                                    2017 IL App (1st) 160683

                                                                                FIRST DIVISION
                                                                                    July 17, 2017

                                          No. 1-16-0683


                                                             )
ZBIGNIEW ADWENT,                                             )       Appeal from the Circuit
                                                             )       Court of Cook County.
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                                  )
                                                             )
v.                                                           )       No. 12 L 10734
                                                             )
RICHARD B. NOVAK, M.D., 	                                    )
                                                             )       Honorable
       Defendant-Appellee.	                                  )       Casandra Lewis,
                                                             )       Judge Presiding.
                                                             )

       JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

       Presiding Justice Connors and Justice Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion. 


                                            OPINION

¶1     Plaintiff Zbigniew Adwent brought a medical malpractice suit against defendant Dr.

Richard B. Novak. On October 5, 2015, a jury returned a verdict in favor of Dr. Novak. On

appeal, Mr. Adwent claims that the trial court abused its discretion in two respects: (1) by barring

testimony from Mr. Adwent’s expert witness, James Hayes, that Dr. Novak’s chart regarding his

treatment of Mr. Adwent was missing a page; and (2) by refusing to give a jury instruction on

contributory negligence. Because we find neither of these rulings are an abuse of the trial court’s

discretion, we affirm.

¶2                                      BACKGROUND

¶3     Mr. Adwent filed his initial complaint on September 20, 2012, alleging that, during two

office visits in September 2010, Dr. Novak was negligent in failing to properly investigate or

treat his medical conditions, which included back pain, Group B streptococcus, bacteremia, and

diabetes. The initial complaint was brought against Dr. Novak and Novak Family Medical, but
No. 1-16-0683

two days before trial Mr. Adwent was given leave to file a first amended complaint against Dr.

Novak only. In his answer to Mr. Adwent’s first amended complaint, which was filed during the

trial on October 1, 2015, the only affirmative defense that Dr. Novak pleaded was Mr. Adwent’s

failure to mitigate damages.

¶4                                   A. Pre-Trial Proceedings

¶5     On September 19, 2014, Mr. Adwent filed disclosures pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 213(f) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007), disclosing his intention to call James Hayes as a forensic

document examiner. Attached to the disclosures was a report in which Mr. Hayes noted that he

had examined 22 pages of the “original Novak Family Medical office chart” for Mr. Adwent and

opined: “Based upon the examination and comparisons of the exhibits I have determined that the

exhibits submitted are not the complete record of the Zbigniew Adwent medical records.” Mr.

Hayes further explained that his conclusion was based on “the presence of developed latent

images on the submitted documents that could not be correlated to the records. Images from page

21A are not found in the records.”

¶6     On September 20, 2015, Dr. Novak filed a motion in limine to bar Mr. Hayes from

testifying, arguing that Mr. Hayes’s opinion was “inconclusive and speculative.” Attached to the

motion was a transcript of Mr. Hayes’s December 2014 discovery deposition, in which he

explained that his opinion was based on latent images found on a billing record at page 21A of

Mr. Adwent’s medical records. According to Mr. Hayes, these latent images reflected writing—

including the initials “FU,” which he believed referred to “follow up,” as well as “entries for

blood pressure and pulse and other entries that ha[d] not been deciphered but [we]re clearly

visible on the document”—that had been made on another piece of paper while it was laid on top

of page 21A. Mr. Hayes concluded that, because the latent images on page 21A did not appear as


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actual writing on any page in Mr. Adwent’s medical records, the records were not complete.

¶7     Mr. Hayes conceded in his deposition that he had no knowledge of whether the writing

that appeared in the latent images on page 21A concerned Mr. Adwent. Mr. Hayes also could not

be sure that the writing was Dr. Novak’s; although the handwriting on the latent images was

consistent with Dr. Novak’s handwriting on Mr. Adwent’s medical chart, Mr. Hayes “had not

rendered an opinion regarding authorship.” Mr. Hayes also acknowledged the narrow scope of

his opinion:

                       “Q. So your single opinion in this case is that there are latent images

                shown on Page 21A, the billing record entry, that you cannot correlate to any

                other handwritten entry on any other page of Mr. Adwent’s medical chart.

