[Cite as State v. Cavalier, 2012-Ohio-1976.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  MONTGOMERY COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                  :     Appellate Case No. 24651
        Plaintiff-Appellee                        :
                                                  :     Trial Court Case No. 2010-CR-2859
v.                                                :
                                                  :
AMY CAVALIER                                      :     (Criminal Appeal from
                                                  :     (Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                :
                                                  :
                                               ...........

                                               OPINION

                                Rendered on the 4th day of May, 2012.

                                               ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by JOHNNA M. SHIA, Atty. Reg. #0067685, Montgomery County
Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, P.O. Box 972,
301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

TINA M. McFALL, Atty. Reg. #0082586, 117 South Main Street, Suite 400, Dayton, Ohio
45422
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                                       .............

FAIN, J.

                 {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Amy Cavalier appeals from her conviction and

sentence for Tampering with Evidence and for Possession of a Drug Abuse Instrument. She
                                                                                               2


contends that the trial court erred by overruling her motion to suppress evidence obtained as

the result of an unlawful search; that the trial court erred by admitting, over her objection, a

lab report in evidence at her trial; that the evidence in the record is insufficient to support her

conviction for Tampering with Evidence; and that the trial court erred by excluding evidence

she proffered that a police officer at the scene, who testified as a witness at the trial, had

squeezed her throat and threatened to kill her.

               {¶ 2} We conclude that there was probable cause for Cavalier’s arrest for

Solicitation and for Loitering to Solicit, so that the search of her person was incident to her

arrest, and therefore lawful. We conclude that the lab report was disclosed to Cavalier

sufficiently in advance of the trial, as continued by the trial court, to comply with Crim. R.

16(K), and that the trial court’s continuance of the trial date was within its discretion.

               {¶ 3} We conclude that there is insufficient evidence in this record to support

Cavalier’s conviction for Tampering with Evidence. Finally, we conclude that the trial court

did err in excluding evidence, proffered by Cavalier, that a police officer at the scene, who

testified at the trial, had squeezed Cavalier’s throat and threatened to kill her, since this was

admissible to show the bias of the witness. But we conclude that this error was harmless,

since the only conviction surviving this appeal is Cavalier’s conviction for Possession of a

Drug Abuse Instrument, which did not depend in any significant way upon that police officer’s

testimony.

                {¶ 4} Accordingly, Cavalier’s conviction and sentence for Tampering with

Evidence is Reversed; she is Discharged as to that offense; and her conviction for Possession

of a Drug Abuse Instrument is Affirmed. Because the imposition of sentence in the judgment
                                                                                             3


entry did not distinguish between the two offenses of which Cavalier was convicted, this cause

is Remanded for sentencing for Possession of a Drug Abuse Instrument.



                           I. Cavalier Is Arrested and Searched

               {¶ 5} Dayton Police officer Gregory Orick was patrolling an area of North

Main Street, in Dayton, in the early morning hours of September 9, 2010, when he noticed

Cavalier walking north on North Main. Orick recognized her as “a known prostitute that

we’ve done FIs [field interviews] and written tickets to.” He knew her by her first name,

only. Orick got out of his cruiser and began to surveil her. He concluded from the manner

of her walking that she was soliciting.

               {¶ 6} Cavalier got into a vehicle, described by one officer as a Chevy Blazer.

Orick got back into his cruiser and followed.         The vehicle drove a circuitous route.

Eventually, two other police officers, Robert Orndorff and Joshua Campbell, each in his own

cruiser, joined in following the Blazer, in radio contact with one another and with Orick.

               {¶ 7} The Blazer stopped near the intersection of Elizabeth and Rockford.

Cavalier got out and went inside an apartment building known for heavy narcotics activity.

Two to three minutes later, she came back outside and got back in the Blazer, which drove off.



