                                 2019 IL App (3d) 180213

                          Opinion filed February 8, 2019
_____________________________________________________________________________

                                         IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                    THIRD DISTRICT

                                          2019

CREST HILL LAND DEVELOPMENT,               )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability         )      of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
Company,                                   )      Will County, Illinois.
                                           )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                 )
                                           )
      v.                                   )
                                           )
JOHN C. CONRAD,                            )
                                           )
      Defendant-Appellee.                  )
__________________________________         )
                                           )
JOHN C. CONRAD,                            )
                                           )
      Counterplaintiff and Third-Party     )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,                  )
                                           )
      v.                                   )      Appeal No. 3-18-0213
                                           )      Circuit No. 14-CH-1759
CREST HILL LAND DEVELOPMENT,               )
LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability         )
Company,                                   )
                                           )
      Counterdefendant-Appellant,          )
                                           )
      and                                  )
                                           )
SHALBRY, LLC, an Illinois Limited          )
Liability Company; DIVISION-               )
GAYLORD, LLC, an Illinois Limited          )
Liability Company; RICH PRODUCTS           )
CORPORATION, a Delaware                    )
     Corporation; CABOT IV-IL1B04, LLC, a  )
     Delaware Limited Liability Company; and
                                           )
     BMO HARRIS BANK, NA, a National       )
     Banking Association,                  )    The Honorable
                                           )    John C. Anderson,
           Third-Party Defendants.         )    Judge, presiding.
     ____________________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justices Holdridge and Lytton concurred in the judgment and opinion.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                     OPINION

¶1           Plaintiff, Crest Hill Land Development, LLC (CHLD), filed suit against defendant, John

     C. Conrad, to quiet title and for slander of title in relation to an industrial park that CHLD had

     developed. Conrad counterclaimed for money that he was allegedly owed pursuant to a novation

     and joined as third-party defendants certain entities that had purchased a portion of the industrial

     park property from CHLD or that had otherwise acquired an interest in the property after Conrad

     had recorded the novation. After a bench trial, the trial court ruled in Conrad’s favor on all

     claims. The trial court awarded Conrad the full amount of his money due claim plus interest and

     denied CHLD’s claim for equitable setoff. 1 CHLD filed a posttrial motion, which the trial court

     subsequently denied. CHLD appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in (1) ruling in Conrad’s

     favor on his claim for money due, (2) ruling against CHLD on its claims for quiet of title and

     slander of title, and (3) denying CHLD’s claim for equitable setoff. 2 We affirm the trial court’s

     judgment.


             1
               The Inland Empire Service Corporation (Indeck) subsequently acquired Conrad’s rights under
     the judgment and was substituted in the trial court for Conrad as counterplaintiff and third-party plaintiff
     but not as defendant. For simplicity purposes, we will refer to Conrad as the acting party in all three
     capacities in this appeal.
             2
               In its brief on appeal, CHLD also raised a challenge as to the amount of interest that the trial
     court awarded to Conrad. At oral argument, however, CHLD represented to this court that the issue as to
     interest had been resolved. Therefore, we have not addressed that issue in this appeal.
                                                           2
¶2                                              I. BACKGROUND

¶3          John Conrad and Peter Konopka knew each other and had prior business dealings. At

     some point before or during July 1999, Conrad and Konopka decided to purchase the subject

     property—a 168 acre parcel in Crest Hill, Will County, Illinois—from Elgin, Joliet & Eastern

     Railway Company (EJ&E) to develop an industrial park at that location. For that purpose,

     Conrad and Konopka (through Konopka’s corporation) entered into a purchase agreement with

     EJ&E. The final purchase price was $4.2 million. 3 In December 1999, Conrad established CHLD

     by filing articles of organization for the company with the Secretary of State. 4 In the articles of

     organization, Conrad was listed as the manager of CHLD.

