              U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                               No. ACM 39319
                          ________________________

                             UNITED STATES
                                 Appellee
                                       v.
                        Kamron R. RAMESHK
           Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                          ________________________

        Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 29 October 2018
                          ________________________

Military Judge: James R. Dorman.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 8 years,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to E-1. Sentence ad-
judged 20 April 2017 by GCM convened at Whiteman Air Force Base,
Missouri.
For Appellant: Major Meghan R. Glines-Barney, USAF; Robert A. Feld-
meier, Esquire.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major Tyler
B. Musselman, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before JOHNSON, DENNIS, and LEWIS, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge DENNIS and Judge LEWIS joined.
                          ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
                          ________________________

JOHNSON, Senior Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of a military judge alone convicted Ap-
pellant, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of failure to obey a lawful
                    United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


order, two specifications of rape, and one specification of wrongfully endeavor-
ing to impede an investigation on divers occasions in violation of Articles 92,
120, and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 892, 920,
934. 1 The military judge sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, con-
finement for eight years, total forfeiture of pay and allowances, and reduction
to the grade of E-1. The convening authority approved the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant raises six issues on appeal: (1) whether the military judge erro-
neously applied Military Rule of Evidence (Mil. R. Evid.) 412 to exclude consti-
tutionally required evidence; (2) whether the military judge committed plain
error by admitting certain expert testimony; (3) whether Appellant’s rape con-
victions are factually sufficient; (4) whether Appellant’s sentence is unreason-
ably severe; (5) whether the military judge abused his discretion by failing to
suppress statements Appellant made to his supervisor; and (6) whether the
Government violated its discovery obligations by failing to secure and disclose
exculpatory text messages. 2 We find no error that materially prejudiced Appel-
lant’s substantial rights. Accordingly, we affirm the findings and sentence.

                                  I. BACKGROUND
   In May 2016, Appellant was a Security Forces Airman stationed at
Whiteman Air Force Base (AFB), Missouri. On the night of 7 May 2016, Appel-
lant attended a party at the off-base residence of another member of his squad-
ron, Airman First Class (A1C) NG. The party consisted of four male Airmen—
Appellant, A1C NG, A1C AW, and Airman Basic (AB) Joshua Benfield—and
one female civilian drinking alcohol and socializing around an outdoor fire. The
female civilian, JK, had been invited to the party by AB Benfield, with whom
she previously had an intimate relationship and still considered a friend. 3 JK
had never before met Appellant or the other attendees. During the course of
the party, other attendees witnessed JK sit on AB Benfield’s lap with her
shorts somewhat lowered and witnessed her perform oral sex on AB Benfield.




1 The military judge found Appellant not guilty of one specification of failure to obey a
lawful order in violation of Article 92, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 892.
2Appellant personally raises the fifth and sixth issues pursuant to United States v.
Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982).
3 AB Benfield was an Airman First Class at the time of the party. AB Benfield subse-
quently pleaded guilty and was convicted of sexual assault against JK at a general
court-martial. See United States v. Benfield, No. ACM 39267, 2018 CCA LEXIS 335, at
*1 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 10 Jul. 2018) (unpub. op.). After his conviction, AB Benfield
testified as a prosecution witness at Appellant’s trial.


                                           2
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


    The party broke up in the early morning hours of 8 May 2016. JK rode with
AB Benfield and Appellant in JK’s car to AB Benfield’s nearby house. JK be-
lieved they were going to “hang out.” JK later testified that once they went
inside, AB Benfield removed JK’s clothing, placed her on a sofa, and initiated
sexual intercourse without her consent. As AB Benfield sexually assaulted JK,
Appellant approached JK, put his hands on her head, and inserted his penis
into her mouth without her consent. In the course of the assault, AB Benfield
repeatedly struck JK on the back of her legs. AB Benfield eventually withdrew
and Appellant then inserted his penis in JK’s vagina. JK later testified that in
the course of the assault she told both AB Benfield and Appellant to stop and
pushed against them with her legs. After AB Benfield laid down to sleep and
JK had put her shorts and pullover back on, Appellant pulled JK by her arm
to a back room in the house. Appellant pushed JK against a wall and told her
he “wasn’t done” with her. However, JK resisted Appellant’s efforts to remove
her shorts until Appellant became upset and told her to leave. JK departed,
leaving her purse behind.
    From her car, JK called her mother, who did not answer. JK then contacted
a male friend, DR. “[S]obbing and crying profusely” according to DR, JK told
DR she had been raped by two Airmen. JK drove to DR’s location. After JK
arrived, DR called civilian police. JK later underwent a sexual assault forensic
examination. Subsequent testing of samples taken during the exam did not
indicate the presence of Appellant’s DNA.
    After the incident, Appellant participated in several conversations with one
or more of the other three Airmen present at the party during which they dis-
cussed what they should say and not say to investigators. In particular, A1C
AW recalled that he saw Appellant the morning after the incident, and Appel-
lant denied having sexual intercourse with JK. A1C AW testified at trial that
during this conversation Appellant instructed him to “not talk about the night.
If anybody asks, we were just over a[t] [A1C NG’s] house, just hanging out,
having a good time. That is all the information [Appellant] wanted [A1C AW]
to give.” However, later that day Appellant told A1C NG that he did have vag-
inal intercourse with JK. Yet when A1C AW confronted Appellant a few days
later, after rumors of a sexual assault began to circulate in the squadron, Ap-
pellant again denied engaging in sexual intercourse with JK and said she was
lying.
   A1C AW recalled another conversation among all four Airmen who were at
the party during which Appellant said he wanted A1C AW to deny Appellant
had gone to AB Benfield’s house that night. However, A1C AW objected to this
plan, saying it was a “bad lie” that could easily be disproved. As A1C NG later
described this meeting, Appellant and AB Benfield asked A1C NG to recount
what he remembered from that night. As A1C NG spoke, Appellant and AB


