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                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 18-12165
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 6:14-cr-00043-CEM-DCI-2



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                            Plaintiff–Appellee,

                                  versus

DONOVAN G. DAVIS, JR.,

                                                         Defendant–Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (September 18, 2019)

Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Donovan Davis, Jr. (“Davis”), proceeding pro se on appeal, appeals the

district court’s denial of his post-conviction motions for return of property under

Rule 41(g), Fed. R. Crim. P., and for recusal of the magistrate judge. After careful

review, we affirm the denial of both motions.

                                         I.

      After a jury trial, Davis was convicted in September 2015 of participating in

a scheme to defraud through Capital Blu Management, LLC (“Capital Blu”), a

company that traded in the off-exchange foreign currency, or “forex,” marketplace.

The criminal case followed an earlier civil case against Capital Blu brought by the

United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) in March 2009.

In the civil case, the CFTC alleged that Capital Blu, through Davis and two

codefendants, violated anti-fraud provisions of the Community Exchange Act. A

jury found Davis guilty, and the court ordered restitution, a civil monetary penalty,

and injunctive relief in June 2011.

      In October 2017, Davis filed a motion seeking the return of property under

Rule 41(g) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. According to the motion,

the government notified him in September 2017 that it was in possession of items

that he had produced in response to a grand jury subpoena in 2009. Davis retrieved

the items, but the government returned only one of the six hard drives he had turned

over and failed to return other computer-storage devices.


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      In response, the government stated that the motion should be denied because

Davis failed to establish that he had a possessory interest in items that were seized

from Capital Blu. The magistrate judge agreed and denied the motion without

prejudice to refiling.

      Davis filed a renewed motion more directly asserting a possessory interest in

the hard drives. He explained that in June 2009, his personal attorney turned over

six hard drives containing Capital Blu records to Lewis Freeman, the court-

appointed receiver for Capital Blu in the CFTC case. Though the hard drives “had

previously been the property of Capital Blu,” Davis stated, ownership of Capital

Blu’s assets passed to its remaining equity members, including Davis, upon its

dissolution in September 2009. Davis requested return of the remaining five hard

drives. Attached to Davis’s motion was a letter he received from the U.S. Secret

Service in September 2017 advising that he could arrange for the return of “an

external hard drive with power and USB cords” that the Secret Service obtained on

March 1, 2010, “pursuant to a Grand Jury subpoena issued in 2009.”

      In response, the government provided more detail and 86 pages of supporting

evidentiary materials. It explained that Davis originally produced six computer hard

drives to Freeman. Then, according to an affidavit from one of the receiver’s

forensic accounts, filed in the CFTC case, “all relevant items that had been gathered,

were scanned and put onto external hard drives. . . . Identical copies of those hard


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drives were produced by me to both the CFTC in September 2009 and the U.S.

Attorney[’]s Office in August 2009.” Freeman eventually resigned and was charged

with conspiracy to commit mail fraud. After a new receiver was appointed, she

wrote to Davis’s lawyer in February 2010, stating that she had “enclosed copies of

all of the items that were turned over to me by the previous Receiver” with the

exception of the six computer hard drives and an external hard drive that contained

images of those drives.

      In July 2012, after the CFTC case had concluded, the CTFC provided to the

Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) two compact discs containing copies of CTFC’s

trial exhibits and of the productions made to defense counsel during discovery. A

few months later, the CFTC provided an Assistant United States Attorney with “five

DVDs containing a complete set of the records located in the CFTC’s Concordance

database for the Capital Blu matter.”

      In September 2017, the Secret Service wrote to inform Davis that it was in

possession of an external hard drive. A declaration by Brooke Tyus, the agent who

drafted the September 2017 letter, explains the background. According to Tyus, in

early March 2010, he received one external hard drive from the receiver in response

to a grand jury subpoena issued in 2009. That external hard drive was given to the

Secret Service’s “Orlando Field Office where it was entered into evidence.” It was

then returned to Davis “after having been wiped.” But, Tyus attested, the Secret


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Service received only one external hard drive and was not in possession of any

computer hard drive pertaining to Davis or Capital Blue.

      A magistrate judge recommended that Davis’s Rule 41(g) motion be denied.

Based on Davis’s allegations and the evidence presented by the government, the

magistrate judge found that Davis’s attorney provided the hard drives to a court-

appointed receiver, who later provided copies of those drives to the government.

