   IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

EXTELL DV LLC,                         )
                                       )
                 Plaintiff,            )
                                       )
      v.                               ) C.A. No. 2019-0683-SG
                                       )
VAN A. HEMEYER and BLUE LEDGE          )
RESORT, LLC,                           )
                                       )
                 Defendants.

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

                     Date Submitted: January 30, 2020
                      Date Decided: April 23, 2020

Thomas W. Briggs, Jr and Jarett W. Horowitz, of MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: John R. Lund and Adam
E. Weinacker, of PARSONS BEHLE & LATIMER, Salt Lake City, Utah, Attorneys
for Plaintiff Extell DV LLC.

Catherine G. Dearlove and Andrew J. Peach, of RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER,
P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: Scott A. Hagen, Gregory S. Roberts,
and Beth J. Ranschau, of RAY QUINNEY & NEBEKER P.C., Salt Lake City, Utah,
Attorneys for Defendants Van A. Hemeyer and Blue Ledge Resort, LLC.




GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
         This case is brought by a Delaware LLC, which is the managing member and

majority equity holder of three other Delaware LLCs (the “Companies”). The

Defendants are the other member of each of the Companies, together with that

member’s principal, whom plaintiff accuses of breaching contractual duties imposed

by the Companies’ respective LLC agreements, concerning ownership of real

property in Utah.        The Defendants are not Delaware residents, and have no

connection to Delaware other than having (per the Plaintiff) negotiated the

agreements that ultimately led to the Companies’ creation as Delaware entities. Are

the Defendants personally subject to the jurisdiction of the Delaware courts?

         Notwithstanding the fact that a prior suit on related issues involving these

principals is pending in state court in Utah, the Plaintiff chose to bring this Action

in Delaware. It contends that the negotiation of the LLC Agreements, which led to

the creation of Delaware entities, constituted transacting business “in” Delaware

sufficient to invoke Delaware’s Long Arm Statue.1 The Defendants have moved to

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. Alternatively, they seek a stay in favor of

the Utah action.

         Because I find that the actions of the Defendants, as alleged by the Plaintiff,

are insufficient to invoke the Long Arm Statute, I will dismiss this matter unless the

Plaintiff elects to take jurisdictional discovery. Accordingly, I need not reach here


1
    10 Del. C. § 3104.

                                            1
the Defendants’ arguments regarding whether exercise of jurisdiction in these

circumstances would violate due process, nor do I address their request for a stay.

                                    I. BACKGROUND2

       A. The Parties and Relevant Non-Parties

       Plaintiff Extell DV LLC (“Extell”) is a Delaware limited liability company.3

       Defendant Blue Ledge Resort, LLC (“BLR”) is a Nevada limited liability

company.4

       Defendant Van A. Hemeyer (“Hemeyer”) is an individual who is a resident of

the State of Arizona, and is the manager of BLR.5

       BLX Holdings LLC (“BLX Holdings”), BLXM Member, LLC (“BLXM”),

and 32 Dominick, LLC (“32 Dominick”) are Delaware limited liability companies

(BLX Holdings, BLXM, and 32 Dominick together are the Companies).6 Extell and




2
  Unless otherwise noted, the facts recited herein are drawn from the well-pled allegations of the
Plaintiffs’ Verified Complaint, D.I. 1 (the “Complaint” or “Compl.”), together with its attached
exhibits, and are presumed true for the purposes of Defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Court may
consider evidence outside of the pleadings for purpose of jurisdictional motions, as discussed in
Section II, infra. Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007).
3
  Compl., ¶ 7.
4
  Id. ¶ 8.
5
  Id. ¶ 9.
6
  Id. ¶ 10. The entity name of BLX Holdings in the Complaint contains a comma, but the entity
name in BLX Holdings’ LLC Agreement does not contain a comma, so I omit the comma herein.
Compare id. with Compl. Ex. B, Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement
of BLX Holdings LLC (“BLX Holdings LLC Agreement”).

                                                2
BLR are members of the Companies, and each of the Companies has no members

other than Extell and BLR.7

       B. The Companies

       The Companies were created pursuant to a business arrangement between

Extell and BLR to develop property in two counties in Utah—Wasatch and

Summit—into a ski resort adjacent to the Deer Valley resort.8 According to the

Extell’s Verified Complaint (the “Complaint”), Extell and BLR negotiated both the

creation of the Companies and their respective limited liability company agreements

dated March 14, 2018 (the “LLC Agreements”).9 Hemeyer has submitted in an

affidavit that the Companies had already been formed when Extell provided drafts

of the LLC Agreements to Hemeyer as manager of BLR.10 Under all three LLC

Agreements, Extell is the Managing Member and BLR is the Non-Managing

Member of each of the Companies.11 Per the LLC Agreements, Extell owns 90% of




7
  Compl., ¶ 10; Compl., Ex. A, Limited Liability Company Agreement of BLXM Member, LLC
(“BLXM LLC Agreement”), at Schedule 1; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at Schedule 1;
Compl., Ex. C., Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of 32 Dominick,
LLC (“32 Dominick LLC Agreement”), at Schedule 1.
8
  Compl., ¶ 13.
9
  Id. ¶¶ 13, 15; see BLXM LLC Agreement; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement; 32 Dominick LLC
Agreement.
10
   Aff. of Beth J. Ranschau in Support of Defs.’ Opening Br. in Support of Mot. to Dismiss, D.I.
21 (“Ranschau Aff. I”), Ex. 4, Aff. of Van Hemeyer in Support of Defs.’ Opening Br. in Support
of their Mot. to Dismiss (“Hemeyer Aff.”), ¶ 18.
11
   Compl., ¶ 14; BLXM LLC Agreement, § 1.05; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, § 1.05; 32
Dominick LLC Agreement, § 1.05.

