                             UNPUBLISHED

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                             No. 04-1744


ATTORNEYFIRST, LLC, a West Virginia limited
liability company,

                                             Plaintiff - Appellant,

           versus

ASCENSION   ENTERTAINMENT,  INCORPORATED,   a
Delaware     corporation;    STEVEN    LOPEZ,
individually;   JURISFIRST,  LLC,   a  Nevada
limited liability company; ACADEMY MORTGAGE
CORPORATION, a Utah corporation,

                                            Defendants - Appellees.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern
District of West Virginia, at Charleston. Joseph Robert Goodwin,
District Judge. (CA-03-2467-3)


Argued:   February 2, 2005                   Decided:   June 8, 2005


Before WILKINS, Chief Judge, WIDENER, Circuit Judge, and Robert E.
PAYNE, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Virginia, sitting by designation.


Reversed and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.


ARGUED: Edward Pope Tiffey, Charleston, West Virginia, for
Appellant. Richard Forlani Neely, NEELY & HUNTER, Charleston, West
Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: R. Terrance Rodgers, Kimberly
Ann Martin, ALLEN, GUTHRIE, MCHUGH & THOMAS, P.L.L.C., Charleston,
West Virginia, for Appellee Academy Mortgage Corporation.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
See Local Rule 36(c).
PER CURIAM:

     AttorneyFirst LLC (“AttorneyFirst”) appeals from a judgment

against it on the merits of seven of its nine claims1 after the

district court, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a)(2), consolidated a

hearing on an application for preliminary injunction with a trial

on the merits.    Because the district court did not provide clear

and unambiguous notice of its intent to consolidate under Rule

65(a)(2), we reverse the judgment and remand the case for further

proceedings.



                                    I.

     AttorneyFirst filed its original Complaint against Ascension

Entertainment, Inc., Steven Lopez, JurisFirst LLC, and Academy

Mortgage Corp. alleging claims for: (1) breach of a Confidentiality

and Non-Disclosure Agreement (the “Confidentiality Agreement”); (2)

breach of a Development Agreement (the “Development Agreement”);

(3) breach of a declaratory judgment of the rights and obligations

of the parties under those agreements; and (4) “willful, malicious,

intentional and independent torts against AttorneyFirst’s property

interests.”      The   original   Complaint   sought   compensatory   and

punitive damages as well as preliminary and permanent injunctive

relief, and the plaintiff requested a trial by jury.        The action,


     1
       The district court ruled in favor of AttorneyFirst on parts
of two claims, but declined to grant most of the relief that
AttorneyFirst had requested in those two counts.

                                    2
which was filed in state court, was timely removed to federal

court.

      On December 16, 2003, all defendants except Academy Mortgage

filed motions to dismiss the Complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P.

12(b)(6) or, alternatively, for summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56.     On December 22, 2003, Academy Mortgage filed its Answer and

Affirmative Defenses.

      On    January    16,   2004,    the       parties   filed    their   Report   Of

Parties’ Planning Meeting wherein, as required by Fed. R. Civ. P.

26(f), they proposed a detailed pretrial schedule culminating in a

three-day trial to commence on November 15, 2004.                  On the same day,

AttorneyFirst filed its motion for preliminary injunction, asking

the   court    to     “enjoin   all    defendants         from    improper   use    of

confidential information,” and to enjoin Ascension and Lopez from

“continued breach of their affirmative contractual obligations to

maintain      confidentiality.”         AttorneyFirst        also     requested     an

evidentiary hearing on the motion.

      Thereafter, on January 27, 2004, AttorneyFirst moved for leave

to file an Amended Complaint with nine counts.                      In the Amended

Complaint, AttorneyFirst raised claims for:                       injunctive relief

under the Confidentiality Agreement (Count I); breach of the

Confidentiality Agreement (Count II); breach of the Development

Agreement (Count III); a declaratory judgment of the rights and

obligations of the parties under both agreements (Count IV);


                                            3
conversion   (Count    V);    tortious     interference   with   a   business

expectancy (Count VI); fraud (Count VII); agency, unjust enrichment

and   constructive    trust   (Count     VIII);   and   violations   of   West

Virginia’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act (Count IX). Like the original

Complaint, the Amended Complaint made a demand for trial by jury.

