                                                              May 12 2015, 10:45 am




ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
John William Davis, Jr.                                    Jamie C. Woods
Davis & Roose                                              Daniel G. Herbster
Goshen, Indiana                                            Thorne & Grodnik, LLP
                                                           Mishawaka, Indiana



                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Mary Ellen Stump,                                          May 12, 2015

Appellant-Petitioner,                                      Court of Appeals Cause No.
                                                           71A04-1407-MI-327
        v.                                                 Appeal from the St. Joseph Circuit
                                                           Court.

St. Joseph County Treasurer, St.                           The Honorable Michael G. Gotsch,
                                                           Judge.
Joseph County Auditor,
Cavallino Financial, LLC,                                  Cause No. 71C01-0709-MI-206
Donald Wertheimer, James H.
Shallenbarger, Jr., and Phillip
Miller,
Appellees-Respondents.




Riley, Judge.


Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015                  Page 1 of 14
                                    STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant-Petitioner, Mary Ellen Stump (Stump), appeals the trial court’s order

      denying her petition for release of tax sale surplus, in favor of St. Joseph

      County Treasurer, St. Joseph County Auditor (Auditor), Cavallino Financial,

      LLC (Cavallino), Donald Wertheimer, James R. Shallenbarger, Jr.

      (Shallenbarger), and Phillip Miller (Miller).


[2]   We reverse and remand with instructions.


                                                     ISSUES

[3]   Stump raises three issues on appeal, which we restate as follows:


          (1) Whether Stump’s claim for the tax sale surplus was timely made

              pursuant to Indiana Code section 6-1.1-24-7;

          (2) Whether Stump’s lien on the tax sale surplus takes priority over the other

              claims; and

          (3) Whether Stump is entitled to Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale

              surplus based on the joint tenancy in the real estate.




      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015   Page 2 of 14
                              FACTS1 AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY


[4]   By special warranty deed dated February 13, 2004, title to the property located

      at 708 W. Battell Street in Mishawaka, Indiana (the Property) was conveyed to

      James H. Shallenbarger, Jr. a/k/a Jim Shallenbarger (Shallenbarger) and

      Phillip Miller (Miller) as joint tenants with rights of survivorship. On October

      24, 2007, the Property was sold at the St. Joseph County Delinquent Tax sale

      for $25,000.00. The Property was not redeemed and title was issued to the tax

      sale purchaser on January 15, 2009, generating a tax sale surplus of $20,391.95.


[5]   Previously, on November 5, 2008, Cavallino Financial, LLC (Cavallino), a

      company specialized “in locating unclaimed assets and reuniting them with

      heirs and/or beneficiaries,” requested the Auditor by letter to reimburse the full

      amount of the tax sale surplus to Shallenbarger, enclosing a limited power of

      attorney signed by Shallenbarger. (Appellant’s App. p. 10). Rejecting the

      request, the Auditor informed Cavallino that both owners of the Property

      would have to sign the release for the full amount of the surplus. On March 19,

      2009, Attorney Donald Wertheimer (Attorney Wertheimer), representing

      Regatta Capital, Ltd. (Regatta), the mortgage lender on the Property which

      Shallenbarger and Miller defaulted on, contacted the Auditor and forwarded

      unsigned authorizations by Shallenbarger and Miller, purportedly consenting to




      1
       In her Argument section, Stump informs this court that the facts have been stipulated. However, while we
      agree that the parties appear to be in agreement about the essential facts, no formal, factual stipulation was
      accepted by the trial court or entered in the chronological case history.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015                           Page 3 of 14
      Attorney Wertheimer’s acceptance of the tax sale surplus on their behalf. The

      Auditor refused to release the surplus. In September of 2009, Shallenbarger

      contacted the Auditor’s office requesting half of the tax sale surplus, or

      $10,195.98. A check was issued for that amount but a stop payment order was

      subsequently placed on the check. On September 14, 2009, the Auditor notified

      all interested parties that, due to the many requests and allegations of

      entitlement to the tax sale surplus, the Auditor would not distribute the funds

      until a court determined the ownership of the funds and advised the parties to

      resolve their claims before the tax sale surplus reverted to the County’s general

      fund.


