
489 F.Supp.2d 1060 (2007)
INFORMATICA CORPORATION, Plaintiff,
v.
BUSINESS OBJECTS DATA INTEGRATION, INC., Defendant.
No. C 02-03378 EDL.
United States District Court, N.D. California.
May 16, 2007.
*1061 *1062 *1063 Albert L. Sieber, David M. Lacy Kusters, David Douglas Schumann, Fenwick & West LLP, Kenneth B. Wilson, Stefani E. Shanberg, Perkins Coie LLP, San Francisco, CA, Carolyn Chang, Darren E. Donnelly, J. David Hadden, Lynn H. Pasahow, Ryan Aftel Tyz, Fenwick & West LLP, Mountain View, CA, Lynne A. Maher, Fenwick & West LLP, Palo Alto, CA, for Plaintiff.
Theodore T. Herhold, Daniel J. Furniss, Joseph A. Greco, Robert D. Tadlock, Townsend and Townsend and Crew LLP, Palo Alto, CA, Ian L. Saffer, Townsend and Townsend and Crew LLP, Denver, CO, Leonard Joseph Augustine, Jr., Townsend and Townsend and Crew LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Defendant.

FINDINGS OF FACT AND OCCLUSIONS OF LAW ON INEQUITABLE CONDUCT
LAPORTE, United States Magistrate Judge.
This action came before the Court for jury trial on March 12, 2007. The parties presented testimonial and documentary evidence on the issues raised by the First Amended Complaint of Plaintiff Informatica Corporation ("Informatica"), and the Amended Answer and Counterclaim of Defendant Business Objects Data Integration, Inc. ("BODI"). On April 2, 2007, the jury rendered a verdict for Informatica, finding that BODI indirectly infringed claims 1, 8, 12, 15, and 18 of United States Patent No. 6,014,670 ("the '670 patent"), and claims 5, 7, and 11 of United States Patent No. 6,339,775 ("the '775 patent"), and that the claims are not invalid for anticipation, statutory bar or obviousness. The jury further found that BODI's infringement was willful. The jury awarded Informatica reasonable royalty damages in the amount of $25,240,000.
On April 9 and April 10, 2007, the Court held a bench trial on BODI's affirmative defenses and counterclaims that the '670 Patent and '775 Patent are unenforceable for inequitable conduct. On May 8, 2007, the parties appeared through counsel before the Court for oral argument. Having considered the evidence presented at trial, both to the jury and to the Court, the papers submitted by the parties, and the argument of counsel, the Court concludes *1064 that enforcement of the patents in suit is not barred by inequitable conduct.
I. FINDINGS OF FACT
A. Prosecution of the '670 Patent
The '670 Patent issued on January 11, 2000 from application 08/966,449, filed on November 7, 1997. The named inventors are Diaz Nesamoney and MS Kiumarse Zamanian. The '670 patent, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Performing Data Transformations in Data Warehousing," is assigned to Informatica. Trial Ex. 214. Mr. Nesamoney was a founder and Chief Technical Officer of Informatica at the time the application was filed. Dr. Zamanian was an employee of Informatica when the application was filed.
The '670 Patent describes a method of transforming data in the Extract, Transform, and Load ("ETL") process of building a data warehouse using "transformation objects." Clam 1 of the '670 Patent describes a method comprising the following steps:
specifying at least one source table containing data . . . ;
storing metadata corresponding to a plurality of transformation objects, wherein the transformation objects have at least one transformation object input port for accepting data and at least one transformation object output port for outputting transformed data and particular transformation objects transform data according to the metadata corresponding to that particular transformation object; specifying a target table for storing manipulated data . . . ;
selecting at least one of the transformation objects;
mapping data from the first source table output port to a first transformation object input port of a first selected transformation object, wherein the mapping is defined by a human user;
transforming the data according to the metadata corresponding to the first selected transformation object;
mapping the transformed data from a first transformation object output port to the first target table input port.
Trial Ex. 214 at cols. 19:59-20:31.
Prior to filing the application for the '670 Patent, the inventors were aware that there were ETL software programs on sale and in use in the United States, including Informatica's own PowerMart 3.0 product and competing products Sagent 1.0 and VMark. Trial Tr. at 331:18-332:6; 540:10-541:6 and 550:25-551:25; Bench Trial Tr. at 2286:17-21 and 2287:3-14. Informatica did not disclose Informatica PowerMart 3.0, Sagent Data Mart Solution 1.0, or VMark DataStage 1.0 to the PTO during the prosecution of the '670 Patent. Pl. Prop. Findings (docket no. 469), ¶¶ 8, 15, 21.