¶4          To help finance the purchase of the property, an investor, Roger Duba, was brought into

     the transaction. In April 2000, as part of the initial negotiations, Konopka, Duba, and a real estate

     broker who had brought the two together, signed a letter of intent. The letter of intent indicated

     that a new limited liability company would be formed for the project, that Duba would invest

     $2.5 million in the project, that Duba and Konopka would each own a 50% interest in the new

     limited liability company, and that Conrad’s interest in the project would be bought-out as an

     expense of the project. The letter of intent, however, did not set a specific price or the specific

     terms of Conrad’s buyout. Rather, the price of the buyout was specified only in terms of the

     value of a possible future transaction or a discounted cash price.

¶5          The purchase from EJ&E was closed in July 2000. Instead of forming a new limited

     liability company for the project, Konopka and Duba had CHLD take title to the industrial park



            3
                The amounts listed in this opinion have been rounded off for the convenience of the reader.
            4
              CHLD was originally named Crest Hill Development, LLC. The name of the company was later
     changed to Crest Hill Land Development, LLC.


                                                          3
     property. To pay the purchase price of the property and the closing costs, CHLD used the initial

     investment from Duba and also obtained a bank loan for $2.5 million. The bank loan was secured

     by a mortgage on the industrial park property. In addition, Konopka and Duba each signed

     personal guaranties of the loan.

¶6          The initial part of the closing took place on July 12, 2000. On that date, the parties signed

     the bulk of the documents necessary to purchase the property from EJ&E, including Conrad’s

     and Konopka’s assignments of the purchase agreement, and those documents were placed into a

     closing escrow. For the documents that needed to be signed by CHLD, Konopka signed those

     documents as the managing member. Many of those same documents also had Duba’s signature

     on them, as the other member of CHLD, at or near Konopka’s signature. Conrad was not listed

     as a member or manager of CHLD in any of those documents.

¶7          On the same date as the initial part of the closing, July 12, 2000, Conrad and Konopka

     signed a written agreement in their individual capacities wherein it was provided that Conrad

     would receive $350,000 to buyout his interest in the industrial park property. Conrad was to be

     paid $142,000 up front at the closing of the purchase from EJ&E and was to be paid the

     remaining $208,000 at a later date by Konopka out of Konopka’s share of the distributions from

     CHLD’s sales of the industrial park lots. The agreement also provided that (1) Conrad and

     Konopka would keep the agreement confidential, (2) Conrad would not receive the deferred

     payment until after CHLD had paid off both the bank loan and Duba’s initial investment in the

     development, (3) Conrad would not record the agreement against the industrial park property,

     and (4) an excavation company with which Conrad was affiliated, Plaza Excavating, would get a

     “last look” bid on all excavation work for the property. Duba did not know about the personal

     agreement between Conrad and Konopka and would not have agreed to it.


                                                      4
¶8            Also on July 12, 2000, Konopka and Duba signed the operating agreement for CHLD.

       The operating agreement listed Konopka and Duba as the only two members of CHLD and listed

       Konopka as the managing member. Of relevance to this appeal, paragraph 5.4 of the operating

       agreement provided that Conrad would be paid $142,000 for the assignment of his interest in the

       industrial park property and made no mention of any additional payment to be made to Conrad

       for his interest. Other relevant provisions of the operating agreement provided that (1) the prior

       written approval of all members was required for all major decisions, including any expense over

       $500, other than ordinary expenses, such as taxes and insurance (paragraph 9.10) and (2) each

       member of CHLD was allowed to transact business with the company as long as such business

       was done at “arm’s length” and on commercially reasonable terms and the member did not use

       his standing to obtain favorable treatment for himself or others (paragraphs 5.1 and 9.9).

¶9            The following day, on July 13, 2000, the deeds to the subject property were signed by a

       representative of EJ&E in Pennsylvania. The deeds were then apparently forwarded to the

       closing agent in Illinois so that the closing of the purchase of the property could be completed.

