                          FOR PUBLICATION                  FILED
                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS              JUL 26 2005

                                                      CATHY A. CATTERSON, CLERK
                       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT             U.S. COURT OF APPEALS




NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION;        No. 05-35569
IDAHO WILDLIFE FEDERATION;
WASHINGTON WILDLIFE                  D.C. No. CV-01-00640-JAR
FEDERATION; SIERRA CLUB; TROUT
UNLIMITED; PACIFIC COAST
FEDERATION OF FISHERMEN’S            OPINION
ASSOCIATIONS; INSTITUTE FOR
FISHERIES RESOURCES; IDAHO
RIVERS UNITED; IDAHO STEELHEAD
AND SALMON UNITED; NORTHWEST
SPORT FISHING INDUSTRY
ASSOCIATION, SALMON FOR ALL;
COLUMBIA RIVERKEEPER; NW
ENERGY COALITION; FEDERATION
OF FLY FISHERS; AMERICAN
RIVERS, INC.,

      Plaintiffs - Appellees,

 v.

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES
SERVICE; UNITED STATES ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS; U.S. BUREAU
OF RECLAMATION,

      Defendants,

FRANKLIN COUNTY FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION; GRANT COUNTY
FARM BOARD FEDERATION;
WASHINGTON FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION; STATE OF IDAHO;
CLARKSON GOLF & COUNTY CLUB,

        Defendant-Intervenors,

      and

NORTHWEST IRRIGATION
UTILITIES; PUBLIC POWER
COUNCIL; PACIFIC NORTHWEST
GENERATING COOPERATIVE; BPA
CUSTOMER GROUP,

        Defendant-Intervenors -
Appellants,

 v.

STATE OF OREGON,

        Plaintiff-intervenor - Appellee.



NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION;              No. 05-35646
IDAHO WILDLIFE FEDERATION;
WASHINGTON WILDLIFE                        D.C. No. CV-01-00640-JAR
FEDERATION; SIERRA CLUB; TROUT
UNLIMITED; PACIFIC COAST
FEDERATION OF FISHERMEN’S
ASSOCIATIONS; INSTITUTE FOR
FISHERIES RESOURCES; IDAHO
RIVERS UNITED; IDAHO STEELHEAD
AND SALMON UNITED; NORTHWEST
SPORT FISHING INDUSTRY
ASSOCIATION, SALMON FOR ALL;
COLUMBIA RIVERKEEPER; NW


                                       2
ENERGY COALITION; FEDERATION
OF FLY FISHERS; AMERICAN
RIVERS, INC.,

        Plaintiffs - Appellees,

 v.

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES
SERVICE; UNITED STATES ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS; U.S. BUREAU
OF RECLAMATION,

        Defendants,

NORTHWEST IRRIGATION
UTILITIES; PUBLIC POWER
COUNCIL; PACIFIC NORTHWEST
GENERATING COOPERATIVE; BPA
CUSTOMER GROUP; FRANKLIN
COUNTY FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION; GRANT COUNTY
FARM BOARD FEDERATION;
WASHINGTON FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION; CLARKSON GOLF &
COUNTY CLUB,

        Defendant-Intervenors,

      and

STATE OF IDAHO,

        Defendant-intervenor -
Appellant,

 v.

                                  3
STATE OF OREGON,

        Plaintiff-intervenor - Appellee.



NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION;              No. 05-35570
IDAHO WILDLIFE FEDERATION;
WASHINGTON WILDLIFE                        D.C. No. CV-01-00640-JAR
FEDERATION; SIERRA CLUB; TROUT
UNLIMITED; PACIFIC COAST
FEDERATION OF FISHERMEN’S
ASSOCIATIONS; INSTITUTE FOR
FISHERIES RESOURCES; IDAHO
RIVERS UNITED; IDAHO STEELHEAD
AND SALMON UNITED; NORTHWEST
SPORT FISHING INDUSTRY
ASSOCIATION, SALMON FOR ALL;
COLUMBIA RIVERKEEPER; NW
ENERGY COALITION; FEDERATION
OF FLY FISHERS; AMERICAN
RIVERS, INC.,

        Plaintiffs - Appellees,

 v.

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES
SERVICE; UNITED STATES ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS; U.S. BUREAU
OF RECLAMATION,

        Defendants - Appellants,

      and

NORTHWEST IRRIGATION


                                       4
UTILITIES; PUBLIC POWER
COUNCIL; PACIFIC NORTHWEST
GENERATING COOPERATIVE; BPA
CUSTOMER GROUP; FRANKLIN
COUNTY FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION; GRANT COUNTY
FARM BOARD FEDERATION;
WASHINGTON FARM BUREAU
FEDERATION; STATE OF IDAHO;
CLARKSON GOLF & COUNTY CLUB,

          Defendant-Intervenors,

  v.

STATE OF OREGON,

          Plaintiff-intervenor - Appellee.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Oregon
                    James A. Redden, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted July 13, 2005
                               Seattle, Washington
                               Filed: July 26, 2005

Before: TASHIMA, THOMAS, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       The defendants appeal the district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction,

based on a violation of the Endangered Species Act (or “ESA”), 16 U.S.C. §§

1531-1544, requiring the United States to pass a specified amount of water

                                          5
through the spillgates of four dams on the Snake River, and one dam on the

Columbia River during the summer months of 2005, rather than passing the water

through turbines for power generation. We affirm in part and remand in part.

