2014 VT 88


O’Rourke et al. v. Lunde and The Housing Group (2013-364)
 
2014 VT 88
 
[Filed 08-Aug-2014]
 
NOTICE:  This opinion is
subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision
before publication in the Vermont Reports.  Readers are requested to
notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@state.vt.us or by
mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont
05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this
opinion goes to press.
 
 

2014 VT 88

 

No. 2013-364

 

R. Joseph O’Rourke, et al.


Supreme Court


 


 


 


On Appeal from


     v.


Superior Court, Lamoille Unit,


 


Civil Division


 


 


Alfred W. Lunde and The Housing
  Group
Limited Partnership


June Term, 2014


 


 


 


 


A.
  Gregory Rainville, J. (final judgment); Dennis R. Pearson, J. (appointment of
  receiver)


 

James B. Anderson of Ryan Smith &
Carbine, Ltd., Rutland, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.
 
Brice Simon of Breton & Simon, PLC,
Stowe, for Defendant-Appellant Lunde.
 
 
PRESENT:     Skoglund, Robinson and
Crawford, JJ., and Teachout, Supr. J., and 
                      
Zimmerman, Supr. J. (Ret.), Specially Assigned
 
 
¶ 1.            
CRAWFORD, J.        This is a
dispute between a general partner and limited partners over the proceeds from
the dissolution of their partnership.  Appellant Alfred Lunde seeks to
reverse an arbitration award and a trial court order that assessed attorney’s
fees and receivership fees and costs against his share of the partnership
assets.  We affirm on the legal issues, but remand for a further hearing
on a narrow issue regarding the amount of attorney’s fees assessed against Lunde.
¶ 2.            
The record reveals the following undisputed facts.  In 1979, the
parties entered into a limited partnership agreement. The purpose of the
partnership was to purchase and manage a twenty-five-unit Section 8 apartment
building for elderly residents in Morrisville, Vermont.  Lunde was the
general partner and plaintiffs were limited partners.  
¶ 3.            
The partnership agreement was for a thirty-year term that expired on
December 31, 2009.  At that time, the general partner was to liquidate
the partnership’s assets “as promptly as is consistent with obtaining the fair
value thereof.”  The agreement called for fifty percent of the net
proceeds to be distributed to the general partner and the remainder to be
distributed to the limited partners.  The partnership agreement included
an arbitration clause that required arbitration of “[a]ny dispute or
controversy arising in connection with this Agreement or in connection with the
dissolution of the Partnership.” 
¶ 4.            
Lunde did not promptly liquidate the partnership’s assets after the
agreement expired, and in February 2011 the limited partners filed suit in
superior court seeking to have a receiver appointed to wind up the partnership,
liquidate the assets, and distribute the proceeds.  In March 2011 the
trial court appointed a receiver who proceeded to wind down the business and
sell the assets.  The receivership was initially limited in nature and
permitted Lunde to remain as general partner for purposes of day-to-day
administration of the apartment complex.  However, a few months later the
court removed Lunde as general partner after he failed to cooperate with the
receiver, jeopardizing both the reauthorization of the apartment complex as
Section 8 housing and the sale of the asset.  
¶ 5.            
In January 2012, Lunde filed a pro se demand for arbitration with the
American Arbitration Association (AAA).  Plaintiffs filed a motion
to stay the arbitration.  The court denied the motion, holding that the
arbitration clause governed the parties’ dispute.  The court’s order
denying the motion to stay created two exceptions for issues that it reserved
for its own decision.  These were plaintiffs’ claim of fraudulent
conveyance concerning the transfer of certain funds by Lunde, and plaintiffs’
claim for attorney’s fees “incurred in connection with all proceedings [in the
trial court] with respect to the application to appoint a Receiver, through to
conclusion of the Receiver’s duties pursuant to court order(s) . . . .”[1]  
¶ 6.            
The AAA appointed an arbitrator who issued a scheduling order for
discovery and set a hearing date of November 13, 2012.  Lunde emailed the
arbitrator the night before the hearing asking for a continuance for medical
reasons.  He did not attend the hearing.  The arbitrator decided to
proceed in Lunde’s absence, but kept the record open for an additional ten days
to permit Lunde to submit evidence from a medical doctor that he was unable to
attend the hearing for medical reasons as well as any other evidence regarding
