               NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 16a0404n.06

                     Case Nos. 15-5027/5059/5072/5153/5233/5244/5259

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                               FILED
                                                                           Jul 18, 2016
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                         )
                                                                      DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                  )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                        )
                                                  )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                  )       THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
STACEY R. WOLFORD (15-5027 & 15-                  )       KENTUCKY
5153); STEPHEN M. NEAL, II (15-5059 &             )
15-5259); ROBERT L. EVANS (15-5072 &              )
15-5233); BRENT D. EVANS (15-5244),               )
                                                  )
       Defendants-Appellants.


BEFORE: SILER, ROGERS, and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

       SILER, Circuit Judge. Defendants Stacey R. Wolford, Brent D. Evans, Robert L. Evans,

and Stephen M. Neal appeal a number of the district court’s rulings that preceded their ultimate

convictions and sentences for involvement in an illegal drug ring. For the following reasons, we

AFFIRM.

              FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       This case concerns friends and neighbors in Kentucky, namely, three couples—Brent

Evans (“Brent”) and Wolford, Neal and Aleshia Mills, and Anthony Childers and Crystal

Dalton—as well as Brent’s brother, Robert Evans (“Robert”). Brent supplied money for others

to travel to pain clinics in Maryland and Texas to fill oxycodone prescriptions. As to their
Case Nos. 15-5027/5059/5072/5153/5233/5244/5259, United States v. Wolford, et al.


participation in the conspiracy, Wolford traveled to the Texas clinic on multiple occasions,

owned the minivan used for most of the trips, and sold oxycodone numerous times; Childers and

Dalton traveled to the clinics in both Maryland and Texas and Childers sold some oxycodone—

as did Neal and Mills; and Robert participated in later trips to Texas and sold oxycodone pills.

       Mills, Dalton, and Childers pleaded guilty and were sentenced for their roles in these

crimes. Wolford, Brent, Robert, and Neal all went to trial; Wolford was sentenced to 51 months’

imprisonment; Brent to 360 months; Robert to 108 months; and Neal to 180 months. Each of the

four defendants who went to trial now appeals on various grounds.

                                          DISCUSSION

I.     Brent’s Request for a Third Continuance

       Brent first contends that the district court erred in denying his third motion for a

continuance that he submitted a few weeks before the trial date. This court “review[s] denial of a

motion for a continuance for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Garner, 507 F.3d 399, 408

(6th Cir. 2007).

       This case was initially set for trial on January 22, 2014, and Brent’s attorney filed his first

motion to continue the trial on December 6, 2013. The district court granted the request and

rescheduled the trial to March 10, 2014. After Brent replaced his attorney, his new counsel filed

a motion to continue the trial, and the court rescheduled the trial to May 27, 2014. After the

superseding indictment was returned on May 8, 2014, the district court continued the trial sua

sponte until October 20, 2014.

       On October 9, 2014, Brent’s third attorney filed a motion asking for either a continuance

of the trial date so he could have more “time to review the discovery,” or, in the alternative,

permission to file pretrial motions up to the time of the scheduled trial. The district court denied



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the motion to continue the trial, noting that the parties had subpoenaed witnesses for the current

trial date, the matter had been set for a number of months, and the motions deadline had long

since passed.

       This court considers a number of factors in determining if a district court abused its

discretion in denying a continuance. See Powell v. Collins, 332 F.3d 376, 396 (6th Cir. 2003).

