         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                                     June 12, 2001 Session

           RONALD DONNELL MOORE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                        No. P-18192    Carolyn Wade Blackett, Judge



                     No. W1999-02125-CCA-R3-PC - Filed July 13, 2001


The petitioner was originally convicted by a Shelby County jury of first degree murder and received
a sentence of life imprisonment. His conviction was affirmed on direct appeal. The petitioner filed
a pro se post-conviction petition, counsel was appointed, and the petition was denied. In this appeal,
the petitioner alleges that this matter should be remanded to the post-conviction court for a new
hearing since he was unable to present his claim for relief. After a thorough review of the record,
we conclude that the petitioner is entitled to a new post-conviction hearing.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Reversed;
                               Remanded for New Hearing

JOE G. RILEY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE OGLE , J., and
CORNELIA A. CLARK, Sp. J., joined.

Juni S. Ganguli, Memphis, Tennessee (at post-conviction hearing), and Clifford K. McGown, Jr.,
Waverly, Tennessee (on appeal), for the appellant, Ronald Donnell Moore.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Kim R. Helper, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Betsy Carnesale, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                             OPINION

                                         BACKGROUND

       The following background information is detailed and lengthy. However, we believe this
information is necessary to place this case in proper perspective.

        Having received a life sentence for first degree murder, the petitioner filed a pro se petition
for post-conviction relief. Peggie Short-Bohannon was appointed to represent the petitioner, and she
filed an amended petition for post-conviction relief on March 2, 1998. On July 23, 1998, she
withdrew as petitioner’s counsel and was replaced by Juni S. Ganguli. Ganguli filed a second
amended petition for post-conviction relief on September 11, 1998, which was almost a verbatim
copy, with de minimis variations, of the petition previously filed by Short-Bohannon.

        Both amended petitions alleged two grounds for relief; namely, (1) the failure of the first
appointed counsel to timely turn over petitioner’s file to the second appointed attorney; and (2) the
failure of appointed counsel to investigate the defense of intervening cause of death. More
specifically with regard to the second ground, the amended petitions alleged the victim died as a
result of complications from injuries received when “Cheryl Johnson and Lisa Watkins” had a
physical altercation in his hospital room.

        The first post-conviction hearing was held on June 24, 1999. Prior to the start of the proof,
petitioner’s post-conviction counsel informed the court that the petitioner told him that morning of
the existence of two witnesses that the petitioner required for his hearing. Counsel further explained
that until the morning of the hearing, he was unaware of their existence and unsure that he would
represent the petitioner because the petitioner had intended to employ private counsel.1 The
petitioner stated to the trial court that he could not understand why post-conviction counsel did not
know of these two witnesses since they were mentioned by name in the amended petition filed by
counsel. The trial court then advised it would proceed to hear the testimony of the petitioner and his
two former trial counsel and continue the hearing to allow petitioner to present his other witnesses.

        The petitioner testified that his ineffective assistance of counsel claim was based primarily
upon trial counsel’s failure to investigate the injury to the victim that occurred in the Intensive Care
Unit (ICU) of the hospital. The petitioner claimed that the injury occurred when Cheryl Johnson and
Lisa Watkins fought with each other in the ICU. He contended this incident led to complications
which ultimately caused the victim’s death.

        The petitioner’s first trial counsel with the Shelby County Public Defender’s Office testified
that the petitioner informed her of the hospital incident, but she felt that the intervening cause
defense had little chance of success and that petitioner’s best trial strategy was voluntary
manslaughter or self-defense. She did not recall having made any effort to interview the two women.
She testified that at first petitioner seemed “okay” with this decision, but later “persisted on with the
intervening cause. And we disagreed.” The trial court subsequently granted her request for
withdrawal when she, near or on the day set for trial, learned that the petitioner had filed a complaint
against her with the Board of Professional Responsibility.

