J-S15014-18


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
                                                            OF
                                                       PENNSYLVANIA
                         Appellee

                    v.

KALVIN BISHOP

                         Appellant                   No. 1594 EDA 2017


             Appeal from the PCRA Order entered April 24, 2017
            In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
              Criminal Division at No: CP-51-CR-0011808-2012


BEFORE: STABILE, DUBOW, JJ., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.:                            FILED JUNE 26, 2018

      Appellant, Kalvin Bishop, appeals pro se from the April 24, 2017 order

dismissing his petition pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42

Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546. We affirm.

      On December 3, 2013, Appellant pled guilty to third-degree murder,

aggravated assault, and possession of an instrument of crime. The trial court

imposed the negotiated sentence of 22½ to 45 years of incarceration.

Appellant did not file a direct appeal. On November 18, 2014, Appellant filed

a timely pro se PCRA petition, his first. He filed an amended pro se petition

on December 15, 2015. On December 6, 2016, appointed counsel filed a no

merit letter and petition to withdraw pursuant to Commonwealth v. Turner,

544 A.2d 927 (Pa. 1988) and Commonwealth v. Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa.
J-S15014-18


Super. 1988) (en banc). On March 6, 2017, the PCRA court filed, pursuant to

Pa.R.Crim.P. 907, its notice of intent to dismiss Appellant’s petition without a

hearing. On April 24, 2017, the PCRA court entered the order on appeal, in

which it dismissed Appellant’s petition and permitted appointed counsel to

withdraw. Appellant filed this timely pro se appeal on April 30, 2017.

      Appellant presents seven questions:

            I.     Was the Appellant deprived of his constitutionally
                   protected right(s) to the effective assistance of
                   counsel?

            II.    Was the Appellant’s plea of guilt a knowingly,
                   voluntarily, and intelligently made decision?

            III.   Was trial counsel ineffective for failing to object to the
                   trial judge’s unconstitutional participation and unfair
                   pre-judged comments uttered during the Appellant’s
                   guilty plea proceedings which collective [sic] coerced
                   an involuntary guilty plea?

            IV.    Was the Appellant deprived of his constitutionally
                   protected right to Due Process and effective
                   assistance of counsel due to counsel’s failure to move
                   to withdraw his plea and to file a direct appeal, despite
                   Appellant’s request to counsel to do so?

            V.     Whether Appellant was denied Due Process and
                   effective assistance of counsel on his first PCRA
                   petition, when PCRA counsel failed to properly
                   investigate, develop, prepare, and file an amended
                   PCRA petition to include questions I-IV cited above?

            VI.    Whether Appellant was denied Due Process and
                   effective assistance of counsel on his first PCRA
                   petition, when counsel failed to properly investigate,
                   develop, and file an amended PCRA petition
                   challenging Appellant’s two mandatory sentences as
                   being unconstitutional and void ab initio?



                                       -2-
J-S15014-18


            VII.   Did the PCRA court deny the Appellant an adequate
                   [Pa.R.Crim.P. 907] notice in violation Appellant’s right
                   to Due Process and equal protection of law, before
                   granting counsel’s no merit letter?

Appellant’s Brief at vi.

      We review the PCRA court’s order to determine whether the record

supports its findings of fact and whether it committed an error of law.

Commonwealth v. Reyes-Rodriguez, 111 A.3d 775, 779 (Pa. Super.

2015), appeal denied, 123 A.3d 331 (Pa. 2015). We conduct de novo review

of the PCRA court’s conclusions of law. Id.

      Appellant’s first four arguments challenges plea counsel’s effectiveness.

