Filed 4/1/20
                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION


               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                             FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,
                                                                  F074656
        Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                     (Kern Super. Ct. Nos. BF123070A,
                 v.                                     BF123070B, BF123070C &
                                                               BF123070D)
JAJUAN ROBERT BELL et al.,

        Defendants and Appellants.                              OPINION

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Charles R.
Brehmer, Judge.
        Charles M. Bonneau, Jr., under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant, Jajuan Robert Bell.
        Meredith J. Watts, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant, Lynell Lewis.
        Jennifer A. Mannix, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant, Deon Lavell Joseph.
        Diane Nichols, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant, John Fitzgerald Williams.
        Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Julie A. Hokans and Clara M.
Levers, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                         -ooOoo-
        Defendants were convicted of dozens of crimes relating to a 2007 robbery of the
Golden West Casino and its patrons, as well as a conspiracy to rob the casino again in


                      SEE CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION
2008. After defendants’ convictions were conditionally reversed in a prior appeal
(People v. Bell (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 315 (Bell I)), the prosecution moved to strike
defendants’ pleas of once in jeopardy. The trial court granted the motion and reinstated
the prior judgments prompting defendants’ present appeal. For the reasons explained
below, we affirm the trial court’s order striking defendants’ jeopardy pleas.1
                                           FACTS
I.     Overview and Background2
       During the first trial of this matter in 2010, prosecutor Chad Louie called a last-
minute witness named Deputy Bill Starr to testify about defendants’ arrest. Louie failed
to tell Starr about an in limine order prohibiting prosecution witnesses from testifying
about certain aspects of the arrest, such as law enforcement’s use of spike strips, the
deployment of the SWAT team, and those “kind[s] of thing[s].” Louie asked Starr
whether he made “contact” with one of the vehicles defendants were in. He responded,
“No. I was positioned in the turret of the armored personnel carrier.” The court declared
a mistrial.
       Defendants entered pleas of once in jeopardy, contending retrial was barred
because Louie had intentionally goaded the defendants into requesting a mistrial. (See
generally Oregon v. Kennedy (1982) 456 U.S. 667.) Defendants sought a jury trial on
their jeopardy pleas. The trial court concluded that because the prosecutor’s intent
concerned a procedural matter, rather than an issue of guilt or innocence, it was
necessarily a question of law to be decided by the court. The trial court then found that
Louie did not intentionally trigger a mistrial.


       1 Additionally, the Attorney General concedes that the personal firearm use
enhancement imposed on count 28 as to defendant Williams must be stricken, and we
accept that concession. Finally, we remand the matter, so the court may consider its
newly-granted discretion under Senate Bill No. 620 (2017-1081 Reg. Sess.; SB 620) and
Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.; SB 1393). We otherwise affirm.
       2   All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.

                                               2
       Defendants were tried again in 2011 by a different prosecutor named James
Simson. The jury convicted3 defendants on the bulk of the charges against them.4


       3 Defendants Lynell Travon Lewis (Lewis), Deon Lavell Joseph (Joseph), Jajuan
Robert Bell (Bell), and John Fitzgerald Williams (Williams) were each convicted of four
counts of second degree robbery (counts 1–4; § 212.5, subd. (c)), six counts of assault
with a semiautomatic firearm (counts 5–7, 9–11; § 245, subd. (b)), five counts of assault
with an assault weapon (counts 12–14, 16–17; § 245, subd. (a)(3)), two counts of
transporting an assault weapon (counts 19, 24; former § 12280, subd. (a)(1); see
§ 30600), two counts of participating in a criminal street gang (counts 21, 28; § 186.22,
subd. (a)), one count of conspiracy to commit assault with a semiautomatic firearm
(count 22; § 182, subd. (a)(1)), one count of conspiracy to commit robbery (count 23;
§ 182, subd. (a)(1)), and one count of carrying a loaded firearm in public by a member of
a criminal street gang (count 26; former § 12031, subd. (a)(2)(C)). Defendants Bell and
Lewis were additionally convicted of two counts of possessing a firearm as a felon
(counts 18 & 27; former § 12021, subd. (a)(1)).
        The jury found all of these crimes were committed for the benefit of, or in
association with, a criminal street gang with the specific intent to promote, further, or
assist in criminal conduct by gang members (§ 186.22, subd. (b)) as alleged in the
indictment, except the active gang participation counts (counts 21, 28) and the single
count of possessing a loaded firearm by an active street gang member (count 26).
       The jury also found that, as to the robbery counts, each defendant was a principal
and at least one principal personally used a firearm as alleged in the indictment; except
that no verdict form for this enhancement to count 28 (active gang participation) as to
Bell was submitted to the jury. (Former § 12022.53, subd. (e)(1).) The jury further
found that a principal was armed during the commission of the two conspiracy counts.
(Former § 12022, subd. (a).)
       The jury found that Joseph, Lewis and Williams each personally used a firearm
during the commission of the six counts of assault with a semiautomatic firearm and the
two counts of active participation in a criminal street gang. (Former § 12022.5,
subd. (a).) The jury found it “not true” that Bell personally used a firearm during the
commission of those crimes.
       The trial court found that the prior convictions alleged against Bell and Lewis
were true.
      The court granted a motion for acquittal (§ 1118.1) on counts 8 and 15 (assaults).
A charge of vehicle theft (count 20) was dismissed pursuant to a stipulation between
counsel. Another charge of vehicle theft (count 25) was dismissed on the court’s motion.
       4A detailed statement of the facts from the second trial is set forth in Bell I, which
we incorporate by reference. (See In re Ruedas (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 777, 783.)

                                              3
       On appeal from that judgment, defendants argued the court erred in rejecting their
request for a jury trial on the jeopardy pleas. In a 2015 opinion, we concluded the trial
court “employed the wrong standard for determining whether a judge, rather than a jury,
could adjudicate defendants’ once in jeopardy pleas.” (Bell I, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at
p. 359.) The standard was not whether the pleas raised an issue of guilt or innocence, but
instead whether the pleas raised an issue of fact or law. “If … a question of fact is
presented, the plea must be submitted to a jury. (§§ 1041, subd. 3–1042.)” (Ibid.) We
conditionally reversed the judgment and remanded, affording the prosecution the
opportunity to move to strike defendants’ jeopardy pleas under this standard. (See
People v. Mason (1962) 200 Cal.App.2d 282, 285 (Mason).)
       On remand, the prosecution did move to strike defendants’ jeopardy pleas. After
limited discovery and a hearing at which the court accepted testimony, the court granted
the prosecution’s motion to strike.
       The court denied a Romero5 motion filed by Bell, saying, “I do not believe it is in
the interest of justice nor do I believe it is appropriate.” The court then re-sentenced Bell
to a total term of 73 years eight months; Williams to a total term of 54 years four months;
Lewis to a total term of 59 years four months; and Joseph to a total term of 47 years eight
months.
II.    2010 Proceedings
       In Limine Ruling Regarding Circumstances of Defendants’ Arrest
       At a hearing on October 20, 2010, before defendants’ first trial, the court and
parties discussed several in limine motions. The court’s ruling on motion in limine
“number nine” is central to the issues on appeal, so we set forth the ruling and preceding
discussion in full:

              “THE COURT: [¶] All right. [Motion in limine n]umber nine is
       interesting. Number nine, objection to prosecution offering any irrelevant

       5   People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497 (Romero).

                                              4
and prejudicial evidence that the sheriff’s office and the SWAT gang
suppression unit were deployed in March of ’08 to arrest the defendants and
other prejudicial comments as to the nature of the arrest. [¶] So,
apparently, when the defendants were on their way to Kern County, for
what the prosecution feels is to do another robbery, the S.O., for lack of a
better term, was laying for them out on Highway 58 and spike stripped
them, and then felony stop and SWAT team and the whole bit.
Is that right?

      “MR. LOUIE [PROSECUTOR]: Correct.”

      “THE COURT: All right. What – what do you have?

      “MR. GAGLIARDINI: That’s a very –

      “THE COURT: Minimalist version?

      “MR. GAGLIARDINI: Yes, Judge.

       “THE COURT: Okay. Mr Louie, what – what do you – what’s your
plans on getting into all that? What’s your thoughts? What were you
planning on doing on direct?

       “MR. LOUIE: On direct I intend to have multiple KCSO deputies
come and testify about the circumstances of the stop that they did on the
defendants and get into detail on what they did, and why they did it, and
then what they found when he searched the vehicle, so that the jury
understands and it’s relevant to what the conspiracy was that the defendants
were trying to do.

       “THE COURT: Okay. [¶] So enlighten me what is it that’s going
to be elicited?

       “MR. LOUIE: What will be elicited is that there was surveillance
that was done on the defendants and vehicles at a residence in the
Palmdale/Lancaster area. A senior deputy went to a store, followed them,
watch [sic] them purchase certain items that include gloves – including
gloves. Officers then in unmarked cars from that area followed the
defendants as they were driving in tandem to Bakersfield. And in Kern
County, near Towerline Road, a high-risk stop was initiated with the help
of the SWAT team and other Kern County Sheriff’s patrol cars and
sheriff’s deputies. The spike strip was laid out. The cars were disabled,
and then contact was made with the defendants inside of those vehicles.
The cars were searched, firearms were found, consistent with a conspiracy
to commit a robbery. Cell phones were found. Things of that nature.

                                     5
        “THE COURT: And according to what I read here from Mr.
Rogers, why is it important that you get in about the SWAT team and the –
all that kind of stuff? [¶] Can’t we just say that they were – they were
stopped in Kern County at Towerline Road and the following was located?
Can we do that? Or why do we need to get into –

        “MR. LOUIE: We don’t – I understand – the Court’s concern and
defense counsel’s concern. I don’t necessarily need to get in that it was the
SWAT team, that it was laid – that laid out the spike strip. I could sanitize
that. Have deputies only talk about the stopped vehicle; that there were
multiple officers there on scene that made contact with different
individuals. [¶] And, obviously, I have to have their direct testimony come
in on what they did, what they found. [¶] So we’re not going to get away
from the fact that there were a lot of deputies there, but I think we could
probably get away from not referring to the SWAT team as being there, not
referring to it being a high-risk stop in using the spike strip.

       “THE COURT: Okay. [¶] Well, reading this – you know, defense
counsel – I’ll hear their comments. They made it sound, you know, we’ve
got a C130 overhead, Specter, and, you know, we’ve got a situation. [¶]
Mr. Bowman, I’ll hear your comments, sir.

       “MR. BOWMAN: No. I think he laid it out. I mean, they talk
about surveillance, talk about officers were involved, but there’s no need
for high-risk stop, no need for spike strips. And that’s all we’re asking.
That stuff is prejudicial. Surveillance, find. That’s – that’s fair.

       “THE COURT: Mr. Lukehart.

        “MR. LUKEHART: I’ll defer to counsel, but this does raise one
other issue that I intended to raise at some point, which is one of these
officers walks in here in full tactical gear, with a vest with SWAT all over it
and stuff like that, which I have seen more than once, I mean, everybody is
sort of laughing at that thought, but I’ve seen them more than once, I, for
one, will be hitting the roof as soon as they walk through the door. So
that’s a concern.

     “THE COURT: You don’t want them to come in with their
camouflage and a –

       “MR. LUKEHART: It does seem –

       “THE COURT: -- the raid gear?



                                      6
      “MR. LUKEHART: It does seem to have a deleterious effect on
everybody’s ability to concentrate on what they actually say.

        “THE COURT: All right. Mr. Lukehart, for the – for the record,
that’s a valid observation, Counsel. [¶] Mr. Rogers.

        “MR. ROGERS: The only thing I would add, Judge, is it came
through at the grand jury very clearly to me, which is why I wrote this
motion, is that I am also anticipating the People to be – if this motion was
not granted, to be talking about not only the SWAT team there, but the
gang suppression unit, guns a blazing, as well. I would just add part of – I
think it’s in the objection, but just to bring the Court my concern.

        “THE COURT: All right. Mr. Gagliardini?

        “Mr. GAGLIARDINI: I’m not going to go over everything
everybody said already. But in addition, what is your occupation? Well,
I’m a deputy sheriff for Kern County. [¶] What is your current occupation
and assignment? I’m assigned to patrol in East Bakersfield. [¶] What was
your assignment back on March, in 2008, when the traffic stop occurred on
Highway 58? Well, I was a sharpshooter on the SWAT team. [¶] I mean,
there’s a lot of different ways that the Deputy District Attorney could craft
questions to move around what I’m hearing the Court’s intent to be, and
that is at this point get to the fact you did surveillance; where did you do it;
what you see; where was the stop; what did you find; and were these guys
in the car, and move on.

      “THE COURT: Mr. Louie, you’ve run into experienced defense
counsel here.

        “MR. LOUIE: I’ve got to be able to – I need to be able to put on my
case.

        “THE COURT: I realize that, Counsel.

