                                                                                        05/29/2018
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                               March 13, 2018 Session

      AMY BRASFIELD MARLOW v. JOSEPH CHARLES MARLOW

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court for Knox County
                    No. 125184     Gregory S. McMillan, Judge


                            No. E2017-01190-COA-R9-CV


This appeal arises from three post-divorce petitions for criminal contempt against Father
in which Mother asserts over 200 separate counts. The principal issues on appeal pertain
to the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States and Tennessee Constitutions.
Following a three day trial on the first petition, Father was found to be in criminal
contempt of 60 counts. After Mother filed her second petition in which she alleged 133
additional counts of contempt, the parties appeared in court to announce a settlement
pursuant to which Father would plead guilty to 10 unspecified counts with the remaining
counts to be dismissed. Without advising and questioning Father before accepting a plea
as Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b) requires, the trial court approved the agreed order, finding
Father in criminal contempt of 10 unspecified counts. After Mother filed her third
petition for criminal contempt, Father filed a “Motion to Alter or Amend and/or Rule
60.02 Motion to Set Aside Most of the Criminal Contempt Findings and Holdings in this
Cause,” contending all but two of the 60 initial convictions were constitutionally flawed.
As for the first 58 convictions, Father argued the notice of criminal contempt failed to
specifically state essential facts concerning each ground as required by Tenn. R. Crim. P.
42(b). With regard to Father’s guilty plea to 10 additional counts, Father contended the
plea and sentence were fatally flawed because the trial court failed to ascertain whether
Father’s guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily entered as Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b)
requires. The trial court vacated 55 of the 60 initial convictions, finding the notice of
criminal contempt failed to state essential facts as required by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 42(b);
however, the order that followed held Father in criminal contempt for sending a text to
Mother at 10:11 a.m. on June 20 for which Father had been acquitted following trial. The
court also set aside Father’s guilty plea to 10 of the 133 additional counts in the second
petition because the court failed to advise and question Father before accepting a plea as
required by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b). The trial court also ruled, over Father’s objections,
that Mother could prosecute Father on all 133 counts in the second petition. In this
appeal, Father contends the trial court violated the constitutional prohibitions against
double jeopardy by (1) finding Father guilty of a count of criminal contempt for which he
had been acquitted following trial, and (2) allowing Mother to prosecute her second
petition. Because double jeopardy prohibits a prosecution after an acquittal on the same
count, we vacate Father’s conviction for criminal contempt for sending a text to Mother
at 10:11 a.m. on June 20. As for allowing Mother to prosecute all 133 counts in her
second petition, the agreed order, in which Father pled guilty to 10 counts, failed to
specifically identify any of the counts for which Father pled guilty or any of the counts
for which he was acquitted; therefore, jeopardy did not attached to any of the 133 counts.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision allowing Mother to prosecute the 133
counts in her second petition.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 9 Interlocutory Appeal; Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part,
                          Vacated in Part and Remanded

FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which CHARLES
D. SUSANO JR. and JOHN W. MCCLARTY JJ., joined.

Wanda G. Sobieski, Diane M. Messer, and Caitlin Elledge, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Joseph Charles Marlow.

Kevin W. Shepherd and D. Chris Poulopoulos, Maryville, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Amy Brasfield Marlow.

                                            OPINION

       Amy Marlow (“Mother”) and Joseph Marlow (“Father”) divorced on October 2,
2012, and a Permanent Parenting Plan was incorporated into the parties’ Final Decree of
Divorce.

       On June 19, 2014, Mother filed a petition for criminal contempt (“Petition 1”),1
alleging Father violated the following provision in the permanent parenting plan:

      Both parents are entitled to be free of derogatory remarks made about such
      parent or such parent’s family by the other parent to or in the presence of
      the child. T.C.A. § 36-6-101(6).

       Petition 1 was tried over three days on September 8, 9, and 15, 2015. At the
conclusion of the trial, the court found Father guilty of 60 separate counts of criminal
contempt. In its oral ruling, which was incorporated into the trial court’s final order of
October 15, 2015, the trial court identified each communication with specificity that
constituted an act of contempt. Five of the 60 counts for which Father was found in
criminal contempt pertained to Father’s communications on June 20, 2015. Specifically,

      1
          Mother amended the petition twice, once on March 25, 2016, and once on August 18, 2015.


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the court found Father guilty of criminal contempt for sending texts to Mother at 9:53
a.m., 11:07 a.m., 11:26 a.m., 11:42 a.m., and 8:25 p.m. One of the counts for which
Father was acquitted was for a text sent to Mother at 10:11 a.m. on June 20, 2015, which
is significant for reasons discussed below.

