                                    RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                         Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                                 File Name: 04a0429p.06

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                              _________________


                                                            X
                                                             -
 In re: CARDIZEM CD ANTITRUST LITIGATION.
                                                             -
 _____________________
                                                             -
                                                             -
                                                                 Nos. 03-2514/2635
 EUGENIA WYNNE SAMS,
                                                             ,
                                     Plaintiff-Appellant, >
                                                             -
                                                             -
                                                             -
           v.

                                                             -
                                                             -
 HOECHST AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT; ANDRX
                                                             -
 PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; AVENTIS PHARMACEUTICALS,
                                                             -
 INC.,
                                   Defendants-Appellees, -
                                                             -
                                                             -
                                                             -
 FIFTY STATES; DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA and PUERTO

                                               Appellees. -
 RICO; STATE LAW PLAINTIFFS,
                                                             -
                                                            N
                            Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                   Nos. 99-01278; 99-73190—Nancy G. Edmunds, District Judge.
                                            Argued: September 15, 2004
                                     Decided and Filed: December 14, 2004
             Before: NORRIS and DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judges; OLIVER, District Judge.*
                                                 _________________
                                                       COUNSEL
ARGUED: Gordon Ball, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Paul F. Novak, OFFICE OF THE
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, Robert L. Hubbard, DIRECTOR OF LITIGATION,
ANTITRUST BUREAU, New York, New York, Albert L. Partee III, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY
GENERAL, Nashville, Tennessee, Richard W. Cohen, LOWEY, DANNENBERG, BEMPORAD &
SELINGER, White Plains, New York, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Gordon Ball, Knoxville, Tennessee,
for Appellant. Paul F. Novak, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, Robert L.
Hubbard, DIRECTOR OF LITIGATION, ANTITRUST BUREAU, New York, New York, Albert L. Partee
III, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Nashville, Tennessee, Richard W. Cohen, Peter D. St.
Phillip, Jr., LOWEY, DANNENBERG, BEMPORAD & SELINGER, White Plains, New York, Joseph J.


   *
    The Honorable Solomon Oliver, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.


                                                             1
Nos. 03-2514/2635       In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation                                           Page 2


Tabacco, Jr., BERMAN, DeVALERIO, PEASE, TABACCO, BURT & PUCILLO, San Francisco,
California, for Appellees.
                                             _________________
                                                 OPINION
                                             _________________
        ALAN E. NORRIS, Circuit Judge. In case number 03-2514, plaintiff Eugenia Wynne Sams appeals
from the district court’s denial of her objections to the proposed settlement in this nationwide antitrust class
action suit. In case number 03-2635, she appeals from a district court order imposing an appeal bond in the
amount of $174,429.00. Because the district court properly calculated the amount of the appeal bond and
Sams failed to either comply with the district court’s order or request reconsideration of the amount by
coming forward with evidence of hardship or impossibility, we affirm the order imposing the appeal bond
in case number 03-2635 and dismiss plaintiff’s appeal in case number 03-2514 for failure to post the bond.
                                                       I.
        A detailed discussion of the facts giving rise to this litigation are found in a previous opinion by this
court and will not be repeated here. See In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation, 332 F.3d 896 (6th Cir.
2003). In the course of the proceedings below, a lawsuit was brought in the Eastern District of Michigan
by several state attorneys general, asserting claims for monopolization, attempted monopolization, and
agreements in restraint of trade in the market for Cardizem CD and its generic bioequivalents, in violation
of federal and state antitrust and unfair competition or consumer protection laws. The attorneys general
sought injunctive relief, civil penalties, damages, disgorgement, restitution, and other equitable relief. The
attorneys general filed their action “in their proprietary capacities on behalf of departments, bureaus, and
agencies of state government as injured purchasers or reimbursers; and as parens patriae on behalf of
natural persons in their collective States, and their respective States’ quasi-sovereign interests in fair
competition and the health of their citizenry, and/or in their sovereign capacities.” Order No. 76, Oct. 10,
2003 at 9. Their suit was consolidated with the others already before the district court.
        Sams was one of the “State Law Class Plaintiffs.” She originally brought suit under Tennessee
antitrust law in state court, and her lawsuit was removed to the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Tennessee by defendants. Soon thereafter, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation
(“JPML”) transferred her action to the Eastern District of Michigan. During the pendency of Sams’ case,
she made two motions requesting remand from the district court because pretrial proceedings had ended,
both of which the district court denied on the ground that “[d]iscovery is incomplete, motions for class
certification, as well as motions to dismiss are pending, summary judgment motions have yet to be filed and
settlement negotiations are proceeding.” Order No. 45, Oct. 29, 2002 at 2; see also Order No. 55, Jan. 29,
2003. Sams moved for a remand from the JPML as well, which also denied her motion. Order Denying
Remand, June 20, 2003.
        Sams also objected to the Tennessee Attorney General’s assertion of parens patriae authority to
represent all natural persons in Tennessee. The district court overruled that objection as well, finding that
“the Tennessee courts have recognized that Tennessee’s Attorney General has broad common law and
statutory powers[.]” Order No. 68, Apr. 29, 2003 at 2.
         On October 1, 2001, the district court issued an order grouping the cases before it into three
categories for the purpose of case management. Case Mgmt. Order No. 7, Oct. 1, 2001. In so doing, the
district court named lead counsel for the different groupings and required all other counsel to work through
those attorneys.
      On January 3, 2003, the district court preliminarily approved a class action settlement reached
between lead counsel and the defendants after long negotiations facilitated through mediation. That
Nos. 03-2514/2635             In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation                                                        Page 3


