ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                              ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Bernice A. N. Corley                                 Gregory F. Zoeller
Ruth A. Johnson                                      Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                     Joseph Y. Ho
                                                     James B. Martin
                                                     Ellen H. Meilaender
                                                     Deputy Attorneys General

                                                                                     FILED
                                                     Indianapolis, Indiana


                                                                                   Nov 05 2012, 5:18 pm

                                           In the
                                                                                          CLERK
                        Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                                        of the supreme court,
                                                                                        court of appeals and
                                                                                               tax court




                                    No. 49S02-1204-CR-234

ELMER J. BAILEY,
                                                             Appellant (Defendant below),

                                                v.

STATE OF INDIANA,
                                                             Appellee (Plaintiff below).


              Appeal from the Marion Superior Court, No. 49G17-1101-FD-4920
                             The Honorable Clark Rogers, Judge


      On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 49A02-1106-CR-487



                                       November 5, 2012

Massa, Justice.


       When a husband shoves his wife and pokes her in the forehead repeatedly, causing her
pain, is that pain alone sufficient evidence to prove the “bodily injury” element of the husband’s
conviction for domestic battery? One panel of the Indiana Court of Appeals thought not, but we
disagree.
                                  Facts and Procedural History


       In 2011, Elmer and Farrenquai Bailey had been married for eleven years and in a
relationship for another nine years prior to that. On the evening of January 22, 2011, Elmer
came home from work and began drinking with Farrenquai. Each consumed about three beers.
Farrenquai testified that Elmer then began threatening her, calling her vulgar names, and “putting
his hands on [her].” Tr. at 7. He poked her repeatedly in the forehead with his finger, hard
enough to push her head back. Farrenquai testified that this contact caused her pain. She
eventually called the police, and Elmer left.


       The police arrived at the Baileys’ home, and while the officers were present, Elmer called
Farrenquai on her phone three times. Each time, the police spoke to him. After the police left,
Elmer returned to the house, shoving Farrenquai out of the way to get inside. She testified that
this shove hurt as well. He became verbally abusive again, and Farrenquai called the police a
second time.


       The police returned to the Baileys’ home, instructed Elmer to leave, and directed
Farrenquai to lock the door so that Elmer could not re-enter. Minutes after the police departed,
Elmer returned, and Farrenquai unlocked the door because she feared Elmer would kick it down
or break a window to get back in. Again, Elmer began verbally abusing Farrenquai and poking
her in the head, causing her pain. When Farrenquai called the police a third time, they returned
and again instructed Elmer to leave. Farrenquai then asked the officers, “How you going to keep
letting him just leave. And he’ll come back. What’s going to have to happen? Somebody going
to have to get hurt?” Tr. at 13. At that point, the officers arrested Elmer.




                                                  2
          Elmer was charged with battery and domestic battery, both as class A misdemeanors.1
Both charges were enhanced to class D felonies because Elmer had previously been convicted of
domestic battery against Farrenquai.2 At his bench trial, the only evidence put forth by the State
in support of either charge was Farrenquai’s testimony. Elmer denied putting his hands on
Farrenquai in any way and specifically denied poking her in the forehead and shoving her. The
judge found Elmer guilty of domestic battery and sentenced him to two years in prison.3


          Elmer appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed in an unpublished decision. Bailey v.
State, No. 49A02-1106-CR-487, 2012 WL 360735, slip op. at 9 (Ind. Ct. App. Feb. 3, 2012).
The court first held that, in order for Farrenquai to have suffered “bodily injury” sufficient to
justify Elmer’s conviction, her pain “must be sufficient to rise to a level of ‘impairment of
physical condition.’” Id. at 7 (quoting Ind. Code § 35-41-1-4 (2008) (recodified at § 35-31.5-2-
29) (2012)).4       It then found that Farrenquai’s testimony was insufficient evidence of this
requirement. Id. at 9.5


          Six days later, a different panel of the Court of Appeals presented a different view of
what level of pain constitutes “bodily injury” under Indiana’s criminal provisions, this time in a




1
    Ind. Code §§ 35-42-2-1(a)(1)(A) (2008 & Supp. 2011), -1.3(a)(1) (2008).
2
  See Ind. Code §§ 35-42-2-1(a)(2)(D), -1.3(b)(1)(A). The State and Elmer stipulated to the existence of
this prior conviction.
3
    The judge found him not guilty of battery on double jeopardy grounds.
4
 As we discuss later, the recodification made no substantive change to the statute, and so for the reader’s
benefit we cite to the current version of the statute through the remainder of this opinion.
5
 Because it found the evidence was insufficient to sustain Elmer’s conviction, the Court of Appeals did
not address the second issue of his appeal: the appropriateness of his sentence. Bailey, slip op. at 9 n.6.



