J-A12007-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    CRAIG AND KRYSTAL PAVLOSKY,                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    HUSBAND AND WIFE                           :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    DARLA J. REAGAN AND DAWN R.                :
    LARCH                                      :   No. 1710 WDA 2019
                                               :
                       Appellants              :

             Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 11, 2019
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County Civil Division at
                             No(s): 1265 of 2018


BEFORE:      KUNSELMAN, J., KING, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.:                                 FILED JUNE 30, 2020

        Appellants, Darla J. Reagan and Dawn R. Larch, appeal from the

judgment entered in favor of Appellees, Craig and Krystal Pavlosky, in an

ejectment action brought by Appellees. For the reasons set forth below, we

reverse.

        Appellants and Appellees own adjoining properties in Unity Township,

Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. N.T. Trial at 7-10; Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 2,

Reagan Subdivision.1        Prior to June 2001, the properties from which both

Appellants’ and Appellees’ current properties were subdivided were jointly


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*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1   This subdivision plan is appended to this Memorandum as an Appendix.
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owned by Appellants, who are sisters. Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 6, January 24, 2000

Deed from Joseph R. Mehalic to Appellants; Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 7, December 30,

1999 Deed from Joseph R. Mehalic to Appellants; N.T. Trial at 28-31, 36-38.

      In May 2001, Appellants subdivided their properties into two parcels,

designated as Lot 1 and the Residue. Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 2, Reagan Subdivision;

N.T. Trial at 28-29, 37-38. The subdivision plan creating these two parcels,

denominated the “Reagan Subdivision,” was recorded on May 11, 2001 at

Instrument No. 200105110023206. Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 2, Reagan Subdivision.

Lot 1 is a flag lot with a strip of land extending along the property line of the

Residue to a public road. Id. The recorded Reagan Subdivision plan shows a

dwelling on the Residue with a driveway that that comes in from the public

road on part of the strip of Lot 1 and labels the entire strip of Lot 1 that

extends to the public road “50’ RIGHT OF WAY.” Id. The recorded Reagan

Subdivision plan also shows a shed at the north corner of the Residue, part of

which extends into the strip of Lot 1. Id.

      On June 7, 2001, Appellants conveyed Lot 1 to Appellant Reagan and

her husband by a deed describing the property as “Lot No. 1 of the Reagan

Subdivision recorded at Instrument No. 200105110023206 on the 11th day of

May 2001.” Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 8, June 7, 2001 Deed from Appellants to William

and Darla Reagan; N.T. Trial at 40-41.       This deed did not set forth any

easement in favor of the Appellants or the Residue. Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 8, June




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7, 2001 Deed from Appellants to William and Darla Reagan. Appellant Reagan

and her husband subsequently built a house on Lot 1. N.T. Trial at 38.

        In 2017, Appellees purchased Lot 1 from the Federal Home Loan

Mortgage Corporation, which acquired Lot 1 in a foreclosure sheriff’s sale in

2015.    N.T. Trial at 7-11; Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 1, March 13, 2017 Deed from

Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation to Appellees.            Appellees’ deed

described the property that they purchased as “Lot No. 1 of the Reagan

Subdivision recorded at Instrument No. 200105110023206 on the 11th day

of May, 2001.” Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 1, March 13, 2017 Deed from Federal Home

Loan Mortgage Corporation to Appellees. Appellees’ deed does not set forth

any easement in favor of Appellants. Id.

        On March 23, 2018, Appellees brought the instant action against

Appellants asserting claims for trespass, ejectment, and injunctive relief. In

their Complaint, Appellees sought an order prohibiting Appellants from driving

on and otherwise using the Lot 1 strip of land and requiring Appellants to

remove the shed from the Lot 1 strip. Appellants, who were represented by

counsel at that time, filed an Answer and New Matter denying that the shed

encroached on Appellees’ property and alleging that Appellants had an

easement to use the driveway on the Lot 1 strip pursuant to the right of way

shown on the Reagan Subdivision. Answer and New Matter ¶¶6, 8-9, 33-34.

