                                                                                                    FILED
                                                                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                                  I3MS I ON111I
                                                                                       2013   A    R 23   PM 12: 03
      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF                             WASHIM,                     4AS ,       T ON

                                          DIVISION II .                                 8

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                No. 42057 1 II
                                                                              - -


                               Respondent,
                                                            PART PUBLISHED OPINION
         V.




SANTONIO BONDS,

                               Appellant:


         BRIDGEWATER, J. .
                      T.
                       P Santonio Bonds appeals from his conviction for felony

violation of a no-
                 contact order. We hold that law enforcement officers performed a

lawful warrantless traffic stop of a car in which Bonds was a passenger, based on their

reasonable suspicion that the car's registered owner had committed the offense of failure

to transfer title and their reasonable suspicion that Bonds was the car's passenger and that

he had an active arrest warrant. Thus, the traffic stop was not pretextual. We further hold

that Bonds failed to preserve for review the argument that his pockets were unlawfully

searched contemporaneously and incident to his arrest, that sufficient evidence supports

his conviction and that Bonds fails to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel.

Therefore, we affirm his conviction.

                                               FACTS


         After Bonds's arrest by law enforcement officers after a traffic stop, the State charged

him with a felony violation of a no-
                                   contact order. Before trial,Bonds moved to suppress



1
    Judge C. C. Bridgewater is serving as a judge pro tempore of the Court of Appeals, Division II,
pursuant   to   CAR 21( ).
                      c
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



evidence of his identification obtained by the officers after the traffic stop, arguing that they had

no reasonable basis for suspecting that a failure to transfer title offense had occurred or that

Bonds was the car's passenger, and they stopped the car for pretextual reasons.

        At the suppression hearing,Tacoma Police Department Officer Timothy Caber testified

that on July 31, 2009, he was on patrol with Officer Randy Frisbie. A random license plate

records check Caber     ran on a car   returned results with   a " ehicle
                                                                 v          sold tag ";   such a tag indicated

that title to the vehicle had been sold and the new owner had failed to title the car in his own


name within 45 days, a misdemeanor offense. Report of Proceedings (RP)at 16 17.
                                                                            -

        At the same time Caber ran the records check, Frisbie " elieved"he recognized the car's
                                                              b

passenger as Bonds. RP at 18. Both officers worked on a daily basis with a Department of

Corrections (DOC)officer who sometimes gave them a warrant list;based on this, both Caber

and Frisbie believed Bonds had an active warrant for his arrest. Although Frisbie " asn't a
                                                                                  w

hundred percent certain"that Bonds was the vehicle's passenger, he " elieved it enough that [he]
                                                                   b

would have stopped the car." at 29.
                           RP

        Based on the " ehicle sold"records check result and their belief that Bonds was the -
                     v


passenger and had a warrant for his arrest, the officers stopped the car. RP at 25 26. Caber
                                                                                   -

approached the passenger's side of the car•,
                                           when the passenger looked up, Caber recognized him

as Bonds from a photograph Caber had previously seen. Caber asked Bonds to produce a form

of identification " o
                  t     basically just           his] suspicions that [Bonds] was the ...
                                         confirm [                                                passenger."

IIS .   MI


        After Bonds said he had no identification with him, Caber'asked him to step out of the

car; when Bonds did so, Caber placed him in " rist restraints"and arrested him because he
                                            w


                                                       11
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



believed Bonds was lying about not possessing any identification. RP at 29,
                                                                        77.
                                                                          176- After

searching Bonds, Caber discovered identification confirming his identity "[ n one of his
                                                                         i]

pockets."RP at 21.

       While Caber contacted Bonds, Frisbie contacted the car's driver; at some point,the

officers identified her as Surina Crumble. After Caber detained Bonds, Frisbie spoke with

Records"on his radio and learned that the car's new owner had properly transferred its title. RP

at 21. Caber then checked Bonds's records, confirmed that he had an active DOC arrest warrant,

and discovered that a no-
                        contact order prohibited Bonds from having contact with Crumble. The

officers subsequently transferred Bonds to jail.

       The trial court denied Bonds's motion to suppress evidence. It entered the following

relevant findings of fact:

                                                   I.

