                 NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 06a0051n.06
                           Filed: January 18, 2006

                                               04-6311

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                           )
                                                    )
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                         )
                                                    )   ON APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT
v.                                                  )   COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT
                                                    )   OF KENTUCKY
DAMMARKO SHERRON NOLAN,                             )
                                                    )
        Defendant-Appellant.                        )




        Before: DAUGHTREY and COLE, Circuit Judges, and BARZILAY,* Judge.


        PER CURIAM. The defendant, Dammarko Sherron Nolan, entered a conditional

guilty plea to two counts of a four-count indictment that charged him with distribution of

cocaine and possession with intent to distribute cocaine, while reserving the right to appeal

the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence and his motion for severance

of offenses. We find no reversible error in connection with either decision of the district

court and affirm the judgment of conviction.


                     I. PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND




        *
         The Hon. Judith M. Barzilay, Judge of the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by
designation.
04-6311
United States v. Nolan

       Nolan was convicted on drug-trafficking charges arising out of two separate

incidents. The first occurred in June 2001 when Danville police set up a drug sale between

Nolan and a confidential informant. After several recorded phone calls between Nolan and

the informant, Nolan arranged a meeting in the parking lot of a Danville strip shopping

center, at which time the informant purchased crack cocaine that Nolan had provided to a

third party, Wasim Muhammad, who had arrived at the location with Nolan in Nolan’s

vehicle.   The transaction was observed by local police, who had the area under

surveillance.


       Charges on the second offense grew out of Nolan’s arrest in October 2003 on two

warrants charging failure to notify the Department of Transportation of a change of address

and failure to register a motor vehicle. The arrest warrants for those infractions had been

sworn out by a Danville officer, Jamie Stamper. The affidavits submitted to secure the

warrants provided the following information:


       Officer Stamper stopped the Defendant in 2001 and then stopped the
       Defendant again on 10/09/03 and the Defendant has failed to notify address
       change to the Department of Transportation. Officer Stamper confirmed
       such allegations through Danville Police Department records. The Defendant
       has [allegedly] been avoiding to change address the Defendant is currently
       under investigation for not [transferring] his address. The Defendant has
       lived in Danville for some time. The Defendant is currently residing at 141
       Mason Ave. Danville, KY 40422. The Defendant has done this knowingly
       and willingly. The Defendant did this knowing he has no right to do so.


       Officer Stamper stopped the Defendant on 10/08/2003 at 0322hrs. The
       Defendant has been living in Danville, KY for over a month and has failed to
       register his 1995 GMC truck Tennessee Plate # MWN169. The Defendant

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United States v. Nolan

       has done this in the past. This officer has prior knowledge that the
       Defendant has avoided [transferring] his vehicles. The Defendant has done
       this knowingly and willingly, without any right to do so. This officer compared
       Danville Police Department records to confirm this.


       On November 12, 2003, law enforcement officers observed the defendant at a

pizzeria and pulled him over after he left the restaurant, allegedly based on the outstanding

arrest warrants. After arresting Nolan and taking him into custody, the police conducted

an inventory search of the vehicle and discovered two plastic bags of marijuana,

approximately 60 grams of crack cocaine, and a set of scales. A resulting state indictment

was dismissed after a four-count federal indictment covering both the 2001 incident and the

2003 incident was returned.


       Prior to his plea, Nolan filed a motion to suppress, arguing that the warrants for the

arrest in 2003 were “fatally deficient and defective on their face” because, as a matter of

fact, he was not a resident of Danville, Kentucky, as alleged in the affidavit, but instead

lived in Elyria, Ohio. The district judge concluded that Nolan had made “a conclusory

statement that the warrant was false, but d[id] not allege that the allegations were

deliberately false or that the truth had been recklessly disregarded.” The court held that

Nolan also failed to establish that the arresting officers did not act in good faith. In a motion

for reconsideration, Nolan argued that “the record in the state district court will show that

the officer knew that Nolan was a resident of Ohio when the officer swore out the warrants

that led to his arrest.” The district court denied Nolan’s motion to reconsider, noting that



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United States v. Nolan

Nolan again failed to “provide any evidence of Officer Stamper acting with ‘deliberate falsity

or reckless disregard,’” as required by Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).


