UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                             No. 97-4323

JOHN CALVIN EVANS, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                             No. 97-4324

ROBERT EARL PRIMOVIC, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Wilmington.
William L. Osteen, District Judge, sitting by designation.
(CR-95-63-BO)

Argued: March 5, 1999

Decided: September 22, 1999

Before TRAXLER and KING, Circuit Judges,
and LEE, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL

ARGUED: Scott Fitzgerald Wyatt, WYATT, EARLY, HARRIS &
WHEELER, L.L.P., High Point, North Carolina, for Appellant Evans;
George Alan DuBois, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER'S OFFICE,
Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant Primovic. Scott L. Wilkinson,
Assistant United States Attorney, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appel-
lee. ON BRIEF: Janice McKenzie Cole, United States Attorney,
Anne M. Hayes, Assistant United States Attorney, Raleigh, North
Carolina, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Petitioner-defendants James C. Evans ("Evans") and Robert Pri-
movic ("Primovic") appeal their convictions and sentences for con-
spiracy, mail fraud, and money laundering. Evans, Primovic, and
another co-defendant, Tommy New ("New"), were convicted for par-
ticipating in a scheme whereby underfilled soybean oil containers
were sold to the United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA").
The defendants were tried by jury in the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of North Carolina. Additionally, Evans was
convicted for tax evasion in a separate bench trial. For the reasons
stated below, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

I.

Louisiana Filling, Inc. in Wilmington, North Carolina ("LFI-W")
was an oil filling facility owned by defendant New and William Hud-
son ("Hudson").1 New operated LFI-W out of offices in South Caro-
_________________________________________________________________
1 New and Hudson also owned another facility in New Orleans, Louisi-
ana. Although both facilities were equally owned, they operated indepen-
dently. Hudson operated the New Orleans filling facility.

                    2
lina. LFI-W participated in the "Food for Peace Program," whereby
the USDA would purchase soybean oil from private contractors for
shipment to volunteer organizations and famine relief agencies for
distribution in third world countries. In 1991, the USDA and United
States Agency for International Development ("USAID") began
receiving complaints from relief agencies in third world countries
regarding undershipments of soybean/vegetable oil received from
LFI-W.

The USDA required that the participating companies, including
LFI-W, meet certain standards and required that the oil be inspected
by a representative from the Federal Grain Inspection Service
("FGIS"), an agency of the USDA. Given the choice of inspection at
an USDA warehouse or on-site at LFI-W, LFI-W opted to have an
on-site FGIS inspector. The inspector was to oversee the filling opera-
tions for the USDA, performing a number of sample weighings of oil
cans and recording these weights on a form. After completion, the
form was mailed to the FGIS field office in Baltimore. Based on the
report, FGIS would mail a Commodity Inspection Certificate. The
Commodity Credit Corporation ("CCC"), a wholly-owned corpora-
tion within the USDA, used the forms to calculate the money owed
to LFI-W for the soybean oil shipments.

In 1985, defendant Evans started as the on-site FGIS inspector. In
September 1986, New hired Evans as the assistant manager of LFI-W.
Eventually, New promoted Evans to manager, where he continued in
that position until 1992. As manager, Evans was responsible for
supervising the filling operations of LFI-W. From 1989 to 1992,
defendant Primovic was the FGIS inspector assigned to LFI-W. As
such, Primovic was responsible for overseeing the filling operations
on behalf of the USDA and insuring that containers were filled pursu-
ant to regulation.

After the complaints, the USDA began an investigation of LFI-W,
wherein the USDA randomly weighed LFI-W containers and discov-
ered containers were underfilled. Investigative agents interviewed
both Evans and Primovic. During the course of several interviews,
Primovic made certain admissions. Primovic admitted that he had not
performed his job properly and that he sent forms to the Baltimore
office which were not prepared correctly. Although Primovic was

                    3
required to be present on the filling line to monitor the filling process,
he stated that he only spent ten percent of his time on the line. Pri-
movic also admitted that he was aware that LFI-W employees were
consistently underfilling cans. He stated that despite finding underfil-
led cans, he did not include the findings in his report. He admitted
that he never rejected containers because of underfilling.

New, Evans, and Primovic were tried for conspiracy to make false
statements and to defraud the CCC, mail fraud, and money laundering
(only New and Evans). Records introduced at trial indicated that
LFI-W purchased less oil than necessary to fill its orders. Several
employees testified that Evans instructed them on the practice of
"working the production," whereby containers were underfilled. In
exchange, Evans promised to pay employees for eleven hours of work
for only five or six hours of actual work. The employees also testified
that Evans informed them when USDA representatives were coming
and to fill the containers correctly.

