argued that the alleged

defects in the roof were caused when plaintiff removed it.           In closing argument,

defendant again raised the statute of repose.

       The trial court ruled in favor of plaintiff. It determined that defendant was in

material breach of its contract for having performed nonconforming and defective work

on the roof, which required corrective measures.            This resulted in damages of

3
 Defendant sought interlocutory leave to appeal in the Court of Appeals, which the Court
denied in an unpublished order, entered March 6, 2006 (Docket No. 266936). There was
no appeal in this Court.



                                                4
$348,851.50. On the indemnity claim, the court ruled in favor of defendant because no

suits had been filed against plaintiff. Hence, no indemnification was required. The court

did not address the statute of repose issue.

          Defendant appealed as of right, raising the statute of repose, among other

defenses. Plaintiff cross-appealed the denial of its indemnity claim. The Court of

Appeals agreed with defendant on the statute-of-repose issue and reversed the judgment

of the trial court.4 Because that resolution rendered moot the other issues, including the

cross-appeal, the Court of Appeals declined to consider them and remanded the case for

entry of a judgment for defendant.5

          We granted plaintiff’s application for leave to appeal.6

                                THE STATUTES INVOLVED

          The issue in this case is whether the statute of repose contained in MCL

600.5839(1) or the statute of limitations contained in MCL 600.5807(8) applies to

plaintiff’s civil action. This case also involves the interpretation and application of MCL

600.5805. The issue presents a question of law that we review de novo.7

          MCL 600.5805 sets forth various periods of limitations for civil actions.      It

provides, in pertinent part:



4
    Miller-Davis Co v Ahrens Constr, Inc, 285 Mich App 289, 292; 777 NW2d 437 (2009).
5
    Id.
6
    Miller-Davis Co v Ahrens Constr, Inc, 488 Mich 875 (2010).
7
    Boyle v Gen Motors Corp, 468 Mich 226, 229-230; 661 NW2d 557 (2003).



                                                5
             (1) A person shall not bring or maintain an action to recover
      damages for injuries to persons or property unless, after the claim first
      accrued to the plaintiff or someone through whom the plaintiff claims, the
      action is commenced within the periods of time prescribed by this section.

                                          * * *

              (10) The period of limitations is 3 years after the time of the death or
      injury for all other actions to recover damages for the death of a person, or
      for injury to a person or property.

                                          * * *

             (14) The period of limitations for an action against a state licensed
      architect, professional engineer, land surveyor, or contractor based on an
      improvement to real property shall be as provided in [MCL 600.5839].

MCL 600.5839 provides:

              (1) No person may maintain any action to recover damages for any
      injury to property, real or personal, or for bodily injury or wrongful death,
      arising out of the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real
      property, nor any action for contribution or indemnity for damages
      sustained as a result of such injury, against any state licensed architect or
      professional engineer performing or furnishing the design or supervision of
      construction of the improvement, or against any contractor making the
      improvement, more than 6 years after the time of occupancy of the
      completed improvement, use, or acceptance of the improvement, or 1 year
      after the defect is discovered or should have been discovered, provided that
      the defect constitutes the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which
      the action is brought and is the result of gross negligence on the part of the
      contractor or licensed architect or professional engineer. However, no such
      action shall be maintained more than 10 years after the time of occupancy
      of the completed improvement, use, or acceptance of the improvement.

                                          * * *

            (4) As used in this section, “contractor” means an individual,
      corporation, partnership, or other business entity which makes an
      improvement to real property.

      Plaintiff asserts that MCL 600.5839(1) does not apply to its action. Rather, it

claims that the general statute of limitation for contract actions, MCL 600.5807(8),



                                             6
applies. It provides: “The period of limitations is 6 years for all other actions to recover

damages or sums due for breach of contract.”

