                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 08a0567n.06
                          Filed: September 18, 2008

                                            No. 07-1953

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


JULIE OLDEN; RICHARD                HUNTER;        )
WILBUR BLEAU; et al.,                              )
                                                   )
       Plaintiffs-Objectors-Appellants,            )
                                                   )
v.                                                 )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                   )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
CARL   GARDNER;      CLARA                         )   EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
LEWANDOWSKI; RONALD MCLENAN,                       )
SR.,                                               )
                                                   )
       Plaintiffs-Appellees,                       )
                                                   )
LAFARGE CORPORATION,                               )
                                                   )
       Defendant-Appellee.                         )




       Before: ROGERS and MCKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; and ADAMS, District Judge.*
       Rogers, Circuit Judge. The appellants in this case are some members of a class of plaintiffs

who sued the defendant, Lafarge Corporation, because of pollution emitted by its portland cement

plant in Alpena, Michigan. After the defendants had unsuccessfully appealed the district court’s

class certification decision, the class counsel and the defendant entered into settlement negotiations.

The class counsel and defendants came to an agreement whereby the defendant would pay the class



       *
        The Honorable John. R. Adams, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

members $1,900,000, while also spending $700,000 on capital improvements to reduce pollution.

The appellants (hereinafter, the “Objectors”) objected to this proposed settlement and asked the

district court to reject it. In turn, the class counsel asked the court to remove the class representatives

— who all objected to the settlement — and replace them with new class representatives. The

district court granted the motion to substitute new class representatives, although the court refused

to approve the settlement because it impermissibly required those who had previously opted out of

the litigation to do so again. Soon after the rejection of the first proposed settlement agreement, the

parties submitted a revised settlement agreement that resolved the opt-out issue, but was otherwise

substantially identical to the first settlement agreement. The Objectors filed objections yet again,

but the district court overruled those objections and approved the settlement. On appeal, the

Objectors contend that the revised settlement agreement should not have been approved because it

is not fair, reasonable, and adequate. They also argue that the original class representatives should

not have been removed as class representatives, and that the district court should have awarded fees

and costs to Objectors’ counsel. Although the fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy of the

settlement is a close call, and this court might not approve the settlement if it were evaluating the

issue de novo, the highly deferential standard of review requires affirmance of the district court’s

decision to approve the settlement. Likewise, the district court’s decisions to replace the original

class representatives and deny fees and costs to the Objectors’ counsel must also be affirmed.


                                                    I.




                                                   -2-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

       The cement plant in question manufactures cement from limestone, sand, fly ash, gypsum,

and iron. These raw materials are blended together after having been dried and ground into powder.

Afterward, the mixture is heated to a high temperature in kilns fueled by coal and petroleum coke.

This transforms the mixture into hard nodules called clinker. After the clinker is cooled and ground

into powder, it is combined with gypsum to produce cement. This process results in the release of

substantial amounts of particulate into the air. Some of this pollution is composed of toxic

substances, such as mercury.


       In 1994, Lafarge entered into a consent judgment with the State of Michigan concerning the

plant’s pollution. Nevertheless, the plant continued emitting pollution. Between 1996 and 1999,

the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (“MDEQ”) determined that the plant committed

numerous violations of the consent judgment that resulted in stipulated penalties of $5.4 million.

These penalties do not appear to have stopped the pollution though. In 2005 — six years after this

lawsuit was filed — the plant emitted 802,119 pounds of EPA Toxic Release Inventory air

pollutants. The plant also emitted high levels of mercury during that year. According to MDEQ,

the plant emitted 520 pounds of mercury into the air during 2005, and Lafarge’s own monitoring

shows that the plant emitted between 422 and 555 pounds of mercury during that year. MDEQ

records indicate that this was the second largest source of mercury emissions in Michigan in 2005.

