                                                                         FILED
                                                                    Jun 14 2016, 8:42 am

                                                                         CLERK
                                                                     Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                        Court of Appeals
                                                                          and Tax Court




      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
      Christopher A. Buckkey                                     Joseph S. Irak
      Valparaiso, Indiana                                        Merrillville, Indiana



                                                  IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      Gregory Schafer,                                           June 14, 2016
      Appellant-Defendant,                                       Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                                 56A04-1507-CP-977
              v.                                                 Appeal from the Newton Circuit
                                                                 Court
      Kathryne Borchert d/b/a                                    The Honorable Jeryl F. Leach,
      Southlake Realty,                                          Judge
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                                        Trial Court Cause No.
                                                                 56C01-9108-CP-114




      Altice, Judge.


                                                 Case Summary


[1]   In 1988, Kathryne Borchert d/b/a Southlake Realty (Borchert) purchased three

      undeveloped real estate lots at a tax sale. She filed the instant action in 1991 to

      quiet title to the real estate based on the tax sale and the subsequently issued tax

      deeds. Gregory Schafer answered and filed a counterclaim, in which he sought

      to set aside the tax deeds. After two unsuccessful motions for summary

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016                Page 1 of 10
      judgment, one filed by each party in 1992, and a failed mediation in 1994, the

      case stagnated for over twenty years with Borchert continuing to pay real estate

      taxes on the subject properties. Following a brief bench trial on June 24, 2015,

      the trial court entered judgment in favor of Borchert, awarding her fee simple

      ownership of the properties. In relevant part, the trial court found that although

      the notice of tax sale was sent one day late, the notice substantially complied

      with the statutory requirements. On appeal, Schafer argues that the trial court

      improperly relied upon the substantial compliance doctrine.


[2]   We affirm.


                                           Facts & Procedural History


[3]   In 1983, Schafer1 purchased a large parcel of farmland in Crown Point, Indiana

      for the purpose of subdividing and developing it into improved industrial real

      estate. After having the property rezoned, Schafer subdivided it into seven

      separate and distinct parcels and proceeded to develop and sell Lots 1, 2, 3, and

      5 in 1984. Schafer kept two semi-truck trailers on the undeveloped lots, in

      which he stored building supplies for construction projects onsite and

      elsewhere. The trailers were last licensed in 1983. Development on Lots 4, 6,

      and 7 (the Real Estate) never came to fruition. Schafer last paid real estate




      1
          Schafer purchased the property jointly with William Modrak, a silent partner.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016             Page 2 of 10
      taxes on the Real Estate in 1984. Accordingly, a property tax deficiency on the

      Real Estate began to accrue.


[4]   On September 12, 1988, the Lake County Auditor’s Office sent out notice of a

      tax sale regarding the Real Estate to Schafer at 5689 Pierce Street in

      Merrillville, Indiana. This was the address Schafer had on file with the

      auditor’s office. Notices were also published in a newspaper. The tax sale was

      then conducted on October 3, 1988, and Borchert purchased the Real Estate for

      a total of $541.00.


[5]   After the tax sale, the notice previously sent to Schafer was returned to sender

      because he no longer lived at that residence. He had moved from Lake County

      to Porter County in 1986. Schafer did not change his address with the auditor’s

      office after his move. Subsequent notices relating to the tax sale and

      redemption period were similarly returned to the auditor’s office as

      undeliverable.


[6]   The tax deeds were issued to Borchert on October 12, 1989, and she recorded

      the deeds on November 1, 1989. She eventually began the process of cleaning

      up the Real Estate, which contained abandoned semi-truck trailers, old tires,

      and weeds. In 1991, Borchert hired a wrecking service to remove the old tires.

      At some point, she made unsuccessful efforts to locate the owner of the

      dilapidated trailers, including contacting the Crown Point Police, and then had

      the trailers removed. Although Borchert never developed the Real Estate, she

      and her family maintained the lots and stored an RV and boat there.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016    Page 3 of 10
[7]   In February 1991, Schafer went to the Lake County Auditor’s Office on other

      business and while there, inquired as to the Real Estate. He was informed that

      the Real Estate had been sold in a tax sale in October 1988 and that a tax deed

      had been issued to Borchert the following year. Thereafter, on February 20,

      1991, Schafer attempted to convey the Real Estate by warranty deeds to

      Timothy S. Schafer and Francis J. Schafer, both attorneys. Timothy and

      Francis recorded the deeds five days later but title did not transfer because

      Borchert owned the Real Estate. This, however, clouded Borchert’s title in the

      Real Estate.