       The petitioner’s next appointed counsel, Paul E. Lewis, conceded that the petitioner informed
him of the hospital incident and requested that his defense be that the victim died as a result of the
hospital incident. Counsel did not interview the two women allegedly involved in the altercation.
Counsel stated that he discussed this with the medical examiner, who insisted that the gunshot


       1
           The pe titioner also ac knowledg ed that he inten ded to p rocure pr ivate counse l.

                                                             -2-
wound caused the death.2 Counsel then discussed his disagreement with the petitioner regarding
petitioner’s proffered strategy. Counsel stated that after he explained his views against offering such
a defense, he could not say whether the petitioner agreed or disagreed. Nevertheless, Lewis stated
it was understood the two women would not testify.

         At the conclusion of the proof, the trial judge announced:

                  Since the petitioner states that he has two other witnesses that he wishes to
         call, I’m going to set this for a hearing on September 23rd. And at that time you can
         bring the two witnesses in.

                 If between now and September 23rd you decide that you do not want to do
         those two witnesses, then I need you to come in and bring the petitioner, and we can
         do final statements so we can go ahead and get this matter taken care of.

        The petitioner insists he was not present in the courtroom for the brief September 23rd
hearing. 3 The transcript of that hearing does not specifically indicate whether he was or was not
present. However, we do note that petitioner was never addressed nor are there any remarks by the
petitioner in the transcript.4

       The September 23rd hearing was brief and began with post-conviction counsel’s
announcement that he understood the trial court “may have already made a ruling on the matter.”5
The tenor of the remarks of the trial court indicate it had forgotten that additional witnesses might
be presented. The transcript also reveals the following:

                              MR. GANGULI: Well, Mr. Moore, on his last hearing date,
                     had said that he had some witnesses that he wanted subpoenaed for
                     this court date, for today. I received a letter from him two days ago
                     listing some witnesses that he wanted to have me subpoena. I only
                     received it two days ago so I haven’t had time to do that. I don’t
                     know if that would really impact the court’s ruling.




         2
         Lewis stated that the “medical records” did not indicate that the cause of death related to the two girls fighting.
Although it is unc lear, we believ e the “medic al records ” to which he was referring w ere the autop sy records.

         3
          We ha ve consistently h eld that the petitione r’s presence at the post-conviction hearing is generally required
absent some appropriate justification for remov al. See Scott v. State , 936 S.W.2d 271, 273 -74 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).
Howev er, the absen ce of a petition er is subject to harmless erro r analysis. Id.

         4
          In light of petitioner’s comments at the first post-conviction hearing, we would have expected him to make
remarks in view of what transpired at the September 23rd hearing.

         5
             There is no indication in the record as to how co unsel learned of this fact.

                                                              -3-
                       THE COURT: If you find the witnesses and you want to
               bring them, I’ll entertain it. But I think the ruling has been based
               made (sic) upon everything else. I think at one point we were (sic)
               finished.

                       MR. GANGULI: All right.

        The trial court then indicated to post-conviction counsel that “today was the day that he
[petitioner] was supposed to have his witnesses and he doesn’t, then I think that may bar you from
doing anything else because today was the day for the hearing.” Post-conviction counsel indicated,
“[t]hat will be fine.” Post-conviction counsel then asked, “Your Honor, can I be relieved from this?”
The trial court then called a bench conference in which the following transpired:

                       THE COURT: What you need to do is to protect yourself.
               I’ve already issued a ruling. Okay. It’s fine. Because if today was
               the day that he was suppose to have his witnesses and he did not give
               his witnesses – you all were not prepared to do that, then that pretty
               much takes care of it.

                       MR. GANGULI: Sure.

                      THE COURT: But you need to cover yourself and go ahead
               and write whatever and then put it in my file as well because he’s
               probably going to try to post convict you.

                       MR. GANGULI: Okay.

                      THE COURT: But, I mean, that’s fine. You have no
               problem. Today was the day that he was suppose to have his
               witnesses. You all don’t have them up, then that’s it. I’m through.
               Okay.

                       MR. GANGULI: Okay. But I can get relieved off of this?

                       THE COURT: Yes, as soon as you take care of that.

                       MR. GANGULI: Okay.

                      THE COURT: All right. Just come back in and once you’ve
               done what I’m telling you to do, then yes, I’ll take you off. But you
               need to have some closure to this. Okay. So I’ve got a ruling where
               I’m denying his post-conviction. I forgot there was a possibility of



                                                -4-
                  his having some additional witnesses today. You don’t have them.
                  I’m finished.