              That on July 31, 2009, Tacoma Police [O]      fficers Frisbie and Caber were
       working in there [sic] official capacity. Officer Frisbie was driving and Officer
       Caber was in the passenger seat operating a laptop computer.
                                                   II.
               That on July 31, 2009, in the early afternoon a vehicle passed by Officers
       Frisbie and Caber. Officer Caber ran the license plate and learned that the vehicle
       had been sold over a year ago and the title had not been transferred within 45 days
       as required.  At the same time, Officer Frisbie observed the defendant in the
       passenger seat of the car.
                                                  III.

                 That Officer Frisbie was not 100 percent sure it was the defendant but
       reasonably believed it was the defendant in the vehicle. Officer Frisbie and Caber
        knew the defendant from previous contacts and knew he had a felony DOC
        warrant at the time.
                                                  IV.
                 That Officers Frisbie and Caber turned there [ sic] vehicle around and
        contacted the vehicle for the failure to transfer violation and because the
        defendant had a warrant for his arrest.




                                                   3
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



                                                 V.
                That the vehicle stopped and Officer Frisbie contacted the driver and
       Officer Caber contacted the defendant. Officer Caber recognized the defendant
       on site [sic]because of the prior contacts and knew he was Santorio Bonds.
                                                 VI.
                 That Officer Caber asked the defendant for identification. The defendant
       said he did not have identification. At the time of this question and answer, the
       defendant was still seated in the vehicle and was not handcuffed.
                                                 VII.
                 That after the conversation about identification, Officer Caber detained the
       defendant in handcuffs. Officer Caber then confirmed that the defendant had a
       DOC warrant for his      arrest[.] Officer Caber would also learn from a records
       check that the defendant was the respondent of a valid, served no contact order.
       The order prohibited contact with Surina Crumble.
                                                VIII.
                 That at the .same time Officer Caber was contacting the defendant[,]
       Officer Frisbie contacted the driver and identified her as Surina Crumble.
                                                 IX.
                 That a record check revealed that Surina Crumble's license to drive was
       suspended in the [third] degree.
                                                  X.
              That Officer Caber would later contact Surina Crumble and recognized her
       from prior contacts with her. Officer Caber has had subsequent contacts with
       Surina Crumble and it was the same person as the driver.
                                                 XI.
                 That Surina Crumble was the protected party of the no contact order with
       the defendant.
                                                 XII.
                 That Officer Caber would later confirm that the failure to transfer title
       issue was a computer error from DOC and the vehicle was properly titled.
                                                XIII.
                 That Officer Caber did not cite Surina Crumble with driving with a
       suspended license because she was the victim of a domestic violence no contact
       order.
                                                XIV.
                 That Officer Caber identified Santorio Bonds as the defendant.
                                                 XV.
                 That the Court found the testimony of Caber credible.

Clerk's Papers (CP)at 132 35. The trial court entered the following relevant conclusions of law:
                          -
                                                 IV.

                 The Court finds that the [o] had a reasonable, articulable basis to
                                            fficers
       stop the vehicle. The officers had a reasonable belief the defendant was in the

                                                  rd
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



       vehicle and he had   a   warrant for his arrest. The officers also had a reasonable
       belief that the title to the vehicle had not been transferred and that was a crime.
       Either of these reasons provided a basis for the officers to stop the vehicle.
                                                V.
               The Court finds that the stop in this case was not a pretextual stop. The
       vehicle was stopped to deal with the title issue and the defendant's warrant. The
       officers had no other reason for stopping the car. [State v. Ladson[,138 Wn. d
                                                                       ]             2
       343, 979 P. d 833 (1999)]
                   2              does not apply to the case. The stop was lawful.

CP at 136 37.
          -


       At trial,Frisbie testified about the traffic stop. According to Frisbie,when he contacted

the car's driver and informed her of the failure to transfer title issue, she produced a Washington

State identification card belonging to Crumble; Frisbie confirmed that the car's driver was the

same person pictured on the identification card. The driver also said that the car belonged to her

father; a check of the car's registration showed that it was registered to a person named Howard

Crumble. Finally, Frisbie stated he had contact with Surina Crumble twice after Bonds's arrest,

and she was the same person driving the vehicle on the day of the stop.

       According to Caber, after the records check revealed the no-
                                                                  contact order, he contacted

the car's driver. He was familiar with Crumble before the stop and, when he saw the driver,

knew that she was Crumble.


        The State also showed Crumble's driver's license to Caber and Frisbie during trial.

Caber testified that the person in the license's photograph was Crumble. Frisbie testified that the

license's photograph matched the photograph on the identification card produced by the car's

driver during the traffic stop and that the same person depicted in both photographs had been

driving the car.




