Filed 11/9/17
                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION


                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION ONE

                                STATE OF CALIFORNIA



 OSBALDO PADRON,                                    D070723

          Plaintiff and Respondent,

          v.                                        (Super. Ct. No. 37-2013-00067529-
                                                     CU-PO-CTL)
 WATCHTOWER BIBLE AND TRACT
 SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, INC.,

          Defendant and Appellant.


        APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Richard E. L.

Strauss, Judge. Affirmed.

        Morris Polich & Purdy, Pamela A. Palmer, Beth A. Kahn, Dean A. Olson, Ryan

McKim; and Francis J. McNamara for Defendant and Appellant.

        The Zalkin Law Firm, Irwin M. Zalkin, Devin M. Storey; Pine Freeman Tillett,

Norman Pine and Scott Tillett, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

        This case presents the issue whether a superior court can impose a hefty daily

monetary sanction on a party who steadfastly refuses to comply with a discovery order.

Here, the court ordered Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.

(Watchtower) to produce documents responsive to a specific request for production. Per
the court's order, the documents would be redacted to protect certain third parties' privacy

interests and produced subject to a strict confidentiality and nondisclosure order

negotiated by Watchtower. In addition, the court ordered Watchtower to look for

documents in files it represented, on multiple occasions, to be in its possession, custody,

and/or control. Watchtower informed the court that it would not comply with the order.

As such, plaintiff Osbaldo Padron brought a motion for monetary sanctions against

Watchtower for its discovery abuses. The court awarded sanctions in the amount of

$4,000 per day for noncompliance with the order, and Watchtower appeals that order.

       However, this is not the first time we have been asked to review a superior court's

sanctions against Watchtower for discovery abuses. In Lopez v. Watchtower Bible and

Tract Society of New York, Inc. (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 566 (Lopez), we reversed the

superior court's order imposing terminating sanctions for Watchtower's refusal to produce

documents in response to a request for production identical to the one at issue here. (Id.

at p. 606.) Although we concluded terminating sanctions in the first instance were

unwarranted in that case, we specifically noted that a court had wide discretion to

penalize a party who refuses to comply with a discovery order, including imposing "a

significant monetary penalty for every day [a party] did not search for the documents or

for each day the responsive documents were not produced." (Id. at p. 605.) Indeed, in its

opening brief in Lopez, Watchtower asserted the superior court should not have imposed

terminating sanctions, but could have issued monetary sanctions that increased

incrementally over the passage of time or with Watchtower's failure to comply with the

underlying order by certain procedural benchmarks.

                                             2
       Following Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566, the court granted Padron's motion,

sanctioning Watchtower $2,000 per day for every day Watchtower did not produce

responsive documents and $2,000 per day for every day Watchtower did not search for

responsive documents.

       On appeal, Watchtower challenges the validity of the sanctions order. It asserts

the superior court exceeded its authority in sanctioning Watchtower $4,000 per day. In

support of its argument, Watchtower attacks the underlying order requiring it to produce

certain documents with limited redactions. It claims Watchtower does not have

possession and/or control of responsive documents after March 2001, the court's order

improperly addressed issues of religious polity and administration, and Watchtower acted

with substantial justification in refusing to remove some redactions in its documents

because production of documents without those redactions would violate constitutionally

protected privacy rights. We reject these contentions.

       Initially, we are troubled that Watchtower has taken two inconsistent positions

before us. In Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566, Watchtower argued monetary

sanctions, untethered to the plaintiff's reasonable expenses, were an appropriate sanction

for discovery abuse. We agreed on this point in Lopez at page 605. Here, after the

superior court imposed a daily monetary sanction for noncompliance, Watchtower now

argues such a sanction is not authorized. We cannot rectify these diametrically opposed

positions. Accordingly, we find judicial estoppel prevents Watchtower from arguing the

superior court lacked the authority to issue the subject monetary sanctions.



                                             3
       In addition, even if we did not apply judicial estoppel, we nevertheless would

conclude the superior court appropriately sanctioned Watchtower in the instant matter. A

superior court is vested with considerable discretion to manage discovery. (See Pomona

Valley Hospital Medical Center v. Superior Court (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 687, 692.)

The superior court effectively managed a particularly acrimonious discovery process

here, taking the additional measure of appointing a discovery referee. The court

ultimately determined that the requested documents were discoverable subject to limited

redactions as well as a confidentiality and nondisclosure order. Nevertheless,

Watchtower has obstinately refused to comply with the order, consistently attempting to

reargue the very discovery issues the court already decided. As such, we determine,

under these extreme circumstances, where a party has been given ample opportunity to

argue its position, a discovery referee and the court have thoroughly considered the

party's arguments and rejected those arguments (considering pleadings, evidence, and

oral argument), and the party willfully refuses to comply with the court's order, a court

may "impose[] a significant monetary penalty" on the party. (Lopez, supra, 246

Cal.App.4th at p. 605.) Accordingly, we affirm.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                                        Allegations

       Padron sued Watchtower and the Playa Pacifica Spanish Congregation of

Jehovah's Witnesses (Pacifica Congregation) for negligence; negligent supervision/failure

to warn; negligent hiring/retention; negligent failure to warn, train, or educate; sexual

battery; and sexual harassment. In addition to general damages, Padron also seeks

                                              4
punitive damages. Padron's claims were based on his allegation that Gonzalo Campos

had molested him when he was a child.

         Around September 27, 1980, Campos became an agent of Watchtower. In 1982,

Campos molested a minor boy. Watchtower was aware of Campos's actions, but did not

report him to the police or take any action to prevent further abuse.

         In 1986, Campos molested another minor boy. Watchtower was informed of

Campos's acts, but did not report him to the police or take any action to prevent further

abuse.

         In early 1997, Campos became associated with the Pacifica Congregation. The

Pacifica Congregation was a subsidiary or subdivision of Watchtower. Two of

Watchtower's agents, who knew about Campos's molestation of children, were appointed

leaders of the Pacifica Congregation. Both Pacifica Congregation and Watchtower were

aware of Campos's past acts of molestation.

         In April of 1994, Watchtower received a letter from a parent who claimed Campos

molested his child and asked for Campos to be investigated. Watchtower forwarded the

letter to Pacifica Congregation and instructed it to investigate the matter. Pacifica

Congregation did so and confirmed that Campos had molested the child and that

Watchtower was aware Campos had molested a child before January 1, 1987.

         Padron and his family were associated with the Pacifica Congregation. Campos

frequently spoke at religious services for the Pacifica Congregation and had a leadership

position with that group. Padron and his family met Campos through their involvement



                                              5
with the Pacifica Congregation, and Campos was able to "ingratiate himself" with

Padron's family.

       In 1994 or 1995, Campos molested Padron on multiple occasions when Padron

was seven or eight years old.

