                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, et al.,           :
                                            :
     Plaintiffs,                            :            Civil Action No.:       20-242 (RC)
                                            :
     v.                                     :            Re Document No.:        10
                                            :
DAVID S. FERRIERO, in his official capacity :
     as Archivist of the United States,     :
                                            :
     Defendant.                             :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

                        GRANTING MOVANTS’ MOTION TO INTERVENE

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       In this case, a group of plaintiff states contend that a long-pending constitutional

amendment has been ratified by the required number of states and is now part of the

Constitution. They have sued the Archivist of the United States, seeking a declaration that the

amendment is now the law, as well as an order directing the Archivist to carry out his statutory

duty to publish and certify an approved amendment. Another group of states, contending that the

proposed amendment has not been validly approved, moves to intervene in the suit on behalf of

the Archivist. For the reasons explained below, the Court will grant the motion to intervene.

                                     II. BACKGROUND 1

       On January 27, 2020, the legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia voted to ratify the

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), a proposed constitutional amendment declaring that the



       1
         The Court’s summary and choice of language here should not be read as implying any
view on the current status of the ERA. “For purposes of resolving the motion[] to intervene
presently before the Court, the well-pleaded allegations in the Complaint are assumed to be
true.” Wildearth Guardians v. Salazar, 272 F.R.D. 4, 9 (D.D.C. 2010) (citations omitted); see
equality of rights under the law should not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any

state on account of sex. See Compl. ¶¶ 27, 52, ECF No. 1. By its reckoning, Virginia’s vote

made it the thirty-eighth state to ratify the amendment, meaning that the ERA had been approved

by three-quarters of the states (as required for an amendment under Article V of the Constitution)

and that it is now the Twenty-Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Id. ¶¶

54–55. Despite Virginia’s vote, the Archivist of the United States declined to publish or certify

the ERA, as he is arguably required to do under statute. Id. ¶¶ 58 (citing 1 U.S.C. § 106b), 62.

Virginia, along with Nevada and Illinois (the two other states to have most recently voted to

ratify the amendment), subsequently brought this suit against the Archivist.

        Before the Archivist filed an appearance, another group of states (Alabama, Louisiana,

Nebraska, South Dakota, and Tennessee) moved to intervene in this case as Defendants, both as

a matter of right and as a matter of this Court’s permissive discretion. See Mot. to Intervene,

ECF No. 10. These Movants contend that the ERA was not properly ratified by the plaintiff

states and reject the idea that it is now part of the Constitution. Id. at 3. Their basic arguments

are: (1) a Congressionally-imposed deadline for ratification of the ERA is valid and has long-

since passed; (2) the Constitution itself implicitly limits the time available for state ratification,

and that tacit deadline has also passed; and (3) five states (including Movants Nebraska, South

Dakota, and Tennessee) that originally ratified the ERA have since rescinded their ratifications,

meaning that the ERA still lacks the required support. Id. at 3–5. Plaintiffs, it should be noted,

anticipated each of these defenses and offered preemptive counter-arguments in their complaint.

Compl. ¶¶ 63–74. The Archivist does not oppose Movants’ intervention, but Plaintiffs do. See



also Foster v. Gueory, 655 F.2d 1319, 1324 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (“[M]otions to intervene are usually
evaluated on the basis of well pleaded matters in the motion, the complaint, and any responses of
opponents to intervention.”).


                                                   2
Pls.’ Mem. in Opp’n to Mot. to Intervene (“Pls.’ Opp’n”), ECF No. 21. The motion is fully

briefed and ripe for the Court’s consideration. Since the completion of briefing, the Archivist

has appeared in the case and filed a motion to dismiss. Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 29.

