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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 JULIAN SEWELL                         :
                                       :
                   Appellant           :   No. 287 EDA 2019

    Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 20, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0008072-2016


                                 *****

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 JULIAN SEWELL                         :
                                       :
                   Appellant           :   No. 288 EDA 2019

    Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 20, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0008073-2016


                                 *****

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 JULIAN SEWELL                         :
                                       :
                   Appellant           :   No. 286 EDA 2019
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       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 20, 2018
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                        No(s): CP-51-CR-0008071-2016


BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.:                          FILED DECEMBER 30, 2019

       Julian Sewell appeals from the judgment of sentence, entered in the

Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, after he was found guilty of

criminal mischief1 and related offenses.2        On appeal, he contests the trial

court’s denial of his pre-trial motion to suppress the warrantless search of his

car and the sufficiency of the evidence for his criminal mischief conviction.

After careful review, we reverse.

       The trial court summarized the facts of the case as follows:

       On June 9, 2016, at approximately 12:00 a.m., Officers William
       Fritz and Brandon McPoyle were traveling southbound on 23 rd
       Street when they spotted [Sewell] driving a dark 2009 Nissan
       Altima in the same direction. Fritz noticed [Sewell]’s heavily[-]
       tinted car windows and stopped him at the intersection of 21st
       Street and Carpenter Street. The officers exited their vehicle and
____________________________________________


1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3304(a)(2) (criminal mischief). Sewell was also convicted,
on two other docket numbers, of the following offenses: firearms not to be
carried without a license; carrying a firearm in public; fleeing or attempting to
elude an officer; possessing an instrument of crime (PIC); simple assault;
and recklessly endangering another person (REAP). None of these other
convictions on the two other docket numbers, however, is being challenged in
the current appeal. See infra n.5.

2 We have sua sponte consolidated the separate appeals, which involve the
same underlying criminal episode and issues, for ease of disposition. See
Pa.R.A.P. 513 (when same question involved in two or more appeals in
different cases, “the appellate court may, in its discretion, order them to be
argued together . . . as if but a single appeal.”).
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       approached [Sewell]’s car, Fritz on the driver side and McPoyle on
       the passenger side.       [Sewell] (the vehicle’s only occupant)
       provided his license and vehicular documentation to Fritz, but the
       name on the license he presented to Fritz was “Oman Sewell.”
       Fritz then returned to his squad car to verify [Sewell]’s information
       in the police database.

       Fritz initially looked for the name on the license (“Oman Sewell”)
       in the PennDOT database, but he found a profile that had a
       different name (“Julian Sewell”) in a secondary database that
       matched the birthdate on [Sewell]’s license. The profile photos
       also resembled [Sewell]. After noticing these discrepancies, Fritz
       concluded that [Sewell] may have had a suspended license. When
       Fritz returned to [Sewell]’s car to question him about the
       discrepancy between his license and PennDOT’s information,
       [Sewell] became nervous and gave an incoherent explanation.
       Fritz then went back to his squad car to verify his information
       before returning [Sewell]’s license and documents to him.[3]

       Fritz then asked [Sewell] if there was anything in the car that the
       officers should be made aware, and he replied that there was not.
       Fritz next asked whether he could search the car, and [Sewell]
       consented. When Fritz asked [Sewell] to open the center console,
       he complied, but Fritz found no contraband. However, when Fritz
       asked [Sewell] to open the glove compartment, he got “nervous,”
       began speaking quickly, and said it was locked. When Fritz
       suggested that he unlock it with the ignition key, [Sewell]
       responded that the compartment was broken. At that moment,
       Officer McPoyle reached inside the passenger window, opened the
       glove compartment, and discovered a loaded handgun.

       After McPoyle secured the handgun and alerted Fritz, both officers
       backed away from the vehicle with their firearms drawn.
       Meanwhile, [Sewell] reversed his car and slammed into the front
       of the officers’ squad car. The squad car was pushed back several
       feet, narrowly missing [Officer] McPoyle as he moved behind
       [Sewell]’s car to reposition himself next to Fritz. Although Fritz
       ordered [Sewell] to stop the car, he sped southbound on 21st
____________________________________________


3 Officer Fritz testified that there was nothing he could do at that time because
the license issue was something “[t]hat gets handled on the back end with
PennDOT [and] has nothing to do with the actual stop at that point.” N.T.
7/31/18, at 28-29.
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       Street. Unable to pursue [Sewell], Fritz radioed for backup.
       Shortly thereafter, [Sewell] was apprehended. Video footage
       documenting the entire incident was recovered from nearby
       cameras and presented as evidence at [Sewell]’s trial.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/5/19, at 3-5 (footnotes omitted).

