                                                                                                FILED
                                                                                           COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                              DIVISION II

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    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II



STATE OF WASHINGTON,
                              Respondent,                           No. 43668 -0 -II


       v.                                                      PUBLISHED OPINION


KODY MICHAEL CHIPMAN,
                              Appellant.




       MAXA, J. —   Kody Michael Chipman appeals a restitution order entered after the 180 -day

deadline the legislature established in RCW 9. 94A.753( 1).   The State argues that the order is


valid because it modifies a timely restitution order regarding another victim. We disagree, and

reverse.




                                              FACTS


       On March 31, 2011, Chipman recklessly drove a vehicle that struck two men on foot:

Dee Cooper and Daniel Kitchings. Both men sustained serious injuries. The State charged


Chipman with three crimes: count I for vehicular assault against Cooper, count II for vehicular

assault against Kitchings, and count III for hit and run. He was convicted on all counts. At his


sentencing on October 26, 2011, the trial court reserved the restitution issue.



1 A commissioner of this court initially considered this appeal as a motion on the merits under
RAP 18. 14 and then referred it to a panel of judges.
No. 43668 -0 -II



       On April 9, 2012, the trial court held a restitution hearing to establish the amount

Chipman owed to Kitchings, the victim identified in count II. On the day of the hearing, the

State also informed Chipman that it would be seeking restitution for Cooper, the victim in count

I. The following day the trial court entered an agreed order setting the amount owed to

Kitchings, but the order did not address Cooper.


       RCW 9. 94A.753( 1) requires the trial court to determine the amount of restitution due


within 180 days of sentencing. On April 26, 2012, the State moved for an order tolling the

restitution time period, mistakenly believing that the 180 -day period would expire on April 27.

In fact, the State later learned that the period actually had expired on April 23. The court granted

the motion to allow counsel to appear and argue whether the State was still able to seek


restitution for Cooper.


       At a May 24, 2012, hearing the State acknowledged that the 180 -day period had expired

before it filed its motion to toll. Chipman argued that because the State did not move to toll the


180 -day period before its expiration, it could no longer seek restitution for Cooper. He further

argued that Cooper' s restitution request was not merely an amendment or modification of the

previously entered restitution order for Kitchings because

       Mr. Cooper' s claim is a separate claim. Mr. Chipman' s commission of a vehicular
       assault upon Mr. Cooper was a separately punishable act under the vehicular
        assault statute, was, therefore, a different unit of prosecution for Mr. Kitchings'
        case. Everything is different from Mr. Kitchings' claim, from the parties to the
        injury, to the healthcare providers.

Report of Proceedings ( RP) (   May 24, 2012) at 7.

        The trial court ruled that even though the State had filed its request to toll the time period


after the 180 -day period expired, there was " good cause for the matter to be set out beyond the

180 -day period." RP ( May 24, 2012) at 11. Further, the court ruled that State' s request for

                                                   2
No. 43668 -0 -II



restitution for Cooper was an amendment of the timely- entered Kitchings restitution order, and

therefore that " the previous order is sufficient to give this Court jurisdiction."   RP ( May 24,

2012) at 13.


        On June 14, 2012, the parties appeared for an evidentiary hearing to determine the

amount of restitution for Cooper, and the court set the amount at $ 54,453. 64. Chipman appeals.


                                               ANALYSIS


A.      TIME LIMIT UNDER RCW 9. 94A.753( 1)


       The trial court' s ability to impose restitution derives from statutory authority. State v.

Gray, 174 Wn.2d 920, 924, 280 P. 3d 1110 ( 2012). As a result, failure to comply with the

provisions of the statute authorizing restitution voids a restitution order. State v. Johnson, 96

Wn. App. 813, 815, 981 P. 2d 25 ( 1999). We review interpretation of the restitution statute de

novo. State v Gonzalez, 168 Wn.2d 256, 263, 226 P. 3d 131 ( 2010).

       Under RCW 9. 94A.753( 1), "[    w]hen restitution is ordered, the court shall determine the


amount of restitution due at the sentencing hearing or within one hundred eighty days."         Use of


the word " shall" creates a mandatory time limit, and a trial court may not enter an order

determining restitution after the statutory period has expired. State v. Krall, 125 Wn.2d 146,

147 -49, 881 P. 2d 1040 ( 1994) ( holding   that the legislature' s use of the word " shall" in former

RCW 9. 94A. 142( 1) ( 1994), recodified as RCW 9. 94A.753( 1) ( 2001),      is a mandatory directive to

determine restitution within the statutory period).

       There are two exceptions to the directive that the amount of restitution must be


determined with 180 days of sentencing. First, "[ t] he court may continue the hearing beyond the

one hundred eighty days for good cause."       RCW 9. 94A.753( 1).    However, the State must request


a continuance before the time limit expires. State v. Grantham, 174 Wn. App. 399, 403, 299

                                                     3
No. 43668 -0 -II



P. 3d 21 ( 2013), petition for review filed, No. 88773 -0 ( Wash. May 1, 2013).       Second, once a


timely restitution order has been entered the trial court has authority to modify that order even

after the 180 -day period has expired. Gray, 174 Wn.2d at 926 -28.

       The State now concedes that because it filed the motion to toll the time period after the


180 -day period expired, the trial court had no authority to extend that period for good cause. The

only remaining issue is whether the second exception applies.

