          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


No. 12-1887

                   ELADIO ACOSTA-RAMÍREZ ET AL.,
                      Plaintiffs, Appellants,

                                v.

                   BANCO POPULAR DE PUERTO RICO,

                       Defendant, Appellee,

               FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION,
              as Receiver of Westernbank Puerto Rico,

                  Intervenor Defendant, Appellee.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

       [Hon. Carmen Consuelo Cerezo, U.S. District Judge]



                              Before

                        Lynch, Chief Judge,
                 Selya and Lipez, Circuit Judges.


     Héctor E. Pedrosa-Luna, for appellants.
     Enrique R. Padró Rodríguez, with whom Pedro J. Manzano Yates
and Fiddler González & Rodríguez, PSC were on brief, for appellee
Banco Popular de Puerto Rico.
     Kathleen V. Gunning, Counsel, with whom Kathryn R. Norcross,
Acting Assistant General Counsel, Lawrence H. Richmond, Senior
Counsel, Ana B. Rosado-Frontanes, and Schuster Aguilo LLP were on
brief, for appellee Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
April 3, 2013




     -2-
               LYNCH, Chief Judge.       Former employees of Westernbank, a

failed    bank    taken       into   receivership    by    the   Federal   Deposit

Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"), sued Banco Popular de Puerto Rico

("BPPR"), a bank that subsequently acquired Westernbank's deposits

and certain assets, but not the FDIC, on claims for severance pay

under Law 80, P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 29, § 185a et seq.                 The FDIC has

intervened and asserted that under 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(13)(D) "no

court    shall    have     jurisdiction     over"    the    claims   because   the

plaintiffs either failed to file administrative claims with the

FDIC     or    failed    to    challenge   in   federal      court   the    FDIC's

disallowance of their administrative claims. At oral argument, the

plaintiffs' counsel conceded that the FDIC's position is correct.

Because the case must be remanded for dismissal for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction, the issues presented are likely to

recur, and an opinion will provide useful precedent, we explain why

there was no jurisdiction here.

               This case raises several issues of first impression for

us     under    the     Financial     Institutions    Reform,     Recovery,    and

Enforcement Act of 1989 ("FIRREA"), Pub. L. No. 101-73, 103 Stat.

183. We hold that the plaintiffs' failures to comply with the FDIC

administrative claims process trigger the statutory bar, and we

join a number of circuits in holding that they may not avoid the

jurisdictional bar by failing to name the FDIC as a defendant.

Accordingly, we vacate entry of summary judgment for the defendants


                                         -3-
and remand with instructions to dismiss for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction.

                                       I.

A.        Factual Background

          On    April    30,   2010,    the   Puerto   Rico   Office   of   the

Commissioner    for     Financial   Institutions       ("OCFI")   closed    the

insolvent Westernbank and appointed the FDIC as receiver.                   That

same day, the FDIC informed all Westernbank employees that they had

been terminated because Westernbank was permanently closed.                  The

FDIC notified the employees that they had a right to submit any

claims that they may have had against Westernbank or the FDIC to

the FDIC under the mandatory administrative claims process, 12

U.S.C. § 1821(d)(3)-(13), established by FIRREA.              The plaintiffs

neither pled nor produced evidence that they filed any such claims.

All seventy-six plaintiffs worked for Westernbank at the time of

its closure, with start dates ranging from 1978 to 2005.

          The FDIC sold Westernbank's deposits and loans under a

Purchase and Assumption Agreement ("P&A Agreement") to BPPR on

April 30, 2010.1      In the P&A Agreement, BPPR agreed to assume all


     1
       We have explained before that:
     Although there are many options available to the FDIC
     when a bank fails, these options generally fall within
     two categories of approaches, either liquidation or
     purchase and assumption. The liquidation option is the
     easiest method, but carries with it two major
     disadvantages. First, the closing of the bank weakens
     confidence in the banking system. Second, there is often
     substantial delay in returning funds to depositors. The

                                       -4-
of the failed bank's insured deposits and to purchase certain

assets formerly held by Westernbank.       BPPR did not assume any

liability to Westernbank employees for severance pay, and sections

12.1(a)(3) and (4) of the P&A Agreement provided that the FDIC

would indemnify BPPR for liabilities of the failed bank not assumed

under the P&A Agreement, including claims based on the rights of or

actions/inactions of an employee of the failed bank.        The P&A

Agreement specifically contemplated claims being brought by former

employees under Law 80 for severance or enhanced severance pay, and

provided that the FDIC would indemnify BPPR for any employee claim

under Law 80 based on successor liability.

