                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

           v.
                                                           Criminal No. 12-33 (JEB)1
 EDDIE P. BURROUGHS,

    Defendant.


                                MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                  (November 29, 2012)

       Defendant Eddie P. Burroughs is charged by indictment with one count of unlawful

possession with intent to distribute 280 grams or more of cocaine base, one count of unlawful

possession with intent to distribute cocaine, and one count of unlawful possession with intent to

distribute marijuana.   In December 2011, the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police

Department executed a search warrant of the Defendant’s alleged residence and purportedly

recovered the narcotics at issue. Presently before the Court is the Defendant’s Pro Se Motion to

Suppress the search warrant. Upon consideration of the parties’ pleadings,2 and the record, and

relevant legal authorities, the Court finds the Defendant’s motion lacks merit and is therefore

DENIED.


       1
          This case has been transferred to Judge James E. Boasberg for all purposes except for
resolution of this motion.
       2
         See Def.’s Pro Se Motion to Suppress, ECF No. [46-1]; Def.’s Am. Mot., ECF No. [47-
1]; Def.’s Second Am. Mot., ECF No. [48]; Gov’t’s Omnibus Opp’n, ECF No. [51]; Def.’s
Reply, ECF No. [54-1]; Def.’s Explanation of Exs., ECF No. [55-1]; Def.’s Suppl., ECF No. [57-
1]. The Court also considered the Defendant’s pro se reply in support of his counsel’s [45]
Motion to Suppress to the extent it addressed issues raised in the Defendant’s Pro Se Motion to
Suppress. Def.’s Suppl. Reply, ECF No. [53-1]. The parties did not re-submit the relevant
search warrant and arrest documents. See Aff. of Det. Francis & Search Warrant, ECF No. [20-
2]; Signed Search Warrant Return, ECF No. [27-1]; UUV Arrest Report, ECF No. [24-1].
                                      I. BACKGROUND

       The Court detailed the factual and procedural history of this case in its prior

Memorandum Opinion, and incorporates that discussion herein. 8/10/12 Mem. Opin., ECF No.

[35], at 2-5. In relevant part, on November 26, 2011, at approximately 12:15 AM, two black

males purportedly robbed two individuals (the “complainants”) at gun point near 6th Street and

Trenton Avenue in Southeast Washington, D.C. Def.’s Ex. 1 (Investigative Suppl. Report) at 1.

The complainants indicated that, among other things, an iPod, two cellular telephones (one

Samsung telephone and one Virgin Mobile telephone), a wallet, and $374 in U.S. currency were

taken during the robbery. Id.; Aff. of Det. Francis at 1. The complainants described their

assailants as two black males: (1) one individual approximately 5’5” with slim build and

shoulder length dread locks, wearing a black coat and blue jeans, and carrying a silver handgun;

and (2) one individual approximately 6’5”, heavy set (200-225 lbs), wearing a black coat with a

hood and blue jeans. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 1.

       The Defendant was arrested at approximately 1:35 AM on November 26, 2011 in the

3600 block of 6th Street, Southeast, Washington, D.C. UUV Arrest Report at 1. The Defendant

was believed to have fled from a vehicle involved in a carjacking in Prince George’s County,

Maryland, earlier that evening. Id. at 2. After being taken to the Seventh District police station,

officers recovered a black wallet containing a white access card, various receipts, and $740 in

U.S. currency from the Defendant’s pants pocket. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 2; Aff. of Det. Francis at 1.

Based on the currency, wallet, and white access card recovered from the Defendant, Detective

Francis thought the Defendant might have been involved in the armed robbery. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 2.

The Defendant was interviewed on November 26 by two Prince George’s County Detectives in

relation to the carjacking, and by Detective Francis regarding the armed robbery. Id.; Aff. of

                                                2
Det. Francis at 1.

       The same day as the Defendant’s arrest and interview, Detective Francis attempted to

contact one of the complainants to see if the complainant could identify the wallet and white

access card recovered from the Defendant, but the identification did not take place until

December 2. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 2. In the interim, D.C. Superior Court Judge Kimberley S. Knowles

dismissed the UUV charge against the Defendant for lack of probable cause.             District of

Columbia v. Burroughs, 2011 CF2 022837, Probable Cause Hearing (D.C. Superior Ct. Nov. 29,

2011). On December 2, Detective Francis showed several of the items taken from the Defendant

upon his arrest to one of the robbery complainants. Aff. of Det. Francis at 2. The complainant

identified the wallet and some of the receipts as having been taken during the robbery. Id.

