                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 15-0706
                            Filed September 23, 2015

IN THE INTEREST OF J.E., A.E.,
and T.P.,
      Minor Children,

J.E., Father,
       Appellant,

C.B., Mother,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Poweshiek County, Rose Ann

Mefford, District Associate Judge.



      A mother and father appeal from the juvenile court order terminating their

parental rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.



      Dennis E. McKelvie of McKelvie Law Office, Grinnell, for appellant-father.

      Michael S. Fisher of Fisher Law Office, Oskaloosa, for appellant-mother.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathryn Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, and Rebecca Petig, County Attorney, for appellee.

      Fred Stiefel, Victor, for mother of C.P.

      Dustin D. Hite of Heslinga, Dixon & Hite, Oskaloosa, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor children.



      Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, Judge.

       The father of three children and the mother of the younger two of those

children appeal from the juvenile court order terminating their parental rights.1 In

December 2014, the juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (h) and the mother’s parental

rights pursuant to section 232.116(1)(h) (2013). They each contend the statutory

grounds for termination are not supported by clear and convincing evidence.

                                           I.

       We review de novo proceedings terminating parental rights. See In re

H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 745 (Iowa 2011). We examine both the facts and law,

and we adjudicate anew those issues properly preserved and presented. See In

re L.G., 532 N.W.2d 478, 480 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). We will uphold an order

terminating parental rights only if there is clear and convincing evidence of

grounds for termination. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000).

Evidence is “clear and convincing” when there are no “serious or substantial

doubts as to the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.”

Id.

       A court’s termination of parental rights under chapter 232 follows a three-

step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). First, the court

must determine if a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has been

established by clear and convincing evidence.           See id.    This is a threshold

determination. In the absence of proof establishing a ground authorizing the


1
 The parental rights of the mother of the father’s oldest child also were terminated. She
did not appeal.
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termination of a parent’s rights, we do not proceed on to the second step.

Second, if a ground for termination is established, the court must apply the

framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if proceeding with termination

is in the best interests of the child. See id. Third, if the statutory best-interests

framework supports terminating parental rights, the court must consider if any

statutory exceptions set forth in section 232.116(3) should serve to preclude

terminating parental rights. See id. The father’s parental rights were terminated

pursuant to section 232.116(1)(f) as to the oldest child.       The father and the

mother’s rights were terminated pursuant to section 232.116(1)(h) as to the

younger two children. The parents do not contest there is sufficient evidence to

establish the first three elements of paragraphs (f) and (h). They do contest

whether there is sufficient evidence establishing the fourth element, common to

both paragraphs: that the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s

parents at the present time. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4), (h)(4).

       The Iowa Department of Human Services became involved with this family

in November 2013, when the two older children were removed from the parents

due to unsanitary conditions in the home. An investigation revealed the home

was generally in poor and unsafe conditions, including dog feces on the floor.

The parents also were using and/or distributing controlled substances from the

house. The investigation revealed marijuana, packaging, and paraphernalia in

the home. The youngest child was removed from the parents in February 2014,

following his birth.   He has never resided with the parents.         Following the

children’s removal, the parents struggled to find suitable housing. They changed
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residences frequently, living with friends and family, and living for three weeks in

a campground during the summer, before securing housing in October 2013.

The parents also struggled with visitation and went fairly long periods of time

without exercising any visitation with the children.

       By the time of the termination hearing in December 2014, the parents had

addressed the issues giving rise to removal.           Both had maintained full-time

employment since the early part of 2014, working overnight shifts at a local

factory. They were able to secure an apartment. The case workers conceded

the apartment was appropriate and safe for the children. The parents had also

made plans with their landlord to move into a large rental unit the next year when

it became available. The parents reduced the number of pets in the home and

kept the home clean.      The mother successfully completed substance abuse

treatment.   The evidence showed the mother was a casual user only.             She

testified she had not used since the date of removal. She never tested positive

for any controlled substances during the pendency of this proceeding.           The

parties dispute whether the father completed substance abuse treatment. The

father was not “successfully discharged” from his substance abuse treatment

program.     However, he had discussions with his service provider, and she

recommended “no further treatment” after he provided a clean drug test. The

father has never tested positive for any controlled substance during the

pendency of this proceeding.

