                                     2014 IL App (1st) 130007




                                                                              FOURTH DIVISION
                                                                              December 18, 2014




No. 1-13-0007

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                          )       Appeal from the
                                                              )       Circuit Court of
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                    )       Cook County.
                                                              )
       v.                                                     )       No. 03 CR 7109
                                                              )
KENYATTA WHITE,                                               )       Honorable
                                                              )       Diane Gordon Cannon,
        Defendant-Appellant.                                  )       Judge Presiding.

       JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Epstein and Ellis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1     Kenyatta White was convicted of first degree murder in the shooting death of Aramein

Brown after a bench trial conducted in the circuit court of Cook County in 2006. In 2012,

defendant initiated proceedings for relief pursuant to the Illinois Post-Conviction Hearing Act

(Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2012)). The postconviction petition alleged that

defendant is actually innocent of the crime for which he was convicted and that defendant was

denied his rights to due process and effective assistance of counsel at trial and on direct appeal.

The circuit court of Cook County dismissed the petition as frivolous and patently without merit.

We hold that this petition for postconviction relief, when liberally construed and taken as true, as

required by law when determining the sufficiency of an initial postconviction petition, has an
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arguable basis in law and fact and should proceed to the second stage of postconviction

proceedings.

¶2     The circuit court of Cook County’s judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for

further proceedings.

¶3                                     BACKGROUND

¶4     A summary of the relevant evidence adduced at trial will suffice to give context to the

allegations in the petition and the evidence defendant attached in support of that petition.

¶5     The charges against defendant arose from the January 6, 2003, shooting death of Aramein

Brown at a gas station at 79th and Yates in Chicago. Police arrested defendant pursuant to a

warrant and placed him in a lineup. Defendant’s attorney was present for the lineup but was not

able to view the witnesses when the witnesses viewed the lineup participants. Witnesses

identified defendant as the shooter from the lineup. Martina Brewer was the victim’s girlfriend

and was present when the crime occurred. Brewer testified before the grand jury and identified

the shooter as a person she knew by the nickname “Yatta.” Brewer also identified a photograph

of Yatta before the grand jury. Brewer identified defendant as the person she knew as Yatta at

defendant’s trial.

¶6     Following grand jury proceedings, the State conducted a bond hearing for material

witness Martina Brewer. At the bond hearing for Brewer, the State alleged Brewer had indicated

she would not come to court to testify because she was afraid. Brewer testified at the bond

hearing that she was afraid to testify in the case.

¶7     Brewer eventually testified at defendant’s trial; however, Brewer’s trial testimony was

inconsistent with the prior testimony she gave before the grand jury. At the trial, Brewer

testified that on the night of the murder while at the gas station with the victim, she heard a loud


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sound and saw “the guy” running away. Defendant would later testify that he is incapable of

running due to a medical condition. The victim fell to the ground and did not move. The

victim’s brother, Ajani Brown, arrived at the scene. Brewer testified that Ajani asked Brewer if

she knew who killed the victim. Brewer told Ajani she did not know who killed Aramein.

Brewer testified that Ajani told her to say that Yatta was the murderer. She testified, however,

that she did not know who killed Aramein. The State elicited testimony from Brewer

acknowledging her identification of defendant before the grand jury. The defense stipulated to

Brewer’s grand jury testimony through the assistant State’s Attorney who spoke to Brewer when

she appeared as a witness before the grand jury.

¶8     At defendant’s trial, Brewer denied telling police at the hospital that Yatta shot Aramein,

but she acknowledged that at the police station she told police she knew the offender and that his

name was Yatta. Detective Alejandro Almazan testified that he spoke to Brewer at the hospital

after the shooting and that Brewer told him she knew the shooter by the name of Yatta or

Kenyatta. Brewer’s testimony also confirmed that she identified defendant from a photo array

while at the police station. A police detective, Brandon Deenihan, also testified that Brewer

identified defendant from a photo array a few hours after the shooting. The detective testified

that Brewer never told him that Ajani Brown threatened her. On cross-examination Brewer

reiterated her testimony that defendant was not the shooter. She also testified regarding a

statement she provided to defendant’s trial attorney recanting her prior sworn testimony.

