FOR PUBLICATION

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:

DAVID W. STONE, IV                           SHEILA M. SULLIVAN
Stone Law Office & Legal Research            SCOTT P. SULLIVAN
Anderson, Indiana                            Flynn & Sullivan, PC
                                             Indianapolis, Indiana
JOHN P. NICHOLS
Anderson & Nichols                                                   FILED
                                                                 May 30 2012, 9:06 am
Terre Haute, Indiana

                                                                         CLERK
                                                                       of the supreme court,
                                                                       court of appeals and

                             IN THE                                           tax court




                   COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

JAMES ANDROUSKY, II, Individually and as     )
Personal Representative of THE ESTATE OF     )
JAMES ANDROUSKY, III, Deceased,              )
                                             )
      Appellant,                             )
                                             )
             vs.                             )     No. 83A01-1103-CT-137
                                             )
COLE A. WALTER and                           )
TAMMRA ANDROUSKY,                            )
                                             )
      Appellees.                             )


                   APPEAL FROM THE VERMILLION CIRCUIT COURT
                         The Honorable Bruce V. Stengel, Judge
                            Cause No. 83C01-0908-CT-008



                                    May 30, 2012

                           OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION

FRIEDLANDER, Judge
          James Androusky II (Father), individually and as personal representative of the estate

of James Androusky III (James), filed a child wrongful death action against Cole Walter

following the drowning death of James in Walter’s residential swimming pool. Father

appeals the jury verdict in favor of Walter, presenting the following restated instructional

issues:

          1.     Did the trial court abuse its discretion by instructing the jury to
                 determine whether James was an invitee or licensee?

          2.     Did the trial court abuse its discretion by instructing the jury regarding
                 abandonment under the Child Wrongful Death Act?

          3.     Did the trial court improperly instruct the jury regarding a state
                 administrative pool safety regulation?

          4.     Did the trial court properly instruct the jury on the effect of a parent’s
                 failure to supervise his or her child around a known or obvious
                 condition upon the land?

          We affirm.

          Father and Tamara Androusky (Mother) married right out of high school in 2004.

James was the second child born to their marriage, on February 22, 2006. Although the

marriage ended in divorce in July 2006, Mother and Father were together on and off again

until October 2008. During this time, they had a third child in December 2007. Father never

paid the court-ordered support, but he did provide financial support to some extent when he

and Mother were together.

          Mother married her long-time friend, Matthew Hollingsworth, in August 2006 so that

she would have medical insurance to cover a gall bladder operation. Father apparently lived

with Mother and Hollingsworth in South Carolina during at least part of this marriage, which


                                                 2
ended in April 2007. Mother moved back to Indiana with Father in July 2007. As set forth

above, their unstable relationship ended in October 2008, and Mother eventually moved back

to South Carolina with the children.

        Following a conviction for theft in February 2009, Father drafted a document pursuant

to which he attempted to terminate his parental rights to his three children in exchange for

Mother’s non-enforcement of any child support obligation. Father filed the notarized

document, which was signed by Mother and Father, with the Parke Circuit Court on April 23,

2009.

        Thereafter, in July 2009, Hollingsworth and Mother planned a trip back to Indiana

with the kids. Hollingsworth notified Cole Walter, his former step-father, of the upcoming

visit. Walter told Hollingsworth that he would like to see him but that Mother and her

children were not welcome.     Therefore, Hollingsworth, Mother, and the children initially

stayed with Mother’s family until they were kicked out due to an argument between Mother

and her mother.

        Late in the evening on Wednesday, July 22, Hollingsworth arrived at Walter’s home

with Mother and the children. Walter was already in bed, as he worked very early in the

morning. Hollingsworth, Mother, and the three children slept in Hollingsworth’s old

bedroom. While at work the following day, Walter learned from his live-in girlfriend, Donna

Kelly, that Mother and the children had spent the night at his home. He planned to confront

Hollingsworth after work, but when he returned home, they were not there. Once again, they

arrived that night after Walter went to bed.

        Friday afternoon while Kelly and Walter were away, Hollingsworth and Mother had

                                               3
others over for a pool party in Walter’s backyard. When Walter arrived home that evening,

he was not happy at the scene in his backyard. He immediately confronted Hollingsworth

and told him that they had to leave. Hollingsworth agreed to leave but then asked if they

could stay just one more night, as he and Mother had nowhere else to go. Walter reluctantly

agreed that they could stay until morning, at which time they would “get up, have breakfast,

[and] leave”. Transcript at 304.

