                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT NASHVILLE
                             August 5, 2003 Session

         AMBROSE ASSOCIATES, v. W. AUSTIN MUSSELMAN, JR.

                Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
                      No. 02-1231-II   Hon. Carol McCoy, Chancellor



                   No. M2002-02780-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 2, 2003



Action to collect rent owed by surety was dismissed by the Trial Court. On appeal, we affirm.


Tenn. R. App. P.3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed.


HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, J. delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL SWINEY ,
J., joined, and HOUSTON M. GODDARD , P.J., not participating.

Todd E. Panther, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant.

John R. Wingo, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee.



                                            OPINION


                Plaintiff sued defendant alleging that monies were owing under a lease agreement and
that defendant was liable based upon a Surety Agreement signed by defendant, which guaranteed
“full, prompt, and faithful performance of the lease by Mountain Headwater”. Plaintiff attached the
lease agreement between itself and Mountain Headwaters. The Surety Agreement signed by
defendant was also attached, and it provides that defendant will be surety for the “full, prompt and
faithful performance by Tenant, its successors and assigns, of the Lease and all of the terms,
covenants and conditions thereof, including, but not limited to, the payment by Tenant of the rental
and all other sums to become due under the Lease.” The Assignment of Lease was attached, and
states that Mountain Headwaters assigned its interest in the Lease to Stephanie Wright as of August
27, 1999. A Tenant’s Guaranty Agreement was executed on that same date, and defendant agreed
to act as guarantor for the lease, and stated that he would cure any default, but that he would be
released at the end of the initial lease term (February 2002).

                Defendant in his Answer denied that the lease was in default, stating that in October
2000, plaintiff and Ms. Wright executed an amendment to the lease which reduced the rent due
thereunder, and partially released Defendant as a surety. Defendant alleged that the reduced amount
of rent was timely paid from October 2000 through the end of the initial lease term in February 2002.
Defendant attached Lease Amendment One, which was executed October 17, 2000, which states that
commencing October 1, 2000, the rent will be reduced to $2,728.59 per month. Defendant also
attached a letter received from plaintiff’s attorney, which states that Wright paid $2,728.59 per
month from October 1, 2000 through February 1, 2002, but the letter claims that this was not the full
amount of rent due under the lease.

                An additional attachment was a letter and second lease amendment, which states that
lessor and lessee “mistakenly implied” in Lease Amendment One that the rent was being reduced,
but it was actually a forbearance to the lessee such that the full amount of rent would not be sought
from her, but could be sought from defendant.

                Defendant filed a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings, asserting that plaintiff had
failed to state a cause of action against him. Responding to the Motion, the court found that
defendant signed a document obligating him as a surety for all debts owed to plaintiff by Mountain.
The court found the lease was assigned to Wright on August 25, 1999, with plaintiff’s consent, and
that defendant signed a guaranty agreement for all debts owed to plaintiff by Wright.

                 The Court further found that on October 17, 2000, the Lease was amended pursuant
to a document titled Lease Amendment One, which was executed by Wright and the plaintiff, and
the rent was reduced thereby. The Court held that Wright paid the reduced amount of rent from
October 2000 through February 2002, and that Wright, through her attorney-in-fact, and plaintiff
executed a document on February 8, 2002 titled Lease Amendment Two, and that document
purported to clarify Lease Amendment One by showing that the parties “intent” was to create a
forbearance for Wright only. The Court found that Lease Amendment Two assigned the lease to a
new tenant for the reduced amount of rent, and that Wright retained her security deposit. The Court
concluded that Lease Amendment One was a “clear and unambiguous modification of the rental
obligations due under the Lease, and Lease Amendment One, as a matter of law, reduced the rent
owed by Wright pursuant to the Lease to $2,728.59 per month.” The Court said the parol evidence
rule barred the use of extrinsic evidence “including but not limited to Lease Amendment Two” to
explain or clarify the clear and unambiguous terms of Lease Amendment One. The Court said that
Lease Amendment Two was not an amendment to the Lease, but was rather “an attempt, in violation
of the parol evidence rule, to create an antecedent debt “by clarifying and explaining the
unambiguous provisions of Lease Amendment One”. Since Wright paid the stated monthly
obligations through the end of the term, the Court held that defendant had no obligation to pay
plaintiff for the claimed rent and dismissed the case.

               Plaintiff argues that the Trial Court erred in failing to hold defendant liable for the


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full amount of the rent, because Lease Amendment One was not a reduction in rent, but a
forbearance, and because the surety agreement states that no forbearance to the tenant will discharge
the surety.

