                                           COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Chafin, O’Brien and Malveaux
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Salem, Virginia


            EMILY LYNN APONTE
                                                                                OPINION BY
            v.      Record No. 0052-17-3                               JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX
                                                                              OCTOBER 10, 2017
            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BEDFORD COUNTY
                                            James W. Updike, Jr., Judge

                            Dirk B. Padgett (Dirk Padgett Law PLLC, on brief), for appellant.

                            Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
                            Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                    Emily Lynn Aponte (“appellant”) appeals her convictions of involuntary manslaughter, in

            violation of Code § 18.2-36.1, driving while intoxicated (second offense within five to ten years)

            with a child in her vehicle, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-266 and -270, and maiming of another

            resulting from driving while intoxicated, in violation of Code § 18.2-51.4.1 On appeal, she contends

            the trial court erred when it denied her motion to suppress the certificate of analysis containing her

            blood test results, refused to allow her to introduce data evidence at trial, and denied her motion to




                    1
                      Appellant was also convicted of child abuse and neglect, in violation of Code
            § 18.2-371.1(A). Appellant’s notice of appeal does not include the case number for her child
            abuse and neglect conviction. “[T]wo aspects of a notice of appeal are mandatory substantive
            requirements.” Evans v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 339, 345, 735 S.E.2d 252, 254-55 (2012)
            (citation omitted). First, it must be timely filed; and second, “it must ‘adequately identif[y] the
            case to be appealed.’” Id. at 345, 735 S.E.2d at 255 (quoting Roberson v. Commonwealth, 279
            Va. 396, 407, 689 S.E.2d 706, 713 (2010)). Because appellant’s notice of appeal does not
            adequately identify her child abuse and neglect conviction as a subject of her appeal, we are
            without jurisdiction to review that conviction.
strike as the Commonwealth failed to prove appellant was intoxicated at the time of her accident.2

For the reasons discussed below, we affirm her convictions.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts [are] stated in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Scott v.

Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381, 789 S.E.2d 608, 608 (2016).

                                  The Accident and Investigation

       While driving on the afternoon of April 26, 2014, appellant crossed the center line of a

two-lane highway and collided head on with a van. The van’s driver suffered injuries which

impair his ability to walk and limit his work capacities. Appellant’s six-year-old son, E.A., was

a passenger in the back seat of her car. E.A. was gravely injured and died several hours after the

accident.

       Connie Letchford was sitting on her porch that day when, at about 3:00 p.m., she heard “a

great big boom.” She walked around the side of her home and looked toward the nearby

highway, where she saw that a van and car had collided. She ran to the scene, opened

appellant’s door, asked her if she was okay, and told her she was going to call 911. Appellant

said, “please don’t. . . . [P]lease don’t call. I’ve been drinking.”

       Appellant got out of her car and tried to phone her husband. When Letchford completed

her call to 911, she turned around and saw appellant holding three or four cans of beer.

Letchford asked appellant what she was doing, and appellant said, “I have to get rid of this” and

threw the cans into a wooded area near the road.




       2
          Appellant raised additional assignments of error concerning her convictions. Her
petition for appeal was denied on those assignments of error.
                                               -2-
       Connie Letchford’s daughter-in-law, Cheryl Letchford, was with her on the porch that

afternoon and also heard the collision. When Cheryl approached the accident scene, appellant

“was begging Connie not to call 911 because she would be in so much trouble.” She noted that

when appellant got out of her car there was a strong odor of beer on her breath. Cheryl

Letchford also saw appellant throw away several cans of beer.

       Senior Trooper Gordon Musgrove of the Virginia State Police arrived at the scene shortly

after 3:00 p.m. Several emergency vehicles were already present, and Musgrove found the scene

“fairly hectic” to observe and investigate. He asked appellant for her license and registration and

“asked her real quickly” what had happened, but “didn’t get that close” to appellant. Appellant

told Musgrove that E.A. had asked her a question, and when she looked back to answer him, the

accident occurred. Appellant’s husband arrived at the scene, E.A. was airlifted to a Roanoke

hospital, and appellant and her husband asked if they could leave. At approximately 3:45 p.m.,

Musgrove told them to drive to the hospital and that he would later meet them there.

