                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 17-2664
                                     _____________


                           JIGAR RAJESH KUMAR PATEL,
                                 aka Darrell Gilliam,
                                                  Petitioner

                                             v.

         ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                      Respondent
                           ____________

                        On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of the Immigration Appeals
                              (Agency No. A206 907 928)
                       Immigration Judge: Kuyomars Q. Golparvar

                                      ____________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   April 13, 2018

    Before: CHAGARES, VANASKIE, Circuit Judges, and BOLTON, District Judge ∗.

                                   (Filed: May 3, 2018)
                                      ____________

                                        OPINION 1
                                      ____________


∗
  The Honorable Susan R. Bolton, Senior United States District Judge for the District of
Arizona, sitting by designation.
1
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
BOLTON, District Judge.

       Jigar Rajesh Kumar Patel (“Patel”) petitions for review of a decision of the Board

of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal from an Immigration Judge’s

(“IJ”) order denying his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under

the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We will deny the petition.

                                             I

       Patel is a native and citizen of India. He came to the United States on a student

visa in 2008. He returned to India in 2011 to get married and complete a visa application.

On January 5, 2012, Patel re-entered on an H-1B visa and got a job as a pharmacy

technician. On July 25, 2013, federal officers arrested Patel and four colleagues for fraud.

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services revoked Patel’s visa on April 2,

2014. He pled guilty and was sentenced to 13 months’ imprisonment on January 15,

2015. After serving 11 months, Patel was released into U.S. Immigration and Customs

Enforcement custody. His conviction was vacated on March 8, 2017.

       The Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated removal proceedings on

December 14, 2015. DHS charged two grounds for removability: (1) conviction of a

crime involving moral turpitude within five years of admission and (2) remaining in the

United States beyond the time permitted after admission as a non-immigrant. Patel

conceded removability on both grounds. He filed applications for asylum, withholding of



                                             2
removal, and CAT protection on April 25, 2016. A hearing was held on December 12,

2016.

         Patel is a Hindu and supporter of the Indian Congress Party (“ICP”). The

Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”) is currently in power in India and is hostile toward

Muslims. Patel testified about four instances of persecution by BJP members and

police—three while Patel was still in high school. First, when he was volunteering at an

ICP-led effort to help earthquake victims in 2001, police beat Patel, took him to jail, and

discouraged him from helping Muslims. Second, after a train attack in 2002, the

government blamed Muslims. After riots broke out in Patel’s hometown, a Muslim friend

named Sarfarosh asked for help. Patel invited Sarfarosh and his mother to hide in his

home. Individuals in BJP apparel came to Patel’s house that evening and accused Patel of

harboring the family of a terrorist. 2 Although Patel did not let them into his home, the

group broke his father’s scooter, windows, and other property. Two days later, after

Sarfarosh and his mother had left, police arrived, searched Patel’s house, and took him

into custody for three days. They accused Patel of sheltering Muslims and interrogated

him about Sarfarosh’s family. Officers beat him, burned him with a cigarette, hung him

upside down, and threatened to kill him. Third, after an attack on a Hindu temple in 2002,

police arrested Patel again and interrogated him about Sarfarosh’s family for three days.

They beat him with a belt, covered his head, urinated on him, removed his clothes, and

bound his hands. Fourth, police stopped Patel and his father in 2006, and interrogated



2
    Authorities apparently suspected that Sarfarosh’s father was a terrorist.
                                                3
them about Sarfarosh’s family for two days. Officers kicked and beat him, and he

suffered a head injury. Patel had no further incident with the police after 2006.

       The IJ denied Patel’s applications and ordered him removed to India. The IJ first

held Patel had not timely filed his asylum application nor demonstrated “extraordinary

circumstances” warranting an exception. The IJ also considered the merits of the asylum

claim “for the sake of [a] thorough decision.” (App. 49.) He agreed Patel had shown past

persecution, but found it was not attributable to a protected ground. He instead found the

persecution was related to Patel’s association with Sarfarosh. This finding, in turn,

foreclosed withholding of removal. Finally, the IJ denied Patel’s CAT claim because

Patel had not shown he would more likely than not be tortured if he returned to India.

Country conditions had improved; more than a decade had passed; and Patel had since

returned to India without incident.

       Patel appealed to the BIA, which affirmed. He timely petitioned for review of the

BIA’s decision.

