[Cite as Ferguson v. Demore, 2016-Ohio-5620.]


                    Court of Appeals of Ohio
                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                             JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                     No. 103289




                               BEVERLY FERGUSON
                                                      APPELLANT

                                                vs.

                         WILLIE L. DEMORE, ET AL.
                                                      APPELLEES




                                          JUDGMENT:
                                           AFFIRMED


                                    Civil Appeal from the
                           Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                  Case No. CV-13-806433

        BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, P.J., E.T. Gallagher, J., and S. Gallagher, J.
        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 1, 2016
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

John J. Schneider
Gerald R. Walton
Gerald R. Walton & Associates
6060 Rockside Woods Blvd.
Spectrum Bldg., Suite 200
Independence, Ohio 44131


APPELLEE, PRO SE

Willie L. Demore
4378 Neville Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44121

APPELLEE, PRO SE

John C. Ferguson, III
6009 White Pine Drive
Bedford Heights, Ohio 44146

ALSO LISTED:

ATTORNEY FOR PLAINTIFF WOODS COVE II, L.L.C.

Andrew M. Tomko
Law Office of Manbir S. Sandhu, L.L.C.
1213 Prospect Avenue, Suite 300
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

ATTORNEY FOR DEFENDANT UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Marlon A. Primes
Assistant United States Attorney
Office of the United States Attorney
United States Courthouse, Suite 400
801 W. Superior Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

                                         -ii-
ATTORNEY FOR DEFENDANT, STATE OF OHIO, DEPARTMENT OF
TAXATION

Michael DeWine
Attorney General of Ohio
BY: Donn D. Rosenblum
Assistant Attorney General
Ohio Attorney General’s Office
Collections Enforcement Section
150 East Gay Street, 21st Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43215


ATTORNEY FOR DEFENDANT, CUYAHOGA COUNTY TREASURER

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Adam D. Jutte
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
310 West Lakeside Avenue
Courthouse Square, Suite 3000
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, P.J.:

       {¶1}         Cross-claim     plaintiff-third-party   plaintiff-appellant    Beverly

Ferguson(“Ferguson”) appeals from an order entered by the Cuyahoga County Court of

Common Pleas granting her default judgment on her cross-claim against cross-claim

defendant-appellee Willie Demore (“Demore”) and her third- party complaint against

third-party defendant-appellee John C. Ferguson, III (“John Ferguson”) (collectively,

“appellees”). Ferguson’s claims against appellees arise out of John Ferguson’s forgery

of Ferguson’s signature on a special power of attorney that John Ferguson then used,

without Ferguson’s knowledge or consent, to execute a warranty deed that transferred her

undivided one-half interest in a parcel of real property they jointly owned, along with his

own undivided one-half interest in the property, to Demore. Ferguson argues that the

trial court erred in vacating the deed only as to the undivided one-half interest Ferguson

had previously held in the property. She contends that the trial court should have vacated

the deed in its entirety and awarded her the full interest in the property as compensation

for the damages she sustained as a result of appellees’ actions. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.




       Factual Background and Procedural History
       {¶2} In September 2001, Ferguson and her brother, John Ferguson, each received a

one-half interest in a multi-family residence located at 3800 E. 149th Street in Cleveland

(the “property”) pursuant to a certificate of transfer issued by the Cuyahoga County Court

of Common Pleas, Probate Division. In 2002, Ferguson and John Ferguson executed a

mortgage on the property in favor of KeyBank National Association as security for a loan

they obtained to make repairs on the property (the “mortgage”). Ferguson thereafter

“enter[ed] into an extensive period of drug and substance abuse,” “absented herself” from

her family and the property and left John Ferguson “to care for the property” until late

2008 or early 2009 when she entered a drug treatment program.1

       {¶3} On August 24, 2005, a special power of attorney, purportedly executed by

Ferguson, appointed John Ferguson as her attorney-in-fact (the “special power of

attorney”).    The special power of attorney was recorded on November 18, 2005.

Pursuant to the special power of attorney, John Ferguson executed a warranty deed on

November 16, 2005, purporting to transfer both his undivided one-half interest in the

property and Ferguson’s undivided one-half interest in the property to Demore (the

“deed”). The deed was recorded on November 18, 2005. Ferguson did not sign the

special power of attorney and did not otherwise authorize the transfer of her undivided

one-half interest in the property to Demore or anyone else.           John Ferguson had forged

her name on the special power of attorney.


