[Cite as State ex rel. Husted v. Brunner, 123 Ohio St.3d 288, 2009-Ohio-5327.]




                  THE STATE EX REL. HUSTED v. BRUNNER ET AL.
[Cite as State ex rel. Husted v. Brunner, 123 Ohio St.3d 288, 2009-Ohio-5327.]
Mandamus — Writ sought to compel secretary of state and board of elections to
        find that relator is a resident of Montgomery County for election purposes
        and to maintain relator’s name on the poll books as a properly registered
        Montgomery County elector for election purposes — Writ granted.
   (No. 2009-1707 — Submitted October 5, 2009 — Decided October 6, 2009.)
                                      IN MANDAMUS.
                                  __________________
        Per Curiam.
        {¶ 1} This is an expedited election action for a writ of mandamus to
compel respondents, the secretary of state and the Montgomery County Board of
Elections, to find that relator, Jon A. Husted, is a resident of Montgomery County
for election purposes and to maintain Husted’s name on the poll books as a
properly registered Montgomery County elector for all election purposes.
Because the secretary of state erred in canceling Husted’s existing Montgomery
County voter registration without following any of the statutorily prescribed
methods for doing so and further erred in concluding that there was clear and
convincing evidence that Husted is not a Montgomery County resident, we grant
the writ and order the Montgomery County Board of Elections to treat Husted as a
Montgomery County resident for election purposes.
                                          I. Facts
        {¶ 2} Relator, Jon A. Husted, served in the Ohio House of
Representatives from 2001 to 2008, representing the 37th House District, which is
located in Montgomery County. Husted served as Speaker of the House from
2005 through 2008. In November 2008, Husted was elected to the Ohio Senate,
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where he currently represents the Sixth Senate District, which is located in
Montgomery County. Husted is registered to vote in Montgomery County.
       {¶ 3} In October 2008, a nonprofit corporation and a Montgomery
County elector requested that respondent Montgomery County Board of Elections
investigate Husted’s eligibility to vote as a resident of Montgomery County. A
few months later, the board conducted a hearing at which Husted presented the
only testimony. At the beginning of the hearing, the board’s counsel described
the hearing as an administrative investigatory hearing that was being conducted
based upon the board’s authority pursuant to R.C. 3501.11(J) to investigate
irregularities. Husted testified that he has lived in the Dayton area for the past 24
years, including the past 14 years at his home in Kettering. Three years ago, he
married his current wife, who owns a house in the Columbus area, and she resides
there with their young daughter. Husted testified that he splits time between
Montgomery and Franklin Counties, but has been outside of Montgomery County
only due to his employment as a state legislator.           He also presented the
uncontroverted testimony that it is his intention upon the completion of his public
service to return to his home in Kettering in Montgomery County. He pays taxes
in Kettering, receives some mail at that address, and returns there at least weekly
despite his legislative commitments in Franklin County.
       {¶ 4} At a subsequent meeting, the board of elections tied two-to-two on
the issue of whether Husted is a qualified elector of Montgomery County, and the
director of the board submitted the tie vote to respondent Secretary of State
Jennifer L. Brunner in March 2009. The secretary determined that the record
submitted to her by the board was insufficient, so she obtained additional
evidence and then returned the matter to the board for its consideration of the
additional evidence. When the board again deadlocked on the matter, it was
resubmitted to the secretary in mid-July.




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                                January Term, 2009




       {¶ 5} On September 14, we granted a writ of mandamus to compel the
secretary of state to comply with her duty under R.C. 3501.11(X) to break the
elections board’s tie vote and summarily decide the issue of Husted’s residency
within seven days. State ex rel. Husted v. Brunner, 123 Ohio St.3d 119, 2009-
Ohio-4805, 914 N.E.2d 397.
       {¶ 6} On September 21, the secretary of state broke the tie vote by
concluding that it had been established by clear and convincing evidence that
Husted “is no longer a resident of Montgomery County and therefore is not
eligible to vote there.” The secretary noted in her opinion that the board had
proceeded pursuant to its authority under R.C. 3501.11(J) to “ ‘[i]nvestigate
irregularities, nonperformance of duties, or violations of Title XXXV of the
Revised Code by election officers and other persons; administer oaths, issue
subpoenas, summon witnesses, and compel the production of books, papers,
records, and other evidence in connection with any such investigation; and report
the facts to the prosecuting attorney or the secretary of state.’ ” The secretary
further noted that the board had a duty to act on the matter under R.C. 3501.11(Q)
to “ ‘[i]nvestigate and determine the residence qualifications of electors.’ ”
       {¶ 7} Husted then filed this expedited election action for a writ of
mandamus against the secretary of state and the board of elections.
                                 II. Legal Analysis
     A. Mandamus to Challenge Secretary of State’s Tie-Breaking Decision
       {¶ 8} “To be entitled to the requested writ, relator[] must establish a
clear legal right to the requested relief, a corresponding clear legal duty on the
part of the secretary of state [and the board of elections] to provide it, and the lack
of an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law.”               State ex rel.
Heffelfinger v. Brunner, 116 Ohio St.3d 172, 2007-Ohio-5838, 876 N.E.2d 1231,
¶ 13. Because of the proximity of the November 3 election at which Husted
wishes to vote as a Montgomery County elector, he has established that he lacks



