
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



NO. 03-09-00135-CR


John Williams, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee




FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CALDWELL COUNTY, 421ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 2008-029, HONORABLE JACK H. ROBISON, JUDGE PRESIDING


M E M O R A N D U M   O P I N I O N

		A jury convicted John Williams of possession of less than one gram of a
controlled substance, a state-jail felony, and assault of a public servant, a third-degree felony.  See
Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.115 (West Supp. 2009); Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01 (West
Supp. 2009).  The trial court imposed a two-year suspended sentence, five years' community
supervision, and a $10,000 fine on Williams for his conviction for possession of a controlled
substance, and sentenced him to three years' imprisonment for his conviction for assault of a public
servant.  On appeal, Williams contends that:  (1) the evidence is legally insufficient to support his
conviction for possession of cocaine; (2) the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction
for assault of a public servant; and (3) the trial court erred in charging the jury on the law of parties
with regard to the possession charge.  Because we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to
support both of Williams's convictions and that any error in charging the jury on the law of parties
was harmless, we affirm the trial court's judgments.   

BACKGROUND
		On October 14, 2007, several police officers arrived at the Luling apartment of
Williams's sister, Serena, to serve a warrant for her arrest.  They knocked on the front door of the
apartment and identified themselves as police officers.  A female child answered the door.  The
officers asked the child for Serena, and Serena appeared at the door.  The officers informed Serena
that they had a warrant for her arrest and that she needed to come out of the apartment.  When she
instead tried to step back into the apartment, the officers pulled her forward, and one of the officers
began handcuffing her.  Officer Adam Boyd testified that Serena then yelled, "My kids.  My
brother," and also yelled "Stassney."  Boyd testified that he knew at the time of the arrest that in
addition to the warrant for Serena, there was also a warrant for the arrest of Serena's brother,
Williams, who Boyd knew had a girlfriend named Stassney.  Based on this information and Serena's
statements, Boyd and the other officers stepped into the apartment.
		Upon entering the apartment, Boyd saw Williams standing in the back hallway.  Boyd
told Williams that there was a warrant for his arrest and that he should turn around.  Williams turned
around, and Boyd placed a handcuff on Williams's right wrist.  Williams then said, "Hold on just
a second," to which Boyd responded, "No."  At that point, Williams hit Boyd with his left elbow
below Boyd's right eye.  In response, Boyd and two other officers took Williams to the ground.  As
the officers took Williams to the ground, Williams elbowed Officer Mike Mercer in the lip.  Boyd
warned Williams that he would use a taser to subdue him if he continued struggling, but Williams
continued to resist.  During the ensuing struggle, Boyd used the taser on Williams three or
four times.  In addition, Williams elbowed Boyd in the eye, causing a black eye, and caused Boyd
to taser himself in the leg.  Boyd testified that he believed Williams to be under the influence of
cocaine based on his apparent lack of pain when the taser was used on him and his strength against
three officers. (1)  Eventually, the officers were able to handcuff Williams.  When they then lifted him
up off the ground, they saw a white, powdery substance and some white, rock-like substances on the
floor where Williams's chest had been. (2)  One of the rocks was in a small bag that had a Batman
emblem on it, and the other substances were loose.  All of the substances found on the floor were
later determined to be a total of 0.71 grams of cocaine.
		After discovering the cocaine and securing the scene, the officers obtained a warrant
for the search of the apartment.  In searching the rear bedroom of the apartment, they discovered a
bag and a pair of men's pants near each other on the floor.  In the pockets of the pants, officers found
a "large sum" of cash and a wallet containing Williams's driver's license.  In the bag, they found
another "large sum" of cash.  The total amount of cash found was $1,633. (3)  In a closet in the living
room, officers also discovered small bags containing a white, powdery substance and white, rock-like substances.  At least one of the bags had a Batman emblem on it.  The substances in the bags
were later determined to be a combined total of 3.01 grams of cocaine.
		Williams was indicted for possessing a controlled substance in an amount between
one and four grams and for causing bodily injury to a public servant.  At trial, the court charged the
jury on the offenses alleged in the indictment as well as the lesser-included offenses of possession
of a controlled substance in an amount less than one gram and resisting arrest, respectively.  The jury
found Williams guilty of the lesser-included offense of possession of less than one gram of cocaine
and of the offense of causing bodily injury to a public servant.  The trial court imposed a two-year
suspended sentence, five years' community supervision, and a $10,000 fine on Williams for his
conviction for possession of cocaine, and sentenced him to three years' imprisonment for his
conviction for assault of a public servant.  This appeal followed. 

