                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

___________________________________
                                    )
BREATHE DC,                         )
                                    )
                  Plaintiff,        )
                                    )
            v.                      )                          Civil Action No. 16-2378 (ESH)
                                    )
SANTA FE NATURAL TOBACCO            )
COMPANY, et al.                     )
                                    )
                  Defendants.       )
___________________________________ )


                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Breathe DC filed this lawsuit on behalf of the “general public” in D.C. Superior

Court against defendants Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company (“Santa Fe”), R.J. Reynolds

Tobacco Company (“RJRT”), and Reynolds American Inc. (“RAI”), alleging violations of the

D.C. Consumer Protection Procedures Act (“DCCPPA”), D.C. Code § 28-3901, et seq. (Compl.

[ECF No. 1-1].) Defendants removed the case to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441,

claiming diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. (Notice of Removal (“Notice”),

December 6, 2016 [ECF No. 1].) Plaintiff filed the present motion for remand on the grounds

that this Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction. (Pl.’s Mot. to Remand for Lack of Subject-

Matter Jurisdiction (“Mot.”), December 7, 2016 [ECF No. 5].) Plaintiff also seeks attorneys’

fees and costs incurred in preparing the motion. (Id. at 9.)
       Upon consideration of the pleadings1 and for the reasons stated below, the case will be

remanded to state court, but the Court will not award attorneys’ fees. Accordingly, the motion

will be granted in part and denied in part.

                                         BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. whose mission is to

“safeguard the lung health of Washington, D.C.-area residents.” (Compl. ¶¶ 1, 28, 37.)

Defendants manufacture, market, and distribute Natural American Spirit (“NAS”) brand

cigarettes in Washington, D.C.2 (Compl. ¶ 32.) Plaintiff, acting as a private attorney general,

alleges that the defendants falsely implied that NAS cigarettes are safer than other cigarettes by

marketing them as “Natural,” “Additive-Free,” and “100% Additive-Free,” in violation of the

DCCPPA. (Compl. ¶¶ 2–5.) Based on those allegations, plaintiff seeks a declaration that

defendants are in violation of DCCPPA, an injunction, and attorneys’ fees and costs with

prejudgment interest. (See id. at 26–27.) Plaintiff’s proposed injunction would (1) “enjoin[]

Defendants’ deceptive marketing and sale of the Products,” (2) “direct[] Defendants to remove

[the allegedly deceptive] language and graphics on their marketing and labeling,” and (3) direct

defendants “to engage in a corrective advertising campaign.” (Id.)



       1
        Before the Court are defendant’s notice of removal, plaintiff’s motion to remand,
defendants’ opposition (Defs.’ Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. to Remand (“Opp’n”),
January 11, 2017 [ECF No. 18]), and plaintiff’s reply, (Pl.’s Reply, January 18, 2017 [ECF No.
19]).
       2
          RAI is a holding company that does not itself manufacture or sell cigarettes. (Notice at
1). However, RAI’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Santa Fe and RJRT, do manufacture and sell
cigarettes. (Compl. ¶ 1). None of the three defendants is a citizen of Washington, D.C. RAI and
RJRT are incorporated in North Carolina and have their principal places of business in North
Carolina, while Santa Fe is incorporated in New Mexico and has its principal place of business in
New Mexico. (Id. ¶ 29–30; Notice at 3-4.)

                                                 2
       On December 6, 2016, defendants removed the case to federal court. (See Notice at 1.)

In their Notice of Removal, defendants invoke diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 as

the sole basis of federal jurisdiction. (See id. at 2.) Plaintiff filed this Motion to Remand for

Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction. (Mot. at 1.)

       With their opposition to plaintiff’s motion, defendants’ submitted the sworn declaration

of David P. DePalma, Senior Director of Marketing for Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company.

(Decl. of David P. DePalma, January 11, 2017 [ECF No. 18-1].) In his capacity as Senior

Director of Marketing, Mr. DePalma oversees “strategic planning and execution of NAS

packaging, mass market NAS print advertising, the NAS brand website . . . , direct marketing

communications . . ., and retail point-of-sale NAS marketing communications.” (Id. ¶ 2.) Mr.

