Stephen Sieglein v. Laura Schmidt, No. 76, Sept. Term, 2015 Opinion by Battaglia, J.

MD. CODE ANN., EST. & TRUSTS § 1-206(b) – Artificial Insemination
The term “artificial insemination,” as used in Section 1-206(b) of the Estates and Trusts
Article of the Maryland Code, includes reproductive techniques, including in vitro
fertilization, in which donated sperm is utilized in the procedure.

MD. CODE ANN., FAM. LAW § 12-204(b) – Voluntary Impoverishment
The traditional notion of “voluntary impoverishment” involves attempts to avoid or
reduce a child support obligation through the voluntary reduction of income. The trial
court did not abuse its discretion in finding, based on an application of the appropriate
factors to the evidence presented at trial, that the Petitioner voluntarily impoverished
himself.

MD. CODE ANN., FAM. LAW § 1-203(a) – Injunction
Section 1-203(a) of the Family Law Article authorizes a trial court to order a permanent
injunction based upon “harassment,” and the trial court’s grant of a permanent injunction
in the present case was not an abuse of its discretion.
Circuit Court for Harford County,
Maryland
Case No. 12-C-12-001211
Argued: April 1, 2016
                                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                               OF MARYLAND

                                                      No. 76
                                                September Term, 2015


                                                STEPHEN SIEGLEIN

                                                            v.

                                                  LAURA SCHMIDT


                                                     Barbera, C.J.
                                                     *Battaglia
                                                     Greene
                                                     Adkins
                                                     McDonald
                                                     Watts
                                                     Rodowsky, Lawrence F.
                                                     (Retired, Specially
                                                     Assigned),
                                                            JJ.


                                                Opinion by Battaglia, J.
                                                  Watts, J., concurs


                                                Filed: May 20, 2016

                               *Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the
                               hearing and conference of this case while an active
                               member of this court; after being recalled pursuant
                               to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, she also
                               participated in the decision and adoption of this
                               opinion.
       The primary issue we address in the present case is whether the use of the term

“artificial insemination” in Section 1-206(b) of the Estates & Trusts Article of the

Maryland Code1 encompasses only a specific procreation technique of artificial

insemination or whether the term more broadly encompasses any methodology wherein

human reproduction is achieved by artificial means. The issue is queued up in this case,

because Laura Schmidt, Respondent, wife of Stephen Sieglein, Petitioner, delivered a

child through in vitro fertilization (IVF)2 using donated sperm.

       Mr. Sieglein, who the Circuit Court found to be the father of the child, was also

determined to have voluntarily impoverished himself with respect to child support, as

well as had injunctive relief entered against him based on harassment. He asks us to

consider the following questions:

       1. Whether the “plain meaning” of Md. Code Ann. ‘ET’ § 1-206(b) can be
       interpreted to include a case of “in vitro” fertilization from a donated egg
       and donated sperm, as a result of which Petitioner has been declared a

1
  Section 1-206 of the Estates and Trusts Article provides:
        (a) A child born or conceived during a marriage is presumed to be the
        legitimate child of both spouses. Except as provided in § 1-207 of this
        subtitle, a child born at any time after his parents have participated in a
        marriage ceremony with each other, even if the marriage is invalid, is
        presumed to be the legitimate child of both parents.
        (b) A child conceived by artificial insemination of a married woman with
        the consent of her husband is the legitimate child of both of them for all
        purposes. Consent of the husband is presumed.
Maryland Code (1974, 2011 Repl. Vol.).
2
  “In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or
genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are
collected (retrieved) from ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg
(embryo) or eggs are implanted in [the] uterus.” The Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org,
http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/basics/definition/prc-
20018905 (https://perma.cc/5S87-R75M).
       “parent” of the child and thereby liable for child support, even though the
       child has no genetic connection to either of the parties?

       2. Whether the “plain meaning” of Md. Code Ann. ‘FL’ § 1-203(a)(2) can
       be interpreted to sustain a permanent injunction against Petitioner on the
       basis of “harassment”?

       3. Whether the long settled meaning of “voluntary impoverishment” has
       been ignored by the decisions of the Courts below?

Sieglein v. Schmidt, 445 Md. 487, 128 A.3d 51 (2015).

       We shall hold that the term “artificial insemination” in Section 1-206(b) of the

Estates and Trusts Article encompasses in vitro fertilization utilizing donated sperm. We

shall further hold that the Circuit Court Judge did not err in finding that Mr. Sieglein

voluntarily impoverished himself nor in granting Ms. Schmidt’s request for a permanent

injunction.

       The facts of this case are, for the most part, undisputed. Stephen Sieglein and

Laura Schmidt were married in 2008 in Havre de Grace, Maryland and resided together

in Abingdon until 2012. Prior to the marriage, Mr. Sieglein had one biological child, an

adult, from a previous relationship, as did Ms. Schmidt. After the birth of his child Mr.

Sieglein had undergone a vasectomy. Although Ms. Schmidt desired to have another

child, Mr. Sieglein refused to have his vasectomy reversed. He did, however, accompany

Ms. Schmidt to the Shady Grove Fertility Reproductive Science Center (“Shady Grove”)

as well as support the process of obtaining medical assistance to conceive a child.

       Both Ms. Schmidt and Mr. Sieglein signed an “Assisted Reproduction: In Vitro

Fertilization, Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, Assisted Hatching, and Embryo Freezing

Consent” form in January of 2010. The form required both parties to indicate which


                                             2
“elements of the IVF treatment you agree to undertake in your upcoming IVF treatment

cycle.” Ms. Schmidt and Mr. Sieglein agreed to undertake In Vitro Fertilization,3

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection,4 Assisted Hatching5 and Embryo Cryopreservation.6

Additionally, they both acknowledged by signature that they had been “fully advised of

the purpose, risk and benefits” of the procedures to which they consented and were

participating “free from pressure and coercion”:

      I/We have been fully advised of the purpose, risks and benefits of each of
      the procedures indicated above, as well as Assisted Reproduction
      generally, and have been informed of the available alternatives and risks
      and benefits of such alternatives. This information has been supplemented
      by my/our consultation with my/our medical team. I/We have had the

3
  In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a procedure in which a physician will remove one or more
eggs from the ovaries that are then fertilized by sperm inside the embryology laboratory.
Shady Grove Fertility, www.shadygrovefertility.com, https://www.shadygrovefertility.
com/treatments-success/advanced-treatments/in-vitro-fertilization-ivf.
(https://perma.cc/ECE2-KGXQ).
4
  Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed as part of an in vitro fertilization
(IVF) procedure if medically indicated. It is a process in which an embryologist injects a
single sperm into the cytoplasm (center) of each egg. Shady Grove Fertility,
www.shadygrovefertility.com,               https://www.shadygrovefertility.com/treatments-
success/advanced-treatments/in-vitro-fertilization-ivf/advanced-laboratory-technologies.
(https://perma.cc/3PKJ-NSC7).
5
  Assisted hatching (AH) is a procedure performed prior to embryo transfer in selected
cases. An embryo needs to escape or hatch from its protein shell—called the zona
pellucida—before it can implant in the uterus. In AH, an embryologist uses a laser to
dissolve part of the zona to facilitate the hatching process. Shady Grove Fertility,
www.shadygrovefertility.com,               https://www.shadygrovefertility.com/treatments-
success/advanced-treatments/in-vitro-fertilization-ivf/advanced-laboratory-technologies.
(https://perma.cc/3PKJ-NSC7).
6
   Also known as Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET), embryo cryopreservation involves
freezing embryos through a process called vitrification. This process is done by placing
the embryo into a solution and then rapidly freezing it in liquid nitrogen. Shady Grove
Fertility, www.shadygrovefertility.com, https://www.shadygrovefertility.com/resources/
educational-resources/articles/frozen-embryo-transfers-explained.
(https://perma.cc/W4A3-SXTY).


