                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judge Humphreys, and Senior Judge Annunziata
            Argued by teleconference
PUBLISHED




            TIMOTHY WARNICK, S/K/A
             TIMOTHY WILLIAM WARNICK
                                                                               OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0616-19-4                                 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
                                                                                JULY 7, 2020
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LOUDOUN COUNTY
                                             Douglas L. Fleming, Judge

                          Renee Berard (Alex Levay Attorney, P.L.L.C.) and Kelly L. King
                          (Law Office of Kelly L. King, PLLC), for appellant.

                          Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                          Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                   On June 13, 2016, a grand jury in the Circuit Court of Loudoun County (“circuit court”)

            indicted appellant Timothy Warnick (“Warnick”) for two counts of first-degree murder, in

            violation of Code § 18.2-32 and one count of robbery, in violation of Code § 18.2-58. The

            indictments alleged that Warnick committed these crimes on September 30, 1988. On April 26,

            2018, a jury found Warnick guilty of both first-degree murder and robbery.

                   On appeal, Warnick assigns the following six errors:

                          I.       The trial court erred by violating Appellant’s constitutional right to due
                                   process and a fair trial by preventing the introduction of evidence
                                   pertaining to third-party guilt.

                          II.      The trial court erred by violating Appellant’s constitutional right to
                                   confrontation by applying only the Ramsey analysis and denying
                                   Appellant the ability to cross-examine law enforcement witnesses
                                   regarding the completeness and credibility of their investigation.

                          III.     The trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion for mistrial and
                                   violated Appellant’s constitutional rights to due process of law and a fair
                         trial by permitting Commonwealth witness Tina Thompson to testify that
                         Appellant rapes women.

                 IV.     The trial court erred by admitting material impeachment evidence that had
                         not been timely disclosed by the Commonwealth in violation of Brady v.
                         Maryland.

                 V.      The trial court erred by ruling that alleged hearsay within hearsay
                         statements made by deceased Ellard “Bunk” Jackson were admissible
                         under Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:804(b)3(B).

                 VI.     The trial court erred by denying Appellant’s Motion to Dismiss in
                         violation of his Fifth Amendment right to due process when the case was
                         nearly 30 years old, a number of witnesses were deceased, evidence was
                         lost, and no part of the delay was attributed to Appellant.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

        On September 30, 1988, Henry Eric Ryan (“Ricky”)1 went to a party at the Shenandoah

River and did not return home. His family reported him missing a few days later, on October 5,

1988.

        On the day of Ricky’s disappearance, Warnick had been incarcerated at Jefferson County

Jail in West Virginia. Upon his release that afternoon, Warnick went to a party at the

Shenandoah River—the same river party at which Ricky was present. There were about forty

people at the river party. While everyone was “hanging out,” Ricky handled cash and drugs in

Warnick’s presence. At some point, a group of five people, including Warnick and Ricky, went

on a “beer run” to a place called Kim’s Market. After purchasing a case of beer, the entire group

returned to the river at dusk. Then, Ricky, Warnick, and an unknown man went on a second

“beer run” to the Sweet Springs store in Virginia. Ricky did not return to the river from this




        1
            Henry Ryan went by “Ricky” during his lifetime, and the parties refer to him as
“Ricky.”
                                                 -2-
second trip. When Warnick and the unknown man returned, they were both “dirty.” It looked

like Warnick “rolled around outside in the dirt.”

         On March 14, 1989, Ricky’s body was discovered inside a “perc test pit” off of Route 9

in Loudoun County, Virginia. Almost the entire body was covered with dirt. After police

uncovered the body, they discovered a prescription pill bottle containing Warnick’s name2

“crushed in [the body’s] hand.” There was no cash in Ricky’s wallet or on his body, nor were

there any narcotics on or near the body. It was later determined that Ricky died of blunt force

trauma to the head, which was caused by “[s]ome type of blunt instrument,” rather than by

someone’s hand.

