
760 F.Supp.2d 640 (2010)
In re VIOXX PRODUCTS LIABILITY LITIGATION.
This Document Relates To All Cases.
MDL No. 1657.
United States District Court, E.D. Louisiana.
October 19, 2010.
*641 Orran L. Brown, Browngreer PLC, Richmond, VA, for Plaintiff.
Eric Michael Liddick, Harry Simms Hardin, III, Madeleine Fischer, Jones Walker, New Orleans, LA, for Vioxx Products Liability Litigation.

ORDER & REASONS
ELDON E. FALLON, District Judge.
Currently pending before this Court is Plaintiff Liaison Counsel ("PLC")'s Motion for an Award of Plaintiffs' Common Benefit *642 Counsel Fees and Reimbursement of Expenses (Rec. Doc. 17642). Having previously resolved the issue of reimbursement of expenses,[1] the Court now turns its attention to a determination of the appropriate common benefit fee amount.[2]

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
To put this matter in perspective, a brief review of this litigation is appropriate. This multidistrict products liability litigation involves the prescription drug Vioxx, known generically as Rofecoxib. Merck, a New Jersey corporation, researched, designed, manufactured, marketed and distributed Vioxx to relieve pain and inflammation resulting from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual pain, and migraine headaches. On May 20, 1999, the Food and Drug Administration approved Vioxx for sale in the United States. Vioxx remained publicly available until September 20, 2004, when Merck withdrew it from the market after data from a clinical trial known as APPROVe indicated that the use of Vioxx increased the risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) and ischemic stroke. Thereafter, thousands of individual suits and numerous class actions were filed against Merck in state and federal courts throughout the country alleging various products liability, tort, fraud, and warranty claims. It is estimated that 105 million prescriptions for Vioxx were written in the United States between May 20, 1999 and September 30, 2004. Based on this estimate, it is thought that approximately 20 million patients have taken Vioxx in the United States.[3]
California was the first state to institute a consolidated state court proceeding on October 30, 2002. New Jersey and Texas soon followed suit, on May 20, 2003 and September 6, 2005, respectively. On February 16, 2005, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ("MDL") conferred MDL status on Vioxx lawsuits filed in various federal courts throughout the country and transferred all such cases to this Court to coordinate discovery and to consolidate pretrial matters pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407. See In re Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig., 360 F.Supp.2d 1352 (J.P.M.L. 2005). Even after the creation of this federal MDL, many cases remained pending in the various state courts.
On March 18, 2005, this Court held the first status conference in the Vioxx MDL to consider strategies for moving forward with the proceedings. Shortly thereafter, the Court appointed committees of counsel *643 to represent the parties. In addition to a five member Defendants' Steering Committee, see Pretrial Order No. 7 (Apr. 8, 2005), the Court appointed twelve attorneys to serve on the Plaintiffs' Steering Committee ("PSC"), see Pretrial Order No. 6 (Apr. 8, 2005).[4] Thereafter, the PSC created a number of subcommittees which were tasked with focusing on the many aspects of MDL management.[5] Membership on these subcommittees was open to all attorneys who had clients and wanted to participate and was not limited to the members of the Steering Committee.
Furthermore, to give transparency to this litigation, the Court created a web site accessible to all counsel and the public at large. All motions, Court orders, opinions, recent developments, a calendar of scheduled events, and various other matters were posted on this web site.[6] Throughout the litigation monthly status conferences were held in open court. Notice of the meetings were posted on the web site and were open to all. Transcripts of these conferences were posted on the Court's web site for those who could not attend.
On April 8, 2005, the Court appointed a CPA to record and review the submissions of common benefit counsel in this MDL. See Pretrial Order No. 6 (Apr. 8, 2005). Those doing common benefit work and incurring common benefit expenses were ordered to report the hours and expenses to the Court-appointed CPA. Subsequently, the Court entered Pretrial Order No. 19, which established a Plaintiffs' Litigation Expense Fund to compensate and reimburse attorneys for services performed and expenses incurred for the common benefit. Pursuant to this Order, any case that was settled, compromised, dismissed, or otherwise reduced to judgment for monetary relief, with or without trial, was subject to an assessment. In order to avail *644 themselves of the initial work of the common benefit attorneys, individual plaintiffs' counsel could, for a limited time, enter into a contract that was to dictate the assessment amount. The "Full Participation Option," which was one such option, established an assessment of 2% of the recovery for fees and 1% of the recovery for costs. See Pretrial Order No. 19 (Aug. 4, 2005). Counsel were able to select the "Full Participation Option" within 90 days of the entry of Pretrial Order 19. Following that period, counsel could accept a "Traditional Assessment Option" providing for 6% assessment of recoveries in MDL cases and 4% assessment of recoveries in state court cases.
Discovery rapidly commenced. The common benefit attorneys were responsible for all aspects of pre-trial preparation, including document discovery, the taking of depositions, preparation of experts, motions practice, and to some extent, coordination of federal and state court proceedings. Millions of documents were discovered and collated. Thousands of depositions were taken and at least 1,000 discovery motions were argued. After a reasonable period for discovery, the Court assisted the parties in selecting and preparing certain test cases to proceed as bellwether trials. Additionally, similar trials were scheduled in state court.
This Court conducted six Vioxx bellwether trials.[7] The first of the bellwether trials took place in Houston, Texas, while this Court was displaced following Hurricane Katrina. The five subsequent bellwether trials took place in New Orleans, Louisiana. Only one of the trials resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff. Of the five remaining trials, one resulted in a hung jury and four resulted in verdicts for the defendant. During the same period that this Court was conducting six bellwether trials, approximately thirteen additional Vioxx-related cases were tried before juries in the state courts of Texas, New Jersey, California, Alabama, Illinois, and Florida. With the benefit of experience from these bellwether trials, as well as the encouragement of the several coordinated courts,[8] the parties soon began settlement discussions in earnest.
The Court appointed Negotiating Plaintiffs' Counsel ("the NPC") to explore and engage in settlement discussions with Merck. Counsel for Merck and the NPC met together more than fifty times and held several hundred telephone conferences. Although the parties met and negotiated independently, they kept this Court and the coordinate state courts of Texas, New Jersey, and California informed of their progress in settlement discussions.
On November 9, 2007, Merck and the NPC formally announced that they had reached a Settlement Agreement. See Settlement Agreement, In re Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL 1657 (E.D.La. Nov. 9, 2007) ("Settlement Agreement" or *645 "MSA"), available at http://www. browngreer.com/vioxxsettlement. The private Settlement Agreement establishes a pre-funded program for resolving pending or tolled state and federal Vioxx claims against Merck as of the date of the settlement, involving claims of heart attack ("MI"), ischemic stroke ("IS"), and sudden cardiac death ("SCD"), for an overall amount of $4.85 billion. Id. § "Recitals".[9] The Settlement Agreement is a voluntary opt-in agreement and expressly contemplates that this Court shall oversee various aspects of the administration of settlement proceedings, including appointing a Fee Allocation Committee, allocating a percentage of the settlement proceeds to a Common Benefit Fund, approving a cost assessment, and modifying any provisions of the Settlement Agreement that are otherwise unenforceable.[10] Accordingly, this Court has consistently exercised its inherent authority over the MDL proceedings, see Manual for Complex Litigation (Fourth) §§ 10.224, 14.215-16, 14.231-.216 (2004), in coordination with its express authority under the terms of the Settlement Agreement to ensure that the settlement proceedings move forward in a uniform and efficient manner.[11]
As part of the Settlement Agreement, the parties included a provision that expressly provides for a common benefit fee assessment to be fixed by the Court. Id. § 9.2. Specifically, the Settlement Agreement provides that:
[t]o ensure that [the common benefit attorneys] are fairly compensated but that their fees are in conformance with reasonable rates, an assessment of common benefit attorneys' fees will be imposed at no more than 8% of the gross amount recovered for every client that registers under the terms of the Settlement Agreement.
Id. § 9.2.1. Additionally, the Settlement Agreement states that this common benefit fee assessment supersedes the assessments provided for in Pretrial Order No. 19. Id. ("The maximum 8% attorneys' fee assessment shall supersede the assessment provided to MDL common benefit attorneys pursuant to Pretrial Order No. 19.")
On July 17, 2008, Merck formally announced that it was satisfied that the thresholds necessary to trigger funding of the Vioxx Settlement Program would be met. See Minute Entry, July 17, 2008, Rec. Doc. 15362 (July 17, 2008). Merck further advised that it intended to waive *646 its walk away privileges and that it would commence funding the Vioxx Settlement Program by depositing an initial sum of $500 million into the settlement fund, clearing the way for distribution of interim payments to eligible claimants. Id. Eventually some 99.9% of all eligible claimants enrolled in the program.
The Settlement Program proceeded at a very rapid rate in order to ensure that the plaintiffs would recover in a timely fashion. Final payments to heart attack claimants were completed prior to October 14, 2009, final payments to stroke claimants were completed by June 14, 2010, and final extraordinary injury payments were completed by June 29, 2010. Thus, in only 31 months, the parties to this case were able to reach a global settlement and distribute $4,353,152,064 to 32,886 claimants, out of a pool of 49,893 eligible and enrolled claimants. This efficiency is unprecedented in mass tort settlements of this size. It was due in large part to the ability, industry, and professionalism of the attorneys for both sides and the plan administrators.
Before the pay outs commenced the Court turned its attention to attorneys' fees for primary counsel, or counsel who were retained directly by the claimants. Primary counsel came from nearly every state in the Union. Their fee contracts ranged from 33 1/3% to over 40%. This inconsistency of fees for attorneys doing roughly the same work and having the same responsibility seemed unsustainable and inappropriate. Moreover, one benefit of the MDL process is economy of scale, namely the principle of obtaining an economic benefit from sheer numbers. It appeared to the Court that the claimants themselves were the only ones not benefitting from this principle. Accordingly, the Court issued an Order & Reasons, which provided "that contingent fee arrangements for all attorneys representing claimants in the Vioxx global settlement shall be capped at 32% plus reasonable costs." Order & Reasons, August 27, 2008, Rec. Doc. 15722, 20-21 (Aug. 27, 2008) (published as In re Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig., 574 F.Supp.2d 606 (E.D.La.2008)). Following this Order, a group of five attorneys, identified as the Vioxx Litigation Consortium ("VLC"), filed a Motion for Reconsideration/Revision of the Court's Order Capping Contingent Fees and Alternatively for Entry of Judgment. (Rec. Doc. 17395). The matter was set for hearing and the Tulane Law Clinic was appointed to represent the claimants themselves since there was a clear conflict between the claimants and their counsel. After extensive briefing and a hearing, the Court affirmed its position with the alteration that would allow the Court to deviate from the 32% cap in appropriate rare circumstances. In re Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig., 650 F.Supp.2d 549 (E.D.La.2009). The Court's ruling was appealed to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals but after a time the appeal was withdrawn.
The PLC filed the instant motion on January 20, 2009, requesting a common benefit fee award of 8% of the $4.85 billion settlement amount. This amount was to come out of the attorneys' fees of primary counsel. The motion was sent to all parties and announced by the Court at public status conferences. On April 16, 2009, the Court invited any interested party to file a Notice of Objection on or before May 8, 2009. After receiving numerous objections, the Court concluded that it would be appropriate to appoint a Liaison Counsel for the Common Benefit Fee Application Objectors and appointed Michael Stratton to this role. See Pretrial Order No. 52 (Sept. 30, 2009). Thereafter, numerous status conferences were convened, discovery was taken, briefing was submitted, and arguments were heard. While the matter was pending before this Court, the PLC *647 reduced its request for a common benefit fee award to 7.5% and the objectors withdrew their objections. With this back story in mind and after considering the briefs and oral argument, the Court is now fully apprised of the factual and legal issues involved in the PLC's request and is ready to rule.