                                                  R
No.42057 1 II
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       Finally, the trial court admitted the no-
                                               contact order prohibiting Bonds from having

contact with Crumble. The order was effective for five years from April 14, 2006, and Bonds

had signed to indicate he had received copies of it.

       Bonds stipulated that he had two prior convictions for violation of no-
                                                                             contact orders. He

also testified that he knew about the no-
                                        contact order and had signed it but that Crumble was not

the car's driver. Instead, before the traffic stop, he had been at an apartment with Tanya Tucker

and Cozetta Booth. After Crumble called and asked if someone could pick up her daughter,

Tucker allowed Booth and Bonds to borrow a car that Bonds believed belonged to Tucker.

Booth drove. When shown Crumble's license at trial,Bonds admitted that the person in its

photograph was Crumble.

       The jury convicted Bonds as charged.

                                           ANALYSIS


                                     I. SUPPRESSION MOTION


       Bonds argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence

because the evidence produced at the suppression hearing did not support its findings, Caber and

Frisbie had no basis justifying the warrantless traffic stop, and the officers unlawfully stopped

the car for pretextual reasons. Also, for the first time on appeal, Bonds contends that Caber

unlawfully searched his pocket incident to his arrest. We disagree.

A.      Findings of Fact

        When reviewing a trial court's denial of a suppression motion,we review its findings of

fact for whether substantial evidence supports them and whether its findings support its

conclusions of law. State v. Garvin, 166 Wn. d 242, 249, 207 P. d 1266 (2009).Substantial
                                           2                  3                "


                                                  D
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



evidence exists where there is a sufficient quantity of evidence in the record to persuade a fair -

minded,rational person of the truth of the finding."State v. Hill, 123 Wn. d 641, 644, 870 P. d
                                                                         2                  2

313 (1994).
          Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. Hill, 123 Wn. d at 644.
                                                                            2

         Bonds assigns error to the trial court's findings 2, 3,4,and 5. Thus, all other findings are

verities on appeal. Hill, 123 Wn. d at 644.
                                2

         Bonds argues that substantial evidence does not support finding 2's statement that "[
                                                                                            alt

the same time [that Caber discovered the failure to title issue with Crumble's car],
                                                                                   Officer Frisbie

observed the defendant in the passenger seat of the car"because, at that time, Frisbie only

believed Bonds was the passenger. CP at 132; Br. of Appellant at 15 16. But Bonds's argument
                                                                    -

consists of pure semantics. Finding 2 did not state that Frisbie knew at that time that Bonds was

the car's passenger; instead, finding 3 addressed Frisbie's level of certainty about the passenger's

identity before the stop. Thus, finding 2 merely stated that the passenger Frisbie saw was Bonds,

a fact supported by Caber's undisputed suppression hearing testimony. Substantial evidence

supports finding 2.

          Bonds next argues that substantial evidence does not support finding 3's statement that

Officer Frisbie and Caber knew the defendant from previous contacts and knew he had a

felony   DOC warrant at the time. "'     Br. of Appellant at 16 17 ( uoting CP at 16 17). also
                                                                - q                  -  He

contests finding 5' statement that "`
                  s                Officer Caber recognized the defendant on site [sic]because

of the   prior   contacts and knew he   was   Santorio Bonds. "'   Br. of Appellant at 18 (quoting CP at

133).But substantial evidence supports that the officers knew Bonds from prior contacts. Both

findings 3 and 5 use the phrases " revious"or " rior"contacts."Neither finding specifies that
                                 p            p       "

these past contacts were with Bonds. Both officers knew of Bonds through the DOC officer with

                                                       7
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



whom they worked on a daily basis, and Caber also knew his appearance through a photograph

Caber had previously seen, presumably through the warrant list the DOC officer provided. Thus,

the findings' use of contacts"can be read to encompass either the officers' work with the DOC
                     "

officer, the photograph Caber viewed, or both based on the testimony at the suppression hearing.

Thus, substantial evidence would support that the officers knew Bonds through past " ontacts"
                                                                                   c

within that meaning.

       Bonds further argues that substantial evidence does not support finding 4's statement that
             contacted the vehicle ...
the officers "`                            because the defendant had a warrant for his arrest."'
                                                                                              Br.


of Appellant at 17 (quoting CP at 133).But Caber's testimony established that they believed

Bonds was the car's passenger and they knew he had a warrant for his arrest. Substantial

evidence supports finding 4.