By Office Action dated March 3, 1999, the Patent Office Examiner rejected the claims of the '670 Patent application. Trial Ex. 192 at 124-130 (citing the Young and Coleman patents). On April 7, 1999, Informatica submitted an Information Disclosure Statement disclosing three articles that were cited by a foreign patent office in a counterpart foreign application:
White, Colin. "Data Warehousing. Cleaning and Transforming Data." InfoDB Volume 10 Number 6. April 1997. Database Associates INT, USA. Pages 11-12. XP-002091743.
White, Colin. "Managing Data Transformations." Byte (International Edition) Volume 22, Number 12. December 1997. McGraw Hill, USA. Pages 53-54. XP002091744.
Squire, Cass. "Data Extraction and Transformation for the Data Warehouse." 1995 ACM Sigmod International Conference on Management of Data, San Jose, CA, USA, May 22-25, *1065 1995. Pages 446-447. XP0092091745.
Trial Ex. 192 at 603-605. On May 26, 1999, Informatica submitted an Amendment and Response to the PTO, amending the claims of the patent application. Id. at 617-624. Informatica filed a continuation-in-part application, the '775 Patent application, on November 16, 1999. Id. at 660.
B. Prosecution of the '775 Patent
The '775 Patent issued on January 15, 2002 from application 09/442,060, filed on November 16, 1999. Trial Ex. 292. The application was a continuation-in-part of the '670 Patent application. Trial Ex. 292. The inventors are the same: Diaz Nesamoney and MS Kiumarse Zamanian. The '775 patent, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Performing Data Transformations in Data Warehousing," is assigned to Informatica. Trial Ex. 292.
"A continuation-in-part is an application filed during the lifetime of an earlier nonprovisional application, repeating some substantial portion or all of the earlier nonprovisional application and adding matter not disclosed in the said earlier nonprovisional application." Manual of Patent Examining Procedure § 201.08. The examiner initially rejected Claims 1, 9 and 11 of the patent application for double-patenting as rendered obvious by Claim 1 of the '670 Patent. Trial Ex. 194 at 98. Following Informatica's Amendment and Response, the examiner allowed the claims of the '775 Patent.
The Court has determined that Claim 11, which covers a "computer implemented method for transforming data," is supported by the disclosures of the '670 Patent and is entitled to the filing date of the '670 Patent, i.e., November 7, 1997, whereas Claims 5 and 7 disclose new matter and have a filing date of November 16, 1999. See Order re Effective Filing Date of Claim 11 of '775 Patent, dated March 8, 2007 (docket no. 582). Claim 5 of the '775 Patent claims a method for analyzing data within a profiling application, whereas Claim 7 claims a method for analyzing data within a data mining application. Trial Ex. 292. Informatica's expert, McGoveran, explained that a profiling application identifies the characteristics of a person or product that have a particular advantage, Trial Tr. at 1924:8-19, whereas a data mining application is used to identify previously unknown relationships or patterns between sets of data, rather than focusing on particular data values. Trial Tr. at 1927:17-1928:4.
Informatica released PowerMart 4.0 in February 1998, over one year before the '775 application date. See P1 Prop. Findings, ¶ 42; Trial Ex. 2378 at 37 (Informatica's Response to BODI's Second Set of Interrog.). Informatica did not disclose PowerMart 4.0 during prosecution of the '775 Patent. See Pl. Prop. Findings, 1143. Nor did Informatica disclose PowerMart 3.0, Sagent Data Mart Solution 1.0, or VMark DataStage 1.0 during that patent prosecution. Pl. Prop. Findings, ¶¶ 45, 52, 58.
C. Prior Art
The '670 and '775 Patents share a common "Background of the Invention" section in the patent specification. Trial Exs. 214 at 2:1-40, 292 at 2:5-46. The Background section states, in part, as follows:
Presently, the existing approaches for handling transformations for data warehousing applications can be classified into three categories: using procedural programming languages (e.g., C, C + +, and COBOL); using SQL expressions; or a combination of these two. Any of these three approaches, however, is primarily focused on capturing the low-level algorithmic behavior of transformations and does not by any means facilitate *1066 the definition and exchange of transformation metadata (i.e., data that describes how data is defined, organized, or processed). Furthermore, this was usually performed by a highly specialized software engineer who would design custom programs tailored to specific applications. Such programmers are relatively scarce and are in high demand. As such, even a simple task can be quite expensive. More complex data transformations involve voluminous amounts of data that are viewed and interpreted differently by various analysts and decision-makers. Moreover, software vendors in the data warehousing domain often offer specialized tools for defining and storing transformation information in their products. Such tools are still geared towards algorithmic behavior of transformations and usually provide graphical user interfaces to facilitate the use of procedural languages and/or SQL for that purpose. But more significantly, the format in which such transformation information is represented and saved is system-specific and low-level such that exchanging this information with other similar software becomes extremely difficult am, error-prone. Hence, data transformation software might work properly for one database, but might be incompatible with another database which contains critical data. Presently, the only high-level protocol used for describing and exchanging transformation information between different data warehousing software is limited to the definition of field-level transformations with SQL statements that include logical, arithmetic, and string operations.
