                                        2016 IL App (1st) 160369
                                              No. 1-16-0369
                                      Opinion filed November 8, 2016

                                                                                     Second Division


                                                 IN THE

                                     APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            FIRST DISTRICT


     G3 ANALYTICS, LLC and KEN ELDER,                     )
                                                                Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                          )
                                                                of Cook County.
            Plaintiffs-Appellants,                        )
                                                          )
     v.                                                   )
                                                                No. 15 CH 5709
                                                          )
     HUGHES SOCOL PIERS RESNICK & DYM                     )
     LTD., a Limited Liability Partnership, and           )
                                                                The Honorable
     COHEN LAW GROUP P.C.,                                )
                                                                Anna Helen Demacopoulos,
                                                          )
                                                                Judge, presiding.
                                                          )
            Defendants-Appellees.


            PRESIDING JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
            Justices Neville and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1          Plaintiffs, G3 Analytics and Ken Elder, hired two Chicago law firms to investigate and

     prosecute potential claims under the Illinois False Claims Act (740 ILCS 175/1 et seq. (West

     2014)) and the federal False Claims Act (31 U.S.C. § 3729 et seq. (2012)). After the defendants

     spent several months investigating the claims, plaintiffs terminated the relationship. When

     plaintiffs did not pay the legal fees which defendants billed them, defendants demanded

     mediation under the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) provision of the fee agreement.

     Plaintiffs refused to participate in mediation and instead sought a declaratory judgment that the
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     fee agreement was unenforceable. Defendants moved to dismiss. In response, plaintiffs

     contended that Illinois law governed the fee agreement and under Illinois law, a trial court, rather

     than an arbitrator, decides the issue of the agreement’s enforceability. The trial court disagreed

     and dismissed the action, finding that federal law, rather than Illinois law, governed the ADR

     provision due to the fee agreement’s ties to interstate commerce. We agree with the trial court’s

     reasoning, and affirm.

¶2                                            BACKGROUND

¶3          Plaintiffs are in the business of identifying, developing, and filing qui tam lawsuits—

     claims to combat fraud using state and federal false claims statutes. Plaintiffs who bring qui tam

     claims, if successful, may receive a share of the recovery. In January 2014, plaintiffs, a Michigan

     limited liability company and a Michigan resident, retained defendants, Chicago law firms

     Hughes Socol Piers Resnick & Dym Ltd. and Cohen Law Group P.C. to jointly investigate

     claims under the False Claims Act in multiple states for improper practices by certain financial

     institutions. The parties signed a written fee agreement in March 2014.

¶4          The fee agreement contains three provisions relevant to our determination: (i) the client

     withdrawal provision, which states, in part, “In the event our Law Firms are willing to proceed

     with the *** Litigation and you determine to withdraw, you agree to pay our Law Firms for all

     costs and expenses we have incurred, plus fees incurred to the date of your withdrawal ***;” (ii)

     the choice of law provision, which states, “Subject to the terms of the Alternative Dispute

     Resolution provision, this Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of Illinois;” and

     (iii) the ADR provision, which states:

                 Alternative Dispute Resolution: Any disputes relating to this Agreement, and any

                 disputes relating to the action contemplated by this Agreement, including the services



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                 provided in the action, will be resolved by alternative dispute resolution. Alternative

                 dispute resolution means that you and our Law Firms agree to submit all disputes to

                 an independent mediator mutually agreed upon. If you and our Law Firms are unable

                 to mutually agree to the selection of a mediator, a mediator will be chosen by

                 JAMS/ENDISPUTE. In the event the parties are unable to resolve their disputes

                 through mediation, the parties agree that the mediator shall require the parties to

                 submit their disputes to an independent arbitrator selected by the mediator. The

                 mediator will have the right to appoint himself as arbitrator in that proceeding. The

                 parties shall be bound by the decision of the arbitrator and such decision shall be final

                 and not subject to review except as the issue of malfeasance or bias on the part of the

                 arbitrator. The decision of the arbitrator may be enforced in any court of competent

                 jurisdiction. You and our Law Firms agree to equally share the cost of mediation and,

                 if necessary, arbitration. ***

¶5          Between January and August 2014, defendants investigated and evaluated the viability of

     filing the False Claims Act claims. In August 2014, plaintiffs ended defendants’ representation.

