     Case: 18-60409      Document: 00515199327         Page: 1    Date Filed: 11/14/2019




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                              United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                       Fifth Circuit

                                                                                     FILED
                                      No. 18-60409                           November 14, 2019
                                                       Lyle W. Cayce
RICARDO ALMEDA-GUZMAN, also known as Guadalupe Federico     Clerk
Gutierrez-Villarreal, also known as Armando Contreras-Beltran,

              Petitioner

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

              Respondent




                       Petition for Review of an Order of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                               BIA No. A205 197 448


Before ELROD, WILLETT, and OLDHAM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Ricardo Almeda-Guzman, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for
review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his
motion to remand and dismissing his appeal from the Immigration Judge’s (IJ)
denial of his applications for cancellation of removal, asylum, withholding of
removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), and relief under



       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                     No. 18-60409
the Convention Against Torture (CAT).             He also moves for a remand for
consideration of additional evidence. We deny the petition and the motion.
                                            I.
      Almeda-Guzman entered the United States without permission in 2007.
About five years later, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began
removal proceedings against him. Almeda-Guzman conceded removability.
However, he applied for relief from removal on four primary grounds:
cancellation of removal, asylum, withholding of removal under the INA, and
relief under the CAT. 1 As to cancellation of removal, Almeda-Guzman argued
that removal would cause exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his
children. As to the other grounds for relief, he argued that his removal would
result in his persecution at the hands of a drug-trafficking organization. He
and several of his family members testified and submitted written statements
in support of his applications for relief, and he also provided evidence of the
conditions in Mexico.
      The IJ denied Almeda-Guzman’s applications and ordered him removed
to Mexico. The IJ began by finding that Almeda-Guzman was not a credible
witness.    As bases for this finding, the IJ wrote that Almeda-Guzman’s
demeanor was “confrontational” and “evasive,” and that he “avoided
answering” some questions. The IJ listed examples of this behavior, such as
Almeda-Guzman’s “evasive” answers to questions about his association with
another individual, his criminal history, his finances, and his family life. The
IJ found the testimony of Almeda-Guzman’s family members to be credible.




