                       RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                    File Name: 09a0409p.06

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                  _________________


                                                    X
                                                     -
 ANGELA DORTCH and DONALD DORTCH,
                                                     -
 individually and as natural father
 of Audrey Dortch and Logan Dortch,                  -
                           Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
                                                        No. 08-5476

                                                     ,
                                                      >
                                                     -
                Intervenor Plaintiff -Appellant, -
 PRIMAX RECOVERIES, INC.,
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
                                                     -
            v.

                                                     -
                                                     -
 LOREN FOWLER and CON-WAY
                                                     -
 TRANSPORTATION SERVICES, INC.,
                          Defendants-Appellees. N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville.
                  No. 05-00216—James D. Moyer, Magistrate Judge.
                                 Argued: October 13, 2009
                         Decided and Filed: November 30, 2009
                                             *
 Before: O’CONNOR, Associate Justice; GILMAN and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                         COUNSEL
ARGUED: Donald L. Cox, LYNCH, COX, GILMAN & MAHAN, P.S.C., Louisville,
Kentucky, for Appellants. Will H. Fulton, DINSMORE & SHOHL, Louisville,
Kentucky, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Donald L. Cox, John D. Cox, LYNCH, COX,
GILMAN & MAHAN, P.S.C., Louisville, Kentucky, A. Andrew Draut, WEBER &
ROSE, P.S.C., Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellants. Will H. Fulton, Elizabeth Ullmer
Mendel, D. Craig York, Emily K. Fritts, DINSMORE & SHOHL, Louisville, Kentucky,
for Appellees.
       GILMAN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which O’CONNOR, J.,
joined. GIBBONS, J. (p. 16), delivered a separate concurring opinion.



        *
         The Honorable Sandra Day O’Connor, Associate Justice (Ret.) of the Supreme Court of the
United States, sitting by designation.


                                                 1
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                Page 2


                                   _________________

                                        OPINION
                                   _________________

        RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. This case arises out of a traffic
accident involving a vehicle driven by Angela Dortch and a Con-Way Transportation
Services, Inc. tractor-trailer driven by Loren Fowler. The accident left Fowler unhurt,
but Dortch suffered permanently disabling injuries that caused her to lose all memory
of the collision.

        Dortch alleges that Fowler’s tractor-trailer was in her lane when the accident
occurred, and that Con-Way had continued to employ Fowler despite his poor driving
record. She brought suit against both Fowler and Con-Way, alleging negligent causation
on the part of Fowler (attributable to Con-Way under the doctrine of respondeat
superior) and negligent supervision and retention on the part of Con-Way.

        The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Con-Way on the
negligent-supervision-and-retention claim, and a jury found for Fowler (and thus Con-
Way) on the underlying negligence claim regarding the cause of the accident. For the
reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                  I.   BACKGROUND

A.      Factual background

        The accident occurred on the curve of a narrow two-lane highway in Louisville,
Kentucky. Rain that day had caused the road to be slick. Dortch was driving her sport
utility vehicle (SUV), heading east. Fowler was driving a Con-Way tractor-trailer,
heading west. The two vehicles collided head on. Jolted by the collision, Fowler’s
tractor trailer swung sharply to the left, where it crashed into a rock wall on the south
side of the highway. Dortch’s SUV spun around and came to a stop in the middle of the
road, its front left side shattered.
No. 08-5476        Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                 Page 3


       Emergency personnel arrived shortly after the accident, followed roughly 35
minutes later by a team of police officers that included Louisville policeman Clarence
Beauford, a trained accident reconstructionist.       Officer Beauford and his team
interviewed Fowler and examined the scene of the accident, taking pictures and
inspecting the road, the surrounding area, and the vehicles. Beauford did not attempt a
full accident reconstruction and did not personally take any measurements.

