                                FIFTH DIVISION
                                DILLARD, P. J.,
                             REESE and BETHEL, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules


                                                                    January 26, 2017




In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A16A2157. THE ESTATE OF ROBERT HUNTER NIXON et al. v.
     W. KEITH BARBER et al.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      The Estate of Robert Hunter Nixon, Kathy Nixon, and R. Bruce Nixon (“the

Nixons”) appeal from the trial court’s grant of W. Keith Barber and W. Keith Barber,

P.C.’s (“Barber”) motion to dismiss the Nixons’ action for legal malpractice. The

Nixons argue on appeal that the trial court erred in dismissing their complaint based

upon a failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted because (1) they

had an attorney-client relationship with Barber and (2) their claims are not barred by

causation issues (as maintained by Barber). For the reasons set forth infra, we affirm.

      The record reflects that beginning in April 2013, Barber represented Robert

Hunter Nixon (“Hunter”), son of Kathy and R. Bruce Nixon (“Kathy” and “Bruce”),
on charges of selling and distributing marijuana. On September 3, 2014, Hunter

terminated Barber’s representation and retained new counsel.1 But before a resolution

was reached in his criminal prosecution, Hunter was killed in an automobile accident

on November 7, 2014.

      On March 1, 2015, the Nixons filed suit against Barber and asserted a single

claim for legal malpractice. Specifically, the Nixons argued that Barber failed to

properly represent Hunter in the criminal proceeding, which caused (1) unnecessary

delay, (2) substantial stress, (3) extreme mental anguish, and (4) their son being

unable to complete his college education when he subsequently died in a car accident.

Among the allegations in the complaint were that Barber (1) negligently

misrepresented the sentence Hunter faced; (2) was unprepared at a sentencing

hearing; (3) made “numerous false and unsubstantiated statements to the Nixon

Family”; (4) lied about being in contact with the prosecutor and working toward a

better plea offer for Hunter; (5) had a conflict of interest between his duty as a

defense attorney and his role as a municipal-court judge; (6) pushed Hunter to work


      1
         Although the pleadings and appellate briefs allege that Barber was terminated
on September 3, 2015, this must be a scrivener’s error, as relevant incidents that
allegedly occurred after Barber’s termination took place in 2014, and suit was only
filed in March 2015.

                                          2
undercover with police and “asked for multiple unnecessary continuances”; and (7)

botched his defense of Hunter, and that “had [the] criminal prosecution been handled

correctly,” Hunter would have been attending Georgia State University rather than

returning to Atlanta after working in Savannah (when he was tragically killed in the

car accident).

      Barber answered and moved to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that it

failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted when (1) the Nixons could

not establish that any of the negligence alleged in his representation was the

proximate cause of their damages, and (2) Kathy and Bruce, Hunter’s parents, lacked

standing to sue for malpractice because they did not have an attorney-client

relationship with Barber. The Nixons later amended their complaint to assert

additional facts in support of finding that they had an attorney-client relationship with

Barber. But in a summary order (on May 9, 2016), the trial court granted Barber’s

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. This

appeal by the Nixons follows.

      It is well established that a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon

which relief may be granted should not be sustained unless



                                           3
       (1) the allegations of the complaint disclose with certainty that the
       claimant would not be entitled to relief under any state of provable facts
       asserted in support thereof; and (2) the movant establishes that the
       claimant could not possibly introduce evidence within the framework of
       the complaint sufficient to warrant a grant of the relief sought.2


And when a motion to dismiss is considered, “all pleadings are to be construed most

favorably to the party who filed them, and all doubts regarding such pleadings must

be resolved in the filing party’s favor.”3

       Moreover, a plaintiff is not required to “plead in the complaint facts sufficient

to set out each element of a cause of action so long as it puts the opposing party on

reasonable notice of the issues that must be defended against.”4 And if, within the

framework of the complaint, “evidence may be introduced which will sustain a grant

of relief to the plaintiff, the complaint is sufficient.”5 At the appellate level, we review




       2
       Cleveland v. MidFirst Bank, 335 Ga. App. 465, 465 (781 SE2d 577) (2016)
(punctuation omitted).
       3
           Id. (punctuation omitted).
       4
           Id. (punctuation omitted).
       5
           Id. (punctuation omitted).

                                             4
the trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss de novo.6 With these guiding principles

in mind, we turn now to the Nixons’ specific claims of error.

