                In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 20-710C

                                       (Filed: August 17, 2020)

                                      (NOT TO BE PUBLISHED)

                                                )
 RICKY DENTON,                                  )
                                                )
                         Plaintiff,             )
                                                )
           v.                                   )
                                                )
 UNITED STATES,                                 )
                                                )
                         Defendant.             )
                                                )

       Ricky Denton, pro se, Pollack, Louisiana.

       Steven C. Hough, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him on the brief were
Ethan P. Davis, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, and Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, and Elizabeth M. Hosford, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

                                      OPINION AND ORDER

LETTOW, Senior Judge.

         Pending before the court in this pro se case is plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma
pauperis. See Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to Proceed in Forma Pauperis (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 9.
Defendant (“the government”) opposes this motion on the grounds that Mr. Denton “has filed at
least five prior [f]ederal actions or appeals that were dismissed as frivolous or for failure to state
a claim.” Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Resp.”) at 1, ECF No. 10.

        For the reasons stated, plaintiff’s motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis is
DENIED. Plaintiff’s complaint is DISMISSED because it fails to establish this court’s subject-
matter jurisdiction. 1



       1
        Mr. Denton has filed a variety of other motions in this case. See Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to
File Am. Compl., ECF No. 7; Pl.’s Mot. for Extension of Time to Pay Filing Fees, ECF No. 8;
Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to File Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 11; Pl.’s Mot. for Independent
                                        BACKGROUND

        Mr. Denton is a federal prisoner currently detained in Pollock, Louisiana. See Mot. for
Leave to File Am. Compl., Ex. 1 (“First Am. Compl.”) at 6. He claims that he “has and is being
denied adequate medical care by the United States” which “has resulted in bodily injury” that “is
continuing.” Id. at 6. The “serious medical condition,” id. at 6, from which Mr. Denton suffers
is an abdominal wall defect on his right side, see Compl. at 2, ostensibly the “result of a point[-
]blank range sawed[-]off shotgun wound” and the surgical procedures that followed, First Am.
Compl. at 6. The shotgun wound allegedly created “a football size hole” in his abdomen. See
Mot. for Leave to File Sec. Am. Compl., Ex. 1 (“Sec. Am. Compl.”) at 5. The resulting surgical
procedures apparently involved grafting and transplanting muscle and skin tissues, see Compl. at
2, and Mr. Denton asserts that the wound and the surgical repairs have led to “serious
complications” in his bowels and abdomen, causing him “serious pain and discomfort,” First
Am. Compl. at 7.

        Upon referral to a medical doctor, Mr. Denton claims he was prescribed “surgery to
correct the condition,” First Am. Compl. at 7, but the government “failed to timely follow the
prescribed medical treatment and then abandon[ed] any effort” to do so, id. at 8. He alleges that
30 days passed before his treatment request was submitted to the regional office for approval and
another three months passed before the surgery was approved. See id. The regional office
declined to permit the surgery to be performed locally and Mr. Denton’s transfer request was
denied. Id. Due to this delay, Mr. Denton asserts that he has suffered bodily injury that “is
continuing and getting progressively worse,” id. at 9, and is “experiencing extreme pain
digesting solid food and attempting bowel movements,” Compl. at 2.

        Mr. Denton alleges that the prison medical staff “is with deliberate indifference []
refusing to monitor the condition and [prevent] further damage.” Compl. at 3. “[T]he needless
delay in the surgery,” Mr. Denton asserts, “will cause additional damage and needless pain and
suffering.” Compl. at 3. As relief, he seeks “any reasonable action to prevent further damage
and pain and suffering,” as well as $50,000 “in compensation for deliberate indifference to [his]
medical needs resulting in bodily injury and pain and suffering.” Compl. at 4. Elsewhere, Mr.
Denton seeks an additional “sum of money” amounting to $9,900, “costs of litigation and
reasonable attorneys[’] fees,” First Am. Compl. at 16, and “damages of $9,500,” First Am.
Compl. at 5.




