
102 S.E.2d 832 (1958)
248 N.C. 134
NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF PHARMACY
v.
W. Ronald LANE T/A Lane's Brooklyn Pharmacy and John W. Baldwin.
No. 172.
Supreme Court of North Carolina.
April 9, 1958.
*835 J. H. Ferguson, Wilmington, for defendants, appellants.
Bailey & Dixon, Raleigh, for plaintiff, appellee.
BOBBITT, Justice.
The agreed facts, on which the case was submitted, constitute the sole basis for decision. Eason v. Dew, 244 N.C. 571, 94 S.E.2d 603; Edwards v. City of Raleigh, 240 N.C. 137, 81 S.E.2d 273; City of Greensboro v. Wall, 247 N.C. 516, 522, 101 S.E.2d 413. Do these facts support the court's conclusions of law and judgment?
Statutory provisions regulating the practice of pharmacy in North Carolina comprise G.S. Ch. 90, Art. 4.
"Where the practice of a profession or calling requires special knowledge or skill *836 and intimately affects the public health, morals, order, or safety, or the general welfare, the legislature may prescribe reasonable qualifications for persons desiring to pursue such profession or calling, and require them to demonstrate their possession of such qualifications by an examination on the subjects with which such profession or calling has to deal as a condition precedent to the right to follow such profession or calling." State v. Ballance, 229 N.C. 764, 770, 51 S.E.2d 731, 735, 7 A.L.R.2d 407, and cases cited.
Unquestionably, the General Assembly, in the exercise of the police power of the State, may regulate the practice of pharmacy. 17A Am.Jur., Drugs and Druggists Sec. 13; 28 C.J.S. Druggists § 2. As to this, decisions in other jurisdictions are in full accord. State v. Collins, 61 N.M. 184, 297 P.2d 325; Louisiana Board of Pharmacy v. Smith, La.App., 65 So.2d 654; Beeman v. Michigan Board of Pharmacy, 323 Mich. 390, 35 N.W.2d 354; Rosenblatt v. California State Board of Pharmacy, 69 Cal.App.2d 69, 158 P.2d 199; Stewart v. Robertson, 45 Ariz. 143, 40 P. 2d 979; Ex parte Gray, 206 Cal. 497, 274 P. 974; Reppert v. Utterback, 206 Iowa 314, 217 N.W. 545; State v. Wood, 51 S.D. 485, 215 N.W. 487, 54 A.L.R. 719; Tucker v. New York State Board of Pharmacy, 127 Misc. 538, 217 N.Y.S. 217; State v. Hamlett, 212 Mo. 80, 110 S.W. 1082; State v. Hovorka, 100 Minn. 249, 110 N.W. 870, 8 L.R.A.,N.S., 1272; Kentucky Board of Pharmacy v. Cassidy, 115 Ky. 690, 74 S.W. 730; State v. Heinemann, 80 Wis. 253, 49 N.W. 818; State Board of Pharmacy v. Matthews, 197 N.Y. 353, 90 N.E. 966, 26 L.R.A.,N.S., 1013; People v. Roemer, 168 App.Div. 377, 153 N.Y.S. 323; State v. Kumpfert, 115 La. 950, 40 So. 365; State v. Forcier, 65 N.H. 42, 17 A. 577; State v. Foutch, 155 Tenn. 476, 295 S.W. 469, 54 A.L.R. 725; Commonwealth v. Zacharias, 181 Pa. 126, 37 A. 185.
In Thomas v. Board of Pharmacy, 152 N.C. 373, 67 S.E. 925, and McNair v. North Carolina Board of Pharmacy, 208 N.C. 279, 180 S.E. 78, in which the plaintiff, in his efforts to obtain license, sought a writ of mandamus to require the Board of Pharmacy to perform certain acts, the constitutionality of the legislation was not challenged. However, in Thomas v. Board of Pharmacy, supra, Clark, C. J., said [152 N.C. 373, 67 S.E. 926]: "The selling of drugs is an important matter to the health and lives of the public. The Legislature has carefully guarded it by the provisions to be found in Rev.1905, §§ 4471-4490."
