J-S49032-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    CONSOLIDATED EAGLE, LTD.                   :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    BL GP, LLC, TRADING AS BL                  :   No. 407 EDA 2019
    PARTNERS GROUP, L.P.; 15 WA FIN            :
    GP, LLC, TRADING AS BL 219                 :
    PARTNERS, LP; PEARL PROPERTIES,            :
    LLC; PEARL PROPERTIES                      :
    COMMERCIAL MANAGEMENT, LLC;                :
    CHOICE HOTELS INTERNATIONAL,               :
    INC.; AND ABC CORP. 1-5                    :

              Appeal from the Order Entered December 17, 2018
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                      No(s): June Term, 2018. No. 01684


BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                      FILED NOVEMBER 26, 2019

       Appellant Consolidated Eagle, Ltd. (hereinafter Appellant) appeals from

the Order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County on

December 17, 2018, denying its motion for preliminary injunction.1       Upon

careful review, we affirm.


____________________________________________


* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 An order denying a preliminary injunction is immediately appealable as an
interlocutory appeal as of right pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(4).
J-S49032-19



      The trial court set forth the facts and procedural history herein as

follows:

             [Appellant] is the former owner of a real property located at
      227-229 S. Broad St, Philadelphia. In 1987, [Appellant] sold the
      property to the Samuel Rappaport Partnership. [Appellant]
      maintained air rights over 227-229 S. Broad as part of the deal.
      However, the Samuel Rappaport Partnership was granted right of
      first refusal to buy these air rights in the future for $1,450,000.
      According to agreed terms, if the partnership or its successors
      decline to exercise right of first refusal, [Appellant] and successors
      may accept any bone fide offer.
             In August 2014, the Samuel Rappaport Partnership (and
      Samuel Rappaport's estate) sold the 227-229 S. Broad St.
      property to BL Partners.
             According to the Complaint, [Appellant] began negotiations
      in January 2018 with TCS South Broad Associates, LLC ("TCS") to
      sell these air rights. By then a new Center City hotel called the
      Cambria had been constructed by BL Partners on the 219-225 S.
      Broad Street parcels. The Cambria's south windows overlook the
      rooftop relevant to this case at 227-229 S. Broad Street. In
      addition to 227-229 S. Broad Street, BL Partners owns the next
      door three story corner building at 221 S. Broad Street.
             According to the Complaint, in late February 2018,
      [Appellant] agreed to sell the air rights to TCS for $1,500,000
      contingent on whether BL Partners exercised its right of first
      refusal. At some point, BL Partners objected to the proposed sale.
      As a result, this commercial dispute developed over the air rights.
             The Complaint alleges that sometime later in the spring of
      2018, [Appellant’s] representatives observed that air conditioning
      equipment had been installed on the roof of 227-229 S. Broad St.
      The Complaint also alleges that the Cambria building's cantilevers
      and balconies encroach on the disputed air space.
      Following a hearing, [Appellant’s] petition for preliminary
      injunction was denied on December 17, 2018.1
      ___

      1In  its Complaint, [Appellant] avers five causes of action: (1)
      breach of contract/permanent injunctive relief (2) declaratory
      relief, (3) tortious interference, (4) tortious interference, and (5)
      trespass.



                                      -2-
J-S49032-19


Trial Court Opinion, filed 5/6/19, at 1-2 (tortious interference listed twice in

original).

      The trial court’s December 17, 2018, Order followed Appellant’s filing of

its Petition for a Preliminary Injunction on July 12, 2018. Therein, Appellant

sought to compel BL GP, LLC, Trading as BL Partners Group, L.P.; 15 WA FIN

GP, LLC, trading as BL 219 Partners, L.P.; Pearl Properties, LLC; Pearl

Properties Commercial Management, LLC; Choice Hotels International, Inc.;

and ABC Corp. 1-5 (hereinafter collectively Appellees) to, inter alia, remove

what it deems to be various encroachments from its air rights pertaining to

the 227-229 S. Broad Street property.              Id. at ¶ 5.    These items include

“several air conditioning condensers, an electric junction box, HVAC duct work,

a massive generator, and other equipment and appurtenances. . . .” Id. at ¶

52. Appellant further maintained that “[i]t also appeared to the naked eye

that architectural elements of the Hotel itself, including cantilevers and

balconies, also encroach upon and violate the Air Rights (the “Additional

Encroaching         Improvements”     and     together     with       the   Encroaching

Improvements, the “Encroaching Improvements”).” Id. at ¶ 54. Appellant

alleged      that   a   survey   confirmed   the    existence    of   the   encroaching

improvements. Id. at ¶ 63.

