[Cite as State v. Inkton, 2016-Ohio-693.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 102706



                                       STATE OF OHIO
                                                       PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                 vs.

                                     RONALD INKTON

                                                       DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-14-587822-A


        BEFORE:            Celebrezze, J., E.T. Gallagher, P.J., and Stewart, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: February 25, 2016
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Erin R. Flanagan
Erin R. Flanagan, Esq. Ltd.
75 Public Square
Suite 1325
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Brian D. Kraft
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center, 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant Ronald Inkton (“appellant”) brings this appeal

challenging his convictions for rape, aggravated robbery, kidnapping, and having

weapons while under disability.    Specifically, appellant argues that:     (1) the evidence

was insufficient to support his convictions, (2) his convictions are against the manifest

weight of the evidence, and (3) the trial court improperly admitted unauthenticated

hearsay evidence.   After a thorough review of the record and law, this court affirms.

                          I. Factual and Procedural History

       {¶2} On June 30, 2014, the female victim and her brother-in-law were walking to

a gas station to purchase cigarettes when they stopped in a K-Mart parking lot near the

intersection of Lorain Avenue and West 150th Street in Cleveland, Ohio. A group of

three males brandishing guns approached the female victim and her brother-in-law in the

parking lot.   The males robbed the female victim and her brother-in-law at gun point,

and proceeded to rape the female victim, both orally and vaginally.             During this

encounter, the female victim’s brother-in-law fled from the parking lot and flagged down

Officer Brian Kluth who was driving in his police cruiser nearby.         The brother-in-law

informed Officer Kluth that he had just been robbed by three males.           Officer Kluth

broadcasted the information over the radio.

       {¶3} Officer Brian Davis responded to the radio call and observed a male coming

out of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (“VFW”) parking lot. The VFW parking lot is
adjacent to the K-Mart parking lot on the south side. Officer Davis exited his vehicle

and approached the individual, seeking to question him.           However, as Officer Davis

approached the individual, the male took off running and evaded the officers that pursued

him. Officers never found this individual.

       {¶4} Officer Robert Cruz also responded to the radio call and observed two males

and a female near some bushes behind K-Mart.                Officer Cruz testified that the

individuals appeared to be engaging in sexual activity.      Officers were able to detain the

two males — codefendants Dante Martin and Jonathan Hooks. The female victim told

the officers that a third male fled the scene.

       {¶5} Codefendant Hooks initially did not reveal the identity of the third male

who ran away to the investigating officers. However, in July 2014, Hooks informed

officers that appellant was the male who ran away and evaded the police on the morning

of June 30, 2014.

       {¶6} The Cuyahoga County Grand Jury returned a ten-count indictment charging

appellant with:     (1)-(4) rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), (5)-(6) aggravated robbery, R.C.

2911.01(A)(1),      (7)   kidnapping,   R.C.     2905.01(A)(4),   (8)-(9)   kidnapping,   R.C.

2905.01(A)(2), and (10) having weapons while under disability, R.C. 2923.13(A)(2).

Counts 1 through 9 included both one- and three-year firearm specifications and forfeiture

of a weapon.      Count seven included a sexual motivation specification.          Count ten

included a forfeiture of a weapon while under disability.
       {¶7} The grand jury also charged appellant’s codefendants, Martin and Hooks,

with Counts 1 through 9. Codefendants Martin and Hooks pled guilty to Counts 1, 5,

and 7 in exchange for their testimony against appellant. Appellant pled not guilty and

the matter proceeded to trial.

       {¶8} The state called the following witnesses at trial:   (1) the female victim, (2)

codefendant Martin, (3) codefendant Hooks, (4) Cleveland Police Officer Kluth, (5)

Cleveland Police Officer Davis, (6) Cleveland Police Officer Cruz, (7) sexual assault

nurse examiner (“SANE”) Lisa Clark, (8) Jeffrey Oblock, a forensic scientist in the

Cuyahoga County Regional Forensic Science Laboratory’s DNA department, (9)

Detective Todd Marazzi of the city of Cleveland’s firearms forensic lab, (10) Detective

Morris Vowell of the Cleveland Police Department’s sex crimes unit, and (11) Barbara

Sylvester of Madison, Wisconsin’s state crime laboratory DNA databank unit.

       {¶9} The jury found appellant guilty of Counts 1 through 9, and the trial court

found appellant guilty of Count 10. The trial court found that Counts 7, 8, and 9 merged

with Counts 2, 5, and 6. Accordingly, the trial court proceeded to sentence appellant on

Counts 1 through 6 and Count 10.

       {¶10} The trial court sentenced appellant to a total of 18 years of imprisonment at

the Lorain Correctional Institution: 9 years on Count 1, 11 years on Count 2, 9 years on

Count 3, 11 years on Count 4, 4 years on Count 5, 3 years on Count 6, and 24 months on

Count 10. The trial court ordered the sentences on Counts 1 through 4 to be served
concurrently with one another.   The trial court ordered the sentences on Counts 5, 6, and

10 to be served concurrent to each other and consecutive to Counts 1 through 4.

