                                                               PUBLISH

          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                 FILED
                                                     U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                    ________________________           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                           APR 20 2000
                                                        THOMAS K. KAHN
                           No. 98-5189                       CLERK
                    ________________________

                D. C. Docket No. 88-06602-CV-NCR

ANGELO PERRINO,
STEPHEN PLACIDO,
EDNA SHEPARD,
ARTHUR WILSON,

                                                  Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                               versus


SOUTHERN BELL TELEPHONE
& TELEGRAPH CO.,

                                                  Defendant-Appellee,


                    ________________________

             Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Southern District of Florida
                   _________________________

                          (April 20, 2000)
Before BIRCH and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and MILLS*, Senior District Judge.

MARCUS, Circuit Judge.

       This appeal concerns whether plaintiffs who bring a federal suit based on

claims arising under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

(“ERISA”) are required to exhaust available administrative remedies when their

employer fails to comply with all of ERISA’s procedural requirements for

establishing a reasonable claims procedure, 29 U.S.C. § 1133; 29 C.F.R. §

2560.503-1. In this case, the district court granted summary judgment to BellSouth

Telecommunications, Inc. on the ERISA claims of four plaintiffs, Angelo Perrino,

Stephen Placido, Edna Shepard, and Arthur Wilson, who failed to exhaust a

grievance and arbitration procedure contained in the company’s collective

bargaining agreement. The plaintiffs had sought a termination pay allowance

based on a provision of the agreement--a provision which constituted, as BellSouth

concedes, an ERISA welfare benefits plan. We conclude that because the

grievance and arbitration procedure afforded the plaintiffs access to an

administrative scheme from which they could have received an adequate legal

remedy for their ERISA claims, plaintiffs were required to exhaust this scheme



   *
      Honorable Richard Mills, Senior U.S. District Court Judge for the Central District of Illinois,
sitting by designation.

                                                 2
prior to filing suit in federal court. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the

district court.



                                             I.

          The facts of this case are straightforward. Angelo Perrino, Stephen Placido,

Edna Shepard, and Arthur Wilson (“Appellants”) are four former employees of

BellSouth Communications Inc. (“Appellee”) who became disabled during the

course of their employment with BellSouth in the 1980's.1 At the time, BellSouth

maintained a Sickness and Accident Disability Benefit Plan (the “STD” plan)

which provided short-term disability benefits to employees for up to one year.

After a year, BellSouth would remove a disabled employee from the company

payroll and the ex-employee then would become eligible for long-term, disability-

related pension benefits. In this case, all of the named Appellants received both

short-term and long-term, disability-related pension benefits from BellSouth.2

          At the time of Appellants’ employment, BellSouth did not maintain a formal

ERISA plan. Instead, the terms and conditions of Appellants’ employment were

     1
      During the period of Appellants’ employment, BellSouth was known as Southern Bell
Telephone and Telegraph.
      2
        At the time of summary judgment, Angelo Perrino and Edna Shepard still were receiving
these long-term benefits. Stephen Placido and Arthur Wilson received these same benefits until the
time of their deaths.

                                                  3
governed solely by the collective bargaining agreement (“Agreement”) between

Bell South and their union, Communication Workers of America (“Union”).

Article 8.07A2 of the Agreement contains a termination pay provision, the subject

of this litigation. The provision allows certain classes of employees, for example,

laid-off workers, to receive a termination pay allowance separate and apart from

the short-term and long-term disability benefits received by Appellants. The

provision reads in part:

               8.07 Employment Termination Allowance
               A. Basis of Payment. A termination allowance shall be
               paid to a regular or temporary employee whose service is
               terminated under any of the conditions outlined below;
               moreover, service pension eligibility will not be a factor
               in determining whether an employee is eligible for a
               termination allowance, except as described in 8.06A2.

               ...

               2. As an inducement proposed, or agreed to, by the
               Company to an employee to resign because of inability or
               unadaptability to perform properly the duties of the job as
               distinguished from misconduct.

