                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            May 7, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
MARIAN G. KERNER; RAMONA J.
LOPEZ, on behalf of themselves and all
others similarly situated,

      Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.                                                          No. 17-1222
                                               (D.C. No. 1:11-CV-00256-MSK-KMT)
CITY AND COUNTY OF DENVER,                                   (D. Colo.)
a municipal corporation,

      Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BACHARACH, McKAY, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

      This appeal arises out of a class action law suit brought by Marian G. Kerner

and Ramona J. Lopez, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated,

against the City and County of Denver. Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged that Denver’s

use of a specific type of pre-employment screening test had a disparate impact on

minority applicants. After five years of litigation culminating in a bench trial, the


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
district court agreed with plaintiffs. The amount of damages was a hotly contested

issue with plaintiffs initially seeking $18 million in damages. After considering the

trial record and post-trial supplemental briefing on damages, the court entered

judgment in favor of plaintiffs and awarded them $1,674,807 in damages.

      Because they were the prevailing party, plaintiffs filed a motion for attorney’s

fees and expenses. They sought $1,550,195 in attorney’s fees and $162,120.99 in

expenses (the bulk of which were expert fees). Denver objected to plaintiffs’ motion,

arguing that both the hourly rates and the number of hours for plaintiffs’ counsel

should be reduced. It created a table reflecting a proposed reduction in rates and

hours that, when calculated out, would lead to a total award of $894,443 for

attorney’s fees. Denver did not contest the $140,358.00 in expenses plaintiffs sought

for their main expert, but it did object to the expenses for two other experts.

      The district court declined to award plaintiffs the full amount of fees and

expenses they had requested; instead, the court awarded them $894,443 in fees (the

amount Denver proposed) and $97,494.99 in expenses. Plaintiffs now appeal from

the district court’s decision on fees and expenses. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse in part and affirm in part.

      I. Discussion

      We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s award of attorney’s fees

and expenses, but we review de novo the court’s legal analysis underpinning the

award. Brandau v. Kansas, 168 F.3d 1179, 1181 (10th Cir. 1999). Plaintiffs assert

that the district court abused its discretion by failing to conduct a proper lodestar

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analysis when determining the amount for their attorney’s fee award. Plaintiffs

further assert that the district court abused its discretion when it reduced the amount

of plaintiffs’ expert fees.

       A. Lodestar Analysis

       The “lodestar method” is the accepted analysis for determining a reasonable

fee amount for a prevailing party in federal court. See Gisbrecht v. Barnhart,

535 U.S. 789, 801-02 (2002). Using this method, courts multiply the reasonable

number of hours expended on the litigation by a reasonable hourly rate to determine

the amount of a reasonable fee. See id. at 802.

       The district court explained it would be calculating the fee award using the

familiar lodestar analysis, and it began with a determination of the reasonable hourly

rate. Denver had objected to the rates for plaintiffs’ lead and assistant trial counsel.

It had proposed a reduction in rates from $500 to $400 an hour for lead counsel and

from $375 to $250 an hour for assistant counsel. The district court rejected Denver’s

proposed reduction in rates and found “that the rates claimed by the Plaintiffs are, on

the record presented here, reasonable.” Aplt. App., Vol. 5 at 1160.

       The district court next turned to the question of the reasonableness of the hours

plaintiffs’ counsel spent on the litigation. Denver had asserted that the number of

hours spent by plaintiffs’ counsel was excessive for various reasons. It therefore

proposed that the total number of hours billed by plaintiffs’ lead and assistant counsel

be reduced by thirty percent. The district court agreed with Denver that the total

number of hours claimed by plaintiffs’ counsel was unreasonable and that a

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substantial reduction was warranted. The court then stated: “Without fixing a

specific figure of the number of hours reasonably expended in this case, the Court

exercises its discretion to defer to those admitted as reasonable by Denver -

$894,443.” Id. at 1163.