After the defendants had responded to the motion for preliminary

injunction, the district court set the motion for an evidentiary

hearing.



                                    II.

      At the beginning of the two day hearing, the district court

observed that the proposed Amended Complaint included a claim, and

sought injunctive relief,       under the West Virginia Uniform Trade

Secrets Act.   However, the district court went on to explain that

“[t]he motion for preliminary injunction, which we’re here on

today, is based on the contracts [the original Complaint] and not

based on the Uniform Trade Secrets Act [in the Amended Complaint].”

      Without objection from the defendants, the district court

granted the motion for leave to file the Amended Complaint.2              Then,


      2
       Also, at the outset of the hearing, the district court noted
that the defendants had filed a motion to dismiss, which the
district court considered actually to be a motion for summary
judgment. Having made that observation, the district court stated
that: “[t]o the extent you wish to proceed on this motion as filed,
I will treat the motion to dismiss, I think logically, as going to
the likelihood of success on the merits.” That, of course, is one
of the factors to be considered in assessing the propriety of
preliminary injunctive relief. See Direx Israel, Ltd. v.

                                       4
the district court expressed concern that a second hearing for

injunctive relief under the Uniform Trade Secrets Act might be

necessary if the hearing then underway proceeded only on         the

contractual basis for injunctive relief that was asserted in the

original Complaint.   To that expression of concern, counsel for

Ascension, Lopez, and JurisFirst, responded that “the motion for

preliminary injunction raised the trade secrets issue” and which

had been addressed in the briefs already on file.

     Counsel for Ascension, Lopez, and JurisFirst also expressed

hope “to basically wrap that case up” . . . “[s]o, we would hope

that we could address all of these issues today.”     JA 250.    The

district court asked whether that was agreeable to counsel for

plaintiff who replied: “Yes sir, absolutely.     We’re prepared to

address the contractual issues set forth in the first and second

agreements, as well as the trade secrets issue.”    JA 251.

     Counsel for Academy Mortgage agreed, but noted that Academy

Mortgage was not party to either contract. The district court then

observed:

     I understand that. And, that’s why there are discrete
     differences between the claims under the first complaint
     and the claims under the second complaint.         To be
     absolutely clear, we are now proceeding under the amended
     complaint by agreement.



Breakthrough Med. Corp., 952 F.2d 802 (4th Cir. 1991); Rum Creek
Coal Sales, Inc. v. Caperton, 926 F.2d 353 (4th Cir. 1991);
Blackwelder Furniture Co. v. Seilig Mfg. Co., 550 F.2d 189 (4th
Cir. 1977).

                                5
                                    * * *

     And, the claim for preliminary injunction is based not
     only on the contractual provisions [and] . . . by
     agreement ore tenus on the West Virginia Trade Secrets
     Act.

JA 251 (emphasis added).     Counsel all agreed.        JA 252.     Thereupon,

for most of that day and the better part of the next day the

district   court   heard    testimony       directed   to   the    claims    for

injunctive relief.

     At the conclusion of the evidentiary session, the district

court set a schedule for filing proposed findings of fact and

conclusions of law.      JA 696.      Counsel for Ascension, Lopez, and

JurisFirst   expressed     concern    about    incurring    the    expense    of

preparing an answer to the Amended Complaint, apprehending (for

reasons not of record) that there might be yet another amendment

forthcoming.       The   district     court    addressed    that    issue     by

“suspend[ing] the requirement of [defendants] filing an answer

during pendency of my consideration of the motion for preliminary

injunction,” and then said:

     And, in that regard, I don’t think there’s anything in
     the amended complaint that I need your answer for in
     order to deal with the preliminary injunction motion.

                                     * * *

     Okay, here’s what we’ll do. We’ll wait until I enter an
     order on the preliminary injunction.          Thereafter,
     whatever happens, within 20 days of that, file an answer.

JA 698 (emphasis added).



                                       6
     Subsequently, in March 2004, the parties filed their proposed

findings of fact and conclusions of law. All parties focused their

submissions   on      whether   preliminary    injunctive   relief   was

appropriate   under    the   Blackwelder   standard.3   AttorneyFirst’s

filing concluded with a request that the district court convene a

scheduling conference, clearly contemplating further proceedings.

