             IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                         OF TEXAS
                                         NO. PD-1265-13



                                  CAIN BRUTON, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                   THE STATE OF TEXAS

             ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
                  FROM THE EIGHTH COURT OF APPEALS
                             DENTON COUNTY

               K ELLER, P.J., delivered the opinion of the unanimous Court.


       In this case, we must determine whether two State’s exhibits that purport to be foreign public

documents or records were properly authenticated under Rules of Evidence 902(3) and (4).1

Although the documents meet some of the requirements of the rules, we hold that the documents




       1
            The State’s first ground for review asks: “Whether the Court of Appeals erred by
determining that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting official documents from the United
Kingdom because the exhibits were not certified under Rule 902(4) and lacked a ‘final certification’
under evidence Rule 902(3) and the State did not establish good cause to dispense with the final
certification requirement under Rule 902(3).”
                                                                                      BRUTON — 2

were not properly authenticated because neither was accompanied by a final certification from a

diplomatic or consular official specified in Rule 902(3) and because good cause for failing to obtain

a final certification was lacking.2 Consequently, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.3


       2
           TEX . R. EVID . 902(3) and (4) provide:

       Extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not
       required with respect to the following:

                                                ***

       (3) Foreign Public Documents. A document purporting to be executed or attested
       in an official capacity by a person, authorized by the laws of a foreign country to
       make the execution or attestation, and accompanied by a final certification as to the
       genuineness of the signature and official position (A) of the executing or attesting
       person, or (B) of any foreign official whose certificate of genuineness of signature
       and official position relates to the execution or attestation or is in a chain of
       certificates of genuineness of signature and official position relating to the execution
       or attestation. A final certification may be made by a secretary of embassy or
       legation, consul general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent of the United States,
       or a diplomatic or consular official of the foreign country assigned or accredited to
       the United States. If reasonable opportunity has been given to all parties to
       investigate the authenticity and accuracy of official documents, the court may, for
       good cause shown, order that they be treated as presumptively authentic without final
       certification or permit them to be evidenced by an attested summary with or without
       final certification. The final certification shall be dispensed with whenever both the
       United States and the foreign country in which the official record is located are
       parties to a treaty or convention that abolishes or displaces such requirement, in
       which case the record and the attestation shall be certified by the means provided in
       the treaty or convention.

       (4) Certified Copies of Public Records. A copy of an official record or report or
       entry therein, or of a document authorized by law to be recorded or filed and actually
       recorded or filed in a public office, including data compilations in any form certified
       as correct by the custodian or other person authorized to make the certification, by
       certificate complying with paragraph (1), (2) or (3) of this rule or complying with any
       statute or other rule prescribed pursuant to statutory authority.
       3
          Due to our disposition of the case, we do not address the State’s second ground for
review, which asks: “Whether the Court of Appeals erred by holding that Appellant could be
linked to Exhibit 13 only by State’s Exhibit 11/14 where State’s Exhibit 12/15 also provided
                                                                                      BRUTON — 3

                                        I. BACKGROUND

                                          A. The Exhibits

       The parties agree that appellant’s first name is Peter.4 At issue here are three exhibits that

purport to be documentary evidence of prior convictions of a Peter Bruton from the United

Kingdom.5 State’s Exhibit 13 consists of a letter and three “certificates of conviction” purporting

to be from the Norwich Crown Court. The letter, addressed to the Denton County District Attorney

and signed by a person purporting to be a caseworker from that court, directs the District Attorney

to the “enclosed Certificates of Conviction as requested” for a “Peter Bruton” with a date of birth

matching appellant’s. The certificates of conviction “certify” a “Peter Bruton,” with a date of birth

matching appellant’s, as having a total of twelve convictions for “indecent assault on a female.” The

certificates are each signed, with the title “Officer of the Crown Court” underneath the signature.

The letter and the certificates of conviction display a depiction of a crown with a lion and a unicorn,

and all four documents provide case numbers for the convictions. The certificates of conviction are

dated October, 31, 2008, and the letter referring to those certificates says that the certificates are

enclosed in response to the District Attorney’s letter of October 17, 2008.


sufficient links to convince a jury that the person who had been convicted of offenses in the
United Kingdom, as certified in State’s Exhibit 13, was the same person who committed the
Denton County offenses.”
       4
        Defense counsel admitted to such at trial, and we note that appellant has styled the case
name on his brief on discretionary review as “Peter Cain Bruton v. State.”
       5
          State’s Exhibits 11 and 12 were redacted, pursuant to requests from defense counsel, to
eliminate extraneous material. The redacted versions of these exhibits are State’s Exhibits 14 and
15 respectively. These exhibits were redacted after the hearing on their admissibility, so the parties
referred to the unredacted versions. For the reader’s convenience, we refer to the redacted versions
in our discussions, even when discussing the parties’ references to the exhibits, unless the context
requires otherwise.
                                                                                      BRUTON — 4

       State’s Exhibit 14 purports to be an Interpol computer printout that contains a fingerprint card

and list of twelve convictions in the United Kingdom. The convictions purport to relate to a “Peter

Kane Bruton” with a date of birth matching appellant’s. The individual is identified as a carpenter,

with addresses in Norwich (United Kingdom) and Carrollton (United States).6 The printout

describes the individual as having a stocky build, blue eyes, and short, straight, dark brown hair. The

fingerprint card contains rolled impressions for a “Peter Bruton” with a date of birth matching

appellant’s.