While it was unclear what ultimately became of the hard drives, the magistrate judge

concluded that the government had adequately shown that the drives “are not in the

possession of the government.” For that reason, no relief was available under Rule

41(g). Further, according to the magistrate judge, to the extent Davis requested a

copy of the information on the hard drives, that was effectively a discovery motion

for which no factual or legal showing had been made.

      Davis filed objections and moved for reconsideration of the magistrate judge’s

recommendation. In these filings, Davis maintained that the receiver turned over all

original materials, including the hard drives, to the prosecutor or the CTFC. Davis

wrote that he had originally turned over six hard drives in response to a subpoena

sent to the court-appointed receiver by the U.S. Attorney’s Office on June 8, 2009.

Davis claims that the receiver then turned over the hard drives to the U.S. Attorney’s

Office, citing a November 17, 2010, decision in the CFTC case which noted that a

codefendant had testified that computers from Capital Blu’s “Melbourne office . . .


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were turned over to the United States Attorney’s Office.” U.S. Commodity Futures

Trading Comm’n v. Capital Blu Mgmt., LLC (“CFTC Case”), 2010 WL 11508136,

*2 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 17, 2010). But that same decision notes that the computer hard

drives Davis turned over came from Capital Blu’s Naples office. Id. (“[C]ounsel for

D. Davis did, in fact, produce six hard drives from the Naples computers to the

Receiver.”). Davis also asserted that the CFTC took possession of the hard drives

upon dissolution of the receivership, citing an August 30, 2010, decision that ordered

the receiver to “deliver to [CFTC’s] attorney any original Receivership documents

she has in her possession,” CFTC Case, 2010 WL 11508135, *1 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 30,

2010). Finally, Davis contended that the receiver, as an “officer of the court,” was

part of the government.

      Meanwhile, Davis moved for recusal of the magistrate judge on the ground

that the judge previously had worked for the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Middle

District of Florida which, according to the government’s response, had recused itself

from Davis’s criminal prosecution.

      The magistrate judge denied the recusal motion, finding no basis to believe

that his impartiality might reasonably be questioned. The magistrate judge explained

that he had no recollection of Davis’s case or of the basis for the recusal decision,

and the mere fact that he previously worked for an office that had recused from the




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case was not enough to warrant recusal. After seeking reconsideration from the

magistrate judge, Davis filed objections requesting district-court review.

      On May 15, 2018, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s

recommendation and denied Davis’s Rule 41(g) motion without addressing the

recusal motion. The court agreed that the record showed that the property at issue

never came into possession of the government.

      Davis now appeals, challenging the denial of his Rule 41(g) motion and the

implicit denial of his recusal motion. He contends that the district court erred in

resolving factual disputes without an evidentiary hearing and that there is record

evidence that the hard drives were possessed by some component of the government,

whether it was the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the CFTC, or the receiver. He further

asserts that, if the property was lost or destroyed, the government should be required

to pay money damages or replace the property.

                                         II.

      In reviewing the denial of a Rule 41(g) motion, we review legal conclusions

de novo and factual findings for clear error. United States v. Howell, 425 F.3d 971,

973 (11th Cir. 2005).

      Rule 41(g) provides that “[a] person aggrieved by an unlawful search and

seizure of property or by the deprivation of property may move for the property’s

return.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(g). “The motion must be filed in the district where the


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property was seized.” Id. When a Rule 41(g) motion is filed, “[t]he court must

receive evidence on any factual issue necessary to decide the motion.” Id.

      The government is not obligated to return property that it never possessed or

no longer possesses, but it must provide some evidentiary support for its claim that

it does not possess the property at issue. See United States v. Potes Ramirez, 260

F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that the district court erred when it relied

on the government's representation that the property sought by the defendant had

been destroyed because the government did not submit any evidence of the

property’s destruction). Nevertheless, equitable relief may be available if the

property at issue has been lost or destroyed. Id. at 1315. Money damages, however,

are not available under Rule 41(g). Id. at 1315–16 (holding that sovereign immunity

protects the government from money damages under Rule 41(g)).

      Here, the district court did not err in denying Davis’s motion under Rule 41(g).