               {¶ 8} Orick had left his cruiser when Cavalier got out of the Blazer. He

radioed Orndorff and Campbell, and the three officers took positions calculated to pick up the

Blazer in whichever direction it might take. Campbell and Orndorff did pick up the Blazer

and followed it.
                                                                                            4


               {¶ 9} The Blazer stopped at Otterbein, near Stamford. At this point, Orick

was two to three minutes away. Cavalier got out of the Blazer. Campbell stopped the

Blazer. Orndorff arrested Cavalier.

       {¶ 10} Orndorff conducted a cursory pat-down of Cavalier, but did not handcuff her.

He put her in the back seat of his cruiser and contacted Dayton Police officer Jennifer Stack,

who was on duty in a nearby district, to come and conduct a thorough search incident to arrest.

       {¶ 11} Stack asked Cavalier, before conducting the search, whether she had any

knives, needles, weapons, or anything else that could hurt Stack, on her person. Cavalier said

she did not. Stack started with Cavalier’s head and shoulders and worked down. As Stack

was getting to the area of Cavalier’s waistband, Orndorff told Stack that Cavalier had a prior

FIC (field investigation card) reflecting that Cavalier had had syringes. Stack again asked

Cavalier if she had any needles, etc., and Cavalier again said no. And as Stack was searching

Cavalier’s leg, Stack again inquired, and Cavalier again said no.

       {¶ 12} As Stack began the pat-down of Cavalier’s crotch area, Stack “felt a scratch

and a slight prick on my right forearm.” Stack finished the pat-down, and began feeling a

burning sensation on her right forearm. Stack had one of the other officers shine a flashlight

on her forearm, and noticed “a scratch and a small prick-like small blood droplet” on her right

forearm.

       {¶ 13} In the meantime, Campbell and Orick had searched the Blazer, with the

consent of the driver. Orick found a rolled up paper towel in the passenger-side door pocket.

He had previously seen paper towels used to roll up hot crack pipes, as well as syringe

needles.   He retrieved it as evidence.     Nothing else was found having any evidentiary
                                                                                             5


significance.

          {¶ 14} By the time Stack had been pricked, Campbell, Orick and Orndorff were all in

the vicinity where Stack was searching Cavalier, although they had given the women some

space for the sake of Cavalier’s privacy. All three officers could tell from the change in tone

of Stack’s voice that she was upset.

          {¶ 15} Even though Stack “pretty much knew” that she had been pricked by a syringe

needle in Cavalier’s pants, she again asked Cavalier, several times, if she had a needle in her

pants, and Cavalier kept saying no, she didn’t. Finally, Cavalier offered to open up her pants

so that Stack could see for herself, and the women moved behind the rear of one of the police

cruisers, for more privacy. When Cavalier opened up her pants, Stack saw an orange syringe

cap and part of a syringe inside Cavalier’s underwear. Stack told Cavalier to get it out.

Cavalier removed the orange cap and started to hand it to Stack. Stack told Cavalier to place

it on top of the cruiser trunk. Cavalier complied.

          {¶ 16} Stack then told Cavalier to get the rest of it out, and Cavalier said she didn’t

have anything else. Stack asked Cavalier repeatedly if she had any needles, and Cavalier said

no. Finally, Orndorff came over and told Cavalier that they would take her to the hospital for

hospital personnel to retrieve the needle, if Cavalier would not do it herself. Cavalier then

retrieved the syringe and placed it on the trunk of the cruiser.

          {¶ 17} Stack characterized her pat-down search of Cavalier as a search incident to

arrest.

          {¶ 18} Cavalier proffered the testimony of both Orick and Campbell that at some

point after the pat-down search was complete, Orick placed his hand or hands on Cavalier’s
                                                                                           6


neck, squeezed, and said to Cavalier something to the effect that if anything happened to

Stack, he would “personally f***ing kill you myself.” The trial court did not permit this

testimony to be presented to the jury.