       According to his testimony at trial, Officer Beauford found a deep gouge in the
pavement that ran from the left front wheel of Dortch’s wrecked SUV. This large gouge
(the first gouge) traced backward and ended in the tractor-trailer’s lane. Mainly relying
on this first gouge, Office Beauford concluded that Dortch’s SUV crossed into Fowler’s
lane, causing the accident.

       Some time after the accident, an expert hired by Dortch—retired Michigan State
Police Officer Thomas Bereza—examined the highway and the vehicles. He determined
that the accident occurred when Fowler’s tractor-trailer crossed into Dortch’s lane.
Bereza based this determination on his discovery of a different gouge in the highway’s
surface, slightly east of the crash site, which was entirely in Dortch’s lane. According
to Bereza, this gouge (the second gouge) was created by the accident and marked the
actual point where the vehicles first collided.

       Con-Way employed its own experts, including William Cloyd III, to investigate
the accident. Relying on the photographs of the accident and the highway (which had
subsequently been repaved), and on his inspection of the vehicles, Cloyd concluded that
the second gouge was not caused by the collision between Fowler’s and Dortch’s
vehicles, opining that the first and second gouges differed in size, depth, color, and
direction. At trial, both Officer Beauford and Cloyd testified that the accident happened
in Fowler’s lane, as did an additional Con-Way expert witness, Frank Entwisle, as well
as Fowler himself. Bereza was the lone occurrence witness called by Dortch, and his
conclusion that the accident began in Dortch’s lane, based in large part on the second
gouge, was criticized by Cloyd and Entwisle. The jury returned a verdict in favor of
both Fowler and Con-Way.
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                 Page 4


B.        Procedural history

       Dortch filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of
Kentucky, and the parties consented to have Magistrate Judge James Moyer preside over
the case. Jurisdiction was based on diversity of citizenship pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332.

       During discovery, Dortch learned that Fowler had seven prior traffic accidents
while driving for Con-Way. This caused her to request further information about these
prior accidents. When Con-Way refused to comply with the request, Dortch filed a
motion to compel. The district court ruled that Con-Way could withhold information
about those accidents that “did not involve bodily injury or occur on public roadways.”
As a result, Dortch received information on only two of Fowler’s seven prior accidents.

       Con-Way subsequently moved for summary judgment on Dortch’s negligent-
supervision-and-retention claim, arguing that Dortch lacked enough evidence to proceed,
and characterizing Fowler’s undisclosed accidents as involving nothing more than the
loading and unloading of cargo. In response, Dortch cited the two accidents that Con-
Way had revealed, as well as Con-Way’s internal rating of Fowler’s driver safety as
“marginal,” the lowest rating given by the company. Con-Way gave Fowler this rating
four months before the accident with Dortch. Dortch again requested discovery of
Fowler’s undisclosed prior accidents. After rejecting this request, the court granted
summary judgment to Con-Way on Dortch’s negligent-supervision-and-retention claim.

       Before trial, in an effort to disprove Bereza’s assertion that the second gouge was
created by the accident between Dortch and Fowler, Con-Way researched the history of
all reported accidents in the area of the collision, hoping to find evidence of a previous
crash that had caused the second gouge. Con-Way discovered reports on a number of
accidents in the area, but could find no conclusive evidence that the second gouge
predated the accident. As a result, Con-Way filed a motion in limine to exclude its
failure to find evidence that the second gouge was there before the accident, arguing that
the negative result of its research was irrelevant. Over Dortch’s objection, the district
No. 08-5476          Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                  Page 5


court granted the motion, preventing Dortch from cross-examining Con-Way’s witnesses
about its previous-crash research.

        The district court, on the other hand, denied a motion in limine filed by Dortch
that sought to prevent the introduction of Officer Beauford’s accident report. Dortch
argued that other evidence in the case showed that the facts as set forth in the report were
untrustworthy and that its conclusions were unreliable. This report was admitted into
evidence at trial.

