                       United States Court of Appeals
                              FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 08-1149
                                    ___________

United States of America,                *
                                         *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,              *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the
                                         * Southern District of Iowa.
Bobby Littrell, Jr.,                     *
                                         *
      Defendant - Appellant.             *
                                    ___________

                               Submitted: September 23, 2008
                                  Filed: February 23, 2009
                                   ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

       Bobby Littrell, Jr., appeals the 120-month sentence imposed after a jury
convicted him of being a felon in possession of a firearm. He argues the district court1
erred in applying a four-level enhancement because he used the firearm “in connection
with another felony offense,” namely, theft of his landlady’s car. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(6). Finding no clear error, we affirm.




      1
       The HONORABLE JAMES E. GRITZNER, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa.
        Early on the morning of August 2, 2006, Littrell argued with his landlady,
Melissa Stout, at her home in West Des Moines, where Littrell had been renting a
room for about two months. When Stout reminded Littrell that he owed her more than
$1,000 in rent and other debts, Littrell went to his bedroom, returned with a hard-sided
case, and pulled a firearm. Littrell pointed the gun at Stout and threatened to kill her,
then fired a bullet into the living room ceiling and out the roof. Littrell and his
girlfriend, Chrissy Highland, went to his bedroom and packed his belongings in
pillowcases and sheets. Littrell went to the basement and cut the phone lines and
threatened to kill Stout if she left the house. Some two or three hours after firing the
shot, Littrell left with Highland in Stout’s car. Stout called the police from the home
of a friend. Five days later, the police recovered the damaged car outside a store in
Des Moines about four miles from Stout’s home. Store employees told the police that
the car had been there for several days.

        After the trial and conviction, Littrell objected to the presentence investigation
report’s recommendation of a four-level enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)2 because
he used the firearm in connection with another felony offense, theft of Stout’s car. At
sentencing, neither party offered additional evidence on this issue. Littrell argued that
the trial evidence failed to establish theft because Stout had frequently let him use her
car while he was living with her, and failed to establish use of the gun to facilitate
theft because of the lapse of time between the gun shot and Littrell leaving with the
car. The district court imposed the four-level enhancement, finding that, on this
occasion, Littrell took the car without Stout’s consent after threatening her life and
firing the weapon. This resulted in an advisory guidelines range of 100 to 125
months. The district court sentenced Littrell to 120 months in prison, the statutory
maximum under 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2), citing factors including the need for public
safety.


      2
     This enhancement was moved from § 2K2.1(b)(5) to § 2K2.1(b)(6) on
November 1, 2006, without substantive change.

                                           -2-
       Littrell appeals the four-level enhancement. In applying § 2K2.1(b)(6) when
the defendant has not been convicted of another state or federal felony offense, the
district court must find by a preponderance of the evidence that another felony offense
was committed, and that use or possession of the firearm “facilitated” that other
felony. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(A); see United States v. Smart, 501 F.3d 862, 867
(8th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1258 (2008); United States v. Mack, 343 F.3d
929, 936 (8th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1226 (2004).

       The Iowa criminal code includes two theft offenses that are relevant to this
issue. Iowa Code § 714.1(1) provides that a person commits theft when he takes
possession of another’s property “with the intent to deprive the other thereof.” Theft
of a motor vehicle is always a felony. § 714.2(2). To establish a violation of
§ 714.1(1), the prosecution must prove intent to permanently deprive the owner of her
property. State v. Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d 785, 789 (Iowa 1999). On the other hand,
a person commits the lesser-included offense of Operating a Vehicle Without the
Owner’s Consent if he takes a car without permission but also without the intent to
permanently deprive the owner of the vehicle. Iowa Code § 714.7. Whether a
defendant intended to permanently deprive the owner of a stolen car can be a close
question in a case like this, where Stout’s car was abandoned by Littrell a few miles
away and a relatively short time after he took it. Compare State v. McCarty, 2004 WL
894553, at *4-5 (Iowa App. Apr. 28, 2004), with State v. Morris, 2003 WL 22187286,
at *2-3 (Iowa App. Sept. 24, 2003), aff’d, 677 N.W.2d 787 (Iowa 2004). However,
though a violation of § 714.7, the lesser offense, is only an aggravated misdemeanor
under Iowa law, it carries a maximum punishment of two years in prison and is
therefore a “felony” for purposes of this federal sentencing enhancement. See Iowa
Code § 903.1(2); U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(C). Therefore, the district court did not
need to find that Littrell intended to permanently deprive Stout of her car.

       Littrell argues that the district court clearly erred in finding that he took Stout’s
car without her consent. Stout acknowledged at trial that she regularly allowed Littrell

                                            -3-
to borrow her car and that Littrell had a key. Stout testified that she felt threatened
when Littrell fired the gun and later told her not to leave the house, and that she
instructed him to return the car by three o’clock that afternoon but did not expect him
to do so. The district court found that Littrell’s violent and threatening behavior
negated any general consent he previously enjoyed. Accordingly, the court found that
Littrell’s conduct was “completely inconsistent with Ms. Stout consenting to provide
him with . . . any vehicle at that point in time.” Under Iowa law, “force or threat of
force can negate [the] consent” of a property owner. State v. Durham, 196 N.W.2d
428, 430 (Iowa 1972). Here, the evidence at trial was clearly sufficient for the district
court to find by a preponderance of the evidence that Littrell took Stout’s car without
her consent and therefore committed a felony theft offense under § 714.1 or § 714.7
of the Iowa Code.

       Littrell also challenges the district court’s finding that he possessed the firearm
“in connection with” the motor vehicle theft. Though some time passed between the
shooting incident and Littrell leaving with the car, the district court found that his use
of the firearm to intimidate Stout facilitated the later theft. This finding is not clearly
erroneous. Moreover, Highland testified at trial that Littrell took the firearm from
Stout’s house, drove in Stout’s car to a friend’s house, and brought the firearm into
that house. “[A] defendant’s maintenance of a firearm at an easily accessible location
while in a stolen car permits the inference that the firearm emboldened the defendant
to continue his illegal conduct.” Mack, 343 F.3d at 936.

       The district court did not clearly err in finding that Littrell possessed the firearm
“in connection with” another felony offense, motor vehicle theft. The judgment of the
district court is affirmed.
                         ______________________________




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