                       REVISED JULY 31, 2008

       IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                 FILED
                                No. 07-40566                    July 14, 2008

                                                           Charles R. Fulbruge III
DAVE JAMES                                                         Clerk

                                          Plaintiff-Appellant
v.

TEXAS COLLIN COUNTY; JOE JAYNES, PHYLLIS COLE; JERRY
HOAGLAND; JACK HATCHELL; RON HARRIS; JON KLEINHEKSEL

                                          Defendants-Appellees



                Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Texas


Before JONES, Chief Judge, GARWOOD and JOLLY, Circuit Judges.
GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:
      Dave James, a former employee of Collin County, Texas (“Collin County”
or the “County”), brought this suit against defendants-appellees Collin County;
Ron Harris, County Judge; County Commissioners Joe Jaynes, Phyllis Cole,
Jerry Hoagland, and Jack Hatchell (collectively with Ron Harris, the
“Commissioners”); and Jon Kleinheksel, Director of Public Works, for violating
his First Amendment rights of freedom of speech, association, and expression by
terminating his employment after he lost his bid to become the Republican
nominee for Collin County Commissioner in the March 2004 primary election.
                                 No. 07-40566

He now appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the
Defendants. We affirm.
                  FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
      Collin County hired James in 1996 as an assistant purchasing agent; he
became a buyer in 1997. On February 16, 1998, James was promoted to foreman
over one of the work crews assigned to maintenance of the county’s public works.
As a foreman, James reported to the Superintendents of Public Works, Mike
McClatchy and James Lorance, as well as to Director of Public Works, Jon
Kleinheksel.
      During his tenure at Collin County, James twice sought public office. He
made his first bid for the office of County Commissioner during the 2000 election
cycle. James’s campaign was unsuccessful. James again sought the office of
County Commissioner during the 2004 election cycle; the result, however, was
the same. Both of these campaigns were against incumbent Joe Jaynes.
      After announcing his intent to run for public office in the 2000 election,
James was advised, by memorandum, of Collin County’s policy concerning
political involvement of county employees and of the sections of the Texas Penal
Code that prohibit county employees from misusing county property, services,
and personnel. The memorandum provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
      “On Friday, January 22, 1999, you informed me of your intention to
      seek the office of Collin County Commissioner during the Year 2000
      campaign. As I informed you in that meeting, the County Personal
      [sic] Policy Manual states in Section 9.6 Political Involvement:

            ‘Collin County employees will not be allowed to perform
            or be involved in political campaigning or related
            activities during their normal working hours, while in
            County uniform, or while using County vehicular
            equipment. Additionally, no County employee shall be
            required to participate in political campaigns or related
            activities as a condition of obtaining or retaining
            employment.’”

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                                   No. 07-40566

James did not receive any reprimands in connection with his 2000 campaign.
      On May 6, 2003, James met with Dudley St. Clair, the Assistant Director
of Public Works, who advised him there were reports that James had been
harassing front-office employees regarding an employment position he had
applied for. James replied to St. Clair, and asserts in his brief to this court, that
he simply asked about the position three times in a six-week period.
      On May 8, 2003, James received a written reprimand for unprofessional
demeanor from Kleinheksel. James insists that this reprimand was in response
to his attendance at the May 3, 2003, Collin County Commissioners’ meeting.
Defendants assert that the reprimanded was for disrupting front-office
employees    with    persistent   inquiries   about    job   opportunities.      The
letter-of-reprimand does not specify the underlying conduct that motivated the
reprimand. Moreover, James asserts that the letter was given to him without
discussion and that, despite his attempts, Kleinheksel was never available to
discuss the reprimand. This claim directly contradicts James’s sworn deposition
testimony, where he testified that the reasons for the reprimand were explained
to him.
      Also on May 8, 2003, James met with Amy Krueger, Senior Human
Resources Manager, to discuss a variety of issues, including his concern that he
was being harassed and discriminated against because of his 2004 campaign.
Appellees, citing to James’s deposition, note that James told Kreuger that his
primary concern was to “protect his job.” James also indicated during the
meeting that he had concerns about questionable activity occurring in the Public
Works Department which he would be disclosing at a later time in writing.
      On June 19, 2003, James submitted a letter to Krueger. The letter
referenced “Public Services and Operations Concerns” and opened as follows:
      “Please accept this letter as official notification of employee concerns
      within Collin County Public Services and Operations. The following
      items have been brought to my attention as possible violations of

