         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                              Assigned on Briefs July 21, 2009

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DAVID ANTHONY AVERY and FREDERICK
           ALEXANDER AVERY (a/k/a ALEX AVERY)

                Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                       No. 2006-C-2451     Cheryl Blackburn, Judge



                     No. M2008-01809-CCA-R3-CD - December 10, 2009


A Davidson County jury convicted the Defendants, David Anthony Avery and Frederick Alexander
(“Alex”) Avery , of aggravated robbery, especially aggravated robbery, reckless endangerment, and
attempted second degree murder. The trial court sentenced David Avery to a forty-nine year
effective sentence and Frederick Avery, a violent offender, to life without the possibility of parole.
On appeal, David Avery contends: (1) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions; (2) the
trial court erred when it enhanced his sentences; and (3) the trial court erred when it ordered his
sentences run consecutively. On appeal, Frederick Avery contends: (1) the evidence is insufficient
to sustain his convictions; and (2) the trial court erred when it sentenced him as a violent offender.
After thoroughly reviewing the record and applicable authorities, we affirm the trial court’s
judgments.


     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JERRY L. SMITH and
THOMAS T. WOODALL, JJ., joined.

David M. Hopkins, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, David Anthony Avery.

Dumaka Shabazz, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellant Frederick Alexander Avery.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General; Melissa
Roberge, Assistant Attorney General; Victor S. Johnson, III, District Attorney General; Rob
McGuire, Assistant District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                             OPINION
                                              I. Facts
                                             A. Trial
         This case arises from the June 23, 2006, robbery of a couple, whose throats were slit during
the commission of the robbery. For these events, a Davidson County grand jury indicted the
Defendants for two counts of especially aggravated robbery and two counts of attempted first degree
murder. At their joint trial on these charges, the following evidence was presented: Stephanie Regen
testified that in June 2006 she lived with her then boyfriend, Samuel Gift, in the Hunters Pointe
Apartment Complex. She said she and her boyfriend sold mostly cocaine but also some marijuana
as their sole source of income.

        Regen testified David Avery, whom she had known for five or six months, called her the
morning of June 23, 2006, and said that he was coming to purchase drugs. She and Gift were alone
in their apartment when David Avery and his sister Iris Avery came to purchase narcotics that
morning. David Avery gave Regen ten dollars, and she went to a safe, to which only she and Gift
had keys, in which they kept the drugs and drug proceeds, and retrieved the drugs. Regen then
weighed the drugs, and gave the drugs to Avery. Regen recalled she and Gift kept scales and drugs
proceeds in the safe along with the narcotics that they distributed. She estimated that the amount of
proceeds contained in the safe at that time was approximately $2700.

        Regen said David Avery called her later that day and asked if she was home. He then “hung
up” on her. David Avery returned to her apartment at around 4:00 p.m. with his brother Alex Avery,
whom she had never met. Gift looked through the peephole, and then Regen allowed the two men
into the apartment. The two men talked for a few minutes with Gift and Regen while in their living
room. David Avery then followed Regen into the kitchen where the safe was located, while Alex
Avery and Gift stayed in the living room. Regen said she opened the safe and started weighing out
the drugs. As she did this, David Avery grabbed her hair and slit her throat with a box cutter in one
long cut. At the same time, he grabbed the contents of the safe. Regen heard David Avery yell
something to the effect of “it’s on” to Alex Avery in the livingroom.

        Regen said her memory of the events that followed her throat being cut were a little
“sketchy.” She recalled, however, David Avery leading her by Gift and Alex Avery and then to the
bedroom of the apartment. Upon entering the room, David Avery immediately asked where they
kept their gun. She showed him, and he attempted to cut her again. She said she grabbed the box
cutter, which badly sliced her finger. David Avery then told her to get onto the bed. Alex Avery
brought Gift into the bedroom, holding the gun Regen had given to Alex Avery to Gift’s side. Alex
Avery told Gift to get onto the bed, and David Avery cut Gift with the box cutter from behind one
ear to halfway across his throat. Regen said that Gift lost a large amount of blood and that blood
clots were coming from the wound in his neck.

        Regen recalled she then heard Alex and David Avery discussing whether they should shoot
Gift and Regen. The two Defendants discussed how many bullets were in the gun, and the
Defendants asked Gift and Regen how many bullets the weapon contained. David Avery then said,
“[J]ust shoot them.” Regen said she and Gift started begging for their lives. Gift said to the
Defendants, “[L]ook at all this blood, I am going to die anyway.” The Defendants responded that
Gift and Regen knew too much about them. Regen told the Defendants she would tell the police that


                                                 2
she and Gift had left the screen door open, and they did not know who had attacked them.

        The two Defendants left without shooting Gift and Regen, and Regen called 911. When
emergency personnel failed to immediately arrive, she began to knock on her neighbors’ doors and
eventually found a couple who helped them. Regen said that, although she did not initially identify
the attackers, she eventually gave their names to the first officer responding to the scene. She did
not, however, give him the details of the attack, including that drugs were involved. Both Regen and
Gift were transported to Vanderbilt. She received numerous stitches on her neck, which left a scar.
Gift was hospitalized for several days.

        Regen said she spoke to police after she was released from the hospital. Shortly after the
attack she was afraid to identify her attackers because she was worried they would return since she
survived the attack. Regen told the first detective who arrived at the hospital that she did not know
who attacked her because she was scared she was going to be in trouble for selling drugs. Detective
Newburn then arrived to the hospital and reassured her he was not with the narcotics unit and would
not arrest her. Regen said she Abroke down@ and started crying. She told the detective the details
of the attack, including that drugs were involved. Regen identified the Defendants as the men who
attacked her.


        On cross-examination, Regen discussed the procedure she used to sell drugs. She conceded
that she had never been charged with selling drugs in connection with this case. She testified she
was not sure which of David Avery’s hands held the box cutter. She agreed that, although they had
electronic equipment in the house, the Defendants took only money, drugs, and the gun.

       Regen testified that neither David or Alex Avery appeared angry until after she weighed out
the drugs. She agreed that she did not see Alex Avery in possession of a weapon when he came to
the house. She recalled Alex Avery looking though her bedroom drawers for money, but she was
unsure whether this was before or after Gift’s throat was cut. She agreed that Alex Avery could have
shot her but did not.

        Samuel Nathaniel Gift testified that he lived with Regen at the time of the attack. At the
time, he had been convicted of possession of marijuana for resale and facilitation of possession of
cocaine for resale. Gift testified he had known David Avery most of his life because David Avery
was Gift’s best friend’s cousin. He had only heard of Alex Avery before the attack.

         Gift did not recall David Avery coming to his apartment the morning of June 23, 2006, to
purchase drugs but said that David Avery had purchased drugs from him on different occasions
before this incident. He recalled that he kept the drugs that he sold in a safe, to which only he and
Regen had a key, located in the kitchen. On June 23, 2006, David and Alex Avery came to his
apartment to purchase drugs. Regen let them into the apartment, and Gift spoke with Alex Avery
in the living room. He said Regen and David Avery went into the kitchen and Alex Avery stayed
in the living room with him, where Gift was taking apart an X-BOX using a drill.


