[Cite as State v. A.P., 2018-Ohio-3423.]



                                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                            TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                           WARREN COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,                                       :

         Plaintiff-Appellee,                         :          CASE NO. CA2018-01-006

                                                     :                   OPINION
    - vs -                                                                8/27/2018
                                                     :

A.P.,                                                :

         Defendant-Appellant.                        :



        CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                              JUVENILE DIVISION
                             Case No. 17-N000728



David P. Fornshell, Warren County Prosecuting Attorney, Kathryn M. Horvath, 520 Justice
Drive, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, for plaintiff-appellee

Kevin D. Hughes, 20 South Main Street, Springboro, Ohio 45066, for defendant-appellant



         HENDRICKSON, J.

         {¶ 1} Appellant, A.P., appeals from his adjudication as a delinquent child in the

Warren County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, arguing that the juvenile court

erred by denying his motions to suppress evidence and his request for a Franks hearing.1




1. Pursuant to Loc.R. 6(A), we sua sponte remove this case from the accelerated calendar for the purposes of
issuing this opinion.
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For the reasons discussed below, we affirm the juvenile court's decisions.

      {¶ 2} In the spring of 2017, the Warren County Drug Task Force and the Springboro

Police Department were investigating a drug trafficking operation run out of appellant's home

in Springboro, Ohio. Officers had been advised that appellant, then 15 years old, was selling

LSD to approximately 20 to 30 Springboro high school students.

      {¶ 3} On May 19, 2017, Detective Antwaun Scott sought a warrant to search

appellant's home for controlled substances, namely LSD, and any tools, instruments,

equipment, or paraphernalia used to manufacture, store, protect, or sell controlled

substances. In an affidavit submitted in support of the search warrant, Scott stated that on

April 1, 2017, two Springboro police officers observed a grey Nissan travel to appellant's

residence, and after staying for approximately one minute, drive away from the residence –

behavior that Scott averred was "consistent with drug trafficking."      A traffic stop and

subsequent search of the grey Nissan resulted in the discovery of ten hits of suspected LSD.

The "defendant" in the grey Nissan admitted to buying the LSD from appellant.

      {¶ 4} The affidavit stated that Scott spoke with the "defendant" in the grey Nissan

during the second week of April, and the "defendant" informed Scott that appellant sold LSD

and marijuana to multiple juveniles throughout the community. The "defendant" also told

Scott that appellant often hosted parties at his residence, and that multiple juveniles use

LSD, marijuana, and alcohol in the basement of appellant's home. Scott stated that through

his own investigative efforts, he located several photographs on Snapchat that appellant had

uploaded, which depicted appellant taking Xanax and LSD.

      {¶ 5} The affidavit further stated that on May 16, 2017, the Springboro Police

Department received a complaint of drug trafficking at appellant's home. The complainant

stated that within a two-hour time period, approximately 12 cars had pulled into appellant's

driveway. A "tall lanky kid" then exited appellant's home, walked to the car, and made a
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hand-to-hand transaction before he reentered appellant's home and the vehicles drove off.

       {¶ 6} Scott stated he conducted surveillance on appellant's home on May 16, 2017,

and observed two males wearing backpacks exit the home and enter a blue Hyundai before

driving off. One of the males, the passenger, was approximately 6' 2" tall. Scott followed the

vehicle and relayed its location to two other officers, who initiated a traffic stop. The 18-year-

old driver, Garrison Hirt, was subsequently arrested for driving under the influence,

possession of tramadol, possession of methylphenidate, and possession of marijuana. The

passenger, A.M., a minor, was found to be in possession of seven small packages of

marijuana that were packaged for sale.

       {¶ 7} Detective Scott spoke with Hirt, who had waived his Miranda rights, and Hirt

advised Scott that the tramadol and methylphenidate were not his. However, Hirt admitted

that the marijuana found on him was his, and he stated he purchased the marijuana from

A.M. for $20. He also admitted he had left a party hosted by appellant.

       {¶ 8} Finally, the affidavit stated that on May 19, 2017, Scott spoke with a confidential

informant who stated appellant posted a status on Snapchat that there was going to be a

party that evening. Scott stated that he "[knew] through his training and experience that

juveniles host parties in the late evening hours after 8 p.m."

       {¶ 9} Scott's application for a warrant was granted by a judge, and on the evening of

May 19, 2017, law enforcement executed a search of appellant's home. Upon entering the

home, officers discovered appellant's mother and sister upstairs. Appellant and four of his

male friends, three of whom were juveniles, were found in the home's basement. Appellant

and his friends were handcuffed and escorted outside the home. Appellant cooperated with

law enforcement by showing them where LSD could be found in the home. Officers

recovered six hits, or approximately 0.02 grams, of LSD in the basement as well as a bong.

       {¶ 10} Appellant was then twice interviewed in front of his home in an unmarked police
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vehicle by Detective Scott and Detective Dan Schweitzer. The first interview lasted less than

30 minutes and the second interview, which occurred about an hour after the first interview

ended, lasted approximately 11 minutes. Appellant did not have a parent or legal guardian

present during either interview, and he made incriminating statements to law enforcement,

admitting that he purchased LSD online using bitcoin currency, had the drugs mailed to his

house, and sold the drugs to 20 to 30 high school students. Appellant also admitted that

earlier that evening, he had purchased six hits of LSD after he and his friends combined their

money to purchase 38 total hits. Appellant indicated the LSD found in the basement was his,

and that he had attempted to hide the drugs when law enforcement first arrived on scene to

conduct the search.

       {¶ 11} On August 14, 2017, appellant was charged by complaint with (1) trafficking in

drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(1), a felony of the third degree if committed by an adult,

(2) possession of controlled substances in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the fourth

degree if committed by an adult, and (3) possession of a controlled substance in violation of

R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the fifth degree if committed by an adult. Appellant entered a

denial to the charges.

