AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed July 24, 2014.




                                         S   In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      No. 05-12-01539-CR

                           MORRIS WAYNE SIMONS, Appellant
                                        V.
                            THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                      On Appeal from the 204th Judicial District Court
                                   Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. F08-54622-Q

                                          OPINION
                            Before Justices Lang, Myers, and Brown
                                   Opinion by Justice Myers
       A jury convicted appellant Morris Wayne Simons of capital murder, and the trial court

sentenced him to life imprisonment. In five issues, appellant argues the evidence is insufficient

to support the capital murder conviction and to corroborate the accomplice witness testimony,

the trial court erred by failing to grant a mistrial, and the court erred by requiring appellant to

submit to a mental health examination by the State’s expert. We affirm.

                          BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Samuel Ghebreyesus worked at a gas station and convenience store that was located at

3333 Haskell Avenue in Dallas, Texas. On the evening of April 11, 2008, at around 9 p.m.,

Nathan Johnson’s car pulled into the gas station to purchase gasoline. Seeing no one in the store,

Johnson went inside and found Ghebreyesus on the floor behind the counter, the victim of a

gunshot wound. Ghebreyesus was still alive when Johnson called 911 and reported a suspected
robbery, and paramedics and police soon responded to the call. One of the first officers to arrive,

Dallas Police Sergeant Charles R. Young, II, recalled that Ghebreyesus “was severely injured,”

“having difficulty breathing,” and appeared to be dying. Shortly before Ghebreyesus was loaded

into the ambulance, the officer asked him if he knew who shot him. When Ghebreyesus did not

respond, the officer asked him if the shooter was “white, black, Hispanic,” and Ghebreyesus said

he was black. The officer repeated, “Black?” The victim nodded his head. According to the

autopsy report, Ghebreyesus died at 12:41 a.m. at the hospital.

          Dr. Jeffrey Barnard, the Dallas County chief medical examiner and the director of the

Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences (SWIFS), would later testify that Ghebreyesus died

from a single gunshot wound to the trunk. The bullet penetrated the right rib cage area and went

through the right hemidiaphragm (the muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the chest

cavity), the right lobe of the liver, the right kidney, and the inferior vena cava (the large vein that

carries blood from the legs and intestines back to the liver and heart), and was embedded in the

left flank side of Ghebreyesus’s body. Lannie G. Emanuel, who, in 2008, was a forensic firearm

and toolmark examiner with SWIFS, 1 testified that the bullet recovered from the victim during

the autopsy was a “.38/.357 caliber bullet.”

          Police collected evidence and photographed the crime scene. They found an unopened,

and still slightly cool to the touch, can of Red Bull energy drink on the counter. Police did not

recover any fingerprints from the Red Bull can. The black, plastic money tray from the cash

register had been removed from the register and placed on the counter behind the can of Red

Bull. The tray had no bills other than change and the levers that held down the bills were in the

“up” position. The cash register tape showed a “no sale” transaction entered at a little after 9

p.m. on April 11, 2008. On the other side of the counter police found an opened can of

   1
       At the time of trial, Emanuel was a firearm and toolmark examiner consultant.



                                                                    –2–
Mountain Dew. Behind the counter police found a royal blue hooded sweatshirt, an empty

Swisher Sweets cigar box, and various identification cards.                                     They also found bloodstained

articles of clothing that had been cut from the victim when he was being treated by paramedics.

Police found a fully loaded 2 Colt .38 revolver underneath the counter, but, according to Emanuel,

that weapon did not fire the bullet recovered from the victim during the autopsy.

          Roy Givens, an eyewitness, told Dallas Police Officer Raul Hernandez that he saw three

black male suspects in their twenties fleeing the store. They all wore blue jeans. One of them

wore a red Jordan jersey, another wore a black jacket, and the third wore a white t-shirt. Officer

Hernandez testified that Givens estimated two of the men were 5’ 8” tall and weighed

approximately 100–110 pounds, and the third was 6’ 4” tall and weighed approximately 200

pounds.

          Sergeant Bruce Chamberlain, the lead detective in the investigation, testified that the

murder weapon was never recovered. He also testified that the store had video cameras, but the

camera system’s hard drive had been failing for “quite some time” prior to the robbery, so

nothing was recorded. Police also checked other video cameras in the area, but those cameras

either were not working or, as in the case of the nearby Schepps Dairy, did not record anything

of value to the investigation.                   Detective Chamberlain testified that Nathan Johnson’s 911

telephone call was made at 9:16 p.m. on April 11, 2008.

          Detective Chamberlain testified that the break in the investigation occurred when he was

informed by the victim’s family, several days after meeting them, that the victim’s cell phone, a

Motorola “flip” phone, had not been found. Detective Chamberlain obtained cell phone records

for Ghebreyesus’s phone from Metro PCS and found that, from the time Johnson made the 911


     2
       State’s exhibit 39, one of the photographs taken at the crime scene by Andrea Lewis-Krick, a forensic crime scene investigator with the
Dallas police, shows that the revolver was fully loaded.



                                                                    –3–
call for the next four days, the victim’s cell phone was used to make four outgoing calls to two

telephone numbers associated with Kela McDonald (appellant’s girlfriend), nineteen calls to two

telephone numbers associated with Simeulle Hickson (appellant’s other girlfriend), and twenty

calls to a telephone number linked to Gary Simon (appellant’s cousin). The first of these

telephone calls was made to McDonald at 9:58 p.m. on April 11, 2008.                 In addition,

Ghebreyesus’s cell phone received five incoming calls from phone numbers associated with

Hickson during the same four-day period of time. There was no evidence presented suggesting

associations between Ghebreyesus and any of these three people.           Detective Chamberlain

testified that the police were not able to determine who all of the numbers on the victim’s cell

phone call records belonged to.