         Approximately twenty-seven years after the body was found, on June 13, 2016, a grand

jury indicted Warnick for first-degree murder and robbery. On March 8, 2017, Warnick filed a

motion to dismiss based on a violation of his due process rights because of the pre-indictment

delay.

         On May 30, 2017, the circuit court held a hearing on Warnick’s motion to dismiss based

on a violation of his “Fifth Amendment due process” rights. Detective Jay Merchant (“Detective

Merchant”), who performed part of the investigation into Ricky’s murder, testified that he did

not intentionally wait until anyone died in order to charge Warnick. Instead, no one was arrested

right away because there was not enough evidence for a conviction, even though police “may

have known” who committed the crime. At the time, police did not have evidence of Warnick’s

confession to several others including his son, Mike Long (“Long”).

         Detective Steven Schochet (“Detective Schochet”), who investigated the case from 2015

until Warnick was charged, testified that in June of 2016, police and prosecutors determined that




         2
             The name on the pill bottle was spelled “Tim Warnack.”
                                                 -3-
there was finally enough evidence to present to a grand jury. He testified that between

December and June, witnesses were no longer afraid of Warnick and became willing to testify.

During this time frame, police also discovered new evidence about Warnick confessing to

various people. Some potential witnesses had died by the time Warnick was charged. Detective

Schochet testified that “a number” of those witnesses had information that he felt could have

helped the Commonwealth and from whom information could no longer be obtained.

       After hearing the evidence, the circuit court found that any lost testimony from witnesses

now deceased only amounted to possible prejudice to Warnick, rather than actual prejudice, as

required by law to dismiss the charges. The court also found that Warnick had failed to show

that the Commonwealth’s delay in indicting him was intentional “in order to gain a tactical

advantage.” The court denied Warnick’s motion to dismiss the indictment.

       On April 18, 2018, the third day of trial, the Commonwealth moved to exclude certain

questions by defense counsel to police witnesses regarding following up on other leads because

the questions were not relevant evidence of third-party guilt under this Court’s holding in

Ramsey v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 341 (2014). During the parties’ argument on the

motion, the circuit court narrowed the issue, stating that the number of leads or information

possessed by police was not “really the issue . . . but whether that information fits within the

guidance of Ramsey.” In ruling, the circuit court clearly specified that it was “only making [its]

rulings on . . . third-party guilt,” and ruled that the evidence of third-party guilt was

inadmissible.

       Later, on direct examination, Tina Thompson (“Thompson”) testified before the jury that

she was friends with Ricky and was present at the river party on September 30. She testified that

she had given birth to her baby before the party, in August of 1988. When asked whether

Warnick ever spoke to her about Ricky’s disappearance, Thompson stated that Warnick told her

                                                 -4-
“that if [she] went to the cops or if [she] told anybody what [she] knew, that [she] was going to

wind up like Ricky.” However, she did not know what happened to Ricky at that point.

       On cross-examination, after a relevance objection by the Commonwealth, defense

counsel told the court that Thompson had previously informed police that she was pregnant when

she last saw Ricky. Defense counsel argued that the Commonwealth violated a prior court order

requiring the Commonwealth to disclose inconsistent statements by its witnesses, because the

Commonwealth did not disclose that Thompson would testify that she was not pregnant when

Ricky disappeared. Defense counsel also argued that the Commonwealth violated its duty under

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and its progeny, to disclose Thompson’s inconsistent

statement. The circuit court ruled that Warnick had the information in time to cross-examine

Thompson with it. Defense counsel proceeded to cross-examine Thompson regarding her

inconsistent statements about her pregnancy.

       Defense counsel also questioned Thompson about a different inconsistent statement

Thompson had given. Thompson responded, “Again, ma’am, I changed my story multiple

times. I am petrified of this man. Okay? You don’t know what this man has put people

through. I seen [sic] this man throw people in the river, rape women.” Warnick objected and

asked that the testimony be stricken.

