        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                        Assigned on Briefs February 23, 2012

              STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RODNEY K. GLOVER

               Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
                     No. 40900017      Michael R. Jones, Judge


                No. M2011-00854-CCA-R3-CD - Filed March 28, 2012


A Montgomery County Circuit Court jury convicted the defendant, Rodney K. Glover, of
conspiracy to commit aggravated burglary, aggravated burglary, conspiracy to commit theft
of property valued at over $10,000 but less than $60,000, aggravated robbery, aggravated
kidnapping, and theft of property valued at less than $500. At sentencing, the trial court
imposed a total effective sentence of 50 years’ incarceration. On appeal, the defendant
challenges the trial court’s imposition of sentences as to both the length and alignment of
service. Discerning no error, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

            Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. K ELLY
T HOMAS, J R., and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

Daniel A. Stephenson, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Rodney K. Glover.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Meredith DeVault, Assistant Attorney
General; John Wesley Carney, Jr., District Attorney General; and Robert J. Nash, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

              On October 16, 2008, Vickie Terrell went to the home of then 90-year-old Oma
England, where Ms. Terrell was employed as a part-time caregiver for Ms. England. She
arrived at approximately 8:00 in the morning to take Ms. England to a 9:00 appointment.
Upon her arrival, Ms. Terrell was immediately “alerted” that something was wrong because
the garage door was still down, which was unusual because Ms. England routinely opened
the door when expecting Ms. Terrell. Ms. Terrell also noticed a screen removed from a
garage window and a bench knocked over near the garage. Once she entered the garage, Ms.
Terrell saw that Ms. England’s 2006 Mercury Milan was gone and that several items littered
the garage floor. Ms. Terrell opened the door to the home and, without stepping inside, she
could see the house was “disordered.” She called the victim’s name twice and “backed out”
of the home to telephone the Clarksville Police Department (CPD).

               Officer Ben Blackmon responded to Ms. Terrell’s call. He entered the home
to make sure no one was inside. He noted that the home was in “extreme disarray” with
furniture turned over, pictures removed from the walls, drawers pulled out, and paperwork
scattered on the floor. Officer Blackmon searched the basement and main level floors before
going upstairs. Each room had “stuff thrown all over” the floor. As he entered an upstairs
bedroom, Officer Blackmon saw a body lying on a bed. The body was completely covered
except for the feet. When Officer Blackmon saw one of the feet move, he immediately
entered the room to “render aid.” Officer Blackmon identified the person on the bed as the
victim, Ms. England. The victim’s feet and hands were bound to the bed with electrical
cords. Officer Blackmon cut the electrical cords in order to release the victim. The victim
told Officer Blackmon that she needed water and a doctor. Emergency medical technicians
soon arrived and transported Ms. England to the hospital.

               Doctor Robert Paasche, an emergency room physician with Gateway Medical
Center at the time of the victim’s assault, treated the victim when she arrived at the hospital.
He described the victim as “an elderly woman who had been beaten quite severely.” The
victim suffered “intensive bruising and swelling about both eyes and the face.” She was
unable to open her eyes. She also experienced tenderness and bruising to the left side of her
chest, bruising and swelling to her forearms and wrists, and a “skin tear” on her left arm.
The victim suffered “quite a bit of pain” from fractures to bones in her face and hands.
Doctor Paasche determined that the victim had been tied to the bed for an “extended period
of time.” Doctor Paasche ran tests to determine the victim’s “skeletal muscle enzyme level.”
He explained that a normal enzyme level is 100. His testing revealed that the victim’s
enzyme level, however, reached 1,700, indicating that the victim had lain in the same
position for ten to 12 hours. At that level, the victim was at an increased risk for kidney
failure.

               CPD officers “processed” the victim’s home in the days following the assault.
All of the officers described the home as “totally ransacked.” From the home, they collected
latex gloves, the electrical cords used to bind the victim, and a pillowcase that had been
placed over the victim’s head. Several days later, Ms. Terrell found a “cigarette butt” in a
corner of the foyer while she helped the victim’s daughter, Nancy Williams, clean the home.
Knowing that no one smoked in the home, Ms. Terrell gave the partially-smoked cigarette
to Ms. Williams who then gave it to Sergeant Liane Wilson.



                                              -2-
               Within days of the assault, another CPD investigator, Detective Brad Crowe,
received a telephone call concerning a suspected stolen vehicle found abandoned at a local
used car lot. Detective Crowe collected more partially-smoked cigarettes and a Pepsi bottle
from the abandoned Ford F-250. He also found a business card for Accurate Welding and
Ornamental Iron, a Georgia business, behind the front seat of the truck. Testing performed
at the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Crime Laboratory later confirmed the presence of
the defendant’s and co-defendant Colin Savage’s fingerprints and deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) on several items collected from the victim’s residence and the truck.