      Specifically, Appellant stated:

            64. In particular, it has now been confirmed that one (1)
      massive generator, three (3)(of 6) A/C Units, an electric junction
      box, a steel girder, and two (2) exhaust fans, each existing for the


                                         -3-
J-S49032-19


       use and benefit of the Hotel (rather than the Subject Property)
       exist within and encroach upon the Air Rights. See Exhibit 16.

             65. In addition it has also been confirmed that the Hotel
       structure itself encroaches upon the Air Rights for a length of
       approximately forty-one (41’) feet (or approximately 31% of the
       length of the Air Rights) by as much as 1 foot. See Exhibit 16.

Id. at ¶¶ 64-65.

       As a result, Appellant sought the “immediate removal of the Encroaching

Improvements” along with an “Order confirming that the Right of First Refusal

has lapsed.”     Id. at ¶ 66.2

       In its aforementioned Order entered on December 17, 2018, the trial

court denied Appellant’s request. A footnote to the Order reads as follows:

              1[Appellant]  failed to proffer evidence of irreparable harm to
       its air rights arising from alleged encroachments, consisting of a
       generator, three A/C/ [sic] units, a steel girder and two exhaust
       fans resting on the roof of the existing building at 227-229 S.
       Broad Street. (See Paragraph 64 of [Appellant’s] Petition for
       Preliminary Injunction). If declaratory judgment is found in favor
       of [Appellant], relocating these objects will be addressed and
       ordered. Nothing about them presently requires emergency
       injunctive relief.
              [Appellant] claims that a separate encroachment to its air
       rights is caused by cantilevers and balconies of the new Cambria
       Hotel invading [Appellant’s] air rights. However, [Appellees] have
       a right of first refusal to purchase these air rights in the event the
       encroachments are founded. Whether such encroachment exists
       is a factual subject for trial. But on the legal question whether a


____________________________________________


2  In an apparent typographical error, the petition contains numbered
paragraphs one through sixty-six up to page sixteen at which time the
paragraphs begin with number sixty-two and numerically follow through
eighty-five thereafter, ending on page twenty-one. The above citations are
from the first set of paragraphs numbered sixty-four, sixty-five and sixty-six
found on page sixteen.

                                           -4-
J-S49032-19


      bona fide offer has already been made, [Appellant] has not shown
      a likelihood of success meriting injunctive relief.

Trial Court Order entered 12/17/18, at n. 1.

      Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on January 16, 2019. The trial

court did not order, and Appellant did not file, a concise statement of the

errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). However, as

previously cited, the trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) Opinion on May 6, 2019.

      In its appellate brief, Appellant presents six issues for this Court’s

review:

            [1] Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion in denying
      Appellant’s injunction application?

            [2] Did the [t]rial [c]ourt misapply controlling law in
      concluding that Appellant had failed to demonstrate irreparable
      harm where it was undisputed that Appellees had constructed
      and/or installed encroachments into the Air Rights (as hereinafter
      defined), a trespass, and where long standing and oft cited
      Pennsylvania Supreme Court precedent holds that such a trespass
      constitutes irreparable harm as a matter of law?

            [3] Did the [t]rial [c]ourt misapply controlling law in
      concluding that Appellant had failed to show “urgent necessity”
      based upon its conclusion that the complained of encroachments
      caused “no more than a minimal inconvenience, if any” to
      Appellant, but the presumed harm to [Appellees] was significant,
      when Pennsylvania Supreme Court precedent expressly holds that
      these were not proper considerations when dealing with a trespass
      to real property such as that at issue in the subject injunction
      application?

            [4] Did the [t]rial [c]ourt commit reversible error by
      misapplying controlling law in considering the status quo as it
      existed after the complained of conduct, rather than the status
      quo as it existed before the complained of conduct as required by
      controlling precedent? (emphasis in original).


                                     -5-
J-S49032-19


              [5] Did the [t]rial [c]ourt abuse its discretion in
       concluding that Appellant had failed to demonstrate that it was
       likely to prevail at trial with respect to its request for injunctive
       relief mandating the removal of the admitted encroachments by
       conflating that issue with facts alleged only with respect to the
       separate and distinct issue of whether BL Partners had waived its
       right of first refusal?

