J-A21017-19

                                   2020 PA Super 64

    JOSHUA KEESEE AND MCON                     :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    ELECTRIC, LLC                              :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JOHN J. DOUGHERTY (INDIVIDUALLY            :
    AND IN HIS CAPACITY AS BUSINESS            :   No. 1670 EDA 2018
    MANAGER OF INTERNATIONAL                   :
    BROTHERHOOD OF ELECTRICAL                  :
    WORKERS LOCAL UNION 98) AND                :
    INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF               :
    ELECTRICAL WORKERS LOCAL                   :
    UNION 98 AND CHRISTOPHER                   :
    OWENS AND THOMAS RODRIGUEZ                 :
    AND NIKO RODRIGUEZ                         :
                                               :
                       Appellants              :

                 Appeal from the Order Entered May 15, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                             No(s): 170801229


BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and STABILE, J.

OPINION BY OLSON, J.:                                    Filed: March 16, 2020

       Appellants, John J. Dougherty, individually and in his capacity as

business manager of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local

Union 98 (“Dougherty”), International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local

Union 98 (“IBEW 98”), Christopher Owens (“Owens”), Thomas Rodriguez, and

Niko Rodriquez appeal from the order entered May 15, 2018, denying

Appellants’ motion to stay the civil action filed against them by Joshua Keesee1
____________________________________________


1 We note that Joshua Keesee’s last name was misspelled on the Notice of
Appeal. The case caption has been corrected to reflect the accurate spelling
of Joshua Keesee’s last name.
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(“Keesee”) and MCON Electric, LLC (“MCON”).       We vacate the order and

remand the case.

     The trial court summarized the factual and procedural history as follows:

     [Keesee and MCON] filed the complaint in this action on August
     16, 2017. The amended complaint advances causes of action for
     battery, intentional interference with contractual relations,
     concerted tortious action, and civil conspiracy. A summary of its
     pertinent allegations follows.

     [Keesee] is the owner and president of [MCON], a company in the
     business of supplying electrical contractor work. [Dougherty] is
     the business manager of [] IBEW 98, the electrical labor union
     maintaining its business in Philadelphia. [] Owens, Thomas
     Rodriguez and Niko Rodriguez are IBEW 98 union members.

     In 2013, real-estate developer, Barry Sable, entered into an
     unwritten contract with Keesee [and] MCON to provide electrical
     work on a townhome project in Philadelphia. He selected MCON
     because it is a non-union contractor.

     [Dougherty, Owens, Thomas Rodriguez, and Niko Rodriguez], on
     behalf of IBEW 98, embarked on an unsuccessful campaign of
     intimidation and coercion to persuade [Keesee and MCON] to join
     the union. On January 21, 2016, [Dougherty, Owens, Thomas
     Rodriguez, and Niko Rodriguez] physically attacked Keesee,
     causing him to suffer a broken nose, concussion, and various
     injuries requiring medical care. [Dougherty, Owens, Thomas
     Rodriguez, and Niko Rodriguez’s] harassing behavior[s] continued
     in the following days until January 23, 2016, when developer
     Sable severed his relationship with [Keesee and MCON] and
     retained a union contractor to finish the work.

     [Keesee and MCON’s] claims in this civil action sound in tort and
     contract. They seek punitive and other damages stemming from
     Keesee's injuries on January 21, 2016, the subsequent loss of his
     reputation and income, and the value of the contract terminated
     by developer Sable.

     The [trial] court overruled [Appellants’] preliminary objections on
     November 30, 2017, ordering [Appellants] to answer [Keesee and
     MCON’s] amended complaint.


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       On April 13, 2018, a little over four months later and in the wake
       of news reports that [] Dougherty was the subject of federal and
       state criminal investigations, [Appellants] filed a [m]otion to
       [s]tay [p]roceedings on the grounds that active litigation of
       [Keesee and MCON’s] civil action imperils [Dougherty, Owens,
       Thomas Rodriguez, and Niko Rodriguez’s] privileges against
       self-incrimination, a protection secured by the [United States and
       Pennsylvania C]onstitutions.

       The [trial] court denied the [m]otion to [s]tay[] and denied
       [Appellants’] motion for reconsideration.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/9/19, at 2-3 (citations to record omitted). This appeal

followed.2

       On August 2, 2018, this Court ordered Appellants to show cause why

the order denying the motion to stay was not an interlocutory order and,

instead, was immediately appealable. Per Curiam Order, 8/2/18. Appellants

filed a response, and this Court subsequently discharged the rule to show

cause order, referring the issue to the merits panel.