II. COMMON BENEFIT ATTORNEYS' FEESLAW & ANALYSIS

A. Introduction
"[U]nder the `American Rule,' the prevailing litigant is ordinarily not entitled to collect a reasonable attorneys' fee from the loser." Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 561, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986) (quotation omitted). Likewise, the attorney for the prevailing litigant must generally look to his or her own client for payment of attorneys' fees. Since the nineteenth century, however, the Supreme Court has recognized an equitable exception to this rule, known as the common fund or common benefit doctrine, that permits the creation of a common fund in order to pay reasonable attorneys' fees for legal services beneficial to persons other than a particular client, thus spreading the cost of the litigation to all beneficiaries. See In re Zyprexa Prods. Liab. Litig., 594 F.3d 113, 128 (2d Cir.2010) (Kaplan, J., concurring).[12] This equitable common fund doctrine was originally, and perhaps still is, most commonly applied to awards of attorneys' fees in class actions. E.g., 4 Alba Conte & Herbert B. Newberg, Newberg on Class Actions § 13:76 (4th ed. 2002) (discussing common fund doctrine in context of class actions); Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(h).
But the common fund doctrine is not limited solely to class actions. See Sprague v. Ticonic National Bank, 307 U.S. 161, 59 S.Ct. 777, 83 L.Ed. 1184 (1939) (employing common benefit doctrine to award fees and costs to litigant whose success benefitted unrelated parties by establishing their legal rights); Alan Hirsh & Diane Sheeley, Fed. Judicial Ctr., Awarding Attorneys' Fees and Managing Fee Litigation 51 (2nd ed. 2005) ("Although many common fund cases are class actions . . . the common fund doctrine is not limited to class actions."); Manual for Complex Litigation (Fourth) § 14.121 (2004). As class actions morph into multidistrict litigation, as is the modern trend, the common benefit concept has migrated into the latter area. The theoretical bases for the application of this concept to MDLs are the same as for class actions, namely equity and her blood brother, quantum meruit. However, there is a difference. In class actions the beneficiary of the common benefit is the claimant; in MDLs the beneficiary is the primary attorney.
MDL courts have consistently cited the common fund doctrine as a basis for assessing common benefit fees in favor of attorneys who render legal services beneficial to all MDL plaintiffs. E.g., In re Genetically Modified Rice Litig., MDL *648 No. 06-1811, 2010 WL 716190, at *4 (E.D.Mo. Feb. 24, 2010) (relying on common fund doctrine as an alternate basis to inherent managerial authority and concluding that "[b]oth sources of authority provide the same result"); In re Guidant Corp. Implantable Defibrillators Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL No. 05-1708, 2008 WL 682174, at *4 (D.Minn. Mar. 7, 2008); accord In re Zyprexa, 594 F.3d at 128-30 (Kaplan, J., concurring).[13]
In addition to judicial precedent the Court also finds authority to assess common benefit attorneys' fees in its inherent managerial authority, particularly in light of the complex nature of this MDL. The Fifth Circuit has long recognized that a court's power to consolidate and manage litigation necessarily implies a corollary authority to appoint lead or liaison counsel and to compensate them for their work. See In re Air Crash Disaster at Fl. Everglades on Dec. 29, 1972, 549 F.2d 1006 (1977) ("Everglades"). In Everglades, the JPML transferred all federal cases arising out of a passenger plane crash near Miami to the Southern District of Florida. Id. at 1008. The transferee court appointed a Plaintiffs' Committee to coordinate discovery and pretrial matters, and then to conduct bellwether trials. Id. The court compensated the Committee through an assessment on the contingent fees of attorneys who represented MDL plaintiffs but were not on the Committee. Id. The non-Committee attorneys appealed and the Fifth Circuit upheld the district court's authority to make that assessment. The Fifth Circuit explained that a district court has inherent authority "to bring management power to bear upon massive and complex litigation to prevent it from monopolizing the services of the court to the exclusion of other litigants." Id. at 1012. Therefore, an MDL court "may designate one attorney or set of attorneys to handle pre-trial activity on aspects of the case where the interests of all co-parties coincide." Id. at 1014. Naturally, this authority would be "illusory if it is dependent upon lead counsel's performing the duties desired of them for no additional compensation." Id. at 1016. Assessment of those fees against other retained lawyers who benefitted from the work done was permissible and appropriate. See id. at 1019-20.[14] Other courts have applied this inherent authority to compensate common benefit counsel in complex litigation. E.g., In re Diet Drugs, 582 F.3d 524, 546-47 (3rd Cir.2009); In re Genetically Modified Rice Litig., 2010 WL 716190, at *4 ("An MDL court's authority to establish a trust and to order compensations to compensate leadership counsel derives from its `managerial' power over the consolidated litigation, and, to some extent, from its inherent equitable power."); In re Guidant, 2008 WL 682174, at *5; In re Zyprexa Prods. Liab. Litig., 467 F.Supp.2d 256, 265-66 *649 (E.D.N.Y.2006); In re Linerboard Antitrust Litig., 292 F.Supp.2d 644, 653-56 (E.D.Pa.2003); see also Manual for Complex Litigation (Fourth) § 22.62 (2004); Restatement (Third) of Restitution § 30 Reporter's Note b (Tentative Draft No. 3, 1994) ("In contrast to the standard view of class-action fees, which explains them as restitutionary, the leading accounts of fees to court-appointed counsel in consolidated litigation properly emphasize factors independent of restitution to justify the imposition of a liability by court order.") (citing Everglades).
In addition to equity, quantum meruit, and inherent managerial authority, the Court derives express authority in this case from the terms of the Settlement Agreement entered into by the parties and consented to by their primary attorneys. Section 9.2 of the Settlement Agreement governs common benefit fees and expressly authorizes the Court to determine common benefit attorneys' fees. Settlement Agreement § 9.2.5.[15] In fact the PLC asks the Court to exercise the aforementioned authority and award common benefit fees under the terms of the Settlement Agreement.
Although the Objectors have now withdrawn their objections to this fee request, the Court has had the benefit of their briefing and argument, as well as briefs and supplemental briefs from the PLC honed through the fair opportunity for objection.[16]Compare In re Cabletron Sys., Inc. Sec. Litig., 239 F.R.D. 30, 38 (D.N.H. 2006) ("With no adversary to challenge the Plaintiffs' proposal, the Court has been left to fend for itself in crafting an approach for assessing reasonableness."). Merck has remained silent pursuant to the terms of the Settlement Agreement. Settlement Agreement § 9.2.6.
The PLC contends in its briefing and argument that its requested award of 7.5% of the settlement amount as common benefit fees is justified by other common benefit assessments and awards in MDL cases, by the work done, by a review of the Johnson factors, and by a lodestar cross-check. Keeping in mind that the ultimate *650 goal is reasonableness while mindful that reasonableness, like beauty, is often in the eye of the beholder, the Court is prepared to rule.

