      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER.
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

CENTRAL RECYCLING                                  )
SERVICES, INC.,                                    )    Supreme Court No. S-16036
                                                   )
                      Appellant,                   )    Superior Court No. 3AN-14-04776 CI
                                                   )
      v.                                           )    OPINION
                                                   )
MUNICIPALITY OF ANCHORAGE,                         )
                                                   )    No. 7150 – February 10, 2017
                      Appellee.                    )
                                                   )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
              Judicial District, Anchorage, Eric A. Aarseth, Judge.

              Appearances: Stacey C. Stone, Holmes Weddle & Barcott,
              P.C., Anchorage, for Appellant. Samuel C. Severin,
              Assistant Municipal Attorney, and Dennis Wheeler,
              Municipal Attorney, Anchorage, for Appellee.

              Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, and
              Bolger, Justices. [Fabe, Justice, not participating.]

              WINFREE, Justice.


I.    INTRODUCTION
              A recycling company requested rebates under a municipal ordinance
providing reduced fees for disposing solid waste residue at the municipal landfill. The
municipal department dispersing the rebates construed the ordinance as resulting in
lower rebates than the company expected. The company sued the municipality, and the
superior court ruled in the municipality’s favor. The company appeals. Although the
ordinance language is imperfect, legislative intent more strongly supports the
municipality’s interpretation. We therefore affirm the superior court’s decision.
II.   FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
             Central Recycling Services, Inc. recovers post-consumer materials for
reuse, mainly from construction and demolition waste. These materials include
cardboard, glass, steel, aluminum, copper, asphalt, concrete, tires, and lumber. Entities
primarily engaged in recycling are entitled to reduced fees at the Anchorage municipal
landfill when disposing solid waste residue generated from recyclable materials.1 The
relevant municipal ordinance, AMC 26.80.055, conditionally reduces fees for
“[b]usinesses or organizations engaged in recycling of paper, plastic, glass and steel,
aluminum, copper and brass.”2 A recycling entity must submit a rebate request and
supporting documentation; Solid Waste Services (SWS), a municipal utility operating
the landfill, determines whether the entity’s residue is eligible for reduced fees.3 The
reduced fees are returned in a quarterly rebate.4
             Between 2010 and 2014 Central Recycling submitted 12 rebate requests to
SWS. Central Recycling apparently received its first rebate in 2012 and, believing it
was entitled to a larger rebate, began disputing SWS’s application of the ordinance.
Specifically, Central Recycling disagreed with SWS’s interpretation that the fee
reduction applies only to waste residue from materials expressly listed in the ordinance.


      1
             Anchorage Municipal Code (AMC) 26.80.055(A) (1996).
      2
             Id.
      3
             AMC 26.80.055(A)(2).
      4
             AMC 26.80.055(A)(4).

                                           -2-                                      7150

             In January 2014 Central Recycling brought suit against the Municipality
of Anchorage, asserting that SWS’s ordinance interpretation was incorrect and seeking
a declaratory judgment and damages for unpaid rebates. The Municipality moved for
summary judgment in January 2015, maintaining that the ordinance allows the rebate
only for waste residue from the seven listed materials. Central Recycling opposed,
arguing that the list is not exhaustive of the materials generating qualifying residue and
that the Anchorage Assembly intended to incentivize recycling to divert waste from the
landfill. At oral argument the superior court agreed with the Municipality, explaining
that “the plain language of the code . . . said what it said, and that these were the
list[ed] . . . things that you[’ve] got to recycle.” The court granted the Municipality
summary judgment on the declaratory remedy, which was dispositive of the action, and
entered final judgment against Central Recycling in July 2015.
             Central Recycling appeals, contending that the superior court erroneously
interpreted the ordinance.
III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
             We review a grant of summary judgment de novo.5 But this appeal presents
only a legal question regarding the correct interpretation of AMC 26.80.055, and the
parties dispute the level of deference we should apply to the agency’s interpretation.
Central Recycling argues that we should use our independent judgment in interpreting
the ordinance because it does not involve agency expertise.6 The Municipality argues


       5
             Bush v. Elkins, 342 P.3d 1245, 1251 (Alaska 2015).
       6
               Louie v. BP Expl. (Alaska), Inc., 327 P.3d 204, 206 (Alaska 2014)
(applying independent judgment, this court “interpret[s] [a] statute according to reason,
practicality, and common sense, considering the meaning of the statute’s language, its
legislative history, and its purpose”).