       1
         The “facts,” as stated herein, are based on the facts alleged in Ferguson’s cross-claim and
third-party complaint.
       {¶4} On April 29, 2013, Woods Cove II, L.L.C. (“Woods Cove”) filed a complaint

for foreclosure of the property based on tax lien certificates it had purchased for taxes

owed on the property. Ferguson and Demore were among the defendants named in the

action. The matter was referred to a magistrate “to try the issues of law and fact arising

therein.”

       {¶5} On December 23, 2013, Woods Cove filed a motion for default judgment.2

Ferguson filed an opposition to the motion and moved for leave to file an file an answer,

counterclaim (against Woods Cove), cross-claim (against Demore) 3 and third-party

complaint (against John Ferguson) instanter. The magistrate granted Ferguson’s motion

for leave, and Ferguson’s answer, counterclaim, cross-claim and third-party complaint

“with request for legal and equitable relief” was deemed filed as of January 9, 2014.

       {¶6} In her counterclaim, Ferguson alleged that the foreclosure action was a

“cloud upon her title” to the property and sought “in part to quiet the title to same.” In

her third-party complaint, Ferguson alleged that John Ferguson knew she was “not

competent” to execute the special power of attorney because “she was thoroughly loss

[sic] within the drug subculture” in 2005 and “did not enter transitory housing to help her

achieve sobriety until very late in 2008 and/or early 2009.” Ferguson further alleged that


       2
        Woods Cove later withdrew the motion for default judgment as to Ferguson and Demore.
       3
        Summary judgment was ultimately entered in favor of Woods Cove against Ferguson, and
Demore signed a consent judgment entry in favor of Woods Cove. Ferguson and Demore entered into
redemption payment plan agreements with Woods Cove, and Ferguson’s counterclaim for damages
against Woods Cove was dismissed without prejudice.
John Ferguson provided the forged special power of attorney to Demore with the

expectation that Demore would rely on it because John Ferguson was Ferguson’s brother.

 Ferguson claimed that John Ferguson’s actions “exposed her to unnecessary litigation to

defend her lawful interests in the real property; defrauded her of her rightful property

interests and clear title; and defrauded her of monies which were or could have been

earned from the property.”

       {¶7} In her cross-claim against Demore, Ferguson alleged that Demore (or others

acting on his behalf) “knew or should have known,” “upon examining the necessary

documents within the chain of title,” that (1) Ferguson’s signature on the special power of

attorney did not match her signature on the mortgage and (2) the special power of

attorney was not recorded at the time the deed was executed. Ferguson further alleged

that Demore “knowingly and/or recklessly” caused a “cloud upon [her] title” to the

property and damaged her interest in the property by failing to pay property taxes due on

the property and by renting the property and retaining the rent payments.

       {¶8} In the prayer to her counterclaim against Woods Cove, Ferguson requested

the following relief:

       WHEREFORE, Counterclaim Plaintiff Beverly A. Ferguson respectfully
       prays for judgment in her Counterclaim to quiet title to the property
       identified by Cuyahoga County, Ohio Permanent Parcel No. 139-13-026;
       and prays this Honorable Court to restore to her the proper title to the
       property cleared of Plaintiff’s and the other parties’ attempts and efforts to
       besmirch her title to same. Counterclaim Plaintiff prays for judgment in
       excess of Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00) and/or the complete
       restoration of her real property interests which have been degraded;
       necessary attorney fees, and any and all further actual and/or equitable relief
       this Honorable Court finds to be warranted.
       {¶9} In the prayer to her third-party complaint against John Ferguson, Ferguson

requested the following relief:

       WHEREFORE, the Third Party Plaintiff respectfully requests judgment
       against the Third Party Defendant as and for damages due to his fraudulent
       actions undertaken while she was incompetent due to chronic uncontrolled
       drug abuse and addiction; which actions wrongfully alienated and/or
       transferred her lawful property interests; and which actions caused her to be
       damaged economically; and which actions caused her to be required to
       incur attorney’s fees so as to vindicate her lawful property interests which
       were fraudulently taken from her. The Third Party Plaintiff prays for
       judgment for all her damages to her interest(s) in an amount well in excess
       of, or greater than Twenty Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00). The Third
       Party Plaintiff further asks for an award of attorney’s fees and interest upon
       her damages and further requests reimbursement up to and including
       recovery of her total real property interests.

