Opinion issued February 26, 2015




                                   In The

                           Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                       First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                          NOS. 01-13-00267-CV
                               01-13-00233-CV
                        ———————————
   JAY H. COHEN, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS TRUSTEE OF THE JHC
                   TRUSTS I AND II, Appellant
                                     V.
                 SANDCASTLE HOMES, INC., Appellee

                                   ****

   JAY H. COHEN, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS TRUSTEE OF THE JHC
                   TRUST I AND II, Appellant
                                     V.
                   NEWBISS PROPERTY, LP, Appellee




                 On Appeal from the 234th District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
            Trial Court Case Nos. 2010-20973A & 2010-20973B
                                   OPINION

      In related proceedings, appellant Jay H. Cohen, Individually and as Trustee

of the JHC Trusts I and II, challenges the trial court’s summary judgments granted

in favor of appellees Sandcastle Homes, Inc. and NewBiss Property, LP

Specifically, Cohen challenges the trial court’s conclusion that the Sandcastle and

NewBiss established their status as bona-fide purchasers of certain real property in

which Cohen claims an interest. The primary issue we must resolve is whether the

purchaser of real property can establish bona-fide purchaser status if that purchaser

has actual knowledge about information contained in a notice of lis pendens that

has been filed, and then later expunged, on the property. We answer that question

in the affirmative, and affirm the trial court’s judgments.

                                 BACKGROUND

      The underlying suit involves Cohen’s claims against numerous defendants

related to several parcels of real estate. The summary judgments at issue in favor

of Sandcastle and NewBiss were severed from the remaining claims against other

parties, rendering them final and appealable.1 Because only these two judgments




1
      The summary judgment in favor of NewBiss was severed into 2010-20973A; the
      summary judgment in favor of Sandcastle was severed into cause number 2010-
      20973B.
                                          2
are at issue, we limit our discussion to basic background facts and discussion of the

summary-judgment evidence relevant to these judgments.

      Through a series of transfers over the years, Cohen transferred several pieces

of real estate into different partnerships. In the underlying lawsuit, Cohen claims

that defendant Mathew Dilick acted wrongfully and fraudulently (both individually

and through entities he controlled) with respect to management of the properties

through a series of transfers, sales, and debt encumbrances. In conjunction with

his lawsuit, Cohen also filed numerous notices of lis pendens on various properties.

      This appeal involves properties covered by Cohen’s July 27, 2010 Second

Supplemental Notice of Lis Pendens.         That notice impacts several properties,

including the property at issue in this case, i.e., 2.4373 acres known as the “West

Newcastle Property.”     That notice identifies the underlying suit and states its

purpose is to set aside certain transfers of real property, including the prior transfer

of the West Newcastle Property from Flat Stone II, Ltd. to West Newcastle Ltd,

and to “set aside and cancel liens” granted by Flat Stone II to Regions Bank.

      Several defendants in the underlying proceedings filed emergency motions

to expunge the notices of lis pendens.




                                           3
      September 1 & 7, 2010. The trial court signed orders granting all the

motions to lift the lis pendens notices,2 concluding that Cohen failed to state direct

real-property claims, and specifically noting that it “did not consider evidence or

make a determination of the sufficiency of the evidence.” Cohen challenged these

interlocutory expungement orders in this Court, filing a petition for writ of

mandamus and a motion to stay the trial court’s orders.

      September 30, 2010. This Court granted Cohen’s motion to stay the trial

court’s orders expunging the notices of lis pendens.

      October 8, 2010. Defendant Dilick made the first of two property transfers

relevant to the subject matter of this appeal. Specifically, he effectuated the sale

from titleholder West Newcastle Ltd. of a 0.95 acres portion of the West Newcastle

Property (“West Newcastle Tract I”) to appellant Sandcastle Homes for $750,000.

      April 14, 2011. This Court conditionally granted Cohen’s request for

mandamus relief from the trial court’s orders expunging all of the notices of lis

pendens. In re Cohen, 340 S.W.3d 889, 899–900 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2011, orig. proceeding). In our opinion, we first noted that—because of recent

statutory amendments—there are two ways to successfully establish that a notice

of lis pendens should be expunged, i.e., by establishing that: (1) the pleadings do

not “contain a real property claim” or (2) that the claimant has not shown the

2
      The order relating to the West Newcastle Property at issue here was signed on
      September 7, 2010.
                                          4
“probable validity” of the claim. Id. at 892 (citing TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. §

12.0071(c)). We held that the trial court erred by concluding that the face of

Cohen’s pleadings did not articulate a real-property claim. Id. at 899. Although

we accordingly directed the trial court to vacate its orders expunging the notices of

lis pendens based on the pleadings, we expressed no opinion about whether Cohen

could demonstrate the “probable validity” of his claims following an evidentiary

hearing. Id. at 900.

      May 11, 2011. Cohen added Sandcastle as a defendant in the underlying

suit, seeking to set aside its purchase of West Newcastle Tract I.

      May 17, 2011. The trial court held another hearing, this time to hear

evidence Cohen offered in support of his July 27, 2010 Second Supplemental

Notice of Lis Pendens, which burdened the entire West Newcastle Property and

other properties.

      June 23, 2011.      Defendant Dilick transferred the remaining 1.483 acre

portion of the West Newcastle Property (West Newcastle Tract II) from titleholder

West Newcastle, Ltd. to a previous titleholder, Flat Stone II.

