                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT MEMPHIS
                                 January 19, 2011 Session

                          MICHAEL ADLER
                                v.
               DOUBLE EAGLE PROPERTIES HOLDINGS, LLC
                                v.
                       AIRWAYS COMMONS, LLC

              Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Shelby County
                  No. CH-08-0908-2    Arnold B. Goldin, Chancellor


                 No. W2010-01412-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 14, 2011


In this declaratory judgment action, the parties sought interpretation of a real estate purchase
contract. The contract between the buyer and the seller provided for the assignment of all
leases on the property and proration of rents to the buyer. The parties disputed whether these
provisions contemplated a separate agreement between the seller and a third party. At the
behest of the parties, the trial court construed both agreements and granted summary
judgment to the buyer. On appeal, we raise, sua sponte, the question of whether all necessary
parties were before the trial court pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-14-107(a) and Tenn. R.
Civ. P. 19. After concluding that all necessary parties were not included in this action, we
vacate the judgment of the trial court and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Vacated
                                  and Remanded.

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER, J.,
and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

Roger A. Stone and Lisa N. Stanley, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Airways
Commons, LLC.

Oscar C. Carr, III and R. Mathew Brinner, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, Double
Eagle Properties Holdings, LLC.

                                          OPINION
                           I. Background Facts & Procedure

       Airways Commons, LLC (“Airways” or “Seller”) owned a commercial office building
located at 3385 Airways Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee. Fixed atop the building is a
cellular tower. On November 30, 2005, Airways entered into an agreement styled “Rooftop
Lease and Assignment Agreement” (“Rooftop Agreement”) with Unison Site Management,
LLC (“Unison”). Unison was not made a party to this action; however, the Rooftop
Agreement is the subject of much disagreement between the parties.

        The Rooftop Agreement purported to lease to Unison the rooftop portion of the
building for the use and maintenance of the cellular tower. In exchange, Unison paid
Airways $135,000 as complete consideration upon the signing of the Rooftop Agreement.
Contemporaneously with the signing of the Rooftop Agreement, Unison assigned its interest
in the agreement to its wholly-owned subsidiary, Cell Tower Lease Acquisition, LLC (“Cell
Tower”). This assignment was styled “Assignment of Easement” and was recorded with the
Shelby County Register of Deeds. Cell Tower was also not made a party to this action.

       On April 8, 2008, Double Eagle Properties Holdings, LLC (“Double Eagle” or
“Buyer”) entered into an agreement with Airways for the purchase and sale of the entire
building. This agreement was styled “Commercial Purchase and Sale Agreement”
(“Purchase Contract”). The Purchase Contract contained an assignment of leases provision
under which Airways assigned and conveyed its interest as landlord in all leases on the
building to Double Eagle. Under the terms of the Purchase Contract, Airways was required
to submit to Double Eagle a complete and accurate rent roll describing the terms of all leases
on the building. As a “Special Stipulation,” Paragraph 17 of the Purchase Contract stated
that “[p]urchaser understands that Cingular Wireless has a perpetual easement on the
property relating to cell towers on the roof. No rent is provided to the owner. Cingular
Wireless pays their own utilities of $500-$750.00/month.”

        After execution of the Purchase Contract, but before closing on the purchase and sale
of the building, Double Eagle raised an issue with Airways as to whether the Rooftop
Agreement between Airways and Unison was, in fact, a lease subject to the assignment of
leases provision in the Purchase Contract. Double Eagle asserted that the Rooftop
Agreement was, in fact, a lease and that the $135,000 Unison paid to Airways was prepaid
rent that should be prorated under the Purchase Contract and paid to Double Eagle. Airways
contended that the Rooftop Agreement was, in fact, an easement and not subject to the
assignment of leases, and that the $135,000 was the purchase price paid by Unison for the
easement.



                                             -2-
       As a condition to closing, which occurred on April 18, 2008, the parties agreed to
escrow the disputed funds “until such time as a court of competent jurisdiction shall
determine what amount, if any, received by Seller from Unison should be paid to Buyer
pursuant to the terms of the [Purchase] Contract.” On May 15, 2008, the escrow agent,
attorney Michael Adler, filed a petition to interplead $135,000 in escrowed funds in the
Chancery Court for Shelby County, naming as defendants, Double Eagle and Airways.1
Double Eagle and Airways both filed answers and cross-claims against each other. Both
cross-claims sought a declaratory judgment as to the proper allocation and distribution of the
$135,000 received by Airways from Unison. Double Eagle sought a construction of both the
Purchase Contract and the Rooftop Agreement, while Airways maintained that the dispute
should be resolved by exclusive reference to the Purchase Contract.