DISCUSSION 
 Williams raises three issues on appeal, asserting that:  (1) the evidence is legally
insufficient to support his conviction for possession of cocaine; (2) the evidence is legally
insufficient to support his conviction for assault of a public servant; and (3) the trial court erred in
charging the jury on the law of parties with regard to the possession charge.  We address each
issue below.  

Legal Sufficiency 
		In determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.  Swearingen v. State,
101 S.W.3d 89, 95 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).  When faced with conflicting evidence, we presume
the trier of fact resolved conflicts in favor of the verdict.  Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 271
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999).  

 A.	Possession of Cocaine
		In his first issue, Williams challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support
his conviction for possession of cocaine.  To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance,
the State must establish that the defendant:  (1) exercised control, management, or care over the
substance; and (2) knew the substance was contraband.  See Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402,
405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).  Where, as here, the accused is not in exclusive possession of the place
where the substance is found, his control over and knowledge of the contraband cannot be
established unless there are additional independent facts and circumstances that link him to the
contraband.  See id. at 406.  The purpose of linking the accused to the contraband is to protect
innocent bystanders from conviction based solely on their proximity to the contraband.  See id.  
		There are several factors by which a defendant may, under the unique circumstances
of each case, be sufficiently linked to the contraband, including:  (1) the defendant's presence when
a search is conducted; (2) whether the contraband was in plain view; (3) the defendant's proximity
to and the accessibility of the contraband; (4) whether the defendant was under the influence of
contraband when arrested; (5) whether the defendant possessed other contraband or narcotics when
arrested; (6) whether the defendant made incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether the
defendant attempted to flee; (8) whether the defendant made furtive gestures; (9) whether there was
an odor of contraband; (10) whether other contraband or drug paraphernalia were present;
(11) whether the defendant owned or had the right to possess the place where the drugs were found;
(12) whether the place where the drugs were found was enclosed; (13) whether the defendant was
found with a large amount of cash; and (14) whether the conduct of the defendant indicated a
consciousness of guilt.  See Figueroa v. State, 250 S.W.3d 490, 500 (Tex. App.--Austin 2008, pet.
ref'd).  It is not the number of links that is dispositive, but rather the logical force of all the evidence,
direct and circumstantial.  Id. at 501.  The force of the links need not be such as to exclude every
other alternative hypothesis except the defendant's guilt.  Id.
		Here, the jury convicted Williams of the lesser-included offense of possession of less
than one gram of cocaine.  Thus, the jury found Williams guilty of possessing only the 0.71 grams
of cocaine found on the floor where he had been struggling with officers, not the 3.01 grams of
cocaine found in the closet.  The State established several links between Williams and the cocaine
found on the floor.  To begin with, the State established the first two links--whether the defendant
was present at the scene and whether the contraband was in plain view--because Williams was at
the apartment when the cocaine was found, and the cocaine was in plain view on the floor when the
officers picked Williams up from the floor.  The State established the third link--the defendant's
proximity to the contraband--because the record shows that Williams's chest had been directly over
the cocaine, so much so that he had a white, powdery substance on his bare chest after he was picked
up from the floor.  The fourth link--whether the defendant was under the influence of contraband
when arrested--was also established because officers testified that based on their knowledge and
experience, his strength and apparent imperviousness to pain suggested that he was under the
influence of cocaine, and he tested positive for cocaine when he was taken to a hospital after
his arrest.
		The State established the eighth link--whether the defendant made furtive
gestures--because the record shows that when officers took Williams to the ground in an attempt
to handcuff him, he repeatedly tried to keep his arms tucked underneath him toward his waistband. 
Every time officers tried to pull one of his arms out from underneath him, he tucked it back under. 
The jury could have rationally concluded that such movements, combined with the fact that cocaine
was then discovered on the floor where Williams's chest had been, showed that Williams was
attempting to dispose of the cocaine before his arrest.  The tenth link--whether other contraband or
drug paraphernalia were present--was established because the record shows that more cocaine, some
of which was in a small bag with the same Batman emblem as the bag found underneath Williams,
was discovered in a living-room closet.  
		The State also established the thirteenth link--whether the defendant was found with
a large amount of cash--because an officer testified that he found a "large amount" of cash in a bag
in a bedroom and another "large amount of cash" in the pocket of a nearby pair of men's pants that
also contained a wallet holding Williams's driver's license.  The total amount of cash found was
$1,633.  The jury could have rationally concluded that the pants and the bag belonged to Williams. 
Finally, the fourteenth link--whether the conduct of the defendant indicated a consciousness of
guilt--was established because the record shows that Williams resisted arrest to such a degree that
he caused pain and injury to two police officers and that cocaine was subsequently discovered on the
floor beneath him.  Like the link regarding furtive gestures, Williams's struggle to resist arrest and
the existence of the cocaine below him could lead the jury to rationally conclude that Williams knew
he possessed the cocaine and was resisting arrest in an attempt to dispose of the cocaine before he
was handcuffed.
		Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that the
evidence is legally sufficient to support Williams's conviction for possession of less than one gram
of cocaine.  See Swearingen, 101 S.W.3d at 95; Figueroa, 250 S.W.3d at 500-01.  Given the logical
force of the evidence supporting the nine links between Williams and the cocaine, a trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.  See Swearingen,
101 S.W.3d at 95.  Accordingly, we overrule Williams's first issue.  