Trial Ex. 214 at col. 2:1-40. BODI emphasizes the first paragraph quoted above, especially the reference to the need for highly specialized programmers, which it contends exaggerated the difficulties of existing technologies before the invention, while underplaying the second paragraph. Informatica contends that both paragraphs, taken together, adequately disclose the state of the field prior to the invention.
Mr. Nesamoney, Informatica's former President/Chief Technology Officer and Chief Operating Officer and one of the named inventors, testified that the section highlighted by BODI was written by patent counsel and accurately reflected his understanding of existing approaches to data warehousing. Trial Tr. at 555:13-556:21; Bench Trial Tr. at 2184:22-2185:10. Mr. Nesamoney explained that the reference to the need for a "highly specialized software engineer who would design custom programs tailored to specific applications" reflected his understanding of existing handcoding approaches using COBOL, Visual Basic or SQL. Trial Tr. at 556:11-558:20. Mr. Nesamoney testified that the reference to "specialized tools for defining and storing transformation information" in the second paragraph accurately described PowerMart 3.0 and 3.5. Bench Trial Tr. 2280:7-2281:17. Mr. Nesamoney testified that he had discussed with patent counsel his knowledge of the difficulty and expense of existing approaches, and explained that the Background section does not mention specific ETL products because his usual practice was to describe prior approaches generally. Bench Trial Tr. at 2190:25-2192:18. Mr. Nesamoney also admitted that although he had reviewed drafts of the patent application, he did not fully read the final version that was submitted to the PTO, although he submitted a declaration stating that he had done so. Trial Tr. at 554:23-25; Bench Trial Tr. at 2188:8-2189:18.
*1067 Dr. Zamanian, the other named inventor of the '670 and '775 Patents, has a specialized background in component-based architectures and joined Informatica in the summer of 1997 while word, on the inventions was ongoing. Trial Tr. at 302:25-303:12. Dr. Zamanian believed that reusable transformation objects were a novel approach to ETL and was unaware of any such capability in competing products or in PowerMart 3. Trial Tr. at 350:20-351:1. Dr. Zamanian testified that in order to fulfill his duty to disclose, he conducted a search on the internet for prior art, and consulted with patent counsel about their research, and did not find anything specific to the patent. Bench Trial Tr. at 2285:12-21. Dr. Zamanian did not recall discussing PowerMart 3.5 (then the current version) with the patent attorney, but believed that the patent attorney was familiar with that product because he had filed other patents for Informatica. Bench Trial Tr. at 2286:6-12. Dr. Zamanian testified that he was only very generally aware of competing products, but was not familiar with them specifically. Bench Trial Tr. at 2286:17-2287:11. Dr. Zamanian also testified that the Background section referred to handcoding approaches in order to explain that existing approaches to building data transformations were neither easy nor inexpensive. Trial Tr. at 345:6-349:8. Dr. Zamanian further testified that the reference to "specialized tools for defining and storing transformation information" in the second paragraph cited above referred to ETL tools such as PowerMart 3.0. Trial Tr. at 354:2-13. As BODI acknowledged at oral argument, Dr. Zamanian was a particularly credible witness.
D. PowerMart Products
Informatica issued a press release on April 8, 1996 announcing that PowerMart 3.0 was soon to be released. Trial Ex. 2219 at 1. It stated that the product would "put the tools for building targeted solutions in the hands of targeted users," rather than outsourced COBOL programmers. Id. The press release also stated that the product was for building data marts "using a highly visual operating environment, and is based entirely in C + + ." Id. at 2.
A January 15, 1997 press release also markets this early PowerMart product as avoiding COBOL. "[Customer] Owens & Minor chose PowerMart . . . because it automates the task of building and deploying data marts-highly focused data ware-houses-without having to write software code by hand or generate COBOL." Trial Ex. 2549 at 1. Based on the date of the press release, the referenced PowerMart product was either version 3.0 or 3.5. Bench Trial Tr. at 2272:12-2273:1. The press release also states, "The real value of the data mart, however, lies in the data mining capabilities the mart will enable." Trial Ex. 2549 at 2. Mr. Nesamoney testified that the data mining references in the Owens & Minor press release was to the actual data mart, not to the PowerMart product. Bench Trial Tr. at 2273:2-12.