       {¶ 12} On October 4, 2017, appellant filed two motions to suppress. The first motion

sought to suppress the incriminating statements appellant made to law enforcement on the

basis that he was not given his Miranda warnings or, if he had been given the warnings, he

had not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights. Appellant argued the police

used coercive tactics which negated the voluntariness of his statements, as the police had

refused appellant's request for his mother to be present during the interview and had

"threatened" him into talking by telling him that if he was not 100 percent honest with them,

he would be going to juvenile detention until he was 21 years old.

       {¶ 13} Appellant's second motion to suppress sought to exclude any evidence
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obtained from the search of his home "on the grounds that said evidence is the fruit of an

unconstitutional search and seizure." Appellant argued probable cause for the issuance of

the search warrant did not exist as the affidavit in support of the search warrant was stale

and unreliable since the information came from an "unidentified and unverified complainant"

and a confidential informant "who has unknown credibility."

       {¶ 14} A hearing on appellant's motions was scheduled for October 30, 2017. At this

time appellant indicated that he was unwilling to stipulate to the contents of the search

warrant and was seeking a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S.Ct.

2674 (1978), to challenge the "misleading statements" Detective Scott set forth in his affidavit

in support of the search warrant. Because appellant's written motion to suppress evidence

did not indicate an intent to challenge anything other than the four corners of the search

warrant, the juvenile court determined the hearing would proceed only on appellant's motion

to suppress his statements. However, the court gave appellant additional time to submit a

supplemental motion to suppress, so that appellant could support his allegation that Scott

made "misleading statements" with an offer of proof and could set forth an argument in favor

of a Franks hearing.

       {¶ 15} At the October 30, 2017 hearing, the state called Detective Schweitzer as its

sole witness. Schweitzer testified he and Scott interviewed all individuals found in appellant's

home on the evening the search warrant was executed. Miranda warnings were recorded at

the start of the interviews for everyone except appellant. However, although unrecorded,

Schweitzer explained that Miranda warnings had been given to appellant prior to appellant

being interviewed. Schweitzer testified that when appellant waived his rights and spoke with

law enforcement, appellant did not appear to Schweitzer to be under the influence of

narcotics or alcohol and appellant expressly stated he was not under the influence.

       {¶ 16} Schweitzer denied that any threats or promises were made to coerce appellant
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into speaking with him. Schweitzer explained that in response to a question from appellant

about whether or not appellant would be able to go home that evening, Schweitzer advised

appellant that appellant needed to be 100 percent honest when answering questions, and if

he was not honest, then appellant would go to the Juvenile Detention Center (JDC),

"probably" until he was 21 years old. Schweitzer denied that this was a misleading or

threatening statement, explaining that with the seriousness of appellant's conduct and the

potential charges that could have been levied against him, appellant did face detention in

JDC until he was 21 years old. Finally, Schweitzer denied that appellant asked for his mother

to be present during the interview, noting that appellant had merely asked at the start of the

interview whether the detective was "allowed" to question him without his mother or a

guardian present since he was a minor.

       {¶ 17} In addition to Schweitzer's testimony, the state introduced recordings of the two

interviews Schweitzer conducted with appellant, as well as a copy of the search warrant and

affidavit in support of the search warrant. Defense counsel then called appellant's father as a

witness. Appellant's father testified that prior to May 19, 2017, appellant had no contact with

the police and had never been interviewed by law enforcement.

       {¶ 18} The juvenile court took the matter under advisement. On November 17, 2017,

the court denied appellant's motion to suppress his statements, finding that Miranda warnings

had been given to appellant and that after being "fully advised of his privilege against self-

incrimination and right to counsel * * * [appellant] made an effective waiver thereof." The

court further found that appellant's statements were voluntary as there was no evidence of

police coercion, appellant had not requested to have his mother present for the police

interviews, and appellant's mother's presence was not required for the interviews.

       {¶ 19} On November 15, 2017, appellant filed his supplemental motion to suppress

evidence and a request for a Franks hearing. Appellant argued Scott misled the court when
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relating the events that occurred on April 1, 2017, May 16, 2017, and May 19, 2017, as Scott

either "inappropriately elaborated information that he had no independent knowledge of or

obtained only hearsay statements." In support of his arguments, appellant attached several

exhibits, including the search warrant and Scott's affidavit for the warrant; an April 1, 2017

incident report from the Springboro Police Department regarding the traffic stop of the grey

Nissan; the Springboro Police Department's November 8, 2017 response to defense

counsel's public records request regarding an interview and follow up of the April 1, 2017

traffic stop; a May 16, 2017 incident recall log from the Springboro Police Department

detailing the complainant's report of drug activity at appellant's residence; a May 16, 2017

incident report from the Springboro Police Department regarding the traffic stop of Hirt and

A.M.; and an affidavit of appellant's grandmother detailing appellant's height and weight.

       {¶ 20} After reviewing appellant's supplemental motion and the attachments thereto,

the juvenile court found that appellant "failed to make a substantial preliminary showing that a

false statement was knowingly and intentionally made by the Affiant [Scott] or a statement

was made by the Affiant with reckless disregard for the truth." The court therefore denied

appellant's request for a Franks hearing. The court determined that appellant's motion to

suppress evidence would be "confined to the four corners of the affidavit only." Following a

hearing held on November 17, 2017, the juvenile court denied the motion to suppress

evidence. The court found that the information in the affidavit was not stale and that "there

[was] a prima facie showing of criminal activity and a sound basis upon which to conclude it

[was] more likely than not that criminal activity was occurring." Finally, the court determined

that "even if [it] were to assume the contents of the warrant were legally deficient, the search

* * * [was] still valid under the good faith exception."

       {¶ 21} Following the denial of his motion to suppress his statements, his motion to

suppress evidence, and his request for a Franks hearing, appellant entered a no contest plea
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to the charges set forth in the complaint. The juvenile court accepted appellant's plea,

adjudicated appellant a delinquent child, and sentenced appellant to a minimum six-month

commitment to the Department of Youth Services, with the commitment suspended on the

condition that appellant successfully complete a full program at the Mary Haven Youth Center

followed by probation. Appellant was also ordered to pay court costs and a fine and to serve

45 days in JDC, with credit for 15 days already served.