       Appellants raise the following issue for our review:

       Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion, or commit an error of
       law, in denying [Appellants’] [m]otion to [s]tay pending parallel
       criminal proceedings[3], and thereby denying [Dougherty, Owens,
       Thomas Rodriguez, and Niko Rodriguez’s] rights against
       self-incrimination under the United States and Pennsylvania
       Constitutions, where all six factors of the relevant balancing test
____________________________________________


2  Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal. The trial court ordered Appellants
to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellants timely complied. The trial court subsequently
filed its Rule 1925(a) opinion.
3 We note the pending criminal proceedings can be found at United States

of Am. v. John Dougherty, et al., No. 2:19-cr-00064-JLS (E.D. Pa. January
29, 2019). “This [C]ourt can take judicial notice of court filings to the extent
that a party has taken advantage of the judicial process.” See Spanier v.
Freeh, 95 A.3d 342, 348 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2014).

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J-A21017-19


      establish that a stay is required in order to protect [Dougherty,
      Owens, Thomas Rodriguez, and Niko Rodriguez’s] [c]onstitutional
      rights?

Appellants’ Brief at 2.

      Before addressing the merit of Appellants’ issue, we must first examine

whether we have jurisdiction in this matter. An order denying a motion to

stay generally is considered interlocutory and not appealable unless it satisfies

the collateral order doctrine. Spanier v. Freeh, 95 A.3d 342, 345 (Pa. Super.

2014). Our Supreme Court held,

      Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 313(b) permits a party
      to take an immediate appeal as of right from an otherwise
      unappealable interlocutory order if the order meets three
      requirements: (1) the order must be separable from, and
      collateral to, the main cause of action; (2) the right involved must
      be too important to be denied review; and (3) the question
      presented must be such that if review is postponed until after final
      judgment, the claim will be irreparably lost. All three prongs of
      Rule 313(b) must be met before an order may be subject to a
      collateral appeal; otherwise, the appellate court lacks jurisdiction
      over the appeal.

Commonwealth v. Harris, 32 A.3d 243, 248 (Pa. 2011); see also Pa.R.A.P.

313(b) (defining a collateral order as “an order separable from and collateral

to the main cause of action where the right involved is too important to be

denied review and the question presented is such that if review is postponed

until final judgment in the case, the claim will be irreparably lost”).


      With regard to the first prong of the collateral order doctrine, an
      order is separable from the main cause of action if it is entirely
      distinct from the underlying issue in the case and if it can be
      resolved without an analysis of the merits of the underlying
      dispute. With regard to the second prong, a right is important if
      the interests that would go unprotected without immediate appeal


                                      -4-
J-A21017-19


      are significant relative to the efficiency interests served by the
      final order rule. Notably, the rights must be deeply rooted in
      public policy going beyond the particular litigation at hand. With
      regard to the third prong, a right sought to be asserted on appeal
      will be “irreparably lost” if, as a practical matter, forcing the
      putative appellant to wait until final judgment before obtaining
      appellate review will deprive the appellant of a meaningful
      remedy.

Commonwealth v. Magee, 177 A.3d 315, 319-320 (Pa. Super. 2017)

(citations, ellipsis, and some quotation marks omitted).

      Here, Appellants’ issue concerning the denial of their motion to stay the

civil proceedings (centered upon preservation of Appellants’ constitutional

privilege against self-incrimination) can be decided without reaching the

merits of Keesee and MCON’s underlying causes of action. Therefore, the first

prong of the collateral order doctrine has been satisfied.

      Turning next to an analysis of the second prong of the collateral order

doctrine, “courts in this Commonwealth have continually recognized that the

Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination is the type of privilege that

is deeply rooted in public policy and ‘too important to be denied review.’”

Commonwealth v. Davis, 176 A.3d 869, 874 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation

omitted), appeal granted on other grounds, 195 A.3d 557 (Pa. 2018); see

also Commonwealth v. Davis, 220 A.3d 534, 542 (Pa. 2019) (holding, the

right against self-incrimination “not only applies to a defendant in a criminal

trial, but “in any other proceeding, civil or criminal, formal or informal, where

the answers might incriminate [the speaker] in future criminal proceedings”

(citation omitted)).   Appellants assert the denial of their motion to stay


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J-A21017-19



“effectively destroy[ed Dougherty, Owens, Thomas Rodriguez, and Niko

Rodriguez’s] constitutional rights against self-incrimination. Appellants’ Brief

at 11; see also Appellants’ Statement of Appellate Jurisdiction, 8/13/18, at

7.   Therefore, the second prong of the collateral order doctrine has been

satisfied.

      Finally, we agree that Appellants’ rights against self-incrimination would

be “irrevocably lost” if our review were postponed until after final judgment.

Without immediate review, Appellants would either forgo testifying on their

own behalf in the civil action or risk providing answers that might incriminate

them in the pending criminal proceedings.

      Having found Appellants satisfied all three prongs of the collateral order

doctrine, this Court has jurisdiction over this appeal, and we now address the

merit of Appellants’ claim.

