[Cite as State v. Carter, 2010-Ohio-5189.]




                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                ALLEN COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                                CASE NO. 1-10-01

        v.

MARKELUS Q. CARTER,                                        OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                   Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court
                            Trial Court No. CR2009 0068

                                       Judgment Affirmed

                           Date of Decision:    October 25, 2010




APPEARANCES:

        Spencer Cahoon for Appellant

        Jana E. Emerick for Appellee
Case No. 1-10-01


ROGERS, J.

       {¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Markelus Q. Carter, appeals the judgment of

the Court of Common Pleas of Allen County convicting him of possessing a

weapon while under disability and possession of crack cocaine, and sentencing

him to a four-year prison term. On appeal, Carter contends that the trial court

erred when it refused to suppress statements he made to police officers prior to

being given Miranda warnings. Based upon the following, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court.

       {¶2} In April 2009, the Allen County Grand Jury indicted Carter on

Count One, having a weapon while under disability in violation of R.C.

2923.13(A)(3), a felony of the third degree; Count Two, having a weapon while

under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3), a felony of the third degree;

and, Count Three, possession of crack cocaine in violation of R.C.

2925.11(A),(C)(4)(d), a felony of the second degree. The indictment was issued

following a search of Carter’s residence which revealed the presence of a weapon

and crack cocaine.     The bases of the search warrant for the residence were

statements Carter made during a police interview concerning an unrelated

homicide.

       {¶3} In May 2009, Carter filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized

during the search of his residence, arguing that the stop of his vehicle prior to the



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interview was unsupported by reasonable and articulable suspicion and without a

warrant. Further, Carter contended that his interview was custodial, because he

did not have an objective and reasonable belief that he was free to leave, and that

the interview was not preceded by Miranda warnings.

      {¶4} In July 2009, the trial court held a hearing on the motion to suppress,

at which the following testimony was heard.

      {¶5} Sergeant Charles Godfrey, a police officer for the city of Lima,

testified that, on February 23, 2009, he began to investigate the homicide of

Kenneth Warrington, the boyfriend of Sonya Burkholder; that he had worked on a

recent case involving Carter and Burkholder, who was the mother of Carter’s

children; that, due to their relationship, Carter was a person of interest in the

homicide; that he called Carter’s cell phone at approximately 7:58 a.m. and asked

him to come to the police station to talk, and Carter agreed; that he waited

approximately half an hour and then called Carter again to ask him to come to the

station and told him that it was “important” and “that something had happened to

Kenneth” (motion to suppress hearing tr., vol. I, p. 5); that Carter agreed to come

to the station within the hour; that, when Carter did not arrive, he broadcast a

description of Carter’s vehicle and license plate number to other law enforcement

officers and requested they locate him; that Carter arrived at the police station

around 9:30 a.m.; that the officers drove him to the station, but that he believed



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Carter came on his own volition; that Carter spoke to him and Detective Kleman;

that Carter was calm at that point, but voiced concerns about his daughter; and,

that he was not sure why Carter became concerned about his daughter and

explained to Carter that she was fine.

       {¶6} Detective Timothy Clark of the Lima Police Department testified

that, upon speaking to Sergeant Godfrey at 8:30 a.m., he drove to Carter’s home;

that he observed a man working on a vehicle and confirmed the man was Carter by

speaking with Sergeant Leary, who was also in the area; that he observed the front

license plate of the vehicle was different from the rear license plate; that the man

got into the vehicle and began to drive away; that Sergeant Leary and several other

officers executed a stop of the vehicle; that he advised the officers that Carter was

not under arrest, but that he just needed to talk to Carter; that he informed Carter

there had been a homicide that morning that they were investigating, and Carter

became “extremely emotional,” began screaming and flailing, threw himself on

the ground, and began talking about his daughter having been injured (id. at 19);

that he did not know why Carter believed his daughter had been injured and

assured him several times that his daughter was fine; that, due to Carter being

“emotionally out of control,” he was not comfortable with him driving his own

vehicle to the police station or riding to the police station in the passenger seat of

his cruiser (id. at 20); that Carter got into the back of a patrol car on his own and



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the officers escorted him to the station; and, that he impounded Carter’s vehicle

because it was blocking a driveway, was close to a busy intersection, and had

improper registration.

