                                   RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                        Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                                File Name: 05a0002p.06

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                              _________________


                                                            X
                                      Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                             -
                                                             -
                                                             -
                                                                 No. 02-3570
           v.
                                                             ,
                                                              >
 RUSSELL J. SAADEY, JR.,                                     -
                                   Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                           N
                            Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                         No. 00-00488—Kathleen O’Malley, District Judge.
                                              Argued: March 16, 2004
                                       Decided and Filed: January 5, 2005
            Before: BATCHELDER and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; COHN, District Judge.*
                                                _________________
                                                      COUNSEL
ARGUED: Brian P. Kopp, BETRAS, MARUCA & KOPP, LLC, Canfield, Ohio, for Appellant. Thomas
J. Gruscinski, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appelee. ON BRIEF:
Brian P. Kopp, David J. Betras, BETRAS, MARUCA & KOPP, LLC, Canfield, Ohio, for Appellant.
Thomas J. Gruscinski, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appelee.
                                                _________________
                                                    OPINION
                                                _________________
        ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Russell J. Saadey appeals his
conviction and sentence for racketeering offenses in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(d) and 1963(a);
attempted extortion under color of official right in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (the Hobbs Act); and
multiple counts of filing false tax returns and credit applications. Because we hold that the Hobbs Act does
not reach the conduct alleged in Count 8 of the Superceding Indictment, we REVERSE Saadey’s conviction
for attempted extortion. Because we conclude that Saadey’s conviction on Count 1, RICO conspiracy in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(d) and 1963(a) is supported by the evidence and is not time-barred, we
AFFIRM the conviction. We AFFIRM his conviction on the remaining claims, and REMAND this matter
for resentencing consistent with this opinion.



   *
    The Honorable Avern Cohn, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.


                                                            1
No. 02-3570             United States v. Saadey                                                          Page 2


                                               I. Background
        From 1992 until the end of 1996, prosecutors, investigators, defense attorneys and judges in
Mahoning County were involved in fixing the outcomes of criminal cases in the courts in that county. In
1994 and 1995, Russell Saadey was employed by the Mahoning County Prosecutor as an investigator.
During those years, Saadey participated in this case-fixing activity. On December 6, 2000, Saadey and
James Vitullo, an Assistant Prosecutor in the Mahoning County Prosecutor’s Office, were indicted for their
activities. On June 19, 2001, a twenty-one count superceding indictment was handed down against the two.
        Saadey was charged in Count 1of the Superceding Indictment with RICO conspiracy in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d); the acts comprising the pattern of racketeering activity in the conspiracy consist of
multiple acts of extortion in violation of Ohio Revised Code §§ 2905.11(A)(5), 2923.02,and 2923.03, and
bribery of public officials in violation of Ohio Revised Code §§ 2921.02, 2923.02 and 2923.03. He was
charged in Count 6 with conspiracy to commit extortion under color of official right, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1951 (the Hobbs Act); in Count 8 with attempted extortion under color of official right and aiding
and abetting attempted extortion under color of official right in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951 and 2; in
Counts 14-16 with filing false tax returns in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7206(1); and in Counts 17-21 with
making false statements in credit applications in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1014 and 2. Vitullo was charged
in the RICO conspiracy count; he was further charged with extortion under color of official right in Counts
2-5, 7 and 9-13, and conspiracy to commit extortion under color of official right in Count 6, all in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1951. Vitullo was named but not charged in Count 8, the attempted extortion count.
        Section 2(c) of Count 1, the RICO conspiracy count, includes 28 separate overt acts that the
government charges were the predicate acts for the RICO conspiracy; five of those are instances in which
Saadey, while employed by the Prosecutor’s Office, solicited or attempted to solicit money from individuals
charged with criminal offenses, for the stated purpose of “fixing” those individuals’ criminal cases. Two
of the overt acts—section 2(c) (19) and (22) — are instances in which Saadey solicited or attempted to
solicit money from such individuals after Saadey had left the employ of the Prosecutor’s Office. The
activities described in these latter two overt acts are also the subjects of Counts 6 and 8 respectively, the
only two substantive extortion counts in which Saadey was charged. Because Saadey was eventually
acquitted of the conduct charged in Count 1§ 2(c)(19) and Count 6, we address only the conduct charged
in Count 1 § 2(c)(22) and Count 8.
        Count 1 § 2(c)(22) recites that in May 1996, Saadey “attempted to solicit approximately $16,000
from Kenneth Olsavsky. [Saadey] told Kenneth Olsavsky that the money would be used in an attempt to
bribe James A. Vitullo to reduce charges in two pending [DUI] cases [against Olsavsky].” Count 8 charges
that in May 1996, Saadey attempted to “obtain property from another with that person’s consent under color
of official right, by soliciting approximately $16,000 from Kenneth Olsavsky under the pretense that the
money would be used to bribe James A. Vitullo, named but not charged in this count, to reduce charges in
two pending [DUI] cases” against Olsavsky.
        Prior to trial, Saadey filed a Motion to Dismiss Count 8 and to strike Count 1§ 2(c)(22), arguing that
Count 8 did not charge extortion as defined by the Hobbs Act, and Count 1 § 2(c)(22) did not charge any
act that violated Ohio law. The district court denied this motion to dismiss in part and ruled that Saadey,
a private citizen, could be prosecuted under the Hobbs Act because he “masqueraded” as a public official
and, alternatively, because Saadey “held himself out to have . . . an ability to effect the decision [of a public
official].” The court did, however, grant Saadey’s motion to dismiss to the extent that the indictment
charged him with aiding and abetting the substantive offense of extortion under the Hobbs Act. The court
did not explicitly address Saadey’s claim that Section 2(c)(22) did not allege acts that violated Ohio’s
extortion laws.
        Saadey also moved prior to trial to sever Counts 17-21, the counts charging him with filing false
credit applications. The court denied the motion, holding the false tax return counts and the false credit
No. 02-3570             United States v. Saadey                                                          Page 3