¶ 10          Two days after their initial personal agreement, on July 14, 2000, Conrad individually

       and Konopka as the manager of CHLD entered into a second written agreement, the alleged

       novation in this case. The novation provided that CHLD—and not Konopka individually—would

       pay the remaining $208,000 owed to Conrad. The payment was to be made by CHLD when

       money was available or when less than 60 acres of the industrial park property remained,

       whichever occurred first. The provision that Conrad had to wait to receive payment until after the

       bank loan and Duba’s initial investment were paid off was eliminated, as was the provision

       giving Conrad’s excavation company a last look bid on all excavation work. In addition, Conrad

       was given the right to record the novation against the remaining industrial park property after the


                                                        5
       amount of land available reached 60 acres or less, if Konopka/CHLD did not record the

       novation. As with the prior agreement between Konopka and Conrad, Duba did not know about

       the novation and would not have agreed to it.

¶ 11          On July 17, 2000, the remainder of the closing was completed, and Conrad was issued a

       check for $142,000. Although some of the closing took place on July 17, 2000, EJ&E had

       previously agreed to consider July 12, 2000, to be the closing date so that the purchase price of

       the property would not be affected.

¶ 12          In January 2001, Conrad sent Konopka a letter that referred to their agreement of “July

       12, 2000,” and the $208,000 he was owed.

¶ 13          In November 2002, CHLD filed an amendment with the Secretary of State, indicating

       that Conrad was no longer a manager of CHLD.

¶ 14          In October 2003, Conrad sent another letter to Konopka. In the letter, Conrad again

       referred to his and Konopka’s “7/12/2000,” agreement and the money he was owed.

¶ 15          In December 2003, CHLD sold a portion of the industrial park property to Indeck for

       $4.4 million. CHLD paid Conrad a referral fee of $214,000 for facilitating the sale. Although

       Conrad had previously been a licensed real estate agent, he was no longer licensed at that time.

       Over $3 million of the sale proceeds were used by CHLD to pay down its bank loan, and

       $500,000 of the sale proceeds was paid to Duba individually.

¶ 16          At or near the end of October 2005, the amount of property left in the industrial park

       dropped below 60 acres, triggering the recording provision of the novation. CHLD/Konopka did

       not record the novation at that time or at any time thereafter.




                                                         6
¶ 17          In December 2007, Conrad sent Konopka an email and pointed out that, pursuant to the

       agreement between him and Konopka, Plaza Excavating was supposed to do the excavation work

       on the project.

¶ 18          In March 2010, CHLD defaulted on its bank loan. The default triggered the application of

       an 18% default interest rate. In May 2011, Division-Gaylord, LLC, a limited liability company

       managed by Duba’s son, purchased the defaulted bank loan (the defaulted note and mortgage).

       Division-Gaylord had been created by Duba’s trust and had been funded by Duba. In July 2011,

       Division-Gaylord filed a mortgage foreclosure action against CHLD, based upon the defaulted

       bank loan.

¶ 19          In December 2011, Konopka sent an email to Conrad, suggesting that they rememorialize

       the “Shefsky letter” so that Konopka could add the updated paperwork to the bills owing from

       CHLD and try to get Conrad paid the amount he was allegedly owed. The Shefsky letter was a

       letter from Conrad’s attorney that had allegedly served as the framework for the July 14, 2000,

       novation. In a response email, Conrad corrected Konopka as to the amount that he was owed and

       stated that he could just record the Shefsky letter against the property. In a further response sent

       later that month, Conrad asked Konopka how Konopka wanted Conrad to memorialize the

       Shefsky letter. Konopka did not respond to that email. By the date of the December 2011 emails,

       Conrad’s excavation company no longer existed and had sold off all of its equipment.

¶ 20          In January 2013, Conrad recorded the novation. On the fourth page of the recorded

       document, Conrad listed the parcel index numbers of the remaining industrial park parcels to

       which the novation applied.

¶ 21          In May 2013, CHLD sold a portion of the industrial park property to Shalbry, LLC, for

       $1.1 million. BMO Harris Bank, N.A., was Shalbry’s lender for the transaction.


                                                         7
¶ 22           In December 2013, CHLD filed the instant quiet title and slander of title lawsuit against

       Conrad in Cook County. CHLD’s legal fees and costs of suit were paid for by Division-Gaylord

       as an advance to CHLD. The suit was later transferred to Will County on Conrad’s motion for

       change of venue.