                                                 3
         Gift testified that he heard the safe in the kitchen slam closed and Regen gasp. When he
looked up, he saw David Avery standing over Regen with his hand across her throat. Gift said he
attempted to get off the couch and go to the kitchen but Alex Avery pushed him back down. Gift
yelled “what’s going on[?]” to David Avery, who responded “you know what it is.” Gift assumed
at that point that David Avery was attempting to rob him. Alex Avery told Gift, who was trying to
see into the kitchen, to “be cool” and assured him that neither he nor Regen would be hurt during
the robbery. Alex Avery then attempted to hit Gift with the drill Gift had been using to fix the X-
BOX, and the two men began to physically fight. Gift said David Avery then told Alex Avery to
bring Gift into the bedroom, and Gift did not resist because he knew Regen was in the bedroom and
wanted to see if she was okay. He also thought that Alex Avery may have had another box cutter.

        In the bedroom, David Avery asked Gift if there were any more drugs or money in the house.
Gift noticed that Regen was bleeding from her neck and that flesh was hanging from her neck. He
said he turned to Alex Avery and reminded him of his assurance that they would not harm anyone.
David Avery told Alex Avery to put Gift on his knees on the floor. Gift told the men that no other
guns were in the house. David Avery told Alex Avery, who had a gun, to shoot Gift because Gift
knew too much about them, but Alex Avery indicated he did not want to kill Gift. Alex Avery had
a towel around the gun, which Gift assumed was to prevent the transfer of fingerprints, but the towel
prevented Alex Avery from inserting his finger into the trigger guard. David Avery grew upset with
Alex Avery’s hesitation and grabbed Gift by the back of the head and slit his throat. Gift said he
began bleeding significantly, and the attackers continued to discuss whether they should shoot Gift
and Regen. Gift said he told the men to leave because he was going to die anyway, judging from the
amount of blood that was rushing out of his neck. Gift told the men that he would say that someone
had left the screen door open and they did not know who had come into the apartment to rob them.
The two men then left the apartment. Gift said this whole encounter lasted approximately fifteen
minutes.

        After the men left, Regen wrapped something around Gift’s neck while they attempted to call
police. They left the apartment and asked a man nearby for help. Gift said he was “bleeding
everywhere,” but he attempted to apply pressure to his wound. Gift recalled that his vision went
black and that he lay on the steps. He could still hear and attempted to remain conscious, thinking
that if he went to sleep he would die. The ambulance then arrived and transported him to the
hospital where he was treated for his injuries.

        Gift identified David Avery as his attacker, but he could not positively identify Alex Avery,
saying that he had only seen him once before.

       On cross-examination, Gift agreed that, when the attack first started, he could not hear the
conversation between Regen and David Avery. Gift agreed that he was on probation for felony drug
convictions at the time of this robbery. He agreed he knew it was illegal to sell drugs and to possess
the weapon that was in his apartment. Gift conceded that he had not been charged with selling drugs
or possession of a weapon for his actions on the day of this robbery. Gift agreed that neither of the
Defendants attempted to take Gift or Regen’s cell phones before leaving, and they did not take any


                                                  4
other things of value located in the apartment.

         James David Guschke testified that, at around 4:00 p.m., on June 23, 2006, he had just pulled
into his apartment parking lot when he saw Gift and Regen exit their apartment covered in blood.
Gift had a towel to his neck and Regen was on the phone. Guschke said he offered assistance and
tried to get Gift and Regen to sit down. Regen, who had a large wound that was bleeding profusely
on her neck, refused and remained on the phone with emergency personnel. Gushcke had Gift, who
had “chunks of coagulated blood coming” from his neck, sit down and placed another towel tightly
around his neck. Gift’s eyes started to roll into his head, and Gushcke asked him his name to try
to keep him awake. Gift told Gushcke that he had been attacked and robbed. Gushcke asked him
who had attacked him, and Gift said that it was his friends, “David” and “Al.” Shortly thereafter,
emergency personnel arrived and took over.

         Detective Bryan Doersam testified he was the first officer to respond to the scene, and, when
he arrived, he saw a man and a woman sitting on the sidewalk inside the apartment complex. There
appeared to be a large amount of blood surrounding them and several people standing near them.
They both appeared to be bleeding from their neck and were obviously in distress. He described both
victims as distraught, and said Gift appeared to be losing consciousness and to be in physical distress
from his injuries. Detective Doersam said that, while they waited for medical personnel to arrive,
he spoke with Regen. Regen told him she had opened the door for two men familiar to her named
David and Al Avery, and David Avery cut her throat with a box cutter. Medical personnel arrived
and transported the two victims to the hospital. After the victims left, Detective Doersam and other
officers went to the victims’ apartment and secured the crime scene. The detective’s incident report
listed the names of the two suspects involved in this assault as David and Alex Avery. On cross-
examination, the detective agreed that his report did not mention a robbery, and he was unsure
whether Regen told him that the suspects had robbed them at the time of the assault.

        Officer Robert K. Smith, with the Metro Police Department, testified he served an arrest
warrant on Alex Avery on June 24, 2006. The officer arrested Alex Avery at 3110 Priest Woods
Drive and transported him to the police station, where he learned there was a handgun at the 3110
address. He returned to the home at 12:30 and found a twenty-five caliber Raven pistol rolled up
in a dark T-shirt, which was inside a brown purse inside a closet. On cross-examination, Officer
Smith testified Alex Avery did not resist arrest, and he told detectives the precise location of the gun.
The gun, he assumed, was loaded because bullets accompanied the gun police seized.

         Felicia Evans, a crime scene investigator with the Metro Nashville Police Department,
testified she was called to the Drake Motel, where David Avery had been arrested. She
photographed the room where David Avery had been arrested, and she saw a box cutter on the
dresser in the room. The box cutter tested negative for blood and the blade of the box cutter did not
appear to match the razor blade police found at the victims’ apartment. On cross-examination,
Officer Evans testified that she arrived at the scene after David Avery had been arrested, and she
never saw him inside the room.



                                                   5
        Iris Avery, the Defendants’ sister, testified that she faced two counts of attempted first degree
murder and two counts of especially aggravated robbery for her role in this case. She said she took
David Avery to the victims’ apartment on the day of the attack so he could purchase drugs. After
purchasing drugs, the two went to their mother’s house, where their brother, Alex Avery, joined
them later that afternoon. Iris Avery said she was present and heard her brothers discussing “going
to get some money,” which she understood to mean that they were going to commit a robbery.
David Avery asked her to drive them back to the victims’ apartment. She did, aware they intended
to commit a robbery, and she saw David and Alex Avery enter the victims’ apartment. They
emerged from the apartment ten or fifteen minutes later, and Alex Avery, who was smiling, told her
that nobody was dead. Iris Avery drove Alex Avery home, her brothers gave her $500 for her help,
and the three never discussed the robbery again.