       Shaquan Morgan testified that she had known appellant all of her life. One night in April

of 2008, she and appellant were “hanging out” with friends when she noticed appellant had a

silver and black Metro PCS “flip” phone on which he made both outgoing and received

incoming calls. When Morgan reached for the phone to call her mother, appellant told her she

could not use it. He did not say why. She also recalled that the phone “was ringing a lot” that

night. Morgan saw appellant pull some cash out of his pocket and heard him say he had “hit a

lick.” Morgan understood “hit a lick” to mean appellant robbed someone. Appellant told

Morgan not to tell anyone about the “lick.” Morgan also noticed appellant had a gun. She did

not know what kind of gun it was, but recalled it “was little.” When Morgan saw appellant on

the day before the shooting, he did not have the gun or the cell phone.

       Detective Chamberlain interviewed Kela McDonald on April 24, 2008.              McDonald

testified that appellant was the father of one of her four children, and that one of the telephone

numbers shown on the victim’s cell phone records was the landline telephone number of

McDonald’s grandmother, where she was living at the time of these events. The other telephone

                                               –4–
number was McDonald’s cell number.                                 McDonald also told Detective Chamberlain that,

approximately one week or more before the interview, appellant called her and offered to give

her money to help buy things for their then-unborn child. Appellant called her “probably twice”

from a telephone number that appeared on her caller ID to belong to someone with a “long

name” that started with a “G”––a name McDonald could not pronounce. When she asked

appellant about this, he told her he bought the phone from someone.

           LaShell Simon, appellant’s sister, was interviewed by the police on April 26, 2008,

shortly after appellant was arrested. She testified that appellant told her he was at a store with

two men named “Black” and “Twin” the night of the shooting. Appellant remained in the car

while “Black” and “Twin” went into the store. Simon did not know the real names of the two

men or the location of the store, although she recalled it was in east Dallas and located near a

Schepps Dairy. Simon did not remember telling the police that appellant said he shot the clerk at

the convenience store because he reached for a gun. Simon testified she was “high” when she

spoke to the police. The State impeached Simon with a portion of her prior videotaped statement

to the police (State’s exhibit 44). During the part of the video that was played for the jury,

Simon can be heard saying, among other things, that appellant told her he shot the convenience

store clerk because he reached for a gun. 3

           Robbie Becks was a jailer at the south tower of the Lew Sterrett Dallas County Jail. She

testified that at the time of these events, she was living at the Beacon Hill Apartments with her


           3
             In response to the defense’s objection that evidence of what Simon previously told the police was admissible only for impeachment
and could not be admitted as substantive evidence of guilt, see, e.g., Hughes v. State, 4 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), the trial court ruled
the State had the right to impeach Simon using her prior videotaped statement she made to the police, but that this evidence could not be used to
convict appellant. The trial court gave the jury the following limiting instruction:

           Members of the jury, this is how it goes. The difficulty––the reason we’ve been bringing you out is we had to set up this
           before we could bring this testimony before you. But like I told you earlier, when a witness denies making a previous
           statement, then the Prosecutor is allowed to play that portion or present that portion of the inconsistent statement to the
           jurors. Now, this is a very important instruction. That is only admissible to prove or try to prove to you that she’s not
           credible. You cannot use that evidence to convict the Defendant. Okay?



                                                                      –5–
then-boyfriend, Gary Simon. LaShell Simon, appellant’s sister, had been staying with them for

about two months. Appellant also stayed there for three of four days prior to his arrest in this

case. At one point, appellant asked Beck if she could find out if there was an outstanding

warrant for his arrest.

            On April 26, 2008, the police came to Beck’s apartment looking for appellant. He

jumped out of her second-story bedroom window when the police entered the apartment, but was

arrested and taken into custody. Beck consented to a search of the apartment, and during the

search police found a partially loaded .32 caliber revolver, ammunition for a .38 caliber handgun,

and cartridges for a .9 millimeter handgun. No fingerprints were found on these items, and no

weapons fitting the .38 caliber or .9 millimeter ammunition were found during the search.

            Simeulle Hickson testified that appellant was her former boyfriend. Sometime in April of

2008, appellant called Hickson from a telephone number she did not recognize. She could not

remember the entire number but testified it was a 214 number and included the numbers 815. 4

She also recalled it was not a normal conversation, and that it sounded as though appellant “was

bothered about something.” Hickson asked appellant what was bothering him, but appellant was

at first reluctant to discuss it, telling her nothing was wrong. They exchanged multiple telephone

calls before appellant told her he had “merked” 5 someone over money. When she later saw

appellant, Hicks noticed he had more cash than she would normally see him carry.

            Kara Renee Turner Pickens testified that, in April of 2008, she was dating Justin Smith,


    4
        Detective Chamberlain testified that Ghebreyesus’s telephone number was (214) 815-3513.
    5
        Hickson testified as follows:

            Q. And what does “merked” mean?

            A. Killed someone.

            Q. Killed. Okay. Is “merked” a slang term for murder?

            A. Yes, ma’am.



                                                                    –6–
who was an accomplice witness and co-defendant in this case. Pickens recalled that, on the day

of the offense, she and Smith were at Smith’s mother’s house in east Dallas. Later that evening,

Smith borrowed Pickens’s car (a black 2007 Nissan Altima) to buy some “weed.” When he

returned a short while later, he pulled up in the driveway and sounded the car’s horn. Pickens

heard him saying, repeatedly, “Tell Kara to come on.” She ran to the car and saw appellant and

another individual, Corrie Mayes (deceased at the time of trial), in the car with Smith. Pickens

jumped in the back seat of the car. Smith handed her some money and told her to count it, which

Pickens immediately understood to mean that she should “stash” some of the money away so

Smith would “get more.” On their way to Mayes’s residence, Pickens heard appellant say,

“Man, I had to shoot him.” When they reached Mayes’s apartment, they went inside and divided

up the money. Appellant, Smith, and Mayes each got $327, but Smith got an additional $80

from appellant’s share because appellant had used Smith’s handgun. Smith drove appellant

home, after which he and Pickens drove by the convenience store where the shooting occurred.

