                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 08a0268n.06
                              Filed: May 16, 2008

                                             No. 06-4218

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                 )
                                                          )
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                              )
v.                                                        )
                                                          )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
VARIAN MALICK PARKS,                                      )   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                          )   COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
        Defendant -Appellee.                              )   DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                          )
                                                          )
                                                          )
                                                          )
                                                          )
                                                          )

BEFORE:         KEITH, CLAY, and GILMAN, Circuit Judges.


        DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Defendant Varian Malick Parks appeals his conviction

for aiding and abetting a bank robbery. He argues: (1) that the atmosphere created at the joint trial

by the co-defendant’s self representation denied him a fair trial; (2) that the district court improperly

removed a juror for cause during voir dire over his objection; (3) that the district court erred by

allowing to be shown a video of Defendant being stopped for a speeding violation while driving the

vehicle subsequently used in the bank robbery; (4) that the district court incorrectly denied him the

right to confront a witness whose prior testimony was read into the record at trial; (5) that the district

court wrongly held that there was sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction for aiding and abetting

a bank robbery; (6) that the district court failed to dismiss the indictment after a grand jury witness
No. 06-4218
United States v. Parks

refused to testify at trial; and (7) that he was denied his Fifth Amendment right to notice by a

defectively unclear indictment. For the reasons outlined below, we AFFIRM the district court’s

decision.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       On August 3, 2005, Defendant-Appellant Varian Malick Parks (“Defendant”) was indicted

for robbing Unizan Bank in Canton, Ohio. The indictment charged that Defendant took from “tellers

of the Unizan Bank, the approximate sum of $43,505.00,” in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and 18

U.S.C. § 2. Section 2 of Title 18 is the aiding and abetting provision. The Government’s response

to Defendant’s later severance motion was more specific, alleging that Defendant was “charged as

being the getaway driver in Count 1.” (J.A. 34). Both Defendant and Marcus Lige were also indicted

for conveying false information and hoaxes and making a bomb threat using a cellular telephone.

Defendant was convicted of aiding and abetting the robbery as the driver of the getaway car and

acquitted of the other two charges. In a separate trial, Lige was convicted of the robbery, and in the

same trial as Defendant, was convicted of (1) conveying false information and hoaxes and (2) making

a bomb threat.

       Defendant’s grounds for appeal stem from the facts surrounding the bank robbery and the

subsequent trial. On August 3, 2005, at 10:33 a.m., the Canton Police Department (“CPD”) received

a call warning of a bomb in the North Wing of the NFL Hall of Fame. Approximately 23 minutes

later, CPD received a call from Unizan Bank customer Philip Barr, who described a bank robbery that

had just taken place at Unizan Bank on Denison Avenue. (J.A. 414). Barr stated that the robber

entered a “maroonish” Lincoln Continental or Chrysler New Yorker while Barr followed on foot. Id.

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A number of bank employees and associates later identified the bank robber as Marcus Lige. (J.A.

427, 514, 563, 681).

       Witness Nola Garret identified the getaway car as the same car in a picture taken in 2005 in

the driveway of Regina Skinner, one of Defendant’s former girlfriends. (J.A. 731). The car was later

purchased by a woman named Lakisha Ruffin on March 16, 2005 from Pro Car Auto Group. (J.A.

765). Defendant was videotaped by a police officer driving the car during a traffic stop the day after

it was purchased by Ms. Ruffin. (J.A. 770).

       The Government alleges that between 10:04 a.m. and 11:34 a.m. on the morning of the

robbery, Lige used cellular phone (330) 412-3880 during the course of the bank robbery and

subsequent escape. (J.A. 34). This phone was used to place the bomb threat, and at the time of the

robbery, was used to call Defendant, whose cellular phone number was (330) 409-3912. Id. At 10:57

a.m., moments after Lige was picked up, Defendant used cellular phone (330) 409-3912 to call

Lakisha Ruffin, owner of the alleged getaway car. Id. The same day, at 11:02 a.m., Ruffin reported

her vehicle stolen. Throughout the day of the robbery, Ruffin ((330) 685-3682) called Defendant at

(330) 409-3912. Ruffin testified at a grand jury hearing that Defendant told her that his friend had

robbed a bank, that he was driving Ruffin’s car, and that many people had witnessed the getaway.