                                          I

      The Columbia River is the fourth largest river on the North American

continent. It drains approximately 259,000 square miles, including territory in

seven states and one Canadian province. It flows for more than 1,200 miles from

the base of the Canadian Rockies to the Pacific Ocean. As part of the cycle of life

in the Columbia River system, every year hundreds of thousands of salmon and

steelhead travel up and down the river and its tributaries, hatching in fresh water,

migrating downstream to the sea to achieve adulthood, and then returning

upstream to spawn. The Snake River is the Columbia River’s main tributary.

      As part of the modern cycle of life in the Columbia River System, each year

brings litigation to the federal courts of the Northwest over the operation of the

Federal Columbia River Power System (“FCRPS” or “Columbia River System”)1


      1
        The FCRPS consists of 14 sets of dams and related facilities: Bonneville,
The Dales, John Day, and McNary dams in the lower Columbia River Basin; Chief
Joseph, Grand Coulee, Libby, Hungry Horse, and Albeni Falls dams in the upper
Columbia River Basin; and Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, Little Goose, Lower
Granite, and Dworshak Dams in the lower Snake River Basin. The United States
Bureau of Reclamation manages the Grand Coulee and Hungry Horse dams; the
                                                                      (continued...)
                                          6
and, in particular, the effects of system operation on the anadromous salmon and

steelhead protected by the Endangered Species Act.

      No one disputes that the wild Pacific salmon population has significantly

decreased; indeed, in recent years, salmon runs have declined to a small

percentage of their historic abundance. There are now thirteen species of

Columbia, Snake, and Willamette River salmon and steelhead that are protected by

the Endangered Species Act.2 The district court found in this case that “the listed

species are in serious decline and not evidencing signs of recovery.” Each of the

thirteen affected stocks migrate at different times of the year to different parts of

the Columbia Basin. For example, Upper Columbia spring Chinook adults return

to their spawning grounds in the spring of each year; Snake River fall Chinook

adults return to the Snake River Basin in the fall. Juveniles of these stocks

generally migrate seaward between mid-April and early September. The spring



      1
      (...continued)
remainder are managed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
      2
        Snake River Chinook salmon (fall-run); Snake River Chinook salmon
(spring/summer-run); Snake River sockeye salmon; Upper Columbia River
steelhead; Snake River Basin steelhead; Lower Columbia River coho salmon;
Lower Columbia River steelhead; Middle Columbia River steelhead; Upper
Willamette River steelhead; Lower Columbia River Chinook salmon; Upper
Willamette River Chinook salmon; Upper Columbia River Chinook salmon
(spring-run); and Columbia River chum salmon.
                                           7
and summer Chinook, steelhead, and sockeye salmon migrate as yearling juveniles

in the spring. Subyearling fall Chinook migrate down the river during the mid-to-

late summer. Some salmon migrate downstream after spending a year in fresh

water; others migrate the same year.

      The primary focus of the present lawsuit is the survival of the fall juvenile

Chinook salmon and steelhead migrating downstream to the Pacific Ocean. These

fish must pass a number of FCRPS dams on their journey to the sea and suffer a

very high mortality rate in doing so, sometimes as high as 92%. As the fish

migrate downstream, they first encounter reservoirs behind the dams, which slows

their progress and exposes them to predatory fish, such as the northern

pikeminnow. After passage through each dam’s reservoir, the juvenile salmon and

steelhead must pass each dam. There are four main methods by which salmon may

navigate the Columbia and Snake River hydroelectric projects while migrating

from upriver areas to the ocean: (1) spill over the dams; (2) passage through

turbines; (3) in-river bypass systems; and (4) transportation bypass systems. Of

these options, passage through turbines unquestionably causes the highest

mortality rate. Historically, spill has been considered to cause the lowest




                                          8
mortality. However, spill must be carefully managed to avoid gas supersaturation,

which is harmful to the fish.3

      Each dam has a bypass system. At some dams, the bypass consists of

screens in front of the turbine intakes that divert the salmon and steelhead into a

passageway through the dam and downstream. At others, the bypass system

diverts the fish into barges for transportation around the dam.

      The operation of the Columbia River System is complex. The Army Corps

of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation manage the dams for multi-purpose

operations; the Bonneville Power Administration manages federal power

generated from the dams; and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission plays a

number of roles, including licensing of non-federal hydro-power projects.

Although the focus of this litigation is the effect of Columbia River System

operation on endangered species, in the day-to-day operation, federal agencies

must manage the system to deliver needed power and water to Northwest

consumers.




      3
         Falling water over the dam increases the amount of atmospheric gases that
are dissolved in the water. If the level of dissolved atmospheric gases is too high,
fish can experience “gas bubble trauma,” which is similar to the “bends”
experienced by human divers who return to the surface too quickly.
                                          9
      States also have an influence on the Columbia River System, directly in

their governance of water diversions from the river, and indirectly through their

own fish and wildlife conservation programs. The operation of the Columbia

River System is also impacted by treaties with a number of federally recognized

Indian Tribes, which reserve to the tribes certain fishing rights that are affected by

the management of the FCRPS.4

      In the last several decades, the management of the Columbia River System

has been strongly influenced by the Endangered Species Act, which requires

federal agencies to, in consultation with what is know as the “consulting agency,”

conserve species listed under the ESA. The ESA requires federal agencies to

“insure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency . . . is not

likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or

threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of

[designated critical] habitat . . . .” 15 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). To ensure that the

agency would meet its substantive ESA duties, the ESA imposes a procedural


      4
         See, e.g., Treaty with the Nez Perces, 12 Stat. 957, Art. 3 (June 11, 1855);
Treaty with the Tribes of the Middle Oregon (Confederated Tribes of the Warm
Springs Reservation of Oregon), 12 Stat. 963 (June 25, 1855); Treaty with the
Yakima, 12 Stat. 951 (June 9, 1855); Treaty with the Wallawalla, Cayuse, et. al.
(Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation), 12 Stat. 945 (June 9,
1855). In their amici brief, the treaty tribes support the position of the National
Wildlife Federation in this action.
                                          10
consultation duty whenever a federal action may affect an ESA-listed species.

