                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                          No. 04-19-00104-CV

    IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF CHARLES INNESS THRASH, an Incapacitated Person

                          From the Probate Court No. 1, Bexar County, Texas
                                     Trial Court No. 2017PC2912
                              Honorable Tom Rickhoff, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Beth Watkins, Justice

Sitting:          Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                  Irene Rios, Justice
                  Beth Watkins, Justice

Delivered and Filed: December 4, 2019

DISMISSED FOR WANT OF JURISDICTION IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART

           Appellants Laura and Brittany Martinez appeal the probate court’s order finding Charles

Inness Thrash incapacitated and appointing permanent guardians over his person and estate. They

raise seven issues challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of that order and request an

immediate stay of the underlying proceedings pending final resolution of this appeal. We dismiss

this appeal as to Brittany for want of jurisdiction, affirm the probate court’s order, and deny

appellants’ request for a stay as moot.

                                             BACKGROUND

           Thrash is a millionaire and owner of a successful automotive repair shop. He started dating

Laura around 2009, and by 2012, she moved into the apartment above his shop with him. Over

time, friends and family members grew concerned that Laura was isolating Thrash from them and
                                                                                     04-19-00104-CV


spending large amounts of his money. In 2016, Thrash and Laura—as well as two of Laura’s adult

children, Jose and Michelle—moved into a home Thrash bought for approximately $750,000 in

cash. According to several long-time friends, Thrash’s purchase of the home was highly unusual

because Thrash was known as a fiscally conservative person. They grew suspicious of Laura, who

did not allow Thrash to have his own phone, forcing all social and business calls to go to her cell

phone.

         In 2017, a guardianship specialist for the Texas Health and Human Services Commission

(“the HHSC”) initiated guardianship proceedings after receiving an anonymous report that Laura

was mishandling Thrash’s assets. The application for appointment of temporary and permanent

guardian alleged Thrash, who was seventy-nine years old at the time, suffered from Alzheimer’s

disease, was diabetic, and needed daily insulin. The application further alleged that under Laura’s

influence, Thrash recently changed his will to list Laura and members of her family as

beneficiaries, executed a statutory durable power of attorney in Laura’s favor, and revised his

business plan to name Laura as the successor-owner of his shop.

         The application was supported by a report from Dr. Michael Garcia, a neuropsychologist,

who opined Thrash showed signs of degenerative dementia and was unable to handle his personal

and financial affairs without assistance. Also attached were affidavits from the guardianship

specialist who initiated the proceedings and an Adult Protective Services (APS) supervisor who

investigated the anonymous report. In her affidavit, the guardianship specialist testified she spoke

with members of Thrash’s family and some of his long-time friends, who reported Laura kept

Thrash away from them and prevented them from having one-on-one conversations with him. She

also indicated Laura kept a “black list” of individuals she did not allow Thrash to interact with,

including business associates Thrash had worked with and his long-time attorney, Henry




                                                -2-
                                                                                      04-19-00104-CV


Christopher. Additionally, the APS supervisor testified Frost Bank branch employees saw Laura

coaching Thrash at the bank numerous times.

       At the temporary guardianship hearing, the probate court, the Honorable Tom Rickhoff

presiding, reviewed the affidavits, the court investigator’s report, and Dr. Garcia’s medical report.

The court investigator reported that Thrash had diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, hypertension, and

Alzheimer’s disease—all of which required daily medication that Laura administered. The

investigator also reported that Thrash’s spending habits had changed significantly since his

relationship with Laura began. A review of his bank records showed that he spent large sums of

money in 2016 and that he transferred a great deal of money from Frost Bank—where he had

banked for more than forty years—to Bank of America.

       The investigator also reported that Laura told her she had been in a romantic relationship

with Thrash for eight years and that she did not mishandle his assets. Laura told her Thrash made

mortgage payments on the home she owned when they started dating and she planned to pay him

back when she sold her home. Laura also told the investigator that Thrash had opened an account

at Bank of America because friends told them Frost Bank was not a good bank. When asked why

Thrash did not have a cell phone, Laura indicated Thrash constantly lost it.