To prevail on this claim, a PCRA petitioner must plead and prove that (1) the

underlying issue is of arguable merit; (2) counsel had no reasonable strategic

basis for the action or inaction; and (3) counsel’s mistake prejudiced the

petitioner. Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 30 A.3d 1111, 1127 (Pa 2001). As

to the second prong, we do not consider whether there were better strategic

alternatives; rather, we consider whether counsel had any reasonable basis

for the disputed action or inaction. Id. For the third prong, prejudice, we

examine whether the outcome of the proceeding would have been different

but for counsel’s error.   Id.   We presume counsel’s effectiveness, and the

petitioner has the burden of proving otherwise. Commonwealth v. Brown,

767 A.2d 576, 581 (Pa. Super. 2001).

      We have reviewed the PCRA court’s opinion, the record, the parties’

briefs, and the applicable law. We conclude the PCRA court’s May 17, 2017

                                      -3-
J-S15014-18


opinion accurately addresses Appellant’s first four issues asserting plea

counsel’s ineffectiveness.   We therefore adopt the PCRA court’s opinion in

support of our rejection of those arguments.

      Appellant’s fifth and sixth arguments challenge PCRA counsel’s

effectiveness.   A PCRA petitioner must raise challenges to PCRA counsel’s

effectiveness prior to appeal. Commonwealth v. Ford, 44 A.3d 1190, 1197

(Pa. Super. 2012) (citing Commonwealth v Pitts, 981 A.2d 875 (Pa. 2009)).

We observe that Appellant’s pro se response to the PCRA court’s Rule 907

notice unartfully addresses PCRA counsel’s stewardship. Response to Rule

907 Notice, 3/16/17, at 4-5. In essence, Appellant argues that PCRA counsel

was ineffective for filing a no-merit letter instead of developing issues I-IV

above. Given our agreement with the PCRA court’s analysis of those issues,

we cannot conclude that PCRA counsel was ineffective for failing to develop

them. Appellant’s response to the Rule 907 notice does not address PCRA

counsel’s effectiveness for failing to challenge the mandatory minimum

sentences Appellant received.     Pursuant to Ford, therefore, that issue is

waived. In any event, the record does not reflect that the trial court imposed

a mandatory minimum sentence.

      Appellant’s final issue is that the PCRA court’s Rule 907 notice was not

sufficiently specific. Appellant has waived this issue, because he is raising it

for the first time on appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the lower

court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”).


                                     -4-
J-S15014-18


Regardless, our review of the record reveals that the trial court attached

counsel’s no-merit letter to its Rule 907 notice and filed a detailed opinion

documenting its own review of the record. This approach is sufficient pursuant

to Commonwealth v. Rykard, 55 A.3d 1177, 1186 (Pa. Super. 2012). We

therefore reject Appellant’s final argument.

      In summary, we have rejected Appellant’s first four arguments based

on the PCRA court’s opinion. Appellant has failed to preserve his fifth and

sixth issues. His seventh argument lacks merit. We therefore affirm the order

dismissing his petition.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 6/26/18




                                     -5-
                                                                                   Circulated 05/31/2018 04:10 PM




                       IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                  FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                      TRIAL DIVISION-CRIMINAL SECTION

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                                         :   PHILADELPHIA COURT

                                                             :   OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                             :   CRIMINAL TRIAL DIVISION

                            v.                               :    CP-51-CR-0011808-2012


         KALVIN BISHOP
    CP-51-CR-0011808-2012 Comm.   v.   Bishop, Kalvin
                                                                                     FILED
                      Opinion
                                                                                    MAY   I7   2017

        11111111911,18111j)!IollIIIII
                                                        OPINION                    Appeals/Post Trial
                                                                               Office of Judicial Record*


                     J
      Kalvin Bishop (hereinafter "Appellant") appeals from the order entered by

this Court on April 24, 2017, denying him post-conviction collateral relief. For the

reasons set forth below it is suggested that the judgment of sentence be affirmed.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      On December 2, 2013, Appellant, represented by Coley Reynolds, Esquire,

appeared before the Honorable Lillian Harris Ransom of the Court of Common

Pleas of Philadelphia County for trial and on that date the selection of a jury

commenced. The next day, after consultation with counsel, Appellant entered a

negotiated guilty plea to the charges of third-degree murder, aggravated assault,

and possessing instruments of crime, generally, in exchange for which he received
a   negotiated        sentence of twenty-two and one-half to                                forty-five years'

incarceration.] Said sentence was imposed upon Appellant immediately following

his guilty plea hearing. Appellant did not file post -sentence motions or an appeal.