       At sidebar, the circuit court ruled that Thompson was allowed to explain her inconsistent

statement under Rule 2:613 of the Virginia Rules of Evidence. It found that the “door” to such

testimony had been opened, and that when Thompson admitted to making inconsistent

statements, she was allowed to explain why she did so. Defense counsel responded, “I think that

the [c]ourt needs to give the jury a limiting instruction that they cannot consider anything that

she is saying for the truth of the matter.” The circuit court responded that it would instruct the

jury “that Ms. Thompson’s statements as to why she has acknowledged giving other statements

                                                -5-
to investigators is offered as an explanation as to why she’s done it.” Warnick instead elected to

move for a mistrial in response to the court’s ruling, and the circuit court denied the motion for a

mistrial. Warnick then resumed cross-examination before the jury without renewing his request

for a limiting instruction.

        Next, Detective Merchant testified before the jury. On cross-examination, Warnick

questioned Detective Merchant about what information was released to the public in the course

of his investigation and about his interviews with Warnick.

        Throughout the remainder of the trial, several witnesses testified as to incriminating

statements made by Warnick. One witness testified that Warnick told her, “I killed a guy. . . . I

robbed him for his money and his drugs. I buried him in a shallow grave. . . . I removed his

leather jacket.” The witness also stated that Warnick said he “made a mistake but [he] still got

away with it” because “they found a medicine bottle with [his] name on it in the grave with [the

victim].” Long, Warnick’s son, testified that Warnick discussed Ricky’s murder “[a]bout three

times.” Warnick said he “didn’t mean to do it . . . it was supposed to be a robbery.” Long

testified that Warnick was “supposed to rob Ricky for his green. And [Warnick] said he hit

[Ricky]. And, when he hit him, he realized he had gone too far . . . he had to finish him off and

said he hit him a couple more times.” Warnick told Long that he had hit Ricky with a club.

Warnick repeated the same story to Long on a different occasion.

        Later during the trial, the Commonwealth sought to introduce hearsay statements by a

man named Ellard Bunk Jackson (“Jackson”) through a witness named Brandy Harder

(“Harder”). Outside the hearing of the jury, Harder proffered that Jackson told her that Warnick

“had told him that he had killed Ricky for money and dope.” Jackson told Harder that Warnick

stated that he hit Ricky “in the back of the head with a crowbar.” Jackson also stated that he

knew where the weapon was located but did not go to the police because “he was scared that

                                                -6-
they would think that he was involved.” The circuit court ruled that Harder’s testimony about

Jackson’s statements was admissible under the statement against interest hearsay exception.

Harder testified before the jury that she was Ricky’s niece. She testified, “[Jackson] stated to me

that he knew that I was Ricky’s niece . . . and he proceeded to tell me that Mr. Warnick had

stated to him that he had killed Ricky.” She also testified that Jackson stated that Warnick killed

Ricky “[f]or his money and his dope.”

       After the Commonwealth rested, Warnick sought to introduce hearsay testimony from

Kevin Sowers (“Sowers”) that another person named Brian Waldron (“Waldron”) confessed to

committing the crime, but the Commonwealth argued that the evidence was not shown to be

reliable. Outside the hearing of the jury, Sowers proffered that while at a bar, “Brian [Waldron]

brought the subject up and said that he was paid by Mike Mood to kill Ricky.” Waldron and the

people at the bar who may have heard Waldron are deceased. Sowers also testified that he was

at the river party the night of Ricky’s disappearance and Waldron was there, as well. Next, the

circuit court heard voir dire testimony from Mike Mood’s (“Mood”) wife, Lovada Mason

(“Mason”). She testified that Mood died in 1997. Mason also testified about an injury Mood

had on his hand based on “a fight he had gotten into.” When asked whether Mood had gotten

into a fight with Ricky, Mason responded that she did not know.

