         [Cite as State v. Belser, 2013-Ohio-1284.]
                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
             FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
                  HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO



STATE OF OHIO,                                        :   APPEAL NO. C-120390
                                                          TRIAL NO. 12TRD-7365
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                           :

  vs.                                                 :      O P I N I O N.

REGINALD BELSER,                                      :

    Defendant-Appellant.                              :




Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Appellant Discharged

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 22, 2013


John P. Curp, City Solicitor, Charles Rubenstein, City Prosecutor, and Jacqueline
Pham, Assistant City Prosecutor, for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Brown, Lippert & Laite and James R. Garvin, for Defendant-Appellant.




Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.
                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



D E W INE , Judge.

       {¶1}     This case presents the question of whether a defendant may be convicted

of operating of a motor vehicle with an invalid license plate under R.C. 4549.08 based

purely on a theory of strict liability without the establishment of culpability.      We

conclude that the offense in question is not a strict liability offense and that the state

must establish the defendant acted recklessly. Because it did not do so in this case, we

reverse defendant-appellant Reginald Belser’s conviction.

       {¶2}     Mr. Belser was convicted of violating R.C. 4549.08 following a bench

trial. The facts as adduced at trial are straightforward. A van driven by Mr. Belser was

involved in an accident with another vehicle. A Cincinnati police officer responded to

the accident and discovered that the license plate number on the validation sticker did

not match the number on the van’s license plate. When questioned by the officer, Mr.

Belser stated that he was in the process of buying the vehicle and needed to transfer the

title to his name. The officer testified that he did not know to whom the license plate or

validation sticker were registered; that Mr. Belser’s name did not come back as the

owner of the van; and that to his knowledge, Mr. Belser did not know that the validation

sticker did not match the license plate. The officer cited Mr. Belser for driving a motor

vehicle with an invalid license plate or identification mark in violation of R.C. 4549.08,

and noted on the back of the ticket: “Invalid sticker on license plate that belonged to

another vehicle, not owner of vehicle, in process of buying it.”

       {¶3}     At the conclusion of the officer’s testimony, Mr. Belser moved to dismiss

the charge on the basis that the state had failed to prove he had acted recklessly. The

trial court overruled the motion.

       {¶4}      Mr. Belser then testified that he had gone to the owner’s home to look

at a van he was interested in purchasing. After speaking with the owner, he learned that



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                       OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



the van needed some mechanical work and decided to take it for a test drive. During the

test drive, another motorist pulled out and hit the van. Mr. Belser further testified that

he had not paid for the van and it was not titled in his name. The trial court found Mr.

Belser guilty and ordered him to pay a $100 fine and court costs.

       {¶5}      In a single assignment of error, Mr. Belser argues that the trial court

erred in convicting him of a violation of R.C. 4549.08 when the state had failed to prove

an element of the offense—that he had acted recklessly. We agree.

       {¶6}      R.C. 4549.08 provides in pertinent part:

                (A) No person shall operate or drive a motor vehicle upon the

                public roads and highways in this state if it displays a license plate

                or a distinctive number or identification mark that meets any of

                the following criteria:

                       (1) Is fictitious;

                       (2) Is a counterfeit or an unlawfully made copy of any

                       distinctive number or identification mark;

                       (3) Belongs to another motor vehicle * * *.

       {¶7}       R.C. 4549.08 does not specify a culpable mental state. R.C. 2901.21(B)

provides that

                [w]hen the section defining an offense does not specify any degree

                of culpability, and plainly indicates a purpose to impose strict

                liability for the conduct described in the section, then culpability is

                not required for a person to be guilty of the offense. When the

                section neither specifies culpability nor plainly indicates a purpose

                to impose strict liability, recklessness is sufficient culpability to

                commit the offense.



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                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



       {¶8}     In overruling Mr. Belser’s Crim.R. 29 motion, the trial court relied upon

the phrase “[n]o person shall” at the beginning of R.C. 4549.08 as being indicative of the

legislature’s intent to impose strict liability. The Ohio Supreme Court, however, has

expressly stated that “the fact that [a] statute contains the phrase ‘[n]o person shall’ does

not mean that it is a strict criminal liability offense.” State v. Moody, 104 Ohio St.3d

244, 2004-Ohio-6395, 819 N.E.2d 268, ¶ 16. Rather, the issue is whether the statute

plainly indicates a purpose to impose strict liability. R.C. 2901.21(B).

       {¶9}     There is nothing in the plain language of R.C. 4549.08 that indicates a

purpose to impose strict liability. Indeed, as both the Second and Seventh Appellate

Districts have pointed out in finding that the statute does not provide for strict liability,

there are a number of circumstances in which an individual could operate a vehicle

without any knowledge or any way of knowing if a license plate was legitimate. State v.

Frazier, 7th Dist. No. 01CA65, 2003-Ohio-1216, ¶ 14-19; State v. Combs, 2d Dist. No.

2006CA 38, 2006-Ohio-7088, ¶ 16; see also State v. Howard, 2d Dist. No. 21899, 2007-

Ohio-6591, ¶ 19.

       {¶10}    Because R.C. 4549.08 lacks a culpable mental state and does not clearly

indicate an intent to impose strict liability, the state was required to prove that Mr.

Belser acted recklessly. A defendant acts recklessly when “with heedless indifference to

the consequences, [he] perversely disregards a known risk that [his] conduct is likely to

cause a certain result or to be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22.

       {¶11}    Here, there was no evidence of recklessness. The state’s only witness

testified that Mr. Belser was not the owner of the vehicle, the license plates, or the

validation sticker. The state did not present any testimony that Mr. Belser had any

knowledge of or any reason to suspect any irregularity with the license plates. Mr. Belser

testified that he was merely test driving the van to determine if he would purchase it.



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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS



We, therefore, sustain the sole assignment of error, reverse the trial court’s judgment,

and discharge him from further prosecution. See Dayton v. Ahmad, 2d Dist. No. 24165,

2011-Ohio-2302, ¶ 44-49; Frazier at ¶ 20-21.


                                         Judgment reversed and appellant discharged.

HENDON, P.J., and HILDEBRANDT, J., concur.


Please note:
       The court has recorded its own entry this date.




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