     Defendants sent plaintiffs a bill for their time and expenses. When plaintiffs would not pay,

     defendants demanded mediation under the fee agreement’s ADR provision. Mediation was

     scheduled and continued on a number of occasions before plaintiffs filed a complaint for

     declaratory judgment. Specifically, plaintiffs contended that (i) the fee agreement was not

     binding in the absence of an arm’s-length bargaining process, (ii) the fee agreement became

     unenforceable when plaintiffs terminated defendants’ representation, (iii) the ADR provision

     violated public policy by not allowing plaintiffs to engage in discovery and depriving them of




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     access to critical information necessary to file a cause of action, and (iv) the ADR provision

     became unenforceable by allowing the mediator to appoint him or herself as arbitrator.

¶6          Defendants filed a combined motion to dismiss and to compel arbitration under section 2-

     619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2014), arguing that the

     complaint should be dismissed under section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2014)

     for failing to allege any cognizable basis for challenging or avoiding the agreement’s ADR

     provision and for failing to sufficiently plead facts rather than conclusions. Defendants also

     sought dismissal under section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2014),

     because the agreement provides that ADR is the exclusive remedy and thus, constitutes

     “affirmative matter avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim.”

¶7          Defendants asserted that the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 2 (2014)) applies, which

     requires an arbitrator to determine whether the agreement is enforceable. In a surreply, plaintiffs

     argued that under the fee agreement’s choice of law provision, Illinois law applies, and under

     section 2 of the Uniform Arbitration Act (710 ILCS 5/2 (West 2014)), a court, and not an

     arbitrator, determines whether a contract to arbitrate exists.

¶8          After a hearing, the trial court dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint. First, the trial court found

     that the plain language of the fee agreement does not apply Illinois law to the ADR provision.

     Specifically, the court noted that the choice of law provision states that it is “subject to the terms

     of the Alternative Dispute Resolution provision.” The court said, “the crux of this motion is an

     issue regarding the language in this agreement ***. [T]he language says except for the

     alternative dispute resolution provision, Illinois law will apply. So [the agreement] ***

     contemplates that the dispute resolution trumps it ***. So in the end, I think it comes down to the

     language.”



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¶9            The trial court also found that the fee agreement involves interstate commerce because

       plaintiffs reside in Michigan, defendants are located in Chicago, and the agreement contemplated

       possible False Claims Act claims in several states. The trial court concluded that given the

       interstate commerce nature of the fee agreement and the absence of language stating the

       appropriateness of Illinois arbitration rules, the Federal Arbitration Act applies. The Federal

       Arbitration Act provides that the enforceability of a contract containing an arbitration clause is

       an issue reserved for arbitrators, not courts. Thus, the trial court granted defendants’ motion to

       dismiss the complaint and compel arbitration.

¶ 10                                              ANALYSIS

¶ 11          Section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure is a combined motion that incorporates

       sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code. 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1, 2-615, 2-619 (West 2010). “[W]e

       accept all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences from

       those facts in favor of the nonmoving party.” Balmoral Racing Club, Inc. v. Gonzales, 338 Ill.

       App. 3d 478, 484 (2003). We review de novo a trial court’s dismissal of a complaint under

       section 2-619.1 of the Code.

¶ 12          The lone issue we address is whether Illinois law, specifically, the Uniform Arbitration

       Act (Arbitration Act) or the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) governs the ADR provision in the fee

       agreement. Under section 2(a) of the Arbitration Act, when an “opposing party denies the

       existence of the agreement to arbitrate,” a “court shall proceed summarily to the determination of

       the issue.” 710 ILCS 5/2(a) (West 2014). Under the FAA, however, there is a presumption in

       favor of arbitration and disputes over the enforceability of a contract are decided by the

       arbitrator. 9 U.S.C. § 2 (2014).




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¶ 13          Plaintiffs are correct in asserting that courts have held that when parties to a contract

       select Illinois law as the governing law, Illinois law applies to all provisions of the contract,

       including the arbitration provision. See Glazer’s Distributors of Illinois v. NWS-Illinois, LLC,

       376 Ill. App. 3d 411 (2007). Courts also have held that where parties to a contract agree to

       arbitrate in accordance with state law, the FAA does not apply, even when involving interstate

       commerce. See Tortoriello v. Gerald Nissan of North Aurora, Inc., 379 Ill. App. 3d 214 (2008);

       see also Glazer’s, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 421 (citing Yates v. Doctor’s Associates, Inc., 193 Ill. App.

       3d 431, 438 (1990)).

