                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 14a0068n.06

                                          No. 13-3517

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


RUBEN MENDOZA, aka Ruben Mendoza                   )                         FILED
Matias; ENRIQUE MENDOZA, aka Enrique               )                    Jan 27, 2014
Mendoza Pablo,                                     )                DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                   )
        Petitioners,                               )
                                                   )
v.                                                 )       ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
                                                   )       FROM THE UNITED STATES
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,             )       BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                   )       APPEALS
        Respondent.                                )


        BEFORE: SUTTON, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

        PER CURIAM. Ruben Mendoza, along with his son Enrique Mendoza as a derivative

applicant, petitions for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing

his appeal from the denial of his applications for asylum and withholding of removal. We deny

the petition.

        Mendoza, a native and citizen of Guatemala, first entered the United States in 1988.

Mendoza, who had applied for asylum in 1991, filed an application for suspension of deportation

or special rule cancellation of removal pursuant to the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central

American Relief Act (NACARA) in 2006.             Mendoza’s applications were referred to an

immigration judge (IJ), and the Department of Homeland Security filed a notice to appear,

charging Mendoza with removability under section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and

Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), as an alien present in the United States without

being admitted or paroled. At a hearing before the IJ, Mendoza admitted the factual allegations

set forth in the notice to appear and conceded removability as charged.
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Mendoza v. Holder

       Mendoza withdrew his NACARA application but submitted another application for

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).

In this application, Mendoza asserted that, in the midst of the Guatemalan civil war in 1982, the

military called a meeting in his village and then took him, his older brother, and a few other

young men to a military camp on suspicion of being guerrilla sympathizers. At the military

camp, Mendoza was pushed around and was kept with his hands tied behind his back.

According to Mendoza, his brother was beaten, but the soldiers were easier on him because of

his age of sixteen. Mendoza was released after fifteen days. The government then forced

Mendoza to join the civil patrol to protect the village from guerrillas, which he did for six years

until he left Guatemala in 1988. Mendoza claimed in his application that he feared returning to

Guatemala because he “would be a victim of violent crime, including beatings, robbery, and

most likely murder,” by “anti-social organized criminal gangs and groups,” some of which “are

related to old guerrilla groups, others rogue ex-military soldiers.” (A.R. 271). At the merits

hearing, Mendoza testified about his fear that, if he returns to his village, people whose family

members were killed by the guerrillas or by the military soldiers will see him as a deserter and

harm him and his family. (Id. at 158).

       Following the hearing, the IJ denied Mendoza’s application but granted voluntary

departure. The IJ found that Mendoza’s return to Guatemala on two occasions after filing his

initial asylum application constituted an abandonment of that application and that the REAL ID

Act of 2005 applied to his subsequent application. Applying the REAL ID Act’s credibility

standard, the IJ found that Mendoza was not credible based on his inconsistent testimony and his

lack of corroborating evidence. The IJ further determined that Mendoza, even if credible, failed

to demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a protected


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Mendoza v. Holder

ground to establish his eligibility for asylum. According to the IJ, Mendoza also failed to

establish eligibility for withholding of removal or protection under the CAT.

       On appeal to the BIA, Mendoza did not challenge the IJ’s application of the REAL ID

Act or the denial of his application for protection under the CAT. Dismissing the appeal, the

BIA concluded that the IJ’s adverse credibility finding was not clearly erroneous and agreed with

the IJ that Mendoza, even if credible, failed to establish eligibility for asylum or satisfy the

higher burden of proof for withholding of removal because of his failure to demonstrate past

persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a protected ground.

       This timely petition for review followed.       Where, as here, “the BIA reviews the

immigration judge’s decision and issues a separate opinion, rather than summarily affirming the

immigration judge’s decision, we review the BIA’s decision as the final agency determination.”

Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). “To the extent the BIA adopted the

immigration judge’s reasoning, however, this Court also reviews the immigration judge’s

decision.” Id. We review factual findings, including credibility determinations, for substantial

evidence, reversing “only if any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary.” Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430, 434 (6th Cir. 2011).

       Mendoza acknowledges that he “often confused questions and thereby provided

seemingly conflicting answers,” but attributes this confusion to the translation of the removal

proceedings into Spanish rather than Mam, his native language. (Pet’rs’ Br. 18). Mendoza,

however, indicated to the IJ that his Spanish is now better than his Mam. Mendoza contends that

he “has been consistent on all material matters” and that the IJ and BIA focused on irrelevant

inconsistencies. (Id.). Under the REAL ID Act, an adverse credibility determination may be

made “without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of


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Mendoza v. Holder

the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Regardless,

the IJ and BIA found that Mendoza’s testimony was internally inconsistent and inconsistent with

his written application regarding the details of his 1982 abduction and detention by the military

and his service in the civil patrol – issues that are relevant to his claims. The record supports the

administrative findings regarding Mendoza’s inconsistent testimony and does not compel a

contrary credibility determination.

       Substantial evidence also supports the conclusion that Mendoza, even if credible, failed

to demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a protected

ground to establish eligibility for asylum. See Abdurakhmanov v. Holder, 735 F.3d 341, 345 (6th

Cir. 2012). The circumstances of Mendoza’s fifteen-day detention, during which his hands were

tied, he was questioned eight to ten times about the guerrillas, and was made to watch beatings

do not compel a finding of persecution. See Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 954 (6th Cir.

2004). Forcing Mendoza to join the civil patrol does not amount to persecution on account of a

protected ground. See Pascual v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 483, 487 (6th Cir. 2007). As the BIA

pointed out, Mendoza’s claimed fear of the guerrillas and the military is not objectively

reasonable given that the Guatemalan civil war ended in 1996. See Pascual, 514 F.3d at 488.

       Because Mendoza failed to establish eligibility for asylum, he also failed to satisfy the

more demanding standard for withholding of removal. See Bonilla-Morales v. Holder, 607 F.3d

1132, 1138-39 (6th Cir. 2010). We are precluded from considering the exhibits attached to

Mendoza’s appellate brief in support of his claim for withholding of removal. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(A) (“the court of appeals shall decide the petition only on the administrative record

on which the order of removal is based”).

       For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review.


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