                                               3
BLXM and 32 Dominick, and 95% of BLX Holdings; BLR owns the remaining 10%

of BLXM and 32 Dominick, and 5% of BLX Holdings.12

       The LLC Agreements contemplate the development of a “Project,” which is

defined as “a resort containing hotels, residential condominiums, single family

homes, commercial units and other uses to be determined, as well as ski lifts and ski

runs, and to ultimately comprise a portion of the greater Deer Valley ski resort.”13

The Project is to be developed on three properties then held by the Companies or

their affiliates: the Blue Ledge Property, the Mayflower Development Property, and

the Mayflower Ski Terrain Property.14 Along with the three properties, Extell, as

Managing Member, is to “undertake such additional acquisitions . . . in connection

with the development of . . . the Project as [Extell] shall determine.”15 The LLC

Agreements prohibit Extell and BLR—and any “Affiliate”16 of Extell and BLR—


12
   BLXM LLC Agreement, at Sch. I.; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at Sch. I; 32 Dominick LLC
Agreement, at Sch. I.
13
   Compl., ¶ 16; BLXM LLC Agreement, at 5; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at 5–6; 32
Dominick LLC Agreement, at 5–6.
14
   Compl., ¶ 17; BLXM LLC Agreement, at 5; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at 5–6; 32
Dominick LLC Agreement, at 5–6.
15
   Compl., ¶ 18; BLXM LLC Agreement, at 5; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at 5–6; 32
Dominick LLC Agreement, at 6.
16
   “Affiliate” is defined in each of the LLC Agreements as “with reference to a Person, any other
Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls, is Controlled by
or is under common Control with the first Person.” BLXM LLC Agreement, at Section II,
“Affiliate”; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at Section II, “Affiliate”; 32 Dominick LLC
Agreement, at Section II, “Affiliate”. “Person” is defined in each of the LLC Agreements as “a
corporation, an association, a partnership (general or limited), a joint venture, an estate, a trust, a
limited liability company, a limited liability partnership, any other legal entity, or an individual.”
BLXM LLC Agreement, at Section II, “Person”; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at Section II,
“Person”; 32 Dominick LLC Agreement, at Section II, “Person.”

                                                  4
from “acquir[ing] any interest, direct or indirect, in the Project, except through the

Company or with the consent of the other Member.”17 The Complaint alleges that

Hemeyer is the managing member of BLR and is therefore an “Affiliate” of BLR

under the LLC Agreements.18

      C. The Valeo Property and the Amendments

      The Complaint alleges that BLR and Hemeyer attempted to acquire land

known as the “Valeo property” outside of the Companies, “after the Valeo property

had been identified as a valuable future resort property for the Project.”19 The

Complaint also alleges that BLR and Hemeyer “attempted to acquire the Valeo

property for the purpose of leveraging a higher percentage interest for BLR in the

Companies . . . .”20 According to the Complaint, this violated Section 6.04 of each

of the LLC Agreements.

      After BLR and Hemeyer attempted to acquire the Valeo property, BLX Land,

LLC (“BLX Land”), a subsidiary of BLX Holdings, acquired the Valeo Property.21

On May 29, 2019, Extell provided BLR with proposed amendments to the LLC

Agreements (the “Amendments”) that explicitly added the Valeo property—along

with other properties the Companies had acquired—to the definition of “Project” in


17
   BLXM LLC Agreement, § 6.04; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, § 6.04; 32 Dominick LLC
Agreement, § 6.04.
18
   Compl., ¶ 20.
19
   Id. ¶ 32.
20
   Id. ¶ 33.
21
   Id. ¶¶ 30–31.

                                          5
the LLC Agreements.22 Extell contends that it provided the Amendments to BLR to

give BLR the opportunity to “review and approve” the Amendments, though the

letter to Hemeyer stated that they “do not involve Major Matters” as defined in the

LLC Agreements.23 Extell has the “complete and exclusive authority . . . to make

any and all decisions relating to the business and operation” of the Companies except

where otherwise indicated in the LLC Agreements.24 Among actions excluded from

Extell’s unilateral authority is any action with respect to a “Major Matter.”25 On

June 10, 2019, BLR objected to the Amendments and asserted that the Amendments

involve a Major Matter, “and therefore cannot be adopted without the consent of

BLR.”26

       On June 17, 2019, Extell purported to unilaterally adopt the Amendments.27

On August 26, 2019, Extell sent the purportedly executed Amendments to BLR and

Hemeyer; the accompanying cover letter stated that “[b]ecause of BLR’s refusal to



22
   Id. ¶ 25.
23
   Id.; Compl., Ex. D, Letter Re: First Amendment to Limited Liability Company Agreement of
BLXM Member LLC; First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company
Agreement of 32 Dominick LLC; and First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited
Liability Company Agreement of BLX Holdings LLC, at 1.
24
   BLXM LLC Agreement, § 6.01; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, § 6.01; 32 Dominick LLC
Agreement, § 6.01.
25
   BLXM LLC Agreement, § 6.01; BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, § 6.01; 32 Dominick LLC
Agreement, § 6.01.
26
   Compl., Ex. E., Letter Re: First Amendment to Limited Liability Company Agreement of BLXM
Member LLC; First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement
of 32 Dominick LLC; and First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company
Agreement of BLX Holdings LLC, at 1.
27
   Compl., ¶ 29.

