          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DONALD AND KATHLEEN MILLER,             )       No. 78528-1-1
                                        )
                    Appellants,         )
                                        )       DIVISION ONE
                    V.                  )
                                        )
THE CITY OF SAMMAMISH, a                )       PUBLISHED OPINION
Washington municipal corporation,       )
                                        )
                    Respondent.         )       FILED: August 19, 2019
                                        )

       MANN, A.C.J. — After learning that Donald and Kathleen Miller systematically

filled in and destroyed regulated wetlands on their property, the City of Sammamish

(City) commenced a code enforcement action. Over the course of a year, the City

issued a notice to comply, posted a stop work order on the property, and finally issued a

notice and order to abate and imposed a penalty. The Millers appealed to the City's

hearing examiner. The hearing examiner concluded that the Millers violated the

Sammamish Municipal Code (SMC), and the superior court affirmed. The Millers

appeal arguing that the hearing examiner violated their due process rights, that the

penalty order was unconstitutionally vague, and that substantial evidence does not

support the hearing examiner's conclusion that there were wetlands on their property.

      We affirm.
No. 78528-1-1/2

                                            1.

       The Millers own 2.29 acres of residential property located within the Sammamish

City limits. Two of the Millers' predecessors, Donald and Ira Morin purchased the

property in 1975. Donald Morin testified that he purchased the property for his

daughter's horses. He testified that he dug a pond for the horses on the lowest spot on

the property and spread the spoils around the perimeter of the pond. Morin testified that

the area was dry before he dug the pond and that he continually filled the pond with his

garden hose.

      The Morins sold the property three years later, in 1978, to Marvin and Vera

Federman. The property was described in the 1978 sale as "residential, bare land."

The Federmans sold the property to Judy Wendl in 1994. Bankers Trust Company of

California foreclosed the property in 1998. The Millers purchased the property in 1999

from Bankers Trust.

       In 2005, developer CamWest investigated developing a 38-lot residential

subdivision on several parcels, including the Millers' property. The Millers and

CamWest entered an agreement allowing CamWest to prepare a feasibility study of the

property. CamWest commissioned Talasaea Consultants, Inc. to prepare a sensitive

areas report of the Millers' property and adjacent parcels. The Talasaea report

identified two areas of the Millers' property as class III wetlands—wetlands K and L.

The report identified wetland L as 0.11 acres of palustrine, emergent, saturated wetland

primarily composed of mowed lawn vegetation located on the eastern border of the

Millers' property. To the southwest of wetland L, the report identified wetland K as 0.12

acres of palustrine, scrub shrub, unconsolidated bottom, permanently flooded,



                                           -2-
No. 78528-1-1/3

impounded wetland. The report determined that the farm pond excavated by Donald

Morin was included within wetland K.1 The City's former wetland biologist reviewed and

concurred in Talasea's findings in 2006. CamWest did not buy the Millers' property or

proceed with the proposed development.

        In 2008, the landowner located to the south of the Millers commissioned Altmann

Oliver Associates, LLC (AOA)to prepare a critical area study of their property in

association with a potential residential development of that parcel. AOA determined

that there were two wetlands present on the southern property. AOA also relied upon

the Talasaea report to determine that there were three additional wetlands on the

properties neighboring the study site, including wetland K on the Millers' property.

Using the state wetland rating form, AOA concluded wetland K was a category III

wetland. AOA advised its client that the wetland K regulatory buffer would extend onto

the client's property. Summit Homes, LLC ultimately developed the property south of

the Millers into a residential subdivision. The subdivision includes a native growth

protection area along its north edge to encompass the portion of wetland K's required

regulatory buffer.

       On January 12, 2016, the City's wetland biologist, Kathy Curry, informed the

City's code correction officer, Chris Hankins, that she received a complaint that the

Millers had been filling and grading wetlands on their property. Curry reported "Wetland

K, which encompassed a farm pond, has been entirely filled and that Wetland L, which

included a shallow depression, has been graded and filled."




        I The hearing examiner determined that the "pond was not a regulated wetland, but the area
surrounding it was, as was Wetland L."

                                                 -3-
No. 78528-1-1/4

       After investigating the complaint, on February 12, 2016, the City informed the

Millers by mail that the City had reason to believe unpermitted filling and grading had

taken place on the Millers' property. Donald Miller contacted Hankins a couple weeks

later and said that over time there has been some filling and clearing activities on his

property. Miller "was very terse in his response, saying that 'There are no wetlands on

my property." Hankins informed Miller that he required permits to continue filling and

clearing on his property and that Hankins could help him get into compliance. Miller did

not obtain such permits.

