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 1         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 3          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 4 v.                                                     No. 33,951

 5 DWAYNE MORRIS TAYLOR,

 6          Defendant-Appellant.

 7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY
 8 WILLIAM G. SHOOBRIDGE, District Judge

 9   Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10   Santa Fe, NM
11   Kenneth H. Stalter, Assistant Attorney General
12   Albuquerque, NM

13 for Appellee

14 Jose A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender
15 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender
16 Santa Fe, NM

17 for Appellant

18                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

19 ZAMORA, Judge.

20   {1}    Defendant appeals his convictions for trafficking a controlled substance by

21 possession with intent to distribute and possession of drug paraphernalia. His
 1 convictions were based on evidence obtained in the course of a search of an

 2 apartment. Defendant raises three issues. First, Defendant contends the district court

 3 erred in denying his motion to suppress by which he challenged the sufficiency of the

 4 affidavit to establish probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant. Second,

 5 Defendant argues that a police officer was improperly permitted to testify as an expert

 6 witness. Third, Defendant asserts that a photograph of a document was improperly

 7 admitted into evidence. For the reasons that follow we reject Defendant’s assertions

 8 of error and affirm.

 9 DISCUSSION

10 Probable Cause to Issue the Warrant

11   {2}   On November 2, 2012, Agent Clayton of the Lea County Drug Task Force

12 (Affiant) prepared an affidavit seeking a warrant to search 212 South Shipp Street,

13 Apartment 6, in Hobbs, New Mexico (the Location). The affidavit specified that

14 within the preceding forty-eight hours he had received information from a confidential

15 informant (the CI) who had provided reliable information on two or more prior

16 occasions, which had led to the investigation and arrest of persons involved with illicit

17 drugs. The CI had advised Affiant that Defendant was selling crack cocaine from the

18 Location, and indicated that he/she was willing to participate in a controlled buy. To

19 that end, Affiant and two other law enforcement officers subsequently met with the



                                               2
 1 CI and searched him/her for controlled substances and currency. After finding neither,

 2 the CI was given currency. The officers then followed the CI to the Location. The CI

 3 was observed entering and emerging from the Location. The officers then followed

 4 the CI directly to a predetermined end point, where the CI produced a substance that

 5 ultimately proved to be crack cocaine. The CI told Affiant that the crack cocaine was

 6 purchased from Defendant at the Location. The CI was once again searched and no

 7 other money or contraband was found on his/her person.

 8   {3}   Upon consideration of the foregoing information, a judge issued the requested

 9 search warrant. When officers executed the warrant they found and seized a variety

10 of incriminating items. Defendant, who was present at the time, was the sole occupant.

11   {4}   Defendant moved to suppress all the evidence seized in the course of the search

12 on grounds that the affidavit provided inadequate support for a finding of probable

13 cause. The district court denied the motion. Defendant challenges this ruling on

14 appeal.

15   {5}   The issuance of a search warrant is reviewed under a substantial basis standard.

16 State v. Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶¶ 29-30, 146 N.M. 488, 212 P.3d 376.

17 “[W]hen an application for a search warrant is based on an affidavit, the affidavit must

18 contain sufficient facts to enable the issuing magistrate independently to pass

19 judgment on the existence of probable cause.” Id. ¶ 30 (internal quotation marks and



                                               3
 1 citation omitted). Our “review is limited to the contents of the affidavit.” State v.

 2 Nyce, 2006-NMSC-026, ¶ 8, 139 N.M. 647, 137 P.3d 587, holding limited by

 3 Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29 n.1. We do not substitute our judgment for that

 4 of the issuing court. Williamson, 2009-NMSC-039, ¶ 29. Rather, “the reviewing court

 5 must determine whether the affidavit as a whole, and the reasonable inferences that

 6 may be drawn therefrom, provide a substantial basis for determining that there is

 7 probable cause to believe that a search will uncover evidence of wrongdoing.” Id.

 8   {6}   As previously described, the affidavit contained a number of hearsay statements

 9 of the CI. Rule 5-211(E) NMRA provides that hearsay may supply a proper basis for

10 the issuance of a warrant, “provided there is a substantial basis for believing the

11 source of the hearsay to be credible and for believing that there is a factual basis for

12 the information furnished.” See State v. Cordova, 1989-NMSC-083, ¶ 6, 109 N.M.

13 211, 784 P.2d 30 (observing that the allegations of an informant cannot provide

14 probable cause to issue a search warrant unless both the basis of the informant’s

15 knowledge and the veracity or credibility of the informant are demonstrated).

16   {7}   There appears to be no dispute about the adequacy of the factual basis for the

17 CI’s knowledge in this case. The affidavit clearly reflects that the information supplied

18 by the CI was based on first-hand experience, gained by virtue of his/her direct

19 interaction with Defendant. See State v. Lujan, 1998-NMCA-032, ¶ 12, 124 N.M. 494,



                                               4
 1 953 P.2d 29 (observing that when “first-hand knowledge naturally and logically flows

 2 from a common-sense reading of the affidavit, that will suffice”). This is sufficient to

 3 satisfy the basis of knowledge requirement. See, e.g., State v. Whitley,

 4 1999-NMCA-155, ¶ 4, 128 N.M. 403, 993 P.2d 117 (holding that the basis of

 5 knowledge requirement was met where, among other considerations, the informant

 6 personally observed the defendant); Lujan, 1998-NMCA-032, ¶¶ 9, 12 (holding that

 7 a controlled buy supplied first-hand knowledge).