        The next morning, Walter once again left early in the morning for work. The boys

awakened Hollingsworth around 8:00, and he got them dressed and took them downstairs for

breakfast while Mother continued to sleep. Around 10:30, Mother was still in bed,

Hollingsworth was on his laptop, and children were watching cartoons. At some point three-

year-old James and his four-year-old brother asked to play outside. Hollingsworth let them

out to the backyard through the kitchen door1 and periodically checked on them as they

played at the bottom of the steps. Shortly thereafter, Mother came downstairs and stepped

outside with the boys. Mother came back inside and left the boys unattended in the fenced-in

backyard that contained an open, in-ground pool. When Mother eventually returned outside,

she did not see James. She yelled for Hollingsworth and then ran around the side of the

house and to the front porch. Both she and Hollingsworth then looked in the house for him

until it finally occurred to Hollingsworth that he might be in the pool. Hollingsworth




1
  We note this was the only door to the backyard and, in addition to a lock, it had an alarm that sounded
whenever the door was opened.


                                                   4
immediately ran to the pool, dove in, and found James at the bottom. James was taken off

life support the day after the incident when it was determined that he was brain-dead.

         Father filed the instant child wrongful death action against Walter on August 19,

2009.2 The complaint was based on premises liability and alleged negligence for lack of

fencing between the home and the pool, lack of a safety cover over the pool, and lack of

supervision around the pool. Following unsuccessful summary judgment motions by both

parties, a jury trial commenced on February 22, 2011. The jury returned a verdict in favor of

Walter on March 1, 2011. Father now appeals, challenging a number of instructions given by

the trial court.

         In reviewing a trial court’s decision to give or to refuse tendered instructions, we

consider: (1) whether the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether there was evidence

in the record to support the giving of the instruction; and (3) whether the substance of the

instruction is covered by other instructions which are given. Franciose v. Jones, 907 N.E.2d

139 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), aff’d on reh’g, 910 N.E.2d 862, trans. denied. The trial court has

discretion in instructing the jury and will be reversed on the last two above only when the

instruction amounts to an abuse of discretion. Id. We, however, review whether an

instruction correctly states the law de novo. Id. A party seeking a new trial on the basis of

instructional error must show a reasonable probability that the complaining party’s

substantial rights have been adversely affected. See Dyer v. Doyle, 870 N.E.2d 573 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2007), trans. denied.


2
    The action also included Mother as a codefendant and Hollingsworth as a non-party.


                                                    5
                                               1.

       Father initially claims that the trial court abused its discretion by instructing the jury

regarding licensee versus invitee status. He argues that there was no evidence presented at

trial that James was a licensee and that the undisputed evidence established he was a social

guest/invitee. We cannot agree.

       A landowner’s liability to persons on the premises generally depends on the person’s

status as a trespasser, licensee, or invitee. See Kopczynski v. Barger, 887 N.E.2d 928 (Ind.

2008). While the determination of the duty owed by a landowner is ordinarily a question of

law for the court to decide, “it may turn on factual issues that must be resolved by the trier of

fact.” Id. at 931.

       In Burrell v. Meads, 569 N.E.2d 637 (Ind. 1991), our Supreme Court adopted the

invitation test as the analytical framework for deciding which visitors will be afforded invitee

versus licensee status. Id. at 642 (“the invitation itself must be the first step of any inquiry

into invitee status”). Relevant to our discussion here, the Court held that a social guest is

entitled to invitee status. A social guest is one who enters the landowner’s property pursuant

to an “express or reasonably implied invitation.” Id. at 643.

       On the other hand, licensees are not invited guests and “enter the land of another for

their own convenience, curiosity, or entertainment”. Rhoades v. Heritage Investments, LLC,

839 N.E.2d 788, 791 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. They have a privilege to enter or

remain upon the land by virtue of the landowner’s “permission or sufferance.” Id. See also

Christmas v. Kindred Nursing Ctr. Ltd. P’ship, 952 N.E.2d 872 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).

       Thus, in determining a visitor’s status, the distinction between invitation and

                                               6
permission becomes critical. Rhoades v. Heritage Inv., LLC, 839 N.E.2d 788. “An invitation

differs from mere permission in this: an invitation is conduct which justifies others in

believing that the possessor desires them to enter the land; permission is conduct justifying

others in believing that the possessor is willing that they shall enter if they desire to do so.”