¶9     Sherry Collier was at the gas station which was the scene of the shooting using a pay

telephone when the shooting took place. Collier testified that she was new to the neighborhood

at the time of the murder. She observed a van at the gas pumps and a man walking toward her.

The man came close to her and, Collier testified, she got a good look at him. Collier identified


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defendant as that man. The man pulled out a black gun and started toward the gas pumps. The

man shot another man standing by the van at the pumps. The victim started to run and the

shooter followed, the victim fell, the man shot him again, then the shooter ran away at full speed.

Collier testified that police arrived in less than 10 minutes. Police officer Ken Francisco later

testified he was only a block and a half away when he was dispatched to the shooting and he

arrived within minutes. Collier spoke to police and gave them a description of the shooter. On

cross-examination, Collier agreed with defense counsel that defendant has a distinctive face but

she did not mention that to police. A week later Collier chose defendant’s picture from a series

of photographs police showed her at the police station. She also testified that she identified

defendant as the shooter at a lineup. Another witness, Shawn Davis, testified in defendant’s trial.

He also identified defendant as the shooter from a photo array and again at trial.

¶ 10   Asim Akbar testified for the defense. Akbar and David Jennings had arranged to sell

marijuana to Aramein Brown at the gas station on the night of Aramein’s murder. Akbar

testified they had completed that transaction and Akbar was returning from the inside of the gas

station when he observed a man approach from the rear of Akbar’s van and shoot Aramein.

Akbar testified that the man who shot Aramein was not in court. Brian Williams testified that he

was with Keith Slaughter driving by the gas station when they heard gunshots. Williams

testified he saw a man run from behind the gas station and fall, and then another man in brown

clothing came from behind the gas station with a gun. Williams testified an investigator for the

defense showed him photographs (of defendant) and that the person in the photos was not the

person he saw the night of the shooting. Keith Slaughter also testified for the defense. At trial,

Slaughter insisted he never positively identified defendant as the shooter, but the State elicited

testimony from other witnesses who testified that Slaughter positively identified defendant.


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¶ 11   Following closing arguments, the trial court found the State proved defendant guilty of

first degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant appealed, and this court addressed

defendant’s claim he suffered a violation of his sixth amendment right to counsel at the lineup

under the closely balanced evidence prong of the plain error rule. People v. White, 395 Ill. App.

3d 797, 808 (2009). This court affirmed the conviction because the right had not yet attached at

the lineup. White, 395 Ill. App. 3d at 829. Defendant filed a petition for leave to appeal. Our

supreme court, however, found that the evidence was not closely balanced. In connection with

its holding that the evidence of the lineup identification of defendant did not “tip the scales”

against him, the court stated “our exhaustive recitation of the evidence in this case demonstrates

just how heavily the evidentiary balance weighed in the State’s favor.” People v. White, 2011 IL

109689, ¶ 135. The court also affirmed the conviction. Id. ¶ 154.

¶ 12   Defendant then filed for postconviction relief under the Act. In support of the petition he

attached affidavits from Monte Dawson, David Jennings, Blessth Beacham, and attorney Richard

Goldwasser. Goldwasser was defendant’s attorney for the direct appeal. Defendant also

attached a report of investigation by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regarding an

interview of Sundiata Brown, the victim’s brother. The petition alleges, in pertinent part, that

David Jennings said during a postconviction investigation that he was at the scene and that

defendant did not shoot Aramein. Defendant also alleged that Ajani threatened Jennings to

influence Jennings into implicating defendant in the murder. The petition alleges that Jennings’

statements entitle defendant to reversal of his conviction.