       Shortly thereafter, Musgrove spoke with two other troopers who had talked with Connie

Letchford. Apprised of their conversation, Musgrove walked to the wooded area and saw three

cans of beer. Musgrove also spoke with Letchford and heard her account of appellant’s conduct

and statements. Prior to that time, Musgrove had not been concerned that alcohol might have

played a role in the accident.

       After completing his work as lead investigator of the accident, Musgrove left the scene

shortly after 5:20 p.m. and arrived at the hospital just before 6:00 p.m. He went to the pediatric

intensive care unit and spoke briefly with E.A.’s doctor before speaking again with appellant at

about 6:15 p.m. Musgrove could detect a slight odor of alcohol in the room where he and

appellant spoke. Appellant repeated her account of the accident and denied having anything to

drink after the crash. She stated her last drink had occurred at about 3:00 a.m. or 4:00 a.m.

                                               -3-
         Musgrove, giving appellant “the benefit of the doubt” that 14 or 15 hours had passed

since her last drink, offered appellant a breath test to see if any alcohol remained in her system.

At about 6:23 p.m., appellant’s breath test returned a blood alcohol content (“BAC”) result of

.130. Based on appellant’s account of her conduct, the result seemed high to Musgrove.

Appellant’s husband was present, and he asked Musgrove if his Alco-Sensor was working

properly. Another trooper, who was investigating a different accident, was in the emergency

room at that time and Musgrove asked if he would administer a second test using that trooper’s

Alco-Sensor. At approximately 6:30 p.m., that breath test returned a result of .109 BAC.

         Musgrove asked appellant what she had to drink the night before. Appellant said she had

consumed part of a mixed drink and some beer—“a lot more than normal”—and that, as a

consequence, she had spent the previous night at the home of her mother’s friend. At that point,

after approximately 30 minutes of conversation with appellant, Musgrove contacted the

Commonwealth’s attorney for guidance. Since more than three hours had elapsed since the

accident, the statutory window for implied consent for a blood draw had passed3 and the

Commonwealth’s attorney advised Musgrove to see if appellant would consent to give a blood

sample. He also advised the trooper that if appellant did not consent, there was sufficient

probable cause for Musgrove to take her before a magistrate and obtain a search warrant for her

blood.

         Musgrove told appellant she could voluntarily provide a blood sample, which would

allow her to remain in the hospital and minimize her time away from her son, or they would have




         3
         Code § 18.2-268.2(A) provides that anyone who operates a motor vehicle upon the
Commonwealth’s highways “shall be deemed thereby . . . to have consented to have samples of
his blood, breath, or both blood and breath taken for a chemical test to determine the alcohol,
drug, or both alcohol and drug content of his blood” if he is arrested for various offenses “within
three hours of the alleged offense.”
                                               -4-
to go before a magistrate and obtain a search warrant. Appellant said she would provide a blood

sample, and her blood was drawn at 7:15 p.m.

                                         Pre-Trial Motions

       Appellant filed a pre-trial motion to suppress the certificate of analysis from her blood

sample, alleging that the sample was obtained by coercion and thus violated her constitutional

rights. At the motion hearing, appellant testified that when Musgrove asked her to provide a

blood sample, she thought she had to comply. She said she remembered hearing that she would

be handcuffed and taken before a magistrate if she did not voluntarily provide a blood sample

and that she did not know what to do because she did not wish to leave her son. Appellant gave

a blood sample because, she thought, “I had no choice or I’d have to be gone.”

       The trial court also heard the testimony of Trooper Musgrove, as outlined above, and his

further testimony that at no time prior to the blood draw did he tell appellant that he would arrest

her. He stated he was prepared to handcuff her and take her before a magistrate, but that he did

not convey this information to appellant and that he neither handcuffed nor applied any force to

her.

