                                  RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                         File Name: 20a0275p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 GREGORY ATKINS, CHRISTOPHER GOOCH, KEVIN                      ┐
 PROFFITT, and THOMAS ROLLINS, JR., on behalf of               │
 themselves and all others similarly situated,                 │
                                   Plaintiffs-Appellants,      │
                                                               │         No. 19-6243
                                                                >
        v.                                                     │
                                                               │
                                                               │
 TONY PARKER, Commissioner, Tennessee Department               │
 of Corrections, and DR. KENNETH WILLIAMS, Medical             │
 Director, Tennessee Department of Corrections, in             │
 their official capacities,                                    │
                               Defendants-Appellees.           │
                                                               ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                 No. 3:16-cv-01954—Waverly D. Crenshaw, Jr., District Judge.

                                       Argued: June 17, 2020

                               Decided and Filed: August 24, 2020

                   Before: GILMAN, KETHLEDGE, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
                                  _________________

                                              COUNSEL

ARGUED: Michael J. Wall, BRANSTETTER, STRANCH & JENNINGS, PLLC, Nashville,
Tennessee, for Appellants. James R. Newsom, III, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Michael J. Wall,
Karla C. Campbell, James G. Stranch, III, BRANSTETTER, STRANCH & JENNINGS, PLLC,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. James R. Newsom, III, Steven A. Hart, Matthew R.
Dowty, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Nashville, Tennessee, for
Appellees.

     KETHLEDGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which MURPHY, J., joined.
GILMAN, J. (pp. 9–15), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
 No. 19-6243                        Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                         Page 2


                                       _________________

                                             OPINION
                                       _________________

         KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge.         Gregory Atkins and his fellow plaintiffs represent a
certified class made up of Tennessee prisoners suffering from hepatitis C. In 2016, they sued
several officials in the state Department of Corrections, including its medical director, Dr.
Kenneth Williams, alleging that the officials acted with deliberate indifference to the class’s
serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual
punishment. After a four-day bench trial, the court rejected the class’s claim. We affirm.

                                                  I.

                                                  A.

         Hepatitis C is a contagious virus that spreads through contact with bodily fluids. The
virus causes liver damage that over time diminishes the liver’s ability to remove toxins from the
body. In some cases, the virus can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and ultimately even
death.

         Hepatitis C is a progressive virus, meaning that the disease’s effects worsen over time. In
the first six months after initial infection, somewhere between 15 and 25 percent of infected
persons spontaneously recover.       For those who do not recover, the virus proceeds to the
“chronic” stage, during which the virus progressively scars the liver. The rate at which the virus
causes scarring differs from person to person. Some people might not have serious scarring for
20 to 30 years, if at all; for others, scarring happens more quickly. The most common symptoms
of the disease—which range from minor (fatigue, jaundice, nausea) to major (severe
inflammation, skin lesions, cognitive impairment)—are not necessarily tied to the extent of liver
scarring an infected person has suffered. Between 20 and 40 percent of persons who reach the
chronic stage eventually develop cirrhosis; four percent develop liver cancer.

         There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. In the past, doctors treated the virus by injecting
infected patients with drugs known as interferons, but that treatment brought little success and
 No. 19-6243                       Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                        Page 3


severe side effects. In 2011, the FDA approved a new class of drugs—known as direct-acting
antivirals—that are superior to interferons in nearly every respect. Notably, for almost all
patients who take them, direct-acting antivirals halt the progress of hepatitis C and eventually
cause the virus to disappear completely. The antivirals are so effective that for the most part
doctors have stopped using interferons entirely.

        But that efficacy comes at a price. In 2015, the cost of a single course of treatment using
direct-acting antivirals was between $80,000 and $189,000. By the time of trial, those prices had
dropped to between $13,000 and $32,000 per course of treatment.

                                                   B.

        In 2016, the efficacy—and cost—of direct-acting antivirals prompted the Department of
Corrections to implement a treatment policy for hepatitis-C infected inmates. Specifically, the
2016 policy specified that the Department would provide the antivirals only to infected inmates
with severe liver scarring. The policy provided no pathway to antivirals for inmates with less-
advanced scarring, even if those inmates presented exceptionally worthy cases.