       On the basis of the complainant’s identification, Detective Francis sought a search

warrant for the Defendant’s residence: 3400 13th Street, Southeast, Apartment 301, Washington,

D.C. Detective Francis executed the affidavit in support of the search warrant on December 3,

2011, in front of Superior Court Judge Anthony C. Epstein. Id. at 2. Superior Court Judge

Ronald P. Wertheim authorized the search warrant on December 5, 2011.                The warrant

specifically identified the following property to be seized: Sprint Threshold cell phone, Virgin

Mobile cell phone, iPod/Shuffle, handgun, ammunition, photographs, proof of ownership of

guns, and gun cleaning kits. Officers executed the search warrant on December 6, 2011, and

recovered significant quantities of crack cocaine, powder cocaine, and marijuana, which led to

the charges currently pending against the Defendant. See 8/10/12 Mem. Opin. at 3-4.

                                   II. LEGAL STANDARD

       The Fourth Amendment provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,

supported by Oath or affirmation.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. “To demonstrate probable cause to

                                                3
search premises, an affidavit must set forth facts sufficient to induce a reasonably prudent person

to believe that a search thereof will uncover evidence of a crime.” United States v. Laws, 808

F.2d 92, 94 (D.C. Cir. 1986). When police obtain evidence by way of an unlawful search, the

exclusionary rule may require exclusion of that evidence in some circumstances.” United States

v. Glover, 681 F.3d 411 (D.C. Cir. 2012). However, as the D.C. Circuit explained,

       [T]he exclusionary rule has limited force in cases involving a search with a search
       warrant. In particular, reviewing courts may not exclude evidence “when an
       officer acting with objective good faith has obtained a search warrant from a
       judge or magistrate and acted within its scope.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.
       897, 920 (1984). The reason is evident: “In the ordinary case, an officer cannot be
       expected to question the magistrate's probable-cause determination or his
       judgment that the form of the warrant is technically sufficient.” Id. at 921. The
       “exclusionary rule was adopted to deter unlawful searches by police, not to punish
       the errors of magistrates and judges.” Massachusetts v. Sheppard, 468 U.S. 981,
       990 (1984) (citation omitted).

Id. at 418-19. Courts have recognized three exceptions to the good faith principle articulated in

Leon. Specifically, exclusion may be appropriate regardless of the good faith of the officer

executing the warrant if (1) “the magistrate or judge in issuing a warrant was misled by

information in an affidavit that the affiant knew was false or would have known was false except

for his reckless disregard of the truth”; (2) “the issuing magistrate wholly abandoned [her]

judicial role”; or (3) the affidavit was “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render

official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 923 (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted); e.g., Glover, 681 F.3d at 419; United States v. Spencer, 530 F.3d

1003, 1007 (D.C. Cir. 2008). “An affidavit offered in support of a search warrant enjoys a

‘presumption of validity.’” United States v. Maynard, 615 F.3d 544, 550 (D.C Cir. 2010). If the

Defendant makes a “substantial showing”—that is a “more than conclusory” showing

“accompanied by an offer of proof”—that false statements were included or material facts

omitted under the first Leon exclusion, the Court must hold an evidentiary hearing. Id. (citations
                                                4
omitted).

                                         III. DISCUSSION

          The Defendant’s pleadings raise a number of issues regarding the procedures surrounding

the issuance, content, and execution of the search warrant. Ultimately, none of the Defendant’s

arguments rise to the level of requiring an evidentiary hearing, much less suppression of the

search warrant.

          A.       Signatures on the Search Warrant and Related Documents

          The first general category of arguments raised by the Defendant concerns the execution

of the affidavit in support of the search warrant, the search warrant itself, and the search warrant

return.        The Defendant argues that affidavit, warrant, and return are defective because:

(1) Detective Francis forged the signature of the Assistant United States Attorney; (2) the

affidavit and warrant were signed on two different days by two different Superior Court Judges;

(3) the Judges signed the affidavit and warrant even though the warrant failed to establish

probable cause; and (4) Detective Francis must have forged all three signatures himself. None of

these arguments have merit.

          First, the Defendant alleges that Detective Francis must have forged the signature of the

Assistant United States Attorney on the search warrant affidavit. Def.’s Mot. at 4. There is no

basis for this argument, and the Defendant cites no authority for the proposition that a defect in

the AUSA’s signature is grounds for suppressing the search warrant.

