                 NOTICE
                                           2014 IL App (5th) 130227
     Decision filed 07/23/14.   The
     text of this decision may be
     changed or corrected prior to
                                       NOS. 5-13-0227, 5-13-0293 cons.
     the filing of a Petition for
     Rehearing or the disposition of             IN THE
     the same.


                                       APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                              FIFTH DISTRICT


ROBERT SMITH,                                             )   Appeal from the
                                                          )   Circuit Court of
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                            )   Randolph County.
                                                          )
v.                                                        )   No. 11-LM-108
                                                          )
JEFF HAMMEL,                                              )   Honorable
                                                          )   Eugene E. Gross,
          Defendant-Appellee.                             )   Judge, presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________________________

JULIE GOSS,                                               )   Appeal from the
                                                          )   Circuit Court of
          Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )   Randolph County.
                                                          )
v.                                                        )   No. 10-CH-48
                                                          )
SMITH CHIROPRACTIC CENTER,                                )
                                                          )
          Defendant-Appellant                             )
                                                          )
(MedStar Ambulance, Inc., Sparta Community                )   Honorable
Hospital, and Quality Health Care Clinic,                 )   Andrew J. Gleeson,
Defendants).                                              )   Judge, presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________________________

          PRESIDING JUSTICE WELCH delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Justices Goldenhersh and Stewart concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1        On September 12, 2008, Julie Goss was involved in an automobile collision in

which she suffered personal injuries. She was treated for those injuries by chiropractor



                                                    1
Robert Smith, who rendered services in the total amount of $2,777.

¶2     Julie Goss instituted a claim against the driver of the other vehicle/tortfeasor

through her attorney, Jeff Hammel, seeking recovery for her injuries. That claim was

settled without the necessity of court action.

¶3     Prior to settlement of the claim, chiropractor Smith had notified Goss and attorney

Hammel of his statutory lien on any settlement proceeds Goss might receive. That lien is

provided by the Health Care Services Lien Act (the Act) (770 ILCS 23/1 et seq. (West

2010)), which provides that every health care provider that renders any medical services

to an injured person shall have a lien upon all claims and causes of action of the injured

person for the amount of the health care provider's reasonable charges.         770 ILCS

23/10(a) (West 2010). The Act requires the health care provider to notify both the injured

party and the party against whom the claim or cause of action exists of the existence of

the lien. 770 ILCS 23/10(b) (West 2010). Notice of the lien may be made by registered

or certified mail or in person. 770 ILCS 23/10(b) (West 2010).

¶4     The Act further provides for adjudication of lien rights under the Act: "On petition

filed by the injured person or the health care professional or health care provider and on

the petitioner's written notice to all interested adverse parties, the circuit court shall

adjudicate the rights of all interested parties ***." 770 ILCS 23/30 (West 2010).1




       1
           Subsequent to the commencement of this action, effective January 1, 2013,

section 30 of the Act was amended to add a paragraph providing that "[a] petition filed

                                                 2
¶5       After Goss's claim was settled, attorney Hammel filed, in the circuit court of

Randolph County, a "Petition to Adjudicate Liens" pursuant to section 30 of the Act (No.

10-CH-48). Chiropractor Smith was notified of the petition to adjudicate liens by regular

and certified mail. There is no dispute that Smith received a copy of the petition to

adjudicate liens and a notice of the hearing on the petition. Nevertheless, Smith did not

appear at the hearing on the petition to adjudicate liens, and in an order entered

September 8, 2010, he was found to be in default. Smith's lien was therefore "discharged

and voided." The settlement proceeds were disbursed in accordance with the court's

order.

¶6       On March 13, 2012, chiropractor Smith filed a "Motion to Vacate Void Order" and

a "Motion to Declare Order Void," arguing that he had not been personally served with

summons and a copy of the petition to adjudicate liens, nor had he otherwise submitted

himself to the jurisdiction of the court. He argued, therefore, that the order finding him in

default and discharging and voiding his lien was void for lack of personal jurisdiction

over him. The motions argue that simply sending a copy of the petition and notice of

hearing is not sufficient to confer personal jurisdiction over a party; personal service of a

summons and complaint is required.

