                                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                             GREG        ABBOTT




                                                   April 8, 2008



The Honorable Phil King                                  Opinion No. GA-0615
Chair, Committee on Regulated Industries
Texas House of Representatives                           Re: Whether a limit on increases to annual earnings
Post Office Box 2910                                     used in calculation of retirement benefits of vested
Austin, Texas 78768-2910                                 employees of the City of Fort Worth contravenes
                                                         article XVI, section 66 of the Texas Constitution
                                                         (RQ-0632-GA)

Dear Representative King:

        Article XVI, section 66 ofthe Texas Constitution applies to certain non-statewide retirement
systems. TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 66(a)-(b). Subsection (d) of this provision generally prohibits a
change in retirement benefits that reduces or otherwise impairs "benefits accrued" by persons eligible
to receive such benefits-without accumulating additional service-on or after the effective date of
the change. Id. art. XVI, § 66(d). You ask whether a limit adopted by the City of Fort Worth (the
"City") contravenes article XVI, section 66 of the. Texas Constitution.! The limit places a cap on
increases to annual earnings used in the calculation of retirement benefits of employees and, as we
understand it, may result in lower retirement benefits. See City Brief, supra note 1, at 3-4. You ask
us to assume that the City's retirement system is subject to article XVI, section 66(d) and that the
employees at issue are vested participants in the retirement system. Request Letter, supra note 1,
at 1-2.




         IBy a letter dated August 21, 2007, you specifically asked about the City of Fort Worth's proposal to limit the
use of overtime in the calculation of retirement benefits. See Letter from Honorable Phil King, Chair, Committee on
Regulated Industries, Texas House of Representatives, to Honorable Greg Abbott, Attorney General of Texas, at 1-2
(Aug. 21, 2007) (on file with the Opinion Committee, also available at http://www.oag.state.state.tx.us) [hereinafter
Request Letter]. The City, however, did not adopt that proposal. See Brief of the City of Fort Worth, from Laetitia
Coleman Brown, Senior Assistant City Attorney, to Nancy S. Fuller, Chair, Opinion Committee, Office ofthe Attorney
General, at 3 (Nov. 9, 2007) (on file with the Opinion Committee) [hereinafter City Brief]. Instead, the City adopted
a 12% cap on increases to annual earnings used in the calculation of the retirement benefits. See id. at 3-4. We
understand, based on a telephone conversation with your office, that you now ask whether the 12% cap contravenes
article XVI, section 66. Telephone Conversation with Trey Trainor, Office of Honorable Phil King, Texas House of
Representatives (Jan. 8, 2008).
The Honorable Phil King - Page 2                       (GA-0615)




I.      Background

        The City informs us that the City of Fort Worth Employee's Retirement Fund (the "Fund")
is a defined benefit pension plan2 and that a member' sbasic retirement benefit thereunder is
calculated as follows: the member's years of service, multiplied by the member's "compensation
base," multiplied by a multiplier. See City Brief, supra note 1, at 3-4. In general terms, the
compensation base is "a member's average annual earnings for the three calendar years during which
the member had the highest annual earnings (the 'High 3')." Id. at 3. To address the Fund's
significant unfunded liability after the September 2001 market crash, the City recently adopted
certain changes to the Fund's terms. Id. One ofthe changes adopted "places a prospective 12% cap
on any increase in annual earnings used in determining a members's compensation base." Id. The
City describes the cap's operation as follows:

                  [T]he earnings cap takes the members's 4th highest year of annual·
                  earnings and uses it as a "base amount." The member's third highest
                  year of earnings (Le. the least of the High 3) for purposes of the
                  compensation base calculation would be capped at 112% of the
                  member's base amount. The member's second highest year of
                  earnings would be capped at 112% of the amount calculated as the
                  member's third highest year of earnings, and.the member's highest
                  year of earnings would be capped at 112% of the amount calculated
                  as the member's second highest year of earnings.