Furthermore, the trial court merged the three-year firearm specifications attached to

counts 1 through 6, and ordered appellant to serve 3 years of imprisonment on the firearm

specifications prior and consecutive to the 15 years on the underlying felonies.     The trial

court ordered five years of postrelease control on Counts 1 through 6 and three years of

postrelease control on Count 10.     The trial court designated appellant a Tier III sex

offender.

       {¶11} Appellant filed the instant appeal assigning three errors for review:

       I. The trial court erred to appellant’s prejudice by entering a verdict of
       guilty, which sufficient evidence did not support, in derogation of
       appellant’s right to due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment of
       the United States Constitution.

       II. The trial court erred to appellant’s prejudice by entering a verdict
       against the manifest weight of the evidence, in derogation of appellant’s
       rights to due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
       States Constitution.

       III. The trial court erred to appellant’s prejudice by entering a verdict of
       guilty by allowing the jury to hear and consider unsubstantiated hearsay
       evidence in derogation of the Ohio Rules of Evidence.



                                  II. Law and Analysis

                                      A. Sufficiency
         {¶12} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that there was no physical

or circumstantial evidence linking him to the crimes, and thus his convictions were not

supported by sufficient evidence.    We disagree.

         {¶13} When assessing a challenge of sufficiency of the evidence, a reviewing

court examines the evidence admitted at trial and determines whether such evidence, if

believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.      State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the

syllabus.     “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. This court is not to

assess “whether the state’s evidence is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the

evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d 380, 390, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

         {¶14} Appellant was convicted of rape, aggravated robbery, kidnapping, and

having weapons while under disability.

         {¶15} R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), rape, provides “no person shall engage in sexual

conduct with another when the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by

force or threat of force.”

         {¶16} R.C. 2911.01, aggravated robbery, provides, in relevant part:
        (A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense, as defined in
        section 2913.01 of the Revised Code, or in fleeing immediately after the
        attempt or offense, shall do any of the following:

        (1) Have a deadly weapon on or about the offender’s person or under the
        offender’s control and either display the weapon, brandish it, indicate that
        the offender possesses it, or use it.

        {¶17} R.C. 2905.01, kidnapping, provides, in relevant part:

        (A) No person, by force, threat, or deception, or, in the case of a victim
        under the age of thirteen or mentally incompetent, by any means, shall
        remove another from the place where the other person is found or restrain
        the liberty of the other person, for any of the following purposes:

        ***

        (2)   To facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter;

        ***

        (4) To engage in sexual activity, as defined in section 2907.01 of the
        Revised Code, with the victim against the victim's will.

        {¶18} R.C. 2923.13, having weapons while under disability, provides, in relevant
part:

        (A) Unless relieved from disability under operation of law or legal
        process, no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use any firearm
        or dangerous ordnance, if any of the following apply:

        (2) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of any felony
        offense of violence * * *.

        {¶19} In the instant matter, there was a lack of physical evidence tying appellant to

the crime.    Forensic DNA analyst Jeffrey Oblock testified that he tested the DNA

samples collected from the female victim. Oblock testified that Hooks was a contributor
to the DNA profile from semen on the victim’s chest and clothing. Both Hooks and

Martin were contributors to the DNA profiles from: (1) semen found inside the victim’s

tank top, and (2) an oral swab taken from the victim’s mouth. Appellant was excluded

as a contributor to the DNA samples taken from the female victim.         Barbara Sylvester of

the Madison, Wisconsin state crime laboratory testified that a DNA profile in the

Madison, Wisconsin databank, belonging to an individual who was not involved in the

instant matter, matched the DNA collected from the female victim.

       {¶20} The state’s case rested on:    (1) eyewitness testimony, and (2) circumstantial

evidence.

                                  1. Eyewitness Testimony

       {¶21} The state presented the testimony of three eyewitnesses:           (1) the female

victim, (2) codefendant Dante Martin, and (3) codefendant Jonathan Hooks.

       {¶22} First, the female victim testified that in the early morning hours of June 30,

2014, she was walking with her brother-in-law to the Sunoco gas station at West 136th

Street and Lorain Avenue to purchase cigarettes.        The female victim testified that she

was walking ahead of her brother-in-law and that she “heard some people running.”          The

victim testified that she turned around and saw “somebody with a gun to me and then

there was people with guns on [the brother-in-law].”      The victim testified that one of the

males (“male 1”) ordered her to follow him to the side of the building at gunpoint.

She testified that male 1, still holding a gun to her, said “we’re going to run a trailer in the
ditch,” which led her to believe that the individuals were going to rape her.   She testified

that male 1 took her into the woods behind K-Mart, still holding the weapon, and ordered

her to “get down on [her] knees and suck his dick.”    She testified that she complied with

the male 1’s demands because he had a gun.

