                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                      No. 09-3227


                     MARKO BEY,
                              Appellant

                           v.

                *MICHELLE R. RICCI,
         Administrator, New Jersey State Prison;
                  *ANNE MILGRAM,
          Attorney General, State of New Jersey

          *(Substituted pursuant to FRAP 43(c))


APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
         FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
              (D.C. Civil No. 2-00-cv-01155)
   District Judge: Honorable Joseph A. Greenaway, Jr.


       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                  September 14, 2010


 Before: SLOVITER, BARRY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges

           (Opinion Filed: September 17, 2010)


                       OPINION
BARRY, Circuit Judge.

       Marko Bey appeals from the District Court’s denial of his petition for a writ of

habeas corpus relating to his 1984 murder conviction, and argues that the jury instructions

given in that case violated his federal due process rights. We will affirm.

                                             I.

       On April 26, 1983, Bey approached Carol Peniston as she returned home to her

apartment building in Asbury Park, New Jersey, and demanded money. Interrupted by a

person exiting the building, Bey forced Peniston to walk a few blocks, down an alley, to

an abandoned industrial shed. Inside the shed, Bey went through her purse and ordered

her to disrobe. He beat her, causing blunt trauma injuries to her head and upper body as

well as internal bleeding in her head, chest, heart, and lungs. Peniston sustained four

broken ribs and was left with a sneaker imprint on her chest. Bey raped her, and then

used her belt to strangle her. He stole her purse and car, which he later crashed and

abandoned.

       A week later, police informed Peniston’s family, who had reported her missing,

that her car had been involved in an accident and impounded. Bey’s fingerprint was

found on the rearview mirror of the car. Police questioned the man who had found

Peniston’s discarded purse (and had attempted to return it to her), and he showed them

where he had found it. They then discovered the shed and Peniston’s body inside.

       The Monmouth County medical examiner, Dr. Stanley Becker, conducted an

autopsy of Peniston’s body and concluded, based on the sneaker imprint, broken ribs, and

                                           -2-
internal bleeding, that her assailant had probably applied very strong force to her chest.

He concluded that the cause of death was ligature strangulation, likely from the belt found

tied around her neck. Dr. Becker also observed blunt force trauma to her body, including

facial hemorrhaging and a broken dental plate.

       Bey was arrested two days later and confessed to the murder. He was indicted for

murder, felony murder, kidnapping, aggravated assault, aggravated sexual assault,

robbery, and theft. Bey testified at trial and admitted that he killed Peniston. The jury

convicted Bey on all counts and he was sentenced to death. On direct appeal, the

Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed Bey’s conviction but vacated his death sentence

because the jury instructions did not make clear that it need not find mitigating factors

unanimously and that each juror must weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors. State

v. Bey, 548 A.2d 887 (N.J. 1988).1

       Before the new penalty phase began, Bey filed a motion for a new trial on the basis

of State v. Gerald, 549 A.2d 792 (N.J. 1988), which the Supreme Court of New Jersey

decided shortly after it issued its opinion in Bey’s direct appeal. The Gerald Court held,

based on state constitutional principles, that a defendant convicted of purposely or


   1
      Bey was also convicted in an unrelated case of the murder of Cheryl Alston, whom
he killed approximately three weeks before Peniston. Bey was ultimately sentenced to
life imprisonment (with a thirty-year parole disqualifier) on the murder count and a
consecutive term of twenty years imprisonment (with a ten-year parole disqualifier) on
the aggravated sexual assault count. These sentences were made consecutive to the
sentence in this case. See State v. Bey, 610 A.2d 403 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1992),
cert. denied, 611 A.2d 657 (N.J. 1992). We affirmed the denial of habeas corpus relief in
the Alston case. Bey v. Morton, 124 F.3d 524 (3d Cir. 1997).
                                            -3-
knowingly causing serious bodily injury resulting in death (“SBI murder”) – as opposed

to purposely or knowingly causing death – cannot be sentenced to death.2 Bey argued

that because the jury was not specifically instructed as to the difference between these

two types of murders, it was not required to find each element of capital murder beyond a

reasonable doubt. The trial court denied the motion, finding that “[t]here is nothing in the

evidence before this jury from which they could have reasonably concluded that [Bey’s]

intent was only to inflict serious bodily injury.” (JA at 83.)

       After a seven-day resentencing trial, Bey was again sentenced to death. He

appealed, and the Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed. State v. Bey, 610 A.2d 814

(N.J. 1992), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1164 (1995). The Court considered Bey’s Gerald

argument, and held that the jury instructions and verdict sheet did not distinguish between

capital murder and SBI murder. However, because Bey’s “actions, taken as a whole,

were so wantonly brutal that he could have intended only to cause death, or knew that

death was practically certain to occur,” the Court found that the Gerald error was

harmless and affirmed the capital murder conviction and sentence. Id. at 825; but see id.

at 849 (Handler, J., dissenting); id. at 868 (O’Hern, J., dissenting).

       Bey filed a post-conviction relief petition in state court. The trial judge denied the

petition, and the Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed. State v. Bey, 736 A.2d 469 (N.J.



   2
    Gerald was overruled by constitutional amendment in 1992, N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 12,
and the New Jersey legislature later passed a statute authorizing the death penalty for SBI
murder, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:11-3i (1993).
                                             -4-
1999), cert denied, 530 U.S. 1245 (2000). In March 2000, Bey filed a petition for habeas

corpus in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, raising twenty claims

relating to his conviction and sentence. After several years of proceedings in the District

Court, the death penalty was repealed in New Jersey in December 2007 and Bey’s death

sentence was commuted to life in prison without parole. See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:11-3b.