Of the mercury emitted from the plant, approximately 85%-90% was in the oxidized gaseous form,

which, according to the affidavit of the Objectors’ expert, was especially harmful because it is water

soluble and therefore “much more biologically available for toxic action.” The Objectors’ expert


                                                -3-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

has also attested to the fact that oxidized mercury not only has more dangerous properties than other

forms of mercury, but is a particular concern for the resident of Alpena because it is deposited closer

to its source than other forms of mercury.


        On April 19, 1999, a putative class action complaint was filed against Lafarge. The

complaint named Julie Olden, Richard Hunter, and Wilbur Bleau as the putative class

representatives, and it alleged four causes of action: (1) a medical monitoring claim; (2) trespass; (3)

nuisance; and (4) negligence.2 The class alleged that they had suffered personal injury and property

damage as a result of the cement kiln dust that was produced and emitted during the manufacturing

process. The class also claimed to have suffered similar injuries due to the emission of toxic by-

products that resulted from the burning of hazardous waste in the kilns.


        On October 24, 2001, the case was certified as a class action. See Olden v. Lafarge Corp.,

203 F.R.D. 254 (E.D. Mich. 2001). The class was defined as “all owners of single family residences

in the City of Alpena whose persons or property was damaged by toxic pollutants and contaminants

which originated from the LaFarge [sic] cement manufacturing facility located in Alpena, Michigan.”

Id. at 271. The class certification was appealed to the Sixth Circuit. Before the appeal was heard,

however, the two parties went to mediation. The mediator — who was a former chief judge of the

Wayne County (Michigan) Circuit Court — concluded that a settlement of $1.8 million would be

fair and reasonable. Nevertheless, the parties were not able to come to an agreement, and the appeals

process continued. The class certification decision was affirmed by the Sixth Circuit in Olden v.


        2
            The medical monitoring and trespass claims were eventually dismissed.
                                                 -4-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

Lafarge Corp., 383 F.3d 495 (6th Cir. 2004), and the Supreme Court denied certiorari in Lafarge

Corp. v. Olden, 545 U.S. 1152 (2005).


        Almost immediately after the Supreme Court’s denial of certiorari, the parties entered into

settlement negotiations. The class counsel had no expert opinions, nor had they engaged in formal

discovery. Nevertheless, the class counsel — who had been involved in many environmental class

actions, but had never taken one to trial — reached a proposed settlement with Lafarge. The

proposed settlement agreement called for a total settlement value of $2.6 million, and it redefined

the class as:


        All of those natural persons residing within the City of Alpena, Michigan, at any time
        between April 19, 1996, and the date of this Agreement, together with all of those
        natural persons or entities (including but not limited to proprietorships,
        unincorporated associations, partnerships, institutions, business and professional
        corporations, not-for-profit corporations, trusts, and their successors in title or
        interest) owning residential property within the City of Alpena, Michigan, at any time
        between April 19, 1996, and the date of this Agreement.




In consideration for this settlement, the class members were required to release all claims against

Lafarge relating to any alleged emissions from Lafarge’s Alpena plant that were, or could have been,

pleaded in the instant case. This release was to cover all damages or injuries — whether known or

unknown — except for “those claims of alleged personal injuries that were brought to the attention

of a health care provider by way of a personal visit prior to the date of this Agreement where either

the class member or the health care provider asserted, at the time of the visit, a causal connection

between the injury and an emission from the Defendant’s plant.”
                                                -5-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

       Of the $2.6 million settlement amount, Lafarge was to spend $700,000 on two capital

improvement projects: (1) upgrading the plant’s dust collection system, and (2) paving a parking lot

and road at the facility. The remaining $1.9 million of the settlement was to constitute the

Settlement Fund.


       From the Settlement Fund would be paid the attorneys’ fees and costs, the class

representatives’ banner awards, and the compensation to class members who submitted claims.

Having top priority were the fees and costs sought by the class counsel, which amounted to nearly

$670,000. Next, the class representatives would be paid banner awards of $20,000 each. Finally,

the remaining money would be paid to members of the settlement class who submitted a claim. The

proposed settlement agreement established a formula for determining how much these individuals

would recover. Their claims would be based on their “recognized claim.” A claimant’s recognized

claim was to be determined according to the location of their residence, whether they owned their

residence, and the portion of the class period during which they owned or resided in their residence.