      “MR. LOUIE: I need to – these are law enforcement officers.
Everyone – everyone knows we have a SWAT team. People know that.
You know, the jury is going to see the photographs of the stopped car with
a bunch of firearms in the back.

        “THE COURT: Nobody is disputing that, Counsel. I’m just saying
that the Court is fairly amused at the fact that defense counsel has – has
anticipated your possible chess moves on this particular area quite adeptly.
And it has drawn a smile to the Court’s face, for what it’s worth.

        “MR. LOUIE: Let me –
                                       7
       “THE COURT: But –

       “MR. LOUIE: Can I make a couple of comments?

       “THE COURT: Of course.

        “MR. LOUIE: I expect – and I don’t expect defense counsel to
object to photographs – the photographs are coming in, as long as I lay the
proper foundation of the vehicle – of one of the vehicles that was stopped in
the attempted robbery when they come back in March. [¶] And one of
those photographs is going to show several firearms in the back, some
shotguns, an assault weapon, and a handgun. [¶] Now, the jury hearing
that there were a lot of people who were doing surveillance that are
associated with Kern County Sheriff’s Department, I mean, that’s what we
would expect. That’s not something that is going to be substantially more
prejudicial than probative to – to the jury on how this thing happened. And
I’m putting on – I need to put on my case. I have a burden and I think I
should be able to explain to them the circumstances of this conspiracy.

       “THE COURT: All right.

       “MR. GAGLIARDINI: Could I respond briefly, Your Honor?

       “THE COURT: Certainly.

        “ MR. GAGLIARDINI: Having the benefit of a wonderful device
here called a computer, I just looked at all the photographs of the white
Chrysler Pacifica during that traffic stop. And unless I’m missing some
photographs, it consists of a white Pacifica at the side of the road with trunk
lid open and, quite frankly, only one law enforcement vehicle visible in any
of the photographs. [¶] I understand Mr. Louie needs to present evidence
for the purposes of relevance as it relates to the elements of the offense.
But no element of the offense includes scaring the hell out of the jurors by
telling them the SWAT team was there. [¶] And – and I resent – the
implication that somehow because he needs to put on his case and it
extends to everything that may have or could have happened on 58 that
night. It just clearly doesn’t. Doesn’t apply to everything that happened.
He can put on his case, show the pictures that we’ve seen, and not mention
the SWAT team at all. Or spike strips or cops having automatic weapons
or inferring to them that – or even implying to them it might be helpful if
you showed up in your raid gear to testify.

       “THE COURT: Submit it, Counsel?

       “MR. GAGLIARDINI: Yes, sir.

                                      8
       “MR. LOUIE: Submit it.

        “THE COURT: Mr. Louie, as to the question of – obviously, your
officers can testify as to their occupation. Your thoughts on counsel stating
that, okay, I was employed by the Kern County Sheriff’s Department. And
what was your assignment at that date? I was a member of the SWAT
team. How is that particularly relevant to the stop?

      “MR. LOUIE: It’s credibility. It goes to the credibility of the
witness. Their occupation goes to their credibility, as well.

       “THE COURT: Their occupation, correct?

       “MR. LOUIE: Right.

       “THE COURT: How about their assignment?

       “MR. LOUIE: That’s – it’s part of their occupation. I – I work –
deputy sheriff gets up on the stand. I work for the Kern County Sheriff’s
Department for X amount of years, and on that date I was assigned to the
gang unit. Have to be able to identify these people and tell the jury what
they do and what they did.

       “THE COURT: You mean the four defendants or your witnesses?

       “MR. LOUIE: My witnesses. That the jury needs to be able to
determine the credibility of the witnesses. Part of that is going to be on
how they testify. They’re going to look at what they do. How they
articulate themselves. I mean, all of this stuff is – is important to a witness’
testimony.

        “THE COURT: All right. As to motion in limine number nine, all
the activities leading up to the stop, what was seen in Lancaster and going
to the store and watching them buy the equipment for the robbery, I take it
that’s what that is, et cetera, that’s all, obviously, allowed as purposes in
furtherance and conduct of the conspiracy. [¶] When they get to Towerline
Road and what happens there, I think we need to clean it up a little bit. [¶]
So as far as how the vehicles were disabled and stopped, we’ll need to
sanitize that, Mr. Louie, to the fact that at Towerline Road, a – something to
the effect that a felony stop was enforce on the two vehicles. [¶] “I think if
we get into the fact, it’s just – I see it as more prejudicial than probative
that we’ve got the SWAT team out there with automatic weapons and
strips, and, you know, the whole crew out there to pull them over. Granted,
that’s what happened, but I think that it might be more prejudicial than
probative. And I don’t see any real harm in saying that at Towerline Road

                                       9
      a felony stop was made and the cars were stopped and contact was made
      with the occupants. Here was [sic] the occupants. Here’s where – the
      vehicles they were in, and this is what was found inside the vehicles. [¶]
      So we’ll do it that way. I don’t want to hear anything about strips or
      SWAT teams and tactical diversions and all that kind of thing. [¶] The
      other question is about your officers coming in possibly wearing their raid
      gear with an M4 slung over their shoulder. We don’t need that, either. I
      think it would be appropriate that the officers coming in be in standard
      sheriff’s department uniform as we see with our bailiffs. Or in business
      attire. [¶] Lastly, regarding your officers testifying as to their occupation,
      clearly they testify as to what their occupation is. As to the assignment,
      that’s a close call in my case. But I’m thinking back to many of the other
      trials we’ve done in here, and I’ve never limited an officer testifying as to
      what his assignment was under any circumstances. I think that it is
      knowledge or information that the jury should have that on this particular
      date and time, I was a Kern County Sheriff’s Deputy assigned to a
      particular unit, and this is what I was doing at that location. [¶] And, of
      course, what he was doing at that location is sanitized to what the Court’s
      discussed. [¶] I do think it is more probative than prejudicial to have the
      jury know what the officer did and why they were doing it there and what
      their occupation and assignment was. [¶] But, again, I feel that is a close
      call, but it is something the Court will allow. [¶] Mr. Louie, am I clear
      with you on how we’re going to proceed at the scene of the stop on
      Towerline?

             “MR. LOUIE: You are.”
      Additional Motions in Limine
      Also, on October 20, 2010, the court and counsel discussed a defense request for
an order precluding the prosecution from offering at trial any hearsay statements made by
one Tameka Turner. The court asked who Turner was and what she would testify about.
Louie explained:

      “Tameka Turner is – had a relationship with Mr. Bell. And she resided in
      the Palmdale, Lancaster area. She is an individual who contacted law
      enforcement. Law enforcement went to her residence and she turned over a
      bag of items. Items which the prosecution will use to show that those items
      were used in the [Golden West casino] robbery on September 13th.”
      The prosecutor said he was planning to call Turner as a witness and would only
use hearsay statements she made to police officers if needed to impeach her trial


                                            10
testimony. The court reminded defense counsel they could cross-examine Turner at trial.
If, however, Turner did not testify, and the prosecution tried to offer her hearsay
statements to officers at trial, then the defense would “probably have some excellent
hearsay objections there.”
       Bell’s trial counsel then asked that the prosecutor be prohibited from mentioning
any of Turner’s hearsay statements during his opening statement. The court denied the
defense request. Bell’s trial counsel responded that if Louie did mention the statements
during his opening argument and Turner subsequently failed to testify, he would probably
move for a mistrial.
       Later, the parties discussed a separate, unrelated motion in limine. Defense
counsel expressed concern that a prosecution witness was not going to be advised about
an in limine ruling. The court replied, “Mr. Louie has been in this court more than any
other attorney in the last 12 months, and I found him to be a man of his word in motions
in limine.”
       Hearing on Request for Bench Warrant for Tameka Turner
       Jury selection began on October 25, 2010. On the morning of October 28, Louie
requested a bench warrant be issued for Turner. At the hearing on that request, the court
received testimony from Trent Sproles, an investigator with the district attorney’s office.
Sproles testified that he personally served Turner with a subpoena on September 21,
2010, directing her to appear at trial.6 However, the last telephone contact Sproles had
with Turner was on October 14, 2010.7 On October 25, Sproles contacted Turner’s
mother, and Turner’s daughter’s school in an attempt to contact Turner. He also went to
her residence and place of work on October 25 and 26, to no avail.

       6   At the time, Turner was in the California Witness Relocation Program.
       7 As of October 21, 2010, Turner had not been offered immunity for her testimony
against defendants. Considering that she apparently lost contact with the district
attorney’s office before then, it appears she was never offered immunity ahead of the first
trial. The record is clear that she did testify under a grant of immunity at the second trial.

                                             11
       The court asked Louie for an offer of proof as to how Turner’s testimony was
relevant to the case. Louie responded:

               “Oh. Miss Turner is a material witness in the People’s case. She is
       the – or had a relationship with [defendant] Mr. Bell. She resided at [a
       residence on] Windsor Place in Palmdale. That was the staging location of
       the first robbery, as well as the attempted second robbery in March.

              “I would expect her to testify that Mr. Bell and several other
       individuals were at her house on September 12th and September 13th, right
       before the robbery. She can identify the car that was used in the robbery.

               “After the defendant and other individuals went back to her house
       after the robbery, she was in her bedroom. She heard individuals counting
       money. Mr. Bell went in, gave her some money, and then gave her the
       items that were from the robbery. Money bags, money wrappers, clothing
       that was used, as well as clothes and a firearm from the robbery.”
       The court eventually granted Louie’s request for a bench warrant. The court and
parties then resumed voir dire of the jury. The jury was sworn on the afternoon of
October 28.
       Proceedings on November 1, 2010
       On the morning of November 1, 2010, outside the presence of the jury, defense
counsel reiterated concerns about what Louie might say about Turner during opening
argument. Joseph’s counsel, Fred Gagliardini, represented that it was his understanding
“from the short chambers conference that we had” that Louie did not know Turner’s
location. Williams’s counsel, Michael Lukehart, said, “[I]t’s my opinion that the
prosecutor is now sufficiently on notice regarding these issues that if a mistrial should
occur, there will be certainly issues raised as to the jeopardy issue should we be seeking a
mistrial as to this colloquy.” The court concluded that Louie could tell the jury, during
his opening statement, “what he feels the evidence is going to be … and he has a good
faith belief that that evidence is going to be presented.” Louie did not mention Turner in
his opening argument.



                                             12
       Later, on November 1, 2010, after trial witnesses had begun to testify, the court
had a discussion with counsel outside the presence of the jury. Lewis’s counsel, T. Alana
Rogers, requested an Evidence Code section 402 hearing, because he had “some
objections before the foundation is laid for the bag.”8 Former Sheriff’s Deputy Bret
Lackey testified at the Evidence Code section 402 hearing that he responded to the
Palmdale residence. In one of the bedrooms, Lackey located several items in and near a
bag. The items included an SKS rifle, clothing, money wrappers, and gloves.
       The court ruled that Lackey could testify before the jury that he found certain
items at the Palmdale residence. In the course of stating its ruling, the court observed, “I
do believe that Miss Turner is not going to testify.”
       On direct examination before the jury, Lackey testified about the items he
recovered at the Palmdale residence. Louie did not elicit Turner’s hearsay statements
from Lackey. However, on cross-examination Gagliardini did ask Lackey about a
“woman” calling to say she knew who robbed the casino and who showed Lackey where
certain evidence was located in the Palmdale residence.9 Lackey identified a photograph
(court exhibit No. 1) of the woman. Turner’s mother later identified the photograph as



       8 At the second trial, Turner testified under a grant of immunity that after the 2007
casino robbery, Bell gave her a bag and told her to dispose of it. Turner did not move the
bag for two days, then moved it into the garage. Over a month later, Turner emptied the
contents of the bag and contacted law enforcement. A responding deputy observed a pile
of items on the floor with half of the items in the bag, and the other half of the items in a
pile on the ground near the bag. Among the items were the following: several money
bags identical to those used by Golden West Casino; cash wrappers dated “9/12/07” that
had been ripped; one of the casino robbery victim’s corporate cell phone; several items of
clothing, including a black shirt tied into a knot; 7.62-caliber ammunition capable of
being fired by either an SKS rifle or AK-47; and pants with black Nike gloves in the back
pocket. One of the cash wrappers had a fingerprint that matched Bell’s right middle
finger.
       9The other three defendants objected to this line of questioning, and the court
overruled those objections.

