                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



In re Estate of SHELBY JEAN JAJUGA.


JOANN CHELENYAK, Personal Representative,                            FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                     October 20, 2015
               Respondent-Appellant,                                 9:05 a.m.

v                                                                    No. 322522
                                                                     Clare Probate Court
SUSAN P. VEITH,                                                      LC No. 13-016382-DE

               Petitioner-Appellee.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and STEPHENS and RIORDAN, JJ.

RIORDAN, J.

       Respondent, Joann Chelenyak, who is the personal representative of the estate of Shelby
Jean Jajuga (“decedent”), appeals as of right a probate court order granting the petition for
exempt property filed by petitioner, Susan P. Veith. We affirm.

                        I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         The relevant facts are undisputed in this case. Petitioner is the sole surviving child of
decedent, Shelby Jean Jajuga. Decedent drafted her last will and testament on January 16, 2002,
under which her estate was to be divided in equal parts between three beneficiaries: (1) Mike and
Joanne Chelenysk, who constituted a single, joint beneficiary, (2) Jeanette Mullins, and (3)
Sherry Snyder. She further directed that petitioner and her other children, who were still living
at the time, were to “inherit nothing from [her] estate.” Decedent explained in the will that her
decision to disinherit her children was “not because of any lack of love and affection I hold
toward them but because they have either received compensation in advance of my death or
because I do not believe it would be in their best interest that they inherit.” The decedent later
filed a codicil to her will, appointing respondent as personal representative and directing that her
estate shall be divided equally between two, rather than three, named beneficiaries. The codicil
reaffirmed the remainder of the will and did not alter the provision that disinherited petitioner.

        Following decedent’s death, petitioner filed an objection to the final account “on the basis
that the Personal Representative has refused to pay Petitioner the exempt property allowance as
required by MCL 700.2404 . . . .” Petitioner asked the court to award the exempt property that

                                                -1-
she had selected from the estate (i.e., (1) a 2000 Buick 4-door valued at $4,500, (2) a John Deere
tractor valued at $2,500, and (3) $7,000 in cash) or, in the alternative, $14,000 in cash, plus
$1,000 in attorney fees. In response, respondent contended that petitioner was not entitled to
exempt property because she was specifically disinherited under the will.

        After holding a hearing on petitioner’s objection to the final account and requesting
supplemental briefing from the parties, the probate court held, as an issue of first impression in
Michigan, that petitioner was entitled to the exempt property that she had requested. In light of
the statutory language of MCL 700.2404, other provisions of the Estates and Protected
Individuals Code (“EPIC”), MCL 700.1101 et seq., and cases from other jurisdictions construing
similar language, the court concluded that a testator cannot preclude a child from taking exempt
property through a disinheriting provision in a will. The Court found that the meaning of
“entitled” under MCL 700.2404 was ambiguous, but concluded, based on the definition of
“entitle” in Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed), that the Legislature intended to establish a “legal
right” to exempt property under MCL 700.2404 for a surviving spouse or the children of a
decedent in the absence of a surviving spouse. In support of its conclusion that “entitle” denoted
a legal right, the court found that the phrase “in addition to” under MCL 700.2404 means
“supplemental” and, therefore, did not establish a condition precedent that a child must be
eligible to receive a distribution from the estate in order to claim exempt property.

        Furthermore, the court acknowledged respondent’s argument that the statute does not
expressly “require exempt property to be distributed to an adult child in contradiction to the
express language” of the will, but it further noted that the statute does not directly “prohibit
exempt property from being distributed” in cases where a child had been disinherited, concluding
that the Legislature would have included such a provision if it had intended to implement that
limitation. The court also recognized that a semantic difference exists between an “allowance”
and an “exemption” under the EPIC, but held that the distinction was not dispositive to the
court’s construction of “entitle,” noting that (1) both an allowance and an exemption can
constitute a right, (2) Michigan caselaw has traditionally recognized that allowances are rights
and personal privileges, and (3) the similarity between MCL 700.2402, MCL 700.2403, and
MCL 700.2404 clearly indicated that the Legislature intended for those provisions to operate in a
parallel manner. Additionally, the court rejected respondent’s argument that interpreting the
exempt property provision as a right would conflict with MCL 700.2102(2) and MCL
700.2302(2)(a), or render those provisions inconsequential. The court also held that the public
policy underlying the exempt property statute was the protection of spouses and children, and
that the statute was a remedial statute that should be liberally construed in favor of those
benefitted under the statute. Finally, the court concluded that the rights of surviving children to
exempt property are equal to those of a surviving spouse.

                                II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews de novo an issue of statutory interpretation as a question of law. In re
Temple Marital Trust, 278 Mich App 122, 128; 748 NW2d 265 (2008). However, “appeals from
a probate court decision are on the record, not de novo.” Id., citing MCL 700.1305; MCL
600.866(1); MCR 5.802(B)(1); In re Webb H Coe Marital and Residuary Trusts, 233 Mich App
525, 531; 593 NW2d 190 (1999). We review the probate court’s factual findings for clear error


                                                -2-
and its dispositional rulings for an abuse of discretion. Id. A “court abuses its discretion when it
chooses an outcome outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Id.