                                         3
                                 No. 07-40566

      County Policy, unethical practices, and/or illegal actions by the
      Administration of Collin County Public Services and Operations.”
The letter delineated James’s specific areas of concerns as follows:
      1.    Lack of an open door policy. James stated that when he
            requested a meeting with the Director of Public Services and
            Operations (Kleinheksel), he received a reprimand for
            unprofessional behavior;

      2.    Hostile work environment. James stated that he, along with
            other unnamed personnel, had been targeted for termination;

      3.    Integrity. James asserted that there was “no confidence and trust
            in the information communicated to employees”;

      4.    Humiliation. James stated that the “Administration humiliates
            employees in front of others by making derogatory and negative
            personal remarks”;

      5.    Intimidation. James claimed that the employees were “scared for
            their jobs” and “intimidated into agreeing with questionable
            activities and practices”;

      6.    Harassment (both sexual and mental). James asserted that the
            Director of Public Services and Operations (Kleinheksel) displayed
            affection publicly to his assistant, creating an uncomfortable work
            environment for other personnel. James additionally stated that,
            generally, there were “[u]nwanted sexual advances in the form of
            hugs, touching, and invasion of space”;

      7.    Questionable hiring practices. James stated that there was a
            concerted effort to discharge certain employees so that current or
            former employees from the City of Carrollton could be hired. James
            indicated that the employees who previously worked for the City of
            Carrollton were not qualified for their positions but received “top
            pay”;

      8.    Inaccuracy in time sheet reporting.

      9.    Selective application of county policies and procedures.
            James stated that the Public Services and Operations Uniform
            Policy was specifically created to deter him from campaigning on the

                                       4
                                   No. 07-40566

            job during the 2000 election. He also stated that the Uniform policy
            was not applied in the same manner to all employees in his
            department;

      10.   Misuse of county vehicle and car allowances. James asserted
            that county vehicles were being used for personal gain;

      11.   Unprofessional actions. James complained about the public use
            of offensive language; and

      12.   Personal questions. James stated that he was questioned about
            his desire to run for the office of County Commissioner prior to
            being interviewed for the position of Assistant Director.

After submitting the letter, James met with Bill Bilyeu, Director of
Administrative Services and Kleinheksel’s supervisor, and Krueger to discuss
the concerns raised in his letter. James indicated that his letter was more
specifically referring to Kleinheksel. James subsequently met with Krueger on
July 2, 2003, to further discuss the contents of his June 19, 2003 letter.
      On July 16, 2003, Amy Krueger placed the following memorandum in
James’s employee relations file:
      “Bill Bilyeu, Director of Administrative Services, conducted his own
      investigation in regards to the items reported by Dave James’ [sic]
      in his letter dated 06/19/03.

      As a result of Mr. Bilyeu’s findings, John [sic] Kleinheksel, Director
      of Public Services and Operations, has been placed on six months
      probation, effective 07/15/03.”

Bilyeu subsequently issued a “Corrective Action” memorandum to Kleinheksel,
which limited his duties and placed him on probation.
      Thereafter, on October 22, 2003, Kleinheksel issued a memorandum to
James acknowledging James’s second bid for the office of County Commissioner.
In the memorandum, Kleinheksel stated as follows:
      “Per the October 21, 2003 McKinney Courier Gazette, you have
      obviously expressed your intention to seek the office of Collin

                                        5
                                         No. 07-40566

       County Commissioner during the year 2004 campaign. As the
       County Personal [sic] Policy Manual states in Section 9.6 Political
       Involvement:

               ‘Collin County employees will not be allowed to
               perform or be involved in political campaigning
               or related activities during their normal working
               hours, while in County uniform, or while using
               County vehicular equipment. Additionally, no
               County employee shall be required to participate
               in political campaigns or related activities as a
               condition of obtaining or retaining employment.’”
       Apparently, Kleinheksel’s reference to Section 9.6 of Collin County’s
Personnel Policy Manual was in error. The Personnel Policy Manual was
superseded by Collin County’s Employee Handbook on September 1, 2003. The
Employee Handbook provides in relevant part as follows:
       “Political Involvement

       . . . Collin County employees are not permitted to perform or be
       involved in political campaigning or related activities, whether paid
       or voluntary in the following circumstances:
              #      during normal working hours, or on paid overtime
              #      while in county uniform
              #      while using county vehicles . . .