      June 29, 2011. The trial court entered an order stating that Cohen “failed to

establish by a preponderance of the evidence the probable validly of a real property

claim” and that the “Second Supplemental Notice of Lis Pendens filed by Plaintiff

on July 27, 2010 is void.” Accordingly, the court ordered the notice burdening the


                                          5
West Newcastle Property (now split into Tracts I and II) was “cancelled and

expunged in its entirety.”

      Cohen filed a petition for writ of mandamus and motion for emergency stay

in this Court challenging the trial court’s expungement orders. We denied the

motion and petition.

      September 26, 2011. Defendant Dilick made the second property transfer

relevant to this appeal. He effectuated a sale of West Newcastle Tract II to from

Flat Stone II to appellee NewBiss for approximately $1.8 million.

      November 10, 2011.         Cohen added NewBiss as a defendant in the

underlying suit, seeking to set aside its purchase of West Newcastle Tract II.

                             SUMMARY JUDGMENTS

A.    Sandcastle Homes

      Sandcastle filed a traditional motion for summary judgment on its

affirmative defense that it was a “bona fide purchaser, based on the fact that it

purchased [West Newcastle Tract I] from West Newcastle, Ltd., in good faith, for

value, and without knowledge of any competing claims of Cohen or the Cohen

Trusts.” Sandcastle acknowledged that there was a lis pendens in effect on the

property at the time of purchase, but argued that “[s]ince the instrument was

subsequently declared void, it has no force and effect and cannot serve as

‘constructive’ notice to Sandcastle.”    Sandcastle contended that its summary-


                                          6
judgment evidence otherwise established its status as a bona fide purchaser as a

matter of law.

         Cohen responded that summary judgment in Sandcastle’s favor was not

appropriate because, he alleged, (1) there was a fact issue about whether

Sandcastle had actual notice, (2) there was a fact issue about whether Sandcastle

had constructive notice, (3) the trial court erred by expunging the lis pendens, and

(4) the statute providing for expungement of notices of lis pendens is

unconstitutional.

         On September 12, 2012, the trial court granted Sandcastle’s motion. On

February 22, 2013, the trial court severed the summary judgment in favor of

Sandcastle and rendering judgment between Cohen and Sandcastle final.

B.       NewBiss

         NewBiss filed a traditional motion for summary judgment, also asserting

that it was entitled to summary judgment because its summary-judgment evidence

established, as a matter of law, that it was a protected bona-fide purchaser for

value.     It acknowledges that it was aware of this lawsuit, but argued that it

“rightfully relied on [the] court’s order of expungement as an affirmative

determination of [Cohen’s] lack of right or interest” in the West Newcastle Tract

II. Because, it asserted, it had “no independent knowledge of any other facts that




                                         7
would place it on notice that Flat Stone II did not have full authority to convey” the

property, “NewBiss was a good faith purchaser as a matter of law.”

      Cohen responded that summary judgment in NewBiss’s favor was not

appropriate because, he alleged, (1) NewBiss had actual notice of his lawsuit,

which was not legally impacted by expungement of the lis pendens, (2) the trial

court erred by expunging the lis pendens, (3) the statute providing for

expungement of notices of lis pendens is unconstitutional, (4) NewBiss’s summary

judgment motion did not address his direct claim against NewBiss.

      On September 12, 2012, the trial court granted NewBiss’s motion. On

February 8, 2013, the trial court severed the summary judgment in favor of

NewBiss, rendering judgment between Cohen and NewBiss final.

                              ISSUES ON APPEAL

      A. Issues Cohen raises challenging the Sandcastle judgment

      1.     “The trial court erred in granting Sandcastle’s summary
             judgment because Cohen raised a fact issue as to whether
             Sandcastle had actual notice of his claims.”

      2.     “The trial court erred in granting Sandcastle’s summary
             judgment because Cohen raised a fact issue as to whether
             Sandcastle had constructive notice of his claims.”

      3.     “To the extent that the trial court concluded that its June 29,
             2011 order expunging Mr. Cohen’s Second Supplemental
             Notice of Lis Pendens obliterated from existence and from all
             effect any other kind of notice arising independently of the Lis
             Pendens obtained by Sandcastle in any manner and at any time
             whatsoever, such conclusion was erroneous as a matter of law.”

                                          8
4.   “The trial court erred in granting Sandcastle’s summary
     judgment because Cohen’s Second Supplemental Lis Pendens
     should not have been expunged and therefore Sandcastle was
     not a bona fide purchaser.”

5.   “Even if Sandcastle was a bona fide purchaser, the trial court
     erred in granting summary judgment because the sale to
     Sandcastle was void, and therefore Sandcastle could not take
     good title.”

6.   “The trial court erred in granting Sandcastle’s summary
     judgment because Tex. Prop. Code § 12.0071 is
     unconstitutional and did not provide the trial court a permissible
     basis by which to expunge Mr. Cohen’s lis pendens, and
     therefore Sandcastle is not a bona fide purchaser.”
7.   “The trial court abused its discretion by expunging Mr. Cohen’s
     Second Supplemental Lis Pendens.”

B. Issues Cohen raises challenging the NewBiss judgment

1.   “The trial court erred in granting NewBiss’s summary judgment
     because NewBiss failed to conclusively establish its bona fide
     purchaser affirmative defense.”
2.   “The trial court erred in granting NewBiss’s summary judgment
     because Cohen’s summary judgment evidence raised a fact
     issue as to whether NewBiss had actual notice of Cohen’s
     claims.”

