               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 44279

STATE OF IDAHO,                                 ) 2017 Opinion No. 34
                                                )
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                    ) Filed: June 28, 2017
                                                )
v.                                              ) Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
                                                )
TRAVIS WHARTON,                                 )
                                                )
       Defendant,                               )
                                                )
and                                             )
                                                )
ALADDIN BAIL BONDS as claimed                   )
agent for AMERICAN CONTRACTORS                  )
INDEMNITY COMPANY,                              )
                                                )
       Surety/Real Party in Interest-           )
       Appellant.                               )
                                                )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho,
       Elmore County. Hon. Jonathan Medema, District Judge.

       Order denying motion to set aside forfeiture and exonerate bond, affirmed.

       Nevin, Benjamin, McKay & Bartlett, LLP; Christopher D. Sherman, Boise, for
       appellant. Christopher D. Sherman argued.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Jessica M. Lorello, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Jessica M. Lorello argued.
                 ________________________________________________

HUSKEY, Judge
       Aladdin Bail Bonds (Aladdin) 1 appeals from the district court’s order denying Aladdin’s
motion to set aside forfeiture and exonerate bond posted on behalf of Travis Wharton. Aladdin
argues the district court made clearly erroneous factual findings and abused its discretion when it


1
       The district court recognized that Aladdin Bail Bonds is an assumed name under which
Two Jinn, Inc. conducts business. As the district court referred to Two Jinn by its assumed
name, we will do the same.
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failed to consider Aladdin’s efforts to locate and apprehend Wharton under Idaho Criminal Rule
46(h)(1)(B). Aladdin also contends the district court abused its discretion when it failed to
consider Aladdin’s recovery efforts as a relevant, non-enumerated factor under I.C.R. 46(h)(1).
The State asserts Aladdin failed to show error because there is an incomplete record on appeal
and Aladdin’s argument on appeal is not preserved. We affirm.
                                                I.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The State charged Wharton with trafficking in marijuana and obstructing and delaying an
officer. The magistrate set bail in the amount of $100,000. The bail bond posted for Wharton
was signed by a Benjamin Barrera (Barrera) as a licensed bail agent of the American Contractors
Indemnity Company (American Contractors).             If Wharton failed to appear, American
Contractors agreed to pay Wharton’s $100,000 bond. According to the district court, attached to
the bail bond was a power of attorney form issued by American Contractors which gave Aladdin
the power to act as the attorney-in-fact for American Contractors in executing a bail bond. 2
       Wharton failed to appear for a motion hearing and his trial counsel was unable to explain
Wharton’s absence. The district court revoked Wharton’s bail, issued an arrest warrant, and
ordered the bond posted by American Contractors be forfeited. Pursuant to Idaho Code § 19-
2915, the clerk of the court sent notice to American Contractors and Aladdin, an agent
authorized to receive such notices, of the district court’s intention to discharge the order of
forfeiture if Wharton was not brought before the court within 180 days of the order of forfeiture.
       Three days before the expiration of the 180-day time period, Aladdin filed a motion to set
aside the order of forfeiture and to exonerate American Contractors from further liability under
the bond. Aladdin supported its motion with affidavits from Aladdin’s bond recovery agents.
Aladdin argued the district court should consider Aladdin’s efforts to locate and return Wharton
as a factor under I.C.R. 46(h). The State filed an objection, arguing the district court should not
exonerate the bond because Wharton had a previously dismissed Iowa parole violation, had a
previous felony drug conviction, and Wharton was committing new crimes at the time he was
located by Aladdin. Aladdin responded that the district court should not consider Wharton’s
previous parole violation because it is “irrelevant and not an enumerated factor under


2
       Although referenced by the district court, neither the bond document nor the power of
attorney document is included in the record on appeal.
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I.C.R. 46(h).” Aladdin explained that the district court should consider all relevant factors which
were the enumerated factors in I.C.R. 46(h). Because Wharton’s previous parole violation was
not an enumerated factor, Aladdin argued it was not a relevant factor to consider.
        After a hearing on the motion, the district court denied Aladdin’s motion. In considering
“the participation of the person posting bail in locating and apprehending the defendant” under
I.C.R. 46(h)(1)(B), the district court held it could not attribute Aladdin’s efforts to locate and
apprehend Wharton to American Contractors or to American Contractors’ licensed bail agent,
Barrera, because there was no evidence of any agreement or relationship between American
Contractors and Aladdin, nor was there any evidence of an agreement or relationship between
Barrera and Aladdin. The district court held: “What, if any, agreement or relationship exists
between American Contractors and Aladdin has not been shown or even argued to the Court.”
Further, the district court explained that while it suspected Aladdin and American Contractors
had some agreement, there was nothing in the record to support that suspicion. Even if there was
evidence of the relationship, the district court stated:
        [T]he court is not sure the analysis would change. American Contractors would
        still be the “person posting bail” even if they had subsequently passed the risk of
        that undertaking onto someone else. If the order of forfeiture “becomes” a
        judgment under I.C. § 19-2918 the judgment would be against American
        Contractors.
        The district court then addressed other relevant factors not enumerated in I.C.R. 46(h),
such as a surety’s knowledge of the risk it is accepting. The district court explained that
although Aladdin understood Wharton was a risk, the district court had no information about
Aladdin’s relationship with American Contractors or Barrera. Because of the lack of information
of the relationship, the district court determined it could not determine whether American
Contractors or Barrera knew of the risk. The district court stated that both Aladdin and the State
assumed the existence of relationships between American Contractors, its licensed agent Barrera,
and Aladdin, that were not apparent from the record. The district court held: “Where the Court
has no information at all regarding Mr. Barrera’s or American Contractors’ knowledge of the
defendant’s criminal history, the Court will simply not consider this argument, like it has not
considered Aladdin’s efforts at recovery.”
        Aladdin timely appeals. The district court granted Aladdin’s request to stay remittance of
the forfeiture while the appeal is pending.