Medical Exam, ECF No. 13; Pl.’s Mot. to Appoint a Neutral Expert Witness, ECF No. 12; Pl.’s
Mot. for the Court to Suspend Rule 5.5(d)(2), ECF No. 15. Additionally, the government has
moved to stay its deadlines to respond to Mr. Denton’s filings. See Mot. to Stay the
Government’s Deadlines, ECF No. 14.

        Mr. Denton’s motions for leave to file the first and second amended complaints are
GRANTED. They elaborate on the factual bases of his claim. They are nonetheless unavailing
to cure the jurisdictional defects in the original complaint. The other pending motions are
DENIED as moot.


                                                 2
                                STANDARDS FOR DECISION

                            A. Motion to Proceed in Forma Pauperis

        Designed “to discourage frivolous and abusive prison lawsuits,” Schagene v. United
States, 37 Fed. Cl. 661, 661 (1997) (quotation and citation omitted), the Prison Litigation Reform
Act of 1996 restricts incarcerated persons with a history of filing frivolous lawsuits from
proceeding in forma pauperis, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). “[C]ommonly referred to as the ‘three
strikes’ provision, [the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996] prohibits an incarcerated person
from proceeding in forma pauperis when that individual has filed three or more actions or
appeals which were dismissed as ‘frivolous, malicious, or failing to state a claim upon which
relief may be granted.’” Cotner v. United States, No. 13-407C, 2013 WL 6139791, at *1 (Fed.
Cl. Nov. 22, 2013) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g)). There is an exception, however, for
“prisoners under ‘imminent danger of serious physical injury.’” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. §
1915(g)). Consequently, to qualify for the exception to the three strikes provision and proceed in
forma pauperis, an incarcerated litigant must allege sufficient facts in their complaint to
demonstrate that they are under imminent danger of serious physical injury. See Meyers v.
United States, No. 19-1457C, 2019 WL 6622839, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Dec. 5, 2019), appeal filed, No.
20-1431(Fed. Cir. Feb. 5, 2020).

                     B. Rule 12(b)(1) – Lack of Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

        The Tucker Act provides this court with jurisdiction over “any claim against the United
States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an
executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for
liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). To
invoke this court’s Tucker Act jurisdiction, “a plaintiff must identify a separate source of
substantive law that creates the right to money damages.” Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d
1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc in relevant part) (citing United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S.
206, 216 (1983); United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976)). If a plaintiff fails to do so,
this court “should [dismiss] for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.” Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc.
v. Federal Aviation Admin., 525 F.3d 1299, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting Greenlee Cty. v.
United States, 487 F.3d 871, 876 (Fed. Cir. 2007)).

       Mr. Denton, as plaintiff, must establish jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.
Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (citing Reynolds
v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988)). 2 “Subject matter

       2
         A court may “grant the pro se litigant leeway on procedural matters, such as pleading
requirements.” McZeal v. Sprint Nextel Corp., 501 F.3d 1354, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (citing
Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 9 (1980) (“An unrepresented litigant should not be punished for his
failure to recognize subtle factual or legal deficiencies in his claims.”)). But this leniency cannot
extend to lessening jurisdictional requirements. See Kelley v. Secretary, United States Dep’t of
Labor, 812 F.2d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (“[A] court may not . . . take a liberal view of . . .
jurisdictional requirement[s] and set a different rule for pro se litigants only.”).



                                                  3
jurisdiction is an inquiry that this court must raise sua sponte.” Metabolite Labs., Inc. v.
Laboratory Corp. of Am. Holdings, 370 F.3d 1354, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (emphasis added). “If
a court lacks jurisdiction to decide the merits of a case, dismissal is required as a matter of law.”
Gray v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 95, 98 (2005) (citing Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.)
506, 514 (1868); Thoen v. United States, 765 F.2d 1110, 1116 (Fed. Cir. 1985)); see also Rule
12(h)(3) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”) (“If the court determines at any
time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.”).