       {¶10} In the prayer to her cross-claim against Demore, Ferguson requested the

following relief:

       WHERE[FORE], Cross Claim Plaintiff Beverly A. Ferguson, by and

       through undersigned counsel, respectfully requests judgment against Cross

       Claim Defendant Willie L. Demore that he has knowingly and/or recklessly

       caused a cloud upon the title of Beverly A. Ferguson to the subject property.

        Beverly A. Ferguson, by and through her counsel, respectfully seeks in

       excess of Twenty Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00) as for appropriate

       compensation for injuries to her real property interests.        Cross Claim

       Plaintiff further requests this Honorable Court to quiet the title she holds or

       should hold to the same property.        Plaintiff further requests that this

       Honorable Court find and hold that Cross Claim Defendant Willie L.
       Demore knew or should have know[n] that the Special Power of Attorney

       was not filed of record when the Warranty Deed was effectuated; and that

       this an[d] other irregularities require a finding that Willie Demore was not

       a[n] “arm[’]s-length” bona fide purchaser of the subject real property free

       of any defects in the chain of title. Plaintiff also requests that the Cross

       Claim Defendant be required to pay and/or redeemed [sic] the property

       taxes due and owning [sic], as well as an [sic] attorney fees awarded to the

       Plaintiff, if any.

       {¶11}    Demore and John Ferguson did not answer Ferguson’s cross-claim or

third-party complaint. On May 27, 2014, Ferguson filed a motion for default judgment

against Demore and John Ferguson.            A hearing was held on the motion 4 and, on

September 17, 2014, the magistrate issued his decision granting Ferguson’s motion for

default judgment against Demore on her cross-claim and against John Ferguson on her

third-party complaint. The magistrate stated that although Ferguson had characterized

her claims against Demore and Ferguson as “quiet title actions,” he considered her claims

as claims for declaratory judgment under R.C. 2721.03 because she was without title or

possession of the property and, therefore, could not validly prosecute a quiet title action.

The magistrate further stated that because appellees had failed to answer the cross-claim

or third-party complaint, they were deemed to have admitted Ferguson’s allegations


        Demore appeared at the hearing on Ferguson’s motion for default judgment. Although
       4


counsel had previously filed a stipulation for leave to pled on his behalf, Demore’s counsel did not
appear at the hearing. John Ferguson did not appear.
regarding their knowledge of the facts surrounding the execution of the special power of

attorney and the deed, “premised, in part, on the specious Special Power of Attorney.”

       {¶12} Based on these admitted facts, the magistrate declared the special power of

attorney to be void and determined that Ferguson was entitled to (1) a declaratory

judgment invalidating the transfer of her undivided one-half interest in the property to

Demore and (2) a partial vacation of the deed “as pertains only to the undivided one-half

interest that she previously held.”     However, the magistrate determined that the

remaining one-half interest in the property that had been previously held by John

Ferguson would remain held by Demore. The magistrate concluded that there was “no

basis in law or equity for stripping an otherwise valid property interest from one

individual and granting it to another individual damaged by the fraudulent actions of the

first” and pointed out that Ferguson had not cited any authority supporting the imposition

of such a remedy. With respect to Ferguson’s claim for damages, the magistrate noted

that although Ferguson had sought “significant money damages” from appellees “as

compensation for the injuries caused to her property interests,” the record contained no

evidence of the amount of money damages, if any, she sustained as a result of appellees’

actions.   Accordingly, the magistrate made no findings concerning the amount of

damages, if any, due Ferguson.

       {¶13} Demore filed objections to the magistrate’s decision and a motion for leave

to file an answer to the cross-claim instanter. Demore claimed that (1) he was not

properly served with the cross-claim and did not have timely notice of the hearing on
Ferguson’s motion for default judgment; (2) he was denied an opportunity to defend

against Ferguson’s claims or to secure attorney representation; (3) the magistrate’s

decision made findings of fact and conclusions of law that exceeded the scope of

Ferguson’s cross-claim; and (4) the magistrate’s decision granted Ferguson a windfall

because Demore had satisfied various pre-existing liens when he acquired the property

and made improvements, mortgage debt payments and tax payments on the property that

benefitted Ferguson’s one-half interest in the property.