      1Failing in these, Almeda-Guzman alternatively applied for voluntary departure. The
IJ denied that application because of Almeda-Guzman’s “prior history of voluntary
departures . . . and the use of aliases when encountered.” This denial was affirmed by the
BIA, and Almeda-Guzman does not contest it in his petition for review.
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      On the merits, the IJ concluded that Almeda-Guzman’s application for
cancellation of removal should fail because he did not meet his burden of
establishing ten years of continuous physical presence in the United States,
good moral character, or exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his
children. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). As to asylum, the IJ concluded that
Almeda-Guzman had missed the one-year statutory filing deadline.             See
8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). As to withholding of removal under the INA, the IJ
concluded that the evidence did not show Almeda-Guzman had been
persecuted in the past, and that his “subjective fear of returning to Mexico
lack[ed] credibility.” The IJ also found Almeda-Guzman’s evidence as to the
conditions in Mexico to establish only that cartels “terrorize the general
populace,” not that Almeda-Guzman would personally be harmed “on account
of any protected ground.” As to the alleged protected ground itself, the IJ
concluded that Almeda-Guzman failed to show “membership in a particular
social group” under the INA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). The IJ similarly
denied Almeda-Guzman’s CAT claim for a failure to show that he would be
tortured upon his return to Mexico.
      Almeda-Guzman appealed to the BIA, arguing primarily that the IJ
erred in impugning his credibility; in finding that he failed to establish good
moral character, hardship to his children if he were removed, and ten years of
continuous presence in the United States; and in rejecting his claim of
belonging to “a particular social group.” Almeda-Guzman also moved for a
remand so that he could submit additional evidence about dangerous
conditions in Mexico.
      The BIA concluded that Almeda-Guzman had not “meaningfully
contested” the IJ’s decision on the asylum and CAT issues and had therefore
waived any challenge on those grounds. The BIA also found no clear error in
the IJ’s credibility findings, noting that the IJ “provided specific and cogent
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                                  No. 18-60409
reasons to support” those findings—inconsistent answers, use of aliases,
demeanor, and evasive testimony. As to cancellation of removal, the BIA
agreed with the IJ that Almeda-Guzman failed to establish a ten-year
continuous physical presence in the United States. As a result, the BIA did
not reach Almeda-Guzman’s arguments pertaining to good moral character or
hardship to his children. In addition, the BIA agreed with the IJ that Almeda-
Guzman failed to show sufficient likelihood of persecution and that his alleged
“particular social group” is not “cognizable” under the INA, foreclosing his
application for withholding of removal. On these bases, the BIA dismissed
Almeda-Guzman’s appeal. The BIA also denied Almeda-Guzman’s motion for
a remand because the evidence he wished to submit did not go to his credibility
or whether he could establish membership in a “particular social group.”
      Almeda-Guzman timely filed a petition for review in this court. He
argues that the BIA erred in not overturning the IJ’s adverse credibility
finding, in finding his CAT claim waived, and in denying his motion to remand
for consideration of new evidence. Almeda-Guzman also moves for a remand
so that all his claims can be reconsidered in light of his alleged credibility and
new evidence. We will first address the credibility argument, and then—
because they are interrelated—address the remaining arguments together.
                                       II.
      We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for
substantial evidence. Shaikh v. Holder, 588 F.3d 861, 863 (5th Cir. 2009). The
substantial evidence standard requires the alien to “show that the evidence
was so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could conclude against it.”
Wang v. Holder, 569 F.3d 531, 537 (5th Cir. 2009); see also id. at 536–37 (“[T]his
court may not reverse the BIA’s factual findings unless the evidence compels
it.”). Our review is normally limited to the BIA’s decision, but we review “the


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                                   No. 18-60409
IJ’s decision to the extent that it influenced the BIA.” Shaikh, 588 F.3d at 863;
Zhu v. Gonzales, 493 F.3d 588, 593 (5th Cir. 2007).
                                         A.
        As to credibility, because the BIA chose to “defer to [the IJ’s] findings”
on that matter, we review the IJ’s decision as well. Zhu, 493 F.3d at 593. The
standard for review of credibility determinations is essentially the same as the
general substantial evidence standard: we defer “to an IJ’s credibility
determination unless, from the totality of the circumstances, it is plain that no
reasonable fact-finder could make such an adverse credibility ruling.” Wang,
569 F.3d at 538 (quoting Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008)). By
statute:
        [A] trier of fact may base a credibility determination on the
        demeanor, candor, or responsiveness of the applicant or witness,
        the inherent plausibility of the applicant’s or witness’s account, the
        consistency between the applicant’s or witness’s written and oral
        statements (whenever made and whether or not under oath, and
        considering the circumstances under which the statements were
        made), the internal consistency of each such statement, the
        consistency of such statements with other evidence of record . . . ,
        and any inaccuracies or falsehoods in such statements, without
        regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes
        to the heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.