          Second, the Defendant takes issue with the fact that the affidavit in support of the search

warrant and the warrant itself were signed on two separate days by two separate Superior Court

Judges. There is nothing inherently suspect with the affidavit and warrant being signed on two

different days or by two different Judges. From the face of the warrant, it appears Judge Epstein

                                                   5
signed the affidavit (likely as the emergency Judge) on Saturday, December 3, 2011. Judge

Wertheim signed the warrant on the next business day, Monday, December 5, 2011. Any

number of issues could have delayed Detective Francis from obtaining the actual warrant on

December 3. The Defendant later argues that Judge Epstein denied ever signing the affidavit.

To the contrary, Judge Epstein indicated in a letter to Defendant’s prior counsel that he did not

maintain copies of affidavits or other documents relating to search warrants. Def.’s Ex. 4

(3/30/12 Ltr A. Epstein to N. Lotze) at 5. Judge Epstein never denied signing the affidavit in

question. The Defendant also asserts that Judge Wertheim told the Defendant’s prior counsel

that he did not sign the search warrant, but the Defendant offers nothing to support this

allegation. There is nothing in the record to indicate any malfeasance took place, nor is there any

reason for the Court to infer any misconduct simply because the warrant was issued on the first

business day after the affidavit was witnessed.

       The Defendant argues that the D.C. Superior Court Rules for Criminal Procedure provide

that the search warrant return must be returned to the issuing Judge on the day after its execution.

According to the Defendant, this means that if for some reason the Judge who witnessed the

affidavit could not (or did not) sign the warrant on the same day, “the issuing judge or judge

chambers would be available for issues related to the authorizing of [sic] just permitting search

warrants.” Def.’s Am. Mot. at 3. To the contrary, D.C. Superior Court Rule of Criminal

Procedure 41(f) instructs that “[a] copy of the warrant shall be filed with the Court on the next

court day after its execution.” This Rule has no bearing on the availability of Judges when

issuing search warrants. The Defendant fails to cite any portion of Superior Court Rules for

Criminal Procedure or any other applicable rules that would establish the issuance of the search

warrant in this case was procedurally improper.

                                                  6
       Third, the Defendant contends that Judge Epstein and Judge Wertheim erred in signing

the affidavit and warrant respectively even though, in the Defendant’s view, the affidavit did not

set forth facts sufficient to show probable cause.         As to Judge Epstein, this argument

misunderstands the role of the Judge in witnessing the officer’s affidavit in support of a search

warrant. Judge Epstein, in signing the affidavit, was not making a finding of probable cause.

Rather, Judge Epstein simply witnessed the affidavit in the same way a notary public would

witness an affidavit: Judge Epstein simply certified that the affiant signed the affidavit in the

Judge’s presence. It is only Judge Wertheim in issuing the warrant that was charged with

making any determination as to probable cause.

       As to Judge Wertheim, the Defendant alleges that Judge Wertheim must have signed the

warrant without viewing the affidavit “because he would have saw [sic] the affidavit did not

authorize a seizure or search for [certain evidence].” Def.’s Mot. at 4. There is nothing in the

record to indicate Judge Wertheim signed the warrant without first reviewing the supporting

affidavit. This argument is nothing more than a repeat of the Defendant’s arguments elsewhere

attacking the sufficiency of the affidavit. As outlined infra, the affidavit provided a sufficient

basis from which Judge Wertheim could find probable cause.

       Fourth, the Defendant alleges that “the search warrant and affidavit are false documents

and [Detective] Francis signed the return himself.” Def.’s Am. Mot. at 3. In support of this

accusation, the Defendant argues that none of the Defendant’s attorneys were able to identify the

signature of the Judge on the search warrant return. The fact that the signature on the return is

illegible is not itself sufficient to support the Defendant’s conclusion that Detective Francis must

have forged all three documents. An illegible signature on the search warrant return is not a

basis for suppressing the search warrant.

                                                 7
       B.      Contents of the Affidavit

       A number of the Defendant’s arguments can be characterized as concerning the contents

of Detective Francis’ affidavit, filed in support of the search warrant, specifically that certain

material information was omitted from the affidavit, the affidavit contained a false statement,

and that the information in the affidavit was stale. The Court shall address each issue in turn.

