                  FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY;       
FRIENDS OF FAWNSKIN,
               Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                v.
MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT CO.;
OKON DEVELOPMENT CO.; OKO                   No. 06-56193
INVESTMENTS, INC.; NORTHSHORE
DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, L.P.,                D.C. No.
                                           CV-04-07036-R
e/s/a NORTH SHORE DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATES, L.P.; SITE
DESIGN ASSOCIATES, INC.; KEN
DISCENZA; VDLP MARINA POINT;
VENWEST MARINA POINT, INC., e/s/a
VENTURE WEST INC.; IRVING
OKOVITA,
            Defendants-Appellants.
                                       




                            5767
5768 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT



CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY;       
FRIENDS OF FAWNSKIN,
               Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                v.
MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT CO.;
OKON DEVELOPMENT CO.; OKO                   No. 07-55243
INVESTMENTS, INC.; NORTHSHORE
DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, L.P.,                D.C. No.
                                           CV-04-07036-R
e/s/a NORTH SHORE DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATES, L.P.; SITE
DESIGN ASSOCIATES, INC.; KEN
DISCENZA; VDLP MARINA POINT;
VENWEST MARINA POINT, INC., e/s/a
VENTURE WEST INC.; IRVING
OKOVITA,
            Defendants-Appellants.
                                       
     CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5769



CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY;       
FRIENDS OF FAWNSKIN,
                                              No. 07-56574
               Plaintiffs-Appellees,
                                                D.C. No.
                v.
                                           CV-04-07036-R-RZ
MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT CO.;
                                                ORDER
OKON DEVELOPMENT CO.; OKO
                                              AMENDING
INVESTMENTS, INC.; NORTHSHORE
DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, L.P.,               OPINION AND
                                               DENYING
e/s/a NORTH SHORE DEVELOPMENT
                                              APPELLEES’
ASSOCIATES, L.P.; SITE
                                            PETITION FOR
DESIGN ASSOCIATES, INC.; KEN
                                            REHEARING EN
DISCENZA; VDLP MARINA POINT;
                                              BANC AND
VENWEST MARINA POINT, INC., e/s/a
                                               AMENDED
VENTURE WEST INC.; IRVING
                                                OPINION
OKOVITA,
            Defendants-Appellants.
                                       
        Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Central District of California
         Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding

                   Argued and Submitted
            July 14, 2008—Pasadena, California

                   Filed August 6, 2008
                 Amended March 27, 2009
             Second Amendment May 14, 2009

 Before: Ferdinand F. Fernandez, Pamela Ann Rymer, and
           Andrew J. Kleinfeld, Circuit Judges.

               Opinion by Judge Fernandez;
              Concurrence by Judge Rymer;
Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge Kleinfeld
       CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5773
                              COUNSEL

Robert D. Crockett, Latham & Watkins LLP, Los Angeles,
California, for the defendants-appellants.

Bernice Conn, Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi L.L.P., Los
Angeles, California, for the plaintiffs-appellees.


                                ORDER

  We amend our opinion originally filed on August 6, 2008,
and commencing at slip op. 9919,1 as amended on March 27,
2009, and commencing at slip op. 36972 as follows:

   (1) We revoke the first sentence of the first full paragraph
at slip op. 3717 (913) and substitute the following in its place:

         Moreover, long before any action was filed and, in
      fact, before 60 days had gone by, the Corps issued
      its cease and desist order on July 23, 2003, and all
      activity by Marina Point regarding the lake stopped
      as it had to.

  (2) We revoke the first paragraph at slip op. 3719 (913)
and substitute the following in its place:

         In fine, the notices were insufficient at their incep-
      tion regarding wetlands and possible § 402 viola-
      tions, and to the extent that they were sufficient, if
      barely so, as to possible § 404 violations, their effi-
  1
     The original opinion is published as Center for Biological Diversity v.
Marina Point Development Co., 535 F.3d 1026 (9th Cir. 2008).
   2
     The amended opinion is published at Center for Biological Diversity
v. Marina Point Development Co., 560 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 2009), and we
will hereafter put page references to that published amended opinion in
parentheses.
5774 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
      cacy was limited by prompt Corps and Marina Point
      action. The district court did not have jurisdiction to
      hear the CWA action, and it should have dismissed
      the action at the outset. Thus, in this respect the dis-
      trict court’s judgment must fall for lack of jurisdic-
      tion, and must be vacated.

  Appellees’ petition for rehearing en banc filed April 10,
2009, which relates to appeal No. 06-56193 and appeal No.
07-56574, was circulated to the judges of the court, and no
judge requested a vote for en banc consideration.

   Appellees’ petition for rehearing en banc is DENIED. No
subsequent petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc may be
filed.

   Appellants’ petition for rehearing and for rehearing en banc
filed April 10, 2009, which relates to appeal number 07-
55243, remains under consideration and will be ruled upon in
a subsequent order of this court.


                            OPINION

FERNANDEZ, Circuit Judge:

   Marina Point Development Associates, Okon Development
Co., Oko Investments, Inc., Northshore Development Asso-
ciates, L.P., Irving Okovita, Site Design Associates, Inc., Ken
Discenza, VDLP Marina Point L.P. and Venwest Marina
Point, Inc. (collectively “Marina Point”) appeal the district
court’s judgment on the merits in favor of Center for Biologi-
cal Diversity and Friends of Fawnskin (collectively “the Cen-
ter”) on their claims under the Clean Water Act (CWA),1 and
  1
   The CWA is codified at 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387. More particularly,
the claims were brought under 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311, 1342, and 1344.
      CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5775
under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).2 Marina Point also
appeals the district court’s order awarding attorney fees to the
Center and the district court’s contempt order. We vacate the
district court’s judgment on the merits and instruct it to dis-
miss for lack of jurisdiction. We reverse the contempt order
and vacate the order awarding attorney fees.