his claim.  Lunde did not submit any supplemental evidence. 
¶ 7.            
The arbitrator issued an award in January 2013, which determined the
amount of the proceeds on hand to be distributed to the partners.  The
arbitrator ruled that Lunde’s fifty-percent partnership share was “to be
surcharged with the Receiver’s fees, AAA costs and arbitrator fees, and
[plaintiffs’] attorney’s fees in this arbitration.”  In conformance with
the court order denying the stay of arbitration, the arbitrator made no finding
about the final amount of attorney’s fees.  The arbitration award reduced
Lunde’s partnership share by $150,127 in attorney’s fees, receivership
expenses, and arbitration costs already paid out of partnership assets, plus
$60,323 in pending claims for these expenses.  The total surcharge was
$210,450.  
¶ 8.            
The arbitrator noted that he was unable to determine with any certainty
how much of the attorney’s fees already incurred and paid were attributable to
the arbitration proceeding.  He found that all such fees were “avoidable
had Mr. Lunde performed his required duties under the parties’ agreement, and
therefore all of which are to be paid by [Lunde].”  He left the final determination
of the amount of the fees to the superior court.   
¶ 9.            
Plaintiffs moved to confirm the arbitration order.  On February 12,
2013 the court issued an entry order directing plaintiffs’ counsel to prepare a
confirmation order. 
¶ 10.         On
February 22, 2013, Lunde filed a pro se motion asking for additional time to
review the arbitration award and seeking to stay the court’s February 12
order.  Although captioned as a “Notice of Appeal,” Lunde indicated to the
court that it was in fact a motion to vacate, and the court treated it as
such.  
¶ 11.         On
May 22, 2013, the court denied Lunde’s motion as untimely under the Vermont
Arbitration Act (VAA), which requires a motion to vacate an award to be filed
within thirty days after delivery of a copy of the award to the moving
party.  12 V.S.A. § 5677(c).  The court
stated that the award was confirmed, including the surcharge for attorney’s
fees and receivership expenses.  It directed plaintiffs to provide an
itemized accounting of additional attorney’s fees to the court. 
¶ 12.         On
June 3, 2013 Lunde, now represented by counsel, filed motions seeking to
overturn the May 22 order and vacate the arbitration award, and opposing
plaintiffs’ requests for attorney’s fees.  On August 7, the court denied
the motions.  The court issued a final judgment order awarding attorney’s
fees and receiver’s fees to plaintiffs on August 15.  The judgment order
confirmed the arbitration award in all respects, including the surcharge for
attorney’s fees for amounts already paid at the time of the arbitration hearing
and fees that were payable and reflected in the award.  It increased the
surcharge amount to include additional receiver’s fees and attorney’s fees
incurred since the date of the arbitration award.  This additional
surcharge reduced Lunde’s share by a further $34,008 over the original
surcharge imposed by the arbitrator.  Lunde appealed to this Court on
September 12, 2013. 
¶ 13.         As a
threshold matter, we must determine whether Lunde’s appeal to this Court is
timely.  A notice of appeal must be filed within thirty days after entry
of the judgment being appealed.  V.R.A.P. 4(a)(1). 
Plaintiffs argue that under both the VAA and the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA),
an order confirming an arbitration award is immediately appealable.  See
12 V.S.A. § 5681(a)(3) (“An appeal may be taken
from . . . an order confirming or denying confirmation of an
award . . . .”); 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(d) (containing
nearly identical provision).  Plaintiffs argue that Lunde was obligated to
appeal within thirty days of either the February 12 entry order or the May 22
order, because those were orders confirming the award.
¶ 14.         We
disagree. The above-cited provisions of the VAA and FAA allow, but do not
require, a litigant to appeal an order confirming an award prior to entry of
final judgment.  This is an exception to the general rule that only final
judgments may be appealed.  See Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Berg, 61
F.3d 101, 104 (1st Cir. 1995) (noting that order confirming arbitration award
was appealable in spite of not being final judgment because Congress directed
that such orders be immediately appealable).  The use of the word “may”
indicates that the provisions are permissive, not mandatory.  A litigant
is not required to immediately appeal an interlocutory order confirming an
arbitration award in order to preserve the right to challenge that award. 