                                             6
sign the amendments, and because the amendments do not implicate a Major Matter,

[Extell] has executed the amendments in its capacity as Managing Member of the

Companies.”28

       Extell sent a separate letter to BLR and Hemeyer on August 26, 2019 stating

that Extell believed efforts by Hemeyer, his business partner, and BLR to acquire

the Valeo property “have been contrary to the [LLC] Agreements and have been in

bad faith.”29 That letter references an ongoing litigation in Utah state district court

(the “Utah Action”)30 where BLR and Hemeyer are “asserting claims seeking title

to the Valeo property,” and the Complaint states that in the Utah Action Hemeyer

seeks “to quiet title in the Valeo property to himself as against BLX Land and to

have the Valeo property conveyed to him under various legal theories.”31 The letter

cites Section 6.04 of the LLC Agreements, which prohibit Extell, BLR, and their

Affiliates from “acquir[ing] any interest, direct or indirect, in the Project” without

the consent of the other Member, and states that Hemeyer is an Affiliate of BLR and




28
   Compl., Ex. F., Letter Re: First Amendment to Limited Liability Company Agreement of BLXM
Member LLC; First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement
of 32 Dominick LLC; and First Amendment to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company
Agreement of BLX Holdings LLC, at 1.
29
   Compl., Ex. G., Letter Re: Cease and Desist Efforts to Acquire and Interest in the Valeo Property
(“Cease and Desist Letter”), at 1.
30
   Extell Development Company et al. v. Van A Hemeyer et al., Civil No. 180500147 (Fourth
Judicial District Court, Utah).
31
   Cease and Desist Letter, at 1; Compl., ¶ 34.

                                                 7
thus cannot acquire the Valeo property without Extell’s consent.32 The letter asks

BLR and Hemeyer to dismiss their claims in the Utah Action and “disclaim[] [their]

interest in the Valeo property and dismiss[] all requests to obtain an interest in the

Valeo property.”33 The Complaint alleges that BLR and Hemeyer “have refused to

cease and desist their efforts to acquire the Valeo [p]roperty outside of the

Companies and without [Extell’s] consent.”34 When BLR and Hemeyer failed to

comply, Extell sought similar relief here.

      D. This Action and Procedural History

      Extell filed this Action on August 28, 2019. The Complaint pleads three

counts against BLR and Hemeyer. Count I is for breach of the LLC Agreements,

asserting that the Valeo property was part of the “Project” when it was identified as

a property to be included in the proposed development, or, in the alternative, upon

the Amendments, and that BLR and Hemeyer continue to “seek to acquire a direct

or indirect interest in the Valeo property” without Extell’s consent.35 Count II

alleges that BLR and Hemeyer breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing “by conspiring to acquire a direct or indirect interest in the Valeo property

outside the Companies . . . knowing that the Valeo property was identified as a future



32
    Cease and Desist Letter, at 1; see BLXM LLC Agreement, § 6.04; BLX Holdings LLC
Agreement, § 6.04; 32 Dominick LLC Agreement, § 6.04.
33
   Cease and Desist Letter, at 2.
34
   Compl., ¶ 39.
35
   Id. ¶¶ 46–48.

                                             8
resort property and is now part of the planned resort development and Project” and,

in part, that such attempts by BLR and Hemeyer frustrate the central purpose of the

LLC Agreements.36 Count III asks for a declaratory judgment stating, in essence,

that: (1) the Amendments are valid and binding, (2) the Amendments do not

implicate Major Matters and did not require BLR’s prior approval before becoming

effective, (3) the Valeo property is part of the “Project,” (4) BLR and Hemeyer are

prohibited from acquiring the Valeo property, and (5) BLR and Hemeyer were

prohibited from acquiring the Valeo property even prior to the Amendments and

such attempts were in violation of the LLC Agreements.37

       BLR and Hemeyer moved to dismiss, or, in the alternative, to stay this Action

on November 1, 2019.38 I heard Oral Argument on BLR and Hemeyer’s Motion on

January 30, 2020 and considered the matter submitted for decision on that date.

                                       II. ANALYSIS

       BLR and Hemeyer have moved to dismiss this Action under Chancery Court

Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction.39 When faced with a motion to

dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), “the plaintiff bears the burden of showing a basis




36
   Id., ¶¶ 60, 62.
37
   Id. ¶ 70.
38
   Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss the Verified Complaint, or, in the Alternative, to Stay the Action, D.I.
19.
39
   Defs.’ Opening Br. in Support of their Mot. to Dismiss the Verified Complaint, or, in the
Alternative, to Stay the Action, D.I. 20 (“Defs.’ Opening Br.”), at 8.