                                       3
                   United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


Benfield interjected at various points, telling him not to provide certain infor-
mation to any investigators.
    As the investigation progressed, Appellant was ordered to have no contact
with JK. In addition, Appellant, AB Benfield, A1C NG, and A1C AW were re-
lieved of their regular duties, placed in a “do not arm” status, and assigned to
the “Facility Improvement Team” (FIT) to perform alternative duties. After
their first day together on the FIT, their squadron commander ordered the four
Airmen not to have contact with each other. Thereafter the four Airmen were
dispersed to perform their alternative duties in different locations. However,
after receiving the no contact order, Appellant continued to contact A1C AW
using the SnapChat mobile phone application, inquiring whether A1C AW had
spoken to investigators and, if so, what A1C AW had said. Appellant also had
another member of the squadron call A1C AW on Appellant’s behalf, seeking
information.

                                   II. DISCUSSION
A. Military Rule of Evidence 412
    1. Additional Background
   At trial, the Defense attempted to introduce evidence of JK’s alleged sexual
predisposition and other sexual behavior by JK under exceptions to Mil. R.
Evid. 412. The Government and JK, through counsel, opposed its introduction.
Ultimately, the military judge allowed the Defense to introduce some of this
evidence, including evidence that JK sat on AB Benfield’s lap and engaged in
oral sex with AB Benfield in front of the other Airmen during the party, which
was offered to rebut JK’s testimony that she had not flirted with anyone at the
party.
   The military judge excluded several other items of evidence pursuant to
Mil. R. Evid. 412. Inter alia, the military judge excluded testimony regarding
JK’s purported preference for engaging in sexual activity with two men at the
same time. 4 The Defense contended this particular testimony was relevant to
the issue of consent and met the exception for constitutionally required evi-
dence under Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(1)(C). The military judge disagreed. In a writ-
ten ruling, the military judge found as a threshold matter the proffered evi-
dence did not actually demonstrate JK had such a preference. The military
judge further found that, even if it did demonstrate such a preference, it was


4 The trial transcript, appellate exhibits, and briefs addressing this excluded evidence
were sealed pursuant to Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1103A. These portions of the
record and briefs remain sealed, and any discussion of sealed material in this opinion
is limited to that which is necessary for our analysis. See R.C.M. 1103A(b)(4).


                                           4
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


still not relevant to whether JK consented to Appellant’s acts, or to a defense
of mistake of fact as to consent. Finally, the military judge found any probative
value was substantially outweighed by the dangers of “unfair prejudice and
the ordinary countervailing interests reviewed in making a determination as
to whether evidence is constitutionally required,” although he did not specify
what interests were implicated in this case.
   2. Law
    “We review a military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an
abuse of discretion.” United States v. Erikson, 76 M.J. 231, 234 (C.A.A.F. 2017)
(citation omitted). “A military judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the find-
ings of fact upon which he predicates his ruling are not supported by the evi-
dence of record; (2) if incorrect legal principles were used; or (3) if his applica-
tion of the correct legal principles to the facts is clearly unreasonable.” United
States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Mackie,
66 M.J. 198, 199 (C.A.A.F. 2008)). The application of Mil. R. Evid. 412 to prof-
fered evidence is a legal issue that appellate courts review de novo. United
States v. Roberts, 69 M.J. 23, 27 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation omitted).
    Mil. R. Evid. 412 provides that in any proceeding involving an alleged sex-
ual offense, evidence offered to prove the alleged victim engaged in other sexual
behavior or has a sexual predisposition is generally inadmissible, with three
limited exceptions, one of which is pertinent to this case. The burden is on the
defense to overcome the general rule of exclusion by demonstrating an excep-
tion applies. United States v. Carter, 47 M.J. 395, 396 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (citation
omitted).
    Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(1)(C) provides that evidence of an alleged victim’s other
sexual behavior or sexual predisposition is admissible if its exclusion “would
violate the constitutional rights of the accused.” Generally, such evidence is
constitutionally required and “must be admitted within the ambit of [Mil. R.
Evid.] 412(b)(1)(C) when [it] is relevant, material, and the probative value of
the evidence outweighs the dangers of unfair prejudice.” United States v. Eller-
brock, 70 M.J. 314, 318 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omitted). Relevant evidence is
evidence that has any tendency to make the existence of any fact of conse-
quence to determining the case more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence. Mil. R. Evid. 401. Materiality “is a multi-factored test
looking at ‘the importance of the issue for which the evidence was offered in
relation to the other issues in this case; the extent to which the issue is in
dispute; and the nature of the other evidence in the case pertaining to th[at]
issue.’” Ellerbrock, 70 M.J. at 318 (alteration in original) (citations omitted).
The dangers of unfair prejudice to be considered “include concerns about ‘har-
assment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation



                                         5
                    United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.’” Id. at 319 (quoting Delaware v.
Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)).
      3. Analysis
    Appellant contends the military judge abused his discretion by excluding
testimony regarding JK’s purported preference for engaging in sexual acts with
two men at the same time. Specifically, Appellant contends that testimony re-
garding a purported statement by JK on a previous occasion when Appellant
was not present, expressing interest in engaging in sexual activity with
AB Benfield and a third individual, was relevant to the issue of JK’s consent
in Appellant’s case and constitutionally required in light of Appellant’s rights
to due process and confrontation under the Fifth 5 and Sixth 6 Amendments. See
Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(1)(C). We disagree.
   As a threshold matter, we find the evidence the Defense sought to introduce
qualifies as evidence of JK’s “sexual predisposition” for purposes of Mil. R.
Evid. 412(a). Indeed, JK’s purported predisposition to engage in sexual activity
with multiple partners simultaneously is exactly what trial defense counsel
sought to establish. Accordingly, the evidence was inadmissible unless an ex-
ception applied.
    Evidence of sexual predisposition is not constitutionally required if it is not
relevant. See Ellerbrock, 70 M.J. at 318; Mil. R. Evid. 402(b) (“Irrelevant evi-
dence is not admissible.”). We find the military judge did not abuse his discre-
tion in determining the proffered evidence was not relevant to the issue of con-
sent. Testimony to the effect that on a separate occasion, at which Appellant
was not present, JK expressed interest in simultaneously engaging in sexual
activity with AB Benfield and another male, without any reference to Appel-
lant, creates no inference that JK consented to sexual activity with Appellant.
    The Government draws our attention to this court’s decision in United
States v. Stephan, No. ACM 38568, 2015 CCA LEXIS 347 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
25 Aug. 2015) (unpub. op.). In Stephan, the military judge excluded evidence
the victim engaged in consensual sex with one individual while squeezing the
hand of another in the presence of the appellant and others. Id. at *3–4. Later,
the appellant attempted to pull down the victim’s pants without her consent.
Id. In rejecting the appellant’s argument that evidence of the victim’s sexual
activity prior to the offense was constitutionally required, we stated:




5   U.S. CONST. amend. V.
6   U.S. CONST. amend. VI.


                                        6
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


       The fundamental question is whether the victim’s sexual con-
       duct with others, in the presence of the appellant, makes the ex-
       istence of her consent to contact by the appellant, or a reasonable
       belief of such consent, more or less probable. We find it does not.
       Consent to sexual contact is based on the identity of the partner,
       not on the victim’s willingness to engage in any specific type of
       contact with others.
Id. at *6 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). What was true in Stephan is even
more pertinent in the case of Appellant, who was not even present when JK
purportedly expressed interest in engaging in sexual activity with multiple
partners. See also United States v. Booker, 25 M.J. 114, 116 (C.M.A. 1987)
(“[C]onsent to the [sexual] act is based on the identity of the prospective part-
ner.”).
    Appellant contends his position is consistent with Stephan because the
proffered evidence was based on the identity of a particular partner, specifi-
cally AB Benfield, in addition to a “random” other male. We are not persuaded.
The testimony would perhaps be relevant to JK’s subsequent willingness to
participate in sexual activity with AB Benfield, or with the unnamed male
whom she purportedly indicated at the time; however, it is not probative of her
consent to engage in sexual activity with Appellant.
    To be clear, we are not holding that such statements could never meet the
criteria for constitutionally required evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(1)(C).
For example, depending on a victim’s testimony in a particular case, such a
statement could become relevant and material for impeachment purposes.
However, in this case, we agree with the military judge’s conclusion that the
proffered testimony was not relevant, and therefore was inadmissible under
Mil. R. Evid. 412 as well as Mil. R. Evid. 402(b).
B. Expert Testimony
    1. Additional Background
    At trial, JK testified that she received a mark on her neck when Appellant
“tried to give [her] a hickey” at some point during the assault. 7 In addition, JK
testified that AB Benfield held her by the neck during the assault. DR, the
friend to whom JK initially reported the assault, testified that when he saw
JK shortly after the assault he saw “scratches and red marks all up and down



7On cross-examination, HG, a registered nurse called by the Government as an expert
in “Emergency Room Nursing,” testified as to how a “hickey” is “typically formed”:
“someone would place their mouth on the skin and then be sucking on that skin, or
biting on that skin to draw the blood to the surface.”


                                        7
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


her inner thighs, and slight red marks around her neck.” JK’s mother, SS, tes-
tified that she saw JK on the evening of 7 May 2016 before JK went to the
party and did not see any bruises on her. When SS saw JK in the hospital the
following day, she saw bruises on JK’s neck. DM, a civilian police detective at
the time, testified that he also saw bruises on JK’s neck when he responded to
the hospital that morning.
    The Prosecution also called as a witness HG, a registered nurse who treated
JK. HG testified that she had a bachelor’s degree in nursing and had practiced
as a nurse for approximately 20 years, with the majority of her nursing expe-
rience in labor and delivery. On 8 May 2016, HG was working in the hospital’s
emergency department. After HG described some of her duties and experience,
including assessing, documenting, and assisting in the treatment of bruises
and other injuries, assistant trial counsel sought to have HG recognized as an
expert in “Emergency Room Nursing.” The military judge so recognized HG
after civilian trial defense counsel stated he had “[n]o objection.”
    Assistant trial counsel then had HG describe the “lifecycle” of bruises and
how they change in appearance over time. HG described taking photos of JK
to document injuries, including bruises on JK’s neck. The Government intro-
duced a number of photographs taken of JK that morning, including photos
depicting scratches or abrasions on her hands, back, legs, and buttocks, as well
as the bruises on her neck. When asked by assistant trial counsel, HG opined
that the neck bruises were recent because of their color. Trial defense counsel
did not object to this testimony. However, on cross-examination HG conceded
that she did not have any “expert training” on determining the age of a bruise,
other than her 20 years of experience as a nurse.
   2. Law
    A military judge’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony is re-
viewed for an abuse of discretion. Ellis, 68 M.J. at 344 (citation omitted). How-
ever, “failure to make the timely assertion of a right” constitutes forfeiture,
whereas “the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right”
constitutes waiver. United States v. Ahern, 76 M.J. 194, 197 (C.A.A.F. 2017)
(citation omitted). Where an appellant forfeits a right by failing to make a
timely assertion at trial, appellate courts will review the forfeited issue for
plain error. Id. (citing United States v. Gladue, 67 M.J. 311, 313 (C.A.A.F.
2009)). In a plain error analysis, the appellant “has the burden of demonstrat-
ing that: (1) there was error; (2) the error was plain or obvious; and (3) the
error materially prejudiced a substantial right of the accused.” United States
v. Girouard, 70 M.J. 5, 11 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (footnote omitted) (citation omitted).
Waiver, by contrast, “leaves no error to correct on appeal.” Ahern, 76 M.J. at
197 (citing United States v. Campos, 67 M.J. 330, 332 (C.A.A.F. 2009)).