application counts contained overlapping evidence, and Saadey would not suffer any obvious prejudice if
those counts were tried with the RICO and extortion counts. During the trial, Saadey objected to the
admissibility of falsified credit applications containing his signature, claiming that they were not properly
authenticated because the district court allowed the jurors to make lay handwriting comparisons. The
district court overruled this objection, stating that “a trier of fact is capable of assessing or comparing
handwriting exemplars with known handwriting material.” Saadey also filed a motion, under seal, to
introduce evidence showing that FBI Agent Anthony Speranza (who did not testify at Saadey’s trial) had
had a sexual relationship with the wife of a government witness. Saadey argued that this evidence showed
Agent Speranza’s animus toward Saadey. The district court denied this motion on the grounds that an
investigator’s animus is irrelevant to Saadey’s guilt or innocence.
        At the close of the trial, the jury acquitted Saadey’s co-defendant, James Vitullo, on all counts. The
jury found that Saadey had voluntarily joined in the conspiracy charged in Count 1; found him guilty of
committing the predicate acts set out in Section 2(c)(3), (7), (13) and (22), but not guilty of committing the
predicate act set out in Section 2(c)(19); and found him guilty on Count 1, the RICO conspiracy. The jury
found Saadey not guilty of the extortion charged in Count 6, but guilty on Count 8, the substantive count
of attempted extortion under color of official right. Finally, the jury found Saadey guilty on all of the false
tax return and false credit application counts. The district court sentenced Saadey to concurrent terms of
imprisonment of 55 months on Counts 1 and 8, 36 months on counts 14-16, and 55 months on Counts 17-21,
and to payment of restitution in the amount of $23,879.62 for the loss incurred by the financial institutions
as a result of the false credit applications. In calculating Saadey’s offense level, the district court increased
the offense level by one, although it is not clear from the record the exact basis for this increase. Saadey’s
motions for acquittal and for a new trial were denied, and Saadey timely appealed.
        In this appeal, Saadey first challenges his conviction under the Hobbs Act for attempted extortion
under color of official right, claiming that the district court erred in concluding that a private individual who
“masquerades” as a public official can be convicted for extortion “under color of right” under the Hobbs
Act, and claiming further that the evidence was not sufficient to sustain his convictions under Count 1 and
Count 8 of the Superceding Indictment. He further assigns as error the district court’s denial of his motion
to sever Counts 17-21, the court’s admission into evidence of documents containing Saadey’s signature, the
court’s refusal to permit evidence attacking the good faith of an investigator, and the court’s upward
departure in sentencing.
                                                       II.
A. The Hobbs Act Conviction
         Saadey contends that, as a private individual, he cannot be found guilty of the crime charged in
Count 8 of the Superceding Indictment, namely, that he “attempted to [] affect commerce by extortion, that
is, by attempting to obtain property from another [] under the color of official right,” in violation of the
Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951. As defined by the Hobbs Act, “[t]he term ‘extortion’ means the obtaining
of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence,
or fear, or under color of official right.” 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(2). Whether a private individual can be found
guilty of extortion under color of official right presents a question of statutory interpretation. This Court
reviews such questions de novo. See United States v. Murphy, 107 F.3d 1199, 1208 (6th Cir. 1997).
        As a general matter, prosecuting private citizens under the “color of official right” theory of
extortion is inappropriate under the Hobbs Act, irrespective of the actual influence that private citizen
purports to maintain over government officials. United States v. McClain, 934 F.2d 822, 831 (7th Cir.
1991). Some courts have carved out an exception for private citizens who either masquerade as, or act in
coordination with, public officials, but in each of those cases a public official “in some past, present or
future capacity receiv[ed] money.” United States v. Tomblin, 46 F.3d 1369, 1382 (5th Cir. 1995). In
Tomblin, the Fifth Circuit held that this exception did not permit prosecution of the defendant under the
No. 02-3570             United States v. Saadey                                                          Page 4