      The City issued a second letter on April 14, 2016. The letter described three

things that, at a minimum, must be done for the Millers to avoid further action against

them:(1) have a certified wetland professional complete a wetland delineation report

and mitigation plan,(2) complete a critical area review and submit it with a clear and

grade permit application, and (3) stop further work until such a permit is issued.

       During this time, Summit Homes agreed to purchase the Millers' property.

Summit Homes contacted Hankins to determine what Summit Homes had to do to make

sure the property was in compliance. The City put its enforcement action against the

Millers on hold, under the belief that Summit Homes would get the property into

voluntary compliance. The Summit Homes deal ultimately fell through, however, due to

the Millers' insistence that "he should not have a wetland on his site."

       In September 2016, Hankins again attempted to contact the Millers to get the

property into compliance but the Millers refused to comply. Subsequently, in February

2017, the City received another complaint that the Millers were "stockpiling dirt on his

property and continuing to fill and spread dirt throughout the site." At that point, Hankins


                                            -4-
No. 78528-1-1/5

visited the property and observed "substantial fill-dirt piles on the property. . .[and]

evidence of tracks and exposed dirt in the areas that [the City was] concerned about

previously."

       On February 10, 2017, the City posted a stop work order on the Millers' property

and mailed a letter to the Millers describing the city codes that the Millers were violating

and how to bring their property into compliance. The City also issued the Millers a $500

fine for the stop work order and informed the Millers how they could appeal that

decision.

       After receiving the stop work order, "Mr. Miller did not follow through with any

permit applications as required." Therefore, the City issued and recorded a notice and

order to abate civil code violations (notice). The City determined that the Millers had

committed "multiple code violations by authorizing clearing and grading, including the

filling of wetlands and wetland buffers on the property, without obtaining the required

permits from the City." The notice informed the Millers what they were required to do to

correct the violations. The notice also assessed a $15,000 civil penalty for

environmental damage and critical areas ordinance violations, plus daily penalties for

every day the property remains noncompliant. The Millers appealed this notice to the

City's hearing examiner.

       Prior to the hearing, the Millers retained Sewall Wetland Consulting, Inc. to

assess their property and review the prior wetland studies. The City retained Nell Lund

of the Watershed Company to do the same. The City also asked the Washington State

Department of Ecology (Ecology) to review all of the relevant information and determine




                                             -5-
No. 78528-1-1/6

whether wetlands had existed on the Millers' property. The Ecology assessment

concluded:

      Based on information obtained from the literature review it appears
      Wetlands K and L existed on this property prior to 2008. The fill material
      placed since then has eliminated both wetlands. None of the soil pits
      examined within this fill material by Sewall Wetland Consulting and The
      Watershed Company meet the three wetland criteria, which is not
      surprising. Although Ecology does not usually rely on wetland findings
      more than five years old, the Talasaea delineation is the only on-site
      description of the wetland conditions that preceded the fill material.
      Therefore, we concur with the Talasaea delineation of Wetlands K and L
      on the Miller property.

      The hearing examiner held a two-day hearing. The first day of the hearing was

held on August 24, 2017. The City presented expert testimony from Nell Lund, and

Officer Hankins. The Millers' presented testimony from Don Morin, Don Miller, and

expert testimony from Ed Sewall. Due to a scheduling conflict, there was a two-month

gap between the two hearing dates. During the interim the Millers continued to fill and

grade the property. After Summit Homes dumped 20 truckloads of fill dirt on the Millers'

property, the Millers used the fill to create a driveway through wetland L.

       The hearing examiner's November 15, 2017, decision concluded that regulated

wetlands were present on the Millers' property. The hearing examiner further concluded

"[t]here is compelling evidence and testimony that Miller either caused or allowed well in

excess of 50 [cubic yards] of dirt to be dumped on [his property] and that he used that

dirt to fill in the former pond and low areas where Wetlands K and L had been." The

hearing examiner also concluded that the Millers were required to, but did not, have a

permit for their filling and grading activities and that their activities were not exempt from

permitting requirements.




                                             -6-
No. 78528-1-1/7

      The Millers petitioned for review of the hearing examiner's decision by the King

County Superior Court, under the Land Use Petition Act(LUPA), ch. 36.70C RCW. The

superior court denied the petition for review and affirmed the hearing examiner. After

unsuccessfully seeking reconsideration, the Millers appeal.



