            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



ESTATE OF WILLIAM D. XERRI, by BRENT                                UNPUBLISHED
W. XERRI, Personal Representative,                                  July 25, 2019

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                   No. 341598
                                                                    Monroe Circuit Court
PATRICK ANTHONY WILLIAMS and                                        LC No. 15-138410-NI
STEVENS DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING
SERVICE, INC.,

               Defendants-Appellees.


Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and METER and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff, the Estate of William D. Xerri, by its personal representative, Brent W. Xerri,1
appeals as of right a judgment awarding no damages to plaintiff. This matter is a wrongful-death
action arising out of a motor vehicle accident. A jury determined that plaintiff’s decedent was
60% at fault in the accident and that defendants, Patrick Anthony Williams (“Williams”) and
Stevens Disposal and Recycling Service, Inc. (“Stevens”), were collectively 40% at fault.
Consequently, MCL 500.3135(2)(b) precluded the assessment of damages in favor of plaintiff.
We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        The fatal motor vehicle accident that gave rise to this matter occurred on December 20,
2013, at the intersection of North Telegraph Road (“Telegraph”) and Mall Road (“Mall”) in
Frenchtown Township, Monroe County, Michigan. Telegraph is a five-lane road at this
intersection, with two lanes for northbound travel, two lanes for southbound travel, and a center


1
  We will refer to the Estate of William D. Xerri as “plaintiff.” William D. Xerri himself will be
referred to as “decedent” or “plaintiff’s decedent.” Brent W. Xerri will be referred to as “Brent.”



                                                -1-
turn lane. The speed limit in this area is 55 miles an hour. Plaintiff’s decedent, who was 70
years old and whose right leg had previously been amputated in 2010 due to blood clots and
infections, was operating a 2010 Ford Taurus southbound on Telegraph, north of the intersection
with Mall. Williams was operating a garbage truck owned by his employer, Stevens, northbound
on Telegraph, south of the intersection with Mall. The collision between decedent’s vehicle and
Williams’s vehicle occurred at the intersection as decedent attempted to drive through the
intersection and Williams attempted to turn left onto Mall. Decedent suffered fatal injuries in the
accident.

        Decedent’s son, Brent, acting as the personal representative of decedent’s estate, filed
this wrongful-death action alleging negligence against Williams and Stevens, including for
failing to yield to oncoming traffic. Among other matters, there was some dispute at trial as to
the status of the traffic lights at the intersection immediately before the accident occurred. The
case proceeded to a five-day jury trial. As noted, the jury found that plaintiff’s decedent was
60% at fault in the accident and that defendants collectively were 40% at fault in the accident.
The trial court thus entered a judgment that awarded no damages to plaintiff. Plaintiff then
commenced the instant appeal, largely challenging various evidentiary decisions by the trial
court.

                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        “A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion.” Edry v Adelman, 486 Mich 634, 639; 786 NW2d 567 (2010) (citation omitted). The
trial court’s decision whether to permit a party to use a demonstrative or visual aid is also
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Campbell v Menze Constr Co, 15 Mich App 407, 409;
166 NW2d 624 (1968). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes. Guerrero v Smith, 280 Mich App 647, 660; 761
NW2d 723 (2008). “The decision upon a close evidentiary question by definition ordinarily
cannot be an abuse of discretion.” Andreson v Progressive Marathon Ins Co, 322 Mich App 76,
87; 910 NW2d 691 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “We review de novo
questions of law underlying evidentiary rulings, including the interpretation of statutes and court
rules. The admission or exclusion of evidence because of an erroneous interpretation of law is
necessarily an abuse of discretion.” Elher v Misra, 499 Mich 11, 21; 878 NW2d 790 (2016)
(footnotes and internal citations omitted). “With this said, an evidentiary error is not ordinarily
grounds for appellate relief, and such relief is appropriate only when the error results in
substantial prejudice that denies a fair trial to the aggrieved party.” Mitchell v Kalamazoo
Anesthesiology, PC, 321 Mich App 144, 157-158; 908 NW2d 319 (2017), citing MCR
2.613(A).2




2
    MCR 2.613(A) provides:
                 An error in the admission or the exclusion of evidence, an error in a ruling
         or order, or an error or defect in anything done or omitted by the court or by the
         parties is not ground for granting a new trial, for setting aside a verdict, or for


                                                 -2-
                                 III. EVIDENCE OF DRUG TEST

       Plaintiff first argues that the trial court abused its discretion by excluding evidence of an
April 29, 2014 drug test in which Williams tested positive for amphetamines. We disagree.

