              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA16-819

                              Filed: 19 December 2017

Mecklenburg County, No. 15-CVS-9913

MID-AMERICA APARTMENTS, L.P., Plaintiff,

             v.

THE BLOCK AT CHURCH STREET OWNERS ASS’N, INC., Defendant.


      Appeal by Defendant from summary judgment entered 15 April 2016 by Judge

Mark E. Klass in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

11 January 2017.


      McAngus, Goudelock & Courie, PLLC, by Colin E. Scott and Jeffrey B.
      Kuykendal, for Defendant-Appellant.

      Womble Bond Dickinson (US) LLP, by Mark P. Henriques and Jackson R.
      Price, for Plaintiff-Appellee.


      INMAN, Judge.


      This appeal concerns a private street subject to an express easement and later

declared a fire lane by municipal authorities. We hold that the municipal law does

not render the easement void as an illegal contract or contrary to public policy, even

if the exercise of some easement rights may result in a parking fine.

      Defendant The Block at Church Street Owners Association, Inc., (“The Block”)

appeals from entry of summary judgment permanently enjoining it from interfering

with the rights of Plaintiff Mid-America Apartments, L.P., (“Mid-America”) under an
    MID-AM. APARTMENTS, L.P. V. THE BLOCK AT CHURCH ST. OWNERS ASS’N, INC.

                                   Opinion of the Court



express easement. The Block argues that: (1) the easement is a void illegal contract

that the trial court cannot enforce by injunction; and (2) if the easement is valid, the

permanent injunction impermissibly expands Mid-America’s rights thereunder.

After careful review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                       I. Factual and Procedural History

      The Block is a homeowner’s association comprised of townhome (the

“Townhomes”) owners in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Townhomes governed by

The Block are bordered by South Church Street, Lincoln Street, Winnifred Street,

and West Bland Street. Opposite Lincoln Street from the Townhomes is a mixed-use

retail and residential development currently owned by Mid-America (“1225 South

Church”). The parties’ respective interests and issues disputed in this appeal are

depicted by the following simplified graphic:




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      Before The Block came to own Lincoln Street, it was owned by The Boulevard

at Church and Bland LLC, while 1225 South Church was owned by The Boulevard at

1225 South Church LLC (collectively, the “Boulevard Entities”). During the

development of 1225 South Church, the Boulevard Entities and The Block entered

into an “Access, Storm Water and Sanitary Sewer Easement Agreement” (the

“Easement”), which established “a non-exclusive, perpetual easement . . . over, upon

and across Lincoln Street, for the purposes of providing pedestrian and vehicular

access [and] ingress and egress” in favor of 1225 South Church’s owner. Three

months later, The Block and the Boulevard Entities amended the Easement’s Lincoln

Street access provisions to add the following language:

             The purpose of this Access Easement shall include, and
             this Access Easement shall allow for, service and delivery
             vehicles to be parked on Lincoln Street for such periods of
             time as are reasonably necessary (i) to provide customary
             services, including waste removal service, or (ii) to make
             deliveries, including moving services for any apartments,
             all for the benefit of the . . . [1225 South Church] Parcel.

After amending the Easement, the Boulevard Entities permitted The Block to add

striped parking spaces for its members on Lincoln Street adjacent to 1225 South

Church, but left open a portion of the street as a loading area for tenants of 1225

South Church.

      By 2015, The Block had come to own Lincoln Street, Mid-America owned 1225

South Church, and the Boulevard Entities no longer had any interest in the



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properties. Thus, Mid-America was the beneficiary of the Easement and its access

rights, encumbering The Block’s property interest in Lincoln Street.

      In May of 2015, the president of The Block, Paul Podgorski (“Mr. Podgorski”),

contacted Mid-America regarding leaky dumpsters and debris on Lincoln Street and

speeding by motorists, which Mr. Podgorski attributed to Mid-America’s tenants. Mr.

