              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                  No. COA17-1361

                             Filed: 18 September 2018

Office of Administrative Hearings, No. 16 OSP 09161

DANIEL SMITH, Petitioner,

             v.

N.C. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, Respondent.


      Appeal by petitioner from order entered 21 August 2017 by Administrative

Law Judge Donald W. Overby in the Office of Administrative Hearings. Heard in the

Court of Appeals 8 August 2018.


      Schiller & Schiller, PLLC, by David G. Schiller, for petitioner-appellant.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Tiffany
      Y. Lucas, for respondent-appellee.


      DAVIS, Judge.


      In this case, a State agency dismissed a career status employee following a

pattern of insubordinate and inappropriate conduct on the part of the employee that

occurred over a period of years. The employee challenged his discharge in the North

Carolina Office of Administrative Hearings, and an administrative law judge upheld

the dismissal. Because we conclude that his discharge did not violate North Carolina

law, we affirm.

                      Factual and Procedural Background
                       SMITH V. N.C. DEP’T OF PUB. INSTRUCTION

                                    Opinion of the Court



      Daniel Smith was employed by the North Carolina Department of Public

Instruction (“DPI”) as a section chief in the Student Certification and Credentialing

Section beginning on 18 January 2011. Throughout the time period relevant to this

litigation, Smith was supervised by Jo Honeycutt, the director of DPI’s Career and

Technical Education (“CTE”) Division.          One of Honeycutt’s duties as Smith’s

supervisor was to complete annual evaluations of his performance as an employee.

      For the 1 July 2013 through 30 June 2014 review period, although Honeycutt

gave Smith an overall rating of “Very Good” on his evaluation, she rated his

performance on the “Client Focus” standard as “Below Acceptable.”              Honeycutt

further noted on the evaluation that Smith needed to place “additional focus” on

“improved communication with stakeholders and respect for others in the agency.”

      During that time period, Smith sent multiple inflammatory emails to

employees of DPI partner organizations.              In June 2013, Smith emailed a

representative of the Association for Career and Technical Education (“ACTE”) to

inquire when an article Smith had submitted would be published in ACTE’s trade

publication. After the ACTE representative informed Smith that his article might

not be published until the following year and asked him whether this was acceptable,

Smith responded, “NO, I’m not good at all with the information nor your tone.” In

the same email, Smith wrote the following: “I’m not going away! Print the truth about

credentialing or I’ll take it down the street . . . . Threat, no. Promise, yes.”



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      In November 2013, a vice-president of the National Institute for Automotive

Service Excellence circulated information in an email that Smith read regarding a

meeting about automotive programs and credentialing that was to take place at an

upcoming ACTE conference. Smith replied to the email as follows: “Not a single

member of the NC CTE staff will be attending this conference headed by corrupt

persons out to enrich themseleves [sic] at the expense of our children!” He copied two

DPI employees from his section on this email.

      In July of 2014, Smith wore a tank top and shorts to a social event that took

place during a professional conference.        Honeycutt met with Smith after the

conference to discuss DPI’s expectations regarding appropriate attire for its

employees both in the workplace and at work-related events. The following month,

Smith expressed his opinion to Claire Miller, DPI’s Assistant Human Resources

Director, that DPI’s dress code was discriminatory against men in that women were

permitted to wear open-toed shoes while men were not. In response to Smith’s

concerns, DPI’s existing dress code guidelines were withdrawn on 4 September 2014

while DPI leadership considered whether to issue new guidelines.

      On 22 September 2014, Smith was scheduled to be a presenter during morning

and afternoon sessions of a conference hosted by DPI at Wrightsville Beach.

Although Smith was prepared to present at the beginning of the morning session, he

left the conference after a few minutes because no conference attendees had yet come



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to his session. Because he failed to return to the conference that day, Smith did not

give his scheduled presentation during the afternoon session even though conference

attendees were, in fact, present at that session.

      In October 2014, DPI staff learned from employees at the North Carolina

Department of Labor (“DOL”) that Smith had provided a reference to DOL staff for a

former DPI employee whom he did not supervise during that individual’s employment

at DPI.     Upon investigating the matter, Honeycutt determined that Smith had

“misled another state supervisor” through his actions and issued him a written

warning for misconduct.

      Smith filed a complaint against DPI with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (“EEOC”) on 30 September 2015. In his complaint, he alleged that DPI

had retaliated against him for voicing his concerns about its dress code guidelines by,

among other things, falsely accusing him of not attending the September 2014

Wrightsville Beach conference, giving him a written warning for misconduct, and

moving his work cubicle to a new location.1 Thereafter, Smith openly discussed with

colleagues at DPI the fact that he had filed an EEOC complaint.