¶ 13   David Jennings’ affidavit states that Jennings is the Browns’ cousin, and that on the night

of the murder, Akbar asked Jennings to accompany him to the gas station to meet Aramein for

the purpose of selling Aramein marijuana. Jennings avers that when he and Akbar arrived,


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Aramein was already there and parked at the gas pumps. When the transaction was completed,

Aramein stood at the passenger side of Akbar’s vehicle and spoke to Jennings. Jennings avers

that he heard gunshots and turned to see a man with a gun running quickly through the gas

station lot. Jennings avers “I saw the man who shot my cousin, Aramein, and it was not

Kenyatta White.”

¶ 14   Jennings further avers that Ajani was angry with Jennings for not firing at the man who

shot Aramein, and that later, after a show of force near Jennings’ grandmother’s home, “Ajani

told me to say that Kenyatta White shot Aramein, and said that if I didn’t say that he would harm

me.” Ajani also allegedly told Jennings to make a statement to “the feds” with his attorney, who

also represented the Browns in the past. Jennings avers that he had never spoken to any attorney

or investigator for defendant and “even if they had tried to contact me, I would not have spoken

with them.” Jennings concluded by saying he continued to be “reluctant to speak with the

lawyer and investigator who came to see me this month, and even more reluctant to give them an

affidavit. Aramein Brown was my cousin, and I hate to make my family sad or angry. However,

I know that Kenyatta White did not shoot my cousin, Aramein, and I am giving this affidavit

now because I feel it is the right thing to do.”

¶ 15   The trial court dismissed the petition at the first stage of postconviction proceedings.

¶ 16   This appeal followed.

¶ 17                                         ANALYSIS

¶ 18   The Act establishes a three-stage process to adjudicate postconviction petitions. People

v. Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 46. Atypically, defendant is represented by counsel at

the first stage of postconviction proceedings. The standards applicable at the first stage remain

unchanged. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(b) (West 2012) (“If the petition is not dismissed pursuant to


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this Section [(first-stage review)], the court shall order the petition to be docketed for further

consideration in accordance with Sections 122-4 through 122-6.”); People v. Tate, 2012 IL

112214, ¶¶ 11-12. The second stage of postconviction proceedings, not the first stage, is “where

the postconviction petition can be said to be at issue.” Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 10. The decision

to dismiss a postconviction petition at the first stage is reviewed de novo. Thomas, 2014 IL App

(2d) 121001, ¶ 48.

               “At this stage, the court treats allegations of fact as true so long as

               those allegations are not affirmatively rebutted by the record.

               [Citation.] Any petition deemed frivolous or patently without

               merit must be dismissed. [Citation.] A petition is frivolous or

               patently without merit where it has no arguable basis either in law

               or in fact in that it is based on an indisputably meritless legal

               theory or fanciful factual allegations. [Citation.] An example of

               an indisputably meritless legal theory is one that is completely

               contradicted by the record. [Citation.] Fanciful factual allegations

               include those that are fantastic or delusional. [Citation.]” Thomas,

               2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 47.

To survive the first stage of postconviction proceedings, a petition claiming actual innocence

based on newly discovered evidence must present evidence that is arguably “new, material,

noncumulative *** [and] so conclusive it would probably change the result on retrial.” People v.

Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 96; Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 47. We will review the

petition and the Jennings affidavit to determine whether defendant has set forth a claim of actual

innocence sufficient to survive first stage dismissal.


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¶ 19                                1. Newly Discovered Evidence

¶ 20    The State argues Jennings’ affidavit is not newly discovered evidence because the

defense knew of and attempted to interview Jennings. To constitute “newly discovered

evidence” the evidence must have been unavailable at the original trial and evidence that could

not have been discovered sooner through diligence. People v. Anderson, 402 Ill. App. 3d 1017,

1028 (2010). Jennings averred that Ajani threatened to kill him and told Jennings to say that

Kenyatta White shot Aramein, “and said that if I didn’t say that, he would harm me.” Jennings

further averred that he remained reluctant to speak to the investigator for the defense or to

provide an affidavit, but that he now feels that it is the right thing to do.