               1.      Omissions from the Affidavit

       The Defendant alleges that the affidavit omitted a range of information, which now

requires the Court to hold a Franks hearing. In order to obtain a Franks hearing, the Defendant

must show (1) the Detective omitted information from the affidavit; (2) if included, the omitted

information would have defeated probable cause; and (3) that Detective Francis knowingly and

intentionally (or with reckless disregard) omitted the information. United States v. Glover, 681

F.3d 411, 419 (D.C. Cir. 2012); United States v. Becton, 601 F.3d 588, 594 (D.C. Cir. 2010). At

this stage, the Defendant must make a “substantial showing” that he could satisfy this standard

through an “offer of proof.” See Maynard, 615 F.3d at 550. None of the “omissions” identified

by the Defendant, alone or in combination, amount to the substantial showing necessary to

trigger an evidentiary hearing.

       The Defendant identifies four different purported omissions: (1) the description of the

robbery suspects; (2) the Defendant’s statement that he was not involved in the robbery; (3) the

fact that the Superior Court found no probable cause for the Defendant’s arrest on the UUV

charge; and (4) the location of the robbery.3 Initially, the description of the robbery suspects was


       3
           The Court previously rejected the Defendant’s argument that the affidavit failed to
establish a nexus between the armed robbery and his residence. 8/10/12 Mem. Opin. at 12-14.
The Defendant’s latest motion provides no new factual or legal analysis, therefore the Court
declines to revisit the issue.

                                                 8
of marginal relevance at the point one of the complainants identified items taken from the

Defendant. Assuming the issuing Judge would agree with the Defendant that he did not match

the description of either assailant provided by the robbery complainants, this fact would not have

defeated probable cause. Even if told the description of the suspects, a reasonably prudent

person could conclude from the identification of the items taken from the Defendant, in

combination with the other information in the affidavit, that a search of the residence would yield

evidence of the robbery. Moreover, there is nothing to indicate Detective Francis intentionally or

recklessly omitted the description of the suspects.      The record indicates that the robbery

complainants were not confident they could identify one of the assailants, Def.’s Ex. 1 at 1,

which calls into question the viability of the description. The description of the robbery suspects

would not have defeated probable cause, and there is nothing to indicate the omission of this

information was intentional or reckless, thus no Franks hearing is warranted.

       Next, the Defendant contends that Detective Francis erred in omitting the fact that the

Defendant denied being involved in the robbery when questioned on November 26, 2011. The

idea that Judge Wertheim would have or should have credited the Defendant’s denial in the face

of the complainant’s identification is implausible. The Defendant’s denial would not have

defeated probable cause, and Detective Francis reasonably omitted the Defendant’s statement

from the affidavit.4

       Additionally, the Defendant asserts that Detective Francis should have disclosed that

Judge Knowles dismissed the UUV charge against the Defendant for want of probable cause.


       4
          Moreover, the affidavit implicitly reflected the Defendant’s denial of any involvement
in the robbery insofar as the affidavit indicates the Defendant was interviewed after his arrest,
but did not indicate that the Defendant made any inculpatory statements during the interview.
Aff. of Det. Francis at 1.

                                                9
Since the Defendant was not initially arrested in connection with the robbery, it was logical for

the Detective to explain why the Defendant was in custody. The affidavit does not draw any

conclusions from the fact that the Defendant was arrested on a separate charge to support the

finding of probable cause.     Likewise, disclosing the fact that the UUV charges had been

dismissed would not defeat probable cause derived from the identification by the robbery

complainant and the nature of the robbery.5 Furthermore, the Defendant proffers no evidence to

show Detective Francis intentionally or recklessly omitted this information from the affidavit.

       The Defendant also argues that the location of the robbery was a material omission. The

Defendant argues that it would have been illogical for the Defendant to commit the armed

robbery at 12:15 AM, return to his apartment to drop off the proceeds of the robbery, then return

to the general area of the robbery at approximately 1:30 AM, the time of his arrest in connection

with the UUV.      To the contrary, any “logical” behavior the issuing Judge might otherwise

ascribe to the Defendant was negated by the identification by the robbery complainant. If

anything, the fact that the Defendant was arrested an hour after the robbery in the general area of

the crime with items taken during the robbery in his pockets would have further strengthened the

probable cause otherwise set forth in the affidavit. The Defendant later shifts this argument to

claim that he would not have had time to return to his apartment between the robbery and his

arrest. Def.’s Explanation of Exs. at 8. One hour is more than sufficient time for the Defendant

to travel the approximately ten blocks from the location of the robbery to his apartment, then

return. In light of the identification, even absent disclosure of the location of the robbery, any



       5
          If anything, noting that the Defendant was found not to be connected to the UUV, but
was found in the general area of the robbery approximately one hour later would strengthen the
finding of probable cause.