                                             II

       We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). “Because the BIA issued its

own decision, we review that decision, and not that of the IJ.” Sheriff v. Att’y Gen., 587

F.3d 584, 588 (3d Cir. 2009). We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo and its

findings of fact for “substantial evidence.” Valdiviezo-Galdamez v. Att’y Gen., 663 F.3d

582, 590 (3d Cir. 2011). Under this deferential standard, we must affirm the BIA “unless

the evidence not only supports a contrary conclusion, but compels it.” Abdille v. Ashcroft,

242 F.3d 477, 483–484 (3d Cir. 2001).

                                             4
                                              III

       Patel makes three arguments. First, he maintains that prosecutorial misconduct in

his criminal case constituted “extraordinary circumstances” warranting an exception to

the one-year rule for asylum applications. Second, Patel contends he is more likely than

not to be tortured if he is returned to India. Third, he argues the denial of his applications

is a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

       Patel’s first and third arguments are readily addressed together. We are statutorily

barred from reviewing BIA decisions concerning the timeliness of asylum applications.

See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3); Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627, 633 (3d Cir. 2006)

(“Congress did not authorize an opportunity for judicial review of determinations made

by the executive branch regarding the timeliness of an asylum application.”). Indeed, the

Constitution requires no judicial review of deportation decisions whatsoever. See id. at

632. (“Deportation is not a criminal proceeding and has never been held to be

punishment, and thus no judicial review is guaranteed by the Constitution.”) (quotations

and modifications omitted). Our role is a legislative, rather than constitutional, creation.

Thus, we will not disturb the BIA’s decision on the untimeliness of Patel’s asylum

application. And because judicial review is not constitutionally mandated, the denial of

Patel’s applications cannot violate the Due Process Clause.

       Patel’s remaining argument is similarly fated. An alien is eligible for CAT

protection if he can prove it is more likely than not that he will be tortured if removed to

the proposed country. Lukwago v. Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157, 182–83 (3d Cir. 2003). The



                                              5
likelihood component is a factual inquiry, not a legal one. 3 See Kaplun v. Att’y Gen., 602

F.3d 260, 271 (3d Cir. 2010). The BIA cited the IJ’s reasoning. More than a decade had

passed since Patel’s last incident with police. This included a two-year stay with family

in another part of India before coming to the United States as a student, and a later visit to

complete his visa process, get married, and go on a honeymoon. Country conditions had

improved since the riots, and Patel’s father had not been harmed for aiding Sarfarosh’s

family since 2010. 4 Patel does not deny this. Instead, he stresses the issue of government

acquiescence. But if torture is not likely, that question is moot. We cannot say, then, that

the BIA lacked substantial evidence to deny CAT protection.

       Finally, though Patel does not separately raise it in his brief, we briefly address the

denial of withholding of removal. To qualify, “an alien must show that if returned to his

country, it is more likely than not that the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.” Amanfi v. Ashcroft, 328 F.3d 719, 726 (3d Cir. 2003). The BIA agreed that

while Patel had shown past persecution, there was no nexus to a protected ground. The

Board found no error in the IJ’s finding that Patel’s past persecution was attributable to

his association with Sarfarosh, and not his religion, political opinion, or membership in a

particular social group. We agree.

                                             IV


3
  We will assume without finding that the type of treatment Patel claims he would endure
rises to the level of torture.
4
  The IJ did note, however, that Patel’s father had been beaten in 2015 for his
participation in a political protest.
                                              6
       On January 8, 2018, this Court ordered supplemental briefing on three issues: (1)

whether Patel’s criminal conviction had been vacated; (2) whether an alien can overstay

an admission period if he is prevented from leaving the country due to the surrender of

his passport before the visa’s expiration; and (3) whether the Government would agree to

a joint motion to reopen proceedings before the BIA. The parties’ responses do not alter

our decision. The Government declined to join a motion to reopen because Patel never

raised his vacated conviction or inevitable visa overstay to challenge his removability.

Patel similarly believes reopening would be futile. Though Patel acknowledges his

conviction was vacated and thinks overstaying his visa was inevitable because he had

surrendered his passport, he expresses no desire to challenge his removability or leave the

United States voluntarily.

                                             V

       We will accordingly deny the petition for review.




                                             7