While Primovic did not testify at trial, a Government agent intro-
duced statements allegedly made by Primovic. Primovic had admitted
that reports to the USDA from June 1989 to December 1992 were
false. Also, the agent testified, "Well, as of June of 1989 he [Pri-
movic] said that he could be counted on to not report the underfilling
that was going on at Louisiana Filling." (J.A. at 400).

The district court also admitted the testimony of Ms. Mary Stanko
("Ms. Stanko"), the former executive secretary who worked with
New. Ms. Stanko testified that Evans told her that his bonus checks
were for "making up oil." In recounting a conversation with New
which occurred after the investigation began, Ms. Stanko stated that:
"We just discussed everything in general, and then he [New] made the
statement that if John Evans would just keep his mouth shut, that we
could get through all this." (J.A. at 645). Evans objected to the state-
ment arguing that it was made outside the time period of the conspir-
acy and implicated Evans. Evans moved for mistrial. The court denied
the motion. Although the statement was made outside the period as
alleged in the indictment, the court noted that the statement was in
furtherance of the conspiracy as "anything to keep the conspiracy
from being found out or keep it from having to end. . . ." (J.A. at 653).
However, the court provided a limiting instruction to the jury that the

                     4
statement should only be considered against defendant New, and not
defendant Evans.

The Government also presented evidence that Evans had loaned
Primovic money over the two-year period. Furthermore, the evidence
indicated that Evans received several bonus checks from New. Evans
also received bonus payments in the form of checks drawn on an
account maintained by New in the name of TJN, Inc., and made pay-
able to NCNB Mortgage and to NationsBank Mortgage, both on
behalf of Evans. Evans did not report these bonuses on his taxes.
Although Evans indicated that the sums were partly loans, they were
never repaid.

After the jury trial, the three defendants were convicted of all
charges. During a separate bench trial, Evans was tried for tax evasion
and found guilty. Each man was sentenced.2 Evans and Primovic
appeal.3

Defendants raise several issues on appeal. Evans argues that the
district court erred in admitting statements made by nontestifying co-
defendants Primovic and New because they violated his Sixth
Amendment right to confrontation. Additionally, Evans contends that
New's statement to Ms. Stanko was made outside of the time period
of the conspiracy. Finally, Evans contends that the district court erred
in not granting his motion for judgment of acquittal on the money
laundering charge. Primovic contends that the court erred in imposing
a two-level adjustment for "abuse of position of trust" in computing
his sentence. We review these issues below.
_________________________________________________________________

2 New was sentenced to eighty-one months in prison and ordered to pay
one million dollars in restitution. Evans was sentenced to a sixty-five
month term of imprisonment and ordered to pay $15,000 in restitution.
Primovic was sentenced to thirty-four months in prison and ordered to
pay $5000 in restitution.

3 New waived his right to appeal as part of his plea agreement with the
Government.

                    5
II.

The district court's evidentiary rulings are reviewed for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Ham, 998 F.2d 1247, 1252 (4th Cir.
1993). In reviewing a district court's denial of a motion for judgment
of acquittal, the decision is reviewed under the sufficiency of the evi-
dence standard. United States v. Brooks, 957 F.2d 1138, 1147 (4th
Cir. 1992).

A question involving the legal interpretation of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines ("U.S.S.G.") terminology and the application
of that terminology to a particular set of facts is reviewed de novo,
while factual determinations that underlie application of the U.S.S.G.
are reviewed for clear error. United States v. Daughtrey, 874 F.2d
213, 217-18 (4th Cir. 1989). The proper review for an "abuse of posi-
tion of trust" enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 is the clearly erro-
neous standard. United States v. Helton, 953 F.2d 867, 869 (4th Cir.
1992).

III.

Defendant Evans argues that the district court erred in admitting
statements made by nontestifying co-defendants Primovic and New
because they violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation.
Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968). In both instances, the
co-defendants' statements were introduced by another witness. While
Primovic did not testify at trial, a Government agent introduced the
following statement: "Well, as of June of 1989 he[Primovic] said that
he could be counted on to not report the underfilling that was going
on at Louisiana Filling." (J.A. at 400). In recounting a conversation
with defendant New, Ms. Stanko testified, "We just discussed every-
thing in general, and then he made the statement that if John Evans
would just keep his mouth shut, that we could get through all this."
(J.A. at 645).

