                                                                                                           03/21/2018
                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT NASHVILLE
                              Assigned on Briefs February 2, 2018

                                IN RE: VERONICA T., ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Rutherford County
                     No. TC2760      Donna Scott Davenport, Judge


                                  No. M2017-00726-COA-R3-PT


This appeal involves the termination of a mother’s parental rights to her four minor
children. The trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that four statutory
grounds for termination had been proven and that termination is in the best interest of the
children. We reverse with respect to two of the grounds for termination but otherwise
affirm the trial court’s order terminating the mother’s parental rights.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Reversed in
                     part, Affirmed in part and Remanded

BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CHARLES D.
SUSANO, JR., and RICHARD H. DINKINS, JJ., joined.

Carl Richard Moore, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Cassie T.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter, Brian Allen Pierce, Assistant
Attorney General, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of
Children’s Services.

                                               OPINION

                               I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY1

        Cassie T. (“Mother”) has four children who were born between 2003 and 2013.
The Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) became involved with
Mother and her children in July 2014 due to Mother’s incarceration. Mother pleaded
guilty to theft over $10,000 in connection with a stolen vehicle and received a three-year

1
 In parental termination cases, it is this Court’s policy to redact names in order to protect the identity of
the children.
sentence. She also pleaded guilty to possession or casual exchange of a controlled
substance (cocaine) and received a ten-day sentence. Through DCS, Mother agreed to an
immediate protection agreement allowing a relative to care for the children. Mother
consented to a drug screen and tested positive for cocaine and oxycodone. After serving
about two weeks in jail, Mother was released on supervised probation for the remainder
of her sentence. DCS prepared a non-custodial permanency plan with tasks for Mother to
complete, such as consenting to random drug screens, obtaining stable housing, and
participating in an alcohol and drug assessment and following its recommendations.

       On August 1, 2014, the relative who was caring for the children informed DCS
that she could no longer care for them. A second immediate protection agreement was
executed, and the children were placed with another relative until mid-September 2014,
when this relative likewise informed DCS that she could no longer care for them. Mother
agreed to a third immediate protection agreement allowing the children to live with a
third relative, Mother’s sister, on September 16, 2014. The agreement provided that
Mother would have no contact with the children until she passed two drug screens.
Around this time, Mother committed another criminal offense, and she pleaded guilty to
simple possession of a controlled substance. She also pleaded guilty to theft under $500.
She was incarcerated for another eight-day period at some point around this timeframe.

        On October 14, 2014, DCS filed a petition to have the children adjudicated
dependent and neglected with custody awarded to Mother’s sister. At a hearing on
November 6, 2014, Mother’s sister testified that she could not continue caring for the
children due to limited finances. That same day, the juvenile court awarded temporary
custody to DCS pending an adjudicatory hearing. The juvenile court found probable
cause that the children were dependent and neglected due to Mother’s positive drug
screen for cocaine and oxycodone, her failure to cooperate with DCS or pass additional
drug screens, and her “apparent lack of concern for the children as evidenced by her
failure to visit and her failure to inquire as to the welfare of the children.”

       On November 21, 2014, the four children were placed in a foster home. On the
same date, DCS formulated a permanency plan for Mother with a goal of returning the
children to her. The plan provided that Mother was required to pass random drug screens
and demonstrate sobriety before she could begin visits with the children. The plan also
required Mother to follow the rules for visitation once it began, follow the rules of her
probation, avoid additional criminal charges, provide proof of a legal source of income
and stable housing, cooperate with home visits, develop a budget and a transportation
plan and child care plan for the children, participate in a clinical drug and alcohol
assessment and follow its recommendations, complete parenting classes, and pass random
drug screens and pill counts within three hours of any request. Mother participated by
phone, and a DCS caseworker discussed the details of the plan with her. While on the
                                           2
phone, Mother admitted to being under the influence of oxycodone and another drug,
allegedly because of fibromyalgia, but she did not produce any prescription to her
caseworker.

