Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                       ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
MOTHER:
                                             GREGORY F. ZOELLER
LISA A. MOODY                                Attorney General of Indiana
Princeton, Indiana
                                             ROBERT J. HENKE
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                       CHRISTINE REDELMAN
FATHER:                                      Deputies Attorney General
                                             Indianapolis, Indiana
JASON SPINDLER
Spindler Law
Princeton, Indiana
                                                                    Mar 06 2014, 9:17 am



                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

IN THE MATTER OF THE TERMINATION )
OF THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP )
OF: M.M., G.M., AND D.M.,        )
                                 )
      And                        )
                                 )
K.M. (Mother) and R.M. (Father), )
                                 )
      Appellants-Respondents,    )
                                 )
            vs.                  )                No. 26A01-1308-JT-345
                                 )
THE INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD )
SERVICES,                        )
                                 )
      Appellee-Petitioner.       )


                      APPEAL FROM THE GIBSON CIRCUIT COURT
                          The Honorable Jeffrey F. Meade, Judge
                              Cause Nos. 26C01-1209-JT-8
                                         26C01-1209-JT-9
                                         26C01-1209-JT-10
                                             March 6. 2014



                  MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION




ROBB, Judge

                                      Case Summary and Issue

        R.M. (“Father”) and K.M. (“Mother”) appeal from the juvenile court’s order

terminating parental rights over M.M., G.M. and D.M. (the “children”), raising the

following issue for our review: whether the order terminating parental rights is supported

by clear and convincing evidence. Concluding there is sufficient evidence to support the

juvenile court’s decision to terminate Mother and Father’s parental rights over the children,

we affirm.

                                    Facts and Procedural History1

        Mother and Father (collectively “Parents”) are the biological parents of M.M. (born

May 11, 2006), G.M. (born October 16, 2008), and D.M. (born October 27, 2009).2 The




        1
            We note that Father’s brief fails to provide a single citation to the record. We remind Father’s
attorney that factual statements must be supported by citations to the record on appeal. See Ind. Appellate
Rule 22(C) and 46(A)(6). Although always required, citation to the record is especially important where,
as in this case, the appeal is accompanied by a voluminous record.
        2
          Mother and Father have two additional children who were not subject to this termination
proceeding.

                                                     2
Parents were previously married but divorced prior to the juvenile court’s order terminating

their parental rights over the children.

       The Department of Child Services (“DCS”) initially became involved with M.M.

and G.M. and petitioned for M.M. and G.M. to be adjudicated children in need of services

(“CHINS”) in April 2009 due to an unsafe and unsanitary home environment. Those

CHINS proceedings were dismissed in May 2009, but DCS once again petitioned for M.M.

and G.M. to be adjudicated CHINS on June 8, 2009. The June petition was the result of

DCS concerns with the Parents’ substance abuse and unsafe and unsanitary living

conditions. M.M. and G.M. were removed from the home and placed into foster care.

Upon the Parents’ participation with service providers, the CHINS proceedings were

eventually dismissed on October 30, 2009.

       DCS became involved with all three children in early 2010 in response to allegations

of the Parents’ drug abuse. The children’s home was littered with trash, and roaches were

found roaming throughout the house. The furniture and floors were stained with animal

feces. The home did not have central heating, and the family relied on a space heater

located in a single bedroom. The Parents submitted to drug screens: Mother tested positive

for marijuana, and Father tested positive for marijuana and methamphetamine. DCS

removed the children from the home on January 11, 2010. A guardian ad litem was

appointed, and the children were adjudicated CHINS on February 11, 2010.

       On March 8, 2010, the juvenile court issued a dispositional order and ordered

continued placement of the children outside the home and care of the Parents. The

dispositional order contained a number of requirements for the Parents with the ultimate

                                             3
goal of reunification. Those requirements included that Parents must, among other things:

(1) maintain a safe, clean, and healthy home environment; (2) cooperate with a parent aid

and case managers to maintain stable housing and employment, develop parenting skills,

and improve in any area deemed necessary by their case manager; (3) participate and

cooperate in family therapy; (4) stay free from illegal substances; and (5) submit to random

drug screens, the refusal to which would be considered a positive test result.

       The Parents consistently participated in and took advantage of parental visitation.

However, their participation and cooperation with all other DCS services was sporadic and

largely nonexistent during the pendency of the CHINS proceedings. On August 26, 2010,

Father’s parenting time was suspended due to noncompliance with court-ordered services.

       A permanency hearing was held on January 13, 2011, at which it was determined

Mother had still failed to maintain appropriate housing. Father, however, showed signs of

improvement and received increased parenting time with the children.