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                                                  II.
                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Whether to set aside the forfeiture of a bail bond under I.C.R. 46 is committed to the
discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned absent a finding that the trial court abused
its discretion. State v. Big Dawg Bail Bonds, 157 Idaho 373, 376, 336 P.3d 306, 309 (Ct. App.
2014). When a trial court’s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court
conducts a multi-tiered inquiry to determine whether the lower court correctly perceived the
issue as one of discretion, acted within the boundaries of such discretion and consistently with
any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it, and reached its decision by an
exercise of reason. State v. Hedger, 115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d 1331, 1333 (1989).
                                                 III.
                                            ANALYSIS
A.     The District Court’s Factual Findings Are Not Clearly Erroneous and the District
       Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Holding That Without Evidence of a
       Relationship, Aladdin’s Recovery Efforts Could Not Be Attributed to American
       Contractors Under Idaho Criminal Rule 46(h)(1)(B)
       Aladdin argues the district court’s denial of its motion to set aside forfeiture and
exonerate bond was an abuse of discretion because the district court relied upon clearly
erroneous factual findings. Aladdin contends the district court incorrectly found that there was
no evidence indicating that Aladdin was the person posting bond under I.C.R. 46(h)(1)(B), that
no evidence in the record demonstrated Aladdin acted as an agent of American Contractors, and
that there was no evidence of American Contractors’ attempts to locate and apprehend Wharton.
Aladdin argues that because it had power of attorney and was the designated agent to receive
notice pursuant to I.C. § 19-2915(3), there was sufficient evidence that Aladdin acted on behalf
of American Contractors. The State argues the district court properly held there was no evidence
indicating a relationship between Aladdin and American Contractors.
       This Court will not set aside factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. State v.
Henage, 143 Idaho 655, 659, 152 P.3d 16, 20 (2007). To be found clearly erroneous, factual
findings must be unsupported by substantial and competent evidence. Id. Idaho Criminal
Rule 46(h) provides that the district court may direct forfeiture be set aside, in whole or in part, if
it appears justice does not require the enforcement of the forfeiture. The decision whether or not
to set aside forfeiture is left to the discretion of the district court. Big Dawg Bail Bonds, 157


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Idaho at 376, 336 P.3d at 309. In deciding how to exercise that discretion, the district court is
required under I.C.R. 46(h) to consider a number of factors. One of those factors provides that
the district court shall consider the participation of the person posting bail in locating and
apprehending the defendant. I.C.R. 46(h)(1)(B).
       As noted above, the district court found that under I.C.R. 46(h)(1)(B) American
Contractors was the person posting bail. The district court held it could not attribute Aladdin’s
efforts to locate and apprehend Wharton to American Contractors or to American Contractors’
licensed bail agent, Barrera, because there was no evidence of any agreement or relationship
between American Contractors and Aladdin, nor was there any evidence of an agreement or
relationship between Barrera and Aladdin. The district court recognized that “certainly Aladdin
is not expending the resources to hire a private investigator to fly around the country in an
attempt to track [the defendant] down unless Aladdin has some exposure for the bail liability or
someone is compensating it for those services.” Although the district court suspected Aladdin
and American Contractors had some agreement, it found nothing in the record before the district
court evidenced that relationship. The district court reasoned that even if there was evidence of a
relationship between Aladdin and American Contractors, its analysis would not change because
“American Contractors would still be the ‘person posting bail’ even if they had subsequently
passed the risk of that undertaking onto someone else.”
       At oral argument, Aladdin argued that the district court’s decision was in conflict with
the purpose of the Idaho Bail Act.         Aladdin represented that Aladdin’s relationship with
American Contractors is the typical practice of the bail bond industry, in which surety
companies, such as American Contractors, rely upon agent companies like Aladdin to supervise
defendants and ensure their appearance in court. Aladdin’s attorney argued that because this
practice ensures the appearance of the defendant in court, which is the primary purpose of bail,
Aladdin’s efforts to locate and apprehend the defendant should be attributed to American
Contractors. In our view, under I.C.R. 46(h)(1)(B), courts should look not only to the efforts of
the person posting bail, but also at the relationships the person posting bail has with other entities
such that the efforts of another entity might be attributed to the person posting bail. A sufficient
relationship between the person posting bail and a separate entity is not particularly onerous to
establish and may have been established in this case based on the bail bond agreement and/or the
power of attorney document.

