
357 F.Supp. 770 (1972)
The WASHINGTON POST CO. and Ben H. Bagdikian, Plaintiffs,
v.
Richard G. KLEINDIENST, Acting Attorney General of the United States and Norman A. Carlson, Director, United States Bureau of Prisons, Defendants.
Civ. A. No. 467-72.
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
April 5, 1972.
Declaration and Order May 12, 1972.
*771 Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Charles H. Wilson, Jr., Richard M. Cooper, Williams, Connolly & Califano, Washington, D. C., for plaintiffs.
Joseph Hannon, Michael A. Katz, Asst. U. S. Attys., Washington, D. C., for defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
GESELL, District Judge.
This complaint seeks injunctive and declaratory relief. Plaintiffs, a newspaper and one of its experienced reporters, sought permission to interview certain prisoners at two federal penitentiaries: Lewisburg and Danbury. Defendant Carlson denied this request, relying on the Bureau of Prisons' Policy Statement of February 11, 1972, which flatly prohibits any interviews of prisoners subject to control of the Bureau, regardless of the reason for the request or the prisoner's status or offense.[1] Plaintiffs claim that this flat prohibition of the policy contravenes the First Amendment. They emphasize their desire to interview only prisoners willing to be interviewed and they recognize reasonable restraints as to time and place may be imposed so long as such interviews are not censored or overheard by prison officials. Restrictions upon interviews during periods of prison emergency are not questioned in this litigation.
Plaintiffs have a legitimate news interest. The Washington Post has run a comprehensive series on prison conditions, illustrated by articles attached to the complaint. The unsuccessful effort to interview which led to this litigation related to matter of obvious public interest. Recent work stoppages at Lewisburg and Danbury had apparently been satisfactorily resolved without bloodshed through negotiations between the Wardens and inmate representatives. Information subsequently came to the Washington Post that inmate ringleaders had been punished and that this was contrary to assurances given by prison authorities. The newspaper had reason to believe that some members of the inmate negotiating committees may have been placed in solitary, maced, deprived of necessary medical care and otherwise harshly treated. This information came from lawyers for inmates and their relatives, from prisoner letters and also from scattered congressional sources. The newspaper was interested not only in publicizing these apparently peaceful settlements which contrasted with several recent violent prison outbreaks but was prepared to expose any brutality or unwarranted retaliatory discipline if intimations received proved well founded.
Defendants contend that the press has no constitutional right of access to inmates for confidential interviews and urge that the same Bureau policy which permits contact between prisoners and the media both through uncensored mail and by casual conversations held in the course of prison tours[2] provides sufficient access and is not arbitrary.
The Court denied a temporary restraining order immediately after the complaint was filed. Thereafter a hearing was promptly held on the prayer for *772 preliminary injunction. Testimony was taken from several penal experts[3] and the parties have filed detailed briefs. With consent of the parties the matter was submitted to the Court for final decision on the merits following the hearing.[4]
There are few decisions that have considered whether the First Amendment implicitly guarantees access to news sources under special conditions such as those here presented.[5] While the right to publish is firmly established, the Amendment's implications in terms of access are not resolved. There is, of course, an absolute right of privacy which the press cannot invade. An individual may refuse to be interviewed. Those who wish to consult or meet in private for the day-to-day conduct of public or business affairs may, in furtherance of their own common right to privacy, exclude the media. These commonly accepted situations are, however, obviously quite distinct from the special circumstances presented by this particular controversy. Here the Bureau has not denied the press access to its own personnel. Rather, it has imposed a bar on persons placed in its care by the courts who may wish to talk with the press and are willing to be interviewed.