       State’s Exhibit 15 consists of a letter on “Norfolk Constabulary” letterhead and a computer

printout. The letter is addressed to the Denton County District Attorney’s Office and is signed by

someone purporting to be a Data Protection Disclosure Unit Officer of the Professional Standards

Department. The letter states:

       I write in reply to your letter dated 25th May 2010 in which you have requested access
       to all information in relation to the above criminal prosecution such as statements and
       reports for enhanced purposes only and not specifically the criminal prosecution. At
       this stage, the request appears to be excessive for the purpose and as such I am not
       prepared to release all of the reports, statements and record of interview. I am
       however, prepared to release a redacted copy of the Case Summary – I shall remove
       the names of the victims/witnesses. The Case Summary is produced by the officer
       in charge and is presented to the Crown Prosecution Service to decide whether or not
       an individual should be charged. It is a summary of the witness statements,
       events/allegations and the interview with the suspect. I have also enclosed a copy of
       the above individual’s conviction history which will show the outcome of the above
       prosecution.

       In your letter you have requested ‘Certified Copies’. I am afraid I am unable to
       provide this as we do not have a ‘Norfolk Constabulary’ stamp, however I have
       stamped the first pages with ‘Professional Standards’ which is the department in




       6
          The Carrollton address listed on the printout matches appellant’s address in Carrollton,
except that a letter stands in place of the last numerical digit of the house number.
                                                                                      BRUTON — 5

       which I work.7

The computer printout is stamped “professional standards,” identifies a “Peter Kane Bruton” with

a date of birth matching appellant’s, identifies the individual as a carpenter, identifies a Norwich

address for the person (same as in State’s Exhibit 14), and contains a list of twelve convictions for

“indecent assault on female under 16.”

       Evidence at the guilt phase of trial indicated that appellant was a carpenter and that the

Norwich address identified in State’s Exhibits 14 and 15 matched an address at which appellant had

resided. There was testimony at the punishment phase of trial that fingerprints obtained from

appellant in Texas matched those found in State’s Exhibit 14.

                                    B. Admissibility Hearing

       The State sought to introduce the three exhibits at the punishment stage of trial.8 In a hearing

outside the presence of the jury, appellant objected that the documents had not been properly

authenticated, were hearsay, and had not been sufficiently connected to appellant. With respect to

the authentication question, appellant complained that the documents were not self-authenticating.

He argued that the documents were “not certified” and contained “some identifying characteristics

that are not correct” including misspelling appellant’s name, giving an incorrect Carrollton address,

describing the person as “stocky,” and describing the person as having dark brown hair. Appellant

also complained that the documents did “not contain any language or any kind of judgment that we



       7
         This is the unredacted version of the letter, found in State’s Exhibit 12. Three sentences
were redacted in the version found in State’s Exhibit 15.
       8
         Appellant was convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child and indecency with a child
by contact. He was ultimately sentenced on these counts to life and twenty years’ imprisonment
respectively.
                                                                                   BRUTON — 6

would be familiar with here in Texas or in the United States,” did not refer to any cause numbers,

lacked a seal, and, in some instances, bore illegible signatures. Appellant acknowledged that he had

received copies of State’s Exhibits 13 and 15 “some time ago” but maintained that he had never seen

a copy of State’s exhibit 14 until the day of the hearing. Appellant also contended that no one was

going to testify about who printed the document in State’s Exhibit 14 or where it came from.

       The State responded that the documents were admissible under Rules of Evidence 902(3) and

902(4).9 The State specifically pointed to the “good cause” portion of Rule 902(3) and to the letter

from the Professional Standards Department of the Norfolk Constabulary as satisfying the

requirement. The State also contended that the combination of information found in the various

documents was sufficient to tie appellant to those documents.

       Appellant and the trial court also briefly discussed “good cause” as it applied to State’s

Exhibit 15. What appellant’s position was in this discussion is unclear, though he seemed to

acknowledge that the data-protection officer could not certify something because the Norfolk

Constabulary did not have a stamp. Although the clarity of appellant’s arguments is clouded by a

number of interruptions, appellant appears to have been claiming that, though there might be good

cause for the lack of certification on State’s Exhibit 15, State’s Exhibit 15 was not sufficiently

connected to State’s Exhibit 13.

       The trial court held that State’s Exhibit 13 was certified, remarking that the documents did

contain cause numbers and a seal. The trial court commented that State’s Exhibit 14 should be

treated like an NCIC or TCIC printout. With respect to State’s Exhibit 15, the trial court remarked

that it was arguably certified because of the “professional standards” stamp, but if it was not


       9
           See TEX . R. EVID . 902(3), (4).
                                                                                      BRUTON — 7

certified, the letter gave good cause because the Norfolk Constabulary does not have a stamp. The

trial court and the State discussed the fact that various documents gave the correct name, date of

birth, occupation, and Norwich address10 for appellant, which served to tie the documents to him.

The trial court admitted all three exhibits.

                                               C. Appeal

                                    1. Arguments of the Parties

       On appeal, appellant complained that the State failed to properly authenticate the exhibits.

He argued:

       [T]his evidence did not come in the form of a conventional judgment and sentence,
       properly authenticated or testified to by a witness. Rather, the State cobbled together
       several different documents, including what appear to be computer printouts and
       letters from clerks of English courts of undetermined origin . . . . The evidence of the
       foreign convictions did not pass admissibility muster for the prosecution of any crime
       because the documents used by the State bore no proper authentication; in fact, much
       of the information included in the various documents was flat wrong or could not be
       shown to connect Appellant to the alleged offenses . . . . Like the documents used
       here by the State to show Appellant’s alleged previous convictions for child abuse,
       the State in Banks could not rely on self-authentication because the documents were
       not properly under seal . . . . The State’s reliance on Tex. R. Evid. 902(3) in
       Appellant’s case was also misplaced because not all of the documents used by the
       State—and admitted by the trial court—constituted documents that could satisfy the
       conditions of Rule 902(3). Rather, the trial court allowed the State to cobble together
       disparate documents with uncertified letters purporting to be from the English court
       in order to “authenticate” the entire group of documents, including uncertified
       computer printouts.