Podgorski suggested renegotiating the Easement to avoid The Block temporarily

prohibiting Mid-America’s access to Lincoln Street. Mid-America replied, promising

to remedy the leaky dumpster and debris problems but refusing to renegotiate the

Easement and instead asserting that any limit to Mid-America’s access to Lincoln

Street would violate the Easement.

      Mr. Podgorski then asserted that The Block possessed the right to temporarily

shut down Lincoln Street under the Easement and announced that The Block would

be restriping existing parking spaces and would add additional striped spaces in the

loading zone used by Mid-America’s tenants. Mr. Podgorski also stated that The

Block would be barring access to Lincoln Street for Mid-America’s tenants for a

business day and halting all ingress and egress from one of 1225 South Church’s

parking decks to perform the striping. He also threatened to file a materialman’s lien

on 1225 South Church in the event that Mid-America refused to cover fifty percent of

the striping costs as “necessary repairs or maintenance” under the Easement.




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      In response, Mid-America offered to provide The Block with assistance in

securing favorable pricing for restriping the existing spaces and informed Mr.

Podgorski that additional dumpster repairs and debris cleanup was underway.

However, it also notified Mr. Podgorski that it would secure an injunction against

The Block to protect its rights under the Easement in the event The Block removed

Mid-America’s loading zone and barred Mid-America’s access to Lincoln Street for

striping.

      Undeterred by a potential injunction, Mr. Podgorski responded once more,

informing Mid-America that the striping would be limited to removing Mid-America’s

loading zone and insisting that the entire street and parking deck used by Mid-

America’s tenants would be closed for painting. Two business days later, on 26 May

2015, Mid-America filed suit seeking a temporary restraining order, preliminary

injunction, permanent injunctive relief, and monetary damages against The Block.

      The trial court entered a restraining order (the “Restraining Order”)

prohibiting The Block from striping the loading zone, restricting access to the parking

deck or the portion of Lincoln Street subject to the Easement, threatening such

restrictions, and interfering with Mid-America’s use of the Easement. Mid-America

then amended its complaint to pursue only permanent injunctive relief.

      On 31 August 2015, The Block submitted an affidavit from a Charlotte deputy

fire marshal to the trial court stating that Lincoln Street was a fire apparatus access



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road and that neither The Block nor Mid-America, including tenants of 1225 South

Church and The Block’s members, could use Lincoln Street as parking or a loading

zone without violation of the North Carolina Fire Code (the “Fire Code”).

         On 9 September 2015, the trial court entered a preliminary injunction (the

“Preliminary Injunction”).    The Preliminary Injunction included the restrictions

imposed by the earlier Restraining Order and further provided that “[i]f [The Block]

is ordered by the Charlotte Fire Department to remove the loading zone from Lincoln

Street, then it may seek modification of this injunction from the Court.” That same

day, the deputy fire marshal ordered The Block to remove any marked parking on the

street and the loading zone and informed the parties that “enforcement of illegal

parking will be handled by [the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department] and [the

Charlotte Fire Department].” Mid-America amended its amended complaint on 30

November 2015 to include reference to the fire marshal’s order, and The Block

thereafter filed an answer to the amended complaint asserting, inter alia, that the

Easement was void for illegality. On 8 January 2016, the trial court modified the

Preliminary Injunction to permit The Block’s compliance with the fire marshal’s

order.

         Entry of both the Restraining Order and the Preliminary Injunction

notwithstanding, Mr. Podgorski continued to interfere with Mid-America’s rights

under the Easement. On 11 December 2015, Mr. Podgorski had an altercation with a



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Mid-America company police officer over the placement of dumpsters on Lincoln

Street. Mr. Podgorski pushed the officer and moved the dumpsters; when the officer

attempted to stop him, Mr. Podgorski brandished a pistol and told the officer he

“better back off.” Two days later, a moving truck for a residential tenant of 1225

South Church was towed by a towing service called by Mr. Podgorski after he saw the

truck parked on Lincoln Street. Following a motion to show cause, the trial court

held The Block in contempt of the Preliminary Injunction for towing the moving

truck.

