Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. C. Trent Thomas, Misc. Docket AG No. 87, September
Term, 2014

ATTORNEY DISCIPLINE – SANCTIONS – DISBARMENT – Court of Appeals
disbarred lawyer who abandoned his representation of clients in two unrelated cases and
dishonestly refrained from informing Bar Counsel that he had violated conditional
diversion agreement. Such conduct violated Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional
Conduct 1.1 (Competence), 1.3 (Diligence), 1.4(a)(2), 1.4(a)(3) (Communication), 1.5(a)
(Unreasonable Fees), 1.16(d) (Terminating Representation), 8.1(b) (Disciplinary Matters),
8.4(c) (Dishonesty, Fraud, Deceit, or Misrepresentation), and 8.4(d) (Conduct That Is
Prejudicial to the Administration of Justice).
Circuit Court for Washington County
Case No. 21-C-15-053137

Argued: November 10, 2015
                                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                                 OF MARYLAND

                                              Misc. Docket AG No. 87

                                                September Term, 2014
                                      ______________________________________

                                      ATTORNEY GRIEVANCE COMMISSION
                                              OF MARYLAND

                                                         v.

                                                C. TRENT THOMAS
                                      ______________________________________

                                                Barbera, C.J.
                                                Battaglia
                                                Greene
                                                Adkins
                                                McDonald
                                                Watts
                                                Harrell, Jr., Glenn T. (Retired,
                                                Specially Assigned),

                                                      JJ.
                                      ______________________________________

                                                 Opinion by Watts, J.
                                      ______________________________________

                                                Filed: December 16, 2015
       This attorney discipline proceeding involves a lawyer who abandoned his

representation of clients in two unrelated cases and dishonestly refrained from informing

Bar Counsel that he had violated a conditional diversion agreement.1

       Charles Trent Thomas (“Thomas”), Respondent, a member of the Bar of Maryland,

agreed to represent Zakary Lee (“Lee”) in a criminal case, and agreed to represent Wanda

Sue Sines (“Sines”) in a separation and divorce matter and in a guardianship matter.

Thomas abandoned his representation of both Lee and Sines; Thomas failed to attend a

hearing in Lee’s criminal case, never filed a complaint for divorce on Sines’s behalf, and

did not call any witnesses at the hearing in Sines’s guardianship matter. Lee’s mother and

Sines filed complaints against Thomas with the Attorney Grievance Commission (“the

Commission”), Petitioner.

       On February 11, 2015, on the Commission’s behalf, Bar Counsel filed in this Court

a “Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action” against Thomas, charging him with

violating Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC”) 1.1

(Competence), 1.3 (Diligence), 1.4 (Communication), 1.5(a) (Unreasonable Fees), 1.16

(Declining or Terminating Representation), 8.1 (Bar Admission and Disciplinary Matters),

8.4(c) (Dishonesty, Fraud, Deceit, or Misrepresentation), and 8.4(d) (Conduct That Is

Prejudicial to the Administration of Justice).

       On February 12, 2015, this Court designated the Honorable Daniel P. Dwyer (“the



       1
        In a conditional diversion agreement, Bar Counsel agrees not to pursue disciplinary
action against a lawyer, provided that the lawyer takes certain remedial actions. See Md.
R. 16-736 (Conditional Diversion Agreement).
hearing judge”) of the Circuit Court for Washington County to hear this attorney discipline

proceeding.

        On April 8, 2015, on the Commission’s behalf, Bar Counsel filed in the Circuit

Court for Allegany County a “Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order [and]

Preliminary and Permanent Inju[n]ctive Relief” (“the Complaint”) in which Bar Counsel

sought, among other relief, a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction2 that

would prohibit Thomas from practicing law under Maryland Rule 16-776(a) (Injunction to

Prevent Serious Harm).3 On April 10, 2015, the Complaint was transferred to the hearing

judge. On April 17, 2015, with Thomas in attendance, the hearing judge conducted a

hearing on the Complaint. On that date, with Thomas’s consent, the hearing judge issued

a temporary restraining order that prohibited Thomas from practicing law until April 30,

2015.

        On April 30, 2015, the hearing judge conducted a hearing on the propriety of a


        2
         A temporary restraining order is “an injunction granted without opportunity for a
full adversary hearing on the propriety of its issuance.” Md. R. 15-501(c). A preliminary
injunction is “an injunction granted after opportunity for a full adversary hearing on the
propriety of its issuance but before a final determination of the merits of the action.” Md.
R. 15-501(b).
       3
         Maryland Rule 16-776(a)(1) states:

        Upon receiving information that an attorney is engaging in professional
        misconduct and poses an immediate threat of causing (A) death or substantial
        bodily harm to another, (B) substantial injury to the financial interest or
        property of another, or (C) substantial harm to the administration of justice,
        Bar Counsel, with approval of the Chair of the Commission, may apply in
        accordance with the provisions of Title 15, Chapter 500 for appropriate
        injunctive relief against the attorney. The relief sought may include
        restricting the attorney’s practice of law[.]


