[Cite as LexisNexis v. Hudia, 2018-Ohio-4046.]




                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 LEXISNEXIS A DIVISION OF RELX,                       :
 INC.                                                 :
                                                      :   Appellate Case No. 28012
         Plaintiff-Appellee                           :
                                                      :   Trial Court Case No. 17-CV-1900
 v.                                                   :
                                                      :   (Civil Appeal from
 JEREMY HUDIA                                         :    Common Pleas Court)
                                                      :
         Defendant-Appellant                          :


                                                 ...........

                                                 OPINION

                           Rendered on the 5th day of October, 2018.

                                                 ...........

ANDREW C. STORAR, Atty. Reg. No. 0018802, MICHAEL W. SANDNER, Atty. Reg. No.
0064107, and MICHELLE T. SUNDGAARD, Atty. Reg. No. 0096006, 2700 Kettering
Tower, Dayton, Ohio 45423
      Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee

JEREMY HUDIA, Atty. Reg. No. 0088052, 12864 Heath Road, Chesterland, Ohio 44026
     Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                            .............
                                                                                            -2-


HALL, J.

       {¶ 1} Jeremy Hudia appeals from the trial court’s entry of summary judgment

against him on LexisNexis’ complaint alleging breach of contract for non-payment under

a subscription agreement.

       {¶ 2} Hudia advances four assignments of error. First, he contends the trial court

erred in taking judicial notice of a fact based on an Internet search rather than relying on

evidence submitted by the parties. Second, he claims the trial court erred in failing to

construe evidence in his favor when ruling on LexisNexis’ summary judgment motion.

Third, he asserts that the trial court erred in failing to rule that he acted as a “pre-

incorporation promoter.” Fourth, he argues that the trial court erred in failing to sustain his

competing summary judgment motion.

       {¶ 3} The record reflects that Hudia signed a subscription agreement with

LexisNexis for online legal-research services in July 2012. Payments on the account fell

into arrears, and LexisNexis sued him personally in April 2017 to recover the balance

owed. The only real dispute below concerned whether Hudia was liable under the

subscription agreement or whether the law firm of “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law LLC”

was solely responsible for the delinquent payments.

       {¶ 4} LexisNexis moved for summary judgment in October 2017. It presented

evidence that Hudia had executed the subscription agreement, that the account had fallen

in arrears, and that the amount owed was $4,544.38 plus interest and attorney fees. A

copy of the subscription agreement accompanied LexisNexis’ motion. The agreement

identified the subscriber as “Jeremy Hudia, Attorney at Law.” It was signed “Jeremy

Hudia.” A “customer information” page completed by Hudia identified the “organization
                                                                                           -3-


name” as “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law.” He self-identified his organization by check-

marking a box labeled “law firm”. Although the instructions permitted him to mark all

applicable boxes, he did not mark boxes for “private corporation,” “sole proprietor,” or

“partnership/LLC.”

       {¶ 5} On November 1, 2017, Hudia filed a combined response to LexisNexis’

motion and a summary judgment motion of his own. In support, he argued that the

subscription agreement was between LexisNexis and a limited-liability company identified

as “Jeremy Hudia, Attorney at Law.” He noted that the “customer information” page

identified his organization as a law firm. He also cited internal correspondence from

LexisNexis that called him a “solo LLP.”

       {¶ 6} In its November 8, 2017 reply brief, LexisNexis presented evidence to

establish that Hudia did not incorporate his law practice as a limited-liability company until

February 2013. Therefore, LexisNexis argued that when the subscription agreement was

executed in July 2012, “Jeremy Hudia, Attorney at Law” was not, and could not have

been, an entity separate and distinct from Jeremy Hudia personally. That being so,

LexisNexis maintained that its July 2012 agreement was with Jeremy Hudia, who simply

was doing business as “Jeremy Hudia, Attorney at Law.” Accompanying LexisNexis’ reply

was a copy of the “Articles of Organization for a Domestic Limited Liability Company” that

Hudia had filed with the Ohio Secretary of State. LexisNexis also included a copy of a

certificate issued by the Ohio Secretary of State for “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law LLC.”

The certificate was signed on February 11, 2013. The actual Articles of Organization that

Hudia had submitted to the Secretary of State also were file-stamped February 11, 2013.