                                                     3
published decision. Toney v. State, 961 N.E.2d 57, 59 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).6 Because “bodily
injury” is a concept that arises in a number of ways throughout Indiana’s criminal code, we
granted transfer in Bailey to clarify its meaning, thereby vacating the unpublished decision of the
Court of Appeals.7 Bailey v. State, 967 N.E.2d 1033 (Ind. 2012) (table); Ind. Appellate Rule
58(A).




            Farrenquai’s Testimony Was Sufficient to Sustain Elmer’s Conviction.


         Elmer first argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for domestic
battery. When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal
conviction, we neither reweigh the evidence nor assess the credibility of witnesses. Wright v.
State, 828 N.E.2d 904, 905–06 (Ind. 2005).               The evidence—even if conflicting—and all
reasonable inferences drawn from it are viewed in a light most favorable to the conviction. Rohr
v. State, 866 N.E.2d 242, 248 (Ind. 2007). “[W]e affirm if there is substantial evidence of
probative value supporting each element of the crime from which a reasonable trier of fact could
have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Davis v. State, 813 N.E.2d 1176,
1178 (Ind. 2004). A conviction can be sustained on only the uncorroborated testimony of a




6
  Toney’s burglary charge was enhanced to a class A felony because Toney grabbed a phone from the
victim’s hand, causing pain. See Toney, 961 N.E.2d at 58. The Toney panel, in rejecting Toney’s
challenge based on the sufficiency of the evidence, said that “[u]nfortunately for Toney, Indiana Code
section 35-41-1-14 (2004) defines ‘bodily injury’ as ‘any impairment of physical condition, including
physical pain.’” Id. at 59 (emphasis in original). Even though the victim suffered only “a fleeting or
momentary pain,” the court said, “the statutory definition of bodily injury is clear and unambiguous. It
contains no requirement that the pain be of any particular severity, nor does it require that the pain endure
for any particular length of time. It must simply be physical pain.” Id. (emphasis in original).
7
  We heard oral argument in this matter on June 19, 2012, in the Supreme Court courtroom. We
commend and thank counsel for both parties for their excellent advocacy.



                                                     4
single witness, even when that witness is the victim. Ferrell v. State, 565 N.E.2d 1070, 1072–73
(Ind. 1991).


        Indiana’s domestic battery statute provides that “[a] person who knowingly or
intentionally touches an individual who . . . is or was a spouse of the other person . . . in a rude,
insolent, or angry manner that results in bodily injury to the person . . . commits domestic
battery, a Class A misdemeanor.” Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.3(a)(1). The offense is elevated to a
class D felony if the accused has a prior domestic battery conviction. Ind. Code § 35-42-2-
1.3(b)(1).     A lesser-included offense for domestic battery is simple battery, a class B
misdemeanor which has only the elements that the accused “knowingly or intentionally touches
another person in a rude, insolent or angry manner.” Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(a). There is no
bodily injury requirement for simple battery.8 Bodily injury, in turn, is defined by statute as “any
impairment of physical condition, including physical pain.” Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-29.