                                            3
       opportunity to ask questions and all my/our questions have been answered
       to my/our satisfaction.

       I/We have read the Assisted Reproduction document in its entirety and
       have had ample time to reach my/our decision, free from pressure and
       coercion, and agree to proceed with my/our participation in Assisted
       Reproduction services as stated above.

(emphasis added).

       A son was born in 2012; his birth certificate listed Ms. Schmidt under the section

for the mother’s name and Mr. Sieglein under the section for the father’s name. The

parties separated shortly thereafter, however, and Ms. Schmidt filed a complaint in the

Circuit Court for Harford County for a limited divorce on the grounds of cruelty and

vicious conduct against her and her children, as well based upon voluntary separation;

she also requested child support. Mr. Sieglein generally denied the allegations of the

complaint as well as that he was the father of the boy; he, thereafter, filed a motion

requesting that the court determine “whether or not [he was] a ‘parent’ as that term is

employed and understood under Maryland law, so as to obligate him under [Ms.

Schmidt’s] claim for child support.”

       A hearing on Mr. Sieglein’s motion and Ms. Schmidt’s request for child support

was held in the fall of 2012. Judge William Carr of the Circuit Court for Harford County

issued a memorandum opinion and order in which he found that Mr. Sieglein was the

parent of the child and, therefore, was obligated to pay child support:

       [T]he Estates and Trusts Article unequivocally states that a child conceived
       via the artificial insemination of a married woman with the consent of her
       husband is the legitimate child of both spouses. Additionally, § 1-206(b)
       creates a presumption that a husband consented to the IVF process.



                                             4
                                           ***

       The facts the Defendant brings forth may demonstrate that he did not want
       to be a parent, but they do not rebut the presumption of consent to the IVF
       Treatment, and they do not show that he did not consent to creating a child.
       The Defendant married the Plaintiff in 2008. When the Plaintiff expressed a
       desire to have a child, the Defendant accompanied her to a fertility clinic to
       explore the IVF process, and they both signed the consent forms for the
       IVF treatment. The Defendant remained in the marital home with the
       Plaintiff throughout the pregnancy, and his name appears on the child’s
       birth certificate as the father.

                                           ***

       [T]he presumption in § 1-206(b) is that the Defendant consented to the
       artificial insemination process, making the child the legitimate child of the
       Defendant. . . . [He] jointly engaged in efforts with the Plaintiff to create a
       child, and it is in the best interest of the child to receive support and care
       from both parents.

(internal citations omitted). The court did not, however, determine the amount of the

child support.

       The parties appeared in December of 2012 before Judge Angela Eaves of the

Circuit Court for Harford County for a pendente lite hearing on custody, visitation and

child support. Prior to the hearing, Ms. Schmidt filed an amended complaint for limited

divorce in which she sought sole legal custody of the boy, child support and injunctive

relief under Section 1-203(a)(2) of the Family Law Article, which provides for the

issuance of an injunction to “protect any party to the action from physical harm or

harassment.” Maryland Code (1974, 2012 Repl. Vol.), Section 1-203(a)(2) of the Family

Law Article. In support of her amended complaint, Ms. Schmidt relied on a protective

order issued by the District Court of Maryland for Harford County that ordered Mr.




                                             5
Sieglein to vacate the family home, to cease harassment of Ms. Schmidt, to refrain from

contacting Ms. Schmidt and to stay away from her place of employment.

       During the December 2012 hearing, Mr. Sieglein attempted to re-litigate the issue

of parentage and iterated that he did not seek custody or visitation. Judge Eaves,

however, declined to revisit the issue of paternity, stating that Judge Carr had previously

addressed that issue, having determined that Mr. Sieglein was one of the boy’s parents.

Judge Eaves, however, did make a determination that Mr. Sieglein, who was unemployed

at the time of the hearing, had voluntarily impoverished himself, 7 based upon a number

of factors:

       I am making a finding that he is voluntarily impoverished, first stating that
       he is not going to support [the child] in any way; second, from then having
       other assets and resources at his disposal that he has chosen to use only for
       his benefit, but not necessarily even in a way that’s financially prudent.

       He has a renter that left . . . [h]e has that property available. He has a
       mortgage of $800, but he chooses to then spend $350 a month to live
       elsewhere. . . In this case, also the fact that he took out - - used funds from
       the money market account in order to only pay his own living expenses and
       not pay anything towards the child’s expenses[.] Even though he could
       incur a penalty for early withdrawals of the IRA account, he still has some
       ability there, but he has chosen not to undertake any responsibility
       whatsoever with respect to this child[.]

Mr. Sieglein’s potential income became the focal point of the child support calculation.8

In January of 2013 sole physical and legal custody of the boy was granted to Ms.


7
  Voluntary impoverishment “ask[s] whether [an individual’s] current impoverishment is
by his . . . own choice, intentionally, of his . . . own free will.” Wills v. Jones, 340 Md.
480, 496, 667 A.2d 331, 338 (1995) (internal quotation omitted).
8
  Section 12-204 of the Family Law Article provides, in relevant part:

                                                                             (continued . . .)

                                             6
Schmidt, while Mr. Sieglein was ordered to pay monthly child support of $1049.00. An

additional $100.00 per month was ordered to reduce Mr. Sieglein’s child support

arrearage of $7,171.00, covering the period from May 2012 to December 2012.

       Ms. Schmidt was granted an absolute divorce in 2013. A final hearing to

determine child support and to address her request for injunctive relief was held in

February of 2014. At the hearing, Mr. Sieglein testified that he was a college graduate,

had been an employee of Sysco Food Services until resigning in 2012 and was

unemployed from mid November 2012 until December of 2013. He acknowledged that

he was the former husband of Ms. Schmidt and had recently started working as a driver

for a frozen food delivery service. Mr. Sieglein also testified that while unemployed he

received unemployment benefits and additional income from a rental property he owned

prior to the marriage.9 Mr. Sieglein urged he had not voluntarily impoverished himself,

but proffered evidence of his search for employment through copies of forms logging

efforts to find work during his period of unemployment. Upon cross-examination, Mr.


(. . . continued)
         (b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if a parent is
         voluntarily impoverished, child support may be calculated based on a
         determination of potential income.

       (2) A determination of potential income may not be made for a parent who:

         (i) is unable to work because of a physical or mental disability; or
         (ii) is caring for a child under the age of 2 years for whom the parents
         are jointly and severally responsible.
Maryland Code (1989, 2012 Repl. Vol.).
9
  During testimony at the hearing Mr. Sieglein indicated that the monthly rent on the
property was $1,150.00 prior to July of 2013 when it increased to $1,200.00.


                                             7
Sieglein admitted to making 90 contacts during his twelve-month term of unemployment,

several of which were repeated. He also testified that he had been employed for eight

days in August 2013 as a trainee with Business Machines, but that his position was

terminated after he had requested that the company enter a later start date to enable him

to continue to receive unemployment because of unpaid training time.

       Ms. Schmidt testified in support of her request for a permanent injunction to

protect her from physical harm or harassment. She recounted several instances of Mr.

Sieglein’s circling around her, getting in line near her and approaching and intimidating

her at the church attended by both of them, in violation of the protective order.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, Judge Eaves determined, after considering Mr.

Sieglein’s physical condition, education, employment changes, relationship to Ms.

