AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 14, 2014.




                                          S   In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       No. 05-13-00630-CR

                               JOSE GONZALEZ, Appellant
                                          V.
                              THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                      On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 2
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. F-11-60352-I

                                           OPINION
                            Before Justices Fillmore, Evans, and Lewis
                                   Opinion by Justice Fillmore

       A jury convicted Jose Gonzalez of murder and, following Gonzalez’s plea of true, found

the enhancement paragraph alleged in the indictment to be true and assessed punishment of

twenty-five years’ imprisonment. In four issues, Gonzalez asserts the evidence is insufficient to

support the conviction and the jury’s rejection of his claim of self-defense; the trial court’s

admission of evidence from a medical examiner who reviewed, but did not conduct the autopsy,

violated his right to confront the witnesses against him; the State’s failure to disclose exculpatory

evidence violated his right to due process and a fair trial; and the trial court submitted an

erroneous jury charge in the guilt phase of the trial. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                           Background

       Jarell Parker (Parker), who was eighteen years old, and Ladaidren Dotson (Dion), who

was sixteen years old, sold marijuana and Xanax from a house at 1406 Marfa (the house).
Because of a previous robbery at the house, Dion had installed cameras to monitor who was

outside the house. Further, the back door to the house was barricaded with a piece of wood and

could not be used to enter or leave the house. Dion also kept two handguns, a .45 caliber Smith

& Wesson semi-automatic and a P89 Ruger, in the house.

         Dion and his uncle, Jimmy Giddings, were members of the Trey Overton Bloods, a gang.

Gonzalez had been a member of the gang before he was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment

for selling drugs. Sometime around September 14, 2011, Giddings and Gonzalez had a fight.

Gonzalez testified the fight was due to comments Giddings was making about Gonzalez’s desire

to no longer be in the gang. Gonzalez admitted he hit Giddings first and then Giddings hit him

twice.

         After the fight, Giddings, Dion, Roddie Dodd, and another man went to Gonzalez’s

parents’ house to continue the fight. According to Gonzalez, Dion had a gun, and Giddings

instructed Dion to shoot Gonzalez if he got close. Gonzalez’s sister called the police, and the

men left before the police arrived. Dion admitted going to Gonzalez’s parents’ house with

Giddings, but denied having a gun. According to Dion and Gonzalez, Giddings and Gonzalez

subsequently shook hands and “made up.”       Dion also testified, however, that this did not

necessarily mean the issues between Giddings and Gonzalez had been resolved.

         On September 26, 2011, Antwanette Dotson, Dion’s mother, was sitting in her

grandmother’s yard on the “next street” from the house. Around 1:30 p.m., Antwanette saw

Gonzalez, whose nickname is Pelon, driving around the neighborhood in a black Suburban.

Gonzalez’s nephew, Sergio Gonzalez, whose nickname is Ching Ching, was in the car with

Gonzalez. Sergio had once stolen money from Giddings by taking the money from his pocket

while he was asleep. According to Antwanette, Gonzalez’s brother was in another vehicle




                                             –2–
following Gonzalez and Sergio. The way the men kept circling the neighborhood and looking at

her made Antwanette suspicious.

       Between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m., Dion gave the .45 caliber Smith & Wesson handgun to

Parker and left the house with LaPorshya Polley to buy some food. Dion testified the P89 Ruger

was tucked into the cushions of the couch, and there were two boxes containing approximately

twenty “sacks” of marijuana by the couch. When Dion and Polley left the house, Parker was

standing on the front porch with the .45 caliber handgun in his hand and there was nobody else in

the house. A silver Cadillac belonging to Giddings was parked in the driveway of the house.

Dion testified that, if his uncle’s car was there, people in the neighborhood would expect

Giddings to be somewhere nearby.

       Victor King, who admitted he was a convicted felon and who Gonzalez described as a

“crack head,” went to the house between 3:00 and 3:30 p.m. to try to get some “dubies,” which

are the ends that are left after a marijuana cigarette is smoked. Parker was alone in the house,

but told King that Dion had gone to buy them something to eat. King asked if he could get the

“dubies” out of the ashtrays, and he and Parker walked through the house looking for “dubies.”

King did not see anybody else in the house.

       As King was getting ready to leave the house, a black car pulled into the yard and

blocked the camera. A few minutes later, somebody knocked on the door. Parker asked who it

was, and the man said, “It’s Pelon, open the door, bitch.” Parker opened the door, and Gonzalez

said, “Sell me a sack, bitch.” According to King, who knew Gonzalez, Gonzalez’s tone was

aggressive but, in King’s experience, Gonzalez’s tone was always aggressive. Gonzalez entered

the house as King left.

       King saw Gonzalez’s Suburban parked across the yard with Sergio in the front passenger

seat. Polley’s car was parked next to Gonzalez’s Suburban. Dion was in the passenger seat of

                                              –3–
Polley’s car and was talking to Sergio. King had a brief conversation with Dion and Sergio. As

King walked away, he heard three gunshots from inside the house. King was walking “fast”

along a “pretty busy” street when Gonzalez, who was driving the Suburban, stopped beside him.