[6]   On March 12, 2010, Cavallino filed its petition for release of surplus, averring

      to act as the agent of Shallenbarger and Miller in accordance with a signed

      limited power of attorney. On April 13, 2010, Attorney Wertheimer, as counsel

      for Regatta, filed a motion to intervene and objection to Cavallino’s petition for

      release. On April 14, 2010, the trial court conducted a hearing, at the close of

      which the trial court continued the case “to be reset” for an evidentiary hearing.

      (Appellant’s App. p. 148).


[7]   On November 20, 2013, Stump filed a motion to intervene in the proceedings,

      claiming a “first and prior judgment lien” on the share of Shallenbarger’s tax

      sale surplus. (Appellant’s App. p. 37). She had obtained a prior judgment in

      the amount of $53,171.18 against Shallenbarger on December 22, 2006. The

      execution of this judgment was subsequently served on the Auditor sometime in

      November 2013. The Auditor refused to honor the execution, resulting in

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015     Page 4 of 14
      Stump intervening in the current cause. On January 21, 2014, Stump’s motion

      to intervene was granted without objection and on the same day, she filed a

      corrected petition for release of the tax sale surplus. On February 12, 2014, the

      Auditor filed a statement of facts and objection to Stump’s corrected petition.

      On June 16, 2014, the trial court conducted a hearing on Stump’s corrected

      petition. After entertaining arguments of counsel but entering no findings of

      fact or conclusions thereon, the trial court summarily denied Stump’s petition

      the following day.


[8]   Stump now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.


                                   DISCUSSION AND DECISION

                                            I. Standard of Review

[9]   Actions seeking payment of a tax sale surplus are essentially ones for a

      declaratory judgment. Beneficial Ind. Inc. v. Joy Props. LLC, 942 N.E.2d 889, 891-

      92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), reh’g denied, trans. denied. Declaratory orders have the

      force and effect of a final judgment, and we review them in the same manner as

      other judgments. Id. In its declaratory judgment, the trial court made no

      findings of fact or conclusions of law thereon, therefore, when the court

      formulates a general judgment, we presume the court correctly followed the

      law. In re H.M.C., 876 N.E.2d 805, 808 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We do not

      reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of the witnesses and we view the

      evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment. Id.



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015    Page 5 of 14
[10]   Stump’s appeal presents a question of statutory interpretation. The

       interpretation of a statute is a question of law, which our court reviews de novo.

       Taylor v. State, 7 N.E.3d 362, 365 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). If “the statutory

       language is clear and unambiguous[,]” we do not apply any rules of statutory

       construction. Id. Rather, words and phrases will “be given their plain,

       ordinary, and usual meanings.” Id. However, where the “statute is susceptible

       to multiple interpretations, it is deemed ambiguous and open to judicial

       construction.” Id.


[11]   When construing a statute, we endeavor to give effect to the intent of the

       General Assembly. Id. We presume that the legislature intended the statutory

       language to “be applied logically and not to bring about an unjust or absurd

       result.” Alvey v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1031, 1033 (Ind. Ct. App.), aff’d on reh’g, 15

       N.E.3d 72 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). In order to determine and implement the

       General Assembly’s intent, we must consider the statute as a whole, “read[ing]

       sections of an act together so that no part is rendered meaningless if it can be

       harmonized with the remainder of the statute.” Id. In addition to the language

       itself, we may look “to the nature and subject matter of the act and the object to

       be accomplished thereby.” Id. As we consider this question of law in the

       matter before us, we are mindful of our supreme court’s admonition to “give a

       statute practical application by construing it in a way favoring public

       convenience and avoiding absurdity, hardship, and injustice.” Beneficial Ind.

       Inc., 942 N.E.2d at 892 (citing Merritt v. State, 829 N.E.2d 472, 475 (Ind. 2005)).


                                                II. Timely Claim
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015   Page 6 of 14
[12]   Stump contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her

       corrected petition for the release of the tax sale surplus. Disputing the Auditor’s

       claim that no valid filing was timely made, Stump asserts that a claim was

       properly filed within the statutory term of three years either by Shallenbarger

       through the informal procedure of Ind. Code § 6-1.1-24-7(c)(1) or by Cavallino

       by filing a claim in the trial court pursuant to I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(d)(2).