(J.A. 1309). The next morning, the alleged getaway car was found destroyed by fire in southern

Canton. (J.A. 34).

                                         II. DISCUSSION

A. Whether the joint trial denied Defendant a fair trial



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         This Court reviews the district court’s denial of a severance motion for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Walls, 293 F.3d 959, 966 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Lloyd, 10 F.3d 1197,

1215 (6th Cir. 1993)).

         Defendant contends that he was denied a fair trial due to the district court’s decision to try him

with Marcus Lige. Lige had been tried separately for and convicted of the bank robbery. He was

indicted and tried together with Defendant for conveying false information and hoaxes and for making

a bomb threat.

         Defendant argues that Lige’s presence as a co-defendant denied him a fair trial because (1)

Lige represented himself; (2) Lige called as a witness Agent McMurtry, who testified on redirect

examination that Lige had accused McMurtry of being a terrorist; and (3) Lige called a number of

other witnesses, police officers, and agents who created a prejudicial environment by testifying about

the robbery, arrest, and line-up.

         Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8(b) provides that an “indictment may charge 2 or more

defendants if they are alleged to have participated in the same act or transaction, or in the same series

of acts or transactions, constituting an offense or offenses.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 8. The Supreme Court

has held that when defendants are indicted together, joint trials are encouraged to promote efficiency

and avoid the potential for inconsistent verdicts. Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 537 (1993).

In cases where charges against multiple defendants are proven by using evidence from the same series

of acts, this Court strongly favors joint trials. United States v. Blakeney, 942 F.2d 1001, 1011 (6th Cir.

1991).



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United States v. Parks

            A co-defendant is not entitled to severance merely because severance might increase the

possibility of acquittal. Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 540. Rule 14 provides “relief from prejudicial joinder”

if “the joinder of offenses or defenses . . . appears to prejudice a defendant or the government.” Fed.

R. Crim. P. 14(a). This Court has held that “severance is required ‘only if there is a serious risk that

a joint trial would compromise a specific trial right of one of the defendants, or prevent the jury from

making a reliable judgment about guilt or innocence.’” United States v. Walls, 293 F.3d 959, 966 (6th

Cir. 2002) (quoting Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 539).

        The Government contends that in order to avoid such a compromise of Lige’s trial rights, Lige

was tried separately on the bank robbery. Lakisha Ruffin testified to the grand jury that Defendant

admitted his role in the robbery. If Defendant and Lige would not have been tried together on the

robbery charge and his admission to Ruffin was offered, Lige would not be able to cross-examine

Defendant.

        At the joint trial, the jury was not told that Lige had been tried for the bank robbery. The

Government intended to call Ruffin to have her testify only as to Defendant’s role as the getaway

driver. Ruffin, who testified to the grand jury, refused to testify at trial. Ruffin’s grand jury testimony

was then read into the record. 1 All of the remaining evidence the Government intended to introduce

would have been be identical to the evidence presented had there been two separate trials. The

Government would still have had to establish that Lige was the robber and that he possessed the cell

phone that was used to make the bomb threat and the call to the getaway driver.


        1
         The potential Confrontation Clause problem presented by the admission of this evidence
will be analyzed in Section D.

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United States v. Parks

       The record below does not demonstrate that Defendant was prejudiced by the joint trial. First,

there is no evidence that Lige’s decision to represent himself undermined Defendant’s trial rights.

Although Defendant argues that during his pro se representation, Lige made prejudicial references

to the line-up proceedings, the evacuation of the NFL Hall of Fame, and the bomb threat, the jury was

able to separate the evidence against Lige and Defendant. The jury acquitted Defendant of the hoaxes

and bomb threat charges and convicted Lige on the same counts.