For purposes of this litigation, BellSouth concedes that these termination pay

provisions constitute an employee welfare benefit plan under ERISA.3

     3
      BellSouth also admitted before the district court that there were no formal ERISA plan
documents aside from the Agreement, for the relevant time period, and that, during this period, the
company did not strictly comply with ERISA provisions codified at 29 U.S.C. § 1133 or at 29 C.F.R.
§ 2560.503-1. Bell South subsequently promulgated a summary plan description on August 9, 1992,
which outlined all of the statutorily-required, ERISA-plan features including an ERISA claims

                                                4
       The Agreement also specifies a grievance and arbitration procedure for

resolving any disputes as to “the true intent and meaning” of the Agreement or

disputes “adversely affect[ing] the rights of any employee” such as a dispute over

the eligibility of disabled ex-employees to receive termination pay allowances.4


procedure.
   4
    Article 21.01 of the Agreement describes the grievance procedure in great detail. It reads:

              21.01 Grievance Levels.

              The parties agree that in the handling and adjustment of grievances by the Union
              the following procedures shall be followed.
              A. An employee or group of employees shall have the right to present and adjust
              with the management any grievances as provided in Section 9(a) of
              the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, provided, however,
              that no adjustment shall be made with the employee or group of
              employees involved which is inconsistent with the terms of any
              collective bargaining agreement between the parties then in effect,
              and provided further that the Union has been given an opportunity to
              be present at such an adjustment.

              B. After an employee or employees have presented a grievance to the
              Union for settlement and a Union representative has informed the
              Company that the Union represents the employee, or employees, the
              Company will not discuss or adjust such grievance, with said
              employee, or employees, unless the aggrieved employee, or
              employees, initiate a request that the Company discuss and adjust
              such grievance directly with him, or them, but in no event shall an
              adjustment be made unless a Union representative is afforded an
              opportunity to be present at such an adjustment.

              C. All grievances, other than discipline related grievances and those
              involving the true intent and meaning of this agreement between the
              parties or adversely affecting the rights of other employees, shall be
              handled under the procedure set forth
              below. . . .

(emphasis added). Article 21.01 then proceeds to describe the available four-level grievance

                                                5
Previously, BellSouth has been involved in several grievance proceedings with ex-

employees who sought termination allowance pay, including two cases which

proceeded to arbitration. According to the terms of the Agreement, a person has

sixty days, from the last occurrence on which the grievance is based, to present a

grievance for review.

       On August 5, 1988, Appellants filed a class action suit against BellSouth

under § 301 of the Labor-Management Relations Act (“LMRA”), 29 U.S.C. § 185,

and § 502 of the Employment Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29

U.S.C. § 1132. Appellants alleged that they were entitled to termination pay

pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement in effect during the tenure of their

employment with BellSouth and sought injunctive, declaratory, and compensatory

relief. Appellants also sought a judgment that the termination pay provisions of

the Agreement constituted an employee welfare benefit plan under ERISA and that

they were entitled to benefits thereunder. Appellants asserted, based largely on a

BellSouth memorandum from Assistant BellSouth VP Joe Walling, that disabled




procedure in intricate detail. Grievances which cannot be resolved through the provisions outlined
in Article 21.01 may be arbitrated by an independent arbitrator at the request of either the Union or
BellSouth. This arbitration procedure is outlined in detail in Article 23 of the Agreement.

                                                 6
workers, at the time of Appellants’ disability-related terminations, were eligible for

the termination pay allowances in addition to disability-related pension benefits.5

        On April 14, 1989, Appellants amended their complaint to assert an

additional theory of recovery, claiming that BellSouth had changed its

interpretation of the termination pay provisions after Appellants had filed this suit

for termination allowance benefits. Specifically, Appellants contended that

BellSouth secretly tried to rescind Walling’s interpretive memorandum after they

had filed suit, an act which constituted a breach of BellSouth’s fiduciary

obligations under ERISA. Appellants then sought a permanent injunction

requiring BellSouth to administer the plan in accordance with its prior

interpretation of the termination pay provisions.