        By 2019, approximately 4,740 of the 21,000 inmates in Tennessee’s prisons had hepatitis
C. The virus’s prevalence, along with the declining cost of direct-acting antivirals, prompted the
Department to update its guidance for the “evaluation, staging, tracking, and other treatment of
patients” with hepatitis C. The Department’s medical director, Dr. Williams, developed and
oversaw the implementation of this new guidance, which applied to all hepatitis-C infected
inmates in the state’s prisons.

        Under the 2019 guidance, every new inmate, with few exceptions, is tested for hepatitis
C. Inmates who test positive must then undergo a baseline evaluation, which includes a physical
exam focused on the symptoms of liver disease, a medical-history check, a series of laboratory
tests, a preventive-health assessment, and a battery of tests to measure the extent of the inmate’s
liver scarring.

        The 2019 guidance also requires an advisory committee to evaluate each infected inmate
and to determine his course of treatment. Among other things, the guidance establishes criteria
 No. 19-6243                        Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                      Page 4


that make antivirals available to “individuals [who] are at higher risk for complications or
disease progression and may require more urgent consideration for treatment.” Those criteria,
which align with guidance promulgated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, favor the sickest
inmates—those with the most advanced scarring or other medical conditions that might
accelerate their symptoms—for access to direct-acting antivirals. But the guidance also provides
that the “prioritization criteria are not comprehensive and do not include all possible patient
conditions or clinical scenarios.    All treatment decisions are patient-specific.”    Ultimately,
whether an infected inmate receives antivirals is up to the advisory committee.

       Dr. Williams chairs that committee, which is made up of healthcare professionals,
including an infectious-disease specialist and a pharmacist. The committee meets regularly and
reviews the records of every infected inmate, regardless of his illness’s progress. Because
different cases require different courses of treatment, the committee is also responsible for
selecting the specific combination of drugs an inmate will receive. Once the committee makes
that selection, the inmate’s local provider oversees his treatment and provides ongoing care.

       The 2019 guidance also includes a “workflow”—a series of procedural steps for local
providers—to make standard the administration of hepatitis C treatment across the prison
system.   To that end, the workflow provides instructions to medical providers for testing,
diagnosis, recordkeeping, and follow-up treatment. For local providers, the workflow replaced
an ad hoc system with a uniform one; and for the committee, the workflow aimed to speed up the
process by which it assessed infected inmates.

       Finally, the guidance provides for continuous care and monitoring of infected inmates,
regardless of their course of treatment. At a minimum, every six months each infected inmate
undergoes reassessment at a “chronic care clinic.” The reassessment consists of a physical exam,
bloodwork and other laboratory tests, patient-specific hepatitis C counseling, and additional
measurement of liver scarring; inmates with advanced scarring also undergo an ultrasound
screening for cancer. The committee then uses these data to determine whether to revise an
infected inmate’s course of treatment or—in the case of inmates who are not receiving direct-
acting antivirals—whether to change their priority level for those drugs.
 No. 19-6243                         Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                      Page 5


                                                   C.

        In 2016, Atkins and his fellow plaintiffs brought this § 1983 suit against several officials
in the Department, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. The plaintiffs alleged that the
Department’s “prioritization” approach amounted to deliberate indifference to the class’s serious
medical needs, in violation of the Eighth Amendment. During the course of the litigation, the
Department issued its 2019 guidance, and the parties then agreed to focus on that guidance
(rather than the 2016 policy) at trial.

        In July 2019 the court held a four-day bench trial, during which it heard testimony from
experts on both sides, from infected inmates, and from Department officials themselves. The
plaintiffs presented a hepatitis C expert, Dr. Zhiqiang Yao, who testified that the “best practice”
is to treat chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals “as early as possible” or “in a timely
manner,” regardless of the extent of scarring on a patient’s liver. In support, Yao cited the
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases’ position that immediate treatment with
direct-acting antivirals was the “standard of care” for patients with chronic hepatitis C. Yao also
testified that the Department’s 2019 guidance was “under the standard of care” because it did not
explicitly recommend early treatment using antivirals for all patients. Yao nonetheless conceded
that the Department’s 2019 guidance was a “significant improvement” over the 2016 policy and
that the prioritization approach was “understandable” given the Department’s limited resources.
Yao also admitted that, when working for the Veterans’ Administration, he had himself used a
prioritization system for delivering care to hepatitis C patients, much like the one in the
Department’s 2019 guidance.         The court found Yao highly credible, going so far as to
recommend that the Department “engage [him] to assist” in the Department’s hepatitis C
protocols in the future.