“official right” theory. Tomblin, a private citizen, coerced his victims into giving him money by threatening
to use against them his political influence with a United States Senator. Id. 1382-83. Tomblin was
convicted of extortion under color of official right, and the Fifth Circuit reversed. The court held that his
actions did not result in any public official’s receiving any money; Tomblin himself was neither a public
official nor in the process of becoming one; Tomblin’s victims did not believe that he was a public official;
and the influence Tomblin threatened to use was not official power. Id. at 1382-83.
         This Circuit has recognized that the Hobbs Act may reach private individuals under some
circumstances. In United States v. Collins, 78 F.3d 1021, 1031-2 (6th Cir. 1996), Collins, the husband of
the Kentucky Governor but nonetheless a private citizen, had successfully conspired with various Kentucky
state officials to extort payments from persons seeking to do business with the Commonwealth. Collins was
convicted of conspiracy to commit extortion under color of official right, in violation of the Hobbs Act. We
affirmed that conviction, rejecting Collins’s attempt to rely on Tomblin, which we found clearly
distinguishable because Tomblin had been convicted of the substantive offense of extortion, not of
conspiracy to commit that offense, and he had not been accused of conspiring with a government official.
Collins, on the other hand, had actively conspired with government officials to extort payments from
potential state contractors. Id. at 1031. In affirming Collins’s conviction, we relied on the Ninth Circuit’s
decision in United States v. Freeman, 6 F.3d 586 (9th Cir. 1993): “The Hobbs Act reaches ‘anyone who
actually exercises official powers.’” Collins, 78 F.3d at 1032 (quoting Freeman, 6 F.3d. at 593). Freeman,
we explained, was a case in which “the court found sufficient evidence that the defendant legislative aide
created the impression that he could affect legislation, and that he did, in fact, use his official position to
shepherd bills through the legislative process to induce payments from the undercover FBI agents.” Id. We
agreed with the conclusion of the Ninth Circuit that “the Hobbs Act reaches those public employees who
may lack the actual power to bring about official action, but create the reasonable impression that they do
possess such power and seek to exploit that impression to induce payments.” Id. (italics added). We think
Collins has made it clear that, in this circuit, a private citizen who is not in the process of becoming a public
official may be convicted of Hobbs Act extortion under the “color of official right” theory only if that
private citizen either conspires with, or aids and abets, a public official in the act of extortion.
        The United States concedes that Saadey was not a public official at the time of this attempted
solicitation, and the record contains no evidence that he was in the process of becoming a public official.
We must determine, therefore, whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Saadey conspired with or aided
and abetted a public official in the act of extortion. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)
(holding that in judging the sufficiency of the evidence, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”)
        We conclude that the evidence does not support such a finding. Count 8 charges that Saadey
attempted to solicit money from criminal defendant Kenneth Olsavsky “under the pretense that the money
would be used to bribe James A. Vitullo, named but not charged in this count, to reduce charges in two
pending cases.” The United States offered no evidence that Saadey aided and abetted Vitullo—or any other
public official—in extorting money from Olsavsky and the district court refused to charge the jury on the
issue of aiding and abetting. Count 8 does not allege that Saadey conspired with Vitullo—or any other
public official—to extort money, but instead alleges that Saadey attempted to solicit money from Olsavsky
under the “pretense” that he would use that money to bribe Vitullo. Finally, the jury acquitted Vitullo on
all charges of conspiracy. Accordingly, we hold that Saadey’s conviction on Count 8 of the superceding
indictment must be reversed.
B. The RICO Conspiracy Conviction
        Saadey contends that the evidence is not sufficient to “sustain [his] conviction[] in Count One
section 2(c)(22) . . . of the Superceding Indictment.” He argues that the conduct charged in Count One
No. 02-3570                 United States v. Saadey                                                                    Page 5


