                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                 January 17, 2013 Session

       BRADFORD STAHR FAKES v. PATRICIA NICOLE ZAHORIK

                   Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Wilson County
                     No. 03JWC101      John Thomas Gwin, Judge


               No. M2012-00817-COA-R3-JV - Filed September 11, 2013


Unmarried parents who had been involved in extensive litigation over custody of their two
children finally entered into an agreed order that gave custody of their six year old son to the
father and custody of their two year old daughter to the mother. Two years later, the father
filed a petition for modification of custody, alleging improper conduct by the Mother. After
a hearing, the trial court found that there had been a material change of circumstances and
awarded the father primary custody of the little girl. The mother argues on appeal that the
trial court’s final order was deficient because it did not specifically identify the material
change of circumstance that justified reopening the question of custody and because the court
did not apply the statutory factors found at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a) to the question
of the children’s best interest. We affirm the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed

P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A NDY D.
B ENNETT and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, JJ., joined.

Joshua G. Strickland, David Scott Parsley, Michael K. Parsley, Nashville, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Patricia Nicole Zahorik.

Andrea Hagan, Anthony Ensley Hagan, Jr., Susan M. Merry, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the
appellee, Bradford Stahr Fakes.
                                         OPINION

                                     I. B ACKGROUND

       Bradford Stahr Fakes (“Father”) and Patricia Nicole Zahorik (“Mother”) lived
together, but never married. They became the parents of two children, a son, born in 2000
and a daughter, born in 2004. Father and Mother litigated questions of paternity and custody
for several years. They finally entered into an Agreed Order and a Permanent Parenting Plan,
which were filed in the Juvenile Court of Wilson County on January 4, 2007. The plan
designated Father as the primary parent of the parties’ then six year old son, with Mother to
have visitation on alternate weekends. Mother was designated as the primary parent of the
parties’ then two-year old daughter, with Father to have visitation on alternate weekends.
No child support was included in the plan.

       The current appeal arose from a petition for modification of that parenting plan, filed
by Father on November 12, 2009. The petition claimed that there had been a substantial and
material change of circumstances since the entry of the agreed order. Specifically, Father
alleged that Mother had been abusing drugs and alcohol, that she put the well-being of the
children at risk by co-habitating with a man with a criminal record, that Mother refused to
answer his phone calls, and that he had to go for days at a time without being able to talk to
his daughter.

       Father accordingly asked the court for a temporary restraining order giving him
temporary custody of his daughter, enjoining Mother from interfering with his custody, and
awarding Mother restricted visitation. He also asked that the Permanent Parenting Plan be
modified to designate him as the primary custodian of his daughter. The trial court entered
the temporary restraining order requested by Father, pending the final hearing.

       The parties filed a number of motions after the issuance of the temporary restraining
order. As a consequence, among other things, the trial court, by order entered December 29,
2009, enjoined both parties from drinking or consuming alcohol in the presence of the
children. Another order, filed on April 19, 2010, enjoined Mother from allowing the children
to be around her boyfriend. Also, the paternal grandmother Ms. Stahr Fakes was made a
third party defendant in the case and enjoined from making inappropriate remarks about
Mother in the presence of the children.

       Mother filed an Answer to Father’s petition for Modification of the Parenting Plan on
September 8, 2011. Her answer denied many of Father’s allegations about her behavior and
alleged that Father had himself engaged in behavior that should disqualify him from
parenting responsibilities. The counter-petition included with Mother’s answer asked the

                                             -2-
court to name her as the primary residential parent for both children.

                                    II. F URTHER P ROCEEDINGS

       Father filed a Petition for Criminal Contempt on May 20, 2010, prior to the filing of
Mother’s answer to his petition for modification. He alleged that Mother had violated the
court’s orders by allowing the children to be in the presence of her boyfriend.

       The court conducted a hearing on November 22, 2010, and heard evidence relevant
to Father’s contempt petition as well as to his petition to modify the parenting plan.