                                       8
                   United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


   Mil. R. Evid. 702 governs the testimony of expert witnesses in a trial by
court-martial. The rule provides:
       A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, ex-
       perience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
       opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or
       other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to under-
       stand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testi-
       mony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the
       product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert
       has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of
       the case.
    The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) has articulated six fac-
tors for military courts to analyze to determine whether a proponent of expert
testimony has met the Mil. R. Evid. 702 criteria:
       (1) the qualifications of the expert; (2) the subject matter of the
       expert testimony; (3) the basis for the expert testimony; (4) the
       legal relevance of the evidence; (5) the reliability of the evidence;
       and (6) that the probative value of the expert’s testimony out-
       weighs the other considerations outlined in [Mil. R. Evid.] 403.
United States v. Billings, 61 M.J. 163, 166 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citing United States
v. Houser, 36 M.J. 392, 397 (C.M.A. 1993)). Though Houser predates the lead-
ing United States Supreme Court decisions in this area, Daubert v. Merrell
Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), and Kumho Tire Co. v. Car-
michael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999), Houser is consistent with these decisions and
continues to guide the admission of expert testimony in courts-martial.
Billings, 61 M.J. at 166 (citations omitted).
    However, “while satisfying every Daubert or Houser factor is sufficient, it
is not necessary.” United States v. Sanchez, 65 M.J. 145, 149 (C.A.A.F. 2007).
The military judge’s inquiry is “flexible” and “tied to the facts of [the] particular
case.” Id. (citations omitted).
   3. Analysis
    Appellant now contends the military judge committed plain error when he
permitted HG to testify about the age of the bruises on JK’s neck because the
“testimony was plainly outside of the scope of [HG]’s training and was not
based upon an accepted and proven methodology.” The Government responds
that Appellant waived this issue when civilian trial defense counsel stated he
had “no objection” to HG’s qualification as an expert in “Emergency Room
Nursing.” We do not find waiver. The existence of waiver depends on the facts
and circumstances of each case. United States v. Elespuru, 73 M.J. 326, 328
(C.A.A.F. 2014) (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938)). Waiver

                                         9
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


is the intentional abandonment or relinquishment of a known right. Ahern, 76
M.J. at 197. The failure to contest a witness’s qualification as an expert in a
particular field is not a relinquishment of the right to object at trial or on ap-
peal to every opinion subsequently elicited from that witness by the opposing
party. We find Appellant forfeited rather than waived his objection to this tes-
timony, and therefore we test for plain error.
    We do not find a “plain or obvious” error by the military judge. A witness
may be qualified as an expert not only by reason of “training or education” but
also by “knowledge, skill, [or] experience.” Mil. R. Evid. 702. Prior to expressing
her opinion that the bruises on JK’s neck were new, HG testified that she had
been a registered nurse for approximately 20 years. Her duties included as-
sessing, documenting, and assisting in the treatment of injuries. She estimated
she had seen “[h]undreds, maybe thousands” of patients with bruises and had
assisted in the treatment of their injuries. HG further demonstrated her famil-
iarity with the lifecycle of a bruise by explaining how bruises are formed and
how their appearance changes over time. The foundation for HG’s opinion was
not the application of some controversial or newly-emerging scientific theory
or technique that required the military judge to conduct a detailed analysis of
Houser and Daubert factors to fulfill his gatekeeper role. Rather, it was an ex-
pert opinion based on HG’s practical experience in observing and treating
bruises and other injuries during her 20-year career as a registered nurse, as
well as her personal observation of JK as one of the attending health care pro-
viders. Based on this foundation, we find no fault with the military judge’s
failure to sua sponte exclude HG’s opinion that, based on her experience, the
bruises she saw on JK’s neck were newly-formed.
    Assuming arguendo that the military judge did plainly err by permitting
the testimony, we nevertheless find no material prejudice to Appellant’s sub-
stantial rights. We test nonconstitutional errors for prejudice by assessing
whether the error had a “‘substantial influence’ on the findings.” United States
v. Walker, 57 M.J. 174, 178 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States,
328 U.S. 750, 765 (1946)). In doing so we consider four factors: “(1) the strength
of the Government’s case, (2) the strength of the defense case, (3) the materi-
ality of the evidence in question, and (4) the quality of the evidence in ques-
tion.” United States v. Clark, 62 M.J. 195, 200–01 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (quoting
United States v. Kerr, 51 M.J. 401, 405 (C.A.A.F. 1999)).
   In this case, the materiality and quality of the admitted opinion testimony
are most significant. HG simply opined that the bruises were newly-formed
because of their red color. This was consistent with SS’s testimony that JK did
not have bruises on her neck before she went to the party on the evening of 7
May 2016. It was also essentially consistent with the photographs the Govern-
ment introduced, with the testimony of SS, DR, and DM who described seeing


