                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 16-0915
                            Filed October 26, 2016


IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF FRANCISCO GARCIA LOPEZ
AND ANNA CHRISTINA GARCIA LOPEZ

Upon the Petition of
FRANCISCO GARCIA LOPEZ,
      Petitioner-Appellee,

And Concerning
ANNA CHRISTINA GARCIA LOPEZ,
     Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Wright County, James M. Drew,

Judge.



       Respondent appeals from decree of dissolution of marriage, challenging

the award of physical care of the parties’ child to her former spouse. AFFIRMED

AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.



       Eric R. Simonson of Houser, Berkland & Simonson, Belmond, for

appellant.

       Megan R. Rosenberg of Cady & Rosenberg Law Firm, P.L.C., Hampton,

for appellee.



       Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Vaitheswaran and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, Judge.

       Anna Garcia Lopez appeals from the decree dissolving her marriage to

Francisco Garcia Lopez. On appeal, Anna challenges the district court’s award

of physical care of the parties’ only child to Francisco. She contends physical

care of the child should have been awarded to her with Francisco having liberal

rights of visitation.

       Our review of cases in equity is de novo. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. We

review the entire record and decide anew the factual and legal issues presented.

See In re Marriage of Williams, 589 N.W.2d 759, 761 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998). Prior

cases have little precedential value; the court must make its determination based

on the unique facts and circumstances of each case. See In re Marriage of

Kleist, 538 N.W.2d 273, 276 (Iowa 1995); In re Marriage of Snowden, No. 14-

1920, 2015 WL 4233449, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jul. 9, 2015) (“All happy families

are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” (quoting Leo Tolstoy,

Anna Karenina 1 (1873))). We exercise de novo review with some deference

afforded to the district court. See In re P.C., No. 16-0893, 2016 WL 4379580, at

*2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2016).

       Physical care is defined as “the right and responsibility to maintain a home

for the minor child and provide for the routine care of the child.” Iowa Code

§ 598.1(7) (2015). In making the physical care determination, we look to the

factors set forth in Iowa Code section 598.41(3) and our case law. See Iowa

Code § 598.41(3); In re Marriage of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165, 166–67 (Iowa

1974). “Each factor, however, does not necessarily impact the decision with

equal force.” In re Marriage of Daniels, 568 N.W.2d 51, 54 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).
                                         3


In considering the factors, our ultimate objective “is to place the child in the

environment most likely to bring her to healthy mental, physical, and social

maturity.” McKee v. Dicus, 785 N.W.2d 733, 737 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010). The

controlling consideration is the best interests of the child. See id. at 736. Our

court will “ultimately decide[ ] by determining under the whole record which

parent can minister more effectively to the long-range best interests of the

child[ ].” Winter, 223 N.W.2d at 166.

      The parties were married in 2002. One child was born to the marriage,

K.A.G., a daughter, in 2004. Over the course of the marriage, Francisco worked

outside the home as the family breadwinner, and Anna worked as K.A.G.’s

primary caretaker in addition to holding sporadic employment outside the home.

The parties separated in the fall of 2014.       For most of the period of their

separation, the parties exercise shared care of K.A.G. on a week-on/week-off

schedule. At the dissolution trial, Francisco requested shared physical care of

K.A.G. or, in the alternative, primary physical care of the child. Anna requested

primary physical care of K.A.G. The district court found shared physical care of

K.A.G. was not feasible because Anna planned to move six or seven hours away

from Belmond, the family’s home, to central Missouri. Having found that shared

physical care was not feasible, the district court awarded physical care of K.A.G.

to Francisco.    The district court reasoned Francisco could provide greater

stability to K.A.G. The district court noted Francisco had stable employment, a

stable residence, and a stable relationship with a woman he planned to marry. In

contrast, the district court found Anna had only ephemeral plans to move to
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Missouri and obtain employment post-dissolution. The district court also placed

great weight on the fact Anna has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.

        Unlike the district court, we place little, if any, weight on Anna’s mental

health history. While Anna has been hospitalized on two occasions, the record

reflects that she has effectively managed her condition for the last several years

with medication. See Vanden Heuvel v. Vanden Heuvel, 121 N.W.2d 216, 221

(Iowa 1963) (“Where the record does not bear out a finding that the mother of a

small child is presently suffering from a mental disease, but does show she has

been discharged from treatment of such a disease with symptoms under

remission for a reasonable length of time, and shows no probability of a

recurrence, the mother should not be deprived of the care and custody of her

child for that reason.”). Further, the parties’ conduct over the course of their

marriage and separation shows Anna has been a capable caretaker for K.A.G.

despite her mental health condition. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Gibler, No. 02-

0010, 2002 WL 31313374, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 16, 2002).

