      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

ROBERT RIDDLE, d/b/a            )
FAIRBANKS PUMPING AND           )                       Supreme Court No. S-15780
THAWING,                        )
                                )                       Superior Court No. 4FA-11-03117 CI
           Appellant,           )
                                )                       OPINION
     v.                         )
                                )                       No. 7235 – April 6, 2018
ERIC LANSER,                    )
                                )
           Appellee.            )
_______________________________ )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska,
              Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Bethany Harbison, Judge.

              Appearances: William R. Satterberg, Jr., Fairbanks, for
              Appellant.   Susan Orlansky, Reeves Amodio LLC,
              Anchorage, for Appellee.

              Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, Bolger,
              and Carney, Justices.

              STOWERS, Chief Justice.

I.    INTRODUCTION
              A nuisance is “a substantial and unreasonable interference with the use or
enjoyment of real property.”1 The Right to Farm Act provides that an agricultural facility
or an agricultural operation at an agricultural facility used for commercial purposes

      1
              AS 09.45.255.
cannot become a nuisance based on changes in surroundings if it was not a nuisance
when it started.2 This appeal presents the question whether odors emanating from a
farmer’s storage of septage3 on his farmland created a nuisance to adjacent landowners
when the trial court found the farmer was not engaged in commercial agricultural
operations but was actually using the farm’s septage lagoons to store septage from his
separate septic pumping and storing business. We affirm the superior court’s finding that
the storage of septage created a nuisance and its conclusion that the storage of septage
was not protected by the Right to Farm Act.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.     Riddle’s Farming And Septage Storing Activities
              Robert Riddle began acquiring land on Eielson Farm Road near Fairbanks
in 2005. The land Riddle purchased was covered by a Farm Conservation Plan4 issued
to a previous owner of the land. In 2005 Riddle began putting in a road and fencing and
clearing land. He also acquired farming equipment and maintained both livestock and
a pasture that produced sod, potatoes, hay, wheat, and oats.



       2
              See AS 09.45.235.
       3
          Septage is “[t]he waste content found in a septic tank.” Septage, THE
AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (5th ed. 2017).
       4
               A State Farm Conservation Plan is required pursuant to regulation
11 Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 67.177(a) (2018) whenever the State of Alaska
sells land classified for agricultural purposes. As the superior court explained, “[a] Farm
Plan sets out agricultural covenants and summarizes the purchaser’s/owner’s
commitment to proper agricultural land use and conservation practices, which are
represented graphically on a parcel map and with a supplementary written narrative.”
Farm conservation plans run with the land. See 11 AAC 67.177(b) (providing that a
farm conservation plan is “incorporated into the sale contract and the conveyance
document as a covenant and a condition subsequent, and will be recorded in that form”).

                                           -2-                                       7235

             Riddle also owned Fairbanks Pumping and Thawing, a business that pumps
privately owned septic tanks in the Fairbanks area. Prior to 2005 Riddle paid Golden
Heart Utilities approximately 11 cents per gallon to dump the septage he collected. In
2005, the same year he purchased his farmland and began developing his farm, Riddle
constructed five septage lagoons on his farm property and began dumping collected
septage into the lagoons. The septage lagoons occupied approximately 2 acres of his
500-plus-acre farmland. Riddle did not spread any septage during the winter of 2009.
In 2010 Riddle began accepting septage from Bigfoot Pumping and Thawing in addition
to the septage from his own company, charging Bigfoot 5 cents per gallon, which was
less than half of Golden Heart Utilities’ price. Bigfoot dumped at least 2.5 million
gallons of septage into the lagoons in 2010 and more than 3.6 million gallons in each of
the next two years. Riddle began spreading some septage on his farmland in June 2010.5
             At trial witnesses confirmed that applying human waste to soil is an
accepted farming practice and has long-term beneficial impacts on soil.               The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) specifically encourages the use of domestic
septage for fertilizer.6 Witnesses testified to the importance of spreading fertilizer,
including septage, on fields in order to increase the soil’s fertility. Witnesses also
testified that Riddle’s lagoons likely did not contain enough septage to develop the full
potential from the land even if all of the stored septage was spread on his fields.



      5
            At a preliminary injunction hearing Riddle testified that he began spreading
septage on his fields in 2009. But Riddle later testified at trial that he could not
remember whether he began spreading septage on his fields in 2009 or 2010 but that the
date would be in his logs. The date from his logs was June 9, 2010.
      6
              See EPA, DOMESTIC SEPTAGE REGULATORY GUIDANCE: A GUIDE TO THE
E P A          5 0 3       R U L E ,       a t    1 0      ( 1 9 9 3 ) ,
https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/200041HP.PDF?Dockey=200041HP.PDF.

                                           -3-                                        7235

       B.     Initial Permitting Process
              In order to legally apply septage to his fields, Riddle was required to secure
permits from the EPA, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
(Department), and the Fairbanks North Star Borough (Borough). In April 2007 the
Department authorized Riddle to apply domestic septage to his farm through a Solid
Waste Disposal Permit. The permit authorized Riddle to apply domestic septage from
private septic tanks and sewage sludge from Golden Heart Utilities Sewage Treatment
Plant. The permit also allowed Riddle to compost sludge acquired from Golden Heart
Utilities, but it did not allow him to apply septage from other sources. Riddle
acknowledged in his permit application the possibility that offensive odors could become
a nuisance, but he committed to covering his septage stockpiles with non-breathable
covers and to using odor inhibitors if necessary. The permit indicated that the
Department could revoke the permit if Riddle did not control the smell, but the
Department eventually adopted the position that the Right to Farm Act prevented it from
enforcing the odor control provisions of the permit pending the outcome of this litigation.
              In September 2007, after a public hearing, the Borough approved a
conditional use permit that allowed Riddle to apply septage to his fields. Riddle testified
before the Borough Planning Commission that he dumped all of his septage at Golden
Heart Utilities but did not disclose that he was already storing septage on his property.
Riddle also testified that he would store septage in a holding cell the size of an Olympic
swimming pool, and — contrary to his representation to the Department — that he would
not haul septage to the facility or store it there during the winter months; he also stated
that he would store septage in the lagoon only during the summer “as [he was]
transitioning stuff around.” The conditional use permit allowed Riddle to apply biosolids
to the property but required that “the principal use of the property . . . be agricultural in



                                            -4-                                        7235

nature” and that the biosolids be used to “support . . . the agricultural use.” The permit
prohibited him from using the property principally to dispose of biosolids.
             In March 2011 Riddle filed a proposed Revised Farm Plan allowing him
to construct septage lagoons, and the Division of Agriculture approved the revised plan
in April. Under the Farm Plan agriculture must be the primary use of the property and
the septage lagoons must be used only to support farming. Riddle did not disclose to the
Division that he had already constructed his septage lagoons and had been using them
to store septage his septic pumping company had collected from his customers.
      C.     Lanser’s Development Activities
             In 2007 Eric Lanser, a real estate developer, purchased land on Eielson
Farm Road adjacent to Riddle’s property.          Lanser subdivided the property and
refurbished a pre-existing house. Although Lanser did not report any smells when he
first purchased the land, he attended the 2007 Borough hearing on Riddle’s application
for a conditional use permit to express his concerns about possible smells emanating
from Riddle’s farm. Lanser began building and selling new residences soon after his
acquisition of the Eielson Farm Road land.
             Lanser testified that he first smelled odors from Riddle’s farm in May 2010,
after Riddle had begun accepting septage from Bigfoot Pumping and Thawing. Lanser
first contacted Riddle to request that Riddle “fix” the odors; he then contacted the
Borough, which told Lanser that the Department would handle complaints.
             In 2010 and 2011 other residents near Riddle’s farm also began
complaining about the odor. Department representatives went to Eielson Farm Road 10
or 11 times to verify the existence of odors but smelled odors only once. The
Department determined that Riddle’s farm did not present a public health danger. Lanser
continued to develop lots and build and sell residences.



