                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                     EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                          EL PASO, TEXAS


    PAUL EDWARD JOHNSON,                            §
                                                                   No. 08-17-00156-CR
                        Appellant,                  §
                                                                      Appeal from the
    v.                                              §
                                                                    41st District Court
    THE STATE OF TEXAS,                             §
                                                                 of El Paso County, Texas
                        Appellee.                   §
                                                                   (TC# 20150D05061)
                                                    §

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

         A jury found Appellant, Paul Edward Johnson, guilty of the felony offenses of murder1 and

aggravated assault,2 and it assessed his punishment at confinement for forty years and confinement

for ten years, respectively. It also recommended that his ten-year sentence for aggravated assault

be suspended and he be placed on community supervision. The trial court sentenced Appellant to

confinement for forty years for murder and, in accord with the jury’s recommendation, suspended

his ten-year sentence for aggravated assault and placed him on community supervision for ten

years, with the sentences to run concurrently. In two issues, Appellant contends that the trial court

erred in not compelling a witness to testify and excluding the testimony of another witness during


1
         See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b), (c).
2
         See id. § 22.02(a).
the guilt-phase of trial.

          We affirm.

                                             Background

          Indica Anderson testified that at 1:29 a.m. on August 5, 2015, she and her roommate,

Ashley Harris, went to the “Player’s Club,” a bar located in Northeast El Paso. Upon their arrival,

they spoke with Cortez Thomas, wearing a navy-blue hat and black shirt and whom Anderson

knew only as “Flex,” before entering the bar.

          Upon entering the bar, Anderson and Harris saw two male friends. The first was the

complainant in the murder case, Toris Knight, also known as “Five-Five,” and the second was a

man that Anderson knew only as “Ruga.” After Knight and Ruga bought the women some drinks,

Anderson, Harris, and Ruga walked out the back door of the bar on to a balcony, where “a good

number of people” were drinking, talking, laughing, and smiling. “And there wasn’t any bad

vibes.”

          Later, from the balcony, Anderson saw Knight, who had previously left the bar, drive up

in a car with another person and park “in the back” of the bar. After he exited the car, Knight went

to a “smoking” patio where he spoke with “some of the people that was over there already.”

          Anderson further testified that shortly thereafter, there was “a lot of commotion going on,

so I know there’s going to be a fight . . . .” She, while still on the balcony, saw Knight and Rashad

Chisholm, the complainant in the aggravated assault case, “moving backwards” while some other

men walked toward them. At that point, a “bunch of different guys” fought with Knight, “throwing

blows,” “some were trying to get ahold to him and some couldn’t. So it was like, basically, they

were all trying to jump on him, but they couldn’t hold him.” And they “were doing the same

thing” to Chisholm.



                                                   2
        After the fight “moved out to the road,” “further in the road,” Anderson heard five to six

gun shots that sounded the same. She saw, “lined up from where [she] was standing on the

balcony,” a man wearing a “red-and-black-and-gray striped shirt” with a small “shiny silver” gun

“lifted” up and “aimed” in the “direction” of Knight. Although “other people [were] standing

around,” the man had “really a straight shot” at Knight, who “was moving back away from the

fight,” “standing off by himself when shots were fired.” Chisholm was also “in the road,” but “not

standing beside” Knight.

        Harris, noting that Knight “was hit,” “jumped over the balcony.” So Anderson went “down

to see, also.” She “started walking towards the road when [she] came out from the balcony.”

When Anderson got to Knight, “he was crawling” and Harris “was crawling behind him by the

time he fell on the ground.” He then turned over while the two women tried “to see where the

bullet holes were.” Because law enforcement officers had not arrived “fast enough,” Anderson

told Harris to “go get [her] car” from in front of the bar. As soon as Harris left, Knight “took his

last breath.”

        Subsequently, Harris and Anderson drove to a police station and gave statements to a

detective. Anderson described the man she saw shoot Knight as a “tall, skinny” man in his

twenties, with a “box haircut,” and wearing a red and black striped shirt. What stood out most to

Anderson about the man she saw shoot Knight was his shirt. And Anderson later identified

Appellant as the man she saw shoot Knight in a photographic line-up and in still-frame images

from the Player’s Club security camera videotapes.

