Filed 2/9/15 Velaquez v. Koshi CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.




              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----



JUDITH A. VELASQUEZ,                                                                         C072767

                   Plaintiff and Appellant,                                          (Super. Ct. No.
                                                                               34201000080320CUPAGDS)
         v.

ROHIN JOHN KOSHI et al.,

                   Defendants and Appellants.




         After rejecting a statutory settlement offer of $75,000, a jury awarded a personal
injury plaintiff, Judith A. Velasquez, only $18,000 in damages. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 998.)1 She did not move to recuse the trial judge until after the judgment was entered,
yet on appeal she urges us to vacate the judgment because her trial counsel had a brief
interaction as opposing counsel with the trial judge, then a lawyer, 15 years before her



1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
designated.

                                                             1
trial. During plaintiff’s trial, neither the trial judge nor the trial lawyer remembered the
earlier litigation. We reject plaintiff’s misguided attempt to vacate the judgment by
retroactively recusing the trial judge and affirm the judgment.
       Defendants Rohin John Koshi and John Koshi cross-appeal the trial court’s refusal
to shift costs as prescribed by section 998. The question presented by the cross-appeal is
whether the inclusion of the descriptor “ ‘with [Velasquez] and/or her attorney to satisfy
any liens or encumbrances’ ” renders the offer too uncertain to be enforced pursuant to
section 998. We conclude that it is not and reverse the trial court’s orders on the parties’
motions to tax costs.
                                           FACTS
       Rohin Koshi conceded that he was at fault when he ran a red light and collided
with plaintiff’s automobile on July 6, 2008. He was driving a car belonging to his father,
defendant John Koshi. Plaintiff, who had preexisting degenerative back disease, suffered
additional injuries to her back. The primary issue at trial was the extent to which the
accident exacerbated plaintiff’s preexisting condition and necessitated a surgery several
years later and an early retirement. But there are no issues raised on appeal related to the
underlying negligence of defendant, causation, or damages. The pertinent facts relate
only to the attempt to recuse the trial judge after trial and the repercussions of plaintiff’s
rejection of defendants’ statutory settlement offer.
                                               I
                          The Appeal: Posttrial Motion to Vacate
       Both parties raise a host of procedural issues related to the posttrial motion to
vacate the judgment because the trial court could have, and should have, been recused.
We need not recite any of the underlying facts giving rise to these alleged procedural
deficiencies since the notion that the judgment should be vacated because the trial court
might have had some hidden residual bias from the earlier litigation with trial counsel is
substantively without merit. We turn, therefore, to plaintiff’s factual allegations that a

                                               2
lawsuit involving In-N-Out Burgers 15 years before her trial compromised the trial
judge’s objectivity.
       On September 11, 2012, the trial judge entered judgment on the jury verdict.
Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal. The trial court thereafter issued tentative rulings
on the parties’ respective motions to tax costs. In his tentative ruling on defendants’
motion, the court found that the section 998 offer was not fatally uncertain,
notwithstanding plaintiff’s argument to the contrary.
       On the same day the court issued the tentative ruling, trial counsel contacted his
former employer. The law firm advised counsel that he and the trial judge had been
adversaries in a lawsuit in 1997. The judge, then a lawyer, represented In-N-Out
Burgers. Trial counsel attended one deposition and was involved in the litigation for
several months. He alleges the settlement in that case “could be viewed” as
“unfavorable” to the trial judge’s client and there was “contention” between them. He
concedes that he had not remembered the judge was the opposing counsel in that case
until members of his former law firm told him of the connection.
       For the first time, plaintiff’s counsel alleged the court had demonstrated animus
toward him throughout the trial and in ruling against plaintiff on defendants’ motion to
tax costs, a position, he asserts, that was at odds with a ruling the court had made earlier
in the year in an unrelated case. Plaintiff’s counsel orally moved the court to take judicial
notice of the previous ruling. He then made an oral motion pursuant to section 170.1 to
disqualify the trial judge.
       The trial court expressed his disagreement with counsel’s allegations on the
record. “There are just a whole host of rulings that had to do with evidentiary ruling[s]
that have nothing to do with the court’s feelings one way or the other. I’ve never met
counsel before that case, have no particular feelings about the case, have no idea and had
never met Judith Velasquez. I don’t know [defendants’ trial counsel] Mr. Winter. He’s