                                           -5-                                      7235

       D.     Pre-Trial Proceedings
              Lanser sued Riddle and the Department in December 2011. Lanser alleged
public and private nuisance and negligence and sought injunctive and declaratory relief.
Upon the Department’s motion, the superior court dismissed the Department from
Lanser’s suit.
              In April 2012 Superior Court Judge Randy M. Olsen held a four-day
hearing on Lanser’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Riddle contended that the Right
to Farm Act shielded him from liability for private nuisance. The court noted the wide
disparity in testimony regarding the strength and frequency of the odor, and it found that
“Lanser ha[d] offered no convincing evidence that [Riddle’s] farm [was] a sham.” The
court denied Lanser’s request for a preliminary injunction; it also denied Riddle’s motion
to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim.
              In August 2012 Lanser served discovery requests on Riddle. Lanser
requested information regarding the acreage Riddle cultivated, the amount of crops he
produced, the amount of crops sold, the volume of septage on the property, the revenue
he earned from storing septage, and other information regarding the operation of
Riddle’s businesses on the property. Riddle objected to Lanser’s discovery requests
regarding his farming operations; he contended that Lanser’s requests were irrelevant
given the superior court’s finding from the preliminary injunction hearing that Riddle
was operating a legitimate farm. Riddle also filed a motion for summary judgment.
              Lanser moved to compel responses to his discovery requests, and based on
Riddle’s summary judgment motion Lanser moved to expedite his motion to compel.
Lanser also filed a motion for an Alaska Civil Rule 56(f) continuance to give him time
to respond to Riddle’s summary judgment motion. The superior court granted Lanser’s
motion for continuance but denied his motion for expedited consideration.



                                           -6-                                      7235

             Riddle opposed Lanser’s motion to compel and reiterated his view that the
superior court’s preliminary injunction findings disposed of all issues related to whether
Riddle was operating a legitimate farm. In November 2012 the court granted Lanser’s
motion to compel; it concluded that Riddle’s “refusal to respond to the discovery
requests [was] unreasonable under [Alaska] Civil Rule 37(g)[][7] and may form the basis
for an award to [Lanser] of reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the
conduct.”
             Following the retirement of Judge Olsen the case was reassigned to
Superior Court Judge Bethany Harbison. Riddle asked Judge Harbison to reconsider
Judge Olsen’s November 2012 order. Judge Harbison denied that request, explaining
that “[d]iscovery is not limited by the findings made by the court denying the request for
a preliminary injunction or by testimony at the preliminary injunction hearing.” Judge
Harbison also noted that although a trial on the merits may be merged with the hearing
on the preliminary injunction, when this occurs the parties will typically “receive clear
and unambiguous notice of the court’s intent” to combine those proceedings, which did




      7
             Alaska Civil Rule 37(g) provides:
             If a party or a party’s attorney engages in unreasonable,
             groundless, abusive, or obstructionist conduct during the
             course of discovery or fails to participate in good faith in the
             development and submission of a proposed discovery
             plan . . . , the court may, after opportunity for hearing, require
             such party or attorney to pay to any other party the
             reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the
             conduct.

                                            -7-                                     7235

not occur here.8 Judge Harbison concluded that Judge Olsen had made only preliminary
findings that did not limit the scope of discovery.
              Pursuant to the superior court’s November 2012 order, Lanser moved for
attorney’s fees and costs under Civil Rule 37(g), requesting about $15,000. Riddle
opposed Lanser’s motion. The court deferred ruling on the motion until any post-trial
application for fees.
              In ruling on Riddle’s summary judgment motion, the superior court
determined that Riddle began a farming enterprise in 2005, that he was engaged in
farming, and that he used septage from Fairbanks Pumping and Thawing to fertilize his
farm. Because the court concluded that there was a question of material fact whether the
purpose of Riddle’s farm was commercial agriculture, it denied Riddle’s motion for
summary judgment on the private nuisance claim. But it did grant summary judgment
against Lanser with respect to his public nuisance and negligence claims. Lanser does
not appeal these rulings.
              E.        Trial And The Superior Court’s Decision
              The superior court presided over an 11-day bench trial in July and
September 2013. The parties re-presented testimony from the preliminary injunction
hearing rather than incorporating or referencing previous testimony. In November 2013
the court issued its decision.
              In its findings of fact, the court found by clear and convincing evidence that
Fairbanks Pumping and Thawing — Riddle’s company — had been dumping septage

       8
              See Haggblom v. City of Dillingham, 191 P.3d 991, 999 (Alaska 2008)
(“[T]he parties should normally receive clear and unambiguous notice [of the court’s
intent to consolidate the trial and the hearing] either before the hearing commences or
at a time which will still afford the parties a full opportunity to present their respective
cases.” (second alteration in original) (quoting Univ. of Tex. v. Camenisch, 451 U.S. 390,
395 (1981))).

                                            -8-                                       7235

into Riddle’s lagoons since 2005 but that there was no way to determine how much
septage Fairbanks Pumping and Thawing had dumped because Riddle did not keep
records. It found that the volume of septage dumped into Riddle’s septage lagoons
dramatically increased in the winter of 2009-2010 when Bigfoot Pumping and Thawing
began dumping septage into the lagoons. The court found that Bigfoot dumped over 2.5
million gallons of septage onto the lagoons in 2010, over 3.7 million gallons in 2011, and
over 3.6 million gallons in 2012. Comparatively, Riddle applied only 174,000;
1,084,000; and 377,000 gallons of septage to his fields in those three years.
              The court noted Riddle’s explanation that he “did not actually apply any of
the septage to the land until 2010 because it took from 2005 to 2010 to accumulate
enough septage to use on the fields,” but it did not find that explanation credible. And
the court noted Riddle’s testimony that weather conditions often prevented him from
applying septage to the fields, but it concluded that if that testimony were true, “weather
and field conditions prevent him from making use of more than three-quarters of the total
amount of septage that is dumped into his lagoons.”
              The court also noted Riddle’s testimony that he was using some of the
septage for compost, which required him to let the septage sit in the lagoons while the
water evaporated and then add wood chips to the dewatered and degraded septage. But
the court observed that Riddle’s Solid Waste Disposal Permit from the Department did
not permit him to treat or dewater the septage before applying it to his property. And
although Riddle asserted that he intended to request a modification of his permit, the
court stated that he likely would not be able to do so given his previous “material
misrepresentations” to the various permitting bodies. The court found that the septage
being composted in the lagoons could not be intended for farming because composting
was beyond the scope of Riddle’s permit and that the remaining septage had not been
applied to the land and therefore also was not used for farming purposes. The court

