                                                              FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                                     TENTH CIRCUIT                         April 10, 2015

                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
BOBBI LOUAINE PARKER,                                                       Clerk of Court
           Petitioner – Appellant,
v.                                                          No. 14-6209
RICHARD DARBY, District Judge of                     (D.C. No. 5:13-CV-01295-R)
Greer County, Oklahoma; E. SCOTT                            (W.D. Okla.)
PRUITT, Oklahoma Attorney General,
          Respondents – Appellees.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT 


Before LUCERO, TYMKOVICH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.


     On September 21, 2011, an Oklahoma state court jury convicted Bobbi Parker of

assisting a prisoner to escape, a felony. The district court of Greer County, Oklahoma,

sentenced her to one year in prison, and she was released on April 5, 2012. On December

19, 2013, she filed a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 seeking a writ of habeas corpus.

     Despite her discharge from custody, Parker argued to the district court that, for

reasons spelled out below, she remained “in custody” because her conviction subjected

her to “severe restraints on her individual liberty.” The district court disagreed and


      After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist this appeal, so the case is
ordered submitted without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R.
34.1(G). This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, claim preclusion, and issue preclusion. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and Tenth
Circuit Rule 32.1.
concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over Parker’s petition because she failed to establish

that she was “in custody” as required by § 2254. It dismissed her petition, and Parker

appeals.

   Although unacknowledged by Parker, she must obtain a certificate of appealability

before she may proceed with her appeal. Unless we issue a certificate of appealability,

“an appeal may not be taken . . . [from] the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding in

which the detention complained of arises out of a process issued by a State court . . . .” 28

U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1). Section 2254 states that federal courts “shall entertain an application

for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to a judgment of a

State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or

laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a) (emphasis added). For

substantially the same reasons as the district court, we conclude that Parker has failed to

show that she is “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the

United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (emphasis added); see also Broomes v. Ashcroft, 358

F.3d 1251, 1254 (10th Cir. 2004) (denying a certificate of appealability because the

petitioner could not demonstrate that he was in custody), abrogated on other grounds by

Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010). We therefore deny her a certificate of

appealability.

   The “in custody” language of § 2254 is jurisdictional and requires habeas petitioners

to be “in custody” under the conviction or sentence under attack when they file the

petition. Mays v. Dinwiddie, 580 F.3d 1136, 1138–39 (10th Cir. 2009). The petitioner

must satisfy the in-custody requirement when she files the habeas action. Spencer v.


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Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 7 (1998). In doing so, a petitioner need not be incarcerated to satisfy

the in-custody requirement. Mays, 580 F.3d at 1139; see also Calhoun v. Attorney Gen. of

Colorado, 745 F.3d 1070, 1073 (10th Cir. 2014) (citing Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488,

491 (1989)). For example, a petitioner can establish the in-custody requirement if the

conviction has severely restrained her individual liberty. Calhoun, 745 F.3d at 1073

(citing Hensley v. Mun. Court, 411 U.S. 345, 351 (1973)).

   To show a severe restraint on her individual liberty sufficient to qualify as being “in

custody,” Parker offers: (1) she must pay $100.00 each month toward the costs imposed

by her judgment and sentence; (2) she faces incarceration if she fails to pay; (3) she has

lost the right to vote; (4) she has lost the right to run for office; and (5) she cannot obtain

employment as a grade school teacher, her occupation before her conviction.

   The payment of restitution or fines, without more, does not qualify as a significant

restraint on liberty. Erlandson v. Northglenn Mun. Court, 528 F.3d 785, 789 (10th Cir.

2008). Further, the threat of future incarceration is insufficient to satisfy the requirement

that the petitioner be currently in custody. See c.f. Calhoun, 745 F.3d at 1074 (holding

that the future threat of incarceration for registrants who fail to comply with the sex-

offender registration statutes is insufficient to satisfy the custody requirement). Finally,

the rest of Parker’s listed restraints are only collateral consequences of her earlier

conviction and, without more, are not sufficient to render an individual “in custody.”

Maleng, 490 U.S. at 492; Calhoun, 745 F.3d at 1073–74. Even considering all of these

restraints together, we conclude that Parker has failed to establish a sufficiently severe

restraint on her liberty to satisfy the “in custody” requirement.


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   Accordingly, we conclude that Parker is not currently “in custody pursuant to a

judgment of a State court,” and we decline to issue a certificate of appealability.


                                              ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                              Gregory A. Phillips
                                              Circuit Judge




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