                THE SCOPE AND APPLICATION OF MCL 600.5839(1)

        In order to determine the scope of MCL 600.5839(1), we consider first the overall

statutory scheme involving periods of limitations for tort and contract actions contained

in the Revised Judicature Act.8      MCL 600.5805 is entitled “Injuries to persons or

property.”9 It is commonly known as the general tort statute of limitations because it is

“‘a compilation of the limitations on the general tort remedies.’”10

        Section 5805(1) requires that all actions for injury to persons or property be

brought within the time periods set forth in the section. There follow 14 subsections, 12

of which clearly refer to various types of tort suits.11 Aside from subsection (15), which

defines “dating relationship,” the only subsection that might be interpreted as not limited

8
    See MCL 600.5805 and MCL 600.5807.
9
  This title was editorially supplied. See Michigan Compiled Laws Annotated, Preface,
p III (West, 2000); MCLA 600.5805.
10
  Sam v Balardo, 411 Mich 405, 433; 308 NW2d 142 (1981), quoting the comment of
the drafters of the Revised Judicature Act, the Joint Committee on Michigan Procedural
Revision, November 15, 1959, reprinted as MCLS 600.5805, Committee Comment.
11
   Subsections (2), (3), (4), (11), and (12) set forth the periods of limitations for actions
involving assault, battery, and false imprisonment. Subsection (5) deals with malicious
prosecution. Subsections (6), (7), and (8) deal with malpractice, misconduct by a sheriff,
and negligence by a constable. Subsection (9) applies to claims charging libel or slander.
Subsection (13) involves products liability actions. And subsection (10) sets the period
of limitations for “all other actions to recover damages for the death of a person, or for
injury to a person or property.” It is commonly known as the residual tort statute. See,
e.g., Local 1064, RWDSU AFL-CIO v Ernst & Young, 449 Mich 322, 325; 535 NW2d
187 (1995).



                                             7
to torts is subsection (14), pertaining to architects, engineers, land surveyors, and

contractors.

         Subsection (14), through reference to MCL 600.5839, uses language similar to that

found throughout the remainder of section 5805, referring to “injury to property” and

“bodily injury.”12    In fact, to describe the types of injuries to which they apply, MCL

600.5805 and MCL 600.5839(1) use variations of the phrase “injuries to persons or

property.” That language describes tort actions.13 Thus, all subsections of section 5805

are geared toward tort actions.

         In contrast to MCL 600.5805, the next section in the code, MCL 600.5807, sets

forth the limitations periods for suits seeking damages for breaches of contract. Unlike

MCL 600.5805, MCL 600.5807 contains no reference to MCL 600.5839.                 And no

subsection of MCL 600.5807 refers to injuries to persons or property. Thus, MCL

600.5805 and MCL 600.5839 apply to tort actions, and MCL 600.5807 applies to

contract actions.

         The Michigan Supreme Court’s decision 34 years ago in Huhtala v Travelers Ins

Co14 reinforces this conclusion. Huhtala addressed how to determine whether a claim is

subject to MCL 600.5805 or MCL 600.5807. It clarified that the nature and origin of a


12
     MCL 600.5805(14); MCL 600.5839(1).
13
  See Huhtala v Travelers Ins Co, 401 Mich 118; 257 NW2d 640 (1977); see also Fries v
Holland Hitch Co, 12 Mich App 178, 183; 162 NW2d 672 (1968) (“[MCL 600.5805 and
MCL 600.5807] are generally thought of as ‘tort’ and ‘contract’ provisions
respectively . . . .”).
14
     Huhtala, 401 Mich 118.



                                             8
cause of action determine which limitations period applies. MCL 600.5805, it held, is

applicable to actions to recover damages for injuries to person or property, whereas MCL

600.5807 is applicable to actions to recover damages for breach of contract.15

         Under Huhtala, if an action is founded on a “consensual” duty or obligation or the

breach of an “express promise,” the action is not for personal injury. It is an action to

recover damages for breach of contract and is governed by the six-year statute of

limitations in MCL 600.5807. By contrast, when an action is founded on a “non-

consensual” duty or one “imposed by law,” the action is generally governed by the three-

year statute of limitations in MCL 600.5805.16

         In distinguishing between tort actions and contract actions in the context of

sections 5805 and 5807, Huhtala concluded that any “action to recover damages for

injury to persons or property” is a tort action.17 However, it did not specifically address

the language of MCL 600.5839(1).