                                            -9-                                      7235

credited testimony that Riddle could have applied all of the septage he had to the land
and still not have met the nutrient needs of the soil.
              The court found that odors from Riddle’s lagoons intensified in early 2010
because of the dramatic increase of septage dumped during the preceding winter. The
court found that the odors from the septage lagoons made “engaging in outdoor activities
. . . extremely unpleasant, and the odors interfere[d] with ordinary activities such as
barbequing, gardening, and sitting outdoors. The odors clearly interfere[d] with Lanser’s
outdoor activities on the land, which include[d] building houses and preparing the land
for development.”
              The court then engaged in a two-step analysis to determine whether
Riddle’s septage lagoons constituted a private nuisance: (1) whether Riddle’s septage
lagoons would be a private nuisance in the absence of the Right to Farm Act, and (2)
whether the lagoons, if a private nuisance, were “an agricultural facility or an agricultural
operation at an agricultural facility” protected by the Right to Farm Act.9
              The superior court concluded that “Lanser . . . proved by clear and
convincing evidence that Riddle’s septage lagoons would be a private nuisance if . . . not
for the [Right to Farm] Act.” The court acknowledged that applying human septage to
enrich soil is an accepted agricultural practice, but it concluded that “[t]he septage
lagoons unreasonably interfere with Lanser’s use and enjoyment of his property.” The
court also found that Riddle was aware that his “lagoons would unreasonably interfere
with Lanser’s use and enjoyment of his property”; the court pointed to Riddle’s


       9
              See AS 09.45.235(a) (“An agricultural facility or an agricultural operation
at an agricultural facility is not and does not become a private nuisance as a result of a
changed condition that exists in the area of the agricultural facility if the agricultural
facility was not a nuisance at the time the agricultural facility began agricultural
operations.”).

                                            -10-                                       7235

numerous misrepresentations during the permitting process as evidence that Riddle was
aware of the risk and “acted recklessly and/or intentionally.”
              The court next concluded that Riddle was not shielded from liability as a
private nuisance by the Right to Farm Act. It characterized the evidence at trial as
suggesting that Riddle’s property was not an “agricultural facility” that was “used or
[was] intended for use in the commercial production or processing of crops, livestock,
or livestock products.” The court found that Riddle “ha[d] not sold any crops at all, nor
ha[d] he sold any farm products, nor ha[d] he received any income from farming.” The
court acknowledged that Riddle had allowed a neighbor to sharecrop a portion of his
land. And it found that Riddle “seem[ed] to be growing sod for sale” and that “[i]t may
be that at some point in the future, his farm will be used in the commercial production
of crops or livestock.”10 But although the court conceded that “Riddle may be in the
process of developing a nascent commercial farming enterprise,” it found that Riddle
would have already started selling his products if that were his actual intent.
              The court observed that the Right to Farm Act does not provide a definition
for “commercial” and recognized that farmers often work their farms for several years
before earning any income from farming. Thus the court explained that Riddle’s lack of
profits from his farming activities and the fact that he earned significantly more income
from his septage storage business were not dispositive of the question whether Riddle
operated a commercial agricultural facility. But it found that “Riddle’s farm appear[ed]
to be a ‘hobby farm’ rather than a commercial farm” and that if this was the case, “his
land [was] not an ‘agricultural facility’ . . . protected by the Act.”


       10
            The record also shows sales receipts for $1,190 in January 2007 and $425
in August 2008. The January 2007 receipt says “Hay Sales” under “Description” but
“Gravel Sales” under “Item”; the August 2008 receipt says only “re: Hay sale — sold
by Robert.” The court did not address these receipts in its decision.

                                            -11-                                   7235

              We do not rely on the court’s findings that Riddle’s farm appeared to be a
hobby farm and that Riddle sold no crops and therefore do not decide whether they were
clearly erroneous. It is evident, however, that the court found that Riddle’s agricultural
operations did not produce any significant income, and that the vast majority, if not all,
of Riddle’s income was derived from his septic pumping and storing businesses. The
court explained that over the last four years Riddle earned more than $600,000 from
septage pumping and storage.
              Despite the court’s findings, the court determined that it did not need to
decide whether Riddle’s farm was an agricultural facility because it found that Riddle’s
septage lagoons were not an “agricultural operation.”11 It found that Riddle was not
operating the lagoons “as an incident to or in conjunction with agricultural activities”
because the lagoons were being used to store and treat septage rather than to fertilize the
soil. And although the court noted that “Riddle intends that the septage disposal business
he is operating on his farm will also, at some point in the future, support commercial
farming activities,” it concluded that “the [Right to Farm] Act does not offer protection
from a nuisance that may later support a farming activity[;] [r]ather, the [Right to Farm]
Act protects a farming activity that later becomes a nuisance because of subsequent
expansion or adoption of new technology.” According to the court, “[i]n order to be
protected, the septage must be intended for use in farming from the onset.” The court
therefore found that the Right to Farm Act did not shield Riddle from private nuisance
liability.

       11
              An “agricultural operation” includes “any agricultural farming activity such
as . . . the application and storage of pesticides, herbicides, animal manure, treated
sewage sludge or chemicals, compounds, or substances to crops, or in connection with
the production of crops or livestock . . . and . . . any practice conducted on the
agricultural facility as an incident to or in conjunction with [these] activities.” AS
09.45.235(d)(2).

                                           -12-                                      7235

             The superior court ordered Riddle to abate the nuisance and provided
specific steps for Riddle to take, including implementing a deodorizer system,
“monitor[ing] and keep[ing] records of the amounts of septage dumped into the lagoons,”
and “keep[ing] and maintain[ing] records of his abatement efforts and of any odor
complaints he receive[d].” The court awarded Lanser his full costs pursuant to Alaska
Civil Rules 5412 and 79,13 and 40% of his attorney’s fees under Alaska Civil Rule
82(b)(3) based on “vexatious or bad faith conduct” and “reasonableness of the claims
and defenses pursued by each side.”14 The court also awarded Lanser fees and costs
under Civil Rule 37(g) as discovery sanctions.
             Riddle appeals.
III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
             “We review questions of law and the trial court’s application of the law to
facts de novo.”15 “In exercising our independent judgment, we will adopt the rule of law
that is most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy.”16 “We review a trial


       12
              Alaska Civil Rule 54(d) provides that “costs shall be allowed as of course
to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs.”
       13
              Alaska Civil Rule 79 governs the process for determining the costs awarded
to the prevailing party.
       14
              Alaska Civil Rule 82(b)(3) authorizes the court to vary an attorney’s fees
award from the presumptive 30% award in Alaska Civil Rule 82(b)(2) based on a
number of factors, including “vexatious or bad faith conduct” and “the reasonableness
of the claims and defenses pursued by each side.”
       15
             Maddox v. Hardy, 187 P.3d 486, 491 (Alaska 2008) (citing Petrolane, Inc.
v. Robles, 154 P.3d 1014, 1018 (Alaska 2007)).
       16
             Douglas Indian Ass’n v. Cent. Council of Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes
of Alaska, 403 P.3d 1172, 1175 (Alaska 2017) (quoting Healy Lake Vill. v. Mt. McKinley
                                                                          (continued...)