                                             13
depicting Turner. She further identified Turner as Bell’s “on-and-off” girlfriend for eight
and a half years.
       Proceedings on November 4, 2010
       In proceedings outside the presence of the jury, counsel for Lewis was concerned
that Investigator Sproles would testify about extraneous matters. Therefore, Lewis’s
counsel proposed a stipulation instead of testimony. However, Bell’s counsel, K.
Marshall Bowman, declined to stipulate because he was “hopeful” that Sproles would
“go astray” during his testimony. Bowman planned to move for a mistrial if Sproles’s
testimony violated the court’s orders.
       Later, Louie informed the court that he had originally planned to call a Deputy
Derek Brannan to testify about observing Williams and Michael Johnson exiting the
Camry. However, the prosecutor had learned that Brannan had not personally observed
that event. Rather, a Deputy Bill Starr had observed the event. Consequently, the
prosecutor asked that Starr be added to the witness list so that he could elicit direct
observations rather than hearsay. The court asked if defense counsel had any objection to
adding Starr to the witness list. No attorney objected.
       Louie called district attorney investigator Sproles to testify before the jury.
Sproles identified the person depicted in court xhibit No. 1 as Tameka Turner. Defense
counsel objected on hearsay grounds, which the court sustained. Defense counsel then
moved to strike the testimony about court exhibit No. 1, which the court granted.
       Outside the presence of the jury, defendants requested the court strike the entirety
of Investigator Sproles’s testimony. The court denied the request, but then addressed
Louie, saying:

       “[T]here’s many times when we have a witness up here, both the
       prosecution and the defense have come very close to skirting or going over
       the line on previous rulings. [¶] Many times I’m on the edge of my seat
       because I think that one of the five of you is going to go over that. [¶]
       You – your previously discussed the in limine rulings with your witness.


                                              14
       And make sure that they understand what can and cannot be testified to in
       court.”
       Rogers then told the court that the prosecutor’s designated investigating officer,
Sergeant Pratt, had been discussing the case with other “sheriff witnesses.” Pratt was
brought in to testify outside the presence of the jury and explained that he had spoken
with witnesses to “prep[]” them but was not relaying the testimony of other witnesses to
them. Pratt informed Deputy Starr that he was being called to testify about the traffic
stop and what Starr “did there.” The court found no “problem” with what Pratt had done.
       The court asked Louie what Deputy Starr was going to testify about. Louie
replied:

       “Starr is – Starr was in the SWAT vehicle – it’s my understanding Starr
       was in the SWAT vehicle that was being led by Derek Brannan, who was
       on the witness list. Derek Brannan was in charge of that particular vehicle.
       [¶] That vehicle took down the blue Camry. Starr is going to say he
       observed two black males exit that blue Camry, and that those two black
       males were turned over to sheriff’s deputies at the scene.”
       Shortly thereafter, Deputy Starr was called as a witness and testified before the
jury, in pertinent part, as follows:

       “Q. [Louie:] Can you describe the vehicle that you saw on that date and
       that time, at that location?

       “A.    [Starr:] It was a dark blue Toyota Camry.

       “Q.    And did you see any occupants of that vehicle?

       “A.    Yeah.

       “Q.    Did you see the occupants exit that vehicle?

       “A.    I recall at least two occupants. I don’t recall if there was [sic] more.

       “Q.    At least two of the occupants exited?

       “A.    Yes.

       “Q.    Can you describe the occupants for us?

       “A.    The only thing I recall is they were black male adults.

                                             15
       “Q.    Do you remember where they exited from?

       “A.    No, I don’t.

       “Q.    Did you make – did you end up making contact with that vehicle?

       “A.    No. I was positioned in the turret of the armored personnel carrier.”
       Gagliardini immediately moved for a mistrial based on the in limine ruling. The
trial judge and all counsel had a chambers conference, which was not transcribed. The
parties went back on the record outside the presence of the jury, and the court indicated it
was leaning towards granting a mistrial. The court observed that Deputy Starr’s
testimony violated the court’s in limine order “to say the least.” Louie responded first by
acknowledging that he had “fail[ed]” to inform the witness of the in limine ruling. Louie
observed that Starr was a “last-minute witness,” though he accepted that was “not an
excuse.” Louie opposed a mistrial, arguing that Starr never said “SWAT,” “high-risk
stop,” or “spike strips” which were the terms discussed in connection with the in limine
motion. Louie also emphasized that evidence about defendants’ dangerousness had
already been admitted, including: that an AK-47, two loaded shotguns, a loaded nine-
millimeter semiautomatic were found in the back of the Pacifica, and a surveillance team
of six to eight undercover sheriff’s deputies tracked defendants from Palmdale to
Towerline Road.
       Gagliardini responded by saying that Louie had admitted during the chambers
conference he “failed completely to advise this witness” of the court’s in limine ruling.
Other defense counsel joined in Gagliardini’s request for a mistrial.
       Louie said, “[I]f the Court wants to sanction me for not advising this last-minute
witness, that’s fine. But to grant a mistrial, I’m not sure that the jury was prejudiced …
by that statement.” Judge Brownlee said Louie made a “very good point” about the
evidence of loaded weapons in the Pacifica but concluded that no admonition to the jury
would be sufficient. Judge Brownlee then granted the defense-requested mistrial.



                                             16
III.   The Jeopardy Pleas
       After the mistrial was declared, defendants entered additional pleas of once in
jeopardy.
       Each defendant requested in writing for the issue to be resolved by way of a jury
trial. Joseph also moved, in the alternative, to dismiss the indictment. The prosecution
opposed these requests.
       A hearing was held on the defense requests before Judge Brownlee, who had
presided over the mistrial. Judge Brownlee concluded that because the question of the
prosecutor’s intent concerned a procedural matter (i.e., double jeopardy) rather than an
issue of guilt or innocence, it was a question of law to be decided by the court.
       Judge Brownlee observed that “Mr. Louie had been in my court several times prior
to this trial on general felony-type cases. Did a competent job on those cases. Those
cases were not complicated and straightforward.” He also observed that “Mr. Louie was
overmatched against the four lawyers for the defense and needed additional assistance
from his office. Though none was forthcoming. Nonetheless, he did the best he could.”
Judge Brownlee also noted his belief that if the first trial had gone to jury, there was no
reasonable prospect of acquittal. In a similar vein, Judge Brownlee observed that Louie
was “not losing” at the time of the mistrial. Additionally, Judge Brownlee observed that
“[Deputy] Starr provided [the offending] testimony not in response to a direct question,
but offered it up on his own.” Judge Brownlee said there was “no question in my mind
that it was not an intentional act done for triggering a mistrial.” The court then denied the
defendants’ motions to dismiss.
       Defendants challenged the trial court’s ruling in a writ petition to this court. This
court denied the writ petition summarily. After the writ petition was denied, all
defendants renewed their objection in the trial court as to proceeding without a jury trial
on the once in jeopardy plea. A retrial was conducted on the crimes charged, and a jury
convicted defendants of nearly all counts and enhancements alleged.

                                             17
       As noted above, we concluded in a 2015 opinion that the trial court used the
wrong standard in evaluating whether defendants were entitled to a jury trial on their
jeopardy pleas. While the trial court relied on a distinction between matters relating to
guilt versus “procedural” matters, we held the proper question was whether the evidence
concerning defendants’ pleas is undisputed and reasonably gives rise to only one
inference (i.e., whether the pleas present solely an issue of law). (Bell I, supra, 241
Cal.App.4th at p. 359.) We remanded for the court to consider whether to strike
defendants’ pleas under the proper standard. (Id. at pp. 360–361.)
IV.    Proceedings on People’s Motion to Strike
       On remand, the prosecution moved to strike defendants’ jeopardy pleas. All
parties filed briefs.
       Investigator Sproles
       Defendants argued to the court that the testimony of Investigator Sproles would
help them establish how important Turner was to the prosecution’s case. The court
concluded it did not need to hear from Sproles. The court said it was well aware that
Turner “was a critical witness.” The court also described her as “clearly the witness that
was the one that, for lack of a better term, broke the case open for law enforcement.”
       Discovery
       On July 25, 2016, Bell’s new counsel, Richard Rivera, filed a motion for
prehearing discovery. The motion requested eight categories of “items,” including, for
example, “all notes, memoranda, reports or other documents from DDA Louie to his
supervisors, or from his supervisors to him, regarding the events leading up to the 2010
mistrial.” The prosecutor agreed to provide certain requested documents. The court
directed the prosecutor to provide documentation of any communication between Louie
and any investigator relating to the efforts to locate Turner after she left the witness




                                              18
protection program. The court also ordered discovery of any documents regarding
Louie’s advisements to witnesses about pretrial rulings.10
       The court expressly declined to require the prosecution produce communications
between Louie and other attorneys in the district attorney’s office. However, the
prosecutor later referenced e-mails between Louie and a supervisor. The prosecutor gave
one example of an e-mail where Louie’s supervisor asked him whether he had filed
motions in limine. The court directed the prosecutor to provide that category of e-mails
under seal. The court also directed the prosecutor disclose, if any, e-mails from Louie to
Simson to the effect of “I got us more time” or anything “along those lines.” 11
       The court further required discovery as to communication with investigators and
witnesses who were members of law enforcement, laboratory witnesses, and “technical
witnesses.” The prosecutor responded that there were e-mails concerning when a witness
needed to appear in court. The court said that e-mails pertaining solely to when a witness
was to appear in court could be summarized. But anything “substantive” would need to
be submitted under seal and reviewed by the court in camera.12
       Hearing on Motion to Strike
       A hearing on the prosecution’s motion to strike was held before Judge Charles
Brehmer, who had also presided over defendants’ second trial. James Simson, who had
prosecuted defendants at the second trial, represented the People.
       Rogers called Lukehart as a witness. Lukehart testified that he had a conversation
with Louie before Deputy Starr testified in 2010. Lukehart asked why Starr was being
called a witness, to which Louie responded that he would “lay out of the details or the

       10Though the court noted that it appeared from the prosecutor’s statements that
there were no such documents.
       11   There is no indication in the record that any such e-mails actually exist.
       12Such documents were submitted to the trial court under seal. We have reviewed
these documents as requested by defendants and acquiesced to by the Attorney General.
We conclude the trial court did not err in its ruling on the sealed documents.

                                               19
circumstances … of the arrest.” Lukehart recalled looking at Louie and saying, “You’ve
got to be kidding. What do you need that for?” Lukeheart said he was “jerking” Louie’s
chain “a little bit” and said, “there’s no good that can come from this.”13 Rogers asked
Lukehart why he had said “no good” could come from calling Starr. Lukehart responded
by “claim[ing] the work-product privilege.” The court said that because Lukehart was
claiming the privilege, the court would not “consider” Lukehart’s statement to Louie that
“no good” could come from calling Starr.
       Gagliardini asked Lukehart whether he recalled “any indication by the judge
[Judge Brownlee] in chambers that quite possibly this was a bad idea on Mr. Louie’s part,
calling this witness [Deputy Starr]?” Lukehart responded, “I have a vague impression of
that. I can’t recall exact words.”
       Bowman testified that at chambers conferences during the first trial, Judge
Brownlee had issued five or six “warnings” to Louie. “Most” of the warnings were
relating to Louie violating issues addressed in Evidence Code 402 hearings. Some of the
warnings were admonitions to Louie that he be “very careful of what you do and what
you say.” Bowman recalled a specific in-chambers conference where Judge Brownlee
told Louie, “[Y]ou can’t continue to do this.” Louie responded, “Your Honor, I’m just
trying to try my case.”
       Later, Bowman admitted he could not “sit here and tell you exactly what the
warnings were prior to the mistrial.”
       Gagliardini called Louie as a witness. Louie testified he had practiced for
approximately six and a half years before the mistrial occurred. Louie had tried between
10 and 30 felony cases that went to verdict before the mistrial occurred.14 Louie
“believe[d]” none of those cases ended in a mistrial based on his failure to advise a

       13   Louie did not recall Lukehart saying that.
       14 Louie had also completed “maybe” five to 15 misdemeanor trials before the
mistrial in the present case.

                                              20
witness of an in limine motion. Louie testified he understood what an in limine ruling
was and that he had an important obligation to relate relevant in limine rulings to
witnesses.
       Louie had police officers testify as witnesses more than 100 times. In his
experience, police officers would sometimes volunteer information during Louie’s
questioning.
       Cindy Zimmer was Louie’s supervisor at the district attorney’s office. Gagliardini
showed Louie an e-mail from Zimmer to “Larry” dated April 17, 2008. Louie testified
that he believed Larry was the district attorney’s chief investigator at the time. In the e-
mail, Zimmer says “Ms. Tameka Turner is a material witness in this case…. Her
testimony is crucial in order for the prosecution to prevail.”15 Louie testified that even
having seen this e-mail, he believed Turner was not important to his case-in-chief when
the jury was sworn in for the first trial in this case. Louie believed Zimmer sent the e-
mail before the district attorney’s office received the DNA analysis. Louie conceded
Turner was “critical” to “catch[ing]” defendants after they committed the 2007 robbery.
However, as for the subsequent prosecution of the defendants, Turner was important but
not necessary. Louie testified that if Turner had been indispensable to his case, he would
not have sworn in a jury. Instead, he would have talked to his superiors about dismissing
and refiling the case.
       However, Louie conceded that he did not have another witness under subpoena
who could testify as to how she received the items recovered from the residence in
Palmdale. Louie did not have any other available witnesses to testify as to how those
items were handled prior to their seizure by law enforcement. However, that fact did not
cause Louie concerns as to how he would address the issue of DNA transfer.


