                                                                                         January 27 2015


                                        DA 14-0262

         IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
                                        2015 MT 28



IN THE MATTER OF:

J.A.B. and L.M.F.,

           Youths in Need of Care.


APPEAL FROM:         District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District,
                     In and For the County of Flathead, Cause Nos. DN 09-86 and DN 13-42
                     Honorable Heidi Ulbricht, Presiding Judge


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

             For Appellant:

                     Kathryn McEnery ,McEnery Law Office, PLLC, Hot Springs, Montana
                     (Attorney for Appellant and Father)

                     Jennifer A. Giuttari, Law Office of Jennifer A. Giuttari, PLLC, Missoula,
                     Montana
                     (Attorney for Appellant and Mother)

             For Appellee:

                     Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Katie F. Schulz, Assistant
                     Attorney General, Helena, Montana

                     Emily Von Jentzen, Assistant Attorney General, Kalispell, Montana



                                                  Submitted on Briefs: December 31, 2014
                                                             Decided: January 27, 2015


Filed:

                     __________________________________________
                                       Clerk
Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     N.W. (Mother) and J.B. (Father) appeal from orders of the Eleventh Judicial

District Court, Flathead County, terminating Mother’s parental rights to her children

L.M.F. and J.A.B., and Father’s rights to his child J.A.B. We affirm.

¶2     We restate the following issues for review:

       1. Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it terminated Mother’s
          parental rights as to L.M.F. on the basis that Mother had not successfully
          completed her treatment plan and her condition was unlikely to change?

       2. Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it terminated Mother and
          Father’s parental rights as to J.A.B. without reunification services on the basis
          that they had subjected a child to aggravated circumstances?

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3     Mother is the birth mother of L.M.F., born in 2008, and J.A.B., born in 2012.

Father is the birth father of J.A.B.     C.F., the birth father of L.M.F., is presently

incarcerated and has executed a conditional relinquishment of his parental rights. He is

not a party to this appeal.

¶4     Mother and Father have struggled with methamphetamine addiction throughout

these proceedings. On December 4, 2009, the Department of Public Health and Human

Services (Department) removed L.M.F. from Mother’s care based upon allegations that

Mother had been using methamphetamine and caring for L.M.F. while under the

influence of the drug. At the time L.M.F. was removed, Mother was sharing a residence

with Father, who was described as her “paramour.” It was noted that Father also had a

history of methamphetamine use, and the child protection specialist (CPS) then assigned

to the family observed that “[L.M.F.] is undoubtedly at a considerable risk if she is


                                            2
residing in the same household as [Father].” The Department had received reports that

L.M.F. was left home alone while Mother and Father left the house to use

methamphetamine.       There were also reports that Mother and Father had smoked

methamphetamine in the living room of their home while L.M.F. was asleep in a

bedroom. Mother had also left L.M.F. in the care of her own mother, C.H., who was also

a methamphetamine user and who had a significant history of involvement with the

Department during Mother’s childhood.

¶5     L.M.F. was placed with her paternal grandparents, who have cared for her for the

majority of the past five years. Following L.M.F.’s removal, Mother had a chemical

dependency evaluation and began participating in drug testing and supervised visits with

L.M.F.     Father was asked to participate in similar services, but refused to become

involved. Mother represented to the Department that she and Father had decided to end

their relationship.   On March 24, 2010, Mother was allowed to begin unsupervised

visitation with L.M.F. in her home. At that time, no one else was living in the home, and

it was clean and appropriate. Approximately two weeks later, Mother’s home was the

subject of a drug raid. Father and two other individuals were reportedly living in the

home, and drugs were being sold on the premises. On May 17, 2010, L.M.F. was

adjudicated a youth in need of care and the Department was granted temporary legal

custody.

¶6     On June 10, 2010, the District Court approved a treatment plan requiring Mother

to participate in chemical dependency treatment, submit to random urine analysis,

undergo a psychological evaluation, participate in individual counseling, maintain a safe


                                           3
home environment and lifestyle, and participate in supervised visitation and parenting

education. Temporary legal custody was extended on multiple occasions to allow Mother

more time to work on her treatment plan.

