            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    May 7, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 339254
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
SARANTAY DEVON HOUSTON,                                             LC No. 16-008127-01-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: STEPHENS, P.J., and GADOLA and LETICA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals by right from his jury trial convictions of assault with intent to commit
great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84, felon in possession of a firearm, MCL
750.224f, carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227, and possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. He was sentenced as an habitual
offender, third offense, MCL 769.11, to serve concurrent prison terms of 7 to 20 years for the
assault conviction, 3 to 10 years for the felon in possession of a firearm conviction, and 3 to 10
years for the carrying a concealed weapon conviction, and to serve a consecutive two-year term
for the felony-firearm conviction. We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        On June 6, 2015, around 2:00 a.m., Tyrone Powell was leaving Theresa’s Bar when he
accidently bumped into the defendant in the parking lot. Defendant shoved him and Powell
shoved back. Defendant then lifted up his shirt to display a weapon and Powell began to back
away. A second man hit Powell on the head from behind. A chase ensued during which Powell
heard from seven to ten shots. He looked behind him and saw defendant shooting at him.
Powell was shot twice and fell to the ground. About five other men caught up with Powell and
started stomping, punching, and kicking him while he was on the ground. Defendant was among
this group. The assault eventually stopped and Powell was taken to the hospital by a friend
where he was treated for a fractured eye socket, fractured femur and contusions to the head.

       At trial, Powell made a definite and positive identification of defendant as the shooter. In
addition, the forensic scientists at the Michigan State Police Forensic Science Division were able


                                                -1-
to match the casings found at the scene of the shooting to a pistol connected to defendant that
was retrieved under a search warrant in an unrelated case. Defendant presented five alibi
witnesses, mostly family members, who testified that, at the date and time of the shooting, they
were at a birthday party with defendant. An alibi witness also revealed that a family cousin lived
at the residence where the pistol was found beneath a mattress in an upstairs bedroom, and
family, including defendant, had often partied there.

        Defendant’s appellate attorney filed a motion for new trial in the trial court, claiming
ineffective assistance of counsel on the ground that defendant’s trial attorney did nothing to
prevent the admission of the recovered pistol and shell casings, which were key to the
prosecutor’s case, or to question the prosecution’s expert forensic witness concerning the
methods used to match the shell casings to the pistol. Defendant argued that his trial attorney
should have requested a Daubert1 hearing to challenge the methods used by the witness in the
tool mark analysis and should have called an expert witness to dispute the reliability of firearm
testing and tool mark identification. Defendant provided several reports and articles attached to
his brief in support of his motion for new trial, which addressed and questioned the reliability of
tool mark analysis. Defendant named a potential expert witness and requested $1,500 to pay
witness fees and a Ginther2 hearing. Defendant also moved for remand in this Court and we
denied the motion.

        At the hearing on the defendant’s motion for new trial, the trial court acknowledged that
firearms and tool mark identification had been “criticized” but noted it had not been “debunked
yet.” The court found that it was unclear whether cross-examination would have produced any
evidence to dispute the expert’s findings and that the expert proffered by defendant’s appellate
attorney had “been sort of compromised in a lot of situations” and would have suffered “his own
credibility issues.” But, most importantly, the court found that, even if the trial attorney had
been mistaken to put “all of his money” on the alibi defense—”and I’m not even sure it was a
mistake”—it would not have been outcome determinative. The court opined that, even if
defendant could have found an independent expert “with less taint than the one you mentioned,”
the best that could have happened would be that some doubt could have been raised in the minds
of the jury. “But you still have the victim positively identifying the Defendant as the shooter”
and the “extraordinary coincidence” that the person Powell identified “just happens to be the guy
that owns the gun that . . . fired these shots.” The court found that Powell’s positive
identification “nailed the case.” The court denied defendant’s motion.

                               II. MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for new trial for an
abuse of discretion. People v Cress, 468 Mich 678, 691; 664 NW2d 174 (2003). “An abuse of


1
    Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharm, Inc, 509 US 579; 113 S Ct 2786; 125 L Ed 2d 469 (1993).
2
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).


                                               -2-
discretion occurs when the court chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of reasonable
and principled outcomes.” People v Mahone, 294 Mich App 208, 212; 816 NW2d 436 (2011).
A trial court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error. MCR 2.613(C). “A finding is
“clearly erroneous” when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the
entire evidence is left with a firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” People v Goss, 89
Mich App 598, 601; 280 NW2d 608 (1979). “A motion for a new trial may be granted on any
ground which would support appellate reversal of a conviction or because the verdict resulted in
a miscarriage of justice. MCR 6.431(B).” People v Jones, 203 Mich App 74, 80; 512 NW2d 26
(1993).

