                                                                                 FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            April 20, 2020
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                          No. 18-2091
                                                   (D.C. No. 2:17-CR-01308-KG-1)
 LEROY TCHOD CAMERON                                          (D. N.M.)
 RAVENELL,

       Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                        _________________________________

Before MORITZ, KELLY, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      During a border check, Border Patrol agents found 0.8 pounds of cocaine in

Appellant-Defendant Leroy Ravenell’s car. Ravenell was arrested and, during a later

interrogation by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents, confessed the

cocaine was his. He was indicted for possession with intent to distribute cocaine and

moved to suppress his confession. The district court held an evidentiary hearing and

denied his motion. Ravenell contends the district court erred and asks us to reverse.

Seeing no reversible error, we affirm.




      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                           I.

      At approximately 4:10 p.m. on November 11, 2016, Ravenell and his friend,

Rashad Wilson, entered the Highway 54 Border Patrol Checkpoint in Alamagordo,

New Mexico. Ravenell was a 27-year old male, with a high school diploma and one-

year of college education, and the owner of the vehicle. However, Wilson was

driving Ravenell’s black BMW SUV at the time it was stopped; Ravenell was in the

passenger seat. Aple. Br. at 2. Border Patrol Agent Gutierrez asked Wilson to roll

down the back windows so he could check for additional passengers. There was no

one in the backseat, but Agent Gutierrez smelled marijuana, and sent Wilson and

Ravenell to a second inspection.

      At the second inspection, Ravenell consented to a dog-sniff. After the canine

alerted to the vehicle, Ravenell admitted he had smoked marijuana earlier that day.

Ravenell also then consented to a search of the car. When the agents searched the

car, they discovered 0.8 pounds of cocaine.

      Border Patrol agents arrested Ravenell and Wilson. Border Patrol Agent

Gutierrez both read Ravenell his Miranda rights, and handed him a form listing his

Miranda rights. He gave Ravenell time to review the form, which Ravenell signed,

indicating he was waiving his rights. After Ravenell signed the form, he was placed

in an all-glass holding cell easily viewable by agents. Ravenell was given food and

water, checked on by agents “about every hour” to see if he needed anything else,

and was told to knock on the glass to get an agent’s attention if he did need

something. The holding cell also contained a bench and some blankets, to allow

                                           2
detainees to keep warm or sleep while in detention. Border Patrol Agent Mora

testified that Ravenell never asked for anything beyond some food and water; was

“calm and polite” throughout his detention; did not seem confused as to the

instructions being given to him; and did not seem to be under the influence of

something that would have “prevented him from knowing what was going on.” In

total, his detention lasted approximately six hours.

      Agent Mora briefly questioned Ravenell while he was in holding. Agent Mora

reiterated to Ravenell that he did not have to answer any questions. Nonetheless,

Ravenell proceeded to answer Agent Mora’s questions and denied having prior

knowledge of the cocaine found in the vehicle. At that point, Agent Mora ended the

questioning. Their conversation lasted no more than a minute. Agent Mora and the

other Border Patrol agents notified the DEA and did not engage in further

questioning until DEA agents arrived.

      At around 7:30 p.m., one of the DEA agents who was coming to question

Ravenell, Agent Christopher Myers, called and asked to speak with him. After

confirming Ravenell had waived his Miranda rights, Agent Myers told Ravenell that

he “was not going to ask him any questions over the phone.” But Agent Myers also

told him that “[o]ne of you two dumb [mother f***ers] 1 is going to go to jail tonight.

One or both of you . . . I’ve been working all day, I’m tired, and I expect you-all to


      1
        In his testimony, Agent Myers uses the shorthand “MFs.” The record is
unclear as to whether Myers used the shorthand, the full phrase, or a different, but
similar phrase.

                                           3
tell me the truth when you get out here.” 2 Their phone conversation was brief, and

although DEA Agent Myers admitted in his testimony that the language used was

vulgar, he insisted that his tone was “stern,” to convey that he “meant business,” but

he was “not yelling or screaming.”