        Initially, although plaintiff argues that an evidentiary error occurred, plaintiff fails to
present an argument addressing whether or how the alleged error resulted in substantial prejudice
that denied plaintiff a fair trial. A party cannot leave it to this Court to make arguments for that
party. Seifeddine v Jaber, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2019) (Docket No. 343411)
(slip op at 3-4). Failure to adequately brief an issue constitutes abandonment. Id. Plaintiff fails
to make an argument addressing whether or how the alleged evidentiary error resulted in
substantial prejudice that denied plaintiff a fair trial. Because plaintiff is not entitled to relief in
the absence of prejudice, plaintiff has abandoned the issue.

         In any event, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence regarding
the drug test. “Under Michigan’s rules of evidence, all logically relevant evidence is admissible
at trial, except as otherwise prohibited by the state or federal constitutions or other court rules.”
Lewis v LeGrow, 258 Mich App 175, 199; 670 NW2d 675 (2003), citing MRE 402. “Evidence
is relevant if it has any tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the
action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Lewis, 258 Mich
App at 199, citing MRE 401. Further, “[t]he trial court has discretion to exclude relevant
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation
of cumulative evidence.” Lewis, 258 Mich App at 199, citing MRE 403.

        We find plaintiff’s argument regarding the relevance of the drug test difficult to follow,
but apparently plaintiff believes it would cast light on Williams’s habitual use or nonuse of
amphetamines. However, the primary issue at trial was who had been negligent in the December
20, 2013 motor vehicle accident. Plaintiff claimed that Williams was negligent in turning left at
the intersection, whereas defendants’ position was that Williams had the right-of-way when he
turned left. It was undisputed at trial that Williams tested positive for amphetamines on the date
of the accident. There was, however, no evidence that Williams was impaired at the time of the
accident, and two witnesses who talked to Williams at the accident scene testified that he did not
seem impaired. The fact that Williams tested positive for amphetamines again four months after
the accident does not help establish whether Williams was impaired at the time of the accident.
Because it is undisputed that Williams had amphetamines in his body on the date of the accident,
the fact that he tested positive again four months later was simply irrelevant. There was no
evidence connecting any habitual drug use to Williams’s decision to turn left, particularly given
the lack of evidence that Williams was impaired at the time of the accident.




       vacating, modifying, or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to
       take this action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice.



                                                  -3-
        Plaintiff also contends that evidence of the April 29, 2014 drug test was relevant to
challenge Williams’s credibility, because there was some suspicion that Williams had tried to
cheat the test. Evidence regarding a witness’s credibility is always relevant. In re Dearmon, 303
Mich App 684, 696; 847 NW2d 514 (2014). However, a trial court has discretion in determining
the extent to which credibility may be challenged. See generally Murphy v Muskegon Co, 162
Mich App 609, 619; 413 NW2d 73 (1987) (“The extent to which a witness may be cross-
examined on questions affecting his or her credibility rests in the sound discretion of the trial
court.”). Evidence regarding any allegedly suspicious circumstances related to the April 29,
2014 drug test could reasonably be viewed as unduly prejudicial as well as cumulative. The trial
court allowed plaintiff to present evidence regarding a January 14, 2014 drug test result
indicating that Williams’s urine sample was diluted. Plaintiff’s counsel cross-examined
Williams at trial about the diluted sample obtained in the January 14, 2014 test. Plaintiff thus
had an opportunity to present a theory that Williams was less than truthful or candid in
connection with the drug testing procedures.

         Overall, the trial court’s decision to exclude evidence regarding the April 29, 2014 drug
test fell within the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. Even if the trial court had erred
in excluding this evidence, the error did not cause substantial prejudice that denied plaintiff a fair
trial. See Mitchell, 321 Mich App at 157-158. It was undisputed at trial that Williams had
amphetamines in his system on the date of the accident. The jury considered this fact along with
the other evidence and concluded that plaintiff’s decedent was 60% at fault in the accident and
that Williams and Stevens collectively were 40% at fault. Evidence that Williams tested positive
for amphetamines again more than four months after the accident would not have altered the
outcome.

                     IV. EVIDENCE OF DEFENSE COUNSEL’S LETTER

       Plaintiff next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding an April 23,
2014 letter from defense counsel to the Monroe County Sheriff’s Department. We disagree.