        Iris Avery testified David Avery told her the following day, after police took Alex Avery into
custody, that the robbery became violent. David Avery told her that he did not do what the police
alleged. She tried to convince him to turn himself into the police, but he refused. Iris Avery said
she was arrested in July 2006 for her participation in this robbery. At first, she denied her role to
police, explaining she was scared. After a few minutes, however, she disclosed her role in the
robbery.

        On cross-examination, Iris Avery testified that, during the conversation with her brothers at
her mother’s house, neither brother used the word “robbery.” In fact, the two discussed going to the
victims’ house to get money that the victims owed them. She did not know how much money the
victims owed her brothers, and she did not see either brother with a weapon of any kind, either
before they entered or after they exited the apartment. She also did not see blood on either brother.
She agreed that she was hoping to receive a favorable deal on her charges for her cooperation but
insisted nothing had been promised to her. Iris Avery testified that Alex Avery gave her the money
she received for her assistance.

       Based upon this evidence, the jury found the Defendants guilty of aggravated robbery,
especially aggravated robbery, reckless endangerment, and attempted second degree murder.

                                            B. Sentencing

        At the Defendants’ sentencing hearing, the following occurred: The State filed a notice that
Alex Avery should mandatorily be sentenced to life without the possibility of parole for his
conviction of especially aggravated robbery. The State also agreed that David Avery was a Range
I, standard offender, but that, because several enhancement factors applied, David Avery’s sentences
should run consecutively.

       The State then offered two certified copies of criminal convictions, showing that Alex Avery
had been convicted on August 13, 1993, of second degree murder and robbery. The murder occurred
on February 7, 1992, and the robbery occurred on March 31, 1991.

        When sentencing David Avery, the trial court found that the following enhancement factors

                                                   6
applied to all counts: enhancement factor (1) , that the Defendant had a previous history of criminal
convictions or criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range;
enhancement factor (2), that the defendant was a leader in the commission of an offense involving
two or more criminal actors; enhancement factor number (5), that the defendant treated or allowed
a victim to be treated with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense. To counts 3
and 4, the trial court applied enhancement factor number (9), that the defendant possessed or
employed a firearm, explosive device, or other deadly weapon during the commission of the offense.
T.C.A. §§ 40-35-114(1), (2), (5), & (9). The trial court found no mitigating factors applied. The trial
court sentenced David Avery to twelve years for the aggravated robbery conviction, twenty-five
years for the especially aggravated robbery conviction, twelve years for the attempted second degree
murder conviction, and eleven months and twenty-nine days for the reckless endangerment
conviction. The trial court ordered all the sentences except the reckless endangerment sentence to
run consecutively, for a total effective sentence of forty-nine years.

        When sentencing Alex Avery, the trial court found Alex Avery was a violent repeat offender
with regard to his conviction for especially aggravated robbery. Accordingly, the trial court
sentenced Alex Avery to life without the possibility of parole for that conviction. The trial court
found the following enhancement factors applied to all of Alex Avery’s convictions: enhancement
factor (1), that the Defendant had a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in
addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; enhancement factor (2), that the
defendant was a leader in the commission of an offense involving two or more criminal actors;
enhancement factor number (5), that the defendant treated or allowed a victim to be treated with
exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense; enhancement factor (11), that the felony
resulted in death or bodily injury or involved the threat of death or bodily injury to another person
and the defendant has been previously convicted of a felony that resulted in death or bodily injury;
and enhancement factor (13), that the defendant was on parole when these offenses were committed.
T.C.A. §§ 40-35-114 (1), (2), (5), (11) & (13). To counts 3 and 4, the trial court applied
enhancement factor number (9), that the defendant possessed or employed a firearm, explosive
device, or other deadly weapon during the commission of the offense. The trial court sentenced Alex
Avery to twenty years for the aggravated robbery conviction, life without the possibility of parole
for the especially aggravated robbery conviction, eleven months and twenty-nine days for the
reckless endangerment conviction, and twenty years for the attempted second degree murder
conviction. The trial court ordered that all Alex Avery’s sentences except reckless endangerment
sentence run consecutively, for a total effective sentence of life without the possibility of parole plus
forty years.1

                                                     II. Analysis

         On appeal, David Avery contends: (1) the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions;


         1
           The trial court noted that, in the event that an Appellate Court reverses its decision to apply the repeat
 violent offender statute and sentences Alex Avery to forty years for the especially aggravated robbery conviction, the
reckless endangerment sentence will run consecutively to the other convictions for a total effective sentence of eighty-one
years.

                                                            7
(2) the trial court erred when it enhanced his sentences; and (3) the trial court erred when it ordered
his sentences run consecutively. On appeal, Alex Avery contends: (1) the evidence is insufficient
to sustain his convictions; and (2) the trial court erred when it sentenced him as a violent offender
because the State’s notice was insufficient and the trial commenced outside the prescribed time for
the violent offender statute to apply.

                                    A. Sufficiency of Evidence

        David Avery challenges his convictions asserting that there was no physical evidence that
he was ever in the apartment and that the injuries sustained by the victims were not medically proven
to be serious. Alex Avery challenges his convictions saying that the evidence is insufficient to
support his robbery conviction because there was no testimony from Regen that he took any money
from her. Further, he asserts that, because Gift owned the gun, no evidence suggested that he took
anything at all from Regen. As such, he says, his robbery conviction cannot stand. Alex Avery
further avers that there is no evidence that he intended to commit especially aggravated robbery,
aggravated robbery, or attempted homicide. In fact, he asserts, there was no evidence he caused any
physical injury or violence to either victim.

        When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court’s standard of
review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, “any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e), State v.
Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 276 (Tenn.
2002)). This rule applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence,
or a combination of both direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d
389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). A conviction may be based entirely on circumstantial
evidence where the facts are “so clearly interwoven and connected that the finger of guilt is
pointed unerringly at the Defendant and the Defendant alone.” State v. Smith, 868 S.W.2d 561,
569 (Tenn. 1993). In such cases, however, the facts must be “so clearly interwoven and
connected that the finger of guilt is pointed unerringly at the Defendant and the Defendant
alone.” The jury decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and “[t]he inferences
to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.” State v. Rice, 184
S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (citations omitted).

        In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or re-
evaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Nor
may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from the evidence.
State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999); Liakas v. State, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn.
1956). “Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the
evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.”
State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); Liakas, 286 S.W.2d at 859. “A guilty verdict
by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and
resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835

                                                  8
(Tenn. 1978); State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 479 (Tenn. 1973). The Tennessee Supreme Court
stated the rationale for this rule:

       This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the jury see
       the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their demeanor on the
       stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary instrumentality of justice to
       determine the weight and credibility to be given to the testimony of witnesses. In
       the trial forum alone is there human atmosphere and the totality of the evidence
       cannot be reproduced with a written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 523
(Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence contained in the record, as well as all reasonable inferences which may be drawn from
the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d at 775 (citing State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn.
2000)). Because a verdict of guilt against a defendant removes the presumption of innocence and
raises a presumption of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that
the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d
516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000). Importantly, the credibility of the witnesses, the weight to be given
their testimony, and the reconciliation of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted
exclusively to the jury as the trier of fact. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659.

