NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court,
109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may
be made before this opinion goes to press.


                                         2016 VT 50

                                        No. 2015-230

In re Petition of Rutland Renewable Energy, LLC              Supreme Court
for Certificate of Public Good Pursuant to 30 V.S.A.
§ 248, et al.                                                On Appeal from
                                                             Public Service Board

                                                             October Term, 2015


James Volz, Chair

Alan B. George, Rutland, for Appellants-Neighbors.

Kevin E. Brown of Langrock Sperry & Wool, LLP, Middlebury, for Appellant Town of Rutland.

Kimberly K. Hayden and Danielle M. Changala of Downs Rachlin Martin PLLC, Burlington, for
 Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ.


       ¶ 1.    DOOLEY, J.       The Town of Rutland (“Town”) and five adjoining landowners

(“neighbors”) appeal from the Vermont Public Service Board’s grant of a certificate of public

good (“CPG”) under 30 V.S.A. § 248 to Rutland Renewable Energy, LLC (“RRE”) for

construction of the Cold River Solar Project (“Project”), a 2.3 megawatt (Mw) solar photovoltaic

electric generation facility. The Town and neighbors argue that the Board incorrectly held that

the project will not unduly interfere with the orderly development of the region, will not have an

undue adverse effect on aesthetics, and will not have an undue adverse impact on historic sites.

We affirm.
       ¶ 2.    The facts are undisputed. On December 20, 2013, RRE filed a petition requesting

a CPG under 30 V.S.A. § 248 to construct and operate a solar electric generation facility of up to

2.3 Mw AC in the Town. The facility would be located southwest of the intersection of Cold

River Road and Stratton Road, on approximately 15 acres of a larger parcel of land under

contract for purchase by RRE.       The parcel is bordered by Cold River Road, “increasing

commercial and industrial uses,” a vacant wooded parcel, and four homes. Of the homes, one is

separated from the site by a mature hedgerow, one is 150 feet from the project site, one is 280

feet away, and the last is over 500 feet away up a hillside, although it does have a driveway near

the site’s southernmost corner. While the parcel is currently an undeveloped open meadow, and

the project area does include sections of a Class II wetland and four small Class III wetlands, the

parcel is designated as “industrial/commercial” on the Town’s Future Land Use Map. The

project would principally include: (1) about 542 solar racks supporting about 10,000 individual

panels, although exact wattage, number of panels, and panel configuration will be determined

during final design and procurement based on snow and wind analysis; (2) underground

electrical lines connecting arrays to combiner boxes and inverters; (3) two 1150 kW inverters

with a combined nameplate capacity of up to 2.3 Mw AC; 4) two 1500 kVA step-up

transformers or one 2500 kVA step-up transformer; (5) a perimeter fence; and (6) an access area

and new curb along Cold River Road to service the northern area, and an extension to an existing

access area along the road to service the southern area. The project would have a 64 foot setback

from Cold River Road, with the perimeter fence 15 feet nearer to the road.

       ¶ 3.    On March 3, 2014, neighbors and the Town were granted permissive intervention

by the Board. The Board appointed a hearing officer to take evidence and render a proposed

decision for the Board. The hearing officer took evidence on each of the relevant requirements

for issuing a CPG contained in 30 V.S.A. § 248(b). The Town and neighbors particularly

contested (1) whether the project met the requirement that it “will not unduly interfere with the

                                                2
orderly development of the region”; (2) whether the project “will not have an undue adverse

effect on esthetics”; and (3) whether the project “will not have an undue adverse effects on . . .

historic sites”. Id. § 248(b)(1), (3), and (5).1 As discussed in more detail below, the hearing

officer found that the proposal met all the requirements of § 248(b) if certain mitigation

measures were in place.

       ¶ 4.    The Board accepted most of the hearing officer’s decision and rationale. As we

discuss below, the Board somewhat modified the rationale on aesthetics and added a mitigation

measure. The Board issued a CPG on March 11, 2015. Neighbors moved for reconsideration on

March 26. The Board denied the motion on May 6, 2015, elaborating on its decision with

respect to aesthetics. This appeal followed.

       ¶ 5.    One significant part of the opposition of the Town and neighbors is their reliance

on a document entitled Town of Rutland Solar Facility Siting Standards, which were adopted by

the Town selectboard on October 22, 2013. The standards were drafted as an amendment to the

Town plan. On December 19, the Town Planning Commission proposed an amendment to the

Town plan incorporating the standards. The selectboard was expected to adopt the amendment

in the summer of 2014.

       ¶ 6.    The standards, as originally adopted by the selectboard, contain a number of

provisions that are related to this appeal and are summarized below:



       1
           Section 248(b) contains additional requirements, which are not at issue in this appeal.
The Town and neighbors also challenged the project because it is partially sited on primary
agricultural soils. Section 248(b)(5) requires compliance with many, but not all, of the criteria of
Act 250. See 10 V.S.A. §§ 6086(a)(1)-(9). Criterion 9(B) generally prohibits granting an Act
250 permit if the development will “result in any reduction in the agricultural potential of the
primary agricultural soils.” Section 248(b) does not require compliance with criterion 9(B) as
part of the CPG process. The Town and neighbors argued that protection of primary agricultural
soils was required by § 248(b)(1), which provides that the project must not “unduly interfere
with the orderly development of the region.” The hearing officer and the Board addressed that
issue. Given our resolution of the § 248(b)(1) question, we do not address the effect of siting the
project on primary agricultural soils.
                                                 3
                  A. The Town desires to contribute its proportional share to
                     meeting the renewable energy goals in Rutland County, as
                     represented by its share of the land area of Rutland County—
                     2.08%—but “not to exceed that percentage contribution.” The
                     siting standards are intended “to avoid and mitigate potential
                     impacts of solar facility development, while promoting new
                     installations in appropriate locations, and achieving
                     proportionality in Rutland Town’s contribution to renewable
                     energy solutions.”
                  B. Under General Standards for Energy Projects, the document
                     states that the Town will consider supporting four types of
                     energy development. None of the types include new solar
                     generation facilities. Larger projects must be community-scale
                     “that are designed to meet the expected needs of Rutland
                     Town.”
                  C. Ground-mounted solar projects of a generation capacity of 1.5
                     kW or greater “shall be located at least 200 feet from any
                     property line and at least 200 feet from any public highway.”
                     Renewable energy facility setbacks from property lines or
                     occupied structures should be increased as necessary to
                     mitigate identified aesthetics, historic sites, air and water
                     purity, the natural environment, the use of natural resources,
                     and the public health and safety, with due consideration having
                     been given to . . . Act 250 criteria . . . and nuisances or
                     adverse impacts upon adjoining property owners.
                  D. Ground-mounted solar energy facilities shall not be “located
                     on primary agricultural soils.” Such facilities with a generation
                     capacity greater that 100 kW shall “be located on
                     nonagricultural land.”
                  E. Ground-mounted solar energy facilities “shall not be located
                     within 500 [feet] of a building designated as a historic
                     building.”