III. WHETHER A DECEDENT MAY LIMIT OR MODIFY A SURVIVING CHILD’S CLAIM
                 TO EXEMPT PROPERTY UNDER MCL 700.2404

       On appeal, respondent asserts that the probate court erred in granting petitioner’s claim of
exempt property. The gravamen of respondent’s claims is that a decedent may—through a
provision that expressly disinherits a child under a will—eliminate an adult child’s claim to
exempt property under MCL 700.2404 when there is no surviving spouse. On the facts of this
case, we disagree and conclude that the disinheriting language in decedent’s will did not
eliminate petitioner’s statutory right to exempt property under MCL 700.2404.

                                     A. APPLICABLE LAW

        This is an issue of first impression under Michigan law, which requires this Court to
interpret MCL 700.2404 in the context of the EPIC.1 We restated the following principles of
statutory interpretation in Book-Gilbert v Greenleaf, 302 Mich App 538, 541-542; 840 NW2d
743 (2013):

       The judiciary’s objective when interpreting a statute is to discern and give effect
       to the intent of the Legislature. First, the court examines the most reliable
       evidence of the Legislature’s intent, the language of the statute itself. When
       construing statutory language, [the court] must read the statute as a whole and in
       its grammatical context, giving each and every word its plain and ordinary
       meaning unless otherwise defined. Effect must be given to every word, phrase,
       and clause in a statute, and the court must avoid a construction that would render
       part of the statute surplusage or nugatory. If the language of a statute is clear and
       unambiguous, the statute must be enforced as written and no further judicial
       construction is permitted. Generally, when language is included in one section of
       a statute but omitted from another section, it is presumed that the drafters acted
       intentionally and purposely in their inclusion or exclusion. The courts may not
       read into the statute a requirement that the Legislature has seen fit to omit. When
       the Legislature fails to address a concern in the statute with a specific provision,
       the courts cannot insert a provision simply because it would have been wise of the
       Legislature to do so to effect the statute’s purpose. Statutes that address the same
       subject matter or share a common purpose are in pari materia and must be read
       collectively as one law, even when there is no reference to one another. . . .
       [Quotation marks and citations omitted; alteration in original.]




1
 The EPIC is modeled on the Uniform Probate Code. In re Estate of Sprenkle-Hill, 265 Mich
App 254, 259; 703 NW2d 191 (2005).



                                                -3-
MCL 700.1201 delineates specific rules of construction that should be applied when interpreting
the EPIC:

              This act shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying
       purposes and policies, which include all of the following:

              (a) To simplify and clarify the law concerning the affairs of decedents,
       missing individuals, protected individuals, minors, and legally incapacitated
       individuals.

              (b) To discover and make effective a decedent’s intent in distribution of
       the decedent’s property.

               (c) To promote a speedy and efficient system for liquidating a decedent’s
       estate and making distribution to the decedent’s successors.

              (d) To make the law uniform among the various jurisdictions, both within
       and outside of this state.

MCL 700.2404 pertains to “exempt property”:

              (1) The decedent’s surviving spouse is also entitled to household furniture,
       automobiles, furnishings, appliances, and personal effects from the estate up to a
       value not to exceed $10,000.00 more than the amount of any security interests to
       which the property is subject. If there is no surviving spouse, the decedent’s
       children are entitled jointly to the same value.

               (2) If encumbered assets are selected and the value in excess of security
       interests, plus that of other exempt property, is less than $10,000.00, or if there is
       not $10,000.00 worth of exempt property in the estate, the spouse or children are
       entitled to other assets of the estate, if any, to the extent necessary to make up the
       $10,000.00 value. Rights to exempt property and assets needed to make up a
       deficiency of exempt property have priority over all claims against the estate,
       except that the right to assets to make up a deficiency of exempt property abates
       as necessary to permit payment of all of the following in the following order:

              (a) Administration costs and expenses.

              (b) Reasonable funeral and burial expenses.

              (c) Homestead allowance.

              (d) Family allowance.

              (3) The rights under this section are in addition to a benefit or share
       passing to the surviving spouse or children by the decedent’s will, unless
       otherwise provided, by intestate succession, or by elective share. The $10,000.00
       amount expressed in this section shall be adjusted as provided in section 1210.

                                                -4-
        As a preliminary matter, we recognize that respondent emphasizes the rule of
construction indicating that the primary role of the court is to ascertain the intent of the testator
and, if permissible under the law, effectuate that intent: “In will cases the primary rule of
construction and the primary function of courts is to ascertain from the four corners of a will the
intent of the testator and, if legally possible, that intent must prevail.” Hay v Hay, 317 Mich 370,
397; 26 NW2d 908 (1947); see also Foster v Stevens, 146 Mich 131, 136; 109 NW 265 (1906).
In the instant case, however, we are concerned with interpreting and applying a statute, not
discerning decedent’s testamentary intent. Nevertheless, that rule of construction is consistent
with the rule of construction applicable to the EPIC under MCL 700.1201(b), i.e., to liberally
construe and apply the act in a way that promotes the discovery and execution of a decedent’s
intent in the distribution of the decedent’s property. There is no dispute that decedent intended
that petitioner would inherit nothing from her estate.

