                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
________________________________________
                                         )
SOUTHERN ALLIANCE FOR CLEAN              )
ENERGY,                                  )
                                         )
            Plaintiff,                   )
                                         )
      v.                                 )   Civil Action No. 10-1335 (RCL)
                                         )
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT                 )
OF ENERGY,                               )
                                         )
            Defendant.                   )
________________________________________ )

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

I.     INTRODUCTION

       This case concerns whether the Department of Energy (“DOE”) followed its statutory

responsibilities in responding to a Freedom of Information Act request. Before the Court are the

following motions: plaintiff’s Motion [11] for Partial Summary Judgment, defendant’s Cross-

Motion [12] for Partial Summary Judgment, defendant’s Motion [29] for Summary Judgment,

and plaintiff’s Cross-Motion [33] for Summary Judgment. Upon consideration of the motions,

oppositions, replies, the entire record in this case, and the applicable law, the Court will deny in

part and deny without prejudice in part plaintiff’s Motion [11] for Partial Summary Judgment,

grant in part and deny without prejudice in part defendant’s Cross-Motion [12] for Partial

Summary Judgment, grant in part, deny in part, and deny without prejudice in part defendant’s

Motion [29] for Summary Judgment, and grant in part, deny in part, and deny without prejudice

in part plaintiff’s Cross-Motion [33] for Summary Judgment. The Court will also order DOE to

revise its Vaughn indices, and reluctantly order renewed motions for summary judgment

according to the schedule set forth below.
II.    BACKGROUND

       The Energy Policy Act of 2005, 42 U.S.C. §§ 16511–16514, authorizes the Secretary of

Energy to make loan guarantees to energy projects that, among other things, reduce air pollutants

and employ new or significantly improved technologies. Def.’s SMF [12] ¶1. DOE’s Loan

Programs Office (“LPO”) administers the loan guarantee program. Def.’s SMF [29-2] ¶2.

       In July 2008, DOE solicited applications for loan guarantees for nuclear power projects.

Def.’s SMF [12] ¶2. Georgia Power Company (“GPC”), Oglethorpe Power Company (“OPC”),

and Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (“MEAG”) (collectively, “Applicants”)—who

jointly own two nuclear generating units under construction in Burke County, Georgia (the

“Vogtle Project”)—each filed a “Part I” application for federal loan guarantees under this

program. Id. ¶4. These Part I applications outlined each Applicant’s proposed method for

achieving the various requirements of DOE’s solicitation. Def.’s SMF [29-2] ¶10.

       After DOE determined that each Applicant satisfied the agency’s initial eligibility

requirements, it provided guidance regarding their submissions of more comprehensive “Part II”

applications. Id. ¶12. DOE and the Applicants exchanged a lot of information and engaged in

extensive negotiations during this period. Id. ¶13. Following this initial period, in October

2009, DOE sent each Applicant a draft document containing terms and conditions related to the

proposed loan guarantees. Def.’s SMF [12] ¶9. DOE and the Applicants then engaged in further

haggling over those proposed terms, until final term sheets were agreed to and issued by DOE to

the Applicants in February 2010. Id. ¶¶10–11, 16. While many of the terms and conditions in

the final term sheets came verbatim from DOE’s drafts, Frantz Decl. [12-1] ¶15, some of them

changed during negotiations, while others were contributed by the Applicants, such as

information about the estimated cost of the Vogtle Project and amortization schedules. Def.’s

SMF [12] ¶13–14. These “final” term sheets are “conditional”—that is, binding only upon the
                                               2
negotiation and execution of a definitive loan guarantee agreement between DOE and the

Applicants. Id. ¶18.

       On March 25, 2010, following DOE’s issuance of these term sheets, the non-profit

advocacy group Southern Alliance for Clean Energy (“SACE”) submitted a group of record

requests to the agency pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552.

Pl.’s SMF [11] ¶2. SACE requested:

       (1) The Part I and Part II applications received by DOE for the Vogtle Electric
           Generating Plant (“VEGP”) in Burke County, Georgia.
       (2) All records concerning the VEGP loan guarantee application including all
           correspondence between DOE and [the Applicants].
       (3) All records related to any environmental critique or evaluation prepared by
           DOE in regards to the VEGP loan guarantee application . . . .
       (4) All records regarding the involvement of the DOE’s Credit Review Board
           with the submitted VEGP loan guarantee application.
       (5) All records related to the use of union labor in connection with VEGP
           application for a loan guarantee . . . .
       (6) All records pertaining to the issuance to [the Applicants] of a term sheet, or
           the drafting of any final or proposed term sheet . . . , that sets forth the general
           terms and conditions under which DOE may issue a loan guarantee to VEGP.
       (7) All records pertaining to the issuance of a loan guarantee to VEGP, including
           but not limited to
            a. All records related to the process and/or objective criteria used by DOE in
               its evaluation;
            b. All records pertaining to DOE’s evaluation of the relative strengths and/or
               weaknesses of VEGP applications.

Def.’s Ex. A [29-5] 1–2. In July 2010, DOE made a partial response to SACE’s requests,

providing copies of the final term sheets issued by DOE to OPC, GPC, and MEAG. Pl.’s SMF

[11] ¶5. DOE redacted portions of these term sheets, asserting FOIA Exemption 4 as its basis for

doing so.    Id.   DOE subsequently produced to SACE other documents—e-mails, letters,

memoranda, and reports—in eleven batches, about once per month until December 2011. See

                                                  3
Supp. Pulliam Decl. [29-5] ¶17. DOE asserted FOIA Exemptions 4, 5, and 6 in redacting

portions of those records.

        In August 2010, unsatisfied with DOE’s response to its FOIA request, and after efforts to

obtain relief at the administrative level, SACE brought suit in this Court, 1 alleging that DOE was

in violation of FOIA by failing to produce non-exempt records responsive to its requests. Am.

Compl. [10] ¶¶19, 23. SACE seeks a declaration that DOE is in violation of FOIA, production

of the disputed records, and a grant of attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to 5 U.S.C. §

552(a)(4)(E). Id. at 6.

        In December 2010, Judge Henry H. Kennedy, Jr. entered a scheduling order requiring the

parties to initially file summary-judgment briefing only concerning “Item 6 of Plaintiff’s FOIA

request”—that is, the request relating to the final term sheets issued by DOE to the Applicants.