       {¶ 7} Hudia sought and received permission to file a surreply to address
                                                                                           -4-


LexisNexis’ argument about the date he incorporated his law practice. In his November

30, 2017 surreply, Hudia argued that the February 11, 2013 date on the certificate signed

by the Secretary of State did not represent the date that he had filed his Articles of

Organization. Hudia claimed that LexisNexis had failed to present any evidence

establishing when he had filed his Articles of Organization, which was the relevant date

for determining when his limited-liability company came into existence.

       {¶ 8} More than three months after filing his surreply, Hudia filed a March 6, 2018

affidavit attempting to address his Articles of Organization. Therein, he asserted that, to

“the best of [his] recollection,” he had submitted the Articles to the Ohio Secretary of State

sometime “in the year 2012.” LexisNexis moved to strike the affidavit on the basis of

untimeliness and for other reasons.

       {¶ 9} In an April 30, 2018 ruling, the trial court sustained LexisNexis’ motion to

strike Hudia’s affidavit on the basis of untimeliness. 1 The trial court also sustained

LexisNexis’ summary judgment motion and overruled Hudia’s competing motion. With

regard to Hudia’s personal liability under the subscription agreement, the trial court

reasoned:

              * * * While the Subscription Agreement and Addendum were signed

       by Hudia as “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law,” the Court finds that the

       forgoing was not a distinct entity, but rather a name under which Hudia did

       business as a sole proprietor. The evidence further shows that Hudia

       breached the contract by failing to make monthly payments. Finally, the



1On appeal, Hudia has not challenged the trial court’s ruling on the motion to strike.
Therefore, we will not consider the contents of the affidavit.
                                                                                   -5-


evidence shows damage to LexisNexis, in the amount of the sum of the

delinquent payments and the remaining payments, $4,544.38. Based on the

foregoing, the Court finds that LexisNexis has properly supported its Motion

for Summary Judgment, and the burden shifts to Hudia to show that there

is a genuine issue of material fact that precludes summary judgment for

LexisNexis or, alternatively, to show that there are no genuine issues of

material fact and that he is entitled to summary judgment.

       In opposition to LexisNexis’ Motion for Summary Judgment, and in

support of his own motion, Hudia argues that the contract was not between

LexisNexis and himself, but rather between LexisNexis and Jeremy Hudia

Attorney at Law LLC. As an initial matter, the Court observes that neither

LexisNexis nor Hudia refers to Hudia as an LLC in the Subscription

Agreement and Addendum. Further, and more importantly, Jeremy Hudia

Attorney at Law LLC did not exist when Hudia signed the documents. R.C.

1705.04(A) provides that “[t]he legal existence of [a limited liability company]

begins upon the filing of the articles of organization or on a later date

specified in the articles of organization that is not more than ninety days

after the filing.” Here, the Secretary’s website represents that the “original

filing date” of the Articles of Organization was February 11, 2013 and the

copy of the Articles of Organization available on the website is file-stamped

February 11, 2013. Thus, even if the Court were to consider the self-serving

statements in the Hudia Affidavits, the fact would remain that the Articles of

Organization were filed with the Secretary on February 11, 2013—several
                                                                                           -6-


      months after Hudia signed the Subscription Agreement and Addendum.

             Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that there are no genuine

      issues of material fact and that LexisNexis is entitled to judgment as a

      matter of law. * * *

(Emphases sic). (Doc. # 35 at 5-6).

      {¶ 10} In his first assignment of error, Hudia contends the trial court erred in relying

on the Ohio Secretary of State’s website to conclude that his limited-liability company

came into existence on February 11, 2013. Rather than taking judicial notice of the

website, Hudia argues that the trial court should have confined itself to the parties’

summary judgment evidence, which included the Articles of Organization and the

corresponding certificate issued by the Ohio Secretary of State. In relevant part, he

asserts:

             The lower court interpreted the state website as if it were saying the

      actual date Hudia filed the documents was February 11, 2013. Although the

      website can be interpreted that way, the actual certified forms are not

      consistent with that interpretation of the website. The certified documents

      show Hudia did not pay to have the filing expedited. If the lower court is

      correct, and Hudia filed his documents on February 11, 2013, the state

      would have reviewed, approved, and certified the documents the day they

      were filed, even though they were not processed on an expedited basis.

             The actual certified forms show there is a reasonable dispute

      regarding whether the forms were filed on February 11th or whether that

      was the date the Secretary of State reviewed and certified the forms.
                                                                                            -7-


              Because it was the trial court, and not LexisNexis, that cited the

       website, Hudia had no opportunity in the lower court to argue whether the

       website provides either a brief summary of filings or a specific and separate

       finding of fact that Hudia filed documents on February 11, 2013.