         The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit did apply the reasoning

of Huhtala to MCL 600.5839(1) in Garden City Osteopathic Hosp v HBE Corp,18 a

diversity action governed by Michigan law.         It held that MCL 600.5839(1) is not

applicable to a claim against an engineer or contractor if the nature and origin of the

claim is the breach of a contract.

15
     Id. at 124-127.
16
     Id. at 130-132.
17
     Id. at 126-127.
18
     Garden City Osteopathic Hosp v HBE Corp, 55 F3d 1126 (CA 6, 1995).



                                             9
         In that case, a hospital contracted with a builder and an architect for the

construction of a building addition. The hospital discovered a defect in the work and

sued the builder and architect for breach of contract. The federal district court granted

the defendants’ motion for summary disposition. It found that MCL 600.5839(1) barred

the hospital’s claims.19

         The Sixth Circuit reversed that decision. It surveyed Michigan caselaw and found

that the distinction outlined in Huhtala supplied the proper analysis for determining

whether MCL 600.5839(1) applied to the hospital’s breach of contract claim.20 It pointed

out that limitations periods differ depending on the type of damages sought.21 The court

then concluded that the hospital’s claim was subject to the six-year statute of limitations

applicable to actions to recover damages for breach of contract, MCL 600.5807(8).22

         In arriving at this conclusion, it noted that the nature and origin of the claim was

“that the defendants failed to perform the express promise to construct the improvement

in conformity with the governing contract documents.”23 The court also noted that the

claim did not involve a duty implied by law, but was dependent on the existence of a

19
     Id. at 1129.
20
     Id. at 1131-1133.
21
   For example, MCL 600.5807 governs actions to recover damages for “breach of
contract.” MCL 600.5805 governs actions to recover damages for “injuries to persons or
property.” And MCL 600.5839(1) governs actions to recover damages for “injury to
property, real or personal, or for bodily injury or wrongful death arising out of the
defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property . . . .”
22
     Garden City Osteopathic Hosp, 55 F3d at 1133-1136.
23
     Id. at 1133.



                                              10
contract and contract principles.24 We find the rationale in Garden City Osteopathic

Hosp persuasive.

           In this case, the Court of Appeals relied on Michigan Millers Mut Ins Co v West

Detroit Bldg Co25 for the proposition that MCL 600.5839(1) applies to contract actions.26

In Michigan Millers, a contractor built a restaurant for the owner.27 When the roof

collapsed because of allegedly defective roof trusses, the owner and the insurer sued the

contractor for negligence and breach of contract.28

           Without supporting analysis, the Court of Appeals found it “clear” that the

limitations period in MCL 600.5839(1) did not pertain solely to tort actions given that the

statute used the language “‘any action to recover damages for any injury to

property . . . .’”29 The Court did not address the view that the language it cited means

“any tort action” because the liability for an injury to property arises from a tort; it is

distinct from the liability that arises from the breach of a contractual agreement.

           Rather, the Court concluded that MCL 600.5839(1) applies “to all actions brought

against contractors on the basis of an improvement to real property, including those


24
     Id.
25
  Mich Millers Mut Ins Co v West Detroit Bldg Co, 196 Mich App 367; 494 NW2d 1
(1992).
26
     Miller-Davis, 285 Mich App at 305.
27
     Mich Millers, 196 Mich App at 369.
28
     Id.
29
     Id. at 378, quoting MCL 600.5839(1).