       {¶14} Ferguson also filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. She argued that

the magistrate erred in vacating only the transfer of her undivided one-half interest in the

property to Demore and asserted, based on law governing fraudulent conveyances, that

the transaction should have been declared void ab initio and vacated in its entirety. She

maintained that “because of his illegal and fraudulent actions,” the undivided one-half

interest in the property previously held by John Ferguson could not “legally and

equitably” be returned to John Ferguson and that it, therefore, should have been awarded

to Ferguson along with her own undivided one-half interest in the property. Ferguson

argued that “given the very unique facts of this case,” the court could award her “title to

the total property” “by way of [a constructive] trust.” Ferguson also requested that she

be permitted to supplement the record with evidence of the rental income she had lost as a

result of appellees’ actions or, alternatively, that the court schedule a hearing on damages.

       {¶15} The trial court denied Demore’s motion for leave to answer Ferguson’s

cross-claim and issued a judgment entry overruling Demore’s and Ferguson’s objections
and adopting the magistrate’s decision. With respect to Ferguson’s objections, the trial

court reasoned that Ferguson’s attempt to assert a fraudulent conveyance argument for the

first time through her objections was “procedurally improper,” that the facts of the case

were not “within the context of current Ohio law involving fraudulent conveyances” and

that Ferguson had otherwise “failed to provide any basis in either law or fact” to support

her contention that she should have received the undivided one-half interest in the

property previously held by John Ferguson in addition to the undivided one-half interest

she had previously held in the property. With respect to Demore’s objections, the trial

court indicated that Demore had failed to present any evidence in support of his claim that

he was not properly served with Ferguson’s cross-claim and that the record supported the

conclusion that he had been served with the cross-claim and had notice of the default

hearing and that he had, in fact, appeared at the hearing.

       {¶16} The trial court concluded that the magistrate’s entry of a declaratory

judgment, invalidating the transfer of Ferguson’s interest in the property, was “proper.”

The trial court vacated the special power of attorney in its entirety, declared the deed void

to the extent it transferred Ferguson’s interest in the property to Demore and ordered that

the special power of attorney and any interest of Demore in the property derived from the

deed’s purported transfer of title from Ferguson to Demore be canceled and released.

The trial court further held that Ferguson could present evidence to support her claim for

damages and that a hearing on damages could be scheduled, if necessary.
       {¶17} On April 27, 2015, the magistrate held a hearing on Ferguson’s claim for

damages. Demore and John Ferguson did not attend and were not represented by counsel

at the hearing. Ferguson presented testimony from Hussam Allam, a licensed real estate

agent and owner of a property management company, in support of her claim for

damages.     Allam stated that Ferguson had sustained $27,446.43 in damages (not

including litigation costs and expenses) as result of John Ferguson’s improper transfer of

her interest in the property to Demore. Allam opined that the property could have

generated $875 a month in rental income and that Ferguson’s one-half share of that

income during the nine years Demore held her interest in the property totaled $47,250.

From that amount, Allam subtracted the benefit Ferguson received from Demore paying

off the mortgage and other liens when he purchased the property, then added in unpaid

property taxes and water– sewer assessments that Demore had failed to pay during the

time he held the full interest in the property. Although Allam indicated that he was not

an appraiser, he estimated that the current market value of property was $35,000-$40,000.

 He also indicated that there were in excess of $100,000 in liens on the property5 and

that, because of these liens, the property was readily marketable for its true value.

Ferguson’s counsel also testified at the hearing regarding the amount and basis for the

attorney fees Ferguson incurred in connection with the case. After the hearing, Ferguson


       5
          It is unclear from the record how Allam determined the total liens against the property. He
testified that $100,000 was “a hypothetical figure that I came up with.” However, because neither
Demore nor John Ferguson attended the hearing, no evidence was presented
contradicting Allam’s testimony.
submitted an affidavit from attorney Orville E. Stifel II, opining as to the reasonableness

of Ferguson’s attorney fees.