Nothing appears in the record to indicate that either defendant at any time sought to obtain license as a registered pharmacist or assistant pharmacist. Defendants' assignments of error, purporting to attack broadside the constitutionality of G.S. Ch. 90, Art. 4, are without merit. G.S. § 90-85.1, the only specific provision challenged by defendants, is considered below.
Defendants' primary position is that the practice engaged in by Baldwin, the unlicensed employee, and caused or permitted by Lane, the employer-owner, of which the specific transaction of August 5, 1954, is typical, does not violate G.S. §§ 90-71 and 90-72.
G.S. § 90-71, in pertinent part, provides:
"It shall be unlawful for any person not licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist within the meaning of this article to conduct or manage any pharmacy, drug or chemical store, apothecary shop or other place of business for the retailing, compounding, or dispensing of any drugs, chemicals, or poison, or for the compounding of physicians' prescriptions, or to keep exposed for sale at retail any drugs, chemicals, or poison, except as hereinafter provided, or for any person not licensed as a pharmacist within the meaning of this article to compound, dispense, or sell at retail any drug, chemical, poison, or pharmaceutical *837 preparation upon the prescription of a physician or otherwise, or to compound physicians' prescriptions except as an aid to and under the immediate supervision of a person licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist under this article. Provided, that during the temporary absence of the licensed pharmacist in charge of any pharmacy, drug or chemical store, a licensed assistant pharmacist may conduct or have charge of said store. And it shall be unlawful for any owner or manager of a pharmacy or drugstore or other place of business to cause or permit any other than a person licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist to compound, dispense, or sell at retail any drug, medicine, or poison, except as an aid to and under the immediate supervision of a person licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist."
G.S. § 90-72 provides:
"If any person, not being licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist, shall compound, dispense, or sell at retail any drug, medicine, poison, or pharmaceutical preparation, either upon a physician's prescription or otherwise, and if any person being the owner or manager of a drugstore, pharmacy, or other place of business, shall cause or permit anyone not licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist to dispense, sell at retail, or compound any drug, medicine, poison, or physician's prescription contrary to the provisions of this article, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and fined not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars."
The General Assembly has prescribed the requirements an applicant must meet to become licensed as a registered pharmacist. G.S. §§ 90-61, 90-63, 90-64. With two exceptions (G.S. §§ 90-61, 90-64), not relevant here, a person eligible therefor must submit to and pass an examination prepared and furnished by the Board of Pharmacy "as to his qualifications for registration as a licensed pharmacist." G. S. § 90-61.
After January 1, 1939, the Board of Pharmacy had no authority to issue "an original certificate to any person as a registered assistant pharmacist"; but a person registered as an assistant pharmacist prior to that date was permitted to continue to practice as such registered assistant pharmacist. G.S. § 90-63. (Note: Ch. 52, Public Laws of 1921, provided for the licensing of registered assistant pharmacists. However, except as to those who were licensed as registered assistant pharmacists prior to January 1, 1939, this provision was eliminated by Ch. 402, Public Laws of 1937, now G.S. § 90-63.)
The fact that Baldwin, prior to August 5, 1954, had had over fourteen years' experience in filling and compounding prescriptions as an aid to and under the supervision of registered pharmacists, is beside the point. This is not a proceeding to establish his right to be licensed as a registered pharmacist or assistant pharmacist.
Since it was agreed that the tablets called for in the prescription "are a drug within the meaning of the use of that term" in G.S. §§ 90-71 and 90-72, we put aside as irrelevant the fact that the tablets were prescribed by the trade name of the manufacturer and that all Baldwin did was to remove tablets from the duly labeled stock bottle, place them in a small container and deliver them to the ultimate consumer.