Order [9] 1. The parties’ cross-motions for partial summary judgment on this limited aspect of

the case—which only involved the propriety of DOE’s invocation of Exemption 4 in redacting

various provisions of the Applicants’ final term sheets—became ripe for decision in April 2011.

The parties later filed motions for summary judgment concerning the balance of the dispute,

which are also now before the Court. While these two rounds of briefing contain overlapping

issues, for simplicity’s sake the Court will discuss them separately in the analysis that follows.

III.    LEGAL STANDARD

        Summary judgment should be granted when the materials in the record show “that there

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)–(c). This standard requires more than the mere existence of some

factual dispute between the parties; “the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material


1
 This case was reassigned by consent from the Honorable Henry H. Kennedy, Jr. to the Honorable Robert L.
Wilkins in January 2011, and again reassigned by consent from Judge Wilkins to this Court in October 2011.
                                                    4
fact.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). “A fact is ‘material’ if a

dispute over it might affect the outcome of a suit under the governing law.” Holcomb v. Powell,

433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). “An issue is ‘genuine’ if the evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party.” Doe v. IRS, 706 F. Supp. 2d 1,

5 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248).

       This Court reviews a motion for summary judgment arising from an agency’s decision to

withhold or disclose documents under FOIA de novo. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); see also Mead

Data Ctr., Inc. v. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 251 (D.C. Cir. 1977). In responding to a

FOIA request, an agency must conduct a reasonable search for responsive records. Oglesby v.

U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990); Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705

F.2d 1344, 1352 (D.C. Cir. 1983).       Furthermore, to be entitled to summary judgment, a

defendant must demonstrate that responsive documents that were not produced are exempt from

disclosure. Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 627 F.2d 365, 368 (D.C. Cir. 1980). To meet its

burden, a defendant may rely on relatively detailed and nonconclusory affidavits or declarations.

McGehee v. CIA, 697 F.2d 1095, 1102 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Such agency declarations are “accorded

a presumption of good faith.” Negley v. FBI, 169 F. Appx. 591, 594 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Summary

judgment in favor of a defendant is justified if these materials “demonstrate that the information

withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary

evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d

857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009).

IV.    THE PARTIES’ CROSS-MOTIONS [11, 13] FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY
       JUDGMENT

       As stated above, per the order of Judge Kennedy, the parties filed cross-motions for

partial summary judgment on the issue of whether DOE had satisfied its statutory obligations

                                                5
with respect to one of SACE’s seven information requests—namely, its request for documents

relating to “the issuance to [the Applicants] of a term sheet, or the drafting of any final or

proposed term sheet . . . , that sets forth the general terms and conditions under which DOE may

issue a loan guarantee . . . .” Def.’s Ex. A [29-5] 2. As an initial matter, SACE concedes, by

failing to argue otherwise, that with respect to this information request, DOE conducted a good

faith search for records and used reasonable methods in doing so. Given this concession,

coupled with the substantial evidence in the record showing that DOE’s search was in fact

adequate, the Court finds in favor of DOE as to this issue. See Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army,

920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990).

       Accordingly, the principal question before the Court regarding the parties’ cross-motions

for partial summary judgment is whether DOE has demonstrated that the information redacted

from the three term sheets disclosed to SACE logically falls within Exemption 4 of FOIA. See

Amer. Civil Liberties Union v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

SACE argues that DOE has failed to carry its burden because it has presented only “conclusory

and generalized allegations” to justify its redactions. Pl.’s Mem. [11] 8. Furthermore, SACE

argues, even if those allegations contain the requisite specificity, DOE’s redactions do not

qualify for protection under Exemption 4. Id. at 11. In response, DOE argues that its Vaughn

indices and numerous declarations show conclusively that the information redacted from the

term sheets was properly withheld. Def.’s Mem. [12] 10.

       A. Exemption 4 and the Vaughn Index Requirement

       Exemption 4 exempts from disclosure “trade secrets and commercial or financial

information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(4). There

is no dispute in this case that the information redacted from the term sheets is “commercial or

financial” in nature. See Pl.’s Response [14] 5. However, the parties dispute whether the
                                               6
information was “obtained from a person” and is “confidential.”         Id.   Information is not

“obtained from a person” if it was “generated within the Government.”           Bd. of Trade v.

Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n, 627 F.2d 392, 405 (D.C. Cir. 1980). However, portions

of agency-created records may be exempt if they contain information that was either supplied by

a person outside the government or that could permit others to “extrapolate” such information.

Gulf & W. Indus. v. U.S., 615 F.2d 527, 529–30 (D.C. Cir. 1979); see also Soucie v. David, 448

F.2d 1067, 1078–79 (D.C. Cir. 1971).          Regarding Exemption 4’s confidentiality prong,

information is “confidential” if its disclosure would be likely to either “impair the Government’s

ability to obtain necessary information in the future” or “cause substantial harm to the

competitive position of the person from whom the information was obtained.” Nat’l Parks &

Conservation Ass’n v. Morton, 498 F.2d 765, 770 (D.C. Cir. 1974); see also United Techs. Corp.

v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 601 F.3d 557, 563 (D.C. Cir. 2010).

       To facilitate the conduct of FOIA litigation generally and to assist the Court and the

plaintiff in reviewing an agency’s application of FOIA exemptions to responsive material,

defending agencies are generally required to produce Vaughn indices that provide enough

information about redacted material and the agency’s justification for those redactions to

facilitate judicial review without resort to in camera inspection. See generally Vaughn v. Rosen,

484 F.2d 820, 826–828 (D.C. Cir. 1973). Vaughn indices “permit adequate adversary testing of

the agency’s claimed right to an exemption,” enable district courts to rationally decide whether

information should be disclosed, and create “a record that will render the District Court’s

decision capable of meaningful review on appeal.” King v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 830 F.2d 210,

218–219 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “Specificity is the

defining requirement of the Vaughn index.” Id. at 219.          Vague, sweeping, or conclusory

materials are inadequate to support summary judgment in favor of an agency and the acceptance
                                                7
of such inadequate support “would constitute an abandonment of the trial court’s obligation

under FOIA to conduct de novo review.” Id.

