                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A13-2316

                                  State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                  Thomas Alan Boos,
                                     Appellant.

                                 Filed August 18, 2014
                                       Affirmed
                                     Smith, Judge

                             Winona County District Court
                               File No. 85-CR-10-176

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Karin L. Sonneman, Winona County Attorney, Kevin P. O’Laughlin, Assistant County
Attorney, Winona, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Benjamin J. Butler, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Hudson, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and

Smith, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SMITH, Judge

      We affirm the district court’s revocation of appellant’s probation because clear

and convincing evidence supports the district court’s finding that appellant violated his
probation conditions, because the district court appropriately considered whether

confinement was necessary to protect the public, and because the district court’s

erroneous compulsion of privileged testimony did not affect appellant’s substantial rights.

                                          FACTS

       Between 2009 and 2010, appellant Thomas Alan Boos sexually touched his 13-

year-old stepdaughter several times. Respondent State of Minnesota charged Boos with

six counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct. Boos pleaded guilty to one count of

second-degree criminal sexual conduct and the remaining counts were dismissed. In

October 2010, the district court found that Boos was amenable to probation and it granted

the parties’ joint motion that execution of the presumptive 90-month sentence be stayed.

It placed Boos on probation for 25 years. As conditions of probation, the district court

ordered Boos to “enter into and make progress and successfully complete sex offender

education treatment,” refrain from the use, possession, or purchase of pornography or

sexually explicit materials, including “sexual phone text conversations,” and to remain

law-abiding. The district court warned him that “even non-criminal conduct could result

in the revocation of [his] probation,” and it emphasized that “[e]ven if [he does not] break

the law, if [he does] something that [he is] not supposed to do on probation . . . [he] could

end up serving that 90 months.”

       In September 2012, the department of corrections recommended that the district

court revoke Boos’s probation, alleging that Boos had “been discharged unsuccessfully

from treatment” and that he had “used internet pornography.”            Boos admitted the

violations. Ultimately, in November 2012, the district court found that Boos “may still


                                             2
be amenable . . . to probation,” and it allowed him to remain on probation “under the

same terms and conditions that were previously established,” with the addition of jail

time and a no-internet rule. It warned him, however, that “this [would] probably be [his]

last go around given that this is really, really serious.” It also required that Boos obtain

entry into a new treatment program and that he must “successfully complete that

program.”

       In June 2013, the department of corrections again moved the district court to

revoke Boos’s probation, alleging that he failed to remain in good behavior, that he was

discharged unsuccessfully from the sex offender treatment program, and that he had sent

sexually explicit text messages to his neighbor. Boos denied the allegations.

       At the probation revocation hearing, the district court received testimony from

Boos’s neighbor. She testified that, about three weeks earlier, she had been in the

hallway of their apartment building, upset because she had lost her cell phone. When she

saw Boos, she asked him to help with her search by calling her phone from his phone.

She testified that Boos “offered a hug” and “as he hugged [her] when he pulled away, he

touched [her] left breast,” causing her to feel “[v]ery uncomfortable.” She also testified

that, after locating her phone, she received “quite a few text messages” from Boos’s

phone. She testified that, in the text messages, Boos began by “apologizing for the hug,”

but immediately moved on to state that he was “a convicted sex offender sex addict,” and

that he “likes to watch porn.” The neighbor testified that “the text messages continued

and continued,” and she responded only that she was “in a relationship” and did not want

Boos calling her. She testified that Boos continued to send text messages that had “a


                                             3
sexual tone,” suggesting that she “get rid of the boyfriend” so he could “take his place”

and saying “[s]omething about we could live together.” He asked the neighbor to visit

him to give him a hug. She testified that she called a male friend, who came over and

called Boos from her phone. The friend “warned [Boos] to stay away” and the text

messages ceased.

       The neighbor deleted the text messages after showing them to a police officer and

to Boos’s probation agent, both of whom testified. The probation agent created a rough

transcript of some of the messages.1 The police officer testified that he spoke with Boos,

who admitted that he sent the text messages and that the messages were sexual in nature.

The officer also testified that Boos said “that he had f—ked up and would now be going

to prison.”

