                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2008-CT-01349-SCT

THURMAN KIRKWOOD A/K/A MICKEY

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                            ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        01/29/2008
TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. CHARLES E. WEBSTER
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               COAHOMA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                 ALLAN D. SHACKELFORD
                                         OFFICE OF INDIGENT APPEALS
                                         BY: JUSTIN TAYLOR COOK
                                              LESLIE S. LEE
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                   OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                         BY: W. GLENN WATTS
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                       LAURENCE Y. MELLEN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION:                             AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND
                                         REMANDED IN PART - 01/20/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:


      EN BANC.

      KITCHENS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   Thurman Kirkwood was found guilty by a Coahoma County jury of burglary of a

dwelling, grand larceny, felony fleeing, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

The trial judge adjudicated Kirkwood an habitual offender as defined by Mississippi Code

Section 99-19-81 (Rev. 2007) and sentenced him to the maximum imprisonment on each

charge.   The burglary, felony fleeing, and possession sentences were ordered to run
consecutively to each other, and the grand larceny sentence was ordered to run concurrently

with the other three sentences. 1 On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed Kirkwood’s

convictions and sentences. Kirkwood v. State, 2010 WL 432254 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 9,

2010). We granted Kirkwood’s petition for writ of certiorari to address whether the trial

court erred by refusing a circumstantial evidence instruction on the house burglary and grand

larceny charges. Because all the evidence of guilt of these two crimes was circumstantial,

Kirkwood was entitled to a circumstantial evidence instruction; therefore, we reverse the

convictions of burglary of a dwelling and grand larceny and remand the case for further

proceedings in the trial court.

                                            Facts

¶2.    On October 11, 2007, Roy Banks of Clarksdale, Mississippi, awoke to find that his

1991 blue and grey GMC Safari van was missing. Banks’s wife called the Clarksdale Police

Department to report that the van had been stolen.

¶3.    That morning, Thurman Kirkwood appeared at W.C. Smith’s trailer in Friar’s Point,

Mississippi. At trial, Smith testified that Kirkwood was driving a van, and identified Banks’s

van as the one Kirkwood had been driving. According to Smith, Kirkwood was looking for

work. Smith told Kirkwood that he was going to Memphis, but would be back later that day,

and gave Kirkwood ten dollars. Smith testified that while he was in Memphis, he received

a telephone call from Kirkwood inquiring about Smith’s whereabouts.


       1
       The Court of Appeals mistakenly said that all four sentences were ordered to run
concurrently. Kirkwood v. State, 2010 WL 432254, ¶ 1 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2010).

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¶4.      When Smith returned to his trailer that evening, he found that an outer door was

broken, and that four rifles, a briefcase, and two radio scanners were missing. Smith

immediately reported the burglary of his home to local police.

¶5.      Meanwhile, Officer Steven Poer of the Clarksdale Police Department spotted

Kirkwood driving the stolen van. Poer testified that he could see the driver’s face as they

passed each other on the road. After verifying that the van was the same vehicle that had

been reported missing by Banks’s wife, Poer attempted to stop the van by turning on his blue

lights and siren. When the driver failed to stop, a high-speed chase began. Eventually, the

van came to a stop, and Poer testified that he saw Kirkwood exit the stolen vehicle and run.

Inside the van were the four rifles, the briefcase, and one of the radio scanners that Smith had

reported missing from his trailer. Shortly thereafter, Kirkwood was apprehended in a nearby

field.

¶6.      Poer testified that one other person was in the vehicle. The passenger was a deaf and

mute woman, who was unable to communicate with law enforcement officials. She was

taken to the police station and eventually was released. At the time of trial, she could not

be found.

¶7.      Kirkwood testified in his own defense, claiming that he had nothing to do with

stealing the van or burglarizing Smith’s trailer. According to his version of events, he had

driven the van to Smith’s trailer to purchase crack cocaine. He was accompanied by three

other individuals: Earnest Woods, Larry Mixon, and a woman named Blair. According to

Kirkwood, his companions had been in possession of the stolen van for about a week. After

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he and his friends used the drugs, he claimed, they returned to Smith’s trailer to buy more.

When Smith was not there, Kirkwood called Smith to find out when he would return.

Kirkwood testified that Woods and Mixon became impatient, and they decided to break into

Smith’s trailer to steal the drugs. Kirkwood contended that he had warned them not to go

into the trailer, and when they proceeded against his advice, Kirkwood walked away. He

testified that his friends picked him up later “down the street.” According to Kirkwood, he

saw a blanket covering some unidentified items in the van, but he did not know what was

under the blanket.2 The foursome then went to Woods’s house to smoke more crack cocaine.

¶8.    At some point, Mixon left the group, and Kirkwood testified that he, Woods, and Blair

were riding around in the van when Officer Poer attempted to stop them.3 Kirkwood said

that Woods was driving the van but managed to escape, on foot, from the police officers.

According to Kirkwood, he had run because he was paranoid and high and wanted to get rid

of the drugs and the crack pipe he had in his possession.

¶9.    During the jury instruction conference, Kirkwood requested a circumstantial evidence

instruction regarding the charges of grand larceny, burglary of a dwelling, and possession of

a firearm by a convicted felon. The trial judge denied the instruction, reasoning that there

was direct evidence to prove all the charges. Kirkwood raised the denial of a circumstantial


       2
        Contrary to the Court of Appeals’s opinion, Kirkwood did not testify that “[h]e saw
his friends exit the trailer ‘with a blanket with something in it.’” Kirkwood, 2010 WL
432254 at ¶ 7.
       3
        The Court of Appeals mistakenly said that Kirkwood testified that there were three
other people in the van. Kirkwood, 2010 WL 432254 at ¶¶ 7, 42.