        Mother testified that she and her boyfriend planned to get married at one point, but
that she called off the wedding the day before it was scheduled to happen. Mother stated that
she had not allowed any contact between the boyfriend and the children after the entry of the
order prohibiting such contact. She also denied almost every allegation Father had made
against her regarding any alcohol or drug use after the entry of the agreed order.

       The boyfriend was questioned at length about his stormy relationship with Mother,
including several incidents of domestic abuse for which he was jailed. He admitted that he
had lied to Father’s attorney several times about Mother’s drug use because he was angry at
her and wanted to get her in trouble.1

       At the conclusion of the day’s testimony, the trial court ruled that Father had not met
his burden of producing sufficient evidence to show that Mother had violated the court’s
orders. It accordingly dismissed his petition for contempt. Father has not appealed the
dismissal of the contempt petition, so it is not necessary to go into detail about the evidence
relevant to that petition.

       However, the trial court also heard evidence at this hearing relevant to the petition to
modify the parenting arrangement. We will discuss that evidence, as well as evidence
presented at the continued hearing, which resumed on October 19, 2011.




        1
         These lies were apparently the basis of some of the allegations in Father’s Petition. In addition,
asked when he had last used drugs, the boyfriend testified that it had been about three months earlier. The
court asked him if he wanted to change any of his answers regarding his use of drugs, and he said no. The
court then ordered that he be immediately drug tested, at which point he admitted that “I did use drugs.” He
was immediately taken into custody and sentenced to ten days in jail for contempt of court and perjury.

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        Father testified that he usually works as a delivery truck driver and that he has held
a number of different jobs over the years. He has also done home remodeling at times. He
was asked about child care when he is at work, and he described the arrangements he made
to have the children picked up and cared for after school. He testified that he owns a three
bedroom home, so there is a bedroom for each child. Photographs of the home were entered
into the record. Father stated that the children were very involved in sports and that he had
set up a baseball diamond and a goal post in his backyard for their benefit. Father also
testified that he helps the children with their homework and that they have never missed a
day of school. The children’s report cards were also entered into the record.

        Father also testified that he encouraged the children to maintain good relations with
Mother. He admitted that his own mother has made ugly remarks about Mother, but he
denied that he himself had ever said anything derogatory about her to the children. He also
testified that he had a good relationship with Mother’s father, and had allowed the
grandfather to take Addison on a trip to his alma mater in Minnesota. Mother’s father
confirmed that testimony and described the trip in very positive terms.

       The most damaging testimony against Father came from Mother’s private investigator.
He testified that he followed Father home from work over several weeks and observed that,
on most of those occasions, Father stopped at a convenience store and bought a few beers,
which he drank on the way home or while parked in his driveway. A videotape of a few of
those incidents, prepared by the investigator, was admitted into evidence. While Father’s
conduct did not violate the strict letter of the injunction against drinking alcohol in the
presence of the children, Mother’s attorney correctly pointed out that it was problematic in
several respects.2

       Another testifying witness was Gary Keith, a captain in the Wilson County Sheriff’s
Department, who lives two houses down the street from Father. The officer testified that his
ten year old granddaughter lives with him, that she often plays with the children, and that he
has therefore been able to observe Father’s interactions with the children. He stated that he
has never seen a father so involved in his children’s sports and in their education as well. He
characterized Father as a good neighbor and a good father, and stated that he would trust
Father to take care of his granddaughter and to look after her.

        Among other things, Mother asserted that many of the allegations in Father’s petition
relating to her use and abuse of drugs were false and that others were irrelevant to any
proceeding to modify the Agreed Order of January 4, 2007, because they referenced incidents


        2
         Father also testified that the children told him that Mother purchased beer and consumed it while
driving them on two occasions.

                                                   -4-
that occurred before the filing of that order. She also alleged that Father had a problem with
illegal drugs. Mother acknowledged that she had abused drugs in the past, but asserted that
she no longer had an alcohol or drug problem, while Father himself “has been unable to
conquer his addiction to alcohol.” Mother also admitted that she was arrested for one D.U.I.
in 2009 and another in 2010.