      Revised dress code guidelines were made available to DPI employees on 9

October 2015. Smith subsequently printed the new guidelines on colorful paper and

posted them in several places throughout his division. Upon discovering that the



      1   The EEOC dismissed Smith’s complaint on 7 March 2016.

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guidelines he posted had been taken down and thrown away, Smith retrieved them

from the trash can and hung them up again.

      On 8 December 2015, Smith became involved in an argument with Carol Short,

a female colleague at DPI, about an “Ugly Christmas Sweater” contest that was

scheduled to take place at DPI’s upcoming holiday party. During the exchange, which

was overheard by several colleagues, Smith spoke in a loud and argumentative voice

while making disparaging remarks about the contest and calling it discriminatory

against men. He cited the contest as another example of how women “made all the

decisions” at DPI.

      Short was very upset by this exchange and reported to DPI Human Resources

staff her concerns about the 8 December incident and her belief that Smith’s behavior

created a hostile work environment for female employees. From January to April

2016, a DPI review team (the “Review Team”) comprised of Human Resources

personnel and internal audit staff conducted an investigation into Short’s allegations

against Smith.       As part of its investigation, the Review Team interviewed

approximately 21 DPI employees, including Smith. During his interview with the

Review Team, Smith repeatedly responded to questions about the 8 December 2015

incident by giving answers such as “I do not wish to discuss [it] with you at this time”

and “I don’t care to share.”




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                                   Opinion of the Court



      On 1 February 2016, Christy Cheek, the CTE director for the Buncombe

County Schools System, forwarded an email to Honeycutt that Cheek had received

from an individual named Sharon Verdu. In her email, Verdu stated that she had

applied for a health science consultant position with DPI in September 2015 and that

Smith behaved unprofessionally toward her during the interview process.

Specifically, Smith told Verdu that he and Honeycutt “did not get along well and that

[Honeycutt] discriminated against him because he was male.”              Smith further

informed Verdu that he might be filing a lawsuit for discrimination against DPI. In

her email, Verdu wrote that she believed Smith was attempting to encourage her to

remove her name from consideration for the position given his statement to her that

“the first candidate hit it out of the ballpark in her interview” and the fact that Smith

gave Verdu his personal cell phone number so that she could call and inform him if

she decided to withdraw her application. Ultimately, Verdu did, in fact, withdraw

her application from consideration for the health science consultant position.

      On 29 March 2016, Honeycutt received an email from Trina Williams, the CTE

coordinator for the Hickory Public Schools System, regarding two postings that Smith

had “liked” on his LinkedIn account. The first post was by an author of “erotic and

paranormal romance.” The caption for the post read, “Let’s Talk Sex . . .” and the

post contained a picture of a woman’s breasts in a bra. The second post contained a

picture of multiple scantily clad women.



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      Upon concluding its investigation into Short’s allegations against Smith, the

Review Team submitted a report to DPI’s director of Human Resources on 11 May

2016. In its report, the Review Team found that Smith’s behavior toward Short on 8

December 2015 was “intimidating to her” and that Smith “frequently engaged in a

pattern of unwelcome behavior toward women, including . . . humiliating treatment

of women in public professional settings. This behavior is especially egregious from

a person in a leadership position.” The report further stated that Smith’s conduct in

the workplace “had a detrimental impact on CTE staff and performance and

disrupted the work of the division, even negatively impacting the brand of the division

with its clients.”   The Review Team recommended that DPI leadership take

“appropriate action” with regard to Smith.

      On 18 May 2016, Smith received a pre-disciplinary conference notification

letter from Honeycutt. Smith, Miller, and Honeycutt were present at the conference,

which was held later that same day. During the conference, Smith was given an

opportunity to respond to the issues set out in the notice, which included his (1)

confrontation with Short; (2) accusations that DPI was discriminatory toward men

and conduct in posting the revised dress code guidelines; (3) handling of Verdu’s

interview for the health science consultant position; and (4) LinkedIn account

activity. Smith told Honeycutt and Miller that he believed his actions in posting the

dress code guidelines were “beneficial to CTE staff” and denied the allegations



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concerning Verdu’s interview with him. He further stated that he thought it was

appropriate for him to “like” the first LinkedIn post because “as an educator [he]

valued authors even if the author wrote about erotic, paranormal activity.”

