                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED


              Present: Judges Petty, Alston and Russell
              Argued at Lexington, Virginia


              GERRY AXELSON
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
              v.     Record No. 2120-16-3                                    JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
                                                                                 AUGUST 22, 2017
              PIFER CONSTRUCTION, INC.,
               ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE, AND
               THE UNINSURED EMPLOYERS’ FUND

                            FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION

                               Bradford M. Young (Hammond Townsend, PLC, on briefs), for
                               appellant.

                               Alan D. Sundburg; Justin R. Main (Michael S. Bliley; Friedlander
                               Misler, PLLC; Siciliano, Ellis, Dyer & Boccarosse, PLC, on briefs),
                               for appellees.


                     Gerry Axelson appeals the decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission denying

              his claim for benefits. Axelson assigns two errors to the Commission’s decision. First, Axelson

              argues that the Commission erred in determining that a claimant seeking statutory employee

              status under Code § 65.2-302 must prove he is an employee of an uninsured subcontractor.

              Second, Axelson argues that the Commission erred in concluding that Code § 65.2-101(1)(n) is

              the sole way in which the member of a single-member LLC can be found to be an employee and,

              in doing so, did not consider the definition of employee under Code § 65.2-101(1)(a). We

              disagree and affirm the decision of the Commission.




                        Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                                         I. BACKGROUND

       Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of

the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal.

Under settled principles of appellate review, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable

to the party that prevailed before the Commission. Layne v. Crist Elec. Contractor, Inc., 64

Va. App. 342, 345, 768 S.E.2d 261, 262 (2015).

       Gerry Axelson sustained injuries from a fall while he was working on a job site. Axelson

filed a claim for benefits against Pifer Construction, Inc.; 31, LLC; and Generation Builders,

LLC.1 Relevant to his appeal to this Court, Axelson claims that he was a direct employee of

Generation Builders and a statutory employee of both Pifer Construction and 31, LLC.

       Before the deputy commissioner, the parties disagreed whether Axelson was hired in his

individual capacity or in his capacity as the sole member of Generation Builders. The parties

also disagreed about whether Pifer Construction or 31, LLC contracted with Axleson to perform

the work on the job site. The deputy commissioner ultimately determined that 31, LLC hired

Generation Builders. Axelson’s involvement in the project, according to the deputy

commissioner, was “solely in his capacity as the managing member/employee of Generation

Builders.” 2 The deputy commissioner also concluded that 31, LLC was not Axelson’s statutory



       1
         The parties stipulated that Generation Builders had fewer than three employees
regularly in service and was not subject to the Act. Therefore, Generation Builders was
dismissed from the claim.
       2
         At oral argument, Axelson made clear that he was challenging the Commission’s
interpretation of Code § 65.2-101(1)(n) because that was the basis for the Commission finding
that he was not an employee of Generation Builders. However, he expressly abandoned any
argument that Code § 65.2-101(1)(n) entitled him to be considered an employee of Generation
Builders. Instead, at oral argument, he relied on Code § 65.2-101(1)(a) and the deputy

                                                -2-
employer because Generation Builders was not engaged in the same trade, business, or

occupation as 31, LLC. Therefore, the deputy commissioner denied Axelson’s claim for

benefits. Axelson requested review from the full Commission.

       Axelson argued to the Commission that the deputy commissioner erred in finding that 31,

LLC was not his statutory employer.3 He also argued that Pifer Construction was his statutory

employer under principles of agency law. The Uninsured Employers’ Fund (the “Fund”),

involved on behalf of 31, LLC, argued that the deputy commissioner had correctly decided the

case. Alternatively, the Fund argued that Axelson had failed to prove he was an employee of

Generation Builders and thus was not an employee of an uninsured subcontractor.