                                II. The Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 19} Cavalier was charged by indictment with one count of Tampering with

Evidence, in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), a felony of the third degree; one count of

Harassment of a Law Enforcement Officer by Means of Contact with a Bodily Substance, in

violation of R.C. 2921.38(B), a felony of the fifth degree; and one count of Possession of a

Drug Abuse Instrument, in violation of R.C. 2925.12(A), a misdemeanor of the second degree.

       {¶ 20} Cavalier moved to suppress evidence, contending that it was obtained as a

result of an unlawful search and seizure. Following a suppression hearing, this motion was

overruled.

       {¶ 21} Cavalier moved to exclude a lab report concerning the contents of the syringe,

which tested positive for cocaine, upon the ground that the State had not disclosed the

contents of the report to her at least 21 days before trial, as required by Crim. R. 16(K). The

trial court continued the trial date to a date beyond the 21-day requirement, and overruled

Cavalier’s motion to exclude this evidence.

       {¶ 22} At trial, the trial court did not allow Cavalier to present evidence of Orick’s

act of having choked her and having threatened to kill her, which Cavalier offered to show

bias on the part of Orick, who was called as a witness at trial.

       {¶ 23} When the State rested, Cavalier moved for a judgment of acquittal on both the
                                                                                          7


Tampering with Evidence and Harassment counts. The trial court overruled this motion.

Cavalier did not present any evidence in her defense.

       {¶ 24} The jury found Cavalier not guilty of the Harassment count, but guilty of both

Tampering with Evidence and Possession of a Drug Abuse Instrument.            The trial court

entered a judgment convicting Cavalier of Tampering with Evidence and Possession of a Drug

Abuse Instrument. The trial court sentenced Cavalier to community control sanctions for a

period not to exceed five years, including 30 days in jail, and suspended her driver’s license

for six months. The trial court did not differentiate between the two counts upon which

Cavalier was convicted in imposing sentence.

       {¶ 25} From her convictions and sentence, Cavalier appeals.



        III. There Was Probable Cause to Arrest Cavalier for Soliciting and for

              Loitering to Solicit, So That the Search Leading to the Seizure

                 of Evidence Was Proper As a Search Incident to Arrest.

       {¶ 26} Cavalier’s First Assignment of Error is as follows:

       {¶ 27} “THE      TRIAL     COURT        ERRED    WHEN        IT   OVERRULED       THE

APPELLANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS BECAUSE THE OFFICER LACKED

PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST THE APPELLANT, AND THEREFORE THE ARREST

AND SUBSEQUENT SEARCH OF THE DEFENDANT WAS ILLEGAL UNDER THE

FOURTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION.”

       {¶ 28} The State’s justification for the warrantless search of Cavalier’s person

leading to the discovery of the syringe was predicated upon its having been a search incident
                                                                                             8


to arrest. Although the State argues in its brief that the officers also had justification to

conduct a limited pat-down search for the safety of the officers, Stack testified that the search

she conducted was not a limited pat-down search, but a more thorough search, incident to

Cavalier’s arrest. Cavalier argues that there was no probable cause justifying the arrest, and

therefore the search incident to arrest.

       {¶ 29} Soliciting, a misdemeanor of the third degree, is proscribed by R.C.

2907.24(A), which provides as follows: “No person shall solicit another to engage with such

other person in sexual activity for hire.”

       {¶ 30} Loitering to Solicit, a misdemeanor of the third degree, is proscribed by R.C.

2907.241(A), which provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

               (A) No person, with purpose to solicit another to engage in sexual activity for

       hire and while in or near a public place, shall do any of the following:

               (1) Beckon to, stop, or attempt to stop another;

               (2) Engage or attempt to engage another in conversation;

               (3) Stop or attempt to stop the operator of a vehicle or approach a stationary

       vehicle;

                  ***

       {¶ 31} “Whether [an] arrest [is] constitutionally valid depends * * * upon whether, at

the moment the arrest was made, the officers had probable cause to make it — whether at that

moment the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably

trustworthy information were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the

petitioner had committed or was committing an offense.” Beck v. State of Ohio 379 U.S. 89,
                                                                                            9


91, 85 S.Ct. 223, 225-226, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964) (Citations omitted).