      LUPA allows an individual to appeal the land use decision of a quasi-judicial

body, such as the hearing examiner. RCW 36.70C.030, 36.70C.040. To succeed, the

party seeking relief has the burden of establishing that one of standards set forth in

RCW 36.70C.130(1)(a) through (f) has been met. RCW 36.70C.130(1). As relevant to

this appeal, those standards are:

      (b) The land use decision is an erroneous interpretation of the law, after
      allowing for such deference as is due the construction of a law by a local
      jurisdiction with expertise;
      (c) The land use decision is not supported by evidence that is substantial
      when viewed in light of the whole record before the court;
      (d)The land use decision is a clearly erroneous application of the law to
      the facts; . . . or
      (f) The land use decision violates the constitutional rights of the party
      seeking relief.
RCW 36.70C.130(1).

       RCW 36.70C.130(1)(b) and (f) address questions of law and are reviewed de

novo. Families of Manito v. City of Spokane, 172 Wn. App. 727, 736, 291 P.3d 930

(2013). Under the substantial evidence standard in RCW 36.70C.130(1)(c), "there must

be a sufficient quantum of evidence in the record to persuade a reasonable person that

the declared premise is true." Wenatchee Sportsmen Ass'n v. Chelan County, 141

Wn.2d 169, 176,4 P.3d 123(2000). To prevail under RCW 36.70C.130(1)(c)"requires

the court to determine whether a fair-minded person would be persuaded by the

evidence of the truth of the challenged finding." Lauer v. Pierce County, 173 Wn.2d

                                            -7-
No. 78528-1-1/8

242, 252-53, 267 P.3d 988 (2011). A finding is clearly erroneous under RCW

36.70C.130(1)(d)"when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on

the record is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been

committed." Wenatchee Sportsmen Ass'n, 141 Wn.2d at 176.

       When reviewing a superior court's decision under LUPA, we "stand[] in the shoes

of the superior court and [limit our] review to the record before the local jurisdiction's

body or officer with the highest level of authority to make the determination." Mower v.

King County, 130 Wn. App. 707, 712-13, 125 P.3d 148 (2005). "Facts and inferences

from the evidence are to be viewed in the light most favorable to the party that prevailed

in the highest forum exercising fact-finding authority." Families of Manito, 172 Wn. App.

at 739-40. We "defer to the hearing examiner's assessment of the credibility of

witnesses and the weight to be given reasonable but competing inferences." Friends of

Cedar Park Neighborhood v. City of Seattle, 156 Wn. App. 633, 641-42, 234 P.3d 214

(2010)(internal citation omitted).

                                              III.

       The Millers first argue that the hearing examiner's decision violates their

constitutional rights and is thus invalid under RCW 36.70C.130(1)(f). The Millers claim

the hearing examiner violated their due process rights by refusing to consider "three

constitutional defenses to the penalty order." The Millers then contend that, to the

extent the hearing examiner did consider their constitutional defenses, it applied the

wrong legal standard. We disagree.




                                             -8-
No. 78528-1-1/9


                                             A.

       The Millers first assert that the hearing examiner deprived them of their due

process rights by refusing to consider whether:(1) the Millers had a protected right to a

nonconforming use of their property as pasture for grazing animals,(2) the City's failure

to notify the Millers that there were regulated wetlands on their property was

fundamentally unfair, and (3) the order was unconstitutionally vague and the penalty

was assessed in an ad hoc manner. The Millers are wrong.

       Conclusion 5 of the hearing examiner's decision addressed and rejected the

Millers' claim that they had a nonconforming agricultural use. The examiner concluded

that there was no evidence that the filling and grading had anything to do with

agriculture; that the SMC did not exempt agricultural activities, and that "even if" the

farm ponds were use that preexisted the SMC,"filling it would not constitute

'maintenance' in any normal meaning of the word."

       Conclusion 7 of the hearing examiner's decision addressed and rejected the

Millers' claim that the City's failure to notify them of wetlands on their property was

fundamentally unfair. The examiner explained that the SMC warns that not all critical

areas are fully mapped and that the code "places the responsibility on the applicant to

disclose critical areas within a proposed development site."

       Conclusions 9, 10, and 11 of the hearing examiner's decision addressed the

Millers' argument that the order was unconstitutionally vague and the penalty was

assessed in an ad hoc manner. The examiner first explained that the order contained

each of the legal requirements of the SMC. The examiner then explained that "Miller

criticizes the [order]for not providing sufficient guidance regarding required


                                            -9-
No. 78528-1-1/10

corrections . . . The Examiner concurs with the City that it is unrealistic to mandate a

specific solution in this case since so many variables are involved." Finally, the hearing

examiner explained that the penalty assessment was not ad hoc, but was instead based

on application of a longstanding set of City guidelines setting forth the methodology for

calculating a fine. He explained that the SMC allowed a penalty of up to $25,000 plus

restoration costs for critical area violations and that using the methodology the notice

assessed a lower $15,000 penalty.

