                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-4188-17T3

JOSEPH TRIPODI and DENISE
TRIPODI,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

BIG TOP ARCADE/PATRICIA
HERSHEY,

          Defendants,

and

ANGELA LOMBARDI,

     Defendant-Respondent.
_____________________________

                    Argued May 28, 2019 – Decided June 10, 2019

                    Before Judges Haas and Susswein.

                    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Union County, Docket No. L-3629-16.

                    James B. Smith, Jr., argued the cause for appellants
                    (John J. Pisano, attorney; John J. Pisano, on the brief).
             George A. Prutting, Jr., argued the cause for respondent
             (Prutting & Lombardi, attorneys; George A. Prutting,
             Jr., on the brief).

PER CURIAM

       Plaintiffs Joseph and Denise Tripodi 1 appeal from the Law Division's

order granting defendant Angela Lombardi's 2 motion for summary judgment and

dismissing plaintiff's complaint. Plaintiffs alleged that they "sustain[ed] severe

and permanent injuries inclusive of significant hearing loss," after firing "a

defective paintball gun" at a shooting gallery amusement stand defendant

operated on the Seaside Heights boardwalk.3 Plaintiffs failed to present an

expert on the question of defendant's alleged negligence, and the court ruled that

without an expert, plaintiffs could not establish that defendant was responsible

for any injuries they may have sustained. As they did before the trial court,

plaintiffs argue on appeal that their proofs were sufficient to withstand summary




1
  Because plaintiffs share the same surname, we refer to them individually as
Joseph and Denise. In doing so, we intend no disrespect.
2
    Plaintiffs improperly pleaded defendant Lombardi as "Angie Lombardi."
3
  In their complaint, plaintiffs also named Big Top Arcade and its owner as
defendants because they rented space to defendant to operate her stand.
However, plaintiffs later consented to a dismissal of their claims against these
defendants with prejudice.
                                                                          A-4188-17T3
                                        2
judgment under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur even though they failed to

produce an expert. We disagree with plaintiffs and affirm.

        We recite and view the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the

non-moving parties. Polzo v. Cty. of Essex, 209 N.J. 51, 56 n.1 (2012) (citing

Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 523 (1995)). On July 16,

2016, plaintiffs visited defendant's "Zombie Paintball Stand" on the boardwalk.

This attraction involved customers shooting paintballs at targets with paintball

guns provided by defendant. The guns were attached to the stand by chains.

There was a sign at the stand that stated, "PLAY AT YOUR OWN RISK.

ZOMBIE PAINTBALL IS NOT LIABLE FOR AN[Y] INJURIES. HAVE

FUN. . ." (second alteration in original).

        On that day, defendant's employee, B.R.,4 was operating the stand. He

explained the rules of the game to plaintiffs after they approached the stand and

paid the ten dollar fee. B.R. then "loaded . . . 100 paintballs in the hopper of the

paintball gun[,]" and plaintiffs began taking turns firing at the targets. B.R.

stated that the paintball gun plaintiffs were shooting "was used before [plaintiffs

did so] and many times after, without any problems ever." B.R. "did not hear

any noises out of the ordinary" as plaintiffs shot at the targets.


4
    We refer to the employee by initials to protect his privacy.
                                                                            A-4188-17T3
                                          3
      Plaintiffs claimed that about fifteen to twenty minutes after they began

playing the game, the paintball gun "exploded/backfired" while Denise was

shooting it. Joseph, who had been helping Denise aim the gun as she held it on

her shoulder, was standing with his face about six inches away from the gun

when he heard "a loud bang." Plaintiffs alleged they immediately had pain and

ringing in their ears.

      Joseph complained to B.R. "of his ear hurting from what he [said] was a

loud bang. [Joseph] said, what was that and [B.R.] was confused and replied,

what was what?" Plaintiffs flagged down two police officers, who asked if they

wanted medical treatment. 5    Plaintiffs declined.   However, Joseph sought

treatment the next day, and Denise followed suit the day after that.

      In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged they continued to suffer from a

number of conditions, including hearing loss and tinnitus, as the result of the

incident.   Plaintiffs claimed these conditions were caused by defendant's

negligence. Specifically, they asserted that defendant was "negligent in failing




5
   The police prepared a written report, and noted that "the attend[a]nt at the
stand stated that the reason for loud bang was due to a backfire of air in the
compressed air lines." The attendant was not identified in the report.



