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             DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 18-AA-50

 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AND REGULATORY AFFAIRS,
                             PETITIONER,

                                       V.

                 A & A RESTAURANT GROUP, INC., RESPONDENT.

                           Petition for Review of an Order
          of the District of Columbia Office of Administrative Hearings
                               (2017-DCRA-S704166)

(Submitted October 15, 2019                              Decided July 16, 2020)

       Karl A. Racine, Attorney General for the District of Columbia, with whom
Loren L. AliKhan, Solicitor General, Caroline S. Van Zile, Deputy Solicitor
General, and Jason Lederstein, Assistant Attorney General, were on the brief, for
petitioner.

      Before GLICKMAN, FISHER, AND MCLEESE, Associate Judges.

      Opinion for the Court by Associate Judge FISHER.

      Concurring opinion by Associate Judge MCLEESE at page 16.


      FISHER, Associate Judge:      The District of Columbia Department of

Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (DCRA) issued a Notice of Infraction (NOI)

fining the respondent, A & A Restaurant Group, Inc., for having conducted
                                         2

business without the required license in violation of D.C. Code § 47-2851.02(a)

(2015 Repl. & 2020 Supp.). After a hearing, an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ)

of the District of Columbia Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) first

suspended the fine, then subsequently dismissed the NOI. Petitioner DCRA argues

that the ALJ incorrectly interpreted the renewal provisions of the licensing law and

that the NOI should be reinstated. We agree and remand.



                    I. Background and Procedural History



      The A & A Restaurant Group, Inc. (A & A) operates the “Russia House”

restaurant located at 1800 Connecticut Avenue, Northwest. A & A operated the

restaurant with a valid two-year basic business license (BBL) until its expiration

date on December 31, 2016. Not realizing that its BBL had lapsed, A & A

continued to conduct business at the Russia House without a valid license for

almost six months until renewing on June 23, 2017.1 Meanwhile, on June 12,

2017, a DCRA inspector visited the Russia House and observed that it was a “live”

restaurant engaging in business without a valid license. The inspector left a letter

at the premises, providing notice to the owner that he was violating licensing laws.

      1
          A & A paid a $500 penalty to reinstate its BBL within the six-month
period after the expiration date. The total paid for renewal was $1,468.
                                         3

On August 10, 2017, DCRA served an NOI on A & A for a violation of D.C. Code

§ 47-2851.02(a), imposing a $2000 fine for engaging in unlicensed business on

June 12, 2017.



      On September 28, 2017, respondent appeared in front of an OAH ALJ to

contest the fine. Respondent “admitted with explanation,”2 citing its history of

compliance with administrative requirements and its eventual, albeit untimely,

renewal of the BBL following the violation. Respondent’s representative also

informed the ALJ that he “paid [a] $500 fine” when he belatedly renewed his

license — a sum that the ALJ referred to as a “late fee” or “an administrative fee

for late payment.”



      After the hearing, the ALJ requested additional information from DCRA

relating to the “[s]tatutory or regulatory basis or other basis for the late fee.”

DCRA responded by citing D.C. Code § 47-2851.10 (2015 Repl.) (entitled

“Lapsed and reinstated licenses”), which requires “the payment of a penalty of



      2
          By entering a plea of “admit with explanation” the respondent conceded
that it engaged in business without a license on June 12, 2017, but was permitted to
present mitigating evidence in an effort to reduce the fine. Ultimately, the ALJ
found that “it was not necessary to consider mitigating factors” because she
decided not to assess a fine.
                                          4

$500” before an expired license may be reinstated. Id. at § 47-2851.10(b)(2).

Shortly thereafter, the ALJ issued her final order.