       On March 13, 2017, Sewell filed a pre-trial motion to suppress, claiming

that the police illegally searched his car without a warrant, the consent of the

vehicle’s owner, or probable cause.              Sewell argued that any evidence

uncovered from the improper search was “the fruit of the poisonous tree” and

must be suppressed. On June 1, 2017, a suppression hearing was held before

the Honorable William J. Mazzola. On June 21, 2107, the court denied Sewell’s

motion.4 Sewell proceeded to a waiver trial before the Honorable Glynnis D.

Hill,5 after which he was found guilty of the above-stated offenses.           On

November 20, 2018, the trial court sentenced Sewell to 3-6 years’

incarceration for carrying a firearm without a license (CP-51-CR-0008071-

2016) and a consecutive term of 1-2 years of imprisonment for criminal

mischief, with a consecutive probationary term of 2 years for fleeing (CP-51-

____________________________________________


4 We note with disapproval the court’s failure to comply with Pa.R.Crim.P.
581(I), especially where the suppression court judge has not written an
opinion with regard to his suppression ruling. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(I) (“At
the conclusion of the hearing, the judge shall enter on the record a statement
of findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether the evidence was
obtained in violation of the defendant's rights, or in violation of these rules or
any statute, and shall make an order granting or denying the relief sought.”).

5 On July 19, 2017, the defense requested a judicial recusal which the court
granted. The case was later assigned to the Judge Hill, on July 30, 2018.


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CR-0008073-2016).         No further penalties were imposed on the remaining

charges. See supra n.1.

       Sewell filed a timely notice of appeal and Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) court-

ordered concise statement of errors complained of on appeal.6 Sewell raises

the following issues for our consideration:

       (1)    Did the [trial] court err in denying . . . Sewell’s [m]otion for
              the [s]uppresion of [p]hysical [e]vidence where police
              conducted a warrantless search of [Sewell’s] motor vehicle
              subsequent to an illegal detention, without probable cause,
              and without the voluntary consent of [Sewell], in violation
              of Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and
              the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution?

       (2)    Was the evidence at trial insufficient as a matter of law to
              establish the crime of [c]riminal [m]ischief (18 Pa.C.S. §
              3304(a)(2)) where the evidence failed to establish beyond
              a reasonable doubt that [Sewell] “intentionally or recklessly
              tamper[ed] with tangible property of another so as to
              endanger person or property,” and where the evidence did
              not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the pecuniary loss
              exceeded $5,000 or resulted in interruption/impairment of
              public services, as required to grade it as a felony of the
              third degree?

Appellant’s Brief, at 2.



____________________________________________


6 On January 11, 2019, Sewell petitioned the trial court for leave to file notices
of appeal nunc pro tunc to comply with the dictates of Commonwealth v.
Walker, 185 A.3d 969 (Pa. 2018). In Walker, our Supreme Court held that
that under Pa.R.A.P. 341 the “proper practice . . . is to file separate appeals
from an order that resolves issues arising on more than one docket [and t]he
failure to do requires the appellate court to quash the appeal.” Id. at 977.
Because the trial court granted Sewell’s petition and he has filed three
separate notices of appeal for each docket below, we find that he has complied
with Walker.
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      In his first issue, Sewell claims that the police conducted an illegal,

warrantless search of the glove compartment of his vehicle without probable

cause and without his voluntary consent.

      Our review of the suppression court’s denial of a motion to suppress is

governed by the following principles:

      When reviewing the propriety of a suppression order, an appellate
      court is required to determine whether the record supports the
      suppression court’s factual findings and whether the inferences
      and legal conclusions drawn by the suppression court from those
      findings are appropriate. Where the [Commonwealth] prevailed
      in the suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of
      the [Commonwealth] and so much of the evidence for the
      [defense] as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of
      the record as a whole. Where the record supports the factual
      findings of the suppression court, we are bound by those facts and
      may reverse only if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in
      error. However, where the appeal of the determination of the
      suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the
      suppression court’s conclusions of law are not binding on an
      appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression
      court properly applied the law to the facts.

Commonwealth v. Cartagena, 63 A.3d 294, 298 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en

banc) (citation omitted).




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       Here, the officers validly stopped Sewell’s vehicle for a Motor Vehicle

Code violation,7 excessively tinted windows.8       When they approached his

vehicle, Sewell handed Officer Fritz his license, registration and a change of

address form. When the officer ran a check of the documents, the birth date

and name on the license did not match what was in the prison release system

for Sewell.    In addition, the system revealed information that Sewell had

between five to ten prior police assaults and firearms violations. When Officer

Fritz returned to Sewell’s vehicle to clarify the inconsistent identification

information, the officer testified that Sewell was “visibly nervous,” “was kind

of shaking,” and was “talking quickly.” N.T. Trial (Waiver), 6/1/17, at 14-15.

