In the Supreme Court of Georgia


                                          Decided: January 20, 2015


                   S14A1769. WHITING v. THE STATE.


      MELTON, Justice.

      Following a jury trial, Preston Whiting was found guilty of felony murder,

aggravated assault, and various other offenses in connection with the shooting

death of Quentin Denley and the shooting of Faron Daniels.1 On appeal Whiting

      1
        On September 5, 2008, Whiting was indicted for malice murder, two
counts of felony murder (predicated on armed robbery and conspiracy to violate
the Georgia Controlled Substances Act), two counts of possession of a firearm
during the commission of a crime, armed robbery, aggravated assault (based on
the shooting of Daniels), conspiracy to violate the Georgia Controlled
Substances Act, violation of the Georgia Controlled Substances Act, and fleeing
and attempting to elude a police officer. Following an October 12-16, 2009 jury
trial, Whiting was found guilty on one count of felony murder, one count of
possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, conspiracy to violate
the Georgia Controlled Substances Act, aggravated assault, fleeing and
attempting to elude a police officer, and violation of the Georgia Controlled
Substances Act. Whiting was acquitted on the remaining charges. On October
16, 2009, the trial court sentenced Whiting to life imprisonment for felony
murder, five years concurrent for fleeing and attempting to elude, twelve months
concurrent for violation of the Georgia Controlled Substances Act, five years
consecutive for possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, and
ten years consecutive for aggravated assault. The conspiracy to violate the
Georgia Controlled Substances Act charge was merged for sentencing purposes.
Whiting filed a motion for new trial on October 21, 2009, which he amended
contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on proximate

causation and that his trial counsel was ineffective. We affirm.

      1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, the evidence

reveals that, on the morning of June 12, 2008, Ted Day drove Whiting, Lincoln

Boykins, and Donald Hatton from College Park to a Cobb County subdivision

where Whiting wished to purchase marijuana. Whiting and Boykins rang the

doorbell at a home in the subdivision, and Denley greeted the men at the door.

Whiting asked Denley for a lighter, which Denley retrieved for him, along with

a bag of marijuana. Boykins then pulled out a .380 semiautomatic handgun and

shot Denley. Whiting and Boykins ran back to Day’s car and they drove back

to College Park. A neighbor who had heard the gunshot called 911. Denley was

rushed to the hospital, where he died from his gunshot wound.

      Later that same evening, Whiting returned to Cobb County with Boykins,

Hatton, and four other individuals, and this time Whiting was driving Day’s car.

After Whiting dropped off two women who were with the group and picked up


with new counsel on February 29, 2012 and April 9, 2012. The trial court denied
the motion on June 19, 2012. Following the payment of costs, Whiting’s timely
appeal was docketed in this Court for the September 2014 Term and orally
argued.
                                       2
two others, Hatton started saying that he wanted to shoot someone. Hatton

pulled out Boykins’ handgun, and Whiting pulled over the car. Hatton then

jumped out of the car, approached the first person he saw, Daniels, and shot

Daniels three times. Daniels was hit in the leg, hip, and buttocks, but he

survived. Hatton got back in the car and Whiting drove away.

      Soon after the Daniels shooting, Whiting stopped the car and began

arguing with Hatton. In the meantime, police officers who were responding to

a call about the Daniels shooting saw Day’s car and realized that it matched the

description of the car that had fled the scene of the Daniels shooting. The

officers turned on their blue lights and siren, and Whiting sped off. After a high

speed chase, Whiting lost control of the vehicle and ran off the road and down

an embankment. The car came to a rest near a fence, and then Whiting attempted

to flee on foot. However, he was chased down and apprehended by police

officers.

      This evidence was sufficient to enable a rational trier of fact to find

Whiting guilty of all of the crimes of which he was convicted beyond a

reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d

560) (1979); see also OCGA § 16-2-20 (parties to a crime).