        Again, plaintiff has abandoned this issue in multiple ways. Plaintiff cites no authority in
support of its argument on this issue other than MRE 801(d)(2)(C), which provides that a
statement is not hearsay if it is offered against a party and is “a statement by a person authorized
by the party to make a statement concerning the subject[.]” However, the trial court excluded the
April 23, 2014 letter on the grounds that it was irrelevant and would be unduly prejudicial and
confusing to the jury, not on hearsay grounds. Therefore, plaintiff has failed to cite any pertinent
legal authority and has thus abandoned this issue. See Peterson Novelties, Inc v City of Berkley,
259 Mich App 1, 14; 672 NW2d 351 (2003). In addition, plaintiff again fails to address whether
or how the alleged evidentiary error resulted in substantial prejudice that denied plaintiff a fair
trial. See Mitchell, 321 Mich App at 157-158. Plaintiff has thus failed to adequately brief the
issue, which again constitutes abandonment. Seifeddine, ___ Mich App at ___ (slip op at 3-4).

        In any event, the trial court’s determination that this letter was not relevant fell within the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes. In the April 23, 2014 letter to the Monroe County
Sheriff’s Department reflects purported medical and pharmacological research conducted by
defense counsel to support the conclusion that Williams’s legal use of over-the-counter medicine
could have created a false positive result for amphetamines. It was undisputed at trial that

                                                 -4-
Williams tested positive for amphetamines on the accident date, and the defense did not present
any theory at trial that Williams’s test result was a false positive. Defense counsel’s assertions in
the letter do not tend to make any material fact more probable or less probable. Further, the trial
court reasonably concluded that admission of this letter would unduly confuse the jury, given
that the letter could incorrectly be viewed as reflecting defense counsel’s expertise about the
medical or pharmacological research that defense counsel said he conducted.

        However, even if the trial court had erred in excluding defense counsel’s letter, the error
did not cause substantial prejudice that denied plaintiff a fair trial. See Mitchell, 321 Mich App
at 157-158. Although the letter was not admitted at trial, the key information contained in the
letter was made known to the jury through Williams’s testimony. Williams admitted at trial that
he told the general manager of Stevens that Williams was taking a medicine that Williams
thought could have caused the positive drug test. Williams admitted at trial that he is now aware
that two toxicologists have indicated that the medicine would not cause a positive test for
amphetamines. The jury was thus made aware that Williams had once suggested that the
medicine could result in a false positive test result, and it was also made aware that the medicine
actually would not cause a false positive. The jury nonetheless determined that Williams was
less than 50% at fault in the accident. There is no reason to believe that admission of the letter
would have changed the outcome of the trial.

                                    V. DEMONSTRATIVE AID

        Plaintiff next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to allow plaintiff
to use, as a demonstrative aid at trial, an animated video purportedly depicting the motor vehicle
accident in this case. We disagree.

        Once more, plaintiff has abandoned this issue. Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in
precluding the use of an animated video as a demonstrative aid, but plaintiff does not explain
how the failure to grant a new trial on the basis of this purported error would be “inconsistent
with substantial justice.” MCR 2.613(A); Mitchell, 321 Mich App at 157-158. That same
standard applies by analogy to an asserted error in the refusal to allow the use of a demonstrative
aid. Because plaintiff has failed to address whether the alleged error resulted in substantial
prejudice that denied plaintiff a fair trial, plaintiff has failed to adequately brief the issue, and the
issue is thus abandoned. Seifeddine, ___ Mich App at ___ (slip op at 3-4).

        In any event, trial courts possess inherent authority “to manage their own affairs so as to
achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.” Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476
Mich 372, 376; 719 NW2d 809 (2006). Further, trial courts “have express authority to direct and
control the proceedings before them.” Id. See also People v Johnson, 315 Mich App 163, 177;
889 NW2d 513 (2016). “The authority and discretion afforded to trial courts to control the
course of trial is, in fact, very broad.” Id. In particular, trial courts are vested with discretion in
determining the extent to which demonstrative or visual aids may be used. See Campbell, 15
Mich App at 409.

                The use of blackboards, charts and other visual aids at a trial is common
        practice. Counsel for both sides should be encouraged to present their case in a
        way that will be most clearly understood by the jury. The extent to which visual

                                                  -5-
       aids can be used, when and whether they are to be marked for the record and the
       comment to be made by preliminary or final instructions that such drawings,
       charts, or calculations are not evidence rests within the sound discretion of the
       trial court. [Id.]

In Campbell, this Court upheld the trial court’s decision regarding the use of the visual aid of a
chart listing the damages that the plaintiff claimed to have suffered. See id. at 408-409.

