Filed 7/10/20


                      CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION ONE


 KONG-BENG SAW,
         Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                              A153824
 v.
 AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED,                  (San Mateo County
                                              Super. Ct. No. CIV533681)
         Defendant and Respondent.


       Appellant Kong-Beng Saw worked for a Malaysian subsidiary of
respondent Avago Technologies Limited (Avago). He was given the
opportunity to acquire ordinary shares and stock options of Avago stock
under a management shareholders agreement governed by the laws of
Singapore. The shareholders agreement allowed Avago to repurchase shares
and options at fair market value should an employee be terminated “for any
reason whatsoever” within five years from the date of purchase. After Saw’s
position was eliminated in 2009, Avago repurchased his equitable interest.
Saw sued Avago’s subsidiary for wrongful termination and obtained a
favorable judgment in Malaysia. Saw separately sued Avago in the Superior
Court of San Mateo County, asserting that Avago breached the shareholders
agreement by relying on an unlawful termination to repurchase his shares.
Avago successfully moved for summary judgment, from which Saw now
appeals. We conclude that Saw is not entitled to any relief under Singapore
law and affirm the judgment below.


                                         1
             FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Saw, a Malaysian citizen, is a former employee of Avago Technologies
(Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (Avago Malaysia), a subsidiary of Avago. Avago is a
multinational company that designs, develops, and supplies a broad range of
semiconductor devices. Saw’s employment with Avago Malaysia commenced
on December 1, 2005. He had been employed by Avago Malaysia’s
predecessors since 1980, working his way up from production engineer to
general manager. His employment agreement with Avago Malaysia was
governed under the laws of Malaysia.
      Saw entered into a shareholders agreement with Avago in which he
was allowed to purchase ordinary shares of stock and to exercise stock
options in the parent company. Saw’s right to retain his equitable interest
was contingent on his continued employment for a five-year period from the
date of purchase. Section 6(a)(i) of the shareholders agreement reads in
relevant part: “If, on or prior to the fifth anniversary of the Purchase Date,
(A) the Purchaser’s active employment with the Company (and/or, if
applicable, its Subsidiaries or Affiliates) is voluntarily or involuntarily
terminated for any reason whatsoever . . ., a “Call Event” . . ., the Company
shall have the right to purchase all or any portion of the Shares then held by
the Purchaser.”
      Section 24 of the shareholders agreement provides that “[t]he laws of
Singapore shall govern the interpretation, validity and performance of the
terms of this Agreement, regardless of the law that might be applied under
principles of conflicts of law.” A forum selection clause under the same
paragraph designates the Superior Court of San Mateo County for the
resolution of any disputes between the parties arising out of the agreement.




                                        2
      In May 2006, Saw acquired 160,000 shares of Avago ordinary stock. He
was also granted 137,500 options to purchase Avago shares at a price of $5
per share. On May 8, 2009, Avago Malaysia served Saw with a notice of
termination, stating that his position had been eliminated due to downsizing.
Saw signed his acknowledgement of the notice under protest. He ceased
working for Avago Malaysia on June 1, 2009. By then, Saw had vested in
82,500 option shares.
      On June 26, 2009, Avago issued call notices to repurchase Saw’s
160,000 ordinary shares of stock and to cash out his 82,500 vested option
shares. Saw protested this action. His shares were liquidated at the fair
market value of $6.76 per share in accordance with the shareholders
agreement. Avago paid Saw $1,226,800 in total, representing a profit to him
of approximately $400,000.1
      Saw commenced litigation against Avago Malaysia in July 2012 for
wrongful termination before the Industrial Court of Malaysia. In May 2015,
the Industrial Court dismissed his claim, concluding that the company’s
restructuring was not in bad faith and that his termination from employment
was supported by just cause. In May 2016, the High Court of Malaysia
reversed the Industrial Court’s ruling and remanded the matter back to the
Industrial Court for a determination of damages, including an “assessment
for compensation in lieu of reinstatement.”
      In May 2015, Saw filed suit against Avago in the Superior Court of San
Mateo County, asserting causes of action for breach of contract, breach of the
covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and unjust enrichment. Avago moved
for summary judgment on the ground that it had an unfettered right to


      1At the time of Avago’s motion for summary judgment in August 2017,
Saw’s shares reportedly would have been worth over $70 million.