                                    III. LEGAL STANDARD

       Under the federal rules, an outside party can intervene in an existing lawsuit under certain

circumstances. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 24 (providing for both “intervention of right” and

“permissive intervention”). A court must allow an applicant to intervene when, (1) “[o]n timely

motion,” it (2) “claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the

action” and (3) “is so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or

impede the movant’s ability to protect its interest,” (4) “unless existing parties adequately

represent that interest.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a); see also Jones v. Prince George’s Cty., Maryland,

348 F.3d 1014, 1017 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (summarizing Rule 24(a) as requiring “four elements—

timeliness, interest, impairment of interest, and adequacy of representation”). Alternatively, a

court may allow an applicant to intervene when it demonstrates (1) again, “on timely motion”

that it (2) “has a claim or defense that share with the main action a common question of law or

fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b)(1). When exercising its discretion to allow permissive intervention,

the Court also “must consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the

adjudication of the original parties’ rights.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b)(3). Whether under Rule 24(a)

or 24(b), “where a party tries to intervene as another defendant,” our Circuit has also “required it

to demonstrate Article III standing.” Crossroads Grassroots Policy Strategies v. FEC, 788 F.3d

312, 316 (D.C. Cir. 2015).




                                                   3
                                         IV. ANALYSIS

               A. The Movants Are Entitled to Intervene as a Matter of Right

       As explained below, the Court agrees with Movants that they meet each of the

requirements of Rule 24(a) and have demonstrated standing, at least at this preliminary stage.

Because the Court finds that intervention as a matter of right is therefore appropriate, it does not

discuss whether Movants are also entitled to permissive intervention under Rule 24(b).

                                           1. Timeliness

       This element merits little discussion. Movants moved to intervene approximately three

weeks after the complaint was filed and prior to any meaningful developments in the case

(indeed, before the Archivist had even entered an appearance). Such a prompt motion is timely

under any reasonable measure, and Plaintiffs make no argument to the contrary. See Fund for

Animals, Inc. v. Norton, 322 F.3d 728, 734–35 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (finding it “not difficult at all” to

find timely a motion to intervene filed “less than two months after the plaintiffs filed their

complaint and before the defendants filed an answer”).

                               2. Interest and Impairment of Interest

       Of the five Movants, two (Alabama and Louisiana) never ratified the ERA, while three

(Nebraska, South Dakota, and Tennessee) first ratified it but have since purported to rescind their

ratifications. Mot. to Intervene at 2. Despite this difference, all five Movants claim a “legally

protected interest in this action.” Id. at 7 (quoting Karsner v. Lothian, 532 F.3d 876, 885 (D.C.

Cir. 2008)). They portray the issue as one of fairness: “If Plaintiffs have standing to ensure their

‘yes’ votes are counted and the ERA is added to the Constitution, then Movants have standing to

ensure their ‘no’ votes are counted and the ERA is not added to the Constitution.” Id. at 8. They

submit that each “State has an interest in securing observance of the terms under which it




                                                  4
participates in the federal system,” including the rules governing the amendment process. Id.

(quoting Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Inc. v. Puerto Rico, ex rel., Barez, 458 U.S. 592, 607–08

(1982)). More concretely, they argue that the Archivist’s publication of the ERA will require

them to review their existing laws for compliance with the new amendment and will expose

those laws to potential legal challenges. Id. at 9–10. Finally, Movants claim, the three

rescinding states have an additional interest in their prior ratifications not being incorrectly

construed and wrongly treated as “live legal documents” by the Archivist. Id. at 8–9.

       For their part, Plaintiffs seem to concede that the states that purported to rescind their

ratifications of the ERA have a sufficient interest in the lawsuit. But they claim that Louisiana

and Alabama—the two Movants who undisputedly never ratified the ERA—“cannot identify a

legally protected interest threatened by the discrete procedural questions before the Court in this

action.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 8. Because there is no risk that their vote will be miscounted, Plaintiffs

maintain, they “do not have an interest in this litigation beyond a generalized disdain for the

Equal Rights Amendment.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 3–4. Plaintiffs argue that any concerns about how the

ERA will be interpreted and enforced are speculative and not relevant to this proceeding. See id.

at 9 (noting that how the ratified ERA “will interact with the 50 states’ laws, regulations, and

programs” is not at issue in this case).