Thomas v. Peterson, 753 F.2d 754, 763 (9th Cir. 1985). To that end, the agency

planning the action, usually known as the “action agency,” must consult with the

consulting agency. This process is known as a “Section 7" consultation. The

process is usually initiated by a formal written request by the action agency to the

consulting agency. After consultation and analysis, the consulting agency then

prepares a biological opinion. See generally Ariz. Cattle Growers' Ass’n v. United

States Fish & Wildlife Serv., 273 F.3d 1229, 1239 (9th Cir. 2001).

      The consulting agency evaluates the effects of the proposed action on the

survival of species and any potential destruction or adverse modification of critical

habitat in a biological opinion, 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b), based on “the best scientific

and commercial data available,” id. at § 1536(a)(2). The biological opinion

includes a summary of the information upon which the opinion is based, a

discussion of the effects of the action on listed species or critical habitat, and the

consulting agency’s opinion on “whether the action is likely to jeopardize the

continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse

modification of critical habitat. . . .” 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(h). In making its

jeopardy determination, the consulting agency evaluates “the current status of the

listed species or critical habitat,” the “effects of the action,” and “cumulative


                                           11
effects.” 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(g)(2)-(3). “Effects of the action” include both direct

and indirect effects of an action that will be added to the “environmental baseline.”

50 C.F.R. § 402.02. The environmental baseline includes “the past and present

impacts of all Federal, State or private actions and other human activities in the

action area” and “the anticipated impacts of all proposed Federal projects in the

action area that have already undergone formal or early section 7 consultation.”

Id.

      If the biological opinion concludes that jeopardy is not likely and that there

will not be adverse modification of critical habitat, or that there is a “reasonable

and prudent alternative” to the agency action that avoids jeopardy and adverse

modification and that the incidental taking of endangered or threatened species

will not violate section 7(a)(2), the consulting agency can issue an “Incidental

Take Statement” which, if followed, exempts the action agency from the

prohibition on takings5 found in Section 9 of the ESA. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(4);

Aluminum Co. of America v. Administrator, Bonneville Power Administration, 175

F.3d 1156, 1159 (9th Cir. 1999).




      5
         “The term ‘take’ means to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill,
trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct.” 16 U.S.C. §
1532(19).
                                          12
      If the consulting agency concludes that an action agency's action may

jeopardize the survival of species protected by the ESA, or adversely modify a

species’ critical habitat, the action must be modified. Id. The consulting agency

may recommend a “reasonable and prudent alternative” to the agency's proposed

action. Id. at § 1536(b)(3)(A).

      The issuance of a biological opinion is considered a final agency action, and

therefore subject to judicial review. Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 178 (1997);

Ariz. Cattle Growers' Ass’n, 273 F.3d at 1235.

      The Endangered Species Act, as it applies here to protection of anadromous

fish, requires action agencies to consult the agency formerly known as the

National Marine Fisheries Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (“NMFS”),6 to ensure that an agency's actions do not jeopardize an

ESA-protected species or adversely modify their critical habitat. 16 U.S.C. §

1536(a)-(b).

      Snake River fall Chinook salmon were listed as threatened species in 1992.

In 1993, NMFS issued a biological opinion concluding that FCRPS operations

would not jeopardize the listed species. The district court held that NMFS’s


      6
        The agency has now been renamed “NOAA Fisheries.” Because many of
the documents refer to the agency by its former name, it shall be referenced as
“NMFS” throughout this opinion for convenience of reference.
                                        13
action in issuing the 1993 biological opinion was arbitrary and capricious. Idaho

Dep’t of Fish & Game v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., 850 F. Supp. 886, 900 (D.

Or. 1994). The district court found that NMFS had failed to give an adequate

explanation for several of the key assumptions that went into its jeopardy analysis.

This decision was vacated on appeal as moot because NMFS had issued a

subsequent biological opinion. Idaho Dep’t of Fish & Game v. Nat’l Marine

Fisheries Serv., 56 F.3d 1071, 1075 (9th Cir. 1995). After further litigation and

agency action not directly relevant to this case, NMFS issued a new biological

opinion on December 21, 2000, (the “2000 BiOp”) that superseded the previous

biological opinions.

      In its 2000 BiOp, NMFS determined that the continued operation of FCRPS

as proposed by the action agencies would jeopardize eight listed salmon and

steelhead species; specifically, NMFS found that the “effects of the proposed or

continuing action, the effects of the environmental baseline, and any cumulative

effects, and considering measures for survival and recovery specific to other life

stages” would leave the eight species with too low a likelihood of survival and

potential for population recovery. NMFS thus developed reasonable and prudent

alternatives to the proposed operation and analyzed whether these alternatives, in

conjunction with the environmental baseline and cumulative effects, would avoid


                                         14
jeopardizing the species. NMFS found these alternatives insufficient. NMFS

therefore assessed whether the additional impact of off-site mitigation activities

unrelated to FCRPS operations, including hatchery and habitat initiatives, would

avoid jeopardy, and found that it did.