¶ 15.         The
February 12 and May 22 orders were interlocutory in nature and did not bring the
litigation to a conclusion.  The August 15, 2013 order was a final
judgment because it resolved all issues in the case, including the amounts of
attorney’s fees and receivership fees and costs to be assessed against
Lunde.  By implication, this judgment incorporated the court’s prior
rulings.  Lunde’s September 12, 2013 notice of appeal was therefore timely
because it was entered within thirty days of an appealable final judgment. 
¶ 16.         Plaintiffs
also argue that Lunde waived appellate review of the judgment on the
arbitration award by signing the partnership agreement, which states that any
arbitration award “shall be final and binding on every partner.”  We find
this argument unpersuasive.  The partnership agreement does not explicitly
waive the parties’ right to appeal an arbitration award.  It is
questionable whether a provision completely barring appellate review would even
be enforceable. See MACTEC, Inc. v. Gorelick, 427 F.3d 821, 839-30 (10th
Cir. 2005) (holding that parties may limit right to appeal from federal
district court’s judgment confirming or vacating award, but expressing doubt
that provision restricting any judicial review would be enforceable); Hoeft
v. MVL Group, 343 F.3d 57, 64 (2d Cir. 2003) (rejecting agreement to waive
all judicial review of arbitration award as unenforceable because court always
has power to review grounds listed in 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)), overruled on
other grounds by Hall St. Assocs., L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 522 U.S.
576, 585 (2008).  In any event, if parties intend to waive appellate
review of an arbitration award, their intention must be clearly and
unequivocally expressed in the agreement.  Bowen v.
Amoco Pipeline Co., 254 F.3d 925, 931 (10th Cir. 2001).  The
language cited by plaintiffs does not meet this standard. 
¶ 17.         Plaintiffs
finally argue that Lunde failed to preserve all but one of his individual
claims on appeal because he did not raise them below.  Generally, issues
that are not presented to the trial court cannot be raised on appeal.  Taylor
v. Fletcher Allen Health Care, 2012 VT 86, ¶ 14, 192 Vt. 418, 60 A.3d
646.  
¶ 18.         On
appeal, Lunde claims the following: (1) plaintiffs’ lawsuit was barred by the
arbitration clause; (2) the superior court lacked jurisdiction to appoint a
receiver; (3) the appointment of a receiver violated the business judgment
rule; (4) the trial court improperly denied his motion to vacate the
arbitration award as untimely, because the thirty-day requirement under the VAA
does not apply to this case, which is governed by the FAA; (5) neither the
arbitrator nor the court had a legal basis for assessing receivership and
attorney’s fees against him; and (6) plaintiffs’ law firm is barred from
receiving fees for services it provided to the receiver because the firm also
represented plaintiffs and therefore had a conflict of interest. 
Plaintiffs claim that Lunde only challenged the legal basis for the court’s
award of attorney’s fees in relation to the receivership below. 
¶ 19.         Contrary
to plaintiffs’ argument, the record clearly demonstrates that Lunde objected to
the appointment of a receiver from the outset.  At the hearing on
plaintiffs’ motion to appoint a receiver, Lunde’s attorney asked him whether he
opposed the appointment of a receiver, and Lunde said that he did.  Lunde
then proceeded to explain that he felt a receivership was unnecessary because
he was working to liquidate the partnership assets through an auction.  In
addition, at the conclusion of the hearing Lunde’s attorney stated that his client
opposed the receivership and asked the court to order the parties to arbitrate
their dispute.  
¶ 20.         The
question of whether the superior court had jurisdiction to appoint a receiver
in light of the arbitration clause was raised, and evidently decided in
plaintiffs’ favor, by the court itself.  Lunde objected to the court’s
exercise of jurisdiction over the case in his motion to vacate the court’s
March 2012 order.  The overlapping issues of whether the arbitration
clause governed plaintiffs’ claims and whether it deprived the court of
jurisdiction were therefore raised before the trial court.  Further, in
the same motion Lunde specifically objected that the VAA did not apply to this
case because the partnership agreement was signed prior to its enactment in his
motion to vacate the court’s March 2012 order.  The court denied Lunde’s
motion in its entirety without comment.  Having asked for and received a
ruling on the jurisdictional issue and the applicability of the VAA, Lunde was
not required to renew these arguments after the May 22, 2013 decision in order
to preserve them. 
¶ 21.         There