       {¶ 22} Appellant timely appealed, raising three assignments of error for review.

       {¶ 23} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 24} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING [APPELLANT'S] MOTION TO

SUPPRESS (STATEMENTS).

       {¶ 25} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues the juvenile court erred when it

denied his motion to suppress his statements. Appellant challenges the juvenile court's

finding that Miranda warnings were provided to him, noting that the warnings were not in

written form and were not recorded even though Miranda warnings for all the other

individuals the officers spoke with on May 19, 2017 had been recorded. Appellant further

argues that even if Miranda warnings were given, the juvenile court erred in finding he

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights given his age and lack of any prior

criminal experience, the officers' refusal to let him speak with his mother, and the officers'

threats of juvenile detention.

       {¶ 26} Our review of a juvenile court's denial of a motion to suppress presents a mixed

question of law and fact. In re J.S., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2011-09-067, 2012-Ohio-

3534, ¶ 10. Acting as the trier of fact, the juvenile court is in the best position to resolve

factual questions and evaluate witness credibility. Id. Therefore, when reviewing the denial

of a motion to suppress, a reviewing court is bound to accept the juvenile court's findings of

fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. C.J., 12th Dist. Warren
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No. CA2017-06-082, 2018-Ohio-1258, ¶ 25, citing In re J.B., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2004-

09-226, 2005-Ohio-7029, ¶ 52. However, an appellate court reviews de novo whether the

juvenile court has applied the appropriate legal standard. Id.

       {¶ 27} "A suspect in police custody 'must be warned prior to any questioning that he

has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law,

that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney

one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.'" State v. Lather, 110

Ohio St.3d 270, 2006-Ohio-4477, ¶ 6, quoting Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479, 86

S.Ct. 1602 (1966). There is no dispute that appellant was subject to custodial interrogations

after being placed in handcuffs, escorted from his home, put in an unmarked police vehicle,

and questioned by Detectives Scott and Schweitzer on the evening of May 19, 2017.

Appellant does dispute, however, whether Miranda warnings were "properly given" to him by

law enforcement as the Miranda warnings were not recorded or provided to him in writing.

       {¶ 28} The police are neither required to provide a written copy of Miranda rights to a

suspect or obtain a written waiver of rights from a suspect. State v. Fowler, 5th Dist.

Tuscarawas No. 2015 AP 0054, 2016-Ohio-1209, ¶ 15. "'[A] Miranda waiver need not be

expressly made in order to be valid.'" Lather at ¶ 11, quoting North Carolina v. Butler, 441

U.S. 369, 373, 99 S.Ct. 1755 (1979). One may waive or relinquish a known right if

"relinquishment of the right was voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free and

deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception." Id. at ¶ 7, citing Moran v.

Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421, 106 S.Ct. 1135 (1986). Further, the waiver must have been

made with a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the

consequences of the decision to abandon it. Id.

       {¶ 29} "[A] court may infer from the totality of the circumstances that a defendant

voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his rights." Id. at ¶ 9, citing State v. Clark, 38
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Ohio St.3d 252, 261 (1988). The totality of the circumstances includes "the age, mentality,

and prior criminal experience of the accused; the length, intensity, and frequency of

interrogation; the existence of physical deprivation or mistreatment; and the existence of

threat or inducement." Id. at ¶ 9, citing State v. Dixon, 101 Ohio St.3d 328, 2004-Ohio-1585,

¶ 25. See also In re Watson, 47 Ohio St.3d 86 (1989), paragraph one of the syllabus

(applying the totality of the circumstances test to juvenile adjudications). "When the suspect

is a juvenile, the totality of the circumstances [also] includes 'the juvenile's age, experience,

education, background, and intelligence' as well as his 'capacity to understand the warnings

given him, the nature of his Fifth Amendment rights, and the consequences of waiving those

rights.'" State v. Barker, 149 Ohio St.3d 1, 2016-Ohio-2708, ¶ 24, quoting Fare v. Michael C.,

442 U.S. 707, 725, 99 S.Ct. 2560 (1979).           "Only if the 'totality of the circumstances

surrounding the interrogation' reveals both an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of

comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights have been waived."

Burbine, 475 U.S. at 412, quoting Fare at 725; Lather, 2006-Ohio-4477 at ¶ 7.

       {¶ 30} Furthermore, while the issue of whether one voluntarily waived his Miranda

rights is separate from the issue of whether one's confession was voluntary, "the same test is

used to determine both, i.e., whether the action was voluntary under the totality of the

circumstances." (Emphasis sic.) State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 472 (2001), quoting

Clark at 261. "'[P]olice overreaching' is a prerequisite to a finding of involuntariness." Clark

at 261, citing Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 107 S.Ct. 515 (1986). Absent evidence of

the use of inherently coercive police tactics (e.g., physical abuse, threats, deprivation of food,

medical treatment, or sleep), a court need not access the totality of the circumstances to

determine whether a defendant's statements were voluntary. Treesh at 472.

       {¶ 31} After reviewing the record, we find no error in the juvenile court's determination

that appellant was advised of his Miranda rights, that he knowingly, intelligently, and
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voluntarily waived his rights, and that his statements to Detectives Scott and Schweitzer were

voluntary and not the result of coercive police tactics. At the October 30, 2017 hearing,

Schweitzer testified that appellant had been advised of his Miranda rights prior to being

interrogated by law enforcement.       Schweitzer also explained why appellant's Miranda

warnings were not recorded, stating that his initial contact with appellant was different than

his initial contact with the rest of the individuals found in appellant's home. Unlike appellant's

mother, sister, and friends, who Schweitzer first encountered when they were interviewed in

his vehicle, Schweitzer's first contact with appellant occurred on appellant's front lawn, after

appellant had been escorted out of the basement. At this time, Schweitzer advised appellant

of his Miranda warnings before asking appellant to aid officers in the recovery of drugs

located in the home. Schweitzer specifically testified that

              [a]s soon as I walked up to him I introduced myself and I
              introduced Detective Scott, I verbally advised him that you have
              the right to remain silent and anything you say can and will be
              used against you in a court of law. You have the right to have an
              attorney present with you while you're being questioned. If you
              can't afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you. You have
              the right to not answer any questions at this time and you have a
              right to stop answering questions at any time during our
              conversation and consult with an attorney. [Appellant] advised he
              understood his rights and he advised he was going to cooperate
              and * * * he was going to show us where the drugs were located
              in his residence.