                       A. Correct.”

¶8     The trial court granted Dr. Novak’s motion to bar Mr. Hayes from testifying at trial. The

court noted that the proposed testimony was “totally speculative” and that there was no way to

know if the writing in the latent image was “work related” or even “related to this particular

patient.” The court continued, “[a]nd if it is related to this particular patient, we don’t know what

he was trying to say. I mean, I don’t know how that could be probative, other than to go to some,

you know—I don’t know, some conspiracy kind of thing.”

¶9                                       B. Offer of Proof

¶ 10   During trial, Mr. Adwent made an offer of proof as to what Mr. Hayes would have

testified to, questioning Mr. Hayes on the stand outside of the jury’s presence. That testimony,

consistent with Mr. Hayes’s deposition testimony, was that notations had been made on a

document which appeared in latent images on page 21A of Mr. Adwent’s medical records, but

that the document with those notations was not a part of Mr. Adwent’s medical chart as


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maintained by Dr. Novak. Mr. Hayes also acknowledged that he could not determine whether

that missing document concerned Mr. Adwent and that he had “no way of knowing” what patient

was referred to in the writing appearing as a latent image on page 21A. In response to

questioning from Mr. Adwent’s attorney, Mr. Hayes reiterated that the conclusion he drew from

Mr. Adwent’s medical records was simply that “the document upon which the F/U, the

temperature and the BP were written d[id] not exist in the chart that [he] examined, and [was] not

a part of the characteristics of the exhibits that [he] examined.”

¶ 11                                           C. Trial

¶ 12   The trial began on September 21, 2015. The evidence was that on August 31, 2010, prior

to going to see Dr. Novak, Mr. Adwent was admitted to St. Alexius Medical Center and

diagnosed with Group B streptococcus, bacteremia, cholelithiasis, low back pain, lumbar disc

disease, Type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Mr. Adwent was told that he needed an MRI, but

would have to pay for it before he received it. Mr. Adwent left the hospital against medical

advice on September 7, 2010, because, according to his testimony, he could not afford the MRI

and the hospital was not helping him. Although Mr. Adwent could not recall this at trial, one of

his children testified that Mr. Adwent subsequently made a visit to the emergency room at Good

Shepherd Hospital on September 19, 2010.

¶ 13   Mr. Adwent first saw Dr. Novak in the doctor’s office on September 21, 2010,

accompanied by three of his adult children and complaining of intractable back pain. Mr.

Adwent testified that Dr. Novak did not tell him to go to the hospital or to a back specialist but,

instead, prescribed him medication and told him to come back if he did not feel better. Mr.

Adwent also testified that he did not hear Dr. Novak tell his children that he needed to go to the

hospital and that he did not remember telling Dr. Novak that he had been in the hospital for a


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week or in the emergency room.

¶ 14    Dr. Novak testified, and his patient notes for September 21 reflected, that Mr. Adwent’s

chief complaint that day was severe lower back pain and that Dr. Novak’s initial impression was

exacerbation of Mr. Adwent’s lower back pain due to sciatica caused by a herniated disc. Dr.

Novak testified that he prescribed a drug regimen to treat the lower back pain and that he told

Mr. Adwent that he needed to either see a back specialist or go to the hospital because Dr. Novak

could only provide him with immediate help. Dr. Novak testified that he did not schedule a

follow-up visit because he did not expect to see the patient again. Dr. Novak acknowledged that

these recommendations were not in Mr. Adwent’s medical records but testified that Mr. Adwent

gave no indication that he would not follow them.

¶ 15    Mr. Adwent testified that he returned to see Dr. Novak again on September 27, 2010,

because he again began to feel very severe pain. He was accompanied on the second visit by two

of his adult children. Mr. Adwent testified that Dr. Novak did not mention the need for a hospital

visit, but gave him an injection and prescribed more medication.