is no evidence, however, that Lunde raised his argument that the appointment of
a receiver violated the business judgment rule before the trial court.  He
also failed to preserve his claim that plaintiffs’ law firm should not be paid
for its services to the receiver due to a conflict of interest.  Lunde
makes both of these arguments for the first time on appeal.  We therefore
decline to address either argument. “[I]n order to rely upon an argument on
appeal, an appellant must properly preserve it by presenting it to the trial
court with specificity and clarity.” Progressive Ins. Co. v. Brown, 2008
VT 103, ¶ 6, 184 Vt. 388, 966 A.2d 666 (quotation omitted).  
¶ 22.         We
thus proceed to the merits.  The first issue is whether it was proper for
the superior court to exercise jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ request to appoint
a receiver in light of the arbitration clause. 
¶ 23.         A
receiver is “a ministerial officer appointed by the court to take possession of
and preserve the fund or property in litigation.”  Underhill v. Rutland
R.R. Co., 90 Vt. 462, 472, 98 A. 1017, 1020 (1916).  As part of its
inherent powers, the superior court has equitable jurisdiction to appoint a
receiver to hold the property of a business. In re Dawley, 99 Vt. 306,
131 A. 847, 851 (1926) (“[W]hen a court exercising a jurisdiction in equity
appoints a receiver to hold the property of a corporation, it assumes the
administration of the estate . . . .”). 
Receivers may be appointed to oversee the dissolution of partnerships.  Lyon v. Prescott, 103 Vt. 442, 445, 156 A. 679, 680 (1931); Whitcomb
v. Whitcomb, 85 Vt. 76, 79-80, 81 A. 97, 98 (1911).
¶ 24.         Lunde
claims that the superior court had no power to appoint a receiver in this case
because the arbitration clause states that “[a]ny dispute or controversy
arising in connection with this Agreement or in connection with the dissolution
of the Partnership shall be determined by and settled by arbitration.”  We
disagree that the arbitration clause deprives the court of its inherent power
to appoint a receiver in this case.    
¶ 25.         First,
the partnership agreement does not reserve the power to appoint a receiver to the
arbitrator, or limit the parties’ ability to request a receivership from the
court.  We find no support in the generic language of the arbitration
clause itself for Lunde’s argument that the clause divests the trial court of
its inherent equitable power to appoint a receiver and grants that power
instead to the arbitrator.
¶ 26.         Second,
we doubt that the arbitrator could even grant this type of relief.  The
arbitrator’s power is limited to the authority granted by the contract.  Milton Bd. of Sch. Dirs. v. Milton Staff Ass’n, 163 Vt. 240,
243, 656 A.2d 993, 995 (1995).  The arbitrator does not have all
the powers of a court.  Blood v. Bates, 31 Vt.
147, 150 (1858) (“A board of arbitrators is not a court or a judicial tribunal
in any proper sense of those terms; it has none of the powers that appertain to
courts to regulate their proceedings, or to enforce their decisions.”). 
The appointment of a receiver is considered to be an extraordinary remedy
traditionally reserved to the courts.  See Ravin, Sarasohn, Cook,
Baumgarten, Fisch & Rosen, P.C. v. Lowenstein Sandler, P.C., 839 A.2d 52, 57-58 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2003)
(expressing doubt that parties could agree to empower arbitrator to appoint
receiver, as receivership is relatively rare form of relief traditionally
granted by court, but not deciding point because parties did not agree to do so
in case before court); see also Skirvin v. Mesta, 141 F.2d 668, 673
(10th Cir. 1944) (“[T]he power to appoint a receiver with authority to take
custody and control of property and operate it as a going concern is a delicate
one which is jealously safeguarded, and it should be exerted sparingly.”). 
¶ 27.         Lunde
argues that the AAA rules give an arbitrator authority to appoint a receiver,
citing Sun Valley Ranch 308 Ltd. P’ship ex rel. Englewood Props., Inc. v.
Robson, 294 P.3d 125, 132 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2012).  In Sun Valley
Ranch, an Arizona court ruled that an arbitrator had the power to appoint a
receiver under the AAA rule permitting arbitrators to impose interim measures
deemed “necessary for the protection or conservation of property,” as well as
the similarly-worded Arizona arbitration statute.  Id. 
However, the Arizona decision by no means expresses the settled view. 
Other courts have rejected similar arguments. See Marsch v. Williams, 28
Cal. Rptr. 2d 402, 407 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994) (holding that power to appoint
receiver is unique to courts and cannot be extended to arbitrators absent
legislative action); Ravin, 839 A.2d at 57-58.  
¶ 28.         Furthermore,
