          United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


Nos. 14-1382
     14-1774

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Appellee,

                                v.

                  MEI JUAN ZHANG; MEI YA ZHANG,

                     Defendants, Appellants.



          APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                    FOR THE DISTRICT OF MAINE

        [Hon. John A. Woodcock, Jr., U.S. District Judge]


                              Before

                        Lynch, Chief Judge,
               Howard and Thompson, Circuit Judges.


     Neil L. Fishman on brief for appellant Mei Juan Zhang.
     Joanne T. Petito and Mirsky & Petito on brief for appellant
Mei Ya Zhang.
     Thomas E. Delahanty II, United States Attorney, and Margaret
D. McGaughey, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for
appellee.


                          June 15, 2015
             LYNCH, Chief Judge.         These two appeals present two

questions of first impression in this circuit: (1) whether, given

the language of the Mandatory Victim Restitution Act (MVRA), 18

U.S.C. § 3663A, the United States (through one of its agencies) is

a "victim" for purposes of the MVRA; and (2) if so, whether the

amount of restitution imposed under the MVRA should be offset by

the value of property forfeited to the Attorney General under 18

U.S.C. § 982.     We hold, in agreement with every circuit to have

considered these issues, that the United States is a "victim"

within the meaning of § 3663A, and that a restitution award may

not be offset by the value of property forfeited to the Attorney

General.     We affirm the restitution orders imposed by the district

court.

                                    I.

             Only those facts necessary to frame the issues are

presented.     Defendants Mei Ya Zhang and Mei Juan Zhang are sisters

who each managed Chinese restaurants in Maine where undocumented

immigrants    were   employed. 1   Mei     Juan   Zhang   managed   a   buffet

restaurant in Waterville, Maine ("the Waterville Buffet"), and



     1    Mei Juan Zhang came to the United States at age 13 in
the late 1990s and worked at various relatives' restaurants until
2007, when she and her husband moved to Maine to work at the
Waterville Buffet.   Mei Ya Zhang moved to the United States in
1995 and also worked at various relatives' restaurants for most of
her adult life.

                                   - 2 -
assisted in transporting the restaurant's employees back and forth

from a "safe house" in Waterville where the employees lived.                      She

admitted that she was responsible for hiring new employees and

that she knew some of the individuals she hired were not authorized

to work in the United States.

             Similarly, Mei Ya Zhang managed a buffet restaurant in

Brewer,     Maine    ("the     Brewer     Buffet").       She    admitted       being

responsible for the hiring of new employees, some of whom she knew

were not authorized to work in the United States.                      She also was

in charge of the "Brewer Safe House" where some of the Brewer

Buffet's undocumented employees lived.

             Defendants' uncle, Zi Qian Zhang, was apparently the

mastermind behind the hiring of the undocumented immigrants.                       At

the time defendants were charged, he was the owner of the Brewer

Buffet and the previous owner of the Waterville Buffet.                            He

arranged    for     the    undocumented     immigrants    to    be    sent   to   the

restaurants and hired.

             Defendants were charged with conspiracy to harbor and

aiding and abetting the harboring of illegal aliens for commercial

advantage      and        private    financial        gain,     see      8     U.S.C.

§ 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii), (v), (B)(i); conspiracy to launder money,

see   18   U.S.C.    §    1956(a),   (h);    and   conspiracy     to    file    false

employer's    quarterly       tax    returns    with    the     Internal     Revenue


                                        - 3 -
Service, see 18 U.S.C. § 371.     The basis of the last charge was

defendants' failure to include the cash compensation paid to the

undocumented immigrants on the restaurants' tax returns, which in

turn resulted in an underpayment of federal employment taxes to

the IRS.    The charging documents for both defendants included a

notice of forfeiture pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 982, which included

any property that derived from or was used to facilitate the

offenses.    The government in fact seized $18,529.66 from two bank

accounts related to the Waterville Buffet, and the Attorney General

retained those funds as forfeiture proceeds. 2       See 18 U.S.C.

§ 982(b)(1); 21 U.S.C. § 853(g), (i).

            Both defendants pled guilty to all three charged counts.