They saw “yellow tape all around the store” and “a lot of police cars.” Afterwards, they drove to

Pickens’s home in Cedar Hill.

       The following day, Pickens spoke to appellant alone. She testified that she wanted to

know what had happened “because my car was involved.” During this conversation, appellant

told her “he had to shoot him.” The prosecutor asked, “Why?” Pickens responded:

       A. He said he went in to rob the store, he got the money, but he saw a safe. And
       he said he was going over the counter to get the safe and he happened to look up
       and he said he saw the man reach and get a gun. And he said the first time he shot
       him, he shot him somewhere in here (indicating) and it made him turn a circle, but
       he still had the gun in his hand. And the second time, he shot him in the head.
       And I can’t remember the third place he said that he hit him.

       Q. But he told you that he shot him because he was going for a gun, ultimately?

       A. Yeah. He said he shot him because he was going for the gun while he was
       trying to get over to the safe.


                                              –7–
       Pickens testified about her lengthy criminal history. She was on probation at the time of

her testimony for felony theft. She was convicted of theft by check in 2010, for which she was

sentenced to thirty days in the county jail. She was also convicted of theft in 2006 and sentenced

to ninety days in the county jail.     She testified she had completed a deferred community

supervision in a drug possession case. She admitted telling Detective Chamberlain that, around

the time of the offense, she had been taking approximately thirty hydrocodone pills per day. But

she also testified that by the time she spoke to Detective Chamberlain in May 2008, about a

month after the offense, she had to quit her hydrocodone habit because she went to jail for theft.

       Justin Smith, twenty-five years old at the time of trial, also known by the nickname

“Black,” was charged as a co-defendant in this case and admitted participating as a party in the

aggravated robbery. He testified that on the night of the offense, between 8:30 and 8:45 p.m., he

was driving his girlfriend Kara’s four-door Nissan Altima. Appellant and Corrie Mayes, also

known as “Twin,” were in the car. Smith testified that he was 5’ 9” tall and Mayes was about 5’

9” or 5’ 10” tall, and that appellant was approximately 6’ 2” or 6’ 3” tall. They were supposed to

be going to buy some “weed”. Smith and Mayes, however, had been talking about how Smith

was “[l]ow on money,” and Smith believed appellant, who was sitting in the back seat, must

have overheard their conversation. Appellant told Smith “where to park to get the weed.” Smith

parked the car on a street behind a convenience store. Across the street from the store was a

Schepps Dairy. Smith testified that he was carrying a gun––either a .38 or a .357––because his

brother had recently been shot.

       Smith testified that appellant and Mayes got out of the car and started walking towards

the store. When Smith got out the car as well, appellant told him to go back to the car––that he

was “fixing to grab the weed and . . . he needed my pistol real quick.” Smith handed him the

gun. After three or four minutes, appellant returned alone. When appellant got in the car, Smith

                                               –8–
noticed the money and thought he had “just robbed the weed house.” Smith asked where Mayes

was, and appellant said Mayes was “a ho.” Smith, unaware (according to his testimony) of what

had just happened, started laughing. They left Mayes behind, then drove three or four blocks to

pick up Smith’s girlfriend. After picking up Kara, they drove back to the convenience store and

saw Mayes walking toward his residence. They picked him up and drove to Mayes’s mom’s and

grandmother’s house, where they divided the money from the robbery. Smith estimated these

events occurred around 9:05 and 9:10 p.m. Smith testified that he learned that night something

had happened at the convenience store and that a clerk had been shot, but did not discover until

the next morning that appellant had killed him. That same day, both appellant and Mayes told

Smith that appellant shot the convenience store clerk. Smith testified that he sold his gun to

appellant because he thought it was “hot.” Smith fled to Utah with Pickens. She returned to

Texas but he remained in Utah, where he was arrested.

       Smith testified on cross-examination that when appellant and Mayes got out of the car, he

did not know what they were going to do. He testified that appellant never said anything about

“hitting a lick” on their way to the store, and nothing was discussed beforehand. Smith admitted

that when Detective Chamberlain interviewed him on the day of his arrest, May 17, 2008, he said

he did not know anything about a robbery. He testified that he had a .38 and Mayes had a .380.

He told Detective Chamberlain that he and Mayes had a gun on the night of the offense, and that

he thought they were going to buy “weed.” He said appellant knew where the “weed” house was

located. He testified that he got out of the car and approached the store to buy some “cigarillos,”

but became scared and got back in the car. On redirect, Smith testified that when they divided up

the money, each of them got “probably like three––two or three hundred a piece.” He also

testified that appellant had a different cell phone when he returned to the car after the robbery,

and that the phone “flipped.” When appellant returned to the car, he wanted to get away from

                                               –9–
the area as soon as possible. Mayes “didn’t make it back to the car in time,” so they drove away

without him.

                                          DISCUSSION

               Sufficiency of the Evidence and Accomplice Witness Corroboration

       In his first issue, appellant argues the evidence is insufficient to prove he committed

capital murder because the State failed to prove each of the elements of capital murder. In his

second issue, appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to prove he committed capital

murder because the State failed to present sufficient corroboration of Smith’s accomplice witness

testimony.

       We review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

We examine all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable

doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Matlock, 392 S.W.3d at 667. We must defer to the jury’s

credibility and weight determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’

credibility and the weight to be given their testimony. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Brown v.