There is no law that deprives prisoners of their right to speech by communicating with the press. Indeed, the courts have repeatedly been at pains to point out that the fact of conviction does not automatically deprive prisoners of rights guaranteed under the Constitution. "[A] prisoner does not shed his First Amendment rights at the prison portals." Brown v. Peyton, 437 F.2d 1228, 1230 (4th Cir. 1971). Indeed, "A prisoner retains all the rights of an ordinary citizen except those expressly, or by necessary implication, taken from him by law." Coffin v. Reichard, 143 F.2d 443, 445 (6th Cir. 1944), cert. denied, 325 U.S. 887, 65 S.Ct. 1568, 89 L.Ed. 2001 (1945). While "[l]awful incarceration brings about the necessary withdrawal or limitation of many privileges and rights . . .," reasonable necessity, to be determined on a case-by-case basis, must dictate any official retraction of such rights. Price v. Johnston, 334 U.S. 266, 285-286, 68 S.Ct. 1049, 1060, 92 L.Ed. 1356 (1948). The courts have repeatedly preserved First Amendment rights of prisoners to the free exercise of religion, Cooper v. Pate, 378 U.S. 546, 84 S.Ct. 1733, 12 L.Ed.2d 1030 (1964); Brown v. Peyton, supra; Barnett v. Rodgers, 133 U.S.App.D.C. 296, 410 F.2d 995 (1969); Long v. Parker, 390 F.2d 816 (3rd Cir. 1968); to receive mail, Palmigiano v. Travisono, 317 F. Supp. 776 (D.R.I. 1970); to receive newsletters, Fortune Society v. McGinnis, 319 F.Supp. 901 (S.D.N.Y. 1970); and, notably, to communicate with the press by uncensored mail concerning prison management, treatment of offenders, or personal grievances, Nolan v. Fitzpatrick, 451 F.2d 545 (1st Cir. 1971).
The press can be superficial, overly persistent and sometimes lacking in objectivity, but nonetheless the need *773 to grant substantial press access to prisoners is readily apparent. Prisons are public institutions. The conduct of these institutions is a matter of public concern. Whenever people are incarcerated, whether it be in a prison, an insane asylum, or an institution such as those for the senile and retarded, opportunity for human indignities and administrative insensitivity exists. Those thus deprived of freedom live out of the public's view. It is largely only through the media that a failure in a particular institution to adhere to minimum standards of human dignity can be exposed. Indeed, needed reforms in these areas have often been sparked by press attention. Conversely, secrecy is inconsistent with responsible official conduct of public institutions for it creates suspicion, rumor, indifference, if not distrust. Disinterest causes abuses to multiply. See Grosjean v. American Press Co., supra.
The Bureau is not wholly unconscious of these considerations. It recognizes that the public has a legitimate and hopefully continuing interest in its affairs. It has not sought completely to black out the press. Federal penal institutions are open to reasonable press inspection and confidential mail communication between prisoners and the press is permitted. There is no evidence that the Bureau is attempting to conceal. In spite of the serious overcrowding and lack of adequate funds for personnel and essential programs, it is attempting to set a high standard of inmate care.
In refusing to permit press interviews under any circumstances, the Bureau is prompted by considerations of administrative convenience and possible disciplinary or other difficulties which undue press attention to particular inmates may engender, affecting either the individual prisoner or his fellow inmates. The Washington Post insists that the in-depth individual inmate interviews are essential to adequate, fair reporting. It contends that the limited access afforded under the Bureau's policy is wholly inadequate. Communication by correspondence is said to be too impersonal and timeconsuming. In order to write reliable stories, it is suggested, there is a need to observe demeanor, to probe by questioning and to overcome the barrier of semi-illiteracy and suspicion that may inhibit inmates when they write. Prison tours and related conversations with individuals or groups are characterized as too hit-and-miss, too limited, too casual, too unproductive to enable a reporter to probe a given situation.
