                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT KNOXVILLE
                               Assigned on Briefs May 31, 2013

                                      IN RE: ALICIA K.A.

                     Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Knox County
                         No. 112656    Timothy E. Irwin, Judge


                   No. E2012-02614-COA-R3-PT-FILED-JULY 8, 2013


The State of Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) filed a petition seeking
to terminate the parental rights of Linda J.M.A. (“Mother”) to the minor child Alicia K.A.
(“the Child”)1 . After a trial, the Juvenile Court entered its Termination of Parental Rights
and Final Decree of Guardianship finding and holding, inter alia, that clear and convincing
evidence had been proven that grounds existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights under
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1), (g)(3), and (g)(8), and that the termination was in the
Child’s best interest. Mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to this Court. We
affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed;
                                  Case Remanded

D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J OHN W. M CC LARTY,
and T HOMAS R. F RIERSON, II, JJ., joined.

Heather G. Inman, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Linda J.M.A.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; and Marcie E. Greene, Assistant
Attorney General for the appellee, State of Tennessee Department of Children’s Services.




        1
         The petition also sought to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the minor child Anastasia N.W.
At the beginning of the trial Mother voluntarily surrendered her parental rights to Anastasia N.W., and no
issues involving Mother’s surrender of her parental rights to Anastasia are involved in this appeal.
                                          OPINION

                                         Background

              DCS filed the petition seeking to terminate Mother’s parental rights to the
Child in June of 2012. The case was tried in November of 2012.

                Mother testified at trial that she and the Child’s father, Thomas W., never were
married. Mother was married to another man, Alvin A., at the time the Child was born in
November 2010. Mother married Alvin A. in 2006, and she and her husband were living in
her husband’s parents’ home. At the time of trial, Mother still was married to Alvin A. The
parental rights of Alvin A. and those of Thomas W. to the Child were terminated prior to the
trial in this case.

               Mother was asked about her prior involvement with DCS, and she stated:
“Someone had called in and said I had another child and was living in an unfit place for it.”
Mother agreed that DCS investigated this claim in 2007, and that Mother told DCS that she
had miscarried a child named Baby Alvin at Fort Sanders. Mother also told DCS she had a
child named Misty D.M. Mother stated: “Yeah, but her last name wasn’t [M.], it was a baby
that I was keeping when I should have been going to school.” Mother was asked whether she
had told DCS during the investigation that Misty had been shaken to death by her father, and
Mother stated: “I remember saying something about a baby that was shaken, but I don’t think
it was Misty.” Mother also told DCS that she had given birth to a boy named Danny R.M.
Mother stated: “That was to make someone feel sorry for my mother, yes.… Yes. I told a
lie and I shouldn’t have, yes.” Mother agreed that DCS was unable to locate any of these
children. DCS closed the investigation, and no action was taken because Mother had no
children at that time.

               DCS again become involved with Mother when Mother gave birth to the
Child’s older sister, Anastasia, in 2009 due to stories told at the hospital. With regard to
these stories, Mother stated: “I didn’t tell them, [Thomas W.] told them but, yes, those stories
did come up.” Mother admitted that Thomas W. had reported that Mother had five
miscarriages and gave birth to four other children who had died. Mother stated: “I didn’t tell
the hospital that,” and further stated: “I told [Thomas W.] I had other children because he
wanted children and he said if I couldn’t have them, then we would not be together.” Mother
was asked about the fact that she had told the same story to DCS two years before she was
involved with Thomas W., and she stated: “No. I did tell the story but, like I said, it was a
lie that should have never been said.” Mother also admitted that Thomas W. also talked
about Misty being shaken to death.



                                              -2-
                Prior to giving birth to Anastasia, Mother was being treated for mental health
issues. Mother stated the treatment was “due to stuff that happened when I was a child.” She
testified that she was treated at Helen Ross McNabb “for several years.” Mother admitted
that while being treated at Helen Ross McNabb she told stories about having children. She
stated:

       I was taking care of everybody else’s child and I just said they had my last
       name, yes, I did because I was the one taking care of them, their parents
       wasn’t. And I was really attached to them and I wanted a child so, yes, I did
       say they were mine.

Mother recalled telling people at Helen Ross McNabb that she had been sexually assaulted
by her brother, that her mother had substance abuse issues, and that her father also had
mental health and drug and alcohol issues. She also told them that her mother was married
to a man who physically abused Mother and her brother.

                Mother also had reported that her husband was abusive. She stated: “He was
on drugs really bad and it was more mental abuse than anything that I had to deal with.”
Mother testified that her husband was not physically abusive, just mentally abusive. Mother
testified that although she and her husband separated in 2008, they still are married.

               Mother met Thomas W. in May of 2008. Mother was asked when Thomas W.
first became violent with her, and she stated: “When I found out I was pregnant with Anna.”
She stated that Thomas was violent with her while she was pregnant “[t]owards the end of
it, yes, ma’am.” She also stated he “[m]ainly choked me, that was pretty much it. It didn’t
get really bad until after I found out I was pregnant with [the Child].” Anastasia was taken
from Mother the day after her birth and has remained in DCS custody since that time.

               Mother didn’t have very much hair when she arrived at the hospital to give
birth to Anastasia. Mother testified: “I was stressed out towards the end of my pregnancy
and [Thomas W.] would pull strings of hair out of my head. He claimed that they were split
ends and it drove him crazy to look at it.… There was spots that was bald. I had like two
big bald spots in my head from where he pulled my hair out of my head.” Mother testified
that he started pulling out her hair the day she found out she was pregnant with Anastasia.
Mother told DCS “that I was severely stressed out and my hair was falling out. I did not tell
them that [Thomas W.] pulled my hair out.” Mother testified that Thomas W. “used pills and
marijuana and drunk alcohol several times while we were together.… He did it - - after
Anastasia was born, things got worse, and when he did it, he was mixing Klonopins and beer
together, and it made him go crazier.”



                                             -3-
              Mother still was involved with Thomas W. when the Child was born. She
stated: “I was too stupid to leave.” Mother admitted that Thomas W. was violent toward
Mother while she was pregnant with the Child. Photographs depicting injuries inflicted upon
Mother by Thomas W. were introduced as exhibits at trial. Mother admitted that she initially
did not tell DCS that Thomas W. had inflicted these injuries. She stated: “because I didn’t
know that I could tell someone and get something done. At the time I was too scared to say
anything.” Mother admitted that during one of her unsupervised visitations with Anastasia,
Thomas W. “busted me on my nose.” Mother also admitted that she made up a story and
“said a black man assaulted me when I was walking to a Coke machine because that’s what
[Thomas W.] wanted me to say when the police was called that night.” Mother also testified
that Thomas W. allowed someone else to rape her. She stated: “When I was two months
pregnant with [the Child], I was raped.” Mother was asked if she did anything about this and
she stated: “No, because I was too scared to. And that was before I took any classes, didn’t
know that it wasn’t right for a guy to do what happened to me.” Mother testified that she has
a mark on her back “that’s the stab mark that I got when I was protecting [the Child] from
her father.” She stated: “I got stabbed in the back protecting my child.”

                Mother finally told DCS about the abuse “when [Thomas W.] put his hands on
[the Child], I finally got sick of it so, yes, I did say something to someone about it.” Mother
stated that Thomas W. “slapped [the Child] in the mouth with an open hand,” which caused
the Child to bleed. Mother admitted that this incident happened about a week prior to the
DCS Child and Family Team meeting during which she finally admitted to the abuse. She
also admitted that she did not immediately tell DCS, but rather the meeting went on for some
time before Mother admitted to the abuse. Mother stated “I was going to talk to my worker
after the meeting had happened, but then I finally just broke down and said something in
front of everybody because I was tired of it.”

               The Child was born in November of 2010. Mother took the Child home from
the hospital to Thomas W.’s home. Mother stated:

       [Thomas W.] cussed me out a lot during that time. He hit me a few times after
       [the Child] was at home, but it was never severely bad until the day that she
       had thrash [sic] mouth and wanted me to hold her constantly because she was
       sick and he didn’t want me to be babying my daughter.… He told me to put
       her in the bassinet. I did. He told me that when she started crying for me not
       to go to her, but my mother instincts wanted to go, so I got up to go, and he
       popped her in the mouth with an open hand and it busted her mouth. And I
       cleaned her up.… He stabbed me in the back after I was trying to clean up my
       daughter to where I could get the blood off of her to have my mom come get
       her.

                                              -4-
Mother stated that the Child was two months old when this happened. Mother was asked
what she did to get out of the situation, and she stated:

       I called my mother and told her that she needed to come pick up [the Child]
       immediately because I had things I needed to deal with and I could not deal
       with with her being there, because if I was to leave with her there, he would
       not have let me go back to get her, he would have kept her. And I had planned
       on leaving him because he put his hand on my child.… I left him the night that
       I went to that meeting when I broke out and told everybody what had
       happened. It was really hard to talk about it because my daughter was there
       and her foster parents was there and it was kind of hard to discuss things I kept
       in because I didn’t want anybody knowing about them.

              Mother testified that she did not go back to Thomas W. after the Child and
Family Team meeting. Mother testified that she filed a restraining order against Thomas W.
after the meeting, and that she and the Child went to a battered women’s shelter where they
remained for approximately three weeks before DCS removed the Child from her custody.
When questioned further, Mother admitted that the Child and Family Team meeting
happened on December 17th, and the Child was taken from her custody on December 22nd.
The Child has remained in DCS custody since that time.

                Mother testified that she stayed at the shelter for approximately a week after
the Child was removed from her custody and then went to stay with her mother. Mother
testified that Thomas W. still found her and assaulted her even after she broke up with him.
Mother was asked why she went to stay with her mother when she had asserted that her
mother failed to protect her, and she stated: “Because my mother has straightened up and she
was showing me that she wanted to be there for me and she was helping me through the fact
that I was abused and so was she.” Mother was asked why she did not remain at the shelter,
and she stated:

       Because I was pretty much kicked out of the shelter because I broke the curfew
       the night that [Thomas W.] found me, and I was like five, ten minutes late
       getting in because I was trying to hide from him to get back to the shelter
       because they told me they didn’t want anybody to know where that shelter was.

Mother testified that she was asked to leave the shelter “sometime in January because my
grandmother died the same month.”

             When asked how long it was before she became involved with another man,
Mother stated: “I had met back up with a guy that I used to date, it was like right before my

                                              -5-
grandmother died, which was January the 29th. I think it was like two or three days before
she had passed away that I was seeing him.” Mother admitted that this new man had anger
management issues and was attending an anger management class. Mother stated that her
new boyfriend became physically abusive with her, and she left him.