                                                9
for the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant.”40 In considering a

12(b)(2) motion, the court employs a two step analysis: “the court must first

determine that service of process is authorized by statute and then must determine

that the exercise of jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant comports with

traditional due process notions of fair play and substantial justice.”41 When ruling

on a 12(b)(2) motion the court may consider the pleadings, affidavits,42 and any

discovery of record—where no evidentiary hearing has been held, “the plaintiff[]

need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction and the record is

construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”43

       Extell contends that Delaware’s Long Arm Statute provides a statutory basis

for this Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over BLR and Hemeyer. As to non-

residents—such as BLR and Hemeyer—“Delaware’s Long Arm Statute requires an

in-state act by them ‘that sets in motion a series of events which form the basis for



40
   Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007) (citing Werner v. Miller Tech. Mgmt., L.P.,
831 A.2d 318 (Del. Ch. 2003)).
41
   Id. (citing Amaysing Techs. Corp. v. CyberAir Commc’ns., Inc., 2005 WL 578972, at *3 (Del.
Ch. Mar. 3, 2005)).
42
   Both sides in this Action have filed affidavits in connection with this Motion to Dismiss—some
affidavits attach exhibits. See Ranschau Aff. I; Hemeyer Aff.; Supplemental Transmittal Aff. of
Beth J. Ranschau, in Support of Defs.’ Reply Br. in Further Support of Their Mot. to Dismiss, D.I.
34 (“Ranschau Aff. II”); Aff. of Adam E. Weinacker in Support of Extell DV LLC’s Answering
Br. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, D.I. 26 (“Weinacker Aff.”); Aff. of Gary Barnett in Support
of Extell DV LLC’s Answering Br. In Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, D.I. 26 (“Barnett Aff.”).
Extell has also submitted a declaration of Hemeyer under oath in connection with the Utah Action.
See Extell DV LLC’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, D.I. 26 (“Extell’s Answ.
Br.”), Ex A., Declaration of Van A. Hemeyer (“Hemeyer Decl.”).
43
   Ryan, 935 A.2d at 265 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

                                                10
the cause of action before the court.’”44          Extell relies exclusively on Section

3104(c)(1) of the Long Arm Statute for statutory jurisdiction. That section reads:

       As to a cause of action brought by any person arising from any of the
       acts enumerated in this section, a court may exercise personal
       jurisdiction over any nonresident, or a personal representative, who in
       person or through an agent . . . [t]ransacts any business or performs any
       character of work or service in the State . . . .45

Our Supreme Court has noted that this statute is a “single act” statute, which

“establish[es] jurisdiction over nonresidents on the basis of a single act done or

transaction engaged in by the nonresident within the state.”46 “[A] single business

transaction in Delaware ‘may supply the jurisdictional basis for suit [but] only with

respect to claims which have a nexus to the designated conduct.’”47

       In order for this Court to have jurisdiction under the Long Arm Statute, BLR

and Hemeyer must have “transact[ed] . . . business” in Delaware within the meaning

of Section 3104(c). Extell contends that BLR and Hemeyer transacted business “by

actively participating, along with a Delaware entity [Extell], in the creation and

formation of three Delaware entities [the Companies].”48 Extell alleges in briefing



44
   Sprint Nextel Corp. v. iPCS, Inc., 2008 WL 2737409, at *8 (Del. Ch. July 14, 2008) (quoting
Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Sears plc, 752 F.Supp. 1223, 1227 (D. Del. 1990)).
45
   10 Del. C. § 3104(c)(1).
46
   Eudaily v. Harmon, 420 A.2d 1175, 1180, n.4 (Del. 1980).
47
   Terramar Retail Centers, LLC v. Marion #2-Seaport Tr. U/A/D/ June 21, 2002, 2017 WL
3575712, at *5 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2017), aff’d sub nom. Marion #2-Seaport Tr. U/A/D/ June 21,
2002 v. Terramar Retail Centers, LLC, 184 A.3d 1290 (Del. 2018) (quoting LaNuova D & B, S.p.A
v. Bowe Co., 513 A.2d 764, 768 (Del. 1986)).
48
   Extell’s Answ. Br., at 17.

                                             11
that it negotiated the LLC Agreements with BLR (through Hemeyer) for six months

in connection with formation of the Companies, and that the parties exchanged

numerous drafts.49        BLR was (and remains) the sole minority member in the

Companies, all of which are Delaware LLCs.

       “Delaware courts have held consistently that forming a Delaware entity

constitutes the transaction of business within Delaware that is sufficient to establish

specific personal jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(1).”50                  Similarly, filing a

corporate instrument (even through an agent) constitutes the transaction of

business—though Extell has not argued that BLR nor Hemeyer made such a filing,

and Hemeyer states in a sworn affidavit that neither he nor BLR was “involved in or

had any knowledge of” Extell filing “a Certificate of Formation of Limited Liability

Company . . . [or] any annual reports or other necessary filings with the Delaware

Secretary of State for [the Companies].”51 Therefore the only basis for jurisdiction

under Delaware’s Long Arm Statute alleged by Extell is that BLR and Hemeyer

negotiated and executed the LLC Agreements in connection with the formation of

the Companies, with Hemeyer negotiating on BLR’s behalf.52



49
   Id. at 6–7.
50
   Terramar, 2017 WL 3575712, at *5.
51
   Sample v. Morgan, 935 A.2d 1046, 1057 (Del. Ch. 2007); Hemeyer Aff., ¶¶ 14–15.
52
   Extell also contends that the alleged transaction of business gave rise to Extell’s claims in this
Action. Extell’s Answ. Br., at 18 (“Defendants’ transaction of business in Delaware—the
negotiation and execution of the Companies’ operating agreements—gives rise to [Extell’s]
current claims against them for breach of the [LLC] Agreements.”).