3.   “To the extent that the trial court concluded that its June 29,
     2011 order expunging Cohen’s Second Supplemental Notice of
     Lis Pendens obliterated from existence and from all effect any
     other kind of notice arising independently of the lis pendens,
     however or whenever obtained by NewBiss, such conclusion
     was erroneous as a matter of law.”
4.   “The trial court erred in granting NewBiss’s summary judgment
     because Cohen’s Second Supplemental Lis Pendens should not
     have been expunged and therefore NewBiss is not a bona fide
     purchaser.”

                                  9
      5.    “Even if NewBiss was bona fide purchaser, the trial court erred
            in granting summary judgment ‘in all respects,’ because the
            sale to NewBiss was void, and therefore NewBiss could not
            take good title.”

      6.    “The trial court erred in granting NewBiss’s summary judgment
            because the statute pursuant to which the trial court expunged
            Cohen’s lis pendens is unconstitutional and did not provide the
            trial court a permissible basis by which to expunge Cohen’s lis
            pendens, and therefore NewBiss was not a bona fide
            purchaser.”

      7.    The trial court abused its discretion by expunging Cohen’s
            Second Supplemental Lis Pendens.”

      8.    “The trial court abused its discretion by expunging Cohen’s
            November 14, 2012 lis pendens.”

                           STANDARD OF REVIEW
      We review a summary judgment de novo.            Valence Operating Co. v.

Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005).        Under the traditional summary-

judgment standard, the movant has the burden to show that no genuine issues of

material fact exist and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R.

CIV. P. 166a(c); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985).

In determining whether there are disputed issues of material fact, we take as true

all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference in

the nonmovant’s favor. Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548–49. A defendant moving for

summary judgment must conclusively negate at least one essential element of each

of the plaintiff’s causes of action or conclusively establish each element of an

affirmative defense. Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex.

                                        10
1997). If the summary judgment does not specify the grounds on which it was

granted, the appealing party must demonstrate on appeal that none of the proposed

grounds is sufficient to support the judgment. Rogers v. Ricane Enters., Inc., 772

S.W.2d 76, 79 (Tex. 1989); Tilotta v. Goodall, 752 S.W.2d 160, 161 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied).

                                   LIS PENDENS

      “[D]uring the pendency of an action involving title to real property, the

establishment of an interest in real property, or the enforcement of an encumbrance

against real property,” a party seeking affirmative relief may file a lis pendens in

the real property records of the county where the property is located. TEX. PROP.

CODE ANN. § 12.007(a) (West 2014). The notice must contain certain information,

including the style and cause number of the proceedings, the court where it is

pending, the names of the parties, identification of the kind of proceedings, and a

description of the property affected. Id. § 12.007(b).

      A properly filed lis pendens is not itself a lien, but rather it operates as

constructive notice “to the world of its contents.” See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. §

13.004(a) (West 2014); see also B & T Distribs., Inc. v. White, 325 S.W.3d 786,

789 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, no pet.) (“The purpose of a notice of lis pendens is

to put those interested in a particular tract of land on inquiry about the facts and the




                                          11
issues involved in the suit and to put prospective buyers on notice that they acquire

any interest subject to the outcome of the pending litigation.”).

      The Property Code expressly provides that a properly filed notice of lis

pendens prevents a purchaser for value from acquiring property free and clear of

the encumbrance referenced in the lis pendens:

      A transfer or encumbrance of real property involved in a proceeding
      by a party to the proceeding to a third party who has paid a valuable
      consideration and who does not have actual or constructive notice of
      the proceeding is effective, even though the judgment is against the
      party transferring or encumbering the property, unless a notice of the
      pendency of the proceeding has been recorded and indexed under that
      party’s name as provided by Section 12.007(c) in each county in
      which the property is located.

TEX. PROP. CODE § 13.004(b); see also Cherokee Water Co. v. Advance Oil & Gas

Co., 843 S.W.2d 132, 135 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992, writ denied) (“The rule

effectively prevents a grantee from being an innocent purchaser.”).

      A notice of lis pendens may be expunged, however, if certain procedures are

followed and the trial court determines that the party filing the notice either has not

pleaded a real-property claim or demonstrated the probable validity of the claim:

      (a) A party to an action in connection with which a notice of lis
      pendens has been filed may:
             (1) apply to the court to expunge the notice; and
           (2) file evidence, including declarations, with the motion to
      expunge the notice.
      ....
      (c) The court shall order the notice of lis pendens expunged if the
      court determines that:
                                          12
             (1) the pleading on which the notice is based does not contain a
      real property claim; [or]
            (2) the claimant fails to establish by a preponderance of the
      evidence the probable validity of the real property claim;
      ....

TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.0071(c).        If an order expunging a notice is properly

recorded, there are statutory limitations on the ability of a party to charge a

purchaser with notice based upon the notice of lis pendens:

      (f) After a certified copy of an order expunging a notice of lis pendens
      has been recorded, the notice of lis pendens and any information
      derived from the notice:
             (1) does not:
                    (A) constitute constructive or actual notice of any
             matter contained in the notice or of any matter relating to
             the proceeding;
                   (B) create any duty of inquiry in a person with
             respect to the property described in the notice; or
                   (C) affect the validity of a conveyance to a
             purchaser for value or of a mortgage to a lender for
             value; and
           (2) is not enforceable against a purchaser or lender described by
      Subdivision (1)(C), regardless of whether the purchaser or lender
      knew of the lis pendens action.
TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.0071(f).

       WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF AN EXPUNGED LIS PENDENS?

      The parties disagree about how the trial court’s expungement of the notices

of lis pendens on Tract I and Tract II impacted Sandcastle’s and NewBiss’s ability

to establish bona-fide purchaser status. The notice of lis pendens on Tract I was


                                         13
expunged after Sandcastle’s purchase; the notice of lis pendens was expunged on

Tract II before NewBiss’s purchase.       Cohen asserts that, in both cases, the

purchasers were not entitled to bona-fide purchaser protection because they

otherwise had notice of his lawsuit. We disagree.

      A. Sandcastle

      With regard to Sandcastle, in his first issue Cohen points to evidence he

contends raises a fact issue about Sandcastle’s actual notice of his lawsuit.

Specifically, he cites Dilick’s deposition testimony that he told Sandcastle—both

prior to its purchase and again at closing—about the lawsuit. Dilick also altered

the disclosure statement at closing to change “Owner is not a part to any pending

law suits” to “Owner is not a future party to any pending future known law suits.”

Cohen argues that while the lis pendens operated as constructive notice “to the

world of its contents,” TEX. PROP. CODE § 13.004(a), “actual notice is binding

independent of any question of constructive notice.” Hexter v. Pratt, 10 S.W.2d

692, 693–94 (Tex. Comm. App. 1928, judgm’t adopted). Thus, he asserts, “[b]y

granting Sandcastle’s motion for summary judgment, the trial court may have

impermissibly conflated the issue of actual notice with the issue of constructive

notice.”

      Alternatively, in his second issue Cohen argues that his filing this Court’s

stay of the order expunging the lis pendens on Tract I in the real-property records


                                        14
put Sandcastle on constructive notice of his lawsuit because it was in the chain of

title. See Hexter, 10 S.W.2d at 693. Thus, he contends, “[b]ecause on the day it

purportedly purchased the [Tract I] Sandcastle had constructive notice of Cohen’s

claims thereto (and presumed actual knowledge as well), from publically available

information other than that derived from Cohen’s lis pendens, i.e., from a separate,

independent and publicly filed document, Sandcastle did not qualify as a bona fide

purchaser, and summary judgment in its favor was improper.”

      Finally, in his third issue, Cohen argues to the extent that the trial court

concluded its order expunging the lis pendens on Tract I “obliterated from

existence and from all effect any other kind of notice arising independently of the

lis pendens, however or whenever obtained by Sandcastle, such conclusion was

erroneous as a matter of law.” Cohen acknowledges that that this “issue appears to

be one of first impression,” and argues that section 12.0071(f) should be construed

narrowly, such that a party cannot be a bona-fide purchaser—even if a notice of lis

pendens has been expunged—if the party has obtained any information about the

lawsuit independent of the actual lis pendens.

      B. NewBiss

      With regard to NewBiss, in his first issue Cohen points to NewBiss’s own

summary-judgment evidence that he contends conclusively establishes NewBiss’s

actual notice of his lawsuit. Specifically, he cites an affidavit by Greg Lewis, a


                                         15
NewBiss representative, which states “[d]uring our discussion on the terms of the

sale, Dilick advised me a lis pendens had been filed on the Property.” Thus, Cohen

contends, NewBiss “admitted [it] did not learn of Cohen’s lis pendens, or the

information within it, via the lis pendens itself.” Because Dilick instead told Lewis

about the notice of lis pendens, Cohen argues that NewBiss had actual notice that

rendered the lis pendens and its expungement irrelevant.

      In his second issue, Cohen alternatively argues that his summary-judgment

evidence raises a fact issue about NewBiss’s actual notice.         Cohen cites an

affidavit by John Riddle, who stated that—when he learned that NewBiss had

Tract II under contract—he asked Lewis if he knew about Cohen’s lawsuit and

offered to get Lewis a copy of the petition. Lewis declined the offer, telling Riddle

that “he knew all about it.”      Cohen contends that this evidence defeats any

argument that NewBiss did not have actual knowledge about his lawsuit.

      Finally, Cohen argues that, if the trial court’s summary judgment was

premised upon its conclusion that the expungement of his Second Supplemental

Notice of Lis Pendens obliterated all forms of notice (actual and constructive)

about his claims, that holding is erroneous.

      C. Analysis

       Cohen’s first three issues with regard to both the Sandcastle and NewBiss

judgments require us to determine, as a matter of first impression, the impact of the


                                         16
trial court’s expungement of the notices lis pendens on the Newcastle Property

Tract I and Tract II on the appellees’ ability to avail themselves of bona-fide

purchaser status.

      In Texas, prior to 2009, if a party pleaded a real-property claim, it could

effectively encumber a property with a lis pendens notice until the underlying

proceedings concluded without regard for the merits of the underlying claim. This

approach had been criticized because it allowed real-property interests to be

significantly burdened with no evidentiary support and with no showing that the

notice of lis pendens was filed in good faith. See, e.g., Herbert A. Janzen, Texas

Statutory Notice of Lis Pendens: A Deprivation of Property Interest without Due

Process?, 19 ST. MARY’S L.J. 377, 385 (1987) (“Under the [prior version of] the

Texas statute, the only way a seller c[ould] remove the cloud on his title caused by

a lis pendens notice [was] to post a bond or give an undertaking pursuant to the

statute, or proceed to trial on the underlying suit and obtain a favorable

judgment.”). Recognizing that a lis pendens notice “produces a cloud on title

which may devastate the marketability of the encumbered property,” some states

“enacted statutes requiring a trial court to determine, in a hearing on discharge, that

the claim is probably valid, or that the proponent is likely to prevail in the action.”