DePalma’s declaration “describes the impact that would result from implementation of the

injunctive relief requested in the Complaint.” (Id. ¶ 3.)

       “[B]ased on both [his] historical experience with the development of packing and

marketing communications and the activities and costs associated with those activities,” Mr.

DePalma estimates that the cost of complying with plaintiff’s proposed injunction “would exceed

$900,000 . . . before accounting for the irreparable damage to the NAS brand that the requested

relief would impose.” (Decl. of DePalma ¶ 15.)3 That estimate involves two cost components.

First, Mr. DePalma estimates that removing the allegedly deceptive terms from its packaging and

advertising would cost “at least $700,000,” 4 not including lost employee time. (Id. ¶ 15.)


       3
        DePalma notes that “[t]the NAS brand is [Santa Fe’s] primary asset and thus the
fundamental basis for the value of the company.” (Decl. of DePalma ¶ 5.)
       4
         DePalma further breaks down the $700,000 figure: $550,000 for the “cost of new
cylinders [used for brand packaging], engraving [the cylinders], and art development” and
$150,000 to “develop and test new creative material for advertising.” (Decl. of DePalma ¶ 15.)

                                                  3
Second, Mr. DePalma estimates that the “corrective advertising campaign” that plaintiff seeks

“would readily exceed $200,000 (including cost of developing and testing communication

messages, creative, and accompanying media buying costs).” (Id. ¶ 16.) DePalma estimates the

value of the NAS domestic trademark is over $5 billion. (Id. ¶ 6.)5

                                            ANALYSIS

I.     LEGAL STANDARD

       A defendant may remove a civil action filed in state court to a United States district court

as long as the lawsuit could have originally been filed in federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a).

Removal is effective when the defendant files a notice of removal in federal court with “a short

and plain statement of the grounds for removal, together with a copy of all process, pleadings,

and orders” from state court. Id. § 1446(a). However, “[i]f at any time before final judgment it

appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” Id.

§ 1447(c). A party may challenge the federal court’s subject matter jurisdiction on a motion to

remand to state court. Id.

       Upon a motion to remand to state court, the party opposing the motion “bears the burden

of establishing that subject matter jurisdiction exists in federal court.” RWN Dev. Grp., LLC v.

Travelers Indem. Co., 540 F. Supp. 2d 83, 86 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Int’l Union of Bricklayers

& Allied Craftworkers v. Ins. Co. of the West, 366 F. Supp. 2d 33, 36 (D.D.C. 2005)). In order to

avoid federalism concerns, courts are to construe the removal statute narrowly. Shamrock Oil &


His estimate is based in part on a 2014 “much more limited redesign of [the] NAS brand
packaging,” which cost $290,000. (Id.)
       5
         Mr. DePalma cites the January 2016 sale of the international rights to the NAS
trademark to a third party for $5 billion and reasons that the domestic trademark is even more
valuable because the sales volume is lower in the international market. (Decl. of DePalma ¶ 6.)

                                                  4
Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 108 (1941). Thus, any doubts about the existence of subject

matter jurisdiction are to be resolved in favor of remand. Hood v. F. Hoffman–La Roche, Ltd.,

639 F. Supp. 2d 25, 28 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Gasch v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 491

F.3d 278, 281-82 (5th Cir. 2007)).

II.    DIVERSITY JURISDICTION

       A federal court has diversity jurisdiction when (1) there is complete diversity of

citizenship among the parties (that is, no plaintiff is a citizen of the same state as any defendant),

and (2) the “amount in controversy” is greater than $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Based on

the representations of the parties, the Court is satisfied that there is complete diversity of

citizenship. Plaintiff is a citizen of Washington, D.C. (Compl. ¶ 28.) Defendants are citizens of

North Carolina and New Mexico. (Compl. ¶ 29–30; Notice at 3-4.) The issue in this case is

whether defendant has established that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.