    5
     Appellants argue that the December 16, 1986 memo from Walling explains that disabled
workers may receive both the termination allowance and pension benefits. The memo states in part:
              This [Article 8.07A] language was clearly intended to mean that we
              would pay an employee termination allowance if eligible under
              Article 8.07A, whether or not that employee might receive a pension
              in addition to the termination allowance. One example of when this
              might occur would be in the case of an employee who is unable to
              return to work after exhausting 52 weeks of benefits. Such an
              employee if still disabled after 52 weeks would be dropped from the
              payroll and if pension eligible, would receive a pension in addition
              to termination allowance under Article 8.07A4.




                                               7
      On June 30, 1992, BellSouth filed a motion for summary judgment. It

argued that the Agreement never has allowed disabled workers to receive

termination pay allowances. Moreover, BellSouth contended that Appellants’

claims were barred in federal court by their failure to exhaust available

administrative remedies prior to filing suit. Specifically, BellSouth argued that

Appellants had not filed grievances pursuant to the Agreement under which they

were seeking termination pay. On July 9, 1998, the district court entered summary

judgment in favor of BellSouth on this basis.

      Prior to filing suit, only one of the Appellants, Angelo Perrino, actually

requested a termination pay allowance from BellSouth. Perrino’s request was made

on January 29, 1988, four years after he was terminated by BellSouth, and was

denied on March 7, 1988. In its letter denying Perrino the termination pay

allowance, BellSouth informed Perrino that the Agreement did not authorize

termination allowance payments to ex-employees with long-term disabilities, but

that if he had made a timely request for a termination pay allowance, Perrino would

have been able to invoke the Agreement’s grievance and arbitration procedure to

challenge the denial of the pay allowance.

      Before the district court, Appellants claimed that because the Agreement did

not adhere to all of the procedural requirements of ERISA, they need not have


                                          8
resorted to the Agreement’s administrative process for handling employment-

related grievances. Appellants also argued that the grievance and arbitration

procedure specified in the Agreement only applied to disputes or controversies

between the Union and the Company, and that arbitration only can occur upon

written request of either the Union or BellSouth. In response, BellSouth observed

that the plain language of Article 21.01 of the Agreement grants an “employee” or

“group of employees” the right to file “any” grievance, including grievances over

the denial of termination pay allowances, with or without Union involvement, and

that BellSouth has been involved in several such grievance and arbitration

procedures with ex-employees over denials of termination pay allowances.

      In granting BellSouth summary judgment on Appellants’ claims, the district

court concluded that Appellants had failed to exhaust available administrative

remedies in the form of the Agreement’s grievance and arbitration procedure. The

district court made several pertinent factual findings in connection to its ruling.

First, the district court determined that despite its technical noncompliance with

ERISA regulations, “the Agreement sets forth with sufficient clarity the provisions

for termination pay and the grievance procedures to be followed,” and that despite

this clarity, Appellants failed to file grievances for termination pay allowances.

Second, the district court found that Appellants’ failure to exhaust this


                                           9
administrative scheme was not due to a lack of knowledge about the scheme or a

lack of access to the scheme. The district court observed:

             [T]here has been no evidence that the plaintiffs did not
             have access to the agreement or that the defendant failed
             to provide a copy upon request from the plaintiffs. When
             plaintiff Perrino made his request for termination pay, he
             cited the provisions of the Collective Bargaining
             Agreement. Consequently, he was well aware of the
             grievance procedures in the Bargaining Agreement.


Finally, the district court determined based on record evidence that the

Agreement’s grievance and arbitration procedure previously had been employed by

similarly-situated ex-employees to challenge the denial of termination pay

allowances. The district court explained that “former employees of defendant have

availed themselves of the grievance procedure in similar circumstances as those

presented by plaintiffs,” making the grievance and arbitration procedure an

available administrative remedy for Appellants’ claims.

                                         II.

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. See

Counts v. Amer. Gen. Life & Accident Ins. Co., 111 F.3d 105, 108 (11th Cir.