¶7     On October 12, 2011, the Department petitioned for termination of Mother’s

parental rights. At that time, Mother was not compliant with her treatment plan. There

were continued concerns about Mother’s relationship with Father.        The Department

suggested that if Mother and Father continued their relationship, Father needed to be a

part of the treatment plan. Mother denied having an ongoing relationship with Father, but

at the time the Department petitioned for termination of her parental rights, she was

pregnant with his child.

¶8     The petition for termination indicated that Mother had nine positive drug

screenings, mostly indicating marijuana use. A hair test on April 10, 2011, showed

evidence of methamphetamine use. Mother admitted cheating on urine screenings prior

to the positive hair test. She tested positive for suboxone in August 2011, while she was

pregnant. Additionally, Mother had several noncompliant tests, and had not reported for

testing at all during the month of February 2011.

¶9     Mother’s counselor reported that she had not been consistent in attending

individual counseling sessions. Mother did not disclose to the counselor why she could

not attend. Mother was not able to maintain appropriate housing. She shared a home

with her mother and a friend, both of whom were on felony probation and were known to

have violated that probation by consuming alcohol. When told this was an unsuitable

situation, Mother made plans to move in with another friend, who also had a criminal


                                            4
record and a history of Department involvement. Despite these concerns, the petition

also indicated that during supervised visits with L.M.F., Mother demonstrated many

positive parenting skills, including her ability to respond appropriately to L.M.F.’s cues,

engage in age-appropriate activities, and use appropriate discipline.

¶10    A hearing on the petition for termination was set for February 21, 2012. Mother

requested a continuance on the basis that her due date was only a few days before the

hearing. The hearing was rescheduled for March 26, 2012. Meanwhile, J.A.B. was born

in February. The Department was involved with J.A.B. from birth, but decided against

removal after Mother and Father agreed to a voluntary protective services agreement.

Mother also agreed to live in a supervised foster home with Vicki Peterson pending her

admission to Mountain Home, a residential program for young mothers. As a result of

these developments, the Department moved to extend temporary legal custody and

continue the termination hearing regarding L.M.F. for a period of three months.

¶11    On March 20, 2012, the Department filed for temporary legal custody of J.A.B.

after Mother failed to complete drug testing as required by the voluntary protective

services agreement. There were also ongoing concerns about Father’s possible drug use.

Mother and Father did not object to the adjudication of J.A.B. as a youth in need of care

and the granting of temporary legal custody to the Department. Nevertheless, because of

his young age, J.A.B. was allowed to remain with Mother under Peterson’s supervision,

and later in Mountain Home.

¶12    Mother was admitted to Mountain Home in mid-May and reportedly fared well in

the program. On May 30, 2012, however, the Department notified counsel for Mother of


                                             5
its intent to move forward with the termination hearing regarding L.M.F. CPS Lindsey

Santa provided an updated affidavit stating the factual basis for termination, in which she

observed that termination of parental rights is presumed to be in a child’s best interest if

the child has been in foster care for 15 of the most recent 22 months. Santa noted that

L.M.F. had already been in foster care for twice that long, and Mother would need

another six months to complete the program at Mountain Home. Santa stated that prior to

her entry to Mountain Home, Mother had failed to show stability for any significant

length of time.

¶13    While the termination hearing regarding L.M.F. was pending, Mother completed

the program at Mountain Home, and she and J.A.B. moved back into the home with

Father.   Father was also working on a treatment plan.         On August 24, 2012, the

Department moved to vacate the termination hearing regarding L.M.F. and extend

temporary legal custody in order to allow Mother to continue her progress.              On

December 26, 2012, the case involving J.A.B. was dismissed, because both parents were

successfully meeting their treatment plan goals. The Department allowed L.M.F. to

begin the transition back to Mother and Father’s home, noting that Mother had been

complying with all Department requests.

¶14    On June 6, 2013, three weeks after L.M.F. had transitioned to Mother and Father’s

home, the Department received a report regarding Mother’s use of methamphetamine.

