                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


3-19-2008

Ren v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 06-4877




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                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      No. 06-4877


                                    YAOYA REN,
                                             Petitioner

                                           v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                                       Respondent


                   PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION OF
                    THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
                             Agency No. A98-347-407
                    Immigration Judge: Honorable Annie S. Garcy


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   March 7, 2008


             Before: BARRY, JORDAN and HARDIMAN, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion Filed: March 19, 2008)


                                       OPINION




BARRY, Circuit Judge

      Petitioner Yaoya Ren, a native and citizen of China, seeks review of a final order

of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing her appeal from an Immigration
Judge’s (“IJ”) order denying asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.

Because the BIA adopted the IJ’s findings and discussed some, but not all, of the bases

underlying those findings, we may review both the BIA’s and the IJ’s opinions. Xie v.

Ashcroft, 359 F.3d 239, 242 (3d Cir. 2004). We will deny the petition for review.

                                               I.

          Ren illegally entered the United States on June 10, 2004, apparently by wading

across the Rio Grande river; she was arrested and detained by immigration officials in

southern Texas later that same day. Upon questioning, she explained through an

interpreter that she came to the United States to escape persecution by the Chinese

government for engaging in pro-Falun Gong activities. She was served with a Notice to

Appear charging her with removability under section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration

and Nationality Act as “an alien present in the United States without being admitted or

paroled.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). She conceded the charge, but applied for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT. Her application, however, made

no mention of Falun Gong; it alleged persecution as a result of China’s family planning

policy.

          The IJ conducted a removal hearing on April 1, 2005, with Ren as the only

witness. Her testimony was as follows. She married her husband, Xiangkui Lin, in a

traditional ceremony on January 8, 1995. The couple attempted to register their marriage



                                               2
with the government in October 1995, but a mandatory prenuptial physical examination

revealed that Ren, who was only 19 years old at the time, was pregnant. Family planning

officials informed the couple that Ren’s pregnancy was unlawful and immediately

brought her to the local hospital where a doctor aborted the pregnancy against her will

and implanted an intrauterine device (“IUD”) to prevent her from conceiving another

child in violation of the policy. Ren and her husband successfully registered their

marriage on November 18, 1995.

       Ren testified that she had the IUD removed by a private doctor within two months

of its insertion and quickly became pregnant again. She went into hiding and gave birth

to a son, Ming Lin, on November 5, 1996. Ren successfully registered her son with the

government but family planning officials fined her 6000 yuan for having a child before

the legal child-bearing age of 23. She paid the fine within six months.

       Ren’s husband fled China alone in 1999 and sought asylum in the United States.

An immigration judge rejected his claim and ordered him removed in 2000, but he has

nonetheless remained here. Ren claims to have reunited with her husband after she

arrived in the United States in 2004 and became pregnant during the pendency of her

removal proceedings.1 She argues that if she is forced to return to China, she will be

sterilized and fined for having a second child in violation of the family planning policy.



   1
     Ren submitted a birth certificate issued by the City of New York dated October 20,
2005, indicating that she gave birth to a daughter, Jody Lin, on October 3, 2005. (App. at
30.)

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       Ren testified that she agreed to pay a smuggler $65,000 to get her from China to

the United States. She admitted to fabricating the story about being a Falun Gong

adherent, but claimed that she did so only because the smuggler insisted that she tell that

story if she was caught. She conceded that the smuggler was not present when she made

her initial statement to immigration officials.

       Ren submitted several pieces of documentary evidence in support of her claim,

including a 1999 household registration booklet showing a boy named Ming Lin (born on

November 5, 1996) living in her household; a receipt showing payment of a 6000 yuan

fine for “giving birth too early”; medical records from the Fuzhou City Hospital

documenting an abortion and insertion of an IUD on October 6, 1995; notarial certificates

evidencing the registration of her marriage to Xiangkui Lin and the birth of Ming Lin;

and a letter signed by “Ren Yaoya’s mother” explaining that Ren had been forced to abort

a pregnancy while she was in China and asking the United States government to protect

her daughter from torture.

       The IJ rejected Ren’s applications in a written opinion and order dated April 14,

2005. The IJ found that “several material things . . . defeat her credibility or

believability” (App. at 56) and ruled, in the alternative, that even if her story was credible,

her testimony did not establish that “her fear of sterilization for having had more than one

child is reasonable or well-founded.” (Id. at 63.) Ren appealed the IJ’s decision to the

BIA, but the BIA dismissed the appeal in an October 30, 2006 opinion and order, finding



                                              4
that the record supported the IJ’s adverse credibility determination and agreeing with the

IJ’s alternative holding that even if her story was credible, she had “not demonstrated a

well-founded fear of persecution in China based on the birth of her second child in the

United States.” (Id. at 4.) This timely petition for review followed.

