               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 45628

STATE OF IDAHO,                                 )
                                                )    Filed: January 11, 2019
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                    )
                                                )    Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
v.                                              )
                                                )    THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
JERAMEY STORM ANDERSON,                         )    OPINION AND SHALL NOT
                                                )    BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
       Defendant-Appellant.                     )
                                                )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
       County. Hon. Jason D. Scott, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction, affirmed.

       Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Ben P. McGreevy, Deputy
       Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kenneth K. Jorgensen, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________

HUSKEY, Judge
       Jeramey Storm Anderson appeals from the district court’s judgment of conviction.
Concerning his conviction for possession of methamphetamine, Anderson argues: (1) the State
did not present sufficient evidence to support the conviction; (2) the State committed
prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument by arguing for Anderson’s conviction based on
uncharged conduct; and (3) the district court erred when it did not give the jury a unanimity
instruction. The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
                                                I.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Testimony at trial established the following facts. After observing Anderson commit
several traffic violations, two officers turned on their vehicle’s overhead lights in order to stop
Anderson’s vehicle. Anderson’s vehicle did not immediately stop, but kept driving slowly for


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another block and a half. Anderson testified that he did not immediately stop his vehicle because
he was eating a bag of methamphetamine that he did not want the officers to discover.
       The officers approached Anderson’s vehicle. After Anderson opened his glovebox to
remove paperwork, one of the officers observed a syringe in the glovebox. The other officer
then asked Anderson to step out of the vehicle after observing Anderson acting nervous, with
rapid breathing and shaky hands.       After Anderson stepped out of the vehicle, the officer
performed a pat-down search and asked Anderson if he could search his pockets. Anderson
agreed and the officer retrieved a long glass tube from a pocket.
       Anderson then consented to a search of his vehicle. During the search, Anderson waited
in the back of the officers’ patrol vehicle. The officers found two syringe caps, a glass pipe, and
a safe in the back seat. Shortly after the officers finished the search, a drug dog arrived at the
scene and indicated on the vehicle, specifically indicating on the safe.        The officers took
Anderson out of the patrol car and arrested him for possession of drug paraphernalia. As they
were handcuffing Anderson, the officers noticed a bag on the ground near Anderson’s feet with
the number 420 printed across it multiple times (420 bag). The officers performed a field test of
the bag which returned a presumptive positive for a controlled substance, but the officers did not
perform any additional testing to specifically identify the substance.
       Anderson was taken to the Ada County Jail where, as part of the booking process, he was
instructed to change into jail-issued clothing. A detention deputy observed that Anderson did not
appear to be sober and was “slurring” and “jarbling” his speech, trying to push through walls,
and failing to follow basic instructions. After Anderson changed into jail-issued clothing, the
deputy found a small bag near Anderson’s discarded street clothes. The bag (jail bag) was
slightly wet, had been chewed, contained a yellow substance, and had a red liquid on it that
appeared to be blood. Another officer collected the jail bag and requested Anderson open his
mouth. The officer observed blood at the base of Anderson’s gums. The jail bag was sent to the
state laboratory and after further testing, it was determined to contain methamphetamine and
another controlled substance which was not specifically identified.
       The two officers took the syringe caps, glass pipe, and safe to the property room. While
there, the officers forcibly opened the safe and found a pair of sunglasses, ammunition, a digital
scale, and a cut-off aluminum soda can containing what appeared to be drug residue (aluminum