The Department conducted a visit to the home that day. Mother and Father were asked to

provide urine samples for testing, but neither was able to provide a sample. They were

asked to test again the next day, but failed to show up. The Department conducted


                                             6
unannounced home visits for each of the next two days, but Mother and Father were not

home. Another visit was conducted on June 10, 2013, and although a car was in the

driveway, no one answered the door. Santa later spoke with Father and scheduled a hair

test for June 11, 2013. Father, who normally shaves his head, asked if arm hair could be

tested instead, and Santa replied that it could. At the time Mother and Father reported for

the hair test, Father had shaved his beard and underarms, which Santa believed was an

attempt to evade testing. A test of Father’s leg hair was inconclusive. The results of

Mother’s hair test, received on June 20, 2013, were positive for both amphetamine and

methamphetamine.

¶15    The Department decided to remove the children following Mother’s positive test

result. Both children were placed in foster care with L.M.F.’s paternal grandparents.

Santa went to Mother’s home on June 20, 2013, and spoke with Mother. Mother told her,

“We only used once for three days.” Mother indicated Father had also been using. Santa

observed that Mother’s eyes were glassy and she struggled to follow a conversation.

Santa did not speak with Father at that time.

¶16    On June 27, 2013, the Department filed a petition for termination of Mother and

Father’s parental rights with respect to J.A.B. and requested a determination that

reunification efforts were not required. On July 3, 2013, Santa filed a supplemental

affidavit, stating that a hair test done on J.A.B. was positive for amphetamine and

methamphetamine at levels significantly higher than Mother’s. A hair test done on

L.M.F. was inconclusive because the sample was insufficient. Mother denied using

around the children, but said she had been breastfeeding J.A.B. Santa informed Father of


                                                7
the test results, and he responded, “That’s not good.” On July 23, 2013, the Department

filed a renewed petition for termination of Mother’s parental rights with respect to

L.M.F., citing Mother’s continued methamphetamine use and the children’s possible

exposure while in the home.

¶17    A termination hearing was held beginning September 26, 2013, and resuming on

February 18 and 19, 2014. At the termination hearing, Nikki Streeter, who administered

Mother’s drug tests at Glacier Center, testified that of the 191 tests offered to Mother

between December 2009 and February 2013, 91 were noncompliant and 16 were positive.

Less than half of the tests were negative. Streeter also said Mother had admitted cheating

on her urine tests. Father had been tested for a shorter period of time—March 2012

through February 2013—and during that time had one noncompliant and four positive

results.

¶18    Mother had worked with two different addiction counselors, both of whom

testified. Sara Thorman treated Mother from November 2010 until December 2011.

Thorman discharged Mother from treatment in December 2011, finding she had reached

“maximum benefit.” Thorman described this as, “[M]aximum benefit is that you have

been given everything and every chance that’s possibly out there, but you’re not

responding.” Thorman was aware Mother had relapsed during treatment, and did not

believe she was sufficiently engaged with resources like AA or NA. Mother worked with

Tyler Hensleigh beginning in September 2013. At the February 2014 hearing, Hensleigh

testified that in Mother’s previous attempts to deal with her addiction, she “didn’t really

have that sober support network” and was “white-knuckling it” on her own. Hensleigh


                                            8
testified that he believed Mother now had the support she needed. He observed that

within the first month and a half of treatment, she had met all the goals she previously

failed to address with Thorman, including getting a job, paying restitution, participating

in AA, and finding a sponsor.        Hensleigh estimated that Mother would be able to

complete treatment within two to four months, and said her prognosis for long-term

recovery was good.

¶19    Angie Garrett provided counseling and chemical dependency treatment to Father

beginning in May 2012. She also provided counseling sessions to Mother and Father as a

couple. At the September 2013 hearing, Garrett testified that by the time the children

were removed in June 2013, she was no longer seeing Mother and Father.              They

contacted her after their relapse, however, and Father’s testimony indicated that they

continued to see her from time to time. Garrett testified to her belief that “relapse is a

part of recovery.”    Father’s AA sponsor testified that Father appeared motivated to

remain sober. Father also testified that he had met with a counselor from Flathead Valley

Chemical Dependency and followed her recommendations, although that counselor was

unavailable to testify at the hearing.

¶20    Many witnesses at the hearing testified that despite their chemical dependency

issues, Mother and Father appeared to be capable and loving parents. Paulette Lawrence,

a social worker with the Flathead City-County Health Department’s Baby Steps program,

testified that she started working with Mother in November 2011, during her pregnancy.