It is undisputed that the project does not comply “with the property line, roadway, and historic

structure setback requirements contained in the Standards.” The project site contains a variety of

primary agricultural soils; the standards prohibit siting a ground-mounted solar facility on

primary agricultural soils. The site has not, however, been used for agricultural production for

15 to 20 years.

       ¶ 7.       In its brief to this Court, the Town raises two principal arguments: (1) the Board

failed to accord due consideration to the Town’s recommendations that the proposed facility will

“unduly interfere with the orderly development of the region” in violation of 30 V.S.A.


                                                   4
§ 248(b)(1); and (2) the facility will have an “undue adverse impact” on aesthetics, historic sites,

and primary agricultural soils in violation of § 248(b)(5). Similarly, neighbors contend that the

project will unduly interfere with the region’s orderly development and will have an undue

adverse effect on aesthetics and historic sites.

       ¶ 8.    This Court applies a “deferential standard of review in appeals from the Public

Service Board.” In re Green Mountain Power Corp., 162 Vt. 378, 380, 648 A.2d 374, 376

(1994). We recognize that:

               When the Board evaluates a petition for a CPG under 30 V.S.A.
               § 248, it is engaging in a legislative, policy-making process. The
               Board must exercise its discretion to weigh alternatives presented
               to it, utilizing its particular expertise and informed judgment. We
               give great deference to the Board’s expertise and judgment and
               accord a strong presumption of validity to the Board’s orders. We
               will affirm the Board’s findings unless they are clearly erroneous,
               and an appellant bears a heavy burden of demonstrating clear error.

In re UPC Vt. Wind, LLC, 2009 VT 19, ¶ 2, 185 Vt. 296, 969 A.2d 144 (citations omitted). This

is a highly deferential standard of review. Despite the limited standard of review, “we do not

abdicate our responsibility to examine a disputed statute independently and ultimately determine

its meaning.” In re MacIntyre Fuels, Inc., 2003 VT 59, ¶ 7, 175 Vt. 613, 833 A.2d 829 (mem.).

       ¶ 9.    Under § 248(b)(1), a CPG may be issued for a facility if the Board finds that the

facility “will not unduly interfere with the orderly development of the region with due

consideration having been given to the recommendations of the municipal and regional planning

commissions . . . [and] the recommendations of the municipal legislative bodies.” The main

thrust of the arguments of the Town and neighbors is that the Board failed to give sufficient

weight to the standards adopted by the Town legislative body. We emphasize that the statutory

requirement relates to the orderly development of the region, not to a particular municipality

within the region. Thus, in UPC Vt. Wind, 2009 VT 19, ¶ 20, we affirmed the Board’s analysis

of compliance with the requirement based on the overall impact on a three-county region.


                                                   5
       ¶ 10.   We understand that the standard of review to address the Town’s opening

argument led to a backlash that persuaded the Legislature to amend § 248 to give towns greater

control over solar generation facilities.   2015, No. 56, §§ 26a, 26b, 26c.       The new siting

requirements in Act 56 were not in place when RRE filed its application or when the Board

issued the CPG. They do not purport to be retroactive. Thus, we cannot consider the new

requirements or the process that led to their enactment.2

       ¶ 11.   Under this provision of § 248(b)(1), the parties have extensively argued the

weight to be assigned to the Town solar facility siting standards, the proper interpretation of the

Town plan and the interaction between the plan and the solar facility siting standards, the

prohibition on siting on prime agricultural soils in the standards, and the setback requirements in

the standards. We do not reach or resolve these arguments.

       ¶ 12.   There was very little evidence of the project’s regional impacts; virtually all the

evidence and arguments concerned the impacts on and within the Town. Indeed, the Board

found that the “impacts are primarily localized in nature.” It concluded that “while in some

       2
         Act 56 adds requirements in three statutory subsections: 30 V.S.A. § 248(a)(4)(F), id.
§ 248(b)(1)(B), and id. § 248(s). Section 248(a)(4)(F) provides legislative bodies and planning
commissions the right to appear as a party in a § 248 proceeding. The Town legislative body
appeared in this proceeding.

        Section 248(b)(1)(B), allows municipalities to create screening requirements for ground-
mounted solar electric generation facilities and requires the Board to impose them unless it finds
“that requiring such compliance would prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting the installation
of such facility or have the effect of interfering with the facility’s intended functional use.”
Although the adequacy of screening is an issue in this case, the Town has not created screening
requirements.

        Section 248(s) sets minimum setback requirements for ground-mounted solar electric
generation facilities. Although there has been no adjudication of whether the project here would
meet those setback requirements, it appears that it would not meet the minimum setback from a
town highway of 100 feet, but would meet the minimum setback from other properties of 50 feet.
See 30 V.S.A. § 248(s)(1), (3). The subsection contains no separate setback requirement for
historic sites. Thus, the fact that the Town siting standards impose a separate setback
requirement from a historic building is not reflected in the statute. The subsection does authorize
the Board to impose a larger setback requirement, but there is no suggestion that the Board lacks
the power to impose a setback requirement under the preexisting law.
                                                 6
instances localized impacts may be found to interfere with orderly regional development due to

their character or severity, there is no credible evidence in the record that demonstrates that the

localized impacts from this particular project would rise to such a level.” Neighbors respond that

the testimony of their expert witness, a landscape architect, was undisputed and showed the

requisite regional impact. Essentially, the witness testified that when a project is “incompatible

with the land uses in its setting,” it may propagate and have adverse regional impacts, explaining

that “no one of those projects will likely have a regional impact, but sprinkling those projects

around a town or region without regard to their cumulative impact will certainly have such an

impact.” Therefore, aside from the prediction of future replication, there was no actual evidence

of regional impact. The Board recited the testimony that no one project is likely to have a

regional impact and acted well within its discretion in finding the assertion of regional impact

inadequate and not persuasive. We affirm the Board’s conclusion. Because of our resolution of

this issue, we do not reach whether the Board gave “due consideration” to the recommendation

of the Town as required by § 248(b)(1).

       ¶ 13.   We next turn to the second set of arguments raised by both the Town and

neighbors regarding the undue adverse impact of the solar facility upon aesthetics and historic

sites. These issues arise under § 248(b)(5), which provides that the Board must find that the

project “will not have an undue adverse effect on esthetics . . . [and] historic sites.” We start

with aesthetics.

