                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             FILED
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT                              AUG 01 2012

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

LORENZO OLIVER, as guardian Ad                   No. 11-55492
Litem for minor son; JILL BUSH, as
guardian Ad Litem for minor son; C.B.,           D.C. No. 8:09-cv-00091-CJC-AN
minor,

              Plaintiffs - Appellants,           MEMORANDUM*

  v.

CITY OF ANAHEIM; RYAN
TISDALE; JAMES BROWN,

              Defendants - Appellees.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   Cormac J. Carney, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted July 13, 2012
                              Pasadena, California

Before:       KOZINSKI, Chief Judge, REINHARDT and WATFORD, Circuit
              Judges.

       The officers had no probable cause to arrest C.B. and Oliver because the act

the officers believed C.B. committed—trying to kill the opossum by hitting it with

          *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
                                                                                   page 2
a shovel—isn’t a crime. While section 597(a) of the California Penal Code

prohibits the intentional and malicious killing of animals, section 599c provides,

“No part of this title shall be construed . . . as interfering with the right to destroy

. . . any animal known as dangerous to life, limb, or property.” Cal. Penal Code

§§ 597(a), 599c. Regulations confirm that opossums are dangerous by explicitly

permitting their killing. Cal. Code Regs. tit. 14, § 472(a). The regulations do

prohibit certain ways of killing animals, but hitting them with a shovel is not

among them. Cal. Code Regs. tit. 14, § 475. Indeed, if section 597(a) were

construed as prohibiting the killing of wild opossums, it would impermissibly

nullify California’s laws that permit killing them. See Cal. Penal Code § 599c;

Cal. Code Regs. tit. 14, § 472(a).

       People v. Thomason, 84 Cal. App. 4th 1064 (2000), held that mice bought at

a feed store were not “dangerous to life, limb, or property,” as required by section

599c. Id. at 1067–68. By contrast, wild opossums are dangerous to property. See

T.P. Salmon et al., Univ. of Cal., Pub. No. 74123, Pest Notes: Opossum 2 (2005).

Indeed, the opossum C.B. allegedly struck had injured the family’s bulldogs.

Thomason is also inapposite because the defendant there tortured the mice. 84 Cal.

App. 4th at 1065–66. The police here had no evidence that plaintiffs did anything

more than try to kill the opossum, which they were entitled to do.
                                                                             page 3
      Because C.B.’s act wasn’t criminal, there was no cause to arrest him. And,

without an underlying criminal act, Oliver couldn’t have been an accessory or an

aider and abettor. See Cal. Penal Code §§ 31, 32. The arrests violated the

plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. See Rosenbaum v. Washoe County, 663 F.3d

1071, 1076–79 (9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam). Therefore, the officers are not entitled

to qualified immunity. Nor are they entitled to immunity under state law because a

reasonable officer could not have believed that the arrests of C.B. and Oliver were

lawful. See Cal. Penal Code § 847(b)(1); Edgerly v. City and Cnty. of San

Francisco, 599 F.3d 946, 958–59 (9th Cir. 2010).


      REVERSED and REMANDED.
                                                                              FILED
Oliver v. City of Anaheim, No. 11-55492                                        AUG 01 2012

                                                                           MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
WATFORD, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      The question facing the officers in this case was whether bashing a mother

opossum on the head three times with a metal shovel constitutes “maliciously and

intentionally . . . wound[ing] a living animal” in violation of California Penal Code

section 597(a). I am not sure such conduct in fact violates the statute; even today,

California law remains unclear on that score. At the same time, nothing in

California law has clearly established that such conduct does not violate the statute.

The best guidance available on the scope of section 597(a) is People v. Thomason,

84 Cal. App. 4th 1064 (2000), which held that, even though animals covered by

Penal Code section 599c and associated game regulations may be killed at will,

they are still protected by section 597(a)’s prohibition on malicious and intentional

wounding. Whether bashing a mother opossum on the head three times with a

metal shovel is sufficiently egregious to constitute a malicious and intentional

wounding is certainly debatable. But the very fact that reasonable minds could

disagree is what entitles the officers to qualified immunity here. See Ashcroft v. al-

Kidd, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2083 (2011).