                                         -13-                                     7235

court’s factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard. A factual finding is clearly
erroneous when we are ‘left with a definite and firm conviction on the entire record that
a mistake has been made.’ ”17
              “We review awards of costs and attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion,
which exists if an award is arbitrary, capricious, manifestly unreasonable, or improperly
motivated.”18 And “[w]e review a trial court’s decision to impose sanctions for discovery
violations for abuse of discretion.”19 But whether the trial court correctly applied the law
in awarding attorney’s fees or sanctions is a question of law that we review de novo.20
And while we review for abuse of discretion the decision whether to enhance attorney’s
fees or to sanction a party because of an unreasonable legal position, the question
whether that position was unreasonable will usually be a legal question subject to de
novo review.21




       16
       (...continued)
Bank, 322 P.3d 866, 871 (Alaska 2014)).
       17
            Fernandes v. Portwine, 56 P.3d 1, 4 (Alaska 2002) (quoting Jenkins v.
Handel, 10 P.3d 586, 589 (Alaska 2000)).
       18
              Id. at 4-5 (quoting Kellis v. Crites, 20 P.3d 1112, 1113 (Alaska 2001)).
       19
            Whittle v. Weber, 243 P.3d 208, 211 (Alaska 2010) (citing Underwriters at
Lloyd’s London v. The Narrows, 846 P.2d 118, 119 (Alaska 1993)).
       20
              See Okagawa v. Yaple, 234 P.3d 1278, 1280 (Alaska 2010) (quoting Krone
v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 222 P.3d 250, 252 (Alaska 2009)); Prentzel v.
State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 169 P.3d 573, 594 (Alaska 2007) (citing Peter v. Progressive
Corp., 986 P.2d 865, 867 (Alaska 1999)).
       21
            See Alaska Building, Inc. v. Legislative Affairs Agency, 403 P.3d 1132,
1134 (Alaska 2017).

                                           -14-                                       7235

IV.    DISCUSSION
              Riddle argues that the septage lagoons on his property were not a nuisance.
And he argues that even if the septage lagoons would normally constitute a nuisance, he
is shielded from private nuisance liability by the Right to Farm Act. Finally, he contests
the superior court’s decision to grant attorney’s fees above the presumptive 30% amount
under Civil Rule 82(b) and discovery sanctions under Civil Rule 37(g).
              A.     Private Nuisance Liability
              A nuisance is “a substantial and unreasonable interference with the use or
enjoyment of real property.”22 “Private nuisance liability results from an intentional and
unreasonable interference with another’s use and enjoyment of his or her own property”
or from “[u]nintentional conduct . . . if negligent, reckless, or abnormally dangerous. To
incur liability, an actor’s conduct must be a substantial factor in causing the nuisance.”23
              In this case the superior court found that “Riddle’s septage lagoons would
be a private nuisance if not for the [Right to Farm] Act” because “[t]he septage lagoons
unreasonably interfere[d] with Lanser’s use and enjoyment of his property.” On appeal
Riddle argues that trial testimony did not support the court’s nuisance finding and that
the court should have balanced the harm to Lancer against the social utility of farming.
We conclude that the superior court did not clearly err in its factual findings and that
these findings made any balancing of societal interests unnecessary in this case.
              The superior court found by clear and convincing evidence that beginning
in the early spring of 2010, “Lanser and other neighborhood residents began to smell



       22
              AS 09.45.255.
       23
             Parks Hiway Enters., LLC v. CEMLeasing, Inc., 995 P.2d 657, 666 (Alaska
2000) (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS §§ 822(a)-(b), 834 (AM. LAW INST.
1965)).

                                           -15-                                       7235

strong, pervasive, and persistent foul odors originating with Riddle’s septage lagoons.”
These odors were “so strong and so foul that engaging in outdoor activities [was] often
extremely unpleasant,” and “[t]he odors clearly interfere[d] with Lanser’s outdoor
activities on the land, which include[d] building the houses and preparing land for
development.” “The odors beg[a]n at breakup and endure[d] through freezeup.”
             Lanser’s testimony supported these findings: Lanser testified that the smell
was “very overwhelming” and that it was like “sticking your head in [a] nasty outhouse.”
He asserted that it was “just always around [him]” and that he smelled the “remarkable”
odors “two times a week . . . on average.”
             The court found that it was the lagoons themselves and not the spreading
of septage on Riddle’s fields that caused the odors; Riddle had not yet started applying
septage to his fields when the odors first arose. The court found that the odors first
appeared in the early spring of 2010 because “[d]uring that winter, Bigfoot Pumping and
Thawing . . . stopped dumping its septage at the wastewater treatment plant owned by
[Golden Heart Utilities] and began dumping its septage into the lagoons on Riddle’s
property. In calendar year 2010, Bigfoot dumped at least 2,520,857 gallons of septage
into Riddle’s septage lagoons.”
             The facts found by the superior court are supported by the record and are
sufficient to establish that Riddle’s septage lagoons constitute a private nuisance
affecting Lanser’s property, absent a successful Right to Farm Act defense. Riddle made
an intentional business decision to create septage lagoons on his property, dump septage
from his own septic pumping business into the lagoons, and contract with Bigfoot to
dispose of millions of gallons of Bigfoot’s septage in the lagoons. These lagoons then
produced a foul odor that substantially interfered with Lanser’s use and enjoyment of his
property. As the House of Lords explained nearly 150 years ago:



                                          -16-                                     7235

              The person . . . whose habitation is made unhealthy by the
              fumes and noisome vapours of his neighbour’s . . . works[] is
              damnified without any fault of his own; and it seems but
              reasonable and just that the neighbour who has brought
              something on his own property (which was not naturally
              there) . . . should be obliged to make good the damage which
              ensues if he does not succeed in confining it to his own
              property.[24]
              As for Riddle’s argument that the superior court should have balanced the
harm to Lanser with the societal good of farming activities, we have never recognized
a balancing test in our nuisance cases, and we do not have to consider whether we should
adopt one today. The superior court found that the offending odors began before Riddle
used the septage in any farming capacity and that Riddle did not intend to use the septage
in the lagoons for farming. The societal value of farming is therefore irrelevant.
              The superior court did not clearly err in its findings, and we agree with the
court’s determination that Riddle’s septage lagoons were a private nuisance unless the
Right to Farm Act shielded Riddle from nuisance liability.
       B.     The Right To Farm Act
              Right to Farm Acts address the problem caused by the urbanization of
farming areas.25 “The Acts are primarily intended to protect agricultural producers from
nuisance actions that result from the encroachment of residential development onto


       24
              Rylands v. Fletcher [1868] 3 LRE & I. App. 330 (HL) 340 (appeal taken
from Eng.).
       25
              See ch. 34, § 1, SLA 1986 (“The legislature . . . finds that conflict between
agricultural operations and urban and suburban land uses threatens the permanent loss
of agricultural land.”); Minutes, Sen. Judiciary Comm. Hearing on S.B. 60, 22d Leg., 1st
Sess. (Mar. 30, 2001) (statement of Hans Neidig, Legislative Aide to Senator Lyda
Green, Bill Sponsor) (“As urbanization swallows up farming areas, many farmers have
experienced encroachment on their rights to farm.”).