B. Methodology for Calculation of Attorneys' Fees

1. Generally
Over the years courts have employed various methods to determine the reasonableness of an award of attorneys' fees. These methods include the "lodestar" method, which entails multiplying the reasonable hours expended on the litigation by an adjusted reasonable hourly rate, see Copper Liquor, Inc. v. Adolph Coors Co., 624 F.2d 575, 583 & n. 15 (5th Cir.1980); the percentage method, in which the Court compensates attorneys who recovered some identifiable sum by awarding them a fraction of that sum; or, more recently, a combination of both methods in which a percentage is awarded and checked for reasonableness by use of the lodestar method.
In the Fifth Circuit, attorneys' fees have traditionally been calculated using the lodestar method. The resulting lodestar figure, or the product of the reasonable hours worked by the reasonable hourly rate, is then adjusted by a multiplier in light of the twelve Johnson factors. See Johnson v. Ga. Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717-19 (5th Cir.1974). These factors include: (1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and the results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys; (10) the "undesirability" of the case; (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar cases. Id.; see also Von Clark v. Butler, 916 F.2d 255, 258 n. 3 (5th Cir. 1990).[17]
The lodestar method is not without flaws, especially when employed in common fund cases. As an influential report by the Third Circuit Task Force concluded, the drawbacks of the lodestar method include:
(1) increased workload on an already overtaxed judicial system, (2) inconsistent application of the approach and widely varied fee awards, (3) illusory mathematical precision unwarranted by the realities of the practice of law, (4) potential for manipulation, (5) reward of wasteful and excessive attorney effort, (6) disincentive for early settlement, (7) insufficient flexibility for judicial control of litigation, (8) discouragement of public interest litigation, and (9) confusion and lack of predictability in setting fee awards.
See Vaughn R. Walker & Ben Horwich, The Ethical Imperative of a Lodestar Cross-Check: Judicial Misgivings About *651 "Reasonable Percentage" Fees in Common Fund Cases, 18 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 1453, 1456 (2005) (summarizing Court Awarded Attorney Fees, Report of the Third Circuit Task Force, 108 F.R.D. 237 (1985)) (internal quotations omitted).
In reaction to the difficulties with the lodestar method, courts turned to awarding a percentage of the recovered common benefit fund as attorneys' fees. The popularity of this method gained momentum following the publication of the aforementioned Third Circuit Task Force report in 1985. Recognizing the "contingent risk of nonpayment" in such cases, courts have found that class or lead counsel ought to be compensated "both for services rendered and for risk of loss or nonpayment assumed by carrying through with the case." In re Combustion, Inc., 968 F.Supp. 1116, 1132 (W.D.La.1997) (summarizing the various methods used to calculate attorneys' fees); see In re Cabletron, 239 F.R.D. at 37 (stating that the percentage method "allows courts to award fees from the fund in a manner that rewards counsel for success and penalizes it for failure") (quotation omitted); see also Samuel R. Berger, Court Awarded Attorneys' Fees: What is "Reasonable"?, 126U. Pa. L. Rev. 281 (1977). Moreover, courts find that the percentage method provides more predictability to attorneys and class members or plaintiffs, encourages settlement, and avoids protracted litigation for the sake of racking up hours, thereby reducing the time consumed by the court and the attorneys. See Walker & Horwich, supra, at 1456-57 (citing In re Activision Sec. Litig., 723 F.Supp. 1373, 1378 (N.D.Cal.1989)); accord In re Diet Drugs, 582 F.3d at 540.
While the United States Supreme Court has approved the percentage method in common fund cases, it has never formally adopted the lodestar method in common fund cases. See Camden I Condo. Ass'n v. Dunkle, 946 F.2d 768, 773-74 (11th Cir. 1991) (reading Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 900 n. 16, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984), as the Supreme Court's "acknowledgment" of the percentage method in common fund cases); In re Prudential-Bache Energy Income P'ships Sec. Litig., MDL No. 888, 1994 WL 150742, (E.D.La. Apr. 13, 1994) (tracing the history of the various methods). Conversely, the Fifth Circuit appears to be the only Court of Appeals that has not explicitly endorsed the percentage method. Manual for Complex Litigation (Fourth) § 14.121 (2004). However, neither has the Fifth Circuit "explicitly disapproved of the percentage method of calculating fees in common fund cases." In re OCA, Inc. Sec. & Derivative Litig., No. 05-2165, 2009 WL 512081, at *18 (E.D.La. Mar. 2, 2009) (emphasis added). Therefore, the Fifth Circuit appears to tolerate the percentage method, so long as the Johnson framework is utilized to ensure that the fee awarded is reasonable. See id.; Strong v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 137 F.3d 844, 851-52 & n. 5 (5th Cir.1998); Forbush v. J.C Penney Co., 98 F.3d 817, 823-25 (5th Cir.1996).
Accordingly, numerous district courts in this Circuit have applied a "blended" percentage method to determine a reasonable fee award, while staying within the Johnson framework. See, e.g., In re OCA, 2009 WL 512081, at *19; In re Enron Corp. Sec., Derivative & ERISA Litig., 586 F.Supp.2d 732, 766, 778 (S.D.Tex.2008); Turner v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 472 F.Supp.2d 830, 859-61 (E.D.La.2007); In re Bayou Sorrel Class Action, No. 04-1101, 2006 WL 3230771, at *3 (W.D.La. Oct. 31, 2006); In re Educ. Testing Serv. Praxis Principles of Learning & Teaching: Grades 7-12 Litig., 447 F.Supp.2d 612, 628-29 (E.D.La.2006); Batchelder v. Kerr-McGee Corp., 246 F.Supp.2d 525, 531 (N.D.Miss.2003); In re Combustion, Inc., 968 F.Supp. at 1135-36; In re Catfish *652 Antitrust Litig., 939 F.Supp. 493, 499-501 (N.D.Miss.1996).
Keeping in line with Fifth Circuit precedent and this Court's prior experience, the Court finds that the blended percentage approach is an appropriate method for calculating reasonable common benefit attorneys' fees in this case. Accordingly, the Court will first determine the valuation of the benefit received by the claimants and then select an initial benchmark percentage. The Court will then determine whether the benchmark should be adjusted based on the application of the Johnson factors to the particular circumstances of this case. Finally, the Court will conduct a rough lodestar analysis to cross-check the reasonableness of the percentage fee award. The lodestar analysis is not undertaken to calculate a specific fee, but only to provide a broad cross check on the reasonableness of the fee arrived at by the percentage method.

