                                            RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 28, 2017
                                                        TO BE PUBLISHED




                            · 2016-SC-000644-DGE



STEPHEN MARCHESE                                                     APPELLANT


                     ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
v.                       CASE NO. 2016-CA-000262-MR
                          JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
                    NOS. 16-D-500129 AND 16-D-500129-001


ALLISON AEBERSOLD                                                        APPELLEE



              OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE VENTERS

                                  REVERSING

      Appellant,. Stephen Marchese, appeals from a decision of the Court of

Appeals which affirmed the Jefferson Family Court's issuance of a Domestic.·

Violence Order (DVO) upon a petition filed by Appellee Allison Aebersold. As
                .                                   .
grounds for relief, Marchese presents three arguments: (1) the trial_court

improperly co.nsidered and relied upon extrajudicial evidence; (2) the

extrajudicial evidence, even if properly received, was inadmissible hearsay; and

(3) the DVO was issued against Marchese in violation of his due process rights.

      Upon discretionary review, we conclude that the trial court committed

structural error and that its use of extrajudicial evidence from an undisclosed

source was improper. Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals' opinion,
vacate the DVO, and remand for additional proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Marchese and Aebersold had a romantic relationship. The· couple broke

up in January of 2016. A few days later Aebersold petitioned.the Jefferson

Family Col,lrt for an emergency protective order (EPO) and the corresponding

domestic violence order (DVO). Her petition alleged that she and Marchese

"have been apart for a few days now and [Marchese] will not leave me alone, he

is stalking me showing up in my driveway at night ... ·:" ·The court entered an

EPO and set a heru;iilg date for the statutorily-mandated DVO hearing.

      At the DVO hearing, both parties appeared pro se. Aebersold testified

· that Marchese had never hit her, but that he had shoved her when he was

drunk. She also testified that after the issuance of the EPO, he parked in his

car in her driveway, he asked third parties
                                    .
                                            to .contact her on his behalf, he sent

text messages to her moth~r threatening to post sexually explicit photographs

of Aebersold·on the· internet, and he repeatedly contacted her through social .

media. Aebersold testified that Marchese was ve:zy .controlling and

manipulative; that he would not leave her alone; and that he had shown up in
                                                                   I




her driveway at night on an unspecified number of occasions.

      Aebersold's mother, Whitney Aebersold, testified that while the couple

was together Marchese tried to prevent her from talking on the phone to her

daughter. Whitney said that she had urged Marchese tq ieave her daughter



                                        2
 alone. She also confirmed that Marchese threatened to post on the internet

 sexually expli,cit photographs of himself and Aebersold.

       Marchese ·admitted that he had threatened to post the embarrassing

 photographs. He· admitted that he repeatedly
                                       (
                                              tried to contact Aebersold
                                                                   .


 because they had "made a pact to not give up on each other." He denied

 obstructing Whitney's efforts to contact Aebersold. He also denied that he tried

·to contact her through a third party, stating that he had only asked friends

 about her,
       . but had never asked them to contact her.
                                             ..   Marchese also testified

 that he would soon relocate in New Hampshire and no longer had any desire to

 contact Aebersold.

       Marchese's brother, Paul, testified that Marchese did not have a violent

 history. He said he had never seen any domestic violence occur between ·

 Aebersold and Marchese. Paul also testified that Marchese's work schedule

 would not have allowed . him. to stalk Aebersold. Amy Green, a. woman who had

 formerly lived with Marchese, testified that she had never seen him engaged in

 domesti~   violence. She also said that his work schedule would not have

 allowed him to stalk Aebersold .

      . After hearing the testimony, the trial judge called for a brief recess and

. asked Marchese for his social security number. He complied, but apparently

 did so with some ·hesitation. When the hearing reconvened, the trial judge

 began with a review of the   evid~nce   that had been presented; she described

 what she perceived as Ma,rchese's reluctance to give his social security number

 as a "red flag." The judge then said: "we have [Marchese's soGial security

                                            3
 number]" and "we also have [Marchese's]record from other states." The judge

 then announced: "You. have .an assault and battery from Virginia Beach," to
               .                        .         ~




