                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                FILED
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                 JUL 2 2020
FRIENDS OF ANIMALS,                               No. 18-17415               MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                              U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


              Plaintiff-Appellant,                D.C. No.
                                                  3:18-cv-00043-LRH-CBC
 v.

JILL SILVEY, in her official capacity as          MEMORANDUM*
the Elko District Office Manager;
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT,

              Defendants-Appellees.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Nevada
                     Larry R. Hicks, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted April 29, 2020
                             San Francisco, California

Before: GILMAN,** GRABER, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiff Friends of Animals appeals from the summary judgment entered in

favor of Defendants Jill Silvey, in her official capacity as the Elko District Office

Manager, and the Bureau of Land Management ("BLM") in an action challenging

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Ronald Lee Gilman, United States Circuit Judge for
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
BLM’s Antelope and Triple B Complexes Gather Plan ("Gather Plan"). Plaintiff

brought claims that BLM violated the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act,

the Administrative Procedure Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act

("NEPA"). Reviewing de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment,

McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1112 (9th Cir. 2004), and reviewing

under the Administrative Procedure Act’s arbitrary-and-capricious standard

allegations of NEPA violations, Native Ecosystems Council v. U.S. Forest Serv.,

428 F.3d 1233, 1238 (9th Cir. 2005), we affirm.

      1. BLM was not required to prepare an environmental impact statement.

We refer the parties to our opinion in American Wild Horse Campaign v.

Bernhardt, No. 18-17403, for a complete discussion of this issue.

      In addition, BLM’s decision not to prepare an environmental impact

statement because of the boundary correction was not arbitrary and capricious.

Unlike the Forest Service in American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign v.

Perdue, 873 F.3d 914 (D.C. Cir. 2017), BLM acknowledged the change,

considered its effect, and explained why the Gather Plan did not need to be

adjusted in light of the correction.

      2. BLM satisfied the "hard look" standard regarding the effects of releasing

geldings back to the range. Envtl. Prot. Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 451 F.3d


                                          2
1005, 1009 (9th Cir. 2006). The environmental assessment provides a thorough

review of the research on the gelding procedure and of studies on the effects of

gelding on domesticated and semi-feral horses, on the effects of castration on other

species, and on the natural social behavior of wild horses. Although BLM did not

address the National Academy of Sciences Report directly, it provided a "reasoned

evaluation of the relevant factors." Ariz. Cattle Growers’ Ass’n v. U.S. Fish &

Wildlife, 273 F.3d 1229, 1236 (9th Cir. 2001) (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). BLM acknowledged the uncertainty that the report identified and

discussed the evidence of potentially adverse effects of gelding. BLM also

addressed the factors raised by experts who submitted public comments and

provided a reasonable explanation for not relying on their opinions. See In Def. of

Animals v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 751 F.3d 1054, 1072 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding

that agencies are not required to "address in detail" every comment made on an

environmental assessment "to prove that the agency ‘considered’ the relevant

factors"). BLM then permissibly made "reasonable predictions on the basis of

prior data" to conclude that there would be no significant environmental impact.

Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne, 588 F.3d 701, 712 (9th Cir. 2009).

      3. BLM also satisfied the hard-look standard regarding the effects of the

Gather Plan on genetic diversity. The Gather Plan complies with BLM’s


                                          3
guidelines. It includes a process to continue to monitor and assess diversity and to

mitigate concerns about genetic diversity. Additionally, in the environmental

assessment, BLM discussed the effects of gelding and the administration of

immunocontraceptives on genetic diversity. Because unique genotypes are not at

issue here and because most herds have high genetic variability, BLM considered

the necessary factors to satisfy the hard-look standard. Cf. Friends of Animals v.

U.S. Bureau of Land Management, No. 16-cv-0199, 2017 WL 5247929, at *8 (D.

Wyo. Mar. 20, 2017) (concluding that BLM had sufficiently addressed the concern

of general genetic variability, but that it had not adequately discussed the effects on

a unique genotype).

      4. BLM’s choice to conduct a continuous removal of geldings through a

phased-gather approach was not arbitrary or capricious. BLM’s use of a single

gather plan and a single environmental assessment to cover a period of years and a

series of individual gather operations is not a departure from the agency’s past

practice. See, e.g., Leigh v. Salazar, No. 3:13-cv-00006, 2014 WL 4700016 (D.

Nev. Sept. 22, 2014) (approving a 10-year phased-gather plan for Owyhee

Complex using a single environmental assessment). The statements in the land-use

plans and guidebook are not in conflict with BLM’s decision because BLM has

used the term "gather" to refer to both individual gather operations and gather


                                           4
plans. Finally, BLM’s choice does not conflict with litigation positions that BLM

has taken in the past. In Friends of Animals v. Haugrud, 236 F. Supp. 3d 131

(D.D.C. 2017), BLM argued that the plan at issue authorized a single roundup only

and that additional environmental assessments would be required before

conducting any other roundups. Id. at 134–35. BLM did not take the position,

however, that plans can never authorize multiple roundups. Because the Gather

Plan does not reflect a policy change, the Administrative Procedure Act does not

require BLM to provide an explanation. Cf. Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro,

136 S. Ct. 2117, 2125 (2016) (holding that agencies are free to change their

policies as long as they provide a reasoned explanation).

      5. The Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act requires BLM to use

"currently available" information to make the determination that there is an excess

population of wild horses and that action must be taken. 16 U.S.C. § 1333(b)(2).

Plaintiff argues that the Gather Plan fails to base decisions to remove horses on

current information because BLM will remove horses over the course of the next

ten years using information that is not currently available. But the "current

information" requirement in the Act applies only to the determination that an

excess exists and that action must be taken. Id. The Act’s current-information

requirement does not apply to BLM’s choice-of-removal method. See In Def. of


                                          5
Animals, 751 F.3d at 1065 & n.16 (noting that BLM has broad discretion in

deciding how to remove excess horses). Here, BLM chose to address the single

overpopulation determination gradually, over the course of ten years, through a

series of gathers. Because BLM founded its 2017 excess-population determination

on currently available information, it complied with the requirements of the Act.

      AFFIRMED.




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