¶ 23           In February 2014, CHLD (with Konopka and Duba acting as comanagers pursuant to a

       court order) entered into a forbearance agreement with Division-Gaylord. 5 The forbearance

       agreement provided CHLD with relief from the mortgage payments and from the default interest

       rate during the forbearance period (18 months). At or near that same time, CHLD transferred a

       portion of the industrial park property to Division-Gaylord in lieu of a foreclosure. The following

       month, Division-Gaylord voluntarily dismissed its mortgage foreclosure action against CHLD. In

       May 2014, Duba recorded a lien against the industrial park property for money he was allegedly

       owed pursuant to a settlement agreement between CHLD, Duba, Konopka, and Division-

       Gaylord. The amount of Duba’s lien was between $3.4 million and $7.1 million (the amount

       varied depending upon whether certain settlement amounts were paid to Duba). That same day,

       Division-Gaylord recorded its deed in lieu of foreclosure.

¶ 24           In January 2015, CHLD sold a portion of the industrial park property to Rich Products

       Corporation for $ 2.9 million. As part of the transaction, $475,000 was held back and kept in

       escrow by the title company to pay off Conrad’s alleged interest in the development, if

       necessary.




               5
                 It is not quite clear from the record whether the forbearance agreement was meant to start on
       February 25, 2013, or February 25, 2014. The agreement lists an effective date of February 25, 2013.
       However, the signatures are dated as “AGREED TO” February 25, 2014, and the agreement itself
       references a court order that was entered in December 2013, after the February 2013 effective date listed
       in the agreement would have already occurred.
                                                           8
¶ 25          In September 2015, CHLD sold a portion of the industrial park property to Cabot IV-

       IL1B04, LLC, commonly known as Ridgeline, for $4 million. As part of that transaction, $3.5

       million was held back and kept in escrow by the title company at the direction of CHLD.

¶ 26          In December 2015, the trial court granted CHLD permission to conduct destructive ink

       testing on the novation. Conrad later filed a motion to compel disclosure of the report of the ink

       testing results. CHLD objected to the motion, claiming that the results were privileged attorney

       work product. Following a hearing, the trial court denied Conrad’s motion to compel.

¶ 27          In January 2016, Conrad filed an amended counterclaim to recover the $208,000 he was

       allegedly due. In addition to naming CHLD as a counterdefendant in the suit, Conrad named as

       third-party defendants the entities that had purchased a portion of the industrial park property or

       that had otherwise acquired an interest in the property after Conrad had recorded the novation.

¶ 28          In August 2016, after the forbearance period had expired or was due to expire, Division-

       Gaylord filed a second foreclosure action against CHLD, based upon the defaulted bank loan.

       Despite the recorded novation and the pendency of the instant case, Division-Gaylord did not

       name Conrad as a defendant in the mortgage foreclosure action. In count II of the mortgage

       foreclosure action, Division-Gaylord sought to enforce Konopka’s personal guaranty of the loan.

       Division-Gaylord, however, did not seek to enforce Duba’s personal guaranty.

¶ 29          In June and August 2017, a bench trial was held on all of the pending claims. The trial

       took seven days to complete. A large amount of evidence was presented at the trial, including the

       testimony of Conrad, Duba, and Duba’s son; Konopka’s and Conrad’s affidavits from a prior

       summary judgment motion; the letter of intent; the operating agreement; the initial agreement

       between Konopka and Conrad; the closing documents for the purchase from the railroad; the

       novation; the letters that Conrad had sent to Konopka in January 2001 and October 2003; the


                                                        9
       emails that had been sent between Konopka and Conrad in December 2011; various filings and

       court orders from an ongoing Cook County lawsuit between Konopka and Duba over the

       industrial park development; and several other pieces of documentary evidence. That evidence

       established the facts as set forth above. Three additional facts from the trial evidence, however,

       must be noted: (1) Conrad testified in his trial testimony that his references to the July 12, 2000,

       agreement (rather than the July 14, 2000, novation) in his letters to Konopka in January 2001 and