¶ 21    In People v. Harper, 2013 IL App (1st) 102181, ¶ 42, the affidavit in support of the

defendant’s successive postconviction petition alleged that the affiant had lied at the defendant’s

trial and that police officers threatened him to obtain the testimony. This court held that “due

diligence could not have compelled [the affiant] to testify truthfully at the first trial.” Id.

Jennings did not testify falsely at the first trial but his affidavit states that he gave a statement to

“the feds” under threat of harm by Ajani presumably naming defendant as Aramein’s murderer.

Jennings’ statements could be construed to allege that no defense counsel ever tried to contact

him, and that allegation is rebutted by the record and defendant’s affidavit. But defense

counsel’s attempts to contact Jennings do not answer the question of whether the evidence he

could provide could have been discovered sooner through diligence. Jennings also averred that

if the defense had tried to contact him, Jennings would not have spoken with them and

defendant’s allegations corroborate Jennings’ statement Jennings would not speak to the defense.

¶ 22    Although Jennings’ affidavit does not describe facts or circumstances that have arisen or

changed that make him now willing to testify to what he saw on the night of the murder, taking


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his statements as true and construing Jennings’ affidavit in favor of defendant, as we must, we

find that no amount of diligence by defendant could have compelled Jennings to testify to the

statements in his affidavit sooner. Id. Accordingly, we hold that Jennings’ affidavit is arguably

newly discovered evidence. See also People v. Williams, 392 Ill. App. 3d 359, 369 (2009)

(finding affidavit of participant in crime who had not been heard from before newly discovered

evidence where the defendant argued that affidavit could not have been offered earlier because

affiant had not previously agreed to provide an affidavit).

¶ 23                              2. Material and Noncumulative

¶ 24   We also find that Jennings’ affidavit is arguably material and noncumulative. “Material

means the evidence is relevant and probative of the petitioner’s innocence. [Citation.]”

Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 96. “Noncumulative means the evidence adds to what the jury

heard. [Citation.]” Id. Jennings’ affidavit is probative because he avers that defendant is not the

man who shot Aramein. The fact that Akbar testified similarly to the statements in Jennings’

affidavit does not make Jennings’ statements merely cumulative of evidence presented at trial.

Jennings’ evidence would add to what the jury heard by providing an additional description of

the shooter. Jennings averred that the person who shot Aramein was “smaller, much younger

*** than Kenyatta White.” Jennings’ statements are also additional evidence that a witness who

knew defendant could state that defendant was not the shooter. The evidence goes to the

ultimate issue in the case and, if believed, would “produce new questions to be considered by the

trier of fact” that concern defendant’s guilt. See People v. Molstad, 101 Ill. 2d 128, 135 (1984).

Accordingly, we find that the evidence in Jennings’ affidavit is arguably material and

noncumulative.

¶ 25                        3. Likely to Change the Result on Retrial


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¶ 26    The State also argues Jennings’ affidavit is not of such conclusive character as to likely

change the result of the trial because Jennings’ testimony would be impeached by his previous

statements identifying defendant as the murderer to the authorities. We reject the State’s

argument applied to an initial postconviction petition at the first stage of postconviction

proceedings. When a defendant claims actual innocence in an initial postconviction petition, at

the first stage of postconviction proceedings the court may only determine whether the facts

alleged in support of the claim are either fantastic or delusional 1 or positively rebutted by the

record, and whether those unrebutted facts, taken as true, exonerate the defendant of the crime

for which he or she was convicted. Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 47. The first stage of

postconviction proceedings in a noncapital case presents the defendant with a “low threshold”

requiring only that the defendant plead sufficient facts to assert an arguably constitutional claim.

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Brown, 236 Ill. 2d 175, 184 (2010). Although the

evidentiary balance weighed heavily in the State’s favor at defendant’s trial, for the following

reasons we find that defendant has pled sufficient facts supported by Jennings’ affidavit to assert

at least an arguable claim of actual innocence sufficient to survive the first stage of

postconviction proceedings.

