Filed 5/29/15 Marriage of Osborn & Musalman CA4/1
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                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA



In re the Marriage of JULIE ANN
OSBORN and MILES MUSALMAN.
                                                                 D065329
JULIE ANN OSBORN,

         Appellant,                                              (Super. Ct. No. D515334)

         v.

MILES MUSALMAN,

         Respondent.


         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County,

Susan D. Huguenor, Judge. (Retired judge of the San Diego Sup. Ct.) Reversed and

remanded for further proceedings.

         Julie Ann Osborn, in pro. per., for Appellant.

         Miles Musalman, in pro. per., for Respondent.



         Julie Ann Osborn appeals from an order denying her request to invalidate or

modify various provisions in her marital settlement agreement (MSA) with Miles
Musalman. Osborn argues the trial court erred in affirming provisions in the MSA

diverting child support funds to a college fund, giving Musalman a credit against child

support, providing that neither party had an obligation to keep the other informed of

financial conditions, and setting the parties' child custody time share percentages for the

purpose of child support. Osborn also argues the MSA is unfair overall because it shifts

the responsibility for raising the parties' children entirely to her. We agree with Osborn

that the provisions in the MSA diverting child support funds to a college fund and giving

Musalman a credit against child support are contrary to law. Accordingly, we remand the

matter for further proceedings. In all other respects, we affirm.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Osborn and Musalman were married in 2000 and separated in 2007. They had two

children together, one born in 2004 and the other in 2008. Osborn and Musalman entered

into the MSA, which was incorporated into a judgment of dissolution.

       The MSA gave primary physical custody of the children to Osborn and allowed

her to move them to Arizona with her. Osborn and Musalman agreed that for purposes of

child support, Osborn had a 70 percent time share percentage and Musalman had 30

percent. The MSA further provided:

          "[Musalman] shall be granted a credit in the amount of $16,500.00
          to be applied toward child support payments starting with a credit to
          the earliest payment due. After the credit has been exhausted, all
          child support payments will be deposited into a bank or brokerage
          account for the benefit of [the children]. The account will hold the
          proceeds for [the children's] college education costs as well as
          payment for the purchase of their first automobiles. The account
          shall be administered by Phil Osborn, the children's maternal
          grandfather, as the trustee for as long as he is able. . . . Neither

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           [party] shall be permitted to make withdrawals for their individual
           benefit from this account. In the event neither child attends college
           and the trust account established by the parties contains any funds,
           then 1/3 of the principal and income shall be distributed to the
           children when they reach the respective ages of 21, 23, and 25."

The MSA does not explain the reason for the $16,500 credit; however, Musalman stated

in his income and expense declaration that he had "a $16,500 credit with [Osborn] in lieu

of legal cost reimbursement for a TRO hearing that [Osborn] brought forth. Child

support payments have been used, as per the MSA, to reduce the credit."

       In the MSA, Osborn and Musalman agreed that Musalman would claim their

youngest child as a dependent on his income tax returns while Osborn would claim their

oldest child as a dependent. Osborn and Musalman further agreed that "[n]either party

shall have any duty or obligation to keep the other informed of their respective incomes,

jobs or any financial situation."

       Osborn moved to increase Musalman's child support payments and to invalidate or

modify various provisions of the MSA. The trial court granted Osborn's request to

modify child support but declined to invalidate portions of the MSA. Specifically, the

court did not find the MSA's provision regarding the deposit of child support payments

into a restricted account for college and automobile funds as void against public policy.

Rather, the court stated, that provision "does not restrict the Court's jurisdiction on child

support, but in fact reinforces the children's right to their support and insures that all

support paid will be used for their benefit only." The court also affirmed the $16,500

credit by stating the new child support order would begin after the credit was exhausted.

Lastly, the court affirmed the paragraph in the MSA regarding dependents on the parties'

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tax returns and stating neither party had a duty to keep the other informed of their

financial conditions.

                                        DISCUSSION

                                    I. Standard of Review

        "Child support awards are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.

[Citations.] We cannot substitute our judgment for that of the trial court, but only

determine if any judge reasonably could have made such an order. [Citation.] Our

review of factual findings is limited to a determination of whether there is any substantial

evidence to support the trial court's conclusions. [Citation.]" (In re Marriage of

Chandler (1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 124, 128 (Chandler).)

        " 'We observe, however, that the trial court has "a duty to exercise an informed and

considered discretion with respect to the [parent's child] support obligation . . . ."

[Citation.] Furthermore, "in reviewing child support orders we must also recognize that

determination of a child support obligation is a highly regulated area of the law, and the

only discretion a trial court possesses is the discretion provided by statute or rule . . . ."