        Despite the entry of the permanency plan containing these responsibilities, Mother
continued to use drugs and incur new criminal charges. She admittedly used cocaine
weekly and abused oxycodone. She was unemployed and resided with different relatives.
Mother was incarcerated again from early January 2015 until February 14, 2015. A few
weeks after her release, she returned to jail in March or April of 2015 and remained there
for about four months. While Mother was incarcerated, the juvenile court held the final
hearing in the dependency and neglect case on April 13, 2015, and entered an
adjudicatory order providing that custody of the children would remain with DCS. The
court found that the children were dependent and neglected as children who were
“without a parent” due to abandonment, whose parent was unfit to care for them due to
“immorality or depravity” because of her abuse of cocaine and oxycodone, and who
suffered from “neglect” due to drug exposure. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-
102(b)(13)(A), (B), (G). Also during this term of incarceration, a revised permanency
plan was developed on May 6, 2015, with the same responsibilities for Mother but an
alternative goal of adoption. A caseworker from DCS visited Mother in jail and went
over the plan with her. Mother also signed the criteria for terminating parental rights.
Mother completed an alcohol and drug assessment with a parenting component while in
jail in July 2015. The assessment recommended intensive outpatient treatment, random
drug screens, and parenting classes. However, Mother had already informed her
caseworker that she did not want prison services for AA or parenting.

        Upon her release in early August 2015, Mother was required to participate in a
drug rehabilitation program as a condition of her probation. For a couple of months, she
lived at a halfway house funded through the drug court program and was employed at a
restaurant. Mother had not seen the children since they were placed with relatives a year
earlier, and she wrote a few letters to the oldest child. While at the halfway house,
Mother failed a drug screen and tested positive for cocaine. She did not complete the
treatment program at the halfway house and left in October to live with another relative.
According to Mother’s testimony, she was incarcerated two more times at some point
during this general timeframe for “two ten-day sanctions” periods, apparently for
violating her probation. She would later admit to her caseworker that she was using
heroin and cocaine during this period after she left the halfway house.

       Mother was arrested again on November 2, 2015. This time, she was charged with
“possession with intent” and tampering with evidence, and she was sent to a women’s
prison. On November 19, 2015, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental
rights based on four statutory grounds – abandonment by failure to provide a suitable
                                            3
home; abandonment by an incarcerated parent exhibiting wanton disregard for the
children’s welfare; substantial noncompliance with a permanency plan; and persistent
conditions. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1)-(3). When the petition was filed, the
children had been residing in their foster home for two days shy of one year with no
contact from Mother aside from a few letters. Mother remained incarcerated at the
women’s prison throughout most of the termination proceeding due to her November 2
arrest. The trial court appointed a guardian ad litem and appointed counsel for Mother.

       The trial court conducted a bench trial over the course of seven days, beginning on
June 14, 2016, and continuing over the next few months. When the trial began, Mother
remained incarcerated, but by the time the trial ended, she had been released on parole
and was residing at a halfway house. The trial court heard testimony from Mother, her
husband, three DCS caseworkers, the oldest child, the foster mother, Mother’s probation
officer, and representatives from two halfway houses. Ultimately, the trial court entered
a lengthy written order in which it found by clear and convincing evidence that all four
grounds for termination had been proven and that termination was in the best interest of
the children. Mother timely filed a notice of appeal.2

                                      II. ISSUES PRESENTED

       On appeal, Mother presents very narrow issues regarding each of the four grounds
for termination, and she does not raise any issue regarding the best interest analysis. Still,
the Tennessee Supreme Court has held that “in an appeal from an order terminating
parental rights the Court of Appeals must review the trial court’s findings as to each
ground for termination and as to whether termination is in the child’s best interests,
regardless of whether the parent challenges these findings on appeal.” In re Carrington
H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 525-26 (Tenn. 2016).

       After conducting this review, we conclude that the trial court’s findings as to two
grounds for termination must be reversed, but we affirm the trial court’s findings as to the
other two grounds and the best interest of the children.