      Plaintiff National Wildlife Federation (“NWF”) brought this present action

challenging the 2000 BiOp in U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. The

district court concluded that the 2000 BiOp was invalid because to reach its

jeopardy determination, NMFS improperly relied on off-site federal mitigation

actions that had not undergone Section 7 consultation, and thus were not properly

included in the environmental baseline,7 and on non-federal mitigation actions that

were not reasonably certain to occur, and thus were not properly included in

cumulative effects. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Servs., 254 F.

Supp. 2d 1196, 1211-12 (D. Or. 2003). The district court remanded to provide

NMFS an opportunity to correct the 2000 BiOp. Id. at 1215.




      7
         The 2004 BiOp concluded that NMFS could not distinguish the effects of
the discretionary and nondiscretionary FCRPS operations, and therefore created
an hypothetical “reference operation” to which it compared the discretionary
proposed action. The reference operation was developed to “maximize fish
benefits” and it “overestimates the beneficial effects that the Action Agencies can
actually achieve.” 2004 BiOp at 5-6.
                                         15
      Rather than correct the 2000 BiOp, NMFS issued an entirely new biological

opinion on November 30, 2004 (the “2004 BiOp”), which formed the basis of the

federal agencies’ operating plans for the FCRPS during the summer of 2005. In

the 2004 BiOp, NMFS conducted a jeopardy analysis which utilized the novel

approach of including in the environmental baseline the existing FCRPS, the

nondiscretionary dam operations, and all past and present impacts from

discretionary operations. As opposed to assessing whether the salmon and

steelhead would be jeopardized by the aggregate of the proposed agency action,

the environmental baseline, cumulative effects, and current status of the species,

NMFS instead evaluated whether the proposed agency action, consisting of only

the proposed discretionary operation of the FCRPS, would have no net effect on a

species when compared to the environmental baseline. By using this comparative

approach rather than the aggregate approach, NMFS was able to conclude that the

proposed action would not jeopardize the continued existence or any listed species

or destroy or adversely modify critical habitat for three of these species.

      NWF and the State of Oregon challenged the following aspects of 2004

BiOp, specifically and as relevant to this appeal: (1) the segregation of the existing

FCRPS, the nondiscretionary dam operations, and all past and present impacts

from discretionary operations from the proposed discretionary operations; (2) the


                                          16
basic analytical framework NMFS employed to come to its no-jeopardy and

critical habitat determinations; and (3) the critical habitat determinations which

plaintiffs alleged did not analyze what habitat conditions are necessary for

recovery.8

       The district court granted summary judgment for NWF and Oregon,

holding that NMFS had violated the ESA in the issuance of its 2004 BiOp. The

district court found the 2004 BiOp legally insufficient for four independent

reasons:

      •      The opinion failed to conduct a jeopardy analysis on the basis of all
             elements of the proposed action, including the so-called non-
             discretionary operations of the dams;

      •      The opinion failed to use an aggregation of the impacts from the
             proposed action, the environmental baseline, and the cumulative
             impacts as the basis for the jeopardy analysis;

      •      The opinion’s critical habitat determination was flawed because it
             failed to determine separately whether the proposed action would
             destroy or adversely modify critical habitat necessary for the recovery
             as well as survival of the listed species; and

      •      The opinion’s jeopardy analysis failed to address both recovery and
             survival of the listed species.



      8
         The States of Oregon and Washington support the substantive position of
the National Wildlife Federation, but take no position on the preliminary
injunction. The States of Idaho and Nebraska support the federal government’s
position on both the merits and the preliminary injunction remedy.
                                         17
      The order granting summary judgment to the plaintiffs “invalidated” the

2004 BiOp. However, the district court specified that its summary judgment order

was not final or appealable. Following the district court’s decision to invalidate

the 2004 BiOp, NWF moved for a preliminary injunction requiring NMFS to: (1)

withdraw the 2004 BiOp; (2) comply with and implement all of the reasonable and

prudent alternative mitigation actions described in the 2000 BiOp (with certain

exceptions); (3) as to the 2005 summer flow, decrease the water particle travel

time by 10% in specified areas; and (4) provide water spill over specified dams

during the summer of 2005.

      The district court, based on its determination that the 2004 BiOp was

procedurally and substantively flawed and its finding that the operations of

FCRPS strongly contribute to the endangerment of the listed species and will

cause irreparable injury if not changed, granted in part the motion for a

preliminary injunction. The district court announced its intention to order the

withdrawal of the 2004 BiOp, but declined to do so until after a fall status

conference. The court denied the request to order the decrease of water particle

travel time by at least 10% in the specified areas. The court granted the request to

order summer spills at specified areas in order to avoid irreparable harm to

juvenile fall chinook and other listed species. Specifically, the district court


                                          18
ordered the affected agencies to: (1) provide spill from June 20, 2005, through

August 31, 2005, of all water in excess of that required for station service, on a 24-

hour basis, at the Lower Granite, Little Goose, Lower Monumental, and Ice

Harbor Dams on the lower Snake River; and (2) provide spill from July 1, 2005,

through August 31, 2005, of all flows above 50,000 cubic feet per second, on a 24-

hour basis, at the McNary Dam on the Columbia River.

      The district court also held in its order that the respective Records of

Consultation and Statements of Decision issued by the Army Corps of Engineers

on January 3, 2005, and by the Bureau of Reclamation on January 12, 2005, also

violated the ESA because they were based on the invalid 2004 BiOp.