       The State argued that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the documents to

be authentic because an “Officer of the Crown Court attested that the documents were certified, and

. . . a caseworker in Norwich Crown Court provided a further indication that the Certificates of



       10
         The prosecutor referred to a “Norfolk” address, but the record is clear that the address at
which appellant resided and to which the documents referred was in Norwich.
                                                                                        BRUTON — 8

Conviction were genuine.” The State concluded that “State’s Exhibit 13 was certified, State’s

Exhibit [15] arguably was certified by an official, and there was good cause to believe State’s

Exhibits [14 and 15] could be found authentic by the jury.”

        In his reply brief, appellant cited the language in Rule 902(3) regarding a chain of certificates

of genuineness and argued that the three exhibits “do not appear on their face to form any specific

chain of foreign documents, and no witness testified about any purported connection between the

three documents.” Appellant further argued that the State “failed to present any evidence that [the]

purported clerk of Norwich Court who signed Exhibit 13 (but did not certify it), was, in fact, the

clerk of that court.”

                                 2. Opinion of the Court of Appeals

        Holding that State’s Exhibits 13 through 15 were not properly authenticated, the court of

appeals reversed and remanded for a new punishment hearing.11 The court of appeals first analyzed

the documents under Rule 902(3).12 The court of appeals held that State’s Exhibit 14 was a

“barebones computer printout[]” that was “not self-authenticating” under Rule 902(3) because it was

“not executed or attested in an official capacity by anyone and there is no final certification.”13 The

court of appeals acknowledged that State’s Exhibit 15 contains a cover letter signed by someone with

the title of “Data Protection Disclosure Unit Officer” but held that the exhibit “lack[s] the final




        11
          Bruton v. State, No. 08-11-00316-CR, slip op. at 16-20, 21 (Tex. App.–El Paso August
7, 2013, pet. granted) (not designated for publication).
        12
             Id. at 16-17.
        13
             Id. at 16.
                                                                                      BRUTON — 9

certification required by Rule 902(3).”14 With respect to Exhibit 13, the court of appeals held that,

while the exhibit was executed by an “Officer of the Crown Court,” it “lacks a final certification.”15

The court of appeals further held that the State “did not offer any evidence supporting a finding of

good cause to dispense with the [final] certification requirement” and “there is no evidence that there

is a treaty or convention between the United States and the United Kingdom that abolishes the

certification requirement or provides for a different certification.”16

       The court of appeals next analyzed the documents under Rule 902(4). The court first held

that State’s Exhibit 14 did “not contain any type of certification.”17 Although State’s Exhibit 15

contained a cover letter signed by a “Data Protection Disclosure Unit Officer,” the court held that

“the officer does not certify any of the facts required by Rule 902(4).”18 And though State’s Exhibit

13 was executed by an “Officer of the Crown Court,” the court of appeals held that “the exhibit lacks

a certificate in the form required by Rule 902.”19 Further, the court of appeals held, even if State’s

Exhibit 13 complied with Rule 902(4), it was nevertheless inadmissible “because the State cannot

link Appellant to the convictions in that exhibit” due to the failure to authenticate State’s Exhibit

14.20 The court of appeals considered State’s Exhibit 14 to be the “linchpin” in the analysis because



       14
            Id.
       15
            Id.
       16
            Id. at 16-17.
       17
            Id. at 17.
       18
            Id.
       19
            Id.
       20
            Id. at 17-18.
                                                                                      BRUTON — 10

it included the fingerprint card that the State used to compare to appellant’s known fingerprints.21

                                      D. Discretionary Review

                                         1. State’s Arguments

         With respect to Exhibit 13, the State complains that the court of appeals “did not specify

how the exhibit lacked the form specified by the rule” and “offered no cogent reason why it should

not have deferred to the trial court’s ruling regarding the exhibit’s authenticity.” The State argues

that the documents in State’s Exhibit 13 contained “sufficient indicia of certification” because they

were “attested to be certified by a caseworker of the Norwich Crown Court, contained statements

indicating the documents were for certification purposes, bore the signature of an Officer of the

Crown Court, and bore an official seal.” The State further argues that, even if the exhibit was not

properly certified, “there was good cause to find the exhibit was presumptively authentic without

final certification.” The State points to the fact that the documents had been provided to appellant

prior to trial and that appellant offered no evidence casting doubt on the exhibit’s authenticity. The

State also observes that State’s Exhibit 13 “had Appellant’s correct name and date of birth.”

        Pointing to the cover letter from the data-protection officer in State’s Exhibit 15, the State

contends that the letter explained why the records in that exhibit “were not ‘certified’ in the strictest

sense of the word” (State’s language) because the Norfolk Constabulary did not have an official

stamp. The State observes that the exhibit correctly identified appellant by name, date of birth, sex,

address in Norwich, and occupation as a carpenter, and that it contained the same conviction history

found in State’s Exhibit 13. The State also observes that appellant made no complaint, with respect

to State’s Exhibit 15, about the notice given by the State to the defense.