             [6] Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in denying Appellant an
       evidentiary hearing before denying its injunction application?

Brief for Appellant at 3-5. As these issues are interrelated, we will address

them together.3

       It is axiomatic that this Court’s review of a trial court's order granting

or denying preliminary injunctive relief is highly deferential. Porter v.

Chevron Applachia, LLC, 204 A.3d 411, 416 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citation

omitted).    Thus, in reviewing the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction,

an appellate court is directed to examine the record to determine if there were

any apparently reasonable grounds for the action of the court below and the

scope of our review is plenary. Id.

       Our Supreme Court has detailed the necessary considerations in a

matter seeking a preliminary injunction as follows:

             As an initial matter, we restate here that, in general,
       appellate courts review a trial court order refusing or granting a
       preliminary injunction for an abuse of discretion. Maritrans GP,
       Inc. v. Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz, 529 Pa. 241, 602 A.2d

____________________________________________


3 Although it presents six questions for this Court’s review, Appellant divides
the argument portion of its appellate brief into only five parts. This is in
violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) which provides that “[t]he argument shall be
divided into as many parts as there are questions to be argued.”


                                           -6-
J-S49032-19


     1277, 1286–87 (1992); Bloomingdale's By Mail, Ltd. v. Dep't
     of Revenue, 513 Pa. 149, 518 A.2d 1203, 1204 (1986).
           We have explained that this standard of review is to be
     applied within the realm of preliminary injunctions as follows:

         [W]e recognize that on an appeal from the grant or
         denial of a preliminary injunction, we do not inquire into
         the merits of the controversy, but only examine the
         record to determine if there were any apparently
         reasonable grounds for the action of the court below.
         Only if it is plain that no grounds exist to support the
         decree or that the rule of law relied upon was palpably
         erroneous or misapplied will we interfere with the
         decision of the [trial court].

     Roberts v. Board of Dirs. of Sch. Dist., 462 Pa. 464, 341 A.2d
     475, 478 (1975); see also Giant Eagle Mkts. Co. v. United
     Food & Commercial Workers Union, Local Union No. 23, 539
     Pa. 411, 652 A.2d 1286, 1291 (1995) (stating “apparently
     reasonable grounds” standard); Commonwealth v. Coward,
     489 Pa. 327, 414 A.2d 91, 98 (1980) (same); Herman v. Dixon,
     393 Pa. 33, 141 A.2d 576, 577 (1958) (same). This Court set out
     the reasons for this highly deferential standard of review almost a
     hundred years ago:

         It is somewhat embarrassing to an appellate court to
         discuss the reasons for or against a preliminary decree,
         because generally in such an issue we are not in full
         possession of the case either as to the law or
         testimony—hence our almost invariable rule is to simply
         affirm the decree, or if we reverse it to give only a brief
         outline of our reasons, reserving further discussion until
         appeal, should there be one, from final judgment or
         decree in law or equity.

     Hicks v. Am. Natural Gas Co., 207 Pa. 570, 57 A. 55, 55–56
     (1904). Thus, in general, appellate inquiry is limited to a
     determination of whether an examination of the record reveals
     that “any apparently reasonable grounds” support the trial court's
     disposition of the preliminary injunction request. See Roberts,
     341 A.2d at 478.
           In ruling on a preliminary injunction request, a trial court
     has “apparently reasonable grounds” for its denial of relief where
     it properly finds that any one of the following “essential