       Boos’s therapist also testified. Before questioning her, the prosecutor moved the

district court to “instruct the witness that she is compelled to answer the questions.” He

explained that, otherwise, the therapist “couldn’t talk to [him]” because she was “a

psychological professional” and the county attorney’s office did not have a release of

therapist-patient privilege. He noted, however, that the probation office had a release and

that it had allowed him to view the therapist’s report. The district court granted the

motion, and Boos did not object.




1
 Boos objected to the admission of the probation agent’s transcript of the text messages,
but the district court overruled the objection, ruling that the transcript was not hearsay
and was the best evidence available. Although Boos implies that this admission was
improper, he does not appeal the district court’s evidentiary ruling.

                                            4
          The therapist testified that Boos had not successfully completed the sex offender

treatment program. She testified that he had “violated his treatment agreement” by

failing to “be honest and accept full responsibility for [his] offenses and behaviors” and

by failing to “avoid situations and behaviors that [would] place [him] at high risk of

reoffending.” Specifically, she stated that although Boos had reported the incident with

his neighbor to his treatment group, as he was obliged to do by the terms of his treatment

agreement, he only admitted that he had intentionally touched his neighbor’s breast; he

failed to report the sexual text messages that followed.         The therapist opined that

“because there was a whole lot that he did not disclose,” he “was not honest” about it.

She testifieed that the treatment program would not readmit Boos, stating that his

treatment history “is evidence that he is not likely to succeed in the community at this

point.”

          The district court found that the state had proved by clear and convincing evidence

that Boos had violated the conditions of his probation. First, the state established that he

had “uninvited sexual contact” with his neighbor, thereby failing to remain law-abiding

and of good behavior. Second, the state established that Boos “lies in treatment which

led to his unsuccessful discharge from that treatment.” Finally, the state established that

Boos “participate[d] in sexually explicit text messaging.” Based on its finding that Boos

“basically commit[ed] another offense” when he touched his neighbor’s breast and the

fact that Boos had been unsuccessfully discharged from two sex offender treatment

programs, the district court concluded that Boos is not amenable to treatment and that




                                               5
“confinement is necessary to protect the public from further criminal sexual activity.”

Accordingly, it revoked Boos’s probation and executed his 90-month prison sentence.

                                    DECISION

                                            I.

      Boos contends that revocation of his probation is not justified because he did not

violate any condition of his probation. We review a district court’s decision to revoke

probation for an abuse of discretion. State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 249-50 (Minn.

1980). But we review de novo whether a district court made findings sufficient to

support a probation revocation. State v. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d 602, 605 (Minn. 2005).

To support a probation revocation, a district court must find clear and convincing

evidence that a probationer violated a condition of his probation. See Minn. R. Crim. P.

27.04, subds. 2(1)(c)b., 3. Any violation must relate to “a condition actually imposed by

the [district] court.” State v. Ornelas, 675 N.W.2d 74, 80 (Minn. 2004).

      Boos challenges the sufficiency of the evidence regarding each of the three bases

cited by the district court when it revoked his probation. Violation of a single condition

may alone be sufficient to support a probation revocation. See Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 250

(requiring the probationer be notified of “the specific condition or conditions that were

violated” (emphasis added)).

      A.     Failure to Remain Law-Abiding

      Boos argues that his touching of his neighbor’s breast cannot support a finding

that he failed to remain law-abiding because he was not charged with an offense. By

failing to raise the argument at his revocation hearing, Boos waived it. See State v.


                                            6
Spanyard, 358 N.W.2d 125, 127 (Minn. App. 1984), review denied (Minn. Feb. 27,

1985). We therefore decline to consider it.

         B.    Failure to Successfully Complete Sex Offender Treatment

         Boos argues that revocation of his probation was not justified on the basis of

failure to complete sex offender treatment because the district court did not impose a

deadline and he was making progress. He cites two unpublished opinions of this court as

persuasive authority supporting his contention that the district court’s failure to set a time

limit bars revocation of probation based on a failure to complete treatment, provided that

sufficient time remains in the probationary period to complete treatment. But the cases

Boos cites are unpersuasive because they are easily distinguishable.