       Second, although Lige called a number of witnesses, including Agent McMurtry, to testify

about the bomb threat, robbery, arrest, and line-up, none of the testimony was sufficiently antagonistic

to Defendant to prejudice the trial. This Court has held that mutually antagonistic defenses alone do

not require severance. United States v. Breinig, 70 F.3d 850, 852 (6th Cir. 1995). In Breinig, the

Court ruled in favor of severance because it found that the highly antagonistic defenses presented by

a husband and wife in a tax case were exceptionally prejudicial. The co-defendant wife in Breinig

created exceptional prejudice by arguing that the defendant husband was an adulterous, abusing, and

manipulating spouse.

       Here, Lige did not offer any testimony in his own defense that was highly antagonistic toward

Defendant. Again, Defendant was actually acquitted of the charges Lige faced and was convicted for

aiding and abetting after the jury heard testimony tying him to the getaway car.

       Finally, there is no evidence in the record demonstrating that Defendant was prejudiced for

any of the reasons mentioned in Zafiro, such as the use of substantial evidence admissible against

only one defendant, a great disparity between the defendants’ relative culpability, or the unavailability

of exculpatory evidence in a joint trial. Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 539. The trial court’s final instruction

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United States v. Parks

directed the jury to consider separately the evidence against the defendants. (J.A. 1521) (“Each

defendant is entitled to have his case determined from the evidence as to his or her own acts [or]

statements . . . . The fact that you return a verdict of guilty or not guilty as to one defendant should

not in any way affect your verdict regarding each other defendant.”).

       For the above reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Defendant’s

severance motion.

B. Whether the trial court improperly removed a juror for cause during voir dire over Defendant’s
objection.

       This Court reviews the improper removal of jurors for abuse of discretion. United States v.

Giacalone, 588 F.2d 1158, 1164 (6th Cir. 1978). The Supreme Court has held that defendants are

constitutionally entitled to “a panel of impartial, ‘indifferent’ jurors,” Irwin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717,

722 (1961), and this Court has found that the question of whether a seated jury is fair and impartial

is a factual one, requiring the assessment of credibility. Gall v. Parker, 231 F.3d 265, 308 (6th Cir.

2000), overruled on other grounds by Bowling v. Parker, 344 F.3d 487, 501 n.3 (6th Cir. 2003).

Findings of impartiality can only be overturned where manifest error is present. Mu’Min v. Virginia,

500 U.S. 415, 428 (1991) (citing Patton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1031 (1984)).

       In this case, Defendant objected to the removal of Juror Dugan. (J.A. 216). Both the

Government and Defendant agreed that Dugan had answered a number of questions in the written

questionnaire in a manner that required verbal inquiry. When Dugan was questioned, Defendant

concedes that Dugan described his negative experiences with law enforcement and that he did not feel

he could be fair to the prosecution. (J.A. 219). Dugan also expressed that he was racist and that his


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United States v. Parks

racism could prevent him from being impartial. (J.A. 221). The Government challenged for cause,

and based on his statements, the court dismissed Dugan.

        Defendant objected to Dugan’s removal, arguing that Dugan may have been impartial because

Dugan stated that he wasn’t sure he would be biased. Defendant now asserts that “it was wrong for

the trial court to excuse this juror for cause” over his objection. (Def. Br. 19).

        Defendant does not contend, nor is there anything in the record to show, that the jury that was

seated was biased. Defendant concedes that Dugan was racist and questioned his own ability to be

fair. In light of Dugan’s statements and Defendant’s failure to demonstrate that the jury was not

impartial, the district court did not abuse its discretion or violate Defendant’s right to a fair trial by

removing Dugan from the jury.