       October 2003 were merely typographical errors; (2) Conrad also testified that he was not

       involved in the operating agreement, that he never saw the operating agreement, and that he was

       not aware until June 2014 that the provisions of the operating agreement limited Konopka’s

       authority as the manager of CHLD, although Conrad acknowledged that the June 12, 2000,

       agreement referred to specific section numbers of the operating agreement; and (3) Konopka

       stated in his affidavit that he and Conrad had entered into the novation on July 14, 2000, that the

       novation was not a back-dated forgery, and that Conrad was entitled to a payment of $208,000

       pursuant to the terms of the novation. At the conclusion of the evidence portion of the bench

       trial, the trial court took the case under advisement and allowed the parties to submit written

       closing arguments. In November 2017, the trial court issued a ruling in favor of Conrad on all

       claims. In its detailed written decision, the trial court found that that the novation was valid, that

       Conrad’s testimony was credible, and that Duba’s testimony was not credible. The trial court

       awarded Conrad $208,000 plus prejudgment interest. Following the denial of its posttrial motion,

       CHLD appealed.

¶ 30                                              II. ANALYSIS

¶ 31                               A. Conrad’s Claim for Money Due and
                               CHLD’s Claims for Quiet Title and Slander of Title



                                                         10
¶ 32           As its first point of contention on appeal, CHLD argues that the trial court erred in

       finding in Conrad’s favor after a bench trial on Conrad’s claim for money due and CHLD’s

       claims for quiet title and slander of title. CHLD asserts that the underlying ruling upon which the

       trial court based its decision on all three claims—that the July 14, 2000, novation was valid—

       was contrary to established contract law and against the manifest weight of the evidence. More

       specifically, CHLD claims first that the novation was legally invalid because (1) no

       consideration was given for the novation and (2) CHLD, Konopka, and Conrad could not agree

       to the novation, since to do so would violate several provisions of CHLD’s operating agreement

       regarding approval of expenses, fair dealing, and related-party transactions and would also

       violate certain statutory duties pertaining to members and managers of limited liability

       companies. Second, CHLD asserts that the trial court’s bench-trial ruling was against the

       manifest weight of the evidence because the evidence clearly showed that (1) the novation was a

       back-dated forgery, (2) Duba was a credible witness, and (3) Conrad was not a credible witness.

       For all of the reasons stated, CHLD asks that we reverse the trial court’s ruling and that we

       remand this case with directions to the trial court to enter judgment in favor of CHLD on all

       three claims and for further proceedings.

¶ 33           Conrad argues that the trial court’s ruling was proper and should be upheld. Conrad

       asserts that the trial court rightly found after conducting a bench trial in this case that (1) valid

       consideration existed for the novation, (2) Konopka was the manager of CHLD and signed the

       novation on CHLD’s behalf with at least apparent authority, (3) at the time of the novation,

       Conrad was no longer a member or manager of CHLD and was no longer bound by the

       managerial and fiduciary duties to which CHLD refers, (4) Conrad was a credible witness,

       (5) Duba was not a credible witness, (6) Conrad had succeeded in his burden to establish by a


                                                         11
       preponderance of the evidence that the novation was valid, (7) CHLD had failed in its burden to

       establish by clear and convincing evidence that the novation was a back-dated forgery, and

       (8) pursuant to the terms of the novation, Conrad was entitled to payment of $208,000 plus

       interest. Conrad asks, therefore, that we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 34          A trial court’s ruling made after a bench trial will not be reversed on appeal unless it is

       against the manifest weight of the evidence. Reliable Fire Equipment Co. v. Arredondo, 2011 IL

       111871, ¶ 12. A ruling is against the manifest weight of the evidence only if it is clearly apparent

       from the record that the trial court should have reached the opposite conclusion or if the ruling

       itself is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based upon the evidence presented. Best v. Best, 223 Ill.

       2d 342, 350 (2006). Under the manifest weight standard, deference is given to the trial court as

       finder of fact because the trial court is in a better position than the reviewing court to observe the

       conduct and demeanor of the parties and witnesses. Id. A reviewing court will not substitute its

       judgment for that of the trial court as to the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given to the

       evidence, or the inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Id. at 350-51.