       Where, as here, the party seeking remand contests the removing party’s amount-in-

controversy allegation, removal is proper “if the district court finds, by the preponderance of the

evidence, that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold.” Dart Cherokee

Basin Operating Co. v. Owens, 135 S. Ct. 547, 553–54 (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(2)(B)). When calculating the amount in controversy under 28

U.S.C. § 1332, it is well-established that “the separate and distinct claims of two or more

plaintiffs cannot be aggregated in order to satisfy the jurisdictional amount requirement.” Snyder

v. Harris, 394 U.S. 332, 335 (1969); Georgiades v. Martin–Trigona, 729 F.2d 831, 833 (D.C.

Cir. 1984) (“Separate and distinct claims, regardless of whether they share a community of

interest or originate in a single transaction or event, may not be aggregated to satisfy the



                                                   5
jurisdictional amount-in-controversy requirement.”). The so-called “non-aggregation principle

[is] derived from the statutory phrase matter in controversy. Hence, the doctrine still applies

when separate and distinct claims are asserted on behalf of a number of individuals, regardless of

whether an action involves a simple joinder of multiple plaintiffs, [or is] a representative action.”

Breakman v. AOL LLC, 545 F. Supp. 2d 96, 103-04 (D.D.C. 2008) (citations and quotation

marks omitted).

       Defendants argue that remand should not be granted because the amount in controversy is

satisfied by the cost that defendants would incur by complying with plaintiff’s proposed

injunction. (Opp’n at 7–10.) Plaintiff responds that the cost of compliance is not an appropriate

measure of the amount in controversy, and even if it were, that the total cost would have to be

divided among all beneficiaries of the injunction so as not to run afoul of the non-aggregation

principle. (See Pl.’s Reply at 11.)

       As explained below, defendants have not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that

this suit meets the amount in controversy based on the cost of compliance with the proposed

injunction. While the D.C. Circuit has yet to address the question of how to calculate the amount

in controversy for purposes of determining diversity in private attorney general actions, this

Court is guided by the principle that the removal statute should be construed narrowly in favor of

remand and that separate and distinct claims should not be aggregated. On these bases, the Court

concludes that, even though the cost of compliance with the proposed injunction may be

considered, the total cost must be divided among the beneficiaries of that injunction for purposes

of calculating the amount in controversy.




                                                  6
        A. Measuring the Value of Injunctive Relief

        The parties disagree on how the value of injunctive relief should be determined for

purposes of satisfying the amount in controversy. Defendants contend that “the court can

measure the amount in controversy by looking to the defendant’s cost in complying with the

requested injunction.” (Notice at 4.) Plaintiff argues that the “cost-to-defendant test is no longer

used in this Circuit . . . . and it certainly cannot be applied in . . . a [DC]CPPA action for

injunctive relief. (Mot. at 4.)

        The circuits are split on this issue. “The majority of federal courts have chosen to use the

plaintiff viewpoint rule.” 15 Moore’s Federal Practice § 102.109 (Matthew Bender 3d ed.)

(citing cases from the Second, Third, Eighth, and Eleventh Circuits). Under this approach, “[t]he

test of the jurisdictional amount is the value of the plaintiff’s right that is to be protected, and not

the extent of the monetary loss or damage that has been suffered or is threatened by the

invasion.” Id. Several other circuits adhere to the “either viewpoint” approach. Id. (citing cases

from the Seventh, Tenth, Fourth, and D.C. Circuits). Courts that follow the plaintiff-viewpoint

rule “may look either to the value of the right that the plaintiff seeks to enforce or to protect, or

to the cost to the defendants to remedy the alleged denial of that right.” Id.

        As noted, the D.C. Circuit appears to have adopted the “either-viewpoint” rule. In Tatum

v. Laird, 444 F.2d 947 (D.C. Cir. 1971), rev’d on other grounds, 408 U.S. 1 (1972), the Circuit

noted the split of authorities and held that “the test for determining the amount in controversy is

the pecuniary result to either party which the judgment would directly produce.” Id. at 951 n.6

(quoting Ronzio v. Denver & R. G. W. R. Co., 116 F.2d 604, 606 (10th Cir. 1940)). The Tatum

Court remanded because “the cost to the [defendant] of complying with [an injunction] might

well exceed $10,000.” Id. at 951. The Circuit has twice followed Tatum. See Smith v.