       Presumably, the website can only compile information from the formal,

       certified documents, which do not provide a clear filing date. The information

       on the website is subject to reasonable dispute, and the lower court erred

       in taking judicial notice of facts from the website.

(Footnotes omitted) (Appellant’s brief at 8).

       {¶ 11} Upon review, we find Hudia’s argument to be unpersuasive. He concedes

that the Secretary of State’s website “can be interpreted” as showing that he filed his

Articles of Organization on February 11, 2013. But no interpretation is required. The

website explicitly states that he filed his Articles of Incorporation on that date. See Ohio

Secretary of State, https://businesssearch.sos.state.oh.us/?=businessDetails/2173058

(accessed Oct. 2, 2018). We conclude that a party is entitled to an opportunity to be heard

as to the propriety of taking judicial notice, and the better practice would have been for

the trial court to notify the parties that it intended to take judicial notice from the website

before doing so. Evid. R. 201(E). Alternatively, perhaps Hudia should have disputed this

noticed fact in the trial court “after judicial notice has been taken” as also permitted by the

rule. Id. Nonetheless, assuming, purely arguendo, that the trial court should not have

consulted the Ohio Secretary of State’s website,2 in our de novo review we observe that


2 But see Stumpff v. Harris, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23354, 2010-Ohio-1241, *8 (“We
take judicial notice, however, that [the appellant’s business] remains listed as an active
corporation on the Ohio Secretary of State’s web site.”).
                                                                                           -8-


the actual Articles of Organization accompanying LexisNexis’ summary judgment motion

establish the same thing. Those Articles, which Hudia had submitted to the Ohio

Secretary of State, bear a file-stamped date of “2013 FEB 11 PM 12:01.” In light of this

uncontroverted evidence, we disagree with Hudia’s claim that his certified forms are

inconsistent with the trial court’s interpretation of the website. The record contains no

evidence supporting a contrary conclusion or demonstrating a genuine issue of material

fact on the question. Hudia’s argument in the trial court that he submitted the Articles at

some ethereal date in 2012 creates no genuine issue about when the Articles were “filed.”

The “legal existence of the corporation begins upon the filing of the articles” unless a later

date is specified. R.C. 1701.04(D)

       {¶ 12} Because the record contains uncontroverted evidence that Hudia’s Articles

of Organization were filed on February 11, 2013, the trial court correctly concluded as a

matter of law that “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law LLC” did not exist in July 2012 when

the parties entered into their subscription agreement. Therefore, the trial court correctly

concluded that when Hudia signed the agreement as “Jeremy Hudia” or “Jeremy Hudia,

Attorney at Law,” he was doing so in his individual capacity. The first assignment of error

is overruled.

       {¶ 13} In his second assignment of error, Hudia contends the trial court erred in

failing to construe the documents certified by the Ohio Secretary of State in his favor when

ruling on LexisNexis’ summary judgment motion. In support, he merely repeats the issues

addressed above. He reasons that his Articles of Organization reasonably could not have

been filed with the Secretary of State on February 11, 2013 because they were certified
                                                                                           -9-


by the Secretary of State that same day.

      {¶ 14} Although Hudia finds it implausible that the Articles of Organization were

filed and certified on the same day without being expedited, the summary judgment

evidence establishes that such a scenario did occur. As set forth above, the Articles of

Organization bear a file-stamped date of “2013 FEB 11.” The corresponding certificate

issued by the Secretary of State bears the same date. Construing this uncontroverted

evidence in Hudia’s favor leads us to conclude that Hudia in fact did file his Articles of

Organization on February 11, 2013. It is not self-evident that the Articles could not have

been filed and certified on the same day, and the record contains no evidence

demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact with regard to the file-stamped date on the

Articles that Hudia filed with the Secretary of State. Therefore, we again see no error in

the trial court’s determination that “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law LLC” did not exist in

July 2012 when the parties entered into their subscription agreement. The second

assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 15} In his third assignment of error, Hudia contends the trial court erred in failing

to hold that he acted as a pre-incorporation promoter when he signed the subscription

agreement. Even if no limited-liability company existed when he signed the agreement,

Hudia claims the trial court should have found him no longer liable under the agreement

after the formation of “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law LLC.” In support, he reasons that

the agreement was only an agreement with the soon-to-be-formed limited-liability

company and not with him personally. That being so, he reasons that his potential liability

terminated after the company was formed and it adopted the agreement and began

performing thereunder.
                                                                                         -10-


