                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                      ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                             ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            No. 08-12211                        APRIL 24, 2009
                        Non-Argument Calendar                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                   CLERK
                      ________________________

                        Agency No. A70-577-253

ZHEN HE CHENG,


                                                                      Petitioner,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                    Respondent.


                      ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                       _________________________

                             (April 24, 2009)

Before CARNES, WILSON and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Zhen He Cheng, a native and citizen of Fujian Province in the People’s

Republic of China, appeals the order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

affirming without opinion the immigration judge’s (“IJ”) order of removal and

denial of asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and

Nationality Act (“INA”), pursuant to INA §§ 208 and 241 and 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158

and 1231. Cheng argues that he has a well-founded fear of being forcibly sterilized

or fined under China’s one-child policy because, since moving to the United States,

he has been married and he and his wife have had two children. Cheng notes that

the IJ denied him relief based on an adverse credibility finding, but asserts that his

credibility is irrelevant, as it remains objectively verifiable that he has two children

and that the Chinese government forcibly sterilizes or fines people with two

children.1 For the reasons set forth below, we deny the petition.

                                               I.

       On November 15, 1990, Cheng arrived in the United States and was paroled

because he lacked a valid entry document. On November 9, 2004, the Department

       1
         As an initial matter, Cheng has abandoned several arguments on appeal. First, in the
order being appealed, the BIA also denied relief under the United Nations Convention Against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”), pursuant to
8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c), and denied Cheng’s motion for reconsideration of a previously denied
application for cancellation of removal. Cheng does not argue on appeal that denying either one
was error, such that he has abandoned these issues and we will not address them. See Sepulveda
v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1282 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005) (explaining that “[w]hen an
appellant fails to offer argument on an issue, that issue is abandoned”). Likewise, Cheng does
not argue on appeal that he suffered past persecution, such that he has abandoned the matter and
we will not address it. See id.
                                                  2
of Homeland Security issued a Notice to Appear charging that Cheng’s parole

status had expired and he was removable as an alien who lacked a valid entry

document, pursuant to INA § 212(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). Cheng filed applications for

asylum and cancellation of removal. An IJ granted Cheng’s application for

cancellation of removal and, therefore, declined to address his application for

asylum. The DHS appealed, and the BIA sustained the DHS’s appeal and ordered

Cheng removed to China. Cheng submitted a motion to reopen and/or reconsider,

and the BIA denied the motion to reconsider, but granted the motion to reopen so

that Cheng could apply for asylum and withholding of removal.

      On September 1, 2005, Cheng submitted an application for asylum and

withholding of removal, on the ground that he would be forcibly sterilized or fined

under China’s one-child policy. The IJ denied the application, reasoning in part

that Cheng was not credible, as he had given unbelievable testimony claiming that

his wife had suffered a previous abortion in China and as the evidence was

conflicting as to whether he actually remained married to his wife. Cheng

appealed, arguing that his credibility was irrelevant, as it remained objectively

verifiable that he had two children and that the Chinese government forcibly

sterilized or fined people with two children. The BIA dismissed the appeal. The

BIA reasoned that it must affirm the IJ’s adverse credibility finding, as Cheng had

not challenged its substance. The BIA also reasoned that, even assuming that he
                                           3
were credible, Cheng’s claim was not objectively verifiable.

                                         II.

      When the BIA affirms the IJ’s decision, but issues a separate opinion, as

here, we review the BIA’s opinion “except to the extent that [the BIA] expressly

adopts the IJ’s opinion.” Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 369 F.3d 1239, 1242

(11th Cir. 2004). In conducting this review, we review legal determinations de

novo and factual determinations under the “substantial evidence test.” See

D-Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 817 (11th Cir. 2004); Al Najjar v.

Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1283-84 (11th Cir. 2001). Under this test, which is

“highly deferential,” we “must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is supported by

reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a

whole.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1283-84 (quotation omitted).

      An alien who arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for, inter

alia, asylum and withholding of removal. INA §§ 208(a)(1), 241, 8 U.S.C.

§§ 1158(a)(1), 1231(b)(3)(A), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). To qualify for asylum, the

alien must prove that he is a refugee. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284 (citing 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A)). A refugee is defined in the INA as:

      any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . .
      and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling
      to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of
      persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
      religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
                                          4
      political opinion.

INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To establish refugee status, the

alien must establish, through specific, detailed facts, (1) his past persecution on

account of a protected ground, or (2) his “well-founded fear” that he will be

persecuted in the future because of a protected ground. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b);

see Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287.

      A well-founded fear of future persecution may be established by showing

(1) past persecution that creates a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of

future persecution based on a protected ground, (2) a reasonable possibility of

personal persecution based on a protected ground, or (3) a pattern or practice in the

subject country of persecuting members of a statutorily defined group of which the

alien is a part. 8 C.F.R § 208.13(b)(1), (b)(2)(i) and (iii). In establishing the

possibility of personal persecution, the alien must present “specific, detailed facts

showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be singled out for persecution.”

Huang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 429 F.3d 1002, 1009 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation

omitted). In establishing a pattern or practice of persecution, the alien need not

prove that he would be singled out for persecution if he demonstrates (1) a pattern

or practice of persecution of similarly situated individuals and (2) that his inclusion

in that group of individuals makes his fear of persecution reasonable. See 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(b)(2)(iii).
                                           5
      The INA does not expressly define “persecution” for purposes of qualifying

as a “refugee.” See INA § 101(a)(42); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). It does, however,

provide that:

      For purposes of determinations under this chapter, a person who has
      been forced to abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary
      sterilization, or who has been persecuted for failure or refusal to
      undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive
      population control program, shall be deemed to have been persecuted
      on account of political opinion, and a person who has a well founded
      fear that he or she will be forced to undergo such a procedure or
      subject to persecution for such failure, refusal, or resistance shall be
      deemed to have a well founded fear of persecution on account of
      political opinion.

