                              UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                        Plaintiff,

                        v.                          Case No. 13-cv-00195 (CRC)

 ANY AND ALL FUNDS ON DEPOSIT IN
 ACCOUNT NUMBER 40187-22751518 AT
 HSBC BANK PLC, 55 CORPORATION
 STREET, COVENTRY, UNITED
 KINGDOM, HELD IN THE NAME OF
 JITTISOPA SIRIWAN, AND ANY
 PROPERTY TRACEABLE THERETO, et
 al.,

                        Defendants.


 JITTISOPA SIRIWAN,

                        Claimant.

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       The government has brought this civil asset forfeiture proceeding against funds in seven

bank accounts that it alleges are the proceeds of an illegal scheme to bribe the former tourism

minister of Thailand, Ms. Juthamas Siriwan. The bank accounts are in the name of the minister’s

daughter, Jittisopa Siriwan, a Thai native who has never lived in the United States. Jittisopa

Siriwan has filed a claim against the funds and moved to stay proceedings in this case pending the

outcome of a related federal criminal case against her and her mother in the Central District of

California. The government has cross-moved to strike her claim, contending she lacks standing as a

mere “straw owner” of the funds and that her claims are barred by the fugitive disentitlement

doctrine. Because the government acknowledges that Jittisopa Siriwan has exercised control over

at least one of the accounts by withdrawing funds for her personal use, the Court determines that
she has standing to contest the forfeiture. And because the government has not established on this

record that Siriwan is seeking to avoid prosecution by declining to enter the United States, the Court

finds that the fugitive disentitlement doctrine does not apply. Accordingly, the Court will stay these

proceedings pending the outcome of the related criminal case against Siriwan.

         I.     Background

         The government’s Verified Complaint alleges that two U.S. citizens, Gerald and Patricia

Green, bribed Juthamas Siriwan, the former Governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand, in

order to obtain contracts to manage the Bangkok International Film Festival and perform other

services for the Thai government. Verified Compl. ¶ 2. The complaint claims that the bribery

payments were sent to bank accounts located in the United Kingdom, Singapore, and Switzerland

and held in the name of Juthamas’ daughter, Jittisopa Siriwan. Id. ¶¶ 155–71. The Greens have

been found guilty of conspiracy and Foreign Corrupt Practice Act violations in relation to the

scheme. United States v. Green, No. 8-cr-59, Amended Judgment (C.D. Cal. Sep. 10, 2010). The

Siriwans were indicted in the District Court for the Central District of California and the

government made an extradition request, which remains pending. See United States v. Siriwan, No.

9-cr-81, Def.’s Mot. (C.D. Cal. May 30, 2011). The Siriwans moved for leave to make a special

appearance solely for the purpose of moving to dismiss the indictment, which the court granted. Id.

They then moved to dismiss the indictment, but consideration of that motion has been stayed

pending a possible indictment of the pair in Thailand. Id., Joint Status Report (C.D. Cal. Nov. 19,

2014).

         The government filed suit in this case, executed warrants in rem against the bank accounts,

and moved to unseal the complaint in October 2013. Order granting Mot. to Unseal Case, Oct. 21,

2013. After receiving notice of this forfeiture proceeding from the government, Jittisopa Siriwan

filed a claim to the funds. The government moved to strike, contending that she had missed the

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deadline provided in Supplemental Rule for Admiralty and Maritime Claims and Asset Forfeiture

Actions (“Supplemental Rule”) G(5). The Court, however, determined that Siriwan’s claim was

timely and, alternatively, that the deadline to file should be extended. Mem. Opinion and Order,

Dec. 11, 2014. Siriwan thereafter filed an answer and has moved to stay these proceedings pending

the outcome of the ongoing U.S. criminal case. The government opposes the motion and has

moved to strike Siriwan’s answer for lack of standing or, alternatively, to dismiss the claim and

answer under the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, which bars fugitives of criminal prosecution from

contesting related civil forfeitures.

        II.     Analysis

                A. Standing

        The government contends that Jittisopa Siriwan is the “mere nominal holder” of the bank

accounts and thus lacks standing to contest the forfeiture because she would not in fact be injured

by the loss of the monies. A civil forfeiture claimant’s standing “‘turns upon whether the claimant

has a sufficient interest in the property to create a case or controversy.’” United States v. 8

Gilcrease Lane, Quincy Florida 32351, 641 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting United States

v. Real Property Located at 5208 Los Franciscos Way, 385 F.3d 1187, 1191 (9th Cir. 2004)).