                                              3
never appeared in this court before. I had no knowledge of who the defendants were.
[¶] . . . [¶]
         “. . . I have no personal knowledge of you [plaintiff’s trial counsel], this case, your
client, Mr. Winters or his client or any of the matters in this case.” The judge denied the
oral motion to disqualify himself.
         A week later plaintiff’s trial counsel filed a verified statement seeking to
disqualify the judge from hearing any further motions, including the motions to tax costs.
In addition to the facts surrounding the prior litigation, trial counsel alleged his client had
suffered “disparate treatment” throughout the trial, which interfered with his ability to
“meaningfully try” the case. The judge did not respond to the verified statement.
         Plaintiff filed an ex parte application for reassignment of the case pursuant to
section 170.3, subdivision (c)(4). The case was reassigned to another judge for resolution
of the posttrial motions. The replacement judge dropped plaintiff’s motion to vacate the
judgment from the calendar, finding that a notice of appeal had been filed and the trial
court no longer had jurisdiction to rule on the matter. Plaintiff appeals.
         Defendants have no dispute with the basic principles plaintiff espouses.
Disqualification is mandated if a reasonable person would entertain doubts about the
judge’s impartiality. (People v. Enriquez (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 230, 244 (Enriquez).)
The standard is objective; actual bias is not required. (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th
395, 446 (Panah); Roitz v. Caldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Co. (1998)
62 Cal.App.4th 716, 723 (Roitz).) Because the facts are undisputed, we review the
question of law de novo. (Briggs v. Superior Court (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 312, 319
(Briggs).)
         While plaintiff’s principles may be sound, her application of the principles to the
facts at hand is not. Nor do any of the cases she cites support the outcome she
advocates. In Panah, Roitz, and Briggs, disqualification was not mandated under the
objective reasonable person standard of evaluating impartiality. Only in Enriquez was

                                                4
the case remanded to a different judge, and that was because of his “unabashed animosity
toward Proposition 36, and particularly toward those defendants—like the one here—
who are unable to complete Proposition 36 probation without a violation.” (Enriquez,
supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 244.)
       Indeed, in a case with facts far more susceptible to the appearance of partiality, the
Supreme Court rejected a disqualification challenge. In Haworth v. Superior Court
(2010) 50 Cal.4th 372 (Haworth), a neutral arbitrator failed to disclose that he had been
censured 15 years earlier as a trial judge for misconduct, including making sexually
suggestive remarks to female staff members and creating “ ‘an overall courtroom
environment where discussion of sex and improper ethnic and racial comments were
customary.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 377.) The case before the arbitrator involved medical
negligence during cosmetic lip surgery on a woman. The Court of Appeal “rejected
Haworth’s argument that no disclosure was required because the censure was a matter of
public record. It framed the question as ‘whether an “ ‘average person on the street’ ”
aware of the facts would harbor doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality.’ [Citation.]
The Court of Appeal concluded that because Judge Gordon was publicly censured in part
for ‘disparaging female associates based on their physical attributes,’ ‘a person aware of
Judge Gordon’s censure might reasonably entertain a doubt as to his ability to be
impartial in a case involving a woman’s cosmetic surgery.’ ” (Id. at p. 380.)
       The Supreme Court reversed. Adopting a comparable federal standard, the court
wrote that “the appearance-of-partiality ‘standard “must not be so broadly construed that
it becomes, in effect, presumptive, so that recusal is mandated upon the merest
unsubstantiated suggestion of personal bias or prejudice.” ’ [Citation.] ‘The “reasonable
person” is not someone who is “hypersensitive or unduly suspicious,” but rather is a
“well-informed, thoughtful observer.” ’ [Citation.] ‘[T]he partisan litigant emotionally
involved in the controversy underlying the lawsuit is not the disinterested objective