                  [T]he 12% cap is prospective only and applies only to annual
                  earnings as a result of service performed in a calendar year on or after
                  December 1, 2008. In the event that any year of the High 3 is
                  attributable to earnings prior to December 31, 2007 ... , such annual
                  earnings will not be subject to the 12% cap.

Id. at 4.

II.         Analysis

        You suggest that the City's recently adopted limit on increases in annual earnings as applied
to vested employees contravenes article XVI, section 66, which provides in relevant part:

                  (a) This section applies only to a public retirement system that is
                  not a statewide system and that provides service and disability



         2"A defined benefit plan ... consists of a general pool of assets rather than individual dedicated accounts."
Hughes Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432, 439 (1999). Under such a plan, the employee upon retirement is entitled
to receive fixed periodic payments. Id. In contrast, a defined contribution plan provides for an individual account, and
the employee receives whatever level of benefits the amount contributed.by the employee or the employer on the
employee's behalf will provide. Id.
The Honorable Phil King - Page 3                      (GA-0615)



                retirement benefits and death benefits to public officers and
                employees.



                (d) On or after the effective date ofthis section, a change in service
                or disability retirement benefits or death benefits of a retirement
                system may not reduce or otherwise impair benefits accrued by a
                persQn if the person:

                      (1) could have terminated employment or has terminated
                 employment before the effective date ofthe change; and

                      (2) would have been eligible for those benefits, without
                 accumulating additional service under the retirement system, on any
                 date on or after the effective date of the change had the change not
                 occurred.

                 (e) Benefits granted to a retiree or other annuitant before the
                 effective date of this section and in effect on that date may not be
                 reduced or otherwise impaired.



TEX.   CONST. art. XVI, § 66(a), (d)-(e) (emphasis added).

        We note that your question implicates only article XVI, section 66(d). You do not ask about
retired employees or employees participating in the plan on or after the effective date of the City's
interest earning cap. You ask only about "vested" employees. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at
1-2. While you do not explain the term "vested," we understand that term, in the context of the
Request Letter as a whole, to describe persons meeting the constitutional criteria under subsections
(d)(l) and (2).3 See id. 4



         Article XVI, section 66 does not use the term "vest" or "vesting." As one court has explained:
         3



                 "[V]esting" may be used in two senses in referring to pension benefits. Vesting in
                 a functional sense refers to a provision in a retirement plan whereby the member's
                 right to a benefit becomes effective upon fulfillment of specified qualifying
                 conditions, such as service for a certain period oftime, which right is not forfeited
                 by separation from service prior to the prescribed age for retirement. Vesting in a
                 legal sense, on the other hand, refers to a contractual right to and interest in a
                 pension that may be upheld by law.

Kraus v. Ed. ofTrs. ofthe Police Pension Fund, 390 N.E.2d 1281, 1284 (Ill. App. Ct. 1979).

         4See also Brief of the Texas Association of Public Employee Retirement Systems, from Max Patterson,
Executive Director, TEXPERS, and Robert D. Klausner, Klausner & Kaufinan, P.A., at 11 (rec'd Nov. 28, 2007)
[hereinafter TEXPERS Brief].
The Honorable Phil King - Page 4                       (GA-0615)




         A.     Constitutional Construction Principles

        No Texas court has addressed this issue or otherwise construed article XVI, section 66.
Thus, your question requires us to construe the scope of the "benefits accrued" protected by the
constitutional provision. In the absence of Texas precedent, we are guided by the following
principles ofconstitutional construction: When interpreting the Texas Constitution, like a court, we
rely "heavily on its literal text and must give effect to its plain language." Doody v. Ameriquest
Mortgage Co., 49 S.W.3d 342,344 (Tex. 2001) (citing Stringer v. Cendant Mortgage Corp., 23
S.W.3d 353,355 (Tex. 2000), Republican Party ofTex. v. Dietz, 940 S.W.2d 86, 89 (Tex. 1997)).
Additionally, we must strive "to give constitutional provisions the effect their makers and adopters
intended." Doody, 49 S.W.3d at 344 (citing Stringer, 23 S.W.3d at 355, City ofEI Paso v. El Paso
Cmty. ColI. Dist., 729 S.W.2d 296,298 (Tex. 1986)). In determining the intent of the makers and
adopters of a constitutional provision, we may consider its legislative history. See Stringer, 23
S.W.3d at 355 (citing TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.023(3), Harris v. City of Fort Worth, 180
S.W.2d 131,133 (Tex. 1944)).

