         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                            Assigned on Briefs November 4, 2003

                    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CALVIN OWENS

                      Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                      Nos. 01-06973, 74, 75, 76 Joseph B. Dailey, Judge



                  No. W2003-00033-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 17, 2003


The Defendant, Calvin Owens, was convicted of two counts of aggravated robbery, one count of
attempt to commit especially aggravated robbery, and one count of attempted second degree murder,
all Class B felonies. After a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced him as a Range I offender
to eleven years for each of his four convictions. The trial court ordered three of the sentences to be
served consecutively, with the sentence for the remaining conviction to be served concurrently,
resulting in an effective sentence of thirty-three years. In this direct appeal, the Defendant argues
that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions and that the trial court erred in sentencing
him to thirty-three years. We affirm the judgments of the trial court.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

DAVID H. WELLES, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOE G. RILEY and JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS, JJ., joined.

Harry Sayle, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Calvin Owens.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Betsy Carnesale, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                              OPINION


        On June 9, 2000, Reuben Ramirez went to a store with his friends, Jose Salazar and Manuel
Ramirez, to cash their paychecks. They each left the store with several hundred dollars in cash. As
they were driving in Mr. Salazar’s car to the apartment complex in which they all lived, the hood of
the car flew up, breaking the windshield. The men stopped the car, lowered the hood, and examined
the damage to the car. They then proceeded to their apartment complex. When they arrived, the
Defendant approached them, asking whether he could help. The Defendant told the men that he
knew someone from whom the men could buy parts to repair the damaged car. The Defendant told
them that he would get them a phone number they could call to buy parts for the car. As he was
talking to the three men, the Defendant placed his hand on the hood of the car. The Defendant
accompanied Jose Salazar and Manuel Ramirez into Mr. Salazar’s apartment, and Reuben Ramirez
went to get his car so they could drive it to the auto parts store. Mr. Salazar went into the bedroom
of his apartment to look for a pen and paper. When he emerged from his bedroom into the living
room of his apartment, he saw the Defendant pointing a gun at Manuel Ramirez’s head. The
Defendant told the two men to get on the floor, which they did. The Defendant took Mr. Salazar’s
wallet, which contained over seven hundred dollars. Manuel Ramirez told Mr. Salazar that the
Defendant had taken his wallet as well.

         As the Defendant attempted to leave the apartment, Reuben Ramirez arrived at the door. The
Defendant put a gun to Reuben Ramirez’s head, grabbed his hair, and threw him to the floor. The
Defendant took Reuben Ramirez’s wallet, then forced him into the bedroom where Mr. Salazar and
Manuel Ramirez were. The Defendant demanded more money from Reuben Ramirez, so Reuben
Ramirez reached into his pants pocket to get the money he had just received when he cashed his
check. As Reuben Ramirez put his hand in his pocket, the Defendant shot him in the chest. The
bullet passed through Reuben Ramirez’s torso and exited his back. After the Defendant shot him,
Reuben Ramirez fled out the window, ran to another apartment, and asked for help. A few minutes
later, the police arrived. Reuben Ramirez testified that, as a result of the gunshot wound to his chest,
he could no longer work outside in the heat. During their testimony, both Reuben Ramirez and Jose
Salazar identified the Defendant as the perpetrator.

          Officer Ricky Davison, a crime scene investigator with the Memphis Police Department,
examined the scene of the shooting. He located blood and a spent bullet on the bedroom floor of Mr.
Salazar’s apartment. Officer Davison also dusted Mr. Salazar’s entire car for fingerprints, and he
was able to obtain several from the hood of the car. Larry Preston, a fingerprint examiner with the
Memphis Police Department, determined that one of the fingerprints lifted from the hood of Mr.
Salazar’s vehicle belonged to the Defendant.

        Based on this evidence, the jury found the Defendant guilty of aggravated robbery with
respect to Jose Salazar, aggravated robbery with respect to Manuel Ramirez, and, with respect to the
attack on Reuben Ramirez, attempted especially aggravated robbery and attempted second degree
murder. The Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions.

         Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(e) prescribes that “[f]indings of guilt in criminal
actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support
the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Evidence is sufficient if, after
reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 278 (Tenn. 2000). In addition, because
conviction by a trier of fact destroys the presumption of innocence and imposes a presumption of
guilt, a convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence was insufficient.
See McBee v. State, 372 S.W.2d 173, 176 (Tenn. 1963); see also State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102,


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105-06 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

        In its review of the evidence, an appellate court must afford the State “the strongest legitimate
view of the evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn
therefrom.” Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914; see also Smith, 24 S.W.3d at 279. The court may not “re-
weigh or re-evaluate the evidence” in the record below. Evans, 838 S.W.2d at 191; see also Buggs,
995 S.W.2d at 105. Likewise, should the reviewing court find particular conflicts in the trial
testimony, the court must resolve them in favor of the jury verdict or trial court judgment. See
Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914. All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and
value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact, not the appellate
courts. See State v. Morris, 24 S.W.3d 788, 795 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620,
623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).

        In this case, the Defendant was convicted of two counts of aggravated robbery, attempted
especially aggravated robbery, and attempted second degree murder. Aggravated robbery is robbery
accomplished with a deadly weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-402(a)(1). Our criminal code
defines robbery as “the intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by
violence or putting the person in fear.” Id. § 39-13-401(a). Jose Salazar testified that, as he was
walking out of his bedroom, he saw the Defendant pointing a gun at his friend Manuel Ramirez’s
head. He stated that the Defendant motioned with the gun for them to get on the floor. The
Defendant took Mr. Salazar’s wallet, which contained over seven hundred dollars. The evidence is
sufficient to support the Defendant’s conviction of the aggravated robbery of Mr. Salazar.

        The Defendant was also convicted of the aggravated robbery of Manuel Ramirez, and he
specifically argues that the evidence is insufficient to support that conviction because Mr. Ramirez
did not testify at trial. However, as we have noted, Mr. Salazar observed the Defendant pointing a
gun at Manuel Ramirez’s head. Furthermore, Mr. Salazar testified that Mr. Ramirez told him that
the Defendant had already taken his wallet. Pursuant to the excited utterance exception to the
hearsay rule, the trial court allowed Mr. Salazar to testify that, while they were lying on the bedroom
floor, Manuel Ramirez said to him, “He already took away my wallet . . . Everything we worked all
week for it has been taken away from us already. All week long and in such a short time it’s been
taken away from us.”1 This evidence is sufficient to support the Defendant’s conviction of the
aggravated robbery of Manuel Ramirez.

        Next, in order to sustain the Defendant’s conviction of the attempted especially aggravated
robbery of Reuben Ramirez, the State must have proven that the Defendant acted with the intent to
commit an especially aggravated robbery and that he believed that his conduct would cause the
especially aggravated robbery. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-101(a)(2). Especially aggravated
robbery is robbery accomplished through the use of a deadly weapon and where the victim suffers
serious bodily injury. See id. § 39-13-403(a). Reuben Ramirez testified that, when he arrived at his


        1
            The Defendant do es not appeal the trial court’s admission of the hearsay.

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friend’s apartment, the Defendant put a gun to his head, grabbed him by the hair, and threw him onto
the floor. The Defendant demanded money from Mr. Ramirez even after Mr. Ramirez gave him his
wallet. When Mr. Ramirez reached into his pocket to give the Defendant more money, the
Defendant shot him in the chest. This evidence is sufficient to sustain the Defendant’s conviction
of attempted especially aggravated robbery.

        Finally, the Defendant was convicted of attempted second degree murder. Attempted second
degree murder occurs where a defendant acts with the intent to cause the knowing death of another,
believing his or her conduct will cause the result without further conduct on his or her part. See
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-12-101(a)(2), 39-13-210(a)(1). In this case, the Defendant was robbing
Reuben Ramirez and his friends at gunpoint. When Mr. Ramirez reached into his pocket to give the
Defendant the money he demanded, the Defendant shot him in the chest, causing a severe wound.
The jury could easily have found that in so doing, the Defendant intended to kill the victim, who was
unarmed. In short, we find the evidence sufficient to support the Defendant’s conviction of
attempted second degree murder. This issue is without merit.