INA § 101(a)(42)(B); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(B).

      To qualify for withholding of removal, the alien similarly must show that it

is more likely than not that his life or freedom would be threatened on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion. Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)). Because,

however, the more-likely-than-not standard that applies to withholding of removal

claims is more stringent than the well-founded-fear standard that applies to asylum

claims, ineligibility for asylum generally precludes withholding of removal

eligibility. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93.

                                          III.

      We never have directly addressed Cheng’s argument that his credibility was

                                           6
irrelevant. Although we have recognized that an adverse credibility finding may

be based on inconsistencies or omissions that do not go to “the heart of the claim,”

we never have addressed the distinct scenario of a petitioner’s credibility having no

bearing on an objectively verifiable fact such as the birth of two children to a

Chinese national. See Chen v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1228, 1233 (11th Cir.

2006). However, we need not address this argument now, as, even assuming he

were credible, Cheng has not raised an issue meriting relief.

      With regard to the merits of Cheng’s asylum claim, the record does not

include specific, detailed facts demonstrating that Cheng would be “singled out”

for sterilization or economic sanctions. See Huang, 429 F.3d at 1009. Cheng did

submit evidence that the Chinese government theoretically could sterilize or fine

him, namely, (1) an excerpt from the Changle City Family-Planning Information

Handbook, indicating that insertion of an IUD was mandatory upon the birth of a

first child and sterilization was mandatory upon the birth of a second child, and

that any birth without prior authorization was subject to a fine; and (2) the U.S.

Department of State 2005 China Profile of Asylum Claims and Country

Conditions, indicating that couples having an unauthorized child had to pay a

“premium” and faced loss of their government-subsidized health benefits, job loss

or demotion, loss of promotion opportunities for one or more years, expulsion from

the Communist Party (membership in which was required for certain jobs), and/or
                                           7
loss of government-subsidized education opportunities for their unauthorized

children. Cheng did not, however, submit any evidence that the government had

reason to or intended to apply these rules specifically to him. See id.

      Also, the record does not demonstrate that the Chinese government has a

pattern or practice of sterilizing or fining those similarly situated to Cheng. See 8

C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii). Chang did submit evidence that the Chinese

government counts foreign-born children toward its one-child policy, namely,

(1) the 2005 China Profile, indicating that foreign-born children “count;” and

(2) an opinion by the Changle City Family-Planning Administration, considering a

situation in which a Chinese couple returned to China with two U.S.-born children,

indicating that the newborn counted as a Chinese national and that the couple’s

reproductive behavior in the United States was subject to enforcement pursuant to

the Fujian Province Family-Planning Regulations, and instructing that the

government entity that employed one of the people should impose “sanctions.”

Cheng did not, however, submit evidence that the Chinese government forcibly

sterilizes or fines people that are not government employees that return to China

with two foreign-born children. See id.; see also In re J-W-S-, 24 I.&N. Dec. 185

(BIA 2007), pet. denied sub nom. Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138 (2nd Cir. 2008)

(addressing the subject more extensively). Indeed, according to the U.S.

Department of State 2005 China Profile of Asylum Claims and Country
                                           8
Conditions, diplomats know of no cases of such persecution. Accordingly, Cheng

failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(b)(1), (b)(2)(i) and (iii).2

       On appeal, Cheng points out that China’s family-planning policy is national,

such that he could not relocate to another part of the country. Pursuant to 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(b)(2)(ii), an alien does not have a well-founded fear of persecution “if

[he] could avoid persecution by relocating to another part of [his] country of

nationality . . . , if under all the circumstances it would be reasonable to expect the

applicant to do so.” The alien bears the burden of establishing that it would not be

reasonable for him to relocate, unless the persecution is by a government or is

government-sponsored. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(3)(i). Since Cheng failed to prove a

well-founded fear of future persecution, we need not address this argument. See 8

C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(ii). We note, though, that Cheng may not have even been

       2
          On appeal, Cheng argues that the IJ and BIA committed reversible error by failing to
address the excerpt from the Changle City Family-Planning Information Handbook, the opinion
by the Changle City Family-Planning Administration, and a related document. Cheng cites to
Shou Yung Guo v. Gonzales, 463 F.3d 109 (2d Cir. 2006), in which the Second Circuit held that
the BIA abused its discretion in denying an alien’s motion to reopen based on changed country
circumstances because it failed to consider these same documents, which arguably demonstrated
that Fujian Province authorities had decided to count foreign-born children in determining
family-planning policy violations and to sterilize the parents of two children regardless of place
of birth. Cheng’s argument is without merit, as both the IJ and BIA expressly addressed and
considered these documents. Moreover, the BIA concluded that it previously had found, in
Matter of S-Y-G-, 24 I.&N. Dec. 247 (BIA 2007), pet. denied sub nom. Shao v. Mukasey, 546
F.3d 138 (2nd Cir. 2008), that these documents did not establish prima facie eligibility for
asylum, as they did not demonstrate that Chinese nationals returning to China after the birth of a
second child in the United States were sterilized or faced economic sanctions that amounted to
persecution.
                                                  9
subject to the burden of proving that he could not relocate, as the alleged

persecution would be at the hands of the Chinese government. See 8 C.F.R.

§ 208.13(b)(3)(i).

      With regard to the merits of Cheng’s withholding-of-removal claim, because

Cheng failed to satisfy his burden for proving asylum eligibility, he necessarily

failed to meet his more-stringent burden for proving withholding-of-removal

eligibility. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93. Accordingly, we deny petition.

      DENIED.




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