¶7       After a hearing held April 19, 2012, Smith's motions were denied by order entered

April 23, 2012. Smith's motion to reconsider was also denied in an order entered May 31,


under this Section may be served upon the interested adverse parties by personal service,

substitute service, or registered or certified mail." 770 ILCS 23/30 (West 2012).

                                             3
2013. Smith appeals.

¶8     In a different but related case, also filed in the circuit court of Randolph County,

chiropractor Smith brought suit against attorney Hammel for conversion (No. 11-LM-

108). Smith's complaint, filed September 16, 2011, alleged that by failing to have Smith

personally served with summons and complaint on the petition to adjudicate liens, and by

appearing in court on the petition and proceeding to have an order entered discharging

and voiding Smith's lien, Hammel had converted Smith's claim/assets. The suit sought

damages in the amount of the lien, $2,777.

¶9     Hammel filed a motion to dismiss Smith's complaint, arguing that he had followed

proper legal process in adjudicating the lien and that the court's order in that case resolved

all issues. Smith responded that the court had not had personal jurisdiction over him to

validly adjudicate his lien.

¶ 10   On March 1, 2012, the circuit court entered an order dismissing Smith's complaint

for conversion against attorney Hammel. The court found that its order on the petition to

adjudicate liens was res judicata and that Smith's claim for conversion was barred

thereby. Smith's motion to reconsider was denied, and Smith appeals.

¶ 11   Because the two cases present precisely the same issue, they have been

consolidated for our decision. In both cases, Smith argues that the circuit court's order

adjudicating his lien rights is void as the court did not have personal jurisdiction over him

or in rem jurisdiction over the settlement proceeds. We affirm both judgments.

¶ 12   The parties agree, as do we, that the appropriate standard of review is de novo.


                                              4
This appeal presents a question of law only, involving the interpretation of a statutory

provision. It is well settled that where no genuine issue of material fact remains in

dispute and a circuit court has issued a ruling of law, a reviewing court must use a de

novo standard of review. In re Estate of McInerny, 289 Ill. App. 3d 589, 596 (1997); see

also Jayko v. Fraczek, 2012 IL App (1st) 103665, ¶ 3 (a dispute over personal jurisdiction

presents a question of law, and rulings as to questions of law are considered de novo).

¶ 13   The parties also agree, as do we, that where personal jurisdiction over the

defendant is required, an order entered without personal jurisdiction is void ab initio as to

that defendant and subject to direct or collateral attack at any time. DiNardo v. Lamela,

183 Ill. App. 3d 1098, 1101 (1989); see also Jayko, 2012 IL App (1st) 103665, ¶ 3.

Nevertheless, because we find that the proceeding to adjudicate the liens was an in rem

proceeding, we hold that personal jurisdiction over Smith by service of summons was not

required.

¶ 14   Personal jurisdiction pertains to the authority of the court to litigate in reference to

a particular defendant and to determine the rights and duties of that defendant. In re

Possession & Control of the Commissioner of Banks & Real Estate of Independent Trust

Corp., 327 Ill. App. 3d 441, 463 (2001). It is black letter law that the alternative to

personal jurisdiction is in rem jurisdiction or quasi in rem jurisdiction. In re Possession

of Banks & Real Estate, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 463. This form of jurisdiction is concerned

with the relationship between the defendant and the state with respect to specific property.

In re Possession of Banks & Real Estate, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 463. In rem or quasi in rem


                                              5
proceedings do not require personal service of process. In re Possession of Banks & Real

Estate, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 465.

¶ 15   A proceeding to adjudicate liens has specifically been held to be an in rem action.

See Zilinger v. Allied American Insurance Co., 957 F. Supp. 148, 149 (N.D. Ill. 1997);

Jayko v. Fraczek, 2012 IL App (1st) 103665, ¶ 23.

¶ 16   In Zilinger, the plaintiffs were injured in an automobile accident and received a

settlement from their insurance carrier. One of the plaintiffs' union benefit plans asserted

a lien on the proceeds of the insurance settlement. The plaintiffs filed a motion to

adjudicate the lien and served the union benefit plan by mail in accordance with Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 11 (eff. Nov. 15, 1992). Nevertheless, the union benefit plan did not

appear at the hearing.