        On November 18, 2014, Appellant filed pro se a timely petition pursuant to

the Post -Conviction Relief Act (PCRA). 42 Pa.C.S.                        §   9541 et seq. Thereafter, on

December 15, 2015, Appellant filed a pro se amended petition.2 Gary S. Server,

Esquire, was appointed to represent Appellant on February 2, 2016, and on

December 2, 2016, Mr. Server filed a no -merit letter pursuant to Commonwealth v.

Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa. Super. 1988); Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927

(Pa. 1988), and a Motion to Withdraw as Counsel. Upon reviewing the letter and

the entire record, this Court, which was administratively assigned to the matter

after Judge Ransom was appointed to the Superior Court, sent Appellant a

Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 Notice of Intent to Dismiss. Appellant filed a response thereto on

March 16, 2017.             On April 24, 2017, this Court issued an order dismissing

defendant's PCRA petition and permitting counsel to withdraw. Subsequent

thereto, petitioner filed a timely notice of appeal.




  The facts underlying Appellant's guilty plea indicate that on April 17, 2012, Appellant shot Shirkey Warthen four
times after an argument. Appellant also shot and injured Lucrecia Phillips. A full recitation of facts were set forth
on the record during the guilty plea hearing. (N.T. 12/3/13, 21-30).
  Craig M. Cooley, Esquire, entered his appearance on June 10, 2015. Judge Ransom permitted him to withdraw on
January 13, 2016.

                                                         2
DISCUSSION

      In his PCRA pro se PCRA petition, filed November 18, 2014, Appellant

first claimed that trial counsel provided him with ineffective assistance of counsel

during the guilty plea hearing because he failed to adequately discuss the matter,

including the facts of the case and the law applicable thereto, before advising

Appellant to plead guilty. Appellant submitted that trial counsel's failure to do so

caused him to enter a plea, unknowingly, unintelligently, and involuntarily.

Appellant further claimed that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to discuss

with him and honor his request that counsel file a post -sentence motion to

withdraw the guilty plea and if the said motion was denied a notice of appeal.

      In the amended petition Appellant filed pro se on December 15, 2015,

Appellant again accused trial counsel of providing ineffective assistance of counsel

for not filing a requested motion to withdraw the guilty plea. Appellant also

claimed that trial counsel was ineffective because he did not object to the

participation of Judge Ransom in the negotiations leading up to the guilty plea

agreement reached between the defense and the prosecution. Appellant contended

that comments made by Judge Ransom wherein the judge stated that her Honor

would not be surprised if the jury returned with a first -degree murder conviction

rendered his plea unknowing, unintelligent, and involuntary.

      In reviewing the propriety of the PCRA court's dismissal of a petition


                                         3
without a hearing, the reviewing court is limited to determining whether the court's

findings are supported by the record and whether the order in question is free of

legal error. Commonwealth v. Holmes, 905 A.2d 707, 509 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2006)

citing Commonwealth v. Halley, 870 A.2d 795, 799 (Pa. 2005). The PCRA court's

findings will not be disturbed unless there is no support for the findings in the

certified record. Commonwealth v. Carr, 768 A.2d 1164, 1166 (Pa. Super. 2001).

A PCRA court may decline to hold a hearing on the petition        if the petitioner's
claim is patently frivolous and is without a trace of support either in the record or

from other evidence. Commonwealth v. Jordan, 772 A.2d 1011, 1014 (Pa. Super.

2001). The reviewing court on appeal must examine each of the issues raised in

the PCRA petition in light of the record in order to determine whether the PCRA

court erred in concluding that there were no genuine issues of material fact and

denying relief without an evidentiary hearing. Id. See also Commonwealth v.

Hardcastle, 701 A.2d 541, 542 (Pa. 1997).