As to PowerMart 4.0, which was released in February 1998, Mr. Nesamoney admitted that it embodied some of the claims of the '775 Patent, but did not specify which ones. Bench Trial Tr. at 2271:24-2272:3. Dr. Zamanian testified that it was possible to use PowerMart 4.0 to determine which of a company's products have the highest profit margins and which have the lowest, which defense counsel defined as data profiling. Bench Trial Tr. at 2292:25-2293:8. Dr. Zamanian denied that the product could really do data mining. Bench Trial Tr. at 2293:9-12. He acknowledged that PowerMart 4.0 could be used to determine which products did better than a particular, pre-defined threshold definition in a specific case. However, he expressed doubt that such an exercise constituted real data mining and denied that *1068 the product could perform such a function in a generalized sense. Bench Trial Tr. at 2293:9-2294:3. Informatica's expert, Mr. McGoveran, explained that data mining goes beyond such simple, specific queries to uncover hidden relationships across massive amounts of data across multiple data warehouses. Trial Tr. at 1926:14-1928:5. In response to interrogatories, Informatica initially admitted that Power-Mart 4.0 embodied each of the asserted claims of the '775 Patent. After claims construction, however, Informatica submitted a supplemental response that Claims 5 and 7 were not practiced until PowerCenter 6. See Trial Ex. 2369 at 13 (Resp. to Interrog. No. 6, dated Oct. 30, 2003); Pl's Am.Trial Br. at 20 and Donnelly Suppl. Decl., Ex. 1 (DTX 2376 at 4 (Second Suppl. Resp. to Interrog. No. 8, dated April 28, 2006)).
II. LEGAL STANDARD
"To hold a patent unenforceable due to inequitable conduct, there must be clear and convincing evidence that the applicant (1) made an affirmative misrepresentation of material fact, failed to disclose material information, or submitted false material information, and (2) intended to deceive the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO")." Cargill, Inc. v. Canbra Foods, Ltd., 476 F.3d 1359, 1363-64 (Fed. Cir.2007) (citing Impax Labs., Inc. v. Aventis Pharm. Inc., 468 F.3d 1366, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2006)). Once the party asserting inequitable conduct proves a threshold level of materiality and intent by clear and convincing evidence, "[t]he court must then determine whether the questioned conduct amounts to inequitable conduct by balancing the levels of materiality and intent, `with a greater showing of one factor allowing a lesser showing of the other.'" Digital Control Inc. v. Charles Machine Works, 437 F.3d 1309, 1313 (Fed.Cir.2006), quoting Union Pac. Res. Co. v. Chesapeake Energy Corp., 236 F.3d 684, 693 (Fed.Cir.2001).
The Federal Circuit recognizes several tests for the materiality element of inequitable conduct. Under the "reasonable examiner" test, materiality requires a showing that "`a reasonable examiner would have considered such prior art important in deciding whether to allow the patent application.'" Digital Control, 437 F.3d at 1314, quoting Dayco Prods., Inc. v. Total Containment, Inc., 329 F.3d 1358, 1363 (Fed.Cir.2003) (internal quotations omitted). The "reasonable examiner" test is based in part on the standard of materiality articulated in the PTO's Rule 56, describing the duty of candor and good faith, or duty of disclosure, before it was amended in 1992. Id. That regulation provided as follows:

A duty of candor and good faith toward the Patent and Trademark Office rests on the inventor, on each attorney or agent who prepares or prosecutes the application and on every other individual who is substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application and who is associated with the inventor, with the assignee or with anyone to whom there is an obligation to assign the application. All such individuals have a duty to disclose to the Office information they are aware of which is material to the examination of the application. Such information is material where there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would consider it important in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent.

Dayco Prods., 329 F.3d at 1363, n. 1, quoting 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(a) (1991) (emphases added in original). Under the "reasonable examiner" standard, prior art may be material for inequitable conduct even though *1069 it would not be invalidating. Digital Control, 437 F.3d at 1318.
The PTO's current version of Rule 56 articulates a different test of materiality, but leaves intact the "reasonable examiner" standard. Digital Control, 437 F.3d at 1316. Rule 56 now provides as follows:
(b) Under this section, information is material to patentability when it is not cumulative to information already of record or being made of record in the application, and
(1) It establishes, by itself or in combination with other information, a prima facie case of unpatentability of a claim; or
(2) It refutes, or is inconsistent with, a position the applicant takes in:
(I) Opposing an argument of unpatentability relied on by the Office, or
(ii) Asserting an argument of patentability.
A prima facie case of unpatentability is established when the information compels a conclusion that a claim is unpatentable under the preponderance of evidence, burden-of-proof standard, giving each term in the claim its broadest reasonable construction consistent with the specification, and before any consideration is given to evidence which may be submitted in an attempt to establish a contrary conclusion of patentability.