Gonzalez said to King, “You didn’t see nothing.” King told Gonzalez that he did not have

“nothing to do with it.” Gonzalez then said, “bitch, I said you didn’t see nothing.” King took

Gonzalez’s statements as a threat.

       Dion and Polley both testified they were away from the house for no more than fifteen or

twenty minutes. Dion testified that, when he and Polley returned to the house, they saw the

Suburban parked across the yard and he saw Gonzalez going into the house. Sergio was sitting

in the passenger seat of the Suburban. Dion and Sergio discussed whether Sergio had any Xanax

pills to sell to Dion. The conversation came to an end when Dion and Polley heard gunshots

from inside the house. According to Dion, the door to the house was cracked open and he saw a

flash from the door, making him think the shots were by the door. Dion heard two shots

“doubled up” and another shot by itself. Dion could tell the shots came from more than one gun

and that one of the guns was more powerful than the other gun. Sergio seemed surprised by the

shots and jumped out of the Suburban with a gun in his hand. Dion started to get out of the car,

but Polley pulled him back into the car and drove down the street. Polley heard only two

gunshots, one while she and Dion were at the house and one while she drove away.

       As Polley drove away, Dion watched the house in the car’s rearview mirror. Dion saw

Gonzalez run out of the house with something in his hand. Polley stopped three or four houses

away from the house, and Dion got out of the car. Dion ran into his neighbor’s house, and then

Dion, followed by the neighbors, ran back to the house. Dion went into the house and saw

Parker’s body lying on the floor by the couch. Parker had been shot in the head.




                                              –4–
       Roddie Dodd lives across the street from the house. Around 2:30 or 3:00 p.m., Dodd

heard Dion yelling. Dodd went into the house and saw Parker’s body. According to Dodd,

Parker’s hand was shaking and he did not see any blood. When Dodd picked up Parker, blood

just “spilled out” of the wound on Parker’s head. Dodd stayed with Parker’s body until the

police arrived.

         According to Dion, he called 9-1-1 immediately after finding Parker’s body. However,

the 9-1-1 records indicated a call was not received until 4:24 p.m. Detective Steven David, who

was assigned to the Dallas Police Department’s Homicide Unit, testified that, if there was a gap

between the shooting and the 9-1-1 call, there would have been an opportunity for someone to

remove any guns, money, and drugs from the house before the police arrived. Dion admitted he

entered the house intending to remove his guns, but testified both the guns and the marijuana

were gone. According to Dion, only Gonzalez had the opportunity to take these items. Dion

admitted, however, that if Gonzalez did not take the items, he, Dodd, and two other people who

entered the house before the police arrived had the opportunity to remove the items. Dion also

admitted that, after a murder at another drug house, one of his uncles took the money, drugs, and

guns out of the drug house and turned out the pockets of the victim’s pants.

       Detective Roosevelt Holiday, with the Dallas Police Department’s Crime Scene Unit,

was responsible for processing the crime scene. Holiday saw Parker’s body next to the couch

“with a bullet defect to the head.” The pockets of Parker’s pants were turned out. Parker’s hand

was directly over a shoe box, suggesting to Holiday that Parker may have handled the box

shortly before he was shot. There were no weapons in the house. Holiday saw two bags of a

green leafy substance on the floor next to Parker’s body. Holiday also saw some pills and an

unfired bullet in the house.




                                               –5–
       Holiday saw a fired .45 caliber cartridge case in the hallway of the house “sort of close to

the body.” Although Dion testified there was a hole in the ceiling following the shooting that

had not previously been there, neither Holiday nor David saw a hole in the ceiling. David

believed that he would have seen any defect in the ceiling. Holiday retrieved the fired cartridge

case, but delegated the responsibility for collecting the drugs to patrol officers. The unfired

bullet was not collected. Holiday testified that he unsuccessfully attempted to obtain fingerprints

from the fired cartridge case. David testified he did not receive a report indicating Holiday

attempted to obtain fingerprints from the fired cartridge case.

       Dr. Jill Urban participated in the autopsy of Parker’s body. According to Urban, the

gunshot to Parker’s head caused his death. The bullet traveled from left to right on a slightly

downward path and was recovered during the autopsy. There was no stippling around the

wound, suggesting the bullet was shot from more than three feet away from Parker. A gunshot

residue kit was used to retrieve any gunshot residue on Parker’s hands. Vicki Hall, a trace

evidence examiner, testified she analyzed the gunshot residue kit and found five particles from

the back of Parker’s left hand and four particles from the back of Parker’s right hand. These

particles could have been due to Parker discharging a firearm, having his hands close to a

discharging firearm, or handling a firearm or firearm component.

       April Stowe, a firearm examiner, testified the bullet recovered during the autopsy was “of

a .38, 357 caliber.” According to Holiday, a .38 caliber weapon is smaller than a .45 caliber

weapon. A .38 caliber weapon is a revolver and, after firing, the cartridge case will remain in the

cylinder. However, a .45 caliber weapon will eject the cartridge after the weapon is fired.

