        IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
                    IN AND FOR KENT COUNTY

DOROTHY M. RUSSUM,                         :
                                           :     C.A. No: K13C-03-022 RBY
                  Plaintiff,               :
                                           :
       v.                                  :
                                           :
IPM DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP                :
LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, :
BIG LOTS STORES, INC., an unregistered :
entity, and SILICATO COMMERCIAL            :
REALTY, INC., a Delaware corporation, :
                                           :
                  Defendants.              :

                            Submitted: May 1, 2015
                            Decided: May 21, 2015


            Upon Consideration of Defendant Big Lots Stores, Inc’s.
                      Motion for Summary Judgment
                                GRANTED


                                    ORDER

William D. Fletcher, Jr.,Esquire, Schmittinger & Rodriguez, P.A., Dover, Delaware
for Plaintiff.

Christopher T. Logullo, Esquire, Chrissinger & Baumberger, Wilmington, Delaware
for Defendants IPM Development Partnership, LLC and Silicato Commercial Realty,
Inc.

David J. Soldo, Esquire, Morris James, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware for Defendant
Big Lots Stores, Inc.

Young, J.
Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
C.A. No. K13C-03-022 RBY
May 21, 2015

                                     SUMMARY
      Dorothy M. Russum (“Plaintiff”) alleges to have been injured, following a trip
and fall accident sustained on a ramp leading up to Big Lots Stores, Inc.’s
(“Defendant Big Lots”) store in Dover, Delaware. Defendant Big Lots leased the store
premises from IPM Development Partnership, LLC (“Defendant IPM”). The property
was managed by Silicato Commercial Realty, Inc. (“Defendant Silicato”). A term in
the lease agreement (“Lease”) between Defendant Big Lots and Defendant IPM,
delineated control of the area containing the ramp, called the “common area,” to IPM.
Plaintiff’s claim is supported by expert testimony opining that the slope of the ramp
was defectively designed, creating the dangerous condition leading to her fall.
      Pursuant to a section of the Restatement Second of Torts, recognized by
Delaware case law, Defendant Big Lots argues that, where it did not have knowledge
of the defective design, and where it was contractually absolved of control of the
ramp area, Plaintiff has failed to show Defendant Big Lots owed her any duty.
Therefore, Defendant Big Lots moves for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim
against it, as well as Defendants IPM’s and Silicato’s cross claim for indemnification.
For the reasons that follow, Defendant Big Lots’ Motion for Summary Judgment is
GRANTED.
                           FACTS AND PROCEDURES
      On April 21, 2011, Plaintiff sustained injuries resulting from a slip and fall
accident, while in the “common area” in front of Defendant Big Lots’ store in Dover,
Delaware. Defendant Big Lots, the lessee, leased building housing the store from the
lessor, Defendant IPM. As per the Lease, this “common area” was the sole
responsibility of Defendant IPM. Defendant Silicato was the property manager. On
Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
C.A. No. K13C-03-022 RBY
May 21, 2015

March 18, 2013, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against Defendants Big Lots, IPM and
Silicato seeking damages stemming from her injuries. Defendants IPM and Silicato
filed cross claims against Defendant Big Lots, with Defendant Big Lots filing cross
claims against each of the other Defendants as well.
      Plaintiff alleges that, while attempting to enter Defendant Big Lots’ retail store,
she felt something under her foot, causing her to fall. Directly in front of the store is
a sloped ramp. On June 10, 2014, a site inspection was conducted by Ronald Cohen,
a certified engineer retained by Plaintiff. Mr. Cohen rendered a copy of his findings
on July 15, 2014, in which he concludes that the sloped ramp in front of Defendants’
store caused Russum to fall and injure herself.
                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW
      Summary judgment is granted upon showing that there is no genuine issue of
material fact, where the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.1 The
Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.2 The
moving party bears the burden of showing that no material issues of fact are present,
but once a motion is supported by such a showing, the burden shifts to the non-
moving party to demonstrate that there is a genuine dispute as to material issues of
fact.3 In the alternative, where the non-moving party bears the ultimate burden of
proof at trial, the moving party succeeds on her motion for summary judgment by


      1
          Super. Ct. Civ.R. 56(c).
      2
          Windom v. Ungerer, 903 A.2d 276, 280 (Del. 2006).
      3
          Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 680-81 (Del. 1979).