State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 568 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

       A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence corroborating accomplice testimony is not

the same as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the verdict as a whole.

Cantelon v. State, 85 S.W.3d 457, 460 (Tex. App.––Austin 2002, no pet.) (citing Cathey v. State,

992 S.W.2d 460, 462–63 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).            To corroborate accomplice witness

testimony, “[a]ll the law requires is that there be some non-accomplice evidence which tends to

connect the accused to the commission of the offense.”     Id. (quoting Hernandez v. State, 939

S.W.2d 173, 178–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14

                                              –10–
(conviction cannot stand upon accomplice testimony unless corroborated by other evidence that

tends to connect defendant with offense). Thus, corroboration is insufficient if it merely shows

the offense was committed. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14; Smith v. State, 332 S.W.3d

425, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).       To determine the sufficiency of the corroboration, we

eliminate all of the accomplice testimony from consideration and then examine the remaining

portions of the record to see if there is any evidence that tends to connect the accused with the

commission of the offense. Castillo v. State, 221 S.W.3d 689, 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). An

accomplice is one who participated in the offense before, during, or after its commission with the

requisite mental state. Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 439.

       The corroborating evidence may be direct or circumstantial, and need not be sufficient by

itself to establish the defendant’s guilt. Id. at 442; Malone v. State, 253 S.W.3d 253, 257 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2008). It may confirm a “mere detail” rather than the elements of the offense. Lee v.

State, 29 S.W.3d 570, 577 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2000, no pet.). Even “apparently insignificant

incriminating circumstances” may provide sufficient corroboration.        Trevino v. State, 991

S.W.2d 849, 852 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (quoting Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1996)). Evidence that the defendant was in the company of the accomplice at or near

the time or place of the crime is proper corroborating evidence, but such evidence alone is not

conclusive corroboration. Hernandez v. State, 939 S.W.2d 173, 178 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)

(concluding evidence was sufficient when it showed appellant was present at crime scene, had

been in possession of a shotgun a few months before the robbery similar to that used in the

robbery, and fled the scene without explanation); see also Nolley v. State, 5 S.W.3d 850, 854

(Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

       We look at the particular facts and circumstances of each case and consider the combined

force of all the non-accomplice evidence that tends to connect the accused to the offense. Smith,

                                              –11–
332 S.W.3d at 442; Malone, 253 S.W.3d at 257. No precise rule can be formulated as to the

amount of evidence that is required to corroborate the testimony of an accomplice. Dowthitt,

931 S.W.2d at 249. However, the “tends to connect” standard is not a high threshold. Cantelon,

85 S.W.3d at 461.

       There is sufficient corroboration if the combined force of all the non-accomplice

evidence shows that rational jurors could have found that it sufficiently tended to connect the

defendant to the offense. Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 442; Malone, 253 S.W.3d at 257. Thus, “when

there are two permissible views of the evidence (one tending to connect the defendant to the

offense and the other not tending to connect the defendant to the offense),” we defer to the view

of the evidence chosen by the jury. Simmons v. State, 282 S.W.3d 504, 508 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009); see also Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 442. It is not appropriate for us to independently construe

the non-accomplice evidence. Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 442.

       The indictment in this case alleged that on or about April 11, 2008, in Dallas County,

Texas, appellant “did unlawfully then and there intentionally cause the death of SAMUEL

GHEBREYESUS, an individual, hereinafter called deceased, by SHOOTING THE DECEASED

WITH A FIREARM, A DEADLY WEAPON, and the defendant was then and there in the

course of committing and attempting to commit the offense of ROBBERY of said deceased.”

       A person commits capital murder if the murder is committed in the course of committing

or attempting to commit one of the enumerated offenses, including robbery. See TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. § 19.03(a)(2). A person commits robbery if, in the course of committing theft and

with the intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he “intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly causes bodily injury to another” or “intentionally or knowingly threatens or places

another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death.” Id. § 29.02(a)(1), (2).

       The jury was instructed that Smith was an accomplice “if any offense was committed,”

                                               –12–
and that it could not convict appellant unless it believed there was other evidence in this case,

outside of Smith’s testimony, tending to connect appellant with the commission of the offense.

In conducting our review of the sufficiency of the corroborative evidence, we must eliminate

Smith’s testimony from consideration and look to the remaining evidence to determine if there is

any evidence that tends to connect appellant with the commission of the offense.

       In addition to appellant’s presence at the crime scene on the night of the offense with

Smith and Mayes, the State presented evidence from the victim’s cell phone records and various

admissions made by appellant. Morgan saw appellant in possession of a silver and black Metro

PCS “flip” phone in April of 2008. The victim possessed a Metro PCS “flip” phone. Telephone

calls were made from that phone to persons associated with appellant beginning approximately

fifty-eight minutes after the estimated time of the shooting. Morgan testified that appellant

would not allow her to make a call from that phone. That same night, appellant pulled cash out

of his pocket and told Morgan he had “hit a lick,” which Morgan understood to mean appellant

had robbed someone, and that Morgan should not tell anyone about the “lick.” Appellant also

showed Morgan a gun he was carrying. Hickson, appellant’s girlfriend, testified that sometime

in April of 2008, appellant called her from a phone number she did not recognize. Part of that

number was (214) 815. The victim’s cell phone number was (214) 815–3513. Appellant also

told her he “merked” someone, which Hickson explained was street slang for killing someone.