        Shannon Walker testified that at about 11:00 p.m. on August 4, 2015, he went to the

Player’s Club with his friends D’Andre Wilford and Eddies Sims. At some point, they visited and

shot pool with their friends, Appellant, Cortez Thomas, Dianco Murray, and two men Walker knew



                                                 3
as “G” and “Gutta.” Later, while Walker had his “back turned towards the back . . . entrance,”

around the bathroom area, someone punched him “in the back of the head.”

       Although Walker did not see who had punched him, Wilford told him that it was Chisholm

who had punched him. Walker “stumbled” outside and told his friends, “I’ve just been hit.” And

he “planned” to fight Chisholm; however, Murray ended up fighting with Chisholm and G ended

up fighting with Knight. After about two minutes, the four men “basically just stopped fighting”

because there were “just so many people out there” and Thomas “had come up with a gun, Flex.”

       Thomas had apparently retrieved G’s gun, a “MAK 90,” which looked like “a small

machine gun,” “[f]rom the car.” Walker saw Thomas point the gun and shoot one round at

Chisholm, who “took off running.” Knight backed up and ran away “backwards.” The gun

“jammed,” and Thomas tried to remove the clip. Walker told Thomas to “chill out” and “calm

down,” but “it didn’t take effect.”

       Walker further testified that he then saw Appellant, whom Walker had known for

approximately three weeks as a cousin of Gutta, point a “small,” “shiny” silver gun at Knight and

shoot “three times.” At this point, Walker “took off,” he jumped into a car with a girl named

Jenny, and they went to the apartment of D’Andre Langley, where Walker was staying. Later,

Walker heard “a commotion,” “a couple cars that pulled up with . . . the people [he] was with at

Player’s.”

       Walker, Appellant, Thomas, Wilford, G, Gutta, Eddie Sims, and “a girl named Purp” then

proceeded to Thomas’s apartment in the same building. Once inside, Walker asked Appellant and

Gutta “[w]hat happened” at the bar. Gutta replied, “My lil cousin. He got his stripes. He – he did

it. You know, he killed him.” And Appellant, who was standing “right next to” Walker and Gutta,

acted “nonchalant.” Walker subsequently asked, “Who did it?” and Appellant replied, “I did it.”



                                                4
Later, in the kitchen, G told Walker, “My little cousin left that N word stanking.” That is, he “left

him dead.” After about ten minutes, Walker left the apartment.

       D’Andre Wilford testified that just after 12:00 a.m. on August 5, 2015, his friend, Eddie

Sims, drove him to the Player’s Club to “pick up” some money from Walker. While standing at

the back door of the bar, Wilford saw a fight start outside “in the back of Player’s in the parking

lot.” He walked outside where he saw “about four people” involved in the fight, and then he saw

Thomas with a MAK gun in his hand. Wilford then heard a gunshot and saw Walker and Thomas

“fighting over the gun.” He then heard “four or five” more “shots go off.”

       Wilford further testified that he saw the man who shot the second round of shots. He

explained that he had given the man a cigarette earlier before the fight broke out. And he identified

Appellant in court as the man he saw shoot the second round of shots. After the shots, Wilford

saw Knight fall as he was running away.

       Dr. Mario Rascon, the Chief Medical Examiner of El Paso County, testified that he

performed an autopsy on the body of Knight. Upon examination of Knight’s body, Rascon found

evidence of blunt force injuries and two gunshot wounds, one through the left upper arm, and one

to the chest. And based on his examination of the body, Rascon opined that the cause of Knight’s

death was the gunshot wound of the chest.

       Appellant testified that between 12:00 and 1:00 a.m. on August 5, 2015, he went to the

Player’s Club with Ashley Jones, an acquaintance, and her cousin, “Jessica.” He introduced

Jessica to his friend, Gary Jackson, also known as “Gutta,” with whom he had grown up, and they

all sat down at the bar, close to the front door, “and had drinks.” Later, Appellant heard a

“commotion” and saw a large “group of people” enter the bar, a man hit another man from behind,

and the group then rush out the back door. Gutta then told Appellant that he was going outside to



                                                 5
record the fight on his cellular telephone, but Appellant stayed inside the bar.

        Feeling “woozy” and “very intoxicated,” Appellant went into the restroom and “started

throwing up.” And the bartender who had served him drinks then came into the restroom and said,

“It’s getting wild out there.” The bartender had come to “check on” Appellant, noting that he had

“been in [the restroom] for a long time. What’s going on?” Appellant replied that he was “throwing

up from not eating.”