                                                                        A-4188-17T3
                                       4
to warn[6] and/or maintain and/or repair and/or care for the . . . paintball gun,

creating . . . dangerous conditions upon which someone such as plaintiff[s] could

injure themselves." Plaintiffs also argued that defendant

            failed and neglected to provide a safe and proper place
            for the customers, business invite[e]s and/or
            pedestrians and permitted and allowed the paintball gun
            to become hazardous, which was dangerous and unsafe;
            failed to warn the plaintiff[s] with respect to said
            dangerous and defective condition and failed to
            exercise that degree of care and caution required to
            keep the . . . paintball gun in a safe condition.

      In spite of the complex nature of these claims, however, plaintiffs did not

produce an expert report on the question of negligence. After the discovery

period ended, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that

without expert testimony, plaintiffs could not prove that she was negligent or

that any action by her or her employees was the proximate cause of plaintiffs'

injuries. Plaintiffs did not file a response to the motion.

      In a thorough written opinion, Judge Alan G. Lesnewich granted

defendant's motion and dismissed the complaint. In so ruling, the judge noted

that negligence may not be presumed and, instead, must be demonstrated by the



6
  Although this language appears to suggest that plaintiffs intended to raise a
product liability claim, plaintiffs concede in their appellate brief that they "did
not allege a product liability or strict liability claim."
                                                                           A-4188-17T3
                                         5
plaintiff. Thus, Judge Lesnewich relied upon the well-established principle that

"expert testimony is required when 'a subject is so esoteric that jurors of common

judgment and experience cannot form a valid conclusion.'" Ford Motor Credit

Co., LLC v. Mendola, 427 N.J. Super. 226, 236 (App. Div. 2012) (quoting

Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 132 N.J. 426, 450 (1993)).

      Here, plaintiffs failed to present any evidence that they ever had the

paintball gun or any associated equipment inspected by an expert with

knowledge concerning the proper operation and maintenance of paintball guns

or compressed air lines. The record did not contain any photographs or a verbal

description of the gun or the compressed air lines. Plaintiffs did not demonstrate

whether each gun had its own compressed air line, whether a single line was

used for all of the guns available at the stand, or how the lines were even attached

to the guns. Plaintiffs also did not proffer any information concerning the age

and overall condition of the equipment used at the stand, or whether defendant

deviated from any industry-wide requirements to inspect or maintain the

equipment.

      Perhaps more importantly, plaintiffs failed to present any information

concerning the nature of the sounds that normally emanate from a paintball gun,

what sounds are made when a paintball hits a target, and how the "loud bang"


                                                                            A-4188-17T3
                                         6
plaintiffs allegedly heard differed from any sounds normally caused by firing a

paintball gun. In addition, nothing in the record would inform a jury whether or

not "backfire" noises may sometimes occur from the compressed air lines when

the equipment is used in the normal course of operation, and in the absence of

any defect or negligence.

      Under these circumstances, Judge Lesnewich ruled that these complex

matters were all "beyond the ken of the average juror" and, therefore, plaintiffs

needed an expert to establish that defendant was negligent. Because plaintiffs

failed to present an expert report, the judge granted defendant's motion for

summary judgment and dismissed plaintiffs' complaint.

      Thereafter, plaintiffs filed a motion for reconsideration. Their attorney

asserted he was not aware that defendant had filed a motion for summary

judgment, and he asked for the opportunity to submit opposition to the motion.

Defendant did not object to this request, and Judge Lesnewich allowed plaintiffs

to file their responsive papers. 7

      Plaintiffs did not submit an expert report in response to defendant's motion

for summary judgment. Instead, they argued, as they now do on appeal, that



7
   The judge also permitted defendant to file a brief replying to plaintiffs'
submission.
                                                                          A-4188-17T3
                                        7
under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, their proofs were sufficient to establish

an inference of negligence by defendant. Plaintiffs asserted that the "loud bang"

they allegedly heard would not have occurred unless defendant was responsible

and, therefore, no expert was necessary to establish that defendant was negligent

in operating her stand.