1997) (citing Harris v. Board of Educ. of Atlanta, 105 F.3d 591, 595 (11th



                                         10
Cir.1997)). In this case, however, it is undisputed that Appellants failed to exhaust

the administrative remedy outlined in their ERISA plan. Appellants concede that

they did not pursue a grievance over the denial of termination pay benefits through

the grievance and arbitration procedure explained in BellSouth’s collective

bargaining agreement. Both parties also concede that this Agreement constituted

an ERISA plan for the relevant time period. Our law is well-settled that “plaintiffs

in ERISA actions must exhaust available administrative remedies before suing in

federal court.” Counts, 111 F.3d at 108; see also Springer v. Wal-Mart

Associates’ Group Health Plan, 908 F.2d 897, 899 (11th Cir.1990); Mason v.

Continental Group, Inc., 763 F.2d 1219, 1225-27 (11th Cir.1985). However, a

district court has the sound discretion “to excuse the exhaustion requirement when

resort to administrative remedies would be futile or the remedy inadequate,”

Counts, 111 F.3d at 108, or where a claimant is denied “meaningful access” to the

administrative review scheme in place, Curry v. Contract Fabricators, Inc. Profit

Sharing Plan, 891 F.2d 842, 846-47 (11th Cir.1990).

      In this case, the district court did not excuse the exhaustion requirement, and

granted summary judgment on this basis. On appeal, Appellants challenge this

decision for two principal reasons: first, they claim that exhaustion should not be

required where an ERISA plan fails to comply in full with all ERISA regulations,


                                         11
and second, they argue that the grievance and arbitration procedure contained in

the ERISA plan was not available to ex-employees, making resort to this procedure

futile. The decision of a district court to apply or not apply the exhaustion of

administrative remedies requirement for ERISA claims is a highly discretionary

decision which we review only for a clear abuse of discretion. See Springer, 908

F.2d at 899; Curry, 891 F.2d at 846. After carefully reviewing the record, we

conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in applying the

exhaustion requirement to Appellants’ claims.

      First, our caselaw makes plain that as a general rule plaintiffs in ERISA

actions must exhaust available administrative remedies before suing in federal

court. See Counts, 111 F.3d at 108; Springer, 908 F.2d at 899; Mason, 763 F.2d at

1225-27. This rule is grounded in several important policy rationales, and also is

consistent with Congressional intent. As we explained in Mason:

                    Compelling considerations exist for
                    plaintiffs to exhaust administrative remedies
                    prior to instituting a lawsuit. Administrative
                    claim-resolution procedures reduce the
                    number of frivolous lawsuits under ERISA,
                    minimize the cost of dispute resolution,
                    enhance the plan's trustees’ ability to carry
                    out their fiduciary duties expertly and
                    efficiently by preventing premature judicial
                    intervention in the decisionmaking process,
                    and allow prior fully considered actions by


                                          12
                       pension plan trustees to assist courts if the
                       dispute is eventually litigated. In addition,
                       imposing an exhaustion requirement in the
                       ERISA context appears to be consistent with
                       the intent of Congress that pension plans
                       provide intrafund review procedures.


Id. at 1227 (internal citation omitted). As a result, we strictly enforce an

exhaustion requirement on plaintiffs bringing ERISA claims6 in federal court with

certain caveats reserved for exceptional circumstances. See Springer, 908 F.2d at

899. Thus far, our circuit has recognized exceptions only when “resort to

administrative remedies would be futile or the remedy inadequate,” Counts, 111

F.3d at 108, or where a claimant is denied “meaningful access” to the

administrative review scheme in place, Curry, 891 F.2d at 846-47.