section 2(c)(22) cannot be a predicate offense for purposes of the RICO statute because it does not satisfy
either the elements of extortion under color of right under 18 U.S.C. § 1951 or the elements of Ohio’s
extortion statute; of the four overt acts that the jury found some member or members of the conspiracy had
committed or agreed would be committed in furtherance of the conspiracy, this is the only one that falls with
the five-year limitations period for bringing this RICO conspiracy prosecution; and, therefore, his conviction
on Count 1, the RICO conspiracy charge, must be reversed.
        In order to obtain a conviction for RICO conspiracy, the government does not need to prove that the
defendant committed or agreed to commit two predicate acts himself, or even that any overt acts have been
committed. See Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 63 (1997) (“There is no requirement of some overt
act or specific act in the statute before us.”) In fact, the Supreme Court has held,
         One can be a conspirator by agreeing to facilitate only some of the acts leading to the
         substantive offense. It is elementary that a conspiracy may exist and be punished whether
         or not the substantive crime ensues, for the conspiracy is a distinct evil, dangerous to the
         public, and so punishable in itself.
Id. at 65.
        The offense charged in Count 1 of the Superceding Indictment is conspiracy to conduct the affairs
of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity, “consisting of multiple acts involving extortion
in violation of Ohio Revised Code, Sections 2905.11(A)(5), 2923.02, and 2923.03, and multiple acts
involving the bribery of public officials in violation of Ohio Revised Code, Sections 2921.02, 2923.02, and
2923.03.” While it is not incumbent upon the government to prove that Saadey—or anyone else—actually
committed any of these acts, see Salinas, 522 U.S. at 63, the government must prove that Saadey intended
to further “an endeavor which, if completed, would satisfy all of the elements of a substantive criminal
offense [and] it suffices that he adopt the goal of furthering or facilitating the criminal endeavor.” Id. at 65.
        Although we agree with Saadey that the conduct charged in Section 2(c)(22) cannot be a predicate
offense because it does   not satisfy the elements of extortion under Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2905.11(A)(5),
2923.02 or 2923.03,2 and we view as error the district court’s failure to address the part of Saadey’s pretrial
motion raising this issue, we conclude that the error is harmless.3 To support his contention that—because
the only predicate act found by the jury to have occurred within five years of the indictment does not charge
a crime under Ohio law— his conviction must be reversed on statute of limitations grounds, Saadey cites
only cases reviewing convictions for substantive RICO offenses. But Saadey was not charged with a
substantive RICO violation, which unquestionably would have required proof that he committed at least one
predicate act within the five-year limitations period governing RICO prosecutions. See 18 U.S.C. § 3282.
Saadey was charged with RICO conspiracy, and as we have explained, conviction on a charge of RICO
conspiracy does not require the government to prove that any predicate act was actually committed at all.
Therefore, the fact that the conduct charged in section 2(c)(22) cannot constitute a predicate offense is