B.     MODIFICATION OF EXISTING RESTITUTION ORDER


       RCW 9. 94A.753( 4) permits a trial court to modify a timely- entered restitution order more

than 180 days after sentencing. Therefore, the Cooper restitution order is valid if it can be

characterized as a " modification" of the timely Kitchings restitution order. We hold that the

Cooper restitution order cannot be characterized as a modification of the Kitchings order because


the Kitchings restitution hearing and order did not " determine" the amount of restitution for

Cooper under RCW 9. 94A.753( 1).


         State v. Burns, 159 Wn. App. 74, 78 -80, 244 P. 3d 988 ( 2010) involved similar facts. In
                                   Alford2

Burns, the defendant entered                 pleas to several theft and forgery charges and agreed to a
                               3
specific restitution amount.       At the sentencing hearing the trial court entered a restitution order

in that amount " plus any additional restitution" for uncharged crimes. However, the trial court



2 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 ( 1970).

3 One difference between Burns and this case is that Burns involved an Alford plea, while this
case involves a conviction after trial. There may be circumstances where the nature of a plea
agreement could affect the analysis under RCW 9. 94A.753( 1) because of the bargained for,
contract nature of a knowing, voluntary, plea bargain agreement. See State v. Sledge, 133 Wn.2d
828, 838, 838 -39, 947 P. 2d 1199 ( 1997) (       plea agreements are contracts).   We do not address
those circumstances here.



                                                        4
No. 43668 -0 -II



did not determine the amount of restitution for the uncharged crimes until after the 180 -day

statutory period had expired. Burns, 159 Wn. App at 77.

        Division One of this court reversed, holding that the sentencing court did not have

statutory authority to determine the amount of restitution for the uncharged crimes after the 180

days allowed by RCW 9. 94A.753( 1).        Burns, 159 Wn. App. at 76. The court rejected the State' s

argument that the second restitution order setting the amounts owed for uncharged crimes was

simply a " `   modification' "
                                 of the original order. Burns, 159 Wn. App. at 79 -80 ( quoting RCW

9. 94A.753( 4)).   The court reasoned that because the purpose of a restitution hearing for the

uncharged crimes was to " prove for the first time the amount of restitution Burns owed" for


those crimes, the restitution for those crimes had not been " ` determined' "     in the earlier hearing.

Burns, 159 Wn. App. at 79 -80. The court concluded that "[ t]here is no restitution to modify .. .

if it is not `determined' in the first place under RCW 9. 94A.753( 1)."     Burns, 159 Wn. App. at 79.

        The State attempts to distinguish Burns, arguing that RCW 9. 94A.753( 4) expressly

permits the trial court to modify restitution as to " amount ", meaning the " `   total or aggregate



quantity' ".   Br. of Resp' t at 8 ( quoting Gonzalez, 168 Wn.2d at 264).    The State argues that ( 1)


Chipman was on notice before expiration of the 180 -day period that the State would later add

Cooper' s expenses to the total " amount" of restitution and ( 2) the trial court properly modified

the Kitchings restitution order to account for the " total or aggregate quantity" Chipman owed for

all his crimes. Br. of Resp' t at 8 ( quoting Gonzalez, 168 Wn.2d at 264).     But Gonzalez involved


completely different facts. In that case, a single victim continued to accrue medical expenses

after entry of the original timely restitution order and after the 180 -day statutory period.

Gonzalez, 168 Wn.2d at 259 -60. Our Supreme Court held that a subsequent order increasing



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No. 43668 -0 -II



restitution to reflect the additional expenses was a modification of the original " amount" and


therefore was authorized under RCW 9. 94A.753( 4).     Gonzalez, 168 Wn.2d at 263 -66.


         Here, Chipman' s criminal conduct injured two victims and he was charged with and


convicted on separate counts relating to each victim. The court in Burns held that a later

restitution order for uncharged crimes did not qualify as a modification of an earlier restitution

order for charged crimes. We apply the same reasoning to restitution orders relating to

convictions on separate charges involving different victims. RCW 9. 94A.753( 1) requires that

restitution be " determined" within 180 days. As in Burns, even though the charges here arose


from the same general incident and were part of the same criminal prosecution, the previously

entered Kitchings restitution order did not " determine" the amount of restitution for Cooper. See


Burns, 159 Wn. App. at 79 -80. Accordingly, the Cooper restitution order was entered after the
deadline established in RCW 9. 94A.753( 1). 4

         Accordingly, the restitution ordered at the second hearing for Cooper, the victim of count

I, was not merely a modification of the restitution amount that the trial court previously had

ordered for Kitchings, the victim of count II. Instead, the Cooper restitution order was an


independent restitution order that was the product of a separate restitution hearing relating to a

different victim with different injuries named in a different count. See Burns, 159 Wn. App. at

77 -80. We hold that ( 1) a trial court must comply with the 180 -day time limit in RCW

9. 94A.753( 1) for each victim' s restitution, regardless of whether the court previously has ordered



4
    We are aware that our ruling leaves Cooper without restitution. However, the legislature has
determined in RCW 9. 94A.753( 1) that " when restitution is ordered" the trial court must
determine the amount of restitution at sentencing or within 180 days of sentencing, and we must
follow that directive. The legislature did allow for relief from this 180 -day rule for " good
cause ", but here the State failed to use this opportunity when it did not file a timely motion to

extend the time period.
                                                  6
No. 43668 -0 -II



restitution to one of the victims within the required period and ( 2) the trial court here lacked


authority to enter the restitution order for Cooper after the 180 -day period had expired.

        We reverse.



                                                                             J..
                                                       MAXA, J
We concur:




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