      1. The Nixons first argue that the trial court erred in granting the motion to

dismiss on the basis that they lacked standing to maintain an action against Barber in

the absence of an attorney-client relationship with him. Unfortunately, the court’s

summary order lacked any analysis to support the dismissal. Nevertheless, we may

affirm a dismissal if it is right for any reason.7 And here, as to Kathy and Bruce, the

motion to dismiss was properly granted because they failed to state a claim upon

which relief can be granted when they did not have an attorney-client relationship

with Barber. For this same reason, Kathy and Bruce also lacked standing to bring a

legal malpractice action against Barber.8


      6
          Id. at 465-66.
      7
      See, e.g., Bobick v. Cmty. & S. Bank, 321 Ga. App. 855, 869-70 (4) (b) (743
SE2d 516) (2013) (affirming dismissal under the right-for-any-reason doctrine).
      8
        See Ga. Insurers Insolvency Pool v. Hulsey Envir. Servs., Inc., 293 Ga. 504,
505-06 (748 SE2d 380) (2013) (affirming grant of motion to dismiss when party
lacked standing to bring suit); cf. Dept. of Revenue v. Sawnee Electrical Membership
Corp., 265 Ga. App. 320, 320-21 (593 SE2d 756) (2004) (holding that trial court
erred in denying motion to dismiss when party lacked standing to bring suit).
Standing, of course, is a prerequisite to the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction.
Blackmon v. Tenet Healthsystem Spalding, Inc., 284 Ga. 369, 371 (667 SE2d 348)
(2008) (“The constitutional and procedural concept of ‘standing’ falls under the broad

                                            5
      In a legal-malpractice case, a plaintiff has the burden of proving the three

elements of such an action: (1) employment of the defendant attorney (i.e., the

plaintiff had an attorney-client relationship with the attorney); (2) failure of the

attorney to exercise ordinary care, skill, and diligence; and (3) that the attorney’s

negligence was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s damages.9




rubric of ‘jurisdiction’ in the general sense, and in any event, a plaintiff with standing
is a prerequisite for the existence of subject matter jurisdiction.”). And as we have
previously explained, “[the] court’s lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be
waived and may be raised at any time either in the trial court, in a collateral attack on
a judgment, or in an appeal.” Ga. Dept. of Transp. v. Wyche, 332 Ga. App. 596, 598
(1) n.7 (774 SE2d 169) (2015) (punctuation omitted); accord Abushmais v. Erby, 282
Ga. 619, 622 (3) (652 SE2d 549) (2007). Finally, the burden of proving “the interest
necessary to demonstrate a particular party’s standing is ordinarily placed on that
party.” Dept. of Human Res. v. Allison, 276 Ga. 175, 178 (575 SE2d 876) (2003); see
In the Interest of M. H., 247 Ga. App. 84, 85 (543 SE2d 390) (2000) (“The burden is
on the defendant to show that he has standing to contest the alleged violation, i.e.,
that he has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the premises searched.”).
      9
        See Carmichael v. Barham, Bennett, Miller & Stone, 187 Ga. App. 494, 495
(370 SE2d 639) (1988) (listing the three elements and holding that the first element
was not satisfied when there was no attorney-client relationship between the plaintiffs
and defendant, notwithstanding that the plaintiffs paid the attorney’s fees); see also
Oswell v. Nixon, 275 Ga. App. 205, 207 (1) (620 SE2d 419) (2005) (“[T]he law is
clear that to make out a case of legal malpractice, a lawyer-client relationship must
exist between the plaintiff and the defendant attorney.” (punctuation omitted)).

                                            6
      As to the first requirement, generally, an attorney-client relationship “must be

demonstrated before a plaintiff may recover in a legal malpractice suit”10 because

such a relationship is “essential in establishing the element of duty that is necessary

to every lawsuit based upon a theory of negligence.”11 Although attorney-client

relationships are typically matters of express contract, such a relationship can also be

implied from the parties’ conduct.12 And the employment of an attorney is sufficiently

established when it is shown that “the advice or assistance of the attorney is sought

and received in matters pertinent to his profession.”13 Additionally, while the payment

of a fee is relevant to the inquiry and may in some circumstances be controlling,

      an attorney-client relationship may be found to exist [when] no fee is
      paid, and the payment of a fee does not necessarily demonstrate the
      existence of the relationship. All that is necessary is a “reasonable