“[T]he defendant must also show that the denial of the continuance actually prejudiced his or her

defense. Actual prejudice is established by showing that a continuance would have . . . added

something to the defense.” United States v. Lewis, 605 F.3d 395, 401 (6th Cir. 2010) (citations

and internal quotation marks omitted).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Brent’s third request for a

continuance. It had already continued the trial three times, two of which were at Brent’s request;

multiple out-of-town witnesses had to make travel arrangements to attend the scheduled trial,

including a records custodian and a chemist; Brent himself caused the circumstances giving rise

to his request for a third continuance by waiting until eleven days prior to trial before retaining

new counsel; and the case involved a fairly simple drug conspiracy. Moreover, Brent’s new

attorney reviewed the discovery before trial.1 And finally, Brent’s claim that he was prejudiced

by the denial because he failed to comply with Rule 16 months earlier does not avail him, given




       1
           Brent’s claim that a continuance was needed because the discovery was voluminous
was not raised below, does not satisfy the strictures of plain error review, and thus it need not be
considered further on appeal. See United States v. Kennedy, 714 F.3d 951, 959 (6th Cir. 2013)
(“[Defendant’s] argument is therefore forfeited on these two issues because she raised them for
the first time on appeal.”).

        Regardless, the record indicates that Brent’s new counsel had time to review the
discovery, and during the final pretrial conference he did not raise any issues caused by his late
entry into the case.
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that he has not shown how a two-week continuance would excuse his failure to fulfill his Rule 16

obligation.2

II.    Brent’s Failure to Comply with Rule 16

       Brent next challenges the district court’s exclusion of his proposed expert testimony on

“spoofing”—which he defines as “the practice of making a text message or telephone call seem

to come from a different number than where it came from.”

       “A district court’s exclusion of expert testimony will not be set aside unless we determine

that the court abused its discretion.” Dickenson v. Cardiac & Thoracic Surgery of E. Tenn., 388

F.3d 976, 980 (6th Cir. 2004). When reviewing such a denial, this court must consider “(1) the

reasons for the [party’s] delay in producing the materials, including whether it acted intentionally

or in bad faith; (2) the degree of prejudice, if any, to the [opposing party]; and (3) whether the

prejudice to the [opposing party] can be cured with a less severe course of action.” United States

v. Davis, 514 F.3d 596, 611 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Maples, 60 F.3d 244, 247

(6th Cir. 1995)). However, “[w]e review [a] district court’s evidentiary rulings[] involving an

alleged violation of Sixth Amendment rights[] under a de novo standard of review.” United

States v. Hamilton, 128 F.3d 996, 999 (6th Cir. 1997).

       “The defendant must, at the government’s request, give to the government a written

summary of any [expert] testimony that the defendant intends to use under Rules 702, 703, or

705 of the Federal Rules of Evidence as evidence at trial” if the defendant has made a similar

request to the government. Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(b)(1)(C). “If a party fails to comply with this



       2
         United States v. Gallo, 763 F.2d 1504 (6th Cir. 1985), does not aid Brent. In Gallo, the
Court determined that a continuance should have been granted when “[t]he trial judge allowed
[the defendant] only ten or eleven days to prepare a defense to the RICO claim contained in the
superseding indictment.” Id. at 1523. Unlike Gallo, this was not “a highly complex case,” nor
was Brent denied sufficient time to prepare his defense to a new claim against him. Id. at 1524.
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rule, the court may: (A) order that party to permit the discovery or inspection . . . ; (B) grant a

continuance; (C) prohibit that party from introducing the undisclosed evidence; or (D) enter any

other order that is just under the circumstances.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2).

        Both parties acknowledge that the Government specifically sought reciprocal discovery

from Brent.    Nevertheless, on the night following the third day of trial, Brent told the

Government that he wanted to present expert testimony of “spoofing,” based upon information

he received the previous morning from his private investigator—although he conceded that he

had no evidence that the Government had employed the practice. In response, the district court

ruled that because Brent had failed to comply with Rule 16, the witness would be excluded from

testifying.3

        The district court properly precluded Brent from presenting expert testimony because he

failed to provide the Government with reciprocal discovery under Rule 16. See Fed. R. Evid.

702.