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
C.A. No. K13C-03-022 RBY
May 21, 2015

showing a “complete failure of proof concerning an essential element” on the part of
the non-movant, thereby “rendering all other facts immaterial.”4
                                         DISCUSSION5
       In Delaware, it is generally accepted that a business owner owes business
invitees a duty to “protect against both dangers he knows to exist and those which
with reasonable care he might discover.”6 In order to succeed in a negligence claim
based upon failure to keep a premises safe, a Plaintiff must show both that “there was
a dangerous or defective condition in defendant’s store, and that the condition was
either placed there by the defendant or its employees, or was permitted to remain after
notice of its existence had come or should have come to the attention of defendant...”7
Defendant Big Lots’ present motion for summary judgment asks this Court to find
that in certain, limited types of situations, such a duty does not exist for all business
owners involved.
       Defendant Big Lots’ motion addresses the instance where Plaintiff’s injury
occurred in an area, whose maintenance and repair has been previously determined
contractually. The locale in question was positioned directly in front of Defendant


       4
          Kanoy v. Crothall American, Inc., 1988 WL 15367 at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Feb. 8, 1988)
(citing Celotex Corporation v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 91 (1986)).
       5
         Defendant IPM and Defendant Silicato joined Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendant Big
Lots’ Motion for Summary Judgment, by letter dated April 30, 2015. For ease of readability, the
Court refers to the positions contained in said Opposition, as those of “Plaintiff.”
       6
           Kanoy, 1988 WL 15367 at *2.
       7
           Id.

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
C.A. No. K13C-03-022 RBY
May 21, 2015

Big Lots’ store, containing a ramp leading up to the place of business. Defendant Big
Lots was the lessee of said store, and Defendant IPM the lessor. Their relationship
was governed by the Lease, which, amongst other things, provided for the upkeep and
maintenance of the location adjacent to the store, termed the “common area,” to be
the sole responsibility of Defendant IPM, the lessor. Significantly, this common area
encompassed the involved ramp. Plaintiff claims her accident to have been caused by
tripping on said ramp. In support of her allegations, Plaintiff has provided expert
testimony formulating the case for a defectively designed ramp. Alleging that the
ramp was entirely under the control of Defendant IPM, Defendant Big Lots argues
it had no duty to Plaintiff with regard to said ramp and, thus, is deserving of summary
adjudication in its favor.
      In arguing the merits of their respective positions, Plaintiff and Defendant Big
Lots raise two questions: (1) to what extent a lessee owes a duty to plaintiff, where
plaintiff injures herself on property whose upkeep is contractually bestowed upon
lessor; and (2) what duty does a lessee owe a plaintiff with respect to ingress and
egress, concerning property that is adjacent to the property leased? The former
question was first considered in Delaware by Rentz v. Rehoboth Mall Ltd. P’ship,
which, in the circumstances presented by that litigation, found the lessee to have no
duty to the plaintiff.8 As Defendant Big Lots has articulated, the facts of that case are
similar to those in the instant matter. As in the case at bar, the Rentz Plaintiff brought




      8
          1997 WL 716893, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 22, 1997).

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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May 21, 2015

a negligence claim founded upon a design defect.9 Furthermore, the defectively
designed structure was also a ramp leading up to lessee’s store.10 The lessor and
lessee had, similarly, contractually determined that the area encompassing the ramp,
was to be the responsibility of the lessor.11
       The Rentz Court found that this described situation was governed by
Restatement Second of Torts § 360 (1965), stating in relevant part:
    A possessor of land who leases a part thereof and retains in his own control
    any other part which the lessee is entitled to use as appurtenant to the part
    leased to him, is subject to liability to his lessee and to others lawfully upon
    the land with the consent of the lessee or a sublessee for physical harm
    caused by a dangerous condition upon that part of land retained in the
    lessor’s control, if the lessor by the exercise of reasonable care could have
    discovered the condition and the unreasonable risk involved therein and
    could have made the condition safe.12
Despite finding that, where contracting to retain control over the area containing
the ramp, the lessor remained fully liable, the Rentz Court recognized that lessees
could also be liable in such situations where “[lessee] knew that the ramp was a
dangerous condition, but failed to warn [plaintiff] about it.” The Rentz Court did
so, largely due to the language contained in Comment a to § 360.13

       9
           Id.
       10
            Id.
       11
            Id
       12
            Id., at *2 (citing Restatement Second of Torts § 360 (1965))(emphasis added).
       13
          Stating in relevant part”[t]he lessee may, for example, know that the common entrance
to the apartment or office, which he has leased has become dangerous for use because of the