The recognized claim for a claimant who both resided in and owned a “Qualifying Residence”3

throughout the class period was assumed to have a value of $1,000.4 If, throughout the class period,



       3
        “Qualifying Residence” was defined as: “(i) the primary residence in the City of Alpena
occupied by a Claimant and any members of his or her household during the Class Period; or (ii)
residential property owned by a Claimant.”
       4
        It seems as though the intent was to establish a baseline assumed value of $1,000 for all
claims. Otherwise, there would be no way to determine the value of the recognized claim for those
people who did not both reside in and own a Qualifying Residence since the proposed settlement
agreement does not establish an assumed value for people in that situation. Nevertheless, the plain
language of the agreement does not reflect the probable intent.
                                               -6-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

a claimant resided in and owned a Qualifying Residence that was outside the North Side Geographic

Area (“NSGA”),5 then the claimant’s recognized claim would be 100% of the assumed value of the

claim. See id. If, throughout the class period, a claimant owned a Qualifying Residence that was

outside the NSGA, but the claimant did not reside in the residence, then the claimant’s recognized

claim would be 50% of the assumed value of the claim.6 Likewise, a claimant would receive 50%

of the assumed value of their claim if, throughout the claim period, the claimant resided in a

Qualifying Residence that was outside the NSGA but did not own the residence.7 If a claimant lived

in or owned a Qualifying Residence in the NSGA, then the claimant would receive twice the amount

that the claimant would receive if the Qualifying Residence were not in the NSGA. Finally, if a

claimant lived in or owned a Qualifying Residence for less than the entire class period, the

claimant’s recognized claim would be reduced according to the proportion of days spent residing in

or owning a Qualifying Residence during the class period to the total number of days in the class

period.



          5
          The “North Side Geographic Area” was defined as “the geographic area defined by drawing
a line from Lake Huron along the northeast side of the Thunder Bay River to the east of the railroad
track that crosses the Thunder Bay River near 10th Street continuing on the track northeasterly to
Long Lake Road following the track thereafter southeasterly to Wessel and then southerly along
Wessel extending on a line through Ford Avenue to Lake Huron.” This represents the portion of
Alpena in closest proximity to the Lafarge cement plant.
          6
          As mentioned above in note 2, the proposed settlement agreement provided no mechanism
for determining the assumed value of a claim made by a person who did not both reside in and own
a Qualifying Residence throughout the class period. Therefore, interpreting the agreement literally,
it is not possible to determine the assumed value of a claim made by a claimant who did not both
own and reside in a Qualifying Residence.
          7
              See supra note 4.
                                               -7-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

       According to affidavits submitted to the district court, none of the class representatives were

invited to participate in the settlement negotiations or even notified that such negotiations were

taking place. Two of the original class representatives — Bleau and Hunter — say that they were

not shown a copy of the proposed settlement agreement until after it had been submitted to the

district court. Hunter says that he was first informed of the proposed settlement by class counsel in

May of 2006. He further says that he was told that each of the class representatives would receive

$5,000, but that the mercury emissions would not be remedied by the settlement. In response,

Hunter informed the class counsel that the class representative’s award was not enough, and that the

settlement needed to resolve the underlying pollution issues. Hunter says that the class counsel

informed Hunter that the mercury problem was not the class counsels’ issue.


       The third class representative, Olden, says that the class counsel initially informed her that

each class representative would receive $5,000, but that the amount was eventually raised to $20,000

each after she expressed disapproval of the settlement. She also says that she was shown the

proposed settlement agreement prior to its submission to the district court and that the class counsel

told her that the proposed settlement agreement would not be sent to the other class representatives

because it did not have to be sent to them. In addition, she says that the class counsel told her that

she should take the lead on the settlement for the good of the community, and that she signed the

proposed settlement agreement without really understanding what she was doing.