         B.     Literal Text

        We first consider the literal text ofarticle XVI, section 66(d). By its terms, the constitutional
provision bars only changes that reduce or impair benefits (1) "accrued" on or before the effective
date ofthe change and (2) eligible to be received without accumulating additional service by a person
that could have terminated or did terminate employment before the effective date ofthe change. See
TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 66(d); see also id § 66(e) (protecting benefits granted to retirees and other
annuitants). Thus, article XVI, section 66 does not prohibit changes that apply to benefits that have
not accrued before the effective date of the change or ·do not reduce or impair benefits that have
accrued.

        The City contends that its change does not reduce or impair "accrued" benefits. See City
Brief, supra note 1, at 5. The City argues that its 12% cap on earning increases does not contravene
article XVI, section 66 because, as a result of the prospective application of the cap, "a member's
compensation base for determining his [retirement] benefit can never be less than the amount ofsuch
compensation base as determined" before the change. Id. at 4. And, therefore, the City asserts, "a
member's benefit will never be less than the level of such benefit using the ... pre-cap retirement
formula." Id. As we understand it, however, the amount ofthe benefit may be less than the amount
a member would have received under the pre-cap retirement formula if the member's four highest
years of earnings-the member's compensation base-occur after the change and the increases
exceed 12% from the previous year. 5 See Feltv. Bd. ofTrs. ofthe Judges Ret. Sys., 481 N.E.2d 698,
700 (Ill. 1985) ("Retirement annuities are calculated on the basis of length of service and of salary,
and any change in either obviously will affect the amount of the annuity."). Thus, the City's


          5Additionally, as the Request Letter notes, the affected employees would have contributed to the retirement fund

from all their salary-including the increases-but only a portion of their salary will be considered in calculating the
employees' retirement benefits. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1 ("[H]ow can employees be required to contribute
to the pension fund on money that would not be counted towards the pension benefit?").
The Honorable Phil King - Page 5                        (GA-0615)



contention that the cap does not contravene article XVI, section 66 is in effect an argument that the
constitutional provision protects only retirement benefit amounts related to service performed before
the effective date of the change, i.e., benefits accrued before the change, but not benefits related to
services to be performed in the future. See City Brief, supra note 1, at 4-5.

        In contrast, the Texas Association of Public Employee Retirement Systems ("TEXPERS")
and the Combined Law Enforcement Association of Texas appear to argue that article XVI, section
66 prohibits a change in the method or formula for calculating the benefits that will reduce or impair
retirement benefits that vested employees would have received before the change, including for
services performed in the future. See TEXPERS Brief, supra note 4, at 3-4. 6

        With this understanding ofthe differing constructions, we tum to article XVI, section 66(d).
The constitutional provision defines neither the term "benefits" nor the term "accrued." See TEX.
CONST. art. XVI, § 66. Read in context, the benefits protected by the constitution necessarily include
the dollar amount of the benefits payable at retirement. See Hughes Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525
U.S. 432, 439, 440 (1999) (describing a defined benefit plan as one where the employee upon
retirement is entitled to fixed periodic payments, and "accrued benefits" for the purposes of such a
plan under the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) is "expressed
in the form of an annual benefit commencing at normal retirement age"); Flisock v. State, Div. of
Ret. & Benefits, 818 P.2d 640,643 (Alaska 1991) (stating that vested rights protected by the Alaska
Constitution '''necessarily include ... the dollar amount ofthe benefits payable'" (citation omitted)).

