                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                         ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              SEPT 06, 2006
                               No. 06-10590                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                         ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 05-00844-CV-CAM-1

SUBODHCHANDRA T. PATEL,


                                                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                    versus

MR. MCCALL, Officer, Cobb County Jail,
SHERIFF BILL HUTSON, Cobb County,
JOHN DOE, Chairman, Cobb County Board of
Commissioners,
HONORABLE R.E. FLOURNOY, III,
All above jointly and severally individually
and in their official capacities,


                                                          Defendants-Appellees.

                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Northern District of Georgia
                       _________________________

                             (September 6, 2006)
Before BIRCH, DUBINA and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Subodhchandra T. Patel, a pro se Georgia prisoner, appeals the denial by the

district court of his multiple motions for sanctioning fees and costs filed pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1927, 1919, 1920, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, and Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 54. Because we lack jurisdiction to review anything but the district

court’s 22 December 2005 order and because we find no abuse of discretion in the

district court’s conclusion that the record fails to support a finding of bad faith on

the part of the defendants’ counsel, we AFFIRM.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      Patel filed a pro se civil rights complaint in state court against defendants-

appellees, Cobb County Jail Officer McCall, Cobb County Sheriff Bill Hutson,

Cobb County Board of Commissioners Chairman, and the Honorable R.E.

Flournoy, III, seeking recovery for alleged violations of numerous federal statutes,

including 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The appellees removed Patel’s case to federal court

on the ground that his lawsuit alleged violation of rights protected by the

Constitution. The notice stated that the appellees had “given written notice” to

Patel, “filed a written notice with the Clerk of the Superior Court of Cobb County,”




                                           2
and had “contacted counsel for the State defendant [the Honorable R.E. Flournoy

III], and the State does not object to the removal.” R1-1 at 2.

      Patel “object[ed],” arguing, inter alia, that: (1) the notice of removal

contained untruthful statements; (2) there was no documented confirmation of the

state’s consent to removal; and (3) the defendants were using the removal process

to harass him and frustrate the litigation of his case. R1-6 at 2. 6. 10-11. The

appellees responded that Patel had directly referred to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, along

with other federal statutes, in his complaint and that he had set forth no legal basis

precluding removal. Patel then filed a motion for remand, in which he argued that

his case did not contain a federal question because the federal statutes cited merely

filled gaps left by the state statutes. While the district court considered this

motion, Patel proceeded to file a motion for summary judgment. The defendants

responded with discovery requests, to which Patel responded with numerous

further motions.

      In an order addressing several motions filed by the parties, the district court,

inter alia, denied Patel’s motion to remand his case because Patel’s complaint had

alleged both federal and state causes of action, and Patel had failed to present any

adequate reasons for remand. Patel filed a motion for reconsideration in which he

argued, in part, that defendants had violated the rule of unanimous consent as set



                                            3
forth by 28 U.S.C. § 1446 because no affidavit had been filed on behalf of the state

defendant, Flournoy, confirming his express consent to the removal. The district

court remanded the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447, on the ground that the

“statement in the [defendants’] removal notice [as to the state’s consent was]

insufficient to satisfy the unanimity rule even if it [were] construed as a consent”

and that the “defendants’ later assurance of the State’s intent to consent [were]

untimely and insufficient.” R2-58 at 3.

      Patel then filed an emergency motion for sanctions on 12 December 2005,

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927, which allows for costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees

for conduct that unreasonably and vexatiously “multiplies the proceedings.” In

arguing that defendants had maliciously removed his pro se civil action, Patel

alleged that they had: (1) “instituted a chain of proceedings before the issue of

illegal removal [could] be resolved”; (2) misled the district court on 6 October

2005 to obtain a ruling in their favor; and (3) for over eight months “maintained a

stubborn, unapologetic, and vindictive attitude . . . in their attempts to perpetrate

injustice on [Patel] by legal manipulations.” R2-66 at 2. Patel asserted that the

defendants’ actions caused him to incur monetary damages in the amount of

$7,593.10, which included costs, expenses, and attorney time. Id. The defendants

responded that Patel was unable to prove either legally or factually that removal of



                                            4
the civil case was improper. They asserted that they had possessed a good-faith

belief that the showing of the state’s consent in their notice of removal was

sufficient to satisfy the rule on unanimity.