         {¶23} The female victim testified that as she was performing oral sex on male 1,

the two other attackers (“males 2 and 3”) came into the woods behind K-Mart.             She

testified that males 2 and 3 informed male 1 that her brother-in-law took off running and

got away. She testified that male 1 asked males 2 and 3 “you guys going to join in on

this?”    She testified that she gave oral sex to males 2 and 3, going back and forth

between the two.     She testified that male 1 took out a plastic zip-loc baggie, placed it

around his penis, and started having vaginal sex with her.          She testified that she

observed two revolvers during the attack — male 1 had his own revolver and males 2 and

3 passed another revolver back and forth.     She testified that a weapon was drawn at all

times during the oral and vaginal sex. She testified that male 1 did not ejaculate in her

mouth, and that males 2 and 3 did ejaculate in her mouth. She testified that she believed

male 1 ejaculated in the zip-loc bag because “he said he was done.”       She testified that

male 1 tossed the zip-loc bag to the side.

         {¶24} The female victim testified that males 1, 2, and 3 were all present when she

first saw police officers approaching the woods behind K-Mart.      However, she testified

that male 1 got away, running west out of the woods towards West 150th Street.           She
testified that males 2 and 3 remained in the woods and attempted to hide the gun.       She

testified that she was present when officers located the gun that the males 2 and 3

attempted to hide.    She testified that she did not know what happened to the second gun

used during the attack, but guessed that male 1 had it with him when he ran away from

the police.   She testified that the males took her phone and her brother-in-law’s phone

out of her purse.    She testified that she later learned that 30 dollars and her ID were

missing from her purse, and that officers did not recover those items. She testified that

male 1 took a pill bottle from her purse.

       {¶25} She testified that she described male 1 to the police as a tall, slim African

American male, around 19 or 20 years old. She testified that she was unable to identify

male 1 from photo arrays.     She testified that she was able to see male 1’s face briefly

when he first approached her with a gun, but that she did not have any further

opportunities to see his face because it was too dark in the woods.     Furthermore, she

testified that she was more focused on the gun male 1 was holding than male 1’s face.

       {¶26} She testified that she was transported to Fairview Hospital where a rape kit

was performed on her.     She read the following summary of her statements to the SANE

from her medical records:

       Between 2 and 3 a.m. me and my brother-in-law were walking by K-Mart to
       get some cigarettes in the parking lot of K-Mart. Three black guys came
       up to us, put a gun to us, grabbed my purse, dragged me to the side of
       K-Mart, then dragged me into the woods.
       They robbed my brother-in-law and they let him go. One guy took me to
       the side of the building. Then the other two followed. All three guys
      made me do oral sex. They were pulling my hair, forcing me. Pulling
      my hair and forcing me.

      I have a headache now. Then the tall guy used a sandwich bag over his
      penis and put it in my vagina. Two of the guys ejaculated in my mouth
      and the other guy must have busted into the sandwich bag.

      {¶27} She read the following history paragraph from a note in her medical records,

authored by Nurse Christine Davis:

      39 year old female states that she and her brother was walking. Three men
      robbed them at gunpoint. Patient states that they let her brother go but
      took her into the woods and made her perform oral sex on them. There
      was no vaginal or rectal penetration. She does not want to see any
      physician.

      {¶28} Finally, she testified that she knew the male who Sylvester identified from

the Madison, Wisconsin DNA databank, and that she had sex with him around the time of

the June 30, 2014 attack.

      {¶29} Second, codefendant Dante Martin testified that he was with appellant and

codefendant Hooks on the night of June 29 and the early morning of June 30, 2014.

Martin testified that the males were robbing people to try and come up with some money.

 Martin testified that the males stopped at the house of codefendant Hooks’ brother

Darius Robinson, who lives on the west side, on the night of the incident. Martin

testified that Darius was not with the males when they robbed the victims.

      {¶30} Martin testified that on the night of the incident, he had a .22 revolver and

appellant had a .38 revolver.   Martin testified that he and Hooks attempted to rob the

male while appellant robbed the female.    Martin testified that he held a gun on the male
victim while Hooks went through his backpack. Martin testified that after he robbed the

male victim, he told him he could go, and that the male victim “ran down the main street.”



       {¶31} Martin testified that the female victim told the males that she was a

prostitute and offered to give the males oral sex. Furthermore, Martin testified that the

female victim told the males about a local drug dealer that they could rob.         Martin

testified that he and appellant still had guns in their possession when the female

performed oral sex on them. Martin testified that he and Hooks ejaculated, and that

appellant ejaculated in the grass. Martin testified that the female victim voluntarily went

into the woods with the males.    Martin testified that he never committed a rape, and that

he lied to the judge when he pled guilty to rape on an earlier date.

       {¶32} Martin testified that police approached the males and the female in the

woods, and that appellant took off running while he and Hooks remained at the scene.

Martin testified that appellant had a weapon with him when he took off running. Martin

testified that he tossed the weapon he was holding in the bushes.

       {¶33} Martin testified that he did not give appellant’s name to law enforcement

until December 29, 2014 — six months after the date of his arrest. Martin testified that

no one else was with him, appellant, and Hooks when they committed the crimes.