       15  Simson requested that Zimmer’s e-mail only be admitted for the limited purpose
of its effect on the hearer and not for the truth of the matters asserted. The court granted
the request.
                                             21
       Louie did not remember Judge Brownlee ever telling him to “knock it off” during
a chambers conference. Nor did Louie recall Judge Brownlee ever warning him that he
had violated a court order or in limine ruling.
       Louie testified that as of the morning Deputy Starr testified, he had Turner under a
subpoena to testify at trial. However, Louie did not know where Turner was located, and
was not aware of whether or not law enforcement was actively seeking to enforce the
bench warrant against her.
       Louie knew Deputy Starr was in the SWAT vehicle when the stop occurred, and
that the SWAT vehicle was a “big issue” in the case. Louie did not “prep” or interview
Deputy Starr before he testified. However, Louie “believe[d]” he “made contact with
him outside of the courtroom” immediately before he testified.16 However, Louie failed
to advise Starr of the in limine ruling, which he said was an “oversight.”
       Louie intended to elicit specific information from Deputy Starr: that he observed
two males exit the blue Camry. Louie did not intend to elicit information from Starr as to
the second vehicle that law enforcement had stopped that day. Louie did not “believe”
that he intended to elicit the identity of the two individuals from Starr.
       Louie made a “deliberate point” in choosing his questions to avoid eliciting
information concerning the SWAT team, spike strips, etc. When Louie asked whether
Deputy Starr made contact with the Camry, and Starr replied he was in the turret position
of the armored personnel vehicle, Louie was “shocked” because he anticipated the
question would elicit a simple “no” response.
       Gagliardini asked Louie why he continued to question Deputy Starr after obtaining
his testimony about the two males exiting the Camry. Louie disagreed, saying that he did
not think he asked any questions outside of what he had told Judge Brownlee he would
ask. Louie acknowledged that Starr’s testimony violated the in limine order.

       16
        Later, however, Louie said he did not recall specifically having a conversation
with Deputy Starr.

                                              22
       At the time of the mistrial, Louie had not yet introduced his DNA evidence.17
However, the evidence had been “cleared” for Louie to “bring it in.” At no point during
the trial did Louie feel that he was in danger of losing. When asked why he thought he
was going to win the case, Louie testified:

       “Because I had won all of the evidentiary motions: The DNA was coming
       in, the wiretap evidence was coming up, the gang evidence was coming in,
       the fingerprint evidence was coming in. [¶] I had all my victims, witnesses
       lined up. [¶] I had them on video. [¶] I had – one of their fingerprints was
       on the getaway car. I had – one of their fingerprints was on the money bag.
       [¶] Their DNA was all over the clothing and the money bags and the
       money strips from the robbery. [¶] They were on video. When they came
       back months later, they had – I believe there was one of the same – same
       assault weapons was in the vehicle with the sawed-off butt stock that was
       shown in the video when they robbed the … casino in 2007. [¶] So all my
       evidence was coming in. My case was going well. I had the victims
       testify. I played the video. And it seemed like a straightforward case to me
       at that point.”
       When the court granted the mistrial, Louie was upset and disappointed – he
disagreed with the court’s ruling.
       During the first trial, Louie felt overmatched because there were four defense
lawyers against a single prosecutor.
       Judge Brehmer took judicial notice of the entire record and reviewed the same.
       Trial Court’s Ruling
       On October 5, 2016, Judge Brehmer filed his written ruling. The court determined
that the evidence supported only the following reasonable inferences: that Louie was not
worried about his ability to prevail without Turner’s testimony; that Louie’s questioning
of Investigator Sproles was not done to elicit inadmissible evidence; and that Louie did
not goad the defense into requesting a mistrial based on the unsolicited, volunteered, and

       17 Louie said the DNA and gang evidence was “coming in.” He then said, “I think
most of it had already c[o]me in up to the point of the mistrial.” He then corrected
himself that the DNA evidence had not yet been introduced, but that it had been “cleared”
by the court to “come in.”

                                              23
nonresponsive testimony of Deputy Starr. Accordingly, the trial court struck defendants’
pleas of once in jeopardy and reinstated their convictions (except count 22).
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     The Motion to Strike Defendants’ Jeopardy Plea was Properly Granted
       A defendant may enter one or more of several pleas to an indictment or
information. A general plea, such as the plea of not guilty, “puts in issue every material
allegation of the accusatory pleading.”18 (§ 1019.) In contrast, special pleas like once in
jeopardy or insanity “alleg[e] one or more new facts rather than merely disputing the
legal grounds of the action or charge.” (Black’s Law Dict. (11th ed. 2019) p. 1394,
col. 1.)
       There are several important differences between a general plea of not guilty and
the special pleas. Importantly, a plea of not guilty invokes the “constitutionally rooted
presumption of innocence.” (Cool v. United States (1972) 409 U.S. 100, 104; see
Bunnell v. Superior Court (1975) 13 Cal.3d 592, 603; see also § 1096.) In contrast,
special pleas raise separate issues to which the presumption of innocence does not apply.
(People v. Severance (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 305, 315; see also People v. Newell (1923)
192 Cal. 659, 667 (Newell).) This fact, in turn, has several consequences unique to
special pleas. First, without the benefit of a presumption in his or her favor, the
defendant bears the burden of proving the specially pleaded defense at trial. (People v.
Severance, supra, at p. 315). Second, in limited circumstances, a court may remove the
issues raised by a defendant’s special plea from the jury’s consideration when it lacks
sufficient evidentiary support. (Ibid.; see also Newell, supra, at p. 667.) The court’s
power in this regard is limited, as reflected in sections 1041 and 1042. Those statutes
provide that jeopardy and insanity pleas generally raise issues of fact (§ 1041) and issues


       18Except allegations regarding previous convictions to which an answer is
required by section 1025. (§ 1019.) Nor may a defendant assert jeopardy or insanity
defenses on a plea of not guilty. (§ 1020.)

                                             24
of fact must be tried to a jury (§ 1042).19 However, when the jeopardy plea is not
supported by evidence, there is – by definition – no issue of fact for a jury, only “a
question of law … presented to the trial court.” (Newell, supra, 192 Cal. at p. 668; see
also Mason, supra, 200 Cal.App.2d at p. 285.)
       If the lack of evidence supporting the special plea becomes evident at trial, the
court may instruct the jury to find against the defendant on the special plea. (Newell,
supra, 192 Cal. at p. 668; People v. Cummings (1899) 123 Cal. 269, 272–273; see also
People v. Ceja (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 1071, 1083–1084.) However, the court need not
wait until trial to remove the issue from the jury’s consideration. The prosecution may
move to strike the defendant’s jeopardy plea before trial.20 (Mason, supra, 200
Cal.App.2d at p. 285; see also People v. Hernandez (2000) 22 Cal.4th 512, 528 (conc.
opn. of Brown, J.).) In either circumstance, the standard for removing the issue from the
jury is whether “ ‘ “the evidence is uncontradicted or leads to a single conclusion.” ’ ”21
(People v. Ceja, supra, at pp. 1083–1084; see also People v. Vigghiany (1960) 181
Cal.App.2d 621, 631.)
       On a motion to strike the jeopardy plea, the defendant bears the burden of
evidentiary production. (See Mason, supra, 200 Cal.App.2d at p. 285.) To carry that
burden, defendants must adduce evidence that would support a jury finding in their favor.
In other words, evidence that would withstand substantial evidence review from an
appellate court. (See People v. Severance, supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 316.) Under that

       19 The plea of not guilty also generally raises issues of fact. (§ 1041.) But that
plea must always be tried to a jury (unless waived) under the impartial jury clause of the
Sixth Amendment. (U.S. Const., 6th Amend. [“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury…”].)
       20 Defendants do not challenge the long established law permitting motions to
strike pleas, but instead argue that the motion to strike in this case should have been
denied on the merits.
       21Only issues of fact must be tried to a jury under section 1042. If the state of the
evidence satisfies the test described here, then there is no issue of fact.

                                             25
standard, it is not enough to merely produce some evidence on the issue. (People v.
Olmsted (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 270, 277 [substantial evidence is not synonymous with
“any” evidence].) The evidence must be reasonable, credible, and of solid value; “ ‘ “it
must actually be ‘substantial proof’ of the essentials which the law requires in a particular
case.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
        If the defendant bears this burden, the motion to strike must be denied even if the
prosecution adduces evidence supporting a contrary inference. In light of the defendant’s
showing, such prosecution evidence would only confirm that there is an issue of fact
(§ 1041) to be resolved by a jury. If, however, the defendant fails to carry this burden,
then there is – by definition – no issue of fact for the jury to resolve. The court may
resolve the question of law presented by the motion to strike.22
        Here, the court concluded there was no issue of fact. We consider the issue de
novo.
        Evidence and Inferences
        Before we turn to the evidence, it is important to briefly discuss how it is
determined whether evidence “raises” or “supports” a particular inference. That
determination is the linchpin of this case.
        Fundamentally, whether evidence “raises” or “supports” a particular inference is a
matter of probability. Relevant evidence increases the apparent probability a particular
fact is true. Some evidence increases that apparent probability greatly, and other
evidence does so slightly. There is a point on this spectrum above which the probabilistic


        22 Bell argues a motion to strike presents a question of fact for the trial court. Not
so. The ultimate question of the prosecutor’s intent is usually a question of fact.
However, whether particular evidence is sufficient to raise an inference of wrongful
prosecutorial intent is a question of law. In other words, whether a particular inference
can be drawn from certain evidence is a question of law, but which inference out of
several should be drawn is a question of fact. (De Loss v. Lewis (1947) 78 Cal.App.2d
223, 225.) A motion to strike in this context presents the former question to the court, not
the latter.

                                              26
connections between the evidence and proposed inference are deemed “reasonable” and
below which weaker probabilistic connections are deemed “speculation” or “conjecture.”
(Evid. Code, § 600 [an inference is a deduction of fact that may logically and
“reasonably” be drawn from another fact].) In this way, the law distinguishes between
facts that can “logically and reasonable be drawn” from the evidence (ibid.) versus
evidence which “merely raises a possibility” a particular fact is true. (People v. Redmond
(1969) 71 Cal.2d 745, 755.) The former is called a reasonable inference; the latter is
called speculation and is “not a sufficient basis for an inference of fact.” (Ibid.) At the
margins, it can be difficult to demarcate between the two. However, case law has created
a kind of scatterplot diagram showing where the line has been drawn in other cases.
       Hypotheticals help illustrate. Imagine a defendant is found with a bloody knife
standing over the body of someone who has been stabbed to death. This set of
circumstances significantly increases the apparent probability the defendant killed the
person. That is not to say it proves guilt to a certainty. It remains entirely possible that
the defendant may have merely come upon the stabbed body and removed the knife to
render aid. That is why juries are generally free to reject inferences even if they are
supported by the evidence. Nonetheless, the observed circumstances (i.e., the evidence)
sufficiently increases the apparent probability that defendant was the killer (i.e., the
inference) that we would say the evidence “supports” the inference of guilt.
       However, other circumstantial evidence only slightly increases the apparent
probability a particular fact is true. For example, consider evidence that a defendant was
in the same city where a murder occurred. Certainly, the apparent probability of
defendant’s involvement is slightly higher if he was in the same city where the crime
occurred than if he was in another state. But at most, we could say such evidence is “not




                                              27
inconsistent with” the defendant having committed the murder.23 (See People v.
Blackwell (1961) 193 Cal.App.2d 420, 424 [opportunity to commit crime, alone, provides
only a conjectural connection to the inference of guilt].) We would not say this evidence
“supports” an inference the defendant committed the murder. Similarly, the fact a
defendant was seen with the killer before and after the murder is insufficient to raise an
inference the defendant was involved in the murder. (People v. Reyes (1974) 12 Cal.3d
486, 500.)
       Now we bring these principles to our present context. The question on a motion to
strike a jeopardy plea is whether “different inferences” can be drawn from the evidence.
(Mason, supra, 200 Cal.App.2d at p. 285.) If the evidence supports only the inference
contrary to defendant’s plea (or supports no inferences on the issue of jeopardy), then the
plea lacks evidentiary support and will be stricken. Here, the inference defendants
needed to support with evidence was that Louie either “intended to ‘goad’ the defendant
into moving for a mistrial” (Oregon v. Kennedy, supra, 456 U.S. at p. 676), or
intentionally committed misconduct that successfully thwarted a likely acquittal (People
v. Batts (2003) 30 Cal.4th 660, 666 (Batts).)24 We will refer to these two intents
collectively as “wrongful prosecutorial intent” or “wrongful intent.”
       Given the principles set forth above, defendants cannot prevail merely because
they present some evidence at the motion to strike hearing. Defendants must do more
than “merely raise[] a possibility” (People v. Redmond, supra, 71 Cal.2d at p. 755) the
prosecutor had wrongful intent. Instead, defendants must produce evidence from which a

       23For this reason, it would clear the low bar of relevance. To be legally
“relevant” evidence need only have any tendency in reason to prove or disprove a
material disputed fact. (Evid. Code, § 210.)
       24 This latter standard is “stringent, because the normal and usually sufficient
remedy for the vast majority of instances of prejudicial prosecutorial misconduct that
occur at trial is provided under the federal and state due process clause, and calls for
either a declaration of mistrial followed by retrial, or a reversal of a defendant’s
conviction on appeal followed by retrial.” (Batts, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 666.)

