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                   SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
                                           No.   CR-13-984

JACKIE BREEDEN, JR.                                   Opinion Delivered April   10, 2014
                                  APPELLANT
                                                      PRO SE MOTION TO PROVIDE
V.                                                    CERTIFIED RECORD AND PRO SE
                                                      APPEAL FROM THE BENTON
                                                      COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
STATE OF ARKANSAS                                     [NO. 04CR-10-1326]
                                    APPELLEE
                                                      HONORABLE ROBIN GREEN,
                                                      JUDGE

                                                      ORDER AFFIRMED; MOTION MOOT.


                                          PER CURIAM


       In 2011, appellant Jackie Breeden, Jr., was found guilty by a jury of one count of rape of

his biological daughter, a minor, and a sentence of life imprisonment was imposed. This court

affirmed. Breeden v. State, 2013 Ark. 145, ___ S.W.3d ___.

       Subsequently, appellant timely filed in the trial court a verified, pro se petition for

postconviction relief pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37.1 (2011). The trial

court denied the petition without a hearing.1 Appellant lodged an appeal of that order in this

court. Both appellant and the State have filed timely briefs. Now before us is appellant’s motion


       1
         Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure 37.3(c) provides that an evidentiary hearing should
be held in postconviction proceedings unless the files and record of the case conclusively show
that the prisoner is entitled to no relief. Eason v. State, 2011 Ark. 352 (per curiam); Hayes v. State,
2011 Ark. 327, 383 S.W.3d 824 (per curiam). Where the circuit court dismisses a Rule 37.1
petition without an evidentiary hearing, it “shall make written findings to that effect, specifying
any parts of the files, or records that are relied upon to sustain the court’s findings.” Ark. R.
Crim. P. 37.3(a); see Eason, 2011 Ark. 352. In the instant case, the circuit court’s order denying
postconviction relief complies with the requirements of Rule 37.3.
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to provide a certified record in which he requests a copy of the “trial transcript and docket entry

records.” As it is clear from the record and the filed briefs that appellant could not prevail if the

appeal were permitted to go forward, the order is affirmed, and the motion is moot.

       In his petition, appellant alleged that he was entitled to relief based on ineffective

assistance of counsel and related trial errors.2 This court has held that it will reverse the trial

court’s decision granting or denying postconviction relief only when that decision is clearly

erroneous. Johnson v. State, 2014 Ark. 74; Pankau v. State, 2013 Ark. 162. A finding is clearly

erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the appellate court, after reviewing the

entire evidence, is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.

Sartin v. State, 2012 Ark. 155, 400 S.W.3d 694.

       When considering an appeal from a trial court’s denial of a Rule 37.1 petition based on

ineffective assistance of counsel, the sole question presented is whether, based on a totality of

the evidence under the standard set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the trial court clearly erred in holding that counsel’s

performance was not ineffective. Taylor v. State, 2013 Ark. 146, ___ S.W.3d ___.

       The benchmark for judging a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be “whether

counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial

       2
          In the prayer for relief in his reply brief, appellant sought appointment of counsel for
the appeal. He did not develop any argument to support his request. Moreover, postconviction
matters are considered civil in nature, and there is no absolute right to appointment of counsel.
Ellis v. State, 2014 Ark. 24 (per curiam). We have held that, if an appellant makes a substantial
showing that he is entitled to relief in a postconviction appeal and that he cannot proceed
without counsel, we will appoint counsel. Evans v. State, 2014 Ark. 6. However, in the instant
case, appellant has not demonstrated merit to his appeal and, therefore, he has not met his
burden of establishing that he is entitled to appointment of counsel.

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cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686. Pursuant to

Strickland, we assess the effectiveness of counsel under a two-prong standard. First, a petitioner

raising a claim of ineffective assistance must show that counsel made errors so serious that

counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the petitioner by the Sixth Amendment

to the United States Constitution. Williams v. State, 369 Ark. 104, 251 S.W.3d 290 (2007). There

is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of professional

assistance, and an appellant has the burden of overcoming this presumption by identifying

specific acts or omissions of trial counsel, which, when viewed from counsel’s perspective at the

time of the trial, could not have been the result of reasonable professional judgment. Henington

v. State, 2012 Ark. 181, 403 S.W.3d 55; McCraney v. State, 2010 Ark. 96, 360 S.W.3d 144 (per

curiam). Second, the petitioner must show that counsel’s deficient performance so prejudiced

petitioner’s defense that he was deprived of a fair trial. Holloway v. State, 2013 Ark. 140, ___

S.W.3d ___. A petitioner making an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim must show that his

counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Abernathy v. State,

2012 Ark. 59, 386 S.W.3d 477 (per curiam). The petitioner must show that there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the fact-finder would have had a reasonable doubt

respecting guilt, i.e., the decision reached would have been different absent the errors. Howard

v. State, 367 Ark. 18, 238 S.W.3d 24 (2006). A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient

to undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id. The language, “the outcome of the

trial,” refers not only to the finding of guilt or innocence, but also to possible prejudice in

sentencing. Id. Unless a petitioner makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction



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resulted from a breakdown in the adversarial process that renders the result unreliable. Id.