        The critical issue here is the meaning of "accrued." "Presuming that the language of the
Texas Constitution is carefully selected," a court construes "its words as they are generally
understood." Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000) (citing City
of Beaumont v. Bouillion, 896 S.W.2d 143, 148 (Tex. 1995)). The term "accrue" as generally
understood means a present right or claim that has become fixed or vested. Int'I-GreatN R. Co. v.
Tex. Co., 280 S.W. 282,285 (Tex. Civ. App.-Austin 1926, writ ref d) (citing Standard Dictionary, .
1C.J. 733); BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 22 (8th ed. 2004) (defining the term "accrue" as "[t]o come
into existence as an enforceable claim or right; to arise" as well as "[t]o accumulate periodically.");
see also Smith v. Bd of Trs. ofLa. State Employee's Ret. Sys., 851 So.2d 1100, 1106 (La. 2003)
("'accrued' has been defined to mean 'in the sense of due and payable; vested'" (quoting BLACK'S
LAW DICTIONARY)); Hammond v. Hoffbeck, 627 P.2d 1052, 1055 n.4 (Alaska 1981) ("We have
previously held that ... 'accrued rights' is synonymous with 'vested' rights." (citing Bidwell v.
Scheele, 355 P.2d 584, 586 (Alaska 1960))).7 Based on this definition, the constitution protects
rights to retireme.nt benefits that existed and could be claimed on or before the effective date of the



        6See also Brief from Richard W. Carter, Senior Attorney, Combined Law Enforcement Association of Texas,
to Nancy S. Fuller, Chair, Opinion Committee, Office of the Attorney General, at 2-6 (Nov. 12, 2007).

         7"The term 'vested rights' is amorphous."Ex parte Kubas, 83 S.W.3d 366,369 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi
2002, pet. ref d). "A right cannot be considered a vested right, unless ... it [has] become a title, legal or equitable, to
the present or future enjoyment of exemption of a demand made by another." Id. at 370 (quoting Ex parte Abell, 613
S.W.2d 255,261 (Tex. 1981)).
The Honorable Phil King - Page 6                   (GA-0615)



change. This textual reading, however, does not tell us what those rights are and whether they are
limited, as a matter oflaw, to benefits attributable to services already performed as the City suggests.

        c.     Legislative Purpose and Intent

        Because the literal text of the constitutional amendment is not dispositive, we consider the
purpose and intent of the amendment. "When determining the purpose of a [constitutional]
provision," a court considers "the evil to be remedied and good to be accomplished by that
provision." See Brown v. Meyer, 787 S.W.2d42, 45 (Tex. 1990) (citingMarkwoskyv. Newman, 136
S.W.2d 808, 813 (Tex. 1940)). Article XVI, section 66 was proposed and adopted to change the
result ofthe Texas Supreme Court's 1937 decision in City olDallas v. Trammell, 101 S.W.2d 1009
(Tex. 1937).8 In Trammel, a retired police officer sued the City of Dallas after the City, pursuant to
statutory amendment, reduced the amount paid to retired employees from its pension fund. Id. at
1010. The. Texas Supreme Court framed the question as follows:

                 Does the employee, after retirement, have a vested right to participate
                 in the pension fund to the extent of the full amount of the monthly
                 installments granted to him at retirement; that is, does he have a
                 vested right in the future installments which cannot be affected by
                 subsequent legislation tending to diminish the amount of such
                 installments?

Id. at 1011. The court answered in the negative, stating that

                 [i]n our opinion, the rule that the right of a pensioner to receive
                 monthly payments from the pension fund after retirement from
                 service, or after his right to participate in the fund has accrued, is
                 predicated upon the anticipated continuance of existing laws, and is
                 subordinate to the right of the Legislature to abolish the pension
                 system, or diminish the accrued benefits ofthe pensioners thereunder,
                 is undoubtedly the sound rule to be adopted.

Id. at 1013.