       However, it is important to recognize that MCL 700.3101 provides:

       An individual’s power to leave property by will, and the rights of creditors,
       devisees, and heirs to his or her property, are subject to the restrictions and
       limitations contained in this act to facilitate the prompt settlement of estates.
       Upon an individual’s death, the decedent’s property devolves to the persons to
       whom the property is devised by the decedent’s last will or to those indicated as
       substitutes for them in cases involving lapse, disclaimer, or other circumstances
       affecting devolution of a testate estate, or in the absence of testamentary
       disposition, to the decedent’s heirs or to those indicated as substitutes for them in
       cases involving disclaimer or other circumstances affecting devolution of an
       intestate estate, subject to homestead allowance, family allowance, and exempt
       property, to rights of creditors, to the surviving spouse’s elective share, and to
       administration. [Emphasis added.]

Accordingly, it is apparent that effectuating a decedent’s testamentary intent should not be our
sole focus in construing MCL 700.2404, as the EPIC clearly provides that an individual’s power
to leave property by will is subject to the exempt property provisions under MCL 700.2404.

        Thus, we reject respondent’s argument that “[i]t is counterproductive to permit the
decedent to disinherit an adult child on one hand and then grant the disinherited adult child rights
in exempt property greater than the right of the decedent to devise his or her property.” Instead,
it appears that the limitations under MCL 700.3101 specifically allow for such a situation.
Likewise, we do not agree that “the statutory language is silent as to whether or not [an] adult
child’s ‘rights’ to exempt property ha[ve] a first priority over the decedent’s devise or other
intended distribution from the estate.” Again, MCL 700.3101 expressly provides that a
decedent’s devises are subject to exempt property, which clearly indicates that a decedent’s
intended distribution of estate property is limited by the provisions of the exempt property
statute. Therefore, given that the language of an act is the most reliable evidence of the
Legislature’s intent, Book-Gilbert, 302 Mich App at 541-542, we reject respondent’s claim that
there is no statutory support for the court’s ruling that exempt property may be distributed to an
adult child in contradiction to the express language disinheriting the child under the will. For the
same reasons, we reject respondent’s public policy claims regarding whether the exempt


                                                -5-
property provision under MCL 700.2404 has priority over a decedent’s power to devise his or
her property in light of the unambiguous language in MCL 700.3101.

        Additionally, respondent contends that resolution of this appeal requires the construction
of MCL 700.2101 because MCL 700.2101(2) and MCL 700.2404 appear to conflict, and
construing MCL 700.2404 in a way that establishes a right to exempt property that cannot be
eliminated by express testamentary language would render MCL 700.2101(2) inconsequential or
trivial. We disagree and conclude that the language of MCL 700.2101(2) is inapposite to
determining the nature of an adult child’s entitlement to exempt property under MCL 700.2404.

       MCL 700.2101 provides:

              (1) Any part of a decedent’s estate not effectively disposed of by will
       passes by intestate succession to the decedent’s heirs as prescribed in this act,
       except as modified by the decedent’s will.

              (2) A decedent by will may expressly exclude or limit the right of an
       individual or class to succeed to property of the decedent that passes by intestate
       succession. If that individual or a member of that class survives the decedent, the
       share of the decedent’s intestate estate to which that individual or class would
       have succeeded passes as if that individual or each member of that class had
       disclaimed his or her intestate share.

Whereas MCL 700.2101 governs property distributions when the decedent died intestate or did
not provide for the distribution of part of the estate in the will, MCL 700.2404 is applicable to
both intestate and testate estates. See MCL 700.2404(3). As such, it is implicit in the plain
language of MCL 700.2404(3) that a distribution of exempt property does not constitute the
passage of property by “intestate succession.” Instead, given the clear language that exempt
property is in addition to property that passes by intestate succession, it is evident that exempt
property passes by a means other than intestate succession. This conclusion is further supported
by the fact that MCL 700.3101 states that the passage of a decedent’s property through intestacy
is “subject to homestead allowance, family allowance, and exempt property, to rights of
creditors, to the surviving spouse’s elective share, and to administration.” (Emphasis added.) In
addition, a decedent may limit the right of an individual who would have taken under the laws of
intestate succession pursuant to MCL 700.2101 without necessarily affecting the right of a
surviving spouse or child to exempt property under MCL 700.2404.

        In this case, there is no dispute that decedent died testate and that the will provided that
her entire estate was to be divided equally between her designated beneficiaries. Thus, because
her entire estate was “effectively disposed of” by her will, MCL 700.2101 is not applicable to
this case. See MCL 700.2101(1).2 Likewise, for the foregoing reasons, we reject respondent’s


2
 While the Reporter’s Comment to MCL 700.2402 cites MCL 700.2101(2) as a provision that
“points to the fact that a decedent could omit a child not only from taking anything under the
decedent’s will but also from receiving allowances as well,” the comment later states that “it is

                                                -6-
claim that a conflict arises between MCL 700.2101 and MCL 700.2404 if a disinherited child is
permitted to claim exempt property, as the statutes pertain to different types of property transfers.

                    B. STATUTORY LANGUAGE UNDER MCL 700.2404

             1. MEANING OF “ENTITLED “UNDER MCL 700.2404(1) AND (2)

        Respondent contends that the probate court erred in finding that the Legislature’s use of
the term “entitled” in MCL 700.2404(1) establishes that a decedent’s children have a statutory
right to exempt property when there is no surviving spouse. We disagree.

