                                     2019 IL App (1st) 162517
                                          No. 1-16-2517
                                                                          SECOND DIVISION
                                                                              March 26, 2019

______________________________________________________________________________
                                             IN THE
                                 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                        FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                        )   Appeal from the
                                                            )   Circuit Court of
          Plaintiff-Appellee,                               )   Cook County.
                                                            )
     v.                                                     )   No. 15 CR 11076
                                                            )
CEDRIC JOHNSON,                                             )   Honorable
                                                            )   Kevin M. Sheehan,
          Defendant-Appellant.                              )   Judge, presiding.



          JUSTICE PUCINSKI delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Justices Lavin and Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1        Following a bench trial, defendant Cedric Johnson was found guilty of armed violence,

possession of heroin with the intent to deliver, and the unauthorized use or possession of a

weapon by a felon. The trial court merged the unauthorized use or possession of a weapon by a

felon count into the armed violence count and sentenced defendant to 15 years in prison for

armed violence. The court also sentenced defendant to a consecutive nine-year sentence for

possession of heroin with the intent to deliver. On appeal, defendant contends that this cause

should be remanded for a new trial when he did not waive his right to a jury in open court. He
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further contends that he was not proven guilty of armed violence beyond a reasonable doubt

when the State failed to establish that he had access to a weapon when there was an immediate

potential for violence. Defendant next contends that the cause must be remanded for a new trial

when he was deprived of his right to a fair trial before an unbiased trier of fact. He finally

contends that his mittimus must be corrected. For the following reasons, we reverse defendant’s

convictions and remand for a new trial.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND

¶3     Defendant was charged with armed violence (720 ILCS 5/33A-2(a) (West 2014)),

possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver (720 ILCS 570/401(a)(1)(B) (West

2014)), and the unlawful use or possession of a weapon by a felon (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West

2014)), following his June 14, 2015, arrest.

¶4     The record reveals that defendant was initially represented by the Office of the Cook

County Public Defender. At a later court date, the assistant public defender was given leave to

withdraw, and private counsel entered his appearance. On January 6, 2016, defense counsel

informed the court that the State made a plea offer to defendant, which defendant rejected. After

the court discussed defendant’s decision to reject the plea with defendant, the court asked for a

trial date and “what kind of trial.” Defense counsel answered “[b]ench indicated.” On March 2,

2016, the court noted that defendant had rejected the State’s offer and asked defense counsel

what kind of trial was indicated. Defense counsel answered “bench.” The cause was continued

“for bench indicated.” On June 1, 2016, defense counsel again informed the court that the case

was “set for [a] bench” trial.




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¶5     On July 21, 2016, the court stated that the case “was set for bench today.” The case was

then passed. When the case was recalled, the court stated that the parties “answered ready for a

bench trial in this matter.” Defendant’s signed jury waiver is contained in the record on appeal,

and the “Criminal Disposition Sheet” indicates “waiver taken.”

¶6     Chicago police officer Robert Ontiveros testified that on the afternoon of June 14, 2015,

he and his partner, Officer Verdin, were part of a team conducting narcotics surveillance of the

west gangway at 3511 West Lexington in Chicago. He observed defendant, who was carrying a

black bag, enter the gangway. Defendant then “made like a throwing motion” and tossed the bag

onto a concrete ledge. Ontiveros next observed defendant reach into his waistband and pull out a

handgun. Defendant lifted himself up and “placed the handgun on the ledge or over the ledge.”

Defendant then exited the gangway and walked away. Ontiveros observed Verdin recover the

items. During cross-examination, Ontiveros admitted that the reports he authored erroneously

indicated that this event took place in the east gangway. He realized the mistake “the last time he

came to court” but did not write a report to correct it.

¶7     Chicago police officer Verdin testified that he recovered a black bag and a handgun. 1

Inside the black bag were two bags containing “numerous” other bags, which, in turn, held 336

Ziploc bags containing suspect heroin. He watched other officers inventory these items.