      The decision to grant or deny a motion to stay is within the sound

discretion of the trial court, and we will review that decision for abuse of

discretion. See generally In re Upset Sale, Tax Claim Bureau of Berks

County, 479 A.2d 940, 946 (Pa. 1984). “An abuse of discretion is not merely

an error of judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or

misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the

result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, as shown by the evidence or the

record, discretion is abused.” Cigna Corp. v. Executive Risk Indem., Inc.,

111 A.3d 204, 211 (Pa. Super. 2015), appeal denied, 126 A.3d 1281 (Pa.

2015).

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J-A21017-19



      Determining the appropriate balancing test or factors the trial court

should consider when deciding whether to grant or deny a motion to stay a

civil case pending the resolution of a related criminal case appears to be an

issue of first impression for this Court.      We are guided by this Court’s

acknowledgment in Spanier, supra of the six-factor balancing test set forth

in In re Adelphia Communications Sec. Litig., No. 02-1781, 2003 WL

22358819 (E.D. Pa. May 13, 2003), although we find no adoption of this

specific balancing test by our Supreme Court. See Spanier, 95 A.3d at 345.

      In Adelphia, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania held,

      In deciding whether to stay a civil case pending the resolution of
      a related criminal case, courts consider many factors, including:
      (1) the extent to which the issues in the civil and criminal cases
      overlap; (2) the status of the criminal proceedings, including
      whether any defendants have been indicted; (3) the plaintiff's
      interests in expeditious civil proceedings weighed against the
      prejudice to the plaintiff caused by the delay; (4) the burden on
      the defendants; (5) the interests of the court; and (6) the public
      interest.

Adelphia, 2003 WL 22358819 at *3. The Adelphia court considered all six

of the factors in a balancing test to determine whether the grant of the stay

was appropriate. Id. at *3-*7, see also Spanier, 95 A.3d at 345 (noting the

appropriate test is a six-factor balancing test).

      Consideration of these six factors in deciding whether to grant or deny

a motion to stay a civil proceeding pending the resolution of a related criminal

matter is further supported by the four factors our Supreme Court considered


                                      -7-
J-A21017-19



when determining whether to grant or deny a motion to stay a case pending

an appeal. See Pa. Pub. Util. Comm’n v. Process Gas Consumers, 467

A.2d 805, 809 (Pa. 1983) (stating, “the standards established by the [court in

Virginia Petroleum Jobbers Ass’n v. Fed. Power Comm’n, 259 F.2d 921

(D.C. Cir. 1958)] as refined by the [Washington Metro. Area Transit

Comm’n v. Holiday Tours, Inc., 559 F.2d 841 (D.C. Cir. 1977)] decision

provide a rational basis for the issuance of a stay pending appeal and are

the criteria to be followed by the courts of this Commonwealth” (emphasis

added)). In Process Gas, our Supreme Court held the grant of a motion to

stay pending appeal is warranted if:

        1. The petitioner makes a strong showing that he is likely to
           prevail on the merits.
        2. The petitioner has shown that without the requested relief, he
           will suffer irreparable injury.
        3. The issuance of a stay will not substantially harm other
           interested parties in the proceedings.
        4. The issuance of a stay will not adversely affect the public
           interest.


Process Gas Consumers, 467 A.2d at 808. The Process Gas four-factors

test served as a template employed by the Adelphia court to assess the

propriety of staying a civil proceeding pending the resolution of a related

criminal case. Therefore, the factors identified in Process Gas, as augmented

by the district court in Adelphia, are the appropriate factors for a court to

consider, at a minimum, when deciding to grant or deny such a motion to

stay.




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J-A21017-19



      Here, the trial court recognized the six factors to be considered as

prescribed by the court in Adelphia.           Trial Court Opinion, 4/9/19, at 4.

However, the trial court’s analysis fell short of considering all six of the factors,

at a minimum, when the trial court considered only the first of the Adelphia

factors – similarity of issues.    Id.    Specifically, the trial court found that

Appellants’ argument in support of their motion to stay the civil procedures

relied upon “inadmissible and double hearsay evidence” in the form of

newspaper articles detailing that “Dougherty was the subject of federal and

state criminal investigations[.]” Id. at 3, 6. The record was devoid of specific

evidence of, inter alia, “sworn affidavits, search warrants, specific criminal

charges or indictments that might enable an Adelphia analysis[.]” Id. at 7.

As a result, the trial court was “[u]nable to determine from the record [] if

there [were] enough commonality of issues, parties and remedies sought to

satisfy the first of the Adelphia factors[.]” Id. at 8. This analysis of only the

first of the Adelphia factors did not adequately accommodate, acknowledge,

or permit vindication of Appellants’ constitutional rights. Therefore, we find it

was an abuse of discretion for the trial court not to weigh all six of the

Adelphia factors, at a minimum, before deciding to deny the motion to stay.

      Consequently, we vacate the order denying Appellants’ motion to stay

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand,

the trial court shall consider the indictments now filed against Appellants,

together with all additional facts and arguments offered by the parties, in




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J-A21017-19



addressing the Progress Gas factors, as augmented by the decision in

Adelphia.

     Order vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 3/16/20




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