                                                   TO BE PUBLISHED


            ,Suprrntr Gurf Tfiertfuek
                        2015-SC-000045-MR

RICHMOND HEALTH FACILITIES-MADISON, LP,
D/B/A MADISON HEALTH & REHABILITATION
CENTER; PREFERRED CARE PARTNERS
MANAGEMENT GROUP, LP; PREFERRED CARE, INC.,
D/B/A PREFERRED CARE OF DELAWARE, INC.;
AND KENTUCKY PARTNERS MANAGEMENT, LLC                   APPELLANTS

               ON APPEAL FROM COURT . OF APPEALS
V.                 CASE NO. 2014-CA-001634-OA
              MADISON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 13-CI-00176

HONORABLE WILLIAM G. CLOUSE, JR.,
JUDGE, MADISON CIRCUIT COURT                              APPELLEE
AND
SHARON BRESHERS, AS
ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF
GERALDINE McCAFFERTY, DECEASED •             REAL PARTY IN INTEREST

AND                     2015-SC-000122-MR

EXTENDICARE, INC.; EXTENDICARE, L.P.;
EXTENDICARE HOMES, INC.; FIR LANE TERRACE
CONVALESCENT CENTER, INC., D/B/A MADISON
HEALTH 86 REHABILITATION CENTER;
EXTENDICARE HEALTH NETWORK, INC.;
EXTENDICARE HOLDINGS, INC.;
EXTENDICARE HEALTH SERVICES, INC.; AND
EXTENDICARE HEALTH FACILITY HOLDINGS, INC.              APPELLANTS

               ON APPEAL FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V.                 CASE NO. 2014-CA-001710-OA
              MADISON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 13-CI-00176

HONORABLE WILLIAM G. CLOUSE, JR.,
JUDGE, MADISON CIRCUIT COURT                              APPELLEE
AND
SHARON BRESHERS, AS
ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE OF
GERALDINE McCAFFERTY, DECEASED               REAL PARTY IN INTEREST
                                OPINION AND ORDER

           Richmond Health Facilities-Madison, LP (Richmond Health) and

Extendicare, Inc. (Extendicare) 1 petition this Court for a writ of prohibition to

prevent the trial court from compelling the production of various documents

associated with the care provided at the long-term-care facilities within their

control. The Court of Appeals denied Richmond Health and Extendicare's

petitions because it found no error in the trial court's decision to allow

discovery of the documents; specifically, the court allowed discovery because

the parties had failed to provide sufficient evidence that the Federal Quality

Assurance Privilege (FQAP) applied to the documents in question. For reasons

set forth below, we affirm the Court of Appeals and deny the issuance of a writ.


                 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND.
       In 2012, Geraldine McCafferty was admitted to Richmond Health, a

nursing facility owned and operated by Extendicare. But McCafferty's health

rapidly deteriorated so she was transferred to the University of Kentucky

Chandler Hospital after only a month's stay. Eventually, McCafferty passed

away. Following McCafferty's death, Sharon Breshers, the Administratrix of

McCafferty's estate, filed suit against Richmond Health and Extendicare,

alleging wrongful death, nursing-home abuse, and corporate negligence. The

gravamen of Breshers's claim is that Extendicare, in an attempt to boost

profits, purposefully diverted necessary funds from Richmond Health; and, as a

       1 Various corporate iterations of both Richmond Health and Extendicare are
involved in this writ action as co-defendants. For the sake of simplicity, we simply use
"Richmond Health" and "Extendicare," singularly, to refer to the respective collection
of defendants.
                                           2
result, McCafferty was deprived of adequate medical care, which led to her

death.

         During discovery, Breshers sought the production of various documents

relating to Richmond Health's clinical monitoring and oversight. In addition,

Breshers requested documents dealing with corporate finance matters alleged

to indicate Extendicare's negligence in funding Richmond Health. Of course,

Richmond Health and Extendicare rejected Breshers's requests as an irrelevant

fishing expedition for privileged information.

      The trial court ordered Richmond Health and Extendicare to produce the

requested financial documents and allegedly privileged information. In its

order, the trial court did take certain precautions against the disclosure of any

potentially private information by issuing a protective order covering patient

and personnel files, as well as corporate accounting methodologies perhaps

considered proprietary.

