                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]


               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                          ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                   OCT 20, 2008
                                No. 08-10167
                                                                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                                                                     CLERK
                          ________________________

                            Agency No. A96-271-718

MARIBEL RESTREPO,
a.k.a. Maribel Restrepo-Restrepo,

                                                                        Petitioner,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                      Respondent.


                          ________________________

                     Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                          _________________________

                               (October 20, 2008)

Before TJOFLAT, CARNES and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
        Maribel Restrepo petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(BIA) decision affirming the immigration judge’s (IJ) final order of removal and

denial of asylum, withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality

Act (INA), and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and

Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). Restrepo

contends that substantial evidence supports neither the IJ’s adverse credibility

determination nor its alternative determination that Restrepo failed to establish

statutory eligibility for asylum, withholding of removability, or protection under

CAT.

                                          I.

        On June 17, 2002, Restrepo, a native and citizen of Colombia, arrived in the

United States on a non-immigrant visa with authorization to remain in the country

until December 17, 2002. On or about December 3, 2002, Restrepo filed a timely

application for asylum, contending that the Revolutionary Armed Force of

Colombia (“FARC”) would kill her if she returned to Colombia. Restrepo stated

that she was forced to flee Colombia after receiving death threats from FARC

guerillas due to her involvement with an alternative political movement,

“Alternative Movement Only One Color Remedios” (“Alternative Movement”),

which included supporting a mayoral campaign in her hometown of Remedios in

2002.
                                           2
      On January 22, 2003, Restrepo was served with a notice to appear, charging

that she was removable, pursuant to INA § 237(a)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. § 1127(a)(1)(B),

for remaining in the United States for a period longer than permitted. On May 13,

2004, Restrepo appeared before an IJ and, through counsel, conceded removability

and sought relief from removal in the form of asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under CAT.

      Restrepo was the sole witness at the hearing on her application for relief and

testified as follows. In 2001 Restrepo began collaborating with the Liberal Party

and was the coordinator of the campaign “Los Del Lelos,” whereby she would

travel to the farms around Remedios every eight days and encourage the farmers to

resist FARC by supporting Jario Hugo Escobar’s mayoral campaign. Restrepo

“was the person most centered on” Escobar’s campaigning among the farmers

because the farmers all knew her from when she traveled to the villages with her

father, who had been a well-known political leader in the area.

      FARC began to harass her because of her involvement Escobar’s campaign.

On December 14, 2001, members of FARC stopped Restrepo’s car, searched her,

and seized several documents, including her Liberal Party provisional

identification card and other documents related to Escobar’s campaign. On

February 12, 2002, an armed guerilla came to Escobar’s political headquarters in

Remedios with a message for Restrepo from the Fourth Front of FARC. The
                                          3
guerilla told Restrepo that she should not go back to the farms to carry out her

“shitty politicking.” On March 9, 2002, Restrepo received a telephone call from a

man identifying himself as an acquaintance of her father’s warning her that FARC

was planning to kill her. That evening, Restrepo went to hide at her family’s farm.

When she arrived, she found her brother and two employees beaten and tied up,

and the house had been ransacked by FARC. Restrepo did not report this incident

to the authorities because she believed that the guerillas had infiltrated the farm.

The next day, she and her brother fled to Medellin and Restrepo went into hiding at

a relative’s house. But FARC soon found her in Medellin and would call her and

leave threatening messages. The anxiety and emotional harm caused by these

threats led Restrepo to seek therapy three or four times a week. Eventually, these

threats drove Restrepo to flee the county; Restrepo fears that FARC will harm her

if she returns.