Lawrence testified that Mother’s attachment with J.A.B. “wasn’t anything that I had to

teach her to do, it just came from inside of her.” Mother had “an innate ability” to read


                                            9
J.A.B.’s cues. Lawrence testified that Mother was very intelligent and eager to learn

about J.A.B.’s development. J.A.B. appeared happy and well cared for. Lawrence

participated in Family Group Decision Making meetings, and she reported that everyone

in the meetings believed Mother was “a good mom.” Lawrence testified that she called

Santa and “begged” her to reconsider the petition for termination of parental rights,

something she had never done before. Lawrence also believed that the treatment group

“missed something in providing a plan for [Mother]” regarding her drug use. Lawrence’s

observations were limited to interactions between Mother and J.A.B. Lawrence had

limited interactions with Father and had not observed Mother with L.M.F.

¶21   Cami Imperato supervised the family’s visits at Family Concepts. She testified

that Mother and Father were very engaged with both L.M.F. and J.A.B. during visits.

Mother and Father were always prepared for visits, followed the children’s lead during

play, and read the children’s cues very well. Imperato remembered one or two incidents

giving rise to minor issues with safety, like J.A.B. walking with a toothbrush or Popsicle

stick in his mouth. Mother and Father were able to offer appropriate redirection “almost

all of the time.”   Imperato was impressed by Mother’s ability to manage L.M.F.’s

tantrums and reported that Mother had sought out her own parenting resources and done

extra reading, in addition to incorporating the parenting suggestions she received from

Family Concepts. The children were happy to see Mother and Father, and seemed to

have good bonds with both. Imperato said she struggled to find something for them to

work on.




                                           10
¶22    Craig Dowellgrim worked with Father through the Flathead City-County Health

Department’s Pregnant and Parenting Teen program. Dowellgrim testified that Father

appeared very motivated to become a better parent. Because Father was not a “teen,” he

had to do much of the program on his own and be self-directed. Dowellgrim said Father

was one of the few participants who “really engaged” in the program. He observed a

positive bond between Father and J.A.B.

¶23    Santa testified, “Typically, with [Mother], when she is under the microscope she

does step up and is able to maintain her sobriety.” Santa was concerned, however, that

with the withdrawal of Department supervision, or when termination was no longer

pending, Mother would become noncompliant and relapse into drug use. She was also

concerned that Father initially refused to participate in a treatment plan regarding L.M.F.,

despite residing in the same home and having a relationship with Mother, and that he

appeared to be evading drug testing following the most recent relapse.          Santa also

testified that Mother had not completed her treatment plan regarding L.M.F., because she

had not maintained a drug and alcohol free lifestyle or consistently complied with drug

testing.   Mother had not followed through on the recommendations from her

psychological evaluation and did not successfully or consistently participate in individual

counseling. Mother was not able to meet the goal of maintaining a safe and stable

residence, because although her housing was stable, drug use had occurred in the home.




                                            11
Santa did testify that Mother had completed the portions of her treatment plan relating to

visitation and parenting skills.1

¶24    The District Court terminated Mother’s rights to L.M.F., finding that she had not

successfully completed her treatment plan, and the condition rendering her unfit was

unlikely to change within a reasonable time. The District Court also terminated Mother

and Father’s rights to J.A.B. The District Court determined that reunification services

were not required with respect to J.A.B. because Mother and Father had exposed a child,

L.M.F., to chronic and severe neglect.        Alternatively, the District Court found that

J.A.B.’s exposure to methamphetamine constituted an aggravated circumstance justifying

termination of parental rights without reasonable efforts to provide reunification services.