“[T]here is no reason for a court deciding an ineffective assistance claim . . . to address both

components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.” Strickland,

466 U.S. at 697.

       On appeal, appellant first makes a number of claims for relief stemming from his

allegation that he was removed from the courtroom during the testimony of his former wife,

Paula Breeden, who testified on behalf of the State in both the guilt and sentencing phases of

the trial. Appellant contends that his alleged removal from the courtroom constituted

fundamental error, a denial of his right to due process and a fair trial, and a denial of his right

to confront witnesses. He also seems to contend that counsel’s failure to object to his alleged

removal amounted to ineffective assistance and that prosecutorial misconduct occurred to the

extent that the prosecuting attorney directed his removal.3 To the extent that appellant’s claims

are cognizable under the Rule, there is no factual substantiation for the underlying allegation as

the trial record does not support his claim that he was not present in the courtroom during the

testimony of his former wife. During Ms. Breeden’s testimony during the guilt phase of the trial,

she was asked to identify appellant, and she pointed him out in the courtroom. Then, prior to

reading the jury’s verdict, the trial court stated for the record that appellant was present in the

courtroom. Immediately after the guilty verdict was announced, the trial court proceeded with

the sentencing phase of the trial and the State called Ms. Breeden as its first witness. Because

       3
        On direct appeal, appellant raised the argument that he was removed from the
courtroom during some of the proceedings. This court did not consider the argument, holding
that the allegation was conclusory and that appellant made no objection at trial. Breeden, 2013
Ark. 145, ___ S.W.3d ___.

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the trial record does not support appellant’s allegations, his argument must fail.

       In his second argument on appeal, appellant contends that he “listed and requested

several witnesses to offer exculpatory evidence and was denied.” He then refers to his

“children[,] who could not have been totally ignorant of claimed activity of taking place over

seven years.” Appellant attached to his petition a handwritten note signed by his father, Jackie

Breeden, Sr., that stated that if appellant’s father had been called to testify during the guilt phase

of the trial, he would have testified that appellant’s mother spent time taking care of appellant’s

children. On appeal, however, appellant only references “witnesses” and does not specifically

refer to any error based on his father not being called as a witness.

       To the extent that appellant has made the argument on appeal that counsel provided

ineffective assistance based on the decision not to call as witnesses appellant’s father or his

children, who are the younger siblings of the victim, this claim is without merit. The objective

in reviewing an assertion of ineffective assistance of counsel concerning the failure to call a

certain witness is to determine whether the failure resulted in actual prejudice that denied the

petitioner a fair trial. Moten v. State, 2013 Ark. 503 (per curiam); Greer v. State, 2012 Ark. 158 (per

curiam) (citing Woody v. State, 2009 Ark. 413 (per curiam)). When a petitioner alleges ineffective

assistance of counsel concerning the failure to call witnesses, it is incumbent on the petitioner

to name the witness, provide a summary of the testimony, and establish that the testimony would

have been admissible into evidence. Boatright v. State, 2014 Ark. 66 (per curiam). The decision

to call or not to call a particular witness is largely a matter of professional judgment. Adams v.

State, 2013 Ark. 174, ___ S.W.3d ___. The fact that there was a witness or witnesses who could



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have offered beneficial testimony is not, in itself, proof of counsel’s ineffectiveness. Id. (citing

Noel v. State, 342 Ark. 35, 26 S.W.3d 123 (2000)). In order to demonstrate prejudice, appellant

must establish that there was a reasonable probability that, had counsel performed further

investigation and presented the witness, the outcome of the trial would have been different.

Greer, 2012 Ark. 158.

       Here, appellant’s argument presumably rests on the contention that witnesses could have

provided evidence that individuals living in the home did not observe any suspicious activity

evidencing the rape of his daughter for which he was convicted. However, appellant fails to

substantiate his conclusory claim or offer any facts from which it could be said that counsel’s

decision not to call as witnesses appellant’s younger children or his father was anything more

than an exercise of professional judgment. Moreover, the failure to call witnesses whose

testimony would be cumulative to testimony already presented does not deprive the defense of

vital evidence. Moten, 2013 Ark. 503. The testimony that would have been provided by

appellant’s father, according to the handwritten note, was presented through the testimony of

appellant’s mother. She testified that, during the last several years in which she was living with

her son and his family in their three-bedroom trailer, she spent a lot of time taking care of the

children and had not seen anything “untoward” between appellant and his oldest child.