                                           -3-                                      7150

that the reasonable basis test for agency interpretation applies because “fundamental
policy considerations of the administrative agency are at play.”7 Because even under
Central Recycling’s proposed standard of review we affirm the superior court’s decision,
we do not need to decide which is appropriate.
IV.      DISCUSSION
         A.   Overview
              Whether construing a statute or municipal ordinance “[w]e apply the same
rules of interpretation.”8 “When we construe a statute, we look at both its plain language
and . . . its legislative history.”9 We use a sliding scale approach under which “[t]he
plainer the statutory language is, the more convincing the evidence of contrary legislative




         7
            In Davis Wright Tremaine LLP v. State, Dep’t of Admin., 324 P.3d 293, 299
(Alaska 2014), we explained:
                     We apply the reasonable basis standard to questions of
              law involving “agency expertise or the determination of
              fundamental policies within the scope of the agency’s
              statutory functions.” When applying the reasonable basis
              test, we “seek to determine whether the agency’s decision is
              supported by the facts and has a reasonable basis in law, even
              if we may not agree with the agency’s ultimate
              determination.”
(first quoting Marathon Oil Co. v. State, Dep’t of Natural Res., 254 P.3d 1078, 1082
(Alaska 2011); then quoting Tesoro Alaska Petroleum Co. v. Kenai Pipe Line Co., 746
P.2d 896, 903 (Alaska 1987)).
         8
              City of Kenai v. Friends of Recreation Ctr., Inc., 129 P.3d 452, 459 (Alaska
2006).
         9
              Alaskans for a Common Language, Inc. v. Kritz, 170 P.3d 183, 192 (Alaska
2007).

                                           -4-                                       7150

purpose or intent must be.”10 “[W]henever possible, we construe a statute in light of its
purpose.”11
              Under AMC 26.80.055(A) municipal landfill disposal fees are conditionally
reduced for a recycling entity’s solid waste residue:
                      Businesses or organizations engaged in recycling of
              paper, plastic, glass and steel, aluminum, copper and brass
              shall be granted a one-half reduction in disposal fees for solid
              waste residue resulting from the recycling operation if all of
              the conditions provided in subsection A.1. of this section are
              met.[12] For purposes of this subsection, a recycling operation

      10
            Pebble P’ship ex rel. Pebble Mines Corp. v. Parnell, 215 P.3d 1064,
1075-76 (Alaska 2009) (quoting City of Kenai, 129 P.3d at 459).
      11	
              Kritz, 170 P.3d at 192-93.
      12	
              AMC 26.80.055(A)(1) establishes eight “[c]onditions for fee reduction”:
              a.	    Recycling is the primary operation of the business or
                     organization;
              b.	    The recycling operation recovers at least an average of
                     100 tons of recyclable material per month calculated
                     on a quarterly basis;
              c.	    The recyclable material is shipped out of state or the
                     recyclable material is incorporated into a new
                     consumer product manufactured in Alaska directly by
                     the recycling operation;
              d.	    The solid waste residue is a maximum of 25 percent of
                     the weight of the recyclable material recovered;
              e.	    The solid waste residue is a direct result of the
                     recycling operation only;
              f.	    The solid waste residue is not commingled with other
                     solid waste not related to the recycling operation when
                                                                            (continued...)

                                            -5-	                                    7150

              is one that recovers post-consumer solid waste materials for
              use in new consumer products.
              Eligible solid waste residue must result directly from the recycling
operation and be no more than 25% of the recovered recyclable material’s weight.13
After submitting a quarterly report to SWS documenting types and quantities of materials
recycled and their respective residues, a recycling business receives the fee reduction
through a rebate.14
              The parties dispute the meaning of the provision’s first sentence. The
Municipality contends that a business recycling any of those seven items with other
materials is entitled to a fee rebate for residue generated only from those seven specific
items. The Municipality asserts that the list is exclusive and that residue produced from
other recyclable materials is ineligible for the rebate.
              It is not clear whether Central Recycling’s primary contention is that the list
merely reflects types of materials an eligible business might recycle — and therefore is
illustrative and not operative — or whether, at minimum, an entity must recycle listed

       12
              (...continued)

                     it is delivered to the Anchorage Regional Landfill;

              g.	     The solid waste residue does not contain any
                      recyclable material; and
              h.	     The solid waste residue shall be free from flowing
                      liquids, not have a moisture content greater than 30
                      percent and not be hazardous. Sample testing costs
                      shall be the responsibility of the generator.
              The parties do not dispute whether Central Recycling meets these eight
additional requirements.
       13
              AMC 26.80.055(A)(1)(d); (A)(1)(e).
       14
              AMC 26.80.055(A)(4).