       The IJ denied Restrepo’s claims for relief, finding that her testimony was not

credible. In particular, the IJ took issue with three perceived defects in Restrepo’s

testimony. The first was the date of the mayoral election. At the hearing, Restrepo

testified that the election was held on October 29, 2002. This was inconsistent

with a letter from Escobar, which was included in Restrepo’s application for

asylum, which was dated October 15, 2002 and stated that the elections occurred

on June 30. When the IJ confronted Restrepo with this inconsistency, she testified
                                           4
that there had been an interim mayoral election in June but maintained that the

election she worked on with Escobar was on October 29. When the IJ continued to

ask about the elections on June 30, Restrepo was unable to explain what the

interim election was for, or what the result was, stating only that it was “the other.”

In his oral opinion, the IJ stated the he felt it was reasonable to expect someone so

involved in a campaign to know the date of the election. Further, the IJ was

troubled by the fact that Restrepo could not remember the last name of the doctor

who treated her for anxiety and stress in Medellin, and further, that when Restrepo

sought treatment in the United States for her nervous condition, she did not tell her

treating neurologist about any of the harassment she suffered in Colombia.

      The IJ found that Restrepo had failed to provide sufficient credible

testimony to support her claims for relief. The IJ also made an alternative ruling

that, even assuming Restrepo was telling the truth, the harassment she suffered was

insufficient to establish eligibility for asylum, withholding of removal, or relief

under CAT. In his alternative holding, the IJ found that Restrepo’s allegations of

harassment were insufficient to establish past persecution. Further, he found that

her claim for a well-founded fear of future persecution was undermined by the fact

that Restrepo’s mother and siblings have lived in Colombia unharmed since her

departure. Restrepo appealed to the BIA, which affirmed both the IJ’s adverse

credibility finding and his alternative ruling that Restrepo’s allegations failed to
                                           5
meet the statutory requirements for asylum, withholding of removal, or relief under

CAT.

                                          II.

                                          A.

       “We review only the [BIA’s] decision, except to the extent that it expressly

adopts the IJ’s opinion.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir.

2001). “Insofar as the [BIA] adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we will review the IJ’s

decision as well.” Id. In this case the BIA issued a written opinion that did not

expressly adopt the IJ’s opinion but did adopt the IJ’s reasoning. Accordingly, we

will review the BIA’s opinion, as well as the IJ’s decision. See id.

       We review de novo any legal determinations by the BIA, but we review its

factual determinations under the “substantial evidence test.” D-Muhumed v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 817–18 (11th Cir. 2004). As we have repeatedly

recognized, the substantial evidence test is highly deferential, and we “must affirm

the BIA’s decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative

evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Findings of fact made by the

Immigration Judge may be reversed by this Court only when the record compels a

reversal; the mere fact that the record may support a contrary conclusion is not

enough to justify a reversal of the administrative findings.” Silva v. U.S. Att’y
                                          6
Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236 (11th Cir. 2006) (alterations and quotation marks

omitted). Credibility determinations are findings of fact reviewed under the

substantial evidence test and “[we] may not substitute [our] judgment for that of

the BIA with respect to credibility findings.” D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 818.

Further, “we view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s

decision and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Adefemi v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

                                          B.

      Restrepo contends that the BIA erred in upholding the IJ’s adverse

credibility finding because the IJ found virtually all of her testimony consistent,

except for two unimportant details: the date of the mayoral election in which she

was involved and the last name of the therapist who treated her in Medellin. She

further contends that she established a well-founded fear of future persecution

based on her past persecution by FARC. The government responds that the BIA

properly affirmed the IJ’s adverse credibility determination because the IJ provided

specific, cogent reasons for his determination and the record does not compel

reversal. We agree.

      An alien present in the United States may be granted asylum if the alien

meets the INA’s definition of a “refugee.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1), (b)(1). A

“refugee” is
                                           7
      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality or,
      in the case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in
      which such person last habitually resided, and who is unable or
      unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or
      herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a
      well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
      nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
      opinion . . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant bears the burden of proving that

she is a refugee. D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 818.

      To be eligible for asylum based on the applicant’s political opinion, the

applicant must offer “specific, detailed facts” showing that she will be “singled out

for persecution on account of” those political beliefs. Id. Demonstrating past

persecution creates a rebuttable presumption of future persecution. See id.