              Mother testified that she then became involved with another man, Ricky M.
Mother was asked if this was the man wearing a red bandana that she brought to DCS, and
she stated: “That would be the guy that I left, that’s that guy, [Daryl M.]” Mother admitted
that she posed the Child and Anastasia in red bandanas for photographs and told them that
daddy likes his girls in red bandanas, referring to Daryl M. Mother stated: “he had previous
children with another woman that they did the exact same thing and I thought it was cute.…
My children were young and did not know that I was saying Daddy.”

               Mother admitted that she was involved with Thomas W. in December, with
Daryl M. during January, and with Ricky M. in February. Mother testified that she was
involved with Ricky M. for two weeks before she moved in with him. Mother testified that
she found out in May that she was pregnant with another child, Rebecca. Mother delivered
Rebecca prematurely in October at 29 weeks. Rebecca died in November that same year.

             Mother admitted that when she was living with Ricky M., Mother referred to
him as her husband even though she still was married to Alvin A. She stated: “we were
engaged.” Mother admitted that she called Ricky M. ‘Daddy’ during visits with the Child
and Anastasia “because I thought that was actually going to work out.”

              Mother testified that she and Ricky M. separated in September. She stated:
“When we had lost Rebecca he was grieving differently than I was. We had an argument,
and he placed his hands on my chest and asked me to move out of his doorway so he could
shut the door.” Mother admitted that Ricky M. had asked her to move out several times
before she actually did. Mother was asked if she told people that Ricky M. had broken her
wrist, and she stated:

       Didn’t say he had broken my wrist. What I said was, when me and him had a
       disagreement, I slammed everything off of the microwave because his mother
       was there and I did not want her using my microwave, I was taking it outside,
       and that’s what refractured my wrist, because I hit it really hard.… Why I left
       his trailer was because we had an altercation and I knew that it was not safe to
       stay there. I did not say he broke my wrist.… I said we had an altercation,
       things got heated, I was grabbing my microwave and fractured my wrist.
       When I was thinking about it, for the three days that I was thinking about it,
       I came down off of my anger spell and found out that it was my fault why my

                                             -6-
       wrist was in that brace, and it is in the hospital records that that’s what
       happened.

              Mother was asked when she met Luther H., and she stated:

       I had met back up with him shortly after [the incident where she fractured her
       wrist] had happened. We were never in a relationship, but he was taking me
       to some of the appointments because at the time I did not know he was in
       trouble and wasn’t allowed to be around children.

Mother admitted that Luther H. is a registered sex offender, but claimed she did not know
this information until later. She admitted that her attorney told her Luther H. is a sex
offender and advised her not to have contact with him, but Mother continued to have contact
with Luther H. Mother also admitted that she communicated with Luther H. via Facebook
and said “I love you baby, love you hot baby,” and signed the message “Your baby mamma.”
Mother stated that she and Luther H. never had a relationship but communicated in this
manner “to get another dude to leave me alone that would not stop.” Mother testified that
Luther H. continued to take her to see the Child and Anastasia when Mother’s mother’s car
was “broken down.” Mother admitted that she was informed that Luther H. was a sex
offender in October, and that Luther H. brought her to visitations with her children in
November and also took her to some of Anastasia’s doctor’s appointments. Mother does not
have a driver’s license. When asked how she knows Luther H., Mother stated: “He was
around me growing up. My mom married his cousin, and he was around me my whole
childhood life. He used to change my diapers and everything when I was a child.” Mother
testified that she would not allow Luther H. to be around her children now that she knows
he is a sex offender. Mother admitted, however, that she continued to allow Luther H. to
drive her to appointments including those at the DCS office even after she learned he was
a sex offender. Mother was asked if it was her intention to continue to accept rides from
Luther H., and she stated: “No, ma’am, it’s not. I’ve actually got somebody now that has
license that is able and that has insurance that can drive me anywhere I need to go until I get
my license.” Mother testified that this person is Kimberly Crowe, the person she is doing
work for. Mother admitted that Luther H. is the second sex offender from whom she has
accepted transportation.

                Mother testified that she was approximately six weeks pregnant at the time of
trial, and that the father of that child was Ricky M. Mother was asked again when she left
Ricky M., and she stated: “I left him September the 18th, but after that I had went back up
to his house and I had fooled around with him and that’s why I’m pregnant.” Mother was
asked if she was having a baby with another abusive man, and she stated: “Yes. I do not live
with him, I have my own place, and have my own money where I can support a child.”

                                              -7-
              A permanency plan for the Child (“the Plan”) was developed in January of
2011. The Plan required a drug and alcohol assessment, and Mother testified that she
“passed both drug tests that I was given, hair follicle and urine test.” Mother testified: “I’ve
never been in jail at all since I’ve been of age or anytime since.” Mother also testified that
she completed the victim advocacy classes required under the Plan because she was a victim
of partner abuse. Mother also stated that she participated in the required mental health
treatment and participated in the therapeutic visitation.

               Mother was asked if the Plan required her to pay child support of $40 per
month per child, and she stated: “That’s what was in the paperwork, but at the Child Support
Court they told me to pay what I could afford to pay, and it didn’t matter if it was 5 or 10
dollars, as long as I was paying something that’s all that mattered.” Mother agreed that until
May of 2012 there was a large period of time during which she was not paying child support.
Mother admitted that an order from the Child Support Court dated August 22, 2012 ordered
her to pay $285 per month in child support, but stated: “but they told me to pay what I can
afford to pay.… Yes, that’s what the order says, but I’m telling you what the judge and the
lawyer told me.” Mother admitted that she has an arrearage in child support for the Child of
over $5,446 for the period of time since the Child came into DCS custody until July 31st.
Mother stated:

       I have paid more than $25 on my child. I send $10 in every month on her
       through a money order through mail, and then I also take, when I have extra
       money left over out of Anna’s appointments and the appointments that I have
       to go to, I put with that.

              Mother testified that she was working and stated: “It’s not an over-the-counter
job but, yes, I do work, I make money to where I can try to support myself and my
children.… I’m working with my mother’s roommate in cleaning her house.… I’m cleaning
people’s houses.” Mother testified that she has been doing this since the end of September.

              Mother also testified that she is trying to get disability. She stated that she has
an attorney working on this for her, but she could not remember the attorney’s name. Mother
was asked the nature of her disability, and she stated:

       I have an abnormal spine, and there’s a few other things that are wrong with
       me, because I can’t read or write, so there’s not a lot of people that will hire
       someone that can’t read or write. And I’m not supposed to stand up on my feet
       for long periods of time because of the fact of my medical history. If I do, my
       legs start swelling, and I just found out that I have a slight pinched nerve on
       the right side of my back.… I have severe anxiety. They don’t think I can

                                               -8-
          work around a whole lot of people because of the fact that they’re scared that
          I’m going to have a nervous breakdown at work. And I have tried working in
          the past and it’s happened.

               Mother produced a form from a doctor that Mother asserted stated that her
pregnancy with Rebecca was a “severe high risk pregnancy.” Mother stated: “I was in the
hospital for three weeks, or about three weeks, because afterwards I was back and forth to
the hospital with Rebecca. I had to be there, I was breast feeding.” Mother was asked if she
understood that other people had children and continued to work, and she stated: “Yes, I do,
but they have also got support from a spouse too that I didn’t have at the time.” Mother was
asked if she had had support from Ricky M., and she stated: “Yeah, but he was getting a
check when Rebecca was born and he was giving me money to come down to the hospital
to see the baby and all of that, so that’s where his money went because he only got a $300
check every week and that money was usually gone by the time he paid bills.”

              Mother agreed that DCS encouraged her to leave the Child with Ricky M.
while she worked because he was at home receiving workman’s compensation at the time
and available to help out full-time with child care. Mother stated:

          Yes, but my child more wanted me than anybody. She didn’t want to be left
          with him, she cried when she was left with him, so therefore he would drive
          me to the appointments, and that’s how it worked. And I had already been
          looking at places to where I could put her in daycare when I get her home.

Mother admitted that it was her choice not to leave the Child with Ricky M. “because he was
dealing with eye stuff. He couldn’t even pick her up because she was so heavy.” Mother
then admitted that even though Ricky M. “was dealing with eye stuff,” he was driving her
places.

                 Mother was asked why she thought she deserved to have the Child, and she
stated:

          Because I know deep down that I’m a good mom and I can take care of my
          children.… I have jumped through hoops for DCS, I did everything they asked
          me to, I went to all the classes they asked me, I have passed all the drug tests
          that they have asked me to take, I went through everything, domestic violence
          class, I was actually starting to work - - actually I was working with my mom
          and her roommate to clean their house to get money to take care of my child,
          and I know I could take care of my children.



                                                -9-
                When asked if she had established a safe and stable home, Mother stated: “Not
at the time because I kept following with the wrong crew, with the wrong guys.” Mother
testified that at the time of trial she lived in the projects, and that it was safe and stable. At
the time of trial, Mother had been living in her own apartment in the projects for
approximately one month.

              Mother was asked about telling people stories that she had children when she
didn’t, and she stated:

       I told them to my mother’s ex-boyfriend to make him jealous and to send stuff
       down here because mom wanted him back. And then I told a case worker that
       when I went to one of my appointments. I had one of the children with me and
       I told them that it was my child. It wasn’t my child. I told them that because
       I found out I had cervical cancer and could possibly never have children.

Mother was asked whose child she had with her, and she stated: “The child back in ’08 that
I had was my cousin, Sarah [A.R.].… That’s the name of the cousin, that’s the name of the
baby that I had.” Mother testified that she was taking care of her cousin because the child’s
mother “was strung out on pills really bad.” Mother testified that she never has had a drug
problem. Mother admitted that she told people that Sarah A.R. was her child even though
she was not.

               Mother agreed that Anastasia had been taken into foster care largely because
of the lies Mother had told. Mother was asked about telling people at the hospital when she
had Anastasia that she had given birth to multiple children who had died, and Mother stated:
“I never told anybody. [Thomas W.] is the one that opened his mouth about that, other than
the fact of when I had my cousin with me when I was going through Helen Ross McNabb.”
Mother was asked if Thomas W. believed she had children who had died when he met
Mother, and she stated: “Yes, I had pictures of all kinds of babies and he assumed at the time
that they were mine, so I just let him believe that.… Yes, because he told me if I could not
have kids, because he wanted more, he would leave me, and that’s before I found out he was
abusive.”