      Richmond Health and Extendicare, co-defendants at the trial level,

separately sought prohibitive writs from the Court of Appeals. Both parties

argued the documents sought by Breshers were privileged under FQAP and,

therefore, should not be produced. Additionally, Richmond Health and

Extendicare argued their financial information was irrelevant and the trial

court erroneously denied their request for a protective order. The petitions

were heard by separate panels of the Court of Appeals, but the same result was

reached. Both Richmond Health and Extendicare failed to produce a privilege

log so each Court of Appeals panel held the petitions fell short of the high


                                         3
burden involved when asserting a claim of privilege. Likewise, each panel held

financial information was relevant to Breshers's punitive-damages claim. As

for the protective order, the record indicated that Extendicare had already

disclosed the information the protective order sought to cover so its writ

petition was denied; and Richmond Health's panel held it had an adequate

appellate remedy with regard to the protective order so its petition was denied.

       Operating separately yet again, Richmond Health and Extendicare now

petition this Court for a writ of prohibition under Kentucky Rules of Civil

Procedure (CR) 76.36(7)(a). 2


                                      II. ANALYSIS.

      When ruling on a writ petition, we must first determine if the writ is

appropriate. We review the merits of a writ petition and, in turn, the

soundness of a trial court's decision, only if a writ is a suitable remedy. The

issuance of a writ always lies within this Court's discretion. 3 Truly a

remarkable remedy, a writ action commands conservative use of that discretion

"to prevent short-circuiting normal appeal procedure[.]" Accordingly, a writ

should issue only:

      [U]pon a showing that (1) the lower court is proceeding or is about
      to proceed outside of its jurisdiction and there is no remedy
      through an application to an intermediate court; or (2) that the
      lower court is acting or is about to act erroneously, although
      within its jurisdiction, and there exists no adequate remedy by

       2 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (CR) 76.36(7)(a) reads: "An appeal may be
taken to the Supreme Court as a matter of right from a judgment or final order in any
proceeding originating in the Court of Appeals."
       3   Hoskins v. Maricle, 150 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Ky. 2004) (citation omitted).
       4   Bender v. Eaton, 343 S.W.2d 799, 800 (Ky. 1961).
                                              4
       appeal or otherwise and great injustice and irreparable injury will
       result if the petition is not granted. 5

Essentially, writs are divided into two classes. Richmond Health and

Extendicare invoke the second class of writ as they argue the trial court acted

erroneously within its jurisdiction. So our review is for abuse of discretion, i.e.,

a decision that is arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound

legal principles. 6 A writ will only issue within this writ class if a petitioner can

prove irreparable injury, great injustice, and the absence of an appellate

remedy.?

       When faced with particular circumstances, we have excused the great-

and-irreparable-injury element in order "to preserve the orderly administration

of the laws." 8 These "certain special cases" exist where "a substantial

miscarriage of justice will result if the lower court is proceeding erroneously[]

and correction of the error is necessary and appropriate in the interest of

orderly judicial administration." 9 Our application of this exception is rare,

however, limited primarily to circumstances where the "action for which the

writ is sought would violate the law, e.g.[,] by breaching a tightly guarded

       5   Hoskins, 150 S.W.3d at 10.
        6 See Tax Ease Lien Investments 1, LLC v. Commonwealth Bank & Trust,
384 S.W.3d 141, 143 (Ky. 2012) (noting that standing is a question of law subject to
de novo review); Grange Mut. Ins. Co. v. Trude, 151 S.W.3d 803, 810 (Ky. 2004)
(highlighting de novo review is typically appropriate under the first class of writs
because jurisdiction is a question of law).
        7 Hoskins, 150 S.W.3d at 9 ("But if the petition alleged only that the trial court
was acting erroneously within its jurisdiction, a writ would issue only if it was shown
that there was no adequate remedy by appeal and great injustice and irreparable harm
would otherwise occur.").
       8   Ohio River Contract Co. v. Gordon, 186 S.W. 178, 181 (Ky. 1916).
       9   Hoskins, 150 S.W.3d at 20 (quoting Bender, 343 S.W.2d at 801).
                                            5
privilege or by contradicting the requirements of a civil rule." 10 Of course,

Richmond Health and Extendicare argue the instant situation constitutes a

"certain special case." We disagree.