      By means of a letter dated 19 May 2016 (the “Dismissal Letter”), Honeycutt

notified Smith that his employment with DPI was being terminated. After discussing

the fact that Smith had repeatedly and publicly “criticized [Honeycutt] and DPI

leadership” and engaged in disrespectful and insubordinate behavior on multiple

occasions, the letter listed the specific grounds forming the basis for his dismissal as

follows:

             1. Showing disrespect to co-worker(s) or authorized
                supervisor that harms the cohesiveness in the
                organization or hinders the organization in carrying out
                effectively its tasks, goals, and mission according to
                [DPI] Human Resources Division Discipline Policy and
                Procedure, section 2[.]

                    a. On December 8, 201[5], you were disrespectful to
                       Ms. Carol Short in the interchange you had with
                       her in Dr. David Barbour’s cubicle, by raising
                       your voice, talking over her, and pointing your
                       finger in her face and the effect of your behavior
                       harmed the cohesiveness in our division.

                    b. As cited above, I recently learned that you have
                       made critical statements about me to several
                       others in our division most especially since the
                       Fall of 2015 and that the pattern of your open and
                       public criticism of me has harmed the
                       cohesiveness of CTE.

                    c. In recent months, you have openly and with


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                       several CTE staff, noted that you have a
                       “lawsuit” against [DPI] because [DPI] is
                       discriminatory toward men. The statements you
                       have made, your behavior such as posting the
                       dress guidelines repeatedly has harmed the
                       cohesiveness in CTE, and is unbecoming conduct
                       of a CTE leader.

              2. Conduct unbecoming of a State employee that is
                 detrimental to State service according to [DPI] Human
                 Resources Division Discipline Policy and Procedure,
                 section 2.

                    a. As cited above, how you handled the search for
                       the Health Consultant was in contradiction to
                       Human Resources policy and unbecoming
                       conduct of a state leader.

                    b. Posting or “liking” the 2 items on [your] Linkedin
                       [sic] account as noted above when you were
                       connected to other CTE professionals, is
                       inconsistent with [DPI]’s mission and harms the
                       reputation of you, CTE, and [DPI]. This is
                       considered conduct unbecoming and is
                       detrimental to state service.

       On 6 June 2016, Smith filed an internal grievance with DPI that challenged

his discharge. Following a hearing, he was notified by letter dated 1 September 2016

of DPI’s decision to uphold his dismissal. Smith filed a petition for a contested case

hearing in the North Carolina Office of Administrative Hearings (“OAH”) on 27

September 2016 in which he argued that DPI had dismissed him without just cause

in violation of the North Carolina Human Resources Act. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-

1 et seq. (2017).



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                                 Opinion of the Court



      A hearing was held in OAH that took place on 13 January 2017, 4 May 2017,

12 May 2017, and 13 May 2017 before Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) Donald W.

Overby. On 21 August 2017, the ALJ issued a Final Decision containing the following

pertinent findings of fact:

             40. On or about December 8, 2015, [Smith] was involved
             in a verbal exchange with a female colleague and fellow
             DPI Section Chief, Ms. Carol Short. During this verbal
             exchange, [Smith] became upset and raised his voice while
             expressing his dissatisfaction to Ms. Short about the “Ugly
             Christmas Sweater” contest which was planned as part of
             the Division's upcoming annual holiday party.

             41. [Smith] was visibly and audibly upset during the
             exchange with Ms. Short, and was overheard by several
             colleagues speaking in a loud and argumentative voice to
             her. During the exchange with Ms. Short, [Smith] made
             disparaging remarks about the contest, calling it
             discriminatory against men, and cited it as another
             example of how women at DPI made all the decisions.
             [Smith] also incorrectly accused Ms. Short of being
             responsible for IT courses being moved from his section to
             hers.

             42. Ms. Short was very upset by the exchange with
             [Smith] and discussed it with her supervisor, Ms.
             Honeycutt. In turn, Ms. Honeycutt suggested to Ms. Short
             that she discuss her concerns with HR staff.

             43. Ms. Short reported her concerns about [Smith] to HR
             staff on December 15, 2015, and again on January 28, 2016.
             Ms. Short alleged that she was unlawfully harassed by
             [Smith] due to her gender, and that [Smith] had created a
             hostile work environment for her and other women at DPI.
             In addition, Ms. Short reported that [Smith]: (a) had asked
             her whether she “ratted” on him to the CTE Division
             Director; (b) openly and publicly criticized the CTE


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Division Director; (c) discussed his performance and a
disciplinary action he received; and (d) shared that he had
a “lawsuit” against DPI. Ms. Short indicated that she
believed these actions had a detrimental effect on the
Division work force and were disruptive to the work
environment.