        We also conclude Anna’s planned move to Missouri does not demonstrate

instability or otherwise militate against awarding Anna physical care of K.A.G.

Anna’s planned move was not motivated by ill will toward Francisco. Anna’s

father and mother purchased a farm in central Missouri and intended to move

there to work the farm and invest in real estate. Anna’s extended family intended

to move to Missouri in June 2016, after the school year ended, to help with the

farm.    Anna testified she intended to do the same because of the cultural

importance of maintaining close relationships with extended family and because

her extended family could provide support in raising K.A.G. The record reflects
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Anna’s extended family has played a significant role in helping raise K.A.G.

during the course of the parties’ marriage. Francisco testified about the critical

role Anna’s extended family played in providing assistance with the care of

K.A.G. It thus comes as no surprise Anna wishes to continue these relationships

post-dissolution.

       On de novo review, we find and conclude it is in the child’s best interests

for Anna to have physical care of the child. First, approximation weighs heavily

in favor of placing the child with Anna.     See In re Marriage of Hansen, 733

N.W.2d 683, 697 (Iowa 2007) (discussing approximation principle).           Anna,

including her extended family, has been the child’s caretaker over the course of

the parties’ fairly lengthy marriage. See In re Marriage of Ford, 563 N.W.2d 629,

633 (Iowa 1997) (considering parent’s status as primary caregiver). The record

reflects Anna was the parent who took the child to all medical and dental

appointments.       See, e.g., In re Marriage of Heitman, No. 15-0631, 2016 WL

742816, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 24, 2016) (considering which parent arranges

medical and dental appointments as a relevant factor). Anna attended all of the

school conferences for the child. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Gerholdt, No. 08-

1572, 2009 WL 1492270, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 29, 2009).              Francisco

attended his first school conference only after the parties’ separation. Second,

Anna will be able to minister more effectively to the child’s needs. See Winter,

223 N.W.2d at 166. Both Anna and the child are bilingual—speaking Spanish

and English. Francisco speaks only Spanish. He has not attended any medical

or educational appointments for the child because of this language barrier. He

testified he was largely unable to help K.A.G. with her school work because of
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this language barrier. See In re Marriage of Dickey, No. 12-1393, 2013 WL

1453067, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 10, 2013) (considering parent’s assistance

with school work); In re Marriage of Erickson, 491 N.W.2d 799, 802 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1992) (same).     Beyond this, K.A.G. has a closer relationship with the

mother. Third, Anna testified it was K.A.G.’s preference to move with Anna and

her extended family rather than live with the father and his new girlfriend. See

McKee, 785 N.W.2d at 738 (considering child’s preferences). Francisco did not

contradict this testimony, stating only that he had not discussed the issue with his

daughter. Finally, we conclude Anna’s proposed move to Missouri would not

substantially disrupt K.A.G.’s support networks. See In re Marriage of Vrban,

359 N.W.2d 420, 425 (Iowa 1984) (noting “stability in the lives of young children

can be nurtured as much by leaving them with the person who has been their

primary parent figure as by requiring them to live in a neighborhood from which

that person has moved”); In re Marriage of Jerome, 378 N.W.2d 302, 305–06

(Iowa Ct. App. 1985) (discussing our “mobile society”).        The record reflects

K.A.G. attends church but has few other extracurricular activities.      She does

spend a great deal of time with her extended family, and she would maintain the

continuity of those relationships if placed with her mother.       In contrast, the

father’s extended family resides in Mexico with the exception of two cousins at

least one of who does not live in the area. Francisco has no support network of

any note in the area to provide assistance with care of K.A.G. See, e.g., In re

Marriage of Moyer, No. 11-1695, 2012 WL 2412075, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. June

27, 2012) (collecting cases discussing importance of proximity to support

networks).
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        Both parties have requested appellate attorney fees. An award of attorney

fees is not a matter of right, but rests within the court’s discretion and the parties’

financial positions. See In re Marriage of Berning, 745 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Iowa Ct.

App. 2007) (stating an award of appellate attorney fees is based upon the needs

of the party seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay, and the

relative merits of the appeal). We decline both requests for appellate attorney

fees.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court as

modified and remand this matter for calculation of child support based on the

current record and entry of an appropriate visitation schedule.

        AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.