        DEA Agent Myers also told Ravenell that he was going to have Border Patrol

agents put Ravenell and Wilson together in a cell so they could determine the

ownership of the cocaine. After Agent Myers got off the phone, Border Patrol Agent

Mora put Ravenell and Wilson in a room together for five minutes. Agent Mora

supervised the interaction and testified that it was “[v]ery calm;” the two were not

hostile to one another, and there was no yelling or physical altercation. Agent Mora

noted that when he separated the two back into separate cells both detainees were

“calm, civil, and compliant.” In describing their brief conversation, Ravenell

testified that he asked Wilson whether he had had a phone call, and whether the

cocaine found was Wilson’s. Ravenell testified that Wilson continued to deny

owning the cocaine and advised Ravenell not to falsely confess if it was not his. He

did not describe the conversation as violent or coercive, instead stating: “So and that

was it. And then the last bit of the time we were just talking about how cold the cell

was.”




        2
        Because Agent Myers was travelling to see Ravenell (and not the other way
around), “when you get out here” is likely a mistake.

                                           4
      At around 9:30 p.m. (about five and a half hours after Wilson and Ravenell

entered the checkpoint), DEA Agent Myers arrived, accompanied by DEA Special

Agent Nguyen and DEA Agent Hernandez, to question Ravenell as to the ownership

of the cocaine. The DEA interrogation took approximately 30 minutes. Special

Agent Nguyen read Ravenell his Miranda rights again and gave Ravenell the

opportunity to review another form with each right listed. To reiterate, this was the

second time that day that Ravenell had been Mirandized. And again, he waived his

rights. But, unlike during the first interrogation, this time Ravenell confessed to

owning the cocaine. He admitted purchasing the cocaine in a Wal-Mart parking lot

from a young “Hispanic or Puerto Rican” man who wore his hair in a bun. He also

told agents he intended to sell the cocaine to make money to support his struggling

family.

      Ravenell was indicted for possession with intent to distribute cocaine pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C). Following his indictment, he moved to suppress

his confession as involuntary. He “argued that [the] agents coerced him into

confessing by promising to release his vehicle to his sick mother if he took

responsibility for the cocaine.” Aple. Br. at 8 (citing ROA Vol. I at 49). The district

court held an evidentiary hearing on the suppression motion. At the hearing,

Ravenell testified that the agents pestered him to confess, and that he only did so

because they promised to release his car. The agents, on the other hand, uniformly

denied that Ravenell’s vehicle was ever used as leverage to obtain his confession.

The district court credited the agents’ version of the events and denied the motion.

                                           5
Following a jury trial, Ravenell was found guilty. At sentencing, the district court

varied downward, imposing a sentence of 30 months’ imprisonment and 3 years’

supervised release.

       Ravenell appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress, arguing

his confession was involuntary. On appeal he has abandoned his car-related

arguments. 3 See generally Aplt. Br. Likewise, he does not challenge either the

district court’s decision to credit the agents’ versions of the facts or any of the district

court’s other factual findings. Cf. id. Broadly, he maintains his confession was

involuntary for two reasons: (1) Agent Myers used rough, foul language when he

spoke with Ravenell on the phone, and (2) the Border Patrol Agents put Ravenell and

Wilson in the same room for five minutes.

                                            II.

       We review “de novo the voluntariness of a statement, although specific

underlying findings of fact are reviewed for clear error.” United States v. Toles, 297

F.3d 959, 965 (10th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). Additionally, we “consider[] the

evidence in the light most favorable to the district court’s determination.” Id.

       “Whether a defendant’s incriminating statements were made voluntarily must

be assessed from the totality of the circumstances, looking both at the characteristics


       3
       To the extent that Ravenell’s counsel sought to raise these issues at oral
argument, we decline to consider them. WildEarth Guardians v. EPA, 759 F.3d
1196, 1204 (10th Cir. 2014) (stating “[W]e routinely . . . decline[] to consider
arguments that are not raised, or are inadequately presented, in an appellant’s
opening brief” (citation omitted)).