                                        10
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


red marks on JK’s neck after the assault, and with the testimony of JK that
Appellant attempted to give her a hickey and that AB Benfield held her by the
neck during the assault. In contrast, there was no evidence the bruises were
present before the assault. Because HG’s opinion testimony added little to the
other evidence in the case regarding the neck bruises, its materiality was low
and its impact was insubstantial.
    Appellant contends HG’s opinion testimony was prejudicial because it was
“the only means by which to assign a specific injury of [JK] to Appellant” as
opposed to AB Benfield. However, the materiality of whether Appellant or
AB Benfield was the specific source of one of the bruises on JK’s neck was low.
Appellant was charged not for giving JK a hickey, but for raping her. We are
confident the question of whether Appellant caused one of the bruises by put-
ting his lips on JK’s neck, or whether AB Benfield was the source of all the
bruises on JK’s neck as well as the numerous scratches on JK’s thighs, but-
tocks, and back, had no substantial influence on the military judge’s determi-
nation of Appellant’s guilt.
C. Factual Sufficiency
   1. Law
    We review issues of factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002)
(citation omitted). Our assessment of factual sufficiency is limited to the evi-
dence produced at trial. United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993)
(citations omitted). The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing
the evidence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having per-
sonally observed the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt be-
yond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A.
1987); see also United States v. Reed, 54 M.J. 37, 41 (C.A.A.F. 2000). In con-
ducting this unique appellate role, we take “a fresh, impartial look at the evi-
dence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of
guilt” to “make [our] own independent determination as to whether the evi-
dence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.
    As charged in this case, the elements of the offenses of rape in violation of
Article 120, UCMJ, of which Appellant was convicted include: (1) that Appel-
lant committed a sexual act upon JK by causing penetration, however slight,
of JK’s vulva and mouth by Appellant’s penis; and (2) that Appellant did so
with unlawful force, specifically, holding JK down with Appellant’s hands and
body weight and holding JK’s head with Appellant’s hand and inserting his
penis in her mouth. See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.)
(MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(1)(a). “Force” means “the use of a weapon;” the use of


                                       11
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


physical strength or violence “sufficient to overcome, restrain, or injure a per-
son; or inflicting physical harm sufficient to coerce or compel submission by the
victim.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(5). “‘[U]nlawful force’ means an act of force
done without legal justification or excuse.” MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(6).
   2. Analysis
     Appellant advances several arguments as to why this court should not be
convinced of his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Inter alia, Appellant contends
the evidence of JK’s behavior and other evidence suggests she in fact consented
to sexual intercourse with Appellant. Appellant points to testimony regarding
JK’s flirtatious behavior and sexual act with AB Benfield at the party prior to
the assault. However, a victim may of course consent to one sexual act but not
to another. Furthermore, JK’s behavior at the party with AB Benfield created
no inference that she desired to engage in sexual intercourse with Appellant,
someone she had never met before and in whom she expressed no sexual inter-
est.
    Appellant points to the absence of rips or tears in JK’s clothing and to JK’s
testimony that Appellant did not hit or choke her to force her to open her mouth
when he inserted his penis. He also relies on AB Benfield’s testimony to argue
that, contrary to JK’s testimony, Appellant did not grab JK’s head and JK
never told Appellant “no” or pushed him away. However, AB Benfield, who
admitted he was “feeling the effects” of alcohol that night, did not firmly deny
these events occurred, only that he either did not see them or did not remember
them.
    Appellant also points to certain physical evidence. He emphasizes that
AB Benfield, A1C AW, and A1C NG all saw what appeared to be one or more
hickeys on Appellant’s neck the day after the party, which Appellant said were
made by JK although no witness observed how they were created. Appellant
also cites the forensic testing which failed to identify Appellant’s DNA on vag-
inal swabs from JK. However, the forensic biologist from the United States
Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory called by the Defense testified on
cross-examination that there were several possible explanations for this ab-
sence consistent with Appellant’s penis penetrating JK’s vagina. These poten-
tial explanations included the possibility that Appellant wore a condom; that
he did not ejaculate; and that he simply shed relatively few skin cells that were
not detected in the sample.
    Conversely, the Government introduced compelling evidence of Appellant’s
guilt. JK testified Appellant held her head with his hands to insert his penis
in her mouth and later penetrated her vagina with his penis, both without her
consent. Although AB Benfield did not recall some of the events JK described,




                                       12
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


he saw Appellant insert his penis in JK’s mouth. Although he did not see Ap-
pellant’s penis enter JK’s vagina, he testified that after he withdrew from JK
he saw Appellant “laying on top” of JK and “thrusting.” AB Benfield also con-
firmed that, consistent with his earlier guilty plea to sexually assaulting JK,
he knew she did not consent to the sexual intercourse. Appellant argues that
the DNA evidence coupled with his highly intoxicated state suggest he did not
actually penetrate JK’s vagina. But Appellant’s argument is undercut by his
subsequent statements to A1C NG and AB Benfield that he did vaginally pen-
etrate JK.
    Appellant contends AB Benfield’s testimony must be viewed with “extreme
skepticism” given the two-year reduction to AB Benfield’s own confinement
that he received by virtue of his pretrial agreement to plead guilty to sexually
assaulting JK. This agreement was undoubtedly a legitimate basis on which to
cross-examine AB Benfield for potential bias. However, we are not persuaded
that it was likely that AB Benfield falsely pleaded guilty to sexually assaulting
JK. Moreover, AB Benfield’s testimony was not uniformly helpful to the Gov-
ernment. Furthermore, we do not find that the relatively minor inconsistencies
between AB Benfield’s testimony and his prior statements demonstrate sub-
stantial bias against Appellant, as opposed to difficulty in remembering details
attributable to the passage of time and AB Benfield’s inebriated state at the
time of the incident.
    In addition, the Government introduced evidence that JK immediately re-
ported the sexual assault to her friend DR in a highly distraught state. The
Government introduced a recording of DR’s 911 call in which JK can be heard
sobbing in the background. The extensive scratches on JK’s thighs, back, and
buttocks and the bruising on her neck further indicate the violence of the en-
counter. Furthermore, Appellant’s later attempts to have witnesses falsify or
withhold information from investigators evidence consciousness of guilt. Hav-
ing weighed the evidence in the record of trial and having made allowances for
not having personally observed the witnesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Accordingly, we
find Appellant’s convictions for rape to be factually sufficient.
D. Sentence Appropriateness
   1. Law
    We review issues of sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v.
Lane, 64 M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Cole, 31 M.J. 270,
272 (C.M.A. 1990)). We may affirm only as much of the sentence as we find
correct in law and fact and determine should be approved on the basis of the
entire record. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c). “We assess sentence ap-