C. Whether the video of Defendant’s previous traffic stop was unduly prejudicial

        This Court reviews the admission of evidence that may be prejudicial under Federal Rule of

Evidence 403 for abuse of discretion. United States v. Brown, 367 F.3d 549, 554 (6th Cir. 2004)

(citing United States v. Bonds, 12 F.3d 540, 544 (6th Cir. 1993)). We “take[] maximal view of the

probative effect of the evidence and a minimal view of its unfairly prejudicial effect, and will hold

that the district court erred only if the latter outweighs the former.” United States v. Foster, 376 F.3d

577, 592 (6th Cir. 2004).

        The Government presented video of Defendant being stopped for speeding to establish that

he was in possession of the getaway car. Lakisha Ruffin, an acquaintance of Defendant, purchased

the car on March 16, 2005 and registered the vehicle in her name. The Government expected to call

Ruffin to the stand in order to demonstrate that Defendant was in possession of the car even after she

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United States v. Parks

purchased it. When testifying in front of the grand jury, Ruffin had recanted her previous claim that

her car had been stolen and stated, instead, that Parks was in possession of the vehicle on the day of

the bank robbery. (J.A. 1304). At trial, however, Ruffin refused to testify despite being immunized

from prosecution.

         The Government contends that the video of Defendant in the car was probative because it was

necessary to demonstrate that Defendant, not Ruffin, was in possession of the car. The video showed

only the end of the traffic stop.

         Defendant argues that the video was unnecessary because the Government had used other

witnesses to identify Defendant in pictures taken of him next to the car a month after the traffic stop.

Defendant further contends that the video was unduly prejudicial because it shows that the defendant

had prior run-ins with law enforcement.

         Although the introduction of the video may have had some prejudicial effect because it

involved a traffic stop, it was also probative because it was used for the purpose of identifying

Defendant as a driver of the vehicle. Despite other photographic evidence of him standing next to

the car, Defendant argued that there was insufficient evidence tying him to the vehicle. The video

provided evidence to refute Defendant’s claim that he was not in possession of the vehicle used in

the bank robbery. This Court must take the “maximal view of the probative effect” of the video and

“a minimal view of its unfairly prejudicial effect.” Foster, 376 F.3d at 592. Because only a short clip

of the video was admitted to show that Defendant was in possession and the actual driver of the car

that was used in the robbery, it does not appear that the prejudicial effect outweighed the probative

value.

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United States v. Parks

       Even if the video was more prejudicial than probative, however, the Defendant has not

explained how it affected his “substantial rights,” as required for reversal of the conviction. See

United States v. Tocco, 200 F.3d 401, 414 (6th Cir. 2000). The Government did not make any

statements that would suggest that the video clip was representative of Defendant’s prior history with

law enforcement or that Defendant had a criminal history. The video was used for the purpose of

addressing Defendant’s claim that he was not in possession of the vehicle that was registered to

Ruffin. The court specifically instructed the jury not to discuss other possible law enforcement

violations stemming from the stop, as they were irrelevant to the case. (J.A. 1607). Finally, as

Defendant has conceded, the Government presented other evidence tying him to the vehicle used in

the bank robbery.

       Because the trial court fairly weighed the probative value of the evidence against its

potentially prejudicial impact, it did not abuse its broad discretion in deciding to admit the video

evidence.

D. Whether the admission of a witness’s prior testimony violated the Confrontation Clause

       This Court reviews de novo an alleged violation of the Confrontation Clause. United States

v. Robinson, 389 F.3d 582, 592 (6th Cir. 2004). Confrontation Clause violations are subject to

harmless error review, under which a violation is found harmless only if it is harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. United States v. Powers, 500 F.3d 500, 510 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Delaware v.

Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684 (1986)). Harmless error analysis in the Confrontation Clause context

depends on factors such as “the importance of the witnesses’ testimony in the prosecution’s case,

whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or

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United States v. Parks

contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination

otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.” Arsdall, 475 U.S.

at 684. See also Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. 427, 432 (1972); Harrington v. California, 395 U.S.

