                                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 THE AMERICAN CENTER FOR CIVIL
 JUSTICE,
                                                              Civil Action No. 09-0233
    Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant,
                                                                     PLF/DAR
      v.

 JOSHUA M. AMBUSH,

    Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff.



                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION


          Plaintiff’s Motion to Recuse Magistrate Judge Robinson (Document No. 45) is pending

for determination by the undersigned. Upon consideration of the motion, the memoranda in

support thereof and in opposition thereto and the entire record herein, Plaintiff’s motion will be

denied.



BACKGROUND

          Plaintiff characterizes itself as “a non-profit organization dedicated to recompense for

victims of terrorism[.]” Second Amended Complaint (Document No. 25), ¶1. Plaintiff alleges

that “[t]o accomplish its mission, [it] enters into written agreements with victims of terrorism or

the estate representatives of murdered victims . . . [and] [u]nder the terms of these [agreements],

. . . advances funds for litigation and retains law firms and individual lawyers to prosecute the

claims[.]” Id., ¶8. Plaintiff alleges that it engaged Defendant, a lawyer, to help pursue litigation

on behalf of victims of a 1972 attack at Lod Airport in Israel. Id., ¶¶14, 18. Plaintiff refers to
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                                                    2


the civil action ultimately filed on behalf of the victims as “the Franqui Case[.]”1 Id., ¶ 23. At

issue in the instant action are the parties’ competing claims regarding, inter alia, the

compensation Plaintiff owes Defendant for the services he rendered with respect to the

investigation and litigation of the Franqui action. Id.,¶¶ 52-65; see also Defendant Ambush’s

Answer and Counterclaim (Document No. 27); Answer to Counterclaim (Document No. 30).

          The instant action was referred to a United States Magistrate Judge “for management and

resolution of all discovery-related issues.” Order (Document No. 37) at 1. The Clerk of the

Court randomly referred this action to the undersigned in accordance with the order and referral

of the assigned United States District Judge. Referral to Magistrate Judge (Document No. 38).

Thereafter, the undersigned scheduled a status conference for September 11, 2009. See

09/08/2009 ECF entry. At the status conference, the undersigned informed counsel for the

parties – both of whom were present – that one of the civil actions offered by Plaintiff as an

example of the litigation for which it “advances funds . . . and retains law firms and individual

lawyers to prosecute the claims on behalf of the victims” was an action referred to the

undersigned.2 In response, counsel for Plaintiff stated that “we are very familiar with the

proceeding before your honor and have absolutely no concern about that with respect to this

matter before you now”; counsel for Defendant stated that “we also were aware of what the court


          1
            Franqui, et al. v. Syrian Arab Republic, et al., Civil Action No. 06-0734 (RBW). Franqui was never referred to the
undersigned for any purpose. See ECF Docket Report.

          2
             See Second Amended Complaint, ¶ 8. In reviewing the pleadings in preparation for the status conference, the
undersigned recognized Plaintiff’s reference to litigation brought on behalf of “the relatives of 17 U.S. airmen murdered in the
1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia[]” as Heiser, et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Civil Action No. 00-2329,
and Campbell, et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, et al., Civil Action No. 00-1116, referred to the undersigned for report and
recommendation with respect to any motion for judgment by default. The undersigned’s Report and Recommendation,
published at 2006 WL 1530243 (D.D.C. June 6, 2006), was ultimately rejected by the court. See Estate of Heiser v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 466 F. Supp. 2d 229 (D.D.C. 2006).
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                                                         3


just disclosed, and therefore have considered it, and have no difficulty with you handing these

discovery disputes.”

          The response of Plaintiff’s counsel in open court notwithstanding, Plaintiff – through the

same counsel – filed a motion for the recusal of the undersigned ten days later. See Plaintiff’s

Motion to Recuse Magistrate Judge Robinson (“Motion to Recuse”) (Document No. 45). In it –

contrary to the response of Plaintiff’s counsel on the record – Plaintiff states that “[a]t the time of

the [status] conference, Counsel for [Plaintiff] was not aware of the issue raised by the Court.”