       The trial court denied the motion to suppress, finding that although the appellant’s

purported consent to a blood draw was not voluntary, the certificate of analysis was nonetheless

admissible because the warrantless blood draw was obtained under exigent circumstances. The

trial court stated that it is “a matter of common sense in ordinary human experience [that] . . . the

level of alcohol in the body dissipates with the passage of time” and that because of that,

Musgrove “might reasonably have believed that he was confronted with an emergency in which

the delay necessary to obtain a warrant under the circumstances threatened the destruction of

evidence.” Further, the trial court noted the “circumstances of what the [t]rooper had been told




                                                -5-
by witnesses at the scene and discovered in his investigation and what [appellant] herself had

told him.”

       Appellant also moved for a pre-trial determination of the admissibility of data from her

vehicle’s airbag control module (“ACM”). Appellant wished to introduce the ACM data to

defend against the charge of aggravated involuntary manslaughter. She maintained the ACM’s

data comprised evidence of speed, brake use, and steering that would bolster her argument that

the accident was the result of her momentary inattention, rather than gross, wanton, and culpable

conduct.

       The trial court found the ACM data was relevant, because it could assist the jury in

determining whether appellant’s conduct was sufficiently gross, wanton, and culpable as to show

a reckless disregard for human life. See Code § 18.2-36.1(B). However, the court also ruled the

evidence was inadmissible for two reasons. First, the court concluded the evidence was hearsay

because the ACM contained data and information constituting an out-of-court declaration offered

for the truth of its content. Second, the court found appellant had failed to carry her burden of

showing the evidence was reliable. Consequently, appellant’s motion was denied.

                                  Relevant Proceedings at Trial

       At trial, Chad Harris of the Virginia Department of Forensic Science testified that he

analyzed appellant’s blood sample. Harris prepared a certificate of analysis which reflects that at

7:15 p.m. the night of the accident, appellant’s BAC was 0.116% by weight by volume. That

certificate was entered into evidence.

       Also at trial, Dr. Trista Wright of the Virginia Department of Forensic Science testified as

an expert in toxicology. She testified to the effects of alcohol consumption on concentration,

alertness, vision, coordination, reaction time, and other functions. Dr. Wright explained the

process of retrograde extrapolation, which allowed her to work backwards from appellant’s BAC

                                                -6-
when her blood was drawn at 7:15 p.m. to calculate her approximate BAC at the time of the

accident. She also explained that her extrapolation was based on the assumption that appellant

did not consume alcohol after the accident. Wright testified that based upon appellant’s BAC at

7:15 p.m., her BAC at the time of the accident was between 0.156% and 0.196% by weight by

volume, with a midpoint of 0.176% by weight by volume.

       After the Commonwealth presented its evidence, appellant moved to strike. That motion

was denied. After presenting her own evidence, appellant renewed her motion to strike. That

motion also was denied. A jury convicted appellant of involuntary manslaughter, driving while

intoxicated (second offense within five to ten years) with a child in her vehicle, maiming of

another resulting from driving while intoxicated, and child abuse and neglect. Appellant timely

noted her appeal to this Court.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

                                      A. Motion to Suppress

       Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it denied her motion to suppress the

certificate of analysis as no exigent circumstances existed to justify the warrantless blood draw.

We disagree.

       “In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we ‘consider the facts in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.’” Hairston v. Commonwealth, 67

Va. App. 552, 560, 797 S.E.2d 794, 798 (2017) (quoting Malbrough v. Commonwealth, 275 Va.

163, 168, 655 S.E.2d 1, 3 (2008)). “It is the appellant’s burden to show that when viewing the

evidence in such a manner, the trial court committed reversible error.” Id. (citation omitted).

“The question of whether a . . . seizure violated the Fourth Amendment is ‘a mixed question of

law and fact that we review de novo’ on appeal.” Id. (quoting Harris v. Commonwealth, 276 Va.