                                      3
repurchase its equitable interest under the shareholders agreement as
construed by Singapore law. Avago relied in part on Oracle Corp. v. Falotti
(9th Cir. 2003) 319 F.3d 1106 (Falotti), in which the Ninth Circuit held that
under California law, the terms of a stock option agreement must be given
effect regardless of whether an employee is improperly terminated under the
laws of another jurisdiction. Avago contended that Saw’s claim for unjust
enrichment was untimely and without legal merit
      Saw argued in opposition that Avago violated the express terms of the
shareholders agreement by liquidating his shares and options when he was
still legally employed under the laws of Malaysia. He based this contention
on the premise that his termination had been deemed unlawful and void ab
initio by the High Court of Malaysia. He also argued that the covenant of
good faith and fair dealings does not permit an employer to profit from an
illegal termination.
      The trial court granted Avago’s motion, concluding that Saw cannot
establish as a matter of law that Avago breached the shareholders agreement
because Saw’s employment relationship with Avago Malaysia ended when he
ceased rendering services for his employer. The court also found that a
covenant of good faith and fair dealing could not be implied into the
shareholders agreement under Singapore law, and Saw’s claim for unjust
enrichment could not be maintained because the parties had entered into an
express agreement. Judgment for Avago was filed on March 6, 2018. This
appeal followed.

                                DISCUSSION
I.    Standard of Review and Choice of Law
      The parties agree that while the shareholders agreement contains a
choice of law provision that requires application of the substantive law of



                                       4
Singapore to resolve this dispute, the procedural laws of the forum state—
California—govern procedural matters. They are correct. (See World Wide
Imports, Inc. v. Bartel (1983) 145 Cal.App.3d 1006, 1012 [“It is well
established that while the courts generally enforce the substantive rights
created by the laws of other jurisdictions, the procedural matters are
governed by the law of the forum.” (Italics added.].) Accordingly, we recite
the familiar standards governing summary judgment.
      Summary judgment “shall be granted if all the papers submitted show
that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (c).) To meet its initial burden in moving for summary judgment, a
defendant must “demonstrat[e] that one or more elements of the plaintiff’s
cause of action cannot be established or that there is a complete defense to
the action. [Citations.] Once the defendant makes this showing, the burden
shifts to the plaintiff to show that a triable issue of material fact exists with
regard to that cause of action or defense.” (Lona v. Citibank, N.A. (2011)
202 Cal.App.4th 89, 100 (Lona).)
      “In evaluating a grant of summary judgment, we review the record de
novo, ‘liberally construing the evidence in support of the party opposing
summary judgment and resolving doubts concerning the evidence in favor of
that party.’ ” (Abed v. Western Dental Services, Inc. (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th
726, 738.) We “consider[] all the evidence set forth in the moving and
opposition papers, except that to which objections have been made and
sustained.” (Lona, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 101.) “If summary judgment
was properly granted on any ground, we affirm ‘regardless of the trial court’s
stated reasons.’ ” (Abed, at p. 739.)




                                        5
II.   Whether Avago Breached the Shareholders Agreement
      The principal question we must answer is whether Avago breached the
shareholders agreement when it repurchased shares of company stock and
options from Saw upon his termination of employment. Contrary to Saw’s
contentions on appeal, whether his termination was lawful or unlawful under
Malaysian law has no bearing on Avago’s contractual right to repurchase
shares acquired by a former employee. The choice of law provision requires
us to apply Singapore law, not the laws of Malaysia. Under the express
terms of the agreement, Avago may exercise the repurchase provision if an
employee is voluntarily or involuntarily terminated “for any reason
whatsoever”—language that broadly encompasses the circumstances that
gave rise to Saw’s dismissal. Even if we were required to consider the
employment law ruling by the Malaysian court, that court did not reinstate
Saw to his previous position; he was instead awarded damages for his
wrongful dismissal. Because Saw’s employment with Avago Malaysia
indisputably ended on June 1, 2009, he cannot recover under the
shareholders agreement as a matter of law.
      A.   The Law of Contract in Singapore
      Many principles of contract interpretation under Singapore law will be
familiar to legal practitioners in California. “Interpretation is the
ascertainment of the meaning which the document would convey to a
reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would
reasonably have been available to the parties in the situation in which they
were at the time of the contract.” (Goh Guan Chong v. AspenTech, Inc. (Sing.
2009) SGHC 73, par. 53.) Courts must “giv[e] effect to the objective
intentions of the contracting parties” and in doing so must “consider the
relevant contractual, contextual, and commercial background against which