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an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law. State ex rel. Greene v.
Montgomery Cty. Bd. of Elections, 121 Ohio St.3d 631, 2009-Ohio-1716, 907
N.E.2d 300, ¶ 10.
       {¶ 9} For the remaining requirements, “[i]n extraordinary actions
challenging the decisions of the Secretary of State and boards of elections, the
standard is whether they engaged in fraud, corruption, or abuse of discretion, or
acted in clear disregard of applicable legal provisions.” Whitman v. Hamilton
Cty. Bd. of Elections, 97 Ohio St.3d 216, 2002-Ohio-5923, 778 N.E.2d 32, ¶ 11.
Mandamus is the appropriate remedy to challenge the secretary’s tie-breaking
decision in these circumstances.         See id.; see also State ex rel. Herman v.
Klopfleisch (1995), 72 Ohio St.3d 581, 583, 651 N.E.2d 995. Husted claims that
the secretary of state and the board of elections abused their discretion and clearly
disregarded applicable law by ruling that he is not a qualified elector of
Montgomery County.
       B. Failure to Follow Proper Procedure for Canceling Registration
       {¶ 10} Husted claims that the secretary of state and the board of elections
clearly disregarded applicable law by failing to follow the proper procedure for
canceling his voter registration. We agree that he is entitled to the requested
extraordinary relief because the board followed a procedure that is not authorized
by the pertinent statutory provisions.
       {¶ 11} As we have consistently held, “ ‘County boards of elections are of
statutory creation, and the members thereof in the performance of their duties
must comply with applicable statutory requirements.’ ” Whitman v. Hamilton
Cty. Bd. of Elections, 97 Ohio St.3d 216, 2002-Ohio-5923, 778 N.E.2d 32, ¶ 12,
quoting State ex rel. Babcock v. Perkins (1956), 165 Ohio St. 185, 187, 59 O.O.
258, 134 N.E.2d 839.
       {¶ 12} The election statutes address the cancellation of a voter’s
registration with specificity. R.C. 3503.21(C) provides that “[t]he registration of




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a registered elector shall not be canceled except as provided in this section,
division (Q) of section 3501.05 of the Revised Code, division (C)(2) of section
3503.19 of the Revised Code, or division (C) of section 3503.24 of the Revised
Code.” Because Husted’s registration was not canceled pursuant to one of the
prescribed methods, he has established his entitlement to the requested
extraordinary relief.
         {¶ 13} It is clear from the record that R.C. 3501.05(Q) and 3503.21 do not
apply. R.C. 3501.05(Q) grants the secretary of state the authority to adopt rules to
carry out the provisions of R.C. 3503.21 for the removal of ineligible voters from
the statewide voter-registration database.               R.C. 3503.211 describes different
occurrences that will cause a registered elector’s registration to be canceled, the
only potentially relevant one being R.C. 3503.21(A)(5) (“change of residence of
the registered elector to a location outside the county of registration”). Before a
voter’s registration is canceled under this subsection, the board of elections must
send a confirmation notice and the registered elector must fail to respond to the