       Solicitation and Distribution

       . . . individuals are not permitted to solicit, survey, petition, or
       distribute literature during work time. Work time includes both the
       soliciting and the solicited employee’s work time.”

Additionally, there is some dispute as to whether Collin County ratified its
County Building/Ground Use Policy and whether James received a copy of that
policy.1


       1
        The County Building/Grounds Use Policy provides:
“There shall be no public solicitation within the hallways, lobby, offices, or other areas of Collin
County Government Property unless approved by the Commissioners’ Court.

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                                        No. 07-40566

       On November 20, 2003, James was in the Collin County courthouse on
personal time. He approached Collin County employee Debbie Brockman while
she was working at the courthouse and asked her for her support in his
campaign against Jaynes. Brockman asserts that James expressed negative and
derogatory opinions about Jaynes. James disputes this allegation, but he
admitted in his deposition that he may have criticized Jaynes when he spoke to
Brockman and that Brockman may have taken his remarks as a personal attack
on Jaynes. Regardless, shortly after her conversation with the James, Brockman
reported the incident to Bilyeu.
       On December 1, 2003, Kleinheksel issued a written warning to James, the
content of which is as follows:
       “Debbie Brockman met with Bill Bilyeu on November 26, 2003,
       concerning an unsolicited and inappropriate discussion she had with
       you on November 20, 2003. You solicited Ms. Brockman’s political
       support during her normal working hours and within the County
       Courthouse. Your discussion was a violation of the intent of my
       October 22, 2003 memo to you and also Section 9.6 of the County
       Personnel Manual. Your political campaigning cannot take place
       during your work hours nor may you campaign to other County
       employees during their work hours.

       Personal attacks upon the character of elected officials to employees
       during their working hours are inappropriate and will be considered
       insubordination.”

       James asserts that this reprimand, like that of May 2003, was given
without warning or discussion. Specifically, James asserts that Kleinheksel did
not bother to determine whether James was working for the County at the time
he spoke to Brockman.




...
No signs, posters, handbills, or notices shall be posted in, on, or about Collin County Facilities
without the prior written approval of the Facilities Manager.”

                                                7
                                 No. 07-40566

      After receiving the reprimand, James requested a meeting with Bilyeu.
Sometime in December 2003, James met with Bilyeu, Kleinheksel and Cynthia
Jacobson, Director of Human Resources. Bilyeu advised James there was a
County Building/Ground Use Policy which specifically prohibited the solicitation
of votes. James asserts that he requested a copy of the policy at this meeting,
but it was never provided to him. Bilyeu and Jacobson allege that James
became hostile, raised his voice, and threatened Bilyeu and his family during the
meeting. James denies this allegation. On February 25, 2005, Kleinheksel met
with James to tell him that he and Mike McClatchy had found some of James’s
campaign materials posted on county property. James stated that he did not
post the material but that he would tell his volunteers not to place any more
materials on county property.
      On March 9, 2004, James lost his bid for County Commissioner in the
primary election. On March 15, 2004, Kleinheksel and Jacobson met with James
to inform him that his employment with Collin County was terminated. There
is some dispute regarding whether James was informed of the motivation for his
discharge.   Jacobson states that she informed James that he was being
discharged due to his inappropriate conduct in violation of county policies.
James asserts that he was not so informed. Moreover, there is some dispute
regarding who made the decision to discharge James. James asserts the County
Commissioners decided to discharge him. The Defendants assert, however, that
Bilyeu was the sole decision-maker regarding James’s discharge.
      James filed his original complaint on March 11, 2005, raising claims under
42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988 that he was wrongfully discharged because he had
exercised his constitutionally protected rights of free speech, association, and
expression. Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on October 27,
2006. The district court granted Defendants’ motion on May 4, 2007. James
timely appealed.


                                       8
                                  No. 07-40566

                                 DISCUSSION
      On appeal, James argues that the district court erred by granting
summary judgment on his claims against the Commissioners in their individual
capacities because their was no evidence that they were involved in the decision
to terminate him and by holding that his claim against Kleinheksel was only
brought against him in his official capacity. He also asserts that the district
court erred by holding that his June 19, 2003 letter and his campaign for County
Commissioner were not protected speech because the County’s interest in
efficiency outweighed James’s interest in his speech on a matter of public
concern.
I.    Standard of Review
      This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Salge v. Edna Indep. Sch. Dist., 411 F.3d 178, 184 (5th Cir. 2005). Summary
judgment shall be entered in favor of the moving party if the record, taken as a
whole, “show[s] that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P.
56(c). A factual dispute is “genuine” if a reasonable trier of fact could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party. See Crowe v. Henry, 115 F.3d 294, 296 (5th Cir.
1997).     Further, whether the speech at issue relates to a matter of public
concern is a question of law to be resolved by the court. Salge, 411 F.3d at 184.
In the absence of any disputed, material facts, this court reviews a district
court’s Pickering analysis de novo. Id.