....

53. On February 1, 2016, Ms. Christy Cheek, the CTE
Director with the Buncombe County Schools System,
forwarded to Ms. Honeycutt an email sent to her (Ms.
Cheek) from Ms. Sharon Verdu. Ms. Verdu stated in her
email that she had applied for a Health Science consultant
position at DPI in September 2015, and that as part of the
interview process with [Smith], he had acted
unprofessionally towards her. Among other things, Ms.
Verdu stated that [Smith] told her that he and Ms.
Honeycutt did not get along well and that Ms. Honeycutt
discriminated against him because he was male. Ms.
Verdu also stated that [Smith] told her that he might be
filing a lawsuit for discrimination against DPI. Ms. Verdu
stated that she felt as though [Smith] was trying to
discourage her from staying in as a candidate for the
Health Science consultant position because [Smith] had
told her after her interview that, “the first candidate hit it
out of the ballpark in her interview.” Then he gave her his
personal cell phone number so she could call him and let
him know if she was going to withdraw her application.
Ultimately, Ms. Verdu withdrew her application for the
position from consideration.

54. At the hearing in this matter, Ms. Verdu maintained
that, during the interview process, [Smith] criticized Ms.
Honeycutt and the work environment within the CTE
Division. He also indicated to her that he might be leaving
DPI for another job and discouraged her from staying in
the running for the position for which she had applied. Ms.
Verdu explained why she had delayed in coming forward to
report how [Smith] had acted inappropriately and


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             unprofessionally toward her as part of the interview
             process. Ms. Verdu also explained that [Smith]’s conduct
             had a negative impact on her perception of DPI and
             influenced her decision, in part, about whether to stay in
             the application process.

             ....

             59. On March 29, 2016, Ms. Honeycutt received email
             correspondence about [Smith] from the CTE Coordinator
             with the Hickory Public Schools System, Ms. Trina
             Williams. In the emails from Ms. Williams, she included
             two photos/images that were posted to [Smith]’s LinkedIn
             account. Both images were of women, some in scanty dress
             and one of a woman’s breasts in a bra. The caption for one
             of the posts read, “Let’s talk sex ...” Upon receiving the
             emails from Ms. Williams, Ms. Honeycutt sent them to Ms.
             Miller and expressed her concern to Ms. Miller that the
             posting of the images by [Smith] on his LinkedIn account
             demonstrated “unprofessional conduct or at least poor
             judgment when the profile has the employer name.”

      Based upon his findings of fact, the ALJ made the following pertinent

conclusions of law:

             14. Based on the preponderance of the evidence, [DPI]
             met its burden of proof that it had “just cause” to dismiss
             [Smith] for unacceptable personal conduct.

             15. [Smith]’s conduct of engaging in a heated discussion
             with Carol Short on December 8, 2015 was unacceptable
             personal conduct justifying dismissal.       During that
             conversation, he raised his voice at her, talked over her,
             argued with her about the Division’s holiday sweater
             contest being discriminatory against men, accused her of
             stealing IT courses away from his Section, and became
             visibly and audibly angry.

             16. As a Section Chief in the CTE Division, [Smith]’s
             conduct of openly and repeatedly making critical

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statements about the CTE Division Director to others in
the Division, including complaining that the Division
Director is an unfair and critical supervisor who targeted
[Smith] for unfair treatment, was unacceptable personal
conduct justifying dismissal.

17. As a Section Chief in the CTE Division, [Smith]’s
conduct of openly sharing with others within the Division
that he had a lawsuit or action against DPI based on the
agency’s alleged discriminatory dress code, and posting
and re-posting the dress code guidelines throughout the
Division, was unacceptable personal conduct justifying
dismissal.

18. As a Section Chief in the CTE Division, [Smith]’s
conduct of making inappropriate comments to a
prospective employee of DPI, including derogatory
comments about DPI’s CTE Division Director, and
comments discouraging the candidate from continuing in
the application and hiring process, was unacceptable
personal conduct justifying dismissal.

19. As a Section Chief in the CTE Division, [Smith]’s
conduct of posting or “liking” risqué images on his
LinkedIn account was unacceptable personal conduct
justifying disciplinary action.

20. To the degree that evidence has been admitted in this
contested case hearing which is not articulated with
particularity in the four-corners of the dismissal letter,
that evidence is admitted in keeping with Heard-Leak v.
N.C. State Univ. Ctr. for Urban Affairs, 798 S.E.2d 394,
398 (N.C. Ct. App. 2016)[.]