        Elmer specifically argues that there was insufficient evidence that Farrenquai suffered
bodily injury as a result of the poking and shoving.9 Elmer acknowledges that Indiana courts




8
  If bodily injury results, however, the offense is elevated to a class A misdemeanor just as it was in
Elmer’s original charges. Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(a)(1)(A). “Bodily injury” also exists as an aspect of a
number of other criminal provisions. See, e.g., Ind. Code §§ 35-42-2-2 (2008) (element of criminal
recklessness), -3-3 (2008) (enhancement to criminal confinement), -5-1 (2008) (enhancement to robbery),
and Ind. Code §§ 35-43-1-1 (2008) (enhancement to arson and arson for hire), -2-1 (2008) (enhancement
to burglary), -4-2 (Supp. 2011) (enhancement to theft), and Ind. Code §§ 35-44.1-3-1 (2012)
(enhancement to resisting law enforcement), -3-4 (2012) (enhancement to escape), -4-7 (2012)
(enhancement to misleading a firefighter), and Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4 (2008) (enhancement to neglect of a
dependent).
9
  Though Elmer denied committing any of those acts at trial, on appeal he appears to concede that the
touching occurred: “the evidence presented does support the finding that Bailey touched Ms. Bailey in a
‘rude, insolent, or angry manner’ which would support the lesser included offense of battery as a Class B
misdemeanor.” Appellant’s Br. at 10. Still, the existence of the bodily injury element is critical to his
appeal because without it he could not be convicted of a class D felony under either the battery or
domestic battery statutes. His sentence would be, at most, for a class B misdemeanor.


                                                   5
have held that to find bodily injury, “it is enough that the evidence shows that a person
experienced physical pain, even if no permanent or lingering injuries were sustained.”
Appellant’s Br. at 9 (citing Mathis v. State, 859 N.E.2d 1275, 1281 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)). But he
argues that when compared to the facts of other cases addressing bodily injury, Farrenquai’s
testimony that it hurt when she was poked in the forehead and shoved was insufficient.


        The State, by its turn, argues that “[t]he law does not require the pain Farrenquai suffered
to be uncommon, excruciating, or extraordinary.” Appellee’s Br. at 5. Farrenquai’s testimony as
to the pain she felt from Elmer’s shoves and pokes is sufficient to sustain his conviction, the
State says, because “the language of the statute is clear—pain is bodily injury.” Appellee’s Br.
at 7.


        Thus, though Elmer’s argument sounds as one claiming the evidence was insufficient to
support the verdict, it has spurred a question of statutory interpretation with respect to Indiana
Code § 35-41-1-4’s definition of bodily injury.       Specifically, is pain alone—regardless of
severity or duration—sufficient to constitute an impairment of physical condition, or must the
pain first rise to some unstated level?


        The unpublished opinion of the Court of Appeals created just such a threshold
requirement by rejecting the premise that “any level of physical pain, no matter how slight and
fleeting, constitutes bodily injury.” Bailey, slip op. at 5. Rather, it concluded that “for physical
pain to constitute bodily injury for purposes of Indiana Code Section 35-41-1-4, the physical
pain must be sufficient to rise to a level of ‘impairment of physical condition.’” Bailey, slip op.
at 7. It did not dispute that Farrenquai suffered pain as a result of Elmer’s conduct, but compared
Elmer’s conduct (and the resulting effects on Farrenquai) with the conduct of the defendants in
other “bodily injury” cases and the resulting effects on those victims.          After finding the
defendants’ conduct in those other cases resulted in a comparatively higher degree of injury to
their respective victims, the Court of Appeals weighed Farrenquai’s pain, measured it, and found
it wanting.

                                                 6
       We think this is the wrong approach. Nothing in our prior treatment of this statute
implies such a hurdle, despite the facts of the particular cases. Rather, our prior treatment
establishes a structure that mirrors statutes from other states and the Model Penal Code by
creating a very low threshold for “bodily injury” while maintaining a much more rigorous
standard for “serious bodily injury.”


       A. Under Our Precedent, Any Physical Pain is Enough to Constitute Bodily Injury.

       We begin just a few years after the bodily injury statute was enacted, with our decision in
Rogers v. State, 272 Ind. 65, 396 N.E.2d 348 (1979). Rogers and several accomplices robbed a
store in Evansville, Indiana. In the process, Rogers knocked a patron down and kicked him,
causing bruises to the patron’s head and ribs. For this conduct, Rogers was charged with robbery
resulting in bodily injury. The bodily injury enhancement upgraded the base robbery charge, a
class C felony with a five-year sentence, to a class A felony with a thirty-year sentence.
Rogers’s appeal challenged the bodily injury definition as being unconstitutionally vague. We
rejected this challenge, saying

               We can think of no phenomenon of more common experience and
               understanding than the concepts of “bodily injury” and “physical
               pain.” Likewise, we do not find the concept of “impairment of
               physical condition” to be so esoteric as to avoid a consensus of
               meaning among persons of common intelligence.