                          BACKGROUND

   Marina Point’s 12.51 acre development project site is
located on the north shore of Big Bear Lake and the east shore
of Grout Bay in the San Bernardino Mountains. The property
extends from the edge of the trees to the lake. The land area,
known as “Cluster Pines,” had functioned as a tavern, recre-
ational vehicle park, campground, and licensed commercial
marina from the early 1950’s until 2001. Marina Point
acquired the property in 1989 in order to develop a residential
condominium project upon it.

   After acquiring the property, Marina Point began securing
permits. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)
solicited public comment, and ultimately concluded that the
planned development could go forward. The Corps stated that
the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) had ulti-
mately determined that the upland portion of the site was not
a suitable bald eagle habitat, and that a consultation pursuant
to 16 U.S.C. § 1536 was not required. On September 10,
1991, the Corps granted a permit to Marina Point which
authorized it to strengthen the existing shoreline. See 33
U.S.C. § 1344.

   The permit authorized Marina Point to dredge the adjacent
shoreline and the interior of the existing marina, and to use
the dredged material as fill for building pads on the land.
  2
    The ESA is codified at 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544. More particularly, the
claims were brought under 16 U.S.C. §§ 1538 and 1540.
5776 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
Marina Point was forbidden, however, from placing rip-rap3
at elevations below lake bottom contours, from depositing
sand below the ordinary high water mark, and from transfer-
ring fill or structures to neighboring wetlands. In order to pro-
tect bald eagles’ seasonal behavioral habits, it was also barred
from working during the winter months. Besides the permit
from the Corps, Marina Point secured permits from the
County of San Bernardino, the California Department of Fish
and Game, and Big Bear Municipal Water District. In addi-
tion, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board
issued a water discharge requirements order.

   Work began in May 2002, but Marina Point’s permit from
the Corps expired on September 10, 2002, after several exten-
sions. Marina Point graded the land area before the permit
expired. On October 7, 2002, Marina Point’s contractor also
used a grader to remove trees on the land. Moreover, the
Corps allowed Marina Point to proceed with dredging without
a permit as long as that did not result in more than “incidental
fallback” of soil within the Corps’ jurisdiction, but the Corps
disallowed any pushing or pulling of materials along the lake
bed.

   Work resumed at the site in June of 2003 and went on until
about July 23, 2003, when the Corps issued a Cease and
Desist Order to Marina Point. The Corps’ stated reasons for
the order were that Marina Point’s use of a dragline bucket,
rather than a clamshell dredge, caused more than incidental
fallback of soil, and that the contractor had been temporarily
stockpiling material below the ordinary high water mark.

  In September 2003, Marina Point requested interim
approval to resume work. The Corps then issued an Initial
Corrective Measure Order (ICMO) on October 16, 2003,
which required Marina Point to complete specific remedial
  3
   As used here, rip-rap is rock; it is used to protect shorelines against
erosion.
      CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5777
actions by December 1, 2003. That deadline was extended to
December 24, 2003, because of unforeseen difficulties, such
as a forest fire in the area.

   In the meantime, the Center had sent a number of notices
of intent to commence a citizen’s action against Marina Point.4
The Center then filed this action on April 7, 2004.

   The district court denied Marina Point’s motion to dismiss
for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The case then pro-
ceeded to trial, and on June 12, 2006, the district court issued
an opinion5 in which it determined that Marina Point had vio-
lated the CWA and the ESA. Its ensuing judgment on August
21, 2006, permanently enjoined Marina Point from any devel-
opment on the site without the court’s prior authorization,
directed Marina Point to follow any remedial orders from the
Corps, and imposed a statutory penalty upon it. Marina Point
appealed on August 22, 2006.

  Thereafter, the district court awarded attorney fees to the
Center as the prevailing party under the CWA and the ESA.
Marina Point appealed that ruling on February 15, 2007.

  Still later, on November 7, 2007, the district court deter-
mined that Marina Point was in contempt and issued various
orders as a result. Marina Point appealed that decision on
November 19, 2007.

                   STANDARD OF REVIEW

   We review issues of the district court’s subject matter juris-
diction de novo. See Satey v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 521
F.3d 1087, 1090 (9th Cir. 2008). We also review de novo the
  4
    Notices were issued on June 30, 2003, July 17, 2003, August 8, 2003,
and December 1, 2003.
  5
    Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Marina Point Dev. Assocs., 434 F.
Supp. 2d 789 (C.D. Cal. 2006) (Center I).
5778 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
question of whether the Center’s notice under the CWA was
adequate. See Natural Res. Def. Council v. Sw. Marine, Inc.,
236 F.3d 985, 995-96 (9th Cir. 2000).

                          JURISDICTION

   At the outset, we must consider whether there was federal
jurisdiction over this dispute when the complaint was filed,
and whether jurisdiction still remains. For the reasons dis-
cussed below, the answer is no.

  I.    Clean Water Act.

   [1] In general, actions can be brought by private persons
and entities for the purpose of enforcing many of the provi-
sions of the CWA. See 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a). That is usually
referred to as the citizen suit provision. However, before an
action is commenced, the citizen must give a 60-day notice of
intent to sue. Id. § 1365(b)(1)(A). In fact, absent that notice,
the action is prohibited. Id.