      The fundamental requirement of due process is an opportunity to be heard upon

such notice and proceedings "as are adequate to safeguard the right for which the

constitutional protecting is invoked. If that is preserved, the demands of due process

are fulfilled." Anderson Nat. Bank v. Luckett, 321 U.S. 233, 246, 64 S. Ct. 599, 88 L.

Ed. 692(1944); see also Wash. Const. art. I, § 14; Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319,

333, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976). The record before us demonstrates that the

Millers were afforded due process including the opportunity to present witnesses,

testimony, exhibits, and oral and written argument. The Millers do not point to any

relevant evidence that was excluded or otherwise not reviewed and considered by the

hearing examiner.

       The Millers rely principally on Johnson v. City of Seattle, 184 Wn. App. 8, 21-22,

335 P.3d 1027 (2014). Johnson involved a claim of a nonconforming use related to

illegally parked cars. This court was critical of a provision of Seattle's municipal code

that prohibited the Seattle hearing examiner from making factual determinations as to

whether the nonconforming use existed—instead requiring the claimant to first seek a

determination from the Department of Planning and Development. Johnson, 184 Wn.


                                           -10-
No. 78528-1-1/1 1

App. at 21. And because Johnson was not provided a stay of the hearing examiner's

hearing in order to seek relief from the department, the court concluded that Johnson

"had no opportunity to present his defense and was provided no procedural

safeguards." Johnson, 184 Wn. App. at 22.

        Here, in contrast, the SMC does not prohibit the hearing examiner from making a

factual determination. Indeed, the hearing examiner did just that: it heard the Millers'

evidence and found that while the Millers' predecessor Morin used the property for his

daughter's horse, the land was never designated or described as agricultural land. The

examiner then concluded that the Millers' filling and grading was not related to an

agricultural use.

         Contrary to the Millers' claim, each of the three alleged constitutional defenses

were addressed, and dismissed by the hearing examiner.2 "

                                                     B.

        The Millers next contend that even if the hearing examiner considered their

claimed nonconforming use, the examiner erred in concluding that they did not have a

valid nonconforming use.




        2 Citing Exendine v. City of Sammamish, 127 Wn. App. 574, 113 P.3d 494 (2005), the hearing
examiner concluded that constitutional arguments were beyond his scope of review. This is likely in
response to a fourth constitutional claim raised by the Millers below—that the City's codified penalty
provisions exceeded the City's delegated authority. In Exendine, this court explained:
        The Sammamish Municipal Code establishes the office of a hearing examiner. SMC
        20.10.020 provides: "The examiner shall act on behalf of the City Council in considering
        and applying adopted City policies and regulations as provided herein." The city council is
        a legislative body, and it does not have the power to enforce, interpret, or rule on
        constitutional challenges. The City Council cannot delegate power it does not have.
Exendine, 127 Wn. App. at 586-87. The hearing examiner correctly concluded that he did not have the
authority to determine the constitutional validity of the City's penalty ordinance and the Millers have not
advanced that argument to this court.


                                                    -11-
No. 78528-1-1/12

       "Generally, a nonconforming use is a use which lawfully existed prior to the

enactment of a zoning ordinance, and which is maintained after the effective date of the
                  \

ordinance, although it does not comply with the current zoning restrictions applicable to

the district in which it is situated." McMilian v. King County, 161 Wn. App. 581, 591, 255

P.3d 739(2011)(internal citation omitted).

      "[T]he initial burden of proving the existence of a non-conforming use is on the

land user making the assertion." Van Sant v. City of Everett, 69 Wn. App. 641, 647-48,

849 P.2d 1276 (1993). The landowner has the burden to prove that(1) the use existed

prior to the contrary zoning ordinance,(2) the use was lawful at the time, and (3) the

applicant did not abandon or discontinue the use for over a year prior to the relevant

change. King County Dept. of Dev. & Envtl. Servs. v. Kind County, 177 Wn.2d 636,

643, 305 P.3d 240(2013)(citing Rhod-A-Zalea & 35th, Inc. v. Snohomish County, 136

Wn.2d 1, 6, 959 P.2d 1024 (1998)). There is no constitutional right to "change, alter,

extend or enlarge the existing use," and owners may not modify nonconforming uses

without City approval and often a permit. Rhod-A-Zalea, 136 Wn.2d at 7. See also

SMC 21A.70.060-.080.

