                              Fourth Court of Appeals
                                    San Antonio, Texas
                                   DISSENTING OPINION
                                       No. 04-12-00755-CV

  Roger L. GRAHAM, John B. Graham, John Regmund, Glenn Regmund, Wilma Regmund,
 Raellen Regmund Mattingly, Rayanne Regmund Chesser, Albert O. Menn, and Irene C. Menn,
                                      Appellants

                                            v.
                                        George L
  George J. PROCHASKA, Jr., Patricia Prochaska Holland, Jeanette Prochaska Mazza, Dawn
       Prochaska Snyder, Frederick James Prochaska, II and Rebecca Prochaska Willis,
                                        Appellees

                     From the 81st Judicial District Court, Karnes County, Texas
                                Trial Court No. 12-02-00023-CVK
                            Honorable Donna S. Rayes, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Dissenting Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Marialyn Barnard, Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Delivered and Filed: January 15, 2014

           Admittedly, without reference to the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds, the

majority could not reach the conclusion that the 1950 deed reserved to Prochaska a floating one-

half royalty interest as opposed to a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest. Because Texas law

mandates the 1950 deed be harmonized by reference only to the language within the four corners

of the document, I must respectfully dissent.
Dissenting Opinion                                                                                  04-12-00755-CV


                             Proper Interpretation of an Unambiguous Deed

         I believe the majority misapplies the law pertaining to proper deed construction, resulting

in an incorrect construction of the unambiguous 1950 deed. 1 Because of a misinterpretation of the

law relating to the proper construction of unambiguous deeds, the majority determines the 1950

deed provides for a floating one-half royalty interest rather than a one-sixteenth fixed royalty

interest. I disagree with the majority. Under a proper application of the law, the Regmunds are

correct in their claim that the provisions of the 1950 deed, when harmonized, reserved a fixed one-

sixteenth royalty interest in favor of Prochaska.

         The majority reaches its conclusion because it is based, from the outset, on an incorrect

premise, i.e., that a court is permitted to look outside the four corners of an unambiguous deed to

interpret the parties’ intent. The majority believes a court may look at documents outside the deed

in question in order to interpret it if the other documents upon which the court relies are referenced

in the deed. Majority Op. at _____. The majority includes a string cite of cases in support of this

proposition. However, these cases do not apply to this case. In essence, the majority has created

an exception to the long-recognized “four corners rule.” See Luckel v. White, 819 S.W.2d 459,

461 (Tex. 1991); Hausser v. Cuellar, 345 S.W.3d 462, 467 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet.

denied) (en banc).

         According to the Texas Supreme Court:

         The primary duty of a court when construing [an unambiguous] deed is to ascertain
         the intent of the parties from all of the language in the deed by a fundamental rule
         of construction known as the “four corners” rule.




1
  I agree with the majority and the parties that the 1950 deed is unambiguous. An unambiguous deed “is so worded
that it can be given ‘a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation.’” Hausser v. Cuellar, 345 S.W.3d 462, 467
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, pet. denied) (en banc) (quoting Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983).

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Dissenting Opinion                                                                   04-12-00755-CV


Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461; see also French v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 896 S.W.2d 795, 796 (Tex.

1995); Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 467; Garza v. Prolithic Energy Co., L.P., 195 S.W.3d 137, 141

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. denied). The four corners rule is a “canon of construction”

and means a court must look at the instrument in question to ascertain the intent of the parties.

French, 896 S.W.2d at 797 (citing Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461) (emphasis added).

        The majority correctly cites the four corners rule as stated in Luckel, but then essentially

abrogates the rule, or creates an exception to it, by relying on documents other than the deed to

interpret the parties’ intent. To support its decision to rely on documents outside the four corners

of the 1950 deed, the majority relies on several cases, which in my opinion are inapplicable to the

interpretation of an unambiguous deed because they either do not stand for the proposition cited

or are distinguishable on the facts or issue presented.