         Mid-America filed a motion for summary judgment on 17 February 2016,

seeking final resolution of its sole claim for entry of a permanent injunction. The trial

court entered summary judgment for Mid-America and imposed a permanent

injunction against The Block on 15 April 2016 (the “Permanent Injunction”). Under

the operative language of the injunction:

              [The Block] is permanently enjoined from interfering with
              [Mid-America’s] use and enjoyment of the Easement in any
              way, including but not limited to:

              (1) Pushing [Mid-America’s] dumpsters away from the
              curb on Lincoln Street;

              (2) Blocking or otherwise preventing garbage trucks from
              accessing [Mid-America’s] dumpsters;

              (3) Harassing delivery trucks and vehicles parked on
              Lincoln Street, or [Mid-America’s] residents;

              (4) Preventing delivery trucks and vehicles from being

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               parked on Lincoln Street;

               (5) Calling towing companies to tow trucks and vehicles
               parked on Lincoln Street pursuant to the terms of the
               Easement . . . ; and

               (6) Using Lincoln Street as parking for residents of the
               Townhomes in a way that interferes with [Mid-America’s]
               use and enjoyment of the Easement, unless expressly
               authorized by [Mid-America] in writing.

The order also provides, however, that “[nothing] in this Order [shall] be construed

to prevent enforcement of the North Carolina Fire Code.” The Block timely filed its

notice of appeal.1

                                          II. Analysis

       The Block argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment and

entering the Permanent Injunction on two grounds: (1) because parking on Lincoln

Street would be in violation of the North Carolina Fire Code, the Easement is void;

and (2) alternatively, the Permanent Injunction impermissibly expands the rights

granted to Mid-America under the Easement. We address each in turn.

A. Standard of Review

       The parties disagree about the appropriate standard of review. The Block

contends that de novo review is properly applied to resolve both of its arguments.


       1   The Permanent Injunction did not deter The Block from further attempts to restrict Mid-
America’s use of Lincoln Street. On 2 June 2016, Mid-America filed a motion for additional injunctive
relief after The Block announced plans to completely shut down Lincoln Street for a full business day
in order to restripe Lincoln Street as a fire lane without any input or effort to accommodate Mid-
America. The trial court granted Mid-America’s motion. That order is not before us in this appeal.

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Mid-America concedes that de novo review governs resolution of whether the

Easement is void as a matter of law, but argues that the abuse of discretion standard

applies to our review of the permanent injunction.

      The parties are correct that we apply de novo review to orders granting

summary judgment as to contracts claimed void for illegality. Botts v. Tibbens, 232

N.C. App. 537, 539, 754 S.E.2d 708, 710 (2014). As to the review of error in the trial

court’s fashioning of its injunctive relief, we hold that the abuse of discretion standard

applies. In Federal Point Yacht Club Ass’n, Inc. v. Moore, 233 N.C. App. 298, 758

S.E.2d 1 (2014), this Court applied the abuse of discretion standard on review of a

summary judgment order imposing a permanent injunction to enforce a restrictive

covenant. 233 N.C. App. at 309-10, 758 S.E.2d at 8. In doing so, we expressly rejected

the contention that the order was subject to de novo review. Id. at 312, 758 S.E.2d at

9-10. Because a restrictive covenant is “a negative easement[,]” Craven Cnty. v. First-

Citizens Bank & Trust Co., Inc., 237 N.C. 502, 513, 75 S.E.2d 620, 628 (1953), we

employ the same standard to review the summary judgment order and permanent

injunction appealed here. See also Buie v. High Point Assocs. Ltd. P’ship, 119 N.C.

App. 155, 161, 458 S.E.2d 212, 216 (1995) (“Whether injunctive relief will be granted

to restrain the violation of such [negative easements] is a matter within the sound

discretion of the trial court . . . and the appellate court will not interfere unless such

discretion is manifestly abused.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).