                               STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶25    We review a district court’s termination of parental rights for an abuse of

discretion. In re E.Z.C., 2013 MT 123, ¶ 19, 370 Mont. 116, 300 P.3d 1174. A district

court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily, without employment of conscientious

judgment, or exceeds the bounds of reason, resulting in substantial injustice. E.Z.C.,

¶ 19. We review a district court’s findings of fact to determine whether they are clearly

erroneous. In re A.D.B., 2013 MT 167, ¶ 27, 370 Mont. 422, 305 P.3d 739. A finding of

fact is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence, if the district court

misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if this Court is left with a definite and firm

conviction that the district court made a mistake. A.D.B., ¶ 27. When reviewing for clear


       1
          Testimony from several additional witnesses was heard, and additional facts will be
discussed as needed.


                                              12
error, “[o]ur standard is not whether there is evidence to support findings different from

those made by the trier of fact, but whether substantial credible evidence supports the

trier’s findings.” Schmidt v. Cook, 2005 MT 53, ¶ 31, 326 Mont. 202, 108 P.3d 511.

Moreover, it is within the province of the District Court to determine the credibility of

witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, and we will not disturb those

determinations on appeal. In re B.J.T.H., 2015 MT 6, ¶ 16, 374 Mont. 14, ___ P.3d ___.

We review conclusions of law for correctness. A.D.B., ¶ 27.

                                      DISCUSSION

¶26    1.   Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it terminated Mother’s
            parental rights as to L.M.F. on the basis that Mother had not successfully
            completed her treatment plan and her condition was unlikely to change?

¶27    A district court may order termination of the parent-child legal relationship if the

child has been adjudicated a youth in need of care and the court finds, by clear and

convincing evidence, that an appropriate treatment plan has not been complied with, and

that the conduct or condition rendering the parent unfit is unlikely to change within a

reasonable time. Section 41-3-609(1)(f), MCA. Mother does not contest the adjudication

of L.M.F. as a youth in need of care and does not argue that her treatment plan was not

appropriate. She claims the record does not support the District Court’s findings that she

was not compliant with her treatment plan. A parent must fully comply with a treatment

plan. In re D.F., 2007 MT 147, ¶ 30, 337 Mont. 461, 161 P.3d 825. Partial or even

substantial compliance is not sufficient. D.F., ¶ 30.

¶28    The first goal of Mother’s treatment plan was to address her chemical dependency.

Within that goal, Mother was to attend all of her scheduled appointments with her


                                             13
chemical dependency counselor, maintain consistency in her participation in treatment,

review her progress regularly with the Department, and maintain a drug and alcohol free

lifestyle. Mother was required to be “in full compliance and completion” of chemical

dependency treatment before a transition plan could be implemented for L.M.F.

¶29   The testimony presented to the District Court supports the finding that Mother did

not fully comply with this aspect of her treatment plan. Thorman testified that Mother

did not regularly attend her individual counseling sessions.       Thorman ultimately

discharged Mother from treatment in December 2011, finding that she had “been given

. . . every chance that’s possibly out there, but [was] not responding.” Mother’s more

recent counselor, Hensleigh, believed her prognosis for long-term recovery was good;

however, Hensleigh had only been working with Mother since September 2013, after the

children were removed and the Department filed for termination of parental rights.

Hensleigh’s testimony about Mother’s recent progress is consistent with Santa’s

observation that Mother is able to maintain sobriety “when she is under the microscope.”

Moreover, Hensleigh only began working as an addiction counselor in August 2013, and

was not fully licensed until January 2014.

¶30   Undisputedly, Mother was not able to maintain a drug and alcohol free lifestyle.

She admits relapsing into methamphetamine use in June 2013. Prior to that relapse, more

than half of her drug screenings were either positive or noncompliant. Despite Mother’s

progress in the six months immediately preceding Hensleigh’s testimony, the record as a

whole supports the District Court’s finding that she was not compliant with the chemical




                                             14
dependency portion of her treatment plan. See In re J.C., 2003 MT 369, ¶ 17, 319 Mont.

112, 82 P.3d 900.

¶31   The second component of Mother’s treatment plan was participation in random

urine analysis. As noted, between December 2009 and February 2013, Mother was

noncompliant with 91 tests. The record supports the District Court’s finding that Mother

did not comply with this aspect of her treatment plan. Mother’s treatment plan also

required her to participate in individual counseling. Mother cites testimony by Garrett,

Imperato, and Peterson regarding her “progress in complying with therapy.” None of

these persons, however, were Mother’s individual counselors.          Garrett provided

individual counseling to Father and couple and family counseling to Mother and Father.