[Citation.] In short, the trial court's discretion is not so broad that it "may ignore or

contravene the purposes of the law regarding . . . child support. . . ." [Citation.]' " (In re

Marriage of Pearlstein (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1361, 1371-1372.) When a child support

agreement is incorporated in a child support order, the obligation created is deemed

court-imposed rather than contractual. (Armstrong v. Armstrong (1976) 15 Cal.3d 942,

947.)



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                                 II. Child Support Account

         Osborn argues the trial court erred in affirming the provision in the MSA diverting

child support funds to an account for the children's college and automobile expenses. We

agree.

         In Chandler, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at pp. 128-130, the appellate court held the

trial court abused its discretion in establishing a trust that allowed surplus child support to

be saved for the child's college and other expenses. The trust placed restrictions on use of

the funds, and the mother's use of the funds required the father's written permission or a

court order. (Id. at p. 128.) The Chandler court found that "[o]nce the court determines

the appropriate amount of child support, the supporting parent has no right to determine

whether these funds are used to buy groceries, pay rent or pay for music lessons." (Id. at

p. 130.) The court emphasized that absent special circumstances, a trial court could not

order a parent to support an adult child through payments of college expenses. (Ibid.)

"Thus, the trial court had no authority to create a fund to meet some unexpected

contingency at some indefinite time in the future or to provide for [the child] when she

becomes an adult." (Ibid.) "[E]ven assuming a trust can be used, it must be limited to

cases where there is a strong showing of necessity, buttressed by specific, detailed factual

findings compelling the need to limit access to support funds." (Id. at p. 128.)

         Here, the MSA called for Musalman to deposit his child support payments into a

trust account. Those funds were earmarked for the children's future college and

automobile expenses. Further, the MSA did not allow for Osborn to withdraw any of the

funds for the children's immediate support and needs and there is no indication that

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Musalman was paying other child support amounts. "A child support order need not, and

generally should not, earmark specific amounts for certain purposes." (In re Marriage of

Cryer (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1039, 1051.)

       Musalman's support payments were directed at future contingencies that may not

be realized and, even if they are, those contingencies would largely occur when the

children are adults attending college. Included in the many purposes of child support is

that children receive "fair, timely, and sufficient support" and share in the standard of

living of both parents. (Fam. Code, § 4053, subds. (a),(f), (l); undesignated statutory

references are to this code.) This requires both parents to contribute to the support of

their children when they are minors and provide for their immediate needs.

       Even if a trust in this case was appropriate, Musalman did not make a strong

showing of necessity and the trial court did not make specific, detailed factual findings

compelling the need to limit access to support funds. (Chandler, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th

at p. 128.) Absent such findings, the trial court abused its discretion in creating a trust

restricting use of Musalman's child support payments for the children's college and

automobile expenses.

                                  III. Credit to Offset Debt

       Osborn argues the trial court erred in affirming a provision in the MSA giving

Musalman a credit against child support. We agree.

       We begin with the fundamental and well-established principle that the child

support obligation is owed to the child, not the parent who receives child support

payments. (See In re Marriage of Armato (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1030, 1039; Williams v.

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Williams (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 636, 640; In re Marriage of Stutz (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d

1038, 1041-1042.) Thus, "a child support obligation cannot be satisfied through the

obligor parent's performance of an entirely different (independent) obligation."

(Hogoboom & King, Cal. Practice Guide: Family Law (The Rutter Group 2014) ¶ 6:628,

p. 6-244 (rev. #1, 2011).) In In re Marriage of Armato, supra, at p. 1039, the obligor

parent attempted to reduce his child support obligation on the grounds that he had

assumed a business debt of the supported parent and the debt turned out to be far larger

and more onerous than the parties had expected. The court rejected the father's attempt to

get a credit against his child support obligation for the business loss, noting that the child

support obligation is owed to the child not the parent. (Ibid.) In Williams v. Williams,

supra, at pp. 639-640, the court rejected a similar attempt to reduce a support obligation

by the amount the supporting parent had advanced in maintaining an investment the

parties jointly owned. Likewise, in In re Marriage of Stutz, supra, at pp. 1041-1042, the

court refused to give a supporting spouse credit for mortgage payments which were

required as part of the parties' property distribution.

       Here, the family court stated Musalman's new child support obligations would

"begin after the credit of the $16,500 is complete and exhausted." The record indicates

the credit was for amounts owed by Osborn to Musalman for legal costs related to a

restraining order hearing. Thus, the credit was for an independent debt owed by Osborn.

Child support payments are owed to the children, not the parent who receives the

payments. Thus, the parties could not use child support to satisfy an unrelated debt

between them.