                                           B. ANALYSIS

         On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred and abused its discretion when it
denied his motion for a new trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant argues
that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request a Daubert hearing to challenge the science
and method of tool mark identification presented by forensic scientist Rebecca Smith as
unreliable, to cross-examine Smith, and to consult with a tool mark expert for the defense.

       The purpose of a Daubert hearing is to determine whether expert testimony is admissible
under MRE 702. “MRE 702 requires the trial court to ensure that each aspect of an expert
witness’s proffered testimony--including the data underlying the expert’s theories and the
methodology by which the expert draws conclusions from that data--is reliable.” Gilbert v
DaimlerChrysler Corp, 470 Mich 749, 779-780; 685 NW2d 391 (2004).

        “Decisions regarding what evidence to present and whether to call or question witnesses
are presumed to be matters of trial strategy.” People v Rockey, 237 Mich App 74, 76; 601 NW2d
887 (1999). Further, counsel is not required to present “for every prosecution expert an equal
and opposite expert from the defense” to be effective. Harrington v Richter, 562 US 86, 111;
131 S Ct 770; 178 L Ed 2d 624 (2011). “[T]he failure to call witnesses only constitutes
ineffective assistance of counsel if it deprives the defendant of a substantial defense.” People v
Dixon, 263 Mich App 393, 398; 688 NW2d 308 (2004). “A substantial defense is one that might
have made a difference in the outcome of the trial.” People v Kelly, 186 Mich App 524, 526;
465 NW2d 569 (1990).

        We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion or clearly err when it found trial
counsel’s decision to not cross-examine the ballistics expert or present an expert who would
question the reliability of the forensic evidence did not deprive defendant of the effective
assistance of counsel. Had a Daubert hearing been held, the prosecution would have had to
“establish that the testimony is reliable by showing that it is based on sufficient facts or data, that
it is the product of reliable principles and methods, and that the proposed expert witness has
applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.” People v Unger, 278 Mich
App 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272 (2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The forensic
science of tool mark analysis has been a recognized method of ballistics testing for decades. The
fact that some scientists and legal scholars have questioned the reliability of making a positive
connection between bullet casings and a specific gun does not disqualify an expert in forensic
science from demonstrating a match. Nor does the supplemental information provided by


                                                 -3-
defendant regarding firearms and ballistics analysis prove that Smith’s “opinions were
unreliable, inadmissible, or based on ‘junk science.’ ” Id. at 220.

        We also find that defense counsel’s decision not to cross-examine Smith was sound trial
strategy, where Smith’s overall testimony was short, and any cross-examination by defense
counsel would have drawn attention to the issue of the matching ballistics before the jury. See
People v. Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 287 n 54; 531 NW2d 659 (1995). In this case, defendant also
cannot demonstrate that but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of the proceeding would have been
different in light of Powell’s positive identification of defendant as his shooter. Thus, the best
that could be achieved by a defense expert would be to cast some doubt about the science, which
would not be sufficient to change the outcome of the trial.

        The fact that defendant’s trial counsel chose to present defendant’s alibi defense, instead
of challenging the ballistic expert testimony, was a matter of trial strategy for which counsel had
wide discretion. The fact that the defense was ultimately unsuccessful did not mean that counsel
was ineffective at trial. See People v Kevorkian, 248 Mich App 373, 414-415; 639 NW2d 291
(2001). The jury found that defendant’s alibi witnesses were not credible, which was in its
province to do. People v Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 636-637; 576 NW2d 129 (1998). Defendant
cannot overcome the presumption that trial counsel’s decisions concerning the forensic evidence
constituted sound trial strategy. Defendant has failed to demonstrate that his counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness so as to deprive him of a fair
trial. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or clearly err in denying defendant’s
motion for a new trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel.