                                        6
the document containing the disputed words and phrases came about.”
(Y.E.S. F&B Group Pte Ltd v. Soup Restaurant Singapore Pte Ltd
(Sing. 2015) SGCA 55, par. 30 (Y.E.S.).) “[P]articular importance must be
given to the language chosen by the parties to express their intentions.”
(Transocean Drilling v. Providence Resources (Eng. 2016) EWCA (Civ) 372,
par. 14, citing Arnold v. Britton (Eng. 2015) UKSC 36].)2 The starting point
to any analysis is thus the language of the contract itself. (Transocean,
par. 14.)
      The courts of Singapore apply a “contextual” or “commonsense”
approach to contract analysis, balancing the text of the agreement with the
context from which it derives. (Y.E.S., supra, SGCA 55, par. 32.) Where the
text is “plain and unambiguous inasmuch as it admits of one clear meaning,”
and “there is nothing . . . in the context which militates against what is the
plain language of the text itself,” the unambiguous meaning controls.
(Y.E.S., par. 31; see Singapore Airlines Ltd. v. Ahlmark (Sing. 1999) 3 SLR(R)
637, 645 (Ahlmark) [“The court should try to uphold an agreement rather
than to undo it. If a sensible meaning could be given to a provision so as to
uphold it, the court should try to do so.”].) Courts must examine the contract
as a whole and should avoid “a construction which leads to very unreasonable
results . . . unless it is required by clear words and there is no other tenable
construction.” (Sheng Siong Supermarket Pte Ltd v. Carilla Pte Ltd (Sing.
2011) SGHC 204, par. 40.) However, “the context cannot be utilized as an
excuse by the court concerned to rewrite the terms of the contract according
to its (subjective) view of what it thinks the result ought to be in the case at


      2As the parties acknowledge, English legal authorities are “highly
persuasive” in Singapore courts. (Loh Siew Keng v. Seng Huat Construction
Pte Ltd (Sing. 1998) SGHC 197, par. 221.) We therefore rely on such
authorities to inform our application of Singapore law.

                                        7
hand.” (Y.E.S., par. 32, italics omitted.) In short, “the court must ascertain,
based on all the relevant objective evidence, the intention of the parties at the
time they entered into the contract.” (Ibid., italics & other emphasis
omitted.)
      B.    The Shareholders Agreement
      We begin by examining the relevant provisions of the shareholders
agreement. Section 6(a)(i), the repurchase provision, states that if an
employee purchaser’s “active employment with the Company [or its
subsidiary] . . . is voluntarily or involuntarily terminated for any reason
whatsoever,” deemed a “Call Event,” “the Company shall have the right to
purchase all or any portion of the Shares then held by the Purchaser.”
(Italics added). A plain and ordinary reading of this provision indicates that
when the employment relationship has ended—regardless of the reason—
Avago may exercise its right to repurchase shares that had been previously
acquired by the terminated employee.
      Other provisions of the contract are in accordance. Under section 19,
the shareholders agreement expressly disavows any guaranty of continuing
employment. It reads: “Nothing contained in this Agreement (i) obligates
the Company or any Subsidiary or Affiliate of the Company to employ the
Purchaser in any capacity whatsoever or (ii) prohibits or restricts the
Company (or any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates) from terminating the
employment, if any, of the Purchaser at any time or for any reason
whatsoever, with or without Cause, and the Purchaser hereby acknowledges
and agrees that except as may be contained in Purchaser’s employment
agreement with the Company, neither the Company nor any other Person
has made any representations or promises whatsoever to the Purchaser