                                                   7
Washington, 593 F.2d 1097, 1099 (D.C. Cir 1978) (“In assessing whether a complaint satisfies

that standard, a court may look either to the value of the right that plaintiff seeks to enforce or to

protect or to the cost to the defendants to remedy the alleged denial.” (quotation marks and

footnote omitted)); Comm. for GI Rights v. Callaway, 518 F.2d 466, 472 (D.C. Cir 1975) (“[T]he

amount in controversy may be measured either by the ‘value of the right sought to be gained by

the plaintiff or the cost of enforcing that right to the defendant.’” (quoting Tatum, 444 F.2d at

951)). Although plaintiff argues that the cost-to-defendant test “is no longer used in this

Circuit,” plaintiff does not identify any D.C. Circuit or Supreme Court precedent overruling

Tatum and its progeny. (See Mot. at 4.)6 Indeed, the majority of recent district court cases in

this jurisdiction adhere to the either-viewpoint rule and at least consider the cost of a proposed

injunction to the defendant.7 This Court must follow Circuit precedent, and thus it will consider

the cost of the injunction to defendants.

        Defendants, relying on the declaration of Mr. DePalma, argue that “the costs to

Defendants of complying with the injunction Plaintiff seeks in this action far exceed $75,000.”

(Opp’n at 11.) The three major costs that defendants argue that the injunction would impose on


        6
          As plaintiff correctly points out, the D.C. Circuit did question the Tatum rule in Fenster
v. Schneider, 636 F.2d 765, 767 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1980), noting that the Ninth Circuit had recently
held that the “cost-to-defendant rule” “was an impermissible way of circumventing” the Supreme
Court’s non-aggregation cases – Snyder v. Harris, 394 U.S. 332 (1969), and Zahn v.
International Paper Co., 414 U.S. 291 (1973). However, the Fenster court held that it did not
need to “resolve any possible conflict . . . at this time,” since the plaintiff had jurisdiction under a
different statute. 636 F.2d at 767 n.1.
        7
         See, e.g., Witte v. Gen. Nutrition Corp., 104 F. Supp. 3d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2015); Nat’l
Consumers League v. Bimbo Bakeries USA, 46 F. Supp. 3d 64, 74 (D.D.C. 2014); Geo Specialty
Chems., Inc. v. Husisian, 951 F. Supp. 2d 32, 39-40 (D.D.C. 2013); Lurie v. Mid-Atl.
Permanente Med. Grp., P.C., 729 F. Supp. 2d 304, 332 (D.D.C. 2010); Wexler v. United Air
Lines, 496 F. Supp. 2d 150, 153 (D.D.C. 2007).


                                                   8
them are the following: (1) the loss of value of the NAS brand, (2) the costs of redesigning NAS

brand packaging and advertising, and (3) the cost of the “corrective advertising campaign.” (Id.

at 11–12.) While the costs of the NAS redesign and “corrective advertising campaign” would

flow directly from the proposed injunction, the loss of value of the NAS brand is not properly

considered as part of the cost to defendants of the injunction. And even if it were, defendants do

not present any non-speculative evidence of what the expected loss of value to the brand would

be.

       Invoking the value of the brand is essentially an argument that defendants’ future revenue

would suffer.8 One district court in this Circuit has considered whether lost future earnings can

be counted as part of the cost to the defendant of the proposed injunction. In Zuckman v.

Monster Beverage Corp., 958 F. Supp. 2d 293 (D.D.C. 2013), Judge Bates considered a motion

to remand a DCCPPA action brought by an individual on behalf of the general public seeking,

inter alia, injunctive relief. Judge Bates ordered that the case be remanded to state court despite

Monster’s claims that it would suffer a decrease in revenue of more than $75,000 in complying

with the proposed injunction. Judge Bates noted that courts have held that it is “improper to

consider a decrease in future revenue as a cost of complying with the injunction” and found that,

even if it were proper, Monster’s claims of lost revenue were too speculative. Id. at 302 (citing

Snow v. Ford Moto Co., 561 F.2d 787, 790 (9th Cir. 1977)).