      The defendants filed an emergency motion for a stay of the injunction order

pending appeal. A motions panel denied the defendants’ stay motion, but ordered

an expedited hearing on the preliminary injunction appeal. Oral argument on the

preliminary injunction appeal was held July 13, 2005. The panel expresses its

appreciation to the parties for providing extensive briefing on short notice and on

an accelerated time schedule.

                                         II

      A district court’s order with respect to preliminary injunctive relief is

subject to limited appellate review, and we will reverse only if the district court


                                          19
“abused its discretion or based its decision on an erroneous legal standard or on

clearly erroneous findings of fact.” United States v. Peninsula Communications,

Inc., 287 F.3d 832, 839 (9th Cir. 2002). “Our review is limited and deferential.”

Southwest Voter Registration Educ. Project v. Shelley, 344 F.3d 914, 918 (9th Cir.

2003) (en banc). In considering a preliminary injunction appeal, we ordinarily do

not decide the ultimate merits of the case, but only the temporal rights of the

parties until the district court renders judgment on the merits of the case based on

a fully developed record. Gilder v. PGA Tour, Inc., 936 F.2d 417, 422 (9th Cir.

1991). Mere disagreement with the district court’s conclusions is not sufficient

reason for us to reverse the district court’s decision regarding a preliminary

injunction. Sports Forum, Inc. v. United Press Int’l, Inc., 686 F.2d 750, 752 (9th

Cir. 1982); see also Ranchers Cattlemen Action Legal Fund United Stockgrowers

of Am. v. United States Dep’t of Agric. (“R-CALF”), No. 05-35264, typescript op.

at 21-23 (9th Cir. Jul. 25 2005) (setting forth standard of review).

      The traditional preliminary injunction analysis does not apply to injunctions

issued pursuant to the ESA. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. Burlington N. R.R., Inc., 23

F.3d 1508, 1510 (9th Cir. 1994). “In cases involving the ESA, Congress removed

from the courts their traditional equitable discretion in injunction proceedings of

balancing the parties’ competing interests.” Id. at 1511 (citing Friends of the


                                          20
Earth v. United States Navy, 841 F.2d 927, 933 (9th Cir. 1988)). As the Supreme

Court has noted, “Congress has spoken in the plainest of words, making it

abundantly clear that the balance has been struck in favor of affording endangered

species the highest of priorities.” TVA v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 194 (1978).

Accordingly, courts “may not use equity’s scale’s to strike a different balance.”

Sierra Club v. Marsh, 816 F.2d 1376, 1383 (9th Cir. 1987); see also Marbled

Murrelet v. Babbitt, 83 F.3d 1068, 1073 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Congress has

determined that under the ESA the balance of hardships always tips sharply in

favor of endangered or threatened species.”).

                                           A

      Given this clear authority, we must at the onset reject the argument of the

federal appellants that the district court erred as a matter of law by failing to

conduct a traditional preliminary injunction analysis and, in particular, by failing

to weigh economic harm to the public in reaching its conclusion. As the Supreme

Court has instructed, such an analysis does not apply to ESA cases because

Congress has already struck the balance. Id. Therefore, we conclude that the

district court did not apply an incorrect legal standard in this case.

      We decline to address the legal issues raised by the district court’s summary

judgment order. We review the merits only in the very confined context of


                                           21
determining whether the district court abused its discretion in granting the

preliminary injunction. To establish a substantial likelihood of success on the

merits sufficient to pass appellate review of a district court’s grant of a preliminary

injunction, the plaintiffs were only obligated to show “a fair chance of success.”

Republic of the Philippines v. Marcos, 862 F.2d 1355, 1362 (9th Cir. 1988) (en

banc). Based on our review of the record and briefs in this emergency appeal, we

conclude that the plaintiffs have met this burden by raising substantial questions as

to whether the agencies have violated Section 7 of the ESA by improperly

circumscribing the scope of the consultation or failing to aggregate the impacts of

the proposed action. However, in making this threshold determination, we express

no opinion on the ultimate merits of the district court’s summary judgment

decision, leaving that final determination to the district court in the first instance.

                                           B

      We also conclude that the district court’s grant of a preliminary injunction

was not based on clearly erroneous findings of fact. Although the facts and

scientific analysis underlying the district court’s decision are hotly contested by

the parties, our review in the preliminary injunction context is very deferential.

On appellate review in this context, we consider a finding of fact to be clearly

erroneous if it is implausible in light of the record, viewed in its entirety, Serv.


                                           22
Employees Int’l Union v. Fair Political Practices Comm’n, 955 F.2d 1312, 1317

n.7 (9th Cir. 1992), or if the record contains no evidence to support it, Oregon

Natural Resources Council v. Marsh, 52 F.3d 1485, 1492 (9th Cir. 1995). Having

reviewed the extensive, albeit incomplete, record provided to us by the parties in

this expedited proceeding, we find no reversible error in the factual findings made

by the district court.

      One of the important factual findings made by the district court was that the

federal operation of the Columbia and Snake River dams “strongly contribute to

the endangerment of the listed species and irreparable injury will result if changes

are not made.” The federal appellants contest this finding, arguing that the data

show that returns of fall chinook salmon have increased. The district court

concluded otherwise in its orders, finding in a 2004 order that the “predicted

survival improvement for fall chinook juveniles has not materialized.” The

government’s own recent data show that between 78-92% of juvenile salmon

migrating in the fall are killed by operation of the dams even with use of

mitigating measures, with a mean estimated kill of 86% of the migrating salmon.

