               SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                        en banc

WES SHOEMYER, DARVIN BENTLAGE                                 )
AND RICHARD OSWALD,                                           )
                                                              )
                 Plaintiffs,                                  )
                                                              )
v.                                                            )   No. SC94516
                                                              )
MISSOURI SECRETARY OF STATE                                   )
JASON KANDER,                                                 )
                                                              )
                 Defendant.                                   )
                                                              )
                                                              )

                     ORIGINAL PROCEEDING: ELECTION CONTEST

                                 Opinion issued June 30, 2015

PER CURIAM

         The plaintiffs have filed an election contest challenging the summary statement in

the ballot title of a proposed constitutional amendment. This case, like Dotson v. Kander,

--- S.W.3d --- (Mo. banc 2015) (No. SC94482), decided today, raises the issue of whether

a challenge to a ballot title may be brought after voters have adopted the measure.

         Because this Court held in Dotson that chapters 115 and 1161 allow for such

challenges, plaintiffs may bring this suit. The summary statement here was sufficient and


1
    All references are to RSMo 2000 unless otherwise noted.
fair. This Court finds there was no election irregularity, and the results of the election are

valid.

                                    I. Factual Background

         House Joint Resolution Nos. 11 & 7 (HJR 11), truly agreed to and finally passed

by the General Assembly in 2013, referred a constitutional amendment to voters to add

section 35 to article I of the constitution. The measure was placed on the August 5, 2014,

primary election ballot, and voters approved it. The plaintiffs requested a recount of the

election results, which confirmed that the measure passed. Thirty days after the secretary

of state certified the results from the recount, the plaintiffs filed an election contest in this

Court pursuant to section 115.555, arguing that the ballot title was insufficient and

unfair. 2

                   II. Plaintiffs May Challenge Ballot Title Post-Election

         Section 116.155.1 allows the General Assembly to write a summary statement and

fiscal note for any statewide ballot measure that it refers to voters. The summary

statement must be a “true and impartial statement of the purposes of the proposed

measure in language neither intentionally argumentative nor likely to create prejudice

either for or against the proposed measure.” Section 116.155.2. This summary is limited

to 50 words, excluding articles. Id.

         Any citizen may challenge the summary statement in a pre-election challenge

under section 116.190, RSMo Supp. 2013, and the challenger bears the burden of

2
 This Court has jurisdiction of this case pursuant to MO. CONST. art. VII, sec. 5 and section
115.555. See Dotson v. Kander, ---S.W.3d --- (Mo. banc 2015) (SC94482); Gantt v. Brown, 149
S.W. 644, 646 (Mo. banc 1912); see also Dotson v. Kander, 435 S.W.3d 643 (Mo. banc 2014).
showing that the ballot title is “insufficient or unfair.” See section 116.190.3. In contrast

to a pre-election challenge under section 116.190, chapter 115 outlines the procedures for

post-election challenges for irregularities that occur during elections. See sections

115.553, 115.593.

       The state argues that the plaintiffs cannot challenge the fairness and sufficiency of

the ballot title in a post-election challenge brought under chapter 115. This argument was

rejected in Dotson v. Kander, decided today. --- S.W.3d --- (Mo. banc 2015) (SC94482).

In Dotson, the plaintiffs sought to challenge the summary statement of a ballot title after

the measure was adopted by voters. Dotson held that challenges to the summary

statement of a ballot title may be brought either before the election pursuant to section

116.190 or after the measure has been adopted by voters in an election contest under

chapter 115 so long as the issue has not been previously litigated and determined. Id. at -

-- (Slip op. at 7).

       Dotson noted that courts have considered violations of election statutes to be

“irregularities” that may be challenged after an election. Id. at --- (Slip op. at 5). Further,

it reminded that section 116.020 states, in relevant part, that “[t]he election procedures

contained in chapter 115 shall apply to elections on statewide ballot measures.” Id. at ---

(Slip op. at 5). The law allows the plaintiffs in this case to challenge the summary

statement of the ballot title under chapter 115 even though the measure has already been

adopted by voters.

       The state also argues that this suit is untimely as it was filed nearly six weeks after

the amendment became effective. See MO. CONST. art. XII, sec. 2(b) (amendments take

                                              3
effect thirty days after approval). Section 115.577 provides an election contest under

chapter 115 must be filed “[n]ot later than thirty days after the official announcement of

the election result by the election authority.” Here, the plaintiffs sought a recount after

the election. As the results of the recount could potentially moot an election contest, this

Court finds the thirty day filing period does not begin until the results are certified after a

recount. This suit was timely filed thirty days after the secretary of state certified the

results after the recount.

