                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


              Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Frank and Alston
UNPUBLISHED


              Argued by teleconference


              LISA ALEXANDER
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
              v.      Record No. 0126-12-4                                    JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
                                                                                  APRIL 30, 2013
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY
                                                  Sarah L. Deneke, Judge

                                 G. Price Koch (Spencer, Mayoras, Koch & Cornick, PLC, on brief),
                                 for appellant.

                                 Aaron J. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
                                 Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                      Lisa Alexander, appellant, was convicted, by a jury, of assault and battery, in violation of

              Code § 18.2-57 1; interfering with a 911 phone call, in violation of Code § 18.2-164; and two

              counts of making threatening/obscene phone calls in violation of Code § 18.2-427. On appeal,

              she challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. For the reasons stated, we affirm in part and

              reverse in part.

                                                         BACKGROUND

                      The facts are not controverted. Appellant’s husband, Martinez Alexander (husband), was

              temporarily living with W.F. and M.F. because he and appellant were having marital trouble

              arising from appellant’s son’s legal problems.



                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                       Appellant’s appeal of the assault and battery conviction was denied at the petition stage
              and is not before us.
           On August 12, 2010, husband went to the marital residence to retrieve his clothing.

During an argument, appellant threw a drinking glass at husband, shattering it against husband’s

head. The injury resulted in blood flowing from husband’s head and into his eyes.

           Husband called 911 with his cell phone. Appellant told him not to call 911 and attempted

to take the phone from husband’s hand. Husband was able to give the 911 dispatcher his home

address and phone number and ask for an ambulance. Husband yelled “send the police” as

appellant grabbed the phone and left the residence. The line remained open for 44 minutes.

During this time, the 911 dispatcher attempted to communicate with husband but was unable to

do so. Emergency responders arrived shortly after the 911 call.

           Husband obtained a protective order, resulting in appellant and her daughter being

evicted from her residence. Appellant blamed W.F. and M.F. for husband’s obtaining the

protective order and for interfering with her relationship with her husband.

           After being evicted, appellant left two voicemail messages directed at W.F. and M.F. and

their thirteen-year-old daughter, A.

           Both messages were replete with cursing and contained extensive and graphic name

calling. The messages repeatedly accused W.F. and M.F. and their thirteen-year-old daughter,

A., of engaging in sexual acts. Additionally, appellant accused W.F. of ruining her life and

warned him to leave her child alone. Appellant expressed anger that W.F. and M.F. betrayed

their friendship. Appellant admonished W.F. and M.F. to leave her alone.

           Among the statements contained in the voicemails were the following (not edited for

spelling or grammar), on which the Commonwealth relied to demonstrate appellant’s alleged

threats:

                  1.     You know what, you little fucking punk, you’re a fucking
                         punk ass bitch mother fucker, ok?



                                                  -2-
                 2.     Y’all gonna get every mother fucking thing that’s coming
                        back to you because karma is a fucking bitch.

                 3.     Y’all are going to fucking hell with gasoline drawers on.

                 4.     Check your mother fucking selves because you done
                        fucking crossed the line . . . .

                 5.     All y’all mother fuckers going down with me because I’m
                        telling it all, everything mother fucking thing I know . . . .

                 6.     Y’all gonna meet fucking ghetto because guess what, it’s
                        all going down. You’re going down, she’s going down, all
                        the mother fucking truth coming out.

                 7.     Now, you answer the mother fucking phone, you be a
                        mother fucking man but you ain’t a man you’re a fucking
                        bitch, just like Al was a fucking bitch, and your wife is a
                        fucking bitch . . . . 2

       This appeal follows.

                                             ANALYSIS

                                 I. Obscene/threatening phone calls

       Code § 18.2-427 states in part:

                 Any person who uses obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious, or
                 indecent language, or makes any suggestion or proposal of an
                 obscene nature, or threatens any illegal or immoral act with the
                 intent to coerce, intimidate, or harass any person, over any
                 telephone or citizens band radio, in this Commonwealth is guilty of
                 a Class 1 misdemeanor. 3,4




       2
           In our analysis, we will refer to these statements by number.
       3
           Appellant does not challenge the intent component of the statute.
       4
          This statute states three offenses in the disjunctive. The Supreme Court of Virginia has
noted that the first two offenses “are qualified by the word ‘obscene,’” but the third, prohibiting
threats, is not. The Court concluded that the legislature, “having required that the first two
offenses must meet the test of obscenity, deliberately chose to omit that limitation in the case of
threatening language.” Rives v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 1, 3, 726 S.E.2d 248, 250 (2012).

                                                 -3-
        Appellant contends the words spoken were not obscene, nor did they threaten any illegal

or immoral acts. 5 We first address the “threats” component of the statute.

        In Rives v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 1, 726 S.E.2d 248 (2012), the Supreme Court of

Virginia affirmed a conviction under Code § 18.2-427. Rives telephoned his former lover and

said “Hey bitch! You want to wonder why you don’t have any friends? Bitch! I’m going to

fuck you in the worst fucking way. You understand me? . . . Hope you’re having a good time

with this shit. And what’s going to happen is not going to be pretty.” The Supreme Court of

Virginia concluded the above language was sufficient “to enable a rational fact-finder to

conclude that [Rives] was threatening [the victim] with physical injury in the form of a sexual

offense . . . .” Id. at 4, 726 S.E.2d at 250.

        Among the statements relied upon by the Commonwealth to prove an alleged threat, we

see nothing in statements 1, 3, 4, and 7 to even suggest a threat of an illegal or immoral act. The

Commonwealth does not indicate what illegal or immoral acts were threatened.

        As to the facts set forth in numbers 1, 3, 4, and 7, we find as a matter of law there were

no threats. Finding that no ordinary, reasonable recipient who is familiar with the context of the

voicemails would interpret them as a threat, it was not for the jury to determine whether those

words constituted a threat.

        We cannot say the same for numbers 2, 5, and 6. Statement number 2 could be

interpreted in several ways. It could threaten W.F.’s person, or it could mean merely that fate

will punish W.F. and M.F.


        5
          Appellant argues that because she made the statements out of anger and frustration, they
are not threatening. To support her argument, she relies on Lofgren v. Commonwealth, 55
Va. App. 116, 684 S.E.2d 223 (2009). Lofgren, an obscenity case, found the language was not
obscene because it simply expressed Lofgren’s “frustration, anger, contempt or disgust.” Here,
appellant’s intent or motivation is not relevant to whether her language constituted threats.
Unlike obscenity cases, we do not address the “dominant theme” of the statements, but only
whether they threaten illegal or immoral conduct.
                                                 -4-
        In her brief, referring to number 5, appellant states: “While this could possibly constitute

a threat, the action that accompanies it shows that this language does not fall in the statute.” It is

the role of the fact finder to determine whether this language could possibly constitute a threat,

including the context in which the statements were made.

        Number 6 could be interpreted as a threat to commit an illegal act – “You’re going down,

she’s going down” or it could simply imply that when the truth comes out, W.F. and M.F. will be

shown to be liars. Again, this is for the jury to decide.

        We note that appellant was indicted under Code § 18.2-427 for using obscene language

or threatening an illegal or immoral act. The jury instruction, noting that appellant was charged

with “telephone threats,” listed the elements of that offense as using “indecent or vulgar, or

profane language” OR “threatened an illegal or immoral act.”

        Both the attorney for the Commonwealth and defendant’s counsel argued each of the

statute’s components to the jury.

        The jury verdict read “We the jury, find the defendant guilty of telephone threats . . . .”

In accordance with the general verdict, the trial court found appellant guilty of two counts of

telephone threats. The conviction order and sentencing order refer to the offense as “telephone

threats.”

        The correct interpretation of appellant’s voicemail statements must be determined by the

fact finder, based on whether a reasonable recipient would interpret her remarks as threats. This

is a jury issue.

        Thus, our sufficiency analysis need only determine whether the evidence is sufficient to

raise a jury issue. The issue is not whether the language in question constitutes a threat, but

whether these statements create a jury issue as to threats. See Allmon v. Commonwealth, 43

Va. App. 104, 111, 596 S.E.2d 531, 535 (2004).

                                                 -5-
       United States v. Maisonet, 484 F.2d 1356 (4th Cir. 1973) is instructive. There, Maisonet,

an inmate in a federal prison, wrote his sentencing judge “I may have to go all my ten (10) years,

but if I ever get out of here and nothing happen[s] to me while I am in here, you will never be

able to be prejudice [sic] and racist against another Puerto Rican like me.” The letter was

addressed to the judge at his home address. Maisonet was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 876

(1970), which prohibits mailing a letter “containing . . . any threat to injure the person of the

addressee.” Id. at 1357. In affirming the conviction, the Fourth Circuit held:

               If there is substantial evidence that tends to show beyond a
               reasonable doubt that an ordinary, reasonable recipient who is
               familiar with the context of the letter would interpret it as a threat
               of injury, the court should submit the case to the jury. Maisonet’s
               letter itself and the following facts established that the
               government’s proof was sufficient to enable the jury to find
               beyond a reasonable doubt that the letter constituted a threat and
               Maisonet intended it as such: Maisonet had been sentenced to
               prison by the judge to whom he addressed the letter; he considered
               the sentence to be illegal; he charged that the judge was motivated
               by prejudice and racism; he addressed the letter to the judge’s
               home.

Id. at 1358.

       The Commonwealth only had to prove the existence of one component of the statute, as

the statute is written in the disjunctive. In enacting Code § 18.2-427, the General Assembly

chose to use the disjunctive “or,” rather than the conjunctive “and.” “‘[T]he use of the

disjunctive word “or,” rather than the conjunctive “and,” signifies the availability of alternative

choices.’” Rose v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 505, 514, 673 S.E.2d 489, 493 (2009) (quoting

Lewis v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 302, 314-15, 593 S.E.2d 220, 227 (2004)).

       Having found the evidence of threats was sufficient to go to the jury, we need not address

appellant’s other argument as to obscenity. Even assuming, arguendo, that the evidence was

insufficient to prove obscene language, there was adequate evidence in the record to send the

issue of threats to the jury. We therefore decline to disturb the jury’s verdict. See generally
                                                 -6-
United States v. Townsend, 924 F.2d 1385, 1414 (7th Cir. 1991) (holding that on appeal, a jury’s

verdict will not be negated on the chance “that the jury convicted on a ground that was not

supported by adequate evidence when there existed alternative grounds for which the evidence

was sufficient”). See also Fields v. Dinwiddie County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 1, 8,

614 S.E.2d 656, 659 (2005) (holding that when a trial court’s judgment is made on alternative

grounds, we need only consider whether any one of the alternatives is sufficient to sustain the

judgment of the trial court and, if we so find, need not address the other grounds).

       The evidence before the jury constitutes a “freestanding basis” to support appellant’s

conviction for telephone threats. See Johnson v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 113, 117, 609

S.E.2d 58, 60 (2005).

       For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the trial court convicting appellant of

Code § 18.2-427.

                                          II. Interfering

       Appellant next challenges her conviction for interfering with a 911 phone call. She

alleges the evidence was insufficient, maintaining that she did not interfere with the 911 call, nor

did she disable or destroy the telephone. She argues that the 911 call made by her husband was

completed when he informed the 911 dispatcher of his home address and phone number and

asked for an ambulance.

       The facts in this case are uncontroverted. Because this is a question of law involving the

construction of Code § 18.2-164, we review the trial court’s determination de novo. Questions of

pure statutory construction are considered de novo. See Conkling v. Commonwealth, 45

Va. App. 518, 520-21, 612 S.E.2d 235, 236-37 (2005) (citing Mattaponi Indian Tribe v. Dep’t of

Envtl. Quality ex rel. State Water Control Bd., 43 Va. App. 690, 707, 601 S.E.2d 667, 675




                                                -7-
(2004)); see Copeland v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 424, 437, 592 S.E.2d 391, 397 (2004)

(holding that when the facts are not in dispute, the Court will analyze the legal issue de novo).

       Code § 18.2-164 states in part:

               B. If any person, with the intent to prevent another person from
               summoning law-enforcement, fire, or rescue services:

                       1.     Commits any act set forth in subsection A; or

                       2.     Maliciously prevents or interferes with telephone
                              or telegraph communication by disabling or
                              destroying any device that enables such
                              communication, whether wired or wireless, he is
                              guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. 6

       The elements of subsection B are: 1) malicious prevention of or interference with

telephone or telegraph communication, and 2) disabling or destroying any device that enables

such communication. We first address whether appellant disabled or destroyed the

communication device. The Commonwealth argues that appellant disabled the phone by taking

the victim’s cell phone and leaving the line open for 40 minutes, preventing the victim from

using the phone. The Commonwealth equates disabling the phone itself with interfering with the

victim’s ability to use the phone. This argument ignores the language of the statute.

       It is apparent from the language of the statute that appellant must disable or damage the

actual device, not simply make it more difficult for the user to use the device. Part (B)(2)

proscribes the disabling or destroying of “any device that enables such communication . . . .”

The plain, unambiguous language of the statute requires that the device itself must be disabled or

destroyed by appellant.




       6
         At trial, the Commonwealth’s case was premised on a violation of Code
§ 18.2-164(B)(2), and the jury was so instructed. Thus, our analysis is limited to that subsection
and does not include Code § 18.2-164(A) or Code § 18.2-164(B)(1).

                                                -8-
       While we acknowledge that “penal statutes are to be strictly construed against the

Commonwealth, Harward v. Commonwealth, 229 Va. 363, 365, 330 S.E.2d 89, 90 (1985), courts

are nevertheless bound by the plain meaning of unambiguous statutory language and ‘may not

assign a construction that amounts to holding that the General Assembly did not mean what it

actually has stated.’” Gunn v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 580, 587, 637 S.E.2d 324, 327 (2006)

(quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 268, 271, 576 S.E.2d 468, 470 (2003)).

               Where bound by the plain meaning of the language used, we are
               not permitted “to add or to subtract the words used in the statute.”
               Posey v. Commonwealth, 123 Va. 551, 553, 96 S.E. 771, 771
               (1918). This canon flows from the principle that “[w]e must . . .
               assume . . . the legislature chose, with care, the words it used when
               it enacted the relevant statute.” Barr v. Town & Country
               Properties, Inc., 240 Va. 292, 295, 396 S.E.2d 672, 674 (1990).
               Because we assume the legislature carefully chose the words used,
               it is our duty “to give reasonable effect to every word.” Jones v.
               Conwell, 227 Va. 176, 180-81, 314 S.E.2d 61, 64 (1984); Moyer v.
               Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 8, 35, 531 S.E.2d 580, 593 (2000)
               (en banc). In giving reasonable effect to every word, we presume
               the legislature used the word in its ordinary sense in the absence of
               a specific, statutory definition. Moyer, 33 Va. App. at 35, 531
               S.E.2d at 593.

Coles v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 549, 557-58, 605 S.E.2d 784, 788 (2004).

       Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 615 (1993), defines “destroy” as “to ruin

the structure, organic existence, or condition of; to ruin completely or injure or mutilate beyond

possibility of use.” The term is further defined as “to reduce (an object) to useless fragments, a

useless form, or remains, as by rending, burning, or dissolving; injure beyond repair or renewal;

demolish; ruin; annihilate.” http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/destroy (last visited

March 19, 2013).

       “Disable” is defined as “to make incapable or ineffective;” Webster’s, supra, at 642, “to

make unable or unfit; weaken or destroy the capability of; cripple; incapacitate,”

http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/disable (last visited March 19, 2013).


                                               -9-
       Here, the Commonwealth does not contend the phone call itself was rendered unfit,

crippled, or incapacitated, only that the victim was unable to use the cell phone. As stated

earlier, the physical condition of the phone is the subject of the statute. We further note the

Commonwealth never argued the cell phone was destroyed.

       Extending the Commonwealth’s disability argument would create a violation of Code

§ 18.2-164(B)(2) if the perpetrator locked the cell phone in a closet, thus preventing the user

from accessing the device. Code § 18.2-164(B)(2) does not include a situation where a

perpetrator prevents the victim from calling 911 by threats of bodily harm, when the telephone is

not compromised. This scenario ignores the literal reading of the words, “destroy” or “disable.”

       It is interesting to note that Code § 18.2-164(A)(4) proscribes willfully or maliciously

preventing, obstructing or delaying by any means telephonic or telegraphic communications.

This subsection does not limit the means of interference nor is it limited to emergency calls.

However, under Code § 18.2-164(B)(2) the prevention or interference with such communication

is not sufficient for a conviction. Additionally, the perpetrator must disable or destroy the

device. Such did not occur here.

       Having found appellant did not disable or damage the victim’s cell phone, we need not

address whether appellant interfered or prevented the emergency call. See Luginbhyl v.

Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 58, 64, 628 S.E.2d 74, 77 (2006) (en banc) (holding that “we

decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest ground available’” (quoting Air Courier Conference v.

Am. Postal Workers Union, 498 U.S. 517, 531 (1991) (Stevens, J., concurring))).

                                          CONCLUSION

       The evidence supporting Code § 18.2-427 was sufficient to send the issue to the jury,

thus we will not disturb their verdict. However, the evidence was insufficient to show that




                                               - 10 -
appellant destroyed or disabled the cell phone, so we will reverse her conviction under Code

§ 18.2-164(B)(2) and dismiss the indictment.

                                                                            Affirmed, in part,
                                                                            and reversed and
                                                                            dismissed, in part.




                                               - 11 -
Alston, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part.

        I concur in the majority’s analysis of appellant’s appeal of her conviction under Code

§ 18.2-164. However, because I disagree with the majority’s affirmance of appellant’s

convictions under Code § 18.2-427, I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion regarding

this assignment of error.

        Essentially my disagreement with my learned colleagues relates to the consideration of

the context of appellant’s voicemails. In my view, the majority isolates the “threatening”

portions of the comments and considers them apart from the voicemail messages as a whole.

Respectfully, only by doing so is it possible to interpret appellant’s statements as threats to

commit illegal acts. Because I find that no ordinary, reasonable recipient who is familiar with

the context of appellant’s voicemails would interpret them as a threat, I conclude that it was not

for the jury to determine whether appellant’s statements constituted “threat[s] of any illegal or

immoral acts.” Code § 18.2-427. Accordingly, I would reverse appellant’s convictions under

Code § 18.2-427.

        In interpreting appellant’s statements, the majority considers the voicemail messages at

issue herein in their factual context but does not, in my view, equate enough significance to the

context of appellant’s statements. In short, husband obtained a protective order that resulted in

appellant and her daughter being evicted from their residence. Appellant believed that her

friends, W.F. and M.F., encouraged husband to obtain the protective order and, consequently,

blamed W.F. and M.F. for the dissolution of her marriage and her eviction from her home. It is

in that factual backdrop that appellant left the two voicemail messages directed at W.F. and M.F.

        Respectfully, I submit that to assess the criminality of appellant’s statements, they must

be viewed in their complete context, which would also include the parts of appellant’s statements

that preceded and followed the alleged “threatening” comments. It is my view that the majority

                                                 - 12 -
isolates words, thus diminishing context. Moreover, by considering appellant’s “threatening”

statements as isolated comments, without any reference to appellant’s broader message,

appellant’s statements considered in their factual context and in the context in which they were

spoken, as a matter of law, could not be interpreted as threats of illegal or immoral acts. With all

due regard to the province of the factfinder to weigh the facts and consider the evidence, it still

must be determined as a matter of law by this Court, whether in its context, the language was

threatening the victim with illegal or immoral acts. Contrary to the majority, I would give more

significance to the context of the purported threats in addition to the “illegal or immoral” aspect

of the purported threat. I respectfully submit that on appellate review a statement should not be

parsed to support its factual and or legal sufficiency. Is this nasty language? Yes. Is this

communication foul and repugnant? Absolutely. But in full context, does the language satisfy

the requirements of Code § 18.2-427? I would conclude that it does not. In appellant’s first

message (which includes what the Commonwealth and the majority label statement #2) she

expressed her anger at the role she perceived W.F. and M.F. played in the dissolution of her

marriage and her eviction. Appellant’s message stated, in relevant part,

               [y]ou are the one that . . . you and your fucking wife tried to
               destroy my fucking life . . . . I’m tired of y’all bitches fucking with
               me, now you want to destroy my fucking mother fucking life.
               Y’all gonna get every mother fucking thing that’s coming back to
               you because karma is a fucking bitch . . . . Now you live with that
               and you deal with that . . . . [A]ll y’all can go to mother fucking
               hell, after everything I did for y’all all the fucking years. Fuck
               you, and the horse you rode in on.

       The statement, “Y’all gonna get every mother fucking thing that’s coming back to you

because karma is a fucking bitch,” read apart from the sentences that preceded and followed it,

could be interpreted as a vague threat. But what the assembled words could mean in isolation

does not address what an ordinary, reasonable recipient familiar with the context of the

voicemail message would understand the statement to mean. In essence, appellant’s message
                                                - 13 -
drew a moral comparison, contrasting W.F. and M.F.’s alleged attempts to “destroy [her] . . .

life” with (what she believed to be) her kindness toward them. Appellant then admonished W.F.

and M.F. for their behavior toward her and tasked them with having to live with the knowledge

of what they did to her. Appellant’s language is vulgar and at times offensive, but appellant did

not threaten to harm W.F. or M.F. herself, and no ordinary, reasonable recipient familiar with

this context could interpret appellant’s statement regarding karma as threatening physical harm

to W.F. or M.F. 7

       The majority also concludes that appellant’s second message included statements that

were susceptible to two interpretations, one of which constituted a threat of illegal acts, and it

was the role of the factfinder to determine which interpretation was applicable considering the

circumstances of this case. 8 Specifically, the majority reasons that appellant’s statement,

“You’re going down, she’s going down,” could be interpreted as either a threat to commit an

illegal act or could simply imply that W.F. and M.F. will be exposed as liars. I disagree.

       The second message states, in relevant part,

               [C]heck your mother fucking selves because you done fucking
               crossed the line and I’m going down . . . all y’all mother fuckers
               going down with me because I’m telling it all, everything mother
               fucking thing I know, every mother fucking thing you said to me
               about [M.F.], every mother fucking thing [M.F.] said to me about
               you, I’m fucking telling you fucking judge, I’m telling my God

       7
          Whether appellant’s statements could be construed as threatening illegal or immoral
acts is an objective inquiry. Nevertheless, I find the recipients’ subjective views consistent with
what I believe to be the only interpretation of appellant’s statement. Neither W.F. nor M.F.
testified that they felt threatened by appellant’s messages. Rather, when asked for her initial
reaction to the voicemail messages, M.F. testified simply, “I was hurt.”
       8
         The majority notes that appellant stated on brief that statement number 5-- “All y’all
mother fuckers going down with me because I’m telling it all, everything mother fucking thing I
know”-- “could possibly constitute a threat,” but that contracts the theory of appellant’s
argument as well as our inquiry on appeal. As appellant argues on brief, it is not enough to
simply point out that appellant’s statements could be interpreted as threats, the statements must
“threaten[] an[] illegal or immoral act with the intent to coerce, intimidate, or harass a[] person.”
Code § 18.2-427 (emphasis added).
                                               - 14 -
               damn attorney. Y’all got me and my fucking child displaced, after
               all the love I’ve showed you and your fucking children over the
               years . . . . [Y]’all decide you’re gonna fuck up my mother fucking
               life, but guess what, y’all gonna meet fucking ghetto because guess
               what, it’s all going down. You’re going down, she’s going down,
               all the mother fucking truth coming out.

(Emphasis added).

       I see nothing in appellant’s second message that could be interpreted as threatening an

illegal act. As is clear from the transcript of the voicemail message, appellant specified what she

meant by the statement, “You’re going down, she’s going down,” by going on to say in the same

sentence, “all the . . . truth coming out.” 9 But even if that statement was ambiguous, the context

       9
          If the context was different and appellant had simply stated, “You’re going down, she’s
going down,” then appellant’s statement could have a number of meanings, one of which could
constitute a threat of an illegal or immoral act. That appellant explicitly stated what she meant
by “You’re going down,” however, precludes a reasonable recipient of her message from
interpreting the statement as a threat of physical violence. Appellant’s additional explanation
differentiates this case from United States v. Maisonet, 484 F.2d 1356 (4th Cir. 1973), which the
majority cites as instructive, as well as our previous decision in Witts v. Commonwealth, No.
0078-94-1, 1995 Va. App. LEXIS 317 (Apr. 4, 1995).
        In Maisonet, the Fourth Circuit considered the defendant’s conviction under 18 U.S.C.
§ 876 (1970), which prohibits mailing a letter “containing . . . any threat to injure the person of
the addressee.” 484 F.2d at 1357. At issue was a letter written by the defendant to the trial judge
who sentenced him to prison in which the defendant stated, “I may have to do all my ten
(10) years, but if I ever get out of here and nothing happen[s] to me while I am in here, you will
never be able to be prejudice[d] and racist against another Puerto Rican like me.” Id. At trial,
the defendant asserted that “he did not mean the letter to threaten physical harm to the judge,
rather he intended to seek the judge’s removal from office.” Id. The Fourth Circuit affirmed the
defendant’s conviction and held that the evidence presented an issue of fact for the jury. Id. at
1359. In reaching that conclusion, the court noted that the defendant “said nothing in the letter
about having the judge investigated or about seeking his removal.” Id. at 1358.
        Similarly, in Witts, we affirmed a defendant’s conviction under Code § 18.2-427. No.
0078-94-1, 1995 Va. App. LEXIS 317. There, the defendant had been involved in a personnel
dispute with his employer that culminated in the defendant being fired. Id. at *1-2. After
receiving the news that he was being let go, the defendant phoned his personnel manager and
told him that “[he] had some fireworks [for him]” and that he was going to “bring [him] down.”
Id. at *2. At trial, the defendant asserted that he intended the statement to mean that “he was
going to get an attorney and fight his termination,” but he did not mention hiring an attorney and
fighting his termination, and the personnel manager interpreted the statement as a threat. Id. at
*3. In affirming the defendant’s conviction, we held that “when a statement is made over a
telephone that is subject to being interpreted as harassment or an illegal threat, even though the
sender claims a different meaning was intended, a question for the factfinder is presented as to
which is applicable considering the particular circumstances.” Id. at *4-5.
                                                 - 15 -
of the second voicemail message clarifies its meaning. Appellant stated earlier in the message

that if she went down, then W.F. and M.F. were going down with her because she was going to

tell her attorney and the judge everything she knew and everything W.F. and M.F. said about one

another. In my view, there is nothing in this record that identifies what illegal or immoral act

this statement could be construed as threatening. The Commonwealth, in turn, simply asserted

that “the jury was able to weigh the evidence against the testimony and determine whether

[appellant] threatened the illegal and immoral acts of telling untruths about [W.F. and M.F.] in

court.” However, appellant explicitly threatened to tell the truth, so even viewed in the light

most favorable to the Commonwealth, there is nothing in the record to support the jury’s finding

that appellant threatened such an illegal or immoral act. Accordingly, I find that no reasonable

juror could conclude that appellant threatened illegal or immoral acts with the intent to coerce,

intimidate, or harass either W.F. or M.F.

       For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.




        In contrast to both of these cases, appellant in the instant case did more than make a
simple statement that, by itself, could constitute a threat. Instead, appellant went on to explain
her statement, making clear that she was not threatening an illegal or immoral act. Therefore, the
case at bar is distinguishable from Maisonet and Witts.
                                                - 16 -