                                        8
concerning the Purchaser’s employment or continued employment by the
Company.” (Italics added).
      Read together, these provisions make clear that a purchaser of
company shares does not acquire any additional rights or protections in his or
her employment. The shareholders agreement makes no promises of
continuing employment nor limits the company’s ability to terminate a
person’s employment “for any reason whatsoever,” “with or without cause,” or
on a “voluntary” or “involuntary basis.” The contract expressly contemplates
that an employee may be terminated “for any reason whatsoever,” and should
that occur within the applicable five-year window, Avago is entitled to
repurchase its shares from the former employee. This plain and
unambiguous language admits of but one clear meaning—that a reviewing
court must inquire only into the status of a person’s employment with the
company (or its subsidiary), not the reasons behind the dismissal.
      The context in which the shareholders agreement operates supports
our analysis as well. While an employment relationship may be governed by
many factors, including the terms and conditions of employment and a host
jurisdiction’s employment laws, the shareholders agreement is a single
contract that governs the operation of an employee stock option plan across
multiple countries. Its choice of law provision favoring Singapore law would
be undermined were we to conclude that the repurchase provision is subject
to varying interpretations based upon the differing employment laws of the
host jurisdictions. What may be deemed an unlawful termination in
Malaysia may be lawful in Singapore or the United States. We find no
evidence that the contracting parties intended to incorporate the employment
laws of host jurisdictions into the repurchase provision’s terminated “for any
reason whatsoever” requirement. As the Ninth Circuit concluded in Falotti,



                                       9
“[t]his result would severely hamper an employer’s ability to maintain
uniform stock-option plans for employees residing in different jurisdictions
around the world.” (Falotti, supra, 319 F.3d at p. 1111.)3
      To avoid this uncertainty and to promote the uniform application of the
shareholders agreement, section 6(a)(i) creates a brightline rule in which the
repurchase of company shares depends upon one factor only: the status of a
person’s employment with the company. If a purchaser is no longer actively
employed with the company within the applicable period, Avago may exercise
its right of repurchase. We do not doubt that such a brightline rule may
result in unfair outcomes when a person has been improperly dismissed. But
we are not at liberty to rewrite the terms of an agreement when it evinces a
clear intention by the parties to condition the retention of an equitable
interest in the parent company on a purchaser’s continuing employment with
the company.4



      3Saw contends that the trial court improperly relied on Falotti because
the federal court was applying the substantive law of California. We
disagree. The trial court clearly understood it was required to apply
Singapore law and found Falotti to be a helpful roadmap for analyzing cases
involving stock option contracts and conflict of laws. The plaintiff in Falotti
alleged he was unlawfully terminated under Swiss law and thus the
cancellation of his options was in breach of the option contract. (Falotti,
supra, 319 F.3d at p. 1109.) The Ninth Circuit held that because the option
agreement provided that an employee’s options would cease to vest when the
employment relationship ended, it was irrelevant whether the plaintiff was
lawfully or unlawfully terminated under Swiss law. (Id. at p. 1111.) As we
note above, Singapore law requires us to consider the commercial context of
an agreement. Falotti’s analysis of a global stock option contract and its
interaction with local employment laws offers helpful context for analyzing
the shareholders agreement at issue here.
      4At oral argument, appellant’s counsel maintained that a strict
interpretation of the shareholders agreement could allow a company to
terminate an employee based upon a bad faith or discriminatory reason and

                                       10
      C.    Relevant Legal Precedent
      Although no Singapore decision appears to address the precise issues
presented in this appeal, we find the English case Micklefield v. SAC
Technology Ltd. (Eng. 1991) 1 All ER 275 (Micklefield) instructive. Like Saw,
the plaintiff in Micklefield had an employment contract with a subsidiary and
a separate share option agreement with his employer’s parent company. His
employment contract provided that either party could end the employment
relationship after providing six months’ notice. (Id. at p. 276.) The share
option agreement was subject to cancellation “[i]f any Option Holder ceases to
be an Executive for any reason.” (Id. at p. 277, italics added.) Shortly after
notifying his employer that he intended to exercise his options, he was
terminated and paid six months’ salary in lieu of notice. (Id. at p. 278.) The
parent company concluded that his options could no longer be exercised
because of his dismissal. (Ibid.) The plaintiff sued his employer for damages
caused by his wrongful termination, including the loss of his share options.
      Assuming that the plaintiff had been wrongfully dismissed, the
Micklefield court nevertheless held that the plaintiff was not entitled to
recover under the option agreement. Two points are of particular relevance.
First, the Micklefield court concluded that the wrongful dismissal of an



then profit from its own wrongdoing by stripping the employee of vested
equity compensation. As respondent’s counsel acknowledged, however, even
if breach of contract may not lie under the shareholders agreement, a
wrongful termination action might permit the recovery of damages for the
wrongful deprivation of the employee’s equitable interest. Here, Saw did in
fact seek to recover the lost value of his equitable interest in his wrongful
dismissal action in Malaysia, and the High Court of Malaysia remanded the
matter to the Industrial Court for a determination of damages, including an
evaluation of Saw’s entitlement to stock options. Saw was therefore given an
opportunity to raise the stock option issue before the Malaysian courts in the
context of his wrongful dismissal.