                                             5
observer whose doubts concerning the judge’s impartiality provide the governing
standard.’ [Citations.]” (Haworth, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 389.)
       Plaintiff’s allegation of partiality is precisely what the Supreme Court
condemned—“ ‘ “the merest unsubstantiated suggestion of personal bias” ’ ” by a
“ ‘ “hypersensitive or unduly suspicious” ’ ” “ ‘partisan litigant emotionally involved in
the controversy.’ ” (Haworth, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 389.) In Haworth, the litigant
could point to tangible evidence, a public censure, that the arbitrator, when serving as a
trial judge, was guilty of misconduct involving sexual improprieties and innuendos. Yet
the Supreme Court was unwilling to find even an appearance of partiality by a
disinterested objective observer. Here plaintiff makes a raw allegation of bias based on
nothing more than the fact the judge and her lawyer had been involved in a single lawsuit
15 years earlier, a fact neither the judge nor her lawyer even remembered during the
entire course of the trial. We conclude that the hypothetical and ideal reasonable person,
viewing the facts objectively, would entertain no doubts or suspicions that bias was
festering in the recesses of the judge’s subconscious.
       Rather the case is somewhat analogous to People v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal.4th
1215, in which the Supreme Court also rejected the notion that a judge’s prior
professional and casual social relationship with the prosecutor gave rise to an
impermissible appearance of partiality. The court appreciated the practical reality posed
by the limited universe populated by judges and lawyers. “Because virtually all judges
are drawn from the ranks of the legal profession, such prior relationships are neither
unusual nor dispositive. (See United Farm Workers of America v. Superior Court
[(1985)] 170 Cal.App.3d 97, 100 [‘[T]he proper performance of judicial duties does not
require a judge to withdraw from society and live an ascetic, antiseptic and socially
sterile life. Judicial responsibility does not require shrinking every time an advocate
asserts the objective and fair judge appears to be biased. The duty of a judge to sit where



                                             6
not disqualified is equally as strong as the duty not to sit when disqualified.’].)” (Carter,
at p. 1243.)
       It is nearly inevitable that a trial judge will preside over trials litigated by his or
her former adversaries. And certainly there may be cases in which the animosity is so
intense, the feelings so raw, and the stakes so high that a judge must be recused when a
former foe appears before him or her. But this is not that case. The litigation was very
remote in time, having concluded 15 years before the instant case came to trial.
Moreover, trial counsel was involved in the litigation for only a few months and attended
one deposition where the trial judge, then a litigator, appeared. Thus, there are simply no
facts to trigger a suspicion of personal animus. To the contrary, neither the judge nor the
lawyer even remembered each other. If a trial judge who had a professional and social
relationship with a prosecutor had an obligation to sit because she was not disqualified,
then the trial judge here had a similar responsibility. In short, the mere fact that a judge
and trial counsel were opposing counsel in earlier litigation does not give rise to the
appearance of partiality and mandate recusal.
       Plaintiff attempts to bolster her argument for retroactive recusal with anecdotes
about perceived slights at trial and an adverse tentative ruling on the motion to tax costs
at odds with a ruling the trial judge made on a similar motion in another case. But a
judge’s rulings made during a trial are not subject to attack by a posttrial motion to recuse
him. Section 170.2, subdivision (b) expressly provides that “[i]t shall not be grounds for
disqualification that the judge . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [h]as in any capacity expressed a view
on a legal or factual issue presented in the proceeding . . . .” Case law is equally clear.
For example, the court in Mackie v. Dyer (1957) 154 Cal.App.2d 395 admonished: “ ‘It
is well settled in this state that the expressions of opinion uttered by a judge, in what he
conceives to be a discharge of his official duties, are not evidence of bias or prejudice.’
[Citation.] A judge’s errors on questions of law, no matter how gross, do not constitute
bias or prejudice or a disqualification to proceed with the trial of the case in which the