                                      Discovery Issues

       On January 16, 2015, Padron served a deposition notice for the taking of the

deposition of Watchtower's person most qualified (PMQ) to testify regarding a number of

topics. Included with the PMQ deposition notice was a request for production of

documents. Although that request consisted of 29 separate requests, the request critical

to the underlying dispute is request number 12. That request sought: "All letters, emails,

facsimiles, or other documentary, tangible, or electronically stored information of any

kind Watchtower Bible and Tract Society New York, Inc. received in response to the

Body of Elder Letter dated March 14, 1997."1

       "The March 14, 1997 letter instructed elders to send a written report to

Watchtower about 'anyone who is currently serving or who formerly served in a

[Watchtower]-appointed position in your congregation who is known to have been guilty

of child molestation in the past.' Watchtower said this information should be kept

confidential, and instructed elders to place the reports in a " 'Special Blue' " envelope.

The March 14 letter also reminded elders of prior letters stating that when a known 'child




1     This was the same request number 12 that was at issue in Lopez, supra, 246
Cal.App.4th 566. (See id. at p. 576.)
                                              6
molester' moves to another congregation, a letter of introduction should be sent to the

new congregation and copies of the letter should be sent to Watchtower in the " 'Special

Blue envelopes.' " (Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 576, fn. 4.)

       Watchtower served objections and responses to the PMQ deposition notice

including the requests for production. Regarding request for production number 12,

Watchtower only objected and did not agree to provide any responsive documents.

Watchtower also filed a motion for protective order, seeking, among other things, an

order declaring that it did not have to produce any documents responsive to request

number 12. In support of its motion for protective order, Watchtower characterized the

March 14, 1997 letter's primary purpose as "to ensure each of the congregations of

Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States were in compliance with Jehovah's Witnesses

understanding of the Holy Scriptures and their religious practices and beliefs."

Watchtower thus argued that any response to the March 14, 1997 letter would be

protected by the clergy-penitent and attorney-client privileges. Also, Watchtower

asserted the requested documents would contain information that would infringe upon

third party privacy rights. Watchtower additionally claimed that the subject requests,

including request number 12, sought information relating to religious faith, custom,

belief, practice, and internal church governance, which is protected under the First

Amendment to the United States Constitution as well as the California Constitution.

       Further, Watchtower emphasized that the requests were overbroad and oppressive.

Supporting its position, Watchtower submitted the declaration of Richard Ashe, Jr.

(Ashe). Ashe had been a Jehovah's Witnesses elder since 1982. In 1999, he began

                                             7
serving at the United States branch offices of Jehovah's Witnesses in New York as well

as the service department of the United States branch offices (Service Department). Ashe

reviewed the requests for production and stated that the requests sought "confidential

spiritual documents sent to Service Department elders by bodies of elders in

congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses from throughout the United States."

       Ashe explained that responses to the March 14, 1997 letter from local

congregation bodies of elders were filed in individual congregation files maintained by

Service Department elders for each congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United

States. As of the date of Ashe's declaration (February 23, 2015), there were about 14,400

congregations. Ashe claimed that "[t]o accurately and completely respond to [the

subject] request[] would require the review of records from all of these 14,400

congregations." Ashe estimated that it would take one elder working 40 hours a week

without vacation between 20.77 to 27.69 years to search all the files of the 14,400

congregations to find responsive documents.

       Padron opposed Watchtower's motion for protective order. In addition to

challenging Watchtower's arguments that the requested documents were not privileged or

implicated any constitutionally protected rights, Padron maintained that Watchtower's

characterization of the March 14, 1997 letter was not accurate. To this end, Padron

submitted a letter dated July 20, 1998, drafted on Watchtower letterhead, that discussed

the March 14, 1997 letter. The July 20, 1998 letter explained under what circumstances

an elder should report a known child molester. In so explaining, the July 20, 1998 letter

discussed the "legal considerations" of dealing with known child molesters:

                                             8
          "Those who are appointed to privileges of service, such as elders and
          ministerial servants, are put in a position of trust. One who is
          extended privileges in the congregation is judged by others as being
          worthy of trust. This includes being more liberal in leaving children
          in their care and oversight. The congregation would be left
          unprotected if we prematurely appointed someone who was a child
          abuser as a ministerial servant or an elder. In addition, court
          officials and lawyers will hold responsible any organization that
          knowingly appoints former child abusers to positions of trust, if one
          of these, thereafter commits a further act of child abuse. This could
          result in costly lawsuits, involving dedicated funds that should be
          used to further the Kingdom work. So, legal considerations must
          also be weighed along with the degree of notoriety, the extent of the
          misconduct, how many years ago the sin occurred, and how the
          brother is now viewed by the congregation and people in the
          community including those he victimized."

       After considering the pleadings and evidence regarding the motion for protective

order as well as entertaining oral argument, the court denied, in part, the motion for

protective order in a minute order dated March 13, 2015. In doing so, the court

explained:

          "The Court finds that the information sought in Request No. 12 (aka
          'Molestation Files') is directly relevant to Plaintiff's claims as alleged
          in this action. Further, Defendant failed to establish that the clergy-
          penitent privilege is applicable to each responsive document, and if
          the privilege did apply that it was not vitiated once the information
          was shared and/or communicated to others. (Roman Catholic
          Archbishop of Los Angeles v. Superior Court (2005) 131
          Cal.App.4th 417, 444-445.) In addition, Defendant failed to
          establish that the information is protected by the attorney-client
          privilege and/or is work product. Further, all personal, identifying
          information pertaining to any third party/victim should be redacted
          from the documents to address any privacy concerns. Nor is the
          Court persuaded that compliance with the production would be
          unduly burdensome. (See Declarations of Richard Ashe, Jr.) The
          records are stored electronically and it appears that the requested
          information could be obtained with a search term of March 14, 1997,
          and/or some other written code that would reduce the time/expense
          involved. (Declaration of Rafiq Wayani) Therefore, Defendant's

                                              9
             motion for a protective order is denied with respect to Request No.
             12. However, as both parties primarily focus on Request No. 12, as
             opposed to addressing each of the remaining requests at issue
             (Requests Nos. 4-7; 24-25), the Court is not persuaded that the
             information sought in these Requests should be produced at this
             time. Although the information may be relevant in some respects,
             the Requests also appear overly broad in both time and scope."

       The parties subsequently appeared at a status conference on March 27, 2015 to

discuss the progress of the production of documents in response to request number 12.

Watchtower again argued the burden of the production was overwhelming and tried to

convince the court to limit the production just to congregations in California. The court

rejected Watchtower's argument and reiterated that the document production was not

limited to California. Watchtower then agreed to make a rolling production of documents

within 30 days, subject to a confidentiality and nondisclosure order that the parties would

negotiate.

       On May 13, 2015, the court entered the confidentiality and nondisclosure order

agreed to by the parties. Per that order, responsive documents could only be used by

Padron's attorneys for preparation of depositions, oppositions and replies to motions, and

at trial of the instant action. For documents being submitted to the superior court, the

confidentiality and nondisclosure order set forth a procedure by which such documents

would be lodged under seal. Responsive documents could only be shown to Padron's

attorneys, the attorneys' staff, and any retained experts or consultants. Finally, the

confidentiality and protective order required responsive documents and copies of

responsive documents to be returned to Watchtower and/or destroyed.