      Although an applicant’s credible testimony may be sufficient to justify

eligibility for asylum, “[i]f the applicant produces no evidence other than his

testimony, an adverse credibility determination is alone sufficient to support the

denial of an asylum application.” Forgue v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d, 1282, 1287

(11th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). When making an adverse credibility

determination, an IJ must provide “specific, cogent reasons” for that determination.

Id. Additionally, where an applicant submits evidence in addition to her own

testimony, the IJ must also consider that evidence and may not deny an application

based “solely on an adverse credibility determination in those instances.” Id. “The

                                           8
weaker an applicant’s testimony, however, the greater the need for corroborative

evidence.” Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2005).

      Here, the IJ offered specific, cogent reasons for his adverse credibility

determination. First, the IJ was justifiably troubled by Restrepo’s testimony that

the mayoral elections took place on October 29, 2002, when Escobar’s letter stated

that they took place on June 30, as well as her inability to explain that discrepancy.

According to the IJ, it would be reasonable “to assume that an individual with her

background would recall that date[,] having spoken to farmers on a once a week

basis” in support of the campaign. The IJ also listed Restrepo’s inability to

remember the name of the therapist who treated her in Medellin as further calling

into question both the veracity of her claims and the authenticity of the documents

that she submitted in support of her claim. Thus, it appears that the IJ reviewed all

of the evidence submitted by Restrepo, although he did so in light of his belief that

Restrepo was not a credible witness. Our review of the record reveals that

Restrepo’s testimony was often difficult to follow and internally inconsistent. This

may have been because Restrepo’s story was fabricated to some extent or it may

have been because Restrepo was nervous, confused, and testifying through an

interpreter. Reviewing a cold record, we simply cannot tell. We must defer to the

IJ’s conclusions in that regard. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to

affirming the agency’s decision, we conclude that there was substantial evidence to
                                           9
support the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. Given that determination,

nothing in the record compels us to overturn the BIA’s holding that Restrepo failed

to establish a well-founded fear of future prosecution. Because we accept the IJ’s

adverse credibility determination, we need not consider the IJ’s alternative finding

that, even assuming Restrepo’s allegations were true, they were insufficient to

satisfy the requirements for asylum.

                                          C.

       Turning to Restrepo’s claim for withholding of removal, we conclude that

she cannot show that it is “more likely than not” that her life or freedom would be

threatened upon her return to Colombia. We have recognized that “[t]his standard

is more stringent than the ‘well-founded fear’ standard for asylum.” D-Muhumed,

388 F.3d at 819. And we have repeatedly held that where an applicant failed to

satisfy the lesser standard for asylum, the applicant cannot meet the standard for

withholding of removal. See, e.g., id.; see also Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401

F.3d 1226, 1232–33 (11th Cir. 2005). Thus, we must affirm the BIA’s ruling on

this issue.



                                         D.

       Finally, Restrepo cannot prevail on her claim for relief under the CAT. To

be eligible for relief under the CAT, Restrepo must demonstrate that “it is more
                                          10
likely than not” that she will be tortured upon her return to Colombia. See 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.16(c)(2). Further, the torture must be “by or at the instigation of or with the

consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official

capacity.” Sanchez-Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1239 (11th Cir.

2007) (quoting 8 § C.F.R. 208.18(a)(1)). Although it is clear from the State

Department’s Country Report on Colombia’s human rights practices that FARC

has a significant presence in Colombia and a history of widespread violence and

intimidation, we have previously held that an applicant cannot establish relief

under the CAT based on the conduct of FARC. See Sanchez-Jimenez, 492 F.3d at

1239 (citing Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen, 369 F.3d 1239, 1242–43 (11th Cir.

2004))..

                                         III.

      Accepting the credibility determination of the IJ, the record does not compel

us to reverse the BIA’s ruling.

      PETITION DENIED.




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