      On 22 December 2005, the district court issued an order denying Patel’s

motion for sanctions on the grounds that the facts did not show maliciousness on

the part of the defendants and that the “remand of [the] case resulted due to

defendants’ failure to timely obtain express consent from one of the defendants,

[and that] such [a] procedural defect in a removal [did] not warrant an award of

monetary damages.” R2-73 at 1-2. On 3 January 2006, Patel filed a motion for

reconsideration of the court’s 22 December 2005 order, restating his previous

arguments and contending that: (1) the court used one standard for licensed

attorneys and another for pro se litigants; (2) the defendants knew that they were

improperly removing the case to federal court; and (3) the court’s rulings had

favored the defendants. R2-75 at 1-2. More specifically, he added that defendants’

counsel had acted in bad faith by: (1) presenting speculative and groundless

presumptions of fact and law to have his case removed to federal court, (2)

harassing him by choosing an inconvenient forum, and (3) compelling discovery

“to obscure the issue of remand and sidetrack” the court from the issue of removal.

R2-76 at 8. Patel supplemented the motion a second time to assert that he was also



                                           5
entitled to all costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1919, 1920 and Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 54.

      On 17 January 2006, Patel filed a second emergency motion for attorney’s

fees, expenses, and costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1919, 1920,

and Rule 54, based again on the defendants’ removal of his case. In this motion,

he raised the amount of his claim to $8,843.10. R2-78 at 11. Then, on 18 January

2006, before the court had ruled on either the motion to reconsider the denial of

sanctions or the second emergency motion, Patel filed a timely notice of appeal

from the 22 December 2005 order. The notice specifically stated that: (1) the

appeal was made under the jurisdiction of the “U.S. Court of Appeals for Eleventh

Circuit;” and (2) the order appealed was the district court’s 22 December 2005

order, denying his emergency motion for sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927. R2-79

at 1. Patel also stated that:

      Plaintiff further informs and requests to Clerk of U.S. District Court to
      present Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration and its supplemental
      motions, and motions under 28 U.S.C. § 1919, 1920, Fed.R.Civ.P.
      Rule 54(c)(d), 42 U.S.C. § 1988, and O.C.G.A. 9-15-1 et seq. timely
      filed and pending for ruling so that the entire issue of paralegal’s fees,
      expenses and costs can be determined by U.S. Court of Appeals if any
      or all of those motions are denied by U.S. District Court.

Id.




                                          6
      On 1 February 2006, the district court issued an order denying Patel’s

motion for reconsideration and the second emergency motion. As to the motion

for reconsideration, the court found again that remand of the case resulted from the

defendants’ failure timely to obtain express consent from one of the defendants and

that such a procedural defect did not indicate that the defendants had acted in bad

faith warranting sanctions under § 1927. In denying Patel’s second emergency

motion for attorney’s fees, the court found that: (1) § 1919 was inapplicable

because it authorized the court to order payment of costs when an action was

dismissed for lack of jurisdiction whereas Patel’s case was remanded due to a

procedural defect; and (2) § 1988, Rule 54, and § 1920 did not entitle Patel to

receive attorney’s fees and costs because Patel had yet to prevail on the merits of

his claim as required by § 1988 and Rule 54 and because the costs he requested

were not covered by § 1920. Patel did not file a notice of appeal from this order.