The record evidence amply supports the court’s finding that the property at issue

never came into possession of the CFTC, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the IRS, or the

Secret Service. The evidence shows that Davis’s counsel produced six computer

hard drives to the court-appointed receiver in the CFTC Case in June 2009. The

receiver scanned the drives and provided copies to the CFTC, the IRS, and the U.S.

Attorney’s Office. As of February 2010, the receiver remained in possession of the

original hard drives and an external hard drive. The Secret Service obtained an


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external hard drive from the receiver in early March 2010, but it did not take

possession of the original hard drives. And there is no other evidence indicating that

a government agency received anything other than copies of the data on the original

hard drives. Although the evidence fails to show what became of the original hard

drives, the court did not clearly err in finding that the “government”—that is, the

investigating and prosecuting government agencies—never possessed the property

at issue.

       Davis’s arguments in response are unconvincing. First, Davis contends that

the court-appointed receiver is “essentially the United States” for purposes of his

motion because a receiver is an officer of the court, which in turn is part of the

government. But this interpretation would expand Rule 41(g) well beyond its terms.

Rule 41 is a rule of criminal procedure that addresses searches and seizures by law

enforcement, and subsection (g) provides for the return of property that “was

seized.” Fed R. Crim. P. 41(g). We cannot reasonably construe Rule 41(g) to apply

to property that is not in possession of the executive branch of the government, which

the Constitution vests with the powers of prosecution. See Smith v. Meese, 821 F.2d

1484, 1491 (11th Cir. 1987) (“The prosecutorial function, and the discretion that

accompanies it, is thus committed by the Constitution to the executive . . . .”).

       Here, the receiver was not an agent of the executive-branch agencies involved

in the CFTC Case or the criminal prosecution. See United States v. Koh, 199 F.3d


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632, 640 (2d Cir. 1999) (“as an officer of the court, the receiver was not an agent of

the U.S. Attorney’s Office”). And Davis cites no authority for the proposition that

the executive branch exercised any authority or control over the receiver, such that

it would ultimately be responsible for property held by a court-appointed receiver.1

Accordingly, Davis is not entitled to relief under Rule 41(g) based on the receiver’s

possession of the property.

       Second, Davis maintains that the government’s possession of the property is

shown by the fact that it possessed and returned an external hard drive that belonged

to him. However, although Davis often characterizes the external hard drive as one

of the six hard drives he originally turned over to the receiver, the evidence shows

otherwise. According to the government’s evidence and materials from the CFTC

Case, including orders Davis cited, Davis produced six computer hard drives to the

receiver. And it is those drives that are at issue here. What was returned to him was

something different—an external hard drive that connects to a computer through a

USB cable. There is no dispute that the Secret Service took possession of this

external hard drive in March 2010, but the agent who obtained the drive attested that

the Secret Service did not take possession of the computer hard drives.




       1
         Davis asserts that the receiver reported to the Attorney General, but the statute he cites, 7
U.S.C. § 13a-1, does not support that claim.
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      For that reason, Davis’s motion to take judicial notice of factual findings in a

separate case is misguided, in addition to being improper. Davis requests that we

take judicial notice of a decision by the U.S. District Court for the District of

Columbia in a separate civil case Davis filed against the Federal Bureau of

Investigation and others. The motion is due to be denied because we may not take

judicial notice of the factual findings of another court. Grayson v. Warden, Comm’r,

Ala. DOC, 869 F.3d 1204, 1225 (11th Cir. 2017). In any event, contrary to Davis’s

belief, the findings of the D.C. Court are consistent with the court’s findings here.

The D.C. Court referenced a hard drive belonging to Davis that the Secret Service

wiped, which is the same external hard drive that was returned to him. So that

reference does not contradict the government’s evidence that the six computer hard

drives never came into possession of the Secret Service or another government

agency.

      Third, Davis points to other evidence that, in his view, establishes the

government’s possession of the property at issue. But none of the evidence he cites

contradicts the district court’s findings. As we have explained, the receiver’s

possession of the property is not enough, and the government’s possession of an

external hard drive does not equate with possession of the property. Nor does the

CFTC decision he cites support his position. While the November 17, 2010, order

reflects that computers from Capital Blu’s Melbourne office were turned over to the


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U.S. Attorney’s Office, it also notes that the property at issue here came from the

Naples office and was produced “to the Receiver.”            CFTC Case, 2010 WL

11508136, *2. Other evidence indicates that the receiver then provided copies of

the drives, but not the originals, to the U.S. Attorney’s Office, among other agencies.