       {¶18} Following his and Allam’s testimony, Ferguson’s counsel informed the

court that Ferguson would accept the remaining one-half interest in the property held by

Demore, i.e., the one-half interest in the property previously held by John Ferguson, in

lieu of a judgment against Demore for the $27,446.43 in damages she sustained. The

magistrate rejected Ferguson’s proposal, indicating that Ferguson could not, “at the last

minute,” “essentially pull the rug out from under the court and the other parties who were

not on notice” and seek “new relief” that had not been requested in her pleadings. The

magistrate indicated that he was “not going to stand for” Ferguson’s attempt to “amend

[her pleadings] at this hearing.”

       {¶19} On June 17, 2015, the magistrate issued a decision awarding Ferguson

$27,446.43 in damages against Demore and $9,885.00 in attorney fees against Demore

and John Ferguson, jointly and severally. Once again, Ferguson filed objections to the

magistrate’s decision, claiming that she was entitled to the remaining one-half interest in

the property held by Demore. She argued that because Demore was “judgment proof,”

because the $27,446.43 monetary judgment awarded Ferguson against Demore “vastly

exceeds of half of the total value of the property” and that because she “had no ready

means” to sell her half-interest in the property for “anything near its objective market

value” or to derive income from the property due to the judgment liens and claims of

Demore’s creditors, the “only means of truly making her whole” and to avoid Demore
from causing further damage to her property interests was to award the full interest in the

property to her.    On July 24, 2015, before the trial court ruled on her objections,

Ferguson filed a notice of appeal.

       {¶20} Pursuant to App.R. 4(B)(2) and App.R. 9(E), this court remanded the case

for the trial court to rule on Ferguson’s objections. On March 8, 2016, the trial court

overruled Ferguson’s objections and adopted the magistrate’s decision, concluding, based

on Civ.R. 54(C) and 55, that Ferguson was limited to the relief she had demanded in her

pleading and reasoning as follows:

       [T]he      Court      finds     that     Ferguson’s     answer/counterclaim/
       cross- claim/third-party complaint demanded “appropriate compensation for
       injuries to her real property interests,” in an amount exceeding $25,000.00,
       from both defendant Willie Demore (“Demore”) and third-party defendant
       John Ferguson III (“Ferguson III”). The Court also finds that Ferguson’s
       pleading lacks any specific demands that the half-interest in the property at
       issue currently held by Demore be transferred to her, as compensation for
       the damages she alleged incurred as result of the actions of Demore and
       Ferguson III. The Court notes that Ferguson obtained default judgments
       against Demore and Ferguson III, following their failure to respond to her
       pleading. While Ferguson argues, in the Objection, that the transfer of
       Demore’s half-interest to her was contemplated by the statement included in
       her pleading that demanded “appropriate compensation for injuries to her
       real property interests,” the Court notes that the full demand for damages
       requested “appropriate compensation for injuries to her real property
       interests” in an amount exceeding $25,000.00, and did not specifically
       demand transfer of Demore’s half-interest to her. The Court finds,
       therefore, that the award of damages entered by the Court in favor of
       Ferguson is limited to the monetary damages demanded in her pleading.
       The Court further finds that Ferguson is not entitled, as part of her award of
       damages, to transfer of Demore’s half interest in the property at issue, to
       her.

       {¶21} Ferguson has raised the following three assignments of error for review:

       Assignment of Error No. 1:
      The magistrate erred by not totally vacating the fraudulently obtained deed.
      (Magistrate’s Decision September 17, 2014)

      Assignment of Error No. 2:
      The magistrate erred by letting crossclaim defendant Willie Demore retain a
      benefit obtained through fraud. (Magistrate’s Decisions – September 17,
      2014 and June 17, 2015)

      Assignment of Error No. 3:
      The magistrate erred by denying Beverly Ferguson full equitable relief up to
      and including the complete restoration of her property interests as
      demanded in her counterclaim and third-party complaint prayers for relief.
      (Magistrate’s Decision – June 17, 2015)

      Law and Analysis

      {¶22} Ferguson’s assignments of error are interrelated. We, therefore, address

them together. Ferguson argues that the trial court erred in vacating the deed only as to

the undivided one-half interest she had previously held in the property and awarding her

damages against Demore. She contends that the trial court should have instead vacated

the deed in its entirety and, in lieu of damages, awarded her the full interest in the

property, i.e., not only the undivided one-half interest she had previously held in the

property but also the undivided one-half interest John Ferguson had previously held in the

property.