Holiday agreed that if Parker was shot with a .38 caliber weapon, there was a fired .45 cartridge

case in the house, and Parker had gunshot residue on his hands, a reasonable person could make

a determination that Parker fired a handgun.

                                                –6–
       Gonzalez testified that, after he was released from the penitentiary on May 10, 2011, he

got a construction job and attempted to stay away from the gang. On September 26, 2011, there

was no work to do at Gonzalez’s job and he went home at approximately 7:30 a.m. Gonzalez

and several other men went to Gonzalez’s parents’ house. Sergio, who was fourteen or fifteen

years old, came to the house and asked Gonzalez for a ride to purchase marijuana. Gonzalez did

not want Sergio going by himself to buy drugs, so he took Sergio to the house. Gonzalez picked

the house because it had the “best” marijuana and the “fatter sacks.” Gonzalez testified he took a

.38 caliber revolver with him because it was a dangerous neighborhood. Gonzalez had the gun in

the waistband of his pants, but testified his shirt covered the gun.

       Because Gonzalez was on parole and did not want to be caught buying drugs, he parked

his black Suburban across the yard and left the car’s engine running so that he could get “in and

out.” When Gonzalez approached the house, he saw the door was “cracked” and there was a

“young man” inside with a gun in his hand. Gonzalez did not know Parker. Gonzalez said,

“Little Homie, sell me a 20 sack.” Parker then moved toward the couch and asked Gonzalez,

“you Pelon?”     Gonzalez replied, “Yeah, Little Homie, sell me a 20 sack.”         According to

Gonzalez, Parker “raised up” and shot at him. Gonzalez “blacked out” and “didn’t see nothing.”

Parker then shot at him a second time. Gonzalez pulled his gun, turned his head to the side, and

shot at Parker. Gonzalez was not required to cock the revolver before shooting. Gonzalez

agreed that it was a “lucky shot for a man who was not even looking at his target.” According to

Gonzalez, he did not intend to harm Parker. Gonzalez testified that he was “not necessarily”

blaming Parker’s death on Giddings and Dion, but if Parker had not been in the house “this

accident would never have happened.”

       Gonzalez testified he immediately left the house and drove to his parents’ house.

Gonzalez denied taking the guns, drugs, or money from the house. He left the Suburban in the

                                                 –7–
backyard of his parents’ house and asked somebody for a ride. Gonzalez threw the .38 caliber

revolver out of the car to the side of the freeway. According to Gonzalez, he was afraid because

he had shot Parker and because he knew what Giddings, Dion, and the rest of the Trey Overton

Bloods were capable of doing. He went to Mexico because he was afraid a family member

would get hurt in a “drive-by” if he stayed in Dallas. Dion admitted that, when Parker was shot,

he threatened to kill Gonzalez. According to David, a person might flee to Mexico because they

were trying to hide something.

       Gonzalez spent six weeks in Mexico in a small village. He did not have a job and was

forced to rely on his wife and his mother to send him money. It was not the same lifestyle that

Gonzalez had in Dallas. Gonzalez surrendered to the Mexican authorities and was extradited to

the United States.

       In its charge, the trial court instructed the jury on the law applicable to the offense of

murder and to self-defense. The jury found Gonzalez guilty of murder. Gonzalez pleaded true to

the enhancement paragraph in the indictment. The jury found the enhancement paragraph to be

true and assessed punishment of twenty-five years’ imprisonment.

                                  Sufficiency of the Evidence

       In his first issue, Gonzalez contends the evidence is insufficient to support the conviction.

Gonzalez specifically argues no rational fact finder could have found against him on his claim of

self-defense.

       We review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013);

Kirk v. State, 421 S.W.3d 772, 776–77 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. ref’d) (applying

Jackson standard to jury’s rejection of self-defense claim). We examine all the evidence in the

light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have

                                               –8–
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319;

Matlock, 392 S.W.3d at 667. This standard recognizes “the responsibility of the trier of fact

fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable

inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; see also Adames v.

State, 353 S.W.3d 854, 860 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Evidence is sufficient if “the inferences

necessary to establish guilt are reasonable based upon the cumulative force of all the evidence

when considered in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903

(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The jury, as the fact finder, is entitled to judge the credibility of the

witnesses, and can choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the parties.

Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see also Wise, 364 S.W.3d at

903 (“The factfinder exclusively determines the weight and credibility of the evidence.”). We

defer to the jury’s determinations of credibility, and may not substitute our judgment for that of

the jury. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010) (plurality op.); King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (in conducting

legal sufficiency analysis, appellate court “may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute our

judgment for that of the jury”).

       The initial burden to produce evidence supporting self-defense rests with the defendant.

Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910,

913 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Once the defendant produces some evidence, the State bears the

ultimate burden of persuasion to disprove the raised defense. Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 594; Saxton,

804 S.W.2d at 913–14. This burden of persuasion does not require that the State produce

evidence, but it does require that the State prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Zuliani, 97

S.W.3d at 594; Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913. The issue of self-defense is a fact issue to be

determined by the jury, which is free to accept or reject any defensive evidence on the issue.

                                               –9–
Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913–14. If the jury finds the defendant guilty, then it implicitly finds

against the defensive theory. Id. at 914. In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to

support the fact finder’s rejection of a defensive issue, “we look not to whether the State

presented evidence which refuted appellant’s self-defense testimony, but rather we determine

whether after viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact would have found the essential elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt and

also would have found against appellant on the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Id. at 914; see also Kirk, 421 S.W.3d at 777.

       A person commits murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an

individual or if he intends to cause serious bodily injury and commits an act clearly dangerous to

human life that causes the death of an individual. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1), (b)(2)

(West 2011). However, under certain circumstances, self-defense justifies the use of deadly

force. Morales v. State, 357 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). As relevant here, a person is

justified in using deadly force against another (1) if he would be justified in using force against

the other under section 9.31 of the penal code, and (2) when and to the degree he reasonably

believes the deadly force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the other’s use or

attempted use of unlawful deadly force. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.32(a)(1), (a)(2)(A) (West

2011). As relevant to this case, section 9.31 of the penal code justifies force “when and to the

degree the actor reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor

against the other’s use or attempted use of unlawful force.” Id. § 9.31(a) (West 2011).

        Gonzalez testified that, after he confirmed he was Pelon, Parker shot at him twice. He

then shot at Parker to protect himself. Gonzalez admitted he shot Parker, but testified he did not

intend to harm Parker. However, the jury also heard evidence that Sergio had previously stolen

from Giddings and that Giddings and Gonzalez had recently been in a physical altercation.

                                                –10–
Gonzalez testified that Giddings attempted to continue the fight at Gonzalez’s parents’ house and

that Dion brought a gun to his parents’ house. Although Gonzalez and Dion testified Gonzalez

and Giddings had “made up,” Dion testified this did not mean the issues between the two men

had been resolved.

       Dion testified that, if people in the neighborhood saw Giddings’s car, they would think

Giddings was nearby.     On September 26, 2011, Giddings’s car was parked at the house.

Antwanette testified she saw Gonzalez and Sergio, followed by Gonzalez’s brother, driving

around the neighborhood. Shortly after Dion left the house, Gonzalez parked his Suburban

across the yard so that it blocked the camera and got out, leaving the engine running. King

testified that Gonzalez aggressively asked to come into the house. Gonzalez went into the house

with a .38 revolver that was already cocked hidden in the waistband of his pants. Almost

immediately after Gonzalez entered the house, King, Dion, and Polley heard gunshots from

inside the house.

       Dion testified the shots came from more than one handgun. Parker was armed with a .45

caliber handgun. The police found in the house a casing that had been fired from a .45 caliber

handgun, and gunshot residue was found on Parker’s hands. Parker’s body was found by the

couch with his hand close to the shoe box in which the marijuana was kept. The bullet traveled

at a downward trajectory, raising an inference that Parker was leaning over at the time he was

shot. Dion saw Gonzalez leaving the house with something in his hand, and marijuana, guns,

and money were missing from the house. Gonzalez fled to Mexico following the shooting.

       Based on the evidence, the jury could have reasonably inferred that Gonzalez had

experienced problems with Giddings and decided to either harm or rob him. Because Giddings’s

car was parked at the house, Gonzalez believed Giddings was there as well. Gonzalez drove

around the neighborhood, waiting for Dion to leave the house. After Dion left, Gonzalez went

                                              –11–
into the house aggressively with a cocked revolver and demanded something from Parker. A

reasonable fact finder could infer that, as Parker was leaning over to pick up the marijuana, he

felt threatened by Gonzalez’s actions and shot the .45 caliber handgun. Gonzalez then shot and

killed Parker.

       Gonzalez’s testimony that Parker fired the first shot does not conclusively prove self-

defense as a matter of law. London v. State, 325 S.W.3d 197, 203 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet.

ref’d); Dearborn v. State, 420 S.W.3d 366, 374 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.);

see also Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914 (credibility determination concerning defensive evidence is

solely within jury’s province and jury is free to accept or reject such evidence). Rather, the jury

was the sole judge of credibility and weight to be given the testimony and was not obligated to

believe Gonzalez’s account that Parker was the first aggressor. See Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914.

Considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we conclude the

evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s implicit rejection of Gonzalez’s claim of self-defense.

See id. We resolve Gonzalez’s first issue against him.

                                     Right to Confrontation

       In his second issue, Gonzalez asserts the admission into evidence of testimony by a

medical examiner who did not perform the autopsy on Parker, the autopsy report, and

photographs taken during the autopsy violated his right to confront the witnesses against him.

       The State called Dr. Jill Urban, a medical examiner at the Southwestern Institute of

Forensic Sciences (SWIFS), to testify about the autopsy performed on Parker. Urban testified

outside the presence of the jury that, although she signed the autopsy report, the autopsy was

performed by Dr. Emily Berry who, at the time of trial, was a forensic pathologist in Colorado.