       ¶ 14.   The Board has adopted a modified version of the Quechee test for determining

aesthetic impact. The test is named after the decision that first adopted it, In re Quechee Lakes

Corp., Nos. 3W0411-EB, 3W0439-EB, slip op. at 19-20 (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Nov. 4, 1985). We have

approved the use of the Quechee test by the Board in reviewing a permit for a CPG. See In re

Petition of Cross Pollination, 2012 VT 29, ¶ 10, 191 Vt. 631, 47 A.3d 1285 (mem.). The test

first asks whether the project will have an adverse effect on scenic and natural beauty in the area

                                                7
in which it is located. Id. It is undisputed that the project here has such an effect. It then asks

whether the adverse effect is undue. An adverse impact on scenic and natural beauty is not

undue if three conditions are met:

                First, the project must not violate a clear, written community
                standard intended to preserve the aesthetics or scenic, natural
                beauty of the area. Second, it must not offend the sensibilities of
                the average person. Finally, the applicant . . . must take generally
                available mitigating steps that a reasonable person would take to
                improve the harmony of the proposed project with its
                surroundings.

Id. (citations omitted).

        ¶ 15.   The Town and neighbors argue that none of these requirements are met. They

rely on the setback requirements contained in the Town of Rutland Solar Facility Siting

Standards, which they argue are “a clear, written community standard intended to preserve the

aesthetics or scenic, natural beauty of the area.”    As to the second condition, the Town and

neighbors argue that the Board improperly failed to consider the effect on the sensibilities of the

nearby neighbors. Finally, the parties argue that the Board should have considered imposing a

smaller setback as a mitigation requirement.

        ¶ 16.   The Board rejected these arguments, holding that each of the conditions was met

and the adverse impact was not undue. With respect to the first element, the Board held that the

setback requirements were de facto zoning requirements and could not be considered a

community standard because they did not identify an area, and the specific resources in that area,

to be protected.

        ¶ 17.   With respect to the first reason, the Board relied upon 24 V.S.A. § 4413(b), which

provides that zoning bylaws “shall not regulate public utility power generating plants and

transmission facilities regulated under 30 V.S.A. § 248.” Setback requirements are a core

component of local zoning. See id. § 4411(a)(3) (zoning may regulate “distances to be left

unoccupied by uses and structures”). The Town has not, however, adopted a local zoning

                                                 8
ordinance, and the solar siting standards were not adopted as a zoning ordinance. Instead they

were adopted as a “supporting plan” under § 4403(5) without the process required for the

municipal plan.3 See id. §§ 4382-85.

          ¶ 18.   The Board’s holding is a modification of the Quechee test because the test was

created for Act 250 review, and such review does not generally supplant local zoning regulation.

The Town and neighbors argue that the solar siting standards are “clear written community

standards” by any definition of those terms. We might adopt that view if we were dealing with

Act 250, where state and local regulatory review coexist. Here, we are dealing with a situation

where, under existing law, municipalities have a different role. The effect of the solar siting

standards under the theory of the Town and neighbors is to enable the Town to control solar

generation siting through the Quechee test. We agree with the Board that a modification of the

Quechee test is necessary to give the Board the necessary regulatory power. As the recent

amendments to § 248 reflect, the Legislature can change the balance between state and local

regulation as it deems appropriate. In the absence of such a statutory change, the Board has the

final policy decision. Under the deferential standard of review, we must uphold that policy

choice.

          ¶ 19.   We have a similar reaction to the Board’s second rationale—that the community

standard element is intended to allow the municipality to identify designated areas and resources

that need protection. That was the rationale for the Board’s decision on aesthetics in UPC

Vermont Wind, 2009 VT 9, ¶ 26, and we affirmed the Board’s reasoning and conclusion. We

          3
          The municipal plan is made up, in part, of component plans. Id. § 4382(a). It is
unclear whether the component plans are the supporting plans referenced in § 4403(5). In
addressing the effect of the siting standards, the hearing officer to the Board concluded that the
supporting plans were separate documents and were not required to be incorporated into the
municipal plan. Under this theory, there is no specific statutory process for creation of a
supporting plan. We note, however, that the term “supporting plan” necessarily means that this
plan cannot be inconsistent with the municipal plan. The Board found an inconsistency, and we
agree. Presumably, this is why the Town was in the process of incorporating the siting standards
in the municipal plan.
                                                 9
similarly affirm it here. The Town never identified the area of this project for special protection

to protect aesthetics or scenic beauty. In fact, the municipal plan specified that its future use

would be for industrial/commercial development. The site is a low-lying meadow, and the solar

panels generally do not interfere with views of surrounding vistas.

       ¶ 20.   We next address the second element: that the project does not offend the

sensibilities of the average person. The Board decided that this element was met largely based

on the testimony of the expert witnesses. The Town and neighbors argue that the average person

for purposes of the test should be put in the position of the close neighbors, and the testimony

was that the neighbors’ sensibilities were offended. The Board responded that it had considered

the visual impact on neighbors but, generally, the test considered the perspective of an average

member of the public. It specifically stated that the Quechee test “require(s) that reasonable

consideration be given to the visual impacts on neighboring landowners.”

       ¶ 21.   We conclude that this issue is controlled by our recent decision in In re VTel

Wireless, Inc., 2015 VT 135, ___ Vt. ____, ____ A.3d ____. In that case, neighboring property

owners sought to intervene in a CPG proceeding for a communication facility under 30 V.S.A.

§ 248a, alleging that the project would have an undue adverse effect on aesthetics as viewed

from the neighbors’ property. The Board denied intervention, and the neighbors appealed.

Although the neighbors argued that the Board improperly found his interest to be irrelevant, we

concluded that the Board did consider the neighbors’ interest but did not consider it sufficient to

find the adverse impact on aesthetics undue.         Id. ¶ 15 (stating that “[r]egardless” of legal

relevance of impact on private parties, the landowners’ argument “lacked sufficient weight to

raise significant issue” on the merits). We reach a similar conclusion here. In determining

whether there has been an undue adverse impact, considering the sensibilities of the average

person, the Board can and should consider all vantage points, including from private property.



                                                10
Here, the Board did consider neighbors’ perspective and required extensive screening to mitigate

that impact. Under our standard of review, we affirm the decision.

       ¶ 22.   We acknowledge that, in addition to considering neighbors’ interest, the Board

ruled that the test definition of an average person meant “the average member of the viewing

public who would see a particular project from the vantage point of the public;” that is, while the

Board must consider all vantage points, it does so from an objective, as opposed to subjective

and neighborly, perspective. The Board did, however, specifically address neighbors’ specific

concerns and interests in its mitigation requirement. Thus, the Board stated:

                [I]n this case RRE has sought to mitigate the aesthetic impacts of
               the Project through a vegetative screening proposal. Additionally,
               as discussed below, in recognition of the unique circumstances of
               the project, we have taken into account the Project’s visual impacts
               on the surrounding property owners and have decided to impose
               some additional mitigation intended to soften those impacts to the
               extent possible without unreasonably altering the nature of the
               Project.

               . . .

               The Hearing Officer correctly describes Board precedent that holds
               that while the aesthetics criterion does not guarantee that views of
               the landscape will never change, it does require that reasonable
               consideration be given to the visual impacts on neighboring
               landowners.