                                             28
deduction of wrongful prosecutorial intent can “logically and reasonably be drawn.”
(Evid. Code, § 600.)
       As explained further below, we conclude the evidence here does not support
“different inferences.” (Mason, supra, 200 Cal.App.2d at p. 285.) Rather, the evidence
supports a single inference: that Louie did not intentionally goad the defendants into
requesting a mistrial, nor intentionally commit misconduct to avoid an acquittal.
Defendants do point to some evidence that is “not inconsistent” with wrongful
prosecutorial intent. But none of that evidence rises to the level of supporting an
inference Louie in fact acted with the requisite intent. Therefore, we will affirm the
court’s order striking defendants’ pleas.

       The Evidence Raises a Strong Inference that Louie Did Not Act with Wrongful
       Intent
       Plenty of evidence supports the Attorney General’s urged inference: that Louie
did not act with wrongful intent.
       First, Louie himself – an officer of the court – directly and unequivocally testified
under oath that the failure to advise Deputy Starr of the in limine ruling was an
“oversight,” and he did not intend to cause a mistrial. Before trial began in 2010, Judge
Brownlee remarked, “Mr. Louie has been in this court more than any other attorney in the
last 12 months, and I found him to be a man of his word in motions in limine.” Louie’s
unequivocal testimony under oath strongly supports the inference that Louie did not act
with wrongful intent.
       Second, the circumstances of Deputy Starr’s testimony strongly indicate that
Louie did not intend to cause a mistrial. Louie asked Starr: “Did you make – did you end
up making contact with that vehicle [i.e., the Camry]?” This question does not seek
testimony about the law enforcement resources deployed at the scene. Yet, in his
response, Starr volunteered that he was “positioned in the turret of the armored personnel
carrier” at the time. Judge Brownlee himself observed that it was “obvious … that Mr.


                                             29
Louie realized when Deputy Starr made reference to the armored personnel [carrier] he
had made an error.” These circumstances support the inference that Louie did not intend
to elicit the testimony.25
       The Evidence Does Not Support an Inference Louie Acted with Wrongful Intent
       Of course, the mere fact that there is evidence supporting the prosecution’s urged
inference is not dispositive on a motion to strike. If there is also evidence supporting the
inference of wrongful prosecutorial intent, then the motion to strike should have been
denied. Defendants argue such evidence is present here. We disagree.
       Turner’s Absence and Related Issues
       Defendants emphasize the importance of Turner to Louie’s case in various
respects.26 But her importance was not in dispute27 – Louie acknowledged that Turner


       25 Lewis describes Louie’s question as asking Deputy Starr “what he could see.”
Bell similarly argues Louie’s question was a “ ‘what did you see’ question[]” and,
therefore, it is foreseeable Starr would respond by describing his vantage point. First, we
disagree that a question asking what a witness saw calls for a description of their vantage
point. Second, the question here did not ask what Starr saw, but instead whether he
“made contact” with the “vehicle.” The question was getting at whether Starr interacted
with the two men in the vehicle, not where he was when the two men were arrested.
      Joseph calls Louie’s question “open-ended.” We disagree. Asking Deputy Starr if
he “made contact” with the individuals in the Camry is not open-ended, in our view.
       26 For example, defendants argue Turner provided valuable testimony for the
prosecution at the retrial. Defendants reference Turner’s testimony about statements Bell
made to her, things she overheard at the Palmdale residence, her observation of a red
Pontiac Grand Am (or something like it) parked outside the Palmdale residence, the SKS
rifle found in the garage closet, and the circumstances surrounding the bag that Bell told
her dispose of.
       Defendants also argue that the importance of Turner to the prosecution’s case is
evidenced by Louie’s attempts to obtain her testimony in the first place and, after she
could not be found, the lengths Louie went to “compensate” for her testimony.
       27Defendants point to language in the trial court’s ruling suggesting it found
Louie was not “concerned” with Turner’s absence. And defendants argue there was
evidence showing Louie was, in fact, “concerned” about Turner’s absence. However, we
review the court’s ruling de novo, not its reasoning. We need not determine whether
                                             30
was important to his case and he would have liked to have her testify at trial.28
Therefore, we need not examine in detail the basis for defendants’ insistence that Turner
was important – we grant the premise. The question then becomes whether the fact an
admittedly important prosecution witness was missing gives rise to an inference the
prosecutor subsequently harbored wrongful intent in his handling of another witness.
That is, could one “logically and reasonably” deduce intent to goad a defense-requested
mistrial from the fact that an important witness was missing. We think not. The most
that can be said of such a circumstance is that it is “not inconsistent with” the speculative
possibility the prosecutor harbored wrongful intent. Indeed, every time a prosecutor
“loses” a witness, suffers an adverse ruling, or confronts any other type of setback, it
could be said such circumstances are “not inconsistent with” the theoretical possibility
her or she would later try to induce a mistrial.
       But the evidence does not naturally support or give rise to an inference of such
intent. That is, the absence of an important witness merely raises the possibility a
prosecutor could act wrongfully to bolster his or her case or goad a mistrial. However,
one would not “logically and reasonably” deduce (Evid. Code, § 600) that a prosecutor
acted wrongfully simply because an important, but unessential, witness was missing.
       As defendants note, it is undisputed that Turner was the only witness under
subpoena who could testify as to how she received the items recovered from the Palmdale


Louie’s perspective on Turner’s absence is best described as “concern.” The undisputed
testimony was that Louie viewed Turner as important to his case, but not indispensable.
        We agree there was evidence that Turner was important to the prosecution’s
       28
case. We do not agree that there was evidence supporting an inference that Louie
committed intentional misconduct because he believed Turner was essential to his case.
       Louie initially testified Turner was not important to his case-in-chief when the jury
was impaneled. In subsequent testimony, Louie explained that Turner was important but
not essential to his case. Louie also agreed that he did not have another witness under
subpoena who could testify as to how Turner received the incriminating items recovered
from the Palmdale residence. Nor did Louie have any other available witnesses to testify
as to how those items were handled prior to their seizure by law enforcement.
                                              31
residence, and how the items were handled prior seizure by law enforcement. But those
facts are consistent with Turner being an important, but not essential, witness. As
Williams concedes, “the items could be admitted without her testimony.” Williams does
insist that her testimony provided the “evidentiary connection” between the items and
defendants. But, as explained below, the items could be connected to defendants even
without Turner’s testimony (although Turner’s testimony would strengthen the
connection).
       One of the items found was a ripped casino money wrapper used by Golden West
Casino (with the date of the robbery imprinted on it) with Bell’s fingerprint on it. This
ties Bell to the casino robbery apart from Turner’s testimony. Defendants posit that
without Turner’s testimony, his “fingerprint could have been on the wrapper just because
he was around the Palmdale house in the week following the casino robbery.” But, again,
this merely confirms that, at most, Turner’s testimony would have been helpful to bolster
the strength of the fingerprint evidence, but not essential. The fingerprint evidence was
quite helpful to the prosecution evidence even without Turner’s testimony. That is, a jury
could have chosen to infer Bell’s identity as one of the masked robbers from the
fingerprint evidence – among other evidence – even without Turner’s testimony.
Relatedly, the clothing items and the DNA evidence they contained also connected
defendants to the items – even apart from Turner’s testimony – because they matched
what the robbers were wearing in the surveillance video and were recovered near the
casino money rapper tied to Bell.
       Defendants argue that the clothing was “only linked to the robbers by a generic
description” (e.g., “a short-sleeved black shirt”.) Moreover, the clothing may not have
been put in the bag at the same time as the casino items, and the clothing may not have
been worn by the casino robbers. But that does not eliminate the evidence’s value to the
prosecution. The clothing was found alongside a casino money wrapper with the date of
the robbery imprinted on it. Add to that the fact the clothing did match the (admittedly

                                            32
generic) clothing worn by the casino robbers, and Louie could have quite reasonably
concluded a jury would likely tie the clothing (and the DNA found thereon) to the casino
robbers, without Turner’s testimony.29 Certainly, Turner’s testimony would have
strengthened Louie’s case by eliminating some “benign” explanations for this evidence.
And that is presumably why Louie wanted her to testify. But we are satisfied that the
only reasonable inference is that Turner’s testimony was not so essential as to raise an
inference Louie intentionally caused a mistrial and then lied about doing so.30
       Additional Identity Evidence
       We also note that there was substantial identity evidence apart from the evidence
found at Turner’s residence.




       29 Defendants argue that Turner was “essential” to the prosecution’s case as
evidenced by the prosecutor’s efforts to “work around the absence of Ms. Turner by
allusion to other evidence that would normally require her testimony.” For one,
defendants point to Louie’s question to Sproles about who was depicted in court exhibit
No. 1. The court struck Sproles response, which identified court exhibit No. 1 as
depicting Tameka Turner. However, that identification had come in anyway when
Patricia Steven testified that court exhibit No. 1 depicted her daughter, Tameka Turner.
      Defendants argue that Louie’s decision to call Steven was an attempted “work-
around” to compensate for Turner’s absence. But the fact that Louie could “work-
around” Turner’s absence in part by calling Steven to testify supports his claim that
Turner was not absolutely essential to his case.
       30 Defendants argue the DNA evidence in the case was “problematic.” They argue
that analyzing DNA mixtures from multiple contributors involve mathematically
complex calculations and can lead to different results even among trained professionals.
But this line of attack on the DNA evidence is unaffected by Turner’s testimony.
       Moreover, defendants note there was always the possibility that some, or all, of the
DNA found on the clothing was the result of transfer from one item to another (rather
than merely from the wearer to the clothing). Certainly, the defense was free to elicit
testimony to this effect and to argue to the jury accordingly. But this line of attack on the
DNA evidence is not so powerful as to cause Louie to conclude his case was in such
trouble that he should goad the defense into requesting a mistrial.

                                             33
       The robbers arrived in a “small red car” at about 4:00 a.m. Shortly thereafter, law
enforcement found an abandoned red Pontiac near the casino. Defendant Williams’s
fingerprint was found on the interior rearview mirror of the Pontiac.
       In the surveillance video of the robbery, a voice is heard saying, “Gotti! Come on
Gotti!”31 The same voice then says, “Everybody down.” “Gotti” is Bell’s moniker.
       The cashier’s cage at the casino had two thin windows where chips were
dispensed. Months after the first robbery of the casino, and hours before defendants
intended to rob the same casino again, Lewis spoke to Williams in a wiretapped phone
call. Lewis asked Williams how far “it” was. Williams replied, “The one. The same
one,” with two “little window[s].”

       The Record Indicates Louie Could Have Dismissed and Refiled the Case After
       Learning of Turner’s Absence, yet he Did Not do so
       Moreover, the evidence about Turner going missing does not logically support a
deduction of wrongful intent, because even if Louie had intended to delay trial, he had at


       31   The surveillance video was a prosecution exhibit offered at the second trial.
       Williams argues that the exhibits and testimony from the second trial were not
“before” the court on the motion to strike hearing. We disagree. The court made clear it
had taken judicial notice of the “entire court record” of the case and had reviewed the
same. Indeed, the court said, “Obviously the Court has taken notice of the entire record.
And I will tell everyone, I have read the entire record. Every word, every page.”
        Williams notes his request for judicial notice only sought the record of the first
trial. Joseph’s counsel also made an oral request for judicial notice pertaining to the first
trial. However, Lewis requested judicial notice of “all trial transcripts” referenced in his
opposition to the prosecution’s motion to strike. And Lewis’s opposition cited testimony
Turner gave at the second trial. This bolsters the conclusion that the motion to strike
court meant what it said; that it had taken judicial notice of the entire record, including
the first and second trials.
        Finally, we note that the same judge – Judge Brehmer – presided over the second
trial and the motion to strike. Judge Brehmer expressly relied on his knowledge of
Turner’s testimony at the second trial as grounds to decline receiving testimony from
Investigator Sproles. We conclude the record of the second trial was properly “before”
the motion to strike court.

