                           This opinion will be unpublished and
                           may not be cited except as provided by
                           Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                                STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                      A13-2364

                                    State of Minnesota,
                                       Respondent,

                                            vs.

                                   Amanda Sue Thorne,
                                      Appellant.

                                Filed September 22, 2014
                                        Affirmed
                                      Reilly, Judge

                              Hennepin County District Court
                                File No. 27-CR-13-12553

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Jamie L. Kreuser, Assistant St. Louis Park City Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for
respondent)

William J. Mauzy, Casey T. Rundquist, Law Offices of William J. Mauzy, Minneapolis,
Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Reilly, Judge; and Reyes,

Judge.

                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

REILLY, Judge

         Appellant challenges her impaired-driving conviction on the ground that there was

insufficient evidence supporting the vehicle stop and further challenges the
constitutionality of the chemical test. Because there was reasonable, articulable suspicion

to stop appellant’s vehicle and she freely and voluntarily consented to chemical testing,

we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       On April 20, 2013, around 3:45 a.m. a Minnesota State Patrol trooper saw a red

sport utility vehicle weaving over the lane lines and veering onto the right shoulder of the

highway. The trooper continued to follow the vehicle and noticed that it “regularly”

crossed over the lane lines and drove down the middle of the lane line without signaling

lane changes. Based on the time of day and the driving conduct, the trooper concluded

that the vehicle was potentially being driven by an impaired driver and initiated a traffic

stop. The trooper identified appellant as the driver. The trooper noticed a strong smell of

alcohol coming from the vehicle and saw that appellant’s eyes were bloodshot and

watery. The trooper led appellant through a series of field sobriety tests and concluded

that she failed those tests. A preliminary breath test revealed an alcohol concentration of

.16.

       The trooper placed appellant under arrest and read her the motor vehicle implied-

consent advisory in the squad car at the stop location. The trooper asked appellant if she

wished to consult with an attorney, and she indicated that she did. The trooper provided

appellant with her cell phone and telephone directories and left her alone in the squad car

to make telephone calls. The trooper transported appellant to the Hennepin County jail,

and appellant continued to make phone calls in the squad car. Appellant contacted her

mother but did not contact an attorney. After appellant stopped making phone calls, the


                                             2
trooper asked if she was finished, and she stated that she was. The trooper asked

appellant if she would submit to a breath test, and she agreed. The breath test recorded

an alcohol concentration of .15, and the state charged appellant with one count of fourth-

degree DWI, alcohol concentration .08 within two hours, pursuant to Minn. Stat.

§ 169A.20, subd. 1(5) (2012), and one count of fourth-degree DWI, driving while

impaired, pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 169A.20, subd. 1(1) (2012).

       The district court held an evidentiary hearing to consider whether there was a legal

basis to stop appellant’s vehicle and whether appellant validly consented to submit to

chemical testing.   The district court admitted testimony from the state trooper and

received the squad car video into evidence. The parties reappeared for a plea hearing and

sentencing, and the district court judge denied appellant’s motion to suppress from the

bench. With respect to the stop issue, the district court concluded that there was a legal

basis to stop the vehicle. The district court reviewed the squad video and determined that

there were “numerous times” when the vehicle did not stay in its lane, including one

instance where the vehicle was “very substantially into the fog or shoulder lane,” with the

wheel “well over that line.” The district court concluded that the trooper had reasonable,

articulable suspicion to stop appellant’s vehicle based upon appellant’s driving conduct,

and the stop was therefore lawful.

       With respect to the consent issue, the district court found that the trooper read

appellant the implied-consent advisory and that appellant understood the advisory. The

district court further found that the trooper gave appellant the opportunity to speak with

an attorney. The district court recognized that, although appellant did not speak with an


                                            3
attorney, that was not a “necessary element” under Brooks. The district court concluded

that appellant consented to submit to testing.

         Appellant stipulated to the state’s evidence pursuant to Minnesota Rule of

Criminal Procedure 26.01, subdivision 4, to preserve the pretrial issues for appeal. The

parties agreed to amend the charges to one count of fourth-degree DWI, alcohol

concentration .08 within two hours, pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 169A.20, subd. 1(5), and

one count of careless driving. The district court convicted appellant on both counts and

sentenced her. This appeal followed.

                                      DECISION

                                             I.

         Appellant argues that the district court erred in determining that the trooper had

reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop appellant’s vehicle and denying her motion to

suppress.    When reviewing a district court’s pretrial order on a motion to suppress

evidence, “we review the district court’s factual findings under a clearly erroneous

standard and the district court’s legal determinations de novo.” State v. Gauster, 752

N.W.2d 496, 502 (Minn. 2008). The United States Constitution and the Minnesota

Constitution prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn.

