     Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
     Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
     303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
     corrections@akcourts.us.



              THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

BILL S. and CLARA B.,          )
                               )                       Supreme Court Nos. S-16998/17002
               Appellants,     )
                               )                       Superior Court Nos. 3ST-15-00001/
     v.                        )                       00002 CN
                               )
STATE OF ALASKA, DEPARTMENT )                          OPINION
OF HEALTH & SOCIAL SERVICES, )
OFFICE OF CHILDREN’S SERVICES, )                       No. 7335 – February 15, 2019
                               )

               Appellee.       )

                               )


             Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
             Judicial District, Anchorage, William F. Morse, Judge.

             Appearances: Alexander T. Foote, Assistant Public
             Advocate, and Chad Holt, Public Advocate, Anchorage, for
             Appellant Bill S. Megan R. Webb, Assistant Public
             Defender, and Quinlan Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage,
             for Appellant Clara B. Mary Ann Lundquist, Senior
             Assistant Attorney General, Fairbanks, and Jahna Lindemuth,
             Attorney General, Juneau, for Appellee. Lisa Wilson,
             Assistant Public Advocate, Anchorage, Guardian Ad Litem.

             Before: Bolger, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen,
             and Carney, Justices.

             STOWERS, Justice.
I.     INTRODUCTION
              The superior court terminated a mother’s and a father’s parental rights to
their two Indian children. The parents appeal, arguing the superior court erred in finding,
by clear and convincing evidence, that OCS made active efforts to prevent the breakup
of the Indian family. Because there is insufficient evidence to support an active efforts
finding under a clear and convincing evidence standard, we reverse the superior court’s
active efforts finding, vacate the termination order, and remand for further proceedings.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.     The Family And OCS Involvement
              Bill and Clara are the parents of Noah and Olwen,1 ages 12 and 5 at the time
of the termination trial. Noah and Olwen are Indian children within the meaning of the
Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) based on their affiliation with the Aleut Community
of St. Paul Island (the Tribe).2 Bill and Clara have a lengthy history of alcohol abuse and
domestic violence. Noah and Olwen have suffered primarily through neglect and mental
injury from exposure to their parents’ conduct. While Bill’s and Clara’s violence is
typically directed at each other or other family members, there are some reports of
alleged physical abuse of Noah.
              The family lived on St. Paul Island, a small, remote community in the
Bering Sea.3 Noah and Olwen were removed from their home in August 2015, and the


       1
              We use pseudonyms to protect the family’s privacy.
       2
              See 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4) (2012) (“ ‘Indian child’ means any unmarried
person who is under age eighteen and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is
eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child of a member of an
Indian tribe.”).
       3
              See DEP’T    OF   COM., COMMUNITY,       AND   ECON. DEV.,	 DIVISION OF
                                                                         (continued...)

                                            -2-	                                     7335

Office of Children’s Services (OCS) filed an emergency petition to adjudicate them as
children in need of aid based on repeated violence and alcohol abuse in the home. The
Tribe supported OCS’s intervention. The children were first placed with a relative on
the island, in accordance with ICWA placement preferences,4 but they were later moved
to another relative’s home in Wasilla after the on-island placement was unsuccessful.
Noah and Olwen were adjudicated as children in need of aid in February 2016 due to
exposure to domestic violence and substance abuse in the home.5
             Prior to the Child in Need of Aid (CINA) adjudication hearing, OCS
communicated with Clara regarding the changes she needed to make to address her
substance abuse and domestic violence issues. But OCS did not finalize a case plan for
the family until two days before the hearing — more than five months after the children
were removed from the home. Clara participated in a substance abuse assessment in
October 2015, but she did not actively engage in follow-up treatment. Bill was