       Function rules over form in this area, and so regardless of how a defending agency

decides to justify its withholdings in Vaughn indices and supporting declarations, the agency

must supply “a relatively detailed justification” that specifically identifies “the reasons why a

particular exemption is relevant and [that] correlat[es] those claims with the particular part of a

withheld document to which they apply.” Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566

F.2d 242, 251 (D.C. Cir. 1977).

       A. Analysis

           1. “Obtained from a person”

       The Court agrees with SACE that, at least as to the vast majority of the disputed term-

sheet redactions, DOE’s proof fails to show that the redacted information was “obtained from”

the Applicants, as Exemption 4 requires. Before turning to that proof, the Court will briefly

summarize those relatively few instances in which courts in this Circuit have interpreted and

applied Exemption 4’s “obtained from a person” prong.

       While there are numerous cases discussing whether it was a “person” from whom

information was obtained, there are few discussing whether the information was “obtained” from

outside the government agency, rather than generated by the agency itself. On the one hand, the

D.C. Circuit has found that information in an agency-generated report is still “obtained from a

person” if such information was supplied to the agency by a person or could allow others to

“extrapolate” such information. Gulf, 615 F.2d at 529–30; see also Judicial Watch, Inc. v.

Export-Import Bank, 108 F. Supp. 2d 19, 28 (D.D.C. 2000). On the other hand, when the

redacted information—despite relying upon other information obtained from outside the

agency—constitutes that agency’s own analysis, such information is the agency’s information,
                                                8
and not “obtained from a person” under Exemption 4. See Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v.

Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 69 F. Supp. 2d, 63, 66–67 (D.D.C. 1999); Fisher v.

Renegotiation Bd., 355 F. Supp. 1171, 1173–74 (D.D.C. 1973). Finally, the mere fact that

information was the product of negotiations between a “person” and the agency does not make

that information “obtained from a person” under Exemption 4. See In Defense of Animals v.

Nat’l Insts. of Health, 543 F. Supp. 2d 83, 102–03 (D.D.C. 2008). Nor does the fact that

information was negotiated preclude the proper application of Exemption 4, at least in

circumstances where the information was initially obtained from outside the agency and was

then modified through negotiations. Pub. Citizen Health Research Group v. Nat’l Insts. of

Health, 209 F. Supp. 2d 37, 45 (D.D.C. 2002). As these cases show, the key distinction—which

will obviously be blurry in many instances—is between information that is either repeated

verbatim or slightly modified by the agency, and information that is substantially reformulated

by the agency, such that it is no longer a “person’s” information but the agency’s information.

The latter type is not shielded by Exemption 4.

       Sadly we don’t arrive at an application of these principles for most of the redactions in

the term sheets because DOE hasn’t adequately supported its contention that the redacted

information was “obtained from” the Applicants. Turning to that support, DOE presents the

following with its Motion: (1) a declaration from the Director of the Origination Division of the

LPO, David G. Frantz, Frantz Decl. [12-1]; (2) a declaration from Wendy Pulliam, who is the

Project Manager of the FOIA Team of the LPO at DOE, to which are attached Vaughn indices

for the three term sheets in dispute, Pulliam Decl. [12-2]; (3) a declaration from Earl C. Long,

Assistant Treasurer of GPC, Long Decl. [12-3]; (4) a declaration from Elizabeth B. Higgins,

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of OPC, Higgins Decl. [12-4]; and a

declaration from James E. Fuller, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of MEAG.
                                                  9
Fuller Decl. [12-5].    While in all other respects rather detailed and comprehensive, these

materials generally are short on facts concerning where the redacted information came from. For

example, the Frantz Declaration (which DOE principally relies upon for proof that the redacted

information was “obtained from a person” under Exemption 4, see Def.’s Reply [19] 3–5)

attempts to prove that the Applicants were the source of the redacted information by specifying

those term sheet provisions that did not come from the Applicants and so were disclosed to

SACE. Frantz Decl. [12-1] 7. However, this does not suggest, let alone prove, that the disputed

information was obtained from the Applicants, since it is illogical to generalize about some of

the information in the term sheets based solely upon the characteristics of other information in

the term sheets.

       Mr. Frantz does get more specific when he says that certain types of information were

developed by the Applicants and incorporated into the final term sheets. Id. at 6. This includes

“estimates of [each Applicant’s] cost to construct, finance, own and operate its interest” in the

project; “projections related to nuclear fuel, training costs, and applicable capitalized interest

during construction”; “historical and projected financial statements, financial models, resource

plans and financing plans”; “loan draw schedules”; and “amortization schedules.” Id. These

general statements are repeated elsewhere, in similar form, in the Vaughn indices and other

supporting declarations. See, e.g., Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. F at 4; Long Decl. [12-3] 12;

Higgins Decl. [12-4] 4, 6, 9. With limited exceptions, DOE fails to identify specific redactions

in the term sheets that contain these types of information.

       Turning to the entries in DOE’s Vaughn indices offered in support of its Cross-Motion

[12] for Partial Summary Judgment, these entries are mostly silent on the question of whether the

redacted information was “obtained from” an Applicant, focusing almost exclusively on the issue

of competitive harm. For example, the first entry in the Vaughn index for GPC’s term sheet
                                                10
shows that a particular date was redacted, says that this date would be valuable to GPC’s

competitors, and refers the reader to a general statement preceding the index that constitutes

DOE’s “[r]eason for [w]ithholding” the redacting information. Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. F at 4.

But this general statement never indicates that the redacted date was “obtained from” the

Applicants or provides any facts that would suggest this to be the case. See id. at 1–4. The same

is true about virtually every other entry.      DOE redacted provisions related to funding

commitments, how interest would accrue after certain triggering events, a maintenance fee

payable by the Applicants to DOE, certain representations and warranties agreed to, and so forth.

Yet nowhere does DOE adequately explain how these specific redactions concern information

that DOE “obtained from” the Applicants. Without further information, these appear to be

simply commercial terms constituting parts of the deal arrived at by DOE and the Applicants, not

commercial or financial information of the Applicants that ended up in the final term sheets and

that might qualify for protection from disclosure under Exemption 4.