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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       However, Rentz stopped short of announcing that the rule in Delaware was
that all lessees were liable to the extent of their knowledge of a dangerous
condition. Rentz merely “assum[ed that]...subject[ing] a tenant to liability for
failure to warn of known defects is also the law in Delaware...”14 Nevertheless,
even given this assumption, Rentz held that “[plaintiff] has failed to produce any
evidence that [defendant-lessee] knew about the cart ramp’s allegedly dangerous
condition.”15 This was primarily because the claim was based upon a design
defect in the ramp, which was solely supported by “the report of an architect” and
“[defendant-lessee] had no role in the design or construction of the ramp for
which [defendant-lessor] is responsible.”16 The Court, therefore, granted the
defendant-lessee’s motion for summary judgment.17
       Pursuant to the analysis in Rentz, this Court is persuaded that Defendant
Big Lots, as a defendant-lessee who had no part in constructing or designing the
ramp in question, could not have had knowledge of its defective condition.
Indeed, as in Rentz, the opinion of an expert is required to make the determination
as to a dangerously sloped construction. Even if, as the Rentz Court assumed,


lessor’s failure to maintain it in safe condition. [Lessee’s] knowledge may subject him to liability
even to his own licensees, if he fails to warn them of the danger” Rentz, 1997 WL 716893 at *2
(emphasis added).
       14
            Rentz, 1997 WL 716893 at *3.
       15
            Id. (emphasis added).
       16
            Id.
       17
            Id.

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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May 21, 2015

Comment a is the law in Delaware, it would be a challenge to deem Defendant
Big Lots liable for defects in an area contractually under the control of Defendant
IPM, the lessor. Without the requisite knowledge, Defendant Big Lots could not
warn Plaintiff of any alleged defect.
       Yet, Plaintiff asserts that Delaware requires landlords to provide safe
ingress and egress to invitees, including adjacent property.18 Plaintiff contends
that the “common area,” even if contractually under the control of Defendant
IPM, was an adjacent area forming the ingress and egress to property possessed
by Defendant Big Lots, its store. Therefore, Plaintiff argues Defendant Big Lots
had a duty to provide safe ingress and egress to its invitees. Although not cited
to by either party, the intersection between the holding in Rentz, and the
proposition put forward by Plaintiff concerning ingress and egress, has been
considered by the Delaware Superior Court in Kendzierski v. Delaware Fed.
Credit Union.19 The Court finds that case instructive.
       As a starting point, Kendzierski is helpful to Plaintiff’s position, because
it extends the general Delaware rule that landowners must provide safe ingress
and egress to invitees to lessees such as Defendant Big Lots.20 Nevertheless,
Kendzierski found that this extension was not applicable in all situations,


       18
            See e.g., Wilmington Country Club v. Cowee, 747 A.2d 1087 (Del. 2000).
       19
            2009 WL 342895, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Feb. 4, 2009).
       20
          Id., at *5 (“[b]ecause liability in this respect is grounded upon the owner’s superior
knowledge of the danger to the invitee, the Court considers the duty equally applicable to lessees
as to property owners”) (emphasis added) (internal quotations omitted).

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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May 21, 2015

recognizing that the Rentz Court “granted summary judgment in favor of the
lessee because the plaintiff had presented no evidence that the lessee had
knowledge of the alleged defects in the ramp’s design and construction.”21
Kendzierski, therefore, limited its finding to the “particular facts of the case at
bar,” where “a landowner has a duty to protect or warn invitees against latent
dangers.”22
      Considering Kendzierski’s holding and its discussion of Rentz, for this
Court the determinative factor regarding liability of the lessee is the precise type
of latent defect or danger involved. Hence, whether the defendant-lessee knows,
or should have known, of its existence is critical. In Kendzierski, for example, the
latent danger was loose bricks found in the stairs leading up to the entrance of
lessee’s store.23 Moreover, there was some evidence that defendant-lessee had
taken steps to ameliorate the stairs’ precarious condition.24 Although the
Kendzierski Court found that, where a contract provided for lessor to repair and
maintain the stairs, no claim could be brought against lessee premised on
negligent maintenance of the stairs, there was sufficient factual debate as to
whether defendant-lessee was on notice of the defect, or should have been on




      21
           Kendzierski, 2009 WL 342895 at *5.
      22
           Id. (emphasis added).
      23
           Id., at *1.
      24
           Id., at *6.