Id. at 70, 396 N.E.2d at 352 (emphasis added).10




10
  We also rejected a challenge that a sentence based on the enhancement was cruel and unusual
punishment, in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Rogers, 272 Ind. at 69, 396 N.E.2d at 351.



                                                7
          Next we decided Lewis v. State, 438 N.E.2d 289 (Ind. 1982), a case involving the
attempted rape of a woman on her way to work. Lewis lured the victim into his car, took her to
his mobile home, and dragged her inside. Once there, he sexually assaulted her, including
slapping and shoving her several times. A jury found him not guilty of attempted rape but guilty
of the lesser-included offense of battery with bodily injury. The bodily injury enhancement
elevated the offense to a class A misdemeanor.


          Lewis appealed, arguing that there was no evidence of bodily injury. We affirmed,
noting that the victim was dragged from the car, slapped, and shoved. This was enough, we said,
for the jury to infer that the victim suffered physical pain because “[i]t is not necessary that some
physical trauma to the body be shown. It is sufficient that the victim experienced physical pain
by Defendant’s action.” Id. at 294 (emphasis added).


          And in 1988 we decided Gebhart v. State, 525 N.E.2d 603 (Ind. 1988), in which a charge
of burglary was elevated to a class A felony because it resulted in bodily injury. Gebhart had
been in the process of burglarizing a home when the homeowner and a friend entered; an
altercation ensued, and the friend hit his head on a concrete porch. A jury found Gebhart guilty
of the elevated burglary charge. On appeal, Gebhart argued that the evidence was insufficient to
sustain a conviction on that charge because there was no bodily injury.


          Again we affirmed, pointing out that though the victim did not need medical treatment,
he did suffer a headache for several days and physical pain. This was sufficient to support the
jury’s finding because “[m]edical treatment, bloodshed or visible wounds are not necessary to a
finding of bodily injury. The degree of injury is a question of fact for the jury.” Id. at 604. “The
statutory definition of bodily injury includes any injury causing physical pain.” Id. (emphasis
added).


          From this one can see that, despite our prior cases all seeming to have higher levels of
injury to the victims, we have never said a particular level of pain is required in order to rise to

                                                 8
the level of impairment of physical condition and thus satisfy the definition of bodily injury.
Rather, we think the proper reading of Indiana’s statute, and those cases, is that physical pain is
an impairment of physical condition.11


        B. Our Application Comports With That of Other States.


        We find further support for our interpretation in a comparison of our statutes to the laws
of other states. From this comparison, we find that states codifying a definition of bodily injury
(or bodily harm, physical injury, or some similar phrase) fall primarily into two camps: those
whose statutes make clear that any level of pain can constitute bodily injury, and those whose
statutes are explicit in that pain must rise to a particular threshold before satisfying the definition
of bodily injury. While Indiana’s statute falls somewhere in between, our application has clearly
been in line with those states in the first camp.


                1. Camp One: Any Pain Is “Bodily Injury”

        The first camp consists of those states in which the statutory language clearly shows that
pain alone (of any grade) can constitute a bodily injury distinct from physical impairment. See
Alaska Stat. § 11.81.900(b)(46) (2010) (“‘physical injury’ means a physical pain or an
impairment of physical condition”); Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-1-901(3)(c) (2011) (“‘Bodily injury’
means physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical or mental condition.”); Conn. Gen.
Stat. § 53A-3(3) (2007 & Supp. 2012) (“‘Physical injury’ means impairment of physical




11
  Nor is our interpretation new. See Hanic v. State, 406 N.E.2d 335, 338 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980) (“With the
above statutory construction guidelines in mind, we emphasize that Ind. Code § 35-41-1-2, supra,
defining bodily injury, uses the language ‘any physical impairment.’ . . . Within the same statute, it can
reasonably be construed that the clause ‘including physical pain’ modifies impairment. That is, bodily
injury includes any physical impairment, and physical pain is considered a physical impairment under the
statute.” (second emphasis added)).