                                            -2-
preliminary injunction; Thomas failed to attend. On that date, the hearing judge issued a

preliminary injunction that prohibited Thomas from practicing law.

       On June 30, 2015, the hearing judge conducted an evidentiary hearing in this

attorney discipline proceeding; Thomas failed to attend. On August 31, 2015, the hearing

judge filed in this Court an opinion including findings of fact and conclusions of law,

concluding that Thomas had violated MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5(a), 1.16(d), 8.1(b), 8.4(c),

and 8.4(d).

       On November 10, 2015, we heard oral argument4 and disbarred Thomas. See

Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Thomas, ___ Md. ___, ___ A.3d ___, Misc. Docket AG

No. 87, Sept. Term, 2014, 2015 WL 6955179, at *1 (Md. Nov. 10, 2015) (per curiam). We

now explain the reasons for Thomas’s disbarment.

                                   BACKGROUND

       The hearing judge found the following facts, which we summarize.

       On or about June 21, 2000, this Court admitted Thomas to the Bar of Maryland. At

all relevant times, Thomas was a solo practitioner in Allegany County.

                           Thomas’s Representation of Lee

       In or about October or November 2013, Lee was injured during an altercation with

Kameron Kamp (“Kamp”). Lee’s injuries included a broken jaw, and necessitated that Lee

have his jaw wired shut and have his arm placed in a sling. Lee and his family incurred



       4
       Thomas failed to attend oral argument or file anything in this Court. Thus, Thomas
has not asked us to review, and we do not review, the propriety of the hearing judge’s
issuance of the preliminary injunction that prohibited Thomas from practicing law.

                                          -3-
medical expenses as a result of his injuries. Lee pressed criminal charges of assault against

Kamp, and Kamp pressed criminal charges of assault against Lee.

       On or about January 6, 2014, Lee’s mother, Renée Walker (“Walker”), retained

Thomas to represent Lee in the defense of the criminal charge against him. Thomas

charged a flat fee of $750, which was paid in full. Thomas told Walker also that it would

be possible for Lee to sue Kamp in an attempt to obtain compensation for Lee’s medical

expenses. Walker provided Thomas with a list of people who could testify on Lee’s behalf.

Thomas failed to interview or subpoena any of the people.

       A hearing in Lee’s criminal case was scheduled for March 4, 2014. On the night of

March 3, 2014, Walker telephoned Thomas. This was the first time that Lee or Walker had

communicated with Thomas since January 2014. Thomas told Walker that he could not

attend the hearing for personal reasons. Thomas failed either to offer to find another lawyer

who could attend the hearing or raise the possibility of requesting a postponement. On

March 4, 2014, without Thomas, Lee and Walker attended the hearing, at which they

learned that the State planned to dismiss the charges against both Lee and Kamp. Lee and

Walker never heard from Thomas again, despite Walker’s attempts to discuss a possible

civil action against Kamp and/or a refund of Thomas’s fee.5

                            Thomas’s Representation of Sines

       In November 2010, Sines separated from her then-husband. Sines retained Thomas


       5
         At the evidentiary hearing in this attorney disciplinary proceeding, Walker testified
that, in the complaint that she filed against Thomas with the Commission, Walker stated
that Thomas “told [her that] he would do a civil case, but nothing [] happened. He d[id]n’t
return any of [her] phone calls.”

                                            -4-
to represent her for purposes of her separation and to obtain a divorce when she had been

separated for one year. Thomas charged Sines a flat fee, which Sines paid in full.

       Thomas drafted a separation agreement, gave it to Sines, and told Sines to give it to

her then-husband.6 Thomas also made inquiries on Sines’s behalf regarding title to some

Holstein cattle.7 These were the only two services that Thomas ever performed as to

Sines’s divorce matter; Thomas never filed a complaint for divorce on Sines’s behalf.