[13]   The tax sale process is a purely statutory creation and requires material

       compliance with each step of the applicable statutes. See I.C. §§ 6-1.1-24-1

       through -15; 6-1.1-25-1 through -19; Prince v. Marion Cnty. Auditor, 992 N.E.2d

       214, 219-20 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. Indiana Code Chapter 6-1.1-24

       governs the sale of real property when taxes or special assessments become

       delinquent. If a real estate owner fails to pay property taxes, the property may

       be sold to satisfy the outstanding tax obligation. See In re 2005 Tax Sale Parcel

       No. 24006-001-0022-01, 898 N.E.2d 349, 353 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). After a tax

       sale, the county treasurer “shall apply” the amount paid to taxes, assessments,

       penalties, costs, and other delinquent property taxes; thereafter, any balance is

       to be placed in a tax sale surplus fund. I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(a). In the event of a tax

       sale surplus, the statute authorizes that a verified claim for a refund can be

       made by

               (c) The:
                        (1) owner of record of the real property at the time the tax deed
                        is issued who is divested of ownership by the issuance of a tax
                        deed; or



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015             Page 7 of 14
                        (2) tax sale purchaser or purchaser’s assignee, upon redemption
                        of the tract or item of real property[.]
                        []. If the claim is approved by the county auditor and the
                        county treasurer, the county auditor shall issue a warrant to the
                        claimant for the money due.
               (d) If the person who claims money deposited in the tax sale surplus
               fund under subsection (c) is:
                        (1) a person described in subsection (c)(1) who acquired the
                        property from a delinquent taxpayer after the property was sold
                        at a tax sale under this chapter; or
                        (2) a person not described in subsection (c)(1), including a
                        person who acts under a power of attorney executed by the
                        person described in subsection (c)(1);
               the county auditor may issue a warrant to the person only as directed
               by the court having jurisdiction over the tax sale of the parcel for
               which the surplus claim is made.
       I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(c). Accordingly, “only the owner, at the time of a tax sale, of

       real estate sold at a tax sale and the tax sale purchaser may use the

       administrative procedure provided by the statute to claim a tax sale surplus.”

       CANA Investments, LLC v. Fansler, 832 N.E.2d 1103, 1105 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005).

       Nevertheless, this procedure is not the only method to determine whether an

       individual holds a substantial interest in the property as “a claimant other than

       the one identified in the statute may pursue disbursement of the tax sale surplus

       in the trial court.” Beneficial Ind. Inc., 942 N.E.2d at 894.


[14]   An individual purporting to claim a tax sale surplus is not vested with an

       unlimited time in which to file for his or her refund. If the balance of the tax

       sale surplus is not claimed within “the three year period after the date of its

       receipt,” the amount deposited in the tax sale surplus fund “may not be


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015             Page 8 of 14
       disbursed,” but instead “shall be transferred by the county auditor to the county

       general fund.” I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f).


[15]   Cavallino’s initial request, submitted to the Auditor on November 5, 2008, to

       release the surplus generated from the tax sale on October 24, 2007, was

       rejected because of the defective limited power of attorney attached to its letter.

       The Auditor rejected Regatta’s March 19, 2009 petition on similar grounds.

       Despite issuing a check at Shallenbarger’s request for one-half of the tax sale

       surplus, the Auditor issued a stop payment order and informed all parties that

       ownership should be determined by the trial court before any disbursement of

       the surplus could be made. As the competing claims “require[d] resolution of

       factual issues or complex questions of law,” a trial court “is [] better suited to

       resolve this than a county auditor.” Lake Cnty. Auditor v. Burke, 802 N.E.2d 896,

       900 (Ind. 2004) (also noting that the statutorily proposed administrative remedy

       should be interpreted as being “elective but not exclusive”).