                                       11
employee spells the end of the master-servant relationship when the
employee no longer performs services for his employer. (Micklefield, supra,
1 All ER at p. 279.) While the contractual relationship may have given rise to
a claim for damages, the employment relationship has been severed. “ ‘It is
clear beyond argument that a wrongfully dismissed employee cannot sue for
his salary or wages as such, but only for damages. It is also, in my view,
equally clear that such an employee cannot assert that he still retains his
employment under the contract.’ ” (Ibid.) The plaintiff in Micklefield thus
“ceased to be employed when he was wrongfully dismissed . . . even if some
other aspect of his contract continued in force.” (Ibid.) As the trial court
below aptly observed, Micklefield teaches that “in considering whether the
employment relationship was actually terminated, the general focus should
be on when the employee stopped rendering services to the employer.”
      Second, the Micklefield court addressed the plaintiff’s contention that a
company should not be permitted to profit from its own wrong. While noting
that other authorities have applied this principle, including Alghussein
Establishment v. Eton College (Eng. 1991) 1 All ER 267, upon which
appellant Saw also relies, the court concluded it was inapplicable to the
circumstances at bar. The exemption clause of the share option agreement
was “clear and decisive” and “expressly applies if an option holder ceases to
be an executive for any reason. That, on its terms, includes the case of his
being wrongly dismissed.” (Micklefield, supra, 1 All ER at p. 281.) In the
court’s view, the share option agreement “does not purport to entitle the
company to take a benefit from its wrong in the relevant sense” but rather to
“exempt the company from part of the damages that it would otherwise have
to pay for wrongful dismissal.” (Id. at p. 280.)




                                       12
      Micklefield supports the conclusion that even if Saw had been
unlawfully dismissed under Malaysian law, he cannot recover under the
shareholders agreement because his employment ended when he ceased
rendering services for Avago Malaysia on June 1, 2009. The repurchase
provision contains clear and decisive language that grants Avago the right to
repurchase a former employee’s shares even when dismissal is improper.
Saw may be entitled to recover other damages for his wrongful dismissal, but
the end of his employment cut off his right to retain shares of Avago stock
under the contract.
      Saw contends that Micklefield is inapposite because the plaintiff
expressly waived his right to seek damages for the loss of his options in the
event he could no longer serve as an executive. While it is true that no such
waiver appears in the shareholders agreement, the absence of a waiver is not
dispositive. We must give particular importance to the language chosen by
the parties to express their intentions. (Transocean Drilling, supra, EWCA
(Civ) 372, par. 14.) Contractual language that describes a dismissal “for any
reason whatsoever,” “with or without cause,” or on a “voluntary” or
“involuntary basis” makes it abundantly clear that no promises were made as
to the option purchaser’s continuing employment, and the parties clearly
intended to allow repurchase of a former employee’s shares when the
employment relationship had ended, regardless of the reason for termination.
      Saw also argues that Micklefield is not reliable authority because it
does not purport to interpret Singapore law and a Singapore decision,
Ahlmark, found the same contractual phrase “terminated for any reason
whatsoever” unenforceable. Ahlmark concerned the enforceability of a
liquidated damages clause in an employment contract between an airline and
a pilot. The pilot was terminated after he became intoxicated and unruly as



                                      13
a passenger on a Singapore Airlines flight. (Ahlmark, supra, 3 SLR(R) at
p. 641.) He was terminated not for cause but under a provision allowing
either party to end the employment relationship by paying three months’
salary in lieu of notice. (Id. at pp. 639, 641.) Under a training agreement
with the airline, a pilot trainee who “is dismissed or has his services
terminated for any reason whatsoever” could be made liable for liquidated
damages to recoup the cost of training. (Id. at p. 641, italics added.) After
the pilot was terminated, the airline sought to enforce the liquidated
damages provision against him, which would have required the pilot to pay
his employer $100,000 after being fired. (Ibid.) The Ahlmark court
concluded that the liquidated damages clause was so uncertain as to be
“incapable of being given any contractual effect” (id. at p. 645), finding it
would be “utterly absurd” to allow an employer to terminate trainees without
cause and then charge them for the cost of their training. (Id. at p. 644.)
      Contrary to Saw’s argument on appeal, we do not find Ahlmark to be
“precisely on point.” While the option agreement at issue here shares the
same verbiage “terminated for any reason whatsoever,” the Ahlmark court
did not categorically hold that such a clause can never be enforced. Rather,
the court concluded that to give the clause a literal meaning under those
circumstances would lead to an absurd result—that even in a dismissal
without cause, the employer could sue for liquidated damages upon
separation. (Ahlmark, supra, 3 SLR(R) at p. 645.) In contrast, the
shareholders agreement here does not concern a punitive liquidated damages
clause, and rather than being financially penalized by the exercise of the
repurchase provision, Saw was paid fair market value for his shares and
earned a profit of $400,000. Nothing in Ahlmark suggests termination
without cause in and of itself is unconscionable under the laws of Singapore.