        The court also heard testimony from Williams’s experts, and—for good reasons, suffice it
to say—found their testimony to be “weak” and characterized by personal agendas and a “gross
lack of candor.” The court discounted their testimony entirely.

        Williams himself testified and explained that that he was the “final authority” for the
Department’s policies on hepatitis C treatment.            Specifically, he said that he wrote the
 No. 19-6243                       Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                           Page 6


Department’s 2019 guidance, which according to him was designed to provide care to the sickest
patients first. He also clarified that, unlike the Department’s prior policies, the 2019 guidance
guaranteed that every infected inmate, regardless of the extent of the inmate’s liver scarring, was
eligible for (though by no means guaranteed to receive) antiviral treatment.

       As for funding, Williams explained that the Department used all the money budgeted for
hepatitis C to purchase direct-acting antivirals, and that he had repeatedly sought budget
increases for hepatitis C treatment. From 2016 to 2017, for example, the Department’s budget
for hepatitis C was just $600,000. In 2017 and 2018, that amount increased to $2.6 million; and
in 2019, that amount increased to $4.6 million, plus a one-time allocation of almost $25 million.
Williams said he planned to “spend every penny” of that money on direct-acting antivirals. He
further estimated that, based on funding levels in the 2019 fiscal year, the Department would be
able to provide antivirals to more than 1,800 infected inmates—in other words, to every inmate
with advanced liver scarring.

       After the trial, the court issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law in a thorough
and carefully reasoned opinion.       The court observed that, under the 2016 policy, the
Department’s record of treating hepatitis C had been “erratic, uneven, and poor” and “border[ed]
on deliberate indifference.” And the court credited the testimony of several inmates regarding
the personal impact of chronic hepatitis C and the need for timely treatment. But the specific
issue before the court was the Department’s 2019 guidance. As to that issue, the court found that
the Department’s system for continuous monitoring was “comprehensive” and “impressive”; and
that together with two systems that Williams had designed and implemented—namely, an
electronic records-keeping system and the new Department-wide workflow—the guidance
“serve[d] the dual goals of maximizing and prioritizing treatment for [infected] inmates.” And
though the court acknowledged that the Department’s practices were not the “gold standard” of
care, the court found that those practices met the Department’s constitutional obligations.

       The court further found that the 2019 guidance itself showed that Williams had used his
reasonable medical judgment to care for the class of infected inmates—the very opposite, the
court found, of deliberate indifference. The court thus held that that Williams had not been
deliberately indifferent to the plaintiffs’ medical needs. This appeal followed.
 No. 19-6243                       Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                        Page 7


                                                 II.

       The district court presided over a four-day bench trial in this case (and we have not), so
we accord considerable deference to the court’s factual findings in its decision. See United
States v. Demjanjuk, 367 F.3d 623, 628–29 (6th Cir. 2004). We may reverse those findings only
if clearly erroneous, which means that the record leaves us with a “definite and firm conviction
that a mistake has been made.” Id. If the district court’s account of the evidence is “plausible in
light of the record viewed in its entirety,” we “may not reverse.” See Anderson v. City of
Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985). We review any legal conclusions de novo. King v.
Zamiara, 680 F.3d 686, 694 (6th Cir. 2012).

       The plaintiffs’ sole claim in this appeal is that Williams’s failure to provide direct-acting
antivirals to every infected inmate amounted to deliberate indifference in violation of the Eighth
Amendment. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104–05 (1976). That claim has both objective
and subjective components. The objective component requires proof that the plaintiffs had a
sufficiently serious medical need. See Rhinehart v. Scutt, 894 F.3d 721, 737 (6th Cir. 2018).
The subjective component requires proof that Williams understood yet consciously disregarded
the substantial risk that hepatitis C posed to infected inmates. See id. at 738. To prevail, the
plaintiffs must show that Williams’s conduct amounted to more than ordinary negligence or
medical malpractice. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 835 (1994).