        The Defendant also complains that he was improperly sentenced. When an accused
challenges the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence, this Court has a duty to conduct a
de novo review of the sentence with a presumption that the determinations made by the trial court
are correct. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption is “conditioned upon the
affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all
relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

         When conducting a de novo review of a sentence, this Court must consider: (a) the evidence,
if any, received at the trial and sentencing hearing; (b) the presentence report; (c) the principles of
sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and characteristics of the
criminal conduct involved; (e) any statutory mitigating or enhancement factors; (f) any statement
made by the defendant regarding sentencing; and (g) the potential or lack of potential for
rehabilitation or treatment. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103, -210; State v. Brewer, 875
S.W.2d 298, 302 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993); State v. Thomas, 755 S.W.2d 838, 844 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1988).

        If our review reflects that the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure, that the
court imposed a lawful sentence after having given due consideration and proper weight to the
factors and principles set out under the sentencing law, and that the trial court’s findings of fact are
adequately supported by the record, then we may not modify the sentence even if we would have
preferred a different result. See State v. Pike, 978 S.W.2d 904, 926-27 (Tenn. 1998); State v.
Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

        In this case, the presentence report reflects that, at the time of sentencing, the Defendant was
twenty-eight years old and single. He graduated from high school in 1993 and had some post high-
school education. The presentence report states that the Defendant was employed in various
restaurants from October of 1991 until January of 1994. The Defendant also stated that, for


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approximately one year in 1999 and 2000, he worked for two temporary employment agencies, and
that he worked for his father in 1998 and 1999. In addition to the instant offenses, the Defendant
was convicted of being an accessory after the fact to both especially aggravated kidnapping and
aggravated robbery in 1996, forgery under one thousand dollars in 1996, and aggravated robbery in
1994.

        At the sentencing hearing, the Defendant denied any involvement in the crimes for which he
was convicted. After determining that the Defendant had only one prior felony conviction within
the conviction class or the next two lower classes, the trial court properly determined that the
Defendant was a Range I offender. A Range I offender convicted of a Class B felony, which each
of the Defendant’s convictions are, is subject to a potential sentence of eight to twelve years in
confinement. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(a)(2). The presumptive sentence for a Class B
felony is the minimum in the range, increased by applicable enhancement factors and decreased by
applicable mitigating factors. See id. § 40-35-210(c), (e).

        In determining the appropriate sentences for the Defendant, the trial court found two
enhancement factors: (1) the Defendant had a previous history of criminal convictions in addition
to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; and (2) the personal injuries inflicted upon or
the amount of damage to property sustained by or taken from the victims was particularly great. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(2), (7). The trial court found no mitigating factors. At the conclusion
of the sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to eleven years on each of his four
convictions. The trial court ordered the sentences for the two aggravated robbery convictions and
the attempted especially aggravated robbery conviction to be served consecutively, with the sentence
for the attempted second degree murder conviction to be served concurrently with the sentence for
attempted especially aggravated robbery. The Defendant’s effective sentence was thus thirty-three
years.

        The Defendant’s challenge to his sentence is twofold. First, the Defendant contends that the
trial court erred by enhancing his sentence for attempted especially aggravated robbery based on the
particularly great injury inflicted upon the victim or the particularly great amount of property taken
from the victim. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(7). He asserts that, because serious bodily
injury is an element of the offense of attempted especially aggravated robbery, it was error for the
trial court to enhance that sentence based on the victim’s injuries. However, it is clear from the
transcript of the sentencing hearing that the judge did not enhance the Defendant’s sentence based
on the victim’s particularly great injuries; rather, he focused on the financial loss sustained by the
victim when he enhanced the sentence.

        We must agree with the Defendant that it was error for the trial court to enhance the
Defendant’s sentence for attempted especially aggravated robbery based upon the particularly great
financial loss suffered by Reuben Ramirez. Mr. Ramirez testified that the Defendant took his wallet,
which contained eighty or one hundred dollars. Although Mr. Ramirez stated that he had another
four hundred and fifty dollars in his pocket, the Defendant shot him when he reached into his pocket
to recover it. Therefore, it appears that the Defendant did not take the four hundred and fifty dollars


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from Mr. Ramirez. We cannot say that the loss of eighty or one hundred dollars amounts to
“particularly great” financial loss for enhancement purposes. Therefore, the trial court erred by
applying enhancement factor seven to the Defendant’s sentence for attempted especially aggravated
robbery.

