          IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


F.A. Realty Investors Corp.             :
                                        :
            v.                          :   No. 1728 C.D. 2017
                                        :   Submitted: August 3, 2018
Board of Revision of Taxes              :
                                        :
                                        :
Appeal of: Steve A. Frempong            :


BEFORE: HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
        HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
        HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge


OPINION NOT REPORTED


MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE BROBSON                        FILED: March 1, 2019


            Steve A. Frempong (Frempong), pro se, appeals from an order of the
Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (trial court), which quashed
Frempong’s appeal of a real estate market valuation. For the foregoing reasons, we
affirm.
            In 2014, Frempong filed a request for a reduction of the proposed real
estate market value (valuation appeal) of a certain piece of property located at
5800 North 17th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (the Property), owned by F.A.
Realty Investors Corporation (F.A. Realty). (Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 3a, 18a.)
Frempong, a shareholder in F.A. Realty, does not own the Property in his individual
capacity. (Id.) In December 2015, the Philadelphia County Board of Revision of
Taxes (BRT) issued a decision, denying the valuation appeal. (Id.) Through
counsel, F.A. Realty appealed the BRT’s decision to the trial court. Thereafter,
Frempong filed a praecipe to intervene.
               On January 30, 2017, the City of Philadelphia (the City) filed a motion
(Omnibus Motion), seeking, inter alia, to quash the appeal and remove Frempong
as a party to the appeal.1 (Id. at 3a-7a.) The City sought to quash the appeal on two
separate grounds. First, the City alleged that F.A. Realty lacked standing to bring
the appeal of the BRT’s decision to the trial court. Specifically, the City averred that
F.A. Realty is not a corporation registered in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
and, accordingly, F.A. Realty could not bring an action in a Pennsylvania court. (Id.
at 4a.) Second, the City argued that the trial court lacked jurisdiction. In support of
this assertion, the City maintained that Frempong lacked standing to file the
underlying valuation appeal with the BRT because Frempong did not own the
Property and, therefore, lacked standing to bring the valuation appeal. (Id. at 5a.)
Based upon this, the City argued that the BRT’s decision was a nullity. (Id.) Beyond
quashing the appeal, the City sought Frempong’s removal as a party due to his failure
to properly intervene. (Id.)
               Frempong filed a response to the Omnibus Motion. On the issue of
whether F.A. Realty could bring an action in a Pennsylvania court due to its
unregistered status, Frempong argued that F.A. Realty is a subsidiary of a
corporation registered in Pennsylvania—F.A. Investment Group, L.L.C. (F.A.
Investment Group). (Id. at 32a.) Accordingly, Frempong argued that F.A. Realty
did not need to register. With respect to the City’s allegation that Frempong lacked
standing, Frempong argued that he had standing because he is a co-signor and


       1
         The City also sought to limit expert reports because F.A. Realty failed to timely provide
the City with its list of expert reports.

                                                2
obligor of a loan secured by the Property. (Id. at 26-27a.) Frempong also argued
that, as a party to the proceedings below, he automatically was a party to the appeal
to the trial court. (Id. at 29a.) Further, as the City did not raise the issue of standing
before the BRT, Frempong alleged that the City waived the issue. (Id.) Frempong
also challenged the Omnibus Motion on the ground of lack of notice and argued that
the City failed to properly serve him with the Omnibus Motion. (Id. at 34a.)
             Following Frempong’s response, the docket reflects that the trial court
issued an order, advising that it would hold a hearing on the Omnibus Motion on
March 13, 2017, at 10:00 a.m. (Supplemental Reproduced Record (S.R.R.) at 12b.)
On March 13, 2017—the date of the hearing—Frempong filed a supplemental
memorandum of law in further response to the Omnibus Motion. The docket reflects
that Frempong filed this memorandum at 9:53 a.m., less than ten minutes before the
hearing was set to begin. (Id.) In this memorandum, Frempong argued that he had
standing to bring the appeal due to his position as a taxpayer on the Property. (R.R.
at 36a.) In support of this assertion, Frempong averred that he entered into an
agreement with the City to pay the tax liens on the Property, and this agreement
conferred standing upon him by implication, as he was a taxpayer aggrieved by the
valuation. (Id.) Frempong further averred that he is a lessee of the Property and
argued that his status as a lessee also granted him standing. (Id. at 37a.)
             Following the hearing, the trial court granted the City’s Omnibus
Motion. (S.R.R. at 1b-2b.) In so doing, the trial court opined:
             [T]he Court GRANTS the City’s [Omnibus Motion] to
             quash the appeal in its entirety as Mr. Frempong lacked
             standing to bring the underlying BRT appeal. Mr.
             Frempong admitted that F.A. Realty owns the Property
             and that he filed the underlying appeal only in his
             capacities as shareholder and loan co-signor and