B.     Conclusions of Law


       Bonds challenges the trial court's conclusions of law 4 and 5 that the officers had a

reasonable, articulable basis for stopping the car and that the stop was not pretextual. We

disagree. _

       We review the trial court's conclusions of law de novo. Garvin, 166 Wn. d at 249. Both
                                                                             2

the Fourth Amendment to the federal constitution and article I,section 7 of our state constitution

prohibit warrantless searches unless one of the narrow exceptions to the warrant requirement

applies. Garvin, 166 Wn. d at 249 50. Article I,section 7 provides more extensive privacy
                       2          -

protections than the Fourth Amendment and creates "` almost absolute bar to warrantless
                                                  an

arrests, searches, and seizures. "'   State v. Valdez, 167 Wn. d 761, 772, 224 P. d 751 (2009)
                                                             2                  3
                                                                                                     S




                                                   N.
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



quoting State v. Ringer, 100 Wn. d 686, 690, 674 P. d 1240 (1983),
                               2                  2              overruled in part by State

v. Stroud, 106 Wn. d 144, 150 51,710 P. d 436 (1986)).
                 2            -       2

       A traffic stop is a "seizure"under constitutional analysis. State v. Ladson, 138 Wn. d
                                                                                          2

343, 350, 979 P. d 833 (1999).But warrantless seizures are constitutional if they are reasonable
               2

under the Fourth Amendment and if they are undertaken with " uthority of law"under article I,
                                                           a

section 7 of the state constitution. See State v. Williams, 171 Wn. d 474, 484 85,251 P. d 877
                                                                  2            -       3

2011).Thus, both constitutions permit a warrantless investigative detentionto which traffic
                                                                           —

stops are analogous—
                   whenever a law enforcement officer has a reasonable suspicion, based on

specific and articulable facts and rational inferences from those facts, that the stopped person has

been or is about to be involved in a crime. State v. Snapp, 174 Wn. d 177, 197 98,275 P. d 289
                                                                  2            -       3

2012)applying state constitution);
      (                          State v. Acrey, 148 Wn. d 738, 747, 64 P. d 594 (2003)
                                                       2                 3

applying federal constitution);
                              Ladson, 138 Wn. d at 350 (traffic stops analogous to
                                            2

investigative detentions). In evaluating the reasonableness of an investigative detention, we

consider " he totality of the circumstances, including the officer's training and experience, the
         t

location of the stop, and the conduct of the person detained."Acrey, 148 Wn. d at 747 (footnote
                                                                           2

omitted).The State bears the burden of demonstrating that a warrantless search or seizure falls

within an exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn. d 61, 70, 917
                                                                            2

P. d 563 (1996).
 2

        i. Failure to Transfer Title


        Bonds argues that,because the officers could not arrest Crumble for failure to transfer the

car's title,a completed misdemeanor offense, they similarly could not stop her car for the same

offense. Because Bonds relies on outdated case law,we disagree.


                                                  G
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



       The authority relied on by Bonds, State v. Green, 150 Wn. d 740, 743 44,82 P. d 239
                                                               2            -      3

2004), inapplicable. On June 12, 2008, amendments to the failure to transfer title statute went
     is

into effect. LAWS   of   2008, ch. 316, § 1. The amended statute provided:

              Failure or neglect to make application to transfer the certificate of
       ownership and license registration within forty five days after the date of delivery
                                                        -
       of the vehicle is a misdemeanor and a continuing offense for each day during
       which the purchaser or transferee does not make application to transfer the
       certificate of ownership and license registration. Despite the continuing nature of
       this offense, it shall be considered a single offense, regardless of the number of
       days that have elapsedfollowing the forty five day time period.
                                                  -

Former RCW 46. 2.
           101(
              6 2008)emphasis added).
              1 ) (   (

       Thus, unlike in the earlier version of the statute relied on by the Green court, former

RCW 46. 2.
    101(
       6 contained language expressly stating that.failure to transfer title is a
       1 )

continuing offense. And, because it was the statute in effect during the 2009 traffic stop in this

case, it applies to Bonds's case. Thus, because failure to transfer title was a continuing offense

under that statute, it was a misdemeanor occurring in the officers' presence.