Christmas v. Kindred Nursing Ctr. Ltd. P’ship, 952 N.E.2d at 879 (quoting Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 332). “[T]he decisive factor with regard to whether the possessor had

extended an ‘invitation’ or ‘permission’ is the interpretation that a reasonable man would put

upon the possessor’s words and actions given all the surrounding circumstances.” Rhoades v.

Heritage Inv., LLC, 839 N.E.2d at 792.

        In the instant case, Walter presented evidence indicating that Mother and her children

were not expressly or impliedly invited to stay at his home. In fact, Walter made clear that

they were not welcome and reluctantly agreed to allow them to stay one night only because

Hollingsworth indicated they had nowhere else to go. Under the specific facts of this case,

one could reasonably conclude that Mother and her children were not social guests but were

rather licensees merely permitted by Walter to stay until the morning.3 Cf. Burrell v. Mead,

569 N.E.2d at 643 (“Burrell and the visitors in the three other cases we decide today were all

individuals known to the landowner who came to the premises upon actual invitation or

arguably upon standing invitation”); Dunifon v. Iovino, 665 N.E.2d 51, 56 (Ind. Ct. App.


3
  Moreover, even if they were invitees that night, there was evidence presented indicating that they exceeded
the scope of their limited invitation when they did not promptly awake, get ready, and vacate the home on the
day of the drowning. See Rider v. McCamment, 938 N.E.2d 262, 268 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (“when an invitee
exceeds the scope of invitation, she loses her status”). Contrary to Father’s assertion on appeal, there is no
indication in the record that “[t]hey were getting ready to leave when the child drowned.” Appellant’s Reply
Brief at 3.


                                                      7
1996) (“Meredith engaged in pleasantries with Iovino upon the groups’ arrival and generally

treated Iovino as a social guest”), trans. denied. The trial court did not err by instructing the

jury on licensee status.

                                               2.

       Father next challenges the trial court’s decision to instruct the jury on Walter’s

abandonment defense. He contends this was an abuse of discretion because there was no

evidence in the record to support the giving of such an instruction.

       The challenged instruction provides as follows:

               [Walter] also claims that [Father] is not entitled to recover, because he
       abandoned [James] during his lifetime. To prove this defense, Cole Walter
       must prove by the greater weight of the evidence that [Father] made only token
       efforts to support or to communicate with [James] during his lifetime, and by
       such actions abandoned James, precluding recovery [under] the Child
       Wrongful Death Act.


Transcript at 476.

       Under the Child Wrongful Death Act, “a parent who abandoned a deceased child

while the child was alive is not entitled to any recovery under [the Act].” Ind. Code Ann. §

34-23-2-1 (i) (West, Westlaw through 2011 1st Regular Sess.). In the instant case, the

evidence indicates that Father and Mother’s relationship ended for good in October 2008.

After that time, there is evidence that Father saw James infrequently and provided little to no

financial support. Further, in April 2009, Father drafted, executed, and filed with the court a

document purporting to terminate his parental rights to James and his two other sons in

exchange for the non-enforcement of his child support obligation.

       On appeal, as well as at trial, Father asserts reasons for failing to pay child support and

                                                8
for attempting to sign away his parental rights several months prior to the drowning. We

agree with Walter that the essence of Father’s argument focuses on the weight or credibility

of the evidence of abandonment, not the lack thereof. Though conflicting, there was

evidence in the record to support giving the abandonment instruction. Therefore, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in so instructing the jury.

                                                    3.

         Father next challenges the trial court’s instruction regarding an administrative pool

safety regulation. 675 Ind. Admin. Code 20-4-27, the regulation in effect at the time of

James’s death,4 provided in relevant part as follows:

         (c) Access to residential pools shall be restricted by one (1) of the following
         means:
               (1) Walls or fencing not less than five (5) feet high and completely
               surrounding the pool and deck area with the exception of self-closing
               and latching gates and doors, both capable of being locked.
               (2) Other means not less than (5) feet high and deemed impenetrable
               by the enforcing authority at the time of construction and completely
               surrounding the pool and deck area when the pool is not in use.
               (3) A combination of subdivisions (1) and (2) that completely
               surrounds the pool and deck with the exception of self-closing and
               latching gates and doors which are capable of being locked….
               (4) A power safety pool cover….

Father claims that the trial court improperly interpreted the regulation by instructing the jury

that the regulation “does not require there to be a fence between the house and the pool, and




4
    This regulation was repealed in 2011 and filed, with changes, at 675 Ind. Admin. Code 14-4.3-296.


                                                    9
the walls of the house and garage can be part of the enclosing walls and fences.” Transcript

at 479.