       The trial court sentenced Father to ten days for each offense, for a total of 600
days of incarceration; however, the court ordered that Father serve eight days, with 592
days suspended, provided Father complied with the court’s orders in the future.

       In the interim, Mother filed a Petition to Modify Permanent Parenting Plan and on
August 19, 2014, the parties entered into a Temporary Parenting Plan that read in
pertinent part:

       [Father] is enjoined and restrained from sending email and texts to
       [Mother] with offensive language about [Mother], for the purpose to harass
       [Mother], or without a legitimate purpose of communication about the
       children.

       On February 5, 2016, Mother filed her second petition for criminal contempt
which contained 133 counts (“Petition 2”).2 Instead of trying the issues, the parties came
to an agreement regarding Petition 2, and presented an agreed order to the trial court
pursuant to which Father would plead guilty to 10 unspecified counts, with a sentence of
10 days for each count, and the remaining counts would be dismissed. The agreement
additionally provided that, in exchange for Father’s guilty plea, Father’s 100-day
sentence for the 10 unspecified violations would be suspended. The agreed order also
provided that Father’s 592-day suspended sentence arising from Petition 1 would be held
in abeyance subject to his strict compliance with court orders.

       Additionally, the parties agreed to modifications to the parenting plan, which
included prohibiting Father from visiting the children at school without Mother’s written
consent and limiting Father to three phone calls per week with the children. The
agreement also prohibited Father from coming within “visual distance” of Mother’s
residence and five other specified locations without Mother’s express written consent.
The trial court approved the parties’ agreed order, which included Father’s guilty plea;
however, the court did not conduct a plea colloquy as required by Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11 to
determine if Father’s guilty plea was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered.
The agreed order was entered on May 26, 2016.

       2
           The alleged acts of contempt in Petition 1 pertained to the prohibition against derogatory
remarks made in the presence of the child while the alleged acts of contempt in Petitions 2 and 3 mostly
pertained to Father sending email and texts to Mother with offensive language about Mother in violation
of the injunction in the Temporary Parenting Plan.


                                                 -3-
       On July 7, 2016, Mother filed a third petition for contempt (“Petition 3”) alleging
thirteen counts against Father, most of which concerned alleged violations of provisions
in the May 2016 agreed order. Father filed an answer to Mother’s petition and also filed a
counter-petition for contempt alleging 48 counts against Mother.

       Additionally, and more pertinent to this appeal, Father filed a Motion to Alter or
Amend and/or Rule 60.02 Motion requesting that the trial court reverse 58 of the 60
counts of criminal contempt found against Father in the court’s October 2015 decision,
arguing they were constitutionally flawed on due process grounds because the notice of
criminal contempt failed to specifically state essential facts as required by Tenn. R. Crim.
P. 42(b). In the same motion, Father also sought relief from the May 2016 agreed order in
which he pled guilty to 10 counts, contending the plea and sentence were fatally flawed
because the trial court failed to ascertain whether Father’s guilty plea was knowingly and
voluntarily entered as Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b) requires.

        The trial court agreed, in part, and on January 18, 2017, entered an order that read
in pertinent part:

       In the Court’s Order entered October 15, 2015, the Court found that Father
       had sixty violations of the Order of Protection. Within those original sixty
       instances of contempt, the Court finds and holds that . . . five violations
       were properly pled and were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The Court
       finds that Father should be sentenced to Fifty (50) days of incarceration for
       these five instances of contempt. In determining that sentence, the Court
       has taken into account the provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated § 40-
       35-115. By a preponderance of the evidence, the Court finds that
       consecutive sentencing is appropriate in that the Father is being sentenced
       for criminal contempt (Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(7)), that the Father’s
       conduct had previously been addressed by the Court and the Court’s own
       expert, and that Father, despite the clear instruction of this Court engaged in
       behavior that, but for the failure of Mother’s pleading, would have
       supported the Sixty (60) violations found by this Court in its original order.
       Father has served eight days of the sentence and there are Fifty-two days
       that are being held in abeyance.

       The five violations the court found to have been properly pled and proved beyond
a reasonable doubt were communications between Mother and Father at 9:53 a.m. on
June 20, 10:11 a.m. on June 20, 7:00 a.m. on June 22, 7:10 a.m. on June 22, and 9:55
a.m. on June 22, 2015. Thus, the trial court held Father in criminal contempt for these
five counts, imposed a sentence of 50 days, and vacated Father’s convictions on the other
55 counts. However, one of the five counts the court determined was properly pled and
proved, the count pertaining to the 10:11 a.m. text on June 20, 2015, was not among the

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60 counts for which Father was found guilty in the October 2015 order. To the contrary,
and significantly, Father had been acquitted on this count pursuant to the October 2015
order.