    2
      Ohio Rev. Code § 2905.11(A)(5) provides:
(A)No person, with purpose to obtain any valuable thing or valuable benefit or to induce another to do an unlawful act, shall do
any of the following:
(5) Expose or threaten to expose any matter tending to subject any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule, or to damage any
person’s personal or business repute, or to impair any person’s credit.
     Ohio Rev. Code §§ 2923.02 and 2923.03 prohibit the attempt to commit an offense and complicity in the commission of an
offense.
     The government does not appear to contend that this conduct constitutes bribery under Ohio law.
    3
      We think the district court erred as well in its conclusion that the Hobbs Act charge contained in Count 8 was a predicate
act under Count 1. The RICO conspiracy charged in Count 1 was explicitly and exclusively a conspiracy to commit predicate
acts consisting of extortion and bribery under Ohio law. This error, we conclude, is harmless as well.
No. 02-3570             United States v. Saadey                                                       Page 6


immaterial to Saadey’s conviction. The material question is whether a prosecution for RICO conspiracy
is time-barred in the absence of proof of an overt or predicate act within the five-year limitations period.
        This circuit has held that a RICO conspiracy offense is complete, for purposes of determining when
the five-year statutory period begins to run, “when the purposes of the conspiracy have either been
accomplished or abandoned.” United States v. Tocco, 200 F.3d 401, 425 n.9 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting,
United States v. Salerno, 868 F.2d 524, 534 (2d Cir. 1989)). In Tocco, we noted that the defendant had
demonstrated neither that the purposes of the conspiracy had been accomplished nor that he had abandoned
or withdrawn from the conspiracy more than five years prior to the commencement of the prosecution. Id.
Other circuits have applied in RICO conspiracy cases the general rule that “the conspiracy is presumed to
exist until there has been an affirmative showing that it has been terminated.” United States v. Starrett, 55
F.3d 1525, 1550 (11th Cir. 1995) (citing United States v. Wong, 40 F.3d 1347, 1367 (2d Cir. 1994)) (holding
that a defendant is liable for participation in a RICO conspiracy for predicate acts the separate prosecution
of which would be time-barred, so long as that defendant has not withdrawn from the conspiracy during the
limitations period) and United States v. Torres Lopez, 851 F.2d 520, 525 (1st Cir. 1988) (holding that a
RICO conspiracy prosecution was not time-barred, even where the defendant had not committed any
predicate act within the five-year limitations period, because “there is no suggestion that the defendant
withdrew from the alleged conspiracy at any time.”))
        In the case before us today, Saadey did not raise as an affirmative defense that he had abandoned
or withdrawn from the conspiracy at any time, see United States v. Rogers, 118 F.3d 466, 474 (6th Cir.
1997), nor has he raised abandonment or withdrawal on appeal. Neither has he pointed to evidence in the
record that would demonstrate that the purposes of the conspiracy had been accomplished and the
conspiracy terminated more than five years prior to the date that the indictment issued. In light of the
Supreme Court’s determination in Salinas that a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d) does not require that
any overt act have been committed, we conclude that, in the absence of evidence that the conspiracy had
terminated or that Saadey had abandoned or withdrawn from it more than five years prior to this indictment,
this prosecution is not time-barred. Accordingly, we must affirm Saadey’s conviction on Count 1.
                                                     III.
A. Defendant’s Motion to Sever Counts 17-21 of the Superceding Indictment
         This Court reviews a district court’s severance ruling only for an abuse of discretion. United States
v. Carnes, 309 F.3d 950, 957 (6th Cir. 2002). Saadey argues that the district court abused its discretion by
failing to sever the counts pertaining to his filing false credit applications. In particular, Saadey contends
that (1) the government failed to show that these counts were in any way related to the other counts in the
indictment; and (2) he was prejudiced at trial because the jury was improperly turned against him due to the
evidence of his guilt for unrelated offenses. We find no merit in either of Saadey’s arguments.
         “Foremost among the []circumstances [relevant to a motion to sever] is a ‘balancing of the interest
of the public in avoiding a multiplicity of litigation.’” United States v. Wirsing, 719 F.2d 859, 864-65 (6th
Cir. 1983). Saadey’s false credit applications, while not necessarily linked to his racketeering offenses,
were not unrelated to the charges of filing false tax returns contained in Counts 14 through 16 of the
Superceding Indictment. Because the credit application counts contained financial figures that were
materially different from those reported on his tax returns, joinder of the tax counts with the false credit
application counts was appropriate. United States v. Bibby, 752 F.2d 1116, 1121 (6th Cir. 1985) (“It is
appropriate to combine tax charges against one defendant with fraud charges against that same defendant
. . . . Failure to report the income from an illegal activity is an act which does arise directly out of the
common enterprise because concealment of ill-gotten gain is an integral part of assuring the success of that
illegal activity.”); see also United States v. Box, 50 F.3d 345, 357-58 (5th Cir. 1995); United States v.
Hogan, 886 F.2d 1497, 1507 (7th Cir. 1989).
No. 02-3570             United States v. Saadey                                                          Page 7