       On July 24, 2009, Double Eagle, as cross-complainant, filed a motion for summary
judgment, memorandum of law, and statement of undisputed facts. On August 3, 2009,
Airways likewise filed a motion for summary judgment, memorandum of law, and statement
of undisputed facts. Both parties subsequently filed responses to these motions for summary
judgment and statements of undisputed facts. Throughout these filings, much litigation
focused on whether the Rooftop Agreement was a lease or an easement, as the parties
apparently agreed that a determination of this issue would be dispositive of the declaratory
judgment action.

       The trial court held a summary judgment hearing on November 20, 2009. By order
of March 3, 2010, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Double Eagle in the
amount of $124,312.50 plus attorneys fees and expenses. In doing so, the trial court
construed both the Purchase Contract and the Rooftop Agreement. The trial court
determined, inter alia, that: (1) Paragraph 17 of the Purchase Contract was an incorrect
statement upon which Double Eagle should have been able to rely; (2) the Rooftop
Agreement was, in fact, a lease and not an easement; and (3) because the Rooftop Agreement
was a lease and the Purchase Contract provided for the proration of rents, the $135,000 in
dispute must be prorated as rent and paid to Double Eagle.

                                        II. Issues Presented

       After entry of a final judgment, Airways filed a timely notice of appeal raising three
issues for review, as stated in its brief:



        1
        By consent order entered July 18, 2008, an amended petition to interplead funds was filed which
allowed the escrow agent to deduct his attorneys fees and costs, such that the final total sum interplead
amounted to $132,425.

                                                  -3-
                     (1) Whether the Court erred in holding that the Rooftop
              Lease and Assignment Agreement was a lease and not an
              easement despite language providing that the agreement may not
              be terminated by the site owner, language characterizing the
              consideration as the purchase price, and despite the fact that the
              assignment of the Rooftop Lease and Assignment Agreement is
              labeled “Assignment of Easement.”

                     (2) Whether the Court erred in holding that despite
              viewing the cellular tower on the roof of the property prior to
              entering into the purchase contract, Double Eagle had no duty to
              exercise due diligence in researching the terms by which it
              would be bound under the agreement with the third party
              cellular tower owner.

                     (3) Whether the Court erred in awarding attorney fees to
              Appellee as the prevailing party should the judgment be
              overturned.

       Additionally, Double Eagle has requested an award of attorneys fees and costs on
appeal pursuant to the Purchase Contract.


                                         III. Analysis

       Without reaching the issues raised by the parties, we must, sua sponte, question
whether all necessary parties were included in this action for declaratory judgment. Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(b) permits this Court discretion to consider issues not presented for review in
order: “(1) to prevent needless litigation, (2) to prevent injury to the interests of the public,
and (3) to prevent prejudice to the judicial process.” Id. We believe, for reasons more fully
developed below, that review under Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b) is appropriate in this case.

      Double Eagle and Airways seek declaratory relief pursuant to the Declaratory
Judgments Act contained at Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-14-101 et seq. Specifically, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 29-14-103 provides:

              Any person interested under a deed, will, written contract, or
              other writings constituting a contract, or whose rights, status, or
              other legal relations are affected by a statute, municipal
              ordinance, contract, or franchise, may have determined any

                                               -4-
                  question of construction or validity arising under the instrument,
                  statute, ordinance, contract, or franchise and obtain a declaration
                  of rights, status or other legal relations thereunder.
Id.

        “Because of the nature of declaratory relief, the Declaratory Judgments Act makes it
incumbent that every person having an affected interest be given notice and an opportunity
to be heard before declaratory relief may be granted.” Huntsville Util. Dist. of Scott County
v. Gen. Trust Co., 839 S.W.2d 397, 403 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). Declaratory judgments are
not available unless all the proper parties are before the court.2 Byrn v. Metro. Bd. of Pub.
Educ., No. 01-A-019003CV00124, 1991 WL 7806, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 30, 1991)
(citations omitted). “Proper parties include all those who must be bound by the decree in
order to make it effective and to avoid the recurrence of additional litigation on the same
subject.” Id.

        Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-14-107(a) mandates that “[w]hen declaratory relief
is sought, all persons shall be made parties who have or claim any interest which would be
affected by the declaration, and no declaration shall prejudice the rights of persons not parties
to the proceedings.”

       “Identifying the necessary parties in a declaratory judgment action depends on the type
of case and the issues involved.” Byrn, 1991 WL 7806, at *5. When construing a written
contract, all contracting parties having a justiciable dispute are necessary parties. Id. (citing
1 W. Anderson, Actions for Declaratory Judgments § 137 (2d ed. 1951)). However, persons
having only a remote, indirect interest in the subject matter of the suit need not be joined.
Shelby County Bd. of Comm’rs v. Shelby County Quarterly Court, 392 S.W.2d 935, 940
(Tenn. 1965); see also David v. Coal Creek Mining and Mfg. Co., 461 S.W.2d 29, 32 (Tenn.
1970). Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-14-107(a) “imposes stricter requirements than those imposed
generally by Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure 19.01 and 19.02.” Huntsville Util. Dist.
of Scott County, 839 S.W.2d at 403. Thus, “non-joinder of necessary parties is fatal on the
question of justiciability, which, in a suit for a declaratory judgment, is a necessary condition
of judicial relief.” Id. at 400 (citing Wright v. Nashville Gas & Heating Co., 194 S.W.2d
459, 461 (Tenn. 1946)); see also Henry R. Gibson, Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 44.16 (8th
ed. 2004).

       Both Airways and Double Eagle sought a declaratory judgment to determine which
of the two was entitled to the disputed funds. As the litigation was framed below, an
interpretation of the Purchase Contract between Double Eagle and Airways depended on an

       2
           See infra note 4.

                                                  -5-
interpretation of the Rooftop Agreement between Airways and Unison. Among other
theories, the parties contended that if the Rooftop Agreement was a lease, then Double Eagle
was entitled to prorated rent under the assignment of leases provision of the Purchase
Contract. On the other hand, if the Rooftop Agreement was an easement, then no additional
rent was due to Double Eagle under the Purchase Contract and Airways could keep the
$135,000 that it had previously received from Unison. The trial court considered both
agreements before rendering its judgment. After doing so, the trial court determined that the
property interest created in Unison and assigned to Cell Tower was a lease and not an
easement. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that this determination was made
without having all of the necessary parties before the court.

       A party to an agreement may be a necessary party to a declaratory judgment action
construing that agreement.3 The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that, in an action by a
landowner to construe a lease, the original lessee and the assignee of the entire lease were
necessary parties. David v. Coal Creek Mining & Mfg. Co., 461 S.W.2d 29 (Tenn. 1970).
The Court of Appeals has held that, where a public school teacher filed a declaratory
judgment action to construe a collective bargaining agreement between the board of
education and the teacher’s union, all three were necessary parties before the court.4 Byrn
v. Metro. Bd. of Pub. Educ., No. 01-A-019003CV00124, 1991 WL 7806, at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Jan. 30, 1991). We have noted elsewhere that, in a declaratory judgment action
between two private security companies to interpret restrictive employment covenants, the
employees who signed those covenants may be necessary parties. Guardsmark, Inc. v.
Borg-Warner Protective Servs., No. 02A01-9409-CH-00207, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 743,
at *36-39 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 4, 1998). Likewise, where a taxpayer sought a judgment
declaring the charter and franchise of a utility invalid, the municipality that awarded the
franchise and charter was held to be a necessary and indispensable party. Wright v.
Nashville Gas & Heating Co., 194 S.W.2d 459, 460-61 (Tenn. 1946). This was so because
an effectual or enforceable declaration could not be had without the municipality’s presence.
Id.


        3
          Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-14-107 is based upon § 11 of the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act. Other
jurisdictions construing the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act have determined that, in actions seeking the
construction of a contract, the parties to the contract are necessary parties. See Garnick v. Serewitch, 121
A.2d 423, 430 (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. 1956) (“[a] contract may not be construed in the absence of a party
thereto”); Wells v. Bank of Nevada, 522 P.2d 1014, 1017 (Nev. 1974) (“[c]ontroversies arising under an
agreement properly are to be determined and settled by parties to the agreement or their assigns, that is, by
those who have legal rights or duties thereunder.”).
        4
        We note that in Byrn, this Court applied the term “proper parties” to its holding. See Byrn, 1991
WL 7806, at *5-6. However, from our reading of Byrn and its cited authorities, we believe that the Byrn
Court used the terms “proper parties” and “necessary parties” interchangeably.