                                              34
his disposal a far simpler, and more ethical way to do so. It is clear from the record that
at least by October 25 and 26, 2010, the prosecutor’s office was having significant
difficulty locating Turner and would therefore have known her presence at trial was not
guaranteed. By October 27, Louie had made known to the court that he wanted a bench
warrant issued for Turner. Louie testified that if Turner had been indispensable to his
case, he would have simply talked to his superiors at the district attorney’s office about
dismissing and refiling the case.32 (See People v. Superior Court (Martinez) (1993) 19
Cal.App.4th 738, 743–744 [refiling of charges only prohibited by section 1387 if case is
terminated by court order twice].) Yet, Louie did not dismiss the case before jurors were
sworn in on the afternoon of October 28.33 This evidence strongly supports the inference
that he did not feel the need to delay trial to locate Turner.34

       32  Defendants acknowledge this testimony, but argue: “However, Louie also
testified he did not know whether he had the authority to dismiss the case but could make
a recommendation; he never tried to find out.” But, if true, the fact that Louie did not
even try to find out if he could dismiss and refile arguably strengthens the claim that he
did not view Turner’s testimony as essential.
       33Defendants argue this was “very little time to consider what to do,” in light of
Louie’s lack of personal authority to dismiss the case, and the progress of jury voir dire.
       The last contact the district attorney’s investigator had with Turner was on
October 14. By October 25 and 26, the investigator was going to considerable lengths to
find Turner – going to Turner’s residence, place of work, and her daughter’s school.
Thus, there is ample reason to believe Louie knew Turner was unlikely to testify at trial
days before the jury was sworn on October 28.
       Moreover, defendants’ argument is simply that this particular prosecution
evidence (i.e., Louie’s testimony about the possibility of dismissing and refiling) is not as
strong as the Attorney General would have us believe. This is no substitute for adducing
evidence affirmatively supporting defendants’ own urged inference that Louie acted with
wrongful intent.
       34 Defendants say the option of dismissing and refiling does not preclude the
possibility Louie was worried about Turner’s “absence.” Again, there is no dispute that
Louie preferred that Turner testify. But the question is whether Louie viewed her as so
essential that her absence warranted the purposeful commission of misconduct. The
dismissal/refiling option reinforces Louie’s claim that at the beginning of trial, he did not
view Turner’s testimony as absolutely essential.

                                              35
       Defendants respond that dismissing and refiling was “a more perilous approach to
take, since Turner might never show up….”35 But that point cuts against the theory of
intentional goading as well. Why would Louie have intentionally goaded a mistrial when
he had no reason to know whether Turner would ever be found and therefore no reason to
know he would have a better chance of prevailing at a retrial? (See U.S. v. Lun (9th Cir.
1991) 944 F.2d 642, 645.)
       Prosecutor’s Response to Mistrial Motion
       Additionally, Louie strongly opposed the defense’s motion for a mistrial. This
further supports the inference that Louie did not goad the defense into requesting the
mistrial. (See U.S. v. Mata (11th Cir. 2009) 311 Fed.Appx. 280, 284; U.S. v. Whitehead
(5th Cir. 2007) 257 Fed.Appx. 777, 782; U.S. v. Shelley (11th. Cir. 2005) 405 F.3d 1195,
1201; U.S. v. McIntosh (1st Cir. 2004) 380 F.3d 548, 557.)
       Louie also testified at the motion to strike hearing that he did not want a mistrial.
Bell responds:

       “The prosecutor’s hindsight testimony that he did not really want a mistrial
       is a little too convenient, and could easily be disregarded by a jury. For
       these reasons the ultimate fact in the double jeopardy argument – the
       prosecutor’s motivation – was disputed, and the evidence is subject to
       varying interpretations.”
       But merely pointing to an item of prosecution evidence and saying it lacks
credibility or does not inexorably compel a particular inference is not the same as proving
that a contrary inference is supported by the evidence. That is, merely speculating that


        And even if we accepted defendants’ argument that this evidence does not strongly
support the inference urged by the Attorney General, it would not mean the inverse is
true – that the evidence supports the contrary inference urged by the defense.
       35  Defendants also suggest Louie might have had to “release” defendants in the
meantime. But if Louie dismissed and refiled immediately, defendants would
presumably not have been released in the interim. While an immediate refiling would
start certain deadlines ticking down, it would have given the prosecution at least some
additional time to try to find Turner.

                                             36
Louie’s testimony could be untruthful is not the same as adducing evidence tending to
show it was untruthful.
       In a similar vein, defendants argue: “It is also said to be “undisputed” that the
prosecutor apologized and offered to accept personal punishment in lieu of a mistrial.
[Citation.] This is literally accurate but various conclusions could be drawn; it cannot be
assumed that the prosecutor was not being disingenuous. The issue is for a jury.” Given
the defense’s burden of evidentiary production, it is more important to note that it cannot
be assumed the prosecutor was being disingenuous. Defendants needed to adduce
evidence raising an inference of disingenuity, not merely observe that it is theoretically
possible for witnesses to lie.
       Other Issues
       Defendants complain that the court did not find whether Lukehart’s testimony was
truthful or not. But that was not the court’s role. The question is whether Lukehart’s
testimony – or any other evidence – raised an inference of wrongful prosecutorial intent.
Lukehart testified that his comment to Louie that “no good” could come from calling
Deputy Starr was made to “jerk[]” Louie’s chain “a little bit.” Lukehart’s comment to
Louie simply does not raise an inference that Louie intentionally failed to apprise the
witness of the in limine order. Moreover, the court ruled that because Lukehart invoked
work product privilege in declining to answer why he made this statement to Louie, the
court ruled it would not “consider” Lukehart’s statement.36
       Defendants also argue the lower court improperly considered the state of mind of
defense counsel, among other purported errors in the trial court’s ruling. However, we
are evaluating the propriety of granting the motion to strike de novo. We review the
court’s ultimate ruling, not its reasoning.


       36 Williams’s opening brief argues this ruling was error because no context was
needed. The brief cites no objection made in the lower court on this point, nor any legal
authority in support of this claim.

                                              37
       Defendants say there was evidence Louie engaged in an “intentional pattern of
conduct, rather than making a one-off mistake.” For example, defendants cite a statement
the court made concerning DNA discovery: “[W]e’ve been at this for a week and a half,
and we’re still at it, and little by little almost every other day or every day there’s a piece
of evidence or piece of documentation or some sort of 1054 problem that hasn’t been
provided that is now being provided.” But defendants fail to explain precisely how
pretrial discovery delays could evince an intent to goad defendants into requesting a
mistrial. Nor do defendants suggest that Louie failed to eventually provide any DNA
evidence he was required to turn over.
       Defendants also point to Louie’s questions asking Investigator Sproles to identify
court exhibit No. 1. They also point to Sproles’s answer to another question where he
said he had not met with Turner at the Palmdale residence – purportedly implying he had
met her elsewhere. This, defendants contend, went beyond Louie’s proffer to the court
before Sproles testified that he was only going to ask about meeting Patricia Steven and
how long Sproles was with her. Louie explained at the motion to strike hearing that
when he makes a proffer of anticipated testimony, he “expect[s] some leeway” in asking
related questions. Louie further explained he did not see anything wrong with asking
Sproles about the court exhibit because Patricia Steven had already identified it as
depicting Tameka Turner. Moreover, after Sproles testified, the defense moved to strike
all his testimony. The court denied the motion and said, “Mr. Louie, I would hope that
when you have another witness up here – not that you did that with Mr. Sproles, but that
there’s been many times when we have a witness up here, both the prosecution and the
defense have come very close to skirting or going over the line on previous rulings.”
(Italics added.) This incident simply does not give rise to an inference of intent to goad a
mistrial or thwart an acquittal.37


       37Additionally, defendants cite Bowman’s 2016 testimony that during chambers
conferences interspersed with the first trial, Judge Brownlee had issued five or six
                                              38
       Evidentiary Burden
       After reading this opinion, defendants may be left thinking that it is very difficult
to satisfy the burden of producing sufficient evidence of the prosecutor’s intent. Indeed,
it is. (People v. Dawson (1986) 154 Mich.App. 260, 270 [Kennedy’s subjective intent
standard “places upon the defendant the near impossible burden of proving the
prosecutor’s intent”].) For one, adducing evidence of intent is always difficult.
Moreover, the fact remains that most prosecutors perform their duties ethically, even in
the face of setbacks. Accordingly, it is difficult to produce evidence from which one
could “logically and reasonably” deduce (Evid. Code, § 600) that a prosecutor would act
so improperly. In many cases, it is difficult to produce evidence of prosecutorial goading
because no such goading occurred.
       Of course, sometimes prosecutors do intentionally commit misconduct. But we
see no basis to infer that is what occurred here. We note there are plenty hypothetical
examples of evidence that might have raised an inference that Louie had acted
intentionally. For example, if Deputy Starr had testified that Louie directed or
encouraged him to say something violative of the court’s order. (See, e.g., Batts, supra,
30 Cal.4th at p. 671.)38 Or, if Louie’s questions to Deputy Starr had been “egregiously


“warnings” to Louie. Later, Bowman admitted he could not “sit here and tell you exactly
what the warnings were prior to the mistrial.” To the extent defendants are suggesting
that there are additional, unspecified instances of misconduct that prompted “warnings,”
the lack of explanation as to the precipitating misconduct renders these warnings
insufficient to raise an inference of wrongful prosecutorial intent.
       38 It is true that Batts concluded the prosecutor’s actions in that case survived the
Oregon v. Kennedy standard because while the misconduct was intentional and
indefensible, it was not done to provoke a mistrial. (Batts, supra, 30 Cal.4th at pp. 667,
696.) A similar result was reached in U.S. v. Lopez-Avila (9th Cir. 2012) 678 F.3d 955,
962–963 (Lopez-Avila). We cite Batts and Lopez-Avila here merely as examples of the
type of evidence that can raise an inference the prosecutor’s violation of a court order
was nonaccidental. Separate evidence might be needed to show the prosecutor’s
nonaccidental misconduct was specifically intended to provoke a mistrial. It is this latter
type of evidence that was found lacking in Batts.

                                             39
improper,” it could have raised an inference he “engaged in conduct which he knew to be
improper.” (People v. Dawson, supra, 154 Mich.App. at p. 273.) Or, of course, if
Louie’s mistrial-inducing misconduct had actually been intentional and he acknowledged
as much. (E.g., Lopez-Avila, supra, 678 F.3d at p. 961.)39 No such evidence was
produced here.
       We conclude that a deduction of wrongful prosecutorial intent cannot “logically
and reasonably be drawn” (Evid. Code, § 600) from the facts and evidence cited by
defendants. For that reason, we affirm the order striking defendants’ jeopardy pleas.

II.    Williams, Joseph, and Lewis Have Not Shown Prejudicial Sanchez Error
       Williams, Joseph, and Lewis40 argue gang evidence adduced at trial violated the
confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment. Specifically, they argue that the
prosecution’s gang expert testified about his second-hand knowledge of certain
circumstances surrounding prior “contacts” with defendants, and otherwise related
testimonial hearsay of other officers from sources like police reports and field interview
cards.41 The Attorney General concedes that some of the gang evidence admitted at trial

       39These examples are not an exhaustive list of the types of evidence that would
support an inference of intent.
       40  Lewis purports to join in his codefendants’ arguments concerning Sanchez.
However, he acknowledges that “it appears that the only hearsay that [] Tobin might have
referred to with respect to Mr. Lewis’s gang membership was from a police report that
contained a record of another officer’s conversation with a relative of Mr. Lewis’s. She
apparently told the officer that he was a member of the Mona Park Compton Crips.
(italics added)” Lewis then argues that if Tobin “did indeed testify in that manner, it
would not have been admissible under Sanchez.” However, it is defendant’s obligation to
affirmatively establish Sanchez error. (People v. Ochoa (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 575, 585–
586.) By failing to cite to inadmissible testimony by Tobin, Lewis has not established
error in this regard.
        41 This issue was not raised in defendant’s first appeal. Appellate challenges
cannot be considered piecemeal “just because ‘ “the attorneys generate an idea they
should have advanced by specification of error on the first appeal.” ’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Rosas (2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 107, 116.) However, the Supreme Court
recently held that Sanchez effected an unforeseen change in the law. (People v. Perez
(Feb. 27, 2020, S248730) __ Cal.5th __ [2020 Cal. LEXIS 1221].) As a result, courts
                                            40
does not comply with the subsequently-issued decision in People v. Sanchez (2016) 63
Cal.4th 665 (Sanchez). However, the Attorney General argues the error is harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt, and we agree.
       Background
       Daniel Tobin testified as the prosecution’s gang expert. Tobin testified that in the
late 1960’s the Crips was a unitary criminal street gang. Over subsequent years, the
Crips subdivided into hundreds, if not thousands of subsets. The Mona Park Compton
Crips gang is one of these subsets of the larger Crips gang.
       Between 2007 and 2008, there were approximately 250 members of the Mona
Park Compton Crips gang. The primary activities of the gang are selling drugs, weapons
possession, robberies, violent assaults, shootings, and murder.
       Through his years as a gang officer, Tobin personally interviewed at least one
hundred members of the Mona Park Compton Crips gang. The majority of Tobin’s
communication with these gang members was “low-key, non adversarial.” Tobin also
executed several hundred search warrants at the homes of gang members.
       As a result of his work as a gang officer, Tobin was personally familiar with, and
had personally interacted with, Bell, Williams, and Joseph. Tobin also reviewed police
reports and field interview cards pertaining to all four defendants.