      3
            (...continued)
COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL AFF., Community: Saint Paul,
https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/dcra/DCRAExternal/community/Details/1f2a29c3
-65c7-4e5f-a83b-807f17a3ab25 (last visited Oct. 17, 2018).
      4
              25 U.S.C. § 1915(b) (ICWA placement preferences include: “(i) a member
of the Indian child’s extended family; (ii) a foster home licensed, approved, or specified
by the Indian child’s tribe; (iii) an Indian foster home licensed or approved by an
authorized non-Indian licensing authority; or (iv) an institution for children approved by
an Indian tribe or operated by an Indian organization which has a program suitable to
meet the Indian child’s needs.”).
      5
              See AS 47.10.011(8)(B)(iii) (children at substantial risk of “mental injury”
due to repeated exposure to domestic violence); AS 47.10.011(10) (children at
“substantial risk of harm” due to parent’s substance abuse).
                                           -3-                                      7335

incarcerated intermittently during this time, and it is unclear if he ever completed a
substance abuse assessment.6
              During the adjudication hearing the superior court issued warnings to both
Clara and OCS regarding the inadequacy of their actions to date. The court warned Clara
that she needed to “get alcohol treatment so that [she could] avoid exposing [her]
children to tremendous danger,” and that if she did not “get into treatment soon and
begin it and do well, . . . then it’s entirely likely that [her] parental rights [would] be
terminated.” The court told OCS that it did not “see a whole lot of active efforts” and
it was “not all that impressed with the quality of the efforts.” While the court found “by
the slimmest of margins that [OCS] . . . made active efforts,” it made “clear that this is
as little over the line of active efforts as you can get while crossing the line.”
              Despite these warnings, none of the parties appear to have remedied their
efforts. For its part, OCS facilitated regular family contact via phone calls and provided
transportation and lodging for in-person visits. OCS also provided mental health
services to Noah and Olwen7 while they were placed in Wasilla, but in January 2017 the
children were placed with a different relative in Juneau and did not receive services for
almost a year due to waitlist issues. OCS contracted with the Tribe to provide on-island




       6
              OCS’s petition for termination of parental rights states that Bill participated
in a substance abuse assessment, but there is not an assessment in the record and the OCS
caseworker testified that she did not “specifically recall him obtaining an alcohol
assessment.” Bill testified that he did “an assessment” through the Tribe but did not
recall being offered a substance abuse evaluation during his incarceration.
       7
               Olwen was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and experienced
frequent behavioral issues. Noah was described as a “parentified” child who felt
responsible for caring for Olwen. He also bullied his foster brother, which threatened
the stability of the children’s later placement in Juneau.

                                            -4-                                        7335

services to Bill and Clara, but there is no documentation in the record of how active or
consistent those services were.
              Bill and Clara, for their part, both attended “brain trauma” and “healthy
relationships” classes in March 2016. Clara applied to one inpatient treatment facility,
but the facility deemed her to be inadequately motivated and declined to accept her into
the program. But throughout the time period of their children’s removal, Bill and Clara
continued to engage in significant domestic violence and alcohol abuse. Accordingly,
OCS petitioned to terminate their parental rights in August 2017.
       B.     The Termination Trial And The Superior Court’s Decision
              The termination trial was held in October 2017. To demonstrate its efforts
at family reunification, OCS presented testimony from the OCS supervisor for St. Paul
Island, who also worked intermittently as the primary caseworker for the family. Philip
Kaufman testified as an ICWA expert witness in support of OCS’s position that
“continued custody of the child by the parent . . . is likely to result in serious emotional
or physical damage to the child.”8 The court also heard testimony from the chief of
police for St. Paul Island, one of the children’s foster parents, and from Bill and Clara.
OCS admitted into evidence the family case plan and contact plan, criminal and medical
records for Bill and Clara, and medical and mental health records for Olwen.
              After hearing witness testimony, the superior court found “that neither
parent had remedied the conduct that placed each child at substantial risk of harm[,] . . .
that termination of parental rights was in the best interest of each child[,] . . . [and] that
continued custody of either child by either parent was likely to result in serious
emotional damage to the child.” The superior court deferred making a finding on OCS’s




       8
              25 U.S.C. § 1912(f).