       When the autopsy was performed, Berry was a fellow doing her training at SWIFS.

Urban was Berry’s supervisor and was present for portions, but not all, of the autopsy. Urban

                                               –12–
testified that she “was the staff on this case and was either there or in communication with Dr.

Berry from beginning to end of this case.” According to Urban she was “certainly there to see”

the wound examination and the pertinent internal and external findings. Urban testified she also

reviewed the photographs from the autopsy. Although Berry compiled the autopsy report, Urban

reviewed the report before she signed it and either personally made corrections or suggested

corrections to Berry. Urban testified she had an opportunity to make her own conclusions and

those conclusions were dictated in the autopsy report. Urban did not have an independent

recollection of the autopsy, but indicated it was “probably not normal for [her] to remember

anything without being able to refer to the report, especially if it happened several years ago.”

Gonzalez objected that Berry’s absence from trial violated his right to confront the witnesses

against him.

       Urban testified in front of the jury that Parker’s death was caused by a gunshot wound to

his left forehead. The bullet, which was recovered during the autopsy, traveled from the left side

to the right side of Parker’s head on a slightly downward trajectory. Parker’s death was ruled a

homicide. The autopsy report was admitted into evidence over Gonzalez’s objection that it

violated his right to confront the witnesses against him. A number of photographs taken during

the autopsy were also admitted into evidence. Gonzalez’s only objection to the photographs was

that Urban did not have personal knowledge of the photographs because she did not know who

took the photographs, when the photographs were taken, or if the photographs were accurate.

       We review a trial court’s admission of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Wall v. State,

184 S.W.3d 730, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). As long as the trial court’s ruling is within the

“zone of reasonable disagreement,” there is no abuse of discretion. Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d

425, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). However, when reviewing a constitutional legal ruling, such

as whether a statement is testimonial or non-testimonial, we give almost total deference to the

                                              –13–
trial court’s determination of historical facts and review de novo the trial court’s application of

the law to those facts. Wall, 184 S.W.3d at 742 (applying hybrid standard of review to issue of

whether statement was testimonial); Mason v. State, 225 S.W.3d 902, 906–07 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2007, pet. ref’d) (same).

          Under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the United States

Constitution, “in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted

with the witnesses against him.” U.S. CONST. amend. VI. The Supreme Court has interpreted

this right to mean that “testimonial” evidence is inadmissible at trial unless the witness who

made the testimonial statement either takes the stand to be cross-examined or is unavailable and

the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine him. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S.

36, 53–54 (2004); Burch v. State, 401 S.W.3d 634, 636 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see also

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 309 (2009). “While the exact contours of what

is testimonial continue to be defined by the courts, such statements are formal and similar to trial

testimony.” Burch, 401 S.W.3d at 636. Testimonial statements include: (1) “ex parte in-court

testimony or its functional equivalent,” i.e., “pretrial statements that declarants would expect to

be used prosecutorially”; (2) “extrajudicial statements contained in formalized testimonial

materials,” such as affidavits, depositions, or prior testimony; and (3) “statements that were made

under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the

statement would be available for use at a later trial.” Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 576

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see also Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51–52. Assuming Urban’s testimony,

the autopsy report, and the photographs taken during the autopsy 1 were testimonial, we conclude

Gonzalez was not harmed by the admission of this evidence.


     1
       Because Gonzalez objected to the admission of the photographs only on the ground that Urban did not have personal knowledge of the
taking of the photographs, we question whether Gonzalez preserved his complaint that the admission of the photographs violated his right to
confrontation. See Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (issue on appeal must comport with objection at trial). We


                                                                 –14–
          Error in admitting evidence in violation of a defendant’s right to confront the witnesses

against him is constitutional error, which requires reversal unless the reviewing court determines

beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or punishment.

TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a); Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582. The question is not whether the verdict

was supported by the evidence. Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582 (quoting Scott v. State, 227

S.W.3d 670, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). Rather, the question is the likelihood that the

constitutional error was actually a contributing factor in the jury’s deliberations in arriving at

their decision, that is, whether the error adversely affected the integrity of the process leading to

the decision. Id. In determining whether a Confrontation Clause error may be declared harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt, we consider: (1) how important the out-of-court statement was to the

State’s case; (2) whether the out-of-court statement was cumulative of other evidence; (3) the

presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the out-of-court statement on

material points; and (4) the overall strength of the prosecution’s case. Id. We also consider

other constitutional harm factors, if relevant, such as the nature of the error, whether or to what

extent it was emphasized by the State, probable implications of the error, and the weight a juror

would probably place on the error. Snowden v. State, 353 S.W.3d 815, 822 (Tex. Crim. App.