       The Commission affirmed the decision of the deputy commissioner; however, it did so on

different grounds. The Commission relied on Intermodal Services, Inc. v. Smith, 234 Va. 596,

603, 364 S.E.2d 221, 225 (1988), to determine that the statutory employer doctrine required the

claimant to be an employee of an uninsured subcontractor, not the subcontractor himself. Because

Code § 65.2-101(1)(n) requires a member of a single-member LLC to make an election to be treated

as an employee and to notify its insurer, the Commission determined that Axelson, who had done

neither, was not an employee of Generation Builders. Further, the Commission determined that

even if Axelson had complied with Code § 65.2-101(1)(n), Generation Builders would then have

insurance and Axelson would no longer be employed by an uninsured subcontractor. Accordingly,

the Commission affirmed the denial of benefits. In his Motion to Vacate and Reconsider, Axelson




commissioner’s finding that Axelson’s sole involvement in the project was as the “managing
member/employee.”
       3
          Axelson’s request for review argued that the deputy commissioner erred in determining
that neither Pifer Construction nor 31, LLC hired him in his individual capacity. In his written
statement to the Commission, Axelson expanded his argument to include several other
arguments, including his arguments relating to the statutory employer doctrine. The Commission
allowed the expansion in the interest of a “just determination of the issues.”
                                                 -3-
argued that he was an employee of Generation Builders under Code § 65.2-101(1)(a). The

Commission denied his motion. Axelson appealed to this Court.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

                      A. 31, LLC AND THE UNINSURED EMPLOYER’S FUND

       Pifer Construction argues that the appeal should be dismissed because Axelson failed to

name 31, LLC in the Notice of Appeal and 31, LLC is a necessary party. We disagree that 31,

LLC is a necessary party to the appeal against Pifer Construction. We do find, however, that the

Fund should be dismissed from the appeal because Axelson did not name 31, LLC.

       Rule 5A:11(b) requires that a party appealing a decision of the Commission file “a notice

of appeal which shall state the names and addresses of all appellants and appellees.” The notice

of appeal must be filed within 30 days after entry of the order or the order becomes final. Rule

5A:11(b). “The times prescribed for filing the notice of appeal . . . are mandatory.” Rule

5A:3(a). A party is free to choose against whom it will pursue an appeal. See Lamar Co. v. City

of Richmond, 287 Va. 322, 325, 757 S.E.2d 15, 16 (2014). However,

               [w]here an individual is in the actual enjoyment of the subject
               matter, or has an interest in it, either in possession or expectancy,
               which is likely either to be defeated or diminished by the
               [appellant’s] claim, in such case he has an immediate interest in
               resisting the demand, and all persons who have such immediate
               interests are necessary parties to the suit.

Woody v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 188, 196, 670 S.E.2d 39, 43 (2008) (second alteration in

original) (quoting Asch v. Friends of the Cmty. of Mt. Vernon Yacht Club, 251 Va. 89, 90-91,

465 S.E.2d 817, 818 (1996)).

       Here, Axelson did not name 31, LLC in the notice of appeal. As a result, thirty days after

the Commission entered its order, the order became final with respect to 31, LLC. Because the

time for filing the notice of appeal is mandatory, we do not have jurisdiction to consider any

issue involving 31, LLC. The Commission determined that 31, LLC is not liable to Axelson.
                                                -4-
       The failure to include 31, LLC in this appeal has no bearing on the appeal against Pifer

Construction. Any decision we make regarding Axelson’s claim against Pifer Construction

cannot defeat or diminish any actual enjoyment or interest in the subject matter that 31, LLC

may have. Because the Commission’s order is final as to 31, LLC, the outcome of this appeal

will have no effect on 31, LLC. Consequently, 31, LLC is not a necessary party to the appeal

against Pifer Construction.

       The failure to name 31, LLC, however, is fatal to the involvement of the Fund. Any

involvement of the Fund is predicated on an award entered against an employer for

compensation benefits. Code § 65.2-1203. The Fund is only required to pay a claimant when

the employer is unable or fails to pay the claimant the amount awarded. Id. Here, the Fund was

involved because 31, LLC did not have workers’ compensation insurance. Since no award has

been entered against 31, LLC and the Commission’s order is final as to 31, LLC, the Fund is not

required to pay Axelson on 31, LLC’s behalf. Accordingly, the Fund is not a proper party and

the Fund is dismissed from this appeal.