1. {¶ a} R.C. 3503.21 provides:
    {¶ b} “(A) The registration of a registered elector shall be canceled upon the occurrence of any
of the following:
    {¶ c} “(1) The filing by a registered elector of a written request with a board of elections, on a
form prescribed by the secretary of state and signed by the elector, that the registration be
canceled. The filing of such a request does not prohibit an otherwise qualified elector from
reregistering to vote at any time.
    {¶ d} “(2) The filing of a notice of the death of the registered elector as provided in section
3503.18 of the Revised Code;
    {¶ e} “(3) The conviction of the registered elector of a felony under the laws of this state, any
other state, or the United States as provided in section 2961.01 of the Revised Code;
    {¶ f} “(4) The adjudication of incompetency of the registered elector for the purpose of voting
as provided in section 5122.301 of the Revised Code;
    {¶ g} “(5) The change of residence of the registered elector to a location outside the county of
registration in accordance with division (B) of this section;
    {¶ h} “(6) The failure of the registered elector, after having been mailed a confirmation notice,
to do either of the following:
    {¶ i} “(a) Respond to such a notice and vote at least once during a period of four consecutive
years, which period shall include two general federal elections;
    {¶ j} “(b) Update the elector's registration and vote at least once during a period of four
consecutive years, which period shall include two general federal elections.”




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confirmation notice or otherwise update the registration and fail to vote in any
election during the period of two federal elections after the mailing of the
confirmation notice. R.C. 3503.21(B)(2). Nothing in the record indicates that the
board of elections ever sent Husted a confirmation notice under this subsection or
that he failed to vote after any such mailing. R.C. 3503.19(C)(2)2 also does not
apply, because it relates to a voter’s initial registration, which is not the issue
here.
         {¶ 14} The only remaining manner in which Husted’s registration may be
canceled is R.C. 3503.24(C).3 The secretary of state, however, specifically rejects
this ground because she asserts that this case does not involve challenges to a
person’s right to vote under R.C. 3503.24 or R.C. 3505.19. Instead, she relies on
the general provision in R.C. 3501.11(Q) granting boards of elections the
authority to “[i]nvestigate and determine the residence qualifications of electors.”
The secretary of state takes an expansive view of this phrase, contending that a

2.  {¶ a} R.C. 3503.19(C)(2) provides:
   {¶ b} “If, after investigating as required under division (C)(1) of this section, the board is
unable to verify the voter's correct address, it shall cause the voter's name in the official
registration list and in the poll list or signature pollbook to be marked to indicate that the voter's
notification was returned to the board.
   {¶ c} “At the first election at which a voter whose name has been so marked appears to vote,
the voter shall be required to provide identification to the election officials and to vote by
provisional ballot under section 3505.181 of the Revised Code. If the provisional ballot is counted
pursuant to division (B)(3) of section 3505.183 of the Revised Code, the board shall correct that
voter's registration, if needed, and shall remove the indication that the voter's notification was
returned from that voter's name on the official registration list and on the poll list or signature
pollbook. If the provisional ballot is not counted pursuant to division (B)(4)(a)(i), (v), or (vi) of
section 3505.183 of the Revised Code, the voter's registration shall be canceled. The board shall
notify the voter by United States mail of the cancellation.”

3. {¶ a} R.C. 3503.24(C) provides:
   {¶ b} “If the board decides that any such person is not entitled to have the person's name on the
registration list, the person's name shall be removed from the list and the person's registration
forms canceled. If the board decides that the name of any such person should appear on the
registration list, it shall be added to the list, and the person's registration forms placed in the proper
registration files. All such corrections and additions shall be made on a copy of the precinct lists,
which shall constitute the poll lists, to be furnished to the respective precincts with other election
supplies on the day preceding the election, to be used by the election officials in receiving the
signatures of voters and in checking against the registration forms.”




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                                January Term, 2009




board of elections’ power is not limited to situations that arise under R.C. 3503.24
or 3505.19.
       {¶ 15} As we detailed previously, however, boards of elections are
created by statute and must comply with applicable statutory requirements.
Whitman, 97 Ohio St.3d 216, 2002-Ohio-5923, 778 N.E.2d 32, ¶ 12.
Furthermore, the general rule is that, unless there is language allowing substantial
compliance, election statutes are mandatory and must be strictly complied with.
State ex rel. Ditmars v. McSweeney (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 472, 476, 764 N.E.2d
971.
       {¶ 16} Because the General Assembly has provided specific provisions by
which an elector’s voting registration may be challenged and limited the manner
by which an elector’s registration may be canceled, R.C. 3503.24 and 3505.19,
these statutes involving challenges to an individual’s right to vote are the statutes
that control. The failure of respondents to comply with these provisions entitles
Husted to a writ of mandamus.
                           C. Residency Determination
       {¶ 17} The parties have submitted the substantive issue of Husted’s
residence to the court for its consideration. The secretary of state asserts in her
September 21 tie-breaking decision that cancellation of an elector’s existing voter
registration requires clear and convincing evidence that the registration is
incorrect. Solely for purposes of this case, we will defer to the secretary of state’s
usage of this standard.     Husted has not challenged the applicability of the
standard.
       {¶ 18} Clear and convincing evidence is “that measure or degree of proof
which is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the extent
of such certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases, and
which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as