       {¶ 32} Before Cavalier was arrested, Orick had observed her walking on the street for

fifteen to twenty minutes.    At the suppression hearing, Orick described the activity he

observed that led him to conclude that Cavalier was a prostitute looking for customers:

               Walking up and down the street, North Main Street, making eye contact with

       cars as they would pass both northbound and southbound. This is not only this night,

       but previous nights. Again, as I tried to testify, women will generally try to time their

       location to a corner so the vehicle will have an opportunity to go on to a side street.

       As they walk into a side street, she would walk – especially like at Fairview for this

       particular night, as the car would come she would start walking on East Fairview. As

       soon as the car would pass by, then she’d come back out on Main Street and just

       continue her travel.

       {¶ 33} Not only did Orick observe Cavalier acting in this way on the night of her

arrest, he had observed her behaving similarly “numerous times” previously. Cavalier stayed

within “her block, half block” while walking in this fashion.

       {¶ 34} The behavior Orick observed, the time of day – 1:50 a.m., and the reputation

of the area for prostitution, led him to conclude that Cavalier was Loitering to Solicit. When

the Chevy Blazer stopped for Cavalier to get in, after flashing its brake lights in a manner

Orick recognized as a signal customers use to tell a prostitute to get in the car, Orick

concluded that Cavalier was Soliciting the driver of the Blazer. We conclude that Orick’s

own observations warranted a prudent person in believing that Cavalier was committing these

offenses. Therefore, there was probable cause for Cavalier’s arrest.
                                                                                         10


       {¶ 35} Cavalier’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.



                     IV. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Overruling

                      Cavalier’s Motion to Exclude the Lab Report.

       {¶ 36} Cavalier’s Second Assignment of Error is as follows:

       {¶ 37} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE APPELLANT’S PREJUDICE

WHEN IT FAILED TO EXCLUDE THE LAB REPORT FROM EVIDENCE AT THE

TRIAL AND INSTEAD IN AN EFFORT TO COMPLY WITH CRIM. R. 16(K) ORDERED

THE TRIAL DATE CONTINUED WITHOUT GOOD CAUSE SHOWN.”

       {¶ 38} A laboratory report concerning the contents of the syringe, which had tested

positive for cocaine, was generated on September 16, 2010. Cavalier filed a motion for

discovery on September 24, 2010. Crim. R. 16(K) provides as follows:

              An expert witness for either side shall prepare a written report summarizing the

       expert witness’s testimony, findings, analysis, conclusions, or opinion, and shall

       include a summary of the expert’s qualifications. The written report and summary of

       qualifications shall be subject to disclosure under this rule no later than twenty-one

       days prior to trial, which period may be modified by the court for good cause shown,

       which does not prejudice any other party. Failure to disclose the written report to

       opposing counsel shall preclude the expert’s testimony at trial.

       {¶ 39} The State provided Cavalier with a copy of the lab report the day before the

scheduled trial date of January 25, 2011. Cavalier sought to exclude the lab report and the

expert’s testimony from evidence upon the ground that Crim. R. 16(K) was violated. The
                                                                                                                                   11


trial court declined to do so, but continued the trial date until March 4, 2011, more than 21

days later.1

         {¶ 40} Cavalier argues that Crim. R. 16(K) imposes an absolute obligation on the part

of a party with an expert witness to produce a written report to the opposing party at least 21

days before trial, and that the necessary consequence of the party’s failure to do so is the

exclusion of the expert’s testimony, citing the final sentence of the Rule. But the preceding

sentence of the Rule recognizes that the trial court has some leeway in the matter, as long as

neither party is prejudiced thereby.