NWF strongly argues that the government’s assertion of recovery is based on a

single, scientifically flawed, study. NWF also claims, through expert testimony,

that the increased returns were due to large releases of hatchery fish, rather than


                                          23
successful fish transport over dams, and that the mortality rate for migrating

juvenile salmon is actually increasing. The federal agencies dispute this, and offer

counter-testimony. The record is replete with differing opinions by various

experts. One of the few undisputed points, however, is that the fall chinook

salmon remain a species listed under the ESA as “likely to become endangered in

the foreseeable future.”

      Our task in reviewing a district court’s preliminary injunction decision is

not to resolve these controversies. “Clear error is not demonstrated by pointing to

conflicting evidence in the record.” United States v. Frank, 956 F.2d 872, 875

(9th Cir. 1991). Rather, “[a]s long as findings are plausible in light of the record

viewed in its entirety, a reviewing court may not reverse even if convinced it

would have reached a different result.” Wardley Int'l Bank, Inc. v. Nasipit Bay

Vessel, 841 F.2d 259, 262 n.1 (9th Cir.1988) (citing Anderson v. Bessemer City,

470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985)). Viewing the record as a whole with our deferential

standard of review, we cannot say that the district court’s factual finding

concerning irreparable harm was clearly erroneous.

                                         III

      Having determined that the district court did not use an incorrect legal

standard in its preliminary injunction analysis and did not make clearly erroneous


                                          24
factual findings, we must decide whether the district court abused its discretion in

granting the preliminary injunction.

                                          A

      As we have discussed, the district court’s preliminary injunction order was

premised on its finding that the agencies had violated both the substantive and

procedural requirements of ESA § 7. Thus, the question before the district court

was what interim remedy was appropriate to redress the ESA violations.

      Although not every statutory violation leads to the “automatic” issuance of

an injunction, in the context of the ESA, “the test for determining if equitable

relief is appropriate is whether an injunction is necessary to effectuate the

congressional purpose behind the statute.” Biodiversity Legal Found. v. Badgley,

30 F.3d 1166, 1177 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing TVA, 437 U.S. at 194). We therefore

have held that injunctive relief was necessary to effectuate Congress’s clear intent

by requiring compliance with the substantive and procedural provisions of the

ESA. Id. at 1177 (holding that the district court was “compelled” to grant

injunctive relief to remedy a violation of the ESA); Sierra Club, 816 F.2d at 1384

(holding that the Sierra Club was entitled to injunctive relief if the agency violated

substantive or procedural provisions of the ESA).




                                          25
      Given this legal backdrop, we conclude that the district court did not abuse

its discretion in granting a preliminary injunction. It had rejected the biological

opinion upon which the summer operations were premised, and it had concluded

that continuation of the status quo could result in irreparable harm to a threatened

species. Those are precisely the circumstances in which our precedent indicates

that the issuance of an injunction is appropriate.

      This case is unlike the circumstances presented in our recent decision in R-

CALF. In R-CALF, we concluded that the district court had misread the governing

statute. R-CALF, typescript op. at 25. We also concluded that the agency had

acted in conformity with the governing statute. Id. at 28-31. We further

concluded that none of the reasons listed by the district court supported its

conclusion that the agency’s adoption of the final rule at issue was arbitrary and

capricious. Id. at 32-41.

      Here, in contrast, the district court’s conclusions were well grounded in the

governing statute; the agency had altered its own interpretation of the statute

significantly; and the record supported the district court’s reasoning in declaring

the 2004 BiOp to be invalid. Further, the operations involved in this case have

had a long history. The district court has monitored the situation carefully over

the past few years and has found that the status quo will not lead to recovery of the


                                          26
listed species. Thus, although we do not reach the merits of the summary

judgment order, the record supports the district court’s analysis that the plaintiffs

are likely to prevail on the merits of their claim that the 2004 BiOp violates

Section 7 of the ESA and is arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative

Procedures Act. Finally, as we have discussed, the standard for injunctive relief

under the ESA is far different from the usual standard governing preliminary

injunctions that applied in the R-CALF case. In ESA cases such as the one at bar,

“the balance has been struck in favor of affording endangered species the highest

of priorities.” TVA, 437 U.S. at 194. For these reasons, this case is quite

distinguishable from R-CALF, and we conclude that the district court did not

commit reversible error in deciding to grant a preliminary injunction.

                                          B

      Having concluded that the district court did not err in deciding to grant

preliminary injunctive relief, we must also examine the nature and scope of relief

ordered by the district court. One of the primary complications of this case is that

the operations in question are, by necessity, ongoing. Thus, our situation is unlike

that of a timber sale, which can be postponed in order to permit the agency to

correct the ESA violations before the planned operation commences. See, e.g.,

Native Ecosystems Council v. Dombeck, 304 F.3d 886, 900-03 (9th Cir. 2002)


                                          27
(enjoining timber sale for ESA and NEPA violations). Here, the district court was

faced with a continuing operation that it had concluded would cause irreparable

harm to threatened species. Thus, the district court was confronted with two

choices: (1) continue the status quo, the foundation of which the court had rejected

as violative of the ESA and the continuation of which it had concluded could

irreparably harm listed species, or (2) order modifications. After considering the

positions of the parties, the district court adopted one of the plaintiffs’

suggestions: mandatory summer spills over selected dams. It rejected the

plaintiffs’ other major request, namely that the court order a decrease in the water

particle travel time by 10% in specified areas.9

      The district court’s selection of a remedy of selected spills was based on

expert opinion tendered by the plaintiffs and evidence in the historical record.

