                                                                   NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                         No. 18-2210
                                         ___________

                                      JAMES SPENCER,
                                                 Appellant

                                               v.

                              WARDEN ALLENWOOD USP
                         ____________________________________

                       On Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                             (M.D. Pa. Civ. No. 3-16-cv-00185)
                       District Judge: Honorable Malachy E. Mannion
                        ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   November 8, 2018
          Before: GREENAWAY, JR., RESTREPO and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion filed: January 11, 2019)
                                        ___________

                                          OPINION *
                                         ___________

PER CURIAM

         James Spencer is an inmate currently serving a life sentence at the federal prison

in White Deer, Pennsylvania. Proceeding pro se, Spencer attempted to challenge his

sentence with a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Because


*
    This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
federal inmates wishing to collaterally attack their sentences are presumptively restricted

to filing motions under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a)—and they must get special permission to file

successive such motions if, like Spencer, they have already filed one—the District Court

determined that Spencer’s petition under § 2241 was improper and dismissed it for lack

of jurisdiction. Spencer appealed. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

                                             I.

       In 1996, Spencer was convicted of multiple violations of the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1951(a). He was sentenced that same year. The primary feature of Spencer’s sentence

is concurrent terms of life imprisonment imposed under 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c)(1), which is

referred to colloquially as the “three strikes law.” 1 We affirmed the District Court’s

judgment on direct appeal.

       Over the ensuing decades Spencer has filed many applications—including at least

one motion to vacate under § 2255(a)—challenging his life sentence. Those applications

have been unsuccessful. 2 Most recently, Spencer filed a habeas petition under § 2241,




constitute binding precedent.
1
  The recidivist sentencing enhancement under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1) was also applied by
the District Court.
2
  There is one, procedural-in-nature, exception: In October 2016, we granted Spencer’s
motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2244 to file a successive § 2255(a) motion based on Johnson v.
United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). See CA No. 16-2552. The District Court has
stayed Spencer’s Johnson-based § 2255 motion pending our disposition in United States
v. Harris, CA No. 17-1861.
                                             2
claiming that the District Court violated his constitutional rights when, at sentencing, it

gave retroactive effect to the three strikes law.

       The District Court, adopting the report and recommendation of the Magistrate

Judge and overruling Spencer’s objections thereto, dismissed the § 2241 petition. The

Magistrate Judge had concluded that a § 2255(a) motion is a federal inmate’s

presumptive collateral-attack vehicle, and that district courts lack jurisdiction to entertain

successive § 2255(a) motions absent authorization under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(b)(3) and

2255(h).

       The Magistrate Judge also had concluded that Spencer failed to demonstrate the

remedial inadequacy of § 2255(a) and the corresponding availability of the so-called

“saving clause” of 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e). Cf. Bruce v. Warden Lewisburg USP, 868 F.3d

170, 178 (3d Cir. 2017). An inmate sentenced in federal court cannot seek habeas relief

under § 2241 unless it appears that the remedy under § 2255(a) “is inadequate or

ineffective to test the legality of his detention,” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e), and the Magistrate

Judge had concluded that Spencer failed to satisfy the criteria for saving-clause

availability set forth in our precedent.

                                              II.

       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a), and our review is de

novo, see Cradle v. United States ex rel. Miner, 290 F.3d 536, 538 (3d Cir. 2002) (per

curiam). There is no need for Spencer to obtain a certificate of appealability in order to


                                               3
proceed with his appeal of the District Court’s order dismissing his § 2241 petition. See

Bruce, 868 F.3d at 177.

                                             III.

       Spencer’s § 2241 petition was properly dismissed. Like the District Court, we

underscore that the § 2255(a) remedy is not inadequate or ineffective simply because the

remedy has been previously denied to a federal inmate, or because that inmate is unable

to fulfil the “stringent gatekeeping requirements” that AEDPA prescribes for successive

collateral attacks. In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 245, 251 (3d Cir. 1997). And, of primary

import, we agree with the District Court that Spencer’s sentencing claim cannot

legitimately avoid § 2255(a) and be raised in a § 2241 petition, because the claim does

not satisfy the requirements of our saving-clause precedent.

       In Dorsainvil, we held that a § 2241 petition could be used by a federal inmate

whose underlying conduct is no longer considered criminal as a result of intervening

statutory interpretation by the United States Supreme Court. See id. at 251; see also

Bruce, 868 F.3d at 180 (explaining that Dorsainvil permits access to § 2241 by a federal

inmate who presents an actual innocence theory based on a “a change in statutory

caselaw that applies retroactively in cases on collateral review,” so long as that inmate

“had no earlier opportunity to test the legality of his detention since the intervening

Supreme Court decision issued”). Spencer’s claim here is that the District Court

unconstitutionally applied the three strikes law at the time of sentencing. Unlike the


                                              4
petitioner’s claim in Dorsainvil, Spencer’s claim is indifferent to the criminal nature of

the facts underlying his convictions.

