                              RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                   Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                           File Name: 08a0219p.06

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                       FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                         _________________


                                                   X
                              Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                    -
                                                    -
         v.
                                                    -
                                                        No. 06-2158

                                                    ,
 JAMEEL MCGEE,                                       >
                          Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                   N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
               No. 06-00039—Robert Holmes Bell, Chief District Judge.
                                        Argued: October 23, 2007
                                   Decided and Filed: June 24, 2008
            Before: KEITH and ROGERS, Circuit Judges; ALDRICH, District Judge.*
                                           _________________
                                                COUNSEL
ARGUED: John M. Karafa, McCROSKEY, FELDMAN, COCHRANE & BROCK, P.C.,
Muskegon, Michigan, for Appellant. Brian P. Lennon, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: John M. Karafa,
McCROSKEY, FELDMAN, COCHRANE & BROCK, P.C., Muskegon, Michigan, for Appellant.
Brian P. Lennon, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for
Appellee.
                                           _________________
                                               OPINION
                                           _________________
        ANN ALDRICH, District Judge. Defendant-appellant Jameel McGee (“McGee”) appeals
his conviction and sentence for possession with intent to distribute cocaine base, arguing that: 1)
because his indictment contained no reference to aiding and abetting, the government should not
have been permitted to argue it as an alternative theory of criminal liability; 2) the trial evidence was
insufficient to sustain his conviction, entitling him to a judgment of acquittal under Rule 29(c)(1)
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure; 3) trial testimony containing statements by a
confidential informant was admitted against him in violation of his confrontation clause rights; and
4) his sentence is unreasonable.


        *
          The Honorable Ann Aldrich, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.


                                                      1
No. 06-2158           United States v. McGee                                                   Page 2


       For the reasons that follow, we affirm McGee’s conviction and sentence.
I.     Background
        McGee was indicted and subsequently convicted on a single count charge of “possession
with intent to distribute cocaine base,” in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(i) and 841(b)(1)(B)(iii).

         On February 8, 2006, a police confidential informant set up a drug transaction in the parking
lot of a liquor store that led to McGee’s arrest. At trial, Officer Collins, the arresting officer,
testified that on February 8, 2006, he listened to a phone conversation between the confidential
informant and McGee, in which they planned a drug exchange. Officer Collins then drove to the
liquor store and waited for McGee. When McGee did not show up, Officer Collins drove a short
distance back to the police station. Once there, the confidential informant again contacted McGee,
and McGee indicated that he was “pulling up now” to the liquor store.
        Officer Collins again returned to the liquor store with a uniformed police officer and found
McGee sitting in the passenger seat of a parked Dodge Durango. At trial, Officer Collins testified
that he ordered both McGee and the driver, Reginald Williams, to raise their hands to insure the
officers’ safety, noting that McGee made a “furtive gesture towards the center console of the
vehicle.”
        McGee and Williams were removed from the vehicle, and Officer Collins saw marijuana on
the floor of the driver’s side of the vehicle. The officers then searched the vehicle and found a
plastic bag of crack cocaine in the cup holder of the center console. They proceeded to Mirandize
and arrest McGee and Williams. Throughout the arrest, Officer Collins never observed McGee
actually possess the bag of cocaine. Rather, the only evidence taken from McGee and admitted at
trial was the cell phone used to set up the drug transaction.
        In addition to Officer Collins’ testimony, the government called the other officer as a witness
and entered six exhibits into evidence. McGee did not present any evidence. The jury returned a
guilty verdict.
        After the verdict, McGee filed a motion for judgment of acquittal pursuant to FRCP 29(c)(1)
on the basis that the evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the prosecution, was insufficient
to allow a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements of possession with
intent to distribute. The district court denied the motion, and McGee was subsequently sentenced
to 108 months in custody.
II.    Analysis
       A. Liability for Aiding and Abetting
        McGee argues that the district court erred when it included an alternative “aiding and
abetting” theory of criminal liability in the jury instructions because the single count indictment did
not include “aiding and abetting” language or cite 18 U.S.C. § 2, the “aiding and abetting” statute.
This alleged error, McGee argues, denied him procedural due process because he was not properly
placed on notice of the charges against him.
       We review jury instructions as a whole to determine “whether they fairly and accurately
inform the jury of relevant considerations and explain the applicable law.” United States v. Prince,
214 F.3d 740, 760-61 (6th Cir. 2000).
No. 06-2158           United States v. McGee                                                     Page 3