       The investigator also reported she met privately with Thrash, who wanted to know who

started the guardianship. Thrash told her that he could handle his own money and did not need a

guardian. He stated he put Laura on his Bank of America account and wanted her to handle all the

bills. When asked about the purchase of the new home, he indicated the home cost $230,000, and

did not believe it was approximately $750,000. However, later that day, he called to say he had

made a mistake about the price of the home. Thrash told the investigator he lent Laura $50,000,

which she would pay back after she sold her home. Thrash also indicated he did not know how

much money Laura was spending.


                                                -3-
                                                                                    04-19-00104-CV


       In his medical report, Dr. Garcia noted Thrash’s medical history included diabetes,

Parkinson’s disease, and hypertension. The report indicated that Dr. Garcia conducted a clinical

interview of Thrash and that at Thrash’s request, Laura was present. During the interview, Dr.

Garcia asked Thrash what tasks he could perform, and he answered he could complete daily living

activities without assistance but relied on Laura for instrumental tasks like cooking, cleaning,

shopping, finances, and outside work. Dr. Garcia reported that Thrash scored “moderately to

severely impaired” on the dementia rating scale test, his verbal reasoning abilities were

“borderline,” and his perceptual-organizational abilities were “mildly impaired.” Dr. Garcia

opined that Thrash understood most task directions with repetition but was unable to comprehend

complex tasks without assistance. Based on the clinical interview and dementia rating test, Dr.

Garcia concluded Thrash met the criteria for dementia. He noted that Thrash exhibited “a

degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer’s type” and his neurocognitive capacities warranted legal

intervention.

       The probate court also heard testimony from Sandy Sullivan, the senior vice president in

charge of fraud management for Frost Bank. She testified employees at Thrash’s Frost Bank

branch location brought his accounts to her attention after they noticed some unusual transactions.

She reviewed the account activity and noted that beginning in 2016, Thrash started using his money

market account to pay business expenses—expenses previously paid with his business account.

She stated his money market account drastically depleted, shrinking from more than $300,000 to

approximately $107,000 in three months. It was unclear whether Thrash was aware of how Laura

was managing that account because Laura was filling out all of his bank paperwork. Sullivan

testified that Laura had also presented the bank with a power of attorney asking to be added to

Thrash’s accounts, but the bank refused to honor it because Thrash had previously told branch




                                               -4-
                                                                                    04-19-00104-CV


employees he did not want Laura added to any of his accounts. Sullivan also testified that by 2017,

Frost Bank stopped paying submitted invoices.

       Finally, the probate court heard from Ben Wallis, Thrash’s ad litem, who had recently met

with Thrash. Wallis reported that during this meeting, Thrash was “very aware and conscientious”

and actively participated in the conversation. Wallis told the court that Thrash would consent to a

temporary guardianship so someone could review the matter. The court ultimately found there

was substantial evidence that Thrash lacked capacity and appointed attorney Tom Bassler the

temporary guardian of Thrash’s person and estate.

       Over the next year, Bassler provided the probate court with updates regarding Thrash’s

health and estate. The probate court also heard testimony from Thrash, who indicated he wanted

to live with Laura and did not need anyone intruding on his life. By November 2, 2017, Tonya

Barina, Thrash’s great-niece, filed an application to be appointed permanent guardian of Thrash’s

person and estate. Laura filed a response, arguing a permanent guardianship was unnecessary

because a less restrictive means—the power of attorney—was available. Laura asked the court to

appoint her guardian if it determined such appointment was necessary.

       In May and July of 2018, the probate court held hearings on Barina’s application and heard

testimony from attorney Robert Augsburger—who prepared Thrash’s recent power of attorney and

will—Laura, Thrash, Bassler, Barina, and some of Thrash’s family members. The probate court

also had before it the court investigator’s report, two medical reports, transcripts from the

temporary guardianship and status hearings, and the affidavit from the guardianship specialist.