            Many of the plaintiffs in this case became employees of

BPPR.    Between April 30 and June 17, 2010, these plaintiffs signed

temporary employment agreements with BPPR2 containing termination

dates and acknowledgments by the plaintiffs that: their employment

relationship with Westernbank had ended; Westernbank had ceased to

exist; and their temporary employment with BPPR was new and did not


     preferred option when a bank fails, therefore, is the
     purchase and assumption option. . . . Generally, the
     purchase and assumption must be executed in great haste,
     often overnight.
Timberland Design, Inc. v. First Serv. Bank for Sav., 932 F.2d 46,
48 (1st Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (citations omitted).
     2
      Plaintiffs José Pérez-Valentín and Arnaldo González-González
never became employees of BPPR.     One plaintiff, Fernando Cruz-
González, became a regular employee of BPPR, but was terminated on
August 13, 2010, because of disrespectful behavior toward a trainer
during his new employee training in violation of BPPR's Employee
Manual.

                                 -5-
constitute     a    continuation    of      their   prior   employment   with

Westernbank.       Of the plaintiffs who had become BPPR employees, all

eventually left BPPR, either through voluntary resignations or

termination.

B.          Procedural History

            The plaintiffs sued BPPR on October 18, 2010 in a Puerto

Rico court for unjust termination in violation of Law 80 and sought

severance payments based on their time employed at BPPR and at

Westernbank.3       The employees asserted that BPPR was liable as a

successor employer because BPPR acquired the assets of Westernbank,

an ongoing business, and essentially continued the same identity

and business activity as before.

            On November 19, 2010, BPPR removed the case to federal

court based on federal question jurisdiction4 and the FDIC moved to

intervene    on    February   14,   2011,    because   it   retained   certain

liabilities at issue (if any actually existed). The district court

granted the motion to intervene on April 15, 2011.

            BPPR moved for summary judgment on August 26, 2011,

arguing that it was not liable for any severance claims based on

the plaintiffs' employment at Westernbank for at least three


     3
       On November 18, 2010, the number of plaintiffs reached the
current number of seventy-six when the employees filed an amended
complaint.
     4
       Because we determine that this case should in all events
have been dismissed for want of subject-matter jurisdiction, we
take no view as to the propriety of removal.

                                      -6-
different merits-based reasons, which are not pertinent to our

disposition of this appeal.

          The FDIC moved for dismissal on the ground that the court

lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to decide the plaintiffs' claims

for severance pay based on their employment at Westernbank.    Fed.

R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1).5   The FDIC argued that it had retained any

potential liability for such severance claims in the P&A Agreement.

The employees had been terminated on the closing date and notified

of their right to file a claim against the FDIC.   The FDIC provided

unrebutted information that some did not file any such claim, and

those who did failed to file any challenge (let alone timely) to

the FDIC's disallowance of their claims in the proper federal

court.   As a result, the FDIC argued that the court lacked

jurisdiction to hear the claims.

          The district court granted BPPR's motion for summary

judgment on March 30, 2012, based on BPPR's arguments,6 and did not


     5
       The FDIC also moved to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6) on the ground that the plaintiffs' employment at
Westernbank   was  terminated  for  "just   cause"  because  of
Westernbank's insolvency, and thus they had no claim for relief
under Law 80.
     6
        The court held on the merits that BPPR was not a successor
employer, that Westernbank's closure provided just cause for the
plaintiffs' termination, that any liability for severance claims
related to the plaintiffs' employment at Westernbank remained with
the FDIC under the terms of the P&A Agreement, and that BPPR was
not liable for severance pay to the plaintiffs for the time they
worked for BPPR because they worked under fixed-term contracts to
perform a temporary job. Acosta-Ramirez v. Banco Popular de P.R.,
Civil No. 10-2131CCC, 2012 WL 1123602, at *8-10 (D.P.R. Mar. 30,

                                -7-
address the antecedent question of whether it had jurisdiction.

Acosta-Ramirez v. Banco Popular de P.R., Civil No. 10-2131CCC, 2012

WL 1123602, at *11 (D.P.R. Mar. 30, 2012).          The plaintiffs filed a

timely notice of appeal.        On appeal, they have expressly abandoned

any claims against BPPR that do not depend on their Westernbank

tenure.