         The effect the Legislature-the makers-intended in adopting House Joint Resolution 54
 ("H.J. Res. 54") proposing the constitutional amendment was to insure that retirement benefits (the
 monthly pension payments) of vested municipal employees would not be reduced or impaired by
.subsequent, unilateral legislative action. 9



         8See, e.g., HOUSE COMM. ON PENSION & INVESTMENTS, BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. H.J. Res. 54, 78th Leg., R.S.
(2003) (Committee Report (Substituted)) (Background); SENATE RESEARCH CENTER, BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. H.J. Res. 54,
78th Leg., R. S. (2003 ) (Committee Report (Substituted)) (Digest and Purpose); HOUSE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, BILL
ANALYSIS, Tex. H.I. Res. 54, 78th Leg., R.S. (2003) (Background).

        9See supra note 8.
The Honorable Phil King - Page 7               (GA-0615)



        We next consider the effect the voters or "adopters" intended. The Texas Legislative
Council, under its analysis of Amendment 15 (H.J. Res. 54) published for the September 13, 2003
election, described the amendment to provide that "any change made to certain benefits provided by
certain retirement systems cannot reduce benefits that a person was entitled to receive before the date
of the change" and that any reduction of benefits "cannot be applied retroactively to benefits that a
person has accrued or is entitled to receive before the date the reduction takes effect." TEXAS
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, CONDENSED ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS,
September 13, 2003 ELECTION, at 99 (July 2003). Under the arguments supporting the amendment,
the Legislative Council explained:

               The amendment would permit local public retirement systems to
               make changes in the provision of certain benefits as long as the
               changes apply prospectively. The amendment would also give those
               retirement systems the flexibility the systems need to adjust
               retirement benefits if necessary to respond to changing economic
               times, while still protecting the benefits that local government
               employees have earned.

Id. at 101.

        Similarly, the House Research Organization in its report of the proposed constitutional
amendment published for the September 2003 ballot stated that "Proposition 15 would prohibit
reducing or impairing any future benefits paid by certain local public retirement systems after
a person was vested in the system." HOUSE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, Focus REpORT,
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS PROPOSED FOR SEPTEMBER 2003 BALLOT, at 45 (July 28, 2003).
It noted that supporters ofthe amendment said that the amendment would "leave pension plans with
cost-control options, such as reducing the benefits multiplier or increasing active member
contribution." Id. 'at 46. On the other hand, it noted that opponents said that the amendment would
have a negative impact on the actuarial soundness of municipal pension funds "[b]ecause the
amendment would protect all vested employees from having their benefits reduced or impaired,
municipal pension plans and local governments [could] no longer make even minor adjustments to
plan design or retirement eligibility." Id. at 47.

        The City relies on bill analyses· of a prior House Committee substitute for H.J. Res. 54,
indicating that. the resolution protected only benefits attributable to service already performed. For
instance, a House Committee bill analysis stated that the substitute "would guarantee an annuitant's
benefit, and provide for securing the formula/multiplier for the active or inactive member for the
years worked should it need to be changed in the future." HOUSE COMM. ON PENSIONS &
INVESTMENTS, BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. Comm. Substitute H.J. Res. 54, 78th Leg., R.S. (2003) at 1
(Committee Report (Substituted)) (Background and Purpose) (emphasis added). This bill analysis
also stated that a municipal retirement system under the H.J. Res. 54 substitute "may not reduce or
impair benefitsfor service performed before the effective date ofthis amendment" and "[a]nnuitants
are guaranteed their formula/multiplier for the years they worked under that formula/multiplier,"
explaining that "[f]uture benefits to the persons not retired, however, may be manipulated by the
The Honorable Phil King - Page 8                     (GA-0615)



pension system if necessary to ensure the funds' soundness." Id (Analysis) (emphasis added); see
also id. at 2 (Comparison) (explaining that H.J. Res. 54 guarantees "only benefits already received
under formulas worked under" and that it "gives the local government the ability to alter benefits in
the future for protection of the pension fund"); see also HOUSE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, BILL
ANALYSIS, Tex. H.J. Res. 54, 78th Leg., R.S. (2003) at 2 (Digest) (stating that H.J. Res. 54 would
prohibit benefits "being reduced or impaired for service performed before the effective date of any
change in benefit structure").