                  B. AXELSON IS NOT AN EMPLOYEE OF GENERATION BUILDERS

       In his second assignment of error, Axelson argues that the Commission erred because it

interpreted Code § 65.2-101(1) to provide that the member of a single-member LLC cannot be

treated as an employee unless he complies with subsection (1)(n) and specifically elects to be

treated as an employee.4 Axelson does not argue that he is an employee under subsection (1)(n),


       4
          Axelson’s first assignment of error addresses the Commission’s determination that the
statutory employer doctrine under Code § 65.2-302 requires a claimant to prove he was the
employee of an uninsured subcontractor. The Commission determined as a matter of law that he
could not prove that the subcontractor, Generation Builders, was uninsured because it was
inherently inconsistent with Code § 65.2-101(1)(n)’s requirement that he notify his insurance
carrier of his election to be treated as an employee.
        Code § 65.2-302 provides that a statutory employer is “liable to pay any worker
employed in the work compensation under this title to which he would have been liable to pay if

                                               -5-
and he concedes that he is not. Rather, Axelson argues that the Commission did not consider

whether he was an employee under Code § 65.2-101(1)(a).

       What constitutes an employee under the Act is a question of law. Creative Designs

Tattooing Assocs. v. Est. of Parrish, 56 Va. App. 299, 307, 693 S.E.2d 303, 307 (2010). But

whether the facts bring a person within the definition of an employee is a question of fact.

Dillon Constr. & Accident Fund Ins. Co. of Am. v. Carter, 55 Va. App. 426, 430, 686 S.E.2d

542, 543 (2009). “Decisions of the commission as to questions of fact, if supported by credible

evidence, are conclusive and binding on this Court.” Manassas Ice & Fuel Co. v. Farrar, 13

Va. App. 227, 229, 409 S.E.2d 824, 826 (1991). “In determining whether credible evidence

exists, the appellate court does not retry the facts, reweigh the preponderance of the evidence, or

make its own determination of the credibility of the witnesses.” Newport News Shipbuilding &

Dry Dock Co. v. Barnes, 32 Va. App. 66, 69, 526 S.E.2d 298, 299-300 (2000) (quoting Wagner

Enters. Inc. v. Brooks, 12 Va. App. 890, 894, 407 S.E.2d 32, 35 (1991)). “The question as to

whether a claimant qualifies as an employee under the Act ‘must be determined from the facts of

the particular case and in the light of well settled principles.’” Dillon Constr. & Accident Fund,

55 Va. App. at 430, 686 S.E.2d at 544 (quoting Brown v. Fox, 189 Va. 509, 516, 54 S.E.2d 109,

113 (1949)).




the worker had been immediately employed by him.” (Emphasis added). The Supreme Court has
determined that “the phrase ‘work[ers] employed in the work,’ to whom compensation benefits
are owed, refers to employees, not the subcontractor himself.” Intermodal Servs., Inc., 234 Va.
at 603, 364 S.E.2d at 225 (interpreting Code § 65.1-29, a previous version of the statutory
employer statute). “[T]he statutes in issue ‘never [were] intended to affect the status of a sub-
contractor.” Id. (second alteration in original). Thus, Axelson must be an employee of
Generation Builders in order to qualify under the statutory employer doctrine. Because we
determine that Axelson was not an employee of Generation Builders, we do not need to
determine whether the subcontractor must be uninsured. Therefore, we do not address his first
assignment of error.

                                                -6-
       Code § 65.2-101(1)(a) generally defines “Employee” as “Every person, including aliens

and minors, in the service of another under any contract of hire or apprenticeship, written or

implied, . . . except (i) one whose employment is not in the usual course of the trade, business,

occupation or profession of the employer . . . .”

       We do not need to determine whether the statute allows the member of a single-member

LLC to qualify under either definition because the Commission determined that Axelson failed

to come within the definition of an employee under both Code § 65.2-101(1)(a) and (1)(n).5

       Axelson argued that he was a subsection (1)(a) employee for the first time in his Motion

to Vacate and Reconsider. The Commission denied the motion stating, “After careful

consideration, the claimant’s Motion to Vacate and Request for Reconsideration is DENIED.”