        Accordingly, when Caber's license plate check of the car returned a "vehicle sold tag,"
                                                                                              he

had specific and articulable facts that the registered owner had failed to transfer the car's title

and, thus, a misdemeanor offense was being committed in Caber's presence. Therefore, Caber

had lawful authority to stop the car and investigate whether the car's driver was also its

registered owner. See State v. Phillips, 126 Wn. App. 584, 588, 109 P. d 470 (2005)law
                                                                     3              (




2
 In 2010, the legislature recodified the statute governing transfers of vehicle titles as RCW
46. 2. LAWS
650.
  1                of 2010, ch. 161, § 1211. RCW 46. 2.
                                                     650(  7 currently provides: "
                                                           1 )                           The
misdemeanor is a single continuing offense for each day that passes regardless of the number of
days that have elapsed following the forty five day time period."
                                            -
                                                   10
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



enforcement officers with notice that a person's driver's license is suspended may,stop any

vehicle registered to that person and investigate whether the driver is the vehicle's registered

owner).Caber's warrantless traffic stop of the car was justified because failure to transfer title is

a continuing misdemeanor offense occurring in the officer's presence, and Bonds's claim fails.

       ii. Bonds's Suspected Arrest Warrant

       Bonds further contends that Frisbie's belief that Bonds was the car's passenger and had a

warrant for his arrest did not justify the traffic stop because Frisbie's beliefs did not amount to

the necessary reasonable suspicion. We disagree.

       In the investigative detention context, a reasonable suspicion requires only sufficient

probability, not absolute certainty. New Jersey v. T. . U. .325, 346, 105 S. Ct. 733, 83
                                                   O., S
                                                    L 469

L.Ed. 2d 720 (1985).The trial court's findings demonstrate that, although Frisbie was not

absolutely certain that Bonds was the car's passenger, he believed it enough to perform a traffic

stop. And Frisbie's belief in Bonds's identity and both officers' belief that he had an outstanding

warrant were based on information learned from the DOC officer with whom they daily worked.

Thus,their beliefs were based on specific and articulable facts, not a mere hunch. Accordingly,

the trial court's findings support its conclusion that reasonable suspicion that Bonds was the

passenger and had an outstanding arrest warrant justified the investigative detention. Bonds's

claim fails.



3 Bonds also cites United States v. Hensley, 469 U. . 221, 229, 105 S. Ct. 675, 83 L.Ed. 2d 604
                                                  S
1985), the proposition that an investigative detention " o investigate a past crime, as
        for                                               t
distinguished from present or suspected future criminal activity, can only be made based on a
reasonable suspicion, grounded in specific and articulable facts, that a person they encounter is
wanted in connection with a completed felony." of Appellant at 14 (boldface omitted)
                                                 Br.
emphasis added).Bonds's citation is not well taken. The Hensley court did hold that the Fourth
Amendment to the federal constitution permits investigative detentions to investigate a person's
                                                  11
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



        iii. Pretextual Stop

        Bonds argues that the traffic stop was pretextual because its true purpose was to confirm

his identity. But our Supreme Court has observed that the " ssence"of every pretextual stop "is
                                                          e

that the police are pulling over a citizen, not to enforce the traffic code, but to conduct a criminal

investigation unrelated to the driving."
                                       Ladson, 138 Wn. d at 349. " he question [is]whether
                                                     2           T

the fact that   someone   has committed   a   traffic offense ...   justifies a warrantless seizure which

would not otherwise be permitted absent that `
                                             authority of law' represented by a warrant."

Ladson, 138 Wn. d at 352 (footnotes omitted).Here, the officers expressly stated that they had
              2

two, concurrent reasons for stopping the car: investigating the failure to transfer title offense and

whether the car's passenger had an outstanding arrest warrant. As discussed above, both reasons

were based on specific and articulable facts, were reasonable suspicions, and either justified the

stop. Pretextual stop analysis is inapplicable here, and Bonds's claim fails.