                                                    9
condition or pain”); Haw. Rev. Stat. § 707-700 (1993) (“‘Bodily injury’ means physical pain,
illness, or any impairment of physical condition.”); Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, § 2(5) (2006 &
Supp. 2011) (“‘Bodily injury’ means physical pain, physical illness or any impairment of
physical condition.”); Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 7 (2009 & Supp. 2012) (“‘Bodily harm’ means
physical pain or injury, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.”); Mont. Code Ann.
§ 45-2-101(5) (2011) (“‘Bodily injury’ means physical pain, illness, or an impairment of
physical condition and includes mental illness or impairment.”); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-109(4)
(2008) (“Bodily injury shall mean physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical
condition”); N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:11-1(a) (2005) (“‘Bodily injury’ means physical pain, illness or
any impairment of physical condition”); R.I. Gen. Laws § 12-29-3(b)(1)(iii) (2002) (“‘Bodily
injury’ means physical pain, illness, or an impairment of physical condition”); Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 39-11-106(a)(2) (2010 & Supp. 2011) (“‘Bodily injury’ includes a cut, abrasion, bruise, burn or
disfigurement, and physical pain or temporary illness or impairment of the function of a bodily
member, organ, or mental faculty”); Texas Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(8) (2011 & Supp. 2012)
(“‘Bodily injury’ means physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.”); Utah
Code Ann. § 76-1-601(3) (2008) (“‘Bodily injury’ means physical pain, illness, or any
impairment of physical condition.”); Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 1021(1) (2009) (“‘Bodily injury’
means physical pain, illness or any impairment of physical condition.”); Wash. Rev. Code
§ 9A.04.110(4)(a) (2009 & Supp. 2012) (“‘Bodily injury,’ ‘physical injury,’ or ‘bodily harm’
means physical pain or injury, illness, or an impairment of physical condition”); Wis. Stat.
§ 939.22(4) (2005 & Supp. 2012) (“‘Bodily harm’ means physical pain or injury, illness, or any
impairment of physical condition.”); Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 6-1-104(a)(i) (2011) (“‘Bodily injury’
means physical pain, illness or any impairment of physical condition”).


       The common-sense reading of these broadly phrased statutes is that physical pain is a
stand-alone qualification for bodily injury—distinct from impairment of physical condition. Cf.
State v. Johnson, 152 N.W.2d 768, 773 (Minn. 1967) (“While there was no proof of permanent
or serious injury, certainly the jury could find that the victim suffered physical pain, which is all
the statute requires.”); State v. Melton, 477 N.W.2d 154, 156 (Neb. 1991) (“Physical pain is a


                                                 10
bodily injury as defined by Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-109(4) (Reissue 1989).”); Morales v. State, 293
S.W.3d 901, 907 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“This ‘purposefully broad’ definition of ‘bodily
injury’ includes physical pain from ‘even relatively minor physical contacts so long as they
constitute more than a mere offensive touching.’” (quoting Wawrykow v. State, 866 S.W.2d 87,
89 (Tex. App. 1993)). Plainly, courts in those states think the same.


        These states’ statutes also parallel language included in the Model Penal Code’s assault
provision, which incorporates the common law crimes of both assault and battery into “a single
integrated provision,” wherein grading of the offense is done only “according to the gravity of
harm intended or caused and the dangerousness of the means used.”12 Model Penal Code
§ 211.1 cmt. 2 (1980). The provision identifies two categories of resulting harm: bodily injury
and serious bodily injury. See Model Penal Code § 211.1(1), (2) (simple assault and aggravated
assault).