   [2] The notice serves important public purposes; this kind
of litigation is not like a mere private dispute. That is under-
scored by the fact that the notice must be given not only to the
alleged violator,6 but also to the Administrator,7 and to the
State where the alleged violation occurred.8 The Supreme
Court has explicated the purpose behind the requirement of
notice in this kind of litigation. As it has pointed out:

       [T]he legislative history indicates an intent to strike
       a balance between encouraging citizen enforcement
       of environmental regulations and avoiding burdening
       the federal courts with excessive numbers of citizen
  6
    33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)(1)(A)(iii).
  7
    Id. § 1365(b)(1)(A)(i). The Administrator is the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 33 U.S.C. § 1251(d).
  8
    33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)(1)(A)(ii).
     CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5779
    suits. Requiring citizens to comply with the notice
    and delay requirements serves this congressional
    goal in two ways. First, notice allows Government
    agencies to take responsibility for enforcing environ-
    mental regulations, thus obviating the need for citi-
    zen suits. . . . Second, notice gives the alleged
    violator “an opportunity to bring itself into complete
    compliance with the Act and thus likewise render
    unnecessary a citizen suit.” This policy would be
    frustrated if citizens could immediately bring suit
    without involving federal or state enforcement agen-
    cies. Giving full effect to the words of the statute
    preserves the compromise struck by Congress.

Hallstrom v. Tillamook County, 493 U.S. 20, 29, 110 S. Ct.
304, 310, 107 L. Ed. 2d 237 (1989) (citations omitted). That
has special relevance here because, as we will explain further,
this case is a perfect example of speedy government enforce-
ment; action by the Corps which, in large measure, obviated
the need for a citizen suit regarding Marina Point’s alleged
violations.

   [3] Moreover, the giving of a 60-day notice is not simply
a desideratum; it is a jurisdictional necessity. See
Waterkeepers N. Cal. v. AG Indus. Mfg., Inc., 375 F.3d 913,
916 (9th Cir. 2004); Natural Res. Def. Council, 236 F.3d at
995. As the Supreme Court has put it: “Under a literal reading
of the statute, compliance with the 60-day notice provision is
a mandatory, not optional, condition precedent for suit.” Hal-
lstrom, 493 U.S. at 26, 110 S. Ct. at 309. And the literal read-
ing is what controls. When a party does not fulfill that
threshold requirement, “the district court must dismiss the
action as barred by the terms of the statute.” Id. at 33, 110
S. Ct. at 312; see also Waterkeepers, 375 F.3d at 916. That is
to say, the notice is not just an annoying piece of paper
intended as a stumbling block for people who want to sue; it
is purposive in nature and the purpose is to accomplish cor-
rections where needed without the necessity of a citizen
5780 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
action. As the Supreme Court has said in the similar context
of claims for past violations:

    It follows logically that the purpose of notice to the
    alleged violator is to give it an opportunity to bring
    itself into complete compliance with the Act and
    thus likewise render unnecessary a citizen suit. If we
    assume, as respondents urge, that citizen suits may
    target wholly past violations, the requirement of
    notice to the alleged violator becomes gratuitous.
    Indeed, respondents, in propounding their interpreta-
    tion of the Act, can think of no reason for Congress
    to require such notice other than that “it seemed
    right” to inform an alleged violator that it was about
    to be sued.

Gwaltney of Smithfield, Ltd. v. Chesapeake Bay Found., Inc.,
484 U.S. 49, 60, 108 S. Ct. 376, 382-83, 98 L. Ed. 2d 306
(1987). Here, too, if a citizen suit were brought when correc-
tion had already been undertaken at the behest of a govern-
mental agency, the notice would become gratuitous. But, as
the Court went on to say: “citizen suits are proper only ‘if the
Federal, State, and local agencies fail to exercise their
enforcement responsibility.’ ” Id. at 60, 108 S. Ct. at 383
(citation omitted).

   [4] We must, therefore, keep those overarching public pur-
poses in mind as we approach the controversy before us. To
accomplish them, the notice must be sufficient in itself and,
perforce, if the desired change has been properly delineated
and has been accomplished, that, too, obviates the need or
purpose of a citizen suit. That does not exactly say just what
a sufficiently detailed notice might be, but we have guidance
in that area also.

   We start with the requirements adopted by the EPA. Those
are as follows:
     CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5781
    Notice regarding an alleged violation of an effluent
    standard or limitation or of an order with respect
    thereto, shall include sufficient information to permit
    the recipient to identify the specific standard, limita-
    tion, or order alleged to have been violated, the
    activity alleged to constitute a violation, the person
    or persons responsible for the alleged violation, the
    location of the alleged violation, the date or dates of
    such violation, and the full name, address, and tele-
    phone number of the person giving notice.

40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a). It is from that specific and clear state-
ment that our later cases have proceeded.

   We have sometimes been slightly forgiving to plaintiffs in
this area, but even at our most lenient we have never aban-
doned the requirement that there be a true notice that tells a
target precisely what it allegedly did wrong, and when. The
target is not required to play a guessing game in that respect.
In one case, we determined that where the difficulty was a
kind of negative — the failure to prepare a plan to avoid pol-
lution — a specific date of wrongdoing could not be given
because there was no specific date. Natural Res. Def. Council,
236 F.3d at 996. We chose not to demand the impossible.
Thus, the notice sufficed.

