                     RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                File Name: 12a0250p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                              _________________


                                               X
                         Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                -
                                                -
                                                -
                                                    No. 10-1699
          v.
                                                ,
                                                 >
                                                -
                       Defendant-Appellee. -
 LAVONE ALFORD WILLIAMS,
                                               N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
             for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
              No. 09-00185-003—Gordon J. Quist, District Judge.
                              Argued: March 7, 2012
                        Decided and Filed: August 7, 2012
              Before: KEITH, BOGGS, and MOORE, Circuit Judges.

                                _________________

                                    COUNSEL
ARGUED: John C. Bruha, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Grand Rapids,
Michigan, for Appellant. Daniel R. Fagan, DANIEL R. FAGAN & ASSOCIATES,
P.C., Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: John C. Bruha, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. Daniel R.
Fagan, DANIEL R. FAGAN & ASSOCIATES, P.C., Grand Rapids, Michigan, for
Appellee.
                                _________________

                                     OPINION
                                _________________

       BOGGS, Circuit Judge. The Government appeals LaVone Williams’s forty-
eight-month sentence for conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute, and
conspiracy to distribute, fifty grams or more of cocaine base. Before sentencing, the
Government moved for a downward departure of two offense levels, pursuant to
18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) and USSG § 5K1.1, thus allowing a sentence below the statutory


                                          1
No. 10-1699        United States v. Williams                                       Page 2


minimum because of Williams’s substantial assistance. The district court determined
that the value of Williams’s assistance warranted a downward departure of three offense
levels. It then varied further downward because of a policy disagreement with the then-
applicable crack-cocaine Sentencing Guidelines. The Government contends that this
second downward variance was improper. We agree. Like every other circuit to
consider the issue, we hold that the only permissible basis for a below-minimum
sentence is the defendant’s substantial assistance. We vacate the current sentence and
remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                            I

       LaVone Williams pleaded guilty to a charge of conspiring to possess with intent
to distribute, and conspiring to distribute, fifty grams or more of cocaine base, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), and 841(b)(1)(A). As part of his plea
agreement, he agreed to cooperate with the Government. The mandatory minimum
sentence for Williams’s offense was ten years, or 120 months, of imprisonment.
Williams had an offense level of twenty-seven and a criminal-history category of III, for
a Guidelines range of 87–108 months of imprisonment.             However, because the
mandatory minimum sentence for Williams’s offense was 120 months of imprisonment,
the district court calculated his offense level as twenty-eight. (“[T]he rule in the Sixth
Circuit is on downward departures you start with the mandatory minimum, so then you
look at the lowest level that gets you into [a] 120 [month sentence]. That’s 28.”).

       Before sentencing, the Government moved for a downward departure of two
offense levels, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) and USSG § 5K1.1, because of
Williams’s substantial assistance. The district court granted the Government’s motion,
departing downward by three levels, one level more than the Government had requested.
Williams’s offense level, now adjusted to reflect his substantial assistance, was twenty-
five. His new Guidelines range was 70–87 months.

       After the district court determined Williams’s new, below-minimum, offense
level, it allowed defense counsel to argue for a variance, based on the then-applicable
crack-cocaine to powder-cocaine sentencing disparity. Ultimately, the district court
No. 10-1699        United States v. Williams                                       Page 3


imposed a sentence of 48 months of imprisonment, five years of supervised release, and
a special assessment of $100. The court expressly acknowledged that, in imposing the
sentence, it was “taking now the [crack-cocaine to powder-cocaine] disparity into
consideration.”

       The Government objected. It suggested:

       Since the only basis for releasing the mandatory minimum and the only
       basis for a downward departure under 5K1.1 is substantial assistance,
       once the government files such a motion to release the mandatory
       minimum, I’m not sure that that allows the Court to vary on other
       grounds. So I guess the government would have to preserve an objection
       in this case to a variance based on something other than substantial
       assistance.

The court responded: “Okay. That’s fine. That’s a good question. I don’t know the
answer to it.” Defense counsel suggested that the sentence imposed was appropriate, and
expressed concern that the appeals court might “tie [the district court’s] hands. He
suggested, therefore, that the district court could “grant a greater 5K [variance based on
substantial assistance] to achieve the same end.” The district court rejected defense
counsel’s proposal. It told counsel: “we try not to cheat that way,” and entered
judgment. The Government appeals.