                                 1. Aggravated Robbery of Regen

         Both Defendants were convicted of the aggravated robbery of Regen. David Avery
asserts that there was no physical evidence proving that he was inside the victims’ apartment.
Further, he asserts that the testimony did not prove anything was taken from the home because
Regen testified the only items taken were illegal drugs and money contained in the safe, but Gift
testified the men left the safe at the apartment. David Avery also contends no medical proof
demonstrated that the Gift’s injuries were serious. Alex Avery alleges that he did not go into the
apartment with the intent to commit a robbery, and there was no evidence he possessed a weapon
when he entered. Further, he states, there was no evidence that he inflicted any injury to Regen.

        Aggravated robbery is defined as the “intentional or knowing theft of property from the
person of another by violence or putting the person in fear” while the perpetrator uses a “deadly
weapon or [ ]display[s] [such an] article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably
believe it to be a deadly weapon.” T.C.A. § 39-13-401, -402 (2006). Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-11-402(2) provides that a defendant is criminally responsible for the conduct of
another when, “[a]cting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, or to
benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the defendant solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to
aid another person to commit the offense[.]” A person is criminally responsible as a party to an
offense if the offense is committed by the person’s own conduct, by the conduct of another for
which the person is criminally responsible, or by both. T.C.A. § 39-11-401(a). “Each party to an
offense may be charged with commission of the offense.” T.C.A. § 39-11-401(b).



                                                   9
        We conclude that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, is
sufficient to sustain David Avery’s conviction of aggravated robbery. First, we note that physical
evidence is not required as a basis for a jury’s determination of identity. The identity of the
defendant as the perpetrator of the offense is a question of fact for the jury. State v. Strickland,
885 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The identification testimony of the victim is
sufficient, alone, to support a conviction. Id. Here, David Avery was a person whom both
victims knew and to whom they had previously sold drugs. When he arrived at the house, they
identified him before allowing him entry into their apartment. This is sufficient to prove his
identity. The evidence also proves that David Avery followed Regen into the kitchen where she
and Gift stored their drugs and money in a safe. After she opened the safe, David Avery grabbed
its contents, brandished a box cutter, and slit Regen’s throat. Regen said the safe contained
approximately $2700 in cash before the robbery. David Avery then brought Regen into her
bedroom and forced her to give him the gun she and Gift owned, and he and Alex Avery took
that gun with them when they left. The Defendants paid Iris Avery $500 from the proceeds of
the robbery for assisting them in the robbery. This evidence is sufficient to sustain David
Avery’s conviction.

        The State prosecuted Alex Avery under the theory of Alex Avery’s criminal responsibility
for David Avery’s actions during the commission of this offense. The evidence proved Alex
Avery and David Avery planned to go to the victims’ apartment and take money from them: Iris
Avery heard a conversation between Alex and David Avery from which she gleaned they
intended to rob the victims. Alex Avery entered the apartment with David Avery and detained
Gift in the living room while David Avery took money from the safe. He told Gift that if he
remained calm no one would be hurt, and, when Gift attempted to get to Regen, Alex Avery hit
Gift in the head with a drill. Alex Avery then received the gun from David Avery, and the two
discussed whether Alex Avery should shoot the victims. Alex Avery left the apartment with the
weapon and paid his sister $500 for her assistance in the robbery. Police found the victims’ gun
hidden in a closet at Alex Avery’s residence. This evidence proves that Alex Avery both
intended to assist David Avery in the commission of this offense and did in fact aid David Avery
in committing this offense. The evidence is, therefore, sufficient to sustain his conviction.

                           2. Especially Aggravated Robbery of Gift

        David Avery contends that there was no proof that anything was taken and that there was
no medical proof that the injuries sustained were serious. Alex Avery alleges that he did not go
into the apartment with the intent to commit a robbery, and there was no evidence he possessed a
weapon when he entered. Further, he states, there was no evidence that he inflicted any injury to
Gift.

       Especially aggravated robbery “is the intentional or knowing theft of property from the
person of another by violence or putting the person in fear” that is accomplished with a deadly
weapon and results in serious bodily injury to the victim. T.C.A. §§ 39-13-401(a), 403(a)(1)-(2).
“‘Serious bodily injury’ means bodily injury which involves: (A) A substantial risk of death; (B)
Protracted unconsciousness; (C) Extreme physical pain; (D) Protracted or obvious disfigurement;

                                                10
or (E) Protracted loss or substantial impairment of a function of a bodily member, organ or
mental faculty.” T.C.A. § 39-11-106(a)(34). “Deadly weapon” means “[a] firearm or anything
manifestly designed, made or adapted for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury.”
T.C .A. § 39-11-106(a)(5). Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-402(2) provides that a
defendant is criminally responsible for the conduct of another when, “[a]cting with intent to
promote or assist the commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the
offense, the defendant solicits, directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the
offense[.]”

        We conclude the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, is sufficient to
sustain David Avery’s conviction for the especially aggravated robbery of Gift. As previously
stated, there is sufficient evidence that David Avery took property, the gun, from Gift while
placing him in fear. Further, the jury heard of the medical treatment Gift underwent as a result of
the cuts inflicted with the boxcutter and viewed his scar as a result of the injury. The jury also
heard how Gift underwent several surgeries to make his scar less visible. As such, the evidence
established Gift sustained a serious bodily injury. See State v. Shanda Alene Wright, No.
M2006-02343-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 371258, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Feb.11,
2008), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 27, 2008) (holding that scar on scalp and three-centimeter
scar on forearm were sufficient to establish the element of serious bodily injury); State v.
Anthony D. Forster, No. M2002-00008-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 1715922, at *10 (Tenn. Crim.
App., at Nashville, Apr. 1, 2003), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 13, 2003) (holding that scar
from bridge of victim’s nose to upper lip was sufficient for jury to find protracted or obvious
disfigurement even where only medical treatment received by victim was application of a
butterfly bandage). This evidence is sufficient to prove that Gift sustained serious bodily injury
as a result of this attack.

       The evidence is also sufficient to sustain Alex Avery’s conviction for the especially
aggravated robbery of Gift. Iris Avery’s testimony supported that Alex Avery went to the
victims’ apartment with the intent to commit a robbery therein. He obtained the gun owned by
Regen and Gift and used it to contain the victims while he and David Avery discussed whether
they should shoot the victims. He left the apartment with the gun and the proceeds of the
robbery, some of which he shared with Iris Avery. This evidence proves that Alex Avery acted
with intent to assist David Avery in the commission of this offense and aided David Avery in
committing this offense. Further, as stated above, the evidence sufficiently supports that Gift
suffered serious bodily injury. The evidence is, therefore, sufficient to sustain his conviction.

                             3. Reckless Endangerment of Regen

       David Avery contends there was no medical proof that Regen was placed in any
reasonable probability of danger, a fact necessary for a reckless endangerment conviction. Alex
Avery contends that there was no evidence he desired or caused any physical injury or violence
to Regen.