250, 254 (1969).

       Defendant argues that the admission of Ms. Ruffin’s testimony, which was read into the record

after she refused to testify at trial, violated his right to confront Ms. Ruffin under the Confrontation

Clause of the Sixth Amendment. The Government used the testimony to show that at approximately

10:57 a.m. on August 3, 2005, immediately after the robbery and five minutes before Ms. Ruffin

reported her car stolen, Ms. Ruffin received a call from Defendant. The Government sought to use

this evidence, in conjunction with other circumstantial evidence tying Defendant to Lige, to

demonstrate that Parks was in fact the getaway driver in the robbery.

       In refusing to testify at trial, Ruffin claimed that she had married Defendant in a religious

ceremony during the previous year in Canton. (J.A. 967-68). The trial court rejected Defendant’s

claim, noting that she had not cited her marriage to Defendant in any prior proceeding or interaction

with law enforcement. The trial court also found that any marriage to Defendant was void because

records showed that he was already married to another woman.

       The trial court admitted Ruffin’s testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(6), which

permits admission of prior testimony despite the bar on testimonial hearsay under Crawford v.

Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), when the defendant procures the unavailability of the witness. The

Supreme Court, while not taking a position on the standard necessary to demonstrate that a defendant

has procured the unavailability of a witness and forfeited Confrontation Clause rights against that

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United States v. Parks

witness, has stated that “federal courts . . . have generally held the Government to the preponderance-

of-the-evidence standard.” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 833 (2006). Courts within this circuit

have applied the preponderance standard as well. See Doan v. Voorhies, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

24388, at *54 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 21, 2007); United States v. Mayhew, 380 F. Supp. 2d 961, 969 (S.D.

Ohio 2005).

       The Government offered the testimony of witnesses who stated that Defendant intimidated

and threatened Ruffin in order to prevent her from testifying. (J.A. 1275). Agent Delong testified

that when he arrested Defendant while Defendant was visiting his probation officer, he noticed that

Ms. Ruffin was also at the probation office. Id. When Agent Delong asked her why she was there,

Delong testified that Defendant told her in a “very much loud” and “angry and threatening tone,

‘[L]ook, you don’t have to answer any of their questions.’” (J.A. 1276).      Another witness to the

arrest, Susan Worstall, testified that “Mr. Parks told her not to say anything.” (J.A. 1315). When

asked to describe Defendant’s voice, she respnded, “I think it was strong, a directive, definitely.”

       Assessing the evidence, the trial judge found that “the government has established clearly”

that Defendant’s statement was an attempt “to prevent Ms. Ruffin from testifying.” (J.A. 1338). As

this Court has held, if “the witness is only unavailable to testify because the defendant has killed or

intimidated her, then the defendant has forfeited the right to confront that witness.” United States v.

Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 679 (6th Cir. 2004). The Court need not find that the defendant intended to

intimidate the witness in order to prevent her from testifying, only that based on the defendant’s

actions, the witness was actually prevented from testifying. United States v. Garcia-Meza, 403 F.3d

364 (6th Cir. 2005).

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       Whether the preponderance of the evidence shows that Defendant prevented Ruffin from

testifying is questionable. But even if Ruffin’s testimony is excluded, other evidence admitted at trial

provided the same information as her testimony. Harmless error analysis takes into consideration

other “evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points.” Van

Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684. Ms. Ruffin’s testimony to the grand jury was used to demonstrate that she

received a call from Defendant at 10:57 a.m. on the morning of the robbery, and that she reported her

car stolen five minutes later. Because submitted phone records and testimony from a police officer

established both of these facts, the jury was informed of Defendant’s communication with Ruffin

independent of the grand jury testimony. Therefore, any possible Crawford violation stemming from

the use Ruffin’s previous statements was harmless and the Defendant’s conviction should not be

reversed.