                                            II

       “Upon motion of the Government, the court shall have the authority to impose
a sentence below a level established by statute as a minimum sentence so as to reflect
a defendant’s substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person
who has committed an offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e). Any such sentence must “be
imposed in accordance with the guidelines and policy statements issued by the
Sentencing Commission.” Ibid.; see also USSG § 5K1.1 (policy statement governing
reduction of sentence based on substantial assistance). At sentencing, the district court
may impose a sentence below the relevant statutory minimum only when the government
makes a motion under § 3553(e). Melendez v. United States, 518 U.S. 120, 125–26
(1996) (“§ 3553(e) requires a Government motion requesting or authorizing the district
No. 10-1699        United States v. Williams                                         Page 4


court to impose a sentence below a level established by statute as minimum sentence
before the court may impose such a sentence.”).

       We, along with our sister circuits, have consistently held that “only factors
relating to a defendant’s cooperation may influence the extent of a departure pursuant
to § 3553(e).” United States v. Bullard, 390 F.3d 413, 416 (6th Cir. 2004) (collecting
cases from First, Fourth, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits) (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted); see also United States v. Winebarger, 664 F.3d
388, 396 (3d Cir. 2011) (“We note that every circuit court of appeals to address the issue
we face today has held that a court may not use factors unrelated to a defendant’s
assistance to the government in reducing the defendant’s sentence below the statutory
minimum.”) (collecting cases). We have recently and repeatedly reaffirmed this view
in our unpublished opinions, reasoning that “Congress gave district courts limited
authority to impose a sentence below a statutory minimum in order to reflect a
defendant’s substantial assistance, [and] this downward departure must be based solely
upon the substantial assistance rendered by the defendant.” United States v. Turner, 436
F. App’x 582, 586 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotations marks omitted). A district court,
we explained, would “exceed[] its limited authority under § 3553(e)” if it “depart[ed]
downward based on a non-substantial-assistance factor.” Ibid.; see also United States
v. Hawn, 446 F. App’x 793, 796–97 (6th Cir. 2012) (“[T]he district court only had the
limited authority to impose a sentence below the statutory minimum to reflect Hawn’s
substantial assistance and it exceeded that authority by varying further below the
minimum for reasons other than Hawn’s substantial assistance.”); United States v.
Harris, 429 F. App’x 543, 547 (6th Cir. 2011). Accordingly, we have “repeatedly
rejected the notion that factors not related to cooperation may be considered in
connection with a § 3553(e) motion.” Hawn, 446 F. App’x at 796.

       Because the district court did not adhere to this principle, it erred. At sentencing,
the district court calculated the value of Williams’s assistance as three offense levels.
Then, it varied below the already-reduced range because it disagreed with the crack-
cocaine to powder-cocaine ratio. (court was “taking . . . the [crack-cocaine to powder-
No. 10-1699         United States v. Williams                                         Page 5


cocaine] disparity into consideration”). In so doing, it plainly “exceeded its limited
authority under § 3553(e).” Turner, 436 F. App’x at 586.

        This does not mean that context has no role to play in the § 3553(e) analysis.
Quite the contrary. As we explained in United States v. Grant, 636 F.3d 803, 817
(6th Cir. 2011) (en banc), the district court may take “contextual considerations” into
account when determining the value of the defendant’s assistance. But “[t]he value of
the substantial assistance is the governing principle in this exercise of discretion, and the
reduction may not exceed the value of the assistance.”            Id. at 816.    When the
Government waives a statutory minimum, pursuant to § 3553(e), the district court has
wide discretion to impose the sentence that it believes is appropriate, given the context.
But that discretion is not altogether unbridled: the district court may not consider factors
unrelated to the value of the defendant’s substantial assistance. Here, the district court
took its disagreement with the crack-cocaine to powder-cocaine sentencing ratio into
account after it determined the value of Williams’s assistance. It erred.

        Williams advances four contrary arguments. None is persuasive. First, Williams
claims that we may not review the district court’s decision because it involves “the
extent of a downward departure.” Appellee’s Br. at 12. In the abstract, Williams is
correct: we generally do not review the extent of a downward departure under § 3553(e).
Bullard, 390 F.3d at 415. This point, however, is irrelevant. The downward departure
itself is not the subject of the Government’s appeal. Rather, the Government challenges
the district court’s taking factors other than substantial assistance into consideration
when imposing a sentence lower than the statutory minimum. Appellant’s Reply Br. at
1. Review of this issue is available, de novo. Bullard, 390 F.3d at 415.