       We begin our analysis, then, with the applicable “aiding and abetting” statute, Title 18
U.S.C. Section 2, which provides:
       (a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels,
       commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal.
       (b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him
       or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.
The Sixth Circuit has interpreted aiding and abetting as a theory of liability “embodied in every
federal indictment, whether specifically charged or not,” and not a distinct substantive crime. United
States v. Floyd, 46 Fed. App’x. 835, 836 (6th Cir. 2002).
         While all indictments must inform the defendant of the crime with which he or she is
charged, Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749 (1962), we have long held that “[i]n keeping with
the provisions of § 2 . . . an indictment need not specifically charge ‘aiding and abetting’ or
‘causing’ the commission of an offense against the United States, in order to support a jury verdict
based upon a finding of either.” United States v. Lester, 363 F.2d 68, 72 (6th Cir. 1966); see also
Hill v. Perini, 788 F.2d 406, 407 (6th Cir. 1986) (“[A] defendant may be indicted for the commission
of a substantive crime as a principal offender and convicted of aiding and abetting its commission
although not named in the indictment as an aider and abettor without violating federal due
process.”); United States v. Moore, 460 F.2d 1265, 1256 (6th Cir. 1972). Thus, an indictment need
not explicitly refer to aiding or abetting to support a jury verdict based on a finding under that
theory.
        Here, McGee attempts to distinguish this line of Sixth Circuit cases by relying on the fact
that his indictment not only lacked language referring to aiding and abetting, but also failed to cite
18 U.S.C. § 2. McGee refers to the unpublished decision in United States v. Taniguchi, where this
court considered whether an indictment that merely cited 18 U.S.C. § 2 gave the defendant notice
of potential liability for aiding and abetting. 49 Fed. Appx. 506 (6th Cir. 2002). Because the
indictment in Taniguchi contained a citation to 18 U.S.C. § 2, we reserved for later, in a footnote,
“the question of whether the indictment before us would be sufficient had the United States failed
even to cite the language of 18 U.S.C. § 2.” Id. at 521 n.4. McGee urges this court to find that such
an indictment is not sufficient.
         However, given this court’s interpretation of 18 U.S.C. § 2 as an alternative theory of
liability, and our long-held decisions that aiding and abetting is embedded in federal indictments,
we hold that an indictment need not charge or refer to 18 U.S.C. § 2 to support a conviction based
on a theory of aiding and abetting.
        Accordingly, the district court did not err in allowing the jury to consider “aiding and
abetting” as an alternative theory of liability.
       B. Sufficiency of the Evidence at Trial
       McGee asserts that he was entitled to a judgment of acquittal pursuant to Rule 29(c)(1)
because the evidence offered at trial was insufficient to support his conviction.
        “This court reviews de novo a denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal, but affirms the
decision ‘if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, would allow a
rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v.
Solorio, 337 F.3d 580, 588 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Harrod, 168 F.3d 887, 889-890
(6th Cir. 1999)).
No. 06-2158           United States v. McGee                                                   Page 4