A. The Production of Financial Information was Properly Compelled.
      Initially, Richmond Health and Extendicare argue the Court of Appeals

erred in allowing the trial court to compel the production of the financial

information requested by Breshers. The main point of Richmond Health's and

Extendicare's argument is that the financial information sought by Breshers is

irrelevant and, in turn, irreparably harmful.

      We do well to remind Richmond Health and Extendicare that CR 26.02,

our rule governing the permissible scope of discovery in civil litigation, trends

toward discovery, permitting discovery "regarding any matter, not privileged,

which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action . . . . "11

Relevancy "is more loosely construed upon pre-trial examination than at the

trial, and the Rule requires only relevancy to the subject matter involved in the

action." 12 The Court of Appeals found the challenged financial information was

relevant to Breshers's claim for punitive damages. We agree but, more

importantly, the financial information of Richmond Health and Extendicare

Breshers seeks is central to her entire negligence claim. We are at a loss for

how corporate financial information could be irrelevant to a claim asserting

deliberate withholding or manipulation of funds.


      10   Grange Mut., 151 S.W.3d at 808 (quoting Bender, 343 S.W.2d at 801).
      11 Maddox v. Grauman, 265 S.W.2d 939, 941 (Ky. 1954).
      12   Id.
                                           6
      Considering that the information is clearly relevant, we see no way in

which Richmond Health or Extendicare would suffer irreparable injury or

satisfy to any degree the requirements for the application of our certain-

special-cases exception. There is no great injustice or substantial miscarriage

of justice in compelling a party to produce clearly relevant information. We

affirm the Court of Appeals.

B. The Court of Appeals Appropriately Denied Richmond Health's and
    Extendicare's Request for a Protective Order.
      At the Court of Appeals, both Richmond Health and Extendicare sought

a protective order for the disclosure of their financial information. In

Richmond Health's case, the Court of Appeals denied the protective-order

request because it found there was an adequate remedy on appeal, citing

Hoffman v. Dow Chemical Co. 13 As for Extendicare, the Court of Appeals found

that "the information Extendicare sought to have protected has already been

disclosed to Breshers" so a protective order was unwarranted. We agree.

      A protective order is within the full discretion and authority of the trial

court and is appropriate only to prevent a party from "annoyance,

embarrassment, oppression, or undue expense or burden.”" Notably, the trial

court did, in fact, enter a protective order. In doing so, the trial court properly

gave due weight to Breshers's discovery request while balancing—or attempting

to at the very least—Extendicare's and Richmond Health's desire or need to

keep corporate matters out of the public domain. Extendicare and Richmond


      13   413 S.W.2d 332, 334 (Ky. 1967).
      14   Ewing v. May, 705 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Ky. 1986).
                                             7
Health remain unhappy with the scope of the trial court's protective order. Be

that as it may, Extendicare and Richmond Health present no colorable

argument as to why exactly the protective order should be broadened. As we

explain below with regard to FQAP, Extendicare's and Richmond Health's tactic

of making broad allegations of imminent harm or entitlement to relief are

unavailing as they afford us little review capability. Given the record before us,

we have no reason to doubt the trial court granted adequate relief as

Extendicare and Richmond Health have presented nothing specific as to why

the trial court's protective order was insufficient.

         Perhaps a protective order would be appropriate if we were aware of what

Richmond Health and Extendicare were trying to protect. Much like we

discuss below with regard to the FQAP's scope, Richmond Health and

Extendicare have simply failed to make any: argument sufficient to meet the

burden they carry in seeking a more expansive protective order. We are

unwilling and—in light of the record—unable to conclude the trial court abused

its discretion. Extendicare and Richmond Health are not entitled to a writ, nor

are they entitled to a protective order. We affirm the Court of Appeals on this

issue.