¶ 16    Dr. Novak testified that, at the September 27, 2010, visit, he again urged Mr. Adwent to

go to the hospital. This recommendation was in Dr. Novak’s notes, which were included with

Mr. Adwent’s medical chart for that date. Dr. Novak’s notes also reflected that Mr. Adwent told

Dr. Novak that he would not go to the hospital. Dr. Novak did not see Mr. Adwent again after

that date until the lawsuit was filed.

¶ 17    A day or two after Mr. Adwent saw Dr. Novak on September 27, 2010, Mr. Adwent

became quite ill and was admitted to the hospital with what he alleged was septic shock, as well

as other serious medical conditions. He was in the hospital for two months, had multiple

surgeries, and incurred significant medical expenses.


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¶ 18    During the jury instruction conference, Mr. Adwent requested that the court give an

instruction on contributory negligence and a jury verdict form that allowed for contributory

negligence. Mr. Adwent urged the trial court to provide these to the jury over Dr. Novak’s

objection because there “was a ton of evidence of contributory negligence.” As Mr. Adwent

pointed out at the jury instruction conference, the defendants’ answer to the original complaint

pleaded both failure to mitigate and contributory negligence as affirmative defenses. The trial

court refused to give any instruction on contributory negligence because Dr. Novak did not plead

the affirmative defense of contributory negligence in his answer to the first amended complaint.

The record on appeal contains no specific instruction or jury form submitted by Mr. Adwent to

the trial court.

¶ 19    On October 5, 2015, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Dr. Novak. On November 2,

2015, Mr. Adwent filed a motion for a new trial that raised both of the issues that he raises on

appeal and that the trial court denied on February 16, 2016.

¶ 20                                     JURISDICTION

¶ 21    Mr. Adwent timely filed his notice of appeal on March 9, 2016. Accordingly, this court

has jurisdiction pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rules 301 and 303, governing appeals from

final judgments entered by the circuit court in civil cases. Ill. S. Ct. R. 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994);

R. 303 (eff. Jan. 1, 2015).

¶ 22                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 23                          A. Exclusion of Mr. Hayes’s Testimony

¶ 24    Mr. Adwent’s first claim of error is that the trial court improperly excluded the testimony

of Mr. Hayes. The decision of whether to admit or exclude evidence, including whether to allow

an expert to present certain opinions, rests solely within the discretion of the trial court and this


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court will not reverse on this basis absent an abuse of the court’s discretion. Jones v. Beck, 2014

IL App (1st) 131124, ¶ 16. Such an abuse of discretion occurs only if no reasonable person

would take the view adopted by the trial court. Id. When considering the reliability of expert

testimony and determining the admissibility of that testimony, a trial judge “should balance its

probative value against its prejudicial effect.” People v. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d 215, 235 (2010). “In

the exercise of his or her discretion, the trial judge should also carefully consider the necessity

and relevance of the expert testimony in light of the facts in the case before admitting it for the

jury’s consideration.” Id.

¶ 25   Mr. Adwent argues:

                “The probative value of Mr. Hayes [sic] testimony that there were missing

                documents from the patient’s chart substantially outweighs the prejudicial effect

                on the defendant because it shows that the defendant failed to properly investigate

                the patient’s chart and inappropriately gave an IM steroid injection without

                exploring the plaintiff’s underlying condition.”

¶ 26   As an initial matter, we reject the premise of Mr. Adwent’s arguments: that Mr. Hayes

could have testified that a document was missing from Mr. Adwent’s medical chart. Although

the opinion Mr. Hayes offered in his report was that Mr. Adwent’s medical records were not

complete, he backed away from this conclusion in both his deposition and during his offer of

proof testimony, acknowledging that all that he could opine was that he could not “correlate” the

handwriting on the latent images on page 21A “to any other handwritten entry on any other page

of Mr. Adwent’s medical chart” and that “the document upon which the F/U, the temperature

and the BP were written d[id] not exist in the chart that [he] examined, and [was] not a part of

the characteristics of the exhibits that [he]examined.” Thus, it appears that Mr. Hayes would not


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have, in fact, testified that there were documents missing from Mr. Adwent’s medical chart.