Accordingly, Bey withdrew all claims except for two: (1) “[t]he trial judge’s failure to

distinguish between death-eligible murder and non-death-eligible ‘serious-bodily-injury’

murder at the 1984 guilt trial violated [his] Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment

rights, and retrial counsel’s failure to develop all the facts necessary to obtain a new trial

on this ground deprived [him] of the effective assistance of counsel”; and (2) Bey’s

confession was obtained in violation of his Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due

process and to remain silent. (JA at 7, 9, 10.) The District Court denied the petition.

       We granted a certificate of appealability as to three questions: (1) whether the trial

judge’s failure to distinguish between death-eligible murder and non-death-eligible SBI

murder at the 1984 guilt-phase trial presents a federal question cognizable on habeas

corpus review; (2) if so, whether the jury instructions violated Bey’s Fourteenth

Amendment right to have the jury find beyond a reasonable doubt each fact necessary to

constitute the charged crime; and (3) if so, whether this error is harmless.

                                              II.3


   3
     The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a), and we have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a). Our review of the District
                                             -5-
       We conclude, first, that Bey has alleged a violation of his federal constitutional

rights such that we may review his claim. Although Gerald – the basis of Bey’s claim –

is grounded in state law, “[a] jury instruction that omits or materially misdescribes an

essential element of an offense as defined by state law relieves the state of its obligation

to prove facts constituting every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt,

thereby violating the defendant’s federal due process rights,” and constitutes an error that

may be corrected by a federal habeas court. Smith v. Horn, 120 F.3d 400, 415 (3d Cir.

1997); see also In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970). Bey argued before the District

Court, and argues now before us, that the jury instructions given in his case violated his

federal due process right requiring proof beyond a reasonable doubt as to each element of

the offense. The State readily concedes that we may review Bey’s claim.

       In order for an erroneous jury instruction to constitute a due process violation, the

instruction at issue must have “operated to lift the burden of proof on an essential element

of an offense as defined by state law.” Smith, 120 F.3d at 416. To determine whether a

jury instruction was erroneous, we look at the context of the charge as a whole, and

consider “whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the challenged

instructions in a way that violates the Constitution.” Goldblum v. Klem, 510 F.3d 204,

236 (3d Cir. 2007) (quoting Bronshtein v. Horn, 404 F.3d 700, 710 (3d Cir. 2005)).

       At Bey’s trial, the judge instructed the jury that it must convict Bey of murder if it


Court’s order is plenary because the Court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing as to
Bey’s claims. Clausell v. Sherrer, 594 F.3d 191, 194 n.4 (3d Cir. 2010).
                                            -6-
found that he “purposely or knowingly cause[d] the death of or serious bodily injury

resulting in the death of Carol Penniston [sic].” (JA at 168.) Throughout the instructions,

the judge did not clearly distinguish between purposely/knowingly causing death versus

purposely/knowingly causing serious bodily injury resulting in death, likely because

Gerald had not yet been decided.

       Even assuming, without deciding, that the instructions were flawed in light of

Gerald’s holding, any such error was harmless. When a jury returns a general verdict

after being instructed on several alternative theories of guilt, one of which is invalid, we

examine whether the error was harmless – that is, “whether the flaw in the instructions

‘had substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.’”

Hedgpeth v. Pulido, -- U.S. --, 129 S. Ct. 530, 530 (2008) (per curiam) (quoting Brecht v.

Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623 (1993)). If Bey’s conviction rested on a finding that he

only intended to cause serious bodily injury to Peniston, he could not have been convicted

of capital murder under Gerald.

       The Supreme Court of New Jersey concluded that a jury could not reasonably find

that Bey intended only to cause serious bodily injury, rather than death, when he beat and

strangled Peniston. See Bey, 610 A.2d at 825 (“[W]e find that defendant’s actions, taken

as a whole, were so wantonly brutal that he could have intended only to cause death, or

knew that death was practically certain to occur. . . . Overall, we find that defendant’s

strangulation of the victim and the degree of force applied to the victim’s head and chest

make it simply inconceivable that defendant was not practically certain that his action

                                            -7-
would kill the victim.”) (internal quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted).

       We agree.4 To review, Bey “not only strangled the victim from behind, he also

smashed her face hard enough to break her dental plate and cause cerebral hemorrhaging,

and he stomped on her chest with enough force to crush her ribs, damage her heart and

inscribe his sneaker sole on her chest.” Id. Despite this evidence, Bey suggests that

Peniston “could have died relatively quickly and suddenly of the assaults and not the

choking,” which would indicate that he intended to beat her but not actually kill her. (Br.

at 26.) He also argues that he never admitted to intending to kill her, but he did admit to

robbing, beating, raping, and strangling her. We conclude that, given the fact that

Peniston was found with a belt tied around her neck with evidence of strangulation,

combined with signs of an extremely brutal attack, the jury could have only reasonably

concluded that Bey intended to kill her.

                                             III.

       Because any instructional error as to the elements of the capital murder offense




   4
    We would reach the same conclusion by applying either de novo review or the
standards established by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996,
which provides that a petitioner is not entitled to a writ of habeas corpus unless the state
proceedings “(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the
United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
                                            -8-
was harmless in light of the evidence adduced at Bey’s trial, we will affirm.5




   5
    We do not address Bey’s arguments that the jury instructions violated his Sixth
Amendment right to have fair notice of the charges against him and Fourteenth
Amendment right to present a defense, or that his trial was infected with structural error,
because these issues are outside the scope of the certificate of appealability.
                                            -9-