[8]   Borchert filed this action in the Lake Circuit Court on May 28, 1991, to quiet

      title to the Real Estate. Schafer answered the complaint and filed a

      counterclaim2, seeking to set aside the tax deeds and quiet title in his favor.

      Schafer alleged in part that the required notices “were not in substantial

      compliance with the manner prescribed” by their respective statutes. Appendix

      at 406. Schafer also filed a motion for change of venue, which was granted,

      and the case was transferred to Newton County Circuit Court in August 1991.


[9]   On August 21, 1992, Borchert filed a motion for summary judgment in which

      she argued that the tax sale certificates and deeds constituted prima facie

      evidence of the regularity and validity of the tax sale. Schafer responded in




      2
       Francis, Timothy, and Modrak were also original party defendants/counter-claimants, but Schafer is the
      only remaining party because the other defendants “waived their interests to Mr. Schafer” at some point
      during the proceedings. Transcript at 1.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016                       Page 4 of 10
       opposition that he never received actual notice of the sale and that the notices

       issued were not in substantial compliance with statutory requirements.

       Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion for summary judgment

       on October 19, 1992. Borchert began steps to initiate an interlocutory appeal of

       the order, and a hearing was set to consider her petition for certification.


[10]   On December 8, 1992, Schafer filed a response to the petition and a cross-

       motion for summary judgment. With respect to the summary judgment

       motion, he argued in relevant part that Ind. Code § 6-1.1-24-4 required that

       notice of the tax sale be given to the owners at least twenty-one days before the

       day of the sale and that notice in this case was mailed one day late. Following

       a hearing and Borchert’s withdrawal of her petition for certification, Schafer’s

       motion for summary judgment was denied by the trial court on December 30,

       1992. The parties subsequently requested that the trial court make specific

       findings with respect to its denials of summary judgment. On April 23, 1993,

       the court entered the following findings:

               (1).     That notice of the sale of the property was issued twenty
                        (20) days prior to the actual date of sale.


               (2).     That a material issue of fact exists as to when the Plaintiff
                        – Counter Defendant took possession of the property.


       Appendix at 163.


[11]   On May 6, 1993, the case was continued generally. The parties entered into a

       court-ordered mediation in 1994 that failed. Over the next twenty plus years, a

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016          Page 5 of 10
       series of pretrial conferences and status hearings were held and/or continued

       and over twenty bench trials were set and then rescheduled. During this period

       of stagnation, Borchert passed away in August 2007 and her son Richard

       Borchert took over as personal representative of her estate.


[12]   A bench trial was finally conducted on June 24, 2015, at which the parties

       presented brief evidence. The basis of Schafer’s argument was that the tax sale

       was void because notice of the sale was provided a day outside the statutory

       requirement. He asked the court to take judicial notice of the April 23, 1993

       order, which the court did. At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court

       took the matter under advisement and issued an order later that day in favor of

       Borchert, concluding that she was the fee simple owner of the Real Estate.

       Specifically, the trial court concluded that even though the auditor sent the

       notice of sale twenty days, rather than twenty-one days, before the sale, the

       notice provided “substantially complied with the statutory procedure for tax

       sale notice.” Id. at 29. The court explained in part:


               Even if the tax sale had been held a day later and complied with
               the statutory time requirement, Defendant would still not have
               received notice and would not have been able to act to protect his
               property interest. The lack of actual notice in this instance is a
               direct result of Defendant’s failure to keep his address updated
               with the Auditor. The notice provided in this case was
               reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise
               Defendant of the pendency of the action and afford him an
               opportunity to present his objections….


       Id. Schafer now appeals.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016   Page 6 of 10
                                            Discussion & Decision


[13]   We will disturb a trial court’s findings and judgment only when they are clearly

       erroneous. Nichols v. Minnick, 885 N.E.2d 1, 3 (Ind. 2008) (citing Ind. Trial

       Rule 52(A)). Findings of fact are clearly erroneous when they have no factual

       support in the record. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous if it applies the

       wrong legal standard to properly found facts. Id. Schafer correctly observes

       that the relevant facts in this case are not in dispute, and the questions presented

       are legal ones. Accordingly, our review is de novo. In re Marriage of Gertiser, 45

       N.E.3d 363, 369 (Ind. 2015).


[14]   The notice statute at issue, I.C. § 6-1.1-24-4, has been amended a number of

       times during the pendency of this case. At the relevant time in 1988, it

       provided in part:

               (a)     In addition to the notice required by section 3 of this
               chapter, the county auditor shall send a notice of the sale by
               certified mail to the owner or owners of the real property at their
               last known address….The county auditor shall mail the notice at least
               twenty-one (21) days before the day of sale….