        21
             The court of appeals also conducted a harm analysis, which is not at issue here.
                                                                                     BRUTON — 11

       The State does not complain about the court of appeal’s ruling that State’s Exhibit 14 is

inadmissible. At oral argument, the State explained that this was based on appellant’s complaint that

he had not been shown State’s Exhibit 14 until the day of the hearing. The State does, however,

contest the court of appeals’ holding that State’s Exhibit 14 was needed to link appellant to the prior

convictions listed in State’s Exhibit 13.

                                     2. Appellant’s Arguments

       Appellant’s arguments largely track those he made to the court of appeals, but he makes three

additional arguments. First, he takes the State to task for emphasizing the importance of State’s

Exhibit 14 at trial but now downplaying its significance. Second, he contends that the “good cause”

exception in Rule 902(3) cannot apply because it is triggered only if the trial judge “orders” the

document to be treated as presumptively authentic without a final certification. Finally, he contends

that, without State’s Exhibits 14 and 15, there would not have been sufficient proof to tie State’s

Exhibit 13 to him.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

       A review of the record at trial, on appeal, and on discretionary review leads us to the

conclusion that the trial court and the parties have misconstrued, in various ways, the meaning and

application of Rules 902(3) and 902(4). Consequently, we take this opportunity to clarify the

meaning of the rules.

                              A. General Principles of Construction

       In construing a court rule, we attempt to effectuate the plain language of the rule unless there
                                                                                    BRUTON — 12

are important countervailing considerations.22 Unlike the Boykin23 standard for construing statutes,

the standard for construing court rules permits the consideration of extratextual factors, even if the

text of the rule is not ambiguous and does not lead to absurd results.24 When a Texas rule of

evidence is patterned on a federal counterpart, we find it appropriate to look to federal cases and

commentary for guidance.25 The comments from the Federal Advisory Committee are often

especially helpful,26 but we also find it useful to examine how federal courts have been construing

the federal rule.27 We may also look at decisions in courts of other states that have a version of the

rule that is also patterned after the federal rule.28

        22
             Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 306 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
        23
             Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
        24
             Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 306.
        25
             Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
        26
          See McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238, 240 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (construing Texas
Rules of Evidence 803(1) and (2), finding a study of the federal rules “helpful,” and referring to a
Federal Advisory Committee Notes); Hernandez v. State, 176 S.W.3d 821, 824 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005) (construing Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b), citing the Federal Advisory Committee Notes,
and finding the “interpretation of federal rules persuasive in interpreting comparable state rules”);
Fairow v. State, 943 S.W.2d 895, 902 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (construing Texas Rule of
Criminal Evidence 602 and concluding that “we may rely on the Federal Rules Advisory Committee
Notes to interpret our rules”).
        27
           See Hammons v. State, 239 S.W.3d 798, 804 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (construing
Texas Rule of Evidence 801(e)(1)(B) and stating that “federal decisions provide helpful
analysis”); Tamez v. State, 11 S.W.3d 198, 201 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (construing Texas Rule
of Evidence 403 and finding that, “even when not bound by federal court decisions, when the
Texas Rule duplicates the Federal Rule, greater-than-usual deference should be given to the
federal court’s interpretations”); Reed v. State, 811 S.W.2d 582, 586 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (in
construing state Rules of Criminal Evidence, which were patterned after the Federal Rules of
Evidence, “we are guided by federal cases interpreting the federal rules, although not bound
thereby”).
        28
             See Schutz v. State, 957 S.W.2d 52, 60 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
                                                                                     BRUTON — 13

                                       B. Rule 902 Generally

       Texas Rule 902 is titled “Self-Authentication” and it provides that “[e]xtrinsic evidence of

authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not required” if one of the subdivisions in

the rule is satisfied.29 This rule (including the subdivisions at issue in the present case) is modeled

after Federal Rule of Evidence 902.30 Along with other authentication rules, Federal Rule 902 is

designed to ensure that a document that is admitted is “authentic rather than a forgery.”31 The rule

addresses situations in which “the possibility of fraud, forgery and misattribution of certain

documents is so slight that the general requirement of authentication by extrinsic evidence . . . is

dispensed with.”32

        Rule 902 is not the only path to determining authenticity, and Rules 902(3) and (4) are not

the only means of determining the authenticity of foreign documents.33 Foreign documents may also

be authenticated by extrinsic evidence under Rule 901.34 The State, however, has not claimed that

it has introduced extrinsic evidence of authenticity sufficient to satisfy Rule 901. We turn, then, to




       29
            TEX . R. EVID . 902.
       30
            See FED . R. EVID . 902(3), (4), and passim, 56 F.R.D. 183, 336-37 (1972).
       31
            Qui Yun Chen v. Holder, 715 F.3d 207, 211 (7th Cir. 2013).
       32
           United States v. Howard-Arias, 679 F.2d 363, 366 (4th Cir. 1982). See also FED . R. EVID .
902, Advisory Comm. Notes, 56 F.R.D. 183, 337 (1972) (“practical considerations reduce the
possibility of unauthenticity to a very small dimension”).
       33
            Qui Yun Chen, 715 F.3d at 211.
       34
          Id.; Vatyan v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 1179, 1184 (9th Cir. 2007); United States v. Pluta, 176
F.3d 43, 49-50 (2d Cir. 1999); Howard-Arias, 679 F.2d at 366; Zenith Radio Corp. v. Matsushita
Electric Industrial Co., 505 F. Supp. 1190, 1226-27 (E.D. Pa. 1980); Jordan-Meier v. State, 792
S.W.2d 188, 192 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1990).
                                                                                      BRUTON — 14

Rules 902(3) and (4), upon which the State has relied in this case.