       {¶34} Third, codefendant Jonathan Hooks testified that he was with Dante Martin

and appellant during the evening of June 29, 2014. Hooks testified that the males
wanted money and were looking for somebody to rob on the west side. Hooks testified

that Martin and appellant had weapons when they were walking around on Lorain

Avenue. Hooks testified that Martin’s weapon was a .22 and appellant’s weapon was a

.38. Hooks testified that no one else was with him, appellant, and Martin when they

were looking for people to rob. Hooks testified that they neither saw nor went to the

house of Darius Robinson on the night of the incident. Hooks testified that the males

observed a Caucasian female and male in front of K-Mart and decided to rob them.

Hooks testified that appellant approached the female with a gun in his hand and Martin

approached the male holding a gun. Hooks testified that he walked over to Martin and

the male he was robbing, but that he neither participated in the robbery of the male nor

went through the male’s backpack. Hooks testified that they did not take anything from

the male because he did not have anything in his possession. Hooks testified that Martin

let the male victim go, and the male started walking towards Lorain Avenue.

      {¶35} Hooks testified that he walked with Martin, appellant, and the female victim

behind K-Mart.    Hooks testified that the female gave appellant oral sex while he and

Martin were on the lookout for police.   Hooks testified that the female proceeded to give

him and Martin oral sex. Hooks testified that appellant started having vaginal sex with

the victim while she was giving Martin oral sex. Hooks testified that appellant “pulled

out” and ejaculated on the ground. Hooks testified that both he and Martin ejaculated in

the female’s mouth.
      {¶36} Hooks testified that the police pulled up behind K-Mart and were flashing

their lights. Hooks testified that he and Martin remained at the scene, but that appellant

ran westbound out of the woods. Hooks testified that Martin threw his gun when the

police pulled up.   Hooks testified that officers patted him down and recovered a cell

phone belonging to the female. Hooks testified that the officers recovered the gun that

Martin tossed. Hooks testified that officers brought the male victim back to the scene to

identify who had robbed him.

      {¶37} Hooks testified that officers arrested him and Martin. Hooks testified that

he gave a statement to Detective Vowell following the arrest.      Hooks testified that he

told Detective Vowell that Martin’s cousin was the third male involved and that he did

not know the cousin’s name.       Hooks testified that this initial statement was a lie.

Hooks told the detective that the males did not go to the west side planning to rob

anybody, and that he did not know what Martin and the third male planned to do until it

happened. Hooks also testified that this was a lie. Hooks testified that he did not tell

the detective that appellant was the third male during his first statement because “I don’t

want to get him caught or nothing” and “[because] he got away[.]”     Hooks testified that

he gave the detective a second statement in July, during which he identified appellant as

the third individual in the June 30, 2014 incident. Hooks testified that after giving his

first statement, he “just wanted to tell the truth.” Hooks testified that he identified

appellant from photographs presented by the officers.
      {¶38} Hooks testified that he spoke with his brother, Ronald Hooks, who also goes

by “Pooh,” immediately following his arrest. Hooks testified that he told his brother

what happened on the night of June 29 and the morning of June 30, 2014. Hooks

testified that he told his brother that he was with “RJ” — appellant — when the incident

took place. Hooks testified that he told his brother that he was with appellant on the

night of the incident before he told Detective Vowell during his second statement.

Hooks testified that he was aware that those conversations are recorded.

      {¶39} Hooks testified that he lied to the judge when he pled guilty. Hooks

explained that he pled guilty because he wanted to avoid going to trial where he could

possibly be found guilty of more charges.

                              2. Circumstantial Evidence

      {¶40} The Ohio Supreme Court “has ‘long held that circumstantial evidence is

sufficient to sustain a conviction if that evidence would convince the average mind of the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”’ State v. Cassano, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 97228, 2012-Ohio-4047, ¶ 13, quoting State v. Heinish, 50 Ohio St.3d 231, 238, 553

N.E.2d 1026 (1990).    The question is whether the state presented sufficient evidence

that, if believed, would support the jury’s convictions of murder and felonious assault

beyond a reasonable doubt.

      {¶41} The state’s theory of the case was that (1) appellant robbed the female

victim, and Hooks and Martin robbed the male victim, (2) appellant raped the female
victim, both orally and vaginally, and Hooks and Martin orally raped the female victim,

(3) Hooks and Martin surrendered to the officers who arrived at the scene, and (4)

appellant fled the scene, running west out of the woods behind K-Mart towards West

150th Street and then southbound on West 150th Street, with a gun in his possession.

The state presented evidence, if believed, that would support that theory. Therefore, the

evidence was sufficient to support the conviction.

      {¶42} First, the state presented the testimony of the female victim.    The female

victim testified that males 1, 2, and 3 were all present when she first saw the police

officers approaching the woods behind K-Mart. However, she testified that male 1 got

away, running west out of the woods towards West 150th Street. She testified that males

2 and 3 remained in the woods and attempted to hide the gun. She testified that she was

present when officers located the gun that the males attempted to hide.      She testified

that she did not know what happened to the second gun used during the attack, but

guessed that male 1 had it with him when he ran away from the police. Thus, an

inference could be made that appellant fled the scene with the second revolver and

evaded the officers responding to the scene.

