                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                        No. 04-10-00533-CR

                                            Luis CANTU,
                                              Appellant

                                                 v.

                                       The STATE of Texas,
                                             Appellee

                   From the 25th Judicial District Court, Guadalupe County, Texas
                                    Trial Court No. 07-1793-CR
                           Honorable Dwight E. Peschel, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting:          Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
                  Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Delivered and Filed: September 14, 2011

AFFIRMED

           Appellant Luis Cantu appeals from a judgment of conviction for felony possession of a

controlled substance. Cantu filed a pre-trial motion to suppress evidence, which was denied by

the trial court. The trial court made no explicit findings of fact in support of its ruling. In one

issue, Cantu argues the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress. We overrule Cantu’s

issue and affirm the judgment of conviction.
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                                         BACKGROUND

        Guadalupe County sheriff’s deputy Trey Kelly was the sole witness to testify at the

suppression hearing. According to Kelly, a source told him that controlled substances were being

sold in a trailer park in Guadalupe County, Texas. Kelly was also told that a white Chevy Impala

with black tinted windows was involved in some of these drug transactions. On June 12, 2007,

Kelly drove to the trailer park and saw a white Chevy Impala with black tinted windows leaving

the trailer park. Kelly decided to follow the car. After following the car for seven to ten miles,

Kelly saw the car swerve onto the improved shoulder. Shortly thereafter, Kelly saw the car

swerve onto the improved shoulder a second time. On this particular stretch of road, the shoulder

was demarcated by a white line. The swerving was not minor; about half the car crossed onto the

shoulder. Kelly did not believe the car’s actions were consistent with moving over to the side of

the road to allow another vehicle to pass or taking necessary evasive action. After the car

swerved the second time, Kelly concluded the maneuvers were reckless and decided to pull the

car over for traffic violations.

        After the car pulled onto the shoulder and parked, Kelly approached the car and identified

himself to the driver, whom he later learned was Cantu. Kelly asked Cantu to step out of the car

and accompany him to the shoulder area behind the car. Cantu complied. Once there, Kelly

obtained Cantu’s driver’s license and proof of insurance and briefly interviewed Cantu. Kelly

also asked for and was granted consent to conduct a pat down search of Cantu. During the pat

down search, Kelly felt a lump in Cantu’s shirt pocket. Kelly asked Cantu what he had in his

shirt pocket. In response, Cantu pulled something out of his shirt pocket and held the item in his

hand in a clenched fist. Initially, Kelly was unable to see the item. Kelly then re-patted Cantu’s

shirt and felt that the lump was no longer there. Kelly and Cantu kept talking, and eventually



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Kelly could see a small plastic bag sticking out of Cantu’s clenched fist and could tell there was

a white powdery substance in the bag. Believing Cantu had illegal narcotics, Kelly grabbed

Cantu’s hand and took several small plastic bags from Cantu. Lab tests showed the white

powdery substance in the bags to be methamphetamine.

       Finally, Kelly testified that at the time he discovered the methamphetamine he had

neither completed investigating the traffic violations, nor had he checked for any outstanding

warrants for Cantu’s arrest. Kelly further testified that the time that elapsed between Cantu’s car

being pulled over and the discovery of the methamphetamine was less than five minutes.

                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       When reviewing a trial court’s decision to deny a motion to suppress, we afford almost

total deference to a trial court’s determination of the historical facts that the record supports

especially when the trial court’s fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and

demeanor. Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We afford the same

amount of deference to trial court’s rulings on “application of law to fact questions,” also known

as “mixed questions of law and fact,” if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an

evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. We conduct a de novo review when, as here, the

resolution of mixed questions of law and fact do not turn on an evaluation of credibility and

demeanor. Id. Finally, in the absence of explicit findings of fact, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and assume that the trial court made implicit

findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are supported by the record. State

v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2000).




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                                            DISCUSSION

         If an officer has a reasonable basis for suspecting that a person has committed a traffic

violation, he may legally initiate a traffic stop. Powell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 369, 377 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d) (citing Drago v. State, 553 S.W.2d 375, 377-78 (Tex. Crim. App.

1977)). A routine traffic stop resembles an investigative detention. Id. at 375 (citing Berkemer v.

McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 439 (1984)). To determine the reasonableness of an investigative

detention, courts apply the Terry test: (1) whether the officer’s action was justified at its

inception; and (2) whether it was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified

the stop in the first place. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19–20 (1968); Kothe v. State, 152

S.W.3d 54, 63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 244 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997).

         Here, Cantu acknowledges the first prong of the Terry test was met: Kelly’s action in

stopping the vehicle for a traffic violation was justified at its inception. Cantu’s sole argument is

that the second prong of the Terry test was not satisfied. As to the second prong of the test, the

detention must be temporary and last no longer than necessary to investigate the traffic violation.

See Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 244. During a traffic stop, the officer has a right to check for

outstanding warrants and request a driver’s license and insurance papers. Id. at 245 n.6; Powell,

5 S.W.3d at 377. Additionally, the officer may ask about the driver’s destination and purpose of

travel during a valid detention, and the ownership of the vehicle. Powell, 5 S.W.3d at 377; see

State v. Cardenas, 36 S.W.3d 243, 246 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). It is

only after a check for outstanding warrants is completed, and the officer knows that the driver

has a currently valid license, no outstanding warrants, and the car is not stolen, that the traffic-

stop violation is fully resolved. Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 63-64. There is no particular order in



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which an officer must conduct the investigation. Id. at 65-66. However, once the investigation of

the traffic violation is concluded, an officer can no longer lawfully detain or question a driver

unless he has reasonable suspicion to believe another offense is being committed. Powell, 5

S.W.3d at 377. There are no rigid time limitations on these detentions. Kelly v. State, 331 S.W.3d

541, 549 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (citing Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 64). In

deciding whether the scope of a Terry detention is reasonable, the general rule is that an

investigative stop can last no longer than necessary to effect the purpose of the stop. Kothe, 152

S.W.3d at 63.

       Cantu argues the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress because his detention

was not reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified the initial traffic stop. In

support of this argument, Cantu contends Kelly did not promptly investigate the alleged traffic

violations, but “milled about” asking questions unrelated to the reasons he stopped Cantu in the

first place. We disagree with Kelly’s characterization of the record. Kelly testified that he

obtained Cantu’s driver’s license and proof of insurance and then went on to interview Cantu.

Nothing shows the questions Kelly asked Cantu were beyond the scope of a traffic stop. Kelly

inquired about Cantu’s previous whereabouts, which is standard procedure during a traffic stop.

See Kelly, 331 S.W.3d at 550; Cardenas, 36 S.W.3d at 246. Cantu told Kelly that he was on his

way back from court and that he had been at his mother’s house cutting down a tree. Cantu also

told Kelly he had made no other stops that day. These responses aroused Kelly’s suspicion for

several reasons. First, Kelly knew that Cantu had just made a stop at the trailer park. Second,

Cantu’s kempt appearance was not consistent with having cut down a tree. Moreover, the overall

duration of the traffic stop was relatively short; Kelly discovered the controlled substance less

than five minutes after the stop was initiated. The record does not support the conclusion that



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Kelly strayed from the initial purpose of the stop or that Kelly unnecessarily delayed the

detention.

        Next, Cantu contends Kelly abandoned his investigation of the traffic violations, and that

this abandonment came well before Kelly obtained consent to conduct the pat down search.

Cantu argues that because Kelly abandoned his investigation of the traffic violations before he

requested consent to conduct the pat down search, consent must be excluded from this court’s

analysis. Again, we disagree. Contrary to Cantu’s assertion, the record does not show Kelly had

abandoned his investigation of the traffic violations when he received consent for the pat down

search and found the controlled substance. As previously noted, Kelly’s interview was consistent

with the type of interview conducted in a standard traffic stop. Kelly asked Cantu about his

whereabouts and about a possible discrepancy in his proof of insurance. Kelly further testified

that when he found the controlled substance he had yet to check for outstanding warrants, had

yet to ask about why Cantu was driving on the shoulder, and had yet to issue a citation or

warning. Again, the short duration of the traffic stop further supports the conclusion that Kelly

had not completed his investigation when he discovered the controlled substance. Viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we conclude the investigative

detention in this case was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified the stop

in the first place.

                                          CONCLUSION

        We, therefore, conclude the trial court did not err in denying Cantu’s motion to suppress.

The judgment of conviction is affirmed.

                                                     Karen Angelini, Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH



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