[16]   Accordingly, pursuant to I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(d)(2), Cavallino filed its petition for

       release of surplus on March 12, 2010, prior to the tax sale’s three-year

       anniversary on October 24, 2010. Immediately thereafter, on April 13, 2010,

       Regatta intervened in the cause and also asserted a claim to the surplus. After

       the trial court continued the case “to be reset” for an evidentiary hearing, no

       further proceedings occurred in the pending cause until November 20, 2013,

       when Stump intervened, averring a first and prior judgment lien on

       Shallenbarger’s interest in



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015    Page 9 of 14
[17]   the tax sale surplus. (Appellant’s App. p. 148). Stump’s intervention in the

       existing action was approved by the trial court, without objection from the

       Auditor, on January 21, 2014. Once joined, Stump was treated as an original

       party and elevated to an equal standing with the other parties in the action. See

       In re Guardianship of A.L.C., 902 N.E.2d 343, 351 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).


[18]   Nevertheless, the Auditor now contends that Stump’s intervention was

       untimely. Because no valid claim was asserted within the three-year period

       proponed in I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f), the tax surplus reverted to the general fund and

       therefore, the Auditor maintains that no refund can be disbursed. Focusing on

       the ordinary phrasing of the statute, the Auditor argues that “I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f)

       should not be interpreted in such a way as to render its three year deadline to

       make valid claims for a tax sale surplus meaningless or useless.” (Appellees’

       Br. p. 14). According to the Auditor’s argument, the plain language clearly

       indicates that “the [s]urplus may not be distributed if not validly claimed within

       the three year deadline.” (Appellees’ Br. p. 11). As such, even if I.C. § 6-1.1-

       24-7(f) “is not an escheat per se, it still has an effect that is at least analogous to

       an escheat.” (Appellees’ Br. p. 14). We disagree.


[19]   Although the Auditor’s Appellate Brief is littered with assertions that a valid

       claim must be made within the statutory term of three years, the statute merely

       stipulates that a claim for a tax sale surplus must be filed within a three-year

       period after the date of the balance’s receipt. See I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(f). As the

       statute “does not purport to provide an exhaustive list of persons who may

       claim a tax sale surplus,” but rather allows any person claiming an entitlement

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015      Page 10 of 14
       to the money to file a claim, the validity is a legal determination which must be

       made by a court of law. See Burks, 802 N.E.2d at 899. Because a claim was

       pending at the time of the three-year anniversary of the tax sale surplus, the

       balance should not have been transferred to the county general fund.

       Moreover, even if after three years the surplus “must” be transferred to the

       county general fund, the statute is discretionary as to the possibility to disburse

       the surplus if a legal conclusion on the validity of the claim is reached after the

       three-year period. See Brewer v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 743 N.E.2d 322, 326 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2001) (the language ‘may’ is permissive and not mandatory), trans.

       denied. Accordingly, by inserting the permissive verb-tense, the statute’s drafters

       did not intend for it to effectively work as an escheat by depriving those who

       have an interest in the Property. See also Burks, 802 N.E.2d at 899-900

       (discussing I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(b), we stated that “[t]he statute does not in effect

       cause an escheat to the County by denying those with an interest in property the

       right to claim the surplus”).


[20]   Cavallino filed its petition for a disposition of the tax sale surplus within the

       three-year time period after receipt of the money, as envisioned by the statute.

       Despite the longevity of the claim and the parties’ inactivity in the proceedings,

       a legal determination on its validity is still pending and the cause was never

       disposed of or dismissed by the trial court. Because the proceedings are still

       ongoing, Stump could intervene and request a release of the tax sale surplus.

       Even though the Auditor had the opportunity to object to her intervention, he

       failed to do so and the trial court approved her motion. See Valparaiso Technical


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015   Page 11 of 14
       Inst., Inc. v. Porter Cnty.Treasurer, 682 N.E.2d 819, 821 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (The

       court may consider an objection to intervention from the original parties, as

       these parties are masters of their action and should be given input into who they

       want to sue.), reh’g denied. Therefore, we conclude that Cavallino’s claim was

       timely asserted, and Stump properly intervened in these pending proceedings. 2


                                              III. Priority of Stump’s Lien


[21]   Because of the competing claims asserting ownership over Shallenbarger’s

       interest in the tax sale surplus, it is imperative to determine the priority of these

       claims. First, Cavallino claimed the share as agent for Shallenbarger, then

       Regatta sought to intervene as the lender of the Property’s mortgage

       Shallenbarger defaulted on, and lastly, Stump executed a lien on the surplus

       and intervened in the current proceeding.