Hon. David M. Gersten, The Doctrine of Lis Pendens: the Need for a Balance, 59

FLORIDA BAR J. 83 (June 1995) (citing CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 405.32 (West


                                          17
1995) (“[T]he court shall order that the notice be expunged if the court finds that

the claimant has not established by a preponderance of the evidence the probable

validity of the real property claim.”); NEV. REV. STAT. §14.015.3 (1993) (requiring

party filing notice of lis pendens to establish it was “not brought in bad faith or for

an improper motive” and that it “is likely to prevail in the action” or “has a fair

chance of success on the merits in the action” and that harm from lifting the notice

would be sufficiently serious); N.J. REV. STAT. §2A:15-7(b)(1995) (“If the court

determines that there is a sufficient probability of final judgment in favor of the

plaintiff, the notice of lis pendens shall be continued of record. . . . If the court fails

so to determine, the court shall forthwith order the notice of lis pendens discharged

of record.”)).

      In 2009, the Texas Legislature similarly amended section 12.0071 of the

Texas Property Code to require a trial court to “order the notice of lis pendens

expunged if the court determines that . . . the claimant fails to establish by a

preponderance of the evidence the probable validity of the real property claim.”

Probable validity is not defined in the statute, but other jurisdictions have defined

this phrase in the lis pendens expungement context to mean “where it is more

likely than not that the plaintiff will obtain a judgment against the defendant on

that claim.” CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 481.190.




                                            18
      Cohen’s Second Supplemental Notice of Lis Pendens was expunged under

this new provision. The parties disagree about the effect of that expungement,

which is governed by section 12.0071(f):

      (f) After a certified copy of an order expunging a notice of lis pendens
      has been recorded, the notice of lis pendens and any information
      derived from the notice:
            (1) does not:
                   (A) constitute constructive or actual notice of any
            matter contained in the notice or of any matter relating to
            the proceeding;
                  (B) create any duty of inquiry in a person with
            respect to the property described in the notice; or
                  (C) affect the validity of a conveyance to a
            purchaser for value or of a mortgage to a lender for
            value; and
           (2) is not enforceable against a purchaser or lender described by
      Subdivision (1)(C), regardless of whether the purchaser or lender
      knew of the lis pendens action.
TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.0071(f).

      Cohen urges us to interpret this provision to mean that expungement

extinguishes only (1) constructive notice caused by the filing of the notice of lis

pendens, and (2) actual notice derived by reading the notice of lis pendens. Thus,

under Cohen’s interpretation, if a party learns of a lis pendens or the underlying

lawsuit other than by reading the actual lis pendens notice, the party has “actual

notice” of that claim, defeating bona-fide purchaser status regardless of whether

the lis pendens is expunged.


                                        19
      Sandcastle and NewBiss argue that Cohen’s interpretation eliminates the

benefit of—and is contrary to the purpose of—the expungement statute because it

allows a party to burden title to property even when that party cannot meet the

threshold requirement of adequately pleading and establishing the probable validity

of an alleged real-property claim. We agree.

      “We use definitions prescribed by the Legislature and any technical or

particular meaning the words have acquired, but otherwise, we construe the

statute’s words according to their plain and common meaning unless a contrary

intention is apparent from the context, or unless such a construction leads to absurd

results.” FKM P’ship, Ltd. v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Houston Sys., 255 S.W.3d

619, 633 (Tex. 2008) (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.011; Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med.

Ctr. v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. 2004)).           We presume the

Legislature intended a just and reasonable result by enacting the statute. TEX.

GOV’T CODE § 311.021(3).

      A notice of lis pendens is designed to put persons who might acquire the

property on notice that there is a potential claim to the property. There are two

methods to terminate a lis pendens. Anyone interested in a burdened property can

petition for a “cancellation” of lis pendens if the court determines “the party

seeking affirmative relief can be adequately protected by the deposit of money into

court or by giving of an undertaking.” TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.008. In other words,


                                         20
without regard to the merits of a real property claim, a party can unburden real

property by providing security in its place.

      But section 12.0071—the provision at issue here—uses the word “expunge”

rather than “cancel.” Unlike section 12.008 (providing for cancellation based upon

posting security), a court under 12.0071 must find that the plaintiff either did not

plead a real-property claim or has not shown the probable validity of its claims

before expungement is appropriate. “Expunge” means to “erase or destroy”; to

“declare . . . null and outside the record,” so that it “is noted in the original record

as expunged, and redacted from all future copies.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY

(10th ed. 2014). Once a notice of expungement has been properly filed, “the notice

of lis pendens and any information derived from the notice” does not amount to

constructive, actual, or inquiry notice about the underlying lawsuit, and is “not

enforceable against a purchaser or lender . . . regardless of whether the purchaser

or lender knew of the lis pendens action.”