                                       13
                   United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


propriateness by considering the particular appellant, the nature and serious-
ness of the offense[s], the appellant’s record of service, and all matters con-
tained in the record of trial.” United States v. Sauk, 74 M.J. 594, 606 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 2015) (en banc) (alteration in original) (citing United States v. An-
derson, 67 M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2009) (per curiam)). Although we
have great discretion to determine whether a sentence is appropriate, we have
no authority to grant mercy. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 146 (C.A.A.F.
2010) (citation omitted).
    2. Analysis
    Appellant asserts his sentence to eight years in confinement and a dishon-
orable discharge is “unduly severe” and requests this court reduce his term of
confinement to five years. However, Appellant declines to articulate particular
circumstances of his case that demonstrate this purported undue severity. In-
stead, Appellant simply asserts that “[a]n analysis of the past year’s sexual
assault trials reveals no sentence which survived appellate review and which
was nearly as severe as [A]ppellant’s,” with the notable exception of AB Ben-
field’s sentence. Appellant identifies five such cases by name but declines to
describe the facts or circumstances of any of them.
    We acknowledge that we may compare an appellant’s case to other non-
“closely related” cases in order to assess the propriety of the sentence, although
we are not required to do so. 8 See United States v. Wacha, 55 M.J. 266, 267
(C.A.A.F. 2001); United States v. Lacy, 50 M.J. 286, 288 (C.A.A.F. 1999). How-
ever, unless the cases are closely related, “[t]he appropriateness of a sentence
generally should be determined without reference or comparison to sentences
in other cases.” United States v. LeBlanc, 74 M.J. 650, 659 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2015) (en banc) (citing United States v. Ballard, 20 M.J. 282, 283 (C.M.A.
1985)). We find no reason to engage in such comparisons here. Other than his
mere assertion that these other Airmen were also convicted of sexual assault
and received lighter sentences, Appellant offers no rationale as to why his sen-
tence should be closer to theirs or was otherwise inappropriate. Ironically, Ap-
pellant received a lesser sentence than the one Airman whose case is closely
related to his own, AB Benfield, who even with the benefit of his pretrial agree-




8 Cases are “closely related” when, for example, they involve “coactors involved in a
common crime, servicemembers involved in a common or parallel scheme, or some
other direct nexus between the servicemembers whose sentences are sought to be com-
pared.” United States v. Lacy, 50 M.J. 286, 288 (C.A.A.F. 1999).




                                         14
                   United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


ment received confinement for ten years, a dishonorable discharge, and reduc-
tion to the grade of E-1. United States v. Benfield, No. ACM 39267, 2018 CCA
LEXIS 335, at *1 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 10 Jul. 2018) (unpub. op.). 9
    Appellant was convicted of orally raping a woman he had just met while
she was being sexually assaulted by another Airman. Appellant then vaginally
raped her as well. In addition, Appellant repeatedly violated a no-contact order
from his commander and asked witnesses to provide false information in an
effort to obstruct the investigation of his crimes. The military judge determined
that a sentence to eight years of confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allow-
ances, and reduction to the grade of E-1, in addition to the mandatory dishon-
orable discharge, was an appropriate punishment for these offenses. Having
given individualized consideration to Appellant, the nature and seriousness of
the offenses, Appellant’s record of service, and all other matters contained in
the record of trial, we cannot say the sentence imposed by the military judge is
inappropriately severe.
E. Suppression of Appellant’s Statements to Staff Sergeant GW
    1. Additional Background
    At some point in the days following the rape of JK, Appellant sent a text
message to his supervisor, Staff Sergeant (SSgt) GW, requesting to speak with
him. SSgt GW was on temporary duty away from Whiteman AFB at the time,
but after SSgt GW returned a few days later they met at Appellant’s dormitory
room on 15 May 2016. Appellant selected the location. At trial, SSgt GW testi-
fied he went not as an “investigator” but as a “supervisor” in order to “take care
of [Appellant’s] well-being and make sure he [wa]s okay.”
   When SSgt GW arrived, Appellant appeared “nervous” and “fidgety.” At the
time, SSgt GW was unaware of the sexual assault investigation and did not
suspect Appellant of any offense. However, he did know Appellant was under
the legal drinking age for alcohol. Because Appellant was hesitant to speak,
SSgt GW explained:
       I just started asking him, you know, like what’s going on? What’s
       bothering you? Or what did you want to talk about? I don’t think
       [Appellant] knew exactly how to start the conversation. So, I just
       gave him some stuff, you know, I was like is it family issues? Is
       it girlfriend, or, you know, what kind of incident was it? I said


9AB Benfield was convicted of one specification of sexual assault against JK and one
specification of physical assault by touching another person’s arm and shoulder with-
out consent. AB Benfield’s sole assignment of error in his appeal to this court was that
his sentence was inappropriately severe compared to Appellant’s. Benfield, unpub. op.
at *1.


