[Cite as State v. Wells, 2015-Ohio-3511.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       CLARK COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                  :
        Plaintiff-Appellee                        :  C.A. CASE NO. 2015-CA-7
                                                  :
v.                                                :  T.C. NO. 14CR487
                                                  :
MICHAEL WELLS                                     :  (Criminal appeal from
                                                  :   Common Pleas Court)
        Defendant-Appellant                       :
                                                  :
                                             ...........

                                            OPINION

                  Rendered on the ___26th___ day of ____August ___, 2015.

                                             ...........

RYAN A. SAUNDERS, Atty. Reg. No. 0091678, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 50 E.
Columbia Street, Suite 449, Springfield, Ohio 45502
     Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

REGINA R. RICHARDS, Atty. Reg. No. 0079457, 4 West Main Street, #707, Springfield,
Ohio 45502
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                            .............

DONOVAN, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Michael Wells appeals his conviction and sentence for
                                                                                         -2-
three counts of theft, in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1), all felonies of the fifth degree.

Wells filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court on January 27, 2015.

       {¶ 2} The incident which forms the basis for the instant appeal occurred between

the dates of July 17, 2014, and July 18, 2014, when Wells broke into multiple travel

trailers at the PayLess Storage Unit facility located at 111 Tremont City Road in

Springfield, Ohio. Wells, who rented a storage unit at PayLess, used his own security

clearance to enter the facility before breaking into three victims’ units and stealing

property therefrom. When police responded to the scene of the thefts, they located the

stolen property in Wells’ storage unit.

       {¶ 3} On July 28, 2014, Wells was indicted for three counts of theft in Case No.

14-CR-487. A second indictment was later filed against Wells in Case No. 14-CR-513

for one count of theft and one count of breaking and entering. The second indictment

was returned once the owner of some of the recovered property was identified. At his

arraignment on August 4, 2014, Wells pled not guilty to the charged offenses. Wells

changed his plea to not guilty by reason of insanity in a motion filed on August 27, 2014.

In a separate motion filed on the same day, Wells requested that the trial court appoint an

expert to determine whether he was competent to stand trial. In an entry issued on

September 9, 2014, the trial court ordered Wells to undergo a competency evaluation on

September 22, 2014, at the Forensic Psychiatry Center for Western Ohio.                The

evaluation was later rescheduled for October 1, 2014.

       {¶ 4} On October 23, 2014, the trial court issued an entry finding Wells competent

to stand trial based on the report of the evaluating psychologist. Wells’ trial on both

indictments was scheduled for November 19, 2014. However, on November 18, 2014, in
                                                                                            -3-
return for the State’s silence at sentencing, Wells pled guilty to the three counts of theft in

Case No. 14-CR-487 and one count of theft and one count of breaking and entering in

Case No. 14-CR-513. The trial court found Wells guilty on all counts in each case and

ordered the probation department to prepare a pre-sentence investigation report (PSI).

On January 9, 2015, the trial court sentenced Wells to nine months for each theft count in

Case No. 14-CR-487 to run consecutively to one another, for a total of twenty-seven

months in prison. In Case No. 14-CR-513, the trial court sentenced Wells to nine months

each for the theft and the breaking and entering and ordered that the sentences be

served concurrent to one another. The trial court then ordered the sentence imposed in

Case No. 14-CR-487 to be served consecutively to the sentence in Case No. 14-CR-513,

for an aggregate sentence of thirty-six months in prison.1

       {¶ 5} It is from this judgment that Wells now appeals.

       {¶ 6} Initially, we note that after reviewing the parties’ briefs, we identified a

potential error not raised by Wells, to wit: “Whether the trial court erred in imposing a

consecutive three-year prison term in lieu of mandatory community control sanctions after

the trial court received information from the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and

Corrections (ODRC) pursuant to R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a).”              Both parties submitted

supplemental briefing addressing the potential error. Having reviewed the additional

briefing, we will address the supplemental error in addition to the error submitted by Wells

in his original appellate brief.


1
  We note that on February 25, 2015, counsel for appellant moved to voluntarily dismiss
the appeal in Case No. 14-CR-513 (2015 CA 6). This request was granted on March 17,
2015, by this Court. In view of this Court’s decision in the instant case, we note that the
dismissal may be subject to a delayed motion for reconsideration pursuant to App. R.
26(A)(1) or a delayed motion to reopen pursuant to App. R. 26(B).
                                                                                            -4-
       {¶ 7} Wells’ first assignment of error is as follows:

       {¶ 8} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ORDERING THREE CONSECUTIVE

NINE-MONTH SENTENCES FOR THREE FIFTH-DEGREE FELONY THEFTS ARISING

FROM THE SAME CONDUCT, THAT IN TOTALITY EXCEED THE MAXIMUM

ONE-YEAR SENTENCE HAD DEFENDANT’S CONVICTIONS BEEN MERGED AS

ALLIED OFFENSES PURSUANT TO R.C. §2941.25 FOR SENTENCING PURPOSES.”