         {¶ 41} Furthermore, once the trial court continued the trial date, Crim. R. 16(K) was

literally complied with. The lab report was disclosed to Cavalier more than 21 days before

trial. Her complaint is with the trial court’s decision to continue the trial, which both parties

assert to have been at the State’s request.

         {¶ 42} A trial court generally has discretion in the matter of continuances. That this

discretion may be exercised in connection with failures to comply with Crim. R. 16 is

recognized in Crim. R. 16(L)(1):

         The trial court may make orders regulating discovery not inconsistent with this rule.

If at any time during the course of the proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court

that a party has failed to comply with this rule or with an order issued pursuant to this rule, the

court may order such party to permit the discovery or inspection, grant a continuance, or

prohibit the party from introducing in evidence the material not disclosed, or it may make such

            1
             The record does not directly reflect these actions, but Cavalier asserts that they occurred, both in her brief on appeal and in a
 motion to exclude she filed on January 26, 2011, and the State corroborates her assertion in its brief on appeal. Therefore, we will take these
 assertions to be true.
                                                                                                      12


       other order as it deems just under the circumstances. (Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 43} We see no abuse of discretion. The only prejudice Cavalier asserts is that she was

subject to electronic home monitoring detention pending her trial, which was extended during the

period of this continuance. But if this circumstance is deemed sufficiently prejudicial to bar the

granting of a request by the State for a continuance, then a trial court could never properly grant the

State’s request for a continuance where a defendant is subject to pre-trial confinement.

       {¶ 44}     Here, the State asserted, and the trial court appears to have agreed, that its failure to

have complied with Crim. R. 16(K) was inadvertent. Expert testimony concerning the contents of

the syringe was obviously important, if not essential, evidence for the jury to consider concerning the

Possession of a Drug Abuse Instrument charge. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion by granting the State’s request for a continuance.

       {¶ 45} Cavalier’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.



                     V. The Evidence in the Record Is Insufficient to Support

                        Cavalier’s Conviction for Tampering with Evidence.

       {¶ 46} Cavalier’s Third Assignment of Error is as follows:

       {¶ 47} “THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT AS A MATTER OF LAW TO SUSTAIN A

CONVICTION FOR TAMPERING WITH EVIDENCE.”

                {¶ 48} Cavalier was convicted of Tampering with Evidence, in violation of R.C.

       2921.12(A), which provides as follows:

                        No person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation is in progress,

                or is about to be or likely to be instituted, shall do any of the following:
                                                                                            13


                (1) Alter, destroy, conceal, or remove any record, document, or thing, with

        purpose to impair its value or availability as evidence in such proceeding or

        investigation;

                (2) Make, present, or use any record, document, or thing, knowing it to be false

        and with purpose to mislead a public official who is or may be engaged in such

        proceeding or investigation, or with purpose to corrupt the outcome of any such

        proceeding or investigation.

        {¶ 49} There is no evidence to establish when Cavalier put the hypodermic syringe

inside her underwear, but she clearly did not do so after she was arrested, or the officers would

have noticed.

        {¶ 50} Police officers Orick, Orndorff, and Campbell testified at trial that when they

had Cavalier under observation, before she was arrested, they were attempting not to be

noticed by her, and they believed that she did not notice them. The State contends that

Cavalier nevertheless knew that an official investigation was about to be, or was likely to be,

instituted.     The State cites State v. Schmitz, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-200,

2005-Ohio-6617, ¶ 17, for the proposition that: “When an offender commits an unmistakable

crime, the offender has constructive knowledge of an impending investigation of the crime

committed.” While State v. Schmitz does contain this quoted sentence, we doubt that it

should be taken so literally. To begin with, this proposition was not necessary to the court’s

holding, which was that there was insufficient evidence that the defendant in that case had

intended to delete the evidence, which were photographs, from a computer disc.

