          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                              NO. 2013-CA-00334-COA

TRAVIS STRAIT                                                            APPELLANT

v.

KRISTY LORENZ                                                              APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        10/30/2012
TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. KENNETH M. BURNS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               LOWNDES COUNTY CHANCERY COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                  WILLIAM PAUL STARKS II
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                   MATTHEW DANIEL WILSON
NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CIVIL - CUSTODY
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:                 MODIFIED CHILD CUSTODY AND FOUND
                                         FATHER IN CONTEMPT
DISPOSITION:                             AFFIRMED: 01/06/2015
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      BEFORE GRIFFIS, P.J., CARLTON AND JAMES, JJ.

      GRIFFIS, P.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   Travis Strait appeals the chancellor’s judgment that modified custody, found him in

contempt, and awarded attorneys’ fees. We find no error and affirm.

                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.   Travis and Kristy Lorenz were married in 2003. They had one child together, Jane,1

born May 31, 2002.

¶3.   On December 19, 2005, Travis and Kristy were granted an irreconcilable differences

divorce. According to their agreed divorce judgment, Travis and Kristy had joint legal


      1
         Because there are allegations of sexual abuse, a pseudonym is used for the minor
child’s name.
custody of Jane, Travis had primary physical custody of Jane, Kristy was entitled to certain

visitation, and Kristy owed child support.

¶4.    Less than two months after the divorce, on January 31, 2006, Kristy filed a petition

for a modification of custody. On April 11, 2006, the chancellor entered an order that found

Kristy failed to meet her burden of proof and denied the petition.

¶5.    On August 8, 2006, Kristy filed her second petition for a modification of custody. She

alleged that Travis had sexually abused Jane. The chancellor denied the modification. The

judgment was appealed to the Mississippi Supreme Court, and it was affirmed. See Lorenz

v. Strait, 987 So. 2d 427, 435 (¶47) (Miss. 2008).

¶6.    On March 16, 2009, Kristy filed her third petition for modification of custody. To

support this petition, Kristy alleged that Travis had denied her visitation. The chancellor

found that “neither party [had] tried as they should” to ensure Kristy’s visitation with Jane

and denied the petition. However, the chancellor modified Kristy’s visitation schedule

because Travis had moved to Hawaii, and due to the fact that Hawaii has an eleven-month

school schedule.

¶7.    On June 15, 2010, Kristy filed her fourth petition to modify custody and included a

claim that alleged Travis was in contempt. In response, Travis filed a counterclaim for an

increase in child support and alleged that Kristy was in contempt. The chancellor denied

Kristy’s motion, entered a judgment against Kristy for past-due child support, and modified

the visitation schedule.

¶8.    On April 21, 2011, Travis filed a petition in Hawaii for a protection order. Travis

alleged that Kristy’s husband, Aaron Lorenz, had molested Jane. A temporary restraining


                                             2
order (TRO) was entered against Kristy; the TRO was later removed due to “insufficient

evidence.”

¶9.    On May 26, 2011, Kristy filed a fifth petition to modify custody. In this petition,

Kristy alleged that Travis “continued to thwart” her visitation rights with Jane and that he

had sexually abused Jane. This is the petition that began the proceedings that we consider

in this appeal.

¶10.   By May of 2011, Travis had moved to California. On June 16, 2011, he filed a legal

action in California for a temporary restraining order against Kristy.

¶11.   On July 11, 2011, Travis responded to Kristy’s petition by filing a motion to dismiss

for lack of jurisdiction and forum non conveniens. Travis also moved to appoint a guardian

ad litum (GAL). The chancellor denied Travis’s motion to dismiss, and declined to dismiss

on grounds of forum non conveniens.

¶12.   In addition, the chancellor entered an agreed order that appointed Lee Ann Turner as

a GAL, to investigate the allegations of sexual abuse. The chancellor ordered the GAL to

make findings and recommendations regarding custody. The chancellor also ordered Travis

to bring Jane to Mississippi in April 2012, so that she could be interviewed by the GAL and

attend “therapeutic counseling” sessions with Dr. Criss Lott.

¶13.   A hearing on the merits was held on July 26 through 27, 2012. The final day of the

hearing was scheduled for September 20, 2012 (due to the availability of Travis’s counsel).