. which Marchese responded; "It should have been -dropped." The trial judge

 replied: "Well, it wasn't ... Your brother testified that you have never been

 violent." The trial judge then stated to Marchese that he had "engaged in every

 manipulative behavior that she had ever seen." Marchese attempted to

 respond but the trial .court commandeci him to stop, and then finished her

 recitation of the evidence. The trial court then annnµnced from the ·bench that

·the DVO would be granted. The judge next instructed Marchese to wait·outside.

 the courtroom for his copy of the order. At no time did the trial Judge disclose

 the source of her kn_owledge of the alleged Virginia Beach assault conviction or

 describe the legal.grounds upon which that inf~rmation was interjected into

 the DVO hearing; nor did the judge give· Marchese .an opportunity to address

. the issue.

       The judge wrote the follo~ing findings on the docket sheet:

      . I) [Marchese] has exerted controlling behavior over Petitioner, limiting
        her contact w / family and friends;
        2) [Marchese] uses humiliation tactics to control Petitioner;_
        3) (Marchese] stalked Petitioner, parking in her drivew~y at night &
        inquiring of her through 3rd parties after EPO was entered;
        4) (Marchese] shoved Petitioner while drunk .arid threatened her;
        5) [Marchese] has a history of.domestic violence;
        6) [Domestic violence] could occur in the future.

        Marchese appealed. The Court of Appeals concluded that the trial

court's extrajudicial research concerning Appellant's criminal record was error,



                                            4
 but it nevertheless affirmed the entry of the DVO on the basis of harmless

 error. We granted discretionary review.
     \
    . II~ THE TRIAL JUDGE'S RECEIPT OF.EXTRAJUDICIAL EVIDENCE WAS
                             STRUCTURAL ERROR .
             Although :hot raised or addressed as an issue. by the Court of Appeals, we

. would be remiss jf we chose to overlook the most fundamental flaw in the ..

 issuance.~f the DVO against Marche~e. Even when a litigant fails to assert in· a
             .                   .                    .   .   .       .   .   .
 timely manner the grounds upori. which ~Jµdge should recuse, "a trialjudge 1s

 obligated to      di~qualify   himself 'when presiding over a matter that would violate

 statutory mandates for impartiality."' Alred v. Commonwealth, Judicial .Cond71-ci

 Commission, 395 S.W.3d 417, 443-44 (Ky. 2012) (citing Judicial Canon 3E(l)(a)

 and KRS 26A.015) ..

             KRS .26A. 015(2) requires a judge to "disqualify himself in. any proceeding:

·(a) Where he has ... personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts

 concerning the proceedings ..         ,1   [and] (e) Where he has knowledge of any other

 circumstances in which his impartiality might reasonably be questio~ed." The

 trial judge's extrajuc;licial
                .
                               investigation,
                                           -
                                              apparently
                                                   .
                                                         undertaken during the

. recess after she acquired
         .                .·
                             Marchese's social security number; gave the judge
                                                  .       '




 personal knowledge
                 ..
                    of a disputed .evidentiary fact-Marchese's history.of
                                                                  ~.


 violent behavior.

             Thejudge in Alred conducted an extra.judicial investigation to discover

. ·incriminating information about a party in litigation before ·him. Citing Bussell

 v. Commonwealth, 882 S, W .2d 111, 112 (Ky. 1994 ), we commented upon the -


                                                 .5
 impropriety of considering "potentially incriminating information about [a party~

 in litigation] Jrom extrajudicial sources." We said: "Recusal is appropriate only

 when the   ~nformation.   is obtained [}?ythe judge] from an extrajudicial source.".

 We further explained: "Because Judge Alred gathered information about the

 impending matters from extrajudicial sources, he was required to recuse when

 those cas~s came before him as judge." 395 S.W.3d at 443 p. 92; (Emphasis

 added.)

       Upon the same subject, the United States Supreme Court stated that a

 judge's critical, disapproving, or even hostile comme.nts directed to a litigant

 during a trial "ordinarily do not support a bias or partiality challenge" to

 disqualify the judge, but "[t]hey may do so if they reveal an opinfon that derives

 from an extrajudicial source; and they will do so if they reveal such a high

 degree of favoritism or ·antagonism·as to make fair judgment impossible."

 Liteky v. United States,-510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994) (emphasis in original) .