[22]   Without analyzing the validity of Cavallino’s claim as agent for Shallenbarger,

       we find that Stump’s lien has priority over Cavallino’s claim. Because

       Cavallino’s claim is contingent on Shallenbarger retaining an interest in the

       surplus, and Stump holds a judgment lien against Shallenbarger’s interest,




       2
         In their appellate Briefs, the parties also argue the applicability of I.C. § 6-1.1-24-7(e), which provides that
       “[a] court may direct the issuance of a warrant only: (1) on petition by the claimant; and (2) within three
       years after the date of sale of the parcel in the tax sale.” This subsection (e) was added to the statute by the
       Second Regular Session of the 116th General Assembly, originally as subsection (d) but has since been
       recodified as subsection (e), and became effective July 1, 2010, after Cavallino filed its petition for the tax sale
       surplus. As we apply the statute in effect at the time the petition was filed, absent clear legislative indication
       for a retroactive application, we will refrain from evaluating the merits of the parties’ respective arguments
       with respect to subsection (e) and express no opinion thereon. See Martin v. State, 774 N.E.2d 43, 44 (Ind.
       2002) (“[U]nless there are strong and compelling reasons, statutes will normally be applied prospectively.)

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015                              Page 12 of 14
       Stump’s lien takes priority. See Bowyer Excavating , Inc. v. Comm’r, Ind. Dep’t of

       Environmental Mgmt., 671 N.E.2d 180, 187 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (claims that

       have not been reduced to judgments do not create liens), trans. denied.


[23]   On April 13, 2010, Regatta moved to intervene in the proceedings commenced

       by Cavallino. During the hearing held the following day, Regatta admitted to

       not having notified the other parties and the trial court agreed to “reset” the

       cause after Regatta “g[o]t service.” (Appellant’s App. p. 148). Thereafter,

       Regatta has not participated nor sought to participate in any proceedings before

       the court, and neither did the trial court rule on its motion to intervene.

       Although Regatta, as mortgage lender, can arguably assert an interest in the tax

       sale surplus, it abandoned the proceeding by failing to seek service and to

       properly intervene in the cause. Thus, as Regatta did not secure its interest,

       Stump’s lien on the tax sale surplus takes priority.


                             IV. Shallenbarger’s Joint Tenancy in the Property


[24]   After concluding that Stump’s claim was timely filed, and that she holds a

       priority lien on Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale surplus, we need to

       determine what interest Shallenbarger retained in the tax sale surplus based on

       his joint tenancy in the Property. Stump maintains that the joint tenancy in the

       Property was extinguished by the tax sale and instead followed the proceeds of

       the tax sale as a tenancy in common. Accordingly, by virtue of the judgment

       lien, Stump asserts her entitlement to Shallenbarger’s one-half share of the tax

       sale surplus.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015   Page 13 of 14
[25]   Shallenbarger and Miller created a joint tenancy with rights of survivorship on

       the Property by special warranty deed on February 13, 2004. It is well

       established that “the creation of a joint tenancy relationship [in real estate]

       entitles each party to an equal share of the proceeds of the sale” of the real

       estate. Cunningham v. Hastings, 556 N.E.2d 12, 14 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990); see also

       Hughes v. Hughes, 356 N.E.2d 225, 234 (Ind. Ct. App. 1976) (holding that

       “persons who own real property as joint tenants with right of survivorship also

       hold the right to the proceeds from a contract to sell said realty as joint tenants

       with right of survivorship unless they express a contrary intent.”)


[26]   Here, Shallenbarger and Miller created a joint tenancy relationship in the

       Property and there is no evidence in the record that they expressed an intent

       that the tax sale surplus be held in any other way than as joint tenants.

       Accordingly, we remand to the trial court to determine the extent, if any, of

       Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale surplus.


                                                CONCLUSION

[27]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Stump’s claim for the tax sale surplus

       was timely made pursuant to Indiana Code section 6-1.1-24-7; and that Stump’s

       judgment lien takes priority. However, we remand to the trial court to

       determine the extent, if any, of Shallenbarger’s interest in the tax sale surplus


[28]   Reversed and remanded with instructions.


[29]   Vaidik, C. J. and Baker, J. concur


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion | 71A04-1407-MI-327 | May 12, 2015    Page 14 of 14