       We first note that the district court’s concluding sentence referenced above is

ambiguous and is subject to at least two different interpretations. Under either

interpretation, however, the district court abused its discretion and we must reverse

and remand for further proceedings.

       One way to read the sentence is that the district court was adopting the number

of hours Denver conceded were reasonable— “Without fixing a specific number of

hours reasonably expended in this case, the Court exercises its discretion to defer to

those [hours] admitted as reasonable by Denver - $894,443.” Id. Relying on this

interpretation, plaintiffs argue that the district court erred by failing to use the rates it

had previously determined were reasonable to calculate the lodestar figure.

       If the court intended to adopt the number of hours Denver proposed, we agree

with plaintiffs that the court erred in calculating the lodestar figure. Multiplying the

rates the district court found were reasonable ($500 for K. Padilla, $375 for

J. Padilla, and $150 for L. Moya) by the number of hours Denver proposed were

reasonable (1,651.72 for K. Padilla, 516.04 for J. Padilla, and 698.3 for L. Moya),

results in a total lodestar figure of $1,124,120—a difference of $229,677 from the

lodestar figure of $894,443 the district court adopted. The significant difference in

lodestar figures is because Denver’s proposed figure of $894,443 was calculated

                                              4
based on both a thirty percent reduction in hours and a reduction in the hourly rate.

See id., Vol. 4 at 1031-32 (requesting that the district court “reduce Plaintiffs’ hourly

rate to $400/hour for Mr. Kenneth Padilla and $250/hour for Mr. Joaquin Padilla, and

further reduce the number of hours billed by Plaintiffs’ counsel by thirty percent

(30%) for total fees of no more than $894,443”).

      A second way to read the sentence is that the district court was adopting the

total amount of fees Denver admitted was reasonable—“Without fixing a specific

number of hours reasonably expended in this case, the Court exercises its discretion

to defer to those [fees] admitted as reasonable by Denver - $894,443.” Id., Vol. 5

at 1163. Denver relies on this interpretation to argue that the district court did not err

when it found the lodestar figure to be the amount of fees Denver had conceded were

reasonable. Denver asserts the district court properly exercised its discretion to

award plaintiffs the unchallenged portion of the fees claimed. We disagree.

      Denver fails to provide legal authority for the proposition that a district court

can do what the court may have done here—begin the lodestar analysis by first

determining the reasonable rate, but then abdicate its responsibility to make the

second determination of the reasonable number of hours and forego any independent

calculation of the lodestar figure by adopting the lodestar figure that the losing party

claims is reasonable. Denver cites to Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275,

1286 (10th Cir. 1998), for support, but that case simply noted that a district court has

discretion to award an amount that is below the amount that the losing party left

unchallenged. Neither the Robinson decision nor a reasonable extension of that

                                            5
decision supports the conclusion that a district court may avoid performing its own

lodestar analysis (or perform only part of the lodestar analysis) and then adopt the fee

amount that the losing party left unchallenged.

       If we rely on Denver’s interpretation of the district court’s ruling, then the

district court abused its discretion by failing to conduct a full lodestar analysis. Once

the district court determined that the rates were reasonable, it needed to continue the

analysis by making a determination about the reasonable number of hours and then

calculate the final lodestar figure.

       Although we decline to resolve plaintiffs’ other arguments regarding alleged

errors in the court’s lodestar analysis because those arguments are dependent on our

accepting plaintiffs’ interpretation of the district court’s ambiguous statement, we are

compelled to correct one of plaintiffs’ assertions because it may be relevant to the

proceedings on remand. Plaintiffs contend “that a proportional reduction [of hours]

is only permissible when the plaintiff achieves only a de minimis victory,” citing to

Phelps v. Hamilton, 120 F.3d 1126, 1131 (10th Cir. 1997). Aplt. Br. at 32-33. But

there is no such bright-line rule in this circuit.