        The trial court’s declination to allow the use of an animated video as a demonstrative aid
did not fall outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. Plaintiff argues that the
video would have helped the jury understand the locations of the vehicles and the rapid timing of
events before the accident. However, three eyewitnesses testified regarding the events
surrounding the accident. The trial court correctly observed that the testimony was sufficiently
clear and that there was no technical issue involved that required the use of a demonstrative aid.
The jury heard the testimony of the eyewitnesses and did not need an animated video to
understand what occurred. The trial court thus did not abuse its discretion in disallowing the use
of this video.3

        Furthermore, even if the trial court had erred in barring the use of this video as a
demonstrative aid, such an error did not result in substantial prejudice that denied plaintiff a fair
trial. See Mitchell, 321 Mich App at 157-158; see also MCR 2.613(A). Again, the jury heard
the testimony of the eyewitnesses to the accident. There is no reason to believe that an animated
video purporting to depict what the eyewitnesses clearly described would have altered the
outcome of the trial.

                  VI. DECEDENT’S MOTOR VEHICLE HAND CONTROLS

        Plaintiff next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence that
some of decedent’s family members recommended that he obtain hand controls for his motor
vehicle. We disagree.

         As with previous issues, plaintiff once again fails to present an argument addressing
whether or how the alleged evidentiary error resulted in substantial prejudice that denied plaintiff
a fair trial. See Mitchell, 321 Mich App at 157-158. Plaintiff has thus failed to adequately brief
the issue, which again constitutes abandonment. Seifeddine, ___ Mich App at ___ (slip op at 3-
4).

       In any event, “Michigan follows the rule of comparative negligence.” Lugo v Ameritech
Corp, Inc, 464 Mich 512, 523; 629 NW2d 384 (2001). “Under this doctrine, a defendant may


3
 The trial court also took note of the failure of plaintiff’s counsel to disclose the video to the trial
court and defense counsel until the second day of trial. Plaintiff argues that it was not required to
disclose the video earlier. However, the tardy disclosure does not seem to have been the central
basis of the trial court’s decision. Rather, the trial court’s rationale was that the video was not
needed as a demonstrative aid given the clear testimony and the lack of a technical issue.


                                                  -6-
present evidence of a plaintiff’s negligence in order to reduce liability.” Riddle v McLouth Steel
Prod Corp, 440 Mich 85, 98; 485 NW2d 676 (1992). MCL 600.2957(1) provides, “In an action
based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or
wrongful death, the liability of each person shall be allocated . . . in direct proportion to the
person’s percentage of fault.” In cases involving motor vehicle accidents, damages may “not be
assessed in favor of a party who is more than 50% at fault.” MCL 500.3135(2)(b).

        Some of decedent’s family members testified about their observations of how decedent
drove his vehicle following the amputation of his right leg. Decedent sat awkwardly in his
vehicle in order to use his left foot to apply the brake and the gas pedal. Decedent’s family
members testified about their concerns and their suggestions to decedent that he obtain hand
controls for his vehicle. Plaintiff argues this testimony should not have been admitted because
there is no evidence that decedent’s failure to obtain and use hand controls caused the accident.
However, there was undisputed evidence at trial that decedent failed to apply his brakes before
the accident, even though another driver going the same direction as decedent and who was
further ahead of decedent stopped at the intersection as the light was changing. The testimony of
decedent’s family members regarding their observations of his driving and their concerns about
how he drove, which were intertwined with their recommendations to him to get hand controls,
offers a possible explanation for why decedent’s left foot failed to hit the brake pedal. The trial
court’s decision to admit the evidence fell within the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes.

                                  VII. OTHER ARGUMENTS

         Plaintiff’s final two arguments on appeal concern a challenge to another evidentiary
ruling and an assertion of instructional error. Irrespective of the substantive merits of plaintiff’s
final two arguments, the evidence and instruction involved in those issues pertain only to
damages. The jury found that decedent was 60% at fault in the accident and thus did not address
or award damages. As discussed, MCL 500.3135(2)(b) therefore precludes an assessment of
damages in plaintiff’s favor. Even if we were to conclude that plaintiff’s arguments entirely
correct and that the trial court erred, we could not enter an order on that basis granting plaintiff
relief from the outcome of the proceedings, because they pertain to damages that were totally
unavailable in any event. Thus, these arguments are moot. See C D Barnes Assoc, Inc v Star
Heaven, LLC, 300 Mich App 389, 406; 834 NW2d 878 (2013). We generally need not, and do
not, consider issues that “present[] only abstract questions of law that do not rest upon existing
facts or rights.” See Ryan v Ryan, 260 Mich App 315, 330; 677 NW2d 899 (2004) (quotation
omitted).

       Affirmed. Defendants, being the prevailing parties, may tax costs. MCR 7.219(A).

                                                              /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
                                                              /s/ Patrick M. Meter
                                                              /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens




                                                -7-