         In State v. Davisson, we reversed the probation revocation of a probationer who

waited 18 months to begin to follow through on a probation condition requiring him to

obtain a psychological evaluation. See 1998 WL 747135, at *1 (Minn. App. Oct. 27,

1998).     We found that “[w]ithout a deadline or some guideline, the evidence does not

clearly and convincingly establish that appellant had notice or warning of when his

performance was due.” Id. at *2. Similarly, in State v. Bruce, we reversed a probation

revocation where the probationer had been discharged from a sex offender treatment

program because he was unable to make payments, but where the district court had set no

deadline and where the probationer had attempted to enroll in three alternative programs.

No. A07-600, 2008 WL 2102893, at *1-2 (Minn. App. May 13, 2008).

         Here, Boos did not delay seeking treatment but rather was unsuccessfully

discharged from two sex offender treatment programs, the last due to his failure to be


                                              7
honest during his treatment. The fact that his discharge was due to his misconduct during

treatment distinguishes this case from both Davisson and Bruce. The facts here are more

similar to those in State v. Syas, where we found Davisson and Bruce unpersuasive when

the patient’s own misconduct was the reason for his failure to complete treatment. See

No. A10-73, 2010 WL 3119495, at *2-3 (Minn. App. Aug. 10, 2010), review denied

(Minn. Oct. 19, 2010). Accordingly, we conclude that district court’s finding that Boos

violated the treatment requirement of his probation is sufficient to support the probation

revocation.

      C.      Usage of Sexual Text Messaging

      Boos asserts that the district court’s finding that he sent sexual text messages

cannot support his probation revocation because it does not relate to any probation

condition that was actually imposed upon him. He argues that his probation conditions

only prohibited him from consuming pornography and engaging in sexual

“conversations” and, since the text messages were not pornographic and since his

neighbor did not engage in conversation with him, he did not violate the condition. But

Boos cites no authority to support his contention that only the use of pictures or an

extended exchange between two persons could support the district court’s finding that he

violated the condition of his probation. The district court also received testimony from

Boos’s neighbor, his probation officer, and a police officer that the content of the text

messages was “sexual.”         The messages referenced Boos’s desire to consume

pornography and then sought to engage his neighbor in sexual conversation.




                                            8
       Most importantly, Boos’s awareness that he was violating the condition on his

probation is confirmed by his statement to the police officer that he had “f—ked up and

would now be going to prison.” As such, the conduct can support a finding that Boos did

violate the terms of his probation. Cf. Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 251 (concluding that

revocation was warranted where “[a] reasonable probationer would have understood” the

conduct was prohibited). Therefore, the district court’s finding that Boos violated the

terms of his probation by sending sexual text messages is not erroneous.

                                            II.

       Boos also argues that the district court failed to adequately weigh public policies

favoring probation when it revoked his probation. Before revoking probation, a district

court must “find that need for confinement outweighs the policies favoring probation.”

Austin, 295 N.W.2d at 250. “The purpose of probation is rehabilitation and revocation

should be used only as a last resort when treatment has failed.” Id. “The decision to

revoke cannot be a reflexive reaction to an accumulation of technical violations but

requires a showing that the offender’s behavior demonstrates that he . . . cannot be

counted on to avoid antisocial activity.” Id. at 251 (quotations omitted). When weighing

the need for confinement, a district court considers any of three alternative justifications

for confinement: (1) whether “confinement is necessary to protect the public from

further criminal activity by the offender;” (2) whether treatment could be most effectively

provided while in confinement; or (3) whether “it would unduly depreciate the

seriousness of the violation if probation were not revoked.” Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at

607 (quotations omitted).


                                             9
       Boos asserts that “[t]his case essentially involved a choice between treatment and

confinement with the mere possibility of treatment,” but this misrepresents the district

court’s consideration of the probation revocation alternatives.     Rather than focusing

solely on one justification for preferring confinement over the continuation of Boos’s

probation, the district court considered all three, finding that each provided support for

revoking Boos’s probation. The district court found that the reasons underlying Boos’s

termination from his second treatment program—his conduct towards his neighbor and

his dishonesty about the text messages—supports a finding that confinement is necessary

to protect the public from further criminal activity. It also found that Boos’s failures in

two successive treatment programs justifies the conclusion that further treatment is most

likely to be provided only while Boos is in confinement. And it found that Boos’s

failures to successfully complete treatment are a serious violation of his probation

conditions because they severely undermine the district court’s original justification for

staying execution of Boos’s sentence. Because any of these considerations would be

adequate to fulfill the district court’s obligation to weigh public policies favoring

probation against the need for Boos’s confinement, the district court’s consideration of

them was sufficient.