JA 814.   Academy Mortgage reflected a similar understanding in

ending its filing with the statement that “a preliminary injunction

is not necessary to protect the status quo or preserve this Court’s

ability to render a meaningful judgment on the merits.”      JA at 833.

     On May 5, 2004, AttorneyFirst filed Plaintiff’s Motion For

Status And Scheduling Conference. JA 836-39. In it, AttorneyFirst

asked the Court to adjust the previously set discovery and pretrial

deadlines and set a new trial date.

     Then, on May 26, 2004, the district court issued Findings of

Fact and Conclusions of Law in which it recited that its judgment

was entered “after a trial on the merits pursuant to Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 65(a)(2).”      Thereafter, the district court: (a)

entered judgment on the merits in favor of the defendants on Counts



     3
       The papers filed by Ascension, Lopez and JurisFirst made a
passing plea for an award of summary judgment but, in a procedure
unknown in the federal system, acknowledged the weakness of their
position by suggesting that the motion be conditionally granted
subject “to a motion by Plaintiff to reconsider, supported by
specific reference to those things that Plaintiff, in good faith,
believes will be revealed by further discovery and that is revealed
will support a judgment in Plaintiff’s favor. . . .” JA 766-67.

                                    7
II, III, VII, VIII and IX; (b) declined to enter the declaratory

relief requested in Count IV; and (c) held in favor, in small part,

of AttorneyFirst on Counts I and V.        JA 845-65.     A judgment order

to that effect was entered the same day.           JA 866.        This appeal

ensued.



                                   III.

     Assessment of the notice issue raised by AttorneyFirst begins

with the terms of Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a)(2), which, in pertinent

part, provides:

     (2) Consolidation of Hearing With Trial on Merits.
     Before or after the commencement of the hearing of an
     application for a preliminary injunction, the court may
     order the trial of the action on the merits to be
     advanced and consolidated with the hearing of the
     application.

                                   * * *

     This subdivision (a)(2) shall be so construed and applied
     as to save to the parties any rights they may have to
     trial by jury.

We have held that “Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(a)(2) wisely permits the

district   court   in   an   appropriate   case   to   hear   a   motion   for

preliminary injunction and conduct a hearing on the merits at the

same time.”   Gellman v. Maryland, 538 F.2d 603, 604 (4th Cir. 1976)

(quoting Singleton v. Anson County Bd. of Educ., 387 F.2d 349, 351

(4th Cir. 1967)).

     We also have accepted the now-settled principle announced in

Pughsley v. 3750 Lake Shore Drive Coop. Bldg., 463 F.2d 1055 (7th

                                     8
Cir. 1972), that, “before consolidation of a trial on the merits

with    a   hearing    on    a   motion     for    preliminary    injunction      is

appropriate,    ‘the     parties        should    normally    receive    clear    and

unambiguous    notice       to   that    effect    either    before    the   hearing

commences or at a time which will still afford the parties a full

opportunity    to     present     their    respective       cases.’”    Gellman   v.

Maryland, 538 F.2d at 603; aaiPharma, Inc. v. Thompson, 296 F.3d

227, 234 (4th Cir. 2002).

       As the Seventh Circuit explained in Pughsley, the reason for

the rule is that:

       A litigant applying for a preliminary injunction should
       seldom be required either to forego discovery in order to
       seek emergency relief or to forego a prompt application
       for an injunction in order to prepare adequately for
       trial. Different standards of proof and of preparation
       may apply to the emergency hearing as opposed to the full
       trial.

Pughsley v. 3750 Lake Shore Drive Coop. Bldg., 463 F.2d at 1057.

We subscribed to that fundamental precept in both Gellman and

aaiPharma.     In addition, in aaiPharma, we explained that:

       The notice requirement is necessary because ‘the facts
       adduced [at a preliminary injunction hearing] often will
       not be sufficient to permit an informed determination of
       whether a direction for the entry of judgment is
       appropriate.’ Berry v. Bean, 796 F.2d 713, 719 (4th Cir.
       1986) (quoting 11A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller
       & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2950 at
       492 (1973)).    As a result, ‘a party addressing only
       issues of preliminary relief should not ordinarily be
       bound by its abbreviated and only partially informed
       presentation of the merits.’ Id.

aaiPharma, Inc. v. Thompson, 296 F.3d at 234 (emphasis added).