                                                10
reasonably prudent person would believe the Defendant kept the proceeds of the robbery at his

apartment despite the risk of detection.

       Finally, the Defendant faults Detective Francis for failing to indicate the strength of the

identification made by the complainant. It is the Defendant’s burden to make an offer of proof

that the statement in the affidavit—that the robbery complainant identified the wallet and

receipts as having been taken from the complainant during the robbery—was false, and that

Detective Francis included the statement with the requisite scienter. See Glover, 681 F.3d at

419. Simply questioning the statement in the affidavit is insufficient. Since the Defendant failed

to make the necessary threshold showing, no Franks hearing is required.

               2.      False Statement in the Affidavit

       As with purported omissions from a search warrant affidavit, in order to obtain a Franks

hearing on the grounds Detective Francis included a false statement in the affidavit, the

Defendant “must show that (1) the affidavit contained false statements; (2) the statements were

material to the issue of probable cause; and (3) the false statements were made knowingly and

intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth.” Becton, 601 F.3d at 594 (citations

omitted). The Defendant contends Detective Francis falsely stated that he has served as a police

officer for over forty years. The Defendant claims this statement was false because he “have

[sic] several witnesses who have come into encounters with the affiant on several occasions,”

and “that the Detectives [sic] looks to be in his mid 40’s max.” Def.’s Am. Mot. at 1. Second-

hand speculation as to the Detective’s age falls far short of the “offer of proof” necessary to

trigger a Franks hearing. Additionally, the precise length of Detective Francis’ service was not

material to the finding of probable cause since it indicated he has substantial investigative

experience. Therefore, no evidentiary hearing is necessary.

                                                11
               3.      Staleness

       The Defendant next renews his argument that the information in the search warrant

affidavit was stale, for three reasons: (1) an assailant would not keep a stolen cellular phone

because the subscriber could call and deactivate the phone; (2) the assailant could sell the

receipts of the robbery, making them perishable; and (3) the Defendant, if involved in the

robbery, likely would have disposed of any proceeds after Detective Francis interviewed him

regarding the robbery. The record does not support the Defendant’s first claim. There is nothing

to indicate the phones taken from the complainants could have been or were deactivated by the

subscribers; there is no reason to believe (now or at the time the search warrant was issued), that

the assailant could not have used the cellular phones taken during the robbery in connection with

a separate account, including by simply replacing the SIM card.

       Second, the fact that an item could be sold does not make it perishable. In analyzing

staleness, the D.C. Circuit noted that

       The likelihood that the evidence sought is still in place is a function not simply of
       watch and calendar but of variables that do not punch a clock: the character of the
       crime (chance encounter in the night or regenerating conspiracy?), of the criminal
       (nomadic or entrenched?), of the thing to be seized (perishable and easily
       transferable or of enduring utility to its holder?), of the place to be searched (mere
       criminal forum of convenience or secure operational base?), etc.

United States v. Bruner, 657 F.2d 1278, 1298 (D.C. Cir. 1981) (citation omitted). Many of these

factors weighed in favor of concluding there was probable cause to believe evidence of the

robbery would be recovered from the Defendant’s residence: the Defendant was a resident of the

area with a confirmed address and the items taken---namely, the cellular phones---would provide

enduring utility to the user. The fact that an item can be sold does not defeat probable cause; just

about anything taken during the course of a robbery could be sold. The usefulness a cellphone


                                                12
would provide to the assailant, however, makes it more likely the assailant would keep the item

after the robbery, and therefore supported the finding of probable cause.

       The Defendant’s third staleness point would require courts to presume that perpetrators

always (or usually) take logical steps to avoid detection. The Defendant cites no authority for

the proposition that courts must assume an individual believed to be involved in illegal activity is

necessarily a rational actor. Moreover, Judge Wertheim reasonably relied in part on Detective

Francis’ experience that—despite the risk of detection—perpetrators often keep things like

cellular phones and iPods for personal use. Aff. of Det. Francis at 2. In any event, as the Court

previously explained, even if the information was legally stale, the officers involved in the search

reasonably believed the affidavit established probable cause, therefore suppression on this basis

is inappropriate. United States v. Webb, 255 F.3d 890, 904-05 (D.C. Cir. 2001).

