                 NUMBER 13-15-00184-CV

                 COURT OF APPEALS

          THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

            CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG



PROSPERITY ENERGY
CORPORATION,                                        Appellant,

                             v.

TERFAM FAMILY, LTD.
AND LAMBERT QUARTEY,                                Appellees.


           On appeal from the 93rd District Court
                of Hidalgo County, Texas.
                                 NUMBER 13-15-00234-CV

                                 COURT OF APPEALS

                     THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                        CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG



                  IN RE PROSPERITY ENERGY CORPORATION


                           On Petition for Writ of Mandamus.


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

   Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Longoria
             Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria1

        By petition for writ of mandamus and appeal, Prosperity Energy Corporation

(“Prosperity”) challenges an order denying its motion to transfer venue from Hidalgo

County to Denton County based on the mandatory venue provision concerning real

property and the statute allowing interlocutory appeals for venue determinations in any

case involving multiple plaintiffs. 2 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.011




        1 See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.8(d) (“When denying relief, the court may hand down an opinion but is not

required to do so. When granting relief, the court must hand down an opinion as in any other case.”); id.
R. 47.4 (distinguishing opinions and memorandum opinions).

        2  This appeal and original proceeding arise from trial court cause number C-1058-14-B in the 93rd
District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas, the Honorable Rudy Delgado presiding.
                                                    2
(West, Westlaw through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.); id. § 15.003(b) (West, Westlaw through Ch.

46 2015 R.S.). We conditionally grant Prosperity’s petition for writ of mandamus in cause

number 13-15-00234-CV and dismiss Prosperity’s appeal in cause number 13-15-00184-

CV.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       Terfam Family, Ltd. (“Terfam”) and Lambert Quartey brought suit against

Prosperity in Hidalgo County on grounds that Prosperity had failed to pay them amounts

due under Lease Fund Agreements (“Agreements”) and Addendums that they had

executed with Prosperity.     According to their original petition, the Agreements and

Addendums required Terfam and Quartey to each pay $157,500 to Prosperity and

Prosperity was to have repaid them those sums before May 1, 2013, but Prosperity “ha[d]

not made payment on the outstanding debts due to [them] pursuant to the terms” of the

Agreements. Terfam and Quartey alleged that venue was proper in Hidalgo County,

Texas because “a substantial part of the event or omissions” that formed the basis of the

suit occurred there. See id. § 15.002(a) (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.).

Terfam and Quartey sought damages of “over $500,000 but not more than $1,000,000.”

They also sought attorney’s fees, costs of suit, interest as provided by the Agreements

and Addendums, and “[s]uch other and further relief to which [they] may be justly entitled.”

       The Agreements, which are separate as to Terfam and Quartey but substantially

identical, state that the “parties are desirous of acquiring oil and gas leases in Denton

County, Texas.” The Agreements provide that Terfam and Quartey would each pay

Prosperity $157,500, which Prosperity would use to purchase 334 acres in the Whites


                                             3
Creek and Bolivar leases in Denton County. Prosperity would then “attempt” to sell the

leases acquired on the property on such terms as “deem[ed] appropriate,” provided that

the sales price for the leases would be sufficient to reimburse Terfam and Quartey for the

amounts due under the Agreements, $157,500, plus 10% interest, for a total amount of

$173,250.

       In addition to reimbursing Terfam and Quartey, Prosperity agreed to give them “in

the form of an oil and gas assignment a one percent (1%) working interest, based on a

(75%) net revenue lease.”      The Agreements state that the 1% working interest “is

considered remuneration for funding the Lease Fund Agreement” and specify that after

drilling certain wells, the one percent working interest would be subject to lease operating

expenses under a standard joint operating agreement. Prosperity would determine the

operator of the wells, and Terfam and Quartey would have the right of first refusal to

acquire an additional 1% working interest in the remaining wells to be drilled on the

property. The Agreements provide that when Terfam and Quartey fund the agreement,

the ensuing assignment of the leases would bear their names as “partial” owners. The

Agreements also contemplate the execution of assignments with regard to the property

and state that Terfam and Quartey would execute and deliver assignments regarding the

334 acres when Prosperity paid Terfam and Quartey $173,250 each. The unexecuted

form assignments, which were attached to the Agreements as exhibits, state that Terfam

and Quartey assigned or sold Prosperity an undivided 100% leasehold or working interest

in the “lands, and oil and gas leases described herein” and that Prosperity sold Terfam

and Quartey an “undivided 50% leasehold or working interest in the lands, and oil and


                                             4
gas leases.” The Agreements specifically provided that the relationship between the

parties would be “solely that of tenants-in-common.” The term of the Agreements was

“for one year or at the end of the Prosperity offering to investors whichever comes first.”