¶ 35          The main issue presented at the bench trial in the present case was whether the July 14,

       2000, novation was valid and authentic. A novation is a type of substituted contract in which a

       new obligation or a new party is substituted for an existing one. See Black’s Law Dictionary

       (10th ed. 2014); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 280 (1981); Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL

       112064, ¶ 52. The result of a novation is that the old obligation/contract is extinguished and a

       new obligation/contract is created. See Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014); Restatement

       (Second) of Contracts § 280 (1981); Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 52. More specifically, a novation

       occurs when by mutual agreement, a new debtor or creditor is substituted for an existing debtor

       or creditor, whereby the old debt is extinguished, or a new debt or obligation is substituted for an


                                                         12
       existing debt or obligation, which is thereby extinguished. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 52. To

       establish that a valid novation exists, the proponent must prove the following four elements by a

       preponderance of the evidence: (1) a previous valid obligation, (2) a subsequent agreement of all

       the parties to the new contract, (3) the extinguishment of the old contract, and (4) the validity of

       the new contract. 6 Id.; Faith v. Martoccio, 21 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1003-04 (1974). As with any

       other contract, to be valid and enforceable, a novation must be supported by good and sufficient

       consideration. Faith, 21 Ill. App. 3d at 1004. With a novation, however, the extinguishment of

       the original obligation constitutes consideration for the new obligation. 28A Ill. L. and Prac.

       Novation § 3 (2012); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 280 cmt. c (1981).

¶ 36           After having reviewed the record in the present case, we find that the trial court’s

       ruling—that the novation was valid—was well-supported by the evidence. The evidence

       presented at the bench trial showed that on July 12, 2000, Conrad and Konopka entered into a

       valid initial agreement, which established the specific terms for the buyout of Conrad’s interest

       in the subject property. Pursuant to that initial agreement, Conrad was to be paid a total of

       $350,000 for his interest with $142,000 to be paid up front at the closing of the purchase and the

       remaining $208,000 to be paid at a later time by Konopka out of Konopka’s share of the

       distributions from CHLD’s sales of the industrial park lots. In addition, pursuant to the terms of

       the initial agreement, Conrad was not allowed to record the agreement against the industrial park

       property and could not be paid the deferred payment until after CHLD had paid off Duba’s initial

       investment and the bank loan. Two days later, before the initial agreement had been fully

               6
                  Although a novation is generally raised as an affirmative defense, there does not appear to be
       any reason why Conrad could not raise it as a counterclaim in this case, where Conrad was seeking
       affirmative relief on the basis of the novation, rather than to merely defeat CHLD’s claims. See 735 ILCS
       5/2-608(a) (West 2014); 3 Richard A. Michael, Illinois Practice, Civil Procedure Before Trial § 25:4
       (1989) (indicating that a counterclaim may be asserted by any defendant who wants to try to obtain an
       affirmative judgment from any existing party to an action, whether the defendant in the counterclaim is a
       plaintiff in the original claim or a codefendant with the counterplaintiff).
                                                          13
       performed and before either party was in breach of the terms of the initial agreement, Conrad

       individually and Konopka as the manager of CHLD entered into a valid subsequent agreement—

       the novation in this case. Consistent with the legal definition of a novation, the July 14, 2000,

       agreement substituted CHLD for Konopka as the debtor that was responsible for paying the

       deferred payment to Conrad. See Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014); Restatement (Second)

       of Contracts § 280 (1981); Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 52. The novation also changed some of the

       terms of the payment in that it gave Conrad a limited right to record his interest against the

       property and removed the requirement that Conrad had to wait to receive payment until after

       Duba’s initial investment and the bank loan had been paid off. The novation was agreed to by all

       three of the parties involved—Conrad as the creditor, Konopka (implicitly) as the initial debtor,

       and CHLD as the substitute debtor (see Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 52; Faith, 21 Ill. App. 3d at

       1003-04)—and was supported by good and sufficient consideration in the form of Conrad’s

       agreement to extinguish the old debt owed by Konopka in return for CHLD’s promise to pay the

       new debt (see 28A Ill. L. and Prac. Novation § 3 (2012); see also 3 Samuel Williston & Richard

       A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts § 7:20 (4th ed. 2008)). Taken as a whole, the

       evidence presented at the bench trial amply established that all of the elements required for a

       valid novation to exist were present in the instant case. See Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 52; Faith,

       21 Ill. App. 3d at 1003-04. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court’s finding of a valid

       novation was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Best, 223 Ill. 2d at 350.