       “Entitled” is not defined by statute. “When the Legislature has not defined a statute’s
terms, we may consider dictionary definitions to aid our interpretation.” Autodie, LLC v City of
Grand Rapids, 305 Mich App 423, 434; 852 NW2d 650 (2014). “Entitle” means “to furnish
with proper grounds for seeking or claiming something.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary (2014). Similarly, “entitle” has been defined as “[t]o grant a legal right to or qualify
for.” Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed). In considering both definitions, we conclude that the
plain meaning of “entitled” in this context is having a legal right to exempt property, or meeting
the qualifications to claim exempt property as a matter of law.

        Respondent, however, asserts that “[t]he plain and ordinary meaning of ‘entitled’ is one
of eligibility as to the right of priority” and does not establish an “absolute right to exempt
property.” Construing “entitled” in the manner advocated by respondent is inconsistent with the
context of the word “entitled” in the statute, as MCL 700.2404(3) refers a surviving spouse’s
entitlement (or, if there is no surviving spouse, the entitlement of the decedent’s children) to the
property delineated in the statute as “rights” without indicating that the rights themselves are
merely procedural rights of priority that arise once a child is eligible to claim exempt property.
See GC Timmis & Co v Guardian Alarm Co, 468 Mich 416, 421; 662 NW2d 710 (2003) (“In
seeking meaning, words and clauses will not be divorced from those which precede and those
which follow.” [Quotation marks and citation omitted.]); Potter v McLeary, 484 Mich 397, 411;
774 NW2d 1 (2009) (“[W]hen considering the correct interpretation, [a] statute must be read as a
whole. Individual words and phrases, while important, should be read in the context of the entire
legislative scheme. In defining particular words in statutes, we must consider both the plain
meaning of the critical word or phrase as well as its placement and purpose in the statutory
scheme.” [Footnotes omitted.]). Instead, the language first describes the property to which a
surviving spouse (or, if there is no surviving spouse, the decedent’s children) is entitled and
subsequently states that those rights themselves have “have priority over all claims against the
estate,” not that the rights only constitute rights of priority. MCL 700.2404(1), (2).
Furthermore, the fact that the devises in a testator’s will are subject to exempt property pursuant
to MCL 700.3101 further suggests that surviving spouses or children have a legal right to—not

unclear whether the decedent may modify or eliminate these exemptions and allowances by
will.” Estates & Protected Individuals Code with Reporter’s Commentary (ICLE, 2015 ed), p
79. However, based on the plain reading of the statutes, we conclude that MCL 700.2102(2) is
not dispositive in the instant case. See also MCL 700.2205 (referring to a share passing by
intestate succession and exempt property as two separate rights or entities).


                                                -7-
just a right of priority as to—exempt property under MCL 700.2404. Thus, in reading the EPIC
as a whole, see GC Timmis, 468 Mich at 421 (stating that individual phrases of a statute “must be
read in context with the entire act”); Book-Gilbert, 302 Mich App at 541, we conclude that the
term “entitled” does, in fact, establish a right in a decedent’s child to claim exempt property.3

       This conclusion is supported by the Reporter’s Comments to the EPIC. “While not
binding, the Reporter’s Comments to the EPIC aid in the interpretation of a statute or rule.” In re
Conservatorship of Bittner, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2015) (Docket No.
320688); slip op at 8 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The commentary to MCL 700.2404
provides, in relevant part: “Like the homestead allowance, the exempt property allowance does
not need to be elected. The surviving spouse is (or children are) entitled to the allowance, and
the personal representative has an obligation to pay it.” Estates & Protected Individuals Code
with Reporter’s Commentary (ICLE, 2015 ed), p 82 (emphasis added) (hereinafter EPIC with
Reporter’s Commentary). Likewise, the Reporter’s Comments concerning MCL 700.2402,
which are cross-referenced under the commentary to MCL 700.2404, state, in pertinent part:

               There is no statutory or court rule provision requiring the personal
       representative to give notice of the homestead allowance (or exempt property
       allowance) to the surviving spouse (or children if there is no surviving spouse).
       None is needed. These allowances are not elective. Subject to possible
       modification by the testator or spousal agreement (as explained below), they stand
       as statutorily mandated transfers of a portion of the decedent’s property. . . . [Id.
       at 78.]

