                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    May 10, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 325613
                                                                    Oakland Circuit Court
URSULA JAMAL PURRY,                                                 LC No. 2014-248919-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MURPHY, P.J., and CAVANAGH and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals as of right her jury convictions of possession with intent to deliver less
than 50 grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv), possession of morphine, MCL
333.7403(2)(b)(ii), and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony
(felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. We affirm.

        Defendant’s charges arose after the execution of a search warrant at her home, which she
challenged in the trial court and challenges here on appeal. The search warrant was sought by a
detective with the Oakland County Sheriff’s Office who was in charge of an on-going narcotics
investigation at 820 Clara Street in Commerce Township. In the search warrant affidavit, the
detective stated that he had received information from another detective that persons at that
address were “using/selling drugs,” and defendant was specifically named. The detective affiant
then went to the address and conducted a trash pull of two garbage bags that had been placed at
the curb in front of the house. Several plastic corner-tie baggies and a piece of mail addressed to
that house were found in the trash bags. One of the plastic corner-tie baggies was field tested; it
was positive for cocaine. The detective affiant further stated that he conducted a driving record
check and found that 820 Clara Street was listed as defendant’s address. He also conducted a
criminal history check on defendant which revealed prior drug-related convictions. The search
warrant was subsequently issued and executed. The evidence seized gave rise to the charges
filed against defendant.

        Subsequently, defendant moved to quash the search warrant, suppress the evidence
seized, and dismiss the case. Defendant argued that the search warrant affidavit failed to
establish probable cause to issue the warrant because the only allegation of substance in the
affidavit pertained to a single trash pull which indicated, at most, that someone in the house had
used or possessed cocaine at some point prior to placing the trash on the curb. Defendant argued

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that this finding was insufficient to show that probable cause existed to justify a search of the
house.

         The prosecution opposed defendant’s motion, arguing that the search warrant affidavit
was sufficient to support the issuance of the search warrant. The detective affiant named a
specific police detective as the source of his information and police officers are presumptively
reliable informants. Further, an independent police investigation verified the information
provided because a trash pull was conducted and direct evidence of illegal activity—cocaine—
was recovered. Accordingly, the prosecution argued, probable cause supported the issuance of
the search warrant and defendant’s motion should be dismissed. The trial court agreed and,
citing to People v Keller, 479 Mich 467, 477; 739 NW2d 505 (2007), held that once the detective
affiant “found cocaine in Defendant’s trash, he had found direct evidence of criminal activity
that is, in itself, sufficient for probable cause.”

       On appeal, defendant argues that her motion to quash the search warrant, suppress the
evidence seized, and dismiss the case should have been granted because the search warrant was
not supported by probable cause. We disagree.

        “In considering a motion to suppress evidence, this Court reviews a trial court’s factual
findings to determine if they are clearly erroneous and reviews a trial court’s conclusions of law
de novo.” People v Snider, 239 Mich App 393, 406; 608 NW2d 502 (2000). “A factual finding
is clearly erroneous if it either lacks substantial evidence to sustain it, or if the reviewing court is
left with the definite and firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake.” People v Mazur,
497 Mich 302, 308; 872 NW2d 201 (2015). However, “after-the-fact scrutiny by courts of the
sufficiency of an affidavit should not take the form of de novo review. A magistrate’s
determination of probable cause should be paid great deference by reviewing courts.” Keller,
479 Mich at 474 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

        Under both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution, a search
warrant may not issue unless there is probable cause justifying the search. US Const, Am IV;
Const 1963, art 1, § 11. “Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances would allow a
reasonable person to believe that the evidence of a crime or contraband sought is in the stated
place.” People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634, 698; 780 NW2d 321 (2009). “When probable
cause is averred in an affidavit, the affidavit must contain facts within the knowledge of the
affiant rather than mere conclusions or beliefs.” Id.