connection with a completed felony. Hensley, 469 U. .at 229. But the Hensley court also
                                                  S
expressly stated, We
                  "       need not and do not decide ...       whether [investigative detentions] to
investigate all past crimes, however serious, are permitted."Hensley, 469 U. .at 229.
                                                                             S
        Bonds provides no further argument or citation to authority supporting his assertion that
law enforcement officers may not perform an investigative detention to investigate a person's
involvement with a completed, non -felony crime. We do not consider claims unsupported by
argument or citation to legal authority. RAP 10.
                                               a)(Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v.
                                                    6);
                                                    3(
Bosley, 118                                  1992).Moreover, p] ...
                Wn. d 801, 809, 828 P. d 549 (
                  2                  2                       "[ arties                  raising
constitutional issues must present considered arguments to this court."
                                                                      State v. Johnson, 119
Wn.2d 167, 171, 829 P. d 1082 (1992).N] castings into the constitutional sea are not
                        2                  "'[ aked
sufficient to command judicial consideration and discussion. "' Johnson, 119 Wn. d at 171
                                                                               2
quoting In re Request ofRosier, 105 Wn. d 606, 616, 717 P. d 1353 (1986)).
                                      2                  2              Because Bonds
fails to provide citation to relevant authority and sufficient argument on this issue, he fails to
demonstrate that the alleged error is truly of constitutional magnitude. Thus,we will not
consider it for the first time on appeal. RAP 2. (
                                              a)(
                                               3).
                                               5
                                                        12
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



       iv. Search Incident to Arrest


       Finally,Bonds argues for the first time on appeal that Caber unlawfully searched him

incident to arrest by searching his pocket. RAP 2. (
                                                a)
                                                 5 generally does not allow parties to raise

claims for the first time on appeal. State v. Robinson, 171 Wn. d 292, 304, 253 P. d 84 (2011);
                                                              2                  3

see also State v. Jones, 163 Wn. App. 354, 365, 266 P. d 886 (2011)We do not generalize
                                                     3             (

specific objections such that the existence of a pretrial motion to suppress evidence seized

preserves any claim of error with respect to that evidence),
                                                           review denied, 173 Wn. d 1009
                                                                                2

2012).But RAP 2. (
              a)(allows appellants to raise claims for the first time on appeal if such
               3)
               5

claims constitute manifest error affecting a constitutional right.

       To determine whether an error is truly of constitutional dimension, appellate courts first

look to the asserted claim and assess whether, if the claim is correct, it implicates a constitutional

interest as compared to another form of trial error. State v. O' ara, 167 Wn. d 91, 98, 217 P. d
                                                               H            2                3

756 (2009).. an unlawful warrantless search would have violated the Fourth Amendment's
          Here,

and article I,section 7's protections against warrantless searches. His alleged error is

constitutional in nature.


       Next,Bonds must demonstrate that the alleged error was manifest. To establish manifest

error allowing appellate review, appellants must demonstrate actual prejudice resulting from the

error, i. that the
        e.,          error       practical and identifiable consequences "' at trial. State v. Gordon,
                             had "`


172 Wn. d 671, 676, 260 P. d 884 (2011)internal quotation marks omitted) quoting O' ara,
      2                  3              (                                (        H

167 Wn. d at 99).An appellant demonstrates actual prejudice when he establishes from an
      2

adequate record that the trial court likely would have granted a suppression motion. State v.

Contreras, 92 Wn. App. 307, 313 14,966 P. d 915 (1998).
                                -       2


                                                    13
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



       We have specifically addressed the issue of pocket searches of an arrested person's

clothing and found them to be lawful as a search incident to arrest. State v. Jordan, 92 Wn.App.

25, 31, 960 P. d 949 (1998).We based this holding on Chimel v. California, 395 U. .752; 762-
             2                                                                  S

63, 89 S. Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed. 2d 685 (1969),
                                          stating the underlying justifications for searches of

an arrestee's person:

       The Fourth Amendment limits the permissible scope of a warrantless search
       incident to arrest to the area within the arrestee's immediate control, i..,
                                                                                e places
       from which the individual might obtain a weapon or destroy incriminating
       evidence.


Jordan, 92 Wn. App. at 29 (quoting State v. Mitzlaff,- Wn. App. 184, 186, 907 P. d 328
                                                     80                        2

1995)) (
     citing Chimel, 395 U. . at 763),
                         S          review denied, 129 Wn. d 1015 (1996).Thus, we held
                                                         2

that the scope of a search incident to arrest clearly, included Jordan's clothing and pockets

because they were in his immediate control. Jordan, 92 Wn.App. at 29.

       Our holding in Jordan is consistent with past and relatively recent cases decided after

Chimel. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court again addressed searches of an arrestee's

person. United States v. Robinson, 414 U. . 218, 221 23,94 S. Ct. 467, 38 L.Ed. 2d 427 (1.
                                        S            -                                   973).