       This Court is persuaded by Zuckman. Even if the brand’s name includes one of the

words that plaintiff seeks to enjoin, it does not follow that the brand’s value should be considered



       8
          DePalma ties his estimate of the value of the brand to its sales. (See Decl. of DePalma
¶ 6 (stating that the value of the domestic trademark would be higher than the international
trademark because domestic sales are higher).)

                                                 9
in determining the amount in controversy. Any loss of brand value would be an incidental effect

of ceasing defendants’ allegedly illegal conduct, not a direct result of the Court’s order. Even if

a diminution in brand value were properly considered as a cost of compliance, the Court could

not determine that loss given the evidence that defendants present. Mr. DePalma recites his

estimate of the brands current value, but he makes no attempt to quantify the loss of value the

brand would suffer in complying with the injunction. As in Zuckman, defendants in this case

have offered no evidence of how the proposed injunction “would affect sales, how consumers

and competitors would respond, [or] how it would alter the price of its product.” See 958 F.

Supp. 2d at 303.

       By contrast, the costs of the redesign and the cost of the “corrective marketing campaign”

would flow directly from the injunction that plaintiff seeks. Although DePalma’s estimates

could be more precise, the costs need not be proven to a legal certainty. See Dart, 135 S. Ct. at

554. DePalma’s estimates are based on his experience and relevant expenditures of the

businesses in the past. Thus, the Court will consider the estimated $700,000 in redesign costs

and $200,000 in “corrective marketing campaign” costs, for a total of $900,000, as the costs of

compliance with the proposed injunction.

       While the total cost to defendants of the proposed injunction exceeds $75,000, the

Court’s inquiry does not end here. The Court must determine whether the total cost of

compliance must be spread across the intended beneficiaries of the injunction in order to

determine the amount in controversy.

       B. The Non-Aggregation Principle

       Plaintiff argues that, even if this Court were to consider the cost of the injunction to

defendants, the relevant amount in controversy is not defendants’ total costs but rather that total

                                                 10
cost “divided by the number of consumers who benefit from the injunction.” (Mot. at 7.)

Defendants respond that, because “this is a single-plaintiff action, not a class action or other

multi-claimant lawsuit,” there is “no basis for the Court to ‘disaggregate’” the costs of

compliance among the beneficiaries. (Opp’n at 12.) Plaintiff has the better argument.

        The D.C. Circuit has not ruled on the proper method for calculating a defendant’s

injunction costs in representative suits such as this one. One district court, however, did consider

the issue in the context of a DCCPPA suit, brought on behalf of “each individual District of

Columbia consumer,” seeking both damages and injunctive relief related to AOL’s pricing

policy. Breakman, 545 F. Supp. 2d at 100. AOL calculated that “its time and resources [for

complying with the injunction] would total $255,800” and estimated that plaintiff’s “complaint

[would] reach 28,451 consumers in the District of Columbia.” Id. at 100, 106. The court held

that “when a court looks to the compliance costs of a defendant to determine the amount in

controversy in an action where separate and [distinct] claims are presented on behalf of multiple

parties, ‘the cost running to each plaintiff must meet the amount in controversy requirement.’”

Id. at 106 (quoting Lovell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 466 F.3d 893, 898 (10th Cir. 2006)).

Since “the cost running to each District of Columbia consumer [was] $ 8.99,” the Court

remanded the suit. Id.

        This Court, faced with a putative class action arising under DCCPPA, was persuaded by

Breakman and determined that, “for defendants to carry their burden to establish the amount in

controversy, they must show that the costs of the injunction that run to each plaintiff individually

exceed the jurisdictional amount.” Witte, 104 F. Supp. 3d at 6. The only distinction from that

case is that, in this case, plaintiff is a nonprofit organization bringing suit on behalf of the

“general public,” rather than an individual acting on behalf of a putative class of consumers.

                                                  11
Mindful of the narrow construction it must give the removal statute, the Court is not persuaded

that the way a lawsuit is framed–as a private attorney general action by a nonprofit versus as a

putative class action by an individual–should determine whether federal jurisdiction lies.

