[Cite as State v. Taylor, 2018-Ohio-1649.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Appellate Case No. 27539
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   Trial Court Case No. 2011-CR-4317
                                                   :
 DARREN TAYLOR                                     :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                   :    Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                              Rendered on the 27th day of April, 2018.

                                              ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ALICE B. PETERS, Atty. Reg. No. 0093945, Montgomery
County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, 301
West Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

DARREN TAYLOR, #685345, P.O. Box 56, Lebanon, Ohio 45036
    Defendant-Appellant, Pro Se

                                             .............

FROELICH, J.

        {¶ 1} Darren Taylor, pro se, appeals from the denial of his “motion to vacate

and/or suspend court cost,” which addressed the total assessed by the clerk of
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courts. For the following reasons, the trial court’s denial of Taylor’s motion to vacate

and/or suspend court costs will be affirmed as to restitution and reversed as to court costs,

and the matter will be remanded for consideration of Taylor’s indigency and his present

and/or future ability to pay court costs.

                                   I. Procedural History

        {¶ 2} In May 2013, Taylor was found guilty after a jury trial in the Montgomery

County Court of Common Pleas of four counts of murder (relating to two victims) and one

count each of aggravated robbery and felonious assault; each count included a firearm

specification. The trial court found Taylor guilty of having weapons while under disability

after a bench trial. After merging several offenses and firearm specifications, Taylor was

sentenced to two terms of 15 years to life in prison for two murder charges, to be served

consecutively, and to an additional 3 years for each of the firearm specifications

associated with those two murder counts. Taylor’s aggregate prison term was 36 years

to life in prison.

        {¶ 3} In addition to the prison term, the trial court ordered Taylor to pay $6,575.49

in restitution, $192 dollars to the Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office for extradition

costs, and court costs, as determined by the Montgomery County Clerk of Courts. The

court ordered that $168.60 found on Taylor’s person at the time of his arrest be forfeited

and applied to Taylor’s restitution and/or court costs. No fine was imposed.

        {¶ 4} Taylor appealed from his conviction, claiming that the trial court erred in

failing to suppress evidence obtained from warrantless searches of his cell phones,

including the GPS data obtained thereby. We affirmed Taylor’s conviction. State v.

Taylor, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25764, 2014-Ohio-2550.
                                                                                         -3-


       {¶ 5} On August 12, 2016, Taylor filed a motion to vacate and/or suspend court

costs. Taylor stated that the Montgomery County Clerk of Courts had assessed a total

of $8,970.55 against his institutional accounts. He informed the court that he receives

$19 per month in prison earnings, which is spent on electricity ($1 deducted monthly from

his account), hygiene products, postage, stationery, and legal copies. Taylor stated that,

given his lengthy sentence, there were “no realistic expectations of increasing his income

until his release” and that he has no cash, bonds, savings, or property that can be levied

toward his financial obligation. Taylor supported his motion with an affidavit stating that

he had been incarcerated since 2011, that he receives $19 per month, that he must pay

for utility charges and medical expenses from those funds, that all monies received from

outside sources are gifts for the payment of personal items, and that he is “without

sufficient funds to pay the required costs and fees of this action.”

       {¶ 6} On August 19, 2016, the trial court overruled Taylor’s motion. The trial

court’s decision stated, in its entirety:

       It is well-settled that costs may be assessed against all criminal defendants,

       including those who are indigent. State v. Threatt, 108 Ohio St. 3d 277,

       279, 282 (2006). Upon review, the Court notes that Defendant made the

       choices which led to the accrual of the fees at issue, and he must take

       responsibility    for    his    conduct,   as    well   as      the   resulting

       consequences. Moreover, there is no evidence that Defendant is unable

       to make any payment toward the costs at this time, or that he will not be

       able to make payments toward the fees once his term of incarceration

       ends. Therefore, the Court finds that it is not necessary to vacate and/or
                                                                                          -4-


         suspend Defendant’s costs in this matter, and OVERRULES Defendant’s

         Motion to Vacate and/or Suspend Court Costs.

         {¶ 7} Taylor sought reconsideration of the trial court’s ruling. On March 16, 2017,

the trial court denied the motion for reconsideration. The trial court stated: “Here, the

Defendant is asking the Court to reconsider its previous decision on this exact issue. The

Defendant has neither demonstrated a manifest injustice nor any additional evidence to

overrule the Court’s original decision. The Court stands by that decision and finds that

the Defendant was properly sentenced to pay Court Costs. Therefore, the doctrine of res

judicata stands and the previous decision on the Defendant’s prior motion is controlling.”

         {¶ 8} Taylor appealed from the trial court’s denial of his motion for

reconsideration. The State sought to dismiss the appeal, arguing that a decision on a

motion for reconsideration is a nullity and that Taylor had failed to timely appeal from the

August 19, 2016 decision. In response, Taylor requested that we allow him to pursue a

delayed appeal from the August 19, 2016 decision. We granted Taylor’s motion for a

delayed appeal, indicating that we would construe the appeal as arising from both the

August 19, 2016 and the March 16, 2017 decisions. State v. Taylor, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 27539, Decision and Entry (May 24, 2017).