       What DOE does say about most of the redactions to the term sheets actually undercuts its

claim that the Applicants were the source of the information. DOE repeatedly states that certain

redacted terms and conditions agreed to by the Applicants are “different” or “more burdensome”

from those they ordinarily agree to, and that the Applicants do not want future lenders to insist

on similar restrictions. See, e.g., Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. H at 3. It seems unlikely, without

further information or explanation from DOE, that the Applicants would have been the source of

terms and conditions that they find burdensome and ordinarily avoid.

       However, as to a small number of redacted provisions, DOE’s supporting evidence is

sufficient to show that these provisions were “obtained from” the Applicants. For example, the

Vaughn index for the GPC term sheet notes that Schedules 1 and 2 of that term sheet reflect

information “developed by GPC,” Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. F at 10–11, which corroborates
                                               11
statements elsewhere in DOE’s submissions.                The Court will only list below those eleven

redactions that DOE has adequately demonstrated were “obtained” from the Applicants:

                 GPC Term Sheet Redactions
                      1. “Schedule I - GPC Base Project Costs.” Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex.
                         D at 100. 2
                      2. “Schedule II - Eligible Base Project Costs.” Id. at 101.
                      3. “Schedule III - Repayment Schedule.” Id. at 102–03.
                 OPC Term Sheet Redactions
                      1. “OPC Base Project Costs” estimate. Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. E at
                         112.
                      2. “Schedule I - OPC Base Project Costs.” Id. at 141.
                      3. “Schedule II - OPC Eligible Base Project Costs.” Id. at 141.
                      4. “Schedule III - Repayment Schedule.” Id. at 142–43.
                 MEAG Term Sheet Redactions
                      1. “MEAG Base Project Costs” allocations for special-purpose
                         vehicles. Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. C at 25.
                      2. “Schedule 1 - MEAG Base Project Costs.” Id. at 60.
                      3. “Schedule 2 - Eligible Project Costs.” Id. at 61.
                      4. “Application of Proceeds of Guarantee Loans.” Id. at 63.

DOE’s supporting materials provide sufficient detail for the Court to conclude that this

information was developed by the Applicants, and either incorporated without change into the

final term sheets or slightly modified through negotiation. See, e.g., Higgins Decl. [12-4] 6;

Frantz Decl. [12-1] 6; Long Decl. [12-3] 12–13; Fuller Decl. [12-5] 4, 6–7; Pulliam Decl. [12-2]

Ex. F at 10–11; Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. H at 2, 8–10. As such, this information was “obtained

from a person” under Exemption 4.



2
 Since this schedule doesn’t have a page number, the page number indicated here (and for the other ten items listed
beneath it) is the page number of the entire document filed on ECF, docket number 12-2.
                                                        12
       Accordingly, the Court finds that, with the exception of the eleven items listed above,

DOE’s Vaughn indices provide the Court with an insufficient factual basis to determine whether

the redactions logically fall within Exemption 4. Specifically, DOE’s evidence fails to show

with requisite detail and specificity that DOE obtained the redacted information from the

Applicants. The Court will therefore order DOE to revise its Vaughn indices to include (if it can)

facts supporting its contention that the specific information redacted from the term sheets was

“obtained from” the Applicants, as is required by Exemption 4. The Court further advises DOE

that the mere fact that a term or provision in these documents was “negotiated” will be

insufficient for it to carry its burden; DOE must also provide specific information upon which

the Court could conclude that the Applicants either provided the very information that was

redacted or that the redacted information is only a minimally modified version of information

that originally came from the Applicants.

       Regarding these Vaughn index revisions generally, the Court is indifferent regarding how

DOE fills the gap in its evidence—for example, DOE can choose to add to each entry in its

Vaughn indices additional details concerning the origin and character of that specific redacted

information, or DOE can group the various redactions into categories with common attributes,

label each specific redaction in the index as belonging to a category, and explain (in sufficient

detail) how those categories of information were “obtained from” the Applicants. However, to

repeat, these revised materials must be more detailed, and must specifically identify how the

particular part of the withheld document meets all of the requirements of Exemption 4 that are in

dispute in this case. See Morley v. C.I.A., 508 F.3d 1108, 1122 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

           2. Competitive Harm

       The Court also finds that, as to the eleven redactions listed above, DOE has met its

burden as to the remaining disputed requirement of Exemption 4—namely, that this information
                                               13
is “confidential.” See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(4). As stated above, information is “confidential” under

Exemption 4 if its disclosure would be likely to either “impair the Government’s ability to obtain

necessary information in the future” or “cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the

person from whom the information was obtained.” Nat’l Parks, 498 F.2d at 770. In determining

whether the Applicants would likely suffer competitive harm, the Court “need not engage in a

sophisticated economic analysis of the likely effects of disclosure.”       Pub. Citizen Health

Research Group v. Food & Drug Admin., 704 F.2d 1280, 1291 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Courts

generally defer to an agency’s predictions concerning the repercussions of disclosure,

acknowledging that predictions about competitive harm are not capable of exact proof. United

Technologies, 601 F.3d at 563. Furthermore, a party opposing disclosure doesn’t have to show

“actual competitive harm”; evidence that shows “[a]ctual competition and the likelihood of

substantial competitive injury” is sufficient. Public Citizen, 704 F.2d at 1291 (citations and

quotations omitted).

       Here, regarding these eleven items, DOE has presented evidence of sufficient detail to

meet its burden of proof on the issue of confidentiality.      First, SACE does not appear to

challenge DOE’s contention that the Applicants face actual competition in the relevant markets,

and DOE has (in any case) presented sufficient evidence on that issue. See, e.g., Long Decl. [12-

3] 3–4; Higgins Decl. [12-4] 3–4; Fuller Decl. [12-5] 2. Second, DOE’s evidence is also

sufficient to show a likelihood that disclosure would cause the Applicants substantial competitive

harm. While SACE argues, correctly, that the harm envisioned by Exemption 4 is the “harm

flowing from the affirmative use of proprietary information by competitors,” Pl.’s Response [14]

13 (citing Public Citizen, 704 F.2d at 1291 n.30), SACE is incorrect in arguing that DOE has

failed to present evidence showing such harm. For example, in the Vaughn index for the GPC

term sheet, DOE notes that Schedules 1 and 2 contain detailed project cost estimates, developed
                                               14
at significant expense to GPC, whose disclosure would provide a free lunch to competitors

seeking to construct their own nuclear power generating units in the future. Pulliam Decl. [12-2]

Ex. F at 10, 11. The Vaughn index for MEAG’s term sheet similarly supports DOE’s redaction

of Schedules 1 and 2 of that term sheet. See Pulliam Decl. [12-2] Ex. H at 8–10. As to DOE’s

redactions of Schedule 3 of GPC’s and OPC’s term sheets, which contain a “repayment” or “loan

draw” schedule, DOE has presented evidence indicating that this information would permit the

Applicants’ competitors to estimate the timing of certain expenditures within the construction

project, allowing them to benefit from the Applicants’ work at no cost. See, e.g., Long Decl.