                                              11
brought by owners for damage to the improvement itself.”30 With this statement, the

Court of Appeals erroneously expanded the scope of MCL 600.5839(1) to contract

actions, although it had been asked to determine only the disposition of a negligence

action.31 This conclusion was later cited in Travelers Ins Co v Guardian Alarm Co of

Mich,32 in which the Court held that the statute of repose applied to the plaintiff’s breach

of contract and breach of warranty claims.

         The Michigan Millers Court turned to the statute’s legislative history in an attempt

to substantiate its holding. However, the history on which it relied does not support

expanding the scope of MCL 600.5839(1) beyond tort actions. It said only that “‘[t]he

bill would ensure that, in future claims against engineers, architects, and contractors, . . .

[they would] be protected from suits charging malpractice or negligence in building

improvements . . . .’”33

         By expanding the scope of MCL 600.5839 to contract actions, Michigan Millers

blurred the critical distinction between third-party tort claims and contract claims


30
     Mich Millers, 196 Mich App at 378.
31
  In Michigan Millers, the plaintiffs acknowledged that their breach of contract claim
was time-barred. Mich Millers, 196 Mich App at 372 n 1. Because of this
acknowledgement, the Court of Appeals had no occasion to consider and decide whether
a breach of contract claim is subject to MCL 600.5839. The Court was called on to
decide only whether the plaintiffs’ negligence claim—a claim stemming from a duty
imposed by law—was barred by MCL 600.5839(1). Thus, the statement in Michigan
Millers expanding the scope of § 5839(1) to contract actions was dictum.
32
 Travelers Ins Co v Guardian Alarm Co of Mich, 231 Mich App 473, 481-482; 596
NW2d 760 (1998).
33
     Id. at 376 (citations omitted; emphasis added).



                                               12
between parties to an express contract. It expanded the applicability of the statute beyond

any arguable legislative intent. Furthermore, its holding exceeded that necessary to

resolve the issues involved. In sum, the Court of Appeals in this case relied on Michigan

Millers for a proposition that is unsubstantiated. We overrule Michigan Millers and

Travelers Ins Co because they are inconsistent with § 5839.

         In the 1980 case of O’Brien v Hazelet & Erdal,34 this Court explained the

Legislature’s intent in drafting MCL 600.5839:

                [This statute] was enacted in 1967 in response to then recent
         developments in the law of torts. The waning of the privity doctrine as a
         defense against suits by injured third parties and other changes in the law
         increased the likelihood that persons taking part in the design and
         construction of improvements to real property might be forced to defend
         against claims arising out of alleged defects in such improvements, perhaps
         many years after construction of the improvement was completed. The
         Legislature chose to limit the liability of architects and engineers in order to
         relieve them of the potential burden of defending claims brought long after
         completion of the improvement and thereby limit the impact of recent
         changes in the law upon the availability or cost of the services provided.

MCL 600.5839 was crafted in response to changes in tort law. A reference to it was

placed in the general tort statute of limitations, MCL 600.5805. MCL 600.5839 also uses

language—“injury to property” and “bodily injury or wrongful death”—that is generally

associated with tort actions. The logical conclusion is that it was intended to apply to tort

actions. However, no similar conclusion can be drawn with respect to its applicability to

actions for breach of contract.




34
     O’Brien v Hazelet & Erdal, 410 Mich 1, 14; 299 NW2d 336 (1980).



                                               13
       In 1986, in City of Marysville v Pate, Hirn & Bogue, Inc,35 the Court of Appeals

again commented on the Legislature’s intent in enacting MCL 600.5839:

               [T]his statute was enacted primarily to limit the engineers’ and
       architects’ exposure to litigation by injured third persons as evidenced by
       the legislation’s timing and relation to case law. However, the Legislature
       never intended this statute to fix the period of limitation in which an owner
       of an improvement to real property must bring an action against the
       architect or engineer for professional malpractice committed in the planning
       or building of the improvement which results in deficiencies to the
       improvement itself. Unlike the language of other states’ statutes, the words
       selected by Michigan’s Legislature make it clear that the statute simply
       applies when there is an injury “. . . arising out of the defect and unsafe
       condition . . . .” If there is no causal connection between the defective
       condition and the injury, the provision does not apply. Similarly, where the
       suit is for deficiencies in the improvement itself, the injury is the defective
       condition, hence, the injury does not “arise out of” the defective condition,
       but, rather, it is the condition. Therefore, claims for deficiencies in the
       improvement itself do not come within the scope of this special statute of
       limitation.