Schmidt, efforts to find and retain employment and past work history, that Mr. Sieglein

had voluntarily impoverished himself, she stated that, “There is an effort to not – to not

maintain employment to the extent that he was employed with Sysco . . . a pattern of Mr.

Sieglein not wanting to pay child support in this case for a child already determined to be

his.” She then calculated a child support payment from Mr. Sieglein to Ms. Schmidt of

$1,007.00 monthly on behalf of the boy.

       With respect to Ms. Schmidt’s request for a permanent injunction, the court stated:

       [Mr. Sieglein’s] credibility suffers with this Court. The manner in which he
       testifies, his ability only to recall events favorable to him in this case and
       the fact that he is less than honest in his dealings with respect to Ms.
       Schmidt. . . . Circling around her when he knows she is present . . . There is
       a protective order in place. Getting in line behind her when you know it is
       her means that you walk away because there is a protective order in place.



                                             8
                                             ***

         I do think [Mr. Sieglein] is playing fast and loose with the Court’s order in
         this matter and accordingly, I’m going to order him to stay 75 yards away
         from [Ms. Schmidt] and the children and to have no contact. No contact
         means not in person, by telephone, in writing or through third-parties in this
         case. And that will extend past the duration of the current protective order
         that is in effect.

Mr. Sieglein appealed to the Court of Special Appeals, which affirmed in a reported

opinion, Sieglein v. Schmidt, 224 Md. App. 222, 227, 120 A.3d 790, 793 (2015).10 The

court, reviewing Section 1-206(b) of the Estates and Trusts Article, held that “a child

conceived via artificial insemination or IVF with the consent of the parties and born

during a marriage is the legitimate child of the marriage and legal parentage is established

as to both spouses”, id. at 243, 120 A.3d at 802, because:

         By enacting ET § 1-206(b), the General Assembly envinced its intention to
         acknowledge the role of medically assisted, non-traditional conception of a
         child in establishing a parent’s rights and obligations.

Id. at 242, 120 A.3d at 802. The court further concluded that the circuit court had not

abused its discretion in granting a permanent injunction to Ms. Schmidt nor in finding




10
     The Court of Special Appeals was presented with three questions:
         I. Did the Court below err in ruling that Appellant was the parent of a child
         conceived through ‘in vitro’ fertilization with a donated egg and donated
         sperm?

         II. Did the Court err and/or abuse her discretion in granting an Injunction
         against Appellant?

         III. Did the Court err and/or abuse her discretion in finding that Appellant
         was “voluntarily impoverished”?


                                               9
Mr. Sieglein had voluntarily impoverished himself. Sieglein, 224 Md. App. at 246-52,

120 A.3d at 805-08.

       The threshold question before us involves our interpretation of the term “artificial

insemination” in Section 1-206(b) of the Estates and Trusts Article, which provides that:

       (a) A child born or conceived during a marriage is presumed to be the
       legitimate child of both spouses. Except as provided in § 1-207 of this
       subtitle, a child born at any time after his parents have participated in a
       marriage ceremony with each other, even if the marriage is invalid, is
       presumed to be the legitimate child of both parents.

       (b) A child conceived by artificial insemination of a married woman with
       the consent of her husband is the legitimate child of both of them for all
       purposes. Consent of the husband is presumed.

Maryland Code (1974, 2011 Repl. Vol.) (emphasis added).11 We have often articulated

the process of statutory interpretation as:

       In statutory interpretation, our primary goal is always to discern the
       legislative purpose, the ends to be accomplished, or the evils to be remedied
       by a particular provision, be it statutory, constitutional or part of the Rules.
       We begin our analysis by first looking to the normal, plain meaning of the
       language of the statute, reading the statute as a whole to ensure that no
       word, clause, sentence or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous,
       meaningless or nugatory. Further, an interpretation should be given to the
       statutory provisions that does not lead to absurd consequences. If the
       language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we need not look beyond
       the statute's provisions and our analysis ends. If, however, the language is
       subject to more than one interpretation, or when the terms are ambiguous
       when it is part of a larger statutory scheme, it is ambiguous, and we
       endeavor to resolve that ambiguity by looking to the statute's legislative
       history, case law, statutory purpose, as well as the structure of the statute.



11
  All references to Section 1-206(b) of the Estates and Trusts Article throughout are to
Maryland Code (1974, 2011 Repl. Vol.). The language of the Section has remained the
same to the present day.


                                              10
Anderson v. Council of Unit Owners of Gables on Tuckerman Condominium, 404 Md.

560, 571-72, 948 A.2d 11, 18-19 (2008) (internal citations omitted) (internal quotation

omitted). Thus, our initial inquiry is whether the term “artificial insemination” in Section

1-206(b) is clear and unambiguous.

       Mr. Sieglein argues that the term “artificial insemination” has a plain meaning that

refers to only one procedure, specifically, that being intrauterine insemination.12 He

argues that in vitro fertilization, the procedure utilized in the present case, should be

excluded from the definition because it was not a procedure known about in 1969, when

the provisions of Section 1-206(b) were introduced into our statutory scheme. Ms.

Schmidt argues, conversely, that the term “artificial insemination” relates to any “medical

process” used to aid the woman in becoming pregnant “without sexual intercourse,” as

currently reflected not only in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, www.merriam-

webster.com,      http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/artificial%20insemination

(https://perma.cc/ZT6D-VCDY), but also in Magill’s Medical Guide, Magill’s Medical

Guide 231 (6th ed. Salem Health 2011), in which “artificial insemination” is under the

collective heading of “Assisted Reproductive Technology.”

       The term “artificial insemination” is not defined anywhere in the Maryland

Annotated Code. Past and present dictionary definitions abound regarding the term, in

addition to Meriam-Webster’s definition and the McGill Medical Guide. The 1961


12
   Intrauterine, or “artificial”, insemination was defined, contemporaneously, as the
“introduction of semen into the uterus or oviduct by other than natural means.” Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary Unabridged, 124 (1961).


                                            11
edition of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defined the term as the

“introduction of semen into the uterus or oviduct by other than natural means.” Webster’s

Third New International Dictionary Unabridged, 124 (1961). “Inseminate” in 1961

included two definitions; “to sow or sow in” and “to introduce semen into (the female

genital tract) by coitus or by other means.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary

Unabridged, 1168 (1961).

       Black’s Medical Dictionary has provided that, “Artificial insemination is the

introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means.” Black’s Medical Dictionary,

65 (26th ed. 1965). Stedman’s Medical Dictionary defines “artificial insemination” as the

“introduction of semen into the vagina other than by coitus.” Stedman’s Medical

Dictionary, 982 (28th ed. 2007).

       In 1965, Black’s Medical Dictionary, 65 (26th ed. 1965), recognized, “There are

two forms of artificial insemination: AIH and AID. In AIH . . . the semen is obtained

from the husband. In AID . . . the semen is obtained from a man other than the woman’s

husband.” See also Ausman & Snyder’s Medical Library, Lawyer’s Edition, § 1:32

(1988) (Homologous Insemination refers to the use of the husband’s sperm while

Heterologous Insemination deals with the use of donated sperm). In addition, multiple

techniques for introducing the sperm into the woman also have existed; intrafollicular,

intraperitoneal, intratubal and intrauterine.13


13
   Intrafollicular insemination involves injecting the semen directly into an ovarian
follicle. Intraperitoneal insemination injects the semen directly into the peritoneal cavity.
Intratubal, or intrafallopian, insemination refers to the injection of washed semen into the
                                                                             (continued . . .)

