                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-1069

                                    State of Minnesota,
                                       Respondent,

                                            vs.

                                     Jesus Arroyo, III,
                                        Appellant.

                                   Filed June 13, 2016
                                        Affirmed
                                     Hooten, Judge

                             Blue Earth County District Court
                                 File No. 07-CR-13-4273

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Edwin W. Stockmeyer, Assistant Attorney General, St.
Paul, Minnesota; and

Patrick McDermott, Blue Earth County Attorney, Mankato, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, John Donovan, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Hooten, Presiding Judge; Larkin, Judge; and Rodenberg,

Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HOOTEN, Judge

         On appeal from his convictions of kidnapping, attempted first-degree aggravated

robbery, and second-degree assault, appellant argues that the district court committed
reversible error by failing to instruct the jury that it could not convict him based on the

uncorroborated testimony of his accomplice. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant Jesus Arroyo, III, was charged with two counts of kidnapping, one count

of attempted first-degree aggravated robbery, and one count of second-degree assault

arising out of an incident that took place on November 19, 2013. A jury trial was held in

March 2015. The state introduced the following evidence at trial.

       Around 9:00 p.m. on November 19, 2013, J.S. was attacked in the parking lot of a

Kohl’s department store in Mankato. J.S. testified that upon exiting Kohl’s, she saw a

vehicle parked near her own that was occupied by two individuals, a female driver later

identified as Josefina Arreola and a male passenger later identified as Arroyo. Arroyo was

wearing a skeleton mask and dark clothing. As J.S. approached her car, Arroyo and Arreola

exited their vehicle. Arroyo walked up to J.S., held a knife to her throat, and said, “[G]ive

me your f--king purse.” Arroyo pushed J.S. against her car, stated that he intended to take

both J.S. and her vehicle, and instructed Arreola to help him place J.S. in the backseat of

J.S.’s car. While Arroyo and Arreola struggled to open the vehicle’s rear door, J.S. resisted

and yelled for help. Arroyo responded by repeatedly stabbing her in the side and, after

dropping his knife, repeatedly punching her in the head.

       During the attack, D.R., a Kohl’s employee, was outside on his break. D.R. testified

that he heard J.S.’s cries and ran toward the disturbance. Arreola tried to stop D.R. from

reaching J.S. and Arroyo, but D.R. pushed her aside. As D.R. approached, Arroyo let go

of J.S., and he and Arreola retreated to their vehicle and drove away. D.R. called 911 and


                                             2
described Arroyo and Arreola’s vehicle to the 911 operator as an older gray Oldsmobile

that bore a license plate containing the number 7 and the letters G and J. Another witness

testified that the vehicle was “an older car” and “boxy.”

       Shortly thereafter, police located an unoccupied vehicle matching this description

parked in front of a nearby Subway restaurant. The vehicle’s license plate was 387 KGJ.

Inside the vehicle, officers found mail addressed to Arroyo, a black hooded sweatshirt, and

items that investigators associate with kidnapping crimes, specifically, duct tape and

several pairs of latex gloves. Officers brought D.R. to see the vehicle and, based on its

appearance and the clothing inside, he was certain that this was the vehicle that the attackers

had driven.

       Arreola’s brother testified that he picked up Arreola and Arroyo at Walmart, which

was near Subway, around 10:00 p.m. that night. Arreola had called him and told him that

their vehicle ran out of gas. The jury also heard testimony from a witness who joined

Arreola’s brother in picking up Arroyo and Arreola. The witness stated that Arreola and

Arroyo said that their car had “broke[n] down,” and he found it odd that neither Arreola

nor Arroyo wanted to go back to where the car was to make sure that it was secure.

       Officers reviewed video surveillance from Walmart. The video showed Arroyo and

Arreola exiting Walmart at approximately 10:02 p.m. on November 19. The video also

showed Arroyo and Arreola being picked up by a vehicle.