       {¶ 9} In his first assignment, Wells contends that the trial court erred when it found

that theft Counts I, II, and III were not allied offenses of similar import, and therefore, did

not merge for the purposes of sentencing. Wells argues that he committed the thefts in

the course of the same incident and that he had a single animus for each theft offense.

       {¶ 10} We note that we apply a de novo standard of review in reviewing a trial

court’s R.C. 2941.25 merger determination. State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 482,

2012-Ohio-5699, 983 N.E.2d 1245, ¶ 28.

       {¶ 11} R.C. 2941.25, concerning allied offenses of similar import, provides:

              (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to

       constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or

       information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may

       be convicted of only one.

              (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses

       of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of

       the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as

       to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such

       offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of all of them.
                                                                                         -5-
        {¶ 12} In State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d

  1061, the Ohio Supreme Court announced a new test for determining when offenses

  are allied offenses of similar import.      Pursuant to Johnson, “[w]hen determining

  whether two offenses are allied offenses of similar import subject to merger under R.C.

  2941.25, the conduct of the accused must be considered.” Id. at ¶ 44. The Court further

  noted that:

                In determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import

      under R.C. 2941.25(A), the question is whether it is possible to commit one

      offense and commit the other with the same conduct, not whether it is

      possible to commit one without committing the other. * * * If the offenses

      correspond to such a degree that the conduct of the defendant constituting

      commission of one offense constitutes commission of the other, then the

      offenses are of similar import.

                If the multiple offenses can be committed by the same conduct, then

      the court must determine whether the offenses were committed by the

      same conduct, i.e., “a single act, committed with a single state of mind.” * * *

                If the answer to both questions is yes, then the offenses are allied

      offenses of similar import and will be merged.

                Conversely, if the court determines that the commission of one

      offense will never result in the commission of the other, or if the offenses are

      committed separately, or if the defendant has separate animus for each

      offense, then, according to R .C. 2941.25(B), the offenses will not merge.

(Citations and quotations omitted.) Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942
                                                                                          -6-
N.E.2d 1061, at ¶ 48-51; see also State v. Washington, 137 Ohio St.3d 427,

2013-Ohio-4982, 999 N.E.2d 661, ¶ 16.

       {¶ 13} Most recently, the Ohio Supreme Court held that two or more offenses are

of dissimilar import “when the defendant’s conduct constitutes offenses involving

separate victims or if the harm that results from each offense is separate and identifiable.”

State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 23. Therefore,

offenses do not merge and a defendant may be convicted and sentenced for multiple

offenses if any of the following are true: “1) the offenses are dissimilar in import or

significance ***; 2) the offenses were committed separately; [or] 3) the offenses were

committed with separate animus or motivation.” Id. at ¶ 25. This analysis “may result in

varying results for the same set of offenses in different cases. But different results are

permissible, given that the statute instructs courts to examine a defendant’s conduct – an

inherently subjective determination.” Id. at ¶ 32, citing Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, ¶ 52.

       {¶ 14} In the instant case, Wells argues that Counts I, II, and III should merge

because the thefts from the storage units were committed with a single animus and in a

single course of conduct. Wells pled guilty to these three theft offenses under the same

subsection of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1), which states that “[n]o person, with purpose to deprive

the owner of property or services, shall knowingly obtain or exert control over either the

property or services in any of the following ways: 1) [w]ithout the consent of the owner or

person authorized to give consent.”

       {¶ 15} Applying the merger analysis recently iterated in Ruff, we must first

determine whether Wells’ three theft offenses are dissimilar in import or significance.

Two or more offenses are dissimilar in import when the offenses involve separate victims,
                                                                                           -7-
or when the resulting harm from each offense is separate and identifiable. Ruff, ¶ 23.