       Warnick argued that Waldron’s statement was admissible as a statement against penal

interest. The court found that the reliability requirement was not met because Waldron’s

presence at the location of the crime was not enough to amount to “substantial evidence”

connecting him with the crime. The circuit court ruled that the evidence was inadmissible

because Warnick had not met his burden to show that the evidence was reliable, rather than a

bare confession.




                                               -7-
       At the end of the trial, the jury found Warnick guilty of first-degree murder and robbery.

This appeal follows.

                                          II. ANALYSIS


                                      A. Standard of Review

       “On appeal, the constitutional arguments are questions of law that we review de novo.”

Shivaee v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 112, 119 (2005). “The admissibility of evidence is within

the broad discretion of the trial court, and a ruling will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence

of an abuse of discretion.” Amonett v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 1, 9 (2019) (quoting Abdo

v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 468, 473 (2015)). This Court also reviews the denial of a

motion for a mistrial under the abuse of discretion standard of review. See Bethea v.

Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 487, 500 (2018), aff’d, 297 Va. 730 (2019). If the circuit court

makes an error of law, it “by definition abuses its discretion.” Coffman v. Commonwealth, 67

Va. App. 163, 166-67 (2017) (quoting Porter v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 203, 260 (2008)).

Although “[i]n reviewing the denial of a Brady motion, the [circuit] court’s factual findings will

not be disturbed absent clear error,” this Court reviews the circuit court’s legal conclusions

de novo. Church v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 107, 116 (2019).


         B. Due Process and a Fair Trial—Introduction of Evidence of Third-Party Guilt


       Although a criminal defendant has the right to “call for evidence in his favor,” this right

is “not boundless.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 70, 89 (2019) (first quoting Va. Const.

art. I, § 8; then quoting Clark v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 517, 520 (2001)). The evidence

Warnick seeks to admit is nonetheless subject to the Virginia Rules of Evidence. See id. at 90.

       Under the evidentiary rule setting forth hearsay exceptions when “the declarant is dead or

otherwise unavailable,” a statement against interest is admissible. Va. R. Evid. 2:804(a), (b)(3).
                                               -8-
A statement against penal interest is “[a] statement which the declarant knew at the time of its

making would tend to subject the declarant to criminal liability, if the statement is shown to be

reliable.” Va. R. Evid. 2:804(b)(3)(B). The Supreme Court of Virginia has interpreted the

“reliability” requirement in Rule 2:804(b)(3)(B) to require more than a “bare confession,” but

rather “anything substantial other than the bare confession to connect the declarant with the

crime.” Ellison v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 404, 408-09 (1978) (quoting Hines v.

Commonwealth, 136 Va. 728, 748 (1923)) (“Thus, we believe it is settled in Virginia that, while

a declaration against penal interest is recognized as an exception to the hearsay rule, such a

declaration made out of court by a dead or otherwise unavailable witness is admissible only upon

a showing that the declaration is reliable.”). In Ellison, the Supreme Court of Virginia did not set

forth the “quality or quantity of evidence necessary to establish reliability,” but instead left the

question to the circuit court’s discretion “to be determined upon the facts and circumstances of

each case.” Id. at 408.

       Here, the standard set forth in Ellison was not satisfied.3 Warnick sought to introduce

testimony from Sowers that Waldron confessed to killing Ricky because Waldron was paid by

Mood to do so. Both parties agree that Waldron and Mood are deceased and therefore

unavailable under Rule 2:804. Also undisputed is the fact that Waldron’s confession would tend

to subject him to criminal liability. However, the reliability requirement is not satisfied because

the only evidence Warnick presented to connect Waldron to the crime besides his bare



       3
          Warnick relies on the standard for introduction of evidence of third-party guilt as set
forth in Ramsey v. Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 341 (2014). However, that case is inapplicable.
First, that case does not concern Rule 2:804(b)(3). Second, Ramsey did not concern introduction
of evidence of a confession by a third party. Instead, the sole issue was relevance where Ramsey
sought to introduce evidence of a third party’s “propensity for sexual predation, extraordinary
violence, and lack of control at the time of the offenses” to show that the third party committed
the crimes. Ramsey, 63 Va. App. at 353.