¶14.   On August 20, 2012, before the hearing resumed, Kristy filed an emergency motion

for immediate temporary custody. Kristy sought to enroll Jane in the Lowndes County

school system for the 2012-13 school year. Travis objected, and he filed a motion to remove


                                             3
the GAL. However, due to the approaching school year and the likelihood of modification

of custody (based on the GAL’s recommendation in her preliminary report), the chancellor

found custody should be temporarily transferred to Kristy.

¶15.   On September 20, 2012, the trial resumed. The GAL presented her findings. Then,

on October 22, 2012, Travis filed a motion that alleged the GAL was biased and argued that

the GAL’s bill for $12,586.81 was excessive.

¶16.   On November 1, 2012, the chancellor entered a final judgment. The chancellor

granted Kristy custody of Jane, ordered Travis to pay child support and Jane’s health

insurance, and denied Travis’s objections to the GAL’s report and fees. As a result, Travis

was ordered to pay $8,391.21 – two-thirds of the GAL’s fees, based on the agreed order.

¶17.   On November 7, 2012, Kristy filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment. Kristy

asked the chancellor to address the issues of contempt and attorney’s fees, which were not

addressed in the November 1 opinion. Travis also filed a motion for a new trial.

¶18.   On December 21, 2012, the chancellor entered an order that denied Travis’s motion

for a new trial and granted Kristy’s motion to alter or amend. The chancellor found Travis

was in contempt and ordered Travis to pay $10,000 in attorney’s fees and an additional

$1,000 toward the GAL’s fees. Travis has now appealed the chancellor’s decisions.

                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶19.   “Findings of fact made by a chancellor may not be set aside or disturbed upon appeal

if they are supported by substantial, credible evidence.” A.M.L. v. J.W.L., 98 So. 3d 1001,

1013 (¶23) (Miss. 2012) (quoting Johnson v. Gray, 859 So. 2d 1006, 1012 (¶32) (Miss.

2003)). Matters involving child custody are within the sound discretion of the chancellor.


                                            4
Sturgis v. Sturgis, 792 So. 2d 1020, 1023 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2001) (citation omitted).

This Court will not disturb a chancellor’s findings unless the chancellor abused his

discretion, was manifestly wrong, or clearly erroneous, or applied an erroneous legal

standard. Sanderson v. Sanderson, 824 So. 2d 623, 625 (¶8) (Miss. 2002). Legal questions

are reviewed de novo. Russell v. Performance Toyota, Inc., 826 So. 2d 719, 721 (¶5) (Miss.

2002).

                                         ANALYSIS

         I.     Whether it was error to modify custody.

¶20.     To modify child custody, “the non-custodial party must prove: (1) that a substantial

change in circumstances has transpired since issuance of the custody decree; (2) that this

change adversely affects the child’s welfare; and (3) that the child’s best interest mandates

a change of custody.” A.M.L., 98 So. 3d at 1013 (¶24) (quoting Mabus v. Mabus, 847 So.

2d 815, 818 (¶8) (Miss. 2003)).        The chancellor must consider the “totality of the

circumstances.” Id. (quoting Ash v. Ash, 622 So. 2d 1264, 1266 (Miss. 1993)). If an adverse

substantial or material change is found, the chancellor must then perform an Albright analysis

to determine whether modification of custody is in the child’s best interest. White v. White,

26 So. 3d 342, 351 (¶28) (Miss. 2010) (citing Albright v. Albright, 437 So. 2d 1003, 1005

(Miss. 1983)).

                1.     Material Change in Circumstances

¶21.     Here, the chancellor found that Travis’s interference with Kristy’s visitation rights

was a material change in circumstances. We note that “[v]isitation issues should not

normally be considered by the lower court when hearing a plea for custody modification[.]”

                                               5
Ellis v. Ellis, 952 So. 2d 982, 994 (¶27) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006). Contempt orders should

generally be enforced “through incarceration rather than resorting to a change of custody[.]”

Id. (quoting Ash, 622 So. 2d at 1266). However, “the supreme court has identified that

interference with visitation may constitute a material change in circumstances given

sufficient severity.” Id. Such a finding should be reserved for extraordinary circumstances.

Id.

¶22.   The issue with visitation first surfaced in March 2009, when Kristy filed a petition to

modify child custody. At that point, Kristy had not seen Jane since Travis moved to Hawaii

a year earlier in 2008. By the time of the hearing on the motion in July 2009, Kristy had not

seen Jane in over fifteen months. The chancellor’s order, dated August 24, 2009, found this

“alarming.” The chancellor also expressed concern over Travis’s “disinterest in [Jane] seeing

her mother.” Nevertheless, the chancellor went on to find “neither party [had] tried as they

should to see that [Jane] saw her mother.” The chancellor held that the facts “approache[d]”

a finding of a material change in circumstances, but did not “rise[] to that level.” The

chancellor implored the parties “to strictly follow the visitation schedule” set out in the order.

