Opinion issued September 26, 2014.




                                      In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-14-00322-CV
                            ———————————
              IN RE A.M.B., S.M.B., A.M.B., F.M.B A/K/A F.B.,
                S.M.B. A/K/A S.M., AND M.M.B., CHILDREN



                    On Appeal from the 314th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2013-01651J



                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      B.B. and H.I., a father and mother, appeal the trial court’s termination of

their parental rights to their children. Each contends that the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to support the findings that they engaged in conduct that

endangered the physical or emotional well-being of the children. See TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E) (West 2014). They further contend that the evidence

is legally and factually insufficient to support the finding that either parent allowed

the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered the

children’s physical or emotional well-being. See id. § 161.001(1)(D). Finally,

they contend that the evidence does not support the trial court’s finding that

termination of their parental rights is in the children’s best interest. We hold that

legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s findings; we

therefore affirm the terminations.


                                     Background

      In early March 2013, the parents had five children under six years of age,

and the mother was in late pregnancy of a sixth child. Eleven-month-old H.B. was

their youngest child.    H.B. could crawl and pull herself up by holding onto

furniture, but she could not yet walk independently. One day, the mother noticed

that H.B. was having difficulty breathing before putting her down for a nap. When

the mother returned an hour and forty minutes later, she discovered that H.B. was

not breathing. She woke the father and brought him to H.B. The father told the

mother that H.B. was dead. The mother called 911.

      Patrol officers from the Houston Police Department arrived at the family

home in response to the call. The mother led them to the bedroom, where officers

found H.B.’s body. The right side of the baby’s torso, her right thigh, and her right

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forearm had several large burned areas; someone had covered the areas with a

pasty whitish substance. The burns were so bad that the deeper layers of flesh

were exposed.

      The burns occurred four days before H.B.’s death. Through an interpreter, 1

the parents initially told police that the mother had been away using the bathroom

when one of the other children pulled a pot of boiling water from the range and

spilled it onto the H.B., who was crawling in the kitchen. In a later version of the

story, the baby was crawling and bumped into the range, causing the pot of boiling

water to fall from the stove and splash onto the baby. The baby’s injuries were not

consistent with the latter explanation. The police questioned one of the older

children; her answers also were inconsistent with the baby’s injuries.

      The officers further questioned the mother, and she again changed her story,

explaining that one of the other children had ignited a paper napkin within the open

oven and set the baby’s clothing on fire.         Neither HPD nor CPS found the

proffered explanations plausible.

      The father insisted that he was not home when H.B. was burned. He told

investigators that the mother told him about the incident over the telephone.

According to the father, the mother said that when she returned from the bathroom,

H.B.’s clothes were on fire. When the father arrived at home, he was surprised to


1
      The parents are from Somalia and speak little English.

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see such a large burn on H.B. He asked the mother how H.B.’s clothes caught on

fire, but she only cried and did not give him an explanation.

      The father bought cocoa butter lotion to treat the burns. A family friend

provided acetaminophen capsules to the father. The mother mixed an unspecified

amount of powdered acetaminophen into the cocoa butter lotion and applied the

mixture to the burns. The father stated that he did not know that the mother put

acetaminophen in the lotion. A bowl containing the lotion-acetaminophen mixture

was found in the baby’s room. The officers also found 50 or 60 empty gel

capsules, a large, half-empty bottle of 500-milligram acetaminophen capsules, and

an opened bottle of over-the-counter cough syrup. The parents denied giving the

baby the cough syrup.

      Before H.B.’s injury, the parents had taken their children to the doctor for

other ailments and checkups. The parents had taken H.B. to the doctor a few

months earlier for breathing problems and a cough. But, the parents explained,

they did not seek medical treatment for H.B.’s burns because their knowledge of

medicine was “wasn’t that good” and they were fearful of what might happen if

medical personnel knew that the child had been burned. The mother testified that

she feared that the child who lit the paper napkin on fire would be in trouble, and

she was afraid if the authorities learned about the incident, her children would be

taken away.



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      Dr. P. Gumpeni, an Assistant Deputy Chief Medical Examiner for Harris

County, provided expert testimony concerning the baby’s autopsy, and the trial

court admitted photographs of the child demonstrating the severity of the burns.