                                          9
                                         No. 07-40566

II.    Claims Against the Commissioners and Kleinheksel
       James asserts that the Commissioners and Kleinheksel, in their individual
capacities acting under color of law, deprived him of his First Amendment rights
when they terminated him for reporting misconduct in the Public Works
Department in his June 19, 2003 letter and for running for County
Commissioner in 2004.            The Defendants argue that there is no evidence
establishing that the Commissioners or Kleinheksel had any role in terminating
James.
       To state a section 1983 claim, “a plaintiff must (1) allege a violation of a
right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States and (2)
demonstrate that the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting
under color of state law.” Moore v. Willis Indep. Sch. Dist., 233 F.3d 871, 874
(5th Cir. 2000).       A plaintiff must establish that the defendant was either
personally involved in the deprivation or that his wrongful actions were causally
connected to the deprivation. Anderson v. Pasadena Indep. Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d
439, 443 (5th Cir. 1999).            A supervisor is not personally liable for his
subordinate’s actions in which he had no involvement.2 Id. at 443-44.
       A.      The Commissioners
       In his complaint, James alleges that the Commissioners are personally
liable because they are the “final decision and policy makers regarding the
employment decision for which the Plaintiff brings this suit,” but he points to no
competent summary judgment evidence to support this allegation.
       In his deposition, James testified that he believed the Commissioners
unanimously agreed to terminate him, but when asked if he had any evidence
of this he said, “[n]ot at this time.” In James’s response to the Defendants’

       2
        There are limited exceptions to this rule, but none apply to this case. See e.g., Doe v.
Taylor Indep. Sch. Dist., 15 F.3d 443, 454 (5th Cir. 1994) (en banc) (holding that school officials
can be held personally liable if their deliberate indifference allows a subordinate to violate a
student’s right to bodily integrity).

                                               10
                                      No. 07-40566

motion for summary judgment, he pointed to an article dated March 16, 2006 in
the Dallas Morning News, which stated that Jaynes excused himself from a
commissioners meeting “that led to Mr. James’ termination.”3 Lee Powell,
Defeated Candidate Loses Job, DALLAS MORNING NEWS, March 16, 2004, at B1.
Newspaper articles, however, are not proper summary judgment evidence to
prove the truth of the facts that they report because they are inadmissible
hearsay. Roberts v. City of Shreveport, 397 F.3d 287, 295 (5th Cir. 2005).
       On the other hand, the Defendants point to a number of pieces of evidence
to support that Bilyeu was the sole decision-maker with regard to James’s
termination.     In his affidavit, Bilyeu states that he had the authority to
terminate James and decided to do so after the March 2004 primary. He states
that he was not required to receive approval of this decision by the
Commissioners, but he chose to inform them of his decision because James had
been a candidate for County Commissioner. Bilyeu also testified that the
Commissioners did not vote on James’s termination.                    His testimony is
corroborated by Cynthia Jacobson, Director of Human Resources for Collin
County, who states in her affidavit that Bilyeu alone made the decision to
terminate James in March 2004.
       After considering the entire record, there is no evidence that would allow
a reasonable jury to find that James was terminated by the Commissioners
rather than by Bilyeu.4 We therefore hold that the district court did not err by
granting the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and dismissing James’s
claim against the Commissioners in their individual capacity.
       B.     Kleinheksel


       3
        James has not offered any competent summary judgment evidence to corroborate this
characterization of the meeting.
       4
        James chose not to name Bilyeu as a defendant in this suit in either his official or
individual capacity.

