                                                                        FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 December 7, 2012
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                         No. 11-2140
 v.                                            (D.C. No. 2:10-CR-02316-WJ-1)
                                                      (D. New Mexico)
 JOSE CAIBA-ANTELE,

          Defendant-Appellant.




                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before KELLY, SEYMOUR, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.


      Jose Caiba-Antele pled guilty to reentry of a removed alien, in violation of

8 U.S.C. § 1326. He appeals the district court’s imposition of a variant sentence

of fifty-one months. We AFFIRM.

      Mr. Caiba-Antele entered into a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement. At the

initial sentencing hearing, the district court expressed concern that the plea

agreement did not reflect charges brought against Mr. Caiba-Antele by the State


      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
of New Mexico in 2007 for five counts of criminal sexual penetration of a child

under thirteen and one count of criminal sexual penetration of an adult by force or

coercion. Mr. Caiba-Antele was not convicted of these charges; instead, a nolle

prosequi order was filed in August 2009 and the case was dropped. The district

court rejected defendant’s plea agreement and instructed the United States to

provide more information about these dropped charges.

      Mr. Caiba-Antele thereafter pled guilty without a plea agreement. A

revised presentence report (PSR) detailed the facts underlying the state charges

brought against Mr. Caiba-Antele in 2007. On July 11, 2007, Las Cruces police

officers arrived at Mr. Caiba-Antele’s residence after a disturbance was reported.

Mr. Caiba-Antele informed the officers that he had been in an argument and a

scuffle with his brother and other family members after his fifteen-year-old niece

accused him of sexually molesting and raping her over the course of several

years. Later that day, at Mountain View Hospital, officers interviewed Mr.

Caiba-Antele’s niece, as well as the two children of Mr. Caiba-Antele’s

girlfriend, a twelve-year-old male and a female between the ages of twelve and

fifteen. All three children independently accused Mr. Caiba-Antele of sexually

abusing them multiple times over the course of several years. The children, as

well as their parents, were taken to the Las Cruces Police Department for further

interviews. During the interviews, the children each described in detail how Mr.

Caiba-Antele had raped and sexually molested them numerous times over several

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years in Phoenix, Arizona and later in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The fifteen-

year-old victim told investigators that Mr. Caiba-Antele said he wanted to

impregnate her because his girlfriend was unable to have more children.

      The PSR indicated that Mr. Caiba-Antele was indicted by a New Mexico

grand jury and charged in counts one through five with causing a twelve-year-old

child to engage in fellatio and anal intercourse on May 9 and May 20, 2007. The

sixth count charged Mr. Caiba-Antele with causing an adult female to engage in

sexual intercourse by the use of force, coercion or credible threats of violence on

May 11, 2007. According to the nolle prosequi order, as described in the PSR,

these charges were eventually dropped due to the psychological harm the victims

would suffer if they testified at trial. Specifically, the PSR stated that the

victim’s family members did not want the children to testify.

      Mr. Caiba-Antele admitted the procedural history of the charges as

described in the PSR, but filed a written objection to their veracity. Contending

he was innocent of the acts alleged, he asserted the court should not consider

those prior charges in sentencing him because he had not been convicted and

because, absent direct testimony from the alleged victims, the evidence that he

had committed the charged crimes lacked sufficient indicia of reliability.

      The district court held an evidentiary hearing at which two detectives and a

state prosecutor who had been involved in the 2007 case against Mr. Caiba-Antele

testified. Both detectives testified at length about the interviews they had

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conducted with the children, and the transcripts of those interviews were entered

into evidence. Each detective independently testified that he found the children’s

accusations against Mr. Caiba-Antele credible because of the level of detail

contained in the allegations, the consistency of their statements, and the

children’s demeanor during the interviews. Both detectives had significant past

experience working with child victims of abuse and sexual molestation.