      Cohen argues the concepts of actual and constructive notice are different and

that expungement of a notice of lis pendens can operate only to extinguish

constructive notice, but not actual notice (except the actual notice that comes from

physically reading a lis pendens notice). We reject that argument because the plain

language of section 12.0071 shows that—for purposes of establishing bona fide

purchaser status—expungement of a lis pendens notice extinguishes both actual


                                          21
and constructive notice.    See TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.0071(f)(1)(A) (“After a

certified copy of an order expunging a notice of lis pendens has been recorded, the

notice of lis pendens and any information derived from the notice . . . does not . . .

constitute constructive or actual notice of any matter contained in the notice or of

any matter relating to the proceeding.” (emphasis added)), § 12.0071(f)(2) (“After

a certified copy of a notice of lis pendens has been recorded, the notice of lis

pendens any information derived from the notice . . . is not enforceable against a

purchaser. . . regardless of whether the purchaser . . . knew of the lis pendens

action.” (emphasis added)).      What is less clear, however, is exactly what

expungement extinguishes actual and constructive notice of.

      The statute states that expungement extinguishes “notice of lis pendens and

any information derived from the notice.” (emphasis added). Our resolution of

this appeal turns on what “any information derived from” means. Cohen advances

a narrow interpretation of this provision, insisting that expungement of a lis

pendens should have no effect on any actual notice unless the purchaser gained the

actual notice from reading the notice of lis pendens. Under this interpretation,

whether an expungement can remove the cloud of a lis pendens does not turn on

whether the party encumbering the real property can demonstrate a probable right

of recovery on an underlying real-property claim, but instead on details about




                                         22
exactly how the purchaser seeking to rely on an expungement learns of the

underlying claim.

      For example, under Cohen’s interpretation, if a potential purchaser first

learns of a lawsuit involving a claim to real property by reading a properly filed

notice of lis pendens in the real property records, then the potential seller’s

successfully moving to expunge that lis pendens—either before or after the

purchaser came across the lis pendens notice—would restore that purchaser’s

ability to take the property as a bona-fide-purchaser.

      The result would be different, however, if the day before inspecting the real

property records, that same potential purchaser was told by a real estate agent

showing the property:

      The seller told me that there is a lawsuit in which someone was
      claiming an interest in this property. The plaintiff in that suit filed a
      notice of lis pendens on the property, but the seller went to court and
      got that notice expunged, so everything is fine now.
Under Cohen’s interpretation, the buyer told about the suit by the realtor could

never take the property as a bona-fide purchaser, despite a trial court finding that

the plaintiff in the underlying lawsuit failed to establish, by a preponderance of the

evidence, the probable validity of the real-property claim.

      The statutory provisions providing for expungement of lis pendens notices—

the aim of which is to curtail burdening of real property pretrial, for lengthy

periods, without evidentiary support—would be of little use if every case

                                          23
necessitated inquiry into, and turned on, whether a purchaser physically read the lis

pendens or was told about the lis pendens or the underlying lawsuit by another

person. Read as a whole, the lis pendens and expungement scheme is designed to

differentiate cases in which the proponent of the notice of lis pendens can

demonstrate a probable right of recovery on an underlying real-property claim

from cases in which the proponent cannot; nothing indicates that the legislature

intended the determination of whether title to a property is encumbered to turn

instead on whether each potential buyer learns of an underlying claim that is the

subject of a lis pendens notice by literally reading the notice or by some other

means.

      We thus conclude that the more reasonable interpretation intended by the

legislature is that a lawsuit identified in a notice of lis pendens does not preclude

subsequent purchasers from proving bona-fide purchaser status if the trial court has

expunged that lis pendens following a determination that the proponent has not

shown the probable validity of the real-property claim.        Unlike the dissent’s

interpretation of the statute, ours has the benefit of furthering the purpose of the

statute and creating a bright-line rule.

      The dissent criticizes our interpretation as too broad and argues that section

12.0071 should instead be interpreted to extinguish only notice that came from the

notice of lis pendens itself or from information derived from that recorded notice.


                                           24
It contends that our interpretation “imbu[es] an expungement of a notice of lis

pendens with the claim-preclusive effect of a full-blown adverse judgment on the

merits.” The dissent acknowledges, as it must, that the statute expressly mandates

such a result for some types of actual and constructive notice about the underlying

lawsuit, but argues that result should not extend to other types of actual notice. In

support of its interpretation, the dissent expresses a concern that “the procedural

standard for expunging a notice of lis pendens is much lower than the standard that

would apply to defeat the underlying claim on the merits.” But, by the same token,

a plaintiff’s filing a notice of lis pendens wields power not available to a plaintiff

in any other context, i.e., the ability to effectively completely encumber a

defendant’s property before any right to that property is litigated.3

      Cohen does not argue that Sandcastle or NewBiss had notice of any legal

claims other than those identified in his Second Supplemental Notice of Lis

Pendens burdening the West Newcastle Property. He argues only that fact issues

exist about whether Sandcastle’s and NewBiss’s knowledge about those claims

came from the actual lis pendens or from other sources providing information

about the claims and/or lis pendens. Because we have held that expunction of

notices of lis pendens for failure to establish the probable validity of the underlying

3
      We also note that expungement under section 12.0071 does not impact a plaintiff’s
      ability to enforce a perfected lien against real property if its claim to the property
      meets the statutory prerequisites, nor does it impact the plaintiff’s ability to
      recover monetary damages from the defendant.
                                            25
claims effectively extinguishes “notice” of the claims identified in the notice of lis

pendens, we overrule Cohen’s first three issues in the Sandcastle appeal and the

first three issues in the NewBiss appeal.