At that point Officer Fritz returned Sewell’s paperwork and asked if there was

anything in the car that he needed to know about.            Id. at 15.    Sewell

responded, “no.” Id. Officer Fritz then asked Sewell if he would mind if he
____________________________________________


7 We note that the trial court incorrectly states that “[i]n order to effectuate a
lawful stop, 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308 requires the officer to have ‘articulable and
reasonable grounds’ . . . [or] reasonable suspicion to believe the vehicle or its
driver was violating the Vehicle Code.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/4/19, at 5.
However, in Commonwealth v. Chase, 960 A.2d 108 (Pa. 2008), our
Supreme Court reasoned that “a vehicle stop based solely on offenses not
‘investigatable’[, like window tint,] cannot be justified by a mere reasonable
suspicion, because the purposes of a Terry stop do not exist—maintaining the
status quo while investigating is inapplicable where there is nothing further to
investigate.    [Thus, a]n officer must have probable cause to make a
constitutional vehicle stop for such offenses.” Id. at 116.

8 See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 4524(e))(1) (“No person shall drive any motor vehicle
with any sun screening or other material which does not permit a person to
see or view the inside of the vehicle through the windshield, side wing or side
window of the vehicle.”).
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searched his vehicle; Sewell replied, “No, I don’t have a problem with that.”

Id. At that point, Officer Fritz asked Sewell to open the center console of the

vehicle; Sewell complied and a pill bottle containing change was found. Id.

at 16. When Office Fritz attempted to open the locked, front driver’s side

door, Sewell voluntarily unlocked the door and opened it for him; the officer

did not find any incriminating evidence in the door pocket, door handle well,

or on the driver’s side floor. Id. at 16-17. Finally, when Officer Fritz asked

Sewell if he had anything in the glove box/compartment, the officer noted that

Sewell “was kind of fumbling around with words . . . but . . . essentially told

[him] it [was] locked.” Id. at 17. Sewell then replied that the glove box was

broken and would not open. Id. at 51. At that point, Officer McPoyle reached

into the vehicle, through the passenger-side window, and opened the glove

box, revealing a loaded .9 millimeter Ruger handgun. Id.

      We employ the following test to determine whether the search of

Sewell’s glove compartment was consensual:             “[t]o establish a valid

consensual search, the prosecution must first prove that the consent was

given during a legal police interaction, or if the consent was given during an

illegal seizure, that it was not a result of the illegal seizure; and second, that

the consent was given voluntarily.” Commonwealth v. Reid, 811 A.2d 530,

544 (Pa. 2002) (citations omitted and emphasis added).

      Sewell argues that while he may have consented to the search of

“certain portions of his car,” he “unequivocally denied the officers consent to


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search his glove box.” Appellant’s Brief, at 13.    Sewell contends that while

he “voluntarily” opened the driver’s door and the center console for Officer

Frisk, he specifically refused to open the glove box for the officer.        Id.

(emphasis in original).

      It is well established that the scope of an individual’s consent turns on

the mind of the person consenting and not of the officer. Commonwealth v.

Poteete, 418 A.2d 513, 517 (Pa. Super. 1980). The standard for measuring

the scope of an individual’s consent is one of “objective reasonableness.”

Reid, 811 A.2d at 549. We do not ascertain the scope of consent from the

individual’s subjective belief or the officer’s understanding based on his or her

training and experience, but based on “what . . . the typical reasonable person

would have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect.”

Id.

      In Commonwealth v. Smith, 77 A.3d 562, 568-69 (Pa. 2013), our

Supreme Court recognized:

      [T]he legality and constitutionality of warrantless, but consented[-
      ] to searches and seizures are examined objectively under a
      totality of the circumstances test to determine whether the
      consent was “the product of an essentially free and unconstrained
      choice” and not the result of coercion or duress. Commonwealth
      v. Strickler, [] 757 A.2d 884, 901 (Pa. 2000). Under this maxim,
      no one fact, circumstance, or element of the examination of a
      person’s consent has talismanic significance. Commonwealth v.
      Gillespie, [] 821 A.2d 1221, 1225 n.1 (Pa. 2003). [I]t is a court’s
      function to determine whether a criminal defendant voluntarily
      and knowingly gave his consent to be subjected to a search or
      seizure as contemplated by the Fourth Amendment and Article I,
      Section 8.