The district court sentenced Mei Ya Zhang to 15 months imprisonment

and Mei Juan Zhang to 14 months imprisonment.        Both sentences

represented downward variances from the applicable guidelines

range.

            At sentencing for each defendant, the district court

held that the MVRA, 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, required it to issue an

order of restitution compelling defendants to pay to the IRS the




     2     See United States v. $153,066.03 in United States
Currency, No. 2:12-cv-00123-GZS (D. Me.), Compl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 1
(stating that the government seized $6,529.66 from the "Waterville
Operating Account" and $12,000 from the "Waterville Business
Account").

                                - 4 -
taxes wrongfully withheld as a result of defendants' failure to

report   the   compensation   paid   to    the   undocumented   workers    at

defendants' restaurants.      The court ordered Mei Ya Zhang and Mei

Juan Zhang to pay $88,087 and $54,288, respectively, in restitution

to the IRS.    The court did not offset Mei Juan Zhang's restitution

obligation by the forfeiture proceeds that the government had

seized from the Waterville Buffet bank accounts.

                                     II.

           On appeal, both defendants argue that the district court

erred in ordering restitution because the United States is not a

"victim" for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3663A.            Mei Juan Zhang also

argues that the district court should have offset the restitution

award by the amount of the forfeiture and that its failure to do

so resulted in "an impermissible windfall for the government."             We

bypass the arguments by the government that each defendant either

waived or forfeited these arguments, and turn to the merits.              Cf.

United States v. Pitrone, 115 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir. 1997).

A.         Whether the United States is Eligible to be a "Victim"
           Under the MVRA

           The   MVRA   provides   for     mandatory   restitution   to   the

victims of certain crimes, including, as relevant here, offenses

against property which are "committed by fraud or deceit."                 18

U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1), (c)(1)(A)(ii).         The statute defines "victim"



                                   - 5 -
as "a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the

commission of an offense for which restitution may be ordered."

Id. § 3663A(a)(2).        Defendants argue this term should not be

construed to include the United States because the Dictionary Act,

1 U.S.C. § 1, does not include the government in its definition of

"person," nor does the ordinary meaning of the word "person"

include the government.       Cf. United States v. United Mine Workers

of Am., 330 U.S. 258, 275 (1947) ("In common usage that term

["person"] does not include the sovereign, and statutes employing

it will ordinarily not be construed to do so.").

              This argument has been rejected by every court to have

considered it, and rightfully so.            The definitions contained in

the Dictionary Act apply "unless the context [of the statute]

indicates otherwise."        1 U.S.C. § 1.     Under Rowland v. California

Men's Colony, 506 U.S. 194 (1993), "context" as used in 1 U.S.C.

§ 1 "means the text of the Act of Congress surrounding the word at

issue,   or    the   texts    of   other    related   congressional   Acts."

Rowland, 506 U.S. at 199-200.              And the context here indicates

unequivocally that the word "person," as used in the MVRA, includes

the government.      The enforcement provision of the MVRA explicitly

recognizes the government as a possible victim.            See 18 U.S.C. §

3664(i) ("In any case in which the United States is a victim, the

court shall ensure that all other victims receive full restitution


                                     - 6 -
before the United States receives any restitution." (emphasis

added)).       "[N]othing   indicates       that        Congress    intended       two

different meanings when it used the same word ["victim"] in §§

3663A and 3664(i) -- related provisions adopted at the same time

and codified in serial sections in the United States Code."                   United

States v. Ekanem, 383 F.3d 40, 43 (2d Cir. 2004); accord United

States v. Turner, 718 F.3d 226, 236 (3d Cir. 2013); United States

v. Mateos, 623 F.3d 1350, 1370 (11th Cir. 2010) (O'Connor, J.);

United States v. Senty-Haugen, 449 F.3d 862, 865 (8th Cir. 2006);

United States v. Lincoln, 277 F.3d 1112, 1113-14 (9th Cir. 2002);

see also United States v. Sánchez-Maldonado, 737 F.3d 826, 828

(1st Cir. 2013) (characterizing the FBI as a "victim" under § 3663A

on   plain    error   review).         Indeed,     if     we     defined    "victim"

differently,    one   wonders    how    § 3664(i)        could    ever     serve   any

purpose.     See Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174 (2001) (noting

that courts must, if possible, give meaning to every portion of a

statute).3

             We join our sister circuits in holding that the United




     3    Mei Juan Zhang's argument that the United States is not
an "identifiable victim," see 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1)(B)
(providing that the MVRA applies to proceedings "in which an
identifiable victim or victims has suffered a physical injury or
pecuniary loss"), fails for the same reason.      Section 3664(i)
clearly contemplates that the United States and its agencies are
"identifiable."

