Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not
be regarded as precedent or cited
before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of
res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the
law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                          ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

MARY SPEARS                                      GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Gilroy Kammen Maryan & Moudy                     Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                 BRIAN REITZ
                                                 Deputy Attorney General

                                                                                  FILED
                                                 Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                                               Nov 13 2012, 9:38 am
                              IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA                                        CLERK
                                                                                     of the supreme court,
                                                                                     court of appeals and
                                                                                            tax court




KEVIN PERRY,                                     )
                                                 )
       Appellant-Defendant,                      )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )    No. 49A02-1204-CR-265
                                                 )
STATE OF INDIANA,                                )
                                                 )
       Appellee-Plaintiff.                       )


                    APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                       The Honorable Stanley Kroh, Commissioner
                           Cause No. 49G03-1107-FB-048074




                                     November 13, 2012



               MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION



ROBB, Chief Judge
                                Case Summary and Issues

       Kevin Perry was convicted of robbery and unlawful possession of a firearm by a

serious violent felon, both Class B felonies, and escape, a Class C felony. He raises three

issues for our review, which we restate as: 1) whether Detective Perkins’s opinion that

Perry possessed a two-shot Derringer was properly admitted into evidence; 2) whether

the evidence is sufficient to support his convictions for robbery and unlawful possession

of a firearm by a serious violent felon; and 3) whether the State’s closing argument

created fundamental error.     Concluding Detective Perkins’s opinion was properly

admitted as that of a skilled witness, the evidence is sufficient to support Perry’s

convictions, and the State’s closing argument did not create fundamental error, we affirm.

                              Facts and Procedural History

       A few days after Brenai Baxter met a man named Calvin, Calvin called her and

invited her to a barbeque on the Fourth of July at his sister’s house. Baxter accepted, and

she and her son, who was five years old, picked up Calvin in Baxter’s vehicle and

proceeded to where Calvin said his sister lived. While en route, Calvin commented on

Baxter’s son’s sandals and asked if he could purchase them, and Baxter said that he

could. When they arrived at their destination, Calvin got out and went inside the home

while Baxter and her son stayed in her vehicle. Calvin returned with another man, Perry.

Perry walked to the driver’s side door and asked Baxter if he could see her son’s sandals.

After reaching into the backseat, Baxter turned around and found Perry pointing a gun in

her face. She then saw Calvin also holding a gun and pointing it at her son. Perry

demanded Baxter give him her money, and he eventually took it from her person. Perry

and Calvin then ran away.
                                            2
       After Baxter called 911, Officer Ronnie Kwiatkowski arrived and began looking

for the suspects while driving his police car. He noticed a man matching the description

given by Baxter, and as soon as the suspect saw Officer Kwiatkowski, the suspect ran and

Officer Kwiatkowski lost track of him. He then saw Perry sitting on the porch of a

house, stopped his vehicle and jumped out, and said, “Stop. Police.” Transcript at 52.

Perry began to walk inside the house, but he stopped after taking a couple steps. Officer

Kwiatkowski eventually placed him in handcuffs. Sergeant Paul McDonald arrived and

placed Perry in the back of his vehicle. The officers were waiting for a “prisoner wagon”

to transport Perry to jail, when suddenly Perry jumped out of Sergeant McDonald’s

vehicle and fled. Perry was later apprehended.

       Baxter described the gun Perry used as having “two holes and a beam, like a laser,

on top of it.”    Id. at 88.   Detective Peter Perkins testified that based on Baxter’s

description, the gun was likely a “two-shot Derringer” because “it was small, two

barrels” and “[s]he said it was stacked on top of each other.” Id. at 169. Perry objected

and moved to strike Detective Perkins’s testimony, arguing the State did not establish

Detective Perkins as a firearms expert. The trial court overruled the objection and denied

Perry’s motion.

       After the State presented its case, Perry moved for a directed verdict as to his

firearm charge, contending insufficient evidence was presented that the weapon was

actually a firearm.    The trial court denied the motion.    During the State’s closing

argument, while discussing Perry’s escape from the back of Sergeant McDonald’s police

vehicle, the State said:


                                            3
              But the evidence on that case doesn’t just stop there. That evidence
       also shows you something about the robbery. Here is the law regarding
       that: A jury may infer guilt based upon attempted flight since such conduct
       often shows consciousness of guilt. That’s the Indiana State Supreme
       Court saying that. You can infer guilt by flight because it shows
       consciousness of guilt.
              What does that mean? An innocent person doesn’t try to escape
       from the police. If he hasn’t done anything wrong that day, he has no
       reason to run. If he has, he’s got plenty of reasons to run; right?