The Board went on to impose mitigation requirements to lessen the impact on a particular

neighbor additional to those proposed and one added by the hearing officer. We recognize that

the Board has, to a certain extent, merged the second and third conditions to determine whether

there is an undue adverse impact under the Quechee test, but our point is that its analysis looked

separately at the impact on neighbors. We reiterate that this case has essentially the same

posture as VTel Wireless, and we affirm it for the same reason.

       ¶ 23.   Finally, on the matter of aesthetics, we consider the third element of the Quechee

analysis: whether the applicant has taken generally available mitigation steps. The hearing


                                                11
officer ordered mitigation steps to screen the project from neighbors as proposed by RRE, with

several additional measures. The Town and neighbors reargued the need for the full setback as

required by the solar facility siting standard as a necessary mitigation measure. The hearing

officer found that imposing the setback requirements, including the 500-foot setback requirement

required for historic structures would frustrate the project’s purpose because it would cause a

“very significant reduction in the size and capacity of the array.” Before the Board, neighbors

argued that the hearing officer failed to consider their alternative request for a setback

requirement smaller than that provided in the solar facility siting standards, but greater than the

64 feet proposed by RRE. The Board held that neighbors never proposed an alternative setback

requirement. In response to the motion for reconsideration, the Board explained that a witness

for neighbors stated “reducing the size of the project should be considered,” but never proposed

an alternative setback requirement.

       ¶ 24.   We conclude that the Board’s ruling is well within its discretion, and the

Neighbors did not offer a fully formed proposal for an alternative setback requirement.

       ¶ 25.   The dissent has raised a new argument on this prong of the Quechee test, not

raised before the Board. The dissent argues that RRE did not address whether it could mitigate

the adverse effect by moving the project to a new site “to improve the harmony of the proposed

[project] with its surroundings.” Post, ¶ 55. The dissent notes that neighbors had argued that

there were alternative sites in more developed, non-residential areas of the town. Post, ¶ 54. In

making this argument, the dissent argues that In re Halnon, 174 Vt. 514, 811 A.2d 161 (2002)

(mem.), holds that an applicant must show that alternative sites that reduce the adverse aesthetic

effect are unavailable.

       ¶ 26.   We disagree that Halnon applies here. In that case, the applicant proposed to site

a wind turbine in a location on his sixty-two acres of property that was directly within the view

of the Green Mountains from a neighbor’s residence. The neighbor argued, and the hearing

                                                12
officer for the Board concluded, that there were better locations on the property for the turbine.

Finding that the applicant failed to demonstrate that the alternative locations on the property

could not be used to mitigate the adverse aesthetic effect, the Board denied the CPG. We

affirmed based on the standard of review. Id. at 518, 811 A.2d at 166.

       ¶ 27.   In this case, the issue is not whether there is an alternative location on the

property owned by RRE because the proposal already uses all the available land. The dissent

seeks to expand Halnon into a burden to show that there is not a better alternative site anywhere

in the town,4 or at least in any non-residential area of the town, even though RRE does not own

or control the land on which the solar project might be sited. In essence, RRE would be required

to show that the proposed site for the solar array is the best site in the town, apparently by

systematically evaluating and excluding every other possible site.

       ¶ 28.   The burden the dissent would impose on an applicant is unreasonable, and

probably unmeetable. We can find no precedent that suggests that it is part of the Quechee test.

Moreover, even if the evaluation of other properties were part of the Quechee test, the initial

burden to demonstrate an alternative site is on the opponents, not on the applicant. In In re

Goddard College Conditional Use, 2014 VT 124, 198 Vt. 85, 111 A.3d 1285, an Act 250 case, a

neighbor argued that the applicant failed to show there were not alternative sites for a woodchip

heating plant on its property. The only support for considering any alternative site was the

neighbor’s testimony that a representative of the applicant told her that the applicant had

considered and rejected two or three other sites. Id. ¶ 12. We held that the testimony was

inadequate to meet the neighbor’s initial burden because the “neighbor presented no evidence


       4
          The dissent does not say that the alternatives evaluated would have to be in the town,
and there is no logical reason, other than the cost and extent of the burden in complying, why
Town boundaries would control the inquiry. We note that the Town has tried through its solar
siting standards to designate where solar generation projects should not be sited, but has not
specified where in the town, if any, they should be sited. In fact, as the summary in ¶ 6, supra,
shows, at least part of the Town’s intent appears to be to exclude large solar projects.
                                                13
that, for example, a suitable alternate site is ‘reasonably feasible’ (i.e., it would not frustrate the

project’s purpose or Act 250’s goals), or that the alternative satisfies the requirements.” 5 Id. If

anything, the very general testimony in support of an alternative site here is even weaker than

that in Goddard College Conditional Use. By comparison, in Halnon, the neighbor identified

specific alternative sites on the applicant’s property to which the applicant could move the

proposed project, the issue was fully raised and joined before the hearing officer, and the Board

denied the CPG. We cannot conclude that neighbors’ argument was properly preserved, but,

even if it was preserved, we would reject it. We therefore affirm the Board’s conclusion that the

project met the third element of the Quechee test.

       ¶ 29.   Finally, we reject the argument that the project will have an undue adverse impact

on historic sites. As with the Quechee test, the Board follows an Act 250 decision from the

Vermont Environmental Board, In re Middlebury College, No. 9A0177-EB (Vt. Envtl. Bd. Jan.

26, 1990), to determine whether the project has an undue adverse impact on historic structures.

This test has three parts: (1) whether there are historic structures on the site or nearby that are

affected by the project; (2) whether the effect is adverse; and (3) whether the adverse effect is

undue. In finding no undue adverse effect, the hearing officer relied upon a historic resources

expert witness supplied by RRE, as well as a determination by the Vermont Division for Historic

Preservation that the project would have no undue adverse impact on nearby historic resources.

The Neighbors argue that the witness who appeared before the Board spoke only to the public’s

ability to interpret or appreciate the historic qualities of the sites and not to the other three

conditions that underlie the third element of the Middlebury College test: failure to take

       5
           In Halnon, we assumed that meeting the mitigation requirement could involve
relocation of the wind turbine on the applicant’s property without examining the issue. In
Goddard College Conditional Use, we explicitly declined to rule “whether alternative siting
within a project tract may be considered as a reasonable mitigating measure (as opposed to a
whole different project not subject to consideration in an Act 250 permitting proceeding).” 2014
VT 124, ¶ 11. We consider the question still open even in the narrow circumstances presented in
those cases.
                                                14
generally available mitigating steps to preserve the character of the site, cumulative effects on

the historic qualities by various components which together are so significant they create an

unacceptable impact, and violation of a clear, written community standard. Because “it is for the

Board, not this Court, to weigh the evidence and assess the credibility of witnesses,” UPC Vt.