        Later, as he was about to leave the restroom, Appellant heard gunshots. He then went to

look for the women he “was with,” but the bartender told him that they had “walked out.”

Appellant then walked out the front door and approached Jones, who was in her SUV. However,

she would not let him in the SUV because she was angry that he had spoken with another woman

earlier. A law enforcement officer then detained him, and, between 5:30 to 6:00 a.m., when the

sun was rising, he was allowed to leave. Jones then picked him up, and they went to her apartment

to sleep.

                                        Standard of Review

        We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion.

Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Tarley v. State, 420 S.W.3d 204,

206 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). A trial court abuses its discretion if its

decision is “so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone within which reasonable people might

disagree.” Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Tarley, 420 S.W.3d at

206. A trial court does not abuse its discretion if some evidence supports its decision. See Osbourn

v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Tarley, 420 S.W.3d at 206. We will uphold

a trial court’s evidentiary ruling if it is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. See De

La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Tarley, 420 S.W.3d at 206.



                                                  6
                                     Compelling Testimony

       In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of

Rashad Akeem Chisholm, “the complaining witness in Count II of the indictment,” “after he

asserted his privilege against self-incrimination” because it “should have considered more than

just the related nature of the instant case and the case the witness was a defendant in.”

       In response, the State asserts that Appellant failed to preserve his complaint for review.

Alternatively, it asserts that despite Appellant’s assertions on appeal that Chisholm had no reason

to fear incriminating himself, it is undisputed that Chisholm had rejected the State’s offer of

immunity. The State further argues that because Chisholm stood “accused of having committed

an aggravated assault in retaliation for the shooting of which he was a complaining witness,” “any

admission of having been present during the shooting would have created evidence for the State

to use against him in his pending case.” Thus, Appellant has “failed to show that the trial court’s

inquiry was any less than was possible . . . .” And the State asserts that “given the overwhelming

evidence of [Appellant’s] guilt, any error in excluding Rashad’s testimony was harmless.

       The United States Constitution expressly provides that “[n]o person . . . shall be compelled

in any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . .” U.S. CONST. amend. V. This privilege

extends not only “to answers that would in themselves support a conviction . . . but likewise

embraces those which would furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute the

claimant.” Walters v. State, 359 S.W.3d 212, 215 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)(quoting Ohio v. Reiner,

532 U.S. 17, 21, 121 S.Ct.1252, 149 L.Ed.2d 158 (2001). “It need only be evident from the

implications of the question, in the setting in which it is asked, that a responsive answer to the

question or an explanation of why it cannot be answered might be dangerous because injurious



                                                 7
disclosure could result.” Walters, 359 S.W.3d at 215 (quoting Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S.

479, 486-87, 71 S.Ct. 814, 95 L.Ed.2d 1118 (1951).

       Thus, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has long “held that an individual’s

constitutional privilege against self-incrimination overrides a defendant’s constitutional right to

compulsory process of witnesses.” Bridge v. State, 726 S.W.2d 558, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986);

Ellis v. State, 683 S.W.2d 379, 383 (Tex. Crim App. 1984); Grayson v. State, 684 S.W.2d 691,

696 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Glasper v. State, 486 S.W.2d 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972).

Moreover, a defendant has no right to call a witness merely to have him “assert or invoke his Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination in the presence of the jury.” Ellis, 683 S.W.2d at

382; Mendoza v. State, 552 S.W.2d 444 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977); Victoria v. State, 522 S.W.2d

919 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975); Rodriquez v. State, 513 S.W.2d 594, 596 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974).

       However, trial courts “are not to simply take the word of potential witnesses who claim to

fear prosecution.” Walters, 359 S.W.3d at 215. Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has held

that a danger of “imaginary and unsubstantial character” will not suffice. Reiner, 532 U.S. at 21,

121 S.Ct. at 1254. Instead, trial courts are required to inquire into the source and reasonableness

of that fear. Walters, 359 S.W.3d at 215. And a trial judge, in appraising the claim, “must be

governed by his personal perceptions of the peculiarities of the case as by the facts actually in

evidence.” Id. (quoting Hoffman, 341 U.S. at 486-87, 71 S.Ct. at 814). As noted by the court of

criminal appeals, “[t]hough innocence is no impediment to asserting the Fifth Amendment

privilege, the privilege’s protection extends only to witnesses who have ‘reasonable cause to

apprehend danger from a direct answer.’” Walters, 359 S.W.3d at 215, (quoting Hoffman, 341

U.S. at 486, 71 S.Ct. at 818).