                                           -17-                                      7235

traditionally agricultural lands. . . . All 50 states have enacted some type of [Right to
Farm] Act.”26
             Alaska’s Right to Farm Act provides that
             [a]n agricultural facility or an agricultural operation at an
             agricultural facility is not and does not become a private
             nuisance as a result of a changed condition that exists in the
             area of the agricultural facility if the agricultural facility was
             not a nuisance at the time the agricultural facility began
             agricultural operations.[27]
The Act defines “agricultural facility” as “any land, building, structure, pond,
impoundment, appurtenance, machinery, or equipment that is used or is intended for use
in the commercial production or processing of crops, livestock, or livestock products, or
that is used in aquatic farming.”28 An “agricultural operation” includes
             any agricultural and farming activity such as . . . the
             application and storage of pesticides, herbicides, animal


      26
              Harrison M. Pittman, Validity, Construction, and Application of Right-to-
Farm Acts, 8 A.L.R.6th 465 (2005); see also Shatto v. McNulty, 509 N.E.2d 897, 900
(Ind. App. 1987) (“The policy of the legislature is clear. People may not move to an
established agricultural area and then maintain an action for nuisance against farmers
because their senses are offended by the ordinary smells and activities which accompany
agricultural pursuits.”); Charter Twp. of Shelby v. Papesh, 704 N.W.2d 92, 99 (Mich.
App. 2005) (“The Legislature undoubtedly realized that, as residential and commercial
development expands outward from our state’s urban centers and into our agricultural
communities, farming operations are often threatened by local zoning ordinances and
irate neighbors. It, therefore, enacted the Right to Farm Act to protect farmers from the
threat of extinction caused by nuisance suits arising out of alleged violations of local
zoning ordinances and other local land use regulations as well as from the threat of
private nuisance suits.” (quoting Northville Twp. v. Coyne, 429 N.W.2d 185, 187 (Mich.
App. 1988))).
      27
             AS 09.45.235(a).
      28
             AS 09.45.235(d)(1).

                                           -18-                                    7235

     manure, treated sewage sludge or chemicals, compounds, or
     substances to crops, or in connection with the production of
     crops or livestock . . . and . . . any practice conducted on the
     agricultural facility as an incident to or in conjunction with
     [these] activities.[29]

29
     AS 09.45.235(d)(2). The Act defines an “agricultural operation” in full as
     (A) any agricultural and farming activity such as
            (i) the preparation, plowing, cultivation, conserving,

     and tillage of the soil;

            (ii) dairying;
            (iii) the operation of greenhouses;
            (iv) the production, cultivation, rotation, fertilization,

     growing, and harvesting of an agricultural, floricultural,

     apicultural, or horticultural crop or commodity;

           (v) the breeding, hatching, raising, producing, feeding,

     keeping, slaughtering, or processing of livestock;

           (vi) forestry or timber harvesting, manufacturing, or

     processing operations;

            (vii) the application and storage of pesticides,

     herbicides, animal manure, treated sewage sludge or

     chemicals, compounds, or substances to crops, or in

     connection with the production of crops or livestock;

            (viii) the manufacturing of feed for poultry or

     livestock;

            (ix) aquatic farming;
            (x) the operation of roadside markets; and
     (B) any practice conducted on the agricultural facility as an

     incident to or in conjunction with activities described in (A)

     of this paragraph, including the application of existing,

     changed, or new technology, practices, processes, or

                                                                   (continued...)

                                    -19-                                   7235

“[T]he time an agricultural facility began agricultural operations refers to the date on
which any type of agricultural operation began on that site regardless of any subsequent
expansion of the agricultural facility or adoption of new technology.”30
                 Riddle argues that his septage lagoons are part of an agricultural facility or
an agricultural operation at an agricultural facility and that he is shielded from nuisance
liability by the Act. We disagree: even assuming, as the superior court did, that Riddle’s
farming activities were enough to constitute a commercial agricultural facility, and
assuming that his septage lagoons eventually became an agricultural facility or an
agricultural operation at an agricultural facility, Riddle still did not use or intend to use
the septage in the lagoons in any farming capacity until after the lagoons had already
become a nuisance.
                 As previously explained, the purpose of the Right to Farm Act is to protect
commercial agricultural facilities or operations from nuisance suits based on the
encroachment of housing communities onto land that was previously farmland or
previously unused. If an agricultural facility or operation was not a nuisance when
agricultural operations initially began — that is before houses began to be constructed
adjacent to the facility — changes in the facility’s surroundings cannot turn the facility
or operation into a nuisance. But these are not the facts of this case. The superior court
found that Riddle did not use or intend to use his septage lagoons in any commercial
agricultural capacity until after they had already become a nuisance. This is not the
situation the Act was designed to address: the Act was meant to protect commercial


       29
            (...continued)
                  procedures.
                 Id.
       30
                 AS 09.45.235(a).

                                              -20-                                       7235

agricultural facilities or operations that would otherwise become nuisances, not nuisances
that may later become agricultural facilities or operations.
              As the superior court found, Riddle’s septage lagoons were not part of an
“agricultural facility” or “agricultural operation at an agricultural facility” at any point
from their creation until they became a nuisance. The Act only provides protection “if
the agricultural facility was not a nuisance at the time the agricultural facility began
agricultural operations.”31 Riddle did not begin spreading septage on his fields until
June 2010, “a few months after the odors from the septage lagoons began to bother his
neighbors.” Thus, the lagoons were already a nuisance by the time they might have
qualified as an agricultural facility or operation under the Act.
              Riddle’s earlier limited farming operations on the property do not shield
him from nuisance liability. Riddle states that his property contained farm equipment
and that he had used the property to grow crops and raise livestock and had allowed a
neighbor to sharecrop a portion; he argues that his farm was an agricultural facility that
began agricultural operations before the septage lagoons located on the property became
a nuisance. Even if this is correct,32 the septage lagoons were not a part of his
agricultural facility because they were not “used or . . . intended for use” in farming at



       31
              AS 09.45.235(a) (emphasis added).
       32
              One of the qualifying conditions for an agricultural facility to receive the
protection of the Right to Farm Act is that the facility be used or intended to be used “in
the commercial production or processing of crops, livestock, or livestock products.” AS
09.45.235(d)(1) (emphasis added). The superior court characterized Riddle’s farm as a
“hobby farm” that was not of a sufficiently commercial character to qualify as an
agricultural facility under the Act, but it determined it did not need to decide this
question because it found that Riddle’s septage lagoons were not an agricultural
operation. Given our resolution of the appeal, we also do not decide whether Riddle’s
farm was an agricultural facility.