       Most importantly, defendants’ argument that this Court should consider their total

compliance costs in calculating the amount in controversy would circumvent the non-

aggregation principle articulated in Snyder and Zahn. In Snyder the Court held that “[t]he

separate and distinct claims of two or more plaintiffs cannot be aggregated in order to satisfy the

jurisdictional amount requirement” except “in cases in which two or more plaintiffs unite to

enforce a single title or right in which they have a common and undivided interest.” Snyder, 394

U.S. at 335; see Zahn, 414 U.S. at 294 (“When two or more plaintiffs, having separate and

distinct demands, unite for convenience and economy in a single suit, it is essential that the

demand of each be of the requisite jurisdictional amount; but when several plaintiffs unite to

enforce a single title or right, in which they have a common and undivided interest, it is enough

if their interests collectively equal the jurisdictional amount.” (quoting Troy Bank v. G.A.

Whitehead & Co., 222 U.S. 39, 40-41 (1911))). Although the Court spoke in terms of

“plaintiffs” in Synder and Zahn, the rationale extends equally to actions brought by nonprofit

groups where the beneficiaries need not be added as parties to the lawsuit.

       Defendants further contend that aggregation is proper as the “interest Plaintiff asserts is a

‘common and undivided’ one” that would require the same actions by defendants regardless of

the number of claimants. (Opp’n at 15.) However, this is not a case where no member of the

“general public” could enforce the right at issue in the absence of the others. See Nat’l Org. for

Women v. Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co., 612 F. Supp. 100, 106 (D.D.C. 1985) (citation omitted)

(plaintiffs share “common and undivided interest if individual members of the class could not as

                                                 12
a matter of law bring suit other than in a representative capacity”); Troy Bank of Troy, Ind., v.

G.A. Whitehead & Co., 222 U.S. 39, 41 (1911) (“[P]laintiffs have a common and undivided

interest, [] which neither can enforce in the absence of the other.”). Indeed, defendants concede

that a NAS “consumer” or individual who “purchased or received” NAS cigarettes could bring a

DCCPPA suit. (Opp’n at 16 (citing D.C. Code § 28-3905(k)(1)(A)–(B)).) Accordingly, to

determine the amount in controversy from the defendants’ perspective, the cost of compliance

must be divided among the beneficiaries of the injunction.

       The Court must consider whether the total cost of compliance divided among the

beneficiaries still meets the amount in controversy. Defendants argue that the maximum number

of beneficiaries of the injunction (that is, the appropriate denominator) would be 60% of the

estimated 3,297 adult NAS smokers, based on plaintiff’s allegation that 50-60% of consumers

are misled by defendants’ advertising. (Opp’n at 25.) However, in arguing the amount in

controversy is still met, defendants improperly use the $5 billion estimated brand value as the

total cost of the injunction (that is, the numerator). The costs reasonably attributed to the

injunction–$900,000– divided by the number of beneficiaries falls well below the $75,000

threshold. 9 Thus, defendants have not shown that the amount in controversy is satisfied, and this

Court cannot exercise jurisdiction in this matter. See Witte, 104 F. Supp. 3d at 6.

III.   FEES AND COSTS

       Plaintiff seeks “just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a

result of the removal.” (Mot. at 9 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c)).) A court may award such fees

if the removing party lacks “an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal.” Martin v.


       9
          Even using defendants’ figure of 60% of the estimated 3,297 adult NAS smokers, the
costs of compliance to the defendant would be $454.96 per beneficiary.

                                                 13
Franklin Cap. Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 141 (2005). Given the lack of controlling precedent in this

Circuit and the factual novelty presented by this case, and notwithstanding the thrust of the

opinions of the district courts in this Circuit, defendants did not lack an “objectively reasonable

basis for removal.” Therefore, the Court concludes that an award of attorneys’ fees is not

appropriate for this action.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Accordingly, plaintiff’s Motion for Remand to State Court and for Attorneys’ Fees and

Costs will be GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The matter will be remanded

to D.C. Superior Court, but the request for attorneys’ fees is denied. A separate Order [ECF No.

20] accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.



                                                      /s/ Ellen Segal Huvelle
                                                      ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
                                                      United States District Judge

Date: February 8, 2017




                                                 14