       Sanchez Case and its Application to Tobin’s Testimony About Law Enforcement
       “Contacts”
       Tobin also testified about several prior “contacts” law enforcement had with
Williams and Joseph (separately). Defendants claim this testimony violated Sanchez,
supra, 63 Cal.4th 665, which was decided years after their trial. We will discuss Sanchez
before proceeding to evaluate the contested evidence.




must excuse counsel’s failure to object on confrontation clause grounds when considering
a Sanchez claim. (Ibid.)

                                             41
       In Sanchez, the Supreme Court held, “[w]hen any expert relates to the jury case-
specific out-of-court statements, and treats the content of those statements as true and
accurate to support the expert’s opinion, the statements are hearsay.” (Sanchez, supra, 63
Cal.4th at p. 686.) If such hearsay was also “testimonial, and Crawford’s exceptions did
not apply, defendant should have been given the opportunity to cross-examine the
declarant or the evidence should have been excluded.” (Id. at p. 685, fn. omitted.)
Improper admission of evidence that is both hearsay and testimonial, would be an “error
of federal constitutional magnitude.” (Ibid.)
       “Testimonial statements are those made primarily to memorialize facts relating to
past criminal activity, which could be used like trial testimony.” (Sanchez, supra, 63
Cal.4th at p. 689.) “Nontestimonial statements are those whose primary purpose is …
some … purpose unrelated to preserving facts for later use at trial.” (Ibid., fn. omitted.)
       The Attorney General concedes that Tobin’s testimony about two specific
incidents conveyed testimonial hearsay in violation of Sanchez. However, the Attorney
General argues the admission of this evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
We will discuss the two incidents as to which the Attorney General concedes error,
before proceeding to the remaining incidents.
       June 2007 Incident Involving Williams
       Tobin testified about a police “contact” in June 2007, where Williams was
detained after being found in the company of three other men, including a Mona Park
Crip gang member. Tobin’s testimony indicated he was reading a field interview card
while testifying.
       The Attorney General concedes that because the field interview card related to an
interrogation while Williams was detained, it was “produced in the course of an ongoing
criminal investigation” (People v. Iraheta (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 1228, 1249) and was
therefore testimonial.



                                             42
       2000 Incident Involving Joseph
       Tobin also testified that police made “contact” with Joseph on November 15,
2000, in Mona Park Compton Crip territory. Joseph was detained in the company of
three or four other Mona Park Crip gang members. Joseph provided a false name to
police. The name he provided was that of another Mona Park Crip gang member.
       The Attorney General concedes that because grand jury testimony indicates
Tobin’s knowledge about the incident was based on a police report generated when
Joseph was arrested, Tobin conveyed testimonial hearsay.
       While conceding the testimony concerning the two incidents just described
violates Sanchez, the Attorney General disputes that the following additional incidents
also violated Sanchez. We agree there is no cognizable, prejudicial error raised by the
following testimony.
       Selected Incidents Involving Williams from 2002-2005
       On cross-examination, Williams’s counsel asked Tobin about multiple incidents:
Williams’s arrest on November 15, 2002, for auto theft; his May 9, 2004, arrest for
carjacking; a July 20, 2004, report concerning “breaking into a car”; and a September 12,
2005, arrest for receiving a stolen car. Defense counsel then asked, “Are you discerning
a pattern here?”
       Williams argues the admission of this testimony violated Sanchez. The Attorney
General counters that any Sanchez error was invited because the challenged testimony
was elicited by Williams’s own lawyer, and we agree. “[T]he testimony about which
defendant now complains was elicited by his own counsel. Thus, any error was invited,
and defendant may not challenge that error on appeal. [Citation.]”42 (People v. Williams
(2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 587, 620.)

       42Williams cites People v. Wickersham (1982) 32 Cal.3d 307 which held that
“counsel must express a deliberate tactical purpose in objecting to a particular instruction
before the failure to give that instruction will be deemed invited error.” (Id. at p. 333,
disapproved on other grounds by People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th, 186, 200–201.)
                                             43
       December 20, 2006, Incident Involving Williams
       The prosecutor asked Tobin about an incident on December 20, 2006, involving
Williams. Tobin said, “Okay. I have that in front of me.” Tobin and the prosecutor then
discussed that the date was actually October 20, 2006, and the prosecutor indicated he
mistook the date. Tobin himself was the investigating officer for a shooting that resulted
in the arrest of five individuals. Williams was one of the individuals arrested and the
remaining four were all Mona Park Compton Crip gang members. When asked why the
incident was significant to Tobin, he said: “Well, that coupled with it was a violent
shooting, and there were – there was – let me count. One, two, three, four – it looks like
five firearms recovered during the investigation, including a Norinco rifle; a 9 millimeter
pistol; another pistol, 9 millimeter; a third 9 millimeter pistol; a fourth 9 millimeter pistol.
[¶] So four 9 millimeter pistols and a rifle were seized in that investigation.” When
asked on cross-examination whether anyone was identified as the shooter, Tobin said he
would have to look at the report “again” to “refresh.”
       The Attorney General emphasizes that Tobin himself was the investigating officer
for the October 20, 2006 incident. And, at least some of the time, Tobin was only using
the report of another officer to refresh his (i.e., Tobin’s) recollection. To the extent Tobin
was using the report solely to refresh his own recollection, the resultant testimony was

However, the Supreme Court has subsequently held that in cases involving an action
affirmatively taken by defense counsel – as opposed to mere acquiescence in the error of
another – “we have found a clearly implied tactical purpose to be sufficient to invoke the
invited error rule. [Citations.]” (People v. Coffman and Marlow (2004) 34 Cal.4th 1,
49.)
       Finally, Williams says his lawyer is not expected to anticipate sea-change rulings
like Sanchez. We agree. (People v. Perez, supra, __ Cal.5th __ [2020 Cal. LEXIS
1221].) However, we do not see how that defeats application of the invited error
doctrine.
       Williams also argues that the prosecution was the first to put “the evidence” in
front of the jury through a PowerPoint presentation used during Tobin’s testimony.
However, People’s Exhibit 63, item 54, cited by Williams only lists the dates of the
police contacts, not the alleged crimes or circumstances.

                                              44
not conveying hearsay at all. (See Frio v. Superior Court (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 1480,
1492 [witness’s testimony is the evidence, not the document that refreshed the witness’s
recollection].) However, at other points in Tobin’s testimony cited above, he is clearly
referring to a writing in front of him (presumably the police report) without explaining
whether he is using it to refresh his recollection or, instead, is merely reciting its contents
without personal knowledge of the facts being conveyed. If the latter, Tobin’s testimony
would be conveying hearsay.
       For this reason, the record is unclear as to whether Tobin’s testimony as to the
October 20, 2006, incident was conveying testimonial hearsay. In such circumstances,
where “the record is not clear enough for [the appellate] court to conclude which portions
of the expert’s testimony involved testimonial hearsay,” then the court will conclude the
“defendant has not demonstrated a violation of the confrontation clause.” (People v.
Ochoa, supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at p. 586.) Here, because the record is not clear enough to
decipher which portions of Tobin’s testimony on this topic (if any) rely on testimonial
hearsay, we conclude defendant has not established a confrontation clause violation as to
the testimony concerning the October 20, 2006, incident.
       April 21, 2001, and September 20, 2006, Incidents Involving Joseph
       Tobin also testified about a “contact” on April 21, 2001, involving Joseph. The
contact occurred in a “cluster of homes that has been dubbed “the Zoo,” by … Mona Park
Crip gang members. And it’s a known gang hangout.” When contacted, Joseph provide
his moniker: “Smiley.” Tobin had personally served search warrants and interviewed
gang members at the home where Joseph was located.
       On September 20, 2006, two detectives contacted Joseph while he was “affiliating
with other gang members” and documented the contact on an F.I. card. During the
contact, Joseph admitted his gang membership to the detectives.




                                              45
       F.I. Cards
       Tobin testified that an “F.I. card” is a “small card” used to “document contacts
with gang members.” Tobin elaborated that they were used to document “suspicious
contacts that may not rise to the level where a police report is generated, but you will
want to preserve the information.”
       The 2001 and 2006 incidents described above both involved field interviews. The
Attorney General argues there are no facts in the record indicating that the F.I. cards
associated with these two incidents were prepared during the course of an ongoing
investigation of a completed crime.
       Recall that “[t]estimonial statements are those made primarily to memorialize facts
relating to past criminal activity, which could be used like trial testimony.” (Sanchez,
supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 689.) And “[n]ontestimonial statements are those whose primary
purpose is … some … purpose unrelated to preserving facts for later use at trial.” (Ibid.,
fn. omitted.) Since an F.I. card’s testimonial or nontestimonial nature depends on the
primary purpose for which it was made, F.I. cards are not inherently or always
testimonial. (See id. at pp. 697–698.) An F.I. card is only testimonial when it is “made
primarily to memorialize facts relating to past criminal activity, which could be used like
trial testimony.” (Id. at p. 689.)
       For example, the Attorney General argued in Sanchez that the primary purpose of
F.I. cards is to gather information for community policing efforts and potential civil
injunctions. (Sanchez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 697.) If true, the F.I., cards would not be
testimonial. (See People v. Martinez (2018) 19 Cal.App.5th 853, 860 [F.I. cards prepared
for general intelligence gathering not testimonial].) In contrast, when F.I. cards are
“produced in the course of an ongoing criminal investigation, it would be more akin to a
police report, rendering it testimonial.” (Sanchez, supra, at p. 697.) The Sanchez court
noted that the record in that case did not clearly establish “the circumstances surrounding



                                             46
the preparation of the FI card.” (Ibid.) Consequently, the court did not decide whether
the particular F.I. card at issue in Sanchez was testimonial. (Ibid.)
       Joseph cites Tobin’s testimony that F.I. cards are generally used to document
suspicious contacts that do not warrant a police report. He says this testimony establishes
the cards “were created and intended for future use to prove gang membership for
criminal convictions.” We disagree. Tobin’s testimony does not support the leap Joseph
makes. Specifically, the testimony does not establish whether the F.I. cards for the 2001
and 2006 contacts were created with the intent to prove gang membership in a subsequent
prosecution, rather than some other explanation to document suspicious gang related
incidents to aid in community policing. Again, where “the record is not clear enough for
[the appellate] court to conclude which portions of the expert’s testimony involved
testimonial hearsay,” then the court will conclude the “defendant has not demonstrated a
violation of the confrontation clause.” (People v. Ochoa, supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at
p. 586.)43
       Prejudice
       If evidence of testimonial hearsay is admitted in violation of the confrontation
clause and Sanchez, a reviewing court will consider the issue of prejudice under the
standard of Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18. (People v. Pettie (2017) 16
Cal.App.5th 23, 64.) Under that standard, we ask whether the People can show beyond a
reasonable doubt that the errors did not contribute to the verdict. (Ibid.) Courts have


       43 However, while defendants have not established that this testimony conveyed
testimonial hearsay, it appears the testimony did convey nontestimonial hearsay. While
experts “may still rely on hearsay in forming an opinion, and may tell the jury in general
terms that he did so” (Sanchez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 685), they may not relate to the
jury case-specific facts asserted in hearsay statements. (Id. at p. 686.) Here, Tobin
conveyed the specific content of the F.I. cards’ hearsay statements concerning the 2001
and 2006 contacts to the jury. This type of error is a matter of state law and is reviewed
under the more deferential Watson standard. (People v. Calhoun (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th
275, 316–317; People v. Flint (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 983, 1003–1004.)

                                             47
found such errors harmless where the gang evidence that was properly admitted
overwhelmingly proves the crimes and enhancements alleged by the prosecution. (E.g.,
People v. Anthony (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 1102, 1140–1142.)44 Thus, the errors may be
harmless even though the inadmissible hearsay and testimonial hearsay “made the case
against defendants even stronger.” (Id. at p. 1141.)
         Here, we conclude that, in light of the compelling evidence of gang membership
untainted by Sanchez error, harmlessness has been established beyond a reasonable
doubt.
         While Sanchez error tainted evidence of several prior gang related police contacts,
there is far more persuasive evidence on the issue. Perhaps most compellingly, both
Williams and Joseph admitted gang membership shortly after their arrests for the present
offenses. After initially denying gang membership, Williams told a deputy sheriff that he
was a “Crip” and could not be housed with “Bloods.” Joseph similarly admitted he was a
“Mona Park Crip” and could not be housed with “Bloods” during his transportation
and/or booking after the present offenses.
         Moreover, Joseph has several gang tattoos, including two large depictions of the
letter “C” with “Mona” in one and “Park” in the other. Williams has a five-pointed star
tattoo – a symbol associated with the Original Hot Boys subset of the Mona Park
Compton Crips gang. Williams also has an “HB” tattoo, which Tobin testified stood for
“Hot Boys.”45


         The Attorney General does not argue that the court’s instructions concerning
         44
hearsay and expert opinions rendered the Sanchez error harmless.
        Williams argues the court’s instructions were confusing as to whether the jury was
to consider the truth of hearsay related in Tobin’s testimony. But that is because the
court was operating under the framework of pre-Sanchez cases like People v. Gardeley
(1996) 14 Cal.4th 605 (which was overruled by Sanchez). The fact remains that Sanchez
error is harmless when there is compelling, untainted gang evidence.
         45
         When Tobin was asked what he reviews when asked to opine on whether an
individual is an active member of a gang, he said he looks at several factors including
                                              48
       Finally, the present offenses were committed with other Mona Park Compton
Crips, including Bell.46
       Together, these facts present such a compelling case for gang membership that the
improper admission of additional testimonial hearsay on the topic was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt as to all counts and enhancements, including the gang enhancements,
gang substantive offense, and robbery. We reject defendants’ arguments to the contrary.