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Id. (citation omitted).”

       The trial court found that Sewell voluntarily consented to the search of

his vehicle, and, thus, the court properly upheld the warrantless search. In

coming to this conclusion the court noted: “(1) [Sewell] gave the officers

permission to search his vehicle; (2) Officer McPoyle heard [Sewell] give

[verbal] consent; and (3) [Sewell’s] consent was not given under duress or

coerc[ion].”    Trial Court Opinion, 6/15/19, at 8.    See Commonwealth v.

Smith, 77 A.3d 562, 573 (Pa. 2013) (for consent to be voluntary it must be

“the product of essentially free and unconstrained choice—not the result of

duress or coercion, express or implied, or a will overborne –under the totality

of the circumstances.”). The trial court further noted that under case law, the

officers were not required to notify Sewell about his right to refuse their

request to search the vehicle where his consent was clearly voluntary. Id.,

citing Commonwealth v. Cleckley, 738 A.2d 427, 433 (Pa. 1999).9

       Based on a totality of the circumstances surrounding the stop and

search, Smith, supra, we agree that the trial court properly denied Sewell’s

motion to suppress where Sewell gave Officer Fritz voluntary consent to

search his vehicle. Officer Fritz asked Sewell if he would mind if he searched

the vehicle and Sewell unequivocally replied that he did not have a problem

with him doing that. While Sewell physically opened the center console and

____________________________________________


9 Officer Fritz specifically testified that he did not have Sewell sign any consent
to search form. N.T. Suppression Hearing, 6/1/17, at 44.
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the driver’s door at Officer Fritz’s request, he did not “refuse” to open the

glove box for the officer. Rather, he told the officers that it was locked and/or

broken. At that point, the officers had no reason to believe that Sewell was

no longer voluntarily and knowingly giving his consent to search the car. Cf.

Commonwealth v. Valdivia, 195 A.3d 855 (Pa. 2018) (while reasonable

person in defendant’s position would have expected police officers at scene to

conduct immediate hand search of defendant’s van, reasonable person would

not have understood his consent to extend to dog sniffing search occurring 40

minutes following consent for search of vehicle). Finally, there is nothing in

the certified record that indicates the officers coerced Sewell into providing his

consent. See Commonwealth v. Strickler, 757 A.2d 884, 889, 901 (Pa.

2000). Accordingly, we find no merit to Sewell’s first claim.

       Sewell next argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove he was

guilty of criminal mischief.10        While Sewell admits that he damaged the

officers’ police cruiser as he fled the crime scene, he specifically claims that




____________________________________________


10 The trial court points out that, in closing argument, counsel noted, “[a]s it
relates to the charge of criminal mischief, I don’t have any argument, Your
Honor, the car was damaged, it was. That’s not something I would disrespect
this Court to try and argue and say it wasn’t.” N.T. Trial, 7/31/18, at 176.
This statement does not waive Sewell’s sufficiency argument on appeal where
he contests the “tampering” element of section 3304(a)(2) and consistently
agrees that he caused damage to the officers’ police car.


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he did not “tamper with tangible property” as the crime is defined under 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 3304(a)(2), the specific subsection for which he was charged.11

       When presented with a claim that the evidence is insufficient to sustain

a conviction:

       [A]n appellate court, viewing all the evidence and reasonable
       inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the
       Commonwealth as the verdict winner, must determine whether
       the evidence was sufficient to enable the fact finder to find that
       all of the elements of the offenses were established beyond a
       reasonable doubt.

Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 701 A.2d 492, 499 (Pa. 1997). Furthermore,

“[t]he Commonwealth may sustain its burden by proving the crime’s elements

with evidence which is entirely circumstantial and the trier of fact, who

determines credibility of witnesses and the weight to give the evidence

produced,     is   free   to   believe   all,   part,   or   none   of   the   evidence.”




____________________________________________


11Here, the Commonwealth’s bill of information charged Sewell with criminal
mischief, as follows:

       COUNT 1: Crim’l Misch-Tamp W/Property – (F3)

       Offense Date: 06/09/2016 18 [Pa.C.S.] § 3304 §§ A2

       Intentionally or recklessly tampered with tangible property of
       another so as to endanger person or property

       Victim: Officer Brandon McPoyle

       Citation of Statute and Section: 18 [Pa.C.S.] § 3304 §§ A2 (F3)

Criminal Bill of Information, 9/13/16.

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Commonwealth v. Brown, 701 A.2d 252, 254 (Pa. Super. 1997) (citations

omitted).