      Following    oral   argument,    Judge   Lesnewich     rejected   plaintiffs'

contentions, and declined to disturb his prior order granting defendant's motion

for summary judgment. 8     As also summarized by the judge in his written

decision, "[r]es ipsa loquitur, Latin for 'the thing speaks for itself,' is a

longstanding evidentiary rule grounded in principles of equity" that "enables the

plaintiff to make out a prima facie case" of negligence in limited circumstances.

McDaid v. Aztec West Condo. Ass'n, 234 N.J. 130, 142 (2018) (quoting Jerista

v. Murray, 185 N.J. 175, 191 (2005)). Under this doctrine, an inference of

defendant's negligence may be drawn when:             "(a) the occurrence itself

ordinarily bespeaks of negligence; (b) the instrumentality was within the



8
  In their amended notice of appeal, plaintiffs also challenge the court's order
denying their motion for reconsideration. At the same time, however, they
acknowledge that their objection to that order is "moot" because the judge
"addressed plaintiff[s'] substantive opposition to summary judgment," including
their res ipsa loquitur argument. Therefore, we need not further address that
portion of the order here.
                                                                          A-4188-17T3
                                        8
defendant's exclusive control; and (c) there is no indication in the circumstances

that the injury was the result of the plaintiff's own voluntary act or neglect."

Buckelew v. Grossbard, 87 N.J. 512, 525 (1981) (quoting Bornstein v. Metro.

Bottling Co., 26 N.J. 263, 269 (1958)). The burden of proof is on the plaintiff

to establish the inference of negligence by a preponderance of the evidence.

Szalonotai v. Yazbo's Sports Café, 183 N.J. 386, 389 (2005).

      Applying these well-established principles, Judge Lesnewich found that

because plaintiffs were unable to establish any of the three prongs of the

Buckelew test, they could not demonstrate that defendant was negligent under

the res ipsa loquitur doctrine.       As detailed above, there were numerous

unanswered questions concerning the operation of the paintball guns and

compressed air lines, how this equipment should be maintained, and even what

sounds the equipment might make in normal operation. Without an expert report

to address these esoteric matters, the judge concluded that plaintiffs failed to

show that the "loud bang" they heard "bespeaks of negligence."

      Turning to the second prong, Judge Lesnewich found that "the paintball

game was not within the exclusive control of . . . [d]efendant at the time of

[p]lainitiffs' injuries, but rather [p]laintiffs." Indeed, plaintiffs had been taking

turns shooting the gun for fifteen to twenty minutes when the "loud bang"


                                                                             A-4188-17T3
                                         9
occurred. During this time period, Joseph was assisting Denise by helping her

aim the gun in addition to shooting it himself. Thus, the judge also concluded

that plaintiffs did "not provide[] any proof to support [their contention that] the

occurrence was not the result of [p]laintiffs' own neglect or voluntary acts" as

required by prong three of the Buckelew test.

      This appeal followed. On appeal, plaintiffs again contend that "the proofs

weighed in . . . plaintiffs' favor [and] support a finding that . . . defendant is

liable under the doctrine of . . . res ipsa loquitur." We disagree.

      Our review of a ruling on summary judgment is de novo, applying the

same legal standard as the trial court, namely, the standard set forth in Rule 4:46-

2(c). Conley v. Guerrero, 228 N.J. 339, 346 (2017). Thus, we consider, as Judge

Lesnewich did, whether "the competent evidential materials presented, when

viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, are sufficient to

permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of the

non-moving party." Town of Kearny v. Brandt, 214 N.J. 76, 91 (2013) (quoting

Brill, 142 N.J. at 540). If there are no genuine issues of material fact, we must

then decide whether the trial court correctly interpreted the law. See Prudential

Prop. & Cas. Co. v. Boylan, 307 N.J. Super. 162, 167 (App. Div. 1998). We




                                                                            A-4188-17T3
                                        10
accord no deference to the trial judge's conclusions on issues of law and review

those issues de novo. Nicholas v. Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013).

      Having considered plaintiffs' contentions in light of the record and

applicable legal principles, we are satisfied that Judge Lesnewich properly

granted summary judgment to defendant and affirm substantially for the reasons

expressed in his April 2, 2018, and May 14, 2018 written opinions.

      Affirmed.




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                                      11
