                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



CINDY KAY MAIER,                                                    FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                    June 25, 2015
               Plaintiff/Counter Defendant-                         9:00 a.m.
               Appellant,

v                                                                   No. 322109
                                                                    Clinton Circuit Court
                                                                    Family Division
DANIEL CLAYTON MAIER,                                               LC No. 11-023267-DM

               Defendant/Counter Plaintiff-
               Appellee.


Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order awarding defendant sole physical and
legal custody of the parties’ son, JM. We affirm.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff and defendant married in 2002, and JM was born three years later. A little over
a year after JM was born the parties separated, but did not finally divorce until 2012. Custody
issues arose during the pendency of the divorce proceedings and resumed within months of the
entry of a judgment of divorce. In addition to the multiple show cause hearings filed with the
court, the parties were also involved in several Children's Protective Services (CPS)
investigations instigated by plaintiff. Each report was found unsubstantiated by CPS. In 2013, a
petition to change custody was filed in conjunction with a motion to show cause. The court
conducted an evidentiary hearing on the custody petition which spanned four months and
included seven days of testimony and argument. At the close of those proceedings, the trial
judge entered an order granting defendant sole legal and physical custody of the parties’ nine-
year-old and granting the plaintiff unsupervised visitation with a standard visitation schedule.
After a cacophonous initial visitation between JM and plaintiff, the court modified its order on
May 22, 2014, to require that plaintiff’s visitation be supervised until and unless a psychological
evaluation recommended otherwise. It is from that order that plaintiff appeals.




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                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a trial court’s fact finding to determine if it is against the great weight of the
evidence. Pierron v Pierron, 486 Mich 81, 85; 782 NW2d 480 (2010). A trial court’s
determination on the issue of custody is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Shulick v Richards,
273 Mich App 320, 323; 729 NW2d 533 (2006). In child custody cases, an abuse of discretion
occurs if “the result [is] so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not
the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not
the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.” Id. at 324 (citation omitted).

        Plaintiff asks this Court to reconsider our decision in Shulick v Richards, 273 Mich App
320, where we determined that the above articulation of the “abuse of discretion” standard
remained the proper standard in child custody cases in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in
Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372, 388; 719 NW2d 809 (2006), that a different
articulation, the “principled outcomes” standard, was the “default abuse of discretion standard.”
Shulick, 273 Mich App at 323-324. We decline. This Court’s definition of abuse of discretion
derives from the Supreme Court’s ruling in another child custody case, Spalding v Spalding, 355
Mich 382, 384; 94 NW2d 810 (1959). Shulick. 273 Mich App at 324-325. While Maldonado
articulated a general “default” definition of abuse of discretion, it was Spalding that addressed
the term within the specific context of child custody. “A panel of the Court of Appeals must
follow the rule of law established by a prior published decision of the Court of Appeals . . . that
has not been reversed or modified by the Supreme Court, or by a special panel of the Court of
Appeals.” MCR 7.215(J)(1).

        In Fletcher v Fletcher, 447 Mich 871, 876; 526 NW2d 889 (1994), the Supreme Court
stated that because the Legislature used the word “palpable” in the Child Custody Act, MCL
722.21 et seq.,1 the same word the Court had used in Spalding, that it must have meant to adopt
the definition of “abuse of discretion” that was articulated in Spalding. Id. at 879-880. This
Court is bound to follow the precedent of the Supreme Court. See State Treasurer v Sprague,
284 Mich App 235, 242; 772 NW2d 452 (2009)

                                          III. ANALYSIS

                    A. THE TRIAL COURT’S CUSTODY DETERMINATION

       Plaintiff argues that the trial court’s custody determination was erroneous for numerous
reasons. She argues that the court erred in failing to consider the reasonable preference of the

1
    Section 28 of the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq., states:
                To expedite the resolution of a child custody dispute by prompt and final
         adjudication, all orders and judgments of the circuit court shall be affirmed on
         appeal unless the trial judge made findings of fact against the great weight of
         evidence or committed a palpable abuse of discretion or a clear legal error on a
         major issue.




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child. She asserts that the court erred in both deciding custody prior to the plaintiff’s
psychological evaluation and in using the plaintiff’s failure to obtain such an evaluation as
evidence in the court’s custody decision. Finally she contends that the court was biased against
her.