                            MR. GANGULI: Okay.

                            THE COURT: All right.

                            MR. GANGULI: Thank you.

                  *** (END OF PROCEEDINGS HEARD IN THIS CAUSE ON
                  SEPTEMBER 23, 1999) ***

        The post-conviction court entered comprehensive, written Findings of Fact and Conclusions
of Law on the same day, September 23, 1999. The post-conviction court found that the petitioner
had not proven ineffective assistance of counsel, specifically noting that “[p]etitioner offered no
testimony or evidence to prove these allegations [relating to the intervening cause defense], and
attorney trial tactics and strategies are not proper matters for review on post-conviction relief
petitions.”

        On September 28, 1999, an order allowing post-conviction counsel Ganguli to withdraw was
entered. On November 1, 1999, petitioner filed a pro se motion for reconsideration alleging that,
although transported by the Department of Correction for the September 23rd hearing, he was advised
that “he would not be entering the courtroom because his case had been dismissed.” He contended
he had been denied a “full and fair hearing,” complained of post-conviction counsel’s failure to
subpoena the two witnesses involved in the altercation as well as two other witnesses he had
requested, and complained generally that he had been deprived of the opportunity to establish
deficient performance and prejudice of trial counsel.

        The trial court denied the motion for reconsideration by order entered on December 3, 1999.
On December 22, 1999, petitioner filed a pro se notice of appeal and requested appointment of
counsel. The trial court denied the request for appointment of counsel on appeal on January 11,
2000, noting that petitioner sought to challenge his deficient representation at the post-conviction
hearing, which was an improper ground for relief.6 This court subsequently appointed other counsel
to represent petitioner for purposes of appeal.




         6
          Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-14-205(a) allows an appointed attorney for an indigent defendant to withdraw “upon
good cause shown.” However, upon withd rawal, the trial co urt shall “immediate ly appoint an other attorne y in the former
attorney’s place.” Id. (emphas is added) . Furthermo re, Tenn. C ode Ann . § 40-14 -203, ma de applic able to po st-
conviction matters by Te nn. Code Ann. § 40 -30-215 , requires ap pointed c ounsel to rep resent a petitio ner at all
proceedings, including “upon any appeal” from the denial of the first petition. See Drumm er v. State, 6 S.W.3d 520, 523
(Tenn. C rim. App. 1 999).

                                                           -5-
                                POST-CONVICTION HEARING

A. Requirements

        The post-conviction process is governed by the Post-Conviction Procedure Act of 1995. See
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-30-201-222; Leslie v. State, 36 S.W.3d 34, 36 (Tenn. 2000). There is no
constitutional right to representation by counsel in post-conviction proceedings and, thus, no right
to effective assistance of counsel in post-conviction proceedings. House v. State, 911 S.W.2d 705,
712 (Tenn. 1995). However, there is a statutory right to counsel. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-
207(b)(1). “The appointment of counsel assists in ensuring that a petitioner asserts all available
grounds for relief and fully and fairly litigates these grounds in a single post-conviction proceeding.”
Leslie, 36 S.W.3d at 38 (emphasis added).

                Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 28 was adopted by our supreme court on October 28, 1996, and
provides comprehensive requirements for the handling of post-conviction petitions. The following
is required of counsel:

               Appointed or retained counsel shall be required to review the pro se
               petition, file an amended petition asserting other claims which
               petitioner arguably has or a written notice that no amended petition
               will be filed, interview relevant witnesses, including petitioner and
               prior counsel, and diligently investigate and present all reasonable
               claims.

Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 28, § 6(C)(2). Counsel is also required to file a certification indicating that he or
she has “thoroughly investigated the possible constitutional violations,” has discussed the possible
constitutional violations with the petitioner, and has raised all non-frivolous constitutional grounds
warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law. Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 28, § 6(C)(3) and App. C.

       These standards strike the proper balance between counsel and a petitioner in determining
the course and conduct of post-conviction proceedings. Leslie, 36 S.W.3d at 38. Counsel must
consult with petitioner when feasible, but counsel retains the discretion to make tactical decisions
as to which issues to pursue. Id.