       The parties thereafter executed Addendums to the Agreements for the purpose of

clarifying and adding to the terms of the Agreements. The Addendums are also separate

but substantially identical.    Prosperity agreed to reimburse Terfam and Quartey

$157,500 plus ten percent per year from January 1, 2011 until paid, but not later than May

1, 2013. In addition to the 1% working interest in the four productive wells that had been

drilled in Denton County, Prosperity agreed to assign Terfam and Quartey an additional

1.5% working interest in those wells.            Prosperity agreed to begin immediate

reimbursement of the $157,500 upon execution of the Addendums. The Addendums

delineated further specific payment arrangements and amounts and specified that if

Prosperity had not paid the balance of the principal and interest on or before May 1, 2013,

the “default” date, then the interest charged would increase to 15% on the unpaid balance

of principal and Prosperity would assign an additional 0.50% working interest to Terfam

and Quartey on the first well drilled on the Whites Creek lease.

       Prosperity filed a motion to transfer the lawsuit to Denton County on grounds that

the Agreements granted Terfam and Quartey interests in oil and gas working interests

and net revenue lease interests for real property located in Denton County, thus making

the entire action subject to the mandatory venue provision pertaining to land. See id. §

15.011. Prosperity further argued that its principal office was located in Dallas County,

Texas, and that all relevant events pertaining to the suit had occurred there. See id. §


                                             5
15.002(a)(3). Prosperity supported its motion to transfer venue to Denton County with

an affidavit from Rick Parmer, the CEO of Prosperity, who stated in relevant part that:

       The purpose of the lease fund agreement was to acquire oil and gas leases
       in Denton County, Texas. In return, Plaintiffs were to be paid monies and
       be granted interests in the oil and gas leases to be acquired. I did not in
       my individual or representative capacity travel to or meet any representative
       of Plaintiffs in Hidalgo County, Texas. The negotiations with Plaintiffs were
       conducted in Dallas County, Texas. All other communications were done
       by phone or by email. No Prosperity representative including myself were
       ever in Hidalgo County, Texas when we communicated with any
       representative of Plaintiffs. Prosperity’s principal office is in Dallas County,
       Texas.

       By response to the motion to transfer venue, Terfam and Quartey alleged that they

did not seek to recover real property, but instead sought “only money damages under

breach of contract.” They further argued that the relevant events pertaining to the lawsuit

occurred in Hidalgo County and supported their response to the motion to transfer with

affidavits from Quartey and Onuwa Terry, the president of OMEE, LLC, a Texas Limited

Liability Company which is the general partner of Terfam. By affidavit, Terry testified that

Prosperity’s representatives solicited him to invest in their company through a phone call

to him when he was in McAllen, Texas, and that all negotiations with Prosperity occurred

in Hidalgo County.        Terry stated that the Addendum was entered “with the

understanding” that Prosperity would make payments required by the Addendum to

Terfam in McAllen, that “the agreement for payment was that payment was to be made

to Terfam in McAllen, Texas,” and Prosperity made three payments to Terfam by wire-

transfer to Terfam’s McAllen bank account.

       Quartey provided similar testimony.           Quartey asserted that Prosperity’s

representatives solicited him to invest in the company by a telephone call placed to him

                                              6
in McAllen, Texas, and that he never negotiated with Prosperity’s representatives

anywhere but Hidalgo County. Quartey asserted that he signed the Agreement and the

Addendum in McAllen, Texas. Quartey stated that the Addendum was entered “with the

understanding” that Prosperity would make payments required by the Addendum to

Quartey in McAllen, that “the agreement for payment was that payment was to be made

to me in McAllen, Texas,” and Prosperity made three payments to Quartey by wire-

transfer to Quartey’s McAllen bank account.