        Appellants do not dispute this precedent. However, Appellants argue that

we should recognize a new exception to our exhaustion requirement; namely, that



    6
      We apply this exhaustion requirement to both ERISA claims arising from the substantive
provisions of the statute, and ERISA claims arising from an employment and/or pension plan
agreement. See Counts, 111 F.3d at 109; Springer, 908 F.2d at 899; Mason, 763 F.2d at 1225-27;
see also Lindemann v. Mobil Oil Corp., 79 F.3d 647, 650 (7th Cir.1996) (finding that rationale for
exhaustion applies equally to claims for benefits and claims based upon ERISA itself). However,
several other circuits do not apply the exhaustion requirement to causes of action based on statutory
violations. See Held v. Manufacturers Hanover Leasing Corp., 912 F.2d 1197, 1205 (10th
Cir.1990); Zipf v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 799 F.2d 889, 891-94 (3rd Cir.1986); Amaro v.
Continental Can Co., 724 F.2d 747, 750-53 (9th Cir.1984). This circuit split, however, is irrelevant
to this dispute since Appellants’ claims are based on the termination allowance provision of a
collective bargaining agreement and not on a substantive violation of ERISA.

                                                13
an employer’s noncompliance with ERISA’s technical requirements (for example,

creating a summary plan description, or delineating a formal claims procedure)

should excuse a plaintiff’s duty to exhaust administrative remedies. Under ERISA,

an employer is required to furnish employees with a “Summary Plan Description”

that gives details of the benefits provided by the company, and articulates the

claims procedure available to present and adjudicate ERISA claims. See 29 U.S.C.

§ 1021-22; 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1. Federal regulations also mandate certain

requirements for an ERISA claims procedure in order to ensure the procedure is

“reasonable.” According to federal regulations, “a plan established and

maintained pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement,” in order to comply with

ERISA’s requirements for a reasonable claims procedure, must “set[] forth or

incorporate[] by specific reference”:

             (A) Provisions concerning the filing of benefit claims and
             the initial disposition of benefit claims, and

             (B) A grievance and arbitration procedure to which
             denied claims are subject.

29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(b)(2)(A)-(B).

      Before the district court, BellSouth conceded that the Agreement, at the time

of Appellants’ employment and termination, did not comply strictly with all of

ERISA’s regulations. For instance, the termination benefits provision never was


                                         14
formalized by a separate summary plan description. In addition, although the

Agreement contained a detailed provision explaining the terms and conditions

under which employees could receive termination allowances as well as a detailed

grievance and arbitration procedure available for “any” employment-related

grievance, these provisions did not state explicitly that employees could file

termination allowance claims or obtain independent review of these claims if they

were denied by the plan administrator.

       Because of these technical deficiencies, Appellants contend that the ERISA

exhaustion requirement ought to be waived. They claim that because the

Agreement’s provisions do not explicitly aver that termination allowance claims

can be filed or receive review and arbitration, the Agreement does not contain a

“reasonable” claims procedure. Appellants also assert that because BellSouth did

not promulgate and distribute a summary plan description, they should not be

compelled to exhaust the plan’s administrative remedy procedures.7


   7
    In support, Appellants cite proposed federal regulations which state:

              A failure to provide the procedures mandated by the [ERISA]
              regulations effectively denies participants and beneficiaries access to
              the process mandated by the [ERISA] Act. It is the view of the
              Department that claimants should not be required to continue to
              pursue claims through an administrative process that fails to meet the
              minimum standards of the regulation.

Rules and Regulations for Admin. and Enforcement, Claims Procedure, 63 Fed. Reg. 48390, 48397

                                               15
       We find Appellants’ arguments unpersuasive. After reviewing the relevant

federal regulations and our prior precedent, we decline to create an exception to the

exhaustion requirement in this case. First, we stress the exceedingly technical

nature of Appellants’ contention. While the Agreement is in technical

noncompliance with some ERISA regulations, the Agreement does contain specific

provisions which explain employee eligibility for termination allowances (the

ERISA benefit at issue) as well as the process for adjudicating termination-related

grievances. Moreover, the district court determined that other similarly-situated

ex-employees had used the Agreement’s grievance and arbitration procedure to

challenge the denial of termination pay allowances, and that several of these ex-