                                             6
of the defendant and the details of the interrogation.” United States v. Rith, 164 F.3d

1323, 1333 (10th Cir. 1999) (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226

(1973)). “The essence of voluntariness is whether the government obtained the

statements by physical or psychological coercion such that the defendant’s will was

overborne.” Id. (citing Miller v. Fenton, 474 U.S. 104, 116 (1985)); see also United

States v. Rodebaugh, 798 F.3d 1281, 1290–91 (10th Cir. 2015) (“[I]t is the

[g]overnment’s burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a

confession was voluntary.” (quotation marks and citation omitted)). Relevant factors

include “(1) the age, intelligence, and education of the defendant; (2) the length of

detention; (3) the length and nature of the questioning; (4) whether the defendant was

advised of his constitutional rights; and (5) whether the defendant was subject to

physical punishment.” Rodebaugh, 798 F.3d at 1290 (quoting United States v. Lopez,

437 F.3d 1059, 1063–64 (10th Cir. 2006)). While no factor alone is dispositive, a

movant seeking suppression of a confession faces an uphill battle if he was

Mirandized. See Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 609 (2004) (“[M]aintaining that a

statement is involuntary even though given after warnings and voluntary waiver of

rights requires unusual stamina, and litigation over voluntariness tends to end with

the finding of a valid waiver.” (citation omitted)).

      Again, Ravenell offers two reasons for why we should hold his confession was

coerced: (1) Agent Myers used coarse, vulgar language when he spoke with Ravenell

on the phone, and (2) Border Patrol agents put Ravenell and Wilson in the same room

for five minutes. Neither action was inherently coercive, and an evaluation of the

                                            7
enumerated factors reveals they are either neutral or weigh in favor of voluntariness.

We address each factor in turn.

                                           III.

      First, Ravenell has a high school education with some college, and he was

27-years old at the time of these events. Thus, his “age, intelligence, and education,”

do not suggest he was unusually susceptible to coercion. See Lopez, 437 F.3d

at 1065 (holding Lopez’ personal characteristics did not indicate he was “unusually

susceptible to coercion” when he was “thirty-three years old and had completed the

eleventh grade,” nor was there anything “to suggest he h[as] ‘a limited

intelligence’”). 4 The first factor weighs in favor of voluntariness.

      Second, Ravenell’s detention was neither unusually long nor harsh. As we

explained above, his detention was around six-hours long. Our circuit has approved

detentions of similar length. See Sharp v. Rohling, 793 F.3d 1216, 1233 (10th Cir.

2015) (describing Rohling’s five-hour detention as “not unusually long”). Nor were

the circumstances of Ravenell’s detention harsh. He was given food and water. See

Rohling, 793 F.3d at 1233 (noting the fact that Rohling was given water and stating


      4
         Ravenell believes we should find he “lack[s] . . . education and
sophistication” because he referred to “blood clots” as “blood clocks.” ROA Vol. I
at 309. We agree with the government that this “single idiosyncrasy” fails to show
Ravenell had limited intelligence. This conclusion is bolstered by the fact that we
“consider[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the district court’s
determination,” Toles, 297 F.3d at 965, and the district court denied Ravenell’s
motion to suppress. When viewed in the light most favorable to the district court’s
decision, this “single idiosyncrasy” undoubtedly fails to show Ravenell had limited
intelligence.

                                            8
that it “weigh[ed] in favor of voluntariness”). And, he was provided a blanket and a

bench on which to sleep in his holding cell. We conclude the second factor weighs in

favor of voluntariness.