....

22. These multiple incidents of misconduct, which had a
detrimental effect on the cohesiveness of the Division and
the workplace environment, when viewed in their totality,
and in light of [Smith]’s failure to respond positively to
multiple past attempts by [DPI] to provide feedback and

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             effectuate change in [Smith]’s workplace behavior,
             constitute unacceptable personal conduct justifying
             dismissal. [DPI] has met its burden to show that it had
             “just cause” to dismiss [Smith].

      Smith filed a timely notice of appeal to this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat.

§§ 7A-29(a) and 126-34.02(a).



                                      Analysis

      Before we address the specific arguments made by Smith in this appeal, it is

appropriate to review both the substantive provisions of law that govern the ability

of State agencies to discipline career employees and the statutory framework

applicable to appeals of such personnel decisions.

      The North Carolina Human Resources Act provides that “[n]o career State

employee . . . shall be discharged, suspended, or demoted for disciplinary reasons,

except for just cause.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-35(a) (2017). Our Supreme Court has

explained that “[j]ust cause is a flexible concept, embodying notions of equity and

fairness, that can only be determined upon an examination of the facts and

circumstances of each individual case.” Wetherington v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 368

N.C. 583, 591, 780 S.E.2d 543, 547 (2015) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

      “There are two bases for the . . . dismissal of employees under the statutory

standard for ‘just cause’ as set out in G.S. 126-35.” 25 N.C. Admin. Code 1J.0604(b)

(2018). First, a career State employee may be dismissed based on “unsatisfactory job


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performance.” N.C. Dep’t of Env’t & Natural Res. v. Carroll, 358 N.C. 649, 666, 599

S.E.2d 888, 899 (2004).        Second, an employee may be dismissed based on

“unacceptable personal conduct.” Id.

               This Court [has] delineated the difference between
               unacceptable job performance and unacceptable personal
               conduct and held that termination for engaging in the
               latter category is appropriate for those actions for which no
               reasonable person could, or should, expect to receive prior
               warnings. The State Personnel Manual lists, “careless
               errors, poor quality work, untimeliness, failure to follow
               instructions or procedures, or a pattern of regular absences
               or tardiness” as examples of unsatisfactory job
               performance. Unacceptable personal conduct includes
               “insubordination, reporting to work under the influence of
               drugs or alcohol, and stealing or misusing State property.”

Leeks v. Cumberland Cty. Mental Health Developmental Disab. & Sub. Abuse Facil.,

154 N.C. App. 71, 76-77, 571 S.E.2d 684, 688-89 (2002) (internal citations, quotation

marks, brackets, and emphasis omitted).

      The North Carolina Administrative Code defines “unacceptable personal

conduct” as:

               (a) conduct for which no reasonable person should expect
                   to receive prior warning;

               (b) job-related conduct which constitutes a violation of
                   state or federal law;

               (c) conviction of a felony or an offense involving moral
                   turpitude that is detrimental to or impacts the
                   employee’s service to the State;

               (d) the willful violation of known or written work rules;


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             (e) conduct unbecoming a state                employee   that   is
                 detrimental to state service;

             (f) the abuse of client(s), patient(s), student(s) or a
                 person(s) over whom the employee has charge or to
                 whom the employee has a responsibility or an animal
                 owned by the State;

             (g) absence from work after all authorized leave credits and
                 benefits have been exhausted;

             (h) falsification of a state application or in other
                 employment documentation.

25 N.C. Admin. Code 1J.0614(8).

      In Warren v. N.C. Dep’t of Crime Control, 221 N.C. App. 376, 726 S.E.2d 920,

disc. review denied, 366 N.C. 408, 735 S.E.2d 175 (2012), this Court articulated a

three-part test to determine whether just cause exists to discipline an employee who

has engaged in unacceptable personal conduct: (1) whether the employee actually

engaged in the conduct the employer alleged; (2) whether the employee’s conduct falls

within one of the categories of unacceptable personal conduct; and (3) whether the

misconduct constitutes just cause for the disciplinary action taken. Id. at 383, 726

S.E.2d at 925 (citation omitted).

      “The North Carolina Administrative Procedure Act (APA), codified at Chapter

150B of the General Statutes, governs trial and appellate court review of

administrative agency decisions.” Amanini v. N.C. Dep’t of Human Res., 114 N.C.