        Bodily injury is defined as “physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical
condition,” Model Penal Code § 210.0(2), and “includes more than the consequences of direct
attack. It also covers pain, illness, or physical impairment caused indirectly . . . .” Model Penal
Code § 211.1 cmt. 3.13 The minimum floor, as it were, is simply “the fact or prospect of physical
injury.” Model Penal Code § 211.1 cmt. 2. “Mere offensive contact” and “wrongs based solely
upon insult or emotional trauma” are excluded because they can be punished under other




12
  In Indiana, unlike many states, assault no longer exists as a separate statutory crime. Rather, it is
conceptually subsumed under the general attempt statute as applied to an offense of battery. See
generally Henderson v. State, 534 N.E.2d 1105, 1108 (Ind. 1989) (discussing Criminal Law Study
Commission’s commentary on redundancy of separate assault statute).
13
  The MPC definition was, in fact, drawn from the statutory definition of bodily injury used by
Wisconsin. See Model Penal Code § 211.1 cmt. 3 n.58.



                                                  11
substantive provisions, and “[t]he principle thrust of Section 211.1 is to reach the infliction of
physical injury.” Model Penal Code § 211.1 cmts. 2–3.


       “[S]erious bodily injury,” by contrast, is reserved for “[p]hysical harm of special
gravity.” Model Penal Code § 211.1 cmt. 3. It encompasses bodily injury of such high degree
that it “creates a substantial risk of death or . . . causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or
protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” Id. (quoting
Model Penal Code § 210.0(3)).       Accordingly, the Model Penal Code recommends only a
misdemeanor for conduct resulting in bodily injury, but a felony for conduct resulting in serious
bodily injury. “This differential is appropriate in light of the very broad coverage achieved
under the lesser requirement and the extreme gravity of injury punished under the greater.” Id.
(emphasis added).


       As we see it, Indiana uses a similar two-tier grading structure for batteries that result in
physical injury. The top tier is reserved for that extreme conduct falling within the statutory
definition of serious bodily injury. See Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-292 (2012) (“‘Serious bodily
injury’ means bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes: (1) serious
permanent disfigurement; (2) unconsciousness; (3) extreme pain; (4) permanent or protracted
loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member or organ; or (5) loss of a fetus.”) and Ind.
Code § 35-42-2-1(a)(3) (class C felony when battery results in serious bodily injury); see also
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.5 (2008) (aggravated battery requires proof that person “knowingly or
intentionally inflicts injury” creating “a substantial risk of death or caus[ing] (1) serious




                                                12
permanent disfigurement; (2) protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member
or organ; or (3) the loss of a fetus”).14


        Any other battery resulting in physical injury must fall into a lower tier that is necessarily
much broader. Thus, while Indiana’s statutory text does not directly mirror the language of these
states’ provisions or the Model Penal Code (and there is no apparent explanation for the
particular language chosen by the General Assembly, nor for its variance), our interpretation
creates a similar application.15


                2. Camp Two: Only “Substantial” Pain Is “Physical Injury”

        Examination of the second camp of states—those in which physical pain can only
constitute bodily injury if it crosses a given threshold of severity—reinforces our conclusion. In
these statutory provisions, the required threshold is stated clearly and unequivocally by the
elected bodies of those states. See, e.g., Ala. Code § 13A-1-2(12) (2005) (“Physical Injury.
Impairment of physical condition or substantial pain.”); Ark. Code Ann. § 5-1-102(14) (2006 &




14
  This same tiered structure can also be found in a number of the other statutory schemes we detailed in
footnote 8, supra, that rely on bodily injury as an element or an enhancement.
15
  And there is nothing in the language the General Assembly selected that is so singularly significant as to
overcome our conclusion that we (ultimately) use the same approach as both the Model Penal Code and
the states we cite above.

         We found only one state—North Dakota—that has a statutory definition of bodily injury phrased
like our own. See N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-01-04(4) (2012). And North Dakota’s courts also interpret
their statute to mean that physical pain, and nothing more, is sufficient to prove bodily injury—with no
requirement that the pain rise to a particular grade or severity. See, e.g., State v. Morales, 673 N.W.2d
250, 256–57 (N.D. 2004) (defendant guilty of simple assault on police officer, of which bodily injury is
an element, when State showed defendant “willfully engaged in activity resulting in physical pain to one
or more of the officers” by testimony that defendant threw coffee mug at officer, causing some undefined
amount of pain); see also Simons v. State Dep’t of Human Servs., 803 N.W.2d 587, 593 (N.D. 2011)
(reaffirming that Morales held physical pain alone satisfies definition of bodily injury).