        The value of these particular analyses on which the City relies indicating that H.J. Res. 54
was intended to protect only benefits related to past services, however, is questionable given that the
House committee report substituted version expressly provided that "[b]enefits under a retirement
system to which this subsection [h] applies may not be reduced or impaired for service performed
before the effective date of"any change in the benefit structure ...." Tex. H.J. Res. 54, 78th Leg.,
R. S. (2003) (House Committee Report). This language, which would have supported the City's
position, was deleted from the enrolled version of H.J. Res. 54 adopted by the Legislature and
approved by the voters. See Tex. H.J. Res. 54, 78th Leg., R.S., 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 6233,
6233~34.


        In sum, all that can be concluded from legislative history, is that article XVI, section 66 was
intended to protect retirement benefits of vested employees and to prohibit subsequent legislative
changes that would reduce or impair these benefits. The constitutional amendm"ent was intended to
permit prospective changes to retirement system benefits. However, there is no persuasive support
for the view that the constitutional amendment was intended to protect only benefits attributable to
services performed before the effective date of a change.

        D.     Other Jurisdictions

        In the absence ofTexas judicial precedent, we also consider case law from otherjurisdictions
considering the application ofconstitutional provisions dealing with the same subject as article XVI,
section 66(d) to changes in the compensation base for calculating retirement benefits. 10 Cf Brown,
787 S.W.2d at 45 (stating that decisions regarding other state constitutions may be persuasive). The
New York, Illinois, and Alaska courts, under each ofthose state's respective constitutions, have held
that a change in the method -for determining the base compensation for calculation of retirement
benefits that reduces or impairs the benefits that "vested" employees would have received before the
change is unconstitutional. See Kleinfeldt v. NY City Employees' Ret. Sys., 324 N.E.2d 865, 868
(N.Y. 1975); Felt, 481 N.E.2d at 701; Flisockv. State, Div. ofRet. & Benefits, 818 P.2d 640,643
(Alaska 1991). We consider these decisions.

        In Kleinfeldt, the New York Court of Appeals considered whether the application of a
statutory amendment that limited the amount of increased compensation earned in a year-which


         1OSee DARRYL B. SIMKO, O/Public Pensions, State Constitutional Contract Protection, and Fiscal Constraint,

69 Temp. L. Rev. 1059, 1060 (1996) (stating that the constitutions ofAlaska, Hawaii, Illinois, Michigan, and New York
expressly confer membership in a public pension system "the status of a contract right").
The Honorable Phil King - Page 9                         (GA-0615)



could be considered in the computation of the final average salary for pension purposes-to a
maximum of 20% over the previous year violated the state constitutional provision prohibiting
diminution or impairment of retirement benefits. II Kleinfeldt, 324 N.E.2d at 867. In the period
subject to the limitation, the plaintiff-employee's compensation increased, and his salary exceeded
his salary for the corresponding period one year earlier by 20%, thus triggering the application ofthe
cap. See id. Consequently, the plaintiffs final average salary for retirement purposes was reduced,
which in tum, reduced his annual retirement allowance. Id Relying on earlier New York court
decisions, the Kleinfeldt court held that the salary increase limit "as retroactively applied to those
who became members of a public retirement system before its effective date . . . constitutes a
diminution and impairment of membership benefits." Id. at 868; see also, e.g., Birnbaum v. NY
Teachers Ret. Sys., 152 N.E.2d 241, 244-45 (N.Y. 1958) (holding unconstitutional the application
of updated mortality tables, which effectively reduced by 5% future retirement allowances, to
members entering the retirement system before the effective date of the tables); Kranker v. Levitt,
281 N.E.2d 840, 841 (N.Y. 1972) (per curiam) (holding unconstitutional the application to prior
retirement system members a statute eliminating inclusion in final average salary of cash payments
for accumulated vacation credits). Noting that an employee's rate of compensation is the most
significant part of the formula for determining retirement allowance, the court concluded that
"increases in salary may not be excluded from final average salary for prior members." Kleinfeldt,
324 N.E.2d at 869.