Id. at 251. Perry did not object to the State’s closing argument. Perry now appeals.

Additional facts will be supplied as necessary.

                                  Discussion and Decision

                                 I. Admission of Evidence

                                   A. Standard of Review

       The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we

will reverse the trial court’s decision only upon an abuse of that discretion. Rogers v.

State, 897 N.E.2d 955, 959 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citation omitted), trans. denied. Abuse

of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of

the facts and circumstances before the court, or if the court has misinterpreted the law.

Id.   However, even if a trial court abuses its discretion by admitting evidence, we will

only reverse if the error is inconsistent with substantial justice or if a substantial right of

the party is affected. Payne v. State, 854 N.E.2d 7, 17 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (quotations

and citation omitted). Further, “[a]ny error caused by the admission of evidence is

harmless error for which we will not reverse a conviction if the erroneously admitted

evidence was cumulative of other evidence appropriately admitted.” Id.

                             B. Detective Perkins’s Testimony


                                              4
       Perry argues the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Detective Perkins’s

testimony regarding the type of gun Perry pointed at Baxter because the State did not

sufficiently establish that Detective Perkins is a firearms expert. The State does not

contend that it qualified Detective Perkins as an expert, but rather, that he qualified as a

skilled witness. Indiana Rule of Evidence 701 provides:

       If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’s testimony in the
       form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences
       which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b)
       helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’s testimony or the
       determination of a fact in issue.

Skilled witnesses are people “with a degree of knowledge short of that sufficient to be

declared an expert under Evid. R. 702, but somewhat beyond that possessed by the

ordinary jurors.” Linton v. Davis, 887 N.E.2d 960, 975 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (quotation

omitted), trans. denied. “Skilled witnesses not only can testify about their observations,

they can also testify to opinions or inferences that are based solely on facts within their

own personal knowledge.” Id.

       The State argues it qualified Detective Perkins as a skilled witness by establishing

that he had been a police officer for twenty-two years and a detective for fifteen years; he

is assigned to the homicide, aggravated assault, and robbery unit; he is required to go to a

shooting range twice a year and has dealt with many firearms; and part of his training has

included being informed of different types of weapons, including revolvers, semi-

automatic weapons, and assault rifles.

       We conclude Detective Perkins’s testimony was properly admitted as that of a

skilled witness.    The State demonstrated Detective Perkins possessed specialized

knowledge of firearms.       Based upon Detective Perkins’s perception of Baxter’s
                                             5
description of the gun, he offered his opinion as to what type of gun Baxter described,

and his testimony was helpful in determining exactly what type of weapon Perry used to

rob Baxter.

                                     II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

                                          A. Standard of Review

        Our standard of review for sufficiency claims is well settled. When reviewing a

claim of insufficient evidence, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of

witnesses. Sewell v. State, 973 N.E.2d 96, 100 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). We will consider

only the evidence most favorable to the judgment and the reasonable inferences drawn

therefrom.      Id.    We will affirm the challenged conviction if the evidence and the

reasonable inferences constitute substantial evidence of probative value to support the

conviction. Id.

            B. Perry’s Unlawful Possession of a Firearm and Robbery Convictions

        Perry argues the evidence insufficiently demonstrates that he possessed a firearm

and used a handgun or firearm to commit robbery.1 A firearm is defined as a weapon

“capable of expelling”, ”designed to expel”, or “that may readily be converted to expel” a

projectile by means of explosion. Ind. Code § 35-47-1-5. Perry contends the State only

presented evidence “that he held a weapon that had the appearance of a gun” and “the

State did not present proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the object Mr. Perry held