                                             -5-                                        7335
active efforts to “prevent the breakup of the Indian family,” instead opting to further
review the evidence and the parties’ arguments before reaching a decision.
              In January 2018 the superior court issued a written order concluding that
active efforts had been made and granting the petitions to terminate the parental rights
of both parents. The court made a number of findings related to active efforts by OCS
and the Tribe:
                    From the initial removal both parents exhibited serious
             problems with alcohol, marked by regular episodes of mutual
             domestic violence, nearly always when intoxicated. [Clara]
             and [Bill] would occasionally superficially acknowledge their
             problems, but would soon return to longer periods of denial
             and relapse.
                    Both parents lived in St. Paul for most of the period of
             removal, although [Bill] was incarcerated off island
             intermittently. At the insistence of [OCS], and with the help
             of tribal representatives, both [parents] obtained alcohol
             assessments on St. Paul. But there are only limited treatment
             resources on the island. There is only an outpatient program
             available. Each parent would attend sessions [of the
             outpatient program] intermittently. Neither parent completed
             the program and the sessions that each did attend had little
             impact on either parent.
                    Although no assessment called for in patient treatment,
             the OCS social worker tried to convince [Clara] that
             outpatient treatment was not sufficient. [Clara] would
             occasionally express a willingness to enter residential
             treatment. She did apply to one residential program (Old
             Minto); however, she told the provider that she was only
             willing to enter the program to satisfy OCS. The program
             found her to be inadequately motivated. At other times she
             conditioned her enrollment in residential treatment on [Bill]
             or the children attending with her. [OCS] reasonably was
             unwilling to pull the children from their foster homes or
             disrupt their ongoing schooling.

                                          -6-                                     7335

                    While [Bill] was incarcerated he was given
             opportunities to obtain treatment for alcohol abuse. He
             would either decline or put forth so little effort that the
             treatment had little impact. Both OCS and tribal authorities
             visited [Bill] while he was incarcerated in hopes of
             convincing him to engage in needed and available treatment
             while in jail. Those efforts were fruitless. They offered to
             have [Bill] assessed while in jail. He declined.
                    OCS and tribal authorities encouraged both parents
             and especially [Clara] to attend counseling regarding the
             impact of domestic violence on children. There were limited
             classes available on St. Paul. However, both parents
             continued to deny that domestic violence was a problem in
             their relationship or that either child might be at risk of
             physical or emotional harm from being the target of such
             violence or witnessing it.
                    Neither parent was willing to move from St. Paul
             despite OCS and tribal authorities recommending that each
             do so in order to gain access to greater rehabilitative
             resources elsewhere. The children were placed with relatives
             in Wasilla and Juneau after OCS removed them from the
             parental homes. OCS flew each parent to visit the children.
             For periods [Clara] was visiting monthly. At one point while
             the children were in Wasilla, the parents were so intoxicated
             at a hotel that in-person visits were suspended.
                     Both OCS and the tribe had worked with both parents
             to get them to stop or reduce their drinking “for years” even
             before the removal in 2015. Although [the caseworker] could
             not identify exact dates, she recalled OCS and tribal
             involvement with the parents for alcohol abuse and domestic
             violence since [Noah] was a toddler and during the
             pregnancy with [Olwen] in 2012.
             The superior court also expressed serious doubt about OCS’s case and
noted it “left the [termination] hearing concerned that it would not be able to find that
[OCS] had proven active efforts.” The court was “underwhelmed by the quality of