                                              12
       The term “artificial insemination”, thus, had and continues to have a number of

meanings, generally related to artificial reproduction. Though one meaning referred

specifically to the placement of sperm in a woman’s body, the term has sometimes been

used more broadly to refer to assisted reproduction. As a result, Mr. Sieglein’s contention

that artificial insemination has a plain meaning which referred only to one specific

reproductive technique is without merit.

       Rather, by reference to the legislative history of Section 1-206(b) of the Estates

and Trusts Article we can glean its legislative intent. The Section was added in 1969 to

Article 93 entitled “Decedent’s Estates”, Chapter 3 of the Maryland Laws of 1969, in

order to address the effect on legitimacy of the use of donated sperm.14 The Report of the

Commission to Review and Revise the Testamentary Law of Maryland (“Governor’s

Commission”) commented on the addition of Section 1-206(b):

       Subsection (b) is new. It is derived from 2-111(b) (UPC). The Commission
       feels that this addition is desirable in view of the increased use of artificial
       insemination and the lack of any statute or case law on the subject in
       Maryland.

Second Report of the Governor’s Commission to Review and Revise the Testamentary

Law of Maryland, Article 93 Decedent’s Estates 8 (Dec. 5, 1968). Although the Report

did not define the term “artificial insemination”, its reference to “2-111(b) (UPC)” was to


(. . . continued)
fallopian tube. Intrauterine insemination is a procedure by which specially washed sperm
is injected through the cervix directly into the uterus. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical
Dictionary, 943 (32nd ed. 2012).
14
    Article 93 was recodified in 1974 as the Estates and Trusts Article. 1974 Maryland
Laws, Chapter 11.


                                             13
the 1967 draft of the Uniform Probate Code (“Draft UPC”), which proposed language for

“Legitimacy; Effect of Illegitimacy on Intestate Succession.” Third Working Draft

Uniform Probate Code With Comments, National Conference of Commissioners on

Uniform State Laws, 70-71 (Nov. 1967).

       Section 2-111(b) of the Draft UPC provided:

       Any child conceived following artificial insemination of a married woman
       with the consent of her husband shall be treated as their child for all
       purposes of intestate succession; consent of the husband is presumed unless
       the contrary is shown by clear and convincing evidence.

Id. at 70. The Comment to that Section stated that, “[the] section [was] designed to reflect

the modern policy toward minimizing illegitimacy and its impact on inheritance rights,

but with safeguards against abuse.” Id. at 71. The Governor’s Commission rewrote

Section 2-11(b) using “indigenous” Maryland language, but closely followed the ideas

expressed. The Uniform Probate Council, Maryland Follows Uniform Probate Code, 4

Real Prop. Prob. & Tr. J. 253 (1969).

       By 1967, concern about the implications of the use of donated sperm in artificial

insemination had arisen from a growing awareness that donated sperm separated the

husband from the child, biologically, and raised the specter that the child could be

regarded as illegitimate, as well as the wife as an adulteress. 15 See Allen D. Holloway,


15
  The use of the husband’s, or non-donor, sperm in an artificial insemination procedure
does not raise legitimacy concerns, as the biological link between the husband and child
remains intact. See Allen D. Holloway, Artificial Insemination: An Examination of the
Legal Aspects, 43 A.B.A. J. 1089, 1090 (1957) (“It is reasonably doubtful that any court
would hold that the child born by artificial insemination through the use of the husband’s
semen, with his consent, would not be a legitimate child.”); Elliott L. Biskind, Legitimacy
                                                                             (continued . . .)

                                             14
Artificial Insemination: An Examination of the Legal Aspects, 43 A.B.A.J. 1089, 1090

(1957) (“The second type of artificial insemination—using the semen of a donor—is the

one which poses the grave questions.”).

       One of the “grave questions” was whether the injection of a third-party donor’s

semen into a married woman could be viewed as an act of adultery, as suggested in a

Canadian case, Orford v. Orford, 58 D.L.R. 251 (1921), involving a child born to a

woman who claimed to have been artificially inseminated while apart from her husband.

Id. at 1091. Although the court did not believe the child was the result of artificial

insemination, but, rather, was due to the woman’s infidelity, the court opined, “Sexual

intercourse [with a man not her husband] is adulterous because in the case of the woman

it involves the possibility of introducing into the family of the husband a false strain of

blood. Any act on the part of the wife which does that would therefore be adulterous.” Id.

at 1092. Condemnation of adultery, historically, thus, stemmed from its introduction of

“spurious heirs” into the family, thereby redirecting the inheritance away from the

husband’s biologic children to those of a third party. George P. Smith, Through a Test

Tube Darkly: Artificial Insemination and the Law, 67 Mich. L. Rev. 127, 134 (1968). As

a result of the introduction of the “false strain of blood”, the child could be deemed as

illegitimate, unable to inherit from the husband’s estate.




(. . . continued)
of Children Born by Artificial Insemination, 5 J. Fam. L. 39, 44 (1965) (“With respect to
homologous insemination, there can be little, if any, quarrel with the assertion that
children born as a result are legitimate.”).


                                             15
      Adultery, and the injection of “bad blood” into the family, uprooted the long-held

presumption that a child born during the marriage was legitimate, as the biologic

offspring of the wife and her husband. See C. Thomas Dienes, Artificial Donor

Insemination: Perspectives on Legal and Social Change, 54 Iowa L. Rev. 253, 279

(1968) (“It is universally recognized that a child born in wedlock is presumed

legitimate.”); Smith, 67 Mich. L. Rev. at 140 (“The presumption of a child’s legitimacy is

grounded in the English common-law concept that an offspring is deemed legitimate.”).

The presumption of legitimacy would be overcome, however, by a showing that the

husband was impotent or absent at a time when conception could have occurred. Smith,

67 Mich. L. Rev. at 140. Proof that the wife was impregnated by artificial insemination

with donor sperm, then, could overcome the presumption of legitimacy of a child born

during a marriage. Holloway, 43 A.B.A.J. at 1092.

      One viable alternative, it appeared, to establish legitimacy of a child born thorough

artificial insemination with donated sperm was legislative action expressly legitimizing

the child, although no state legislature had done so by 1957. Id. at 1156 (noting that

Virginia, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York and Indiana had contemplated such

legislation, but no bills had moved beyond the committee stage). Commentators in the

period immediately before the passage of Section 1-206(b), moreover, noted that

“artificial insemination” was not an uncommon occurrence, as “it has been estimated that

between 10,000 and 250,000 issue of artificial insemination live in the United States

today [1968-69]. A.I.D. has, in fact, become so prevalent in this country that it is big

business!” Smith, 67 Mich. L. Rev. at 133; see also Dienes, 54 Iowa L. Rev. at 255


                                           16
(“Estimates generally average about 150,000 living Americans born through AID,

although some suggest the number may run to several hundred thousand.”).

       Commentary also included reflection on the use of donated sperm in artificial

insemination, raising again the issue of adultery and questions regarding consent by a

husband in order to legitimize the child and facilitate his or her inheritance rights. See

Robert T. Jewett, The Legal Consequences of Artificial Insemination in New York, 19

Syracuse L. Rev. 1009, 1010 (1968) (“It is the introduction of the semen of a third party

donor in the AID process which creates most of the legal difficulties[.]”). One

commentator, noting that “[t]he trend [in 1965] [was] to narrow rather than enlarge the

area in which children are labeled illegitimate[,]” argued that children born through

artificial insemination with donated sperm and the consent of the husband should not be

“stigmatized” with illegitimacy, particularly if the husband’s name was registered as the

father. Elliott L. Biskind, Legitimacy of Children Born by Artificial Insemination, 5 J.