The baby’s blood showed an extremely high level of acetaminophen. The blood

also contained bromphenaramine, dextromethorphan, and dextrorphan, the active

ingredients in the over-the-counter cough syrup. The autopsy revealed that the

cause of the baby’s death was acute acetaminophen toxicity with liver failure

following unexplained scald burns. In his opinion, the failure to seek medical

attention for the baby constituted medical neglect.           The death was ruled a

homicide. 2

      According to his testimony, the baby had second- to third-degree burns

covering about 15 percent of her body. Dr. Gumpeni further testified that the baby

had bronchial pneumonia, consistent with an acute infection and most likely the

result of the burns. In Dr. Gumpeni’s opinion, a reasonable person would have

promptly obtained medical treatment for a child with these severe burns. The

doctor further opined that, if the baby had received medical treatment for the burns,

then she would not have died.

      The Child Protective Services’ investigator testified that the parents’ home

appeared clean and well cared-for. The surviving children appeared clean and


2
      The mother is currently under felony indictment alleging injury to a child.

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well-fed, but the investigator testified that they were withdrawn and

uncommunicative. The two oldest children refused to be interviewed by the HPD

detectives, the CPS investigator, or the interviewer at the Children’s Assessment

Center. The children’s older cousin told the CPS investigator that the children

rarely speak with him either.

          CPS took the surviving children into custody and placed them with their

maternal grandparents. After the mother gave birth to M.B. in April 2013, CPS

also took her into custody and placed her in foster care. By the time of the trial,

CPS had identified a friend of the family who was willing and able to care for her,

and the trial court ordered her to be placed with the friend.

          The mother testified at the termination trial that H.B. sustained the burns

when her young brother lit a napkin from within an open oven, and he caught his

sister’s clothes on fire. She admitted that that she told inconsistent stories about

what happened to protect the other child and avoid termination of her parental

rights.

                                      Discussion

I.        Standard of Review

          A parent’s rights to the “companionship, care, custody, and management” of

his or her children are constitutional interests “far more precious than any property

right.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982);


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accord In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 563 (Tex. 2012) (quoting Santosky).              A

termination decree is complete, final, irrevocable, and divests for all time that

natural right as well as all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers with respect

to each other except for the child’s right to inherit. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d

18, 20 (Tex. 1985). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly

construe the involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. Id. However,

“the rights of natural parents are not absolute,” and “[t]he rights of parenthood are

accorded only to those fit to accept the accompanying responsibilities.” In re A.V.,

113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003) (internal quotation omitted). Recognizing that a

parent may forfeit his or her parental rights by their acts or omissions, the primary

focus of a termination suit is protection of the child’s best interests. Id.

      In a case to terminate parental rights under section 161.001, the Department

must prove, by clear and convincing evidence, (1) that the parent committed one or

more of the enumerated acts or omissions, justifying termination and (2) that

termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; In

re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009). Clear and convincing evidence is

“proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction

as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” In re J.O.A., 283

S.W.3d at 344. “Only one predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary

to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination



                                           7
is in the child’s best interest.” In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362. Thus, if the trial

court’s judgment relies on multiple predicate grounds, we may affirm on any one

of those grounds. In re D.S., 333 S.W.3d 379, 388 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no

pet.); In re S.N., 272 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.).

      In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a parental-rights-

termination case under section 161.001, we look at all the evidence to determine

whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the finding, is such that

the factfinder could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction about the

truth of the issues on which the Department bore the burden of proof. In re J.P.B.,

180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266

(Tex. 2002). We defer to the trial court as fact-finder and resolve disputed facts in

favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d

at 573; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266; Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 712–13

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied).

      Termination findings withstand a factual sufficiency challenge if the

evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief or conviction

that the statutory grounds for termination exist. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 18–19

(Tex. 2002). To reverse a case on factual insufficiency grounds, “the reviewing

court must detail the evidence relevant to the issue of parental termination and




                                         8
clearly state why the evidence is insufficient to support a termination finding by

clear and convincing evidence.” Id. at 19.

II.   Evidentiary sufficiency

      In their separate appeals, the mother and the father contend that the evidence

is legally and factually insufficient to support termination of their parental rights

under Texas Family Code sections 161.001(1)(D) and (E).              Each of these

provisions provides a basis for terminating parental rights because of child

endangerment. “‘To endanger’ means to expose a child to loss or injury or to

jeopardize a child’s emotional or physical health.” Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 723; In

re T.N., 180 S.W.3d 376, 383 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2005, no pet.) (citing In re

M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 1996)).          A child is endangered when the

environment creates a potential for danger that the parent disregards. Jordan, 325

S.W.3d at 721; In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 502 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2009, no pet.).