       Prosperity’s motion to transfer venue was set for hearing on June 25, 2014, but

was reset because the court reporter was absent. The motion to transfer was again set

for July 30, 2014, but the parties passed that hearing by agreement. The hearing was

reset for October 13, 2014. That day, counsel for Terfam and Quartey appeared for the

hearing, but counsel for Prosperity did not. On October 15, 2014, the trial court denied

Prosperity’s motion to transfer venue. Thereafter, Prosperity alleged that it had not

received notice of the October 13, 2014 hearing or the trial court’s order denying transfer.

The trial court concluded that Prosperity failed to receive notice and set aside and vacated

its order denying Prosperity’s motion to transfer venue.

       On November 18, 2014, Prosperity filed a first amended motion to transfer venue.

The amended motion reasserts the arguments made previously but also avers that

Terfam and Quartey had filed “affidavits of equitable title” to the working interests under

the agreements at issue in Denton County.             The affidavits, which are separate but

substantially identical, provide, in relevant part:

       4.     In accordance with the Lease Fund Agreement, [Terfam and
              Quartey] paid to Prosperity $157,500.00. [The] money was used to

                                               7
             purchase oil and gas leases which were supposed to have been
             purchased in [the name of Terfam and Quartey] so that [Terfam and
             Quartey] would own the oil and gas leases. Ownership was in the
             nature of a mortgage until [the] loan[s] [were] paid back to [Terfam
             and Quartey], at which time [Terfam and Quartey were] to execute
             an assignment of the interests back to Prosperity.

      5.     Prosperity apparently acquired the leases on the 334 acres but did
             not acquire the leases in [Terfam and Quartey’s] name[s] but,
             instead, acquired the leases in the name of Prosperity and never
             executed the assignment to [Terfam and Quartey] of Prosperity’s
             interest to secure the loan.

      6.     Prosperity has failed to reimburse [Terfam and Quartey] for the
             money which [Terfam and Quartey] provided to purchase the leases,
             and still owes [Terfam and Quartey each] in excess of $100,000.00.

      7.     [Terfam and Quartey are] therefore, filing [these] affidavit[s] to
             establish [Terfam and Quartey’s] equitable ownership interest in the
             leases, and [Terfam and Quartey are] entitled to have the leases
             assigned to [Terfam and Quartey] by Prosperity since [Terfam and
             Quartey are each] the owner[s] of an undivided 50% interest in the
             leases. . . .

      8.     By the filing of this affidavit, [Terfam and Quartey are] putting the
             public on notice that [Terfam and Quartey], rather than Prosperity,
             are the owners of the oil and gas leases on the 334 net mineral acres
             described in the exhibits attached hereto.

      On December 19, 2014, Prosperity filed a brief in the trial court in support of its

first amended motion to transfer venue. On December 24, 2014, Terfam and Quartey

filed a response to Prosperity’s brief in which they contended, inter alia, that they had

“already received their one percent working interests in wells and now seek to recover

the money that is owed them.” Terfam and Quartey asserted that:

      The Lease Fund Agreement also required the Defendant to acquire the oil
      and gas leases in the name of Plaintiffs as collateral for their loan and the
      Lease Fund Agreement provided the form to be used in assigning and
      reassigning the leases. Exhibit C to the Lease Fund Agreement was an
      assignment form where by Prosperity would have assigned to each Plaintiff

                                           8
      an undivided fifty percent of the leasehold or working interest in the lease.
      The Lease Fund Agreement also provided in paragraph seven that when
      Prosperity paid Plaintiff the $173,250 constituting a hundred percent of the
      required funds to be repaid by Prosperity that each Plaintiff would promptly,
      upon receipt of the moneys, execute and deliver to Prosperity an
      assignment of the leasehold interest and that form was Exhibit B to the
      Lease Fund Agreement. Prosperity never assigned any interest in the
      leasehold to each of the Plaintiffs and in addition never repaid Plaintiffs the
      money owed them. Consequently, each Plaintiff filed an affidavit in Denton
      County asserting their ownership interest in the leases so that Prosperity
      could not dispose of the leases and cut off the Plaintiffs[’] rights. If and
      when Prosperity ever pays each of the Plaintiffs the moneys that is owed to
      them, then the Plaintiffs will execute the assignment (Exhibit B) to the Lease
      Fund Agreement returning to Prosperity the Plaintiffs’ interest in the
      leasehold. However, this is not a part of this lawsuit. This suit is to collect
      the money that is owed but, it does not seek to recover any interest in real
      property.