689, 694, 668 S.E.2d 141, 145 (2008)). “An appellate court independently reviews the trial

                                               -7-
court’s application of relevant legal principles,” but in doing so, “the Court ‘is bound by the trial

court’s factual findings unless those findings are plainly wrong or unsupported by the

evidence.’” Id. at 560-61, 797 S.E.2d at 798 (quoting Malbrough, 275 Va. at 168, 655 S.E.2d at

3). Further, “we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and

local law enforcement officers.” Id. at 561, 797 S.E.2d at 798 (quoting McGee v.

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc)).

       The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons,

houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV.

“Warrantless searches . . . are per se unreasonable, subject to a few well-defined exceptions.”

Collins v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 486, 497, 790 S.E.2d 611, 616 (2016) (quoting Abell v.

Commonwealth, 221 Va. 607, 612, 272 S.E.2d 204, 207 (1980)), cert. granted, 2017 U.S. LEXIS

4455 (U.S. Sept. 28, 2017) (No. 16-1027). “These narrowly delineated exceptions include:

consent, search incident to a lawful arrest, plain view, and exigent circumstances.” Id. Our

Supreme Court has “recognized several common examples of exigent circumstances such as hot

pursuit, the imminent destruction of evidence, and the possibility of danger to others.” Id.

However, “[n]o fixed legal definition fully captures the meaning of exigent circumstances”

because “[p]olice officers find themselves in a myriad of situations with varied fact patterns.”

Evans v. Commonwealth, 290 Va. 277, 283, 776 S.E.2d 760, 763 (2015). Thus, “[n]o court

[can] provide an exhaustive enumeration of factors that would distinguish circumstances that

qualify as exigent from those that would not.” Id. “When evaluating if exigent circumstances

existed, ‘the court must examine the circumstances as they reasonably appeared to the law

enforcement officer[] on the scene.’” Collins v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 37, 44, 773 S.E.2d

618, 622 (2015) (quoting Verez v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 405, 411, 337 S.E.2d 749, 753




                                                -8-
(1985)), aff’d, 292 Va. 486, 790 S.E.2d 611 (2016), cert. granted, 2017 U.S. LEXIS 4455 (U.S.

Sept. 28, 2017) (No. 16-1027).

       On brief, appellant argues that for exigent circumstances to exist, an officer must be

confronted with an emergency. She maintains that the dissipation of alcohol from the

bloodstream does not constitute such an emergency, because although natural dissipation

threatens the destruction of evidence, retrograde extrapolation allows a defendant’s BAC at the

time of an alleged offense to be calculated from a sample taken many hours later. Given this

capacity for extrapolation, appellant argues, her BAC could have been calculated as easily from a

sample taken later in the evening as it was from the sample drawn at 7:15 p.m. Thus, the

Commonwealth cannot demonstrate that Trooper Musgrove faced “an emergency type situation”

constituting exigent circumstances, because he could have taken the time to obtain a warrant for

the blood draw.

       Appellant relies primarily on Missouri v. McNeely, 569 U.S. 141 (2013),4 arguing that in

that case, the Supreme Court found exigent circumstances justifying a warrantless blood draw do

not exist simply due to the dissipation of alcohol “without circumstances that suggest[] an actual