       To sustain the charge of possession with intent to distribute, the government was required
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about February 8, 2006, McGee “(1) knowingly; (2)
possessed a controlled substance; (3) with intent to distribute.” United States v. Charles, 138 F.3d
257, 265 (6th Cir. 1998).
         Here, there is ample evidence in the record to support McGee’s conviction. First, the
government offered evidence that McGee possessed a controlled substance through Officer Collins’
testimony and the crack cocaine found in the vehicle next to McGee. At trial, Officer Collins
testified that on February 8, 2006, he listened to a telephone conversation over the speaker phone
between McGee “Zookie” and the confidential informant. During that conversation, the informant
requested an “O”, or ounce, of crack cocaine, which Zookie agreed to sell for $800. Finally, Zookie
told the confidential informant that they would meet that same day at “the store,” which the
informant understood to mean “Barnett’s, the one on Fair and Edgecumbe.” (Transcript, pages 51-3).
Officer Collins testified that he knew “Zookie” to be Jameel McGee.
        Officer Collins testified that he then went to Barnett’s and waited between five and ten
minutes. When Zookie did not arrive, the informant made another call to Zookie, whereupon Officer
Collins heard Zookie say “I’m pulling up now. All right, I’m here, hurry up.”(Transcript, pg. 56).
When Officer Collins and another police officer arrived at Barnett’s, they observed a parked Dodge
Durango with McGee in the passenger seat. Officer Collins exited his vehicle, and approached the
driver’s side of the Durango, ordering both occupants to raise their hands. After the driver placed
both hands on the steering wheel, Officer Collins observed McGee make “a furtive gesture towards
the center console of the vehicle” before putting his hands up. (Transcript pg. 63).
        Once the driver and McGee were removed from the vehicle, it was searched and Officer
Collins found a small plastic bag containing more than 24 grams of crack cocaine in the center
console cup holder. (Gov. Exhibit 5). While McGee was being handcuffed, his cell phone rang and
the voice of the confidential informant came through the speaker phone asking McGee where he
was. (Transcript, pg. 71). The Nextel phone’s list of recent calls included the number of the
confidential informant who asked to buy the crack cocaine earlier that day. (Gov. Exh. 6). Finally,
the user name stored in the Nextel phone was “Zook,” which Officer Collins identified as McGee’s
street name. (Transcript, pg. 74).
       Officer Collins’ testimony and McGee’s corroborating actions, allow a rational jury to
conclude that McGee was in possession of the crack cocaine.
        Second, the government offered evidence that McGee intended to distribute the crack
cocaine. Officer Collins’ testimony also establishes that McGee intended to sell the confidential
informant an “O”, or an ounce, of crack cocaine for $800. Similarly, this same testimony,
corroborated by McGee’s own actions, established that McGee acted knowingly. A rational jury
could find that McGee acted knowingly and with the requisite intent to sell crack cocaine.
       Accordingly, McGee is not entitled to a judgment of acquittal because there is ample
evidence upon which a rational jury could find McGee guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
       C. Violation of the Confrontation Clause
        McGee argues that he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser,
which deprivation substantially affected his right to a fair trial and requires that his conviction now
be reversed. Specifically, McGee argues that at trial, Officer Collins testified to statements made
by the confidential informant that related to McGee’s identity, but that McGee was not afforded the
opportunity to confront, or cross-examine, the informant.
No. 06-2158          United States v. McGee                                                  Page 5


        Generally, we review de novo evidentiary rulings relating to violations of the Sixth
Amendment. United States v. Robinson, 389 F.3d 582, 592 (6th Cir. 2004). However, violations of
the confrontation clause are also subject to harmless error analysis. See, e.g., Chapman v.
California, 386 U.S. 18, 22-23 (1967). Errors are “‘harmless’ in terms of their effect on the
factfinding process at trial” where “the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record,
that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Delaware v. Van Arsdall,
475 U.S. 673, 681 (1986). In such cases, an otherwise valid conviction should not be set aside. Id.
       The confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment states, “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const.
amend. VI.
        In Crawford v. Washington, the Court asserted that “not all hearsay implicates the Sixth
Amendment’s core concerns.” 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004). Rather, the court introduced a distinction
between testimonial and nontestimonial statements for confrontation clause purposes, explaining
that the protection applies only to prohibit “testimonial” statements when the declarant is not
available to be cross-examined by the defendant. Id. “The threshold determination that we must
make is whether the statements of a confidential informant to police are ‘testimonial’ in nature.”
United States v. Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 672 (6th Cir. 2004). The court must then consider the
purpose of the testimonial statements, as the confrontation clause “does not bar the use of
testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of the matter asserted.”
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9.
       “The proper inquiry . . . is whether the declarant intends to bear testimony against the
accused. That intent, in turn, may be determined by querying whether a reasonable person in the
declarant's position would anticipate his statement being used against the accused in investigating
and prosecuting the crime.” Cromer, 389 F.3d at 675. Under this inquiry, we held in Cromer that
“statements of a confidential informant are testimonial in nature and therefore may not be offered
by the government to establish the guilt of an accused absent an opportunity for the accused to
cross-examine the informant.” Id. at 670-71.
       Here, McGee argues that Officer Collins’ testimony contained testimonial hearsay that was
used to identify the supplier as McGee, and that McGee had no opportunity to cross-examine the
informant. McGee points specifically to the re-direct examination of Officer Collins, where the
prosecution sought to assuage concerns that Officer Collins misidentified McGee on the phone with
the confidential informant. The prosecutor and Officer Collins had the following exchange:
       Q: Now, what else did you do to confirm that the person your CPI [confidential
       police informant] was speaking to was Mr. McGee and not Mr. Rimpson?
       A: I called the CPI back the next day and said, Hey, I know we called a few people.
       Who was the one that we finally got that we talked to?
       Mr. Karafa (McGee’s attorney): I object, Your Honor. The question’s objectionable
       in the first place, but prior to the answer there’s a lack of foundation. It’s
       incompetence hearsay.
       The Court: No, he’s just saying what he did, I think. Overruled. Next question.
       Mr. Lennon (for the government)
       Q: You called the CPI; is that correct?
       A: Right.
No. 06-2158           United States v. McGee                                                   Page 6