                                        C. Originals vs. Copies

        The Federal Advisory Committee and various federal courts have recognized that Rule

902(3) applies to original foreign public documents while Rule 902(4) applies to certified copies.35

                                  1. Originals - Execution/Attestation

        Under Texas Rule 902(3), an original foreign public document is “[a] document purporting

to be executed or attested in an official capacity by a person, authorized by the laws of a foreign

country to make the execution or attestation.”36 Rule 902(3) also requires a “final certification,” or

an alternative to the final certification, which we will address later.37 The Advisory Committee

Notes to the federal rule explain that the rule was derived from Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

44(a)(2) “but is broader in applying to public documents rather than being limited to public

records.”38 Some federal courts have held that the original document need not be signed or contain

an attestation if there is a separate, signed document attesting to the genuineness of the original.39

In a case decided before the Texas version of Rule 902 was adopted, the Fourth Circuit rejected, as

formalistic, a claim that the official who executes or attests to the document must explicitly state that


        35
         R. 902 Advisory Comm. Notes, 56 F.R.D. at 338 (paragraph (4)) (“documents provable
when presented in original form under paragraphs (1), (2), or (3) may not be provable by certified
copy under paragraph (4)”); United States v. Firishchak, 468 F.3d 1015, 1021 n.2 (7th Cir. 2006);
United States v. Doyle, 130 F.3d 523, 545 (2d Cir. 1997); Zenith Radio Corp., 505 F. Supp. at 1226.
        36
             TEX . R. EVID . 902(3).
        37
             See id.
        38
             R. 902 Advisory Comm. Notes, 56 F.R.D. at 338 (paragraph (3)).
        39
           United States v. Deverso, 518 F.3d 1250, 1255-56 (11th Cir. 2008); United States v.
Squillacote, 221 F.3d 542, 561-62 (4th Cir. 2000).
                                                                                      BRUTON — 15

he is the official authorized to do so.40 Rather, the court found it sufficient that the document

purported to be executed in an official capacity by an authorized official.41 We also observe that the

rule does not require that the foreign document or attestation bear a seal,42 though a seal may be

helpful in determining whether the document purports to be an official document of a foreign

country.

                                2. Copies - Certification of Correctness

        Under Texas Rule 902(4), which applies to certified copies of both foreign and domestic

public records, a certified copy is

        [a] copy of an official record or report or entry therein, or of a document authorized
        by law to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed in a public office,
        including data compilations in any form certified as correct by the custodian or other
        person authorized to make the certification, by certificate complying with paragraph
        (1), (2), or (3) of this rule or complying with any statute or other rule prescribed
        pursuant to statutory authority.43

To the extent that it applies to copies of foreign documents, this rule appears to be narrower in scope

than Rule 902(3) because it does not apply to all foreign public documents but only to those that

qualify as “an official record or report . . . or of a document authorized by law to be recorded or filed

and actually recorded or filed in a public office.”44 Scholarly commentary suggests that the

limitation to official records, reports and recorded documents may have been intended to preclude



        40
             Howard-Arias, 679 F.2d at 366-67.
        41
             Id.
        42
             See TEX . R. EVID . 902(3).
        43
             TEX . R. EVID . 902(4).
        44
             See id.
                                                                                      BRUTON — 16

using the certified-copy rule for a government entity’s purely internal records, such as preliminary

reports, random thoughts, ideas, etc.45 However, the rule expressly allows a copy to be of a “data

compilation.”46 In connection with the first mention of that term in the Federal Rules of Evidence,

the Federal Advisory Committee defined the term “data compilation” to be “broadly descriptive of

any means of storing information other than the conventional words and figures in written or

documentary form . . . . [which] includes, but is by no means limited to, electronic computer

storage.”47 A computer printout of information stored in an electronic database is a copy of a data

compilation under Rule 902(4).48

        Rule 902(4) also requires that the copy be “certified as correct” by the custodian “or other

person authorized to make the certification.”49 By “certified as correct,” the rule means that the copy

is certified as a correct copy of the governmental record; the certification need not attest to the truth

of the matters contained in that governmental record.50 Also, the government-agency record, from

which the certified copy is derived, need not itself be the original document, at least so long as the


       45
          Michael H. Graham, EVIDENCE : TEXT , RULES, ILLUSTRATIONS, & PROBLEMS, Revised 2nd
ed., 310 (1989) (commentary on FED . R. EVID . 902(4)).
        46
             See TEX . R. EVID . 902(4).
        47
             FED . R. EVID . 803, Advisory Comm. Notes, 56 F.R.D. 183, 311 (1972) (exception (6)).
        48
             United States v. Farris, 517 F.2d 226, 228-29 (7th Cir. 1975).
        49
             Reed, 811 S.W.2d at 585.
        50
           Doyle, 130 F.3d at 545. See also United States v. Watson, 650 F.3d 1084, 1090 (8th Cir.
2011) (enough to certify that the documents are correct copies of the originals); United States v.
Weiland, 420 F.3d 1062, 1068, 1073 (9th Cir. 2005) (same); Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557
U.S. 305, 337 (2009) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (referring to the “long-accepted practice of
authenticating copies of documents by means of a certificate from the document’s custodian stating
that the copy is accurate” and citing Rule 902(4)).
                                                                                      BRUTON — 17

original document is also a public record.51 Also, the rule expressly provides that the person

executing the certification of correctness need not be the custodian of the records as long as he is