       Here, everyone agrees that hepatitis C is an objectively serious medical condition and that
Williams understood the risk that hepatitis C posed.         The only question, then, is whether
Williams—and Williams alone—“so recklessly ignored the risk” of hepatitis C, in designing and
implementing the 2019 guidance, that he was deliberately indifferent to that risk. See Rhinehart,
894 F.3d at 738.

       The answer to that question is clear. Pursuant to the 2019 guidance, as detailed above,
Williams required an in-depth evaluation of every inmate infected with hepatitis C. He obtained
advanced diagnostic equipment for the Department accurately to measure liver scarring in
infected inmates. He required extensive monitoring and continuous care for every infected
inmate. He required an advisory committee of medical professionals—of which he served as
 No. 19-6243                           Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                      Page 8


chair—to make individualized decisions regarding treatment for every infected inmate, and to
revise those decisions when the inmate’s condition so warranted. He repeatedly sought more
money to buy direct-acting antivirals for inmates with hepatitis C.              And he revised the
Department’s criteria for access to direct-acting antivirals to favor the sickest inmates—
regardless of whether an inmate had advanced liver scarring. Rather than reveal indifference,
therefore, the record supports the conclusion that—by the very sort of “prioritization” employed
by the plaintiff’s own expert, Dr. Yao, and by an extensive latticework of procedures in
support—Dr. Williams sought to employ the finite resources at his disposal to maximize their
benefit for the inmates in his care.

       Yet the plaintiffs maintain that the “best practice” was to treat all chronic hepatitis C
patients with direct-acting antivirals, and that anything less amounts to deliberate indifference of
their medical needs. No doubt the premise of that argument is true; but the conclusion has
nothing to do with the actions of Dr. Williams. The plaintiffs in essence demand that he spend
money he did not have.

       That leads to the plaintiffs’ remaining argument, which is that Dr. Williams violated the
Constitution by failing to ask the legislature for even more money than he did ask for. But that is
not even a colorable ground upon which to reverse the district court. We set to one side the idea
that the Eighth Amendment somehow imposes on state medical officials an obligation to lobby
state legislators for some unspecified quantum of funds. For on this record there is precisely
zero evidence that Williams could have obtained even more funding than he did obtain, if only
he had asked. What the record does show, rather, is that Williams repeatedly sought budget
increases for hepatitis C treatment, indeed with considerable success; and that he spent “every
penny” of those funds on treating sick inmates.               In the real world of limited resources,
Dr. Williams’s actions pursuant to the 2019 guidance reflected anything but indifference.

                                                *    *    *

       The district court’s judgment is affirmed.
 No. 19-6243                        Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                         Page 9


                                       _________________

                                             DISSENT
                                       _________________

       RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting. The essence of the majority’s
rationale is that Dr. Williams has done the best that he can with the limited financial resources
available to him because “there is precisely zero evidence that Williams could have obtained
even more funding than he did obtain, if only he had asked.” Maj. Op. 8. But in so concluding,
the majority fails to consider the serious harm caused by delaying treatment for chronic hepatitis
C, focusing instead on the “extensive latticework” of testing and monitoring put in place by Dr.
Williams.   Id. It then posits that Dr. Williams’s policy decisions are justified because of
insufficient funding. For the reasons set forth below, I respectfully disagree.

A.     The “deliberate indifference” standard

       To satisfy the subjective component of their deliberate-indifference claim, the plaintiffs
must prove that Dr. Williams “‘consciously disregar[ded]’ a substantial risk of serious
harm.” See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 839 (1994) (quoting Model Penal Code
§ 2.02(2)(c)). This requires a showing that Dr. Williams (1) “subjectively perceived facts from
which to infer substantial risk to the prisoner[s],” (2) “that he did in fact draw the inference,” and
(3) “that he then disregarded that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it.” See
Rhinehart v. Scutt, 894 F.3d 721, 738 (6th Cir. 2018) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Dr. Williams has conceded that he subjectively perceived the substantial risk to the
plaintiffs. The only remaining question, therefore, is whether Dr. Williams took reasonable
measures to abate the risk of harm caused by chronic hepatitis C.