2. Valuation of the Benefit Obtained
The Settlement Agreement created a $4.85 billion fund for the compensation of Vioxx claimants. Out of that amount, $4 billion was allotted to myocardial infarction claims, and $850 million to ischemic stroke claims. The Court finds no reason to omit any portion of that settlement fund from consideration with respect to the reasonable amount of common benefit fees. Accordingly, $4.85 billion is the appropriate amount for calculation of a reasonable percentage of common benefit fees.

3. Benchmark Percentage
The next task is to determine an initial benchmark percentage. The Court's goal in setting a benchmark percentage is not to rubber-stamp the PLC's proposed figure. Rather, the Court will endeavor to arrive at an independent and justified reasonable percentage appropriate to the facts particular to this global settlement. To accomplish that end, several resources may be utilized.
First, this Court is among the many throughout the country that have considered data compiled in a pair of recent empirical studies of attorneys' fees in class action settlements, Theodore Eisenberg & Geoffrey P. Miller, Attorney Fees in Class Action Settlements: An Empirical Study, 1 J. Empirical Legal Stud. 27, 31-32 (2004) ("Eisenberg & Miller 2004"), and Theodore Eisenberg & Geoffrey P. Miller, Attorney Fees and Expenses in Class Action Settlements: 1993-2008, 7 J. Empirical Legal Stud. 248 (2010) ("Eisenberg & Miller 2010"), when computing the appropriate benchmark percentage in a class settlement. See In re Lawnmower Engine Horsepower Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 733 F.Supp.2d 997, 1012-15 (E.D.Wis. 2010); Murphy Oil, 472 F.Supp.2d at 862-64; In re ETS, 447 F.Supp.2d at 630; Allapattah Servs., Inc. v. Exxon Corp., 454 F.Supp.2d 1185, 1212 (S.D.Fla.2006); In re Cabletron Sys., 239 F.R.D. at 37 n. 12, 41. The Eisenberg and Miller studies are helpful for providing concrete evidence for the relationship between the amount recovered and the attorneys' fee award; the empirical data shows that as settlement amounts rise, the reasonable percentage of attorneys' fees decreases. Eisenberg & Miller 2004 at 54-55; Eisenberg & Miller 2010 at 263-65. However, given the amount of the settlement in the Vioxx MDL and the opt-in nature of the Master Settlement Agreement, the studies are of limited usefulness in determining a reasonable benchmark percentage for a common benefit fee award.[18] Eisenberg and Miller studied *653 settlements of class actions, and although this Court has recognized that in some respects the MDL resembles a class action, in other respects this case is quite different.
In a typical application for a class action fee award, the Court allocates a percentage of the class's recovery to class counsel as compensation. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(h). Class counsel perform all the work on behalf of the class and are the sole attorneys for the class members. With few exceptions, all work done by class counsel benefits all members in the class and not just the lead plaintiffs. Thus, in a typical class action fee award the tension is between the interests of counsel in receiving reasonable compensation for their work, and class members in ensuring that counsel does not receive a windfall.
The dynamic involved in the fee application in the present case is different. The Settlement Agreement was not a class action settlement, but was rather a complicated opt-in resolution of individual personal injury claims. The vast majority of these personal injury claims were governed by a contingent fee contract between the individual claimant and his or her primary attorney. The Court, as mentioned, previously capped the amount of those contingent fee contracts at 32%. By the terms of the Settlement Agreement and this Court's Order capping fees, a common benefit award is deducted not from the claimant's portion but from the total amount of counsel fees payable under the individual contingent fee arrangements. Thus, 32% of $4.85 billion represents the total amount of possible attorney compensation, including work done by the claimant's primary attorney on his or her behalf and work done by common benefit attorneys on behalf of all Vioxx claimants. The tension in this case is between the attorneys who have done common benefit work and the primary attorneys who have not.
Members of the PSC and others who performed common benefit work in the MDL are undoubtedly entitled to compensation. So, too are the primary attorneys who represented individual claimants and bore the responsibility of obtaining information from them and keeping them advised of all developments. This Court has acknowledged the substantial work done by individual attorneys. In re Vioxx, 650 F.Supp.2d at 564. But the undeniable fact remains that the great bulk of the work as well as the expense was borne by the attorneys who performed common benefit work. Thus, in determining a reasonable common benefit fee the Court must resolve the "taffy pull" between the interests of common benefit counsel and primary attorneys in receiving fair compensation for their respective work. At first blush to award common benefit fees might be criticized as double dipping and not appropriate. But on closer scrutiny it clearly is not. It is true that many of those who have done common benefit work have their own clients and have received or will receive a fee from them. But it is not double dipping because the common benefit fee will not come from any client. Instead it will come from the attorneys, most of whom have not done any common benefit work but have received enormous benefit from it. Thus as between a common benefit attorney who expended considerable time, resources, and took significant economic risks to produce the fee, and the primary attorney who did not, it is appropriate and equitable that the former receive some economic recognition from the beneficiary of this work.
*654 To determine an appropriate common benefit fee in this case the Court looks to comparable MDL set-aside assessments and awards of common benefit fees. Two notable examples are found in the Zyprexa and Guidant litigations, which this Court has previously cited as being similar to the Vioxx litigation. In In re Zyprexa, the court established two separate common benefit funds to compensate common benefit work done by two separate Plaintiffs' Steering Committees. The first PSC was compensated by a set-aside of 1% of the gross amount of a master settlement, plus interest on the amount held in escrow. See In re Zyprexa, 467 F.Supp.2d at 263. A second fund was established to compensate the second PSC through a 3% hold-back of any subsequent recoveries, to be split evenly between the claimant's recovery and the fees otherwise payable to the individual attorney. See In re Zyprexa, 467 F.Supp.2d at 261; In re Zyprexa, MDL No. 1596, 2007 WL 2340790, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2007). The court in Zyprexa also capped contingent fees at 35% of amounts greater than $5,000. In re Zyprexa, 424 F.Supp.2d 488 (E.D.N.Y. 2006).
In In re Guidant, the court awarded 14.375% of a global settlement amount as a common benefit award and initially capped individual contingent fees at 20%. In re Guidant, 2008 WL 451076, at *1. The court found that the parties had contracted around a previous 4% common benefit fee assessment by entering into a Master Settlement Agreement. Id. at *11-12. In a subsequent reconsideration, the court capped the total attorney fees (including the share of the common benefit award plus individual contingent fees) at the lowest of 37.18%, or a lower contingent fee arrangement, or a state-imposed contingent fee limit. In re Guidant Corp. Implantable Defibrillators Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL No. 05-1708, 2008 WL 3896006, at *1 (D.Minn. Aug. 21, 2008).
Other MDL courts have also established funds for common benefit compensation by ordering set-aside assessments of individual plaintiff settlements and awarded fees from those funds. E.g., In re Diet Drugs (Phentermine, Fenfluramine, Dexfenfluramine) Prods. Liab. Litig., 553 F.Supp.2d 442, 457-58, 491-96 (E.D.Pa. 2008) (describing 9% federal and 6% state assessments later reduced to 6% and 4%, respectively; awarding less than total fund created by assessments); In re Sulzer Hip Prosthesis & Knee Prosthesis Liab. Litig., 268 F.Supp.2d 907, 909, 919 n. 19 (N.D.Ohio 2003) (awarding common benefit fees out of $50,000,000 fund created through assessment representing 4.8% of settlement value); In re Protegen Sling & Vesica Sys. Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL No. 1387, 2002 WL 31834446, at *1, *3 (D.Md. Apr. 12, 2002) (9% federal, 6% coordinated state assessments); In re Rezulin Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL No. 1348, 2002 WL 441342, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2002) (6% withholding in federal cases, 4% in participating state cases); In re Orthopedic Bone Screw Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL No. 1014, 2000 WL 1622741 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 23, 2000) (awarding full 12% of withheld fees); see also Rubenstein, supra at 87 (2009) (collecting cases and concluding that most common benefit assessments range from 4% to 6%); 4 Alba Conte & Herbert B. Newberg, Newberg on Class Actions § 14:9 (4th ed. 2002) ("Most [MDL] courts have assessed common benefit fees at about a 4-6% level, generally 4% for a fee and 2% for costs."); Paul D. Rheingold, Litigating Mass Tort Cases § 7:35 (2010) ("[P]ercentages awarded for common funds in recent MDLS . . . were in the 4-6% range.") (citation omitted).
These examples demonstrate that a reasonable common benefit assessment or *655 award can vary from MDL to MDL and that there is no mathematical formula for deriving a "correct" amount. Indeed, the Court notes that the PLC initially requested a common benefit award of 8% and contended such an amount would be presumptively reasonable. A year and a half later, after Objector's Liaison Counsel had an opportunity for discovery, the PLC reduced its common benefit award request to 7.5%. If 8% was presumptively reasonable but the PLC nonetheless voluntarily reduced the request to 7.5%, the Court is led to conclude that even the PLC believes that a reasonable benchmark percentage is a flexible concept. With that this Court agrees.
In light of the foregoing, and guided by this Court's observations over the last five years of the nature and scope of the work and effort of those attorneys who performed common benefit work, the Court finds that 6% of the settlement amount is a reasonable benchmark percentage for a common benefit fee award. This figure represents about 20% of the total attorneys' fees. This figure is within the range of MDL awards and assessments described above. No part of this 6% will come from the recovery of any Vioxx claimant; rather, it will be assessed against the contingent fee recoveries of all Vioxx primary plaintiffs' attorneys. Furthermore, in recommending the Settlement Agreement to their clients and participating in the Settlement Program, all Vioxx primary plaintiffs' attorneys consented to a common benefit assessment of up to 8%. Accordingly, an assessment of 6% is clearly acceptable to them. It is now appropriate to test this percentage in the crucible of the Johnson factors to determine whether an adjustment, upwards or downwards, is in order.