                                   III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In Tennessee, proceedings to terminate parental rights are governed by statute. In
re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 541 (Tenn. 2015). Tennessee Code Annotated section
36-1-113 “sets forth the grounds and procedures for terminating the parental rights of a
biological parent.” Id. at 546. Pursuant to the statute, parties who have standing to seek
termination of a biological parent’s parental rights must prove two elements. Id. at 552.
2
 The order also terminated the parental rights of one father and one possible father, but neither filed a
notice of appeal.
                                                   4
First, they must prove the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for
termination listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g). Id. Second, the
petitioner must prove that terminating parental rights is in the child’s best interest,
considering, among other things, the factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section
36-1-113(i). Id.

       Because of the constitutional dimension of the rights at stake in a termination
proceeding, persons seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both of these
elements by clear and convincing evidence. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596
(Tenn. 2010) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215
S.W.3d 793, 808-09 (Tenn. 2007); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002)).
“Clear and convincing evidence” has been defined as “‘evidence in which there is no
serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.’” In re Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d 636, 640 (Tenn. 2013) (quoting In
re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546). It produces a firm belief or conviction in the fact-
finder’s mind regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established. In re Bernard T.,
319 S.W.3d at 596.

       Due to this heightened burden of proof in parental termination cases, on appeal we
adapt our customary standard of review set forth in Tennessee Rule of Appellate
Procedure 13(d). In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 861 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). First, we
review each of the trial court’s factual findings de novo in accordance with Rule 13(d),
presuming the finding to be correct unless the evidence preponderates against it. In re
Adoption of Angela E., 402 S.W.3d at 639. Then, we make our own determination
regarding “whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as supported by a
preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and convincing evidence of the elements
necessary to terminate parental rights.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 524 (citing In
re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97). “The trial court’s ruling that the evidence
sufficiently supports termination of parental rights is a conclusion of law, which appellate
courts review de novo with no presumption of correctness.” Id. (citing In re M.L.P., 281
S.W.3d 387, 393 (Tenn. 2009)).

                                     IV. DISCUSSION

                             A.   Two Inapplicable Grounds

       On appeal, Mother argues that the two statutory grounds for termination known as
persistent conditions and abandonment by failure to establish a suitable home are not
applicable to her factual situation. We agree. “The grounds of abandonment by failure to
establish a suitable home and persistence of conditions are predicated on the child being
removed from the home of the person whose parental rights are sought to be terminated.”
                                             5
In re Promise A., No. M2015-02144-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 1032741, at *8 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Mar. 16, 2017) (no perm. app. filed). Specifically, the ground of abandonment by
failure to establish a suitable home applies only when:

       The child has been removed from the home of the parent . . . as the result of
       a petition filed in the juvenile court in which the child was found to be a
       dependent and neglected child, as defined in § 37-1-102, and the child was
       placed in the custody of the department or a licensed child-placing agency .
       ...
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii). The statutory ground of persistent conditions
contains a similar threshold requirement. “An essential prerequisite to establishing
persistence of conditions is evidence of a ‘prior court order removing the child from the
parent’s home . . . based on a judicial finding of dependency, neglect or abuse.’” In re
Aiden R., No. E2015-01799-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 3564313, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. June
23, 2016) (no perm. app. filed) (quoting In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 874); see also In
re Alleyanna C., No. E2014-02343-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 4773313, at *14 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Aug. 10, 2015) (describing the necessary court order of removal as “the threshold
consideration for this statutory ground”). Notably, “the child must not only have been
adjudicated dependent and neglected, but he or she must also have been removed from
the defendant parent’s home.” In re Mickia J., No. E2016-00046-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL
5210794, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 19, 2016) (no perm. app. filed); see, e.g., In re
Miracle M., No. W2017-00068-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 3836020, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 30, 2017) (“the statutory ground of persistence of conditions is not applicable . . . as
the record contains no evidence to suggest that the Children were residing in Father’s
home at the time of their removal”).