       In or about July 2011, Sines learned that her then-husband may have molested her

daughter, a vulnerable adult with a disability. Sines retained Thomas to represent her for

purposes of becoming her daughter’s guardian.           Thomas charged Sines a fee of

approximately $1,000, which Sines paid in full. Two doctors evaluated Sines’s daughter

and provided the two medical/psychiatric opinions that were necessary for the appointment

of a guardian of the person of a disabled person under Maryland Rule 10-202(a).8 Thomas



       6
         The hearing judge found that Thomas “gave [Sines] some documents relating to
the separation[,] which she was to give to her estranged husband.” At the evidentiary
hearing in this attorney disciplinary proceeding, Sines testified that Thomas “drew up a
paper[] separation . . . [and] asked [Sines] to deliver it to” her then-husband.
       7
         At the evidentiary hearing in this attorney disciplinary proceeding, Sines testified
that she had registered some Holstein cattle in her name, but then, without Sines’s
knowledge, “[s]omebody removed them out of [her] name and put them in [her] daughter’s
name[.]” Sines testified that, on her behalf, Thomas telephoned a member of “the Holstein
Association” to inquire about the transfer of title to the Holstein cattle.
       8
         Maryland Rule 10-202(a) states, in pertinent part:

       [I]f guardianship of the person of a disabled person is sought, the petitioner
       shall file with the petition signed and verified certificates of (1) two
       physicians licensed to practice medicine in the United States who have
       examined the disabled person, or (2) one licensed physician who has
       examined the disabled person and one licensed psychologist or certified
       clinical social worker who has seen and evaluated the disabled person.

                                            -5-
needed to file a petition for guardianship of the person of a disabled person within twenty-

one days of the latest dated doctors’ evaluations. See Md. R. 10-202(a) (“An examination

or evaluation by at least one of the health care professionals under this subsection shall

occur within 21 days before the filing of the petition [for guardianship of the person of a

disabled person].”). Thomas failed to file a petition for guardianship of the person of a

disabled person within the required twenty-one-day window, thus forcing Sines and her

daughter to experience the expense and inconvenience of having Sines’s daughter

evaluated again.

       Sines provided Thomas with the names of several people, including Sines’s

daughter’s pediatrician, who would have testified in support of Sines becoming her

daughter’s guardian. However, Thomas failed to interview any of the people; and, at the

guardianship hearing, Thomas failed to call any witnesses. The trial court did not appoint

Sines as her daughter’s guardian.

       In January 2012, Sines texted Thomas to ask about the delay in proceeding with her

divorce matter. Thomas informed Sines that he was busy. In March 2012, on several

occasions, Sines unsuccessfully attempted to arrange an appointment with Thomas. On

March 26, 2012, Thomas e-mailed Sines to tell her to review a complaint for divorce that

was attached to the e-mail. Sines was unable to download and view the complaint for

divorce. On March 28, 2012, Sines e-mailed Thomas to tell him to mail her a paper copy

of the complaint for divorce. Despite sending messages to Thomas in April, May, and June

2012, Sines never heard from Thomas again. In June 2012, Sines filed a complaint against

Thomas with the Commission. Afterward, Thomas refunded “the prepaid fees” that he had


                                           -6-
charged Sines.9

                        The Conditional Diversion Agreement

      On or about March 20, 2013, Thomas and Bar Counsel entered into a “Conditional

Diversion Agreement” that partially arose out of Sines’s complaint to the Commission. In

the Conditional Diversion Agreement, which the hearing judge admitted into evidence,

Thomas agreed to the following conditions, among others:

      [Thomas] will abstain from all use of alcohol and/or opiates[.] During the
      pendency of the [Conditional Diversion] Agreement, [Thomas] will attend
      Alcoholics Anonymous meetings at least once per week and provide Bar
      Counsel with proof of his attendance[.] Within thirty [] days of the date of
      th[e Conditional Diversion] Agreement, [Thomas] will arrange for
      counseling through the Alleg[]any County Health Department. [Thomas]
      will . . . waive confidentiality to the extent necessary for Bar Counsel to
      confirm that [Thomas] is receiving counseling for his substance abuse
      problems and that [Thomas] is abstaining from the use of alcohol and/or
      opiates[.] If, during the duration of th[e Conditional Diversion] Agreement,
      [Thomas] resumes the use of alcohol or opiates, [Thomas] will immediately
      voluntarily cease practicing law, notify all active clients, return files and
      unearned fees[,] and withdraw his appearance in any and all [c]ourt
      proceedings.

(Paragraph breaks omitted).10 On or about May 15, 2013, the Commission approved the

Conditional Diversion Agreement. On or about July 25, 2013, in accordance with the

Conditional Diversion Agreement, Thomas enrolled in an “Outpatient Addictions

Program” that was conducted by the Allegany County Health Department.


      9
        The record reveals that Thomas refunded the fee that Sines paid for her separation
and divorce matter. It is unclear whether Thomas also refunded the fee that Sines paid for
her guardianship matter.
       10
          In the Conditional Diversion Agreement, Thomas also agreed to “provide proof
that he ha[d] refunded $1,500 to” Sines in connection with her separation and divorce
matter.


