        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                           Assigned on Briefs May 3, 2016

            STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DONTAVIOUS HENDRIX

                    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                       No. 1595     Donald H. Allen, Judge


                No. W2015-01671-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 15, 2016


A Madison County jury convicted the Defendant-Appellant, Dontavious Hendrix, of one
count of second degree murder. See T.C.A. § 39-13-210(a)(1). The trial court imposed a
twenty-five-year sentence of confinement at the Tennessee Department of Correction to
be served at 100% release eligibility. On appeal, he argues that the evidence is
insufficient to sustain his conviction for second degree murder and that his sentence is
excessive. Upon review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. GLENN
and J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.

Joseph Tipton Howell, Jackson, Tennessee, for the Defendant-Appellant, Dontavious
Hendrix.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Zachary Thomas Hinkle, Assistant
Attorney General; James G. (Jerry) Woodall, District Attorney General; Aaron J. Chaplin
and Brian M. Gilliam, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the Appellee, State of
Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

        Brenda Sheffield, the victim‟s aunt, testified that the victim, Justin Williams,
arrived at her house in Jackson, Tennessee, at approximately 1:00 p.m. on July 27, 2014.
He was sitting on her front porch when a red Nissan Altima pulled into a neighbor‟s
driveway, and the victim walked over to meet the two men that got out. Sheffield
identified one of the men as the Defendant-Appellant. The three men stood talking for a
few minutes. The conversation did not appear to be confrontational, and no one was
yelling. She then went back inside and, a short time later, heard three gunshots. She ran
to the door and watched as the Defendant-Appellant, holding a gun, and another man,
whom she identified as Monderrius Miller, ran back to the Altima. The victim collapsed
on the front porch. Sheffield chased the Altima in her car as it fled the scene until she
saw the police. She testified that she never saw the victim with a gun and did not know
the victim to carry a gun.

       On cross-examination, Sheffield confirmed that she never saw the victim with a
gun and did not hear anyone mention that he had a gun on July 27, 2014, but stated that
she had heard later “through the streets” that the victim might have had a gun. She also
confirmed that she did not observe any confrontation between the three men and that
“[the Defendant-Appellant and Miller] jumped out of the car like they was cool.” She
admitted that she might have seen the Defendant-Appellant and Miller before but insisted
that she did not know them personally. She estimated that it was approximately three
minutes from when she first saw the Altima to when she heard the shots. She was unable
to describe the color or shape of the gun that the Defendant-Appellant was holding. On
re-direct examination she clarified that no one at the crime scene told her that the victim
had a gun, but that she had heard the rumor later.

        Keyandra Cole, Brenda Sheffield‟s daughter and the victim‟s cousin, testified that
she was at home when the victim arrived at their house on July 27, 2014. A short time
after the victim arrived, a red Nissan Altima pulled up and the victim walked over and
began talking to the driver. Cole testified that she could not hear what the men were
saying but described the conversation as “serious”. She then went to change clothes and,
as she made her way downstairs, heard three gunshots. She ran outside and saw the
victim collapsed on the front porch with an apparent gunshot wound and two men, whom
she identified as the Defendant-Appellant and Monderrius Miller, getting into the red
Altima. She testified that she never saw the victim with a gun, did not see a gun on the
scene, and did not hear anyone on the scene saying that the victim had a gun. On cross-
examination, Cole stated that she and the victim had a close relationship and that he was
“like [her] big brother.” She also clarified that another individual, Jeremy Echols, known
to her as “Gutter,” arrived at the house and spoke to the victim, but left before the Altima
pulled up. She never saw the victim raise his arms or use an angry tone that day but
believed his conversation with the driver of the red Altima was serious, “Because when
my cousin talked to someone, it was always serious.”