8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(C). Thus, “an IJ may
rely on any inconsistency or omission in making an adverse credibility
determination as long as the ‘totality of the circumstances’ establishes that an
. . . applicant is not credible.” Wang, 569 F.3d at 538 (quoting Lin, 534 F.3d at
167).
        Almeda-Guzman argues that the IJ erred in failing to credit his
testimony, and that the BIA erred in not overturning the IJ’s adverse
credibility finding. He asserts that the IJ’s finding that he was evasive in
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                                       No. 18-60409
answering a question about a 2005 traffic stop was erroneous because he
simply “was initially unable to clearly remember” the relevant facts relating to
that incident. He similarly argues that it is generally “difficult to be specific
about events that occurred ten or more years ago.” He also takes issue with
the IJ’s citation to his use of aliases as harming his credibility, arguing that he
only used aliases as a means of hiding from a drug-trafficking organization. In
addition, he disputes that he was evasive when asked about an arrest for
aggravated robbery. 2 Finally, he argues that evidence going to his lack of fear
of persecution many years ago cannot support an adverse credibility finding
today.
       Almeda-Guzman fails to show that no reasonable fact-finder could have
made an adverse credibility finding as to his testimony. When counsel first
asked Almeda-Guzman if there was “any marijuana that was found in the car”
during the 2005 traffic stop, Almeda-Guzman responded, “Me, no.” When
counsel repeated the question, Almeda-Guzman responded, “Not the one at
Hebron.” After the IJ intervened multiple times to ask Almeda-Guzman to
listen to what he was being asked, and on counsel’s third attempt to ask the
whether “marijuana [was] found in the car” during the traffic stop, Almeda-
Guzman stated, “I don’t remember that they would have found marijuana and
that I would have been involved in that. I’ve never had any charges for drugs
or for alcohol.” The BIA permissibly deferred to the IJ’s interpretation of this
testimony as evasive, as Almeda-Guzman’s assertion that his unresponsive




       2 Almeda-Guzman also states that the IJ erroneously found that Almeda-Guzman
admitted that “he had been arrested in 2014 for driving a motor vehicle while under the
influence of alcoholic beverages,” when he had in fact denied such an arrest. The BIA
assumed that this finding was clear error, but concluded that the IJ had provided “other
cogent and specific reasons . . . that support an adverse credibility finding.” We address the
sufficiency of those other reasons.

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                                      No. 18-60409
answers were the result of being “unable to clearly remember” the facts does
not show that no reasonable fact-finder could have found his answers
purposefully     evasive.        Similarly,       Almeda-Guzman’s       argument      that
inconsistencies or omissions arising from evidence from many years ago is
unavailing, as the fact-finder is statutorily entitled to base a credibility
determination      on    any     statements,       “whenever     made.”        8    U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); see also Wang, 569 F.3d at 538 (noting that “an IJ may rely
on any inconsistency or omission” in weighing an alien’s credibility (quoting
Lin, 534 F.3d at 167)).
       The IJ and BIA also permissibly relied on Almeda-Guzman’s
inconsistent testimony relating to his use of aliases as supporting the IJ’s
adverse credibility finding. Almeda-Guzman’s argument that his use of aliases
was justified because of his fear of being targeted by a drug-trafficking
organization does not address the fact that he contradicted himself by first
testifying that he began using aliases in 2004 but later testifying that he began
using them in 2000 or 2001. Moreover, the IJ and BIA pointed to other evasive
or inconsistent statements on Almeda-Guzman’s part that he fails to explain
away. For instance, the IJ and BIA found Almeda-Guzman’s statement that
he has “always had fear [of] return[ing] to Mexico” inconsistent with his
voluntary returns to Mexico on several prior occasions and evidence from a
January 2012 encounter with immigration officials where Almeda-Guzman did
“not claim[] or express[] fear of returning to his native country of Mexico.” 3 The



       3 The IJ and BIA’s discussion of the January 2012 evidence is somewhat unclear. The
IJ wrote that Almeda-Guzman “previously stated that he did not have fear of returning to
Mexico,” and the BIA stated that Almeda-Guzman “told immigration enforcement agents
that he did not fear returning to Mexico.” However, the DHS form that the IJ and BIA cite
for this proposition only states that “Almeda-Guzman is not claiming or expressing fear of
returning to his native country of Mexico”—not that he affirmatively stated that he had no
such fear. Nevertheless, to the extent the IJ and BIA may have erroneously construed the
January 2012 evidence as an affirmative inconsistent statement, this is not a basis to grant
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                                       No. 18-60409
IJ and BIA also pointed to Almeda-Guzman’s nonresponsive testimony on his
personal finances and contradictory statements about what year he arrived in
the United States.
       All this considered, Almeda-Guzman fails to meet his burden of showing
that no reasonable fact-finder would have made an adverse credibility finding
against him. There is therefore no reason to remand for reconsideration of his
applications for relief on this basis.
                                              B.
       Almeda-Guzman next argues that the BIA erred by denying his motion
to remand for consideration of new evidence. 4 A denial of a motion to remand
based on new evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Ramchandani
v. Gonzalez, 434 F.3d 337, 340–41 & n.6 (5th Cir. 2005).
       The basis of Almeda-Guzman’s motion to remand, in the BIA’s words,
was his alleged discovery of “threats against [his] life posted on a Mexican
Facebook site.” His evidence of the threat included affidavits chronicling his




