                                                                                        O'i o

                                                                                        ~r> —-•
                                                                                 c^

                                                                                 3»
                                                                                 cr.
                                                                                         —T""*

                                                                                  t
                                                                                  CO




 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON?
                                                                                  en
                                                                                  o

In the Matter of the Parenting of
A.C.                                                    No. 73897-6-I


MISTY RAE CURRY,                                        DIVISION ONE

                     Respondent,                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

              v.



CHANDLER HAAKON CLOUGH,

                     Appellant.                         FILED: August 8, 2016

       Appelwick, J. — Clough challenges the parenting plan that provides for

the care of his daughter. He primarily argues that the evidence does not support

the court's finding of domestic violence that underlies restrictions imposed on his
residential time. Because substantial evidence supports the court's finding of a

history of acts of domestic violence and the other challenges Clough raises are
without merit, the court did not abuse its discretion by imposing restrictions in the

parenting plan. We affirm.

                                      FACTS

       Chandler Clough and Misty Curry are the parents of a daughter, A.C, who

was two years old at the time of trial. When A.C. was born, Curry lived in
No. 73897-6-1/2




Washington and Clough lived in California. Just after A.C.'s second birthday,

Cough relocated to Washington in order to be more involved in his daughter's

life.

        Curry filed a petition to establish a parenting plan and child support order.

The court held a four day hearing. The parties represented themselves. The trial

court heard the testimony of both parties and eight witnesses, who were primarily

family members.

        At the conclusion of the hearing, the court entered a parenting plan that

included restrictions on Clough's residential time after finding both a history of

acts of domestic violence and an abusive use of conflict. The plan provides for

Clough's residential time to be supervised initially and for gradually increasing

residential time with Clough conditioned upon his compliance with various

requirements. In addition, the parenting plan requires Clough to undergo a

mental health assessment and to obtain recommended treatment, and to

participate in domestic violence treatment. Clough appeals.

                      RESTRICTIONS IN PARENTING PLAN

        The restrictions imposed by the court in the parenting plan are based on

the following finding as to Clough:

        A history of acts of domestic violence as defined in RCW
        26.50.010(1) or an assault or sexual assault which causes grievous
        bodily harm or the fear of such harm.

Clough contends that the evidence does not demonstrate a "pattern of conduct

constituting domestic violence."
No. 73897-6-1/3




      A trial court has broad discretion when crafting a parenting plan, and we

review its decision for an abuse of discretion.     In re Marriage of Caven. 136

Wn.2d 800, 806, 966 P.2d 1247 (1998). This court defers to the "trial judge's

advantage in having the witnesses before him or her, which is particularly

important in proceedings affecting the parent and child relationship."           In re

Welfare of A.W.. 182 Wn.2d 689, 711, 344 P.3d 1186 (2015). We do "not decide

the credibility of witnesses or weigh the evidence" on appeal, jd.

       When fashioning a parenting plan, the court's discretion must be guided

by several statutory provisions, including RCW 26.09.191, which sets forth

factors that require or permit limitations on a parent's involvement with the child.

In re Marriage of Katare. 175 Wn.2d 23, 35-36, 283 P.3d 546 (2012).              RCW

26.09.191(1) and (2) are mandatory provisions that require the trial court to

restrict a parent's time with his or her child and prohibit mutual decision-making if

the court finds that a parent has engaged in a "history of acts of domestic

violence" or an assault that "causes grievous bodily harm or the fear of such

harm." "Domestic violence," as defined in RCW 26.50.010(3), means

       (a) Physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or the infliction of fear of
       imminent physical harm, bodily injury or assault, between family or
       household members; (b) sexual assault of one family or household
       member by another; or (c) stalking as defined in RCW 9A.46.110 of
       one family or household member by another family or household
       member.

       Although "a history of acts of domestic violence" is not specifically defined,

legislative history indicates that the phrase "was intended to exclude 'isolated, de

minimus incidents which could technically be defined as domestic violence.'" jn
No. 73897-6-1/4




re Marriage of C.M.C., 87 Wn. App. 84, 88, 940 P.2d 669 (1997) (quoting 1987

Proposed Parenting Act, Replacing the Concept of Child Custody. Commentary

and Text 29 (1987)), affd sub nom.. Caven, 136 Wn.2d 800.             And, "[mjere

accusations, without proof, are not sufficient to invoke the restrictions under the

statute." Caven. 136 Wn.2d at 809.

      We will uphold the trial court's findings if substantial evidence supports

them. In re the Marriage of McDole. 122 Wn.2d 604, 610, 859 P.2d 1239 (1993).

Substantial evidence consists of "evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded

person of the truth of the matter asserted." In re Marriage of Chandola, 180

Wn.2d 632, 642, 327 P.3d 644 (2014). More specifically, "[sjubstantial evidence

exists so long as a rational trier of fact could find the necessary facts were shown

by a preponderance of the evidence." A.W.. 182 Wn.2d at 711.