      {¶43} Second, the state presented the testimony of Detective Vowell.      Detective

Vowell testified that during his first interview of codefendant Hooks, Hooks told him that

a third male that he did not know was involved in the robbery and rape.         However,

Detective Vowell testified that he wanted to interview Hooks a second time after Hooks
placed a jail call to his brother.   During the second interview with Hooks, Hooks

provided appellant’s name and nickname to Detective Vowell and identified appellant as

the third individual involved in the June 30, 2014 attack. Detective Vowell testified that

Hooks was not offered anything in exchange for his second statement.

       {¶44} Detective Vowell testified that during a third interview of Hooks, Hooks

identified a picture of appellant as the third male involved in the incident    Detective

Vowell testified that Hooks was not promised anything in exchange for his statement.

       {¶45} Detective Vowell testified that after learning appellant’s name, he searched

for additional information on appellant using Facebook. Detective Vowell testified that

he found the following post on appellant’s Facebook page:

       Man, damn, man. Why didn’t y’all run when told y’all to run. Now I
       won’t see y’all niggas for a minute. Man, y’all niggas was squad. I’m
       going to miss y’all niggas. I love y’all niggas. Man no homo. Free
       Dante. Free Dugga. Some Kinsman savages.

Detective Vowell testified that the post was dated June 30, 2014 — the same day that the

robbery and rape took place.

       {¶46} Detective Vowell testified that during an interview of codefendant Martin,

Martin described the events that took place on June 30, 2014 and indicated he was with

appellant.

       {¶47} Detective Vowell testified that officers returned to the crime scene during

daylight hours to search for physical evidence.   Detective Vowell testified that officers

could not find the sandwich bag that appellant supposedly used as a condom because
there was so much trash in the area.   Detective Vowell explained that “there was garbage

everywhere” including beer bottles and cans left behind by people partying.

Furthermore, Detective Vowell testified that officers were unable to find a second gun

that was used during the attack.   Thus, an inference could be made that appellant fled the

scene with the second gun.

       {¶48} Third, the state presented the testimony of Officer Davis.     Officer Davis

testified that he responded to a call regarding a robbery at West 150th Street and Lorain

Avenue and began looking for suspects:

       We went to the area of West 150th and Lorain. We had a good indication
       that suspects were fleeing the area, going southbound from that area, West
       150th and Lorain.

       {¶49} Officer Davis observed a “black male in his early twenties” walking out

from behind the VFW hall that is just south of the K-Mart. Officer Davis testified that

he pulled over and ordered the male to stop.     Officer Davis testified that as he and his

partner exited the police cruiser and began walking towards the male, the male “took off

running” southbound.     Officer Davis testified that officers searched for the male for

roughly an hour, but were unable to track him down.     Thus, an inference could be made

that appellant fled the scene and evaded the officers, including Officer Davis, that

pursued him.
       {¶50} Fourth, the state presented the testimony of Officer Kluth. Officer Kluth

testified that the male victim flagged him down and informed him that three people

robbed him and the female victim in the K-Mart parking lot.

       {¶51} Fifth, the state presented the testimony of Detective Todd Marazzi.

Detective Marazzi testified that he is assigned to the firearms forensic lab.     Detective

Marazzi testified that officers in the firearm forensics lab “test fire” guns that are

confiscated in the city of Cleveland to determine whether the gun is operable.    Detective

Marazzi testified that he test-fired the .22 caliber revolver recovered by officers and

found that the firearm was operable.

       {¶52} Sixth, the state presented the testimony of SANE Lisa Clark.              Clark

testified that the female victim reported three men forcing her to perform oral sex.   Clark

testified that she met with the female victim on June 30, 2014. Clark testified that the

victim arrived at the hospital at 3:52 a.m. and that she evaluated the victim at 4:55 a.m.

Clark testified that the victim gave her an oral statement of the attack and that she took

notes as the victim was giving her statement. Clark’s report indicates the following

details from the victim’s statement:   (1) the victim was assaulted by three assailants, (2)

there was vaginal penetration by penis, (3) there was neither vaginal penetration by

fingers nor anal penetration, and (4) there was oral contact between the assailants’

genitals and the victim’s mouth.

       {¶53} Clark testified that she performed a rape kit on the victim.    Clark testified
that during the rape kit, the victim declined a speculum vaginal exam, which she

considers to be the most invasive procedure during the rape kit.

       {¶54} Clark testified that before she met with the victim, the victim saw Nurse

Christine Davis and Dr. Thomas Higgins. Clark acknowledged that a “past medical

history” report authored by Dr. Thomas Higgins states that there was no vaginal or rectal

penetration.      Furthermore, Dr. Higgins’ report indicates that the victim has a past

medical history of a psychiatric disorder and drug abuse and dependence.    Clark testified

that a SANE nurse is responsible for taking the most detailed account of what happened

to the patient.

       {¶55} Count 10, having weapons while under disability, was tried to the trial court.

 The trial court found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of having

weapons while under disability. In CR-14-582604, appellant pled guilty to attempted

robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(3). The trial court found that Martin’s and

Hooks’ testimony regarding appellant’s involvement in the June 30, 2014 incident was

credible. Furthermore, based on the female victim’s testimony, the trial court found that

appellant was in possession of a revolver, and used the revolver during the attack of the

female victim.