37 C.F.R. § 1.56(b) (2007).
Under the various tests of materiality, "to the extent that one standard requires a higher showing of materiality than another standard, the requisite finding of intent may be lower" on the sliding scale for inequitable conduct balancing materiality and intent. Digital Control, 437 F.3d at 1316. In other words, to establish the requisite intent "requires that the involved conduct, viewed in light of all the evidence, including evidence indicative of good faith, must indicate sufficient culpability to require a finding of intent to deceive.' Intent rarely can be, and need not be, proven by direct evidence. Instead, an intent to deceive is usually inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding the conduct at issue." Cargill, 476 F.3d at 1364, quoting Impax Labs., 468 F.3d at 1374-75 (internal citation omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
BODI identifies several omissions and alleged misstatements in the course of the patent prosecution as evidence of inequitable conduct. First, BODI contends that Informatica failed to disclose material prior art products, namely PowerMart 3.0 and the later version 4.0, Sagent 1.0 and Vmark DataStage, and disclosed instead trivial and misleading prior art. Second, BODI argues that Informatica misrepresented the state of the prior art as less advanced than it was and marketed its PowerMart 3.0 product as solving prior art problems that were described in the Background section of the '670 and '775 patent applications. Third, BODI argues that Mr. Nesamoney submitted a false declaration to the PTO regarding his review and understanding of the contents of the application.
A. Materiality
BODI contends that Sagent 1.0, VMark DataStage and PowerMart are material prior art because they have features that read on the claims, namely, reusable components that transform data according to metadata and some form of ports or abstractions that describe the inputs and outputs of sources, targets and transformations. BODI further argues that Informatica should not be permitted to argue now that the pre-built transforms in the prior art products are not material, when it had alleged at the start of litigation that *1070 the pre-built transforms in BODI's Data Integrator, without EDFs, infringed Informatica's patents. While the Court recognizes that Informatics changed its position on what features of BODI's product infringed, such changes in the ordinary course of patent litigation are not unusual as the parties learn more about the accused product, and react to claim construction and other developments. The Court does not consider such a change by itself to warrant a finding of materiality.
With respect to Sagent 1.0 and VMark DataStage, the Court determines that these products are not material. First, the jury squarely rejected BODI's defenses of anticipation based on these products and obviousness based on the VMark Technical Note, plainly not crediting the opinion of BODI's expert. Although the prior art need not be invalidating to be material, the jury's verdict illustrates that these products are immaterial or, at the very most, only minimally material such that a high showing of intent would be necessary to support inequitable conduct. The evidence did not show that these products transform data according to the steps articulated in Claim 1 of the '670 Patent: specifying a source, storing metadata corresponding to a plurality of transformation objects, specifying a target, selecting at least one transformation objects, mapping source to transformation object, transforming the data according to the metadata, and then mapping to a target. For example, these products did not transform data according to metadata, as required by the patents. Although the Sagent and VMark products had some stored metadata, there is insufficient evidence that those products transformed data according to metadata stored in the repository, as required by the claims. Rather, these products were the type of software existing prior to the invention described in the Background section of the patent set forth above. For example, the VMark product guide warned its users, `Writing a plug-in stage is not for the faint-hearted." Trial Ex.162 at 4; Trial Tr. 841:1-13. Therefore, these products do not establish a prima facie case of unpatentability to meet the materiality standard under Rule 56. 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(b).
Furthermore, although prior art need not be invalidating to be material under the reasonable examiner standard, it is unlikely that a reasonable examiner would have considered these products important in deciding whether to allow the patent application. Even if these products are material under the reasonable examiner standard, the jury's finding that the patents in suit were not anticipated by the Sagent 1.0 and VMark DataStage products illustrate that at most these products had very a low level of materiality.
BODI did not present any evidence to the jury that PowerMart 3.0 invalidated the patents. Originally, Dr. Kelly had no opinion as to whether that product anticipated any claim to the '670 Patent under the Court's construction of transformation object. Bench Trial Tr. at 2338:16-22. Dr. Kelly testified at the bench trial, however, that PowerMart 3.0 transformed data according to predefined instructions, or metadata, that was present before the user selects the operators, although he had not identified such metadata in his expert report. Bench Trial Tr. at 2337:13-22. Dr. Kelly claimed that even the most elementary arithmetic operation, such as one performed by a "plus" sign, constituted a transformation object, and that the metadata corresponding to those objects is compiled C + + code which is stored by installing the program. Bench Trial Tr. at 2340:4-2344:14. Dr. Kelly's new opinion is inconsistent with the patent specification explaining that C + + code "does not by any means facilitate the definition and exchange of transformation metadata (i.e., *1071 data that describes how data is defined, organized, or processed)." Trial Ex. 214 at col. 2:1-10. Informatica's expert, McGoveran, countered more persuasively that "no one of ordinary skill in the art would understand metadata as being what is embedded in a program." Trial Tr.1914:8-10. He stated that metadata must be independent of the code and be shareable and usable. Trial Tr.1914:10-12.
