      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                        NO. 03-08-00086-CV



       Appellant, Cristina L. Treadway// Cross-Appellants, Sheriff James R. Holder
                                 and Comal County, Texas

                                                v.

      Appellees, Sheriff James R. Holder and Comal County, Texas// Cross-Appellee,
                                  Cristina L. Treadway


     FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
        NO. C2006-0918A, HONORABLE RONALD G. CARR, JUDGE PRESIDING



                                           OPINION


               Appellant Cristina Treadway appeals from the trial court’s order granting summary

judgment in favor of appellees Sheriff James Holder and Comal County (collectively, “the County”)

in her suit for declaratory and mandamus relief. The County cross-appeals, arguing that the trial

court erred in denying its request for attorney’s fees. We reverse the trial court’s order granting

summary judgment and remand for further proceedings. We affirm the trial court’s denial of the

County’s request for attorney’s fees.


                                          DISCUSSION

               Treadway began employment with the Comal County Sheriff’s Office in

February 1994, serving as a corrections officer at the county jail. She was promoted to the rank of
corporal, and again to the rank of sergeant, before moving into the position of administrative

sergeant in October 2001.

               In late December 2005, Jeff Paullus, the lieutenant in the jail division of the sheriff’s

office and Treadway’s supervisor, received a complaint from a shift sergeant that Treadway had met

with a trainee, Jason Cline, only twice that month despite a requirement that she meet with him

weekly. In response to this allegation, Treadway claimed that she had met with Cline four times that

month, providing copies of weekly observation reports to confirm her statement. Paullus then

reviewed the applicable employee time sheets and jail camera footage, and ultimately concluded that

Treadway had not met with the trainee each week as required, and that she had fabricated the

observation reports. On February 13, 2006, Sheriff Holder ordered Treadway’s termination. The

County maintains that Treadway was not terminated for failing to meet with a trainee on a weekly

basis, but for falsifying government documents and lying in the course of an investigation.

According to Treadway, she learned about the allegations of her untruthfulness or falsification of

government records for the first time from the County’s legal counsel after her discharge, and she

never received a signed, written complaint regarding these allegations.

               Treadway filed suit against the County, seeking a declaration that the County violated

chapter 614, subchapter B of the government code (hereinafter, “Subchapter B”) in terminating her.

See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 614.021-.023 (West Supp. 2009). Subchapter B pertains to complaints

against peace officers and describes procedures that must be followed before disciplinary action may

be taken. See id. The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment, and on October 19, 2007,

the trial court granted the County’s motion and denied Treadway’s motion. On February 7, 2008,




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the trial court entered a take-nothing judgment in favor of the County, but denied the County’s

request for attorneys’ fees. This appeal and cross-appeal followed.


                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

               Summary judgments are reviewed de novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett,

164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). The issues raised in this appeal involve statutory construction,

which is also subject to de novo review. City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625

(Tex. 2008). In determining the legislature’s intent in enacting a statute, courts should look to the

plain meaning of the words used in the statute. See Fireman’s Fund County Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hidi,

13 S.W.3d 767, 768-69 (Tex. 2000). We presume that every word was deliberately chosen and that

excluded words were intentionally excluded. Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535,

540 (Tex. 1981).


                                          DISCUSSION

               In a single issue on appeal, Treadway argues that the trial court erred in granting the

County’s motion for summary judgment on the ground that the requirements of Subchapter B do not

apply to her termination because it was not based on a “complaint” as contemplated by the statute.

               The County concedes that Treadway is a law enforcement officer subject to

Subchapter B. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 614.021. Subchapter B provides as follows:


       SUBCHAPTER B. COMPLAINT AGAINST LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
       OR FIRE FIGHTER

       § 614.021. Applicability of Subchapter

       ....

                                                 3
       § 614.022. Complaint to be in Writing and Signed by Complainant

       To be considered by the head of a state agency or by the head of a fire department or
       local law enforcement agency, the complaint must be:

               (1) in writing; and

               (2) signed by the person making the complaint.