        1
            See Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (Class B felony robbery occurs when someone “knowingly or intentionally
takes property from another person . . . while armed with a deadly weapon . . . .”). Perry’s charging information
specified he was charged with robbery for robbing Baxter while armed with “a handgun or guns.” Appellant’s
Appendix at 36-37. Indiana Code section 35-47-1-6 limits the definition of “handgun” to two specific types of
firearms. Thus, despite the fact that Indiana Code section 35-42-5-1 only requires a defendant use a deadly weapon
to commit robbery as a Class B felony, Perry argues it was necessary that the finder of fact conclude Perry used a
firearm because the charging information alleges he possessed “a handgun or guns,” and a handgun is, by definition,
a firearm. Because we conclude that even this higher evidentiary burden was met by the State, we need not resolve
this issue.
                                                        6
actually was a firearm rather than a pellet or toy gun not capable of firing or designed to

fire items by means of explosions.” Brief of the Appellant at 12-13.

       Indiana Code section 35-47-4-5 provides “[a] serious violent felon who knowingly

or intentionally possesses a firearm commits unlawful possession of a firearm by a

serious violent felon, a Class B felony.” Perry does not contend he was not a serious

violent felon, only that the evidence did not demonstrate he possessed a firearm.

However, a conviction may rest on circumstantial evidence alone, and the circumstantial

evidence need not overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Peters v. State,

959 N.E.2d 347, 355 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). It is sufficient if an inference drawn from the

circumstantial evidence reasonably tends to support the conviction. Id.

       Here, Baxter testified that Perry held her at gunpoint and demanded she give him

her money. This testimony could reasonably be inferred to mean that Perry possessed a

firearm and pointed it at her while demanding she give him money. Further, based upon

Baxter’s description of the gun, Detective Perkins concluded the gun was likely a two-

shot Derringer. Even if Perry had presented evidence attempting to demonstrate that the

gun was not a firearm, which he did not, it would be up to the finder of fact to weigh such

competing evidence.     We will not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of

witnesses on appeal. The testimonies of Baxter and Detective Perkins are substantial

evidence of probative value supporting a finding that Perry possessed a firearm. Thus,

the evidence is sufficient to conclude Perry possessed a firearm and used it to rob Baxter.

       Perry points to Miller v. State, 616 N.E.2d 750 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993), for support of

his argument that pursuant to Indiana Code section 35-47-1-5, “the State must show that

the object fires bullets or some other projectiles; and second, it must prove that the
                                             7
propulsion of those projectiles is accomplished by a controlled explosion.”           Br. of

Appellant at 14. We disagree both with his application of Miller and his interpretation of

what is required by Indiana Code section 35-47-1-5. In Miller, the defendant possessed

what the victim believed was a handgun, and he pointed it at the victim and ordered the

victim to get out of his car. When the defendant was later arrested, however, police

found the gun at the defendant’s home. It was a pellet gun, which uses a gas chamber to

create enough pressure to propel the pellet when someone pulls the trigger, rather than

using gunpowder that creates a small explosion that propels a bullet. The defendant was

convicted of confinement and criminal recklessness. However, because the evidence

“had clearly shown that the gun in question was a pellet gun, not a firearm,” 616 N.E.2d

at 755-56, we concluded the evidence was insufficient to establish the defendant was

armed with a firearm or handgun. Here, however, the gun Perry possessed when he

robbed Baxter was not discovered. The only evidence presented pertaining to the gun

was the testimony of Baxter and Detective Perkins, which support the conclusion that it

was a firearm.

       To the extent Perry argues that the State did not sufficiently demonstrate that the

gun used gun powder, we disagree. Circumstantial evidence can be sufficient support for

a conviction. See Gorman v. State, 968 N.E.2d 845, 850-51 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (“[A]

victim’s testimony that he or she saw the defendant use what was believed or ‘figured’ to

be a gun is, by itself, sufficient proof of the use of a deadly weapon.”) (citation omitted),

trans. denied. The circumstantial evidence includes the testimony of Baxter that Perry

pointed a gun at her and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom–that Baxter was

referring to “gun” in the usual sense of a weapon that uses gun powder and an explosion
                                             8
to expel bullets; and Detective Perkins’s opinion of what type of gun Baxter described.

The circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support Perry’s convictions that require

possession and/or use of a firearm.

