19‐518‐cv
Suarez v. Big Apple Car, Inc., et al

                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                  SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.


              At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 17th day of March, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:            DENNY CHIN,
                    RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
                    WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
                                         Circuit Judges.
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JACQUELINE SUAREZ,
                                        Plaintiff‐Appellant,

                              ‐v‐                                                  19‐518‐cv

BIG APPLE CAR, INC., DIANA CLEMENTE,
                       Defendants‐Appellees.

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
        The caption in the district court refers to ʺDiane Clemente,ʺ but Clemente was referred
to as ʺDianaʺ throughout the trial and is referred to as ʺDianaʺ in her brief on appeal.
Accordingly, the Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the official caption of this action to
conform to the caption listed above.
FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT:                          MATTHEW J. BLIT, Levine & Blit,
                                                  PLLC, New York, New York.

FOR DEFENDANTS‐APPELLEES:                         BRAN C. NOONAN, FordHarrison
                                                  LLP, New York, New York.



              Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

New York (Donnelly, J.).

              UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

              Plaintiff‐appellant Jacqueline Suarez appeals from a judgment of the

district court, entered April 12, 2018 following a jury verdict, dismissing her claims

against defendants‐appellees for, inter alia, overtime wages. Specifically, Suarez argues

that the district court erred in (1) its instructions to the jury; (2) denying her renewed

motion for judgment as a matter of law; and (3) denying her motion for a new trial. We

assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the

case, and the issues on appeal.

                                     BACKGROUND

              ʺWhen an appeal comes to us after a jury verdict, we view the facts of the

case in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.ʺ Kosmynka v. Polaris Indus., Inc.,

462 F.3d 74, 77 (2d Cir. 2006). Suarez worked for defendant‐appellee Big Apple Car,

Inc. (ʺBig Appleʺ), a black car company, from March 2011 to February 2015. During her


                                            ‐2‐
tenure, Suarez held three positions: driver recruiter, director of driver services, and

dispatch manager.1

1.     Driver Recruiter

              Suarez was hired as driver recruiter because of her driver connections and

expertise. In that role, she recruited over 100 Big Apple drivers, each of whom was

required to take an eight‐hour training class. According to defendant‐appellee Diana

Clemente, president of Big Apple, Suarez had unfettered control over the companyʹs

recruitment program and its training strategy and played a major role in training

drivers.

2.     Director of Driver Services

              As director of driver services, Suarez served as Big Appleʹs sole liaison

with the Taxi and Limousine Commission (ʺTLCʺ). In that role she ensured that Big

Apple complied with applicable regulations. This was a crucial role, as the business

could fail if it was non‐compliant. Moreover, as director of driver services, Suarez was

in charge of hiring and firing drivers, and she also had the discretion to prevent drivers

who were not TLC‐compliant from working.

                                 PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              After Big Apple fired Suarez in 2015, she sued the company pursuant to

the Fair Labor Standards Act (the ʺFLSAʺ) and the New York Labor Law (the ʺNYLLʺ),


1      Suarezʹs position as dispatch manager is not at issue on appeal.
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alleging, among other things, that Big Apple owed her unpaid wages for overtime. At

trial, at the close of the evidence, Suarez moved for a directed verdict. The district court

denied the motion. The jury then returned a verdict in Big Appleʹs favor, finding that

Suarez was exempt from receiving overtime wages. Suarez renewed her motion for

judgment as a matter of law and moved for a new trial. While these motions were

pending, judgment was entered on April 13, 2018. The district court denied Suarezʹs

motions by a memorandum decision and order entered on January 30, 2019. Suarez

filed timely notice of appeal on February 28, 2019. On appeal, Suarez argues that the

jury charge regarding the administrative exemption from the overtime wage

requirement in the FLSA was erroneous and that the district court erred when it denied

her motions for a new trial and judgment as a matter of law.

                                      DISCUSSION

              Under both the FLSA and NYLL, employees who serve ʺin a bona fide

executive, administrative, or professional capacityʺ are not entitled to overtime pay. See

29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1); NYLL § 651(5). Employers have the burden of proving that an

exemption applies. See Dejesus v. HF Mgmt. Servs., LLC, 726 F.3d 85, 91 n.7 (2d Cir.

2013). At issue here is the administrative exemption, which applies to employees (1)

who earn a salary of at least $684 per week; (2) ʺ[w]hose primary duty is the

performance of office or non‐manual work directly related to the management or

general business operations of the employer or the employerʹs customersʺ; and (3)


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ʺ[w]hose primary duty includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment

with respect to matters of significance.ʺ 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a). There is one additional

element under the NYLL: the employee must (4) ʺregularly and directly assist[] an

employer, or an employee employed in a bona fide executive or administrative

capacityʺ or ʺperform[], under only general supervision, work along specialized or

technical lines requiring special training, experience or knowledge.ʺ 12 N.Y.C.R.R. §

142‐2.14(c)(4)(ii)(c).

1.     Jury Charge

               ʺWe review a claim of error in the district courtʹs jury instructions de novo,

disturbing the district courtʹs judgment only if the appellant shows that the error was

prejudicial in light of the charge as a whole.ʺ Sheng v. M&TBank Corp., 848 F.3d 78, 86

(2d Cir. 2017).2 A jury charge is adequate if ʺtaken as a whole, [it] is correct and

sufficiently covers the case so that a jury can intelligently determine the questions

presented to it.ʺ Garnett v. Undercover Officer C0039, 838 F.3d 265, 280 (2d Cir. 2016). ʺA

jury instruction is erroneous if it misleads the jury as to the correct legal standard or

does not adequately inform the jury on the law.ʺ Sheng, 848 F.3d at 86.