                          III. GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Defendant did not raise this issue in his motion for a new trial. Therefore, it is not
preserved for appeal. People v Lopez, 305 Mich App 686, 695; 854 NW2d 205 (2014). Our
review of the issue is thus limited to plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v
Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999); People v Musser, 259 Mich App 215,
218; 673 NW2d 800 (2003).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        Defendant contends that the jury’s verdict should not be allowed to stand because it was
against the great weight of the evidence. We disagree. “[A] trial court may grant a motion for a
new trial based on the great weight of the evidence only if the evidence preponderates heavily
against the verdict so that it would be a miscarriage of justice to allow the verdict to stand.”
People v Gadomski, 232 Mich App 24, 28; 592 NW2d 75 (1998). “A verdict may be vacated
only when it does not find reasonable support in the evidence, but is more likely to be attributed
to causes outside the record such as passion, prejudice, sympathy, or some extraneous
influence.” People v DeLisle, 202 Mich App 658, 661; 509 NW2d 885 (1993) (quotation marks
and citation omitted).

       “Conflicting testimony, even when impeached to some extent, is an insufficient ground
for granting a new trial.” Lemmon, 456 Mich at 647. “[U]nless it can be said that directly
                                                 -4-
contradictory testimony was so far impeached that it was deprived of all probative value or that
the jury could not believe it, or contradicted indisputable physical facts or defied physical
realities, the trial court must defer to the jury’s determination.” Id. at 645-646 (quotation marks
and citation omitted). The resolution of credibility questions is within the exclusive province of
the jury. People v Lacalamita, 286 Mich App 467, 470; 780 NW2d 311 (2009). Where the
evidence is conflicting, it is for the jury to decide what weight to assess to the evidence and to
evaluate these discrepancies and determine the credibility of the testimony. People v Marji, 180
Mich App 525, 542; 447 NW2d 835 (1989).

         Upon review of the record, we find that, although Powell’s testimony was contradicted
by the alibi witnesses, it cannot be said that his testimony was so far impeached that it “was
deprived of all probative value or that the jury could not believe it,” or that it “contradicted
indisputable physical facts or defied physical realities.” Lemmon, 456 Mich at 645-647. The
prosecutor was able to attack the credibility of the alibi witnesses by showing that defendant’s
mother, his cousins, his brother, his girlfriend and the other alibi witnesses all were consistent
about the time and date of the party that occurred on the night of the shooting but could not
remember when they first heard defendant was arrested and could not explain why they did not
tell the police that defendant was with them at the time in order to have the charges dropped. In
addition, almost all the alibi witnesses testified that they were not familiar with the neighborhood
where the gun was found in a house pursuant to an unrelated search warrant and did not know
anyone who lived on that street. Then defendant’s brother testified that their cousin lived in the
house where the gun was found and they all, including defendant, had visited that house before
and partied there. The jury found Powell more credible than the alibi witnesses.

        The tool mark evidence also reasonably supported the verdict. Defendant’s three
convictions stemmed from the use of a firearm. Powell’s testimony established that defendant
brandished a firearm and then shot him with it. Cartridge cases were collected from the scene of
the shooting and turned over to Smith for analysis. Smith determined that the cases were all
from the same firearm. The cases matched the firearm seized from under a mattress in a home
where circumstantial evidence supported the defendant frequented.             Powell’s positive
identification and the circumstantial evidence linking defendant to the firearm supported the
jury’s verdict.

                       IV. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        “Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
fact and constitutional law.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). “A
judge first must find the facts, and then must decide whether those facts constitute a violation of
the defendant's constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel.” Id. “This Court reviews
for clear error the trial court's factual findings and reviews de novo questions of law.” People v
Thorne, 322 Mich App 340, 347; 912 NW2d 560 (2017), app den 503 Mich 873; 917 NW2d 634
(2018). “When, as in this case, an evidentiary hearing has not been held, our review is limited to
mistakes apparent from the record.” Id.



                                                -5-
                                          B. ANALYSIS

        Defendant claims that he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel when
counsel failed to seek funds for or consult with an eyewitness identification expert and failed to
object to the scoring of 25 points for offense variable (OV) 3.

         To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant “must establish (1) the performance
of [her] counsel was below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional
norms and (2) a reasonable probability exists that, in the absence of counsel's unprofessional
errors, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” People v Sabin (On Second
Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 659; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). Counsel is presumed to be effective
and a defendant must overcome the strong presumption that his attorney’s actions were sound
trial strategy. People v Toma, 462 Mich 281, 302; 613 NW2d 694 (2000). This Court will not
substitute its judgment for that of counsel regarding matters of trial strategy. People v Meissner,
294 Mich App 438, 460; 812 NW2d 37 (2011). “Decisions regarding what evidence to present
and whether to call or question witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy.” People v
Rockey, 237 Mich App 74, 76; 601 NW2d 887 (1999). “[T]he failure to call witnesses only
constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel if it deprives the defendant of a substantial defense.”
Dixon, 263 Mich App at 398. “A substantial defense is one that might have made a difference in
the outcome of the trial.” Kelly, 186 Mich App at 526.