       Third, while the questioning was not overly long or intense, Agent Myers did

use coarse, foul language. However, we conclude Agent Myers’ language is not

enough to tip this factor in Ravenell’s favor, rather, it renders the factor neutral. 5

Agent Myers did not raise his voice at Ravenell; he did not threaten Ravenell; the

phone call was short; and the other interrogations were similarly brief. 6 See United

States v. Lux, 905 F.2d 1379, 1382 (10th Cir. 1990) (affirming, on clear error review,


       5
        Ravenell contends we should view Agent Myers’ comment over the phone
against the backdrop of Ravenell’s upbringing as an African-American man:

       It would not be too much to infer that DEA Agent Myers [sic] labeling
       of Mr. Ravenell as a “dumb mother f***er” awakened memories of his
       upbringing as a black man in a culture that is indisputably racist.
       [B]lack boys . . . are told to be very careful and respectful with law
       enforcement because of the threat of violence by white police officers,
       including lethal force.

Aplt. Br. at 12. Nevertheless, we conclude this argument is waived. It was not raised
below and Ravenell does not argue plain error in his brief. See United States v.
Goode, 483 F.3d 676, 681 (10th Cir. 2007) (noting that errors not raised below are
subject to plain-error review); United States v. Roach, 896 F.3d 1185, 1194 (10th Cir.
2018) (refusing to consider an argument where it had not been raised below and
appellant had failed to argue plain error on appeal).
       6
        Ravenell makes a cursory argument in his opening brief that we “should
exercise [our] supervisory authority over law enforcement and suppress the product
of the DEA agent’s uncivilized conduct.” Aplt. Br. at 13. This argument was not
preserved below, and again, Ravenell did not argue it should be reviewed for plain
error on appeal. See Goode, 483 F.3d at 681; Roach, 896 F.3d at 1194. Therefore,
we decline to consider it.

                                             9
district court’s conclusion that detective did not negate voluntariness by “hitting his

fist on the table and accusing [Lux] of lying” because his “actions were ‘not so

extraordinary or egregious as to warrant a finding that they overbore the defendant’s

will’”). Agent Mora’s questioning lasted no more than a minute, and the DEA’s

in-person interrogation lasted approximately 30 minutes. Finally, Agent Myers’

remark that either Wilson or Ravenell was going to jail was not coercive because it

was a true statement—Border Patrol agents had found 0.8 pounds of cocaine in the

vehicle, and it belonged to either Wilson or Ravenell. We have held that “[i]t is not

per se coercion to present a suspect with correct information from which the suspect

can make a reasoned decision.” United States v. McNeal, 862 F.3d 1057, 1064 (10th

Cir. 2017). Accordingly, this factor does not weigh in favor of either outcome.

      Fourth, Ravenell was advised, repeatedly, of his constitutional rights. He was

twice Mirandized (once by Border Patrol agents and once by DEA agents) and

reminded of his rights (Border Patrol Agent Mora reminded him of his rights before

his second interrogation, as did Agent Myers at the beginning of the phone call).

This factor weighs in favor of voluntariness.

      Fifth, Ravenell was not “subject to physical punishment,” so this factor weighs

in favor of voluntariness.

      Finally, we analyze Ravenell’s five-minute conversation with Wilson

separately because it does not fit squarely within any of the enumerated voluntariness

factors. Nothing about their conversation suggests it was coercive. From Ravenell’s

description of the conversation, it appears it was friendly, and there is nothing to

                                           10
suggest that Wilson was acting as a government agent or that he “extorted,

intimidated, or otherwise threatened” Ravenell. Aple. Br. at 21. In short, Ravenell’s

conversation with Wilson does not indicate his subsequent confession was in any way

coerced. This is particularly true when viewed in the light of the other factors—four

of which weigh in favor of a finding of voluntariness and one of which is neutral.

      In sum, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government,

the prevailing party below, the totality of the circumstances indicate Ravenell’s

confession was voluntary.

                                          IV.

      For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the district court.


                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Allison H. Eid
                                           Circuit Judge




                                          11