                                           -21-                                       7235

the time.33 Nor does Riddle’s eventual use of the lagoons in farming constitute a
“subsequent expansion of the agricultural facility.”34 The Act allows agricultural
facilities to expand their existing agricultural operations without incurring new liabilities.
It does not provide a means to immunize an existing, nonagricultural nuisance. Because
Riddle began spreading septage from the lagoons on his fields only after the lagoons
became a nuisance, the Right to Farm Act does not protect him.35

       33
               AS 09.45.235(d)(1). To the extent that Riddle challenges the superior
court’s finding that he did not intend to use the lagoons in his farming operations, we
review this finding for clear error and find none. The superior court considered how
long it took Riddle to start applying septage to his fields and how little he applied once
he started. The court questioned his reasons for the minimal spreading and concluded
that his intention in occasionally applying septage to his fields “was more to dispose of
the septage than to prepare the land for farming” and that he did not intend to use the
septage in the lagoons for farming. These findings are supported by the record and are
not clearly erroneous.
       34
              AS 09.45.235(a) (“For purposes of this subsection, the time an agricultural
facility began agricultural operations refers to the date on which any type of agricultural
operation began on that site regardless of any subsequent expansion of the agricultural
facility or adoption of new technology.”).
       35
              AS 09.45.235(a) also says, “An agricultural facility or an agricultural
operation at an agricultural facility is not a private nuisance if the governing body of the
local soil and water conservation district advises the commissioner in writing that the
facility or operation is consistent with a soil conservation plan developed and
implemented in cooperation with the district.” Riddle argues that this clause protects his
septage lagoons “because, during all relevant times, [Riddle] operated the [farm] under
Division of Agriculture, Alaska DNR, Farm Plans that were in place and which run with
the land.” This is unpersuasive. A farm plan is not a “writing” of “the governing body
of the local soil and water conservation district . . . that the facility or operation is
consistent with a soil conservation plan.” Indeed the 1986 Farm Conservation Plan that
came with the property “require[s]” and the 2011 Farm Conservation Plan that Riddle
requested “strongly urges” Riddle to develop a separate local soil and water conservation
plan. The 1986 Farm Conservation Plan explains that “[t]he Soil and Water
                                                                               (continued...)

                                            -22-                                        7235

       C.     Attorney’s Fees And Costs
              At the conclusion of the trial Lanser moved for attorney’s fees under Alaska
Civil Rule 82(b), and he requested additional fees as sanctions relating to discovery
violations under Alaska Civil Rule 37(g). The superior court granted enhanced
attorney’s fees under Civil Rule 82(b)(3) due in part to Riddle’s unreasonable conduct
during discovery, and it also granted Lanser’s requests for fees and costs as sanctions
under Civil Rule 37(g). Riddle makes multiple claims of error with respect to both
rulings. We affirm some aspects of these awards and reverse or vacate others.
              1.     Civil Rule 82(b)(3) enhanced fees
              Under Civil Rule 82(b)(2) the presumptive award to a party not seeking a
monetary award who prevailed at trial is 30% of his reasonable and necessary attorney’s
fees. But “[t]he court may vary an attorney’s fees award . . . if . . . the court determines
variation is warranted.”36 In making that determination the court may consider a number
of factors, including “the complexity of litigation,” “the length of trial,” “the
reasonableness of the claims and defenses pursued by each side,” and “vexatious or bad
faith conduct” by the litigants.37
              Upon consideration of the Rule 82(b)(3) factors, the superior court
increased Lanser’s attorney’s fees from the presumptive 30% award to 40%. The court



       35
         (...continued)
Conservation Plan is not a part of the State Farm Conservation Plan or the State Farm
Development Plan.” Riddle has not placed into the record a document from the
governing body of the local soil and water conservation district advising the Department
that he is in compliance with a local soil and water conservation plan. Thus the Act does
not shield him from nuisance liability on this basis.
       36
              Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(3).
       37
              Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(3)(A), (B), (F), (G).

                                            -23-                                      7235

focused primarily on two factors: Riddle’s bad faith conduct and the unreasonableness
of Riddle’s defense. The court found that “Riddle ‘made material misrepresentations to
both the Borough and to the [Department] when he applied for his original permits’
regarding his intended use of the land.” And the court determined that Riddle’s
misrepresentations to the Borough and the Department demonstrated that, while Riddle
might have intended at some later time to use his property for commercial agricultural
operations, he was not operating a commercial agricultural facility at the time, and that
therefore his Right to Farm Act defense was unreasonable.
              Riddle argues that it was error (1) to consider his conduct outside of
litigation, (2) to find that his Right to Farm Act defense was unreasonable, and (3) not
to count against Lanser some of Lanser’s litigation conduct. We agree that consideration
of Riddle’s conduct outside of litigation and the conclusion his Right to Farm Act
defense was unreasonable were erroneous; it was not an abuse of discretion not to
penalize Lanser for his litigation conduct.
              We have explained that “[t]he purpose of Civil Rule 82 is to compensate
a prevailing party partially, not fully, for attorney’s fees incurred in litigation.”38 When
an award of Rule 82 fees is enhanced for bad faith conduct, the conduct at issue must
have occurred during the litigation.39 The trial court may not consider “actions taken
during the underlying transaction or other litigation between the parties.”40 The superior
court was apparently aware of this rule: the court relied on it when denying Lanser’s
request for attorney’s fees that Lanser incurred while trying to stop Riddle’s conduct



       38
              Demoski v. New, 737 P.2d 780, 788 (Alaska 1987) (emphasis added).
       39
              Alderman v. Iditarod Props., Inc., 104 P.3d 136, 145 (Alaska 2004).
       40
              Id.

                                           -24-                                       7235

through means outside the current litigation.41 The court nevertheless increased its Rule
82(b)(3) attorney’s fees award against Riddle “because Riddle did misrepresent his
intentions and actions both before and during litigation.” To the extent that the court
considered Riddle’s conduct outside of litigation, this was error.
              The superior court also found that Riddle misrepresented the manner in
which he planned to store the septage, the size of the lagoons, the length of time he
planned to store the septage, and the volume of the septage he planned to store. And it
found that Riddle intended only to store septage and not to actually use the septage in a
farming capacity. This led the court to conclude that Riddle’s Right to Farm Act defense
was unreasonable. We disagree. The superior court may take into account any
misrepresentations that Riddle made during litigation in considering an attorney’s fees
award,42 but we cannot conclude on the record before us that Riddle’s Right to Farm Act
defense was unreasonable. A party need not prevail on his claims or defenses for them
to be reasonable.43 By way of analogy, Alaska Civil Rule 11(b)(2) requires lawyers not
to present “claims, defenses, [or] other legal contentions” unless they “are warranted by
existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or reversing

       41
             Lanser requested attorney’s fees for his extrajudicial attempts to stop Riddle
from storing septage on Riddle’s farm, which included “contacting the EPA and the
Fairbanks Soil and Water Conservation District Board and petitioning the local
municipality to change existing ordinances.” The superior court denied Lanser’s request
because these attorney’s fees were not incurred in litigation.
       42
              These misrepresentations also may be considered in support of the superior
court’s factual finding that Riddle did not intend to use the septage in his lagoons for
commercial agricultural operations but instead intended to use the lagoons to store the
septage his business and Bigfoot pumped from septic tanks.
       43
             See Marathon Oil Co. v. ARCO Alaska, Inc., 972 P.2d 595, 604-05 (Alaska
1999) (holding that party’s position was not unreasonable because it “raised a legitimate
issue”).

