                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Kelsey and Petty
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              ALLEN WADE BRIGGS
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.   Record No. 0730-13-2                                        JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY
                                                                                     APRIL 8, 2014
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                          FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF COLONIAL HEIGHTS
                                            Herbert C. Gill, Jr., Judge

                                   Nathaniel A. Scaggs (Hill and Rainey Attorneys, on brief),
                                   for appellant.

                                   David M. Uberman, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                                   Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     The trial court found Allen Wade Briggs guilty of embezzlement, in violation of Code

              § 18.2-111. On appeal, Briggs claims that the evidence was insufficient to prove his guilt. We

              disagree and affirm.

                                                                I.

                     When presented with a sufficiency challenge on appeal, we review the evidence in the

              “light most favorable” to the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578

              S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003). This principle requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in

              conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to

              the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Parks v. Commonwealth,

              221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted).

                     In addition, our appellate review “is not limited to the evidence mentioned by a party in

              trial argument or by the trial court in its ruling.” Perry v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 580, 701




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
S.E.2d 431, 436 (2010) (quoting Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 147, 654 S.E.2d 584,

586 (2008)). Instead, “an appellate court must consider all the evidence admitted at trial that is

contained in the record.” Id.; see also Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 94, 103, 688 S.E.2d

168, 173 (2010).

       So viewed, the evidence at trial proved that Briggs worked as a manager at ColorTyme, a

rent-to-own store. The store owner conducted an audit and discovered that on March 18, 2012,

store proceeds totaled $326 in cash. Contrary to store policy, however, no deposit was made to

the store’s cash register or bank account. Briggs was the only employee in the store that day.

       Widening his investigation, the store owner also discovered that four customers

complained that store employees were calling them for payments on their past due account

balances, which had already been paid. Each of the four customers produced receipts issued by

Briggs verifying that they had paid their accounts in full.

       One customer purchased a bedroom set on February 8, 2012, and paid Briggs $481.50 in

cash. She received in return a handwritten receipt for that amount. Another customer purchased

a computer and paid Briggs $730 in cash on March 5, 2012. Briggs gave the second customer a

handwritten receipt, which Briggs had signed, for that amount. A third customer bought tires,

wheels, and a bedroom set. She paid Briggs $142.59 in cash (a final payment on a disputed

balance) and received from him a “paid in full” notation on the receipt, which was also signed by

Briggs. App. at 37. The fourth customer paid Briggs $222 in cash for a purchase and received

from him a handwritten receipt, again signed by Briggs, verifying the payment.

       The store owner testified that he audited the store’s finances and discovered that none of

these four payments had been properly accounted for or deposited in the store’s bank account.

Briggs had signed three of the four handwritten receipts, the owner added. The receipts given to

these customers came from one of three receipt books with individual receipts in triplicate form.


                                                -2-
All three books had disappeared by the time the owner began his investigation. As store

manager, Briggs was responsible for maintaining the receipt books in his office desk.

       An assistant store manager testified that, under store policy, cash received from

customers would be deposited in the cash register. At the end of each day, all but $150 would be

taken from the cash register and stored in a locked desk drawer located in a back office. Only he

and Briggs had keys to the drawer. The following day, the cash from the drawer would be taken

to the bank for deposit. The assistant manager further explained that cash payments were

deposited into the store cash register, which would simultaneously print out a receipt. There was

“no reason,” he explained, to write a handwritten receipt for cash payments. Id. at 52. On

several occasions, he noticed shortages in the closing cash tally and notified Briggs of the

problem. Briggs said that “he would take care of it the next day.” Id. at 55.

       In a motion to strike, Briggs’s counsel argued “that we just have lots of conflicting

testimony. There were bits and pieces here; one person say[ing] this, one person saying that.”

Id. at 140. He claimed that Briggs’s testimony was “unimpeached” and demonstrated that,

among other things, he did not have “exclusive access” to the store funds. Id. at 140-41.

Counsel also argued that the trial court should accept Briggs’s testimony that “he never took any

of this money” and that, because the store’s record-keeping was a “mess,” it was impossible to

determine who did. Id. at 142. Rejecting these arguments, the trial court denied the motion to

strike and found Briggs guilty of embezzlement.

                                                II.