¶ 27   Even if Mr. Hayes had remained willing to testify that, in his opinion, a document was

missing from Mr. Adwent’s medical chart, such an opinion would not have been supported by

Mr. Hayes’s observations. Those observations made clear that Mr. Hayes did not know whether

the document from which writing appeared as latent images on page 21A had ever been a part of

Mr. Adwent’s medical chart, whether it was authored by Dr. Novak, or whether it even

concerned Mr. Adwent. It is well settled that “[a]n expert witness’ opinion cannot be based on

mere conjecture and guess.” Dyback v. Weber, 114 Ill. 2d 232, 244 (1986). To the extent that Mr.

Hayes would have offered such an opinion to the jury, it would not have been an abuse of the

trial court’s discretion to bar that testimony. Thus, we do not accept the premise that Mr. Hayes

could have testified even to the first of these alleged connections between the latent images that

he observed on page 21A of Mr. Adwent’s medical chart and the issues in this case—that there

was a document missing from Mr. Adwent’s medical chart.

¶ 28   Moreover, even if Mr. Adwent had been able to make that first connection—that a

document was missing—he could not have tied this evidence to any of the other connections that

he argues make Mr. Hayes’s testimony relevant. Mr. Hayes acknowledged at his deposition and

during the offer of proof that he could not say that the writing in the latent images on page 21A

concerned Mr. Adwent. Mr. Hayes also refused to provide any opinion that Dr. Novak had

authored this allegedly missing document. Thus, even if a document was “missing,” it might not

have been authored by Dr. Novak and it might not have concerned Mr. Adwent.

¶ 29   Finally, even if Mr. Hayes could have testified that, in his opinion, there was a missing

record regarding Mr. Adwent and that the missing record was authored by Dr. Novak, Mr. Hayes

acknowledged that he knew almost nothing about what was on that document. He could only


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testify that the latent images suggested that the document contained the letters “FU” and had

entries that appeared to be for blood pressure and pulse. Mr. Hayes was unable to testify as to

anything else that appeared on that document. It is a huge leap to suggest, as Mr. Adwent argues,

that this somehow “shows” that Dr. Novak failed to investigate the patient’s chart or gave the

patient inappropriate care.

¶ 30   To the extent that Mr. Adwent argues that the bare fact of a missing document from his

medical chart, whatever the substance and whoever the author, would undermine Dr. Novak’s

credibility, for the reasons outlined above, we do not believe that Mr. Hayes would have testified

that he believed a document was “missing” or that, if chose to testify that way, such testimony

would have been admissible.

¶ 31   Since there would have been little, if any, probative value to Mr. Hayes’s testimony, Dr.

Novak need not have demonstrated much prejudicial impact. Becker, 239 Ill. 2d at 235

(prejudicial effect is balanced against probative value). However, Mr. Adwent’s argument on

appeal illustrates the prejudicial impact that this testimony could have had on the jury. Mr.

Adwent’s counsel clearly intended to use that testimony to suggest that Mr. Adwent’s medical

records had perhaps been altered to cover the doctor’s inappropriate treatment of his patient.

Such a use of this testimony would be completely speculative and highly prejudicial.

¶ 32   In sum, there can be little doubt that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting

the motion in limine and barring Mr. Hayes’s testimony in this case.

¶ 33                                    B. Jury Instruction

¶ 34   Mr. Adwent next argues that the trial court erroneously refused to give the jury either an

instruction or a verdict form that addressed contributory negligence. Mr. Adwent acknowledges

that Dr. Novak did not request such an instruction and was not pleading an affirmative defense of


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contributory negligence at the time that the jury began its deliberations. However, Mr. Adwent

claims that he was prejudiced because the jury was allowed to hear significant evidence about his

own conduct—including that he left St. Alexius Medical Center against medical advice and

failed to provide Dr. Novak with an adequate medical history—that was relevant only to

contributory negligence. Mr. Adwent acknowledges that, on appeal, our review of this issue is

limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion. Schultz v. Northeast Illinois

Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 273 (2002). We find no such abuse of discretion

in this case.