        Therefore, for the reasons stated above, we conclude that the Legislature’s use of the
word “entitled” in MCL 700.2404(1), especially when read in context, establishes a statutory
right to a mandatory transfer of exempt property, not merely a right of priority.4




3
  Although we agree with respondent that the right to exempt property may be restricted to a
certain extent, as it must abate as necessary for the costs, expenses, and allowances delineated
under MCL 700.2404(2), this fact does not preclude a finding that a legal right exists.
Furthermore, as discussed infra, courts from other jurisdictions which have interpreted strikingly
similar statutory language have concluded that the right to exempt property is “absolute.” See In
re Estate of Peterson, 254 Neb 334, 340-341; 576 NW2d 767 (1998); Matter of Estate of
Wagley, 760 P2d 316, 318 (Utah, 1988); Matter of Dunlap’s Estate, 199 Mont 488, 490-491; 649
P2d 1303 (1982).
4
  Because we find that MCL 700.2404 establishes a statutory right regardless of whether the
statute is remedial in nature, we need not consider respondent’s argument that the trial court
erroneously relied on a finding that MCL 700.2404 was a remedial statute in determining
whether petitioner had a statutory right to exempt property. Nevertheless, we note that Michigan
Courts have distinguished remedial statutes from statutes that confer substantive rights. See,
e.g., Frank W Lynch & Co v Flex Technologies, Inc, 463 Mich 578, 585; 624 NW2d 180 (2001);
Rookledge v Garwood, 340 Mich 444, 453; 65 NW2d 785 (1954).


                                                -8-
2. MEANING OF “IN ADDITION TO” AND “UNLESS OTHERWISE PROVIDED” UNDER
                             MCL 700.2404(3)

       Respondent argues that a plain reading of MCL 700.2404 reveals a preliminary
assumption that an adult child must actually receive a benefit or share of the estate in order to
claim exempt property. We disagree.

        The plain language of the statute states that “the rights” to which a surviving spouse, or a
decedent’s child, is entitled under MCL 700.2404 “are in addition to a benefit or share passing to
the surviving spouse or children by the decedent’s will, unless otherwise provided, by intestate
succession, or by elective share.” MCL 700.2404(3) (emphasis added). As the probate court
concluded, we find that the plain meaning of this language is that a child’s ability to claim
exempt property is separate from, independent of, or supplemental to any benefit or share
received—or not received—under a will. We discern no indication of a condition precedent or
requirement that a child must receive a devise under a will in order to claim exempt property.
Likewise, this conclusion is consistent with the fact that a decedent’s devises under a will are
subject to exempt property, MCL 700.3101, which indicates that the operation of the exempt
property statute is separate and distinct from the specific devises of a will, and the decisions of
other state courts interpreting language strikingly similar to MCL 700.2404, see Part III.C, infra.

       Additionally, respondent argues that language expressly stating that an adult child is to
receive nothing under a will is sufficient to trigger the “unless otherwise provided” language
under MCL 700.2404, such that petitioner was not entitled to exempt property under MCL
700.2404 given the disinheriting language in the will. We disagree.

        Given the existence of a right to exempt property under MCL 700.2404 that is separate
from any property devised under the will, we conclude that the language in decedent’s will that
generally disinherited petitioner was not sufficient under MCL 700.2404 to eliminate petitioner’s
statutory right to exempt property, as the disinheriting language included no reference to
petitioner’s statutory rights.5



5
  By analogy, the Reporter’s Comment to MCL 700.2404 provides, “A specific devise of
personal property to the spouse or children without a further indication that it replaces this
exemption should not be interpreted as within the phrase ‘unless otherwise provided.’ ” EPIC
with Reporter’s Commentary, pp 81-82.
       The Reporter’s Comment to MCL 700.2402 also states the following with regard to the
“unless otherwise provided” language, ultimately concluding that it is unclear whether a
decedent may modify or eliminate an exemption by will:
       The phrase “unless otherwise provided” in the last sentence of §2402 permits a
       testator to stipulate that the allowance is to be treated as part of the share given by
       will to the spouse (or other recipient). The allowances in §§2402, 2043, and
       2404, MCL 700.2403, .2404, are certainly intended to offer some economic
       protection to the surviving spouse and to children when they are eligible. May the

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                       C. CASELAW FROM OTHER JURISDICTIONS

        Our reasoning above is consistent with caselaw from other jurisdictions that considered
statutes strikingly similar to MCL 700.2404.6 In Matter of Dunlap’s Estate, 199 Mont 488, 489;
649 P2d 1303 (1982), the decedent, whose husband predeceased her, executed a will under
which she specifically disinherited her son, who sought to claim exempt property. “The sole
issue before [the court was] whether a child specifically disinherited by will may take under
[Mont Code Ann 72-2-802] which provides exempt property for certain heirs.” Id. At the time,
the exempt property statute provided:

               (1) In addition to the homestead allowance, the surviving spouse of a
       decedent who was domiciled in this state is entitled from the estate to value not
       exceeding $3,500 in excess of any security interests therein in household
       furniture, automobiles, furnishings, appliances, and personal effects. If there is no
       surviving spouse, children of the decedent are entitled jointly to the same value.
       If encumbered chattels are selected and if the value is excess of security interests,