        First, Brent never provided the Government with the information required by Rule 16,

essentially denying the Government an opportunity to rebut his witness’s testimony with its own

expert. Moreover, as the district court aptly noted, “there’s no proof whatsoever that this

practice occurred in this case,” and thus it properly excluded testimony that would have been

irrelevant. See United States v. Langan, 263 F.3d 613, 622–23 (6th Cir. 2001) (affirming the



        3
          Brent was permitted to offer the avowal testimony of his proposed witness, Michael
Ober. Ober indicated that he was familiar with spoofing, and he described the process as going
online to websites and purchasing the ability to send specific outgoing calls or texts with the
appearance that they came from another telephone number. However, Ober’s knowledge of the
practice was limited to reading about it online and using it on occasion. He did not have any
training or expertise in computers; he could not explain how the process works or verify how
spoofed calls would appear in phone records; he had no idea what phone system the informant
was using; and he had not researched Brent’s phone system to see if spoofing was viable under
those circumstances. Accordingly, his testimony did not alter the court’s decision.
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district court’s exclusion of expert testimony that would “not [have] be[en] of assistance” to the

jury). And irrelevance aside, Brent’s proffered testimony was problematic, given that Ober had

no expertise with the process and limits of spoofing, nor did he have any knowledge of the facts

of the case or phone systems involved.4

       And finally, Brent asserts that there is no evidence that his failure to comply with Rule 16

was willful or motivated by a desire to obtain a tactical advantage. However, he admittedly

withheld his intention to introduce Ober’s testimony for a day—given that he spoke with the

private investigator in the morning and did not inform opposing counsel until that night—

without any explanation for the delay.5 In any event, whether Brent had a bad motive is not

determinative of the abuse-of-discretion question.

       Thus, Brent has failed to establish that the district court abused its discretion in excluding

the proposed expert testimony regarding spoofing.

III.   Limitation of Robert’s Cross-Examination of Aleshia Mills

       Robert asserts that the district court abused its discretion in limiting his cross-

examination of Mills regarding her loss of custody of her minor child.

       4
          Brent contends that the text messages were the only evidence linking him to the
controlled-buy transactions.     However, considerable evidence connected him to these
transactions and indicated that spoofing did not occur—for instance, the fact that records from
his phone service provider confirmed the existence of outgoing and incoming calls between his
number and the informant’s that matched calls recorded by the agents working with the
informant; Brent’s voice was captured on multiple recorded calls to and from the informant; and
the informant and Neal each referred to Brent by name in texts and recordings on multiple
occasions as being involved in these transactions.
       5
         United States v. Bartle, 835 F.2d 646 (6th Cir. 1987), does not avail Brent. In Bartle,
this court discussed the value of a recess to allow a challenging party to review proffered
documentary evidence where there has been a discovery violation. Id. at 650. In this case,
however, the proffered evidence was not a document merely requiring review, but expert
testimony that could only be adequately addressed through substantial research and presentation
of contrary expert testimony. Moreover, unlike the evidence here, the evidence in Bartle was
“highly probative [and] properly authenticated.” Id.
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       District courts “retain ‘wide latitude’ to impose ‘reasonable limits on cross-examination,”

United States v. Holden, 557 F.3d 698, 704 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall,

475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)), particularly when the questioning “is repetitive or only marginally

relevant.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 679.

       At trial, Mills testified about her cooperation in the investigation and her hopes for a

reduced sentence. She acknowledged that as a result of her addiction she had lost custody of her

older child approximately three years before, she expressed concern about losing custody of her

infant, and she repeated this testimony on cross-examination several times.

       On cross-examination, Robert’s attorney asked who had custody of Mills’s older child.

The Government objected, and the district court sustained the objection. The district court cut

off further questioning: “[w]e’re not going to get into the reasons why she doesn’t have custody

of the child. We know she testified on direct it’s because of her—she had an addiction. We’re

not going to speculate as to why the child’s not in her custody.”

       “When a district court limits the scope of cross examination, we review that ruling for

abuse of discretion.” United States v. Callahan, 801 F.3d 606, 623 (6th Cir. 2015).               “In

determining a trial court’s limitation of cross-examination for motive, bias, or prejudice, a

reviewing court must decide ‘whether the jury was otherwise in possession of sufficient

information concerning formative events to make a discriminating appraisal of a witness’

motives and bias.’” United States v. Fields, 763 F.3d 443, 464 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Stevens

v. Bordenkircher, 746 F.2d 342, 346–47 (6th Cir. 1984)).