                                            3
               guarantor. Those capacities, however, did not confer
               standing upon Mr. Frempong to file the appeal.
(Id. at 2b.) Frempong appealed the trial court’s order to this Court. F.A. Realty did
not appeal.2
               Frempong argues that the trial court erred in concluding that he lacked
standing to bring the valuation appeal before the BRT. In support, Frempong
advances a myriad of legal theories. Specifically, Frempong asserts that he had
standing: (1) due to his status as co-signor of a loan on the Property; (2) as a
shareholder of F.A. Realty; (3) as the taxpayer of the Property; and (4) as lessee of
the Property.3

       2
          This Court’s review of the trial court’s order granting a motion to quash is limited to
determining whether the trial court committed an error of law, an abuse of discretion, or a violation
of constitutional rights. Alma v. Monroe Cty. Bd. of Assessment Appeals, 83 A.3d 1121, 1123 n.3
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but rather occurs
when the law is overridden or misapplied in reaching a conclusion or the judgment is exercised
“manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, as shown by the
evidence of record.” Commonwealth v. Rucci, 670 A.2d 1129, 1141 (Pa. 1996), cert. denied sub
nom. Rucci v. Pa., 520 U.S. 1121 (1997).
       3
          Frempong also asserts that the City has waived the issue of standing. Due to the
relationship between the BRT and the City and the function of the waiver rule, we conclude that
the issue of standing is not waived even if it were not made in front of the BRT. See Lincoln Phila.
Realty Assocs. I v. Bd. of Revision of Taxes of City & Cty. of Phila., 758 A.2d 1178, 1186 (Pa.
2000). In Lincoln Philadelphia Realty Associates I, taxpayers asserted that the City waived any
issues relating to the status of tax abatements because the City did not appear at any hearings in
front of the BRT. Our Supreme Court, after evaluating the purpose of the waiver rule and the
relationship between the City and the BRT, opined:
       By requiring that an issue be considered waived if raised for the first time on appeal,
       we ensure that the trial court or agency that initially rules on such matters has had
       an opportunity to consider the issue. Here, it is apparent, as [the City] suggest[s],
       that the [BRT] did not lack such opportunity.
       The [BRT] is a city office. The seven members of the [BRT] are appointed by a
       majority of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas for Philadelphia County, and
       their salaries are specified in the Philadelphia Code. With regard to real property,
       the [BRT] appoints assessors, divides the county into assessment districts and


                                                 4
                In Pennsylvania, a party seeking judicial resolution of a controversy
“must establish as a threshold matter that he has standing to maintain the action.”
Fumo v. City of Phila., 972 A.2d 487, 496 (Pa. 2009). Unlike the federal courts,
which derive their standing requirements from Article III of the United States
Constitution, standing for Pennsylvania litigants has been created judicially. Id.
at 500 n.5. “[T]he core concept of standing is that a person who is not adversely
affected in any way by the matter he seeks to challenge is not aggrieved thereby and
has no standing to obtain a judicial resolution of his challenge.” Id. (citing William
Penn Parking Garage, Inc. v. City of Pittsburgh, 346 A.2d 269, 280-81 (Pa. 1975)).
                Under Section 14 of the statute known as the First Class County
Assessment Law (Assessment Law),4 “[a]ny person aggrieved by any
assessment . . . may file an appeal therefrom with the board.”                        Pursuant to
Section 10 of the Assessment Law,5 an aggrieved party can also appeal from a
valuation. In order to be aggrieved (and, therefore, have standing to appeal), a party


       assigns assessors to those districts, establishes and maintains records of
       assessments, annually directs its assessors to value each parcel of realty within their
       respective districts, examines the valuations returned by the assessors and revises
       the assessments as necessary, prepares a statement of assessed values of all property
       for public inspection, and . . . notifies property owners of changes in assessments
       and hears appeals from such assessments. The City’s Department of Collections
       bills taxpayers in accordance with the assessments certified to it by the [BRT]. In
       assessing property within the City, the [BRT] performs a function “upon which the
       entire fiscal system of Philadelphia is dependent . . . .” In addition, as counsel for
       the City stated at a hearing . . . , the City Solicitor “work[s] with the [BRT].” Given
       the [BRT’s] role in municipal government, [t]axpayers cannot reasonably argue
       that the [BRT] was deprived of the opportunity to consider the arguments now
       being advanced by [the City].
Id. at 1186 (internal citations omitted).
       4
           Act of June 27, 1939, P.L. 1199, as amended, 72 P.S. § 5341.14.
       5
           72 P.S. § 5341.10.