                                                11
       “A person commits an offense who recklessly engages in conduct that places or may
place another person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.” T.C.A. §
39-13-103(a).

        The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State is sufficient to support
David Avery’s conviction for reckless endangerment of Regen. He slit her throat with a box
cutter. This clearly placed Regen in imminent danger of serious bodily injury. The evidence is
sufficient to support his conviction.

        Similarly, the evidence is sufficient to support Alex Avery’s conviction for reckless
endangerment of Regen. After David Avery sliced Regen’s throat with a box cutter, Alex Avery
prevented Gift from rendering Regen aid by keeping Gift in the living room. He then lead Gift at
gun point to the room where Regen was located, and he and David Avery discussed whether to
kill Regen and Gift. During this time, he held Regen and Gift at gunpoint in the bedroom, which
prevented them from immediately seeking medical attention, despite that Regen was visibly
bleeding. This evidence proves that Alex Avery acted with intent to assist David Avery in the
commission of this offense and aided David Avery in committing this offense. The evidence is,
therefore, sufficient to sustain his conviction.

                         4. Attempted Second Degree Murder of Gift

         David Avery asserts there was no evidence that he attempted to kill Gift because no shots
were fired and because Gift’s testimony that he persuaded the Defendants to leave by promising
to tell police that a stranger attacked him, proves that he did not intend for Gift to die. Further,
he asserts that he did not take either victim’s cell phone or attempt to prevent either from seeking
medical attention. Alex Avery contends that there was no evidence he desired to cause or caused
any physical injury or violence to Gift. In fact, he argues, he “kept his word” to Gift that he
would not be harmed.

        Second degree murder is defined as the “knowing killing of another.” T.C.A. §
39-13-210(a)(1). “A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of the person’s conduct when
the person is aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.” T.C.A. §
39-11-302(b). A person attempts to commit second degree murder when he or she acts with
intent to knowingly kill the victim and believes his or her conduct will cause the victim’s death
without further conduct on the person’s part. T.C.A. § 39-12-101(a)(2).

       The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, is sufficient to sustain
David Avery’s conviction for the attempted second degree murder of Gift. David Avery
discussed whether Alex Avery should shoot Gift, and, at some point before, during, or after that
conversation, he slit Gift’s throat with a box cutter. The photographic evidence admitted at trial
showed that Gift lost a substantial amount of blood while in the bedroom. While the two men
were discussing whether they should also shoot Gift, Gift encouraged them to leave without
shooting him, explaining his neck wound was likely fatal. This is sufficient to sustain David
Avery’s conviction for attempted second degree murder.

                                                12
        Similarly, the evidence is sufficient to sustain Alex Avery’s conviction for attempted
second degree murder. Alex Avery and David Avery decided to go to the victims’ apartment
together to take the victims’ money. They entered the apartment together, and Alex Avery
detained Gift while David Avery took money and drugs from the victims’ safe. Alex Avery then
held Gift and Regen at gun point while David Avery sliced Gift’s throat. The two left the scene
together with the proceeds from the robbery. Alex Avery clearly aided David Avery in his attack
of Gift. After agreeing that Gift would bleed to death from his injuries, the two men left the
apartment. This evidence is sufficient to sustain Alex Avery’s conviction for attempted second
degree murder.

                                         B. Sentencing

        When a defendant challenges the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence, this
Court must conduct a de novo review on the record with a presumption that “the determinations
made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d) (2006).
This presumption, however, is conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the
trial court properly sentenced the defendant. State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn.1991).
As the Sentencing Commission Comments to this section note, the burden is on the appealing
party to show that the sentencing is improper. T.C.A. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.
If the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure, made findings of facts which are
adequately supported in the record, and gave due consideration and proper weight to the factors
and principles relevant to sentencing under the 1989 Sentencing Act, we may not disturb the
sentence even if a different result was preferred. T.C.A. § 40-35-103 (2006), State v. Ross, 49
S.W.3d 833, 847 (Tenn. 2001). The presumption does not apply to the legal conclusions reached
by the trial court in sentencing a defendant or to the determinations made by the trial court which
are predicated upon uncontroverted facts. State v. Dean, 76 S.W.3d 352, 377 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2001); State v. Butler, 900 S.W.2d 305, 311 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Smith, 891
S.W.2d 922, 929 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). In the event the record fails to demonstrate the
required consideration by the trial court, appellate review of the sentence is purely de novo.
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.

        In conducting a de novo review of a sentence, we must consider: (1) the evidence, if any,
received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the presentence report; (3) the principles of
sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the
criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by the parties on the mitigating
and enhancement factors set out in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 4-35-113 and -114; (6)
any statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts as to sentencing
practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and (7) any statement the defendant made in the
defendant’s own behalf about sentencing. See T.C.A. § 40-35-210 (2009); State v. Taylor, 63
S.W.3d 400, 411 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001).

                                  1. David Avery Sentencing




                                                13
        David Avery contends that the trial court erred when it applied enhancement factors (1),
(2), (5) and (9) to enhance his sentences. Further, he contends the trial court erred when it
ordered his sentences run consecutively.

                                    a. Enhancement Factors

        David Avery asserts that the trial court erred when it applied enhancement factor (1), that
he had a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition to those
necessary to establish the appropriate range. He states that there was no evidence that he had
“ever been convicted of any aggravated charges before this case.” He asserts the trial court
improperly applied enhancement factor (2), that he was “the leader in the commission of an
offense involving two or more criminal actors,” because there was no evidence that he in any
way directed his co-defendant to act in a way he was not pre-disposed to act. As to enhancement
factor (5), that he treated the victims with exceptional cruelty, he asserts that there was no proof
of such in the record. Finally, he asserts the trial court improperly applied enhancement factor
(9), that defendant possessed or employed a firearm, explosive device, or other deadly weapon
during the commission of the offense, because he acquired the firearm after the alleged robbery
and no shots were fired. The State counters that the trial court properly considered and applied
these four relevant enhancement factors.

       The trial court found:

               Looking at Mr. David Avery the following enhancing factors do apply.
       And I will make note as to those that apply only to certain counts. Factor number
       one does apply [to all counts]. He has a previous history of criminal convictions
       or criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate
       range. As mentioned in the presentence report he has five misdemeanor
       convictions. I might also note from the record we have a history of purchasing
       drugs from the actual victims. He had been there earlier that day, and that would
       involve criminal behavior.

               Factor number two applies [to all counts], that the defendant was a leader
       in the commission of an offense involving two or more criminal actors. One does
       not have to be the only leader or the only one involved, but Mr. David Avery
       definitely qualifies. He is the one that grabbed Ms. Regen by the neck and put a
       box cutter to it. He’s the one that said shoot them according to the record. He’s
       the one that told Mr. Frederick Avery to bring Mr. Gift into the other room. And
       he’s the one that had the gun, and he’s the one that slit Mr. Gift’s throat. And he’s
       the one that started talking about executing them. So he definitely qualifies as a
       leader in the commission of the offense.

               ....