       On appeal, Mother argues that these two grounds do not apply because the
children were removed from her home in July 2014 and placed with relatives when she
voluntarily signed an immediate protection agreement. Although a dependency and
neglect action was filed later, after three relative placements, the children were then
removed from the third relative placement home and placed in the custody of DCS. In its
posture as appellee on appeal, DCS states in its brief that it “does not defend” these two
grounds for termination.

       We find insufficient evidence to establish the ground of persistent conditions
“given the absence of a prior order removing the children from the parent[’s] home based
on a judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or abuse.” In re Aiden R., 2016 WL
3564313, at *10. We likewise find the ground of abandonment by failure to establish a
suitable home inapplicable because the children were not “removed from the home of the
parent . . . as the result of a petition filed in the juvenile court” in which they were found
                                              6
dependent and neglected. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii); see In re Promise A.,
2017 WL 1032741, at *8 (finding these two grounds inapplicable when the children
“lived in a different home” from the parent at the time they were removed and placed in
foster care); In re Navada N., 498 S.W.3d 579, 597 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016) (reversing
termination where an order adjudicated the child dependent and neglected and stripped
the father of his legal custody, but nothing in the order indicated that the child was
“actually residing in the home” with the father to show removal from his home); In Re
Jayden B.T., No. E2014-00715-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3876573, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 23, 2015) (explaining that neither of these grounds is applicable when the child was
not removed from the home of the parent whose rights are at issue).


                    B.    Abandonment by an Incarcerated Parent

        The next ground at issue on appeal is abandonment by an incarcerated parent. For
purposes of terminating parental rights, there are five alternative definitions of
abandonment. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i)-(v). Subsection (iv) provides
“mechanisms by which abandonment may be proven when the parent is incarcerated at or
shortly before the filing of the termination petition.” In re Navada N., 498 S.W.3d at
597. In this context, abandonment occurs when the parent “has engaged in conduct prior
to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). Exhibiting a “wanton disregard” for the child’s welfare
prior to incarceration establishes a ground for termination of parental rights. Id.


       Thirteen years ago, in In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 866 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005), this Court discussed this ground for termination as follows:


      Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) also reflects the commonsense
      notion that parental incarceration is a strong indicator that there may be
      problems in the home that threaten the welfare of the child. Incarceration
      severely compromises a parent’s ability to perform his or her parental
      duties. A parent’s decision to engage in conduct that carries with it the risk
      of incarceration is itself indicative that the parent may not be fit to care for
      the child. [citation omitted] However, parental incarceration is not an
      infallible predictor of parental unfitness. Accordingly, Tenn. Code Ann. §
      36-1-102(1)(A)(iv)’s second test for abandonment does not make
      incarceration alone a ground for the termination of parental rights. An
      incarcerated or recently incarcerated parent can be found guilty of
      abandonment only if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that
      the parent’s pre-incarceration conduct displayed a wanton disregard for the
                                             7
       welfare of the child. Thus, the parent’s incarceration serves only as a
       triggering mechanism that allows the court to take a closer look at the
       child’s situation to determine whether the parental behavior that resulted in
       incarceration is part of a broader pattern of conduct that renders the parent
       unfit or poses a risk of substantial harm to the welfare of the child.

This Court has consistently held that “probation violations, repeated incarceration,
criminal behavior, substance abuse, and the failure to provide adequate support or
supervision for a child can, alone or in combination, constitute conduct that exhibits a
wanton disregard for the welfare of a child.” Id. at 867-68.


        Clearly, then, Mother’s repeated incarceration, criminal behavior, substance abuse,
and failure to support her children throughout this case exhibited a wanton disregard for
the welfare of her children according to the caselaw cited above. On appeal, Mother
acknowledges this caselaw regarding wanton disregard for a child’s welfare but argues
that it was wrongly decided. Her brief states:


       The Court below made specific findings of fact with respect to Mother’s
       criminal convictions, drug abuse, and failure to visit, [] and Mother does
       not contest those findings of fact. Rather, Mother asserts that the definition
       of ‘wanton disregard’ as described in the Audrey S. opinion and relied upon
       by the Juvenile Court, is incorrect.