Fam. L. 39, 43 (1965). Others advocated for the introduction of a statutory solution to

address the “problem [ ] raised by the expanding utilization and acceptance of artificial

insemination”. Harry D. Krause, Bringing the Bastard into the Great Society—A

Proposed Uniform Act on Legitimacy, 44 Tex. L. Rev. 829, 845 (1966); see also Smith,

67 Mich. L. Rev. at 143 (commenting on the unfortunate failure of proposals attempting

to legalize the use of artificial insemination with donated sperm).

       As artificial reproduction developed and expanded to include in vitro fertilization,

the same concerns regarding the use of donated sperm continued to be raised in the

literature. See Emily McAllister, Defining the Parent-Child Relationship in an Age of


                                             17
Reproductive Technology” Implications for Inheritance, 29 Real Prop. Prob. & Tr. J. 55

(1994); Helene S. Shapo, Matters of Life and Death: Inheritance Consequences of

Reproductive Technologies, 25 Hofstra L. Rev. 1093 (1997). In IVF, the sperm is

combined with mature eggs in a lab, and one or more fertilized eggs (embryos) may be

introduced into the woman’s uterus a few days later. American Congress of Obstetricians

and       Gynecologists,      http://www.acog.org/       Patients/FAQs/Treating-Infertility

(https://perma.cc/5KEG-Y6GQ).

       Section 1-206(b) originated in the midst of concerns regarding the effect of the use

of donated sperm in artificial reproduction on legitimacy and inheritance, rather than on

whether a specific reproductive technique was used. Clearly, the statute engendered a

statutory consent by a husband to legitimize a child born as a result of donated sperm,

rather than as an emphasis on reproductive technique. This conclusion was presciently

echoed by Emily McAllister in her discussion of early statutes confronting the use of

artificial insemination, including Maryland’s Section 1-206(b), when she stated, “There is

a strong case for construing ‘artificial insemination,’ as used in [the Maryland statute], as

encompassing other methods of assisted conception.” McAllister, 29 Real Prop. Prob. &

Tr. J. at 69. The basis for her conclusion rested in the conceptual similarity between

artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization when donated semen is used; “the only

“noteworthy difference between IVF . . . on the one hand and AID on the other is the

fertilization site.” Id.

       As a result, we construe Section 1-206(b) to preserve the legitimacy of a child

conceived through the use of donated sperm during an artificial reproductive technique,


                                             18
other than surrogacy,16 provided the husband consents to the procedure. The term

“artificial insemination,” then, in Section 1-206(b) of the Estates and Trusts Article

encompasses in vitro fertilization, the reproductive technique used in the present case.

       Mr. Sieglein further asserts, in support of his position that he is not the legal parent

of the child and should not be obligated to pay child support, that In re Roberto d.B., 399

Md. 267, 923 A.2d 115 (2007), established that the proper test to be applied in

determining parentage is whether the parent is genetically related to the child, which he is

not. Mr. Sieglein also points to our holding in Knill v. Knill, 306 Md. 527, 510 A.2d 546

(1986), in which we determined that a husband, whose wife had had a child by another

man during the marriage yet treated the child as his own for twelve years, was not

estopped from denying a duty to support the child.

       In re Roberto d.B. involved a situation in which an unmarried father provided

sperm that was combined with donated eggs and implanted into a gestational surrogate

who was not the donor of the eggs nor married to the father. The process resulted in the

birth of twins, and the surrogate’s name was entered on the children’s birth certificates.

Neither the father nor the gestational surrogate wanted her name to appear on the birth

certificate as the child’s mother, as no relationship was intended between the children and

the surrogate. The circuit court ruled that a trial court did not have the power to remove

the surrogate’s name and that it would not be in the children’s best interests were it to do

so.

16
  We leave for another day whether the term “artificial insemination” in Section 1-
206(b) includes gestational surrogacy.


                                              19
       The primary issue before us, then, was whether the gestational surrogate’s name

could be removed from the children’s birth certificates as mother under Section 5-1002 of

the Family Law Article, part of the paternity statute, which was enacted to provide

support for children “born out of wedlock.” 399 Md. at 279, 923 A.2d at 122, quoting

Section 5-1002 of the Family Law Article. The paternity statute, however, provided only

that a declaration of paternity could be set aside, without reference to the maternity of the

woman who bore the child. Section 5-1038 of the Family Law Article provided, in

relevant part, that:

       (a)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a declaration
       of paternity in an order is final.

       (2)(i) A declaration of paternity may be modified or set aside:

                                           ***

       2. if a blood or genetic test done in accordance with § 5-1029 of this
       subtitle establishes the exclusion of the individual named as the father in
       the order.

Maryland Code (2012 Repl. Vol.), Section 5-1038 of the Family Law Article. “Thus, the

court has the power to declare that an alleged father has no paternal status when no

genetic connection is found.” 399 Md. at 277, 923 A.2d at 121.

       After establishing that under Maryland law a trial court was, in fact, authorized to

order the removal of the mother’s name from a birth certificate, we permitted the

gestational surrogate’s name to be removed, because we interpreted the statute to “extend

the same rights to women and maternity as it applies . . . to men and paternity.” Id. at

284, 923 A.2d at 125. While we acknowledged that, based on the language of the



                                             20
statute,17 “the Legislature did not contemplate anything outside of traditional

childbirth. . . . [and] [t]he statute does not provide for . . . a situation where children are

conceived using an assisted reproductive technology,” id. at 279, 923 A.2d at 122, we

“construed the statute to apply equally to both males and females.” Id. at 283, 923 A.2d at

124-25. As such, under the applicable terms of the statute, the gestational surrogate could

challenge the imposition of maternity on the basis of not having a biological connection

to the children.

       While Section 5-1038 provides a mechanism for the exclusion of a father, as well

as a gestational mother, as a parent, Section 1-206(b), in play in the present case,

specifies that the child born of artificial insemination is the legitimate child of both the

mother and the husband when the husband, such as Mr. Sieglein, has consented to the

artificial reproduction procedure and the child was born during the marriage.

       Mr. Sieglein also relies on Knill, 306 Md. at 527, 510 A.2d at 546, in which a

husband denied, during a divorce action, his obligation to support a boy, born during the

marriage, but who was not his biologic child. The husband provided financial support for

the boy until his wife sued for divorce.

       At the divorce hearing, the husband argued that he had no obligation to support the

boy, because his relationship with the child was solely based on a voluntary act on his

17
   Our reference was to Section 5-1027 of the Family Law Article, which provided then,
as it does now, in relevant part:
        (c)(1) There is a rebuttable presumption that the child is the legitimate child
        of the man to whom its mother was married at the time of conception.
Maryland Code (2012 Repl. Vol.), Section 5-1027(c)(1) of the Family Law Article; In re
Roberto d.B., 399 Md. 267, 279, 923 A.2d 115, 122 (2007).


                                              21
part, rather than a legal obligation. The trial court concluded that the husband was

equitably estopped from denying his obligation to support the child. The husband

appealed, and we issued a writ of certiorari before argument in the Court of Special

Appeals.

       We noted that Section 5-203(b)(1) of the Family Law Article provides that, “The

parents of a minor child are jointly and severally responsible for the child’s support. . . .”

Id., 306 Md. at 531, 510 A.2d at 548, quoting Maryland Code (1984), Section 5-

203(b)(1) of the Family Law Article. “[P]arents of a minor child” in the statute referred to

natural and adoptive parents. Id., citing Maryland Code (1984), Section 5-308(b) of the

Family Law Article.