                                                14
                Factor number five, this is the one that we have talked about. That is, that
       the defendant treated or allowed a victim to be treated with exceptional cruelty
       during the commission of the offense. . . . [This factor] require[s] a culpability
       greater than that necessary for the crime. . . . I find that that factor does apply. He
       told Mr. Frederick [Alex] Avery to kill. I think the most interesting or the thing
       that is the most horrible would be the discussion of how to execute these people
       that the victims were overhearing in terms of the gun. And then there was the
       discussion about, well, they’re just going to die anyway. There was a discussion
       about that, well, they know us and about they’re able to recognize us. All of that
       is an exceptional cruelty of knowing that somebody is discussing how to execute
       you. That makes factor number five appl[y to all counts].

               ....

               Factor number nine does apply as to Counts 3 and 4 only. And, that is,
       that the defendant possessed or employed a firearm, explosive device, or other
       deadly weapon during the commission of the offense. He actually employed a
       box cutter as well as a firearm, not only employed but taken in this case.

               ....

               Looking at any mitigating factors, I have looked at them all, even the
       catchall factor, and I find that none apply. . . .

        The Criminal Sentencing Act of 1989 and its amendments describe the process for
determining the appropriate length of a defendant’s sentence. Under the Act, a trial court may
impose a sentence within the applicable range as long as the imposed sentence is consistent with
the Act’s purposes and principles. T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c)(2) and (d) (2006); see State v. Carter,
254 S.W.3d 335, 343 (Tenn. 2008). The Tennessee Code allows a sentencing court to consider
the following enhancement factors, among others, when determining whether to enhance a
defendant’s sentence: (1) that the defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or
criminal behavior, in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; (2) that he
was the leader in the commission of an offense involving two or more criminal actors; (5) that he
treated the victims with exceptional cruelty; and (9) that he possessed or employed a firearm,
explosive device, or other deadly weapon during the commission of the offense. T.C.A. §
40-35-114(1), (2), (5), and (9) (2006).

        If an enhancement factor is not already an essential element of the offense and is
appropriate for the offense, then a court may consider the enhancement factor in its length of
sentence determination. T.C.A. § 40-35-114 (2006). In order to ensure “fair and consistent
sentencing,” the trial court must “place on the record” what, if any, enhancement and mitigating
factors it considered as well as its “reasons for the sentence.” T.C.A. § 40-35-210(e). Before the
2005 amendments to the Sentencing Act, both the State and a defendant could appeal the manner
in which a trial court weighed enhancement and mitigating factors it found to apply to the

                                                 15
defendant. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(b)(2) (2003). The 2005 amendments deleted as grounds for
appeal, however, a claim that the trial court did not properly weigh the enhancement and
mitigating factors. See 2005 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 353, §§ 8, 9. In summary, although this Court
cannot review a trial court’s weighing of enhancement factors, we can review the trial court’s
application of those enhancement factors. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d) (2006); Carter, 254 S.W.3d at
343.

         The Defendant is a Range I offender, and especially aggravated robbery is a class A
felony, with an appropriate sentencing range of fifteen to twenty-five years. T.C.A. §§
39-13-401(a), -403(a)(1)-(2) and T.C.A. § 40-35-112(a)(1). Aggravated robbery and attempted
second degree murder are class B felonies, with an appropriate sentencing range of eight to
twelve years. T.C.A. §§ 39-13-401, -402; T.C.A. § 39-11-302(b); T.C.A. § 39-12-101(a)(2); and
T.C.A. § 40-35-112(a)(2). Reckless endangerment, for purposes of this case, is class A
misdemeanor, with a maximum sentence of eleven months and twenty nine days. T.C.A. § 39-
13-103(b). The trial court sentenced David Avery twenty-five years for especially aggravated
robbery conviction, twelve years for the aggravated robbery conviction, twelve years for
attempted second degree murder, and eleven months and twenty-nine days for the reckless
endangerment conviction. For each conviction, the trial court sentenced David Avery to the
maximum sentence within his sentencing range based upon the finding of four enhancement
factors.

        The trial court applied four enhancement factors: enhancement factor (1), that he had a
previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to
establish the appropriate range; enhancement factor (2), that he was the leader in the commission
of an offense involving two or more criminal actors; enhancement factor (5), that he treated the
victims with exceptional cruelty; and enhancement factor (9), that defendant possessed or
employed a firearm, explosive device, or other deadly weapon during the commission of the
offense.

        We conclude the trial court did not err when it applied these four enhancement factors.
First, the evidence supports the trial court’s application of enhancement factor (1) based on
David Avery’s history of criminal convictions and criminal behavior. The evidence introduced at
the sentencing hearing proved that Defendant Avery had five prior misdemeanor convictions and
that he had previously engaged in criminal behavior by purchasing drugs from the victims.
Contrary to David Avery’s argument, the previous convictions do not have to be “aggravated” to
support the application of this enhancement factor. This Court has held that a trial court may
enhance a sentence pursuant to this enhancement factor based solely on a prior history of
misdemeanor convictions. State v. Ramsey, 903 S.W.2d 709, 714 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); see
also State v. Joshua Glenn Trivette, No. E2006-00129-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 1687168, at *3
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, June 12, 2007), no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed. We
conclude the trial court did not err when it applied enhancement factor (1).

       The trial court also applied enhancement factor (2), that David Avery was the leader in
the commission of an offense involving two or more criminal actors. This enhancement factor

                                               16
does not require that the defendant be the sole leader but only that he be “a” leader. State v.
Hicks, 868 S.W.2d 729, 731 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The evidence proved that David and Alex
Avery entered the victims’ home, and Alex Avery detained Gift while David Avery went to the
kitchen with Regen, cut her throat, and stole money and drugs. David Avery then took Gift into
the bedroom, asked Regen where her weapon was located, retrieved the weapon, and brought it
to Alex Avery. David Avery told Alex Avery, who had a gun, to shoot Gift because Gift knew
too much about them, but Alex Avery refused to shoot Gift. David Avery grew upset with Alex
Avery’s hesitation and grabbed Gift by the back of the head and slit his throat. We conclude the
trial court did not err when it applied enhancement factor (2).

       The trial court next applied enhancement factor (5), that David Avery treated the victims
with exceptional cruelty. As our Supreme Court has explained:

       [P]roper application of enhancement factor (5) requires a finding of cruelty under
       the statute “over and above” what is required to sustain a conviction for an
       offense. See State v. Embry, 915 S.W.2d 451, 456 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); see
       also Poole, 945 S.W.2d at 98 (requiring the facts in a case to “support a finding of
       ‘exceptional cruelty’ that demonstrates a culpability distinct from and appreciably
       greater than that incident to” the crime). In other words, such evidence must
       “denote[ ] the infliction of pain or suffering for its own sake or from the
       gratification derived therefrom, and not merely pain or suffering inflicted as the
       means of accomplishing the crime charged.”                 State v. Haynes, No.
       W1999-01485-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 298744, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. filed at
       Jackson, Mar. 14, 2000).