       Cellular phone records from Arroyo’s and Arreola’s cell phones were introduced at

trial. D.R. had called 911 at 9:06 p.m. on the night of the attack. Seven calls were placed

or received on Arroyo’s cell phone between 9:11 p.m. and 9:25 p.m., and twelve calls were


                                              3
placed or received on Arreola’s cell phone between 9:07 p.m. and 10:01 p.m. All of these

calls were placed from a geographic area that encompassed Kohl’s, Subway, and Walmart.

Arroyo’s cell phone also placed a phone call at 10:23 p.m. from an area between Mankato

and Le Center, where he lived. Arroyo and Arreola were in possession of their cell phones

the following day.

      On November 20, Arroyo contacted the Le Center Police Department and reported

that his mother’s vehicle had been stolen, describing the vehicle as a gray Oldsmobile. Le

Center Police Chief Robert Pfarr learned that the vehicle’s license plate was 387 KGJ.

Arroyo reported that the vehicle had been parked behind his apartment complex the night

before and that it was gone in the morning. While Police Chief Pfarr was taking the

complaint, he was advised that the Mankato Department of Public Safety was in possession

of Arroyo’s vehicle because it was suspected in an attempted robbery and carjacking.

      Later on November 20, Mankato Department of Public Safety Detective Jim Card

interviewed Arroyo at the Le Sueur County Jail. Arroyo stated that he was with Arreola in

Le Center the previous night. Detective Card testified that, after he told Arroyo that he

believed Arroyo was involved in criminal activity, Arroyo stated that Detective Card

“should just lock him up.” Detective Card asked Arroyo why, and Arroyo repeated that he

should just be locked up and then stood and placed his hands behind his back. Detective

Card placed Arroyo under arrest and transported him to the Blue Earth County Jail.

      Arreola also met with police on November 20. She gave a statement claiming that

she had been home all evening on November 19. After Arreola saw Arroyo in handcuffs,

she was Mirandized and gave another statement, in which she told police that she and


                                            4
Arroyo had been in the Kohl’s parking lot that night and that Arroyo had assaulted J.S.

She also claimed that she had mental health problems and that she was having

hallucinations on November 19.

       On November 21, Detective Card interviewed Arroyo at the Blue Earth County Jail,

and an audio recording of this interview was played for the jury. When Detective Card

asked Arroyo direct questions about his involvement in the crime, there were sometimes

lengthy pauses before he answered. Arroyo stated that he was struggling with mental

health problems on the date of the offense. He admitted to taking some of Arreola’s

medications on a regular basis. When asked if, after taking Arreola’s medication, he and

Arreola came to Mankato and tried to steal a woman’s purse, Arroyo first replied, “It’s

possible,” but then claimed that he did not remember that. Toward the end of the interview,

Detective Card asked Arroyo if he was with Arreola in the Kohl’s parking lot on November

19 around 9:00 p.m., and Arroyo replied, “I don’t remember that” before stating that he

remembered being at his residence in Le Center. Detective Card testified that Arroyo made

several non-verbal admissions during the interview that he found significant: Arroyo did

not consistently deny being involved in the attack, he failed to answer “significant

questions,” he did not offer any alternative theories or explanations of what had occurred,

he tried to change some questions and did not answer other questions, and there were

sometimes “long pauses” before he answered questions.

       In July 2014, after Arreola had been formally charged in relation to this offense, she

gave another statement to police. Arreola admitted that she and Arroyo were involved in

attacking J.S. She also stated that the attack surprised her because she did not know what


                                             5
Arroyo was planning. She described how Arroyo got out of the car, approached J.S., and

stabbed and punched her. She heard Arroyo say to J.S., “[G]ive me your f--king purse.”

Arreola believed that the attack was financially motivated because Arroyo had recently lost

his job.

       Police sent DNA samples from J.S., Arroyo, and Arreola to the Minnesota Bureau

of Criminal Apprehension for comparison with a mixed sample taken from the handle of a

black knife found behind J.S.’s vehicle on the night of the attack. That comparison revealed

that J.S.’s DNA was not on the knife handle. But, neither Arroyo’s nor Arreola’s DNA

could be excluded from contributing to the mixed sample found on the knife handle, even

though 99.8% of the world’s population could be excluded.

       At trial, Arreola testified on behalf of the state. The state had dismissed the charges

against her, with Arreola understanding that she would testify against Arroyo. Arreola

testified that she and Arroyo were parked in the Kohl’s parking lot on the evening of

November 19 and that Arroyo got out of the vehicle when he saw J.S. approach her vehicle.

He was wearing dark clothing and a skull mask. Arreola testified that she got out of the

car, too, but she was confused about what was going on. Arreola claimed that she was

“having hallucinations that day” due to mental health problems. She saw Arroyo stab and

hit J.S. Arreola described the knife that Arroyo had with him during the attack as a black

folding knife with a black blade. She claimed that she “bumped into” D.R. and then got

back into Arroyo’s vehicle at Arroyo’s instruction. Arroyo and Arreola left the scene in

what Arreola described as a “big and boxy” Oldsmobile, noting that the vehicle belonged

to Arroyo’s mother. Arreola testified that she blacked out and remembered waking up at


                                              6
Walmart with Arroyo. Arreola called her brother and asked him to pick them up, and her

brother picked them up and brought them to their residence in Le Center.

       The jury found Arroyo guilty of all counts, and he was later sentenced. This appeal

followed.

                                      DECISION

       Arroyo argues that the district court committed reversible error by failing to instruct

the jury that a conviction cannot rest upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice.

We review for plain error because Arroyo did not request that the district court give an

accomplice testimony instruction. See State v. Matthews, 779 N.W.2d 543, 548 (Minn.

2010). Under the plain error test, an appellant must show that there was (1) error, (2) that

was plain, and (3) that affected his substantial rights. Id. “An error is plain if it is clear

and obvious; usually this means an error that violates or contradicts case law, a rule, or an

applicable standard of conduct.” Id. at 549. To show that plain error affected his

substantial rights, an appellant “bears the heavy burden of showing prejudice, which means

there [must be] a reasonable likelihood that [the plain error] had a significant effect on the

jury verdict.”   State v. Barrientos-Quintana, 787 N.W.2d 603, 612 (Minn. 2010)

(quotations omitted).

       Accomplice testimony is inherently suspect, State v. Jackson, 746 N.W.2d 894, 898

(Minn. 2008), due to concern that an accomplice will offer self-serving, dishonest

testimony, State v. Clark, 755 N.W.2d 241, 253 (Minn. 2008). As such, accomplice

testimony is insufficient to sustain a conviction, unless corroborated by other evidence that

“tends to convict the defendant of the commission of the offense.” See Minn. Stat. § 634.04


                                              7
(2012). Corroborating evidence must do more than merely show that an offense was

committed or the circumstances of its commission. Id. But, corroborating evidence need

not establish a prima facie case of guilt, State v. Adams, 295 N.W.2d 527, 533 (Minn.

1980), or address each element of the crime, State v. Lemire, 315 N.W.2d 606, 610 (Minn.

1982). Rather, corroborating evidence must be “weighty enough to restore confidence in

the accomplice’s testimony, confirming its truth and pointing to the defendant’s guilt in

some substantial way.” State v. Hooper, 620 N.W.2d 31, 39 (Minn. 2000) (quotation

omitted).

       “[District] courts have a duty to instruct juries on accomplice testimony in any

criminal case in which it is reasonable to consider any witness against the defendant to be

an accomplice.” Clark, 755 N.W.2d at 251 (quotation omitted). “A witness is considered

an accomplice if [he or she] could have been indicted and convicted for the crime with

which the accused is charged.” Id. (quotation omitted). The state concedes that the jury

could have reasonably considered Arreola to be an accomplice. For the following reasons,

we agree.