                                    -7-
J-S49032-19


     prerequisites” for a preliminary injunction is not satisfied. See
     Maritrans GP, 602 A.2d at 1282–83 (requirements for
     preliminary injunction are “essential prerequisites”); County of
     Allegheny v. Commonwealth, 518 Pa. 556, 544 A.2d 1305,
     1307 (1988) (“For a preliminary injunction to issue, every one of
     the [ ] prerequisites must be established; if the petitioner fails to
     establish any one of them, there is no need to address the
     others.”). First, a party seeking a preliminary injunction must
     show that an injunction is necessary to prevent immediate and
     irreparable harm that cannot be adequately compensated by
     damages. Singzon v. Dep't of Pub. Welfare, 496 Pa. 8, 436
     A.2d 125, 127–28 (1981); John G. Bryant Co. v. Sling Testing
     & Repair, Inc., 471 Pa. 1, 369 A.2d 1164, 1167–68 (1977); Ala.
     Binder & Chem. Corp. v. Pa. Indus. Chem. Corp., 410 Pa. 214,
     189 A.2d 180, 184 (1963). Second, the party must show that
     greater injury would result from refusing an injunction than from
     granting it, and, concomitantly, that issuance of an injunction will
     not substantially harm other interested parties in the proceedings.
     Maritrans GP, 602 A.2d at 1283; Valley Forge Historical Soc'y
     v. Washington Mem'l Chapel, 493 Pa. 491, 426 A.2d 1123,
     1128–29 (1981); Ala. Binder & Chem. Corp., 189 A.2d at 184.
     Third, the party must show that a preliminary injunction will
     properly restore the parties to their status as it existed
     immediately prior to the alleged wrongful conduct. Valley Forge
     Historical Soc'y, 426 A.2d at 1128–29; Herman, 141 A.2d at
     577–78. Fourth, the party seeking an injunction must show that
     the activity it seeks to restrain is actionable, that its right to relief
     is clear, and that the wrong is manifest, or, in other words, must
     show that it is likely to prevail on the merits. Anglo–Am. Ins.
     Co. v. Molin, 547 Pa. 504, 691 A.2d 929, 933–34 (1997);
     Maritrans GP, 602 A.2d at 1283–84; Shenango Valley
     Osteopathic Hosp. v. Dep't of Health, 499 Pa. 39, 451 A.2d
     434, 440 (1982); Singzon, 436 A.2d at 127–28. Fifth, the party
     must show that the injunction it seeks is reasonably suited to
     abate the offending activity. John G. Bryant Co., 369 A.2d at
     1167–71; Albee Homes, Inc. v. Caddie Homes, Inc., 417 Pa.
     177, 207 A.2d 768, 771–73 (1965). Sixth and finally, the party
     seeking an injunction must show that a preliminary injunction will
     not adversely affect the public interest. Maritrans GP, 602 A.2d
     at 1283; Philadelphia v. District Council 33, AFSCME, 528 Pa.
     355, 598 A.2d 256, 260–61 (1991).




                                      -8-
J-S49032-19


Summit Towne Ctr., Inc. v. Shoe Show of Rocky Mount, Inc., 573 Pa.

637, 645–47, 828 A.2d 995, 1000–01 (2003) (footnote omitted).

       As previously stated, Appellant sought the immediate removal of what

it terms the Encroaching Improvements in its Petition for a Preliminary

Injunction. Such relief would constitute a mandatory injunction and require

greater scrutiny on appellate review. See Porter supra at 416, n. 1 citing

Kessler v. Broder, 851 A.2d 944, 947 (Pa.Super. 2004), quoting Mazzie v.

Commonwealth, 495 Pa. 128, 432 A.2d 985, 988 (1981) (“[I]n reviewing

the grant of a mandatory injunction, we have insisted that a clear right to

relief in the plaintiff be established.”).4

       Appellant initially asserts the trial court abused its discretion in denying

its petition for an injunction.       Appellant argues it is “long standing law of

Pennsylvania [] that any trespass to, or deprivation of, a real property interest

constitutes immediate irreparable harm per se and does not require any

further showing.”      Brief for Appellant at 27 (emphasis in original). Appellant

cites to several, decades-old cases decided by the Pennsylvania Supreme

Court in support of this position. Brief for Appellant at 28-34 citing Stuart v.


____________________________________________


4 While mandatory injunctions command the performance of some positive act
to preserve the status quo, prohibitory injunctions enjoin a party from doing
an act that will change it. Mazzie v. Commonwealth, 495 Pa. 128, 432 A.2d
985 (1981).




                                           -9-
J-S49032-19


Gimbel Bros., Inc., 285 Pa. 102, 131 A. 728 (1926); Kenefsky v. Dratch

Const. Co., 376 Pa. 188, 101 A.2d 923 (1954); Peters v. Davis, 426 Pa.

231, 231 A.2d 748 (1967).5               Appellant concludes that because it is

“undisputed” that encroachments exist, the trial court improperly employed a

“traditional injunction analysis” in denying its request for an injunction. Id.

at 33.

