Motions for Rehearing Denied, Motion for Reconsideration En Banc
Dismissed as Moot, and Supplemental Opinion filed December 6, 2018.




                                      In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                              NO. 14-16-00116-CV

         OSAMA ABDULLATIF AND ALI MOKARAM, Appellants
                                        V.

ALI CHOUDHRI AND MOKARAM LATIF WEST LOOP, LTD., Appellees

                   On Appeal from the 190th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2012-27197


  SUPPLEMENTAL MAJORITY OPINION
      We issue this supplemental opinion to address cases cited in appellee Ali
Choudhri’s motion for rehearing. Finding no merit in that motion or in the motion
for rehearing filed by appellants Osama Abdullatif and Ali Mokaram (collectively
the “Latif Parties”), we deny these motions. These rulings render moot the Latif
Parties’ motion for reconsideration en banc.
                          Choudhri’s Newly Cited Authority

      In his motion for rehearing, Choudhri cites The Atrium v. Kenwin Shops of
Crockett, Inc., a case from this court, for a holding that parties to a lease could
ratify by their conduct a lease even after the lease had become “null and void”
under a lease provision. See 666 S.W.2d 315, 317–18 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.). In its brief analysis, the Atrium court cited no case in
support of its conclusion. See id. We presume for argument’s sake that the Atrium
court held that parties to a lease can ratify by their conduct a lease even after the
lease has become “null and void” under a lease provision using the plain, ordinary,
and generally accepted meaning of the phrase “null and void.” See id.

      Even under this presumption, the Atrium court’s holding does not bind this
panel because the holding conflicts with Supreme Court of Texas precedent under
which the plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning of the term “void” is
“entirely null, not binding on any party, and not susceptible of ratification or
confirmation.” See Brazzel v. Murray, 481 S.W.2d 801, 803 (Tex. 1972) (relying
on precedent in Murchison v. White, 54 Tex. 78, 81 (Tex. 1880) for the proposition
that a void act is entirely null, not binding on either party, and not susceptible of
ratification or confirmation); Rue v. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co., 8 S.W. 533, 535 (Tex.
1888) (stating that “[n]o acts of ratification can validate or make effective that
which is void” in a case involving a void lease or contract); Murchison v. White, 54
Tex. 78, 81 (Tex. 1880) (stating that “[a] void act is one entirely null within itself,
not binding on either party, and which is not susceptible of ratification or
confirmation. Its nullity cannot be waived.”); Cummings v. Powell, 8 Tex. 80, 85
(Tex. 1852) (stating that “[a] void act . . . is one which is entirely null, not binding
on either party, and not susceptible of ratification; and a voidable act is one which
is obligatory upon others until disaffirmed by the party with whom it originated

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and which may be subsequently ratified or confirmed”). No panel of this court is
bound by a prior holding of another panel if, as with Atrium, the prior holding
conflicts with an on-point precedent from the supreme court. See Glassman v.
Goodfriend, 347 S.W.3d 772, 781 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet.
denied) (en banc).    To the extent the statements in the cited cases were not
necessary to the supreme court’s disposition of the case, the high court made the
statements deliberately and for future guidance in the conduct of litigation, so these
statements constitute judicial dicta binding on this court. See Allstate County
Mutual Ins. Co. v. Wootton, 494 S.W.3d 825, 834 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Thus, even if the Atrium court held that the contracting
parties can ratify by their conduct a lease after the lease had become “null and
void” under a lease provision using the plain, ordinary, and generally accepted
meaning of that phrase, any such holding does not bind this court. See Brazzel, 481
S.W.2d at 803; Rue, 8 S.W. at 535; Murchison, 54 Tex. at 81; Cummings, 8 Tex.
at 85; Glassman, 347 S.W.3d at 781; The Atrium, 666 S.W.2d at 317–18. Duty-
bound to follow the supreme court’s precedent, we conclude the Atrium case
provides no basis for rehearing relief.

      In his motion for rehearing, Choudhri also cites Humble Oil & Refining
Company v. Clark for the proposition that a void instrument can be made valid by
adoption, ratification, or confirmation. See 87 S.W.2d 471, 474 (Tex. 1935). The
Clark case does not support this proposition. See id. In Clark, the supreme court
presumed that a 1928 oil and gas lease was void. See id. at 472. The Clark court
then examined whether a 1930 oil and gas lease was valid. See id. Except for a
few changes, the language of the 1930 lease mirrored the language of the 1928
lease, including a statement that the lease was made in 1928. See id. The lessors
signed the second lease in 1930. See id. The supreme court determined that the

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terms of the 1930 lease were valid, even though one part of the lease incorrectly
recited that it was made in 1928. See id. at 473–74. The high court concluded that
the 1930 lease’s use of the terms from the void 1928 lease did not make the 1930
lease void. See id. at 474. The Clark court discussed a fact pattern in which one
instrument is void and a second instrument is then validly executed to effect the
transfer that the void instrument failed to accomplish. See id. The Clark court
indicated that, if the part of the first instrument that made the instrument void was
not present in the later instrument, then the latter’s use of the terms of the void
instrument does not make the second instrument void or invalid. See id. The
Clark court did not state that a void instrument can be made valid by adoption,
ratification, or confirmation. See id.

      We stated on original submission that if, after October 2010, Latif and
Mokaram both approved an assignment of all of Mokaram’s membership interest
in Mokaram-Latif General, LLC to Choudhri, the proper course under the company
agreement would have been to document this approval and have Mokaram execute
another assignment document that would not be null and void ab initio. See
Abdullatif v. Choudhri, No. 14-16-00116-CV, 2018 WL 1559995, at *14 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 30, 2018, no pet. h.). This statement is consistent
with the Clark court’s analysis. See Clark, 87 S.W.2d at 472–74. The Clark case
provides no reason to depart from the analysis in our original opinion or to grant
any relief on rehearing.

                                     Conclusion

      In sum, we conclude that the arguments in Choudhri’s motion for rehearing
and the arguments in the Latif Parties’ motion for rehearing lack merit.
Accordingly, we deny these motions. And, we dismiss as moot the Latif Parties’

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motion for reconsideration en banc.




                                      /s/       Kem Thompson Frost
                                                Chief Justice


Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Busby and Wise.
(Justice Wise respectfully dissents to the Supplemental Majority Opinion for the
reasons expressed in the Dissenting Opinion he filed in this case on March 30,
2018. Justice Wise would grant appellants’ motion for rehearing).




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