                                     2018 IL App (1st) 172431

                                           No. 1-17-2431

                                   Opinion filed December 4, 2018 

                                                                                     Second Division
_____________________________________________________________________________



                                              IN THE

                                 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                         FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________
                                                               )    Appeal from the
STATE OF ILLINOIS, ex rel.                                     )    Circuit Court of
STEPHEN B. DIAMOND, P.C.,                                      )    Cook County.
                                                               )
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                                 )
                                                               )    No. 13 L 13198
     v.                                                        )
                                                               )
SR/ECOM, INC.; SR/ECOM, LLC; SAUCONY/ECOM,                     )    Honorable
INC.; SRCG/ECOM, INC.; STS/ECOM, INC.; and                     )    Thomas R. Mulroy,
ROBEEZ LOGISTICS, INC.,                                        )    Judge, presiding.
                                                               )

          Defendants-Appellees.                                )





          JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
          Justices Lavin and Pucinski concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1        A lawyer serving as both relator and counsel in a qui tam action under the Illinois False

Claims Act (740 ILCS 175/1 et seq. (West 2014)) has himself or herself as the client. In State of

Illinois ex rel. Schad, Diamond & Shedden, P.C. v. My Pillow, Inc., 2018 IL 122487, a case

raising the same issue by the same relator/counsel as here, the Illinois Supreme Court, as a matter
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of first impression, held that the relator/counsel in a successful qui tam case may not collect

attorney’s fees for representing itself.

¶2      Relator law firm, Stephen B. Diamond, P.C., contends My Pillow does not bar its petition

for attorney’s fees because (i) the holding applies only prospectively under the test in Aleckson v.

Village of Round Lake Park, 176 Ill. 2d 82 (1997), and (ii) the parties’ settlement agreement

expressly barred later court rulings from applying to it. We conclude Diamond fails to overcome

the legal presumption that appellate court opinions apply both retroactively and prospectively.

And, contrary to Diamond’s reading, nothing in the settlement agreement precludes denying the

fee petition.

¶3                                         BACKGROUND

¶4      Stephen B. Diamond P.C., as relator, filed a complaint under the False Claims Act (740

ILCS 175/1 et seq. (West 2014)) alleging the defendants, several online shoe companies, failed

to collect and remit taxes on Internet sales to Illinois consumers. The State declined to intervene

and the trial court entered an order allowing Diamond to proceed. When defendants’ attempt at

settlement with Diamond proved unsuccessful, they began discussions with the State. After

defendants and the State reached an agreement, they jointly moved for the trial court’s approval.

¶5      The settlement agreement required defendants to pay $978,453.63, three times the tax on

its Illinois sales from October 9, 2012, to May 31, 2014, the date defendants began collecting and

remitting Illinois sales tax. (Defendants paid $694,702.08 to the State and $283,751.455 to

Diamond’s firm, as relator.) Pertinent to this appeal, paragraph 5 of the settlement agreement

provides that Diamond “has the option” of filing a petition for attorney’s fees and expenses for

his firm’s work, as well as the work of outside counsel. And paragraph 14 states the agreement

was “not revocable in the event of any changes to the [False Claims Act] or to any applicable tax

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statute or regulation or any subsequent rulings by a court, at any level, regarding the [False

Claims Act].”

¶6     Over Diamond’s objection, the trial court approved the settlement, finding it to be fair,

adequate, and reasonable. Diamond then filed a petition for attorney’s fees and expenses in

excess of $1 million for services performed by employees or principals of the firm. Documents

submitted in support of the fee petition indicated that Diamond’s outside counsel, Vanasco,

Genelly & Miller, spent no time on the case, although listed as counsel on all pleadings.

¶7     Defendants filed a motion objecting to the fee petition arguing, in part, that Diamond was

precluded as a matter of law from an award of fees for self-representation under the False Claims

Act because he was serving as both client and attorney. The trial court denied defendant’s motion

and awarded Diamond $974,914 for attorney’s fees and expenses, after deducting several travel-

related expenses. Diamond moved to reconsider the portion of the fee petition the trial court

denied and filed a supplemental fee petition, seeking additional fees related to its motion to

enforce the settlement agreement. Defendants filed a motion to reconsider, again arguing the trial

court should deny Diamond’s fee petition as a matter of law because a relator is not entitled to

fees under the False Claims Act for self-representation.

¶8     While those motions were pending, the appellate court issued a decision in People ex rel.

Schad, Diamond & Shedden, P.C. v. My Pillow, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 152668, holding, as a

matter of first impression, that a relator who acts as his or her own attorney cannot seek

attorney’s fees under the fee shifting provision of the False Claims Act. Id. ¶ 148. Justice David

Ellis, writing for the court, found that awarding attorney’s fees to a self-represented relator

violated public policy regardless of the work done by the self-represented relator or the benefit

the work conferred on the State thereby. Id. ¶¶ 143-148. The court noted that the statutory fee­

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shifting provisions intend to “incentivize[ ] individuals to ferret out *** fraud [against the

government] by removing the burden of legal fees as a deterrent.” Id. ¶ 132. The False Claims

Act rewards prevailing relators by providing an award of between 25% and 30% of the lawsuit’s

proceeds if a relator handles the litigation from start to finish, without the State’s intervention. Id.

So to then “reward that law firm for its efforts again, this time based on an hourly fee rate, strikes

us as a double recovery.” (Emphasis omitted.) Id.

¶9      Further, because a relator/counsel serves in both capacities, the arrangement lacks

independence. Id. ¶¶ 138-39. The court also cited the potential for abusive fee generation and

noted that Illinois public policy does not support allowing law firms to create a business out of

filing lawsuits under statutes with fee-shifting provisions. Id. ¶ 142.