       The Millers contend that before the City was incorporated, their predecessor

Morin established the pasture and pond on the property for his horses and that the

Millers continued to use the pasture and pond in the same way. The Millers further

contend that the annual depositing of topsoil and grass seed was an indispensable part

of this use, and that the City is prohibited from restricting this agricultural use.

       As an initial manner, it is hard to see how filling wetlands is a continuation of

using a pasture and a pond to graze and water animals. The Millers were not cited for


                                             -12-
No. 78528-1-1/13

adding small amounts of topsoil or reseeding the pasture, as they now claim, but for

bringing large quantities of fill onto their land to fill in two regulated wetlands.3 Donald

Miller admitted that when Summit dumped 20 truckloads of dirt on his property, he used

that dirt to construe a driveway that runs through wetland L.

       Further, the initial burden was on the Millers to prove the existence of a

nonconforming use. But all the Millers showed was how the Morins used the property in

the 1970s. The Millers did not demonstrate that the Morins' use of the property for a

horse continued over the next 21 years before the Millers purchased the property. The

Millers did not demonstrate that they or intervening owners actually kept animals, other

than some ducks or chickens, or that they ever used the pond or pasture in the same

manner as the Morins did in the 1970s.

       Moreover, the Millers' desired use is not incompatible with the SMC. The SMC

prohibits landowners from "clearing or grading without first having obtained a clearing

and grading permit." SMC 16.15.050. The SMC does not prevent the Millers from

using their property for grazing, as Morin did, it just requires them to obtain a permit

before filling and grading their property and prohibits filling and grading inside the

regulated wetlands and buffers. The hearing examiner aptly concluded that "there is no

compelling evidence or testimony that the filling and grading had anything to do with

agricultural activities, if, in fact, real agricultural activities occurred on Parcel 9070.

       The Millers failed to demonstrate a valid nonconforming use that would excuse

compliance with the SMC's restriction on filling wetlands and wetland buffers.4


        3 See, eq., Clerk's Papers at 207(Hankins estimated that the Millers used more than 380 cubic
yards of dirt to fill in wetlands).
        4 The Millers also argue that their activities were exempt under the SMC's exemption for
maintenance and revision of landscaping. SMC 21A.50.060(4) allows landscape features to be revised or
                                               -13-
No. 78528-1-1/14

                                                    C.

        The Millers next argue that the penalty order which requires them to restore the

destroyed wetlands on their property is unconstitutionally vague and that the penalty

assessed against them was calculated in a constitutionally infirm manner. We disagree.

                                                    1.

        The Millers argue that the notice was unconstitutionally vague. This is so, they

contend because the notice must specifically state what constituted the violation and

what must be done to comply with the order.

        Penalty orders must be specific about the asserted violations, about the

government's authority, and about the requirements it imposes. See Mansour v. King

County, 131 Wn. App. 255, 271-72, 128 P.3d 1241 (2006). Further, orders cannot

leave enforcement officials with unfettered discretion when reviewing compliance. State

v. Sansone, 127 Wn. App. 630, 639, 111 P.3d 1251 (2005).

        Here, the notice was specific about the asserted violations and the City's

authority. The notice precisely detailed all of the actions that Hankins and the City had

taken up to that point. The notice detailed how the City came to believe that the Millers

had violated the SMC, what investigation materials the City relied upon, and all of the

efforts the City made to address these issues before assessing a penalty. The notice

then specifically cited what sections of the SMC the Millers had violated.




replaced with similar features, which the Millers argue includes the "revisions" they made. But the Millers
ignore the next sentence of SMC 21A.50.060(4) which continues "such that remaining functions of the
critical area and/or buffer are maintained or improved." There is no evidence in the record that the
wetlands and wetland buffers present on the Millers property was maintained or improved. To the
contrary, there was credible testimony that the Millers completely removed the wetlands and wetland
buffers on their property.


                                                   -14-
No. 78528-1-1/15

       The notice also specified what, precisely, the Millers were required to do to come

into compliance.5 The notice required the Millers to: (1) prepare and submit a clear and

grade permit application;(2) submit a wetland delineation report and mitigation plan with

the permit application;(3) hire a wetland biologist to classify any wetlands remaining on

the property, evaluate and map the wetlands and wetland buffers to determine the

extent of restoration needed, and prepare a restoration plan; and (4) complete a

Sammamish bond quantity worksheet to determine what bond, if any, the Millers are

required to post.