                                            -6-	                                       7150

materials, regardless of other materials it recycles, to produce eligible residue. But the
plain language does not suggest the list is only representative of recyclable materials
generally; as the Municipality observes, under Central Recycling’s argument “the list of
seven items could simply be removed from the ordinance,” rendering its presence
meaningless. And “[w]hen we interpret a statute, we presume that no words or
provisions are superfluous and that the legislature intended ‘every word, sentence, or
provision of a statute to have some purpose, force, and effect.’ ”15 We therefore assume
Central Recycling poses the second, closer contention — that so long as a business
recycles one or more listed materials, it is entitled to reduced fees for residue derived
from any materials it recycles.
       B.     The Ordinance Is Ambiguous.
              The fee reduction under AMC 26.80.055(A) is restricted to “[b]usinesses
or organizations engaged in recycling of paper, plastic, glass and steel, aluminum, copper
and brass.”16 Tools of statutory construction could apply to support either interpretation
the parties propose. On one hand the ordinance’s express language does not strictly limit
the fee reduction to residue from listed materials. On the other hand common sense and
the expressio unius maxim support interpreting the list as exclusive. The ordinance
ultimately is too ambiguous to interpret based on its language alone.


       15
            Adamson v. Municipality of Anchorage, 333 P.3d 5, 16 (Alaska 2014)
(quoting Monzulla v. Voorhees Concrete Cutting, 254 P.3d 341, 345 (Alaska 2011)).
       16
                Central Recycling suggests that, under the Municipality’s interpretation,
“and” appearing twice in the sentence would require a recycling operation to recycle “all
seven items and only the seven items.” Although “and” typically creates a conjunctive,
a strict interpretation of its effect here would produce an inflexible and unintended result.
Cf. Emp’t Sec. Comm’n v. Wilson, 461 P.2d 425, 428-29 (Alaska 1969) (describing the
conjunctive effect of “and” in statutory construction).
                                            -7-                                        7150

              Central Recycling contends that the relevant language identifies eligible
businesses — those recycling listed materials —rather than eligible materials or residue.
And the ordinance’s language neither expressly limits rebates to residue from listed
materials nor addresses unlisted materials. Central Recycling recycles cardboard, plastic,
glass, steel, aluminum, and copper, along with additional items not listed. As a “business
. . . engaged in recycling” listed materials, Central Recycling would meet the threshold
requirement under its interpretation.
              The second part of the first sentence also supports Central Recycling’s
interpretation because it does not associate discount eligibility with the residue generated
only from the seven listed items. Rather, AMC 26.80.055(A) explains that the rebate
shall be granted “for solid waste residue resulting from the recycling operation.”
(Emphasis added.) The Anchorage Assembly could have limited rebate eligibility by
referring back to the listed materials, but it did not. Central Recycling contends this
language selection was purposeful, meant to “encourage recycling of all kinds of
‘recyclable materials,’ ” not just the seven listed materials.
              Finally, Central Recycling notes that AMC 26.80.055(A)’s second sentence
defines “recycling operation” broadly as an operation “that recovers post-consumer solid
waste materials for use in new consumer products” without referencing the listed
materials. That provision could be plainly read — as Central Recycling asserts — as
providing the fee reduction for residue resulting from any operation recovering post-
consumer solid waste materials for use in new consumer products, not just operations
recycling the listed materials and not just waste produced from the listed materials.
              Despite Central Recycling’s arguments, tools of statutory construction also
support the Municipality’s contention that the seven-item list is exhaustive of the
materials for which a recycling operation may receive the fee reduction. A natural