       On May 5, 2011, the juvenile court authorized a trial home visit for the children

with Father. However, this trial home visit was short-lived. On June 9, 2011, police

discovered drug paraphernalia, marijuana, and methamphetamine in Father’s home. Some

of those substances were found within reach of the children. Father tested positive for

methamphetamine and cocaine. DCS also found the house to be unclean and unsanitary,

with trash and soiled diapers strewn throughout the house. The children were removed

from Father’s home, and the trial home visit was canceled.

       In the spring and summer of 2011, Mother struggled with employment and failed to

submit to random drug screens. In September 2011, Mother and Father had a physical

                                             4
altercation resulting in injuries to both parties; the altercation took place in front of the

Parents’ youngest child, who is not part of this appeal. But in October 2011, Mother

showed signs of improvement, and a trial home visit began on November 8, 2011. After a

couple months, DCS became concerned that Mother was regressing in areas where she had

improved; M.M. was having issues with tardiness and absence from school; and the

conditions of Mother’s home began to steadily worsen. DCS worked with Mother to

establish goals and improve her home conditions, but Mother was unable to comply with

services and goals set by DCS, resulting in removal of the children and termination of the

trial home visit on February 7, 2012.

       On May 15, 2012, a review hearing was held, and the juvenile court determined that

the Parents had not complied with the dispositional order. At that time, the permanency

plan was changed to reflect a concurrent plan for reunification and adoption.

       On September 6, 2012, DCS filed a petition for termination of parental rights. The

petition alleged in pertinent part (1) there is a reasonable probability that the conditions

that resulted in the children’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of the

Parents will not be remedied; (2) there is a reasonable probability that the continuation of

the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the children; and (3)

termination is in the best interests of the children.

       In the months between the cessation of Mother’s trial home visit and DCS’s petition

for termination of parental rights, the Parents were noncompliant with services, and they

both continued to test positive or otherwise fail to submit to drug screens. Both Parents

failed to communicate with DCS regarding housing and employment. They also failed to

                                               5
consistently attend scheduled appointments with service providers. Mother tested positive

for methamphetamine in March 2012, and Mother continued to test positive for marijuana

as late as September and October 2012, despite her knowledge of upcoming termination

proceedings. Father also continued to exhibit problems in the months prior to and during

the termination proceedings. Father tested positive for methamphetamine in October 2012.

He violated probation and was incarcerated on January 2, 2013. Father admitted he had

not attended a Narcotics Anonymous meeting in nearly a year prior to the termination

hearings, and he had attempted suicide five times during the CHINS case.

         The juvenile court held an evidentiary hearing on the termination over the course of

six days beginning October 24, 2012 and ending January 29, 2013. At the time of the

termination hearings, Father was incarcerated and Mother was unemployed and without

housing. Mother stated that if the children were returned to her care, they would have to

live with their maternal grandmother in Illinois. Mother gave birth to another child during

the termination hearings, and she admitted to using marijuana while pregnant with that

child.

         On July 3, 2013, the juvenile court issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law.

The court concluded the allegations in the petition for termination of parental rights were

proved by clear and convincing evidence and terminated the Parents’ parental rights to the

children. Specifically, the juvenile court found that over the two and one-half years of

CHINS proceedings, the Parents failed to remedy their issues regarding substance abuse,

poor home conditions, and employment. The court also concluded the Parents did not

comply with the dispositional order, submit to drug screens, or participate in or benefit

                                                6
from a number of services offered. The court noted that neither Mother nor Father made a

meaningful attempt to address the problems causing the CHINS case and attain

reunification. This appeal followed.

                                 Discussion and Decision

                                  I. Standard of Review

       A decision to terminate parental rights is reviewed with great deference. In re J.C.,

994 N.E.2d 278, 283 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). We will neither reweigh evidence nor judge

the credibility of witnesses, and we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences

favorable to the judgment. Id.

       Here, the juvenile court issued special findings of fact and conclusions of law

pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52(A). In this case, we apply a two-tiered standard of

review: (1) we determine whether the evidence supports the findings of fact and (2)

whether the findings support the judgment. In re Adoption of A.S., 912 N.E.2d 840, 851

(Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. The trial court’s findings or judgment will be set aside

only if they are clearly erroneous. Id. A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if the record

lacks evidence or reasonable inferences from the evidence to support it. Id.

                            II. Termination of Parental Rights

       Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4 sets out what must be proven in order to terminate

parental rights. Relevant to this case, the statute’s requirements include:

       (B) that one (1) of the following is true:
              (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
              in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home
              of the parents will not be remedied.


                                             7
              (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
              parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the child.

              ***

       (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child . . . .

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)-(C). The State must prove each element by clear and

convincing evidence. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1261 (Ind. 2009). If a juvenile court

determines that the allegations required by Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4 are true, then

the court will terminate the parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8.