                                                 7
errors were made. [Citations.] Erroneous rulings against a litigant, even when numerous
and continuous, form no ground for a charge of bias or prejudice, especially when they
are subject to review. [Citation.] A judge should not be disqualified lightly or on
frivolous allegations or mere conclusions.” (Id. at pp. 399-400.)
       Similarly, “ ‘a trial judge will normally and properly form opinions on the law, the
evidence and the witnesses, from the presentation of the case. These opinions and
expressions thereof may be critical or disparaging to one party’s position, but they are
reached after a hearing in the performance of the judicial duty to decide the case, and do
not constitute a ground for disqualification.’ [Citation.]” (Haldane v. Haldane (1965)
232 Cal.App.2d 393, 395.)
       If plaintiff believed the trial judge made legal errors at trial she was free to raise
them as grounds for her appeal. She did not. His rulings, however, are not subject to
collateral attack as evidence of bias once the trial is over. Nor will we examine his
purported ruling in another case and assess whether it is consistent with his tentative
ruling on the motion to tax costs. In the absence of a complete record of the prior motion,
we have no means of assessing the relative merits of his ruling. And even if it could be
determined that he erred in the prior proceeding, we would not infer that correcting the
error constituted untoward bias toward plaintiff here. In sum, plaintiff cannot upset a
judgment with a posttrial assessment of the trial court’s rulings as evidence of a
preexisting prejudice. Her contention to the contrary is without merit.
                                               II
                The Cross-appeal: Cost Shifting Pursuant to Section 998
       Section 998, subdivision (c)(1) provides in relevant part: “If an offer made by a
defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment or
award, the plaintiff shall not recover his or her postoffer costs and shall pay the
defendant’s costs from the time of the offer. In addition, . . . the court or arbitrator, in its
discretion, may require the plaintiff to pay a reasonable sum to cover costs of the services

                                                8
of expert witnesses, who are not regular employees of any party, actually incurred and
reasonably necessary in either, or both, preparation for trial or arbitration, or during trial
or arbitration, of the case by the defendant.” The question presented by defendants’
cross-appeal is whether their $75,000 offer to settle lacked sufficient certainty to trigger
section 998 penalties. Few facts are needed to resolve this question.
       Almost six weeks before trial, defendants offered plaintiff a settlement pursuant to
the terms of section 998. The offer included the following terms:
       “1. A payment of $75,000 to plaintiff within 30 days of her signing a general
release of all claims arising from or related to this action with plaintiff and/or her attorney
to satisfy any lien claims or encumbrances;
       “2. A dismissal of the complaint, with prejudice, to be filed upon payment;
       “3. An agreement that plaintiff and defendants shall each bear their own
attorneys’ fees and costs.”
       Plaintiff did not accept the offer.
       The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff awarding her $2,500 for past lost earnings,
$5,500 for past medical expenses, and $10,000 for past noneconomic loss. The total
award of $18,000 was $57,000 less than defendants’ $75,000 offer. Both sides filed cost
bills and motions to tax costs. Plaintiff sought $18,108.06 as a prevailing party pursuant
to section 1032. Defendants sought $48,090.96, including expert expenses, based upon a
verdict of less than the section 998 offer to settle made prior to trial.
       At plaintiff’s request, the trial judge did not hear the motions to tax costs. Finding
that the section 998 offer was fatally uncertain and “did not trigger penalties for failure to
accept” the offer, another judge awarded plaintiff $17,995.58 in costs, which included
$11,037.86 in postoffer costs, and struck defendants’ entire cost bill of $48,090.96.
       Defendants cross-appeal. At issue is one phrase. We must determine whether the
phrase “with plaintiff and/or her attorney to satisfy any lien claims or encumbrances” is



                                               9
fatally uncertain. At the outset, we reject plaintiff’s assertion that we must review the
trail court’s determination for a flagrant abuse of discretion.
Standard of Review
       The cases are consistent and clear. When the facts are undisputed and the issue
involves a question of law, our review is de novo. “The trial court[’]s ruling as to the
application of section 998, subdivision (c)(1), is reviewed de novo.” (Barnett v. First
National Ins. Co. of America (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1454, 1458.) “Because this issue
involves the application of law to undisputed facts, we review the matter de novo.”
(Martinez v. Brownco Construction Co. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1014, 1018.) “In the absence
of any conflicting extrinsic evidence, interpretation of a section 998 offer is a question of
law that we review de novo. [Citations.] We apply general principles of contract law
where those principles neither conflict with section 998 nor defeat its purpose. [Citation.]
‘We interpret the intent and scope of the agreement by focusing on the usual and ordinary
meaning of the language used and the circumstances under which the agreement was
made.’ [Citation.]” (Chinn v. KMR Property Management (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 175,
183-184.) “The issue of whether [a] settlement offer was sufficiently certain to be
enforceable involves a question of law, which we review de novo.” (Elite Show Services,
Inc. v. Staffpro, Inc. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 263, 268 (Elite).)
       However, a trial court’s determination that a section 998 offer is reasonable and in
good faith is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. (Elrod v. Oregon Cummins Diesel, Inc.
(1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 692, 700 (Elrod).) Rather than applying basic rules of contract
interpretation to determine whether the offer was sufficiently certain, a question of law,
the court instead framed the question as whether the offer was reasonable in light of the
certainty and clarity of the language, thereby seeking to render the court’s determination
a matter of discretion. As plaintiff suggests, by characterizing the determination as an
exercise of discretion rather than a resolution of a question of law, we would be obligated
to review the ruling for an abuse of discretion. But the cases cited to support this novel