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                                 No. 07-40566

      The district court concluded that Kleinheksel was sued only in his official
capacity because James failed to specify in any of his responsive briefings in
which capacity he was suing Kleinheksel. James argues that he did not respond
to this issue because it was never raised by the Defendants.
      In the Defendants’ Original Answer, they aver that James’s allegation that
Kleinheksel was “‘at all relevant times a Collin County employee, [and] he acted
under color of law’ is vague and ambiguous, and, as such, Defendants lack
sufficient knowledge or information to confirm or deny it.” Furthermore, in the
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and Brief in Support, they state
that it is unclear from James’s Complaint whether he was asserting a claim
against Kleinheksel in his individual capacity, and that even if James was
bringing a claim against Kleinheksel in his individual capacity that claim would
fail because Kleinheksel was not personally involved in the decision to terminate
James. They again addressed this issue in their Reply in Support of Motion for
Summary Judgment. James responded to this argument in his Sur-Reply to
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, so the issue was properly before the
district court. Therefore, James’s assertion that this argument was not properly
raised below by the Defendants is incorrect.
      Below James stated in his sur-reply that his claim against Kleinheksel in
his individual capacity was based upon the May 8, 2003 reprimand Kleinheksel
issued to James. There are a number of problems with this argument. The first
being that James does not seek relief related to his May 8, 2003 reprimand in his
never amended or supplemented original complaint, and there is no evidence of
any damages that flowed from that reprimand. Second, he fails to make this
argument in his brief to this court. See Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp.,
376 F.3d 496, 499 n.1 (5th Cir. 2004) (“Failure adequately to brief an issue on
appeal constitutes waiver of that argument.”).



                                       12
                                       No. 07-40566

       Since James fails to present any competent summary judgment evidence
that Kleinheksel participated in the decision to terminate his employment,5 the
district court did not err by dismissing James’s claims against Kleinheksel in his
individual capacity.
III.   Claim Against Collin County
       Having determined that James’s section 1983 claims against the
Commissioners and Kleinheksel, in their individual capacities, were properly
dismissed. James’s only remaining claim is against Collin County.6 To maintain
a section 1983 claim against a municipality, a plaintiff must show that officials
acted in accordance with an official policy or custom. Monnel v. Dep’t of Soc.
Servs. of New York City, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 2037 (1978).7 Thus, municipalities are
not vicariously liable for rights violations committed by their employees, but
they are liable whenever “their official policies cause their employees to violate
another person’s constitutional rights.” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 108 S.Ct.
915, 923 (1988); see also Beattie v. Madison County Sch. Dist., 254 F.3d 595, 601
(5th Cir. 2001)
       To establish a retaliatory discharge claim under the First Amendment, the
plaintiff must prove that: (1) he suffered an adverse employment action, (2) his
speech involved a matter of public concern, (3) his interest in commenting on the


       5
        The undisputed evidence reflects that Bilyeau alone made the decision to terminate
James and instructed Kleinheksel, the head of Public Works, to whom James reported, to
inform James that he was terminated, and Kleinheksel did so. Kleinheksel had previously
delivered reprimands to James at Bilyeu’s direction, as James admits.
       6
        James’s claims against the Commissioners and Kleinheksel in their official capacities
are actually claims against Collin County, so these claims will be addressed together.
       7
         There is an exception to this rule in certain cases where the deprivation of rights was
inflicted by an official exercising his or her policy-making authority. Tharing v. City of Port
Lavaca, 329 F.3d 422, 427 (5th Cir. 2003). There is no evidence in the record to support a
finding that Bilyeu had (and was exercising in respect to James’s termination) policy-making
authority for employment decisions in Collin County. In fact, James avers in his complaint
that the Commissioners were the final decision and policy makers regarding his termination.

                                              13
                                       No. 07-40566

matter of public concern outweighed the defendant’s interest in promoting
efficiency (balancing under Pickering v. Board of Education, 88 S.Ct. 1731
(1968)), and (4) his speech was a substantial or motivating factor behind the
defendant’s actions. Harris v. Victoria Indep. Sch. Dist., 168 F.3d 216, 220 (5th
Cir. 1999).
       James asserts that he suffered an adverse employment action,8 his
termination, because he exercised his First Amendment rights on two separate
occasions. The first was his June 19, 2003 letter reporting Kleinheksel for
various inappropriate conduct. The second was his 2004 campaign for the
Republican nomination for Collin County Commissioner. We will analyze each
separately.
       A.     June 19, 2003 Letter
       The district court held that James’s March 2004 termination was an
adverse employment action, and that his letter of June 19, 2003 did at least
partially touch on a matter of public concern. Nevertheless, the district court
held that James’s speech was not protected because his speech interest was
outweighed by the government’s interest in efficiency. James argues that this
was an error because there was a fact issue as to whether his speech actually
caused controversy in the County that would have harmed its efficiency, so the
issue should have been submitted to a jury. The district court did not address
the fourth element of James’s claim—whether his speech was a substantial or
motivating factor behind his discharge.9