Imperato supervised visitation at Family Concepts. Peterson is a foster parent who

supervised Mother while she resided in Peterson’s home pending her admission to

Mountain Home. While these witnesses did testify to Mother’s positive parenting skills,

parenting skills were not among the recommendations identified in Mother’s

psychological evaluation.     Those recommendations included addressing chemical

dependency and relationship issues. The only testimony regarding Mother’s individual

counseling was from Thorman, who discharged Mother due to a lack of progress, and

Hensleigh, who did not begin treating Mother until the same month the termination

hearing began. The District Court’s finding that Mother was not compliant with this

aspect of her treatment plan was not clearly erroneous.

¶32   Mother’s treatment plan also required her to maintain a safe and stable lifestyle.

Mother argues that she completed this task because she had secured employment, was


                                            15
steadily increasing her life skills, and was regularly attending church and AA. While

these are positive developments, they appear to have taken shape only after the

Department’s most recent petition for termination. The children were admittedly exposed

to drug use in the home. The record demonstrates an overall pattern in this case, pending

since 2009, of periods of stability concurrent with intensive Department involvement,

marred by relapses concurrent with the transition to greater independence. The District

Court appropriately viewed Mother’s recent progress in the context of the complete

record. The District Court’s finding that Mother failed to maintain a safe and stable

lifestyle is not clearly erroneous.

¶33    Finally, Mother contests the District Court’s finding that she did not comply with

the portion of her treatment plan requiring her to participate in supervised visitation and

parental skills building.     Extensive testimony was heard about Mother’s positive

interactions with the children during supervised visitation, and her extraordinary efforts

to participate in parenting education and skills building. Nevertheless, the District Court

observed that “an ability to move past the supervised visitation setting has not been

demonstrated on a long term basis.” The treatment plan timeline called for Mother to

“progress from supervised to semi-supervised to unsupervised” visitation, and yet Mother

was unable to maintain unsupervised visitation after years of Department involvement.

Despite testimony that Mother is “a good mom,” the District Court’s finding that Mother

did not comply with this portion of her treatment plan was not clearly erroneous. To the

extent that Mother partially complied with the tasks of maintaining a safe and stable

lifestyle and participating in supervised visitation and parenting education, these efforts


                                            16
were nonetheless unsuccessful in demonstrating the long-term changes the treatment plan

was ultimately designed to accomplish. See D.F., ¶ 29; In re J.V., 2003 MT 68, ¶ 18,

314 Mont. 487, 67 P.3d 242.

¶34    Mother also contests the District Court’s conclusion that the condition rendering

her unfit to parent was unlikely to change within a reasonable amount of time. In

determining whether the condition of the parent is unlikely to change within a reasonable

time, the court must consider the following non-exclusive factors: emotional illness,

mental illness, or mental deficiency of the parent; a history of violent behavior by the

parent; excessive use of drugs or alcohol by the parent; and any present judicially-ordered

long-term confinement of the parent. Section 41-3-609(2), MCA; D.F., ¶ 23. The court

must enter a finding that continuation of the parent-child relationship will likely result in

continued abuse and neglect, or that the condition of the parent renders him or her unfit,

unable, or unwilling to provide adequate care. Section 41-3-609(2), MCA. The court is

to give primary consideration to the physical, mental, and emotional needs of the child.

Section 41-3-609(3), MCA. In assessing whether a parent’s condition is unlikely to

change, the district court should assess a parent’s past and present conduct. In re D.H.,

2001 MT 200, ¶ 32, 306 Mont. 278, 33 P.3d 616.

¶35    Mother claims the evidence shows she was actively addressing her chemical

dependency issues, and had been successful with the exception of the June 2013 relapse.

Mother has been involved with the Department on the basis of her drug use since 2009.

At the termination hearing, Santa testified that the circumstances under which the

children were removed in June 2013 were very similar to the circumstances under which


                                             17
L.M.F. was initially removed in December 2009, three and a half years earlier. The

District Court found, consistent with Santa’s testimony, that “[t]he record in this matter

contains several examples of birth mother’s ability to comply with requests when she is

up against severe consequences . . . however, the Department cannot keep a termination

pending until these children turn 18 to elicit compliance from birth mother.” The District

Court cited the more than 762 hours of services provided to the family over the course of

four years in support of its conclusion that Mother’s struggle with chemical dependency

and its effect on her parenting were unlikely to be resolved within a reasonable time.