        Furthermore, the government used overlapping financial evidence, including Saadey’s inconsistent
statements about his income, to prove both the tax and the fraud counts. Tax and related counts covering
the same time period and involving the same evidence are properly joined. Bibby, 752 F.2d at 1121.
Judicial economy therefore dictates that multiple counts with overlapping proof of a common scheme to
defraud be joined together. United States v. Frost, 125 F.3d 346, 390 (6th Cir. 1997).
        In order to prevail on a motion for severance, a defendant must show compelling, specific, and actual
prejudice from a court’s refusal to grant the motion to sever. See United States v. Sherlin, 67 F.3d 1208,
1215 (6th Cir. 1995). Saadey has not met this burden. He alludes to the cumulative effect of the evidence
on the jurors, and concludes that the jury may have found him “guilty of one crime and then improperly
[found] him guilty of another crime merely because of his criminal disposition.” But he provides no
evidence to support this assertion, and an unproven assertion is not compelling evidence of actual prejudice.
        Finally, Saadey claims prejudice because he was unable to testify in his own defense on the false
credit application charges without damaging his credibility and waiving his Fifth Amendment right against
self-incrimination on the RICO counts. He does not explain, however, how testifying about the credit
charges would violate his right against self-incrimination on the RICO charges, particularly in light of his
own assertion that “the unrelated credit charges [] had nothing to do with the alleged conspiracy.” Saadey
has presented no evidence of compelling, specific, and actual prejudice from the district court’s refusal to
sever Counts 17-21. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Saadey’s motion.
B. The Admission of Defendant’s False Credit Applications Into Evidence and the District Court’s
Permitting the Jurors to Make Lay Handwriting Comparisons with Defendant’s Known Signature
        Saadey claims that the district court erred in admitting Saadey’s false credit applications into
evidence and in permitting the jurors to make lay handwriting comparisons with Saadey’s known signature
on his false tax returns. This Court reviews the district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion.
General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 141 (1997).
        The crux of Saadey’s argument is that the government failed to authenticate the credit applications
before admitting them into evidence. Under FED. R. EVID. 901(a), a document is admissible only after
sufficient evidence is presented to support a finding that the document is in fact what it purports to be.
Saadey emphasizes that the government failed to call any witnesses to testify that the signature on the
applications was in fact his. As the district court noted in overruling Saadey’s objection, however, the
federal rule permits the trier of fact to compare documents with other documents which have been
authenticated. Under FED. R. EVID. 901(b)(3), a lay person can identify and compare signatures.
       The district court relied in part on the Fourth Circuit’s reasoning in United States v. Dozie, 27 F.3d
95 (4th Cir. 1994). In that case, the court determined that because of Rule 901(b)(3), expert opinion on
handwriting was unnecessary, and where one document had been properly authenticated, the jury could
compare the signature on that document with the signature on another:
               Under FED. R. EVID. 901(b)(3), expert opinion on handwriting is not necessary. The
        authenticity of the tax return related to count 2 was sufficiently established, and it was
        permissible for the jury to compare the handwriting on the count 2 tax return with that on
        the count 3 return. That Chudi prepared the count 3 documents and submitted them to the
        Hartford Insurance Company is clearly a legitimate inference, and this evidence is sufficient
        to support the verdicts.
Id. at 98.
       The Dozie court’s reasoning is sound. In this case, the government presented known handwriting
material—the tax forms that Saadey admitted contained his signature. The credit applications, which
contained Saadey’s name, address, and social security number, also contained signatures. The district court
No. 02-3570            United States v. Saadey                                                       Page 8