Since "[t]he right to speak and publish does not carry with it the unrestrained right to gather information," Zemel v. Rusk, 381 U.S. 1, 17, 85 S.Ct. 1271, 1281, 14 L.Ed.2d 179 (1964), the issue here tendered is, nonetheless, whether the interview restraint imposed by the Bureau's policy is unduly restrictive. A continuing flat prohibition against press interviews of any prisoner, at any time, under any circumstances, in any institution, is on its face arbitrary. The burden of justification rests upon the defendants. Cf., Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 83 S.Ct. 1790, 10 L.Ed.2d 965 (1963); Speiser v. Randall, 357 U. S. 513, 78 S.Ct. 1332, 2 L.Ed.2d 1460 (1958). It is not a matter of the Court substituting its judgment for the Bureau's but rather whether, given the breadth of the prohibition, it appears after balancing the considerations pro and con that the justification offered is obviously deficient. In short, are the limitations placed on First Amendment freedoms no greater than is necessary to protect the governmental interests asserted?[6] As this inquiry is pursued there is no need to differentiate between the rights of the press and the rights of prisoners committed to the custody of the Bureau. News gathering and news dissemination cannot be disassociated *774 under circumstances such as these where it is assumed there is a mutual desire to communicate and where, in the last analysis, the public right to be informed may well overshadow either of the other two considerations. DeJonge v. Oregon, supra, 299 U.S. at 364-365, 57 S.Ct. 255.
Accordingly, it becomes necessary to examine the Bureau's justification for its absolute interview prohibition with care. Several considerations have prompted the Bureau's decision which was reached only after serious deliberation and study:
(1) Excessive press attention to a relatively few notorious prisoners has detracted measurably from their rehabilitative treatment and imposed administrative difficulties.
(2) When press interviews are held they receive immediate wide attention throughout the prisons and the importance of the prisoner interviewed is exaggerated among other inmates. Thus prisoners receiving wide press attention may become "big wheels" and have their status within the prison community enhanced to a point that seriously interferes with effective discipline. Seale v. Manson, 326 F.Supp. 1375 (D.Conn. 1971).
(3) A few prisoners may use the medium of the press to foster revolt within the walls. All news that goes out comes back in by newspaper, television and radio. Angry words, false accusations and protest geared to violence can light a fuse that erupts the pent-up emotions of inmates who may feel neglected and abused.
These are all real considerations and while somewhat impressionistic, they are supported by experience and advanced in good faith. The Court is satisfied, however, that the interview prohibition is too all-inclusive and that the factors mentioned do not justify a blanket denial of press access to all individual inmates willing to be interviewed. It is possible to prevent the difficulties and excesses feared by far less restrictive measures. Individual interviews may be refused where difficult administrative or disciplinary problems threaten and it goes too far to exclude all inmates from press access through individual interviews.
The National Council on Crime and Delinquency in its proposed model act to provide minimum standards for protection of rights of prisoners would permit press access to individual prisoners for interview. Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 18, January 1972, p. 13. See also, An Introduction to Prison Reform Legislation Clearinghouse Review, Vol. V, No. 11, March 1972, p. 667. Press interviews are freely permitted throughout the New York City correctional system, by the District of Columbia Department of Corrections, and by several states. (Exhibits 1-8, inclusive). Many tensions are thus relieved. California, for example, long had rules permitting interviews but terminated them after a recent outbreak at one prison attributed in part to many inflammatory interviews permitted a single prisoner. However, its knowledgeable, experienced Director, were it not for questionable legal advice, would still permit interviews in many sectors of his statewide correctional system.
Not only is there a difference in practice and viewpoint among correctional officials on the subject of press interviewing generally, but there is another overriding factor that calls into question the propriety of any blanket prohibition such as that presented in the Bureau's policy. The great bulk of federal prisoners, perhaps as many as ninety percent, are incarcerated for non-violent crimes. Many of these men and women in federal institutions have completed high school or its equivalent. Many are articulate and thoughtful.
Yet even prisoners released into the community under various training, furlough and other policies placing the prisoner into unsupervised contact with non-prisoners, may still not be allowed to talk with the press. The policy applies not only to the six major penitentiaries but also to the entire far-flung complex of *775 institutions, camps, community treatment centers, minimum security compounds, and schools and business establishments which employ offenders in various special programs.