       On November 15, 2018, the probate court signed an order appointing Laura guardian of

Thrash’s person and Barina guardian of Thrash’s estate. The probate court also awarded attorney’s

fees to be paid from Thrash’s estate to Thrash’s attorney ad litem, Barina’s attorney, and Laura’s

attorney.


                                                -5-
                                                                                            04-19-00104-CV


        Barina and Laura filed competing motions for new trial, and attorney Philip Ross,

purportedly retained by Thrash, filed a response arguing the permanent guardianships were

unnecessary, counter-productive, and contrary to Thrash’s best interest. On behalf of Thrash and

Laura, Ross also filed a response supporting Laura’s motion for new trial. On January 29, 2019,

the probate court, the Honorable Oscar Kazen presiding, 1 held a hearing on the motions for new

trial. At the hearing, attorney Enacio Barretto appeared on behalf of Laura, and Ross purported to

appear on behalf of Thrash. Because Thrash had already been found to lack capacity to contract,

the probate court treated Ross as Barretto’s co-counsel. On January 29, 2019, the probate court

signed two orders: one denying Laura’s motion for new trial and another granting Barina’s motion

for new trial and appointing Barina guardian of Thrash’s estate and Mary C. Werner guardian of

Thrash’s person.

        The next month, Laura and her adult daughter Brittany began filing pleadings with the

probate court as “persons interested in [Thrash],” seeking a temporary injunction to preserve the

status quo and to remove Barina and Werner as Thrash’s guardians. These filings were Brittany’s

first appearance in this case. On February 15, 2019, Laura and Brittany filed this appeal.

                                                ANALYSIS

                                                Standing

        Before addressing the appellants’ sufficiency arguments, we must determine whether

Brittany has standing to appeal. See Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440,

443–44 (Tex. 1993) (considering jurisdictional matter of standing before merits of case). Barina

argues Brittany lacks appellate standing because she did not participate in the underlying



1
 The Honorable Tom Rickhoff, who signed the November 15, 2018 order, retired on December 31, 2018, and the
Honorable Veronica Vasquez succeeded him. After the Honorable Veronica Vasquez recused herself, the case was
heard by the Honorable Oscar Kazen sitting in Probate Court No. 1.


                                                    -6-
                                                                                    04-19-00104-CV


proceedings until after the challenged order was signed, and never filed a motion to intervene as

an interested person under section 1055.003 of the Texas Estates Code (“the Code”). Appellants

contend, however, that Brittany has standing to appeal because she is a person interested in

Thrash’s welfare.

                            Standard of Review and Applicable Law

       Standing is a component of subject-matter jurisdiction. State v. Naylor, 466 S.W.3d 783,

787 (Tex. 2015). It must exist at every stage of a legal proceeding, including appeal. Williams v.

Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 184 (Tex. 2001). Appellate standing is typically afforded “only to parties

of record.” Naylor, 466 S.W.3d at 787 (internal quotations omitted). We lack jurisdiction over an

appeal filed by someone other than a party of record. Id. We resolve questions of standing and

jurisdiction under a de novo review. Id.

       Sections 1055.001 and 1055.003 of the Code outline who may become a party to a

guardianship proceeding. Section 1055.001 provides that any person has a right to commence a

guardianship proceeding or appear and contest a guardianship proceeding unless that person has

an adverse interest. TEX. EST. CODE ANN. § 1055.001. Section 1055.003 further provides that “an

interested person may intervene in a guardianship proceeding only by filing a timely motion to

intervene that is served on the parties.” Id. § 1055.003. The Code defines an “interested person”

as a “person interested in the welfare of an incapacitated person.” Id. § 1002.018(2).

                                           Application

       Here, Brittany did not file an application to commence a guardianship. See id. § 1055.001.

Nor did she contest the creation of a guardianship or file a motion to intervene in the underlying

proceedings prior to the challenged orders. See id. §§ 1055.001, 1055.003. Instead, the first time

Brittany attempted to insert herself into the guardianship proceeding was after the November 15,

2018 and January 29, 2019 orders were signed. However, “our common law dictates that a party


                                               -7-
                                                                                       04-19-00104-CV


may not intervene post-judgment unless the trial court first sets aside the judgment.” Naylor, 466

S.W.3d at 788.