       4
           Appellant also relies on Birchfield v. North Dakota, 136 S. Ct. 2160 (2016), but
Birchfield is inapposite. The Birchfield Court addressed blood draws which occur in the search
incident to arrest and implied consent contexts, not in the context of the exigent circumstances
warrant exception. Id. at 2174 and 2185. Appellant overstates the holding of Birchfield, arguing
that “Birchfield now requires a search warrant for the extraction of blood in drunk driving
cases.” In fact, the Birchfield Court was careful to note that a warrantless blood draw is still
constitutionally sound where an exception to the warrant requirement applies and that “[n]othing
prevents the police . . . from relying on the exigent circumstances exception.” Id. at 2184.
         In moving to strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, appellant also offered Bristol v.
Commonwealth, 272 Va. 568, 636 S.E.2d 460 (2006), for the proposition that the dissipation of
blood alcohol alone cannot support a finding of exigent circumstances because “every instance
of a DUI is [then] exigent circumstances.” Bristol, however, addressed the exigent
circumstances exception to the warrant requirement only in the context of the implied consent
statute, Code § 18.2-266.2. The Bristol Court concluded that in that context, finding exigent
circumstances based solely on the dissipation of blood alcohol would be error because such a
finding would “undermine completely the implied consent provisions” of the statute and “render
irrelevant the issue of a driver’s consent.” Id. at 575-76, 636 S.E.2d at 464.
                                                  -9-
emergency.” In fact, the question certified to the Supreme Court in McNeely was a narrow

one—whether the natural metabolization of alcohol presents a per se exigency justifying a

warrantless, nonconsensual blood draw in all drunk driving cases. Id. at 145. The Court held

only that there is no per se exigency, with exigency determined “case by case based on the

totality of the circumstances.” Id.

        Although appellant misconstrues McNeely, that case does control our analysis. In

McNeely, the Supreme Court relied heavily upon their earlier decision in Schmerber v.

California, 384 U.S. 757 (1966). In Schmerber, the defendant was hospitalized after an

automobile accident and, once arrested there, was subjected to a nonconsensual, warrantless

blood draw. Id. at 758. On appeal, the Supreme Court determined that the blood draw was

justified by exigent circumstances, because the officer “might reasonably have believed that he

was confronted with an emergency, in which the delay necessary to obtain a warrant, under the

circumstances, threatened ‘the destruction of evidence.’” Id. at 770 (quoting Preston v. United

States, 376 U.S. 364, 367 (1964)). The Court noted that “the percentage of alcohol in the blood

begins to diminish shortly after drinking stops,” and also that “[p]articularly in a case such as

this, where time had to be taken to bring the accused to a hospital and to investigate the scene of

the accident, there was no time to seek out a magistrate and secure a warrant.” Id. at 770-71.

Given such “special facts,” the Court concluded that the warrantless, nonconsensual blood draw

was “an appropriate incident to [the defendant’s] arrest.” Id. at 771. However, the Court was

careful to state that it reached its judgment “only on the facts of the present record.” Id. at 772.

       In McNeely, the defendant was arrested after exhibiting signs of intoxication during a

traffic stop. 569 U.S. at 145. The arresting officer took the defendant to the hospital for a

nonconsensual, warrantless blood draw after he indicated he would refuse to submit to a breath

test. Id. at 145-46. The trial court granted the defendant’s motion to suppress the results of his

                                                - 10 -
blood test, concluding that the exigency exception to the warrant requirement did not apply. Id.

at 146. The trial court reasoned that although the defendant’s blood alcohol was being

metabolized, that circumstance was inherent in every case involving intoxication, and there were

no further circumstances suggesting the officer faced a situation in which he could not first have

obtained a warrant. Id.

        The Missouri Supreme Court affirmed, declining to adopt the state’s argument that the

dissipation of blood alcohol creates a per se exigency. Id. at 147; see also State v. McNeely, 358

S.W.3d 65, 74 (Mo. 2012) (per curiam). In so holding, the court relied upon Schmerber, which

“reaffirms that . . . exigency is to be determined by the unique facts and circumstances of each

case. [It] directs lower courts to engage in a totality of the circumstances analysis” and “requires

more than the mere dissipation of blood-alcohol evidence to support a warrantless blood draw.”

State v. McNeely, 358 S.W.3d at 74. Further, the question of whether circumstances creating an

exigency exist “heavily depends on the existence of ‘special facts,’” and in “routine DWI cases,

in which no ‘special facts’ exist other than . . . natural dissipation,” a warrant is still required. Id.