       When the proposed settlement agreement was submitted to the district court for preliminary

approval on June 20, 2006, it bore the signature of only one class representative, Julie Olden. On

                                                -8-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

June 28, 2006, the district court preliminarily approved the proposed settlement. In doing so, it

ordered that the class be redefined according to the definition provided in the proposed settlement

agreement, and it also concluded that the proposed settlement appeared “to be a fair result of arms

length negotiation that is likely to be in the best interest of [the] class members.” Shortly after this

preliminary approval, class representative Olden revoked her signature and her approval of the

proposed settlement. Additionally, class representatives Hunter and Bleau made a complaint against

the class counsel to the Michigan Attorney Grievance Commission.


       On August 7, 2006, attorney Christopher M. Bzdok made an entry of appearance on behalf

of the class representatives and 79 other class members. Bzdok simultaneously filed objections to

the proposed settlement agreement on behalf of those 82 individuals. These objections argued that

the proposed settlement agreement was unfair for seven reasons: (1) the settlement agreement did

not have the endorsement of any of the class representatives; (2) class counsel had not obtained any

expert opinions or engaged in formal discovery before negotiating the settlement; (3) the settlement

would, for minimal or no consideration, release all claims, even personal injury claims that had not

yet accrued; (4) the settlement arbitrarily expanded the class from people actually damaged by

Lafarge’s emissions to everyone in the City of Alpena; (5) the proposed settlement agreement forced

back into the class all class members who had previously opted out of the litigation and required

them to opt out again if they did not want to be part of the settlement; (6) the deadline to object to

the settlement was the same as the deadline to opt out; and (7) there was no justification given for

the requested attorneys’ fees.


                                                 -9-
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

        At the same time that the objections were being lodged, the class counsel were seeking to

replace the class representatives. On August 7, 2006, the class counsel filed a motion seeking to

withdraw as counsel for the original class representatives, and to remove Olden, Hunter, and Bleau

as class representatives and replace them with Carl Gardner, Clara Lewandowski, and Roland L.

McLennan. The class counsel argued that it was necessary to replace the class representatives

because their objections to the proposed settlement had “rendered them inadequate representatives

of the Class . . . .” The class counsel also alleged that the attorney-client relationship had

deteriorated to a point where they could no longer represent the class representatives. In support of

this argument, the class counsel pointed to the class representatives’ demands for more money, their

voicing of disapproval of the settlement in the local media, and Hunter’s and Bleau’s act of filing

a complaint with the Michigan Attorney Grievance Commission.


        In an opinion and order issued on January 29, 2007, the district court addressed the objections

and the class counsels’ motion to replace the class representatives. The district court overruled all

but the fifth objection — i.e., that the settlement impermissibly forced back into the class those who

had already opted out of the litigation. See Olden v. Lafarge Corp., 472 F. Supp. 2d 922, 940 (E.D.

Mich. 2007). As to the other six objections, the district found no problems. In overruling these

objections, the district court reasoned that: (1) the disapproval of the original class representatives

was not a sufficient reason for rejecting the settlement because the class counsels’ obligations ran

to the class as a whole rather than the class representatives; (2) through informal discovery, the class

counsel conducted sufficient investigation of the claims to prepare the case for trial or settlement;


                                                 - 10 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

(3) considering the significant possibility that the plaintiff class would lose at trial, a $2.6 million

settlement was not insufficient consideration for the release of the class members’ claims; (4) the

redefinition of the class to include all residents of Alpena resulted in a superior class definition

because it provided more objective criteria for identifying class members; (5) the class members’ due

process rights were not violated by the fact that the deadlines to object to the settlement and to opt

out of the litigation were the same; and (6) the objection to the class counsels’ request for fees and

costs was premature because such a request had not yet been made. See id. at 931-36. Despite

overruling six of the seven objections, the district court concluded that the entire settlement must be

rejected because of the unacceptable opt-out provision. See id. at 936-37. Although it refused to

approve the settlement, the district court did grant the class counsels’ motion to substitute Gardner,

Lewandowski, and McLennan as the class representatives. See id. at 939.