4. Consideration of the Johnson Factors

The Court will now consider the Johnson factors, addressing them in conjunction with the circumstances of this case.[19]

(a) The Time and Labor Required; Time Limitations Imposed by the Client or the Circumstances; The Preclusion of Other Employment by the Attorney Due to Acceptance of the Case
Throughout the Vioxx litigation, the Court has repeatedly expressed its intent and desire to see an expedited resolution. Indeed, all interested parties, including the PSC and Merck, have recognized that prompt resolution would be invaluable to those impacted by Vioxx. The Herculean effort expended by the PSC and other counsel performing common benefit work in realizing that goal can hardly be understated. They have documented and submitted over 560,000 hours of work during the course of this litigation. As a matter of fact this Court finds that this is a realistic and fair assessment of the work required to bring about the achieved result.
Counsel met and exceeded this Court's desire for expedited resolution of this matter. Following the formal appointment of the PLC and the PSC, the attorneys committed to intensive discovery and pretrial efforts. The PSC operated on many fronts, preparing pleadings and Master Class Action complaints, taking over 2,000 *656 depositions, reviewing and compiling over 50,000,000 documents, briefing and arguing over 1,000 discovery motions, assembling a trial package, conducting bellwether trials, negotiating the global Settlement Agreement, and implementing the payout under the Agreement. The time and labor expended in this effort is impressive.
The Johnson court explained that the "time limitations factor imposed by the client or the circumstances" factor is intended to address "[p]riority work that delays the lawyer's other legal work" or the situation in which "a new counsel is called in to prosecute the appeal or handle other matters at a late stage in the proceedings." Johnson, 488 F.2d at 718. This factor encompasses the same considerations discussed in connection with the "time and labor" factor. Likewise, the "time and labor" and "preclusion of other employment" factors appear to the Court to overlap. Collectively, these three factors require the Court to give appropriate credit to the intensive and sustained efforts of common benefit counsel to bring this litigation to a timely resolution. Bellwether trials began within a year of the MDL designation. Settlement was achieved within three years, interim payments began within a year of the settlement agreement, and final resolution of nearly 50,000 claims was made between one and two years thereafter. The "time and labor" factor warrants a moderate upward variance.

(b) The Novelty and Difficulty of the Questions; The "Undesirability" of the Case
The Vioxx litigation was novel and difficult on a variety of levels. Substantively, the litigation required complex medical and scientific knowledge, including analysis of pharmaceutical trials and causation issues. Globally, the parties hotly disputed the general causation question of whether Vioxx caused the sorts of injuries alleged as well as the significance of various pharmaceutical studies. Individually, each Vioxx case tried before this Court and the coordinated state courts involved unique, complicated, and disputed issues of specific causation. The legal aspects of the litigation were equally diverse and complicated. As this Court previously observed:
[T]his is essentially a products liability case, and all products liability cases pose significant challenges to plaintiffs' counsel. . . . In addition, the basic challenges inherent in any products liability case were compounded in this case by a host of complex legal issues unique to the instant litigation, including (to name only a few) the learned intermediary doctrine, contributory negligence, causation, federal preemption laws, and Merck's assertion of attorney-client privilege with respect to thousands of documents in its possession.
574 F.Supp.2d at 616-17. Finally, the sheer magnitude of the Vioxx litigation posed its own legal, logistical, and managerial challenges. Accordingly, the novelty and difficulty of the questions confronted by the PSC and other common benefit attorneys weighs in favor of an upward adjustment.
On the other hand, the Court finds that the complexity and difficulty of this litigation does not imply any "undesirability" in the Johnson framework. The Johnson court offered as an example a civil rights attorneys whose representation of an unpopular client may "not [be] pleasantly received by the community or his contemporaries" and "can have an economic impact on his practice." 488 F.2d at 719. The Court finds that the Vioxx litigation was not undesirable in this sense, and this factor does not affect the Court's analysis.


*657 (c) The Skill Requisite to Perform the Legal Service; The Experience, Reputation, and Ability of the Attorneys
The Court recognizes the expertise possessed and employed by the PSC and other common benefit attorneys to bring this litigation to its successful resolution. The attorneys doing common benefit work are among the finest attorneys practicing in the field. However, the primary attorneys who represented individual Vioxx claimants also brought substantial skill and ability to bear in assessing cases, instructing their paralegals on properly and efficiently collecting information and filling out various forms, and assisting their clients through the settlement process. The Court cannot say that the skill required and the skill brought to bear by attorneys doing common benefit work was so superior to that possessed by primary attorneys representing individual clients as to warrant a Johnson adjustment which would in effect shift attorneys' fees from one group to the other. There were many excellent, hard-working attorneys who did not make it on to the PSC simply due to limitations of committee size. Accordingly, neither of these factors call for an adjustment of the benchmark percentage in this case.

(d) Nature and Length of the Professional Relationship with the Client
The PSC states that this factor is "neutral as it relates to the requested percentage since there are few, if any, longstanding client relations with the Vioxx Claimants." (Rec. Doc. 17642-3 at 65). The Court agrees. "`The relationship did not antedate the litigation, nor will it likely continue beyond the closure of this case.'" Murphy Oil, 472 F.Supp.2d at 866-67 (quoting In re ETS, 447 F.Supp.2d at 632).

(e) Customary fee; Whether the Fee is Fixed or Contingent
"These factors primarily deal with the expectation of plaintiffs' attorneys at the outset of the case when measuring the risks involved and deciding whether to accept the case." Murphy Oil, 472 F.Supp.2d at 866 (citing Johnson, 488 F.2d at 718). "In effect, these factors seek to reward the attorney for accepting the risk and achieving successful results." Id. The PLC argues that the Vioxx litigation was fraught with risk for plaintiffs' attorneys, and furthermore that in light of customary fees their requested 7.5% is appropriate compensation for common benefit work. The Court has already recognized the novelty and the substantial legal hurdles to successfully resolving these claims in connection with a prior Johnson factor. Furthermore, at an early stage in this litigation the Court established a fund to compensate attorneys for common benefit fees and expenses; accordingly, the risk assumed by common benefit attorneys was somewhat mitigated. Finally, the Court's analysis of the range of common benefit fee awards and assessments in other MDLs adequately addresses the customary fee. These factors in and of themselves do not warrant adjustment of the benchmark percentage.