   In two later cases in 2002, we also relaxed to some extent.
In one of the cases, the plaintiff’s notice set forth a series of
twelve specific violations on specific dates, but the complaint
included numerous other violations within the same time
frame. Cmty. Ass’n for Restoration of the Env’t v. Henry
Bosma Dairy, 305 F.3d 943, 951-52 (9th Cir. 2002). The
defendant complained about the added dates, but we said that
the notice certainly alerted the defendant to what it was doing
wrong and the inclusion of specific dates was, under the cir-
cumstances, enough to allow an action regarding discharges
on other dates at or about the same time and of the same ilk
as those listed. Id. at 953. As we put it, “[b]ased on the fact
5782 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
that the violations originated from the same source, were of
the same nature, and were easily identifiable, we find that [the
plaintiffs’] notice was adequate.” Id. The other case presented
the same kind of issue. There, fourteen dates of alleged
wrongdoing were listed in the notice, and the notice also
stated that while all dates were not available to the plaintiff,
the wrongdoing occurred on each date that ships were loaded
at the defendant’s facility. S.F. BayKeeper, Inc. v. Tosco
Corp., 309 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir. 2002). We found that
the detail was sufficient under the circumstances because
from the specifics given, the defendants could readily ascer-
tain “the nature of the alleged violations, as well as the likely
dates of those violations.” Id. at 1159.

   We followed the same general approach in a later case
where the defendant was accused in a detailed ten-page letter
of improper discharges during each and every rain event of a
certain intensity, and the days of that rain event intensity were
listed. See Waterkeepers N. Cal., 375 F.3d at 917. We
declared that to be sufficient detail. Id. at 917-18.

   On the other hand, when a notice told the defendant that it
had committed one specific violation, the defendant was not
“required to speculate as to all possible attacks . . . that might
be added to a citizen suit” at a later time. ONRC Action v.
Columbia Plywood, Inc., 286 F.3d 1137, 1143 (9th Cir. 2002).
We found that the notice was insufficient, except as to timeli-
ness, and that the claim was in error. We then explained:
“[b]ecause timeliness was the sole challenge raised in the
notice, it was reasonable to conclude that no action in
response to ONRC’s 60-day notice was required.” Id. Also,
echoing the Supreme Court’s concerns, we went on to state:

    Had ONRC’s notice specified its other theories,
    either Oregon or the EPA might well have decided
    that those theories had sufficient merit to call for
    agency action. Were we to exercise jurisdiction over
    such claims when they were not disclosed by the cit-
       CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5783
       izen suit notice, we would usurp the right of the
       applicable governmental agencies to evaluate and act
       upon the merits of the claims prior to judicial review.

Id. at 1144.

   Earlier on, when faced with a notice that did not list all of
the complaining parties, we declared that for purposes of an
action by those not listed, the notice was fatally insufficient.
Wash. Trout v. McCain Foods, Inc., 45 F.3d 1351, 1354-55
(9th Cir. 1995). We did so despite an assertion by the plain-
tiffs that the error was technical and we should not be overly
strict. Id. at 1354. We rejected that notion. Id. By the way, the
notice in that case also had a deficiency regarding dates, but
we did not address that. See id. at 1352.

   In short, the requirements set forth in 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a)
are not to be looked upon as mere technicalities to be
accepted with cold reserve and embraced with velleity. They
are to be taken seriously as a means of carrying out important
public policies. Our deviations from their precise language
have been minor.

   [5] When those authorities and their principles are used as
a yardstick, it is apparent that the notices in this case were not
sufficient to support district court jurisdiction. An analysis of
the notices will explain why that is so. The first of the notices
on June 30, 2003, declared that “Section 404 of the CWA”9
was being violated by activities that began June 17, 2003,
which activities were placing “enormous amounts of fill” into
the lake and were accompanied by grading below the ordinary
high water mark. The notice did not mention any claims under
§ 402 of the CWA,10 nor did it give any detail whatsoever
regarding just what “wetlands” were allegedly being affected
  9
   33 U.S.C. § 1344.
  10
    33 U.S.C. § 1342.
5784 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
or how.11 It also gave no other specific dates. The second of
the notices, dated July 17, 2003, is of the same ilk. It gives lit-
tle more detail about the activities regarding the lake itself and
no more detail regarding wetlands or § 402. Those notices are
questionable regarding § 404 violations and insufficient
regarding wetlands and any claimed § 402 violations.12

   [6] Moreover, long before any action was filed and, in fact,
before 60 days had gone by, the Corps issued its cease and
desist order on July 23, 2003, and all activity by Marina Point
regarding the lake stopped as it had to. That, in fact, is
reflected in the Center’s third notice, on August 8, 2003,
wherein it stated that the activities it complained of occurred
each day from June 17, 2003, through July 25, 2003.

   The third notice then goes on to claim violations in lan-
guage even less descriptive than that used in the prior notices.
It refers only to piles of material that were causing discharges
below the ordinary high water mark of the lake, and declares
that the situation could be made worse should it rain. As we
see it, that level of generality, again, is not really compatible
with the purposes of the notice requirements under the CWA.