Mother argues that Tennessee cases regarding “wanton disregard” have failed to
recognize the plain and ordinary meaning of “wanton.” Mother relies on a definition
from Black’s Law Dictionary stating that “wanton” means “[u]nreasonably or maliciously
risking harm while being utterly indifferent to the consequences.” She also cites the
following language from Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions:


       Willful or wanton misconduct is intentional wrongful conduct, done either
       with knowledge that serious injury to another will probably result, or with a
       wanton and reckless disregard of the possible results. It does not require an
       intent to injure or harm the plaintiff individually.


8 Tenn. Prac. Pattern Jury Instr. T.P.I. - Civil 3.30 (2017 ed.). Based on these definitions,
Mother argues that the term “wanton” requires conduct that “actually posed a risk of
harm” to the child. Mother claims there was no evidence in this case that her criminal

                                             8
activity and substance abuse posed any danger to her children because she had no contact
with the children whatsoever during that two and a half year period. Mother asks this
Court to “overrule the definition of wanton disregard described in In re: Audrey S.,
restate a new definition consistent with the plain language of the statute, and reverse this
ground for termination consistent with that definition.”


        We are not persuaded. At the outset, this Court rejected a similar argument in In
re Isabella G., No. M2016-02105-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 4407816, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Oct. 3, 2017), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 5, 2018), where parents argued that In re
Audrey S. was incorrectly decided. Like Mother, the parents claimed that they did not
exhibit wanton disregard for their children’s welfare because “the children were not in
their care or custody when they engaged in criminal behavior and, thus, their behavior did
not put the children in any danger.” Id. We disagreed with the parents’ suggestion that
“the exhibited behavior must be in a child’s presence” and cited numerous cases holding
that “a parent can engage in conduct exhibiting wanton disregard for the welfare of the
child even during pregnancy so long as the parent knows of the child’s existence.” Id.


       In yet another case, a parent argued that her criminal activity did not exhibit
wanton disregard for the welfare of her child because another person had custody at the
time, and, so the argument goes, the child was not placed in danger or subject to an
unjustifiable risk. In re Serenity L., No. E2014-02475-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 4594520,
at *23 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2015). We deemed this argument disingenuous, stating:


       The only reason why Mother did not subject the Child to harm or danger by
       Mother’s actions is because Mother did not have custody of the Child
       during the time period when Mother was engaging in this criminal
       behavior. Although Mother knew that she was a parent, Mother chose to
       continue to engage in a life of crime and drug use and abuse. Such actions
       demonstrate a wanton disregard for the welfare of the Child.


Id.


       This Court has recognized that “[w]anton disregard has no precise definition.” In
re Jase P., No. E2016-02519-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 2672781, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App.
June 21, 2017) (no perm. app. filed). “By defining the term by examples, Tennessee
courts have recognized ‘wanton disregard’ in much the same way as Justice Potter
Stewart identified pornography: ‘[we] know it when [we] see it.’” In re Anthony R., No.
M2014-01753-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3611244, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2015)
                                             9
(quoting Jacobellis v. State of Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964) (J. Stewart, concurring)).
However, we have acknowledged the aforementioned definition of “wanton” provided by
Black’s Law Dictionary and utilized that definition when considering the meaning of
“wanton disregard.” We said:


           While this statutory ground of abandonment does not require that the
           parent’s action be willful, the parent’s conduct cannot support this statutory
           ground of abandonment without the accompanying display of “a wanton
           disregard for the welfare of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
           102(1)(A)(iv) (emphasis added). “[W]anton” is defined by Black’s Law
           Dictionary, 9th edition, as “[u]nreasonably or maliciously risking harm
           while being utterly indifferent to the consequences.” The consequences at
           issue in termination cases relate to the child’s welfare. In other words, the
           parent must be indifferent to how their conduct may affect their child’s
           welfare. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv).