                                          -7-
       On or about February 24, 2014, Thomas successfully completed an “Intensive

Outpatient Program” and advanced to another program that required attending counseling

sessions once per week. Between February 24, 2014 and July 2, 2014, however, Thomas

attended only seven counseling sessions. As a result, on or about July 2, 2014,11 Thomas

was discharged from the program.

       On or about August 26, 2014, Thomas again sought treatment. The Allegany

County Health Department allowed Thomas to enroll in the program from which he had

been discharged, provided that Thomas took a urinalysis test on that day. Thomas failed

to take the urinalysis test, and was not re-enrolled in the program.

       On August 28, 2014, Thomas consulted with a counselor and was again enrolled in

the Intensive Outpatient Program, which now required attending counseling sessions three

times per week. Thomas again failed to attend the required number of counseling sessions.

As a result, Thomas was discharged yet again from the Intensive Outpatient Program.

Thomas refrained from informing Bar Counsel of his two discharges, and also refrained

from informing Bar Counsel that he was using alcohol and/or opiates. The hearing judge

specifically found that Thomas’s “failure to keep Bar Counsel informed was[] an attempt

to continue practicing law and avoid the consequences of failing to attend the [counseling]

program[s] and maintain his sobriety.”

       On September 16, 2014, Thomas’s former counselor informed Bar Counsel that

Thomas had been discharged from the Intensive Outpatient Program. As a result, on or



       11
            The hearing judge inadvertently referred to July 2, 2013.

                                              -8-
about December 17, 2014, the Commission revoked the Conditional Diversion Agreement.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Neither party excepts to any of the hearing judge’s findings of fact; thus, we “treat

the findings of fact as established[.]” Md. R. 16-759(b)(2)(A). In an attorney discipline

proceeding, this Court reviews without deference a hearing judge’s conclusions of law.

See Md. R. 16-759(b)(1) (“The Court of Appeals shall review de novo the [hearing] judge’s

conclusions of law.”). This Court determines whether clear and convincing evidence

establishes that a lawyer violated an MLRPC. See Md. R. 16-757(b) (“The [Commission]

has the burden of proving the averments of the petition [for disciplinary or remedial action]

by clear and convincing evidence.”).

                                       DISCUSSION

                                 (A) Conclusions of Law

       Neither party excepts to the hearing judge’s conclusions of law, all of which we

uphold.

                     MLRPC 1.1 (Competence) and 1.3 (Diligence)

       “A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client. Competent

representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness and preparation

reasonably necessary for the representation.” MLRPC 1.1. “A lawyer shall act with

reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client.” MLRPC 1.3.

       Here, clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that

Thomas violated MLRPC 1.1 and 1.3 in representing Lee. Walker provided Thomas with

a list of people who could testify on Lee’s behalf in his criminal case. Thomas failed to


                                            -9-
interview or subpoena any of the people. Thomas also failed to attend the hearing in Lee’s

criminal case, offer to find another lawyer who could attend the hearing, or raise the

possibility of requesting a postponement. The circumstance that the State dismissed the

charges against Lee did not relieve Thomas of his duty to prepare for and attend the

scheduled hearing in Lee’s criminal case. Thomas also failed to pursue a civil lawsuit on

Lee’s behalf in an attempt to obtain compensation for Lee’s medical expenses.

          Clear and convincing evidence also supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that

Thomas violated MLRPC 1.1 and 1.3 in representing Sines. Despite being retained to

obtain a divorce for Sines, Thomas never filed a complaint for divorce on Sines’s behalf.

Additionally, in Sines’s guardianship matter, Thomas failed to timely file a petition for

guardianship of the person of a disabled person. Furthermore, Sines provided Thomas with

the names of several people, including Sines’s daughter’s pediatrician, who would have

testified in support of Sines becoming her daughter’s guardian. Thomas failed to interview

any of the people; at the guardianship hearing, Thomas failed to call any witnesses; and the

trial court did not appoint Sines as her daughter’s guardian.

                      MLRPC 1.4(a)(2) and 1.4(a)(3) (Communication)

          “A lawyer shall: . . . (2) keep the client reasonably informed about the status of the

matter; [and] (3) promptly comply with reasonable requests for information[.]” MLRPC

1.4(a).

          Here, clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that




                                              - 10 -
Thomas violated MLRPC 1.4(a)(2) and 1.4(a)(3)12 in representing Lee. Thomas failed to

contact Lee or Walker between January 2014 (the month in which Walker retained Thomas

on Lee’s behalf) and March 3, 2014 (when Walker telephoned Thomas the night before the

hearing in Lee’s criminal case). After March 3, 2014, Lee and Walker never heard from

Thomas again, despite Walker’s attempts to discuss a possible civil action against Kamp

and/or a refund of Thomas’s fee.