The court determined that unlike Schmerber, the defendant’s case was “unquestionably a routine

DWI case,” lacking “‘special facts’ of exigency,” since “[t]here was no accident to investigate

and no injuries to attend to that required the patrolman to expend time.” Id.

        The McNeely Court affirmed the Missouri Supreme Court, noting its reliance on

Schmerber and reiterating the authority of Schmerber’s fact-specific, totality of the

circumstances inquiry for determining whether exigent circumstances exist to justify a

nonconsensual, warrantless blood draw. McNeely, 569 U.S. at 148-51. The Court reviewed its

broader exigent circumstances jurisprudence, noting the harmony between Schmerber’s

analytical framework and the “finely tuned approach” and “fact-specific . . . reasonableness

inquiry” utilized in other contexts of exigency. Id. at 150 (citations omitted). The Court also

                                                 - 11 -
noted its reliance in Schmerber upon the fact that blood alcohol evidence could have been lost

through dissipation over time, particularly where other, “special facts” were also present—i.e.,

where time was required to investigate the scene of an accident and transport an accused to the

hospital.5 Id. at 151.

        In rejecting the state of Missouri’s argument that the natural dissipation of alcohol alone

constitutes a per se exigency, the McNeely Court concluded that “while . . . natural dissipation

. . . may support a finding of exigency in a specific case, as it did in Schmerber, it does not do so

categorically.”6 Id. at 156. The Court acknowledged that “because an individual’s alcohol level

gradually declines soon after he stops drinking, a significant delay in testing will negatively

affect the probative value of the results.” Id. at 152. Further, while retrograde extrapolation

permits experts to work backwards from a later blood draw to determine BAC at the time of an

alleged offense, “longer intervals may raise questions about the accuracy of the calculation.” Id.

at 156. The Court “[did] not doubt that some circumstances will make obtaining a warrant

impractical such that the dissipation of alcohol . . . will support an exigency justifying a . . .

warrantless blood test,” but stated that “[t]hat, however, is a reason to decide each case on its

facts, as we did in Schmerber.” Id. at 153. The Court refrained from speculating about all the

relevant factors a court might consider in an exigent circumstances analysis, concluding that the


        5
        However, the Court had recently reiterated that under the “so-called ‘police-created
exigency’ doctrine,” police may not “create [an] exigency by engaging or threatening to engage
in conduct that violates the Fourth Amendment.” Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 461-62
(2011).
        6
          We note that even under exigent circumstances, for a warrantless search to be
constitutionally sound probable cause must exist—a fact acknowledged by the state of Missouri
in their argument for per se exigency. See McNeely, 569 U.S. at 151-52. See also Evans v.
Commonwealth, 290 Va. 277, 291, 776 S.E.2d 760, 767 (2015) (holding that warrantless entry
into apartment by police was justified where “both probable cause and exigent citcumstances”
existed); Washington v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 427, 437, 728 S.E.2d 521, 526 (2012)
(noting that “[c]oupled with a showing of probable cause,” certain exigencies may justify the
warrantless search of a home).
                                              - 12 -
“relevant factors . . . , including the practical problems of obtaining a warrant within a timeframe

that still preserves the opportunity to obtain reliable evidence, will no doubt vary depending

upon the circumstances in the case.” Id. at 164.

       Thus, contrary to appellant’s assertion, McNeely does not necessarily require

circumstances beyond natural dissipation of alcohol that “suggest[] an actual emergency.”

Instead, the detrimental effects of the passage of time upon the reliability of a blood test may

alone be sufficient to justify a warrantless, nonconsensual blood draw. Further, “special facts,”

as in Schmerber, can delay the warrant-seeking process sufficiently to contribute to exigent

circumstances. And such facts are present in the instant case.