                Mother testified that she has had several mental health assessments. Mother
testified that she underwent a mental health assessment at Helen Ross McNabb, and they
gave her a diagnosis of severe anxiety “because of losing Anastasia” and PTSD “because of
all of the abuse that I had went through throughout the years.” Mother testified that she
attends counseling twice a month on her own initiative. Mother also attended the grief
counseling recommended by DCS after Rebecca’s death. Mother stated: “I did everything
that [DCS] have asked me to do, everything.” Mother admitted that she told Ms. Grindle,

                                              -10-
one of the DCS case workers, that she had been seeing Dr. Manning since she was in the fifth
grade because she threatened to kill a teacher, and Mother stated: “That was one of my dumb
moments in school.” Mother was asked about mental health care she received at Helen Ross
McNabb, and she stated: “and I was not on any medication.… At one point in time I was,
and then I stopped taking it because I got better.” Mother admitted that she reported to a
provider at Helen Ross McNabb in December of 2005 that she had two children and that they
both had died.

               Mother took parenting classes through Foothills Caring, and stated she learned:
“[h]ow to pretty much discipline your child and do it in the correct way as in taking things
away from them and how to award your child when they do something right, and the
nutrition.… To try to get them to eat their fruits and vegetables and try to get them to eat
healthy to where they would grow.” Mother testified that Foothills Caring also taught her
safety tips such as using plugs in wall outlets to keep children from sticking their fingers into
the outlets. Mother stated: “I did everything they asked me to do.” Mother was asked about
her relationship with Renee Stegall2 from Foothills Caring, and she stated: “We were really,
really close. She helped me through a lot. She was even someone that I talked to when I lost
Rebecca.”

                Mother testified that she took domestic abuse classes at the YWCA and
learned:

        that it’s best if you travel to places in different ordeals instead of going to the
        exact same place with the same location. I learned that it’s not okay for a man
        to abuse a woman, just as well as it’s not okay for a woman to abuse a man,
        that never to run into the bathroom because more accidents happen there than
        they would anywhere else, and to always be aware of your location and where
        you’re at.

             During the time she was taking these classes, Mother was living with Ricky M.
and was pregnant with Rebecca. When asked if she got confused about time, Mother stated:
“A lot.” Mother left Ricky M. in September of 2012.

                Mother was asked why she does not have her driver’s license, and she stated:

        I never had the money. I was always scared to go get them, and I have


        2
          Ms. Stegall’s name is spelled at some places in the record on appeal as ‘Stegal,’ and at others as
‘Stegall.’ Given the record before us on appeal, we are unable to determine the correct spelling. For
purposes of uniformity only, we utilize the spelling contained in the Juvenile Court’s final order.

                                                   -11-
       problems reading. So my mom’s roommate is in the process of helping me
       study to get my license.… I’ve never been able to read, I can’t read big words.
       I can read small words. I have to have someone explain things to me to where
       I understand what it is. I don’t write very well. When it comes to big words,
       I have to get people to help me write letters. It’s been like that forever. I
       graduated with a special ed diploma because I have these learning disabilities.

            Carol Lawrence has been the Child’s DCS caseworker since September of
2011. Mother had just started or was about to start having unsupervised visitations with the
Child when Ms. Lawrence became the caseworker. Ms. Lawrence testified:

       When I had taken over the case, [Mother] was pregnant and [Ricky M.] and
       [Mother] were not married or engaged, I basically - - I guess how I took it is
       I wanted to see how the unsupervised overnights went. Then because she was
       a high risk pregnancy and she was having all kinds of issues coming from back
       [sic] the doctor, I didn’t want to send [the Child] anywhere permanently and
       then have to back up because [Mother] would be in the hospital or something
       would be wrong with the baby.

               So my goal the whole time was to wait until after Rebecca was born,
       see how they did with Rebecca, and if all of that went well, then decide on the
       trial home placement. But up until then we would still progress with the
       unsupervised overnights. And we did progress from one night to two nights
       to three nights. And then we did - - I don’t know if we did any four nights.
       And then we did a five-night visit in December.… That was at the beginning
       of December. That was after Rebecca had died and [Mother] was, you know,
       very distraught and she wanted to have her child with her. So because we
       were going to ask for an extended visit for her, we requested - - or I requested
       Foothills to go out to the home also so that I could be out there and that Ms.
       [Stegall] could go be out there in the home when [the Child] was there that
       many days. Then Christmas came and she had so looked forward to Christmas
       with her, but we had had a [Child and Family Team meeting] prior to that that
       didn’t go very well.

             Ms. Lawrence was asked why the Child and Family Team meeting was
scheduled, and she stated:

       It was convened to discuss the trial home placement for [the Child] because
       Rebecca had passed away, and just to see how things were, see how everybody
       felt, see if [Mother] was ready. And during the [meeting], the part - - I missed

                                             -12-
       part of the [meeting] because I left the room to go get some paperwork. And
       apparently during that part of the [meeting] things occurred. Prior to that they
       were talking about Anastasia and her medical appointments and her doctor
       appointments, and [Ricky M.] was at this [meeting] …. They were calling Dr.
       Weinstein a quack, I was there for that.… [Mother] and Rick. They were
       talking over top of people, they were talking over top of the foster mom. We
       were trying to get information from [Mother] as to did she really know what
       was actually wrong with Anastasia. And that sparked some tension with
       [Mother] because, you know, she didn’t seem to be able to really tell us
       Anastasia’s problems even though Anastasia had been in custody for a very
       long time.

               I left the room, I went to get some paperwork. When I returned the only
       thing I witnessed was Ms. Gunn had stood up and said, I am not going to deal
       with this anymore, there [sic] is ridiculous, there is to be no more visits, no
       more overnights, no more unsupervised visits. And she left and [Mother] left,
       and it was quite a scene.

              Ms. Lawrence testified that because DCS thought that Mother might be having
some issues with grief due to Rebecca’s death, DCS asked Mother to attend grief counseling.
Ms. Lawrence further explained: “And when she had had a couple of grief counseling
sessions, then we would look into maybe starting the unsupervised visitation again.”

             Ms. Lawrence was asked if she would have allowed Mother to have
unsupervised visitation if she were in the home alone, and Ms. Lawrence stated:

       Absolutely not.… Because I had always felt all along in the case that although
       [Mother] loves these girls very much and has been through a lot with this case,
       even after two years, her basic parenting skills, even with [the Child], were
       difficult, or it appeared difficult. And I always felt [Ricky M.] had some
       stability, he seemed to make sense, he kept - - actually it is the best that
       [Mother] has done since she had been with anybody, was with [Ricky M.], it’s
       as though he grounded her. And if there was any kind of an emergency, I felt
       that he would make the right decision, not that [Mother] wouldn’t, but just for
       fear that maybe she wouldn’t, that he would be there too. And he was not
       working at the time, he was on workmen’s compensation. So as long as
       [Ricky M.] was in the picture, I felt comfortable to have [the Child] in the
       home with [Mother].

              Mother and the Child were allowed an extended visit of five days around

                                             -13-
Christmas time. The Child continued to have unsupervised visitations with Mother. Ms.
Lawrence testified that they slowed down the schedule a little because the Child was having
trouble adjusting from visits every weekend, and so the visits were changed to every two
weeks for three nights per visit.

              Ms. Lawrence testified that she was doing surprise visits to Mother’s home
while the Child was visiting Mother’s home. When asked why, Ms. Lawrence stated:

          Well, I always do surprise visits instead of planned visits, and because [the
          Child] was in the home, that would be my role, to make sure that everything -
          - you know, I was concerned and I still wasn’t sure about, you know - - I mean,
          [Ricky M.] and [Mother] were not married, so my biggest fear was at any time
          he could ask her to leave, you know. I mean, there was no stability, she had
          no income, no job, not any support. And so I always - - and that’s why we put
          Foothills in the home too, not so much to watch [the Child] as to get a feeling
          as to what kind of relationship that [Mother] and [Ricky M.] had, you know.

Mother told DCS that she was engaged to Ricky M. and claimed to have been divorced from
Alvin A., but this was not true. Mother also used Ricky M.’s last name as her own.

                 Ms. Lawrence testified that DCS used Facebook to check up on Mother. She
stated:

          And [Mother] invited us all to her Facebook page. And I do have it in a [Child
          and Family Team meeting] that I asked her and told her to be very careful what
          she posts on Facebook because it is visible. And I was surprised that she was
          able, and I don’t say this disrespectfully, but able to maneuver all of that and
          get on there and set up herself a Facebook and she did, and I thought, you
          know - - anyway, looking on the Facebook page, there was a comment made,
          several comments made, about [Ricky M.] asking her to leave, giving her 30
          days to leave, asking her to leave, and that was quite shocking.

These Facebook comments appeared in February or March. Ms. Lawrence knew that Mother
had not left [Ricky M.’s] home at that time because Ms. Lawrence had visited her there. Ms.
Lawrence testified that a hearing before the Magistrate was held in April, and Ricky M.
testified. As a result of that hearing, DCS stopped all unsupervised visitation. Ms. Lawrence
explained it was because they

          realized that the relationship [between Mother and Ricky M.] was not stable
          and at any time, you know - - it wasn’t going to move beyond - - to a trial

                                                -14-
       home placement at that point because it appeared that the relationship was
       unstable and there was no backup plan, there was no safety plan, there was no
       where that she could go with [the Child].

Visitation was moved back to the DCS office, and although Ricky M. had attended visits in
the past, he never attended another visit. Ms. Lawrence was told that he was not visiting
because he had gone back to work.

                Ms. Lawrence testified that she had seen postings on Mother’s Facebook from
another man. She tried to reach Mother and could not, so she became suspicious that
something was wrong between Mother and Ricky M. As a result, Ms. Lawrence decided to
do a visit to Ricky M.’s home at the end of September on a Sunday when she knew Ricky M.
would be at home. Ricky M. was home, and Ms. Lawrence went into the home and looked
around and saw that Mother’s and the girls’ possessions were gone. Mother had moved out
and had not complied with the requirement in the Plan to keep DCS apprised of where she
was living.

             Ms. Lawrence testified that she later saw Mother during a court hearing and
spoke with her. Ms. Lawrence stated:

       I said, I apologize for not calling you, but I really didn’t want to get into a
       confrontation. And she goes, well, I’m not going to yell at you, I know, I just
       wanted to talk to you. And I said, well, I said, so what happened? And she
       said that - - she was very proud of herself, she said that [Ricky M.] had broken
       her wrist and that she was not going to stay in a home and let any man put a
       hand on her again, and as soon as he put his hands on her, she was out of there,
       and that’s something that she - - she will never let a man do that to her again,
       and she was very adamant and very proud of herself.