        The jury returned a verdict in favor of Fowler and Con-Way on Dortch’s claim
of negligent causation. This appeal followed.

                                     II.   ANALYSIS

A.      Standard of review

        This court reviews both the district court’s discovery and evidentiary rulings
under the abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Quinn, 230 F.3d 862, 866 (6th
Cir. 2000) (discovery rulings); United States v. Wagner, 382 F.3d 598, 616 (6th Cir.
2004) (evidentiary rulings). When reviewing a district court’s decision under this
standard, we will “reverse only if we are firmly convinced of a mistake that affects
substantial rights and amounts to more than harmless error.” Pressman v. Franklin Nat’l
Bank, 384 F.3d 182, 187 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

        We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Allen v.
Highlands Hosp. Corp., 545 F.3d 387, 393 (6th Cir. 2008). Summary judgment is
proper where no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
No. 08-5476        Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                  Page 6


B.     Evidentiary rulings

       1.      Admissibility of research on the origin of the second gouge

       The trial boiled down to whether the accident occurred in Dortch’s or Fowler’s
lane of travel. Central to that inquiry is whether either of the two gouges (one in each
lane) was caused by the underlying accident. Con-Way presented persuasive evidence
that the first gouge in Fowler’s lane of travel was caused by the accident, and therefore
Dortch was at fault for crossing over the dividing line and causing the accident. Dortch
countered with her own expert who testified that the second gouge (in her lane) was
caused by the underlying accident. In an effort to discredit Dortch’s expert, Con-Way
undertook an extensive search of past accident records in the hopes of finding some
evidence of a past accident that might have caused the second gouge. It failed to find
any such evidence to corroborate its theory.

       Dortch now challenges the district court’s evidentiary ruling precluding her from
cross-examining Con-Way’s witnesses about the absence of record evidence
corroborating its theory that a previous accident caused the second gouge. We conclude
that the district court abused its discretion in preventing Dortch from pursuing this line
of questioning because it was relevant to a central issue at trial. Nonetheless, we find
that the error was harmless.

       The standard for relevancy is “extremely liberal” under the Federal Rules of
Evidence. See United States v. Whittington, 455 F.3d 736, 738 (6th Cir. 2006).
Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it
would be without the evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. Just as positive evidence of a past
accident that could have created the second gouge would have been admissible as
tending to support Con-Way (had such evidence been found), the absence of any such
evidence in the accident records makes it less likely that the second gouge predated the
underlying accident in this case. Put another way, the absence of any past accident
record is exactly what you would expect to find if Dortch’s theory that the gouge was
caused by this accident is correct. Although it may not be very strong evidence, it is
No. 08-5476        Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                    Page 7


certainly some evidence in Dortch’s favor. She therefore should have been permitted
to inquire about it under Rule 401.

       Con-Way counters that “[e]vidence of this type could hardly establish that it was
more probable than not that the [second] gouge preexisted the Dortch accident or who
crossed the center line first.” This argument, however, mistakenly conflates the standard
for evidentiary sufficiency with the Rule 401 standard for relevance. There is no doubt
that Con-Way’s fruitless records search, standing alone, does not make it more probable
than not that either party crossed the center line first. But a piece of evidence does not
need to carry a party’s evidentiary burden in order to be relevant; it simply has to
advance the ball. As one leading commentator has explained:

       It is enough if the item could reasonably show that a fact is slightly more
       probable than it would appear without that evidence. Even after the
       probative force of the evidence is spent, the proposition for which it is
       offered still can seem quite improbable. Thus, the common objection
       that the inference for which the fact is offered “does not necessarily
       follow” is untenable. It poses a standard of conclusiveness that very few
       single items of circumstantial evidence could ever meet. A brick is not
       a wall.
Edward W. Cleary et al., McCormick on Evidence § 185, at 542–43.