        Alexandria Holmes, who was in a relationship with the Defendant-Appellant at the
time of the offense, testified that she allowed him to use her car, a red Nissan Altima, on
July 27, 2014. She recalled that he dropped her off at work on July 26, 2014, and that
Monderrius Miller and his girlfriend returned the car to her at approximately 2:00 p.m.
the following day. She did not think it was strange that Miller returned the car to her and
she testified that he and the Defendant-Appellant drove her car “all the time.”
                                            -2-
       Officer Ted Maxwell of the Jackson Police Department was the first officer on the
scene and estimated that there were between five and seven people present when he
arrived. He recalled that the victim was suffering from an apparent gunshot wound when
he arrived and was being comforted by a man on the front porch of the house. On cross-
examination, he testified that he was dispatched to the scene between 1:25 and 1:30 p.m.
and arrived within two minutes. He affirmed that he did not locate any weapons at the
scene. Officer Rochelle Staten arrived shortly after Officer Maxwell and observed that
the victim had a gunshot wound to the stomach. Officer Staten located three shell casings
in the driveway near the victim, which she collected as evidence, but did not find a gun.
She also took several photographs depicting the location of the shell casings and the
witnesses on the scene when she arrived. Sergeant Steven Story testified that the victim
had been loaded into an ambulance by the time he arrived and that he travelled to the
hospital and photographed the victim‟s wounds. The photographs, which were
introduced into evidence at trial, showed gunshot wounds to the victim‟s right and left
thigh along with corresponding exit wounds, as well as a gunshot wound in the victim‟s
abdomen. On cross-examination, Sgt. Story testified that he also collected the victim‟s
personal effects from the hospital and that among those items were three broken pills
which he believed to be Xanax.

       Dr. Erin Carney, an expert in the field of forensic pathology, testified that she
performed the autopsy on the victim. She stated that the victim suffered from three
gunshot wounds, one to each thigh and one to the abdomen, and she was able to recover
the bullet that struck the victim in the abdomen. Dr. Carney opined that the cause of
death was multiple gunshot wounds and the manner of death was homicide. On cross-
examination, Dr. Carney affirmed that there were no gunshot wounds to the upper torso
or head of the victim and noted that the victim had Xanax and “a couple metabolites of
marijuana” in his system when he died.

       Dr. Eric Warren, a special forensic scientist with the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation (TBI) and an expert in the field of ballistic identification and analysis,
examined the bullet recovered from the victim‟s abdomen and the three shell casings
recovered from the scene. According to his examination, all three casings were fired
from a nine-millimeter Smith and Wesson handgun. Dr. Warren explained that the bullet
was also a nine-millimeter, but he was unable to match it to any of the shell casings.
However, he determined that it could have been fired from one of three manufacturers,
including Smith and Wesson, and that it was possible that the shell casings and bullet had
all come from the same gun.

       Investigator Aubrey Richardson, the lead investigator in the case, testified that he
received a tip that the Defendant-Appellant and Monderrius Miller were involved in the
shooting. He put together separate photo lineups for both suspects that showed their
                                            -3-
faces along with the faces of five other individuals. Investigator Richardson showed the
lineups to Brenda Sheffield on the day of the shooting, and she identified the Defendant-
Appellant as the man with the gun. Investigator Richardson then obtained an arrest
warrant and put out a “be on the lookout” (BOLO) for the Defendant-Appellant. In
September of 2014, the Defendant-Appellant was apprehended by the United States
Marshals Service in Indianapolis, Indiana, and Investigator Richardson picked him up on
September 10, 2014.

       Monderrius Miller testified on behalf of the defense and admitted that he was with
the Defendant-Appellant on the day of the shooting. Miller had known the Defendant-
Appellant and the victim for “years” and was not aware of any ill will between them. He
recalled that on July 27, 2014, he and the Defendant-Appellant stopped to talk to the
victim after visiting a friend in the same neighborhood. The Defendant-Appellant got out
of the car to talk to the victim, but Miller remained in the passenger seat. Although he
could not hear the conversation, it appeared casual. At one point, the victim went into the
house and when he came back out Miller noticed a gun in his back-right pocket. Miller
estimated that the two continued to talk for ten to twenty minutes. At some point in the
conversation, Miller saw the victim “reaching and pulling the gun up.” The Defendant-
Appellant then drew his own gun and shot the victim. The Defendant-Appellant then got
back in the car, and the two fled the scene. Miller was arrested the following day on
September 27, 2014, and gave a statement to police after he was charged with the
victim‟s murder. Ultimately, he was not indicted in the case.