       {¶ 16} Upon review, we conclude that the trial court did not err when it found that

Counts I, II, and III were not allied offenses of similar import because each of Wells’ thefts

involved separate victims. At the plea hearing, the State noted that “the defendant broke

into multiple travel trailers that were being stored by multiple victims” at the storage

facility. When it addressed Wells, the trial court noted that “count two was identical to

count one *** but involve[d] a separate incident.” The trial court also stated that Count III

also involved a separate victim and contained a specification that the victim of the offense

was an elderly or disabled adult. Finally, we note that Wells’ PSI states that each theft

count involved a different victim. Thus, the trial court properly refused to merge Wells’

convictions under R.C. 2941.25. Compare Johnson at ¶ 15, quoting 1973 Legislative

Service Commission comments to 1972 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 511 (explaining that “ ‘a thief

who *** steals different property from three separate victims in the space, say, of five

minutes, can be charged with and convicted of all three thefts’ ” because “ ‘the same

offense is committed three different times, and in the second instance the same offense is

committed against three different victims, i.e. with a different animus as to each offense.’

”).

       {¶ 17} Wells’ first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 18} Wells’ supplemental assignment of error, is as follows:

       {¶ 19} “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN IMPOSING A CONSECUTIVE THREE

YEAR PRISON SENTENCE IN LIEU OF MANDATORY COMMUNITY CONTROL

SANCTIONS AFTER THE [ODRC] REPORTED TO THE TRIAL COURT PURSUANT

TO R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a) THE AVAILABILITY OF TWO DIFFERENT COMMUNITY
                                                                                         -8-
CONTROL SANCTIONS.”

      {¶ 20} In the supplemental assignment, Wells argues that the trial court erred

when it imposed a consecutive three-year prison term in lieu of mandatory community

control sanctions. R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a), states as follows:

             (B)(1)(a) Except as provided in division (B)(1)(b) of this section, if an

      offender is convicted of or pleads guilty to a felony of the fourth or fifth

      degree that is not an offense of violence or that is a qualifying assault

      offense, the court shall sentence the offender to a community control

      sanction of at least one year's duration if all of the following apply:

             (i) The offender previously has not been convicted of or pleaded

      guilty to a felony offense.

             (ii) The most serious charge against the offender at the time of

      sentencing is a felony of the fourth or fifth degree.

             (iii) If the court made a request of the department of rehabilitation and

      correction pursuant to division (B)(1)(c) of this section, the department,

      within the forty-five-day period specified in that division, provided the court

      with the names of, contact information for, and program details of one or

      more community control sanctions of at least one year's duration that are

      available for persons sentenced by the court.

             (iv) The offender previously has not been convicted of or pleaded

      guilty to a misdemeanor offense of violence that the offender committed

      within two years prior to the offense for which sentence is being imposed.

      {¶ 21} “The overriding purposes of felony sentencing are to protect the public from
                                                                                        -9-
future crime by the offender and others and to punish the offender.” R.C. 2929.11(A).

      {¶ 22} “[I]n State v. Barker, Montgomery App. No. 22779, 2009-Ohio-3511, at

      ¶ 36-37, we stated:

             “ ‘[I]n exercising its discretion the trial court must consider the

      statutory policies that apply to every felony offense, including those set out

      in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. State v. Mathis, 109 Ohio St.3d 54, * * *

      2006-Ohio-855, at ¶ 37.’” State v. Ulrich, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23737,

      2011-Ohio-758, at ¶ 20-21. “[E]ven if there is no specific mention of [R.C.

      2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12], ‘it is presumed that the trial court gave proper

      consideration to those statutes.’” State v. Hall, 2d Dist. Clark No. 10-CA-23,

      2011-Ohio-635, ¶ 51.

             “ ‘When reviewing felony sentences, an appellate court must first

      determine whether the sentencing court complied with all applicable rules

      and statutes in imposing the sentence, including R.C. 2929.11 and

      2929.12, in order to find whether the sentence is contrary to law. State v.

      Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, * * * , 2008-Ohio-4912. If the sentence is not

      clearly and convincingly contrary to law, the trial court’s decision in

      imposing the term of imprisonment must be reviewed under an abuse of

      discretion standard. Id.’” Ulrich, at ¶ 22.

State v. Bailey, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2011-CA-40, 2012-Ohio-1569, ¶s 12-14.

      {¶ 23} “ ‘The trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence within the

authorized statutory range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give its

reasons for imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences.’ State v. Nelson, 2d
                                                                                            -10-
Dist. Montgomery No. 25026, 2012-Ohio-5797, ¶ 62. ‘However, the trial court must

comply with all applicable rules and statutes, including R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12.’

Id.” State v. Eicholtz, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2012 CA 7, 2013-Ohio-302, ¶ 53.