      On March 11, 2015, counsel for Prosperity sent a letter to the trial court requesting

it to issue a ruling on Prosperity’s amended motion to transfer venue. On April 9, 2015,

the trial court denied the amended motion to transfer venue “having considered the

evidence and arguments of counsel.” This appeal and original proceeding ensued, and

these causes were consolidated for the purposes of briefing.

      By one issue, Prosperity asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in denying

Prosperity’s motion to transfer venue to Denton County. Prosperity asserts that the

present case for breach of the Agreements and Addendums has some effect on an

interest in real property because the Agreements define the relationship of the parties as

“tenants-in-common” and because Terfam and Quartey’s equitable title affidavits, which

were recorded in Denton County, state they own the Denton County oil and gas leases

as a result of Prosperity’s alleged breach. Terfam and Quartey filed a consolidated

response to the petition for writ of mandamus and appellee’s brief.


                                            9
                                               II. MANDAMUS

        The general rule is that a venue ruling is not a final judgment ripe for appeal. See

id. § 15.064(a) (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.); TEX. R. CIV. P. 87(6) (“There

shall be no interlocutory appeals from such determination.”).3 Section 15.0642 of the

civil practice and remedies code, however, provides for mandamus relief to enforce

certain mandatory venue provisions. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.0642

(West, Westlaw through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.); In re Transcon. Realty Investors, 271 S.W.3d

270, 271 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Tex. Dep’t of Transp., 218

S.W.3d 74, 76 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); In re Freestone Underground Storage, Inc.,

429 S.W.3d 110, 113 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, orig. proceeding). When a relator

seeks to enforce a mandatory venue provision, the relator is not required to prove that it

lacks an adequate appellate remedy and is only required to show that the trial court clearly

abused its discretion by failing to transfer the case. See In re Lopez, 372 S.W.3d 174,

176 (Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Mo. Pac. R.R., 998 S.W.2d 212,

215–16 (Tex. 1999) (orig. proceeding); In re Signorelli Co., 446 S.W.3d 470, 473 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, orig. proceeding). The only issue presented in such

cases is whether the trial court properly interpreted the mandatory venue provision. In

re Transcon. Realty Investors, 271 S.W.3d at 270; In re Tex. Ass’n of Sch. Bds., Inc., 169

S.W.3d 653, 656 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding).


        3 In a suit involving more than one plaintiff, however, we have interlocutory appellate jurisdiction to
review a trial court’s determination of whether “a plaintiff did or did not independently establish proper
venue.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.003(b)(1) (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.);
Ramirez v. Collier, Shannon, Scott, PLLC, 123 S.W.3d 43, 50 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet.
denied); see also Tex. Windstorm Ins. Ass’n v. Boyle, No. 01-13-00874-CV, 2014 WL 527574, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 6, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.); Shamoun & Norman, LLP v. Yarto Int’l Grp.,
LP, 398 S.W.3d 272, 286–87 & 286 n.18 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2012, pet. dism’d) (mem. op.).
                                                     10
                                 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In an original proceeding regarding the application of mandatory venue, the

appellate court reviews the trial court’s ruling on a motion to transfer for an abuse of

discretion. In re Applied Chem. Magnesias Corp., 206 S.W.3d 114, 117 (Tex. 2006)

(orig. proceeding); In re Signorelli Co., 446 S.W.3d at 473. A trial court has no discretion

in determining what the law is or in applying the law to the facts. See In re Mo. Pac. R.R.

Co., 998 S.W.2d at 216. A trial court abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so

arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law or if it

clearly fails to correctly analyze or apply the law. In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt., L.P., 164

S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Fort Bend Cnty., 278

S.W.3d 842, 843 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, orig. proceeding). In reviewing

a venue decision, the appellate court must conduct an independent review of the entire

record, including the trial on the merits if applicable, to determine whether any probative

evidence supports the trial court’s venue decision. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

ANN. § 15.064(b); Wilson v. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t, 886 S.W.2d 259, 261 (Tex. 1994).