                                        II.

            Federal    courts     are     obliged   to   resolve   questions

pertaining to subject-matter jurisdiction before addressing the

merits of a case.      Donahue v. City of Boston, 304 F.3d 110, 117

(1st Cir. 2002) (citing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env't,

523 U.S. 83, 101-02 (1998)); see Sinochem Int'l Co. v. Malaysia

Int'l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 430-31 (2007); see also Arbaugh

v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006) (discussing importance of

determining if an issue is one of subject-matter jurisdiction

because it creates an independent obligation for the court, allows

courts to resolve disputed evidence, and requires dismissal of the

complaint   in   its   entirety     if    subject-matter   jurisdiction   is

lacking).    We independently determine the existence of subject-

matter jurisdiction.      See Alphas Co. v. Dan Tudor & Sons Sales,

Inc., 679 F.3d 35, 38 (1st Cir. 2012); Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of

Pittsburgh v. City Sav., F.S.B., 28 F.3d 376, 383 (3d Cir. 1994)


2012).   The district court noted that Cruz was not a temporary
employee, but became a regular employee. However, the district
court found his termination to be for good cause. Id. at *10-11.

                                        -8-
(appeals courts exercise plenary review over question of whether

subject-matter jurisdiction exists).         In deciding the question, we

may consider whatever evidence has been submitted in the case. See

Aversa v. United States, 99 F.3d 1200, 1210 (1st Cir. 1996); see

also Alicea-Hernandez v. Catholic Bishop of Chi., 320 F.3d 698, 701

(7th Cir. 2003).

A.           The FDIC Assumed and Retained Severance Liability for
             The Plaintiffs' Tenure at Westernbank

             Congress adopted FIRREA in response to the savings and

loan crisis in the 1980s.        Tellado v. IndyMac Mortg. Servs., 707

F.3d 275, 279 (3d Cir. 2013).         FIRREA gives the FDIC authority to

act as receiver or conservator for failed institutions.                Benson v.

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 673 F.3d 1207, 1211 (9th Cir. 2012).

"Congress wanted to facilitate takeovers of insolvent financial

institutions and smooth the modalities by which rehabilitation

might be accomplished."      Marquis v. FDIC, 965 F.2d 1148, 1154 (1st

Cir. 1992).

             As part of the rehabilitative process, the FDIC, as

receiver, succeeds as a matter of law to the rights, titles, powers

and privileges of the failed bank, along with the responsibility to

pay    the    failed    bank's      valid    obligations.             12    U.S.C.

§    1821(d)(2)(A),    (d)(2)(H).      The   FDIC       may   merge   the   failed

institution with a healthier institution, and in doing so, may

transfer "any asset or liability" of the failed institution.                   Id.

§    1821(d)(2)(G)(i)(I)-(II).         Through      a    different    non-FIRREA

                                      -9-
statutory   provision,     Congress    permits     the   FDIC   "in   its   sole

discretion and upon such terms and conditions as the [FDIC] may

prescribe," to assume liabilities of the failed institution.                Id.

§ 1823(c)(2)(A)(i).

            Here, the FDIC, through the P&A Agreement, retained

liabilities as to any claims by former Westernbank employees

arising from their employment with Westernbank, which the FDIC

assumed by becoming receiver.         See Lawson v. FDIC, 3 F.3d 11, 16

(1st Cir. 1993); Payne v. Sec. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, F.A., 924 F.2d

109, 111-12 (7th Cir. 1991).        Article IV of the P&A Agreement sets

forth the    liabilities    assumed by       BPPR, and does      not   include

liabilities under Law 80.       Moreover, subject to limitations not

relevant here, section 12.1 of the P&A Agreement indemnifies BPPR

against liabilities it did not assume through the P&A Agreement,

including claims based on rights of employees of Westernbank.                In

addition,    section   12.9    of     the    P&A   Agreement     specifically

contemplates a claim of successor liability against BPPR by former

Westernbank employees and indemnifies BPPR against such claims,

providing more proof that BPPR did not assume such liability.

Hence, any claim for severance pay for the plaintiffs' tenure at

Westernbank is ultimately against the FDIC.




                                      -10-
B.          The Plaintiffs' Failures to Comply with FIRREA's
            Administrative Claims Process Create a Jurisdictional
            Bar

            Because Congress wanted the FDIC to be able to deal

expeditiously with failed depository institutions, see Meliezer v.