In re Chandler M., No. M2013-02455-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 3586499, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. July 21, 2014). We find this language entirely consistent with the plain and
ordinary meaning of “wanton disregard for the welfare of the child,” as that phrase is
used in the termination statutes. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (emphasis
added). “The consequences at issue in termination cases relate to the child’s welfare.” In
re Chandler M., 2014 WL 3586499, at *4. The parent must be indifferent to how his or
her conduct may affect the child’s welfare, id., but there is no requirement of an
immediate physical danger. See In re Isabella G., 2017 WL 4407816, at *7.


        “The actions that our courts have commonly found to constitute wanton disregard
reflect a ‘me first’ attitude involving the intentional performance of illegal or
unreasonable acts and indifference to the consequences of the actions for the child.”3 In
re Anthony R., 2015 WL 3611244, at *3. “[A] parent’s poor judgment and bad acts that
affect the children constitute a wanton disregard for the welfare of the children.” State,
Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Hood, 338 S.W.3d 917, 926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009).

3
    Bryan Garner also provides a helpful explanation:

           The word wanton usually denotes a greater degree of culpability than reckless. A
           reckless person is generally fully aware of the risks and may even be trying and hoping to
           avoid harm. A wanton person may be risking no more harm than the reckless person, but
           he or she is not trying to avoid the harm and is indifferent about whether it results.

Bryan A. Garner, Garner’s Dictionary of Legal Usage 936 (3d ed. 2011).
                                                 10
“Wanton disregard for the welfare of the child can be established by the parent’s previous
criminal conduct along with a history of drug abuse.” In re S.L.A., 223 S.W.3d 295, 299
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). Mother’s broad pattern of criminal behavior and drug abuse
establishes the wanton disregard contemplated by the statute.


                            C.    Substantial Noncompliance

        Finally, we consider the ground of substantial noncompliance, which permits a
court to terminate parental rights when a parent is in “substantial noncompliance . . . with
the statement of responsibilities in [his or her] permanency plan.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
1-113(g)(2). To terminate parental rights on this ground, the court must find the plan’s
requirements reasonable and related to conditions that necessitate foster care placement.
In re James V., No. M2016-01575-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 2365010, at *7 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 31, 2017) (no perm. app. filed). The court must also find the parent’s
noncompliance to be substantial. Id. “[N]oncompliance should be measured by both the
degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to that requirement.” In re Valentine,
79 S.W.3d 539, 548 (Tenn. 2002).


        The trial court found that the permanency plans adopted in this case clearly listed
in detail the responsibilities placed on Mother and that the DCS case managers discussed
the contents and requirements of the permanency plans with Mother. The court found
that Mother was fully aware of the statement of responsibilities and action steps she
needed to complete. Specifically, she was required to pass random drug screens and pill
counts and demonstrate sobriety, comply with the rules for visitation upon passing drug
screens, follow the rules of her criminal probation, refrain from incurring new charges,
ensure there were no drugs in her home, participate in a clinical drug and alcohol
assessment and follow its recommendations, complete parenting classes, provide proof of
a legal source of income and stable housing, and complete a budget, transportation plan,
and childcare plan. The court found that these responsibilities were reasonable and
related to remedying the conditions that necessitated foster care. The court found that
DCS caseworkers continuously tried to locate Mother, “made extreme, extraordinary
efforts to engage [Mother],” and visited her in jail, but there were some periods when she
simply could not be located due to her residing with various relatives and being in and
out of jail numerous times. The court found that DCS made numerous unsuccessful
attempts to conduct random drug screens when Mother would not show up as agreed or
did not answer the phone or return the calls. Regardless of the screening, Mother
admittedly continued to use cocaine and heroin. She also violated her probation and
continued to incur new criminal charges.