(f) The Amount Involved and the Results Obtained
Attorneys doing common benefit work on behalf of Vioxx users have achieved a favorable and meaningful global resolution:
This is not a case in which the class receives only illusory benefits in the form of coupons or discounts. Rather, counsel has achieved a substantial settlement in an efficient manner that minimizes the drain on the parties' and the Court's resources. Counsel also devised a plan for distribution of the fund and *658 payment of claims that is practical, streamlined and fair.
In re ETS, 447 F.Supp.2d at 632.
As discussed above, resolution of this multidistrict litigation through the global Settlement Agreement was vastly preferable to expensive and time-consuming case-by-case trial of individual Vioxx claims, or to piecemeal settlement. The Settlement Agreement ensured fair and comprehensive compensation to all qualified participants. The overwhelming participation rate of 99.9% further underscores the benefit of the results obtained. PSC members achieved more than a fair and adequate bargain for Vioxx users. Thus, the Court finds that this factor supports an upward adjustment of the benchmark percentage.

(g) Awards in Similar Cases
As the Court described above, there is a wide range of common benefit fee assessments and awards in MDL cases and other complex litigation. E.g., In re Diet Drugs, 553 F.Supp.2d at 457-58, 491-96 (describing various 9% federal and 6% state assessments later reduced to 6% and 4%, respectively; awarding less than total fund created by assessments); Guidant, 2008 WL 451076, at *1 (14.375% of settlement value); In re Zyprexa, 467 F.Supp.2d at 261-63 (1% and 3% of separate settlement amounts); In re Sulzer Hip Prosthesis & Knee Prosthesis, 268 F.Supp.2d at 909, 919 n. 19 (awarding common benefit fees out of $50,000,000 fund created through assessment representing 4.8% of settlement value); In re Protegen Sling & Vesica Sys., 2002 WL 31834446, at *1, *3 (9% federal, 6% coordinated state assessments); In re Rezulin, 2002 WL 441342, at *1 (6% withholding in federal cases, 4% in participating state cases); In re Orthopedic Bone Screw, 2000 WL 1622741 (awarding full 12% of withheld fees); see generally Paul D. Rheingold, Litigating Mass Tort Cases § 7:46 et seq. (2010) (collecting fee award case histories). The 6% benchmark percentage is comfortably within that range, and not so out of line that it requires upward or downward adjustment.

5. Adjusted Benchmark Percentage
The Court has found that at least three of the Johnson factors warrant an upward adjustment of the benchmark percentage. Based on its observation and knowledge of the amount and nature of the common benefit work done in this case, the Court concludes that a reasonable adjustment is 0.5%. Accordingly, the Court will increase the benchmark percentage upward from 6% to 6.5% of $4,850,000,000, or $315,250,000. Primary Vioxx attorneys will still receive over 25% of the total settlement value in this matter, amounting to approximately $1,236,750,000. This should be adequate compensation for the primary attorneys, particularly in light of the benefits of economies of scale and for the relief of the burden of pretrial discovery and settlement negotiation.

C. Lodestar Cross-Check
To confirm that the determined percentage-fee value in this case is appropriate, the Court believes it is important to conduct a lodestar cross-check. In the cross-check, the Court multiplies the reasonable hours worked by reasonable billing rates to calculate a time-fee value for the common benefit work performed. Then, the Court divides the percentage-fee value by the time-fee value to determine a lodestar multiplier and to test whether the percentage fee value represents an unreasonable award or "windfall" over the reasonable value of the work performed. See, e.g., In re Diet Drugs, 553 F.Supp.2d at 485-86. This use of the lodestar as verification rather than as a method for determining a reasonable attorneys' fee award dates to the mid-1990s, when courts sought to address some disadvantages to the percentage *659 method, such as a lack of guidance on how to adjust percentage fees in light of the circumstances of a particular case. See Walker & Horwich, supra, at 1458-63 (tracing the evolution of the lodestar cross-check and its "rising use"). The application of the lodestar analysis as a cross-check is helpful in determining whether the benchmark percentage is reasonable given the circumstances of the case, and appropriate according to Fifth Circuit precedent. The lodestar cross-check is meant to be a rough analysis:
(It) need entail neither mathematical precision nor bean counting. For example, a court performing a lodestar cross-check need not scrutinize each time entry; reliance on representations by class counsel as to total hours may be sufficient. . . . Furthermore, the lodestar cross-check can be simplified by use of a blended hourly rate. . . .
Walker & Horwich, supra, at 1463-64 (citing In re Rite Aid Corp. Sec. Litig., 396 F.3d 294, 306 (3d Cir.2005)).[20]
The cross-check process begins with an analysis of the time logged and the appropriate hourly rate to be assigned. To assist in this process, the Court approved the retention of Philip Garrett, CPA, to receive, compile, and report the common benefit time and expense submissions of counsel. Mr. Garrett provided monthly reports of time and expenses submitted by the PLC pursuant to procedures set forth in Pretrial Order 6. The Court has reviewed these reports throughout the litigation.
With respect to the number of common benefit hours submitted, Mr. Garrett provided summaries in connection with the PLC's motion in January, 2009, and again in July, 2010. In the January, 2009 report he presented a figure of 503,185 hours of common benefit work reported by attorneys from 109 firms. Mr. Garrett in an affidavit explained the procedures he followed to vet and disallow inadequately detailed submissions, pursuant to which the submitters "voluntarily withdrew from inclusion in the collective lodestar analysis substantial submissions of hours of time having a significant lodestar value." Mr. Garrett later submitted an updated collective calculation for common benefit work through July 30, 2010. The updated submission accounts for approximately 562,943.55 hours of professional time submitted by 109 law firms as of July 30, 2010.[21] Those updated submissions were also subjected to the same vetting procedures. Thus, the PLC has submitted documentation of 562,943.55 hours, which has been *660 checked and approved by the Court-appointed CPA. The Court finds those hours to be reliable and supported in light of the procedures put in place by PTO 6 and implemented by Mr. Garrett.[22]
With respect to the appropriate hourly rate, Mr. Garrett utilized each individual submitter's actual reported billing rate. In connection with the January 2009 report, the average billing rate for all partner, associate, and other professional common benefit time was $431.51 per hour. In connection with the July 2010 updated report, the average billing rate for all partner, associate, and other professional common benefit time was $443.29 per hour. The Court recognizes that attorneys from across the country contributed common benefit work to the MDL, and that billing rates vary among legal markets. The Court has previously used a range of $300 to $400 per hour for members of a Plaintiffs' Steering Committee and $100 to $200 per hour for associates to "reasonably reflect the prevailing [billable time] rates in this jurisdiction." Murphy Oil, 472 F.Supp.2d at 868-69 (emphasis added). But in Murphy Oil, all of the attorneys were local to the Eastern District of Louisiana so it was appropriate to use a rate consistent with local standards. In Vioxx, on the other hand, the attorneys come from states across the country. Thus a more national rate is the appropriate pole star to guide the Court. Although the Court has not been provided with the individual attorney billing rates used by Mr. Garrett to calculate the lodestar, for the purposes of the lodestar cross-check the Court need not crunch the numbers for individual attorneys and other legal professionals from 109 law firms across the country, or to apply a single billing structure.[23] The Court finds that the hourly rate of $443.29 (the average of the billing rates for common benefit submitters) is an appropriate hourly rate from which to start the analysis in view of the fact that it is a combined rate and does not distinguish between work done by various level of attorneys including the work done by others. Further, this rate is in line with hourly rates used by other courts supervising other national MDLs. E.g., In re Guidant, 2008 WL 682174, at *15 (D.Minn. Mar. 7, 2008) (average attorney rate of $379.40 per hour and paralegal rate of $127.49 per hour).
Utilizing the reasonable amounts for the number of hours worked and the averaged billing rate, Mr. Garrett calculated several collective time-fee values for the common benefit services. Through January 2009, he multiplied each individual's hours, totaling 503,185 hours of common benefit work, by that individual's actual billing rate, averaging $431.51 per hour, to calculate a time-fee value for all common benefit work through January, 14, 2009, of $217,128,800.40.[24] Mr. Garrett updated his time-fee value calculation for additional hours submitted through July 30, 2010. *661 He multiplied each submitting individual's hours, totaling 562,943.55 hours of common benefit work, by that individual's actual billing rate, averaging $443.29 per hour, to generate a total time-fee value for all common benefit work through July 30, 2010, of $249,546,751.20. The Court has found that the submitted hours are reasonable and that the actual billing rates which average $443.29 are reasonable. Accordingly, the Court accepts Mr. Garrett's calculation of a time-fee value of $249,546,751.20 for all common benefit work performed through July 30, 2010.
The next step in the lodestar cross-check is to compare the time-fee value to the Court's adjusted percentage-fee value and determine whether a lodestar multiplier is warranted.[25] That is to say, the Court must verify its percentage calculation and determine whether the percentage fee should be increased or decreased in view of other factors. The use of a multiplier is not mandatory and depends on the circumstances of the case. Indeed, a multiplier may not be warranted if the time-fee value adequately compensates the attorneys for their services. See, e.g., Strong, 137 F.3d at 851 (affirming district court decision not to use multiplier to award additional fees). In the present case, however, the Court has already considered the Johnson factors and concluded that a 0.5% increase in the benchmark percentage is warranted. Therefore, it is appropriate to allow for an appropriate lodestar multiplier to the time-fee value in performing the lodestar cross-check.
The Court has concluded that 6.5% of the total settlement amount, or $315,250,000, is a reasonable common benefit fee award. To test this percentage-fee value by the lodestar method it is necessary to divide $315,250,000 by the time-fee value of the common benefit work, which is $249,546,751.20. This produces a lodestar multiplier of approximately 1.2633.[26] This lodestar multiplier is well within the range computed in other comparable MDL or mass tort cases. See, e.g., In re Diet Drugs, 553 F.Supp.2d at 485-87 (E.D.Pa.2008) (2.6 multiplier, and collecting cases with multipliers between 2.4 and 4.45). Other MDL courts have applied lower multipliers. In re Guidant, 2008 WL 682174, at *15 (D.Minn. Mar. 7, 2008) (1.19 multiplier); In re Orthopedic Bone Screw, 2000 WL 1622741, at *8-9 (applying reducing factor because requested fee exceeded available funds). Therefore, the Court is satisfied that the rough lodestar cross-check demonstrates that the 6.5% blended percentage fee is well within the reasonable range. Accordingly, the Court determines that the lodestar cross-check firmly supports an *662 award of 6.5% of the total settlement of $4.85 billion.