       In his third point on appeal, appellant argues that his attorney was remiss in not moving

to suppress his confession on the basis that he was not read his Miranda warnings prior to giving

his statement. A person seeking postconviction relief on a claim of ineffective assistance that

is based on the failure of counsel to make a motion or objection must show that counsel could



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have made a successful argument in order to demonstrate the prejudice required under the

Strickland test. Hogan v. State, 2013 Ark. 223 (per curiam) (citing Lowe v. State, 2012 Ark. 185, ___

S.W.3d ___ (per curiam)). Failure to make a meritless objection or motion does not constitute

ineffective assistance of counsel. Greene v. State, 356 Ark. 59, 146 S.W.3d 871 (2004).

       Prior to trial, counsel moved to suppress appellant’s statement; however, counsel moved

to withdraw the motion after further investigation, and the trial court granted the motion to

withdraw. At trial, Wes Bryant, a criminal investigator with the Benton County Sheriff’s Office,

testified that, as part of his investigation into the allegations against appellant, he asked

appellant’s former wife to call appellant and request that he go to the sheriff’s office for an

interview. According to Investigator Bryant, when appellant arrived at the sheriff’s office, he

was taken to an interview room and told that he was not under arrest and was free to leave

whenever he chose. Investigator Bryant further testified that, if appellant had decided to leave

the sheriff’s office, he would have been allowed to do so. The recording of investigator Bryant’s

interview of appellant, which was introduced into evidence at trial, does not support appellant’s

bald allegations that he was threatened with arrest and the imprisonment of his parents or that

he made a request to call his father that was denied.

       Miranda warnings are required only in the context of a custodial interrogation. Hall v.

State, 361 Ark. 379, 206 S.W.3d 830 (2005); Wofford v. State, 330 Ark. 8, 952 S.W.2d 646 (1997).

A person is in custody for purposes of the Miranda warnings when he or she is “deprived of his

freedom by formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a

formal arrest.” Wallace v. State, 2009 Ark. 90, 302 S.W.3d 580; Hall, 361 Ark. 379, 206 S.W.3d



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830 (quoting Wofford, 330 Ark. 8, 28, 952 S.W.2d 646, 656). In resolving the question of whether

a suspect was in custody at a particular time, the only relevant inquiry is how a reasonable person

in the suspect’s shoes would have understood the situation. Wallace, 2009 Ark. 90, 302 S.W.3d

580; Hall, 361 Ark. 379, 206 S.W.3d 830. As previously noted, appellant was asked to go to the

sheriff’s office by his former wife, he arrived at the office of his own volition, and he was told

by the investigating officer that he could leave at any time. In view of these circumstances,

appellant was not “in custody” when he gave his statement such that the procedural safeguards

of Miranda were inapplicable. Because appellant cannot establish that a motion to suppress

would have had merit, he has failed to state a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel.

       Appellant raises the argument in his fourth point on appeal that he was not brought to

trial until 435 days after his arrest and that the only excluded period of delay of which he is

aware is a 60-day period for a mental evaluation. Appellant states that he complained to counsel

and to the court about the delay and that counsel had “no excuse to ignore” the speedy-trial

violation. An allegation of a speedy-trial violation is a claim of trial error and is not cognizable

in a Rule 37.1 petition. Meek v. State, 2013 Ark. 324 (per curiam). Such claims of trial error, even

those of a constitutional dimension, must be raised at trial and on appeal. Watson v. State, 2012

Ark. 27 (per curiam).

       To the extent that appellant has stated a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel based

on counsel’s failure to file a motion to dismiss based on a speedy-trial violation, he fails to show

that such a motion would have been meritorious.             As noted herein, a person seeking

postconviction relief on a claim of ineffective assistance that is based on the failure of counsel



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to make a motion or objection must show that counsel could have made a successful argument

in order to demonstrate the prejudice required under the Strickland test. Hogan, 2013 Ark. 223

(citing Lowe, 2012 Ark. 185, ___ S.W.3d ___ ).

       Under the speedy-trial rule, if a criminal defendant is not brought to trial within twelve

months, the charges shall be dismissed with an absolute bar to prosecution. Ark. R. Crim. P.