B.     Whether Dr. Williams’s rationing scheme is a reasonable measure

       In considering the measures taken, the majority believes that the rationing scheme
employed by Dr. Williams was, if not the “best practice,” at least a constitutionally adequate one.
Maj. Op. 7–8. It points to the fact that the plaintiffs’ expert witness, Dr. Zhiqiang Yao, had
previously used a similar system of prioritization during his tenure with the Veterans
Administration (VA). Maj. Op. 8. But the majority fails to acknowledge that the medical
 No. 19-6243                       Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                         Page 10


establishment’s guidance has evolved since Dr. Yao initially followed the VA’s prioritization
system. As Dr. Yao himself testified, when data began to show the benefits of early treatment
and the long-term risks of delay, the VA stopped rationing care for hepatitis C patients.

       The professional guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver
Diseases (AASLD) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)—the two
organizations responsible for setting the standard of care for hepatitis C—documents this
medical evolution. As set forth in the guidance,

       [w]hen the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first [direct-
       acting antiviral] treatment for [hepatitis C] infection, many patients who had
       previously been “warehoused” sought treatment. The infrastructure (i.e.,
       experienced practitioners, budgeted healthcare dollars, etc.) did not yet exist to
       treat all patients immediately. Thus, the panel offered guidance for prioritizing
       treatment first for those with the greatest need.
       Since that time . . . data continue to accumulate that demonstrate the many
       benefits, both [within the liver] and [outside the liver], that accompany [hepatitis
       C] eradication. . . . Accordingly, prioritization tables have been removed from this
       section.

AASLD and IDSA, HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating
Hepatitis   C   (Nov.    2019),    “When     and    in   Whom         to   Initiate   HCV   Therapy,”
https://www.hcvguidelines.org/evaluate/when-whom (emphasis added); see also Atkins v.
Parker, 412 F. Supp. 3d 761, 768 (M.D. Tenn. 2019) (noting that “[a] majority of medical
providers in the United States who treat [hepatitis C] follow the AASLD/IDSA Guidance
recommendations”).

       The reasons to treat chronic hepatitis C patients as soon as possible have become
increasingly clear, causing rationing schemes such as the one endorsed by Dr. Williams to be
abandoned by the medical establishment. See HCV Guidance. And, as is relevant here, delaying
treatment for inmates with chronic hepatitis C causes precisely the type of “substantial risk of
serious harm,” see Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837, routinely recognized in the Eighth Amendment
context. The AASLD/IDSA guidance, in language referenced by Dr. Yao, points to a study
showing that waiting to treat a hepatitis C infection until a patient is severely sick increased the
patient’s risk of liver-related death two-to-five fold as compared to treating the infection at an
 No. 19-6243                          Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                   Page 11


earlier stage. See also Stafford v. Carter, No. 1:17-CV-00289-JMS-MJD, 2018 WL 4361639, at
*17 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 13, 2018) (citing this evidence). This statistic is all the more troubling
because the risk of death from hepatitis C is already substantial. Dr. Williams, who has seen 81
inmates die from hepatitis C since direct-acting antivirals became available, is obviously aware
of this danger.

       Death, moreover, is not the only serious harm caused by delaying treatment for chronic
hepatitis C. As Dr. Yao explained, delaying treatment exposes individuals to “depression,
fatigue, sore muscles, joint pain, kidney injury, diabetes or glucose intolerance, certain types of
rashes or autoimmune diseases, lymphoma and leukemia.” Those patients who must wait for
treatment until they have advanced fibrosis will suffer irreversible scarring in their livers, and
they will need to be monitored for liver cancer for the rest of their lives. These sorts of
debilitating but untreated conditions are exactly the type of serious medical needs requiring
treatment under Eighth Amendment jurisprudence. See Boretti v. Wiscomb, 930 F.2d 1150,
1154–55 (6th Cir. 1991) (explaining that “a prisoner who suffers pain needlessly when relief is
readily available has a cause of action against those whose deliberate indifference is the cause of
his suffering” (citing Westlake v. Lucas, 537 F.2d 857, 860 (6th Cir. 1976)). Dr. Williams’s
“patient-specific” policy provides no guidance regarding which patients with mild or moderate
fibrosis but severe symptoms will receive treatment.