      “A person is guilty of criminal mischief [under section 3304(a)(2)] if he

. . . intentionally or recklessly tampers with tangible property of another so

as to endanger person or property[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3304(a)(2) (emphasis

added). In the present case, the trial court found the following relevant facts

supported Sewell’s criminal mischief conviction: “[Sewell] reversed his car

and slammed [it] into the front of the officers’ squad car. The squad car was

pushed back several feet, narrowly missing [Officer] McPoyle as he moved

behind [Sewell’s] car to reposition himself next to [Officer] Fritz.” Trial Court

Opinion, 6/5/19, at 4.

      Sewell claims that in order to be guilty of criminal mischief under section

3304(a)(2), the Commonwealth must prove that the defendant “meddle[d]

with or ma[d]e changes to tangible property.” [Sewell]’s Brief, at 19. We

agree. Here, Sewell did not tamper with the officers’ police cruiser, or any

tangible property for that matter; rather, he intentionally backed up and

crashed into the vehicle, causing it to sustain body damage.                 Cf.

Commonwealth v. Herman, 924 A.2d 1231 (Pa. Super. 2007) (where

defendant cut telephone lines to grocery store, evidence was sufficient to

sustain conviction under section 3304(a)(2)); Commonwealth v. Zambelli,

695 A.2d 848 (Pa. Super. 1997) (sufficient evidence to prove criminal mischief

under section 3304(a)(2) where defendant scratched side of parked van with


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object held between two fingers); Commonwealth v. Miller, 339 A.2d 573

(Pa. Super. 1975) (section 3340(a)(2) conviction affirmed where defendant

cut legs off of base of fire tower causing tower to collapse onto power line and

interrupt electrical service to community).         As Sewell correctly notes, his

action would be properly charged as a section 3304(a)(5) offense where one

“intentionally damages real or personal property of another.”12              See 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 3304(a)(5) (emphasis added); see also 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(a)

(“Every statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its

provisions.”).     Because Sewell did not “tamper” with another’s tangible

property, we conclude that the evidence was insufficient to enable the trial

judge, as fact finder, to find that all of the elements of criminal mischief under

section    3304(a)(2)      were     established    beyond   a   reasonable   doubt.



____________________________________________


12  Although not binding, we find persuasive an unpublished memorandum
decision from our Court, Commonwealth v. Powell, 2013 Pa. Super. Unpub.
LEXIS 3074 (Pa. Super. filed July 24, 2013), which interpreted the term
“tampers” as it is used in section 3304(a)(2). In Powell, the defendant’s
conviction for criminal mischief under section 3304(a)(2) was reversed where
the Court found that the Commonwealth only proved that the defendant
damaged the victim’s vehicle in a car accident. Although the court noted that
the defendant acted recklessly by operating his vehicle under the influence of
narcotics, “[t]here [wa]s no evidence that [the defendant] consciously or
purposefully meddled with or altered [the victim’s] vehicle[.]” Id. at *16.
Consequently, even though Sewell may have acted intentionally when he
reversed his car and hit the officers’ police cruiser, like in Powell there was
no evidence that Sewell tampered with the officers’ car, only that he damaged
it.


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Accordingly, we reverse Sewell’s judgment of sentence for criminal mischief

under section 3304(a)(2).

       Criminal mischief conviction reversed; judgment of sentence for criminal

mischief vacated.13       All other convictions affirmed.   Case remanded for

resentencing.14 Jurisdiction relinquished.

       Judge McLaughlin joins this Memorandum.

       Judge Nichols concurs in the result.




____________________________________________


13 Reversal of Sewell’s conviction for criminal mischief has no effect on his
other criminal convictions for fleeing and firearm offenses under docket
numbers CP-51-CR-0008071-2016 and CP-51-CR-0008073-2016. See supra
n.1. However, because he was convicted and sentenced on all three dockets
in one trial, it has upset the sentencing scheme. Thus, we must remand for
resentencing.

14 In his final issue on appeal, Sewell claims that his criminal mischief charge
was improperly graded as a third-degree felony where the bill of information
did not include a dollar amount regarding the damage done to the officers’
police car or an allegation that the damage “caused a substantial interruption
or impairment of a public service” as is required under section 3304(b). See
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3304 (b) (“Grading. — Criminal mischief is a felony of the third
degree if the actor intentionally causes pecuniary loss in excess of $ 5,000, or
a substantial interruption or impairment of public communication,
transportation, supply of water, gas or power, or other public service.”).
Having determined that Sewell’s criminal mischief conviction must be
reversed, this issue is now moot.

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Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 12/30/19




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