      {¶ 24} On November 21, 2014, an “attempted disposition” was held after Wells

pled guilty to four counts of theft and one count of breaking and entering on November 18,

2014. In an entry issued on November 25, 2014, the trial court found that community

control was mandatory pursuant to R.C. 2929.13. The trial court stated that it “believe[d]

that no community control sanctions [were] available for its use that, if imposed on the

defendant, [would] adequately fulfill the overriding principles and purposes of sentencing

as set forth in the Ohio Revised Code.” We note that at the time of Wells’ “attempted

disposition,” he had been in jail since July 29, 2014, approximately four months, after

being arrested for the instant offenses. Nevertheless, the trial court requested, pursuant

to R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(c), that the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections

(ODRC) provide it with names and contact information for treatment programs of at least

one year’s duration that were available to defendants sentenced by the court.

      {¶ 25} R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(c) states in pertinent part:

             If a court that is sentencing an offender who is convicted of or pleads

      guilty to a felony of the fourth or fifth degree that is not an offense of violence

      or that is a qualifying assault offense believes that no community control

      sanctions are available for its use that, if imposed on the offender, will

      adequately fulfill the overriding principles and purposes of sentencing, the

      court shall contact the department of rehabilitation and correction and ask

      the department to provide the court with the names of, contact information
                                                                                             -11-
         for, and program details of one or more community control sanctions of at

         least one year's duration that are available for persons sentenced by the

         court. Not later than forty-five days after receipt of a request from a court

         under this division, the department shall provide the court with the names

         of, contact information for, and program details of one or more community

         control sanctions of at least one year's duration that are available for

         persons sentenced by the court, if any. Upon making a request under this

         division that relates to a particular offender, a court shall defer sentencing of

         that offender until it receives from the department the names of, contact

         information for, and program details of one or more community control

         sanctions of at least one year's duration that are available for persons

         sentenced by the court or for forty-five days, whichever is the earlier.

         {¶ 26} On December 22, 2014, Rick Harmon, on behalf of the ODRC, responded

to the trial court’s request for information regarding community control programs for Wells

to attend in lieu of prison. Under the section “Identified Resources Available”, Harmon

checked the boxes for “Electronic Monitoring” and “CBCF,”2 naming West Central as an

in-patient resource for Wells. The box designated “No Resources Available” was not

checked.

         {¶ 27} However, at the second sentencing hearing on January 9, 2015, the trial

court found that the ODRC had only identified West Central as a viable community control

option for Wells. The trial court concluded that the program at West Central only lasted

from four to six months and was, therefore, not an adequate community control option


2
    Community Based Correctional Facility, as defined in R.C. 2929.01(D).
                                                                                          -12-
because it was less than a year in duration. With respect to electronic monitoring, the

trial court found that it was not a “program,” and deemed it inadequate as well. The trial

court did not note the fact that as of January 9, 2015, Wells had jail time credit of

approximately 176 days. The trial court then proceeded to sentence Wells to prison.

       {¶ 28} Upon review, we conclude that the trial court erred when it refused to

impose a mandatory term of community control upon Wells. Wells had already spent

approximately six months in jail at the time of his disposition. Had he been committed to

West Central, along with a period of electronic home monitoring and up to five years of

community control, he clearly would have fallen within the mandatory community control

provisions. See R.C. 2929.16 (statute providing a number of available community control

residential sanctions that may be imposed upon an offender in lieu of or in addition to jail

time). Furthermore, the trial court erred when it found that electronic monitoring was not

a suitable alternative option for Wells’s community control sanction.            While it is

considered a non-residential sanction pursuant to R.C. 2929.17(B), electronic monitoring

was clearly a viable option for Wells in addition to a four to six month term at West Central,

CBCF. Simply put, the trial court had several options available whereby it could have

fashioned an appropriate community control sanction for Wells. To construe the statute

to require a year or more in-patient treatment for an indigent criminal defendant as the

only suitable manner to fall within the mandatory community control provision is to

eviscerate the law entirely.    For the trial court to find that it was not provided with

“program details” for year-long community sanctions by the ODRC may be technically

accurate, but both West Central and EHDP are firmly established alternatives to

imprisonment which are established by the Ohio Revised Code, and details would be
                                                                                       -13-
available to any Common Pleas Court judge in Ohio. Accordingly, we find that the trial

court erred when it imposed a prison term in the instant case since Wells was clearly

entitled to term of mandatory community control pursuant to R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a).

      Imposition of Consecutive Sentences

      {¶ 29} In State v. Mansley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26417, 2015-Ohio-2785, ¶s

5-8, we stated the following regarding our present standard of review of felony sentences:

             In State v. Rodeffer, 2013-Ohio-5759, 5 N.E.3d 1069 (2d Dist.), we

      held that the abuse of discretion standard was no longer applicable for

      reviewing the propriety of felony sentences. Instead, we referred to the

      statutory provisions found in R.C. 2929.11, R.C. 2929.12, and R.C.