“authorized to make the certification.”52 And Rule 902(4) does not, in connection with foreign

records, require a seal of any sort.53

        Finally, the certification of correctness, by which a copy is rendered certified, must itself

satisfy Rule 902(1), (2), or (3). “The certificate qualifies as a public document, receivable as

authentic when in conformity with paragraph (1), (2), or (3).”54 That is, the certification of

correctness is itself treated as an original public document. As an original public document, the

certification of correctness must comply with one of the subdivisions relating to original public

documents. Subdivisions (1) and (2) apply only to domestic documents, so when the certification

of correctness purports to be for a copy of a foreign public record, that certification must satisfy Rule

902(3), which has an additional final certification (or certification alternative) requirement.55 As we

have explained earlier, that additional requirement will be discussed later.56

                                          3. The Documents




        51
           Reed, 811 S.W.2d at 586 (certified copies of judgments contained in pen packets qualified
as self-authenticating under Rule 902(4)).
        52
             TEX . R. EVID . 902(4).
        53
          See id.; TEX . R. EVID . 902(3). But a seal would be required if the document purported to
be a copy of a domestic public record. See TEX . R. EVID . 902(4) (referring to certificate complying
with paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of the rule); TEX . R. EVID . 902(1), (2).
        54
             R. 902 Advisory Comm. Notes, 56 F.R.D. at 338 (paragraph (4)).
        55
             Doyle, 130 F.3d at 545; Zenith Radio Corp., 505 F. Supp. at 1226.
        56
             See this opinion, footnote 37 and accompanying text.
                                                                                       BRUTON — 18

        At this point, we must determine whether State’s Exhibits 13 and 15 are originals or copies,

and whether they meet the requirements that we have discussed so far. The certificates of conviction

in State’s Exhibit 13 are dated after the District Attorney’s inquiry to the Norwich Crown Court.

They do not purport to be photocopies of records of the Norwich Crown Court; rather, they purport

to be official public documents that were executed by an officer of the Crown Court and sent to the

District Attorney’s office. Thus, they purport to be original documents executed by someone with

the authority to execute those documents. As such, they satisfy the execution/attestation requirement

of Rule 902(3).57

        The computer printout in State’s Exhibit 15 appears to be a data compilation of information

about a person’s criminal convictions from a governmental database. As a data compilation, the

computer printout purports to be a copy rather than an original. The letter in State’s Exhibit 15

purports to be from a data-protection officer in the Norfolk Constabulary. That letter specifically

states that a conviction history has been enclosed58 and that the author has stamped the document

“Professional Standards,” which is the department in which the author works. The computer printout

appears to be a conviction history and does indeed bear a “PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS” stamp,

so we can infer that it is the conviction history referred to in the letter. Because a criminal conviction

would ordinarily be a matter of public record and the data-protection officer characterized the

computer printout as a “conviction history,” the computer printout purports to be a copy of official

records. The data-protection officer’s letter also indicates implicitly that he has the authority to


        57
          It might be argued that the documents are also data compilations of public records. We
need not address whether they could qualify as certified copies under such a theory.
        58
         This statement is found in the unredacted version of the letter, which was State’s Exhibit
12, which the trial judge had before him at the time he made his ruling.
                                                                                       BRUTON — 19

disclose the documents to which the letter refers. Given these circumstances, the computer printout

satisfies the requirements of Rule 902(4) that we have discussed so far.

                                         D. Final Certification

                                       1. What the Rule Requires

        We now turn to the “final certification” requirement found in Rule 902(3). When a party

seeks to admit a foreign public document, it must be accompanied by a “final certification.” For an

original foreign public document, this requirement must be satisfied with respect to the execution

of the document or the attestation. For a certified copy, the requirement must be satisfied with

respect to the certification of correctness.

        Texas Rule 902(3) requires a “final certification” as follows:

        A document . . . accompanied by a final certification as to the genuineness of the
        signature and official position (A) of the executing or attesting person, or (B) of any
        foreign official whose certificate of genuineness of signature and official position
        relates to the execution or attestation or is in a chain of certificates of genuineness of
        signature and official position relating to the execution or attestation. A final
        certification may be made by a secretary of embassy or legation, consul general,
        consul, vice consul, or consular agent of the United States, or a diplomatic or
        consular official of the foreign country assigned or accredited to the United States.59

The rule provides alternatives to this final certification requirement,60 but for now, we examine

whether the final certification requirement was met in this case.

                               2. What the Final Certification Must Say

        The final certification must directly or indirectly vouch for the genuineness of the signature




       59
             TEX . R. EVID . 902(3).
        60
             See id.
                                                                                     BRUTON — 20

and official position of the official who executes or attests to the foreign public document.61 This

is the second of two basic requirements articulated by some federal courts for authenticating foreign

documents: (1) there must be some indication that the document is what it purports to be, and (2)

there must be some indication that the official vouching for the document is who he purports to be.62

                              3. Who Must Make the Final Certification

             The rule says, “A final certification may be made by a secretary of embassy or legation,

consul general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent of the United States, or a diplomatic or

consular official of the foreign country assigned or accredited to the United States.”63 A casual

observer who is unfamiliar with the rule might be confused regarding whether the word “may” in

the sentence is permissive with respect to who may make the final certification. That is, does the

phrase “may be made” simply signify that these agents may make the certification but others may

also, or does this phrase signify that these agents are the only agents authorized to make the final

certification? A review of the Federal Advisory Committee Notes and the caselaw establishes

beyond any doubt that it is in fact the latter.