        Appellants argue that Brittany is an “interested person” in Thrash’s welfare and therefore

has appellate standing. This argument is misplaced because it suggests a person’s mere interest in

the welfare of a ward is sufficient to establish appellate standing. Whether a person is qualified to

intervene in a guardianship proceeding is an issue separate and distinct from whether that person

is a party of record with standing to appeal a trial court order. See In re Guardianship of Gilmer,

No. 04-14-00362-CV, 2015 WL 3616071, at *7 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 10, 2015, no pet.)

(standing analysis is distinct analysis from determining qualification to serve as guardian). Here,

Brittany did not intervene and become a party of record until after the probate court signed the

orders she challenges on appeal. The probate court never set aside those orders. Because Brittany

was not a party of record in the probate court prior to the challenged orders, she lacks appellate

standing. See Naylor, 466 S.W.3d at 787–89; Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Huizar, 740 S.W.2d 429, 430

(Tex. 1987) (holding nonparties who have not properly intervened in trial court generally lack

standing to appeal trial court’s judgment). We must, therefore, dismiss her appeal for want of

jurisdiction.

                                    Sufficiency of the Evidence

        Laura argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the probate court’s

November 15, 2018 order finding Thrash incapacitated and appointing permanent guardians over

Thrash’s person and estate. According to Laura, the probate court disregarded uncontroverted

evidence that the 2016 powers of attorney were valid and constituted less restrictive alternatives

to guardianship. Laura further contends the probate court was motivated by an improper concern

regarding the payment of attorney’s fees without consideration of Thrash’s best interests or rights

outlined by the Bill of Rights of Wards.


                                                 -8-
                                                                                      04-19-00104-CV


       Barina counters that Laura ignores the overwhelming evidence that she mismanaged

Thrash’s estate and isolated him from his family and friends. She also argues Laura cannot

complain on appeal about the probate court’s incapacity finding because she, too, requested such

a finding when she filed the application for permanent guardianship.

                                        Standard of Review

       We review an order imposing a guardianship for an abuse of discretion. In re Guardianship

of Boatsman, 266 S.W.3d 80, 88 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.). A trial court abuses its

discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner without reference to any guiding rules

or principles. Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007). A trial court also abuses its

discretion by ruling without supporting evidence. Ford Motor Co. v. Garcia, 363 S.W.3d 573,

578 (Tex. 2012). An abuse of discretion does not occur when the trial court bases its decision on

conflicting evidence and some evidence of substantive and probative character supports its

decision. Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa, 299 S.W.3d 92, 97 (Tex. 2009).

       In guardianship proceedings, legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence are not

independent, reversible grounds of error; instead, they are factors to consider in assessing whether

there was an abuse of discretion. In re Guardianship of A.E., 552 S.W.3d 873, 877 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2018, no pet.). Because a finding of incapacity must be supported by clear and

convincing evidence, in a legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s decision to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have

formed a firm belief or conviction that its findings were true. In re Boatsman, 266 S.W.3d at 85–

86. In the legal sufficiency context, an abuse of discretion does not occur when the court’s decision

is based on conflicting evidence. In re A.E., 552 S.W.3d at 877.

       In addressing a factual sufficiency challenge, we must consider all the evidence in the

record—both in support of and contrary to the trial court’s findings—to determine whether a fact


                                                -9-
                                                                                       04-19-00104-CV


finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the finding. In re

Boatsman, 266 S.W.3d at 86. If the disputed evidence is so significant that a factfinder could not

have formed a firm belief or conviction in the truth of the trial court’s findings, then the evidence

is factually insufficient. Id. The trier of fact is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the

witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27–29 (Tex.

2002).

                                          Applicable Law

         The Legislature has determined that a court shall appoint a guardian for a person other than

a minor according to the circumstances and considering the best interests of the ward. TEX. EST.