                                           9
      It also is appropriate to keep in mind that a preliminary

injunction is intended to serve the limited purpose of preserving

“the relative positions of the parties until a trial on the merits

can be held.”     University of Texas v. Camenisch, 451 U.S. 390, 395

(1981).   And, as the Supreme Court explained in Camenisch:

      Given this limited purpose, and given the haste that is
      often necessary if those positions are to be preserved,
      a preliminary injunction is customarily granted on the
      basis of procedures that are less formal and evidence
      that is less complete than in a trial on the merits. A
      party thus is not required to prove his case in full at
      a preliminary-injunction hearing, Progress Development
      Corp. v. Mitchell, 286 F.2d 222 (C.A.7 1961), and the
      findings of fact and conclusions of law made by a court
      granting a preliminary injunction are not binding at
      trial on the merits, (citations omitted). In light of
      these considerations, it is generally inappropriate for
      a federal court at the preliminary-injunction stage to
      give a final judgment on the merits.         (citations
      omitted).

Id.   (emphasis    added).   Noting,    however,   that,   on   occasion,

expedited decisions on the merits are appropriate, the Supreme

Court recognized that Rule 65(a)(2) provides the means of securing

an expedited decision and then adopted the notice requirement as

announced in Pughsley.

      The facts in Pughsley are similar to those presented here. In

Pughsley, the district court had conducted a two day preliminary

injunction hearing and, at the end of the first day, after agreeing

to hear further evidence the next day, the court made the following

statement:




                                   10
     Now I am going to insist, counsel, that whatever your
     total case is, and I want to give you every reasonable
     opportunity to put it in, that you complete it before I
     request the defendants to go ahead.

Pughsley v. 3750 Lake Shore Drive Coop. Bldg., 463 F.2d at 1056.

That, according to the Seventh Circuit, was insufficient to satisfy

the notice requirement of Rule 65(a).       In Gellman, we cited

Pughsley as an illustration of what does not constitute “clear and

unambiguous notice.”   Gellman v. Maryland, 538 F.2d at 604.    And,

in Gellman, we adopted the following view as the appropriate means

for accomplishing that result:

     A leading text has offered this suggestion on the proper
     procedure under Rule 65(a)(2):

          Doubt as to the propriety of consolidation will be
          minimized if the trial court gives the parties
          advance notice of the proposed action or, if
          consolidation is ordered at the hearing, the
          parties are permitted to request additional time to
          assemble their entire presentation on the merits.

     11 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure,
     ¶ 2950, p. 488 (1973).

Gellman v. Maryland, 538 F.2d at 605 (emphasis added).

     These principles inform our resolution of the notice issue

presented here.



                                 IV.

                                 A.

     At the beginning of the preliminary injunction hearing, and

based on its perception of an exchange with, and between, counsel


                                 11
the district court’s opinion recites that, “[f]rom the outset of

[the preliminary injunction] hearing, the parties agreed that they

were prepared to argue the entire case.”              JA 846.     The exchange

cited by the district court in support of that finding4 came about

because the district court had raised the prospect of two separate

injunction hearings, one on the contractual claims (as presented in

the original Complaint) and one on the Uniform Trade Secrets Act

claim (as presented in the Amended Complaint).                    Clearly, the

district court desired to avoid that circumstance, and so too did

counsel.      Having     reviewed   that   exchange   in    its   entirety,   we

conclude that counsel agreed, not on combining a trial on the

merits with the preliminary injunction hearing, but, instead, to

proceed with the claim for injunctive relief based on                   both the

contractual provisions asserted in the original Complaint and on

the   Uniform    Trade    Secrets   Act    as   presented    in   the    Amended

Complaint.

      That conclusion is supported by a review of the hearing

transcript which discloses that the evidence was focused on the

question of preliminary injunctive relief, not on the entirety of

the contractual claims or the Uniform Trade Secret Act claims that

formed the springboard for preliminary injunctive relief. Nor does

the record disclose the sort of proofs usually associated with

claims for fraud, conversion, tortious interference with a business


      4
          (JA 249-257).