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to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford (1954), 161 Ohio St. 469,
53 O.O. 361, 120 N.E.2d 118, paragraph three of the syllabus.
       {¶ 19} R.C. 3503.02 specifies the rules for determining a person’s
residence to register to vote:
       {¶ 20} “All registrars and judges of elections, in determining the residence
of a person offering to register or vote, shall be governed by the following rules:
       {¶ 21} “(A) That place shall be considered the residence of a person in
which the person's habitation is fixed and to which, whenever the person is
absent, the person has the intention of returning.
       {¶ 22} “(B) A person shall not be considered to have lost the person's
residence who leaves the person's home and goes into another state or county of
this state, for temporary purposes only, with the intention of returning.
       {¶ 23} “(C) A person shall not be considered to have gained a residence in
any county of this state into which the person comes for temporary purposes only,
without the intention of making such county the permanent place of abode.
       {¶ 24} “(D) The place where the family of a married person resides shall
be considered to be the person's place of residence; except that when the spouses
have separated and live apart, the place where such a spouse resides the length of
time required to entitle a person to vote shall be considered to be the spouse's
place of residence.
       {¶ 25} “* * *
       {¶ 26} “(G) If a person removes from this state to engage in the services
of the United States government, the person shall not be considered to have lost
the person's residence in this state during the period of such service, and likewise
should the person enter the employment of the state, the place where such person
resided at the time of the person's removal shall be considered to be the person's
place of residence.”




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         {¶ 27} Because of the sometimes conflicting nature of these sections,
when multiple sections are applicable – as here – it is difficult to find by clear and
convincing evidence that a person is not a resident of the county claimed. That is,
“[t]he rules which the General Assembly specified were apparently intended to
enable an individual in such a situation to select as his residence some place
which fairly conformed with one or more of the several rules specified, even
though it might not conform with some of the other rules so specified or might not
be his domicile.” State ex rel. Klink v. Eyrich (1952), 157 Ohio St. 338, 344, 47
O.O. 198, 105 N.E.2d 399 (Taft, J., concurring).                     Consequently, when the
applicability of multiple sections leads to conflicting results, it cannot be shown
by the heightened standard of clear and convincing evidence that the person is not
a resident of that county and great weight must be accorded to the person’s
claimed voting residence.
         {¶ 28} Husted relies on R.C. 3503.02(A), (B), (C), and (G)4 as well as
Section 3, Article II of the Ohio Constitution to support his status as a qualified
Montgomery County elector. The secretary of state relied on R.C. 3503.02(D) to
rule that it had been established by clear and convincing evidence that he is not a
Montgomery County resident. For the following reasons, the secretary of state
clearly disregarded applicable law in so ruling.
         {¶ 29} First, the secretary of state erred in concluding that Section 3,
Article II of the Ohio Constitution is inapplicable. This section provides that
“[s]enators and representatives shall have resided in their respective districts one
year next preceding their election, unless they shall have been absent on the
public business of the United States, or of this State.”                     This constitutional
provision ensures that a state legislator’s absence from the district on official

4. The secretary of state contends that R.C. 3503.02(G) applies only if a person “removes from
this state,” which is not the situation here. Husted disagrees with this interpretation. Because R.C.
3503.02(G) is not necessary to our determination of this matter, we neither decide the question
here nor do we rely upon the provision in our decision.