¶8     The State then entered a certified copy of defendant’s conviction for retail theft in case 13

C6 6138001. The parties also stipulated that forensic chemist Vernetta Watson would testify that

tests upon 203 of the 336 Ziploc bags revealed a weight of 100.1 grams and the presence of

heroin and that the total estimated weight of all 336 items was 165.7 grams.


       1
           The report of proceedings does not contain Verdin’s first name.

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¶9      The State rested, and the defense made a motion for a directed finding, which the trial

court denied. Defendant rested without presenting evidence. In finding defendant guilty, the trial

court noted that, during cross-examination, defense counsel “brought out some impeachment in

the report about east versus west.” However, the court found “as a matter of law that that was

collateral in this case and will not affect the Court’s decision,” noting that “the officer owned up,

said it was a mistake” and finding the officers “inherently credible.” The court therefore found

defendant guilty of armed violence, possession of heroin with the intent to deliver, and the

unlawful use or possession of a weapon by a felon. Defendant filed a motion for a new trial,

which the court denied. The trial court merged the unlawful use or possession of a weapon count

into the armed violence count and sentenced defendant to 15 years in prison for armed violence.

The court also sentenced defendant to a consecutive nine-year sentence for possession of heroin

with the intent to deliver.

¶ 10                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 11    On appeal, defendant contends that this cause should be remanded for a new trial because

he did not waive his right to a jury in open court. Defendant acknowledges that he failed to

preserve the error because he neither objected before the trial court nor raised the issue in his

posttrial motion. However, he argues that this court may reach this unpreserved error under the

second prong of the plain error doctrine.

¶ 12    The plain error doctrine permits a reviewing court to consider unpreserved errors when

“ ‘(1) the evidence in a criminal case is closely balanced or (2) where the error is so fundamental

and of such magnitude that the accused was denied a right to a fair trial.’ ” People v. Harvey, 211

Ill. 2d 368, 387 (2004) (quoting People v. Byron, 164 Ill. 2d 279, 293 (1995)). “Whether a



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defendant’s fundamental right to a jury trial has been violated is a matter that may be considered

under the plain error rule.” People v. Bracey, 213 Ill. 2d 265, 270 (2004). The first step in plain

error analysis is to determine whether a plain or obvious error occurred. People v. Herron, 215

Ill. 2d 167, 187 (2005). “Absent reversible error, there can be no plain error.” People v. Naylor,

229 Ill. 2d 584, 602 (2008).

¶ 13   The right to a jury trial is a fundamental right guaranteed by our federal and state

constitutions. People v. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d 52, 65 (2008). Although the right to a jury trial is

fundamental, a defendant remains free to waive that right. Bracey, 213 Ill. 2d at 269. Any such

waiver must be “understandingly” made by the defendant in open court. 725 ILCS 5/103-6 (West

2014). A written waiver as required by section 115-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963

(Code) (id. § 115-1), is one means of establishing a defendant’s intent, although not dispositive

of a valid waiver. Bracey, 213 Ill. 2d at 269-70.

¶ 14   Generally, a jury waiver is valid if it is made by defense counsel in open court in the

defendant’s presence, without objection by the defendant. Id. at 270. “For a waiver to be

effective, the court need not impart to defendant any set admonition or advice.” Id. (citing People

v. Smith, 106 Ill. 2d 327, 334 (1985)). Therefore, “the effectiveness of a defendant’s waiver

depends on the facts and circumstances of each particular case” and turns on “whether the

waiving defendant understood that his case would be decided by a judge and not a jury.” See

People v. Reed, 2016 IL App (1st) 140498, ¶ 7 (citing Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 66, 69). A

reviewing court can consider a defendant’s silence when his attorney “requests a bench trial” as

well as his “prior interactions with the justice system in determining whether a jury waiver was




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made knowingly.” Id. Because the facts here are not in dispute, we determine de novo whether

defendant’s jury waiver was valid. See Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 66.