 B.	Assault of Public Servant 
		In his second issue, Williams challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to
support his conviction for assault of a public servant.  To prove the offense of assault of a public
servant, the State must prove that:  (1) the defendant intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused
bodily injury to a public servant; (2) the defendant knew the other person was a public servant; and
(3) the public servant was lawfully discharging his official duties at the time of the assault.  See Tex.
Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a), (b)(1); see also Hall v. State, 158 S.W.3d 470, 473 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005).  "Bodily injury" is defined as "physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical
condition."  See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(8) (West Supp. 2009).  
		In the indictment, the State alleged that Williams caused bodily injury to Mike
Mercer, one of the police officers who struggled with Williams while trying to take him into custody. 
Officer Mercer testified as follows about the incident:

	Prosecutor:	Okay.  Now, during the struggle, did the defendant make any contact
with you?
 
	Mercer:	Yes.

	Prosecutor:	And what was that contact?  Could you describe that to the jury?

	Mercer:	When we were going to the ground, I was hit in my lower right lip by
[Williams's] elbow, and my lip began to swell, causing pain.  There
was no cut on the lip.  It was just swelling.
 
	Prosecutor:	Did it cause you pain the next day as well?

	Mercer:	Yes.

	Prosecutor:	For how long did it cause you pain, the injury?

	Mercer:	A couple of hours.  Not too long.