Wind, 2009 VT 19, ¶ 21, we cannot here say that there was inadequate support for the witness’

opinion that the project would not have an undue impact on historical resources. We have

addressed above with respect to aesthetics the argument that the solar facility siting standards

supplied a written community standard and that the mitigation plan proposed by RRE was

inadequate. That analysis also applies here. As to the cumulative effects on the historic qualities

of the site, we are convinced by the Hearing Officer’s and Board’s reliance on the entire record

including the independent analysis by the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation.

       Affirmed.

                                               FOR THE COURT:



                                               Associate Justice


       ¶ 30.   ROBINSON, J., concurring.         A critical unanswered question in this case is:

what does the Board have to do in order to give “due consideration” to the recommendations of

municipal legislative bodies and planning commissions pursuant to 30 V.S.A. § 248(b)(1)? The

majority does not address this question because it concludes that the dearth of evidence as to the

regional as opposed to the municipal or local impact of the project is dispositive.6 The dissent


       6
           I concur in the majority’s view that 30 V.S.A. § 248(b)(1) expressly calls for
consideration of the regional impact of a project, but do not believe that purely local impacts are
wholly irrelevant to the Board’s analysis. The Legislature would not have required the Board to
consider the recommendations of municipal planning and legislative bodies if the municipal
impact of a project was irrelevant to the issues before the Board. See id. (requiring the Board to
give “due consideration” to recommendations of municipal and regional planning commissions,
and municipal legislative bodies, and to land conservation measures contained in any affected
                                                 15
persuasively catalogs the Board’s myriad slights of the Town’s enacted standards, and calls for a

“more balanced” approach, but does not grapple with the meaning of “due consideration” and its

impact on the scope of our appellate review.

       ¶ 31.   Although I agree with the dissent that the Board indulged every inference against

the limitations on siting solar facilities reflected in the Town’s standards, and afforded no

deference whatsoever to the solar siting standards of the town in which the project was to be

located, I concur in the affirmance of the Board’s decision because as currently written,

§ 248(b)(1) does not require any such deference. Nobody contends that the Board here ignored

or failed to acknowledge the Town’s solar siting standards.         The challenge here is to the

substance of the Board’s treatment of those standards—its explanations of why it declined to

assign significant weight to various provisions. The Town’s argument boils down to the claim

that the Board was insufficiently respectful of the Town’s recommendations and input, as

reflected in its solar siting standards. But nothing in the plain language of the statute, our prior

decisions construing the statute, or the recent legislative debate highlighted by the Town supports

the contention that the Board must defer to the Town’s recommendations to any degree.

Moreover, the Town’s suggestion that we review the Board’s decision to determine whether it

was made in “good faith,” is unworkable for several reasons.

       ¶ 32.   To the extent that this lack of deference reflects, as the Town argues, that the

Board has “turned a deaf ear” to the concerns raised by towns in connection with solar projects,

this Court is not empowered to rewrite the statute to respond to the Town’s critique. Resolution

of this heated tension between respect for municipal self-determination and the state’s policy of

aggressively promoting solar power generation falls to the Legislature.




municipal plan). For that reason, I concur in the majority’s judgment of affirmance, although I
do not fully join the majority’s reasoning, with respect to the § 248(b)(1) issue. In all other
respects, I join the majority’s analysis and opinion.
                                                 16
        ¶ 33.   The relevant statute provides that the Board, before issuing a certificate of public

good, must find that the project “will not unduly interfere with the orderly development of the

region with due consideration having been given to the recommendations of the municipal and

regional planning commissions, the recommendations of the municipal legislative bodies, and

the land conservation measures contained in the plan of any affected municipality.”                Id.

§ 248(b)(1). Although the statute calls for “due consideration,” of municipal recommendations,

it does not purport to describe what consideration is “due” or to identify whether the Board or the

Court is the ultimate arbiter of the level of consideration due in a particular instance. Instead, its

admonition that the Board must afford the Town’s standards “due consideration” is reminiscent

of the phrase, “with all due respect,” which invariably precedes and qualifies a statement

evincing little to no respect at all.

        ¶ 34.   The black letter maxims of statutory construction add little to the mix. On the one

hand, if “due consideration” is synonymous with “consideration,” then the inclusion of the

qualifier “due” is superfluous. See Trombley v. Bellows Falls Union High Sch. Dist. No. 27,

160 Vt. 101, 104, 624 A.2d 857, 860 (1993) (“[W]e presume that language is inserted in a statute

advisedly” and thus “do not construe the statute ‘in a way that renders a significant part of it pure

surplusage.’ ” (citations omitted)).

        ¶ 35.   On the other hand, if something more than mere “consideration” is required of the

Board, the Legislature has offered no insight into what that may be. The Legislature knows how

to require an agency to defer, conditionally or completely, to the judgment of another body. See,

e.g., 24 V.S.A. § 2787(1) (requiring executive branch to defer to plan of regional economic

development commission in distributing certain funds, or to provide regional planning

commission with its basis for not deferring); 10 V.S.A. § 6086(d) (describing that in Act 250

permitting process, “technical determinations of the Agency [of Natural Resources] shall be

accorded substantial deference” by district commissions); id. (stating that “district

                                                 17
commission[s], in accordance with rules . . . , shall accept” certain determinations by

development review board with respect to review of municipal impacts, creating presumption

that application is or is not detrimental to public health and welfare with respect to specific

requirement for which it is accepted); 16 V.S.A. § 806k(d) (stating that in connection with

interstate compact on educational opportunity for military children, “court shall give deference to

the actions of the Interstate Commission consistent with applicable law and shall not find the rule

to be unlawful if the rule represents a reasonable exercise of the Interstate Commission’s

authority”).     An Act 250 permit may not be issued unless the project is “in conformance with

any duly adopted local or regional plan.” 10 V.S.A. § 6086(a)(10). Yet the Legislature has not

included in § 248 any language suggesting that the Board must afford any deference to the

Town’s recommendations, explain its departure from those recommendations, or ensure that the

project conforms to the Town’s recommendations. See Morin v. Essex Optical/The Hartford,

2005 VT 15, ¶ 7, 178 Vt. 29, 868 A.2d 729 (“[W]e will not read terms into the statute unless

necessary to make the statute effective.”).

         ¶ 36.   In fact, the permitting process pursuant to § 248 preempts municipal zoning

requirements altogether—an aspect of the statutory structure that further undermines any

suggestion that the Board owes deference to the Town’s solar siting standards. See City of S.

Burlington v. Vt. Elec. Power Co., 133 Vt. 438, 447-48, 344 A.2d 19, 25 (1975) (holding

municipal zoning regulation of transmission line preempted by state regulatory authority). On

balance, the plain language of the statute requires that the Board consider and perhaps even

address the Town’s recommendations as to the effect of the project on development in the

region. Beyond that, the statute does not require the Board to give any particular weight to the

Town’s recommendations beyond that weight the Board, within its discretion, deems to be

“due.”



