Affirm in part, Reverse and Remand in part Opinion Filed March 2, 2020




                                               In The
                                 Court of Appeals
                          Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                        No. 05-19-00271-CV

    WEH-SLMP INVESTMENTS, LLC, WEHII-SRPOII INVESTMENTS, LLC, AND
            WRANGLER ENERGY HOLDINGS II, LLC, Appellants
                                V.
     WRANGLER ENERGY, LLC AND WRANGLER ENERGY II, LLC, Appellees

                       On Appeal from the 134th Judicial District Court
                                    Dallas County, Texas
                            Trial Court Cause No. DC-18-08087

                              MEMORANDUM OPINION
                          Before Justices Schenck, Osborne, and Reichek
                                   Opinion by Justice Reichek
       WEH-SLMP Investments, LLC, (Investments 1), WEHII-SRPOII Investments, LLC,

(Investments 2), and Wrangler Energy Holdings II, LLC (Holdings 2) appeal the trial court’s

judgment vacating an arbitrator’s award of attorney’s fees against appellee Wrangler Energy, LLC

(Energy 1). Appellee Wrangler Energy II, LLC (Energy 2) brings a cross-appeal challenging the

trial court’s confirmation of the arbitrator’s award of attorney’s fees against it. For reasons set out

below, we reverse the trial court’s judgment vacating the arbitrator’s award of attorney’s fees

against Energy 1, affirm the trial court’s judgment confirming the award of attorney’s fees against

Energy 2, and remand this case to the trial court to render judgment in accordance with the

arbitration award.
                                                 FACTUAL BACKGROUND

          In this oil and gas case, the parties entered into agreements pertaining to the acquisition,

sale, and profit sharing of mineral interests and mineral leaseholds. Subsequently, a dispute arose,

and Energy 2 sued appellants for breach of contract, promissory estoppel, unjust enrichment, and

breach of fiduciary duty. After Energy 2’s suit was filed, appellants filed a demand for arbitration

with the American Arbitration Association on various claims against Energy 2 as well as Energy

1.1 The case was assigned AAA Case #01-18-0002-8763. Three days later, appellants answered

the lawsuit with a general denial, verified pleas, and affirmative defenses, including that Energy

2’s claims were subject to a binding arbitration agreement. Appellants also counterclaimed for

declaratory judgment.

          Investments 2 moved to compel arbitration in Energy 2’s suit and to stay the trial court

proceedings, relying on section 13.09(b) of the Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company

Agreement of Wrangler Energy Holdings II, LLC [Holdings 2]:

                   The Members agree that any and all disputes or claims by any Member or
          the Company arising from or related to this Agreement that cannot be amicably
          settled, will be determined solely and exclusively by arbitration in accordance with
          the Federal Arbitration Act and using the rules of the American Arbitration
          Association or any successor thereof when not in conflict with such act; provided,
          however, that nothing contained in this Section 13.09 shall limit any Party’s right
          to bring (i) post-arbitration actions seeking to enforce an arbitration award or (ii)
          actions seeking injunctive or other similar relief under this Section 13.09 in the
          event of a breach or threatened breach of any of the provisions of this Agreement
          (or any other agreement contemplated hereby). . . .

The clause further provided the process and timeline for selecting an arbitrator and for

rendering a “final decision (which may include the award of reasonable attorney’s fees and




     1
       Although the demand is not in the appellate record, appellants included the fact in their brief and it has not been challenged
by appellees. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(g).


                                                               –2–
costs) . . . .” The agreement provided that it was governed by and construed in accordance

with Delaware law.

       Two months later, the parties filed a Rule 11 agreement with the trial court in which they

agreed to “jointly instruct the Court, and the arbitration, that all disputes between these parties,

now existing or which arise prior to the conclusion of the arbitration hearing in Case # 01-18-0002-

8763 before the American Arbitration Association and that are or could be joined in this action,

are hereby transferred into arbitration.” Thereafter, the trial court signed an order staying the case

pending arbitration.