        Dr. Woodman, the psychologist, testified that he had been retained by Father to
evaluate the little girl to determine if she had been a victim of sexual abuse. He stated that
he had met with Father and with both children, including fourteen sessions with the little girl.
He testified that the child had told him that Mother’s boyfriend walked around naked in front
of the children and that she had made several disturbing statements to him suggesting a
strong likelihood that she had witnessed sexual activity. Dr. Woodman admitted that he was
uncertain of the exact truth of the sexual abuse allegations, but stated that both children were
fairly well adjusted and enjoyed a close connection with each other.

        Mother testified that she has worked for Xerox for the past eight years and that her job
has most recently involved frequent trips to Tunica, Mississippi, which required overnight
stays to work on an ongoing project. Mother also testified that she has not contacted her
former boyfriend since he was taken to jail after perjuring himself during the hearing of
November 22, 2010, but that he showed up at her front porch about six months earlier and
was asked to leave. She also denied that she has dated anyone since. She was asked about
several men that she had spent time with, and was asked if she was dating them or if they had
ever spent the night at her house.

       Mother described several of the men that were named as friends only, including Jed
Frankenbach whom she said she had known since high school but never dated. She
acknowledged that he had spent the night at her house several times, but testified that it was
in conjunction with his children’s sleepovers, custody of whom he shared with his estranged
wife. Mother was also asked if she ever left her children in her car with the doors locked
while she shopped. She admitted that she had done so a few times when she ran into a
convenience store for a few minutes, but categorically denied ever leaving them in the car
with the motor running.

        Mother was also questioned closely about her activities during her stays in Tunica,
including how much drinking she did while there. She admitted that she sometimes had a
beer or two after a day’s work. She denied that she drove after drinking, stating that she used
a shuttle to go from the bar at her hotel to the casino. She was also asked if she had ever paid
a bartender to keep the bar open after normal closing hours so she could continue drinking.
She denied ever having done so.



                                              -5-
       After Mother finished testifying, Father called Jed’s brother William Frankenbach to
the stand. He testified that, contrary to Mother’s testimony, Jed and Mother had dated in
high school. He also testified that he has observed Jed using marijuana, cocaine and
prescription pills. He further testified that Jed’s wife does not allow him to see his children
and that he (William) took out a criminal warrant against Jed for felony assault after Jed tried
to run him over in his car.

        A licensed private investigator, who had been retained by Father the previous month
also testified. Among other things, the investigator testified that at 3:30 p.m. on September
24, 2011, she observed Mother leaving her son in her car with the motor running while she
went into a convenience store with her daughter, and that they stayed in the store for thirty
minutes before returning to the car.

       The investigator also testified that she had followed Mother on two of her trips to
Tunica and had closely observed Mother’s activities during those trips. She testified to far
more drinking than Mother had admitted, including one evening when Mother drank five
beers and three shooters during four or five hours and gave the bartender $40 to keep the bar
open so she and her male companion could keep drinking. She also testified that Mother
drove after drinking several times.

        At the conclusion of testimony, the trial court took the case under advisement. It
subsequently announced its decision in a letter ruling dated November 30, 2011. Among
other things, the court found that Mother had exposed her children to inappropriate behavior
The letter also noted that “Mother’s credibility had been extremely poor throughout this
proceeding,” and that although she was given every possible opportunity to testify truthfully,
“she steadfastly refused to do so.”

        The court declared that “[t]here has been a material and significant change in the
children’s circumstances while their primary residential placement was with Mother,” and
that after considering all the applicable factors, it concluded that it would be in the best
interest of both children to place their primary residential control in Father’s hands. The
court accordingly ordered Father to submit a proposed parenting plan making him the
children’s primary residential parent and declared that child support would be calculated in
accordance with the guidelines. In a final order filed on January 5, 2012, the court adopted
the proposed parenting plan submitted by Father and assessed prospective and retroactive
child support against Mother. Mother appealed.