                                           -7-                                     7335

testimony . . . offered about the efforts that OCS and the tribe had made to help the
parents.” The court explained there was “very little detail about when those efforts were
made” and there were “only vague descriptions of what the tribal authorities had done.”
Recognizing the difficulty of remotely supervising OCS efforts in St. Paul and the
“limited services” available on the island, the court noted it is therefore “particularly
important that the witness [for OCS] has researched the OCS records and thus [is]
prepared to describe the services that were offered.” The court stated its initial
impression “was that [OCS] made a rather lackadaisical effort” and “put on a skeletal
case about [its] required active efforts.”
              Ultimately, however, the superior court concluded OCS met its active
efforts burden, due in large part to “the consideration the Court is to give to the parents’
demonstration of an unwillingness to change or participate in rehabilitative efforts.” The
court explained both parents exhibited a “consistent and extremely damaging” pattern
of behavior for years:
              They abuse alcohol several times a month and engage in very
              serious domestic violence against each other and family
              members. They deny that there is a problem. They decline
              alcohol treatment. They refuse to engage in any classes or
              counseling about domestic violence. They have done little,
              if anything, to change their conduct, even though [OCS] has
              removed their children from their homes for over two years.
The court concluded that “[u]nder these tragic circumstances” OCS met its burden to
show by clear and convincing evidence “active efforts to provide remedial services and
rehabilitative programs to help each parent address his or her behavior.”
              The court terminated Bill’s and Clara’s parental rights to both children.
Both parents appeal the court’s active efforts finding.




                                             -8-                                      7335

III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
              “Whether OCS made active efforts as required by ICWA is a mixed
question of law and fact.”9 We review the superior court’s findings of fact for clear
error, but “we review de novo whether those findings satisfy the requirements of the
CINA rules and ICWA.”10
IV.    DISCUSSION
       A.     Active Efforts Under ICWA
              Pursuant to ICWA, “[b]efore terminating parental rights to an Indian child,
a court must find that ‘active efforts have been made to provide remedial services and
rehabilitative programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family and that
these efforts have proved unsuccessful.’ ”11 We conduct active efforts inquiries “on a
case-by-case basis because ‘no pat formula’ exists for distinguishing between active and
passive efforts.”12 Generally, “active efforts will be found when OCS ‘takes the client
through the steps of the plan rather than requiring that the plan be performed on its own,’




       9
              Caitlyn E. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s
Servs., 399 P.3d 646, 654 (Alaska 2017) (quoting Pravat P. v. State, Dep’t of Health &
Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 249 P.3d 264, 270 (Alaska 2011)).
       10
             Id. (quoting Philip J. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of
Children’s Servs., 314 P.3d 518, 526 (Alaska 2013)).
       11
             Id. (quoting Jon S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of
Children’s Servs., 212 P.3d 756, 760-61 (Alaska 2009)); see also 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d);
25 C.F.R. § 23.120(a) (2018); CINA Rule 18(c)(2)(B).
       12
             Philip J., 314 P.3d at 527 (quoting A.A. v. State, Dep’t of Family & Youth
Servs., 982 P.2d 256, 261 (Alaska 1999)).

                                           -9-                                       7335

but not when ‘the client must develop his or her own resources towards bringing [the
plan] to fruition.’ ”13
              In 2016 the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) implemented new regulations
(the Regulations) related to the active efforts requirement, setting a “nationwide
definition for this critical statutory term.”14 The Regulations took effect December 12,
2016; as such, they were in force at the time OCS filed its August 2017 petition to
terminate Bill’s and Clara’s parental rights.15 The Regulations define active efforts as
“affirmative, active, thorough, and timely efforts intended primarily to maintain or
reunite an Indian child with his or her family.”16 The Regulations reaffirm that what
constitutes active efforts is fact-dependent and that “efforts are to be tailored to the . . .
circumstances of the case.”17 Finally, and of critical importance to this appeal, the
Regulations state that “[a]ctive efforts must be documented in detail in the record.”18




       13
             Id. (alteration in original) (first quoting N.A. v. State, Div. of Family &
Youth Servs., 19 P.3d 597, 602-03 (Alaska 2001); and then quoting Lucy J. v. State,
Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 244 P.3d 1099, 1114 (Alaska
2010)).
       14
             Indian Child Welfare Act Proceedings, 81 Fed. Reg. 38,778, 38,790 (June
14, 2016) (codified at 25 C.F.R. pt. 23).
       15
               Id. at 38,778; 25 C.F.R. § 23.143 (“None of the provisions of this subpart
affects a proceeding under State law for . . . termination of parental rights . . . that was
initiated prior to December 12, 2016 . . . .”).
       16
              25 C.F.R. § 23.2.
       17
              Id. (including a list of 11 examples of what active efforts may include).
       18
              25 C.F.R. § 23.120(b).