       decedent, however, stipulate in his or her will that one or more of the allowances
       not be paid? In other words, can a spouse or a child be omitted from coverage by
       these allowances? It seems clear that a spouse may not be denied these
       allowances through unilateral action by the decedent. Section 2205, MCL
       700.2205, appears to state the only methods by which the spouse may be excluded
       from receiving the allowances. All require consent of the spouse. Other
       provisions point to the fact that a decedent could omit a child not only from taking
       anything under the decedent’s will but also from receiving allowances as well.
       These sections are MCL 700.2101(2) (permitting exclusion from receiving an
       intestate share), and §2302, MCL 700.2302 (providing no share for a child who is
       deliberately or inadvertently excluded from a will, except in very limited
       situations). The inclusion of dependent children in the coverage of §§ 2402 and
       2403 arguably is based on a public policy of providing a minimal benefit in all
       events for the one or those who have an economic need. Because children who
       may take exempt property under §2404 need not be dependent children, their
       inclusion may be based on simple fairness, not economic necessity. Whatever the
       policy reason for including children within the coverage of these provisions, it is
       unclear whether the decedent may modify or eliminate these exemptions and
       allowances by will. [Id. at 78-79 (emphasis added).]
6
  “Cases from other jurisdictions, although not binding, may be persuasive.” Holland v Trinity
Health Care Corp, 287 Mich App 524, 529 n 2; 791 NW2d 724 (2010). We find this caselaw
especially significant given that one of the rules of construction under MCL 700.1201(d)—in
accordance with which “[the EPIC] shall be liberally construed and applied to promote”—is
“[t]o make the law uniform among the various jurisdictions, both within and outside of this
state.” MCL 700.1201(d). Although the statutes construed in the cases from other jurisdictions
cited in this opinion were subsequently amended, we find that interpreting MCL 700.2404 in a
manner analogous to the interpretations of the similar, albeit prior, statutes advances the
uniformity and predictability of the law.


                                               -10-
       plus that of other exempt property, is less than $3,500 or if there is not $3,500
       worth of exempt property in the estate, the spouse or children are entitled to other
       assets of the estate, if any, to the extent necessary to make up the $3,500 value.

               (2) Rights to exempt property and assets needed to make up a deficiency
       of exempt property have priority over all claims against the estate, except that the
       right to any assets to make up a deficiency of exempt property shall abate as
       necessary to permit prior payment of homestead allowance and family allowance.

              (3) These rights are in addition to any benefit or share passing to the
       surviving spouse or children by the will of the decedent unless otherwise
       provided, by intestate succession, or by way of elective share. [Id. at 489-490,
       quoting Mont Code Ann 72-2-802 (now Mont Code Ann 72-2-413) (quotation
       marks and emphasis omitted).]

        As in the instant case, the estate argued “(1) that testator’s intent governs the above
section, and (2) that the statutory language in subsection (3) above, ‘unless otherwise provided,’
includes the will of the testator by disinheriting the son and hence the son cannot be the recipient
of exempt property.” Id. at 490. Like us, the Montana Supreme Court disagreed and affirmed
the district court’s order granting the disinherited son’s petition for exempt property. Id. at 488-
489, 492. The court stated, “We agree . . . that the governing rule in construction or
interpretation of a testamentary disposition is the intention of the testator and must prevail;
however, that is not our case here.” Id. at 490. The Court reasoned that the phrase “unless
otherwise provided” must be considered in light of the section as a whole, concluding, based on
the language of the entire statute and caselaw interpreting a surviving spouse’s right to exempt
property and the homestead allowance, that either the surviving spouse or the decedent’s children
have an absolute right to exempt property. Id. at 490-491. The court specifically found that
“[t]he statute embodies a priority right in the surviving spouse as against the surviving children
of the decedent, but does not grant a surviving spouse any greater right to exempt property than
the surviving children.” Id. at 491. Moreover, the Court determined that exempt property assets
“are protected from creditors so that property and money can be distributed to those people
whom Montana’s legislature has determined to protect.” Id. Further, the Court stated that “[t]he
family protection provisions of the Uniform Probate Code”—including the “statutory rights
vested in the surviving spouse and certain children” to exempt property and allowances—“were
intended by the drafters to protect a surviving spouse and children from disinheritance by a
decedent.” Id. at 491-492.7 Finally, the court noted that “the decedent’s will did no more than


7
  Respondent appears to contest this conclusion by arguing that the trial court erred in failing to
distinguish between “allowances” and “exemptions” under the EPIC, arguing that “allowances”
are separate and distinct from “exempt property” under the EPIC. However, we decline to
address this argument because it has no bearing on our construction of the right to exempt
property under MCL 700.2404, and respondent expressly concedes that “[t]he issue before this
Court is limited only to the Exempt Property [sic] provisions under MCL 700.2404, as they
apply to a disinherited adult child.” Nevertheless, the Reporter’s Comments expressly refer to
the exempt property provision as “the exempt property allowance” and reference “the

                                               -11-
disinherit the child and expressed no intent as to statutory rights,” in upholding the child’s claim
of exempt property. Id. at 492. See also Matter of Estate of Herr, 460 NW2d 699, 705-706
(ND, 1990) (citing with approval the court’s holding and reasoning in Matter of Dunlap’s Estate
and quoting a provision similar to MCL 700.3101 in determining that a child was entitled to
exempt property under a statute similar to MCL 700.4204 even though she received nothing
under the decedent’s will).