       We agree that the language of the provision strongly supports the conclusion that

MCL 600.5839 does not apply to a breach of contract claim for a defect in a building

improvement. We conclude that the Legislature intended the provision to be limited to

actions in tort. Thus, it does not apply to a claim against an engineer or contractor for a

defect in an improvement when the nature and origin of the claim is the breach of a

contract.

       In this case, the complaint alleged two counts against the construction company:

(1) breach of contract for installing a roof that did not conform to plan specifications and



35
  City of Marysville v Pate, Hirn & Bogue, Inc, 154 Mich App 655, 660; 397 NW2d 859
(1986).



                                             14
(2) indemnity for the corrective work plaintiff had to perform. Neither claim fits within

the language of MCL 600.5839(1).36

         There was no allegation that the roof deck system caused any “injury to property”

or “bodily injury or wrongful death.”37 Nor was there any allegation of a “defective and

unsafe condition.”38 Rather, plaintiff claimed that, because defendant failed to build the

roof to the agreed-upon specifications, plaintiff was forced to expend money repairing it.

Thus, the damages involved in this case were not to plaintiff’s person or property, but

rather to its financial expectations.

         A claim for damages for deficiencies in an improvement is not an “action to

recover damages for any injury to property . . . or for bodily injury or wrongful

death . . . .”39 It is a suit for breach of contract.40 Here, there was a contract. Plaintiff did

not rely on a duty implied in law, but solely on the terms of the contract.               Thus,

defendant’s obligation to plaintiff arose out of the contract. Because plaintiff claimed

that defendant breached the contract that defendant and plaintiff entered into, the six-year

period of limitations for contract actions, MCL 600.5807(8), applies in this case.


36
     A third count, involving the surety’s liability, is no longer at issue.
37
     See MCL 600.5839(1).
38
     See id.
39
     MCL 600.5839.
40
 Marysville, 154 Mich App at 660; see also Burrows v Bidigare/Bublys, Inc, 158 Mich
App 175, 182; 404 NW2d 650 (1987).




                                                 15
Because MCL 600.5839(1) does not apply to actions for breach of contract, it did not bar

plaintiff’s claims. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals erred by concluding that plaintiff’s

contract action was barred by MCL 600.5839(1).

                                     CONCLUSION

      MCL 600.5839(1) applies to actions for “injury to property” or “bodily injury or

wrongful death,” which are commonly viewed as tort actions. There is a reference to

MCL 600.5839 in the statute of limitations covering tort actions, MCL 600.5805, but

there is no similar reference to MCL 600.5839 in the statute of limitations covering

contract actions, MCL 600.5807. Thus, the statutory language and the overall statutory

scheme lead to the conclusion that MCL 600.5839 is limited to tort actions. This view is

supported by Huhtala and Garden City Osteopathic Hosp. While Michigan Millers

reached the opposite conclusion, it did so in dictum, and it misconstrued the legislative

history. We overrule Michigan Millers and Travelers Ins Co, which relied on it.

      We hold that MCL 600.5839(1) is limited to tort actions. It does not apply to

breach of contract actions. The Court of Appeals erred by concluding that plaintiff’s

contract action was barred by MCL 600.5839(1). Accordingly, we remand this case to

the Court of Appeals for application of MCL 600.5807(8) and, if necessary, for

consideration of the remaining issues raised in the appeal and cross-appeal.


                                                       Marilyn Kelly
                                                       Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                       Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                       Diane M. Hathaway
                                                       Mary Beth Kelly
                                                       Brian K. Zahra


                                            16
