                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 12 2020
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

FRANK S. CAMMARATA, DBA                   No. 18-56320
Cammarata Associates, as successor to MHP
II Corporation,                           D.C. No.
                                          3:17-cv-00346-BEN-AGS
                Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

KELLY CAPITAL, LLC; et al.,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of California
                   Roger T. Benitez, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted February 13, 2020
                              Pasadena, California

Before: BERZON, NELSON, and LEE, Circuit Judges.

      Frank Cammarata appeals from the district court’s order granting summary

judgment for Kelly Capital, LLC based on its statute of limitations defense. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the district court’s




      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                                         1
grant of summary judgment. See Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir.

2001) (en banc). We affirm.

      1.     Cammarata sued Kelly for its alleged failure to pay him a commission

for helping broker the sale of tobacco escrow releases in 2010. His fraud claims are

subject to a three-year statute of limitations. See Kline v. Turner, 105 Cal. Rptr. 2d

699, 702 (Ct. App. 2001). His contract-based claims based on the Commission

Agreement and the First Amendment to the Commission Agreement, including his

claims for declaratory relief, have a four-year statute of limitations period. See Cal.

Civ. Proc. Code § 337; Mangini v. Aerojet-Gen. Corp., 281 Cal. Rptr. 827, 846 (Ct.

App. 1991) (citing Maguire v. Hibernia Sav. & Loan Soc., 146 P.2d 673, 680 (Cal.

1944)). Finally, his quantum meruit claim had to be filed within two years. See

Maglica v. Maglica, 78 Cal. Rptr. 2d 101, 106 (Ct. App. 1998) (citing Cal. Civ. Proc.

Code § 339).

      Cammarata did not sue until February 2017, after all applicable statute of

limitations periods had expired. Because Cammarata did not file his lawsuit within

the applicable statute of limitations, he invokes the discovery rule to excuse his

delay. “Although a cause of action generally accrues . . . when it is complete with

all of its elements, accrual is postponed until a plaintiff discovers, or has reason to

discover, the cause of action.” Cansino v. Bank of Am., 169 Cal. Rptr. 3d 619, 628

(Ct. App. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).           A plaintiff

                                          2
discovers the cause of action “not when the plaintiff became aware of the specific

wrong alleged, but when the plaintiff suspected or should have suspected that an

injury was caused by wrongdoing.” Kline, 105 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 702.

      2.     For his fraud-based claims, Cammarata failed to show that he could not

have discovered the alleged fraud within three years. Cammarata declared his

understanding was that Kelly would pay him “fairly quickly”—within

approximately 90 days—for the second tranche of tobacco escrow releases.

Cammarata does not allege he took any actions to investigate after not being timely

paid. Even assuming the Eastern District of Virginia double-taxation case could

have excused some of Cammarata’s delay, the Eastern District of Virginia issued its

factual findings in October 2012, and the Fourth Circuit decided the appeal in July

2013. So the three-year statute of limitations ran out in October 2015 (or July 2016

at the very latest). As Cammarata did not file his lawsuit until February 2017, his

fraud claims are time-barred.

      At oral argument, Cammarata argued that he had earlier filed a separate New

Jersey lawsuit that, he suggested, tolled the statute of limitations. Whether or not a

timely second suit would toll the limitations period, the New Jersey complaint was

filed 18 days late. Cammarata did not provide a justification for this 18-day delay,

and in any event, he did not present this argument in his brief, so it is waived. See

United States v. Ullah, 976 F.2d 509, 514 (9th Cir. 1992).

                                          3
      3.     For Cammarata’s contract-based claims, the only reasonable inferences

are that any breach occurred on July 15, 2010 (when the escrow releases were

transferred between related entities, and thus when Cammarata should have been

paid his commission under his interpretation of the First Amendment) or October

14, 2010 (90 days after that transfer, the period in which Kelly indicated that it would

be able to pay the commission). The statute of limitation thus ran some time in 2014.

      At oral argument, Cammarata’s counsel offered another possibility: that Kelly

may have sold the second tranche in 2012. Even so, his claims would still be time-

barred, because he did not file his lawsuit until 2017. Likewise, his quantum meruit

claim, which has a two-year statute of limitation period, is time-barred.1

      4.     Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the joint

motion to continue the summary judgment hearing. Cammarata’s claims are time-

barred, so he cannot show that “allowing additional discovery would have precluded

summary judgment.” See Bank of Am., NT & SA v. PENGWIN, 175 F.3d 1109, 1118

(9th Cir. 1999).




      1
          At oral argument, Cammarata argued in the alternative that a breach of
contract has not yet occurred. Kelly appeared to agree, taking the position that it is
not obligated to pay any commission because a transfer or sale of the second tranche
of escrow releases has not occurred yet. If that is indeed the case, the statute of
limitations for a breach of contract claim has not begun to run yet, and this litigation
will be no bar to Cammarata’s filing a future breach of contract suit.
                                           4
      The district court also did not abuse its discretion in declining to rule on

Cammarata’s evidentiary objections. See Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 410 F.3d

1052, 1060 (9th Cir. 2005). The district court did not base its summary judgment

decision on any of the contested evidence, but instead relied on Cammarata’s version

of the facts in his complaint. Under Cammarata’s version of the facts, any injury

occurred in 2010 or 2012, and his claims are thus time-barred.

      AFFIRMED.




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