        {¶ 51} The quoted sentence in State v. Schmitz cites two previous Tenth District
                                                                                           14


cases, State v. Cockroft, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-608, 2005-Ohio-748; and State v.

Jones, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-1390, 2003-Ohio-5994. Both of those cases involved

fatal shootings, where it was reasonable to suppose that the shootings would be investigated.

Schmitz at least involved a crime, Gross Sexual Imposition, with a person likely to complain.

By contrast, the offense Cavalier had committed – Loitering to Solicit, or even Solicitation –

was a crime without anyone who was likely to complain. Cavalier had no great reason to

suppose that she would be the subject of an official investigation.

        {¶ 52} The State argues that anyone who commits an offense is on constructive

notice that an official investigation will ensue. In our view, this argues too much. If the

State is correct, then anyone who commits the offense of changing lanes without signaling,

continues on home, and then parks in a closed garage, would be guilty of Tampering with

Evidence, a third-degree felony, since the offender would be on constructive notice that an

official investigation is likely to result, and by parking the vehicle used in the commission of

the offense in a closed garage, the offender has impaired its availability as evidence – an

investigating police officer will be less likely to find it.

        {¶ 53} We conclude that the evidence in this record does not support a finding that

Cavalier knew, before she was arrested, that an official investigation was likely to be

instituted.

        {¶ 54} The State also argues that when Cavalier was asked, both before and during,

Stack’s pat-down search, whether she had any needles on her person, and answered in the

negative, she committed the offense of Tampering with Evidence. Obviously, Cavalier knew,

during the pat-down search, that she was the subject of an official investigation. The issue is
                                                                                               15


whether her denials constituted a concealment of the syringe, in violation of R.C.

2921.12(A)(1), or the making, presentation or use of any record, document, or thing, knowing

it to be false, and with the intention of misleading an official engaged in an official

investigation, in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(2).

       {¶ 55} In construing R.C. 2921.12(A), we are guided by the familiar principle that

criminal statutes must be construed strictly against the State. R.C. 2901.04(A). The making

of a false statement to mislead a public official is the subject of R.C. 2921.13 – Falsification,

which is generally punishable as a misdemeanor. This suggests that R.C. 2921.12(A) is

intended, by contrast, to deal with the concealment, destruction, alteration, or falsification of

tangible evidence, possibly including electronic data, as opposed to a false oral statement.

       {¶ 56} Furthermore, to give R.C. 2921.12(A) the broad reach argued by the State

would lead to a self-incrimination problem identified in State v. Sowry, 155 Ohio App.3d 742,

2004-Ohio-399, 803 N.E.2d 867 (2d Dist.), ¶ 21. If the State’s argument were accepted, a

police officer could ask any person about the existence and location of potential incriminating

evidence, and if the person were to falsely deny the existence of the incriminating evidence, he

or she would be guilty of Tampering with Evidence, a third-degree felony. This would exert

a compulsion on the person to disclose the location and existence of incriminating evidence, in

violation of that person’s right, under both the Fifth Amendment to the United States

Constitution, and Article I, Section 10, of the Ohio Constitution, not to be compelled to testify

against himself or herself.

       {¶ 57} Theoretically, the person asked about potential incriminating evidence could

assert the constitutional privilege, rather than respond falsely, but this is unrealistic in view of
                                                                                              16


the fact that in almost all such situations, the person being interrogated will not have had an

opportunity to consult counsel.

       {¶ 58} In view of the strict construction of criminal statutes, and the principle of

construing a statute, where reasonably possible, to avoid constitutional issues, we conclude

that R.C. 2921.12 is not intended to encompass the false oral statements in this case.

       {¶ 59} Cavalier’s Third Assignment of Error is sustained.



VI. The Trial Court Erred in Excluding Evidence of the Bias of the Witness Orick, But

    this Error Was Harmless in View of this Court’s Disposition of Cavalier’s Third

                                     Assignment of Error.