State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 258-59 (Tenn. 2001). The trial court noted that David Avery told
Alex Avery to kill the victim. The two then discussed whether they should shoot and kill the
victims while the victims begged for their lives. David Avery, upset with Alex Avery’s
hesitation, attacked Gift, who was on his knees, and slit his throat from ear to ear. He then
remained in the room and discussed whether he should still shoot Gift. Gift begged David Avery
to leave, attempting to convince him to go by telling him that he would bleed to death from his
wounds, given the massive amount of blood that he was losing. We conclude the trial court did
not err when it applied this enhancement factor.

       Lastly, the trial court applied enhancement factor (9), that David Avery possessed or
employed a firearm, explosive device, or other deadly weapon during the commission of the
offense. After slitting Regen’s throat, with a box cutter, David Avery brought Regen into her
bedroom and demanded that she show him where her gun was hidden. She did so, and he
obtained the gun. He brought the gun to Alex Avery, who used it to lead Gift into the bedroom
and to keep him there while David Avery slit his throat with a box cutter. The two men retained
the gun and box cutter upon their departure. We have previously held that a box cutter can be a
deadly weapon. State v. John Liddell, No. W2005-00780-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 2872473, at
*4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Oct. 9, 2006), no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed. In our
view, the trial court was justified in applying this enhancement factor based either on the box

                                               17
cutter, the gun, or both. We conclude that the trial court did not err when it applied this
enhancement factor.

      Because we have concluded that the trial court did not err when it applied any of the
aforementioned enhancement factors, we conclude that it did not err in determining the length of
David Avery’s sentences.

                                  b. Consecutive Sentencing

       The trial court sentenced David Avery to twenty-five years for his especially aggravated
robbery conviction, twelve years for his aggravated robbery conviction, twelve years for his
attempted second degree murder conviction, and eleven months and twenty nine days for his
reckless endangerment conviction. It ordered all the sentences, except the sentence for reckless
endangerment, to run consecutively, for a total effective sentence of forty-nine years. David
Avery asserts that the trial court erred when it ordered his sentences run consecutively because
the record does not support its finding that he had no regard for human life and because the
aggregate sentence was not necessary to protect the public.

       When it ordered David Avery’s sentences run consecutively, the trial court found:

               Now, I need to . . . determine whether or not theses sentences are
       concurrent or consecutive. The State is relying on the fact that . . . he’s a
       dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life and
       no hesitation about committing a crime for which the risk to human life is high. I
       find that factor does apply. Mr. David Avery told Frederick [Alex] Avery to kill
       Mr. Gift. There was testimony that Mr. David Avery said he wanted to see Mr.
       Gift die. He told Mr. Frederick Avery to put him on the floor, and David Avery is
       the one who slit his throat. I think that is clearly a dangerous offender. But I must
       go further. And just because you’re convicted of dangerous offenses does not
       necessarily mean that they need to run consecutive. Because I can only do that if
       the aggregate term reasonably relates to the severity of the offenses and is
       necessary in order to protect the public from further serious conduct by the
       defendant. I think those apply in this case, given the fact that he discussed killing
       these individuals. This was a robbery that did not have to result in any sort of
       harm to anyone and that it went way beyond what is necessary under the
       circumstances, the discussion of killing them, leaving them to die, the wanting
       them to die. All of that is someone that is necessary to protect the public from
       that individual. So I’m going to find that Counts 1, 2, and 4 are all consecutive to
       each other. Count 3, however, can be concurrent. That would make a total
       effective sentence of forty-nine years I do believe.

It is within the sound discretion of the trial court whether or not an offender should be sentenced
consecutively or concurrently. State v. James, 688 S.W.2d 463, 465 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984). A
court may order multiple sentences to run consecutively if it finds, by a preponderance of the

                                                18
evidence, that at least one of seven listed factors exists. These factors include factor (4), that “the
defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life, and
no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high.” T.C.A. §
40-35-115(b)(4). The trial court’s finding that the Defendant is a “dangerous offender” by itself
is insufficient to support consecutive sentences. In State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933 (Tenn.
1995), our Supreme Court set forth additional requirements for consecutive sentences when the
defendant is a “dangerous offender.” Accordingly, in order to base consecutive sentencing on the
dangerous offender category, the trial court must find: (1) that the term imposed “is necessary to
protect the public from further criminal acts by the offender;” and (2) “that the terms imposed are
reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed.” Id. at 938. The requirement of
additional findings when the defendant is a “dangerous offender” “arises from the fact that of all
of the categories for consecutive sentencing, the dangerous offender category is the most
subjective and hardest to apply.” State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 461 (Tenn. 1999). The other
categories for consecutive sentencing have “self-contained limits;” thus, the additional findings
are limited to cases involving consecutive sentencing of “dangerous offenders.” Id.

        In this case, as recited above, the trial court found that consecutive sentencing was
reasonably related to the severity of the crime and necessary to protect the public from further
criminal conduct by David Avery. Our review of the record reveals that the evidence does not
preponderate against the trial court’s findings. David Avery went into the victims’ home to take
their drugs and money. Alex Avery told Gift he would not be hurt if he remained calm. Despite
this assurance, David Avery slit Regen’s throat immediately after she opened the safe. After
Regen seized the money and the drugs, he took Regen into the bedroom and got her gun. He had
Alex Avery bring Gift into the bedroom, and the two men discussed killing the two victims in
order to avoid being implicated in these crimes. David Avery then ordered Alex Avery to shoot
Gift. Because Alex Avery then hesitated, David Avery himself attacked Gift, slitting Gift’s
throat from ear to ear. David Avery only left the scene of this crime when he was satisfied that
Gift would likely die from his injuries and that Regen would not identify them. Both victims
suffered serious injuries, with Gift’s injuries requiring several days of hospitalization. This
evidence supports the trial court’s finding that consecutive sentencing is necessary to protect the
public and that the sentence is reasonably related to the seriousness of the harm. The Defendant
is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                                    2. Alex Avery Sentencing

        On appeal, Alex Avery contends that the trial court improperly sentenced him as a repeat
violent offender because the State did not try him within 180 days of being indicted, as he argues
is required by statute. Further, he contends that the State’s notice was inadequate because it was
not filed until February 19, 2008, more than 180 days after his arraignment, and because the
notice did not constitute affirmative notice that the State was prosecuting him as a Repeat
Violent Offender. The State counters that the 180-day rule is intended not to benefit the
Defendant but rather to notify society that these types of offenders will be dealt with swiftly.
Therefore, even if a defendant is not tried within this time period, the trial court may sentence
him as a violent offender.

                                                  19
       When deciding this issue, the trial court found:

              We’ll first discuss the issue of the violent offender, which relates only to
       Count 2. The State gave notice that was filed February the 19th. [Alex Avery’s
       attorney] said it wasn’t adequate, however, it very clearly cites the statute. It cites
       the fact that if he were convicted of either especially-aggravated robbery or
       attempted murder in the first degree that the 40-35-120(A)(3) and (A)(4) would
       apply. And attached to that is a copy of the conviction, especially the murder
       conviction. I believe there was also attached a copy of the robbery conviction to
       this. I’m finding several things. One, that it was adequate notice, that it was
       timely under the circumstances of this case, the fact that the defendants have been
       represented by multiple attorneys, the fact that there are two of them, and given
       the Court’s schedule that there was good cause shown for not trying them within
       180 days. So I’m finding that the notice is sufficient.