¶ 15    On the facts of this case, we agree with defendant that the record does not show he

understandingly waived his right to a jury trial or that the trial court admonished defendant of his

right to a jury trial. Although the record contains defendant’s signed jury waiver, the record

contains nothing that shows defendant was informed he was entitled to choose between a jury or

bench trial or that he waived his right to a jury trial on the record. In other words, there is no

indication in the record that defendant “understandingly waived” (725 ILCS 5/103-6 (West

2014)) his right to a jury trial in open court. See Bracey, 213 Ill. 2d at 269. Furthermore, while

defense counsel mentioned a bench trial several times on the record, counsel did so only in the

context of scheduling and at no point waived the right to a jury trial on defendant’s behalf. See,

e.g., People v. Watson, 246 Ill. App. 3d 548, 549 (1993) (“Vague references to a bench trial at

the rescheduling conferences were not sufficient to constitute a valid jury waiver, especially in

light of the fact that the record is devoid of evidence suggesting that the defendant was ever

apprised of his right to a jury trial.”).

¶ 16    We note that the record contains defendant’s signed jury waiver. However, this court has

previously held, in a case where there was no discussion in open court of the defendant’s jury

waiver but merely a signed jury waiver and discussion of a bench trial in terms of scheduling,

that the defendant did not validly waive his right to a jury trial. People v. Ruiz, 367 Ill. App. 3d

236, 239 (2006); see People v. Scott, 186 Ill. 2d 283, 285 (1999) (“We have never found a valid

jury waiver where the defendant was not present in open court when a jury waiver, written or

otherwise, was at least discussed.”). In other words, “the existence of a written jury waiver is not



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dispositive of the issue of whether that waiver is valid.” Ruiz, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 239 (citing

Bracey, 213 Ill. 2d at 269-70). Moreover, although defendant had a criminal history, based upon

the facts of this case, the mention of a bench trial within the context of scheduling and the

existence of a signed jury waiver is not sufficient to show that defendant understandingly waived

his right to a jury trial as required by section 103-6 of the Code. Accordingly, we find that

defendant’s right to a jury trial was violated and he has, therefore, met his burden under the plain

error doctrine.

¶ 17   We are unpersuaded by the State’s argument that the written jury waiver and “other

indications” establish a valid waiver “notwithstanding the fact that a verbal acknowledgement is

lacking from the record.” The State relies on People v. Asselborn, 278 Ill. App. 3d 960 (1996).

However, we find Asselborn distinguishable.

¶ 18   In Asselborn, prior to trial, the court stated “ ‘Have a seat. Jury waiver. Bench or jury?’ ”

Id. at 962. Defense counsel replied: “ ‘It will be a bench [trial] your Honor.’ ” Id. The defendant

was subsequently convicted of arson. He then appealed, arguing that he did not waive his right to

a jury trial in writing. Id. at 960. On appeal, the court found that, despite the absence of a written

jury waiver, the record demonstrated that the defendant knowingly waived his right to a jury trial

in open court because he was present and failed to object when defense counsel elected to

proceed by way of a bench trial. Id. at 962. This court found that “[a] defendant who permits his

counsel in his presence and without objection to waive his right to a jury trial is deemed to have

acquiesced in, and is bound by, his counsel’s actions.” Id. at 962-63 (and cases cited therein).

¶ 19   In the case at bar, however, the trial court did not ask whether defendant wanted a bench

trial or a jury trial, which would have indicated that defendant could choose how to proceed. As



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noted above, there was no indication in the record that defendant knew he had a choice between

a bench trial or a jury trial, and there was no discussion of defendant’s signed jury waiver in

open court. See Scott, 186 Ill. 2d at 285; People v. Eyen, 291 Ill. App. 3d 38, 43 (1997) (“where

nothing is stated in defendant’s presence to suggest that defendant has an option between a bench

trial and a jury trial, we cannot deem defendant to have acquiesced knowingly in his counsel’s

participation in a bench trial”). Here, defense counsel and the trial court mentioned a bench trial

several times on the record in the context of scheduling. This is not a valid jury waiver by, or on

behalf of, defendant. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand this

cause for a new trial without reaching defendant’s other arguments on appeal.

¶ 20   Reversed and remanded.




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