        On March 26, 2019, the trial court held a nonjury trial at which Appellee

Craig Pavlosky (Appellee husband) and Appellant Reagan testified and various


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documents, including the Reagan Subdivision and the parties’ deeds, were

admitted in evidence. Appellee Krystal Pavlosky and Appellant Larch did not

appear at trial. Counsel for Appellants was permitted by the trial court to

withdraw prior to trial and Appellant Reagan appeared pro se.

      Appellee husband testified that he had not signed any easement or

agreement allowing Appellants to use any portion of Lot 1 and had not given

Appellants permission to use any portion of Lot 1.         N.T. Trial at 25-26.

Appellee husband further testified that Appellants were using the driveway on

the strip of his Lot 1 property that runs from the public road to the rest of Lot

1 to access their Residue property and that they were parking vehicles on the

Lot 1 strip. Id. at 16, 19-25. He also testified that Appellants were using his

driveway on the Lot 1 strip to access the shed, which encroaches on and opens

onto the Lot 1 strip. Id. at 15-20, 22-23. Appellee husband testified that

Appellants have continued to use the Lot 1 strip and failed to remove the

encroaching shed, despite requests that they stop doing so and that they

remove the shed. Id. at 15-16, 25.

      Appellant Reagan testified that the two properties were originally owned

by her parents and that the driveway on the Lot 1 strip was always used to

access the house on the Residue and the shed during her parents’ ownership

and Appellants’ ownership of the properties. N.T. Trial at 36-37, 49. Appellant

contended that there was an easement on the 50-foot right of way on the strip

of Lot 1 up to the shed, but admitted that her 2001 Lot 1 deed contained no


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easement. Id. at 30, 32, 40-43, 49. She also contended that the strip was

supposed to be part of the Residue lot with the easement in favor of Lot 1,

but admitted that the Reagan Subdivision made the strip part of Lot 1 and

that the Reagan Subdivision was never corrected. Id. at 6, 29-30, 32-33, 38,

41, 44.

      At the end of the testimony, the trial court expressed concern about

Appellants’ access from the public road to the house on the Residue and asked

the parties to try to reach an agreement concerning use of the driveway on

the Lot 1 strip for that purpose.    N.T. Trial at 48-54.    The parties, after

conferring, agreed on the record that Appellants are permitted to access the

Residue via Appellees’ driveway on the portion of the Lot 1 strip from the

public road up to a point approximately 60 feet from the public road for ingress

and egress only. Id. at 55-56. The Court deferred ruling on the remaining

issues for 60 days to give the parties an opportunity to resolve those issues.

Id. at 56. On March 27, 2019, the trial court entered an order deferring ruling

on issues other than Appellants’ access from the public road and providing

Appellants the right to use that portion of the Lot 1 strip in accordance with

the parties’ agreement. Trial Court Order, 3/27/19. The trial court did not

direct the parties to file any proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law, or

post-trial briefs.

      The parties did not reach any further agreements. On June 17, 2019,

the trial court entered an order that provided in relevant part as follows:


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       1. Paragraph 1 of the March 27, 2019 Order of Court outlining the
       agreement of the parties is reiterated here for the convenience of
       the parties:

       a. As to [Appellants’] access to [Appellees’] property, [Appellants]
       are permitted to access their property from Marguerite Road up
       [Appellees’] driveway to [Appellants’] existing driveway, which is
       immediately before the existing telephone pole and approximately
       sixty (60) feet from Marguerite Road. This access is for ingress
       and egress to [Appellants’] property only, and no vehicles may be
       parked in the agreed upon area.

                            *             *         *

       3. Other than for the access outlined in paragraph 1(a),
       [Appellants] shall cease and desist entering, driving across,
       parking on, or otherwise trespassing on [Appellees’] property.

       4. [Appellants] shall remove the shed that is found by this Court
       to encroach on [Lot 1] or relocate the shed so that it no longer
       encroaches upon [Appellees’] property.