               Detective Timothy Finley determined that the license plate on the abandoned
truck had been stolen from a vehicle in a local Walmart parking lot. Through a trace of the
truck’s vehicle identification number, Detective Finley also determined that the truck
belonged to the owner of Accurate Welding and Ornamental Iron, who had reported the truck
stolen. The victim’s car was later found in Georgia. The defendant became a suspect
following interviews with the victim’s stepson-in-law, John Privette. When Detective Finley
learned that the stolen truck originated from Jonesboro, where the defendant also lived, the
investigators “became real interested in” the defendant as a suspect.

               On November 8, 2008, Detective Finley received a letter from the defendant
implicating Mr. Savage as a co-participant in the offenses. In the letter, the defendant also
disclosed the location of many stolen items. Investigators located the items on property
owned by Mr. Savage’s mother and at a neighbor’s home where the defendant had stayed.
Investigators found jewelry, purses, coin sets, scarves, and flatware belonging to the victim
at both residences. They also discovered a black nightstick in the family room of the home
where the defendant was staying. Telephone records revealed that someone telephoned Mr.
Savage’s cellular telephone from the victim’s residence at 10:36 p.m. on October 15 and
again at 2:12 a.m. on October 16. Investigators also learned that the victim, who had a
subscription to “Lifeline,” an emergency service, received a call from the service at 11:41
p.m. on October 15.

               Nancy Williams, the victim’s daughter, testified that her father, Maurice
Coursey, died more than 15 years ago and that the victim later married George England. Mr.
England had two children, George and Nancy. Mr. England’s daughter, Nancy, was married
to John Privette. Mr. England died in February 2008, and the victim was living alone at the
time of the offenses. Ms. Williams lived in Baton Rouge, Lousisiana but visited the victim
three or four times a year. The Terrells worked for the victim, doing household chores and
maintenance and driving the victim to appointments.

              Ms. Williams recalled when the offenses occurred. She said she flew straight
to Clarksville upon learning of the victim’s assault. The victim spent one week in the

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hospital and several more in a rehabilitation center. Ms. Williams described the victim’s
home as a “total wreck.” Ms. Williams recalled Ms. Terrell’s finding a partially-smoked
cigarette as they cleaned the victim’s home. She gave the cigarette to Sergeant Wilson. Ms.
Williams recalled that a blue aquamarine necklace purchased by her father in 1948 for her
mother was among the items stolen. The victim’s assailants also took Mr. England’s West
Point ring, a large diamond ring, an “elaborate gold bracelet,” and a mink coat, as well as the
victim’s car. The insurance value of the items totaled between $15,000 and $20,000.

                The victim, Oma Nell Woodson Coursey England, testified that she was born
on March 26, 1918. She recalled being assaulted as she lay asleep in bed late one night. She
said, “[A]t least two [men] jumped on my body and started kicking and hitting me . . ., [and]
they stomped on me with their rough feet.” She said the men covered her face with some
kind of cloth – “like a funeral.” She stopped trying to fight the men, and they bound her feet
and hands. She did not see her attackers and had never met the defendant or Mr. Savage.
She did, however, know Mr. Privette as her stepdaughter’s husband. The victim described
her two husbands as “very generous men” and said that the attackers took “[e]verything she
had . . . that night.” She considered herself “fortunate to have not been killed.”

              Joseph DeMaio, an inmate at the Montgomery County Jail, met the defendant
as the defendant awaited trial. The two men became friends, and Mr. DeMaio often asked
his mother to perform computer research for the defendant. Mr. DeMaio recalled the
defendant’s admitting his involvement in the offenses. The defendant told Mr. DeMaio that
Mr. Privette told the defendant that the victim kept “gold and silver bullion” and cash in a
safe at her home. The defendant admitted that he entered the victim’s home and that he tied
up the victim when the victim began struggling with him. After restraining the victim, the
defendant telephoned Mr. Savage, who assisted in ransacking the home in search of the
valuables. The defendant referred to Mr. Savage as a “chicken shit” because Mr. Savage fled
the home when “Lifeline” personnel contacted the home. The defendant told Mr. DeMaio
that he “thought [the victim] was in her 70’s; had [he] known she was that old [he] never
would have [tied her up].” The defendant also told Mr. DeMaio that he and Mr. Privette
owed Mr. Savage money for methamphetamine.

              The defendant testified at trial and denied ever meeting Mr. DeMaio while
housed at the Montgomery County Jail or telling Mr. DeMaio anything about the offenses.
He affirmed the accuracy of his 2008 statement to CPD Detective Timothy Anderson.1 The
defendant testified that he met Mr. Privette, who asked him to rob his wife’s stepmother. Mr.
Privette claimed the victim kept “gold bars and silver bars” in a safe in her home. Mr.