        The majority begins with Cockrell v. Tex. Gulf Sulphur Co., 157 Tex. 10, 299 S.W.2d 672

(1956). In Cockrell, the supreme court was called upon to interpret the amount of sulphur royalties

due under a deed. 299 S.W.2d at 673–78. In making its determination, the majority looked to

documents outside the deed, specifically certain mineral leases, to determine the amount of

royalties due. Id. However, a close reading of the case makes it apparent that although never

specifically stated, the majority of the court found the deed in question to be ambiguous, which

made it acceptable to look beyond the four corners of the deed and incorporate extrinsic

documents. Id. at 676–77.

        There are several indicators in the opinion that strongly suggest the court believed it was

dealing with an ambiguous deed. First, the court relied upon the canon that “a deed can pass no

greater estate than that owned by the defendant.” Id. at 676. As recognized in Stewman Ranch,

Inc. v. Double M. Ranch, Ltd., such canons “do not apply when the deed is unambiguous.” 192



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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-12-00755-CV


S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, pet. denied) (emphasis added). Thus, the court’s

reliance on a canon of construction points to a finding of ambiguity. Second, the court specifically

noted that at trial, numerous documents were introduced into the record to show the defendant

recognized the leases, i.e., the extrinsic documents. Id. at 677. The introduction of such documents

also points to ambiguity. Finally, the dissent by Justice Smith makes plain reference to his

disagreement with the majority’s decision to look beyond the four corners of the deed because he

found the deed to be unambiguous. Id. at 679 (Smith, J., dissenting). Therefore, in Cockrell, the

court was obviously attempting to construe an ambiguous deed.

         I agree that where the deed in question is ambiguous, reference to other canons of

construction, including the canon that permits reference to extrinsic documents, is not precluded.

However, the majority determined the 1950 deed was unambiguous, and it was therefore limited

to consideration of the language in the deed itself, see Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461, and there is

nothing in Cockrell that holds to the contrary. Accordingly, the majority’s reliance on Cockrell,

which construed an ambiguous deed by reference to outside documents, is misplaced.

         Moreover, and importantly, the Cockrell court’s holding was very specific, stating that the

phrase “subject to” in a mineral deed serves to incorporate the “subject to” documents. Cockrell,

299 S.W.2d at 676. In Cockrell, the deed stated it was “subject to” certain mineral leases. Id. at

674. Based on this specific language, the court determined the leases were incorporated into the

deed. This “subject to” language, which was the very basis of the court’s decision to consider the

extrinsic documents in Cockrell, is completely absent from the language in the deed before this

court.

         In the 1950 deed, the phrase “subject to” does not appear. In fact, the deed language merely

states Prochaska’s reservation is “burdened with paying” certain mineral royalty reservations



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Dissenting Opinion                                                                   04-12-00755-CV


which are found in the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds. To suggest, as does the

majority, that this language is comparable to the “subject to” language relied upon in Cockrell and

its progeny misconstrues the bases for those holdings. Burdening an interest with a payment

requirement, which is all the 1950 deed does with regard to the extrinsic deeds, is wholly different

from making the entire deed “subject to” and thereby incorporating the extrinsic documents. Thus,

Cockrell does not support the majority’s decision to rely upon the extrinsic John Hancock/Joslin

and Joslin/Powell deeds.

        The majority also relies upon a 1991 case from this court, Petty v. Winn Exploration Co.,

Inc., 816 S.W.2d 432 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1991, writ denied) (op. on reh’g), which involved

the interpretation of an easement agreement. However, that case, like Cockrell, does not support

the majority’s decision to look outside the four corners of the 1950 deed because it too involved

the interpretation of what the majority obviously determined to be an ambiguous easement

agreement, which would permit the court to look beyond the easement agreement itself. See id. at

434–36. Moreover, the easement agreement in Petty, like the deed in Cockrell, contained the

specific “subject to” language, incorporating the extrinsic documents the court used in determining

the meaning of the agreement. Id. at 435. Thus, just as the decision in Cockrell is inapposite

because the deed here does not contain the requisite “subject to” language, the decision in Petty is

equally inapplicable.

