                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]



              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________                 FILED
                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                          ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              No. 07-15505
                                                              JULY 29, 2008
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                        ________________________                CLERK

         D. C. Docket Nos. 04-00067-CV-4-RH & 00-00052-CR-4-R

RICHARD JAMES ADAMSON, JR.,



                                                       Petitioner-Appellant,

                                    versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                       Respondent-Appellee.

                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Florida
                       _________________________

                                (July 29, 2008)

Before ANDERSON, HULL and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Richard James Adamson, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the
district court’s denial of his motion to vacate pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

Adamson is serving a 188-month sentence for, inter alia, threatening two federal

magistrate judges and mailing threatening communications, in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 115(a)(1)(B), (b)(4) and 876. Adamson pled guilty to mailing a

threatening communication to one federal magistrate judge, waived his right to a

jury trial, and was convicted of the other charges by a judge after a bench trial.

       In the present appeal from the denial of his § 2255 motion, Adamson first

argues that the district court erred by finding that his waiver of his right to a jury

trial was knowing and voluntary because the trial judge did not fully disclose his

working relationship to the magistrate judges who were the victims of the offense.

He next argues that the district court erred by finding that the trial judge’s refusal

to recuse himself did not violate Adamson’s right to due process. Lastly, Adamson

argues that the district court erred by finding that he had not been deprived of

effective assistance of trial counsel when his counsel failed to inform him about the

relationship between the trial judge and the magistrate judge victims. The district

court granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on these issues only.1

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         Adamson also raises the following issues on appeal: (1) ineffective assistance of trial
counsel for failing to interview a defense witness, cross-examine a government witness, and
obtain documentary evidence; (2) denial of appointment of counsel; (3) ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel for failing to raise issues regarding his sentence and conviction; and
(4) prosecutorial misconduct. Because these claims fall outside the scope of the COA, we
decline to address them. See Murray v. United States, 145 F.3d 1249, 1250-51 (11th Cir. 1998)
(per curiam).

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       When reviewing the district court’s denial of a § 2255 motion to vacate, we

review questions of law de novo, and findings of facts for clear error. Jones v.

United States, 224 F.3d 1251, 1256 (11th Cir. 2000).

Waiver of a Jury Trial

       Adamson argues that his waiver of a jury trial was not knowing or voluntary

because the trial judge failed to advise him that the two magistrate judges, who he

was charged with threatening, routinely worked on cases assigned to the trial

judge. Adamson asserts that if he had known of the trial judge’s relationships with

the magistrate judges, then he would not have agreed to a bench trial before that

trial judge.

       Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23(a) provides that “if the defendant is

entitled to a jury trial, the trial must be by jury unless: (1) the defendant waives a

jury trial in writing; (2) the government consents; and (3) the court approves.”

Fed. R. Crim. P. 23(a). We have explained that the purpose of Rule 23(a) is “to

ensure that a criminal defendant is aware of his jury right before waiving it and that

any waiver is personal and unequivocal.” United States v. Garrett, 727 F.2d 1003,

1012 (11th Cir. 1984), aff’d, 471 U.S. 773 (1985). Thus, a valid waiver requires a

defendant’s “express, intelligent consent” and must be “approved by the

responsible judgment of the trial court.” Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann,



                                            3
317 U.S. 269, 277-78, 63 S. Ct. 236, 241, 87 L. Ed. 268 (1942).

      Generally, a written waiver is sufficient to waive trial by jury, and the trial

judge is not required to engage in a colloquy with the defendant on the record to

ensure that the waiver is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. See Cabberiza v.

Moore, 217 F.3d 1329, 1333 (11th Cir. 2000). Absent any claim of prejudice,

there is a presumption that the defendant understandably and intelligently waived

his right to a jury trial by executing a written waiver. United States v. Tobias, 662

F.2d 381, 387 (11th Cir. 1981).

      The record shows that the trial judge fully complied with Fed. R. Crim. P.

23(a) and that Adamson understood his right to a jury trial and voluntarily decided

to waive that right. Accordingly, the district court did not err by finding that

Adamson’s waiver was knowing and voluntary.

Recusal

      Adamson next argues that he was denied due process when the trial judge

failed to recuse himself or at least fully disclose his relationship with the magistrate

judge victims before accepting Adamson’s waiver of his right to a jury trial.

      Under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), a federal judge “shall disqualify himself in any

proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 455(a). The standard under § 455(a) is “whether an objective, disinterested, lay



                                           4
observer fully informed of the facts underlying the grounds on which recusal was

sought would entertain a significant doubt about the judge’s impartiality.” United

States v. Patti, 337 F.3d 1317, 1321 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Under 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(1), a federal judge is required to recuse

himself where “he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal

knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 455(b)(1). Under § 455(b)(1), the judge must actually have bias or prejudice,

and it must be “personal and extrajudicial.” United States v. Amedeo, 487 F.3d

823, 828 (11th Cir.) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct.

671, 169 L. Ed. 2d 526 (2007).

      Adamson was aware of the trial judge’s working relationship with the

magistrate judge victims before waiving his right to a jury trial, he agreed to a

bench trial despite that relationship, and he did not allege any actual bias by the

trial judge. Accordingly, the district court correctly found that the trial judge’s

refusal to recuse himself did not violate Adamson’s right to due process.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      Adamson argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because

his trial counsel failed to inform him that the two magistrate judge victims worked

on cases assigned to the trial judge, and if he had been aware of this, he would not



                                           5
have agreed to be tried by that judge.

      Because the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of

law and fact, we review it de novo. Holladay v. Haley, 209 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th

Cir. 2000). To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the

defendant must demonstrate that (1) his counsel’s performance was deficient, i.e.,

the performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) he

suffered prejudice as a result of that deficient performance. Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674

(1984). The defendant must satisfy both prongs of this test to show a Sixth

Amendment violation; if the defendant fails to demonstrate one of these prongs

sufficiently, we do not need to address the other. Id. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.

      To meet the deficient performance prong of the Strickland test, the

defendant must show that counsel made errors so serious that he was not

functioning as the counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 687, 104

S.Ct. at 2064. The proper measure of attorney performance is reasonableness

under prevailing professional norms, id. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2065, and judicial

scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential, id. at 689, 104 S. Ct.

at 2065. There is a “strong presumption” that counsel’s conduct fell within the

range of reasonable professional assistance. Id. Counsel is not incompetent so



                                           6
long as the particular approach taken “might be considered sound trial strategy.”

Id. To prove prejudice, the defendant must show that “there is a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Id. A reasonable probability is one that is

“sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.

      Adamson conceded in his objection to the magistrate’s Report and

Recommendation that his trial counsel gave him sound advice regarding the

waiver. He also conceded that he knew that the trial judge and magistrate judges

worked in the same district and were co-workers. At his arraignment, moreover,

both he and his trial counsel asserted that they had strategic reasons for requesting

a bench trial. Thus, Adamson has not shown deficient performance.

      Even if Adamson could show deficient performance, he cannot show

prejudice because he has not shown by a reasonable probability that he would not

have been convicted or received a lesser sentence if the case had been tried before

a different judge. To the contrary, he pled guilty to the charges involving one

judge and stipulated before trial that he wrote and mailed threatening letters to

another judge. Thus, his conviction and sentence would more than likely have

resulted regardless of which trial judge decided the case.

Conclusion



                                           7
      Based on a review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the district

court’s denial of Adamson’s § 2255 motion to vacate.

      AFFIRMED.




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