D. Fee Award
For the foregoing reasons, the Court awards a common benefit fee of $315,250,000, which is equivalent to 6.5% of $4,850,000,000.
This amount will be available for distribution among all attorneys who performed common benefit work in the MDL and associated state litigation. The Court will first allow the Allocation Committee designated in Pretrial Order 32 to arrive at a suggested distribution, pursuant to the Allocation Guidelines set forth in Pretrial Order 6D and consistent with the evidence produced during hearings conducted or to be conducted for the purpose of determining an appropriate distribution. If disputes arise, the Court will consider appointing a special master to evaluate the recommendation of the allocation committee and the evidence on which it based its recommendation, and to take additional evidence if necessary. The special master will submit a report of his or her findings to the Court for a final determination. The Court retains jurisdiction for purposes of supervising the allocation.

III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED that the PLC's Motion for Award of Plaintiffs' Common Benefit Counsel Fees and Reimbursement of Expenses (Rec. Doc. 17642) is GRANTED IN PART as set forth in the foregoing Order & Reasons.
NOTES
[1]  On September 23, 2009, the Court ordered that $48.5 million, which represents 1% of the total settlement amount in this case, be set aside as the Common Benefit Expense Fund. See Pretrial Order No. 51 (Sept. 23, 2009). The Court also ordered that $40,049,748.16 in costs be reimbursed at that time. Id. Those requests for reimbursement of common benefit costs were vetted first by the Court-appointed CPA, then by a sub-committee of the Fee Allocation Committee, and finally by the entire Fee Allocation Committee. On December 17, 2009, the Court ordered that an additional $49,216.08 in costs be reimbursed. See Order, Rec. Doc. 30153 (Dec. 17, 2009). Finally, the Court established a procedure whereby future common expenses would be reviewed and reimbursed. See Pretrial Order No. 51 (Sept. 23, 2009).
[2]  The allocation of the common benefit fee amongst the fee applicants, which is the responsibility of this Court pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, will not be addressed at this time. The Court will merely determine the appropriate total fee amount, leaving allocation for another day.
[3]  For a more detailed factual background describing the events that took place before the inception of this multidistrict litigation, see In re Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig., 401 F.Supp.2d 565 (E.D.La.2005) (resolving Daubert challenges to a number of expert witnesses).
[4]  Some have suggested that the attorneys themselves should select the Plaintiffs' Steering Committee with the attorney with the largest number of plaintiff cases having the laboring oar. See Charles Silver & Geoffrey P. Miller, The Quasi-Class Action Method of Managing Multi-District Litigations: Problems and a Proposal, 63 Vand. L. Rev. 107, 159-77 (2010). But the experience of the MDL courts suggest otherwise. See Carolyn A. Dubay, Federal Judicial Center, Trends and Problems in the Appointment and Compensation of Common Benefit Counsel in Complex Multi-District Litigation: An Empirical Study of Ten Mega MDLs (forthcoming) (July 2010 manuscript at 59). Having a large number of cases in the MDL often indicates skill at advertising, but does not guarantee the best lawyering or even the selection of those best suited to handle the matter in a cooperative endeavor which is crucial for MDL proceedings. The ability to work in a team setting tends to be more difficult for the plaintiff bar than for defense attorneys. But the efficient and successful resolution of an MDL is dependent on coordination and cooperation of lead counsel for all sides. There is room for both vigorous advocacy and professional cooperation. See, e.g., The Sedona Conference Cooperation Proclamation (2008), available at http:// www.thesedonaconference.org/content/tsc_cooperation_proclamation/proclamation.pdf. In an MDL setting where there can be a thousand plaintiffs' attorneys it not only takes a good lawyer to qualify for lead or liaison counsel but one who has the diplomatic skills to coordinate the efforts of a diverse group. Selecting lead and liaison counsel by a neutral party such as an MDL judge may not be the best method but as between it and the selection by other counsel it is the better way. Moreover, the selection of lead counsel by their fellow attorneys would involve intrigue and side agreements which would make MacBeth appear to be a juvenile manipulator. Frequently, recommendations by attorneys for positions on leadership committees are governed more on friendship, past commitments and future hopes than on current issues.
[5]  The various consolidated state court proceedings also established similar management structures to coordinate the litigation.
[6]  MDL-1657 Vioxx Products Liability Litigation, http://vioxx.laed.uscourts.gov/.
[7]  See Plunkett v. Merck & Co., No. 05-4046 (E.D. La. Filed Aug. 23, 2005) (comprising both the first and second bellwether trials, as the first trial resulted in a hung jury); Barnett v. Merck & Co., No. 06-485 (E.D. La. Filed Jan. 31, 2006) (third bellwether trial); Smith v. Merck & Co., No. 05-4379 (E.D. La. Filed Sept. 29, 2005) (fourth bellwether trial); Mason v. Merck & Co., No. 06-0810 (E.D.La. Filed Feb. 16, 2006) (fifth bellwether trial); Dedrick v. Merck & Co., No. 05-2524 (E.D. La. Filed June 21, 2005) (sixth bellwether trial).
[8]  The Court once again expresses its thanks to Judge Carol E. Higbee of the Superior Court of New Jersey, Judge Victoria Chaney of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County in California, and Judge Randy Wilson of the 157th Civil District Court of Harris County, Texas for their efforts in bringing this litigation to completion.
[9]  For a more detailed factual background of the various mechanics of the Settlement Agreement, including the provisions for the mandatory resolution of governmental liens, see In re Vioxx Prods. Liab. Litig., 2008 WL 3285912 (E.D.La. Aug. 7, 2008) (denying motions to enjoin disbursement of interim settlement payments).
[10]  See, e.g., Settlement Agreement § 9.2.4 (establishing that the Court shall appoint a Fee Allocation Committee); § 9.2.5 (establishing that the Court shall "provide appropriate notices governing the procedure by which [it] shall determine the common benefit attorneys' fees and reimbursement of common benefit expenses"); § 16.4.2 (establishing that the Court may modify any provision of the Agreement under certain limited circumstances if the Court determines that the provision "is prohibited or unenforceable to any extent or in any particular context but in some modified form would be enforceable").
[11]  See e.g., Pretrial Order No. 32, Rec. Doc. 13007 (Nov. 20, 2007) (exercising the Court's "inherent authority over this multidistrict litigation" as well as its express authority under Paragraph 9.2.4 of the Settlement Agreement to appoint a Fee Allocation Committee; reserving the right to "issue subsequent Orders governing the procedure by which the Allocation Committee shall carry out its function"; and providing that members appointed to the committee may not be substituted by other attorneys "except with the prior approval of the Court").
[12]  Some authorities have commented on the "persistent and confusing identification of common-fund recovery as an `exception' to the American rule on attorneys' fees," noting that in a common fund situation the funds are actually distributed "among those aligned with the plaintiff rather than extract[ed] . . . from the defeated adversary." See Restatement (Third) of Restitution § 30 Reporter's Note a (Tentative Draft No. 3, 1994) (quoting Thomas D. Rowe, Jr., The Legal Theory of Attorney Fee Shifting: A Critical Overview, 1982 Duke L.J. 651, 662 (1982)). Regardless of specific taxonomy, the common-fund doctrine, as well as the Court's inherent power to assess fees to compensate appointed managing attorneys, constitute departures from the traditional rule that each litigant bears his or her own costs.