                                                    13
Supp. 2011) (“‘Physical injury’ means the: (A) Impairment of physical condition; (B) Infliction
of substantial pain; or (C) Infliction of bruising, swelling, or a visible mark associated with a
physical trauma”); Cal. Penal Code § 243(f)(5) (2008 & Supp. 2012) (“‘Injury’ means any
physical injury which requires professional medical treatment.”); Del. Code Ann. tit. 9, § 920(8)
(2011) (“‘Physical injury’ shall mean impairment of physical condition or substantial pain.”);
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 500.080(13) (2008) (“‘Physical injury’ means substantial physical pain or
any impairment of physical condition”); Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law, § 3-203(c)(1) (2012)
(“‘physical injury’ means any impairment of physical condition, excluding minor injuries.”);
N.Y. Penal Law § 10.00(9) (2009) (“‘Physical injury’ means impairment of physical condition or
substantial pain.”); Or. Rev. Stat. § 161.015(7) (2012) (“‘Physical injury’ means impairment of
physical condition or substantial pain.”); W. Va. Code § 61-2-9a(f)(1) (2010) (“‘Bodily injury’
means substantial physical pain, illness or any impairment of physical condition”) (emphasis
added in all). Such express language is absent from Indiana’s definition.


       On that note, it is significant that the definition of bodily injury has been on the books in
Indiana for more than thirty-five years. See Act of February 25, 1976, P.L. 148-1976, § 1, 1976
Ind. Acts 719. And though the General Assembly recodified the definition in 1983 (and despite
our extensive treatment of it in the broad fashion we describe above), the definition itself has
never been modified or substantively amended. Compare id., with Ind. Code § 35-41-1-4; see
also Act of April 22, 1983, P.L. 311-1983, § 5, 1983 Ind. Acts 1886.16 Certainly, had the
General Assembly disapproved of our approach and desired to create a threshold standard for
physical pain, it could have done so. In the absence of such a change, we think it fair to infer a
persuasive degree of legislative acquiescence with respect to our approach, cf. Ind. Bell Tel. Co.




16
  Effective July 1, 2012, this provision was recodified again to Indiana Code § 35-31.5-2-29, but the
definition remains the same. See Act of March 19, 2012, P.L. 114-2012, § 67, 2012 Ind. Acts 1766.



                                                 14
v. Ind. Util. Regulatory Comm’n, 715 N.E.2d 351, 358 (Ind. 1999), though certainly the
legislature may still opt to draw this very distinction in the future.


        But for now, our decisions create a logical and definable mechanism with which to apply
the fact of a victim’s pain in the context of criminal charges that turn on the existence and
severity of bodily injury.


        C. Bright Line Preferred


        Our holding today settles a question of statutory interpretation about which reasonable
minds can differ. We choose this approach, in part, because we believe the alternative—
requiring physical pain to rise to a particular level of severity before it constitutes an impairment
of physical condition—could bring uncertainty to our relatively straightforward statutory
structure.17 Indeed, the holding below does not define the level of pain needed to support the
enhancement; instead, it surveys other Indiana cases where the pain was more obviously severe
and finds Farrenquai’s lacking in comparison. Bailey, slip op. at 8–9. We think engaging in a
case-by-case comparison to determine whether a victim’s pain is sufficiently significant creates
unnecessary challenges not required by the statute.


        First, it could unfairly discount the suffering of certain victims who may have a lower
pain tolerance than others, which runs counter to the long-standing rule of both criminal and tort




17
   We acknowledge that there is no bright-line test to distinguish between pain and extreme pain—
between bodily injury and serious bodily injury. Mendenhall v. State, 963 N.E.2d 553, 569 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012), trans. denied (citing Davis v. State, 813 N.E.2d 1176, 1178 (Ind. 2004)). Nevertheless, we agree
with the Court of Appeals in Vaillancourt v. State, when it held that “the term ‘extreme pain’ is not one
which persons of average intelligence cannot understand.” 695 N.E.2d 606, 610 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998),
trans. denied. And at least we can now provide one bright-line test for bodily injury: there either is
physical pain or there is not.