       We concluded that the evidence presented at trial did not support the inference that

the wife had foregone her opportunity to seek child support from the natural father as a

result of the husband’s voluntary support and that the wife could still bring a paternity

action against the natural father. Thus, “we believe[d] that [the husband] should not be

penalized for his conduct under the circumstances as described[, and] . . . [held] that [the

husband was] not equitably estopped to deny a duty to support.” Id. at 539, 510 A.2d 552.

       In the present case, the boy born during Mr. Sieglein’s and Ms. Schmidt’s

marriage resulted from an artificial insemination procedure to which Mr. Sieglein

consented. Unlike Knill, where the child was born as a result of the wife’s infidelity and

voluntarily supported by the husband, Mr. Sieglein consented to the use of artificial

insemination and, under Section 1-206(b), is the father of the child.




                                             22
         Because we have determined that Mr. Sieglein is the father of the child under

Section 1-206(b) of the Estates and Trusts Article, we now turn to the other two questions

he presents. Mr. Sieglein first contends that the Circuit Court ignored the traditional

meaning of “voluntary impoverishment” when it found he had voluntarily impoverished

himself, and based the child support payment on his potential income.

         Section 12-204(b) of the Family Law Article provides for imputation of

“potential” income when the “parent is voluntarily impoverished,” but does not define
                                18
voluntary impoverishment.            Review of the legislative history in 1989 of Senate Bill 49

indicates that the term “voluntarily impoverished” in the final version of Section 12-

204(b)     replaced   earlier    proposed      language    of   “voluntarily   unemployed    or

underemployed.”19

         We had acknowledged the importance of earning capacity two decades earlier in

Pet v. Pet, 238 Md. 492, 497, 209 A.2d 572, 574 (1965), in an alimony context: “The rule


18
     Section 12-204(b) of the Family Law Article provides:

         (b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if a parent is
         voluntarily impoverished, child support may be calculated based on a
         determination of potential income.

       (2) A determination of potential income may not be made for a parent who:
          (i) is unable to work because of a physical or mental disability; or
          (ii) is caring for a child under the age of 2 years for whom the parents
          are jointly and severally responsible.
Maryland Code (1989, 2012 Repl. Vol.), Section 12-204(b) of the Family Law Article.
19
   A similar change was made, prior to enactment, to the definition of “income” in
Section 12-201, replacing “unemployed or underemployed” with the term “voluntarily
impoverished” as the trigger for basing a parent’s income on their potential, rather than
actual income.


                                                  23
of this Court . . . is that an award of alimony is to be based on the earning capacity and

financial worth of the husband at the time of trial.” We expanded the notion to child

support payments in Chalkley v. Chalkley, 240 Md. 743, 744, 215 A.2d 807, 808 (1966)

(“Ordinarily, the awarding of alimony and support should be based on the earning

capacity and financial worth of the husband and father and the circumstances of the wife

and children as of the time of the award.”). As a seminal matter, therefore, inclusion of

the   term   “voluntarily   impoverished”    anticipated   voluntary   unemployment     or

underemployment.

       Within a few years after the enactment of the statute, the Court of Special Appeals,

in Goldberger v. Goldberger, 96 Md. App. 313, 327, 624 A.2d 1328, 1335, cert. denied,

332 Md. 453 (1993), recognized voluntary impoverishment as rendering oneself

voluntarily without adequate resources:

       [A] parent shall be considered “voluntarily impoverished” whenever the
       parent has made the free and conscious choice, not compelled by factors
       beyond his or her control, to render himself or herself without adequate
       resources.

The court’s characterization of voluntary impoverishment was based partly on the fact

that it recognized that the issue had arisen most often when “a parent reduce[d] his or her

level of income to avoid paying support by quitting, retiring, or changing jobs.” Id. at

326, 624 A.2d at 1335. The traditional notion of voluntary impoverishment, thus,

contemplated whether a parent had intentionally acted to reduce their income in an effort

to minimize, or eliminate, their child support obligation. Id. at 327, 624 A.2d at 1335. To

aid in its determination of whether a parent had freely and voluntary impoverished



                                            24
himself, the intermediate appellate court in Goldberger reiterated the factors to be

considered:

      1. his or her current physical condition;

      2. his or her respective level of education;

      3. the timing of any change in employment or financial circumstances
      relative to the divorce proceedings;

      4. the relationship of the parties prior to the divorce proceedings;

      5. his or her efforts to find and retain employment;

      6. his or her efforts to secure retraining if that is needed;

      7. whether he or she has ever withheld support;

      8. his or her past work history;

      9. the area in which the parties live and the status of the job market there;
      and

      10. any other considerations presented by either party.

Id.

      In Wills v. Jones, 340 Md. 480, 485, 667 A.2d 331, 333 (1995), we recognized that

“[t]he meaning of ‘voluntary impoverishment’ [in Section 12-204(b) had] not been

previously addressed by this Court,” but we determined that whether a parent is

“voluntarily impoverished,” under the traditional notion as expressed in Goldberger,

requires the court to “inquire as to the parent's motivations and intentions.” Id. at 489,

667 A.2d at 335. We also recognized in Wills that the pivotal issue was whether the

parent had voluntarily impoverished himself, not whether he had done so in order to

avoid child support:


                                             25
      In determining whether a parent is voluntarily impoverished, the question is
      whether a parent's impoverishment is voluntary, not whether the parent has
      voluntarily avoided paying child support. The parent's intention regarding
      support payments, therefore, is irrelevant. It is true that parents who
      impoverish themselves “with the intention of avoiding child support . . .
      obligations” are voluntarily impoverished. But, as the court recognized in
      Goldberger . . . a parent who has become impoverished by choice is
      “voluntarily impoverished” regardless of the parent’s intent regarding his or
      her child support obligations.

340 Md. at 494, 667 A.2d at 338 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis omitted).

      Unlike what Mr. Sieglein alleges, in the present case the circuit court judge

applied the traditional notion of voluntary impoverishment when she utilized the

Goldberger factors in order to determine whether Mr. Sieglein was avoiding employment

or was underemployed:

      [T]he Court has to consider the individual’s current physical condition,
      prospective level of education, the timing of any change in employment for
      financial circumstances relative to the proceedings, the relationship of the
      parties prior to the proceedings, efforts to find an retain employment,
      efforts to secure retraining, if that is needed, whether they have ever
      withheld support, any relevant past work history, the areas in which the
      parties live, and the status of the job market and any other considerations
      presented by either party.

Judge Eaves specifically found that Mr. Sieglein was in good health and that nothing

precluded him from being employed. The Judge also noted that he had sufficient

education to work in a managerial capacity. Characterizing the relationship between Mr.

Sieglein and Ms. Schmidt as acrimonious, the Judge stated that “[n]either one wants to

have anything to do with the other.” Regarding Mr. Sieglein’s efforts to find and retain

employment to the extent he had been employed with Sysco, the Judge concluded that his

effort was insufficient. Although he had made efforts at finding employment, Judge



                                           26
Eaves determined that his repetitive contact with the same employers over a short period

of time and his attempt to have Business Machines postdate the start of his employment

constituted a lack of effort based upon his own actions. The Judge further explained that

the area in which the parties lived and the job market overall were not a problem in this

case. Mr. Sieglein’s work history indicated that he had been steadily employed for 12

years with Sysco, and the testimony provided no reason for him to have left that position.

Based upon its findings, the Circuit Court found Mr. Sieglein to be voluntarily

impoverished and imputed an income of $4,052.00 per month, which we affirm.