       {¶ 32} The recordings of appellant's subsequent interviews with Detectives Schweitzer

and Scott also indicate appellant had been advised of his Miranda rights and that he

understood his rights. During the first interview that took place in Schweitzer's unmarked

police vehicle, the following discussion was held:

              Detective Schweitzer: Alright, so you've already been advised of
              your rights, right? Yes or no?

              Appellant: Yes

              Detective Schweitzer: And you understand your rights?
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              Appellant: Yes.

Similarly, at the start of the second interview, Schweitzer asked appellant if he "still

understood [his] rights" and appellant responded, "Yeah."

       {¶ 33} Therefore,    given    Schweitzer's      testimony   and    appellant's   recorded

acknowledgements that he had been advised of and understood his rights, we find no error in

the juvenile court's determination that appellant had been provided with Miranda warnings.

       {¶ 34} We further find that the juvenile court did not err in concluding that appellant

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights and that his statements to Detectives

Scott and Schweitzer were voluntary and not the result of coercive police tactics. Although

appellant was only 15 years old at the time of the interviews and did not have any prior

experience with law enforcement or the criminal justice system, the record demonstrates

appellant understood the rights he waived by speaking with law enforcement. See Berghuis

v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 384, 130 S.Ct. 2250 (2010) ("Where the prosecution shows that

a Miranda warning was given and that it was understood by the accused, an accused's

uncoerced statement establishes an implied waiver of the right to remain silent"). Appellant

was alert and oriented to time and place, expressly stated he understood his rights and was

not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, did not appear to have a diminished capacity,

asked the detectives questions that showed he was of sound mind, and responded

appropriately to questions asked by the detectives.

       {¶ 35} The fact that appellant's mother was not present during appellant's police

interrogations did not render his waiver of rights and his subsequent confession involuntary.

"A juvenile's access to advice from a parent * * * plays a role in assuring that the juvenile's

waiver is knowing, intelligent, and voluntary." Barker, 2016-Ohio-2708 at ¶ 24. However, "a

juvenile's confession is not rendered involuntary where the juvenile does not have either a

parent or attorney present." In re M.D., 12th Dist. Madison No. CA2003-12-038, 2004-Ohio-
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5904, ¶ 27, citing In re Watson, 47 Ohio St.3d at 89. "The presence or absence of a [parent

or] legal guardian is but one factor to consider in determining whether, under the totality of

the circumstances, there is a valid waiver of the rights to remain silent and to have the

assistance of counsel." State v. Bates, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92323, 2009-Ohio-5819, ¶

10. See also State v. Pablo, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 16AP-888, 2017-Ohio-8834, ¶ 15.

       {¶ 36} Here, appellant questioned Schweitzer and Scott about whether they were

"allowed" to interview him without his mother being present. After being advised that his

mother's presence was not required, appellant did not seek to stop the interview or

specifically request his mother be present. Appellant contends that the manner in which he

was advised that his mother's presence was not required was aggressive, and he states his

belief that Schweitzer should have "followed up with [him] to see if he wanted to consult a

parent" before continuing the interrogation. Having reviewed the record, we agree with the

juvenile court's determination that "[t]here was nothing aggressive about Detective

Schweitzer's tone." Schweitzer's response was neither coercive in nature nor untruthful. As

"parental presence is not constitutionally mandated," Schweitzer was not required to ensure

appellant's mother's presence during his questioning of appellant. State v. Bobo, 65 Ohio

App.3d 685, 690 (8th Dist.1989).        Therefore, having considered the totality of the

circumstances, we find that appellant's mother's absence did not affect the voluntariness of

his waiver of rights or the voluntariness of his confession to law enforcement.

       {¶ 37} Appellant also argues that he was coerced into waiving his rights and giving a

confession due to improper police conduct. While conceding that he was not denied of food

or sleep or subjected to lengthy interrogations, appellant nonetheless contends that he was

coerced into speaking with law enforcement when he was "threatened" with juvenile

detention until he was 21 years old.

       {¶ 38} The record reveals that during appellant's first interview in the unmarked police
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vehicle, he asks Schweitzer whether he will be able to go home that evening. In response

appellant is advised by Schweitzer that he needed to be 100 percent honest when answering

questions, and if he was not honest, he would go to JDC "probably" until he was 21 years

old. The juvenile court rejected appellant's contention that this was a coercive threat

affecting the voluntariness of his waiver or confession, and we agree with the juvenile court's

determination. The statement was not intended as a threat and was not misleading, as it

emphasized the seriousness of appellant's conduct and the potential punishment associated

with trafficking and possession of drugs. As the juvenile court noted,

              [a] juvenile who is charged with a felony as serious as drug
              trafficking could be subject to the Department of Youth Services
              (DYS) until he is 21 years of age. Detective Schweitzer did not
              use deceptive and exaggerative practices * * * to secure
              [appellant's] confession during the interrogation, as he believed
              the [appellant] could very well serve a lengthy detention sentence
              given the seriousness of the crimes committed. Detective
              Schweitzer did not create an impression that the [appellant] could
              be facing a penalty or term of imprisonment that was outside the
              possible consequences this Court could impose.

       {¶ 39} Accordingly, having reviewed the record in the present case, we find that the

juvenile court did not err in denying appellant's motion to suppress his statements. The

evidence presented demonstrated appellant was advised of his Miranda rights, he made a

valid waiver of his rights, and his statement to law enforcement was voluntary and not the

result of coercive police tactics. Appellant's first assignment of error is, therefore, overruled.