        On cross-examination, Miller explained that he did not call the police because he
“didn‟t know what to do,” and that he and the Defendant-Appellant never discussed the
shooting in the car because they were both in shock. Miller also admitted that his
testimony at trial varied from the account he gave to the police in his statement. Notably,
his statement reflected that the victim was backing up and reaching for his gun when he
was shot by the Defendant-Appellant, but he did not state that the victim ever pointed a
gun at the Defendant-Appellant. He attributed these inconsistencies to still being in
shock. Miller also claimed that he never reviewed his statement after he initially gave it
to police but agreed that he initialed it in two places and signed it at the end.

       At the August 17, 2015 sentencing hearing, the State introduced a copy of the
presentence report without objection. It reflected that the Defendant-Appellant had
previous misdemeanor convictions for possession of cocaine and unlawful possession of
a weapon. Lowonda Williams, the victim‟s mother, testified that the victim‟s death had
been hard on her family, especially for the victim‟s three children. She also stated that
she had incurred $9,546.50 in funeral expenses. Chiquitta Williams, the victim‟s aunt,
read from a prepared statement and echoed the sentiments of the victim‟s mother
regarding the impact of the victim‟s death on their family.
                                            -4-
       Bonita Pruitt, the Defendant-Appellant‟s mother, asked the court for mercy and
stated that the Defendant-Appellant was an excellent father to his three children. She
acknowledged that he had made mistakes in his life, pointing to his previous
misdemeanor convictions, but also noted that he had no prior felonies, had graduated
from high school, and “was trying to get his life on track, working and trying to go back
to school.”

        Following arguments from counsel, the trial court applied enhancement factors (1)
that the Defendant-Appellant had a previous criminal history, in addition to that
necessary to establish the appropriate range; (8) that the Defendant-Appellant had
previously failed to comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release into the
community; and (9) that the Defendant-Appellant possessed or employed a firearm
during the commission of the offense. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114(1), (8)-(9). The trial
court did not find any applicable mitigating factors. In addition, the court noted that the
conviction for second degree murder was a non-probateable offense that carried a range
of fifteen to twenty-five years and must be served at 100%. Based on these factors, the
trial court imposed the maximum sentence of 25 years, reasoning as follows:

       I know it‟s the maximum sentence, but we‟ve got to send a message. I
       don‟t know what else to do when you get situations where young people
       just think it‟s okay to carry guns and young people think it‟s okay to pull
       out guns and start shooting at each other. Unfortunately, we see this
       happening way too much in our community and so, I feel like it‟s
       appropriate to send as strong as message [as] we possibly can that we‟re
       just not going to tolerate it anymore from anyone. So he will be ordered to
       serve this twenty-five year sentence at 100%.

        The Defendant-Appellant filed a motion for new trial on August 18, 2015, which
the trial court denied after a hearing on August 31, 2015. This timely appeal follows.

                                       ANALYSIS

       I. Sufficiency of the Evidence. On appeal, the Defendant-Appellant challenges
the sufficiency of the evidence of his conviction for second degree murder. Specifically,
he argues that the State failed to negate his claim of self-defense beyond a reasonable
doubt. The Defendant-Appellant also argues that the State failed to prove that he
“knowingly” killed the victim because the evidence showed that he shot the victim in the
legs and abdomen, “as opposed to an area likely to strike a vital organ in his upper torso.”
The State responds that the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction in all
respects. We agree with the State.

                                            -5-
        “Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a
presumption of guilt, the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that
the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” State v. Hanson, 279
S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn.
1992)). When this court evaluates the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, the State is
entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that
may be drawn from that evidence. State v. Davis, 354 S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011)
(citing State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010)). When a defendant challenges
the sufficiency of the evidence, the standard of review applied by this court is “whether
„any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.‟” State v. Parker, 350 S.W.3d 883, 903 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). Similarly, Rule 13(e) of the Tennessee Rules of
Appellate Procedure states, “Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial
court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the finding by the
trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

       Guilt may be found beyond a reasonable doubt where there is direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686,
691 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998). The standard of
review for sufficiency of the evidence “„is the same whether the conviction is based upon
direct or circumstantial evidence.‟” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011)
(quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)). The jury as the trier of
fact must evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight given to
witnesses‟ testimony, and reconcile all conflicts in the evidence. State v. Campbell, 245
S.W.3d 331, 335 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1978)). Moreover, the jury determines the weight to be given to circumstantial
evidence and the inferences to be drawn from this evidence, and the extent to which the
circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence are questions
primarily for the jury. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379 (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d
646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)). When considering the sufficiency of the evidence, this court
shall not substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact. Id.