Frederick Olney, a former fishery biologist for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

with thirty-five years of experience in the field, testified by affidavit that spilling

water for fish passage was a “cornerstone of protection and mitigation programs”

in the area and that there was “regional agreement that spill is the safest passage

route through mainstream hydroelectric projects.” He testified that “recent


      9
          The district court also appointed a technical advisor, Dr. Howard Horton,
to aid it in understanding the various reports, studies and opinions regarding the
status of the listed species and effects of FCRPS.
                                           28
information indicates that transportation [of fish] is not providing the benefits

previously assumed,” citing the 2004 BiOp statement that “it is uncertain whether

transport provides a benefit or a detriment for Snake River fall Chinook.” Olney

concluded that the plaintiffs’ request for summer spills would pose less risk for

migrating fish than the proposed operations.

      The plaintiffs also tendered the opinion of Stephen Pettit, a former fisheries

research biologist for the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, who similarly

concluded that the plaintiffs’ proposed spills would “reduce significantly, even

substantially, the harmful effects ESA-listed salmon and steelhead would

otherwise experience under the 2004 BiOp.”

      In addition to the opinions of these experts, and others, the district court

considered the previous positive results of the prior use of spills for assisting

migrating summer salmon. The 2000 BiOp concluded that “relative to other

passage routes currently available, direct juvenile survival is highest through

spillbays.” In reaching this conclusion, the agency took into consideration the

possibility of gas bubble trauma and elevated temperatures. The agency also

concluded that spillway passage “should be the baseline against which other

passage methods are measured.” Because “juvenile survival is generally higheset

through this passage route,” the 2000 BiOp recommended that “measures that


                                          29
increase juvenile fish passage over FCRPS project spillways are the highest

priority unless it can be shown that alternative passage improvements would

provide comparable survival.” The district court’s action was in accord with the

consulting agency’s findings and recommendations in its 2000 BiOp, which was

the only operative document at the time, and was in conformance with the

historical belief that spillway passage produced the highest survival of the species.

This historical assumption was not contested in the 2004 BiOp; rather, it asserted

that alternative transportation could provide comparable, but not necessarily

better, survival rates.

      In short, without summarizing all of the voluminous evidence in the record,

the district court had a more than sufficient basis upon which to conclude that

summer spills would provide the best and safest alternative to the planned

operations contemplated in the 2004 BiOp that was rejected by the court.

      The federal appellants and other defendants vigorously contest the

conclusions of the experts tendered by the plaintiffs. The defendants offered

substantial expert counter-testimony in opposition to the proposed spills, with

experts opining that:

      •      Because the migratory patterns and river conditions are so different, it
             is inappropriate to extrapolate the experience from previous spills



                                         30
             involving adult salmon at different locations and times to the summer
             spills proposed by the plaintiffs to assist juvenile migrating salmon.

      •      Although passage over a spillway may result in higher survival, the
             falling water over the dam increases the amount of atmospheric gases
             that are dissolved in the water, which may cause “gas bubble trauma”
             and damage fish. In addition, spills may cause an increase in water
             temperature during the summer months, further harming the fish.

      •      Research indicates that there is no apparent difference in adult return
             rates between fish that are transported and those that remain in the
             river to migrate over spillways. New research also indicates that a
             significant number of salmon hold over in freshwater and migrate to
             the ocean during their second year of life, which may mean that
             hastening the transportation of salmon downstream may not
             necessarily be beneficial.

      •      The total number of adult Snake River Chinook Salmon that migrated
             upriver has increased significantly.

      •      It is highly imprudent and highly risky to try an untested operation in
             a critically low water year. Transportation rather than spillage is the
             safest means of passage in a low water year.

      •      Ordering spills at certain locations will adversely affect other
             endangered species.

      These are significant and serious concerns. However, it is not our task to

weigh the evidence presented to the district court; rather we must decide whether

the district court abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion is “a plain error,

discretion exercised to an end not justified by the evidence, a judgment that is

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts as are found.” Wing v. Asarco, Inc.,



                                          31
114 F.3d 986, 988 (9th Cir. 1997) (quoting Int’l Jensen, Inc. v. Metrosound

U.S.A., Inc., 4 F.3d 819, 822 (9th Cir. 1993)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The abuse of discretion standard requires that we “not reverse a district court's

exercise of its discretion unless we have a definite and firm conviction that the

district court committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached.”

SEC v. Coldicutt, 258 F.3d 939, 941 (9th Cir. 2001).

      The federal appellants argue that the district court was required to defer to

agency expertise. Courts, as a general matter, ought to defer to an agency’s

scientific or technical expertise. “Deference to the informed discretion of the

responsible federal agencies is especially important, where, as here, the agency’s

decision involves a high level of technical expertise.” R-CALF, typescript op. at

24. However, “[t]he deference accorded an agency's scientific or technical

expertise is not unlimited.” Brower v. Evans, 257 F.3d 1058, 1067 (9th Cir. 2001)

(citing Defenders of Wildlife v. Babbitt, 958 F. Supp. 670, 679 (D.D.C. 1997)).

Deference is not owed when “‘the agency has completely failed to address some

factor consideration of which was essential to [making an] informed decision.’” Id.

(quoting Inland Empire Pub. Lands Council v. Schultz, 992 F.2d 977, 981 (9th

Cir. 1993) (internal citations omitted)). Here, the district court had already

invalidated the agency biological opinion upon which the operations were based,


                                          32
in large part because it omitted factors essential to the analysis. As the district

court noted, NMFS had completely reversed course in its 2004 BiOp, particularly

in its statutory interpretation of the environmental baseline. "An agency

interpretation of a relevant provision which conflicts with the agency's earlier

interpretation is 'entitled to considerably less deference,' than a consistently held

agency view." INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 446, n. 30 (1987) (quoting

Watt v. Alaska, 451 U.S. 259, 273 (1981)). The district court had rejected the

underlying premise of the agency’s methodology and the 2004 BiOp. Therefore,

there was no formal agency finding to which deference might arguably be owed.