even if the AAA rules permit an arbitrator to appoint a receiver, they do not
prohibit a party from seeking such relief from the court.  While the
arbitrator has the power to take “interim measures,” “including injunctive
relief and measures for the protection or conservation of property and
disposition of perishable goods,” the rules also state that “[a] request for
interim measures addressed by a party to a judicial authority shall not be
deemed incompatible with the agreement to arbitrate or a waiver of the right to
arbitrate.”  AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules and
Mediation Procedures, R-37(a), (c), available at https://www.adr.org. 
Thus, the AAA rules do not support Lunde’s argument that an agreement to
arbitrate divests the court of its power to appoint a receiver to protect the
property of a business. 
¶ 29.         Lunde
finally claims that the court was without jurisdiction to appoint a receiver in
this case, citing a provision of the VAA that lists nine specific types of
orders the court may enter in relation to an agreement to arbitrate “which is
subject to this chapter.”  12 V.S.A. § 5671. 
First, as argued by Lunde and discussed below, the VAA does not apply to this
agreement, which was entered into prior to the effective date of the VAA. 
Second, even if the VAA did apply, the cited provision does not limit the
court’s power to grant relief that falls outside the scope of the arbitration
agreement.  We rejected a similar argument in a previous case:
[D]efendant asserts that the superior
court here lacked subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiff’s contract and
negligence claims as a result of the arbitration clause in the contract. . . .
Defendant claims that § 5671 effectively limits or “demarcates the parameters
of the superior court’s jurisdiction” and by implication divests the court of
other authority. However, the superior court is presumed to retain jurisdiction
over all civil actions unless the Legislature has clearly indicated to the
contrary. Contrary to defendant’s assertion, we find nothing in the language of
§ 5671 or the VAA as a whole that suggests a legislative intent—implied or
otherwise—to “oust” the superior court of general jurisdiction over a civil
suit arising from a contract containing an arbitration agreement.
Lamell Lumber Corp. v.
Newstress Int’l, Inc., 2007 VT 83, ¶ 7, 182 Vt. 282, 938 A.2d 1215. Accordingly, the trial court had jurisdiction
over plaintiffs’ request to appoint a receiver, and its order appointing a
receiver was not void. 
¶ 30.         We next
address whether the trial court erred in denying Lunde’s motion to vacate the
arbitration award as untimely under the VAA.   We have previously
ruled that “the VAA applies only to those agreements entered into and executed
on or after July 1, 1985.”  Preziose v. Lumbermen’s
Mut. Cas. Co., 152 Vt. 604, 607, 568 A.2d
397, 398 (1989).  The arbitration clause in the parties’
agreement is not subject to the provisions of the VAA because the agreement was
entered into and executed in 1979.  Instead, as a transaction “involving
commerce,” it is governed by the provisions of the FAA.  9 U.S.C. § 2; Little v. Allstate Ins. Co., 167 Vt. 171,
172, 705 A.2d 538, 540 (1997).  Lunde filed his motion forty-six
days after the award was delivered to him, well within the three-month period
allowed by the FAA.  See 9 U.S.C. § 12.  The trial court
therefore erred in denying Lunde’s motion to vacate the arbitration award as
untimely under 12 V.S.A. § 5677.  
¶
31.        
We conclude, however, that the court’s error was harmless because
Lunde’s motions following the issuance of the arbitration award provide no
valid reason for granting him relief from the arbitration award.  At the
hearing on Lunde’s pro se request to vacate the arbitration award, and in his
subsequent opposition to plaintiffs’ motion for attorney’s fees, Lunde argued
that the “American Rule” prohibits the arbitrator from entering an award of
attorney’s fees in the absence of a fee-shifting provision or some other basis
for such an award.  See Knappmiller v. Bove, 2012 VT 38, ¶ 4,
191 Vt. 629, 48 A.3d 607 (mem.) (“Vermont normally
requires parties to bear their own attorney’s fees and costs of litigation,
absent a statutory or contractual provision to the contrary.”).
¶
32.        
Lunde is correct that in the absence of an arbitration clause, there
would be scant authority to support an award of attorney’s fees if the
dissolution of this limited partnership had been overseen by the court.
 The partnership agreement itself does not contain a fee-shifting
provision.  Neither the current limited partnership statute, 11 V.S.A.
§§ 3401-3503, nor its predecessor, 11 V.S.A. §§ 1391-1420, repealed
by 1997, No. 149 (Adj. Sess.) § 5, contain any provision for awarding
attorney’s fees to a party in a dispute between partners.  A limited