       Q: And confirmed who you were speaking - who he was speaking to that day?
       A: Yeah, and he advised Zookie.
(Transcript, pages 95-97, emphasis added).
        The confidential informant’s statement that he was talking to “Zookie” is testimonial because
a reasonable person in the CI’s position would anticipate his statements being used against the
accused in investigating and prosecuting a crime. The purpose of the informant’s statement is also
used for the truth of the matter asserted; that is, to identify McGee as the person the CPI talked to
on the phone, and with whom he arranged the drug buy. The admission of this evidence therefore
violated the confrontation clause.
       Nonetheless, the government introduced enough evidence at trial to establish McGee’s guilt.
We are confident in holding that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
        McGee’s conviction does not depend upon the testimonial statements of the confidential
informant. On direct examination, Officer Collins testified that he knew from personal contact with
McGee prior to February 8, 2006 that his street name was Zook or Zookie. As Officer Collins’ re-
direct testimony also confirmed, McGee is the individual who showed up at the drug-buy with the
drugs, and his cell phone contained a log of the confidential informant’s recent call.
        McGee argues that this case is analogous to United States v. Cromer, where the “central
issue at . . . trial was not whether illegal activity occurred . . . but whether Cromer knowingly
participated in that illegal activity.” 389 F.3d at 677. The evidence in that case was “so tenuous that
the jury in Cromer’s first trial was unable to convict him.” Id. There, the confidential informant’s
testimonial statements, as relayed through the testifying officer, were used to identify and implicate
the defendant and went “to the very heart of the prosecutor’s case.” Id. Unlike the tenuous facts in
Cromer, the government in this case provided evidence, independent of the confidential informant’s
testimony, to establish McGee’s possession with the intent to distribute crack cocaine.
       D. Reasonableness of the Sentence
        McGee argues that the sentencing court committed reversible error by imposing a sentence
that is: 1) unreasonable because it failed to properly consider the factors listed in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a); and 2) improperly based on considerations of disputed evidence beyond the offense of
the conviction.
       1. McGee’s Sentence is Reasonable
         This court reviews sentencing determinations for reasonableness. Rita v. United States, 127
S.Ct. 2456, 2459 (2007); United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005). While no longer
bound by the Sentencing Guidelines, the sentencing court must still consider the Sentencing
Guideline ranges along with the statutory concerns expressed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States
v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005). These statutory factors “will guide appellate courts . . . in
determining whether a sentence is unreasonable.” Id. at 260; United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d
550, 553 (6th Cir. 2006). Upon review, this court may find a sentence “unreasonable when the
district judge fails to ‘consider’ the applicable Guidelines range or neglects to ‘consider’ the other
factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and instead simply selects what the judge deems an appropriate
sentence without such required consideration.” United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir.
2005).
        Although a sentence that falls within the Guidelines range receives a “rebuttable presumption
of reasonableness,” the sentencing court must nonetheless “articulate its reasoning sufficiently to
No. 06-2158           United States v. McGee                                                      Page 7