        The bank accounts that are the subject of this forfeiture action are in Jittisopa Siriwan’s

name. “[A]n owner of property seized in a forfeiture action will normally have standing to

challenge the forfeiture.” United States v. Cambio Exacto, S.A., 166 F.3d 522, 527 (2d Cir. 1999)

(citing Torres v. $36,256.80 U.S. Currency, 25 F.3d 1154, 1157 (2d Cir. 1994)). But “‘[p]ossession

of mere legal title by one who does not exercise dominion and control over the property is

insufficient even to establish standing to challenge a forfeiture.’” United States v. One Parcel of

Land, Known as Lot 111-B, Tax Map Key 4-4-03-71(4), Waipouli, Kapaa, Island & Cnty. of Kauai,

State of Hawaii, 902 F.2d 1443, 1444 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting United States v. A Single Family

                                                   3
Residence, 803 F.2d 625, 630 (11th Cir. 1986)). At the initial stages of a case, once the government

has alleged that the claimant is a mere straw owner, the claimant must establish “a facially colorable

interest in the proceedings.” United States v. $38,570 U.S. Currency, 950 F.2d 1108, 1112 (5th Cir.

1992); accord United States v. $557,933.89, More or Less, in U.S. Funds, 287 F.3d 66, (2d Cir.

2002). In this inquiry, courts generally consider “indicia of dominion and control such as

possession, title, and financial stake.” United States v. $38,570 U.S. Currency, 950 F.2d 1108,

1113 (5th Cir. 1992) (citing U.S. v. One 1981 Datsun 280ZX, 563 F. Supp. 470, 474 (E.D. Pa.

1983)); accord United States v. All Assets Held at Bank Julius Baer & Co., 772 F. Supp. 2d 191,

198 (D.D.C. 2011) (claimant must be able to show “‘a colorable interest in the property, for

example, by [alleging] actual possession, control, title, or financial stake.’” (quoting United States

v. 475 Martin Lane, 545 F.3d 1134, 1140 (9th Cir. 2008) (alteration in original)).

       The government alleges in its Verified Complaint that Jittisopa Siriwan simply held title to

the bank accounts, while the funds in the accounts were transferred by Gerald and Patricia Green

for the benefit of Juthamas Siriwan. Verified Compl. ¶ 4. The Verified Complaint also alleges,

however, that Jittisopa Siriwan “‘regularly transferred funds from’ the United Kingdom account to

her personal account ‘when a tuition check or credit card payment came due or when the balance in

that account was diminished.’” Gov. Mot. to Strike at 13 (quoting Verified Compl. ¶ 100). The

government contends that these allegations, taken as true, are insufficient to establish Jittisopa’s

standing because she may have made these withdrawals with her mother’s permission, and there is

no evidence that she “had physical possession of the statements, checkbook, or other bank

documents related to this account.” Id.

       As demonstrated by prior cases, the bar to establish standing at the initial stages of a civil

forfeiture proceeding is low. In United States v. $81,000, for example the First Circuit held that

Whitey Bulger’s brother, John, had standing to contest the forfeiture of funds in a bank account to

                                                   4
which he was a co-signatory. 189 F.3d 28, 37 (1st Cir. 1999). Although John acknowledged that

Whitey opened the account without consulting John and that only Whitey’s funds were ever put into

the account, the court held that John exercised sufficient control over the funds because he received

bank statements, had the checkbook for the account, and withdrew or transferred money from the

account. Id. at 36–38. And in $38,570 U.S. Currency, the Fifth Circuit held that a claimant pled

sufficient facts to establish standing where the government had seized funds from a passenger in the

claimant’s car and the claimant merely asserted that he owned the money. 950 F.2d at 1113. By

contrast, in United States v. Contents of Accounts Numbers 3034504504 & 144-07143 at Merrill

Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, the Third Circuit held that a company that owned the subject

accounts lacked standing where the government alleged that the company was a straw holder for a

money launderer who exclusively used the accounts and the company presented no evidence that

any other individual was involved in the company or that it engaged in any business. 971 F.2d 974,

976 (3d Cir. 1992).

        Under the facts acknowledged by the government, Siriwan has standing to contest this civil

forfeiture, at least at the initial stages. Legal title is significant evidence of an individual’s interest

in contested property. Cambio Exacto, S.A., 166 F.3d at 527. And Siriwan’s personal use of the

funds is a sufficient indicia of her control over the property to dispute that she is merely a nominal

owner. See $81,000, 189 F.3d at 37. The government’s contentions that Siriwan may have

withdrawn funds to pay for her own expenses only with the permission of her mother is speculative.

And in any event, forfeiture would injure Siriwan regardless of whether her mother gave permission

to use the funds because she would be deprived of their benefit. See Cambio Exacto, S.A., 166




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F.3d at 528 (“Substantial economic harm is plainly the type of injury for which parties may seek

redress in federal court.”). 1

                B. Fugitive Disentitlement Doctrine

        As an alternative basis to strike the claim, the government contends that Siriwan is subject

to the fugitive disentitlement doctrine. Under that doctrine, a court may disallow a party to pursue a

claim against property that is the subject of a civil asset forfeiture proceeding upon a finding that

the party, “in order to avoid criminal prosecution—(A) purposely leaves the jurisdiction of the

United States; (B) declines to enter or reenter the United States to submit to its jurisdiction; or (C)

otherwise evades the jurisdiction of the court in which a criminal case is pending against the

person[.]” 28 U.S.C. § 2466(a)(1).