                             THE EXPUNGEMENT

           In issues four and seven related to the Sandcastle appeal and in issues

four and seven related to the NewBiss appeal, Cohen argues that the trial court

erred by expunging his Second Supplemental Notice of Lis Pendens, rendering the

summary judgments in favor of Sandcastle and NewBiss erroneous. In his eighth

issue in the NewBiss appeal, he complains that the trial court erred in expunging

another notice of lis pendens he filed on Tract II of the West Newcastle property

on November 14, 2012. Specifically, he argues that expunging his notices of lis

pendens was improper because he established the probable validity of his real-

property claims against the Dilick defendants in the underlying lawsuit.

      Orders related to lis pendens are addressable by mandamus 4 and, in some

situations, on direct appeal from the final judgment resolving the alleged real-




4
      E.g., First Nat’l Petroleum Corp. v. Lloyd, 908 S.W.2d 23, 24–25 (Tex. App.—
      Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, orig. proceeding) (“Mandamus has been recognized as
      the appropriate remedy when issues have arisen concerning the issuance of notices
      of lis pendens.”); see also Flores v. Haberman, 915 S.W.2d 477, 478 (Tex. 1995)
      (orig. proceeding) (granting mandamus relief from trial court’s erroneously denial
      of motion to cancel notice of lis pendens without analysis of adequate remedy by
      appeal).

                                            26
property claim for which the lis pendens gives notice.5 Neither of these situations

is presented here. Cohen raised the same arguments he makes here in the petition

for writ of mandamus he filed, and we denied, when the trial court expunged his

notices of lis pendens. See In re Cohen, 01-11-00544-CV (Dec. 22, 2011). And

the underlying real-property claims against the Dilick defendant upon which the

notices of lis pendens gave notice are still pending in in the trial court. We will not

consider Cohen’s collateral challenge to the trial court’s expungement orders in

this direct appeal from severed summary judgments establishing Sandcastle’s and

NewBiss’s bona-fide purchaser status.

      We accordingly overrule Cohen’s fourth and seventh issues in the

Sandcastle appeal and his fourth, seventh, and eighth issues in the NewBiss appeal.

              SALES TO SANDCASTLE AND NEWBISS VOID?

      In his fifth issues in both the Sandcastle and NewBiss appeals, Cohen argues

that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because even if Sandcastle

and NewBiss were bona-fide purchasers, their purchases were void. Specifically,
5
      See In re Moody Nat’l Kirby Houston S, LLC, 412 S.W.3d 570, 571 (Tex. App.—
      Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, orig. proceeding) (denying mandamus petition
      challenging trial court’s denial of motion to expunge lis pendens because
      mandamus was filed after notice of appeal from final judgment resolving real-
      property claim in underlying proceeding rendering appeal from final judgment
      (into which interlocutory order denying expungement merged) an adequate
      remedy). But see Nat’l City Bank of Indiana v. Ortiz, 401 S.W.3d 867, 887 (Tex.
      App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (addressing merits of mandamus
      petition challenging denial of motion to expunge notice of lis pendens that was
      filed after notice of appeal filed from final disposition of underlying real-property
      dispute).
                                           27
Cohen alleges that the sales to Sandcastle and NewBiss amounted to improper and

illegal diversion of partnership property because Dilick took the sales proceeds for

improper personal use, which violated his fiduciary duties and the Texas Penal

Code.

        Sandcastle and NewBiss argue that the transactions were not void. They

dispute that Dilick’s actions were improper or violated any law, and argue that—in

any event—Dilick’s actions were within the scope of his authority such that his

misuse of sale proceeds would not void the sale. We agree that Cohen has not

demonstrated that the sales were void.

        Cohen does not dispute that Dilick was specifically authorized under the

relevant partnership agreements to conduct transactions involving the West

Newcastle property, including the authority to sell or encumber the property. In

other words, Dilick did not exceed the scope of his authority by conveying the

properties.   The two cases Cohen cites for the proposition that we should

nonetheless void the sales as being against public policy are inapposite and do not

support his argument that a sale within an agent’s authority to a third party is void

if the agent involved in the sale later improperly diverts proceeds from the sale for

an impermissible personal use. See GNG Gas Sys, Inc. v. Dean, 921 S.W.2d 421,

426–27 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1996, writ denied); Guaranty Bank (S. Oak Cliff

Bank) v. Nat’l Surety Corp., 508 S.W.2d 928, 929 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1974,


                                         28
writ ref’d n.r.e.). In Guaranty Bank, the court of appeals affirmed a summary

judgment that the defendant was not liable for tortious interference of a contract

because performance of that contract required the misappropriation of trust funds

that would have violated public policy. 508 S.W.2d at 932–33. In GNG Gas

Systems, Inc., 921 S.W.2d at 427, the court articulated the general proposition that

a corporate transaction in which an officer or director diverts assets of the

corporation for his own use, “the transaction is presumptively fraudulent and

void.”     The “transaction” that is subject to being voided, however, is the

transaction that allegedly violated the fiduciary duty.     Applying this general

principle, and accepting Cohen’s allegations as true, the voidable transaction here

would not be the authorized sales to NewBiss and Sandcastle, but instead the one

in which Dilick allegedly diverted funds.

         Because Cohen has not demonstrated that the sales to Sandcastle and

NewBiss were void, we overrule Cohen’s fifth issues in both the Sandcastle and

NewBiss appeals.

                            CONSTITUTIONALITY

         In Cohen’s sixth issue in both the Sandcastle and NewBiss appeals, he

argues that section 12.0071 of the Texas Property Code is unconstitutional.