      The state prosecutor confirmed in her testimony that the charges against

Mr. Caiba-Antele were dropped due to the risk of psychological harm to one of

the child witnesses, who had recently suffered a mental breakdown and attempted

suicide, and because the other child witness wanted to move on with her life and

was no longer willing to testify. Mr. Caiba-Antele objected to the detectives’

testimony as hearsay too unreliable to establish his guilt of the charged crimes,

particularly without an opportunity to cross-examine his accusers. He did not

testify at the hearing.

      The district court issued a memorandum opinion overruling Mr. Caiba-

Antele’s objections to the PSR. The court found the testimony of the detectives,

which was based on their first-hand observations of the children and their

professional experience with other sexually abused children, to be credible. The

court held that Mr. Caiba-Antele had more likely than not committed the acts of

sexual abuse and rape he had been accused of, and that the evidence of these acts

exhibited sufficient indicia of reliability. The court also calculated that if,

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hypothetically, Mr. Caiba-Antele had been convicted of the charges he faced in

state court, his guidelines sentencing range for reentry of a removed alien would

have been forty-six to fifty-seven months, in contrast to the range of eight to

fourteen months because the charges were dropped.

      At a final sentencing hearing, the district court heard arguments from both

parties and correctly noted the applicable offense level, criminal history category,

guideline sentencing range of eight to fourteen months, and the statutory

maximum sentence of ten years. The court then examined each of the 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a) sentencing factors in light of the facts contained in the PSR, including the

need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the crime, the

importance of deterrence and the necessity of protecting the public from future

crimes. In light of these sentencing factors and the earlier finding that Mr. Caiba-

Antele had sexually assaulted his niece and his girlfriend’s children, the district

court determined that an upward variance from the guidelines was appropriate.

      The court also noted the unchallenged portions of the PSR established that

Mr. Caiba-Antele had used several aliases and multiple social security numbers,

which the court interpreted as evidence that he was engaged in some sort of

wrongful conduct. The court highlighted that defendant had previously been

convicted of one misdemeanor and one felony immigration violation in New

Mexico, as well as several traffic violations in both Arizona and New Mexico, all

additional evidence of his lack of respect for the law. The court referred to the

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hypothetical guideline sentencing range of forty-six to fifty-seven months had Mr.

Caiba-Antele been convicted of the sex abuse charges, and then sentenced Mr.

Caiba-Antele to fifty-one months of imprisonment to be followed by a three-year

term of supervised release.

      “We review sentences for reasonableness under a deferential abuse of

discretion standard.” United States v. Haley, 529 F.3d 1308, 1311 (10th Cir.

2008) (citing Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38 at 51 (2007)). Our review

includes both procedural reasonableness, which encompasses the manner in which

a sentence was calculated, and substantive reasonableness, which concerns the

length of the sentence. United States v. Smart, 518 F.3d 800, 803 (10th Cir.

2008). “A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court incorrectly

calculates or fails to calculate the Guidelines sentence, treats the Guidelines as

mandatory, fails to consider the § 3553(a) factors, relies on clearly erroneous

facts, or inadequately explains the sentence.” Haley, 529 F.3d at 1311 (citing

Gall, 552 U.S. at 50-51). A sentence is substantively unreasonable if the length

“is unreasonable given the totality of the circumstances in light of the 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a) factors.” Id.

      Mr. Caiba-Antele contends the district court’s upwards variance from the

sentencing guidelines violated his Sixth Amendment rights because it was

significantly higher than the recommended range and was based on facts found by

the judge rather than on facts determined by a jury or admitted by the defendant.

                                         -6-
He concedes, however, that this argument is foreclosed by binding precedent.

Aplt. Br. at 12. See United States v. Redcorn, 528 F.3d 727, 745 (10th Cir. 2008)

(applying United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), to deny

similar Sixth Amendment challenge); see also United States v. Cook, 550 F.3d

1292, 1295 (10th Cir. 2008) (uncharged conduct need only be proved by a

preponderance of the evidence for sentencing purposes). Because “[w]e are

bound by the precedent of prior panels absent en banc reconsideration or a

superceding contrary decision by the Supreme Court,” Mr. Caiba-Antele’s Sixth

Amendment claim must fail. In re Smith, 10 F.3d 723, 724 (10th Cir. 1993).