      10
        Cleveland Campers, Inc. v. R. Thad McCormack, P.C., 280 Ga. App. 900,
903 (2) (635 SE2d 274) (2006) (punctuation omitted); accord McKenna Long &
Aldridge, LLP v. Keller, 267 Ga. App. 171, 173 (1) (598 SE2d 892) (2004).
      11
        Cleveland Campers, Inc., 280 Ga. App. at 903 (2) (punctuation omitted);
accord Keller, 267 Ga. App. at 173 (1).
      12
        Cleveland Campers, Inc., 280 Ga. App. at 903 (2); Guillebeau v. Jenkins,
182 Ga. App. 225, 229 (1) (355 SE2d 453) (1987).
      13
        Cleveland Campers, Inc., 280 Ga. App. at 903 (2) (punctuation omitted);
accord Guillebeau, 182 Ga. App. at 229 (1).

                                           7
      belief” on the part of the would-be client that he or she was being
      represented by the attorney. A reasonable belief is one which is
      reasonably induced by representations or conduct on the part of the
      attorney.14


      In support of their allegations that an attorney-client relationship was formed

with Barber, Kathy and Bruce assert in their amended complaint that

      [a]lthough Defendants were counsel of record only to Hunter, they
      provided legal representation, assistance and advice directly to Mr. and
      Mrs. Nixon. Defendants were paid by the Nixons, took direction from
      the Nixons, communicated with and reported to the Nixons, engaged in
      strategy discussions with the Nixons and were ultimately fired by the
      Nixons. The Nixons employed Defendants, had an attorney-client
      relationship with Defendants and reasonably believed that Defendants
      were acting on their behalf as well as on behalf of Hunter.


But again, an attorney-client relationship cannot “be created unilaterally in the mind

of a would-be client; a reasonable belief is required.”15 And here, the allegations of

the complaint evince that all communications between Kathy, Bruce, and Barber were


      14
        Cleveland Campers, Inc., 280 Ga. App. at 903 (2) (punctuation omitted);
accord Calhoun v. Tapley, 196 Ga. App. 318, 319 (395 SE2d 848) (1990).
      15
        Cleveland Campers, Inc., 280 Ga. App. at 904 (2) (punctuation omitted)
(emphasis supplied); accord Newberry v. Cotton States Mut. Ins. Co., 242 Ga. App.
784, 785 (1) (531 SE2d 362) (2000); Guillebeau, 182 Ga. App. at 231 (1).

                                          8
made for the purpose of and related to Barber’s representation of Hunter in defense

against his criminal prosecution.

      At the very outset of the complaint, in describing the nature of the action, the

Nixons explain that it is “an action for professional malpractice arising from

Defendants’ improper handling of Robert Hunter Nixon’s criminal defense” because

Barber “failed to properly evaluate and defend Robert Hunter Nixon . . . .” The

Nixons then continue to describe the nature of the action by alleging that Barber (1)

made misrepresentations about the sentences faced by Hunter; (2) was unprepared at

Hunter’s sentencing hearing; (3) misinformed the family about his communications

with the prosecution and efforts to obtain a better plea offer for Hunter “throughout

his representation of Hunter”; and (4) failed “to properly represent Hunter Nixon”

such that it “caused unnecessary delay[,] . . . substantial stress[,] and extreme mental

anguish.” Later in the complaint, in setting forth the factual basis for the claim of

legal malpractice, the Nixons alleged that

      •      “Hunter retained [Barber] to represent him in his criminal defense.”

      •      Barber discussed his representation of Hunter with the family.

      •      Barber recommended that the family obtain letters of Hunter’s good
             character in advance of the sentencing hearing.


                                           9
      •      Barber communicated with the family regarding the prosecution’s plea
             offer, his efforts to obtain a better offer, and his recommendation that
             Hunter work with law enforcement in hopes of receiving a better offer.

      •      Barber communicated with the family about lining up speakers on
             Hunter’s behalf at another sentencing hearing.

      •      Barber further informed the family and Hunter about a new plea offer,
             which “the Nixons declined,” before Hunter agreed to continue working
             with law enforcement “against his parents’ wishes” after Barber warned
             that Hunter would “serve time” by declining the offer.

      •      Barber inquired with the Nixons as to why Hunter stopped assisting law
             enforcement and warned Hunter and his family that Hunter could face
             prison if he did not continue to cooperate with the police.

      •      Barber was fired “as Hunter’s counsel,” and new counsel was hired for
             “Hunter’s case.”

