            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



ZAID SAFDAR,                                                         FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     March 7, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 344030
                                                                     Oakland Circuit Court
DONYA AZIZ,                                                          LC No. 2016-839363-DM

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MURRAY, C.J., and SHAPIRO and RIORDAN, JJ.

SHAPIRO, J. (concurring).

        I agree with the majority’s conclusion that in adopting MCL 722.27a(10) the Legislature
intended to ensure that parenting time would not be conducted in countries in which a Michigan
court’s custody determination may not be enforced. Accordingly, I concur.

        I disagree with the majority’s view, however, that this issue can be resolved by resort to
the “plain language” of the statute. To the contrary, if this case had to be decided solely on the
bare words of the statute, I would conclude that it mandates the opposite result. However, the
intent of the Legislature is clear regardless of any imperfections in the text of the statute.

        The text states that parenting-time orders shall bar the exercise of parenting time “in a
country that is not a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child
Abduction.” MCL 722.27a(10). The majority goes on to analyze the meaning of “party” and
concludes that “party to the Hague Convention” really means a “party to the Hague Convention
whose accession the United States accepts.” However, the statute does not say that the country
must be a party to a treaty with the United States; nor does it refer to parties to the Convention
whose accession has been accepted by the United States. The word “party” is modified only by
the phrase that follows it, i.e., “to the Hague Convention.” Thus, the statute’s plain language
allows relocation to Pakistan if Pakistan is a “party to the Hague Convention,” which it surely is.
Pakistan acceded to the Convention, becoming a party to it, several years ago. In sum, while it is
true that the United States has not accepted Pakistan as a treaty partner, the statute does not refer
to a requirement that the United States accept Pakistan’s ascension nor to some relationship




                                                -1-
between the United States and Pakistan arising out of the treaty.1 The words of the statute have
but one requirement, that Pakistan become a party to the Hague Convention.2

        I respectfully suggest that the Legislature’s intent (which is ultimately what controls) is
clear even if the language of the statute is imperfect. The Legislature’s intent was to prevent the
possibility that a child could be relocated to a country that is not required to enforce an order
concerning custody issued by a court in the United States. No one, including plaintiff, has
ventured to articulate why the Legislature would pass a law that would allow children to be
relocated to countries that have ratified the Hague Convention but are not yet bound to adhere to
its requirements vis-à-vis the United States.

        The words used by the Legislature in the statute are not clear, or at minimum, do not fully
accomplish its purpose. Rather than trying to get the words to mean something other than they
do, I would conclude that it is proper here to discern the meaning of the statute by considering its
clear purpose.



                                                             /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro




1
  The majority cites Elahham v Al-Jabban, 319 Mich App 112; 899 NW2d 768 (2017),
suggesting that it provides support for the view that until the United States accepts Pakistan’s
ascension Pakistan is not a party to the Convention. However, Elahham involved wholly
different circumstances. In that case, the country in question was Egypt, a country that, unlike
Pakistan, had neither signed nor acceded to the Convention, i.e., it was not “a party to the Hague
Convention.”
2
  Diverging from its plain-language approach, the majority essentially revises the statutory
language on page 8 of its opinion, noting that its task is to “determin[e] whether Pakistan is a
party to the Convention with the United States . . . .” (Emphasis added).


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