                                        14
      Saw also maintains that his termination was not a “call event” because
his dismissal was neither “voluntary” nor “involuntary” within the meaning
of the shareholders agreement. Citing to another English case, Levett v.
Biotrace International Plc (Eng. 1999) ICR 818 (Levett), he claims an
“involuntary” termination cannot include an “illegal” termination because
employers are not permitted to profit from their wrongful acts.
      Unlike the present case, Levett did not involve separate contracts by a
parent and a subsidiary company. In Levett, “there was privity of contract
between the plaintiff and Biotrace under his service contract and under the
share option rules which were part of his renumeration package.” (Levett,
supra, 1999 ICR at p. 824.) The plaintiff had been employed as the
company’s managing director. He was terminated by the company’s board of
directors three years later. (Id. at p. 820.) The parties’ employment contract
provided that if the plaintiff became “ ‘subject to the company’s disciplinary
procedures, his options shall be suspended, and if such option holder’s
contract of employment with the company is consequently terminated’ ” in
conformity with the agreement, then his options would immediately lapse.
(Id. at p. 821.) On the other hand, if his employment were terminated for
nondisciplinary reasons, he could continue to exercise his options “for the
duration of the option period.” Thus, the plaintiff’s right to retain equity in
the company depended upon whether he was terminated for disciplinary
reasons.
      After the plaintiff brought suit for wrongful termination, Biotrace
conceded that it had breached the employment agreement by failing to
provide him with payment in lieu of notice. Despite this breach, the company
asserted that the plaintiff’s options had lapsed because he had been
dismissed for cause. (Levett, supra, 1999 ICR at p. 823.) In rejecting the



                                       15
company’s argument, the Levett court pointed out that the company had
failed to invoke the disciplinary provisions prior to his dismissal. (Id. at
pp. 823–824.) The court found that the company could not rely on the breach
of its own employment contract to divest the plaintiff of his options. (Id. at
p. 824.) Levett does not support Saw’s argument that “ ‘involuntary’ does not
mean and does not include terminations accomplished by an unlawful act by
Avago.” The court simply interpreted the express terms of the agreement
and concluded that the plaintiff’s options could not have lapsed if the
company had not undertaken the disciplinary process prior to his dismissal.
Levett is also distinguishable because unlike this case, the plaintiff’s right to
equity depended upon whether his dismissal was with or without cause.
Here, the option agreement spells out that Avago shares may be repurchased
when an employee is dismissed “for any reason whatsoever.” As the Levett
court had no occasion to interpret this phrase in the context of a share option
agreement, we find it less applicable than Micklefield. We therefore conclude
that Saw’s breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law under the express
terms of the shareholders agreement.
      D.   Implied Duty of Good Faith
      Saw contends that “[i]t is long settled under Singaporean law that
there is an implied term in all contracts that the parties must act lawfully
vis-à-vis their contractual obligations.” To the contrary, a general implied
duty of good faith in the performance of contracts “does not, at present, exist
in Singapore law.” (Max-Sun Trading Ltd v. Tang Mun Kit (Sing. 2016)
5 SLR 815, 835.) Sidestepping this holding, Saw refers us to The Wellness
Group Pte Ltd v. OSIM International Ltd. (Sing. 2016) 3 SLR 729 for the
proposition that a duty to “act lawfully” is implied in fact in every contract.
However, in Wellness, the court addressed a doctrine of Singapore law that