Resolution Trust Co., 952 F.2d 879, 881 (5th Cir. 1992), FIRREA was

also "designed to create an efficient administrative protocol for

processing claims against failed banks," Marquis, 965 F.2d at 1154.

This was achieved through the statutory claims process.

            FIRREA's statutory claims process requires the FDIC, upon

appointment   as     receiver,   to    publish      notice    that      the    failed

institution's   creditors     must     file    claims      with   the   FDIC    by   a

specified    date,    which   must     be     at   least    ninety      days    after

publication of the notice.        12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(3)(B)(i).7                If a

claim is filed, the FDIC has 180 days to determine whether to

approve or disallow the claim.         Id. § 1821(d)(5)(A)(i).           Claimants

then have sixty days from the date of disallowance or from the

expiration of the 180-day administrative decision deadline to seek

judicial review in an appropriate federal district court (or to

seek administrative review).          Id. § 1821(d)(6)(A).8



     7
       Notice must also be mailed to all known creditors of the
institution. 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(3)(C).
     8
       Failure to seek administrative review or judicial review
within the sixty-day period means any portion of the claim not
allowed is deemed disallowed and "such disallowance shall be final,
and the claimant shall have no further rights or remedies with
respect to such claim." 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(6)(B).

                                      -11-
             Moreover, FIRREA imposes limits on the jurisdiction of

courts to hear certain claims where the plaintiff has not complied

with the statutory claims process.         Section 1821(d)(13)(D) states:

             (D) Limitations on judicial review

             Except   as  otherwise   provided  in   this
             subsection, no court shall have jurisdiction
             over –-

                    (i) any claim or action for payment
             from, or any action seeking a determination of
             rights with respect to, the assets of any
             depository institution for which the [FDIC]
             has been appointed receiver, including assets
             which the [FDIC] may acquire from itself as
             such receiver; or

                    (ii) any claim relating to any act or
             omission of such institution or the [FDIC] as
             receiver.


"[T]his subsection" refers to § 1821(d) in its entirety.             Marquis,

965 F.2d at 1153.       As a result, in a case in which subsection (i)

applied, we held that "[f]ailure to comply with the [statutory

claims   process]        deprives   the    courts    of   subject      matter

jurisdiction."    Simon v. FDIC, 48 F.3d 53, 56 (1st Cir. 1995).          The

same deprivation of jurisdiction holds true under subsection (ii).

We discuss later why failure to name the FDIC as a defendant does

not affect this conclusion.

             1.        Claims of Those Who Did Not File Administrative
                       Claims Are Barred

             The parties asserting jurisdiction, here the plaintiffs,

have   the    burden    of   demonstrating   the    existence   of   federal


                                    -12-
jurisdiction.      Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S.

375,   377   (1994);     Fábrica   de    Muebles    J.J.   Álvarez,    Inc.   v.

Inversiones Mendoza, Inc., 682 F.3d 26, 32 (1st Cir. 2012).               Here,

it is undisputed that many of the plaintiffs never made any effort

to follow the statutory claims process.                These plaintiffs have

obviously failed to meet the burden.            See Inversiones Mendoza, 682

F.3d at 32.

             2.      The Plaintiffs Who Filed an Administrative Claim
                     But Did Not Seek Timely Judicial Review Under
                     FIRREA Are Barred

             There is another wrinkle based on information in the

FDIC's brief, which informs us that many of the plaintiffs actually

filed for severance pay with the FDIC following the Westernbank

receivership.      Their claims were denied and the plaintiffs never

filed suit against the FDIC seeking review of the denials.                    The

FDIC   argues     that   failure   to    file   suit   within   the   sixty-day

requirement of § 1821(d)(6) deprives the court of subject-matter

jurisdiction.

             A number of courts that have considered the question have

held that failure to comply with the sixty-day limit operates as a

jurisdictional bar.       See, e.g., Home Capital Collateral, Inc. v.

FDIC, 96 F.3d 760, 763-64 (5th Cir. 1996); Astrup v. Resolution

Trust Corp., 23 F.3d 1419, 1421 (8th Cir. 1994) (per curiam);

Capitol Leasing Co. v. FDIC, 999 F.2d 188, 193 (7th Cir. 1993).