              Mother never told Ms. Lawrence the story about the microwave. Ms.
Lawrence also testified that Mother showed up for a visit in early or mid-September with a
brace on her wrist and told Ms. Lawrence that she had hurt her wrist moving furniture. Ms.
Lawrence was asked what her concern was about Mother’s stories, and she stated:

       Well, I mean, she was in a horrific relationship with [Thomas W.] where she
       was abused with Anastasia, while she was pregnant with [the Child], [the
       Child] was hurt, so to say that somebody assaulted her and broke her wrist, be
       it true or not, was very alarming because of the situation, and especially
       because if he actually had broke her wrist two weeks prior to that at the visit
       or a few weeks prior to that when she had that wrist band on, she never

                                             -15-
       mentioned it. She said she was moving furniture, and she was very believable.

               So my concern is if it’s true that he broke her wrist, that’s alarming
       because it’s another domestic violence, and if it’s not, claiming that she was
       involved in domestic violence is not good either. So my concern goes back to
       the same thing, her judgment and her - - you know, [Mother] likes to change
       her story based on the decision and the mood and the acceptance that she
       wants. That’s been at least my history with her, my experience with her.…
       Well, because she did not want me to know obviously that she was put out of
       that home, so she told me she hurt her wrist moving furniture, whether that
       was the truth or not, I believed her. Then when she realized that I was out
       there to [Ricky M.’s] house, and I’m sure he explained the conversation that
       we had between ourselves, so when I saw her she wanted to let me know why
       she left, and that it wasn’t for the reason he said, I assume. Now, this is all my
       assumption, but that was how I took it, she couldn’t wait to see me to tell me
       the reason why she left, and her reason was not his reason.

Ms. Lawrence agreed that it alarmed her to hear that Mother continued to have sex with
Ricky M. despite reporting that he had broken her wrist.

             After leaving Ricky M., Mother got an apartment in Western Heights. Ms.
Lawrence visited this apartment and found it to be appropriate. She stated: “She had done
a wonderful job getting it ready.”

              When asked about her concerns, Ms. Lawrence testified:

       [W]e have never seen [Mother] have the baby - - I mean, have [the Child]
       alone. Like I said, the entire time we did all unsupervised visits [Ricky M.]
       was home at all of the visits. Had he not been home, I don’t think we probably
       would have went forward with many of them. I mean, I can’t go back and
       guess.… And what we predicted to happen did happen. I mean, not predicted,
       but my fear of that relationship and him putting her out is exactly what
       happened. I mean, and she didn’t come forth and tell us that happened, so she
       was hiding it obviously because, you know - - it’s not like she called and said,
       oh, my gosh, I had a fight with [Ricky M.] and I have to get out, you know.
       I mean we had no knowledge of that.

Ms. Lawrence admitted that DCS’s main concern is Mother’s ability to keep the Child safe
from her paramours. She testified: “Even though she has her own place, there is no
guarantee that the people around her won’t be in that home that aren’t safe and stable, and

                                             -16-
she’s only had that home a month.” For example, Luther H. drove Mother to the last visit
with the Child.

                 Ms. Lawrence was asked about what services Mother was provided, and she
stated:

          From what I have read back, ETHRA was in the home - - homemaker services
          were in her home several times, therapeutic visitation was almost three years,
          then she had in-home services when we put [the Child] on just unsupervised,
          which we normally don’t do. You normally do the in-home services during the
          trial home placement, but in this case we did put them in during the
          unsupervised visitation because of our concerns. Gosh, she was provided - -
          during the course of the case she was provided, I mean, the FSW had gone to
          Cherokee Health with her, given her bus passes, had made calendars, months
          and months of calendars, for doctor appointments, she was given a
          psychological, she had some assessments set up for herself.

Ms. Lawrence explained that the therapeutic visitation stopped after the court hearing in
April because Ms. Stegall testified that Foothills no longer had anything to teach Mother, that
their services had been exhausted, and that more therapeutic visitation was not going to
change the situation.

                The Child’s foster mother (“Foster Mom”) testified that the Child came into
her home on December 22, 2010. The Child was six weeks old at that time, and has
remained in her home since that time. Foster Mom’s home includes her, her husband, their
son Juan, and at the time the Child entered their home another foster son. The other foster
son left their home in June of 2011. Foster Mom testified that she and her husband want to
adopt the Child. Foster Mom was asked about the Child’s relationship with her husband, and
she stated: “Very close. I mean, she loves both of us and we love her, and there’s a strong
bond between both.”

                Juan is three and a half years old, and Foster Mom testified that the Child and
Juan “are very close.” The Child also has a close relationship with Anastasia. Foster Mom
testified: “We see each other at church and Anna’s house. We get together for birthday
parties, that kind of thing as well.… Typically when we do visitations I’ll say, oh, we get to
go see Anna today, and [the Child] squeals or is excited to go.” Foster Mom explained that
she and Anastasia’s foster mom “have been friends a long time. I have known the other Mrs.
Foster for years, yes. And so if [the Child] remains in our home, if that’s something - - the
relationship will continue between [the Child] and Anna, as mine with the other Mrs. Foster.”
Foster Mom further stated: “Our current son was also a foster child that we adopted, and he

                                               -17-
has other siblings that are in other homes, and we maintain those relationships as well.” She
testified that she and her husband maintain contact with the birth parents of their adopted son
and “send pictures and we still allow and meet at McDonald’s and they play together ….”
Foster Mom testified that depending upon the circumstances, she and her husband would be
open to considering continuing to allow Mother to see the Child.

             Overnight visits with Mother began when the Child was approximately ten
months old. Foster Mom testified:

       In November and December the visits went to where there was even five-day
       visits at a time, and the difficulty we were having was when she was coming
       back, just screaming bloody murder, did not want us to leave the room, was
       clingy if people came over, didn’t want us out of her sight, just that sort of
       thing. At night woke up frequently screaming at night, two or three hours at
       a time, and it took a good five days from being returned to a visit before she
       would start sleeping through the night again.

Those issues have not continued since the unsupervised visitation was ended.

             Foster Mom testified further about concerns she had while the Child was
having overnight visitations with Mother, and stated:

       Mostly to the extent of the difficulty [the Child] was having going and back
       forth, the frequency that was set up with that, the disruption of sleep during
       that time. On multiple occasions she came back with diaper rash. There was
       a lot of constipation involved with going back and forth too. So most of all my
       concerns were in regards to that.

Foster Mom testified that most of the time the rash was “labia rash.” She further stated:

       At different times there was diaper rash, there was labia rash and bottom rash.
       In November of last year at one point there was bottom rash that appeared to
       be yeast and required going to the doctor for treatment. It resulted in three
       different doctor visits because it ended up being a staph infection, not - - it
       wasn’t responding to the yeast medication. But most of the time it was labia
       rash, and that occurred frequently, you know, during the visits.

The Child never had labia rash while in Foster Mom’s care, but did have some bottom rash.
Foster Mom spoke with Mother about the rashes and “at one of the visits [Mother] said that
it was because [the Child] was allergic to Huggies diapers.” Foster Mom noted that this

                                             -18-
conversation happened in February, and then in November the Child came home from a visit
at Mother’s home wearing Huggies diapers. Foster Mom testified that for a while, the Child
was taking a constipation medication to be used on an as needed basis, not everyday.

               Foster Mom was at court for a hearing scheduled in October when Mother had
a brace on her arm. Foster Mom stated: “[Mother] came up to us and said that she had
broken up with Rick because he broke her wrist and therefore she had learned her lesson the
first time with Tommy, not to stay in abuse.” Foster Mom testified that Mother arrived at
court with her mother and Luther H. Foster Mom has seen Luther H. since that time “when
I have dropped off or picked up for visitation he has been present, waiting in the car.” She
stated he was there on the last visit prior to trial on November 16, 2012.

             The Child’s birthday is around the same time as Mother’s birthday. Foster
Mom stated: “I got about four or five texts [from Mother] the month of October, reminding
me and counting down to [Mother’s] birthday coming up.” Foster Mom had been told that
there would be a combined party, but Mother’s communications spoke only of her own
birthday.

              Foster Mom was asked about a DVD given to her by Mother for the Child, and
she stated:

       It’s about an hour and 20-some odd minutes of pictures set to music, starting
       from [the Child’s] birth pictures with her in the hospital, going through mostly
       of [the Child], but also with some with Anna, some at, I assume, is Rick’s
       home, you know, back and forth. And then at the end there is pictures of
       Rebecca, who was the baby born last year, her sister, in the hospital and of her
       after she had passed, in her coffin and grave side. And then ones of, I think,
       was [Mother’s] grandmother, is the way it was written, when she had died as
       well. I believe it’s the beginning of this year, those pictures. And then there
       are several pictures of [Mother], what looks like when she had been abused,
       of her face, different parts of her body, multiple pictures of those.

There is no warning about the pictures on the end of the DVD. Foster Mom stated that they
just appear. This concerned Foster Mom, and she stated:

       It did since it was for [the Child]. I mean, she didn’t say this was for [the
       Child] to look at now or for later. It’s something I find disturbing looking at
       myself, and it’s something that I wouldn’t - - I’m not comfortable showing
       those pictures specifically, at the end of the DVD.



                                             -19-
                 Renee Stegall, a Family Preservationist Specialist with Foothills Caring,
testified at trial. Ms. Stegall has a Bachelor’s degree in psychology, sociology and criminal
justice and a Master’s degree in criminal justice with an emphasis in juvenile justice and has
been doing social work for twenty-seven years. Ms. Stegall testified that she had done
therapeutic visitation in this case. She testified that therapeutic visitation involves teaching
parenting skills, working with the parent during the visit on those skills, and assisting the
parent with community referrals to help get children reunited with their parents.

              Ms. Stegall began working with Mother in September of 2011. Ms. Stegall
explained that she began working with Mother prior to the unsupervised visitations beginning
and continued to work with Mother during those visits. While the Child was with Mother
in the home, Ms. Stegall would make at least one visit a week to the home. Ms. Stegall
testified:

       The visits themselves were positive. I saw the child interacting with both the
       mother and Rick, as far as seeking out attention or looking for comfort because
       there was a stranger in the home. I observed mom to be the primary caretaker
       if there was feeding time or diaper changing time. There was really no
       problems in the home except for some nutritional stuff that I reviewed with the
       mother, you know, more fruits and vegetables because [the Child] was getting
       constipated, working on that kind of stuff. She made the changes that I asked
       her to make as far as baby-proofing the home. The biggest issue that I recall
       was Rick - - or I’m sorry, [Ricky M.] smoking in the home. He didn’t do that
       while I was there, but there was evidence of him still smoking probably when
       the child was not in the home for her visits.