          Father’s argument is based upon his assertion that “[f]encing immediately surrounding

the pool and deck area is far more effective as a safety measure that [sic] simply fencing a

yard.” Appellant’s Reply Brief at 8 (emphasis supplied). We have no doubt this is true, but

our interpretation of the regulation is not controlled by the fact that four-sided isolation pool

fencing is safer than traditional three-sided property-line fencing.5 A plain reading of the

regulation simply does not support the interpretation advanced by Father. Rather, property-

line fencing, with the home acting as one of the walls surrounding the pool area, is clearly

adequate under 675 I.A.C. 20-4-27 (c).6 The trial court properly instructed the jury in this

regard.

          With respect to the instruction regarding this regulation, Father also contends that the

trial court improperly instructed the jury that a violation of the regulation could be considered

as “mere evidence of negligence” or “evidence tending to show a lack of reasonable care”.

Transcript at 479. He argues that the trial court should have instructed that violation of the

5
   The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports “an 83% reduction in the risk of childhood
drowning with a four-sided isolation pool fence, compared to three-sided property-line fencing.” CDC.gov,
Unintentional     Drowning:       Fact     Sheet,     http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/water-
safety/waterinjuries-factsheet.html (last visited April 20, 2012).
6
   We observe that other states have adopted statutes expressly requiring isolation fencing if other safety
measures (such as a safety pool cover) are not present. See, e.g., Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 36-1681(C)
(providing that if a residence constitutes part of the enclosure for the pool, there shall be between the pool and
residence a minimum four foot wall, fence or barrier); Cal. Health & Safety Code § 115921 (c) (defining
enclosure as “a fence, wall, or other barrier that isolates a swimming pool from access to the home”) and §
115922 (1) (“pool shall be isolated from access to a home by an enclosure”); Fla. Stat. Ann. § 515.29 (1)(c)
(“barrier must be placed around the perimeter of the pool and must be separate from any fence, wall, or other
enclosure surrounding the yard unless the fence, wall, or other enclosure or portion thereof is situated on the
perimeter of the pool”) and (5) (“[a] wall of a dwelling may serve as part of the barrier if it does not contain
any door or window that opens to provide access to the swimming pool”).

                                                       10
regulation is negligence per se. Such an instruction, however, would have been error because

the violation of an administrative regulation is “only some evidence of negligence for the

jury to consider.” Zimmerman v. Moore, 441 N.E.2d 690, 696 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982). See also

Town of Kirklin v. Everman, 29 N.E.2d 206 (Ind. 1940) (opinion on rehearing); Lachenman

v. Stice, 838 N.E.2d 451 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. Further, even if the instruction

was erroneous, which it was not, any error would be harmless. Father, by counsel,

essentially acknowledged in closing that there was no violation of the regulation and asked

the jury to focus instead on common-law negligence. See Transcript at 467 (counsel urged

the jury to “just forget about the regulation”).

                                               4.

       Finally, Father challenges the following instruction given by the trial court over his

objection:

       Absent exigent circumstances, Indiana law dictates that the duty to provide for
       a child’s safety will always rest with the child’s parent. In addition, persons
       entrusted with children have a duty to supervise their charges and exercise
       ordinary care on behalf of the child in their custody…. If a parent or person
       charged with the care of a child has been warned of a condition, or if a
       condition is or should be obvious to the parent, the homeowner does not owe a
       duty of care to the parent’s child, and the parent’s failure to supervise the child
       properly is the proximate cause of the injury or death.…. Unless you find that
       exigent circumstances existed that would have alleved [sic] [Mother] and
       Matthew Hollingsworth of the duty to supervise James Androusky III, you
       must find in favor of Cole Walter and no further deliberation is needed with
       regard to allegations against this Defendant.

Id. at 477.

       Father’s complaint with respect to this instruction turns primarily on the perceived

unfairness in depriving him of recovery for the death of his son due to the negligence of his


                                               11
ex-wife and her boyfriend. Father’s argument in this regard is misguided in that it is focused

entirely on his right to recover damages and ignores the fact that Walter’s negligence must

first be established. Before damages are recoverable, Father must first establish that Walter

owed a duty to James, he breached that duty, and James’s death was proximately caused by

that breach. See Harradon v. Schlamadinger, 913 N.E.2d 297 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans.

denied.

         In the case of Harradon, upon which the challenged instruction was premised, an

infant suffocated while sleeping on a sofa with her mother during a visit at the defendants’

home. In affirming summary judgment in favor of the homeowners, we observed that the

parents were the exclusive caregivers to the infant while on the premises and that they were

“very aware of the dangers of sleeping on the sofa with the baby”, yet chose to do so anyway.