                                              10
conflating of the issues, which would inevitably lead to application of the wrong standard
of review on appeal, are easily distinguished and do not support the court’s methodology.
       In Elrod, for example, the defendant offered the paraplegic plaintiff a $15,001
settlement offer and the jury awarded him over $1.1 million. (Elrod, supra,
195 Cal.App.3d at p. 696.) But because the defendant was entitled to a setoff for other
settlements and the plaintiff’s workers’ compensation award, the plaintiff did not recover
any monetary award from the nonsettling defendant, who promptly moved to recover all
of its postoffer costs. (Id. at pp. 696-697.) The trial court found the offer had not been
made in good faith and it was not reasonable. (Id. at p. 697.) There was no issue, as
here, whether the offer itself was sufficiently certain and enforceable, and therefore, we
quite properly reviewed the trial court’s determination of reasonableness for an abuse of
discretion.
       Unlike Elrod, Berg v. Darden (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 721 (Berg) at least involves
the issue before us. Berg, like defendants, contended that his pretrial offer of settlement
was sufficiently specific to satisfy the statutory requirements. The plaintiff insisted it was
not. She argued that the “offer was insufficient to show that its acceptance would result
in a final disposition of the underlying action, because the offer failed to indicate whether
she (1) sought to have judgment entered against Darden, (2) sought to have an ‘award’
entered in her favor, or (3) was willing to dismiss her malpractice action with prejudice.”
(Id. at p. 728.) Providing an offeree some latitude, the Court of Appeal found the offer
sufficiently certain to trigger the cost-shifting penalty.
       The court explained: “So long as it is clear that the written offer of compromise is
made under section 998 and, if accepted, will result in entry of judgment—the expected
and standard procedural result unless specific terms and conditions stated in the offer
provide otherwise—the offer need not identically track the language of the statute under
which it is made. If the offeree is uncertain about some aspect of the offer, or would
prefer the action be dismissed rather than have a judgment entered against him, he is free

                                              11
to explore those matters with the offeror, or even to make counterproposals during the
period in which the statutory offer remains outstanding. By doing so, he will not run the
risk of having the original offer revoked and may still accept that offer on the terms
extended.” (Berg, supra, 120 Cal.App.4th at pp. 730-731.)
       Pertinent here, the court pointed out that principles applicable to contract disputes
generally also apply to section 998 offers and acceptances, but only if the contract
principles neither conflict with section 998 nor defeat its purpose. (Berg, supra,
120 Cal.App.4th at p. 731.) Thus, in Berg, a counteroffer did not revoke a section 998
offer because that familiar contract principle would defeat the purpose of section 998 to
promote settlements. But nothing in Berg remotely suggests that a trial court exercises
discretion in applying those contract principles to undisputed facts.
       Finally, citing to Valentino v. Elliott Sav-On Gas, Inc. (1988) 201 Cal.App.3d 692
(Valentino), the court concluded: “The Court is persuaded that at the time the offer was
made, plaintiff could not know whether or not the offer was reasonable. The monetary
terms of the offer were diluted by the value of the lien claims in a manner incapable of
quantification by the Court.” Valentino is a poor template for resolution of the real issue.
       The court in Valentino stated the issue bluntly: “May costs be shifted against a
prevailing party who rejected a settlement offer that would have required it to forego
other lawsuits as well as dismissing the one involved in the case at trial?” (Valentino,
supra, 201 Cal.App.3d at p. 697.) The defendant’s section 998 offer required the plaintiff
“to file a ‘Notice of Acceptance’ with the court which not only terminated the instant
personal injury action against Sav-On but also released Sav-On, its attorneys and
insurance carrier from any and all claims and causes of action arising out of appellant’s
claims including insurance bad faith and violation of Insurance Code section 790.03.”
(Valentino, at p. 695.) The court concluded that in light of this condition, “the monetary
term of the offer is not really $15,000 to settle the causes of action at issue in the instant
case. Instead that $15,000 is diluted by the worth of other present and future possible