Ms. Stegall testified that Mother addressed safety issues when asked to do so.

              Ms. Stegall testified that her primary concern was with the relationship
between Mother and Ricky M. She stated that “the only reason why the mother was doing
so well was because [Ricky M.] was providing the housing, the transportation, the income.
Mom had not made progress in those areas on her own, or independently.” Ms. Stegall
talked to Mother about what would happen if Mother’s relationship with [Ricky M.] ended
“and her backup plan at that time was to go to the homeless shelter or to rely on her mother
who was, through prior discussion, she not [sic] appropriate, the maternal grandmother.…
Based on issues that the mother had when she was younger, mother was not protective of
her.”

              Ms. Stegall testified that Mother reported that “[h]er primary reason for having
children was so that someone would love her.” This caused Ms. Stegall concern “because

                                              -20-
the children then met an emotional need of the mother; it’s not what the mother can do for
the child, but what they do for her emotionally.” Ms. Stegall gave an example of observing
visitations when both children were present. She explained that because the Child would
interact with Mother, Mother would meet her needs. In contrast, Anastasia was unable to
meet Mother’s needs on an emotional level, and was left alone to do things on her own. Ms.
Stegall was asked if Mother would have a negative reaction if the Child were not as open
with Mother emotionally, and she stated: “I believe that mother would continue to meet the
needs of the child physically. I’m just not sure that she would meet the child’s needs
emotionally if [the Child] were distant from her mother or nonresponsive.”

              Ms. Stegall thought that Ricky M. was present during all of the visits she
observed in the home. Ms. Stegall did not observe Mother alone with the Child.

               Mother had been receiving services since 2009, and Ms. Stegall testified the
services were stopped because: “Every attempt was made to try to increase the mother’s
parenting skills, to try to increase the bonding attachment issues between her and Anastasia.
There was really no other services that we could provide that was going to make any further
improvement.” Ms. Stegall was asked what skills Mother lacked, and she testified:

       Honestly I can’t say she was lacking in skills in that area. The child’s needs
       were met when they were doing the supervised and unsupervised visits in the
       home. Mom had made the changes that I asked her to do. The primary
       concerns for [the Child] was just what if the relationship that mom had did not
       work, what if she chose another paramour that was not good for her or her
       children, because she had already demonstrated a history of that.

Foothills Caring provided Mother services from 2009 through April or May of 2012. Ms.
Stegall stated that Mother “has never demonstrated that she has been able to be independent
on her own as far as housing, income, transportation.” Ms. Stegall testified:

       There would be concerns there only because of the medical issues that
       Anastasia had that [Ricky M.] and [Mother] denied there was any problem.
       They indicated that the medical issues that Anastasia has were fabrications by
       the foster mother, she could not describe at a Child & Family Team Meeting
       what the medical diagnosis were, what those meant, or how she could help her
       daughter to be better. If [the Child] were to present with any issues, I’m going
       to guess that mom’s attitude would remain the same for her if any medical
       issues were to come up. And the lack of - - despite role modeling, instructing,
       and those were every time we had a visit, how to interact with Anastasia to
       improve that relationship with her daughter, it just - - it didn’t happen.

                                             -21-
               Ms. Stegall testified that Mother would bring things to the visits, but would not
let the children take them home. For example, Ms. Stegall testified:

       I know on Easter she dressed up both girls, brought them Easter baskets, but
       she took the dresses and baskets back home. There was a doll that Anastasia
       real [sic] liked that, I think, had a pacifier. She would play with those during
       the visits and mom would take it back. Anastasia really liked that doll, she
       would cry. I think at the birthday of Anastasia I was able to talk mom into
       letting her have a paper doll set that she had brought for her gift because she
       really seemed to enjoy that.… [Ricky M.] actually told mother that you should
       let her keep it.

               Ricky M. testified at trial that Mother left his home on September 18, 2012.
He stated that he told Ms. Lawrence that Mother was talking to other men, but denied
reporting that Mother was “messing around.” Ricky M. denied breaking Mother’s arm and
denied putting his hands on Mother in anger. He did, however, admit that he put Mother out
of his home. Ricky M. testified that he and Mother have continued to have a sexual
relationship even though Mother left his home. He stated that they have sex “[t]hree or four
times a week.” When asked why he put Mother out of his home he stated: “[i]rreconcilable
differences.… It means that we didn’t agree on the same things at the time.” He stated that
they disagreed about “[h]er talking to males.” Ricky M. admitted that he had asked Mother
to leave his home two or three times.

               Ricky M. testified that he is aware that Mother has reported that she is pregnant
with his child. He was asked if he has any concern that he might not be the father of this
child, and he stated: “No. I can only say what she tells me and believe what she tells me. I
have to trust her and believe that.”

                Ricky M. and Mother lived together for approximately 18 months. Ricky M.
has owned his home for approximately seven years. He testified that he works at Tennessee
Waste. He has been with Tennessee Waste since April of 2011. Ricky M. was on worker’s
compensation in early 2012, and started work again in May of 2012. He testified that he was
on worker’s compensation for ten months. He explained “I was strapping down a tarp and
the end come out of the bungee cord and hit me in the eye and busted my eye.” Ricky M.
testified that he has had three surgeries on that eye, and he stated he can now see “2200.”
Ricky M. can drive and is back at work.

              When asked, Ricky M. testified that he intends to move back in with Mother
“eventually, yeah, when the time is right.… Whenever she can get her divorce and
everything straightened out with her life, her divorce and everything, where we can get

                                              -22-
married and move on with life.” He testified that he loves Mother.

               Ricky M. was asked if Mother ever told him stories about dead children talking
to her, and he stated: “No, I’ve never heard anything about that. The only place I heard that
was when it was on that paper that I read one time she showed me. So I don’t know anything
about that. She don’t do nothing like that.”

               Ricky M. testified that while Mother lived with him, she cleaned houses
beginning in the summer of 2012. Mother also got food stamps. Mother did not pay Ricky
M. rent to live in his home. Ricky M. testified that he “gave [Mother] some money that she
had of her own.”

             After trial, the Trial Court entered its detailed Termination of Parental Rights
and Final Decree of Guardianship on January 17, 2013 finding and holding, inter alia:

              As a preliminary matter, prior to the beginning of proof [Mother]
       advised the Court that she desired to surrender her parental rights to the child,
       Anastasia [N.W.], rather than proceed to trial as to that child. The hearing was
       then adjourned and [Mother] appeared before the Honorable Tim Irwin, Judge,
       in chambers, and surrendered her parental rights. A separate order has been
       entered awarding full guardianship of that child to the Department of
       Children’s Services.

                                             ***

               Following [Mother’s] surrender of Anastasia, the trial resumed as to
       [the Child] only. The Court received multiple exhibits and heard testimony
       from (1) [Mother], (2) Carol Lawrence, the child's case manager, (3) Renee
       Stegall from Foothills Care, (3) Rick [M.] [[Mother’s] former boyfriend], (4)
       Megan Herscher [Director of Programs, YWCA], (5) Attorney Joy Bennett
       [appointed to represent [Mother] in the Child Support Division of this Court],
       and the child’s foster mother. The record is full of inconsistencies by [Mother]
       and admitted lies. She has told different versions of the same event. She has
       concealed information and admitted lying to medical personnel, to the men in
       her life, to the Department of Children’s Services, and to this Court. These
       inconsistencies are so startling to the Court that [Mother] is not credible in the
       eyes of the Court and that lack of credibility cannot be overcome. Upon the
       proof presented at the hearing and the entire record, the Court finds the
       following by clear and convincing evidence.



                                              -23-
                                      ***

        [The Child] was born during the marriage of [Mother] and Alvin [A.]
on November 5, 2010. [Mother] identified Thomas [W.] as [the Child’s]
biological father. The temporary legal custody of this child was awarded to the
State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services on December 22, 2010
by order of the Juvenile Court of Knox County, Tennessee. She has been in
foster care continuously since that date. An order finding the child dependent
and neglected was issued by this Court following a hearing on March 22, 2011.
The termination petition was filed against [Mother] on June 27, 2012.

                                      ***

       1. The Department’s first involvement with [Mother] as an adult
occurred in July 2007 due to a referral that a child, Alvin [R.A.] (b.d. 2-14-07),
was living in a filthy home with multiple adults and dogs and with drugs being
used in the baby’s presence. [Mother] was identified as the mother of the
child. During the course of the investigation, [Mother] was interviewed
several times and reported that she was pregnant and expecting a baby the
following December or March; that she had miscarried “Baby Alvin[”] in 2005
or 2006; that she had given birth to a daughter in 2000 and the child had been
shaken to death by the child’s father; and that she had given birth to a son in
2004 who had lived for a year and then died of heart failure. After a diligent
search of hospital and health department records, the Department of Children’s
Services was unable to locate any evidence that any of these children existed
and, as there was no child to protect, the Department closed its case.
       2. The Department’s next involvement with [Mother] occurred when
[the Child’s] older sibling, Anastasia [W.], was born in October 2009.
[Mother] reported to medical staff at the hospital and to the Department that
Anastasia was her ninth pregnancy and that she had had five miscarriages and
given birth to four other children, all of whom had died. She reported that one
of the children had been shaken to death; that another died within three days
of his birth; and that she had given birth to twins, male and female, whose
names she could not remember, who only lived one and one-half days. She
also admitted that she had been hospitalized in the past for psychosis due to
hearing the voices of her dead children and that she had not followed up with
scheduled out-patient treatment or complied with prescribed medication.
During this trial, [Mother] testified that she never told these stories to the
Department or to anyone at the hospital. She testified that these stories had
been told to hospital staff by her then boyfriend, Thomas [W.] (Anastasia’s