       Relying on Walters, Appellant specifically argues that the trial court failed to make the



                                                8
required inquiry into the reasonableness of Chisholm’s assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege

against self-incrimination because it erroneously “base[d] its decision on only one factor.”

       Here, the trial court, outside the presence of the jury, explained its decision not to compel

Chisholm’s testimony as follows:

               Okay. Well, we did have Mr. Chis[h]olm and his counsel yesterday on the
       record outside the presence of the Jury. They asserted their Fifth Amendment right
       and an explanation on circumstances upon which Mr. Chis[h]olm finds himself
       with other pending -- another pending case. He then asserted his Fifth Amendment
       before the Jury, and that was the extent of his testimony.

               The Court was made aware that Mr. Chis[h]olm's pending case -- pending,
       I believe, in the 120th District Court -- is an engaging in organized criminal activity
       by aggravated assault. That – and that the facts of that particular case stemmed
       from this incident, where it is alleged that he participated in a retaliatory aggravated
       assault against another person under circumstances where this incident that we’re
       trying here today, this case that occurred at Player’s, is the foundational situation
       for the alleged retaliation. That is the extent of my understanding.

               And, because the two cases are potentially so factually intertwined, to
       include the fact that Mr. Rashad Chis[h]olm may have been at Player’s, may have
       been shot at, and it’s alleged by the State that he was, pursuant to Count II of this
       indictment here, against [Appellant]; because the United States Supreme Court
       authority on the Fifth Amendment describes that the privilege against self-
       incrimination extends itself to a person’s testimony that could create evidence that
       would link him to the prosecution of another case. And that his own testimony
       could provide the State with incriminating evidence against him.

               I just feel the two cases are so intertwined that it would be, certainly, a risk
       to Mr. Chis[h]olm, at worst. And so, on that basis alone, I will respect his -- his
       assertion of the privilege.

                                   .          .          .

       So he will not, under any circumstances, testify. . . . My ruling.

       Appellant emphasizes that prior to the trial court making its ruling, he asked the State

whether it had “offered a limited sort of immunity, saying that they would agree not to use anything

that [Chisholm] said in connection with testimony in this case against him in any sort of criminal

prosecution, if the State would confirm that?” The State confirmed, “Judge, I know we had

                                                  9
discussed offering him use immunity, that anything that he said here in this trial, would not be

used against him in his other pending case. I know that was discussed. And [Chisholm’s attorney]

outright rejected that as well.”

       Appellant, without citation to any authority, further argues that the trial court “should have

taken into account the fact that [Chisholm] had been offered immunity” because his fear of

prosecution or that his testimony “would be used against him in that related matter would [have

been] eliminated.” He complains:

               Where the District Court erred is in failing to inquire into and consider all
       the relevant factors before making its ruling. As the Judge stated she made the
       ruling based solely on the intertwined nature of the two cases involving the witness.
       This results in an abuse of discretion and reversible error.

       As noted above, the State first argues that Appellant failed to preserve his complaint for

review because he “failed to object to the trial court’s ruling accepting [Chisholm’s] assertion of

his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination, let alone assert, as he does now on appeal,

that the State’s offer of immunity (even though it was rejected by [Chisholm]) rendered

[Chisholm’s] assertion of his rights unreasonable . . . .”

       To preserve error for appeal, a party must make a timely, specific objection or request in

the trial court and obtain a ruling on the objection. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Garza v. State, 126

S.W.3d 79, 81–82 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). The rationale of Rule 33.1 is that if objections are

raised before the trial court as soon as error becomes foreseeable, they may be addressed and the

error possibly corrected or avoided. Moore v. State, 295 S.W.3d 329, 333 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

Notably, the record must show that the complaining party gave the trial court an opportunity to

rule on the complaint by presenting that complaint to the trial court in a specific and timely

objection. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Geuder v. State, 115 S.W.3d 11, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003);

Martinez v. State, 98 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907,

                                                 10
909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).