Const. art. I, § 10. A traffic stop constitutes a seizure implicating the Fourth Amendment.

State v. Thiel, 846 N.W.2d 605, 610 (Minn. App. 2014), review denied (Minn. Aug. 5,

2014).

         However, limited investigatory stops are permissible if a law-enforcement officer

has “reasonable articulable suspicion of a motor vehicle violation or of criminal activity.”


                                              4
State v. Johnson, 645 N.W.2d 505, 508 (Minn. App. 2002). A reasonable, articulable

suspicion exists if the police officer can present “a particularized and objective basis for

suspecting the seized person of criminal activity.” State v. Cripps, 533 N.W.2d 388, 391

(Minn. 1995). The standard for such a stop is minimal, but must be based on more than

“mere whim, caprice, or idle curiosity.” Marben v. State Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 294

N.W.2d 697, 699 (Minn. 1980).          Thus, “[a] hunch, without additional objectively

articulable facts, cannot provide the basis for an investigatory stop.” State v. Harris, 590

N.W.2d 90, 101 (Minn. 1999).

       The trooper testified that he observed appellant’s vehicle weaving over the lane

lines “way up” onto the right shoulder, that the vehicle’s tires crossed over the fog line,

and that the vehicle “regularly” crossed over the lane lines without signaling lane

changes. Minnesota law is clear that “[i]f an officer observes a violation of a traffic law,

however insignificant, the officer has an objective basis for stopping the vehicle.” State

v. George, 557 N.W.2d 575, 578 (Minn. 1997). On laned highways, “[a] vehicle shall be

driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane.” Minn. Stat. § 169.18, subd.

7(a) (2012). Numerous appellate court cases have likewise determined that crossing over

traffic lanes, swerving, and failing to stay within properly marked traffic lanes provides

reasonable, articulable suspicion of a traffic-law violation sufficient to justify a stop. See,

e.g., State v. Jones, 649 N.W.2d 481, 484 (Minn. App. 2002) (finding police stop of

vehicle lawful where driver changed lanes without signaling); State v. Wagner, 637

N.W.2d 330, 336 (Minn. App. 2001) (finding reasonable basis for stop where driver




                                              5
crossed center line and drove onto shoulder). Based on appellant’s driving conduct, the

trooper had an objective basis for stopping her vehicle.

       Appellant argues that even if she weaved within her lane, she otherwise

maintained safe driving habits. It is true that a single instance of swerving within one’s

own lane of traffic is not sufficient, by itself, to create a reasonable, articulable suspicion

of criminal activity to support a traffic stop. State v. Dalos, 635 N.W.2d 94, 96 (Minn.

App. 2001). Here, however, the district court found that appellant committed a traffic

violation by failing to stay within her lane of traffic. Specifically, the district court found

that appellant’s vehicle veered over the lane of traffic “numerous times,” and, at the

beginning of the squad video, drove her vehicle “very substantially into the fog or

shoulder lane,” with the wheel “well over that line.” The district court credited the

trooper’s testimony that appellant committed a traffic violation by swerving over the

lanes of traffic, and “[d]eference must be given to the district court’s credibility

determinations.” State v. Klamar, 823 N.W.2d 687, 691 (Minn. App. 2012). The district

court’s factual findings are supported by the record and it did not err in concluding that

there was reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity sufficient to justify the

stop of appellant’s vehicle.

                                              II.

       Appellant argues that she did not consent to a breath test. The United States and

Minnesota Constitutions prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures.             U.S. Const.

amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. As a general rule, taking a sample of a person’s

blood, breath, or urine constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment and requires a


                                              6
warrant, unless an exception applies. Ellingson v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 800 N.W.2d

805, 807 (Minn. App. 2011) (citing Skinner v. Ry. Labor Execs.’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602,

616-17, 109 S. Ct. 1402, 1413 (1989)), review denied (Minn. Aug. 24, 2011). Consent is

an established exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563,

568 (Minn. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1799 (2014).

       In order for the consent exception to apply, the state “must show by a

preponderance of the evidence that the defendant freely and voluntarily consented.” Id.

at 568. Whether consent is voluntary must be determined on a case-by-case basis,

examining the totality of the circumstances. State v. Lemert, 843 N.W.2d 227, 233

(Minn. 2014). This analysis includes “the nature of the encounter, the kind of person the

defendant is, and what was said and how it was said.” Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 569. The

“nature of the encounter” includes such factors as how the police came to suspect a

defendant of driving under the influence, the request to take a chemical test, which

includes whether the implied-consent advisory was read, and whether the defendant had

the right to consult with an attorney. Id.