       1
          The defendant’s statement was played for the jury during Detective Anderson’s testimony during
the State’s case-in-chief.

                                                  -4-
Privette promised the defendant that his portion of the theft proceeds would total between
$100,000 and $300,000. The defendant testified that he plotted with Mr. Privette to commit
the burglary and theft because he needed the money “due to his poverty” and to support his
methamphetamine addiction.

              The defendant testified that he procured Mr. Savage’s assistance in committing
the offenses. The defendant said that he and Mr. Savage traveled to the victim’s home in
Clarksville. Before arriving at the home, the defendant and Mr. Savage stopped at a Walmart
parking lot where they stole a license plate from a vehicle to place on the truck they were
driving. At the victim’s home, the defendant “jimmied” the sunroom door open and found
keys where Mr. Privette told him they were kept. The defendant entered the victim’s home
between 10:00 and 11:00 p.m. and first located a safe in the basement where he found coins
and stamps. He did not, however, find the gold, silver, and cash as promised by Mr. Privette.
The defendant then telephoned Mr. Savage to join him in “going through rooms” in search
of valuables.

              The defendant admitted putting a pillowcase over the victim’s head, but he
denied beating the victim. The defendant said that Mr. Savage beat the victim while the
defendant searched drawers for valuables. The defendant recalled that the victim “was
calling on Jesus, and [Mr.] Savage told [the defendant] he was a[n] athiest. And that’s the
only reason [the defendant could] think that [Mr. Savage] hit her, or to knock her out.” The
defendant eventually told Mr. Savage to stop hitting the victim. When the defendant
accidentally knocked the telephone to the floor, alerting the victim’s “Lifeline” system, Mr.
Savage became startled and ran from the home. The defendant faked his voice to assure the
“Lifeline” personnel that everything was okay. He then loaded the victim’s car with the
stolen items and spent the night driving around in search of Mr. Savage. Unable to locate
Mr. Savage, the defendant drove back to Georgia, where he abandoned the victim’s car.

              Walter Vaughn, an inmate in the Montgomery County Jail at the same time as
the defendant and Mr. Savage, testified at trial that Mr. Savage told him details about the
offenses.2 Mr. Vaughn testified that Mr. Savage admitted tying up the victim and beating
her. He also told Mr. Vaughn that the defendant disguised his voice as an elderly lady’s
voice to dupe the “Lifeline” personnel. According to Mr. Vaughn, Mr. Savage returned to
the home sometime during the night in search of more valuables before telephoning his
mother in Georgia to pick him up.



        2
           During a jury-out hearing prior to the defendant’s testifying, the defense called Mr. Savage as a
witness. Mr. Savage, while represented by counsel, exercised his right against self-incrimination and elected
not to testify at the defendant’s trial.

                                                    -5-
               With this evidence, the jury convicted the defendant of conspiracy to commit
aggravated burglary, aggravated burglary, conspiracy to commit theft of property valued at
over $10,000 but less that $60,000, aggravated robbery, aggravated kidnapping – all related
to offenses committed against Ms. England – and theft of property valued at less than $500,
related to the stolen license plate.

                At the sentencing hearing, the parties agreed that the defendant qualified as a
Range II, multiple offender based upon his history of criminal convictions. The defendant
testified that his most serious prior conviction, vehicular homicide, arose from a high speed
chase from the police during which his passenger and good friend was killed. During the
same incident, the defendant suffered severe head injuries and was hospitalized in a coma
for several months. After his trial in the instant case, the defendant testified against Mr.
Savage in Mr. Savage’s separate trial. The defendant expressed remorse to the victim and
her family for the offenses.

               In determining the length of the defendant’s sentence, the trial court found four
applicable enhancement factors: the defendant’s previous history of criminal convictions, see
T.C.A. § 40-35-114(1); the defendant’s leadership role in committing the offenses as
evidenced by his planning with Mr. Privette and procurement of Mr. Savage’s assistance, see
id. at § 40-35-114(2); the then 90-year-old victim’s particular vulnerability due to age, see
id. at § 40-35-114(4); and the exceptionally cruel treatment of the victim at the hands of both
the defendant and Mr. Savage, see id. at § 40-35-114(5). The trial court gave some weight
in mitigation to the defendant’s assisting authorities in locating the stolen property and
testifying at Mr. Savage’s trial. Based upon these factors, the trial court imposed the
maximum sentences for each offense.