                                                   15
law that a defendant takes his victim as he finds him. See Defries v. State, 264 Ind. 233, 244–45,
342 N.E.2d 622, 630 (1976) (“On the other hand, if one throws a piece of chalk at the legendary
victim with an eggshell skull, and the chalk strikes the victim and fractures his skull, the
perpetrator would be guilty under our statute even though he did not intend to do great bodily
harm.”); cf. Alexander v. Scheid, 726 N.E.2d 272, 284 (Ind. 2000) (defendant liable for
“aggravation or exacerbation of a current injury”). Though they may have a greater sensitivity to
pain, these individuals are no less victims than someone who may be more tolerant.


        Second, it excuses from punishment conduct that is covered under the language of the
statute. Though we construe criminal statutes strictly against the State, “a statute should not be
overly narrowed so as to exclude cases fairly covered by it and should be interpreted so as to
give efficient operation to the expressed intent of the legislature.” State v. Bigbee, 260 Ind. 90,
93, 292 N.E.2d 609, 611 (1973). Following the Bailey panel’s approach could create a gap in
which some batterers inflict pain—up to an undefined degree—and face only a B misdemeanor.
We do not believe this was what the General Assembly intended.


       Nor does our approach read “impairment of physical condition” out of the statutory
definition or render it superfluous. See Bailey, slip op. at 6. Instead, if one reasonably considers
an “ideal” physical condition as that of an uninjured, healthy, pain-free, and unencumbered
person, then physical pain would necessarily impair that physical condition—maybe in only a
small way, but the statute expressly says “any impairment of physical condition.” Ind. Code
§ 35-41-1-4 (emphasis added). It does not require that the impairment be significant or severe.


       We do acknowledge that our approach—that a defendant commits a battery at his peril;
that any degree of physical pain may constitute a bodily injury and thus enhance punishment—
may raise the specter of witness coaching, whereby a victim is encouraged to say “it hurt” when,
in actuality, it did not. Or that a victim may simply claim pain to enhance a charge against a
defendant—a particular danger in the arena of domestic violence, where there often can only be
two witnesses (the accused and the accuser), the disputes are emotionally charged and deeply

                                                16
personal, and trials can thus literally boil down to a heated “he said/she said.” But those are
challenges of witness credibility, not statutory construction, and they are not new to criminal
litigation.    They are largely addressed through zealous advocacy and effective cross-
examination.


        Here, Farrenquai testified that she was shoved and repeatedly poked in the forehead and
that each of these acts caused her pain. Her testimony was not uncontroverted. For one thing,
Elmer denied putting his hands on Farrenquai in any way, creating a clear conflict between two
witnesses. Furthermore, Farrenquai also testified that she asked the responding officers (after the
pushing and poking) if someone was going to have to get hurt before they arrested Elmer,
creating a potential inference that she had not been hurt before that point. Finally, Farrenquai
testified that both she and Elmer had been drinking that night, which might lead to the inference
that neither witness had a full and clear memory of the events.


        Weighing it all, Judge Rogers chose to believe Farrenquai’s testimony that Elmer both
battered her and the battery caused her physical pain. As we said above, under review for
sufficiency of the evidence we will not reweigh evidence—even if conflicting—and we will
leave undisturbed a trier of fact’s assessment of witness credibility. Here, when viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to his conviction, there is substantial and sufficient evidence
of probative value that Elmer shoved Farrenquai and poked her in the forehead several times,
causing her pain.




                        Elmer’s Two-Year Sentence Was Appropriate.


        Elmer also appeals the appropriateness of his two-year sentence. This court has the
power to review and revise a criminal sentence when it is “inappropriate in light of the nature of
the offense and the character of the offender.” Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B); see also Ind. Const. art.
7, § 4. On transfer, Elmer points out that his sentence might be served by mid-April 2012.

                                                17
       Regardless, Elmer battered Farrenquai while still on probation for a similar offense. He
also has a lengthy criminal history that includes eleven prior adult convictions. His two-year
sentence was thus appropriate.




                                         Conclusion


       We therefore affirm Elmer Bailey’s conviction and sentence.


Dickson, C.J., Rucker, and David, JJ., concur.




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