       Because Mills had already extensively testified regarding the loss of custody of her older

child, the district court did not abuse its judicial discretion in limiting Robert’s cross-examination

of Mills. Although Robert protests that this subject was related to her motive or bias, that does



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not mean that he was entitled to repeatedly retread ground already thoroughly covered by prior

questioning. Because the jury had ample information on this score for all of Robert’s permissible

purposes, the district court did not abuse its discretion in so ruling.

IV.      Sentencing Enhancement for Neal’s Perjurious Testimony

         Neal argues that the district court erred in applying a two-level enhancement to his

sentence for his obstruction of justice.

         A defendant who “willfully obstruct[s] or impede[s], or attempt[s] to obstruct or impede,

the administration of justice” through perjurious testimony is subject to a two-level increase of

his offense level. USSG § 3C1.1; id. cmt. n.4(B).               To apply an obstruction-of-justice

enhancement based on perjury, a district court must: (1) “identify those particular portions of

defendant’s testimony that it considers to be perjurious,” and (2) “either make a specific finding

for each element of perjury or, at least, make a finding that encompasses all of the factual

predicates for a finding of perjury.” United States v. Lawrence, 308 F.3d 623, 632 (6th Cir.

2002).

         The district court identified a few instances of perjury in Neal’s sworn testimony: (1) he

admitted distributing oxycodone pills, but he claimed that the pills came from a man named

“Dirk,” rather than from Brent; (2) on cross-examination, he admitted that during an interview

he lied to agents about buying from Brent; (3) he claimed that all of his references to “Brent”

during texts, calls, and conversations during controlled buys were codenames for “Dirk”; (4) he

falsely stated that he had paid his way to Texas; and (5) he untruthfully testified that the voice

on recorded calls was not Brent’s. Thus, the district court determined that “[o]n each occasion

[Neal] committed perjury by intentionally lying to the jury in the hopes of getting acquitted, or

at the very least, helping Brent Evans get acquitted.” And finally, the district court noted that



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“there was absolutely no evidence here that despite the fact that [Neal] did have a head injury

that [Neal] w[as] testifying during trial as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.”

        This court reviews de novo a district court’s determination that a defendant’s conduct

constituted obstruction of justice; however, “the district court’s factual determination that [a]

defendant testified falsely about material matters—and that he did so intentionally and not

because of confusion, mistake, or memory lapse—is reviewed for clear error.” United States v.

Camejo, 333 F.3d 669, 675 (6th Cir. 2003).

        The district court properly enhanced Neal’s sentence based on his perjurious testimony.

To begin with, the district court identified numerous statements by Neal that contradicted his

prior comments to agents and the testimony of other witnesses. Moreover, the district court

correctly noted that these remarks were material, and could have altered or affected the jury’s

verdict.   And finally, the district court determined that the statements indicated that Neal

“committed perjury by intentionally lying to the jury in the hopes of getting acquitted, or at the

very least, helping Brent Evans get acquitted”—and no evidence indicated that the testimony

came “as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.” Neal has failed to rebut these

findings and has not shown error on the district court’s part—clear or otherwise. Therefore, his

challenge to this sentencing enhancement must fail.

V.      Wolford, Robert, and Neal’s Joint and Several Forfeiture Liability

        Neal, Wolford, and Robert all challenge the district court’s forfeiture order on various

grounds. As with the other claims on appeal, they have failed to show error on the district court’s

part.

        “The government may seek criminal forfeiture for violation of any federal statute ‘for

which the civil or criminal forfeiture of property is authorized.’” United States v. Hampton,



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732 F.3d 687, 690 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c)).        Under § 853, “any proceeds

the [defendant] obtained, directly or indirectly,” from the crimes, or any proceeds used to

commit or facilitate the crimes, may be subject to forfeiture.    21 U.S.C. § 853(a)(1), (2).