       (Emphasis supplied).


[15]   As set forth above, the trial court found that this notice was mailed twenty days

       before the tax sale, in violation of the statutory requirement. The trial court,

       however, concluded that said notice substantially complied with the statutory

       notice requirement in this regard.



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016     Page 7 of 10
[16]   Schafer contends that the trial court erred by applying the doctrine of

       substantial compliance. His primary argument is that a substantial compliance

       analysis is not appropriate when analyzing an issue involving the timing of

       notice.3 We observe, however, that this court has applied the doctrine before in

       the context of an untimely notice under the tax sales statutes. See Smith v.

       Breeding, 586 N.E.2d 932, 938 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992) (statutory notice regarding

       the right of redemption required to be sent not less than thirty days before

       expiration of the period for redemption; notice mailed twenty-eight days before

       expiration, under the circumstances, substantially complied with statutory

       requirement). While Schafer attempts to distinguish Smith, we do not find it

       necessary to reach the merits of the parties’ arguments regarding substantial

       compliance. This is because the notice provided did, in fact, comply with the

       twenty-one-day requirement of I.C. § 6-1.1-24-4(a).


[17]   It is undisputed that the tax sale occurred on October 3, 1988, and that notice of

       the sale was mailed on September 12, 1988. Applying Indiana Trial Rule 6(A),

       the trial court found, as argued by Schafer, that the notice was mailed only

       twenty days before the sale. The trial court misapplied the law in this regard.


[18]   Trial Rule 6(A) provides in relevant part:




       3
        Schafer also asserts that the trial court committed reversible error when it decided the case on the basis of
       substantial compliance because this issue was not raised by Borchert at trial. Schafer cites no relevant
       authority in support of his argument that the trial court’s hands were so tied. Moreover, we observe that
       Schafer himself raised the issue of substantial compliance below on more than one occasion. See Appendix at
       307 and 406.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016                           Page 8 of 10
               In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these
               rules, by order of the court, or by any applicable statute, the day of
               the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins
               to run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed
               is to be included unless it is:

                        (1) a Saturday,

                        (2) a Sunday,

                        (3) a legal holiday as defined by state statute, or

                        (4) a day the office in which the act is to be done is closed
                        during regular business hours.

               In any event, the period runs until the end of the next day that is
               not a Saturday, a Sunday, a legal holiday, or a day on which the
               office is closed….

       (Emphasis supplied.) To reach the conclusion that notice of the tax sale was

       mailed one day late, the trial court had to conclude, as asserted by Schafer, that

       the auditor’s mailing of the notice was the act or event from which the clock

       began to run. But such is not the case.


[19]   I.C. § 6-1.1-24-4(a) places a requirement on the auditor concerning the timing of

       notice, not the timing of when the tax sale must be held after notice is provided.

       The statute requires the auditor to mail notice of the tax sale to the property

       owner at least twenty-one days before the sale. Importantly, the statute does

       not require that the sale be held no fewer than twenty-one days after notice is

       mailed. This is a meaningful distinction because it indicates from which

       perspective the twenty-one-day period of time should be examined. See Hilligoss

       v. Associated Cos., Inc., 589 N.E.2d 1202, 1205 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), trans. denied.


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016          Page 9 of 10
       The act or event for purposes of Trial Rule 6(A) in the context of I.C. § 6-1.1-

       24-4(a) is the date of the sale. From there, the days should be counted

       backwards to the date notice is mailed. See Hilligoss, 589 N.E.2d at 1205.


[20]   The date of the tax sale was October 3, 1988. Thus, the first day to be counted

       toward the twenty-one-day period was October 2, 1988. The first day upon

       which notice could be mailed in compliance with the statute was September 12,

       1988, twenty-one days before the sale. Properly applying Trial Rule 6(A) to the

       statute at hand establishes as a matter of law that the notice mailed on

       September 12, 1988, was timely. Accordingly, it was not necessary for the trial

       court to reach the issue of substantial compliance in order to grant judgment in

       favor of Borchert. As his appellate argument – as well as his argument below –

       hinges on an incorrect application of the law in determining the timeliness of

       notice, Schafer has failed to establish that Borchert was not entitled to

       judgment.


[21]   Judgment affirmed.


[22]   Bailey, J. and Bradford, J., concur




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 56A04-1507-CP-977 | June 14, 2016     Page 10 of 10