       {¶ 16} Upon review, we note that Hudia never raised the foregoing argument in the

trial court. As set forth above, he insisted in opposition to summary judgment that the

original parties to the subscription agreement were LexisNexis and Jeremy Hudia

Attorney at Law LLC. He did not assert that he acted personally but that his liability under

the agreement was extinguished after his law firm incorporated. LexisNexis countered

Hudia’s opposition to summary judgment with evidence proving that the limited-liability

company did not exist when the subscription agreement was executed. In his surreply,

Hudia still did not profess to have been a pre-incorporation promoter whose liability was

extinguished after creation of the limited-liability company. Rather, he continued to insist

that the subscription agreement was between LexisNexis and Jeremy Hudia Attorney at

Law LLC. In fact, he conceded that LexisNexis would be entitled to summary judgment if

the trial court found that the subscription agreement was with him personally. (Doc. # 29

at 4). Because Hudia never asked the trial court to find that he acted individually only as

a corporate promotor whose liability later was extinguished, the trial court did not err in

failing to do so. Hudia has waived that issue on appeal by failing to raise it at any time

below. See Freedom Mtge. Corp. v. LeBlanc, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25119, 2012-

Ohio-5100, ¶ 12 (declining to consider the appellant’s argument that a novation relieved

him of liability under a note where such an argument was “[c]ompletely absent from his

brief in opposition to summary judgment” in the trial court).

       {¶ 17} In any event, Hudia’s argument also fails on the merits. “[A] corporation,

which is incapable of authorizing an agreement made on its behalf prior to its existence,

may nevertheless adopt the agreement after its incorporation. Adoption may be

manifested by the corporation’s receipt of the contract’s benefits with knowledge of its
                                                                                          -11-

terms.” Illinois Controls, Inc. v. Langham, 70 Ohio St.3d 512, 522, 639 N.E.2d 771 (1994).

       {¶ 18} But even where a corporation may be liable for the breach of an agreement

executed on its behalf by a pre-incorporation promoter, it does not follow that the promoter

necessarily is relieved of liability. “[T]he promoters of a corporation are at least initially

liable on any contracts they execute in furtherance of the corporate entity prior to its

formation.” Id. at 523. “Formation of the corporation following execution of the contract is

a prerequisite to any release of the promoters from liability arising from the pre-

incorporation agreement,” but formation of the corporation, alone, is not sufficient. Id.

“[W]here a corporation, with knowledge of the agreement’s terms, benefits from a pre-

incorporation agreement executed on its behalf by its promoters, the corporation and the

promoters are jointly and severally liable for breach of the agreement unless the

agreement provides that performance is solely the responsibility of the corporation or,

subsequent to the formation of the corporate entity, a novation is executed whereby the

corporation is substituted for the promoters as a party to the original agreement.” Id. at

525.

       {¶ 19} Here the subscription agreement does not specify that performance

thereunder is solely the responsibility of “Jeremy Hudia Attorney at Law LLC.” The

agreement does not mention the then-non-existent company at all, and Hudia signed the

agreement simply as “Jeremy Hudia” or “Jeremy Hudia, Attorney at Law.” Nor does the

record contain any evidence of a novation in which the company agreed to assume

responsibility under the agreement and LexisNexis agreed to release Hudia from liability

thereunder. See Williams v. Ormsby, 131 Ohio St.3d 427, 2012-Ohio-690, 966 N.E.2d

255, ¶ 18 (recognizing that a novation requires evidence of a “clear and definite intent on
                                                                                           -12-


the part of all the parties to the original contract to completely negate the original contract

and enter into the second”). For the foregoing reasons, we would reject Hudia’s argument

about acting as a corporate promoter even if it were properly before us. The third

assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 20} In his fourth assignment of error, Hudia contends the trial court erred in

overruling his summary judgment motion. Having determined above, however, that the

trial court properly entered summary judgment in favor of LexisNexis, we conclude that it

did not err in overruling Hudia’s competing motion. Accordingly, the fourth assignment of

error is overruled.

       {¶ 21} The judgment of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.

                                       .............



FROELICH, J. and TUCKER, J., concur.


Copies mailed to:

Andrew C. Storar
Michael W. Sandner
Michelle T. Sundgaard
Jeremy Hudia
Hon. Steven K. Dankof