                                            -10-                                        7335

              Bill and Clara argue OCS’s evidence was too “vague” and “over
generalized” to demonstrate active efforts by clear and convincing evidence.19 We agree.
       B.	    It Was Error To Find By Clear And Convincing Evidence That
              OCS Made Active Efforts.
              The superior court found by “clear and convincing evidence that . . . [OCS]
made active efforts to provide remedial services and rehabilitative programs,” based in
large part on Bill’s and Clara’s “demonstration of an unwillingness to change.” Bill and
Clara argue OCS’s evidence was vague and overgeneralized and therefore not sufficient
to demonstrate active efforts. “Whether substantial evidence supports the court’s
findings that the state complied with ICWA’s ‘active efforts’ requirement . . .[is a] mixed
question[] of law and fact.”20 Bill’s and Clara’s argument is not based on “specific
factual errors [made by the superior court,] but on whether [OCS’s] efforts satisfy the




       19
                Bill and Clara also argue the superior court inappropriately discounted the
lapse in mental health services to Noah and Olwen during their placement in Juneau as
irrelevant to the issue of active efforts. We have previously upheld OCS’s discretion to
prioritize which services should be provided to a family based on the specific needs of
the case. See Denny M. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s
Servs., 365 P.3d 345, 351 n.22 (Alaska 2016). OCS reasonably focused its efforts (such
as they were) on addressing the issues that made Noah and Olwen children in need of
aid, i.e., Bill’s and Clara’s domestic violence and substance abuse issues. We do not
express an opinion whether the efforts toward the children were active, as we need not
decide that issue at this time.
       20
            Jon S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs.,
212 P.3d 756, 761 (Alaska 2009).

                                           -11-	                                     7335

ICWA standard. This presents a question of law.”21 We review conclusions of law de
novo, including whether the court’s findings satisfy the requirements of ICWA.22
              1.    OCS’s testimony was insufficient to demonstrate active efforts.
              Bill’s and Clara’s argument that OCS did not demonstrate active efforts by
clear and convincing evidence is based primarily on the “vague testimony” of the OCS
caseworker. To support its showing of active efforts, OCS admitted into evidence the
family case plan and contact plan; otherwise, OCS’s demonstration of active efforts
relied primarily on the caseworker’s testimony.
              The caseworker testified that OCS involvement “was ongoing through the
[T]ribe or through OCS for quite some time prior to removal,” but she could not testify
as to the approximate date of the first report of harm. The caseworker also could not
speak to the last time Clara participated in treatment, as the caseworker had not received
a recent report from the Tribe’s treatment center. The caseworker admitted she herself
had not spoken to Clara about case planning in “quite some time.” Similarly, when
asked if OCS ever talked to Bill about getting a substance abuse assessment, the
caseworker replied, “I did not. I know that the [T]ribe has worked with him. . . . They
provide services on the island, so we work very closely with them, and I know that those
conversations were had”; but she could not provide further detail about what those
efforts entailed.
              The caseworker’s testimony throughout the termination trial is riddled with
similarly generic statements that defer to the Tribe’s actions without documentation by
OCS or the Tribe and without testimony from the Tribe to support when and in what

       21
            Jude M. v. State, Dep’t of Health &Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs.,
394 P.3d 543, 556 (Alaska 2017).
       22
             Bob S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs.,
400 P.3d 99, 105 (Alaska 2017).