      The Nixons further alleged that Barber was negligent in (1) failing to notify the

prosecution of Hunter’s cooperation with law enforcement; (2) failing to present the

trial court with letters of Hunter’s good character; (3) making false statements and

misrepresentations to the Nixons; (4) failing to “diligently defend and properly

evaluate the case” and “properly analyze the likely sentence in the event Hunter was

convicted”; (5) “overestimat[ing] the prosecutor’s case and fail[ing] to effectively

negotiate a plea bargain”; (6) being unprepared for Hunter’s May 13, 2014 sentencing

hearing; and (7) having a conflict of interest between his role as a defense attorney


                                         10
and as a municipal-court judge. Finally, even the expert affidavit16 in support of the

Nixons’ complaint alleges that Barber failed “to competently represent Robert Hunter

Nixon in his criminal proceedings” and “negligently or intentionally mishandled

Robert Hunter Nixon’s criminal case.”

      The record, then, is clear. Aside from Barber’s representation of Hunter and the

efforts made on his behalf in the criminal proceeding (the success of which would

have incidentally benefitted the Nixon family), Kathy and Bruce have not pleaded

that Barber undertook any duty or made any promise specific to them.17 Indeed, in



      16
        See OCGA § 9-11-9.1 (a) (requiring that any complaint alleging professional
malpractice must be accompanied by an expert affidavit setting forth “at least one
negligent act or omission claimed to exist and the factual basis for each such claim”).
      17
          See Fox v. White, 215 SW3d 257, 262 (Mo. Ct. App. 2007) (“Certainly, had
[the stepson] been acquitted or had [the attorney] in some other way succeeded in
preserving his parental rights, other family members would have benefitted from that
result. Merely acknowledging this fact, however, does not confer upon [the attorney]
a duty to those family members. Such a duty could only be found in some sort of
specific undertaking on behalf of those family members. Without pleading such an
undertaking or promise, [the stepfather] has not pled that [the attorney] owed any
such duty to [the stepfather]. No such undertaking or promise appears in the petition
filed in this case.”); see also Crane v. Albertelli, 264 Ga. App. 910, 910-11 (1) (592
SE2d 684) (2003) (holding that trial court properly dismissed legal-malpractice claim
when no attorney-client relationship existed between defendant attorney and clients’
husband/father because such a relationship does not exist “simply by virtue of [the
husband/father’s] personal relationship with [the attorney’s] clients and [the
husband/father’s] personal concern about the outcome of their appeals”).

                                          11
reviewing the allegations of the complaint, and notwithstanding the additional

allegations in the amended complaint and their payment of Barber’s fees, Kathy and

Bruce could not have reasonably believed that Barber represented them when all

communications and representations were made in the course of (and regarded)

Barber’s representation of their son in defense against his criminal charges.18 Thus,

while it is certainly understandable that parents would be involved in and concerned

with their child’s defense against criminal prosecution, the person with the ultimate

decision-making authority in such a proceeding—and the person whose liberty is

actually at stake—is the one whose interests are represented by counsel.19 Suffice it

      18
          See Seals v. DeBose-Parent, 99 So3d 72, 74 (La. Ct. App. 2012) (holding
that, notwithstanding brother’s payment of attorney’s fees, brother “was entirely
aware that he was retaining the appellee as counsel for his sister” for representation
in her criminal prosecution and, thus, no attorney-client relationship existed between
attorney and client’s brother); Fox, 215 SW3d at 261-62 (holding that there was no
attorney-client relationship between attorney and criminal defendant’s stepfather who
paid fees and engaged attorney to represent stepson because “[a]ll of the benefits that
[the stepfather] alleges he expected to receive from the contract are benefits indirectly
derived from [the stepson’s] ultimate exoneration”).
      19
         Cf. Spencer v. State, 287 Ga. 434, 439 (4) (696 SE2d 617) (2010) (noting that
the ultimate decision as to whether or not to testify rests with criminal defendant and
not his counsel); White v. State, 287 Ga. 713, 721 (4) (a) (699 SE2d 291) (2010) (“It
is without question that it is the defendant, not his attorney, who, after being provided
informed legal advice, makes the ultimate decision about whether or not to plead
guilty.”); Hendrix v. State, 284 Ga. 420, 422 (2) (667 SE2d 597) (2008) (“Whether
to waive a jury trial is a strategic decision to be made by an accused after consultation

                                           12
to say, an attorney-client relationship is personal, not vicarious.20 Accordingly, Kathy

and Bruce failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and, likewise,

lacked standing to bring a legal-malpractice action against Barber in their individual

capacities.21 Therefore, the trial court properly dismissed the action as to Kathy and