Pickens, Smith’s former girlfriend, testified that, on the night of the offense, Smith borrowed her

car to go somewhere and buy “weed.” Smith returned with appellant and Mayes. When Pickens

joined them in the car, they drove to Mayes’s house. Along the way, Pickens heard appellant

say, “Man, I had to shoot him.” When they reached Mayes’s house they divided up the money,

with each person taking $327.      Appellant bought Smith’s handgun for approximately $80

because appellant had used it in the robbery. The following day, appellant told Pickens “he had

                                              –13–
to shoot him” because he saw the man reach for a gun. He also told Pickens that he went into the

store to rob it, that he got the money, and then saw the safe. Appellant told Pickens he was going

over the counter to get to the safe when he looked up and saw the man reaching for a gun.

During this conversation with Pickens, appellant also said he shot the man three times.

       Appellant points out that Hickson’s testimony does not specify who appellant supposedly

“merked,” nor where the killing took place. He also argues that Pickens had a prescription drug

habit, an extensive criminal record, and testified appellant told her he shot the clerk three times,

yet the autopsy showed Gebreyesus died from a single gunshot wound. Appellant further argues

that the police never recovered the actual murder weapon, nor were they able to determine who

all of the telephone numbers on the victim’s cell phone records belonged to. But what appellant

overlooks is that the corroborating evidence must merely tend to connect the accused to the

commission of the offense. Smith, 332 S.W.3d at 442. In reviewing a complaint of insufficient

corroborating evidence, we consider the combined force of all of the non-accomplice evidence

that tends to connect the accused to the offense. Id. Viewing all of the foregoing evidence in the

light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude a reasonable jury could have found that the non-

accomplice evidence tends to connect appellant to the offense. Accordingly, the jury was

permitted under article 38.14 to consider Smith’s testimony in determining whether appellant

was guilty of capital murder. See Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000) (“The jury is the exclusive judge of the credibility of witnesses and of the weight to be

given testimony, and it is also the exclusive province of the jury to reconcile conflicts in the

evidence.”).

       As for appellant’s complaint that the State failed to prove he committed capital murder,

there is sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could have found that appellant shot

Ghebreyesus. While driving away from the location of the convenience store to the place where

                                               –14–
they would divide up the money, Pickens heard appellant say, as discussed previously, “Man, I

had to shoot him.” Smith testified that both appellant and Mayes told him that appellant shot the

clerk. In April of 2008, appellant told Hickson he “merked” someone, and told Morgan he “hit a

lick,” which Morgan understood to mean he robbed someone. In addition, the jury could

reasonably infer appellant intended to kill Ghebreyesus. “The jury may infer the intent to kill

from the use of a deadly weapon unless it would not be reasonable to infer that death or serious

bodily injury could result from the use of the weapon.” Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 647

(Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see also Godsey v. State, 719 S.W.2d 578, 580–81 (Tex. Crim. App.

1986). Furthermore, the jury could reasonably conclude Ghebreyesus was shot during a robbery.

The money tray from the cash register had been removed from the register and placed on the

counter, and the levers that held down the bills were in the “up” position; there was only some

change in the tray. The victim’s family told the police that his cell phone was not found after the

shooting. Telephone calls were made from that cell phone to persons associated with appellant

beginning approximately fifty-eight minutes after the estimated time of the offense. Smith

testified that he thought he, appellant, and Mayes were going to rob a “weed” house that night.

Appellant selected the place they were going to rob. Smith drove to the scene with appellant and

Mayes, gave appellant his gun, and shared in the money taken in the robbery. Smith recalled that

he was carrying either a .38 or a .357 handgun, and Emanuel testified that the bullet that killed

Gebreyesus was a “.38/.357 caliber bullet.”

       It was the jury’s role, as the fact finder, to weigh the credibility of the witnesses,

determine what weight to give to their testimony, and resolve the conflicts in the evidence.

Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we therefore conclude that




                                              –15–
the evidence is sufficient to support the verdict. 6 See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Matlock, 392

S.W.3d at 667. We overrule appellant’s first and second issues.

                                          Denial of Appellant’s Request for a Mistrial

            Appellant’s third and fourth issues are related, so we will address them together. As

alleged by appellant, they read as follows:

            Issue Three: The trial court committed reversible error and Appellant’s
            constitutional rights to a fair trial and impartial judge were violated when the trial
            court failed to enforce its own order and ruling. The State deliberately or
            recklessly provoked the need for the defense request for mistrial by violating the
            Order on Motion in Limine when it used Appellant’s nickname of “Gotti” before
            the jury, and the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to grant a mistrial.

            Issue Four: When the trial court abused its discretion, committed reversible error,
            and failed to enforce its own order by failing to grant a mistrial when the State
            deliberately or recklessly provoked the need for the defense request for mistrial by
            violating the Order on Motion in Limine when it used Appellant’s nickname of
            “Gotti” before the jury, Appellant’s right to a neutral and impartial judge was
            violated under the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments.

            Prior to trial, appellant had filed a motion in limine that asked the trial court to instruct

the State and its witnesses “not to mention, allude to, or refer to, directly or indirectly, during any

stage of this trial,” the fact that appellant was known by the nickname “Gotti.” During a pretrial

hearing, the trial court granted the motion and ordered the State to instruct its witnesses not to

refer to appellant by that nickname. When told by the State that there was one witness who only

knew appellant by the name “Gotti,” the trial court stated: “Well, I’m not saying it’s not coming

in. I’m saying that if [the prosecutor] thinks it is important, that she needs to approach the Court

first.”

            When Smith testified on direct, the prosecutor asked him who he was with on the night of


      6
        The trial court in this case refused the State’s request to include a parties instruction in the jury charge. In its brief, the State argues that if,
as appellant contends, the evidence is insufficient to convict appellant based on his own conduct, we should look to evidence of appellant’s
responsibility under the law of parties, and that a hypothetically correct jury charge would be one that included a definition of the law of parties
and its application to appellant. See Yzaguirre v. State, 394 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 238 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997). Because we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s guilt based on his own conduct, we need not address
this question.