        The other cases relied upon by the majority are also inapposite. The majority cites Johnson

v. Fox for the proposition that courts are permitted to construe an instrument containing a

reservation with other instruments to which the reservation refers. 683 S.W.2d 214, 216 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 1985, no writ). Johnson relies on two cases for that proposition, a 1952 case

from this court and 1936 case from the Texarkana Court of Appeals. See id. (citing Williams v. J.



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Dissenting Opinion                                                                                04-12-00755-CV


& C. Royalty Co., 254 S.W.2d 178, 178–80 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1952, writ ref’d); Tipps

v. Bodine, 101 S.W.2d 1076 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1936, writ ref’d)). However, the deeds at

issue in both Williams and Tipps contained the “subject to” language discussed above, thereby

incorporating the extrinsic instruments. See 254 S.W.2d at 178; 101 S.W.2d at 1076, 1078–79.

As noted above, such language was not included in the 1950 deed. Thus, Johnson is no more

applicable than Cockrell or Petty.

        The majority relies on the cases cited above, glossing over the absence of the “subject to”

language in the deed at issue, simply stating, “. . . by specifically referencing and identifying the

prior deeds, [the 1950 deed] incorporates their description of those interests into itself, like the

“subject to” clause in Cockrell and the reservation in Johnson.”                     Majority Op. at _____.

Referencing and identifying a document is a far cry from incorporating it. The case law cited by

the majority specifically relied on the “subject to” language in deciding it could look at the extrinsic

documents – there is nothing to suggest these courts would have looked outside the four corners

of the documents being interpreted but for that very specific phrase. However, without this

interpretation of the case law, the majority is unable to support its decision to look outside the four

corners of the 1950 deed.

        The final two cases relied upon by the majority for the proposition that it is permissible to

look beyond the four corners of the 1950 deed to determine the parties’ intentions are Scheller v.

Groesbeck, 231 S.W. 1092 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1921, judgm’t adopted) 2 and CenterPoint Energy

Houston Elec., L.L.P. v. Old TJC Co., 177 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,

pet. denied). The courts in these cases held “all instruments in a chain of title, when referred to in



2
 I note that where the Texas Supreme Court adopts the judgment of a Commission decision, this indicates the supreme
court approved neither the Commission’s specific holdings nor its reasoning. See The Greenbook, Texas Rules of
Form 5.2.4 (Texas Law Review Ass’n ed., 12th ed. 2010).

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Dissenting Opinion                                                                     04-12-00755-CV


a deed or any instrument conveying an interest in real property will be read into it.” This statement

was made in the context of the issue presented in those cases, which was ownership or extent of

ownership based on title, and the documents considered in these cases were actually within the

chain of title.

        The phrase “chain of title” refers to documents showing successive ownership history of

the property, and includes the successive conveyances commencing with the patent from the

government . . . down to and including the conveyance to the present holder.” Hahn v. Love, 394

S.W.3d 14, 28 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). It is axiomatic that when there

are competing claims regarding title to property that documents referenced in the applicable deeds,

i.e., documents within the chain of title, are subject to consideration. Here, however, the extrinsic

documents the majority considers are not within the chain of title with regard to ownership. Rather,

they are peripheral burdens on title and are not part of the successive ownership history. See id.

This is not a chain of title case. Accordingly, neither Scheller nor CenterPoint support the

majority’s foray beyond the four corners of the 1950 deed.