C. Richmond Health and Extendicare Fall Short of their Burden to Show
   the FQAP Privilege Applies.
         Finally, Richmond Health and Extendicare argue that despite the

financial information's supposed relevancy, FQAP renders it privileged. In an

attempt to improve the quality of care afforded to nursing home residents,



                                          8
Congress enacted in 1987 the Federal Nursing Home Reform Act (FNHRA), 15 of

which FQAP was a subsection. Broadly, FQAP requires "skilled nursing

facilit[ies]" 16 and "nursing facilit[ies]" 17 to establish a quality assessment and

assurance committee in an attempt to ensure nursing homes are vigilant about

the quality of care their residents are receiving. As for the privilege aspect,

FQAP states: "A State or the Secretary may not require disclosure of the

records of such committee except insofar as such disclosure is related to the

compliance of such committee with the requirements of this subparagraph." 8

                                                                                          ItishprovnRcmdHealthExnicrowaguebs

compliance with Breshers's discovery requests.

          We have yet to have occasion to interpret FQAP's scope. In actuality,

only two states and one federal court have had such an opportunity. From this

paucity of case law, two rules have emerged: the Missouri Rule 19 and the New

York Rule. 20 Richmond Health and Extendicare petition this Court to decide

affirmatively between these two interpretations. Perhaps this is an important

issue—no doubt it is enticing—but, for the reasons set forth below, we find it

unnecessary to make the choice Richmond Health and Extendicare ask of us.



          15   See 42 U.S.C. 1396r, et seq.; 42 U.S.C. 1395i-3, et seq.; 42 C.F.R. 483,
et seq.
          16   42 U.S.C. 1395i-3(b)(1)(B).
          17   42 U.S.C. 1396r(b)(1)(B).
          18 42 U.S.C. 1395i-3(b)(1)(B).
       19 See State ex rel. Boone Ret. Ctr. v. Hamilton, 946 S.W.2d 740 (Mo. 1997)
(en banc)
          20   See In re Subpoena Duces Tecum to Jane Doe, Esq., 787 N.E.2d 618 (N.Y.
2003).
                                                 9
       Before the Court of Appeals, Richmond Health argued Breshers failed to

provide "reasonable notice" of the motion to compel as CR 37.01 mandates. 21

                                                                                        AcordingtRchmondHealth'scoun,Bresh'motinwaslyprovide

to Extendicare. Richmond Health allegedly only received oral notice of the

motion at the motion's hearing. The Court of Appeals rejected Richmond

Health's argument, noting that the limited record provided no guidance; and,

as a result, it was impossible to "determine if the issue of lack of notice was

brought to the attention of the trial court." Faced with a silent record on the

issue, the Court of Appeals followed our precedent and presumed the trial

court's decision was supported by the record. If Richmond Health truly

received unreasonable notice of Breshers's motion, it should have produced the

record of the hearing. After all, in a writ action—an original action at an

appellate court—it is even more important to preserve properly the record

because, contrary to normal appellate procedure, "the trial court's record is

unavailable[; and, instead, the appellate record] consists only of what the

parties have included with their filings." 22

       Richmond Health can offer no evidence to support its argument that

Breshers did not provide "reasonable notice" of her motion to compel. It was

this alleged lack of notice, though, that Richmond Health argues prohibited it

from producing a privilege log or, for that matter, any form of documentation

identifying what FQAP should apply to. Extendicare likewise did not produce a

       21 CR 37.01 ("A party, upon reasonable notice to other parties and all persons
affected thereby, may apply for an order compelling discovery as follows: . . . .")
(emphasis added).
      22   Collins v. Braden, 384 S.W.3d 154, 163 (Ky. 2012).
                                            10
privilege log or any sort of documentation about the allegedly privileged

documents, but Extendicare did receive notice of Breshers's motion to compel.

       It is axiomatic that a party who asserts a privilege bears the burden of

proving the privilege applies. 23 Equally fundamental and uncontested is the

principle that testimonial privileges are disfavored and should be strictly

construed. 24 To put it simply, both Richmond Health and Extendicare have

failed to carry their burden to show that FQAP applies, under any standard—

Missouri or New York Rules aside. We have previously rejected a writ petition

to protect a claimed privilege where "the record before us was insufficient to

permit a determination whether any or all of the [documents we]re subject to

the . . . privilege." 25 Neither Richmond Health nor Extendicare has sought in-

camera review of the documents or produced an even relatively detailed

description of what the documents contain. So we are left with nothing more

than Richmond Health's arguments about the documents—a level of evidence

we have previously deemed insufficient: 26 Based on the record before us, we

are unwilling to say the trial court acted erroneously in granting Breshers's

motion to compel.