¶ 37          Having reached that conclusion, we will now address CHLD’s remaining assertions on

       this issue. First, we do not agree with CHLD’s claim that the trial court’s ruling was contrary to

       established contract law. CHLD’s assertion in that regard is largely founded upon its contention

       that consideration was lacking for the novation in this case. As we have noted above, however,


                                                        14
       the consideration for the novation in the instant case was Conrad’s extinguishment of the old

       debt in exchange for CHLD’s promise to pay the new debt. See 28A Ill. L. and Prac. Novation

       § 3 (2012); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 280 cmt. c (1981); see also 3 Samuel Williston

       & Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts § 7:20 (4th ed. 2008). Since we have

       found that consideration did, in fact, exist, we will not go beyond that point and determine

       whether the consideration that was given for the novation was adequate. See Chandra v.

       Chandra, 2016 IL App (1st) 143858, ¶ 16 (recognizing that courts will determine whether

       consideration exists but will not inquire further beyond that point into the adequacy of

       consideration). It is also important to note that, at the time of the novation, neither Conrad or

       Konopka was in breach of the initial agreement and both were free to modify or terminate the

       agreement (see Faith, 21 Ill. App. 3d at 1004 (recognizing that any time prior to breach of a

       written contract, the parties may, by a new written or oral contract, change the terms of their old

       contract)). Furthermore, and contrary to CHLD’s contention, although Conrad had already

       executed the assignment, doing so, at most, constituted partial performance of the initial contract,

       since Conrad had not yet been paid, and would not have legally prevented the parties from

       extinguishing the initial contract by mutual agreement. See Printing Machinery Maintenance,

       Inc. v. Carton Products Co., 15 Ill. App. 2d 543, 557 (1957) (indicating that the delivery of

       machinery pursuant to a contract between the parties constituted only partial performance of that

       contract and that the parties still had a right, therefore, to rescind the contract by mutual

       agreement).

¶ 38          Second, we believe that CHLD’s claim—that Conrad, Konopka, and CHLD could not

       legally enter into the novation because doing so would violate several provisions of the operating

       agreement and certain statutory duties—is, for the most part, misplaced. This case is not a suit


                                                         15
       against Conrad or Konopka for breach of the fiduciary duties that they owed to CHLD or to

       Duba as the other member of CHLD. Furthermore, it is clear from the evidence presented that

       Konopka was the manager of CHLD at the time the novation was entered into, that Duba knew

       that Konopka was the manager, and that Konopka had at least apparent authority to enter into the

       novation on behalf of CHLD. Although Conrad acknowledged in his testimony that the July 12,

       2000, agreement referred to specific section numbers of the operating agreement, he testified that

       he was not involved in the operating agreement and that he did not know until June 2014 that the

       provisions of the operating agreement limited Konopka’s authority as the manager of CHLD.

       The evidence was also clear that prior to the novation, Conrad’s interest was in the process of

       being bought out and that Conrad was no longer a member or manager of CHLD. That CHLD

       waited until November 2002 to officially withdraw Conrad as a manager of CHLD with the

       Secretary of State does not change our conclusion in that regard. The filing of the amendment

       with the Secretary of State was a matter that was solely within CHLD’s control and was not

       indicative of when Conrad’s involvement with CHLD actually ended. We agree, therefore, with

       the trial court’s conclusion that, at the time of the novation, Conrad was no longer a member or

       manager of CHLD and was not bound by the managerial and fiduciary duties to which CHLD

       refers. We also agree with the trial court’s conclusion that Konopka had at least apparent

       authority to enter into the novation on behalf of CHLD.