       {¶56} After reviewing the record, and viewing the evidence in a light most

favorable to the state, we find that a rational jury could have determined beyond a

reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of rape, aggravated robbery, kidnapping, and
having weapons while under disability. Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of

error is overruled.

                                    B. Manifest Weight

       {¶57} In contrast to a challenge based on sufficiency of the evidence, a manifest

weight challenge attacks the credibility of the evidence presented and questions whether

the state met its burden of persuasion rather than production.     State v. Whitsett, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 101182, 2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26, citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,

678 N.E.2d 541; State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13.

When considering a claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, this court sits as a “thirteenth juror” and may disagree “with the factfinder’s

resolution of conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387. The weight-of-the-evidence

standard “addresses the evidence’s effect of inducing belief.” State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio

St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25, citing Thompkins at 386-387.

       {¶58} This court reviews the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, considers the witnesses’ credibility and determines whether, in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’”

Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717

(1st Dist.1983).      In conducting such a review, this court remains mindful that the

credibility of the witnesses is primarily for the trier of fact to assess.   State v. Bradley,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97333, 2012-Ohio-2765, ¶ 14, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio

St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. The trier of fact is in

the best position to make credibility determinations because this court cannot view the

demeanor of a witness while testifying.    Therefore, the trier of fact is in the best position

to determine if the proffered testimony is credible.         State v. Holloway, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 101289, 2015-Ohio-1015, ¶ 42, citing State v. Kurtz, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 99103, 2013-Ohio-2999, ¶ 26. Reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for

the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’”

Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.

       {¶59} Appellant argues that the female victim, Martin, and Hooks are not credible

witnesses.

       {¶60} First, appellant argues that the female victim is not a credible witness, and

that her criminal record involving prostitution and drugs casts doubt on the veracity of her

testimony.      Furthermore, appellant contends that the female victim’s testimony is

inconsistent.

       {¶61} Appellant argues that the victim’s testimony is contradicted by the testimony

of Oblock’s DNA analysis.         In making this argument, we note that appellant

mischaracterizes Oblock’s testimony.        Oblock testified that appellant was not a

contributor to the DNA profiles recovered from the victim.           He did not testify, as

appellant claims, that appellant “had no involvement in whatever happened that night.”
        {¶62} After reviewing the record, we find that the important aspect’s of the

victim’s testimony remained largely consistent over time, including: (1) she was attacked

by three males, (2) one man robbed her at gunpoint, (3) the three attackers had oral and

vaginal sex with her while the weapons were still in their possession, and (4) one of the

thee attackers got away when the police arrived.

Furthermore, the victim testified that she did not use drugs on the day of the attack, and

was not under the influence of any drugs at the time of the attack.    The victim testified

that she had two cans of beer between the night of June 29 and the morning of June 30,

2014.     The victim testified that she told the medical staff at Fairview Hospital that she

used marijuana and cocaine the day before the attack.      The victim testified that she was

using Suboxone to treat her heroin addiction at the time of the incident.       The victim

acknowledged that her medical records reflect drug use, including cocaine, heroin, and

marijuana, and also indicate that she is a “recovering alcoholic.”

        {¶63} SANE nurse Clark testified that the medical records’ notation that the

female victim used cocaine and marijuana “this morning” is not accurate.              Clark

explained that the medical records indicate that the date the victim used the cocaine and

marijuana was June 21, 2014.

        {¶64} Second, appellant argues that codefendants Martin and Hooks are not
credible witnesses, as they received favorable plea deals and sentences in exchange for
their testimony against appellant.
       {¶65} We initially note that while Martin and Hooks had already pled guilty to

reduced charges at the time they testified against appellant, they had not yet been

sentenced.

       {¶66} In State v. Holloway, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101289, 2015-Ohio-1015,

defendant-appellant, arguing that his convictions were against the manifest weight of the

evidence, challenged the credibility of the testimony of two jailhouse informants that

testified for the state. Id. at ¶ 39.   Appellant argued that the informants “cooperated

with the state and lied on the witness stand in exchange for a better plea deal because they

both were in county jail facing serious charges.” Id. at ¶ 43. In holding that appellant’s

convictions were not against the manifest weight of the evidence, this court explained:

       While [the informants] may have had ulterior motives when contacting the
       prosecutor, the jury observed [their] appearance and demeanor, heard the
       testimony about their prior criminal histories and the plea deals they
       received, and found their testimony to be credible.

Id. at ¶ 44.

       {¶67} Like Holloway, we find that the jury in the instant matter had sufficient

information to judge the credibility of codefendants Martin and Hooks. Both Martin and

Hooks testified about their respective (1) criminal backgrounds, (2) plea deals with the

state in exchange for testimony against appellant, and (3) involvement in the June 30,

2014 incident. Furthermore, the jury heard questionable testimony from Martin and

Hooks and testimony regarding their self-serving motivations. Finally, defense counsel
also brought to the jury’s attention the inconsistencies between Martin’s and Hooks’

testimony and their statements to Detective Vowell.