       § 614.023. Copy of Complaint to be Given to Officer or Employee

       a) A copy of a signed complaint against a law enforcement officer of this state or a
       fire fighter, detention officer, county jailer, or peace officer appointed or employed
       by a political subdivision of this state shall be given to the officer or employee within
       a reasonable time after the complaint is filed.

       (b) Disciplinary action may not be taken against the officer or employee unless a
       copy of the signed complaint is given to the officer or employee.

       (c) In addition to the requirement of Subsection (b), the officer or employee may not
       be indefinitely suspended or terminated from employment based on the subject
       matter of the complaint unless:

               (1) the complaint is investigated; and

               (2) there is evidence to prove the allegation of misconduct.


Id. §§ 614.021-.023.

               Treadway contends that the County violated Subchapter B in terminating her because

she did not receive a copy of a signed complaint regarding her alleged dishonesty and falsifying of

government documents prior to her termination. In response, the County argues that Subchapter B

does not apply to Treadway’s termination because she was not terminated on the basis of a

“complaint.” Accordingly, this appeal turns on the question of whether the internal allegations

leading to Treadway’s termination constitute a “complaint” under Subchapter B.



                                                  4
                The County argues that Subchapter B cannot be construed to apply to allegations

made against an officer by his or her supervisors because to do so would alter the employment at-will

status of peace officers in Texas. The long-standing rule in Texas is that absent a specific agreement

to the contrary, employment may be terminated by the employer or the employee at will “for good

cause, bad cause, or no cause at all.” See Montgomery County Hosp. Dist. v. Brown, 965 S.W.2d

501, 502 (Tex. 1998). At-will employment may be modified by contract or by express rules or

policies. See County of Dallas v. Wiland, 216 S.W.3d 344, 348 (Tex. 2007); see also Muncy v. City

of Dallas, 335 F.3d 394, 398 (5th Cir. 2003) (stating that at-will status may be abrogated by “statute,

rule, handbook, or policy which limits the condition under which the employment may be

terminated”). While the County emphasizes the at-will status of peace officers in Texas, we need

not address any effect Subchapter B might have on at-will employment because it is undisputed that

Treadway was terminated for cause. The issue, then, is not whether she could have been terminated

without cause, but whether the cause for which she was terminated—lying to a supervisor and

falsifying training documents—resulted from a “complaint” that triggers the requirements of

Subchapter B.

                Subchapter B, while requiring complaints to be in writing and signed by the

complainant, does not define “complaint.” See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 614.021-.023. Given the

lack of definitions in Subchapter B itself, at least one court of appeals has found guidance in

interpreting Subchapter B by looking to the Fire Fighter and Police Officer Civil Service Act (the

“Civil Service Act”), Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. §§ 143.001-.363 (West 2008 & Supp. 2009). See

Guthery v. Taylor, 112 S.W.3d 715, 723 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). The Civil

Service Act, which applies to certain municipal fire fighters and police officers, was enacted in order


                                                  5
to “secure efficient fire and police departments composed of capable personnel who are free from

political influence and who have permanent employment tenure as public servants.” Id. § 143.001.

Section 143.123 of the Civil Service Act governs the interrogation of a fire fighter or police officer

in the course of an investigation that might result in punitive action against that person. See id.

§ 143.123. After observing the “similar nature” of section 143.123 and Subchapter B in both

purpose and legislative history, the court in Guthery held that the definition of “complainant” found

in section 143.123 was equally applicable to Subchapter B. 112 S.W.3d at 723.1

               Like the court in Guthery, we look to section 143.123 of the Civil Service Act for

guidance in interpreting Subsection B. An investigation under section 143.123 is triggered by a

complaint. See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 143.123(f). While “complaint” is not defined, the

statute specifically provides that an interrogation may not be conducted “based on a complaint by

a complainant who is not a peace officer” unless the complaint is verified. Id. This specific

provision applying only to complaints by non-peace-officers suggests that in the absence of such

qualifying language, the term “complaint” includes internal complaints by other officers. The

requirement of a verified written complaint in this context is the only aspect of section 143.123 that

differentiates complaints by citizens from internally generated complaints. The statute also provides

that a complainant may not also be assigned to conduct an investigation into the complaint, further




