                        NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 File Name: 16a0161n.06

                                            No. 15-6042
                                                                                        FILED
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Mar 22, 2016
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                          DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                                 ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                               UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                                 COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                                 DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
DJELIMADOU DIABATE,

          Defendant-Appellant.                                   OPINION

                                                              __________________________

Before:          KETHLEDGE, DONALD, and ROTH,* Circuit Judges.

          JANE R. ROTH, Circuit Judge.

          Djelimadou Diabate, a native of Mali, appeals his conviction of hampering removal in

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a)(1)(C). Diabate argues the district court erred in (1) denying his

motion to dismiss the indictment, and (2) refusing his request to instruct the jury regarding the

justification defense. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the conviction.

I.        Background

          In 1998, Diabate legally entered the United States on a B-1 Visitor Visa, valid for ninety

days. He failed to depart after the period expired. In 2005, Diabate applied for asylum, using the

identity of a Mauritanian national, and based his application on violence and terrorism in

Mauritania. The Immigration Judge denied Diabate’s petition and ordered his removal. Diabate


*
  The Honorable Jane R. Roth, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for
the Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
No. 15-6042, United States v. Diabate


appealed and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissed the appeal. Diabate again did

not depart. In 2011, Diabate, using his own identity, applied for lawful permanent residency and

requested a stay of the removal order. Both petitions were denied. In 2012 the Immigration and

Naturalization Service issued Diabate a warning for failure to depart that set forth penalties of

noncompliance. Diabate signed the form acknowledging service. In 2013, the government

issued four more warnings for failure to depart that also specified penalties for noncompliance.

Diabate refused to acknowledge service of those warnings. Later in 2013, Diabate, using his

own identity, petitioned the BIA to reopen the proceeding that resulted in the removal order,

acknowledging he had used the identity of another individual in that proceeding. This time, he

based his asylum application on the threat of terrorism and the potential Ebola virus outbreak in

Mali. The BIA denied his petition.

       In 2014, federal agents took Diabate to the Cincinnati airport to board a flight to Mali.

Diabate refused to board and struggled with agents at the gate. Subsequently, Diabate was

indicted and convicted by a jury of hampering his departure following a removal order, in

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a)(1)(C). The district court sentenced him to fifteen months of

imprisonment. Diabate appeals.

II.    Discussion

       Diabate challenges his conviction on two grounds. First, he argues the district court erred

in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment because the Immigration Judge did not provide

notice of penalties for noncompliance. Second, he contends the district court erred in refusing

his request to instruct the jury regarding the justification defense. We have jurisdiction over this

appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.




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No. 15-6042, United States v. Diabate


       A.      Denial of Motion to Dismiss the Indictment

       The offense of hampering removal criminalizes conduct directed at preventing or

hampering departure pursuant to a removal order. 8 U.S.C. § 1253(a)(1)(C). Because a removal

order underlies the offense of hampering removal, an alien charged with hampering removal may

challenge the validity of the removal order. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(7)(A). If the removal order is

found to be invalid, the court must dismiss the indictment. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(7)(C). Diabate

argues that his removal order was invalid because the Immigration Judge failed to notify him of

the civil and criminal consequences of noncompliance with the order. We review de novo a

district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss the indictment based on a collateral attack on a prior

removal order. See United States v. Martinez-Rocha, 337 F.3d 566, 569 (6th Cir. 2003); In re

Ford, 987 F.2d 334, 339 (6th Cir. 1992) (reviewing de novo a district court’s denial of a motion

to dismiss an indictment on grounds that involve questions of law).

       Although § 1252(b)(7)(A) provides for judicial review of the validity of removal orders,

the provision does not specify a standard of review. Some courts have adopted the due process

analysis used when reviewing a collateral attack of a removal order. Under that standard, an

alien may establish a due process violation in connection with a removal order by demonstrating

prejudice. See, e.g., United States v. Ayeni, 66 F. Supp. 2d 617, 621 (M.D. Pa. 1999) (quoting

United States v. Zarate-Martinez, 133 F.3d 1194, 1197 (9th Cir. 1998)), aff’d, 254 F.3d 1079 (3d

Cir. 2001). Another approach is to apply a reasonable doubt standard, consistent with the

principle that in a criminal trial no person is guilty until each fact alleged against him or her is

proven beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Miszczuk, 847 F. Supp. 2d 227, 232-33 n. 6

(D. Mass. 2012) (citing In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 363, (1970)). Here, the district court

properly concluded, under either standard, the removal order was valid.



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       To be valid, a removal order must be “based upon reasonable, substantial, and probative

evidence” that the alien is deportable. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A). As relevant to the instant

petition, the statute designates as deportable those aliens who were inadmissible at the time of

entry. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A). Diabate conceded at his removal hearing that at the time of

entry, he was inadmissible because he entered the United States without proper documentation.

However, Diabate contends that the removal order was invalid because the Immigration Judge

did not warn him of the consequences of failing to depart, as required by statute. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229a(c)(5).     Even though the Immigration Judge did not inform Diabate of those

consequences at the removal hearing or in his decision, the government served Diabate with five

written warnings that specified the penalties of noncompliance. Furthermore, the statute makes

clear that a removal order is valid if based on “reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence”

that the alien is deportable, and does not condition validity on notice of consequences of

noncompliance. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A). Therefore, we hold the removal order is valid

and reject Diabate’s arguments to the contrary.

       B.        Denial of a Request for Jury Instruction

       Diabate argues that the district court improperly refused to give the jury a proffered

instruction on the justification defense, which “allows a defendant to escape responsibility

despite proof that his actions encompassed all the elements of a criminal offense.” United States

v. Kemp, 546 F.3d 759, 765 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted). This Court reviews de

novo the district court’s determination that Diabate failed to established a prima facie case of

justification, an issue of law. United States v. Ridner, 512 F.3d 846, 849 (6th Cir. 2008).

       To be entitled to a justification instruction, a defendant must establish that (1) he was

under an unlawful and imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury; (2) he had not


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No. 15-6042, United States v. Diabate


recklessly or negligently placed himself in the situation; (3) he had no reasonable, legal

alternative to violating the law; (4) a direct causal relationship may be reasonably anticipated

between the criminal action and avoidance of the threatened harm; and (5) he did not maintain

the illegal conduct longer than necessary. United States v. Singleton, 902 F.2d 471, 472 (6th Cir.

1990). Although the burden in establishing these elements “is not a heavy one,” the evidence

must not be speculative. Ridner, 512 F.3d at 849-850 (quoting United States v. Riffe, 28 F.3d

565, 569 (6th Cir. 1994)); United States v. Newcomb, 6 F.3d 1129, 1132 (6th Cir. 1993). Diabate

claims he feared being killed by Al-Qaeda members in Mali and contracting Ebola, pointing to

country reports of Mali from 2013 and 2014 and travel warnings. However, those threats apply

generally to anyone traveling in Mali, and a mere generalized fear of harm is insufficient to

demonstrate imminence or immediacy. See United States v. Campbell, 675 F.2d 815, 821 (6th

Cir. 1982); United States v. Sixty Acres, 930 F.2d 857, 860-61 (11th Cir. 1991). Diabate’s

assertion that two of his Malian friends who had returned from France might have been killed by

the terrorist group is based on speculation. Equally unsupported is his claim that, if returned to

Mali, he would be targeted because he would be perceived as wealthy for having lived in the

United States.     Accordingly, because Diabate failed to make out a prima facie case of

justification, the district court properly omitted the instruction.

III.    Conclusion

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Diabate’s conviction.




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