                                                18
       ¶ 37.   This Court has never held that “due consideration” requires deference to the

municipality. See, e.g., In re UPC Vt. Wind, LLC, 2009 VT 19, ¶ 17, 185 Vt. 296, 969 A.2d 144

(“Under the plain terms of the statute . . . the Board need only give ‘due consideration’ to the

recommendations of the municipal and regional planning commissions in deciding [if] the

project will not unduly interfere with the orderly development of the region.”); City of S.

Burlington, 133 Vt. at 447, 344 A.2d at 25 (“ ‘Due consideration’ for municipal legislative

bodies . . . at least impliedly postulates that municipal enactments, in the specific area, are

advisory rather than controlling.”); Petition of Vt. Elec. Power Co., 131 Vt. 427, 435, 306 A.2d

687, 692 (1973) (“[T]he Board extended to the Planning Commission the same opportunity to be

heard as the other parties and due consideration was given to the recommendations of the

Planning Commission.      Thus, on this record, we conclude the Board complied with the

requirements of 30 V.S.A. § 248(b)(1).”).

       ¶ 38.   The Legislature’s 2015 changes to the statutes regulating solar siting, cited by the

Town, likewise does not support the view that “due consideration” requires a modicum of

deference to the Town’s solar standards. The Town notes that in 2015, in response to growing

controversy about municipal authority, or the lack thereof, in the siting of renewable energy

generation projects, the Legislature changed the applicable law to provide more municipal input

into the process. However, the changes cited by the Town do not alter the “due consideration”

standard or suggest that it incorporates an element of deference.

       ¶ 39.   Rather, the 2015 amendments reinforce the Town’s limited role in light of the

“due consideration” standard.      The amendments gave the legislative body and planning

commission for the municipality in which a facility is located party status in proceedings under

§ 248(a), 2015, No. 56 § 26a; established minimum setback requirements and authorized the

Board to approve smaller setbacks upon agreement of the applicant, each adjoining owner, and

the municipal legislative body, id. § 26b; and required that projects comply with screening

                                                19
requirements of municipal bylaws or ordinances unless the Board finds that requiring such

compliance would prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting the installation of such a facility or

have the effect of interfering with the facility’s intended functional use, id. § 26c-26e. The

Legislature enacted these amendments to the statute after we had repeatedly held that the “due

consideration” standard means that a municipality’s enactments are “advisory,” two months after

the Board decision in this case, and in the context of acknowledged public controversy about the

lack of municipal control over local solar siting. It left the “due consideration” provision intact,

even though it amended other language in § 248(b). Although legislative inaction following

judicial construction of a statute may be “of small consequence where the statute or its

contemporaneous interpretation was not called to the legislature’s attention,” Lake Bomoseen

Ass’n v. Vt. Water Res. Bd., 2005 VT 79, ¶ 21, 178 Vt. 375, 886 A.2d 355, under the

circumstances present here, the Legislature’s retention in 2015 of the “due consideration”

standard undermines the argument that the Legislature intended for § 248(b)(1) to require

deference to municipal solar siting standards.7

       ¶ 40.   The Town’s more modest position that the Board’s “due consideration” requires,

at a minimum, that it analyze the recommendations and limitations reflected in the Town’s solar


       7
           Moreover, the 2015 amendments delineate a very specific and circumscribed subject
matter—screening––with respect to which municipalities are now entitled to some deference.
The specificity of the 2015 amendments regarding the deference that now is due to certain
municipal enactments reinforces that municipalities still enjoy no particular deference regarding
solar siting more generally. See, e.g., State v. Eldert, 2015 VT 87, ¶ 27, __ Vt. __, 125 A.3d 139
(recognizing maxim of statutory interpretation that “the expression of one thing is the exclusion
of another”). Given the content of the 2015 amendments, they cannot be viewed as clarifying the
Legislature’s intent regarding municipal authority over solar siting to support the contention that
the law requires deference to the Town’s solar siting standards generally. I note that
contemporaneous with this Court’s consideration of this case, the Legislature has been in the
throes of squarely addressing the degree of deference to be afforded municipal development
plans in solar siting. See S.230, An act relating to improving the siting of energy projects,
passed by the Senate on March 31, 2016, SJ 124 P. 760. If ultimately passed, this legislation
may significantly impact the deference due to municipalities in the solar siting process on a
prospective basis. As of the date of this decision, the Legislature’s consideration of this bill has
not run its course.
                                                  20
siting standards “in good faith” is unworkable for several reasons. First and foremost, as an

appellate review body, I do not believe this Court is well positioned to evaluate the subjective

good faith of members of the Board. And absent extraordinary circumstances, I personally

would be loath to accuse another tribunal of “dishonesty of belief, purpose or motive.” See

Black’s Law Dictionary at 149 (10th ed. 2014) (defining bad faith).

       ¶ 41.   Second, the “bad faith” standard for evaluating “due consideration” would shift

our focus from the ordinary questions we customarily consider on review: Were the Board’s

factual findings clearly erroneous? Did its conclusions flow from its findings? Did it err in

interpreting the law? And was its determination within its broad discretion? A Board decision

based on findings that are unsupported by the evidence, conclusions that do not flow from the

findings, or an erroneous interpretation of the law may be subject to reversal for those reasons,

without the need to analyze the Board’s motivations. On the other hand, a decision that falls

within the Board’s broad discretion that is based on accurate understandings of the applicable

law, conclusions that flow from the Board’s findings, and findings that are supported by the

evidence, is affirmable without the need to consider the subjective motivations of the members

of the Board. See 30 V.S.A. § 11(b) (stating that on appeal to Supreme Court, Board’s “findings

of fact shall be accepted unless clearly erroneous”); Petition of New England Tel. & Tel. Co.,

159 Vt. 459, 461-62, 621 A.2d 232, 235 (1993) (stating that where Board’s findings “ ‘fairly and

reasonably’ support the agency’s conclusions of law, this Court will uphold the agency’s

decision” (citation omitted)).

       ¶ 42.   Perhaps most important, evaluating the subjective motivations of the Board in this

case would thrust this Court into the center of an intense policy debate and accompanying

political maelstrom to address a contentious issue squarely within the province of the

Legislature. The Town has painted a compelling picture of a Board aggressively pursuing solar

project development in response to targets established by the Legislature for the development of

                                               21
renewable energy, and frustrated municipalities all around the state that feel “ignored” and

“steamrolled” by the Board. Whether the current statutory scheme, which gives the Town the

opportunity to have plans and recommendations considered by the Board but does not assign any

particular weight to the Town’s position, strikes the best balance between the goal of developing

more renewable energy generation capacity in Vermont and respect for local regulation of land

use is a political and policy question appropriately directed to the Legislature. In fact, as noted

above, the Legislature is presently in the midst of considering a bill that squarely addresses the

question. As this Court explained in another context, “If the provisions of [the statute] seem

unfair or unjust, the remedy is to change the law itself. This can be effected by the legislature

and should not be done by judicial fiat under the guise of statutory interpretation.” Riddel v.