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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notice with reasonable inspection, to deny the motion for summary judgment.25
If the lessee had known of the defect, Kendzierski held the lessee had a duty to
warn the plaintiff.26 However, in so holding, Kendzierski acknowledged that in
the situation presented by Rentz, where the defect needed articulation by an
expert, a court could appropriately determine that the lessee did not have
knowledge of any defect in the ramp it had no part in designing or constructing.27
      In reviewing these two authorities, this Court notes the distinction between
loose bricks, and an allegedly dangerously sloped ramp. The argument is more
salient and palatable that lessee knew, or should have known, of defectively loose
bricks than that the lessee knew of the allegedly defective design of a ramp it did
not create. Furthermore, as Defendant Big Lots points out, no evidence has been
presented that a previous accident on the ramp would have put it on notice of the
dangers associated with the ramp’s use. Fact discovery has been completed in this
case. “On this record, [plaintiff] has failed to show that [defendant-lessee]
breached any duty to warn her of known dangers...”28
      Where the moving party has shown a “complete failure of proof concerning
an essential element” by the non-moving party, the moving party is entitled to




      25
           Id., at *1.
      26
           Id.
      27
           Kendzierski, 2009 WL 342895 at *4.
      28
           Rentz, 1997 WL 716893 at *3.

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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judgment as a matter of law.29 Following the Rentz reasoning, this Court
determines that Plaintiff has failed to establish Defendant Big Lots owed her a
duty to warn of the alleged defect in the ramp. Therefore, stricken of this essential
element, Plaintiff cannot sustain her claim against Defendant Big Lots. The Court
GRANTS Defendant Big Lots’ motion with respect to Plaintiff’s claim.
       In addition to moving for judgment as a matter of law against Plaintiff’s
claim, Defendant Big Lots seeks summary adjudication of one of Defendant
IPM’s and Defendant Silicato’s cross claims. By their cross claims, Defendants
IPM and Silicato seek contribution and indemnification from Defendant Big Lots.
The Court understands Defendant Big Lots’ motion to refer to the cross claim for
indemnification only.30 Defendant Big Lots argues that, if this Court finds it is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law with respect to Plaintiff’s claims, then
Defendants IPM’s and Silicato’s indemnification cross claim should be similarly
disposed of. In support of this proposition, Defendant Big Lots cites Pike Creek
Chiropractic Ctr., P.A. v. Robinson, in which the Delaware Supreme Court held
that “the scope of indemnification” is determined by “actual wrongdoing,”to a
third party bringing suit, and that an “[indeminitee] should not be divested of its
legal right to indemnification due to unsubstantiated pleading choices of a third
party.”31 The Rentz Court further applied this reasoning to grant lessee-

       29
            Kanoy, 1988 WL 15367 at *1.
       30
           In Defendant Big Lots’ Motion for Summary Judgment it states “Big Lots is also
entitled to summary judgment on co-defendants’ cross claim for indemnification,” at ¶ 9.
       31
            637 A.2d 418, 421 (Del. 1994).

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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indemnitee’s motion for summary judgment against lessor-indemnitor, where it
was decided that no wrongdoing was found on lessee-indemnitee’s part.32
      Defendant Big Lots’ citation to this authority requires this Court to perform
something of a reverse analysis. That is, the positioning of the parties in the case
at bar is switched. Rather than seeking summary judgment on its own cross claim
of indemnification, Defendant Big Lots, seeks summary adjudication of lessor-
indemnitor’s cross claim against it. Nonetheless, the Court finds the logic
applicable. If the Supreme Court has held that, where lessee-indemnitee is found
to have committed no misdeed, it retains its right of indemnification, then it must
also be that lack of wrongdoing precludes indemnification claims against said
lessee-indemnitee. A further review of the relationship of all the parties, vis-a-vis
this action, reveals the cogency of this point. Defendants IPM and Silicato, by
their cross claim, seek to indemnify themselves from any monetary liability
originating from Plaintiff’s lawsuit. Although neither party states as much, the
Court understands the right of indemnification to stem from Section 11 of the
Lease, which speaks to the lessor’s and lessee’s right to indemnification.33 Either
party’s implication of this section arises upon the injury to “any person” caused
by either party’s “negligent” or “wilful acts.”34 It follows, therefore, that if one
of these parties is adjudicated to have no part in said injury, then the right to


      32
           1997 WL 716893 at *3.
      33
           See Ex. C to Defendant Big Lots’ Motion for Summary Judgment.
      34
           Id.

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Russum v. IPM Development Partnership, LLC, et. al.
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May 21, 2015

indemnification falls away. Here, the Court has deemed there to be no evidence
that Defendant Big Lots breached its standard of care – hence, no finding of
wrongdoing can exist. The Court GRANTS Defendant Big Lots’ motion for
summary judgment with respect to Defendants IPM’s and Silicato’s cross claim
for indemnification.
                                 CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant Big Lots’
Motion for Summary Judgment in its entirety.
      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                              /s/ Robert B. Young
                                                         J.

RBY/lmc
oc: Prothonotary
cc: Counsel
     Opinion Distribution




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