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      We reject The Block’s argument that the permanent injunction is subject to de

novo review because it requires interpretation of the Easement.           Mid-America’s

second amended complaint sought either injunctive relief or, in the alternative, a

declaration of Mid-America’s rights under the Easement pursuant to the Uniform

Declaratory Judgment Act. But the trial court granted only equitable relief and did

not enter a declaratory judgment. So the only issue before us is whether the trial

court abused its discretion in granting that relief. See, e.g., Kinlaw v. Harris, 364 N.C.

528, 533, 702 S.E.2d 294, 297 (2010) (“Because the fashioning of equitable remedies

is a discretionary matter for the trial court, we review such actions under an abuse

of discretion standard.”).

B. The Easement Is Neither Void for Illegality Nor Contrary to Public Policy

      The Block first argues that the decisions in Marriott Financial Services, Inc. v.

Capitol Funds, Inc., 288 N.C. 122, 217 S.E.2d 551 (1975), and Carolina Water Service

of North Carolina, Inc. v. Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 145 N.C. App. 686, 551 S.E.2d

558 (2001), necessitate a holding that the Easement is void as a matter of law for

illegality in light of the fact that the parking and loading rights granted under the

Easement cannot be exercised without facing a $100 fine for illegal parking in

violation of the Fire Code. A close reading of these decisions and other decisions

interpreting them does not support this argument.




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       In Marriott Financial, the plaintiffs sought to rescind a sale of land from the

defendants, contending that the sale violated a city ordinance and its enabling

statute. 288 N.C. at 126-27, 217 S.E.2d at 555. The ordinance and statute in question

were penal in nature; the seller in a non-compliant sale would be guilty of a

misdemeanor. Id. at 128, 217 S.E.2d at 555. On appeal, this Court determined that

the sale was not subject to rescission for illegality, and the North Carolina Supreme

Court affirmed the holding in a lengthy analysis of the issue. Id. at 127, 217 S.E.2d

at 555. Recognizing that “[t]he general rule is that an agreement which violates a

constitutional statute or municipal ordinance is illegal and void[,]” the Supreme

Court went on to note that “there is also ample authority that the statutory

imposition of a penalty, without more, will not invariably avoid a contract which

contravenes a statute or ordinance when the agreement or contract is not immoral or

criminal in itself.” Id. at 128, 217 S.E.2d at 555-56. Reviewing “a remarkable

divergence in results in cases presenting the question of illegality of contracts because

of violation of statutory provisions[,]” id. at 128, 217 S.E.2d at 556, the Supreme Court

ultimately “ascertain[ed] the intent of the legislative bodies” and held that, because

the legislature identified the criminal conduct, the person culpable for such conduct,

the penalty imposed therefor, and the means of enforcement, “the Legislature has

dealt with the subject completely and did not intend, in addition thereto, that the

drastic consequences of invalidity should be visited upon the victim of the offender by



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mere implication.” Id. at 134-35, 217 S.E.2d at 559-60 (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted).

      In Hazard v. Hazard, 46 N.C. App. 280, 264 S.E.2d 908 (1980), this Court

interpreted Marriott Financial in the context of a consent judgment entered in a

divorce action. 46 N.C. App. at 283, 264 S.E.2d at 910. There, the ex-husband agreed

to transfer his interest in certain life insurance policies to his ex-wife, as well as to

name her a beneficiary of certain federal benefit plans. Id. at 281-82, 264 S.E.2d at

909. However, federal regulations at the time prohibited such acts. Id. at 282, 264

S.E.2d at 909. In holding that the consent judgment was not void for illegality under

Marriott Financial, this Court wrote that “[t]he contract was not immoral, or criminal

in itself, or contrary to public policy, but merely provided for the assignment or

transfer of a right or benefit which federal law or regulation would not recognize.” Id.

at 283, 264 S.E.2d at 910.

      In this case, the portions of the Fire Code identified by the Charlotte fire

marshal and cited by The Block do not disclose an intent to invalidate or prohibit

easement agreements, or to penalize parties who execute easement agreements.