       {¶ 60} Cavalier’s Fourth Assignment of Error is as follows:

       {¶ 61} “THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT BARRED

THE DEFENDANT FROM ENTERING AT TRIAL EVIDENCE THAT OFFICER ORICK

BOTH CHOKED AMY CAVALIER AND THREATENED TO KILL HER[,] THEREFORE

WAS A BIASED WITNESS.”

       {¶ 62} Before trial, the State moved in limine to exclude evidence that Orick had

choked Cavalier, or had squeezed her throat, and had threatened to kill her. Cavalier argued

at that time that if Orick should testify as a witness, then she should be permitted to elicit this

evidence to show Orick’s bias as a witness. The trial court disagreed.

       {¶ 63} At trial, Cavalier renewed her request to pursue this line of questioning. The

trial court would not permit it, but did permit a proffer, outside of the presence of the jury, at

which Cavalier established the facts of Orick’s having squeezed her throat, and having
                                                                                               17


threatened to kill her if anything should happen to Stack, both through the testimony of Orick

and through the testimony of Campbell.

       {¶ 64} Evidence of the bias of a witness is expressly permitted by Evid. R. 616(A).

Although the Ohio Rules of Evidence frequently involve a weighing process that gives a trial

court some discretion – Evid. R. 403(B), for example – the Rules of Evidence have the force

of law, and may not be ignored. Evidence of a witness’s bias also has significance under the

Confrontation clauses of both the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and

Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution. The prohibition of any inquiry concerning the

possibility that a witness is biased has been held to violate the Sixth Amendment

Confrontation clause. Delaware v. Van Arsdell, 475 U.S. 673, 678-679, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89

L.Ed.2d 674 (1986).

       {¶ 65} The proffered evidence was probative of Orick’s ill-feeling toward Cavalier.

This was understandable in view of Cavalier’s conduct that exposed Stack, a fellow police

officer, to a serious risk of harm. This evidence was competent to show to the jury that Orick

might not be approaching his testimony with the same detached neutrality that should

ordinarily accompany a police officer’s testimony in a criminal trial. The jury should have

had this evidence, to make of it what they would, and it was error not to have permitted it.

       {¶ 66} But we conclude that the error in excluding this evidence is necessarily

harmless. In view of our disposition of Cavalier’s Third Assignment of Error, the only

conviction surviving this appeal is Cavalier’s conviction for Possession of a Drug Abuse

Instrument. That conviction did not depend upon Orick’s testimony in any significant way.

It was Stack who observed the syringe in Cavalier’s underwear, and who saw Cavalier retrieve
                                                                                           18


it from there and place it on top of the cruiser trunk, not Orick. Although Orick testified that

he straightened the bent needle somewhat, for the protection of all concerned, it was Campbell

who took charge of the evidence and got it to the property room.

       {¶ 67} Even if Orick’s testimony had been totally discredited by the jury, there is no

reason to believe that their verdict on the charge of Possession of a Drug Abuse Instrument

(upon which Cavalier conceded guilt in her closing argument) would have been affected.

       {¶ 68} Cavalier’s Fourth Assignment of Error is overruled as harmless.



                                      VII. Conclusion

       {¶ 69} Cavalier’s Third Assignment of Error having been sustained, her First and

Second Assignments of Error having been overruled, and her Fourth Assignment of Error

having been overruled as harmless, her conviction for Tampering with Evidence is Reversed,

and she is Discharged as to that offense. Her conviction for Possession of a Drug Abuse

Instrument is Affirmed.     Because the judgment entry does not distinguish between the

Tampering with Evidence and Possession of a Drug Abuse Instrument convictions for

sentencing purposes, this cause is Remanded for sentencing upon Cavalier’s Possession of a

Drug Abuse Instrument conviction.

                                                  .............

DONOVAN and FROELICH, JJ., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Mathias H. Heck/Johnna M. Shia
Tina McFall
Hon. Mary K. Huffman
19