        After the rejection of the first proposed settlement agreement, the class counsel and the

defendant went back to the drawing board. On March 12, 2007, they jointly moved for preliminary

approval of an amended settlement agreement. The amended settlement agreement remedied the

opt-out problem that had sunk the previously proposed agreement, and it also reduced the class

representatives’ banner award from $20,000 each to $2,500 each. Other than these changes, the

amended settlement agreement was virtually identical to the original. The district court preliminarily

approved the amended settlement agreement on April 6, 2007. On May 29, 2007, Olden, Bleau,

Hunter, and 67 other individuals renewed their objections and requested attorney’s fees and costs.

Along with their objections, they submitted an affidavit from Alexander J. Sagady, an expert whom


                                                 - 11 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

they had retained for the purpose of demonstrating that there were serious environmental and health

risks that were not addressed by the amended settlement agreement. On June 12, 2007, the district

court granted final approval for the amended settlement agreement. See Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.,

No. 99-10176, 2007 WL 1695609 (E.D. Mich. June 12, 2007). In its opinion, the district court also

rejected Bzdok’s request for attorney’s fees because the district court found that his “work did not

produce a beneficial result for the class.” See id. at *7. In upholding the settlement, the district court

rejected the objections on the basis of the reasoning contained in its earlier opinion. See id. at *6-*7.


        On July 6, 2007, a notice of appeal was filed on behalf of 64 objectors. At this point,

however, only 57 objectors (i.e., the “Objectors”) are still involved in the case. On appeal, the

Objectors contest the fairness of the settlement, and they also argue that the original class

representatives should not have been replaced, and that the district court should not have denied their

counsel’s request for attorney’s fees and costs. With respect to the fairness of the settlement, the

Objectors argue that the amended settlement agreement should have been rejected because: (1) it

provided insufficient consideration for an overly broad release of claims against Lafarge; (2) the

class counsel negotiated the settlement without having the benefit of expert opinions or formal

discovery; (3) the amended settlement agreement was disapproved by the original class

representatives and many other class members; and (4) the risks of trial did not weigh in favor of the

settlement.




                                                  - 12 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

                                                   II.


        Before approving a class action settlement, a district court must conclude that the settlement

is “fair, reasonable, and adequate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2). A district court’s decision in this regard

is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See UAW v. Gen. Motors Corp., 497 F.3d 615, 625 (6th Cir.

2007). In evaluating the fairness of a settlement, this court considers these factors:


        (1) the risk of fraud or collusion; (2) the complexity, expense and likely duration of
        the litigation; (3) the amount of discovery engaged in by the parties; (4) the
        likelihood of success on the merits; (5) the opinions of class counsel and class
        representatives; (6) the reaction of absent class members; and (7) the public interest.


Id. at 631 (citing Granada Invs., Inc. v. DWG Corp., 962 F.2d 1203, 1205 (6th Cir. 1992); Williams

v. Vukovich, 720 F.2d 909, 922-23 (6th Cir. 1983)). Some of these considerations support the

settlement agreement at issue, and some do not. While some of the relevant factors certainly weigh

against approving the settlement, it cannot be said that the settlement agreement is unfair,

unreasonable, or inadequate, given the deference owed to the district court.


        Weighing in favor of the settlement are the second, fourth, and sixth factors — i.e., the

complexity, expense, and likely duration of the litigation; the lack of great likelihood of success on

the merits; and the reaction of absent class members. First, the complexity, expense, and likely

duration of the litigation weigh in favor of the settlement because, if this case had gone to trial, it

most likely would have been a lengthy proceeding involving complex scientific proof. The experts

necessary to present — and defendant against — such proof would undoubtedly have been expensive


                                                 - 13 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

for both sides. Following the trial, there would most likely have been an appeal that would have

required an additional investment of substantial resources and time. These considerations suggest

that settling the case was an efficient and reasonable decision.


        In addition, the reaction of absent class members — i.e., those class members other than the

class representatives — cuts in favor of the settlement agreement as well. Out of nearly 11,000

absent class members, only 79 objected to the settlement, and only 54 are involved in this appeal.

Although this is not clear evidence of class-wide approval of the settlement, it does permit the

inference that most of the class members had no qualms with it. This tends to support a finding that

the settlement is fair.


        Further, the plaintiff class’s likelihood of success on the merits does not appear to have been

especially good. It would have been difficult to prove that any injuries suffered by the class

members were caused by the Lafarge plant rather than one of several other industrial facilities in the

area. It is difficult, though, to evaluate the likelihood of success on the merits in light of the class

counsels’ failure, as discussed below, to conduct any discovery or obtain expert opinions on the

issues of causation, negligence, or damages. Thus, while this factor weighs in favor of the

settlement, it does so only marginally.


        Counseling against the settlement, on the other hand, are the first, third, fifth, and seventh

factors — i.e., the risk of fraud or collusion; the limited amount of discovery engaged in by the

parties; the opinions of the original class representatives; and the public interest.


                                                 - 14 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

       The factor that weighs against the settlement most heavily is the limited amount of discovery

engaged in by the parties. In this case, the class counsel negotiated the settlement agreement without

first obtaining any expert opinions or engaging in formal discovery. Obtaining expert opinions and

engaging in formal discovery are usually essential to establishing a level playing field in the

settlement arena because it enables the class counsel to develop the merits of their case. See In re

Gen. Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel Tank Prods. Liability Litig., 55 F.3d 768, 813-14 (3d Cir.

1995). Indeed, without expert opinions or formal discovery, the class counsel could not have had

much — if any — evidence on the issues of causation, negligence, or damages. Without such

evidence, the class counsel could not have entered into the settlement negotiations with much more

than an uneducated guess as to the merits of the case and the propriety and fair value of a settlement.

This undoubtedly weakened the class counsels’ ability to advocate effectively for the plaintiff class

during settlement negotiations and therefore suggests that the settlement was not fair, reasonable,

and adequate. Cf. In re Corrugated Container Antitrust Litig., 643 F.2d 195, 211 (5th Cir. 1981)

(“Of course, if the record points unmistakably toward the conclusion that the settlement was the

product of uneducated guesswork, a court may be acting within its discretion in disapproving the

agreement without ever considering whether the agreement’s terms are adequate.”). Moreover, the

failure to obtain such evidence likely weakened the bargaining position of the class counsel since

their lack of preparation for trial would have prevented them from using “the threat of litigation to

press for a better offer.” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1021 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting

Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 621 (1997)). Although formal discovery and expert

opinions are not necessary conditions for the approval of a settlement, see In re Corrugated

                                                - 15 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

Container Antitrust Litig., 643 F.2d at 211, their absence in this case suggests that class counsel may

not have obtained the best agreement possible for the plaintiff class.


       It is true that the class counsel in this case acquired substantial amounts of information

through informal discovery methods, such as FOIA requests, but this information did not provide

much information on which to negotiate a settlement. Although the information provided significant

documentation of Lafarge’s pollution of the environment around Alpena, it provided virtually no

evidence on the issues of causation, negligence, or damages. It is true that a Public Health

Assessment conducted by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry touched on the

issue of causation. However, that report did not support the plaintiffs’ claims. Therefore, the class

counsel would have been well advised to seek another expert opinion to counter-balance the Public

Health Assessment. Ironically, the only expert to offer an opinion on behalf of any of the plaintiffs

was Alexander J. Sagady, who was retained by the Objectors. Sagady reviewed the publicly

available information and opined that, in the absence of a Multi-Pathway Risk Assessment, one

would have to assume that the Lafarge plant’s mercury emissions presented a significant public

health concern.