Dep’t of Emp’t Sec., 140 Vt. 82, 88, 436 A.2d 1086, 1089 (1981); see also Sirloin Saloon v.

Dep’t of Emp’t & Training, 151 Vt. 123, 129, 558 A.2d 226, 229 (1989) (“[T]he policy issue is

for the Legislature, not this Court, whereas here the statute is plain on its face.”).

       ¶ 43.   For these reasons, I concur in the majority’s affirmance, and the majority’s

reasoning on all points, except that I do not join the majority’s analysis of whether the Board

complied with § 248(b)(1) to the extent that the majority rests its analysis entirely on the lack of

evidence concerning the impact of this project on the orderly development of the region.



                                                 Associate Justice


       ¶ 44.   REIBER, C.J., dissenting.          I cannot agree with the majority that the Public

Service Board gave due consideration to the Town of Rutland’s recommendations for this solar

energy project or sufficient regard to the Town’s standards for preserving the project area’s

natural beauty and aesthetics, as required by law. The choice confronting the Board here was not

between yielding to the Town’s solar-energy standards or simply disregarding them. “Due


                                                  22
consideration” of the Town’s recommendations and concerns required a more balanced approach

which, if properly applied, might well have produced a different result.           Accordingly, I

respectfully dissent.

       ¶ 45.   The Board here relied heavily on this Court’s observation in City of South

Burlington v. Vermont Electric Power Company that the “due consideration” which the Board

must give to the Town’s recommendations under 30 V.S.A. § 248(b)(1)8 “impliedly postulates

that municipal enactments, in the specific area, are advisory rather than controlling.” 133 Vt.

438, 447, 344 A.2d 19, 25 (1975). What this means in practical terms is essential to determine

whether the Board fulfilled its statutory obligation. Here, the Town’s “recommendations” were

based largely on its standards. These were duly enacted by the Town’s selectboard in 2013 when

it became aware of plans for industrial-sized solar energy projects within the Town that its

current land-use plan, due to expire the following year, did not contemplate or address. In

specifically declining, therefore, to address “the weight to be assigned to the Town solar facility

siting standards,” the majority evades the most important issue for decision. Ante, ¶ 11.

       ¶ 46.   It is not an issue that the Board itself evaded. On the contrary, a fair reading of

the Board’s decision makes it clear that it viewed the standards as little more than obstructionist

and borderline illegitimate, and weighted them accordingly. The Board hearing officer focused

on what he perceived to be a telling “inconsistency” between the designation of the project area

as “Industrial/Commercial” in the Town’s land-use plan and the solar standards’ goal of

preserving the prime agricultural land on which project was indisputably located. The hearing

officer also questioned the standards’ failure to prohibit other kinds of development on


       8
         This section provides, in part, that before the Board may issue a CPG, it must find that
the project “will not unduly interfere with the orderly development of the region with due
consideration having been given to the recommendations of the municipal and regional planning
commissions, the recommendations of the municipal legislative bodies, and the land
conservation measures contained in any plan of any affected municipality.” 30 V.S.A.
§ 248(b)(1).
                                                23
agricultural soil, demanding to know why that would be acceptable while “the modest,

temporary, and reversible impacts” from 542 free-standing solar arrays would not. And finally,

the hearing officer concluded that the standards were essentially meaningless as applied to the

project site because it had not actually been used for agricultural production for fifteen or twenty

years.

         ¶ 47.   The Board embraced the hearing officer’s reasoning, stating: “Th[e] analysis

reflects the due consideration afforded by the Hearing Office of the Town’s recommendations,

and we agree with the Hearing Officer’s reasoning.” The Board also emphasized that the

standards’ siting requirements would “severely limit ground mounted solar development on

existing land within the Town” and thereby frustrate “Vermont’s legislated policy goals

supporting the deployment of in-state renewable generation facilities.” Although the Town

established that substantial land within the town remained available for solar energy projects, the

Board found this to be “an unlikely proposition.” Testimony by a town lister and planning

commission member, as well as a professor at Lyndon State College, that a poorly sited major

energy facility would have an adverse domino effect on the region as a whole was summarily

rejected as “speculative.”

         ¶ 48.   In light of these findings, the Board’s self-serving statement that merely because

the hearing officer “chose not to follow the recommendations in the Standards does not compel

the conclusion” that he failed to give them “due consideration” is disingenuous, at best. As

shown, the hearing officer viewed the relevance, if not indeed the very validity, of the Town’s

recommendations with skepticism, and the Board expressly adopted the hearing officer’s

reasoning.

         ¶ 49.   This was error. It is one thing to evaluate the merits of a town’s recommendations

concerning the regional and environmental impacts of an energy project, quite another to

question their legitimacy and underlying motivation. When a town appears before the Board and

                                                 24
states its recommendations, “due consideration” at least requires a respectful, evenhanded, and

balanced hearing. This did not occur.       Furthermore, while the legislative policy in favor of

renewable energy projects may constitute a valid consideration for the Board, it should not—as

this decision implies—color every aspect of the decisionmaking process.

       ¶ 50.   A similar failing informed the Board’s consideration of the project’s impact on

the aesthetics and natural beauty of the area, under 30 V.S.A. § 248(b)(5). All of the parties here

agreed that the project would be out of character with the area—an area which, despite its zoning

designation, was “currently characterized by a mix of agricultural use, low density residential

and forested land.” There was no dispute, therefore, that the project’s visual impact and siting

would have an adverse aesthetic impact on the area. See In re Petition of Cross Pollination, 2012

VT 29, ¶ 10, 191 Vt. 631, 47 A.3d 1285 (mem.) (affirming two-step Quechee analysis which

asks first whether project “will have an adverse impact on scenic and natural beauty” and second

“whether this adverse impact would be undue” (quotations omitted)).

       ¶ 51.   In determining whether that impact would be undue, however, the Board again

displayed a basic lack of fairness. The first criterion under the Quechee test is whether the

project would “violate a clear, written community standard intended to preserve the aesthetics or

scenic, natural beauty of the area.” Id. The Town again relied on its solar standards, developed

expressly to address concerns about the effect of solar-energy facilities “on the town’s residential

neighborhoods and its scenic, natural, agricultural, and historic resources.”         Once again,

however, the hearing officer and the Board gave them little or no consideration. Their reasoning

was that the solar standards did not represent “clear, written community standards for purposes

of aesthetics review under § 248” because the specific setback requirements “constitute[d] a de

facto zoning bylaw” from which the project was exempt;9 the Town land-use plan did not


       9
          Under 24 V.S.A. § 4413(b), zoning bylaws may “not regulate public utility power
generating plants and transmission facilities regulated under 30 V.S.A. § 248.”
                                                 25
contain a specific provision to preserve the scenic beauty of the project site; and the standards

themselves did not identify the specific project site “as a scenic resource worthy of protection.”