¶ 27    In People v. Henderson, 2014 IL App (2d) 121219, ¶ 37, the Second District held that the

defendant had alleged sufficient facts to avert the first-stage dismissal of his initial



        1
           “Our supreme court has based its definition of fanciful and delusional claims on recent
        federal habeas corpus cases ***. [Citation.] Examples of ‘factual fanciful allegations’
        identified by federal courts include: a defendant’s claim that he was drugged and raped
        28 times by inmates and prison officials at different institutions [citation]; a claim that
        Robin Hood and his Merry Men deprived prisoners of their access to mail or that a genie
        granted a warden’s wish to deny prisoners any access to legal texts [citation]; and a
        prisoner’s claim that prison guards intentionally put metallic substances in the prisoner’s
        food [citation].” People v. Jones, 399 Ill. App. 3d 341, 374 (2010).

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postconviction petition. Id. The defendant in Henderson was convicted of first degree murder

and attempted first degree murder and the affiant was the survivor of the shooting. Id. ¶ 10.

There, the affiant had testified at the defendant’s trial but exercised his privilege against self-

incrimination. Id. ¶ 6. The court found that “[w]here none of the several eyewitnesses to the

shooting identified defendant as the shooter and where no physical evidence linked defendant to

the shooting, testimony from the surviving victim exonerating defendant arguably would carry

weight with the trier of fact.” Id. ¶ 35.

¶ 28    Although evidence of defendant’s guilt in this case is arguably stronger than was the

evidence against the defendant in Henderson, at the first stage of postconviction proceedings we

cannot say that the petition supported by Jennings’ affidavit lacks an arguable basis in law or in

fact. The statements in Jennings’ affidavit are not factually fantastic or delusional. Jennings

averred that he was in seated in Akbar’s vehicle talking to Aramein when he heard gunshots.

Jennings stated that he saw a man with a gun running through the lot. Jennings’ statements as to

the circumstances of the murder are consistent with other evidence in the case. Jennings averred

he saw the man who shot Aramein and that man was not defendant. At this stage of proceedings

all well-pled facts not positively rebutted by the record are taken as true. People v. Harmon,

2013 IL App (2d) 120439, ¶ 22. The conflicting evidence at defendant’s trial required the trier

of fact to make credibility determinations to find defendant guilty. Therefore, at this stage of

proceedings we cannot say that Jennings’ averments exonerating defendant are positively

rebutted by the record. Harmon, 2013 IL App (2d) 120439, ¶ 22 (court is not allowed to engage

in any credibility determinations at the first stage).

¶ 29    The petition has an arguable basis in law because the evidence in Jennings’ affidavit

arguably has the potential to exonerate defendant. See People v. Harper, 2013 IL App (1st)


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102181, ¶ 49 (“where newly discovered evidence is both exonerating and contradicts the State’s

evidence at trial, it is capable of producing a different outcome at trial”). Although multiple

witnesses testified that defendant was the shooter, the court may not engage in an assessment of

the relative weight of the evidence supporting the defendant’s conviction and the evidence which

exonerates the defendant at the first stage. Harmon, 2013 IL App (2d) 120439, ¶ 22 (court is not

allowed to engage in any fact finding at the first stage). At the first stage this court should only

be concerned with whether the petition lacks an arguable basis in law and fact. Id.