                                        3
      2. Whiting contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury

sua sponte on the issue of proximate causation in connection with its charge on

felony murder. Because Whiting did not object to the trial court’s charge on

felony murder, our review of this contention is limited to plain error. See OCGA

§ 17-8-58 (absent specific objection to the jury charge or the failure to give a

charge appellate review limited to plain error).

      Regardless of our level of review, however, Whiting cannot show any

reversible error in the trial court’s charge here, plain or otherwise. The record

reveals that the indictment charged Whiting with felony murder based on having

caused the death of Denley by shooting him while in the commission of a

criminal conspiracy to distribute marijuana. The trial court read the indictment

to the jury and fully and properly instructed them on felony murder,2 conspiracy

to violate the Georgia Controlled Substances Act,3 and parties to a crime,4 which


      The trial court instructed the jury that “[a] person also commits murder
      2


when, in the commission of a felony, that person causes the death of another
human being.”
      3
        After the trial court instructed the jury that conspiracy to violate the
Georgia Controlled Substances Act is a felony, the court went on to instruct the
jury that “[a] person commits the offense of conspiracy to commit a crime when
that person, together with one or more persons, conspires to commit any crime
and any one or more of such persons does any overt act to effect the object of
                                         4
was “sufficient to inform the jury that, in order to convict [Whiting] of the

felony murder of [Denley], it had to determine that he caused or was a party

with [Boykins] in causing the victim's death during the [conspiracy to distribute

marijuana].” Pennie v. State, 292 Ga. 249, 252 (2) (736 SE2d 433) (2013).

Indeed, the charge given adequately informed the jury that Whiting could only

be found guilty of felony murder if the conspiracy to conduct “the marijuana

transaction was the proximate cause of [Denley’s] death.” Davis v. State, 290

Ga. 757, 760 (4) (725 SE2d 280) (2012) (sufficient cause existed to find

defendant guilty of felony murder where he voluntarily participated in drug deal


the conspiracy.” The court then instructed the jury that a person violates the
Georgia Controlled Substances Act when he “distribute[s] any quantity of
marijuana, which is a controlled substance.”
      4
        The jury was instructed that “[e]very party to a crime may be charged
with and convicted of commission of the crime. A person is a party to the crime
only if that person: (A) Directly commits the crime. (B) Intentionally helps in
the commission of the crime. (C) Intentionally advises, encourages, hires,
counsels or procures another to commit the crime. Or, (D) Intentionally causes
some other person to commit the crime under certain circumstances that the
other person is not guilty of any crime, either in fact or because of legal
incapacity. Any party to a crime who did not directly commit the crime may be
indicted and . . . convicted and punished for the commission of the crime upon
proof that the crime was committed and that the person was a party to it, even
though the person alleged to have directly committed the crime has not been
prosecuted or convicted, has been convicted of a different crime or degree of
crime and is not . . . amenable to justice or has been acquitted.”
                                        5
in which the drug dealer was shot and killed by the defendant’s brother). The

trial court was not required to give a separate charge on proximate causation in

order to make this point. See Pennie, supra.

      3. Whiting’s claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for having failed

to adequately argue the issue of proximate causation to the jury is belied by the

record, as his trial counsel did in fact specifically argue to the jury that

      there’s still the word ‘cause’ in there, okay, in felony murder. The
      D.A. might like to skip over that, but no, the word ‘cause’ is still in
      felony murder. You can’t find someone guilty of felony murder if
      they did not ‘cause’ the death. Causation. Very important little word
      there. Now, the District Attorney is not going to prove to you that
      [Whiting] caused anybody’s death.

       Additionally, in light of our holding in Division 2 that an additional

charge on proximate causation was unnecessary in light of the charge given,

Whiting cannot show that his trial counsel was ineffective for having failed to

request such a charge. Indeed, “[c]onsidering the jury charges that were given

and the relevant evidence, there is no reasonable probability that a separate

proximate cause charge would have produced a different verdict.” Pennie, supra,

292 Ga. at 252 (2). See also Faulks v. State, – Ga. – (3) (Case No. S14A1339;

decided October 20, 2014).

      Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

                                         6
