                          COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                               FORT WORTH

                               NO. 02-11-00431-CV


MBR & ASSOCIATES, INC. AND                                            APPELLANTS
MARION BRIAN RAMON

                                         V.

WILLIAM S. LILE                                                          APPELLEE


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          FROM THE 352ND DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                      ----------

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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                                  I. INTRODUCTION

      Appellants MBR & Associates, Inc. and Marion Brian Ramon appeal from

the trial court’s judgment for Appellee William S. Lile, signed after a bench trial.

For the reasons set forth below, we will affirm the trial court’s judgment.




      1
       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
                             II. FACTUAL OVERVIEW

      Lile hired MBR Guaranteed Foundation Repair (MBR-GFR)2 to repair the

foundation of his home based on MBR-GFR’s representations that the company

had master plumbers and engineers on staff, that the company had liability

insurance to cover his property in the event of any damage to his property, and

that a master plumber and engineer would oversee the job at his house. Ramon

instructed the salespersons involved in obtaining Lile’s contract to make these

representations. Each of these representations was false. A forged and fake

copy of a certificate of liability insurance was included in MBR-GFR’s sales

packet.

      When MBR-GFR performed the “mudjacking” procedure on Lile’s home, its

workers negligently lifted the foundation too high, causing multiple fractures in

the foundation and causing the sewer system pipes to crack and pull loose from

sewer pipes in the foundation. No engineer or master plumber was supervising

the job.   The sewer system was filled with mudjacking concrete, which the

workers did not notice until it was coming up through the toilet bowl in one

bathroom, the drain of one bathtub, and the toilet opening in another bathroom.

Upon discovering the mudjacking concrete rising through Lile’s home’s sewer

system, the MBR-GFR workers left.          Eventually, MBR-GFR sent Douglas

Provenzano to Lile’s home to attempt to clean the now-hardened mudjacking

      2
        The trial court found that MBR-GFR was a trade name used by Ramon
individually.


                                       2
concrete out of sewer system pipes at Lile’s house. Provenzano represented

himself to be—but was not—a master plumber. Provenzano jackhammered five

holes into Lile’s foundation inside his house looking for the main sewer line but

could not find it. Ramon told Lile that he had liability insurance but that he was

not going to turn in a claim because what had happened was not his fault and

that he was not going to do anything further to help Lile.      Appellants3 then

abandoned all efforts to complete or repair Lile’s foundation. The mudjacking

concrete injected into Lile’s sewer system remained there through the date of

trial. Lile’s sewer system was inoperable, and his home was uninhabitable.

      Lile asserted causes of action against Appellants for breach of contract,

negligence, violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act

(DTPA), fraud, and gross negligence. The trial court’s findings of fact indicate

that the trial court found for Lile on each element of each of these causes of

action. The trial court found that the conduct of Appellants, including Ramon

individually, was a direct, proximate, and producing cause of extreme emotional

distress to Lile; he suffered physical illnesses—such as upset stomach,

headaches, high blood pressure, depression, bouts of crying, loss of sleep, and

loss of appetite. The trial court also found that this extreme emotional anguish

      3
        MBR-GFR is not reflected as an Appellant in the style of this case. The
trial court found that “MBR & Associates, Inc. was held out to the public and Lile
as the entity responsible for and controlling MBR-GFR, when in reality Ramon
was operating and controlling both entities, while hiding the truth from Lile” and
that “MBR & Associates, Inc. and Ramon doing business as MBR-GFR, are one
and the same and that’s the way Ramon treated them.”


                                        3
has been constant, consistent, and ongoing on a daily basis since the

mudjacking procedure occurred. The trial court awarded Lile the same amount

of damages for each of his causes of action—including breach of contract,

negligence, violations of the DTPA, and fraud.       The total damages awarded

included $2,000.00 for loss of the benefit of the bargain; $132,469.04 for the

reasonable and necessary costs to repair Lile’s house; $69,150.00 for temporary

housing during the loss of the use of his house; $1,967.04 for reasonable and

necessary mitigation expenses incurred by Lile in protecting his property from

damage; $250,000.00 for mental anguish sustained by Lile in the past; and

$50,000.00 for mental anguish damages which in reasonable probability will be

sustained by Lile in the future. These damages were awarded against MBR &

Associates, Inc. and Ramon, jointly and severally.

     III. STANDARD OF REVIEW WHEN TRIAL COURT ISSUES FINDINGS OF FACT

      Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force

and dignity as a jury’s answers to jury questions. Anderson v. City of Seven

Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). In a bench trial, the trial court, as

factfinder, is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses. Sw. Bell Media,

Inc. v. Lyles, 825 S.W.2d 488, 493 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ

denied).   If a complete reporter’s record exists in an appeal, the trial court’s

findings of fact are challengeable for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence

to support them by the same standards that are applied in reviewing evidence

supporting a jury’s finding. See Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex.


                                         4
1994). But unchallenged findings of fact are binding on an appellate court unless

contrary findings are established as a matter of law or no evidence supports

them. Milton M. Cooke Co. v. First Bank & Trust, 290 S.W.3d 297, 303 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (citing McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722

S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986)). Conclusions of law are not challengeable for

factual sufficiency, but they may be reviewed to determine their correctness

based upon the facts. Rogers v. City of Fort Worth, 89 S.W.3d 265, 277 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.). A challenge to fact findings that form the basis

of a conclusion of law or disposition will be overruled when the appellant does

not challenge other fact findings that support that conclusion or disposition.

Milton M. Cooke Co., 290 S.W.3d at 303; Raman Chandler Props., L.C. v.

Caldwell’s Creek Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 178 S.W.3d 384, 397 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2005, pet. denied); see also Oliphant Fin. L.L.C. v. Hill, 310 S.W.3d

76, 77 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, pet. filed) (explaining that an appellant must

attack all independent bases or grounds that fully support a complained-of ruling

or judgment, or appellate court must affirm judgment or ruling).

      Here, following the bench trial, the trial court issued 215 findings of fact

and 33 conclusions of law comprising 39 pages in the clerk’s record. Appellants,

in their brief, do not challenge any specific finding of fact or conclusion of law.

Additionally, although Appellants raise nine issues,4 many of their issues do not


      4
       Appellants’ nine issues are as follows:


                                        5
1.   What is the proper measure of damages when the cost
     to repair real property exceeds the value of the property
     itself?

     a.    Is cost of repair the proper measure of damages
           when the undisputed evidence shows that repairs
           are economically unfeasible?

     b.    Is loss of use the proper measure of damages for
           permanent injury to real property?