      2953.08, and concluded that a felony sentence will be upheld as long as it is

      neither clearly nor convincingly unsupported by the record nor contrary to

      law. See also State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-85,

      2014-Ohio-2308.

             Our recent opinions suggest an unresolved debate within this court

      over the issue of whether appeals from sentences, generally, are subject to

      an    abuse-of-discretion    standard    of   review   as    well   as   the

      clear-and-convincingly-contrary-to-law standard. See State v. Overholser,

      2d Dist. Clark No. 2014-CA-42, 2015-Ohio-1980, including Judge

      Welbaum’s dissent; State v. Adams, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2014-CA-13,

      2015-Ohio-1160, including Judge Hall’s dissent; State v. Polhamus, 2d

      Dist. Miami No. 2013-CA-3, 2014-Ohio-145, ¶ 46, fn.8 (Donovan, J.,

      dissenting in part); State v. Fahl, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-5,
                                                                                    -14-
2014-Ohio-328, ¶ 22; State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-85,

2014-Ohio-2308, ¶ 9, fn 1; and State v. Garcia, 2d Dist. Greene No.

2013-CA-51, 2014-Ohio-1538, ¶ 9, fn 1. Recently, the Seventh District

Court of Appeals, which had chosen to employ both an abuse-of-discretion

standard    and    the    clear-and-convincingly-contrary-to-law      standard,

reversed its position and no longer applies the abuse-of-discretion standard

to sentencing appeals. State v. Wellington, 7th Dist. Mahoning No.

14-MA-115, 2015-Ohio-1359.

       A review of our decisions reveals a consistent approach that we must

affirm a sentence unless it is contrary to law or we find that the record does

not clearly and convincingly support required statutory findings or

consideration of statutory factors. However, in determining whether these

two standards are met sometimes calls for an abuse-of-discretion review, or

involves    the    application    of   principles    developed      within    an

abuse-of-discretion review. Reviewing the record to determine if the trial

court considered all factors or made sufficient findings required by some of

the sentencing statutes often calls for a review of the trial court’s exercise of

discretion. For example, we have found that a trial court errs when it fails to

make specific findings identifying particularized reasons for disapproving

placement in a program of shock incarceration or intensive program prison.

See, e.g., State v. Berry, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2013-CA-34, 2014-Ohio-132.

This type of error equates to an abuse of discretion that occurs when the

trial court provides no sound reasoning process to support its decision.
                                                                                        -15-
              In felony sentencing, the trial court is required to weigh all relevant

       factors invoked by the facts of the case, and the act of balancing different

       factors and deciding which factors outweigh others necessarily involves the

       exercise of judicial discretion (for example, whether the trial court’s

       determination that the imposition of community control sanctions would

       demean the seriousness of the offense outweighs other factors, such as the

       offender’s unlikelihood of recidivism). See, e.g., State v. Hodge, 2d Dist.

       Miami No. 2013 CA 27, 2014-Ohio-1860. Discretion is also required when

       the trial court chooses a sentence within a statutory range. “The trial court

       has full discretion to impose any sentence within the authorized statutory

       range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give its reasons

       for imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences. * * * However,

       the trial court must comply with all applicable rules and statutes, including

       R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12.” State v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Clark No.

       2013-CA-85, 2014-Ohio-2308, ¶ 8, citing State v. King, 2013-Ohio-2021,

       992 N.E.2d 491, ¶ 45 (2d. Dist.).

       {¶ 30} We have also cautioned against applying the proper review standard in

manner that is too formalistic:

              “Formalism” has been described as scrupulous or excessive

       adherence to outward form at the expense of inner reality or content. We

       are concerned that our sentencing jurisprudence has become a rubber

       stamp for rhetorical formalism. It appears that consecutive sentences will be

       upheld on appellate review as long as the aggregate sentence is within the
                                                                                        -16-
       arithmetic long-addition established by the statutes and the trial judge and

       the entry state that this calculation is necessary to protect the public from

       future crime or to punish the offender, (2) not disproportionate to the

       seriousness of the offender's conduct and to the danger the offender poses

       to the public, and (3) one or more of the offenses was committed while

       awaiting trial or sentencing. Here, the minimally-required statutory phrases

       were uttered, and a 22-year-old non-psychopathic addict, with only a

       previous juvenile suspended DYS commitment and no adult felony record,

       will spend the next twenty years in prison at the expense of the taxpayers,

       not to mention the damage to him and to the community where he will be

       released.

State v. Overholser, supra at ¶28, citing State v. Adams, supra at ¶ 30.

       {¶ 31} Therefore, we will review the sentence in the case before us to determine

whether it is clearly and convincingly unsupported by the record, or contrary to law,

recognizing that reviewing the trial court’s proper application of law involving the use of

discretion is a part of the sentencing review process.