B. Analysis

        The state persuasively insists that an interview with the two witnesses would not establish
an intervening cause of death defense in the absence of medical testimony. Thus, it is questionable




                                                  -6-
whether petitioner will be able to establish prejudice.7 Certainly, there is strong evidence in the
existing record to indicate that trial counsel’s decision not to pursue an intervening cause defense
was indeed a logical tactical decision. It may further be that had post-conviction counsel thoroughly
investigated this defense, reviewed the hospital records and interviewed the witnesses requested by
petitioner, it would be apparent that the intervening cause defense would have been futile, or at least
a defense understandingly and tactically rejected by trial counsel. However, deference to tactical
choices applies only where the choices are informed ones based upon adequate preparation. Goad
v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996).

         Of concern to this court is that, on the basis of the record before us, we are unable to
conclude that post-conviction counsel investigated this defense in any way. No certification as
required by Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 28, § 6(C)(3) was filed by counsel indicating a thorough investigation
of possible constitutional violations. It is undisputed that no attorney or investigator has ever
interviewed these two witnesses. Post-conviction counsel had the names of the two witnesses as
they were alleged in his amended petition and further identified by name in the testimony adduced
at the first post-conviction hearing. Furthermore, there is no indication that post-conviction counsel
examined any hospital records or did anything to investigate whether trial counsel’s decision to
forego the intervening cause defense was an informed one. See Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369.
Furthermore, if post-conviction counsel deliberately decided not to pursue this ground, it is not
apparent from the record.

        The petition was dismissed by the trial court after post-conviction counsel failed to put on
any proof at the second hearing which was specifically set for that purpose. In its findings the post-
conviction court expressly noted the failure of petitioner to offer evidence in support of his allegation
regarding the intervening cause defense. If petitioner was at fault in tardily providing information
to post-conviction counsel, as the post-conviction court apparently believed, we note that petitioner
either was not present at the September 23rd hearing or had no opportunity to respond. We are not
content to totally blame petitioner for this failure based upon the record before us.

        We recognize that ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel can provide no basis for
relief. House, 911 S.W.2d at 712. Nevertheless, counsel should meet the requirements of Tenn.
Sup. Ct. R. 28, § 6(C). In this case we need not determine whether the failure of counsel to comply
with all the requirements of Rule 28 itself justifies the granting of a new hearing. 8 The trial court

         7
          See State v. Richardson, 995 S.W .2d 119, 125 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (holding it is not necessary that
defendan t’s act be the sole or m ost immed iate cause of d eath); State v. Ruane, 912 S.W.2d 766, 775 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995) (recognizing intervening cause as a defense to homicide when such intervening cause is not the natural result of
defendan t’s act); see also T.P.I. - CRIM 42.14 (5 th ed. 200 0).

         8
          In Wayfo rd Dem onbreun , Jr. v. State, C.C.A. N o. 01C0 1-9711 -CR-005 39, 199 9 WL 63230 3, at *5 (Tenn.
Crim. App. filed A ugust 19, 19 99, at Nashville), this court dec lined to gran t a new hearing simply beca use post-
conviction counsel did not file the requir ed Ten n. Sup. Ct. R . 28, § 6 (C )(3) certificati on. However, at issue was
counsel’s failure to certify that all no n-frivolous gro unds had b een raised. We found the failure harmless since petitioner
did not specify any ground for relief that was not raised. Id. We declined to explore the limits of the reme dies availab le
                                                                                                                (continued ...)

                                                             -7-
dismissed the petition because the petitioner did not have the witnesses present at the second hearing.
Petitioner did not have the opportunity to be heard prior to the dismissal as to whether this was his
fault. In light of the entire record, we believe a remand for a new post-conviction hearing is the
appropriate remedy.


                                                     CONCLUSION

        Based upon our careful examination of the record, we remand to the trial court for
appointment of different counsel, who will investigate the intervening cause defense and may file
an amended petition alleging any other grounds for relief that he or she deems appropriate for the
trial court’s consideration. The trial court shall conduct another post-conviction hearing.



                                                                     ___________________________________
                                                                     JOE G. RILEY, JUDGE




         8
            (...continued)
to a petitione r because of an attorney’s la ck of certification . Id.

                                                              -8-