        Nevertheless, the trial court’s error in this regard was harmless because the trial court found
as an additional enhancement factor that the Defendant had a previous history of criminal
convictions in addition to those necessary to establish him as a Range I offender. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-114(2). As we have already noted, the Defendant had prior felony convictions for
forgery under one thousand dollars, aggravated robbery, and for being an accessory after the fact in
an especially aggravated kidnapping and an aggravated robbery. This enhancement factor is
sufficient to justify the trial court’s decision to enhance the Defendant’s sentence for attempted
especially aggravated robbery to eleven years.

         The Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by ordering him to serve his sentences
for aggravated robbery and attempted especially aggravated robbery consecutively. In ordering
consecutive sentencing, the trial court relied upon the following criteria: (1) the Defendant was a
professional criminal who knowingly devoted his life to criminal acts as a major source of
livelihood; (2) the Defendant was an offender whose record of criminal activity was extensive; and
(3) the Defendant was a dangerous offender whose behavior indicated little or no regard for human
life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life was high. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(1), (2), (4). Any one of these factors, if properly applied, would justify
the imposition of consecutive sentencing. See id., Sentencing Commission Comments.

        First, the trial court found the Defendant to be a professional criminal. See id. § 40-35-
115(b)(1). The trial court relied on the Defendant’s scant employment history and the types of
crimes for which he had been convicted. The trial judge correctly noted that the twenty-eight year
old Defendant did not have an outstanding work history. Between October of 1991 and January of
1994, the Defendant was apparently a dishwasher in three restaurants. From some time in 1998 until
June of 2000, he worked sporadically for two temporary employment agencies and his father.
Furthermore, the Defendant’s history of criminal activity contains several crimes that are motivated
by a desire for financial gain, such as aggravated robbery, forgery, theft, and shoplifting.2 We
believe that the trial court was justified in ordering consecutive sentencing based on this evidence.
At the time of sentencing, the Defendant was twenty-eight years old, had an unstable employment
history, and had accumulated ten criminal convictions, several of which were financially motivated.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by imposing consecutive sentencing based on
the professional criminal criterion.

        The trial court also cited the Defendant’s extensive criminal history as a reason for imposing
consecutive sentences. See id. § 40-35-155(b)(2). Consecutive sentences imposed upon the basis
of an extensive record of criminal activity frequently look to a defendant’s prior record in addition


       2
           The record reflects that the crimes of theft and shoplifting occurred while the Defendant was a juvenile.

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to the offenses at issue. See State v. Palmer, 10 S.W.3d 638, 648 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). In this
case, the Defendant was convicted of two aggravated robberies, one attempted especially aggravated
robbery, and one attempted second degree murder, and all the convictions arose from the same
criminal episode. However, the Defendant’s adult criminal history dates back to 1994, when the
Defendant was nineteen years old. In addition to the instant convictions, the Defendant has been
convicted of aggravated robbery, forgery, and accessory after the fact to especially aggravated
kidnapping and aggravated robbery. We agree with the trial court that the Defendant’s history of
criminal activity is extensive. The trial court did not err in this regard.

         Finally, the trial court imposed consecutive sentences based on the Defendant being a
dangerous offender whose behavior indicated little or no regard for human life, and no hesitation
about committing a crime in which the risk to human life was high. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
115(b)(4). Obviously, the crimes committed against these three victims were dangerous crimes. As
noted by our supreme court, however, every offender convicted of two or more dangerous crimes
is not thereby a dangerous offender who is subject to consecutive sentences. See State v. Wilkerson,
905 S.W. 2d 933, 938 (Tenn. 1995).

        Based upon our review of the record in this case, we have no hesitation in finding “that the
terms imposed are reasonably related to the severity of the offenses committed and are necessary in
order to protect the public from further criminal acts by the offender.” Wilkerson, 905 S.W. 2d at
938. The trial judge neither erred nor abused his discretion when he ordered an effective sentence
of thirty-three years. This issue is without merit.

       The judgments of the trial court are affirmed.




                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE




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