Although the district judge gave a limiting instruction to the jury,
Evans argues that the Primovic statement directly implicated him in
the mail fraud and conspiracy charges and he was unable to cross-
examine Primovic about the statements. Evans makes the identical
argument in reference to Ms. Stanko's testimony regarding New's

                     6
statement. Additionally, he argues that the statement was made out-
side of the conspiracy and that the court should have granted his
motion for mistrial on that basis. At trial, the district court denied the
motion. Although the statement was made outside the period as
alleged in the indictment, the district court noted that the statement
was in furtherance of the conspiracy as "anything to keep the conspir-
acy from being found out or keep it from having to end. . . ." (J.A.
at 653). The district court did provide a limiting instruction that the
statement should only be considered against defendant New, and not
Evans.4 (J.A. 660). We affirm the district court's rulings.

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees the
right of a criminal defendant "to be confronted with the witnesses
against him." The right of cross examination is included in the
accused's confrontation rights. Bruton, 391 U.S. at 126. In Bruton, the
Court held that admitting a co-defendant's confession implicating
another defendant at a joint trial constituted prejudicial error despite
a limiting instruction. However, the Supreme Court has held that the
Confrontation Clause is not violated by the admission of a nontestify-
ing co-defendant's confession with a proper limiting instruction when
the confession is redacted to eliminate the defendant's name and any
reference to his existence. Richardson v. Marsh , 481 U.S. 200, 211
(1987). Thus, in Marsh, the Court expressly declined to extend
Bruton. Id. In this case, the agent's testimony reciting Primovic's
redacted statement did not lead to the inference that Evans was origi-
nally named in the statement nor was the person protected through the
redaction. In fact, the statement made no reference to Evans. Thus,
Evans' Sixth Amendment right to confrontation was not violated and
the district court did not err in admitting the testimony.

The district court did not err in admitting New's statement through
_________________________________________________________________
4 The district court's ruling that Mr. New's statement to Ms. Stanko
was not admissible against Mr. Evans was in error. As stated herein, the
co-conspirator statements within Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E)
are admissible against all co-conspirators. United States v. Shores, 33
F.3d 483, 442 (4th Cir. 1994). This Court exercises its discretion to
affirm the district court's evidentiary ruling on different grounds than
those employed by the district court. United States v. Dorsey, 45 F.3d
809, 814 (4th Cir. 1995).

                     7
Ms. Stanko. This Court has held that Bruton is inapplicable when the
statement is by a co-conspirator and in furtherance of the conspiracy
pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E). United States v.
Shores, 33 F.3d 438, 442 (4th Cir. 1994). A statement by a co-
conspirator is "in furtherance" when it was intended to promote the
conspiracy's objectives, whether or not the objective is achieved. Id.
at 443. When the co-conspirator makes statements to a third party
who is not a member of the conspiracy, such statements can still be
"in furtherance" if they were made to induce that third party to either
join the conspiracy or act in such a way that would assist it in accom-
plishing those objectives. Id. at 444. In order to determine whether the
comment was made to enlist the third party, the Court should look to
the context in which the statement was made. Id.

In Shores, the Court held that the district court did not clearly err
in concluding that post-indictment statements about plans to evade
conviction were in furtherance of the charged conspiracy. Id. at 443.
In that case, the defendant, after being arrested, told a third party of
his co-defendant's and his intention to have witnesses give perjured
testimony, to kill another witness, and to commit other various acts.
Id. at 440. The Court noted that the statements were made during the
same conversation where one of the co-conspirators had sought the
advice of the third party regarding how to fabricate a defense and how
to have a potential witness killed. Id. at 444. The Court expressly
stated that it is of no consequence to the Rule 801(d)(2)(E) inquiry
whether the conspiracy was characterized as a continuation of the
original conspiracy, or a separate but related conspiracy to obstruct
justice. Id. at 443. Thus, the statements were still in furtherance of the
conspiracy even though they were made at the time the defendants
were incarcerated and pending prosecution.