       Simply put, it is not enough to tell the trial court that certain evidence is admissible; the

proponent of the evidence must tell the trial court why the evidence is admissible. Reyna v. State,

168 S.W.3d 173, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Further, it is well settled that the legal basis of a

complaint raised on appeal may not vary from the complaint raised at trial. Pena v. State, 285

S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Smith v. State, 236 S.W.3d 282, 291 (Tex. App.–

Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d). It is imperative to avoid forfeiting a complaint on appeal that

a party “let the trial [court] know what he wants, why he thinks he is entitled to it, and to do so

clearly enough for the [trial court] to understand him at a time when the [court] is in the proper

position to do something about it.” [Internal quotations omitted]. Pena, 285 S.W.3d at 464. A

reviewing court will not consider errors, even those of constitutional magnitude, that were not

called to the trial court’s attention. Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995);

Rothstein v. State, 267 S.W.3d 366, 373 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d).

       Appellant on appeal now complains that the trial court, in excluding Chisholm’s testimony,

erroneously based its ruling “solely on the intertwined nature of the two cases involving” him and

“fail[ed] to inquire into and consider all the relevant factors.” However, a review of the record

reveals that Appellant did not present this complaint to the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a);

Garza, 126 S.W.3d at 81–82; Reyna, 168 S.W.3d at 177; Pena 285 S.W.3d at 464.

       Regardless, even assuming, without deciding, that Appellant properly preserved his first

issue for our review, his argument that the trial court “should have taken into account the fact that

[Chisholm] had been offered immunity,” necessarily fails, as noted by the State. The fact remains,

as noted above, that Chisholm, through his attorney, had rejected the State’s offer of use immunity.

Thus, contrary to Appellant’s assertion, Chisholm’s “fear of prosecution or that his testimony



                                                 11
would be used against him in th[e] related matter” would not have been “eliminated.” The bottom

line is that “[t]he trial court cannot compel a witness to answer unless it is perfectly clear . . . that

the witness is mistaken in asserting the privilege, and that the answer cannot possibly tend to

incriminate [him].” Grayson, 684 S.W.2d at 696-97.

        Here, as in Walters, the trial court did, in fact, make the requisite inquiry in compliance

with United States Supreme Court precedent. See Walters, 359 S.W.3d at 216. It even held a

hearing outside the presence of the jury at which Appellant proffered his questions and stated

Chisholm’s expected testimony. See id. The previous day, Chisholm’s attorney, in the presence

of Appellant’s counsel and the State, had explained to the trial court that Chisholm would exercise

his Fifth Amendment privilege because he feared that his testimony would be used against him in

a pending, factually-intertwined retaliation case. And he rejected the State’s offer of use immunity.

As in Walters, this was “as much of an inquiry as was possible while protecting [Chisholm’s] right

against self-incrimination and the privileged nature of [his] conversation with [his] attorney.” See

id.

        We conclude that the trial court’s inquiry into the reasonableness of Chisholm’s invocation

of his Fifth Amendment privilege was sufficient to establish the risk of incrimination. See id. at

216-17. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in not compelling Chisholm to testify.

        We overrule Appellant’s first issue.

                                           Exclusion of Testimony

        In his second issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in excluding the testimony

of Carlos Nieves that Cortez Thomas, also known as “Flex,” “told him that he [had] shot someone

and was accompanied by a man nicknamed ‘Little Boosie’ rather than Appellant” because his

information was “critical to the defense and to the theory of a different individual being involved.”



                                                   12
He asserts that the trial court “merely found this matter time consuming and ruled it hearsay

without further inquiry.”

       The State argues that because Appellant, at trial, “forewent any attempt to show that the

complained-of excluded hearsay statement was trustworthy,” he “cannot now demonstrate on

appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding the statement as hearsay, where it is

well settled that, as a condition precedent to a statement’s admissibility as a statement against a

person’s penal interest, the proponent of the statement must present sufficient corroborating

circumstances that clearly indicate its trustworthiness.” [Emphasis in orig.]. Alternatively, the

State argues that because Appellant “was not precluded from presenting his mistaken-identity

defense” and the evidence of his guilt, including his “demonstrably implausible and inconsistent

self-serving testimony,” is “overwhelming,” any error in excluding Nieves’s testimony about what

Thomas had told him was harmless.