       In this case, the Defendant-Appellant was convicted of second degree murder,
which is defined as “[a] knowing killing of another [.]” T.C.A. § 39-13-210(a)(1). “A
person acts knowingly with respect to a result of the person‟s conduct when the person is
aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.” Id. § 39-11-302(b).
Whether a defendant acts knowingly in killing another is a question of fact for the jury.
State v. Brown, 311 S.W.3d 422, 432 (Tenn. 2010); State v. Inlow, 52 S.W.3d 101, 104-
05 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). The jury may infer intent from the character of the assault,
the nature of the act, and from all of the circumstances of the case in evidence. Inlow, 52
S.W.3d at 105 (citing State v. Holland, 860 S.W.2d 53, 59 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)).
                                             -6-
      The Defendant-Appellant argues that the evidence shows that he acted in self-
defense when he fatally shot the victim. Self-defense is defined as follows:

       [A] person who is not engaged in illegal activity and is in a place where the
       person has a right to be has no duty to retreat before threatening or using
       force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury, if:

       (A) The person has a reasonable belief that there is an imminent danger of
       death or serious bodily injury;

       (B) The danger creating the belief of imminent death or serious bodily
       injury is real or honestly believed to be real at the time; and

       (C) The belief of danger is founded upon reasonable grounds.

T.C.A. § 39-11-611(b)(2). The jury, as the trier of fact, determines whether the defendant
acted in self-defense. State v. Dooley, 29 S.W.3d 542, 547 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)
(citing State v. Goode, 956 S.W.2d 521, 527 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)). “[I]n the context
of judicial review of the jury verdict, in order to prevail, the defendant must show that the
evidence relative to justification, such as self-defense, raises, as a matter of law, a
reasonable doubt as to his conduct being criminal.” State v. Clifton, 880 S.W.2d 737,
743 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). The State has the burden of negating the defendant‟s
claim of self-defense in the event that “admissible evidence is introduced supporting the
defense.” T.C.A. § 39-11-201(a)(3).

        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that a
reasonable jury could have found the Defendant-Appellant guilty of second degree
murder beyond a reasonable doubt. At trial, Brenda Sheffield and Keyandra Cole both
testified that the victim arrived at their house at around 1:00 p.m. on July 27, 2014, and
that a short time later, two men pulled up in a red Nissan Altima. Both witnesses
identified the men as the Defendant-Appellant and Monderrius Miller. A short time later,
they heard three shots and ran to the door to see the Defendant-Appellant and Miller
running to the red Nissan Altima. Neither witness saw the actual shooting. However,
Sheffield observed the Defendant-Appellant carrying a gun after she heard the shots.
Their testimony was corroborated by Officer Rochelle Staten, who recovered three shell
casings from the crime scene, and Dr. Erin Carney, who performed the autopsy on the
victim and concluded that he died from three gunshot wounds. Moreover, Monderrius
Miller testified that he saw the Defendant-Appellant shoot the victim, although he claims
it was in self-defense.



                                             -7-
        The Defendant-Appellant maintains that this evidence is insufficient to establish
that he “knowingly” killed the victim. We disagree. The undisputed testimony was that
the Defendant-Appellant intentionally fired three shots at the victim. This court has
consistently held that the “deliberate firing of shots at a person constitutes „knowing‟
conduct for the purpose of establishing second degree murder.” State v. Tommy Dale
Adams, No. M2013-01080-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 3565987, at *20 (Tenn. Crim. App.
July 21, 2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 17, 2014); see also State v. Montez Davis,
No. E2011-02055-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 6213520, at *11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 13,
2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 10, 2013); State v. Chancy Jones, No.W2010-
02424-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 1143583, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 5, 2012), perm.
app denied (Tenn. Aug. 16, 2012); State v. Antonio Sellers, No. W2011-00971-CCA-R3-
CD, 2012 WL 1067213, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 27, 2012); State v. Rickie Reed,
No. W2001-02076-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 31443196, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 31,
2002), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 17, 2003). Accordingly, there was sufficient
evidence for the jury to find that the Defendant-Appellant acted knowingly when he
killed the victim.