did not abuse its discretion by allowing the jury, pursuant to Rule 901(b)(3), to make lay comparisons
between the signatures on each of these documents and Saadey’s signature on the tax forms.
C. The Exclusion of Evidence of the Investigating Agent’s Motives, Where that Agent Did Not Testify
at Trial
        Saadey next claims that the district court erred in ruling that evidence which purportedly attacked
the good faith of an investigator was irrelevant and therefore inadmissable. We review the district court’s
rulings on exclusion of evidence for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Seago, 930 F.2d 482, 494 (6th
Cir. 1991); General Electric, 522 U.S. at 141.
        Saadey sought to introduce evidence that FBI Special Agent Anthony Speranza had a sexual
relationship with the wife of a government witness, and that during the course of this relationship, Speranza
had indicated his personal motivation to gather evidence against Saadey. Debbie Campbell, the wife of Jack
Campbell, a defense attorney who was involved in Saadey’s bribery schemes, testified under seal that she
was romantically involved with Agent Speranza, and that Speranza had indicated some personal animus
toward Saadey. Agent Speranza himself acknowledged that he had made highly derogatory references to
Saadey.
        The district court ruled that evidence of the investigating agent’s personal animus toward Saadey
was irrelevant and therefore inadmissable because Agent Speranza did not testify at trial and because Agent
Speranza’s motives were irrelevant to Saadey’s guilt. Had Speranza testified at trial, this evidence would
have been admissible to impeach his credibility. He did not testify, and his credibility is not an issue.
Saadey has failed to demonstrate how evidence of Speranza’s motives could be relevant under FED. R. EVID.
401, or how such evidence could possibly be more probative than prejudicial under Rule 403. We find no
abuse of discretion here.
D. The imposition of a One-level Upward Departure
       Saadey’s last contention is that the district court erred by imposing a one-level upward departure
under U.S.S.G. § 2C1.1. This Court reviews a district court's decision to depart from the Guidelines
sentencing range for abuse of discretion. United States v. Chance, 306 F.3d 356, 393 (6th Cir. 2002);
United States v. Barber, 200 F.3d 908, 911 (6th Cir. 2000).
        Initially, we note that the guidelines section under which the one-level increase Saadey complains
is not readily apparent from the record. According to the judgment of conviction and sentence, the court
granted the motion of the government for an upward departure of one offense level pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 5K2.7. The government’s motion for departure, however, sought an upward departure under U.S.S.G.
§ 2C1.2, Application Note 5, for conduct that “was part of a systematic or pervasive corruption of a
governmental function, process, or office that may cause loss of public confidence in government.” This
language does not appear in any Application Note for § 2C1.2, but, rather, is in Application Note 5 to
§ 2C1.1.
        Although an upward departure under § 5K2.7 might be appropriate in this case, we note that this
section explicitly cautions that such a departure “ordinarily would not be justified when the offense of
conviction is an offense such as bribery or obstruction of justice; in such cases interference with a
governmental function is inherent in the offense, and unless the circumstances are unusual the guidelines
will reflect the appropriate punishment for such interference.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.7. Here, of course, the
offense of conviction warranting the offense level increase is RICO conspiracy, not itself a conviction for
bribery or obstruction, but involving bribery as the predicate offense.
       On the other hand, Section 2C1.1, Application Note 5 provides that an upward departure may be
warranted “[w]here the court finds that the defendant's conduct was part of a systematic or pervasive
corruption of a governmental function, process, or office that may cause loss of public confidence in
No. 02-3570            United States v. Saadey                                                       Page 9


government.” The district court specifically found that the public had lost confidence in the Mahoning
County justice system, and that Saadey’s conduct directly contributed to that loss of public confidence. “He
abused the public trust that the citizens [] put in their government when they elected Mr. Philomena, and
when they elected the judges . . . . [T]his defendant helped to undermine public confidence in the
government.” The court specifically made the types of factual findings that we noted in Chance are
necessary for an increase in offense level under Section 2C1.1, Application Note 5. See Chance, 306 F.3d
at 395-96.
        Saadey argues that his conduct falls within the “heartland of cases which the RICO statute [was]
intended to address,” and that any enhanced punishment has therefore already been incorporated into his
pre-departure sentencing range. We are not inclined to agree, and we think that the upward departure was
within the bounds of Application Note 5. However, because we have reversed Saadey’s conviction on
Count 8 and must therefore remand this case for resentencing, the district court will have the opportunity
to revisit this issue, and to clarify the basis upon which this base level increase was imposed.
                                          IV. CONCLUSION
        Accordingly, we REVERSE Saadey’s conviction on Count 8 of the Superceding Indictment and
we REMAND to the district court for resentencing. We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court in all
other respects.