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can residue). The aluminum can was sent to the state laboratory for further testing, which
determined the residue contained methamphetamine and heroin.
       The State charged Anderson with possession of heroin, possession of methamphetamine,
introduction of contraband into a correctional facility, and possession of drug paraphernalia.
Concerning the possession of methamphetamine charge, the State alleged: “That the Defendant,
JERAMEY STORM ANDERSON, on or about the 31st day of December, 2016, in the County
of Ada,     State of   Idaho,   did   unlawfully possess       a controlled   substance,     to-wit:
Methamphetamine, a Schedule II controlled substance.”
       Anderson filed a motion to suppress the aluminum can residue and the 420 bag and
otherwise argued for the dismissal of all charges against him. In the State’s opposition to the
motion to suppress, among other things, the State argued that the possession of
methamphetamine charge was supported by the field test the officers conducted on the 420 bag,
the laboratory test conducted on the aluminum can residue, and the corroborating evidence that
the jail bag contained methamphetamine. Anderson then withdrew his motion to suppress.
       During opening argument at trial, the prosecutor told the jury about the 420 bag, the
aluminum can residue, and the jail bag. The prosecutor said:
       I will ask you that you find him guilty, guilty of possessing a controlled
       substance, methamphetamine and heroin on the tin can in the safe in the car he’s
       driving; guilty of introducing a controlled substance or contraband into a jail for
       the methamphetamine found at his feet, wet, red, with blood in his mouth; and
       guilty of possession of drug paraphernalia, the syringe in the glove box, the glass
       tube in his right jacket, the safe that stored the methamphetamine and heroin, the
       digital scale with the 50-gram weight, the baggy with “420” on it, all used to
       store, conceal, and introduce a controlled substance into the human body.
       During the trial, the State introduced a recording of three phone calls Anderson made
from the jail which were played for the jury. In the calls, Anderson talked about eating drugs
and getting sick.
       During closing argument, the prosecutor stated, “What are we doing here; right? I mean,
Mr. Anderson just admitted on the stand he possessed methamphetamine that night.”
Concerning the possession of methamphetamine charge, the prosecutor argued:
       we don’t need to go over it because Mr. Anderson admitted that he had
       methamphetamine on him, and he consumed it when he knew he was going to
       be--as part of the process of being pulled over. So he admitted this in open court.
       There’s no way counsel can get up and argue otherwise. He’s guilty of
       [possession of methamphetamine] by admission as well as the State’s evidence.

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       The jury found Anderson guilty of possession of methamphetamine and possession of
drug paraphernalia, but hung on possession of heroin and introduction of contraband into a
correctional facility. The district court entered judgment and imposed a unified sentence of
seven years, with two years fixed, for possession of methamphetamine, and credit for time
served for the possession of paraphernalia. Anderson appeals to this Court.
                                                 II.
                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence is limited in scope. A finding of guilt
will not be overturned on appeal where there is substantial evidence upon which a reasonable
trier of fact could have found that the prosecution sustained its burden of proving the essential
elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho 383, 385, 957
P.2d 1099, 1101 (Ct. App. 1998); State v. Knutson, 121 Idaho 101, 104, 822 P.2d 998, 1001 (Ct.
App. 1991). We will not substitute our view for that of the trier of fact as to the credibility of the
witnesses, the weight to be given to the testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn
from the evidence. Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001; State v. Decker, 108 Idaho 683,
684, 701 P.2d 303, 304 (Ct. App. 1985). Moreover, we will consider the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho at 385, 957 P.2d at 1101; Knutson,
121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001.
       Generally, issues not raised below may not be considered for the first time on appeal.
State v. Fodge, 121 Idaho 192, 195, 824 P.2d 123, 126 (1992). Idaho decisional law, however,
has long allowed appellate courts to consider a claim of error to which no objection was made
below if the issue presented rises to the level of fundamental error. See State v. Field, 144 Idaho
559, 571, 165 P.3d 273, 285 (2007); State v. Haggard, 94 Idaho 249, 251, 486 P.2d 260, 262
(1971). In State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 245 P.3d 961 (2010), the Idaho Supreme Court
abandoned the definitions it had previously utilized to describe what may constitute fundamental
error. The Perry Court held that an appellate court should reverse an unobjected-to error when
the defendant persuades the court that the alleged error:         (1) violates one or more of the
defendant’s unwaived constitutional rights; (2) is clear or obvious without the need for reference
to any additional information not contained in the appellate record; and (3) affected the outcome
of the trial proceedings. Id. at 226, 245 P.3d at 978.