2011). “At bottom, an analysis for whether a particular constitutional error is harmless should

take into account any and every circumstance apparent in the record that logically informs an

appellate determination whether ‘beyond a reasonable doubt [that particular] error did not

contribute to the conviction or punishment.’” Id. (quoting TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a)). Ultimately,

after considering these various factors, the reviewing court must be able to declare itself

satisfied, to a level of confidence beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error did not contribute to

further note that there is authority that photographs taken during an autopsy are not testimonial. Herrera v. State, 367 S.W.3d 762, 773 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.); Wood v. State, 299 S.W.3d 200, 214–15 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, pet. ref’d). However, assuming
the photographs were testimonial and that Gonzalez preserved his complaint, we conclude he was not harmed by the admission of the
photographs taken during the autopsy.



                                                                   –15–
the conviction before it can affirm it. Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 582 (quoting Scott, 227 S.W.3d

at 690–91).

       Here, Urban’s testimony, the autopsy report, and the autopsy photographs were relevant

to establish that Parker died from a gunshot wound to the head.            This fact was not only

undisputed, but was corroborated by testimony from other witnesses, including law enforcement

personnel and the paramedic who responded to the scene. Further, Gonzalez admitted he shot

Parker in the head and killed him, but claimed he did so in self-defense. The State did not

emphasize the autopsy, the photographs, or Urban’s testimony during closing arguments.

Gonzalez neither challenged the evidence of the cause of Parker’s death nor suggested any other

cause. In short, no evidence contradicted the complained-of evidence and a great amount of

evidence supported it.

       Gonzalez asserts he was harmed by Berry’s absence from trial because she was the

“chain of custody” for trace evidence which was analyzed by other forensic experts. In his

appellate brief, Gonzalez does not point to the chain of custody of any specific trace evidence

about which he wished to cross-examine Berry. However, the only trace evidence obtained

during the autopsy that was tested by other forensic experts was the .38 caliber bullet that killed

Parker and the gunshot residue kit from Parker’s hands. There was no issue at trial regarding the

chain of custody of this evidence. Gonzalez admitted he used his .38 caliber revolver to shoot

Parker in the head and the gunshot residue on Parker’s hands supported a conclusion that Parker

discharged the .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol shortly before his death, a fact that Gonzalez

argued was consistent with his self-defense theory. Gonzalez did not challenge the results of the

additional testing performed on either the bullet or the gunshot residue kit.

       We conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the introduction of Urban’s testimony, the

autopsy report, and the photographs taken during the autopsy did not materially affect the jury’s

                                               –16–
deliberations. Accordingly, any error by the trial court in admitting this evidence was harmless.

See Lee v. State, 418 S.W.3d 892, 900–01 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dis.] 2013, pet. ref’d);

Martinez v. State, 311 S.W.3d 104, 112–14 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. ref’d). 2 We resolve

Gonzalez’s second issue against him.

                                                              Brady

          In his third issue, Gonzalez asserts the State’s failure to disclose records relating to

communications between Stowe, David, and Tommy LeNoir, an investigator with the District

Attorney’s Office, discussing the .45 caliber cartridge case violated his right to due process and a

fair trial and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Gonzalez

specifically argues the evidence was exculpatory and the State was required to produce it

pursuant to Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).

          Stowe testified that she brought to trial her report, the notes she took during her

examination of the .38 caliber bullet recovered during the autopsy, as well as “some

communications that occurred throughout the process.”                              On cross-examination, Gonzalez’s

counsel requested she be allowed to see the communications Stowe had referenced.                                               The

communications were a series of emails, dated between March 28, 2012 and April 30, 2012,

between LeNoir, Stowe, and David regarding Stowe examining the .45 caliber cartridge case

recovered from the house. In one email, LeNoir indicated one reason for the examination was:

          we’ve received information that [Parker] may have been in possession of a 45 cal.
          pistol when the offense occurred. No firearm was recovered from the crime scene
          and likely removed by someone prior to the arrival of DPD.

          In learning that the projectile recovered during autopsy was linked to a revolver
          our suspicions grew that [Parker] might [have] discharged a 45 caliber firearm at
          the time of the offense.

     2
       See also Hernandez v. State, No. 05-11-01300-CR, 2013 WL 1282260, at *6-7 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 6, 2013, pet. ref’d) (not
designated for publication); Vela v. State, No. 04-11-00080-CR, 2012 WL 2336242, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 20, 2012, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication).



                                                               –17–
        We are hoping to determine whether or not the fired 45 RP cartridge is
        comparable to (or) excluded as one of two described firearms reportedly in the
        home (crime scene) when the offense occurred.

In another email, LeNoir indicated the prosecutor “requested an examination to identify

manufacture name and model of firearms identified to the tool markings and impressions on the

casing recovered from the crime scene.” Gonzalez’s counsel objected that these communications

contained “Brady material” and had not previously been produced by the State.

        Stowe testified she never received the .45 caliber cartridge case and did not examine it.

In his case-in-chief, Gonzalez called LeNoir. LeNoir testified the fired cartridge case indicated a

firearm had possibly been discharged. LeNoir requested Stowe examine the cartridge case to

determine whether there was a toolmarking pattern on it that would provide an identifiable trail

to the firearm that shot the cartridge. LeNoir testified the State did not have a gun to match to

the cartridge case, but believed SWIFS could give “a kind of library of the potential firearms that

are consistent with firing that casing.”