      We finally turn to the issue of whether Section 1-203(a) of the Family Law Article

supports the Circuit Court’s issuance of a permanent injunction to Ms. Schmidt against

Mr. Sieglein for “harassment.” Section 1-203(a) provides:

      (a) In an action for alimony, annulment, or divorce, an equity court:

         (1) has all the powers of a court of equity; and

         (2) may issue an injunction to protect any party to the action from
         physical harm or harassment.

Maryland Code (2012 Repl. Vol.), Section 1-203 of the Family Law Article (emphasis

added). We “review a trial court's determination to grant or deny injunctive relief for an

abuse of discretion because trial courts, sitting as courts of equity, are granted broad

discretionary authority to issue equitable relief.” State Com’n on Human Relations v.

Talbot County Detention Center, 370 Md. 115, 127, 803 A.2d 527, 534 (2002).

      Mr. Sieglein asserts that the circuit court’s grant of the permanent injunction by its

February 2014 order was improper based on the evidence presented, even when taken in



                                            27
a light most favorable to Ms. Schmidt and, therefore, was an abuse of the court’s

discretion. He posits that the allegations of harassment made by Ms. Schmidt amounted

only to “bare assertions of unrelated happenstance encounters” and did not meet the

requisite threshold for an injunction. In support, Mr. Sieglein points to the Court of

Special Appeals’s opinion in Cote v. Cote, 89 Md. App. 729, 735, 599 A.2d 869, 872

(1992), in which the court affirmed the entry of an interlocutory injunction barring the

husband from the marital home, based on the risk of “irreparable injury” to the wife

should the injunction be denied, a risk Mr. Sieglein contends is not present in this case.

Mr. Sieglein bolsters his argument against the permanent injunction by referring to a

comment included in Cote to the effect that: “The trial judge stated that the injunction

would ‘remain in full force and effect until further Order of the Court.’ Therein lies our

concern. This injunction has been in force well over a year and no further order of the

court has been forthcoming.” Id. at 739, 599 A.2d at 874.

      Section 1-203(a) of the Family Law Article finds its origins in Section 3-603(b) of

the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. Maryland Code (1974, 1977 Supp.). Section

3-603(b) provided:

      A court of equity sitting in an action for divorce, alimony, or annulment, in
      addition to exercising all the powers of a court of equity, may issue an
      injunction to protect any party to the action from physical harm or
      harassment.

Maryland Code (1974, 1977 Supp.). We had occasion to review Section 3-603(b) shortly

after it was enacted and the trial court’s authority to issue an injunction. Winston v.




                                           28
Winston, 290 Md. 641, 431 A.2d 1330 (1981). In Winston, we reversed the trial court’s

denial of an injunction, stating:

       . . . [T]he General Assembly was unambiguously endowing the equity court
       sitting in divorce, alimony and annulment proceedings with all the general
       powers normally exercised by that court in other matters. In addition, the
       enactment specifies that this authority is extended so as to encompass the
       right to enjoin a party in domestic relations proceedings from physically
       harming or harassing another party.

Id. at 648, 431 A.2d at 1333. Chapter 296 of the 1984 Maryland Laws recodified Section

3-603(b) as Section 1-203(a) of the Family Law Article. Maryland Code (1984).

       In Galloway v. State, 365 Md. 599, 627-28, 781 A.2d 851, 867-68 (2001), we

defined harassment as:

       We agree with the reasoning of the Court of Special Appeals in Caldwell v.
       State, supra, and with those states finding that the terms “annoy,” “alarm,”
       and “harass” are commonly understood by ordinary people and, as such,
       provide fair notice to potential offenders and adequate guidance for
       enforcement. The definition of “annoy” is “to disturb or irritate especially
       by repeated acts.” An alternative definition for annoy is “to harass
       especially by quick brief attacks.” The definition of alarm is “to strike with
       fear.” The applicable definition of harass is “to annoy persistently.”

(internal citations omitted). Section 1-203(a) of the Family Law Article embodies this

definition of harassment and encompasses behavior that persistently annoys another or

disturbs another through repeated acts, such as what Judge Eaves found here to be:

       Circling around her when he knows that she is present means avoid her.
       There is a protective order in place. Getting in line behind her when you
       know it is her means that you walk away because there is a protective order
       in place. . . . [T]he reasonableness of fear is to be determined from the
       perspective of the person experiencing it. And that is Ms. Schmidt in this
       case. . . . There isn’t any reason Mr. Sieglein needs to be in the presence of
       Ms. Schmidt in the direct, immediate or proximate presence of Ms. Schmidt
       and the children in this case.



                                            29
That harassment could constitute irreparable injury in the present case is supported by the

findings. C.f. El Bey v. Moorish Science Temple of America, Inc., 362 Md. 339, 355-56,

765 A.2d 132, 140-141 (2001).

       Our conclusion that the trial court judge did not abuse her discretion in entering a

permanent injunction against Mr. Sieglein for harassment is supported by Cote, in which

the Court of Special Appeals reviewed a circuit court’s issuance of an injunction pursuant

to Section 1-203(a)(2). 89 Md. App. at 729, 599 A.2d at 869. In that case, the husband

filed for divorce and, on the same day, the wife filed a petition for a protective order

citing domestic violence, which was granted after a hearing and barred the husband from

entering the family home. Id. at 731, 599 A.2d 870. Shortly thereafter, the wife moved

for an ex parte injunction to bar her husband from the home. Evidence introduced at the

hearing for the injunction indicated harassment from both parties, which included “going

into each other’s cars, going to each other’s residences, and making harassing telephone

calls.” Id. at 732, 599 A.2d at 871.

       The Court of Special Appeals, citing two elements necessary for injunctive

relief—irreparable injury from a denial of the injunction and retention of the court’s

ability to grant relief in the divorce action—determined that “a risk of irreparable injury

that could occur, namely, future physical abuse of and by both parties” was present and

that “the injunction prevented both parties from going to or entering each other’s

residences; it in no way compromised the court’s ability to grant complete relief in the

divorce action.” Cote, 89 Md. App. at 735, 599 A.2d at 872. As such, the intermediate

appellate court held that the trial court had not abused its discretion when it issued the


                                            30
injunction barring the husband from the home. Id. at 737, 599 A.2d at 873. The concern

of the court regarding the length of the injunction in Cote has no bearing on the present

case in which a permanent injunction was appropriately entered.



                                                JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                                SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED;
                                                COSTS IN THIS COURT AND THE
                                                COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO
                                                BE PAID BY PETITIONER.




                                           31
Circuit Court for Harford County
Case No. 12-C-12-001211

Argued: April 1, 2016
                                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                        No. 76

                                             September Term, 2015
                                   ______________________________________

                                               STEPHEN SIEGLEIN

                                                          v.

                                              LAURA SCHMIDT
                                   ______________________________________

                                                 Barbera, C.J.
                                                 *Battaglia
                                                 Greene
                                                 Adkins
                                                 McDonald
                                                 Watts
                                                 Rodowsky, Lawrence F. (Retired,
                                                 Specially Assigned)

                                                   JJ.
                                   ______________________________________

                                         Concurring Opinion by Watts, J.
                                   ______________________________________

                                                 Filed: May 20, 2016

                                   *Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the
                                   hearing and conference of this case while an
                                   active member of this Court; after being recalled
                                   pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section
                                   3A, she also participated in the decision and
                                   adoption of the majority opinion.
       Respectfully, I concur.1      I would affirm the Court of Special Appeals’s

determination that the child is the legitimate child of Stephen Sieglein (“Sieglein”),

Petitioner, and Laura Schmidt (“Schmidt”), Respondent, and that both Sieglein and

Schmidt are the child’s legal parents. I would not hold, however, that Md. Code Ann., Est.