¶ 30   The State cites People v. Cunningham, 267 Ill. App. 3d 1009, 1016-17 (1994), in support

of its argument that Jennings’ affidavit “could not even arguably be said to probably alter the

result on retrial.” The State’s reliance on Cunningham is misplaced and the holding in that case

does not control the disposition of this appeal. In Cunningham the defendant filed a

postconviction petition which alleged that at the defendant’s trial, the trial court applied the

wrong constitutional standard to assess the admissibility of an extrajudicial third party confession

when it excluded the confession. Id. at 1012. The issue at trial was whether the confession was

sufficiently trustworthy to merit admission of hearsay testimony of the substance of the

confession under the declarations against penal interest exception to the rule against hearsay. Id.

at 1013-14. In support of the claim that the trial court erroneously excluded the evidence from

the defendant’s trial, the defendant attached an affidavit from another party which the defendant

argued corroborated the confession “so as to enhance its reliability to the requisite level of

trustworthiness to merit its admissibility.” Id. at 1014. Initially, we note that the decision in

Cunningham arose from second stage postconviction proceedings. There, the State moved to

dismiss the petition, the trial court granted the motion, and the petitioner appealed. Id. at 1012.

Thus, the petition at issue in Cunningham was not being judged by the same low pleading


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threshold as is the petition before this court now. At the second stage of postconviction

proceedings, a petition must make a “substantial showing of a constitutional violation.

[Citation.]” Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 19. “A different, more lenient formulation applies at the

first stage.” Id.

¶ 31    Moreover, Cunningham does not aid our decision as to whether it is arguable that

Jennings’ affidavit is so conclusive it would probably change the result on retrial. The

Cunningham court held that even if it applied the standard the defendant argued should apply,

the confession was not trustworthy and the trial court had not abused its discretion.

Cunningham, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 1017. As for the affidavit which allegedly corroborated the

extrajudicial confession, the Cunningham court affirmed the order dismissing the postconviction

petition based on the affidavit. Id. The sole basis for the trial court’s dismissal was the

defendant’s lack of diligence in obtaining the statement in the affidavit. Id. at 1018. The

Cunningham court agreed, holding that the affidavit was not admissible as newly discovered

evidence. Id.

¶ 32    Cunningham is not controlling because the court did not decide that case on the basis of

whether the alleged confession or the evidence in the affidavit were arguably likely to change the

result of the trial. The issue in Cunningham was whether the trial court made an error of

constitutional dimension when it found the statement was inadmissible at trial because it was

unreliable. We acknowledge that the appellate court in Cunningham affirmed the dismissal of

the postconviction petition on the basis that the alleged statement exonerating the defendant was

untrustworthy and inadmissible at the trial, in part, because there was evidence of a contrary

statement by the same individual. Id. at 1016-17. However, the appellate court did not make

that finding in the context of how a trial court should weigh an affidavit attached to a


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postconviction petition at the first stage to determine whether it would change the outcome at

trial. Rather, the court simply held that because of the contrary statement and other factors

related to the trustworthiness of extrajudicial statements, including the timing of the statement

and to whom it was made (id. at 1016), the alleged confession was not admissible at the

defendant’s trial as a declaration against penal interest. Id. at 1017.

¶ 33   In light of the low burden placed on a defendant at the first stage of a postconviction

proceeding, it is at least arguable that the evidence in Jennings’ affidavit, which states that

defendant did not shoot Aramein, is so conclusive as to probably change the result on retrial.

Henderson, 2014 IL App (2d) 121219, ¶ 37 (citing People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 20-21

(2009)). We hold that the petition for postconviction relief supported by Jennings’ affidavit is

sufficient to survive the first stage of postconviction proceedings. The petition must advance to

the second stage where “the circuit court must determine whether the petition and any

accompanying documents make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.” (Emphasis

and internal quotation marks omitted.) Henderson, 2014 IL App (2d) 121219, ¶ 37. We have no

need to address any of the other claims in the petition because partial summary dismissals are not

permitted during the first stage of a postconviction proceeding. People v. Rivera, 198 Ill. 2d 364,

374 (2001). Because defendant’s claim of actual innocence based on Jennings’ affidavit is

sufficient to advance his petition for postconviction relief to the second stage, we remand for

second-stage proceedings on the entire petition. Id. at 371.

¶ 34                                   CONCLUSION

¶ 35   For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court of Cook County’s judgment is reversed and

the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 36   Reversed and remanded.


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