¶36    The District Court appropriately considered Mother’s recent progress. It placed

this progress, however, within the larger context of Mother’s repeated drug use and

noncompliant UAs.      While it is to be hoped that Mother’s current efforts will be

successful, “‘we do not have a crystal ball to look into,’” and therefore our consideration

of whether Mother’s condition is likely to change “‘must, to some extent, be based on

[her] past conduct.’” In re M.T., 2002 MT 174, ¶ 34, 310 Mont. 506, 51 P.3d 1141

(quoting In re M.A.E., 1999 MT 341, ¶ 37, 297 Mont. 434, 991 P.2d 972). Moreover,

primary consideration must be given to the needs of the child. Section 41-3-609(3),

MCA. L.M.F. is in a stable foster placement with her paternal grandparents, where she

has remained since 2009, and who intend to adopt her. Santa testified that she has never

had another case that lasted this long before termination. L.M.F.’s need for permanency

must be considered. The District Court’s finding that Mother’s condition was unlikely to

change within a reasonable time was not clearly erroneous.




                                            18
¶37    Based upon these findings, the District Court did not abuse its discretion when it

terminated Mother’s parental rights as to L.M.F. If a child has been in foster care for 15

of the most recent 22 months, termination of parental rights must be presumed to serve

the best interests of the child. Section 41-3-604(1), MCA. At the time the hearing

concluded in February 2014, L.M.F. had been in foster care for 50 months. During that

period, she transitioned to her Mother’s care for only three weeks before being removed

again. Termination was in L.M.F.’s best interests. The District Court did not abuse its

discretion.

¶38    2. Did the District Court abuse its discretion when it terminated Mother and
          Father’s parental rights as to J.A.B. without reunification services on the basis
          that they had subjected a child to aggravated circumstances?

¶39    The Department must make reasonable efforts to reunify a family that has been

separated by the State, unless a court determines that reunification services need not be

provided. Section 41-3-423(1), (2), MCA. A court may make such a determination if it

finds that the parent has subjected a child to aggravated circumstances, including but not

limited to abandonment, torture, chronic abuse, sexual abuse, or chronic and severe

neglect. Section 41-3-423(2)(a), MCA. Child abuse or neglect includes “actual physical

or psychological harm to a child or substantial risk of physical or psychological harm to a

child by the acts or omissions of a person responsible for the child’s welfare.” Section

41-3-102(7)(b)(i)(A), MCA. The child’s parent, guardian, foster parent, or an adult who

resides in the same home are all persons responsible for the child’s welfare. Section

41-3-102(2)(a), MCA. The child subjected to aggravated circumstances need not be the




                                            19
child who is the subject of the petition for termination. See In re L.N., 2014 MT 187,

¶ 24, 375 Mont. 480, 329 P.3d 598.

¶40    Neglect is chronic when it is “‘marked by long duration, by frequent recurrence

over a long time, and often by slowly progressing seriousness.’” In re M.N., 2011 MT

245, ¶ 27, 362 Mont. 186, 261 P.3d 1047 (quoting Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary 402 (1961)). Furthermore, “[d]iscrete instances of neglect, when viewed

within a consistent pattern of similar behavior, provide a clear basis by which a district

court can find ‘chronic, severe neglect.’” M.N., ¶ 30. Because the best interests of the

children are paramount, “[c]hildren need not be left to ‘twist in the wind’ before neglect

may be found chronic and severe.” M.N., ¶¶ 14, 29. Chronic and severe neglect has been

found where children were left unattended, were exposed to drug use, and where the

parents’ drug use continued over a long period of time, despite receiving Department

services. E.Z.C., ¶ 28.

¶41    The District Court determined that reunification services were not required

because Mother and Father had subjected a child, L.M.F., to the aggravated circumstance

of chronic and severe neglect.    Alternatively, the District Court found that J.A.B.’s

exposure to methamphetamine constituted an aggravated circumstance. The evidence

shows that at the time L.M.F. was initially removed in December 2009, Mother and

Father were both residing in the home with L.M.F. Thus, although Father is not L.M.F.’s

parent, he was a person responsible for her welfare. Section 41-3-102(2)(a), MCA.