       Given the totality-of-the-circumstances, the district court did not err in concluding

that appellant freely and voluntarily consented to a chemical test. The trooper lawfully

placed appellant under arrest for suspicion of driving while intoxicated and read her the

implied-consent advisory. The wording of the advisory is compelled by statute as set

forth in Minnesota Statute section 169A.51, subdivision 2 (2012). Under Minnesota’s

implied-consent law, anyone who drives a motor vehicle in the state consents to a

chemical test for the purpose of determining the presence of alcohol when certain


                                             7
conditions are met. Minn. Stat. § 169A.51, subd. 1(a) (2012); Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at

569. A police officer may require someone to submit to a test when the officer “has

probable cause to believe the person committed the offense of driving while impaired and

the person has been lawfully arrested for driving while impaired.” Brooks, 838 N.W.2d

at 569. As part of the advisory, appellant was told both that Minnesota law requires the

person to take a test and that refusing to submit to the test is a crime. Minn. Stat.

§ 169A.51, subd. 2(1)-(2). Here, there is no evidence to suggest that appellant’s consent

“was coerced in the sense that [her] will had been overborne and [her] capacity for self-

determination critically impaired.” Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 571. The state has met its

burden of demonstrating that appellant freely and voluntarily consented to chemical

testing, and the district court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress.

       Appellant contends that she was unable to consult with an attorney prior to the

breath test. The Minnesota Supreme Court has articulated that under the right-to-counsel

clause in article I, section 6 of the Minnesota Constitution, “an individual has the right,

upon request, to a reasonable opportunity to obtain legal advice before deciding whether

to submit to chemical testing.” Friedman v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 473 N.W.2d 828,

835 (Minn. 1991). However, due to the “evanescent nature” of the evidence in DWI

cases, the accused is only entitled to a limited amount of time within which to contact an

attorney. Id. “An individual’s right to counsel is considered vindicated when [she] is

provided with a telephone prior to testing and given a reasonable amount of time within

which to contact and consult with an attorney.” Nelson v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 779

N.W.2d 571, 574 (Minn. App. 2010).


                                              8
       The facts demonstrate that the trooper offered appellant the opportunity to consult

with an attorney and provided her with telephone directories and her own cell phone.

Appellant made numerous phone calls and spoke with her mother, but did not contact an

attorney. Appellant stopped making telephone calls and indicated to the trooper that she

was finished.   Appellant was properly advised of her right to counsel and given a

reasonable amount of time within which to consult with an attorney. The fact that

appellant was unsuccessful in contacting an attorney does not give rise to the conclusion

that she was coerced into giving her consent. See Eveslage v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety,

353 N.W.2d 623, 627 (Minn. App. 1984) (holding that the right to counsel is vindicated

when the accused cannot locate her own attorney and there are no other attorneys the

accused wishes to call).

       Appellant also argues that she was not afforded enough privacy to contact an

attorney because she made the telephone calls from the trooper’s squad car. In State

Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Held, the Minnesota Supreme Court addressed the question of

whether a police officer must provide an impaired-driver with a private room from which

to contact an attorney. 311 Minn. 74, 75-76, 246 N.W.2d 863, 864 (1976). Recognizing

that police departments may not have rooms “suitable for such use,” and that “potential

security problems” could arise, the Held court declined to impose such a requirement. Id.

at 76, 246 N.W.2d at 864; see also Shovein v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 357 N.W.2d 386,

388 (Minn. App. 1984) (stating that the degree of privacy depends on security of

available facilities); Comm’r of Pub. Safety v. Campbell, 494 N.W.2d 268, 269-70 (Minn.

1992) (“[P]olice do not have to provide a DWI arrestee with a private telephone because


                                            9
the arrestee’s rights will be sufficiently protected by the subsequent exclusion of any

overheard statements or any fruits of those statements.”).

       Lastly, appellant attempts to distinguish Brooks by claiming that she is

inexperienced with impaired-driving arrests and has had no prior experience with the

implied-consent process. We are not persuaded by this argument. A totality-of-the-

circumstances analysis includes consideration of “the kind of person the defendant is.”

Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 569. In this case, appellant asserts that she has no prior history of

DWI arrests and is unfamiliar with testing procedures. Even if appellant can demonstrate

that this factor weighs in her favor, it is not enough, standing alone, to support a

conclusion that she was coerced. When viewed as a whole, the circumstances support the

district court’s conclusion that appellant’s consent to submit to chemical testing was

freely and voluntarily given.

       Affirmed.




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