       1
           Section 143.123 defines “complainant” as “a person claiming to be the victim of
misconduct by a fire fighter or police officer.” Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann. § 143.123(a)(1)
(West 2008). It was this definition that led the Guthery court to conclude that an internal report
based on an external citizen complaint could not satisfy the requirements of Subchapter B, as the
victim of the misconduct under those circumstances would be the citizen, rather than the police
department itself. Guthery, 112 S.W.3d at 723. There is no citizen complainant in this case. The
only victim of Treadway’s alleged misconduct would be the sheriff’s office itself.

                                                  6
supporting the notion that the legislature did not intend the term “complaint” to be limited to external

citizen complaints. See id. § 143.123(e).

                Furthermore, section 143.123 defines “investigation” as “an administrative

investigation, conducted by the municipality, of alleged misconduct by a fire fighter or police officer

that could result in punitive action against that person.” This definition of “investigation” could be

equally applied to an investigation of allegations of misconduct by a citizen, or to an investigation

of internal allegations by an officer’s supervisor. There is no indication that the legislature intended

to create a distinction.

                Similarly, the language of Subchapter B states that an officer may not be suspended

or terminated as the result of a complaint unless “the complaint is investigated” and “there is

evidence to prove the allegation of misconduct.”            Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 614.023(c).

Consequently, it appears that under both the Civil Service Act and Subchapter B, a “complaint”

triggers an investigation into allegations of misconduct. Compare Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code Ann.

§ 143.123(a)(2) with Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 614.023(c). Neither statute makes any distinction

based on the source of the allegations. Therefore, it necessarily follows that a “complaint” for

purposes of Subchapter B is any allegation of misconduct that could result in disciplinary action.

                Under this definition, the allegations against Treadway—dishonesty and falsifying

training records—qualify as a complaint. The fact that these allegations were made by Treadway’s

supervisors is immaterial. Rather, the relevant facts are that there were allegations of misconduct,

and that these allegations led to Treadway’s termination. In requiring that there be an investigation

and evidence to prove allegations of misconduct before an officer can be terminated, Subchapter B



                                                   7
makes no exception for allegations by an officer’s supervisors. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.

§ 614.023(c). Because every word excluded from a statute is presumed to have been excluded for

a purpose, we cannot read additional language into the statute to create such an exception. See

Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 540. Under the plain language of section 614.023, any “allegation of

misconduct” for which disciplinary action may be imposed represents a complaint, regardless of the

source. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 614.023.

               Our conclusion that a “complaint” for purposes of Subchapter B includes any

allegation of misconduct that could give rise to disciplinary action is consistent with the purpose of

the statute as described in Turner v. Perry, 278 S.W.3d 806, 823 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2009, pet. filed). The court in Turner stated:


       By enacting [Subchapter B], the State provided covered employees with procedural
       safeguards to reduce the risk that adverse employment actions would be based on
       unsubstantiated complaints. Moreover, the State determined that the value of these
       protections outweighs the fiscal and administrative burdens incurred by complying
       with statutory requirements.

Id.

               The court went on to hold that by failing to provide proper documentation of the

complaints against an officer before terminating him, the officer’s employer “impaired [his] ability

to investigate or defend against the complaints made against him.” Id.

               Here too, Treadway’s “ability to investigate or defend against the complaints made

against h[er]” was impaired by the County’s failure to provide her with a written, signed complaint

prior to her termination. Id. The legislature enacted Subchapter B to protect peace officers from

disciplinary action based on unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct. See id. Because we must


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construe the statute as written, we decline to judicially create an exception for allegations coming

from an officer’s supervisors.