settlement involved the certification of a nationwide class of plaintiffs and the creation of a fund to be
divided between members of the class. The class to be certified consisted of the following:
           All consumers and Third Party Payers (including any assignees of such consumers or Third
           Party Payers) who purchased and/or paid all or part of the purchase price of Cardizem CD
           Products dispensed pursuant to prescriptions in the United States (including Puerto Rico)
           during the period January 1, 1998, through the date of this Preliminary Approval Order and
           all Designated Governmental Agencies. Excluded from the Settlement Class are Defendants
           and any of their officers and directors. Included in the Settlement Class are any and all
           members of any class or classes asserted in any State Action.
Order No. 59, Jan. 29, 2003 at 2-3.
         The court heard objections to the proposed settlement at a fairness hearing on October 1, 2003, at
which Sams renewed her request for a remand and her objection to the Tennessee Attorney General’s
assertion of parens patriae authority, and at which she argued that the definition of the class was insufficient
to take into account differences in state antitrust laws; in particular, she claimed that Tennessee was among
a group of states which permitted indirect purchasers to obtain relief under state antitrust law while another
group of states did not, and that Tennessee offered a more generous measure of damages in antitrust than
did other states. The district court dismissed Sams’ objections and concluded that the proposed settlement
was fair, issuing its final approval of the settlement. Order No. 76, Oct. 10, 2003. Final judgment was
entered on October 21, 2003, and Sams filed a notice of appeal on November 5, 2003.
        After Sams filed her notice of appeal, the district court imposed an appeal bond requiring that Sams
post $174,429.00 by January 5, 2004. Corrected Order No. 82, Dec. 18, 2003. Sams filed a notice of appeal
to the order imposing the bond; however, she has not posted the appeal bond.
                                                                II.
       Sams challenges the propriety of the district court’s imposition of an appeal bond under Fed. R. App.
P. 71 in the amount of $174,429.00, consisting of $1,000.00 in filing and brief preparation            costs,
$123,429.00 in incremental administration costs, and $50,000 in projected attorneys’ fees.2 Corrected Order
No. 82 at 12. Specifically, Sams challenges the propriety of including prospective administrative costs and
attorneys’ fees as part of the appeal bond. She does not challenge the inclusion of the $1,000.00 in filing
and brief preparation costs.
       The States and State Law Plaintiffs argue that Sams’ appeal should be dismissed for failure to pay
the bond in the absence of any stay. They cite to this court’s decision in Powers v. Citizens Union Nat’l
Bank and Trust Co., 329 F.2d 507 (6th Cir. 1964), in which we determined that “[a]lthough failure to
execute a bond for costs on appeal has been generally considered as not being jurisdictional . . . failure to
execute such a bond unless exempted by law, is grounds for dismissal of the appeal.” Id. at 508-09.
        Sams never attempted to move for a stay, nor did she object to the entirety of the bond amount. On
appeal, however, Sams challenges the amount of the bond not only for its reasonableness but because she