      {¶23} Ferguson asserts that the trial court should have “vacate[d] the deed in

whole” because (1) Demore knew John Ferguson’s signature on the deed as Ferguson’s

attorney-in-fact was fraudulent, the “whole deed was fraudulent” and (2) the mortgage

lien had to be “extinguished” before Demore could acquire an interest in the property and
the mortgage lien could not be extinguished unless the entire property was purchased.

These arguments are meritless.

       {¶24} First, there has been no claim that John Ferguson lacked authority to transfer

his undivided one-half interest in the property to Demore or that his transfer of his

one-half interest in the property was otherwise fraudulent. Even if the trial court had

erred in vacating the deed in part, rather than in total, it would not have provided a basis

for transferring the one-half interest in the property previously held by John Ferguson to

Ferguson. If the trial court were to have vacated the deed in total, the one-half property

interest that John Ferguson had previously held would have reverted back to John

Ferguson. Ferguson cites no authority that supports her contention that if the entire deed

were to have been vacated, she would have been entitled to receive the full interest in the

property. Second, there is nothing in the record that supports Ferguson’s claim that

“extinguish[ment]” of the mortgage lien was dependent on Demore purchasing a full

interest in the property. The mortgage lien could have been “extinguished” at any time

simply by paying off the mortgage.

       {¶25} Ferguson also contends that the trial court erred in determining that she was

not entitled to an award of the full interest in the property based on Civ.R. 54(C). She

asserts that her one-half undivided interest in the property is essentially worthless so long

as Demore owns the other one-half undivided interest in the property and that the trial

court should have, therefore, granted her an equitable remedy for Demore’s fraud in the
form of a constructive trust on the undivided one-half interest in the property previously

held by John Ferguson.

       {¶26} A constructive trust is a “‘“trust by operation of law which arises * * *

against one who, by fraud, actual or constructive, * * * or who in any way against equity

and good conscience, either has obtained or holds the legal right to property which he

ought not, in equity and good conscience, hold and enjoy.”’”          Estate of Cowling v.

Estate of Cowling, 109 Ohio St.3d 276, 2006-Ohio-2418, 847 N.E.2d 405, ¶ 18, quoting

Ferguson v. Owens, 9 Ohio St.3d 223, 225, 459 N.E.2d 1293 (1984), quoting 76

American Jurisprudence 2d, Trusts, Section 221, at 446, (1975); see also Cundall v. U.S.

Bank, 122 Ohio St.3d 188, 2009-Ohio-2523, 909 N.E.2d 1244, ¶ 39. It is “‘the formula

through which the conscience of equity finds expression.’”       Ferguson at 225, quoting

Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co., 225 N.Y. 380, 386, 122 N.E. 378 (1919). By

imposing a constructive trust, the court orders a person who owns the legal title to

property to hold or use the property for the benefit of another, or to convey the property to

another, to avoid unjust enrichment. Everhard v. Morrow, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

75415, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 5705, *7-9 (Dec. 2, 1999). The party seeking to have a

constructive trust imposed “‘bears the burden of producing clear and convincing evidence

justifying it.’” Cowling at ¶ 23, quoting Univ. Hosps. of Cleveland, Inc. v. Lynch, 96

Ohio St.3d 118, 2002-Ohio-3748, 772 N.E.2d 105, paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶27}    “In all cases a judgment by default is subject to the limitations of Rule

54(C).” Civ.R. 55(C); see also Bransky v. Shahrokhi, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84262,
2005-Ohio-97, ¶ 12. “The provisions of this rule apply whether the party entitled to the

judgment by default is a plaintiff, a third-party plaintiff or a party who has pleaded a

cross-claim or counterclaim.” Civ.R. 55(C). Civ.R. 54(C) provides, in relevant part: “A

judgment by default shall not be different in kind from or exceed in amount that prayed

for in the demand for judgment.” Although a trial court’s decision whether to grant a

motion for default judgment is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, the

question of whether the relief awarded by trial court on a default judgment complies with

Civ.R. 55(C) and Civ.R. 54(C) is a question of law, which we review de novo. Bransky

at ¶ 12; see also Masny v. Vallo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84983, 2005-Ohio-2178, ¶ 15

(“Unlike the initial decision to grant a default judgment, however, the determination of

the kind and maximum amount of damages that may be awarded is not committed to the

discretion of the trial court, but is subject to the mandates of Civ.R. 55(C) and Civ.R.

54(C).”).