                                              -6-
                              III. T HE S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        While trial courts have broad discretion to make parenting decisions, their
determinations must be made based upon proof and applicable principles of law. Chaffin v.
Ellis, 211 S.W.3d at 286; D. v. K., 917 S.W.2d 682, 685 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). Given the
discretion involved and the fact that the decision often hinges on witness credibility,
appellate courts are reluctant to second-guess trial judges who have observed the witnesses
and assessed their credibility. Chaffin v. Ellis, 211 S.W.3d at 286; Adelsperger v.
Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d at 485; Gilliam v. Gilliam, 776 S.W.2d 81, 84 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1988).

       The trial court’s findings of fact in a custody matter come to this court with a
presumption of correctness. “We therefore review the record de novo in accordance with that
presumption, and, absent an error of law, we must affirm, unless we find that the evidence
preponderates against such findings.” Griffin v. Stone, 834 S.W.2d 300, 302 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1992) (citing Rule 13(d) Tenn. R. App. P.; Hass v. Knighton, 676 S.W.2d 554, 555 (Tenn.
1984)).

                     IV. A M ATERIAL C HANGE OF C IRCUMSTANCES

        A party petitioning to modify a valid order of custody must follow a two-step process.
Cranston v. Combs, 106 S.W.3d 641, 644 (Tenn. 2003); Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d
566, 570 (Tenn. 2002). First, the petitioning party must prove that a material change in
circumstances which affects the well-being of the child has occurred. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
6-101(a)(2)(B). Then, the party must prove that a modification is in the best interest of the
child. Only after a threshold finding that a material change of circumstances has occurred
is the court permitted to go on to make a fresh determination of the best interest of the child.
Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d at 569; Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 150 (Tenn.
2002).

        Our courts have stated that there are no hard and fast rules for determining when a
child's circumstances have changed sufficiently to warrant a change of his or her custody,
They have, however, cited several factors upon which to base a determination that a material
change in circumstances has occurred: (1) the change has occurred after the entry of the order
sought to be modified (2) the change is not one that was known or reasonably anticipated
when the order was entered and (3) the change is one that affects the child’s well-being in
a meaningful way. Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d at 570 (citing Badenhope v. Blair, 77
S.W.3d at 150).




                                              -7-
      The General Assembly has established the guidelines to be followed in determining
whether a material change of circumstances has occurred. Tennessee Code Annotated §
36–6–101(a)(2)(B) reads:

        If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree
        pertaining to custody, the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the
        evidence a material change in circumstance. A material change of
        circumstance does not require a showing of a substantial risk of harm to the
        child. A material change of circumstance may include, but is not limited to,
        failures to adhere to the parenting plan or an order of custody and visitation or
        circumstances that make the parenting plan no longer in the best interest of the
        child.

       The trial court’s final order included several findings of fact, including that Mother
was not a credible witness, that she had violated the court’s orders relating to parenting the
children, and that she had exposed the children to inappropriate behavior. The court also
found that there had been “a material and significant change in the children’s circumstances
while their primary residential placement was with Mother.” 3

       Mother challenges some of the trial court’s findings of fact and notes that the court
did not articulate exactly which of its findings constituted the material change of
circumstances it relied upon. We find, however, that the trial court’s findings are all
sustained by the record and that they constitute a sufficient basis for finding that a material
change of circumstances has occurred.

        For example, Mother argues that there is a fatal contradiction between the court’s
finding on the modification petitions that she violated the court’s orders and its earlier
dismissal of Father’s petition for criminal contempt against her. A higher standard of proof
is required to sustain a conviction for criminal contempt (“beyond a reasonable doubt”) than
for a trial court’s finding of fact in a civil matter (“preponderance of the evidence”). Thus,
although there may be some dispute about whether Mother allowed her boyfriend to be
around the children after the court prohibited any such contact, or whether she drank in the
presence of the children, there was proof of the prohibited behavior. In light of Mother’s
lack of credibility, we find that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s
findings.