      Pennsylvania law presumes counsel is effective and therefore, the burden is

placed upon the defendant to prove otherwise. Commonwealth v. Brown, 767 A.2d

576, 581 (Pa. Super. 2001), citing Commonwealth v. Carpenter, 725 A.2d 154, 161

(Pa. 1999), citing Commonwealth v. Marshall, 633 A.2d 1100 (Pa. 1993); see also

Commonwealth v. Baker, 614 A.2d 663, 673 (Pa. 1992). Trial counsel has broad

discretion in matters of trial strategy and the determination of what tactics to
employ during litigation. Commonwealth v. Choi Chun Lam, 684 A.2d 153, 160

(Pa. Super. 1996). Furthermore,    lilt is well established that failed trial tactics of
defense counsel are not grounds for a new trial." Commonwealth v. Hall, 565 A.2d

144, 148 (Pa. 1989). Trial counsel will not be held ineffective        if there was a
reasonable strategic basis for his or her trial tactics. Commonwealth v. Pursell, 724

A.2d 293, 311 (Pa. 1999).

      In order to establish that trial counsel's representation was deficient,

defendant must establish all of the following three elements, as set forth in

Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527, A.2d 973, 975-76 (Pa. 1987): (1) the underlying

legal claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel had no reasonable basis for his or her

action or inaction; and (3) the petitioner suffered prejudice because of counsel's

ineffectiveness. Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 30 A.3d 1111, 1127 (Pa. 2011), citing

Commonwealth v. Dennis, 950 A.2d 945, 954 (Pa. 2008).

      The threshold question in reviewing an ineffectiveness claim is whether the

issue, argument, or tactic which trial counsel failed to use at trial and which is the

basis of the ineffectiveness claim is of arguable merit. Commonwealth v. Balodis,

747 A.2d 341, 343 (Pa. 2000).    If defendant can prove that the argument or tactic
which trial counsel failed to use at trial is of arguable merit, then the "reasonable

basis" test is applied to determine if the course of action chosen by trial counsel

was designed to effectuate his or her client's interest. Id. With regard to the second


                                          5
element, defendant must prove that "an alternative [action or inaction] not chosen

offered a potential for success substantially greater than the course actually

pursued." Chmiel, supra, citing Commonwealth v. Williams, 899 A.2d 1060, 1064

(Pa. 2006) (alteration added). To establish prejudice, defendant must demonstrate

that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's error, the outcome of

the proceeding would have been different. Chmiel, supra, at 1127-28, citing

Dennis, supra, at 954.

      Further, "[c]laims of counsel ineffectiveness in connection with a guilty plea

will provide a basis for relief only if the ineffectiveness caused an involuntary or

unknowing plea." Commonwealth v. Yager, 685 A.2d 1000 (Pa. Super. 1996). (en

bane). In order to obtain relief on a claim alleging that counsel provided ineffective

assistance of counsel during a guilty plea hearing, a defendant must prove "a

causal nexus between counsel's ineffectiveness, if any, and an unknowing or

involuntary plea" by showing that he or she "was misled or misinformed and acted

under that misguided influence when entering the guilty plea." Commonwealth v.

Flood, 627 A.2d 1193, 1199 (Pa. Super. 1993). See also Commonwealth v. Allen,

833 A.2d 800 (Pa. Super. 2003) (claims alleging ineffectiveness in the entry     of a
guilty plea relief will be forthcoming only if the ineffectiveness caused the

defendant to enter an involuntary or unknowing plea).

      With regard to the claims raised in Appellant's pro se PCRA petition, in
ascertaining whether or not a defendant is entering his guilty plea knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily, a trial court is obliged to ascertain whether;   1)   the

defendant understands the nature of the charges to which he was pleading guilty; 2)

there is a factual basis for the plea; 3) the defendant understands that he has a right

to a jury trial; 4) the defendant understands he is presumed innocent until he is

found guilty; 5) the defendant is aware of the permissible ranges of sentences

and/or fines for the offense charged; and 6) the defendant's aware that the judge

taking the plea is not bound by terms of any plea agreement. See Commonwealth

v. Culp, 382 A.2d 209 (Pa. 1978); Pa.R.Crim.P. 590.            The mere fact that a

defendant was under pressure at the time he entered his guilty plea is insufficient to

vitiate the validity of the plea. Commonwealth v. Myers, 642 A.2d 1103, 1106

(Pa. Super. 1994).