¶23.   From July 2009 to October 2010, there was no visitation. This led Kristy to file

another petition for change of custody and for contempt. In October 2010, the chancellor

denied the contempt petition, but entered a judgment that modified the visitation schedule.

¶24.   Kristy exercised visitation with Jane over Christmas break in 2010. Then, Kristy

attempted to contact Travis in April 2011, first by certified mail and then by email, about her

2011 summer visitation and Jane’s flight schedule. Travis did not respond. Instead, Travis

filed a petition for a restraining order in Hawaii. Travis alleged that sexual abuse had


                                                6
occurred over Christmas in 2010. Travis explained that he was unaware of the abuse until

April 19, 2011, and he contacted the Mississippi Department of Human Services (DHS) on

April 20, 2011.2 In response, Kristy filed her fifth petition to modify custody in May 2011.

¶25.   From April 2011 until April 2012, Travis prevented all communication between

Kristy and Jane. Travis concedes this fact. He argues, however, that he had a “good-faith”

reason for denying visitation, i.e., the allegations of sexual abuse during the prior visitation.

These allegations were later determined to be unfounded, and the TRO obtained in April

2011 in Hawaii was dissolved. Despite this, Travis filed for another TRO in June 2011, days

after he moved to California. The California TRO was also dissolved for lack of evidence.

Criminal charges filed in Lowndes County, Mississippi, were also dismissed for lack of

evidence. Indeed, the chancellor found that not only were Travis’s abuse allegations

unsubstantiated, but Travis “seemingly coached [Jane] to make allegations” of abuse. The

chancellor also noted that while the abuse allegations were against Kristy’s husband, not

Kristy, “the desired effect and impact were the same as if they had been brought against

[Kristy], and the restraining order was brought against both her and Mr. Lorenz.” Also of

significance, Travis never alerted the chancellor in Mississippi that he desired to restrict

visitation due to his fear for Jane’s safety. Rather, he filed for TROs in Hawaii and

California.   Meanwhile, he continued to file responses and motions in the action in

Mississippi, without mention of his “good-faith” reason for denying visitation.




       2
        Travis had testified earlier that he learned of the alleged abuse in February 2011 and
attempted to contact either DHS or Child Protective Services then. However, he later
admitted this was false.

                                               7
¶26.   The Mississippi Supreme Court has held:

       [A] decision to change custody, perhaps more so than an original custody
       determination, must not be made hastily or without ample justification. . . .
       [C]hildren do not need to be bounced back and forth between their parents like
       a volleyball. On the other hand, we have taken the view that a non-custodial
       parent’s right to visitation is a right more precious than any property right.
       One parent, in an effort to continue doing battle following the finality of a
       divorce, cannot be permitted to unilaterally deny the other’s right to visit with
       his child. At the same time, a change in custody will not be made for the
       purpose of rewarding one parent or punishing the other. Above all, in
       modification cases, as in original awards of custody, we never depart from our
       polestar consideration: the best interest and welfare of the child.

Ash, 622 So. 2d at 1266 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

¶27.   In Ash, the chancellor issued various visitation-related restraining orders, emergency

orders, and modification orders over the course of five years. Id. at 1265. The non-custodial

parent then filed another motion to change custody and find the custodial parent in contempt.

Id. The chancellor granted the motion, finding a material change in circumstances had

occurred. Id. In affirming the chancellor’s ruling, the supreme court found that the visitation

dispute was tackled by “two prior chancellors and six attorneys, [and] more than ten court

proceedings,” none of which resolved the issue. Id. at 1266.

¶28.   The facts in this action are comparable to Ash. As in Ash, the chancellor here

contemplated liberal visitation, which was deliberately denied. See id. Also, there was an

“onslaught of pleadings . . . stemming from visitation problems,” none of which were

resolved by the chancellor’s orders. Id. at 1265.