               4.      The Identification by the Robbery Complainant

       The Defendant takes issue with the “identification” by the robbery complainant of certain

items taken from the Defendant upon his arrest for the UUV charge. In essence, the Defendant

argues that Detective Francis fabricated the identification, alleging that: (1) the complainant did

not sign a form reflecting the identification; (2) Detective Francis altered the evidence by writing

on it; and (3) Detective Francis waited several days to show the complainant the items.

       With respect to the first and second issues, the Defendant failed to cite any rule,

regulation, or statute setting forth the procedures for handling identifications by MPD officers,

nor does he cite any authority that a violation of such procedures would be grounds for

suppressing the identification.6 Moreover, it is not the Government’s burden to show that the



       6
          It would appear the Defendant meant to cite Superior Court Rule of Criminal Procedure
41(c) in support of his argument that the robbery complainant was required to complete some
                                              13
underlying identification took place. The Defendant must first make a “substantial showing” that

the statement by Detective Francis regarding the identification was false before the Government

has any obligation to produce evidence on this issue.

       In terms of the Defendant’s third argument, the Defendant contends that the identification

and warrant are suspect because the identification did not take place and the warrant was not

sought until after a purported altercation between the Defendant and Detective Francis. There is

no evidence in the record to indicate any altercation actually took place. Moreover, the record

demonstrates that Detective Francis attempted to arrange the identification on November 26—

one week before the alleged altercation—but was unable to reach the complainant. Def.’s Am.

Mot. at 2. Additionally, the record indicates the identification was made on December 2, 2011,

the day before the alleged altercation.        Aff. of Det. Francis at 2.         The Defendant’s

unsubstantiated claims in his pleadings are not a basis for questioning the identification.

       Later in his pleadings, the Defendant contends that neither of the robbery complainants

claimed that a white access card was taken from them during the robbery. E.g., Def.’s Am. Mot.

at 1. The Defendant emphasizes this point because both the report filed by Detective Francis on

November 26 and the affidavit indicate that the Defendant was questioned regarding the robbery

because a white access card was found in a black wallet located on the Defendant at the time of

his arrest. Id. There are several issues with this argument. First, there is no indication that the

“supplemental” investigative report attached to the Defendant’s motion was intended to represent

a comprehensive list of items taken during the robbery. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 1. Second, Detective

form confirming the identification. Rule 41(c), in relevant part, simply states that the party
applying for a search warrant “may also submit depositions or affidavits of other persons
containing allegations of fact” in support of the search warrant application. This rule did not
require Detective Francis to submit a sworn affidavit from the complainant as part of the search
warrant application.

                                                 14
Francis mentioned the white access card in a supplemental report completed on November 26,

the same day as the robbery. Id. at 2. Detective Francis did not suddenly invent a missing white

access card on December 3 when executing his affidavit. The record does not support the

Defendant’s assertion that Detective Francis fabricated the missing white access card. This

claim is meritless.

       C.      Description of the Items to be Seized in the Warrant

       In terms of the search warrant itself, the Defendant argues that it failed to adequately

describe the items to be seized. Among other things, the Defendant argues the warrant should

have specified the color, size, and type (flip phone, touch screen, etc.) of Sprint and Virgin

Mobile cellular telephones. Def.’s Mot. at 2. Similarly, the Defendant contends the warrant

should have indicated the model and caliber of the gun the officers sought to seize, the specific

photographs sought, and the color of the iPod Shuffle. Id.

       “The requirements for a warrant vary based on the purpose for which it is sought and the

purpose of the search determines the requisite level of particularity.” Elkins v. District of

Columbia, 690 F.3d 554, 563 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Search warrants seeking to seize evidence from

the premises to be searched must describe the items to be seized. See id.; cf. id. (finding a

warrant need not specify any items to be seized if the purpose of the warrant is only to inspect

the premises). “In assessing particularity, courts are concerned with realities of administration of

criminal justice. It is sufficient if the warrant signed by the judicial officer is particular enough if

read with reasonable effort by the officer executing the warrant.” United States v. Dale, 991

F.2d 819, 846 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (citations omitted).