       Appellant called as his first witness Nieves, who testified in front of the jury that sometime

in 2015 or 2016, while he was an inmate in the El Paso County Detention Center, he decided to

contact the El Paso Police Department about information he had about “another case” not related

to the instant case. However, the “wrong detective . . . showed up” to meet Nieves at the El Paso

County Jail Annex, and he and another officer asked Nieves about “Cortez,” also known as “Flex,”

and his involvement in another case not connected with the instant case.

       Ultimately, Nieves did give to the officers “information about the commission of some

offense of murder.” He explained, “I just told them what Flex told me.” After Appellant’s trial

counsel asked Nieves about “what information” he had given to the officers “in connection with

this case,” the trial court sustained the State’s hearsay objection. Nieves then noted that “Cortez,”

or “Flex,” with whom he “ended up in the same pod,” “was the source of [his] information” and



                                                 13
he did not know his last name. When Appellant’s trial counsel asked Nieves whether “Cortez”

had ever given him “any information,” the State objected to hearsay, and the trial court excused

the jury.

        Outside the presence of the jury, the following exchange occurred:

        [Trial Counsel]:     You have just spoken a while ago, sir, about, you received
        some information from some individual. And I think you said that guy’s name, or
        nickname, was Flex?

        [Nieves]:      Yes.

        [Trial Counsel]:       And you knew him to be Cortez Thomas?

        [Nieves]:      Yes, sir.

        [Trial Counsel]:       Okay.

        [Nieves]:      Cortez, I mean.

        [Trial Counsel]:       Okay. Cortez? And did he make any statement to you about
        criminal activity –

        [Nieves]:      He told me what he did and what happened.

        [Trial Counsel]:       Okay. And what did he tell you that he had done that was
        criminal activity in connection with this case?

        [Nieves]:      The shooting of that –

        [Trial Counsel]:       Okay. Specifically, what did he say to you?

        [Nieves]:      Well, that –

        [Trial Counsel]:       I’m sorry?

        [Nieves]:      They had did some shooting.

        [Trial Counsel]:       Did he tell you that he shot somebody?

        [Nieves]:      Yeah, him and some other dude.

        [Trial Counsel]:       Okay. Did he tell you who it was?



                                                14
       [Nieves]:       That got shot?

       [Trial Counsel]:           Yeah.

       [Nieves]:       No.

       [Trial Counsel]:      Okay. Just that he shot somebody. And did he tell you
       whether or not there was another person involved in that shooting on his side of the
       conflict?

       [Nieves]:       One other person.

       [Trial Counsel]:           Okay. And who -- did he give you a name or a nickname of
       that other person?

       [Nieves]:       A nickname.

       [Trial Counsel]:           I’m sorry?

       [Nieves]:       A nickname.

       [Trial Counsel]:           Okay. And what was the nickname that he gave you?

       [Nieves]:       Little Boosie.

       [Trial Counsel]:           Boosie? Do you know who that is or was?

       [Nieves]:       No, sir.

       [Trial Counsel]:           Okay. Did you communicate this information to the police
       officers?

       [Nieves]:       Yes, sir.

       [Trial Counsel]:       Okay. And after that do you have anything further
       to do with this matter other than what we’re talking about here, where somebody
       had confessed to you that he was involved in a shooting and that he had
       some help and the guy’s name was Boosie?

       [Nieves]:       That was it.

Nieves further explained, “I mean, [Cortez] went into more detail about it, but I’m just telling you

what I can remember. I haven’t slept in three days. It was a long trip. And they get us up at 2:00

in the morning and drive us down here, so I’m a little – I’m sorry.”

                                                  15
        After Appellant’s trial counsel passed the witness, the State did not ask Nieves any

questions, simply re-urged its hearsay objection to Nieves’s testimony, and noted that “[i]t does

not have any corroborating circumstances of trustworthiness that would allow it to be admissible

under 803.24.” During the discussion of the issues with Appellant’s trial counsel and the State,

the trial court stated, “I’m also having a little bit of problem with the reliability. I don’t know

enough about the statement or the discussion with law enforcement.” After further questioning

Nieves and extensive discussions with Appellant’s trial counsel and the State, the trial court

sustained the State’s hearsay objection and, back in the presence of the jury, excused Nieves from

testifying further.