 8   {8}   The parties differ with respect to the CI’s credibility. An informant’s credibility

 9 or veracity may be established in a variety of ways. See In re Shon Daniel K.,

10 1998-NMCA-069, ¶ 12, 125 N.M. 219, 959 P.2d 553. In this case, the CI’s credibility

11 was established in part by virtue of his/her provision of information that had led to

12 arrests and criminal convictions in the past. This is meaningful. See State v. Vest,

13 2011-NMCA-037, ¶¶ 17-18, 149 N.M. 548, 252 P.3d 772 (observing that previous

14 performance supports credibility if the affidavit indicates that the informant actually

15 provided accurate information to law enforcement in the past). Additionally, the

16 information initially supplied by the CI about Defendant’s drug trafficking activities

17 at the Location was clearly and directly corroborated by the carefully arranged and

18 monitored controlled buy. This is sufficient to establish veracity. See Lujan, 1998-

19 NMCA-032, ¶ 10 (observing that a controlled buy bears upon the credibility of a



                                                5
 1 confidential informant, insofar as it “reduces the uncertainty and risk of falsehood

 2 about the information provided by [an] informant”); see 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search

 3 & Seizure § 3.3(f), at 225-27 (5th ed. 2012) (observing that “corroboration will suffice

 4 to show veracity [where an informant] has cooperated closely with the police, [such

 5 as] when the informant makes a controlled purchase of narcotics”).

 6   {9}    We understand Defendant to suggest that Affiant’s failure to express personal

 7 belief that the CI was truthful should be regarded as a deficiency. However, in this

 8 context, objective reasonableness is the polestar. See Nyce, 2006-NMSC-026, ¶ 11.

 9 Insofar as the affidavit was submitted to enable the judge to make an “informed,

10 deliberate, and independent determination of probable cause,” subjective expressions

11 of personal belief in the informant’s credibility would serve little purpose. Lujan,

12 1998-NMCA-032, ¶ 3 (emphasis added).

13   {10}   We conclude that the affidavit provided the issuing judge with sufficient

14 information to establish both the basis of the CI’s knowledge and the CI’s credibility,

15 such that the warrant was supported by probable cause. The motion to suppress was

16 therefore properly denied.

17 Expert Testimony

18   {11}   At trial the State proffered Agent Wester, deputy commander of the Lea County

19 Drug Task Force, as an expert in illegal narcotics trafficking, specifically with respect



                                               6
 1 to distinguishing conditions that are consistent with personal use from conditions that

 2 are consistent with trafficking. The district court ultimately concluded that the State

 3 laid an adequate foundation to admit his testimony. Defendant challenges this

 4 determination on appeal, contending that the district court erred in qualifying him as

 5 an expert.

 6   {12}   We addressed a similar challenge in State v. Rael-Gallegos, 2013-NMCA-092,

 7 308 P.3d 1016. Applying Rule 11-702 NMRA, we observed that testimony of this

 8 nature is based on specialized knowledge. Rael-Gallegos, 2013-NMCA-092, ¶¶ 18,

 9 20. Accordingly, the relevant inquiry is whether Agent Wester’s “knowledge and

10 experience were sufficient to support a determination that [his] conclusions regarding

11 the distinction between personal use amounts versus trafficking amounts of crack

12 cocaine may be trusted.” Id. ¶ 21.

13   {13}   Agent Wester testified that he had served with the Lea County Drug Task Force

14 since 2008, and had become deputy commander in 2012. He had received basic

15 narcotics training, had studied interdiction, and undertaken advanced undercover

16 training. In addition to his formal training, Agent Wester testified about his extensive

17 experience as a task force member. He learned about narcotics use and trafficking in

18 the course of investigating and interviewing the four to five hundred people who he

19 had arrested for narcotics offenses, as well as other narcotics offenders arrested by his



                                               7
 1 fellow officers and informants with whom he had worked. He testified that these

 2 interviews taught him how narcotics are bought and sold, specifically regarding

 3 cocaine, as well as how much individuals personally used, what they could afford, and

 4 what they would keep on hand.

 5   {14}   We have previously upheld the qualification of a law enforcement officer as an

 6 expert witness on an analogous showing of knowledge and expertise. See id. ¶¶ 18-25

 7 (holding that a law enforcement officer with extensive knowledge and experience

 8 relative to narcotics offenses was properly qualified to testify as an expert on the

 9 distinction between possession of quantities consistent with personal use and

10 possession of quantities consistent with trafficking). Defendant makes no effort to

11 draw any meaningful distinction between the State’s showing in Rael-Gallegos and

12 in this case. We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

13 determining that the witness demonstrated sufficient knowledge and experience to

14 testify as an expert in distinguishing between possession of quantities consistent with

15 personal use and trafficking. See State v. Bullcoming, 2010-NMSC-007, ¶ 28, 147

16 N.M. 487, 226 P.3d 1 (“Whether a witness possesses the necessary expertise or a

17 sufficient foundation has been established to permit a witness to testify as an expert

18 witness is a matter entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court. Absent an abuse

19 of discretion, a reviewing court will not disturb the trial court’s decision to accept or



                                               8
 1 reject such testimony.” (citation omitted)), rev’d on other grounds sub nom.