               Let’s deal with Count 2 first then. I find that if you look at the clear
       wording of the statute is that, “A repeat violent offender is a defendant who” . . .
       “is convicted in this state on or after July 1st of 1994 of any offense classified in
       subsection (C) (1) as a violent offense.” He was convicted in this court of
       especially-aggravated robbery in 2008. That is after July 1st of 1994. And
       especially-aggravated robbery is listed in (C) (1). It’s listed at (C) (1) (D). “And
       has at least one conviction of an offense classified in subsection (C) (1) or (C) (2)
       as a violent offense.” And murder in the second degree is (C) (1) (B), therefore,
       he does qualify.

                The statute goes on to say that a repeat violent offender is then sentenced
       to life without the possibility of parole by virtue of the statute. And therefore as to
       Count 3, that is the determination of the Court, having determined that he has the
       prior requisite conviction.

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-120 governs whether a defendant qualifies as a
repeat violent offender. That statute states:

       (a) A “repeat violent offender” is a defendant who:

              ....

              (3) Is convicted in this state on or after July 1, 1994, of any offense
              classified in subdivision (c)(1) as a violent offense; and

              (4) Has at least one (1) conviction for an offense classified in
              subdivision (c)(1) or (c)(2) as a violent offense; or

              ....

                                                 20
       (c)(1) For purposes of subdivisions (a)(3) and (a)(4), the following offenses are
       classified as violent offenses:

              ....

              (B) Second degree murder;

              ....

       (g) The court shall sentence a defendant who has been convicted of any offense
       listed in subdivision (b)(1), (c)(1) or (d)(1) to imprisonment for life without
       possibility of parole if the court finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the
       defendant is a repeat violent offender as defined in subsection (a).

       (i)(1) A charge as a repeat violent offender shall be tried within one hundred
       eighty (180) days of the arraignment on the indictment pursuant to Rule 10 of the
       Rules of Criminal Procedure unless delay is caused by:

              (A) The defendant;
              (B) An examination for competency;
              (C) A competency hearing;
              (D) An adjudication of incompetency for trial;
              (E) A continuance allowed after a court’s determination of the
              defendant’s physical incapacity for a trial; or
              (F) An interlocutory appeal.
              A continuance may be granted to any party, including the court, for
              good cause shown.

       (2) The district attorney general shall file a statement with the court and the
       defense counsel within forty-five (45) days of the arraignment pursuant to Rule 10
       of the Rules of Criminal Procedure that the defendant is a repeat violent offender.
       The statement, which shall not be made known to the jury determining the guilt or
       innocence of the defendant, shall set forth the dates of the prior periods of
       incarceration, as well as the nature of the prior conviction offenses. If the notice
       is not filed within forty-five (45) days of the arraignment, the defendant shall be
       granted a continuance so that the defendant will have forty-five (45) days between
       receipt of notice and trial.

       (3) Failure to comply with this subsection (i) does not require release of a person
       from custody or a dismissal of charges.

T.C.A. § 40-35-120 (2006); see State v. Thompson, 36 S.W.3d 102 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000).



                                               21
        The first issue we will address is whether the State filed adequate notice within the
prescribed time period. The statute states that the district attorney shall file a statement declaring
the defendant a repeat violent offender with the court and defense counsel within forty-five days
of arraignment. T.C.A. 40-35-120(i)(2). Here, the notice was filed on February 19, 2008, well
beyond forty-five days after arraignment. The remedy under the statute for untimely notice is to
grant a continuance so that the defendant has forty-five days between receipt of notice and trial.
T.C.A. § 40-35-120(i)(2). In fact, the trial in this case commenced April 10, 2008, which was
more than forty-five days after the filing of the notice. This Court has previously determined that
the defendant must show he or she was prejudiced due to the untimely notice. Thompson, 36
S.W.3d at 115-16; see also State v. Charles Hall, No. W2005-01338-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL
2334850, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Aug. 11, 2006), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 18,
2006). We conclude Alex Avery has not shown he was prejudiced by the untimely notice given
and he had ample time between receipt of the notice and the trial. Therefore, he is not entitled to
relief on this issue.

        Alex Avery next takes issue with the adequacy of the notice, stating that the motion is
titled “State’s Notice of Potential Punishment of Defendant.” He asserts that this was mere
notice and not an affirmative notice of the State’s intent to prosecute him as a repeat violent
offender. We disagree. The statute states only, “The statement . . . .shall set forth the dates of
the prior periods of incarceration, as well as the nature of the prior conviction offenses.” T.C.A.
§ 40-35-120(i)(2). The State’s notice filed in this case stated that, if Alex Avery were convicted
of either especially aggravated robbery or attempted first degree murder the repeat violent
offender statute would apply, and the notice cited the repeat violent offender statute. The State
attached to the notice a copy of Alex Avery’s previous second degree murder conviction. We
conclude that this comports with the repeat violent offender statute and that it is, therefore,
adequate notice.

        Alex Avery next argues that he should not have been sentenced as a repeat violent
offender because he was not tried within 180 days of his arraignment. He relies upon the
language in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-120(i)(1) that a repeat violent offender
shall be tried within 180 days of the arraignment on the indictment pursuant to Rule 10 of the
Rules of Criminal Procedure. The Defendant was arraigned on September 18, 2006, and held in
custody until the trial began on April 10, 2008. Alex Avery does not argue that he was
prejudiced by the length of his custody but argues that the language of the statute should be
construed, literally, to prohibit sentencing under the Repeat Violent Offender Act, absent
compliance with the 180-day rule.

        This Court has previously heard and rejected this precise argument. State v. Ronald
Dotson, No. W2001-02548-CCA-MR3-CD, 2002 WL 31425784, at *1-2 (Tenn. Crim. App., at
Jackson, Oct. 29, 2002), no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed. In Dotson, we relied on our
previous holding that the 180-day rule is not an iron-clad rule to be construed in favor of a
defendant to conclude that a defendant, absent a showing of prejudice, may be sentenced as a
repeat violent offender even though he was not tried within 180 days of his arraignment. Dotson,



                                                 22
2002 WL 31425784, at *2 (citing see State v. Thompson, 36 S.W.3d 102 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2000)).

        In the case under submission, we first note that the trial court found that good cause was
shown for any delay in trial. This alone is sufficient to support Alex Avery’s being sentenced
pursuant to the repeat violent offender statute despite any delay in trial. Further, however, Alex
Avery does not allege that he was prejudiced by any delay in his trial. Absent such a showing,
we cannot conclude his sentencing under the Repeat Violent Offender statute was improper even
though he was not tried within 180 days of his arraignment. As such, he is not entitled to relief
on this issue.

                                        III. Conclusion

         Based on the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court.

                                                        _________________________________
                                                          ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE




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