      . After consulting some undisclosed source to obtain extrajudicial.

 information about Marchese pertinent to a .contested issue pending before the

 court, the trial judge was disqualified and at that point was obligated to recuse

 sua spon~e. The judge's bias and antagonism against Marchese was

demonstrated by comments she made after receiving the extrajud,icial evidence.

As further indicated by her refusal to allow Marchese to respond to the newly-

. disclosed evidence and ordering him to leave the. courtroom, the judge's failure

to recuse was structural error which indelibly tainted the remainder of the

hearing and the issuance of the ·nvo. "Structural errors are defects affecting .

                                            6
.(




 the entire framework of the trial and          ne~essarily   render the trial fundamentally

 unfair. Such errors preclude appllcation of the_ harmless error rule and

 warrant automatic reversal under that standard." ·McCleery v. Commonwealth,

 410 S.W.3d 597, 604 (Ky. 2013) .(citing Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. l,             8~9
                        .        .

 (1999)). For that reason, we reverse the Court of Appeal~ and vacate the

 domestic violence order issued in this matter ..

              Iii:. THE TRIAL COURT ERRONEOUSLY ACCEPTED AND USED
                                     EXTRAJUDICIAL INFORMATION
         Our holding in the previous section of this opinion· resolves this appeal.

 However, for.further guida_nce of the bench and bar we address the merits of
     I                                                                      ..
 the ev!dentiary issue presented. The trial court never explicitl:y stated a
                                                        _.·    ..
 rationale to justify the
                       . use of the extrajudicial
                                          '
                                                  information she received during
                                                                           .
                                           .                        .   .        .
 the recess. Marchese and the Court of Appeals treated the matter as one that

implicated the doctrine of judicial notice, and the Court of Appeals ·correctly

analyzed the situation: ~S the erroneous application Of that doctrine. I

         K~E     201 governs our      applicat~on   of the doctrine of judicial notice, and it

· provides two "kinds of fact" that can be admitted into evidence under that

theory:      fa~t~   that are "[g]enerally known within the county from which the

juror~ are d~awn, or, in a nonjurj matter, the county in which the venue of the

.action is fixed," .KRE 201(b)(l); and facts that are "[c]apable of accurate arid .

ready determination by .resort to sources whose .accuracy cannot re~sonably be




         I   Abersold did not file a .brief in the Court of Appeals~

                                                  7
questioned," KRE 20l(b)(2). The evidence of Marchese's alleged Virginia Beach

conviction fits neither category.

     · First, Marchese's alleged Vir~ilia Beach conviction is not a fact

"[g]enerally known within the county ... in which the venue of the action is

fixed," which is Jefferson County, Kentucky. Therefore, qualification for

judicial notice under KRS 201(b)(l) fails.

      In clarification of KRE 201(b)(2), we have explained that "sources whose

accuracy cannot reasonabiy be questioned" means "unimpeachable sources,"

which, depending on the specific circumstance, may include general         ·

auth_orities like "encyclopedias, calendars, maps, medical and historical

treatises,. almanacs, and
                       .
                          public records." Stokes v. Commonwealth, 275

S.W.3d 185, 188 (Ky. 2008) (quoting Robert   G~   Lawson, The Kentucky Evidence

Law Handbook§ L00[3][c] at 10 (4th ed. 2003)).

      Ordinarily, a criminal conviction is a matter of.public record, but we have.

been careful to distinguish the types of public records which may be subject to
           .
judicial notice under KRE 201(b)(2):
                .                                                              .
      Under KRE 201 ..... it may be appropriate to notice court records
      for the occurrence and timing of matters reflected in them-the.
      holding of a hearing, say, or the filing of a pleading-but it will
      generally not be appropriate to notice the truth of allegations or
      findings made in another matter, since such allegations or findings,
      generally will not pass the "indisputability" test. See Meece v.
      Commonwealth, 348 S.W.3d 627, 692-93 (Ky. 201 l)'(upholding
      trial court's decision to take notice that a criminal charge had been
      dismissed, but not to take notice of th~·purported reason for the ·
      dismissal).




                                        8
 Rogers v. Commonwealth, 366 S.W.3d              446~   451-52 (Ky. 2012). See also M.A.B.

 v. Cabinet for Health & Family Services, 456 S.W.3d 407, 412 (Ky.