¶29.   Travis admittedly ignored Kristy’s attempts to contact him and would not allow Jane

to take Kristy’s phone calls. The chancellor encouraged communication between Kristy and

Jane through email and mail, but Travis disabled Jane’s email account that Kristy had created


                                              8
for her and there was testimony that Jane did not receive cards mailed to her. We cannot find

the chancellor erred in finding the repeated failure to comply with visitation order was a

material change in circumstances, for which contempt orders would not resolve.

¶30.   Travis argues that the lack of visitation was not a “change in circumstances,” but

rather a foreseeable, continued animosity between the parties that existed from the time of

divorce. We cannot find that the chancellor anticipated, at the time of the divorce decree,

that Travis would continuously refuse to comply with the visitation orders. Also, we note

that no a single act of denying visitation amounted to a material change in circumstances.

Rather, as in Ellis, it was the “continued violation of court orders pertaining to visitation and

continued hindering of the visitation time” that amounted to a material change in

circumstances. Ellis, 952 So. 2d at 990 (¶17) (emphasis in original). Given the severity of

the denial of visitation, we cannot find the chancellor abused his discretion in finding the

denial of visitation was a material change in circumstances.

              2.      Adverse Effect of Material Change

¶31.   Next, Travis claims that Jane did not suffer any adverse effects from the material

change of circumstances. To establish adverse effect, the parties discuss the testimony of the

GAL and Dr. Lott.

¶32.   Dr. Lott testified that Travis had alienated Jane from Kristy by restricting her

visitation. He found no evidence of abuse, and Jane specifically told him that no abuse had

occurred. Dr. Lott found Jane was close to both parents and was a bright, sensitive, and

well-adjusted child, traits inconsistent with a sexually abused child.

¶33.   However, Dr. Lott also found that Jane had demonstrated “real confusion” because


                                               9
of the conflict between her parents and her alienation from Kristy. Jane told Dr. Lott several

times that her dad and stepmother had “lied” and told her that her “mother gave [her] up or

signed [her] over to [her] dad.” She also told him “she had not received items or things from

[Kristy] and had not been able to talk” to her. Jane stated she did not know why and was

confused. When asked about abuse, Jane stated that she wished she had a “rewind button”

in regard to several statements she had made about Kristy’s husband and Travis. She initially

told Dr. Lott that Travis had “told her to say some things,” but then retracted this statement.

¶34.   Dr. Lott found that Jane was saying what she thought her parents wanted to hear. He

concluded that Jane’s restricted access to Kristy was a “significant concern,” and that “the

recommendation has been in the past that we reverse custody” under the circumstances. Dr.

Lott found that a modification of custody would “significantly improve” Jane’s condition,

and if her confusion was not addressed, she would develop “significant emotional problems

in the next five to ten years.”

¶35.   Likewise, the GAL found that Jane’s emotional health was adversely affected by the

Travis’s refusal to foster a relationship between Jane and Kristy. Travis consistently refused

to comply with the court’s visitation schedule and discouraged Jane from wanting to live

with Kristy. Jane told the GAL that Travis had restricted her phone and email access to

prevent communication with Kristy. The GAL recommended that primary custody be

transferred to Kristy.

¶36.   Based on this evidence, the chancellor found that “[Jane] has manifested anxiety,

sorrow[,] and confusion at not seeing her mother. Jane has shown to be extremely conflicted

between wanting to benefit from the love of both her parents, but believes the two to be


                                              10
mutually exclusive.” The chancellor described the environment in Travis’s custody as

“poisonous.” The chancellor’s finding was consistent with that of Dr. Lott and the GAL and

was supported by the evidence. Thus, we cannot find the chancellor abused his discretion

in finding Travis’s interference with visitation adversely affected Jane.

              3.      Best Interest of Child

¶37.   The best interest of the child is determined by the following factors set out in Albright:

       (1) age, health and sex of the child; (2) determination of the parent that had the
       continuity of care prior to the previous modification; (3) which parent has the
       best parenting skills and which has the willingness and capacity to provide
       primary child care; (4) the employment of the parent and responsibilities of
       that employment; (5) physical and mental health and age of the parents; (6)
       emotional ties of the parent and child; (7) moral fitness of the parents; (8) the
       home, school and community record of the child; (9) the preference of the
       child at the age sufficient to express a preference by law; (10) stability of home
       environment and employment of each parent; and (11) other factors relevant
       to the parent-child relationship.

Ellis, 952 So. 2d at 994 (¶28) (citing Albright, 437 So. 2d at 1005). The chancellor

conducted an Albright analysis and found five factors to be neutral and five favored Kristy.