                                              10
      Although Watchtower produced some documents, Padron believed that

Watchtower had not complied with the March 13, 2015 order. As such, the parties met

and conferred, but did not resolve their dispute. Padron ultimately moved to compel

production of documents consistent with the March 13, 2015 order. Padron claimed

Watchtower's production was inadequate because: (1) Watchtower refused to produce

any documents that it received after March 2001; and (2) Watchtower redacted

information from the documents far beyond what the court permitted in the March 13,

2015 order.2 In support of his motion, Padron submitted the declaration of counsel

Devin M. Storey as well as 33 exhibits.

      Watchtower opposed Padron's motion to compel and supported its opposition with

numerous declarations and exhibits. Among other arguments, Watchtower explained that

the Service Department oversaw the spiritual activities of congregations of Jehovah's

Witnesses in the United States. Before March 2001, Watchtower was the corporation

through which the Service Department functioned and communicated with congregations.

Beginning in March 2001, the Service Department began using the Christian

Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses (CCJW) as the corporate entity through which it

functioned and communicated with congregations. CCJW and Watchtower are separate

corporations with their own respective board of directors and bank accounts. Thus,

Watchtower asserted that documents responsive to request number 12 would have been




2     Padron also objected to Watchtower's alleged refusal to produce documents in any
language other than English or Spanish. This issue is not before us.
                                           11
sent to Watchtower before March 2001 and CCJW after that date. Because request

number 12 only pertained to Watchtower and Watchtower had no control over CCJW,

Watchtower argued it only was required to produce responsive documents up until March

2001.

        Watchtower also insisted it had properly redacted the responsive documents per

the March 13, 2015 order. It noted the order called for the redaction of "all personal,

identifying information pertaining to any third party/victim from the documents to

address any privacy concerns." Therefore, Watchtower contended it could redact all third

party information from the documents.

        In reply, Padron claimed the distinction between Watchtower and CCJW was

unimportant. Padron emphasized that Watchtower has access to all documents located in

the Service Department and the ability to direct Service Department personnel to search

for responsive documents. In addition, he pointed out that Watchtower "indisputably

operates" a legal department and that legal department has possession of all responses to

the March 14, 1997 letter. Therefore, Padron insisted Watchtower had to produce

documents after March 2001.

        Regarding the redaction of the documents, Padron disputed Watchtower's

interpretation of the March 13, 2015 order, contending only the names and personal

identifying information of third party victims could be redacted. Padron maintained that

any additional privacy concerns beyond the identity of third party victims would be

protected by the confidentiality and nondisclosure order governing the production and



                                            12
use of responsive documents. Finally, Padron asserted the responsive documents were

useless because they were so heavily redacted.

       The discovery referee considered the pleadings and evidence filed by the parties

and held a hearing where the parties had the opportunity to argue their respective

positions at length. He ultimately produced a written recommendation. In that

recommendation, the referee explained:

          "The structure of the Jehovah's Witnesses is complicated, and at the
          risk of oversimplification, based on the evidence presented in this
          motion, an entity known as the United States Branch oversees the
          Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States through a committee
          known as the U.S. Branch Committee. The various activities of the
          United States Branch are carried out through corporations or
          departments. Watchtower is one of the corporations and the service
          department is one of the departments. The service department
          communicates with various Jehovah's Witnesses congregations and
          bodies of elders in the United States, and up until March 2001, when
          CCJW was formed, the service department operated through
          Watchtower. In March 2001, after the formation of CCJW, the
          service department began operating through CCJW. The evidence
          indicates that the creation of CCJW was primarily to reinforce the
          concept that the Jehovah's Witnesses are a religion as opposed to
          simply a printing corporation, as Watchtower was apparently being
          perceived, but there was no substantive change in the purpose or
          operation of the service department after March 2001. The service
          department has received responses to the March 14, 1997 Body of
          Elders letter since 1997 and continuing to the present."

       With this basic structure in mind, the discovery referee found that Watchtower has

a legal department that provides legal services to Watchtower and CCJW. The referee

observed that Douglas Chappel, who has been in the Service Department since 1980,

stated in a declaration dated October 12, 2015 that the Watchtower legal department was

physically examining each file to locate correspondence in response to the March 14,


                                            13
1997 letter. In addition, Richard Chilton, who has been in the Service Department since

1998, also declared that the Watchtower legal department was physically examining each

file to locate responsive documents.

       The referee noted Chappel's and Chilton's declarations were consistent with other

representations made by Watchtower. For example, when Watchtower sought a

protective order, it argued it would be burdensome and expensive for the Service

Department to search for all responsive documents from the many Jehovah's Witnesses

congregations. In addition, at a hearing on March 13, 2015, in arguing for the protective

order, Watchtower's counsel represented to the court that Watchtower had to search

through records of 14,400 congregations over the past 20 years and that it was not

practical to produce that quantity of documents in such a short period.

       The discovery referee stated that Watchtower had not filed any declarations or

evidence refuting that it does not have access to the Service Department files either

directly or through its legal department. The referee thus concluded that Watchtower had

"access to and control of" responsive documents, even after March 2001, and

recommended that Watchtower be required to produce those documents.

       Regarding the redaction issue, the discovery referee found that the superior court

intended that Watchtower produce documents responsive to the March 14, 1997 letter,

redacting only the names and personal identifying information of victims of molestation

and the names of the elders in the congregation who authored the responses. The referee

concluded this approach "would not impose a serious invasion of any privacy interests,

particularly with a confidentiality protective order in place, such as the one in this case."

                                              14
       Watchtower filed objections to the discovery referee's recommendation and

proposed order. It asserted the referee's recommendation regarding the redaction of the

responsive documents was contrary to the court's March 13, 2015 order wherein the court

ruled that "all personal, identifying information pertaining to any third party/victim

should be redacted from the documents to address any privacy concerns." Watchtower

also claimed the discovery referee's recommendation disregarded privacy rights of other

people mentioned in the responsive documents.

       Additionally, Watchtower argued that the discovery referee incorrectly determined

that Watchtower had to produce responsive documents after March 2001. Watchtower

again emphasized that CCJW and Watchtower are separate entities, the document request

is aimed only at Watchtower, and that the referee's recommendation was a tacit finding

that Watchtower and CCJW are alter egos.

       After hearing oral argument and considering the objections, the superior court

agreed with the discovery referee's recommendation and entered an order, dated

March 25, 2016, adopting that recommendation.