       8
         In his brief, James points to three adverse employment actions: (1) his May 8, 2003
reprimand; (2) his December 1, 2003 reprimand; and (3) his March 15, 2004 termination.
However, in his unamended (and unsupplemented) original complaint he only seeks relief for
his March 15, 2004 termination. Additionally, all of his alleged damages flow from his
termination. Therefore, we will consider James’s termination as the sole adverse employment
action in this dispute.
       9
        Although the district court did not reach this issue, we may still consider it because
a lower courts grant of summary judgment can be affirmed on any basis supported by the

                                             14
                                         No. 07-40566

       It is undisputed that James’s termination was an adverse employment
action. Whether or not James’s June 19, 2003 letter is speech on a matter of
public concern may be a close question. However, assuming arguendo that it
does sufficiently touch on a matter public concern, James’s claim nonetheless
fails for two independent reasons. First, since Collin County cannot be held
vicariously liable under section 1983 for its employee’s actions, James cannot
recover unless he shows that Bilyeu terminated James for his June 19, 2003
letter pursuant to official policy or custom of the County. James has presented
no evidence establishing such a policy or custom. Second, James has not
presented any evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to find that his June
19, 2003 letter was a substantial factor in his May 2004 discharge.10
Benningfield v. City of Houston, 157 F.3d 369, 375 (5th Cir. 1998); Wilson v. UT
Heath Ctr., 973 F.2d 1263, 1270 (5th Cir. 1992).
       It is undisputed that James’s June 19, 2003 letter lodged a number of
serious allegations against Kleinheksel. After James submitted his letter,
Bilyeu conducted an investigation into these allegations. As a result of this
investigation, Bilyeu took substantial disciplinary action against Kleinheksel
that involved cutting his salary, placing him on probation for ninety days,
prohibiting him from making budgetary or personnel decisions for six months,
and transferring his responsibility for overseeing the facilities and youth park
departments to other managers.




record. Lang v. French, 154 F.3d 217, 219 (5th Cir. 1998).
       10
          In his response to the Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, James argues that
Branton v. City of Dallas, 272 F.3d 730, 739 (5th Cir. 2001), and Click v. Copeland, 970 F.2d
106, 113 (5th Cir. 1992), require us to leave causation in this case to the jury. He is mistaken.
While causation is generally a question of fact to be left for the jury, at summary judgment the
plaintiff bears the burden of showing that a genuine factual dispute exists. If the plaintiff fails
to meet this burden, summary judgment is appropriate. Pierce v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal
Justice, 37 F.3d 1146, 1151 (5th Cir. 1994).

                                               15
                                      No. 07-40566

       James asserts he was terminated in retaliation for exposing Kleinheksel’s
wrongdoing. While it is probable that Kleinheksel harbored ill-will against
James because of the allegations James lodged against him in the June 2003
letter, James has produced no evidence that Kleinheksel participated in the
decision to terminate him.           That decision was made by Bilyeu alone.
Nevertheless, James speculates that Bilyeu retaliated against him because it
was personally embarrassing for Bilyeu to have the misdeeds of one of his
department heads exposed. James provides no factual basis whatever for this
speculation. Furthermore, this explanation is contradicted by the fact James’s
June 2003 comments prompted Bilyeu to conduct an investigation into their
merits that ultimately led him to severely punish Kleinheksel.
       James has failed show a genuine issue of material fact with respect to
whether his June 19, 2003 letter was a substantial factor in his termination.
       B.     2004 Campaign
       James also asserts that he was terminated because he challenged
incumbent Joe Jaynes for the Republican nomination for County Commissioner
in 2004. He argues that the district court erred by holding that the county’s
interest in efficiency outweighed his interest in speaking on a matter of public
concern—his campaign for County Commissioner.
              1.     Matter of Public Concern
       When determining whether an employee’s speech addresses a matter of
public concern we examine the speech for which the employee was disciplined.
Commc’n Workers of Am. v. Ector County, 467 F.3d 427, 437 (5th Cir. 2006) (en
banc). The County alleges that James was reprimanded, warned, and ultimately
terminated for insubordination and for violating county policy by campaigning
on county property.11 James contends that these reasons were pretextual and


       11
         Bilyeu states in his affidavit that he also terminated James for insubordination and
for threatening him and his family. James was an at-will employee, so it would have been