Id. at 2.3 As grounds of its motion, Plaintiff asserts only that “Counsel for [Plaintiff] has since

learned, however, that [Plaintiff] does in fact have concerns about Magistrate Judge Robinson’s

prior exposure to and ruling on litigation similar to the Franqui suit that underlies the instant

action.” Id.4 As relief, Plaintiff asks that the undersigned “exercise its discretion and take

whatever action it would have taken had [Plaintiff] raised an objection at the September [11],

2009 scheduling conference.” Id. Plaintiff’s argument consists entirely of the proposition that

“[a] magistrate judge has broad discretion [in] deciding whether recusal is appropriate.” Id. at 1

(citing Cobell v. Norton, 237 F. Supp. 2d 71, 78 (D.D.C. 2003)).

          Defendant opposes Plaintiff’s motion. Defendant observes that Plaintiff, in its motion,

fails to address Section 455 of Title 28 of the United States Code, the statute which governs

disqualification of a federal judicial officer, making it “difficult to confirm on which provision

therein it is moving.” Defendant Ambush’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Recuse



          3
              Plaintiff states that “Counsel for [Plaintiff] attended the [status] conference, but no representative from [Plaintiff]
itself was in attendance.” Id. at 1.
          4
              Plaintiff does not articulate the “concerns [.]”
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                                                        4


(Document No. 48) at 2. Defendant submits that Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that

disqualification is required under either provision of Section 455. Id. at 2; see also id. at 3 (“The

fact that Judge Robinson previously issued a decision on the merits of a case paid for by the

Plaintiff, but involving different parties, is not a sufficient grounds to reasonably question her

ability to impartially decide the merits of the disputes between the parties to this case.”).5

          Plaintiff, in his reply, makes no reference to Section 455 of Title 28, or to Defendant’s

assertion that Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate, in accordance with that statute, that recusal is

required. See Plaintiff’s Reply in Support of Motion to Recuse Magistrate Judge Robinson

(“Plaintiff’s Reply”) (Document No. 52). Rather, Plaintiff states that “[Plaintiff’s] Motion

simply requests that the Court exercise its discretion to take whatever action it would have taken

at the September 11, 2009 status conference, if [Plaintiff] had raised an issue then[,]” and

proffers that “no party will be prejudiced by assignment of this matter to a different magistrate

judge.” Id.



DISCUSSION

          The principal statutory authority which governs disqualification of a federal judicial

officer is Section 455 of Title 28 of the United States Code.6 Section 455 provides, in pertinent



          5
            Defendant further submits that if, at the status hearing, Plaintiff’s counsel did not have authority to consent to the
undersigned “continuing to preside[]” over the parties’ discovery disputes, the “proper time to bring that fact to the Court’s
attention would have been at the hearing when the issue was raised.” Id. at 1, n.1.
          6
             Recusal may also be sought pursuant to Section 144 of Title 28 of the United States Code. Section 144 provides for
a showing of “personal bias” by way of an affidavit. 28 U.S.C. § 144 (“The affidavit shall state the facts and the reasons for the
belief that bias or prejudice exists [,] [and] [i]t shall be accompanied by a certificate of counsel of record stating that it is made in
good faith.”); see also Securities and Exchange Commission v. Loving Spirit Foundation Inc., 392 F.3d 486, 489 (D.C. Cir.
2004); United States v. Miller, 355 F. Supp. 2d 404, 405 (D.D.C. 2005). Plaintiff filed neither a affidavit nor a certificate of
counsel; accordingly, the pending motion will not be evaluated in accordance with the Section 144 criteria.
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                                                   5


part:

                              (a) Any justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United
                              States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which
                              his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.
                              (b) He shall also disqualify himself in the following
                              circumstances:
                                        (1) Where he has a personal bias or prejudice
                                        concerning a party, or personal knowledge of
                                        disputed evidentiary facts concerning the
                                        proceeding[.]