permit reasonable appellate review, specifying its reasons for selecting the specific sentence within
that range.” Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554 (internal quotation omitted). The sentencing court need
not explicitly recite or discuss each factor, but the court must take seriously its obligation to
communicate clearly its rationale for imposing the sentence so that both the defendant and the
appellate court can understand the basis for the particular sentence. See United States v. Williams,
436 F.3d 706 (6th Cir. 2006). As part of this obligation, where a defendant “raises a particular
argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge considered
the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it.” Richardson, 437
F.3d at 554.
        The factors that the sentencing court must consider under § 3553(a) include, in part, (1) the
nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the
need for the sentence to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and
to provide just punishment for the offense, to deter criminal conduct, to protect the public from
further crimes of the defendant, and to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational
training; and (3) the kinds of sentences available.
        Reviewing McGee’s sentence for reasonableness, we find that the sentencing court
adequately considered and applied both the Guidelines and the § 3553(a) factors in sentencing him
to a term of 108 months, which represents the middle of the Guidelines range. The sentencing
transcript shows that the § 3553(a) factors were properly considered and articulated in a manner that
allowed for meaningful appellate review and understanding by McGee.
         The sentencing court considered McGee’s history and characteristics, including his
employment and encounters with the juvenile and adult criminal systems. Similarly, the court noted
the seriousness of the offense and the harm crack cocaine inflicts on familial relationships and the
community at large. The court also noted that the sentence imposed would provide McGee with the
time and opportunity to receive the emotional and vocational treatment needed to help him be a
contributing member of the community. Finally, the court addressed the need to promote respect
for the law, and to provide just punishment and adequate protection for the public against future drug
related criminal conduct.
     Further, while considering the above 3553(a) factors, the sentencing court addressed
McGee’s argument for a lower sentence and explained why the court rejected those arguments.
       Accordingly, we find McGee’s sentence reasonable.
       2. No Rule 32 Violation
        While neither McGee’s nor the government’s appellate briefs expressly discusses a violation
of Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, both parties indirectly raise this issue as part
of their ‘reasonableness’ analysis, warranting separate consideration here.
        McGee argues that the sentencing court improperly relied on disputed facts in the Pre-
Sentence Investigation Report (“PSR”), which would violate Rule 32(i)(3). That rule provides that
at sentencing, the court:
       (A) may accept any undisputed portion of the presentence report as a finding of fact;
       (B) must--for any disputed portion of the presentence report or other controverted
       matter--rule on the dispute or determine that a ruling is unnecessary either because
       the matter will not affect sentencing, or because the court will not consider the matter
       in sentencing; and
No. 06-2158           United States v. McGee                                                      Page 8


        (C) must append a copy of the court's determinations under this rule to any copy of
        the presentence report made available to the Bureau of Prisons.
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(i)(3).
        We have previously held that where facts are controverted, “a court may not merely
summarily adopt the factual findings in the presentence report or simply declare that the facts are
supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Solorio, 337 F.3d 580, 598 (6th
Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Tarwater, 308 F.3d 494, 518 (6th Cir. 2002)). However, the
facts must be “sufficiently ‘controverted’ to trigger the sentencing court’s fact-finding duty under
Rule 32(c)(1) [the predecessor to Rule 32(i)(3)].” United States v. Hurst, 228 F.3d 751, 760 (6th
Cir. 2000). In United States v. Hurst, for example, this court determined that the district court’s fact-
finding duty under Rule 32 had not been triggered where the defendant had failed to allege any
factual inaccuracies in his objections to his PSR, or otherwise bring the matter to the court’s
attention during the sentencing hearing. Id. at 760.
        Under the circumstances of this case, McGee did not sufficiently controvert the facts
contained in his PSR to trigger the district court’s duty under Rule 32(i)(3). Although he objected
to the relevancy and factual accuracy of paragraphs 8 and 9 of his PSR in his sentencing
memorandum, during the sentencing hearing he very clearly led the court to believe—whether
intentionally or not—that his only objection was to the relevancy, and not the veracity, of the
disputed portions of his PSR:
        The Court: Okay. Mr. Karafa [for McGee], any objections to the presentence report
        you wish to place before the Court here?
        Mr. Karafa: Your Honor, thank you. We have none to the sentencing guidelines or
        the criminal history category computation. As we set forth in our sentencing
        memorandum, we had three objections to Paragraphs 5, 8, and 9 containing factual
        data which did not impact the guidelines calculations at all, but made reference to
        certain factual transactions and/or persons that we respectfully submit are not related
        to the instant offense of conviction.
        The Court: So the idea is relevancy?
        Mr. Karafa: Yes, Your Honor.
        [comments by the government]
        The Court: Thank you. It appears that the statements that are provided in Paragraph
        9 together with the background information in Paragraph 8 are in fact relevant.
        There has been no argument that the statements are not - - are untrue or are forged
        or anything like that.
[Transcript of Sentencing Hearing, pgs. 3-4, emphasis added]
        While filing written objections to the factual accuracy of the PSR could be sufficient to
trigger the sentencing judge’s fact-finding duty under Rule 32(i)(3), we cannot find that to be the
case when McGee subsequently misleads the judge about the nature of his objections during the
sentencing hearing.
        Accordingly, we find no Rule 32 violation.
No. 06-2158         United States v. McGee                                    Page 9


III.   Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, we affirm McGee’s conviction and sentence.