          The state further contends that the plaintiffs’ suit is barred by the doctrine of

laches. As Dotson held that a challenge to a ballot title may be brought post-election, and

the plaintiffs in this case filed the suit within thirty days of receiving the recount results,

there was no unreasonable delay. This suit is not barred by doctrine of laches.

                           III.    Ballot Title Was Sufficient and Fair

          To be sufficient and fair, “the summary statement must be adequate and state the

consequences of the initiative without bias, prejudice, deception, or favoritism.” Brown

v. Carnahan, 370 S.W.3d 637, 654 (Mo. banc 2012). It should accurately reflect both the

legal and probable effects of the proposed initiative and be fair and impartial so that the

voters are not deceived or misled, although it is not necessary to set out every detail of

the proposal. Id. at 654, 656.

          Here, the ballot summary in the ballot title was sufficient and fair. It asked the

voters:

                 Shall the Missouri Constitution be amended to ensure that the
                 right of Missouri citizens to engage in agricultural production
                 and ranching practices shall not be infringed?

                                                 4
HJR 11 proposed adding the following language to the constitution:

              That agriculture which provides food, energy, health benefits,
              and security is the foundation and stabilizing force of
              Missouri’s economy. To protect this vital sector of Missouri’s
              economy, the right of farmers and ranchers to engage in
              farming and ranching practices shall be forever guaranteed in
              this state, subject to duly authorized powers, if any, conferred
              by article VI of the Constitution of Missouri.

       Plaintiffs first argue that the summary statement in HJR 11 was insufficient or

unfair as it omitted that the right was subject to article VI of the constitution, which

governs local governments. They rely on Seay v. Jones, which involved a challenge to a

proposed constitutional amendment that would allow early voting, but only if funds were

so appropriated. 439 S.W.3d 881 (Mo. App. 2014). In Seay, the proposed constitutional

amendment stated, in relevant part, that no local election authority would “conduct any

activity or incur any expense” for facilitating early voting “unless a state appropriation is

made and disbursed to pay the local election authority . . . for the increased cost or

expense of the activity.” Id. at 885 (emphasis added). The summary statement proposed

by the General Assembly did not reference the fact that early voting would only be

available if the state appropriated funds. See id. at 889-90. The court of appeals found

that this omission made the summary statement insufficient and unfair because the

funding contingency was a significant limitation on the early voting rights and its

omission was misleading to voters. Id. at 892.

        Seay is distinguishable from the instant case. The right at issue in Seay – the

availability of early voting – was expressly conditioned on whether the General


                                              5
Assembly would fund it. Here, however, the “right to farm” is not expressly conditioned

on a third-party action. While it is subject to local government regulation under article

VI, the availability of the right is not dependent on local governments passing an

appropriation or other condition precedent.

        Further, the omission of a reference to limitations by article VI in the summary is

not problematic as each section of the constitution is subject to limitations that may be

found elsewhere in the constitution. See State ex rel. Gordon v. Becker, 49 S.W.2d 146,

147 (Mo. banc 1932) (stating that the constitutional grant of legislative authority to the

General Assembly is “subject to all the limitations, express or implied, contained in the

Constitution”). In this context, local governments have always had the powers

enumerated in article VI, and the addition of this amendment does not alter or change

article VI in any way. Nor, conversely, does article VI limit the “right to farm” in such a

way that it was necessary to include this limitation in the summary statement because

local governments have always had the authority granted to them under article VI. As

there was no change in the law, this omission did not render the ballot title insufficient or

unfair. See Dotson, --- S.W.3d at --- (Slip op. at 9).

        Additionally, the purpose of the amendment is to ensure that the “right to farm”

“shall be forever guaranteed in this state.” MO. CONST. art. I, sec. 35. This was

effectively communicated to voters by asking them “Shall the Missouri Constitution be

amended to ensure [the enumerated rights] shall not be infringed?” “Shall not be

infringed” does not imply that the right would be unlimited or completely free from

regulation, as no constitutional right is so broad as to prohibit all regulation. See Dotson,

                                              6
--- S.W.3d at --- (Slip op. at 12) (noting restrictions on the right to bear arms). As any

limitation on the “right to farm” by article VI did not go to the purpose of the

amendment, it did not need to be referenced in the summary statement.