      When assessing whether a guilty plea was entered in accordance with the

law, the reviewing court is free to look at the totality of the circumstances

surrounding the entry of the plea. Commonwealth v. Allen, 732 A.2d 582, 588

(Pa. 1999); Commonwealth v. Muhammad, 794 A.2d 378, 383-384 (Pa. Super.

2002); Commonwealth v. Hodges, 789 A.2d 764 (Pa. Super 2002). It is further

noted that a defendant is obliged to tell the truth during a guilty plea hearing.

Commonwealth v. Cappelli, 489 A.2d 813 (Pa. Super. 1985

      With regard to Appellant's claim that his plea was not entered knowingly,
intelligently and voluntarily because counsel failed to discuss the matter with him,

the record herein shows that after jury selection had commenced and the

Commonwealth amended its initial offer in Appellant's favor, Appellant,

underwent a lengthy colloquy during which he averred, inter alia, that he was not

under the influence of a mind altering substance, he discussed with counsel the

evidence and possible defenses, the right to a jury trial, the right of cross-

examination, the right to present evidence, the terms of the plea offer, the right to

litigate pre-trial motions, and the limited appellate rights available to him if he

pleaded guilty. (N.T. 12/3/13, 11-17). Appellant also stated that he discussed the

option of entering a guilty plea with his mother before deciding to do so and that

he was satisfied with trial counsel's representation. (N.T. 12/3/13, 18).     Finally,

Appellant stated that he was entering his plea of his own free will and that no one

forced or threatened him to enter the plea. Under the totality of circumstances, it is

clear that trial counsel was not ineffective for the reason stated by Appellant

because the record shows that Appellant's plea was entered knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily following extensive discussions with his lawyer and

his mother. Appellant cannot now obtain relief by saying that he lied during the

guilty plea hearing and thereby disavow what he swore to on the record.

Therefore, it is suggested that if Appellant raises this claim on appeal it be deemed
lacking in merit.'

       Appellant's assertion that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to abide by

his request that counsel file a motion to withdraw the guilty plea was held lacking

in merit first, because Appellant provided no support for the claim other than his

self-serving claims. See Commonwealth v. Spotz, 18. A.3d 244, 265 (Pa. 2011)

(affirming rejection of ineffectiveness claim where it "was supported only by

[defendant's] own self-serving testimony"); see also Commonwealth v. Gonzalez,

840 A.2d 326, 331 (Pa. Super. 2003) (en bane) (refusing to find counsel ineffective

where there was no evidence that Gonzalez "requested counsel to file a motion to

withdraw his plea or made counsel aware of any grounds to support" such a

motion).

       Even had Appellant provided proof that he did ask counsel to file a motion

to withdraw the guilty plea, this Court would have dismissed the claim.                     The

failure to file a post -sentence motion does not render counsel per se ineffective.

Commonwealth v. Reaves, 923 A.2d 1119, 1132 (Pa. 2007). Rather, to obtain

relief on such a claim a defendant must first prove that he timely asked counsel to

file a post -sentence motion. Commonwealth v. Cook, 547 A.2d 406, 408 (Pa.


3 It is noted that evidence that a plea was entered knowingly and voluntarily may be based on the
fact that the defendant benefited from a plea bargain negotiated on his behalf. See
Commonwealth v. Khorey, 555 A.2d 100, 106 (Pa. 1989); Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 446 A.2d
591, 597 (Pa. 1982); Commonwealth v. Lee, 333 A.2d 749, 750 (Pa. 1975); see also
Commonwealth v. Stork, 737 A.2d 789, 791 (Pa. Super. 1999) ("The desire of an accused to
benefit from a plea bargain is a strong indicator of the voluntariness of the plea.").
                                               9
Super. 1988); see also Commonwealth v. Bath, 907 A.2d 619, 622 (Pa. Super.

2006) ("counsel cannot be faulted for failing to perform an action that [defendant]

never requested"). As noted above, Appellant failed in this endeavor.