                                        16
would allow the court to imply a contractual term if it found both that the
term was necessary to give the contract full effect and that the term was so
obvious that the parties would have agreed to it at the time the contract was
formed. (Id. at p. 760.) The term considered by the Wellness court did not
involve the duty of good faith, but rather the composition of the board of
directors. The case is not on point.
       Saw posits that if a term requiring lawful performance is not implied,
every stock option agreement “is rendered potentially valueless, and its
‘beneficiary’ is left without remedy.” Under the law of Singapore, however,
“inherent in any attempt to imply a term into a contract . . . is that the court
will not rewrite the contract for the parties based on its own sense of the
justice of the case.” (Ng Giap Hon v. Westcomb Securities Pte Ltd (Sing. 2009)
3 SLR(R) 518, 563.) Singapore courts “will not interfere with the freedom of
any contracting party, except in the most exceptional circumstances.” (Ibid.)
No exceptional circumstance compels us to imply an obligation that runs
counter to the express terms of the shareholders agreement. Saw was
presumably aware of its conditions when he accepted the offer to purchase
shares and options of Avago stock. The contract made it clear that retention
of his equity was contingent on his continued employment with Avago
Malaysia. Saw was compensated for his shares at fair market value and in
the manner provided for by the shareholders agreement, receiving a profit of
$400,000. And as we discuss below, Saw was not left without a remedy for
his improper dismissal. We conclude Saw has no viable cause of action under
an implied duty of good faith.
III.   Whether Saw’s Termination Was Void Ab Initio
       As we explained, whether Saw was lawfully or unlawfully terminated
from his employment under Malaysian law has no bearing on whether Avago



                                       17
breached the shareholders agreement because the repurchase provision
depends upon the status of a person’s employment with the company, not the
reasons for the dismissal. However, even if we agreed that Malaysian law
must be consulted to interpret the terms of the shareholders agreement, Saw
has misconstrued the holding of the High Court of Malaysia.
      Saw was laid off when Avago Malaysia eliminated his position as part
of a business reorganization during an economic downturn. When the High
Court of Malaysia reversed the Industrial Court’s 2015 ruling, the court
concluded that the decision to dismiss Saw was unjustified because Avago
Malaysia’s decline in revenue had been limited to a single quarter in 2009
and Saw’s job functions were not eliminated but rather absorbed by other
employees, including a newly hired vice president. The High Court thus held
that the decision to dismiss Saw constituted an unfair labor practice in
violation of Malaysian employment law.
      Saw’s principal contention on appeal is that, as a matter of Malaysian
law, he “was still employed” by Avago Malaysia when his equity shares were
improperly liquidated by Avago. He asserts: “There is a judicial holding
here, not a mere allegation as described in Avago’s motion, that Saw’s
termination was unlawful and therefore void ab initio. Consistent with both
Malaysian and Singaporean law, when a dismissal is found to be illegal, as it
was here, it is as though there was no termination at all.” For this
proposition, Saw cites only to Malaysian cases. Neither those authorities nor
the ruling by the Malaysian High Court support his position.
      It is true that under certain circumstances, Malaysian law allows for a
wrongfully terminated employee to be reinstated to his former position with
back pay, essentially voiding a wrongful dismissal. In Mohd bin Ahmad v.
Yang Di Pertua Majlis Daerah Jempol, Negeri Sembilan & Anor (Malay.



                                      18
1997) 2 MLJ 361, the Malaysian Federal Court explained that “[a] clear
distinction has to be made between a declaration that a dismissal is invalid
and void on the one hand and on the other hand, a declaration that the
dismissal is wrongful. The first-mentioned declaration may be granted by the
court with what in effect is a reinstatement, ie that he continues in the
employ, etc. The second-mentioned declaration is invariably granted with an
order for damages only by virtue of the said principle [against ordering
specific performance in a personal services contract].” (Id. at p. 362.) “When
a dismissal is merely wrongful, . . . a plaintiff is left only with a remedy in
damages by virtue of the principle. When a dismissal is void, or invalid, the
dismissal that took place earlier never [was] in effect, effectively [never] took
place because it is void, so the old job continues.” (Id. at p. 371.)
      It is not the case, however, that all wrongful terminations are deemed
void under Malaysian law, particularly when the remedy is confined to
damages. (See Holiday Inn Hotel, Penang v. National Union of Hotel, Bar
and Restaurant Workers (Malay. 1987) ILR 264, par. 13 [concluding that
while reinstatement “is the normal relief” for wrongful or illegal discharge, a
“[p]ragmatic approach” permits the award of damages when reinstatement
“is not proper or expedient”]; Thilagavathy Alagan Muthiah v. Meng Sing
Glass Sdn Bhd & Anor (Malay. 1997) 4 CLJ Supp., par. 2 [“[c]ircumstances in
a given case may not move the court to order reinstatement even though a
workman was dismissed without just [cause] and excuse. By virtue of s. 30 of
the [Industrial Relations Act 1967] . . . the Industrial Court could instead
make an order of compensation in lieu.”].)
      In Saw’s case, the judicial commissioner of the Malaysian High Court
did not find reinstatement to be the appropriate remedy. Contrary to Saw’s
contentions on appeal, the commissioner did not hold that Saw’s termination