                                           -25-                                      7235

existing law or for establishing new law.” The language of the Right to Farm Act is
broad and, until this case, has not been interpreted by this court. Riddle’s Right to Farm
Act defense was arguable, even though it was unsuccessful; it was not frivolous. We
conclude that to the extent that the superior court relied on its determination that Riddle’s
Right to Farm Act defense was unreasonable in making its attorney’s fees award, this
was error.
              Riddle further argues that “[t]he superior court abused its discretion by
failing to consider Lanser’s bad faith conduct.” Riddle claims that “Lanser failed to fully
supplement [his] Rule 26 disclosures and withheld information regarding his attempts
to shut down [Riddle’s] farm.” Riddle claims that Lanser “conducted a series of records
depositions without providing notice to [Riddle] while a motion to compel . . . was
pending.” But the superior court at no time during the litigation found that Lanser acted
in bad faith. The superior court noted that “Lanser could have taken a different course
of action” with respect to the depositions but explained that “it was ultimately Riddle’s
noncooperation that led to Lanser incurring the additional fees.” The court did not abuse
its discretion in not holding Lanser’s litigation conduct against him in its attorney’s fees
analysis.
              To summarize, the superior court has broad discretion in awarding
attorney’s fees under Civil Rule 82(b)(3), but the court may not hold actions before
litigation started or arguably reasonable defenses against the losing party. To the extent
that the superior court based its award on these impermissible considerations, we reverse
and remand to the superior court for reconsideration of its order in light of our holding.44


       44
             In devising its new Civil Rule 82 attorney’s fees award on remand, the
superior court also should be careful not to penalize Riddle twice for the same conduct.
Conduct that is being sanctioned under Civil Rule 37(g) should not also be held against
                                                                            (continued...)

                                            -26-                                       7235

             2.     Civil Rule 37(g) sanctions
             Under Civil Rule 37(g) the trial court may require a party “to pay to any
other party the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees,” when that party “engages
in unreasonable, groundless, abusive, or obstructionist conduct during the course of
discovery.” And when the court grants a motion to compel discovery under Civil
Rule 37(a)(4)(A), the court “shall” require the party whose conduct necessitated the
motion to pay the moving party’s reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, unless
the moving party failed to make a good faith effort to avoid court action, the non-moving
party’s objections were “substantially justified,” or “other circumstances [would] make
an award of expenses unjust.”
             The superior court granted Lanser’s Rule 37(g) motion for fees and costs
in connection with the court’s earlier order granting his motion to compel discovery
responses under Rule 37(a). The court found that Riddle’s “refusal to respond to the
discovery requests [was] unreasonable” and that Riddle’s conduct “necessitated
[Lanser’s] motion to compel” and “caused unnecessary delays and higher litigation
costs.”
             Riddle argues that the court “erred when it found that [he] was
unreasonable during discovery,” and he argues that “willfulness must be demonstrated
before sanctions may be imposed under Civil Rule 37.” Riddle claims that he did not
engage in any “willful conduct [that would] warrant[] an award of expenses as
sanctions.” He asserts that his objection to Lanser’s discovery requests were based on

      44
         (...continued)
Riddle in the court’s Civil Rule 82(b)(3) attorney’s fees determination. Cf. Heustess v.
Kelley-Heustess, 259 P.3d 462, 477 (Alaska 2011) (remanding for additional findings
because “we [could not] tell whether the court double-counted [husband’s] vexatious
litigation conduct by considering it in the overall property distribution and in its award
of enhanced fees”).

                                          -27-                                      7235

his belief that Lanser’s “requests were irrelevant to [the] private nuisance claim” in light
of Judge Olsen’s preliminary finding that Riddle was operating a “legitimate farm.” He
claims that he did not know that Judge Olsen’s findings did not have binding or
precedential value.
              Riddle is incorrect that Rule 37(g) requires a showing of willfulness before
the court may impose sanctions. The cases Riddle relies on to support his argument all
involve the trial court’s authority to impose litigation-ending or claim-dismissing
sanctions under Rule 37(b).45 Riddle points to no case or other authority suggesting that
the trial court must make an explicit finding of willfulness when ordering sanctions under
Rule 37(g). And nothing in the language of the rule indicates that willfulness is required;
all that is required is that the party or the party’s attorney engage in “unreasonable,
groundless, abusive, or obstructionist conduct during the course of discovery.”46 The
superior court did not need to find that Riddle acted willfully for it to order Riddle to pay
Lanser’s attorney’s fees and costs as sanctions under Rule 37(g).
              Riddle argues the superior court erred when it found that he acted
unreasonably in objecting to Lanser’s discovery requests. It did not. Riddle’s opposition


       45
               See Strong Enters., Inc. v. Seaward, 980 P.2d 456, 460-61 (Alaska 1999)
(noting that “the discovery master did not find that Strong had wilfully violated any
outstanding discovery order or that Strong’s conduct in discovery so thwarted the
discovery process that the requirements of Civil Rule 37(g) were necessarily established”
(emphasis added)); Honda Motor Co. v. Salzman, 751 P.2d 489 (Alaska 1988)
(reviewing establishment of liability as a sanction for violating discovery orders); Hawes
Firearms Co. v. Edwards, 634 P.2d 377 (Alaska 1981) (same). Rule 37(b)(3) requires
courts to consider the willfulness of a discovery-order violation when imposing sanctions
that affect the proceedings and provides in part, “The court shall not make an order that
has the effect of establishing or dismissing a claim or defense or determining a central
issue in the litigation unless the court finds that the party acted willfully.”
       46
              Alaska R. Civ. P. 37(g).

                                            -28-                                       7235

was based entirely on his belief that Judge Olsen’s preliminary findings were conclusive
and precluded discovery on his farm’s legitimacy. Findings made in the course of a
preliminary injunction proceeding are, by definition, preliminary. At preliminary
proceedings, a trial court may not be presented with all of the evidence that may be
developed during subsequent discovery as the case proceeds, and when the court is
presented with a more well-developed factual record at trial, the court may change its
view of the evidence. Normally, only when the court specifically notifies the parties that
it intends to combine the preliminary injunction hearing and trial could the court treat its
preliminary injunction findings as conclusive.47
              Riddle next argues that even if the superior court was entitled to award fees
and costs under Rule 37(g), it abused its discretion by awarding Lanser excessive and
unreasonable fees and costs as sanctions. He asserts that Lanser’s attorneys overcharged
like the attorneys did in Demoski v. New.48 But as Lanser points out, the proper amount
of attorney’s fees is case-specific.49 And although Riddle contends that a fee award

       47
              See Haggblom v. City of Dillingham, 191 P.3d 991, 999 (Alaska 2008)
(“[T]he parties should normally receive clear and unambiguous notice [of the court’s
intent to consolidate the trial and the hearing] either before the hearing commences or
at a time which will still afford the parties a full opportunity to present their respective
cases.” (second alteration in original) (quoting Univ. of Tex. v. Camenisch, 451 U.S. 390,
395 (1981))).
       48
              737 P.2d 780, 787 (Alaska 1987) (concluding that superior court did not
err in reducing attorney’s fees where attorneys had overcharged their clients, duplicated
work, and “generated . . . unnecessary work by making vituperative attacks on opposing
counsel”).
       49
             See Nautilus Marine Enters., Inc. v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 332 P.3d 554, 561
(Alaska 2014) (noting that “the trial court is ‘uniquely suited’ to make” determinations
about the reasonableness of attorney hours “because of its ‘greater knowledge of the
case’ ” (quoting Valdez Fisheries Dev. Ass’n v. Froines, 217 P.3d 830, 833 (Alaska
                                                                           (continued...)