       Clough maintains that there was no evidence of domestic violence that

took place after he moved to Washington.1          While he concedes that Curry

provided sworn testimony that he engaged in domestic violence both before and

after the child was born, Clough points out that his testimony contradicted

Curry's.   He also notes that Curry did not present police reports or medical

treatment records to substantiate her claims. Clough suggests that the court was

influenced by gender bias and ignored evidence of Curry's role in the conflict.

       However, the court expressly found that Curry's testimony about the

domestic violence was credible. Curry described her relationship with Clough as


       1 The record is unclear as to exactly when Clough moved to Washington,
but it appears to have been within a year of the July 2015 trial.
                                         4
No. 73897-6-1/5




"abusive." Curry testified about a specific violent incident that occurred when she

and Clough lived together in California and she was pregnant with A.C. Curry

said that while she and Clough were fighting, he put his hand over her mouth and

then grabbed her cell phone and held it away from her. In response, she put her

forearm on Clough's chest and face. He then placed his hand on her neck and

choked her.    Curry began to cry. Clough yelled at her for a few minutes, and

then left for the rest of the night. The next day, Curry packed her belongings so

she could return to Washington.        Clough disconnected the battery of Curry's

vehicle so she could not leave, forcing her to call the police for assistance.

       Curry also testified that during a visit with Clough in California when A.C.

was about a year old, she and Clough had a "physical altercation" and fought

over the baby. Clough forcefully took A.C. from Curry during an argument and

went into the bathroom, purportedly to calm A.C. down. Curry tried to take A.C.

back from him, and then propped her foot in front of the bathroom door to prevent

Clough from closing the door. Curry said that Clough "ended up kicking [her]"

and shut the door. Curry testified that on the following night during the same

visit, she and Clough had another argument and Clough threw a pizza on the bed

where she was sitting with A.C. After these incidents, Curry said she no longer

"felt safe" taking A.C. to California to visit Clough.

       Curry's mother's testified about an incident at some point during the

parties' relationship when Clough blocked her car on a four lane road. Clough

approached Curry's mother's car and grabbed Curry's arm.              When Curry's

mother demanded that he release her or she would call the police, Clough yelled
No. 73897-6-1/6




at Curry and her mother in an offensive manner. The court described Clough's

behavior as generally controlling, aggressive, and manipulative. The court also

observed that Clough's reactions were disproportionately angry, particularly

when confronted with matters beyond his control, such as the presence of a new

boyfriend in Curry's household.

      Clough's arguments rely on his own subjective interpretation of the

evidence and assessments of witness credibility.        But, "[t]he fact that the

evidence may be subject to different interpretations does not authorize this court

to substitute its findings for those of the trial court." Peter L Redburn. Inc. v.

Alaska Airlines, Inc., 20 Wn. App. 315, 318, 579 P.2d 1354 (1978). As this court

does not reweigh evidence or review witness credibility, his arguments are

unpersuasive.

      Alternatively, Clough suggests that the limitations in the parenting plan are

unwarranted, because they were not contemplated or proposed by the parties.

Curry sought only a minor adjustment of the midweek residential schedule and
did not request limitations based on domestic violence or for any other reason.

Therefore, Clough contends that the court was not authorized to restrict his

residential time. No authority supports this argument. Although the parents may

propose parenting plan provisions, the court is bound only by the provisions of
the Parenting Act of 1987, ch. 26.09 RCW, including the objectives stated in

RCW 29.09.184 and the considerations set forth in RCW 29.09.187.

       Finally, Clough asserts that he was entitled to a jury determination by clear
and convincing evidence on the issue of domestic violence. But, trial by jury is

                                         6
No. 73897-6-1/7




dispensed with in proceedings under chapter 26.09 RCW.                    See RCW

26.09.010(1). And, the standard of proof in a civil case is preponderance of the

evidence. See In re Mental Illness of Levias. 83 Wn.2d 253, 255, 517 P.2d 588

(1973), overruled on other grounds bv In re McLaughlin. 100 Wn.2d 832, 676

P.2d 444 (1984) ("Traditionally, unless otherwise provided by statute or case law,

the standard of proof used in the trial of civil matters has been a preponderance

of the evidence."). Citing Santoskv v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 756, 102 S. Ct.

1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982), Clough argues that because the parenting plan

suspended his residential time until he met certain conditions, the evidentiary

standard should be the same as that required to terminate parental rights. But, a

temporary suspension of residential time is not commensurate with a termination

of parental rights. Clough offers no meaningful argument or authority to support

the position that this type of parenting plan provision raises constitutional issues.

       We affirm.




WE CONCUR:




                ^_^                              a      =       ^£U-