         Appellant further contends the trial court misapplied the law in

considering an “incorrect status quo.” Appellant asserts the court should have

considered the “status quo before Appellees built the hotel (into the Air Rights)

and elected to install mechanicals on the roof of the Subject Property, rather

than on the Hotel Property.”         Brief for Appellant at 38 (footnote omitted).

Appellant reasons that Appellees do not dispute at least one horizontal and

several vertical encroachments (trespasses) exist, therefore, under Stuart,

supra, and its progeny, it is likely to succeed on the merits of its claim. Id.

at 39-40.

         Finally, Appellant maintains the trial court abused its discretion in failing

to conduct an evidentiary hearing. Appellant states it was prohibited from

presenting testimony or evidence, despite its readiness to do so, and that the

trial court’s failure to afford Appellant that opportunity requires reversal and


____________________________________________


5 Although Appellant presents the facts of these cases as “highly similar” to
those herein, as we shall discuss in more detail infra, each of these cases
contains an analysis which is limited to a procedural posture and facts before
the Court that differ from those before us.

                                          - 10 -
J-S49032-19


remand for a hearing. Appellant relies solely upon a decision of the

Commonwealth       Court,   Commonwealth         v.   Schall,   297    A.2d   190

(Pa.Commw. 1972), to support its contention. Id. at 44-45.

      In Stuart, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held “[t]he rule that an

injunction will not be granted where it will result in a greater injury to

defendant than its refusal will cause to plaintiff is well settled but ha[d] no

relevancy to [that] case.” Stuart, 285 Pa. at 106, 131 A. at 729. Therein,

the plaintiff was the owner of property in Philadelphia, and the deeds in his

clear chain of title conveyed to him an easement in several streets with the

right to build over part of them. Acting on the supposed authority of a city

ordinance to erect a large department store on abutting property, the

defendants fenced off the streets and excavated their adjoining land below

the plaintiff’s cellar wall. This action prevented the plaintiff from using his

property and would compel him to tear down his building and erect a new one.

      The plaintiff “promptly pretested,” and the Supreme Court ultimately

reversed the trial court’s refusal of his request for a preliminary injunction,

stressing that it did not matter that the plaintiff’s property was of insignificant

value to him as compared with the advantages that the defendants would

attain by continuing their venture. The Court reasoned that as the plaintiff’s

rights depended solely on the construction of the deeds, which left no doubt

in the chain of title, monetary compensation would be an inadequate remedy,

for “it would resul[t] in a pro tanto taking of the property for a private use,


                                      - 11 -
J-S49032-19


and this, as we have shown, cannot be done.” Stuart, at 108-09, 131 A. at

730.

       The Kanefsky case concerned the defendants’ right to utilize a driveway

located in the rear of the plaintiffs’ houses. Therein, the trial court granted

the plaintiffs an injunction and entered a decree granting their request to

reform the deeds to their property by deleting therefrom the right reserved

by a construction company to allow any individuals to whom it may later

convey all or any part of the remaining ground it owned to use a driveway. In

reversing the trial court, our Supreme Court stated the “real and

determinative question is in regard to the interpretation of the reservation in

the deed from Dratch Construction Company to plaintiffs of the right of the

grantor to grant the use of the driveway to any persons to whom all or any

part of the remaining ground owned by it might at any time thereafter be sold

and conveyed.”    Kanefsky, 376 Pa. at 192-93, 101 A.2d at 924-25. The

Court ultimately determined that whether or not there had been any fraud on

the part of Dratch Construction Company, as the plaintiffs had alleged, “the

court should not have deleted from the plaintiffs’ deeds the clause reserving

to the grantor the right to the use of the driveway to persons who might

thereafter purchase all or any part of the remaining ground owned by it, since

that reservation was, and is, necessary      . . . to assure to each of the

purchasers of the houses on Rugby Street the right to use the driveway over

the properties of the other purchasers. Kanefsky, at 196, 101 A.2d at 927.


                                    - 12 -
J-S49032-19


      Finally, in Peters, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court framed the issue

before it as pertaining to “the character and the extent of the relief to be

afforded by a court of equity for an [i]ntentional violation of building line

restrictions contained in a deed.” Peters, 426 Pa. at 231, 231 A.2d at 748.