In this case, Ms. Stanko is also a third party who was not indicted
as a member of the underlying conspiracy. New's statement to Ms.
Stanko was made after the beginning of the USDA's investigation.
However, it pertained to the manner in which the defendants could
avoid prosecution--if "Evans would just keep his mouth shut." The
logical inference of New's comment to Ms. Stanko, his personal
assistant, was directing her to make no statements which might assist
the ongoing Government investigation and to conceal wrongdoing.
New's statement falls directly within Shores. See id. at 444. While the

                     8
Court acknowledges that New's statement was intended to silence
Ms. Stanko, there is no evidence or indication that Ms. Stanko com-
mitted any illegal conduct. In consideration of the circumstances, the
district court did not err in concluding that the statement was in fur-
therance of the conspiracy by continuing it or hiding it from investi-
gating officials.

IV.

The district court denied Evans' motion for judgment of acquittal
on the money laundering charges. The charges centered on the issu-
ance of two checks drawn on the account of TJN, Inc. (a company
operated by defendant Tommy Joe New) at Carolina Bank & Trust
and made payable to NCNB Mortgage and NationsBank Mortgage on
behalf of Evans. According to Evans, the Government's evidence was
insufficient to prove that the checks were drawn to promote mail
fraud or any other unlawful activity. We affirm the district court's
decision.

As stated supra, this Court only looks to the sufficiency of the evi-
dence. To sustain a money laundering conviction under 18 U.S.C.
§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(I), the Government was required to prove that the
transactions were conducted with the intent to promote the unlawful
activity. United States v. Heaps, 39 F.3d 479, 484 (4th Cir.
1994)(holding that the evidence did not support the inference that the
transactions were conducted for the purpose of promoting illegal
activity where sums were payment for a final drug transaction). This
Court has recognized that under appropriate circumstances, an intent
to promote may be shown through evidence that the financial transac-
tion was intended to create goodwill for ongoing or subsequent trans-
actions. Id.

In this case, New paid Evans a series of bonus payments between
1990 and 1992. The Government presented evidence that Evans made
several statements that his bonuses were for "making up oil." Further-
more, documents produced at trial indicated that the bonus payments
were based upon a percentage of the soybean oil that New did not
have to purchase because of the underfilling scheme. Some bonus
payments were in the forms of checks to Evans. The evidence pre-
sented at trial indicated that the mortgage payments were also bonus

                    9
payments. These payments were made from a company owned by
New for mortgage payments on Evans' behalf. Other payments were
hidden within expense reimbursement checks to Evans or incorrectly
recorded on the books. The evidence tied a series of payments over
a period of time to Evans' involvement in the underfilling scheme.
Thus, the evidence sufficiently established that the bonus payments
were made to encourage Evans to continue the scheme of underfilling
the containers, and supports Evans' conviction of money laundering.

V.

In sentencing Primovic, the district court imposed a two-level
adjustment for "abuse of position of trust" pursuant to U.S.S.G. §
3B1.3. The court found that Primovic's position as the on-site FGIS
inspector warranted the enhancement. Primovic contends that his job
was a low-skill, entry level position and he did not exercise indepen-
dent judgment or occupy a position of trust within the meaning of the
guidelines. See United States v. Helton, 953 F.2d 867 (4th Cir. 1992)
(holding that the imprest fund clerk for a government office did not
have a position of trust within the "abuse of position of trust" adjust-
ment, where her duties amounted to that of an ordinary teller). As
stated supra, the district court's decision is reviewed for clear error.

This Court has held that several factors must be weighed to deter-
mine whether a defendant held a position of trust. See United States
v. Gordon, 61 F.3d 263, 269 (4th Cir. 1995) (holding that defendant's
abuse of her position as "head teller" to aid the perpetrators warranted
an enhancement for abuse of trust). One factor for consideration is
whether the defendant had special duties or special access to informa-
tion not available to other employees. Id. Also, the court should look
to the defendant's level of supervision or degree of managerial discre-
tion. Id.

In this case, Primovic's special duties justify the abuse of trust
enhancement. Primovic was the sole on-site inspector for the FGIS.
He alone was responsible for overseeing the filling operations and
was the sole source of information concerning the accuracy of the
weight containers. He had the authority to remove the underfilled
containers from the line. Furthermore, Primovic was not subject to
direct oversight or supervision, but was the overseer of the filling

                    10
operation. FGIS depended on Primovic. Thus, Primovic's level of
supervision and managerial discretion justified the enhancement.

Evans and Primovic raised additional issues on appeal. However,
based on the Court's disposition of the other issues, there is no need
to address those arguments. For the reasons stated above, the judg-
ment of the district court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

                    11