      Finally, Davis suggests that the district court abused its discretion by failing

to hold an evidentiary hearing. See Aron v. United States, 291 F.3d 708, 714 n.5

(11th Cir. 2002) (“[A] district court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing is reviewed

for abuse of discretion.”). We disagree. Rule 41(g) requires the court to “receive

evidence on any factual issue necessary to decide the motion.” Fed. R. Crim. P.

41(g). The movant is presumed to have a right to an item’s return, so the government

must demonstrate it has a legitimate reason to retain the property. See Potes

Ramirez, 260 F.3d at 1314. The district court has discretion to determine whether

the government has made the necessary showing. Id. (“We leave it to the district

court’s discretion on remand to determine how the government should present

evidence of the property’s destruction.”).

      Here, the government presented substantial evidence regarding whether it

ever possessed the property at issue, which was a factual issue necessary to decide

the motion. Davis disagrees with the district court’s interpretation of that evidence,

but he does not dispute the evidence itself. Nor does he identify with any specificity

what additional evidence could be presented at an evidentiary hearing. Instead, he


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broadly asserts that government personnel should be submitted for examination, and

he claims that the government is withholding relevant information regarding the

disposition of his property. But evidentiary hearings generally are not required

based on mere speculation that they could produce helpful information. See United

States v. Arias-Izquierdo, 449 F.3d 1168, 1189 (11th Cir. 2006); United States v.

Champion, 813 F.2d 1154, 1171 n.25 (11th Cir. 1987). Because Davis offers little

more than speculation that an evidentiary hearing could provide helpful information,

the court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to hold an evidentiary hearing.

       For the foregoing reasons, the district court did not clearly err in finding that

the government agencies involved in the CFTC Case and his criminal prosecution

never possessed the property at issue.2 We cannot order the government to return

something that it does not possess, and there is no evidence that the government lost

or destroyed the property, so we affirm the denial of Davis’s Rule 41(g) motion

without considering the issue of remedies.

                                             III.

       Finally, we address Davis’s argument that the magistrate judge should have

recused because he was employed by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Middle




       2
         In his briefing on appeal, Davis also demands the return of other property, including a
laptop and DVDs. But this other property is not properly before us because his renewed Rule
41(g) motion sought return of the six hard drives only. And he has since filed a new Rule 41(g)
motion for return of the laptop.
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District of Florida at the time that office recused itself from Davis’s criminal case.

We review a judge’s decision not to recuse for an abuse of discretion. United States

v. Berger, 375 F.3d 1223, 1227 (11th Cir. 2004).

      Under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), a judge “shall disqualify himself in any proceeding

in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” The purpose of this

provision is to promote confidence in the judiciary by avoiding even the appearance

of impropriety. United States v. Patti, 337 F.3d 1317, 1321 (11th Cir. 2003). To

that end, “the standard of review for a § 455(a) motion is whether an objective,

disinterested, lay observer fully informed of the facts underlying the grounds on

which recusal was sought would entertain a significant doubt about the judge’s

impartiality, and any doubts must be resolved in favor of recusal.” Id. (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

      Here, Davis has presented no grounds that, viewed objectively, would cause

a neutral lay observer to entertain a significant doubt about the magistrate judge’s

impartiality. Although the magistrate judge previously worked for a prosecutor’s

office that recused itself from Davis’s criminal prosecution, we do not know the

basis for the recusal decision, and neither, it appears, does the magistrate judge. The

magistrate judge explained that he had no recollection of any personal involvement

in Davis’s case or knowledge of the basis for the recusal decision. Davis offers no

argument or evidence tending to show these statements are inaccurate or the district-


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wide recusal decision was in any way related to the magistrate judge or would affect

his impartiality in this case.     Standing alone, these facts are insufficient to

demonstrate that the magistrate judge abused his discretion by declining to recuse.

See Berger, 375 F.3d at 1227. We therefore affirm the denial of the recusal motion.

                                         IV.

      In sum, the district court’s order denying Davis’s motions for the return of

property under Rule 41(g) and for recusal of the magistrate judge is AFFIRMED.

Davis’s “Motion to Supplement the Record Through Judicial notice” is DENIED

for the reasons discussed above.




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