      23   Stidham v. Clark, 74 S.W.3d 719, 725 (Ky. 2002).
      24   Id. at 722.
      25 Collins, 384 S.W.3d at 163 (quoting Lexington Pub. Library v. Clark,
90 S.W.3d 53, 63 (Ky. 2002)).
       26 Id. at 163-64 ("All we have to go on is the hospital's argument about the
content of the documents. . . . Without more certainty about the content of those
documents, a reviewing court cannot determine whether any statements are even in
the documents or whether any statements are covered by the privilege.").
                                           11
      Judicial restraint, rather than reaching into the somewhat murky FQAP

world, is the proper elixir for this case. Again, even if we were to select a rule

governing the application of FQAP, there is nothing to which to apply it.

Richmond Health and Extendicare have given the courts nothing more than

vague references to documents (most likely to obtain a broad discovery

prohibition) and then requested we perform the spectacular task of secreting

them away from Breshers. It bears repeating that blanket assertions of

privilege are not sufficient.

      We reject the writ petitions—they do not meet our writ standard and, in

our estimation, would be nothing more than advisory. Essentially, Richmond

Health's and Extendicare's arguments are not properly preserved for our

review—indeed, there is nothing to review. A writ is an extraordinary remedy,

and this Court will not initiate the practice of using writs to save parties from

their own litigation stumblings.


                                III. CONCLUSION.

      We affirm the denial of the writs by the Court of Appeals.

      All sitting. Minton, C.J.; Abramson, Noble, and Keller, JJ., concur.

Barber, J., concurs in result only by separate opinion in which Cunningham

and Venters, JJ., join.

      BARBER, J., CONCURRING IN RESULT ONLY: Because this subject

matter will likely come back up in this and other cases, I would go a step

further than the majority and analyze the application of the FQAP.



                                        12
       As part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, Congress

enacted the Federal Nursing Home Reform Act ("FNHRA") to "improve the

quality of care for . . . nursing home residents." Pub. L. No. 100-203, §§ 4201-

4218; H.R. Rep. No. 100-391, pt. 1, at 452 (1987). At issue in this case is a

subsection of FNHRA, the Federal Quality Assurance Privilege          '12 U.S.C.

Sections 1395i-3(b)(1)(B) (skilled nursing facilities) and 1396r(b)(1)(B) (nursing

facilities)—which respectively provide:

       A [skilled] nursing facility must maintain a quality assessment and
       assurance committee, consisting of the director of nursing services,
       a physician designated by the facility, and at least 3 other
       members of the facility's staff, which (i) meets at least quarterly to
       identify issues with respect to which quality assessment and
       assurance activities are necessary and (ii), develops and
       implements appropriate plans of action to correct identified quality
       deficiencies. A State or Secretary may not require disclosure of the
       records of such committee except insofar as such disclosure is
       related to the compliance of such committee with the requirements
       of this subparagraph.

42 U.S.C. § 1395i-3(b)(1)(B). The purpose of the FQAP is to "protect the

[Quality Assurance] committee's own records—its minutes or internal working

papers or statements of conclusion—from discovery." Jewish Home of E. PA v.

Ctrs. for Medicare and Medicaid Servs., 693 F.3d 359, 362 (3d Cir. 2012). The

goal is to engender self-critical analysis and ultimately, improve the quality of

nursing home residents' health care. 27




       27 I do agree—subject to a caveat—with Appellants' statement that "[t]he Federal
Quality Assurance Privilege is intended to allow a health care provider self-critical
analysis with the goal of improved care without fear of the process being used to
punish the health care provider." However, "fear of reprisal" is by no means absolute,
and must be balanced with the FNHRA's ultimate goal of "improv[ing] the quality of
care for . . . nursing home residents." H.R. Rep. No. 100-391, pt. 1, at 452 (1987).
                                          13
A.   Scope of the FQAP