He did not consider any other factors relevant for his analysis. Travis argues the chancellor

erred in finding no factors in his favor.

                      a.     Age, Health, and Sex of the Child

¶38.   Jane was a ten-year-old girl in good physical health at the time of the hearing. But the

chancellor found that “she has clearly suffered emotionally in [Travis’s] custody,” and “is

at a point where the care of her own mother would be especially beneficial.” Thus, the

chancellor found this factor favored Kristy. Travis argues the chancellor’s per se finding in

favor of Kristy based on Jane’s age and sex was in error, and this factor should have been



                                               11
found neutral. We disagree that the chancellor solely based his finding on Jane’s age and

sex, but rather considered the child’s emotional health. Jane told the GAL that she missed

her mother and experienced stomach pains as a result of not being allowed to see her. As the

testimony showed that Travis denied Kristy visitation and that this adversely affected Jane

emotionally, we cannot find the chancellor abused his discretion in finding this factor favored

Kristy.

                        b.     Continuity of Care Prior to the Previous
                               Modification

¶39.      Although Travis maintained continuity of care, this factor was found neutral because

of Travis’s “interference with visitation and communication.” Travis argues it was error for

the chancellor to overlook the fact that he had taken continuous care of Jane for nearly nine

years. And he argues that although he admittedly denied visitation at points, the facts

showed Kristy was not diligent in attempting to exercise her visitation rights.

¶40.      A similar situation arose in Story v. Allen, 7 So. 3d 295, 298 (¶21) (Miss. Ct. App.

2008). In Story, the custodial parent had been with the child most of the child’s life. Id.

However, the chancellor found the continuity-of-care factor favored the noncustodial parent

because the custodial parent had caused a separation between the child and noncustodial

parent. Id. This Court affirmed, finding “[i]It is neither logical nor proper to favor one of

the parents, under an Albright factor, because of that parent’s malfeasance.” Id. at 298-99

(¶21). The same principle applies here. As a matter of equity, the chancellor found this

factor should not favor Travis, because Travis had prevented visitation and communication

between Jane and Kristy. We cannot find the chancellor abused his discretion in so finding.



                                               12
                      c.     Parenting Skills and Willingness and
                             Capacity to Provide Primary Child
                             Care

¶41.     The chancellor found that “[Jane] has suffered” in Travis’s custody, but “had done

well” when she was able to spend time with Kristy. Thus, this factor weighed in Kristy’s

favor. Travis argues this factor should have, at the least, been neutral since he had provided

the majority of care. However, because of Travis’s repeated interference with Kristy’s

visitation rights, the chancellor questioned Travis’s parenting skills. And the GAL noted that

she was concerned about Jane’s access to adequate amounts of food and bathing restrictions

in Travis’s custody. We cannot find the chancellor erred in finding this factor in Kristy’s

favor.

                      d.     Employment of the Parent               and
                             Responsibilities of Employment

¶42.     This factor was found neutral and is not disputed by Travis.

                      e.     Physical and Mental Health and Age of
                             the Parents

¶43.     This factor was found neutral and is not disputed by Travis.

                      f.     Emotional Ties of the Parent and Child

¶44.     The chancellor found both parents had strong emotional ties to Jane, but Jane’s

emotional connection to Kristy was “clouded by many beliefs she holds, which seems to have

originated with her father, namely, that she may hurt her father if she cares for her mother,

and that her mother gave her away.” For this reason, the chancellor found this factor slightly

favored Kristy. Travis argues that the chancellor also stated Jane had a “strong effect” for

both parents, making this factor neutral. However, because of Travis’s interference with

                                              13
visitation, equity demands that this factor be found against Travis or, at the least, neutral. See

Story, 7 So. 3d at 299 (¶22) (finding custodial parent’s interference with visitation should not

be rewarded by finding emotional-ties factor in the custodial parent’s favor). Thus, we

cannot find the chancellor erred in finding this factor slightly favored Kristy.

                      g.      Moral Fitness of the Parents

¶45.   The chancellor noted his concerns about Travis’s “behavior and manipulation”

regarding visitation and found this factor slightly favored Kristy.           Travis argues the

chancellor failed to identify any behavior or manipulation, and ignored the fact that he

attends church with his family while Kristy does not. The chancellor noted multiple

instances of Travis’s denial of visitation, and the chancellor was within his discretion in

finding this factor in Kristy’s favor.

                      h.      Home, School, and Community Record
                              of the Child