      In her final order, the ALJ concluded that, “because Respondent renewed its

license within six months of when it lapsed,” no fine was warranted. The ALJ

based this conclusion on her interpretation of D.C. Code § 47-2851.10(c)(2), which

addresses applying for a new license after the old license “has been expired for at

least six months.” That portion of the Code states:



             A licensee whose license has been expired for at least 6
             months shall be treated as a new applicant and not as an
             applicant for renewal, unless otherwise provided by
             applicable law. If the new applicant conducted business
             during the 6 months after the expiration date of the
             license without complying with the renewal procedures
             pursuant to this section, the applicant shall be deemed to
             have conducted business without a license and shall be
             liable for any and all fees and fines applicable to
             conducting business without a license. Id. § (c)(2)
             (emphasis added).


      According to the ALJ, when read together, the above quoted subsection of

the “late fee statute” (D.C. Code § 47-2851.10) and D.C. Code § 47-2851.02(a)

(prohibiting engaging in business without a license), permit DCRA to impose fines

for conducting business without a license in only two circumstances: (1) if a

business has never obtained a license; or (2) if a business’s license has lapsed for
                                          5

six months or more. The ALJ found that because A & A renewed within the six-

month window, its liability was limited to the “late fee” paid upon renewal. A & A

was “not also subject to an additional fine for conducting business without a

license.” Accordingly, she suspended the fine.



      In response, DCRA filed a motion for reconsideration in which it asserted

that the ALJ “improperly constru[ed] one instance in which a person can be

considered to be conducting business without a license to be the only instance

where this can occur.” DCRA explained that there are two separate statutes at

play in this case. First, because there is a licensing requirement, any operation of a

business without a license is a violation of D.C. Code § 47-2851.02(a), triggering

the fines described in 16 DCMR § 3301.1(u) and 16 DCMR § 3201.1(a)(1).

Second, as part of the renewal process, “DCRA is authorized by statute to charge

late fees for late renewals of Basic Business Licenses.” This authorization is found

in D.C. Code § 47-2851.10, which “differentiates between levels of late fees and

whether or not the license can be reinstated.”



      DCRA also addressed the supposed inconsistency — much discussed by the

ALJ — between D.C. Code § 47-2851.10(b) and § 47-2851.10(c). DCRA asserted

that the explicit reference to penalties for conducting business without a license
                                         6

contained in § (c)(2) — when the license has been expired for at least six months

and the licensee is considered a “new applicant” — serves to clarify that a

“constructive new applicant” remains liable for his prior unlicensed business

operations. That is, he does not begin again with a blank slate as if he were a true

new applicant “who is just starting a business.”



      DCRA asserted that, when the statutes are read together, it has authority to

levy fines for engaging in business without a license at any time including but not

limited to when a license has been expired for more than six months. In the order

denying the motion for reconsideration, the ALJ disagreed:


             [T]he explicit reference to a fine for conducting business
             without a license when a license has expired for more
             than six month[s], and the absence of such a reference to
             licenses lapsed for less than 6 months, indicates an the
             [sic] legislative intent to reserve fines for conducting
             business without a license to lapses greater than 6
             months.


The ALJ then dismissed the NOI. DCRA has petitioned for review. 3




      3
         Respondent failed to comply with this court’s orders to identify its counsel
and to file a brief. Accordingly, we are conducting this review based on the record
and the petitioner’s brief alone.
                                         7

                                   II. Analysis



                    A. A Basic Business License Is Required



      As a general matter, all persons engaging in business in the District of

Columbia must obtain a business license.        D.C. Code § 47-2851.02 (entitled

“License required”). 4 Although D.C. Code § 47-2851.02 does not, on its face,

prescribe a penalty for violating that requirement, that does not mean that a penalty

does not exist.   To the contrary; the Civil Infractions Act provides for “the

imposition of alternative civil sanctions for infractions of laws and regulations.”

D.C. Code § 2-1801.01 (2016 Repl.). And DCRA has the “authority to implement

the basic business license system” by appropriate regulation. D.C. Code § 47-

2851.20 (2015 Repl.). Thus, as with other licensing provisions, the penalty for

violating the basic business licensing requirement is not found in the Code, but

rather in regulation. See, e.g., D.C. Code § 47-2808 (2015 Repl.) (auctioneers;

penalty found in 16 DCMR § 3301.1(a)); D.C. Code § 47-2823 (2015 Repl.)