       {¶7} Detective Clark continued that Carter was not handcuffed when he

arrived at the station, and that he did not remember whether Carter handed him the

keys to his vehicle or whether they were still in the car when he impounded it.

       {¶8} Detective Phillip Kleman of the Lima Police Department testified

that Carter was brought into the station for a “non-custodial” interview in

conjunction with the homicide (id. at 35); that, by “non-custodial,” he meant that

Carter was not under arrest and was free to go; that he and Sergeant Godfrey were

the only officers present during the interview; that the interview lasted

approximately two hours; that, for most of the interview, Carter was very calm,

with the exception of the last several minutes, during which he “wasn’t very

happy” (id. at 36); that the interview was very “laid back” and “relaxed” (id.); that

the door to the interview room was not locked; that Carter had access to his cell

phone during the interview and used it several times; that they had a “general

conversation” (id.); that they discussed what Carter was going to be doing after the

interview concluded; that Carter would not have been permitted to have his cell

phone if it were a custodial interview; that one of the calls Carter made was to his

attorney, Kenneth Rexford; that he also spoke with Rexford, and nothing was



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discussed insinuating that it was a custodial interview; and, that, after the

interview concluded, Carter was taken to the front door of the station where his

friend picked him up.

       {¶9} Thereafter, the State introduced as evidence an audio and video

recording of the interview between Sergeant Godfrey, Detective Kleman, and

Carter. The recording reveals that no more than two officers were ever present in

the interview room with Carter; that the door to the interview room was closed

when both officers were in the room; that Sergeant Godfrey informed Carter that

“when we’re done you can get on going home”; that the officers and Carter

discussed what his plans were for the afternoon; that, approximately twelve

minutes into the interview, Carter admitted he kept a firearm in his residence; that

Carter used his cell phone to ask a friend to pick him up from the station; that,

while speaking on his cell phone when no officers were present in the interview

room, Carter stated he “want[s] out of here”; that Carter informed the officers that

his “ride” had arrived, and Sergeant Godfrey replied, “if you’re willing, let them

take off [and] I’ll give you a ride wherever you need to go when we’re done”; that,

approximately twelve minutes before the interview concluded, Carter stated “I’m

ready to be let go”; and, that Carter appeared calm until approximately fifteen

minutes before the interview concluded, when he appeared agitated and began to

raise his voice.



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       {¶10} Thereafter, Detective Scott Leland of the Lima Police Department

testified that he drafted several search warrants in conjunction with the homicide

investigation, which were signed by the trial court judge and executed; that one of

the search warrants was for Carter’s residence; and, that the basis of the first

search warrant was Carter’s statement during his interview at the station that he

was in possession of a firearm despite being under disability due to a prior

conviction.

       {¶11} Rexford testified that he was an attorney who had represented Carter

on several occasions; that, on the day in question, he spoke with Carter three

separate times; that, during the first call, he received the impression that the

interview was a “follow up” of a previous case; that, during the second call,

Carter’s demeanor was unintelligible and hysterical, and he was crying and

rambling about something happening to his daughter; that he learned that Carter

was at the police station; that he spoke to an unidentified officer who told him they

were speaking to Carter, and, regarding his daughter, they were “gonna explain

that to him” (id. at 51); that he received the impression that something had

happened to Carter’s daughter and that was why he had been contacted by the

police; that there was no indication that any type of criminal conduct was at issue;

that, during the third call, he learned that Carter was at the police station allegedly

being interrogated; that he then talked to Carter, gave him directives, and told him



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about his rights; and, that he then spoke to Detective Kleman and indicated to him

to “cease all communications at this point * * * as far as the interrogation was

concerned.” (Id. at 58).

       {¶12} On cross-examination, Rexford stated that, during the third phone

call, Detective Kleman indicated to him that Carter was free to leave; that he

believed the officers he spoke to during the phone calls were untruthful in telling

him that Carter was there voluntarily and was free to go, and in suggesting that

Carter was at the police station because something had happened to his daughter.