                                           -29-                                       7235

under $1,000 is appropriate for a motion to compel, the case he cites is a child support
case with different facts, different legal issues, and a different level of complexity.50
There is nothing in Demoski to suggest that a motion to compel can never take more than
$1,000 worth of attorney time.
              We analyze the superior court’s attorney’s fees and costs award for an
abuse of discretion based on the facts of this case.51 Riddle argues there are six instances
where the court awarded excessive fees: (1) Lanser’s motion to compel; (2) Lanser’s
work on his motion for expedited consideration of his motion to compel; (3) depositions
taken while the motion to compel was pending; (4) pleading practice over quashing
Bigfoot’s subpoena; (5) Lanser’s Civil Rule 56(f) motion; and (6) updates to Lanser’s
expert report.
              Riddle first objects to the $3,612 awarded to Lanser for work related to the
motion to compel. He contends that Lanser overbilled because one attorney drafted and
then “[f]inish[ed]” the motion to compel, only to have another attorney conduct research,
revise, and again finalize the motion. Riddle asserts that the superior court abused its
discretion in what he contends is a clear case of overbilling. The first timekeeper spent
4.3 hours researching Rule 37 case law, 1.3 hours drafting the motion, and 0.9 hours
finishing the motion. The second timekeeper spent 0.9 hours reviewing case law, 1.3
hours revising the motion, and 3 hours finalizing the motion, preparing exhibits, drafting


       49
        (...continued)
2009))).
       50
             See Kestner v. Clark, 182 P.3d 1117, 1125 & n.32 (Alaska 2008)
(concluding that superior court did not abuse its discretion by awarding moving party,
who had requested $2,822 in fees, $782 “for work directly related to the motion to
compel”).
       51
              See Fernandes v. Portwine, 56 P.3d 1, 4-5 (Alaska 2002).

                                           -30-                                       7235

an affidavit of counsel in support of the motion, and drafting an order compelling
discovery responses. The superior court is in the best position to discern whether these
amounts of time were necessary and reasonable, and we perceive nothing that causes us
to conclude the court abused its discretion in its fee award.
               Riddle next objects to the $607 awarded to Lanser for work on the motion
for expedited consideration. He argues that “[t]he motion was clearly not necessary”
because Lanser had also brought a motion for continuance under Civil Rule 56(f). But
Riddle had put Lanser in a precarious position: he objected to Lanser’s discovery
requests and then moved for summary judgment. In response Lanser brought two
motions: one for expedited consideration of his motion to compel and a Rule 56(f)
motion for a continuance in the alternative. Because the court granted Lanser’s motion
for continuance, the motion for expedited consideration was mooted. Although the
motion for expedited consideration was ultimately unnecessary, the superior court did
not abuse its discretion when it granted Lanser attorney’s fees associated with preparing
that motion.
               Riddle next claims that the superior court abused its discretion when it
awarded Lanser “$1,593 in attorney’s fees and $411.23 for the records depositions
[Lanser] conducted while his [m]otion to [c]ompel was pending.” Riddle contends that
Lanser did not provide notice of the depositions. And he states that Lanser sought
information in these depositions that was not part of his initial discovery request. He
argues that the fees therefore cannot be attributed to Riddle’s conduct during discovery.
Lanser responds that Riddle’s suggestion that Lanser could have waited until the court
ruled on his motion to compel presumes that he would win that motion. Although Riddle
argues that he should not be penalized for Lanser’s duplicative work, Lanser was
employing alternative litigation strategies in the event that one or the other did not
succeed. And the fact that Lanser did not seek to obtain exactly the same information

                                          -31-                                     7235

in the depositions as he did in his discovery requests does not mean that the depositions
did not result from Riddle’s objections to Lanser’s discovery requests. The superior
court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Lanser fees for these depositions.
             Riddle next objects to $1,822.50 the court awarded Lanser for motion
practice related to Riddle’s effort to quash a subpoena Lanser served on Bigfoot. He
claims that these fees were only necessary as a result of Lanser’s attempt to depose
witnesses without notifying Riddle. But as discussed above, the depositions were a
legitimate attempt by Lanser as an alternative litigation strategy to respond to Riddle’s
opposition to producing discovery to Lanser and Riddle’s motion for summary judgment.
The superior court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Lanser these fees.
             Riddle next objects to $3,465 awarded to Lanser for his Rule 56(f) motion.
Riddle claims that the Rule 56(f) motion was essentially copied from Lanser’s motion
to compel. The total attorney’s fees awarded for the two motions were $7,077, which
Riddle argues was an unreasonable award for “duplicated work.” Lanser responds
correctly that Riddle did not raise this objection in the superior court; we therefore
review for plain error and find none.52 While there is overlap between the two motions,
the superior court is in the best position to determine whether the attorney’s fees were
reasonable. We see nothing in the record to suggest that the court plainly erred.
             Riddle finally objects to $2,953.53 in costs awarded to Lanser for time
spent updating an expert report. Lanser’s expert prepared his original report using
estimates of the volume of septage that was being stored on Riddle’s property because
Riddle had not yet responded to discovery requests. Lanser argued that his expert would
have to redo his report when Riddle produced the records, and Lanser therefore


      52
              See Ace Delivery &Moving, Inc. v. State, Alaska State Comm’n for Human
Rights, ex rel. Wass, 350 P.3d 776, 781-82 (Alaska 2015).

                                          -32-                                      7235
requested half of the cost of the original report as compensation for Riddle’s discovery
objections. The superior court deferred ruling on the motion until post-trial when it
awarded half of the cost of the initial expert report as a sanction. Riddle argues that
Lanser failed to show what additional cost, if any, was incurred by updating the report.
Riddle is correct that Lanser did not indicate what fees were incurred by updating the
report. While Lanser did not know the cost of the updated expert report at the time of
his motion, he did know that cost at the time he requested fees after trial. We agree with
Riddle that it was an abuse of discretion to award the pre-trial estimated expert report
costs. The superior court could have determined the actual cost of updating the expert
report when it awarded sanctions rather than relying on the estimate produced at the time
Rule 37(g) sanctions were initially requested. We therefore vacate the award of
$2,953.53 in costs and remand for the superior court to award the actual cost to Lanser
of the expert’s updates to the report.
V.     CONCLUSION
              We agree with the superior court that Riddle’s septage lagoons constituted
a private nuisance and that Riddle was not shielded from nuisance liability by the Right
to Farm Act. We therefore AFFIRM the private nuisance and Right to Farm Act rulings
of the court. The court considered factors outside the scope of the pending litigation in
awarding attorney’s fees under Civil Rule 82(b)(3) and it appears to have based its fee
award, at least in part, on an erroneous conclusion that Riddle’s Right to Farm Act
defense was unreasonable; we REVERSE the attorney’s fees award and REMAND for
the court to reconsider this award. It was an abuse of discretion for the court to rely on
a pre-trial estimate of the cost of updating Lanser’s expert’s report rather than the actual
cost when the actual cost was readily available to the court; we VACATE the award of
$2,953.53 in costs under Civil Rule 37(g) and REMAND for the court to determine and
award the actual cost of updating the report. The superior court did not abuse its

                                           -33-                                       7235

discretion in awarding any other attorney’s fees or costs under Civil Rule 37(g), and we
AFFIRM these awards. We do not retain jurisdiction.




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