E. Whether the evidence was sufficient to convict Defendant of aiding and abetting in a bank
robbery.

       In determining the sufficiency of evidence for a conviction, this Court assesses “whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Samuels,

308 F.3d 662, 666 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 433 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

       Defendant argues that other than the calls between him and Ms. Ruffin, there is nothing in the

record connecting him to the robbery.         The Government, however, presented the following

circumstantial evidence that, it argued, established guilt when viewed collectively: (1) Defendant was

pulled over while driving the alleged getaway car in 2005; (2) Defendant was photographed with the


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United States v. Parks

alleged getaway car in 2005; (3) eyewitnesses to the robbery identified the car that Defendant was

both photographed in and videotaped with as the getaway car; (4) cellular phone records indicate that

Defendant immediately contacted Lige at the time of the robbery and escape; (5) cellular phone

records indicate that Defendant was in contact with Ms. Ruffin, owner of the getaway car, at the time

of the robbery and escape; (6) Ms. Ruffin reported her car stolen five minutes after Defendant spoke

with her by cellular phone immediately after the robbery; (7) eyewitness Phillip Barr, who followed

Lige out of the bank after the robbery, testified that Lige made a call on his cellular phone at

approximately the same time cellular phone records show that Lige called Defendant; and (8) the

getaway car was found burned the next day.

       Although the evidence in the case is circumstantial and no eyewitness placed Defendant in

the getaway car at the time of the robbery, this Court has never held that eyewitness evidence is

needed to secure a conviction. Other courts have explicitly rejected such a requirement. See, e.g.,

United States v. Brown, 408 F.3d 1049, 1051 (8th Cir. 2005) (“[E]yewitness identification is not

required to support a conviction.”); Calicut v. Quigley, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 166, at *10 (E.D.

Mich. Jan. 3, 2007). Although circumstantial, evidence that (1) Defendant possessed the car after

Ruffin purchased it in 2005; (2) the cell phone records of Ruffin, Lige, and Defendant; (3) and the

testimony of other witnesses, was sufficient to allow a reasonable trier of fact to convict Defendant,

when viewed most favorably to the prosecution.

F. Whether the trial court improperly failed to dismiss the indictment after a grand jury witness
refused to testify at trial.




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       This Court reviews the district court’s failure to dismiss an indictment for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Powell, 823 F.2d 996, 1001 (6th Cir. 1987). The Supreme Court has held that trial

courts may use their supervisory authority to dismiss an indictment due to misconduct before the

Grand Jury when the misconduct “‘substantially influenced the grand jury’s decision to indict,’ or if

there is ‘grave doubt’ that the decision to indict was free from the substantial influence of such

violations.” Bank of Nova Scotia v. United States, 487 U.S. 250, 257 (1988) (quoting United States

v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 78 (1986)).

       Defendant alleges that the grand jury’s indictment in this case was based on testimony that

Ms. Ruffin later recanted and that therefore the indictment should be dismissed. Although Ms. Ruffin

filed an affadavit recanting her testimony before the trial, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

12(b)(3) requires that any motion alleging a defect in the prosecution must be made before trial. In

this case, however, Defendant failed to file the pre-trial motion to dismiss.

       A motion for dismissal of indictment may require examination of whether the misconduct had

the potential to affect the trial. United States v. Thompson, 287 F.3d 1244, 1253-54 (10th Cir. 2002).

Here, at trial, the prosecution provided significant evidence to question the credibility of Defendant’s

affidavit, including phone records independently corroborating Ruffin’s grand jury testimony. The

jury returned a guilty verdict based on the body of evidence presented at trial.

       The Supreme Court has held that any error before the grand jury is cured by a guilty verdict

at trial. As the Court stated:

       We express no opinion as to what remedy may be appropriate for a violation of Rule
       6(d) that has affected the grand jury’s charging decision and is brought to the attention
       of the trial court before the commencement of trial. We hold only that however

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       diligent the defendants may have been in seeking to discover the basis for the claimed
       violation of Rule 6(d), the petit jury’s verdict rendered harmless any conceivable error
       in the charging decision that might have flowed from the violation. In such a case, the
       societal costs of retrial after a jury verdict of guilty are far too substantial to justify
       setting aside the verdict simply because of an error in the earlier grand jury
       proceedings.