       {¶ 32} Before imposing the consecutive sentences, the trial court was required to

find: (1) “consecutive service is necessary to protect the public from future crime or to

punish the offender”; (2) “consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the

seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public”;

and (3) any of the following:

       (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the

       offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed
                                                                                          -17-
      pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or

      was under post-release control for a prior offense.

      (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or

      more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the

      multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single

      prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses

      of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

      (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that

      consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime

      by the offender.

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(a)-(c).

      {¶ 33} In the instant case, the trial court made the following requisite findings at the

sentencing hearing and in its judgment entry with respect to consecutive sentencing:

             The Court finds that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect

      the public from future crime and to punish the defendant. That they are not

      disproportionate to the seriousness of the defendant’s conduct and to the

      danger he poses to the public. That at least two of the multiple offenses

      were committed as part of one or more courses of conduct and the harm

      caused by two or more of the multiple offenses so committed was so great

      or unusual that no single prison term for any of the offenses committed as

      part of the course of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of his

      conduct.

      {¶ 34} We note that Wells’s offenses, while involving separate victims, were all
                                                                                        -18-
committed at the same storage facility during the same period of time, and should

therefore, not be characterized as a “course of conduct”3 for the purposes of imposing

consecutive sentences. None of the offenses involved violence, and it appears that no

one was present when he committed the thefts and the companion breaking and entering.

At the time Wells was sentenced, he was fifty-five years old and found to be barely

functioning within a borderline intellectual level. Wells has trouble reading and writing

and had to have his probation officer complete his probation form for him. Wells’s PSI

also established a moderate to low likelihood of recidivism. Wells’s criminal record, not

including the instant offenses, consisted of only three misdemeanor offenses, all of which

were from some fifteen years earlier. Wells was homeless for five months prior to his

arrest on the instant charges. Wells’ PSI indicated that he has an alcohol problem. As

previously discussed, based on the level of his offenses, Wells was entitled to mandatory

community control and had already been in jail for approximately six months prior to being

sentenced.

          {¶ 35} Without minimizing the inconvenience the theft offenses undoubtedly

caused the victims, Wells’ offenses do not rise to the level of such seriousness and

danger to the public that consecutive terms in prison would be necessary to protect the

public.     For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court’s imposition of

consecutive sentences was an abuse of discretion and contrary to law.

          {¶ 36} Wells’ supplemental assignment of error having been sustained, the


3
  We note that the PSI reveals that the companion case, Case No. 2014-CR-513, was
indicted later due to the subsequent identification of a fourth victim, Mr. Frock. Mr.
Frock’s property had been recovered on July 18, 2014, along with the property of other
victims which led to the instant indictment. (See Probable Cause Affidavit in PSI for later
indictment).
                                                                                        -19-
sentence imposed by the trial court is reversed and vacated. Additionally, we recognize

that had Wells been properly sentenced to mandatory community control even with a

subsequent revocation, his sentence could not have exceeded the maximum for any

individual offense of one year. This one year having already been served, we order that

Wells be immediately released from prison in this case.

                                   ..........

FROELICH, P.J., concurs.

WELBAUM, J., concurring in judgment only.

       {¶ 37} I very respectfully concur in the judgment only.

       {¶ 38} While I agree that the judgment of the trial court should be reversed, I

disagree with the standard of review the majority has applied in considering the trial

court’s imposition of consecutive sentences. I have previously stressed that abuse of

discretion is no longer the correct standard of review. State v. Overholser, 2d Dist. Clark

No. 2014-CA-42, 2015-Ohio-1980, ¶ 36-39 (Welbaum, J., dissenting), citing State v.

Rodeffer, 2013-Ohio-5759, 5 N.E.3d 1069, ¶ 29 (2d Dist.). As a result, our analysis

should not focus on whether a trial court abused its discretion.

       {¶ 39} I also noted in Overholser that the standard for reviewing felony sentences

under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a) is “ ‘extremely deferential.’ ” Id. at ¶ 38, quoting State v.

Venes, 2013-Ohio-1891, 992 N.E.2d 453, ¶ 21 (8th Dist.). In Venes, the Eighth District

Court of Appeals stated that:

              It is important to understand that the “clear and convincing” standard

       applied in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is not discretionary. In fact, R.C.

       2953.08(G)(2) makes it clear that “[t]he appellate court's standard for review
                                                                                        -20-
       is not whether the sentencing court abused its discretion.” As a practical

       consideration, this means that appellate courts are prohibited from

       substituting their judgment for that of the trial judge.