2.   Did the trial court err in denying, as a matter of law,
     Marion Brian Ramon’s affirmative defense of
     limitations?

3.   Did the Plaintiff suffer the type of injury for which mental
     anguish damages are recoverable?

4.   Did the Plaintiff present sufficient evidence to support
     the award of past and future mental anguish?

5.   Are the trial court’s vicarious liability findings supported
     by sufficient evidence?

     a.    Did the Plaintiff present sufficient evidence that
           MBR & Associates, Inc. is the alter ego of Marion
           Brian Ramon?

     b.    Did the Plaintiff present sufficient evidence that
           either Frank Creed or Justin Bryant was the agent
           of Marion Brian Ramon?

6.   Did the Plaintiff present sufficient evidence of proximate
     cause to support his fraud or DTPA claims?

7.   Did the trial court err in concluding that no responsible
     third parties were liable for Plaintiff’s damages?

8.   Did the trial court miscalculate pre-judgment interest as
     to Marion Brian Ramon?


                                   6
articulate alleged error by the trial court, and none of them set forth the standard

of review that Appellants desire this court to apply. The argument portions of

Appellants’ brief on the issues raised by Appellants that generically query

whether the trial court’s findings are supported by “sufficient evidence” or

whether Lile presented “sufficient evidence” do not identify any specifically

challenged findings of fact, do not set forth a standard of review, and do not

purport to analyze the evidence in the 11-volume reporter’s record, the 278

exhibits, or the 6-volume clerk’s record contained in this appeal as it relates to

any finding of fact.

      During oral argument, the court questioned Appellants’ counsel regarding

the unchallenged findings of fact. Following oral argument, Appellants filed a

motion requesting to file, and we allowed Appellants to file, a supplemental brief

setting forth the relevant findings of fact challenged in each of the issues raised

in their appellate brief without any further analysis or additional issues. Because

Appellants filed a supplemental brief listing the relevant findings of fact

challenged in each of the issues they raised, we will address the issues

necessary for final disposition of this appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.




      9.     Is remand for a new hearing on exemplary damages
             appropriate in the event this Court reduces the amount
             of the Plaintiff’s actual damages?


                                         7
                   IV. PROPER MEASURE OF REAL PROPERTY DAMAGES

          In their first issue, Appellants claim that Lile can recover only diminution in

value damages. Appellants base their argument on their conclusion that the

damage to Lile’s property involved a permanent injury because the cost to repair

exceeded the decrease in market value of the property. Appellants further argue

that due to the permanent injury to Lile’s property, he cannot recover loss of use

damages.

          When, as here, damage to real property is involved, the correct measure of

damages is a fact-specific inquiry. Hall v. Hubco, Inc., 292 S.W.3d 22, 32 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied). If repair is feasible and does not

cause economic waste, then the plaintiff may recover the cost of repair;

otherwise, the plaintiff is entitled to the decrease in market value caused by the

injury.     See id.; Samuel v. KTVU P’ship, No. 08-02-00010-CV, 2003 WL

22405384, at *1 (Tex. App.—El Paso Oct. 22, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op. on reh’g)

(“Texas courts have recognized that the proper measure of damages when the

injury to realty is repairable is the reasonable cost of repairs necessary to restore

the property to its prior condition.”).

          Here, Lile testified that the fair market value of his home when it was in

good condition was $165,000 to $170,000.             There was no evidence offered

regarding the decrease in the fair market value of Lile’s home after it was

damaged. Based on the stipulation of the parties and on the testimony of Lile’s

expert Robert Nicholas, the trial court found that the reasonable and necessary


                                             8
cost to repair Lile’s home to rental status was $132,469.04.5 Measuring the

$132,469.04 cost to repair to rental status against the fair market value of

$165,000 to $170,000 (because there was no evidence of the decrease in the fair

market value of Lile’s home), it is clear that the cost to repair to rental status is

less than the home’s fair market value. Lile thus proved that the house could be

repaired to rental status without economic waste and that he is therefore entitled

to cost of repair damages. See Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum

Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 235 (Tex. 2004) (holding that Crown Central was entitled

to recover amount necessary to rebuild its facility because evidence at trial

supported jury’s finding that Crown Central could rebuild its facility to its former

condition; market value damages were unavailable because cost to rebuild

damaged property was significantly less than the decrease in market value

caused by damage); Control Solutions, Inc. v. Gharda USA, Inc., No. 01-10-

00719-CV, 2012 WL 3525372, at *35 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 16,

2012, no pet. h.) (holding that CSI was entitled to recover the amount necessary

to rebuild its facility and to compensate for its loss of use during the interim time




      5
       This total consists of $105,864.00, which the parties stipulated was the
cost to repair the interior of Lile’s house; $38,000.00 to repair the sewer lines,
less $11,394.96, which Lile had available for buildback that never took place due
to Appellants’ conduct.


                                         9
period because testimony established that property was not a total loss and was

rebuilt for less than its value).6

       Lile was not required to prove both cost of repair and diminution in value;

he, instead, had an election of which measure of damages to plead or prove.

See Miller v. Dickenson, 677 S.W.2d 253, 258 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1984, writ

ref’d n.r.e.). The record is clear that Lile elected to proceed under the cost of

repair measure of damages. If Appellants disagreed with the application of the

cost of repair measure of damages, they had the burden of proving that the

diminution in value was a smaller sum. See id. Appellants, however, do not

point us to any evidence in the record of the diminution in value.

       Appellants instead attempt to argue that economic waste would occur by

awarding Lile cost of repair damages because Lile’s expert Robert Nicholas

testified that it would cost more to fix the house than what it would be worth. In

their reply brief, Appellants set forth the relevant trial testimony from Nicholas,

including his opinion that the house could be repaired to a state that it would be



       6
       In his brief, Lile relied on Hennen v. McGinty, 335 S.W.3d 642 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011), which was overruled after his brief was filed.
See McGinty v. Hennen, 372 S.W.3d 625, 629 (Tex. 2012). In McGinty, the trial
court held that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the jury’s finding
that $651,230.72 was a reasonable and necessary cost to repair Hennen’s home
and that Hennen did not produce evidence of the difference in market value as of
the date of closing. Id. at 626. Here, as discussed below, Appellants failed to
timely challenge the reasonableness of Lile’s cost of repair damages, and Lile did
not pursue diminution in value damages. Thus, McGinty is distinguishable from
the case before us.