       Although the parents did finally address the issues precipitating removal,

we conclude there is clear and convincing evidence the children could not be
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returned to the parents at the time of the termination hearing. A child cannot be

returned to a parent’s custody if doing so would place the child at risk of harm

that would justify finding the child in need of assistance or, if by doing so, the

child would remain in need of assistance. See Iowa Code § 232.102(5), (7), (9);

see also In re R.R.K., 544 N.W.2d 274, 277 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995) overruled on

other grounds by P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 39. Our supreme court has said “‘our

statutory termination provisions are preventative as well as remedial.” In re L.L.,

459 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 1990). They are designed to prevent probable harm

to the child and the State is not required to wait until actual harm has occurred

before moving to terminate a parent’s rights.” In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798

(Iowa 2006). Thus the harm justifying termination of parental rights need not be

the one that led to the initial out-of-home placement. See In re S.N., 500 N.W.2d

32, 34 (Iowa 1993); In re C.M.T., 433 N.W.2d 55, 56 (Iowa Ct. App. 1988).

       The record reflects the children would be at risk of harm due to the

parents’ inability to meet the children’s basic needs, such as hygiene, food, and

clothing, and the parents’ lack of concern for the children’s well-being. See Iowa

Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2). The evidence showed the parents demonstrated

little interest in the children during the pendency of this proceeding.         For

example, the parents did not call to inquire about the children between June 10

and June 19 and between June 21 and July 5. By way of further example, the

parents exercised no visitation with the children between July 17 and September

2. The record further demonstrates many other missed visitations. When the

parents did exercise visitation, they were not able to care for the children without
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prompting. In the case worker’s report to the court for the termination hearing,

she made these monthly observations:

   September 2014—the parents “are not engaged in the everyday lives
   of the children, and are content just to visit them, but have shown no
   real interest in maintaining a parental role in their lives”

   October 2014—“FSRP [Family, Safety, Risk and Permanency]
   continues to observe a lack of parenting skills during visits, and
   parents need prompting to do such things as change diapers and burp
   the baby.”

   November 2014—the parents “continue to need assistance with basic
   parenting from the FSRP provider, including prompting to feed,
   change, and burp. Children have begun to have behaviors that
   coincide with visits.”

   December 2014—there appears to be no bond between the infant and
   the parents; the other children appear to have minimal bond; “the
   children have grown a custom [sic] to going long periods of time
   without any contact from their parents”; the parents “have not attended
   any necessary medical or other appointments related to the children
   throughout the life of the case.”

   We also conclude the termination of the parents’ rights is in the children’s

best interests. See Iowa Code § 232.116(2) (identifying relevant factors). As

stated above, the parents have not demonstrated the ability to care for the

children. The evidence also showed the parents have little to no bond with any

of the children. One service provider testified the father “doesn’t engage with the

children and doesn’t see a need to engage with the children on a regular basis.”

Giving due consideration to the parent’s performance during the pendency of the

child-in-need-of-assistance proceedings, see In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798

(Iowa 2006) (noting that in making the best-interests determination, we look to

the parent’s past performance because it may indicate the quality of care the

parent is capable of providing in the future), and to the factors set forth in section
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232.116(2), including the children’s integration into the foster family, see Iowa

Code section 232.116(2)(b), we agree with the juvenile court’s determination that

termination of the parents’ rights is in the best interest of the children.

   We further conclude no factor in section 232.116(3) applies to allow the court

to avoid termination. See P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 39.

       For the foregoing reasons we affirm the termination of the father’s and

mother’s parental rights.

       AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
