                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 05-1808
                                   ___________

Abubakarr Fofanah,                    *
                                      *
             Petitioner,              *
                                      * Petition for Review of an
       v.                             * Order of the Board of
                                      * Immigration Appeals.
Alberto Gonzales, Attorney General    *
of the United States of America,      *
                                      *
             Respondent.              *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: January 13, 2006
                                Filed: May 11, 2006
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, McMILLIAN* and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

      Petitioner Abubakarr Fofanah is a native and citizen of Sierra Leone who came
to the United States from Guinea by stowing away on a cargo ship. When the
Department of Homeland Security commenced removal proceedings, Fofanah
conceded removability and applied for asylum, withholding of removal, relief under


      *
        The Honorable Theodore McMillian died on January 18, 2006. This opinion
is being filed by the remaining judges of the panel pursuant to 8th Cir. Rule 47E. The
opinion is consistent with the views expressed by Judge McMillian at the conference
following the oral argument.
the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), and alternatively for voluntary departure.
Following an evidentiary hearing, the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) issued an oral decision
denying all relief on alternative grounds. Fofanah appealed to the Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), which affirmed the IJ’s decision to deny relief on the
ground that Fofanah’s testimony was not credible. Fofanah petitions for judicial
review of that final order. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We deny the petition.

       For ten years beginning in 1991, the people of Sierra Leone suffered from a
violent and crippling civil war between the government and Revolutionary United
Front (RUF) rebels allied with Charles Taylor’s National Front forces in neighboring
Liberia. Tens of thousands of civilians died and some one-third of the population was
displaced as the combatants fought for control of Sierra Leone and its rich diamond
mines. The RUF held as much as one-half the country in 1999 and 2000 but suffered
military defeats in early 2001 and agreed to a cease-fire in May 2001. The
Department of State Country Reports for 2002 reported that the conflict officially
ended in January 2002, with President Ahmed Kabbah’s government controlling the
entire country, assisted by U.N. peacekeepers. Kabbah was reelected with a large
majority in Parliament in May 2002. Thereafter, the Department of State terminated
temporary protected status for Sierra Leone refugees effective May 2004. See 68 Fed.
Reg. 52407 (Sept. 3, 2003).

      At his evidentiary hearing, Fofanah testified that he fled Sierra Leone on March
16, 2000, to escape the civil war violence after RUF rebels murdered his father.
Fofanah claimed the RUF killed his father because he was a wealthy diamond dealer;
a member of the minority Madingo tribe, like President Kabbah; and a Muslim Imam
who had sided with the Kabbah government. After fleeing his home town of Koidu,
Fofanah walked to nearby Guinea, stayed briefly at a U.N. refugee camp, and then
paid $500 to stow away on a cargo ship bound for the United States. Some four
weeks later, he was taken ashore in a small boat, arriving in San Jose, California, on



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April 12, 2000. His mother and three siblings did not flee with him, and he has not
heard from them since.

       Fofanah further testified that in December 1999 he was captured by RUF rebels
and told that if he did not join their force, he would be killed. When he initially
refused, he was beaten. He showed the court a two-inch scar on his back below his
left shoulder and another across his right knee, the result, he explained, of the
beatings. Fofanah testified that, after the beatings, he served briefly as an armed RUF
soldier, participating in at least four armed-encounters with government forces but
never shooting, dismembering, cutting, or killing anyone. After two weeks, Fofanah
said, he escaped by running away as the rebels headed off for an attack.

       Following the hearing, the IJ found that Fofanah was ineligible for any relief
because, among other reasons, his testimony was not credible in material respects.
The IJ noted inconsistencies in Fofanah’s explanation of when and why his father was
killed, with no documents or other objective evidence supporting his assertion that his
father was killed for political, religious, and ethnic reasons, rather than because he was
a wealthy diamond dealer, which is not a protected ground. The IJ also did not credit
Fofanah’s testimony that he was abducted and beaten by RUF rebels in December
1999 because that incident was not mentioned in his asylum application or during his
credible fear interview. The IJ further noted that medical reports by Fofanah’s
treating physicians in this country did not mention the beatings and were inconsistent
with his testimony as to when he last saw his mother and siblings and whether
members of his immediate family are living in the United States. The IJ expressed
concern about Fofanah’s Sierra Leone passport, noting that the signature on the
passport “is different than [his] regular signature.” Finally, the IJ did not credit
Fofanah’s testimony as to when and how he arrived in the United States and came to
Minnesota because it was completely undocumented and unsupported. “The Court
finds it quite interesting,” the IJ observed, “that all of the people who could possibly
corroborate [Fofanah’s] story are unreachable or have moved.”