       1) Reasonable Preference of the Child

        Plaintiff’s first claim of error is that the court failed to consider the reasonable preference
of the minor child without conducting an interview of JM. Plaintiff asks this Court to find that
the recent case of Kubicki v Sharpe, 306 Mich App 525; 858 NW2d 57 (2014), requires that a
trial court conduct an interview of the child in all but the most extraordinary of circumstances.
In Kubicki, the Court stated, “[r]egardless whether the parties wished for an interview, the court
was affirmatively required to consider the child’s preference.” 306 Mich App at 544-545. In the
instant case, the trial court declined to interview the minor. In doing so the court stated:

       The reasonable preference of the child if the Court considers the child to be of
       sufficient age to express a preference. [JM] turned nine during these proceedings.
       Neither party asked that he be interviewed. He suffers from anxiety and
       adjustment disorder and has been subjected to various evaluations and counseling
       appointments. There is a concern he struggles with ADHD. He has been exposed
       to inappropriate and inaccurate information and there are concerns which I will
       expand on later that [JM] has been coached. It is unlikely even if he were
       interviewed that he would be able to express a reasonable preference[.]”

        Kubicki did not announce a new legal mandate that every child over a certain age be
interviewed to ascertain a reasonable preference. Following a long line of cases, Kubicki
highlighted the standing principle that a court may not abrogate its responsibility to consider
each of the enumerated best interests child custody factors based upon a stipulation of the adults
in a case.2 The right to have a reasonable preference considered attaches to the best interests of
the minor, not to the rights of the contestant’s in the custody battle. The term reasonable
preference has been defined by this court as a standard that “exclude(s) those preferences that are
arbitrary or inherently indefensible.” Pierron v Pierron, 282 Mich App 222, 259; 765 NW2d
345 (2009) as cited in Pierron, 486 Mich at 92. The Child Custody Act requires that the court
consider that reasonable preference of the minor, if one exists. MCL 722.23(i). A preliminary
question is always whether the child has the capacity to formulate a reasonable preference and if
so, has the child actually formulated a preference. A child over the age of six is presumed to be
capable of formulating a reasonable preference. Bowers v Bowers, 190 Mich App 51, 55-56; 475
NW2d 394 (1991). Undoubtedly, “an expression of preference by an intelligent, unbiased child
might be the determining factor in deciding what the ‘best interests’ of the child are.” In re
Custody of James B, 66 Mich App 133, 134; 238 NW2d 550 (1975); See also Lewis v Lewis, 73
2
  See Foskett v Foskett, 247 Mich App 1, 9; 634 NW2d 363 (2001); Bowers v Bowers, 190 Mich
App 51, 55; 475 NW2d 394 (1991); Daniels v Daniels, 165 Mich App 726, 730; 418 NW2d 924
(1988); Arndt v Kasem, 135 Mich App 252, 255; 353 NW2d 497 (1984); Speers v Speers, 108
Mich App 543, 545; 310 NW2d 455 (1981); Dowd v Dowd, 97 Mich App 276, 278-279; 293
NW2d 797 (1980); Troxler v Troxler, 87 Mich App 520, 523; 274 NW2d 835 (1978).



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Mich App 563, 566; 252 NW2d 237 (1977), and Bowers, 190 Mich App at 56. However, no
court has ruled that every child over age six actually has the capacity to formulate such a
preference. Just as adults may lack the capacity to give competent testimony based upon
infirmity, disability or other circumstances, so may a child’s presumed capacity be compromised
by circumstances peculiar to that child’s life. Additionally, an interview is merely one avenue
from which to adduce a minor’s capacity for preference and the preference itself, and not the sine
qua non from which such determination may be made. Trial judges, learned in the law, are not
necessarily the best persons to approach a minor on this issue. Just as a protocol has been
developed for interviewing child assault victims, this issue may well be best addressed with the
development of an evidence based protocol for interviewers seeking to ascertain a child’s
preference for custody. Additionally, it is not uncommon for children in the midst of family
reorganization to be under the care of trained mental health care professionals from whom the
trial judge can seek input on many of the best interest’s factors including preference.

        In this case the trial judge did not interview the minor, but did make an implicit fact-
finding that this particular child could not formulate or express a reasonable preference, one that
was not based upon the inherently indefensible basis of coaching and emotional distress. In
making this fact-finding, the court had before it a record that included the child’s diagnosis of
both depressive disorder and ADHD. Additionally, the record contained evidence of four
unsubstantiated CPS complaints, testimony from therapists who opined that the minor was being
coached and a traumatic visitation exchange that the minor perceived to be a kidnapping.
Additionally, more than one witness also, testified that plaintiff voiced concerns and criticisms of
defendant in the child’s presence. Thus, the court found that while JM was of sufficient age to
be able to form and express a preference, his fragile emotional state, coupled with significant
efforts to influence his preference, rendered him unable at the time to form a reasonable
preference. Clearly, the court fulfilled its statutory duty. The court’s fact-finding was supported
by the record and is affirmed.