¶ 10    After ordering additional briefing and hearing arguments on the applicability of My

Pillow, the trial court granted the defendants’ motion for reconsideration, reversed its earlier fee

award, and denied Diamond’s motion for reconsideration and supplemental fee petition. The trial

court agreed with defendants on My Pillow applying retroactively under Aleckson v. Village of

Round Lake Park, 176 Ill. 2d 82 (1997), reasoning that a prospective-only application would

hinder the public policy concerns identified in My Pillow. The trial court also found that the

statement of public policy in My Pillow prohibiting a self-represented relator from recovering

legal fees foiled the settlement agreement’s provision blocking the effect of later court rulings

regarding the Act.

¶ 11    After Diamond appealed, the Illinois Supreme Court issued its opinion in State of Illinois

ex rel. Schad, Diamond & Shedden, P.C. v. My Pillow, Inc., 2018 IL 122487, affirming the

appellate court. The supreme court’s opinion highlighted some of the same public policy reasons

the appellate court identified, including the free rein afforded lawyers pursuing the litigation and

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the need to avoid abusive fee generation practices. See id. ¶¶ 25-26. (citing Hamer v. Lentz, 132

Ill. 2d 49, 62-63 (1989)).

¶ 12   Defendants filed a motion to cite the supreme court’s opinion as controlling authority. In

reply, Diamond argued (i) My Pillow applies prospectively only and thus does not bar him from

receiving attorney’s fees and (ii) the settlement agreement barred application of any later court

rulings.

¶ 13                                       ANALYSIS

¶ 14                          Prospective Application of My Pillow

¶ 15   Diamond contends My Pillow cannot be applied retroactively. This is a question of law

reviewed de novo. Schmidt v. Ameritech Illinois, 329 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1027 (2002).

¶ 16   In the civil context, generally, an opinion issued by a court presumably applies both

retroactively and prospectively. Aleckson, 176 Ill. 2d at 86. This presumption can be overcome if

three criteria are met: (i) the decision established a new principle of law, either by overruling

past precedent on which the parties relied or by deciding an issue of first impression the

resolution of which was not clearly foreshadowed; (ii) given the purpose and prior history of the

new principle of law, its operation will be promoted by prospective only application, and

(iii) substantial inequitable results would be produced by applying the decision retroactively. See

id. at 87-88; Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106-07 (1971).

¶ 17   Defendants contend the trial court did not retroactively apply My Pillow because the

parties’ motions to reconsider remained pending when the supreme court issued My Pillow.

Diamond argues that, since the trial court had already approved the settlement agreement and

granted the fee petition, My Pillow did involve an impermissible retroactive application under

Aleckson.

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¶ 18   But even accepting Diamond’s position does not satisfy the three prongs of the Aleckson

test. Although My Pillow decided an issue of first impression, satisfying the first prong, the

purposes of the new principle of law—to avoid double recovery and deter abusive fee

practices—will not be promoted by prospective only application. To allow Diamond to recover

attorney’s fees in addition to a portion of the settlement he already received would amount to

double recovery, which the supreme court’s My Pillow holding expressly seeks to avoid.

¶ 19   And prior history does not support an argument for prospective only application of the

new principle of law. Diamond argues the trial court was following a long line of cases awarding

attorney’s fees to self-represented relators when it initially approved his fee petition and it would

be unfair to retroactively rescind the fee award. But he cites circuit court cases only, which have

no precedential value. Once the appellate court issued its opinion, which the supreme court

affirmed, the trial court properly applied the new principle of law to deny Diamond’s petition for

attorney’s fees.

¶ 20   Further, retroactive application does not result in a substantially inequitable result.

Diamond received 29% (or $283,752) from the settlement and, thus, received recompense for

bringing the lawsuit. Moreover, Diamond knew in litigating this case that the issue of attorney’s

fees for law firms serving as relators in pro se qui tam lawsuits was unsettled—the My Pillow

defendants had filed a motion objecting to the fee petition, maintaining, as a matter of law,

Diamond was precluded from an award of fees for self-representation. And, at the time Diamond

submitted his fee petition to the trial court, the attorney’s fees issue was unsettled and pending

before the appellate court. Thus, Diamond had good reason to know the trial court might not

award his firm attorney’s fees.

¶ 21                              Terms of the Settlement Agreement

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¶ 22      Diamond asserts the trial court erred in applying My Pillow due to the settlement

agreement’s express bar on applying later court rulings. Specifically, Diamond cites paragraph

14, “The Settlement Agreement is binding on the parties hereto and is not revocable in the event

of any changes to the [False Claims Act] or to any applicable tax statute or regulation, or any

subsequent court rulings by a court at any level, regarding the [False Claims Act].” (Emphasis

added.)

¶ 23      Diamond asserts My Pillow falls squarely within the definition of “any subsequent rulings

by a court” regarding the False Claims Act and that paragraph 14 bars it from being applied. To

the contrary, paragraph 14 does not say that at all. As the italicized language reveals, the

agreement is not revocable should a court makes changes to the False Claims Act. Defendants

did not attempt to revoke the settlement agreement due to subsequent court rulings. Indeed,

defendants complied with the terms of the settlement agreement, paying the amounts owed to

Diamond and the State. Nor does paragraph 5 of the settlement agreement help. Paragraph 5

simply allows the firm to submit a petition. Thus, the language of the settlement agreement did

not preclude the trial court from applying the My Pillow holding to deny Diamond’s attorney’s

fees petition.

¶ 24      Affirmed.




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