                                                                          –16–
the offense. He answered, “Me, Twin, and Gotti.” The defense objected based on a violation of

the motion in limine, and requested an instruction to disregard. The trial court indicated it

“didn’t understand what he said,” and asked to see the lawyers in a sidebar. During the sidebar

conference, the trial court, informed of what Smith actually said, stated, “I thought he said I got

it.” The court asked the prosecutor if the witness had been warned about using the nickname

“Gotti.” The prosecutor said she had not had a chance to do so, but she did not know whether

Smith’s attorney, who was also in the courtroom, had instructed the witness. After the jury was

excused, the prosecutor further explained she had not advised the witness because he was being

held at the jail, and that she had not “had a chance to go to the jail.” The court cautioned the

prosecutor that Smith was her witness and that the court “told you to tell your witnesses not to

use that nickname, right?” The prosecutor said she thought the court would take a break since

the witness was being brought over from the jail. The court reminded the prosecutor that she did

not ask for a break, after which the prosecutor admitted she had not asked for one, but that her

question to Smith “was not meant to elicit any nicknames or anything.” The court established

that the witness understood he was not to use the defendant’s nickname, but that no one,

including the witness’s attorney, had instructed him on that before he testified.

       The trial court asked defense counsel what she wanted it to do, and the defense requested

an instruction to disregard and moved for a mistrial. The court granted the request for an

instruction to disregard but denied the request for a mistrial. The attorney for the accomplice

witness was told to make sure his client understood he was “not to blurt out any other thing that

he’s not asked about.” Smith indicated he understood the court’s instruction. During further

discussion with the court, however, Smith stated he did not know appellant’s full name. The

court specified that he could refer to appellant as “[e]ither Morris or Mr. Simon or the Defendant.

Your pick.” When the jurors returned to the courtroom, the trial court instructed them as

                                               –17–
follows: “Before we get started, whatever his response was the last time, if were able to make it

out or not, ignore it, whatever he said previously.”

       In her continued examination of Smith, the prosecutor repeatedly referred to him as “Mr.

Morris Simon” or “Mr. Simon” in questions concerning appellant.            However, when the

prosecutor asked Smith to describe what happened after they arrived at the scene of the offense,

Smith replied: “Corrie got out of the car with Gotti and I got out the car and Gotti told me, Go

[sic] back to the car, he fixing to grab the weed and––he needed my pistol real quick.” There

was no objection from the defense.

       After Smith testified that he stayed in the car while appellant and Mayes walked towards

the convenience store, the prosecutor asked, “Now what is the next thing you remember, Mr.

Smith?” Smith replied, “Gotti coming back to the car,” after which the defense interrupted by

objecting and asking for an instruction to disregard and moving for a mistrial. When the jury

was excused, the court asked the witness why he was having trouble following the court’s order.

The record reads as follows:

               THE COURT: Everyone, please be seated.

              Now, Mr. Smith, why is it that you’re having a difficult time following the
       Court’s order?

               THE WITNESS: Ma’am, I’m––I’m just used to calling him Gotti.

               THE COURT: I don’t care what you’re used to. I gave you an order not
       to use that name. You knew the first time you did it that you weren’t supposed to
       do it, and then just now you did it again, knowing you’re not supposed to do it.
       Now, do you have some kind of a deal going with the State for your testimony?

               THE WITNESS: She capped it off at 20.

              THE COURT: Well, you know what? I don’t think I’m gonna do it. I’m
       not thinking you’re gonna testify because it’s so hard for you to follow the
       Court’s instructions. I’m risking a mistake. So I don’t think I’m going to allow
       you to testify anymore. I need for you to go in the holdover and have a
       conversation with your lawyer and he’ll explain it to you.

               (Witness exits courtroom.)
                                               –18–
               THE COURT: I’m serious, Mr. Rogers [witness’s attorney]. If he does it
       ––if he does it again, I’m busting whatever agreement there is.

When Smith returned to the courtroom, he assured the court he would follow the court’s

instructions. The relevant portion of the record reads as follows:

               THE COURT: We’re back on the record.

               Let the record reflect this is being done outside the presence of the jury.

              Mr. Smith, have you now had an opportunity to talk to your lawyer about
       the Court’s order?

               THE WITNESS: Yes, ma’am.

              THE COURT: And do you understand the serious consequences that you
       could suffer if you violate the Court order again?

               THE WITNESS: Yes, ma’am.

               THE COURT: Do you have any questions?

               THE WITNESS: No, ma’am.

               THE COURT: And do you wish to continue testifying?

               THE WITNESS: Yes, ma’am.

               THE COURT: Okay. Let’s get the jury.

Before the jury was brought back to the courtroom, the trial court asked defense counsel if she

still wanted the court to instruct the jury to disregard. The court was concerned “that if I point it

out to them again, that it might bring more attention to it, but that’s your call.” Defense counsel

told the court she wanted the court to instruct the jury, and when asked by the court what she

would like it to say, stated that the jury should simply be instructed to disregard the witness’s last

statement. The defense also moved for a mistrial, which the court denied. When the jurors

returned to the courtroom, the trial court instructed them as follows: “Members of the jury, if

you recall the last question asked. The response, please ignore it.”

       Assuming, without deciding, that appellant preserved his third and fourth issues for

appellate review, we understand him to be raising several related arguments here: (1) the State
                                            –19–
used “improper prosecutorial tactics” in this case by “deliberately or recklessly” provoking the

need for the defense to request a mistrial by violating the court’s pretrial order when Smith

repeatedly used appellant’s nickname “Gotti” before the jury; (2) the witness’s use of the

nickname “Gotti” to refer to appellant violated rule 404(b) of the rules of evidence, which

provides that evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of

a person in order to show conformity therewith, see TEX. R. EVID. 404(b); and (3) given the

State’s actions, the trial court’s failure to grant a mistrial was an abuse of discretion that

amounted to a violation of appellant’s constitutional right to a fair trial and an impartial judge.

