                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-3091-18T2

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

KIMBERLY YOUNG,

          Defendant-Appellant.


                    Submitted December 17, 2019 – Decided February 3, 2020

                    Before Judges Currier and Firko.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Monmouth County, Municipal Appeal No.
                    18-024.

                    Falcon Law Firm, LLC, attorneys for appellant
                    (Alexander R. DeSevo, on the brief).

                    Joseph A. Clark, Howell Township Attorney, attorney
                    for respondent.

PER CURIAM
      Defendant appeals from a February 8, 2019 conviction after a trial de novo

on the record for the municipal ordinance violation of constructing a building

on her property without obtaining the required permits. We affirm.

      When defendant decided to build a children's playhouse as a second

structure on her residential property, she provided the Township of Howell with

a handwritten drawing depicting the structure.      Township officials recalled

speaking with defendant and explaining the land use process to her and

specifically the need for certain permits. Although a land use permit was issued,

defendant still needed a building permit. In addition, when the as-built height

of the structure was greater than depicted in the original application, officials

told defendant she needed a variance. When defendant failed to obtain the

permit and variance, she was issued a violation letter and numerous summonses.

      After a two-day trial during which nine witnesses testified, the municipal

court found defendant guilty of violating Howell Municipal Ordinance § 188-

50.1 The court merged a number of the summonses and imposed a fine of $6105.


            1
               No land, lot or premises and no building or structure
            shall be used for any purpose other than those permitted
            by Articles VIII through XI for the zone in which it is
            located. No building or structure may be erected, razed,
            moved, extended, enlarged or altered unless such action
            is in conformity with the regulations provided for the


                                                                         A-3091-18T2
                                       2
      Deferring to the municipal court's credibility findings, the Law Division

found defendant and her witnesses – her contractor and a neighbor – were not

credible.   He determined that the Township officials – zoning and code

enforcement officers – were credible.

      The Law Division also found that the children's playhouse design had

evolved into "a cabana house or pool house for an in-ground pool." Defendant

did not submit any applications for a building permit and no permit had been

issued. The Law Division affirmed the findings of the municipal court and the

assessed penalty.

      Defendant raises the following issues on appeal:

            I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS CONVICTION
            OF DEFENDANT, KIM YOUNG, AS THEY HAVE
            NOT PROVED THE DEFENDANT’S INTENT
            BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT.

            II. DEFENDANT, KIM YOUNG’S CONVICTION
            GOES AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE.

            III. DEFENDANT, KIM YOUNG’S TICKETS
            SHOULD HAVE BEEN CONSOLIDATED INTO A

            zone in which the said building or structure is located.
            Any deviation proposed from the use and bulk
            requirements of this chapter shall require a variance
            pursuant to N.J.S.A. [40:55D-1 to -163].

            [Howell Municipal Ordinance § 188-50.]


                                                                       A-3091-18T2
                                        3
             SINGLE CHARGE PURSUANT TO THE CONCEPT
             OF MERGER.

      When a defendant appeals a municipal court conviction, the Law Division

is "to determine the case completely anew on the record made in the municipal

court, giving due, although not necessarily controlling, regard to the opportunity

of the magistrate to judge the credibility of the witnesses." State v. Powers, 448

N.J. Super. 69, 72 (App. Div. 2016) (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 157

(1964)).

      "Our review of the factual record is also limited to determining whether

there is sufficient credible evidence in the record to support the Law Division

judge's findings." Ibid. (citing Johnson, 42 N.J. at 161-62; State v. Clarksburg

Inn, 375 N.J. Super. 624, 639 (App. Div. 2005)). We will "defer to those

findings made in the Law Division that are supported by credible evidence, but

we owe no deference to the legal conclusions drawn from those findings." Ibid.

(citing State v. Handy, 206 N.J. 39, 45 (2011)); see also State v. Morgan, 393

N.J. Super. 411, 422 (App. Div. 2007) ("It is well-recognized that it is 'improper

for [an appellate court] to engage in an independent assessment of the evidence

as if it were the court of first instance.' . . . Rather, '[a]ppellate courts should

defer to trial courts' credibility findings that are often influenced by matters such

as observations of the character and demeanor of witnesses and common human

                                                                             A-3091-18T2
                                         4
experience that are not transmitted by the record.'") (alterations in original)

(quoting State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 471, 474 (1999)).

      It is "more compelling" to defer to the Law Division where both the Law

Division and municipal court "have entered concurrent judgments on purely

factual issues." State v. Reece, 222 N.J. 154, 166 (2015) (quoting Locurto, 157

N.J. at 474). "Under the two-court rule, appellate courts ordinarily should not

undertake to alter concurrent findings of facts and credibility determinations

made by two lower courts absent a very obvious and exceptional showing of

error." Ibid. (quoting Locurto, 157 N.J. at 474).

      Defendant contends that the municipal court failed to find she had the

appropriate mens rea – knowledge, purpose, or intent – to violate the statute.

This argument lacks merit. Intent is not an element of the violations at issue.

As we stated in State v. Kiejdan, 181 N.J. Super. 254, 257 (App. Div. 1981), "a

'culpable mental state' is [not] a prerequisite to conviction of an ordinance

violation."

      We are satisfied there was ample evidence in the record to support the

municipal court and Law Division's factual findings and the conviction.

Defendant could not produce an application for a building permit or any

evidence that a building permit was issued. She was apprised by numerous


                                                                       A-3091-18T2
                                       5
township officials of the need for the permit and variance. In addition, she

received more than fifty summonses, also notifying her of the deficiencies and

violation.

      In addressing the penalty, the Township's ordinance provided that each

day that defendant was in violation of § 188-50 constituted a separate violation.

See Howell Municipal Ordinance § 1-4(d).2 The Township was permitted to

fine defendant for each day that she was in violation of the ordinance. That the

municipal court merged a number of the violations was a voluntary act; a

"showing [of] mercy" to defendant as described by the Law Division.

      Affirmed.




             2
               Except as otherwise provided, each and every day for
             which a violation of any provision of the aforesaid
             codified ordinances or this Code, or any other
             ordinance of the Township, exists shall constitute a
             separate violation.

             [Howell Municipal Ordinance § 1-4(d).]


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