                                        10
presentable as rental or investment property.7        Nicholas’s report, which was

admitted into evidence, is consistent with his trial testimony and contains the

following conclusion:

      Based on my inspections, I believe that the house can be salvaged.
      The foundation and plumbing will require extensive repairs and
      completely leveling the foundation is probably not feasible. After
      renovations, the house would be considered more in the rental
      property category rather than primary residence. The renovation will
      include adding new steel piling, re-shimming some of the existing
      steel pilings, repairing or replacing the sewer system, backfilling the
      openings in and around the foundation, patching the holes in the
      slab, instilling the gyp-board on the interior and finishing out the
      interior with new paint and texture, new floorings, new fixtures and
      new cabinets.

      Based on the evidence presented at trial, including Nicholas’s testimony

and his report, the trial court made finding of fact 110:

      The condition of the foundation cracks inside the house and the
      foundation could be permanently repaired, but the costs would
      exceed the value of the Lile house. The cracks could be epoxied,
      but then the Lile house would be suitable only as a rental house,

      7
        Appellants in their reply brief also challenge for the first time on appeal
whether there was evidence that the repairs were economically feasible, arguing
that “the only testimony regarding the economic feasibility of repairs compels a
rejection of the award for cost of repairs based upon the economic waste rule.”
However, an issue raised for the first time in a reply brief is ordinarily waived and
need not be considered by this court. See McAlester Fuel Co. v. Smith Int’l, Inc.,
257 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied); see
also City of San Antonio v. Schautteet, 706 S.W.2d 103, 104 (Tex. 1986) (noting
that appellate court should not have addressed issues raised for first time in reply
brief on appeal). Moreover, Appellants did not object, but rather stipulated, to the
$105,864.00 cost to repair the interior of Lile’s house. See, e.g., Weitzel v.
Barnes, 691 S.W.2d 598, 601 (Tex. 1985) (stating that there was no objection to
reasonableness and necessity when trial judge admitted into evidence plaintiff’s
exhibit reflecting cost of repairs and holding that error, if any, had been waived by
failure to make a proper objection).


                                         11
      because a homeowner would not reasonably be expected to live in a
      house with a foundation in this condition, but Lile intends to live in
      the house after it is repaired.

As demonstrated by the expert’s testimony and report and as summarized in

finding of fact 110, this is a unique situation in which Lile, the homeowner,

wanted to be back in his house so badly that he was willing to have it repaired to

a rental property status at a cost less than the fair market value of the home,

rather than have it repaired to a homeowner status at a cost that would exceed

the fair market value of the home. Because Lile elected to pursue the cost of

repair damage model; because the only evidence of the fair market value of Lile’s

home was his testimony that it was worth $165,000 to $170,000 in good

condition; because the evidence supported the $132,469.04 cost of repair to

rental status, which was comprised of $105,864.00 of costs to repair the interior,

plus $38,000.00 of costs to repair the sewer lines, less $11,394.96 of costs that

were available for buildback; because the $132,469.04 cost of repair to rental

status was less than the $165,000 to $170,000 value of the home; and because

there was no evidence of diminution in value measure of damages; the trial court

did not err by awarding Lile cost of repair to rental status damages. See Coastal

Transp. Co., 136 S.W.3d at 235; Control Solutions, Inc., 2012 WL 3525372, at

*35. We therefore overrule Appellants’ first issue.

                     V. VICARIOUS AND INDIVIDUAL LIABILITY

      In the fifth issue, Ramon argues that the trial court erred by finding him

vicariously liable for the acts of MBR & Associates, Inc. Ramon challenges the


                                        12
trial court’s findings that MBR-GFR is the trade name of Ramon and that Ramon

is the alter ego of MBR & Associates, Inc. Lile responds that Ramon d/b/a MBR-

GFR is the alter ego of MBR & Associates, Inc.

      A corporation is a separate legal entity that normally insulates its owners or

shareholders from personal liability. Schlueter v. Carey, 112 S.W.3d 164, 169

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied). The corporate fiction is disregarded

based on alter ego, however, when a corporation is organized and operated as a

mere tool or business conduit of another. Id. An alter ego relationship may be

shown from the total dealings of the corporation and the individual, such as

evidence of the degree to which corporate and individual property have been

kept separate; the amount of financial interest, ownership, and control the

individual has maintained over the corporation; and whether the corporation has

been used for personal purposes. Id. (citing Mancorp, Inc. v. Culpepper, 802

S.W.2d 226, 228 (Tex. 1990)).       In a tort case, the financial strength of the

corporate tort-feasor is an important consideration.       Id. (citing Lucas v. Tex.

Indus., Inc., 696 S.W.2d 372, 375 (Tex. 1984)). If the corporation sued is not

reasonably capitalized in light of the nature and risk of its business, the need

might arise to attempt to pierce the corporate veil. Id.

      Here, the trial court made numerous findings of fact related to its

determination that Ramon was the alter ego of MBR & Associates, Inc., and the

record supports the trial court’s findings. Our review of the record reveals that

Ramon testified that he treated MBR & Associates, Inc. and MBR-GFR as “one in


                                         13
the same” and agreed when asked if “[a]ll of you are just one entity, right?” The

two entities shared the same phone number and office, and MBR-GFR did not

file a separate tax return, nor did it have its own federal tax identification number.

Ramon owned 100% of MBR & Associates, Inc. and was the president and CEO

of MBR-GFR. The individuals who worked on Lile’s house under the auspices of

MBR-GFR were paid with checks written on MBR & Associates, Inc.’s account.

Of the alter ego findings of fact that the trial court made, Ramon does not

challenge finding of fact 190, in which the trial court found that MBR &

Associates, Inc. has no employees, assets, equipment, vehicles, telephone

number, or business office address, yet it pays all bills for MBR-GFR, carries all

MBR-GFR employees and workers as the corporation’s employees and workers

for banking and income tax purposes, and accepts all accounts receivable to

MBR-GFR. Nor does Ramon challenge finding of fact 191, in which the trial

court found that MBR & Associates, Inc. owned a house valued at $1.8 million on

Joe Pool Lake, a house in which Ramon and his family live and that was

transferred out of the corporation’s name shortly before the trial.