       Based on the circumstances of this case, the search warrant described the items to be

seized with sufficient particularity. The warrant identified the manufacturer and model of one

                                                  15
cellular phone, and the carrier of the second phone, which would enable the executing officers to

reasonably understand what items were to be seized. The warrant also identified the specific

model of iPod at issue. Moreover, there is no evidence to suggest the warrant could have

described the weapon and ammunition with greater particularity. It is not as if the warrant

authorized the officers to seize all evidence relating to a robbery, or employed other broad or

vague terms. Cf. Dale, 991 F.2d at 846 (finding the phrase “business records including, but not

limited to” to be insufficiently particular). The Defendant does not cite any authority for the

proposition that the search warrant must contain the level of detail he would prefer; the search

warrant in this case was sufficiently particular given the circumstances.

       Relatedly, the Defendant contends that the warrant was defective because it listed several

items not included in the affidavit, namely, the gun, ammunition, gun cleaning kit, and

photographs. The affidavit offered in support of a search warrant need not list every item to be

seized; it is the list of items in the warrant that is relevant for Fourth Amendment purposes. Cf.

Maxwell, 920 F.2d at 1031-32 (noting that the warrant must specifically incorporate the affidavit

by reference in order to rely on the description of items to be seized as set forth in the affidavit).

       D.      Execution of the Search Warrant

       In addition to the plethora of purported defects with the search warrant and affidavit, the

Defendant takes issue with the manner in which MPD Officers executed the search of the

residence. The Defendant first argues that the Officers exceeded the scope of the warrant by

seizing items that were not listed on the warrant, some of which the Defendant could legally

possess. According to the “plain view doctrine,” “when the police have a valid warrant to search

a given area for specific objects, and in the course of the search come across some other article

of incriminating character, they may seize if it is immediately apparent to the police that they

                                                  16
have evidence before them.” United States v. Pindell, 336 F.3d 1049, 1054 (D.C. Cir. 2003)

(citations omitted); see also Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 465-66 (1971) (setting

forth the “plain view doctrine”). As explained supra, the warrant issued to search the premises

in question was valid, thus the officers were permitted to seize any items in plain view that the

officers had probable cause to believe constituted inculpatory evidence, regardless of whether

those items were listed in the warrant. Moreover, these additional items need not be contraband

in order to be seized. See Pindell, 336 F.3d at 1054-55 (upholding the seizure of notebooks not

listed in the search warrant pursuant to the plain view doctrine). The Defendant fails to identify

any items seized that would not qualify for seizure pursuant to this doctrine, therefore this

argument lacks merit.7

        Second, the Defendant contends that the contraband that was seized from the residence in

question was not found in plain view. While executing a search warrant, officers are permitted

to search locations in which items named in the search warrant may reasonably be found. See,

e.g., United States v. Garces, 133 F.3d 70, 74 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1998). In combination with the

plain view doctrine, this means that the officers searching a residence may seize incriminating

evidence (even if it was not listed on the search warrant) if recovered from any location in which

the items named in the search warrant may have been found. The Defendant does not identify

where the contraband was seized from in his apartment, much less demonstrate that it was seized

in violation of these principles. Accordingly, this argument is not a basis for suppressing the

fruits of the search.



        7
          Nor does the Defendant cite any authority for the proposition that seizure of certain
non-incriminating items would require suppressing all evidence recovered during the search,
including the narcotics at issue in this case.

                                               17
       Third, the Defendant argues that the search was actually a pretext for recovering evidence

related to the carjacking that preceded his UUV arrest. The Defendant’s argument is convoluted,

but implies that because officers seized multiple cell phones from his apartment, they must have

been searching for evidence relating to the carjacking. Def.’s Mot. at 5. However, at the point

officers recovered substantial quantities of narcotics from the residence, the officers had

probable cause to believe that the seven cellular telephones located in the residence—which the

Defendant indicated he occupied alone—were evidence of drug trafficking. Once the narcotics

were discovered in the Defendant’s apartment while searching for the stolen items and weapon,

the officers were permitted to seize evidence not listed in the initial search warrant. In other

words, the evidence taken from the Defendant’s residence differed from the items specified in

the warrant because of what officers discovered upon executing the search warrant; there is no

reason to believe the search was a pretext for investigating the carjacking.