employees had obtained independent arbitration of their claims. In addition, the

district court found that the only Appellant who even requested a termination

allowance, Angelo Perrino, had specific knowledge of the Agreement’s grievance

and arbitration procedure yet never filed a grievance. The district court also

concluded that there was no evidence that any of the Appellants lacked access to or

knowledge about the Agreement’s grievance and arbitration procedure.8


(1998) (to be codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 2560) (proposed Sep. 9, 1998).
  8
    It is important to note that BellSouth did not maintain an ERISA benefits plan separate from the
collective bargaining agreement, and is not seeking to impose a “twin” exhaustion requirement on
plaintiffs requiring them to proceed through both an ERISA claims procedure and a separate
grievance and arbitration procedure contained in the collective bargaining agreement. Here, the

                                                16
Therefore, we conclude that, while technically deficient, the Agreement’s

administrative scheme was available to Appellants for the review and arbitration of

their ERISA termination allowance claims, and that if the process had been

invoked, Appellants could have received independent arbitration and an adequate

legal remedy for their claims.

        Our prior precedent makes clear that the exhaustion requirement for ERISA

claims should not be excused for technical violations of ERISA regulations that do

not deny plaintiffs meaningful access to an administrative remedy procedure

through which they may receive an adequate remedy. For instance, in Counts, the

plaintiff argued that the district court erred in not excusing the exhaustion

requirement because his employer’s termination letter failed to comply precisely

with ERISA’s notice requirements under §29 U.S.C. 1133 and §29 C.F.R.

2560.503-1(f). See Counts, 111 F.3d at 107. The district court acknowledged that

the termination letter was technically deficient in some respects, but concluded that

“the letter substantially complied with the notice requirements because, taken as a

whole, it supplied Counts ‘with a statement of reasons that, under the

circumstances of the case, [the employer’s letter] permitted a sufficiently clear

termination pay provisions of the collective bargaining agreement serve as the ERISA plan. In short,
plaintiffs wish to seek and receive ERISA benefits based on the termination provisions of the
collective bargaining agreement while ignoring the grievance and arbitration procedure clearly
explained in this same agreement for exhaustion purposes.

                                                17
understanding of the administrator’s position to permit effective review.’” See id.

at 108.

      On appeal, we affirmed the district court’s application of the exhaustion

requirement despite the employer’s noncompliance with the ERISA notice

provision. In so doing, we explained that while the “normal time limits for

administrative appeal may not be enforced” against a claimant who receives an

inadequate benefits termination letter, the “usual remedy” should not be “excusal

from the exhaustion requirement, but remand to the plan administrator for an

out-of- time administrative appeal.” Id. The clear import of our decision was the

conclusion, that though employees should not have their ERISA claims adversely

affected by an employer’s technical noncompliance with ERISA regulations, so

too, they should not be able to avoid the exhaustion requirement where technical

deficiencies in an ERISA claims procedure do not hinder effective administrative

review of their claims. See Baxter v. C.A. Muer Corp., 941 F.2d 451, 453-54 (6th

Cir. 1991) (upholding exhaustion requirement despite the employer’s failure to

issue a written denial of an employee’s benefits where the error resulted in no




                                         18
prejudice to the employee’s ability to obtain administrative review of the claim

denial).9

        This approach conforms with the logic of our exhaustion doctrine in which

we apply the exhaustion requirement strictly and recognize narrow exceptions only

based on exceptional circumstances. See Counts, 111 F.3d at 108; Springer, 908

F.2d at 899; Curry, 891 F.2d at 846-47. Our exceptions to this doctrine where

resort to an administrative scheme is unavailable or would be “futile,” or where the

remedy would be “inadequate” simply recognize that there are situations where an

ERISA claim cannot be redressed effectively through an administrative scheme. In

these circumstances, requiring a plaintiff to exhaust an administrative scheme

would be an empty exercise in legal formalism. That said, it makes little sense to

excuse plaintiffs from the exhaustion requirement where an employer is technically

noncompliant with ERISA’s procedural requirements but, as the district court

determined in this case, the plaintiffs still had a fair and reasonable opportunity to