       J.S. testified that, while she was being attacked, Arreola tried to open the door of

J.S.’s vehicle so that Arroyo could get J.S. into the back seat. D.R. testified that when he

tried to intervene, Arreola tried to stop him from breaking up the altercation. Arreola was

charged in connection with the attack, and the record suggests that her charges were

dismissed only because she agreed to testify against Arroyo.         The jury could have

reasonably considered Arreola to be an accomplice because the evidence at trial tended to

indicate that Arreola “intentionally aid[ed]” Arroyo in the commission of the crimes.


                                             8
Minn. Stat. § 609.05, subd. 1 (2012); see also Barrientos-Quintana, 787 N.W.2d at 611

(“A person who plays some knowing role in the commission of the crime and takes no

steps to thwart its completion can be held liable as an accomplice.” (quotations omitted)).

Therefore, the district court committed plain error by failing to give an accomplice

testimony instruction. See Barrientos-Quintana, 787 N.W.2d at 612.

       However, Arroyo cannot sustain his heavy burden under the third prong of the plain

error test, i.e., that the failure to give an accomplice testimony instruction affected his

substantial rights, because Arreola’s testimony that Arroyo was the masked man who

attacked J.S. was sufficiently corroborated by other evidence produced at trial.

Corroborating evidence may include the defendant’s association with those involved with

the crime, motive, opportunity, proximity to the crime, and admissions. State v. Her, 668

N.W.2d 924, 927 (Minn. App. 2003), review denied (Minn. Dec. 16, 2003). Corroborating

evidence may also consist of “physical evidence associated with the crime” and “suspicious

and unexplained conduct of [the defendant] before or after the crime.” State v. Pederson,

614 N.W.2d 724, 732 (Minn. 2000). When the sufficiency of corroborating evidence is

challenged, we view such evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and resolve

any inconsistencies in favor of the state. State v. Pippitt, 645 N.W.2d 87, 93 (Minn. 2002).

“Corroborating evidence may be circumstantial or direct.” Adams, 295 N.W.2d at 533.

       The evidence produced at trial established the following circumstances.          J.S.

identified her masked assailant as male and the other suspect as female. The black knife

found near J.S.’s vehicle matched Arreola’s description of the knife that Arroyo used

during the attack. The assailant drove a vehicle consistent with the vehicle owned by


                                             9
Arroyo’s mother in make and license plate. After the attack, this vehicle was found in a

nearby parking lot. Clothing inside the vehicle matched witnesses’ description of the

assailant’s clothing, and mail addressed to Arroyo was found inside the vehicle. Video

surveillance showed Arroyo and Arreola together, shortly after the attack, at the Walmart

near where the vehicle was found. Arreola and Arroyo asked Arreola’s brother to drive

them home instead of purchasing gas in Mankato and driving themselves home. Arreola

and Arroyo did not seem concerned about the vehicle that they had abandoned. D.R. called

911 to report the attack at 9:06 p.m. on November 19. Arroyo made six phone calls

between 9:11 p.m. and 9:25 p.m. that night, and Arreola made twelve phone calls between

9:07 p.m. and 10:01 p.m. All of these phone calls originated from an area encompassing

Kohl’s, Subway, and Walmart in Mankato. Arroyo and Arreola were in possession of their

cell phones the following day. Arroyo’s DNA was consistent with the mixed DNA sample

taken from the black knife found at the scene of the attack. Arroyo told investigators that

he was at his residence in Le Center on the night of the attack, which was inconsistent with

the Walmart video surveillance and the testimony of Arreola’s brother. After Detective

Card told Arroyo on November 20 that he thought Arroyo was involved in the attack,

Arroyo twice stated that Detective Card should “just lock him up,” and Arroyo then placed

his hands behind his back. Finally, during the November 21 interview, Arroyo hesitated

and was equivocal in denying his involvement in the attack.

       Because there was sufficient evidence in the record to corroborate Arreola’s

testimony that Arroyo was the assailant, Arroyo is unable to show that there is a reasonable




                                            10
likelihood that the district court’s failure to give an accomplice testimony instruction had

a significant effect on the jury verdict and affected his substantial rights.

       Affirmed.




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