       {¶ 40} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 41} THE COURT BELOW ERRED BY FINDING PROBABLE CAUSE FOR THE

SEARCH WARRANT AS THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE AFFIDAVIT WAS

STALE.

       {¶ 42} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues the juvenile court erred

when it denied his motion to suppress evidence as the search warrant was issued without


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probable cause. Appellant contends the search warrant affidavit does not demonstrate

probable cause that contraband would be found at his residence and the affidavit "does not

present timely information as too much time had passed with no further credible evidence

between April 1, 2017 and May 19, 2017."

       {¶ 43} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits

unreasonable searches and seizures and provides that "no Warrants shall issue, but upon

probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the persons or things to be seized." Accordingly, "a judge may issue a search

warrant only upon a finding of probable cause in an affidavit or affidavits presented to the

judge." State v. Risner, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2017-06-007, 2018-Ohio-1569, ¶ 16, citing

Crim.R. 41(C).     The affidavit must "name or describe the person to be searched or

particularly describe the place to be searched, name or describe the property to be searched

for and seized, state substantially the offense in relation thereto, and state the factual basis

for the affiant's belief that such property is there located." Crim.R. 41(C)(1). "The finding of

probable cause may be based upon hearsay in whole or in part, provided there is a

substantial basis for believing the source of the hearsay to be credible and for believing that

there is a factual basis for the information furnished." Crim.R. 41(C)(2); Risner at ¶ 16.

       {¶ 44} In determining whether probable cause exists to support the issuance of a

warrant, courts employ a "totality-of-the-circumstances test." State v. Thompson, 12th Dist.

Butler No. CA2013-08-158, 2014-Ohio-3380, ¶ 12; State v. Jones, 143 Ohio St.3d 266, 2015-

Ohio-483, ¶ 13. Under this standard, the judge issuing the warrant must "make a practical,

common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before

him, including the 'veracity' and 'basis of knowledge' of persons supplying hearsay

information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a

particular place." State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325 (1989), paragraph one of the syllabus,
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quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238-239, 103 S.Ct. 2317 (1983). See also State v.

J.A.C., 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2017-04-044 and CA2017-04-045, 2018-Ohio-361, ¶ 18.

       {¶ 45} "When reviewing the decision to issue a warrant, neither a trial court nor an

appellate court will conduct a de novo determination as to whether the affidavit provided

sufficient probable cause." Risner, 2018-Ohio-1569 at ¶ 18, citing State v. Quinn, 12th Dist.

Butler No. CA2011-06-116, 2012-Ohio-3123, ¶ 21. Rather, the duty of the reviewing court is

limited to ensuring the judge issuing the warrant had a substantial basis for concluding that

probable cause existed based on the four corners of the affidavit filed in support of the

warrant. Id.; State v. Adkins, 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2014-02-036 and CA2014-06-141,

2015-Ohio-1698, ¶ 55, citing Jones at ¶ 13. "In conducting any after-the-fact scrutiny of an

affidavit submitted in support of a search warrant, trial and appellate courts should accord

great deference to the [issuing judge's or] magistrate's determination of probable cause, and

doubtful or marginal cases in this area should be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant."

George at paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 46} "With regard to staleness, it is well-established that an affidavit for a search

warrant must present timely information." State v. Young, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2005-

08-074, 2006-Ohio-1784, ¶ 23. The proof must be of facts so closely related to the time of

the issue of the warrant as to justify a finding of probable cause at that time. State v. Prater,

12th Dist. Warren No. CA2001-12-114, 2002-Ohio-4487, ¶ 11. However, "[n]o arbitrary time

limit dictates when information becomes stale." Id. at ¶ 12, citing State v. Hollis, 98 Ohio

App.3d 549, 554 (11th Dist.1994).        "The test is whether the alleged facts justify the

conclusion that certain contraband remains on the premises to be searched." State v.

Moore, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2005-08-366, 2006-Ohio-4556, ¶ 15. A determination of the

likelihood that the evidence sought is still in place requires consideration of many variables,

including the character of the crime, the criminal, the items sought to be seized, and "whether
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the information in the affidavit relates to a single isolated incident or a protracted ongoing

criminal activity." Id., citing Prater at ¶ 13.

        {¶ 47} Having reviewed the information set forth in Detective Scott's affidavit, we

conclude that the affidavit set forth sufficient information establishing probable cause to

believe that controlled substances and items used to store, protect, or sell said substances

would be found in appellant's home on May 19, 2017. Although 48 days had passed

between the initial incident described in Scott's affidavit and the final incident described

therein, the information set forth in the affidavit was not stale.

        {¶ 48} Detective Scott's affidavit described drug activity at appellant's home on April 1,

2017.    On this date, two Springboro police officers observed a grey Nissan travel to

appellant's residence and leave one minute later – behavior consistent with drug trafficking.

A traffic stop of the grey Nissan resulted in the discovery of ten hits of suspected LSD –

drugs that the occupant of the Nissan admitted to buying from appellant. The occupant of

the Nissan then advised Scott that appellant sold both LSD and marijuana to multiple

juveniles throughout the community and that appellant often hosted parties at his residence

where juveniles would use LSD, marijuana, and alcohol in the basement. Scott's own

investigative efforts resulted in the discovery of several Snapchat photographs uploaded by

appellant which depicted appellant taking Xanax and LSD.

        {¶ 49} Scott's affidavit also described a complaint of drug trafficking at appellant's

home on May 16, 2017 by a complainant who observed approximately 12 cars pull into

appellant's driveway within a two-hour time period. A "tall lanky kid" then exited the

residence and made hand-to-hand transactions before the cars would drive away and the kid

reentered the residence. From his own surveillance on May 16, 2017, Scott observed two

males exit appellant's residence carrying backpacks. A traffic stop of the vehicle they drove

away in resulted in the discovery of drugs found on both males. Though the driver stated he
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had purchased marijuana from his passenger, the driver admitted he had just left a party

hosted by appellant.