       On April 8, 2016, Watchtower's counsel "unequivocally informed" the superior

court that it would not comply with the March 25, 2016 order. Padron then asked to

reinstate its motion for terminating sanctions, and the court set a hearing on that motion

for April 29, 2016.3 However, on April 14, 2016, we issued our opinion in Lopez, supra,




3      Padron previously filed a motion for terminating sanctions in early 2015, which
the court denied as premature.
                                             15
246 Cal.App.4th 566. In that case, among other things, we reversed a superior court

order imposing terminating sanctions in the first instance and directed that on remand the

superior court must begin with a lesser sanction before progressing to terminating

sanctions.4 (Id. at p. 606.)

         In light of Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566, Watchtower filed a petition for writ

of mandate and request for immediate stay, seeking to avoid complying with the superior

court's March 25, 2016 order. We denied the petition. Padron then filed a motion for

monetary sanctions based on Watchtower's refusal to comply with the March 25, 2016

order.

         Watchtower opposed the motion for sanctions. It argued the March 25, 2016 order

was invalid because it violated the privacy rights of nonparties. In addition, Watchtower

maintained the motion should be denied because the award of sanctions hinged on an

"improper discovery order." More specifically, Watchtower asserted the court could not

order it to produce documents received by CCJW. It also insisted the superior court

lacked subject matter jurisdiction to resolve "questions about the internal structure and

operations of a religion" and did so by determining that Watchtower had to produce

documents after March 2001. Finally, Watchtower argued Padron could not show it

willfully refused to produce CCJW's documents and the requested "harsh" sanctions were

improper.



4       In Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566, Watchtower, among other things, refused to
produce any documents responsive to request number 12 despite being ordered to do so.
(Id. at p. 587.)
                                              16
       After entertaining oral argument, the superior court granted Padron's motion for

monetary sanctions. The court explained:

          "In this case, there is a clear failure to comply with a discovery order
          on the part of Watchtower. First, Watchtower failed to properly
          comply with the court's March 13, 2015 [order] and produced
          documents with excessive redactions. After the court adopted the
          Discovery Referee's Recommendation as an order, Watchtower has
          unequivocally stated it will not comply. By the time of the hearing
          on the motion for sanctions, it will have been over a year since the
          initial order and almost three months since the Recommendation was
          adopted. In the period since the Recommendation was adopted,
          Watchtower has shown no effort or willingness to comply with the
          discovery order.

          "Based upon the history in this case and Watchtower's statements at
          the April 8, 2016 [hearing], the court finds that Watchtower's failure
          to comply is willful. Watchtower argues that its failure is not willful
          because it has no control over CCJW documents. However,
          Watchtower clearly has control over the documents it has already
          produced and could revise the redactions with regard to those
          documents. This is obviously and clearly within the scope of
          Watchtower's powers which it chooses not to exercise. Continuing
          to repeat its prior unsuccessful arguments in opposition to the
          discovery order further illustrates Watchtower's obstinacy in
          compliance. Further, based upon the unambiguous statements made
          by Watchtower's counsel, there is no reasonable dispute that
          Watchtower is simply refusing even to attempt to comply with the
          court's order."

       The court also noted that much of Watchtower's opposition was akin to a motion

to reconsider the court's previous discovery order and thus improper. The court declined

to consider any new or further arguments on the merits of the discovery order. Following

Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at page 605, the court found that the "imposition of a

significant monetary penalty for everyday Watchtower does not search for documents or

fails to produce documents is an appropriate first step in issuing discovery sanctions."


                                            17
The court therefore sanctioned Watchtower $2,000 per day for every day Watchtower did

not produce responsive documents and $2,000 per day for every day Watchtower did not

search for responsive documents. The court further explained, "[i]n view of the

acknowledged substantial net worth of [Watchtower5], the court determines that the total

daily amount of sanctions of $4,000 per day should be sufficient to determine if

[Watchtower] will comply with the discovery order and is not overly harsh."

       Watchtower timely appealed.

                                      DISCUSSION

                                              I

                  MONETARY SANCTIONS FOR DISCOVERY ABUSE

                                  A. Standard of Review

       "The trial court has broad discretion in selecting discovery sanctions, subject to

reversal only for abuse. [Citations.] The trial court should consider both the conduct

being sanctioned and its effect on the party seeking discovery and, in choosing a sanction,

should ' "attempt[ ] to tailor the sanction to the harm caused by the withheld discovery." '

[Citation.] The trial court cannot impose sanctions for misuse of the discovery process as

a punishment. [Citation.] [¶] The discovery statutes evince an incremental approach to

discovery sanctions, starting with monetary sanctions and ending with the ultimate

sanction of termination. 'Discovery sanctions "should be appropriate to the dereliction,




5       There is evidence in the record that Watchtower owns real property valued at $1.3
billion.
                                             18
and should not exceed that which is required to protect the interests of the party entitled

to but denied discovery." ' [Citation.] If a lesser sanction fails to curb misuse, a greater

sanction is warranted: continuing misuses of the discovery process warrant incrementally

harsher sanctions until the sanction is reached that will curb the abuse. 'A decision to

order terminating sanctions should not be made lightly. But where a violation is willful,

preceded by a history of abuse, and the evidence shows that less severe sanctions would

not produce compliance with the discovery rules, the trial court is justified in imposing

the ultimate sanction.' " (Doppes v. Bentley Motors, Inc. (2008) 174 Cal.App.4th 967,

992 (Doppes).) "Discovery sanctions are intended to remedy discovery abuse, not to

punish the offending party. Accordingly, sanctions should be tailored to serve that

remedial purpose, should not put the moving party in a better position than he would

otherwise have been had he obtained the requested discovery, and should be

proportionate to the offending party's misconduct." (Williams v. Russ (2008) 167

Cal.App.4th 1215, 1223.)

       "We review the trial court's order under the abuse of discretion standard and

resolve all evidentiary conflicts most favorably to the trial court's ruling. We will reverse

only if the trial court's order was arbitrary, capricious, or whimsical. It is appellant's

burden to affirmatively demonstrate error and where the evidence is in conflict, we will

affirm the trial court's findings. [Citation.] We presume the trial court's order was

correct and indulge all presumptions and intendments in its favor on matters as to which

it is silent." (Williams v. Russ, supra, 167 Cal.App.4th at p. 1224; see Liberty Mutual

Fire Ins. Co. v. LcL Administrators, Inc. (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1093, 1102 ["[s]anction

                                              19
orders are 'subject to reversal only for arbitrary, capricious or whimsical action' "];

Miranda v. 21st Century Ins. Co. (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 913, 928 [" '[i]n choosing

among its various options for imposing a discovery sanction, a trial court exercises

discretion, subject to reversal only for manifest abuse exceeding the bounds of reason' "].)

The question on appeal "is not whether the trial court should have imposed a lesser

sanction; rather, the question is whether the trial court abused its discretion by imposing

the sanction it chose." (Do It Urself Moving & Storage, Inc. v. Brown, Leifer, Slatkin &

Berns (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 27, 36-37.)

                               B. Watchtower's Contentions

       Watchtower's challenge to the order levying monetary sanctions is multifaceted.