      In the same order, the trial court also set aside the May 26, 2016 agreed order
pursuant to which Father pleaded guilty to 10 unspecified counts. The trial court’s
reasons for setting aside the guilty plea read in pertinent part:

       After reviewing the applicable law, the Court finds that Father’s guilty plea
       entered on May 27, 2016 cannot stand. The Court did not comply with Rule
       11(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. Father now asserts
       that, at the time he entered into the plea that he “was in no position to
       negotiate anything. I just had to give in to whatever was demanded.” While
       that belief alone is not dispositive and does not require the plea to be set
       aside, it is something Father should have been able to express to the Court
       if the procedures required by Rule 11(b) had been observed. Had the
       procedure been followed, the Court could have advised Father of the rights
       he had under Rule 11(b) and determined whether Father’s plea was
       knowingly and voluntarily made. The Father’s guilty plea is hereby set
       aside. Counsel for Father asserts that, if the Court vacates Father’s guilty
       plea, he cannot be prosecuted for the allegations of contempt to which he
       pleaded guilty. The Court finds that this position is in error.

        Shortly thereafter, Father filed a motion to dismiss Counts 1, 4, 5, 6, and 10 in
Petition 3 because each count was based on Father’s alleged violations of provisions of
the May 2016 agreed order that included the guilty plea that the court had since set aside.
It was Father’s contention that all of the provisions in the order were nullified when the
trial court set aside the guilty plea because the guilty plea formed the basis of the parties’
agreement. As Father stated in his motion to dismiss:

       8. It is well established that an agreed order is a binding contract
       representing the achievement of an amicable result in pending litigation.
       Demquarter Healthcare Investors, LP v. OP Chattanooga, LLL, No.
       E2016-00031-COA-R3-CV, 216 Tenn. App. LEXIS 1001, December 29,
       2016 at *18. Because a substantial and material term of that contract failed
       and because over five hundred (500) of the suspended days were voided, it
       is the position of Mr. Marlow that the entire May 2016 Order is void.

The trial court denied the motion.

       Father then filed a Tenn. R. App. P. 9 Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on two
grounds. First, Father argued that the court violated the double jeopardy provision in both
the federal and state constitutions by making new findings of criminal contempt in its

                                            -5-
January order. Second, Father argued that the court’s decision to set aside only part of the
May 2016 agreed order and to put Father on trial for all of the original contempt charges
related to the May 2016 agreed order implicated double jeopardy as well. The trial court
granted Father’s motion, and by order entered on August 7, 2017, we granted Father’s
Tenn. R. App. P. 9 appeal for the limited purpose of determining “whether the
prosecution of [Father] on the various charges of criminal contempt arising out of the
proceedings below violates state and federal constitutional prohibitions against twice
being placed in jeopardy for the same offense.”

                                             ANALYSIS

      Constitutional questions are issues of law which we review de novo with no
presumption of correctness given to the trial court’s legal conclusions. Waters v. Farr,
291 S.W.3d 873, 882 (Tenn. 2009).

       “Although contempt proceedings are traditionally classified as ‘civil’ or
‘criminal,’ in point of fact, contempt proceedings are neither wholly civil nor criminal in
nature and may partake of the characteristics of both.” Baker v. State, 417 S.W.3d 428,
435 (Tenn. 2013). Because criminal contempt has both civil and criminal elements,
defendants in criminal contempt proceedings are afforded some, but not all, of the same
constitutional protections as criminal defendants. Id. at 436. Our Supreme Court has held
that the double jeopardy protections provided by the Fifth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Tennessee Constitution apply to
defendants in criminal contempt proceedings. Ahern v. Ahern, 15 S.W.3d 73, 80 (Tenn.
2000).

        Article I, Section 10 of the Tennessee Constitution provides “[t]hat no person
shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” The double jeopardy
protections offered by the state and federal constitutions are “co-extensive.” State v.
Watkins, 362 S.W.3d 530, 548 (Tenn. 2012). Double jeopardy protects criminal
defendants against “(1) a second prosecution following an acquittal; (2) a second
prosecution following a conviction; and (3) multiple punishments for the same offense.”
Id.

                           I.      THE 10:11 A.M. TEXT ON JUNE 20, 2015

      Father argues, and Mother concedes, that one of the trial court’s findings of
contempt in its January 2017 order violates double jeopardy.3 We also agree.