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App. 668, 673, 443 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1994) (citation omitted). Chapter 150B of the

North Carolina General Statutes provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

             The Court reviewing a final decision may affirm the
             decision or remand the case for further proceedings. It may
             also reverse or modify the decision if the substantial rights
             of the petitioners may have been prejudiced by the
             findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions are:

                (1) In violation of constitutional provisions;

                (2) In excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of
                    the agency or administrative law judge;

                (3) Made upon unlawful procedure;

                (4) Affected by other error of law;

                (5) Unsupported by substantial evidence admissible
                    under G.S. 150B-29(a), 150B-30, or 150B-31 in view
                    of the entire record as submitted; or

                (6) Arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 150B-51(b) (2017). In situations “[w]here the asserted error falls

under subsections 150B-51(b)(5) and (6), we apply the whole record standard of

review.” Whitehurst v. East Carolina Univ., __ N.C. App. __, __, 811 S.E.2d 626, 631

(2018) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

             A court applying the whole record test may not substitute
             its judgment for the agency’s as between two conflicting
             views, even though it could reasonably have reached a
             different result had it reviewed the matter de novo.
             Rather, a court must examine all the record evidence—that
             which detracts from the agency’s findings and conclusions
             as well as that which tends to support them—to determine


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             whether there is substantial evidence to justify the
             agency’s decision. “Substantial evidence” is defined as
             “relevant evidence a reasonable mind might accept as
             adequate to support a conclusion.”

Watkins v. N.C. State Bd. of Dental Exam’rs, 358 N.C. 190, 199, 593 S.E.2d 764, 769

(2004) (internal citations omitted).

      Where the petitioner alleges that the agency decision “was based on error of

law, the reviewing court must examine the record de novo, as though the issue had

not yet been considered by the agency.” Souther v. New River Area Mental Health

Developmental Disabilities & Substance Abuse Program, 142 N.C. App. 1, 4, 541

S.E.2d 750, 752 (citation omitted), aff’d per curiam, 354 N.C. 209, 552 S.E.2d 162

(2001). “Under a de novo review, the court considers the matter anew and freely

substitutes its own judgment for that of the [ALJ].” In re Appeal of the Greens of Pine

Glen Ltd. P’ship, 356 N.C. 642, 647, 576 S.E.2d 316, 319 (2003) (citation omitted).

I.   Specificity of Allegations in Dismissal Letter

      Initially, Smith contends that two of the five stated grounds for his discharge

contained in the Dismissal Letter were not sufficiently specific to meet the notice

requirements of the Human Resources Act.            He asserts that the following two

statements of misconduct set forth in Paragraph 1 of the letter were not stated with

the requisite particularity:

             b. As cited above, I recently learned that you have made
             critical statements about me to several others in our
             division most especially since the Fall of 2015 and that the


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             pattern of your open and public criticism of me has harmed
             the cohesiveness of CTE.

             c. In recent months, you have openly and with several CTE
             staff, noted that you have a “lawsuit” against [DPI] because
             [DPI] is discriminatory toward men. The statements you
             have made, your behavior such as posting the dress
             guidelines repeatedly has harmed the cohesiveness in
             CTE, and is unbecoming conduct of a CTE leader.

      N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-35(a) provides that before a career State employee may

be discharged, “the employee shall . . . be furnished with a statement in writing

setting forth the specific acts or omissions that are the reasons for the [termination].”

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-35(a). This Court has stated that the purpose of the statute’s

notice requirement is to “provide the employee with a written statement of the

reasons for his discharge so that the employee may effectively appeal his discharge.”

Heard-Leak, __ N.C. App. at __, 798 S.E.2d at 398 (citation and quotation marks

omitted); see also Owen v. UNC-G Physical Plant, 121 N.C. App. 682, 687, 468 S.E.2d

813, 817 (1996) (“Failure to provide names, dates, or locations makes it impossible

for the employee to locate the alleged violations in time or place, or to connect them

with any person or group of persons, thereby violating the statutory requirement of

sufficient particularity.” (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted));

Leiphart v. N.C. School of the Arts, 80 N.C. App. 339, 351, 342 S.E.2d 914, 922 (N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 126-35(a) “was designed to prevent the employer from summarily

discharging an employee and then searching for justifiable reasons for the



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                                   Opinion of the Court



dismissal”), cert. denied, 318 N.C. 507, 349 S.E.2d 862 (1986). Consequently, “the

written notice must be stated with sufficient particularity so that the discharged

employee will know precisely what acts or omissions were the basis of his or her

discharge.” Heard-Leak, __ N.C. App. at __, 798 S.E.2d at 398 (citation, quotation

marks, and brackets omitted).