Rather, the Fire Code makes unlawful the limited act of parking in a fire lane, subject

to a $100 fine levied against the offender. Thus, the Easement is not “criminal in

itself[,]” Marriott Financial, 288 N.C. at 128, 217 S.E.2d at 556, but instead merely




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“provide[s] for the assignment . . . of a right or benefit which [the Fire Code] would

not recognize.” Hazard, 46 N.C. App. at 283, 264 S.E.2d at 910.

      Nor does Carolina Water, the other case cited by The Block, support its

position. There, a private water utility had secured an exclusivity agreement with a

subdivision in an unincorporated part of Carteret County, North Carolina. Carolina

Water, 145 N.C. App. at 687, 551 S.E.2d at 559.           The agreement required the

occupants and landowners within the subdivision to buy all of their water from the

private utility and prohibited other water providers from building water lines to

service the subdivision. Id. at 687, 551 S.E.2d at 558. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores

was incorporated after execution of the exclusivity agreement and the subdivision

conveyed the streets therein to the new municipality. Id. at 688, 551 S.E.2d at 559.

The town then sought to build its own municipal water system to serve the

subdivision. Id. at 688, 551 S.E.2d at 559. The private water utility filed suit to

enjoin such action on the basis that it was prohibited by the exclusivity agreement.

Id. at 688, 551 S.E.2d at 560.

      On appeal to this Court, we observed that “[a]n agreement which cannot be

performed without violation of a statute is illegal and void,” id. at 689, 551 S.E.2d at

560, and held that the exclusivity agreement violated: (1) N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 160A-

311, 312, 314, and 317, which granted municipalities the “absolute” authority to build

their own water utility system; and (2) N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-2.1, which prohibited



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monopolization of any trade or commerce. Carolina Water at 689-90, 551 S.E.2d at

560-61.

        The case before us is easily distinguished from Carolina Water. Nothing in the

Easement prevents the City of Charlotte from declaring Lincoln Street a fire lane or

enforcing the Fire Code’s prohibition on parking in a fire lane by levying fines or other

penalties. Nor does an easement that grants a party parking rights on a private road

violate any statute. Had the Easement contained an exclusivity agreement analogous

to the one in Carolina Water that allowed only Mid-America access to Lincoln Street

and barred the City of Charlotte from declaring it a fire lane or prohibited

enforcement of the Fire Code on the road, or violated a statute by containing such an

exclusivity agreement, then the Easement would be void for illegality; it contains no

such restrictive provisions, however, and does not violate the law. Indeed, The Block

admitted during oral argument of this appeal that if Lincoln Street were widened by

ten feet, parking by Mid-America under the Easement would not violate the Fire

Code.

        We decline to hold that the Fire Code prohibiting parking in fire lanes

invalidates the Easement because it is specific conduct allowed by the Easement,

rather than the granting of rights by the Easement, that violates the law. This is the

distinction between an illegal contract and an impossible contract. See, e.g., Botts,

232 N.C. App. at 540, 754 S.E.2d at 711 (distinguishing, in a breach of contract action,



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the defense of illegality of contract, where a statute renders a contract unlawful, from

the defense of legal impossibility, where “performance is rendered impossible by the

law” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

      Moreover, even if we assume performance of some of the Easement’s

requirements is impossible because of the City of Charlotte’s enforcement of the Fire

Code, that may not always be the case. For example, as a result of changes in

technology or fire prevention practices, the City might at some point determine that

Lincoln Street no longer needs to be designated as a fire lane, or that vehicles may

stop or park on Lincoln Street without violating the Fire Code.

      For this same reason, we also reject The Block’s contention that the Easement

is contrary to public policy. We acknowledge that the Fire Code exists “to preserve

and protect public health and safety,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-138(b1) (2015), but the

granting of an easement allowing access and parking rights itself is not contrary to

public policy when the factual circumstances, and not the provisions of the easement,

would violate the Fire Code. The Easement does not give Mid-America the right to

violate the Fire Code. Nor does the Permanent Injunction grant Mid-America any

positive right to violate the Fire Code, as it contains the express limitation that

nothing “in the Order [shall] be construed to prevent enforcement of the North

Carolina Fire Code.” By contrast, the exclusivity agreement at issue in Carolina

Water directly frustrated the “public policy in favor of municipalities’ rights to



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construct and operate water systems, even when private systems are already in

operation.” 145 N.C. App. at 690, 551 S.E.2d at 561.