28 U.S.C. §455(a), (b)(1).7

          A party moving for recusal pursuant to Section 455(a) “must demonstrate the court’s

reliance on an ‘extrajudicial source’ that creates an appearance of partiality or, in rare cases,

where no extrajudicial source is involved, . . . a ‘deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that

would make fair judgment impossible.’” Cotton v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit

Authority, 264 F. Supp. 2d 39, 41 (D.D.C. 2003) (citing Tripp v. Executive Office of the

President, 104 F. Supp. 2d 30, 34 (D.D.C. 2000) (quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540,

555 (1994)). The existence of a ground warranting recusal under Section 455(a) is to be

determined by an objective standard. Cotton, 264 F. Supp. 2d at 41-42 (citations omitted); see

          7
              Four additional circumstances in which a judicial officer shall disqualify himself or herself are enumerated in
Section 455(b). See 28 U.S.C.§ 455(b)(2) (requiring disqualification where the judicial officer, while in private practice, served
as a lawyer or material witness concerning the matter in controversy, or a lawyer with whom the judicial officer was associated
did so); 28 U.S.C.§ 455(b)(3) (requiring disqualification where the judicial officer served in governmental employment, and, in
such capacity, participated as counsel, advisor or material witness with respect to the matter in controversy, or otherwise
expressed an opinion concerning the merits of such matter); 28 U.S.C. § 455(b)(4) (requiring disqualification where the judicial
officer, or an enumerated family member, has a financial interest in the controversy or in a party to the controversy, “or any
other interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding[]”); and 28 U.S.C.§ 455(b)(5) (requiring
disqualification where an enumerated family member is a party the the controversy; an officer, director or trustee of a party;
acting as a lawyer in the controversy; “[i]s known by the judge to have an interest that could be substantially affected by the
outcome of the proceeding[,]” or “[i]s to the judge’s knowledge likely to be a material witness in the proceeding.”). The
undersigned has never engaged in the private practice of law; never, in governmental employment – which preceded, by decades,
the filing of this action – participated as counsel, advisor or material witness, or otherwise rendered an opinion with respect to
any of the issues presented in this action; has no financial or other interest in the pending controversy or in any party to it; and
has no family member who has a financial or other interest in the pending controversy or in any party to it. Neither party to this
action has suggested otherwise. Accordingly, subsections (b)(2), (b)(3), (b)(4) and (b)(5) will not be discussed further herein.
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                      6


also United States v. Marin, No. CRIM.A. 04-446, 2009 WL 3296162, at *2 (D.D.C. Oct. 13,

2009) (“Accordingly, the legal standard is an objective one that inquires whether a ‘reasonable

and informed observer would question the judge’s impartiality.’”) (citation omitted).

       “Subsection (a) focuses on the appearance of impartiality as opposed to the existence, in

fact, of any bias or prejudice.” United States v. Fiat Motors of North America, Inc., 512 F. Supp.

247, 251 (D.D.C. 1981). However, a party moving for recusal pursuant to Section 455(b)

“[must] demonstrate actual bias or prejudice based upon an extrajudicial source.” Tripp, 104 F.

Supp. 2d at 34; see also Zernik v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 630 F. Supp. 2d 24, 26 (D.D.C. 2009) (a

judge shall disqualify himself or herself in any proceeding in which the judge, inter alia, “has

‘personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding[]’”) (citation

omitted); Ivey v. Nat’l Treasury Employees Union, No. 05-1147, 2008 WL 4091676, at *1

(D.D.C. Sept. 4, 2008) (“[A] judge shall disqualify himself ‘[w]here he has a personal bias or

prejudice concerning a party.’”) (citation omitted).

       “Judges are presumed to be impartial.” Tripp, 104 F. Supp. 2d at 34 (citing United States

v. Fiat Motors, 512 F. Supp. at 251); see also Cotton, 264 F. Supp. 2d at 42 (“There is a

presumption of judicial impartiality, . . . and the burden the movant must carry to overcome this

presumption is ‘substantial.’”) (citation omitted). “Thus, ‘judicial rulings alone almost never

constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.’” Id. (quoting Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555);

accord Reddy v. O’Connor, 520 F. Supp. 2d 124, 128 (D.D.C. 2007). In like manner, “opinions

formed by a judge on the basis of facts introduced or events occurring in the course of the

current proceedings, or of prior proceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality

motion unless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                       7


judgment impossible.” Liteky, 510 U.S. at 555 (emphasis supplied); see also Pigford v. Johanns,

Nos. 97-1978, 98-1693, 2008 WL 205614, at *2 (D.D.C. Jan. 24, 2008) (“Indeed, the law is clear

that any alleged partiality or appearance of partiality must result from knowledge or bias

acquired outside judicial proceedings and not, as alleged here, from the court’s previous rulings

or decisions in the case.”) (citing Liteky, 510 U.S. at 554); see also Ivey, 2008 WL 4091676, at

*1 (“[A] judge’s legal decisions are almost never grounds for a claim of bias or [partiality].”)