G.S. §§ 90-71 and 90-72, which relate to the same subject matter, are to be construed in pari materia. State v. Hill, 236 N.C. 704, 73 S.E.2d 894, and cases cited.
These statutes, when so construed, provide that it shall be unlawful (G.S. § 90-71) and a misdemeanor (G.S. § 90-72) for any person not licensed as a pharmacist *838 or assistant pharmacist to compound, dispense or sell at retail any drug, etc., upon the prescription of a physician or otherwise, "or to compound physicians' prescriptions except as an aid to and under the immediate supervision of a person licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist under this article." G.S. § 90-71. (Our italics.) Although the punctuation is inexact, we think it clear that the exception (italicized words) applies to dispensing drugs and selling drugs at retail as well as to compounding physicians' prescriptions. This view is supported by this further provision: "And it shall be unlawful for any owner or manager of a pharmacy or drugstore or other place of business to cause or permit any other than a person licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist to compound, dispense, or sell at retail any drug, medicine, or poison, except as an aid to and under the immediate supervision of a person licensed as a pharmacist or assistant pharmacist." G.S. § 90-71.
Defendants contend that, notwithstanding no registered pharmacist was present in person, Baldwin should be deemed "under the immediate supervision" of registered pharmacists, namely, the registered pharmacists then on duty in Lane's other stores, whom he could contact by telephone or by messenger for advice and directions. This contention poses the basic question for decision.
If defendants' said contention were accepted, the unlicensed person, in deciding whether he needed the advice or directions of a registered pharmacist, would necessarily be the sole judge of his own qualifications and competency. The exception relating to an unlicensed person contemplates that his service is to be rendered "as an aid to" as well as "under the immediate supervision of" a licensed pharmacist. G.S. § 90-71 contains a proviso "that during the temporary absence of the licensed pharmacist in charge of any pharmacy, drug or chemical store, a licensed assistant pharmacist may conduct or have charge of said store." The construction contended for by defendants would write into the statute a provision it does not contain, namely, a provision to the effect that during the temporary absence of the licensed pharmacist an unlicensed person may conduct or have charge of the store.
Moreover, the legislative history of G.S. § 90-71 evinces the legislative intent. The original act, Ch. 355, Sec. 3, Public Laws of 1881, used these words: "except under the supervision of a registered pharmaceutist, * * *" The amendment of 1905, Ch. 108, Sec. 4, Public Laws of 1905, introduced the present provision: "except as an aid to and under the immediate supervision of a person licensed as a pharmacist." (Our italics.)
In State v. Mullenhoff, 74 Iowa 271, 37 N.W. 329, 330, the statute "forbid any one not a registered pharmacist to dispense medicine, except as an aid to, and under the supervision of, a registered pharmacist." Beck, J., writing the opinion, states: "The nonregistered clerk may, under the law, aid the pharmacist under his supervision. This implies that the clerk shall assist the pharmacist, who shall supervise the clerk's work. It seems to us that the pharmacist must have `immediate personal direction and supervision' of the work." This decision (1888) indicates that our interpretation of G.S. § 90-71 has been associated with the words presently used therein for at least seventy years.
Our conclusion, in agreement with the court below, is that the statute makes it unlawful for an unlicensed person either to compound or to dispense or to sell at retail any drug, either upon a physician's prescription or otherwise, unless he acts in the immediate physical presence of a licensed pharmacist or assistant pharmacist and under his personal supervision and direction.
Having determined that Baldwin, the unlicensed employee, and Lane, the employerowner, *839 by engaging in the practice typified by the specific transaction of August 5, 1954, acted in violation of G.S. §§ 90-71 and 90-72, we consider defendants' remaining contention.
The said acts of the defendants, unlawful under G.S. § 90-71, are criminal offenses (misdemeanors, punishable by fine) under G.S. § 90-72. Plaintiff seeks no relief for what has been done but seeks to restrain defendants from continuing such unlawful practice in the future. Is plaintiff entitled to such injunctive relief?