CODE ANN. § 1104.101. Before appointing a guardian, the court must find by clear and convincing

evidence that: (1) the ward is an incapacitated person; (2) it is in the best interest of the ward to

have the court appoint a guardian; (3) the rights of the ward or the ward’s property will be protected

by the appointment of a guardian; and (4) alternatives to guardianship and supports and services

available have been considered and determined to be infeasible. Id. § 1101.101(a)(1). An

“incapacitated person” is defined, in relevant part, as “an adult who, because of a physical or

mental condition, is substantially unable to: (A) provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or

herself; (B) to care for the person’s own physical health; or (C) manage the person’s own financial

affairs.” Id. § 1002.017(2). A determination of incapacity of an adult proposed ward must be

evidenced by recurring acts or occurrences within the preceding six-month period, and not by

isolated instances of negligence or bad judgment. Id. § 1101.102.

              The Evidence Before the Probate Court at the Permanency Hearings

         1.     Medical Reports—Dr. Garcia and Dr. Faber

         The probate court considered two medical reports—one by Dr. Garcia, the

neuropyschologist whose report was attached to the application for temporary and permanent


                                                - 10 -
                                                                                     04-19-00104-CV


guardianship, and another by Dr. Faber, the psychiatrist appointed to perform a psychiatric

capacity examination of Thrash. Like Dr. Garcia, Dr. Faber reported that Thrash had Parkinson’s

disease, hypertension, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease, the severity of which was moderate. He

indicated there was no possibility of improvement in Thrash’s condition, and it would be in

Thrash’s best interest to have his medications administered by a third party. Dr. Faber reported

Thrash showed a deficit in both short- and long-term memory functions and could not solve

problems, reason logically, grasp abstract principles, interpret idiomatic expressions, or break

down complex tasks. He further reported Thrash was unable to make responsible decisions for

himself, including decisions on managing a personal bank account, administering his own

medications, consenting to medical treatment, or regarding marriage. Dr. Faber concluded Thrash

was “totally without capacity to care for himself or to manage his property.”

       2.      Augsburger’s Testimony

       Augsburger—the attorney who prepared estate planning documents for Thrash in June of

2016—testified that he met with Thrash two times. Laura drove Thrash to these appointments but

did not sit in the meetings. Augsburger testified that during his private consultations, Thrash

indicated he wanted to take care of Laura. At Thrash’s request, Augsburger prepared a directive

to physicians, a HIPAA authorization, and medical and statutory durable powers of attorney.

Augsburger testified that between the two meetings, Laura called him to discuss Thrash’s estate

plan, but he told Laura that information was confidential. Augsburger did not believe it was

improper for Laura to have driven Thrash to these meetings. Augsburger also stated he prepared

a will for Thrash, making Laura the sole beneficiary with her children the remainder beneficiaries.

       3.      Laura’s Testimony

       Laura testified that she has lived with Thrash for six years and they have a happy and caring

relationship. She testified that she informally handled Thrash’s medical and financial affairs prior


                                               - 11 -
                                                                                     04-19-00104-CV


to receiving the powers of attorney.      Laura explained that she took Thrash to his doctor

appointments, routinely took business calls, and took Thrash to a new attorney for estate planning

documents at Thrash’s request.

        With respect to Thrash’s activity at Frost Bank, Laura testified Thrash started selling

several of his investment properties and depositing large sums of money into one of his Frost Bank

accounts. According to Laura, Thrash was saving money to buy a “gingerbread house”—a house

that cost significant money—and expressed interest in speaking to Fidelity Investments to get a

better return on his money. Laura also explained that her ex-husband worked at Thrash’s

automobile shop, and Thrash was helping him become responsible with money. She stated that

Thrash “piggybanked” pieces of her ex-husband’s paycheck to help him save and pay an IRS

debt—the invoice Frost Bank declined to pay. She also explained that some of the credit card

invoices paid by the Frost Bank account were to pay contractors who did repairs to the automotive

shop.

        4.     Testimony from Thrash’s Family Members

        Iris Brigman is Thrash’s sister who lives in Frisco, Texas. She testified that she and other

members of Thrash’s family were concerned that Laura was controlling Thrash and keeping him

from his family. According to Iris, Laura has not dated Thrash for six years. She testified that

when Thrash became involved with Laura, it became hard to call Thrash or even visit him at his

home.