       The Defendant-Appellant also argues that the evidence showed that he acted in
self-defense when he shot the victim. In support, he points to the testimony of
Monderrius Miller, who claimed that the Defendant-Appellant only shot the victim after
the victim pulled a gun on him. Based on this testimony, the trial court instructed the
jury on the law of self-defense. The jury heard the testimony of Miller, along with the
other witnesses at trial and, as was its prerogative, rejected the Defendant-Appellant‟s
self-defense claim. This court does not reweigh or reevaluate the proof presented at trial.
Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997). Accordingly, we conclude that a
rational juror could find that the Defendant-Appellant committed second degree murder
beyond a reasonable doubt, and he is not entitled to relief.

        II. Sentence. The Defendant-Appellant also contends that his sentence is
excessive according to the considerations delineated by Tennessee Code Annotated
sections 40-35-103 and 40-35-210. Specifically, he contends that the trial court abused
its discretion when it applied enhancement factor (1) based on previous juvenile and
misdemeanor convictions. He also maintains that the trial court erred in applying
enhancement factor (8) because it was based on the failure to comply with the conditions
of an expunged juvenile probationary sentence. Finally, he argues that the trial court
improperly applied enhancement factor (9) because the use of a firearm in this case “was
an essential element of the offense itself.” The State concedes that the trial court
misapplied enhancement factor (8) but asserts that the sentence is nevertheless justified
based on the record as a whole. We agree with the State.



                                            -8-
        The 2005 amendments to the Sentencing Act “served to increase the discretionary
authority of trial courts in sentencing.” State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 708 (Tenn. 2012).
In light of this broader discretion, “sentences should be upheld so long as the statutory
purposes and principles, along with any applicable enhancement and mitigating factors,
have been properly addressed.” Id. at 706. Moreover, a trial court‟s misapplication of an
enhancement or mitigating factor does not invalidate the sentence imposed unless the trial
court wholly departed from the 1989 Act, as amended in 2005. Id. So long as there are
other reasons consistent with the purposes and principles of sentencing, as provided by
statute, a sentence imposed by the trial court within the appropriate range should be
upheld. Id. Therefore, this court reviews a trial court‟s sentencing determinations under
“an abuse of discretion standard of review, granting a presumption of reasonableness to
within-range sentencing decisions that reflect a proper application of the purposes and
principles of our Sentencing Act.” Id. at 707.

       A trial court must consider the following when determining a defendant‟s specific
sentence and the appropriate combination of sentencing alternatives: (1) the evidence, if
any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) the evidence and information offered
by the parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-
35-114; (6) any statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts
as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and (7) any statement the
defendant wishes to make in the defendant‟s own behalf about sentencing. T.C.A. § 40-
35-210(b)(1)-(7). The defendant has the burden of showing the impropriety of the
sentence on appeal. Id. § 40-35-401(d), Sentencing Comm‟n Cmts. The trial court shall
impose “a sentence justly deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense[.]” Id. §
40-35-102(1). The court must consider the defendant‟s potential for rehabilitation or
treatment. Id. §§ 40-35-102, -103. In addition, the court must impose a sentence “no
greater than that deserved for the offense committed” and “the least severe measure
necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.” Id. §§ 40-35-
103(2), (4).

       The Defendant-Appellant was convicted of second degree murder and was subject
to a sentencing range of fifteen to twenty-five years which was required to be served at
100%. See id. §§ 40-35-112(a)(1), -501(i)(2)(B). Thus, the trial court‟s sentence of
twenty-five years was within the statutory range. In determining the appropriate length
of the sentence, the trial court applied three enhancement factors. Regarding factor (1),
the State concedes, and we agree, that the trial court erred in considering the Defendant-
Appellant‟s expunged juvenile convictions for enhancement purposes. We further
conclude that the record does not support the trial court‟s application of enhancement

                                            -9-
factor (8). However, despite these errors, the Defendant-Appellant has failed to show
that the sentence as a whole is improper.