                                                12
       A. Incongruities in the Record Regarding Formation

       As an initial matter, the record is uncertain regarding the formation of the

Companies. Extell states in its briefing that BLR and Hemeyer negotiated the LLC

Agreements over a six-month period ending in March 2018.53                     However, the

culmination of such negotiations as pled by Extell does not correspond with the

respective establishment dates of the Companies as stated in each LLC Agreement.

I note that the Complaint itself is silent as to the period of negotiation, necessitating

my venture outside of the Complaint to analyze the crucial timeline of formation.

       It is Extell’s burden to show jurisdiction, and having submitted that

negotiation in connection with formation of Delaware entities is the jurisdictional

hook, it is incumbent upon Extell to link such negotiations to formation in response

to the 12(b)(2) motion.54 However, the Complaint and Extell’s briefing presents, at

best, a murky picture. Because Extell offers no information other than the alleged

negotiation period regarding the genesis of Extell and BLR’s business relationship,

the only reasonable inference is that no formal relationship existed until the LLC

Agreements were signed and executed on March 14, 2018.55 Puzzlingly however,

the LLC Agreements state that “the Company was established as a Delaware limited


53
   Id. at 7.
54
   Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007).
55
   See Compl., ¶14; Extell’s Answ. Br., at 7. BLX Holdings’ LLC Agreement does mention a Real
Estate Purchase and Sale Agreement between Extell Development Company (inferably an Extell
affiliate) and BLR, but the record is bereft of any other information regarding that matter. BLX
Holdings LLC Agreement, at 5.

                                              13
liability company . . . by [] the filing of the Certificate of Formation of the Company

filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware” on the following dates:

                  BLXM                                 January 11, 201856

              BLX Holdings                             October 10, 201757

               32 Dominick                               May 3, 201358


Notably, all of these dates occurred before the alleged execution of the LLC

Agreements, and, per the record, the inception of Extell and BLR’s formal business

relationship. Additionally, Hemeyer has submitted that he was not provided drafts

of the LLC Agreements until after formation of the Companies.59 Drawing all

reasonable inferences in favor of Extell, as I must, I nonetheless remain unable to

understand BLR’s role in formation of the Companies, which is the issue crucial to

jurisdiction. If the parties’ relationship had not yet crystallized, yet the Companies

had been formed—by Extell per Hemeyer—how could BLR and Hemeyer have

transacted business in forming the Companies?60




56
   BLXM LLC Agreement, at 5.
57
   BLX Holdings LLC Agreement, at 5.
58
   32 Dominick LLC Agreement, at 5.
59
   Hemeyer Aff., ¶ 18.
60
   See id. ¶ 11.

                                          14
       B. The Extent of the Participation Alleged.

       As just discussed, the Defendants’ role in the Companies’ formation is

unclear. Even if I assume that the Defendants helped to form the Companies via

negotiations, another question remains. Did their actions constitute the transaction

of business in Delaware? In arguing that the Defendants’ participation in the

creation of the Companies was sufficient to constitute the transaction of business in

Delaware, Extell relies heavily on Terramar Retail Centers, LLC v. Marion #2-

Seaport Tr. U/A/D/ June 21, 2002.61 Terramar involved a suit by Terramar Retail

Centers. LLC (“Terramar”), holder of a 75% interest in Seaport Village Operating

Company, LLC (“Seaport”), a Delaware limited liability company based in San

Diego, California, against Marion # 2–Seaport Trust U/A/D/ June 21, 2002 (the

“Trust”), holder of the remaining 25% interest in Seaport and affiliated with a non-

party individual, Michael Cohen.62

       Seaport was formed pursuant to a recapitalization project.63 Cohen formed

the Trust in order to hold his 25% membership interest in Seaport.64 The members

of Seaport entered into an operating agreement which stated that they “wish[ed] to

form a Delaware limited liability company for the purpose and on the terms and



61
   2017 WL 3575712, at *6 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2017), aff’d sub nom. Marion #2-Seaport Tr. U/A/D/
June 21, 2002 v. Terramar Retail Centers, LLC, 184 A.3d 1290 (Del. 2018).
62
   Id. at *1.
63
   Id. at *2.
64
   Id.

                                              15
conditions set forth herein,” that Seaport was “formed as a limited liability company

pursuant to the provisions of the [Delaware Limited Liability Company] Act,” and

that Seaport’s existence “commence[d] upon the filing for record of the Company’s

Certificate with the Delaware Secretary of State.”65 Terramar sought a declaration

regarding the propriety of certain of its actions under Seaport’s operating agreement

to which the Trust was a party.66

        The Trust moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction; in response, Terramar

argued that Long Arm jurisdiction was proper under Section 3104(c)(1) and that the

Trust transacted business in Delaware through the formation of Seaport and the

negotiation of its operating agreement.67     Because Section 3104(c)(1) confers

specific—not general—jurisdiction “there must be a nexus between the formation

of the Delaware entity and the cause of action asserted in the lawsuit” sufficient to

cause jurisdiction to attach.68 Vice Chancellor Laster noted two factors that this

Court should consider in determining whether a sufficient nexus exists. The first—

and principal—factor is the “factual relationship between the formation of the

Delaware entity and the cause of action.”69 The second factor is “the degree of

involvement that the defendant had in the formation of the entity,” noting that “as a