      {¶28} Ferguson claims that the trial court had authority to award her the full

interest in the property or to impose a constructive trust under Civ.R. 54(C) because she

“prayed for recovery of her total property interests in both her counterclaim and

third-party complaint” and because the “mere return” of her former undivided one-half

interest in the property and money damages “did not make her whole.” In support of her

contention, she points specifically to: (1) her demand, in the prayer to her answer to

Woods Cove’s complaint, for “appropriate legal and equitable relief for her defense

against Plaintiff’s action”; (2) her demand, in the prayer to her counterclaim against
Woods Cove, for “the complete restoration of her real property interests which have been

degraded * * * and any and all further actual and/or equitable relief this Honorable Court

finds to be warranted”; and (3) the demand, in her prayer to her third-party complaint

against John Ferguson, for “reimbursement up to and including recovery of her total real

property interests.”

       {¶29} Ferguson asserts that the facts in this case “do not readily lend themselves to

some strict [Civ.R.] 54(C) analysis,” that the demands in her answer, counterclaim and

third- party complaint were sufficient to satisfy Civ.R. 54(C) and that this court should

not apply Civ.R. 54(C) so as to lead to an “absurd” result.

       {¶30} Here, the relevant prayer for relief was the prayer in Ferguson’s cross-claim

against Demore not the prayers in Ferguson’s answer and counterclaim or third-party

complaint. The relief requested in Ferguson’s answer and counterclaim related to the

claims by and against Woods Cove, not Demore. The trial court granted summary

judgment against Ferguson on her claim against Woods Cove and, after Ferguson filed a

notice of dismissal of her “claim for damages asserted solely against [Woods Cove],”

dismissed her counterclaim against Woods Cove without prejudice. The relief demanded

in the third-party complaint related to Ferguson’s claim against John Ferguson. Ferguson

cites to nothing in her cross-claim that she contends satisfies Civ.R. 54(C) as it relates to

her claim that she is entitled to the undivided one-half interest in the property currently

held by Demore in lieu of the damages she was awarded against him.
       {¶31} Even if we were to consider the demands in Ferguson’s answer,

counterclaim and third-party complaint in evaluating whether the relief Ferguson seeks

against Demore was authorized under Civ.R. 54(C), these, at most, provided Demore with

notice that Ferguson was seeking “the complete restoration of her property interests

which have been degraded.” (Emphasis added.) Ferguson never held more than an

undivided one-half interest in the property. “[H]er property interests” were, therefore,

limited to the one-half property interest she held in the property prior to the purported

transfer of that interest to Demore. (Emphasis added.) There is nothing in the answer,

counterclaim, cross-claim or third-party complaint that put Demore on notice that he

could potentially lose not only the undivided one-half interest in the property previously

held by Ferguson, but also the other undivided one-half interest in the property previously

held by John Ferguson — as to which Ferguson never held any interest — if he defaulted

on Ferguson’s cross-claim.

       {¶32} Ferguson asserts that Demore was “put on notice,” through the prayer to her

cross-claim, that she was seeking “in excess of Twenty Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000)”

against him “as for appropriate compensation for her injuries to her real property

interests.”   She argues that since her expert testified at the damages hearing that

Demore’s one-half interest in the property is currently worth only $17,500 to $20,000,

Demore could not “be surprised” if the trial court had awarded Ferguson the remaining

one-half interest Demore holds in the property in lieu of money damages, given that
Demore’s undivided one-half interest in the property is worth much less than the

$27,446.43 in money damages the trial court determined she was entitled to receive.

       {¶33} “Civ.R. 54(C) is ‘clear on its face.’” First Natl. Bank v. NE Port Invests.,

LLC, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-14-027, 2015-Ohio-558, ¶ 22, quoting Bishop v. Grdina,

20 Ohio St.3d 26, 28, 485 N.E.2d 704 (1985). It prohibits a judgment by default that

exceeds the amount prayed for in the demand or that is “different in kind” from the relief

prayed for in the demand. Civ.R. 54(C); see also Fors v. Beroske, 6th Dist. Fulton No.