         Relying on Kleinfeldt as well as Illinois case law, in Felt, the Illinois Supreme Court held that
a statutory amendment changing the salary base for calculating a judge's retirement benefits-from
the judge's salary on the last day of judicial service to the average salary for the final year of
service-was unconstitutional "as impairing contracts of already enrolled members of the judicial
system."12 Felt, 481 N.E.2d at 701; see also Bardens v. Bd. ofTrs. ofJudges Ret. Sys., 174 N.E.2d
168, 172 (Ill. 1961) (holding unconstitutional an amendment changing the basis for calculation of
a retirement annuity from a judge's salary on the last day ofservice to the judge's average salary over
the last four years of service). There had been an increase in the judicial salaries in the year previous
to the plaintiffs' filing for retirement. Felt, 481 N.E.2d at 699. Thus, annuities granted to some of
the plaintiffs based on the average salary were less than the annuities to which they would have been
entitled to receive before the statutory amendment based on the higher salary on the last day of
judicial service. Id.




          lIThe New York Constitution provides that after July 1, 1940, "membership in any pension or retirement system
of the state or of a civil division ... shall be a contractual relationship, the benefits of which shall not be diminished or
impaired." N.Y. CONST. art. V, § 7.

         12The Illinois Constitution provides that "[m]embership in any pension or retirement system of the State, any
unit of local government . . . shall be an enforceable contractual relationship, the benefits of which shall not be
diminished or impaired." ILL. CONST. art. XIII, § 5; see also Kraus v. Bd. ofTrs. ofthe Police Pension Fund, 390 N.E.2d
1281, 1290 (Ill. App. 1979) (stating that the Illinois constitutional "convention debates establish an intent to adopt the
language and basic thrust of the New York constitutional provision").
The Honorable Phil King - Page 10                        (GA-0615)



        The Alaska Supreme Court in Flisock considered whether a school superintendent had the
right under the Alaska Constitution 13 to have his retirement benefits calculated in accordance with
the law in effect when he entered the retirement system. Flisock, 818 P.2d at 643; see also Sheffield
v. Alaska Pub. Employees' Ass'n, 732 P.2d 1083, 1085 (Alaska 1987) (computation of early
retirement benefits); Hammond v. Hoffbeck, 627 P.2d 1052, 1057 (Alaska 1981 ) (establishing that
an employee's right to retirement benefits vests on employment and enrollment in a retirement
system). When the superintendent entered the retirement system, accumulated leave was permitted
to be added to the average base salary used to calculate the monthly retirement benefit. Flisock, 818
P.2d at 642. The law changed during his employment to disallow the inclusion of accumulated
leave, and the retirement system applied the amended law to the superintendent. Id. at 642-43. As
particularly relevant here, the retirement system had determined that the superintendent did not
accumulate the unused leave until after the statutory change, and thus, the change did not impair any
benefits he actually had on the effective date of the amendment. Id. at 643; McMullen v. Bell, 128
P.3d 186, 191 (Alaska 2006) (summarizing its holding in Flisock). The Alaska Supreme Court
expressly rejected the retirement system's approach, concluding that if the superintendent "had a
right when he enrolled in the system to include [the] leave as part ofhis base salary, it was irrelevant
whether he accrued the leave ... before or after the statutory changes." McMullen, 128 P.3d at 191
(summarizing its holding in Flisock).14

        The New York, Illinois, and Alaska court decisions suggest that the authorized method for
determining the base compensation of vested employees is a constitutionally protected "right" that
"accrues" upon vesting. But see In re Enrolled Senate Bill 1269, 209 N.W.2d 200,202-03 (Mich.
1973) (after reviewing the constitutional framer's debate, concluding that "the legislature cannot
diminish or impair accrued financial benefits, but we think it may properly attach new conditions for
earning financial benefits which have not yet accrued"). In the absence of any Texas judicial
authority, we believe this case law is persuasive authority, even recognizing that the Texas
constitutional language is similar, but not identical to these states' constitutional language.