        In regard to factor (1), the trial court erred in its consideration of the Defendant-
Appellant‟s juvenile record, as prior juvenile offenses may not form the basis for the
application of enhancement factor (1).1 See State v. Adams, 45 S.W.3d 46, 58 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2000) (“The trial court‟s consideration of juvenile offenses under factor (1)
was improper.”). Nevertheless, the application of enhancement factor (1) is supported by
the two misdemeanor convictions on the Defendant-Appellant‟s record. This court has
repeatedly held that misdemeanor convictions may form the basis for the application of
enhancement factor (1). See State v. Carlos Campbell, No. E2014-00697-CCA-R3-CD,
2015 WL 6155893, at *20 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 20, 2015); see also State v. Corey
Antuan Gray, No. W2015-00049-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 7536105, at *9 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Nov. 24, 2015) (applying enhancement factor (1) based on nonviolent misdemeanor
offenses); State v. Carlos Campbell, No. E2014-00697-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 6155893,
at *20 (Tenn. Crim. App. Oct. 20, 2015) (“[T]his court has long held that misdemeanor
convictions may be used to enhance a defendant‟s sentence under enhancement factor
(1).”). Accordingly, the record supports the application factor (1).

       The trial court also properly applied enhancement factor (9), that “[t]he defendant
possessed or employed a firearm . . . or other deadly weapon during the commission of
the offense,” based on the Defendant-Appellant‟s use of a handgun in this case. See
T.C.A. § 40-35-114(9). This court has held that the use of a firearm is not an element of
second degree murder and may be properly considered for enhancement purposes. See
State v. Hampton, 24 S.W.3d 823, 832 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000); State v. Butler, 900
S.W.2d 305, 312-13 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). However, regarding enhancement factor
(8), we agree with the Defendant-Appellant that the trial court‟s application of this factor
was in error. In applying factor (8), the trial court mistakenly concluded that the
Defendant-Appellant had previously been placed on probation. The presentence report

        1
          We recognize that juvenile offenses may form the basis for application of enhancement factor
(16). See State v. Jeffery B. Johnson, M2010-01721-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 2356553, at *5 (Tenn.
Crim. App. June 20, 2011) (“The criminal behavior at issue was committed while the defendant was a
juvenile, and as such, could be considered only for purposes of applying enhancement factor (16).”); State
v. Douglas Keith Bear, No. E2008-01498-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 424260, at *21 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb.
5, 2010), perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 16, 2010) (“A juvenile adjudication of delinquency which would
constitute a felony if committed as an adult may be considered as an enhancement under factor (16) and
not under factor (1), a history of criminal convictions or behavior.”). However, here, factor (16) would
not have applied because there was no adjudication of delinquency for the Defendant-Appellant‟s juvenile
offenses, which were expunged after the successful completion of pretrial diversion. See Tenn. R. Juv. P.
23, Comm. Cmt. (“Under this rule, if the child completes the pretrial diversion agreement, the case is
dismissed.”); see also Douglas Keith Bear, 2010 WL 424260 at *20 (“Because the Defendant was not
adjudicated delinquent [], the trial court incorrectly applied factor (16).”).
                                                  -10-
reflects that the Defendant-Appellant was sentenced to incarceration as a result of his two
previous misdemeanor convictions, and accordingly, he had not failed previously “to
comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release into the community.” T.C.A.
§ 40-35-114(8). As such, the record does not support the application of factor (8).

        Despite this error, the Defendant-Appellant is not entitled to relief because
enhancement of the Defendant-Appellant‟s was otherwise supported by the proper
application of factors (1) and (9). As we previously noted, the court‟s misapplication of
certain enhancement factors does not invalidate its within-range sentence unless the court
wholly departed from the Sentencing Act. Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. Here, the record
reflects that the trial court thoroughly considered the purposes and principles of
sentencing before imposing a within-range sentence of twenty-five years. We therefore
affirm the length of the sentence imposed in this case.

                                      CONCLUSION

         Based on the foregoing authority and analysis, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.



                                                   _________________________________
                                                   CAMILLE R. McMULLEN, JUDGE




                                            -11-