       In the arbitration, appellants brought breach of contract claims against appellees and also

sought attorney’s fees and expenses; appellees brought breach of contract and breach of fiduciary

duty claims against appellants and also sought attorney’s fees and expenses. Following a three-

day arbitration hearing, the arbitrator issued a twenty-seven-page Findings of Fact, Conclusions of

Law, and Award in which he (1) denied appellants’ claim against Energy 1 for failure to meet its

capital-call obligation to Wrangler Energy Holdings, LLC (Holdings 1); (2) awarded appellants

$344,444.44 from Energy 2 for its failure to meet its capital call obligation to Holding 2; (3) denied

appellees’ affirmative claims; and (4) determined appellants were entitled to recover their

reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees and requested documentation to support their fee request.

Appellants submitted a fee application, and the arbitrator issued his final award, which included

$1,532,213.94 in attorney’s fees and expenses against both Energy 1 and Energy 2. With respect

to attorney’s fees, the arbitrator made the following “Conclusions of Law”:

       19.    The arbitration provision in the parties’ agreement permits the award of
       reasonable attorney’s fees and costs at the arbitrator’s discretion. Exhibit 2, at 62-
       62,§ 13.09(b).

       20.    Even absent the contractual authority of the arbitrator to award fees, under
       Delaware law, an award of attorney’s fees to the prevailing party is appropriate
       where “the losing party brought the action in bad faith[.]” Israel Disc. Bank of New


                                                 –3–
         York v. First State Depository Co., LLC, 2013 WL 2326875, at *28 (Del Ch. May
         29, 2013).

         Appellants then moved to lift the stay imposed by the trial court, to confirm the arbitration

award, and to enter final judgment in accordance with the award. In response, appellees moved to

vacate the award, arguing that the arbitrator “exceeded his powers” by awarding attorney’s fees.

Generally, they argued that, under Delaware law, because appellants did not prevail on their claims

against Energy 1, the arbitrator had no authority to award attorney’s fees against Energy 1. As to

Energy 2, they argued there was no agreement between these parties for the award of attorney’s

fees as required by Delaware law.

         In response, appellants argued that (1) appellees could not relitigate matters determined by

the arbitrator, and review of the arbitrator’s award was limited and could not be vacated based

upon a mistake in law or fact and (2) even if the award was subject to review, “[t]wo clear legal

bases substantively authorize the fee award.” First, they argued the amended operating agreements

for Holdings 1 and Holdings 2 contain agreements between the parties to “arbitrate any disputes

between them.” Second, they argued that, under Delaware law, a party may become liable to the

other’s attorney’s fees when it appears that the party or its counsel has proceeded in bad faith, has

acted vexatiously, or has relied on misrepresentations of fact or law in connection with advancing

a claim. See Rice v. Herrigan-Ferro, No. 401-S, 2004 WL 1587563, at *1 (Del. Ch. July 12,

2004).

         The trial court conducted a hearing on the motions at which arguments and evidence was

presented. After considering the motions, the trial court signed an order denying the motion to

confirm, granting the motion to vacate, and ordering the award vacated. In its final judgment

signed on the same day, the trial court granted the motions in part and denied them in part.

Specifically, the court ordered that the arbitrator’s “Award” and “Final Award,” attached as

exhibits, were adopted and incorporated into the final judgment except as to the award of attorney’s
                                                 –4–
fees. The trial court vacated the arbitrator’s award of attorney’s fees against Energy 1 and

confirmed the award of attorney’s fees as to Energy 2. Both sides appealed.

                       VACATUR OF ATTORNEY’S FEES AGAINST ENERGY 1

       In their first issue, appellants contend the trial court erred by vacating the arbitrator’s award

of attorney’s fees against Energy 1. They argue that contrary to appellees’ argument below, the

arbitrator did not exceed his authority.

       We review a trial court’s vacatur of an arbitration award de novo under the FAA based on

the entire record. In re Chestnut Energy Partners, Inc., 300 S.W.3d 386, 397 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2009, pet. denied). However, an arbitration award is treated the same as the judgment of a court

of last resort. Ancor Holdings, LLC v. Peterson, Goldman & Villani, 294 S.W.3d 818, 826 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). All reasonable presumptions are indulged to uphold the arbitrator’s

decision, and none is indulged against it. Id.

       An arbitration award governed by the FAA, as was the case here, must be confirmed unless

it is vacated, modified, or corrected under certain limited grounds. See 9 U.S.C. §§ 9–11. Section

10 of the FAA provides the only grounds for vacating an award. Section 10(a)(4) provides that an

arbitration award may be vacated “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly

executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not

made.” See id.§ 10(a)(4).