                             IV. MOTION TO TRANSFER VENUE

       Venue may be proper in more than one county under the general, mandatory, or

permissive venue rules. See GeoChem Tech Corp. v. Verseckes, 962 S.W.2d 541, 544

(Tex. 1998). The plaintiff is given the first choice of the venue in which to file suit, but

upon challenge by the defense, bears the burden to prove venue is maintainable in that

county. TEX. R. CIV. P. 87(2)(a); In re Masonite Corp., 997 S.W.2d 194, 197 (Tex. 1999)

(orig. proceeding); GeoChem, 962 S.W.2d at 544          The plaintiff may file suit in any


                                            11
permissible county or, in the case of mandatory venue provisions, in the county mandated

by statute. Wilson, 886 S.W.2d at 260; Kshatrya v. Tex. Workforce Comm’n & Riddle

Techs., 97 S.W.3d 825, 830 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.).

       A defendant raises the question of proper venue by objecting to a plaintiff’s venue

choice through a motion to transfer venue. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 86. A defendant may

move to transfer venue on grounds that mandatory venue lies in a different county. Id.

R. 86(3)(b).   A party must establish mandatory venue by prima facie proof.               Id. R.

87(3)(c).   If a plaintiff’s chosen venue rests on a permissive venue statute and the

defendant files a meritorious motion to transfer based on a mandatory venue provision,

the trial court must grant the motion. Wichita Cnty. v. Hart, 917 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Tex.

1996); Spin Doctor Golf, Inc. v. Paymentech, L.P., 296 S.W.3d 354, 357 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2009, pet. dism’d); Morris v. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t, 226 S.W.3d 720, 723

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, no pet.).

                                        V. ANALYSIS

       Certain kinds of suits involving land must be filed in the county where all or part of

the property is located:

       Actions for recovery of real property or an estate or interest in real property,
       for partition of real property, to remove encumbrances from the title to real
       property, for recovery of damages to real property, or to quiet title to real
       property shall be brought in the county in which all or part of the property is
       located.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.011; see In re Applied Chem. Magnesias Corp.,

206 S.W.3d at 117; In re Signorelli Co., 446 S.W.3d at 473. Because of its mandatory

nature, we must strictly construe section 15.011 and will not hold that it applies unless the


                                             12
suit is clearly within one of the categories set out in the statute. In re Signorelli Co., 446

S.W.3d at 474; Cartwright v. Cologne Prod. Co., 182 S.W.3d 438, 448 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 2006, pet. denied); Maranatha Temple, Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 833

S.W.2d 736, 739 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied). However, if a

mandatory venue provision applies to any claims or causes of action, then all claims and

causes of action arising from the same transaction must be brought in the county of

mandatory venue. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.004 (West, Westlaw

through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.); In re Signorelli Co., 446 S.W.3d at 474; Airvantage, L.L.C. v.

TBAN Props. # 1, L.T.D., 269 S.W.3d 254, 257 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).

      Two venue facts must be established to show that venue is mandatory under

section 15.011: (1) that the nature of the suit fits within those listed in section 15.011;

and (2) that all or part of the realty at issue is located in the county where venue is sought.

In re Signorelli Co., 446 S.W.3d at 473; In re Lemons, 281 S.W.3d 643, 646 (Tex. App.—

Tyler 2009, orig. proceeding); Airvantage, L.L.C., 269 S.W.3d at 258; In re Stroud Oil

Props., Inc., 110 S.W.3d 18, 25 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, orig. proceeding). Oil and gas

leases are an interest in real property. See Yzaguirre v. KCS Res., Inc., 53 S.W.3d 368,

369 (Tex. 2001). It is undisputed that the Agreements and Addendums concern property

located in Denton County; thus, the sole issue herein is whether the suit falls within the

parameters of section 15.011.

      The Texas Supreme Court has directed us to look to the “essence” of a dispute to

determine whether it involves an interest in real property so as to invoke mandatory venue

under the statute.    See In re Applied Chem. Magnesias Corp., 206 S.W.3d at 119.


                                              13
Accordingly, we consider whether the “substance of the dispute” falls within the scope of

mandatory venue under the statute.        See Yzaguirre, 53 S.W.3d at 371.          Stated

otherwise, we examine “the heart of the controversy” and “the controlling issue” in the

case. Renwar Oil Corp. v. Lancaster, 276 S.W.2d 774, 776 (Tex. 1955).