      Analyzing the factors from Schlueter that are set forth above—including

that Ramon’s individual property was not kept separate from the corporation’s,

that the corporation was used for the personal purpose of holding Ramon’s

home, and that Ramon was the sole shareholder and owner of MBR &

Associates, Inc.—the evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact and the

correctness of its conclusions of law that Ramon and MBR & Associates, Inc. are


                                         14
alter egos of one another. See 112 S.W.3d at 169 (holding evidence legally

sufficient to support trial court’s finding that Schlueter was Entertainment

Properties’s [EP’s] alter ego because evidence showed that Schlueter owned all

of the stock of EP, was one of its two officers, and referred to himself and EP

interchangeably during testimony). We hold that the trial court therefore did not

err by finding Ramon vicariously liable for the acts of MBR & Associates, Inc.

      In the alternative, as Lile argued in his brief, the judgment in this case

would not change even if the trial court had erred by making its trade name and

alter ego findings because the trial court found Ramon individually liable for fraud

and DTPA violations.

      The DTPA creates a cause of action when a consumer suffers from

“[f]alse, misleading, or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or

commerce.” Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.46(a) (West 2011). Such “acts or

practices” include “representing that goods or services have . . . characteristics

. . . which they do not have.” Id. § 17.46(b)(5); see Commonwealth Lloyds Ins.

Co. v. Downs, 853 S.W.2d 104, 116 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, writ denied).

Moreover, “there can be individual liability on the part of a corporate agent for

misrepresentations made by him.” Weitzel, 691 S.W.2d at 601.

      Here, Frank Creed, who worked for MBR-GFR, testified that Ramon

trained him and instructed him to represent to potential customers that MBR-GFR

had master plumbers and engineers that would oversee the job and that MBR-

GFR had liability insurance. Ramon testified that he had not told anyone to make


                                        15
such representations; he agreed that any such representations were not true.

The record, however, contains evidence of statements made by Ramon—that is,

that he instructed Creed to represent to potential customers that MBR-GFR had

master plumbers and engineers that would oversee the job and that MBR-GFR

had liability insurance—upon which the trial court could have relied in concluding

that Ramon had made oral misrepresentations. Such evidence supports the trial

court’s findings of fact that Ramon is personally liable for the misrepresentations

that he made.

      We therefore alternatively hold that even if the trial court’s trade name and

alter ego fact findings are supported by insufficient evidence, the evidence

supports the trial court’s findings that Ramon was individually liable for the

misrepresentations that he made in violation of the DTPA. See id. (upholding

individual liability on part of two corporate officers because record contained

evidence of statements of both men that supported trial court’s findings that each

had made oral misrepresentations that were actionable under DTPA). Thus, the

judgment against Ramon individually is supportable based not only on the trial

court’s trade name and alter ego findings but also, alternatively, based on the

trial court’s findings supporting DTPA violations by Ramon himself.

      We overrule Appellants’ fifth issue.




                                        16
VI. EVIDENCE ESTABLISHED THAT MISREPRESENTATIONS WERE PRODUCING CAUSE
                           OF LILE’S DAMAGES

      In their sixth issue, Appellants argue that Lile failed to establish the

proximate cause element of his fraud and DTPA claims.           Appellants do not

provide a single citation to the record in support of their arguments on this issue.

We begin with Lile’s DTPA cause of action.

      To prevail on a DTPA claim, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant’s

misrepresentation was the producing cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. Tex. Bus. &

Com. Code Ann. § 17.50(a) (West 2011); Alexander v. Turtur & Assocs., Inc.,

146 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex. 2004); Main Place Custom Homes, Inc. v. Honaker,

192 S.W.3d 604, 616 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied). Producing

cause requires that the defendant’s acts be both a cause-in-fact and a

“substantial factor in bringing about injury which would not otherwise have

occurred.”   Transcon. Ins. Co. v. Crump, 330 S.W.3d 211, 223 (Tex. 2010)

(quoting Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Jefferson Assocs., Ltd., 896 S.W.2d 156,

161 (Tex. 1995)). Unlike proximate cause, producing cause does not require

proof of foreseeability. See Transcon. Ins. Co., 330 S.W.3d at 223; S & I Mgmt.,

Inc. v. Choi, 331 S.W.3d 849, 856 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).             The

plaintiff must also prove that it relied on the defendants’ misrepresentation to his

detriment. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.50(a)(1)(B).

      As set forth above, Lile was not required to prove proximate cause, only

producing cause, with respect to his DTPA claim. Appellants, in their initial brief,



                                        17
failed to challenge the producing cause element of Lile’s DTPA cause of action,

raising producing cause only in their reply brief. Because the trial court awarded

the same damages under Lile’s DTPA and fraud causes of action,8 if we

determine that Lile established the producing cause element of his DTPA claim,

we need not address Appellants’ proximate cause challenge to Lile’s fraud claim.

      During the bench trial, Lile testified that Creed told him that MBR-GFR

carried liability insurance and had a master plumber and an engineer that would

be overseeing the work on Lile’s home. Lile glanced at the sales packet that

Creed showed him, including what appeared to be a certificate of liability

insurance, and testified that Creed’s representation that MBR-GFR carried

liability insurance was important to him.   It was also important to Lile that a

master plumber and an engineer would be overseeing the work.9 Lile relied on

Creed’s representations and said he would not have allowed workers from MBR-

GFR to “step foot on” his property if he had known that MBR-GFR did not have

insurance to cover damage to his property. Prior to this incident, Lile did not

have knowledge of how the foundation industry operated, had never watched a

foundation be repaired, and had no knowledge of the pitfalls in lifting a


      8
        The judgment awards Lile $150,000 from MBR & Associates, Inc. and
$150,000 from Ramon. The findings of fact state that this amount is assessed as
exemplary damages based on the gross negligence, fraud, and knowing and
intentional conduct under the DTPA.
      9
      Ramon testified that a licensed plumber and an engineer were not on site
when the work on Lile’s home started.


                                       18
foundation.     Lile trusted the representations made by Creed about liability

insurance and supervision of the work by a master plumber and engineer; in

addition, Creed represented that he was going to do a good job and was going to

“fix [Lile’s foundation] where [Lile] couldn’t tell it had ever been repaired.”