Thereafter, on redirect, Rexford clarified his prior statement by explaining that he

believed it was very possible the officers he spoke to did not know or had been

misinformed about the pretenses under which Carter was taken to the police

station.

       {¶13} Carter testified that, on February 23, 2009, Sergeant Godfrey

contacted him just prior to 8:00 a.m. and requested that he come to the police

department to speak with him; that he believed the call was in conjunction with a

prior case concerning a child support action filed by his children’s mother; that he

told Sergeant Godfrey he had work to finish, and would go to the station after he

was done; that Sergeant Godfrey called him again, and his tone was “more

intense” about Carter coming to the police station (motion to suppress hearing tr.,

vol. II, p. 19); that he asked Sergeant Godfrey what the discussion was for, and he



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informed him that “something happened to Ken” (id. at 20); that he believed

“Ken” referred to his attorney, Rexford; that, shortly thereafter, he was pulled over

by a uniformed officer who patted him down and requested his identification; that

Detective Clark approached him and told him he wanted to speak to him about a

murder on McKibben Street; that, because Burkholder, his daughter’s mother,

lived on McKibben Street, he asked “where’s my daughter?” (id. at 25); that

Detective Clark responded “I can’t answer that” (id.); that he believed something

had happened to his daughter; that he was very emotional and was running around,

jumping, screaming, crying, and fell to the ground; that he was “directed,”

uncuffed, to the back of a police car to be taken to the station; that he tried to call

several people while in the police car on the way to the station, but could not make

contact with anyone except Rexford; that he was interviewed by Detective Kleman

upon arriving at the station; that he inquired multiple times about his daughter, and

the Detective replied “well, she’s okay,” but also advised that the officers had her

cell phone (id. at 32); and, that, because the officers had his daughter’s phone, he

remained under the impression that something had happened to her.

       {¶14} On cross-examination, Carter testified that he knew that Warrington,

the homicide victim, had a relationship with Burkholder; that the police officers

gave him his cell phone while in the interview room and allowed him to make

calls; that he believed the officers abused him mentally because they did not give



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him a “straight” answer about his daughter; that he never heard Detective Clark

tell him that his daughter was okay prior to being transported to the police station;

and, that, at no point, did any officer inform him that his daughter had been

injured.

       {¶15} In August 2009, the trial court denied Carter’s motion to suppress.

In its very thorough, twelve-page entry, the trial court found that the stop of

Carter’s vehicle was lawful because it had two different license plates; and,

alternately, because the officers were making a reasonable stop of a potential

witness to a crime. Additionally, the trial court found that Carter voluntarily went

to the police station; that he was calm, coherent, and apparently understanding of

the officer’s questions; that, although he was never officially admonished of his

Miranda rights, the DVD of the interview demonstrated that Carter informed

Sergeant Godfrey that his attorney had advised him of his rights; that Carter was

not threatened or promised anything for his statement; and, that Carter had the

opportunity to consult with his attorney while at the police station. Accordingly,

the trial court ascertained that Carter was never in custody, and, thus, Miranda

warnings were not required.      The trial court further found that there was no

credible evidence that Rexford told the officers to cease the interrogation, and that

Carter was allowed to leave after the interview concluded.          The trial court




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concluded that the search warrants were not based on illegally obtained evidence,

and overruled Carter’s motion to suppress.

      {¶16} In November 2009, the case proceeded to jury trial. Thereafter, the

jury found Carter guilty of Count One, not guilty of Count Two, and guilty of

Count Three.

      {¶17} In December 2009, the trial court sentenced Carter to a one-year

prison term on Count One, and to a mandatory three-year prison term on Count

Three, to be served consecutively. Further, the trial court ordered Carter to pay a

$15,000 fine in conjunction with Count Three.

      {¶18} It is from this judgment that Carter appeals, presenting the following

assignment of error for our review.

      THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT
      DID NOT SUPPRESS MR. CARTER’S NON-MIRANDIZED
      STATEMENTS AND THE FRUITS THEREOF, DESPITE
      THE FACT THAT MR. CARTER WAS QUESTIONED BY
      MULTIPLE POLICE OFFICERS IN AN INTERROGATION
      ROOM, WAS TOLD THAT HE COULD LEAVE AFTER THE
      POLICE WERE DONE QUESTIONING HIM, AND HAD NO
      WAY TO LEAVE EARLIER SINCE THE POLICE HAD
      IMPOUNDED HIS VEHICLE AND TAKEN HIS KEYS.
      (JUDGMENT ENTRY MOTION TO SUPPRESS, AUG. 25,
      2009); ST.EX. 4, 0:00:25-27; MOTION TO SUPPRESS
      HEARING, JULY 9, 2009, AT 32-33; SECTION 10, ARTICLE I
      OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION; THE FIFTH AND
      FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES
      CONSTITUTION.

(Emphasis sic.)



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       {¶19} In his sole assignment of error, Carter contends that the trial court

erred when it refused to suppress his non-mirandized statements and the fruits

thereof. Specifically, Carter argues that the trial court should have suppressed his

statements and the fruits thereof because, under the totality of the circumstances

surrounding his interview, he was in custody or deprived of his freedom of action

in a significant way. Carter specifies that the officers insinuated his daughter had

been injured; that the officers retained his keys and impounded his vehicle; that

the interview lasted approximately two hours; that the interrogation room was

coercive due to its small size and because he was seated in the back corner without

unobstructed access to the door; and, that he was never informed of his right to

terminate the encounter.

       {¶20} “Appellate review of a decision on a motion to suppress evidence

presents mixed questions of law and fact.” State v. Dudli, 3d Dist. No. 3-05-13,

2006-Ohio-601, ¶12, citing United States v. Martinez (C.A.11, 1992), 949 F.2d

1117. The trial court serves as the trier of fact and is the primary judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence presented.

State v. Johnson (2000), 137 Ohio App.3d 847, 850. Therefore, when an appellate

court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, it must accept the trial

court’s findings of facts so long as they are supported by competent, credible

evidence. State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, ¶100, citing State



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v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20. The appellate court must then review the

application of the law to the facts de novo.       Roberts, supra, citing State v.

Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶8.

         {¶21} It is well-established that Miranda warnings are not required in

nonthreatening and nonconfining interrogation situations, which are noncustodial

in nature. State v. Greeno, 3d Dist. No. 13-02-46, 2003-Ohio-3687, ¶12, citing

State v. Mason (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 153; Oregon v. Mathiason (1977), 429

U.S. 492, 494.     This is so because “[i]t is the coercive nature of custodial

interrogation that necessitates the Miranda warnings[.]” Id.

         {¶22} In determining whether an interrogation is custodial, courts must

inquire into “‘how a reasonable man in the suspect’s position would have

understood his situation.’” Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d at 154, quoting Berkemer v.

McCarty (1984), 468 U.S. 420, 442. The Supreme Court of Ohio has directed

that, “[i]n judging whether an individual has been placed into custody the test is

whether, under the totality of the circumstances, a ‘reasonable person would have

believed that he was not free to leave.’” State v. Gumm, 73 Ohio St.3d 413, 429,

1995-Ohio-24, quoting United States v. Mendenhall (1980), 446 U.S. 544, 554.

         {¶23} This Court has previously found the following factors relevant in

determining whether a reasonable person would have believed he was free to

leave:



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      (1) What was the location where the questioning took place-
      i.e., was the defendant comfortable and in a place a person
      would normally feel free to leave? For example, the defendant
      might be at home as opposed to being in the more restrictive
      environment of a police station;
      (2) Was the defendant a suspect at the time the interview
      began (bearing in mind that Miranda warnings are not required
      simply because the investigation has focused);
      (3) Was the defendant’s freedom to leave restricted in any
      way;
      (4) Was the defendant handcuffed or told he was under arrest;
      (5) Were threats made during the interrogation;
      (6) Was the defendant physically intimidated during the
      interrogation;
      (7) Did the police verbally dominate the interrogation;
      (8) What was the defendant’s purpose for being at the place
      where questioning took place? For example, the defendant might
      be at a hospital for treatment instead of being brought to the
      location for questioning;
      (9) Were neutral parties present at any point during the
      questioning;
      (10) Did police take any action to overpower, trick, or coerce
      the defendant into making a statement?