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                                              III.
                                          ANALYSIS
       Regarding his conviction for possession of methamphetamine, Anderson argues: (1) the
State did not present sufficient evidence to support the conviction; (2) the State committed
prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument by arguing for Anderson’s conviction based on
uncharged conduct; and (3) the district court erred when it did not give the jury a unanimity
instruction.     To provide context for the above arguments we must clarify:        (1) to what
methamphetamine is the State referring as evidence to support the possession of
methamphetamine charge; and (2) whether that evidence properly constitutes one or more counts
of possession.
A.     Evidence at Trial Shows Two Possible Sources of Methamphetamine: the Jail Bag
       and the Aluminum Can Residue--Either Is Sufficient Evidence of Possession of
       Methamphetamine
       Anderson argues that his conviction for possession of methamphetamine had to be based
on methamphetamine different than what the State alleged in the information. This, Anderson
asserts, is because the jury hung on the possession of heroin (from the aluminum can residue)
and of bringing contraband into the jail (the jail bag). Anderson asserts the jury must have
concluded that the bag of methamphetamine he admitted consuming was not the jail bag. Thus,
the only other evidence of methamphetamine was Anderson’s statement that he ate a bag of
methamphetamine that he did not want the police to discover. The State views the evidence
differently, arguing that the bag Anderson consumed in his vehicle was the jail bag found during
the booking process. The State further asserts that because the jail bag and the aluminum can
residue were in the car at the same time, there was only one act of methamphetamine possession.
       Anderson invites this Court to speculate about why the jury convicted him of some
counts but hung on others. We decline to do so because inconsistent verdicts do not mean the
evidence was insufficient. See, e.g. United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57 (1984); State v Purdie,
144 Idaho 911, 174 P.3d 881 (Ct. App. 2007). Instead, we must determine whether any rational
juror could have found Anderson possessed methamphetamine in order to uphold the jury’s
verdict. See State v. Eliasen, 158 Idaho 542, 546, 348 P.3d 157, 161 (2015). If there are
multiple possible bases for supporting a general verdict, “the inquiry on appeal becomes whether
there was sufficient evidence to uphold any one of the bases of conviction.” State v. Cortez, 135
Idaho 561, 564, 21 P.3d 498, 501 (Ct. App. 2001).

                                               5
       By viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State through the eyes of a
reasonable juror, the evidence presented at trial shows there were two possible sources of
evidence for the State’s possession of methamphetamine charge: the jail bag containing the
methamphetamine, which the jury could have concluded was consumed by Anderson and later
found during the booking process, and the aluminum can residue.
       The State presented evidence that the jail bag was the bag Anderson had consumed.
First, one of the officers testified he suspected Anderson was trying to conceal an item in his
vehicle because Anderson did not immediately stop after the officers turned on their overhead
lights. Anderson himself confirmed this, testifying he did not immediately stop his vehicle
because he was eating a bag of methamphetamine that he did not want the officers to discover.
Although the officers testified Anderson did not appear to be under the influence of anything
during the traffic stop, the detention deputy testified Anderson was not sober by the time he was
going through the booking process. In Anderson’s phone calls from jail that were played to the
jury, Anderson stated he ate a lot of drugs and was starting to sober up, although he felt “like
someone’s been inside my brain with a hammer” and he was having difficulty talking. The
detention deputy testified about the jail bag found near Anderson’s street clothes. Another
officer testified the jail bag appeared to be covered with blood and he found blood at the base of
Anderson’s gums. Additionally, evidence was presented that the state laboratory confirmed the
jail bag contained methamphetamine. Anderson testified that he did not remember anything
about the booking process. Here, there was sufficient evidence for a rational juror to conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that Anderson consumed the jail bag and thus, possessed
methamphetamine.
       The State also presented evidence about the aluminum can residue: (1) a drug dog had
alerted on the safe; (2) after opening the safe, one of the officers recognized drug residue on the
bottom of the aluminum can; and (3) after booking the aluminum can into evidence, the state
laboratory confirmed the residue contained methamphetamine. Anderson argues that because he
was not convicted of possessing heroin (which was also in the aluminum can residue), this Court
must conclude the jury did not believe he possessed the methamphetamine in the residue either.
       Based on the evidence the State presented, a rational juror could have found the State
sustained its burden of proving the essential elements of possession of methamphetamine beyond
a reasonable doubt based on the aluminum can residue. Consequently, regardless of the reasons