Our decision in Simon v. FDIC, 48 F.3d 53, also appears to place


                                        -13-
the   sixty-day      requirement    within    the   jurisdictional    sweep   of

§ 1821(d)(13)(D), although in that case the plaintiffs never even

filed administrative claims.          See 48 F.3d at 56.

             We agree with the FDIC that the failure of the plaintiffs

to comply with the sixty-day requirement to seek judicial review of

the denial of their administrative claims also deprives courts of

jurisdiction.        FIRREA's plain language states that except as

otherwise provided, no court has jurisdiction over the relevant

types of claims, 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(13)(D)(i)-(ii), and the only

judicial review provided for here is for suits filed within sixty

days of the disallowance or the expiration of the decision period,

id. § 1821(d)(6).         We think that the provision's plain language

makes   it        clear   that     Congress    wanted    the   rule     to    be

"jurisdictional," see Henderson ex rel. Henderson v. Shinseki, 131

S. Ct. 1197, 1203 (2011).        Moreover, the sixty-day limit is part of

a comprehensive scheme designed to create an efficient process, see

Marquis, 965 F.2d at 1154, which buttresses our view that failure

to comply with the sixty-day requirement, like failure to file an

administrative claim, triggers FIRREA's jurisdictional limitation.

             3.       The Plaintiffs May Not Avoid the Jurisdictional
                      Bar by Strategically Naming BPPR as the Sole
                      Defendant

             Had this suit been brought originally against the FDIC,

it would clearly have been jurisdictionally barred.            See Simon, 48

F.3d at 56.        We consider whether the jurisdictional limitation


                                      -14-
applies to suits seeking to make an end run around FIRREA's

statutory claims process by suing the third-party purchasing bank.

It does.

              As the Seventh Circuit summarized in Farnik v. FDIC, 707

F.3d 717 (7th Cir. 2013), the circuits that have considered whether

FIRREA's      judicial   review      restriction         applies    to   third-party

assuming banks "have interpreted it as focusing on the substance of

a claim rather than its form."             Id. at 722.     Therefore, "the FIRREA

administrative exhaustion requirement is based not on the entity

named as defendant but on the actor responsible for the alleged

wrongdoing."      Id. at 723.

              Other circuits agree.           In Village of Oakwood v. State

Bank & Trust Co., 539 F.3d 373 (6th Cir. 2008), the Sixth Circuit

reasoned that even if the FDIC was not the named defendant, the

claims related to acts or omissions of the FDIC as receiver and so

the failure to comply with the statutory claims process barred the

claim.   Id. at 386.

              In Benson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 673 F.3d 1207,

the   Ninth    Circuit   stated,      "[l]itigants         cannot   avoid   FIRREA's

administrative requirements through strategic pleading."                      Id. at

1209.      The   court    found      the    plaintiffs'        claims    against   the

purchasing bank related to an act or omission of a depository

institution      for   which   the    FDIC        had   been   appointed    receiver,

triggering the jurisdictional bar.                 Id. at 1215.


                                           -15-
            Finally, in Tellado v. IndyMac Mortgage Services, 707

F.3d 275, the Third Circuit held that because the plaintiffs' claim

against    the   assuming       bank   was   "not   a   claim    of    independent

misconduct by [the assuming bank]," but existed "only because [the

failed institution] had failed to provide proper notice of the

right to cancel [the mortgage]," id. at 280, the jurisdictional

limitation applied, id. at 281.

            Looking to the substance rather than the form, the

plaintiffs'      claims     are     indeed    really     claims       against   the

receivership.       They turn on: (1) the FDIC's decision, as receiver,

to terminate the plaintiffs upon the closing of Westernbank; and/or

(2) the FDIC's decision, as receiver, not to transfer to BPPR any

liability for employees' severance pay based on their employment at

Westernbank in the P&A Agreement. The plaintiffs' counsel conceded

at oral argument that there are no independent claims against BPPR

for actions it took post-receivership.              That concession, coupled

with our finding that jurisdiction is lacking on the severance

claims    related    to   the     plaintiffs'   employment      at    Westernbank,

disposes of this appeal in its entirety.                The plaintiffs may not

avoid that reality though strategic pleading.                   Their claims are

jurisdictionally barred.




                                       -16-
                              III.

          For the reasons set forth above, we vacate the district

court's order granting summary judgment and remand this case with

instructions to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

No costs are awarded.




                              -17-