        Based on the foregoing, I do not believe the majority has cited any germane authority that

would support its decision to consider the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds in

determining the parties’ intent with regard to the Prochaska reservation. Additionally, the majority

has rejected recent authority from this court, attempting, but failing, to distinguish it. See Hausser,

345 S.W.3d at 467.

        In Hausser, a majority of this court, sitting en banc, specifically held: “[W]e construe a

deed and harmonize and give effect to all its provisions by ascertaining the parties’ intent from the

four corners of the document.” 345 S.W.3d at 469. In determining what interest was conveyed

by the deed at issue in Hausser, we rejected this court’s prior panel decision in Neel v. Killam Oil



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Dissenting Opinion                                                                     04-12-00755-CV


Co., Ltd., 88 S.W.3d 334 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. denied), which, in determining what

interests the parties were entitled to, considered a prior deed, i.e., an extrinsic document. Id. We

specifically disapproved of Neel because “rather than construing the four corners of the deed to

harmonize and give effect to all its provisions . . . Neel relied on a prior deed to provide the

interpretation.” Id. That is precisely what the majority is doing in this case with regard to the

1950 deed. The majority, however, claims the holding in Hausser is no bar to its decision to look

beyond the four corners because “[t]he prior deed relied upon by the Neel court does not appear to

have been referenced in the deed actually being construed, whereas the reservation before us does

refer to and identify the deeds creating the prior interests.” Majority Op. at _____. I must take

issue with the majority’s attempt to distinguish Hausser, a distinction the majority makes in a

footnote. See Majority Op. at _____ n.7.

        First, Neel does not state whether the prior deed was referenced in the deed at issue; the

opinion is silent on this matter. Thus, it is a leap for the majority to simply conclude the prior deed

was not referenced in the subsequent deed. Second, and most importantly, nowhere in Hausser

did we state our disapproval of Neel was based on the fact that the deed at issue failed to reference

or somehow incorporate the prior deed. Rather, our disapproval was based on the fact that the

Neel court looked beyond the four corners, not on its reasons for doing so. There is absolutely no

suggestion in Hausser that if the prior deed in Neel had been referenced in the deed at issue, we

would have found Neel controlling.

        Given my strong conviction that the majority improperly exceeded the scope of review

with regard to the unambiguous 1950 deed, I will now review the deed in accordance with the four

corners doctrine and the appropriate rules of construction to determine the type and extent of the

Prochaska reservation.



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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-12-00755-CV


           Applying the Proper Rules of Construction to the Unambiguous 1950 Deed

        As noted above, the majority’s analysis contains an important misapplication of the law.

The result is the creation of an exception to the long-standing four corners rule and, relevant to the

case before us, an incorrect interpretation of the 1950 deed. If the majority cannot refer to the

prior deeds, the majority admittedly cannot reach the conclusion that the interest in question is a

floating one-half royalty interest as opposed to a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest.

        When interpreting an unambiguous deed, “[t]he primary duty of a court is to ascertain the

intent of the parties from all of the language in the deed by a fundamental rule of construction

known as the ‘four corners’ rule.” Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461. Thus, in ascertaining the intent of

the parties in this case, we look only to the four corners of the 1950 deed. See id. We must examine

and consider the entire writing, harmonizing and giving effect to all the provisions of the deed,

even when different parts of the deed seem inconsistent or contradictory. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at

466. We must assume the parties intended every clause to have some effect and interpret the deed

so that no provision is rendered meaningless. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466 (citing Luckel, 819

S.W.2d at 461). Each word and phrase should only be given its plain and grammatically correct

meaning unless it would clearly defeat the parties’ intent. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466; see Moon

Royalty LLC v. Bolderick Partners, 244 S.W.3d 391, 394 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2007, no pet.).

Further, no provision of the deed should be struck unless a conflict exists which is irreconcilable

and causes one part of the deed to destroy another part. Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466.

        As noted above, all parties agree, as does the majority, that the 1950 deed is unambiguous.

Applying the applicable four corners rule, I would hold the reserved royalty interest in favor of

Prochaska is, contrary to the majority’s conclusion, a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest.