partner may recover attorney’s fees in a successful derivative action brought
in the name of the partnership against a third party, 11 V.S.A. § 3494,
but this provision is not applicable here.  The general Vermont partnership
statute, 11 V.S.A. §§ 3201-3313, only permits the recovery of attorney’s
fees in the case of the expulsion or “dissociation” of a partner on the basis
of actions taken “arbitrarily, vexatiously, or not in good faith.”  11 V.S.A. § 3261(i).   Even if § 3261(i)
applied to this limited partnership, which predates the statute, Lunde was
never the subject of a claim for dissociation.  The provisions governing
dissolution and winding-up of limited partnerships contain no similar provision
for attorney’s fees.  11 V.S.A. §§ 3471-3474.  These provisions
would have governed a court-supervised dissolution of the partnership in this
case if there had been no arbitration clause.    
¶
33.        
A court may use its equitable powers to award attorney’s fees “in exceptional
cases based on the bad-faith conduct of litigants.”  Agency
of Natural Res. v. Lyndonville Sav. Bank &
Trust Co., 174 Vt. 498,
501, 811 A.2d 1232, 1236 (2002).  “This power must be
exercised with cautious restraint, however—only in those exceptional cases
where justice demands an award of attorney’s fees, such as where a party is
unjustly forced to endure a second round of litigation.”  Id.
(citation omitted); see also In re Gadhue, 149 Vt. 322, 328-29, 544 A.2d
1151, 1154-55 (1987) (holding that litigant who “was compelled to appear twice
before the state supreme court in order to obtain relief which should have been
forthcoming after the first appearance” was entitled to fees under bad-faith
exception to American Rule).  The arbitrator in this case made a specific
finding that although Lunde breached his contractual and fiduciary duties as
general partner, “I do not have sufficient evidence from which I may conclude
that Mr. Lunde’s failures were in fact willful; they may have been due to physical
and/or mental incapacities.”  A court which made similar findings would
have no basis to award fees based on bad faith or contumacious conduct. 
See Southwick v. City of Rutland, 2011 VT 105, ¶ 9, 190 Vt. 324, 30
A.3d 1298 (holding that mere failure by one party to honor terms of agreement
requiring another party to bring legal action to enforce agreement was
insufficient basis for awarding attorney’s fees to prevailing party). 
¶
34.        
  We turn now to the question of the arbitrator’s award of
legal fees.  Due to the decision of the trial court to “reserve” claims
for attorney’s fees incurred in connection with the receivership to the court,
the history of the attorney’s fees award is not simple.  It is complicated
by the presence of two distinct types of fees: fees incurred by the receiver in
completing his work and fees incurred by plaintiffs in connection with the
civil lawsuit and the arbitration.   Because the law firm of Ryan,
Smith & Carbine represented both plaintiffs and the receiver, the fee
awards by the arbitrator and the confirmation award by the court do not
distinguish between the two types of legal fees.  
¶
35.        
The first award of attorney’s fees appears in the trial court’s December
20, 2011 order authorizing the release of $30,000 to the receiver for payment
of his fees.   
¶
36.        
The next award of attorney’s fees appears in the arbitration
award.   The arbitrator calculated “avoidable costs already paid
($30,000 for attorney’s fees, $110,997.68 for Receiver, $9,130 for AAA).” 
The $30,000 is the same $30,000 previously allowed by the trial court.  To
these amounts, the arbitrator added additional unpaid receiver’s bills ($2,175
and $4,941) and “unpaid atty. fees claimed of $53,206.92.”  The paid and
unpaid amounts totaled $210,450.60.  This amount was “surcharged” to Lunde
in the arbitrator’s decision and therefore decreased his distributive
share.  The surcharge resulted in a net award to plaintiffs of
$1,119,935.22 and a net award to Lunde of $809,842.62 with $63,892.92
undistributed to meet unpaid expenses, including attorney’s fees.   
¶
37.        
The arbitrator noted that he was unable to determine “the portion of
attorney’s fees attributable solely to this arbitration” and found only that
such fees would be approximately $10,000 of the total attorney’s fee award.
 The arbitration award did not further separate the $53,206.92 in unpaid
attorney’s fees into fees incurred by the receiver and fees incurred by
plaintiffs.  It determined only that these fees plus the prior award of
$30,000 in fees to the receiver were “avoidable” expenses incurred because of
Lunde’s breach of his “contractual and fiduciary duties.”   
¶
38.        
The final word on attorney’s fees came from the trial court.  At a
hearing on May 13, 2013, the trial judge requested evidence by affidavit