Trial Court Order, 6/17/19. Appellants, represented by counsel, timely filed a

motion for post-trial relief seeking a ruling that Appellants have an express

easement or easement by implication on the Lot 1 strip for the shed and to

access it or, alternatively, a new trial, and also filed motions for

reconsideration and to reopen the record. On July 18, 2019, the trial court

entered an order denying Appellants’ motion to reopen the record. On October

21, 2019, the trial court denied Appellants’ motion for post-trial relief and

motion for reconsideration.       This timely appeal followed.2

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2 Appellants filed their appeal on November 19, 2019. No judgment had been
entered at that time and this Court therefore issued a rule to show cause
directing Appellants to praecipe the trial court to enter judgment and file with
this Court within 10 days a certified docket entry showing that judgment had



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       Appellants present the following issues for our review:

       Issue I: Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider or find
       that the Appellants were entitled to easements by implication?

       Issue II: Whether the trial court erred in failing to find or consider
       that the Appellants had an express easement for use of the 50’
       area of the Pavlosky property?

       Issue III: Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider the
       substantial impact on Appellants in their removal of the shed in
       relation to the minor harm to the Appellees/Pavlosky’s if their
       request for relief was not fully granted?

Appellants’ Brief at 2-3 (unnecessary capitalization and suggested answers

omitted).

       Our review of a trial court’s decision following a nonjury trial is limited

to determining whether the trial court’s findings of facts are supported by

competent evidence and whether the trial court erred in applying the law.

Landis v. Wilt, 222 A.3d 28, 34 (Pa. Super. 2019); Ramalingam v. Keller

Williams Realty Group, Inc., 121 A.3d 1034, 1041 (Pa. Super. 2015). Our

review regarding questions of law, however, is plenary and de novo.

Ramalingam, 121 A.3d at 1048.




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been entered. Appellants on December 11, 2019 filed a certified docket entry
showing that the trial court entered judgment in this case on December 11,
2019. This appeal is therefore timely and properly before us. Pa.R.A.P. 905
(a)(5) (“A notice of appeal filed after the announcement of a determination
but before the entry of an appealable order shall be treated as filed after such
entry and on the day thereof”); Century Indemnity Co. v. OneBeacon
Insurance Co., 173 A.3d 784, 788 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2017).

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      An easement may be created by express agreement, by implication, by

necessity, or by prescription.      Morning Call, Inc. v. Bell Atlantic-

Pennsylvania, Inc., 761 A.2d 139, 142 (Pa. Super. 2000); Phillippi v.

Knotter, 748 A.2d 757, 758 (Pa. Super. 2000). We first address Appellant’s

second issue, whether the trial erred in failing to find an express easement,

and then address Appellant’s first issue, whether the trial erred in failing to

find an easement by implication. Because the trial court ordered, pursuant to

the parties’ agreement, that Appellants have a right to use the driveway on

the strip of Lot 1 for access to the house on the Residue, we analyze these

issues only with respect to the shed and Appellants’ use of the strip of Lot 1

beyond their house to access the shed.

      The trial court held and Appellees argue that Appellants did not raise

any issue of whether they had an easement with respect to the shed until their

post-trial motion and therefore waived the easement claims that they assert

in this appeal. We do not agree. The record here is clear that Appellants,

before and at trial, did raise the issue of whether they had an easement for

use of the entire Lot 1 strip and based their easement claim on both the fact

that a right of way was shown on the Reagan Subdivision and a history of the

use of the Lot 1 strip. Answer and New Matter ¶¶8-9, 33-34; Appellants’ Pre-

Trial Statement ¶9; N.T. Trial at 6, 30-32, 36, 43-44, 48-49. These are the

same bases for an easement argued by Appellants in their post-trial motion

and in their brief in this appeal. While Appellants did not specifically refer to


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the shed in the paragraphs of the Answer and New Matter and Pre-Trial

Statement asserting an easement, they also did not limit their easement claim

to the first 60 feet of the Lot 1 strip and asserted an easement with respect

to the Lot 1 “driveway,” which extends the full length of the Lot 1 strip,

including the area where the shed encroaches and is accessed by Appellants.