¶46.   In finding this factor neutral, the chancellor noted that Jane did “fairly well in school”

and was well behaved, but did not participate in extra-curricular activities. Travis argues this

finding fails to give him credit for raising a successful child.           Because of Travis’s

interference with visitation, we cannot find the chancellor erred in finding this factor neutral.

                      i.      Preference of the Child

¶47.   The child was not old enough to state a preference.

                      j.      Stability of Home Environment and
                              Employment of Each Parent

¶48.   The chancellor found each parent’s home appeared stable. Kristy was a stay-at-home

mom, and Travis was in the United States Navy. However, the chancellor was “concern[ed]

                                               14
about the home environment of [Travis], given its impact on [Jane]”; thus, the chancellor

found this factor slightly favored Kristy. Travis argues there was no evidence to support the

chancellor’s concern other than the GAL, who did not visit or investigate Travis’s home.

However, because the chancellor found Travis’s interference with Kristy’s visitation

adversely affected Jane, we cannot find the chancellor erred in finding the stability of the

home environment slightly favored Kristy.

       II.    Whether the chancellor erred in adopting the GAL’s report.

¶49.   Travis next argues the chancellor erred in accepting the GAL’s report, without

question, even when the findings conflicted with the evidence.

¶50.   The GAL was appointed by agreed order because of the sexual-abuse allegations. The

GAL was ordered to report information to the chancellor regarding the abuse allegations and

to make recommendations regarding the child’s best interest. A GAL’s findings and

recommendations are not binding, but are meant to “provide additional information to aid the

chancellor in making the decision on the merits[.]” Hensarling v. Hensarling, 824 So. 2d

583, 587 (¶10) (Miss. 2002) (citation omitted). The chancellor, as fact-finder, must consider

all the evidence and give it such weight as it deserves. Id.

¶51.   The chancellor stated the GAL’s report “comported with the [c]ourt’s own

observations throughout the course of the case, and particularly at trial.” It is clear the

chancellor made his own findings and did not blindly adopt the GAL’s report.              The

chancellor noted that Travis had no objection to the GAL’s report until he realized it was not

favorable to his case. Also, the GAL testified that Travis was uncooperative with her

evaluation. The chancellor, as fact-finder, was within his discretion to give the weight to the


                                              15
GAL’s report that the chancellor found it deserved. We find no error in the chancellor’s

reliance on the GAL’s report.

       III.    Whether the chancellor erred in finding Travis in contempt where
               he had a reasonable “good-faith belief” of abuse at the time of his
               denial of visitation to Kristy.

¶52.   Travis admits that he denied Kristy all visitation and contact with Jane from April

2011 through April 2012. However, he argues that he had a good reason, a “good-faith

belief” that Kristy’s husband was sexually abusing Jane, and thus he should not have been

found in contempt. The chancellor found no merit to this argument.

¶53.   The issue of contempt was not addressed in the chancellor’s original order, but was

ruled upon after Kristy’s post-trial motion to alter or amend the judgment. The chancellor

noted that Travis did not respond to this motion. Travis argues no response was needed

because he had already denied the allegations of contempt in a previous response and had

testified at trial, denying the allegations.

¶54.   “Whether a party is in contempt is left to the chancellor’s substantial discretion.”

McIntosh v. Dep’t of Human Servs., 886 So. 2d 721, 725 (¶11) (Miss. 2004). “Failure to

comply with a court order is prima facie evidence of contempt.” Evans v. Evans, 75 So. 3d

1083, 1087 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011) (citing McIntosh, 886 So. 2d at 724 (¶11)). “To

rebut a prima facie case of contempt, a defendant must show an ‘inability to pay, that the

default was not willful, that the provision violated was ambiguous, or that performance was

impossible.’” Id. (quoting Deborah H. Bell, Bell on Mississippi Family Law § 11.05[1][a]

(1st ed. 2005)).

¶55.   The chancellor found:


                                               16
       With respect to instances in which Mr. Strait acted in contempt of Court, the
       Court found that: when Mrs. Lorenz contacted Mr. Strait about summer 2011
       visitation, he did not respond to her, in contempt of this Court’s October 19,
       2010 Order; Mr. Strait consistently refused to comply with visitation, in
       Contempt of this Court’s prior Orders and Judgments; and, Mr. Strait restricted
       [Jane]’s telephone and email contact with her mother, in contempt of this
       Court’s August 24, 2009 Judgment. Furthermore, the parties were required by
       this Court’s August 11, 2011 Order to cooperate fully with the guardian ad
       litem in her investigation, and as the Court found in its Opinion and Judgment,
       Mr. Strait consistently failed to do so. For these several instances of Mr.
       Strait’s willful failure to comply with this Court’s Orders, he is held to be in
       contempt of this Court.