        The Advisory Committee Notes to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 44 (upon which Rule

902(3) was based) explain that the rule contemplates the final certification being made by “a United

States foreign service officer . . . or a diplomatic or consular officer of the foreign country assigned




        61
            See id.; Starski v Kirzhnev, 682 F.3d 51, 53 (1st Cir. 2012); Deverso, 518 F.3d at 1256;
Squillacote, 221 F.3d at 562; Jordan-Maier, 792 S.W.2d at 191. By “indirectly,” we mean the chain-
certificate method in the rule, discussed in more detail below.
        62
             Deverso, 518 F.3d at 1256; Squillacote, 221 F.3d at 562.
        63
             TEX . R. EVID . 902(3).
                                                                                     BRUTON — 21

or accredited to the United States.”64 The federal cases observe that the person who makes the final

certification must be a diplomatic or consular agent from the list contained in Rule 902(3) (or Rule

44(a)(2)).65 At least one Texas court of appeals has also recognized this to be true.66 The idea

behind this “final certification” method seems to be that courts and parties in this country may be

unfamiliar with the official workings of another country but can consult the United States

Department of State (or the appropriate U.S. Consulate), which presumably possesses expertise with

respect to the foreign country. The required process of having a diplomatic or consular official

associated with one’s own country verify the status of an official in a foreign country for the purpose

of authenticating a foreign document is sometimes called “the requirement of diplomatic or consular




           64
                FED . R. CIV . P. 44, Advisory Comm. Notes, Notes on 1966 amendments (subdivision
(a)(2)).
           65
            Qui Yun Chen, 715 F.3d at 211 (Rule 902(3) “requires certification by U.S. or foreign
diplomatic officials”); Starski, 682 F.3d at 53 (under Rule 902(3), final certification must be “by
certain officials enumerated in the rules”); Deverso, 518 F.3d at 1256 (regarding Rule 902(3), “the
rules require that one of a specified group of foreign officials must issue a final certification”);
Squillacote, 221 F.3d at 562 (same); Pluta, 176 F.3d at 49 (certification under Rule 902(3) must be
made “by a diplomatic or consular official of the United States or the foreign country”); United
States v. Garate-Vergara, 942 F.2d 1543, 1553 (11th Cir. 1991) (Rule 902(3) “requires that foreign
documents be certified by a consular agent of the United States”); United States v. Serrate, 534 F.2d
7,10 (1st Cir. 1976) (under Rule 44(a)(2), “The final certification must be made by a ‘diplomatic
official of the United States or [a] diplomatic or consular official of the foreign country assigned or
accredited to the United States.’”); United States v. Leal, 509 F.2d 122, 126 (9th Cir. 1975) (same);
United States v. Pacheco-Lovio, 463 F.2d 232, 233 (9th Cir. 1972) (under Rule 44(a)(2), foreign
official record is to be accompanied by final certification “by any of several officials with the United
States Department of State in the foreign country”).
           66
          Jordan-Meier, 792 S.W.2d at 191 (document is authenticated under Texas Rule 902(3)
if, among other things, it is accompanied by a final certification that “is made by a diplomatic or
consular official”).
                                                                                     BRUTON — 22

legalization of foreign public documents,”67 and an international convention was developed as an

alternative to this requirement with a streamlined method of authentication.68 The State does not

claim to meet the requirements of the applicable international convention.69

       Rule 902(3) does allow for a chain of certifications that culminate in a final certification by

a diplomatic or consular official. The Advisory Committee Notes to Federal Rule 44 describe this

process:

       Under this method, it is sufficient if the original attestation purports to have been
       issued by an authorized person and is accompanied by a certificate of another foreign
       official whose certificate may in turn be followed by that of a foreign official of
       higher rank. The process continues until a foreign official is reached as to whom the
       United States foreign service official (or diplomatic or consular officer of the foreign
       country assigned or accredited to the United States) has adequate information upon


       67
          See HAGUE CONVENTION ABOLISHING THE REQUIREMENT OF LEGALISATION FOR FOREIGN
PUBLIC DOCUMENTS, precatory clause (October 5, 1961) (“legalisation” from original changed to
“legalization”).
       68
          See id. See also United States v. Regner, 677 F.2d 754, 760 n.3 (9th Cir. 1982) (suggesting
that “compliance with Rule 902(3) will shortly no longer be necessary because the United States has
recently ratified by treaty the Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign
Public Documents”).
       69
          Texas Rule 902(3) allows the final certification to be dispensed with “whenever both the
United States and the foreign country in which the official record is located are parties to a treaty or
convention that abolishes or displaces such requirement, in which case the record and the attestation
shall be certified by the means provided in the treaty or convention.” Caselaw indicates that the
United States is a party to the Hague Convention referred to above. See Regner, 677 F.2d at 760 n.3;
United States v. Nunez-Beltran, 83 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. (Callaghan) 225, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
76029, *9 (S.D. Cal. July 26, 2010). The Hague Convention provides for certification by means of
an “apostille.” HAGUE CONVENTION , Arts. 3, 4. The apostille must be explicitly titled as such, using
the French word “apostille.” Id., Art. 4; Nunez-Beltran, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS at *9. This
document bears a serial number linked to a central archive in the issuing state for verification
purposes. Nunez-Beltran, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS at *9. An apostille must be attached to the
document to certify in accordance with the convention, see Construction Drilling v. Crofts, 63 F.
Supp. 2d 509, 515 (D.N.J. 1999) and Nunez-Beltran, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS at *9-11, unless
otherwise exempted, see HAGUE CONVENTION , Art. 3. No apostille was attached to State’s Exhibits
13, 14, and 15.
                                                                                    BRUTON — 23

       which to base a “final certification.”70

                                4. No Final Certification in this Case

       What is evident from this discussion is that State’s Exhibits 13, 14, and 15 all lacked a final

certification. None of these exhibits were accompanied by a certification by a diplomatic or

consular official as required by Rule 902(3).