[12-3] 12–13; Higgins Decl. [12-4] 9; Fuller Decl. [12-5] 6–7. Regarding the redaction in the

MEAG term sheet of the company’s allocations of project costs among certain “special purpose

vehicles,” the evidence demonstrates a likelihood that competitors would use this information to

estimate MEAG’s costs of supplying power, thereby allowing such competitors to alter their own

prices and shave business away from MEAG. Fuller Decl. [12-5] 4. Finally, as to the portion of

Schedule 3 redacted in MEAG’s term sheet, the evidence shows that disclosure of the redacted

terms would likely provide competitors (at no cost) with insight into the company’s financing

plan for the project and permit them to estimate its costs of producing power. Id. at 6–7. These

are not, as SACE argues, simply bare speculations on the part of DOE and the Applicants, but

reasonable predictions of how competitors in the power generation market could (and likely

would) exploit detailed and valuable business information not ordinarily available to them. In

sum, as to the eleven redactions listed above, DOE has established that the associated

information, if disclosed, would likely result in substantial competitive injuries to the Applicants.

       The Court further finds that DOE has demonstrated that disclosure of the redacted

information listed above would likely interfere with DOE’s ability to fulfill its statutory mandate

to promote and finance financially-risky clean energy projects. See Pub. Citizen, 209 F. Supp.
                                                 15
2d at 51–52. Among the many hurdles to obtaining loan guarantees from the government,

applicants must submit a wealth of sensitive business information to DOE. See Frantz Decl. [12-

1] 3, 8.   Permitting the disclosure, through FOIA, of valuable and confidential business

information would necessarily serve as a disincentive for companies to pursue such loan

guarantees. Id. at 9. Such companies, viewing the enormous costs and risks associated with a

high technology energy project, and adding to those costs and risks the prospect that FOIA

disclosures of sensitive commercial information could provide competitors with a windfall,

would likely think twice about taking the risk and might pursue less risky and more

environmentally damaging projects instead. As a result, the statutory goal of promoting projects

that are cleaner and more advanced than those currently in service would be frustrated. See 42

U.S.C. § 16513(a).

       In sum, DOE has met its burden under Exemption 4 as to the eleven redactions listed

above. DOE has likewise presented sufficient evidence that concerning these redactions non-

exempt portions of these records were properly segregated and released. See Pulliam Decl. [12-

2] ¶14. However, in all other respects, DOE’s supporting affidavits and Vaughn indices are

inadequate and must be revised in order for the Court to undertake a responsible de novo review

of the agency’s remaining withholdings under Exemption 4.

V.     THE PARTIES’ CROSS-MOTIONS [29, 33] FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

       As stated above, the parties have also filed cross-motions for summary judgment, which

generally concern the propriety of DOE’s application of FOIA Exemptions 4, 5, and 6 to

portions of e-mails, reports, meeting agendas, letters, and other documents dated from about

October 2008 to July 2010. DOE redacted from these records information pertaining to “the

rights, obligations, contractual agreements with DOE and other third parties, estimated project

costs, credit analyses and rating, equity commitment, and reporting and other requirements
                                              16
related to the loan guarantee for the Vogtle Project.” Def.’s Mem. [29-1] 16; see also Vaughn

Index [29-5] Appx. A at 1. DOE also redacted the e-mail addresses and phone numbers of DOE

personnel and contractors. Def.’s Mem. [29-1] 30. In support of these redactions, DOE has

attached to its Motion supplementary declarations as well as a 50-page Vaughn index with about

133 entries.

       As an initial matter, SACE does not contest DOE’s withholdings, under Exemption 6, of

various e-mail addresses and phone numbers of DOE personnel and consultants. Pl.’s Mem. [33-

1] 1 n.1. Nor does SACE challenge DOE’s contention that, regarding the requests at issue in

these motions, it conducted in good faith a reasonable search for records responsive to SACE’s

March 25, 2010 FOIA request. See Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. Accordingly, the Court finds in

favor of DOE as to these two issues. Specifically, regarding DOE’s Exemption 6 withholdings,

the Court finds that the e-mail addresses and phone numbers were properly redacted from the

following records: CR103–104, NW124–127, NW308–310, NW707–708, NW784–785,

NW802–804, KC240–243, DF40–41, SR137, SR165–67, SR189–191, KC88, NW17, NW41,

NW50–56, NW176, NW356–358, NW412–413, NW523, NW568–571, NW605, NW650–651,

NW723–726, NW725, KC153–154, JS1 5–8, JS1 7, KyC96–99, KyC204, TH18, TH39, MP14–

15, MP30, SR256, KS10, KS25, KS27, VT75, VT111, VT118, VT124, Consultation Package

104–107, Consultation Package 108, and SR67.

       However, SACE challenges the propriety of DOE’s redactions under Exemptions 4 and

5. Pl.’s Mem. [33-1] 1. SACE raises in its Cross-Motion essentially the same challenge to

DOE’s withholdings as it raised in the context of its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment—

namely, that DOE’s Vaughn index and supporting affidavits lack sufficient detail to justify the

agency’s withholdings pursuant to Exemptions 4 and 5, and that, in any case, those redactions do

not qualify for the protection of either exemption. Id. SACE asks the Court to order the release
                                              17
of the withheld information, id., or, alternatively, to order DOE to file the disputed records under

seal for in camera review. Pl.’s Reply Mem. [41] 2.