                                        19
was “void ab initio.” Rather, after concluding that the Industrial Court erred
in finding Saw’s termination to be justified, the commissioner remitted the
matter to that court “for assessment of compensation and back wages and
other benefits and emoluments, if any.” In other words, the court concluded
that Saw’s available remedy for wrongful dismissal was an award of damages
to compensate him for the loss of his employment. This conclusion is borne
out by the transcript of the High Court hearing, in which the following
exchange occurred:
      [Commissioner]: “So I remit the case back to the Industrial Court for
      assessment of compensation, back wages and other benefits and
      emoluments, if any. So that’s the order I make.”
      [Saw’s attorney]: “That is in lieu of reinstatement.”
      [Commissioner]: “Yes. In lieu of reinstatement.”
      [Saw’s attorney]: “Because the Applicant is now at the age of 62.”
      [Commissioner]: “So the order is I remit the case back to the
      Industrial Court for assessment of compensation and back wages and
      other benefits and emoluments, in lieu of reinstatement as the
      Applicant is the age of 62. I think the relationship has also broken
      down to the extent that I don’t think it’s conducive. Alright. So that
      would be the order.”5
      Accordingly, Saw was not reinstated to his former position of
employment by the courts of Malaysia, and Malaysian law did not recognize
him to be an employee of Avago Malaysia when Avago issued the call notices
for his shares in equity. Because there is no dispute that Saw ceased
rendering services for his employer upon his dismissal on June 1, 2009, the


      5Moreover, Saw concedes that Malaysian law does not permit a
62-year-old former employee to be reinstated under any circumstances.

                                      20
dismissal spelled the end of his employment relationship and cut off his right
to retain shares of Avago stock under the shareholders agreement.
IV.   Whether Quasi Contract Relief Is Available
      Finally, we conclude that Saw’s claim for unjust enrichment as an
alternative cause of action is not viable under Singapore law. “[O]rdinarily
restitutionary principles are supplemental to the law of contract where the
parties are in a contractual relationship [citations]. The rationale behind this
general rule is that the law of restitution should not redistribute the risks
which the parties have, by contract, already allocated.” (Max Media FZ LLC
v. Nimbus Media Pte Ltd (Sing. 2010) 2 SLR 677, 688.) One recognized
exception is where the consideration for the contract has totally failed, and,
even then, only if there is no express or implied term in the contract making
a payment irrecoverable. (Id. at p. 689.) That is plainly not the case here, as
Saw was compensated for his equity in the manner provided for under the
shareholders agreement.
      Rather than cite to Singapore law, Saw relies on McBride v. Boughton
(2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 379, 389 for the proposition that “restitution may be
awarded in lieu of breach of contract damages when the parties had an
express contract, but it was procured by fraud or is unenforceable or
ineffective for some reason.” California law does not apply to this agreement.
In any event, as we have discussed at length, the shareholders agreement is
not unenforceable or ineffective, and Saw does not argue that it was procured
by fraud.
                                DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to its costs on appeal.




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                                             _________________________
                                             Sanchez, J.


WE CONCUR:


_________________________
Humes, P. J.


_________________________
Margulies, J.




A153824 Saw v. Avago Technologies Limited



                                        22
Trial Court:       San Mateo County Superior Court

Trial Judge:       Hon. Susan L. Greenberg

Counsel:

      The Law Offices of Thomas V. Christopher, Thomas V. Christopher, for
Plaintiff and Appellant

     O’Melveny & Meyers, Eric J. Amdursky, Ramon Ramirez, Ryan
Rutledge, for Defendant and Respondent




A153824 Saw v. Avago Technologies Limited


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