                    NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 12a1097n.06

                                          No. 11-4157
                                                                                    FILED
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 Oct 23, 2012
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


MARK C. FILING,                                         )
                                                        )
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                          )
                                                        )
v.                                                      )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                        )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
WILLIAM L. PHIPPS; CHARLES E. ZUMKEHR;                  )   THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
J. MARTIN ERBAUGH; JAMES R. BLOMBERG,                   )   OHIO
                                                        )
          Defendants-Appellees.                         )




          Before: COLE and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; THAPAR, District Judge.*


          KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Mark Filing appeals the district court’s entry of

summary judgment in favor of the defendants in this securities-fraud case. We affirm.

                                               I.

          The White Rubber Company was a closely held corporation that manufactured tools and

equipment for electrical workers. Filing was a long-term employee of the company. In 1994, White

Rubber’s President and CEO, William Phipps, offered Filing the opportunity to become a

shareholder in the company. Filing agreed. He eventually acquired 561 of White Rubber’s 2,731

shares.



          *
       The Honorable Amul Thapar, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Kentucky, sitting by designation.
No. 11-4157
Filing v. Phipps, et al.

        From 1990 until 2003, White Rubber’s share price was set by its accounting firm, Schlabig

& Associates. As of December 31, 2002, Schlabig valued White Rubber at $2,169.73 a share. Some

directors disagreed with that valuation, however, so in 2003 White Rubber’s board hired Bruml

Capital Corporation to provide a new valuation. Bruml came back with a valuation of $1,056 per

share, which they later revised to $1,702.58.

        In September 2003, White Rubber informed its shareholders about the valuation change and

offered to repurchase shares at $2,169.73 (the Schlabig valuation price), subject to its ability to pay

for the shares. Filing decided to sell back all 561 of his shares. Phipps responded that White Rubber

was unable to repurchase that many. Filing then offered to sell 250 shares—125 shares each to

White Rubber and Phipps.

        Meanwhile, in October 2003, one of White Rubber’s competitors, Norcross Safety Products,

contacted Phipps to express an interest in acquiring White Rubber. Based on preliminary

discussions, Phipps reported to White Rubber’s board that Norcross “represents the best match to

maximize a ‘sell’ price.” A month later, White Rubber’s board and Phipps each agreed to purchase

125 shares of Filing’s stock at a price of $1,702.58 a share. The parties’ attorneys then began to

negotiate and draft the terms of the sale agreements.

        In December 2003, Phipps and two of White Rubber’s directors—Martin Erbaugh and James

Blomberg—met with Norcross Executives—Robert Peterson and David Meyers. The parties

executed a confidentiality agreement on December 17, 2003. At that time, Norcross had also

executed confidentiality agreements with dozens of other acquisition targets. Three weeks later,



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No. 11-4157
Filing v. Phipps, et al.

Norcross made a due-diligence request to White Rubber for various documents. White Rubber

denied the request. In February 2004, Filing executed his sale of stock to White Rubber and Phipps.

        About three months later, in May 2004, Norcross conditionally offered to purchase White

Rubber’s assets for up to $25 million, subject to its review of White Rubber’s financial reports.

Norcross later reduced its offer to $18 million after receiving fewer reports than it requested. The

companies then stopped negotiating, however, because among other things White Rubber’s revenues

were flat and Norcross was itself in the process of being acquired.

        A year later, Odyssey Investments acquired Norcross. Infused with new capital, Norcross

resumed negotiations with White Rubber in September 2005. Finally, in June 2006—more than two

years after Filing’s stock sale—Norcross acquired White Rubber for $22 million.

        Filing thereafter brought this lawsuit, initially naming only Phipps as a defendant. He later

filed an amended complaint naming White Rubber’s Chairman of the Board of Directors, Charles

Zumkehr, White Rubber’s legal counsel, Roetzel & Andress, and two of White Rubber’s board

members—Martin Erbaugh and James Blomberg—as defendants. The complaint alleged securities

fraud in violation of § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j, and Rule

10b–5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b–5, and several state common-law claims. The district court later

dismissed the claims against Roetzel & Andress for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The court

also declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction as to all of Filing’s state-law claims. See 18

U.S.C. § 1367(c). The remaining defendants moved for summary judgment as to the federal

securities-fraud claims. The district court granted the motion, finding that the discussions between

White Rubber and Norcross were not material.