       A. Exemptions 4 and 5

       As is explained in the context of the Court’s consideration of the parties’ cross-motions

for partial summary judgment, Exemption 4 of FOIA exempts from disclosure “trade secrets and

commercial or financial information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential.” 5

U.S.C. § 552(b)(4).

       Exemption 5 exempts “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which

would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” Id.

§ 552(b)(5). This exemption covers evidentiary privileges such as the work-product privilege

and the deliberative process privilege, the latter of which DOE claims applies in this case. See

Williams & Connolly v. S.E.C., 662 F.3d 1240, 1243 (D.C. Cir. 2011). To qualify for Exemption

5 protection under the deliberative process privilege, an agency’s materials must be both

“predecisional” and part of the “deliberative process.” McKinley v. Bd. of Governors of Fed.

Reserve Sys., 647 F.3d 331, 339 (D.C. Cir. 2011). The purpose of this privilege is to protect the

deliberative process of the government, and thereby the quality of its decisions, by fostering the

free expression of advice, opinions, and recommendations among governmental decision-

makers, including consultants. Id. (citing Ryan v. Dep’t of Justice, 617 F.2d 781, 789–90 (D.C.

Cir. 1980)).

       B. Analysis

           1. Exemption 4

       The Court finds that, with one limited exception, DOE’s Vaughn index and supporting

declarations fail to provide a sufficient factual basis upon which the Court could evaluate the

propriety of its application of Exemption 4 to the information redacted from the records listed on
                                                18
the index. As was the case regarding DOE’s support of the redactions it made to information in

the Applicants’ term sheets, DOE’s supporting materials generally fail to tie the specific

characteristics of redacted information to all of the legal requirements of this exemption.

Consequently, the Court is unable to perform a responsible de novo review of the agency’s

actions, as required by FOIA. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

       Before turning to the defects in DOE’s approach to justifying its Exemption 4

withholdings, the Court will briefly summarize that approach. DOE has attached to its Motion

[29] for Summary Judgment the following items: a supplementary declaration from David

Frantz, the Acting Director of DOE’s LPO, Supp. Frantz Decl. [29-3] 1; another declaration from

that same individual providing the names of contractors and subcontractors involved in the

agency’s consideration of the Vogtle Project, Frantz Decl. [29-4] 1; a supplemental declaration

from DOE’s FOIA Project Manager of the LPO, Wendy Pulliam, Supp. Pulliam Decl. [29-5] 1;

and, attached to the Pulliam Declaration, a Vaughn index of about 50 pages. Vaughn Index [29-

5].

       DOE relies almost exclusively on its Vaughn index to demonstrate the propriety of

particular redactions. See Supp. Pulliam Decl. [29-5] ¶21. That index contains the following

categories of information: a Bates number, a description of the record (e.g., date, sender and

recipient, and the subject line (if an e-mail) or the title of the record), and the claimed

“Exemption/Justification.” See Vaughn Index [29-5] 1. When DOE redacted information in a

record, an entry was made in the index indicating which exemption was used to justify the

redaction—e.g., “b4 Commercial and Financial Information.” The “Exemption/Justification”

entry does not usually itself contain facts justifying the application of the exemption, but instead

refers the reader to a general justification statement elsewhere.         A typical redaction of



                                                19
information pursuant to Exemption 4 refers the reader to “Appendix A which provides the

justification for and identifies the information subject to Exemption 4.” See id.

       When the entries in the Vaughn index are read in tandem with “Appendix A,” it quickly

becomes clear that these materials fail to provide information specific to each redaction that

would permit the Court to rule on the applicability of Exemption 4. Appendix A generally

describes the information DOE withheld under Exemption 4. Vaughn Index [29-5] Appx. A at

1–7. This information, DOE says, “concerns details of the financing arrangements between DOE

and [GPC, OPC, and MEAG] . . . .” Id. at 1. It includes “terms and conditions that were

negotiated” by DOE and the Applicants. Id. The document is nearly silent, however, on the

question of whether the redacted information was “obtained from” the Applicants. Instead, it

focuses on the issue of competitive harm, describing the three power companies as engaged in a

competitive marketplace. Id. at 1, 4. Disclosure of financing information related to the Vogtle

Project would, DOE says, harm the companies’ competitive positions. Id. at 2–7. And so forth.

Appendix A also provides a brief list of examples of the types of information DOE withheld,

without explaining why those types of information meet Exemption 4’s requirements. Id. at 3, 6,

7. In sum, while Appendix A says a good deal about competitive harm, it fails to provide any

information concerning the origins of most of this redacted information.

       Only as to a single type of information does DOE present facts that shed sufficient light

on the information’s origin. Appendix A states that “information related to credit fee subsidy

cost estimates” was withheld under Exemption 4. Id. at 3, 5, 7. These estimates, DOE reports,

represent the long-term cost to the government of the loan guarantees. 2d Supp. Frantz Decl.

[40-1] ¶3. DOE says that, at least as to GPC, this estimate was “provided to GPC” and “was

developed from the detailed due diligence information prepared by GPC and submitted to DOE.”

Vaughn Index [29-5] Appx. A at 3. DOE also says that the cost estimates represent “DOE’s
                                                20
analysis of the risk associated with the Vogtle Project . . . .” 2d Supp. Frantz Decl. [40-1] ¶7

(emphasis added).

       However, the Court finds that these facts demonstrate that this type of information is not

protected by Exemption 4 and must be disclosed to SACE.           These estimates were clearly

generated within DOE, and are therefore presumptively outside the scope of Exemption 4. See

Board of Trade, 627 F.2d at 405. While Appendix A to DOE’s Vaughn index states that this

estimate was “developed from the detailed due diligence information” prepared by the

Applicants and submitted to DOE, Vaughn Index [29-5] Appx. A at 3, information generated by

the government is not exempt from disclosure under Exemption 4 simply because it is based

upon information supplied by persons outside the agency. See Philadelphia Newspapers, 69 F.

Supp. 2d at 66–67; Fisher, 355 F. Supp. at 1173–74.         SACE is requesting the estimates

themselves, not the Applicants’ “due diligence information” upon which DOE based its

estimates. DOE’s reliance on Public Citizen, Def.’s Mem. [29-1] 18, is misplaced, as that court

found that a final royalty rate was “obtained from a person” for purposes of Exemption 4 after a

licensee provided a proposed rate to the agency “in the first instance.” Public Citzen, 209 F.