        The State offered, and the trial court admitted, an April 19, 2012 report from Susan B.

Allen, a Firearms Examiner with the Dallas Police Department. In her report, Allen stated she

had examined the .45 caliber “fired cartridge case” and entered it into a national database. The

cartridge was not “associated” with any information already in the database. Further, in Allen’s

opinion, the cartridge case “lacks the features necessary to determine the brand of gun that may

have fired it.”

        “[T]he suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request

violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective

of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. The purpose of this

rule is to avoid an unfair trial of the accused: “A prosecution that withholds evidence on demand

of an accused which, if made available, would tend to exculpate him or reduce the penalty helps
                                              –18–
shape a trial that bears heavily on the defendant.” Id. at 87–88. To establish reversible error on a

Brady claim, a defendant must show (1) the State failed to disclose evidence, regardless of the

prosecution’s good or bad faith; (2) the withheld evidence is favorable to him; and (3) the

evidence is material, that is, there is a reasonable probability that had the evidence been

disclosed, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d 647,

665 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).        Brady does not require the State to conduct independent

investigations to seek out Brady material on behalf of a defendant. Harm v. State, 183 S.W.3d

403, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Further, there is no duty on the part of the State to disclose

evidence of which the defendant was aware or other evidence if the defendant “could have

accessed it from other sources.” Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 810 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

       Assuming the communications between LeNoir, Stowe, and David about a potential

examination of the cartridge case are “evidence” subject to disclosure under Brady, we cannot

conclude Gonzalez established the evidence was either favorable to him or material to the

outcome of the case. Favorable evidence is that which, if disclosed and used effectively, “may

make the difference between conviction and acquittal.” United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667,

676 (1985); Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d at 665. Favorable evidence includes exculpatory

evidence and impeachment evidence. Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d at 665 “Exculpatory evidence

is that which may justify, excuse, or clear the defendant from fault, and impeachment evidence is

that which disputes, disparages, denies, or contradicts other evidence.” Id.

       Evidence that Parker fired a .45 caliber gun at Gonzalez could have supported Gonzalez’s

claim he acted in self-defense and, therefore, would be exculpatory. However, the examination

LeNoir requested Stowe perform would not have established Parker fired a gun. Because the

State did not recover any guns from the house, it could not be determined whether the cartridge

case was fired by one of those guns. The only information LeNoir thought Stowe possibly could

                                               –19–
provide after examining the cartridge case was a “library” of the firearms that potentially could

have fired the gun. However, Allen examined the cartridge case and opined the cartridge case

lacked “the features necessary to determine the brand of gun that may have fired it.” There is no

evidence in the record that the examination by Stowe of the cartridge case would have led to any

information that would have been favorable to Gonzalez.

       Further, Gonzalez must show the communications between LeNoir, Stowe, and David

were material to the case. “The mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might

have helped the defense, or might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not establish

‘materiality’ in the constitutional sense.” United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 109–110 (1976);

see also Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d at 666. Rather, Gonzalez must show that “in light of all the

evidence, it is reasonably probable that the outcome of the trial would have been different had

the prosecutor made a timely disclosure.” Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d at 666 (quoting Hampton

v. State, 86 S.W.3d 603, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)); see also Smith v. Cain, 132 S.Ct. 627, 630

(2012). A reasonable probability of a different result is shown when the State’s evidentiary

suppression undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial. Smith, 132 S.Ct. at 630 (quoting

Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995)); Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d at 666. When

evaluating whether the materiality standard is satisfied, the strength of the exculpatory evidence

is balanced against the evidence supporting the conviction. Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d at 666;

see also Smith, 132 S.Ct. at 630–31.

       Here, the undisclosed communications established only that LeNoir wanted Stowe to

examine the fired cartridge case because he had information Parker had fired a weapon. The

examination could not have connected the fired cartridge case to Parker but, at most, could have

provided a list of weapons that potentially fired the cartridge. However, it was undisputed that,

when Dion left the house with Polley, he gave his .45 caliber Smith & Wesson handgun to

                                              –20–
Parker. Dion heard two different guns fired in the house, and gunshot residue was found on

Parker’s hands. Although David and Holiday did not see a defect in the ceiling of the house,

Dion testified there was a bullet hole in the ceiling of the house that was not there when he left

with Polley. Gonzalez testified that Parker fired two shots at him, and he then shot Parker with

his .38 caliber revolver.

          Although there was substantial evidence to support an inference that Parker fired a .45

Smith & Wesson caliber handgun inside the house, the jury rejected Gonzalez’s claim of self-

defense and found Gonzalez guilty of murder.             We cannot conclude that, even if Stowe

determined a Smith & Wesson handgun could have fired the cartridge, this information would

have impacted the jury’s decision that Gonzalez was not acting in self-defense when he shot

Parker.