        Similarly, Nebraska’s Supreme Court construed a prior version of its exempt property
statute, which was similar to MCL 700.2404, in order to determine “whether an adult,
emancipated son of a testator is entitled to an exempt property allowance of $5,000 pursuant to
[Neb Rev Stat] 30–2323 (Reissue 1995) when the will specifically provided that under no
circumstance should any share of the testator’s estate go to his son.” In re Estate of Peterson,
254 Neb 334, 335; 576 NW2d 767 (1998). At the time, the exempt property statute provided:

       In addition to the homestead allowance, the surviving spouse of a decedent who
       was domiciled in this state is entitled from the estate to value not exceeding five
       thousand dollars in excess of any security interests therein in household furniture,
       automobiles, furnishings, appliances, and personal effects. If there is no surviving
       spouse, children of the decedent are entitled jointly to the same value. If
       encumbered chattels are selected and if the value in excess of security interests,
       plus that of other exempt property, is less than five thousand dollars, or if there is
       not five thousand dollars worth of exempt property in the estate, the spouse or
       children are entitled to other assets of the estate, if any, to the extent necessary to
       make up the five thousand dollars value. Rights to exempt property and assets
       needed to make up a deficiency of exempt property have priority over all claims
       against the estate except for costs and expenses of administration, and except that
       the right to any assets to make up a deficiency of exempt property shall abate as
       necessary to permit prior payment of homestead allowance and family allowance.
       These rights are in addition to any benefit or share passing to the surviving
       spouse or children by the will of the decedent unless otherwise provided therein,
       by intestate succession, or by way of elective share. [Id. at 336-337, quoting Neb
       Rev Stat 30–2323 (Reissue 1995).]

The court “conclude[d] that the plain and unambiguous language of § 30–2323 creates a
statutory right that accrues to the surviving spouse or the surviving children jointly if there is no
surviving spouse upon the death of the testator.” Id. at 339. In determining whether “this right is
indefeasibly vested or whether it may be abrogated by will,” the court considered Matter of
Dunlap’s Estate, 199 Mont 488, and noted that other jurisdictions allowing a testator to provide
for a bequest instead of a statutory allowance have indicated that the testator’s intent to do so
“must be clear from the language of the will before the court will bar the statutory grant.” In re
Estate of Peterson, 254 Neb at 339-340. The court ultimately held:


allowances” under MCL 700.2404, MCL 700.2403, and MCL 700.2404, which strongly
suggests that respondent has developed a false distinction. See EPIC with Reporter’s
Commentary, pp 78-83.


                                                -12-
       In construing the language of § 30–2323, we conclude that the statutory rights
       granted therein are vested and indefeasible. The clear intent of § 30–2323 is to
       provide an exempt property allowance, which benefit is “in addition to” any
       benefits passing to the surviving spouse or surviving children by will, by intestate
       succession, or by way of elective share. Unless a testator clearly provides in the
       will that the devises and bequests are in lieu of exempt property, then the spouse
       or children are entitled to both. . . . [Id. at 340.]

Finally, the court wrote:

               If the will of a testator clearly provides otherwise, then an exempt property
       allowance is not “in addition to” any benefit by will, intestate succession, or
       elective share. Regardless, the rights set forth in § 30–2323 cannot be defeated by
       a testator even though the testator may require a spouse or child to choose
       between the devise or the exempt property allowance.

               The county court erred in finding that [the disinherited son] was not
       entitled to an exempt property allowance. The testator disinherited [the son], but
       [the son] is entitled to an exempt property allowance in accordance with § 30–
       2323. [Id. at 341.][8]

        Even though the Nebraska Legislature subsequently amended Neb Rev Stat 30–2323
after the In re Estate of Peterson decision was issued to expressly prevent children disinherited
under a will from claiming exempt property, we conclude that the reasoning applied by the
Nebraska Supreme Court in Peterson, and the Montana Supreme Court in Matter of Dunlap’s
Estate, with respect to statutes strikingly similar to MCL 700.2404 confirms that our holding is
consistent with the plain language of MCL 700.2404 as it stands today.9 Furthermore, cases
from other jurisdictions interpreting an exempt property statute with language similar to MCL
700.2404 in regard to a surviving spouse and a homestead allowance provision similar to MCL
700.2402, which also included entitlement language that mirrors MCL 700.2404, have
determined that the statutes unambiguously establish an entitlement or absolute right as a matter




8
  Although the In re Estate of Peterson court did not expressly mention the rules of construction
in place under the probate code, when the case was decided, Nebraska’s probate code included
rules of construction that were nearly identical to Michigan’s rules of construction under MCL
700.1201—most notably, “to discover and make effective the intent of a decedent in distribution
of his or her property[.]” Neb Rev Stat 30-2202.
9
  Respondent concedes that an amendment to MCL 700.2404, as was done in Nebraska, would
give her the outcome that she seeks in this appeal. But, since a legislative fix is not available to
her, she would like this Court to rewrite the statute. We decline to do so, as this is a function of
the Legislature.


                                               -13-
of law. See In re Estate of Martelle, 306 Mont 253, 257, 261; 32 P3d 758 (2001); Matter of
Estate of Wagley, 760 P2d 316, 317-318 (Utah, 1988).10

        Therefore, in light of the plain language of the statute and caselaw from other
jurisdictions interpreting provisions similar to the EPIC, we hold that petitioner has a statutory
right to exempt property under MCL 700.7404 that was not eliminated by the disinheriting
language in decedent’s will, which included no expression of intent as to petitioner’s statutory
right to exempt property.