Moreover, the Bureau is committed to many policies which are increasingly moving offenders out of traditional institutional confinements with a view to expanding community involvement in correctional programs to facilitate successful reintegration into society. Biennial Reports, U.S. Board of Parole, July 1968-June 1970, p. 14; and Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1970-71. It will further these objectives if the public is kept informed to the fullest extent possible and it will be only through increasing prisoner contact that the press can adequately report on activities and developments affecting those institutions. The contention that legal and practical considerations necessitate the total prohibition is not accepted.
To date, except in very special circumstances, the press generally has shown little interest in our prisons and the public has shown almost a callous disregard for the urgent needs of these imperfect institutions. The quality of a society may be measured by the manner in which it treats its criminal offenders. There is now, fortunately, a growing concern in this area expressed by the Executive, the Courts and the bar. Much wider press interest and more general public concern should be encouraged.[7]
The Bureau's no-interview policy violates the First Amendment by unqualifiedly denying the press the right to interview inmates. The rules of the Bureau must be more precisely drawn to prohibit interviews only where it can be clearly established that serious administrative or disciplinary problems are being created.[8] There are obviously less drastic means for accommodating the Bureau's proper purpose and still accommodating the strictures of the First Amendment.[9] Any outright restraint upon the ability of the press to gather information places a heavy burden on those who seek to justify it and the burden in this instance has not been met. NAACP v. Button, supra; Shelton v. Tucker, supra. Distinctions can readily be drawn to differentiate types of institutions and prisoners in the same or different categories. The thrust of new press regulations should be to permit uncensored confidential interviews wherever possible and to withhold permission to interview on an individual basis only where demonstrable administrative or disciplinary considerations dominate. There is no necessity to treat all inmates alike and it will be appropriate to recognize a high degree of discretion in individual prison administrators. The Bureau will be well advised to seek the advice of experienced newsmen, to leave room for experimentation and to move toward more flexibility in its policies and procedures governing prisoner-press contacts. (See tr. p. 134).
Defendants are directed to issue in thirty days a modified rule governing interviews consistent with this opinion. In the interim, interview requests must be considered on an individual basis. Defendants will be enjoined from enforcing the blanket interview prohibition now contained in the Bureau's Policy Statement.
The complaint contains not only a broad attack on the Bureau's Policy Statement but a specific demand for immediate access to interview prisoners at Lewisburg and Danbury. This special *776 request requires brief comment. After the complaint was filed, the Wardens of both institutions offered Bagdikian the opportunity to interview selected prisoners in a group without supervision or censorship but under time restrictions and to visit solitary where ringleaders were allegedly being held. Full advantage was not taken of these proffers, perhaps for reasons of litigating strategy. Only one inmate correspondent has apparently indicated a desire to be interviewed. Some of the prisoners involved are reported to be testifying in other public proceedings. The mails remain open. Under these circumstances, the Court declines to order the defendants to allow the specific interviews desired. These particular interview denials are invalid. They should be reconsidered by the Bureau in the light of this Memorandum Opinion and post-hearing developments. The request for mandatory or other emergency relief is denied. Plaintiffs' motion to reopen the record is denied.
The foregoing shall constitute the Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law. The parties shall submit an appropriate order within five days.

APPENDIX
 *777 *778


DECLARATION AND ORDER
The case having come on for trial on March 23, 1972, on plaintiffs' motion for preliminary relief, the parties at the trial having consented to the submission of the entire case for final disposition on the merits, the Court having heard testimony and considered briefs, and the Court having *779 issued a Memorandum Opinion containing findings of fact and conclusions of law on April 5, 1972, it is this 11th day of April, 1972, hereby
Declared:
1. That the first two sentences of paragraph 4(b)(6) of the Bureau of Prisons Policy Statement 1220.1A dated, February 11, 1972, prohibiting all interviews by members of the press with inmates in the custody of the Bureau, are in violation of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
2. That defendants' denials of permission to plaintiffs to interview identified inmates at the federal correctional institutions in Danbury, Connecticut, and Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, made in reliance on Policy Statement 1220.1A, were in violation of the First Amendment.