       Here, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, Trooper

Musgrove responded to a “fairly hectic” accident scene involving multiple serious injuries. He

did not initially suspect alcohol may have played a role in the accident, and spoke only briefly

with appellant before allowing her and her husband to proceed to the hospital. Musgrove

subsequently learned from a witness that appellant said she had been drinking and tried to

prevent police from responding to the scene. He also learned from that witness, and from his

own investigation, that appellant tried to impede the accident investigation by concealing

potentially relevant evidence. But Musgrove, the lead investigator of the accident scene, could

not immediately proceed to the hospital to seek a breath or blood sample from appellant.

Instead, his on-site duties and the approximately half-hour drive to the hospital delayed him until

the three-hour implied consent window had closed.

       At the hospital, appellant stated she drank “a lot more than normal” the night before, but

assured Musgrove her last drink occurred 11 or 12 hours before the accident. Musgrove gave her

“the benefit of the doubt” that her account was truthful, but did administer a breath test that

returned a result of .130 BAC. A second breath test, administered less than 10 minutes later,

                                               - 13 -
returned a lower result of .109 BAC. Conducting his investigation outside the implied consent

window, and confronted with a dissipating blood alcohol content which, according to appellant,

reflected alcohol consumed some 14 or 15 hours before the breath tests, Musgrove obtained a

warrantless blood draw from appellant.

       Considering the totality of these circumstances as they reasonably appeared to Trooper

Musgrove, we conclude exigent circumstances existed to justify the nonconsensual, warrantless

blood draw from appellant. Unlike in McNeely, but as in Schmerber, appellant’s blood draw

arose not from a “routine DWI” traffic stop but from a serious automobile accident with

attendant complications. McNeely, 569 U.S. at 164 (quoting State v. McNeely, 358 S.W.3d at

74). Like the officer in Schmerber, Trooper Musgrove was delayed in pursuing the usual

procedures for obtaining a valid blood draw by the need to investigate the accident. Further, his

development of suspicion that alcohol played a role in the accident may itself have been delayed

by appellant’s act of concealing beer cans. Based on what Musgrove learned from appellant at

the hospital, the alcohol she ingested may have been imbibed so remotely in time from the

accident that any further delay in obtaining a blood sample would have affected the accuracy,

and thus the probative value, of blood alcohol test results. Given the potential for the destruction

of evidence through dissipation, and the other “special facts” specific to this situation, Trooper

Musgrove acted reasonably under the circumstances to obtain evidence from appellant. We hold

the trial court did not err in finding that exigent circumstances justified the warrantless blood

draw from appellant.




                                                - 14 -
                    B. Motion for Determination of the Admissibility of Data

        Appellant argues the trial court erred in excluding the ACM data,7 which would have

allowed her to argue her conduct was not gross, wanton, and reckless.8 Assuming, without

deciding, that the trial court erred when it excluded the ACM data, we conclude any such error

was harmless.

        An appellate court “will not reverse a trial court for evidentiary errors that were harmless

to the ultimate result.” Carter v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 537, 544, 800 S.E.2d 498, 502 (2017)

(quoting Shifflett v. Commonwealth, 289 Va. 10, 12, 766 S.E.2d 906, 908 (2015)). “In Virginia,

non-constitutional error is harmless ‘when it plainly appears from the record and the evidence

given at the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial justice has been

reached.’” Campos v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 690, 717, 800 S.E.2d 174, 187-88 (2017)

(quoting Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005-06, 407 S.E.2d 910, 911 (1991)

(en banc)). “In a criminal case, it is implicit that, in order to determine whether there has been ‘a