       Clear and convincing evidence also supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that

Thomas violated MLRPC 1.4(a)(2) and 1.4(a)(3) in representing Sines. In March 2012, on

several occasions, Sines unsuccessfully attempted to arrange an appointment with Thomas.

On March 26, 2012, Thomas e-mailed Sines to tell her to review a complaint for divorce

that was attached to the e-mail. Sines was unable to download and view the complaint for

divorce. On March 28, 2012, Sines e-mailed Thomas to tell him to mail a paper copy of

the complaint for divorce. Despite sending messages to Thomas in April, May, and June

2012, Sines never heard from Thomas again.

                          MLRPC 1.5(a) (Unreasonable Fees)

       “A lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge, or collect an unreasonable fee

or an unreasonable amount for expenses.” MLRPC 1.5(a). “Although a fee for certain

services may not be unreasonable on its face, the fee is unreasonable if the lawyer fails to

perform the services to any meaningful degree.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Davy,


       12
          Although the hearing judge concluded that Thomas violated “MLRPC 1.4” in
representing Lee and Sines, the hearing judge clarified that he concluded that Thomas
failed to keep Lee and Sines reasonably informed about the status of their matters and failed
to promptly comply with reasonable requests for information.

                                           - 11 -
435 Md. 674, 701-02, 80 A.3d 322, 338 (2013) (brackets, citation, and internal quotation

marks omitted).

       Here, clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that

Thomas violated MLRPC 1.5(a) in representing Lee. Thomas charged a flat fee of $750

to represent Lee in his criminal case. Thomas failed to interview potential witnesses, issue

subpoenas, or attend the hearing in Lee’s criminal case. Thomas’s fee was unreasonable

because he failed to perform any meaningful services for Lee.

       Clear and convincing evidence also supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that

Thomas violated MLRPC 1.5(a) in representing Sines. Thomas charged Sines a flat fee

that was approximately $1,500 to represent her for purposes of her separation and divorce.

Thomas never filed a complaint for divorce on Sines’s behalf. Thomas also charged Sines

approximately $1,000 to represent her for purposes of becoming her daughter’s guardian.

Thomas failed to timely file a petition for guardianship of the person of a disabled person,

failed to interview potential witnesses, and failed to call any witnesses at the guardianship

hearing. Although he ultimately refunded part of his fees, both of Thomas’s fees were

unreasonable because he failed to perform any meaningful services for Sines.

                     MLRPC 1.16(d) (Terminating Representation)

       “Upon termination of representation, a lawyer shall take steps to the extent

reasonably practicable to protect a client’s interests, such as giving reasonable notice to the

client . . . and refunding any advance payment of fee . . . that has not been earned[.]”

MLRPC 1.16(d).          “Termination of representation” includes abandonment of

representation. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Kum, 440 Md. 372, 384, 102 A.3d


                                            - 12 -
777, 784 (2014) (“Where a lawyer abandons a client without notice through the failure to

take meaningful steps in pursuit of the client’s interest, and fails to return unearned portion

of a fee paid by the client, he or she violates MLRPC 1.16(d).” (Brackets, citation, and

internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Here, clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that

Thomas violated MLRPC 1.16(d) in representing Lee and Sines. Thomas abandoned his

representation of Lee and Sines by abruptly and continuously failing to communicate with

them and perform services for them; thus, Thomas effectively terminated his representation

of Lee and Sines. Thomas never provided notice that he would be terminating his

representation of Lee and Sines. Additionally, as discussed above, Thomas failed to earn

the fees that he charged Lee and Sines and was paid; Thomas never provided Lee with a

refund; and Thomas did not provide Sines with a refund until after she filed a complaint

against him with the Commission.

   MLRPC 8.1(b) (Disciplinary Matters) and 8.4(c) (Dishonesty, Fraud, Deceit, or
                              Misrepresentation)

       “[A] lawyer . . . in connection with a disciplinary matter, shall not . . . fail to disclose

a fact [that is] necessary to correct a misapprehension [that is] known by the [lawyer] to

have arisen in the matter[.]” MLRPC 8.1(b). “It is professional misconduct for a lawyer

to . . . engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit[,] or misrepresentation[.]”

MLRPC 8.4(c).