The majority here accepts these arguments and adds that the Board was justified in a applying a

“modified Quechee standard” favoring the project because strict application of the solar

standards would “enable the Town to control solar generation siting” despite its acknowledged

“secondary” role. Ante, ¶ 18.

        ¶ 52.   As a basis to deny consideration of the Town’s solar standards, these arguments

are decidedly weak. As the majority notes, the standards were formally adopted by the Town as

a “supporting plan” to guide solar energy development under a process expressly authorized by

statute. 24 V.S.A. § 4432. It is not necessary to re-label them as “zoning bylaws” to ensure

continued state preeminence in the field of solar energy development. A “modified” Quechee

standard would balance state energy priorities with legitimate local concerns not by rejecting

enactments like the solar standards but by exploring ways to accommodate them. The Board’s

review process afforded ample flexibility, for example, to determine that larger setbacks were

necessary to mitigate the project’s adverse scenic impacts without necessarily concluding that

absolute compliance with the Town’s solar standards was a prerequisite to approval.

        ¶ 53.   Moreover, as noted, the standards were enacted to supplement the Town’s land-

use plan; it is pointless, therefore, to suggest that they were undeserving of the Board’s

consideration because they contain conservation provisions not contained in the plan. Nor is it

any more logical to conclude that the standards were deficient in failing to identify “this

particular parcel as a scenic resource”; they were written to apply to the town as a whole, and set

forth general standards to preserve scenic beauty and natural resources—including rules relating

to buffering, agricultural soils, and setbacks from highways and wetlands—that were directly

applicable to the project site.



                                                26
       ¶ 54.   Equally one-sided was the Board’s consideration of the third Quechee criterion—

whether the applicant has taken all reasonable “mitigating steps” to ameliorate the project’s

adverse aesthetic effect. See Cross Pollination, 2012 VT 29, ¶ 10. The Town and neighbors here

advanced a number of suggestions to mitigate the project’s adverse impacts, ranging from

alternative sites in more developed, non-residential areas of the town to a smaller project that

would comply with the solar standards’ setback provisions.10 The Board, however, declined to

consider any alternative sites, and summarily rejected the “feasibility” of any smaller project

based on little more than the hearing officer’s assertion that compliance with the setback

standards would “undoubtedly ‘frustrate the project’s purpose.’ ”

       ¶ 55.   This does not, in my view, demonstrate adequate consideration of whether the

applicant has taken all reasonable steps to mitigate the project’s adverse aesthetic impact. In In

re Halnon, the Board denied a CPG for a wind turbine based, in part, on its finding that the

applicant had failed to take reasonable mitigating steps to ameliorate the adverse aesthetic

impacts of the project. 174 Vt. at 518, 811 A.2d at 166. There, as here, the project’s neighbors

advanced a number of alternative sites, and the Board found that the applicant had “failed to

present any compelling reason why he could not use an alternative site” as well as failed to take

mitigating steps to improve the harmony of the proposed turbine with its surroundings. Id. at

515, 811 A.2d at 163. As the Board there observed, the applicant had the “burden of proof in

this case and has failed to demonstrate this mitigation would be unreasonable.” Id. at 515-16,

811 A.2d at 163.

       10
            The Town argued that “[h]onoring the 200-foot setback requirement of the . . .
Standards would have done much to increase the harmony of the project with the surrounding
neighborhood.” Neighbors also argued that setbacks larger than the 64-foot buffer proposed by
the applicant would be reasonable given “the contribution the [site’s] open meadow makes to the
views of surrounding residents.” Neighbors also adduced testimony from two witnesses
concerning two alternative sites, one a large, 500-acre former gravel pit that the owner was
interested in developing for solar energy, the other a 20-acre site owned by one of the neighbors
who was similarly interested in developing the site for solar energy.

                                               27
       ¶ 56.    On appeal to this Court, the applicant claimed the Board had abused its discretion

and violated state policy in favor of renewable energy by “putting the burden of proof upon him

to show that mitigation would be unreasonable, and denying his application for failure to meet

that burden.” Id. at 517. We rejected the contention, finding no error in the Board’s decision to

deny the CPG “when [the applicant] failed to provide evidence that he had taken significant steps

to minimize the negative effects that the project would have on the [neighbors’] view, . . . failed

to present specific evidence supporting his contentions that siting the turbine at alternative

locations caused problems and increased costs,” and indeed “conducted no analysis of alternative

sites.”11 Id.

       ¶ 57.    The same failings were evident here.       Apart from one witness’s summary

assertion that even the slightest reduction in the project’s size would be unreasonable, 12 the

Board cited no evidence to show that a smaller solar array would frustrate the project’s purpose

or that placement of the project at the alternative sites would not be feasible. This was not

adequate, in my view to address the concerns raised by the Town and neighbors. Accordingly, I

       11
            Although a specific statute places the burden on the party opposing an Act 250 permit
to show an “unreasonable or adverse [aesthetic] effect,” 10 V.S.A. § 6088(b), this provision is
not expressly incorporated into the CPG review process under 30 V.S.A. § 248. Furthermore,
while this Court has not definitively ruled on whether alternative sites may be viewed as a
reasonable mitigating measure in Act 250 proceedings, Goddard College, 2014 VT 124, ¶ 11,
there is no question that the Board has considered them to be appropriate for consideration in
CPG proceedings, as evidenced by its decision in Halnon and many other administrative rulings.
See, e.g., In re New Cingular Wireless, LLC, No. 7998, 2013 WL 871477, at *4 (Pub. Serv. Bd.
Mar. 4, 2013) (concluding that applicant “has performed due diligence by investigating fourteen
alternative locations for the Project, only to conclude that these sites would not satisfy the
coverage obligation”); In re SBA Towers III, Inc., No. 7868, 2012 WL 2061807, at * 4 (Pub.
Serv. Bd. June 5, 2012) (noting that applicant had “evaluated alternative sites for the Project to
accommodate neighboring landowners’ concerns regarding aesthetic impacts”); In re Application
of Champlain Orchards, NM-1621, 2011 WL 6122575, at * 4 n.4 (Pub. Serv. Bd. Dec. 2, 2011)
(concluding that, based on evidence presented, there was “no need to continue to the second
prong of the [Quechee] analysis that would have examined possible mitigation measures
including alternative locations for siting the project”).
       12
          The Director of Community Planning and Design for the applicant acknowledged that
he “consider[ed] any reduction in the size—the number of panels—a frustration of the project’s
purposes.”
                                             28
would remand this matter to the Board with directions to afford a more balanced consideration of

the project’s impact on the region in light of the Town’s solar standards and recommendations,

and to address—and if necessary take additional evidence—on whether larger setbacks, a smaller

project, or an alternative location would represent reasonable mitigation measures.

       ¶ 58.   I am authorized to state that Justice Eaton joins this dissent.



                                                Chief Justice




                                                 29