      Smith argues that the above-quoted statements from the Dismissal Letter are

insufficient under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-35(a) because they fail to provide “the names

of the people [Smith] allegedly spoke to, the dates when he allegedly spoke to them

or what he said.” He does not, however, contend that the remaining grounds set out

in paragraph (1)(a) and in paragraph (2)(a) and (b) of the Dismissal Letter were

impermissibly vague.     Instead, his argument on this issue solely references the

grounds listed in paragraph (1)(b) and (c) of the letter.

      The Dismissal Letter — a single-spaced document that was over four pages in

length — contained additional information elaborating on the specific grounds for

dismissal identified in the letter. While it is true that the letter could have provided

additional detail as to the grounds Smith references, we note that he does not argue

that any such lack of detail actually prevented him from contesting the grounds for

his dismissal.

      In any event, even assuming arguendo that the grounds listed in paragraph

(1)(b) and (c) of the Dismissal Letter were too vague, we conclude — as discussed in



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                                  Opinion of the Court



more detail below — that the remaining grounds set out in the letter were sufficient

to support his discharge. See Hilliard v. N.C. Dep’t of Corr., 173 N.C. App. 594, 597,

620 S.E.2d 14, 17 (“One act of [unacceptable personal conduct] presents just cause for

any discipline, up to and including dismissal.” (citation and quotation marks

omitted)).

II.   Existence of Just Cause For Dismissal

       a. Whether Smith Engaged in the Alleged Conduct

       Smith does not challenge Findings of Fact Nos. 40-43, 53-54, and 59 made by

the ALJ.     Thus, these factual findings are binding on appeal.     See Koufman v.

Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991) (“Where no exception is taken

to a finding of fact by the trial court, the finding is presumed to be supported by

competent evidence and is binding on appeal.”). Finding Nos. 40-43 concern Smith’s

8 December 2015 altercation with Short while Finding Nos. 53-54 and 59 relate to

Smith’s conduct during Verdu’s job interview and his LinkedIn account activity,

respectively. Thus, because these findings have not been challenged by Smith, they

establish that Smith did, in fact, engage in the conduct described therein.

Accordingly, the first prong of the Warren test is satisfied with regard to these acts

that formed the basis for Smith’s discharge.

       b. Whether Smith’s Actions Constituted Unacceptable Personal
          Conduct




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      We must next determine whether Smith’s behavior rose to the level of

unacceptable personal conduct. As noted above, unacceptable personal conduct under

the Human Resources Act is a broad “catch-all” category that encompasses a wide

variety of misconduct by State employees that can result in dismissal without the

need for a prior warning. This Court has found the existence of unacceptable personal

conduct in a number of different contexts. See, e.g., Robinson v. Univ. of N.C. Health

Care Sys., 242 N.C. App. 614, 617, 775 S.E.2d 898, 900 (2015) (hospital employee

displayed explosive behavior in meetings, showed disrespect for her supervisors, and

repeated unsupported claims that employer was discriminating against her);

Hilliard, 173 N.C. App. at 596, 620 S.E.2d at 16 (superintendent of correctional center

improperly ate food from dining hall, accepted personal services from inmates and

employees, and used State equipment to send personal faxes and make non-work

related long distance telephone calls); N.C. Dep’t of Corr. v. Brunson, 152 N.C. App.

430, 432, 567 S.E.2d 416, 418 (2002) (probation officer held in contempt of court for

talking during proceeding after magistrate ordered silence).       Furthermore, with

regard to the “conduct unbecoming a state employee” prong of the unacceptable

personal conduct definition, we have held that “no showing of actual harm is

required . . . , only a potential detrimental impact (whether conduct like the

employee’s could potentially adversely affect the mission or legitimate interests of the

State employer”). Hilliard, 173 N.C. App. at 597, 620 S.E.2d at 17 (citation omitted).



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                                  Opinion of the Court



      It is undisputed that on 8 December 2015 Smith became involved in a loud

confrontation with Short that was precipitated by his dissatisfaction with a planned

“Ugly Christmas Sweater” contest. During the altercation — which was overheard

by several colleagues — he became “visibly and audibly upset,” referred to the contest

as “another example of how women at DPI made all the decisions,” and accused Short

of being responsible for the removal of Internet Technology courses from his section.

This incident resulted in Short believing that Smith had harassed her because of her

gender and had created a hostile work environment for female employees at DPI.