As a threshold matter, it contends the court lacked the authority to impose a $4,000 per

day sanction for discovery abuse. Watchtower also maintains that the court could not

impose any sanction with respect to documents possessed by CCJW because CCJW is

not a party and has not been served with any subpoena for the production of documents in

this matter. Additionally, Watchtower asserts the court, in imposing sanctions, exceeded

its jurisdiction by addressing issues of religious polity and administration. Finally,

Watchtower insists it acted with substantial justification in refusing to comply with the

March 25, 2016 order.

             C. The Superior Court's Authority to Issue Monetary Sanctions

       Watchtower maintains that the superior court lacked the authority to levy

monetary sanctions in the amount of $4,000 per day. It asserts the court could only order

Watchtower to pay Padron's costs and expenses in seeking to enforce the discovery order.

                                              20
Watchtower characterizes the sanctions as punitive and harsh. In addition, it claims that

the sanction is for potential future conduct, and thus, is invalid. We reject these

contentions.

       Below, the superior court followed Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566 when it

issued the $4,000 per day monetary sanctions. In that case, the superior court entered an

order (the Lopez order) adopting the discovery referee's recommendation, requiring

Watchtower to produce documents in response to a request identical to request number

12 here.6 (Id. at pp. 576, 583.) After Watchtower refused to produce responsive

documents, the plaintiff's attorney brought a motion for terminating sanctions. In

granting the motion, the superior court noted that Watchtower had willfully and

repeatedly refused to comply with the court's discovery order. (Id. at p. 586.) The court

further noted that in opposing the motion for sanctions, Watchtower attempted to reargue

and challenge several underlying discovery orders. (Id. at p. 587.)

       Among other issues on appeal, Watchtower challenged the court's imposition of

terminating sanctions. (Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 603.) Despite

acknowledging a superior court's broad discretion to sanction a party for discovery

abuses, we noted that terminating sanctions is a drastic penalty that should be used

sparingly. (Id. at p. 604.) We observed: "The discovery statutes thus 'evince an

incremental approach to discovery sanctions, starting with monetary sanctions and ending



6     The Lopez order also required Watchtower to produce a certain individual for a
PMQ deposition as well as produce documents to an additional request for production.
We do not discuss portions of the Lopez opinion addressing those two requirements.
                                             21
with the ultimate sanction of termination.' [Citation.] Although in extreme cases a court

has the authority to order a terminating sanction as a first measure [citations], a

terminating sanction should generally not be imposed until the court has attempted less

severe alternatives and found them to be unsuccessful and/or the record clearly shows

lesser sanctions would be ineffective." (Id. at pp. 604-605; italics omitted.) We agreed

with the superior court that Watchtower willfully failed to comply with the Lopez order,

but we were concerned that terminating sanctions were the first and only sanction the

court levied. (Id. at p. 605.) As such, we determined the court erred in imposing

terminating sanctions, reasoning:

          "The fundamental flaw with the court's approach is that there is no
          basis in the record showing the court could not have obtained
          Watchtower's compliance with lesser sanctions or that another
          sanction could not effectively remedy the discovery violation. To
          the contrary, the record supports that the court had numerous tools at
          its disposal to compel compliance before imposing the ultimate
          sanction. For example, the court could have imposed a significant
          monetary penalty for every day Watchtower did not search for the
          documents or for each day the responsive documents were not
          produced. Alternatively, the court could have imposed evidentiary
          or issue sanctions to replace the information that would or could be
          included within those documents. When a party does not produce
          ordered documents, the court is entitled to infer the documents
          would contain evidence damaging to that party's case and instruct
          the jury accordingly. [Citation.] Thus, as Watchtower now proposes
          'the trial court could have . . . ordered an issue sanction that would
          have precluded Watchtower from disputing certain aspects of
          liability at trial.' Or—if the case proceeded to the punitive damage
          stage—the court could have considered instructing the jury that
          Watchtower refused to produce documents concerning subsequent
          child sexual abuse incidents, and from that the jury could infer
          Watchtower had engaged in a pattern and practice of ignoring and/or
          ratifying sexual abuse by its agents." (Id. at pp. 605-606.)



                                             22
       This case is similar to Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566. Like in Lopez, the

superior court has ordered Watchtower to produce documents in response to request

number 12. As it did in Lopez, Watchtower is refusing to comply with a discovery order.

Watchtower is yet again arguing against the underlying discovery orders, repeating the

very same arguments that the superior court repeatedly rejected (i.e., the documents are

irrelevant, the burden to produce the documents is too great, the documents are

privileged, third party privacy rights are implicated, and the production of documents

would violate Watchtower's First Amendment rights). (See id. at pp. 590-599.) Here,

like in Lopez, Watchtower willfully refuses to comply with a discovery order, claiming

the underlying discovery order is incorrect. And there is no indication that Watchtower

will comply with the March 25, 2016 order. Indeed, here, it makes many of the same

arguments about the discoverability of the documents that we rejected in Lopez and the

superior court rejected below. As we discuss later in this opinion, we too discard

Watchtower's challenges to the discoverability of documents responsive to request

number 12.

       Against this backdrop, we reiterate that a superior court possesses certain tools to

encourage a party to comply with a discovery order. As we concluded in Lopez, supra,

246 Cal.App.4th 566, terminating sanctions might be too severe as a first measure.

However, because a court has broad discretion to manage discovery (see Pomona Valley

Hospital Medical Center v. Superior Court, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 692), including

selecting an appropriate penalty for a party's refusal to obey a discovery order (see Lopez,

supra, at p. 604), a court could take an incremental approach, appropriate to the

                                             23
dereliction and tailored to the harm caused by the withheld discovery, and impose a

considerable monetary sanction to compel compliance with a discovery order (id. at

pp. 604-605). Not surprisingly, Watchtower disagrees. Instead, it insists a court's

authority to impose monetary sanctions is limited by the Civil Discovery Act (Code Civ.

Proc., § 2016.010 et seq.) As such, Watchtower claims the court could only sanction it in

an amount no greater than Padron's reasonable expenses (including attorney fees)

incurred as a result of Watchtower's discovery misuse. (See Code. Civ. Proc.,

§ 2023.030, subd. (a).)

       We find Watchtower's argument on this issue peculiar. In Lopez, supra, 246

Cal.App.4th 566, in arguing terminating sanctions were inappropriate, Watchtower

insisted, in its opening brief, the superior court "had many other options at its disposal."

Watchtower then provided us with an example of one of those options: "[T]he trial court

could have issued monetary sanctions in an amount which increased incrementally with

the passage of time, or with Watchtower's concomitant failure to produce the documents

in question by certain procedural landmarks."7 So when faced with terminating

sanctions, Watchtower asserted the superior court was obligated to first impose lesser

sanctions, like monetary sanctions. It did not argue that the monetary sanctions could

only be in the amount of the plaintiff's reasonable costs. In fact, it argued, as an




7      In connection with his respondent's brief, Padron submitted a request for judicial
notice regarding portions of Watchtower's opening brief in Lopez, supra, 246
Cal.App.4th 566. We grant the request for judicial notice and consider the submitted
portion of Watchtower's opening brief as a part of the record before us.
                                             24
appropriate sanction, an increasing monetary sanction for noncompliance over a period of

time or for failing to comply with the order by certain procedural benchmarks. We

agreed with this argument and even incorporated it in our opinion when we echoed

Watchtower's assertion, "For example, the court could have imposed a significant

monetary penalty for every day Watchtower did not search for the documents or for each

day the responsive documents were not produced." (See id. at p. 605.) Alternatively

stated, we adopted Watchtower's position and used it to explain our determination that

terminating sanctions were improper without utilizing lesser sanctions.