       {¶68} The jury was in the best position to view the witnesses and observe their

demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections that are critical observations in determining a

witness’s credibility. State v. Clark, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94050, 2010-Ohio-4354, ¶

17, citing State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d 195, 205, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996), and State v.

Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 66, 197 N.E.2d 548 (1964). Furthermore, the jury had sufficient

information to judge each witness’s credibility and “was free to believe all, part, or none

of the testimony of each witness.”    State v. Colvin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-421,

2005-Ohio-1448, ¶ 34; State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93593, 2010-Ohio-4006, ¶

16.   The evidence — including the eyewitness testimony, circumstantial evidence, and

appellant’s Facebook post — does not weigh heavily against appellant’s convictions.

Furthermore, we cannot say that this is the exceptional case where the jury clearly lost

their way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.

       {¶69} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                                  C. Facebook Evidence

       {¶70} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred by

admitting a Facebook post that was (1) not properly authenticated and (2) inadmissible

hearsay.

       {¶71} First, appellant argues that there was “no authentication whatsoever” of the
Facebook posts admitted by the trial court. We disagree.

       {¶72} The trial court admitted appellant’s Facebook page into evidence over his
objection that the Facebook page was not properly authenticated. The trial court
overruled appellant’s objection, stating:

       There has been testimony sufficient to support, if believed, that it is what it
       purports to be. As a result, that objection is overruled. [The Facebook
       page] is admitted over objection.

The decision to admit or exclude evidence rests within the trial court’s sound discretion.

State v. McGuire, 80 Ohio St.3d 390, 400-401, 686 N.E.2d 1112 (1997).                Thus, a

reviewing court will not reverse the trial court’s decision absent an abuse of discretion.

       {¶73} Evid.R. 901 provides a liberal standard for the authentication of evidence.

State v. Pruitt, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98080, 2012-Ohio-5418, ¶ 11, citing State v.

Teague, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90801, 2009-Ohio-129. Under Evid.R. 901(A), the

requirement of authentication for evidence to be admissible “is satisfied by evidence

sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.”

This court has stated:

       “Circumstantial evidence, as well as direct, may be used to show
       authenticity. State v. Williams, supra, 64 Ohio App.2d 271, 274, 413
       N.E.2d 1212 (8th Dist. 1979). Moreover, the threshold standard for
       authenticating evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 901(A) is low, and ‘does not
       require conclusive proof of authenticity, but only sufficient foundational
       evidence for the trier of fact to conclude that * * * [the evidence] is what its
       proponent claims it to be.’ State v. Easter, 75 Ohio App.3d 22, 25, 598
       N.E.2d 845 (4th Dist. 1991).” State v. Trice, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
       89933, 2008-Ohio-2930, ¶ 22.

Pruitt at ¶ 11, quoting Teague at ¶ 7.
       {¶74} In the instant case, Detective Vowell and codefendant Martin authenticated

the Facebook post by direct testimony.

       {¶75} Detective Vowell testified that after learning the third suspect’s name from

Hooks, he searched for additional information on the suspect using Facebook. Detective

Vowell discovered and reviewed appellant’s Facebook page.

       {¶76} Detective Vowell testified that he is familiar with Facebook.   Furthermore,

Detective Vowell testified in detail about:      (1) the difference between Facebook

accounts that are open to the public and private accounts, (2) using privacy settings to

restrict the information that is available to the public, (3) the process of “tagging”

Facebook users in a post or picture, and (4) the process of executing a search warrant for

a Facebook page.    Detective Vowell testified that he generated a report based on his

findings on Facebook.

       {¶77} Detective Vowell testified that he located the Facebook accounts of

appellant and his codefendants. Detective Vowell testified that both Hooks and Martin

had portions of their Facebook profiles that could be viewed by the public.     Detective

Vowell testified that Hooks’s profile name is “Kinsman Avenue Savage Dugga” and

codefendant Martin’s profile name is “Dante Devane Martin.”       Furthermore, Detective

Vowell testified that he observed a reference to the “Gunna” gang on Martin’s Facebook

profile.

       {¶78} Detective Vowell testified that appellant’s entire Facebook profile was open
to the public. Detective Vowell testified that appellant’s Facebook profile name was

“RJ Kinsman Savage Inkton.”       Detective Vowell testified that appellant used a picture

of himself for his account’s profile picture. Detective Vowell testified that Hooks and

Martin were “Facebook friends” with appellant.        Detective Vowell testified that there

were “numerous” pictures on appellant’s Facebook page and that he was able to

determine that appellant was in fact that person in the pictures.

       {¶79} Detective Vowell testified that he found the following post on appellant’s

Facebook page:

       Man, damn, man. Why didn’t y’all run when told y’all to run. Now I
       won’t see y’all niggas for a minute. Man, y’all niggas was squad. I’m
       going to miss y’all niggas. I love y’all niggas. Man no homo. Free
       Dante. Free Dugga. Some Kinsman savages.