       As this court has previously noted, “the mosaic of evidence that comprises the
record before a jury includes both the evidence and the lack of evidence on material
matters.” United States v. Poindexter, 942 F.2d 354, 360 (6th Cir. 1991) (emphasis in
original). In Poindexter, a criminal defendant wanted to tell the jury that a government
fingerprint expert dusted a drug container for prints but did not find any of defendant’s
prints. The government objected that the absence of the defendant’s fingerprints on the
drug container was not conclusive either way, and the trial court sustained the objection,
commenting “it didn’t prove that your client didn’t handle them.” Id. at 359. This court
concluded that the trial court had abused its discretion in excluding this line of inquiry:

       The legitimacy of the inference [defendant’s] counsel wished to bring to
       the jury’s attention—the absence of evidence of [defendant’s]
       fingerprints on an article containing contraband that had been dusted for
       fingerprints and which [defendant] was charged with possessing—did not
No. 08-5476        Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                 Page 8


        depend upon the conclusiveness of the inference. Neither did it depend
        upon the necessity that it “prove anything,” merely that it had the
        tendency to do so. Fed. R. Evid. 401.
Id. at 360.

        We note the importance of distinguishing the present case—where Con-Way
searched the accident records and found nothing to corroborate its preexisting second-
gouge theory—from a hypothetical case where nobody searched the accident records.
If there had been no investigation and we knew nothing about the records of past
accidents, then that fact would support neither party. It would be irrelevant under Rule
401. Here, we do know something about the accident records. We know they are
extensive and document numerous past accidents on the roadway in question, yet reveal
no evidence of a past accident that caused the second gouge. Because they do not
corroborate Con-Way’s theory that the gouge was preexisting, the records provide some
evidence for Dortch’s conclusion that the gouge was not preexisting.

        Although we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in precluding
Dortch from inquiring about the absence of record evidence supporting Con-Way’s
theory by ruling that the evidence was irrelevant, we find that the error was harmless.
We will reverse the district court only if we find that “the abuse of discretion caused
more than harmless error.” Tompkin v. Phillip Morris USA, Inc., 362 F.3d 882, 897 (6th
Cir. 2004). “Even if a mistake has been made regarding the admission or exclusion of
evidence, a new trial will not be granted unless the evidence would have caused a
different outcome at trial.” Morales v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 151 F.3d 500, 514 (6th
Cir. 1998).

        In the present case, the fact that Con-Way could find no record of an incident
creating the second gouge is of little probative value. The part of the highway where the
accident occurred runs through the City of Louisville, a major metropolitan area, and is
undoubtedly used by hundreds of thousands of vehicles a year, including large vehicles
like tractor-trailers, snow plows, and construction equipment. Many, if not most,
incidents that damage such well-used roadways likely go unreported.
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                  Page 9


        Also, there was absolutely nothing preventing Dortch from presenting her own
witness to speak to the record evidence. If the record evidence was really all that
probative, Dortch could have put her own investigator on the stand to explain the lack
of records supporting Con-Way’s theory that the gouge was preexisting. That Dortch
did not feel compelled or even think to take this approach speaks volumes about how
unimportant she really believed this evidence to be. This was a multi-day trial with
numerous experts and extensive testimony regarding the physical evidence. The absence
of a record documenting a previous accident, while marginally relevant, has too little
weight to raise any likelihood that it would have affected the jury’s verdict. We
therefore will not reverse the district court on this basis.

        2.      Admissibility of Officer Beauford’s police report

        Dortch next contends that the district court erred by admitting Officer Beauford’s
police report into evidence pursuant to the hearsay exception in Rule 803(8)(B) of the
Federal Rules of Evidence. Rule 803(8) allows for the admission of public records and
reports, including “matters observed pursuant to duty imposed by law as to which
matters there was a duty to report . . . unless the sources of information or other
circumstances indicate lack of trustworthiness.”