Dr. Kelly's testimony was not persuasive, and would prove far too much if credited. Indeed, the Background section of the patent disclosed more sophisticated ETL functions than the use of a "plus" sign. Prior to the patent, metadata as used simply to describe columns and tables was not novel. Rather, the invention used metadata to describe the transformation object itself and its ports in order to allow those components to be reusable and shareable. Dr. Zamanian also testified persuasively that reusable transformation objects were not available until version 4.0. Trial Tr. at 350:20-351:1.
PowerMart 3.0 does not establish a prima facie case of unpatentability, nor is it likely that a reasonable examiner would have considered it important in deciding whether to allow the '670 or '775 Patents in light of the evidence that PowerMart 3.0 did not use a component-based approach and did not have the transformation objects of the patents. Trial Tr. at 177:7-182:18 (Lunasin); 303:10-306:23 (Zamanian). At most, PowerMart 3.0 represents a specific example of the type of prior art described in the Background section. Further, the Sankaran patent on the PowerMart 3 generation of products disclosed its ETL approach and was of record in the file histories of the '670 and '775 Patents, Trial Ex. 192 at 192-196 and Ex. 194 at 181.
As to PowerMart 4.0, however, BODI has presented evidence that this product is material, albeit not necessarily invalidating, to the '775 Patent. Mr. McGoveran testified that PowerMart 4.0 embodied the claimed inventions of the '670 Patent. Trial Tr. at 610:14-612:7. Mr. Nesamoney testified that PowerMart 4.0 embodied some of the claims of the '775 Patent and could not specify which ones. Bench Trial Tr. at 2271:24-2272:3. When questioned about whether Power-Mart 4.0 could be used within profiling and data mining applications, which are disclosed in Claims 5 and 7, Dr. Zamanian only acknowledged that 4.0 could perform particular queries, but did not testify that 4.0 was capable of true profiling and data mining. Bench Trial Tr. at 2292:25-2294:3.
BODI has presented no evidence that PowerMart 4.0 was actually used in any analytic applications prior to November 1999 when the '775 Patent application was filed. BODI relies on a press release issued by Informatica in January 1997 that states that PowerMart 3.0 or 3.5 will support data mining, and the data mart will enable data mining capabilities. See Trial Ex. 2549. This press release does not show, however, that PowerMart 3.0 did anything more than facilitate a better data mart, which would provide better organized and more accurate data to mine using different technology. Mr. Nesamoney testified persuasively that the release referred to the data mart and explained that data mining is a very broad term with varying definitions in different contexts. Bench Trial Tr. at 2273:2-22.
Informatica argues that the inventions, as the specification describes, concern transforming data in the claimed analytic application to accomplish data analytics, rather than laying claim to the general use of analytic applications in conjunction with a data warehouse or data mart created by its PowerMart products. See '775 Patent at col. 16:28-29 ("the present invention can *1072 be readily encapsulated within an application"). No evidence shows that Power-Mart 4.0 embodied analytical applications or was actually used in real profiling or data mining applications, so PowerMart 4.0 does not establish a prima facie case of invalidity of the '775 Patent. The Court concludes, however, that there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would have considered PowerMart 4.0 important to consider whether embedding the same transformation methods into an analytic application was obvious.
B. Intent
1. Non-Disclosure of Prior Art
Having determined that PowerMart 4.0 was significantly material to the '775 Patent, and assuming arguendo that VMark DataStage and Sagent 1.0 were material to both patents, the evidence does not support an intent to mislead the PTO. The Court finds credible Mr. Zamanian's testimony that he was not familiar with the prior art beyond what was disclosed in the patents. The Court is concerned by Mr. Nesamoney's failure to recollect why PowerMart 4.0, which was released more than one year before the '775 Patent application was filed, was not disclosed to the PTO, as well as his failure to thoroughly read the patent application. Mr. Nesamoney did explain that his normal practice was to discuss existing technologies, including Informatica's own products, with the patent attorneys and how the invention improved on those approaches. Bench Trial Tr. at 2219:10-2220:1. Mr. Nesamoney's consultations with patent counsel, and Dr. Zamanian's searches for prior art and discussions with patent counsel about prior art, make a minimal showing of good faith efforts to fulfill their duty to disclose. As inventors, however, their duty is not discharged merely by disclosing to an attorney. See 37 C.F.R. § 1.56(d) ("Individuals other than the attorney, agent or inventor may comply with this section by disclosing information to the attorney, agent or inventor.") (emphasis added).[1] Informatica contends that the mere lack of a good faith explanation for the nondisclosure "cannot constitute clear and convincing evidence sufficient to support a determination of culpable intent." Pl's Am. Trial Br. at 8, quoting M. Eagles Tool Warehouse v. Fisher Tooling Co., 439 F.3d 1335, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2006). That case, however, only held that such failure to disclose, without other evidence of intent, was insufficient to support granting summary judgment of inequitable conduct. Id. at 1343. Furthermore, the Federal Circuit noted that the inventor there was unable to offer a good faith explanation because he died six months after the application was filed. Id. at 1342. Nonetheless, after hearing testimony, the Court is not persuaded that Informatica's lack of an explanation for not disclosing PowerMart 4.0 supports a finding here of intent under all the relevant circumstances.