3. That under the First Amendment, subject to reasonable restrictions as to time and place, the press has a right of access to interview confidentially and without censorship any inmate of a federal correctional institution who consents to be interviewed, except where it is determined that serious administrative or disciplinary problems are likely to result from the particular interview sought; and it is hereby
Ordered:
1. That defendants and personnel of the Federal Bureau of Prisons subject to their direction and control, are hereby enjoined from enforcing the blanket prohibition of press interviews with inmates contained in the first two sentences of paragraph 4(b)(6) of the Bureau of Prison's Policy Statement 1220.1A, dated February 11, 1972.
2. That defendants shall issue not later than 30 days from the date of this Order new rules governing press interviews with inmates in the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Such rules shall satisfy the following conditions:
a. The rules shall establish a general policy of the Federal Bureau of Prisons to permit, subject to reasonable restrictions as to time and place, confidential, uncensored press interviews with any inmates willing to be interviewed.
b. If the rules authorize any exception to the general policy, the exception shall be precisely drawn to prohibit an interview only where it can be established as a matter of probability on the basis of actual experience that serious administrative or disciplinary problems are, in the judgment of the prison administrators directly concerned, likely to be created by the interview because of either the demonstrated behavior of the inmate concerned or special conditions existing at the inmate's institution at the particular time the interview is requested.
3. That between the date of this Order and the issuance of the new regulations, defendants shall consider on an individual basis requests by the press to interview inmates who may be willing to be interviewed, and if such inmates are willing to be interviewed defendants shall grant such interviews except where it can be established that serious administrative or disciplinary problems would be created by the interview sought.
NOTES
[1]  Policy Statement No. 1220.1A is appended. Paragraph 4.b.(6) states in part: "Press representatives will not be permitted to interview individual inmates. This rule shall apply even where the inmate request or seeks an interview . . . ."
[2]  This is the meaning and effect of the second half of paragraph 4.b.(6) of the Policy Statement.
[3]  The following witnesses testified at the hearing: plaintiff Bagdikian; Benjamin Malcolm, Commissioner, New York City Department of Corrections; Leroy Anderson, Executive Assistant to the Director, District of Columbia Department of Corrections; Raymond K. Procunier, Director of Corrections of the State of California; Noah L. Alldredge, Warden, United States Penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania; John J. Norton, Warden, Federal Correctional Institution at Danbury, Connecticut; and Norman A. Carlson, Director, Federal Bureau of Prisons.
[4]  Because of the constitutional issues the proceedings were expedited. The complaint was filed March 10, 1972, the TRO was denied March 13, 1972, and the full hearing was held March 23.
[5]  In addition to cases cited elsewhere in this opinion, see generally, Grosjean v. American Press Co., 297 U.S. 233, 56 S.Ct. 444, 80 L.Ed. 660 (1936); Garland v. Torre, 259 F.2d 545 (2d Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 910, 79 S.Ct. 237, 3 L.Ed.2d 231 (1958); Caldwell v. United States, 434 F.2d 1081 (9th Cir. 1970).
[6]  Sherbert v. Verner, supra; NAACP v. Button, 371 U.S. 415, 83 S.Ct. 328, 9 L.Ed.2d 405 (1963); United States v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258, 88 S.Ct. 419, 19 L.Ed.2d 508 (1967); Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479, 81 S.Ct. 247, 5 L.Ed.2d 231 (1960); DeJonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, 57 S.Ct. 255, 81 L.Ed. 278 (1939).
[7]  "[T]he widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources is essential to the welfare of the public . . . ." Associated Press v. United States, 326 U.S. 1, 20, 65 S.Ct. 1416, 1424, 89 L.Ed. 2013 (1945).
[8]  The Court recognizes the proper reluctance of Courts to interfere with a prison's internal discipline and can accept without difficulty the rationale of such decisions as Burnham v. Oswald, 333 F. Supp. 1128 (W.D.N.Y. 1971), but it cannot agree with the broader view taken by the learned Judge in Smith v. Bounds, No. 2914 (E.D.N.C. March 14, 1972) for the reasons stated herein.
[9]  See cases cited note 6 supra.