       Indeed, Dr. Williams’s failure to enforce even his own guidance suggests that these
patients will be left to suffer. Dr. Williams’s policy since 2016 has provided that those inmates
with advanced fibrosis should be referred for direct-acting antiviral treatment. But the district
court found that “approximately 450 inmates” was the number who actually had been treated
with the antivirals, despite the fact that at least 1,374 Tennessee Department of Corrections
(TDOC) inmates were suffering from advanced hepatitis C at the time of trial. This track record
hardly suggests that Dr. Williams will take seriously the needs of patients with severe symptoms
but only mild or moderate fibrosis.
 No. 19-6243                       Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                        Page 12


C.      Whether a lack of funding may excuse the rationing scheme

        In this context, the only conceivable reason to withhold treatment from all inmates
suffering from chronic hepatitis C is a lack of funding. Despite the majority’s assertion that Dr.
Williams’s failure to ask for more funding is not “even a colorable ground upon which to reverse
the district court,” Maj. Op. 8, I believe that the law compels the opposite conclusion.

        The Supreme Court’s decision in Watson v. City of Memphis, 373 U.S. 526 (1963), is
instructive. In Watson, the city of Memphis argued that budgetary concerns supported its
decision to postpone desegregating local playgrounds, despite the mandate in Brown v. Board of
Education, 349 U.S. 294, 301 (1955), to desegregate with “all deliberate speed.” Rejecting the
city’s contention, the Supreme Court explained that “it is obvious that vindication of conceded
constitutional rights cannot be made dependent upon any theory that it is less expensive to deny
than to afford them.” Watson, 373 U.S. at 537. The majority makes no effort to explain why this
general principle that cost cannot excuse an ongoing constitutional violation should not apply
here.

        Nor does the majority grapple with relevant persuasive precedent from our sister circuits.
The Ninth Circuit, for example, cited Watson in holding that a “[l]ack of resources is not a
defense to a claim for prospective relief because prison officials may be compelled to expand the
pool of existing resources in order to remedy continuing Eighth Amendment violations.” Peralta
v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076, 1083 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (applying this principle in the prison-
overcrowding context).     Although monetary damages may not be obtained against an official
who lacks authority over budgeting decisions, budgetary concerns cannot bar prospective relief.
Id.

        The Eleventh Circuit has similarly held that “when a court is considering injunctive relief
against the operation of an unconstitutionally cruel and unusual prison system, it should issue the
injunction without regard to legislative financing.” Williams v. Bennett, 689 F.2d 1370, 1388
(11th Cir. 1982). Like the Ninth Circuit, the court in Williams drew a distinction “between a suit
for injunctive relief against a state and a suit for damages against an individual state employee.”
Id. at 1388. That distinction is of no consequence here because Dr. Williams has been sued in
 No. 19-6243                        Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                       Page 13


his official capacity only and injunctive relief is the sole remedy being sought. See Kentucky v.
Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985) (“Official-capacity suits . . . ‘generally represent only another
way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.’” (quoting Monell v.
New York City Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 690, n.55 (1978))).

       When prisons truly cannot afford to house prisoners in conformity with the Constitution,
the answer is to release or transfer prisoners rather than continuing to subject them to
unconstitutional conditions. See Brown v. Plata, 563 U.S. 493, 502 (2011) (holding that, where
prison overcrowding was due to state budget shortfalls, a court-mandated prison-population limit
was “necessary to remedy the violation of prisoners’ constitutional rights” under the Prison
Litigation Reform Act).      “Lack of funds is not an acceptable excuse for unconstitutional
conditions of incarceration. An immediate answer, if the state cannot otherwise resolve the
problem of overcrowding, will be to transfer or release some inmates.” Finney v. Arkansas Bd.
of Correction, 505 F.2d 194, 201 (8th Cir. 1974); see also Williams, 689 F.2d at 1388 (“The
assumption underlying rejection of the lack of funds defense is that a state is not required to
operate a penitentiary system.”). Applying this principle to the case before us would require
TDOC to make whatever financial or prison-population adjustments necessary in order for it to
treat all of the inmates with chronic hepatitis C remaining in its custody.

       The majority’s lack of focus on the harm being caused by the lack of treatment for
chronic hepatitis C is all the more troubling because it will result in a patchwork application of
the Eight Amendment from state to state. As the Eleventh Circuit in Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d
1495 (11th Cir. 1991), explained: “We do not agree that financial considerations must be
considered in determining the reasonableness of inmates’ medical care to the extent that such a
rationale could ever be used by so-called ‘poor states’ to deny a prisoner the minimally adequate
care to which he or she is entitled.” Id. at 1509 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Hoffer v. Jones, 290 F. Supp. 3d 1292, 1300 n.15 (N.D. Fla. 2017) (citing Harris to explain why
a lack of funding is no excuse for withholding direct-acting antivirals from hepatitis C patients).