Therein, the plaintiff landowners sought a mandatory injunction directing the

defendant to remove portions of his dwelling which violated deed restrictions

concerning setback requirements. The Supreme Court ultimately determined

the injunctive relief should have been granted because the record “portrays

vividly defiance and disregard by [defendant] of both the zoning ordinance

and the restrictions.” Peters, at 237, 231 A.2d at 751.

       Clearly, the foregoing decisions were limited to the very different facts

presented before our Supreme Court in each case, and contrary to Appellant’s

claims, none made a broad legal pronouncement that is determinative herein.

As such, Appellant’s attempt to evade the application of the six prerequisites

to obtain a preliminary injunction by relying upon the aforementioned caselaw

is unavailing.

      In addition, Appellant relies upon Schall, a decision by our colleagues

on the Commonwealth Court, in support of its contention it was not provided

with an opportunity for a hearing on its motion for preliminary injunction. We

remind Appellant that while decisions of the Commonwealth Court provide this

Court with persuasive authority and guidance when appropriate, we are not

bound by them. Citizens' Ambulance Service Inc. v. Gateway Health


                                     - 13 -
J-S49032-19


Plan, 806 A.2d 443, 446 n. 3 (Pa.Super. 2002), appeal denied, 572 Pa. 763,

819 A.2d 546 (2003). Notwithstanding, for the reasons set forth below, we

find Appellant has waived this issue for appellate review.

       While this Court has acknowledged there is no absolute right to a

hearing on a preliminary injunction, our rules and our case law clearly indicate

that a hearing is the preferred procedure, for a preliminary injunction rarely

will be denied without one. WPNT Inc. v. Secret Commc’n Inc., 661 A.2d

409, 410-11 (Pa.Super. 1995). A hearing was held in the instant matter on

December 14, 2018.          At the outset, the trial court asked counsel for both

parties to circle and initial the air space in dispute on photographs that had

been marked as exhibits. The trial court indicated for the record and took

judicial notice that the marked portion was over a building that was on the

site before the construction of the Cambria Hotel. N.T., 12/14/18, at 5-6.

Appellant admitted it was clear that the trial court was “very familiar with the

factual predicate, having just presided over a case involving an existing

property.” N.T., 12/14/18, at 7.6          At this juncture, Appellant indicated that

its application for relief sought “an injunction ordering the removal of 11

encroachments from the air rights that were just pointed out to Your Honor[,]”

and a declaratory judgment that it had properly triggered a right of first refusal

which had lapsed. Id. at 8.


____________________________________________


6The trial court corrected counsel by indicating it was “currently presiding
over” the matter. Id. at 8.

                                          - 14 -
J-S49032-19


      Before hearing any testimonial evidence, the trial court inquired whether

there were any stipulations.     Counsel for Appellant responded the sole

stipulation was that the parties’ experts would be admitted as professional

surveyors. The trial court asked for clarification regarding the encroachments,

to which counsel for Appellant responded there were eight “vertical

encroachments,” i.e. air conditioning units, as well as three “horizontal

encroachments” in that the hotel itself was not within the property lines. Id.

at 10-11. Noting that Appellant never had filed for a stay or an injunction

from zoning, the court indicated the focus of the hearing would be on the

vertical encroachments, because there was no action it could take pertaining

to the latter alleged encroachments on the present preliminary injunction

motion, as only monetary damages were a viable remedy. Id. at 12. Counsel

for Appellant did not place an objection on the record, but rather he

respectfully disagreed and asked to hear from opposing counsel. Id.

      Following further discussion, the trial court asked what Appellant

deemed to be the irreparable harm which the items presently on the roof an

allegedly encroaching on the easement area would cause, to which counsel

responded that [d]ating back to 1924, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

consistently stated that any deprivation of a property right is, per se,

irreparable harm.” Id. at 15. When asked again to provide the court the “real

emergency of irreparable harm” counsel responded that due to the mechanical

equipment in Appellant’s air rights, Appellant cannot use and enjoy those


                                    - 15 -
J-S49032-19


rights and ended by stating, “It’s that simple.”     Id. at 16. The following

exchange ensued:

     THE COURT: You want me to deny the motion immediately?

     [Appellant’s Counsel]: No, Your Honor.

     THE COURT: If that’s it, it will be denied. Right then and there.
     This is not about, you know, the—this preliminary injunction is
     about the contents of some machinery on a rooftop, it will get
     denied right now and we can save ourselves a lot of time.