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       Moreover, the record before this Court does not include the bail bond, the power of
attorney form attached to the bond, and/or any evidence to indicate Aladdin was listed as the
agent designated by American Contractors to receive notice pursuant to I.C. § 19-2915(3). It is
the responsibility of the appellant to provide a sufficient record to substantiate his or her claims
on appeal. State v. Murinko, 108 Idaho 872, 873, 702 P.2d 910, 911 (Ct. App. 1985). In the
absence of an adequate record on appeal to support the appellant’s claims, we will not presume
error. State v. Beason, 119 Idaho 103, 105, 803 P.2d 1009, 1011 (Ct. App. 1991). Any missing
portions of the record are presumed to support the trial court’s ruling. State v. Repici, 122 Idaho
538, 541, 835 P.2d 1349, 1352 (Ct. App. 1992). Without a complete record, we cannot review
the documents to determine whether the district court made erroneous factual findings and as a
result, we must defer to the district court’s factual findings. Because the district court’s factual
findings were not clearly erroneous, Aladdin did not show that the district court abused its
discretion.
       Additionally, Aladdin did not provide any authority from the Idaho Bail Act or the Idaho
Criminal Rules to support its assertion that Aladdin is the person posting bail. Aladdin contends
it acted on behalf of American Contractors as evidenced by the power of attorney form and being
the designated agent to receive notice pursuant to I.C. § 19-2915(3). However, Aladdin provided
no argument or authority to explain how or why having power of attorney and/or being the
designated agent to receive notice pursuant to I.C. § 2915(3) is sufficient evidence that Aladdin
acted on behalf of American Contractors for purposes of I.C.R. 46(h)(1)(B). A party waives an
issue on appeal if either authority or argument is lacking. State v. Zichko, 129 Idaho 259, 263,
923 P.2d 966, 970 (1996). Because Aladdin did not present this Court with argument or
authority to support this issue, Aladdin waived consideration of the issue on appeal.
B.     The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Declined to Consider
       Aladdin’s Efforts to Locate and Apprehend Wharton as an Additional Relevant
       Factor Under I.C.R. 46(h)(1)
       Aladdin argues the district court abused its discretion by failing to consider Aladdin’s
attempts to locate and apprehend Wharton as an un-enumerated relevant factor pursuant to
I.C.R. 46(h)(1). The State argues Aladdin has not preserved this argument on appeal because
Aladdin argued in the district court that factors not enumerated in I.C.R. 46(h)(1) could not be
considered. We agree with the State.



                                                 6
       Appellate court review is limited to the evidence, theories, and arguments that were
presented below. State v. Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 670, 227 P.3d 918, 924 (2010). Issues not
raised below generally may not be considered for the first time on appeal. State v. Fodge, 121
Idaho 192, 195, 824 P.2d 123, 126 (1992). Aladdin’s argument on appeal--that the district court
should consider Aladdin’s efforts as a relevant, non-enumerated factor--was not raised before the
district court. In its motion to set aside forfeiture, Aladdin argued that in determining whether to
set aside forfeiture, the district court should consider all relevant factors and cited to the
enumerated factors of I.C.R. 46(h)(1) as the relevant factors. While Aladdin asserted the district
court should consider Aladdin’s efforts to locate and return Wharton, Aladdin did not articulate
that these efforts should be considered as a relevant, non-enumerated factor not listed in the rule.
In Aladdin’s response to the State’s objection, Aladdin only cited the enumerated factors of
I.C.R. 46(h)(1) and argued the district court should consider only relevant factors enumerated in
and pursuant to I.C.R. 46(h)(1). Further, at the hearing on Aladdin’s motion, Aladdin’s trial
counsel stated:
               As I think is evidenced in our memorandum and in our response to the
       State’s objection, the factors that are to be considered by the Court when
       determining whether or not justice requires that the forfeiture be set aside, those
       factors are fairly and clearly articulated by Idaho Criminal Rule 46.
       Aladdin’s arguments in the district court and on appeal are different. To argue in district
court that the court should consider Aladdin’s recovery efforts only under one of the enumerated
factors in I.C.R. 46(h)(1) does not fairly include the argument that Aladdin’s recovery efforts
should have alternatively been considered as a relevant, non-enumerated factor. Aladdin may
not claim on appeal that the district court’s decision was in error based on an argument that was
never presented to the district court for consideration. Appellate courts are forums of review, not
decisions in the first instance. Because Aladdin did not raise this argument before the district
court, it waived consideration of the argument on appeal.
                                                IV.
                                         CONCLUSION
        Aladdin has failed to show that the district court abused its discretion by denying its
motion to set aside forfeiture and exonerate bond. Accordingly, the district court’s order denying
the motion to set aside forfeiture and exonerate bond is affirmed.
       Chief Judge GRATTON and Judge GUTIERREZ CONCUR.


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