                                                 5
must show that it has a substantial, direct and immediate interest in the claim sought
to be litigated. William Penn Parking Garage, 346 A.2d at 280. Our Supreme Court
has defined these interests as follows:
               [A] “substantial” interest is an interest in the outcome of
               the litigation which surpasses the common interest of all
               citizens in procuring obedience to the law; a “direct”
               interest requires a showing that the matter complained of
               caused harm to the party’s interest; an “immediate”
               interest involves the nature of the causal connection
               between the action complained of and the injury to the
               party challenging it, and is shown where the interest the
               party seeks to protect is within the zone of interests sought
               to be protected by the statute or constitutional guarantee in
               question.
Pa. Med. Soc’y v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 39 A.3d 267, 278 (Pa. 2012).
               We begin with Frempong’s assertion that he had standing as an
aggrieved mortgage obligor and co-signor of a loan on the Property. In support
thereof, he cites to Section 12 of the act commonly known as the Municipal Claims
and Tax Liens Act (MCTLA),6 which provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny person
having an interest in the property, whensoever acquired, may . . . intervene as a party
defendant and make defense thereto, with the same effect as if he had been originally
named as a defendant in the claim filed.” Frempong asserts that his status as a
mortgage obligor and co-signor grants him an equitable interest in the property
sufficient to confer standing to appeal.
               While Frempong may have established standing to challenge a lien
under Section 12 of the MCTLA, this valuation appeal is not a proceeding governed




      6
          Act of May 16, 1923, P.L. 207, as amended, 53 P.S. § 7181.


                                               6
by Section 12 of the MCTLA. Accordingly, Frempong’s reliance on the MCTLA7
to support standing in this valuation appeal is misplaced.
               Further, Frempong’s claimed status as “mortgage obligor and
co-signor” on a loan on the property appears to be a misnomer. In claiming this
status, Frempong points to an agreement that he signed with the City to pay
delinquent real estate taxes on the Property to avoid a Sheriff’s sale. (R.R. at 44a.)
In this agreement, Frempong agreed to pay the outstanding real estate taxes on the
Property for the tax years 2009-2013. (Id.) Frempong, however, did not enter into
this agreement in his personal capacity. Instead, he entered into the agreement as
“Steven Frempong, agent for F.A. Investment Group Inc.” (Id. (emphasis added).)
During the hearing before the trial court, the parties discussed the implications of
this agreement. The transcript reads as follows:
               [Trial Court]: All right. I understand. What about
               [Frempong’s] argument that he’s on the hook for the
               mortgage and, therefore, he has an interest?
               [City]: I would say that this is one of the many downsides
               of being a cosigner, Your Honor, is that you are on the
               hook for things that you have literally no control over. In
               his position as cosigner, he can’t sell the property. He
               can’t occupy the property without permission of the actual
               owner of the property. He doesn’t have an ownership
               interest. He may be an obligor on this loan—and he may
               come to regret that some day, as many obligors have. But
               he is not an owner of this property and he is not responsible
               for the taxes.
               And, again, if he is willing to assume personal
               responsibility for these taxes, today until the end of time,
               I will withdraw any objection I have to him being an
               intervenor. But he’s not responsible for them. And until
               he assumes that responsibility, he’s not a party aggrieved
               by this.

      7
          Act of May 16, 1923, P.L. 207, as amended, 53 P.S. §§ 7101-7505.

                                               7
[Trial Court]: I thought he said he had an agreement with
the City.
[City]: The parent corporation has an agreement with the
City.
[Trial Court]: Mr. Frempong personally does not?
[City]: Mr. Frempong paid the money out of his own
pocket.
[Trial Court]: Does Mr. Frempong personally have an
agreement with the City?
[City]: Not to my knowledge.
[Trial Court]: Mr. Frempong, do you personally have an
agreement to pay the City in writing?
[Frempong]: That’s correct. And, Your Honor—
[Trial Court]: Where is it?
[Frempong]: I don’t know what you have there, but I have
here my signature. I entered into [an] agreement [on]
August 19, 2014.
[Trial Court]:     Steven Frempong, agent for [F.A.
Investment Group]. Is it your position that the City can
sue you personally under this agreement and you will not
object to that?
[Frempong]:       No, because I’ve entered into [an]
agreement. For that case, yes, I am obligated. And the
City could have sued me at any point.
[Trial Court]: You are personally obligated under this
agreement.
[Frempong]: That’s correct, Your Honor.
[City]: Can we get a consent order to that effect, Your
Honor?
[Frempong]: Your Honor, I’ve already paid 20,000
[dollars]. Why would he even say that I am not obligated?
[Trial Court]: Well, again, people pay taxes for all kinds
of reasons, not necessarily obligating them. Why does it
say on the cover page of [the agreement], Steven
Frempong, agent for F.A. Investment Group, and not just
Steven Frempong?