Specifically, he contends it violates the open courts provision of the Texas




                                        29
Constitution, and his due process rights under both the United States and Texas

Constitutions. Tex. Const. art. I, §13; U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, §1.

      A. Open Courts

        The open-courts provision prohibits arbitrary or unreasonable legislative

action that abrogates well-established, common-law remedies. Lebohm v. City of

Galveston, 154 Tex. 192, 199 275 S.W.2d 951, 955 (1955) (op. on reh’g). It

ensures that Texas citizens bringing common-law causes of action will not

unreasonably be denied the right to redress in the courts. Rose v. Doctor’s Hosp.,

801 S.W.2d 841, 843 (Tex. 1990).

       We review the constitutionality of a statute de novo, see Stockton v.

Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 614–15 (Tex. 2011), beginning with the presumption

that the statute is constitutional. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.021(1) (West

2013); Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d 661 664 (Tex. 1983); see also Methodist

Healthcare Sys. of San Antonio, Ltd. v. Rankin, 307 S.W.3d 283, 285 (Tex. 2010).

      To establish an open-courts violation, Cohen must demonstrate that (1) the

statute restricts a well-recognized, common-law cause of action (the well-

recognized prong) and (2) the restriction is unreasonable or arbitrary when

balanced against the Act’s purpose (the balance prong). Thomas v. Oldham, 895

S.W.2d 352, 357 (Tex. 1995); Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 666. A statute does not violate

the open courts provision of the Texas Constitution if there are adequate substitute


                                        30
methods for obtaining redress. Liggett v. Blocher, 849 S.W.2d 846, 851 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ) (“In determining the restrictive effect of

the statutory provision at issue, the court must also consider whether the legislature

has avoided an unconstitutional result by providing a substitute remedy or by

leaving a reasonable alternative at common law.”).        A statute may, however,

violate the open-courts provision “when it makes a remedy by due course of law

contingent on an impossible condition.” In re D.M., 191 S.W.3d 381, 391 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2006, pet. denied).

      Cohen argues that the procedures for expunging notices of lis pendens under

section 12.0071 are “unreasonably truncated,” and may cause a person filing a

notice of lis pendens to “forever lose[] its ability to obtain rescission of the

wrongful conveyance or to impose a constructive trust on the property wrongfully

conveyed.”     In other words, Cohen does not argue that he has lost the right to

pursue a particular cause of action, but instead argues that—by requiring him to

comply with section 12.0071—he may lose the “ability to obtain remedies (i.e.,

retrieve the property wrongfully conveyed) provided [him] under common law,

thereby restricting, in a rather profound way, [his] common law claims.”

      We reject Cohen’s open-courts challenge because he has not been deprived

of a common law right. Cohen has not been prevented from suing for damages

under the theories of breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, constructive fraud, and breach


                                         31
of contract.   Cohen’s challenge is directed only at the statutory provision allowing

for expungement of a lis pendens if the requisite evidentiary showing is not met.

TEX. PROP. CODE §12.0071(c)(2). A lis pendens is not a cause of action or a lien; it

is a means of providing constructive notice of an alleged real property claim. TEX.

PROP. CODE §13.004(a). Cohen was allowed, by statute, to file a notice of lis

pendens to serve as constructive notice of his claims.          He was given the

opportunity to maintain that notice of lis pendens by demonstrating the probable

validity of his real property claim. He had the opportunity to challenge, in an

original proceeding in this Court, the trial court’s determination that he had not

demonstrated the probable validity of his real property claim.          He has not

established an open courts violation. Cf. Francis v. Coastal Oil & Gas, Inc., 130

S.W.3d 76, 92 (Tex App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (holding that statute

eliminating liability of property owner for independent contractor’s injuries unless

the property owner exercises sufficient control over the work and has knowledge

of the danger does not violate the open courts provision because it only “delineates

the evidentiary showing a plaintiff must meet to prevail on a claim of negligence

against a property owner”); Freedman v. Univ. of Houston, 110 S.W.3d 504, 508

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (holding that statute requiring

legislative consent to sue university for breach of contract did not violate open

courts because it does not eliminate right to sue).


                                          32
      B. Due Process

      Finally, Cohen argues that section 12.0071 violates his procedural and

substantive due process rights.

      Procedural due process requires reasonable notice and the opportunity to be

heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Univ. of Tex. Med. Sch. v.

Than, 901 S.W.2d 926, 930 (Tex. 1995). The trial court held a hearing on the

motion to expunge Cohen’s Second Supplemental Notice of Lis Pendens. The

parties filed evidence and the court accepted testimony at the hearing. Other than

his claims that the expungement procedure is “truncated” such that the court

should err “on the side of preserving the status quo,” Cohen cites no authority in

support of his argument that he was deprived of procedural due process.

      Cohen likewise does not articulate how section 12.0071’s application to him

violates substantive due process.     He argues only that the state needed “a

compelling interest to curtail” his property rights, and “must do it as narrowly as

possible.”   Cohen has not provided argument or authority to overcome the

presumption that section 12.0071 is constitutional.

      We overrule Cohen’s sixth issue in both the Sandcastle and NewBiss

appeals.

                                  CONCLUSION

      We affirm the trial court’s judgments.


                                         33
                                            Sherry Radack
                                            Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Massengale and Huddle.

Justice Massengale, dissenting.




                                       34