Mechanik, 475 U.S. at 72-73. Because in this case (1) the prosecution presented evidence

undermining Ms. Ruffin’s affidavit; (2) Defendant failed to submit his motion pre-trial; (3) other

evidence corroborated Ruffin’s earlier testimony; and (4) and the jury convicted Defendant, the

district court did not improperly deny Defendant’s motion to dismiss the indictment.

G. Whether the Defendant was denied his Fifth Amendment right to notice by a defectively unclear
indictment.

       Defendant challenges the sufficiency of his indictment for the first time on appeal. He argues

that his Fifth Amendment rights were violated because the indictment did not specify the charge of

“aiding or abetting” or “describe the acting element of that charge.”

       This Court construes indictments liberally when their sufficiency is challenged for the first

time on appeal:

               This court generally reviews challenges to the sufficiency of an indictment de
       novo. United States v. Gatewood, 173 F.3d 983, 986 (6th Cir. 1999). However, where
       a defendant does not challenge an indictment until appeal, “the indictment must be
       construed liberally in favor of sufficiency.” Id.; United States v. Harris, 523 F.2d 172
       (6th Cir. 1975). “Furthermore, unless the defendant can show prejudice, a conviction
       will not be reversed where the indictment is challenged only after conviction unless
       the indictment cannot within reason be construed to charge a crime.” Gatewood, 173
       F.3d at 986.

United States v. Davis, 306 F.3d 398, 411 (6th Cir. 2002).




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       Under Rule 7 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the indictment need only provide

a plain, concise and definite statement of the essential facts constituting the charge. Here, the

indictment alleges that Defendant violated 18 U.S.C. §§ 2113(a) & 2.2

       Section 2113(a), part of which was excerpted in the indictment, states in

relevant part:

       Whoever, by force and violence, or by intimidation, takes, or attempts to take, from
       the person or presence of another, or obtains or attempts to obtain by extortion any
       property or money or any other thing of value belonging to, or in the care, custody,
       control, management, or possession of, any bank, credit union, or any savings and loan
       association
       ...

       Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.


       The indictment also stated that Defendant violated Section 2, which states:

       (a) Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels,
       commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal.
       (b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or
       another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.
(J.A. 19) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 2).

       Although the aiding and abetting language was not written into the indictment, the Section

was certainly cited under the count one charge. If the charge was vague, as the defendant claims, he

was authorized by Rule 7(f) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure to move for a Bill of



       2
          Defendant argues that “& 2” is vague. “& 2 ” refers to 18 U.S.C. § 2, the aiding and
abetting provision of the U.S. Code. Although the Government did not quote Section 2 in the
indictment, its response to Defendant’s severance motion more specifically alleged that
Defendant was “charged as being the getaway driver in Count 1.” (J.A. 34)

                                                17
No. 06-4218
United States v. Parks

Particulars. Under Rule 12(e), any defects in the indictment must be raised before trial or they are

waived. Defendant made no such claim at any time during trial.

       Because Defendant failed to raise such an objection during trial, “the ‘indictment must be

construed liberally in favor of sufficiency.’” Davis, 306 F.3d at 411 (quoting United States v.

Gatewood, 173 F.3d 983, 986 (6th Cir. 1999)). The indictment detailed the burglary allegation and

charged a violation of the aiding and abetting statute in the U.S. Code. The Government’s response

to Defendant’s severance motion more specifically alleged that Defendant was “charged as being the

getaway [sic] driver in Count 1.” (J.A. 34). The record shows that this allegation was clear to

Defendant throughout the case. Defendant’s Fifth Amendment claim is therefore without merit.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       Accordingly and for the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM Defendant’s conviction

and sentence.




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