    1
        Fed. R. App. P. 7 reads as follows:

           Bond for Costs on Appeal in a Civil Case. In a civil case, the district court may require an appellant to file
           a bond or provide other security in any form and amount necessary to ensure payment of costs on appeal. Rule
           8(b) applies to a surety on a bond given under this rule.
    2
      The district court reduced the bond amount from the other class action plantiffs’ original demand of $427,743.00, which
was based upon a projected sixteen-month delay between the filing of an appeal and this court’s decision. Taking into account
the plaintiffs’ unopposed motion for an expedited appeal, the court reduced the sum to account for a six-month delay.
Nos. 03-2514/2635             In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation                                                          Page 4


claims that attorney’s fees and administrative costs cannot by law be included in it. We therefore must
determine what impediments can be placed in the path of a litigant seeking to appeal.
        We review questions of law de novo. Adsani v. Miller, 139 F.3d 67, 71 (2d Cir. 1998). Sams argues
that the district court erred in not limiting the scope of the “costs” to be included in the appeal bond amount
to those listed in Fed. R. App. P. 39 and 28 U.S.C. § 1920.3
      Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Marek v. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1 (1985), “costs” within the
meaning of Fed. R. Civ. P. 68 were to be defined by reference to the statute that underlay the lawsuit:
          [G]iven the importance of “costs” to the Rule, it is very unlikely that th[e] omission [of a
          definition] was mere oversight; on the contrary, the most reasonable inference is that the
          term “costs” in Rule 68 was intended to refer to all costs properly awardable under the
          relevant substantive statute or other authority.
Id., 473 U.S. at 9. The Court went on to conclude that, because the underlying statute in Marek, 42 U.S.C.
§ 1988, expressly included attorney’s fees as “costs,” attorney’s fees were awardable under Rule 68 as
“costs” as well. Id.
        Two courts of appeals have expressly applied the logic of Marek in interpreting the meaning of
“costs” under Fed. R. App. P. 7, and found that attorney’s fees could be included. In Adsani v. Miller,
supra, the Second Circuit determined that “where . . . [a] statute includes attorney’s fees ‘as part of the
costs’ which may be taxed upon appeal, the district court may factor these fees into its imposition of the
bond for costs.” 139 F.3d at 79. The Second Circuit explicitly rejected the notion that Rule 39 defined
“costs” throughout the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, finding that “Rule 39 has no definition of the
term ‘costs’ but rather defines the circumstances under which costs should be awarded.” Id. at 75. The
court also noted that, although Fed. R. Civ. P. 54 formed a “costs” provision that could have been relevant
to the definition of “costs” under Fed. R. Civ. P. 68, the Supreme Court in Marek did not define “costs”
under Rule 68 by reference to Rule 54. Id. at 74.

   3
       The relevant portions of these rules read as follows:

          Costs on Appeal Taxable in the District Court. The following costs on appeal are taxable in the district court
          for the benefit of the party entitled to costs under this rule:

          (1)   the preparation and transmission of the record;
          (2)   the reporter’s transcript, if needed to determine the appeal;
          (3)   premiums paid for a supersedeas bond or other bond to preserve rights pending appeal; and
          (4)   the fee for filing the notice of appeal.
          Fed. R. App. P. 39(e).

          Taxation of Costs.
          A judge or clerk of any court of the United States may tax as costs the following:
          (1) Fees of the clerk and marshal;
          (2) Fees of the court reporter for all or any part of the stenographic transcript necessarily obtained for use in
          the case;
          (3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses;
          (4) Fees for exemplification and copies of papers necessarily obtained for use in the case;
          (5) Docket fees under section 1923 of this title;
          (6) Compensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and salaries, fees, expenses, and
          costs of special interpretation services under section 1828 of this title.
          28 U.S.C. § 1920.
Nos. 03-2514/2635           In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation                                                        Page 5