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the jury hung on some counts, there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict
for possession of methamphetamine.
B.       The State’s Single Charge of Possession of Methamphetamine Was Not Improper
         Whether these two sources of evidence provide alternative bases for the State’s single
charge for possession of methamphetamine is another question. A review of the record shows
that the State did not limit the evidence of methamphetamine to the aluminum can residue. The
State’s earliest allegation against Anderson--in its original complaint--does not specify the means
of Anderson’s possession of methamphetamine, just that Anderson possessed methamphetamine
on December 31, 2016, in Ada County. The language of this allegation did not change as the
State amended its complaint, filed an information, or amended its information. Thus, the charge
includes any and all methamphetamine Anderson possessed that day in Ada County.
         Although the information alone was enough to provide notice to Anderson that the
aluminum can residue and the jail bag fell under the possession of methamphetamine charge, the
State’s arguments before trial further notified Anderson that the State intended to rely on any and
all methamphetamine found in Ada County that day. Indeed, in its response to Anderson’s
motion to suppress, the State pointed to the aluminum can residue, the jail bag, and the 420 bag 1
as support for the possession of methamphetamine charge.
         Moreover, Anderson is incorrect that the State is required to bring separate possession
charges for the aluminum can residue and the jail bag. “Whether a course of criminal conduct
constitutes a single or multiple offenses requires an inquiry into the circumstances of the conduct
and consideration of the intent and objective of the actor.” State v. Major, 111 Idaho 410, 414,
725 P.2d 115, 119 (1986); State v. Southwick, 158 Idaho 173, 182, 345 P.3d 232, 241 (Ct. App.
2014).    The inquiry concerns “whether there was ‘a distinct union of mens rea and actus
reus separated by a discrete period of time and circumstance from any other such similar
incident’ for each of the alleged acts of possession.” Southwick, 158 Idaho at 182, 345 P.3d at
241 (quoting Miller v. State, 135 Idaho 261, 268, 16 P.3d 937, 944 (Ct. App. 2000)); see also
State v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 711, 215 P.3d 414, 431 (2009).
         In Southwick, this Court reviewed the actus reus component of the inquiry. There, an
officer discovered two sources of methamphetamine in a defendant’s vehicle: a scale with
methamphetamine residue between the seats and a baggie of methamphetamine inside the

1
         The State did not strongly pursue the conviction through the 420 bag at trial.
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passenger door. Southwick, 158 Idaho at 177, 345 P.3d at 236. On appeal, this Court reviewed
whether the defendant’s criminal conduct constituted separate offenses, as the State had charged
the defendant with a single count of possession of methamphetamine, without specifying the
means by which the possession occurred. Id. at 182, 345 P.3d at 241. Because the acts of
possession occurred at the same time and in the same location, the Court concluded the scale and
baggie were but “alternative factual means by which the element of possession could be proved,”
not “multiple incidents of criminal conduct” that would require separate charges. Id.
       Concerning the mens rea component of the inquiry, this Court in State v. Heiner, 163
Idaho 99, 408 P.3d 97 (Ct. App. 2017), stated the required intent for possession of
methamphetamine is a “defendant’s knowledge that [he] is in possession of methamphetamine or
a substance [he] believes to be a controlled substance.” Id. at 103, 408 P.3d at 101.
       The Court reaches the same conclusion here as in Southwick. The State’s charge does not
specify the means by which Anderson’s possession of methamphetamine occurred, yet, there are
two alternative factual means by which the State attempted to prove the element of possession at
trial: the aluminum can residue and the jail bag. Based on the evidence presented at trial, a
rational juror could find both were possessed by Anderson at the same time (when he was pulled
over by the officers), in the same location (inside his vehicle), and with the same intent
(knowledge of possession of a substance Anderson believed to be methamphetamine). There
was not a distinct union of mens rea and actus reus separated by a discrete period of time or
circumstance between the two means of possession.            Thus, the State’s single charge of
possession of methamphetamine was not improper.
C.     The State Did Not Commit Prosecutorial Misconduct
       The conclusions above dispense with Anderson’s claim that the State committed
prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument by arguing for Anderson’s possession of
methamphetamine conviction based on uncharged conduct--Anderson’s consumption of a
separate source of methamphetamine before the traffic stop. This argument is raised for the first
time on appeal and, thus, must be reviewed for fundamental error.
       Anderson claims his right to a fair trial, as protected by the United States and Idaho
Constitutions, was violated because the State gave him no notice that it would seek a conviction
based upon his consumption of methamphetamine before the traffic stop. Thus, Anderson
objects to the prosecutor’s closing argument which contended that Anderson’s possession of