      Mr. Caiba-Antele also challenges the upward variance under the Due

Process Clause, claiming that the sentence was procedurally unreasonable because

it was based on evidence that lacked sufficient indicia of reliability. In

sentencing, a district court may rely on hearsay evidence as long as the evidence

is sufficiently reliable. See Cook, 550 F.3d at 1296 & n.4; see also U.S.S.G. §

6A1.3(a) (sentencing court may consider any relevant evidence “provided that the

information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy.”).

Defendant contends the testimony of the detectives and the state prosecutor, in

conjunction with the transcripts of the accusers’ interviews with the detectives,

lacks reliability. He emphasizes the lack of physical evidence or other

corroboration that the sexual abuse occurred, apart from the testimony of the

complaining witnesses who were not subject to cross-examination. He also

                                         -7-
maintains the district court erred by relying on law enforcement agents to

determine the credibility of the complaining witnesses.

      But the facts in Cook are similar to this case. There we upheld a sentencing

enhancement based on a district court finding that the defendant had more likely

than not committed felony menacing, a charge which had been brought against the

defendant in state court but was later withdrawn. Cook, 550 F.3d at 1294. The

district court based its finding on the following: an affidavit of one of the police

officers who interviewed the victims of the alleged menacing; the narrative

remarks of another police officer describing the events surrounding the

defendant’s arrest from a police report, which was based on a phone conversation

with one of the complaining witnesses; and an Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

Report of Investigation, which also related the accusations of the victims. Id. at

1295-96. We held in Cook that this evidence exhibited the necessary indicia of

reliability based on three factors. First, the officers “had the opportunity to

observe [the victims’] demeanor and form an opinion regarding their veracity.”

Id. at 1297. Second, the complaining witnesses each corroborated the sequence of

events that had transpired. Id. And third, at a later date, one of the complaining

witnesses retold the same version of events to another police officer over the

phone. Id.

      Our decision in United States v. Fennell, 65 F.3d 812 (10th Cir. 1995), is

not to the contrary. In determining the proper sentence for Mr. Fennell, who had

                                          -8-
pled guilty to possession of an automatic machine gun, the district court found by

a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant had fired his machine gun at

his girlfriend, an act which qualified him for a four-level enhancement under the

sentencing guidelines. Id. at 813. The only evidence the district court in Fennell

considered regarding this alleged assault was the presentence report and

testimony from the probation officer who had prepared the report. Id. Both the

report and the officer’s testimony merely recounted statements made to the officer

by the defendant’s girlfriend during a phone interview. Id. We held that this

evidence lacked sufficient indicia of reliability because, unlike here, it was

uncorroborated and because the preparing officer “did not have an opportunity to

observe [the complaining witness’] demeanor during the interview and therefore

could not form any opinion as to her veracity.” Id.

      The evidence relied upon by the district court in the instant case manifests

sufficient indicia of reliability based on the factors we discussed in Cook, and

which were missing in Fennell. The detectives who testified regarding the sexual

assault charges had observed the victims first-hand and were able to form

reasoned opinions regarding their veracity. Like Cook, and unlike Fennell, the

testimony of each victim here corroborated the type and instances of abuse the

other children said were perpetrated against them by Mr. Caiba-Antele, and none

of the victims changed their version of events or recanted after the initial

interviews were conducted. This case is thus closer to Cook than to Fennell.

                                         -9-
      In sum, we conclude the evidence relied upon by the district court to find

that Mr. Caiba-Antele had more likely than not committed the sexual assaults

described in the PSR meets the standard of minimum indicia of reliability.

Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion in relying on that evidence to

determine Mr. Caiba-Antele’s sentence.

      We AFFIRM.


                                               ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                               Stephanie K. Seymour
                                               Circuit Judge




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