Reports at the time of L.M.F.’s removal indicated that Mother and Father were using

drugs in the home and were leaving L.M.F., then 14 months old, at home alone, or


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expecting their roommates to care for her, while they went out to use methamphetamines.

The circumstance of leaving L.M.F., a 14-month-old infant, without appropriate

supervision or care exposed L.M.F. to substantial risk of harm.                  Section

41-3-402(7)(b)(i)(A), MCA; E.Z.C., ¶ 28.         Following the removal, as a person

responsible for L.M.F.’s welfare, Father was asked to participate in a treatment plan and

reunification efforts.   He refused, and Mother misled the Department about their

continued relationship. When Mother was allowed unsupervised visitation at home with

L.M.F. in March 2010, Father was again residing in the home, and drugs were being used

and sold in the home. This circumstance again exposed L.M.F. to substantial risk.

Section 41-3-402(7)(b)(i)(A), MCA; E.Z.C., ¶ 28.         Following this report, Mother

continued to mislead the Department about her relationship with Father, and Father

continued to refuse to participate in reunification services. In June 2013, Mother and

Father were residing in the home with both L.M.F. and J.A.B.                Mother used

methamphetamine in the home during this time. Rather than removing L.M.F. and J.A.B.

from the environment, Father joined Mother in using methamphetamine in the home. He

then attempted to evade drug testing by shaving his facial and body hair.

¶42    Father acknowledged at the termination hearing that the circumstances of the

children’s removal in June 2013 were very similar to the circumstances that existed when

L.M.F. was removed in December 2009. Thus, the circumstance of L.M.F.’s exposure to

substantial risk while in the care of Mother and Father has persisted for four years.

Throughout the pendency of this case, Mother and Father have continued to periodically

use methamphetamine while the children are in the home. Their drug use, and the


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resulting risk to the children, is a recurring, chronic problem. M.N., ¶ 27. The evidence

shows multiple, discrete instances of neglect occurring over a long period of time. M.N.,

¶ 29. This is sufficient to substantiate a finding that Mother and Father exposed L.M.F.

to chronic and severe neglect, and thus a determination that reunification services were

not required with respect to J.A.B. Section 41-3-423(2), MCA. Because we affirm the

District Court’s finding of aggravated circumstances as to L.M.F., we need not address

the District Court’s alternative finding that J.A.B. was also subjected to aggravated

circumstances.

¶43    Based upon the finding that Mother and Father had subjected a child, L.M.F., to

chronic and severe neglect, the District Court terminated Mother and Father’s parental

rights as to J.A.B. While testimony at the termination hearing demonstrated that J.A.B.

was securely attached to both Mother and Father, the District Court nevertheless found

that termination was in J.A.B.’s best interests. On appeal, the question is not whether the

evidence could also support different findings, but whether the District Court’s findings

are supported by substantial evidence in the record. E.Z.C., ¶ 19; Schmidt, ¶ 31. Mother

tested positive for suboxone during her pregnancy and for methamphetamine while

breastfeeding. J.A.B. also tested positive for methamphetamine, likely due to exposure

through Mother’s breast milk. Father also used methamphetamine while in the home.

The extensive record pertaining to both parents demonstrates a pattern of periodic, but

not sustained, sobriety. This failure to demonstrate sustained sobriety has resulted in

L.M.F. spending five years, by the time of this appeal, in foster care. It is in J.A.B.’s best




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interests to pursue permanency. The District Court did not abuse its discretion when it

terminated Mother and Father’s parental rights as to J.A.B.

                                    CONCLUSION

¶44    The Order of the District Court terminating Mother’s parental rights as to L.M.F.

on the basis that Mother failed to complete her treatment plan, and that her condition was

unlikely to change within a reasonable time, is affirmed. The Order of the District Court

terminating Mother and Father’s parental rights as to J.A.B. without reunification

services on the basis that they had subjected a child, L.M.F., to aggravated circumstances

is also affirmed.

                                                /S/ LAURIE McKINNON

We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JIM RICE




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