Id. at 302. We analogized the situation to an attractive nuisance case in which a child was

injured while sledding with his father on the landowner’s property and the attractive nuisance

doctrine was found to be inapplicable. See Kelly v. Ladywood Apartments, 622 N.E.2d 1044

(Ind. Ct. App. 1993), trans. denied.7 With Kelly in mind, we stated that “absent exigent

circumstances…, public policy and common sense dictate that the duty to provide for a

child’s safety will usually rest with the child’s parents while the child is in the parents’


7
    We explained the inapplicability of the attractive nuisance doctrine in Kelly as follows:
       The immediate presence of Kelly’s father negates all of the policy reasons for shifting the duty
       to care for this child from his father to Ladywood. Kelly was brought to the hill by his father
       and supervised by his father. Under the attractive nuisance doctrine, the trespassing child must
       have failed, because of his youth, to discover the condition or realize the danger involved in
       going on to the defendant’s property. 62 Am.Jur.2d Premises Liability § 326 (1990). As an
       adult, Kelly’s father, not Ladywood, is charged with the care of his son and with understanding
       and appreciating the possible danger that snow may cover objects which would obstruct a
       sled’s path.

                                                      12
presence.” Harradon v. Schlamadinger, 913 N.E.2d at 302. In light of the parents’

knowledge and assumption of the risks involved to the infant under their exclusive care, we

concluded as a matter of law that the homeowners “did not breach the duty of reasonable care

they owed to the Parents’ baby.” Id. at 303.

        To the extent that Harradon may imply that a landowner’s duty is eliminated by the

presence of a child’s parent when the parent is fully aware of a danger on the land, we

disagree. The landowner, of course, continues to owe a duty to the child. The ultimate

question, as decided in Harradon as a matter of law, is whether the landowner breached the

duty. Though not one of the arguments raised by Father on appeal, we observe that the

instruction improperly indicated that under certain circumstances Walter would owe no duty

of care to James. This error, however, is inconsequential here.

        It is undisputed that Walter was not home at or near the time of James’s death and that

Mother and Hollingsworth were the adults exclusively caring for three-year-old James and

his siblings. Further, Mother and Hollingsworth were completely aware of the open

swimming pool in Walter’s fenced-in backyard. Despite knowledge of this dangerous

condition, Mother allowed her three- and four-year-old sons to play in the backyard

unattended and within close proximity to the pool.

        Assuming Mother and her children were invitees, Walter was subject to liability for

physical harm caused by a condition upon his land if, but only if, he:

        (a)    knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the
               condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of
               harm to such invitees, and

Id. at 1049.

                                              13
        (b)      should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will
                 fail to protect themselves against it, and
        (c)      fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against danger.

Harradon v. Schlamadinger, 913 N.E.2d at 301 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343).

When the injured invitee is a child, we apply this standard by also considering the child’s

abilities, age, experience, and maturity.8 Id. Harradon, however, counsels that we should

not in every instance look blindly to the child’s ability to discover the danger. Rather, when

a parent is present and fully aware of the danger but consciously (and, as in the instant case,

recklessly) disregards the risks while caring for the child, the landowner should not generally

be found to have breached the duty owed to the child. See id.

        In sum, although the instruction based upon Harradon was not an entirely correct

statement of the law, the instruction did not adversely affect Father’s substantial rights.

Under the specific circumstances of this case as set out above,9 we hold as a matter of law

that Walter did not breach any duty owed to James and the sole proximate cause of James’s

death was Mother’s lack of supervision.10

        Judgment affirmed.

MAY, J., and BARNES, J., concur.


8
  Similarly, our courts have extended greater protection to child licensees than adult licensees, requiring the
landowner to consider the child’s youth and lack of experience in assessing the ability of a child to perceive
and avoid danger. See Johnson v. Pettigrew, 595 N.E.2d 747, 750 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992) (“if a landowner can
anticipate that a child will not perceive a danger obvious to adults…he may be required to take additional
precautions to protect his child licensees”), trans. denied.
9
  We emphasize that this is not a case in which a child unknowingly wandered out of the house and fell into
the swimming pool. On the contrary, the adults caring for James consciously and recklessly allowed him to
play outside near an open swimming pool without supervision.
10
   Walter raises two issues in his cross appeal, which are moot given our determination of the issues raised
by Father. Therefore, we do not address the cross-appeal issues.


                                                      14