     [Appellant’s Counsel]: My client contracted to sell these air rights
     to a third party. We attempted to trigger the right of first refusal
     process. [Appellees] claimed we didn’t do that properly.

          During the process of unwinding that, we found out these
     encroachments exist. It’s all combined, Your Honor.

            We have an immediate right to sell these air rights and the
     fact they’re refusing to honor our right of first refuse [sic] process
     and claiming—

           THE COURT: I agree there’s a declaratory judgement action
     that might take a year or two, five years, depending how far it
     goes on these issues. I agree with that.

           We’re here today, as I’ve cautioned you, Mr. Katz, that we
     are here on a preliminary injunction.

           You’re telling me the irreparable harm is simply that there
     is machinery on a rooftop that you want removed, and I’m telling
     you that’s not irreparable harm.

          Therefore, I’m denying the motion outright right now.
     Done. Okay.

N.T., 12/14/18, at 16-17. Without any additional comment or argument from

counsel, the hearing adjourned.




                                    - 16 -
J-S49032-19


      Nothing in the above exchange indicates that Appellant was attempting

to present the testimony of an expert witness or otherwise raise any due

process concerns, nor did counsel object on the record to the trial court’s

ending the hearing without such testimony.       Additionally, we see no other

place in the record where counsel raised such an objection or argued that

Appellant’s due process rights were being violated. Therefore, such claims

are waived on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (providing for waiver of issues

not first raised in lower court); Fillmore v. Hill, 665 A.2d 514, 515-16

(Pa.Super. 1995) (stating, “[I]n order to preserve an issue for appellate

review, a party must make a timely and specific objection at the appropriate

stage of the proceedings before the trial court. Failure to timely object to a

basic and fundamental error . . . will result in waiver of that issue. On appeal,

the Superior Court will not consider a claim which was not called to the trial

court's attention at a time when any error committed could have been

corrected.”) (citations omitted).

      Even if Appellant properly had preserved this issue for our review, we

would find it warrants no relief.     The trial court afforded Appellant the

opportunity to, and Appellant did, in fact, offer argument and evidence at the

December 14, 2018, hearing held on its petition for a preliminary injunction.

Counsel indicated on a photograph the air space at issue and was given ample

opportunity to explain the reasons Appellant sought a preliminary injunction.

In fact, while Appellant’s expert witness was ready to testify as a surveyor,


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the trial court did not dispute the area upon which Appellant argued its

property had been encroached. The court had enough information before it to

make a determination on the merits of the preliminary injunction. Appellant,

thus, availed itself of due process.

      In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, the trial court enumerated the

“essential prerequisites” for a preliminary injunction. See Trial Court Opinion,

5/6/19, at 2 n. 2. Applying those factors, the trial court found Appellant had

not met its burden and determined the case should proceed in normal course.

Id. at 3.

      Our review discloses that the trial court correctly determined, inter alia,

that Appellant failed to show irreparable and immediate harm. As the trial

court observed:

            [Appellant] has not met its burden to show irreparable and
      immediate harm. Not only are monetary damages calculable,
      there is no showing of “urgent necessity.” The mere presence of
      generators and other air conditioning equipment is no more than
      a minimal inconvenience, if any, to [Appellant] which owns neither
      the building itself nor the adjoining ones. Nor is there a claim that
      public interest is involved here. Regarding status quo, it is also
      clear that the cost to BL Partners to move and reinstall the air
      conditioning equipment used for the Cambria Hotel is greater than
      the zero cost to [Appellant] to let the equipment remain on the
      roof pending this litigation.
            Finally, there is no showing that [Appellant] will likely
      prevail at trial. Factual issues exist whether adequate notice of
      an impending sale of the air rights was given to BL Partners by
      [Appellant] and, if so, whether BL Partner’s right to purchase was
      timely exercised. These factual questions are likely to decide the
      outcome of the lawsuit and therefore this court is unable to predict
      the case’s outcome before trial. Nor can it be known whether
      [Appellant’s] claim of building encroachment is meaningful or


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      accurate since the ownership rights of the air space itself is
      disputed.

Trial Court Opinion, 5/6/19, at 2-3.

      As all of the elements must be met, see Summit Towne Ctr., Inc.,

supra, we discern no error of law or abuse of discretion by the trial court in

denying Appellant preliminary injunctive relief.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 11/26/19




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