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duties does not jeopardize his or her right to claim a full year’s residence in the
district. When construed in pari materia with the rules specified in R.C. 3503.02,
Section 3, Article II of the Ohio Constitution supports Husted’s claimed residency
in Montgomery County because the uncontroverted evidence is that his presence
in Franklin County is primarily because of his employment as a state legislator.
See R.C. 1.47(C) (in enacting a statute, it is presumed that the legislature intended
to comply with the Constitution).
       {¶ 30} Second, the secretary of state failed to accord proper weight to
Husted’s intent that his Kettering home remain his permanent residence for
purposes of voting. R.C. 3503.02 “provides that the person’s intent is of great
import,” State ex rel. Stine v. Brown Cty. Bd. of Elections, 101 Ohio St.3d 252,
2004-Ohio-771, 804 N.E.2d 415, ¶ 15, and thus “emphasizes the person’s intent
to make a place a fixed or permanent place of abode.” State ex rel. Duncan v.
Portage Cty. Bd. of Elections, 115 Ohio St.3d 405, 2007-Ohio-5346, 875 N.E.2d
578, ¶ 11. The secretary of state conceded that “Senator Husted’s undisputed
testimony repeatedly emphasized his intent to return to Montgomery County on a
full-time basis when his public service is completed,” but she ultimately
discounted this uncontroverted evidence.
       {¶ 31} In effect, the evidence before the secretary of the state and the
board of elections established that Montgomery County is the place in which
Husted’s habitation is fixed and to which he has the intention of returning. R.C.
3503.02(A).    In addition, Husted could not be considered to have lost his
Montgomery County residence when he left the county for the temporary purpose
of working as a state legislator in Franklin County with the intention of returning
when that state service ends. R.C. 3503.02(B). Nor could Husted be considered
to have gained a residence in Franklin County, which Husted entered for the
temporary purpose of state employment only, without the intention of making that
county his permanent place of abode. R.C. 3503.02(C).




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                                January Term, 2009




         {¶ 32} Third, the secretary of state erroneously relied exclusively on R.C.
3503.02(D) (which creates a presumption that the place where the family of a
married person resides is the person’s place of residence) to decide the residency
issue.   All of R.C. 3503.02, including section D, is phrased in mandatory
language, so elevating R.C. 3503.02(D) over others, e.g., R.C. 3503.02(A)
through (C), without reasonable justification is impermissible.
         {¶ 33} By effectively treating the R.C. 3503.02(D) factor as the exclusive
factor applicable to Husted, the secretary created an irrebuttable presumption to
classify Husted as a nonresident of Montgomery County, which is not
constitutionally permissible. Bell v. Marinko (C.A.6, 2004), 367 F.3d 588, 593.
         {¶ 34} Our holding is consistent with precedent. For example, in Klink,
157 Ohio St. 338, 47 O.O. 198, 105 N.E.2d 399, we held that a board of elections
properly decided that a married person whose family lived in Franklin County
was a qualified elector of Hamilton County because of substantial evidence that
the person intended to eventually return to Cincinnati. See also State ex rel. Lakes
v. Young (1954), 161 Ohio St. 341, 53 O.O. 249, 119 N.E.2d 279 (married man
did not lose voting residence in township even though his family moved
temporarily to a city).
                                  III. Conclusion
         {¶ 35} Husted has established his entitlement to the requested
extraordinary relief. Therefore, we grant a writ of mandamus to compel the
Montgomery County Board of Elections to find that Jon A. Husted is a resident of
Montgomery County for election purposes and to maintain his name on the poll
books as a properly registered Montgomery County elector for all purposes.
                                                                      Writ granted.
         LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’CONNOR, O’DONNELL, and CUPP, JJ., concur.
         MOYER, C.J., concurs in Part II(C) of the opinion and in judgment.
         LANZINGER, J., concurs in Part II(B) of the opinion and in judgment.



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        PFEIFER, J., concurs in judgment only.
                                  __________________
        PFEIFER, J., concurring in judgment only.
        {¶ 36} For each Ohio citizen, where he or she deems to be home is a
highly personal matter. Home is often different from where one is presently
living. R.C. 3503.02 attempts to recognize that elusive, emotional connection to
“home.” But this particular case is not difficult: considering that R.C. 3503.02
allows voters to retain a residence by relying on a vague notion of intent to return,
it must certainly allow all members of the General Assembly to retain their
residences in the places they regard to be home while living with their families in
the state capital.
                                  __________________
        Bricker & Eckler, L.L.P., Maria J. Armstrong, Anne Marie Sferra, and
Jennifer A. Flint, for relator.
        Richard Cordray, Attorney General, and Richard N. Coglianese, Damian
Sikora, Erick D. Gale, Robert Moormann, and Michael J. Schuler, Assistant
Attorneys General, for respondent secretary of state.
        McTigue & McGinnis, L.L.C., Donald J. McTigue, Mark A. McGinnis,
and J. Corey Colombo, urging denial of the writ for amicus curiae,
ProgressOhio.org.
                             ______________________




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