   [7] But, even if it were sufficient in that regard, here again
the Corps stepped in to obviate and ameliorate any problems.
Just slightly over 60 days later and before commencement of
this action, the Corps issued its October 16, 2003, ICMO
authorizing and directing Marina Point to perform and com-
plete a number of corrective measures by December 1, 2003,
for the purpose of protecting the lake from the kinds of prob-
  11
      That is especially problematic here because it is doubtful that Marina
Point’s own land was itself wetlands at all. See, e.g., 33 C.F.R. § 330.3;
United States v. S. Inv. Co., 876 F.2d 606, 613 (8th Cir. 1989). The Corps
did not (and does not) think so. Marina Point could hardly have guessed
at what the Center was speaking about.
   12
      It is interesting to note that even in its complaint and in the ultimate
pretrial conference order in this action in the district court, there is no
mention of a § 402 claim.
     CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5785
lems alluded to by the August 8, 2003, notice. It is also nota-
ble that although the Corps’ ICMO was issued nine days after
the 60 days had expired, Marina Point had applied for permis-
sion to undertake that work on September 25, 2003, which
was before the 60 days had run. Of course, Marina Point
could not have been expected to actually begin correcting per-
ceived § 404 problems regarding the lake without obtaining
permission from the Corps. In short, as weak as it was, the
notice had done its job, if, indeed, the job was not being done
without the notice.

   That leaves the December 1, 2003, notice, which is, if any-
thing, even less informative and helpful than the earlier
notices. Principally, it asserts that Marina Point was going
forward without the coverage of the ICMO because that docu-
ment said that work was to cease by December 1, 2003. How-
ever, the Center was in error because, due to problems that
had developed, the Corps, after consultation with FWS,
extended the date to December 24, 2003. As it was, the work
ceased by December 17, 2003. It is difficult to see what
Marina Point was supposed to do about that portion of the
notice. Probably nothing. See Columbia Plywood, 286 F.3d at
1143. Beyond that, the Center indicated that it could not really
tell if the work was proceeding pursuant to the terms of the
ICMO. That, too, was hardly the kind of notice that the CWA
contemplates.

   [8] In fine, the notices were insufficient at their inception
regarding wetlands and possible § 402 violations, and to the
extent that they were sufficient, if barely so, as to possible
§ 404 violations, their efficacy was limited by prompt Corps
and Marina Point action. The district court did not have juris-
diction to hear the CWA action, and it should have dismissed
the action at the outset. Thus, in this respect the district
court’s judgment must fall for lack of jurisdiction, and must
be vacated.
5786 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
  II.     Endangered Species Act

   Plaintiffs were also required to give notice before bringing
an action under the ESA. See 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)(2). There
is no claim that the notice was not sufficient in that respect,
and it does appear to be proper. However, there is a different
problem here — mootness.

   [9] The ESA allows a citizen suit for the purpose of obtain-
ing injunctive relief only. Id. at (g)(1)(A). Of course, that is
forward looking, and is intended to prevent a defendant from
taking an endangered or threatened species. See id.
§ 1538(a)(1)(B); 50 C.F.R. §17.31. That means that a person
may not harass or harm a listed species. See 16 U.S.C.
§ 1532(19). Here, the claim was that Marina Point’s activities
and planned project would harass bald eagles by disrupting
their “normal behavioral patterns.” See 50 C.F.R. § 17.3.

   [10] The problem is that less than a year after the district
court’s judgment was issued13 and, of course, while this case
was still on appeal, the FWS delisted the bald eagle.14 There-
fore, whatever might have been the case previously, Marina
Point cannot violate the ESA regarding the bald eagle, regard-
less of any decision we render here.

   [11] As we explained in Council of Ins. Agents & Brokers
v. Molasky-Arman, 522 F.3d 925, 933 (9th Cir. 2008) (cita-
tions omitted):

           “To qualify as a case fit for federal-court adjudica-
        tion, an actual controversy must be extant at all
        stages of review, not merely at the time the com-
        plaint is filed.” “A claim is moot when the issues
  13
   The judgment was entered August 21, 2006.
  14
   See Endangered & Threatened Wildlife & Plants; Removing the Bald
Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered & Threatened
Wildlife, 72 Fed. Reg. 37,346 (July 9, 2007).
       CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5787
       presented are no longer live or the parties lack a
       legally cognizable interest in the outcome. The basic
       question is whether there exists a present contro-
       versy as to which effective relief can be granted.”

Because the bald eagle has been delisted, no present contro-
versy can remain.

   In Humane Society of the United States v. Kempthorne, 527
F.3d 181 (D.C. Cir. 2008), the Court of Appeals for the Dis-
trict of Columbia Circuit was faced with a similar situation.
In that case, while litigation regarding protection for the gray
wolf was on appeal, the wolf was removed from the endan-
gered species list. Id. at 182. That being so, the parties agreed
that the case had necessarily become moot, and the court
accepted that agreement. Id. The specific reason for that was
not explicated but, no doubt, it appeared obvious to all con-
cerned that there was no further work to be served by an
injunction. Cf. Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Norton, 254
F.3d 833, 837 n.4 (9th Cir. 2001) (stating that where suit
brought to force action regarding a frog, once the frog was
listed the case became moot).

   The same appears here. Now that the bald eagle has been
delisted, nothing we decide can properly give the Center the
relief it sought. If the district court erred, the injunction must
fall, but if the district court was correct, the injunction must
still fall because no activities by Marina Point could constitute
a take within the meaning of the ESA. In fact, in a letter to
this court, the Center has conceded mootness.

   [12] Thus, there is no further jurisdiction to proceed, and
the district court’s judgment under the ESA must be vacated.

                        OTHER ISSUES

  I.    Attorney Fees

  The district court awarded attorney fees to the Center and
against Marina Point on both the CWA and the ESA claims.
5788 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
It did not segregate the two. As explained below, segregation
is now required because the portion of the award based upon
the CWA must fall, while the portion based upon the ESA
must stand.