       A mistrial is the trial court’s remedy for improper conduct that is so prejudicial that

expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and futile. Hawkins v. State, 135

S.W.3d 72, 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for mistrial

for an abuse of discretion. Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77; Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129

(Tex. Crim. App. 2004). An appellate court must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it was within

the zone of reasonable disagreement. Wead, 129 S.W.3d at 129. A mistrial is required only in

extreme circumstances where the prejudice is incurable. Archie v. State, 221 S.W.3d 695, 699

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In assessing prejudice, we balance three factors: (1) the severity of the

misconduct; (2) the measures adopted to cure the misconduct; and (3) the certainty of conviction

absent the misconduct. Id. at 700.

       The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that outbursts from bystanders or

witnesses that interfere with the normal proceedings of a trial will not result in reversible error

unless the defendant shows that a reasonable probability exists that the conduct interfered with

the jury’s verdict. Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 292 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “In the context

of such outbursts, the trial judge’s instructions to disregard are generally considered sufficient to

cure the impropriety because it is presumed that the jury will follow those instructions.” Id. In

                                                –20–
addition, testimony referring to or implying extraneous offenses can be rendered harmless by an

instruction to disregard unless it is so clearly calculated to inflame the minds of the jury and is of

such a nature as to suggest the impossibility of withdrawing the impression produced. Kemp v.

State, 846 S.W.2d 289, 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). “In most instances, an instruction to

disregard the remarks will cure the error.” Wesbrook, 29 S.W.3d at 115. Because a mistrial is an

extreme remedy, a trial court should declare a mistrial only when the error or misconduct is

highly prejudicial and incurable. See Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77; Simpson v. State, 119 S.W.3d

262, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Hudson v. State, 179 S.W.3d 731, 738 (Tex. App.––Houston

[14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

       The prosecutor in this case admitted she was aware of the trial court’s prior ruling that,

before there could be any use of appellant’s nickname in front of the jury, the State had to

approach the court, but she said that she did not intentionally elicit appellant’s nickname through

her questioning of Smith. There has been no showing that the prosecutor intentionally violated

the court’s order. Indeed, none of her questions to Smith that preceded his use of the nickname

“Gotti” showed a calculation to inflame the mind of the jury or provoke the defense. As the trial

court commented, it appeared Smith simply “blurted out” the initial reference to “Gotti.”

Smith’s other two uses of the nickname occurred after he had been admonished by the trial court,

and they showed nothing more than Smith’s difficulty in following the court’s instructions––not

some deliberate or reckless provocation of the defense by the State. When Smith continued to

refer to appellant as “Gotti” after being specifically ordered not to do so by the court, the court

excused the jury and warned Smith he could lose the chance to limit his punishment to twenty

years in prison if he did not follow the court’s instructions and stop referring to appellant as

“Gotti.” After the trial court admonished appellant in this fashion, he did not again refer to

appellant by that nickname. On the facts of this case, we conclude the trial court did not abuse

                                                –21–
its discretion by denying appellant’s motion for mistrial, and that Smith’s use of the nickname

“Gotti” to refer to appellant was not so inflammatory that its potential for prejudice would not be

cured by an instruction to disregard. Additionally, the record reflects that the trial court’s

response to Smith’s use of the nickname “Gotti” was adequate to cure any potential for

prejudice. We therefore overrule appellant’s third and fourth issues.

                          Mental Health Examination by State’s Expert

       In his fifth issue, appellant contends his Sixth Amendment right to the effective

assistance of counsel was constructively violated by “official interference” when, “despite the

fact that this case is not a death penalty case,” the trial court ordered appellant, pursuant to

Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997), to submit to a mental health

examination to be conducted by the State’s expert, “the intent of which was to rebut testimony

from a defense expert.”

       Appellant filed a motion to suppress any evidence of an admission or confession to the

police, and requested a hearing before any such evidence was admitted before the jury. The

State then filed a motion for a psychiatric examination of appellant by the State’s expert for the

purpose of “determining whether [appellant] is mentally retarded and the degree to which, if any,

[appellant’s] mental illness could render a [ ] seemingly voluntary statement involuntary, as

asserted in [appellant’s] Motion to Suppress.”       The trial court granted the State’s motion.

Appellant filed an application for a writ of prohibition in the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,

seeking relief from the trial court’s order subjecting him to examination by the State’s expert.

See Simon v. Levario, 306 S.W.3d 318 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The court of criminal appeals

declined to grant relief, concluding that, because the law was “unsettled” regarding the type of

mental health evidence the State may present in non-death capital cases, and whether such

evidence should be limited to the penalty phase, appellant had not established a clear right to be

                                              –22–
insulated from examination by the State’s psychiatric expert. Id. at 322.

          At the subsequent hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress, Dr. Gilda Kessner, a

psychologist, the defense expert, testified that appellant is mentally retarded, “most likely at the

cusp of mild to moderate.” She discussed an IQ test conducted in 2001, when appellant was

eighteen years of age (he was born in 1983), that showed his “full-scale” IQ was 67. Based on

her review of the videotaped statement, Kessner concluded that, at the time appellant was

interrogated by the three police officers, the “emotionally charged situation led him to offer a

confession that ordinarily he would not have offered.” Kessner further concluded that appellant

felt he had to say what the officers “wanted him to say.” His mental retardation made him more

susceptible to the officers’ tactics. Kessner stated that an individual who was “at a higher level

of functioning and more sophisticated” would have said he wanted to talk to a lawyer.