        The plaintiffs next argue that the summary statement inaccurately identified

“citizens” as the beneficiaries of the rights enumerated in the amendment while the actual

amendment applies to “farmers and ranchers.” These terms are not defined in the

amendment, and the plaintiffs contend that the terms “farmers and ranchers” are broad

enough to include any entity engaged in farming or ranching regardless of whether it is a

Missouri citizen. Even if the plaintiffs are correct, this would not render the ballot title

insufficient or unfair or insufficient. If the amendment affords protection for more

classes of people than “citizens,” it also makes the right available to Missouri citizens. It

was not insufficient or unfair to use “citizens” rather than “farmers and ranchers” in the

ballot title.

                                          IV. Conclusion

        The plaintiffs were entitled to bring a post-election challenge the ballot title in

HJR 11. As the ballot title was sufficient and fair, there was no election irregularity, and

the results of the election adopting this amendment are valid.



Russell, C.J., Breckenridge,
Fischer and Wilson, JJ., concur;
Teitelman, J., concurs in result;
Stith, J., dissents in separate opinion filed;
Draper, J., concurs in opinion of Stith, J.



                                                 7
                SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                           en banc
WES SHOEMYER, DARVIN BENTLAGE,                              )
AND RICHARD OSWALD,                                         )
                                                            )
               Plaintiffs,                                  )
                                                            )
v.                                                          )       No. SC94516
                                                            )
MISSOURI SECRETARY OF STATE                                 )
JASON KANDER,                                               )
                                                            )
               Defendant.                                   )

                                  DISSENTING OPINION

       I respectfully dissent.     The principal opinion holds that the challenge to the

summary statement of the ballot title was timely because chapter 115, RSMo, in contrast

to chapter 116, RSMo, allows for a post-election challenge. I disagree with the principal

opinion’s construction of chapter 115 to apply to challenges to a ballot title. As discussed

in greater detail in my separate opinion in Dotson v. Kander, -- S.W.3d -- (Mo. banc

2015) (No. SC94482) (“Dotson II”) (Stith, J., concurring in result), a challenge to a ballot

title can be brought only prior to an election under chapter 116. Ballot title errors are not

“irregularities” in an election as contemplated by chapter 115. I, therefore, would not

permit the filing of a challenge to a ballot title after the election in the first instance.

       The principal opinion relies on Dotson v. Kander, 435 S.W.3d 643 (Mo. banc

2014) (Dotson I) and Dotson II to justify the use of chapter 115 to allow the filing of a
post-election challenge to a ballot title even when no petition challenging the ballot title

was filed pre-election as required by section 116.190, RSMo Supp. 2013. Dotson II so

held because the Court believed itself bound by dicta in Dotson I, which so permitted. I

concurred in Dotson I, but, for the reasons stated in my separate opinion in Dotson II, it is

now evident that this dicta in Dotson I simply was incorrect and stands as an abject

demonstration of the dangers of obiter dictum, particularly when, as in Dotson I, that

issue was not briefed or argued.

       Chapter 116 governs ballot-title challenges and, as such, section 116.190 mandates

that a ballot title challenge must be brought within 10 days of certification of a matter for

the ballot. Chapter 116 does not provide that, alternatively, such a challenge may be

brought after the election under chapter 115. Such challenges must initially be brought

prior to the election so that, if possible, they can be determined prior to the election,

allowing correction of any unfairness and insufficiency in the ballot title in most

instances.

       When, as in Dotson II, there is insufficient time to finally determine the fairness

and sufficiency issues prior to six weeks before the election at which the matter will be

voted, then the matter may continue until resolution even if that means that it is not

finally resolved until after the election. But here, because no petition challenging the

ballot title was filed prior to the election as required by section 116.190, the petitioners

may not for the first time file a challenge to the ballot title under chapter 115.

       Certainly there is no reason to doubt that in the instant case the post-election

challenge under chapter 115 was made in good faith reliance on Dotson I. But permitting


                                               2
such challenges first to be brought after an election invites sandbagging – waiting to see

if a measure passes and only challenging the ballot title if the measure does pass, when it

is too late to correct the ballot title.

       Because the challenge was not brought prior to the election as mandated by

chapter 116, I would hold that the challenge is untimely.



                                                 _________________________________
                                                   LAURA DENVIR STITH, JUDGE




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