       Plaintiffs are correct to point out this case is not directly related to the content and

potential impact of the amendment. But the Court is not convinced that this provides grounds to

exclude Louisiana and Alabama. There is, as Plaintiffs implicitly acknowledge, at least some

uncertainty about the impact of a ratified ERA on current constitutional doctrine. 2 At a



       2
         See Lisa Baldez et al., Does the U.S. Constitution Need an Equal Rights Amendment?,
35 J. Legal Stud. 243, 244–45 (2006) (describing a debate in which some “argue that ratification
of the ERA will clarify a particularly murky area of the law and, in the process, generate a nearly


                                                  5
minimum, all five Movants—and indeed all 50 states—will be operating under a binding but

novel regime if the Archivist confirms and publishes the amendment. All states face a form of

threatened “injury”: they will have to review their laws, consider whether they comply with the

amendment, and decide whether to maintain certain policies and programs in the face of new

litigation risks. Additionally, and perhaps more importantly, all states would seem to have a

more general procedural interest in participating in the federal system under a validly adopted (or

rejected) superior rule.

       The overall interest analysis becomes slightly more complicated, however, when viewed

through the lens of Article III’s standing requirements, as our Circuit has held it must. See Old

Dominion Elec. Coop. v. FERC, 892 F.3d 1223, 1233 (D.C. Cir. 2018), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct.

794 (2019) (explaining that Rule 24(a)’s “legally protected interest” must be “sufficient to confer

Article III standing”); see also Crossroads Grassroots Policy Strategies, 788 F.3d at 316 (“The

standing inquiry for an intervening-defendant is the same as for a plaintiff: the intervenor must

show injury in fact, causation, and redressability.”). The Movants do not analyze their interests

in these exact terms, seeming instead to rely on older Circuit precedent that spoke somewhat less

precisely about the relationship between Rule 24(a) and Article III standing. See Mot. to

Intervene at 7 (“Any movant ‘who satisfies Rule 24(a) will also meet Article III’s standing

requirement.’”) (quoting Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 333 F.3d 228, 233 (D.C. Cir.

2003)). 3 And for their part, Plaintiffs do not broadly challenge Movants’ standing, possibly

because they do not want to argue themselves out of court.



irreversible sea change in sex discrimination jurisprudence” while others “remain doubtful that
the amendment could produce any effect,” in part “because decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court
have largely fulfilled the amendment’s chief objectives”).
       3
         Cf. Wildearth Guardians v. Salazar, 272 F.R.D. 4, 13 n.5 (D.D.C. 2010) (“In most
instances, the standing inquiry will fold into the underlying inquiry under Rule 24(a): generally


                                                 6
       Ultimately, in this preliminary posture (and aware that it lacks fully adversarial briefing

on the issue), the Court concludes that all five Movants have identified a legally protected

interest “sufficient to confer Article III standing.” Old Dominion Elec. Coop., 892 F.3d at 1233,

All five Movants have a constitutionally-assigned role in the amendment process. See Alden v.

Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 713 (1999) (“Various textual provisions of the Constitution [including Art.

V] assume the States’ continued existence and active participation in the fundamental processes

of governance.”). And all five have a related interest in their regulatory powers not being

constrained or preempted by a procedurally invalid constitutional rule. See Snapp, 458 U.S. at

601 (identifying as a sovereign interest “the power to create and enforce a legal code, both civil

and criminal”); Maine v. Taylor, 477 U.S. 131, 137 (1986) (stating, in recognizing standing, that

“a State clearly has a legitimate interest in the continued enforceability of its own statutes”); cf.

State of Alaska v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 868 F.2d 441, 444 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (explaining that

when the “preemptive effect [of federal law] is the injury of which petitioners complain, we are

satisfied that the States meet the standing requirements of Article III”). At the same time, the

Court is mindful that the Archivist has offered a standing argument in support of his motion to

dismiss. See Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss at 8–11, ECF No. 29-1. By recognizing

Movants’ interests here, the Court does not mean to prejudge the issue of Plaintiffs’ standing and

related justiciability questions—it simply seeks to facilitate the efficient presentation of

arguments from apparently concerned parties. See Nuesse v. Camp, 385 F.2d 694, 700 (D.C. Cir.