         {¶ 9} In his sole assignment of error, Taylor claims that the trial court abused its

discretion “when it failed to conduct any inquiry as to Appellant’s present or future ability

to pay the sanction and [its] denial of Appellant’s Motion to Vacate and/or Suspend Court

Cost.”

                                       II. Court Costs

         {¶ 10} It is well established that court costs are properly assessed against a
                                                                                         -5-

defendant, regardless of the defendant’s indigency. State v. White, 103 Ohio St.3d 580,

2004-Ohio-5989, 817 N.E.2d 393. R.C. 2947.23(A)(1)(a) provides: “In all criminal cases,

including violations of ordinances, the judge or magistrate shall include in the sentence

the costs of prosecution, including any costs under section 2947.231 of the Revised

Code, and render a judgment against the defendant for such costs.” (Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 11} However, pursuant to R.C. 2947.23(C), “[t]he court retains jurisdiction to

waive, suspend, or modify the payment of the costs of prosecution, including any costs

under section 2947.231 of the Revised Code, at the time of sentencing or at any time

thereafter.” R.C. 2303.23 further provides that the trial court may cancel the imposition

of costs, fees and fines imposed in felony cases, “if at any time the court finds that an

amount owing to the court is due and uncollectible.” And, R.C. 2949.092 provides that

the court shall not waive any mandatory costs imposed in connection with a criminal

conviction, “unless the court determines that the offender is indigent.”

       {¶ 12} We review the trial court’s post-judgment decision to deny a motion to

vacate and/or suspend the payment of court costs for an abuse of discretion. State v.

Dunson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26990, 2016-Ohio-8365, ¶ 6, appeal accepted,

09/27/2017 Case Announcements, 2017-Ohio-7843; see State v. Copeland, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 26842, 2016-Ohio-7797.

       {¶ 13} In Copeland, the opinion held that the trial court failed to properly exercise

its discretion when it denied a motion to vacate or suspend court costs on the ground that

Ohio Adm.Code 5120-5-03 establishes procedures for withdrawing money from an

inmate’s account to satisfy court-ordered financial obligations. We reasoned:

       Although a trial court need not consider whether a defendant has a present
                                                                                           -6-


        or future ability to pay court costs when court costs are assessed, the trial

        court should consider the defendant’s ability to pay when a defendant

        subsequently moves for a waiver, modification, or stay of the payment of

        court costs. The collection provisions of the Ohio Administrative Code,

        while perhaps relevant, are not dispositive. Consequently, the trial court’s

        reliance on those provisions alone in denying Copeland’s motion was not

        an exercise of its discretion in determining whether the payment of court

        costs should be waived, modified, or stayed.

Copeland at ¶ 11. 1     Our judgment entry remanded the matter to the trial court for

consideration of whether Copeland had a present or future ability to pay the court costs

imposed.

        {¶ 14} In Dunson, rendered approximately one month after Copeland, we again

addressed the trial court’s denial of a motion to vacate or stay court costs, fines,

mandatory fines, and/or restitution. We note that the trial court’s ruling in Dunson was

virtually identical to the language used in the trial court’s August 19, 2016 decision in this

case.

        {¶ 15} Dunson concluded that the trial court abused its discretion by overruling

Dunson’s motion to waive, suspend or modify the payment of the court-ordered costs

without considering Dunson’s indigency and ability to pay. We explained:

        We agree that the issue before us is not whether the Department of

        Corrections properly applied the exemption statutes.           However, we


1 A concurring opinion in Copeland expressed that, upon remand, the trial court should
determine Copeland’s present or future ability to pay after application of Ohio’s exemption
statute, R.C. 2329.66.
                                                                                           -7-


       conclude that the laws governing exemptions are available guidance to help

       the trial court make a discretionary decision whether a judgment is

       collectible, whether a defendant is indigent, or whether he has the ability to

       pay from the inmate’s account.        Before summarily denying Dunson’s

       motion to vacate, modify, or suspend the payment of costs or restitution, the

       trial court should “determine whether the exemption statute permits

       attachment and whether any other applicable statute dictates a finding of

       indigency.” Copeland at ¶ 19.

Dunson at ¶ 13.

       {¶ 16} In the case before us, the trial court noted that costs may be assessed

against indigent defendants and found that Taylor “made the choices which led to the

accrual of the fees at issue, and he must take responsibility for his conduct, as well as the

resulting consequences.” We do not dispute the trial court’s finding that Taylor’s actions

resulted in the imposition of court courts, restitution, and other fees and that he should be

held accountable for his actions, but this is true with all criminal convictions. The denial

of Taylor’s motion on this basis suggests that the trial court failed to consider Taylor’s

individual circumstances – his financial situation, the length of his incarceration, his age

and health, etc. – in determining whether the payment of court costs should be waived in

this case.