                                             II.

       An alien may qualify for political asylum if he or she can demonstrate an

unwillingness or inability to return to his or her homeland “because of persecution or a

well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in

a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Withholding

of removal may be granted upon a showing that it is more likely than not that the

applicant will be subjected to persecution if he or she is deported. Toure v. Attorney

General, 443 F.3d 310, 317 (3d Cir. 2006). To qualify for relief under the CAT, the

applicant must establish “that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if

removed to the proposed country of removal.” Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 174-75

(3d Cir. 2002) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)). Each ground for relief requires, at a

minimum, credible testimony. Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002).

       Credibility determinations are factual findings reviewed for substantial evidence.

“[T]he substantial evidence standard of review is extremely deferential, setting a ‘high

hurdle by permitting the reversal of factual findings only when the record evidence would

compel a reasonable factfinder to make a contrary determination.’” Chen v. Ashcroft, 376



                                              5
F.3d 215, 223 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 597 (3d

Cir. 2003)).

                                             III.

       We have carefully reviewed the record and conclude that the BIA’s decision to

affirm the IJ’s adverse credibility determination was supported by substantial evidence.

       Ren argues that the IJ placed undue weight on her initial statement to immigration

officials that she feared persecution in China based on her Falun Gong affiliation. We

disagree. The IJ did not, as Ren suggests, discredit her testimony based on a trivial

difference between the initial interview and her testimony at the hearing; rather, the IJ

discredited her testimony because the statements were wholly inconsistent. Although we

have held that an IJ may not consider minor inconsistencies between the initial interview

and the hearing before the IJ to sustain an adverse credibility determination,

Balasubramanrim v. INS, 143 F.3d 157, 164 (3d Cir. 1998), we have also held that an IJ

may reasonably find a lack of credibility where, as here, the stories are “markedly

different.” Chen, 376 F.3d at 224. Ren tried to explain the inconsistency by testifying

that she merely parroted what a smuggler had ordered her to say if she was caught, but the

IJ was unconvinced because, not surprisingly, the smuggler was not present at the

interview. It was reasonable for the BIA and the IJ to discredit Ren’s testimony on this

ground.

       The BIA and the IJ also reasonably concluded that inconsistencies and omissions



                                              6
in several documents submitted by Ren to corroborate her testimony actually served to

further undercut, rather than rehabilitate, her credibility. As both the BIA and the IJ noted

in their opinions, Ren testified that she paid a 6000 yuan fine within six months of

November 5, 1996, the date on which she claims her son was born, but the receipt

supplied by Ren is dated December 11, 1997. Lin also claims to have been married in

1995, but a 1999 household registry booklet listed her as still living with her parents and

recorded her marital status as “single.” This document calls into question the validity of

the notarial certificate substantiating her 1995 marriage to Xiangkui Lin and, by

extension, the notarial certificate attesting that she and Xiangkui Lin are the parents of

Ming Lin. Other documents are missing important information, suggesting that they

might have been crafted solely for asylum purposes. For example, no patient name is

listed on the medical report supposedly evidencing Ren’s 1995 forced abortion, and the

letter from her mother is missing basic information (e.g., the names of Ren’s son and

husband, and the date of Ren’s abortion) that one would reasonably have expected her to

include.

       Ren argues that the IJ improperly discredited her claim based on her husband’s

failure to testify on her behalf at the hearing, but given the above-mentioned

inconsistencies and omissions, we are not persuaded. We agree with Ren that credibility

determinations must be made independent of whether the applicant has provided evidence

to corroborate his or her claim. See Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 554 (3d Cir.



                                              7
2001). However, in cases such as this where the IJ has reason to question the truth of the

applicant’s testimony, the IJ may reasonably require the applicant to corroborate his or

her testimony. Ren failed to do so.

       Our review of the administrative record as a whole satisfies us that the BIA’s

adverse credibility determination was supported by substantial evidence. Together, many

of the inconsistencies cast serious doubt on whether Ren was forced to have an abortion,

whether she is a married woman, and whether she has a son in China. All of these

questions go to the heart of her claim. No reasonable factfinder would be compelled to

reach a conclusion different than that reached by the BIA.

                                            IV.

       We will deny the petition for review.




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