        Dortch claims that the police report was untrustworthy because Officer Beauford
could have gone further in analyzing the scene of the accident, because the report mainly
relies on Fowler’s version of the events, and because both parties agree that some of the
facts to which Officer Beauford testified contradict the report’s conclusions. She also
contends that the district court erred by allowing Officer Beauford to testify as an expert
witness.

        Fowler and Con-Way characterize the officer’s report quite differently. Although
both admit that the report is inconsistent with one part of Officer Beauford’s testimony,
they argue that the overall report is trustworthy and its facts and conclusions are
accurate.
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                  Page 10


        In analyzing whether Officer Beauford’s report lacked trustworthiness, the
district court turned to the nonexhaustive list of factors provided in the Advisory
Committee Notes to Rule 803(8). These factors include: “(1) the timeliness of the
investigation, (2) the special skill or experience of the official, (3) whether a hearing was
held and the level at which [it was] conducted, [and] (4) possible motivation problems.”
Fed. R. Evid. 803(8) advisory committee’s notes (internal citations omitted); see also
Miller v. Field, 35 F.3d 1088, 1090-91 (6th Cir. 1994) (applying these factors to affirm
the admission of police reports regarding an alleged rape); Baker v. Elcona Homes
Corp., 588 F.2d 551, 558-59 (6th Cir. 1978) (applying these factors to affirm the
admission of a police report regarding a traffic accident). The district court concluded
that three of these four factors (all but whether a hearing was held) weighed in favor of
the report’s trustworthiness, and that any discrepancies could be addressed through the
cross-examination of Officer Beauford.

        We find no error in the district court’s analysis of this issue. To begin with, Rule
803(8)(B) is directly applicable to this case. Officer Beauford clearly had a legal duty,
as a police officer investigating the accident, to issue a report. The issue then becomes
whether his report lacked trustworthiness. And the factors listed in the Advisory
Committee Notes and used in Miller and Baker indicate that the report was trustworthy.
See Baker, 588 F.2d at 558.

        First, Office Beauford’s team arrived at the accident scene roughly 35 minutes
after the accident, making their investigation timely. Second, Officer Beauford had
extensive experience and training in accident reconstruction, as even Dortch admits. But
there was no hearing held regarding the report, so the third factor does not favor
admission. See Miller, 35 F.3d at 1090. The fourth factor does, however, because there
is no evidence that “possible motivation problems” were applicable to Officer Beauford
or his team. Dortch notes, on the other hand, that Fowler provided information to
Officer Beauford. But Officer Beauford was adamant that his report was largely based
on his own observations at the scene. The fourth factor therefore weighs in favor of
admissibility as well.
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                               Page 11


        Dortch presents the additional argument that the report was untrustworthy
because the conclusion in Officer Beauford’s report is at odds with his testimony in his
deposition and at trial. In his testimony on both occasions, Officer Beauford opined that
a particular tire mark on the surface of the road was made by the right front tire of
Fowler’s tractor-trailer. Dortch insists that if this were the case, then Fowler was in
Dortch’s lane when the accident occurred, which would contradict Officer Beauford’s
conclusion that Dortch caused the accident. Fowler and Con-Way argue that Officer
Beauford was simply mistaken on this point, that the tractor-trailer’s left front tire
actually made the mark, and that his police report, which does not discuss the tire mark
at all, is otherwise accurate and thus admissible. But even assuming that Officer
Beauford’s deposition and trial testimony on this point is at odds with the report’s
conclusions, the district court’s solution to the issue was sound: Dortch was free to
attack these inconsistencies on cross-examination.

        Dortch also contends that Officer Beauford should have gone further in analyzing
the scene of the accident and conducted a complete accident reconstruction. But Dortch
presents no support for the proposition that Officer Beauford’s failure to conduct a
complete accident reconstruction or a “total station survey” made his report
untrustworthy. Moreover, she was permitted to cross-examine Officer Beauford about
the limits of his investigation during the trial.

