                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



MATHEW DUNASKISS,                                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     May 16, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 331303
                                                                     Oakland Circuit Court
VARADEE DUNASKIS,                                                    LC No. 2015-145753-CK

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: TALBOT, C.J., and K. F. KELLY and BORRELLO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this breach of contract action, defendant appeals by right a January 6, 2016, trial court
order granting plaintiff’s motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). For
the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff and defendant are siblings1 and are beneficiaries in three estates of their
deceased relatives including their parents Frank and Aldona Dunaskis. Specifically, plaintiff and
defendant are beneficiaries of the following three estates:

       The Estate of Anna Suvesdis, Wayne County Probate Court (Wayne Estate)

       The Estate of Frank and Aldona Dunaskis, Maricopa County Superior Court
       (Arizona) (Maricopa Estate)

       The Estate of Aldona Dunaskis, Oakland Probate Court (Oakland Estate).

       Plaintiff is the personal representative of the Oakland Estate; the Oakland Estate
contained, among other property, six parcels of real property in Oakland County. Both plaintiff
and defendant owned a 25-percent stake in the properties and the remaining 50-percent stake was
included in the Oakland Estate.


1
  Although the parties are siblings, the spelling of their last name is different in the lower court
record and in their appellate court filings; Mathew “Dunaskiss” and Varadee “Dunaskis.”


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         The parties had disputes about the distribution of the estates. On October 31, 2014, the
parties entered into a “Memorandum of Understanding and Agreement” (Memorandum). The
Memorandum’s stated purpose was to resolve the disputes about the six Oakland parcels by
facilitating the transfer of defendant’s 25-percent ownership interest in the parcels to plaintiff in
exchange for $1 million. The Memorandum provided the terms of payment as follows:

       [Plaintiff] agrees to pay [defendant] the total sum of [$1 million] in exchange for
       her waiver and release of any interests in the above-identified estates and/or the
       complete and total transfer of her interests in the above-identified estates to
       Mathew Dunaskiss and as a global resolution of all pending issues and disputes.
       The payment of $1,000,000.00 will be made as follows:

               $100,000.00 paid to Varadee Dunaskis on October 31, 2014;

               $100,000.00 paid to Varadee Dunaskis upon closure of each probate estate
               for a total of $300,000.00;

               $50,000.00 to be paid to Varadee Dunaskis on the first business day every
               six months until the remaining amount up to the total of $1,000.000.00 has
               been paid in full. Said monthly payments will begin 6 months after the
               closure of the final/last estate closure. Mathew Dunaskiss agrees to pay
               interest of 3% on an annual basis on the remaining monies owed. Further,
               Mathew Dunaskiss may relieve any obligation to pay the 6 month
               payments by transferring to Varadee Dunaskis either of the Lake Orion
               properties. In no event shall Mathew Dunaskiss be required to pay more
               than the total of $1,000,000.00. [Emphasis added.]

       Plaintiff paid the initial $100,000. Then, the parties signed an addendum to the
Memorandum which required plaintiff to pay defendant $200,000 on or before November 17,
2014, instead of paying $300,000 upon the closing of the three probate estates. Plaintiff paid the
$200,000 and the three probate estates were closed.

        On February 24, 2015, plaintiff commenced this breach of contract action in the circuit
court, seeking to enforce the Memorandum and quiet title to the six parcels. Plaintiff alleged that
he paid defendant $300,000 (the initial $100,000 plus the $200,000 per the addendum). Plaintiff
alleged that defendant refused to sign quit-claim deeds to the parcels in violation of the terms of
the Memorandum agreement.

       Responding in propria persona, defendant filed a lengthy answer to the complaint.
Relevant to this appeal, defendant appeared to argue that she did not violate the Memorandum
because the Memorandum did not contain terms indicating when she was required to sign-off on
the deeds to the six parcels. Defendant asserted that the “spirit of the agreement implies
completion of the accounting through probate as well as full payment per terms of the contract.”
Defendant argued that she was not required to sign any deed until “full completion of payment,”
and maintained that plaintiff was required to pay $700,000 before she would relinquish the
deeds.