                                              12
causes of action Ms. Valentino must surrender in order to receive the defendant’s cash.”
(Id. at p. 698.) The plaintiff and, ultimately, the trial court would have to engage in “wild
speculation bordering on psychic prediction” to identify all the potential claims against
the multiple defendants, some of whom had not even been named in the lawsuit, not to
mention evaluating the defendants’ pre- and postfiling behavior and having the
clairvoyance to estimate the apparent probabilities of success on any number of possible
theories. (Id. at p. 699.) Under such egregious circumstances, the court announced it was
“not about to encourage defendants to add conditions to their statutory offers which
introduce so much uncertainty to those offers the courts must spend hours or days sorting
them out to determine whether plaintiffs have achieved a more favorable result at trial.”
(Id. at pp. 700-701.)
       The simple condition reminding plaintiff that in signing a general release she
would be liable to pay all liens and encumbrances is a far cry from releasing any and all
potential claims against multiple defendants. But we need not at this juncture evaluate
the merits of the issue. We raise it here only to debunk the trial court’s reliance on
Valentino to support the notion that a review of the certainty of an offer constitutes an
exercise of discretion. While the court most clearly found that the offending condition
was too uncertain to pass muster under section 998, the court did not hold, or even
suggest, that in determining whether the offer was certain it was exercising its discretion.
As a result, it does not stand for the proposition that we must review the trial court’s
discretion for an abuse of discretion.
Uncertainty
       Section 998 is designed to induce pretrial settlement of cases by incentivising the
parties to make and accept reasonable offers. (Linthicum v. Butterfield (2009)
175 Cal.App.4th 259, 270 (Linthicum).) The incentive is bold—accept a reasonable offer
or suffer the cost-shifting penalty if a more favorable award is not achieved. (Persson v.
Smart Inventions, Inc. (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 1141, 1170.) Nevertheless, in interpreting

                                             13
section 998, the burden is on the offering party to demonstrate the offer is a valid one.
(Barella v. Exchange Bank (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 793, 799.) “The corollary to this rule
is that a section 998 offer must be strictly construed in favor of the party sought to be
subjected to its operation.” (Ibid.) The Supreme Court favors “ ‘bright line rules’ ” in
these statutory settlement offer cases. (Ibid.)
       Our task is to review the section 998 offer, applying general contract principles as
long as those principles neither conflict with nor defeat the statute’s purpose to encourage
settlement. (Elite, supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at p. 268.) “Under California law, a contract
is enforceable if it is sufficiently definite that a court can ascertain the parties’ obligations
thereunder and determine whether those obligations have been performed or breached.”
(Ibid.) “One of the cardinal rules of contract construction is that, if possible, the contract
should be construed to render it valid and enforceable.” (Linthicum, supra,
175 Cal.App.4th at p. 272.)
       Defendants rely on Elite and Linthicum, as well as the general rules of contract
interpretation, to support their thesis that the section 998 offer was certain and
enforceable. Indeed, the authority they cite is persuasive.
       The question posed in Elite was whether the inclusion of a reasonable attorney fee
award provision in a section 998 offer renders the offer too uncertain to be enforced.
(Elite, supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at p. 266.) Similarly, the question posed in Linthicum was
whether the offer’s demand for a mutual release of all current claims between the parties
makes the offer unenforceable as a matter of law. (Linthicum, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at
p. 271.) In both cases the plaintiffs argued, as plaintiff does here, that they could not
determine the value of the offer at the time it was extended. In Elite, the plaintiff
contended that the inclusion of the attorney fee provision rendered the offer too uncertain
to be enforced because it did not specify the amount of fees to be paid but left the amount
for future determination or agreement. (Elite, at pp. 268-269.) In Linthicum, the
plaintiff, relying on Valentino, insisted the value of the general release was fatally