      This evidence factually supports the trial court’s conclusion that but for

Appellants’ misrepresentations, Lile would not have incurred the mudjacking

damages in connection with his property. See Main Place Custom Homes, Inc.,

192 S.W.3d at 619–20 (holding that homeowners’ DTPA claims were based on

the    causal     connection      between      construction     company’s         owner’s

misrepresentations and their damages); see also Choi, 331 S.W.3d at 856

(holding that there was some evidence of DTPA causation because there was

testimony that broker’s representations about a vacant gas station remaining

vacant were a substantial factor in appellant’s purchasing the businesses and

that appellant would not have purchased the businesses if the broker had told

him that Quiktrip was moving into vacant gas station). We therefore hold that the

record contains legally and factually sufficient evidence of the producing cause

element of Lile’s DTPA claim. See Carpenter v. Holmes Builders, Inc., No. 11-

02-00132-CV, 2004 WL 306130, at *7 (Tex. App.—Eastland Feb. 19, 2004, pet.

denied) (order and mem. op.) (holding that evidence was legally and factually

sufficient to support determination that appellee’s DTPA violations were a

producing cause of appellants’ damages because appellee deficiently selected

slab-on-grade foundation for appellants’ home despite soil report stating that


                                          19
slab-on-grade floor system should not be used due to excessive shrink/swell

movement potential of high plasticity clays found at site).          We overrule

Appellants’ sixth issue.

               VII. MENTAL ANGUISH DAMAGES ARE RECOVERABLE

      In their third issue, Appellants argue that Lile cannot recover mental

anguish damages in a suit based solely on damage to real property. Appellants

rely on City of Tyler v. Likes, 962 S.W.2d 489 (Tex. 1997), in arguing that the

supreme court has held as a matter of law that mental anguish damages are not

recoverable for a claim involving damages to real property.

      Appellants fail to acknowledge that the supreme court in Likes specifically

noted that “mental anguish based solely on negligent property damage is not

compensable as a matter of law” and that “[b]ecause the injury to Likes’s

property was not intentional or malicious, or even grossly negligent, we need not

decide whether mental anguish arising out of property damage may be legally

compensable when a heightened degree of misconduct is found.” Id. at 497

(emphasis added). Likes specifically states that mental anguish damages are

recoverable for some common law torts that generally involve intentional or

malicious conduct such as libel, battery, and by analogy, for knowing violations of

certain statutes such as the DTPA. Id. at 495; see also Tex. Bus. & Com. Code

Ann. § 17.50(b)(1) (permitting award of mental anguish damages on a DTPA

claim if the trier of fact finds that the conduct of the defendant was committed

“knowingly”); Luna v. N. Star Dodge Sales, Inc., 667 S.W.2d 115, 117 (Tex.


                                        20
1984) (holding that a DTPA plaintiff may recover mental anguish damages when

there is proof of a willful tort, willful and wanton disregard, or gross negligence).

Where a claim of mental anguish is based solely upon property damage resulting

from gross negligence, recovery is contingent upon evidence of some ill-will,

animus, or design to harm the plaintiff personally; such rationale is more

consistent with the general principle that emotional distress is not usually

recoverable as an element of property damages unless an improper motive is

involved. Accord Seminole Pipeline Co., Mapco, Inc. v. Broad Leaf Partners,

Inc., 979 S.W.2d 730, 757 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.).

Thus, Lile, as a DTPA plaintiff, may recover mental anguish damages if he

established that Appellants knowingly engaged in conduct that violated the

DTPA.

      Here, with regard to whether Appellants knowingly engaged in conduct that

violated the DTPA that would entitle Lile to recover mental anguish damages, the

trial court made numerous findings of fact, some of which Appellants failed to

challenge, related to Appellants’ knowing conduct. In findings of fact 139, 140,

and 151, among others, the trial court found that the conduct of Appellants was

knowing and intentional and rose to the level of gross negligence and malice.

Appellants, however, challenge only seven of the trial court’s findings of facts:

71, 129, 134, 138, 152, 153, and 161; they do not challenge findings of fact 139,

140, or 151 in connection with this issue. Our review of the record reveals that

these unchallenged findings of fact are supported by ample evidence in the


                                         21
record.   Because the record supports the unchallenged findings of fact and

because such unchallenged findings of fact are binding on us, we hold that Lile

established that Appellants knowingly engaged in conduct that violated the

DTPA, and thus Lile was entitled to recover mental anguish damages in

connection with his DTPA claim for Appellants’ knowing conduct. See Luna, 667

S.W.2d at 117 (holding that jury’s finding—that the unconscionable actions of a

car dealership were committed “knowingly”—was sufficient to support recovery of

mental anguish damages in suit involving DTPA claims); Milton M. Cooke Co.,

290 S.W.3d at 303 (citing McGalliard, 722 S.W.2d at 696).             We overrule

Appellants’ third issue.

   VIII. SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE EXISTS TO SUPPORT MENTAL ANGUISH DAMAGES

      In their fourth issue, Appellants argue that Lile did not present sufficient

evidence of past or future mental anguish damages.

                   A. Legal Sufficiency Standard of Review

      We may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when (1) the record

discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred

by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a

mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital

fact. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998),

cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999); Robert W. Calvert, “No Evidence” and

“Insufficient Evidence” Points of Error, 38 Tex. L. Rev. 361, 362–63 (1960). In


                                        22
determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the finding

under review, we must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable

factfinder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a

reasonable factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228

S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827

(Tex. 2005). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to

support the finding. Cont’l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450

(Tex. 1996); Leitch v. Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 118 (Tex. 1996).

                  B. Factual Sufficiency Standard of Review

      When reviewing an assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to

support a finding, we set aside the finding only if, after considering and weighing

all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we determine that the

credible evidence supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the

overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the answer should be set aside and

a new trial ordered. Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986)

(op. on reh’g); Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); Garza v. Alviar,

395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965).