       Based on its arguments in Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566, Padron maintains

that Watchtower should be judicially estopped from arguing the monetary sanctions here

were unauthorized. We agree.

       " ' " 'Judicial estoppel precludes a party from gaining an advantage by taking one

position, and then seeking a second advantage by taking an incompatible position.

[Citations.] The doctrine's dual goals are to maintain the integrity of the judicial system

and to protect parties from opponents' unfair strategies. [Citation.] . . .' " [Citation.] The

doctrine applies when "(1) the same party has taken two positions; (2) the positions were

taken in judicial or quasi-judicial administrative proceedings; (3) the party was successful

in asserting the first position (i.e., the tribunal adopted the position or accepted it as true);

(4) the two positions are totally inconsistent; and (5) the first position was not taken as a

result of ignorance, fraud, or mistake." ' " (People v. Castillo (2010) 49 Cal.4th 145, 155;

italics omitted.) "[J]udicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine, and its application, even

where all necessary elements are present, is discretionary." (MW Erectors, Inc. v.

                                               25
Niederhauser Ornamental & Metal Works Co., Inc. (2005) 36 Cal.4th 412, 422; italics

omitted.)

       Here, we find all the elements of judicial estoppel present. Watchtower has taken

two positions. In Lopez, supra, 266 Cal.App.4th 566, it argued monetary sanctions,

untethered to the plaintiff's reasonable costs, were appropriate. In the instant matter,

Watchtower now claims the superior court was not authorized to issue such sanctions.

Watchtower has taken these contrary positions in two separate cases before this court.

Watchtower was successful in asserting its first position in Lopez. Indeed, we included

Watchtower's example of monetary sanctions in our opinion in Lopez. (Id. at p. 605.)

Watchtower's argument here that such monetary sanctions are not authorized is totally

inconsistent with its position in Lopez. Finally, there is no indication in the record that

Watchtower took its first position based on ignorance, fraud, or mistake.

       Watchtower argues that Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566 and the instant matter

are too different for the application of judicial estoppel. We are not persuaded. Both

Lopez and the instant matter concern Watchtower's refusal to comply with a discovery

order regarding the production of documents in response to request number 12. The fact

that the sanctions the superior court ordered in the two cases were different is not of the

moment. In response to terminating sanctions in Lopez, Watchtower argued monetary

sanctions, including increasing monetary sanctions for noncompliance with a court order,

were appropriate. However, in the instant action, where the superior court imposed a

monetary sanction, Watchtower now argues such monetary sanctions are not authorized.

We cannot contemplate a more apt circumstance in which to apply judicial estoppel.

                                             26
       Nevertheless, even if we were not to apply judicial estoppel, we would conclude

the superior court was authorized to issue the monetary sanctions below. "California

courts . . . retain flexibility to exercise historic inherent authority in modern

circumstances, fashioning procedures and remedies as necessary to protect litigants'

rights." (Stephen Slesinger, Inc. v. Walt Disney Co. (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 736, 762.)

"[T[he power to impose sanctions under the Civil Discovery Act [citation] supplements,

but does not supplant, a court's inherent power to deal with litigation abuse." (Id. at

p. 763.) Here, it is beyond debate that Watchtower has abused the litigation process and

has shown little respect for the superior court's authority.

       Watchtower objected and would not agree to produce any documents responsive

to request number 12. It sought a protective order that it did not have to produce any

documents in response to request number 12. It was unsuccessful, and the court ordered

it to produce responsive documents in a limited redacted form. Before producing any

documents, Watchtower attempted to reargue its motion for protective order and argued

that the responsive documents should be limited to California only. The court rejected

Watchtower's argument. Watchtower then represented that it would produce documents

subject to a confidentiality and nondisclosure order it would negotiate with Padron. The

court entered that confidentiality and nondisclosure order. Watchtower finally produced

documents, but they were heavily redacted. In addition, Watchtower produced no

documents dated after March 2001.

       After meet and confer efforts proved unsuccessful, Padron filed a motion to

compel. Watchtower opposed it. The discovery referee considered the motion and

                                              27
issued a recommendation in favor of granting the motion. Watchtower objected to the

discovery referee's recommendation, repeating many of its previous arguments against

the production of documents in the first instance. The court adopted the discovery

referee's recommendation and entered a corresponding order. Watchtower then informed

the court that it would not comply with that order. Padron then moved for monetary

sanctions. Watchtower again reverted to challenging the underlying discovery order,

arguing that it should not have to produce additional or less redacted documents. It lost

that argument as well.

       In all, Watchtower has argued that it should not have to produce documents in

response to request number 12 no fewer than five times. Each time, it has been

unsuccessful. The court has allowed Watchtower to make certain redactions in the

documents and entered a confidentiality and nondisclosure order to protect sensitive

information in the produced documents. Nonetheless, Watchtower refuses to comply

with the court order and maintains the court was just wrong. In this sense, it refuses to

acknowledge the authority of the court and repudiates the procedures and rules all

litigants are supposed to follow in superior court. In these extreme circumstances, we

conclude the superior court was authorized to issue the monetary sanctions below. Also,

we see nothing in the Civil Discovery Act that expressly prohibits the superior court from

imposing monetary sanctions like the ones issued here. Indeed, we find Watchtower's




                                            28
conduct so egregious that if it continues to defy the March 25, 2016 order, terminating

sanctions appear to be warranted and necessary.8

                      D. Responsive Documents After March 2001

      Watchtower also argues the order imposing monetary sanctions is invalid because

the court could not order Watchtower to produce documents in the custody or control of

CCJW. CCJW was created in 2001 and the Service Department began to operate through

CCJW in March 2001. Thus, Watchtower argues that it only has possession of

documents responsive to request number 12 up to March 2001 and any responsive

documents created after that date are in the possession of CCJW. Watchtower points out

that CCJW and Watchtower are separate entities; thus, Watchtower concludes the court

lacked jurisdiction to compel it to produce a third party's documents. As such,

Watchtower claims that the superior court could not sanction it $2,000 for each day it

fails to look for responsive documents dated after March 2001.