      4
          “A person which is required under law to obtain a license issued in the
form of an endorsement to engage in a business in the District of Columbia shall
not engage in such business in the District of Columbia without having first
obtained a basic business license and any necessary endorsements in accordance
with this subchapter.” D.C. Code § 47-2851.02(a).
                                         8

(baseball, football, and athletic exhibitions; penalty found in 16 DCMR §

3301.1(j)); D.C. Code § 47-2839 (2015 Repl.) (private detectives; penalty found in

16 DCMR § 3301.1(t)).



      The Civil Infractions Act (the Act) authorizes monetary fines to be levied at

a rate determined by a schedule of fines prepared by the Mayor and approved by

the Council. D.C. Code § 2-1801.04 (2016 Repl.). Under the schedule, engaging

in business without a basic business license is a Class 1 infraction, 16 DCMR §

3301(u). The fine for a first offense is $2000. 16 DCMR § 3201.1(a)(1). Neither

D.C. Code § 47-2851.02(a), nor the implementing regulation, 16 DCMR §

3301.1(u), makes any exception for operating without a license during the first six

months after a license expires.



      “In order to initiate a proceeding” under the Act, the Mayor must “serve a

notice of infraction upon a respondent.” D.C. Code § 2-1802.01(a) (2016 Repl.).

The NOI must include a citation to the regulation alleged to have been violated as

well as the amount of the fine applicable to the infraction. Id. § (b). To challenge

an NOI, a respondent may request a hearing; the procedure for doing so must be

contained in the NOI. Id. If an ALJ “determines that a notice of infraction is
                                          9

defective on its face,” she shall “enter an order dismissing the notice of infraction.”

Id. § (c).



                   B. Reinstating an Expired Business License



       Ordinarily, BBLs are valid until the expiration date “endorsed on th[e] basic

business license,” typically two or four years after the date of issue. D.C. Code §

47-2851.09(a)(1) (2015 Repl.). In order to encourage prompt renewal, the Code

provides for graduated late fees and reinstatement procedures. However, after six

months, licenses are no longer reinstated and the former licensee must instead

confront a more cumbersome process to obtain a new license.



       More specifically, a license that has not been renewed by its expiration date

is “deemed to be lapsed.” D.C. Code § 47-2851.10(b)(1). Nevertheless, a lapsed

license renewed within 30 days of the expiration date “shall be reinstated upon the

payment of a penalty of $250, plus all other applicable fees or penalties provided

by law.” Id. (emphasis added). A license lapsed for more than 30 days but

renewed before six months have passed, “shall be reinstated upon the payment of a

penalty of $500, plus all other applicable fees and penalties provided by law.” Id.

§ (b)(2) (emphasis added). Finally, a licensee who has failed to follow renewal
                                        10

procedures within six months of the expiration date will be considered a new

applicant. Id. § (c)(2). As a new applicant, the former licensee must complete all

procedural requirements and pay all fees required for a new licensee. However,

the “new application for a license shall not be processed until all applicable fines

and fees have been paid.”        Id. § (c)(2).    Upon completion of licensing

requirements, the applicant will be issued a new license number; the original

license will not be reinstated. D.C. Code § 47-2851.03b (2015 Repl.).



             C. Section 47-2581.10 Does Not Create an Exception to the
              Requirement That All Businesses Maintain a Valid BBL


      This court reviews questions of law — including questions of statutory

interpretation — de novo. Washington v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Pub.