                                          -12-                                      7335

context those efforts occurred. As we have repeatedly said, “[a]ctive efforts occur
‘where the state caseworker takes the client through the steps of the plan rather than
requiring that the plan be performed on its own.’ ”23 Here, OCS recommended inpatient
treatment for both parents — did it help them identify appropriate programs and
complete the necessary paperwork to apply? OCS recommended parenting classes —
did it provide Bill and Clara a schedule for those classes, give reminders, or check in
afterward to confirm their attendance? OCS recommended domestic violence classes
— after Bill and Clara completed what was available on-island, did OCS connect them
to other resources to continue this education?24 The answers to these questions are
unclear on the record before us.25
              Like the superior court, we are underwhelmed by the quality of OCS’s
testimony. We agree with the court’s observation that OCS “made a rather lackadaisical
effort” and “put on a skeletal case about [its] required active efforts.” The superior court
was rightly concerned to doubt OCS’s demonstration of active efforts. We acknowledge
that the superior court concluded that OCS met its burden due in large part to “the
consideration the Court is to give to the parents’ demonstration of an unwillingness to




       23
            N.A. v. State, 19 P.3d 597, 602-03 (Alaska 2001) (quoting A.A. v. State,
Dep’t of Family & Youth Servs., 982 P.2d 256, 261 (Alaska 1999)).
       24
             The OCS caseworker testified Bill and Clara completed the domestic
violence education available on St. Paul. She mentioned the idea of trying an online
program, but it does not appear she followed through with connecting either parent to
such a service.
       25
              We do not intend to convey OCS must have taken all these actions for its
efforts to be considered active. These questions are relevant queries a court might
consider and are posed solely to demonstrate the inadequacy of OCS’s evidentiary
support.

                                           -13-                                       7335

change or participate in rehabilitative efforts.”26 While this principle remains valid, the
parents’ lack of effort does not excuse OCS’s failure to make and demonstrate its efforts.
Even considering the parents’ lack of participation, there is simply insufficient evidence
in the record to show that OCS made active efforts. It was legal error for the superior
court to conclude by clear and convincing evidence that OCS made active efforts to
reunify the family.
              2.      Active efforts are not documented in detail in the record.
              A related but distinct problem is OCS’s failure to document its active
efforts in detail in the record.27 While documentation is related to OCS’s duty to make
active efforts, documenting those efforts is a separate responsibility. The act of
documentation is not itself an “active effort”;28 rather, it is a mechanism for OCS and the


       26
              On this point, the superior court relied in particular on the following
language:
              “[A] parent’s demonstrated lack of willingness to participate
              in treatment may be considered in determining whether the
              state has taken active efforts.” Failed attempts to contact the
              parent or obtain information from her may qualify as active
              efforts if the parent’s evasive or combative conduct “rendered
              provision of services practically impossible.” And “[i]f a
              parent has a long history of refusing treatment and continues
              to refuse treatment, OCS is not required to keep up its active
              efforts once it is clear that these efforts would be futile.”
Sylvia L. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 343 P.3d
425, 432-33 (Alaska 2015) (alterations in original) (first quoting E.A. v. State, Div. of
Family & Youth Servs., 46 P.3d 986, 990-91 (Alaska 2002); and then quoting Wilson W.
v. State, Office of Children’s Servs., 185 P.3d 94, 101 (Alaska 2008)).
       27
              25 C.F.R. § 23.120(b) (2018).
       28
              Compare 25 C.F.R. § 23.2 (providing a list of 11 examples of what active
                                                                         (continued...)

                                           -14-                                      7335

court to ensure that active efforts have been made.29 Documentation is required by
ICWA and is critical to compliance with ICWA’s purpose and key protections.30 The
CINA statute also requires OCS to document its provision of family reunification support
services.31 But such documentation is woefully missing here.32