                                      -24-
father). She testified that she made up these stories and told them to her
boyfriend because she wanted attention and wanted people to feel sorry for her
and because her [sic] [Thomas W.] wanted children, even though he was not
yet in the picture in 2007 when [Mother] first reported those same stories to
the Department of Children’s Services or as far back as 2004 when [Mother]
first began reporting fictional children to her mental health providers at Helen
Ross McNabb. Anastasia was removed into foster care in [sic] October 22,
2009, without ever leaving the hospital. She remained in foster care
continuously following her removal.
        3. As evidenced by the pleadings, [Mother] initially made sufficient
progress toward reunification with Anastasia that this child began
unsupervised visitation with a transition plan for overnight visits. Concerns
about the condition of the home resulted in an agreement that unsupervised
visitation would begin at the home of a relative. Then [Mother] and the child’s
father proposed to use their landlord to provide transportation for the overnight
visits despite knowing that this man had been convicted of sex crimes against
a minor. Those and other issues led to orders suspending unsupervised
visitation.
        4. [The Child] was born to [Mother] and Thomas [W.] on November 5,
2010. She went home from the hospital with her parents who were receiving
services and monitoring from ETHRA and Foothills. On December 17, 2010,
at a Child & Family Team Meeting, [Mother] advised the Department that
Thomas [W.] had hit infant [the Child] in the mouth several weeks before to
stop her from crying, causing her to bleed. She also reported that [Thomas
W.] had punched her ([Mother]), stabbed her, kicked her, and thrown things
at her while [the Child] was in the home. She admitted previously lying to the
Court and to the Department on more than one occasion about the cause of
earlier injuries. For example, she had appeared in Court on August 4, 2010,
and testified that her bruises on that day were from being beaten up during a
robbery. She now attributes those bruises to abuse by [Thomas W.]. Pictures
of those injuries, inflicted while [Mother] was pregnant with [the Child], were
subsequently posted on Facebook, burned onto a CD by the mother, and
entered into evidence at this hearing. [Mother] was transported to a shelter
following the Child & Family Team Meeting and the Department of Children’s
Services sought an order prohibiting any contact between [Thomas W.] and
[the Child]. The Court responded by issuing a Bench Order removing the
child into foster care because “there is a history of domestic abuse/violence
between mother and father. The child’s older sibling … is currently in the
custody of Tenn. DCS. The father is alleged to have hit [the Child] in the
mouth. The Court is not convinced that the mother would be protective of the

                                      -25-
child and the Court cannot ensure the safety of the child if the child remains
in the care and custody of the mother.”
        5. [Mother’s] relationship with Thomas [W.] is not her first or only
relationship with an abusive partner. She remains married to Alvin [A.]
although she is separated from him. She described him as abusive due to his
drug use and reported that he hit her with a baseball bat and caused her to be
hospitalized on several occasions in at least three different facilities. She
began a relationship with Thomas [W.] in May 2008. According to her
testimony during this trial, he was physically abusive to her not only during her
pregnancy with [the Child] but also during her previous pregnancy with
Anastasia, when he choked her and pulled out her hair. (She had specifically
denied any domestic violence when interviewed at the time of Anastasia’s
birth.) She nevertheless remained with him and brought her children into his
home. While Anastasia was asleep in the home during an unsupervised visit,
[Thomas W.] “busted” [Mother’s] nose. She did not report that violence and
she did not leave him. Instead she reported that a black man had assaulted her
and that someone had raped her. She testified that she did not understand
those stories were wrong. [Thomas W.] slapped infant [the Child] in the
mouth, causing it to bleed, and [Mother] still did nothing. Only after he hit her
in the head again and beat her badly immediately prior to a scheduled Child &
Family Team Meeting did she finally disclose this violence and reveal that her
home with Thomas [W.] was not at all safe for her or her children.
        6. [Mother] was asked to leave the shelter due to violating curfew. She
moved into her mother’s home, a place she had already identified as unsafe
due to her mother’s substance abuse and issues from [Mother’s] own
childhood and her mother’s failure to protect her from an abusive stepfather.
While living with her mother she met back up with a man she had dated
before. She had a brief relationship with him. He was attending anger
management classes and her mother provided his transportation. She
identified him to her children as “daddy”. According to [Mother], that
relationship lasted only briefly because he was abusive. She met Rick [M.] in
February 2011 and dated him for two weeks before moving into his home. He
was a friend of her mother’s and she had actually known him for about six
years. In May 2011 she learned that she was pregnant with his child. That
child was born in October 2011 at 29 weeks gestation and lived only 19 days.
[Mother’s] relationship with [Ricky M.] was and continues to be rocky. He
asked her to move out several times but each time they worked things out. He
finally put her out on September 18, 2012. [Mother] has told various stories to
different people at different times about her relationship with [Ricky M.],
including reporting that he broke her wrist. After she was evicted from [Ricky

                                      -26-
 M.’s] home [Mother] informed the Department that her relationship with
 [Ricky M.] had never been a stable one. [Mother] began a relationship with
 Luther [H.] shortly after being evicted from [Ricky M.’s] home. She was
 informed that he was a registered sex offender and stated she would never
 allow him around her children yet she continued to rely on him for
 transportation to visits with those children. She acknowledged that [Luther H.]
 is actually the second registered sex offender on whom she has relied for
 assistance. [Mother] is currently pregnant and insists that she is carrying
 [Ricky M.’s] child because she went back and “fooled around” with him after
 leaving his home. They now have sex several times a week although they
 report they are not living together. [Mother] is now living in her own
 subsidized apartment in Western Heights where she has been for one month.
        7. [Mother] submitted to a psychological evaluation in February 2010.
The evaluator found her to be grossly immature and quite limited in daily living
skills. She told him stories as well. He concluded that “she would have
difficulty negotiating the day-to-day demands of her child given her intellectual
and academic limitations. She would be capable of learning routine tasks and,
with structure and supervision, might be able to carry out her responsibilities
at a very basic level. Her emotional maturity, since that is what I think best
characterizes her fabrications, certainly suggest limits in ability to recognize
and meet other[’]s needs, especially her child. She would likely tend to see the
child as meeting her own needs to finally have someone to love her. This
certainly suggests she would have difficulty being an adequate parent for her
child and would require considerable help and intervention to accomplish this.”
The evaluator also found that [Mother] “has little sense of the consequences of
her behavior” which is borne out by her continued relationships and
involvement with men who are abusive to her or have a history as sex offenders
and who pose a substantial risk of harm to her and to her children. It is also
borne out by the DVDs she provided to the foster mothers for both of her
children with the instruction that they were “for the children”. Both discs begin
with happy pictures of the children as infants and follow them as they grow into
toddlers but end, without warning, with graphic pictures of [Mother] beaten and
bruised along with mug shots of the children’s father from a local newspaper.
The discs were produced and provided with little thought as to the effect the
graphic violent images might have on the children. The discs also appear to be
another instance of [Mother’s] inability “to see others except in terms of her
immediate needs”, and her need to “gain some degree of sympathy from others”
– in this case sympathy from her children when they view the [Mother] as a
victim. Records from Helen Ross McNabb show that [Mother] has a lengthy
history of sporadic treatment for mental illness. She is described by several

                                      -27-
psychiatrists as having a variety of symptoms that could meet criteria for a
number of disorders, including Bipolar Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Eating Disorder, some Dissociative
Disorder, and some Somatoform Disorder. She has fabricated reports of
pregnancy and deceased children for years. McNabb’s evaluator in 2009
reported that “it is unclear to this writer if client has some delusional disorder
with regard to reported pregnancies and [‘]lost babies[’] or if this is some aspect
of her borderline personality disorder, perhaps some attempt to not be alone
…[.] This should be addressed by treatment providers after some rapport is
established with client and ideally, when she is not accompanied by her
boyfriend or some significant other.” She has been referred repeatedly for
therapy, case management, and medication management but has never complied
on a consistent basis. During this case she participated in individual counseling
at Cherokee and in specialized grief counseling after the death of her newborn
in the fall of 2011. She also participated in a support group for victims of
domestic violence at the YWCA from March through July 2011, while living
with [Ricky M.].
        9. [Mother] also received extended services through ETHRA on two
occasions to assist her in remedying the conditions of her home. She was
completely unsuccessful in that task while living with [Thomas W.]. She
received in-home services from Foothills for over three years. Renee Stegall
began providing therapeutic visitation in September 2011. [Mother] said she
learned about nutrition and safety precautions, such as wall plugs. Ms. Stegall,
who has extensive experience in social work and teaching parenting skills,
observed no significant safety issues in the home where [Mother] was living
with [Ricky M.] or in [Mother’s] care of [the Child] during supervised visits.
On the other hand, [Mother] had never been able to comprehend the medical
issues of her other child or the care required for her and there was no assurance
that she would be able to respond appropriately to [the Child] if she developed
similar issues. Ms. Stegall’s primary concern was the stability of the
relationship between [Mother] and [Ricky M.]. He provided the home, the
transportation, and the stability, and the relationship was rocky. [Mother] had
been asked to leave on several occasions and her back-up plan was to go to a
shelter or back to her mother’s, a home she knew to be inappropriate based on
her own abuse as a child. As it turned out, that is exactly what happened. Ms.
Stegall was also concerned that [Mother] was using the children to meet her
own emotional needs rather than focusing on the needs of the children. She
brought items (dolls, Easter outfits) to visits for the children but then would not
let the children take them home and had no recognition of the distress this
caused. Attempts to improve [Mother’s] judgment and her awareness of her

                                       -28-
children’s needs were unsuccessful.
        10. [Mother] has paid a total of $85 in child support for this child during
her entire time in foster care. During the four months prior to the filing of this
petition, she made two payments of $10 each, one in May 2012 and one in June
2012. The only payment prior to that was a payment of $5 made in August
2011. [Mother] was aware of her child support obligation. As of July 31, 2012,
she was in arrears more than Five Thousand Dollars. During the four months
prior to the filing of the termination petition, [Mother] was living in [Ricky
M.’s] home and being supported by him. She had no expenses. She was
receiving food stamps. She was working “under the table” cleaning houses and
babysitting yet claimed that she could not contribute anything toward child
support because [Ricky M.] would not give her any money for that purpose.
She appeared in the Child Support Division of this Court on February 13, 2012,
and was ordered to provide medical documentation of any issues she claimed
prevented her from working. She failed to do so, resulting in the arrearage
order issued on August 11, 2012.