"Ordinarily injunction will not lie to prevent the perpetration of a crime." City of Fayetteville v. Spur Distributing Co., 216 N.C. 596, 5 S.E.2d 838, 841. The established general rule is that there is no equitable jurisdiction to enjoin the commission of a crime. Mills v. Carolina Cemetery Park Corp., 242 N.C. 20, 28, 86 S.E.2d 893; Dare County v. Mater, 235 N.C. 179, 181, 69 S.E. 2d 244; Town of Clinton v. Ross, 226 N.C. 682, 688, 40 S.E.2d 593, and cases cited; Matthews v. Lawrence, 212 N.C. 537, 538, 193 S.E. 730; Hargett v. Bell, 134 N.C. 394, 46 S.E. 749.
Plaintiff bases its right to injunctive relief on G.S. § 90-85.1, which provides:
"The Board of Pharmacy may, if it shall find that any person is violating any of the provisions of this article, and after notice to such person of such violation, apply to the superior court for a temporary or permanent restraining order or injunction to restrain such person from continuing such illegal practices. If upon such application, it shall appear to the court that such person has violated, or is violating, the provisions of this article, the court may issue an order restraining any further violations thereof. All such actions by the Board for injunctive relief shall be governed by the provisions of article 37 of the chapter on `Civil Procedure:' Provided, such injunctive relief may be granted regardless of whether criminal prosecution has been or may be instituted under any of the provisions of this article."
Defendants challenge this statutory provision, as applied to future criminal acts, as unconstitutional. Their contention is that punishment for violation of such injunction upon the basis of findings of fact made by the court without a jury would in effect constitute punishment for a criminal offense, thereby depriving them of the constitutional safeguards of indictment, trial by jury, etc., to which they are entitled under Art. I, Secs. 12 and 13, Constitution of North Carolina.
In Matthews v. Lawrence, supra, where the plaintiff (Board of Photographic Examiners) sought to enjoin the defendant from practicing photography, no statute authorized the plaintiff to enforce the statute by civil action for injunction. In Mills v. Carolina Cemetery Park Corp., supra, heard on demurrer, the allegations were held insufficient to entitle plaintiff to enjoin defendant's alleged practice of law without a license, a criminal offense under G.S. §§ 84-4 and 84-10; but it is noted that G.S. § 84-7 conferred upon solicitors, not upon private individuals, the right to bring an action (in the name of the State) for injunctive relief. Compare: Seawell v. Carolina Motor Club, 209 N.C. 624, 184 S.E. 540, where the unauthorized practice of law was enjoined. In Town of Clinton v. Ross, supra, it was held that G.S. § 160-179, a part of the Zoning Act, G.S.Ch. 160, Art. 14, was not a statute of general application but authorized a suit in equity to restrain the erection, maintenance, or repair of any building, structure, or land used "in violation of this article or of any ordinance or other regulation made under authority conferred thereby." It is noted that the authority for injunctive relief conferred by G.S. § 160-179 differentiates the decision in Elizabeth City v. Aydlett, 200 N.C. 58, 156 S.E. 163, from the earlier decision, Elizabeth City v. Aydlett, 198 N.C. 585, 152 S.E. 681. It is noted *840 further that the violation of the Raleigh Zoning Ordinance was enjoined in City of Raleigh v. Morand, 247 N.C. 363, 100 S.E. 2d 870, upon authority of G.S. § 160-179.