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evidence instruction, as it related to the burglary and grand larceny charges, as a point of

error in his appeal. The Court of Appeals held that the trial judge did not err in denying the

instruction, as there was direct proof of the crimes.

                                         Discussion

¶10.   “Where all the evidence tending to prove the guilt of the defendant is circumstantial,

the trial court must grant a jury instruction that every reasonable hypothesis other than that

of guilt must be excluded in order to convict.” Manning v. State, 735 So. 2d 323, 338 (Miss.

1999) (quoting Givens v. State, 618 So. 2d 1313, 1318 (Miss. 1993)). “Circumstantial

evidence is evidence which, without going directly to prove the existence of a fact, gives rise

to a logical inference that such a fact does exist.” Alexander v. State, 749 So. 2d 1031, 1036

(Miss. 1999) (quoting Keys v. State, 478 So. 2d 266, 268 (Miss. 1985)). While evidence

does not always fall neatly into one category, examples of direct evidence include an

admission or confession by the defendant to “a significant element of the offense,” or

eyewitness testimony “to the gravamen of the offense charged.” Mack v. State, 481 So. 2d

793, 795 (Miss. 1985) (citations omitted).

¶11.   The Court of Appeals found that there was direct evidence of burglary of a dwelling

and grand larceny based on Kirkwood’s testimony, Poer’s testimony that he had seen

Kirkwood driving the van, and the evidence that Smith’s stolen property was found inside

the van. Kirkwood, 2010 WL 432254 at ¶ 42. We disagree that any of this constitutes direct

evidence of Kirkwood’s guilt of the house burglary and grand larceny charges. Nothing in

Kirkwood’s testimony amounted to an admission of guilt to an essential element of either

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crime, and the State did not produce any eyewitness to either of those crimes. Mack v. State,

481 So. 2d 793, 795 (Miss. 1985).

¶12.   The elements of burglary of a dwelling are “(1) the unlawful breaking and entering[of

a dwelling]; and (2) the intent to commit some crime when entry is attained.” Parker v.

State, 962 So. 2d 25, 27 (Miss. 2007) (quoting Edwards v. State, 800 So. 2d 454, 463-64

(Miss. 2001)).4 See Miss. Code Ann. § 97-17-23 (Rev. 2006). According to Kirkwood, he

did not participate in the burglary in any way, and he tried to convince his friends not to

break into Smith’s trailer. Although most of the stolen items from the trailer were found in

the van that Kirkwood and at least one other person occupied, there simply is no direct

evidence that he committed or took part in the breaking and entering or that he intended to

steal anything after breaking into and entering Smith’s trailer.

¶13.   The crime of grand larceny is “taking and carrying away, feloniously, the personal

property of another, of the value of Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) or more.” Miss. Code

Ann. § 97-17-41(1) (Rev. 2006). As with the burglary charge, there was no direct evidence

that Kirkwood stole Banks’s van. That Officer Poer saw Kirkwood driving the van does not

constitute direct evidence that Kirkwood feloniously took or “carr[ied] away” the van. Miss.

Code Ann. § 97-17-41(1). Without any direct evidence of either crime, Kirkwood was




       4
       Mississippi Code Section 97-17-23(1) (Rev. 2006) defines burglary of a dwelling as
“breaking and entering the dwelling house or inner door of such dwelling house of another,
whether armed with a deadly weapon or not, and whether there shall be at the time some
human being in such dwelling house or not, with intent to commit some crime therein.”

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entitled to a circumstantial evidence instruction, and the trial court erred by refusing to

instruct the jury properly.

                                         Conclusion

¶14.   We affirm the judgment and sentences rendered by the Coahoma County Circuit Court

in Count II, felony fleeing, and Count III, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.

Because we find that there was no direct evidence that Kirkwood committed the crimes of

burglary of a dwelling or grand larceny, we reverse the judgments of the Court of Appeals

and the circuit court as to Count I, burglary of a dwelling, and Count IV, grand larceny.

Kirkwood’s convictions on Counts I and IV are hereby reversed, and the case is remanded

to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶15. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COAHOMA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS
AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART. COUNT I:
CONVICTION OF BURGLARY OF A DWELLING AND SENTENCE OF TWENTY-
FIVE (25) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS, REVERSED AND REMANDED. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF
FELONY FLEEING AND SENTENCE OF FIVE (5) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF
THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT III:
CONVICTION OF POSSESSION OF A FIREARM BY A CONVICTED FELON AND
SENTENCE OF TEN (10) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. SENTENCES IN COUNTS II
AND III SHALL NOT BE REDUCED OR SUSPENDED NOR SHALL APPELLANT
BE ELIGIBLE FOR PAROLE OR PROBATION DURING THE TERM OF SAID
SENTENCES.      SENTENCES IN COUNTS II AND III SHALL RUN
CONSECUTIVELY. COUNT IV: CONVICTION OF GRAND LARCENY AND
SENTENCE OF TEN (10) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, REVERSED AND REMANDED.

    WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND GRAVES, P.JJ., DICKINSON, RANDOLPH,
LAMAR, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR.



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