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      Fofanah appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA. Addressing only the IJ’s adverse
credibility finding, the BIA dismissed the appeal:

      We agree with the Immigration Judge that [Fofanah] has not presented
      a credible claim for the relief he seeks. Specifically, we agree that [his]
      evidence contradicts itself regarding when [his] father died, why his
      father died, and whether [he] has seen his family members since his
      father’s death. Moreover . . . [he] failed to adequately explain why he
      did not mention his own 2-week abduction by RUF soldiers on his
      application, during his credible fear interview, or to his doctors.
      Inasmuch as [Fofanah] has also presented only questionable evidence
      regarding his treatment during this alleged abduction, we find no reason
      to disturb the Immigration Judge’s adverse credibility finding.

(Citations omitted.) Because the BIA did not consider the IJ’s alternative grounds for
denying relief, those issues are not properly before us. See INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S.
12 (2002). Only the BIA order is subject to our review, including the IJ’s findings and
reasoning to the extent they were expressly adopted by the BIA. See Falaja v.
Gonzales, 418 F.3d 889, 894 (8th Cir. 2005).

       On appeal, Fofanah argues that substantial evidence does not support the
adverse credibility finding because his testimony was sufficiently detailed and
consistent, minor discrepancies such as the date of his father’s death are explainable
by language barriers and are immaterial, his lack of corroborating testimony and
documents is understandable, and his failure to tell the same story in his prior asylum
application and interview are attributable to the post-traumatic stress he has suffered
since leaving violence-plagued Sierra Leone.

      An IJ’s findings of fact when affirmed by the BIA are “conclusive unless any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(4)(B). Credibility findings in particular are entitled to much weight
because the IJ sees the witness testify and is therefore in the best position to determine

                                           -4-
his or her credibility. Ismail v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 970, 974 (8th Cir. 2005).
Therefore, we defer to a credibility finding that is supported by “a specific, cogent
reason for disbelief.” Aden v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 966, 968 (8th Cir. 2005) (quotation
omitted).

        Here, the IJ and the BIA based the credibility finding on inconsistencies and
inadequacies in the most critical portions of Fofanah’s testimony supporting his
claims of past persecution and a well-founded fear of future persecution and torture --
the circumstances surrounding his conscription by the RUF rebels, his father’s death,
his flight from Sierra Leone to this country, and whether members of his family are
now living safely in Sierra Leone, a country whose conditions have markedly
improved since Fofanah left. See Kondakova v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 792, 796 (8th Cir.
2004), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1053 (2005). After careful review of the entire
administrative record, we conclude that the agency’s adverse credibility finding is
supported by specific, cogent reasons and must therefore be upheld.

      Fofanah applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the
Convention Against Torture. To be eligible for asylum, he must prove that he is
unwilling to return to Sierra Leone “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To be eligible for
withholding of removal, he must prove to an even greater degree of certainty that
persecution will occur on account of a protected status. See Al Tawm v. Ashcroft,
363 F.3d 740, 744 (8th Cir. 2004). To be eligible for relief under the CAT, he must
show that it is more likely than not he would be “tortured” if removed to Sierra Leone.
See 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.16(c)(2), 208.18(a)(1)-(8). As Fofanah’s asylum, withholding
of removal, and CAT claims were based upon the same discredited testimony, the BIA
properly concluded that the adverse credibility finding is fatal to all three claims. See
Alemu v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 572, 575-76 (8th Cir. 2005).



                                          -5-
      Finally, Fofanah renews his request for voluntary departure to this court.
However, we lack jurisdiction to review the denial of voluntary departure. See 8
U.S.C. § 1229c(f); Ignatova v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 1209, 1215 (8th Cir. 2005).
Accordingly, we deny the petition for review.
                      ______________________________




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