       {¶ 50} Finally, on May 19, 2017, the date Scott sought and was granted a warrant,

Scott had been informed by a confidential informant that appellant had posted a status on

Snapchat that there would be a party that day. Scott averred that "through his training and

experience," he knew that juveniles hosted parties in the "late evening hours after 8 p.m."

       {¶ 51} Therefore, when viewing the affidavit as a whole, we find the affidavit sets forth

timely information that establishes probable cause to believe that controlled substances,

namely LSD, and items used to store, protect, or sell said substances would be found in

appellant's home on May 19, 2017. The information obtained by law enforcement was that

appellant sold LSD and marijuana, that he "often host[ed] parties at his home, that LSD,

marijuana, and alcohol are used at the parties, and that appellant was hosting a party on the

evening of May 19, 2017. The fact that some of the information set forth in the affidavit was

based on hearsay information is irrelevant, as probable cause may be based on hearsay as

long as the affidavit provides a "substantial basis for believing that the source is credible and

that there is a factual basis for the information furnished." Adkins, 2015-Ohio-1698 at ¶ 59,

citing Crim.R. 41(C).

       {¶ 52} Contrary to appellant's arguments, there was a substantial basis for believing

the information obtained from the confidential informants. The information Scott received

from informants about drug activity at appellant's residence was consistent with and

corroborated by law enforcement's own investigative efforts.          The traffic stops of the

individuals leaving appellant's home on April 1, 2017 and May 16, 2017 supported

information relating to illegal drug activity occurring at the residence. Further, Scott's

discovery of Snapchat photographs that depicted appellant in possession and using Xanax

and LSD also supported information elicited from the informants.
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       {¶ 53} Appellant argues the Snapchat photographs of appellant using Xanax and LSD

are of minimal value as the affidavit "is silent as to the location of where the photographs

were taken or when the photographs were taken." He also argues that the complainant's

phone call identifying a "tall lanky kid" as the individual conducting the hand-to-hand

transactions is of minimal value because "nowhere [does] the affidavit identify or connect the

'tall lanky kid' as [appellant] or a resident of the house to be searched." Appellant's attempt

to discredit the information set forth in the affidavit by separating the incidents into isolated

events is ineffective. "Probable cause is the sum total of layers of information * * *. We

weigh not individual layers but the 'laminated' total." Young, 2006-Ohio-1784 at ¶ 26. Here,

the Snapchat photographs and the complainant's telephone call provide relevant information,

as they described events consistent with appellant engaging in illegal drug activity and illegal

drug activity occurring at his residence. Regardless of whether the complainant specifically

identified appellant as the "tall lanky kid," the complainant specifically described drug activity

occurring on appellant's driveway after the "tall lanky kid" exited appellant's residence.

Moreover, the Snapchat photographs Scott found directly tied appellant to LSD, the drug the

occupant of the grey Nissan reported appellant sold to him and others in the community.

       {¶ 54} Therefore, viewing all the information set forth in the affidavit as a whole, we

conclude that there was sufficient probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant.

The juvenile court did not err in denying appellant's motion to dismiss evidence. Appellant's

second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 55} Assignment of Error No. 3:

       {¶ 56} [APPELLANT] SHOULD HAVE BEEN AFFORDED A HEARING TO

CHALLENGE THE VALIDITY OF THE WARRANT AFFIDAVIT PURSUANT TO FRANKS V.

DELAWARE, 438 U.S. 154, 155, 98 S.CT. 2674.

       {¶ 57} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues the juvenile court erred in
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denying his request for a Franks hearing as he had presented evidence of several misleading

statements contained in Detective Scott's affidavit in support of the search warrant.

Appellant contends these misleading statements were either made deliberately or with

reckless disregard for the truth.

       {¶ 58} In Franks, the United States Supreme Court held that if a "substantial

preliminary showing that a false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless

disregard for the truth, was included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly

false statement is necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment

requires that a hearing be held at the defendant's request." Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-156.

The defendant must therefore meet a two-part test to be entitled to a Franks hearing. "[T]he

defendant (1) must make a 'substantial' preliminary showing that the affiant made a false

statement either knowingly or with reckless disregard for the truth; and, additionally, (2) prove

the allegedly false statement was necessary to the finding of probable cause." State v.

Collins, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2016-09-009, 2017-Ohio-4371, ¶ 18, citing State v. Sekse,

12th Dist. Preble No. CA2015-07-015, 2016-Ohio-2779, ¶ 9.

       {¶ 59} Reckless disregard means that "the affiant had serious doubts of an allegation's

truth." State v. Jackson, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-06-096, 2012-Ohio-4219, ¶ 22.

"Omissions are considered false statements if they are designed to mislead, or are made in

reckless disregard of whether they would mislead the magistrate." Seske at ¶ 10, citing State

v. McKnight, 107 Ohio St.3d 101, 2005-Ohio-6046, ¶ 31. "Except in the very rare case where

the defendant makes a strong preliminary showing that the affiant with an intention to

mislead excluded critical information from the affidavit, and the omission is critical to the

finding of probable cause, Franks is inapplicable to the omission of disputed facts." State v.

Baylock, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24475, 2011-Ohio-4865, ¶ 15.

       {¶ 60} This court reviews a juvenile court's decision to deny a request for a Franks
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hearing under a clear error standard. Collins at ¶ 19, citing Seske at ¶ 12. "A finding is

'clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the

entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been

committed." State v. Bryant, 5th Dist. Holmes Nos. 10CA019 and 10CA020, 2011-Ohio-

3353, ¶ 24. "When reviewing a trial court's decision to deny a request for a Franks hearing,

this court gives deference to the trial court's resolution of factual questions and the

determination of witness credibility for it is the trial court, as the trier of fact, that is in the best

position to resolve these matters." Collins at ¶ 19.