      However, Watchtower's argument here is off the mark. Watchtower presented

evidence that CCJW and it were separate entities. The discovery referee and the court

accepted this fact. Padron presented evidence that this distinction was unimportant as




8      Having determined that the superior court had the authority to issue the subject
monetary sanctions, we summarily reject Watchtower's other attacks on the court's
authority. Considering Watchtower's stipulated net worth, we do not conclude the
amount of the sanctions was harsh or intended to punish Watchtower. To the contrary, it
appears the court tried to select an amount that would successfully motivate Watchtower.
Additionally, we are not persuaded that the sanctions were improper because they
concern some future potential conduct. The sanctions properly apply to Watchtower's
current conduct, i.e., refusing to comply with a valid discovery order.
                                            29
Watchtower had access to responsive documents created after March 2001. The

discovery referee agreed with Padron, finding that Watchtower had "custody and control

of" responsive documents after March 2001. Accordingly, the discovery referee

recommended that Watchtower produce "all documents in its possession, custody or

control that are responsive to the March 14, 1997 Body of Elders letter regardless of

whether addressed to Watchtower or CCJW[.]" The court adopted the referee's findings

when it entered the March 25, 2015 order.

       When the facts asserted in support of and in opposition to the motion are in

conflict, the trial court's factual findings will be upheld if they are supported by

substantial evidence. (HLC Properties, Ltd. v. Superior Court (2005) 35 Cal.4th 54, 60;

D.I. Chadbourne, Inc. v. Superior Court (1964) 60 Cal.2d 723, 729.) In its opening brief,

Watchtower does not explain why substantial evidence does not support the court's

conclusion that Watchtower had custody and control of responsive documents after

March 2001. Instead, it merely points to facts supporting its position and argues that the

superior court did not properly consider that evidence. Put differently, it is asking us to

reweigh the evidence. This we cannot do. (See Howard v. Owens Corning (1999) 72

Cal.App.4th 621, 630-631.)

       In its reply brief, Watchtower, for the first time, addresses the substantial evidence

issue. Yet, we need to consider arguments introduced in the reply brief. Any new

substantive arguments raised by Watchtower in its reply brief are deemed forfeited. (See

REO Broadcasting Consultants v. Martin (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 489, 500 [refusing to

entertain argument raised for the first time in reply brief]; American Drug Stores, Inv. v.

                                              30
Stroh (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 1446, 1453 [noting arguments "raised for the first time in a

reply brief will ordinarily not be considered, because such consideration would deprive

the respondent of any opportunity to counter the argument"].)

       Nonetheless, even if we were to address this issue on the merits, we would

conclude the discovery referee's factual finding, adopted by the court when it entered the

March 25, 2016 order, is supported by substantial evidence. Initially, we observe that the

Watchtower/CCJW distinction as well as the March 2001 cut off was never raised before

Watchtower's production of documents responsive to request number 12. Watchtower

does not point to any response or objection to request number 12 that indicated that

Watchtower could only produce documents created and/or sent before March 2001. In

fact, the record is clear that Watchtower made no temporal distinction, but instead,

emphasized the tremendous burden of responding to request number 12 because it would

require it to search for documents from 1997 to the present. For example, at the

March 13, 2015 hearing where Watchtower argued in support of its motion for a

protective order declaring that it did not have to produce any documents in response to

request number 12, its attorney made the following representation to the court:

          "There's 14,000 congregations. The organization has five paralegals.
          In order to comply with your tentative, Your Honor, each paralegal
          would receive 3,000 congregations to go through the records, and
          then attorneys have to go through the records that are pulled. This is
          a monumental request, 14,000 congregations over a period from
          1997 to the present." (Italics added.)

       At the same hearing, in explaining to the court why it was unreasonable to produce

documents within two weeks, Watchtower further confirmed that there was no March


                                            31
2001 cutoff for responsive documents. "As a practical matter, this search for the records,

which have never [been] produced, through 14,400 congregations over the past 20 years,

a production date in two weeks is just not practical."

       Watchtower's attorney's representations to the court when arguing about the

burden associated with producing documents was clear. Watchtower would need to look

for documents from 1997 to present. There was no mention whatsoever of Watchtower

not possessing responsive documents after March 2001. Moreover, Watchtower's

counsel's representations were consistent with party declarations. For example, Service

Department members, Chappel and Chilton, both declared that the Watchtower legal

department was physically examining each congregation file to locate correspondence in

response to the March 14, 1997 letter. In fact, Chappel explained that to respond to a

request "seeking all documents received by Watchtower in response to the Body of

Elders Letter dated March 14, 1997" would require [a] review of all congregation files[.]"

Similarly, in one of Ashe's declarations dated February 23, 2015, he stated that, "[a]t

present, there are more than 14,400 congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United

States. To accurately and completely respond to plaintiff's request would review the

review of the records from 14,400 congregations." Ashe further explained that

undertaking such a task would require 43,200 to 57,600 hours to review the files for all

14,400 congregations. The representations of Watchtower's counsel as well as the

declarations of Watchtower agents clearly indicate that Watchtower has access to

responsive documents from 1997 to present. We thus conclude substantial evidence

supports the discovery referee's finding, adopted by the court, that Watchtower was in

                                             32
"custody and control" of responsive documents beyond the March 2001 creation of

CCJW.

                     E. Issues of Religious Polity and Administration

       Watchtower next argues that the order for monetary sanctions was improper

because it hinges on the validity of the March 25, 2016 order, which Watchtower claims

purports to resolve questions about the internal structure and operations of a religion thus

violating the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. To this end,

Watchtower maintains the March 25, 2016 order depends on the discovery referee's

finding that the "evidence indicates that the creation of CCJW was primarily to reinforce

the concept that Jehovah's Witnesses are a religion as opposed to simply a printing

corporation, as Watchtower was apparently being perceived, but there was no substantive

change in the purpose of the service department after March 2001." Watchtower insists

this finding is in excess of a secular court's subject matter jurisdiction because it

interferes with the free development of religious doctrine. (Cf. Presbyterian Church in

United States v. Marcy Elizabeth Bull Hull Memorial Presbyterian Church (1969) 393

U.S. 440, 449, 451; Central Coast Baptist Assn. v. First Baptist Church of Las Lomas

(2007) 171 Cal.App.4th 822, 841.) We find this argument almost specious.

       This discovery dispute did not require the discovery referee to intrude into

ecclesiastical matters. (See Presbyterian Church in United States v. Marcy Elizabeth

Bull Hull Memorial Presbyterian Church, supra, 393 U.S. at p. 449.) To the contrary,

Watchtower's counsel and its agents consistently represented to the court that

Watchtower would have to look through files from 1997 to present to find responsive

                                              33
documents. In other words, Watchtower stated numerous times that it had access to and

possession of responsive documents created after March 2001.9 The discovery referee

noted that Watchtower did not file any declarations or evidence refuting that

representation. The discovery referee did not need to delve any further into the issue and

certainly did not have to improperly resolve questions about the internal structure and

operations of a religion. Watchtower's argument is without merit.

                    F. Watchtower's Claim of Substantial Justification

       The party subject to sanctions bears the burden to establish it acted with

substantial justification or other circumstances make the imposition of the sanction

unjust. (See Doe v. United States Swimming, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1424, 1434.)