                                             16
                                        No. 07-40566

that he was actually terminated because he campaigned against Jaynes, an
incumbent County Commissioner.
       While it is unclear that the First Amendment provides a right to run for
office that extends generally to government employees,12 James’s broader claim
would nevertheless fail because he has presented no competent summary
judgment evidence that his employment was terminated because of his decision
to run for office,13 independent of and apart from his alleged campaigning on
county property or soliciting on duty county employees.14 To the contrary, all



permissible to terminate him for these reasons. However, Bilyeu also admits that James was
also terminated due to his campaign activity on county property. This reason for termination
does potentially raise First Amendment concerns, so we will review this basis for James’s
dismissal.
       12
         The Supreme Court held that the First Amendment did not invalidate the original
Hatch Act’s prohibition against employees of executive agencies participating in political
campaigns. See U.S. Civil Serv. Comm’n v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers, 93 S.Ct. 2880, 2886
(1973) (noting that it would be permissible to bar government employees from “becoming a
partisan candidate for, or campaigning for, an elective public office”). See also Broadrick v.
Oklahoma, 93 S.Ct. 2908 (1973) (state law with provisions similar to Hatch Act); Burns v.
Vegliante, 336 F.3d 82, 86, 89 (2d Cir. 2003) (1993 Hatch Act amendments). Central to this
holding was that the Hatch Act’s prohibitions were neutral and nondiscriminatory. Id. at
2889-91. Thus, it would obviously not be permissible for the government to prohibit employees
only from running against incumbents or only from running as Democrats. Bart v. Telford,
677 F.2d 622, 624 (7th Cir. 1982). Absent such a situation, the First Amendment does not
guarantee a government employee the absolute right to continue as a governmental employee
while being a candidate for political office, such as County Commissioner.
       13
          James notes that his discharge was six days after he lost the primary and that he had
no work related problems between his loss in the primary and his discharge. But, this court
has noted that “[t]iming alone does not create an inference that the termination is retaliatory.”
Beattie, 254 F.3d at 605 (citing Seaman v. CSPH, Inc., 179 F.3d 297, 301 (5th Cir. 1999)
(employee mentioned his EEOC filing minutes before his termination for insubordination, but
plaintiff presented no other evidence suggest of a retaliatory motive)). Moreover, Bilyeu
reasonably explained that he waited until shortly after the March 2004 primary to have James
terminated because he did not want to have his action possibly cause any effect on the primary
election results.
       14
         Furthermore, since there is no vicarious liability under section 1983, James would
need to go further and show it was a policy or custom of Collin County to terminate employees
that decided to run for office. James does not present any evidence to show, or even allege,
that such a policy or custom existed.

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evidence in the record indicates that the County did not punish employees for
their decision to run for office.15
      James then asserts that no reason was given for his discharge and that,
under Machincheck v. PB Powers, Inc., 398 F.3d 345, 355 (5th Cir. 2005), this
violation of county policy permits an inference of pretext. James, however, fails
to point to any county policy that requires a reason to be given for an employee’s
discharge.
      Finally, James asserts that Bilyeu has given inconsistent explanations for
James’s discharge. In his affidavit, Bilyeu states that he terminated James
because James violated county policy by soliciting Brockman’s vote and because
of James’s threats at their December meeting, but James points to an article in
the local newspaper which says that Bilyeu said that James was discharged due
to budgetary issues. However comments in the local paper as to what Bilyeu
said are not competent summary judgment evidence to prove that he made such
statements because newspaper articles are hearsay if offered to prove the truth
of the facts reported therein. Furthermore, even if there were competent
evidence to show that Bilyeu stated to the paper that James was terminated for
budgetary reasons, such an inconsistency is not sufficient to show that the
County retaliated against him for exercising his First Amendment rights. See
also Brady v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 113 F.3d 1419, 1425 (5th Cir. 1997)
(“Merely pointing out inconsistencies in the Appellants’ stated justifications . . .
does not by the mere fact itself create the opposite inference that the Appellants
harbored retaliatory motivation.”).
      It is undisputed that James was reprimanded in December 2003 for
soliciting Brockman’s vote. And although James argues that Kleinheksel did not


      15
        For instance, James previously ran against Jaynes for County Commissioner in 2000
and John Robinson, another county employee, also challenged Jaynes in the 2004 Republican
County Commissioner primary. Neither were punished.