                                      ***

        1. Upon those facts, the Court finds that [Mother] has abandoned this
child in that [Mother] has willfully failed to support or make reasonable
payments toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive months
immediately preceding the filing of the petition in this cause. The court finds
that the amount paid and the frequency of payments could be considered token
support at best. No evidence has been presented to the Court that would
indicate that there was any medical reason that prevented the mother from
having employment and paying support. To the contrary, the evidence
established that she was working. Compliance with T.C.A. 36-2-403(a)(2)(B)
was established (a) by the order entered as the result of the permanency hearing
on July 27, 2011, which found that [Mother], who was present at the hearing,
was informed that failure to support the child could result in the termination of
her parental rights and that the Criteria and Procedures for Termination of
Parental Rights had been provided to the mother and (b) by [Mother’s]
signature on the Criteria and Procedures for Termination of Parental Rights.
        2. The Court further finds that the child has been removed by order of
this Court for a period of six (6) months; the conditions which led to her
removal still persist; other conditions persist which in all probability would
cause the child to be subjected to further abuse and neglect and which,
therefore, prevent the child’s return to the care of [Mother]; there is little
likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early date so that this

                                       -29-
child can be returned to [Mother] in the near future; the continuation of the
legal parent and child relationship greatly diminishes the child’s chances of
early integration into a stable and permanent home. The Court questions
[Mother’s] ability to protect her child from bad situations with the men in her
life. She testified about the three significant relationships she has had with men
in her life. She is still married to Alvin [A.]; she claims he was physically
abusive towards her. She testified that [the Child’s] father, Thomas [W.], was
physically abusive towards her and there is ample evidence in the record to
support those claims. In December 2010, [Mother] finally admitted, under
some duress at a Child and Family Team Meeting, that [Thomas W.] had been
abusive towards her and that he had physically abused [the Child]. After being
“rescued” from [Thomas W.’s] home, she became involved with Rick [M.], the
third man she reported was physically abusive towards her. He put her out of
the home they were sharing. She has now had her own home for only a month,
continues to see [Ricky M.] three or four times a week, and reports that she is
six and a half weeks pregnant with his child. [The Child] was removed in 2010
due to domestic violence between the mother and the man in her life which
resulted in an injury to [the Child] and due to the Court’s concerns about
[Mother’s] ability to protect [the Child] from further abuse. The conditions that
were present at the time of [the Child’s] removal are clearly present today. It
may not be the same man, and she may not be being beaten as badly, but the
same conditions are present and the risk is too great to allow [the Child] to be
placed back in the mother’s home.
        3. The Court further finds that [Mother] is incompetent to adequately
provide for the further care and supervision of the child because [Mother’s]
mental condition is presently so impaired and is so likely to remain impaired
that it is unlikely that [Mother] will be able to assume the care of and
responsibility for the child in the near future. When the mother’s psychological
evaluation completed by Dr. William MacGillivray is taken along with the
records of the years of the mother’s mental health treatment at Helen Ross
McNabb, her multiple diagnoses, her lack of progress, her dismissal for
noncompliance, her stopping and starting medication, the delusional type lies
she has told to medical and psychological providers and to people in this
courtroom, and the domestic violence which has continued during the three
significant relationships with men in her life, it is clear that [Mother] suffers
from mental illness and that, despite years of treatment, she is not strong
enough emotionally or mentally to adequately and safely care for this child.

                                      ***



                                       -30-
               1. [Mother] has not made such an adjustment of circumstance, conduct,
       or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be in her home
       despite reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such
       duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible.
       Although there is some bond between [the Child] and her mother, and the Court
       believes [Mother] loves the child, the Court finds that a change of caretakers
       and physical environment is likely to have a detrimental effect on the child’s
       emotional, psychological and medical condition. Her psychological home is
       with her foster family where she has lived virtually all of her life. [Mother] has
       neglected this child and has failed to protect her from physical abuse. She has
       herself been the victim of brutality, physical and emotional or psychological
       abuse, inflicted on her by the men with whom she was living. [Mother] has had
       her own apartment for one month. That period of time does not inspire
       confidence that she can provide a healthy and safe physical environment when
       lack of stability has been a significant safety factor in this case. [Mother’s]
       mental and/or emotional status would be detrimental to the child or prevent
       [Mother] from effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the
       child. And she has not paid child support consistent with the child support
       guidelines promulgated by the Department of Human Services pursuant to
       T.C.A. 36-5-101.
               2. Parental rights of Alvin [A.] to this child were terminated by order of
       this Court on September 4, 2012. Parental rights of Thomas [W.] to this child
       were terminated by order of this Court on August 8, 2012.
               3. The Department of Children’s Services has made reasonable efforts
       toward achieving permanency for this child.
               4. [The Child] needs need [sic] permanency and consistency. She is
       entitled to a safe, secure and loving home. She needs to know where she is
       going to lay her head every night and who is going to be there. [The Child] has
       found such a home with her foster family where she is thriving and where she
       has the opportunity to achieve permanency through adoption.
               5. It is, therefore, in the best interest of [the Child] and the public that
       all of [Mother’s] parental rights to this child be terminated and the complete
       custody, control, and full guardianship of the child be awarded to the State of
       Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services, with the right to place her for
       adoption and to consent to such adoption in loco parentis.

Mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to the Child to this Court.




                                              -31-
                                          Discussion

                Although not stated exactly as such, Mother raises four issues on appeal: 1)
whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and convincing evidence existed of
grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1);
2) whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and convincing evidence existed of
grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3);
3) whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and convincing evidence existed of
grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(8);
and, 4) whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and convincing evidence existed
that it was in the Child’s best interest for Mother’s parental rights to be terminated.

              Our Supreme Court reiterated the standard of review for cases involving
termination of parental rights stating:

               This Court must review findings of fact made by the trial court de novo
       upon the record “accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the
       finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn. R. App.
       P. 13(d). To terminate parental rights, a trial court must determine by clear and
       convincing evidence not only the existence of at least one of the statutory
       grounds for termination but also that termination is in the child’s best interest.
       In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. §
       36-1-113(c)). Upon reviewing a termination of parental rights, this Court’s
       duty, then, is to determine whether the trial court’s findings, made under a clear
       and convincing standard, are supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006).

              In Department of Children’s Services v. D.G.S.L., this Court discussed the
relevant burden of proof in cases involving termination of parental rights stating:

       It is well established that “parents have a fundamental right to the care, custody,
       and control of their children.” In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96, 97 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. 1988) (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S. Ct. 1208, 31 L. Ed.
       2d 551 (1972)). “However, this right is not absolute and parental rights may be
       terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence justifying such termination
       under the applicable statute.” Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
       102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982)).

              Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon a

                                              -32-
         finding by the court that: (1) the grounds for termination of parental or
         guardianship rights have been established by clear and convincing evidence;
         and (2) termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best interests
         of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). Before a parent’s rights can be
         terminated, it must be shown that the parent is unfit or substantial harm to the
         child will result if parental rights are not terminated. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d
         180, 188 (Tenn. 1999); In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tenn. Ct. App.
         1998). Similarly, before the court may inquire as to whether termination of
         parental rights is in the best interests of the child, the court must first determine
         that the grounds for termination have been established by clear and convincing
         evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c).

Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. D.G.S.L., No. E2001-00742-COA-R3-JV, 2001 Tenn. App.
LEXIS 941, at **16-17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2001), no appl. perm. appeal filed. Clear
and convincing evidence supporting any single ground will justify a termination order. E.g.,
In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

                Before we address the issues raised by Mother, we note that the Juvenile Court
found:

         The record is full of inconsistencies by [Mother] and admitted lies. She has
         told different versions of the same event. She has concealed information and
         admitted lying to medical personnel, to the men in her life, to the Department
         of Children’s Services, and to this Court. These inconsistencies are so startling
         to the Court that [Mother] is not credible in the eyes of the Court and that lack
         of credibility cannot be overcome.

As our Supreme Court has instructed:

         When credibility and weight to be given testimony are involved, considerable
         deference must be afforded to the trial court when the trial judge had the
         opportunity to observe the witnesses’ demeanor and to hear in-court testimony.
         Estate of Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting
         Randolph v. Randolph, 937 S.W.2d 815, 819 (Tenn. 1996)). Because trial
         courts are able to observe the witnesses, assess their demeanor, and evaluate
         other indicators of credibility, an assessment of credibility will not be
         overturned on appeal absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.
         Wells v. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999).

Hughes v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville and Davidson County, 340 S.W.3d 352, 360 (Tenn.

                                                 -33-
2011). The Juvenile Court specifically found Mother not credible. As the Juvenile Court had
the opportunity to observe Mother’s demeanor and hear her in-court testimony, we give the
Juvenile Court’s finding regarding Mother’s complete lack of credibility considerable
deference on appeal.

             We first consider whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and
convincing evidence existed of grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1). As pertinent to this appeal, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(1) provides:

      (g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be based
      upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The following grounds
      are cumulative and non-exclusive, so that listing conditions, acts or omissions
      in one ground does not prevent them from coming within another ground:

      (1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-102, has
      occurred;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1) (Supp. 2012). In pertinent part, Tenn. Code Ann. 36-1-102
provides:

      (1)(A) For purposes of terminating the parental or guardian rights of parent(s)
      or guardian(s) of a child to that child in order to make that child available for
      adoption, “abandonment” means that:

      (i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the filing
      of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the parent(s) or
      guardian(s) of the child who is the subject of the petition for termination of
      parental rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s) either have willfully
      failed to visit or have willfully failed to support or have willfully failed to make
      reasonable payments toward the support of the child;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 (1)(A)(i) (2010).

             With regard to this issue, the Juvenile Court specifically found and held:

      [Mother] has paid a total of $85 in child support for this child during her entire
      time in foster care. During the four months prior to the filing of this petition,
      she made two payments of $10 each, one in May 2012 and one in June 2012.
      The only payment prior to that was a payment of $5 made in August 2011.

                                             -34-
      [Mother] was aware of her child support obligation. As of July 31, 2012, she
      was in arrears more than Five Thousand Dollars. During the four months prior
      to the filing of the termination petition, [Mother] was living in [Ricky M.’s]
      home and being supported by him. She had no expenses. She was receiving
      food stamps. She was working “under the table” cleaning houses and
      babysitting yet claimed that she could not contribute anything toward child
      support because [Ricky M.] would not give her any money for that purpose.
      She appeared in the Child Support Division of this Court on February 13, 2012,
      and was ordered to provide medical documentation of any issues she claimed
      prevented her from working. She failed to do so, resulting in the arrearage
      order issued on August 11, 2012.

                                           ***

              1. Upon those facts, the Court finds that [Mother] has abandoned this
      child in that [Mother] has willfully failed to support or make reasonable
      payments toward the support of the child for four (4) consecutive months
      immediately preceding the filing of the petition in this cause. The court finds
      that the amount paid and the frequency of payments could be considered token
      support at best. No evidence has been presented to the Court that would
      indicate that there was any medical reason that prevented the mother from
      having employment and paying support. To the contrary, the evidence
      established that she was working. Compliance with T.C.A. 36-2-403(a)(2)(B)
      was established (a) by the order entered as the result of the permanency hearing
      on July 27, 2011, which found that [Mother], who was present at the hearing,
      was informed that failure to support the child could result in the termination of
      her parental rights and that the Criteria and Procedures for Termination of
      Parental Rights had been provided to the mother and (b) by [Mother’s]
      signature on the Criteria and Procedures for Termination of Parental Rights.

The evidence in the record on appeal, as discussed more fully above, does not preponderate
against the Juvenile Court’s findings made by clear and convincing evidence. We find no
error in the Juvenile Court’s determination that clear and convincing evidence existed of
grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1).