Supp. 2d at 44–45.    By contrast, these cost estimates are not mere modifications through

negotiation of Applicant information, but—as DOE admits—the agency’s own “analysis,” and

therefore no protected from disclosure by Exemption 4. See Philadelphia Newspapers, 69 F.

Supp. 2d at 67. Absent a showing by DOE that these estimates are such that the underlying due

diligence information could be “extrapolated” by others, Gulf, 615 F.2d at 529–30—and DOE

has made no effort to demonstrate this—these estimates are not “obtained from a person” for

purposes of Exemption 4 and must be disclosed.

       Accordingly, the Court finds that DOE has failed to adequately support, in its Vaughn

index, nearly every redaction made under Exemption 4, and will order the agency to revise the
                                               21
index to provide further detail concerning how the specific information redacted was “obtained

from” the Applicants. The Court further finds that as to the items designated Attachments to

SR2 and CR7–8, which contain information related to the costs estimates referred to above,

Exemption 4 does not exempt that information from disclosure and it must be produced to

SACE.

           2. Exemption 5

        DOE also redacted numerous items based upon the deliberative process privilege of

Exemption 5. As to these redactions, DOE’s Vaughn index is more complete and provides a

sufficient factual basis for the Court to make a de novo evaluation of the propriety of the

agency’s application of Exemption 5 to many of the disputed records. However, many other

entries in the Vaughn index provide insufficient information, and therefore the Court will order

revisions to those entries to permit meaningful judicial review of the agency’s withholdings.

        Review of DOE’s Vaughn index reveals that the agency redacted a few general categories

of information. One general type of information that DOE redacted is discussions among DOE

personnel and contractors about various provisions of the Applicants’ proposed term sheets and

other agreements prior to the issuance of final term sheets on February 13, 2010. An example of

this type of information is identified in NW124–127, which is an e-mail string, dated December

22, 2009, containing discussions among DOE personnel and consultants about provisions of the

yet-to-be-finalized term sheets as well as another contract under negotiation. Vaughn Index [29-

5] 2. These internal agency discussions about specific provisions in draft agreements subject to

ongoing negotiation with the Applicants are clearly predecisional in character as well as

deliberative, forming part of DOE’s process of finalizing the draft term sheets that had been

provided to the Applicants earlier that year. Disclosure of these materials would likely stifle the

necessary candor in the agency’s decisional process.
                                                22
       However, SACE disputes the predecisional character of DOE’s Exemption 5

withholdings generally, without pointing to any specific items, arguing that information redacted

from inter-agency communications prior to the issuance of the final term sheets may have lost its

predecisional status if it was later “adopted, formally or informally, as the agency position . . . .”

Pl.’s Mem. [33-1] 24 (quoting Horowitz v. Peace Corps, 428 F.3d 271, 276 (D.C. Cir. 2005)).

However, “there must be evidence that an agency has actually adopted or incorporated by

reference the document at issue; mere speculation will not suffice.” Nat’l Council of La Raza v.

Dep’t of Justice, 411 F.3d 350, 359 (2d Cir. 2005); see also Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of

Justice, 584 F. Supp. 2d 65, 78 (D.D.C. 2008). Since there is no evidence that the DOE later

expressly adopted any of the information within this category of redacted information on the

agency’s Vaughn index, the Court finds that, as to the following documents, DOE properly

withheld information pursuant to Exemption 5: NW124–127, NW277–279, NW302–303,

NW562–564, NW606–609, NW709, NW784–785, NW922–923, SR134, NW605, SR7–8,

KyC4–9, KyC15–18, KyC20–24, KyC26–31, KyC33–46, KyC116–144, and KyC171–180.

However, to the extent that any redactions in these documents were made solely on the basis of

Exemption 4, the propriety of those redaction remains in dispute pending DOE’s revision of its

Vaughn index.

       A second type of information redacted by DOE can be described generally as drafts of

documents and discussions among DOE personnel and consultants concerning draft documents

and proposed courses of action. An example of this type is document SR228, which is an e-mail

dated November 19, 2009 in which agency personnel discuss a “proposed statement from the

Credit Committee.” Vaughn Index [29-5] 11–12. Another record falling into this category is

KC394, which is an e-mail from December 2009 in which DOE personnel discuss drafts of

executive summaries concerning the Applicants. Id. at 26. The Court finds that as to redactions
                                                 23
in this category, DOE has met its burden to show that the information redacted is both

predecisional and deliberative, and was properly withheld pursuant to Exemption 5. See Gold

Anti-Trust Action Comm., Inc. v. Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve, 762 F. Supp. 2d 123, 137

(D.D.C. 2011) (finding that the withholding of a memorandum containing discussion of a

proposed transaction was proper under Exemption 5); FPL Group, Inc. v. I.R.S., 698 F. Supp. 2d

66, 87 (D.D.C. 2010) (finding the agency’s invocation of Exemption 5 proper as to discussions

about proposed regulations and draft revenue rulings). Accordingly, DOE properly redacted the

following items pursuant to Exemption 5: NW288–291, NW750, DF7–9, SR228, KC394,

KyC96–99, MP30, SR41, KC416, KyC53–54, KyC100–115, SR200, Attachments to NW732–

737, and Attachments to NW693. However, once again, any redactions in these documents

solely grounded upon Exemption 4 remain in dispute.

       A third category of information withheld by DOE can be roughly described as

constituting status reports, internal discussions about meetings during the process of arriving at

final term sheets, and internal discussions about the timing of various DOE actions on the Vogtle

Project. DOE has met its burden to show that these are predecisional and deliberative materials

related to DOE’s formulation of policy decisions surrounding the issuance of final term sheets to

the Applicants as well as ongoing deliberations concerning the Vogtle Project, and their

disclosure would likely stifle the necessary candor in the agency’s policy making process. See

Hornbostel v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 305 F. Supp. 2d 21, 31 (D.D.C. 2003). As such, the

following items were properly redacted pursuant to the deliberative process privilege of

Exemption 5: Attachments to JS18, Attachments to NW592, Attachments to SR295,

Attachments to KyC100, NW17, NW50–56, NW78, NW412–413, KyC204, VT72, VT124,

Consultation Package 104–107, Attachments to NW17, and Attachments to NW19. However, to

the extent that any redactions in these documents were made solely on the basis on Exemption 4,
                                               24
the propriety of those redactions remains in dispute pending DOE’s revision of its Vaughn index.