       Boos also briefly asserts that the district court failed to consider whether his

probation violations were intentional or inexcusable. A district court is required to find

that a probationer’s violations were intentional or inexcusable before revoking probation.

Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at 606.      But the record supports such a finding, and Boos does

not substantively challenge it.


                                            10
                                              III.

       Boos argues that the district court erred by granting the state’s motion to compel

his therapist to testify, asserting that this is in violation of the therapist-patient privilege.

Because Boos failed to object, the issue is waived. See Muller v. Rogers, 534 N.W.2d

724, 727 (Minn. App. 1995) (noting that a defendant may waive a privilege claim by

failing to assert it); see also Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Minn. 1996) (noting

that appellate courts generally refuse to consider issues “not raised before the district

court”).

       But we have discretion to address a waived privilege claim under a plain-error

standard of review. See, e.g., State v. Penkaty, 708 N.W.2d 185, 204 (Minn. 2006); see

also Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.02. To prevail under this standard, an appellant must establish

that (1) the district court erred; (2) the error was plain; and (3) the error affected his

substantial rights. State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998). Once this

threshold is met, we may at our discretion redress the error “to ensure fairness and the

integrity of the judicial proceedings.” Id. at 742.

       “An error is ‘plain’ if it is clear or obvious,” such as when it “contravenes case

law, a rule, or a standard of conduct.” State v. Cao, 788 N.W.2d 710, 715 (Minn. 2010).

The legislature has directed that, without the client’s consent, therapists are prohibited

from disclosing “any information or opinion based” on their professional assessments or

treatments. Minn. Stat. § 595.02, subd. 1(g) (2012). This prohibition extends to marriage

and family therapists. See Minn. Stat. § 148B.39 (2012).            A patient may consent to

disclosure by signing a waiver. See id.(5). But a client’s awareness that a therapist may


                                               11
disclose his statements to one person does not constitute consent for the therapist to

testify about them in court. See State v. Expose, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2014 WL

3396262, at *6-7 (Minn. App. July 14, 2014) (holding that a client’s awareness of a

therapist’s duty to warn law enforcement about threats made during treatment did not

authorize the therapist to testify about the threatening statements in a criminal

proceeding).

       Here, the state acknowledged at the hearing that Boos had not signed a waiver

authorizing his therapist to discuss his therapy with anyone other than his probation

officer. The fact that the state moved the district court to compel her testimony reveals

that the state and the district court were aware that the therapist was bound by therapist-

client privilege in the absence of Boos’s waiver.          Granting the motion clearly

contradicted the privilege statutes.

       Nonetheless, the error did not affect Boos’s substantial rights. The state could

have introduced the same testimony through Boos’s probation officer.          See State v.

Johnson, 679 N.W.2d 169, 174 (Minn. App. 2004) (allowing admission of hearsay

evidence in probation revocation proceedings). Also, the terms of Boos’s probation

required him to consent to all releases of information directed by his probation officer.

Had the state ordered Boos to sign a release rather than ask the district court to compel

the therapist’s testimony, Boos would have been required to do so. If Boos had refused,

it would have constituted an additional violation of his probation conditions, providing an

additional justification for revoking his probation. Cf. United States v. Knights, 534 U.S.

112, 119, 122 S. Ct. 587, 591 (2001) (“Inherent in the very nature of probation is that


                                            12
probationers do not enjoy the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled. Just as

other punishments for criminal convictions curtail an offender’s freedoms, a court

granting probation may impose reasonable conditions that deprive the offender of some

freedoms enjoyed by law-abiding citizens.” (quotation omitted)).        Accordingly, we

conclude that the error of compelling the therapist to testify did not affect Boos’s

substantial rights.

       Affirmed.




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