       {¶ 61} Appellant alleges he made a substantial preliminary showing that Scott either

deliberately or with reckless disregard made six misleading statements in his affidavit in

support of the warrant, and that these misleading statements were necessary to the finding of

probable cause. However, we find that the record does not show that appellant was entitled

to a hearing as either the record supports Scott's representations, or any falsity in the

statement would not have impacted the overall probable cause determination.

                           Alleged Misleading Statement #1:
                     One-Minute Stop by Grey Nissan on April 1, 2017

       {¶ 62} Appellant contends the April 1, 2017 incident report from the Springboro Police

Department regarding the traffic stop of the grey Nissan demonstrates that Scott misled the

judge that issued the search warrant about the Nissan's stop at appellant's home. In his

affidavit, Scott stated that Springboro officers had observed "a grey Nissan travel to

[appellant's residence] and after approximately one minute later the Nissan left [the

residence] traveling towards Crocket Dr. (Through training and experience your Affiant

believes that this behavior is consistent with drug trafficking)." However, the incident report

states that one officer observed the vehicle heading west on the road appellant resides on

and one minute later another officer observed the Nissan leaving the road appellant lives on

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to make a left on Crockett Drive. Appellant argues that because the incident report does not

specifically state the officers observed the Nissan stop at appellant's residence, Scott misled

the judge.

       {¶ 63} The juvenile court considered this alleged discrepancy, and after reviewing the

April 1, 2017 incident report, found that Scott's statement in the affidavit in support was a

"summary of the events that occurred.         One officer sees the grey Nissan pull onto

[appellant's] street and a minute later a second officer sees the Nissan pulling out of

Defendant's street. * * * It was the driver of the car who later told the patrolman that he

stopped at [appellant's] home and the Affiant [Scott] put two and two together."

       {¶ 64} We agree with the juvenile court that the statement was not designed to

mislead the judge issuing the warrant. Scott attempted to summarize relevant details about

the Springboro officers' observations and experiences on April 1, 2017, and his narrative

description that the Nissan traveled to appellant's home and then left approximately one

minute later was an accurate representation of the events set forth by the officers in their

incident report. As such, Scott's statement was neither false nor misleading.

       {¶ 65} However, Scott suggests that the one-minute stop, from his "training and

experience," was "consistent with drug trafficking." In making this statement, Scott suggests

the Nissan's one-minute stop at appellant's residence was for the purpose of drug trafficking,

when the incident report states that the driver of the grey Nissan reported he went to

appellant's home to pick up an individual who had been spending time at appellant's home.

This individual, who is referred to as "the defendant" in the affidavit, admitted he had been at

appellant's home. It was this individual whom officers found with ten hits of LSD in his

possession. Scott's omission of these details is, therefore, misleading as the omission – in

combination with Scott's statement that a one-minute stop "is consistent with drug trafficking"

– created the impression that the occupant of the grey Nissan was already in the vehicle at
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the time of the vehicle's stop at appellant's house, and that the stop was for the purchase of

drugs.

         {¶ 66} However, although misleading, appellant cannot demonstrate the omission of

information – and the inferences flowing from the omission – were necessary to the finding of

probable cause. All of the other information contained in the affidavit was enough to

establish probable cause. Whether or not the occupant of the grey Nissan purchased drugs

from appellant during the one-minute stop does not impact the information obtained during

the traffic stop of the grey Nissan or the information the occupant gave to Scott during the

second week of April. The fact that an occupant of a vehicle that had stopped at appellant's

home was found in possession of ten hits of LSD, admitted to buying the LSD from appellant,

informed Scott that appellant sold LSD and marijuana to multiple juveniles in the community,

and provided information about parties held at appellant's home where alcohol, marijuana,

and LSD were used in the home's basement were all relevant facts derived from the April 1,

2017 traffic stop and such facts provided support for the finding of probable cause.2 As such,


2. {¶ a} On appeal, appellant contends that he "was not offered an opportunity to observe any audio or video
interviews to determine what the [occupant of the grey Nissan] told the Springboro Police" and a November 8,
2017 records request response from the Springboro Police Department indicates all records of any such
interviews were purged according to the department's retentions schedule. He further states that he "was denied
any opportunity" to examine the officers involved in the April 1, 2017 traffic stop "to determine the truthfulness of
the information provided to Detective Antwon Scott as he prepared his affidavit for the search warrant."
Appellant suggests that if a hearing were granted, he might be able to further attack the veracity of Scott's
statements by cross-examining the Springboro officers involved in the stop.

    {¶ b} As the United States Supreme Court has recognized, to be entitled to a Franks hearing, "the
challenger's attack must be more than conclusory and must be supported by more than a mere desire to cross-
examine." Franks, 438 U.S. at 171. Appellant's mere belief that he might be able to find out information to
contradict the assertions set forth in Scott's affidavit does not meet the standard set out in Franks. Appellant
speculates that a Franks hearing might provide valuable information to his argument that Scott misled the court
and that the search warrant was issued without probable cause. However, the standard set forth in Franks
requires much more than speculation; it requires a substantial preliminary showing that Scott made a false
statement knowingly, or with reckless disregard for the truth before a hearing must be held. Id. at 155-156. The
materials attached to appellant's request for a Franks hearing fail to meet this burden.

     {¶ c} Furthermore, with respect to appellant's claim that he was denied the opportunity to observe any audio
or video recordings of law enforcement's interviews with the occupant of the grey Nissan, we note that appellant
attempted to compel discovery of the recordings from the state. Appellant's motion to compel was filed on
November 14, 2017, the day before he filed his supplemental motion to suppress evidence and request for a
Franks hearing. The juvenile court denied the motion, holding that appellant "had more than enough time in
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appellant cannot prove the misleading omission was necessary to the finding of probable

cause.

                            Alleged Misleading Statement #2:
            Reference to the Occupant of the Grey Nissan as "the Defendant"

         {¶ 67} Appellant contends Scott misled the judge when Scott referred to the occupant

of the grey Nissan as "the defendant," as such reference "indicated he has some level of

credibility and willingness to cooperate with Detective Scott." Appellant contends that

because the occupant of the grey Nissan had not been charged with any crime related to the

events of April 1, 2017, it was misleading to refer to him as a defendant. We disagree.