       “The government bears the burden of proving forfeiture by a preponderance of the

evidence.”   United States v. Evers, 669 F.3d 645, 660 (6th Cir. 2012).             However, “[t]he

government is not required to prove the specific portion of proceeds for which each defendant is

responsible.” United States v. Corrado, 227 F.3d 543, 553 (6th Cir. 2000) (determining a

forfeiture amount in the context of a RICO conspiracy).6 Rather, the sentencing court must hold

each conspirator jointly and severally liable for these proceeds. United States v. Honeycutt,

816 F.3d 362, 378–80 (6th Cir. 2016); see also United States v. Logan, 542 F. App’x 484, 498–

99 (6th Cir. 2013). With joint and several liability, the amount of proceeds attributable to a

defendant is limited to those proceeds reasonably foreseeable to that defendant. See Logan,

542 F. App’x at 499; United States v. Van Nguyen, 602 F.3d 886, 904 (8th Cir. 2010)

(concluding that under § 853, a defendant “may be held jointly and severally liable for all of the

foreseeable proceeds of the conspiracy”).

       Following the convictions, the district court held Brent and Neal each responsible for a

money judgment in the amount of $309,300; Wolford for $269,700; and Robert for $110,700.

Moreover, they were deemed to be jointly and severally responsible for these amounts.

       “This court reviews the district court’s interpretation of the federal forfeiture laws de

novo. . . . Findings of fact are reviewed for clear error[, and] [t]he issue of whether those facts are




       6
         Our precedent in the RICO context as to joint and several forfeiture is controlling in the
§ 853 context as well. United States v. Honeycutt, 816 F.3d 362, 380 (6th Cir. 2016). Notably,
the Defendants do not rely on United States v. Cano-Flores, 796 F.3d 83, 91 (D.C. Cir. 2015),
for a contrary view.
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sufficient to constitute a proper criminal forfeiture is reviewed de novo.” United States v. Jones,

502 F.3d 388, 391 (6th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).

       In determining the appropriate forfeiture amounts for Neal, Wolford, and Robert, the

court properly attributed only “those proceeds of the conspiracy that were ‘reasonably

foreseeable’ to him or her, not just those proceeds that the conspirator personally obtained.” See

Logan, 542 F. App’x at 499.     These defendants not only derived proceeds from the conspiracy,

but after they joined the conspiracy the proceeds were foreseeable to them since each was aware

of the amount of oxycodone obtained by the conspiracy and was directly involved in distribution

of the oxycodone during the life of the conspiracy.

       A.      Neal and Wolford’s Benefitting from the Conspiracy

       Neal participated in the conspiracy since its inception. Accordingly, the trial court held

him responsible for all of the proceeds generated by the 14,325 oxycodone pills obtained by the

conspirators. Neal also personally benefited, in that he both sold some pills on the side and

consumed a part of his portion of the pills that he obtained for the conspiracy. Neal protests

that “the government has to show that the Appellant received something from the criminal

conspiracy. . . . [but] [s]ince Neal never obtained anything, a money judgment is improper.”

However, this assertion is belied by the record, given that Neal received pills and some

personal-sale proceeds from his continuous endeavors throughout the life of the conspiracy.

       Wolford, on the other hand, joined the conspiracy later than Neal, so the district court

held her responsible for the proceeds generated after January 12, 2012—the date when she

obtained her first oxycodone prescription.     Like Neal, Wolford contends that she “received

nothing in return” for the “relatively short time” she spent entangled in the conspiracy. She also




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claims that the district court failed to acknowledge that she was not involved with the conspiracy

after her last trip to Texas to obtain oxycodone pills.