        3
         Mother states in her brief, “Appellee acknowledges that this single contempt is possibly barred
by Double Jeopardy.”


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        Mother alleged in Petition 1 that Father violated a provision in the parenting plan
by sending a specific text on June 20, 2015 at 10:11 a.m. After a trial, the court found in
its October 2015 order that Father was guilty of 60 counts of criminal contempt, which
included five texts Father sent to Mother on June 20, 2015—texts sent at 9:53 a.m., 11:07
a.m., 11:26 a.m., 11:42 a.m., and at 8:25 p.m. The count pertaining to the text sent at
10:11 a.m. on June 20 was not one of the counts for which Father was found to be in
contempt; thus, Father was acquitted of this alleged offense.

       In the order entered in January 2017, the trial court vacated all but five of the 60
counts of contempt found in the October 2015 order but held that Father’s text to Mother
at 10:11 a.m. on June 20, 2015, was contemptuous. Because double jeopardy protects
criminal defendants against a second prosecution for the same offense following an
acquittal, the conviction of criminal contempt for sending the 10:11 a.m. text to Mother
must be vacated.

                                II.    THE PLEA AGREEMENT

        Father argues that the trial court acquitted him of 10 counts of criminal contempt
when it set aside his guilty plea; therefore, double jeopardy prevents further prosecution
of these charges. Father also contends the counts for criminal contempt in Petition 3 that
are based on other provisions of the May 2016 agreed order must be dismissed.
Specifically, he argues that a plea agreement is a contract, the plea deal was a significant
element of the agreed order and, therefore, the agreed-upon provisions on which Mother
relies in prosecuting Petition 3 were invalidated when the plea agreement was set aside.

       For her part, Mother argues that double jeopardy does not prevent her from
prosecuting all 133 counts in Petition 2 because Father was not acquitted of these
charges. Instead, the guilty plea was set aside on procedural grounds, as distinguished
from a finding of insufficient evidence, which would constitute an acquittal. As for
enforcing the remaining provisions of the agreed order, Mother insists the terms of the
plea agreement are severable and enforceable.

      We agree with Mother’s argument that she is not barred based on double jeopardy
from prosecuting Petition 2 because the guilty plea was set aside on procedural grounds;
not on a finding the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction. We have also
determined that double jeopardy has not attached to any of the 133 counts in Petition 2
because the agreed order failed to identify the specific counts of criminal contempt to
which Father pleaded guilty. As for the remaining provisions of the agreed order, we
agree with Father, having determined that the provisions upon which Mother relies in
prosecuting Petition 3 are not severable.

      In State v. Hutcherson, 790 S.W.2d 532 (Tenn. 1990), our Supreme Court
considered whether a defendant could be retried following a reversal of the conviction on

                                           -7-
appeal. In its analysis of the issue, the court noted the United States Supreme Court had
reaffirmed the rule that

       where the reversal is for trial error, the case may be remanded for a new
       trial without violating the Double Jeopardy Clause, but where an appellate
       court finds the prosecution’s proof on the issue of guilt or innocence of
       defendant was insufficient to convict, Double Jeopardy commands a
       dismissal.

Id. at 534 (citing Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1 (1978)).

        After stating that the issue in Hutcherson was whether failure to establish venue is
trial error or insufficiency of evidence, the court found “clues” in the Burks Court’s
examination of the rationales behind the two types of reversals and quoted from that
decision:

       In short, reversal for trial error, as distinguished from evidentiary
       insufficiency, does not constitute a decision to the effect that the
       government has failed to prove its case. As such, it implies nothing with
       respect to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Rather, it is a
       determination that a defendant has been convicted through a judicial
       process which is defective in some fundamental respect, e.g., incorrect
       receipt or rejection of evidence, incorrect instructions, or prosecutorial
       misconduct. When this occurs, the accused has a strong interest in
       obtaining a fair re-adjudication of his guilt free from error, just as society
       maintains a valid concern for insuring that the guilty are punished. See
       Note, Double Jeopardy: A New Trial After Appellate Reversal for
       Insufficient Evidence, 31 U.Chi. L. Rev. 365, 370 (1964).

       The same cannot be said when a defendant’s conviction has been
       overturned due to a failure of proof at trial, in which case the prosecution
       cannot complain of prejudice, for it has been given one fair opportunity to
       offer whatever proof it could assemble. Moreover, such an appellate
       reversal means that the government’s case was so lacking that it should not
       have ever been submitted to the jury. Since we necessarily afford absolute
       finality to a jury’s verdict of acquittal—no matter how erroneous its
       decision—it is difficult to conceive how society has any greater interest in
       retrying a defendant when, on review, it is decided as a matter of law that
       the jury could not properly have returned a verdict of guilty.