     D. DISTINCTION BETWEEN RIGHTS OF SURVIVING SPOUSES AND ADULT, NON-
                            DEPENDENT CHILDREN

        Lastly, respondent contends that the trial court erred in failing to distinguish between the
rights of a surviving spouse and the rights of adult, non-dependent children in applying MCL
700.2404. She argues, based on the language of MCL 700.2205, that the Legislature did not
intend for the rights granted to a surviving spouse under MCL 700.2402 through MCL 700.2404
to be equal to the rights granted to an adult child when there is no surviving spouse. Although
we agree that the statutory text supports the conclusion that there is a distinction between the
rights of a surviving spouse and the rights of an adult child, we are not persuaded that MCL
700.2205, on its own, demonstrates that the rights of an adult child to exempt property are not
“vested.”

       Respondent is correct that MCL 700.2205 expressly provides for the waiver of exempt
property by a surviving spouse and that no other provision allows for such a waiver by an adult
child. MCL 700.2205 states:

         The rights of the surviving spouse to a share under intestate succession,
         homestead allowance, election, dower, exempt property, or family allowance may
         be waived, wholly or partially, before or after marriage, by a written contract,
         agreement, or waiver signed by the party waiving after fair disclosure. Unless it
         provides to the contrary, a waiver of “all rights” in the property or estate of a
         present or prospective spouse or a complete property settlement entered into after
         or in anticipation of separate maintenance is a waiver of all rights to homestead
         allowance, election, dower, exempt property, and family allowance by the spouse
         in the property of the other and is an irrevocable renunciation by the spouse of all
         benefits that would otherwise pass to the spouse from the other spouse by
         intestate succession or by virtue of a will executed before the waiver or property
         settlement.

Based on this, respondent argues that we should infer that a surviving spouse has a vested right
to exempt property that cannot be waived without the consent of the spouse, while a non-



10
   As discussed infra, we perceive no indication in the statutory text that a qualifying child has
less of a right to exempt property than a surviving spouse under MCL 700.2404.


                                                -14-
dependent adult child does not have the same vested right, such that his or her consent is not
required for his or her right to exempt property to be modified or eliminated by a decedent’s will.

        Given the significant legal differences between—and implications of—a martial
relationship as opposed to a parent-child relationship, we disagree that the express possibility of
waiver “by a written contract, agreement, or waiver signed by the party waiving after fair
disclosure” under MCL 700.2205 necessarily establishes that a decedent’s surviving spouse has a
“vested right” while a decedent’s adult child does not. Moreover, we find that such a conclusion
is tenuous in light of the statutory text. Apart from possibility of spousal waiver established
under MCL 700.2205, we discern no indication that the Legislature intended for children to have
different or limited rights to exempt property as compared to a surviving spouse. In light of the
significant consequences of such a conclusion, we find that the Legislature, if it wished, could
have expressly included such a distinction between the rights in the text if it had intended for that
distinction to exist. Cf. Sclafani v Domestic Violence Escape, 255 Mich App 260, 269-270; 660
NW2d 97 (2003) (reasoning that the Legislature would have expressed an intention more clearly
if it had intended to implement such a provision). It is not the role of the Court to judicially
legislate by adding language to a statute, Empire Iron Mining Partnership v Orhanen, 455 Mich
410, 421; 565 NW2d 844 (1997), and this Court may not engraft a limitation of a right, which is
not included by the Legislature, “under the guise of statutory construction,” see Lakeland
Neurocare Ctrs v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 250 Mich App 35, 39-40; 645 NW2d 59 (2002).11

        Therefore, we reject respondent’s argument that MCL 700.2205 indicates that an adult
child has an inferior right to exempt property compared to a surviving spouse.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        Although it may have been prudent for the Legislature to specifically prescribe the way in
which a statement of a decedent’s intent to disinherit a child under a will affects the child’s claim
to exempt property, especially given that one of the express purposes and policies of the EPIC is
“[t]o discover and make effective a decedent’s intent in distribution of the decedent’s property,”
MCL 700.1201(b), it is not our role to do so. “When the Legislature fails to address a concern in
[a] statute with a specific provision, the courts cannot insert a provision simply because it would


11
   Contrary to the inference drawn by respondent, the Reporter’s Comment to MCL 700.2205
also appears to draw an opposite inference:

        This section permits only a spouse to waive allowances and the right to exempt
       property (as well as other rights). An adult dependent child may be entitled to
       homestead and family allowances under MCL 700.2402 and .2403. An adult
       child may be entitled to an exempt property allowance under MCL 700.2404.
       These apparently are rights that may not be waived. It is uncertain whether they
       may be modified or eliminated by the decedent’s will. . . . [EPIC with Reporter’s
       Commentary, p 72 (emphasis added); see also In re Conservatorship of Bittner,
       ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 8].


                                                -15-
have been wise of the Legislature to do so to effect the statute’s purpose.” Book-Gilbert, 302
Mich App at 542 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

        Here, if the Legislature wished to extend the testator’s intent in disinheriting a child to the
child’s statutory right to exempt property, it could have expressly stated its intention in the
statute. However, the statute is silent in this regard. Thus, for the reasons stated above, we
conclude that petitioner has a right to exempt property under MCL 700.2404 that was not
eliminated by the disinheriting language in decedent’s will.

       Affirmed.



                                                               /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                               /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                               /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




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