F-12-001, 2013-Ohio-1079, ¶ 13-18 (where plaintiff demanded partition, appointment of

a commissioner to facilitate sale of the property, appraisal, advertisement and sale of the

property, distribution of the proceeds of sale, attorney fees, litigation expenses and costs

in action to partition the parties’ interests in a resort timeshare but made no request for

money damages or indemnity, the trial court erred in awarding $6,500 in damages to the

plaintiff and in ordering the defendant to hold plaintiff harmless from all debts and

obligations associated with the mortgage loan and other expenses related to the property);

Lopez v. Quezada, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 13AP-389 and 13AP-664, 2014-Ohio-367, ¶

24 (where plaintiff did not demand punitive damages in the complaint, defendant had no

notice that he could be liable for such damages and, under Civ.R. 54(C), the default

judgment could not award plaintiff punitive damages);          Arendt v. Price, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 101710, 2015-Ohio-528, ¶ 9-11 (trial court properly limited plaintiff’s

award of damages to the time period governing the lease attached to the complaint;

plaintiff was “only entitled to recover damages on the claim that she pled in her
complaint”); Dye v. Smith, 189 Ohio App.3d 116, 2010-Ohio-3539, 937 N.E.2d 628, ¶

7-9 (4th Dist.) (trial court erred in entering a default judgment against two defendants for

damages caused by destruction of garage where plaintiffs did not request a judgment

against the defendants for those damages); Natl. City Bank v. Shuman, 9th Dist. Summit

No. 21484, 2003-Ohio-6116, ¶ 2, 8, 11 (trial court erred in granting bank default

judgment and awarding damages against guarantor on a line of credit because complaint

contained demand for judgment only against borrower and not against guarantor); Masny,

2005-Ohio-2178, at ¶ 16 (trial court’s award of damages that exceeded amount of

damages demanded in complaint “contravened the spirit of Civ.R. 54(C)”).

       {¶34} Broad, general “catchalls” by a plaintiff that he or she is entitled to all

remedies at law and equity or such relief as may be just and equitable do not negate

Civ.R. 54(C) or otherwise entitle a plaintiff to relief exceeding that specified in a

complaint or other pleading. First Natl. Bank at ¶ 28 (“Although simply pleading that

one is entitled to ‘all remedies at law and equity’ or praying for ‘such relief as may be just

and equitable’ may ordinarily suffice to entitle a party to relief not specifically requested,

* * * it does not suffice where relief is granted pursuant to the entry of a default

judgment.”); Buckley v. Lucas, 5th Dist. Perry No. 98CA14, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS

2702, *4 (June 8, 1999) (language in complaint demanding “such relief as may be just

and equitable” did not entitle plaintiff to damages exceeding those specified in the

complaint because such language was “insufficient” to put the defaulting defendant on

notice of potential liability for such amounts).
       {¶35} The purpose of Civ.R. 54(C)’s limitation on default judgments is “to ensure

that defendants are clearly notified of the maximum potential liability to which they are

exposed so that they may make an informed, rational choice to either: (1) enable a default

judgment by not responding, or (2) invest the time and expense involved in defending an

action.”   Arendt at ¶ 10, quoting Shuman at ¶ 11.               Subjecting a defendant to an

additional, unpled loss or liability for failing to answer a pleading, as Ferguson suggests

should have been done here, would violate both the civil rules and fundamental due

process. Masny at ¶ 18 (“The Civil Rules, along with fundamental due process, require

that a defendant not be subjected to an additional, unpled monetary liability as a

consequence of his failure to answer a complaint.”).

       {¶36} As in the cases cited above, Ferguson was entitled only to the relief on

default judgment that she demanded in her pleading. Because she did not include a

demand for a transfer of the undivided one-half interest in the property previously held by

John Ferguson, imposition of a constructive trust or even a general request for equitable

relief in her cross-claim against Demore, the trial court properly concluded that Ferguson

was not entitled to have Demore’s remaining undivided one-half interest in the property

transferred to her.6


       6
        We are sympathetic to Ferguson’s claim that the trial court’s decision —
which leaves Ferguson with an undivided one-half interest in property that is encumbered by liens
and an allegedly uncollectible money judgment — does not “truly mak[e] her
whole.” However, as a result of the trial court’s declaratory judgment ruling, she has regained title
to an undivided one-half interest in the property and may pursue avenues for further relief as
appropriate.
      {¶37} Accordingly, Ferguson’s first, second and third assignments of error are

overruled.

      {¶38} Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry this

judgment into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



_______________________________________________
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., and
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