      That Mid-America and The Block bargained for and received rights that they

may not enjoy under the present factual circumstances does not violate public policy,

and “the law does not permit inquiry as to whether the contract was good or bad,

whether it was wise or foolish.” Knutton v. Cofield, 273 N.C. 355, 363, 160 S.E.2d 29,

36 (1968) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Hazard, 46 N.C.

App. at 283, 264 S.E.2d at 910 (holding that although a consent judgment in a divorce

action “provided for the assignment or transfer of a right or benefit which federal law

or regulation would not recognize,” it was nonetheless “not . . . contrary to public

policy” (internal citations omitted)).

      Easements themselves are governed by common law principles of property,

Happ v. Creek Pointe Homeowner’s Ass’n, 215 N.C. App. 96, 109, 717 S.E.2d 401, 409

(2011), and the common law constitutes the public policy of the State until supplanted

by statute. See, e.g., White v. Smith, 256 N.C. 218, 219, 123 S.E.2d 628, 630 (1962)

(“[T]he public policy of this state [is] ascertained by a consideration of the common

law and legislative enactments modifying that law.”).         “[W]hen statutes are in

derogation of common law principles, they must be strictly construed. ‘Strict

construction of statutes requires only that their application be limited to their express

terms . . . .’ ” Happ, 215 N.C. App. at 109, 717 S.E.2d at 409 (quoting Turlington v.



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McLeod, 323 N.C. 591, 594, 374 S.E.2d 394, 397 (1988)) (internal citation omitted).

Again, nothing inherent to the Easement violates the Fire Code, and nothing in the

Fire Code’s prohibition against parking in fire lanes serves to supplant the common

law of easements. Applying long established common law principles, we decline to

hold the Easement void as contrary to public policy.

C.   The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Fashioning the Permanent

Injunction

       The Block argues that, in the event the Easement is not void, the trial court’s

entry of the Permanent Injunction impermissibly expands the rights available to Mid-

America under the Easement. We disagree.

       The Block contends that the Permanent Injunction impermissibly expands the

Easement in three ways: (1) it prohibits The Block from parking on Lincoln Street at

all; (2) it prohibits The Block from removing trash receptacles belonging to Mid-

America from Lincoln Street; and (3) it fails to limit Mid-America’s use of the

Easement to a “reasonable time.” These interpretations of the Permanent Injunction

and the Easement are not supported by the documents, and we decline to reverse the

trial court for abuse of discretion.

       The Block relies on an affidavit stating that the Easement and its subsequent

amendment were designed to protect The Block’s ability to park on Lincoln Street.

Consideration of this affidavit would violate the parol evidence rule, which “prohibits



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the admission of parol evidence to vary, add to, or contradict a written instrument,”

Van Harris Realty, Inc. v. Coffey, 41 N.C. App. 112, 115, 254 S.E.2d 184, 186 (1979),

and The Block has offered no substantive argument or legal authority in support of

an exception to this “well-nigh axiomatic” rule. Jefferson Standard Life Ins. Co. v.

Morehead, 209 N.C. 174, 175, 183 S.E. 606, 607 (1936). Nor is there any ambiguity

in the language of the Easement that requires resorting to such extrinsic evidence.

Crider v. The Jones Island Club, Inc., 147 N.C. App. 262, 266-67, 554 S.E.2d 863, 866

(2001).