        Generally, the rule against hearsay excludes from evidence any out-of-court statement

offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d), 802. A statement, if offered

in a criminal case, is admissible into evidence if: (1) “a reasonable person in the declarant’s

position would have made” it “only if the person believed it to be true because, when made, it . . .

had so great a tendency to . . . expose the declarant to . . . criminal liability” and (2) it “is supported

by corroborating circumstances that clearly indicate its trustworthiness.” [Emphasis added].

TEX.R.EVID. 803(24)(A)(B).

        The exception for statements against penal interest “stems from the commonsense notion

that people ordinarily do not say things that are damaging to themselves unless they believe they

are true.” Walter v. State, 267 S.W.3d 883, 890 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Simply put, “a reasonable

person would not normally claim that he committed a crime, unless it were true.” Id. And “[t]his

is the guiding principle behind both the Texas and federal hearsay exceptions for statements

against penal interest.” Id.

        Here, in assessing the admissibility of Thomas’s statement to Nieves, the first inquiry is



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“whether the statement, considering all the circumstances,” subjected Thomas to criminal liability

and whether he “realized this when he made th[e] statement” to Nieves. Id. at 890-91. The second

inquiry is “whether there are sufficient corroborating circumstances that clearly indicate the

trustworthiness” of the statement. Id. at 891. If Thomas’s statement to Nieves properly satisfied

both inquiries, it was admissible as a statement against penal interest. Id.

       As explained by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,

               Statements against penal interest fall into three general categories: Some
       inculpate only the declarant (e.g., ‘I killed Joe.’); others inculpate equally both the
       declarant and a third party, such as a co-defendant (e.g., ‘We killed Joe.’); still
       others inculpate both the declarant and third party, but also shift blame by
       minimizing the speaker’s culpability (e.g., ‘We robbed the bank, and Dan killed
       Joe, the bank teller.’). A confession, conversation or narrative, even a short one,
       might mix together all three types of statements.

Id. at 891-92. And the court has expressly held that “[b]oth statements that are directly against the

declarant’s interest and collateral ‘blame-sharing’ statements may be admissible under Rule

803(24), if corroborating circumstances clearly indicate their trustworthiness.”           [Emphasis

added]. Id. at 896 However, blame-shifting statements that “minimize the speaker’s culpability

are not, absent extraordinary circumstances, admissible under the rule.” Id.

       In regard to the first inquiry under Walter, Thomas’s statement to Nieves that he “and some

other dude,” Little Boosie, had shot another individual, on its bare face, is a statement against penal

interest that inculpates both the declarant, Thomas, and a third party, Little Boosie. However,

given the vagueness of Nieves’s testimony, it cannot be determined whether Thomas’s statement

inculpates both himself and Little Boosie equally. See id. Moreover, Thomas did not state who

he shot, how he shot him, what he shot him with, when he shot him, or where he shot him. Nor

did Thomas specifically explain Little Boosie’s role in the shooting. Did Little Boosie merely

“accompan[y]” Thomas to the shooting, as asserted by Appellant? Or did he play a more active



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role by also shooting the individual? And although Nieves testified that Thomas actually “went

into more detail about it,” Appellant’s trial counsel did not attempt to solicit from Nieves any

further details about Thomas’s statement. Perhaps because Nieves had clearly explained that he

had already testified about “what [he] could remember.”

        Thus, in regard to the second inquiry under Walter, it is no wonder that the trial court,

because it did not “know enough about the statement” or Nieves’s “discussion with law

enforcement,” had a “problem with the reliability” of Thomas’s statement. And, Appellant, in his

briefing to this Court, does not direct us to any evidence in the record that establishes sufficient

corroborating circumstances that clearly indicate the trustworthiness of Thomas’s statement to

Nieves. To the extent that the trial court excluded Nieves’s testimony about Thomas’s statement

to him on the ground of hearsay as based on the unreliability of the statement, we conclude that

the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

        Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in excluding the testimony of Nieves

about Thomas’s statement to him.

        We overrule Appellant’s second issue.

                                                 Conclusion

        We affirm the judgment of the trial court.



August 9, 2019
                                                TERRY JENNINGS, Senior Judge

Before McClure, C.J., Palafox, J., and Jennings, Senior Judge
Jennings, Senior Judge (Sitting by Assignment)

(Do Not Publish)




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