               Furthermore, the definition of “complaint” under Subchapter B has previously been

applied to internal complaints. See Fudge v. Haggar, 621 S.W.2d 196, 198 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see also Op. Tex. Att’y Gen. No. GA-0251 (2004). In Fudge, the court held

that a police department properly complied with the predecessor statute to Subchapter B by

presenting a terminated officer with a letter of complaint, signed by his supervisor, prior to

terminating him. 621 S.W.2d at 198. In reaching this conclusion, the court stated, “In this case we

deal with an internally generated complaint. Even though the initial information received by the

police department was external, coming from the Dallas County Sheriff’s Office, the entire

investigation began within the police department.” Id. (emphasis added). The court went on to state

that the supervisor’s signed letter of complaint “was in compliance with [the predecessor to

Subchapter B].” Id. The implication of Fudge is that Subchapter B applies to both externally

generated and internally generated complaints, so that any complaint against a law enforcement

officer, including complaints originating from within the police department, “must be reduced to

writing and signed by the person making it.” Id. We see no reason why this proposition is not

equally applicable in cases involving complaints originating from within an officer’s chain

of command.

               Texas Attorney General Opinion GA-0251 also contemplates the applicability of

Subchapter B to internal complaints. Tex. Att’y Gen. No. GA-0251.2 The question at issue was


       2
           “Opinions of the attorney general, while not binding on the judiciary, are persuasive and
are entitled to consideration.” In re Texas Dep’t of State Health Servs., 278 S.W.3d 1, 4-5 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2008, no pet.).

                                                 9
whether certain provisions of the education code conflict with Subchapter B by allowing a school

superintendent to terminate a school-district peace officer without a written, signed complaint. Id.

After determining that both Subchapter B and the relevant education code provisions could be

applied to school-district peace officers without conflict, the opinion addresses concerns that students

or parents may be disinclined to provide a written complaint by stating, “As circumstances warrant,

a superintendent of the school district or others may initiate disciplinary action by filing a signed

complaint, or complaints may prompt an internal investigation and report by the police department

sufficient to satisfy the requirements of [Subchapter B].” Id. (citing Fudge, 621 S.W.2d at 198). By

citing Fudge in this context, and pointing out that an internal department report may satisfy

Subchapter B, the opinion assumes the applicability of Subchapter B to internal complaints and

suggests that an internal investigation must result in a written, signed complaint in order to comply

with Subchapter B.3

               We hold that the allegations of misconduct giving rise to Treadway’s termination

constitute a “complaint” for purposes of Subchapter B. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s

order granting summary judgment in favor of the County and remand for further proceedings.4


       3
          We note that to the extent the opinion suggests that an internal department report based on
an external citizen complaint may comply with Subchapter B in the absence of a written complaint
from the citizen, that notion conflicts with the holding of Guthery v. Taylor, 112 S.W.3d 715, 723
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). In Guthery, the court held that a written complaint
under Subchapter B must be signed by the complaining victim, so that an internal report based on
a citizen’s complaint would be insufficient to satisfy Subchapter B. Id. In the present case, the
allegations of misconduct arose internally, so there was no external complaint or citizen victim.
       4
         While Treadway urges us to render judgment in her favor, we find remand to be the more
appropriate remedy. The County’s motion for summary judgment was limited to whether Subchapter
B applied to the facts of this case. On appeal, the County contends that a disputed fact issue remains
as to whether Treadway received a signed complaint that would have complied with Subchapter B.
Furthermore, other than attorneys’ fees, the record contains no evidence of Treadway’s damages.

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The County’s Cross-Appeal

               In a sole issue on cross-appeal, the County argues that the trial court erred in denying

its request for attorneys’ fees. Because we hold that the County’s motion for summary judgment was

granted in error, we affirm the order denying the County’s request for attorneys’ fees.


                                         CONCLUSION

               We reverse the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of the County

and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The trial court’s order denying the

County’s request for attorneys’ fees is affirmed.




                                              __________________________________________

                                              Diane M. Henson, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Waldrop and Henson;
  Dissenting Opinion by Justice Waldrop

Affirmed in part; Reversed and Remanded in part

Filed: April 16, 2010




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