& Trusts (1974, 2011 Repl. Vol.) (“ET”) § 1-206(b)’s reference to “artificial insemination”

includes the circumstance where a child is conceived through in vitro fertilization (“IVF”)

using a donated egg and donated sperm, i.e., that artificial insemination includes IVF. I

think that the Court need not make this determination. Instead, I would hold that ET § 1-

206(a) applies to the circumstances of this case, and that an individual may be declared a

parent pursuant to ET § 1-206(a) where a child is conceived during the marriage, and with

the consent of both parties, through IVF using a donated egg and donated sperm, and where

the individual has failed to present good cause sufficient to rebut the statutory presumption

of legitimacy. Rather than judicially interpreting ET § 1-206(b)’s definition of artificial

insemination, I would commend the matter to the General Assembly to determine whether

ET § 1-206(b), a statute that was enacted before the existence of IVF, should be amended

in light of numerous advances in reproductive medicine.

       As an initial matter, I would conclude that, because this case involves a child who



       1
         I agree with the Majority that the Circuit Court for Harford County (“the circuit
court”) was correct in concluding that Stephen Sieglein (“Sieglein”), Petitioner, was
voluntarily impoverished under Md. Code Ann., Fam. Law (1984, 2012 Repl. Vol.) (“FL”)
§ 12-204(b) and in imputing potential income to Sieglein for purposes of calculating his
child support obligations, see Maj. Slip Op. at 27, and that the circuit court did not abuse
its discretion in granting a permanent injunction to Laura Schmidt, Respondent, pursuant
to FL § 1-203, see Maj. Slip Op. at 30-31.
was born during Sieglein’s and Schmidt’s marriage, the statutes in Subtitle 10 (Paternity

Proceedings) of Title 5 (Children) of the Family Law Article do not apply. As Md. Code

Ann., Fam. Law (1984, 2012 Repl. Vol.) (“FL”) § 5-1002(b) makes clear, the purpose of

Subtitle 10 is, among other things, “to promote the general welfare and best interests of

children born out of wedlock” and “to impose on the mothers and fathers of children

born out of wedlock the basic obligations and responsibilities of parenthood[.]”

(Emphasis added). See also Evans v. Wilson, 382 Md. 614, 634, 856 A.2d 679, 691 (2004)

(“[O]ne of the purposes of the paternity act is to promote the general welfare and best

interests of children born out of wedlock.” (Citation and internal quotation marks omitted)

(emphasis in original)). In any event, even within Subtitle 10 is a presumption of

legitimacy. Specifically, FL § 5-1027(c)(1) provides: “There is a rebuttable presumption

that the child is the legitimate child of the man to whom its mother was married at the time

of conception.”

       Rather, because the child was born during the marriage, ET § 1-206 applies. This

Court has explained that “an action to establish paternity is more appropriately brought

under the Estates & Trusts Article when the child at issue has been born during a marriage.”

Evans, 382 Md. at 627-28, 856 A.2d at 687 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Indeed, “where a child is presumed legitimate[,] and where two men each acknowledge

paternity of that child, the procedure for considering the issue of paternity under the Estates

and Trusts Article is preferable because it presents the more satisfactory and less traumatic

means of establishing paternity.” Id. at 628, 856 A.2d at 687 (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted). To be sure, this is not a case in which two men are claiming


                                             -2-
paternity of a child born during a marriage. However, because the child was born during

the marriage and not out of wedlock, I would conclude as an initial matter that ET § 1-206

is the statute that governs in this case.

       ET § 1-206, concerning the presumption of legitimacy, provides, in its entirety, as

follows:

       (a) Marriage of parents. – A child born or conceived during a marriage is
       presumed to be the legitimate child of both spouses. Except as provided in
       [ET] § 1-207 . . . , a child born at any time after his parents have participated
       in a marriage ceremony with each other, even if the marriage is invalid, is
       presumed to be the legitimate child of both parents.

       (b) Artificial insemination. – A child conceived by artificial insemination of
       a married woman with the consent of her husband is the legitimate child of
       both of them for all purposes. Consent of the husband is presumed.

Thus, ET § 1-206(a) creates a statutory presumption of legitimacy for children who are

born to a married mother. And, ET § 1-206(b) extends that presumption of legitimacy to

children who are conceived by artificial insemination of a married mother with the consent

of her husband. As this Court explained in Evans, 382 Md. at 629, 856 A.2d at 688, “a

blood or genetic test may be ordered only upon a showing of good cause” sufficient to

overcome the statutory presumption of legitimacy under ET § 1-206, and, in “making the

determination of good cause, the [trial] court must weigh the various interests of the parties

and, in particular, consider whether blood or genetic testing would be in the best interests

of” the child. In any event, in my view, there is no need even to consider whether ET § 1-

206(b) includes children who are conceived through IVF as opposed to artificial

insemination because ET § 1-206(a) applies in the first instance.

       Importantly, in my view, Sieglein has not presented any evidence to rebut ET § 1-


                                             -3-
206(a)’s presumption of legitimacy. Indeed, absent evidence of fraud or duress, no parent

who voluntarily consented to the use of IVF with an anonymous donor to conceive a child

during marriage could overcome the presumption of legitimacy that is established by ET §

1-206(a). For example, in this case, Sieglein has not alleged that Schmidt acted unilaterally

in undergoing IVF, or that his signature on the consent form with the Shady Grove Fertility

Reproductive Science Center was forged or made under duress. Indeed, by all accounts,

the record reveals that Sieglein was an active participant in the couple’s decision to pursue

IVF. And, once the child was conceived and born, Sieglein was identified on the child’s

birth certificate as the child’s father, and Sieglein participated in the care of the child

immediately following the child’s birth. Sieglein has not alleged that his participation was

involuntary, or that his consent was obtained by any manner of fraud or coercion. The

donor process was anonymous, and there is no other putative father who contests the child’s

parentage. Thus, I would have no difficulty in concluding that, under ET § 1-206(a)’s plain

language, Sieglein is the parent of the child who was conceived during the marriage, with

the consent of both parties, through IVF using a donated egg and anonymously donated

sperm, where Sieglein has failed to present good cause to rebut the statutory presumption

of legitimacy.

       To conclude otherwise—that a child who is conceived during a marriage and with

the consent of both parties through IVF using a donated egg and donated sperm is not

presumed to be the legitimate child of both spouses—would be contrary to the statutory

presumption of legitimacy. This simply could not have been the General Assembly’s

intent. Rather, by enacting ET § 1-206(a)’s predecessor in 1969, the General Assembly


                                            -4-
clearly and unequivocally demonstrated an intent to extend a statutory presumption of

legitimacy to children who are born or conceived during a marriage. Accordingly, I would

hold that, under ET § 1-206(a), because the child was conceived and born during Sieglein’s

and Schmidt’s marriage, the presumption of legitimacy applies, the child is presumed to be

the child of both Sieglein and Schmidt, and the presumption has not been rebutted. In other

words, Sieglein is the child’s father and legal parent, and thus is “jointly and severally

responsible for the child’s support, care, nurture, welfare, and education” under FL § 5-

203. Because I would resolve this case through application of ET § 1-206(a), I would

refrain from engaging in an analysis of whether ET § 1-206(b)’s reference to “artificial

insemination” includes IVF. Recognizing that IVF did not exist at the time that ET § 1-

206(b) was enacted and that this circumstance casts serious doubt on the General

Assembly’s intent to have artificial insemination include IVF and other advances in

reproductive medicine, I would refer the matter of amending the decades-old statute to the

General Assembly for its consideration.

      For the above reasons, respectfully, I concur.




                                           -5-