                                               14
uncertain. (Linthicum, at p. 271.) The courts rejected the notion that the inability to put a
precise dollar value on these aspects of the respective offers rendered the section 998
offers unenforceable due to their uncertainty. Their rationale is equally applicable here.
       Attorney fees, the court explained in Elite, can be determined by application of the
mechanism provided by statute. “Because applicable statutory and rule provisions set
forth a procedure for determining the amount of attorney fees to be awarded pursuant to a
contractual provision [citation], the fact that the offer does not specify a particular
amount of attorney fees does not leave the matter open for the parties’ future agreement,
nor does it create an uncertainty that renders it unenforceable. In this regard, a settlement
offer that includes an agreement to pay reasonable attorney fees is analogous to the
inclusion of an award of unspecified costs in a judgment, a very commonplace
occurrence. The fact that the amount of reasonable cost (in this case, fees) must be
determined thereafter does not render the offer fatally uncertain.” (Elite, supra,
119 Cal.App.4th at pp. 269-270.)
       A general release may or may not be too uncertain. The facts of Valentino, as
described earlier, stand at one extreme end of the uncertainty spectrum. In Valentino, the
offer required the plaintiff to release various potential unfiled claims the plaintiff might
have had at the time the offer was made or in the future against a number of defendants,
some of whom had not even been named in the lawsuit. Thus, the court held that a
general release provision in a section 998 offer requiring a trial court “to engage in wild
speculation bordering on psychic prediction” was fatally uncertain. (Valentino, supra,
201 Cal.App.3d at p. 699.)
       But the court in Linthicum, taking its cue from Goodstein v. Bank of San Pedro
(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 899 (Goodstein), rejected the Valentino analogy. In both
Linthicum and Goodstein, the section 998 offers required the plaintiffs to execute general
releases of claims pertaining to the same action. In Goodstein, the court explained:
“Inasmuch as the general release in the instant case pertained only to the same action

                                              15
before the trial court which Bank sought to have dismissed upon its payment of $150,000
to Goodstein, Valentino has no application to the facts of this case.” (Goodstein, at p.
908.) The court in Linthicum applied the same logic: “The release portion of the section
998 offer in Valentino, unlike the offer here, expressly included causes of action that
were outside the scope of the litigation.” (Linthicum, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 271.)
The Linthicum section 998 offer stated: “Further, each side to bear [its] own costs and
fees, with a mutual release of all current claims against one another and a mutual
dismissal with prejudice of the parties’ lawsuits against one another.” (Linthicum, at p.
272.) The court concluded: “The terms costs, fees and ‘mutual dismissal’ are obviously
limited to the instant lawsuit. There is no reason to interpret the term ‘all current claims’
found in the same sentence as referring to anything other than the same lawsuit.” (Ibid.)
The court upheld the validity of the offer and imposed the cost-shifting penalties. (Ibid.)
       There is little, if anything, to distinguish the section 998 offer before us from those
in Elite, Linthicum, and Goodstein. It too includes a general release, and no one argues
that the release applies to any potential claims unrelated to plaintiff’s personal injury
complaint against the two defendants that are named in the complaint. Thus, Valentino’s
rationale bears no relevance here. But if the offers in the other three cases were
sufficiently certain to merit enforcement, then we have no difficulty finding there is
nothing fatally uncertain about an offer including a provision making express what would
otherwise be implied by the settlement—that plaintiff and/or her attorneys remain
responsible for payment of the liens and encumbrances.
       It is commonplace in personal injury litigation for medical providers to have liens
or encumbrances against an eventual recovery by the plaintiff. And the plaintiff, who as
the patient was the recipient of the services and the fees for those services, is in a position
superior to an offering defendant to know the extent and value of the existing liens.
Thus, to the extent a section 998 offer must be certain to allow a plaintiff to assess the
value of the offer, the inclusion of the provision that the general release included a