                                          15
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


       was there alcohol involved? And then that is when he kind of --
       it sparked his reaction and he went into his -- his story.
SSgt GW did not advise Appellant of his Article 31, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 831,
rights; however, SSgt GW testified:
       Before we got full into our story, or like him giving me his story,
       I let him know, I was like, you know, I am your supervisor, but
       at Security Forces. We are mandatory reporters, so anything
       that is very serious, that is a crime, I have to report. And I said,
       you know, with that, do you still want to get into this, or do you
       want me to refer you to someone else and [Appellant] said that
       he still wanted to talk so --.
    Appellant then described to SSgt GW the party in very general terms and
identified the attendees. He told SSgt GW he had gotten sick from the amount
of alcohol he drank, “started to blackout” around the time he was preparing to
proceed to AB Benfield’s house, and did not remember anything after that until
he awoke at AB Benfield’s house the next morning and prepared for work. Ap-
pellant then told SSgt GW that AB Benfield later approached Appellant and
said they needed to “make up a story” that would “cover” them. Appellant told
SSgt GW that he “didn’t understand what [AB] Benfield was talking about.”
    At trial, the Defense moved to suppress Appellant’s statements to SSgt GW
because of SSgt GW’s failure to advise Appellant of his Article 31, UCMJ,
rights. The military judge denied the motion in an oral ruling. The military
judge found that SSgt GW was not acting in a law enforcement or disciplinary
capacity but merely as a concerned supervisor. He further found that Appellant
did not subjectively view the conversation as an interrogation by SSgt GW in
an official capacity, and similarly that an objectively reasonable person in Ap-
pellant’s position would not have perceived the conversation as such an inter-
rogation. The military judge further found that even if SSgt GW were required
to advise Appellant of his Article 31 rights for suspicion of underage drinking,
the rights advisement was not required for his statements related to the of-
fense of sexual assault.
   2. Law
    We review a military judge’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Jones, 73 M.J. 357, 360 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citation
omitted). “When there is a motion to suppress a statement on the ground that
rights’ warnings were not given, we review the military judge’s findings of fact
on a clearly-erroneous standard, and we review conclusions of law de novo.” Id.
(quoting United States v. Swift, 53 M.J. 439, 446 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). Whether a
questioner was acting or could reasonably be considered to be acting in a law



                                       16
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


enforcement or disciplinary capacity is a question of law requiring de novo re-
view. Id. at 361 (citations omitted).
   Article 31, UCMJ, states in pertinent part:
       (b) No person subject to this chapter may interrogate, or request
       any statement from an accused or a person suspected of an of-
       fense without first informing him of the nature of the accusation
       and advising him that he does not have to make any statement
       regarding the offense of which he is accused or suspected and
       that any statement made by him may be used as evidence
       against him in a trial by court-martial.
       ....
       (d) No statement obtained from any person in violation of this
       article, or through the use of coercion, unlawful influence, or un-
       lawful inducement may be received in evidence against him in a
       trial by court-martial.
    “Thus, Article 31(b), UCMJ, warnings are required when (1) a person sub-
ject to the UCMJ, (2) interrogates or requests any statement, (3) from an ac-
cused or person suspected of an offense, and (4) the statements regard the of-
fense of which the person questioned is accused or suspected.” Jones, 73 M.J.
at 361 (footnotes omitted) (citation omitted). However, the second of these
prongs is met only if the questioner was acting in an official law enforcement
or disciplinary capacity, or could reasonably be considered to be acting in such
a capacity by a “reasonable person” in the suspect’s position. Id. at 362. “Ques-
tioning by a military superior in the immediate chain of command ‘will nor-
mally be presumed to be for disciplinary purposes,’” although such a presump-
tion is not conclusive. Swift, 53 M.J. at 446 (quoting United States v. Good, 32
M.J. 105, 108 (C.M.A. 1991)) (additional citations omitted).
   An “interrogation” includes “any formal or informal questioning in which
an incriminating response either is sought or is a reasonable consequence of
such questioning.” Mil. R. Evid. 305(b)(2).
   3. Analysis
    In the military judge’s oral ruling, he cited various factors in support of his
conclusions that SSgt GW was not acting in an official law enforcement or dis-
ciplinary capacity during his conversation with Appellant, and that a reason-
able person would not have perceived SSgt GW in such a role. These factors
include that Appellant requested the conversation, chose the location, and
chose the topic. The military judge acknowledged that although “in certain cir-
cumstances” SSgt GW’s warning to Appellant that as a Security Forces mem-
ber SSgt GW would have to report any crimes “could be interpreted as acting


                                        17
                   United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


in an official capacity,” in this case it was “merely a reminder that their dis-
cussion was not confidential.” We are not so sanguine. In light of SSgt GW’s
specific reference to his law enforcement role and the CAAF’s admonition that
questioning by a military superior is “normally presumed” to be in a discipli-
nary capacity, we decline to base our decision on a conclusion that SSgt GW
had no such role in this case. 10 See Swift, 53 M.J. at 446.
    Nevertheless, assuming arguendo SSgt GW was or might reasonably have
been perceived to be acting in a disciplinary or law enforcement capacity, we
find Appellant was not prejudiced by any error with respect to SSgt GW’s tes-
timony. Failure to advise of Article 31, UCMJ, rights, absent evidence the sus-
pect’s statement was “involuntary” or the result of “custodial interrogation,” is
a nonconstitutional error. United States v. Evans, 75 M.J. 302, 305–06
(C.A.A.F. 2016). Therefore, we test for prejudice by assessing whether the error
had a “substantial influence” on the findings. Walker, 57 M.J. at 178 (quoting
Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 765). In doing so we consider four factors: “(1) the
strength of the Government’s case, (2) the strength of the defense case, (3) the
materiality of the evidence in question, and (4) the quality of the evidence in
question.” Clark, 62 M.J. at 200–01 (quoting Kerr, 51 M.J. at 405).
    Appellant argues SSgt GW’s testimony was not harmless with respect to
the charge that Appellant endeavored to impede an investigation because the
testimony “confirmed a scheme to obstruct justice involving Appellant and [AB
Benfield].” We disagree. The relevant portion of SSgt GW’s testimony was es-
sentially comprised of two short paragraphs in which, as related by SSgt GW,
Appellant did not describe participating in a scheme but rather tended to de-
flect blame onto AB Benfield. Trial defense counsel declined to cross-examine
SSgt GW on this brief testimony. More importantly, the testimony of A1C AW
and A1C NG, whose accounts were corroborated in a general way by AB Ben-
field, directly indicated Appellant’s efforts to impede the investigation of the
sexual assault on JK. Considering the relative strength of the Government and
Defense cases with respect to this charge, as well as the quality and materiality
of SSgt GW’s testimony, we find any error in the admission of that testimony
did not substantially influence the military judge’s findings of guilt.