65
   Id. (internal alterations omitted).
66
   Id. at *1.
67
   Id. at *5.
68
   Id. at *6.
69
   Id.

                                         16
defendant’s involvement in the underlying transaction and the formation of the

Delaware entity becomes more attenuated, it becomes more difficult to hold that the

defendant transacted business in the state.”70

              1. Extent of the Factual Relationship Between the Formation of the
              Companies and the Causes of Action Asserted

       Terramar’s first—and “principal”—factor in “determining whether a

sufficient nexus exists . . . is the extent of the factual relationship between the

formation of the Delaware entity and the cause of action.”71 In that vein, “[t]his

court has held that a cause of action is sufficiently related to the entity’s formation

if the formation ‘set in motion a series of events which form the basis for the cause

of action before the court.’”72

       Terramar referenced the seminal case Papendick v. Bosch73 in discussing the

required showing to demonstrate a sufficient relationship between the formation of

a Delaware entity and a claim for breach of contract. Bosch, a German company,

entered into a contract with Papendick that required Bosch to pay a finder’s fee to

Papendick if Bosch successfully acquired the Borg-Warner Corporation, and Bosch

later acquired Borg-Warner and formed a Delaware corporation as the acquisition

vehicle. Bosch refused to pay Papendick the finder’s fee, Papendick sued for breach



70
   Id. at *8.
71
   Id. at *6
72
   Id. (quoting Microsoft Corp. v. Vadem, Ltd., 2012 WL 1564155, at *7 (Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 2012)).
73
   410 A.2d 148 (Del. 1979), cert denied, 446 U.S. 909 (1980).

                                               17
of contract, and Bosch moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. The

Delaware Supreme Court, reversing the Superior Court, found that Bosch “created

a Delaware corporation ‘as an integral part of its total transaction with [Borg-

Warner] to which the plaintiff’s instant cause of action relates.’”74 “[U]nder those

circumstances, Bosch had ‘purposefully avail[ed] itself of the benefits and

protections of the laws of the State of Delaware for financial gain in activities related

to the cause of action.’”75 Therefore, a Delaware court could exercise jurisdiction

over Bosch in Papendick’s breach of contract suit.

       Terramar noted that “[f]ollowing Papendick, courts in Delaware have held

that a sufficient nexus exists between the formation of an entity and claims to enforce

the constitutive documents of that entity.”76 Specific jurisdiction under the Long

Arm Statute exists “where the formation of the Delaware entity is ‘part of [a] total

transaction . . . to which the plaintiff’s . . . cause of action relates.’”77 In Papendick,

the contract for the finder’s fee and the formation of the Delaware entity “were

separate parts of the total transaction, yet the formation of a Delaware entity

provided a sufficient basis to exercise personal jurisdiction over the contractual

counterparty for purposes of enforcing the contract.”78 The Vice Chancellor noted,



74
   Terramar, 2017 WL 3575712, at *7 (quoting Papendick, 410 A.2d at 152).
75
   Id. (quoting Papendick, 410 A.2d at 152).
76
   Id.
77
   Id. (quoting Papendick, 410 A.2d at 152).
78
   Id.

                                            18
sensibly, that when the contract sought to be enforced is the constitutive document

that governs the Delaware entity the relationship—between the claim and the

entity’s formation—“is significantly closer. Indeed it is as close as it can be.”79

Accordingly, Terramar found the first factor was met, and the bar was quite easily

cleared because the cause of action alleged was a breach of the entity’s constitutive

document.80

       Extell argues that Terramar is “on point” with the circumstances before me

and must control the outcome of the instant Motion.81 Referring to Terramar’s

holding that the relationship between a claim to enforce a constitutive document and

the formation of the entity is “as close as it can be,” Extell argues: “[t]hat is exactly

what this case involves.”82 BLR and Hemeyer disagree, arguing: “in Terramar, the

‘claims under the Operating Agreement implicate[d] core issues discussed by the

parties when negotiating the underlying transaction that gave rise to [Seaport’s]

formation [in Delaware].’ There is no similar allegation here. Instead at issue are a

series of purported Amendments to the [LLC] Agreements, which were proposed by




79
   Id. Vice Chancellor Laster also noted that “a claim to enforce the entity’s constitutive document
necessarily implicates the special interest that a sovereign has in adjudicating cases involving the
internal affairs of entities created under its laws.” Id.
80
   Id.
81
   Extell’s Answ. Br., at 20.
82
   Id., at 21.

                                                19
[Extell] in New York to Defendants in Utah, long after [Extell] made the decision to

incorporate in Delaware.”83

       The record at this stage reflects that the factual relationship between the claims

asserted here and the LLC Agreements deviates from Terramar’s template. Here,

Extell brings certain claims to enforce the Companies’ constitutive documents.

Extell pleads in the alternative that either the Valeo property was part of the

“Project” defined in each of the LLC Agreements—the constitutive document of

each Company—or that the Amendments it unilaterally adopted over a year after

execution of the LLC Agreements specifically prohibit the Defendants’ actions here.