       The current state of hepatitis C litigation brings this exact concern to the surface. In
Stafford v. Carter, No. 1:17-CV-00289-JMS-MJD, 2018 WL 4361639 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 13, 2018),
the district court concluded that all Indiana inmates with chronic hepatitis C had established an
 No. 19-6243                        Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                       Page 14


Eighth Amendment violation when they were denied treatment. Id. at *22. The officials in
Stafford, unlike Dr. Williams, eschewed cost as the motivating force for their rationing scheme,
instead explaining that they prioritized patients in order to offer them individualized treatment.
Id. at *13–14.    By claiming that cost is a reasonable consideration here, Dr. Williams is
essentially arguing that what has been held to be cruel and unusual in Indiana is not cruel and
unusual in Tennessee.

       Even accepting the majority’s tenuous premise that Dr. Williams should not be held
responsible for his limited budget, the argument would carry more weight had Dr. Williams
actually requested full funding and not received it. But nothing in the record shows that Dr.
Williams ever asked for enough funding to treat all of the inmates suffering from chronic
hepatitis C. And because requesting funding and setting medical budgets are Dr. Williams’s
responsibilities, the seeking of such funding was the one “reasonable measure[],” see Rhinehart
v. Scutt, 894 F.3d 721, 738 (6th Cir. 2018), that Dr. Williams simply did not take. Indeed, Dr.
Williams apparently had no problem securing $26.4 million in allocations for direct-acting
antivirals during the 2019–2020 fiscal year because he acknowledged that the TDOC
commissioner, Tony Parker, “knew there was a need there . . . for the drug.” Dr. Williams
further explained that Parker “never told us no” when it came to asking for money for direct-
acting antivirals. I therefore see no justification for Dr. Williams not asking for greater funding.

       This is all the more true because the state, one way or the other, will bear the substantial
costs of treating hepatitis C patients. As Dr. Yao pointed out, treating all inmates who have
chronic hepatitis C now will likely save the state money in the long run because advanced
infections typically require costly treatment associated with conditions like cirrhosis and liver
cancer. Similarly, the United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, in a
review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP) treatment practices, determined that “while it
would cost the BOP about $1.05 million to treat 100 inmates diagnosed with Hepatitis C, leaving
them untreated could cost $15.33 million.” Office of the Inspector General, Review of the
Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Pharmaceutical Drug Costs and Procurement (Feb. 2020), available
at https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/reports/e20027_1.pdf. Dr. Williams or his successors
 No. 19-6243                        Atkins, et al. v. Parker, et al.                          Page 15


will thus have to deal with the costs of hepatitis C either way. The majority’s reference to “the
real world of limited resources,” Maj. Op. 8, fails to take this hard reality into account.

       None of this is to say that the Constitution forbids any consideration of cost by prison
officials. An official may choose a less expensive treatment among several reasonable options.
See Darrah v. Krisher, 865 F.3d 361, 372 (6th Cir. 2017) (recognizing “that prisons have
legitimate reasons to be concerned with the cost of medical treatment for inmates”). But officials
may not resort to a treatment that they know to be ineffective—or refuse to treat a patient who
has a serious medical need at all—merely to avoid paying the bill. See id. at 373 (holding that a
reasonable jury could find that the prison official in question disregarded a risk of serious harm
when he knowingly prescribed a less expensive drug instead of the “only effective treatment” for
the inmate’s serious medical condition); see also Petties v. Carter, 836 F.3d 722, 730 (7th Cir.
2016) (en banc) (“While the cost of treatment is a factor in determining what constitutes
adequate, minimum-level care, medical personnel cannot simply resort to an easier course of
treatment that they know is ineffective.”).

D.     Conclusion

       In sum, I believe that the majority has failed to consider the substantial risk of serious
harm implicit in Dr. Williams’s rationing scheme. I further conclude that a lack of funding does
not excuse the Eighth Amendment violation shown by the plaintiffs in the present case. For
these reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the case with
instructions to require TDOC to comply with the community standard of care for inmates with
hepatis C.