                                            11
        The court found that Mother “did make some efforts” to comply with the plan but
emphasized how long Mother waited before making those efforts. Mother completed a
parenting class, an anger management class, a drug abuse program, and a victims class
provided at the prison during her last term of incarceration in 2016, while the termination
proceeding was pending. The trial court noted that Mother also completed the alcohol
and drug assessment while in jail, but she failed to complete its intensive outpatient
treatment recommendation despite entering three different halfway houses. She failed to
complete the first halfway house program due to another arrest for possession of cocaine.
She was discharged from the second halfway house after six weeks for failing to follow
the rules. And, she had only recently moved into the third halfway house and achieved
compliance with its rules by the final day of trial. Notably, the court found that DCS had
tried to help Mother obtain treatment for her substance abuse problem since the children
were placed with relatives in July 2014, “and it was not until her own freedom was at
issue and it being a condition of her release from incarceration that she chose to attempt
treatment, which she still has failed to complete at this time.” The court noted that
Mother was released from prison on state probation with the Department of Correction,
with the requirement that she complete drug treatment. “Evidently,” the court added,
“the need to get her children back into her care was not enough for her to seek
treatment[,] it took her freedom being at risk.” In sum, the court deemed Mother’s “11th
hour” efforts as “too little, too late,” and found based on a totality of the circumstances
that she was in substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan.

        The trial court’s factual findings and conclusions of law regarding this ground are
amply supported by the record and caselaw. See, e.g., In re Isabella G., 2017 WL
4407816, at *10 (commending the parents for belated efforts during the termination
proceeding but recognizing that improvement can come “too little, too late”). On appeal,
Mother does not challenge the trial court’s findings mentioned above. Instead, she argues
that this Court must vacate the finding of substantial noncompliance with the permanency
plan because the permanency plan itself was labeled with sections entitled “description of
concern,” “desired outcomes,” and “action steps,” while Mother argues that a “statement
of responsibilities” section was necessary. This Court has previously emphasized the
importance of including a “statement of responsibilities” in a permanency plan. See, e.g.,
In re Abigail F.K., No. E2012-00016-COA-R3-JV, 2012 WL 4038526, at *13 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Sept. 14, 2012) (“It is difficult for the Court to find that Mother failed to
substantially comply with the plan’s statement of responsibilities if the plan does not
contain one.”). However, the permanency plans in this case do provide the following
statement: “STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITIES – This section contains both the
desired outcomes and actions steps that together comprise the responsibilities of the
parents and/or other responsible person(s) to achieve the permanency goals.” We have
previously examined this language and deemed it sufficient to clearly communicate a
parent’s responsibilities. See In re Isabella G., 2017 WL 4407816, at *9. We discern no
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merit in Mother’s argument on appeal regarding this issue.


                                     D.    Best Interest

       Although Mother does not challenge the trial court’s finding regarding best
interest, we have reviewed it in accordance with Carrington and find clear and
convincing evidence to support the trial court’s decision. Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-1-113(i) provides a list of factors that are relevant when deciding what is in a
child’s best interest. However, the list is not exhaustive, and the court is not required to
find the existence of every factor before concluding that termination is in a child’s best
interest. In re Joseph F., 492 S.W.3d 690, 706 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016). The child’s best
interest must be viewed from the child’s perspective rather than that of the parent. White
v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

        The four children were doing remarkably well in their foster home, where they had
resided for two years at the time of trial. The oldest child, who was almost thirteen, had
improved her grades from Ds and Fs to As and Bs. She testified as to her realization that
it was better for her and her siblings to remain with the foster parents because they were
safe there and well cared for. The foster parents wished to adopt all four children.
Meanwhile, despite two years of assistance, Mother had not adjusted her circumstances to
provide a safe and stable home for the children. Mother was living at yet another
halfway house, and her only plan for the children was to bring them to the halfway house
to live with her there. By the last day of trial, Mother had only established compliance
with the rules at the halfway house for about six weeks. She had not seen the children in
over two years. Like the trial court, we conclude that the evidence clearly and
convincingly establishes that it is in the best interest of the children for Mother’s parental
rights to be terminated.

                                     V. CONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the juvenile court is hereby
reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded for further proceedings. Costs of this
appeal are taxed to the appellant, Cassie T. Because Cassie T. is proceeding in forma
pauperis in this appeal, execution may issue for costs if necessary.



                                                  _________________________________
                                                  BRANDON O. GIBSON, JUDGE

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