                            8
             [Frempong]: Your Honor, because, as I said, I am
             obligator of the mortgage. So I was paying to protect my
             interest. In case there’s a foreclosure, I have to prevent
             foreclosure.
(3/13/17 Notes of Testimony (N.T.) at 29-32.) While Frempong may have used his
own money to pay the delinquent taxes pursuant to this agreement, he did not enter
into this agreement in his personal capacity.      Thus, Frempong himself is not
aggrieved by the valuation as a result of having entered into the agreement.
Accordingly, Frempong did not have standing through the agreement with the City.
             Next, we must evaluate whether Frempong can claim an aggrieved
status due to the fact that he is a shareholder of F.A. Realty. While Frempong
acknowledges the general rule that a corporation may not appear in court unless
represented by counsel, he asserts that two exceptions exist to this general rule:
(1) where a state has “established special small claims courts with informal rules of
civil procedure in which corporate as well as individual litigants are required to
appear without an attorney;” and (2) stockholder’s derivative actions. (Appellant’s
Br. at 11-12 (citing Walacavage v. Excell 2000, Inc., 480 A.2d 281, 284 (Pa.
Super. 1984).) Frempong argues that he fits squarely within both exceptions. These
exceptions, however, are inapplicable here. Whether or not an individual may
represent a corporation has little importance to evaluating whether Frempong, in his
individual capacity, had standing to bring the valuation appeal. In both exceptions,
the corporation is still the party, but it may be represented by someone other than
counsel.
             Further, we reject Frempong’s attempt to couch the valuation appeal as
a stockholder derivative action. An appeal of a real estate market valuation is not
the proper forum for a shareholder to bring a derivative suit. Stockholder derivative
actions are governed by Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 1506, and the

                                         9
record clearly reflects that Frempong has failed to comport with any of the provisions
therein. Frempong does not cite to any authority that would support his assertion
that a stockholder derivative action has any applicability to the matter at hand. Thus,
the trial court correctly concluded that Frempong did not have standing to bring the
valuation appeal by virtue of his status as a shareholder of F.A. Realty.
             Frempong next argues that he was aggrieved by the valuation because
he has assumed the tax payments on the Property. In so arguing, he again cites to
the 2014 agreement with the City and asserts that, as the taxpayer on the Property
aggrieved by the BRT’s decision, he has standing. As previously mentioned,
Frempong entered this agreement as agent for F.A. Investment Group and not in his
personal capacity. (R.R. at 44a.) Black’s Law Dictionary defines a “corporate
agent” as “[a]n agent authorized to act on behalf of a corporation; broadly, all
employees and officers who have the power to bind the corporation.” Black’s Law
Dictionary 73 (9th ed. 2009) (emphasis added). Despite Frempong’s insistence that
the agreement served to bind him in his individual capacity to pay the outstanding
taxes for the tax years 2009-2013, the agreement clearly signifies that Frempong
bound F.A. Investment Group. Accordingly, as Frempong has no personal liability
to pay the outstanding taxes, he cannot claim aggrieved status as a taxpayer.
             Finally, we address Frempong’s last assertion of aggrievement, wherein
he claims that he leases part of the Property for his own business, and his status as a
lessee provides him standing to challenge the valuation. Lessees of a property may,
in certain circumstances, have standing to challenge a decision of the BRT. See Bay
Harbor Marina Ltd. P’ship v. Erie Cty. Bd. of Assessment Appeals, 177 A.3d 406,
417 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (holding that lessee had standing to challenge denial of tax
immunity); but see Marcus Hook Dev. Park, Inc. v. Bd. of Assessment Appeals of


                                          10
Delaware Cty., 449 A.2d 70 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1982) (holding that lessee did not have
standing to appeal assessment). Here, however, we need not evaluate whether the
circumstances confer standing upon Frempong due to aggrieved status, because
Frempong has failed to put forward any evidence to establish the existence of his
status as a lessee.
               At no time during the hearing before the trial court did Frempong aver
that he had standing by virtue of being a lessee. Despite the fact that he filed his
supplemental memorandum of law minutes before the hearing began, he never raised
this argument or provided any evidence to establish the existence of a lease.
Frempong merely continued to assert that his standing came from being aggrieved
as the obligor of the mortgage, which he also failed to establish. Thus, Frempong
cannot assert standing as an aggrieved lessee.
               Accordingly, as Frempong failed to establish that the valuation
aggrieved him, he did not have standing to file the valuation appeal. We, therefore,
affirm the order of the trial court.8




                                                 P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge




       8
        As the Court affirms on this basis, we need not consider the trial court’s alternative ground
for quashing the appeal—i.e., that F.A. Realty was not permitted to appeal the BRT’s decision
because it failed to register with the Department of State.

                                                11
        IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA


F.A. Realty Investors Corp.          :
                                     :
            v.                       :   No. 1728 C.D. 2017
                                     :
Board of Revision of Taxes           :
                                     :
                                     :
Appeal of: Steve A. Frempong         :



                                ORDER


            AND NOW, this 1st day of March, 2019, the order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Philadelphia County is AFFIRMED.




                                     P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