                                                 -9-
confession was his presence at the river party—a party in which about forty people were present.

There was no evidence that Waldron interacted with Ricky on the night of the murder. Further,

the statement itself, that Waldron was paid by Mood to kill Ricky, wholly lacks detail about the

facts of the murder—the method, means, date, and surrounding circumstances that might suggest

that it is reliable.4

        For these reasons, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence

as inadmissible hearsay.

        C. Right to Confrontation—Ability to Cross-Examine Law Enforcement Witnesses

        The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states in relevant part, “In all criminal

prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against

him.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. “[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees only an opportunity for

effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to

whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Campos v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 690, 703

(2017) (quoting Abney v. Commonwealth, 51 Va. App. 337, 350 (2008)) (alteration in original).

When a witness is “present at trial and subject to cross-examination,” the Confrontation Clause is

satisfied. See id. at 704, n.2.

        In this case, the Confrontation Clause was satisfied as to all of the Commonwealth’s

witnesses, including law-enforcement witnesses, because they were subject to cross-examination

by Warnick. Warnick was not denied his right to cross-examine, and did, in fact, cross-examine




        4
          Warnick relies on Mason’s proffered testimony in attempting to establish a nexus
between Mood and the crime stating, “Importantly, Mason . . . did not deny the fight [with
Mood and a third party] involved Ricky.” However, Mason stated that she did not know with
whom Mood got into a fight, and even if she did, the fact that Mood and Ricky may have gotten
into a fight at some point in time does not necessarily suggest that Mood hired Waldron to kill
Ricky.
                                               - 10 -
Detective Merchant. Warnick fails to point to any portion of the record where the circuit court

ruled that he could not cross-examine a witness because, indeed, no such ruling exists. Instead,

the circuit court ruled that Warnick could not seek to introduce evidence that a third party

committed the crime under Ramsey. The Confrontation Clause was satisfied when Warnick was

afforded the opportunity for effective cross-examination; he cannot now complain that his right

of cross-examination was infringed upon merely because he did not elicit the testimony he

desired. Campos, 67 Va. App. at 703.

       To the extent that Warnick’s assignment of error complains of a failure to allow him to

admit certain types of evidence, he has failed to proffer Detective Merchant’s expected answer to

the questions he would have asked. Without a proffer, this Court cannot determine whether the

circuit court erred regarding the admissibility of Detective Merchant’s answers; therefore, the

issue is defaulted. See Tynes v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 17, 21-22 (2006) (“The failure to

proffer the expected testimony is fatal to [one’s] claim on appeal.” (quoting Molina v.

Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 338, 367-68 (2006))).

    D. Motion for Mistrial—Permitting Commonwealth Witness to Testify to Prior Bad Acts

       Under the Virginia Rules of Evidence, a witness must “first [be] given an opportunity to

explain or deny” a prior inconsistent oral statement before extrinsic evidence of such statement

can be admitted. Va. R. Evid. 2:613(a)(ii). Further, extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior

inconsistent statement is only admissible if the witness “denies or does not remember the prior

inconsistent statement.” Va. R. Evid. 2:613(a).

       In this case, the circuit court relied on Rule 2:613 in allowing Thompson to testify that

she made inconsistent statements because she was afraid of Warnick, since he had “raped

women.” However, Warnick was not attempting to introduce extrinsic evidence of Thompson’s



                                               - 11 -
inconsistent statement; thus Rule 2:613(a)(ii) does not apply.5 Although reliance on this

particular rule was error, the circuit court reached the correct result. See generally Spinner v.

Commonwealth, 297 Va. 384, 391 (2019) (stating that the right result for a different reason

doctrine is applicable where “the record on appeal fully supports the appellee’s argument on

appeal”).

        Instead of Rule 2:613, Virginia caselaw establishes that “[a] witness may be allowed to

explain a prior inconsistent statement, and his explanation should be received and considered by

the jury.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 507, 513 (1992) (quoting Crumpton v.

Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 131, 136 (1989)). Under this rule, Thompson’s testimony was not

admissible for its truth, but simply as an explanation of why her statements were inconsistent.

See id. The circuit court did not err in admitting the statements for this purpose. Warnick’s

failure to renew his request for a limiting instruction after his motion for a mistrial was denied

cannot be considered an error by the circuit court because it appeared that Warnick abandoned

his request for a limiting instruction by requesting a mistrial instead. See Ludwig v.

Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 1, 16 (2008) (stating that the circuit court did not have a duty to

provide a cautionary instruction sua sponte).6 Thus, the circuit court was within its discretion in

refusing to grant a mistrial.




        5
         Thompson also admitted to making inconsistent statements, so extrinsic evidence would
not have been admissible, in any event.
        6
         On brief, Warnick also complains of Thompson’s remarks that she was “scared to
death” of Warnick, that he had threatened to kill her, and that he was “evil.” However, these
issues are not encompassed in his assignment of error or preserved below. See Rule
5A:12(c)(1)(i) (“Only assignments of error assigned in the petition for appeal will be noticed by
this Court.”); Rule 5A:18 (requiring an objection “stated with reasonable certainty at the time of
the ruling”).

                                               - 12 -
                 E. Brady Violation: Admitting Material Impeachment Evidence7

       In Brady v. Maryland and its progeny, the Supreme Court of the United States held “that

the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due

process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good

faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). In other words, Brady set forth

the prosecution’s duty “to disclose material exculpatory evidence.” Church, 71 Va. App. at 116

(citing Brady, 373 U.S. 83); see also Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 280 (1999) (explaining

that the duty to disclose exculpatory and impeachment evidence applies even when the defendant

does not request such evidence).

       A violation of the Brady rule occurs when (1) “the prosecution . . . suppressed the

evidence, either purposefully or inadvertently;” (2) the evidence in question is “favorable to the

accused” because it is exculpatory evidence or impeachment evidence; and (3) the evidence is

“material.” Church, 71 Va. App. at 117. The third requirement, materiality, is satisfied when

“there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Tuma, 285 Va. 629,

634-35 (2013)). The materiality requirement has also been phrased in terms of whether the

defendant has been prejudiced. See Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281-82; see also Deville v.

Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 754, 756-57 (2006).




       7
          Although Napue v. People of State of Ill., 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959) rather than Brady
more accurately encompasses Warnick’s argument, he does not cite this case. See generally
Napue, 360 U.S. at 269 (“The principle that a State may not knowingly use false evidence,
including false testimony, to obtain a tainted conviction, implicit in any concept of ordered
liberty, does not cease to apply merely because the false testimony goes only to the credibility of
the witness.”).

                                               - 13 -
       Here, Warnick argues that the circuit court improperly admitted Thompson’s statement

that she had given birth before the night of Ricky’s disappearance.8 The circuit court did not

make any factual findings as to whether the Commonwealth had withheld Brady material from

Warnick, but instead ruled that Warnick had the information in time to cross-examine Thompson

with it. Assuming, without deciding, that the circuit court’s ruling implicitly found as a matter of

fact that the Commonwealth withheld Thompson’s inconsistent statement, Warnick’s Brady

argument nonetheless fails. Although a materially inconsistent statement by a witness is subject

to Brady because it may be used for impeachment purposes—thereby satisfying the second

prong of Brady—Thompson’s inconsistent statement is not material to any issue in the case.

Whether Thompson was pregnant on September 30, 1988, has nothing to do with the underlying

facts of the crime. Warnick suggests that Thompson’s inconsistency means that “[s]ince Ms.

Thompson gave birth to her son on August 14, 1988, the last time Tina Thompson saw Ricky

must have been prior to August 14, 1988.” However, Thompson specifically testified that she

was present at the river party on September 30, 1988.