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        On July 15, 2015, plaintiff moved for summary disposition. At a hearing, plaintiff
recounted that the parties had been fighting over the three estates for seven or eight years and
had spent “hundreds of hours” in probate court. Finally, the parties reached a “global
agreement” when they signed the Memorandum. The three estates were closed and the only
issue remaining involved defendant’s 25-percent stake in the six parcels of property. Plaintiff
noted that defendant owned 25 other properties and plaintiff had likely over-paid for the six
parcels. Plaintiff argued that he paid $300,000 to defendant, some of which was paid to Wayne
County to pay defendant’s back-taxes on the properties. Plaintiff argued that he needed the titles
to the parcels so that he could sell them in order to acquire assets necessary for payment to
defendant. Plaintiff argued that there was no genuine issue of material fact and he was entitled to
summary disposition.

        Defendant admitted that she signed the Memorandum, but asserted that the Memorandum
indicated she would release the 25-percent stake once she was paid the full $1 million with three
percent interest. Defendant argued that if she transferred the deeds before plaintiff made full
payment, she would be unprotected with only a piece of paper and a person (plaintiff) who had
“turned into the devil after my mother died.”

        The trial court found that the Memorandum did not indicate when defendant was required
to transfer the deeds to plaintiff, indicating “it’s ambiguous at- - at what point she was supposed
to transfer that 25 percent interest, whether it was at the beginning or after the final payment.”
The court denied plaintiff’s motion without prejudice because there was nothing to indicate that
defendant was required to transfer the deeds absent full payment from plaintiff.

        Thereafter, on November 9, 2015, plaintiff again moved for summary disposition.
Plaintiff argued that he offered payment in full to defendant in the amount of $700,000 in
principal and $21,000 interest. Defendant refused to accept the payment and refused to transfer
the deeds. Defendant maintained that under the terms of the Memorandum, plaintiff was
required to make $50,000 payments every six months with annual three-percent interest
payments. She argued that the Memorandum did not contain an acceleration clause.

     Following a hearing,2 the trial court entered a written order granting plaintiff’s motion for
summary disposition, and quieted title in the six parcels in favor of plaintiff. This appeal ensued.

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Maiden
v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). Because the trial court considered
evidence outside the pleadings, we review the motion as having been granted under MCR
2.116(C)(10). Cuddington v United Health Servs, Inc, 298 Mich App 264, 270; 826 NW2d 519
(2012). “In reviewing a motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(10), we review the evidence


2
  The transcript of the hearing cut-off after the parties placed their arguments on the record
because the “recording stopped,” abruptly. The trial court’s reasoning for granting the motion
was not included in the transcript.


                                                -3-
submitted by the parties in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether
there is a genuine issue regarding any material fact.” Id. This case also requires that we interpret
and apply the contract at issue; issues involving contract interpretation are reviewed de novo as
questions of law. Burkhardt v Bailey, 260 Mich App 636, 646; 680 NW2d 453 (2004).
Similarly, we review de novo equitable actions including actions to quiet title. Id.

                                         III. ANALYSIS

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred in finding that she breached the terms of the
Memorandum. Resolution of this issue requires that we interpret and apply the contract. A
contract “must be interpreted according to its plain and ordinary meaning.” Ajax Paving Indus.,
Inc. v Vanopdenbosch Const Co, 289 Mich App 639, 644; 797 NW2d 704 (2010). “[W]here the
terms of a contract are unambiguous, their construction is for the court to determine as a matter
of law . . . and the plain meaning of the terms may not be impeached with extrinsic evidence.”
Zurich Ins Co v CCR & Co, 226 Mich App 599, 604; 576 NW2d 392 (1997) (citations omitted).
In contrast, where terms are ambiguous and subject to more than one interpretation, a trial court
may consider parole evidence in ascertaining the parties’ intent. Id. at 607-608.

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred because the contract did not allow plaintiff to
accelerate the payment for the six properties absent plaintiff’s agreement to transfer one of the
Lake Orion properties. Instead, defendant maintains, after the upfront payments, the contract
required plaintiff to make $50,000 payments every six months and required plaintiff to pay three-
percent interest on an annual basis on the remaining amount owed. Essentially, defendant argues
that there was no acceleration clause in the contract and therefore accelerated payment was not
permitted. We turn to the plain language of the contract to resolve this issue.