        Dortch further asserts that the Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 803(8) state
that “[p]olice reports have generally been excluded except to the extent to which they
incorporate firsthand observations of the officer.” According to Officer Beauford’s
testimony and the district court’s decision, however, the portions of the police report
admitted into evidence here were based on Officer Beauford’s firsthand observations,
not on Fowler’s admittedly biased statements. Supporting this assertion is the fact that
the report itself contains no statements from Fowler.

        In sum, the district court’s decision that the police report was trustworthy was
reasonable or, at the very least, arguable, and thus not an abuse of discretion. Officer
Beauford had an extensive background in accident reconstruction, was on the scene
No. 08-5476        Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                 Page 12


shortly after the accident, was unbiased, and his report was primarily based on his team’s
personal observations. Given these facts, the district court did not err in admitting
Officer Beauford’s report as evidence and permitting Dortch to raise any issues with the
report or the officer’s conduct via cross-examination. See Freitag v. Ayers, 468 F.3d
528, 540-41 n.5 (9th Cir. 2006) (affirming the district court’s decision to admit a report
pursuant to Rule 803(8) and noting that the opposing party “had a fair opportunity to
challenge the reliability of the report through their cross-examination”). Accordingly,
admitting the report was not an abuse of discretion. See Pressman v. Franklin Nat’l
Bank, 384 F.3d 182, 187 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding that the district court should be
reversed for abusing its discretion “only if we are firmly convinced of a mistake that
affects substantial rights” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also
Merriweather v. Family Dollar Stores of Ind., Inc., 103 F.3d 576, 584 (7th Cir. 1996)
(“If reasonable persons can disagree on a district court’s actions, there is no abuse of
discretion.”).

        This conclusion is reinforced by our own decision in Baker v. Elcona Homes
Corp., 588 F.2d 551 (6th Cir. 1978). In that case, the parties disputed the admission,
pursuant to Rule 803(8), of a police report about a traffic accident. Id. at 558-59. The
police officer who conducted the investigation and authored the report arrived at the
scene shortly after the accident, had investigated hundreds of previous accidents, and did
not have any improper motives. Id. Furthermore, the report was based largely on the
officer’s own independent observations. Based on these facts, the Baker court concluded
that the officer’s report was admissible. Id. The facts in Baker closely track those in the
present case.

        In contrast, the cases relied on by Dortch are distinguishable. She cites, for
example, Phillips v. Northwest Airlines Corp., 88 F. App’x 862, 864 (6th Cir. 2004),
which dealt with an accident where the plaintiff was injured by a baggage vehicle at an
airport and sought to use a police report to prove that the driver worked for Northwest.
Phillips is not instructive because the decision never makes a definitive holding on the
admissibility of the police report, and the report was a collection of secondhand
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                 Page 13


observations. Id. at 864-85. In the present case, Officer Beauford’s report is based
primarily on his team’s own observations.

        Dortch also cites Dallas & Mavis Forwarding Co. v. Stegall, 659 F.2d 721 (6th
Cir. 1981), and notes that it is “remarkably similar to this case.” The Dallas & Mavis
court affirmed the exclusion of a police report detailing the investigation of a traffic
accident. Id. at 721-22. But the report’s factual findings and conclusions in that case
were not based on any physical evidence, and instead related only the hearsay statements
of biased witnesses. Id. at 722. Due to the total lack of “physical data or evidence,” the
Dallas & Mavis court determined that the report failed to meet Rule 803(8)’s
trustworthiness requirement. Id. This contrasts sharply with the present case where the
report is founded on extensive physical evidence gathered by unbiased officers.

        In addition to her argument regarding the admissibility of the police report,
Dortch contends that Officer Beauford should not have been allowed to testify as an
expert witness. Dortch, however, failed to preserve this argument for appeal. Before
trial, Dortch filed a motion in limine to exclude Officer Beauford’s opinion testimony,
but the district court did not resolve the issue in its written order, instead deferring the
matter until trial. During the trial, Officer Beauford testified about his extensive
background in accident reconstruction and offered, without objection, an opinion about
who caused the accident.