      Smith also engaged in highly inappropriate conduct during Verdu’s interview

for the health science consultant position. He informed Verdu that he and Honeycutt

“did not get along well and that [Honeycutt] discriminated against him because he

was male.” Smith also told Verdu that he was considering filing a lawsuit against

DPI for discrimination, criticized the work environment at CTE, and gave Verdu his

personal cell phone number so that she could immediately inform him if she decided

to withdraw her application from consideration. Finally, his conduct in “liking” two

sexually suggestive LinkedIn posts while using an account in which he identified

himself as an employee of DPI represented yet another instance of inappropriate

behavior.

      We are satisfied that Smith’s actions had the potential to adversely affect the

mission of DPI and constituted conduct unbecoming a State employee that is



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                                   Opinion of the Court



detrimental to State service.     Therefore, we hold that the ALJ did not err in

determining Smith’s actions constituted unacceptable personal conduct under the

Human Resources Act.

      c. Whether Smith’s Conduct Constituted Just Cause for His Dismissal

      The final question before us is whether Smith’s improper conduct gave rise to

just cause for his termination as opposed to a lesser form of disciplinary action. This

Court has held that “[u]nacceptable personal conduct does not necessarily establish

just cause for all types of discipline.” Warren, 221 N.C. App. at 383, 726 S.E.2d at

925. Thus, the final prong of the Warren test requires us to “balance the equities” by

“examin[ing] the facts and circumstances of [the] case” in order to determine whether

the “conduct constitutes just cause for the [specific type of] disciplinary action taken.”

Id. at 379, 382, 726 S.E.2d at 923, 925.

      Here, Smith displayed a pattern of petulant, inappropriate, and insubordinate

behavior at DPI that extended over the course of several years. Despite repeated

attempts on the part of Honeycutt and others at DPI to convince him to behave more

appropriately, Smith failed to make any meaningful changes to his workplace

behavior.

      Smith nevertheless argues that the ALJ erred in making certain findings of

fact that were not directly connected to those grounds for his termination that were

stated with specificity in his Dismissal Letter. Specifically, he contends that Findings



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                                     Opinion of the Court



of Fact Nos. 8-38, 44-52, 57-58, 60, 62, 64, 65, and 67 were made in error because they

“deal with subjects that are not contained in the dismissal letter as reasons for the

dismissal.”2 We disagree.

       Although it is true that some of these factual findings concern events not

expressly referenced within the four corners of the Dismissal Letter, we do not believe

that their inclusion was improper. Our appellate courts have held that an employee’s

work history is a relevant consideration in reviewing the level of discipline imposed

against a career State employee. See, e.g., Blackburn v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 246

N.C. App. 196, 208, 784 S.E.2d 509, 518 (“[E]vidence of petitioner’s prior disciplinary

history was properly considered as part of the ALJ’s review of the level of discipline

imposed against petitioner.”), disc. review denied, 368 N.C. 919, 786 S.E.2d 915

(2016); see also N.C. Dep’t of Env’t & Natural Res., 358 N.C. at 670, 599 S.E.2d at 901

(determining that agency lacked just cause to demote petitioner where petitioner had

been “a reliable and valued employee . . . for almost twenty years with no prior

history of disciplinary actions against him.”).

       In the present case, the factual findings made by the ALJ that Smith

challenges as beyond the scope of the Dismissal Letter concern a number of incidents

that occurred during his employment at DPI. Among other subjects, these challenged

findings of fact reference (1) inflammatory emails sent by Smith to employees of DPI


       2 We note that the only finding of fact actually challenged by Smith as unsupported by
substantial evidence in the record is Finding No. 64.

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                                  Opinion of the Court



partner organizations; (2) inappropriate attire worn by Smith to work functions; (3)

Smith’s failure to give his scheduled presentation during the 22 September 2014 DPI

conference; and (4) the misleading reference given by Smith to DOL staff and the

official warning letter for misconduct that he received as a result. These findings

serve to support the legal validity of DPI’s determination that Smith’s repeated

misconduct warranted his dismissal.

                                          ***

      Although the North Carolina Human Resources Act provides important

protections for career State employees, it does not immunize workers from discharge

after engaging in the type of longstanding insubordinate and highly inappropriate

behavior that occurred here. Therefore, we affirm the ALJ’s conclusion that just

cause existed for Smith’s dismissal.

                                       Conclusion

      For the reasons stated above, we affirm the 21 August 2017 Final Decision of

the ALJ.

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges DILLON and INMAN concur.




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