       Nolan also filed a motion to sever the charges. In that motion he argued that the

more than two-year time span between the offenses was too great to allow for proper

joinder. In addition, Nolan argued that trying all four counts together would “create extreme

prejudice” because he intended to testify on counts one and two, involving the 2001

offense, but not for counts three and four, which covered the 2003 offense.


       The district court denied the motion to sever, finding that the 29-month period

between the offenses was still “a relatively short period of time.” The court also rejected

Nolan’s claim that he would suffer prejudice if counts one and two were tried at the same

trial as counts three and four.


                                     II. DISCUSSION


A. Motion to Suppress


       The defendant contends that the 2003 arrest warrants were not supported by

probable cause, given that the supporting affidavits erroneously alleged that he was a

resident of Danville, Kentucky, and that a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S.

154 (1978), would have established their constitutional invalidity, based on the false

statement in the affidavit regarding his residence.



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04-6311
United States v. Nolan

       We conclude, as did the district court, that Stamper’s affidavit contained enough

information to establish probable cause. It establishes, in addition to Stamper’s contacts

with Nolan in Danville over a two-year period, that Nolan’s car was registered in

Tennessee, not Ohio, which supports the charge that Nolan had failed to change his

registration as required by Kentucky law. Although the circumstances surrounding the

execution of the 2003 arrest warrants suggest that the Danville officers were more

concerned with Nolan’s drug-trafficking activities than with his non-compliance with state

registration laws, the affidavits were legally sufficient to establish probable cause, and there

is no basis in the record for finding that the district court erred in failing to suppress

evidence on the basis of a Franks v. Delaware violation.


B. Motion to Sever


        Nor do we find error in the district court’s denial of the motion to sever. As a

threshold matter, it appears that the offenses were properly joined pursuant to Federal Rule

of Criminal Procedure 8, which provides that an indictment “may charge a defendant in

separate counts with 2 or more offenses if the offenses charged . . . are of the same or

similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are connected with or

constitute parts of a common scheme or plan.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). There is, of course,

no dispute that the drug-trafficking charges in the indictment are of the same character.

Moreover, in this circuit we have put little emphasis on temporal connection, holding in

United States v. Chavis, 296 F.3d 450, 458 (6th Cir. 2002), that despite a “significant gap


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04-6311
United States v. Nolan

in time” between the offenses in the indictment, “the government’s case for joinder depends

upon whether the two offenses were of the ‘same or similar character.’”


       The next question is whether, under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 8, the

district court abused its discretion in ruling that the defendant failed to establish a basis for

severing otherwise properly joined offenses. Here, the defendant faces a decidedly uphill

battle, given our holding that a defendant “must show compelling and specific prejudice to

reverse a district court’s denial of a severance.” United States v. Sherlin, 67 F.3d 1208,

1215 (6th Cir. 1995). Nolan contends that he was prejudiced by the lack of severance

because he would have testified in his own defense at a separate trial on the first two

counts, concerning the 2001 offenses, but not at a trial on counts three and four, regarding

the 2003 charges.


       Relying on United States v. Lindsey, 782 F.2d 116, 118 (8th Cir. 1986), the district

court rejected this argument and noted that the grant of a motion to sever on this basis is

proper only when “a defendant has made a convincing showing that he has both important

testimony to give concerning one count and a strong refrain from testifying on the other,”

which the court did not find to be the situation in this case, because the defendant made

no showing as to why there was a need for his testimony in one trial but a need to refrain

from testifying at another. The district court also observed that if the motion were granted,

the government could follow through on its intention to prosecute the more recent charges

first and then introduce evidence of Nolan’s conviction on those offenses to impeach his


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United States v. Nolan

testimony at any subsequent trial on the older offenses. As the government points out, “No

basis exists to sever counts when the same evidence is admissible in separate trials.” See

United States v. Bencs, 28 F.3d 555, 559-60 (6th Cir. 1994).


                                    III. CONCLUSION


       For the reasons set out above, we find no error in the district court’s denial of the

defendant’s motions to suppress and to sever, and we therefore AFFIRM the judgment

entered in the court below.




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