Works, 954 A.2d 945, 948 (D.C. 2008). Ordinarily, we accord some deference to

the expertise of the agency which is charged with enforcing a statute. However,

OAH is “‘vested with the responsibility for deciding administrative appeals

involving a substantial number of different agencies’ and thus lacks the subject-

matter expertise justifying the deference to agency interpretations of statutes or

regulations.” District of Columbia Dep’t of Env’t v. East Capitol Exxon, 64 A.3d

878, 881 (D.C. 2013) (quoting Washington, 954 A.2d at 948). We therefore
                                        11

review OAH’s interpretation of business license law without deference.5

Washington, 954 A.2d at 948.



      “We begin by looking at the plain language of the statute and, if the plain

meaning is clear, we will look no further.” Thomas v. Buckley, 176 A.3d 1277,

1281 (D.C. 2017). “[A] statutory provision is to be read, whenever possible, in

harmony with other provisions to which it naturally relates.” In re L.H., 634 A.2d

1230, 1231 (D.C. 1993). Accordingly, it is a “fundamental canon of statutory

construction that the words of a statute must be read in their context and with a

view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.” Utility Air Regulatory Grp. v.

EPA, 573 U.S. 302, 320 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting FDA v.

Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 133 (2000)). “A statute

should not be construed in such a way as to render certain provisions superfluous

or insignificant.” Tuten v. United States, 440 A.2d 1008, 1010 (D.C. 1982).



      Taken together, D.C. Code § 47-2851.02 (“License required”), D.C. Code §

47-2851.10 (“Lapsed and reinstated licenses”), and 16 DCMR § 3301.1 (“Business

and Professional Licensing Administration Infractions”), address two distinct but

      5
           The petitioner argues that we should afford deference to DCRA’s
interpretation of the licensing statute but, because we do not find the law
ambiguous, we do not reach the question of deference to DCRA.
                                        12

related processes that effectuate the universal business license requirement: (1)

license renewal and reinstatement, an administrative process, and (2) civil

infractions for operating a business without a license, an adjudicatory process. On

its face, 16 DCMR § 3301.1(u) authorizes civil penalties for any unlicensed

business operation in violation of D.C. Code § 47-2851.02 — it does not make an

exception for instances where a licensee has operated without a license but

renewed within six months.



      The language of the “lapsed license” statute also makes clear that these

processes were intended to work concurrently. The “lapsed license” statute refers

to reinstatement penalties and, generically, “all other applicable fees and

penalties.” This statute prescribes the “penalty” required to reinstate a lapsed or

expired license,6 but it does not purport to displace the separate system for

adjudicating penalties incurred under 16 DCMR § 3301.1 for conducting business

without a license. D.C. Code § 47-2851.10’s reference to “other fees or penalties”

indicates that paying the penalty required to get the license reinstated does not

excuse any violations of statutes or regulations that may have occurred. And use


      6
         Notably, there is no reference to a reinstatement penalty in § 47-2851.10
(c)(2) as reinstatement is no longer an option where a license has been expired for
“at least 6 months.” Instead the “new applicant” will be required to pay new
applicant fees in addition to all other applicable fines and fees.
                                          13

of the word “plus” clearly signals that a reinstatement penalty may be

supplemented by other administrative fees and penalties as well as by penalties for

violating the Code.     In this case the two sums serve different purposes; the

reinstatement penalty is meant to encourage prompt renewal and the violation

penalty to protect the public by penalizing unlicensed operation of a business.



      In her Final Order, the ALJ lost sight of the universal license requirement

that is contained in D.C. Code § 47-2851.02(a) and enforced under 16 DCMR §

3301. Instead, invoking the canon of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, the ALJ

seemed to view § (c)(2) of the lapsed license statute as the only source of a penalty

for operating a business after a license has lapsed.



      In support of her interpretation, the ALJ opined that DCRA’s understanding

of the statutory scheme leads to absurd results. She explained that under DCRA’s

interpretation, a licensee which attempts to reinstate its license would be subject to

both a late fee and a $2000 fine for operating without a license whereas a licensee

which waits at least six months is only subject to a $2000 fine.