       The class counsel suggest that this court should defer to the class counsels’ belief that they

had sufficiently investigated their claims to allow for fair settlement negotiations, but the

circumstances of this case do not provide much of a basis for deference. Under ordinary conditions,

this court “should defer to the judgment of experienced counsel who has competently evaluated the

strength of his proofs.” Williams v. Vukovich, 720 F.2d 909, 922-23 (6th Cir. 1983) (citing Stotts

                                                - 16 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

v. Memphis Fire Dept., 679 F.2d 541, 554 (6th Cir. 1982); Cotton v. Hinton, 559 F.2d 1326, 1330

(5th Cir. 1977); Flinn v. FMC Corp., 528 F.2d 1169, 1173 (4th Cir. 1975)). However, “the

deference afforded counsel should correspond to the amount of discovery completed and the

character of the evidence uncovered.” Id. at 923 (citing Flinn, 528 F.2d at 1173; Women’s Comm.

v. Nat’l Broad. Co., 76 F.R.D. 173, 176 (S.D.N.Y. 1977)). Because the class counsel conducted

virtually no discovery related to the crucial issues of causation, negligence, and damages, their

arguments are entitled to little deference.


       Further militating against the settlement is the risk of collusion. The specter of collusion

between the class counsel and Lafarge is present here, just as it is “in every situation where class

counsel is allowed to prosecute an action and negotiate settlement terms without meaningful

oversight by the class representative.” In re Cal. Micro Devices Sec. Litig., 168 F.R.D. 257, 262

(N.D. Cal. 1996). In this case, the original class representatives provided no meaningful oversight

of the class counsel during the settlement negotiations. In fact, the evidence indicates that the

original class representatives were not even aware of the negotiations until after they had concluded.

Although there is no direct evidence of any collusion, the issue is raised by the original class

representatives’ complete lack of involvement in the settlement process and their corresponding

inability to oversee the class counsel. On the other hand, the possibility of collusion is called into

question by the fact that an experienced mediator concluded prior to the settlement negotiations that

a fair settlement would involve a total value of $1.8 million, which is $800,000 less than the

settlement value eventually agreed upon. The mediator’s recommendation, however, does not


                                                - 17 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

completely eliminate the possibility that there was collusion, because it is not clear why the mediator

considered that to be a fair settlement value. Therefore, the risk of collusion weighs against the

settlement, albeit only marginally.


        Also weighing against the settlement is the opinion of the original class representatives,

which is decidedly negative. One could argue that the opinion of the original class representatives

is cancelled out by the positive opinion of the class counsel, but, as explained above, the class

counsels’ failure to conduct discovery on critical issues diminishes the deference that is owed to their

opinion.


        The public interest also appears to counsel against the settlement. The settlement agreement

does not entirely comport with the public interest since it does not address the most significant

environmental hazards created by the Lafarge plant, such as mercury emissions. However, this only

slightly weighs against the settlement. Settlements are compromises, and therefore, plaintiffs cannot

get everything they want.


        Finally, the Objectors also argue that the settlement is unfair because it requires an overly

broad release of claims on the part of the class members. This objection is not well taken. Like any

other settlement, this one requires the plaintiffs to release their claims against the defendant. The

release covers all claims against Lafarge — even those that were unknown or had not accrued at the

time of settlement — relating to any alleged emissions from Lafarge’s Alpena plant that were, or

could have been, pleaded in the instant case. Specifically, the release covers claims based on


                                                 - 18 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

“alleged airborne pollution, emissions, releases, spills and discharges, exposure to hazardous

substances, air contaminants, toxic pollutants, particulate, or odors [emanating from the Alpena

plant].” Because such claims have an identical factual predicate as the claims pled in the complaint,

no problem is posed by their release. See Williams v. Gen. Elec. Capital Auto Lease, Inc., 159 F.3d

266, 273-74 (7th Cir. 1998) (quoting Class Plaintiffs v. City of Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1287 (9th Cir.

1992)). Therefore, the release does not call for a finding of unfairness.8


       Evaluating all of these factors together, it is a close call as to whether the district court should

have approved the settlement agreement. The district court is much nearer to this case than we are,

and where the balance is close, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in finding

the settlement to be fair, reasonable, and adequate.


                                                   III.


       Although we ultimately conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

replacing the original class representatives, this is a close question in this case and we may well have

made a different decision if we were the trial judges. Replacing class representatives for objecting

to a proposed settlement appears inconsistent with the theory of class representatives. Class

representatives are expected to protect the interests of the class. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). This



       8
         Following oral argument, the Objectors sought to strengthen their arguments by filing a
citation of supplemental authority pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 28(j), drawing the court’s attention
to Woodman v. KERA, LLC, ___ N.W.2d ___, Nos. 275079/275882, 2008 WL 3355624 (Mich. Ct.
App. Aug. 12, 2008). Review of Woodman does not alter our conclusion that this settlement has not
been shown to be unfair.
                                               - 19 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

requires that the class representatives exercise some oversight of the class counsel so as to avoid

simply turning the conduct of the case over to the class counsel. See Bovee v. Coopers & Lybrand,

216 F.R.D. 596, 615 (S.D. Ohio 2003). Oversight from the class representatives is particularly

important in the context of settlements. See In re Cal. Micro Devices Sec. Litig., 168 F.R.D. at 262

(risk of unfair settlement is greater when negotiations are carried out “without meaningful oversight

by class representative”). These principles suggest that class representatives should not be removed

from their positions as class representatives simply because they have attempted to fulfill their duty

to protect the interests of the class. Nevertheless, the law allows class representatives to be replaced

when events occurring after class certification have rendered them inadequate, see 5 James Wm.

Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 23.25[6], and the law also recognizes that the development

of a conflict of interest between the class representatives and the other class members may be

sufficient to render the original class representatives inadequate. See Heit v. Van Ochten, 126 F.

Supp. 2d 487, 495 (W.D. Mich. 2001); cf. UAW, 497 F.3d at 626 (absence of conflicts of interest is

important consideration in determining adequacy of class representatives). In this case, the district

court found that the original class representatives’ objections to the settlement created a conflict of

interest between them and the rest of the class, and the Objectors — whose argument focuses on the

inadequacy of the new class representatives — have not shown that finding to be an abuse of

discretion. Therefore, we uphold the district court’s decision in this regard.




                                                 - 20 -
No. 07-1953
Gardner v. Lafarge Corp.

                                                  IV.


        The district court also acted without abusing its discretion by refusing to award fees and costs

to the Objectors’ attorney. Fees and costs may be awarded to the counsel for objectors to a class

action settlement if the work of the counsel produced a beneficial result for the class. See Fed. R.

Civ. P. 23, Committee Notes to Subdivision (h); In re Cardinal Health, Inc. Sec. Litig., 550 F. Supp.

2d 751, 753 (S.D. Ohio 2008) (citing Vizcaino v. Microsoft Corp., 290 F.3d 1043, 1051 (9th Cir.

2002); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. Sales Practices Litig., 273 F. Supp. 2d 563, 565 (D.N.J.

2003)). In this case, the district court found that the work of the Objectors’ counsel did not produce

such a result for the class. Gardner, 2007 WL 1695609, at *7. This finding was not an abuse of

discretion because, with the settlement agreement still in place, it is not apparent that the district

court’s finding was wrong. The Objectors argue that their counsel conferred a benefit upon the class

by causing the removal of the unfair opt-out provision from the settlement agreement. However, it

is not clear that this conferred any benefit on the class. One may argue that this reduced the size of

the class and thereby increased the amount of money recovered by each plaintiff, but there is no

indication that those who had previously opted out would not have done so again. As a result, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the Objectors’ counsel did not produce

a beneficial result for the class.


                                                  V.


        For the foregoing reasons, the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                 - 21 -