      The Block contends in its appellate brief that that it cannot exercise its parking

rights without “potentially preventing [Mid-America’s] delivery trucks and vehicles

from also being parked on Lincoln Street[,]” and that the trial court abused its

discretion in “impos[ing] a permanent injunction on [The Block] and its residents

from parking on Lincoln Street, which has no basis in the Easement Agreement.” The

Easement expressly allows for delivery trucks and vehicles to park and service Mid-

America and 1225 South Church on Lincoln Street. If The Block’s members cannot

park without infringing on Mid-America’s rights under the Easement, it should have

considered such a consequence when it agreed to the Easement. Courts will not

intervene on behalf of a party simply because it realizes that a contract was “bad” or

“foolish.” Knutton, 273 N.C. at 363, 160 S.E.2d at 36. Considering that the Permanent

Injunction prohibits “preventing delivery trucks and vehicles from being parked on



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Lincoln Street” because such conduct “interfer[es] with [Mid-America’s] use and

enjoyment of the Easement[,]” we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in enjoining conduct clearly prohibited by the Easement.

      The Block also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in prohibiting

The Block from “removing dumpsters from Lincoln Street, which has no basis in the

Easement Agreement.” The Block cites no legal authority for this argument. The

Easement expressly allows Mid-America to use Lincoln Street “to provide customary

services, including waste removal service,” while the Permanent Injunction makes no

reference to dumpsters in Lincoln Street and simply prohibits The Block from

“[p]ushing [Mid-America’s] dumpsters away from the curb on Lincoln Street[,]” as

such conduct “interfer[es] with [Mid-America’s] use and enjoyment of the

Easement[.]” The Block interprets the Permanent Injunction to allow Mid-America

to leave its dumpsters in the middle of Lincoln Street and prohibit The Block from

moving the dumpsters off its property. Irrespective of the fact that the Permanent

Injunction provides Mid-America with no additional positive rights,         moving a

dumpster in the middle of Lincoln Street back onto the curb along 1225 South Church

would be moving it towards the curb, not away from it. Once on the curb and out of

Lincoln Street, moving a dumpster away from the curb and Lincoln Street such that

a waste removal service is unable to empty it would violate Mid-America’s rights

under the Easement, as it expressly permits Mid-America’s usage of the street to



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                                   Opinion of the Court



provide waste removal services, making accessible trash disposal a “right[] . . .

necessary or incident to the enjoyment of the easement.” Carolina Power & Light Co.

v. Bowman, 229 N.C. 682, 687-88, 51 S.E.2d 191, 195 (1949) (internal citation

omitted). Logically, so too would pushing a dumpster into the middle of Lincoln

Street, as such actions would block the usage of the street and impede Mid-America’s

access rights.

      The Block concedes that “if the [Permanent Injunction] were limited to

enjoining [The Block] from interfering with [Mid-America’s] use and enjoyment of the

Easement Agreement, the only issue would be whether the Easement Agreement is

valid[;]” because the Permanent Injunction does only that, the trial court did not

abuse its discretion.

      The Block’s final alternative argument posits that “it is an abuse of discretion

for the trial court to impose a permanent injunction without the qualifying time

language expressly included in the Easement Agreement,” and that such an omission

“fails to provide any recourse to [The Block] if the use of the street expands beyond [a

‘reasonable time.’]” Again, The Block fails to cite to any legal authority for this

proposition. Rule 65 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure provides: “Every

order granting an injunction . . . shall be specific in terms [and] shall describe in

reasonable detail, and not by reference to the complaint or other document, the act or

acts enjoined or restrained[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 65(d) (2015). The Block



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                                   Opinion of the Court



does not cite Rule 65 in its argument, nor does it contend that it is unable to discern

the scope of or acts enjoined by the Permanent Injunction.

      Nothing in the Permanent Injunction serves to modify the rights provided to

Mid-America under the Easement such that it now has a positive right to use Lincoln

Street without regard for the limitations imposed thereunder. Nor do the Permanent

Injunction’s prohibitions against “[h]arassing delivery trucks and vehicles parked on

Lincoln Street, or [Mid-America’s] residents; . . . [p]reventing delivery trucks and

vehicles from being parked on Lincoln Street; . . . [or c]alling towing companies to tow

trucks and vehicles parked on Lincoln Street” as “interfer[ences] with [Mid-

America’s] use and enjoyment of the Easement” constitute an impermissible

restriction of The Block’s rights, as it was never permitted to engage in such acts

inconsistent with the rights granted to Mid-America once the Easement was

executed. Coastal Plains Utils., Inc. v. New Hanover Cnty., 166 N.C. App. 333, 341,