¶ 39          Third, we are not persuaded by CHLD’s claim that the evidence presented at trial clearly

       and convincingly showed that the novation was a back-dated forgery. To the contrary, Conrad

       presented some evidence (Conrad’s testimony, Konopka’s affidavit, and the novation itself) from

       which the trial court could have found that the novation was authentic. 7 CHLD, in turn,



              7
                  In pointing out what evidence was before the trial court, we give no weight to the fact that
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       presented some evidence from which the trial court could have inferred that the novation was not

       authentic and that it had been prepared during or after December 2011 (that it was a back-dated

       forgery). (This evidence included Conrad’s references to the July 12, 2000, agreement, rather

       than to the July 14, 2000, novation, in his January 2001 and October 2003 letters to Konopka;

       Conrad’s reference in his December 2007 letter regarding his company getting the excavation

       work for the project, which apparently was a reference to the July 12, 2000, agreement; the

       December 2011 emails between Konopka and Conrad regarding rememorializing the Shefsky

       letter; and the fact that Conrad’s excavation company, which no longer existed in December

       2011, was not given a last look bid right for the project in the novation.) The evidence presented

       by CHLD (or in CHLD’s favor) as to that issue, however, was not of a clear and convincing

       nature (see In re Lisa P., 381 Ill. App. 3d 1087, 1092 (2008) (indicating that clear and

       convincing evidence amounts to more than a preponderance but does not quite reach the level of

       proof of beyond a reasonable doubt)) and had to be weighed by the trial court with the evidence

       presented by Conrad (or in Conrad’s favor) that the novation was authentic. The trial court was

       in the best position to determine the credibility of the witnesses and to decide how much weight

       to give to the evidence. See Best, 223 Ill. 2d at 350. We will not substitute our judgment for that

       of the trial court on those matters. See id. at 350-51.

¶ 40           Fourth and finally, we note that because the evidence showed that Conrad had a valid

       basis (the novation) upon which to assert an interest in the industrial park property, CHLD’s

       claims for quiet title and slander of title could not be maintained. See Lakeview Trust & Savings

       Bank v. Estrada, 134 Ill. App. 3d 792, 812 (1985) (recognizing that a party’s claimed interest in

       CHLD did not produce a report from the analysis of the tests that were run on the ink of the novation. The
       trial court denied Conrad’s motion to compel disclosure of the report, finding that the report was
       protected attorney work product. Although Conrad argues on appeal that we should consider the failure to
       tender the report against CHLD, Conrad has not argued on appeal that the trial court’s ruling on the
       motion to compel was erroneous.
                                                          17
       real property must be unfounded or inequitable for a cloud on title to exist for the purpose of a

       suit to quiet title); American National Bank & Trust Co. v. Bentley Builders, Inc., 308 Ill. App.

       3d 246, 252 (1999) (indicating that the malice necessary for a slander of title claim cannot be

       shown if the party who records the document has reasonable grounds to believe that he has title

       or a claim to the property).

¶ 41                                       B. CHLD’s Claim for Setoff

¶ 42          As a second and related contention on appeal, CHLD argues that the trial court erred in

       denying CHLD’s claim for setoff against Conrad’s claim for money due. CHLD asserts, among

       other things, that the commission that Conrad received from referring Indeck to CHLD as a

       purchaser was improper under section 10-15(a) of the Real Estate License Act of 2000 (Act)

       (225 ILCS 454/10-15(a) (West 2002)) because Conrad was not a licensed real estate agent at the

       time. As Conrad correctly notes, however, CHLD has no standing to assert that claim because a

       private right of action does not exist under the Act for CHLD to challenge Conrad’s receipt of

       the payment. See id. § 20-125 (indicating that no private right of action exists for violations of

       the Act except as specifically provided for in the Act); id. § 15-5(c) (stating that section 15 of the

       Act may serve as a basis for a private right of action, but that the private right of action does not

       extend to other provisions of the Act). Rather, CHLD’s remedy is to report Conrad’s receipt of

       the payment to the appropriate regulating authority. Having determined that CHLD has no

       standing to make this claim, we need not address the parties’ other arguments on this issue.

¶ 43                                           III. CONCLUSION

¶ 44          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Will County.

¶ 45          Affirmed.




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