¶ 35    First, as Dr. Novak points out, Mr. Adwent has not adequately presented this issue

because the record on appeal does not include the proposed jury instruction. We have held that,

“[u]nless all instructions, both given and refused, are contained in the record, ‘a claim of error

based on the giving or refusal of instructions will not be heard.’ ” People v. Reynolds, 294 Ill.

App. 3d 58, 69 (1997) (quoting People v. Daily, 41 Ill. 2d 116, 121 (1968)).

¶ 36    Moreover, even if Mr. Adwent properly presented the issue, or we assumed that he

requested the contributory negligence instruction and jury verdict form from the Illinois Pattern

Jury Instructions, we would find there was no error. The law is clear that a party cannot

demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to give a jury instruction without

demonstrating that prejudice has resulted. Dillard v. Walsh Press & Die Co., 224 Ill. App. 3d

269, 279-80 (1991). Mr. Adwent cannot demonstrate that the trial court’s refusal of his request

for an instruction on contributory negligence resulted in any prejudice to him.

¶ 37    Contributory negligence reduces a plaintiff’s damages. Gruidl v. Schell, 166 Ill. App. 3d

276, 280 (1988). It is difficult to imagine how the failure to give an instruction that could only

have served to reduce the damages that Mr. Adwent would have been awarded had he prevailed


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in this case could have prejudiced Mr. Adwent where the jury found in favor of Dr. Novak and

no damages were awarded in the first instance. Therefore, the outcome in this case could not

have been impacted by the trial court’s failure to give an instruction on contributory negligence.

¶ 38   In apparent recognition of this problem, Mr. Adwent argues that some of the evidence

presented at trial should not have been admitted if an affirmative defense of contributory

negligence was not going to be asserted. As Mr. Adwent notes, although Dr. Novak and Novak

Family Medical asserted the affirmative defense of contributory negligence in the answer to Mr.

Adwent’s initial complaint, that complaint was superseded by Mr. Adwent’s first amended

complaint, which Dr. Novak did not answer until the middle of the trial, when evidence of Mr.

Adwent’s own conduct in leaving the hospital against medical advice and in failing to fully

inform Dr. Novak about his medical history had already been presented to the jury. However,

these facts do not help Mr. Adwent’s position.

¶ 39   Mr. Adwent’s arguments go to the admissibility of evidence, not the appropriate jury

instructions to be offered. Mr. Adwent did not object to this evidence at trial and did not address

the propriety of its admission in his posttrial motion or on appeal. Thus, the issue of whether this

evidence about Mr. Adwent’s own conduct should have been admitted is not even before us.

Moreover, as Dr. Novak points out, the evidence about Mr. Adwent’s conduct was relevant to

demonstrate that his actions were the sole proximate cause of his injuries; it was based on this

evidence that the trial court gave a jury instruction on sole proximate cause.

¶ 40   Mr. Adwent also appears to argue that, by failing to give a contributory negligence

instruction and verdict form, the trial court took away the possibility of a compromise verdict, in

which the jury could have found Dr. Novak at fault but also found Mr. Adwent partially

responsible. This is completely speculative and, in fact, simply not possible. As Dr. Novak notes,


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pursuant to the Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions verdict forms, the jury would not have been

instructed to even consider the issue of contributory negligence unless and until it found that Dr.

Novak was liable for Mr. Adwent’s injuries. At that point, the jury would have been instructed

that, if the plaintiff’s contributory negligence was “50% or less of the total proximate cause of

the injury or damage for which recovery is sought,” it should use verdict form B, which would

allow it to deduct from the damages awarded a percentage attributable to the plaintiff. Illinois

Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. B45.02 (2011). The compromise verdict Mr. Adwent

speculates may have resulted if the jury had been instructed on contributory negligence was thus

legally incompatible with the jury’s finding that Dr. Novak was not liable for Mr. Adwent’s

injuries.

¶ 41    In sum, Mr. Adwent has failed to show he was prejudiced by the trial court’s refusal to

give a jury instruction on contributory negligence. Accordingly the court did not abuse its

discretion by refusing or failing to give such an instruction.

¶ 42                                      CONCLUSION

¶ 43    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

¶ 44    Affirmed.




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