Almeda-Guzman’s petition because there is no realistic possibility that the BIA would have
reached a different conclusion had it construed the evidence as an omission instead. See
Enriquez-Gutierrez v. Holder, 612 F.3d 400, 407 (5th Cir. 2010) (“Even if there is a reversible
error in the BIA’s analysis, affirmance may be warranted ‘where there is no realistic
possibility that, absent the errors, the BIA would have reached a different conclusion.’”
(alteration omitted) (quoting Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 428 F.3d 391, 401 (2d Cir.
2005))); Wang, 569 F.3d at 538 (stating that “an IJ may rely on any inconsistency or omission
in making an adverse credibility determination” (quoting Mukasey, 534 F.3d at 167)). The
IJ and BIA were entitled to rely on Almeda-Guzman’s failure to mention any fear of returning
to Mexico when he encountered immigration officials in 2012—at least when combined with
his multiple past trips to Mexico—in finding his testimony of “always” having such a fear
lacking in credibility.
        4 Almeda-Guzman’s brief in this court interchangeably refers to his motion as a

“motion to remand” and a “motion to reopen.” His brief to the BIA termed it a “motion to
remand,” and the BIA treated it as such. At any rate, the distinction is meaningless in these
circumstances as a motion to remand “to present additional evidence not available at [the]
initial hearing . . . is subject to the same standards and regulations governing motions to
reopen.” See Ramchandani v. Gonzalez, 434 F.3d 337, 340 n.6 (5th Cir. 2005).
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                                     No. 18-60409
discovery of the threat, screenshots, and a translation of the text of the threat. 5
The translated text of the threat states that “we are Offering $ 20.000 dllrs to
whoever gives us the location of a Known RAT whose name is Guadalupe
Gutierrez.” 6 In his brief to the BIA, Almeda-Guzman sought “a remand, for
the [IJ] to consider the new evidence he has obtained relating to the threats to
his life, both as it relates to the IJ’s adverse credibility finding, and to his
applications for relief.”
      The BIA denied the motion for a failure to show that the new evidence
was “material.” Specifically, the BIA stated that the new evidence only went
to “the issue of the hardship that would be faced by [Almeda-Guzman’s]
qualifying relatives” under his application for cancellation of removal, and
therefore did “not address the issues on which the [IJ] found [Almeda-Guzman]
not credible, and it is not material to the issue of whether he has met his
burden to establish a nexus to a cognizable particular social group.”
      In his briefing in this court, Almeda-Guzman argues that the new
evidence goes to the legitimacy of his fear of the cartel, and that it “should have
been clear [to the BIA] that the new evidence was crucial to all of his claims of
relief which involved such fear.” As a result, he argues that the BIA erred by
treating his new evidence as only going to his application for cancellation of
removal. Specifically, he argues that this new evidence goes to his CAT claim,
which the BIA dismissed as waived for failure to “meaningfully contest[]” the
IJ’s determination that Almeda-Guzman lacked “documentary evidence to
substantiate a particularized threat of torture in Mexico.” 7 Almeda-Guzman