        Linda Gruntorad and Donna Galvanauska are Thrash’s step-daughters who testified they

maintained a good relationship with Thrash until about 2013 when he became involved with Laura.

They met Laura at a family funeral. Each testified Thrash described Laura as a woman he dated

who wanted him to help her pay her bills, to marry her, and to change “a lot of things in his life,”

including his will. Both testified they believed Thrash would not take those actions.


                                               - 12 -
                                                                                    04-19-00104-CV


       5.      Bassler’s Testimony

       Bassler testified that once he was appointed temporary guardian of Thrash’s estate, he

began meeting with Thrash once a week. During this time, Laura continued caring for Thrash’s

daily needs, and Thrash appeared to be happy and well taken care of by Laura. He reviewed

Thrash’s finances for the past five years and testified that he did not see any evidence that Laura

converted any of Thrash’s assets to her own. However, when he reviewed Thrash’s business

account activity, he noted two large purchases and some unusual payroll activity. First, in 2015,

Thrash purchased a $106,000 Corvette that he gave to Laura. Then in 2016, Thrash purchased a

house that cost approximately $750,000. He did not take out loans to buy either the Corvette or

the house. Additionally, payroll checks to Laura’s ex-husband, Laura’s stepson, and Brittany—

who acted as a pseudo-manager for the automotive business—were paid from the business

account. This activity was unusual because prior to 2015, Thrash only paid one employee.

       Bassler also testified Brittany lived in the apartment inside Thrash’s airplane hangar, but

had been taking a reduced salary since moving there. Laura’s ex-husband also lived in the

apartment above Thrash’s automotive repair shop for a short period of time after he was released

from prison.

       Bassler testified that when he was appointed temporary guardian of Thrash’s estate, he put

Thrash on a $5,000 monthly allowance and Laura used some of those funds to pay the $2,100

monthly mortgage on her own home. She sold that home in February of 2018 and deposited the

proceeds of the sale into one of Thrash’s bank accounts. When asked whether this activity was a

misuse of funds, Bassler opined he was unsure whether Thrash previously arranged to pay Laura’s

mortgage. He also testified it was hard to expect Laura not to use part of Thrash’s allowance

because their lives were so intertwined. With regard to the purchase of the new home, Bassler

testified the home was one story and safer for Thrash, especially compared to his previous


                                               - 13 -
                                                                                      04-19-00104-CV


apartment, which had metal steps and a single entrance and exit. Bassler testified the home was a

real estate investment, particularly when a review of Thrash’s finances shows he sold several

properties before buying the new home.

       6.      Barina’s Testimony

       Barina testified she believed a guardianship was necessary to protect Thrash because he

was spending such large sums of money and making extreme lifestyle changes. Barina testified

that once Laura came into Thrash’s life, she was not allowed to visit Thrash, and had not visited

Thrash in more than three years. Barina added, however, that if she was appointed as Thrash’s

guardian, she did not plan to disturb his relationship with Laura. She testified Thrash seemed

happy in his home and living with Laura.

                                            Application

       Again, though Laura frames her issues as evidentiary sufficiency, legal and factual

sufficiency are not independent, reversible grounds of error in guardianship proceedings but are,

instead, factors to consider in assessing whether the probate court abused its discretion. In re A.E.,

552 S.W.3d at 877. With this in mind, we turn to the probate court’s November 15, 2018 order.

In that order, the probate court made the following findings:

   1. Thrash is incapacitated;

   2. Thrash’s incapacity is evidenced by recurring acts or occurrences within the preceding six-
      month period and not isolated instances of negligence or bad judgment;

   3. Alternatives to guardianship are infeasible;

   4. Supports and services available to Thrash are infeasible;

   5. Thrash’s rights should be fully limited; and

   6. It is in Thrash’s best interest to have guardians with full powers and authority over Thrash.

See TEX. EST. CODE. ANN. § 1101.101.