		Williams challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support only the
first element of assault of a public servant: that he intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused
bodily injury to Mercer.  In doing so, however, Williams argues only that the evidence was legally
insufficient to show that he intentionally or knowingly caused bodily injury to Mercer and does not
address the sufficiency of the evidence showing that he recklessly caused bodily injury to Mercer. 
The State contends that the evidence need only be sufficient to show that Williams recklessly caused
bodily injury to Mercer and that the evidence is legally sufficient in that regard.  We agree.  
		A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to circumstances surrounding his
conduct or the result of his conduct when he is aware of but consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur.  Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 6.03(c) (West 2003).  "[A]t the heart of reckless conduct is conscious disregard of the risk created
by the actor's conduct."  Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting
Lewis v. State, 529 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)).  "Recklessness requires the defendant
to actually foresee the risk involved and to consciously decide to ignore it."  Id.  Culpable mental
state is generally proven by circumstantial evidence.  See Hernandez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 806, 810
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Lopez v. State, 630 S.W.2d 936, 942 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982);
Pitonyak v. State, 253 S.W.3d 834, 844 (Tex. App.--Austin 2008, pet. ref'd).  To determine
culpability for an offense, a jury is entitled to consider events occurring before, during, and after the
commission of the offense.  See Pitonyak, 253 S.W.3d at 844. 
		Here, the record shows that Officer Boyd told Williams that there was a warrant for
his arrest and asked him to turn around.  Williams initially cooperated with Boyd, turning around
and allowing Boyd to begin handcuffing his right wrist.  However, when Boyd refused Williams's 
request to "[h]old on just a second," Williams began to resist.  He hit Boyd with his left elbow below
Boyd's right eye, and then as officers took him to the ground, he elbowed Officer Mercer in the lip. 
Even after Boyd warned Williams that he would use a taser to subdue him if he continued struggling,
Williams did not stop resisting arrest.  During the continuing struggle, Williams elbowed Boyd in
the eye, causing a black eye, and caused Boyd to taser himself in the leg. 
		Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that
the evidence is legally sufficient to establish that Williams recklessly caused bodily injury to Mercer. 
See Swearingen, 101 S.W.3d at 95.  The events that occurred before, during, and after Williams
elbowed Mercer in the lip--including Williams's initial compliance with Boyd's commands and his
subsequent decision to begin resisting arrest to such a degree that he elbowed both Boyd and Mercer
on the face and caused Boyd to taser himself--could have led a rational juror to conclude that
Williams was aware of but consciously disregarded a substantial and unjustifiable risk that his
conduct would result in harm to Mercer.  See id.  We therefore overrule Williams's second issue.  
Jury Instruction on Law of Parties
 In his third issue, Williams contends that the trial court erred in submitting a jury
instruction on the law of parties regarding his possession charge because the instruction was not
supported by the evidence. (4)  Generally, a trial court may give the jury an instruction on the law of
parties whenever there is sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict that the defendant is criminally
responsible under the law of parties.  Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 564 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). 
However, if the evidence clearly supports a defendant's guilt as a principal actor, any error of the
trial court in charging on the law of parties is harmless.  Id. at 564-65.  Thus, even if we assume that
the trial court erred in submitting the instruction, the error is harmless as long the evidence in the
record is legally and factually sufficient to support Williams's guilt as a principal actor.  
		Because we have already determined that the evidence is legally sufficient to support
Williams's conviction as a principal actor, we turn now to an analysis of the factual sufficiency of
the evidence.  In reviewing factual sufficiency, we must weigh all the evidence in a neutral light and
set the finding aside only if the evidence is so weak that the verdict seems clearly wrong or
manifestly unjust, or the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. 
Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).  We must be appropriately
deferential to the jury's verdict in order to avoid substituting our own judgment for that of the
factfinder.  Vasquez v. State, 67 S.W.3d 229, 236 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).  The jury is the sole judge
of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be accorded their testimony.  Id.  
		Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we note that the State did not establish every
possible link between Williams and the cocaine found on the floor of Serena's apartment.  See
Figueroa, 250 S.W.3d at 500 (setting forth fourteen factors that could link defendant with
contraband).  For example, there is no evidence showing that Williams made incriminating
statements, attempted to flee, or possessed any other contraband or narcotics at the time of his arrest. 
See id.  There is also no evidence showing that there was an odor of contraband in the apartment or
that Williams owned or lived in the apartment.  See id.  
		However, as we have already mentioned in our legal-sufficiency analysis, the State
established several other links between Williams and the cocaine.  Specifically, Williams was
present when the cocaine was found; the cocaine was in plain view when the officers picked
Williams up from the floor; Williams's chest had been directly over and touching the cocaine, which
left a white, powdery residue on his bare chest after he was lifted up; officers testified they believed
Williams's strength and apparent lack of pain during the struggle demonstrated that he was under
the influence of cocaine; he tested positive for cocaine when he was taken to a hospital after his
arrest; he was face down and trying to keep his arms tucked underneath him toward his waistband
during the struggle; more cocaine was discovered in a living-room closet, and some of the cocaine
was in a small bag with the same Batman emblem as the bag found underneath Williams; a "large
amount" of cash totaling $1,633 was found in a bag and in the pocket of a nearby pair of men's pants
that also contained a wallet holding Williams's driver's license; and Williams resisted arrest to such
a degree that he caused pain and injury to two police officers just before cocaine was discovered on
the floor beneath him.  Given the considerable evidence linking Williams to the cocaine, we
conclude that the evidence is factually sufficient to support Williams's guilt as a principal actor.  See
Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15.  
		Because we have determined that the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient
to support Williams's conviction for possession of cocaine as a principal actor, we conclude that any
error in submitting a jury instruction on the law of parties was harmless.  See Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 564-65.  We therefore overrule Williams's third issue.  

CONCLUSION
		Given our conclusions that the evidence is legally sufficient to support both of
Williams's convictions and that any error in charging the jury on the law of parties was harmless,
we affirm the trial court's judgments.   	


						__________________________________________						Diane M. Henson, Justice	
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Waldrop and Henson 
Affirmed
Filed:   April 23, 2010
Do Not Publish

1.   The record shows that officers later took Williams to the hospital, where he tested positive
for cocaine.  
2.   Sergeant Kirk Kuykendoll testified that when he later had contact with Williams after
Williams was taken into custody, he noticed that Williams had a "white powdery substance" in the
center of his bare chest.  
3.   The officer who discovered the cash testified that he did not have separate totals because
he combined the cash before counting it.  
4.   The jury charge included an instruction on the law of parties and allowed the jury to convict
Williams if the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that Williams, "acting alone or as a party,"
intentionally or knowingly possessed less than one gram of cocaine.  