       Our inquiry under section 10(a)(4) is whether the arbitrator had the authority, based on the

arbitration agreement and the parties’ submission, to reach a certain issue, not whether the

arbitrator correctly decided the issue. Ancor Holdings, 294 S.W.3d at 829 (citing Executone Info.

Sys. , Inc. v. Davis, 26 F.3d 1314, 1323 (5th Cir. 1994); DiRussa v. Dean Witter Reynolds Inc.,

121 F.3d 818, 824 (2d Cir. 1997)). The award must be derived in some way from the wording and

purpose of the agreement, and we look to the result reached to determine whether the award is

                                                 –5–
rationally inferable from the contract. Id. We may not vacate an arbitration award for errors in

interpretation or application of the law or facts. Id.; Quezada v. Bechtel OG & C Constr. Servs.,

Inc., 946 F.3d 837, 844 (5th Cir. 2020) (“An arbitrator’s legal or factual error ordinarily does not

warrant vacatur.”). “Where the arbitrator is ‘even arguably construing or applying the contract or

acting within the scope of his authority the fact that a court is convinced he committed serious

legal error does not suffice to overturn that decision.’” Quezada, 946 F.3d at 844 (quoting Am.

Eagle Airlines, Inc. v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n Int’l, 343 F.3d 401, 405 (5th Cir. 2003) quoting Eastern

Assoc. Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of Am., 531 U.S. 57 (2000)).

       Below, appellees sought to vacate the arbitration award on the basis that the arbitrator failed

to follow Delaware law in awarding attorney’s fees and, in doing so, exceeded his powers. This

argument, however, is nothing more than a complaint that the arbitrator committed an error of law.

But a complaint that the arbitrator decided the issue incorrectly or made mistakes of law is not a

complaint that the arbitrator exceeded his powers. Here, the arbitration clause extended to “any

and all disputes or claims by any Member or the Company arising from or related to this

Agreement.” Further, the agreement explicitly provided that the arbitrator would render a final

decision “which may include the award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.” Accordingly,

based on the record before us and the arguments made, we conclude that appellees failed to show

that the arbitrator exceeded his powers by awarding attorney’s fees.

       In their brief on appeal, appellees rely on “manifest disregard” of the law to support vacatur

of the attorney’s fees. But this Court, after considering the United States Supreme Court opinion

in Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576 (2008), and the Fifth Circuit opinion

in Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. v. Bacon, 562 F.3d 349 (5th Cir. 2009), has previously

concluded our review of an arbitration award under the FAA is limited to the statutory grounds.

See Ancor, 294 S.W.3d 818, 828 & n.4. Thus, to the extent manifest disregard constitutes a

                                                 –6–
nonstatutory ground for vacating an arbitration award, it is not a proper basis for vacating an award

under the FAA. To the extent manifest disregard survived Hall Street as a “judicial gloss” on the

statutory grounds,2 it requires far more than mere error in law or a failure of the arbitrator to

understand or apply the law. See DynaColor, Inc. v. Razberi Techs., Inc., No. 19-10720, 2020 WL

115978, at *3 (5th Cir. Jan. 9, 2020) (per curiam); Marshall v. Green Giant Co., 942 F.2d 539 (8th

Cir. 1991). It means the arbitrator “appreciated the existence of a clearly governing principle but

decided to ignore or pay no attention to it.” DynaColor, 2020 WL 115978, at *3. In other words,

the arbitrator understood but deliberately ignored the law. No such showing was made in this case.

We sustain the first issue and conclude the trial court erred in vacating the arbitration award.3

           In their second issue, appellants also address whether the award was improperly “modified”

under section 11 of the FAA. Under section 11, a court may modify or correct an arbitration award

upon the application of any party to the arbitration:

            (a) [w]here there was an evident material miscalculation of figures or an evident
           material mistake in the description of any person, thing, or property referred to in
           the award.

           (b) [w]here the arbitrators have awarded upon a matter not submitted to them,
           unless it is a matter not affecting the merits of the decision upon the matter
           submitted.

           (c) [w]here the award is imperfect in matter of form not affecting the merits of the
           controversy.