Rather, the government chose to present its case through expert affidavit.

      Throughout the course of these proceedings, the government has adhered to

its position that it would not alter its planned summer dam operations which the

district court had determined could cause irreparable harm. Indeed, the

government’s own 2000 BiOp had concluded that the present operations of the

Columbia River System would jeopardize eight of the listed species. In its

summary judgment order, the district court had made the factual finding that the

listed species were “in serious decline and not evidencing signs of recovery.”

Therefore, in the absence of an approved, final biological opinion, the district

court did not abuse its discretion in considering the record evidence. We conclude


                                          33
that the district court did not abuse its discretion in ordering preliminary injunctive

relief.

                                              C

          The federal appellants also suggest that, even if preliminary injunctive relief

were appropriate, the district court’s order must be vacated because it is not

narrowly tailored. The appellants did not present this argument to the district

court, nor have they sought modification of the injunction. On appeal, the

appellants have declined to identify how the injunction should be narrowly

tailored, even under questioning. There is also some tension between appellants’

argument on appeal that the district court is micromanaging the Columbia River

System and its argument that the district court was not specific or detailed enough

in its order. The gist of the federal appellants’ argument seems to be that the

purported lack of narrow tailoring should result in a vacation of the entire

injunction, rather than any modification designed to achieve narrow tailoring.

          That being said, all sides agree that modifications to the district court’s

order have been required. Indeed, the district court anticipated this by

encouraging the parties “to engage in discussions to reach a consensus on issues of

spill.” The federal appellants have requested that we allow them to supplement

the appellate record with declarations identifying specific problems with the


                                             34
district court’s injunction. The plaintiffs have opposed the motion; however, in

the alternative, they have tendered supplemental declarations.

      Without reviewing the tendered evidence or outlining the evidence in the

record indicating that specific issues at certain sites may require modification of

the preliminary injunction, we conclude that there are issues that have arisen after

the issuance of the preliminary injunction that may require modification of the

district court order. It is inappropriate for us to decide those questions for the first

time on appeal, and we therefore deny the parties’ motions to supplement the

record. Although we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

granting the preliminary injunction, we remand the question of whether

modification or “narrow tailoring” of the order is required to the district court for

its consideration in the first instance.

      The BPA Customer Group has also argued that the district court’s order

should be vacated as not narrowly tailored. The basis of the BPA Customer

Group’s argument is different. It argues that the order insufficiently relates the

remedy to the alleged ESA violation. Although the BPA Customer Group raised

this issue in their memorandum in opposition to the preliminary injunction, the

district court did not explicitly address this issue in its preliminary injunction

order. In light of our decision to remand for consideration of modifications to the


                                           35
preliminary injunction, we also remand this question to the district court for its

consideration in the first instance. We urge the parties and the district court to

resolve these remanded issues as expeditiously as possible.

                                          IV

      In sum, we affirm the district court’s issuance of a preliminary injunction,

but remand to the district court the question of whether the injunction should be

more narrowly tailored or modified.



      AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.




                                          36
                                   COUNSEL

Mark Eames, NOAA Office of General Counsel, Seattle, Washington; Gayle Lear,
Assistant Division Counsel, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Portland, Oregon; Kelly A. Johnson, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Fred Disheroon, Ruth Ann Lowery, Ellen J. Durkee, and Jennifer L.
Scheller, Attorneys, Environment & Natural Resources Division, U.S. Department
of Justice, Washington D.C., for federal defendants-appellants.

Matthew A. Love and Sam Kalen, Van Ness Feldman, P.C., Seattle, Washington,
for defendants-appellants BPA Customer Group.

Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General, Clive J. Strong, Deputy Attorney
General, and Clay R. Smith, Deputy Attorney General, State of Idaho, Boise,
Idaho, for defendant-intervenor-appellant State of Idaho.

Todd D. True and Stephen D. Mashuda, Earthjustice, Seattle, Washington; Daniel
J. Rohlf, Pacific Environmental Advocacy Center, Portland, Oregon, for plaintiffs-
appellees National Wildlife Federation.

Hardy Myers, Attorney General, Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General, David E.
Leith, Assistant Attorney General, and Stephen K. Bushong, State of Oregon,
Salem, Oregon, for plaintiff-intervenor-appellee State of Oregon.

Koward G. Arnett, Karnopp Petersen, LLP, Bend, Oregon; David J. Cummings,
Nez Perce Tribe, Lapwai, Idaho; Christopher B. Leahy, Fredericks, Pelcyger &
Hester, LLC, Louisville, Colorado; Tim Weaver, Law Offices of Tim Weaver,
Yakima, Washington, for amici curiae Treaty Tribes.

Robert D. Thornton and Paul S. Weiland, Nossaman, Guthner, Knox & Elliott,
LLP, Irvine, California, for amicus curiae National Association of Homebuilders.

Rob McKenna, Attorney General, and Michael S. Grossman, Assistant Attorney
General, State of Washington, Olympia, Washington, for amicus curiae State of
Washington.




                                        37
John C. Bruning, Attorney General, David D. Cookson, Assistant Attorney
General, State of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; Thomas R. Wilmoth, Special
Assistant Attorney General, Fennemore Craig, P.C., Lincoln, Nebraska, for amicus
curiae State of Nebraska.




                                       38