 2 Bullcoming v. N.M., 131 S. Ct. 2706 (2011).

 3   {15}   Defendant contends that the admission of Agent Wester’s testimony,

 4 specifically his official opinion about Defendant’s guilt, impermissibily “invaded the

 5 province of the jury, whose duty it was to arrive at its own opinion, based on the

 6 actual evidence.” However, we find no indication that Agent Wester expressed any

 7 opinion on Defendant’s guilt. Although he opined that the evidence obtained in the

 8 course of the search was consistent with trafficking rather than personal use, he

 9 explained the basis for that opinion, and the jury was ultimately free to give his

10 testimony whatever weight it saw fit. See, e.g., Rael-Gallegos, 2013-NMCA-092,

11 ¶ 34 (observing that the jury was “free to accept or to reject” analogous expert

12 testimony); see State v. Alberico, 1993-NMSC-047, ¶ 37, 116 N.M. 156, 861 P.2d 192

13 (“The jury is not required to accept expert opinions as conclusive[.]”). Accordingly,

14 we reject Defendant’s assertion that the district court abused its discretion in admitting

15 Agent Wester’s testimony. See id. (recognizing that it is error to exclude expert

16 testimony where “excluding that evidence vitiates the most basic function of a jury to

17 arbitrate the weight and credibility of evidence”).

18 Documentary Evidence




                                               9
 1   {16}   At trial the State introduced a photograph of a document, entitled “Rental

 2 Application,” which was found in the kitchen at the Location when the search warrant

 3 was executed. The top portion of the photographed document reflected that “Taylor,

 4 Morris” had applied to rent “212 S. Shipp #6” for $650 per month. The bottom portion

 5 of the document was not complete. Defendant objected, contending that the document

 6 constituted inadmissible hearsay. The State countered that it was not offered to prove

 7 the truth of the matter asserted. The district court overruled the objection and admitted

 8 the document into evidence. Defendant contends that the district court erred.

 9   {17}   In the case of State v. Sedillo, a similar situation was presented. 2014-NMCA-

10 039, 321 P.3d 152, cert. denied 2014-NMCERT-003, 324 P.3d 375. A photograph of

11 documents addressed to the defendant and relating to telephone service was admitted

12 over a hearsay objection. On appeal, the Sedillo court concluded that the evidence in

13 question was admitted not for the truth of the matter asserted, but rather as

14 circumstantial evidence that the defendant exercised control over the room where the

15 documents and the drugs were located. Id. ¶ 9. We noted that similar evidence had

16 previously been deemed admissible non-hearsay in other cases, when offered for the

17 legitimate purpose of establishing a defendant’s exercise of control over a particular

18 location where drugs are found. Id. ¶ 10.




                                              10
 1   {18}   Applying Sedillo, we conclude that the photograph of the rental application

 2 bearing Defendant’s name was properly admitted for a valid purpose as non-hearsay,

 3 insofar as the presence of such a personal document provided circumstantial evidence

 4 of Defendant’s control over the apartment where the drugs were found. See id.; see,

 5 e.g., State v. Brietag, 1989-NMCA-019, ¶ 14, 108 N.M. 368, 772 P.2d 898 (“The

 6 presence of drugs in a drawer in [the] defendant’s bedroom, when [the] defendant’s

 7 papers were also in the drawer, supports an inference that [the] defendant exercised

 8 control over the drawer’s contents and knew the drugs were present.”).

 9   {19}   We understand Defendant to contend that a different result is warranted in this

10 case because the State’s claimed non-hearsay purpose materially relied upon the truth

11 of the statements contained in the photograph of the rental application. He argues that

12 the relevance of the photographs of the documents was established through the

13 documents own assertion that Defendant agreed to rent the apartment. We disagree.

14 A similar argument was rejected in Sedillo. See 2014-NMCA-039, ¶ 11. “Although

15 this personal correspondence included [the d]efendant’s name, its proposed use was

16 not solely to identify [the d]efendant. Instead, the correspondence documents were

17 used for the separate and legitimate purpose of establishing the location where [the

18 d]efendant kept his personal belongings and correspondence.” Id. Stated another way,

19 the mere presence of the personal documents in the location supplies circumstantial



                                              11
1 evidence of control, thereby rendering it relevant regardless of its content. As such,

2 we conclude that the photographs were properly admitted as non-hearsay. See id.

3 CONCLUSION

4   {20}   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.

5   {21}   IT IS SO ORDERED.


6
7                                         M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

8 WE CONCUR:


 9
10 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge


11
12 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge




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