9 U.S.C. § 11(a)–(c).




     2
        The federal circuit courts are split as to whether “manifest disregard” survived Hall Street as an independent ground for review or as a
“judicial gloss” on the statutory grounds for vacatur. See DynaColor, Inc. v. Razberi Techs., Inc., No. 19-10720, 2020 WL 115978, at *3 (5th Cir.
Jan. 9, 2020) (comparing circuits that no longer recognize standard to circuits that continue to recognize manifest disregard as a basis for vacating
arbitration awards).
       3
         In their second issue, appellants also address whether the award was improperly “modified” under section 11 of the FAA. Even if we assume
the trial court’s action could be interpreted as a modification, as opposed to vacatur, appellees did not argue below, or on appeal, any of the statutory
grounds of modification to set aside the award of attorney’s fees. Regardless, none of those grounds apply. As stated previously, an arbitration
award will not be set aside for error in interpreting the law.




                                                                         –7–
       Here, appellees did not argue in the trial court or on appeal any of the statutory grounds for

modification to set aside the award of attorney’s fees. Thus, to the extent this issue needs to be

addressed, the record does not show there was any “material miscalculation” of figures or mistake

in the description of anything in the award or that the award was “imperfect in matter of form.”

Moreover, we have previously concluded attorney’s fees were within the scope of matters

submitted to the arbitrator.     Because appellees failed to show any statutory grounds for

modification of the award, we sustain the second issue.

            CROSS-APPEAL: CONFIRMATION OF ATTORNEY’S FEES AGAINST ENERGY 2

       In a cross-appeal, Energy 2 contends the trial court erred in confirming the arbitrator’s

award of attorney’s fees against it because the arbitrator acted in “manifest disregard” of Delaware

law. Energy 2 argues it never executed the amended operating agreement, which contains the

arbitration clause, and thus did not agree to the provision requiring the arbitrator to issue “a final

decision (may include the award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs). . . .” Rather, they contend

another document controlled the relationship between Investments 2 and Energy 2, and it did not

contain an arbitration clause.

       Even assuming the correctness of Energy 2’s argument that it was not bound by the

arbitration agreement, Energy 2 entered into a rule 11 agreement in which it agreed that “all

disputes between these parties, now existing or which arise prior the conclusion of the arbitration

hearing” and “that are or could be joined in this action,” would be arbitrated. Nothing in this

language identifies attorney’s fees as a claim that could not be determined by the arbitrator. For

the same reasons explained above as to why vacatur was not appropriate, we conclude the trial

court did not err in confirming the award of attorney’s fees against Energy 2. We overrule the sole

issue on cross-appeal.




                                                 –8–
       We reverse the trial court’s judgment vacating the award of attorney’s fees against Energy

1, affirm the trial court’s judgment confirming the award of attorney’s fees against Energy 2, and

remand this case to the trial court to render judgment in accordance with the final arbitration award.




                                                    /Amanda L. Reichek/
                                                    AMANDA L. REICHEK
                                                    JUSTICE

190271F.P05




                                                 –9–
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                        JUDGMENT

 WEH-SLMP INVESTMENTS, LLC,                           On Appeal from the 134th Judicial District
 WEHII-SRPOII INVESTMENTS, LLC,                       Court, Dallas County, Texas
 AND WRANGLER ENERGY                                  Trial Court Cause No. DC-18-08087.
 HOLDINGS II, LLC, Appellants                         Opinion delivered by Justice Reichek;
                                                      Justices Schenck and Osborne participating.
 No. 05-19-00271-CV          V.

 WRANGLER ENERGY, LLC AND
 WRANGLER ENERGY II, LLC,
 Appellees

         In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part. We REVERSE that portion of the trial court's
judgment vacating the award of attorney’s fees against Wrangler Energy, LLC. We AFFIRM
the trial court’s judgment confirming the award of attorney’s fees against Wrangler Energy II,
LLC. We REMAND this cause to the trial to render judgment in accordance with the final
arbitration award.

        It is ORDERED that appellants WEH-SLMP INVESTMENTS, LLC, WEHII-SRPOII
INVESTMENTS, LLC, AND WRANGLER ENERGY HOLDINGS II, LLC recover their costs
of this appeal from appellees WRANGLER ENERGY, LLC and WRANGLER ENERGY II,
LLC .


Judgment entered this 2nd day of March, 2020.




                                               –10–