      On 7 February 2006, however, Patel filed a motion for reconsideration of the

district court’s 1 February 2006 order and repeated his previous arguments. On the

same day, Patel filed a document styled: “Plaintiff’s Emergency Motion for

Certified Questions to U.S. Court of Appeals (11th Cir.) If Hon. Court Declines to

Provide Rulings on Key Procedural Issues Remained Unattended in This Case

Which May Prejudice to Legal Interests of Plaintiff in State Court.” R2-86 at 1. In



                                          7
this document, Patel requested that the district court issue a ruling as to the

timeliness of the defendants’ notice of removal. Id. at 10. Patel also requested that

“in [the] absence of any ruling [by the district court] on the issues presented,

please, [for someone to] forward questions to be certified by the U.S. Court of

Appeals (11th Cir.).” Id. These questions included: (1) when an advance payment

of filing fees must be made and (2) what “special rules, general rules or statutes of

the United States Courts” allow a “clerk of court” or “a court [to] by-pass it[]s

Local Rules to ‘favor’ a litigant over the other party/ies.” Id. at 11. The district

court characterized this document as an “Amended Notice of Appeal” from the 22

December 2005 order. See R1, District Court Docket Sheet, Entry No. 86.

      On 9 February 2006, the district court issued an order denying Patel’s

motion for reconsideration of its 1 February 2006 order. The district court found

no manifest error of law or fact in its previous two orders denying Patel’s motions

for attorney’s fees and costs. Patel filed no further notice of appeal.

                                  II. DISCUSSION

A. Scope of Appellate Jurisdiction

      In his brief, Patel states that he is appealing from the district court’s 22

December 2005, 1 February 2006, and 9 February 2006 orders. We must

“independently examine our appellate jurisdiction and dismiss when our



                                           8
jurisdictional limits are exceeded.” Russell Corp. v. Am. Home Assurance Co.,

264 F.3d 1040, 1043 (11th Cir. 2001).

      “In a civil case . . . [a] notice of appeal . . . must be filed with the district

clerk within 30 days after the judgment or order appealed from is entered.” Fed. R.

App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). Both a motion to alter or amend a judgment under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 59 and a motion for relief from judgment under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 60 toll the time to file an appeal for all parties “from the

entry of the order disposing of the last such remaining motion.” Fed. R. App. P.

4(a)(4)(A)(iv), (vi). Additionally, a notice of appeal must:

      (A) specify the party or parties taking the appeal by naming each one
      in the caption or body of the notice . . . ;
      (B) designate the judgment, order, or part thereof being appealed; and
      (C) name the court to which the appeal is taken.

Fed. R. App. P. 3(c)(1). “The test for determining the sufficiency of a notice of

appeal is ‘whether it is objectively clear that a party intended to appeal.’” Bogle v.

Orange County Bd. of County Comm’rs, 162 F.3d 653, 660 (11th Cir. 1998)

(quoting Fed. R. App. P. 3(c) advisory committee’s note (1993 amendment)).

      The district court’s 22 December 2005 order denying Patel’s 12 December

2005 emergency motion for sanctions filed pursuant to § 1927 is properly within

the scope of the appeal. The notice of appeal as to that order was timely filed on

18 January 2006 and specifically stated that: (1) the order being appealed was the

                                             9
22 December 2005 order denying Patel’s emergency motion under § 1927; and (2)

the appeal was being taken under the jurisdiction of this court. However, Patel

never filed an additional or amended notice of appeal as to the district court’s 1

February 2006 or 9 February 2006 orders. Thus, an issue arises as to whether these

two orders are within the scope of this appeal.

        Generally, we have held that when a litigant “fail[s] to file an additional or

amended notice of appeal referring to [a] subsequent order, [we are] without

jurisdiction to hear the appeal on the merits.” Id. We have also observed that

“Rule 3(c) requires that a notice of appeal designate an existent judgment or order,

not one that is merely expected or that is, or should be, within the appellant’s

contemplation when the notice of appeal is filed.” Id. at 661. We explained that “a

litigant who file[s] a notice of appeal prior to the entry of the relevant order

without referring to that order ha[s] failed to satisfy FRAP 3.” Id. at 660 (citing

McDougald v. Jenson, 786 F.2d 1465, 1474 (11th Cir. 1986)).

      However, an appellate brief may be construed as a notice of appeal so long

as the appellate brief was filed within the time limits governing notices of appeal.

Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248-49, 112 S. Ct. 678, 682 (1992) (examining

whether a pro se appellant’s brief could constitute a notice of appeal). The

Supreme Court explained that, even though the requirements of Rule 3 are



                                           10
jurisdictional, they are also liberally construed. Id. at 248, 112 S. Ct. at 682. To

determine whether a document should be construed as a notice of appeal, we

follow a two-part test. Rinaldo v. Corbett, 256 F.3d 1276, 1278-79 (11th Cir.

2001) (citing Barry, 502 U.S. at 248, 112 S. Ct. at 681-82). First, we ask whether

the document fulfills the three-part requirement of Rule 3(c)(1) and is therefore the

“functional equivalent” of a notice of appeal. Id. Second, we ask “whether it is

objectively clear [from the document] that a party intended to appeal” such that the

other parties and the courts are provided with sufficient notice. Id. at 1279

(quotations omitted). “If a document filed within the time specified by Rule 4

gives the notice required by Rule 3, it is effective as a notice of appeal.” Barry,

502 U.S. at 248-49, 112 S. Ct. at 682. Finally, “[p]ro se pleadings are held to a less

stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be

liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th

Cir. 1998) (per curiam). Despite this leniency “afforded pro se litigants, we

nevertheless have required them to conform to procedural rules.” Loren v. Sasser,

309 F.3d 1296, 1304 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam).

      As noted earlier, Patel never filed either an additional or amended notice of

appeal as to either the 1 or 9 February 2006 orders. In his 18 January 2006 notice

of appeal, Patel stated that:



                                          11
      Plaintiff further informs and requests to Clerk of U.S. District Court to
      present Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration and its supplemental
      motions, and motions under 28 U.S.C. § 1919, 1920, Fed.R.Civ. P.
      54(c)(d), 42 U.S.C. § 1988, and O.C.G.A. 9-15-1 et seq. timely filed
      and pending for ruling so that the entire issue of paralegal’s fees,
      expenses and costs can be determined by U.S. Court of Appeals if any
      or all of those motions are denied by U.S. Court.

R2-79 at 1. This instruction, however, runs counter to our interpretation of Rule

3(c) requiring that the notice designate an existent order. See Bogle, 162 F.3d at

661. Additionally, although Patel’s “ Emergency Motion For Certified

Questions,” filed on 8 February 2006, was construed by the district court and

labeled on the docket sheet as an “Amended Notice of Appeal” from the 22

December 2005 order, it fails to reference any subsequent district court order and

only presents questions for the district court and us to answer. Thus, it does not

meet the Rule 3(c) requirements.

      Additionally, Patel’s appellate brief may not be liberally construed as a

notice of appeal of the 1 and 9 February 2006 orders pursuant to Barry and

Rinaldo. Even though Patel’s brief meets the three-part requirements of Rule

3(c)(1), it was not filed within the 30-day notice of appeal time period. Even if

Patel’s 7 February 2006 motion for reconsideration as to the district court’s 1

February 2006 order were construed as a Rule 59(e) motion tolling that period, the

order denying that motion for reconsideration was entered on 9 February 2006.



                                          12
Patel did not file his appellate brief until 22 March 2006, well over 30 days later.

Thus, we may not construe Patel’s appellate brief as the “functional equivalent” of

a notice of appeal. Accordingly, the only order that falls within the scope of our

review is the 22 December 2006 order.1

B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       We also inquire sua sponte into subject matter jurisdiction “whenever it may

be lacking.” Cadet v. Bulger, 377 F.3d 1173, 1179 (11th Cir. 2004). We lack

jurisdiction to review most remand orders, including the one at issue here.2 28

U.S.C. § 1447(d). However, although we have yet specifically to address whether

we have jurisdiction to review a remand order in considering a motion for

sanctions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927, we have specifically held that “[w]e may

review the merits of a remand order in considering whether the district court

abused its discretion by awarding attorneys’ fees and costs under 28 U.S.C.