It is true that "`close cases should be resolved by disclosure, not unilaterally by applicant.'" Critikon, Inc. v. Becton Dickinson Vascular Access, Inc., 120 F.3d 1253, 1257 (Fed.Cir.1997) (citation omitted). However, cases addressing the intent requirement typically find more egregious circumstances than are present here. In Critikon, the Federal Circuit held that the original and reissue patents were unenforceable due to the patentee's failure to disclose a material patent and failure to disclose ongoing litigation during the reissue proceedings, reversing the district court's determination of no inequitable conduct. 120 F.3d at 1258-59. There, the *1073 court noted that the plaintiffs patent counsel had reviewed in detail the patent on the omitted prior art that disclosed the claimed "retaining means" feature of the plaintiffs patent for an intravenous catheter. Id. at 1256. Furthermore, the court found that the examiner repeatedly raised the importance of the claimed feature during the course of prosecution. Id. at 1256-57. Based on those facts, the Federal Circuit found no evidence to support a good faith explanation for the failure to cite the prior art, which the patentee should have known was material, or the failure to disclose the litigation over the original patent during reissue proceedings, and inferred intent to mislead from the high level of materiality and the failure to establish subjective good faith. Id. at 1259. Here, by contrast, there is no such clear and convincing evidence that Informatica knew or should have known of the materiality of the prior art. This case is also unlike Cargill, 476 F.3d at 1365, where the examiner had relied on test data resulting in the claimed cooking oil's "strikingly superior" oxidative stability values, not knowing that the test results were contradicted by the undisclosed test data. In Cargill, the Federal Circuit upheld the lower court's finding that "the omitted test data was related to the heart of the question that bedeviled the examiner: the nature of the difference between IMC 129 and IMC 130.'" Id. at 1367. Here, there is no such showing of a high degree of materiality. The weight of the evidence, including the inventors' testimony that they believed that their patents presented a novel approach to ETL, does not support an inference of intent to deceive. Informatica's failure to disclose the prior art, though improper, at most amounts to gross negligence. Gross negligence or carelessness, without more, is an insufficient basis to find intent to deceive. Kingsdown Medical Consultants, Ltd. v. Hollister Inc., 863 F.2d 867, 873 (Fed.Cir. 1988).
As to Sagent 1.0 and VMark, there is insufficient evidence of intent to withhold material information. The materiality of that prior art, if any, is not substantial, and the inventors testified that they were not familiar with the specifics of the competing products, that the Background section accurately reflected the state of the prior art, and that their invention presented a novel approach. In Bruno Independent Living Aids, Inc. v. Acorn Mobility Services, Ltd., 394 F.3d 1348 (Fed.Cir.2005), by contrast, the patentee had simultaneously sought approval from the FDA to sell his stairlift product, which embodied the claims in his pending patent application, by comparing the similarity of his product's design and function with a competitor's product that the patentee did not disclose to the PTO. The Federal Circuit found disingenuous the patentee's argument that he did not appreciate the materiality of the competitor's product for purposes of patentability, and held that the failure to disclose the prior art to the PTO, after disclosing it to the FDA as a product of "substantial equivalence," supported a finding of deceptive intent. 394 F.3d at 1354. Here, unlike Bruno, there is no clear and convincing evidence that Informatica withheld the materiality of the competing products.
BODI also argues that Informatica deliberately manipulated the patent system by belatedly submitting only trivial and misleading prior art, i.e., the three articles submitted in the Information Disclosure Statement. Trial Ex. 192 at 602. Informatica explains, however, that it disclosed these articles after filing the application in order to comply with their duty to disclose references cited during the examination of a foreign counterpart application. The fact that Informatica disclosed *1074 articles that were subsequently discovered by a foreign examiner does not evidence intent to deceive or confuse the PTO. BODI further argues that Informatica overcame the examiner's initial rejection of the '670 Patent application by filing an Amendment and Response without disclosing the prior art products, suggesting that the patent would not have issued if the prior art products had been disclosed. The Court is satisfied, however, that on its Amendment and Response on the '670 Patent application, Informatica distinguished the invention from the prior art by its use of componentized transformation objects that were defined in terms of metadata, rather than the limited, monolithic transformation module disclosed in the prior art. Trial Ex. 192 at 622-623. In the absence of evidence that either PowerMart 3.0, Sagent 1.0 or VMark DataStage used componentized transformation objects defined in terms of metadata, disclosure of these specific products would not likely have precluded the amendment, and would not be material.