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Dissenting Opinion                                                                                     04-12-00755-CV


         The royalty reservation language is mentioned in the following three clauses in the 1950

deed: “save and except” clause; “and provided” clause; and “intent” clause. The save and except

clause states:

         SAVE AND EXCEPT, however, there is reserved unto George Prochaska, his heirs
         and assigns, one-half (1/2) of the one-eighth (1/8) royalty to be provided in any and
         all leases and for oil, gas and other minerals now upon or hereafter given on said
         land, or any part thereof, same being equal to one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas
         and other minerals of any nature, free and clear of all costs of production except
         taxes;

                                                      *    *       *

The “and provided” clause states:

         AND PROVIDED this reservation is burdened with paying the two outstanding
         mineral royalty reservations each of one-fourth (1/4) of one-eighth (1/8) royalty,
         one of which reservations is described in the deed from John Hancock Mutual Life
         Insurance Company to E.S. Joslin, now of record in Vol. 141, page 161, Deed
         Records of Karnes County, Texas, and the other reservation is described in the deed
         from E.S. Joslin, et ux to A.W. Powell, Jr., et al. now of record in Vol. 165, page
         80 of the Deed Records of Karnes County, Texas; and this reservation shall only be
         effective to the extent that one or both of said outstanding reservations become
         terminated.

Finally, the “intent” clause states:

         It being the intent of the parties hereto that John W. Regmund and wife, Frances
         M. Regmund, as of the effective date hereof, shall be vested with and entitled to
         one-half (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8) royalty in and to all oil, gas and other minerals in
         on and/or under the property herein conveyed, and the reservation herein above
         recited in favor of the grantor herein, shall relate to and cover only the one-half
         (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8) royalty interest previously reserved in favor of John
         Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company and Ennis Joslin, if as and when said
         interest in favor of said parties terminate.

       These clauses can be summarized as follows: (1) the “save and except” clause reserves to

Prochaska, as of the date of the deed, a royalty interest of one-half (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8th), that

is, a one-sixteenth (1/16th) interest, in all oil, gas, and other minerals on the property in question; 3


3
  The majority asserts, contrary to my position, that the reservation was ineffective until the reservations described in
the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds expired. Majority Op. at _____. Under the plain language of the

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Dissenting Opinion                                                                              04-12-00755-CV


(2) the “and provided” clause advises that Prochaska’s one-sixteenth (1/16th) royalty reservation

“is burdened with paying the two outstanding mineral royalty reservations,” which are described

in extrinsic deeds from the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company to E.S. Joslin and from

Joslin to A.W. Powell Jr., until they terminate; and (3) the “intent” clause merely clarifies that the

Regmunds are entitled to the other half of the landowner’s royalty that was not reserved by

Prochaska, and Prochaska’s reserved interest is burdened with paying the royalties relating to the

reservations in the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds until they terminate.

      Reading these clauses together, and harmonizing them as we must, it is clear the parties

intended to convey to the Regmunds an unburdened one-half (1/2) of the usual one-eighth (1/8th)

royalty interest in all oil, gas, and other minerals in the 735.85 acres in Karnes County. 4 Prochaska,

under the “save and except” clause, reserved to himself the other one-half (1/2) of the landowner’s

one-eighth (1/8th) royalty interest.         Prochaska’s reservation was burdened, under the “and

provided” clause, with paying the prior reservations described in the John Hancock/Joslin and

Joslin/Powell deeds. The intent clause merely clarifies the parties’ intent as expressed in the “save

and except,” and “and provided” clauses, and clarifies that the payment burden on Prochaska’s

reservation expires when the interests previously reserved in the John Hancock/Joslin and

Joslin/Powell deeds terminate. Nowhere in the 1950 Deed are there any conflicting fractions or

any confusion on what the reservations were intended to be, either in type or amount.