(citation omitted).

       Here, Plaintiff relies entirely upon a prior “judicial ruling[]” of the undersigned as the

basis of its motion; however, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate – in accordance with subsection

(a) or subsection (b) of Section 455 – a basis upon which the prior ruling should be regarded as

an exception to the general principle articulated in Liteky that “judicial rulings alone almost

never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.” Plaintiff has not alleged that the

undersigned has relied upon any “extrajudicial source”; nor has Plaintiff alleged that the

undersigned harbors any “deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment

impossible.” See Tripp, 104 F. Supp. 2d at 34. Rather, Plaintiff submits only that “[Plaintiff]

does in fact have some concerns about Magistrate Judge Robinson’s prior exposure to and ruling

on litigation similar to the Franqui suit that underlies the instant action.” Motion to Recuse at

2.8    No authority supports the proposition that recusal pursuant to Section 455(a) is required

simply because a judge – in a different civil action – filed a report and recommendation, about

which the movant – who was not even a party to the prior action – has unspecified “concerns[.]”

Nor has Plaintiff sought to demonstrate – and indeed, has not even alleged – that the unspecified

       8
           See n.4, supra.
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                          8


“concerns” evidence “actual bias or prejudice based upon an extrajudicial source[,]” warranting

recusal in accordance with Section 455 (b)(1). See Tripp, 104 F. Supp. 2d at 34.

       Moreover, the undersigned finds that there is no nexus between Heiser and Campbell,

and the issues which the undersigned will be called upon to address in the instant action. Heiser

and Campbell were referred to the undersigned for report and recommendation with respect to

the motion for judgment by default; the instant action was referred to the undersigned

exclusively for management of discovery. Thus, in the instant case, the undersigned will have

no occasion to address any issue with respect to an award of damages to victims of state –

sponsored terrorism.

       Even assuming, arguendo, that Heiser and Campbell comprised “litigation similar to the

Franqui suit that underlies the instant action[]” (Motion to Recuse at 2), the undersigned finds

that any such similarity would be of no consequence. The court (Walton, J.) dismissed Franqui

with prejudice after the Franqui plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims. 01/06/2009 Minute

Order; see also Plaintiffs’ Notice of Dismissal With Prejudice (Document No. 51); Status Report

(Document No. 50).9 In the instant action, no claim regarding the merits of Heiser and

Campbell, or the resolution of Franqui, is presented; rather, this action principally concerns the

further compensation, if any, due Defendant by Plaintiff for Defendant’s services in Franqui – a

matter about which the undersigned knows absolutely nothing.

       Plaintiff, in his reply, asks that the undersigned “exercise its discretion to take whatever

action it would have taken at the September 11, 2009 status conference, it the [Plaintiff] had

raise an issue then.” Plaintiff’s Reply at 1. It thus appears that Plaintiff assumes that if Plaintiff

       9
           See also n.1, supra.
The American Center for Civil Justice v. Ambush                                                     9


had interposed an objection at the status hearing, then the undersigned immediately would have

recused herself. However, the undersigned did not determine in advance of any objection what

the ruling on any objection would have been. In any event, had Plaintiff offered only the limited

representation on which Plaintiff now relies in its written motion, then the only determination

consistent with Section 455 would have been that Plaintiff had not carried its burden under that

statute.



CONCLUSION

           For all of the foregoing reasons, the undersigned finds that Plaintiff has failed to

demonstrate – indeed, even to allege – the undersigned’s reliance on an extrajudicial source that

creates ‘an appearance of impartiality”; a “deep-seated favoritism or antagonism”; or “actual bias

or prejudice based upon an extrajudicial source.” Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion will be

denied.




                                                                         /s/
                                                                 DEBORAH A. ROBINSON
                                                                 United States Magistrate Judge

January 5, 2010