          Because Gonzalez failed to establish the withheld communications were either favorable

to him or were material to the outcome of the trial, we resolve his third issue against him.

                                          Jury Charge Error

          In his fourth issue, Gonzalez contends the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury

that the State was required to disprove the issue of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt.

Gonzalez asserts that, during the charge conference, he requested an instruction that “the State

must disprove the issue of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt” and, because the issue

concerned the law applicable to the case, the trial court also had a duty to sua sponte instruct the

jury on the issue.

          Our first duty in analyzing a jury-charge issue is to decide whether error exists. Kirsch v.

State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). If error exists, we must determine whether

the error caused sufficient harm to warrant reversal. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005). When, as in this case, the error was objected to, we reverse if we find any

                                                  –21–
actual harm to the defendant. Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

(quoting Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g)). In

assessing actual harm, we examine the harm “in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the

evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the argument of

counsel, and any other information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” Almanza, 686

S.W.2d at 171; see also Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

       The purpose of the jury charge is to inform the jury of the applicable law and guide the

jurors in applying it to the facts of the case. Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007). Under article 36.14 of the code of criminal procedure, the trial court shall deliver to

the jury “a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to the case[.]” TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007); Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 486 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011).    This duty exists even when defense counsel fails to object to inclusions or

exclusions in the charge and thus may require the trial court to sua sponte instruct the jury on the

law applicable to the case. Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 486.

       The trial court is required to instruct the jury it must acquit the defendant if it has

reasonable doubt on the existence of a defensive issue. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 2.03(d) (West

2011). However, as noted above, a defendant has the burden of producing some evidence to

support a claim of self-defense. Zuilani, 97 S.W.3d at 594. The State has the burden of

persuasion in disproving self-defense. Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913. This burden does not require

the State to produce evidence refuting the self-defense claim; rather, the burden requires the

State to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. The penal code places the burden on the

State to prove each element of the offense charged; it does not require the State to “negate the

existence of a defense.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 2.03(b).




                                               –22–
           The trial court instructed the jury on the law of self-defense. It then instructed the jury

that:

           if you further find from the evidence, or you have a reasonable doubt thereof, that
           viewed from the standpoint of the defendant at the time, he reasonably believed
           that the use of deadly force on his part was reasonably necessary to protect
           himself against Jarrell [sic] Parker’s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly
           force, then you will find the defendant not guilty of murder as charged in the
           indictment.

The trial court instructed the jury that the law did not require Gonzalez “to prove his innocence

or produce any evidence at all” and that the State had “the burden of proving the defendant

guilty.” The trial court also instructed the jury that the State was required to prove “each element

as charged beyond a reasonable doubt, and if it fail[ed] to do so, you must acquit the defendant.”

Thus, the charge correctly instructed the jury that it was required to acquit Gonzalez if it had

reasonable doubt on the self-defense issue. See id. § 2.03(d).

           Although the State had the burden of persuasion in disproving a claim of self-defense, it

was not required to produce evidence refuting the claim. Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913. 3 The trial

court delivered a charge that properly instructed the jury to acquit Gonzalez if it believed he

acted in self-defense or if it had a reasonable doubt as to whether he acted in self-defense. The

charge adequately instructed the jury on the State’s burden and the jury’s consideration of

Gonzalez’s claim of self-defense. See id.; Luck v. State, 588 S.W.2d 371, 375 (Tex. Crim. App.

1979) (op. on reh’g); Brotherton v. State, 666 S.W.2d 126, 127–28 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1983, pet. ref’d). 4 Accordingly, the trial court did not err by submitting the jury charge



     3
       See also Shafer v. State, No. 05-06-01321-CR, 2008 WL 2699733, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 11, 2008, no pet.) (not designated for
publication); Davidson v. State, No. 03-08-00446-CR, 2009 WL 3230777, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated
for publication).
     4
       Gonzalez relies on one sentence in Alonzo v. State, 353 S.W.3d 778, 781 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) for the proposition the trial court should
have instructed the jury that it was required to acquit Gonzalez if the State had not disproved self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. However,
Alonzo dealt with whether self-defense is applicable to a manslaughter charge, which has a mental state of recklessness. Read in its entirety, we
cannot conclude Alonzo changed the State’s burden relating to a claim of self-defense, and we have found no case that has construed Alonzo to
have made such a significant change in the law.



                                                                    –23–
without including an instruction that the State was required to disprove the issue of self-defense

beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. We resolve Gonzalez’s fourth issue against him.

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                                   /Robert M. Fillmore/
                                                   ROBERT M. FILLMORE
                                                   JUSTICE


Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47

130630F.U05




                                               –24–
                                        S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

JOSE GONZALEZ, Appellant                               On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
                                                       No. 2, Dallas County, Texas,
No. 05-13-00630-CR         V.                          Trial Court Cause No. F-11-60352-I.
                                                       Opinion delivered by Justice Fillmore,
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                           Justices Evans and Lewis participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.


Judgment entered this 14th day of July, 2014.




                                                –25–