                                    III. Fundamental Error

                                    A. Standard of Review

       Where a defendant fails to object to prosecutorial misconduct at trial, on appeal

the defendant must also show that fundamental error occurred. Cooper v. State, 854

N.E.2d 831, 835 (Ind. 2006). If a defendant can establish this narrow exception, he can

avoid waiver of an issue.     Id.     Fundamental error “is error that makes a fair trial

impossible or constitutes clearly blatant violations of basic elementary principles of due

process” and presents “an undeniable and substantial potential for harm.” Id. (quotation

omitted).

                            B. The State’s Closing Argument

       Perry argues fundamental error occurred during his trial because the State’s

closing argument misstated the law regarding evidence of escape. In Banks v. State, our

supreme court stated:

       Evidence of Defendant’s flight from the scene of the altercation and his
       subsequent disposition of the weapon was competent evidence of the
       consciousness of guilt. Also, it is a matter, generally, for the trier of the
       facts to determine what weight and value should be given to such evidence.
       Nevertheless, the flight of an accused is a circumstance to be considered
       against him only in connection with other evidence . . . . We have
       previously held that flight alone will not support a conviction . . . .

257 Ind. 530, 538-39, 276 N.E.2d 155, 159 (1971) (citations omitted). See also Maxey v.

State, 730 N.E.2d 158, 162 (Ind. 2000) (“[E]vidence of flight is relevant as circumstantial

evidence of Defendant’s consciousness of guilt.”) (citations omitted); Justice v. State, 530
                                              9
N.E.2d 295, 297 (Ind. 1988) (“Evidence of breaking and entering, and evidence of flight

are not probative [of intent to commit a felony for the offense of burglary] unless tied to

some other evidence which is strongly corroborative of the actor’s intent.”); Coleman v.

State, 265 Ind. 357, 361, 354 N.E.2d 232, 235 (1976) (presence at the scene of a crime

and subsequent flight “in connection with other circumstances tending to show

participation in the crime may be sufficient to sustain a conviction.”) (citation omitted);

Weinberger v. Boyer, 956 N.E.2d 1095, 1107 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (“[A] sudden trip can

be characterized as flight and, although standing alone does not raise a presumption of

guilt, it is competent to show consciousness of guilt.”) (citation omitted), trans. denied;

Martin v. State, 157 Ind. App. 380, 384, 300 N.E.2d 128, 131 (1973) (“Evidence of

flight, standing alone, cannot serve as an adequate basis for conviction.”) (citation

omitted).

       Perry contends the State erred in its closing argument by suggesting that the jury

could find Perry guilty of robbery and possession of a firearm based solely upon his

attempt to escape police custody. Regardless of whether the State’s closing argument

misstated the law on this issue, we conclude it was not fundamental error. Perry’s

convictions for robbery and possession of a firearm, as discussed above, were sufficiently

supported by evidence independent of his attempt to escape. Thus, even if the jury could

have misused the State’s closing argument regarding the evidence of flight, it did not

make a fair trial impossible or cause undeniable harm, and therefore any inaccuracy on

the part of the State did not create fundamental error.

       Nevertheless, we point out that at a minimum, the accuracy of the State’s closing

argument pushed the envelope. On the one hand, the State began its remarks on this issue
                                             10
by saying the evidence of escape “shows you something about the robbery,” tr. at 251

(emphasis added), which could be interpreted to indicate that evidence of Perry’s

attempted escape was not conclusive as to his robbery charge. On the other hand, the

State went on to say, “[a] jury may infer guilt based upon attempted flight since such

conduct often shows consciousness of guilt. That’s the Indiana State Supreme Court

saying that. You can infer guilt by flight because it shows consciousness of guilt.” Id.

As our supreme court stated in Banks, evidence of flight can add to evidence that

collectively supports a conviction, but evidence of flight alone cannot support such a

conviction. 257 Ind. at 538-39, 276 N.E.2d at 159. The State’s recitation of the law does

not include this stipulation, but instead seems to imply the opposite: that evidence of

flight alone could support a conviction of robbery. Indiana case law does not support this

implication.

                                       Conclusion

      Detective Perkins’s testimony was properly admitted, the evidence is sufficient to

support Perry’s convictions, and the State’s closing argument, even if inaccurate, did not

create fundamental error. We therefore affirm.

      Affirmed.

BAKER, J. and BRADFORD, J., concur.




                                           11