State v. Luke, 3d Dist. No. 1-06-103, 2007-Ohio-5906, ¶11, quoting Greeno, 2003-

Ohio-3687, at ¶15, citing State v. Estepp, 2d Dist. No. 16279, 1997 WL 736501.

Further, this Court has emphasized that, “‘[t]he ultimate inquiry is simply whether

there is a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree

associated with a formal arrest.’” State v. Ransom, 3d Dist. No. 15-06-05, 2006-

Ohio-6490, ¶20, quoting Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d at 154, quoting California v.

Beheler (1983), 463 U.S. 1121, 1125.




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       {¶24} Here, Carter essentially argues that he was tricked in going to the

police station and participating in the interview by the officers’ statements that, he

argues, insinuated his daughter had been injured. However, Sergeant Godfrey

testified he did not know what had aroused Carter’s concerns, and that he

explained to him that his daughter was fine. Further, Detective Clark testified that

he assured Carter several times that his daughter was fine prior to Carter travelling

to the police station. Even Carter admitted that no one told him that his daughter

had been injured and that Detective Kleman told him his daughter was okay.

Additionally, we note that, despite Carter’s argument that he was not free to leave

because the police had impounded his vehicle, he had possession and use of his

cell phone and did, in fact, contact a friend who picked him up from the police

station.

       {¶25} Additionally, Carter argues that Sergeant Godfrey’s statement that

“when we’re done you can get on going home” indicated that he was not free to

leave until the officers were done questioning him. We cannot find that this

statement made at the beginning of the interview, in a casual manner, would cause

a reasonable person to believe he was not free to leave given the other

circumstances of the interview.      Specifically, evidence was heard that Carter

voluntarily got into the police cruiser to be escorted to the station; that the officers

did not feel comfortable with Carter driving himself to the police station because



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he was “emotionally out of control”; that Carter was not handcuffed; that Carter’s

vehicle was impounded because it was blocking a driveway, was close to a busy

intersection, and had improper registration; that no more than two officers were

present during the interview; that the door to the interview room was closed at

times, but unlocked; that the interview was “laid back” and “relaxed” and Carter

was calm for most of the interview; that the interview was a “general

conversation”; that Carter had access to his cell phone and used it several times

during the interview, including to consult with his attorney; and, that Carter would

not have been permitted to access his cell phone if the interview had been

custodial. Additionally, although Carter stated on the recording of the interview

that he “want[s] out of here,” he did not make this statement when any officers

were present in the room, or make a similar demand when they returned. Further,

although Carter stated on the recording of the interview that he was “ready to be

let go,” he made no attempt to leave at that point, did not ask the officers if he

could leave, and, in fact, continued to answer their questions until he departed

approximately twelve minutes thereafter. Finally, Carter made the statement that

he was “ready to be let go” long after he revealed to the officers that he had a

firearm in his residence.

       {¶26} We acknowledge that the interview was approximately two hours in

duration; that the officers did not inform Carter that he could terminate the



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interview; that Carter became agitated approximately fifteen minutes before

departing; and, that Carter did not have unobstructed access to the door due to the

small size of the interview room.           However, under the totality of the

circumstances, we find that a reasonable person in Carter’s situation would have

felt free to leave during the interview. Further, we do not find that there was a

formal arrest or “restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a

formal arrest.” See Ransom, supra. Thus, we find that the interview was non-

custodial, Miranda warnings were unnecessary, and the trial court did not err in

declining to suppress Carter’s statements and the fruits thereof.

       {¶27} Accordingly, we overrule Carter’s assignment of error.

       {¶28} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein, in the

particulars assigned and argued, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                                Judgment Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI, P.J., and PRESTON, J., concur.

/jlr




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