       Mother and Father have filed separate briefs, challenging the juvenile court’s

decision to terminate their respective parental rights to the children. They contend there

was not sufficient evidence to prove: (1) there is a reasonable probability that the

conditions that resulted in the children’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the

home of the Parents will not be remedied; (2) there is a reasonable probability that the

continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the children;

and (3) termination is in the best interests of the children.

                          A. Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights

       First, Mother argues there is not sufficient evidence to show a reasonable probability

that the conditions that resulted in the children’s removal or the reasons for placement

outside her home will not be remedied. Mother claims that she is no longer abusing illegal

substances, and she is attending monthly counseling sessions to cope with depression. She

notes that the children’s maternal grandmother and aunt are willing to help Mother get back

on her feet and are willing to offer a place for Mother and the children to live. Finally,


                                                8
Mother states that she is actively seeking employment. In essence, Mother argues the

juvenile court did not lend sufficient weight to her most recent improvements.

       Mother rightly states that a juvenile court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for

her children at the time of the termination hearing, taking into account evidence of changed

conditions. See In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. This

does not mean, however, that the juvenile court must wholesale ignore a parent’s past

actions; the court “must also examine the parent’s pattern of conduct.” In re E.E., 736

N.E.2d 791, 795 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). The evidence in this case shows a pattern of conduct

by Mother that indicates the conditions triggering the CHINS proceedings are not likely to

be remedied. This CHINS case was ongoing for approximately two and one-half years

before termination hearings began. During that length of time, Mother continued to abuse

drugs, failed to cooperate with DCS services, and was unable to furnish adequate housing

for the children. And although Mother claims to have been sober as of the termination, the

evidence reflects that she was abusing drugs as late as October 2012 when the termination

hearings began. The juvenile court’s conclusion that there was a reasonable probability

that the conditions that resulted in the children’s removal will not be remedied was not

clearly erroneous.

       Mother also contends the juvenile court erred by finding that continuation of her

parent-child relationship posed a threat to the children’s well-being. However, Indiana

Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive and requires only that one of

the elements be true to terminate parental rights. Because we conclude the evidence is

sufficient to show a reasonable probability that conditions that resulted in the children’s

                                             9
removal will not be remedied, we need not determine whether the juvenile court erred in

concluding continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to the children’s

well-being. See In re J.W., 779 N.E.2d 954, 962 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied.

         Last, Mother argues that termination of her parental rights is not in the best interests

of the children. Pointing out that it is unlikely DCS will find a single adoptive home for

all three children, Mother contends termination and adoption are not in the children’s best

interests. We agree it would be preferable for all of the children to remain together.

However, Mother cites no authority indicating that the unlikelihood of such a situation

forbids termination of parental rights despite the parent’s unfitness.

         “Permanency is a central consideration in determining the best interests of a child.”

In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1265.             These CHINS proceedings were ongoing for

approximately two and one-half years before termination proceedings began. The juvenile

court found the Parents are unlikely to remedy the issues leading to removal from the home,

and “[a]n approved adoptive family offers these children permanency which they greatly

need.”     Appellant’s Appendix at 24.         Moreover, the children’s guardian ad litem

recommended termination of parental rights, believing it to be in the best interests of the

children. See In re A.B., 887 N.E.2d 158, 170 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (stating a guardian ad

litem’s recommendation for termination supported juvenile court’s finding that termination

was in the child’s best interests). Based on the totality of the circumstances, the juvenile

court’s determination that termination is in the children’s best interests is not clearly

erroneous.



                                                10
                          B. Termination of Father’s Parental Rights

       Father also challenges the juvenile court’s decision to terminate his parental rights

in the children. However, Father fails to present any argument regarding the juvenile

court’s determinations that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted

in the children’s removal will not be remedied and that the continuation of the parent-child

relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the children. Father’s only mention of either

element occurs in generic Statement of the Issues and Summary of the Argument sections,

and Father provides no analysis of either element. Because Father has failed to provide a

cogent argument or citation to adequate authority, he has not preserved those arguments

for appeal. See Zivot v. London, 981 N.E.2d 129, 137-38 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012); see also

Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a).

       Father does, however, present a cogent argument challenging the juvenile court’s

determination that termination is in the best interests of the children. That said, Father’s

argument on that issue is identical to Mothers, stating DCS is unlikely to find a single

adoptive home and that the children will not benefit from that result. For the reasons stated

above, we conclude the trial court’s judgment as to the children’s best interests is not

clearly erroneous.

                                         Conclusion

       Concluding the juvenile court’s decision to terminate the parental rights of Mother

and Father was not clearly erroneous, we affirm.

       Affirmed.

BARNES, J., and BROWN, J., concur.

                                              11