 App. 2015) ("[IJt is a well-established principle that a trial court may take

 judicial no.tice of its own records and rulings, and of all matters patent on the

 face of such records, including ·all prior proceedings in the same case.").

 Because the judge fa.lled to disclose' the source of the information upon which.

 she relied, the record fails to ·support that the information was obtained from a

 propedy-authenticated pq.blic record.

       The orily other basis for taking judicial notice of the· alleged conviction

 would be under KRE 201(b)(2), if it is a fact "[cJapable of accurate and ready

 determination by reso:r:t to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be ·
                                                                                     ..
 questioned." The trial court did not disclose the source of its information, so
                                             "

 the accuracy of the source cannot be established. Further, the verity of an

. undisclosed source reporting a criminal conviction iri a foreign jurisdiction is

 rtot a matter that is   "cap~ble   of accurate and ready determination.".

       The doctrine of judicial notice is a rule of convenience that allows a court

 to use commonly-known
          .
                       assumptions
                       .
                                   of fact
                                       . as evidence
                                                  .
                                                     .. In doing so,

however, the rule bypasses some of the fundamental requirements for

verification and authenticity that otherwise safeguard the integrity of evidence.

F~r that reason, we construe KRE,201 as setting a·:high standard for admitting
                                         '
                 .           '       .

evidence by judicial notice and we are not inclined to lower the bar.

       So strong is our
                     .
                        commitment to. the
                                         .
                                           restrictive interpretation of facts

"~apable   of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose

                                                 9
 accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned" that we have expressly rejected

 CourtNet, the Kentucky Court of Justice's online database of criminal

 convictions from Kentucky courts, as a valid source for taking judicial notice of

 a Kentucky    crimin,a~   conviction. Instead, a true copy of the authenticated

. official court record is required. Finnell v. Commonwealth, 295 S.W.3d 829,.

 835 (Ky. 2009) ("[E]vidence based on a document such as              Cou,rtNet~   which
                                                                  .                    .
 proclaims that it is not official, may_ not reflect the true status of cases, and

 whose accuracy cannot be guaranteed, is not competent to be weighed in fixing

 a penalty.").2 It follows that treating the existence of an out-of-state conviction
                                                      .   .   .
 gleaned from an undisclosed source as         a proven fact under. the guise of
. ·judicial notice ignores. the clear language of KRE 201 ;_and is an abuse of .

 discretion.

        It is significant that no~hing else in the evidentiary record supports the

 critical finding that Marchese had a history of violent behavior.3 "It is well


        .2The· trial court's use of the Virginia conviction fails to c"omply with the
 establi.shed procedures for properly proving a.ii out-of-state conviction as set forth
 under KRS 422.040, KRE 90l(b)(7), KRE 902, KRE 1005, and Merriweather v.
 Commonwealth, 99 S.W.3d 448.(Ky. 2003). (We note here the Merriweather reference
 on page 452 to "KRS 422.020" is inaccurate; the statute referred to is KRS 422.040.)
 "Evidence of prior convictions must come from the offl.cial court record, or certified
 copies thereof." ·Fi.nnell, .295 S.W.3d at 835 ·(citing Gamer v. Commonwealth, 645
 S.W.2d 705, 707 (Ky. 1983)).
   .    a The only other evidence that everi hints of a history of violence is the   .
 testimony that Marchese "shoved" Abersold. However, we note that on remand from
 ~is Court in Daugherty v. Telek, 366 S.W.3d 463 ·(Ky. 2012), the Court of Appeals held
 in Telek v. Daugherty, 376 S.W.3d 623, 628 (Ky. App. 2012), that evidence that the
 action of "pushing Kathryn out of the way to enter the house was not enough to            J ·
 establish that an act of domestic violence had occurred." Marchese presented
 witnesses who testified that he had no history of violence. It follows that the trial
 court's reliance upon its extrajuclicial research was central to its holding to issue the
 DVO:

                                             10
 settled that extrajudicial evidence, not part of the record~ cannot form.the basis

 of a decision:" G_arpenter v. Schlomann, 336 S.W.3d .129, 132 (Ky~ App. 2oi 1)

 (quoting Lynch v~ Lynch, 737 ·s.W. 2d i84, 186.(Ky. App.· 1987)):· 'J!e are

 satisfied that the trial court was improperly influenced by the use of

 extrajudicial evidence. Absent a valid application of the rules for taking

 judicial notice, the use of the information acquired by the judge from ·~n .

 unidentified source is simply an inappropriate use of extrajudicial evidence to

 guide a ruling in a matter.