                                                - 14 -
                                                                                   04-19-00104-CV


       Here, the evidence shows that Thrash suffered from degenerative dementia and

Alzheimer’s disease—conditions that cause the loss of cognitive function—with no signs of

improvement. At the evidentiary hearings, the probate court considered two medical reports, both

concluding that Thrash lacked capacity. The reports indicated Thrash required daily assistance

with all his needs, including financial needs, because he could not comprehend complex matters.

       The record further reflects Thrash’s spending patterns and use of his money market account

changed significantly in 2016. That year, Thrash purchased a home valued at approximately

$750,000 after living in a modest apartment located above his automotive repair shop for several

years. According to the court investigator, Thrash believed the home he bought only cost

$230,000. Testimony provided by Sullivan and Bassler reveals that Thrash began making large,

uncharacteristic purchases and paying credit card invoices and unusual business expenses out of

his money market account as early as 2015. The record also contains evidence that Laura’s family

members started appearing on the payroll that year, Thrash paid for an IRS debt incurred by

Laura’s ex-husband, and he loaned Laura $50,000. The probate court also heard evidence that

Laura always accompanied Thrash to his bank branch, filled out all his bank paperwork, and did

not allow Thrash to speak to any bank employees. Sullivan testified that bank employees did not

believe Thrash understood the financial paperwork Laura had him sign. There was also evidence

that Laura continued to mismanage Thrash’s finances after the probate court appointed Bassler as

Thrash’s temporary guardian of his estate—the record reflects that Laura used $2,100 of the $5,000

monthly allowance Bassler provided Thrash to pay the mortgage on her own home until it sold in

February of 2018.

       In addition to Thrash’s unusual financial activity, the record contains evidence that Laura

isolated Thrash from his friends and family members. Specifically, the court investigator reported

Laura maintained a “black list” of individuals with whom Thrash had long-standing relationships


                                              - 15 -
                                                                                     04-19-00104-CV


who she prevented from talking to Thrash. The evidence also shows Thrash did not have a cell

phone, and all phone calls went through Laura. Family members as well as business associates

confirmed they could not speak to Thrash privately. Thrash’s step-daughters also testified Thrash

told them Laura wanted to marry Thrash and control his finances.

       Laura’s arguments—that the probate court abused its discretion by not considering the

powers of attorney prepared by Augsburger, Thrash’s best interests, or the rights outlined by the

Bill of Rights of Wards—focus on the evidence favorable to her and ignore the conflicting

evidence that she abused the powers Thrash granted her by mismanaging his accounts and isolating

him from friends and family. See In re A.E., 552 S.W.3d at 877 (abuse of discretion does not occur

when court’s decision based on conflicting evidence). Viewing the evidence presented at trial as

we must, we conclude a rational trier of fact could have found by clear and convincing evidence

each of the findings in the probate court’s orders, including that Thrash was incapacitated and that

less restrictive alternatives to guardianship were infeasible. See TEX. EST. CODE. § 1101.101; In

re A.E., 552 S.W.3d at 877; In re Boatsman, 266 S.W.3d at 86. We therefore hold the evidence is

legally sufficient to support the probate court’s order. See In re A.E., 522 S.W.3d at 877; In re

Boatsman, 266 S.W.3d at 86.

       Turning to Laura’s factual sufficiency challenge, the probate court heard testimony from

both Laura and Thrash that Thrash was happy with Laura. Laura specifically testified that Thrash

wanted her to manage his finances and approved her actions. As the exclusive judge of the

credibility of the witnesses, the probate court, however, could have disregarded this testimony.

See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27–29. Moreover, Laura did not produce any medical evidence

controverting the medical reports concluding Thrash lacked capacity.          Contrary to Laura’s

argument, the probate court was in the best position to observe the credibility and demeanor of the

witnesses and to determine that a finding of incapacity was in Thrash’s best interest. See id. We


                                               - 16 -
                                                                                    04-19-00104-CV


therefore conclude the probate court could have reasonably formed a firm belief about the truth of

the allegations in the application for appointment of a guardian. See id. We therefore hold the

evidence is factually sufficient and overrule Laura’s sufficiency challenge to the November 15,

2018 order. See id.