        Defendant argues that the limited evidence seized in the single trash pull was not
sufficient to justify the issuance of a warrant to search her house. That is, the recovery of several
plastic corner-tie baggies and the fact that one field tested positive for cocaine did not support a
finding of probable cause. However, in People v Hardiman, 466 Mich 417; 646 NW2d 158
(2002), our Supreme Court held that corner-tie baggies, in which “the drugs are placed in the
corner of the baggie, that portion of the baggie is twisted or tied off, the corner is cut or torn
away, and the remaining portion of the baggie is thrown away,” id. at 420 n 1, may be considered
as evidence of intent to distribute. Id. at 422. And in Keller, our Supreme Court held that the
recovery in a single trash pull of a “suspected marijuana roach, and a green leafy substance”
which field tested positive for marijuana was direct evidence of illegal activity and, alone,
constituted probable cause justifying the search. Keller, 479 Mich at 470-471, 477. Further, as

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in Keller, here, the mail found in the trash had the same address as the house where the suspected
illegal activity was occurring—820 Clara Street. Thus, the magistrate had a substantial basis for
concluding that probable cause existed, i.e., that there was a fair probability contraband or
evidence of a crime would be found at 820 Clara Street in Commerce Township. See id. at 475
(citation omitted); see also Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 698. Accordingly, we affirm the trial
court’s denial of defendant’s motion to quash the search warrant.

        Next, defendant argues that the law should be changed to provide constitutional privacy
protections to a person’s trash. After review of this unpreserved issue for plain error, we
disagree. See People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

        In California v Greenwood, 486 US 35, 40; 108 S Ct 1625; 100 L Ed 2d 30 (1988), the
United States Supreme Court held that trash “left on or at the side of a public street” is not
protected by the Fourth Amendment. In People v Pinnix, 174 Mich App 445; 436 NW2d 692
(1989), this Court relied on the Greenwood holding and rejected a claim that the search of
garbage bags without a warrant violated the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 448-449. Further, our
Supreme Court has held “that the Michigan Constitution is to be construed to provide the same
protection as that secured by the Fourth Amendment, absent compelling reason to impose a
different interpretation.” People v Slaughter, 489 Mich 302, 311; 803 NW2d 171 (2011)
(citations and quotation marks omitted). The following factors are considered in determining
whether a compelling reason exists:

               1) [T]he textual language of the state constitution, 2) significant textual
       differences between parallel provisions of the two constitutions, 3) state
       constitutional and common-law history, 4) state law preexisting adoption of the
       relevant constitutional provision, 5) structural differences between the state and
       federal constitutions, and 6) matters of peculiar state or local interest. [People v
       Goldston, 470 Mich 523, 534; 682 NW2d 479 (2004) (citation omitted).]

       Defendant here does not provide any compelling reasons for variance that were not
considered by the United States Supreme Court in Greenwood, nor does she argue any of the
aforementioned “compelling reason” factors. Defendant argues:

                A citizen does not relinquish her reasonable expectation of privacy merely
       because she puts material in a trash bag and sets it by the curb. The bag contains
       [intimate] details of that person’s life. The person does not intend for others to
       rifle the garbage and potentially learn about her personal, intimate affairs. Rather,
       she intends that the material be destroyed.

The United States Supreme Court, in Greenwood, 468 US at 39, stated:

              [Defendants] assert, however, that they had, and exhibited, an expectation
       of privacy with respect to the trash that was searched by the police: The trash,
       which was placed on the street for collection at a fixed time, was contained in
       opaque plastic bags, which the garbage collector was expected to pick up, mingle
       with the trash of others, and deposit at the garbage dump.



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The United States Supreme Court continued:

       It is common knowledge that plastic garbage bags left on or at the side of a public
       street are readily accessible to animals, children, scavengers, snoops, and other
       members of the public. Moreover, respondents placed their refuse at the curb for
       the express purpose of conveying it to a third party, the trash collector, who might
       himself have sorted through respondents’ trash or permitted others, such as the
       police, to do so. [Id. at 40 (footnotes and citations omitted).]

Defendant has not advanced a compelling reason to increase Michigan’s constitutional
protections beyond the federal standard, considering that the United States Supreme Court has
already evaluated and rejected the argument that a person has an expectation of privacy in the
contents of his or her trash.

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ William B. Murphy
                                                            /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                            /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause




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