                     C. Law on Mental Anguish Damages

      The supreme court has admonished appellate courts to closely scrutinize

awards for mental anguish damages. Universe Life Ins. Co. v. Giles, 950 S.W.2d

48, 54 (Tex. 1997). An award of mental anguish damages “will survive a legal

sufficiency challenge when the plaintiffs have introduced direct evidence of the


                                        23
nature, duration, and severity of their mental anguish, thus establishing a

substantial disruption in the plaintiffs’ daily routine.” Parkway Co. v. Woodruff,

901 S.W.2d 434, 444 (Tex. 1995).        If there is no direct evidence, we apply

“traditional ‘no evidence’ standards to determine whether the record reveals any

evidence of ‘a high degree of mental pain and distress’ that is ‘more than mere

worry, anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or anger’ to support any award of

damages.”    Id.; see also Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66, 70 (Tex. 1998)

(holding that plaintiff’s testimony—that defendant’s DTPA violations made him

“sick, nervous, [and] mad,” that his “heart was broken,” and that he “felt

physically ill” and vomited—constituted some evidence that defendant’s conduct

caused plaintiff a “high degree of mental pain and distress” that a jury could

consider). It is not necessary, however, for a party to have suffered any physical

injury to recover damages for mental anguish. Star Houston v. Shevack, 886

S.W.2d 414, 418 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994), writ denied, 907 S.W.2d

452 (Tex. 1995). Texas courts have held that evidence of a claimant’s physical

and emotional state, coupled with his inability to eat and sleep, constitutes legally

and factually sufficient evidence to support the award of mental anguish

damages. See CA Partners v. Spears, 274 S.W.3d 51, 76–77 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (citing four cases from throughout Texas).

      Further, in certain categories of cases, the inherent problems of

foreseeability and genuineness associated with mental anguish damages are

largely mitigated. See Likes, 962 S.W.2d at 495. These include some common


                                         24
law torts that generally involve intentional or malicious conduct such as libel, and

by analogy, knowing DTPA violations. Id.

      Moreover, translating mental anguish damages into dollars is necessarily

an arbitrary process. Lone Star Ford v. Hill, 879 S.W.2d 116, 121 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no writ).    Damages for future mental anguish are

recoverable “if there is a reasonable probability that they will be suffered in the

future.” Lubbock Cnty. v. Strube, 953 S.W.2d 847, 857 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997,

pet. denied). In the absence of any objective guidelines, we should defer to the

factfinder’s discretion in determining mental anguish damages. Lone Star Ford,

879 S.W.2d at 121.

        D. Sufficient Evidence to Support Mental Anguish Damages

      Appellants challenge the following findings of fact in connection with their

fourth issue:

      Finding of fact 71:

             On the evening of April 17, 2003, after mudjacking concrete
      entered the sewer system, Rosales and crew suddenly loaded their
      tools and equipment and left Lile with a house with water and
      mudjacking concrete all over the walls and floors. Lile was left to try
      to get the water mixed with mudjacking concrete off the floor by
      himself. He was stunned and shocked by what he had been told
      and what he saw. He mopped awhile, then went outside and walked
      around his house and started to cry. He stayed until early the
      following morning mopping water mixed with mudjacking concrete
      and crying. Lile became physically ill, his blood pressure rose, he
      could not sleep and he worried about what he and his family would
      do, and how he would tell them what had happened. His house was
      destroyed. He experienced severe mental anguish as a result of this
      occurrence. He had just had the mold removed from inside his



                                        25
      house and now his house had water mixed with mudjacking
      concrete on the walls and floors.

      Finding of fact 129:

             The conduct of Defendant was a direct, proximate and
      producing cause of extreme emotional anguish which Lile has
      suffered since April 17, 2003. He has suffered severe anxiety and
      worry about how he and his family will continue to survive with a
      house that is paid for, but uninhabitable; he suffers from physical
      illness such as upset stomach and headaches; he suffers from high
      blood pressure; depression; bouts of crying; loss of sleep; loss of
      appetite; and, hours awake in the early morning hours worrying
      about what he and his family will do to survive if his house isn’t
      rebuilt, and duration of his extreme emotional anguish has been
      constant, consistent and ongoing on a daily basis since his ordeal
      began on the evening of April 17, 2003, and has enveloped his very
      life.

Appellants also challenge findings of fact 134, 138, 152, 153, and 161, in which

the trial court found that $250,000.00 would fairly and reasonably compensate

Lile for his emotional anguish in the past and $50,000.00 will in reasonable

probability fairly and reasonably compensate Lile for the extreme and severe

emotional anguish, which, in reasonable probability, he will sustain in the future.

      The record contains legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the

above findings of fact. Lile testified that he was told by the foreman not to go in

his house because they had destroyed his foundation and his home by filling up

all of the sewer lines and drain lines with concrete. Lile wanted to see the extent

of the damage and disregarded the foreman’s instruction; he entered his home

and found it full of standing water. Lile was “absolutely stunned.” After the

foreman said that they could not repair the foundation and left the house in total



                                         26
disarray, Lile was “just absolutely exasperated. I just -- excuse me. I almost

can’t -- can’t describe how I felt.” Later in the testimony, he explained,

      I went ahead and attempted to [use a broom to sweep water out of
      the house], but I was so exasperated, so absolutely stunned that
      what I found myself doing was just -- was walking around outside of
      the house. And -- And I hate to say it, you know, it -- it’s upsetting
      me right now. It upset me. I need to stop.

             It upset me a great deal. A great deal. . . .

Lile further explained,

      I was going to try to get some of that -- that water and mud and
      concrete out of the house. And what I found myself doing was
      walking around the outside, and as I did a while ago, became quite
      upset trying to think what I was going to tell my family.

            And what -- you know, a man usually tries to control his
      emotions, and it didn’t work. It didn’t work a while ago. I was just --
      and I don’t like to admit it, but I was crying. And for me it’s
      embarrassing, but -- so I was trying to figure out what -- what I was
      going to tell my family, my wife and my daughter that was still at
      home.

            And trying to determine what -- what in the world I was going
      to do. And the more I approached those, the more emotional I got
      about it. And I probably spent 45 minutes at the house just
      emotionally upset and emotionally drained. Trying to give myself
      enough time so I could go back to the house and I didn’t want
      Charlotte and Jennifer to be aware of that.

             ....

            You know, I was trying to do stuff [e.g., rolling the garden
      hoses and putting them away]. I don’t know about other people, but
      when -- when I come to that point, I try to start doing things to -- to --
      not too many times in my life have I been that emotional. And -- And
      I was extremely emotional.




                                         27
Throughout the record, Lile testified that he was stunned and devastated, that it

was very upsetting to his family, and that it was very upsetting to not be able to

maintain his house and to have to live like hermits. Lile explained that he felt

guilty and embarrassed that he could not put a roof over his family.