10We note the record would support a finding that SSgt GW did not “interrogate” Ap-
pellant; that is, one could conclude there is an absence of evidence that SSgt GW asked
any question intended or likely to elicit an incriminating response at a point in time
when he had reason to suspect Appellant of an offense. See Mil. R. Evid. 305(b)(2);
Jones, 73 M.J. at 361. However, because neither the military judge at trial nor the
Government on appeal rely on this basis, and in light of the alternative basis for re-
jecting Appellant’s argument, we also decline to rest our decision on a finding that
there was no “interrogation.”


                                          18
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


F. Discovery and Production
   1. Additional Facts
    During the investigation of the assault on JK, Special Agent (SA) ZP of the
Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) interviewed JK and ex-
tracted data, including text messages and call logs, from JK’s cell phone on 10
June 2016. SA ZP then returned JK’s cell phone to her. At trial, SA ZP testified
he did not find any text messages between AB Benfield and JK from 8 May
2016 or earlier. Prior to trial, the Government provided 263 pages of text mes-
sages and 26 pages of call logs from JK’s cell phone to the Defense.
    At trial, there was some testimony that AB Benfield and JK exchanged text
messages during the party on 7–8 May 2016. A1C NG testified that he saw a
text message between AB Benfield and JK sometime that evening. AB Benfield
testified he saw text messages from JK during the party, including messages
about Appellant, but he believed JK had deleted them. For her part, JK testi-
fied she took a few SnapChat photos during the party, but she could not re-
member if she had shared text messages with AB Benfield during the party, or
if so, whether she had deleted such messages.
   2. Law
    Each party to a court-martial must have an equal opportunity to inspect
evidence and to obtain witnesses and other evidence. United States v. Stellato,
74 M.J. 473, 483 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (citing R.C.M. 701(e) and Article 46, UCMJ,
10 U.S.C. § 846). The CAAF “has interpreted this requirement to mean that
the ‘Government has a duty to use good faith and due diligence to preserve and
protect evidence and make it available to an accused.’” Id. (quoting United
States v. Kern, 22 M.J. 49, 51 (C.M.A. 1986)). “The duty to preserve includes:
(1) evidence that has an apparent exculpatory value and that has no compara-
ble substitute; (2) evidence that is of such central importance to the defense
that it is essential to a fair trial; and (3) statements of witnesses testifying at
trial.” Id. (citations omitted).
   “Each party is entitled to the production of evidence which is relevant and
necessary.” R.C.M. 703(f)(1); United States v. Rodriguez, 60 M.J. 239, 246
(C.A.A.F. 2004). Evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency to make a fact
more or less probable than it would be without the evidence” and “is of conse-
quence in determining the action.” Mil. R. Evid. 401. “Relevant evidence is ‘nec-
essary when it is not cumulative and when it would contribute to a party’s
presentation of the case in some positive way on a matter in issue.’” Rodriguez,
60 M.J. at 246 (quoting R.C.M. 703((f)(1), Discussion).




                                        19
                  United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


   3. Analysis
    Although the Defense did not raise the issue at trial, Appellant now con-
tends the Government failed to exercise due diligence to obtain exculpatory
evidence. Specifically, Appellant contends the Government was on notice that
text messages JK wrote during the party on 7–8 May 2016 existed, that these
messages were exculpatory because they tended to show JK was attracted to
Appellant and consented to the subsequent sexual encounter, and that JK’s
cell phone was “within the control of the [G]overnment” because JK worked on
the base and her phone would have been subject to search and seizure at the
direction of military authorities. We disagree.
    Because the cell phone was no longer in the Government’s possession once
it was returned to JK, the appropriate analysis is production under R.C.M.
703(f) rather than discovery under R.C.M. 701. See United States v. Bishop, 76
M.J. 627, 634 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2017), rev. denied, 76 M.J. 401 (C.A.A.F.
2017). Appellant fails to demonstrate that, having received the AFOSI data
extraction, any remaining information on JK’s cell phone was either relevant
or necessary. See Rodriguez, 60 M.J. at 246. There is no indication the AFOSI
data extraction on 10 June 2016 failed to retrieve any text messages existing
on the phone as of that date. In other words, there is no reason to believe that
text messages from prior to 9 May 2016 that were not on the cell phone on 10
June 2016 would be found on the phone at a later date.
    Furthermore, Appellant fails to demonstrate that such text messages, if
they ever existed, were in fact helpful to the Defense, much less “exculpatory.”
Neither of the witnesses who purportedly saw such messages testified that
they indicated JK was attracted to Appellant. To the contrary, AB Benfield
testified that during the party JK told AB Benfield she was not interested in
Appellant. Appellant is therefore entitled to no relief on this basis.

                               III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).




                                       20
            United States v. Rameshk, No. ACM 39319


Accordingly, the findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


            FOR THE COURT



            CAROL K. JOYCE
            Clerk of the Court




                                 21