       Further, “Brady is not violated, as a matter of law, when impeachment evidence is made

‘available to [a] defendant[] during trial’ if the defendant has ‘sufficient time to make use of [it]

at trial.’” Tuma, 285 Va. at 635 (alterations in original) (quoting Read v. Virginia State Bar, 233

Va. 560, 564-65 (1987)). In this case, Thompson’s inconsistent statement was elicited by the

Commonwealth on direct examination, giving Warnick notice of it before cross-examination. In



       8
        The Commonwealth argues that the assignment of error is defaulted under Rule
5A:12(c)(1) because “[n]either the assignment of error nor Warnick’s opening brief describes
what impeachment evidence was improperly admitted at trial.” However, this argument is
misguided because Warnick clearly argues that Thompson’s statement that she was not pregnant
when she last saw Ricky, a statement inconsistent with her previous statements, was improperly
admitted. Further, this argument is fairly encompassed within the language of Warnick’s
assignment of error.

                                                - 14 -
fact, Warnick repeatedly cross-examined Thompson about her inconsistency. Thus, there was no

Brady violation.9

                             F. Admission of Hearsay Within Hearsay

       For this assignment of error, at issue is Harder’s trial testimony that Jackson told her that

Warnick confessed to Jackson. In essence, Harder testified that Jackson approached her and told

her that Warnick told him that Warnick had killed Ricky in order to obtain Ricky’s money and

drugs. Under the Virginia Rules of Evidence, hearsay is a statement made out-of-court which is

“offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Va. R. Evid. 2:801(c). Hearsay is

inadmissible unless an exception to the general prohibition against its admission applies. Va. R.

Evid. 2:802. When there are multiple levels of hearsay, each level must be justified by an

exception in order to be admissible. Va. R. Evid. 2:805.

       In this case, Warnick’s confession to Jackson that he killed Ricky for money and drugs is

one level of hearsay. Warnick’s confession occurred out of court, and it was offered to prove the

truth of the matter asserted—that Warnick in fact killed Ricky. Since this statement is hearsay, it

is necessary to determine whether an exception applies. Under the “party-opponent” exception,

“[a] statement offered against a party that is . . . the party’s own statement” is admissible against

him. Va. R. Evid. 2:803(0). Here, Warnick is the person who made the statement to Jackson.

Since the statement was offered by the Commonwealth against Warnick at trial, it falls into the

“party-opponent” exception. The parties do not dispute the applicability of this exception.




       9
         On brief, Warnick argues that the Commonwealth also failed to disclose Thompson’s
inconsistency as to the number of “beer runs” in which Ricky participated. Warnick has failed to
preserve the issue in his assignment of error and below. See Rule 5A:12(c)(1); Rule 5A:18.
Even if the issue were preserved, the number of “beer runs” in which Ricky participated is not
material evidence.
                                               - 15 -
       Second, Jackson’s statement to Harder is an additional level of hearsay. Jackson’s

statement to Harder—that Warnick confessed to killing Ricky—was offered for its truth. The

Commonwealth sought to prove that Warnick in fact confessed and committed the crimes

confessed. The circuit court ruled that this statement was admissible as a “statement against

interest” under Rule 2:804(b)(3)(B). Warnick alleges that the exception is inapplicable, and the

admission of this statement was error.

       Under Rule 2:804, when a declarant is unavailable, “[a] statement which the declarant

knew at the time of its making would tend to subject the declarant to criminal liability” is

admissible “if the statement is shown to be reliable.” Va. R. Evid. 2:804(b)(3)(B). The party

seeking to introduce the evidence must show (1) that the declarant is unavailable, (2) the

statement was against the declarant’s penal interest when he or she made it, (3) the declarant

subjectively knew that the statement was against his interest, and (4) that there is other evidence

in the record of the statement’s reliability that connects the declarant with the crime. See Bailey

v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 499, 504-05 (2013). “To be considered as being against the

declarant’s penal interest, it is not necessary that the statement be sufficient on its own to charge

and convict the declarant of the crimes detailed therein.” Lilly v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 558,

573 (1998), rev’d on other grounds, 527 U.S. 116 (1999) (reversal based on the Confrontation

Clause).

