                                     UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 19-4446


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                     Plaintiff - Appellee,

              v.

DAVID REEVES,

                     Defendant - Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at
Charleston. Irene C. Berger, District Judge. (2:18-cr-00265-1)


Submitted: December 19, 2019                                      Decided: January 8, 2020


Before WILKINSON, MOTZ, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.


Wesley P. Page, Federal Public Defender, Jonathan D. Byrne, Assistant Federal Public
Defender, David A. Bungard, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE
FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellant. Michael B.
Stuart, United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, Ryan A. Keefe, Assistant
United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Huntington,
West Virginia, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

       David Reeves, a substance abuse counselor, pled guilty to distribution of fentanyl

to clients and was sentenced to 16 months in prison, to be followed by 36 months of

supervised release. On appeal, Reeves challenges the “vulnerable victim” enhancement,

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3A1.1 (2018), and the special conditions of

supervised release requiring evaluation as a sex offender, treatment if required, and testing

at the behest of his probation officer. We affirm.

       With regard to the sentencing enhancement, Reeves argues that there is no “victim”

of a drug crime, other than society at large. Further, he claims that the facts do not show

that the victim was unusually vulnerable. Finally, he asserts that his enhancements for both

abusing a position of public trust and for a vulnerable victim constituted impermissible

double counting.

       The vulnerable victim enhancement is applied when the defendant “knew or should

have known that a victim of the offense was a vulnerable victim,” defined as someone

“who is unusually vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition, or who is otherwise

particularly susceptible to the criminal conduct.” USSG § 3A1.1(b)(1) & comment. 2.

Application of USSG § 3A.1. is a factual finding subject to clear error review. See United

States v. Amedeo, 370 F.3d 1305, 1317–18 (11th Cir. 2004).            Contrary to Reeves’

contention, the vulnerable victim enhancement can be applied where the defendant was

convicted of drug crimes. See id. (distribution of cocaine to a person under 21); see also

United States v. Volkman, 797 F.3d 377, 398 (6th Cir. 2015) (applying enhancement to a

doctor convicted of unlawful drug distribution); United States v. Singh, 54 F.3d 1182,

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1191-93 (4th Cir. 1995) (doctor convicted of distributing controlled substances outside

scope of medical practice); United States v. Milstein, 401 F.3d 53, 74 (2d Cir. 2005)

(distribution of misbranded prescription drugs).

       Turning to the question of whether the victim was appropriately “vulnerable” in this

case and whether there was any double counting, our decision in Singh is instructive. In

Singh, we remanded for resentencing because the district court’s factual findings were

insufficient to support the vulnerable victim enhancement. 54 F.3d at 1193-94. We noted

that the district court must find the doctor chose particular patients as victims because of a

vulnerability. Id. at 1194-94. The defendant, a doctor, also received an enhancement for

abusing a position of trust. Id. at 1186. While acknowledging both enhancements might

appropriately be applied when there is “evidence to support each enhancement

individually,” we also warned it would constitute impermissible double counting if the

vulnerable victim enhancement was based solely on “the element of trust inherent in the

doctor/patient relationship itself.” Id. at 1193 n.7. As such, we have approved applying

both enhancements when there is evidence to support them. See United States v. Hill, 322

F.3d 301, 307 (4th Cir. 2003).

       Here, the district court found the following: the victim was an addict in recovery, a

particularly vulnerable time; she was required to see Reeves to continue to receive

treatment; Reeves was aware of her addiction and her reliance on treatment; the victim had

pain related to foot surgery, of which Reeves was aware; and Reeves made sexual advances

to the victim. In addition, the court noted that the vulnerable victim enhancement focused



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on the victim’s circumstances and Reeves’ knowledge of them; while the abuse of trust

enhancement focused on Reeves’ status as a substance abuse counselor.

       While drug addiction alone may not make a victim vulnerable, see Volkman, 797

F.3d at 398, addiction coupled with additional, appropriate findings regarding the victim’s

situation can be sufficient. See United States v. Guidry, 817 F.3d 997, 1009 (7th Cir. 2016).

Here, given the additional facts regarding the victim’s circumstances, the district court did

not clearly err in finding that the victim was a vulnerable victim. In addition, because the

vulnerable victim enhancement relied upon these facts, rather than Reeves’ status as a

counselor, there was no double-counting.

       Turning to the supervised release conditions, “[d]istrict courts are afforded broad

latitude to impose conditions on supervised release,” and we review such conditions only

for abuse of discretion. United States v. Douglas, 850 F.3d 660, 663 (4th Cir. 2017)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “The [district] court may impose any special condition

that is reasonably related to the [relevant] statutory sentencing factors” in 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a) (2018), including the nature and circumstances of the offense, the history and

characteristics of the defendant, the need to provide for adequate deterrence, the need to

protect the public, and the need to provide the defendant with training, medical care, or

treatment. Douglas, 850 F.3d at 663 (internal quotation marks omitted); see 18 U.S.C.A.

§ 3583(d) (West 2015 & Supp. 2019). The district court “must also ensure that the

condition involves no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary” and that

it is consistent with Sentencing Commission policy statements. Douglas, 850 F.3d at 663

(internal quotation marks omitted); see United States v. Dotson, 324 F.3d 256, 260-61 (4th

                                             4
Cir. 2003). A “particular restriction does not require an offense-specific nexus, but the

sentencing court must adequately explain its decision and its reasons for imposing [the

chosen conditions].” Douglas, 850 F.3d at 663 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       While Reeves was not convicted of a sex offense, “[s]ex offender conditions of

supervised release may be imposed, even at sentencing for crimes which are not sex crimes,

if supported by § 3583(d).” Id. at 663 (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, the

fact that Reeves has never been convicted of a sex crime, while part of his history and

characteristics, is not a determinative factor. See United States v. McKissic, 428 F.3d 719,

722-23 (7th Cir. 2005) (upholding ban on alcohol use where defendant had not been

diagnosed as alcoholic and offense was unrelated to alcohol use); United States v.

Prochner, 417 F.3d 54, 63 (1st Cir. 2005) (upholding special conditions mandating sex

offender treatment even though the defendant had not been convicted or accused of actual

sexual misconduct, where the record contained evidence that defendant had the desire to

have sex with minors).

       We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the sex

offender conditions here supported the goals of supervised release based on the evidence

in the record. The district court explicitly considered that Reeves was engaged in exploitive

and inappropriate sexual conduct with clients. The court noted that the restrictions were

necessary to protect the public, to assist Reeves with re-entry into society, and to address

any psychological or emotional problems. The court also attempted to narrowly tailor the

conditions, by ordering an examination and testing and only requiring counseling and



                                              5
treatment if required after the evaluation. Accordingly, the conditions of supervised release

were well within the court’s broad discretion.

       We affirm. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions

are adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the

decisional process.

                                                                                AFFIRMED




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