¶ 17   On a motion for remand following removal to federal court, the benefit plan

argued that the order adjudicating the lien was void because the circuit court had failed to

obtain personal jurisdiction over it. The benefit plan argued that in order to have a valid

lien adjudication, the circuit court must first obtain personal jurisdiction through service

of summons on the parties. The plaintiffs argued that personal jurisdiction was not

required, the proceeding being one in rem.

¶ 18   The district court agreed with the plaintiffs that the lien adjudication was an in rem

action which did not require personal service of process:

       " 'there [is] a res upon which the court is acting…. [The] proceeding 'in rem' is one

       which … is brought to enforce a right in the thing itself.… [J]udgments in rem …


                                             6
       operate directly upon the property and are binding upon all persons in so far as

       their interest in the property is concerned.… [A] judgment in rem … creates no

       personal liability, especially as against those who, while interested in the property,

       have not been served with process and have not appeared in the action.' " Zilinger,

       957 F. Supp. at 149 (quoting Austin v. Royal League, 316 Ill. 188, 193 (1925)).

¶ 19   The court held that the res was the insurance policy settlement proceeds and that

the adjudication of the lien was a determination of competing rights in the settlement

proceeds. Zilinger, 957 F. Supp. at 150. The circuit court's order did not create personal

liability for the benefit plan, and personal service of summons was not required where

supreme court rule allowed service by mail. Zilinger, 957 F. Supp. at 150. Accordingly,

the lien adjudication was valid.

¶ 20   Jayko v. Fraczek, 2012 IL App (1st) 103665, a decision of the First District of this

court, is precisely on point and is the case relied upon by the circuit court in reaching its

decision herein. In Jayko, St. Alexius Medical Center (St. Alexius) appealed from an

order denying its motion to readjudicate its health care provider's lien under the Act

against Jayko's personal injury action, arguing that the original adjudication was void

because St. Alexius had not been personally served with summons.

¶ 21   Jayko had been injured when he was struck by a car while riding his bike. He

received treatment at St. Alexius. Jayko filed a lawsuit against the driver and owner of

the car that had struck him, and St. Alexius notified Jayko's lawyer and the defendant-

driver that it was asserting a lien under the Act on the proceeds of the cause of action. St.


                                             7
Alexius delivered this notice by certified mail, as provided for in section 10(b) of the Act

(770 ILCS 23/10(b) (West 2006)). Jayko used certified mail to notify St. Alexius of the

hearing date on the petition for adjudication. St. Alexius did not contend that it did not

receive the notice. Nevertheless, St. Alexius did not appear at the hearing and its lien was

adjudicated to $0.

¶ 22   In its motion to readjudicate the lien, St. Alexius argued that notice by certified

mail was insufficient to vest the circuit court with personal jurisdiction over it, and that it

was entitled to be personally served with summons of process. In denying the motion, the

circuit court stated that it was relying on the decision in Zilinger for the proposition that a

lien adjudication is an in rem proceeding and does not require service of summons to the

lienholder because the court does not need to acquire personal jurisdiction. The appellate

court agreed.

¶ 23   Applying principles of statutory construction, the appellate court concluded that it

had been the intent of the legislature to allow both notice of the existence of the lien and

notice of the hearing on the petition to adjudicate the lien to be made by registered or

certified mail, or in person. Section 10(b) of the Act refers to "written notice" of the

existence of the health care provider's lien and specifically provides that service of that

written notice shall be by registered or certified mail or in person. Section 30 of the Act

also refers to "written notice" of the petition to adjudicate the lien, but does not

specifically mention the method of service of this written notice. Construing these two

statutory provisions together, as it must, the appellate court concluded that the legislature


                                              8
intended that both notices were adequately served by registered or certified mail or in

person. The court rejected the notion that the legislature intended to impose on the

injured plaintiff the added expense and responsibility of filing a complaint and obtaining

personal service of the complaint. Accordingly the court construed section 30 of the Act

to provide for written notice of the petition to adjudicate the lien to be served by

registered or certified mail or in person. Jayko, 2012 IL App (1st) 103665, ¶ 15.