      In addition to the emotional problems listed above, Lile testified that he had

experienced physical problems after his house was destroyed, including stomach

problems, extremely high blood pressure, severe heart problems, sleeplessness,

dizziness, lightheadedness, and depression. Lile explained that he experiences

extremely high blood pressure, “especially when [he] begin[s] to get upset as [he

does] because this is in front of [him] every day, every night, 3:00 or 4:00 in the

morning.”    Lile said that he had not encountered problems with his blood

pressure, nor had he experienced dizziness, prior to the mudjacking damage to

his home. In 2005, the year following the mudjacking, Lile was diagnosed with

“extremely serious” health problems.        He was told that he had “possibly six

months” to live. He lost four teeth in the years following the mudjacking incident

because he did not have money for dental work. Lile became upset while he was

testifying and said that he had been upset when he saw his house, “just like I am

today”; he said he was “in a lot of turmoil, still am to this day.”

      Lile’s testimony constitutes “direct evidence of the nature, duration, and

severity of [his] mental anguish” and establishes “a substantial disruption in [his]

daily routine.” See Parkway, 901 S.W.2d at 444. Lile’s testimony revealed that

he suffered from more than just “worry and anxiety” as argued by Appellants; he


                                           28
experienced physical and emotional suffering, in addition to an inability to sleep.

See CA Partners, 274 S.W.3d at 76–77. And he was continuing to experience

such physical and emotional suffering at the time of the trial, with no end in the

foreseeable future. We therefore hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to

support the trial court’s award of past and future mental anguish damages under

the DTPA. See id. at 78 (holding evidence legally sufficient to support award of

mental anguish damages under DTPA); Carpenter, 2004 WL 306130, at *6

(holding jury’s award of mental anguish damages was supported by legally

sufficient evidence because appellants’ testimony—that problems with their

dream    home’s    foundation   caused    anxiety,   embarrassment,     feelings   of

helplessness, recurring eye infection from the stress, sleepless nights, and daily

bouts of crying—constituted evidence that the ordeal caused a substantial

disruption of their daily lives over an extended period of time).

      Moreover, after considering and weighing all of the evidence in the record

pertinent to the mental anguish findings, we hold that the credible evidence

supporting the finding is not so weak, or so contrary to the overwhelming weight

of all the evidence, that the findings should be set aside and a new trial ordered.

Appellants did not present evidence contradicting Lile’s testimony. Absent such

evidence, Lile’s testimony is factually sufficient to support the trial court’s award

of past and future mental anguish damages under the DTPA. See CA Partners,

274 S.W.3d at 78 (holding evidence factually sufficient to support award of

mental anguish damages under DTPA); Carpenter, 2004 WL 306130, at *6


                                         29
(holding jury’s award of mental anguish damages was supported by factually

sufficient evidence).

      Furthermore, in light of Lile’s testimony that he suffered mental anguish on

a daily basis from the time of the incident through the time of trial and deferring to

the trial court’s discretion in determining the amount of mental anguish damages,

we hold that the amounts awarded are reasonable based on the frequency and

duration of his mental suffering.      See Carpenter, 2004 WL 306130, at *6.

Additionally, the mental anguish damages are not unreasonable when compared

to the other damages awarded by the trial court. See id. We therefore overrule

Appellants’ fourth issue.

  IX. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS DEFENSE NOT A BAR TO CLAIMS AGAINST RAMON

      In the second issue, Ramon argues that the trial court erred by denying his

limitations defense.    Specifically, Ramon argues that Lile’s Second Amended

Petition filed January 30, 2007—which asserted claims against Ramon in his

individual capacity for the first time and was filed more than two years after Lile’s

property was damaged on April 17, 2003—did not relate back to Lile’s timely filed

suit against MBR & Associates, Inc. Ramon’s argument fails in light of the trial

court’s finding of alter ego, which was not challenged with regard to this issue.10

Because we have upheld the trial court’s finding that Ramon is the alter ego of

MBR & Associates, Inc., the statute of limitations was tolled as to Ramon when

      10
         Appellants’ supplemental brief does not challenge any finding of fact
relating to this issue.


                                         30
Lile sued MBR & Associates, Inc. See Matthews Constr. Co. v. Rosen, 796

S.W.2d 692, 693 (Tex. 1990) (citing Gentry v. Credit Plan Corp., 528 S.W.2d

571, 575 (Tex. 1975), for the proposition that suit against a corporation tolls

limitations as to the alter ego of the corporation and quoting from Gentry, “The

purpose of the court in cases of this nature is to prevent use of the corporate

entity as a cloak for fraud or illegality or to work an injustice . . . .”). We hold that

the trial court therefore did not err by denying Ramon’s limitations defense, and

we overrule Appellants’ second issue.

                    X. CALCULATION OF PREJUDGMENT INTEREST

      In the eighth issue, Ramon argues that the trial court incorrectly calculated

the prejudgment interest as to him. Specifically, Ramon argues that because Lile

first filed his claims against Ramon on January 30, 2007, it is improper to award

prejudgment interest dating back to the original filing against MBR & Associates,

Inc. on June 2, 2004.11

      Both parties agree that Texas Finance Code section 304.104 governs the

accrual of prejudgment interest. Texas Finance Code section 304.104 states

that “prejudgment interest accrues on the amount of a judgment during the period

beginning on the earlier of the 180th day after the date the defendant receives

      11
           In their postsubmission brief, Appellants challenge conclusion of law 31
in connection with this issue. Conclusion of law 31 states only that “Lile is
entitled to prejudgment interest on his damages at the rate of five percent (5%)
per annum, against MBR & Associates, Inc. and Ramon, jointly and severally
. . . .” It does not, however, set forth the date on which the prejudgment interest
accrues.


                                           31
written notice of a claim or the date the suit is filed and ending on the day

preceding the date judgment is rendered.” Tex. Fin. Code Ann. § 304.104 (West

2006) (emphasis added). The only dispute is over which date should be used for

the prejudgment interest on the judgment against Ramon.

       The statute, however, does not provide for the delayed accrual date that

Ramon seeks. The statute specifically states that prejudgment interest accrues

on the earlier of (1) 180 days after the defendant receives notice, which Ramon

claims would be a 180 days after he was added to the suit on January 30, 2007,

or (2) “the day suit was filed,” which was June 2, 2004. The statute does not

state “the day suit was filed against the particular defendant.” Thus, under the

statute, the June 2, 2004 date, which is clearly the earlier of the two, is the

accrual date for the prejudgment interest on the judgment against Ramon. See

id.; see also Harris Cnty. Hosp. Dist. v. Tomball Reg’l Hosp., 283 S.W.3d 838,

846–47 (Tex. 2009) (declining to read language into the statutes and citing Seay

v. Hall, 677 S.W.2d 19, 25 (Tex. 1984) (“While this court may properly write in

areas traditionally reserved to the judicial branch of government, it would be a

usurpation of our powers to add language to a law where the legislature has

refrained.”)).