       2) Psychological Evaluation

        Next, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion by reaching a custody
decision without considering her psychological evaluation. We disagree. Our decision in
McIntosh v McIntosh, 282 Mich App 471, 472; 768 NW2d 325 (2009), makes it clear that the
failure to consider a psychological evaluation cannot be the sole basis for overturning a trial
court’s decision on custody. In McIntosh, this Court held that psychological evaluations “are but
one piece of evidence amongst many, and are not by themselves dispositive in determining
custody.” Id. We explained that “psychological evaluations are not conclusive on any one issue
or child custody factor,” and that “[t]he ultimate resolution of any child custody dispute rests
with the trial court.” Id. at 475. Moreover, in evaluating the child custody factors the trial court
can consider the relative weight of the factors and is not required to give them equal weight.
Sinicropi v Mazurek, 273 Mich App 149, 184; 729 NW2d 256 (2006).

       3) Failure to Abide By Court Orders

        Plaintiff also argues that the court erred in its consideration of her repeated failure to
abide by court orders to obtain a psychological evaluation. The trial court determined that
plaintiff’s inability to have a psychological evaluation as ordered weighed against her on two


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best-interest factors: MCL 722.23, factor (f) (mental and physical health of the parties) and factor
(l) (any other factor). The trial court erred in its evaluation of these two factors according to our
holding in Adams v Adams, 100 Mich App 1, 13; 298 NW2d 871 (1980) (“Disputes regarding
visitation and contempt are not a proper basis for changing custody.”). However, the error is
harmless. Four factors favored defendant without any indication of error, and none favored
plaintiff. In order for plaintiff to show that she should have been awarded custody, it is not only
necessary for her to show that the trial court erred on some of the factors that favored defendant,
but also that some of the factors favored her. See Dempsey v Dempsey, 409 Mich 495, 498-499;
296 NW2d 813 (1980).

       4) Bias

        Plaintiff also argues that the trial court treated her unfairly by precluding hearsay
testimony from her witnesses, but not from defendant’s witnesses. In support of this argument,
plaintiff offered several citations where the court allowed the defendant to testify to out of court
statements by plaintiff which she erroneously refers to as inadmissible hearsay. These
statements were not hearsay. MRE 801(d) (2). She also relies upon a single instance where the
trial court allowed defendant to testify to a statement JM made which was hearsay. Even
assuming this admission was erroneous plaintiff has not shown that the actions of the trial court
rose to a level of bias.

             B. THE TRIAL COURT’S PARENTING-TIME DETERMINATION

       “Parenting time shall be granted in accordance with the best interests of the child.” MCL
722.27a(1). A trial court should grant parenting time “in a frequency, duration, and type
reasonably calculated to promote a strong relationship between the child and the parent granted
parenting time.” Id. The following factors can be considered:

       (a) The existence of any special circumstances or needs of the child.

       (b) Whether the child is a nursing child less than 6 months of age, or less than 1
       year of age if the child receives substantial nutrition through nursing.

       (c) The reasonable likelihood of abuse or neglect of the child during parenting
       time.

       (d) The reasonable likelihood of abuse of a parent resulting from the exercise of
       parenting time.

       (e) The inconvenience to, and burdensome impact or effect on, the child of
       traveling for purposes of parenting time.

       (f) Whether a parent can reasonably be expected to exercise parenting time in
       accordance with the court order.

       (g) Whether a parent has frequently failed to exercise reasonable parenting time.
       [MCL 722.27a (6).]



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“Orders concerning parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court’s findings
were against the great weight of the evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of
discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue.” Shade v Wright, 291 Mich
App 17, 32; 805 NW2d 1 (2010) (quotation omitted). The trial court must consider the best
interests of the child even if it does not specifically address the statutory factors. Id. at 31-32.
The parenting time order here was changed after an emergency hearing and only a week after the
court’s initial ruling granting unsupervised visitation. While the trial court did not explicitly go
through all the factors in MCL 722.27a(6), it did state that it reviewed and considered them.

        The trial court was reasonably concerned about the status of JM’s mental and emotional
health when around plaintiff. In addition to the dense record that the court had from the
protracted custody hearing, the court received testimony at the emergency hearing regarding
plaintiff’s behavior since JM had moved to defendant’s home. Plaintiff admitted sending texts to
defendant threatening to terminate all insurance for the benefit of JM. Plaintiff also admitted
sending a letter to JM telling him that defendant’s home was a temporary place for him. There
was evidence that plaintiff told JM’s coach’s wife that defendant was physically abusive of JM,
similar to her four previous claims of abuse to CPS. The court stated “plaintiff cannot separate
her own emotional distress and anxiety from her son’s, cannot act in a manner that’s in his best
interest, at this time, and is, clearly, trying to undermine the defendant as a parent.” The record
supports this conclusion. The trial court’s grant of parenting time was in accordance with JM’s
best interests.

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
                                                             /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                             /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




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