concerning the claim for attorney’s fees.  Counsel for plaintiffs provided
an affidavit from an attorney who stated that the fees charged by the Ryan,
Smith & Carbine firm were reasonable in amount and necessary.  These
fees included the cost of “quickly and successfully [litigating]: (1) the
appointment of a Receiver with limited powers, (2) the removal of the general
partner from office and the promotion of the Receiver to Receiver with full
administrative powers over the Partnership, (3) the recovery of Partnership
assets concealed by the general partner, and (4) the sale of Lamoille View
Apartments for $1,187,000.”  The total amount sought included both the
$30,000 previously authorized and paid, the $53,206.92 pending at the time of
the arbitration, and additional fees incurred post-arbitration for a total of
$85,614.      
¶
39.        
On August 15, 2013, the court entered final judgment confirming the
arbitration award.  The judgment order confirmed the “initial distributive
share[s]” determined by the arbitrator of $1,118,150.22 and $809,842.92 to
plaintiffs and Lunde respectively.  It then awarded additional costs to
plaintiffs, including attorney’s fees of $53,206.92, $4,484.03, and $6,560, and
litigation support in the amount of $1,958.40.   The final judgment
stated that the net receivership estate was $1,819,093.69 after payment of
additional unpaid charges, including the additional legal fees.  The
respective distributions were $1,107,376.07 to plaintiffs and $711,717.62 to
Lunde.   Both distributions were reduced equally by $186,000 for
taxes.   Id.
¶
40.        
Lunde takes no appeal from the accountings created by the arbitrator and
confirmed by the trial court.  Nor does he challenge the reasonableness
and necessity of the fees for work performed on behalf of plaintiffs or the
receiver.  His primary argument is that, as a matter of law, the
arbitrator could not award legal fees at all.     
¶
41.        
Our review of the arbitrator’s ruling is strictly limited under both
federal and Vermont law.  Kolel Beth Yechiel Mechil of Tartikov, Inc.
v. YLL Irrevocable Trust, 729 F.3d 99, 103-04 (2d Cir. 2013) (stating that
under FAA, court may only modify or vacate award on grounds permitted by
statute); Vt. Built, Inc. v. Krolick, 2008 VT 131, ¶ 13, 185 Vt.
139, 969 A.2d 80 (court may only modify or vacate award on grounds permitted by
statute or where party has been denied due process).  The only basis
claimed by Lunde for vacating the award is that the arbitrator “exceeded his
powers” by assessing attorney’s fees against him in violation of the American
Rule.  As we have noted previously, “the vacatur ground that the
arbitrator exceeded his powers does not authorize the court to review the legal
or factual conclusions of the arbitrator.”  Krolick,
2008 VT 131, ¶ 17.  “The proper inquiry ‘focuses on whether the arbitrator[] had the power, based on the parties’
submissions or the arbitration agreement, to reach a certain issue, not whether
the arbitrator[] correctly decided that issue.’” Id. (quoting DiRussa
v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 121 F.3d 818, 824 (2d Cir. 1997)).  
¶ 42.         In
this case, nothing in the partnership agreement limits an award of attorney’s
fees by the arbitrator.  On the contrary, the arbitration clause in the
agreement required arbitration of “[a]ny dispute or controversy arising
in connection with the Agreement or in connection with the dissolution of the
Partnership.”  (Emphasis added).  Allocation of responsibility for
costs, including attorney’s fees, falls within this broad grant of authority to
the arbitrator, even if its ruling might be reviewable and reversible had it
been issued by a court.  Plaintiffs presented their claim for attorney’s
fees to the arbitrator, arguing that the arbitrator could award attorney’s fees
in spite of the American Rule under commonly-recognized exceptions for breach
of trust and prolonged and vexatious litigation.  Plaintiffs asked the
arbitrator, as a matter of law, to surcharge Lunde’s share of the partnership
assets with all of the attorney’s fees incurred by plaintiffs in the
receivership action and the arbitration proceeding.  The arbitrator
granted plaintiffs’ request, finding that Lunde’s fifty-percent share was to be
surcharged with the receiver’s fees, AAA costs and arbitrator fees, and
plaintiff’s attorney’s fees, although it left the actual amount of attorney’s
fees to be determined by the superior court.  Thus, this is not a situation
where the arbitrator ruled on an issue precluded by the arbitration agreement
or not presented by the parties.  
¶ 43.         What
Lunde seeks is judicial review of the arbitrator’s decision to award attorney’s
fees to the limited partners.  He asks the Court to apply the standards
that might have applied if the case were decided in court, but it was