Also, as to each of the three categories of information listed above that the Court has determined

were properly withheld under Exemption 5, the Court finds that DOE has met its burden to show

that all non-exempt portions of these records were segregated and released. See Supp. Pulliam

Decl. [29-5] ¶19.

       However, as to a relatively large number of items, DOE’s Vaughn index and supporting

materials fail to provide the Court with sufficient information about the withheld material and the

role it played in the decisional process for the Court to determine whether it is covered by the

deliberative process privilege. See Elec. Frontier Found. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 10-641,

2011 WL 5966379, at *6 (D.D.C. Nov. 30, 2011). For example, in one e-mail string (KC160–

161) dated June 22, 2010—a few months following the issuance of the final term sheets to the

Applicants—DOE personnel apparently discussed “the Vogtle Project,” Vaughn Index [29-5] 9,

but this clearly fails to provide the Court with anything to go on when it comes to evaluating the

agency’s actions in redacting information within that record. Likewise DOE redacted e-mails

containing discussions of “Davis–Bacon Act issues,” without explaining what sort of decisional

process these employees were involved in during these discussions, such that Exemption 5 would

protect these discussions from public disclosure. See id. at 5, 9, 11.    Another murky entry in

DOE’s Vaughn index involves an e-mail discussion about a discussion with “Ms. Leppink,” but

nothing else is said in the entry, and even the e-mail’s subject line is redacted. Id. at 19. The

Court neither knows who “Ms. Leppink” is or what these discussions were even generally about,

but it does know that this description is inadequate to justify the withholding under Exemption 5.

DOE must provide the Court will more detailed information, specific to each redaction, showing

that the withholding meets the requirements of Exemption 5. Furthermore, to the extent that

DOE has redacted clearly factual information—as may be found in the charts, “models,” and
                                                25
other reports on the Vaughn index—rather than recommendations, opinions, and proposals, DOE

must identify and describe that information specifically and provide a tailored justification for

the withholding.

       Accordingly, the Court finds that DOE’s Vaughn index is inadequate as to the following

items redacted on the basis of Exemption 5, and will order DOE to revise the index in light of the

deficiencies identified above: NW308–310, KC160–161, KC240–243, SR137, SR165–167,

SR205–206, KyC205, Attachment to KyC20, Attachments to KyC23, Attachments to KyC59,

Attachments to KyC86, Attachments to KyC113, Attachments to KyC129, Attachments to

KyC144, Attachments to KyC157, Attachments to KyC174, Attachments to KyC176,

Attachments to KyC205, KC88, Attachments to JS120, NW41, NW57, NW356–358, NW523,

NW568–571, NW650–651, NW723–726, NW725, KC65–72, KC153–154, JS1 5–8, JS1 7, JA1

10–11, TH18, TH39, MP14–15, SR170–171, SR256, KS10, KS25, VT106–107, VT111, VT118,

Consultation Package 108, Attachments to NW567–568, Attachments (4) and (5) to NW701,

Attachments to NW888, DF44–47, MM53, JS1 49–52, TO1, KyC160–161, SR43–44, and SR67.

VI.    CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the Court will deny in part and deny without prejudice in

part plaintiff’s Motion [11] for Partial Summary Judgment, grant in part and deny without

prejudice in part defendant’s Cross-Motion [12] for Partial Summary Judgment, grant in part,

deny in part, and deny without prejudice in part defendant’s Motion [29] for Summary Judgment,

and grant in part, deny in part, and deny without prejudice in part plaintiff’s Cross-Motion [33]

for Summary Judgment. In addition to producing to SACE the items, identified above, related to

credit subsidy cost estimates, DOE will be ordered to submit, alongside a renewed motion for

summary judgment that addresses all of the outstanding issues in one motion, revised

Vaughn indices that correct the problems identified by the Court above within sixty (60) days of
                                               26
this date. SACE shall file its own renewed motion for summary judgment thirty (30) days after

DOE files its motion. The Court also will deny without prejudice SACE’s request for in camera

review, on the hope that DOE’s revisions will render that review unnecessary, and in light of the

fact that certain facts material to the Court’s inquiry—such as the origins of redacted information

and the role played by documents in the agency’s decisional process—may not be readily

discoverable by the Court during its own review of the documents.

       A final word about the agency’s submissions in this phase of the litigation. Particularly

regarding the Vaughn indices and materials supporting DOE’s Cross-Motion [12] for Partial

Summary Judgment, the Court finds it peculiar that DOE apparently believes those items to be

adequate support for its redactions, under Exemption 4, to the Applicants’ term sheets. But the

unfortunate effect of these evidentiary inadequacies is to drag out this litigation and needlessly

tax the Court’s—and everyone else’s—resources in a type of litigation that is already notoriously

time-consuming. In the context of FOIA litigation, information has a short shelf-life within

which it can be useful to the requesting party, and accordingly there may be numerous (and

illegitimate) reasons why a defending agency might want to run out the clock. Governmental

information doesn’t have to be secret forever—just as long as necessary—to do harm. Courts, in

routinely giving agencies a “second chance” in FOIA cases following the submission of patently

inadequate supporting materials, may be unwittingly complicit in this subversion of FOIA’s

fundamental purpose: public access, not secrecy. See Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Nat’l Highway

Traffic Safety Admin., 244 F.3d 144, 148 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Consequently, there may be a very

legitimate reason for courts to revisit this routine, and to consider the strong medicine of

immediate disclosure instead of ordering second chances for sophisticated repeat-players in

FOIA litigation. See Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 861 (D.C. Cir.

1980). However, in this case, where SACE has not questioned DOE’s motives and where the
                                                27
matter is not particularly old or otherwise marked with the signs of dilatory behavior, the Court

is reluctant—as of yet—to order the strong medicine.

       A separate Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion shall issue this date.

       Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on March 28, 2012.




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