¶ 14          Plaintiffs contend that the fee agreement’s choice of law provision applies to the entire

       agreement, including the ADR provision, even though the case involves interstate commerce.

       For support, plaintiffs cite Glazer’s, 376 Ill. App. 3d 411, and Yates, 193 Ill. App. 3d 431. In

       both cases, the contracts included a blanket choice of law provision that plainly applied to the

       entire agreement. Conversely, here, the choice of law provision states that it is “subject to the

       terms of the Alternative Dispute Resolution provision.” Thus, we must determine if the “subject

       to” language precludes application of Illinois law to the ADR provision.

¶ 15          The terms of a contract must be given their plain, ordinary, popular, and natural meaning.

       Village of Glenview v. Northfield Woods Water & Utility Co., 216 Ill. App. 3d 40, 48 (1991).

       Whether an ambiguity exists presents a question of law for the trial court to decide. Id. There is

       no ambiguity if a court can ascertain a contract’s meaning from its general language.

       Disagreement among the parties as to the meaning of terms does not render a contract

       ambiguous. Id. Absent an ambiguity, “ ‘the intention of the parties *** must be ascertained by

       the language utilized in the contract itself, not by the construction placed upon it by the parties.’

       ” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 48-49 (quoting Lenzi v. Morkin, 103 Ill. 2d 290, 293 (1984)). “The



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       words ‘subject to,’ used in their ordinary sense, mean ‘subordinate to,’ ‘subservient to’ or

       ‘limited by.’ ” Engelstein v. Mintz, 345 Ill. 48, 61 (1931). Thus, as the choice of law provision

       has been made “subordinate to” the ADR provision, Illinois law does not automatically apply.

¶ 16          Next, because the ADR provision is silent as to what law does apply, we must consider

       whether the trial court was correct in applying federal law. Plaintiffs assert that without language

       in the ADR provision stating whether Illinois or federal law applies, the trial court should have

       applied Illinois law, particularly in light of the choice of law provision. We disagree.

¶ 17          The FAA governs the enforceability of arbitration agreements in contracts involving

       interstate commerce. Bovay v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 2013 IL App (1st) 120789, ¶ 28. The fee

       agreement was between parties from different states and contemplated potential False Claims

       Act litigation, under both state and federal law, in multiple jurisdictions. Because the fee

       agreement involves interstate commerce, the FAA, not Illinois law, governs.

¶ 18          Moreover, when a party challenges the enforceability of a contract as a whole, as opposed

       to the arbitration provision alone, the issue of the contract’s validity proceeds to arbitration rather

       than in another forum, whether judicial or administrative. LRN Holding, Inc. v. Windlake Capital

       Advisors, LLC, 409 Ill. App. 3d 1025, 1031-32 (2011) (citing Preston v. Ferrer, 552 U.S. 346

       (2008)). In LRN, the plaintiffs argued that their agreement with the defendant broker was void ab

       initio, because defendant was not a properly registered broker with the state as required by

       Illinois law. Id. at 1027. Plaintiffs argued that the trial court must determine whether any contract

       existed before the matter could be submitted to arbitration under the agreement’s arbitration

       provision, which mandated any controversy between the parties relating to the agreement be

       resolved by binding arbitration. Id. at 1028. This court ruled against plaintiffs, relying on

       Preston, in which the United Supreme Court stated that a “recurring question under [section] 2



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       [of the FAA] is who should decide whether ‘grounds *** exist at law or in equity’ to invalidate

       an arbitration agreement.” Preston, 552 U.S. at 353 (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 2 (2000)). The Court

       noted that a party may bring one of two types of challenges—either to the contract as a whole or

       the arbitration clause specifically. Preston, 552 U.S. at 353-54. Affirming holdings in earlier

       cases, the Court stated “When parties agree to arbitrate all questions arising under a contract, the

       FAA supersedes state laws lodging primary jurisdiction in another forum, whether judicial or

       administrative.” Preston, 552 U.S. at 359. Based on Preston, the LRN court found that because

       the plaintiffs did not attack the arbitration provision specifically but sought to invalidate the

       entire contract, the dispute between the parties would proceed to arbitration. LRN, 409 Ill. App.

       3d at 1031-32. Similarly, plaintiffs filed a declaratory judgment action arguing that the entire fee

       agreement was invalid, and, accordingly, the question of its enforceability must be decided by an

       arbitrator, and not a court.

¶ 19           Affirmed.




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