        The government maintains that Siriwan is deliberately avoiding prosecution by declining to

enter or reenter the United States to submit to its jurisdiction. Courts review whether a claimant is a

fugitive under Section 2466 under “a totality of the circumstances” and “may consider matters

outside the pleadings.” United States v. $6,976,934.65 Plus Interest, 478 F. Supp. 2d 30, 41

(D.D.C. 2007). As the government recognizes, “mere notice or knowledge of an outstanding

warrant, coupled with a refusal to enter the United States, does not satisfy the statute.” United

States v. $6,976,934.65, Plus Interest Deposited into Royal Bank of Scotland Int’l, Account No.

2029-56141070, Held in Name of Soulbury Ltd. (“$6,976,934.65”), 554 F.3d 123, 132 (D.C. Cir.

2009). Rather, the alleged fugitive must have “‘declined to enter or reenter’ the country in order to




1
   The government alternatively requests that the Court permit the government to conduct discovery
to ascertain Siriwan’s standing by deposing her. It relies on United States v. All Funds on Deposit
at Citigroup Smith Barney Account No. 600-00338, but in that case the court ordered discovery
when the claimant had failed to establish sufficient facts to demonstrate standing at the motion to
dismiss stage. 617 F. Supp. 2d 103, 118–19 (E.D.N.Y. 2007). Here, as explained above, Jittisopa
has sufficiently established her standing at this stage of the litigation, and thus jurisdictional
discovery is not warranted.
                                                    6
avoid prosecution.” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2466) (emphasis added); accord United States v.

$1,231,349.68, 227 F. Supp. 2d 130, 132 (D.D.C. 2002) (applying fugitive disentitlement doctrine

where claimant fled the U.S. just days after the execution of a search warrant at his home).

       Siriwan is a Thai native who has never lived in the United States and was outside the

country when the indictment was issued. The government nevertheless contends that the fugitive

disentitlement doctrine applies to Siriwan because she moved to specially appear in the criminal

case, contested extradition, and has moved to stay this case. The government thus seeks to cast

Siriwan as a fugitive largely because of her defense counsel’s filings in the criminal proceeding and

counsel’s filings in this case. This effort strays afield from the purposes of the fugitive

disentitlement doctrine. Siriwan has not disregarded the indictment against her; she was legally

entitled to request permission to enter a special appearance, and indeed the court granted that

request, finding that the fugitive disentitlement doctrine did not apply to her. United States v.

Siriwan, No. 9-cr-81, Tentative Ruling (C.D. Cal. July 28, 2011) (“As Defendants argue, it is

somewhat hard to understand why the Court should even conclude that they fall within the fugitive

disentitlement doctrine. They are not United States citizens or residents. Nor did they leave this

country post-indictment. . . . [T]hey have no demonstrated reason to otherwise continue coming to

this nation.” (emphasis in original)). Although the Central District of California made its

determination several years ago, it has not subsequently changed its findings. Nor has Siriwan been

made a fugitive by opposing the government’s request for extradition in the criminal case or

requesting a stay in this case. She has a legal right to do both.

       The government also contends that Siriwan is a fugitive because she has visited the United

States at least once, yet now refuses to return. But as already stated, mere refusal to reenter the

country does not trigger the doctrine. $6,976,934.65, 554 F.3d at 132. Without demonstrating that

Siriwan had intended to return to the United States before she learned of the indictment, the mere

                                                   7
fact that she has been to this country in the past does not establish that she is refusing to return in

order to escape criminal liability. Under these circumstances, the Court determines that the fugitive

disentitlement doctrine is inapplicable.

               C. Stay

       Having determined that Jittisopa Siriwan is entitled to maintain her claim at this stage of the

litigation, the Court must determine whether further proceedings must be stayed in light of the

ongoing criminal case. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 981(g)(2),

   [u]pon the motion of a claimant, the court shall stay the civil forfeiture proceeding with
   respect to that claimant if the court determines that—(A) the claimant is the subject of a
   related criminal investigation or case; (B) the claimant has standing to assert a claim in the
   civil forfeiture proceeding; and (C) continuation of the forfeiture proceeding will burden the
   right of the claimant against self-incrimination in the related Investigation or case.

The parties do not dispute that the Central District of California case is substantially related to this

forfeiture proceeding, or that continuation of the proceeding will burden the right of the claimant

against self-incrimination. Accordingly, because the Court has determined that Siriwan has

standing, it will grant her motion to stay proceedings.

       III.    Conclusion

       For the forgoing reasons it is hereby

       ORDERED that [30] Claimant’s motion to Stay is GRANTED. It is further

       ORDERED that [32] the government’s Motion to Strike is DENIED. It is further

       ORDERED that this matter is STAYED for a period of 180 days. The parties shall

promptly notify the Court of any substantial change in circumstances in either this cause of action

or the related criminal matter. And it is further

       ORDERED that the parties shall file a joint status report on or before October 6, 2015.




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        SO ORDERED.




                             CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER
                             United States District Judge

Date:    April 6, 2015




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