       Phelps did not involve a proportional reduction of hours nor did it discuss the

propriety of a proportional reduction in hours. In Phelps, we reversed the district

court’s decision not to award any fees to the prevailing parties. 120 F.3d at 1131,

1133. Moreover, in Mares v. Credit Bureau of Raton, 801 F.2d 1197, 1203 (10th Cir.

1986)—a case plaintiffs relied on in their district court briefing on attorney’s fees,

see Aplt. App., Vol. 4 at 1068—we expressly held that “[a] general reduction of

                                              6
hours claimed in order to achieve what the court determines to be a reasonable

number is not an erroneous method, so long as there is sufficient reason for its use.”

      We conclude that the district court’s decision regarding the reasonable-hours

determination is ambiguous and—under either of the two interpretations proposed by

the parties—the district court abused its discretion in the way it conducted its

lodestar analysis. Accordingly, we must remand to the district court to clarify its

decision and redo its lodestar analysis.

      B. Reduction of Expert Fees

      Plaintiffs also contend that the district court abused its discretion in reducing

the amount of expenses related to their expert witness fees. Plaintiffs sought expert

fees in the amount of $140,358 for their main expert, Dr. Robert Bardwell. They also

sought fees for two additional experts: $10,000 for Dr. Alan Salzberg and $8,977 for

Lari Masten. The district court reduced by thirty-three percent the amount of fees for

Dr. Bardwell for a total of $92,400. The court considered the fees for the other two

experts together and reduced that amount from $18,977 to $5,000.

      Plaintiffs assert that the district court’s decision on expert fees was flawed

because the court “must enumerate a basis for making the substantial reduction it

made to [the expert fees].” Aplt. Br. at 34. But the district court did explain its

reasons for reducing the amount of expert fees.

      The district court noted that Dr. Bardwell initially presented a calculation that

the damages in this case totaled $18 million. Denver’s expert, Dr. Charles Mullins,

then presented his damages calculation, which was significantly lower. Plaintiffs

                                            7
called Dr. Bardwell in rebuttal, but in his rebuttal testimony, he abandoned his

original damage model, offered a new set of assumptions and calculations that

adopted some of Dr. Mullins’ approach, and dropped his damages calculation by

more than half—from $18 million to $7-8 million.

      The court found “that the full amount [of expert fees] claimed by Dr. Bardwell

is unreasonable, especially in light of his mid-trial decision to abandon the damage

model he had previously advocated.” Aplt. App., Vol. 5 at 1164. As the court

explained: “Even if the change was in response to Dr. Mullins[’] testimony, both

witnesses were fully familiar with each other’s methods, assumptions and

calculations long before trial. This is not a situation where factual evidence caused a

change in an expert opinion.” Id. The court further noted that the dispute between

the parties’ main experts related to different methodologies for computing damages

and that “[u]ltimately, Dr. Bardwell substantially adopted the methodological model

used by Dr. Mullins (with some tweaks).” Id. at 1165. Because there was “no

explanation as to why this change could not have occurred at some point during the

five year pretrial period,” the court concluded that the change “could have been made

prior to trial, which would have saved expense to both parties.” Id. These

circumstances led the court to reduce Dr. Bardwell’s fees by thirty-three percent to

$92,400—an amount it determined was “reasonable for the portion of Dr. Bardwell’s

work that was useful in the case.” Id. With regard to the other two experts, the

district court reduced their fees after “agree[ing] with Denver that their testimony



                                           8
was largely cumulative of Dr. Bardwell’s testimony, and thus was largely

unnecessary.” Id.

      We see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s award of expenses related

to plaintiffs’ expert fees. The district court provided a sufficient explanation for its

determination that a reduction in plaintiffs’ expert fees was warranted.

      II. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we reverse in part and affirm in part the district

court’s opinion and order awarding attorney’s fees and expenses. We remand to the

district court for further proceedings consistent with this decision.


                                             Entered for the Court


                                             Monroe G. McKay
                                             Circuit Judge




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