              It is also important to understand that the clear and convincing

       standard used by R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is written in the negative. It does not

       say that the trial judge must have clear and convincing evidence to support

       its findings.   Instead, it is the court of appeals that must clearly and

       convincingly find that the record does not support the court's findings. In

       other words, the restriction is on the appellate court, not the trial judge.

       This is an extremely deferential standard of review.

Venes at ¶ 20-21.

       {¶ 40} Although the majority has incorrectly relied on abuse of discretion, I do

agree that the judgment of the trial court should be reversed. However, my position is

based on other grounds.         Specifically, after reviewing the record, I clearly and

convincingly find that imposition of a prison sentence was contrary to law.           R.C.

2953.08(G)(2)(b).

       {¶ 41} As the majority opinion notes, under R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(a), the trial court

would have been required to impose a community control sanction of at last one year’s

duration, since Wells satisfied the criteria in that subsection for mandatory imposition of

community control. The trial court avoided the community control requirement by: (1)

asking the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC), pursuant to R.C.

2929.13(B)(1)(c), to provide the court with program details of any community control

sanction of at least one year’s duration that was available for persons sentenced by the
                                                                                        -21-
court; and (2) then concluding, under R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b)(iv), that ODRC had not

provided it with information about such sanctions.      By taking this course, the court

obtained “discretion” to impose a prison term under R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b).

      {¶ 42} Following the trial court’s request, ODRC informed the court about

electronic home monitoring, which is a sanction that could have been imposed for at least

a year. However, the court rejected this option, stating in its entry of conviction that

electronic monitoring “is not a program.” Doc. #17, p.1.

      {¶ 43} Contrary to the trial court’s statement, the statutory provisions in question

[R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b) and (c)] do not require that the community control sanction be a

“program.” Instead, R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(c) requires ODRC to “provide the court with the

names of, contact information for, and program details of one or more community control

sanctions of at least one year's duration that are available for persons sentenced by the

court, if any.”   (Emphasis added.)      R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b)(iv) contains the same

language.

      {¶ 44} R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b) and (c) do not define what a community control

sanction is. However, R.C. 2929.01(E) does define a community control sanction, for

purposes of R.C. Chapter 2929, as follows:

       “Community control sanction” means a sanction that is not a prison term

      and that is described in section 2929.15, 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of

      the Revised Code or a sanction that is not a jail term and that is described in

      section 2929.26, 2929.27, or 2929.28 of the Revised Code.

      {¶ 45} The majority opinion does not consider this statutory definition of a

community control sanction. However, electronic monitoring is not a prison term and it is
                                                                                          -22-
described in R.C. 2929.17(B); therefore, electronic monitoring is clearly a community

control sanction for purposes of R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b) and (c).

       {¶ 46} The majority opinion does state that electronic monitoring is a

non-residential sanction and was a viable option. Majority Opinion, ¶ 28. This is correct

with respect to whether electronic monitoring was a viable option, but whether monitoring

is residential or non-residential is irrelevant. R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b) and (c) do not require

that a community control sanction of at least one year’s duration be either residential or

non-residential, or more importantly, that the sanction be a “program.” All that is required

is that the ODRC provide information about a community control sanction of at least one

year’s duration that is available. In the case before us, there was no indication that

electronic monitoring was not available for at least a year’s duration.

       {¶ 47} This error in the trial court’s decision renders the decision contrary to law.

The court had an available option furnished by the ODRC in compliance with the actual

terms of the statute. However, the court erroneously disregarded it and imposed a

prison sentence, which the court was not empowered to do under R.C. 2929.13(B)(1).

       {¶ 48} In view of the preceding discussion, I also disagree with the statement in

¶ 28 of the majority opinion that the trial court may have been “technically accurate” in

stating that it was not provided with “program details” for year-long community control

sanctions by ODRC. Our statement is incorrect, because the statute does not require a

“program” and the trial court was not technically accurate when it stated that ODRC did

not provide it with program details for year-long community control sanctions. To the

contrary, ODRC provided what it was supposed to provide – information about community

control sanctions of at least one year’s duration that were available to the court.
                                                                                         -23-
       {¶ 49} As a further matter, I disagree with the majority’s reliance on the

combination of the confinement that Wells had already undergone and the four to

six-month term available at West Central. R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(c) requires ODRC to

“provide the court with the names of, contact information for, and program details of one

or more community control sanctions of at least one year's duration.” The West Central

sanction did not fit the clear terms of the statute. Nonetheless, the trial court would have

had the original discretion to place Wells on a term of community control, which could

include the six-month jail term already served and the six-month term available at West

Central.