                                      12
expectancy, or unjust enrichment. Further, the record discloses no

proof of monetary damage even though many of AttorneyFirst’s nine

claims call for that kind of relief.        One would think that evidence

directed to those points would have been offered if the parties, in

fact, had agreed to trial on the merits.                The absence of such

proofs     support   conclusion    that    there      was   no   agreement    to

consolidate the trial on the merits with the application for

preliminary injunctive relief.

     The post-hearing conduct of the parties confirms that they

understood their agreement to have been that the hearing would

encompass    both    the   contractual    and   the   statutory    claims    for

injunctive relief, and not that the merits of all claims were to be

decided.     First, the post-hearing proposed findings of fact and

conclusions of law focused only on the issues of injunctive relief.

Put another way, none of the post-hearing papers even addressed the

other claims made in the Amended Complaint (which was the operative

complaint when the parties filed their proposed Findings of Fact

and Conclusions of Law).       For example, Academy Mortgage concluded

its filing by arguing that preliminary injunctive relief was not

necessary either to “protect the status quo or preserve [the

district court’s] ability to render a meaningful judgment on the

merits,” thereby signifying that it contemplated a trial on the

merits after the district court had made its decision on the

injunctive phase of the case. AttorneyFirst concluded its proposed


                                     13
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law by requesting that the

court issue an order “convening a scheduling conference as soon as

reasonably possible.”   JA 814.   The submission made by Ascension,

Lopez, and JurisFirst also focused on the issues of injunctive

relief except for its terse suggestion that “this litigation should

end at this point,” a result that even those defendants realized

could not happen under extant federal procedure.5    And, from the

district court’s opinion, it is clear that the district court did

not grant summary judgment.       (“I will therefore dispense with

consideration of the standards for issuing a preliminary injunction

or for granting summary judgment and proceed to the merits of the

plaintiff’s claims.”)   JA 847.

     For the foregoing reasons, we cannot conclude, on this record,

that the parties agreed to proceed under Rule 65(a)(2) with a

consolidated proceeding.



                                  B.

     The district court also held that the notice requirement was

satisfied by a comment that it made after the evidence had been



     5
       To achieve the result of ending the litigation, those
defendants asked the district court to enter a conditional grant of
summary judgment in its favor subject to a motion by the plaintiff
to reconsider if an appropriate showing could be made as to what
further discovery would reveal and how that information would
support a judgment in behalf of the plaintiff. A procedure of that
sort is unknown in federal practice and, in fact, turns Rule 56 on
its head.

                                  14
presented.    It thus is necessary to consider in full the cited

exchange.    After the plaintiff had rested, Ascension, Lopez, and

JurisFirst moved “that the Court decide from the bench now that the

standards for issuing a preliminary injunction have not been met

and that such an injunction will not be issued.”   JA 616 (emphasis

added).   After hearing arguments on that point, the district court

stated:

     This fight among all of you has been going on a while.
     And I just as soon the preliminary injunction stage, if
     I do it right, will be the end of the fight, or at least
     I think it will. Since that’s an appealable order too
     and we won’t be going into discovery, it doesn’t seem to
     me like this is a case that will need to go on much
     beyond this.

JA 847 (quoting the hearing transcript at JA 621).          In its

memorandum opinion, the district court characterized that statement

as follows: “I made clear at the hearing my intention to resolve

this litigation, if possible, at this stage of the proceedings.”

JA 847.

     We cannot conclude that the statement by the district court in

response to what amounts to a motion for judgment as a matter of

law constitutes the kind of clear and unambiguous notice required

by Rule 65(a)(2).   Indeed, that comment is not nearly as clear as

the comment in Pughsley which both the Seventh Circuit in Pughsley,

and we, in Gellman, found to constitute inadequate notice under

Rule 65(a)(2).




                                 15
                                     V.

     AttorneyFirst     also    asserts     that    the   district    court’s

consolidation decision runs afoul of the last sentence in Rule

65(a)(2) which provides that: “[t]his subdivision (a)(2) shall be

so construed and applied as to save to the parties any rights they

may have to trial by jury.”         (emphasis added).    We agree.