      This Court has yet to address the scope of the FQAP. Two state supreme

courts and one federal appellate court, however, have addressed the issue—

albeit reaching differing conclusions. The Missouri Supreme Court and the

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit narrowly construed the FQAP to

only privilege documents that are "generated" by a nursing home's quality

assurance committee. See Jewish Home of E. PA v. Ctrs. for Medicare and

Medicaid Servs., 693 F.3d 359, 362 (3d Cir. 2012); State ex rel. Boone Ret. Ctr.

v. Hamilton, 946 S.W.2d 740, 743 (Mo. 1997) (en banc). The New York Court of

Appeals extended Boone's holding to privilege all documents created "by or at

the behest of a nursing home's quality assurance committee.     See In re

Subpoena Duces Tecum to Jane Doe, Esq., 787 N.E.2d 618, 623 (N.Y. 2003).

would adopt the former approach and hold that only documents generated by a

nursing home's quality assurance committee fall within the scope of the FQAP.

"This statutory privilege is exceedingly narrow." Boone, 946 S.W.2d at 743.

B. The "Missouri" Approach

      The Supreme Court of Missouri, and subsequently the U. S. Court of

Appeals for the Third Circuit, each narrowly construed the FQAP.    See Jewish

Home, 693 F.3d at 362; Boone, 946 S.W.2d at 743. Both courts limited the

scope of the statute by holding that only reports which are "generated" by a

nursing home's quality assurance committee are covered by the FQAP.         See

Jewish Home, 693 F.3d at 362 ("The language of 42 U.S.C. § 1396r(b)(1)(B) .. .

limits the scope of protection from discovery to the records generated by the

Quality Assurance Committee.") (emphasis added); see also State ex rel. Boone,
                                    14
946 S.W.2d 740, 743 (finding that the FQAP "protects only the committee's own

records—its minutes or internal working papers or statements of conclusions

from discovery.").

      Following the Supreme Court of Missouri, the Third Circuit—the only

federal appellate court which has construed the scope of 42 U.S.C. §

1396r(b)(1)(B)—held that the FQAP "limits the scope of protection from

discovery to the records generated by the Quality Assurance Committee."

Jewish Home, 693 F.3d at 362 (citing Boone, 946 S.W.2d at 743) (emphasis

added). Quoting the Missouri Supreme Court, the Third Circuit agreed that

"kilo honest reading of the statute . . . can extend the statute's privilege to

records and materials generated outside the committee and submitted to the

committee for its review." Jewish Home, 693 F.3d at 362. I agree.

      In Jewish Home, the documents in question were "contemporaneous,

routinely-generated incident reports that were part of the residents' medical

records." Id. Because these documents were not "minutes, internal papers, or

conclusions generated by the Quality Assurance Committee," the Third Circuit

held that the documents were not protected by the FQAP.       Id. Likewise, the

documents Breshers seeks to discover do not fall within the scope of the FQAP

because they were not generated by Appellants' Quality Assurance Committee,

nor are they minutes, internal papers or conclusions of the Quality Assurance

Committee. Id.




                                         15
C. The "New York" Approach

       New York's highest court28 opted for a broader interpretation of the

FQAP. See In re Subpoena Duces Tecum to Jane Doe, Esq., 787 N.E.2d 618,

623 (N.Y. 2003) ("We read the language 'records of such committee' (42 U.S.C.

§ 396r[b][1][B][ii]) as encompassing within its parameters any reports generated

by or at the behest of a quality assurance committee for quality assurance

purposes."); see also id. ("[C]ompilations, studies or comparisons of clinical

data derived from multiple records, created by or at the request of committee

personnel for committee use, are 'records of such committee' and entitled to

protection from disclosure pursuant to federal law."). Applying this standard,

the Court of Appeals of New York found that the FQAP protected the nursing

home's monthly skin condition reports, pressure sore reports, monthly weight

reports, and the list of facility-acquired infections—none of which were

generated by the quality assurance committee.        Id. at 623.