                Forbearance is defined as “giving of further time for repayment of obligation or
agreement not to enforce claim at its due date . . . delay in enforcing a legal right.” Black’s Law
Dictionary, 6th Ed., 1990. This position is contradicted by the clear language of Lease Amendment
One, which states that the Lease is being “amended”, and “Commencing October 1, 2000, the rental
rate shall be $2,728.59 per month.” There is no qualifying language regarding any type of delay in
the collection of the previous amount of rent, or any other such terms which would indicate a
forbearance. The Amendment simply says that the rent is being reduced, and the lease amended.

                  As we have often recognized, “a contract must be interpreted and enforced according
to its clear, plain and unambiguous terms. When the language of the contract is unambiguous and
there is no claim of fraud or mistake, the court must give effect to the intention of the parties as
expressed in the language used in the contract.” Gates, Duncan & Vancamp Co. v. Levatino, 962
S.W.2d 21, 25 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (citations omitted). The Trial Court properly found, the
language of Lease Amendment One is clear and unambiguous, and since the rent was reduced, and
the reduced amount of rent was timely paid, plaintiff has no valid claim against defendant. As the
Supreme Court has explained, “a release of the principal also releases the surety to the extent that
the principal is released. The surety is not released, however, if the creditor in the release reserves
his rights against the surety, or if the surety consents to remain liable notwithstanding release of the
principal.” Hickory Springs Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Evans, 541 S.W.2d 97, 99 (Tenn. 1976). Plaintiff did
not reserve his rights against the surety in Lease Amendment One, and the surety agreement does
not say that the surety agreed to remain liable even if the principal was released. Rather, the
agreement states that the landlord and tenant can amend or modify the lease without notice to the
surety, and that any such action by the tenant will be binding on the surety and the “Surety shall
continue as Surety with respect to the Lease as so modified, extended, amended or otherwise
affected.” The Agreement binds the surety to guarantee the lease as amended by the tenant and
landlord, which amendment reduced the amount of the rent, and there is no dispute that the lessee
paid that amount of rent.

                Plaintiff argues that Lease Amendment One was explained by a second amendment
which was executed by the landlord and tenant after the lease term had expired. The second
amendment purported to explain that Lease Amendment One was really just a forbearance, and was
not intended to reduce the rent obligation. As we have previously recognized, however, “parties to
a contract cannot create an ambiguity where none exists. Parole evidence is inadmissible to
contradict or vary the terms of a written contract, when the parties’ intentions are readily ascertained
from the contract. The law conclusively presumes that the parties to a contract understood its
obligations, and evidence is not admissible to show that their understanding was in fact otherwise.”
Gates, Duncan & Vancamp Co.; see also BVT Lebanon Shopping Center, Ltd. v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 48 S.W.3d 132 (Tenn. 2001) (“determination of the parties’ intent in a written contract is a
question of law resolved by examining the four corners of the contract and the circumstances at the


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time of contracting”).

                As we have said, “the parol evidence rule is founded upon the principle that when the
parties have discussed and agreed upon their obligations to each other and reduced those terms to
writing, the writing, if clear and unambiguous, furnishes better and more definite evidence of what
was undertaken by each party than the memory of man, . . .. No other language is admissible to show
what the parties meant or intended, for the reason that each has made the instrument the agreed test
of his meaning and intention.” Tri-Cities Forklift Co., Inc. v. Conasauga River Lumber Co., 700
S.W.2d 548 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985). Moreover, the actions of the parties to the Lease belie their
assertion that the reduction was a forbearance, as their Lease Amendment Two states the parties
agree “assignee shall at execution of this Agreement pay to lessee an amount of $3,758.92 (three
thousand, seven hundred, fifty-eight dollars and ninety-two cents) as reimbursement of the security
deposit that lessor has in possession.”

                 Finally, appellant argues that defendant cannot rely on the parol evidence rule,
because he was not a party to Lease Amendment One, and the parol evidence rule only applies in
litigation between “parties and their privies.” Defendant is a privy, however, through his execution
of the surety agreements. Defendant is Wright’s surety, and his liability derives from her liability.
Privity is defined as “Derivative interest founded on, or growing out of, contract, connection, or bond
of union between parties; mutuality of interest.” Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Ed., 1990. Clearly,
a surety relationship is one which creates privity. See Tanner v. Mobley, 354 S.W.2d 446 (Tenn.
1962); Daniels v. Combustion Engineering, Inc., 583 S.W.2d 768 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1978). Since
defendant is in privity with Wright, he may properly assert the parol evidence rule regarding the
agreement to the same extent that Wright could.

               We affirm the Judgment of the Trial Court for the foregoing reasons, and assess the
cost of the appeal to appellant, Ambrose and Associates.



                                                       _________________________
                                                       HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, J.




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