      “Although ‘endanger’ means more than a threat of injury or the possible ill

effects of a less-than-ideal environment, it is not necessary that the conduct be

directed at the child or that the child actually suffers injury.” In re T.N., 180

S.W.3d at 383 (citing In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d at 269); see also In re J.O.A., 283

S.W.3d at 345 (holding that endangering conduct is not limited to actions directed

toward child); Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 723 (holding that danger to child need not be


                                         9
established as independent proposition and may be inferred from parental

misconduct even if conduct is not directed at child and child suffers no actual

injury); Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 616–

17 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (explaining that relevant

conduct may occur either before or after child’s removal from home).

       While both subsections D and E focus on endangerment, they differ

regarding its source and proof. Subsection 161.001(1)(D) provides that a “court

may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear

and convincing evidence . . . that the parent has . . . knowingly placed or

knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which

endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 161.001(1)(D). This provision focuses on the child’s living environment,

rather than the parent’s conduct. In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d 472, 477 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); see In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Parental conduct nevertheless remains relevant

because it may produce an endangering environment. See Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at

721.

       Subsection 161.001(1)(E) provides that a parent’s rights can be terminated

when she has “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who

engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the



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child.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E). The parent’s conduct must cause

the endangerment, and the endangerment must be the result of a voluntary,

deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent rather than a single act or

omission. Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 723; In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125.

      The relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that the parent’s conduct—

including acts, omissions, and failures to act, both before and after the birth of the

child—directly endangered the child’s physical well-being. In re J.W., 152 S.W.3d

200, 205 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied); see Tex. Dep’t of Hum. Servs. v.

Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533–34 (Tex. 1997); In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.). Parental conduct may be relevant even if it does

not involve the child or result in actual harm to the child. In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d at

811; see also Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 723 (“The relevant inquiry is whether

evidence exists that a parental course of conduct endangered the child’s physical or

emotional well-being.”).

      The Department presented evidence that the parents were neglectful in

failing to seek health care for H.B. over the course of four days, and administered a

lethal dose of acetaminophen, contrary to its indicated use. The evidence shows

that both the mother and the father knew the baby had suffered serious burns at or

near the time they occurred, and the photographs depict grave injuries. Neither

parent sought professional medical attention for the baby over the course of the



                                         11
four days between the injury and the baby’s death, even though the child

experienced extreme pain during that time. The reason the parents gave for not

taking the baby for medical treatment had to do with their fear of government

involvement, not because of any mistaken belief concerning the baby’s condition.

      Instead of taking the baby for medical treatment, the father obtained over-

the-counter medication, which the mother applied to the burns. The decision to

add acetaminophen to the cocoa butter lotion after having applied the cocoa butter

lotion alone shows an awareness that the baby was in pain and needed more

serious medication, as does the administration of cough syrup. The father denied

having tried to treat the baby with these medications, and the mother denied giving

the baby cough syrup. In the presence of evidence to the contrary, their denials

show a consciousness that the baby was not improving in their care and that she

needed professional medical attention in the days before her death.

      “[T]he manner in which a parent treats other children in the family can be

considered in deciding whether that parent engaged in a course of conduct that

endangered the physical or emotional well-being of a child.” Cervantes-Peterson

v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 221 S.W.3d 244, 253 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). Viewing all of this evidence in a light most

favorable to the trial court’s findings, we hold that a reasonable factfinder could

form a firm belief or conviction that the parents (1) knowingly placed or



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knowingly allowed their children to remain in conditions or surroundings which

endangered their physical or emotional well-being and (2) engaged in conduct or

knowingly placed their children with persons who engaged in conduct that

endangered J.L.’s physical or emotional well-being.          TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(1)(D), (E); see In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 87 (Tex. 2005)

      In contending that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the

termination of their parental rights, the parents point to Dr. Gumpeni’s testimony

that it may have been possible for the baby to eat and walk after experiencing these

burns, which a lay person might perceive as a sign that the child is improving.

They also cite argument of counsel on the issue. No evidence in the record,

however, indicates that the parents observed H.B. walking or eating solid food

after she suffered the burns, and while it may be possible that an 11-month-old

with severe burns could nonetheless move, the photographs reveal that any

movement would necessarily cause severe pain. See Dunn v. Dunn, 177 S.W.3d

393, 398 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (disregarding

counsel’s representation based on rule that arguments of counsel are not evidence).