       Here, clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge’s conclusions that

Thomas violated MLRPC 8.1(b) and 8.4(c). In the Conditional Diversion Agreement,



                                              - 13 -
Thomas agreed to “abstain from all use of alcohol and/or opiates[,]” to “arrange for

counseling” for substance abuse, and to “waive confidentiality to the extent necessary for

Bar Counsel to confirm that [Thomas wa]s receiving counseling for his substance abuse

problems[.]” On two occasions, Thomas was discharged from a substance abuse program

for failing to attend the required number of counseling sessions. Thomas refrained from

informing Bar Counsel of the two discharges, and also refrained from informing Bar

Counsel that he was using alcohol and/or opiates. The hearing judge found that Thomas’s

“failure to keep Bar Counsel informed was[] an attempt to continue practicing law and

avoid the consequences of failing to attend the [counseling] program[s] and maintain his

sobriety.” In other words, Thomas failed to disclose a fact that was necessary to correct

Bar Counsel’s impression that Thomas was complying with the Conditional Diversion

Agreement. We agree with the hearing judge’s determination that Thomas’s refraining

from informing Bar Counsel of his violations of the Conditional Diversion Agreement

constituted dishonesty that was motivated by Thomas’s desire to continue practicing law.

   MLRPC 8.4(d) (Conduct That Is Prejudicial to the Administration of Justice)

       “It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to . . . engage in conduct that is

prejudicial to the administration of justice[.]” MLRPC 8.4(d). “Generally, a lawyer

violates MLRPC 8.4(d) where the lawyer’s conduct would negatively impact the

perception of the legal profession of a reasonable member of the public.” Attorney

Grievance Comm’n v. Shuler, 443 Md. 494, 505, 117 A.3d 38, 45 (2015) (brackets,

citation, ellipsis, and internal quotation marks omitted).

       Here, clear and convincing evidence supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that


                                            - 14 -
Thomas violated MLRPC 8.4(d) in representing Lee and Sines. As discussed above,

Thomas abandoned his representation of Lee and Sines; thus, Thomas engaged in conduct

that would negatively impact the perception of the legal profession of a reasonable member

of the public. A lawyer violates MLRPC 8.4(d) by abandoning his or her representation of

a client. See Shuler, 443 Md. at 505-06, 117 A.3d at 45 (“Shuler essentially abandoned

her representation of [a client], and thus engaged in conduct that would negatively impact

the perception of the legal profession of a reasonable member of the public.”).

       Clear and convincing evidence also supports the hearing judge’s conclusion that

Thomas violated MLRPC 8.4(d) in connection with the Conditional Diversion Agreement.

For the purpose of continuing to practice law, Thomas dishonestly refrained from

informing Bar Counsel that he was using alcohol and/or opiates and that, on two occasions,

he had been discharged from a substance abuse program for failing to attend the required

number of counseling sessions. In dishonestly refraining from informing Bar Counsel of

these matters, Thomas engaged in conduct that would negatively impact the perception of

the legal profession of a reasonable member of the public. Indeed, no reasonable member

of the public would expect a lawyer to violate a conditional diversion agreement and

dishonestly refrain from informing Bar Counsel as much so that the lawyer could continue

to practice law. A lawyer violates MLRPC 8.4(d) by being dishonest with Bar Counsel in

connection with a disciplinary matter. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Brigerman, 441

Md. 23, 40-41, 105 A.3d 467, 477 (2014) (“[Brigerman] violated MLRPC 8.4(d) . . . when

[Brigerman] misrepresented to Bar Counsel that he would send promptly [a client]’s case

file to him, upon his written request.”).


                                            - 15 -
                                        (B) Sanction

       The Commission recommended that we disbar Thomas, who failed to recommend

a sanction.

       In Shuler, 443 Md. at 506-07, 117 A.3d at 46, this Court stated:

              This Court sanctions a lawyer not to punish the lawyer, but instead to
       protect the public and the public’s confidence in the legal profession. This
       Court accomplishes these goals by: (1) deterring other lawyers from
       engaging in similar misconduct; and (2) suspending or disbarring a lawyer
       who is unfit to continue to practice law.

             In determining an appropriate sanction for a lawyer’s misconduct, this
       Court considers: (1) the MLRPC that the lawyer violated; (2) the lawyer’s
       mental state; (3) the injury that the lawyer’s misconduct caused or could have
       caused; and (4) aggravating factors and/or mitigating factors.

               Aggravating factors include: (1) prior attorney discipline; (2) a
       dishonest or selfish motive; (3) a pattern of misconduct; (4) multiple
       violations of the MLRPC; (5) bad faith obstruction of the attorney discipline
       proceeding by intentionally failing to comply with the Maryland Rules or
       orders of this Court or the hearing judge; (6) submission of false evidence,
       false statements, or other deceptive practices during the attorney discipline
       proceeding; (7) a refusal to acknowledge the misconduct’s wrongful nature;
       (8) the victim’s vulnerability; (9) substantial experience in the practice of
       law; (10) indifference to making restitution or rectifying the misconduct’s
       consequences; (11) illegal conduct, including that involving the use of
       controlled substances; and (12) likelihood of repetition of the misconduct.