      It is clear from the “four corners” of the unambiguous 1950 deed that the (1/2) of (1/8th)

royalty interest reserved by Prochaska is a “fractional royalty” and remains constant regardless of



“save and except” and the “and provided,” clauses, it is clear Prochaska was immediately entitled to the interest
reserved in the “save and except clause. The “and provided” clause merely advises that Prochaska’s interest is
burdened, requiring him to pay the outstanding royalty reservations contained in the John Hancock/Joslin and
Joslin/Powell deeds until they expire. And, those reservations expired in 1963.
4
  I agree with the Prochaskas that the royalty interest received by the Regmunds pursuant to the 1950 deed is an
unburdened, fixed one-half (1/2) of one-eighth (1/8th), i.e., a fixed one-sixteenth interest.

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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-12-00755-CV


the amount of royalty that might, in the future, be negotiated in an oil and gas lease. See Tiller v.

Tiller, 685 S.W.2d 456, 458 (Tex. App.—Austin 1985, no writ) (defining “fractional royalty” as

fixed interest.). To contend otherwise, i.e., to contend Prochaska received a one-half royalty

interest in any future lease is to ignore the “of the one-eighth (1/8th)” and “same being equal to

one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas and other minerals” language.

        The majority asserts the “one-eighth royalty” must be read with the surrounding descriptive

language. I agree. However, to reach the conclusion that Prochaska reserved a one-half royalty

interest, the majority asserts the “one-eighth royalty” in the save and except clause is modified by

the “to be provided in any and all leases for oil, gas and other minerals now upon or hereafter given

on said land, or any part thereof,” and therefore describes a floating interest. However, the majority

ignores the rest of the clause that provides clarity and sets out the exact meaning of the entire

clause, that is the “same being equal to one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas and other minerals of

any nature, free and clear of all costs of production except taxes.” The “same being equal to one-

sixteenth (1/16th)” removes any doubt about the meaning: the save and except clause contains a

1/16th reservation to Prochaska of the land owner’s royalty. To hold otherwise renders the “same

being equal to one-sixteenth (1/16th) of all oil, gas and other minerals” meaningless, which we

cannot do. See Hausser, 345 S.W.3d at 466 (referencing Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461).

        With regard to the nature of the Prochaska reservation, looking only within the four corners

of the deed, there is no indication the parties intended the 1/16th royalty interest to be a floating

interest. Rather, it is clear the 1/16th royalty interest is a fixed or “fractional” royalty interest

entitling Prochaska to “an absolute fraction of production—it is not affected by the amount of the

landowner’s royalty.” Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 464; Watkins v. Slaughter, 189 S.W.2d 699, 699–

700 (Tex. 1945) (holding reservation of “a 1/16th in and to all of the oil, gas and other minerals”



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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-12-00755-CV


is fixed royalty interest). The majority reaches its conclusion that the interest is floating only by

consideration of the John Hancock/Joslin and Joslin/Powell deeds and such consideration is clearly

prohibited under Texas law concerning interpretation of unambiguous deeds.

        The clear, objective intent of the parties, based on harmonization of the applicable clauses

in the 1950 deed, and without looking beyond the four corners, was to convey all of the land to the

Regmunds, grant the Regmunds a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest, and to reserve to Prochaska

a fixed one-sixteenth royalty interest, burdened by prior interests until such interests terminate.

Accordingly, pursuant to the terms of the 1950 deed as harmonized and without reference to

outside documents, I would hold the royalty interest reserved by Prochaska is a simple one-half of

one-eighth, i.e., a fixed 1/16th royalty interest.

                                              Conclusion

        I believe looking beyond the four corners of the unambiguous 1950 deed in an attempt to

determine the parties’ intent is not permissible under Texas law. In the absence of such error, the

1950 deed clearly establishes the parties’ intent to reserve to Prochaska a fixed one-sixteenth

royalty interest. Accordingly, I dissent.


                                                        Marialyn Barnard, Justice




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