      5   The threat also includes what are averred to be a photograph of Almeda-Guzman
and his “likeness but with attached whiskers and big ears, resembling a rat.”
        6 Almeda-Guzman asserts that his true name is Guadalupe Gutierrez-Villarreal.
        7 Although Almeda-Guzman argues that his new evidence goes to all his applications

for relief, the BIA found his asylum and voluntary departure claims waived as well, and
Almeda-Guzman does not dispute this finding in his briefing in this court. And we do not
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                                       No. 18-60409
thus argues that the BIA committed two intertwined errors: (1) failing to
recognize that his new evidence went to his CAT claim, and (2) treating any
CAT arguments as waived on the basis that he did not address the insufficiency
of his CAT evidence. 8
       We need not address whether the BIA committed these errors because
we may still affirm where “there is no realistic possibility that the BIA would
reach another outcome than to dismiss [the] appeal.” Luna-Garcia v. Barr, 932
F.3d 285, 292 (5th Cir. 2019); see also Enriquez-Gutierrez v. Holder, 612 F.3d
400, 407 (5th Cir. 2010). Here, the Attorney General argues that Almeda-
Guzman fails to demonstrate his eligibility for CAT relief even if his new
evidence is considered.
       Almeda-Guzman’s eligibility for CAT relief depends on his showing that
it is “more likely than not that the alien will be tortured upon return to his
homeland” and that “there [is] sufficient state action involved in that torture.”
Garcia v. Holder, 756 F.3d 885, 891 (5th Cir. 2014). Here, there is no realistic



have jurisdiction to review the discretionary denial of cancellation of removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). This leaves the denial of Almeda-Guzman’s withholding of removal claim.
However, the BIA properly pointed out that the new evidence did not go to whether he had
established “membership in a particular social group,” as required for withholding of removal
eligibility. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). The BIA separately, and properly, concluded that
Almeda-Guzman’s proposed social group—those who have informed on cartels to the U.S.
government—“is not cognizable.” See Zamora-De Guevara v. Sessions, 728 F. App’x 356, 356
(5th Cir. 2018) (unpublished) (“[W]e have previously declined to find that ‘former informants
. . . constitute a particular social group.’” (quoting Hernandez De La Cruz v. Lynch, 819 F.3d
784, 787 (5th Cir. 2016))).
         8 Almeda-Guzman also argues that the BIA should not have deemed his CAT claim

waived because the IJ denied it in part because of his “lack of credibility”—an issue that
Almeda-Guzman hotly contested in his BIA brief, and that the BIA addressed as relevant to
his withholding of removal claim. Even if Almeda-Guzman is correct that the BIA erred on
this issue, the error is harmless and therefore does not support a remand to the BIA. See
Luna-Garcia v. Barr, 932 F.3d 285, 292 (5th Cir. 2019) (denying a petition for review where,
absent the error, “there is no realistic possibility that the BIA would reach another outcome
than to dismiss [the] appeal”). This is because, as discussed above, the IJ and BIA
permissibly determined that Almeda-Guzman’s testimony was not credible. As a result, any
credibility-based argument in support of his CAT claim would have failed.
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                                       No. 18-60409
possibility that the BIA would find Almeda-Guzman eligible for CAT relief
because he does not provide any credible evidence of “sufficient state action.”
Id. at 891; see also id. (defining sufficient state action as “a misuse of power,
possessed by virtue of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer
is clothed with the authority of state law”).              Only Almeda-Guzman’s own
testimony arguably goes to this issue, and the IJ and BIA permissibly found
that his testimony lacked credibility, as discussed above. 9 Because there is no
realistic possibility that the IJ or BIA would conclude that Almeda-Guzman
has a viable CAT claim even considering his new evidence, both the CAT claim
and the motion for remand fail.
                                             III.
       The petition for review and motion for remand are DENIED.




       9To the extent any of his generalized evidence about dangerous conditions in Mexico
references government corruption, there is no credible evidence connecting those conditions
to Almeda-Guzman or his situation. Cf. Garcia, 756 F.3d at 892 (noting that “potential
instances of violence committed by non-governmental actors against citizens, together with
speculation that the police might not prevent that violence, are generally insufficient to prove
government acquiescence”).
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