                                                    -6-
         Even without being a party to the agreement being construed, a party may be
necessary if it claims an interest in the property that is the subject of litigation. See Harrill
v. Am. Home Mortgage Co., 32 S.W.2d 1023 (Tenn. 1930) (holding that trustee, who held
title to property, and bank, which held notes under pledge to secure obligations of mortgage
company, were necessary parties to declaratory judgment as to validity of mortgages); In re
Estate of Parrott v. Galyon, No. 03A01-9402CH-00067, 1994 Tenn. App. LEXIS 412
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 29, 1994 (holding that devisees under will were necessary and
indispensable parties in suit to construe will); Robin Media Group, Inc. v. Seaton, No.
03A01-9704-CH-00146, 1997 WL 760726, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 11, 1997) (holding
that owner of franchise and city granting franchise would be necessary parties to declaratory
judgment action by third party seeking to construe franchise).

       Most recently, in Williams v. Hirsch, we held that a client who entered a contingency
fee agreement with multiple attorneys was an interested and necessary party to a declaratory
action interpreting that agreement. Williams v. Hirsch, No. M2010-02407-COA-R9-CV,
2011 WL 303257 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan 25, 2011). The plaintiff in Williams was pursuing a
personal injury claim and agreed to a one-third contingency fee to be split between several
attorneys. Id. at *1. One of the attorneys withdrew from representation and filed an
attorney’s lien claiming an interest in any recovery. Id. The plaintiff then filed a declaratory
judgment action requesting that the court interpret the fee agreement. Id. A different
attorney, who was also a party to the agreement, filed an intervening complaint for
declaratory relief, and upon this later filing, the trial court dismissed the plaintiff. Id. We
reversed, holding that the plaintiff was an interested person within the meaning of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 29-14-103. Id. at *2. We did so despite the fact that the plaintiff would owe
the same total attorney fee regardless of how the fee was divided. Id. While Williams
specifically applied section 29-14-103, we noted that the result obtained because plaintiff’s
inclusion was necessary pursuant to section 29-14-107. Id. Otherwise, if the plaintiff were
not a party to the declaratory judgment action,“any declaration by the trial court would not
be binding on her.” Id.

        As noted above, identifying the necessary parties in a declaratory judgment action is
fact intensive and depends on the type of case and issues involved. Byrn, 1991 WL 7806,
at *5. In this case, the dispute between Double Eagle and Airways included not only the
Purchase Contract to which they were parties, but also came to include the Rooftop
Agreement between Airways and Unison, as assigned to Cell Tower. This fact alone would
not necessitate the inclusion of Unison or Cell Tower as parties if their interests in the subject
matter of this suit were indirect or remote. Id. (citing Shelby County Bd. of Comm’rs v.
Shelby County Quarterly Court, 392 S.W.2d 935, 940 (Tenn. 1965)). However, Unison’s
interest, or at least that of its assignee, is not remote, but rather the very crux of the dispute

                                               -7-
between Double Eagle and Airways. That is, the trial court’s declaratory judgment
determined the property interest created in Unison and assigned to its wholly-owned
subsidiary, Cell Tower. We believe that it was error for the trial court to fail to include the
holder of current contractual rights under the Rooftop Agreement in this declaratory
judgment action.

         We pause here to address the role, or lack thereof, of Cell Tower in this litigation. It
is undisputed, but perhaps not fully developed in the appellate record, that, concurrent with
signing the Rooftop Agreement, Unison assigned its interest in the agreement to Cell Tower.
If this is the case, then Cell Tower, not Unison, is the entity with current contractual rights
pursuant to the Rooftop Agreement. We refer to the case of David v. Coal Creek Mining
and Manufacturing Co., 461 S.W.2d 29, 32 (Tenn. 1970), for the proposition that, where
a landowner seeks a declaratory judgment of a lease, the assignee of the lessee is a necessary
party (excepting remote lessees). We cannot ascertain from the record whether Unison has
any remaining interest in the Rooftop Agreement, but to the extent it does, it would also be
a necessary party. The remaining discussion will largely focus on Cell Tower as the assignee
and current holder of an interest in the Rooftop Agreement, with the caveat that we do not
foreclose the possibility that Unison has sufficient remaining interests which could be
affected and which would necessitate its inclusion in any declaratory judgment action.