      The “ultimate or dominant purpose” of a suit determines whether a particular suit

falls under a mandatory venue statute and not “how the cause of action is described by

the parties.” Bracewell v. Fair, 638 S.W.2d 612, 615 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1982, no writ); see In re Group 1 Realty, Inc., 441 S.W.3d 469, 473 (Tex. App.—El Paso

2014, orig. proceeding); In re Signorelli Co.., 446 S.W.3d at 474; In re City Nat’l Bank,

257 S.W.3d 452, 454 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2008, orig. proceeding); see also Renwar Oil

Corp., 276 S.W.2d at 776; Yzaguirre, 53 S.W.3d at 371.          The nature of the suit is

determined from the facts alleged in the plaintiff’s petition, the rights asserted, and the

relief sought. In re Signorelli Co, 446 S.W.3d at 474; In re Hardwick, 426 S.W.3d 151,

161 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, orig. proceeding); Airvantage L.L.C., 269

S.W.3d at 257; see also Renwar Oil Corp., 276 S.W.2d at 775. Thus, “mandatory venue

provisions may not be evaded merely by artful pleading.” In re Kerr, 293 S.W.3d 353,

359 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, orig. proceeding).

      Numerous cases have applied these tenets in analyzing the types of real property

suits that are subject to mandatory venue under section 15.011. See, e.g., In re Applied

Chem. Magnesias Corp., 206 S.W.3d at 119 (determining that mandatory venue applied

in a declaratory judgment action to determine rights under a letter agreement to mine

marble on land); Yzaguirre, 53 S.W.3d at 371 (concluding that mandatory venue did not


                                            14
apply where the substance of the dispute concerned the correct measure of royalties, that

is, the obligations that the lessee owed to the royalty owners under the terms of the

leases, rather than the boundaries of the leases or the percentage of the royalty owners’

royalties); Renwar Oil Corp., 276 S.W.2d at 774–75 (stating that mandatory venue applied

to a declaratory judgment action where the determination of royalty amounts required

resolving a dispute over lease boundaries); In re Signorelli Co., 446 S.W.3d at 474

(determining that mandatory venue applied in an action seeking rescission of purchase

agreement regarding land); In re Hardwick, 426 S.W.3d at 163 (concluding that

mandatory venue applied in an action for breach of contract and fiduciary duty where the

remedy sought included forfeiture of mineral interests); In re Lemons, 281 S.W.3d at 645

(determining that mandatory venue applied in a suit to impose a constructive trust on real

property); In re Freestone Underground Storage, Inc., 429 S.W.3d at 116 (stating that

mandatory venue applied in a case concerning the termination of a mineral lease); In re

Evolution Petroleum Co., 359 S.W.3d 710, 714 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, orig.

proceeding) (holding that mandatory venue applied where the essence of the dispute was

whether the primary term of a mineral lease had expired); Bracewell, 638 S.W.2d at 615

(determining that mandatory venue applied to a dispute regarding whether a mineral

lease had terminated).

      In the instant case, Terfam and Quartey’s original petition does not expressly invoke

issues regarding ownership of the disputed mineral interests and instead states that

Terfam and Quartey seek only monetary damages for breach of the Agreements. In fact,

Terfam and Quartey have expressly disavowed any intention of seeking an interest in real


                                            15
property in this lawsuit. In this regard, we note that the plaintiffs are the masters of their

suit regarding the claims and parties they choose to pursue. See In re Champion Indus.

Sales, LLC, 398 S.W.3d 812, 823 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2012, orig. proceeding);

Heard v. Moore, 101 S.W.3d 726, 728 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied); see

also Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Sys., Inc., 535 U.S. 826, 831 (2002).

The plaintiffs are free to tailor their pleadings to eschew those claims which would

mandate one forum instead of another forum for litigation of those well-pleaded claims.

In re Champion Indus. Sales, LLC, 398 S.W.3d at 823; see Holmes Group, Inc., 535 U.S.

at 831.