As in Terramar, the business deal that Extell seeks to enforce—the building of a ski

resort—was embodied in the LLC Agreements. But the nexus here is weaker than

in Terramar because the gravamen of the Complaint concerns the validity of Extell’s

later Amendments rather than the transaction that was embodied by the LLC

Agreements. Though “[t]here is no doubt that alternative pleading, if clearly set

forth as such, is permissible,” Extell’s alternative pleading here leaves some of its

claims—those which appear to be facially strongest—with a weak nexus to the




83
   Defs.’ Reply Br. in Support of their Mot. to Dismiss the Verified Complaint, or, in the
Alternative, to Stay the Action, D.I. 33 (“Defs.’ Reply Br.”), at 11–12 (quoting Terramar, 2017
WL 3575712, at *10 (internal citations omitted)). I note that the Companies are limited liability
companies, not corporations, but I understand incorporation in this context to be used
synonymously with formation.

                                               20
allegedly formational acts.84 The Amendment-centric claims only implicate the LLC

Agreements insofar as I would need to interpret the defined term “Major Matter”

and whether the Amendments were “Major Matters.” Extell also pleads a breach of

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, which inheres in all contracts,

and is not unique to these formative documents.

              2. Degree of BLR and Hemeyer’s Involvement in Formation

       Terramar’s second factor— the degree of involvement that the defendants had

in the formation of the entity—presents a second, and to my mind, more important,

distinction between the facts here and those in Terramar. In that case the defendant

specifically elected Delaware as the formative jurisdiction.85 The Seaport members

explicitly stated in the LLC agreement that they “wish[ed] to form a Delaware

limited liability company for the purpose and on the terms and conditions set forth

herein,” and that Seaport was “formed as a limited liability company pursuant to the

provisions of the [Delaware Limited Liability Company] Act.”86 Here, the record,

per the Defendants, is precisely contrary—they aver that they were unaware of the

Companies’ state of formation.




84
    Feeley v. NHAOCG, LLC, 62 A.3d 649, 659 (Del. Ch. 2012) (quoting Halliburton Co. v.
Highlands Ins. Group, Inc., 811 A.2d 277, 280 (Del. 2002)); see Ch. Ct. R. 8(e).
85
    Terramar, 2017 WL 3575712, at *10 (“Through Cohen, the Trust consciously chose to
incorporate the Company as a Delaware entity and to embody core deal terms in the Company’s
governing documents, including terms that implicated the internal affairs of the Company.”).
86
   Id. at *2.

                                            21
       As explained in Terramar, as BLR and Hemeyer’s involvement in the

underlying transaction and the formation of the Companies “becomes more

attenuated, it becomes more difficult to hold that [BLR and Hemeyer] transacted

business in [Delaware].”87 Extell alleges that it negotiated provisions of the LLC

Agreements with BLR and Hemeyer. Presumably, this includes the contractual

restriction on land acquisition at issue here. Importantly, there are only two members

of each Company, so, notwithstanding BLR’s minority stake, its role in the

negotiations was, I presume, substantial.88 Hemeyer, however, maintains that he and

BLR had no role in the formation of the Companies in Delaware, and in fact that the

Defendants were ignorant of the intent to form the entities in Delaware until after

the fact.89 In support, Hemeyer’s sworn affidavit states that had did not receive drafts

of the LLC Agreements until after the Companies had already been formed.90 If that

is the case, the fundamental proposition of Papendick and its progeny—that having

“purposefully avail[ed] itself of the benefits and protections of the laws of the State

of Delaware for financial gain in activities related to the cause of action,” a party

cannot thereafter escape jurisdiction—is not applicable.91 Because it becomes more



87
   Id. at *8.
88
   See EBG Holdings LLC v. Vredezicht’s Gravenhage, 2008 WL 4057745, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept.
2, 2008) (holding a 2.5% equity holder’s role in formation of LLC “too attenuated” to support
jurisdiction under the Long Arm Statute).
89
   Hemeyer Aff., ¶¶ 11, 14.
90
   Id., ¶ 18.
91
   Papendick v. Bosch, 410 A.2d 148, 152 (Del. 1979).

                                             22
difficult to hold that a defendant transacted business the more attenuated their

involvement in the underlying transaction and the formation of the entity, “[t]his

court has declined to exercise personal jurisdiction over defendants who were not

meaningfully involved in structuring the underlying transaction or negotiating the

terms of the deal.”92

         In that light, consider the situation where a minority member negotiates

certain provisions of an LLC agreement but is both indifferent to and unaware of the

controller’s intent to form the entity in any particular jurisdiction. The controller

chooses Delaware, unbeknownst to the minority member until after the fact. The

minority member is then sued in Delaware for breach of a contractual provision of

the LLC agreement. The sole justification for jurisdiction asserted is the transaction

of business in Delaware in the negotiation of the agreement that led to formation of

the Delaware entity. In such circumstances, I think, it is fair to conclude that the

minority member neither took advantage of Delaware as a locus for the formation of

the entity nor meaningfully participated in the act that constitutes the transaction of

business in this State, notwithstanding its negotiation of certain provisions of the

formative document. To the extent this implies a lack of jurisdiction here, however,

I must not decide that question based upon a hypothetical or in an advisory manner.