 •· Due· Process
      _ Aside from the use o( information that fails to qualify for judicial notice

 under KRE 201 (bJ,· inore .significant is the trial court's failure to honor the

 procedural requirements of KRE 201 (e) that transfuse the constitutional

 lifeblood of due process into our evidentiary process for taking judicial notice of

. generally obvious and-indisputable facts. KRE 201(e) provides:

      ,Qpportunity to be heard. A party !s entitled upon timely request to
       an opportunity to be heard as to the propriety of taking judi~ial
      ·notice and the tenor of the matter noticed. In the absence of prior·
       notification, the request may be made after judicial notice has been
       taken~


      . "The fundamental
               .
                         requirement
                                -
                                     of procedural due process is- simply that

all affected parties be given 'the opportunity to be heard at a   .meanirigf~l   time

 and in a meaningful mann_e:r.;,, Hilltop Basic Resources, Inc. v. •County of Boone,
                                     .                               -     .

 180 S.W.3d 464, 469 (Ky~ 2.005) (quoting Mathews       v. Eldridge; 424 U.S. 319,
·333 (1976) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)).

       We said in Commonwealth v. Howlett that whenever

                                          11.
      judicial notice '[is to] be taken· of a fact, the other party is affor:ded
      the opportunity to respond .... Here,·there was no opportunity to
      reasonably question the source. The drafters of KRE 201, following
      the lead of most commentators, encouraged courts to give advance
      notification when feasible: If a court acts ·on itE? own initiative, the
      parties should be informed of the facts noticed and given an
      opportunity to respond.

328 S.W.3d 191; 194 (Ky. 2010) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      After hearing the trial judge announce that she would accept as a facf

that he had a prior
                 ..
                    assault conviction, Marchese attempted to exercise his right   .




to be. heard·on the issue by challenging the information. The trial court
                                                                       .

injudiciously cut him off, issued the ruling, and directed Marchese to leave the

courtroom without further discussion. This refusal to permit Marchese to

challenge or explain the evidence accepted into the record as a fact admitted

under the doctrine of judicial notice yiolated both KRE 201(e) and Marchese's

constitutional due process rights.

B. Hearsay
      The ·trial court's use of evidence derived from an unidentified source also

violated the traditional hearsay rules codified in KRE 801, et seq. "'Hearsay' is

a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial

or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter   asserted.~      KRE
        .                                                  .
801. The information impru:ted to the.trial judge about-Marchese's assault

conviction, which was· then accepted into evidence, apparently as _a judicially

noticed fact, was relevant to the 1.ssue before the trial court only if it were true.

The ~ial judge relied upon an out-of-court statement from some undisclosed

source to establish the truth of the matter asserted therein; it is classic


                                         12
·. hearsay evidence. Without knowing of the source of the judge's information,

. we are unable to apply any of the exceptions to the hearsay rule.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       In summa.rY, we conclude that the trial judge's undertaking to obtain

 and use. as. evidence extrajudicial information
                               .        .    .
                                                 relating
                                                    .  . .
                                                           to a party in the
                                                                          .
                                                                             case

 caused her disqualifica~on from     proce~ding   further as the presiding judge in

 this matter. Her failure to recuse at that point was structural error

 undermining the integrity of the resulting DVO. Because structural error

. supersedes harmless. error review, we need not review the finding of the Court

 of Appe~Js that the. error. was harrriless.

       For the foregoing reasons, the opinion of the Court of Appeals is

 reversed, and the Domestic Violenc·e Order 'issued i;n this matter by the

 Jefferson Family :court is vacated, and the matter is remanded for additional·

 proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       All sitting. All concur.




 COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

 Ryan C. Vantrease .
 600 West Main Street, Suite_ 500
 Louisville_, KY 40202


 COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE: ·

 Courtney Kellner
 600 West·Main Street, Ste. 100
-Louisville, KY 40202

                                          . 13