                                            -8-                                       7150

reading of AMC 26.80.055(A)’s initially restricting clause could indicate that “the
recycling operation” (emphasis added) refers back to the entity’s “recycling of” the
explicit seven materials; therefore, the “residue resulting” from that operation would
mean residue produced from recycling only those seven materials.
              Interpreted this way, the first sentence effectively would describe “the
recycling operation” as a business or organization recycling the seven listed items. This
definition would be at odds with AMC 26.80.055(A)’s second sentence, expressly
defining “recycling operation” in more general terms as “one that recovers post­
consumer solid waste materials for use in new consumer products.” But the Municipality
argues that when one statutory provision “deals with a subject in general terms and
another deals with a part of the same subject in a more detailed way” — and the
conflicting provisions cannot be harmonized — then “the specific section will control
over the general.”17 Because the materials list provides a more specific explanation of
a recycling operation, it controls, resolving the conflict.
              Following this interpretation, if the eligible “residue resulting” were only
the residue corresponding to the listed materials, then the Municipality’s assertion that
expressio unius est exclusio alterius applies has force. Expressio unius operates when
“a statute expressly enumerates the things or persons to which it applies.”18 The maxim
embraces the negative implication, “establish[ing] the inference that, where certain things
are designated in a statute, ‘all omissions should be understood as exclusions.’ ”19

       17
             Nelson v. Municipality of Anchorage, 267 P.3d 636, 642 (Alaska
2011) (quoting In re Hutchinson’s Estate, 577 P.2d 1074, 1075 (Alaska 1978)).
       18
              Ranney v. Whitewater Eng’g, 122 P.3d 214, 218 (Alaska 2005).
       19
              Id. (quoting Croft v. Pan Alaska Trucking, Inc., 820 P.2d 1064, 1066
                                                                      (continued...)

                                            -9-                                      7150

Omitting other recyclable materials from the express list establishes an inference that
unrelated residue is ineligible for the rebate program.
              “Reason, practicality, and common sense”20 also favor the Municipality.
Construing the ordinance as Central Recycling proposes, a business recycling only
unlisted materials would be disqualified from rebates, while a business recycling only
small quantities of listed materials but disposing large quantities of residue from unlisted
recyclable materials would receive large rebates. This seems impractical considering the
financial impact to the Municipality and its landfill from lost disposal fees.21
              Because there is some ambiguity in the provision’s language, we examine
legislative history for the ordinance’s purpose and the lawmaking body’s intent.
       C.     Legislative History Supports The Municipality’s Interpretation.
              The Anchorage Assembly adopted the ordinance in April 1996.22 As
introduced that January the ordinance did not contain the seven-item list. The first
sentence simply stated: “Businesses or organizations engaged in recycling shall be


       19
            (...continued)
(Alaska 1991)).
       20
              Louie v. BP Expl. (Alaska), Inc., 327 P.3d 204, 206 (Alaska 2014).
       21
             Central Recycling’s interpretation could negate the ordinance’s public
benefit by increasing other user groups’ disposal fees to compensate for recycling
operations’ discounts, a concern the Anchorage mayor and the municipal Solid Waste
Advisory Commission expressed in separate memoranda on the then-proposed
ordinance. Memorandum 182-96 from Rick Mystrom, Mayor, to the Anchorage
Assembly on AO 96-18(S), Proposal for Reduced Disposal Fees for Recycling
Operations, at 1-2 (February 6, 1996); Statement of Solid Waste Advisory Commission
to the Anchorage Assembly on AO No. 96-18 (Jan. 31, 1996).
       22
              Minutes, Anchorage Assembly Regular Meeting on Ordinance No. AO 96­
18(S), at 12 (Apr. 9, 1996).

                                           -10-                                       7150

granted a one-half reduction in disposal fees for residue resulting from the recycling
operation if all of the conditions . . . below are met.”23 The original language
demonstrated an intent to discount residue from any recyclable material.
              The proposal’s initial policy goals probably were best expressed by its main
sponsor, who introduced the reduced disposal fee ordinance proposal because recycling
businesses and organizations provide a twofold “invaluable service” to the community
by (1) accepting waste materials otherwise destined for the municipal landfill and
(2) processing those materials to remove recyclables for use in new consumer products.24
As the sponsor stated: “The critical point is: By accepting and processing this waste, the
total amount of waste placed in our landfill is significantly reduced.”25 Central Recycling
argues the proposal’s purpose was preserving landfill capacity by incentivizing
recycling.
              The Municipality concedes that the ordinance’s stated rationale was
diverting recyclable waste from the landfill, but argues that the seven-item list was later
added to limit the waste residue accepted for reduced fees. Although “[s]tatements made
by a bill’s sponsor during legislative deliberations are relevant evidence when the court
is trying to determine legislative intent,”26 and we aim to construe a statute “in light of