      On appeal, Briggs challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his embezzlement

conviction. His argument implicitly assumes a less-than-deferential standard of appellate review

and a reconsideration of the facts in the light most favorable to the defendant. We take a

different view, however.


                                               -3-
       In Virginia, the standard of appellate review is well settled. “An appellate court does not

‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193, 677 S.E.2d 280, 282 (2009) (emphasis

omitted) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “Rather, the relevant

question is whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Consequently, “we are not

permitted to reweigh the evidence,” Nusbaum v. Berlin, 273 Va. 385, 408, 641 S.E.2d 494, 507

(2007), because appellate courts have no authority “to preside de novo over a second trial,”

Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 11, 602 S.E.2d 402, 407 (2004).

       This deferential appellate standard “applies not only to findings of fact, but also to any

reasonable and justified inferences the fact-finder may have drawn from the facts proved.”

Sullivan v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d 61, 63-64 (2010); see also Clanton v.

Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 566, 673 S.E.2d 904, 907 (2009) (en banc). Thus, a fact-

finder may “draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts,” Haskins, 44 Va. App.

at 10, 602 S.E.2d at 406 (internal quotation marks omitted), unless doing so would “push into the

realm of non sequitur,” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 605, 608, 633 S.E.2d 229, 231

(2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       In this case, a rational fact-finder could conclude that Briggs embezzled funds belonging

to his employer. The trial court found the Commonwealth’s witnesses credible. Their testimony

proved that Briggs had received money directly from store customers on five separate occasions.

None of that money ever made it into the cash register, the overnight pouch stored in the desk

drawer, or the next-day bank deposits. On four of these five occasions, Briggs issued

handwritten receipts instead of placing the funds in the cash register and providing a register-

issued receipt. By doing so, Briggs avoided any register record of the payments. As the store


                                                -4-
owner testified, all of the handwritten receipt books that contained the triplicate copies of the

original receipts had mysteriously disappeared, and it was Briggs, the store manager, who had

custody of and responsibility for these books.

        Briggs rejects this narrative as a one-sided retelling of the story that ignores the

conflicting testimony he presented on each of these factual points. Perhaps so, but an appellate

court has a “duty to discard” contested evidence presented by the accused and to “regard as true

all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth.” Wright v. Commonwealth, 196 Va.

132, 137, 82 S.E.2d 603, 606 (1954); see also Parks, 221 Va. at 498, 270 S.E.2d at 759.

               [W]hen “faced with a record of historical facts that supports
               conflicting inferences,” a court reviewing the sufficiency of the
               evidence “must presume — even if it does not affirmatively appear
               in the record — that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in
               favor of the prosecution, and must defer to that resolution.”

Harper v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 517, 523, 642 S.E.2d 779, 782 (2007) (quoting Jackson,

443 U.S. at 326 ).1 That remains true even if the defendant takes the stand to testify on his own

behalf. Sitting as fact-finder, the trial court is “at liberty to discount” a defendant’s “self-serving

statements as little more than lying to conceal his guilt.” Armstead v. Commonwealth, 56

Va. App. 569, 581, 695 S.E.2d 561, 567 (2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Briggs also contends that the evidence was entirely circumstantial. However, Briggs’s

possession of his employer’s funds was proven by direct, not circumstantial, evidence. The four

customers testified that they paid Briggs personally. He, not some other employee, physically

received the money. The Commonwealth did rely on circumstantial evidence to prove that


       1
         Accord Belew v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 55, 64, 741 S.E.2d 800, 804 (2013);
Sims v. Sims, 55 Va. App. 340, 348-49, 685 S.E.2d 869, 873 (2009); Carter v. Commonwealth,
54 Va. App. 700, 705 n.3, 682 S.E.2d 77, 80 n.3 (2009); James v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App.
671, 679 n.2, 674 S.E.2d 571, 575 n.2 (2009); Clanton, 53 Va. App. at 571, 673 S.E.2d at 909;
McEachern v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 679, 687 n.3, 667 S.E.2d 343, 347 n.3 (2008);
Coleman v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 19, 22 n.1, 600 S.E.2d 687, 689 n.1 (2008).


                                                 -5-
Briggs never turned the money over to his employer. That inference was drawn from several

circumstances: the conspicuous use of handwritten receipts in an apparent effort to avoid the

cash register’s automated record, Briggs’s control and custody of the overnight pouch kept in the

locked desk drawer, the absence of the funds in the bank deposits made on the days after Briggs

received the funds, and the untimely disappearance of the receipt books that Briggs, as store

manager, was responsible to maintain. These circumstances point to one very reasonable

inference — Briggs kept the money.