1967) (“[T]he ‘interest’ test is primarily a practical guide to disposing of lawsuits by involving as

many apparently concerned persons as is compatible with efficiency and due process.”).




speaking, when a putative intervenor has a ‘legally protected’ interest under Rule 24(a), it will
also meet constitutional standing requirements, and vice versa.”).


                                                   7
          Building on this analysis, it is not difficult to conclude that Movants’ interests will be

impaired if Plaintiffs are successful in this case. Movants’ regulatory and procedural interests

would be affected if the Archivist were ordered to publish the amendment. And it is unclear

whether Movants would be able to bring a subsequent lawsuit to “un-publish” or “de-ratify” the

amendment. See United States v. Stahl, 792 F.2d 1438, 1439 (9th Cir. 1986) (indicating that

“certification of the adoption of [a constitutional amendment by the statutorily-designated federal

official] is conclusive upon the courts”) (citing Leser v. Garnett, 258 U.S. 130, 137 (1922)). In

any case, “[r]egardless of whether the [Movants] could reverse an unfavorable ruling by bringing

a separate lawsuit, there is no question that the task of reestablishing the status quo if the

[Plaintiffs] succeed[] in this case will be difficult and burdensome.” Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d

at 735.

                                    3. Adequacy of Representation

          In their motion, Movants argued that the Archivist, as a representative of the federal

government, would not necessarily adequately defend their state-specific interests. See Mot. to

Intervene at 13 (“As a federal official, the Archivist has no interest in the validity of Movants’

laws or what happens to their ratification documents.”). Movants predicted that the Archivist

would not raise all of their anticipated defenses and reasoned that “[b]ecause his only interest is

following the procedures imposed on him by federal law, the Archivist ‘merely seeks to defend

the present suit and would accept a procedural victory.’” Id. (quoting Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v.

Texas Alcoholic Beverage Comm’n, 834 F.3d 562, 569 (5th Cir. 2016)). In opposing, Plaintiffs

primarily argued that, prior to the Archivist actually appearing in the case, it was impossible to

know whether or not he would not adequately represent Movants’ interests. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 5




                                                    8
(“Movants’ speculation about the positions the Archivist might take is simply insufficient to

support intervention as of right.”).

       Regardless of its merits, the parties’ debate has been overtaken by events. As mentioned

above, the Archivist has since appeared and filed a motion to dismiss, and his arguments appear

to vindicate some of Movants’ concerns. He does appear to be content with a “procedural

victory,” insofar as he raises a variety of justiciability concerns, and he does not raise all of

Defendants’ proposed defenses. See generally Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss. More

generally, this Circuit has “often concluded that [federal] governmental entities do not

adequately represent the interests of aspiring intervenors” because the federal government’s

obligation “is to represent the interests of the American people” as expressed in federal law, not

the interests of other entities or governments. Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 736; see also

WildEarth Guardians v. Jewell, 320 F.R.D. 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2017) (“While the Federal Defendants’

duty runs to the interests of the American people as a whole, the state-intervenors will primarily

consider the interests of their own citizens.”); Akiachak Native Cmty. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior,

584 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2008) (reasoning that “the existing defendants, the DOI and the

Secretary, have no clear interest in protecting Alaska’s sovereignty or Alaska’s interest”).

Additionally, our Circuit has noted that an applicant’s burden in this context is minimal,

requiring it to show a mere possibility that its interests may not be adequately represented absent

intervention. See Fund for Animals, 322 F.3d at 735. Here, it is not difficult to see that the

interests of Movants and the federal government “might diverge during the course of the

litigation,” id. at 736, particularly since the federal government “remains free to change its

strategy” as the case proceeds, 100Reporters LLC v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 307 F.R.D.

269, 280 (D.D.C. 2014).




                                                   9
                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Movants’ motion to intervene is GRANTED. Consistent with

their motion, Movants shall “voice their collective views in one consolidated brief . . . [and]

focus their briefs and arguments on their own unique defenses, rather than duplicating defenses

and arguments that the Archivist raise[d] himself.” Mot. to Intervene at 15. An order consistent

with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.


Dated: June 12, 2020                                               RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                   United States District Judge




                                                 10