Robinson approved a search by a law enforcement officer who searched the defendant incident to

his arrest by patting him down, reaching into his coat pockets, and opening a cigarette pack

discovered in one of those pockets; the cigarette pack contained heroin. Robinson, 414 U. .at
                                                                                        S

221 24. The Robinson court observed that the authority to search an arrestee's person does not
    -

require a showing of some particular level of probability that weapons or evidence would be

found on the person. Robinson, 414 U. .at 235.
                                    S




                                                 14
No.42057 1 II
         - -



       More recently,Arizona v. Gant, 556 U. . 332, 340 43, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173 L.Ed. 2d
                                           S            -

485 (2009)and its progeny, are inapplicable here because they involved searches of the

passenger compartments of cars, which may or may not be under an arrestee's control at the time

of a search, depending on whether the arrestee is secured and removed from the car

Furthermore, in Valdez, 167 Wn. d at 768 69,our Supreme Court discussed the Fourth
                              2          -

Amendment and reaffirmed Chimel's validity, observing thatunder the twin Chimel
                                                          —

justifications of officer safety and the preservation of evidence of the crime prompting arrest " —
                  "

an officer may conduct a search incident to arrest of the arrestee's person and the area within

his or her immediate control."When the Valdez court turned to article I,section 7,it observed

that searches incident to arrest   arose   from and   are   permitted   for the   same   justifications Valdez,

167 Wn. d at 773, 777.
      2

       Unlike searches of vehicles incident to arrest, the arrestee's person, including the clothing

he is wearing at the time of the search, is always under his immediate control, giving rise to a

concern that he may access a weapon or destroy evidence concealed on his person. See United

States v. Chadwick, 433 U. . 1; 14 15,97 S. Ct. 2476, 53 L.Ed. 2d 538 (1977),
                         S         -                                        overruled on

other grounds by California v. Acevedo, 500 U. . 565, 111 S. Ct. 1982, 114 L.Ed. 2d 619
                                             S

1991).Handcuffing a defendant does not change this fact. As Division One of this court

recently observed, Cases exist where handcuffed individuals have acted extraordinarily,
                   "

threatening officers and public safety."State v. MacDicken, 171 Wn. App. 169, 175, 286 P. d
                                                                                        3

413 (2012).

        Albeit difficult, it is by no means impossible for a handcuffed person to obtain
        and use a weapon concealed on his person or within lunge reach, and in so doing
        to cause injury to his intended victim, to a bystander, or even to himself. Tinally,
        like any mechanical device, handcuffs can and do fail on occasion. "'

                                                       15
No. 42057 1 II
          - -




MacDicken, 171 Wn. App. at 417 n.7 (internal quotation marks omitted)quoting United States
                                1                                    (

v.   Shakir, 616 F.d 315, 321 (3rd Cir.), denied, _
                  3                    cent.                U. . ,
                                                             S          131 S. Ct. 841, 178 L.Ed. 2d

571 (2010)).
          Thus, our holding in Jordan that law enforcement officers may perform warrantless

searches of an arrestee's person, including his clothing, is still valid under the federal and state

constitutions.


         Here, Caber searched Bonds's pockets incident to his arrest, which was a lawful

warrantless search of Bonds's person. Accord Jordan, 92 Wn. App. at 29. Thus, Bonds fails to

demonstrate manifest error and accordingly this issue is not preserved for our review.

         A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion

will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public

record in accordance with RCW 2.6.it is so ordered.
                              040,
                                0

                                 II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE


         Bonds argues that because the trial court should have suppressed evidence obtained

subsequent to the traffic stop and his search incident to arrest, sufficient evidence does not

support his conviction for felony violation of a no-
                                                   contact order.

          Sufficient evidence supports a conviction if,when viewed in the light most favorable to

the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the charged crime

proved beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Hosier, 157 Wn. d 1, 8, 133 P. d 936 (2006).On
                                                         2              3

appeal, we draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence in the State's favor and interpret

them most strongly against the defendant. Hosier, 157 Wn. d at 8. In the sufficiency context,
                                                        2

we consider circumstantial evidence as probative as direct evidence. State v. Goodman, 150

  2                 3       2004).We may infer
Wn. d 774, 781, 83 P. d 410 (                           specific   criminal intent of the accused from
No.42057 1 II
         - -



conduct that plainly indicates such intent as a matter of logical probability. Goodman, 150