          Dr. Jack Randall Price, the State’s expert, a clinical and forensic psychologist, testified

that he reviewed appellant’s videotaped statement and gave appellant an IQ test. He found

appellant’s IQ to be “[i]n the 60s” range––a “full-scale” IQ of 63, a verbal IQ of 57, and a

nonverbal IQ of 80. Price disagreed with Kessner’s view of the tactics used by the officers

interrogating appellant. Price stated: “I do not see that there is a difference in this case due to

his low intelligence as to the effects of the interrogation strategies that were used,” and that a

person’s experience with the criminal justice system was a better predictor of how resistant one

would be to an interrogation. Price concluded appellant understood the consequences of giving a

confession, and that the confession was voluntary. The trial court ultimately granted the motion

to suppress appellant’s confession. 7

          The court of criminal appeals has held that when a defendant intends to present mental-


     7
        Three law enforcement officers, including Detective Chamberlain, also testified at the hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress, but
neither the motion to suppress itself nor the trial court’s ruling on the motion are at issue here, so we will not discuss their testimony.



                                                                  –23–
health expert testimony, the State is entitled to compel the defendant to undergo examination by

the State’s expert for rebuttal purposes. Hernandez v. State, 390 S.W.3d 310, 321 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2012) (citing Lagrone, 942 S.W.2d at 609–12). Lagrone and Hernandez, however, were

death penalty cases. See Hernandez, 390 S.W.3d at 313; Lagrone, 942 S.W.3d at 606. As the

court of criminal appeals stated in its opinion denying appellant’s request for a writ of

prohibition, whether Lagrone applies to non-death capital murder cases like this one is an

“unsettled” legal question. See Simon, 306 S.W.3d at 322 (noting that whether trial court could

order a psychiatric examination in the factual context of a non-death capital prosecution is an

“unsettled” legal question). But neither the defense’s expert nor the State’s expert actually

testified before the jury in this case, so any attempt by this Court to determine the effect of the

trial court’s ruling requiring appellant to submit to an examination by the State’s expert would be

an exercise in pure speculation. See Saldano v. State, 232 S.W.3d 77, 90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

(“[A]ppellate review of the trial court’s ruling in this case is practically impossible without a

record showing [the expert’s] actual testimony before the jury and the State’s actual use before

the jury of the results of a Lagrone examination. It is practically impossible to ‘compare the

actual trial with the one that would have occurred’ had [the expert] testified and appellant

submitted to a Lagrone examination.”); see also Hernandez, 390 S.W.3d at 322 (“To be entitled

to appellate review of the trial court’s ruling that a Lagrone examination would not be limited to

the same areas examined by the defense expert, appellant was required to submit to the Lagrone

examination and suffer any actual use by the State of the results of this examination.”).

       Appellant nonetheless argues that the trial court’s order directing him to submit to a

mental health examination by the State’s expert amounted to a constructive denial of his Sixth

Amendment right to counsel, and that we should follow United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648

(1984). In Cronic, 466 U.S. at 658–59, the Supreme Court recognized what is sometimes called

                                               –24–
a narrow exception to the Strickland prejudice analysis for situations where “counsel entirely

fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing.” The exception applies

when “there has been a denial of Sixth Amendment rights that makes the adversary process itself

presumptively unreliable.” Id. at 659. Under Cronic, however, there must be a “complete”

denial of counsel at a critical stage of the trial before there has been a denial of Sixth

Amendment rights and the defendant is not required to show prejudice. Id.; see also Bell v.

Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 696–97 (2002). A complete denial, for example, occurs when a trial court

denies a defendant the right to effectively cross-examine a witness, or in other circumstances

when even a fully competent lawyer could not provide effective assistance. Cronic, 466 U.S. at

659–60. Courts have found the failure of counsel to be complete in situations where counsel was

physically present but mentally absent, i.e., “asleep, unconscious, or otherwise non compos

mentis,” see Ex parte McFarland, 163 S.W.3d 743, 752 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), or in some

instances where counsel abandoned his client in closing argument by conceding his guilt. See

United States v. Williamson, 53 F.3d 1500, 1511 (10th Cir. 1995) (discussing cases in which

closing statements admitting guilt on the only disputed fact issues was Cronic error); but see

Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 190–91 (2004) (concession of guilt as part of strategy in capital

case where guilt was clear was not Cronic error).

       We decline appellant’s invitation to apply Cronic to this case. The circumstances in this

case do not show a breakdown of the adversarial process, and appellant has failed to identify

from the record in what way the trial court’s conduct constituted a complete denial of the Sixth

Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel at a critical stage of the trial. See Cronic,

466 U.S. at 658–59. Appellant does not specify what evidence, if any, he was prevented from

presenting to the jury, or in what way the defense’s preparation for or conduct of the trial was

disrupted. When considering claims involving the alleged denial of the Sixth Amendment right

                                               –25–
to the effective assistance of counsel, appellate courts are not permitted to speculate about what

evidence was not presented. Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

Furthermore, defense counsel succeeded in suppressing appellant’s statement to the police.

Based on the record in this case, we conclude appellant has failed to demonstrate that he was

constructively denied the effective assistance of counsel. We overrule appellant’s fifth issue.

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                      / Lana Myers/
                                                      LANA MYERS
                                                      JUSTICE
Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47
121539F.U05




                                               –26–
                                        S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

MORRIS WAYNE SIMONS, Appellant                         On Appeal from the 204th Judicial District
                                                       Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-12-01539-CR         V.                          Trial Court Cause No. F08-54622-Q.
                                                       Opinion delivered by Justice Myers.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                           Justices Lang and Brown participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 24th day of July, 2014.




                                                –27–