       Even after she ceased traveling to the pain clinic, however, she aided her coconspirators

and continued to benefit from the proceeds of the conspiracy. Following her last trip, she

allowed others to drive her minivan to Texas to obtain oxycodone pills; she distributed

oxycodone pills from her and Brent’s residence numerous times; and she enjoyed the benefits of

the proceeds of the conspiracy—in particular the minivan Brent bought for her, and the home

she shared with Brent that was purchased and renovated with both cash and oxycodone pills

obtained by the conspiracy. And as the district court aptly noted, “[a]s Brent Evans’ live-in

girlfriend and mother of his child, she more than anyone benefitted from the fruits of the

conspiracy.”

       Again, although both Neal and Wolford complain that the Government failed to identify

the amount of proceeds that each individually, directly received, “[t]he government is not

required to prove the specific portion of proceeds for which each defendant is responsible.”

Corrado, 227 F.3d at 553. Accordingly, the district court properly attributed to each one the

proceeds generated by the conspiracy after they joined—proceeds that were foreseeable to them

since each was aware of the amount of oxycodone obtained by the conspiracy and was directly

involved in distribution of the oxycodone until the end of the conspiracy. The testimony of

conspirators established that each of them was aware of the activities of the others from the time

each began to travel to pain clinics. And as observed by the district court, “because all the

defendants at one time helped Brent distribute or were addicts themselves, they knew the street

value of the pills they turned over to Brent.” Thus, the district court correctly held Neal and




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Wolford responsible for the value of the oxycodone obtained by the conspiracy from the time that

each began participating.

       B.      Wolford and Robert’s Eighth Amendment Claim

       Wolford and Robert also assert that the forfeiture orders against them are not proportional

to the seriousness of their offenses in violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against

excessive fines.

       Criminal forfeiture “operate[s] as punishment for criminal conduct in violation of the

federal drug . . . laws.” Corrado, 227 F.3d at 549 (quoting Libretti v. United States, 516 U.S. 29,

39 (1995)). “[P]unishment for crime should be graduated and proportioned to [the] offense, . . .

but the proportionality required forbids only extreme sentences that are grossly disproportionate

to the crime. . . . The test is rarely met.”   United States v. Young, 766 F.3d 621,625 (6th Cir.

2014) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Ely, 468 F.3d

399, 403 (6th Cir. 2006).

       Wolford’s and Robert’s sentences are not “grossly disproportionate.”            During their

participation in the conspiracy, the conspirators obtained and distributed thousands of oxycodone

pills, and the sentencing court held Wolford and Robert accountable for only the proceeds

generated by the conspiracy after they joined.       And as the district court pointed out, even if

“Brent was the most culpable of the defendants, he could not have orchestrated the conspiracy

without individuals like Wolford [and Robert] supplying him with pills.”           In light of their

months of willful involvement in such an insidious enterprise—the gravity of which, in the

district court’s words, “is reflected in the devastation that the pain pill epidemic has inflicted on

Kentucky residents”—this clearly is not one of the “exceedingly rare” instances in which we

have found a successful Eighth Amendment challenge. Young, 766 F.3d at 625.


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       C.      Robert’s Challenge to Forfeiture Generally

       In his final claim, Robert Evans asserts that forfeiture is unconstitutional because

forfeited assets may be “used to fund Department of Justice activities.” Robert failed to raise

this issue before the district court, however, and he cannot show plain error. See United States

v. Droganes, 728 F.3d 580, 590-91 (6th Cir. 2013) (“While [the defendant’s] failure [to raise his

argument below] would normally constitute a waiver . . . . we may still grant relief if [the

defendant] can show that the district court made a ‘plain’ error that ‘affects [his] substantial

rights.’” (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)). Robert has failed to cite any binding authority to

support his argument, and we have found none. “A lack of binding precedent on the specific

issue indicates that there is no plain error.” United States v. Lantz, 443 F. App’x 135, 139-40

(6th Cir. 2011) (citing United States v. Amos, 501 F.3d 524, 529 n.2 (6th Cir. 2007)). Thus, this

claim must fail.

       AFFIRMED.




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