        3
        We note, for clarification, that Mother had been the primary residential parent for the daughter only.
We will presume the trial court’s statements regarding the children’s circumstances relate primarily to the
daughter.

                                                     -8-
       Mother also argues that even if her daughter had witnessed inappropriate behavior,
Dr. Woodman himself said that she was well-adjusted and there was no proof that she was
affected in an adverse way. However, we note that Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B)
specifically states that “[a] material change of circumstance does not require a showing of
a substantial risk of harm to the child.” While the Supreme Court’s articulation of the factors
to be considered includes a requirement that the change be one that affects the child’s well-
being in a meaningful way, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in making this
implicit finding. Additionally, other evidence showed additional behavior by Mother that
qualifies as a material change in circumstances. In short, we find that Mother’s conduct after
entry of the agreed order of custody constitutes a material change of circumstance for the
purposes of Father’s petition for modification of custody.

                               V. T HE B EST I NTEREST OF THE C HILD

       The legislature has set out a list of non-exclusive factors for trial courts to consider
when determining the best interest of children that are the subject of custody disputes. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a).4 The court in this case stated that it had considered all the
relevant factors and that the children’s best interest was “clearly served” by placing their
primary residential control in Father’s hands. However, the court did not discuss any of the
individual factors or refer specifically to any as being especially important in its analysis.
Mother challenges the trial court’s conclusion and presents her own analysis of the statutory
factors, to support her argument that it would be in the children’s best interest for them to be

        4
          The factors set out in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a) include,
         (1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents and child;
         (2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care, education
and other necessary care and the degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver;
         (3) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of time the child has lived in a
stable, satisfactory environment . . .
         (4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;
         (5) The mental and physical health of the parents;
         (6) The home, school and community record of the child;
         (7) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or older. The court may hear
the preference of a younger child upon request. The preferences of older children should normally be given
greater weight than those of younger children;
         (8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent or to any other person
...
         (9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents the home of a parent
and such person's interactions with the child; and
         (10) Each parent’s past and potential for future performance of parenting responsibilities, including
the willingness and ability of each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing
parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent, consistent with the best interest of the child.


                                                      -9-
placed in her custody instead.

        This court strongly encourages trial courts to be as specific as possible when making
findings regarding child custody. Burnett v. Burnett, No. E2002-01614-COA-R3-CV, 2003
WL 21782290 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 23, 2003) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).
Nonetheless, while the statute requires the trial court to consider all the applicable factors,
there is no statutory requirement that the court list every applicable factor along with its
conclusion as to how that particular factor impacted the overall custody determination.
Murray v. Murray, M2009-01576-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 3852218 at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Sept. 28, 2010) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed) (citing Minton v. Fox, No.
E2005-02740-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 3017885 at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 24, 2006) (no
Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed)).

        The children have strong ties of love and affection with both their parents, and both
parents are well disposed to provide the children with food, clothing and medical care.
Father has exercised custody of both children since November 12, 2009. The proof shows
that he has been very involved in their education and activities and that they are doing fairly
well in school, although some of their teachers have reported that there is room for
improvement.

        The conduct by Mother’s boyfriend around the daughter, and the testimony of Dr.
Woodman and of Father as to what they observed and what they heard from the child herself,
is of great concern. Consequently, “the character and behavior of any other person who
resides in or frequents the home of a parent or caregiver and the person’s interactions with
the child” strongly favors Father. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(9). Mother’s
subsequent choice of Jed Frankenbach as a companion raises additional concerns. Mother’s
lack of credibility on the stand must factor into the review of the evidence. It is also a
consideration in the best interest analysis. The evidence does not preponderate against the
trial court’s finding that the daughter’s best interest is served by modifying the parenting plan
to make Father the primary residential parent of the daughter as well as the son. We
accordingly affirm the trial court.

                                              VI.

       We affirm the judgment of the trial court. Remand this case to the Juvenile Court of
Wilson County for any further proceedings necessary. Tax the costs on appeal to the
appellant, Patricia Nicole Zahorik.

                                                           ____________________________
                                                           PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE

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