       Not only is this result proper under the previous statutory construction, the

same result is reached under the alter ego theory. Because we held above that

MBR & Associates, Inc. is Ramon’s alter ego, Lile’s suit against MBR &

Associates, Inc. was effectively the same as filing suit against Ramon.        See


                                         32
Matthews Constr. Co., 796 S.W.2d at 692–94; Schlueter, 112 S.W.3d at 169.

Thus, under the alter ego theory, the prejudgment interest accrues on the

judgment against Ramon beginning on June 2, 2004, when suit was filed against

MBR & Associates, Inc., Ramon’s alter ego. See, e.g., Hughes v. Thrash, 832

S.W.2d 779, 787–88 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ) (holding that

date prejudgment interest accrued against individual was same as the date suit

was filed against entity, even though individual was added to suit by an amended

petition seven months after the entity was sued, because entity was an assumed

name of individual).

      Because under both statutory construction and the alter ego theory the

prejudgment interest on the judgment against Ramon begins accruing on June 2,

2004, we hold that the trial court did not err in its calculation of prejudgment

interest on the judgment against Ramon. We overrule Appellants’ eighth issue.

            XI. NO ERROR IN FAILING TO ASSIGN LIABILITY TO OTHERS

      In their seventh issue, Appellants argue that the trial court’s ruling that the

“designated responsible third-parties” bore no responsibility is against the great

weight and preponderance of the evidence. Specifically, Appellants argue that

the trial court committed reversible error when it refused to find that Appellants

were not entitled to an offset in the amount of the settlement between Lile and

Baker Brothers Plumbing.

      The record demonstrates that Lile began having problems with his home in

2002. Prior to the foundation issue at hand, Lile discovered black mold in his


                                        33
home, and the problem was traced to leaks in the water supply lines. Baker

Brothers Rotovisions, Inc. repaired leaks in the toilets and underneath the kitchen

sink, completing the work in 2002. After the repairs were completed, there were

no other leaks in the water supply lines.

      In May or June 2002, Baker Brothers discovered that the sewer lines to

Lile’s home were leaking. Baker Brothers caused the toilet to overflow with raw

sewage. Baker Brothers caused damage to both toilet areas, underneath the

counters, the tubs, the hall, the foyer, the laundry room, part of the master

bedroom, a couple of closet areas, part of the middle bedroom, the dining room,

and the roof. The sewage also damaged the Sheetrock. Baker Brothers did

nothing to help Lile clean up the mess that they had caused. Lile later sued

Baker Brothers for the damage caused by the sewage and ultimately settled with

them for $8,000.

      In June or July 2002, it was discovered that the foundation had moved as a

result of the leaking sewer lines and that the sewer lines needed to be replaced.

So in August 2002, Steven Thomas Lux, a master plumber who was referred by

Power Jack Foundation Company, started the sewer line replacement; he did

not, however, jackhammer any holes in Lile’s foundation. When Lux completed

the replacement of the sewer line, Lile observed Lux conduct a hydrostatic test

on the line, which showed that there were no leaks or cracks in the line.

      In March 2003, ASAP Containment, a mold remediation company,

removed carpeting, Sheetrock, some kitchen cabinets, and some of the ceiling in


                                        34
several rooms in order to rid the home of mold. ASAP also repaired the roof. At

that point, all of the water leaks had been repaired, the sewer system had been

replaced, and the mold remediation had been completed.

      Lile testified that after ASAP Containment had completed structural

remediation and prior to MBR’s starting work on Lile’s home, there were no holes

punched through the slab of the interior of the foundation. There were also no

tunnels under the house; Lux and his crew had filled them when they replaced

the sewer lines. Lile further testified that he had never had any mudjacking work

done on his home prior to the day that MBR started its work. After MBR put

mudjacking cement in Lile’s sewer system, no one else came and did any

mudjacking work on Lile’s home.

      The trial court found that Baker Brothers and the other providers listed

above did not commit any act, omission, or other conduct in performing services

for Lile that caused or contributed to causing any damages or harm that Lile

sustained as a result of Appellants’ conduct.

      Based on the record, there is no evidence that any other person or entity

was responsible for the mudjacking damage caused by Appellants. As set forth

above, no other person or entity performed mudjacking work on Lile’s home, and

thus no other person or entity contributed to cause the damages Lile sustained

as a result of the mudjacking performed by Appellants. Moreover, Appellants’

attempt to receive an offset in the amount of the settlement between Lile and

Baker Brothers fails not only because there is no evidence to support it but also


                                        35
because Baker Brothers was no longer a party to the suit at the time of the trial;

the trial court had entered an order striking Appellants’ cross-claims against

Baker Brothers, and Appellants failed to challenge the order.         And because

Appellants never obtained an order on their motion to add Lux and Mendoza as

responsible third parties and never challenged the order striking their

counterclaims against Lux and Mendoza, the only parties in the case at the time

of the trial were MBR & Associates, Inc.; Ramon; and Lile. See generally Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.003(a) (West 2008) (stating that “trier of fact .

. . shall determine the percentage of responsibility . . . for . . . each responsible

third party who has been designated under Section 33.004”). We therefore hold

that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s

findings of fact 210, 211, 212, 213, and 214, which find that other service

providers are not responsible as third parties for the damages resulting from the

mudjacking performed by Appellants. We overrule Appellants’ seventh issue.

         XII. NO NEED TO REMAND TO RECONSIDER EXEMPLARY DAMAGES

      Because we have held that there is sufficient evidence to support the trial

court’s findings of fact that were challenged above by Appellants and because

we have not modified the judgment to delete any of the damages awarded by the

trial court, we need not reach Appellants’ ninth issue in which they argue that

remand is necessary to reconsider exemplary damages in the event we modify

the judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (stating that appellate court need only

address every issue necessary for final disposition of the appeal).


                                         36
                                 XIII. CONCLUSION

      Having overruled each of Appellants’ issues necessary for final disposition

of the appeal, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                       SUE WALKER
                                                       JUSTICE

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, WALKER, and MCCOY, JJ.

DELIVERED: October 4, 2012




                                         37