      However, we determine venue based on the pleadings, the motion to transfer and

the response, affidavits, and the discovery filed on the motion to transfer and the

response. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.064(a); TEX. R. CIV. P. 87(3)(b),

88.   Although Terfam and Quartey’s original petition eschews any relief other than

damages, their petition includes, as attachments, the Agreements, Addendums, and

Assignments.    The Agreements provide that the parties “contract and agree” to the

provisions of the Agreements because the parties are “desirous of acquiring oil and gas

leases in Denton County, Texas.” The Agreements state that Terfam and Quartey will

receive working interests in oil and gas leases as compensation for their investments.

The Agreements specify that Prosperity and Terfam and Quartey are “tenants in common”

regarding the oil and gas leases. A tenancy in common is an undivided possessory

interest in real property.   Dierschke v. Central Nat’l Branch of First Nat’l Bank, 876

S.W.2d 377 (Tex. App.—Austin 1994, no writ); Rittgers v. Rittgers, 802 S.W.2d 109 (Tex.


                                             16
App.—Corpus Christi 1990, writ denied). “Working interest owners” in the same mineral

leasehold estate are cotenants. See Willson v. Superior Oil Co., 274 S.W.2d 947, 950

(Tex. Civ. App.—Texarkana 1954, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The Assignments to the Agreements

contemplated the transfer of interests in property between the parties. The Addendums

provided that in the event of breach by Prosperity, Terfam and Quartey would receive

additional working interests in the leases.

      According to the evidence attached to Prosperity’s amended motion to transfer

venue, both Terfam and Quartey testified by the “affidavits of equitable title” filed in

Denton County that they are the “owners of the oil and gas leases on the 334 net mineral

acres” by virtue of Prosperity’s alleged breach of the Agreements. According to the

affidavits, they contend that under the Agreements with Prosperity, they were to have title

to the oil and gas leases purchased by Prosperity and their ownership was “in the nature

of a mortgage” until their loans were paid back. They averred that they filed the affidavits

to establish their “equitable ownership interest” in the leases and stated that they were

the “owners” of the leases. Suits pertaining to equitable title in land entail mandatory

venue based on that land.       See, e.g., In re Lemons, 281 S.W.3d at 647; Anglo

Exploration Corp. v. Grayshon, 576 S.W.2d 151, 154 (Tex. Civ. App.—Corpus Christi

1978, writ dismissed w.o.j.).

      If the scope of our review for a venue determination were limited to the four corners

of the plaintiffs’ petition, venue would be sustainable in Hidalgo County.       Moreover,

Terfam and Quartey can presumably limit the relief sought in their breach of contract case

to eliminate any issue pertaining to title. See, e.g., In re Champion Indus. Sales, LLC,


                                              17
398 S.W.3d at 823. However, the scope of our review in a venue determination is not

so limited, and the record evidence establishes that Terfam and Quartey claim ownership

to the oil and gas leases in Denton County which were the subject of the Agreements and

Addendums. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the “essence” or “substance” of

this dispute involves the title to the oil and gas leases specified in the Agreements.

Accordingly, the mandatory venue statute controls. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

ANN. § 15.011. We sustain Prosperity’s sole issue.

                                      VI. CONCLUSION

       Examining the pleadings and the record evidence, and considering the relevant

law pertaining to mandatory venue regarding an interest in land, we conclude that this

case falls within the parameters of section 15.011 of the civil practice and remedies code.

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 15.011. Accordingly, venue was mandatory in

Denton County. Thus, the trial court erred in denying Prosperity’s motion to transfer

venue of the case from Hidalgo County to Denton County.         We conditionally grant the

petition for writ of mandamus in cause number 13-15-00234-CV and direct the trial court

to vacate its order denying the transfer of venue and to transfer venue of this matter to

Denton County. The writ will issue only if the trial court fails to comply.

       Given our disposition of the original proceeding, Prosperity’s appeal in cause

number 13-15-00184-CV has been rendered moot. See In re Kellogg Brown & Root,

Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex. 2005) (“A case becomes moot if a controversy ceases

to exist between the parties at any stage of the legal proceedings . . .”); see also State

Bar of Tex. v. Gomez, 891 S.W.2d 243, 245 (Tex. 1994). Accordingly, we dismiss the


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appeal for want of jurisdiction. See Valley Baptist Med. Ctr. v. Gonzalez, 33 S.W.3d 821,

822 (Tex. 2000).




                                                NORA L. LONGORIA,
                                                JUSTICE


Delivered and filed the
29th day of June, 2015.




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