As to its own PowerMart 4.0 product, however, Informatica should have known that it was material to the claims in the '775 Patent application. The inventors testified that they were not familiar with the '775 Patent, and did not explain their failure to disclose PowerMart 4.0. Bench Trial Tr. 2270:2-9 (Nesamoney); 2291:17-2292:3 (Zamanian). However, under all the circumstances, the Court concludes that this failure to disclose amounts to gross negligence, but not intentional deception.
2. Background Section
BODI contends that Informatica misrepresented the state of existing ETL approaches in the Background section of the patent applications by asserting that "even a simple task can be quite expensive." BODI relies, in part, on Informatica's marketing materials describing PowerMart 3.0 as helping to address some of the same problems described in the Background section of the '670 Patent. Def. Trial Br. re Ineq. Cond. at 10-11. See Bench Trial Tr. at 2213:9-2215:16. The marketing materials contain typical puffery but do not demonstrate that PowerMart 3.0 embodied or rendered obvious the inventions. Rather, the Court accepts the inventors' testimony that they thought that the '670 Patent was a novel approach to ETL. See Trial Tr. at 350:20-351:1 (Zamanian); 521:5-14 (Nesamoney). The Court further concludes that the Background section did not intentionally misrepresent the state of the existing ETL approaches, including PowerMart 3.0.
3. Nesamoney Declaration
BODI argues that Mr. Nesamoney's false declaration that he reviewed the patent application before signing it is sufficient to show deceptive intent. Def's Reply at 6-7. Mr. Nesamoney admitted at trial that he reviewed earlier drafts of the application, but not the final version. Though hardly the model of veracity or diligence before the PTO, Mr. Nesamoney's declaration does not rise to the level of proving deceptive intent in withholding material information, in contrast, for example, to the falsified data submitted in an affidavit designed to overcome prior-art rejections in Rohm & Haas v. Crystal Chem. Co., 722 F.2d 1556, 1571 (Fed.Cir. 1983), or the fraudulent omission by supposedly disinterested witnesses about their familiarity with the invention in Refac Int'l Ltd. v. Lotus Dev. Corp., 81 F.3d 1576, 1580 (Fed.Cir.1996). Again, Mr. Nesamoney's misconduct amounts to gross negligence but not intentional deception.
C. Balancing
Having determined that Informatica's gross negligence in failing to disclose PowerMart 4.0 does not rise to the level of *1075 intent to deceive, the Court concludes that the patents are not unenforceable for inequitable conduct. Nonetheless, assuming arguendo that BODI has met the requisite elements of materiality and intent, a finding of inequitable conduct is not supported by the evidence, in light of all the circumstances. See Cargill, 476 F.3d at 1368 (once materiality and intent are established by clear and convincing evidence, it is necessary to evaluate all the circumstances of the case to determine whether the patent should be unenforceable). As to PowerMart 3.0, Sagent 1.0 and VMark DataStage, the Court determines that the very minimal showing of materiality, if any, balanced against at most a very weak inference of intent to withhold that prior art, weighs against a determination that Informatica is culpable of inequitable conduct as to those products.
PowerMart 4.0 presents a closer question as to the '775 Patent. Even if the element of intent were established, however, the balance does not lead to a conclusion of unenforceability. There was insufficient evidence that Claims 5 and 7 were actually practiced by PowerMart 4.0, as opposed to the possibility of performing particular profiling or data mining functions with it. While the product was highly material to Claim 11, the Court has determined that Claim 11 shares the effective filing date of the '670 Patent, which predates PowerMart 4.0, so as a technical matter it perhaps cannot be invalidating prior art. Nonetheless, Claim 11 was prosecuted prior to this Court's determination and after the release of the 4.0 product, so PowerMart 4.0 should have been disclosed in conjunction with Claim 11 as well as the other claims of the '775 Patent at issue. However, having heard the inventors testify and assessing their credibility in light of all the evidence, the Court determines that the non-disclosure constituted gross negligence, but not a deliberate intent to deceive, and, in any case, on balance the patent is enforceable.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court concludes that Informatica did not engage in inequitable conduct during prosecution, so the '670 and '775 Patents are enforceable.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  Informatica's reliance on this regulation in its Surreply to excuse the lack of disclosure does not appear to be well taken. Surreply at 7:25-27.