¶56.   Although Travis alleges he had a good-faith belief of abuse, this is not a defense to

contempt in this matter. Travis filed for a protective order in Hawaii on April 21, 2011,

which was set for hearing on June 1, 2011. After the hearing, the protective order was

dissolved due to lack of evidence. On May 26, 2011, Kristy filed for contempt and moved

to modify custody. A trial date was set for June 28, 2011. However, on June 16, 2011,

Travis moved for a restraining order in California, where he had recently moved. No petition

was made in Mississippi to suspend visitation. Travis makes no excuse for the other missed

visitations or his failure to comply with the court’s requirement that he keep his address

updated with the chancery clerk. The “[f]ailure to comply with a court order is prima facie

evidence of contempt.” Evans, 75 So. 3d at 1087 (¶14) (citing McIntosh, 886 So. 2d at 725

(¶11)). As stated, contempt matters are “left to the chancellor’s substantial discretion.”

McIntosh, 886 So. 2d at 725 (¶11). We find the chancellor did not abuse his discretion in

finding Travis in contempt.

       IV.    Whether the chancellor erred in granting Kristy attorney’s fees.

¶57.   Travis also argues that the chancellor erred in awarding Kristy attorney’s fees without



                                             17
an analysis under McKee v. McKee, 418 So. 2d 764, 767 (Miss. 1982), as to the nature of her

attorney’s services, the attorney’s skill, the novelty of the issues, and the amount of time the

attorney spent on each issue at trial.

¶58.   “In contempt actions, attorney[’s] fees are awarded ‘to make the plaintiff whole.’”

Mabus v. Mabus, 910 So. 2d 486, 490 (¶13) (Miss. 2005) (quoting Rogers v. Rogers, 662 So.

2d 1111, 1116 (Miss. 1995)). “The purpose of civil contempt is to enforce or coerce

obedience to the orders of the court.” Lahmann v. Hallmon, 722 So. 2d 614, 620 (¶19)

(Miss. 1998). “Contempt matters are committed to the substantial discretion of the trial court

which, by institutional circumstances and both temporal and visual proximity, is infinitely

more competent to decide the matter than we are.” Mabus, 910 So. 2d at 491 (¶20) (quoting

Cumberland v. Cumberland, 564 So. 2d 839, 845 (Miss. 1990)).

¶59.   The chancellor awarded Kristy $10,000 in attorney’s fees and an additional $1,000

to partially reimburse her for her payment to the GAL. The evidence showed Kristy spent

$37,545 for the Mississippi attorney, $1,500 to hire an attorney in Hawaii, $3,289 to hire an

attorney in California, and $3,600 for other costs. She was ordered to pay one-third of the

GAL’s bill, or $4,195.60.

¶60.   Kristy argues because this was a contempt matter, no analysis under McKee was

necessary. Kristy, as did the chancellor, cites Bounds v. Bounds, 935 So. 2d 407, 412 (¶¶18-

19) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), for the proposition that no McKee analysis was necessary. In

Bounds, the appellant argued the chancellor erred in awarding attorney’s fees without making

a McKee analysis. Id. at (¶17). This Court found that the “argument fail[ed] to differentiate

awarding attorney’s fees in a divorce action as compared to a contempt action.” Id. at (¶18)


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(citing Mabus, 910 So. 2d at 486). At trial, testimony was presented that Kristy’s attorney’s

fees exceeded $42,000. Travis does not argue that the attorney’s fees were unreasonable,

only that no itemization was provided. The chancellor awarded $10,000 in attorney’s fees,

which was a fraction of the attorney’s fees presented. Because this was a contempt action,

we find no error in the chancellor’s award.

       V.     Whether the chancellor erred in authorizing the GAL’s fees and
              assessing the majority of the fees to Travis.

¶61.   Travis argues the GAL’s fees were unreasonable and should be reduced. He also

argues he should not have been ordered to pay two-thirds plus $1,000 of the GAL’s fees.