Appellant Reagan, moreover, made clear at trial that she contended that the

easement included the shed and the trial court understood that her claim

included the shed. N.T. Trial at 6, 36, 43-44, 49, 52. Because Appellants

raised these issues both before and at trial, their claims of express easement

and easement by implication are not barred by waiver.

      The trial court did not err in rejecting Appellants’ express easement

claim. An express easement is created by an express grant or reservation in

a deed or other conveyance instrument. Potis v. Coon, 496 A.2d 1188, 1191

n.7 (Pa. Super. 1985).   It was undisputed that none of the deeds for the

properties in question contained language creating an easement or right of

way with respect to Lot 1 and that Appellees did not execute any instrument

granting Appellants an easement. Rather, the sole basis for Appellants’ claim

of an express easement is the Reagan Subdivision and the 50-foot right of

way that it shows on the driveway strip of Lot 1. Depiction of an easement or

right of way in a subdivision plan does not create an express easement.




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Landis, 222 A.3d at 35; Sides v. Cleland, 648 A.2d 793, 795 n.4 (Pa. Super.

1994); Potis, 496 A.2d at 1191.3

       The trial court did, however, err in rejecting Appellants’ contention that

that they have an easement by implication. When the deeds in question do

not contain language granting an easement, an easement may nonetheless

be created by implication where the properties were previously owned by the

same person or persons and those owners have subjected one of the

properties to a right of way for the benefit of the other property, even if the

easement is not essential to the use of that other property. Bucciarelli v.

DeLisa, 691 A.2d 446, 448-49 (Pa. 1997); Gurecka v. Carroll, 155 A.3d

1071, 1075-76 (Pa. Super. 2017) (en banc); Daddona v. Thorpe, 749 A.2d

475, 480-81 (Pa. Super. 2000).

       Such an easement by implication is created upon the severance of unity

of ownership of the properties where the following elements are shown: (1)

there is a separation of title; (2) prior to the separation of title, the use that

gives rise to the easement was an open, longstanding use that by its nature

was obviously meant to be permanent; (3) the easement is necessary to the

enjoyment of the property that benefits from the easement; and (4) the use

was continuous, and not merely sporadic or occasional. Gurecka, 155 A.3d


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3 As is discussed below, an easement can be created by a subdivision plan
referred to in a deed, but such an easement is an easement by implication,
not an express easement. Landis, 222 A.3d at 35; Sides, 648 A.2d at 795;
Potis, 496 A.2d at 1191-92.

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at 1075-79; Daddona, 749 A.2d at 481.            The third element, that the

easement is necessary to the enjoyment of the property, does not require

proof that the property is useless without the easement; rather, it is satisfied

by a showing that the easement is convenient or beneficial to the dominant

property.   Daddona, 749 A.2d at 482.           In addition, an easement by

implication is created, even if these elements are not all proven, where a deed

references a subdivision plan or map that specifically designates a right of way

over the property.    Sides, 648 A.2d at 795; see also Cunningham v.

Cronin, 206 A.3d 569, 572 (Pa. Super. 2019); Potis, 496 A.2d at 1191-92.

      Here, it was undisputed that Lot 1 and the Residue were under a unity

of ownership prior to June 2003 and a separation of title occurred when

Appellants conveyed Lot 1 to Appellant Reagan and her husband while the

Residue remained jointly owned by Appellants.         The Reagan Subdivision,

executed and recorded before the separation of title, expressly designated the

strip portion of Lot 1 as a right of way and showed that the shed was partially

on that right of way. The shed’s presence on the Lot 1 strip was open and

obvious on the face of that subdivision plan and, as it is a building rather than

a movable object, this use was plainly continuous and intended to be

permanent, not temporary or transient.          It was also indisputable that

Appellees knew or should have known that the Lot 1 strip was subject to this

right of way because their deed specifically referenced the Reagan

Subdivision; indeed, it defined their property as the parcel “known as Lot No.