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                    IV. Information Regarding Financial Conditions

       Osborn argues the trial court erred in affirming the provision in the MSA

providing that "[n]either party shall have any duty or obligation to keep the other

informed of their respective incomes, jobs or any financial situation." Specifically, she

contends the provision is contrary to section 3664. We reject this argument.

       Section 3664 provides that "[a]t any time following a judgment of dissolution of

marriage . . . that provides for payment of support, either the party ordered to pay support

or the party to whom support was ordered to be paid or that party's assignee, without

leave of court, may serve a request on the other party for the production of a completed

current income and expense declaration in the form adopted by the Judicial Council."

       Nothing in the MSA prevents Osborn from seeking an income and expense

declaration from Musalman pursuant to section 3664. Rather, the MSA merely provides

that Musalman does not have an independent duty, absent a request under section 3664,

to keep Osborn informed of his income, job or financial situation on an ongoing basis.

Thus, the MSA is not contrary to section 3664.

                        V. Child Custody Time Share Percentages

       Osborn argues the trial court erred in affirming a provision in the MSA setting the

parties' child custody time share percentages for the purpose of child support as those

percentages do not reflect the actual amount of time the children spend with each parent.

       " 'In California there is a "statewide uniform guideline for determining child

support orders." (Fam. Code, § 4055, subd. (a).) This guideline is an algebraic formula.

(Ibid.)' " (In re Marriage of Katzberg (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 974, 979.) The guideline

                                             8
formula is based on each parent's income and a time sharing adjustment for shared

physical responsibility for the children. (§ 4055, subds. (a) & (b).) For calculating child

support, a parent's share is based on the approximate amount of time in which the parent

has actual, physical responsibility for the child. (In re Marriage of Katzberg, supra, at p.

981.) We review the trial court's determination of the parties' time share percentages for

an abuse of discretion. (Id. at p. 977 [the time share calculation is one "area in which a

trial court retains some discretion"].)

       Here, the parties agreed in the MSA that for purposes of child support, their "time

share percentage shall be deemed 70 percent to [Osborn] and 30 percent to Musalman."

The parties also agreed that Osborn could move the children to Arizona with her. Osborn

sought to decrease Musalman's time share percentage to five percent based on his actual

visitation with the children over the last two years. Musalman claimed that five percent

was not appropriate because Osborn did not make the children available for his visits or

otherwise impeded visitation.

       In calculating child support, the trial court used 30 percent as Musalman's time

share. The record before us is not clear as to the actual time each party had physical

responsibility for the children. We presume the order appealed from is correct and " 'all

intendments and presumptions are indulged to support the order on matters to which the

record is silent. It is appellant's burden to affirmatively demonstrate error and, where the

evidence is in conflict, [we] will not disturb the trial court's findings. [Citations.]'

[Citation.]" (Cochran v. Rubens (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 481, 486.) Moreover, all factual

matters are to be viewed most favorably to the prevailing party and in support of the

                                               9
order; all issues of credibility are for the trier of fact. (Nestle v. City of Santa Monica

(1972) 6 Cal.3d 920, 925.) On the record before us, we cannot conclude the trial court

abused its discretion in utilizing a 30 percent time share for Musalman in calculating

child support.

                                VI. Overall Fairness of MSA

       Osborn asserts a catchall argument that the MSA is unfair overall because it shifts

the responsibility for raising the parties' children entirely to her. In her argument, she

asserts that provisions in the MSA concerning the child support credit, college fund

account, lack of a requirement to keep the other party informed of financial conditions,

dependent claims on tax returns, time share percentages, and payment of healthcare

expenses make the MSA unfair on its face. We reject this overly broad argument.

       Osborn entered into the MSA in which she "acknowledge[d] that the support

provisions set forth in th[e] Agreement may or may not be comparable to what a court of

law might provide were the matter fully investigated and litigated." Further, "[e]ach

party enter[ed] into th[e] Agreement freely and voluntarily, with full knowledge" and

both parties were represented by counsel in the negotiation and preparation of the MSA.

Osborn admitted that she conceded many things in the MSA in order to move the

children to Arizona with her. On this record, absent a showing that Osborn's consent to

the MSA was obtained through duress, menace, fraud, undue influence or mistake (see

Civil Code, §§ 1566-1579), we decline to find the MSA was unfair on its face as it

appears it was freely bargained for and negotiated.



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                                       DISPOSITION

       The matter is remanded to the trial court to enter a new order on child support that

does not employ a trust account unless the court makes detailed factual findings to

support the need for a trust. Additionally, the new child support order shall not include a

credit for satisfaction of an independent obligation. In all other respects, the order is

affirmed. Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.



                                                                        MCINTYRE, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

O'ROURKE, J.




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