       We do not share Briggs’s distrust of the circumstantial basis for this inference. “There is

no distinction in the law between the weight or value to be given to either direct or circumstantial

evidence.” Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 479, 619 S.E.2d 16, 31 (2005). Fact-

finders instinctually take into account the totality of the circumstances and understand that no

one circumstance should be “viewed in isolation.” Id. at 479, 619 S.E.2d at 32. On appeal, we

similarly appreciate that “[w]hile no single piece of evidence may be sufficient, the combined

force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may lead a

reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.” Id.; see also Brown v. Commonwealth, 54

Va. App. 107, 119, 676 S.E.2d 326, 332 (2009). This principle cuts across all issues of

substantive criminal law, including embezzlement.2

       Finally, Briggs argues on brief that two embezzlement cases, Webb v. Commonwealth,

204 Va. 24, 129 S.E.2d 22 (1963), and Tribuzi v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 289, 487 S.E.2d

870 (1997), dictate a reversal here. We disagree.



       2
         See Smith v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 646, 650, 283 S.E.2d 209, 211 (1981) (favorably
analyzing circumstantial evidence, which led to reasonable inferences of guilt, in the context of
embezzlement); Ronald J. Bacigal, Criminal Offenses and Defenses 240 (2013-14 ed.) (“The
proof that the accused did one of these acts [of embezzlement] can be circumstantial, but it must
point unerringly to the accused.”).


                                               -6-
       Webb held only that a “bookkeeper” cannot be found guilty of embezzlement “merely

because the funds received had not been deposited where there is an obvious lack of internal

control and where persons other than the accused received funds and made some entries in the

accounts in the absence of a showing that he converted the funds to his own use.” Webb, 204

Va. at 34, 129 S.E.2d at 30. We see this holding as an unremarkable restatement of the obvious:

A bookkeeper, simply because he is the bookkeeper, cannot be presumed guilty of embezzlement

without evidence that he actually embezzled the funds.

       The same is true of Tribuzi. There, a hospital worker shared with several others the duty

to manage the revenues of the hospital cafeteria. An accounting showed that some of these

revenues were inexplicably missing. We held that the worker could not be presumed to be the

thief because of the absence of any evidence that he actually took the money and failed to

account for it. This was particularly true, we added, given that several workers handled the

money and the internal accounting controls were known to be unreliable. Tribuzi, 25 Va. App. at

294, 487 S.E.2d at 872.

       These cases do not represent, as Briggs suggests, rules of law requiring proof of

“exclusive access” or reliable “internal controls” as preconditions to convicting a defendant of

embezzlement, as if they served as de facto elements of the offense. See, e.g., Smith v.

Commonwealth, 222 Va. 646, 650-51, 283 S.E.2d 209, 211 (1981) (noting that the decision in

Webb “rested on broader grounds” than the mere fact that “others had access to the embezzled

property and an opportunity to commit the crime”). Webb and Tribuzi focus on those

circumstances because they were at the heart of the Commonwealth’s theory of guilt. They were

the primary circumstances of the prosecution’s circumstantial case. It necessarily follows that

the convictions could not stand if, as Webb and Tribuzi held, no reasonable fact-finder could find

the circumstances of those cases strong enough to bear the weight of reasonable doubt.


                                               -7-
       This case is quite different. Briggs was not simply a bookkeeper, tenuously assumed to

be one of the usual suspects rounded up in cases of inexplicably missing funds. Nor was he an

employee who shared with his co-workers the duty of collecting funds, and, for this reason alone,

unfairly presumed to be at least partly responsible for missing funds under their joint control.

The customers testifying at Briggs’s trial said they paid him, not someone else, and the store

owner and his assistant manager laid a credible factual foundation demonstrating that none of

these funds were passed on to Briggs’s employer. Thus, unlike Webb and Tribuzi, the

circumstances directly linked Briggs to specific funds received by him and, as the trial court

could reasonably infer, kept by him.

                                                III.

       Because a rational fact-finder could find Briggs guilty of embezzlement beyond a

reasonable doubt, we affirm his conviction.


                                                                                          Affirmed.




                                               -8-