Wn. d at 781. We defer to the fact finder on issues of conflicting testimony, witness credibility,
  2

and persuasiveness of the evidence. State v. Thomas, 150 Wn. d 821, 874 75,83 P. d 970,
                                                           2            -      3

abrogated in part on other grounds by Crawford v. Washington, 541 U. . 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354,
                                                                   S

158 L.Ed. 2d 177 (2004).

       To convict Bonds of felony violation of a no-
                                                   contact order, the State had to prove: ( on
                                                                                          1)

July 31,a no-
            contact order applicable to Bonds existed; 2)
                                                       ( Bonds knew of the order's existence;

3) July 31, Bonds violated a provision of the order; 4)
  on                                                 ( Bonds had twice been previously

convicted of violating provisions of a court order; and (5) s act occurred in Washington
                                                           Bonds'

state. As discussed above, the trial court did not err in denying Bonds's motion to suppress

evidence. The State admitted a court order applying to Bonds on July 31, 2009, and prohibiting

him from having contact with Crumble. Bonds testified that his signature was on the order and

he knew of its existence. Caber and Frisbie, both familiar with Crumble from contacts with her

before or after the stop, identified her as the car's driver. And Bonds stipulated at trial to two

previous convictions for violating no-
                                     contact orders. Sufficient evidence supports his

conviction, and his claim fails.

                         III. STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS (SAG)

        In his SAG, Bonds argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to file a witness

list or subpoenas to secure the testimony of Booth, Tucker, and his community corrections

officer, Russell Alfaro, in his defense at trial.

        The record provides that, as part of Alfaro's,
                                                     investigation of Bonds's sentence violations

following the traffic stop and his arrest, Alfaro received sworn and notarized statements from


                                                    17
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



Crumble and Tucker and a statement allegedly from Booth. According to Alfaro's report, the

statements provided that Booth, not Crumble, drove the car on July 31, and Booth falsely

claimed she was Crumble during the traffic stop because she thought Crumble had a valid

driver's license. Defense counsel demonstrated before and during trial that he was aware of

Booth, Tucker, and the contents of their statements to Alfaro. He informed the trial court that,

despite his efforts, he was unable to locate or contact Booth. Although he had located Tucker

and contacted her, he was unable to serve her with a subpoena; every time service was attempted

at her apartment, no one answered the door. Defense counsel continued contacting Tucker until

the last day of trial in attempts to secure her presence as a witness, to no avail. And the trial

court ultimately ruled that Alfaro's anticipated testimony was inadmissible because it was

irrelevant and double hearsay.

        We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State v. McFarland, 127

Wn. d 322, 334 35, 899 P. d 1251 (1995).To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel
  2            -        2

claim, the defendant must show that defense counsel's objectively deficient performance

prejudiced him. McFarland, 127 Wn. d at 334 35. We strongly presume that counsel is
                                 2          -

effective and the defendant must show no legitimate strategic or tactical reason supporting

defense counsel's actions. McFarland, 127 Wn. d at 336.
                                            2

        To demonstrate prejudice, the defendant must show that a reasonable probability exists,

absent trial counsel's inadequate performance, the proceeding would have resulted in a different

outcome. McFarland, 127 Wn. d at 335. A failure to demonstrate either deficient performance
                          2

or prejudice defeats an ineffective assistance claim. See McFarland, 127 Wn. d at 334 35;see
                                                                           2          -

also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. .668, 700, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed. 2d 674 (1984).
                                    S


                                                  18
No. 42057 1 II
          - -



        First, defense counsel stated that he made unsuccessful efforts to locate and contact

Booth. The limited record before us does not indicate that those efforts were objectively

deficient. Moreover, Bonds fails to demonstrate what Booth would have testified to at trial.

Alfaro never personally spoke with her or directly received a written statement from her. Thus,

he also fails to demonstrate prejudice.

        Second, the record reflects defense counsel's repeated attempts to serve Tucker with a

subpoena and,through the last day of trial,his attempts to secure her presence as a witness. The

record does not reflect objectively deficient performance.

        Finally,the trial court ruled that Alfaro's anticipated testimony was inadmissible because

it.as irrelevant and hearsay. Bonds did not challenge those rulings below. Accordingly,
  w

because Alfaro's testimony was inadmissible, he fails to demonstrate prejudice. His claims fail.

        We affirm.




                                                   Bridgewat_ , JPT
We concur:




    G   iJ ° "
           l
Hunt, J.         l-


  hanson, A. .
          J.
           C




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