                                           E. Good Cause

       Rule 902(3) provides two situations in which a final certification may be dispensed with.71

The first, colloquially known as the “good cause exception,” provides as follows:

       If reasonable opportunity has been given to all parties to investigate the authenticity
       and accuracy of official documents, the court may, for good cause shown, order that
       they be treated as presumptively authentic without final certification or permit them
       to be evidenced by an attested summary with or without final certification.72

This portion of the rule actually contains two requirements: (1) that the parties have been given a

reasonable opportunity to investigate the authenticity and accuracy of the documents, and (2) that

good cause has been shown to treat the document as presumptively authentic without final

certification. The State has chosen not to contest the court of appeals’s authenticity holding with

respect to State’s Exhibit 14 because there is some indication that appellant may not have been given

adequate notice of the document. We agree with the State that the record is sufficient to support a

conclusion that appellant was given sufficient opportunity to investigate the authenticity of State’s

Exhibits 13 and 15. So we must now address whether good cause has been shown with respect to



       70
            R. 44 Advisory Comm. Notes (subdivision (a)(2)).
       71
            We have already discussed the second situation in footnote 69.
       72
            TEX . R. EVID . 902(3).
                                                                                    BRUTON — 24

those two exhibits.

       How do we measure good cause? Is it good cause to believe the document is authentic

despite the absence of a final certification, or is it good cause for failing to obtain a final

certification? The First Court of Appeals and the Second Circuit have indicated that the former may

be true. With respect to the “good cause” inquiry, the First Court of Appeals focused on the

evidence tending to show that the documents were authentic:

       The third page of the exhibit is a letter from the central register, stating that their
       entry shows the person was convicted of sexual abuse of children and fraud. The
       sixth page states that the person convicted, Klaus Dieter Jordan, is married to a
       woman named Carmen Hernandez and resides in Guatemala City. The information
       on the documents is consistent with the evidence. For example, appellant stated on
       the record that his name is Claus Jordan-Maier, and his wife's name is Carmen. She
       also testified at trial. They lived in Guatemala for 9-10 years. The State also produced
       an identification expert who compared appellant's fingerprints with those in the
       German records, and said that they were the same. We hold that the State established
       good cause.73

The Second Circuit found that the party objecting to the documents at issue in its case had nine years

to challenge their authenticity.74 The court concluded that the party’s delay was a sufficient basis

for finding good cause to treat the documents as presumptively authentic.75

       The weight of authority, however, indicates that “good cause” must be good cause for failing

to obtain a final certification. The Federal Advisory Committee explicitly took this position:

       Although the amended rule will generally facilitate proof of foreign official records,
       it is recognized that in some situations it may be difficult or even impossible to
       satisfy the basic requirements of the rule. There may be no United States consul in
       a particular foreign country; the foreign officials may not cooperate; peculiarities may


       73
            Jordan-Maier, 792 S.W.2d at 192.
       74
            Raphaely Int’l v. Waterman Steamship Corp., 972 F.2d 498, 502 (2d Cir. 1992).
       75
            Id.
                                                                                        BRUTON — 25

          exist or arise hereafter in the law or practice of a foreign country. Therefore the final
          sentence of subdivision (a)(2) provides the court with discretion to admit an attested
          copy of a record without a final certification, or an attested summary of a record with
          or without a final certification. This relaxation should be permitted only when it is
          shown that the party has been unable to satisfy the basic requirements of the
          amended rule despite his reasonable efforts.76

Other federal courts have also taken the position that good cause requires a showing that the party

proffering the evidence was unable to satisfy the rule’s requirements despite reasonable efforts.77

Some of these courts have acknowledged that a finding of good cause may more readily be made

when the opposing party has cast no serious doubt as to authenticity after having a fair chance to

examine the document, but the proffering party must still suggest some circumstance approximating

the situations envisioned by the Advisory Committee.78

          The State has given no reason for failing to obtain a final certification and has not suggested

that it made any attempt to contact an appropriate diplomatic or consular official about authenticating

the documents in State’s Exhibits 13 and 15. In fact, the record supports the inference that the State

failed to attempt to contact the appropriate official because the prosecutors misunderstood the final-

certification requirement. But the State’s ignorance of Rule 902(3)’s requirements is not a legitimate

excuse.

                                           F. DISPOSITION



          76
               R. 44 Advisory Comm. Notes (subdivision (a)(2)) (citations omitted, emphasis added).
          77
           Starski, 682 F.3d at 54; United States v. De Jongh, 937 F.2d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir. 1991) (relying
upon Advisory Comm. Notes to Rule 44 and italicizing passage we italicized above); Leal, 509 F.2d
at 126; Francis v. Caribbean Transport, 882 F. Supp. 2d 275, 281 (D. Puerto Rico 2012); United
States v. Yousef, 175 F.R.D. 192, 193-94 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (recognizing that there is “a dearth of case
law” on the issue of good cause but finding the Advisory Committee Notes to be insightful).
          78
               De Jongh, 937 F.2d at 4-5; Francis, 882 F. Supp. 2d at 280-81.
                                                          BRUTON — 26

        We affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

Delivered: April 30, 2014
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