                                            ANALYSIS

         Mr. Denton is no stranger to federal courts: he has filed at least five prior actions or
appeals from decisions in those actions. 3 Repeatedly and more than three times, federal courts
have dismissed his filings for failure to state a claim. He is therefore subject to the three-strikes
provision. Accordingly, he may not proceed in forma pauperis in this matter unless he
demonstrates that he “is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. §
1915(g). Mr. Denton fails this burden because his danger is not imminent. “‘Imminent’ dangers
are those dangers which are about to occur at any moment or are impending.” Abdul-Akbar v.
McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 315 (3d Cir. 2001) (en banc) (emphasis added). The exception requires
that the danger be imminent because permitting an otherwise disqualified prisoner to simply
allege a potential threat of physical injury occurring at any time would allow “the imminent
danger exception [to] swallow[] the rule.” Id. Here, Mr. Denton’s medical condition has been
evident for months and is the result of complications from events that occurred some time ago.
While his suffering elicits the court’s sympathy, it is not the kind of imminent physical injury
that is about to occur at any moment, such as that contemplated by the exception in Section
1915(g).

        In any event, Mr. Denton’s claim must be dismissed because it fails to establish this
court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. Mr. Denton incorrectly asserts that “[t]his [c]ourt has
jurisdiction over violation of prisoners[’] constitutional rights resulting in serious bodily injury
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [§§] 1491-1509.” Compl. at 1. Elsewhere he seeks to root jurisdiction in
28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(a)(2), 1491. See First Am. Compl. at 5; Sec. Am. Compl. at 3. He proffers
no other jurisdictional predicate for his claim. Mr. Denton’s complaint does not allege the
existence of a contract between him and any agency of the federal government, nor does it
identify money-mandating statutes or constitutional provisions. The claims he alleges are

       3
         See Denton v. Stokes, 620 Fed. Appx. 712, 713 (11th Cir. 2015) (affirming “sua sponte
dismiss[al] . . . for fail[ure] to state a claim”); Denton v. Vanderford, No. 12-4188, 2019 WL
1930323, at *6 (N.D. Ala. May 1, 2019) (“[A]ll claims against all defendants are due to be
dismissed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b) for failing to state a claim upon which relief may be
granted.”); Denton v. Colbert Cty. Sheriff’s Office, No. 12-4059, 2015 WL 1334017, at *1 (N.D.
Ala. March 24, 2015) (“[T]he complaint is due to be dismissed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1915A(b)(1) for failing to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.”); Denton v. Stokes,
No. 12-4145, 2014 WL 1388389, at *2 (N.D. Ala. April 9, 2014) (“[T]he dismissal of this action
is a dismissal countable for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).”); Denton v. Warden of USP-
McCreary, No. 12-231, 2013 WL 2406153, at *3 (E.D. Ky. May 31, 2013) (“Denton’s right-of-
access claims . . . fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”).

                                                  4
exclusively matters of tort law—over which this court has no jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. §
1491(a)(1); Shearin v. United States, 992 F.2d 1195, 1197 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“It is well settled
that the United States Court of Federal Claims lacks . . . jurisdiction to entertain tort claims.”).
Therefore, “dismissal is required as a matter of law.” Gray, 69 Fed. Cl. at 98 (citations omitted).

                                         CONCLUSION

        Although Mr. Denton’s motions for leave to file amended complaints are GRANTED, for
the reasons stated, Mr. Denton’s motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis is DENIED.
Furthermore, because he has failed to establish this court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, Mr.
Denton’s complaint is DISMISSED, and the pending motions that remain are DENIED as moot.
The clerk shall enter judgment in accord with this disposition.

       No costs.

       It is so ORDERED.




                                                      Charles F. Lettow
                                                      Senior Judge




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