        Williams next claims that, even if we may review the district court’s decision,
the sentence should stand. He argues:

        in spite of the Grant en banc majority opinion, Booker still suggests that
        a sentencing court should be able to consider all of the 18 U.S.C.
        §3553(a) factors to fashion a sentence . . . once a mandatory minimum
        sentence has been released.
No. 10-1699           United States v. Williams                                                 Page 6


Appellee’s Br. at 13–14. To support this conclusion, he cites Judge Merritt’s concurring
opinion in Grant, which interprets the majority opinion as holding that district courts
have “wide discretion to go above or below the government’s recommendation in
substantial assistance cases.” Grant, 636 F.3d at 819. This language, Williams reasons,
“seems to be sanctioning the very step taken by the Sentencing Judge in the instant
case.” Appellee’s Br. at 15.

         Williams’s argument is unpersuasive. First, “‘[n]othing in the reasoning of
Booker expands the authority of a district court to sentence below a statutory
minimum,’” United States v. Johnson, 580 F.3d 666, 673 (7th Cir. 2009) (quoting United
States v. Williams, 474 F.3d 1130, 1132 (8th Cir. 2007)), for “[i]t is not the Guidelines
that prohibit the court from considering other factors, it is the statute.” Ibid. Therefore,
“the remedial holding of Booker does not impact the pre-existing limitations embodied
in § 3553(e),” Williams, 474 F.3d at 1132, which specifically limits the authority to go
below a mandatory minimum “so as to reflect a defendant’s substantial assistance,”
18 U.S.C. § 3553(e).

         Judge Merritt’s Grant concurrence does not counsel a different result. The
majority opinion in Grant squarely holds: “The value of the substantial assistance is the
governing principle in [the district court’s] exercise of discretion, and the reduction may
not exceed the value of the assistance.” Grant, 636 F.3d at 816 (emphasis added).1
Judge Merritt simply pointed out that a district court after Grant could do precisely what
the district court did here: impose a below-minimum sentence lower than the below-
minimum sentence the Government requested in its § 5K1.1 motion. Judge Merritt’s
concurrence does not, however, suggest that a district court has carte blanche to consider
anything it would like, once the government waives the statutory minimum by making
a § 5K1.1 motion.

         Third, Williams suggests that Pepper v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 1229 (2011),
supports his sentence. In Pepper, the Supreme Court held: “when a defendant’s sentence

         1
          Grant involved a Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b) motion. It recognized, though, that Rule 35(b) and the
provisions involved in this case are “interpret[ed] in lockstep.” Grant, 636 F.3d at 815.
No. 10-1699         United States v. Williams                                       Page 7


has been set aside on appeal, a district court at resentencing may consider evidence of
the defendant’s postsentencing rehabilitation and . . . such evidence may, in appropriate
cases, support a downward variance from the now-advisory Federal Sentencing
Guidelines range.” Id. at 1236. Williams argues that Pepper supports his sentence
because “once the downward departure has been granted and the mandatory minimum
has been breached, it is necessary for the sentencing judge to do justice, whether it is in
considering post-sentencing rehabilitation or other factors such as the court did in this
case.” Appellee’s Br. at 18 (emphasis in original). Pepper, though, involved a
guidelines sentence, not waiver of a statutory minimum, and dealt with re-sentencing,
not sentencing in the first instance. At most, it suggests a tendency to allow courts to
consider more, rather than less, information when making sentencing decisions. It
certainly does not compel us to ignore clear precedent, from our circuit and others,
holding that a district court may not consider factors other than the value of substantial
assistance when sentencing below a statutory minimum, pursuant to § 3553(e).

        Finally, Williams argues that “[i]t would be wrong for Appellee, whose
guidelines were driven by pre-Fair Sentencing Act ratios to be required to be re-
sentenced today based upon old Guideline ranges that have now been determined to be
unfair.” Appellee’s Br. at 19. In light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Dorsey
v. United States, 132 S. Ct. 2321 (2012), pre-Fair Sentencing Act law may or may not
apply at a resentencing proceeding. We express no opinion on the issue, and the district
court is free to resolve it in the first instance on remand.

                                            III

        Clear precedent from our circuit and elsewhere dictates that the district court
erred by considering factors other than substantial assistance when imposing a sentence
below the statutory minimum, pursuant to § 3553(e). We VACATE Williams’s sentence
and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