        Dortch was free to renew her objection to the officer’s opinion testimony by
contesting Officer Beauford’s qualifications at trial, but she failed to do so. “It is well
settled that this court will not consider an error or issue which could have been raised
below but was not.” Raft v. Comm’r, 147 F. App’x 458, 462 (6th Cir. 2005); United
States v. Kimball, 194 F. App’x 373, 376 (6th Cir. 2006) (holding that although a motion
to exclude evidence “was made in limine[,] it is not properly before us because there was
no contemporaneous objection made at trial to preserve it for appeal”).

        In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Officer
Beauford’s accident report. The court acted appropriately by admitting the report under
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                 Page 14


Rule 803(8) and allowing Dortch to challenge the substance of the report via cross-
examination. Dortch also waived any challenge to Office Beauford’s opinion testimony.

C.      Negligent-supervision-and-retention claim against Con-Way

        Dortch’s final two arguments affect only her negligent-supervision-and-retention
claim. Specifically, she alleges that the district court wrongly limited discovery on this
claim, preventing her from obtaining information about all of the previous accidents
occasioned by Fowler while driving for Con-Way. She also contends that the district
court incorrectly granted Con-Way summary judgment on the claim.

        We have no need, however, to address these arguments. As Con-Way explains,
and as Dortch concedes, a claim of negligent supervision and retention against an
employer can succeed only if the conduct of the employee in question injured the
plaintiff. See Airdrie Stud, Inc. v. Reed, No. 2001-CA-001397-MR, 2003 WL 22796469,
at *2 (Ky. Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2003) (“An employer cannot be liable for negligent
retention unless the employee committed a negligent or intentional act resulting in injury
to the plaintiff.”); see also Guthrie v. Conroy, 567 S.E.2d 403, 411 (N.C. Ct. App. 2002)
(holding that “[a]bsent a viable tort claim against” an employee, the plaintiff “cannot
maintain an action against [the employer] for negligent retention and supervision”);
Mulhern v. City of Scottsdale, 799 P.2d 15, 18 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1990) (“[T]he employer
is not negligent in hiring or retaining the employee as a matter of law if the theory of the
employee’s underlying negligence fails.”).

        Put another way, Con-Way could be liable to Dortch for negligently supervising
and retaining Fowler only if Fowler caused the traffic accident in question. But none of
Dortch’s arguments on appeal invalidate the jury’s verdict in favor of Fowler and Con-
Way on the underlying negligence claim. Because we have found no reversible error in
the conduct of the trial, and because the jury found that Fowler was not negligent, the
issue of whether the district court erred in addressing the negligent-supervision-and-
retention claim is moot.
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                             Page 15


                                 III.    CONCLUSION

         For all of the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
No. 08-5476         Dortch et al. v. Fowler et al.                                 Page 16


                                ____________________

                                  CONCURRENCE
                                ____________________

        JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring. I concur but would
employ reasoning different from that of the majority in disposing of the issue discussed
in part II.B.1, the admissibility of research on the origins of the second gouge. The
majority is likely correct that the district court erred in basing its exclusion of the
evidence on lack of relevancy under Federal Rules of Evidence 401 and 402. The failure
to establish a cause for the second gouge other than the accident involving the parties
may have some limited relevance. Nevertheless, the evidence was properly excluded
under Federal Rule of Evidence 403 because its probative value was slight and its
potential for prejudice and jury confusion significant. I would simply affirm the district
court’s exclusion of the evidence on a ground different from that used by the district
court rather than characterize the district court’s evidentiary ruling as an abuse of
discretion and employ harmless error analysis to affirm. See Dixon v. Clem, 492 F.3d
665, 673 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that this court “may affirm on any grounds supported
by the record even if different from the reasons of the district court” (citation omitted)).