The Commission provided no reasoning or explanation for the denial. Viewing this language in

the light most favorable to Pifer Construction, as the prevailing party, this denial suggests that

the Commission exercised its discretion and did “careful[ly] consider[]” whether Axelson was an

employee under Code § 65.2-101(1)(a). Thus, taken at face value, the denial is a factual finding

that Axelson is not an employee under subsection (1)(a). See Dillon Constr. & Accident Fund,

55 Va. App. at 430, 686 S.E.2d at 543. The question, then, is whether the Commission’s factual

determination that he did not fall within the definition of an employee under Code

§ 65.2-101(1)(a) is supported by credible evidence.

       Even if we assume that the member of a single-member LLC could be in the service of

another, the facts here support the Commission’s finding that Axelson was not an employee




       5
         “In this case, as in all others, we seek to decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest ground
available’ from the record.” Giraldi v. Giraldi, 64 Va. App. 676, 679 n.3, 771 S.E.2d 687, 689
n.3 (2015) (quoting Kirby v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 691, 698 n.2, 653 S.E.2d 600, 603 n.2
(2007)).

                                                -7-
under Code § 65.2-101(1)(a).6 Axelson presented no evidence that he was an employee under

Code § 65.2-101(1)(a). There is no evidence in the record that he worked for Generation

Builders under a written employment contract. Thus, we must look for evidence of an implied

contract.

       To do so we look to the factors used to distinguish between an employee and an

independent contractor. Some of the factors we look to include who has power of control over

the individual’s work, payment of wages, and power of dismissal. Dillon Constr. & Accident

Fund, 55 Va. App. at 430, 686 S.E.2d at 544. Another factor is whether appropriate taxes and

other deductions were withheld from the compensation. See Creative Designs Tattooing

Assocs., 56 Va. App. at 304, 693 S.E.2d at 306.

       There is no evidence that Axelson’s actions were directed or controlled by another. To

the contrary, he controlled his own work and that of his employees. Aside from testimony that

he paid himself and his other employees, there is no evidence as to whether he received wages or

distributions from the LLC. In fact, his W-2 shows that he received business income and did not

receive a wage. There is no evidence that the appropriate taxes or other deductions were

withheld from his compensation or that he filled out any payroll forms. The record does not




       6
          Axelson points to the fact that Generation Builders, as an LLC, is a separate and distinct
legal entity; therefore, he argues, he is working in the service of another. Code § 65.2-101(1)(n)
specifically includes single-member LLCs and corporations having a single stockholder.
Because the General Assembly enacted a specific provision pertaining to single-member LLCs,
it is hard to imagine how the member of that LLC, or a single stockholder corporation, could also
fit under subsection (1)(a). Generally, under rules of statutory construction we would presume
that subsection (1)(n) was the sole method for a single-member to qualify as an employee. See
Cuccinelli v. Rector & Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 283 Va. 420, 432, 722 S.E.2d 626, 633
(2012) (“When general words and specific words are grouped together, the general words are
limited and qualified by the specific words and will be construed to embrace only objects similar
in nature to those objects identified by specific words.” (quoting Andrews v. Ring, 266 Va. 311,
319, 585 S.E.2d 780, 784 (2003)). However, we leave that question for another day because the
answer is unnecessary to decide this appeal.
                                                 -8-
indicate whether Axelson worked set hours or a regular shift. Therefore, the evidence supports

the Commission’s conclusion that Axelson was not an employee.

       Whether the facts of this case bring Axelson within the definition of an employee under

Code § 65.2-101(1)(a) is a finding of fact entitled to deference. See Amelia Sand Co. v. Ellyson,

43 Va. App. 406, 408, 598 S.E.2d 750, 751 (2004) (“When reviewing workers’ compensation

cases, we defer to these factual findings.”). The Commission determined he was not an

employee under subsection (1)(a). We see nothing in the record that leads us to the conclusion

that the Commission was in error.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       Because the Commission’s decision is final as to the 31, LLC, the Fund is dismissed from

this appeal. Furthermore, the Commission carefully considered Axelson’s argument that he was

an employee under Code § 65.2-101(1)(a) before denying his Motion to Vacate and Reconsider.

Therefore, the Commission determined that Axelson was not an employee under either

definition; consequently, we do not need to determine whether Code § 65.2-101(1) allows the

member of a single-member LLC to qualify as an employee under either definition or solely

under subsection (1)(n). Accordingly, the Commission did not err and its decision is affirmed.

                                                                                        Affirmed.




                                              -9-