Substantial justification means clearly reasonable justification that is well grounded in

both law and fact. (Diepenbrock v. Brown (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 743, 747; Doe, supra,

at p. 1434.) The losing party has the burden of proving substantial justification on

appeal. (Id. at p. 1435; Ellis v. Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc. (2013) 218

Cal.App.4th 853, 878.)

       Here, Watchtower maintains it was substantially justified to refuse to comply with

the March 25, 2016 order wherein it was ordered to produce documents and only redact



9       We find it curious that the existence of CCJW and the March 2001 cut off only
became an issue after Watchtower produced documents and Padron complained that the
production was not sufficient. It appears Watchtower argued that it had access to the
documents after March 2001 when it was to its benefit to support its burden argument,
but only after losing that argument, it claimed to not have access to documents after a
certain point of time to justify its limited production. Such gamesmanship has no place in
civil discovery.
                                             34
the names and personal identifying information of victims of molestation and the names

of the elders in the congregation who authored the responses to the March 14, 1997 letter.

In support of its position, Watchtower argues that complying with the order would have

required it to violate third party privacy rights, the right of Jehovah's Witnesses to freely

exercise religion, and the right of Jehovah's Witnesses to associational anonymity.

Essentially, Watchtower argues it was substantially justified to ignore the March 25, 2016

order because it was wrong. We do not agree.10

       Watchtower's arguments here were previously raised and rejected by both the

superior court and the discovery referee. Although we acknowledge that there was some

confusion regarding the scope of the permitted redactions following the March 13, 2015

order, any uncertainty was resolved by the discovery referee's clear recommendation and

the court's adoption of that recommendation in its March 25, 2016 order. At that point,

both the discovery referee and the superior court had carefully considered Watchtower's

privacy arguments and rejected them. Here, Watchtower offers no persuasive argument

showing why the superior court was incorrect.

       Watchtower acknowledges that California law requires a court to balance

constitutional privacy rights against the need for discovery. (See Pioneer Electronics

(USA), Inc. v. Superior Court (2007) 40 Cal.4th 360, 370-371; Hill v. National Collegiate



10     Absent from Watchtower's arguments here is a clear understanding that a superior
court has wide discretion to manage discovery. (Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center
v. Superior Court, supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 692.) In claiming that the underlying
discovery orders are incorrect, Watchtower attempts to argue the issues anew, instead of
explaining how the court abused its discretion.
                                              35
Athletic Association (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1, 37.) Instead of clearly explaining this balancing

as it relates to the issues here, Watchtower asserts that the superior court violated the

safeguards for third party privacy protections set forth in Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th

566. We do not share Watchtower's expansive reading of Lopez.

       In Lopez, we were not presented with a novel privacy issue in the context of a

discovery dispute. Instead, we addressed a fact specific question regarding the

production of documents under a certain order. In that case, Watchtower argued the

Lopez order was invalid because it would violate the privacy rights of others, and the

court " 'failed to adequately take the rights of those third parties into consideration.' "

(Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 598.) We observed that the discovery referee and

the superior court rejected these arguments because the order specifically permitted

Watchtower to redact names, birth dates, and Social Security numbers from the

documents. Watchtower claimed these redactions would not prevent the violation of

privacy rights " 'where the circumstances surrounding such reports would nonetheless

make them readily identifiable to anyone with a modicum of familiarity with those

individuals.' '' (Ibid.) We concluded this argument was not supported by the record. We

also noted that if Watchtower was concerned about this issue, it could have sought some

form of protection. (Ibid.) Thus, we did not conclude in Lopez that all documents

produced in response to request number 12 had to be redacted a certain way. Nor did we

determine that production of responsive documents would violate third party privacy

rights unless all third party information was redacted. In short, Lopez is not helpful to

Watchtower's position here.

                                              36
       In the instant matter, the superior court instituted certain privacy protections in the

production of documents in response to request number 12. It required names and

personal identifying information for any victim of molestation to be redacted from the

documents. The same privacy protections applied to the elder or elders drafting any

response to the March 14, 1997 letter. Also, all documents produced in response to

request number 12 were subject to a strict confidentiality and nondisclosure order

negotiated by Watchtower. That order prevents Padron from publicly disclosing the

responsive documents, limits to whom the documents can be shown, requires documents

to be filed under seal, and mandates the return and/or destruction of the responsive

documents at the conclusion of the litigation.

       Watchtower does not explain why these protections are inadequate. It simply lists

various privacy rights it claims exist and asserts the production of less redacted

documents would violate these privacy rights. And, tellingly, Watchtower does not claim

the confidentiality and nondisclosure order it negotiated does not protect these privacy

rights. Instead, it asserts that Padron's counsel will not comply with that order. To this

end, Watchtower claims that Padron's counsel has requested to use documents responsive

to request number 12 in other cases and represents that Padron's counsel stated that it is

"likely" " 'these documents are going to be used and made public.' " Watchtower's

arguments are not supported by the record. Further, if Padron's counsel violates the

confidentiality and nondisclosure order, Watchtower can seek certain sanctions and

remedies under that order.



                                             37
       In summary, we agree with the superior court that third party privacy rights are

adequately protected by the procedures in place. And Watchtower has not shown us

otherwise.

       Also, we are not persuaded by Watchtower's argument that the production of the

redacted documents under the confidentiality and nondisclosure order would violate its

and its members' First Amendment rights. The record supports the superior court's

finding that the production of the responses to the March 14, 1997 letter does not infringe

upon Watchtower's First Amendment rights. It is clear that those responses, at least in

part, were in consideration of future litigation and liability that could arise from the

placement of known child molesters in positions of leadership and authority within the

Jehovah's Witnesses organization. Watchtower has provided us with no authority under

which such documents would enjoy First Amendment protection. Its argument appears

to be that these documents are not discoverable because it is a religious affiliated

organization. There is no authority for this proposition. We therefore determine that the

First Amendment is not violated by the production of documents responsive to request

number 12.

                                       G. Conclusion

       Here, Watchtower has abused the discovery process. It has zealously advocated

its position and lost multiple times. Yet, it cavalierly refuses to acknowledge the

consequences of these losses and the validity of the court's orders requiring it to produce

documents in response to request number 12. And, in a further act of defiance,

Watchtower informed the court that it would not comply with the March 25, 2016 order

                                              38
requiring it to produce documents responsive to request number 12. The court, following

Lopez, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th 566, as an incremental step toward terminating sanctions

if Watchtower persists in its unjustified conduct, imposed monetary sanctions. On the

record before us, we are satisfied that the superior court's order was not arbitrary,

capricious, or whimsical. To the contrary, the superior court has shown great patience

and flexibility in dealing with a recalcitrant litigant who refuses to follow valid orders

and merely reiterates losing arguments. We therefore affirm.

                                       DISPOSITION

       The order is affirmed. Padron is awarded his costs of appeal.




                                                                    HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:



IRION, J.



DATO, J.




                                             39