¶ 24   The court then addressed the question of whether due process considerations

required personal service of the petition to adjudicate the lien, and it concluded that they

did not. Relying on the decision in Zilinger, which it found to be "well founded in Illinois

law" (Jayko, 2012 IL App (1st) 103665, ¶ 22), the court held that Jayko's settlement

proceeds were a res and that the circuit court's adjudication of the statutory liens thereon

was an in rem proceeding for which personal service on and personal jurisdiction over the

health care provider were unnecessary. Thus, Jayko had not only complied with section

30 of the Act but also satisfied due process when he gave notice to St. Alexius through

certified mailing. Jayko, 2012 IL App (1st) 103665, ¶ 23.

¶ 25   Chiropractor Smith argues that the instant proceeding was not one in rem because

Goss's settlement occurred prior to the filing of any suit. Accordingly, Smith argues, the

circuit court never acquired in rem jurisdiction over the res, the settlement proceeds.

Smith argues that Jayko is distinguishable in this respect because in Jayko, the plaintiff-

patient had filed suit against the tortfeasor and settled that lawsuit, creating a res under

the jurisdiction of the court.


                                             9
¶ 26   Smith's argument is somewhat circular: only by acquiring personal jurisdiction

over the parties who created the res, the settlement proceeds, does the court acquire in

rem jurisdiction over the res itself. But, of course, in rem jurisdiction is not acquired by

obtaining personal jurisdiction over the parties who create the res. In rem jurisdiction

rests exclusively on the situs of the res. McCallum v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 379 Ill.

60, 69 (1942). The funds need not have been paid into the court in order for the court to

have in rem jurisdiction over them; the state has in rem jurisdiction over property located

within its borders. McCallum, 379 Ill. at 69. In any event, perhaps the simple answer to

this argument is that the court acquired in rem jurisdiction over the res, the settlement

proceeds, upon the filing of the petition to adjudicate liens.

¶ 27   In summary, we hold that for purposes of adjudicating Smith's lien, the circuit

court did not need personal jurisdiction over Smith, nor was Smith required to be

personally served with summons of process. The court had in rem jurisdiction over the

settlement proceeds against which the lien had been asserted and could therefore

adjudicate Smith's rights with respect to that res. Smith having received proper notice by

mail of the proceeding to adjudicate the lien, and having failed to appear thereon, the

circuit court did not err in finding Smith to be in default and in adjudicating his lien to $0.

Accordingly, we affirm the court's order in No. 10-CH-48.

¶ 28   Furthermore, the circuit court did not err in dismissing Smith's complaint against

attorney Hammel alleging conversion by Hammel of the property against which Smith's

lien was asserted.    Hammel acted pursuant to a valid court order in disbursing the


                                              10
settlement proceeds. He cannot be held liable to Smith in conversion. Accordingly, we

affirm the court's order in No. 11-LM-108.

¶ 29   For the foregoing reasons the orders of the circuit court of Randolph County are

hereby affirmed.



¶ 30   Affirmed.




                                             11
                                        2014 IL App (5th) 130227

                                     NOS. 5-13-0227, 5-13-0293 cons.

                                                 IN THE

                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            FIFTH DISTRICT


ROBERT SMITH,                                       )    Appeal from the
                                                    )    Circuit Court of
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                         )    Randolph County.
                                                    )
v.                                                  )    No. 11-LM-108
                                                    )
JEFF HAMMEL,                                        )    Honorable
                                                    )    Eugene E. Gross,
       Defendant-Appellee.                          )    Judge, presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________________________

JULIE GOSS,                                          )   Appeal from the
                                                     )   Circuit Court of
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                          )   Randolph County.
                                                     )
v.                                                   )   No. 10-CH-48
                                                     )
SMITH CHIROPRACTIC CENTER,                           )
                                                     )
        Defendant-Appellant                          )
                                                     )   Honorable
(MedStar Ambulance, Inc., Sparta Community Hospital, )   Andrew J. Gleeson,
and Quality Health Care Clinic, Defendants).         )   Judge, presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed:               July 23, 2014
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Justices:            Honorable Thomas M. Welch, P.J.
                     Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, J., and
                     Honorable Bruce D. Stewart, J.,
                     Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Attorney             John D. Alleman, Alleman & Hicks, 310 East Main Street, Carbondale, IL 62901
for
Appellant
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Attorney             Jeffrey S. Hammel, Jeffrey S. Hammel Law Firm, 23 South First Street, Belleville, IL
for                  62220
Appellee
____________________________________________________________________________________________