       1
          Patel also argues that the defendants lied about their failure to make the advance payment
of $250 when filing their notice of removal and that the district court did not have jurisdiction over
his case because the notice of removal was procedurally and structurally defective. These issues,
however, were rendered moot by the district court’s remand of the case.
       2
        “An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable
on appeal or otherwise, except that an order remanding a case to the State court from which it was
removed pursuant to section 1443 of this title shall be reviewable by appeal or otherwise.” 28
U.S.C. § 1447(d). This case was removed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441. R1-1 at 2.

                                                 13
§ 1447(c).” 3 Legg v. Wyeth, 428 F.3d 1317, 1319 (11th Cir. 2005). We explained

that:

        While 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d) bars our review of a remand such as this
        one based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the statute does not
        exclude the district court’s assessment of costs from appellate review.
        As the Fifth Circuit has explained [in Hornbuckle v. State Farm
        Lloyds, 385 F.3d 538, 541 (5th Cir. 2004)], while we may not review
        the decision to remand itself, we must, as part of our examination of
        the award of fees, consider the objective validity of the removing
        party’s efforts, at the time that party attempted to remove the case.

Id. at 1319-20 (citations and quotes omitted). Even though Patel seeks fees and

costs as sanctions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927, as opposed to costs and expenses

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), we have jurisdiction to review Patel’s appeal

since our review of the fees and costs requested by Patel under § 1927 would

require us to “consider the objective validity of the removing party’s efforts, at the

time that party attempted to remove the case,” and we have specifically held that

we have jurisdiction to review such matters. See Wyeth, 428 F.3d at 1319-20.

C. Motions for Fees, Costs, and Expenses as Sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927


        3
            28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) states that:

        A motion to remand the case on the basis of any defect other than lack of subject
        matter jurisdiction must be made within 30 days after the filing of the notice of
        removal under section 1446(a). If at any time before final judgment it appears that
        the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded. An
        order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses,
        including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal. A certified copy of the
        order of remand shall be mailed by the clerk to the clerk of the State court. The State
        court may thereupon proceed with such case.

                                                  14
        Patel argues that the district court erred in denying him fees and expenses in

light of the fact that he provided the court with detailed reasons for his eligibility

for compensation under 28 U.S.C. § 1927. We review a district court’s decision

regarding the imposition of sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 for an abuse of

discretion. See Schwartz v. Millon Air, Inc., 341 F.3d 1220, 1225 (11th Cir.

2003). Section 1927 addresses counsel’s liability for excessive costs and states

that:

        Any attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases in any court of
        the United States or any Territory thereof who so multiplies the
        proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be
        required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses,
        and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.

28 U.S.C. § 1927. “For sanctions under section 1927 to be appropriate, something

more than a lack of merit is required. The statute was designed to sanction

attorneys who willfully abuse the judicial process by conduct tantamount to bad

faith,” but not by conduct constituting “mere negligence.” Schwartz, 341 F.3d at

1225 (quotations and citations omitted). Bad faith exists “where an attorney

knowingly or recklessly pursues a frivolous claim or engages in litigation tactics

that needlessly obstruct the litigation of non-frivolous claims.” Id.

        The record in this case fails to support a finding of bad faith on the part of

the defendants’ counsel. Patel failed to submit any evidence of conduct beyond



                                            15
mere negligence. The defendants claimed that they thought they had properly

executed removal by obtaining consent from all of the defendants. The district

court remanded the case only because of the defendants’ failure timely to have one

of its defendants expressly consent to removal.

      Additionally, Patel, not the defendants, multiplied the proceedings. While

the issue of removal was before the court, it was Patel who filed a motion for

summary judgment prior to any discovery being conducted. The defendants

responded to Patel’s motion with discovery requests and Patel responded to those

by filing several additional motions. Accordingly, we see no abuse of discretion in

the district court’s conclusion that Patel failed to show justification for sanctions

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

      Patel appeals the denial of his motions for fees and costs incurred in

connection with the removal and remand of his civil rights complaint. Because we

lack jurisdiction to review anything but the district court’s 22 December 2005

order and because we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s conclusion

that the record fails to support a finding of bad faith on the part of the defendants’

counsel, the district court’s order is AFFIRMED.




                                           16