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1 of the Reagan Subdivision.” In addition, Appellant Reagan testified that the

shed had been accessed for years from the area that became the Lot 1 strip

before the separation of the parcels. N.T. Trial at 36, 49. Appellees do not

dispute that the shed has been at that location for a long time, as they

themselves characterize the shed as “old.”         Appellees’ Brief at 23, 31.4

Appellee husband’s own evidence established that the shed and the ability to

access it are convenient and beneficial to Appellants’ use of their Residue

property, as he testified that Appellants work in and around the shed and use

it to store yard care equipment, and he also introduced photographs showing

such use. N.T. Trial at 16-20; Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 5.

       The above evidence was sufficient to establish an easement by

implication. While the trial court did not make any findings concerning these

facts, all of these facts other than longstanding prior use of the land that

became the Lot 1 strip and the benefit of the shed to Appellants’ use of the

Residue were established by the documents introduced by Appellees at trial,

and the latter fact was established by Appellee husband’s own testimony.

Interpretation of a written document is a question of law over which this Court

exercises plenary, de novo review, not an issue of fact. Rickard v. American

National Property and Casualty Co., 173 A.3d 299, 304 (Pa. Super. 2017)



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4 Appellees also describe the shed as “dilapidated.” That characterization is
contradicted by the photographs that they introduced in evidence which do
not show disrepair. See Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 5.

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(en banc); Erie Insurance Exchange v. Fidler, 808 A.2d 587, 590 (Pa.

Super. 2002).

      The trial court did not find that Appellant Reagan’s testimony concerning

prior use of the shed was not credible. To the contrary, to the extent that it

addressed the credibility of this evidence at all, the trial court expressed the

view that her testimony concerning long-standing use was credible. See N.T.

Trial at 49, 52. Rather, the trial court based its conclusion that there was no

easement for the shed and access to the shed solely on the ground that none

of the deeds concerning the properties reserved an easement. Trial Court

Opinion at 6. At a minimum, therefore, the trial court’s ruling that Appellants

have no implied easement was based on error and must be reversed.

      If Appellants were required to prove the element of longstanding prior

use, it would be necessary for the trial court on remand to determine whether

that element was proved by Appellants. The absence of a finding concerning

length of prior use, however, does not defeat Appellants’ claim of easement

by implication. The easement here was not merely open and continuous, it

was expressly set forth on a subdivision plan that was referenced in Appellees’

deed and the original Lot 1 deed that separated the ownership of Appellants’

and Appellees’ properties.     As noted above, reference in a deed to a

subdivision plan or map that specifically designates a right of way over the

property is sufficient to create an easement by implication, even without proof

of all the elements ordinarily required to establish an easement by implication.


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Sides, 648 A.2d at 795; see also Cunningham, 206 A.3d at 572; Potis, 496

A.2d at 1191-92.

      Because Appellees’ deed defined their property as Lot 1 of the Reagan

Subdivision and the Reagan Subdivision designated the Lot 1 strip as a 50-

foot right of way and showed Appellants’ shed in that right of way, the

evidence at trial established that Appellants have an easement by implication

on the Lot 1 strip with respect to their shed. The trial court therefore erred in

holding that Appellants have no easement and in ordering Appellants to

remove the shed and cease use of the Lot 1 strip to access the shed.

Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand this case to

the trial court with instructions to modify its order of June 17, 2019 to remove

paragraphs 3 and 4 and to deny Appellees’ request for relief with respect

Appellants’ use of the Lot 1 strip for their shed and Appellants’ use of the Lot

1 strip to access to their shed. In light of our conclusion that the trial court

erred in not finding an easement by implication, we need not and do not

address Appellants’ third issue.

      Judgment reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.




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Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 6/30/2020




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Appendix:
