                                                                                           02/14/2018
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                            Assigned on Briefs June 1, 2017

                                  IN RE NEVAEH B.

                 Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Chester County
                     No. 2015-JV-1323 Van McMahan, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. W2016-01769-COA-R3-PT
                       ___________________________________

This is a termination of parental rights case.               The trial court terminated
Mother/Appellant’s parental rights on the grounds of: (1) abandonment by an
incarcerated parent for willful failure to visit, willful failure to support, and wanton
disregard; (2) failure to substantially comply with the requirements of the permanency
plan; and (3) persistence of the conditions that led to the Child’s removal. The trial court
also found, by clear and convincing evidence, that termination of Appellant’s parental
rights is in the child’s best interest. Because the proof is not sufficient to establish that
the child was removed from Appellant’s home, we reverse the ground of persistence of
conditions. The trial court’s order is otherwise affirmed.

       On Remand from the Supreme Court; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
              Reversed in Part, Affirmed in Part, and Remanded

ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT,
JR., P.J., M.S., and JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., joined.

William Johnson Milam, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Makayla B.

Lanis L. Karnes, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellees, James G. and Missy G.

                                        OPINION

                                      I. Background

      This termination of parental rights case is on remand from the Tennessee Supreme
Court for consideration on the merits. In our initial review of the case, we determined
that this Court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the appeal based on
Appellant/Mother’s failure to sign the notice of appeal. In its recent decision, In re
Bentley D., No. E2016-02299-SC-RDO-PT, 2017 WL 5623577 (Tenn. Nov. 22, 2017),
the Tennessee Supreme Court held that the signature requirement contained in Tennessee
Code Annotated Section 36-1-124(d), requiring the appellant to sign the notice of appeal,
was satisfied by the appellant’s attorney’s signature on the notice of appeal. Here,
appellant did not sign the notice of appeal; however, her attorney did. As such, under the
holding in In re Bentley D., this Court has jurisdiction to adjudicate the appeal on its
merits. We now turn to that task.

        In March of 2013, Nevaeh B. was born to Appellant Makayla B. (“Mother”).1 On
January 8, 2014, the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) received a
referral that Nevaeh, who was nine months old at the time, had been exposed to drugs.
Specifically, DCS was contacted after Mother tested positive for methamphetamine and
cocaine. On January 10, 2014, DCS filed a petition for adjudication of dependency and
neglect in the Juvenile Court of Chester County. As grounds for its petition, DCS
averred that the Child was: (1) without a parent, guardian or legal custodian, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(12)(A); (2) in such a condition of want or suffering or [was] under
such improper guardianship or control as to injure or endanger the morals or health of the
[child], Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(12)(F); and (3) suffering from abuse or neglect,
Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(12)(G). DCS further averred that Mother “has a reported
history of drug use, including methamphetamine and cocaine. [Mother’s] whereabouts
are currently unknown.” DCS noted that, at the time of removal and “during [DCS’s]
investigation,” the child “was at the home of the maternal grandparents.” Custody was
initially awarded to the Child’s maternal grandparents. On January 13, 2014, the juvenile
court appointed an attorney for Mother and a guardian ad litem for the Child. By order of
March 4, 2014, the juvenile court granted custody to the Child’s paternal aunt and uncle,
James and Missy G. (together, “Appellees”). The Child has remained with Appellees
since that time.

        By order of July 3, 2014, the juvenile court adjudicated the Child to be dependent
and neglected. The court noted that Mother “stipulate[s] that the Child is dependent and
neglected and stipulate[s] that the court may adopt the facts of the petition as its findings
of fact.” On September 4, 2014, the juvenile court granted Mother supervised visitation,
to-wit:

         Visitation for the mother is to be supervised by Kelly [C., James G.’s sister]
         . . . . The visits should be two hours a week, on the same day each week
         and same time, unless mutually agreed upon by the parties with twenty-four
         (24) hour advance notice. . . . If mother is ten (10) minutes late without
         communicating in advance or good cause, the supervisor will leave with the
         child (Not having transportation is not good cause since Mother will know
         when her visitation is every week). . . . If mother misses three (3) visits in a

         1
             In cases involving minor children, it is the policy of this Court to redact the parties’ names so as
to protect their identities.
                                                       -2-
       row without communicating or without good cause, the visits will stop
       completely until she returns to court for the Judge to review the situation.

The juvenile court’s order further provided that Mother could petition for an increase or
change in visitation/custody once she had: (1) resolved all criminal charges; (2)
completed parenting classes; (3) procured stable housing and employment; and (4) shown
proof of a negative hair/nail follicle drug screen.

        On March 10, 2014, Mother participated in a Child and Family Team Meeting
with DCS. Thereafter, on June 11, 2014, DCS and Mother entered into a permanency
plan for the Child. Mother’s requirements, under the plan, were to: (1) provide a safe,
stable, and drug-free home environment; (2) participate in alcohol and drug assessment
and follow all recommendations thereof; (3) submit to random drug tests; (4) resolve all
legal issues and follow all rules of probation; (5) participate in parenting classes and
anger management classes.

       From the record, Mother’s criminal history dates back to at least August of 2013.
As is relevant to this appeal, on May 18, 2014, Mother was arrested for theft under $500.
On or about September 25, 2014, while the May 18, 2014 charges were pending, Mother
was arrested for violation of her parole and was incarcerated until March of 2015. While
she was incarcerated, on January 14, 2015, Mother was convicted of the May 18, 2014
theft charge and was sentenced to 11 months and 29 days. Mother was placed on
probation and did not initially serve jail time for that conviction. However, on August
21, 2015, Mother’s probation officer conducted a random drug screen, and Mother tested
positive for methamphetamine. On August 26, 2015, her parole was revoked and a
warrant was issued for her arrest.

       Following Mother’s January 14, 2015 conviction, Appellees filed a petition to
terminate Appellant’s parental rights on February 17, 2015. As grounds for termination
of Mother’s parental rights, Appellees alleged: (1) abandonment by willful failure to visit
or support, Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-113(g)(1) and 36-1-102(1)(a)(i); (2) substantial
noncompliance with the requirements of the permanency plan, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(2); and (3) persistence of the conditions that led to the Child’s removal from
Mother’s custody, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). Appellant filed her answer on
April 21, 2015, wherein she denied the material allegations made in the petition.

       The hearing on the petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights was scheduled
for August 27, 2015. However, Mother failed to appear. Mother’s August 26, 2015
warrant, discussed supra, had been issued the previous day. In her testimony, Mother
stated that, when she learned that there was an outstanding warrant for her arrest, she
chose not to attend the hearing on the termination of her parental rights, fearing that she
would be arrested. On December 25, 2015, Mother was arrested on the outstanding
warrant and taken into custody.
                                           -3-
       The petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights was heard on March 9, 2016.
Although Mother was incarcerated at that time, she attended the hearing and testified. By
order of July 15, 2016, the trial court terminated Appellant’s parental rights on the
grounds of: (1) abandonment by an incarcerated parent for willful failure to visit, willful
failure to support, and wanton disregard; (2) failure to substantially comply with the
requirements of the permanency plan; and (3) persistence of the conditions that led to the
Child’s removal. The trial court also found, by clear and convincing evidence, that
termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the Child’s best interest. Mother appeals

                                         II. Issues

       Mother raises two issues for review as stated in her brief:

   1. Whether the Appellant . . . abandoned the child pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-1-
      113(g)(1) and § 36-1-102(a)(1).

   2. Whether the court’s termination of Appellant’s parental rights is in the best
      interest of the child.

    As set out in her statement of the issues, Mother appeals only the ground of
abandonment. However, as noted above, the trial court relied on three grounds: (1)
abandonment, (2) failure to substantially comply with the permanency plan, and (3)
persistence of conditions. Although only one ground must be proven by clear and
convincing evidence in order to terminate a parent’s rights, the Tennessee Supreme Court
has instructed this Court to review every ground relied upon by the trial court to
terminate parental rights in order to prevent “unnecessary remands of cases.” In re
Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 251 n.14 (Tenn. 2010). Accordingly, we will review all of
the foregoing grounds.

                                 III. Standard of Review

        Under both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions, a parent has a
fundamental right to the care, custody, and control of his or her child. Stanley v. Illinois,
405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud, 921 S.W.2d 170, 174 (Tenn.
1996). Thus, the state may interfere with parental rights only when a compelling interest
exists. Nash-Putnam, 921 S.W.2d at 174-75 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745
(1982)). Our termination statutes identify “those situations in which the state’s interest in
the welfare of a child justifies interference with a parent’s constitutional rights by setting
forth grounds on which termination proceedings can be brought.” In re W.B., Nos.
M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *7
(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)). A person
seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both the existence of one of the statutory
grounds for termination and that termination is in the child’s best interest. Tenn. Code
                                             -4-
Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re D.L.B., 118 S.W.3d 360, 367 (Tenn. 2003); In re Valentine,
79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

       Because of the fundamental nature of the parent’s rights and the grave
consequences of the termination of those rights, courts must require a higher standard of
proof in deciding termination cases. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 769. Accordingly, both the
grounds for termination and that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best
interest must be established by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-
113(c)(1); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546. Clear and convincing evidence “establishes
that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable ... and eliminates any serious or
substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” In
re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004), perm. app. denied (Tenn. July
12, 2004). Such evidence “produces in a fact-finder’s mind a firm belief or conviction
regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established.” Id.

       In light of the heightened standard of proof in termination of parental rights cases,
a reviewing court must modify the customary standard of review in Tennessee Rule of
Appellate Procedure 13(d). As to the trial court’s findings of fact, our review is de novo
with a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(d). We must then determine whether the facts, as found by the trial court or as
supported by the preponderance of the evidence, clearly and convincingly establish the
elements necessary to terminate parental rights. Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838
(Tenn. 2002).

                   IV. Grounds for Termination of Parental Rights

                                    A. Abandonment

        The trial court found, by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother’s parental
rights should be terminated on the ground of abandonment by willful failure to visit and
willful failure to support. In pertinent part, Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-
113(g) provides:

       (g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be based
       upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The following grounds
       are cumulative and non-exclusive, so that listing conditions, acts or
       omissions in one ground does not prevent them from coming within another
       ground:

       (1) Abandonment by the parent or guardian, as defined in § 36-1-102, has
       occurred[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1). As noted above, Mother was incarcerated from
                                    -5-
approximately September 25, 2014 until March of 2015; the petition to terminate her
parental rights was filed on February 17, 2015. Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-
102(1)(A) defines “abandonment,” in relevant part, as follows:

      (1)(A) For purposes of terminating the parental or guardian rights of a
      parent or parents or a guardian or guardians of a child to that child in order
      to make that child available for adoption, “abandonment” means that:

                                            ***

      (iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an
      action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the
      parent or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4)
      months immediately preceding the institution of such action or proceeding,
      and either has willfully failed to visit or has willfully failed to support or
      has willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the
      child for four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent’s
      or guardian’s incarceration, or the parent or guardian has engaged in
      conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the
      welfare of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv). Accordingly, the relevant time period in this
case is from May 25, 2014 until September 25, 2014.

       In In re Audrey S., this Court discussed willfulness in the context of termination
of parental rights cases:

      The concept of “willfulness” is at the core of the statutory definition of
      abandonment. A parent cannot be found to have abandoned a child . . .
      unless the parent has either “willfully” failed to visit or “willfully” failed to
      support the child for a period of four consecutive months. . . . In the statutes
      governing the termination of parental rights, “willfulness” does not require
      the same standard of culpability as is required by the penal code. Nor does
      it require malevolence or ill will. Willful conduct consists of acts or failures
      to act that are intentional or voluntary rather than accidental or inadvertent.
      Conduct is “willful” if it is the product of free will rather than coercion.
      Thus, a person acts “willfully” if he or she is a free agent, knows what he or
      she is doing, and intends to do what he or she is doing. . . .

      The willfulness of particular conduct depends upon the actor’s intent. Intent
      is seldom capable of direct proof, and triers-of-fact lack the ability to peer
      into a person’s mind to assess intentions or motivations. Accordingly,
      triers-of-fact must infer intent from the circumstantial evidence, including a
                                            -6-
       person’s actions or conduct.

In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 863-64 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (internal citations and
footnotes omitted). This Court has held that failure to pay support is “willful” if the
parent “is aware of his or her duty to support, has the capacity to provide the support,
makes no attempt to provide support, and has no justifiable excuse for not providing the
support.” In re J.J.C., 148 S.W.3d 919, 926 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting In re
Adoption of Muir, No. M2002-02963-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 22794524, at *5 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Nov. 25, 2003)).

        For purposes of termination of parental rights, “token visitation” “means that the
visitation, under the circumstances of the individual case, constitutes nothing more than
perfunctory visitation or visitation of such an infrequent nature or of such short duration
as to merely establish minimal or insubstantial contact with the child.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-102(1)(C). Likewise, “token support” means that the support, under the
circumstances of an individual case, is not significant considering the parent’s means.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(B).

       In its order terminating Mother’s parental rights, the trial court made the
following, relevant findings concerning abandonment by willful failure to visit:

       Arrangements were made by [DCS] and Wolf Counseling for regular
       visitation with the child. [Mother] only made six of those visits. [Mother]
       was provided with a cell phone number to contact the custodians regarding
       visitation . . . and still failed to communicate. [Mother’s] last visit was
       July, 2014.

The record indicates that Mother visited Nevaeh during the relevant time period.
Specifically, Mother visited on May 31, 2014, June 6, 2014, June 25, 2014, July 10,
2014, July 17, 2014, and July 30, 2014. However, in its order, the trial court found that
these visits were merely token as Mother did not engage fully in the process of bonding
and interacting with the child. Furthermore, the court was troubled by the fact that
Mother did not demonstrate appropriate parenting skills during these visits, to-wit:

       5/29/14 Mother was a no show.
       5/31/14 Mother visited but the counselor was concerned due to lack of
       interest, mother’s issues with controlling anger, and lack of parenting skills.
       6/6/[1]4 The counselor was concerned about mother’s anger issues and
       discussed how it negatively affects relationships.

                                            ***

       6/18/14 Visitation was canceled; Mother reported to be “sick”.
                                         -7-
      6/24/14 Mother was a no show
      6/25/14 Mother was late and the counselor was concerned about mother’s
      apprehension when it comes to interacting with the minor child.
      7/10/14 Visitation occurred
      7/17/14 Visitation occurred
      7/30/14 Mother doesn’t appear to bond with her daughter which is
      essential.

      Mother was aware she could visit, she had the capacity to visit the child,
      and she was offered a phone to keep in contact with the family in case she
      needed to make changes in the visitation, yet she had no justifiable excuse
      for not visiting more than six times. These six visits and [Mother’s] actions
      are not sufficient to get around abandonment.

       Turning to the record, during the relevant time period, Mother attended six out of
thirteen scheduled visits, spending approximately twelve hours with the Child. Perhaps
more troubling is the fact that, during these few hours of visitation, Mother did not
engage or interact with the Child so as to form any bond with her. In State Department
of Children’s Services v. L.L.T., No. E2003-00501-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 23094559
(Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2003), perm. app. denied (Tenn. April 19, 2004), this Court
described such visitation as “perfunctory,” noting that

      [w]hile Mother may have attended all but one or two visitation sessions, the
      concept of “visitation” is much more than a mere physical presence. The
      testimony of the caseworker, which was believed by the trial court,
      indicates that Mother spent her visitation sessions applying makeup,
      sleeping, and arguing with Father, rather than properly focusing her
      attention on and caring for the child. Such “perfunctory” presence with the
      child does not preclude a finding of abandonment under the statute.

State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. L.L.T., 2003 WL 23094559, at *4. The record clearly
establishes that Mother’s sporadic visitation with the Child has not resulted in the
formation of a bond between Mother and Child. It appears that Mother visits when it is
convenient for her, but does not engage when she is with the Child. As noted by the trial
court, although Mother was provided a phone to contact the Child, she has not kept in
touch with Appellees so as to learn about the Child’s day-to-day activities. Mother could
not answer simple questions such as the Child’s favorite color, her teacher’s name, or her
favorite activities. From the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the evidence
preponderates in favor of the trial court’s findings and that these findings provide clear
and convincing evidence that Mother has abandoned this Child by willful failure to visit.

       Concerning Mother’s willful failure to pay support, in its order terminating her
parental rights, the trial court found, in relevant part, as follows:
                                               -8-
      21. [Mother] has willfully failed to support or make reasonable payments
      toward the support of the child for a period of four (4) consecutive months .
      . . prior to her incarceration.

      22. [Mother] has not paid child support for the benefit of her child, but the
      one payment she made was for her own benefit.

      23. [Mother] did not pay child support until she was arrested for contempt.
      She made payments to purge so that she could get out of jail and made no
      further attempts to pay support. Mother knew she had a duty to pay
      support, she was aware of the Court order requiring support, she had the
      capacity to support the child but she made no attempt to do so. Mother had
      no justifiable excuse for nonpayment.

The evidence supports the trial court’s findings. By order of June 2, 2014, the Chester
County Juvenile Court ordered Mother to pay child support in the amount of $204.00 per
month beginning July 1, 2014. The record shows that Mother made a payment of $20 on
August 20, 2014. On September 22, 2014, Mother made a payment of $388.00.
However, Mother testified that she made this payment to avoid jail time for contempt of
the child support order. Concerning Mother’s ability to pay support, both Mother and her
mother testified that Mother is capable of working and that she and her fiancé paint and
remodel houses. Missy G. testified that, since the Child has lived with Appellees, they
have received no money, gifts, diapers, clothing, or any other support from Mother. It is
undisputed that, at the time of trial, Mother was $3,500.00 in arrears on child support.
From the totality of the circumstances, there is clear and convincing evidence to support
the trial court’s finding that Mother has abandoned this Child by willful failure to pay
child support.

       The trial court also found that Mother has abandoned the Child by wanton
disregard. Concerning what constitutes wanton disregard, for purposes of this ground,
this Court has explained that:

      Incarceration alone is not conclusive evidence of wanton conduct prior to
      incarceration. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 866 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
      Rather, “incarceration serves only as a triggering mechanism that allows the
      court to take a closer look at the child’s situation to determine whether the
      parental behavior that resulted in incarceration is part of a broader pattern
      of conduct that renders the parent unfit or poses a risk of substantial harm
      to the welfare of the child.” Id. The statutory language governing
      abandonment due to a parent’s wanton disregard for the welfare of a child
      “reflects the commonsense notion that parental incarceration is a strong
      indicator that there may be problems in the home that threaten the welfare
      of the child” and recognizes that a “parent’s decision to engage in conduct
                                           -9-
        that carries with it the risk of incarceration is itself indicative that the parent
        may not be fit to care for the child.” Id.

In re C.A.H., No. M2009-00769-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL 5064953, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 22, 2009). We further note that the ground of abandonment by wanton disregard
does not require that the conduct at issue occur within the four months prior to
incarceration. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 865 (“This test has no analog to the first
statutory definition of abandonment, and it is not expressly limited to any particular four-
month period.”). Rather, Tennessee courts may consider the parent’s behavior throughout
the child’s life, even when the child is in utero. See In re A.B., No. E2016-00504-COA-
R3-PT, 2017 WL 111291, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2017). In short, “[t]he actions
that our courts have commonly found to constitute wanton disregard reflect a ‘me first’
attitude involving the intentional performance of illegal or unreasonable acts and
indifference to the consequences of the actions for the child.” In re Anthony R., No.
M2014-01753-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3611244, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2015).

        In its order terminating her parental rights, the trial court found, in relevant part,
that:

        24. [Mother’s] conduct . . . showed a wanton disregard [for] the welfare of
        the child and a substantial risk of harm . . . . [Mother] has engaged in
        conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the
        welfare of the child in that: (a) [Mother’s] criminal history, drug use, and
        tests showing she was positive for meth as late as August 2015 showed a
        wanton disregard[;] (b) The testimony of her probation officer reflected her
        violations of probation[;] (c) [Mother] denied her drug problems [to the
        court]; (d) [Mother] denied her drug problem to the Parole Officer[;] (e)
        [Mother] denied her drug problem to the A and D assessor[;] (f) Yet,
        [Mother] continues to pick up charges for alcohol and drugs and meth[;] (g)
        [Mother] attempted[,] in these hearings[,] to deny her drug problem but
        finally admitted that she had used marijuana . . . . [;] (h) It is clear that
        [Mother] has had and still has a drug problem.

       As discussed above, Mother has been involved in criminal activity throughout
Nevaeh B.’s life. Despite being arrested in May of 2014 for theft, Mother did not curtail
her criminal activity. Rather, while the May 2014 charges were pending, Mother was
arrested again for theft on September 25, 2014. Although Mother was granted probation,
she continued to engage in the use of illegal drugs. This resulted in a positive drug screen
and incarceration for parole violation. By her own admission, Mother has often been “on
the run,” living in various locations so as to avoid arrest on outstanding warrants. In fact,
Mother chose not to attend the first hearing on the petition to terminate her parental rights
because she feared she would be arrested if she came to court. Such behavior clearly
evinces a “me first” attitude. Mother’s criminal activity, her continued use of illegal
                                             - 10 -
drugs, and her failure to make any significant strides to remedy these issues demonstrates
that parenting Nevaeh is not Mother’s first priority. Her pattern of behavior, which
resulted in her incarceration, clearly shows “a wanton disregard for the welfare of the
child.” Accordingly, the trial court did not err in terminating Mother’s parental rights on
the ground of abandonment by wanton disregard.

      B. Failure to Substantially Comply with the Requirements of the
                             Permanency Plan

       The trial court found, by clear and convincing evidence, that Mother’s parental
rights should be terminated on the ground of failure to substantially comply with the
requirements of the permanency plan pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-
1-113(g)(2). Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(2) provides that a parent’s
rights may be terminated when “[t]here has been substantial noncompliance by the parent
with the statement of responsibilities in a permanency plan.” However, “permanency
plans are not simply a series of hoops for the biological parent to jump through in order
to have custody of the children returned.” In re C.S., Jr., No. M2005-02499-COA-R3-
PT, 2006 WL 2644371, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 14, 2006). Rather,

       the requirements of the permanency plan are intended to address problems
       that led to removal; they are meant to place the parent in a position to
       provide the children with a safe, stable home and consistent appropriate
       care. This requires the parent to put in real effort to complete the
       requirements of the plan in a meaningful way in order to place herself in a
       position to take responsibility for the children.

Id.

       Concerning this ground, in its order terminating Mother’s parental rights, the trial
court found, in relevant part, that:

       [Mother] failed to comply with the statement of responsibilities in the
       permanency plan . . . . The plan included goals for [Mother] to accomplish,
       which included: (a) obtain stable housing; (b) obtain employment; (c)
       remain drug free; (d) A and D assessment; (e) stay out of legal trouble. She
       still has not accomplished these goals; (f) she does not have a job, she was
       incarcerated on the date of the hearing, she has a probation violation, she
       tested positive for meth; (g) the order from the 2014 hearing laid out things
       for her to do in order to regain custody[, which] included to resolve all
       criminal charges, complete parenting classes, obtain stable housing, remain
       alcohol and drug free. She only went to one parenting class . . . ;(h).
       [Mother] has been on the run the whole course of these proceedings. (i)
       [Mother] has missed court hearings; (j)[Mother] has had warrants for her
                                            - 11 -
      arrest and knew if she came to court she would be charged and violated; (k)
      [Mother] missed several child and family team meetings, permanency
      planning meetings, and foster care review board meetings; (l) She was
      given opportunity to reunite with her child and didn’t do it.

These findings are supported by the evidence. In fact, Mother’s own testimony provides
clear and convincing proof that she did not comply with the majority of the requirements
set out in the permanency plan, to-wit:

      Q. I believe we also talked earlier about the permanency plans that . . . list
      of requirements were on that plan, I believe you testified that you [did] the
      A&D assessment; is that correct?

      A. Yeah.

      Q. Okay. But you did not follow through with the recommendations because you
      were on the run; is that correct?

                                              ***

      A. Yeah.

      Q. So technically you didn’t complete that step either; is that correct?

      A. Right.

      Q. So what steps of the permanency plan did you complete?

      A. Well, the legal issues have kind of kept me from doing it. . . .

      Q. So, again, of all the . . . steps that were listed, which one of those have you
      completed completely?

      A. I’ve got a stable home now and environment for her.

                                           ***

      Q. I’m sorry, but I was under the impression that you are currently
      incarcerated.

      A. I am, but that’s my residence.

      Q. So how is being incarcerated providing a stable home for your child?
                                        - 12 -
A. Because I’m taking care of my legal issues.            That was on the
permanency plan, too.

Q. You still have some pending?

A. Yeah.

Q. So you have not taken care of all of them; is that correct?

A. Yeah.

Q. So that step is not completed either.         So which step have you
completed?

A. I mean, I told you all of them, but you have something to say about
every one of them, so I don’t—

Q. It’s a simple question. Of the six requirements, which ones have you
completed?

A. I have a home for her to come to and a room and a safe environment
when I get out.

Q. How long have you had that home?

A. For—it’s been a couple of months.

Q. Prior to that, where did you live?

A. In Henderson . . . .

Q. How long did you live there?

A. For about nine months.

Q. Prior to that, where did you live?

A. With my parents.

Q. And during that time when you’ve had these three residen[ces], how
often of that time were you incarcerated?

                                    - 13 -
       A. About eight months out of all of it.

       Q. Do you believe that’s stable?

       A. No.

From Mother’s testimony and the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that there is
clear and convincing proof to support the trial court’s finding that Mother failed to
substantially comply with the reasonable requirements of the permanency plan.

                               C. Persistence of Conditions

       Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(3) provides that termination of
parental rights may be based on persistence of conditions:

       (3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by
       order of a court for a period of six (6) months:

       (A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other conditions that in
       all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to further
       abuse or neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to the
       care of the parent(s) or guardian(s), still persist;

       (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an
       early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or
       guardian(s) in the near future; and

       (C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship
       greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable
       and permanent home.

The purpose behind the “persistence of conditions” ground for terminating parental rights
is “to prevent the child’s lingering in the uncertain status of foster child if a parent cannot
within a reasonable time demonstrate an ability to provide a safe and caring environment
for the child.” In re Arteria H., 326 S.W.3d 167, 178 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010).

       In In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 872, this Court held that based on the statutory
text and its historical development, the ground of persistence of conditions found in
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 36-1-113(g)(3) provides a ground for termination of
parental rights only where the prior court order removing the child from the parent’s
home was based on a judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or abuse. As discussed
above, the juvenile court adjudicated Nevaeh to be dependent and neglected based on
Mother’s drug use and lack of supervision.
                                         - 14 -
        In its order terminating Mother’s parental rights, the trial court found, in relevant
part, that:

       27. . . .[Mother] has not made such a lasting adjustment as to enable the
       child to be returned to her safely. [Mother] has failed to remain drug free;
       failed to admit or get help for her drug issues; failed to complete parenting
       [classes]; she has failed to maintain contact with the child and she
       maintained involvement in criminal activity.

       28. [Mother] testified that during the 4 months prior to her incarceration,
       she was “on the run” attempting to evade arrest as a result of warrants, and
       remained on the run through the time the petition was filed.

       29. [Mother] testified that she is in a relationship with Mr. G[.] who has a
       very extensive criminal history.

       30. [Mother] testified that when she is released from jail, she will live with
       him and wants him to help her raise the minor child. She stated that she
       believes he will make a good parent to the minor child.

       31. Exhibit 4 shows Mr. G[.’s] extensive criminal history which includes
       charges of assault, drug paraphernalia, violation, vandalism, open container
       violation, burglary, theft, aggravated burglary, assaults and etc.

       32. Mr. G[.] is not a person the minor child should be around.

       33. [Mother] puts Mr. G[.] above her child by making the decision to live
       with him and subsequently planning to return to him after she is released
       from jail.

       34. [Mother] testified that she completed the A and D assessment but she
       didn’t follow their requirements because she was on the run.

       35. Pursuant to T.C.A. § 36-1-113(g)(3): The child has been removed from
       the home of the [Mother] by order of a court for a period of six (6) months
       and: (A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other conditions
       that in all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to
       further abuse and neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child’s safe return
       to the care of the parent . . . still persist; (B) There is little likelihood that
       these conditions will be remedied at an early date so that the child can be
       safely returned to the parent . . . in the near future; and (C) The continuation
       of the parent . . . and child relationship greatly diminishes that child’s
       chances of early integration into a safe, stable, and permanent home.
                                              - 15 -
        As a threshold requirement for applicability of the ground of persistence of
conditions in termination of parental rights cases, the child must not only have been
adjudicated dependent and neglected, but he or she must also have been removed from
the defendant parent’s home. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (providing a ground for
termination when “[t]he child has been removed from the home of the parent”). As
discussed above, in its January 10, 2014, petition for adjudication of dependency and
neglect, DCS averred, in part, that the Child was “without a parent, guardian or legal
custodian, Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(12)(A).” DCS further averred that
“[Mother’s] whereabouts are currently unknown.” DCS noted that, at the time of
removal and “during [DCS’s] investigation,” the child “was at the home of the maternal
grandparents.” From the record and DCS’s averments, it is not clear that Nevaeh was
removed from Mother’s home. From the record, there is no indication that Mother lived
in the maternal grandparents’ home; in fact, the evidence suggests that Mother lived with
Mr. G. when she was not “on the run” due to outstanding warrants. From the totality of
the circumstances, we certainly cannot conclude by clear and convincing evidence that
the threshold requirements, i.e., that the child be removed from the defendant parent’s
home, has been met in this case. See, e.g., In re Maria B.S., No. E2012-01295-COA-R3-
PT, 2013 WL 1304616, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. March 4, 2013) (“No one removed the
Children from Father--he never had the Children in the first place. There is case
precedent to support Father’s position that, without removal from that parent’s home, the
ground of persistent conditions is inapplicable.”); see also In re Destaney D., No. E2014-
01651-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 3876761, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 23, 2015) (“The legal
deficiency concerning the trial court’s determination regarding this ground for
termination [, i.e., persistence of conditions,] lies in the fact that the Children were not
removed from Father’s home. The testimony at trial established that the reason for the
Children’s removal was drug abuse by the mother when the Children were in the
mother’s custody.”); accord In re K.M.K., No. E2014-00471-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL
866730, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2015). Based on the foregoing authority, we hold
that the statutory ground of persistence of conditions is not applicable to Mother under
the facts presented here insomuch as the record contains no court order removing the
child from Mother’s home (on grounds of dependency and neglect or otherwise), and
there is no evidence to suggest that Nevaeh was residing in Mother’s home at the time of
her removal. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order as to this ground.

                                     V. Best Interest

       When at least one ground for termination of parental rights has been established,
the petitioner must then prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that termination of the
parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). When a parent has been found to be unfit (upon establishment of
ground(s) for termination of parental rights), the interests of parent and child diverge. In
re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. The focus shifts to the child’s best interest. Id. Because
not all parental conduct is irredeemable, Tennessee’s termination of parental rights
                                          - 16 -
statutes recognize the possibility that terminating an unfit parent’s parental rights is not
always in the child’s best interest. Id. However, when the interests of the parent and the
child conflict, courts are to resolve the conflict in favor of the rights and best interest of
the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d). Further, “[t]he child’s best interest must be
viewed from the child’s, rather than the parent’s, perspective.” Moody, 171 S.W.3d at
194.

       The Tennessee Legislature has codified certain factors that courts should consider
in ascertaining the best interest of the child in a termination of parental rights case. As is
relevant to the instant case, these factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

       (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
           circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the
           child’s best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

       (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment
           after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such
           duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear
           possible;

       (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
           other contact with the child;

       (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
           between the parent or guardian and the child;

       (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to
       have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;

                                            ***

       (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is
       healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether
       there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances or controlled substance
       analogues as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care
       for the child in a safe and stable manner;

       (8) Whether the parents or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status would
       be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from
       effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or

       (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with
       the child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to §
                                         - 17 -
      36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). This Court has noted that “this list [of factors] is not
exhaustive, and the statute does not require a trial court to find the existence of each
enumerated factor before it may conclude that terminating a parent’s rights is in the best
interest of a child.” In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
Depending on the circumstances of an individual case, the consideration of a single factor
or other facts outside the enumerated, statutory factors may dictate the outcome of the
best interest analysis. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 877. As explained by this Court:

      Ascertaining a child’s best interests does not call for a rote examination of
      each of Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)’s nine factors and then a
      determination of whether the sum of the factors tips in favor of or against
      the parent. The relevancy and weight to be given each factor depends on the
      unique facts of each case. Thus, depending upon the circumstances of a
      particular child and a particular parent, the consideration of one factor may
      very well dictate the outcome of the analysis.

Moody, 171 S.W.3d at 194.

       In its order terminating Appellant’s parental rights, the trial court made the
following findings concerning Nevaeh’s best interest:

      43. [Mother] has not made an adjustment of circumstances, conduct, or
      conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best interest to be in the
      home of the parent;

      44. [Mother] has not maintained regular visitation or other contact with the
      child;

      45. [Mother] has not established a meaningful relationship with the child;

      46. [Mother] cannot provide a home that is healthy and safe. She is
      involved in criminal activity. The use of alcohol or controlled substances
      renders the parent . . . consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and
      stable manner.

      47. The effect of a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely
      to have a negative effect on the child’s emotional and psychological
      condition.

      48. [Appellees] have been actively involved in the child’s life since she
      was eleven (11) months old;
                                      - 18 -
      49. [Mother] has not paid child support[.]

       The trial court’s findings concerning Nevaeh’s best interest are support by the
record. As discussed in detail above, the child has been removed from Mother’s custody
since she was less than one year old. Since the child’s removal, Mother has continued to
engage in criminal activity, which has resulted in multiple arrests and incarceration. By
her own testimony, Mother has failed to complete the requirements of the permanency
plans in order to effect necessary changes in her conduct and circumstances so as to make
her a good parent to this child. On release from jail, Mother stated, without reservation,
that she plans to live with Mr. G., whose criminal history surpasses Mother’s. While
Mother has continued to engage in illegal drug use and criminal behavior, Nevaeh has
lived with Appellees. Due to Mother’s lack of commitment to visitation, no bond has
been established between Nevaeh and Appellant. However, the record clearly establishes
that Nevaeh has bonded with Appellees and considers them to be her parents. To remove
Nevaeh, who is now four years old, from this stable environment would likely cause the
child emotional and/or psychological distress. From the totality of the circumstances and
the record, we conclude that there is clear and convincing evidence to support the trial
court’s finding that termination of Appellant’s parental rights is in the child’s best
interest.

                                     VI. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order as to the ground of
persistence of the conditions that led to the child’s removal. The trial court’s order is
otherwise affirmed. The case is remanded for such further proceedings as may be
necessary and are consistent with this opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed against
the Appellant, Makayla B. Because Makayla B. is proceeding in forma pauperis in this
appeal, execution for costs may issue if necessary.


                                                   _________________________________
                                                   ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, JUDGE




                                          - 19 -