       Similarly, in Pedraza v. United Guar. Corp., 313 F.3d 1323 (11th Cir. 2002), the Eleventh Circuit
found that the logic of Marek applied to Fed. R. App. P. 7:
         Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 7 does not differ from Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
         68 in any way that would lead us to adopt a different interpretive approach in this case than
         was embraced by the Supreme Court in Marek.
Id. at 1332.
         We adopt the reasoning of the Second and Eleventh Circuits and apply Marek to its interpretation
of “costs” under Fed. R. App. P. 7. As explained in Adsani, Fed. R. App. P. 39 does not define “costs” at
all; rather, it merely lists which costs of appeal can be “taxed” by the district court if it chooses to order one
party to pay costs to the other. Adsani, 139 F.3d at 74. Nor does 28 U.S.C. § 1920 purport to define
“costs”; rather, it lists those costs that a court may properly “tax” for its own benefit.
        Applying the Supreme Court’s decision in Marek to the meaning of “costs” under Fed. R. App. P.
7 in Sams’ case, we are required to determine what sums are “properly awardable under the relevant
substantive statute or other authority.” Marek, 473 U.S. at 9. The district court noted that all of the various
state and federal statutes asserted by the plaintiffs during the class actions could be considered in
determining what sums were properly awardable. Corrected Order No. 82 at 11. Sams counters that her
own suit was never certified as a class action, and that the sums awardable should therefore be determined
by a reading of the statute that underlay her suit, Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109. We agree that Sams’ suit
is not so broad as to include actions under federal law or under the laws of states other than Tennessee, so
the question of which fees are properly awardable should be restricted to an examination of Tenn. Code
Ann. § 47-18-109.
       Under that section, however, not just attorney’s fees, but damages are awardable to a prevailing
defendant:
         (e)(1) Upon a finding by the court that a provision of this part has been violated, the court
         may award to the person bringing such action reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
         (2) In any private action commenced under this section, upon finding that the action is
         frivolous, without legal or factual merit, or brought for the purpose of harassment, the court
         may require the person instituting the action to indemnify the defendant for any damages
         incurred, including reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109 (emphasis added).4 The district court determined that Sams’ objections to
the proposed settlement, which she repeats on appeal, were “all without merit and border[ed] on
frivolousness.” Order No. 76 at 40. Accordingly, under the underlying statute, not only was the district
court entitled to include in the bond amount attorney’s fees, but it was entitled to include any other damages
incurred, presumably including administrative costs.
       Marek, Adsani, and Pedraza all dealt with fee-shifting provisions in federal statutes, while this case
concerns the fee-shifting provision of a state law. However, because jurisdiction for Sams’ action existed
under 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and the Supreme Court has stated that Congress authorized only state law to be
applied in such cases, see Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), the distinction between federal and



    4
      Sams argues that because this statute distinguishes between “costs” and “attorney’s fees,” attorney’s fees cannot be included
as “costs” if the statute is to define the term under Fed. R. App. P. 7. However, that argument fails. Marek does not require that
the underlying statute provide a definition for “costs.” Rather, Marek requires a court to determine which sums are “properly
awardable” under the underlying statute, and to include those sums as “costs” under the procedural rule. Marek, 473 U.S. at 9.
Nos. 03-2514/2635       In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation                                           Page 6


state law makes no difference in this circumstance; in either case, the underlying statute was sufficient to
inform the definition of “costs” under Fed. R. App. P. 7.
        Finally, although Sams has not argued that the court’s factual findings regarding the projected
attorney’s fees or administrative costs were erroneous, she has argued that the district court erred in
calculating the bond amount because it would have restricted her ability to appeal, contrary to federal law.
Lindsey v. Normet, 405 U.S. 56, 77-79 (1972). The amount of the district court’s bond amount is reviewed
for abuse of discretion. Federal Prescription Serv., Inc. v. American Pharm. Ass’n, 636 F.2d 755, 757 n.2
(D.C. Cir. 1980). Accordingly, Sams must demonstrate that the bond amount will constitute a barrier to her
appeal.
         A litigant cannot ignore an order setting an appeal bond without consequences to her appeal. In the
instant case, Sams neither sought a stay in the district court, nor did she make a good faith proffer of a lesser
amount, despite the fact that she concedes that at least $1,000 of the bond amount is legitimate. As noted
earlier in this opinion, failure to secure an appeal bond can result in dismissal of the appeal. Powers, 329
F.2d at 508-09. When considering whether dismissal is appropriate, we look to factors such as the prejudice
to the other parties, the demonstrated justification for the failure to post the bond, and the merits of the
underlying appeal. 5 Am. Jur. 2d Appellate Review § 359 (2004) (citing cases, including Powers, supra.)
None of these factors weighs in Sams’ favor. First, while the district court may have overstated the
weakness of the substantive objections raised by Sams when it assessed them as “bordering on the
frivolous,” we agree they lack merit. Second, the pursuit of her objections has the practical effect of
prejudicing the other injured parties by increasing transaction costs and delaying disbursement of settlement
funds. Third, Sams made no effort in the district court to justify her failure to post the bond. Given these
considerations, dismissal of the appeal is appropriate.
                                                      III.
        The order of the district court imposing the appeal bond at issue in appellate case number 03-2635
is affirmed and appeal number 03-2514 is dismissed.