                        1. EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION EXPERT

        Defendant argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel when his attorney
failed to consult or seek funds from the court to hire an expert witness in eyewitness
identification. This claim was not raised in defendant’s motion for new trial. Therefore, it is not
preserved for appeal. Polkton Charter Twp v Pellegrom, 265 Mich App 88, 95; 693 NW2d 170
(2005). Unpreserved claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are reviewed for errors apparent
on the record. People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 443; 212 NW2d 922 (1973). Appellate courts
will consider claims of constitutional error for the first time on appeal when the alleged error
could have been decisive of the outcome. People v Grant, 445 Mich 535, 547; 520 NW2d 123
(1994).

         At trial, Powell testified that he had picked out defendant as the person who shot him
within three seconds of seeing the photo array. Powell identified defendant in court as the
person who shot him. He testified that, at the crime scene, he was in the middle of the parking
lot, facing defendant, for about 20 seconds before he got hit in the back of the head by another
man. The parking lot was lit, and he did not have any problem seeing defendant’s face.
Defendant did not have a hoodie on or anything covering his face. After Powell started to run
away, the shooting began and he turned back and saw that defendant and another man were
shooting at him. Powell had never seen defendant before or heard defendant’s name. On cross-
examination, Powell stated he could not be mistaken in his identification of defendant. On re-
direct, when asked if there was any doubt in his mind about who shot him, Powell stated, “None
whatsoever. No.”

       Defendant argues that trial counsel should have also obtained funds for and found
eyewitness experts who would testify regarding Powell’s ability to pick out defendant as his

                                                -6-
shooter five months after the shooting and to question the photo array. We find that, at best, an
eyewitness expert could convince a jury to look closely at the strength and certainty of Powell’s
identification of defendant as the shooter. The expert would not have made a difference in the
outcome of the trial. Powell picked defendant’s picture out of a photo array after about three
seconds. He was adamant at trial that defendant was the shooter. The evidence showed that the
incident took place in a well-lit parking lot and defendant did not have any covering over his
face. Powell had ample time to get a good look at defendant’s face before he was hit on his head
from behind. He got another look at defendant when he looked back as defendant was shooting
at him. In addition to Powell’s positive identification, the bullet casings retrieved from the crime
scene matched the gun that was directly connected to defendant.

        We hold that defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel when his trial
counsel did not seek out and find an expert who would question Powell’s ability to remember his
shooter. Defendant has failed to show that trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, or that but for an error by trial
counsel the outcome would have been different, or that the proceedings were fundamentally
unfair or unreliable.

                                             2. OV 3

        Defendant also contends for the first time that his trial attorney provided ineffective
assistance of counsel when he failed to object to the scoring of OV 3 at 25 points. Defendant
argues that the evidence only supports a score of 10 points, which would lower his sentencing
guidelines range and require resentencing. We disagree.

       MCL 777.33 concerns the scoring of points for OV 3. MCL 777.33(1)(c) and (d)
provide:

               (1) Offense variable 3 is physical injury to a victim. Score offense
       variable 3 by determining which of the following apply and by assigning the
       number of points attributable to one that has the highest number of points:

                                              * * *

              (c) Life threatening or permanent incapacitating injury occurred to a
       victim ………………..…………………………………………………. 25 points.

               (d) Bodily injury requiring medical treatment occurred to a victim

       ……….……………………………………………………………….… 10 points.

        Powell testified that he sustained two gunshot wounds to the back of his legs, a fractured
eye socket, and bruises on the top of his head. One of the shots fractured his femur and damaged
his knee. He had undergone eight surgeries so far and would undergo another surgery the month
after his testimony. The shooting still affected him, as he could only bend his knee about 30
degrees. We find that the evidence clearly supports the finding that Powell’s injuries were
permanently incapacitating. Therefore, the sentencing guidelines score was not based on an


                                                -7-
inaccurate calculation, and defendant’s attorney was not ineffective for failing to object to the
scoring of OV 3. The preponderance of the evidence supported a score of 25 points for OV 3.

       Affirmed.

                                                           /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens
                                                           /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                           /s/ Anica Letica




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