       28
              (...continued)
efforts may include, such as “[c]onducting a comprehensive assessment of the
circumstances of the Indian child’s family,” “[i]dentifying appropriate services and
helping the parents to overcome barriers,” and “[c]onsidering alternative ways to address
the needs of the Indian child’s parents”), with 25 C.F.R. § 23.120 (setting forth in a
separate section of the Regulations the requirement that the state agency and the court
document active efforts as a means to ensure that these efforts have been made).
       29
              See BUREAU OF INDIAN AFF., GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE INDIAN
C H I L D         W E L F A R E             A C T       4 4 ( D e c . 2 0 1 6 ) ,
https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/pdf/idc2-056831.pdf (“The rule . . .
requires the court to document active efforts in detail in the record. . . . State agencies
also need to help ensure that there is sufficient documentation available for the court to
use in reaching its conclusions regarding the provision of active efforts.”). While the
BIA Guidelines are non-binding, we have looked to these guidelines in the past for
assistance in interpreting ICWA. See, e.g., David S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc.
Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 270 P.3d 767, 781-82 (Alaska 2012).
       30
             See Indian Child Welfare Act Proceedings, 81 Fed. Reg. 38,778, 38,816
(June 14, 2016) (codified at 25 C.F.R. pt. 23); 25 C.F.R. § 23.120(b).
       31
              AS 47.10.086(a)(3).
       32
              On appeal, OCS cites pervasively in its brief to evidence that was not
admitted at the termination trial and therefore cannot be relied upon by this court. See
Chloe O. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs., 309 P.3d
850, 856 (Alaska 2013) (“On appeal, we review a trial court’s decision in light of the
evidence presented to that court.”); Paula E. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs.,
Office of Children’s Servs., 276 P.3d 422, 430 (Alaska 2012) (“[W]e will consider only
the evidence that was admitted at the hearing.”).
              For example, OCS cites to its emergency petition for adjudication of a child
                                                                           (continued...)

                                           -15-                                      7335

              We also reiterate that the superior court warned OCS at the February 2016
adjudication hearing “that this is as little over the line of active efforts as you can get
while crossing the line.” It escapes comprehension why, in the face of such an explicit
warning, OCS failed to rectify its deficiencies and failed to create the documentation and
provide the witness testimony necessary to support what efforts it and the Tribe did
make.33 For example, OCS contracted with the Tribe to provide on-island services to Bill
and Clara; it likely would have been helpful for the superior court to hear testimony from
tribal representatives describing the efforts made to provide family support services, but




       32
              (...continued)
in need of aid, hearing log notes, Clara’s substance abuse assessment, testimony from the
adjudication hearing, and the OCS report for the permanency hearing. OCS did not seek
to admit any of these items into evidence at the termination trial, nor did it ask the
superior court to take notice of earlier testimony.
              This attempt by OCS to bolster its documentation of active efforts only
serves to further illustrate the paucity of evidence presented at the termination trial.
Additionally, even if evidence and testimony from the February 2016 adjudication
hearing had been admitted at the October 2017 termination trial, it would not substantiate
OCS’s efforts during the intervening twenty months.
       33
               It is theoretically possible that adequate testimony regarding OCS’s active
efforts might suffice even if the documentation of those efforts is sparse. We have held
that in certain circumstances the superior court may “credit OCS caseworkers’ sworn
testimony about the extent of services provided . . . without requiring additional
documentation.” Caitlyn E. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s
Servs., 399 P.3d 646, 656 (Alaska 2017) (dismissing argument that the record should
have included “more detailed reports” from the mother’s stay in a long-term inpatient
treatment facility). But without supporting documentation, the quality of a caseworker’s
testimony must be sufficient to meet the clear and convincing evidence standard; in this
case, it was not sufficient.

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none was proffered.     OCS also could have provided the court with its ORCA
documentation34 regarding actions taken to reunify the family, but it did not.
             On the record before us, there is insufficient evidence to sustain an active
efforts finding under a clear and convincing evidence standard. Accordingly, we reverse
the superior court’s active efforts finding, vacate the court’s termination order, and
remand for further proceedings. As this case is governed by the 2016 BIA Regulations,
on remand the superior court should expressly analyze OCS’s efforts under those
standards. Finally, we are mindful of the fact that Noah and Olwen have been in OCS
custody since 2015 and of the importance of achieving permanency for these young
children. Therefore, the superior court and OCS should expedite further proceedings.
V.    CONCLUSION
             We REVERSE the superior court’s active efforts finding, VACATE the
order terminating Bill’s and Clara’s parental rights to Noah and Olwen, and REMAND
this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




      34
           The Online Resource for the Children of Alaska (ORCA) is a data system
in which OCS caseworkers document case notes, such as family contact.
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