  A.   CWA

   [13] The CWA provides for an award of attorney fees “to
any prevailing or substantially prevailing party” when the
court deems that to be appropriate. 33 U.S.C. § 1365(d). As
we have already discussed, the district court was without sub-
ject matter jurisdiction over the CWA claim. Therefore, the
award of fees must fall to the extent that it is based upon that
claim.

  B.   ESA

   The ESA provides for an award of attorney fees “whenever
the court determines such award is appropriate.” 16 U.S.C.
§ 1540(g)(4). While that is not the typical prevailing party
language, it is apparent that it must be taken to mean and be
limited to an award of fees to parties who prevail. See Mar-
bled Murrelet v. Babbitt, 182 F.3d 1091, 1095 (9th Cir. 1999);
see also Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club, 463 U.S. 680, 693-94,
103 S. Ct. 3274, 3282, 77 L. Ed. 2d 938 (1983) (in a Clean
Air Act case, with the same language as that in the ESA,
absent “some degree of success on the merits” an award of
attorney fees is not “appropriate.”). Here, it could be argued
that the Center has not prevailed because the judgment of the
district court in its favor must be vacated as moot.

   [14] However, it cannot be gainsaid that until the date of
delisting, the judgment of the district court had the effect of
giving relief to the Center and protecting the bald eagle. In
short, the Center obtained a substantial and direct benefit from
that judgment. It is also plain that mootness alone does not
preclude an award of attorneys fees. See Richard S. v. Dep’t
     CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5789
of Developmental Servs. of State of Cal., 317 F.3d 1080,
1088-89 (9th Cir. 2003).

   In addition, the weight of authority strongly indicates that
when a matter becomes moot on appeal, the court will not,
and cannot, review the merits of the underlying dispute for the
purpose of determining whether an award of attorney fees was
proper. That is to say, although it can consider whether the
plaintiff prevailed at all, it cannot ask whether the district
court’s underlying decision on the merits was erroneous. See
Diamond v. Charles, 476 U.S. 54, 69-72, 106 S. Ct. 1697,
1707-08, 90 L. Ed. 2d 48 (1985) (holding that where plaintiff
prevailed but case became moot on appeal, there was no juris-
diction to consider the award of attorney fees against the
appealing intervenor); UFO Chuting of Hawaii, Inc. v. Smith,
508 F.3d 1189, 1196- 97 (9th Cir. 2007) (stating that if plain-
tiffs obtain direct benefit before case becomes moot, attorney
fees are proper); Cammermeyer v. Perry, 97 F.3d 1235, 1238
(9th Cir. 1996) (stating that “[t]he existence of an attorneys’
fees claim does not resuscitate an otherwise moot controver-
sy.”); Dahlem ex rel. Dahlem v. Bd. of Educ., 901 F.2d 1508,
1512 (10th Cir. 1990) (stating that once case becomes moot,
review does not involve considering whether district court
correctly decided the merits); Palmer v. City of Chicago, 806
F.2d 1316, 1321 (7th Cir. 1986) (assuming, but not deciding,
that a plaintiff who obtains some relief can obtain fees, even
if the case becomes moot.); Bishop v. Comm. on Prof’l Ethics
and Conduct, 686 F.2d 1278, 1290 (8th Cir. 1982) (stating
that where case has become moot after party obtains relief,
the court will decide if party prevailed “without regard to
whether we think the district court’s decision on the underly-
ing merits is correct.”); United States v. Ford, 650 F.2d 1141,
1144 n.1 (9th Cir. 1981) (stating that “there is no right to
review or redetermine any of the issues in the underlying
action solely for the purpose of deciding the attorney’s fee
question.”); Williams v. Alioto, 625 F.2d 845, 847-48 (9th Cir.
1980) (holding that where plaintiffs obtained some relief
before case became moot, on appeal, attorney fees were
5790 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
proper); Curtis v. Taylor, 625 F.2d 645, 648-49 (5th Cir.
1980) (stating “a claim for attorney’s fees . . . does not sal-
vage an otherwise moot case.”); Bagby v. Beal, 606 F.2d 411,
414 (3rd Cir. 1979) (declaring that when case had become
moot after plaintiff prevailed at district court level, appellate
court could not review the merits of the case to decide if fees
should have been awarded to plaintiff, that is, the court would
not do indirectly what it could not do directly).

   While the result of eschewing review of the merits of a
decision that has led to a substantial award of attorney fees
may be somewhat disquieting at times, we see no ultimately
principled and persuasive reason to deviate from the above
line of authority. We will, instead, adhere to the wide agree-
ment by appellate judges that they should not undertake to
delve into the details of a district court’s resolution of a con-
troversy that has since become moot in order to decide the
ancillary question of fees.

   [15] All of the above being true, the portion of the attorney
fee award based upon the ESA still stands.

  II.   Contempt

   [16] As we see it, the contempt order issued by the district
court was based upon a claimed violation of the terms of the
district court’s CWA judgment of August 21, 2006, but that
judgment must fall for lack of jurisdiction. Thus, whether the
contempt order expanded or merely explicated the judgment,15
that order must inexorably fall along with the judgment itself.16
  15
      See A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 284 F.3d 1091, 1098-99 (9th
Cir. 2002); Mayweathers v. Newland, 258 F.3d 930, 935 (9th Cir. 2001).
   16
      Were we required to consider the merits of that order, it would neces-
sarily have to be set aside. It is plain that no development on the project
site took place. And it is equally plain that Marina Point did not fail to take
measures directed by the Corps. In short, Marina Point cannot be said to
have violated the terms of the judgment at all, much less to have done so
contemptuously. That would also require setting aside the order, to the
extent, if any, that it was based, in part, on the ESA.
       CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5791
                             CONCLUSION

   The district court determined that Marina Point had vio-
lated the CWA and had either violated or would violate the
ESA. See Center I, 434 F. Supp. 2d at 795-98. However,
because it lacked jurisdiction over the CWA claims and
because the ESA claims have become moot, we vacate its
judgment and remand with directions to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction.

