                                                             FILED
                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          May 7, 2013

                                                                     Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                         Clerk of Court
WILLIAM J. ROBERTS,

             Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                        No. 12-4088
                                                  (D.C. No. 2:11-CV-00597-DB)
AMERICA’S WHOLESALE LENDER;                                 (D. Utah)
BAC HOME LOANS SERVICING, L.P.,
f/k/a Countrywide Home Loans
Servicing; RECONTRUST COMPANY,
N.A.; COUNTRYWIDE HOME LOANS,
INC.; U.S. BANK NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION; RUSSELL S.
WALKER,

             Defendants-Appellees.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before LUCERO, Circuit Judge, PORFILIO, Senior Circuit Judge, and
MATHESON, Circuit Judge.




*
      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      William J. Roberts, appearing pro se, appeals from the district court’s order

dismissing his complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). We have jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      In 2003, Mr. Roberts took out a loan from Countrywide Home Loans, Inc.,

(CHL), doing business as America’s Wholesale Lender (AWL), in the amount of

$102,000 that Mr. Roberts used to refinance a property in Salt Lake City, Utah. In

connection with the loan, Mr. Roberts executed a Note and a Deed of Trust (REFI

Deed) that granted CHL a secured interest in the property. AWL also appeared as the

lender on the REFI Deed. AWL later assigned its beneficial interest under the REFI

Deed to BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP (BAC-HLS). In turn, BAC-HLS appointed

ReconTrust Company, N.A. (ReconTrust) as the successor trustee.

      When Mr. Roberts defaulted on the loan, ReconTrust scheduled a non-judicial

foreclosure sale of the property. That sale did not take place because Mr. Roberts

and CHL/AWL agreed to postpone the sale in light of the state-court suit filed by

Mr. Roberts in which he asserted claims against CHL/AWL for: (1) declaratory

judgment; (2) quiet title; (3) unjust enrichment; (4) reckless/intentional infliction of

emotional distress; (5) fraud; and (6) an accounting. The case was removed to

federal court on grounds of diversity.

      AWL, BAC-HLS, and ReconTrust moved to dismiss. Following briefing and

oral argument, the magistrate judge issued a comprehensive and well-reasoned report

and recommendation in which he examined all of the claims and recommended that


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the motion to dismiss be granted. The district court overruled Mr. Robert’s

objections, and adopted the report and recommendation. Mr. Roberts now appeals.1

      We review de novo an order dismissing a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for

failure to state a claim. MediaNews Grp., Inc. v. McCarthey, 494 F.3d 1254, 1260

(10th Cir. 2007). “Because this is a diversity case, we apply the substantive law of

the forum state, Utah,” in analyzing the claims. Id.

      In his opening brief, Mr. Roberts never mentions his claims for declaratory

relief or an accounting. Further, he makes only passing reference to the claims for

unjust enrichment and reckless/intentional infliction of emotional distress. These

“arguments,” however are simply declarations without any legal support.

Admittedly, Mr. Roberts’s discussion of the quiet title claim is slightly more detailed,

but he once again fails to cite any relevant legal authority. Simply put, Mr. Roberts’s

failure to adequately develop any argument means that he has forfeited appellate

review on these claims. See, e.g., Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104

(10th Cir. 2007).2



1
      Between the time that the magistrate judge issued his report and
recommendation but before the district court entered its order, Mr. Roberts filed a
motion for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. The court
denied Mr. Roberts’s request in its order adopting the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendation. Mr. Roberts does not appeal from that ruling.
2
       Although Mr. Roberts does mention “mortgage fraud” in his opening brief, this
claim is linked to an issue that Mr. Roberts never raised in the district court, and we
decline to consider it on appeal, as explained infra.


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      We acknowledge that Mr. Roberts is proceeding pro se, but that does not

excuse him from “follow[ing] the same rules of procedure that govern other

litigants.” Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir.

2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). It is not enough for a party on appeal to

simply state that the trial court erred without advancing “reasoned argument as to the

grounds for the appeal.” Habecker v. Town of Estes Park, Colo., 518 F.3d 1217,

1223 n.6 (10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Instead,

      [u]nder [Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure] 28, which applies equally
      to pro se litigants, a brief must contain more than a generalized assertion
      of error, with citations to supporting authority. When a pro se litigant
      fails to comply with that rule, we cannot fill the void by crafting
      arguments and performing the necessary legal research.

Garrett, 425 F.3d at 841 (ellipsis, citation, brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted). Nonetheless, we have examined the record, considered the applicable law,

and discern no reversible error.

      There are two issues that Mr. Roberts does raise in his brief. First, he argues

that “AWL was a fictitious entity” and thus could not “execute any legally binding

documents.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 7. As a result, he reasons that AWL’s assignment

of its beneficial interest under the REFI Deed was ineffective, and ReconTrust lacked

the authority to foreclose. The issue of whether AWL was a “fictitious entity” was

thoroughly analyzed by the magistrate judge, who took “judicial notice of the New

York State document . . . which shows AWL . . . is a trade name for [CHL].” R. Vol.

1 at 822. The district court noted that Mr. Roberts’s “objection concerning the


                                          -4-
corporate identity of [AWL] was carefully considered and addressed by the

magistrate judge,” who concluded that the “claims challenging AWL’s corporate

identity were without factual or legal basis.” Id. at 843.

      Mr. Roberts relies on two cases to support the argument that AWL lacked the

authority to assign a beneficial interest in the REFI Deed. But those cases, America’s

Wholesale Lender v. Pagano, 866 A.2d 698 (Conn. App. Ct. 2005), and America’s

Wholesale Lender v. Silberstein, 866 A.2d 695 (Conn. App. Ct. 2005), are inapposite.

First, these cases apply the substantive law of Connecticut. In this diversity case, the

substantive law of Utah applies. See MediaNews, 494 F.3d at 1260. Second, and

more to the point, these cases hold that because a trade name is not an entity with

legal capacity to sue under Connecticut law, AWL lacks standing to file suit in

Connecticut state court. In this case, however, AWL did not file suit against

Mr. Roberts. As such, AWL’s standing to sue is not an issue.

      The other issue raised by Mr. Roberts is that neither AWL nor BAC-HLS have

standing to pursue foreclosure of the property because Fannie Mae owns the Note

and REFI Deed. He also argues that BAC-HLS committed mortgage fraud because it

“knew Fannie Mae was the beneficial owner of the [REFI] Deed and Note.” Aplt.

Opening Br. at 9. Mr. Roberts, however, did not raise these arguments in the district

court. Because he has not argued for plain-error review in his opening brief on

appeal, the arguments are forfeited. See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123,

1131 (10th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he failure to argue for plain error and its application


                                          -5-
on appeal . . . surely marks the end of the road for an argument for reversal not first

presented to the district court.”).

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.


                                                Entered for the Court


                                                John C. Porfilio
                                                Senior Circuit Judge




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