                In determining the alignment of sentences, the trial court found that the
defendant had “a very extensive record of criminal activity.” See T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b)(2).
The trial court also found that the defendant was “a dangerous offender whose behavior
indicates little or no regard for human life and who had no hesitation about committing a
crime in which the risk to human life was high.” See T.C.A. § 40-35-115(4). The trial court
further determined that consecutive sentencing was necessary to protect the public and
reasonably related to the severity of the offenses. See State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933
(Tenn. 1995). The court then ordered that the sentences in counts one and two be served
concurrently (for an effective sentence of 10 years), and that the sentences in counts three
and four be served concurrently (for an effective sentence of 20 years), but it ordered that
each concurrently aligned pair be served consecutively to one another and to the 20 year
sentence imposed in count five. Thus, the trial court imposed a total effective sentence of




                                              -6-
50 years’ incarceration.3

                On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court imposed an excessive
sentence in both length and alignment of service. The State contends that the record supports
the trial court’s sentencing decision.

                When considering challenges to the length and manner of service of a sentence
this court conducts a de novo review with a presumption that the determinations of the trial
court are correct. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d) (2006). This presumption, however, “is
conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the
sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d
166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). The appealing party, in this case the defendant, bears the burden of
establishing impropriety in the sentence. T.C.A. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Comm’n
Comments; see also Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. If our review of the sentence establishes that
the trial court gave “due consideration” to the appropriate “factors and principles which are
relevant to sentencing under the Act, and that the trial court’s findings of fact . . . are
adequately supported in the record, then we may not disturb the sentence even if we would
have preferred a different result.” State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1991). Since the 2005 revisions to our sentencing act rendered enhancement and mitigating
factors advisory, appellate review does not extend to the weight afforded mitigating and
enhancement factors by the trial court. State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 345-46 (Tenn.
2008). In the event the record fails to demonstrate the required consideration by the trial
court, appellate review of the sentence is purely de novo. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.


                In making its sentencing decision, the trial court was required to consider:


                (1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing
                hearing;

                (2) The presentence report;

                (3) The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
                alternatives;




        3
         The trial court imposed a concurrent sentence of 11 months and 29 days for the misdemeanor theft
conviction.

                                                  -7-
              (4) The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;

              (5) Evidence and information offered by the parties on the
              mitigating and enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and
              40-35-114;

              (6) Any statistical information provided by the administrative
              office of the courts as to sentencing practices for similar
              offenses in Tennessee; and


              (7) Any statement the defendant wishes to make in the
              defendant’s own behalf about sentencing.

T.C.A. § 40-35-210(b). The trial court should also consider “[t]he potential or lack of
potential for the rehabilitation or treatment of the defendant . . . in determining the sentence
alternative or length of a term to be imposed.” Id. § 40-35-103(5).

               The record reflects that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and
all relevant facts and circumstances in arriving at the length of sentences. Further, the trial
court applied appropriate enhancement and mitigating factors. The record before this court
fully supports the lengths of sentences imposed by the trial court in this case.


             As to the defendant’s challenge concerning the imposition of consecutive
sentences, when a defendant is convicted of multiple crimes, the trial court, in its discretion,
may order the sentences to be served consecutively if it finds by a preponderance of the
evidence that a defendant falls into one of seven categories listed in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115. They are:


              (1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly
              devoted such defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source
              of livelihood;

              (2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal
              activity is extensive;

              (3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so


                                              -8-
              declared by a competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result
              of an investigation prior to sentencing that the defendant’s
              criminal conduct has been characterized by a pattern of
              repetitive or compulsive behavior with heedless indifference to
              consequences;

              (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior
              indicates little or no regard for human life and no hesitation
              about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high;

              (5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory
              offenses involving sexual abuse of a minor with consideration
              of the aggravating circumstances arising from the relationship
              between the defendant and victim or victims, the time span of
              defendant’s undetected sexual activity, the nature and scope of
              the sexual acts and the extent of the residual, physical and
              mental damage to the victim or victims;

              (6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while
              on probation; or

              (7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.

T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b). The existence of a single category is sufficient to warrant the
imposition of consecutive sentences. See State v. Adams, 973 S.W.2d 224, 231 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1997). Here, the trial court concluded that the defendant fit into the second and fourth
categories, that the defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive
and that the defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard
for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life
is high. In Wilkerson, the supreme court imposed two additional requirements for
consecutive sentencing when the “dangerous offender” category is used: (1) the court must
find consecutive sentences are reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed
and (2) that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from further criminal
conduct. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 937-39; see also State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698, 707-08
(Tenn. 2002).

             In this case, the trial court specifically addressed both Wilkerson factors.
Furthermore, the record supports the trial court’s findings as to both factors (2) and (4).

                                             -9-
Thus, the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences was appropriate.


                                        Conclusion


              The record supports the trial court’s imposition of maximum sentences for each
offense and consecutive sentences. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.




                                          _________________________________
                                          JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE




                                            -10-