III.   We Accept the Attorney General’s Concession that the 10-Year Personal Firearm
       Enhancement Imposed on Count 28 Must be Stricken as to Defendant Williams
       While the indictment alleged a principal firearm enhancement (§ 12022,
subd. (a)(1)) to count 28, the verdict form incorrectly listed it as a personal firearm use
enhancement (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). Because the prosecution did not allege, and the jury
was not instructed on, a personal firearm use enhancement to count 28 as to Williams,
the Attorney General concedes it must be stricken. We accept the concession and order
the enhancement stricken.

IV.    The Matter Will be Remanded for the Court to Apply Newly Enacted Legislation
       to its Sentencing Decisions
       Defendants argue the matter should be remanded for the court to apply newly
enacted, retroactively effective legislation that affects their sentences.




tattoos. He explained it is taboo to get tattoos affiliated with a gang to which you do not
belong. Doing so is “punishable by … violence.”
       Given the nature of Williams’s and Joseph’s tattoos, and the fact that they were
committing these crimes alongside Bell – a Mona Park Compton Crip – the tattoos were
strong evidence of active gang membership.
       46 Williams argues that Sanchez error concerning the other defendants’ gang
membership – including Bell – also affected Williams because gang membership can be
used to show motive for the other crimes alleged against Williams. However, Bell twice
admitted to Tobin directly that he was a Mona Park Compton Crip. Any Sanchez error as
to Bell was harmless.

                                              49
       SB 620
       SB 620 “amended the law so that courts now have discretion to strike firearm
enhancements, a discretion the court did not have when initially sentencing defendant.”
(People v. Phung (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 741, 747, fn. omitted.)
       SB 1393
       “Prior to 2019, trial courts have no authority to strike a serious felony prior that is
used to impose a five-year enhancement under section 667, subdivision (a)(1). [SB] 1393
removed this prohibition. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1, 2.) The legislation became
effective January 1, 2019. [Citation.]” (People v. Jones (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 267,
272.) SB 1393 applies retroactively to all defendants whose judgments were not final as
of January 1, 2019. (Jones, at p. 273.)
       Standard for Remand
       Under both statutes, the determination on whether to remand for resentencing is
governed by the same standard. “ ‘Defendants are entitled to “sentencing decisions made
in the exercise of the ‘informed discretion’ of the sentencing court,” and a court that is
unaware of its discretionary authority cannot exercise its informed discretion.’
[Citation.]” (People v. McDaniels (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 420, 425 (McDaniels).)
Therefore, remand is required in these cases unless “ ‘the record shows that the trial court
clearly indicated when it originally sentenced the defendant that it would not in any event
have stricken [the] … enhancement’ even if it had the discretion. [Citation.]” (People v.
Jones, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 273 [SB 1393], italics added; see also McDaniels, at
p. 425 [SB 620].)
       This standard has prevailed over the one initially offered by People v. Almanza
(2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 1308 (Almanza I).47 Almanza I framed the remand standard as
“ ‘whether there [was] any reasonable probability the trial court would exercise its

       47   Opinion vacated by People v. Almanza (2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 1104 (Almanza
II).

                                              50
discretion to strike the enhancements so as to justify remanding the matter.’ [Citation.]”
(McDaniels, supra, 22 Cal.App.5th at p. 426, italics added.) Important here, Almanza I
“concluded that there was no such probability, and that remand was therefore
unnecessary, after considering three factors: the egregious nature of the defendant’s
crimes, the defendant’s recidivism, and the fact that the trial court had imposed
consecutive sentences.” (McDaniels, at p. 426) This is quite similar to the Attorney
General’s argument that remand is not warranted in this case because defendants’ gang
conspiracies and “brazen” armed robberies “had zero mitigating factors,” and the lower
court rejected certain sentencing options that would have signaled leniency. Specifically,
the court denied Bell’s and Lewis’s Romero motions. In ruling on Bell’s Romero motion,
the court said granting the motion would not be “in the interest of justice nor do I believe
it is appropriate.” The court also imposed the upper terms on all subordinate counts
against all defendants.48
       A few weeks after the Attorney General filed the respondent’s brief in this case,
the Almanza I court issued Almanza II. Almanza II vacated the opinion from Almanza I,
as a direct result of the McDaniels opinion. The Almanza I court reversed course in
Almanza II, agreeing with McDaniels that the standard is, in fact, that “[r]emand is
required unless the record reveals a clear indication that the trial court would not have
reduced the sentence even if at the time of sentencing it had the discretion to do so.
[Citation.]” (Almanza II, supra, 24 Cal.App.5th at p. 1110.) Almanza II, acknowledged
that trying to discern what a trial court might do on remand based on its original
sentencing choices is “speculation” that does not satisfy the “ ‘clearly indicated’ ”
standard. (Id. at pp. 1110–1111.)
       We conclude that there is no “clear” indication as to what the court would have
done if it had the discretion afforded by SB 620 and SB 1393. If we were to speculate,

       48Bell counters that the court imposed concurrent, rather than consecutive,
sentences on counts 14, 16, and 17.

                                             51
we would not anticipate any reduction in sentences given all the circumstances regarding
the crimes, prior convictions and use of weapons. Yet, that is not the standard that guides
us under current case law.
         We cannot accept the Attorney General’s counterarguments, considering that even
the Almanza I court itself would now agree that relying on the nature of the crime and the
original sentence is mere speculation. (Almanza II, supra, 24 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1110–
1111.)
         As for the court’s statement about Bell’s Romero motion, it is only a “clear
indication” of its views on that particular sentencing decision. We cannot speculate from
the court’s statements and decision as to one sentencing issue to divine what the court
would have done if it had broadened discretion on another sentencing issue. We also
note that the court’s statement was specific to the Romero motion – the court conveyed
its belief that granting that particular motion would not be appropriate nor in the interest
of justice. This is not a situation where one specific sentencing decision prompted the
court make a general statement about defendant’s aggregate term. (E.g., People v. Jones,
supra, 32 Cal.App.5th 267.) In such a case, there would be far more reason to believe the
court would not have done anything to give the defendant a lesser sentence. Here, the
only thing that is clearly indicated by the statement cited by the Attorney General is that
the court did not want to grant defendant’s Romero motion. Anything beyond that is
speculation. We will remand for the court to exercise the discretion now afforded by
SB 620 and SB 1393.49



         49
         The parties note several issues with the abstracts of judgment. On remand, the
court should ensure new or amended – depending on whether the court strikes
enhancements under SB 620 or SB 1393 – abstracts of judgment correctly reflects the
oral pronouncement of judgment, including sentence enhancements imposed on Lewis
with respect to count 27, and on Joseph with respect to count 26; the statutory basis for
Williams’s gang enhancements to counts 6, 14, 19, and 24; and the correct terms imposed
with respect to Williams on counts 23 and 24.

                                              52
                                     DISPOSITION
       The order striking defendants’ jeopardy pleas is affirmed. The personal firearm
use enhancement imposed on count 28 as to defendant Williams is stricken. The matter
is remanded for the court to consider how it would like to exercise the discretion granted
by SB 620 and SB 1393. On remand, the court is directed to ensure new or amended
abstracts of judgment correctly reflect the oral pronouncement of sentence, including
enhancements imposed on Lewis with respect to count 27; enhancements imposed on
Joseph with respect to count 26; the statutory basis for Williams’s gang enhancements to
counts 6, 14, 19, and 24; and the correct terms imposed with respect to Williams on
counts 23 and 24. In all other respects, the judgments are affirmed.




                                                               POOCHIGIAN, Acting P.J.

I CONCUR:



SMITH, J.




                                            53
DETJEN, J., Concurring and Dissenting.
       I concur in the majority’s holding affirming the trial court’s order striking
defendants’ jeopardy pleas, its holding that the error under People v. Sanchez (2016) 63
Cal.4th 665 asserted by John Fitzgerald Williams, Deon Lavell Joseph, and Lynell
Travon Lewis was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt as to all counts and
enhancements, and its holding striking Williams’s 10-year personal firearm enhancement
imposed on count 28. I respectfully disagree, however, that remand for the trial court to
consider its discretion to strike each defendants’ firearm enhancements or to strike Jajuan
Robert Bell’s or Lynell Travon Lewis’s serious felony enhancement is appropriate. It is
not.
       “ ‘[W]hen the record shows that the trial court proceeded with sentencing on the
. . . assumption it lacked discretion, remand is necessary so that the trial court may have
the opportunity to exercise its sentencing discretion at a new sentencing hearing.
[Citations.] Defendants are entitled to “sentencing decisions made in the exercise of the
‘informed discretion’ of the sentencing court,” and a court that is unaware of its
discretionary authority cannot exercise its informed discretion.’ [Citation.] But if ‘ “the
record shows that the trial court would not have exercised its discretion even if it believed
it could do so, then remand would be an idle act and is not required.” ’ [Citation.]”
(People v. McDaniels (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 420, 425.) “The trial court need not have
specifically stated at sentencing it would not strike the enhancement if it had the
discretion to do so. Rather, we review the trial court’s statements and sentencing
decisions to infer what its intent would have been. [Citations.]” (People v. Jones (2019)
32 Cal.App.5th 267, 273.)
       The discretion exercised by a trial court at sentencing is a clear indicator of that
trial court’s intent regarding a defendant’s sentence. To the extent the majority says it is
not, I disagree. When a trial court exercises its discretion to impose the maximum
sentence allowed by law, it belies logic to conclude that, had the trial court been given a
new and additional way to reduce the sentence, it might do so.
       On January 19, 2012, the jury found Bell, Williams, Lewis, and Joseph guilty, in
part, of multiple counts of second degree robbery (Pen. Code, § 212.5, subd. (c))1, with a
principal personally using a firearm (§ 12022.53, subds. (b) & (e)(1)), multiple counts of
assault with a semiautomatic firearm (§ 245, subd. (b)), and multiple counts of assault
with an assault weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(3)), with personal use of a firearm (§ 12022.5,
subd. (a)). The jury found true these crimes were committed for the benefit of, or in
association with a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)).
       At the first sentencing on April 27, 2012, the trial court declined defendants’
“request[s] to strike the gang enhancements or [to] run those [enhancements]
concurrent[ly].” In ruling on Bell’s and Lewis’s Romero motions, it commented on their
criminal records as well as on the specific facts of the case.2 During sentencing, the court
stated that all defendants drove “to Kern County on two separate occasions with
semiautomatic weapons in a coordinated and planned effort to rob citizens of [Kern]
[C]ounty.” The court characterized defendants’ actions as “egregious.” It then
proceeded to exercise its discretion to impose the upper term on all counts for which it



1      Further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2       The Attorney General notes the trial court denied Bell’s request under People v.
Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497, which was directed at the same prior
conviction that formed the basis for the prior serious felony enhancement. Although
refusal to dismiss a prior strike conviction is not irrelevant with respect to a trial court’s
intent to maximize a sentence, the fact a Romero motion was denied is not particularly
informative. The circumscribed discretion to determine whether a particular defendant is
deemed outside the spirit of the three strikes law does not apply to a decision whether to
dismiss or strike a firearm or prior serious felony enhancement. (See generally People v.
Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 378; People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 160-
161.)

                                              2
had that discretion. The only time the court imposed less than the upper term was when it
was statutorily required to impose one-third of the middle term.
       At the second sentencing on October 25, 2016, the court again declined to grant
Bell’s and Lewis’s motions under Romero indicating it was for “the same reasons
originally determined by me.”3 The same sentences were again imposed.
       My review of the record reveals no possibility the trial court would strike any of
the enhancements on remand. (See People v. McVey (2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 405, 419;
People v. Gutierrez (1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 1894, 1896; cf. People v. Pride (2019) 31
Cal.App.5th 133, 142.)



                                                                       DETJEN, J.




3     I find this relevant only with regard to the trial court’s intent to maximize Bell’s
and Lewis’s sentence.

                                             3