¶62.   The GAL’s total bill was $12,586.81. She logged 122 hours of work, and billed $100

an hour, for a total of $12,200. Each hour of work was itemized and detailed. The

chancellor found the work well documented and reasonable, and the chancellor found the

hourly rate was within, or even below, the range of customary fees. The GAL also charged

$386.81 in expenses—$5.52 for postage and the rest mileage between Columbus and Kristy’s

home. Travis cites to laws in other states that cap what a GAL may charge; however,

Mississippi has no such cap. Rather, the GAL’s fees are left to the discretion of the

chancellor. Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 17(d) states: “In all cases in which a

guardian ad litem is required, the court must ascertain a reasonable fee or compensation to

be allowed and paid to such guardian ad litem for his service rendered in such cause, to be

taxed as a part of the cost in such action.” The chancellor found the fees were reasonable and

noted that Travis had no objection to the fees until he discovered the GAL’s report was

disfavorable to him. We cannot find the chancellor erred in finding the GAL’s fees



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reasonable.

¶63.   Regarding the assessment of the majority of the GAL’s fees to Travis, we note that

this was not the chancellor’s decision, but rather the arrangement agreed to by the parties.

The agreed order appointing Turner as the GAL states: “the cost of the [GAL] shall be borne

by the parties as follows—with two-thirds (2/3) of the costs borne by Travis Strait and one-

third (1/3) by Kristy Lorenz[.]” As this was the agreement of the parties, we cannot find the

chancellor erred in simply enforcing the percentages agreed to by the parties. “Our rules of

procedure treat guardian ad litem fees as court costs to be awarded against the non-prevailing

party.” Miss. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Murr, 797 So. 2d 818, 821 (¶9) (Miss. 2000) (citing

M.R.C.P. 17(d)). Thus, the chancellor would have been within his discretion to award all the

GAL’s fees to Travis. The chancellor did not err in ordering Travis to pay two-thirds of the

GAL’s fees or the additional $1,000 ordered in the amended judgment.

       VI.    Whether the chancellor erred in failing to transfer the case due to
              forum non conveniens.

¶64.   Travis argues that the chancery court should have declined jurisdiction and transferred

the case to California, where he and Jane lived.

¶65.   “A court of this state which has jurisdiction under this chapter to make a child custody

determination may decline to exercise its jurisdiction at any time if it determines that it is an

inconvenient forum under the circumstances and that a court of another state is a more

appropriate forum.” Miss. Code Ann. § 93-27-207(1) (Rev. 2013). Travis filed a motion to

transfer the case due to forum non conveniens on July 11, 2011. The motion was denied on

July 26, 2011. This decision was not challenged or appealed in the form of an interlocutory



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appeal. See 3M Co. v. Johnson, 926 So. 2d 860, 861 (¶1) (Miss. 2006) (interlocutory appeal

from an order denying dismissal for forum non conveniens). Rather, all litigation continued

in Mississippi without objection. Thus, we find this issue was waived.

¶66.   While not argued on appeal, we note that Travis’s motion alleging forum non

conveniens also challenged the chancery court’s jurisdiction over matter, which is not subject

to waiver. See Harry v. Harry, 856 So. 2d 748, 752 (¶15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2003) (“[S]ubject

matter jurisdiction may not be waived and may be asserted at any stage of the proceeding or

even collaterally.”). Travis’s motion for forum non conveniens is distinguishable from his

motion for lack of jurisdiction. A motion for forum non conveniens in a child-custody matter

does not challenge the court’s jurisdiction, but rather argues that “[a] court of this state which

has jurisdiction . . . may decline to exercise its jurisdiction” for convenience of the parties.

Miss. Code Ann. § 93-27-207(1). The court that made the child-custody determination

retains jurisdiction until:

       [A] court of this state determines that neither the child, nor the child and one
       parent, nor the child and a person acting as a parent have a significant
       connection with this state and that substantial evidence is no longer available
       in this state concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and personal
       relationships[.]

Miss. Code Ann. § 93-27-202 (Rev. 2013). No such determination regarding lack of

jurisdiction was made in this case. Thus, we find the chancery court’s jurisdiction was

proper. The chancellor’s decision is affirmed.

¶67. THE JUDGMENT OF THE LOWNDES COUNTY CHANCERY COURT IS
AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE
APPELLANT.

       LEE, C.J., IRVING, P.J., ISHEE, ROBERTS, CARLTON, MAXWELL AND

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FAIR, JJ., CONCUR. JAMES, J., CONCURS IN PART WITHOUT SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION. BARNES, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.




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