                                        Motion for New Trial

        Laura also argues that the probate court erred in denying her motion for new trial, which

challenged the sufficiency of the November 15, 2018 order. A review of the record reflects that

after considering the evidence produced at the permanency hearings, the probate court denied

Laura’s motion for new trial and granted Barina’s motion for new trial—which repeated the

findings from the November 15, 2018 order, appointed Barina guardian of Thrash’s estate, and

appointed Werner guardian of Thrash’s person. Having determined that the evidence is legally

and factually sufficient to support the probate court’s November 15, 2018 order, we also conclude

the probate court did not abuse its discretion in denying Laura’s motion for new trial with respect

to her sufficiency complaints. See Manjlai v. Manjlai, 447 S.W.3d 376, 379 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied) (applying sufficiency standard of review to review of motion for

new trial challenging sufficiency).

        Turning to Laura’s last argument challenging the probate court’s January 29, 2019 order

appointing Werner guardian of Thrash’s person, Laura argues the probate court abused its

discretion because Thrash preferred her and there is no evidence she breached her fiduciary duty

after she was appointed guardian of Thrash’s person. In response, Barina argues the probate court

did not abuse its discretion by replacing Laura as guardian of Thrash’s person because Laura was

statutorily ineligible to serve as his guardian.




                                                   - 17 -
                                                                                     04-19-00104-CV


                                       Standard of Review

       “We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion.”

Rodriguez v. United Van Lines, Inc., 21 S.W.3d 382, 382 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet.

denied). “A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts ‘unreasonably or without regard to any

guiding principles.’” Id.

                                         Applicable Law

       The Code contains several provisions outlining who may be appointed a guardian and why

a guardian may be removed. Section 1104.102 provides that when two or more eligible people are

equally entitled to be appointed guardian of an incapacitated person, the court should give

preference to the incapacitated person’s spouse or a nearest of kin. TEX. EST. CODE. ANN.

§ 1104.102. Section 1104.354 also provides that a person may not be appointed as a guardian if

that person is indebted to the proposed ward. Id. § 1104.354. Additionally, section 1203.051

authorizes the court, on its own motion or on the motion of an interested person, to remove a

guardian who was previously appointed if such power is being abused. Id. § 1203.051.

                                           Application

       At the motion for new trial hearing, the probate court had before it the court investigator’s

report, which showed Laura owed Thrash money and was mishandling Thrash’s finances. The

probate court also considered Sullivan’s opinion that Laura mishandled Thrash’s money market

account and Bassler’s testimony that Laura was using Thrash’s allowance to pay her mortgage

during the pendency of the guardianship proceeding. Based on this evidence, the probate court

concluded Laura was indebted to Thrash, so “never should have been appointed the guardian of

[Thrash’s] person in the first place.” We conclude the probate court did not abuse its discretion in

declining to appoint as guardian of Thrash’s person someone who was not qualified to serve.

Accordingly, we overrule Laura’s final sufficiency challenge.


                                               - 18 -
                                                                                      04-19-00104-CV


                                 Stay of Underlying Proceedings

       Finally, Laura requests we stay the underlying proceeding during the pendency of this

appeal. She contends a stay is necessary to prevent imminent danger of irreparable harm and injury

to Thrash. Having determined the probate court did not abuse its discretion in either of its

November 15, 2018 and January 29, 2019 orders, we conclude Laura’s request for a stay is moot.

See Heckman v. Williamson County, 369 S.W.3d 137, 162 (Tex. 2012) (“Put simply, a case is moot

when the court’s action on the merits cannot affect the parties’ rights or interests.”); See In re

Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex. 2005) (“A case becomes moot if a

controversy ceases to exist between the parties at any stage of the legal proceedings . . .”).

                                           CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we dismiss this appeal as to Brittany for want of jurisdiction, affirm

the probate court’s order, and deny appellants’ request for a stay as moot.

                                                   Beth Watkins, Justice




                                                - 19 -