2       Big Apple contends that because Suarez did not raise the specific jury‐charge objection
before the district court that she now raises on appeal, she did not properly preserve her
challenge and we should apply plain error review. See Keeling v. Hars, 809 F.3d 43, 51 (2d Cir.
2015). Because Suarezʹs objection cannot survive either standard, we need not resolve this issue.
                                              ‐5‐
               In its jury charge, the district court listed several examples of types of

employees that qualify for the administrative exemption under the FLSA and NYLL.

Suarez takes issue with the last example provided: ʺrecruiting and training individuals

to join an organization.ʺ J. Appʹx at 603. Because Suarez conceded at trial that she was

hired to recruit and train drivers for Big Apple, she argues that the instruction left the

jury with ʺno choice but to determine that [she] was an exempt employee.ʺ Appellantʹs

Br. at 13. We disagree.

               Viewed in their totality, the district courtʹs instructions thoroughly and

accurately explained the law, including five pages dedicated to the administrative

exemption. The instructions were clear: For the jury to find that Suarez was exempt, it

had to find that her ʺprimary duty included the exercise of discretion and independent

judgment about matters of significance.ʺ Appʹx at 600. Given the comprehensiveness of

the courtʹs explanation, no reasonable juror could have understood the list of illustrative

examples of functions that could trigger the administrative exemption, such as

recruiting and training, as eliminating the juryʹs obligation to independently apply this

legal standard. Accordingly, we reject Suarezʹs claim of error in the district courtʹs jury

instruction.

2.     Renewed Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law

               We review a district courtʹs decision on a motion for judgment as a matter

of law de novo. Brady v. Wal‐Mart Stores, Inc., 531 F.3d 127, 133 (2d Cir. 2008). Under


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Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50, a court may overturn a juryʹs verdict and enter

judgment against the non‐moving party if it ʺfinds that a reasonable jury would not

have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the [non‐moving] party.ʺ Fed. R.

Civ. P. 50(a)(1). Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate if (1) there is ʺsuch a

complete absence of evidence supporting the verdict that the juryʹs findings could only

have been the result of sheer surmise and conjectureʺ or (2) ʺthe evidence in favor of the

movant is so overwhelming that reasonable and fair minded [persons] could not arrive

at a verdict against [her].ʺ Brady, 531 F.3d at 133 (second alteration added) (internal

quotation marks omitted). On review, we ʺconsider the evidence in the light most

favorable to the party against whom the motion was made and . . . give that party the

benefit of all reasonable inferences that the jury might have drawn in [its] favor from

the evidence.ʺ ING Glob. v. United Parcel Serv. Oasis Supply Corp., 757 F.3d 92, 97 (2d Cir.

2014) (alteration in original).

              There was ample evidence that both Suarezʹs driver recruiter and director

of driver services positions satisfied the administrative exemption under both the FLSA

and NYLL. As to the first element, the parties stipulated that Suarez was paid more

than $684 per week. As to the remaining elements, Big Apple presented sufficient

evidence for a reasonable jury to determine that the FLSA and NYLL administrative

exemptions applied and that Suarez was therefore not entitled to overtime pay.

According to Clemente, Suarez had complete control over recruiting and training


                                            ‐7‐
drivers while she served as driver recruiter. Suarez testified that she was, in fact, hired

as driver recruiter to perform these functions and that each training lasted eight hours.

Clemente also testified that Suarez had the authority to hire and fire drivers while she

served as director of driver services, and that Suarez was Big Appleʹs only employee

authorized to communicate with the TLC. Because it is up to the jury to ʺpass on the

credibility of the witnesses,ʺ ING, 757 F.3d at 97, and because the record contained

evidence supporting the verdict, Brady, 531 F.3d at 133, the district court did not err in

denying Suarezʹs motion for judgment as a matter of law.

3.     Motion for a New Trial

              ʺWe review a district courtʹs denial of a Rule 59 motion for a new trial for

abuse of discretion, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party.ʺ US Airways, Inc. v. Sabre Holdings Corp., 938 F.3d 43, 54 (2d Cir. 2019) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59, a court may grant

a new trial ʺfor any reason for which a new trial has heretofore been granted in an

action at law in federal court.ʺ Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(1)(A). Such a motion should be

granted only ʺwhen the juryʹs verdict is egregious.ʺ DLC Mgmt. Corp. v. Town of Hyde

Park, 163 F.3d 124, 134 (2d Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also

Amorgianos v. Natʹl R.R. Passenger Corp., 303 F.3d 256, 261 (2d Cir. 2002) (ʺGranting a

new trial . . . is appropriate if the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result or . . . the

verdict is a miscarriage of justice.ʺ (internal quotation marks omitted)). When weighing


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the evidence, a reviewing court ʺshould rarely disturb a juryʹs evaluation of a witnessʹs

credibility.ʺ Raedle v. Credit Agricole Indosuez, 670 F.3d 411, 418 (2d Cir. 2012).

               Even under the ʺless stringentʺ Rule 59 standard, see Manley v. AmBase

Corp., 337 F.3d 237, 244‐45 (2d Cir. 2003), Suarezʹs claim fails. Although there was

substantial agreement between the parties regarding Suarezʹs roles at Big Apple, it

appears from the record that the parties disagreed as to which of her responsibilities

were her primary duties. Because this case turned on the juryʹs evaluation of witness

credibility, see Raedle, 670 F.3d at 418, the juryʹs verdict was not ʺegregious,ʺ see DLC, 163

F.3d at 134, and there was no ʺmiscarriage of justice,ʺ Amorgianos, 303 F.3d at 261.

Accordingly, the district court acted within its discretion in denying Suarezʹs motion for

a new trial.

                                            * * *

               We have considered Suarezʹs remaining arguments and conclude they are

without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district

court.

                                           FOR THE COURT:
                                           Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk




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