Scott's use of the phrase "the defendant" merely served as a designation for the occupant of

the grey Nissan who was found in possession of the drugs. Regardless of whether the

individual was referred to as "the defendant," "the occupant," or another designation, the fact

remains that this individual was found in possession of ten hits of LSD, admitted to buying

the drugs from appellant, and provided information about appellant's trafficking activities.

While Scott could have chosen another name or phrase to refer to this individual, his use of

the phrase "the defendant" in no way indicated the individual had been charged with a crime,

assigned special significance to the individuals' credibility, or served to mislead the court. As

such, there is no indication that Scott's reference to "the defendant" was false or misleading.

                                 Alleged Misleading Statement #3:
                                Snapchat Photographs of Appellant

         {¶ 68} Appellant argues Scott's reference to the Snapchat photographs of appellant

taking Xanax and LSD was misleading as "[t]he photos are not dated and in no way indicate

drug trafficking." We disagree. First, there is no indication that Scott misrepresented the



which to secure the evidence requested in order to further his Franks-type hearing. His request to compel the
State to produce to him videos of the stops this late in the game is a product of his own doing. The Court finds
the Motion to Compel NOT WELL TAKEN and is hereby Denied." (Emphasis sic). Appellant has not
challenged the court's denial of his motion to compel on appeal.
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                                                                      Warren CA2018-01-006

activities appellant was engaged in in the photographs. Second, the photographs show

appellant in possession of drugs, and at least one of the drugs depicted in the photographs is

LSD – the same drug appellant was accused of trafficking in. The photographs were

therefore relevant, and Scott's statement in the affidavit regarding the photographs was

neither false nor misleading.

                        Alleged Misleading Statement #4:
     Misrepresenting Statement of Complainant: "Hand-to-Hand Transactions"

       {¶ 69} Appellant next argues that Scott misrepresented the complainant's May 16,

2017 complaint about drug activity at appellant's house. Appellant contends that Scott "took

great liberties in exaggerating in his affidavit that 'hand-to-hand' transactions" had been made

at appellant's house, when the Springboro Police Department's phone call incident recall log

makes no express mention of "hand-to-hand transactions."

       {¶ 70} The phone call incident recall log submitted by appellant states that the

complainant "believes neighbor's [sic] are selling drugs. Cars coming and going. * * * She

advised in the past 2 hrs approximately a doxen [sic] cars have came [sic] to the residence

and pulled into the driveway. A tall linky [sic] kid comes to the car and then goes back to the

house. The car drives off. Once the kid got into the car."

       {¶ 71} After viewing the incident recall log, the juvenile court found that the log was

"enough, in and of itself, to substantiate that portion of the affidavit for probable cause to be

found." We agree. Though the phrase "hand-to-hand transactions" does not appear in the

incident recall log, the use of the phrase was not misleading as it summarizes Scott's

understanding of the events described by complainant. Moreover, use of the phrase "hand-

to-hand transactions" in the affidavit was not necessary to the finding of probable cause.

Consideration of the events described by the complainant – with no regard given to the

phrase "hand-to-hand transactions" – as well as the additional information set forth in the


                                              - 25 -
                                                                         Warren CA2018-01-006

affidavit provide sufficient support for the finding of probable cause. As such, appellant

cannot prove that use of the phrase "hand-to-hand transactions" was false or misleading, or

that it was necessary to the finding of probable cause.

                              Alleged Misleading Statement #5:
                               Reference to a "Tall Lanky Kid"

       {¶ 72} Appellant contends Scott misled the judge issuing the search warrant by

insinuating in the affidavit that appellant was the "tall lanky kid" described by the complainant

when Scott failed to undertake steps to confirm the identity of the "tall lanky kid." Appellant

contends that the complainant "would not be able to identify [him] and * * * would not

describe [him] as a 'tall lanky kid.'" To support the notion that he was not the individual the

complainant observed on May 16, 2017 and could not be described as a "tall lanky kid,"

appellant submitted the affidavit of his grandmother. Appellant's grandmother states that

appellant is 5' 11" and weighs 241 pounds and she "would not describe [appellant] as tall and

lanky but would rather describe [appellant] as average height and husky."

       {¶ 73} We find that Scott's use of the phrase "tall lanky kid" in the affidavit was not

misleading, as that phrase was used by the complainant and appears in the incident recall

log. Scott did not identify appellant as the "tall lanky kid" in the affidavit, but rather merely set

forth the complainant's description of the individual seen exiting and entering appellant's

residence after approaching numerous cars in the residence's driveway. Scott's statement

was, therefore, neither false nor misleading.

                             Alleged Misleading Statement #6:
                          Informant's Snapchat Party Notification

       {¶ 74} Finally, appellant argues Scott's statement in the affidavit in support of the

search warrant that a confidential informant had informed him that appellant posted a status

on Snapchat that there would be a party on May 19, 2017 was misleading. Appellant

contends the statement was misleading as Scott did not provide any information as to the
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                                                                      Warren CA2018-01-006

reliability of this informant and Scott had no first-hand knowledge about the Snapchat post.

However, appellant has not introduced any evidence indicating Scott falsified his meeting

with the informant or the contents of appellant's Snapchat post. Appellant, therefore, has not

demonstrated a false or misleading statement was made by Scott.

                                         Conclusion

       {¶ 75} Accordingly, having reviewed the record, we find that the juvenile court properly

denied appellant's request for a Franks hearing. Appellant failed to make a substantial

preliminary showing that false statements knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless

disregard for the truth, were included by Scott in the warrant affidavit or that such statements

were necessary to the finding of probable cause. Appellant's third assignment of error is,

therefore, overruled.

       {¶ 76} Judgment affirmed.


       S. POWELL, P.J., and RINGLAND, J., concur.




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