        7
           We note that appellant’s assignment of error alleges the trial court erred “by refusing to
allow the appellant to introduce . . . expert testimony and evidence at trial involving crash
retrieval data.” Appellant filed a pre-trial motion requesting that the court appoint a crash data
retrieval expert to assist with her defense. At the hearing on that motion, the court took the
matter under advisement, granted a continuance, and invited appellant to schedule a further
hearing on the matter. Appellant did not subsequently seek to obtain an expert through the court,
and did not attempt to qualify an expert at trial. On brief, appellant argues only that the trial
court should have allowed the ACM data into evidence. Thus, we confine our inquiry to whether
the trial court erred in excluding the ACM data.
        8
         While appellant’s brief asserts that the ACM data “would have allowed [her] to argue
against[] gross, wanton and reckless conduct or against evidence of intoxication,” at the motion
hearing, appellant argued solely that the ACM data would have allowed her to argue against
gross, wanton, and culpable conduct showing a reckless disregard for human life. “The Court of
Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal which was not presented to the trial court.”
Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998). See Rule 5A:18.
Thus, appellant cannot now advance the argument that admission of the ACM data would have
aided her defense against charges arising from intoxication. Accordingly, we confine our inquiry
to whether the trial court erred in excluding the ACM data in the context of appellant’s
indictment for aggravated involuntary manslaughter.
                                                - 15 -
fair trial on the merits’ and whether ‘substantial justice has been reached,’ a reviewing court

must decide whether the alleged error substantially influenced the jury.” Clay v.

Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 259, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731 (2001) (quoting Code § 8.01-678). “An

error does not affect a verdict if a reviewing court can conclude, without usurping the jury’s fact

finding function, that, had the error not occurred, the verdict would have been the same.”

Campos, 67 Va. App. at 717, 800 S.E.2d at 188 (quoting Lavinder, 12 Va. App. at 1006, 407

S.E.2d at 911).

       Appellant was indicted for aggravated involuntary manslaughter as a result of driving

under the influence, conviction for which requires proof of “conduct . . . so gross, wanton and

culpable as to show a reckless disregard for human life.” Code § 18.2-36.1(B). But the jury

found no such aggravating conduct, and convicted appellant of the lesser offense of statutory

involuntary manslaughter. See Code § 18.2-36.1(A). Thus, the exclusion of ACM data,

evidence appellant maintains would have bolstered her defense that she did not engage in gross,

wanton, and culpable conduct and was merely inattentive, could not have substantially

influenced the jury and did not affect the ultimate result. Because we conclude that, had the

ACM data not been excluded, the verdict on the charge of aggravated involuntary manslaughter

would have been the same, we can also conclude that any error in excluding the evidence was

harmless.

                                       C. Motion to Strike

       Appellant argues the trial court erred in refusing to strike the evidence, as the

Commonwealth failed to prove she was intoxicated at the time of the accident. We conclude that

appellant waived this argument.

       The record citation in appellant’s assignment of error makes clear she appeals only the

denial of her motion to strike made at the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s evidence.

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Appellant’s argument on brief supports this conclusion, as she argues solely that the evidence of

intoxication is insufficient as a matter of law to sustain her convictions.9 Our case law makes

clear that “[w]here a defendant presents evidence, he waives any motion to strike made at the

close of the Commonwealth’s evidence.” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 185, 189, 708

S.E.2d 241, 242 (2011). See also Hutton v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 714, 718 n.2, 791

S.E.2d 750, 752 n.2 (2016) (noting that although appellant assigned error to the trial court’s

denial of his motion to strike made at the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s evidence, appellant

waived that assignment of error by introducing evidence in his own behalf); Murillo-Rodriguez

v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 64, 74, 688 S.E.2d 199, 204-05 (2010) (“[A]fter the denial of a

motion to strike the Commonwealth’s evidence, . . . by putting on additional evidence, the

defendant waives his ability to challenge the sufficiency of the Commonwealth’s evidence in

isolation.”).

        Appellant’s articulation of her assignment of error and her argument on brief make clear

that here, she appeals only the denial of her motion to strike made at the close of the

Commonwealth’s case in chief. Because appellant waived any objection to that denial when she

presented her own evidence, we will not consider this issue on appeal.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s convictions.

                                                                                          Affirmed.




        9
          We also note that when renewing her motion to strike, appellant failed to argue that the
totality of the evidence was insufficient to prove intoxication.
                                                - 17 -