       5 The order stated:
         Pursuant to Chapter 23.10.010 SMC.. . you are hereby ordered to discontinue this illegal
   action and to take the proper corrective actions to abate all listed violation(s) above within 60
   days... as follows:
       A.       Prepare and submit a Clear and Grade permit application as required with
                appropriate permit fees. . . in accordance with SMC 16.20.195 ... ,
       B.       A Wetland Delineation Report and Mitigation Plan is required to accompany the Clear
                and Grade Permit application in accordance with [SMC]section 21A.50.120.[That
                plan] shall be provided by a qualified wetland biologist and must propose to either
                move forward with the grading project, or restore the site to its previous condition as
               follows:
               (1)       Delineate the wetland on the subject property . . .
               (2)       The wetland biologist must classify the wetland and associated buffers
                         consistent with Sammamish wetland classification requirements(SMC
                         21A.50.290(1)).. .
               (3)       The wetland biologist must also evaluate and map the extent wetland and
                         buffer clearing, grading and pruning areas where located within wetland and
                         buffer areas to determine the extent of the code violation and to define
                         needed restoration.
               (4)       The wetland biologist must prepare a restoration plan for the wetland, and
                         buffer areas cleared in violation of wetland and buffer protections in SMC
                         21A.50.290. This restoration plan must be prepared consistent with SMC
                         21A.50.145, SMC 21A.50.310, and SMC 21A.50.350 . . .
               (5)       A Sammamish bond quantity worksheet must be prepared that is consistent
                         with the restoration plan. After the City approves the critical areas study,
                         critical areas restoration plan and bond quantity worksheet, the property
                         owner will need to post a performance bond.
       C.       The property owner shall guarantee the remediation of the damage in accordance
                with the restoration plan, in a manner acceptable to the [Director].



                                                  -15-
No. 78528-1-1/16

       Further, the notice did not leave enforcement officials with unfettered discretion.

The notice requires the Millers to go through the normal process to obtain a clear and

grade permit under the City's code. See SMC 16.15.060, 16.15.070. Therefore, SMC

16.15.070(4) expressly establishes the standards that the Director will use to evaluate

the Millers' clear and grade permit application. Similarly, SMC 21A.50.130 sets forth

what information must be included in the Millers' critical area study for it to be

acceptable. While the notice does not precisely lay out what the actual restoration plan

must say, that is so the Millers can maintain control over their own land. And the

Millers' wetland biologist agreed that "restoration plan" was an industry term that he was

familiar working with.

       And, contrary to the Millers' contention, if the City rejects their proposed

restoration plan they will have the ability to appeal that decision. The SMC provides

that the City's hearing examiner has jurisdiction over "[a]ppeals of all Type 2 land use

decisions[,]" SMC 20.10.070(1)(b), which is defined as discretionary decisions made by

the Director. SMC 20.05.020. So the fact that the Director may reject the Millers'

proposed plan does not afford the Director unfettered discretion when:(1) the Director's

decision is guided by the SMC and (2) the Millers can appeal the Director's decision if

they believe that it is erroneous.

       The notice here is similar to this court's decision in Beatty v. Washington Fish &

Wildlife Comm'n, 185 Wn. App. 426, 341 P.3d 291 (2015). Although, Beatty was an

appeal of a permit decision, the court's reasoning is still persuasive here. There, the

court disagreed that the Washington hydraulic mining permit statute was

unconstitutionally vague because it failed to give the Department of Fish and Wildlife


                                            -16-
No. 78528-1-1/17

guidance on when to accept or deny permits. Beatty, 185 Wn. App. at 457. The court

rejected the appellant's contention that "a precise standard is needed in the

environmental context[,]" instead finding the statutory phrase "protection of fish life"

sufficiently definite. Beatty, 185 Wn. App. at 457-58.

       Similarly here, the City was not required to provide the Millers with a precise

standard for how to complete their restoration project. First, the Millers would be guided

by the standard application and critical area processes delineated in the SMC. Further,

the Millers' wetland expert was familiar with the industry standard and had prepared

such reports before. And finally, the order allowed the Millers the freedom to control

their land without excessive City oversight, as long as they met the basic requirements

set forth in the order and the SMC. The notice was not unconstitutionally vague.

                                             2.

       The Millers also 'argue that the penalty was set in an ad hoc manner. They

assert that it was unacceptable for the City to rely on an unpublished, unadopted

worksheet when setting their penalty. SMC 23.100.010 establishes a fee assessment

schedule for violations of the Sammamish City code. It provides that the penalty for a

stop work order is up to $500 and the penalty for Environmental Damage/Critical Areas

Violations is up to $25,000 plus the cost of restoration. SMC 23.100.010. Further, SMC

23.100.010 sets the daily penalty for noncompliance at $100 up to $250 per day for

days Ito 15, $250 up to $500 per day for days 16 to 31, and $500 up to $1000 per day

for days 31 and above.