                                           18
                                 No. 07-40566

bother to determine whether James was “on the clock” for the county at the time
he spoke to Brockman, that is irrelevant, as the County policy prohibited an off-
duty employee from politically soliciting an on-duty employee as Brockman
indisputably was (and there is no evidence James believed Brockman was not
on duty). Morever, even James admits that his remarks to Brockman could
have been taken as personal attacks on the character of Jaynes (for whom she
worked). James also admits that he told the Dallas Morning News that he had
intentionally ignored the warning not to campaign on county property. James
also admitted in his deposition that he had distributed campaign material on
county property while he was off duty.
      James has presented no evidence that he was terminated for any First
Amendment related reason, other than for campaigning on county property.
Accordingly, we will evaluate whether the County terminating him for his
campaigning on county property as outlined above violates the First
Amendment. It is undisputed that James’s campaign for County Commissioner
addresses a matter of public concern.
            2.    Pickering Balancing
       Once a plaintiff shows that his speech addresses a matter of public
concern, the court must strike “a balance between the interests of the
[employee], as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern [against]
the interest of the [County], as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the
public services it performs through its employees.” Pickering v. Bd. of Educ., 88
S.Ct. 1731, 1734 (1968). With respect to restricting the speech of its employees
“the government as employer indeed has far broader powers than does the
government as sovereign.” Waters v. Churchill, 114 S.Ct. 1878, 1886 (1994);
Garcetti v. Ceballos, 126 S.Ct. 1951, 1958 (2006). On the other hand, the
Supreme “Court has made clear that public employees do not surrender all their
First Amendment rights by reason of their employment. Rather, the First

                                        19
                                  No. 07-40566

Amendment protects a public employee’s right, in certain circumstances, to
speak as a citizen addressing matters of public concern.” Garcetti, 126 S.Ct. at
1957. Therefore, we are asked to balance James’s interest in campaigning for
political office against the state’s efficiency interest in keeping its employees
from participating in partisan political activities while on duty or on county
property.
      The balancing of these interests is not new to federal courts, and when
presented with this situation, courts have repeatedly held that “[e]ven
something as close to the core of the First Amendment as participation in
political campaigns may be prohibited to government employees.” Waters, 114
S.Ct. at 1886 (citing Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 93 S.Ct. 2908 (1973) and U.S. Civil
Serv. Comm’n v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers, 93 S.Ct. 2880 (1973)). In many
of these cases, courts have upheld broad viewpoint neutral bans on political
participation by government employees while working or on government
property because governments have a strong interest in maintaining a
nonpartisan civil service. See e.g., Letter Carriers, 93 S.Ct. at 2889-91 (original
Hatch Act’s prohibition against federal employees participating in political
campaigns); Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 93 S.Ct. 2908, 2913 (1973) (state law
prohibiting state employees from soliciting for political purposes, running for
paid public office, or political campaigning); Wachsman v. City of Dallas, 704
F.2d 160 (5th Cir. 1983) (local law barring employees from certain participation
in nonpartisan candidate elections); Burrus v. Vegliante, 336 F.3d 82, 91 (2d Cir.
2003) (upholding the amended Hatch Act’s prohibition against government
employees conducting political activity in government buildings).
      That these policies were viewpoint neutral is critical because the basic
thrust of the Supreme Court’s Pickering line of cases has been “to ensure that
public employers do not use authority over employees to silence discourse . . .
simply because superiors disagree with the content of employees’ speech.”

                                        20
                                        No. 07-40566

Rankin v. McPherson, 107 S.Ct. 2891, 2897 (1987) (emphasis added). Viewpoint
neutral policies, administered without discrimination, remove this concern.
Thus, neutral governmental employer policies limiting the political activity of
their employees, applicable only to such employees while on duty or on the
governmental employer’s property, will almost always satisfy Pickering
balancing. Cf. Ector County, 467 F.3d at 442.
       Collin County’s policies meet these criteria. They are viewpoint neutral
because they ban all such political campaigning. There is no evidence that the
policies have been administered in a discriminatory fashion.16                     They only
prohibit employees from political campaigning while working, in county uniform,
or in county vehicles; from posting campaign literature on county property; and
from soliciting other county employees if either employee is working. Given the
neutrality and limited scope of Collin County’s policies, it was not a violation of
James’s First Amendment rights to be terminated for violating them.
                                      CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
                                        AFFIRMED.




       16
         James asserts that Jaynes also campaigned on county property, but he does not
provide any factual support for this assertion. Bilyeu states that he did not receive any reports
that Jaynes was campaigning on county property or soliciting the votes of county employees
during their work hours.

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