       In Jane Doe, the parties agreed that the residents' clinical records were

not covered by the FQAP. The court noted that "such records do not acquire

quality assurance protection merely because they are reviewed or used by a

quality assurance committee. Id. at 622. The parties additionally agreed that

the work product of the quality assurance committee was privileged by the

FQAP. Id. The controversy thus centered on "what documents or reports


       28 New York's court of last resort is the Court of Appeals of New York. For the
opinion, see In re Subpoena Duces Tecum to Jane Doe, Esq., 787 N.E.2d 618 (N.Y.
2003). Additionally, Appellants rely on a lower court decision from Massachusetts to
bolster their argument in favor of a broad interpretation of the FQAP. See Evans v.
Quaboag on the Common, Inc., et al., 26 Mass L. Rptr. 372 (Superior Ct. Mass Dec. 7,
2009). We find neither of these cases controlling, nor convincing.
                                           16
constitute 'records of such committee' under 42 U.S.C. § 1396r(b)(1)(B)(ii).                                                                         Id.

The petitioner therein argued that because the nursing home's incident

reports, infections reports, and the like were derived from clinical records that

were not privileged by the FQAP, they should likewise not fall within the ambit

of the FQAP. Id. at 623. Ultimately, the court determined:

       While we agree with the Missouri court and petitioner that the
       federal protection is narrow, we decline to adopt the Boone
       standard because the federal statute does not restrict quality
       assurance records to only those reports created by quality
       assurance committee members themselves. We read the language
       "records of such committee" (42 USC § 1396r [b][1][B][ii]) as
       encompassing within its parameters any reports generated by or at
       the behest of a quality assurance committee for quality assurance
       purposes.

Id. I disagree. Extending the FQAP to encompass any reports generated "at

the behest of a nursing home's quality assurance committee has troubling

implications. 29 It runs headlong into decades of Kentucky and federal

jurisprudence that have narrowly construed the scope of privileges. 30

                                                                               Furthermore, I am not convinced by Ap el ants' conjecture that he quality of

nursing home care will decline for fear of litigation if this Court were to adopt a

narrow construction of the FQAP. 31 I recognize that the purpose of the FQAP is



       29   Not the least of which is what precisely does "at the behest of mean.
        °
       3 Kentucky has traditionally allowed a very limited number of privileges.   See,
e.g., KRE  501-11. For example,  this Court recently declined to recognize a physician-
patient privilege. See Caldwell v. Chauvin, No. 2014-SC-000390-MR, 2015 WL
3653447, at *1 (rendered June 11, 2015).
       31 Of note, we have rejected a similar argument in the context of the peer-review
privilege and medical negligence claims. See Sisters of Charity Health Sys., Inc. v.
Raikes, 984 S.W.2d 464, 470 (Ky. 1998); see generally KRS 311.377(2).


                                             17
to encourage self-critical analysis; however, the ultimate goal is to "improve the

quality of care for . . . nursing home residents." H.R. Rep. No. 100-391, pt. 1,

at 452 (1987). Thus, as previously noted, Appellants' "fear of reprisal" is by no

means absolute, and must be balanced against the fundamental objective of

the FQAP—improving quality of care. In that vein, I believe that Boone's

construction more accurately reflects Congress's intent to privilege a narrow

set of information, and allows self-critical evaluation without overprotecting—

under the auspice of "quality control"—information such as that at issue in the

case at bar.

       Moreover, although Appellants rely heavily on Jane Doe's holding, they

failed to take heed of the New York court's warning: "[for the future, we

recommend that a party seeking to protect documents from disclosure compile

a privilege log in order to aid the court in its assessment of a privilege claim."

Id. The Court of Appeals rejected Appellants' position for this very reason.

Additionally, despite Appellants' ipse dixit argument to the contrary, 32


       32 Appellants argue that the FQAP preempts Kentucky's long held practice of
strictly construing privileges, but cites no authority on point to bolster their
contention. This however, should not be a point of contention, because the Court of
Appeals readily acknowledged that the FQAP preempts state law. Court of Appeals
Order at 7. Appellants simply claim that because the FQAP preempts state law, it
must be broadly construed to privilege all quality assurance documents. In re Jane
Doe, a case upon which Appellants heavily rely, does not support their assertion. See
In re Subpoena Duces Tecum to Jane Doe, Esq., 787 N.E.2d 618, 622 (N.Y. 2003) ("A
facility may not create a privilege where none would otherwise exist merely by
assigning the duty for compliance or compilation to a quality assurance committee.").
The FQAP's broadest interpretation can be found in In re Jane Doe, but even New
York's highest court limited the privilege to "any reports generated by or at the behest
of a quality assurance committee." Id. at 623. Here, Appellants seek an even broader
interpretation from this Court, and neglect to address the only federal case
interpreting the FQAP, which supports a contrary construction. See Jewish Home of
E. PA v. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 693 F.3d 359 (3d Cir. 2012).
                                           18
privileges are strictly construed under both federal and Kentucky law.       See

Collins v. Braden, 384 S.W.3d 154, 159 (Ky. 2012); Sisters of Health Sys., Inc. v.