This is a civil action, expressly authorized by G.S. § 90-85.1; and we hold that the validity of G.S. § 90-85.1 is not impaired by the fact that the same acts that would constitute wilful violations of the injunction would also constitute a basis for criminal prosecutions. The contentions now made by defendants were so fully considered and answered in Board of Medical Examiners of Utah v. Blair, 57 Utah 516, 196 P. 221, 224, that we quote with approval this excerpt from the opinion of Gideon, J., viz.:
"It may be conceded that the power to enjoin the threatened commission of ordinary crimes has never been recognized by the courts. But we are here dealing with the right or power of the Legislature to enact and to provide means for the enforcement of regulations looking to the health of the community. If no other or worse results would or could follow the violation of the penal provisions of a statute than the arrest and punishment of any one violating such provisions, it might well be that the Legislature would not have the authority to provide a remedy by injunction. As indicated, the statute was enacted, not to provide a means of punishing those violating its provisions, but to protect the community from what, in the judgment of the Legislature, was or might be detrimental to the public health. The power of the court, while not often called into force, to prevent such an injury, has been repeatedly recognized in the decisions of the courts of this country. The authority is recognized by the quotation from Allopathic State Board of Medical Examiners v. Fowler, 50 La.Ann. 1358, 24 So. 809, by this court in the Freenor Case [Board of Medical Examiners of State of Utah v. Freenor, 47 Utah 430, 154 P. 941], as follows:
"`The General Assembly, having the authority to attach prior conditions to the practice of medicine, was vested with the right to enforce enactments on that subject by prescribing penalties for violations of the same, either by fine, by imprisonment, or by civil remedies.'
"See, also, [Citations.]
"If it be insisted, as it is, that the violation of the injunction may result in the imprisonment of the defendant, the punishment would not be for the violation of a statute, but for violating an order of the court. As concisely stated by the Supreme Court of Indiana in State v. Roby, supra, at page 189 of 142 Ind., at page 152 of 41 N.E. (33 L.R.A. 213, 51 Am.St.Rep. 174):
"`It is further contended that, in case of the violation of an injunction under the civil remedy part of the act, the court might fine the defendant for contempt, for disobeying the order of injunction, and that would make him liable to double punishment. The statement of the proposition furnishes a sufficient answer thereto. In that case he would not be punished for crime, but for contempt of court.'"
See, also, 43 C.J.S. Injunctions § 124; 28 Am.Jur., Injunctions Sec. 149; State ex rel. Missildine v. Jewett Market Co., 209 Iowa 567, 228 N.W. 288.
In City of Fayetteville v. Spur Distributing Co., supra, where the right to injunctive relief was upheld as authorized by G.S. § 160-179, a part of the Zoning Act, G.S. Ch. 160, Art. 14, Seawell, J., referring to the contention that criminal prosecution provided an adequate remedy at law, said: "It (criminal prosecution) is not intended, nor is it adequate to protect society or the individuals or groups within it, or persons within a congested territory, from acts which expose them to special danger or which constitute a menace to the safety, health, and welfare of the community, although indeed these acts may *841 incidentally become violations of law. In order to adequately deal with these evils a resort to the police power should mean more than merely setting in motion that highly specialized vehicle of its exercise, the criminal law,since in many instances this must be found inadequate to sustain the power. The fact that an act from which such injury may come, either to a private citizen or to the public at large, is denounced either in an ordinance or in the law as criminal does not immunize its author from other appropriate remedy. * * Equity is invoked, not to prevent a crime, but to maintain a right." (Our italics.)
It is noteworthy that Ch. 229, Session Laws of 1947, now G.S. § 90-85.1, was enacted for the reasons indicated by this preamble: "Whereas, the illegal practice of pharmacy involving the use of many dangerous drugs and the internal use of these drugs and medicines by the public is eminently dangerous to the public health and welfare, and such illegal practice is hereby declared to be against public policy." It is quite evident that the General Assembly did not consider criminal prosecution an adequate remedy for the protection of the public health and welfare.
Whether the practice engaged in by Baldwin, the unlicensed employee, and caused or permitted by Lane, the employer-owner, of which the specific transaction of August 5, 1954, is typical, was in violation of G.S. §§ 90-71 and 90-72, was the only question presented to and decided by the court below. Hence, the portion of the judgment reading, "or performing any thing or act in violation of the provisions of General Statutes, Chapter 90," is too broad and should be stricken therefrom. State ex rel. Missildine v. Jewett Market Co., supra. It is so ordered. As so modified, the judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Modified and affirmed.