     In its original Complaint and in its Amended Complaint,

AttorneyFirst requested a trial by jury.            At no time during the

exchange at the beginning of the preliminary injunction hearing was

there any indication that AttorneyFirst intended to forego its

demand   for   trial   by   jury.      Yet,   to   accept   the   view   that

AttorneyFirst agreed to a consolidated bench trial on the merits

with the preliminary injunction under Rule 65(a)(2), one would have

to accept the proposition that AttorneyFirst agreed to waive its

right to trial by jury on the nine claims presented in the Amended

Complaint.     A waiver of the right to trial by jury will not be

lightly implied.    See Aetna Ins. Co. v. Kennedy, 301 U.S. 389, 393

(1937) (holding that “the right of jury trial is fundamental,

courts must indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver”);

Heyman v. Kline, 456 F.2d 123, 129 (2d Cir. 1972) (holding that

“the right to jury trial is too important, and the usual procedure

for waiver too clearly set out by the Civil Rules for the courts to

find a knowing and voluntary relinquishment of the right in a

doubtful situation”).       Indeed, a waiver requires “some express


                                      16
action by the party or his attorney which evidences his decision

not to exercise the right [to trial by jury].”          Bowles v. Bennett,

629 F.2d 1092, 1095 (5th Cir. 1980).6

      The   decision    to   enter   judgment    on   the    merits    all   of

AttorneyFirst’s nine claims “conclusively resolved the factual

issues at the preliminary injunction stage--issues which otherwise

would have been decided by a jury.”          H&W Indus., Inc. v. Formorsa

Plastics Corp., 860 F.2d 172, 178 (5th Cir. 1988).           Here, as there,

the act of consolidation operated to deprive AttorneyFirst of its

right to jury trial.     That, of course, can be done by agreement to

waive the right to trial by jury, but the record here discloses no

such agreement.



                                     VI.

      Of course, there are instances when the lack of notice under

Rule 65(a)(2) does not foreclose a decision on the merits of a

legal issue by the district court.              See, e.g., aaiPharma v.

Thompson, 296 F.3d at 235.      However, special circumstances must be

present before we can put aside such an error.              Id.    The special

circumstances in aaiPharma included an acknowledgment by counsel

for   the   plaintiff   at   argument   on   appeal   that   all    the   legal


      6
       Waiver of the right to trial by jury also can occur by
allowing the time for making a jury demand to pass without making
it. However, that did not happen in this case because the original
Complaint and the Amended Complaint both contained demands for jury
trial.

                                     17
arguments had been presented and, most importantly, a statement

that the plaintiff “would welcome” a decision on the merits. Those

statements signified “a waiver of aaiPharma’s objection to the

district court’s procedural error.”         Id.    Also, in aaiPharma, we

noted that the case turned wholly on the resolution of one specific

legal question; and, therefore, if the case were remanded, “we

would likely find ourselves reviewing the district court’s ruling

on this issue next year in light of the same record and the same

arguments we have before us now.”         Id.

     We find no such special circumstances present here.              Unlike

aaiPharma, where only one discrete legal issue remained following

the preliminary injunction hearing, the factual record here is not

developed sufficiently to permit adjudication on the merits.              Nor,

were the legal issues fully addressed by the parties.                Indeed,

considering the record as a whole, the only issues tried were

whether,   on    the   facts   presented,   the   contracts    or   the   West

Virginia’s      Uniform   Trade   Secret    Act    warranted    preliminary

injunctive relief under this circuit’s test for relief of that

sort. The plaintiff, having never been given notice that the trial

was to be on the merits of its claims, was not required to, and did

not, present fulsome evidence on the merits of any its nine claims.

Absent the clear and unequivocal notice required by Rule 65(a)(2),

it was error to consolidate the injunction proceedings and the




                                     18
merits.   Unlike, in aaiPharma, there is no basis in the record to

conclude that the failure of notice in this case can be overlooked.

     For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court

is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings on

the merits of all of AttorneyFirst’s claims.



                                               REVERSED AND REMANDED




                                19