              Mitigating factors include: (1) the absence of prior attorney discipline;
       (2) the absence of a dishonest or selfish motive; (3) personal or emotional
       problems; (4) timely good faith efforts to make restitution or to rectify the
       misconduct’s consequences; (5) full and free disclosure to the Commission
       or a cooperative attitude toward the attorney discipline proceeding; (6)
       inexperience in the practice of law; (7) character or reputation; (8) a physical
       disability; (9) a mental disability or chemical dependency, including
       alcoholism or drug abuse, where: (a) there is medical evidence that the
       lawyer is affected by a chemical dependency or mental disability; (b) the
       chemical dependency or mental disability caused the misconduct; (c) the
       lawyer’s recovery from the chemical dependency or mental disability is
       demonstrated by a meaningful and sustained period of successful


                                            - 16 -
       rehabilitation; and (d) the recovery arrested the misconduct, and the
       misconduct’s recurrence is unlikely; (10) delay in the attorney discipline
       proceeding; (11) the imposition of other penalties or sanctions; (12) remorse;
       (13) remoteness of prior violations of the MLRPC; and (14) unlikelihood of
       repetition of the misconduct.

(Brackets, citation, and ellipses omitted).

       In Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. De La Paz, 418 Md. 534, 557-58, 16 A.3d 181,

195 (2011), this Court disbarred a lawyer who violated MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.16(d),

8.1(b), and 8.4(d). The lawyer

       clearly neglected his clients, leaving one client to fend for himself at his own
       hearing and the other to lose his cause of action entirely for failure to
       prosecute. [The lawyer] also repeatedly ignored his clients’ inquiries into
       the status of their cases, and then moved his practice without informing his
       clients of his new contact information. He then later declined to respond to
       Bar Counsel’s requests for information.

Id. at 558, 16 A.3d at 195. This Court did not note any aggravating factors, and observed

that there were no mitigating factors. See id. at 558, 16 A.3d at 195. This Court explained:

“We previously have found disbarment to be appropriate when attorneys repeatedly neglect

client affairs.” Id. at 557-58, 16 A.3d at 195 (citations omitted).

       Here, Thomas violated MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4(a)(2), 1.4(a)(3), 1.5(a), 1.16(d), 8.1(b),

8.4(c), and 8.4(d). Thomas abandoned his representation of Lee and Sines and dishonestly

refrained from informing Bar Counsel that he was using alcohol and/or opiates and that,

on two occasions, he had been discharged from a substance abuse program for failing to

attend the required number of counseling sessions.

       Thomas injured Lee by depriving him and/or Walker of $750 in exchange for no

meaningful services, failing to attend the scheduled hearing in Lee’s criminal case, and



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failing to pursue a civil lawsuit on Lee’s behalf in an attempt to obtain compensation for

Lee’s medical expenses. Thomas injured Sines by failing to file a complaint for divorce

on Sines’s behalf, forcing Sines and her daughter to experience the expense and

inconvenience of having Sines’s daughter evaluated one more time than was necessary in

connection with Sine’s guardianship matter, and failing to call any witnesses at the

guardianship hearing. Ostensibly, Thomas’s failure to call any witnesses played a role in

the trial court’s decision not to appoint Sines as her daughter’s guardian. Additionally, in

connection with Lee’s matter, Sines’s matters, and the Conditional Diversion Agreement,

Thomas engaged in conduct that would negatively impact the perception of the legal

profession of a reasonable member of the public.

       We note seven aggravating factors. First, Thomas had a dishonest or selfish motive,

as Thomas’s refraining from informing Bar Counsel that he was using alcohol and/or

opiates and that on two occasions he had been discharged from a substance abuse program

for failing to attend the required number of counseling sessions, constituted dishonesty that

was motivated by Thomas’s desire to continue practicing law. Second, Thomas committed

multiple violations of the MLRPC. Third, Thomas has substantial experience in the

practice of law, as he had been a member of the Bar of Maryland for more than a decade

at the time of his misconduct.13 Fourth, Thomas has shown indifference to making


       13
        Cf. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. McDonald, 437 Md. 1, 46, 85 A.3d 117, 143
(2014) (“[H]aving worked as a prosecutor for over a decade before the events in this case
occurred, McDonald had substantial experience in the practice of law that should have
given him an experiential basis from which to know his actions were unethical.” (Citation
omitted)); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Worsham, 441 Md. 105, 136, 112, 114, 105


                                           - 18 -
restitution, as he never provided Lee and/or Walker with a refund, and provided Sines with

a refund only after she filed a complaint against him with the Commission.