      The ALJ’s logic is flawed for three reasons. First, it ignores the fact that

fines for operating without a license may only be levied after an NOI has been
                                        14

issued. D.C. Code § 2-1802.01(a). There is no reason to think that the scope of

DCRA’s authority to impose such fines would be addressed in § 47-2851.10, a

statute addressing the administrative process for reinstating a license. The Code

does not provide for the administrative imposition of fines (for unlicensed

operation) when a licensee attempts a late renewal. Second, in concluding that the

“new applicant” would pay less, the ALJ did not account for the administrative

burden borne by the new applicant who — while not subject to a reinstatement

penalty — must submit a basic business license application, pay the fees charged a

new applicant, obtain the necessary license endorsements, undergo the required

inspections, and — as is the case with businesses whose licenses have been

reinstated under D.C. Code § 47-2851.10(b) — be liable for all applicable penalties

for conducting business without a license. Id.; D.C. Code § 47-2851.07 (2015

Repl.) (Issuance of licenses).      Finally, by ignoring the universal license

requirement — and instead finding fines for unlicensed operation inapplicable if

renewal occurs before the six-month mark — the ALJ judicially created a grace

period forgiving unlicensed conduct that does not appear anywhere in the Code or

in regulation. Contrary to the ALJ’s interpretation, D.C. Code § 47-2851.10 does

no such thing.    Subsection (c)(2) prudently (but unnecessarily) cautions that

obtaining a new license after a six-month lapse does not mean that the slate is
                                            15

wiped clean or that the “new applicant” will be treated as if it were a brand new

applicant just starting a business.



      In this case, respondent renewed his license more than thirty days but less

than six months after the expiration date. As a pre-condition for reinstatement,

respondent was charged a $500 penalty as required by § 47-2851.10. Separately,

respondent was also liable for the $2000 fine associated with the NOI for engaging

in unlicensed business on June 12, 2017. The payment of a reinstatement penalty

did not absolve A & A of its separate responsibility to pay the fine for the violation

charged in the NOI. It is entirely consistent that the Code require petitioner to pay

both an administrative penalty (or late fee) for his delay in renewal plus a fine for

operating his business without a license. While the ALJ could have considered

mitigating factors to reduce the fine, her conclusion that the fine did not apply at

all was contrary to law.



                                      III. Conclusion



      In sum, the ALJ’s conclusion that respondent could not be fined for

engaging in business without a license was not in accordance with law. We

therefore reverse the judgment of OAH and remand with instructions to reinstate
                                         16

the Notice of Infraction and conduct further proceedings not inconsistent with this

opinion.



                                       So ordered.



      MCLEESE, Associate Judge, concurring in the judgment: In my view, it is

unclear how the statutory provisions at issue should best be interpreted. Rather

than resolve that question de novo, I would defer to the reasonable interpretation of

the District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs

(DCRA). DCRA’s interpretation is reflected in 16 DCMR § 3301(u) (generally

providing that operating business without license is civil infraction subject to fine,

without providing safe harbor for businesses that operate without license for less

than six months). Section 3301(u) was promulgated by DCRA after public notice

and comment, and DCRA is charged with enforcing the provisions at issue. See 52

D.C. Reg. 4903, 4910 (2005) (promulgating section 3301(u)); D.C. Code § 47-

2851.20 (2015 Repl.) (granting Director of DCRA authority to issue regulations to

implement business-licensing provisions).        We therefore owe deference to

DCRA’s interpretation. See, e.g., 1303 Clifton St., LLC v. District of Columbia, 39

A.3d 25, 31 (D.C. 2012) (“[R]egulations adopted by express delegation of

authority, through notice and comment . . . warrant[] a high degree of deference.”);
                                       17

see generally Borger Mgmt., Inc. v. Sindram, 886 A.2d 52, 60 (D.C. 2005)

(deferring to DCRA). I therefore respectfully concur only in the judgment.
