                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        AUG 9 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

THERESA JONES, individually and as              No.    17-55234
Executrix of the Estate of Landon Jones,
deceased and CHRISTINA GIBSON,                  D.C. No.
individually and as Executrix of the Estate     3:15-cv-02087-WQH-AGS
of Jonathan Gibson, deceased,

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          MEMORANDUM*

 v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
THE NAVY,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of California
                   William Q. Hayes, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted August 7, 2018**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: McKEOWN, CALLAHAN, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

      Theresa Jones and Christina Gibson appeal the district court’s dismissal of


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
their negligence claim against the United States for actions and decisions by the

United States Navy that allegedly led to the tragic deaths of their husbands. We

have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, review de novo, Costo v. United

States, 248 F.3d 863, 865–66 (9th Cir. 2001), and affirm.1

      The sole question on appeal is whether the rule announced in Feres v.

United States, 340 U.S. 135, 146 (1950), that the federal government cannot be

held liable for “injuries to servicemen where the injuries arise out of or are in the

course of activity incident to service,” applies to this case.2 It does. The incident

occurred on a Navy ship while the pilots were on duty and under orders relating to

military operations in the Red Sea. Thus, their tragic deaths were “incident to

service” and the Navy cannot be held liable for any negligence involved in its

decision to continue using Arleigh Burke Class Destroyers. See id. at 137, 146

(holding the United States was not liable for allegedly quartering the decedent “in

barracks known or which should have been known to be unsafe”); see also Stencel

Aero Eng’g Corp. v. United States, 431 U.S. 666, 668, 674 (1977) (noting that an

action against the United States for malfunction of an aircraft emergency ejection



      1
         As the parties are familiar with the facts and procedural history, we restate
them only as necessary to explain our decision.
       2
         Feres v. United States addressed liability under the Federal Tort Claims
Act, see 340 U.S. 135, 146 (1950), but the doctrine has been extended to cases
arising under the Public Vessels Act, see Charland v. United States, 615 F.2d 508
(9th Cir. 1980).

                                           2
system that it designed would be barred by Feres); Costo, 248 F.3d at 867

(outlining considerations relevant to Feres analysis).3

      The plaintiffs argue that we should focus only on, and decline to apply, the

military discipline rationale for the Feres doctrine because there is no military

discipline concern here. But “we are not free to make this judgment call.” Ritchie

v. United States, 733 F.3d 871, 877 (9th Cir. 2013). In Johnson v. United States,

the Supreme Court “reaffirm[ed]” the Feres doctrine, including each of its

underlying policy rationales. 481 U.S. 681, 688–92 (1987).4 And in Atkinson v.

United States, we found that Johnson “compelled” us to apply the Feres doctrine.

825 F.2d 202, 206 (9th Cir. 1987). We did so despite “believ[ing] that the military

discipline rationale [did] not support [its] application” because other rationales did.

Id.

      Even so, the military discipline rationale on which we have so often focused

compels us to apply Feres here. A trial in this case would necessarily “involve



      3
         Cf. Schoenfeld v. Quamme, 492 F.3d 1016, 1023, 1025 (9th Cir. 2007)
(noting that the plaintiff “was on liberty” and “not engaged in military activity
when he was injured” and that “the military did not require” him to engage in the
activity that injured him); Johnson v. United States, 704 F.2d 1431, 1439–40 (9th
Cir. 1983) (noting that the plaintiff was not under “military orders or performing
any sort of military mission” but instead was “off-duty” and “in exactly the same
position as a civilian” when he was injured).
       4
         See also Atkinson v. United States, 825 F.2d 202, 205–06 (9th Cir. 1987)
(“Simply put, Johnson appears to breathe new life into the first two Feres
rationales, which until that time had been largely discredited and abandoned.”).

                                           3
second-guessing military orders, and would . . . require members of the Armed

Services to testify in court as to each other’s decisions and actions” about the

Navy’s continued use of Arleigh Burke Class Destroyers. See Stencel, 431 U.S. at

671–73.

      Our duty here is unequivocal. Despite criticisms that we and other courts

have lodged against the Feres doctrine, “we are bound by the decisions of prior

three judge panels . . . , [and] the decisions of prior three judge panels could not be

more clear: we have ‘consistently’ barred claims under Feres ‘to avoid examining

acts of military personnel which were allegedly negligent with respect to other

members of the armed services.’” Ritchie, 733 F.3d at 877 (quoting Monaco v.

United States, 661 F.2d 129, 134 (9th Cir. 1981)). “[U]ntil Congress, the Supreme

Court, or an en banc panel of this Court reorients the doctrine, we are bound to

follow” it. Costo, 248 F.3d at 869.

      AFFIRMED.




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