Counsel’s statements are not evidence that would undermine the trial court’s firm

belief or conviction supporting its endangerment findings.




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         A.   Children’s best interest
         A strong presumption exists that a child’s best interest is served by

maintaining the parent–child relationship. In re L.M., 104 S.W.3d 642, 647 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). In Holley v. Adams, the Texas Supreme

Court provided a nonexclusive list of factors that the trier of fact in a termination

case may use in determining the best interest of the child. 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–

72 (Tex. 1976). These factors include (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional

and physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and

physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the

individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals

to promote the best interest of the child; (6) the plans for the child by these

individuals or by the agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or

proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that

the existing parent–child relationship is not a proper one; and (9) any excuse for

the acts or omissions of the parent. Id. These factors are not exhaustive, and there

is no requirement that DFPS prove all factors as a condition precedent to parental

termination. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27; Adams v. Tex. Dep’t of Family &

Protective Servs., 236 S.W.3d 271, 280 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no

pet.).




                                         14
             1. The children’s desires, physical and emotional
                needs, and the emotional and physical danger to
                the children, now and in the future.

      The children are too young to state their desires. The CPS worker testified

that, when he met the five older children, they were withdrawn and did not speak,

even to their cousin.    While they were clean and adequately nourished, they

appeared to have suffered from neglect.         Since moving to live with their

grandparents, the children are much less withdrawn and appear happy and healthy.

Their schools and family members noticed a significant improvement in the

children’s demeanor and behavior. The grandparents wish to adopt the children

and are committed to their care for the long term.

      At the time of trial, M.B., born after the incident, was eleven months old and

in foster care. The Department did not place this child with the grandparents

because they did not have the resources to care for the baby in addition to the five

older children. The Department reported that the baby was meeting her milestones

and doing well in foster care. The Department identified a family friend willing

and ready to care for her and raise the baby as her own, and the trial court has

approved the proposed placement.




                                         15
             2. Parental ability and programs available to assist in
                promoting the children’s best interests.

      The mother has completed a parenting course, and she testified that she

would not hesitate to obtain medical care for a child in the future. The father did

not testify. At the time of the criminal investigation, the father denied knowing

that the mother mixed the acetaminophen into the cocoa butter and applied it to

H.B.’s wounds, but the evidence of the surrounding circumstances supports a

contrary inference. The Department attributed the children’s neglect to both the

mother and the father because both were present in the home. This factor does not

undermine the trial court’s finding that termination is in the children’s best interest.

             3. Stability of the home or proposed placement.

      The evidence showed that the five older children are well-adjusted to their

placement with their grandparents. The grandparents are committed to caring for

the children on the long term. They nurture the children’s connection with their

culture and their religion, and the children remain part of the close-knit Somali

community. The CPS caseworker testified that the grandparents intend to adopt

the children and are appropriate and capable of providing the children with a safe,

secure, protective, and nurturing environment which will meet the children’s short-

and long-term needs. As managing conservator, CPS will continue to assist the

grandparents with the children’s care as they become more familiar with the

children’s healthcare providers and schools.

                                          16
      The baby, M.B., will be placed another member of the Somali community

who is also a family friend. That person stated she will raise the baby as her own.

M.B. will have the opportunity to interact with her siblings and grandparents while

getting the nurturing she needs. This Holley factor weighs in favor of the trial

court’s best-interest determination.

             4. The acts or omissions of the parents and any
                excuse for such acts or omissions.

      The trial court considered that an incident like the one that resulted in H.B.’s

death was not likely to recur. But the mother gave inconsistent explanations for

H.B.’s burns. The medical examiner testified that a reasonable person would have

sought immediate medical attention for such severe burns.              The parents’

explanation for not seeking medical attention disregarded the seriousness of H.B.’s

condition and did not take her welfare into account. The parents proffered no

excuse for administering H.B. a lethal dose of acetaminophen, contrary to its

indicated use. A criminal prosecution is ongoing. This Holley factor supports

termination of parental rights.




                                         17
                                     Conclusion

      Based on the evidence adduced at the termination hearing, the trial court

reasonably could have formed a firm conviction that the parents’ conduct had

endangered their children and termination of the parents’ rights was in the

children’s best interest. We therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                               Jane Bland
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Higley, Bland, and Sharp.




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