       Even more importantly, fifth, sixth, and seventh, Thomas has received prior attorney

discipline, has demonstrated a pattern of misconduct, and has shown that he is likely to

repeat his misconduct. In 2008, the Commission reprimanded Thomas by consent for

violating MLRPC 1.3 (Diligence) by “fail[ing] to act with reasonable diligence and

promptness in representing his client and fail[ing] to respond to requests for production of

documents and evidence of causation in a timely manner[.]” Just two years later, this Court

granted a joint petition to suspend Thomas from the practice of law in Maryland for sixty

days for violating MLRPC 1.1 and 1.3. See Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Thomas, 413

Md. 520, 993 A.2d 626 (2010). In 2010, Thomas began representing Sines in her

separation and divorce matter.      In 2011, Thomas began representing Sines in her

guardianship matter. As discussed above, Thomas violated MLRPC 1.3 in both of Sines’s

matters.

       On or about March 20, 2013, Thomas and Bar Counsel entered into the Conditional

Diversion Agreement, which partially arose out of Thomas’s representation of Sines. The

Conditional Diversion Agreement stated that Thomas’s “alleged misconduct” in Sines’s

separation and divorce matter included a violation of, among others, MLRPC 1.3. The

Conditional Diversion Agreement also stated that Thomas “acknowledge[d] that he ha[d]


A.3d 515, 533, 519, 520 (2014) (This Court stated that a lawyer’s misconduct was
aggravated by “substantial experience in the practice of law” where, eleven years after this
Court admitted the lawyer to the Bar of Maryland, the lawyer began frivolously “arguing
that the federal government did not have the authority to tax his earnings as income.”).

                                           - 19 -
engaged in professional misconduct[.]”

       Despite having consented to a reprimand by the Commission for violating MLRPC

1.3, having consented to being suspended from the practice of law in Maryland for sixty

days for violating MLRPC 1.1 and 1.3, and having entered into a conditional diversion

agreement that was based on a violation of, among others, MLRPC 1.3, Thomas violated

MLRPC 1.3 in representing Lee in 2014.              Thus, in three prior instances, Thomas

acknowledged that he had violated MLRPC 1.3, then proceeded to violate MLRPC 1.3

again in a later case.    Thomas’s repeated violations demonstrate both a pattern of

misconduct and the likelihood that, if permitted to continue to practice law, Thomas would

continue to fail to act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing clients.

       The hearing judge did not find any mitigating factors, and we discern none. We

observe that the record implies that Thomas has alcoholism.            Specifically, in the

Conditional Diversion Agreement, Thomas agreed to attend Alcoholics Anonymous

meetings at least once per week and to abstain from all use of alcohol. As noted above,

however, a lawyer’s alcoholism is a mitigating factor if and only if, among other things,

“the lawyer’s recovery from [alcoholism] is demonstrated by a meaningful and sustained

period of successful rehabilitation[.]” Shuler, 443 Md. at 507, 117 A.3d at 46 (citation

omitted).   Here, Thomas has not engaged in a meaningful and sustained period of

successful rehabilitation; to the contrary, on two occasions, Thomas had been discharged

from a substance abuse program for failing to attend the required number of counseling

sessions. Thus, alcoholism does not mitigate Thomas’s misconduct.

       In agreement with the Commission, we concluded that the appropriate sanction for


                                           - 20 -
Thomas’s misconduct was disbarment. Here, as in De La Paz, 418 Md. at 557-58, 16 A.3d

at 195, disbarment was the appropriate sanction for neglecting clients in two unrelated

cases, failing to provide competent and diligent representation, failing to adequately

communicate with clients, charging unreasonable fees, failing to properly terminate

representation, and failing to provide information to Bar Counsel, all without a single

mitigating factor.

       If anything, disbarment was even more appropriate here than it was in De La Paz.

For one reason, there were no aggravating factors in De La Paz; by contrast, here, as

discussed above, there are multiple aggravating factors, including prior attorney discipline,

a dishonest or selfish motive, indifference to making restitution, a pattern of misconduct,

and a likelihood of repetition of the misconduct. Additionally, unlike the lawyer in De La

Paz, Thomas violated MLRPC 8.4(c); specifically, for the purpose of continuing to practice

law, Thomas dishonestly refrained from informing Bar Counsel that he was using alcohol

and/or opiates and that, on two occasions, he had been discharged from a substance abuse

program for failing to attend the required number of counseling sessions.           “Absent

compelling extenuating circumstances justifying a lesser sanction, intentional dishonest

conduct by a lawyer will result in disbarment.” Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Katz, 443

Md. 389, 411, 116 A.3d 999, 1012 (2015) (brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks

omitted).   Here, there are no mitigating factors, let alone compelling extenuating

circumstances, that would have justified a lesser sanction.

       For the above reasons, on November 10, 2015, we disbarred Thomas and awarded

costs against him.


                                           - 21 -
