                                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                     FILED
                        ________________________         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               January 22, 2007
                               No. 06-13793                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                         ________________________

                 D. C. Docket No. 05-00048-CR-001-WLS-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    versus

CEDRIC WILLIAMS,

                                                           Defendant-Appellant.



                         ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Middle District of Georgia
                      _________________________

                              (January 22, 2007)

Before TJOFLAT, ANDERSON and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     A Middle District of Georgia jury found Cedric Williams guilty of attempted
escape (while confined in a local jail at the direction of the U.S. Marshal), in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 751(a), and the district court sentenced him to prison for a

term of 60 months consecutive to his prior federal sentence. He now appeals his

conviction, contending that the prosecutor used all six of its peremptory challenges

to remove blacks from the jury pool contrary to the Supreme Court’s teaching in

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986).

Although he acknowledges that the prosecutor proffered legitimate, non-

discriminatory reasons for striking jurors #15, #16, and #23 from the venire,

Williams asserts that these reasons failed to pass Batson muster. He contends that

the prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges on jurors #15 and #23 because of

their youth was not a sufficiently substantial non-discriminatory reason. As to

juror #16, he argues that the stated non-discriminatory reason was itself

discriminatory because it was based on the juror’s religion. He did not raise this

point in the district court; instead, he presents it initially to us on appeal.

       We review the district court’s resolution of a Batson challenge with great

deference. United States v. Allen-Brown, 243 F.3d 1293, 1296 (11th Cir. 2001).

“A district court's finding as to why a juror is excused is an issue of fact, and as

such, it will not be disturbed on appeal ‘unless it is clearly erroneous or appears to

have been guided by improper principles of law.’” Id. at 1297. The failure to make



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a timely Batson objection results in a waiver of the claim. United States v.

Cashwell, 950 F.2d 699, 704 (11th Cir. 1992). Where the defendant makes a

timely Batson challenge to the striking of a particular juror—resulting in the

prosecution’s assertion of a non-discriminatory reason for strike – but, as here,

asserts on appeal a new reason why the challenge was unlawful, we review the

issue for plain error.

       “The Batson three-step procedure for evaluating an objection to a

peremptory challenge is as follows: (1) the objector must make a prima facie

showing that the peremptory challenge is exercised on the basis of race; (2) the

burden then shifts to the challenger to articulate a race-neutral explanation for

striking the jurors in question; and (3) the trial court must determine whether the

objector has carried its burden of proving purposeful discrimination.” Allen-

Brown, 243 F.3d at 1297. Where, as here, the district court ruled on the ultimate

issue of discriminatory intent, the question of whether the prima facie showing was

made is moot. United States v. Houston, 456 F.3d 1328, 1336 (11th Cir. 2006).

Batson is violated even if only one peremptory strike resulted from discriminatory

intent. Cochran v. Herring, 43 F.3d 1404, 1412 (11th Cir. 1995).

       The district court did not clearly err in finding that the prosecutor’s race-

neutral explanations for striking juror #15, #16, and #23 were legitimate and non-



                                            3
discriminatory. The prosecutor proffered during jury selection that he had struck

juror #15 because of her youth and lack of worldly experience. It “is not

unreasonable to believe the prosecutor remained worried that a young person with

few ties to the community might be less willing than an older, more permanent

resident” to find Williams guilty. See Rice v. Collins, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 969,

975, 163 L.Ed.2d 824 (2006). The district court did not clearly err in determining

that this was a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for striking #15 from the jury.

      The primary reason the prosecutor proffered for having struck juror #23 was

that, during voir dire, he gave oral answers that contradicted his written answers on

his juror questionnaire, and then suggested that his juror questionnaire had been

forged in some manner. The district court did not clearly err in determining that

this was a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason to strike #23.

      The prosecutor’s proffered race-neutral reason for striking juror #16 was that

she had expressed ambivalence about her ability to come to deliver a verdict

against a defendant. While this ambivalence arose out of #16’s religious beliefs,

Williams did not contend that the prosecutor’s reason was itself discriminatory.

The district court’s determination that this was a legitimate, non-discriminatory

reason to strike #16 cannot have been plain error because there is no controlling

case holding that a Batson violation occurs where a juror is struck because her



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religious beliefs present difficulties in reaching a judgment in a case. See United

States v. Humphrey, 164 F.3d 585, 588 (11th Cir. 1999).

      We find no basis for reversing Williams’s conviction. It is accordingly

      AFFIRMED.




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