      A defendant must also establish that he suffered prejudice; i.e. that the court

would have granted the motion if it had been timely filed. Reaves, 923 A.2d at

1132; Commonwealth v. Fransen, 986 A.2d 154, 158 (Pa. Super. 2009). Instantly,

that would have required Appellant to establish that the denial of a motion to

withdraw his plea amounted to a manifest injustice, Commonwealth v. Prendes, 97

A.3d 337,352 (Pa. Super. 2014). i.e., that his plea was entered unknowingly or

unintelligently.   See Commonwealth v. Pollard, 832 A.2d 517, 522 (Pa. Super.

2003); see also Commonwealth v. Bedell, 954 A.2d 1209, 1212 (Pa. Super. 2008)

(once a defendant pleads guilty, "it is presumed that he was aware of what he was

doing"). As noted in the discussion of Appellant's first claim, the record clearly

shows that he entered his plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.

Consequently, it is clear that this Court properly dismissed this claim and it is

suggested that said decision be affirmed on appeal.         See Commonwealth v.

Munson, 615 A.2d 343,350 (Pa. Super. 1992) (counsel held not to be ineffective

for failing to file a motion to withdraw a plea because the guilty plea colloquy

"established conclusively" that the plea was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent;

"counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to file an obviously meritless


                                         10
motion"); Commonwealth v. Zorn, 580 A.2d 8, 12-13 (Pa. Super. 1990) (counsel

was not ineffective for failing to file a motion to withdraw a guilty plea because

there was "no manifest injustice... justifying withdrawal").

       The ruling finding Appellant's claim that trial counsel was ineffective for

not objecting to Judge Ransom's participation in plea negotiations does not entitle

him to appellate relief because the record shows that the trial court did not

participate in plea negotiations and simply commented on the fact that Appellant

faced a possible life sentence if convicted of first-degree murder after plea

negotiations had concluded. Therefore, relief was properly denied with respect to

this claim.

      Although Appellant correctly asserted in his filings that a trial judge is

prohibited from participating in the plea bargaining process, and the court's

participation in a guilty plea and sentencing agreement can render a plea

involuntary, see Commonwealth v. Johnson, 875 A.2d 328 (Pa. Super. 2005)

(citing Commonwealth v. Evans, 252 A.2d 689, 690-691 (Pa. 1969)), there is no

per se rule against encouraging guilty pleas, and the participation by a jurist   in the

plea bargaining process must be active to render a plea involuntary. See

Commonwealth v. Siers, 464 A.2d 1307, 1310-1311 (Pa. Super. 1983) (citing

Commonwealth v. Sanutti, 312 A.2d 42 (Pa. Super. 1973)). In addition, even if the

trial court erroneously participated in plea discussions, a plea may nevertheless be


                                         11
deemed voluntary if the defendant was not actually prejudiced by this involvement.

See Commonwealth v. Vealey, 581 A.2d 217,221 (Pa. Super 1990). Thus the facts

and circumstances surrounding the entry of the plea are determinative. As noted

above, the record clearly shows that plea negotiations had ceased and that

Appellant decided to tender a guilty plea before Judge Ransom became involved in

the plea process.       It also shows that Appellant entered his plea knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily. Therefore, the decision to deny him relief on this

claim should be affirmed.4

CONCLUSION

        Based on the foregoing, it is respectfully suggested that the order entered by

this Court denying PCRA relief be affirmed.



Date:




4Before concluding, it is noted that in his response to the 907 notice, Appellant claims that he
was never given an opportunity to file an amended petition pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 905 because
counsel filed a "flawed" no -merit letter. Appellant's 907 response at 4. This Court did not
prevent or prohibit Appellant from filing any documents. As noted above, Appellant filed an
amended petition on December 15, 2014. To the extent that Appellant claims that PCRA
counsel was ineffective for not investigating and addressing all of his alleged claims, by failing
to articulate the specifics of those claims and by not discussing those claims in relation to the
ineffectiveness standards, Appellant waived review of those claims. See Commonwealth v.
Bryant, 855 A.2d 726 (Pa. 2004) (holding that claims of ineffectiveness cannot be sustained in a
vacuum).
                                                12