    9
     Analogously, several federal circuits have denied remedial relief for technical violations of
ERISA’s statutory requirements absent a showing that the violations had adversely affected the
plaintiffs’ ERISA rights. See Berger v. Edgewater Steel Co., 911 F.2d 911, 920-21 (3rd Cir.1990);
Blau v. Del Monte Corp., 748 F.2d 1348, 1350-51 (9th Cir.1984). In addition, we have held that
procedural errors in the management of an ERISA plan did not warrant a more liberal review
standard than the traditional “arbitrary and capricious” standard for the judicial review of ERISA
benefit determinations. See Anderson v. Ciba-Giegy Corp., 759 F.2d 1518, 1520 (11th Cir. 1985);
see also Blau v. Del Monte Corp., 748 F.2d 1348, 1352-53 (9th Cir.1984); Dennard v. Richards
Group, Inc., 681 F.2d 306, 313-14 (5th Cir.1982).

                                               19
pursue a claim through an administrative scheme prior to filing suit in federal

court. Cf. Curry, 891 F.2d at 846-47 (finding that “[w]hen a plan administrator in

control of the available review procedures denies a claimant meaningful access to

those procedures, the district court has the discretion not to require exhaustion”).

Therefore, if a reasonable administrative scheme is available to a plaintiff and

offers the potential for an adequate legal remedy, then a plaintiff must first exhaust

the administrative scheme before filing a federal suit.

        Finally, Appellants also argue that resort to the Agreement’s grievance and

arbitration procedure would have been futile because they are ex-employees not

owed a duty of fair representation by the Union. They contend that under the

arbitration provision of the Agreement, arbitration is available only after either the

Union or BellSouth requests it in connection to an employment-related grievance,

and that the Union is not obligated legally to pursue arbitration for them.10

   10
     The arbitration provision states in relevant part:

               23.01(B) If at any time a controversy should arise between the Union
               and the Company regarding the true intent and meaning of any
               provisions of this or any other agreement between the parties or a
               controversy as to the performance of an obligation hereunder, which
               the parties are unable to compose by full and complete use of the
               grievance procedure set up by Article 21, the matter shall be
               arbitrated upon written request of either party to this Agreement to
               the other.

The provision goes on to explain that an “impartial arbitrator” will be chosen upon agreement of the
parties, and that if no agreement is reached, either side may apply to the Federal Mediation and

                                                20
Appellants therefore claim that they lack access to arbitration of their ERISA

claims under the Agreement’s administrative scheme.

       Based on the undisputed facts of this case, we find this argument to be

without merit. This case might be different if Appellants actually had resorted to

the grievance and arbitration procedure only to be told by the Union that it would

not seek arbitration for their benefits claims. However, none of the Appellants

even pursued the grievance and arbitration procedure available, at least, in theory.

In addition, the district court specifically found, based on the uncontroverted

affidavit of Ray Giesler, BellSouth’s Operations Manager of Labor Relations, and

the record of several prior arbitrations, that the Union filed a substantial number of

grievances on the behalf of terminated employees, and that BellSouth retirees

enjoyed the same rights as active employees with respect to filing a termination-

related grievance. The district court also noted that at least two retirees previously

had arbitrated with BellSouth over the termination pay allowance. We therefore

conclude that the futility objections raised by Appellants in terms of access to the

arbitration proceeding are merely theoretical, if present at all, and therefore do not

justify Appellants’ excusal from the exhaustion requirement.

                                             III.


Conciliation Service for an appointed arbitrator.

                                               21
      In short, we find that Appellants were not denied access to an administrative

scheme from which they could have received an adequate legal remedy for their

ERISA claims. As such, we conclude that Appellants were compelled to first

exhaust the available administrative remedies contained in the collective

bargaining agreement prior to filing suit in federal court. We therefore AFFIRM in

full the district court’s order granting summary judgment to BellSouth on

Appellants’ ERISA claims.

      AFFIRMED.




                                        22