       Furthermore, Spencer’s argument on appeal, that the Supreme Court’s order in

Persaud v. United States, 571 U.S. 1172 (2014), expands the availability of § 2241

beyond the limitations we identified in Dorsainvil, is unpersuasive. The order in Persaud

granted certiorari, vacated the appellate court’s judgment, and remanded for

consideration of the Solicitor General’s litigation position regarding § 2241 as a means of

collaterally attacking a federal sentence. 3 There was no dispositive ruling with the power

to bind. See West v. Vaughn, 204 F.3d 53, 59 (3d Cir. 2000), abrogated on other grounds

by Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656, 664-66 (2001); see also Robinson v. United States, 812

F.3d 476, 477 (5th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (“Persaud was not a substantive decision and,

therefore, does not support [petitioner’s] contention that the particular sentencing errors

he complains of are amenable to § 2241 relief in this case.”). But cf. Poe v. LaRiva, 834

F.3d 770, 773 (7th Cir. 2016) (asserting that Persaud “stand[s] for the proposition that a

prisoner can challenge his sentence through a § 2241 petition”).

       Moreover, even assuming that the order in Persaud could be read—in tension with

our precedent, see, e.g., Gardner v. Warden Lewisburg USP, 845 F.3d 99, 102-03 (2017);

Okereke v. United States, 307 F.3d 117, 120 (3d Cir. 2002)—as suggesting some sort of

receptiveness to the recognition of § 2241 as a vehicle for attacking a federal sentence in


3
 The Government notes that its position on that front has changed. See Gov’t Br. at 10
n.10 (citing Solicitor General’s brief in McCarthan v. Collins, 138 S. Ct. 502 (2017)).
                                             5
light of new law, Spencer would realize no benefit: he fails to identify any law (new or

old) that potentially undermines the validity of his sentence. To that end, we

acknowledge that Spencer relied in the District Court on Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S.

451 (2001), which was decided shortly after the conclusion of his first § 2255(a) action,

see CA No. 00-1313, Order (3d Cir. Feb. 27, 2001) (denying certificate of appealability). 4

But Spencer cannot avail himself of Rogers, for three reasons.

       First, Spencer has not pressed his Rogers-based argument in his opening brief on

appeal. Accordingly, the argument is abandoned and waived. See United States v.

Menendez, 831 F.3d 155, 175 (3d Cir. 2016).

       Second, even if we were to excuse waiver, Spencer has previously attempted to

use Rogers to support a collateral attack on his sentence, without success. The District

Court characterized that previous attempt as an unauthorized motion under § 2255(a) and

dismissed it accordingly. And we found no basis to disturb the District Court’s decision.

See CA No. 14-4009, Order (3d Cir. May 1, 2015) (denying certificate of appealability;

summarily affirming to the extent no certificate of appealability was necessary).

       Third, even if we were to ignore waiver and redundancy issues, the Rogers

decision is, at bottom, inapt. Rogers reinforces the constitutional proscription of judicial

statutory construction that has the effect of attaching criminal liability “to what


4
 We are skeptical that Spencer filed the § 2241 petition at issue—to the extent its
viability is dependent on the order in Persaud (issued two years pre-petition) or the
opinion in Rogers (issued 15 years pre-petition) or both—at the earliest opportunity. Cf.
Bruce, 868 F.3d at 180.
                                             6
previously had been innocent conduct.” Rogers, 532 U.S. at 459. The Supreme Court did

not address in that case whether sentencing enhancements in a statutory scheme enacted

prior to commission of a defendant’s current offense may constitutionally be triggered by

pre-enactment convictions. 5 Rogers thus could not have represented for Spencer a

potentially viable basis for using § 2241 and avoiding dismissal by the District Court.

                                            IV.

       In conclusion, we discern no basis upon which Spencer could have permissibly

used § 2241 via the saving clause in § 2255(e), for the reasons outlined above. The

petition thus was properly construed by the District Court as an unauthorized successive

§ 2255(a) motion. Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s order dismissing

Spencer’s habeas petition for lack of jurisdiction.




5
  That is not to say that there is an open question in that regard. Cf. Gryger v. Burke, 334
U.S. 728, 732 (1948) (holding that enhancement of defendant’s sentence under
Pennsylvania’s habitual offender statute, using pre-statute convictions, did not make
statute “invalidly retroactive”); United States v. McCalla, 38 F.3d 675, 680 (3d Cir. 1994)
(holding that use of defendant’s prior conviction to enhance punishment for his current
offense was not a violation of the Ex Post Facto clause because the current offense was
committed “subsequent to the effective date of the statutory amendment which provided
for an enhanced punishment”); United States v. Washington, 109 F.3d 335, 338 (7th Cir.
1997) (“[R]ecidivist statutes do not violate the ex post facto clause of Article I or the
double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment. The three-strikes law was enacted
before Washington committed the bank robberies, so he had fair warning of the
consequences attached to new violent offenses”) (internal citation omitted).

                                             7