       Here, as the one who made the statement, Jackson is the declarant. Because he is

deceased, he is unavailable, which is undisputed. Instead, the parties dispute the second and

third elements. The Commonwealth seems to omit the second element, arguing that the

declarant’s subjective belief that the statement was against his interest is sufficient. However,

this argument contravenes established caselaw. See Bailey, 62 Va. App. at 504-05. As Warnick

correctly argues, even though there is evidence in the record that Jackson feared that police

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would think he was involved in the murder, the statement at issue does not implicate any

criminal liability on Jackson’s part. Thus, the statement at issue, that Warnick was the person

who killed Ricky, does not satisfy the second element since it only involves Warnick’s penal

interest and not Jackson’s. For these reasons, the circuit court erred in admitting the testimony.

       However, this error is subject to harmless error analysis. See Nunez v. Commonwealth,

66 Va. App. 152, 158 (2016) (explaining that under Code § 8.01-678, harmless error analysis is

required in every case). Among the circumstances in which harmless error occurs is when the

improperly admitted evidence was “merely cumulative of other, undisputed evidence.” McLean

v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 200, 211 (2000) (quoting Ferguson v. Commonwealth, 16

Va. App. 9, 12 (1993)).

       In this case, the same evidence came in through two other witnesses. One witness

testified that Warnick told her that he had killed someone for the person’s money and drugs.

Warnick’s son, Long, testified that Warnick told him multiple times that Warnick robbed and

killed Ricky for his money and his “green.” For these reasons, although the circuit court erred,

the error did not affect the outcome of the case and was harmless.

   G. Denying Appellant’s Motion to Dismiss: Violation of Fifth Amendment Due Process10

       “In cases of pre-indictment delay, the issue is whether the accused was denied due

process as a result of the delay.” Hall v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 526, 529 (1989). “Due

process principles bar a prosecution for pre[-]indictment delay only when the ‘defendant incurred

actual prejudice as a result of the delay’ and the ‘prosecutor intentionally delayed indicting the



       10
           Warnick’s assignment of error references Fifth Amendment due process, which only
applies to the federal government, not the states or local governments. Key v. Robertson, 626 F.
Supp. 2d 566, 579 (E.D. Va. 2009). Since it is apparent from his arguments below and on appeal
that the substance of his argument is in fact a Fourteenth Amendment due process argument, we
nonetheless consider it on that basis.
                                               - 17 -
defendant to gain a tactical advantage.’” Anderson v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 704, 712

(2006) (quoting Morrisette v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 386, 393 (2002)). Warnick must show

both (1) “actual prejudice” and (2) “improper purpose.” Id. (quoting Morrisette, 264 Va. at 393).

       In this case, the crime was committed in 1988, and Warnick was indicted in 2016. Thus,

there was a 28-year pre-indictment delay. However, Warnick has failed to satisfy his burden to

show both actual prejudice and the Commonwealth’s intentional delay for an improper purpose.

Although Warnick mentions thirteen relevant witnesses who died because of the delay, he fails

to state with any specificity what information these witnesses possessed that would have been

helpful to his case. The record also contains evidence that several of those deceased witnesses

had information that may have been helpful to the Commonwealth. Additionally, there was no

evidence that the delay was intentional on the part of the Commonwealth to obtain a tactical

advantage. The record reflects that the only reason for any delay was a lack of evidence because

witnesses initially refused to testify because of their fear of Warnick.

       For these reasons, Warnick was not denied due process, and the circuit court did not err

in denying Warnick’s motion to dismiss.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the circuit court did not deny Warnick any of his

constitutional rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, and further, because certain

hearsay statements about which Warnick complains were either properly admitted or admitted

harmlessly, the judgment below is affirmed.

                                                                                         Affirmed.




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