          13 Article XII, section 7 of the Alaska Constitution provides: "Membership in employee retirement systems of

the State or its political subdivisions shall constitute a contractual relationship. Accrued benefits ofthese systems shall
not be diminished or impaired." ALASKA CONST. art. XII, § 7; see also Kaho 'ohanohano v. State Org. o/Peace Officers,
162 P.3d 696, 741 (Hawaii 2007) (noting that while Alaska adopted the New York constitutional model with the addition
of "accrued" modifying "benefits," Alaska has "generally interpreted its provision in line with New York case law").

          14Additionally, in Nash v. Boise City Fire Department, the Idaho Supreme Court-which does not have a
constitutional pension provision-eonsidered the application of a 1978 statutory amendment placing a 3% cap on the
amount of increase or decrease of cost of living adjustments to annual retirement benefits. See Nash v. Boise City Fire
Dept., 663 P.2d 1105 (Idaho 1983). In Nash, the plaintiffwas a fITe fighter from 1953 to October 17, 1978. Id at 1105.
The question confronting the court was whether th~ 3% cap applied to fire fighters retiring after the July 1, 1978 effective
date ofthe amendment "who earned benefits by virtue ofservice prior to that date." I d Relying on California's modified
contract approach, the Idaho Supreme Court stated that Nash's rights were "unquestionably vested, he having worked
twenty-five years, the last fifteen of which included the period when the pension plan provided for a fluctuating formula
free of the 3% cap," that the pension fund was not insolvent, and that the fund would grow. Id. at 1110. The court
concluded that under these facts, the 3% cap should not apply to Nash's retirement benefits. Id.
The Honorable Phil King - Page 11                        (GA-0615)



         E.     Conclusion

        Based on (i) the literal text of article XVI, section 66(d), (ii) its remedial purpose to change
the judicial rule that retirement benefits granted by public retirement systems can be reduced or
eliminated by the Legislature at any time, and (iii) decisions from other jurisdictions protecting the
method for calculating the compensation base, we construe "accrued benefits" as used in the Texas
Constitution to include the method for determining the compensatiQn base for calculating retirement
benefits. .Thus, the constitutional provision prohibits a change in the method of determining the
compensation base ofvested employees ifsuch action reduce's or impairs retirement benefits that the
employee would have been eligible to receive on or before the effective date of the change.
Accordingly, we conclude that the City's 12% cap on increases in earnings used to determine the
compensation base for calculating retirement benefits contravenes article XVI, section 66(d) to the
extent it reduces or impairs retirement benefits that vested employees would have received. on or
before the effective date of the change. 15




           15It is the City's particular chosen method for addressing the unfunded liability of its retirement system that we
conclude may violate Texas Constitution article XVI, section 66(d). The City could have addressed the unfunded
liability through other means that would not violate the constitutional provision. See, e.g., TEXPERS Brief, supra note
4 at 3, 13-14 (suggesting that the City has the discretion to restrict or limit the overtime hours that employees may work
or the pay granted to employees).
The Honorable Phil King - Page 12           (GA-0615)



                                      SUM M· A R Y

                    Texas Constitution article XVI, section 66(d) generally
              prohibits a change in retirement benefits of a non-statewide
              retirement system that reduces or otherwise impairs "benefits
              accrued" by persons eligible to receive such benefits, without
              accumulating additional service, on or after the effective date of the
              change. Based on a review ofthe constitutional text and purpose and
              case law from other jurisdictions construing similar constitutional
              limits, we construe article XVI, section 66(d) to prohibit a change in
              the method of determining the compensation base of vested
              employees if such action reduces or impairs retirement benefits that
              the employee would have been eligible to receive before the effective
              date of the change. Accordingly, the City of Fort Worth's recently
              adopted 12% cap on increases in earnings used to determine the
              compensation base for calculating retirement benefits contravenes
              article XVI, section 66(d) to the extent it reduces or impairs
              retirement benefits that vested employees would have received before
              the effective date of the change.




KENT C. SULLIVAN
First Assistant Attorney General

ANDREW WEBER
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

Sheela Rai
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