       E.      Search Warrant Return

       The Defendant also contends that he was prejudiced by Detective Francis’ failure to

timely file the search warrant return. As the Court previously explained, it is highly doubtful that

a violation of the time frame for filing the search warrant return, set forth in Rule 41(f), is

grounds for suppressing the fruits of a search warrant.        8/10/12 Mem. Opin. at 21.        The

Defendant ignores this ruling, and simply asserts that he was prejudiced by the late filing of the

return because “instead of promptly returning the warrant back to the issuing judge with the

alleged items found listen in the return,” Detective Francis “entirely avoids returning the search

warrants and calls another officer in from another district to go and apply for a [sic] arrest

warrant [in Federal Court].” Def.’s Am. Mot. at 4. Nowhere within this argument does the

Defendant explain how he was prejudiced. At the end of the search, the officers left a copy of

                                                18
the warrant and return containing a list of all items seized, including the contraband, at the

Defendant’s residence. 8/10/12 Mem. Opin. at 23. The Officers later weighed the contraband

and including the precise amounts on the version of the return filed with the Superior Court. Id.

at 17; Signed Search Warrant Return, ECF No. [27-1]. The Defendant was not prejudiced by

this, or by the fact the Government elected to pursue charges against the Defendant in this Court,

rather than Superior Court.

       The Defendant further takes issue with the fact that the original warrant was not returned

to the court after the conclusion of the search. Per Superior Court rules, officers must leave a

copy of the search warrant and return at the premises, and file a copy of both documents with the

Superior Court. D.C. Sup. Ct. Rule of Cr. P. 41(e)(4). Logically, the officers must make copies

of the original warrant in order to be able to leave a copy at the premises searched. See 8/10/12

Mem. Opin. at 19-20. There is nothing inherently suspect in filing a photocopy of the warrant

with the court after execution.

       F.      Miscellaneous Arguments

       The Defendant makes a number of miscellaneous arguments, none of which have merit.

First, the Defendant contends the prosecutor lied about not having a video of the Defendant’s

statement to Detective Francis. Def.’s Ex. 2 (3/20/12 Ltr. M. Acevedo to N. Lotze) at 8. The

Government indicated during various status hearings in this matter that it initially thought the

Defendant’s statement had been videotaped, but later determined that not such tape existed. The

letter cited by the Defendant simply reflects the Government’s initial belief that a videotape

existed. Moreover, at most this argument, if true, would seem to support suppressing the use of

the Defendant’s statement at trial. However, the Government previously indicated it did not



                                               19
intend to introduce the substance of the Defendant’s statement, therefore this argument is

irrelevant.

        Second, the Defendant claims that another individual, Troy Knight, was later identified in

connection with the robbery by one of the robbery complainants, yet neither Mr. Knight nor the

Defendant was ever arrested for the robbery. Def.’s Second Am. Mot. at 10-11. The Defendant

claims that the lack of charges related to the robbery is evidence that (1) the robbery

complainants never identified the items seized from the Defendant; and/or (2) that Detective

Francis “is strongly involved in misconduct.” Id. at 11. Once again, the Defendant launches

allegations of misconduct against Detective Francis without any basis in fact. Any number of

issues could lead the Government to decline to file charges even with a positive identification

and recovery of certain robbery proceeds, none of which would implicate Detective Francis in

any misconduct.

        Third, the Defendant alleges that the receipt for the property that was purportedly

returned to the Defendant after his release on the UUV charge was a forgery. The Defendant

explains that the Seventh District faxed his former defense counsel a paper indicating the

Defendant signed for the property the Government alleges was returned to the Defendant, but he

“suspect [sic] that hose papers could have been very well altered.” Def.’s Second Am. Mot. at

12. There is no basis for the Court to pursue a baseless theory that Defendant admits is simply

speculation.

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds the Defendant has not provided any basis on

which to suppress the evidence seized from 3400 13th Street, Southeast, Apartment 301,

Washington, D.C. The Defendant’s multiple pleadings failed to identify any procedural issues

                                               20
with the issuance or execution of the search warrant and related documents that could lead to the

suppression of the warrant. The warrant was facially sufficient, and did not include any material

omission or false statements. The officers executing the warrant did not exceed the scope of the

warrant or seize any unauthorized property.         The Defendant’s miscellaneous arguments

regarding the investigation likewise have no merit. Accordingly, the Defendant’s Pro Se Motion

to Suppress is DENIED. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.




                                                       /s/
                                                    COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                    UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE




                                               21