92
     Terramar, 2017 WL 3575712, at *8.

                                          23
       Here, the only allegation lodged by Extell that BLR and Hemeyer participated

in the formation of the Companies is that they “engag[ed] in months’-long

negotiations over the terms of those entities’ operating agreements.”93 To the extent

that negotiation involved the terms that Plaintiff alleges the Defendants breached, I

note, those terms do not relate to formative entity matters, but instead are bespoke

contractual duties that could have been placed in a contract outside the LLC

Agreement.94 Nevertheless, Hemeyer has submitted a sworn affidavit that BLR had

no knowledge of the decision to form the Companies as Delaware LLCs or of the

filing of certificates of formation for any of the Companies.95 Extell, for its part,

cites another sworn statement from Hemeyer, this time in the Utah Action, that


93
   Extell’s Answ. Br., at 22.
94
   Relevant in determining whether this Court may exercise jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(1)
is the extent to which Extell pleads breaches of the LLC Agreements that implicate “the
fundamental attributes and workings of [] Delaware entit[ies].” EBG Holdings LLC v. Vredezicht’s
Gravenhage 109 B.V., 2008 WL 4057745, at *14 (Del. Ch. Sept. 2, 2008). EBG Holdings noted
that LLC agreements are “conceptual hybrid[s]” because on one hand they are similar to
certificates of incorporation, because they are foundational documents that control the governance
of the entity, and thus “related to the very nature of the entity, and manipulation of its governance
provisions could qualify as a jurisdictional act.” Id. On the other hand, Delaware law has
emphasized freedom of contract when dealing with LLC agreements, and “LLC agreements . . .
may contain provisions that do not implicate the fundamental attributes and workings of a
Delaware entity. Some provisions relate more to the respective rights and obligations of members
of a particular LLC, and the alleged breach of those provisions by a minority member of an LLC
may not satisfy § 3104(c)(1).” Id. Here, while BLR and Hemeyer’s alleged conduct of business
involves the respective formational documents of the Companies, the alleged breaches of the LLC
Agreements do not implicate the fundamental attributes and workings of the Companies. Quite
the opposite. The primary issue regarding the LLC Agreements—the definition of “Project”—
primarily implicates restrictions on outside activities by the Companies’ Members. Extell alleges
that the Defendants promised not to compete with the Companies for certain property in the
Delaware law LLC Agreements, and then allegedly purchased such property, in Utah, after
formation, in a transaction with no alleged nexus to Delaware.
95
   Hemeyer Aff., ¶¶ 11, 14.

                                                24
states: “Extell and BLR initially negotiated the [LLC] Agreements in connection

with the formation of the Companies, and Extell and BLR amended those [LLC]

Agreements in [sic] March 14, 2018.”96 Extell does not otherwise attempt to rebut

the sworn statement that BLR was unaware that Delaware would be Extell’s choice

for the formation of the Companies. There is no allegation that Hemeyer or BLR

pointed out, debated, or did anything with respect to the decision to form the

Companies as Delaware entities. Hemeyer’s affidavit in this matter has not been

rebutted in that regard. Therefore, the record as currently constituted does not show

that “[BLR] formed [the Companies], or participated in the formation in a

meaningful fashion” nor that “[BLR] caused [the Companies] to be formed as []

Delaware LLCs, as opposed to some other type of entity.”97

         BLR was the only other entity with whom Extell negotiated. Employing the

inference favorable to the Extell, I assume that BLR’s contribution to negotiations

was substantial. Even accepting BLR and Hemeyer’s submissions that they did not

specifically negotiate that the Companies would be formed in Delaware, I may

assume that they contributed to the contractual provisions they are charged with

breaching, which were embodied in the LLC Agreements.             But it is not the

negotiation of an LLC agreement alone that constitutes the transaction of business—



96
     Hemeyer Decl., ¶ 7 (emphasis added).
97
     EBG Holdings, 2008 WL 4057745, at *7.

                                             25
it is the choice to take business advantage of Delaware’s law and sovereignty by

forming the business here.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

       To reiterate, Extell’s claims allege breach of the Companies’ constitutive

documents—the LLC Agreements—or at least implicate terms of the LLC

Agreements regarding the propriety of the Amendments to those agreements

unilaterally undertaken by Extell. The record is unclear as to the extent of the

Defendants’ role in negotiating the the LLC Agreements.                    Even allowing the

inference of Defendants’ substantial negotiation of their obligations in the LLC

Agreements, the record as now constituted suggests that the Defendants were not

even aware of Extell’s decision to take advantage of Delaware as a locus of entity

creation.

       I am vested with discretion in shaping the procedure under which a 12(b)(2)

motion is resolved.98       This includes discretion to delay decision until further

discovery is completed.99 In my analysis, I have relied heavily on the Hemeyer

affidavit, stating that BLR and Hemeyer not only did not negotiate the locus of

formation of the Companies, but were in fact unaware that Extell would choose




98
   Hart Holding Co. Inc. v. Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., 593 A.2d 535, 539 (Del. Ch. 1991).
99
   Id.; see Leach v. Solar Bldg. Sys., Inc., 1998 WL 83480, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 17, 1998) (“Given
the presently sparse (and in some respects contradictory) factual record, the Court concludes that
it is necessary to supplement the record on three issues . . . .”).

                                               26
Delaware for that purpose. Based on the record as currently constituted, it is my

intention to dismiss this matter for lack of jurisdiction, unless Extell seeks

jurisdictional discovery to supplement the record on this issue.100 If Extell elects to

proceed with jurisdictional discovery, it should so move within two weeks. I will

withhold an Order pending that time.




100
   Because of my decision here, I have not done the due process analysis which is the required
second step in consideration of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2). The discovery suggested
would be helpful in consideration of that issue as well, should it become necessary.

                                              27