not.  The parties chose a different forum with a different scope,
procedure, and standards.  The arbitrator had broad authority pursuant to
the parties’ agreement and its determination is not subject to the same level
of review as a judge’s determinations would have been.   The
arbitrator’s award involved a “judgment about facts and law” that we are
without power to review.  Krolick, 2008 VT 131, ¶¶ 19, 20
(quotation omitted) (holding that it was error for superior court to modify
arbitration award because arbitrator exceeded powers by denying plaintiff’s
request for attorney’s fees, where issue was properly submitted to, and decided
by, arbitrator).  As we noted in Krolick, “[a]n arbitrator does not
exceed his or her powers where the ‘real objection appears to be that the
arbitrators committed an obvious legal error in denying [plaintiff] attorney’s
fees.’ ”  Id. ¶ 17 (quoting DiRussa,
121 F.3d at 824).  
¶ 44.         The
situation in this case is the opposite—Lunde’s claim is that the arbitrator
committed an obvious legal error by granting plaintiffs
attorney’s fees—but the same principle applies.  An arbitrator must act
within the scope of his or her delegated authority, but its decisions are not
subject to the same appellate review as those made by a judge with respect to
facts and law.  Lunde has failed to establish that the partnership
agreement or the parties’ submissions prevented the arbitrator from reaching
the issue of attorney’s fees. As a result, he cannot establish that the
arbitrator exceeded his powers, and there is no ground for vacating the
arbitrator’s award.   
¶ 45.         The
trial judge’s decision to reserve some continuing authority over the issue of
attorney’s fees in the context of the receivership created some confusion both
in the arbitration and on appeal.  Two points, however, emerge from the
parties’ briefs which greatly clarify matters.  The first is that it was
the arbitrator—not the trial court—who decided that Lunde should be surcharged
for the financial consequences of his conduct.  The trial court never made
a ruling on this issue because it was subject to the arbitration clause.
¶ 46.         The
second is that any confusion about which fact-finder should determine the
amount of attorney’s fees was resolved by the arbitrator and the court in
making the decision to award attorney’s fees.  The arbitrator determined
that all fees incurred to date plus a statement that was still payable were
fairly charged to Lunde, subject to review and confirmation by the trial
court.  The trial court reviewed the charges for the traditional
requirements of reasonableness and necessity on the basis of an attorney’s
affidavit.   It included some charges that had accrued since the
arbitration award.  Lunde did not appeal from any specific amount. 
In the end, the trial court exercised the type of authority which its original
order contemplated: a review of the reasonableness of the charges.  Since
the trial court did not enter its own ruling as to whether attorney’s fees were
due at all—and left this question to be decided through binding arbitration—the
attorney’s fee issue is reviewable only through the narrow lens of judicial
review of arbitration awards.
¶ 47.         We
remand on a single narrow issue which was not raised below or on appeal. 
It appears that the Ryan Smith & Carbine bill for legal services in the
amount of $53,206.92 was charged to Lunde twice.  It first appears in the
list of “payables” in the arbitration award where it forms part of the
$210,450.60 in “avoidable costs” charged against the general partner.  The
arbitration award results in an “adjusted amount available to the GP” of
$809,842.62, including an offset for the $53,206.92 in attorney’s fees.
¶ 48.         The
same charge of $53,206.92 appears again in the court’s final judgment. 
The final judgment includes a second accounting that starts with the
$809,842.62 due to the general partner under the arbitration award.  It
reduces this amount by subsequent charges including additional receiver’s fees
and attorney’s fees.  In addition, it reduces the $809,842.62 by
$53,206.92—the same amount already reflected in the arbitration award.
¶ 49.         Since
neither party has addressed this apparent double-charge, we remand the matter
for a further hearing confined to this single issue.
           
Affirmed in all respects, except that the matter is reversed and remanded
for the trial court to conduct a further hearing on the issue of the apparent
double-charge of attorney’s fees to appellant. 
 

 


 


FOR THE COURT:


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Associate
  Justice

 





[1] 
The fraudulent conveyance claim was ultimately dismissed after the funds at
issue were returned to the partnership.  It led to no award of damages or claim for attorney’s fees and plays no role in this appeal. 
 