   Concomitantly, we reverse the contempt order. We also
vacate the award of attorney fees to the extent that it is based
upon the CWA and remand so that the district court can deter-
mine what portion of the attorney fee award was based upon
the ESA and reenter judgment as to that portion only.

   Judgment After Trial on the merits (No. 06-56193)
VACATED and REMANDED with instructions to dismiss
for mootness (ESA) and lack of jurisdiction (CWA).17 Order
of Contempt (No. 07-56574) REVERSED. Order Awarding
Attorneys Fees (No. 07-55243) VACATED and
REMANDED.


RYMER, Circuit Judge, concurring:

   I fully concur in Judge Fernandez’s amended opinion.1
  17
      The district court’s opinion is also vacated. See Center I, 434 F. Supp.
2d at 789.
   1
     I concur because I feel bound by UFO Chuting of Haw., Inc. v. Smith,
508 F.3d 1189 (9th Cir. 2007). In UFO, we said “when ‘a
party . . . achieves the objective of its suit by means of an injunction issued
by the district court[, it] is a prevailing party in that court, notwithstanding
the fact that the case becomes moot, through no acquiescence by the
defendant, while the order is on appeal.’ ” Id. at 1197 (quoting Dahlem v.
Bd. of Educ. of Denver Pub. Schs., 901 F.2d 1508, 1512 (10th Cir. 1990)).
UFO was decided after the Supreme Court’s decision in Sole v. Wyner,
551 U.S. 74, 127 S.Ct. 2188 (2007), so I take it the opinion said this advis-
edly. In my view, that language describes precisely the posture of this
case. Thus, I believe we, as a three-judge panel, are constrained to affirm.
5792 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
However, I do question the wisdom of case law compelling
us to uphold an award of attorney’s fees on the Center’s claim
under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) that became moot
on appeal.

   While fees attributable to the preliminary injunction the
Center achieved may be defensible on the footing that the
relief was, after all, not appealed and presumably protected
the bald eagle while it was in force, permanent relief was ulti-
mately not secured. It isn’t obvious that the party who
obtained preliminary relief, but loses it for whatever reason,
has nevertheless prevailed such that fees are appropriately
recoverable for all the work along the way. See Sole v. Wyner,
551 U.S. 74, 127 S.Ct. 2188 (2007).

   Here, permanent relief was not obtained. Although this is
because the Center’s ESA claim was mooted by de-listing of
the bald eagle, the fact remains that the Center ends the day
with no benefit. The injunction was dissolved, and “otherwise
undone” by our final decision in this case. Sole, 127 S.Ct. at
2195 (holding that prevailing party status “does not attend
achievement of a preliminary injunction that is reversed, dis-
solved, or otherwise undone by the final decision in the same
case”). At the same time, de-listing the bald eagle mooted
Marina Point’s appeal from the judgment, thereby depriving
it of an opportunity to challenge the merits of the court’s rul-
ing that it violated the ESA. Had it succeeded in this chal-
lenge, the Center would not be a prevailing party to whom
fees could be awarded.

   In these circumstances, why isn’t a case that is moot for
one purpose moot for all purposes? That is to say, if the ESA
claim is moot, as it now is, thereby preventing appellate
review of its merit, why shouldn’t the claim be moot as to
both the judgment and its collateral consequence — an award
of attorney’s fees? Why shouldn’t each be vacated as both
are, effectively, incontestable? See Alioto v. Williams, 450
      CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5793
U.S. 1012, 1012-14 (1981) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting from
denial of petition for a writ of certiorari).

   Thirty years ago the Supreme Court left the question open.
In Lewis v. Continental Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 483
(1990), it asked whether the plaintiff there could be deemed
a “prevailing party” in the district court even though its judg-
ment was mooted after being rendered but before the losing
party could challenge it on appeal — a question, the Court
noted, “of some difficulty.” It certainly is. Perhaps it is time,
and this is the case, for the question to be answered afresh.
Unfortunately, our panel is hamstrung from doing so disen-
tangled from precedent we are obliged to follow.



KLEINFELD, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part:

   I concur in all parts of the majority opinion except the por-
tion regarding the award of attorneys’ fees on the Endangered
Species Act claims. Because I would vacate the award of
attorneys’ fees on those claims, I respectfully dissent.

   The Center is not a “prevailing party” because we are
vacating the judgment on the Endangered Species Act claims,
which is the basis for the fee award. Since the Center is no
longer a prevailing party, we should also vacate the award of
attorneys’ fees. This is the appropriate course under the
Supreme Court’s decision in Lewis v. Continental Bank Corp.1
As the Court explained in Lewis, the “ordinary practice in dis-
posing of a case that has become moot on appeal is to vacate
the judgment with directions to dismiss.”2 The effect of an
order vacating a judgment on mootness grounds is to “deprive
[the plaintiff] of its claim for attorney’s fees . . . because such
  1
  494 U.S. 472 (1990).
  2
  Id. at 482 (citing Deakins v. Monaghan, 484 U.S. 193, 204 (1988);
United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U.S. 36, 39-40 (1950)).
5794 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
fees are available only to a party that ‘prevails’ by winning
the relief it seeks.”3 The Court did not follow this ordinary
practice in Lewis only because it remanded for further pro-
ceedings, having concluded that the plaintiff might have
“some residual claim” under the new statutory framework.4

   In our case, the de-listing of the bald eagle has not left any
“residual claims” that the Center could assert on remand.
Accordingly, this case is controlled by the “ordinary practice”
in Lewis for disposing of cases that have become moot on
appeal, which is to vacate the judgment with directions to dis-
miss.5 Under Lewis, we should vacate the fee award because
there is then no longer a valid judgment in favor of the Cen-
ter.