       23
              Proposed Ordinance of Anchorage Assembly, Jan. 9, 1996, AO No. 96-18.
       24
             Memorandum AM 73-96 from Craig Campbell, Assembly Chair, to the
Anchorage Assembly on AO 96-18, Proposal for Reduced Disposal Fees for Recycling
Operations, at 1 (Jan. 9, 1996).
       25
              Id.
       26
             Trudell v. Hibbert, 272 P.3d 331, 337 (Alaska) (quoting Beck v. State,
Dep’t of Transp. & Pub. Facilities, 837 P.2d 105, 117 (Alaska 1992)), revised on reh’g
(Alaska 2012), vacated in part on reh’g on other grounds, 299 P.3d 1279 (Alaska 2013).
                                           -11-                                      7150

its purpose,”27 a sponsor’s statement does not account for the intent behind subsequent
amendments. We therefore must examine the purpose of including the seven-item list.
               The language at issue was recommended by the City Mayor and SWS. The
mayor explained:
               [W]e’ve added specific types of materials traditionally being
               recycled[,] i.e. paper, plastic, glass, steel, and the non-ferrous
               metals of aluminum, copper[,] and brass in order to better
               define what recycling means. By adding these specific
               products it would also mean that residues left after
               hydrocarbon contaminated soils have been treated, whole car
               seats or tires originating from salvage yards or forest products
               resulting from land clearing operations would not be eligible
               for the discounted fees.[28]
Although this explanation is not entirely clear, we agree with the Municipality that it
reasonably demonstrates the list was added to limit eligibility to residue from the listed
materials. The mayor’s statement at first merely suggests that the list was added to
“better define” what is “traditionally” — or typically — recycled, rather than to limit
eligible materials. Similarly, suggesting that the list helps “better define” what is meant
by “recycling” may imply the list is not exhaustive of what is recyclable or what residue
qualifies.29




         27
               Alaskans for a Common Language, Inc. v. Kritz, 170 P.3d 183, 192 (Alaska
2007).
         28
             Memorandum AO 343-96 from Rick Mystrom, Mayor, to the Anchorage
Assembly on AO 96-18(S), Proposal for Reduced Disposal Fees for Recycling
Operations, at 1 (Apr. 2, 1996).
         29
               Id.

                                             -12-                                    7150

              But the second sentence clarifies that “specific products” — meaning
residue generated from any materials not listed — “would not be eligible for the
discounted fees.”30 The mayor’s explanation, as a whole, shows that the seven materials
were listed to preclude residue from unlisted materials. Because the mayor’s explanation
responded to the original proposed ordinance, and because the Assembly’s enacted
ordinance included the modified language recommended by the mayor, we presume the
Assembly agreed with the mayor’s reasoning for adding the seven-item list.
              Finally, Central Recycling’s interpretation partly, and incorrectly, relies on
the Assembly’s post-enactment ordinance description. When the Assembly amended
AMC 26.80.055 in 2000 to eliminate its sunset clause, an Assembly member who had
been a sponsor of the original enactment explained that the ordinance “came about to
reduce the bulk that is placed in the landfill.”31 Central Recycling suggests this should
be interpreted as confirming the goal of extending the landfill’s life by avoiding excess
waste, with little concern over encouraging specific forms of recycling or consequent
revenue losses. Because the statement was made four years later — and the Assembly
was not directly probing the ordinance’s policy rationale at that time — we accord this
statement little weight.
              We therefore conclude that the legislative history supports the
Municipality’s view: AMC 26.80.055(A) provides an exclusive list of the materials
whose recycling generates residue eligible for the disposal fee reduction.
V.     CONCLUSION
              We AFFIRM the superior court’s decision.


       30
              Id.
       31
             Minutes, Anchorage Assembly Regular Meeting on Ordinance No. AO
2000-30, at 20-21 (Apr. 18, 2000) (comments of George Wuerch, Assembly Member).

                                           -13-                                       7150