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directive for plaintiff and/or her attorney to pay the liens and encumbrances is nothing
more than a reminder of plaintiff’s obligation to pay for the medical services she received
from the settlement proceeds and an express proviso that defendants would not be
responsible for their payment. The provision did not add uncertainty to the offer; to the
contrary, it attempted to make perfectly clear plaintiff was liable for the liens and
encumbrances.
       Nevertheless, in plaintiff’s view the law regarding the payment of liens is too
complex and too fluid to enable her or her lawyer to assess what she will have to pay to
extinguish the liens. (See., e.g., Howell v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011)
52 Cal.4th 541.) But that is a burden that must be borne by a plaintiff who has
knowledge, or access to information to obtain the knowledge, about the services she has
obtained and the amount of the liens or encumbrances that have accrued. To be sure, at
least one court has found it to be an unreasonable burden to require a defendant to take
into account the exact lien amounts when making a settlement offer. In Culbertson v.
R. D. Werner Co., Inc. (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 704, the court rejected the plaintiff’s
argument that the defendant’s settlement offer was not reasonable in light of the workers’
compensation lien. The court wrote: “Plaintiff does not cite, nor do we find, any
authority holding that a defendant must take into consideration any liens pending against
a possible settlement or judgment when evaluating his case for the purpose of making a
settlement offer. Defendant’s duty under section 998 is to make a reasonable offer under
the circumstances. To hold otherwise could lead to absurd results, especially when such
offer is contemplated by a liability-free defendant. For instance, assuming defendant was
aware of the lien, he would have had to offer plaintiff $41,239.64 ($5,000 plus
$36,239.64) to enable plaintiff to net $5,000 before costs and attorney’s fees. This is an
unreasonable burden to place on defendants and is contrary to the intent of the
Legislature in the passage of section 998.” (Culbertson, at p. 708.)



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       Nor did the language “plaintiff and/or her attorney” render it uncertain.
Concocting a litany of far-fetched scenarios in which her lawyers might become liable for
her bills, she argues the provision impeded her ability to put a dollar value on the offer.
In the tentative ruling issued before his removal from the case, Judge Cadei properly
disposed of plaintiff’s charge the offer was uncertain because her attorney was also
implicated. We adopt his succinct analysis: “Plaintiff’s second contention is likewise
unpersuasive. The additional requirement that Plaintiff ‘and/or’ her attorney satisfy ‘any
lien claims or encumbrances’ is not ambiguous, does not expand Plaintiffs’ [sic] duties
beyond the scope of her action, does not extend to liens or encumbrances unrelated to the
proposed settlement fund, and does not improperly impose upon Plaintiff’s counsel a
conditional duty. Instead, the provision merely restates the potential duties of Plaintiff
and her counsel to faithfully discharge any existing and enforceable liens against the
proposed settlement fund, which could even include satisfaction of Plaintiff’s counsel’s
own charging lien if any. The requirement that Plaintiff recognize her primary
responsibility and that of her counsel in this respect is reasonable in light of authorities
that indicate that settling defendants may incur liability to potential lienors of the
settlement fund if those obligations are not satisfied by plaintiff, including Weiss v.
Marcus (1975) 51 Cal.App.3d 590, Siciliano v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (1976)
62 Cal.App.3d 745, and Epstein v. Abrams (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 1159.”
       Plaintiff has not challenged the reasonableness of the costs incurred by defendants,
nor has she argued the offer was not made in good faith. The trial court’s musings on
those subjects are not before us.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The trial court’s order striking defendants’ memorandum of costs is reversed. In
the absence of a challenge to the amount of defendants’ costs, we enter judgment for
defendants. We calculate the damages as a matter of law. Plaintiff’s memorandum of
costs was for $18,108.06, but she concedes she incurred $11,037.86 in costs after the

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section 998 offer was made. Her net costs are $7,070.20. Defendants’ postoffer costs are
$48,090.96. The judgment, therefore, shall be entered in favor of defendants and against
plaintiff in the amount of $41,020.76. Defendants shall recover costs on appeal.



                                                          RAYE             , P. J.



We concur:



         BLEASE            , J.



         MAURO             , J.




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