       {¶ 50} Another area where I disagree with the majority opinion involves the

discussion of the propriety of consecutive sentences. Any such discussion is premature.

If the trial court was required to sentence Wells to community control sanctions, the issue

of consecutive sentences would not arise until such time as Wells is sentenced for a

violation of community control, if that ever happens to occur. As was noted in State v.

Stevens, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2014-CA-10, 2015-Ohio-1051:

              “[C]ommunity control revocation proceedings are not the same as a

       criminal trial, and a revocation of community control punishes the failure to

       comply with the terms and conditions of community control, not the specific

       conduct that led to the revocation.” State v. Black, 2d Dist. Montgomery

       No. 24005, 2011-Ohio-1273, ¶ 17. Upon revoking community control, the

       trial court may (1) lengthen the term of the community control sanction; (2)

       impose a more restrictive community control sanction; or (3) impose a

       prison term on the offender, provided that the prison term is within the range
                                                                                       -24-
      of prison terms available for the offense for which community control had

      been imposed and the term does not exceed the prison term specified in the

      notice provided to the offender at the original sentencing hearing. R.C.

      2929.15(B).

      ***

             When an offender's community control is revoked and multiple

      prison terms are imposed for the underlying offenses, the trial court must

      make the findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) before imposing consecutive

      sentences at the revocation sentencing hearing. See, e.g., State v. West,

      2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24998, 2012-Ohio-4615 (noting that the prison

      sentence for violating community control was not imposed until the

      revocation sentencing hearing, and that the trial court was required to

      comply with R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) to impose consecutive sentences); State v.

      Jacquillard, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140001, 2014-Ohio-4394 (applying

      R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) to sentencing upon revocation of community control);

      State v. Holman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100468, 2014-Ohio-3908; State v.

      Steck, 6th Dist. Wood Nos. WD-13-017 and WD-13–018, 2014-Ohio-3623.

Stevens at ¶ 8-9.

      {¶ 51} When a trial court imposes community control sanctions during the initial

sentencing hearing, the court does not sentence the defendant to alternate sanctions, like

a prison term or consecutive sentences of imprisonment, at that time. West at ¶ 13,

citing State v. Nistelbeck, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-874, 2012-Ohio-1765, ¶ 7-11.

Instead, a trial court’s duty at the time of sentencing an offender to a community control
                                                                                         -25-
sanction, “[p]ursuant to R.C. 2929.19(B)(5) and 2929.15(B), [is to] * * * notify the offender

of the specific prison term that may be imposed for a violation of the conditions of the

sanction, as a prerequisite to imposing a prison term on the offender for a subsequent

violation.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Brooks, 103 Ohio St.3d 134, 2004-Ohio-4746,

814 N.E.2d 837, paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 52} Thus, because the trial court does not sentence the defendant at the time of

the original sentencing hearing, but only notifies the defendant of the possible sentence

that may be imposed in the event of a community control violation, the issue of

consecutive sentences has not yet arisen in the case before us, and may never arise.

       {¶ 53} On the record currently before us, I would agree that imposing consecutive

sentences appears to be clearly and convincingly unsupported by the record, based on

Wells’s lack of criminal history and the relatively minor nature of his offenses. I do not

agree with the conclusion in ¶ 34 of the majority opinion that Wells’ offenses should not be

characterized as a course of conduct. Although not strictly applicable here, the Supreme

Court of Ohio has held in the context of the aggravating circumstances specification in

R.C. 2929.04(A)(5) that “ ‘the trier of fact “must * * * discern some connection, common

scheme, or some pattern or psychological thread that ties [the offenses] together.” ’ ”

State v. Perez, 124 Ohio St.3d 122, 2009-Ohio-6179, 920 N.E.2d 104, ¶ 78, quoting State

v. Sapp, 105 Ohio St.3d 104, 2004-Ohio-7008, 822 N.E.2d 1239, syllabus.               (Other

citation omitted.) In Perez, the court noted its prior holding that “murders committed over

a year apart were part of the same course of conduct, based on common motives and

similarity in the modi operandi of the crimes.” Perez at ¶ 82, citing Sapp at ¶ 59-60. In

the case before us, there was a connection and pattern that tied the offenses together.
                                                                                    -26-
However, as I said, the consecutive sentences issue, and the criteria for imposing such

sentences, are not ripe for our consideration.

      {¶ 54} Based on the above discussion, I agree with the majority that Wells’

sentence should be reversed and vacated. Accordingly, I very respectfully concur only

in the judgment.

                                       ..........

Copies mailed to:

Ryan A. Saunders
Regina R. Richards
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter
ODRC – London Correctional Facility