             We next consider whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and
convincing evidence existed of grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). As pertinent to this issue, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(3) provides:



                                            -35-
       (3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by
       order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:

               (A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other conditions
       that in all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to
       further abuse or neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to the
       care of the parent(s) or guardian(s), still persist;
               (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an
       early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or guardian(s)
       in the near future; and
               (C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship
       greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and
       permanent home;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (Supp. 2012).

               In her brief on appeal, Mother argues that “there has never been clear and
convincing evidence finding that [the Child] should have been removed from Mother’s
home.” Copies of the pleadings and orders from the dependency and neglect proceeding
pertaining to the Child were entered as an exhibit at trial, including the Protective Custody
Order entered on October 26, 2009, which named Mother, Thomas W., and Alvin A. as
respondents and found, inter alia, that “[t]here is probable cause to believe that [the Child]
is dependent and neglected pursuant to T.C.A. § 37-1-102(b).” The fact that Mother contested
this finding made at a preliminary hearing does not negate the fact that the Child was removed
by order of a court after being found dependent and neglected.3

                In her brief on appeal, Mother attempts to analogize the facts in this case to the

        3
          Mother has confused the required standards. While a court must find that grounds for termination
exist by clear and convincing evidence, there is no requirement that the findings made in required underlying
proceedings have been made by clear and convincing evidence. As this Court explained in In re: Audrey S.,
during a preliminary hearing, such as the one in this case which led to the entry of the October 26, 2009
Protective Custody Order, “[t]he juvenile court is allowed to consider reliable hearsay in making its decision,
Tenn. R. Juv. P. 16(a), and it can order the child removed from the parent’s custody based on a finding of
‘probable cause’ that the child is a dependent, neglected, or abused child, Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-114(a)(2)
(2001).” In re: Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 875 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (footnote omitted). In pertinent part,
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) requires that in order to terminate parental rights pursuant to this
subsection that a court must find by clear and convincing evidence, among other things, that “[t]he child has
been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6) months ….”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). In the case now before us, the Juvenile Court found by clear and
convincing evidence that the Child had been removed by order of a court finding the Child to be dependent
and neglected.

                                                    -36-
facts in In re: Audrey S., wherein this Court reversed the trial court’s holding that grounds to
terminate the mother’s parental rights on the ground of persistent conditions existed, based
upon the lack of an order adjudicating the child dependent and neglected or abused. In re:
Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 876 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).4 In re: Audrey S. is distinguishable
from the instant case, however, because in In re: Audrey S. there was no finding of
dependency and neglect or abuse. Id. at 875-76. In the case now before us on appeal, the
October 26, 2009 Protective Custody Order contains an explicit finding of dependency and
neglect. As such, In re: Audrey S. is not controlling with regard to the issue now before us.


             The Juvenile Court made specific and detailed findings relative to the issue of
whether grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(3) had been proven including:

       The Court questions [Mother’s] ability to protect her child from bad situations
       with the men in her life. She testified about the three significant relationships
       she has had with men in her life. She is still married to Alvin [A.]; she claims
       he was physically abusive towards her. She testified that [the Child’s] father,
       Thomas [W.], was physically abusive towards her and there is ample evidence
       in the record to support those claims. In December 2010, [Mother] finally
       admitted, under some duress at a Child and Family Team Meeting, that
       [Thomas W.] had been abusive towards her and that he had physically abused
       [the Child]. After being “rescued” from [Thomas W.’s] home, she became
       involved with Rick [M.], the third man she reported was physically abusive
       towards her. He put her out of the home they were sharing. She has now had
       her own home for only a month, continues to see [Ricky M.] three or four times
       a week, and reports that she is six and a half weeks pregnant with his child.
       [The Child] was removed in 2010 due to domestic violence between the mother
       and the man in her life which resulted in an injury to [the Child] and due to the
       Court’s concerns about [Mother’s] ability to protect [the Child] from further
       abuse. The conditions that were present at the time of [the Child’s] removal are
       clearly present today. It may not be the same man, and she may not be being
       beaten as badly, but the same conditions are present and the risk is too great to
       allow [the Child] to be placed back in the mother’s home.

The evidence in the record on appeal does not preponderate against these findings made by
the Juvenile Court by clear and convincing evidence. We find no error in the Juvenile Court’s
determination that clear and convincing evidence existed of grounds to terminate Mother’s

        4
            The In re: Audrey S. Court affirmed the termination based upon other grounds.

                                                    -37-
parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3).

             Next, we consider whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and
convincing evidence existed of grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(8). As pertinent to this issue, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(8) provides:

       (8)(A) The chancery and circuit courts shall have jurisdiction in an adoption
       proceeding, and the chancery, circuit, and juvenile courts shall have jurisdiction
       in a separate, independent proceeding conducted prior to an adoption
       proceeding to determine if the parent or guardian is mentally incompetent to
       provide for the further care and supervision of the child, and to terminate that
       parent’s or guardian’s rights to the child;
       (B) The court may terminate the parental or guardianship rights of that person
       if it determines on the basis of clear and convincing evidence that:
                (i) The parent or guardian of the child is incompetent to adequately
       provide for the further care and supervision of the child because the parent’s or
       guardian’s mental condition is presently so impaired and is so likely to remain
       so that it is unlikely that the parent or guardian will be able to assume or resume
       the care of and responsibility for the child in the near future; and
                (ii) That termination of parental or guardian rights is in the best interest
       of the child;
       (C) In the circumstances described under subdivisions (8)(A) and (B), no
       willfulness in the failure of the parent or guardian to establish the parent’s or
       guardian’s ability to care for the child need be shown to establish that the
       parental or guardianship rights should be terminated;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(8) (Supp. 2012).

               In her brief on appeal, Mother argues that “[a] finding of incompetence by the
trial court must be predicated on expert evidence.” In support of this assertion, Mother relies
upon In re: J.W.L. and J.R.G., M2007-00167-COA-R3-PT, 2007 Tenn. App. LEXIS 604
(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 25, 2007), no appl. perm. appeal filed. Mother, however, has
completely overlooked the fact that In re: J.W.L. and J.R.G. was specifically designated as
a Memorandum Opinion, which “shall not be published, and shall not be cited or relied on for
any reason in any unrelated case.” Id. at **1-2.

              As this Court clearly stated in In re: B.L.S.C., D.L.S. & D.J.C.:

              [The mother] emphasizes the State’s failure to introduce expert

                                               -38-
       testimony that her mental illness makes her unable to care for her minor
       children. She cites no authority, and we know of none, that requires the State
       to put on expert testimony on the issue of the effect of a parent’s mental illness
       on his or her ability to parent children.

In re: B.L.S.C., D.L.S. & D.J.C., No. M2008-02301-COA-R3-PT, 2009 Tenn. App. LEXIS
283, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. April 7, 2009), no appl. perm. appeal filed. Mother’s assertion
that the Juvenile Court’s finding of incompetence must be overturned because it was not
predicated on expert evidence is simply incorrect.

               With regard to the issue of whether grounds to terminate Mother’s parental
rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(8) were proven, the Juvenile Court
specifically found by clear and convincing evidence:

       that [Mother] is incompetent to adequately provide for the further care and
       supervision of the child because [Mother’s] mental condition is presently so
       impaired and is so likely to remain impaired that it is unlikely that [Mother] will
       be able to assume the care of and responsibility for the child in the near future.
       When the mother’s psychological evaluation completed by Dr. William
       MacGillivray is taken along with the records of the years of the mother’s mental
       health treatment at Helen Ross McNabb, her multiple diagnoses, her lack of
       progress, her dismissal for noncompliance, her stopping and starting
       medication, the delusional type lies she has told to medical and psychological
       providers and to people in this courtroom, and the domestic violence which has
       continued during the three significant relationships with men in her life, it is
       clear that [Mother] suffers from mental illness and that, despite years of
       treatment, she is not strong enough emotionally or mentally to adequately and
       safely care for this child.

The evidence in the record on appeal does not preponderate against these findings made by
clear and convincing evidence. We find no error in the Juvenile Court’s determination that
clear and convincing evidence existed of grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights
pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(8).

              Finally, we consider whether the Juvenile Court erred in finding that clear and
convincing evidence existed that it was in the Child’s best interest for Mother’s parental rights
to be terminated. As pertinent to this issue, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) provides:

       (i) In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights is in
       the best interest of the child pursuant to this part, the court shall consider, but

                                              -39-
       is not limited to, the following:

       (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
       circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best
       interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;
       (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after
       reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such duration of
       time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;
       (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other
       contact with the child;
       (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established between
       the parent or guardian and the child;
       (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to have
       on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;
       (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent or
       guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological
       abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or
       household;
       (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is
       healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether
       there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances or controlled substance
       analogues as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care for
       the child in a safe and stable manner;
       (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status would be
       detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively
       providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or
       (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the
       child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (Supp. 2012).

               The record on appeal reveals that the Juvenile Court considered all of the
relevant non-exclusive factors contained in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i), among other
relevant evidence, when considering the best interest of the Child. The evidence in the record
on appeal, as discussed more fully above, does not preponderate against the Juvenile Court’s
findings made by clear and convincing evidence that:

       [Mother] has not made such an adjustment of circumstance, conduct, or
       conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be in her home
       despite reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such

                                              -40-
       duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible.
       Although there is some bond between [the Child] and her mother, and the Court
       believes [Mother] loves the child, the Court finds that a change of caretakers
       and physical environment is likely to have a detrimental effect on the child’s
       emotional, psychological and medical condition. Her psychological home is
       with her foster family where she has lived virtually all of her life. [Mother] has
       neglected this child and has failed to protect her from physical abuse. She has
       herself been the victim of brutality, physical and emotional or psychological
       abuse, inflicted on her by the men with whom she was living. [Mother] has had
       her own apartment for one month. That period of time does not inspire
       confidence that she can provide a healthy and safe physical environment when
       lack of stability has been a significant safety factor in this case. [Mother’s]
       mental and/or emotional status would be detrimental to the child or prevent
       [Mother] from effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the
       child. And she has not paid child support consistent with the child support
       guidelines promulgated by the Department of Human Services pursuant to
       T.C.A. 36-5-101.

We find no error in the Juvenile Court’s determination that it is in the best interest of the
Child for Mother’s parental rights to be terminated.

                                         Conclusion

               The judgment of the Juvenile Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to
the Juvenile Court for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against
the appellant, Linda J.M.A.




                                                     _________________________________
                                                     D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE




                                              -41-
