                                                                              FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                OCT 09 2013

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


GEORGE PFAU; SUSIE PFAU; DAN                     No. 12-35400
DONOVAN, individually and on behalf of
all others similarly situated,                   D.C. No. 9:11-cv-00072-SEH

              Plaintiffs - Appellants,
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
  v.

GREG MORTENSON; CENTRAL ASIA
INSTITUTE, a corporation; PENGUIN
GROUP (USA), INC.; DAVID OLIVER
RELIN; MC CONSULTING, INC.,

              Defendants - Appellees.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of Montana
                    Sam E. Haddon, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted October 7, 2013**
                               Portland, Oregon

Before: SILVERMAN, W. FLETCHER, and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges.



        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
        **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      Plaintiffs George Pfau, Susie Pfau, and Dan Donovan appeal from the

district court’s dismissal with prejudice of their Fourth Amended Complaint. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm.

      We review de novo dismissals pursuant to Rules 9(b) and 12(b)(6) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp., 317 F.3d 1097, 1102

(9th Cir. 2003). We review a denial of permanent injunctive relief for abuse of

discretion. Gentala v. City of Tucson, 213 F.3d 1055, 1060 (9th Cir. 2000). We

review a district court’s dismissal of a complaint with prejudice for abuse of

discretion. Okwu v. McKim, 682 F.3d 841, 844 (9th Cir. 2012).

      The district court properly dismissed the complaint. Plaintiffs’ conclusory

statements and minimal factual allegations do not satisfy Rule 9(b)’s requirement

that fraud claims be pleaded with particularity. See Vess, 317 F.3d at 1106.

      Plaintiffs’ fraud-based RICO claims do not adequately plead the required

elements. See Grimmett v. Brown, 75 F.3d 506, 510 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing

Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., Inc., 473 U.S. 479, 496 (1985)). Plaintiffs fail to

allege that the purported misrepresentations caused their injuries. They also fail to

specify with the requisite particularity Defendants’ individual roles in the alleged

racketeering scheme, see Lancaster Cmty. Hosp. V. Antelope Valley Hosp. Dist.,

940 F.2d 397, 405 (9th Cir. 1991), to plead an enterprise theory, or to properly


                                          2
plead the predicate acts of mail or wire fraud.

      Plaintiffs’ fraud and deceit claims fail to state more than conclusory

allegations. The breach-of-contract and breach-of-implied-contract claims fail

because Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged all the elements of a valid contract

under Montana law. See Mont. Code Ann §§ 28-2-102, 28-2-103, 28-3-103.

      Because of the defects in the RICO and common-law fraud, deceit, and

contract claims, the district court was also correct to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims for

unjust enrichment, injunctive relief, an accounting, class status, punitive damages,

and damages against Penguin on a theory of principal liability.

      Finally, the district court acted within its discretion in dismissing the

complaint and denying leave to amend. Plaintiffs have already had multiple

opportunities to amend, even after the defects in the pleadings were identified in

extensive briefing on motions to amend and dismiss the Third Amended

Complaint.

      AFFIRMED.




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