Raikes, 984 S.W.2d 464, 468 (Ky. 1998) (quoting Trammel v. United States,

445 U.S. 40, 45 (1980) ("Privileges should be strictly construed because they

contravene the fundamental principle that the public . . . has a right to every

man's evidence."')). Appellants disregard established federal and Kentucky

case law by arguing that the FQAP preempts Kentucky law, and hence, should

not be strictly construed. Confusingly, Appellants offer no federal authority in

support of this contention, except to say that privileges should be determined

on a case-by-case basis. Furthermore, their argument disregards decades of

Supreme Court jurisprudence that has narrowly construed privileges.        See

Trammel, 445 U.S. at 50 (1980) (holding that privileges must be

"strictly construed"); id. at 50 ("Exclusionary rules and privileges contravene

the fundamental principle that the public . . . has a right to every man's

evidence."') (quoting U.S. v. Bryan, 339 U.S. 323, 331 (1950)); see also

Swidler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S. 399, 411 (O'Connor, J., dissenting)

(noting that the Supreme Court has historically construed the scope of

privileges narrowly); Jaffee v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1, 19 (1996) (Scalia, J.,

dissenting) (pointing to the Supreme Court's history of narrowly construing

privileges); Univ. of Pa. v. EEOC, 493 U.S. 182 (1990) (narrowly construing

common-law privilege).

      The only case cited in support of Appellants' broad interpretation is

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Chiles Power Supply, Inc., a Sixth Circuit opinion


                                        19
which stands for the proposition that privileges should be determined on a

"case-by-case" basis. See 333 F.3d 976, 979-80 (6th Cir. 2003). I do not

disagree. However, Goodyear Tire is inapposite to the current controversy. The

quoted language from Goodyear Tire is referring to the recognition of new

privileges, not the construction of existing ones. 33 Id. at 980. Accordingly, in

the absence of authority to the contrary, this Court should defer to the

"fundamental principle that the public . . . has a right to every man's

knowledge." See Trammel, 445 U.S. at 50 (internal quotation omitted).

Privileges, being "in derogation of the search for truth," are not "expansively

construed." United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 710 (1974). The FQAP is no

exception.

       In Boone and Jane Doe, the high courts of Missouri and New York each

readily acknowledged that they were dealing with a case of first impression that

had yet to be settled by a federal court. 34 Since that time, however, the Third

Circuit addressed the issue in Jewish Home, and adopted Boone's narrow

construction of 42 U.S. § 1396r(b)(1)(B), which "limits the scope of

protection . . . to the records generated by the Quality Assurance Committee."

Jewish Home, 693 F.3d at 362 (citing Boone, 946 S.W.2d at 743 (emphasis

added)). For the reasons discussed herein, I agree and would adopt the narrow

construction of the FQAP set forth in Boone and Jewish Home.


      33 See Goodyear Tire, 333 F.3d at 980 ("[T]he recognition of a privilege should be
judged on a case-by-case basis and weighed against the public interest.").
       34 See Boone, 946 S.W.2d at 742 ("This is a case of first impression. No federal
court has interpreted theses statutes); In re Jane Doe, 618 N.E.2d at 621 ("[N]either
this Court nor any federal court has previously interpreted [the FQAP]).
                                           20
      Therefore, to the extent that the records sought to be discovered by

Breshers were not generated by Appellants' Quality Assurance Committee, and

are not "minutes or internal working papers or statements of conclusion," I

would hold that they are not covered by the FQAP, and hence, are discoverable.

Jewish Home, 693 F.3d at 362. Therefore, I would go further than the majority

by adopting this application of the FQAP and would, thus, instruct the courts

below to proceed accordingly.

      Cunningham and Venters, JJ., join.

      ENTERED: October 29, 2015.




                                           iEFle
                                               JUSTICE




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