           Case: 19-10285   Date Filed: 10/30/2019   Page: 1 of 4


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 19-10285
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                       Agency No. A070-896-774



SAGAR RISHAN,

                                                                      Petitioner,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                    Respondent.

                      ________________________

                 Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                      Board of Immigration Appeals
                       ________________________

                            (October 30, 2019)

Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
                Case: 19-10285       Date Filed: 10/30/2019       Page: 2 of 4


                                               I.

       Rishan Sagar,1 a native and citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, petitions for

review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision affirming the

denial of his second motion to reopen his removal proceedings. The BIA found

that this second petition was untimely and impermissibly successive because he did

not prove that country conditions had materially changed in his home country of

Trinidad and Tobago since his initial removal hearing in 2001.

       We dismiss the petition because (1) we do not have jurisdiction to review the

BIA’s factual determinations regarding the timeliness and sufficiency of proof of

changed country conditions, and (2) Sagar’s Eighth Amendment claim is meritless.

                                               II.

       This appeal primarily involves two statutes. These statutes, when taken

together, make the outcome of this case as simple as basic arithmetic.

       The first statute involved is 8 U.S.C. § 1252, 2 which restricts our jurisdiction

when an alien, such as Sagar, is removable from the country because he committed

an aggravated felony. Linton v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 756 F. App’x 913, 916 (11th Cir.

2018) (“[T]his Court lacks jurisdiction to review . . . the denial of a motion to


       1
          The case caption lists appellant’s name as Sagar Rishan because the administrative
record lists his name as Sagar Rishan. In his brief, appellant refers to himself as Rishan Sagar,
which we assume is his correct name.
        2
          The statute provides: “[N]o court shall have jurisdiction to review any final order of
removal against an alien who is removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense
covered in [8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii)]”—i.e., aggravated felonies. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C).
                                                2
                Case: 19-10285       Date Filed: 10/30/2019      Page: 3 of 4


reopen where, as here, the person is removable because he committed an

aggravated felony.”); see Patel v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 334 F.3d 1259, 1262 (11th Cir.

2003) (finding that motions to reopen are subject to § 1252(a)(2)(C)’s jurisdiction

stripping provision). In such cases, we only have jurisdiction to review questions

of law and constitutional challenges, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), meaning that we do

not have jurisdiction to review factual determinations.

       The second statute involved is 8 U.S.C. § 1229a, which as applied here only

allows an alien to file untimely and successive motions if he proves that the

conditions in his home country have materially changed since his original removal

and that he could not previously have proven such a change.3

       The determinations of (1) the timeliness of a motion to reopen, and (2) the

sufficiency of the evidence of previously unpresentable, materially changed

country conditions, are factual. See Linton, 756 F. App’x at 916 (“[T]he BIA

denied [petitioner’s] motion on . . . independent and sufficient grounds. Namely,

the BIA grounded its denial in factual determinations that [petitioner’s] motion

was untimely and [that petitioner] had not sufficiently shown changed country



       3
          Ordinarily, “[a]n alien may file one motion to reopen proceedings” within 90 days of
the final administrative order. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(i) (emphasis added). But an
alien can file additional motions without time constraints if he seeks reopening to apply for
withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8
C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(i). Such motions must show evidence of changed country conditions in
the home country that are material and could not have been produced at the previous hearing. 8
U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(i).
                                               3
              Case: 19-10285     Date Filed: 10/30/2019   Page: 4 of 4


conditions.”) (emphasis added); see also Pepaj v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 725, 727 (6th

Cir. 2007) (concluding that the Court had no appellate jurisdiction over the factual

determination of whether petitioner had demonstrated changed country conditions).

Therefore, because we lack jurisdiction over factual determinations here because

Sagar committed an aggravated felony, we do not have jurisdiction to review the

BIA’s dismissal of Sagar’s petition as untimely or insufficient.

       However, we do have jurisdiction over Sagar’s constitutional claims. 8

U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). Sagar argues that his removal violates the Eighth

Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. He is incorrect.

       “The cruel and unusual punishment clause only protects individuals who

have been convicted of crimes. . . . Because immigration proceedings are not

criminal and do not constitute punishment, [petitioner’s] argument that his removal

to [his home country] will violate the Eighth Amendment lacks merit.” Cadet v.

Bulger, 377 F.3d 1173, 1196 (11th Cir. 2004). Accordingly, Sagar is not entitled

to relief.

       PETITION DISMISSED.




                                          4