       The majority of the litigation in this case revolved around what property interest
Airways and Unison intended to create by the Rooftop Agreement. Unison and Airways
presumably structured the Rooftop Agreement to suit their particular purposes, which could
be related to tax and liability concerns, management of the roof area, or operation of the
cellular tower. When the trial court determined that the Rooftop Agreement created a lease,
and not an easement, in addition to determining the legal property interest created in Unison
and assigned to Cell Tower, it also implicitly determined the ongoing structure of the
relationship of the parties to the Rooftop Agreement as one of landlord-tenant. The existence
of a judgment to this effect would certainly affect the dynamic between Double Eagle and
Cell Tower. Furthermore, because on any given issue the substantive law of easements and
leases may differ, a later arising dispute between Cell Tower and Double Eagle would likely
include a dispute as to which entities exactly were bound by the instant declaratory judgment.

        Whether Cell Tower would be bound by the trial court’s declaratory judgment in a
later dispute construing the Rooftop Agreement was obviously not developed at trial and is
far too speculative a topic for this Court to ruminate upon. However, notwithstanding
language to the contrary in Guardsmark, we do not believe it necessary that Cell Tower be
collaterally estopped in a later action for its interests to be affected in the instant action. See
Guardsmark, Inc. v. Borg-Warner Protective Servs., No. 02A01-9409-CH-00207, 1998
Tenn. App. LEXIS 743, at *36-39 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 4, 1998) (remanding for

                                                -8-
consideration of collateral estoppel issues). We believe that Cell Tower’s interests were
sufficiently affected by the judgment below regardless of whether collateral estoppel would
bar later litigation of the Rooftop Agreement.

       The Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure further support our decision in this case.5 As
noted above, Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-14-107(a) imposes “stricter requirements than those
imposed generally by Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure 19.01 and 19.02.” Huntsville Util.
Dist. of Scott County, 839 S.W.2d at 403. Nevertheless, the language of Rule 19.01
provides, in relevant part, that:

                A person . . . shall be joined as a party if . . . the person claims
                an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated
                that the disposition of the action in the person’s absence may (i)
                as a practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to
                protect that interest, or (ii) leave any of the persons already
                parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple,
                or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reasons of the claimed
                interest.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 19.01

       For the reasons discussed above, we believe that Cell Tower’s absence from the
declaratory judgment action below practically impeded its ability to protect its interest in the
Rooftop Agreement and property interests created thereunder. Cell Tower’s absence also
exposed Airways and Double Eagle to a substantial risk of incurring multiple inconsistent
obligations by the specter of future litigation construing the Rooftop Agreement by virtue of
Cell Tower not being bound by the instant action.

        We note that the necessity of Cell Tower’s inclusion in the instant action stems from
the trial court’s construction, at the behest of the parties, of the Rooftop Agreement. Cell
Tower would not be a necessary party to a declaratory judgment action construing only the
Purchase Contract between Airways and Double Eagle. We state no opinion as to whether
the parties’ dispute can be resolved solely by reference to the agreement between them.
However, where the trial court construes both documents, it necessarily passes judgment on
the rights and obligations of Cell Tower, and, therefore, Cell Tower must be added as a party.

        We also note that while a failure to add necessary parties is generally said to be fatal,


        5
         Tenn. R. Civ. P. 57 provides that “[t]he procedure for obtaining a declaratory judgment pursuant
to Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-14-107 et seq., shall be in accordance with these rules.”

                                                  -9-
Huntsville Util. Dist. of Scott County, 839 S.W.2d at 400, in this case, where both parties
have cross-claimed for declaratory judgment, we believe the interests of justice would not
be served by dismissing the suit.

        As a final matter, the Purchase Contract provided for attorneys fees and costs for the
prevailing party in any ensuing litigation, and the parties have requested attorneys fees and
costs on appeal. Because we vacate and remand, any resolution of attorneys fees and costs
by this Court is premature.

                                      IV. Conclusion

        For the reasons discussed herein, we vacate the judgment of the trial court and remand
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. All other issues are pretermitted. Costs
of this appeal are assessed one-half to Appellant, Airways Commons, LLC, and its surety,
and one-half to Appellee, Double Eagle Properties Holdings, LLC, for which execution may
issue if necessary.




                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE




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