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methamphetamine was proved by Anderson’s admission as well as the State’s evidence--as an
unconstitutional surprise.
       Anderson contends that the State’s argument for possession of methamphetamine went
beyond the jail bag, the aluminum can residue, and the 420 bag to some other source of
methamphetamine Anderson consumed prior to his vehicle being stopped, a source which falls
outside the purview of the information. But the record shows that before trial, the State confined
its argument to the jail bag, the aluminum can residue, and the 420 bag. At trial, the State
narrowed its argument to the jail bag and the aluminum can residue. Moreover, at trial, the
State’s theory was that once Anderson realized he was being followed by the officers, Anderson
consumed the jail bag that he later regurgitated. In other words, there was only one bag of
methamphetamine--it was in the car, then ingested by Anderson, and then left in the jail next to
Anderson’s clothes. Additionally, the charging documents and the State’s pretrial argument
placed Anderson on notice that any and all methamphetamine he possessed in Ada County on
December 31, 2016--including the jail bag he consumed while the officers were following him--
fell within the ambit of the State’s possession of methamphetamine charge. Consequently,
Anderson’s constitutional right to a fair trial was not violated because the State did not allege
Anderson possessed methamphetamine other than the aluminum can reside or jail bag. Having
failed to prove a constitutional violation, Anderson fails to show fundamental error. We need
not consider his arguments under the additional prongs of the fundamental error test.
D.     The District Court Did Not Err by Failing to Give a Unanimity Instruction
       The conclusion above--that the State’s single charge of possession of methamphetamine
was not improper--also dispenses with Anderson’s argument that the district court erred when it
did not give the jury a unanimity instruction. This argument is raised for the first time on appeal
and, thus, must be reviewed for fundamental error.
       Anderson claims that without a unanimity instruction, his right to a unanimous jury
verdict and his right to be free from double jeopardy were violated. Whether the jury has been
properly instructed is a question of law over which we exercise free review. State v. Severson,
147 Idaho 694, 710, 215 P.3d 414, 430 (2009). When reviewing jury instructions, we ask
whether the instructions as a whole, and not individually, fairly and accurately reflect applicable
law. State v. Bowman, 124 Idaho 936, 942, 866 P.2d 193, 199 (Ct. App. 1993). “A trial court is
required to give a unanimity instruction where there is evidence of more criminal acts than have

                                                9
been charged, regardless of whether the instruction has been requested by the defendant.” State
v. Herreman-Garcia, 160 Idaho 642, 648, 377 P.3d 1105, 1111 (Ct. App. 2016). A “unanimity
instruction is used to tell the jury that they must find a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt based on a single agreed-upon incident.” Id.
       As discussed above, and as held in Southwick, there was one charge of possession of
methamphetamine based on the simultaneous possession of the jail bag and the residue in the
aluminum can residue while Anderson was in the car. Consequently, all the evidence presented
at trial concerning Anderson’s possession of methamphetamine fell within the scope of the
State’s charge. Thus, the jury was not presented with evidence of additional criminal acts that
could be, but were not, charged by the State upon which the jury could have convicted Anderson.
For this reason, the district court did not err or violate Anderson’s constitutional rights by failing
to give the jury a unanimity instruction. Because Anderson has failed to show his right to a
unanimous jury verdict or his right to be free from double jeopardy were violated, he fails to
show fundamental error. We need not consider his arguments under the additional prongs of the
fundamental error test.
                                                 IV.
                                          CONCLUSION
       The State presented sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable juror could convict
Anderson of possession of methamphetamine.             Anderson failed to show that either the
prosecutor’s closing argument or the trial court’s failure to give the jury a unanimity instruction
amounts to fundamental error. Thus, the district court’s judgment of conviction is affirmed.
       Judge GUTIERREZ and Judge LORELLO CONCUR.




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