       {¶ 17} As in Dunson, the trial court’s decision made no determination of Taylor’s

indigency. Taylor provided an affidavit attesting to his inability to pay, but the trial court

did not address that affidavit or his overall financial situation. Rather, it found that there

was “no evidence that Defendant is unable to make any payment toward the costs at this
                                                                                          -8-


time.” The only possible basis for the trial court’s finding is that Taylor has some prison

earnings from which payment could be obtained. There is no indication that the trial

court considered whether the exemption statute permits attachment of that income. And

there is no indication that the trial court considered that, even if Taylor’s earnings may be

attached, those earnings would also be used to pay the $6,575.49 restitution order. See

R.C. 5145.16(C)(8)(b) (authorizing ODRC to allocate up to 25 percent of earnings to “the

victims of the prisoner’s offenses for restitution if the prisoner voluntarily requests or is

under court order to make restitution payments”).

       {¶ 18} Moreover, to the extent that the trial court found that there was no evidence

that Taylor “will not be able to make payments toward the fees once his term of

incarceration ends,” the trial court’s finding is without support. Taylor was 49 years old

at sentencing and was sentenced to two consecutive 15-year to life terms plus six years

for firearm specifications. Even assuming that Taylor would be released from prison

after serving the 36-year mandatory portion of his sentence, he would be approximately

85 years old. We find nothing in the record to suggest that Taylor, at that advanced age

and after more than 3½ decades in prison, can reasonably be expected to have an ability

to pay court costs upon his release from prison.

       {¶ 19} The trial court abused its discretion by overruling Taylor’s motion to vacate

and/or suspend court costs without considering his indigency and ability to pay.

                                      III. Restitution

       {¶ 20} Although Taylor’s motion was titled a “motion to vacate and/or suspend

court cost,” he challenged all of the clerk’s assessments, including his ordered restitution.

On appeal, he argues that the trial court erred in failing to consider his present or future
                                                                                           -9-


ability to pay restitution.

       {¶ 21} Under R.C. 2929.18(A)(1), a court may order a felony offender to pay, as

part of the sentence, a financial sanction in the form of restitution by the offender to the

victim of the crime “in an amount based on the victim’s economic loss.”                  R.C.

2929.18(A)(1); State v. Taste, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22955, 2009-Ohio-5867, ¶

33. The trial court is required to consider the defendant’s present and future ability to

pay   before    imposing      any   financial   sanction   under   R.C.   2929.18,   including

restitution. R.C. 2929.19(B)(5).

       {¶ 22} R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) permits an offender to file a motion for modification of

the payment terms of any restitution ordered. If the court grants the motion, it may modify

the payment terms as it determines appropriate. Id. However, R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) does

not authorize the trial court to modify the amount of restitution to be paid. Dunson, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 26990, 2016-Ohio-8365, at ¶ 10.

       {¶ 23} Taylor did not challenge on direct appeal the trial court’s order that Taylor

pay $6,575.49 in restitution. “Pursuant to the doctrine of res judicata, a valid final

judgment on the merits bars all subsequent actions based on any claim arising out of the

transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action.” State v.

Collins, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25612, 2013-Ohio-3645, ¶ 9, citing Grava v. Parkman

Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 653 N.E.2d 226 (1995). Res judicata applies to any issue that

was raised or could have been raised in a criminal defendant’s prior appeal from his

conviction. Id., citing State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175, 226 N.E.2d 104 (1967).

       {¶ 24} Because Taylor could have challenged the restitution order on direct

appeal, but did not, he is now barred by res judicata from raising alleged errors in the trial
                                                                                            -10-


court’s order of restitution. In addition, because the trial court lacked statutory authority

to modify the amount of restitution to be paid, the trial court did not err in failing to vacate

the payment of restitution.

                                       IV. Conclusion

       {¶ 25} The trial court’s denial of Taylor’s motion to vacate and/or suspend court

costs will be affirmed as to restitution and reversed as to court costs, and the matter will

be remanded for consideration of Taylor’s indigency and his present and/or future ability

to pay court costs.

                                       .............



DONOVAN, J., concurs.

TUCKER, J., concurring:

       {¶ 26} I, without reservation, concur in the resolution of the restitution issue. I,

upon the basis of stare decisis, concur in the resolution of the issue regarding court costs.

I note that my opinion on this issue is reflected by Judge Hall’s dissenting opinions in

State v. Copeland, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26842, 2016-Ohio-7797 and State v.

Dunson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26990, 2016-Ohio-8365.

                                       .............




Copies mailed to:

Mathias H. Heck
Alice B. Peters
                        -11-


Darren Taylor
Hon. Dennis J. Adkins