Bruce.22

      2. Finally, as to the Estate, the Nixons assert that the trial court erred in

granting the motion to dismiss based upon Barber’s argument below that they “must


with counsel.” (punctuation omitted)).
      20
        Crane, 264 Ga. App. at 910 (1); see Zielinski v. Clorox Co., 270 Ga. 38, 40-
42 (2) (504 SE2d 683) (1998) (holding that plaintiff who approached attorney in
representative capacity on behalf of a corporation failed to establish the existence of
a personal attorney-client relationship with the attorney).
      21
         See Fortson v. Hotard, 299 Ga. App. 800, 802 (2) (a) (684 SE2d 18) (2009)
(holding that complaint was properly dismissed when plaintiffs failed to establish first
element of legal malpractice—employment of the attorney); Oswell, 275 Ga. App. at
207 (1) (holding that complaint was properly dismissed when plaintiff failed to allege
an attorney–client relationship with the defendant); Crane, 264 Ga. App. at 910-11
(1) (holding that trial court properly dismissed legal-malpractice claim when no
attorney–client relationship existed between defendant attorney and clients’
husband/father); cf. Rhone v. Bolden, 270 Ga. App. 712, 716 (4) (a) (608 SE2d 22)
(2004) (holding that trial court erred in denying attorneys’ motion for summary
judgment as to legal-malpractice claim when evidence demanded a finding that no
attorney–client relationship existed between plaintiff and defendants).
      22
         See, e.g., Bobick, 321 Ga. App. at 869-70 (4) (b) (affirming dismissal under
right-for-any-reason doctrine).

                                          13
demonstrate as a factual prerequisite to proving their case[ ] that Hunter was factually

innocent of the crimes which he was charged with.” But we need not reach the

propriety of Barber’s contention and the trial court’s apparent grant of the motion to

dismiss on this ground because the Nixons abandoned this enumeration of error by

failing to provide citation to authority in support of same.23

      23
           See Blanton v. State, 324 Ga. App. 610, 615 (2) (a) n.10 (751 SE2d 431)
(2013) (finding that appellant abandoned a claim by failing to cite any authority to
support it); Clarke v. State, 317 Ga. App. 471, 475 (1) (d) (731 SE2d 100) (2012)
(holding that argument was waived by appellant’s failure to cite legal authority in
support thereof); COURT OF APPEALS R. 25 (c) (2) (“Any enumeration of error which
is not supported in the brief by citation of authority or argument may be deemed
abandoned.”). We note that, had this enumeration not been abandoned, this would
have been an issue of first impression in Georgia, and it is a question that has resulted
in a split of authority across the country. See generally Meredith J. Duncan, Criminal
Malpractice: A Lawyer’s Holiday, 37 GA. L. REV. 1251, 1267-68 (III) (A) (2003)
(noting that when a legal-malpractice plaintiff is a “former criminal defendant suing
his former criminal defense attorney for negligence, many jurisdictions add additional
elements to those traditionally required,” and that in those jurisdictions, “the plaintiff
is required to prove that he has been exonerated or has otherwise obtained
postconviction relief from the charged offense,” and further noting that in several
jurisdictions, “the claimant must further prove that he was actually innocent of the
charges for which he has obtained that relief” (emphasis supplied)); Kevin Bennardo,
Note, A Defense Bar: The “Proof of Innocence” Requirement in Criminal
Malpractice Claims, 5 OHIO ST. J. CRIM. L. 341, 342-43 (2007) (“The majority of
jurisdictions require that criminal malpractice plaintiffs prove attainment of
post-conviction relief, their actual innocence, or both to successfully bring a criminal
malpractice lawsuit. A minority of jurisdictions require no showing of innocence in
litigating such a malpractice claim[.]”); Cort Thomas, Note, Criminal Malpractice:
Avoiding the Chutes & Using the Ladders, 37 AM. J. CRIM. L. 331, 343-44 (III) (A)
(1) (2010) (discussing the majority and minority views across the country, and noting

                                           14
      For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s grant of the motion

to dismiss.

      Judgment affirmed. Reese and Bethel, JJ., concur.




that the majority of jurisdictions “require that a criminal malpractice plaintiff prove
either legal innocence, factual innocence, or both before she may even bring a
criminal malpractice claim in the first place” while the minority of jurisdictions
“choos[e] not to enforce an innocence requirement at all” and “generally reject the
litany of policy considerations offered for each requirement”).

                                          15