                                   - 7 -
States may be a "victim" for purposes of the MVRA.      The district

court did not err in ordering restitution to the IRS.

B.           Whether a Restitution Award May Be Offset By Forfeiture
             Proceeds

             We start with an explanation of where forfeited monies

go, before addressing the offset question.      The Attorney General

has the responsibility for disposing of funds seized under the

criminal forfeiture statute.     See 18 U.S.C. § 982(b)(1) (providing

that the criminal forfeiture of property is governed by 21 U.S.C.

§ 853, which gives the Attorney General the authority to "direct

the disposition of the property by sale or any other commercially

feasible means, making due provision for the rights of any innocent

persons," id. § 853(h)).     "Although the Attorney General and the

IRS are both part of the federal government, they are distinct

entities."     United States v. Joseph, 743 F.3d 1350, 1356 (11th

Cir. 2014) (per curiam).

             We join the analysis set forth in the Eleventh Circuit's

opinion in Joseph.       There, the defendant, who, as here, had

defrauded the IRS, argued that he was entitled to an offset of his

ordered restitution amount by the value of currency seized by the

government "which were the proceeds of [his] fraud."     Id. at 1352.

The Joseph court held that, under the plain language of the MVRA,

the district court had no authority to order such an offset, at



                                 - 8 -
least where there was no evidence that the victim had received the

value of the forfeited property.      Id. at 1353-56 & n.4.    The court

explained that "the MVRA requires a district court to 'order

restitution to each victim in the full amount of each victim's

losses as determined by the court and without consideration of the

economic circumstances of the defendant.'"        Id. at 1354 (quoting

18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A)).         Moreover, a restitution order is

required "in addition to . . . any other penalty authorized by

law," id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1)), such as an order of

forfeiture under 18 U.S.C. § 982.

           At least five other circuits have reached the same

conclusion.   See United States v. Reese, 509 F. App'x 494, 500

(6th Cir. 2012); United States v. Martinez, 610 F.3d 1216, 1230-

32 (10th Cir. 2010); United States v. Taylor, 582 F.3d 558, 566-

68 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam); United States v. Bright, 353 F.3d

1114, 1120-23 (9th Cir. 2004); United States v. Alalade, 204 F.3d

536, 540 (4th Cir. 2000).        Like the Martinez court, "[c]onvinced

by the reasoning of our sister circuits, we conclude that the plain

language of the MVRA . . . prohibits a district court from

considering   the   value   of    defendant's   forfeited   property   in

initially determining the full amount of restitution."         610 F.3d

at 1232.   No offset is appropriate, at least where, as here, the




                                   - 9 -
victim has not received any of the forfeiture proceeds.4

                 The district court correctly concluded that, on the

facts       of   this   case,   it   was    without   authority   to   offset   the

restitution Mei Juan Zhang owed by the amount seized from the

Waterville Buffet bank accounts.5

                                            III.

                 We affirm.




        4 We need not address whether a defendant's restitution
obligation may be offset by the value of forfeited property that
the defendant's victim has actually received, because here there
is no indication that the forfeited funds seized from the
Waterville Buffet bank accounts were disbursed to the victim, the
IRS. See Bright, 353 F.3d at 1122-23 ("[W]hatever offsets might
be due when a defendant's funds have been forfeited and paid to
the victims -- an issue we do not decide -- the MVRA provisions
above make clear that funds the victims have not received cannot
reduce or offset the amount of losses the defendant is required to
repay.").

        5 This conclusion holds even assuming that Mei Juan Zhang
actually had an interest in the money held in those accounts, a
point which the government disputes.

                                           - 10 -