   It is true that until the date of de-listing, first the prelimi-
nary injunction, and then the permanent injunction, temporar-
ily gave the Center the relief it sought. Under the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Sole v. Wyner, this temporary vic-
tory does not make the Center a “prevailing party.”6 “Prevail-
ing party status, we hold, does not attend achievement of a
preliminary injunction that is reversed, dissolved, or other-
wise undone by the final decision in the same case.”7 The
Court rejected the district court’s method of analyzing the
plaintiff’s success in “phases,” instead emphasizing that the
  3
    Id. at 480 (citing Rhodes v. Stewart, 488 U.S. 1 (1988) (per curiam);
Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755 (1987)).
  4
    Id. at 482-83.
  5
    Id.; see also Karcher v. May, 484 U.S. 72, 82-83 (1987) (holding that
vacatur of a judgement is appropriate when review is “prevented through
happenstance,” such as when the controversy presented for review has
“become moot due to circumstances unattributable to any of the parties”);
Munsingwear, 340 U.S. at 40.
  6
    551 U.S. 74, 127 S. Ct. 2188 (2007).
  7
    Id. at 2195.
      CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5795
plaintiff “had gained no enduring ‘chang[e] [in] the legal rela-
tionship’ between herself and the state officials she sued.”8

   Here, it does not matter that the Center temporarily “pre-
vailed” during earlier phases of the litigation, because the
Center has not obtained any permanent relief. We are dissolv-
ing the permanent injunction, and the preliminary injunction’s
effect is “otherwise undone” by our decision in this case,
which will allow Marina Point to proceed.9 A “prevailing
party” must secure a “judicially sanctioned change in the legal
relationship between the parties.”10 Here, there is no enforce-
able “judgment” because we are vacating it. As in Sole, the
“victory” in effect while this appeal was pending is too
ephemeral to make the Center a prevailing party.11 It makes
no sense to award attorneys’ fees based on a “judgment” that
no longer exists (because we are vacating it), and that entitles
the party to no legally enforceable relief.

   I would distinguish our decision in UFO Chuting of
Hawaii, Inc. v. Smith to the extent it contains language sug-
gesting a contrary result.12 Both the facts and the procedural
posture of UFO Chuting differ materially from this case. In
UFO Chuting, the district court granted plaintiffs a permanent
injunction, which barred enforcement of a Hawaii law that the
court found to be preempted by federal law.13 After the
injunction was in effect, Congress changed the applicable fed-
eral law.14 Based on the intervening change in federal law, the
district court then stayed the permanent injunction and
  8
   Id. at 2196 (alterations in original).
  9
   See id. at 2195.
  10
     Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health &
Human Res., 532 U.S. 598, 600, 605 (2001).
  11
     See Sole, 127 S. Ct. at 2196; cf. Rhodes, 488 U.S. at 4.
  12
     508 F.3d 1189 (9th Cir. 2007).
  13
     Id. at 1191.
  14
     Id. at 1191-92.
5796 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT
vacated its prior judgment.15 On appeal, we affirmed the
denial of attorneys’ fees to the plaintiffs, not a grant of attor-
neys’ fees.16 We explained that entry of judgment in a party’s
favor “does not automatically render that party a ‘prevailing
party’ ” for the purpose of a fee award, because the plaintiff
must also show that the judgment “somehow affected the
behavior of the defendant towards the plaintiff.”17 We held
that the plaintiff’s temporary “victory” — securing entry of
the permanent injunction — was negated by the subsequent
change in the law upon which the plaintiff’s claims were
based.

   In UFO Chuting the district court did not err, and the
change in law that mooted out the appeal vindicated the injunc-
tion.18 In our case, by contrast, the district court did err, and
granted an injunction based on two things, an error in the
application of the Clean Water Act, and a judgment about the
Endangered Species Act vitiated by the regulatory change.
Since UFO Chuting did not cite Sole, I do not think it stands
as a Ninth Circuit interpretation of Sole that must be followed.19
In Sole, the plaintiffs actually got what they wanted, to dis-
play themselves naked on the beach, they just were denied the
right to do it again.20 The Supreme Court said their victory
was too “ephemeral” for prevailing party status.21

  A fortiori, the victory is too ephemeral here for prevailing
party status and attorneys’ fees, because the Center never won
what it wanted under the Endangered Species Act. It only got
  15
     Id. at 1192.
  16
     Id. at 1197-98.
  17
     Id. at 1197.
  18
     See id. at 1198.
  19
     Cf. Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 899-900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en
banc); see also Sentry Select Ins. Co. v. Royal Ins. Co. of Am., 481 F.3d
1208, 1218 (9th Cir. 2007).
  20
     127 S. Ct. at 2193-94.
  21
     Id. at 2195.
     CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL v. MARINA POINT DEVELOPMENT 5797
to delay development based on the now-moot Endangered
Species Act claims and the district court’s error on the Clean
Water Act claims.