       The first paragraph of the Memorandum provides the terms of payment as follows:

       Mathew Dunaskiss agrees to pay Veradee Dunaskis the total sum of
       $1,000,000.00 in exchange for her waiver and release of any interests in the
       above-identified estates and/or the complete and total transfer of her interests in
       the above-identified estates to Mathew Dunaskiss and as a global resolution of all
       pending issues and disputes. The payment of $1,000,000.00 will be made as
       follows:

               $100,000.00 paid to Varadee Dunaskis on October 31, 2014;

               $100,000.00 paid to Varadee Dunaskis upon closure of each probate estate
               for a total of $300,000.00;

               $50,000.00 to be paid to Varadee Dunaskis on the first business day every
               six months until the remaining amount up to the total of $1,000.000.00 has
               been paid in full. Said monthly payments will begin 6 months after the
               closure of the final/last estate closure. Mathew Dunaskiss agrees to pay
               interest of 3% on an annual basis on the remaining monies owed. Further,
               Mathew Dunaskiss may relieve any obligation to pay the 6 month
               payments by transferring to Varadee Dunaskis either of the Lake Orion


                                                -4-
               properties. In no event shall Mathew Dunaskiss be required to pay more
               than the total of $1,000,000.00. [Paragraph 1 (emphasis added).]

       The parties later signed an addendum, which provides in relevant part as follows:

       [] [T]o date Varadee Dunaskis has received from Mathew Dunaskiss One
       Hundred Thousand and 00/100 ($100,000.00) dollars;

       [] Varadee Dunaskis desires to receive an additional [] ($200,000.00) dollars prior
       to the due date for the payment of same stated in the above identified
       Memorandum. . . .

       [] Mathew Dunaskiss is agreeable to modifying the [Memorandum] . . . to paying
       Varadee Dunaskis the $50,000.00 every 6 months beginning January 2017 until
       the balance is paid in full in accordance with the original [Memorandum]. []

       NOW, THEREFORE, Mathew Dunaskiss agrees to pay to Varadee Dunaskiss []
       ($200,000.00) dollars on or before November 17, 2014. Said payment . . . shall
       eliminate the obligation of Mathew Dunaskiss to pay to Varadee Dunaskis []
       ($100,000.00) dollars upon the closure of each of the three (3) probate estates, as
       set forth in paragraph 1 of the [Memorandum]. . . .

       All other terms and conditions of the [Memorandum] [] remain in full force and
       effect.

        The Memorandum does not contain any terms indicating when defendant is required to
relinquish title to the properties. The contract merely indicates that “Mathew Dunaskiss agrees
to pay Varadee Dunaskis the total sum of [$1 million] in exchange for her waiver and release of
any interests” in the six parcels of real property. There is no other language in the contract
requiring defendant to sign over the deeds to the property before plaintiff satisfies the payment
requirement. The logical import of this language is that plaintiff’s payment obligation is a
condition precedent to defendant’s obligation to relinquish her interest in the subject properties.
“A ‘condition precedent’ is a condition that must be met by one party before the other party is
obligated to perform.” Archambo v Lawyers Title Ins Corp, 466 Mich 402, 412; 646 NW2d 170
(2002). The contractual language in this case clearly conditions defendant’s relinquishment of
her interest in the properties on plaintiff’s satisfaction of the terms of payment. Accordingly, we
must determine what the terms of payment are and whether plaintiff satisfied those terms.

       It is undisputed that plaintiff paid defendant $300,000 upfront before any of the six-
month installment payments were due. Plaintiff argued in the lower court that he had a certified
check for $700,000 prepared for defendant plus a $21,000 interest payment, yet defendant
refused to sign over the deeds.




                                                -5-
        Plaintiff conceded at oral argument that the contract was, at best, unartfully drafted.3 The
terms and conditions of the agreements are written in such a manner as to be confusing,
contradictory and misleading. For example, the contract provides both for the payment of
interest on the principal amount of $1,000,000,000 but also that the amount paid cannot exceed
$1,000,000,000. Hence, from this contradictory, confusing and misleading contract we cannot
glean the true intent of the parties, except to conclude that for purposes of this particular case,
there is nothing in the contract which specifically forbids plaintiff from tendering the entire
amount owed to plaintiff. Accordingly, we cannot find that the trial court erred by so holding.

       Affirmed. Defendant having prevailed in full may tax costs. MCR 7.219(A).



                                                             /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                             /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                             /s/ Stephen L. Borrello




3
 Also at oral argument, defendant was allowed to appear to answer questions. Before the Chief
Judge could inquire of the panel whether there were any questions, defendant began shouting
accusatory statements about plaintiff being a crook and continued to do so while be told she
could be held in contempt for such behavior.


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