       In determining the precise penalty to impose in this case, Hankins used the City's

standard "Guidelines for Determining Environmental Damage/Critical Area Violations"


                                            -17-
No. 78528-1-1/18

worksheet. The Millers assert that the City's use of this worksheet was constitutionally

impermissible because the worksheet was unpublished. But all the worksheet does is

limit the enforcement officer's discretion in setting penalties under SMC 23.100.010.

The use of this worksheet actually benefitted the Millers in that the worksheet provides

that for first time violators the maximum fine is $15,000 while SMC 23.100.010 has no

such limitation.

       The cases cited by the Millers in support of their argument are inapposite. See

e.g., Simpson Tacoma Kraft v. Dep't of Ecology, 119 Wn.2d 640, 835 P.2d 1030(1992)

(holding the Department of Ecology could not mandate compliance with unpublished

standards relating to the discharge of dioxin into State waters).6 Each of these cases

involved an unpublished city policy that the regulated entity itself had to comply with.

Therefore, the fact that the policies in those cases were unpublished negatively

impacted the regulated party's ability to comply. Here, however, the worksheet did not

have any impact on the Millers' ability to comply with the SMC and the way in which the

City went about determining precisely what penalty to assess within SMC 23.100.010

had no bearing on the Millers. Therefore, simply because the worksheet was not

officially published or adopted by the City Council does not undermine the penalty.



       The Millers next contend that the hearing examiner's conclusions that they filled

regulated wetlands were-not supported by substantial evidence and were a clearly

erroneous application of facts to the law. We disagree.


       6 See also Norco Constr. v. King County, 29 Wn. App. 179, 627 P.2d 988(1981)(holding cities
must analyze subdivision applications pursuant to adopted codes rather than unadopted policies);
Anderson v. Issaquah, 70 Wn. App. 64, 851 P.2d 744(1993)(holding building permits must be analyzed
according to adopted standards).
                                               -18-
No. 78528-1-1/19

                                            A.
       In concluding that the wetlands K and L on the Miller property were regulated

wetlands, the hearing examiner considered: the 2005 sensitive area report prepared by

Talasaea, the 2008 critical area study by AOA,testimony and the written report by Lund

and The Watershed Company, and the review by Ecology. The totality of this evidence

supports the hearing examiner's conclusion that wetlands K and L were regulated

wetlands on the Millers' property. The City's expert witness Lund audited the Talasaea

report and concluded with scientific probability that the Talasaea report correctly

documented wetlands K and L as class III wetlands, in accordance with the scientific

classification system in place at the time the report was prepared. While the Millers

argue that the Talasaea report did not identify wetland hydrology—one of three primary

wetland characteristics—Lund noted that the Talasaea report addressed the allegedly

"missing" parameter in a manner consistent with the applicable wetland rating system

and this in no way invalidated the conclusion that the wetlands existed. Ecology

wetland scientist Gresham reviewed both parties' expert reports and concurred with

Lund and the Talasaea report's delineation of both wetlands.

      The Millers argue also that the City cannot rely on the Talasaea report because it

is more than 10 years old. But the Millers cite no authority for this proposition. On

cross-examination, Lund did agree that "the standard practice is that these studies are

good for a five-year period." But, as Ecology's wetland specialist Gresham explained,

lailthough Ecology does not usually rely on wetland findings more than five years old,

the Talasaea delineation is the only on-site description of wetland conditions that

preceded the fill material. Therefore, we concur with the Talasaea delineation of

Wetlands K and L on the Miller property." And further, the age of the report does not

                                           -19-
No. 78528-1-1/20

diminish its findings that in 2005 there were wetlands on the Millers' property. The City

was not required to prove that wetlands exist on the Millers' property today, but that

wetlands existed on the Millers' property before the Millers filled them in. Therefore,

simply because the Talasaea report is from 2005 does not undercut that report's

findings.

       While the Millers offered contradictory testimony from lay witnesses Don Miller

and Ira Morin and expert witness Sewall, "contrary testimony does not warrant reversal."

Families of Manito, 172 Wn. App. at 741. Further, we must review the facts and

inferences in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below. Families of Manito,

172 Wn. App. at 739-40. Review for substantial evidence is deferential and "necessarily

entails acceptance of the fact finder's views regarding the credibility of witnesses and

the weight to be given reasonable but competing inferences." William Dickson Co. v.