601 S.E.2d 915, 921 (2004).

      Finally, The Block argues that filing a lawsuit or a complaint with the proper

authorities could be construed as “harassment” or attempts at “prevention” of Mid-

America’s exercise of rights that are precluded by the Permanent Injunction. This

argument is at best unripe. The Permanent Injunction is in no way a gatekeeping

order that imposes limitations on The Block’s ability to file a lawsuit, see, e.g., Fatta

v. M & M Props. Mgmt., Inc., 224 N.C. App. 18, 30, 735 S.E.2d 836, 844 (2012)



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                                   Opinion of the Court



(reviewing an appeal of a gatekeeping order entered pursuant to Rule 11 of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure), and the injunction in question does not prohibit

notifying the authorities for a legitimate, non-harassing purpose. See, e.g., Lee v.

O’Brien, No. COA01-1231, 151 N.C. App. 748, 567 S.E.2d 468, 2002 WL 1792200, at

*4 (N.C. Ct. App. 6 Aug. 2002) (unpublished) (“Plaintiff retains the ability to call the

police with legitimate complaints which are not for harassing purposes.”). The Block

has already been informed by the deputy fire marshal that police and fire department

officials—not The Block—will enforce the parking law, and the Permanent Injunction

does not prohibit The Block from reporting unlawful conduct to those departments.

Rather, it expressly provides that nothing “in this Order [shall] be construed to

prevent enforcement of the North Carolina Fire Code.” Nor does the Permanent

Injunction expand the acts already prohibited under the Easement itself, as it merely

bars The Block “from interfering with [Mid-America’s] use and enjoyment of the

Easement in any way,” which includes “[h]arassing delivery trucks and vehicles

parked on Lincoln Street, or [Mid-America’s] residents[,]” and “[p]reventing delivery

trucks and vehicles from being parked on Lincoln Street[.]” By law, the Easement

already prohibited such interference. See, e.g., Carolina Central Gas Co. v. Hyder,

241 N.C. 639, 642, 86 S.E.2d 458, 460 (1955) (noting that a landowner may not

“materially impair or unreasonably interfere with the exercise of the rights granted

in the easement” (citations omitted)). Whether any future conduct by The Block



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                                   Opinion of the Court



constitutes a violation of the Permanent Injunction would depend on the facts and

circumstances then presented, and any improper determination of contempt or other

penalty by the trial court at that stage would be subject to appellate review at that

time. See, e.g., Selective Ins. Co. v. Mid-Carolina Insulation Co., Inc., 126 N.C. App.

217, 219, 484 S.E.2d 443, 445 (1997) (“Only a ‘party aggrieved’ has a right to appeal.

A ‘party aggrieved’ is one whose legal rights have been denied or directly and

injuriously affected by the trial court.” (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-271 (1996)

(citations omitted)).

      While The Block would be an “aggrieved party” if the Permanent Injunction

entered against it was insufficiently clear to satisfy Rule 65 of the North Carolina

Rules of Civil Procedure, The Block has not made that argument, and we decline to

engage in such an analysis. See, e.g., Abbott v. N.C. Bd. of Nursing, 177 N.C. App.

45, 48, 627 S.E.2d 482, 484 (2006) (noting that where a party has not argued an issue,

“[i]t is not the role of the appellate courts . . . to create an appeal for an appellant”

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). This argument is overruled.

                                   III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the Easement is not void for illegality

or as contrary to public policy. We further hold that, because a trial court enjoys

“broad discretion to fashion equitable remedies[,]” Kinlaw v. Harris, 364 N.C. 528,




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                                 Opinion of the Court



532, 702 S.E.2d 294, 297 (2010), and The Block has failed to present any law or

argument demonstrating an abuse of that discretion, we must affirm the trial court.

      AFFIRMED

      Judges CALABRIA and DIETZ concur.




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