                                            -8-
Id. at 534-35 (quoting Burks, 437 U.S. at 15-16).4

        It is undisputed that the court set aside Father’s guilty plea to 10 counts of criminal
contempt on procedural grounds, the trial court’s failure to ascertain whether Father’s
guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily entered as Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b) requires,
not on a finding that the evidence was insufficient. Accordingly, the setting aside of the
guilty plea on procedural grounds does not prevent Mother from prosecuting the counts
that the court set aside.

        In addition to the foregoing reasoning, it is significant that Father did not plead
guilty to any specific charges; to the contrary, he pled guilty to ten unspecified counts of
criminal contempt. This is significant because double jeopardy prohibits retrial on the
same specific charge following an acquittal or a conviction. See State v. Clark, No.
M2010-00570-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 3861242, at *23 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 6,
2012), aff’d, 452 S.W.3d 268 (Tenn. 2014) (requiring the prosecution to elect the
particular offense for which a conviction is sought “protects a defendant against double
jeopardy by prohibiting retrial on the same specific charge.”); see also State v. Adams, 24
S.W.3d 289, 294 (Tenn. 2000). Because it cannot be established which 10 of the 133
counts Father pled guilty to, and all 10 convictions have been set aside for procedural
reasons, jeopardy has not attached to any of the 133 counts set forth in Petition 2.
Accordingly, Mother may prosecute any or all of the counts in Petition 2.

        For a different reason, the same cannot be said for all of the counts in Petition 3,
specifically Counts 1, 4, 5, 6, and 10. In the May 2016 agreed order, Mother promised not
to prosecute the counts of criminal contempt alleged in Petition 2, and in exchange,
Father not only agreed to plead guilty to 10 counts of contempt, he also agreed to, inter
alia, limit the number of phone calls he made to his children, limit the time he could
spend with his children, and limit the places he could travel. After setting aside Father’s
guilty plea to 10 counts of contempt, the court relieved Mother of her obligations under
the agreed order, including her promise not to prosecute Petition 2, while holding Father
to his remaining promises under the agreement, some of which form the basis of the
counts in Petition 3. We have determined this was error for the following reasons.

       As our Supreme Court explained in State v. Howington, 907 S.W.2d 403, 407
(Tenn. 1995), “Plea agreements, unlike immunity agreements, have been treated as
contracts and are enforceable once the condition precedent is met; that is, the trial judge
accepts the agreement.” (citations omitted). “This is consistent with basic contract

        4
           Our Supreme Court in Hutcherson also noted that the Burks Court quoted with approval from
United States v. Tateo, 377 U.S. 463 (1964) “that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude retrying
a defendant whose conviction is set aside because of an error in the proceedings.” Id. at 535 (emphasis in
original).


                                                  -9-
principles that an agreement does not become binding until the condition precedent has
been met.” Id. (citations omitted). Here, the condition precedent was the trial court’s
approval of the plea agreement, the terms of which were set forth in the agreed order.
Although the trial court initially approved the agreement, the court subsequently
rescinded its approval by setting aside the guilty plea, thereby rendering the plea
agreement a nullity.

       “A conditional contract is a contract whose very existence and performance
depends upon the happening of some contingency or condition expressly stated therein.”
Covington v. Robinson, 723 S.W.2d 643, 645 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986) (quoting Real Estate
Management v. Giles, 293 S.W.2d 596, 599 (1956)). Moreover, “[n]o liability under the
contract attaches to either party until such condition precedent is fulfilled. Id. (citing
Strickland v. City of Lawrenceburg, 611 S.W.2d 832 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981)). By setting
aside the plea agreement set forth in the May 2016 agreed order, the court revoked its
approval of the agreement, which was essential to the contract being fulfilled. As a
consequence, neither Mother nor Father is liable under the agreement. See id.; see also
Strickland, 611 S.W.2d at 837. Accordingly, the other provisions of the agreed order
cannot be enforced against Father in the prosecution of Petition 3.5

                                        IN CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and vacated in
part, and this matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. Costs of appeal are assessed equally against Amy Brasfield Marlow and
Joseph Charles Marlow.


                                                        ________________________________
                                                        FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S.




       5
           Because the essential condition precedent to the conditional contract has failed, Mother’s
request to sever the guilty plea and enforce the remainder of the contract is mooted.


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