28.1(c) (2011); Ark. R. Crim. P. 30.1 (2011). Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure 28.2 and

28.3 set out the calculation of time under the speedy-trial rule and authorize time periods

resulting from necessary delays to be excluded from the calculation. See Moten, 2013 Ark. 503.

       Appellant was arrested on August 28, 2010, and was brought to trial on December 14,

2011. For the purpose of determining time under Rule 28.1, the time for trial commenced

running on the date of appellant’s arrest and ended on the day of appellant’s trial. See Moten,

2013 Ark. 503; Ark. R. Crim. P. 28.2(a). By this court’s calculation, a total of 475 days elapsed

between appellant’s arrest and trial. This time period exceeded the twelve-month limitation in

Rule 28.1(c). However, attached to the State’s response to appellant’s petition are defendant’s

motion to continue the trial date and orders denoting continuances of the trial date and the time

that is excluded for the purpose of calculating speedy trial. The trial court found that 143 days

had been properly excluded from the speedy-trial calculation based on periods of delay resulting

from a motion to continue filed by defense counsel, a mental evaluation of appellant, the

scheduling of a suppression hearing, and docket congestion. See Ark. R. Crim. P. 28.3. When

these periods of delay are excluded from the 475-day period, 332 days are left, which was within

the one-year period of speedy trial. Appellant fails to show on appeal that these periods of delay



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should not have been excluded from the speedy-trial calculation such that counsel could have

made a successful argument based on a speedy-trial violation. Accordingly, he fails to

demononsrate the prejudice required by Strickland.

       Appellant also contends that counsel was ineffective based on the failure to seek his

release after he was in jail for nine months awaiting trial. Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure

28.1(a) mandates that an incarcerated defendant be released on his own recognizance if not

brought to trial within nine months following arrest. The Rule does not provide for an absolute

discharge but, at most, would have entitled appellant to be released and then to be tried within

the time allowed. See Jackson v. State, 290 Ark. 375, 720 S.W.2d 282 (1986); Cash v. State, 271 Ark.

881, 611 S.W.2d 510 (1981); Bell v. State, 270 Ark. 1, 603 S.W.2d 397 (1980). In his reply brief,

appellant makes the conclusory allegation that, if he had been released after nine months, he

could have gathered “crucial evidence and testimony.” However, he does not describe what

evidence he would have discovered if he had been released. Because appellant fails to show that

the outcome of the trial would have been any different if he had been released on his own

recognizance while awaiting trial, he is not entitled to relief. See Wilburn v. State, 292 Ark. 416,

730 S.W.2d 491 (1987) (Even if counsel could have made a meritorious motion, the judgment

must stand unless the petitioner demonstrates that the failure to file the motion had a prejudicial

effect on the outcome of the trial.).

       Finally, appellant makes the conclusory claim that counsel was ineffective based on the

failure to present a defense or conduct an investigation.4 Appellant also contends that counsel

       4
       Appellant argues for the first time on appeal that counsel failed to explore a defense
based on the theory that the victim made the allegations against him in an attempt to avoid

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would not discuss the case or charges with him, and he alleges that he asked the trial court to

relieve counsel because their relationship was adversarial.

       Counsel has a duty to make a reasonable investigation or to make a reasonable decision

that makes particular investigations unnecessary; but, when a petitioner under Rule 37.1 alleges

ineffective assistance for failure to perform adequate investigation, he must delineate the actual

prejudice that arose from the failure to investigate and demonstrate a reasonable probability that

the specific materials that would have been uncovered with further investigation could have

changed the outcome. Bryant v. State, 2013 Ark. 305, ___ S.W.3d ___ (per curiam). The burden

is entirely on the claimant to provide facts that affirmatively support his or her claims of

prejudice; neither conclusory statements nor allegations without factual substantiation are

sufficient to overcome the presumption that counsel was effective, and such statements and

allegations will not warrant granting postconviction relief. Abernathy, 2012 Ark. 59, 386 S.W.3d

477. Here, appellant’s arguments are limited to conclusory allegations, and he fails to provide

any facts to support his claims. He does not describe any convincing defense that counsel could

have presented, show how further investigation would have been fruitful, or state how the

defense suffered from any lack of communication.

       Order affirmed; motion moot.
       Jackie Breeden, Jr., pro se appellant.
       Dustin McDaniel, Att’y Gen., by: Jake H. Jones, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.



punishment when her mother overhead her having an inappropriate conversation with her
boyfriend. Because arguments raised for the first time on appeal could not have been
considered by the trial court, they will not be addressed by this court. Green v. State, 2013 Ark.
455 (per curiam); Williams v. State, 2013 Ark. 375 (per curiam). Accordingly, we do not consider
any argument raised by appellant for the first time on appeal.

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