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No. 11-4157
Filing v. Phipps, et al.

        This appeal followed.

                                                 II.

        We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. S.E.C. v. George, 426

F.3d 786, 791 (6th Cir. 2005).

        Filing argues that the Defendants violated § 10(b) and Rule 10b–5 when they failed to

disclose the discussions between White Rubber and Norcross in late 2003. Rule 10b-5 prohibits,

among other things, the making of “any untrue statement of material fact” or the omission of any

material fact “necessary in order to make the statements made . . . not misleading.” 17 C.F.R.

§ 240.10b–5. A fact is material if a substantial likelihood exists that a reasonable shareholder would

(1) consider the fact important in making an investment decision and (2) view the fact as having

significantly altered the total mix of information available. Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224,

231–32 (1988). Here, it is undisputed that none of the defendants disclosed to Filing the discussions

with Norcross. The issue, then, is simply whether they were material.

        “The mere fact that a company has received an acquisition overture or that some discussion

has occurred will not necessarily be material.” Glazer v. Formica Corp., 964 F.2d 149, 155 (2d Cir.

1992). Instead, whether the overture or discussions are material turns upon “a balancing of both the

indicated probability that the event will occur and the anticipated magnitude of the event in light of

the totality of the company activity.” Basic, 485 U.S. at 238 (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). Factors pointing towards materiality include “board resolutions, instructions to investment

bankers, and actual negotiations between principals.” Id. at 239.



                                                 -4-
No. 11-4157
Filing v. Phipps, et al.

        Here, White Rubber did not hire any investment bankers or lawyers to facilitate an

acquisition. Nor did its board pass any resolutions. It is true that there were some discussions

between the principals of White Rubber and Norcross. But those discussions can only be viewed

as preliminary. The parties never reached even a tentative agreement as to the structure or price of

a deal before ending negotiations in May 2004—three months after Filing’s stock sale. It was more

than 16 months later—after Norcross itself had been acquired by another company—that Norcross

and White Rubber commenced another round of negotiations that ultimately led to a deal.

        In contrast, the parties in Basic had progressed to a stage well beyond the discussions at issue

here. There, the parties hired investment bankers, prepared negotiation reports, and exchanged vastly

more confidential information than the parties did here. Levinson v. Basic, Inc., 786 F.2d 741,

743–45 (6th Cir. 1986), vacated and remanded, 485 U.S. at 250. We recognize, of course, that an

acquisition is often the most important event in the life of a closely held corporation. But not every

business negotiation gives rise to a legal obligation. Here, the district court correctly concluded that

Norcross’s discussions with White Rubber between September 2003 and February 2004 were not

material.

        Filing also argues that the district court erred when it excluded the report of J. Robert Brown,

an expert in securities law. The defendants filed a motion to strike Brown’s expert report because

it did not meet the requirements of Federal Rule of Evidence 702. The district court agreed and

granted the motion. We review that decision for an abuse of discretion. Tamraz v. Lincoln Elec.

Co., 620 F.3d 665, 668 (6th Cir. 2010).



                                                  -5-
No. 11-4157
Filing v. Phipps, et al.

        In the district court’s view, Brown’s report advocated a particular reading of Basic and then

applied that reading to the facts of this case. Thus, the court excluded his testimony on the ground

that it was based upon a legal opinion, not an expert one. The court did not abuse its discretion in

doing so. See Woods v. Lecureux, 110 F.3d 1215, 1220 (6th Cir. 1997) (“testimony offering nothing

more than a legal conclusion—i.e., testimony that does little more than tell the jury what result to

reach—is properly excludable” under Rule 702). The court also reasoned that, based upon the

particular facts at issue here, the determination whether the subject discussions were material did not

require specialized knowledge within the meaning of Rule 702. We see no abuse of discretion in

that decision either. See Salem v. United States Lines Co., 370 U.S. 31, 35 (1962).

        The district court’s judgment is affirmed.




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