Puqet Sound Air Pollution Control Agency, 81 Wn. App. 403, 411, 914 P.2d 750(1996)

(quoting State ex rel. Lige & Wm. B. Dickson Co. v. County of Pierce, 65 Wn. App. 614,

618, 829 P.2d 217 (1992)).

       The hearing examiner concluded that there is "compelling evidence that wetlands

K and L were regulated wetlands before they were filled." He determined that the

Talasaea and AOA reports were credible because they "were working at the behest of

land developers" who had much to lose if wetlands were found on the property, thus

there was no incentive to identify wetlands. The hearing examiner also found that

Miller, on the other hand, had a lot to lose if his property contains two regulated

wetlands. We will not disturb the hearing examiner's findings.




                                           -20-
No. 78528-1-1/21

       Substantial evidence exists to convince a fair-minded person that the hearing

examiner did not err in concluding that wetlands K and L were regulated wetlands

before they were filled. RCW 36.70C.130(1)(c); Lauer, 173 Wn.2d at 252-53.

                                               B.
       The Millers also contend that the hearing examiner lacked substantial evidence

that they filled in the wetlands on their property in excess of 50 cubic yards of soil per

year. Because the record establishes that there was in excess of 50 cubic yards of fill

dirt added to the regulated wetlands, we disagree.

       At the outset, it is irrelevant how much fill the Millers added in per year because

even if they only dumped 49 cubic yards of soil in the wetlands, that would still be a

violation of the SMC. The SMC exempts normal and routine maintenance of existing

lawns and landscaping, it does not exempt serial filling in of regulated wetlands. See

SMC 16.15.050(8)(a)(exempting "up to 50 cubic yards of top soil" but specifically

limiting that exemption "subject to the limitations in critical areas and their buffers set out

in Chapter 21A.50 SMC."). And further SMC 16.15.050(8)(a) exempts "up to 50 cubic

yards of top soil" but does not say per year. The Millers add the phrase per year to the

statute where it does not exist on its face.

        Donald Miller admitted that he filled the entire pond area, including wetland K,

and estimated the amount of fill needed at "900 square feet" of dirt. Miller also admitted

that he received 20 loads of dirt in 2017 and that he used it to construct a dirt road

through wetland L. While Miller attempted to assign blame to a third party (Summit)for

unauthorized dumping of over 20 loads of fill on the property, Miller admitted that he

requested fill from Summit. And when Summit dumped more than Miller asked for,

instead of asking Summit to remove it, he used the dirt to build the roadway through

                                               -21-
No. 78528-1-1/22

wetland L. Photographic evidence confirmed that Miller constructed the road after the

City issued the stop work order.

       Second, testimony along with photographic and physical evidence established

that unpermitted fill dirt was placed in wetlands K and L. Officer Hankins testified that

he observed "stockpiles" of fill dirt on the Millers' property on multiple occasions in 2016

and 2017, and saw evidence that fill dirt had been spread and graded throughout the

property during that time period. Hankins calculated the amount of fill over the course

of the two years to be 380 cubic yards. Both parties' experts confirmed that a

substantial amount of fill dirt was present in the 2017 test pits dug within the areas of

wetlands L and K. The City's expert Lund dug to depths of two feet and found fill dirt all

the way down. Using the wetland delineations, aerial photographs, and observations

from excavations, the City's witnesses testified that both critical areas were now topped

by more than two feet of fill, far exceeding the City's 50 cubic yard threshold to obtain

an exemption.

       The hearing examiner's conclusion that the Millers deposited more than 50 cubic

yards of fill into the regulated wetlands is supported by substantial evidence.

                                            VII.

       Finally, the Millers assert that it was fundamentally unfair for the City to assess a

code violation against them without first providing them notice of the fact that their

property contained regulated wetlands. This argument is meritless. First, the Millers

provide no authority for the proposition that the City has an affirmative duty to inform

landowners that their land includes wetlands. And the SMC implies just the opposite as

it is the landowner who must identify wetlands on their property and inform the City of


                                            -22-
No. 78528-1-1/23

such. See SMC 16.15.070(1)(c)(the clearing and grading permit must "identify and

describe those critical areas . . . on or adjacent to the site."); SMC 21A.50.090 ("Not all

of the critical areas in the City of Sammamish are fully mapped.").

       And further, the record shows that the City did provide the Millers with notice that

there were regulated wetlands on their property on February 12, 2016. Yet the Millers

continued to fill and grade their property after receiving such notice and were adamant -

that wetlands were not present on their property.

       We affirm.




                                                                 /1744.1.11 IN-_
WE CONCUR:




                                                             _




                                           -23-