[13]  On the other hand, some commentators take the position that the common fund doctrine does not justify assessment of common benefit fees in consolidated mass tort MDLs. Silver & Miller, supra, at 120-30; Restatement (Third) of Restitution § 30 cmt. b (Tentative Draft No. 3, 1994) ("By comparison with class actions, court-imposed fees to appointed counsel in consolidated litigation frequently appear inconsistent with restitution principles, since litigants may have no choice but to accept and pay for certain legal services as directed by the court. The fact that such fees may not be authorized by this Section is probably irrelevant, however, since their predominant rationale is not unjust enrichment but administrative convenience.").
[14]  The Fifth Circuit also found support in "the body of law concerning the inherent equitable power of a trial court to allow counsel fees and litigation expenses out of the proceeds of a fund that has been created . . . by successful litigation," which the Court discussed above. Id. at 1017.
[15]  The Court takes this opportunity to discuss the initial fee assessments set by the Court in Pretrial Order 19, as well as criticism that the NPC did an end-run around those agreements and "used their control of settlement negotiations to make more money available for themselves." Silver & Miller, supra at 132. The PTO 19 fee assessment agreements were reasonable and appropriate to create a fund to compensate common benefit attorneys for the consolidated MDL discovery work that was contemplated at that early stage of the litigation. When circumstances changed as a result of the extensive discovery, numerous trials, and through negotiation and implementation of a global opt-in settlement, it became necessary to reevaluate the reasonable compensation for the common benefit attorneys who accomplished those tasks. The claimants and their attorneys acknowledged those changed circumstances when they accepted the terms of the Settlement Agreement which supplanted the PTO 19 assessments. Settlement Agreement § 9.2.1. Moreover, the Court's equitable and managerial authority and duty to award fair common benefit fees or to adjust contingent fees exists independent of contractual agreement, and the Court's authority to do justice by reducing attorneys' fees necessarily encompasses the corollary authority to increase fees where appropriate. See Guidant, 2008 WL 682174, at *11-12.
[16]  This not to say that third parties have not commented upon and criticized the PLC's fee request. Professors Silver and Miller assert that "[the PLC] used their position to benefit themselves at the expense of those they were charged to represent. Conduct of this sort establishes a predicate for fee forfeiture, not for fee enhancement." 63 Vand. L.Rev. at 135. Professors Silver and Miller served "as paid consultants to a group of attorneys in the Vioxx MDL who have questioned or challenged aspects of the settlement, including the fee assessment." Id. at 107 n. 1.
[17]  In Mathis v. Exxon Corp., 302 F.3d 448, 461 (5th Cir.2002), the Fifth Circuit held that "[s]tate law controls both the award of and the reasonableness of fees awarded where state law supplies the rule of decision." The Court will nevertheless utilize the Johnson framework in this case. This matter is before the court through MDL jurisdiction and the global settlement of these claims ensures that state law has supplied no rule of decision. Further, as previously noted in connection with its Order and Reasons capping attorneys' fees at 32%, this Court has the equitable and inherent authority in all federal courts to determine a fair common benefit fee as well as express authority under the Settlement Agreement. In re Vioxx, 650 F.Supp.2d at 558-62; In re Vioxx, 574 F.Supp.2d at 610-14.
[18]  See William B. Rubenstein, On What a "Common Benefit Fee" Is, Is Not, and Should Be, 3 Class Action Att'y Fee Dig. 87, 89 (2009) ("As a judicially imposed Portion of a larger privately-negotiated contingent fee, the common benefit fee is logically, therefore, generally a lower fee than the class action fee award.") (emphasis in original).
[19]  The Fifth Circuit advises that it does "not require the trial court's findings to be so excruciatingly explicit in this area of minutiae that decisions of fee awards consume more paper than did the cases from which they arose." In re High Sulfur Content Gasoline Prods. Liab. Litig., 517 F.3d 220, 228-29 (5th Cir.2008) (quoting La. Power & Light Co. v. Kellstrom, 50 F.3d 319, 331 (5th Cir.1995)). The Court shall attempt to comply with this guidance.
[20]  A district court's scrutinizing of attorney time includes painstaking review of each time entry under the lodestar procedure. The experience level of the attorney and the type of work performed may reduce the hourly rate. For example, the district court may ask such questions as whether the attorney was conducting the deposition or only attending a deposition; whether he or she was traveling at the time or in the office, or how many years of experience the attorney possessed. The court also compares and cross-checks the entries of different attorneys to ensure that any duplication of effort is accounted for and no over-billing occurs. These are just some examples, by no means exhaustive, of the detailed and time-consuming tasks required of the district court if the traditional lodestar method is faithfully applied.
[21]  The PLC also submitted a compilation of time reports disclosing that up to July 7, 2010, attorneys had submitted 448,195.95 hours. Thus, out of the 562,943.55 hours submitted through July 30, 2010, at least 79.6% of the hours submitted for the lodestar calculation were attorney hours, rather than hours worked by paralegals or others. The PLC also submitted individual breakdowns of each attorney's hours, without specifying whether the attorney is a partner or associate, or the attorney's hourly rate used in calculating the lodestar. The PLC did not submit the ratio of partner to associate hours.
[22]  This finding is sufficient for the purposes of the rough lodestar cross-check. This finding does not preclude the Allocation Committee or the Court from disallowing any particular submissions of common benefit time when allocating the common benefit fee award.
[23]  See In re Orthopedic Bone Screw, 2000 WL 1622741, at *8 n. 18 ("[T]he hourly rate to be used in computing counsel's lodestar is the rate that is normally charged by counsel of comparable standing, reputation, experience and ability in the community where counsel practices Presumptively, this is the attorney's `usual' billing rate.").
[24]  Mr. Garrett also calculated a time-fee value using the same number of hours, but multiplying those hours by the highest billing rate of each category of submitter, such as partner, associate, or paralegal. The highest billing rate time-fee value was $321,897,534.95, which reflects an average billing rate of $639.72 per hour.
[25]  The Supreme Court recently addressed lodestar and lodestar multiplier analysis in the context of a civil rights fee-shifting statute. Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 1662, 176 L.Ed.2d 494 (2010). In Perdue, the Supreme Court held that the lodestar analysis pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988 generally takes into account any factors that might justify a multiplier of the lodestar amount. Id. at 1673-75. Therefore, absent "rare" and "exceptional" circumstances, the lodestar amount is presumptively reasonable. Id. The Supreme Court also held that under those facts, the district court's 75% multiplier of the lodestar amount was essentially arbitrary. Id. at 1675-76. The Supreme Court's holding was informed by the Supreme Court's lodestar jurisprudence and the statutory purpose of § 1988. Id. at 1676-77. Accordingly, Perdue has little bearing on the use of the lodestar as a cross-check of a common benefit fee awarded as a percentage of a common fund.
[26]  Mr. Garrett calculated a lodestar multiplier by dividing the PSC's requested common benefit fee of 7.5% of $4.85 billion, or $363,750,000, by the time-fee value, or $249,546,751.20, and calculated that the 7.5% fee would represent a multiplier of 1.4576 times the time-fee value.