       {¶80} Detective Vowell testified that appellant’s profile picture and profile name

appeared at the top of the post. Detective Vowell testified that the post was dated June

30, 2014 — the same day that the robbery and rape took place.          However, Detective

Vowell testified that there is no indication of what time the post was posted and that he

did not verify the date of the posting with Facebook technicians. Detective Vowell

testified that the first comment responding to the post was posted on June 30, 2014 at

6:47 a.m.    Detective Vowell testified that he is familiar with Facebook, and that a

Facebook user cannot respond to a post before it has been posted.        Detective Vowell

testified that he has accessed appellant’s Facebook page since the time he first saw it and

confirmed that the post is still on the page with the June 30, 2014 date.        Detective
Vowell testified that based on his knowledge and investigation of the Facebook post,

nothing about the post is inaccurate.

       {¶81} Detective Vowell testified that he obtained search warrants for parts of the

Facebook pages that are not accessible to the public.   Detective Vowell testified that he

obtained the official Facebook records for the accounts belonging to appellant, Hooks,

and Martin.

       {¶82} Martin testified that Hooks goes by “Kinsman Finest Dugga” on Facebook.

Martin testified that he was Facebook friends with appellant in June 2014. Martin

testified that appellant goes by the name “RJ” and that appellant’s Facebook name was

“RJ Kinsman’s Savage Inkton.” Martin testified that appellant was in the profile picture

corresponding with the posting at issue. Martin testified that appellant ran when the

police showed up in the woods behind K-Mart, and that neither he nor Hooks ran from

the police.

       {¶83} Although codefendant Hooks testified that he did not know whether

appellant had a Facebook page, Hooks — like Martin — testified that appellant goes by

the name “RJ.”

       {¶84} We find that the direct testimony of Detective Vowell and codefendant

Martin satisfied the requirement of authentication for the Facebook post under    Evid.R.

901(A).
       {¶85} Furthermore, appellant, relying on State v. Gibson, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos.

L-13-1222 and L-13-1223, 2015-Ohio-1679, insinuates that a fictitious individual created

the Facebook account and posted the message at issue. There is no support for this

argument in the record, and appellant’s reliance on Gibson is misplaced.

       {¶86} In Gibson, the Sixth District addressed authentication concerns regarding

content obtained from Facebook:

       Facebook users often “post content — which can include text, pictures, or
       videos — to that user’s profile page” delivering it to the user’s subscribers.
       Parker v. State, 85 A.3d 682, 686 (Del.2014). These posts often include
       information relevant to a criminal prosecution: “party admissions,
       inculpatory or exculpatory photos, or online communication between
       users.” Id. Authentication concerns arise in regard to printouts from
       Facebook “because anyone can create a fictitious account and masquerade
       under another person’s name or can gain access to another’s account by
       obtaining the user’s username and password,” and, consequently, “[t]he
       potential for fabricating or tampering with electronically stored information
       on a social networking sight” is high. Griffin v. State, 419 Md. 343, 19 A.3d
       415, 421 (2011). See also Campbell v. State, 382 S.W.3d 545, 550
       (Tex.App.2012) (“Facebook presents an authentication concern * * *
       because anyone can establish a fictitious profile under any name, the person
       viewing the profile has no way of knowing whether the profile is
       legitimate.”); Smith v. State, 136 So.3d 424, 433 (Miss.2014) (in regard to
       Facebook, authentication concerns arise “because anyone can create a
       fictitious account and masquerade under another person’s name.”).

Id. at ¶ 35.

       {¶87} In the instant matter, there is neither evidence that a fictitious individual

created the account under appellant’s name nor that the information on appellant’s page

was fabricated or tampered with.      Assuming, arguendo, that an unrelated individual

created the account under appellant’s name, appellant has made no effort to report the
incident to the Facebook Help Center.         Furthermore, assuming, arguendo, that the

posting was the product of fabrication or tampering, appellant has neither made an effort

to remove the posting from his Facebook page nor modified his privacy settings to limit

the public’s access to the posting.

       {¶88} Second, appellant argues that the Facebook post is inadmissible hearsay.

We disagree.

       {¶89} Evid.R. 801() defines hearsay as “a statement, other than one made by the

declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of

the matter asserted.”   Furthermore, Evid. R. 801(D)(2), admission by a party-opponent,

provides that a statement is not hearsay if “the statement is offered against a party and is

(a) the party’s own statement, in either an individual or a representative capacity[.]”

       {¶90} In the instant matter, the Facebook post in question is admissible as a

statement by a party-opponent.    The evidence supports that appellant posted the message

on his Facebook page sometime before 6:47 a.m. on June 30, 2014. Furthermore, the

evidence supports that the account on which the message was posted belongs to appellant.

 Thus, we find that the Facebook post was not inadmissable hearsay.

       {¶91} After reviewing the record, we find that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting the Facebook post into evidence. The testimony of Detective

Vowell and codefendant Martin satisfied the requirement of authentication for the

Facebook posting. Accordingly, appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.
                                    III. Conclusion
      {¶92}    We find that the state’s evidence, if believed, was sufficient to support

appellant’s convictions for rape, aggravated robbery, kidnapping, and having weapons

while under disability.   Furthermore, after reviewing the entire record, weighing all of

the evidence and considering the credibility of witnesses, we find that this was not the

exceptional case where the “jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.”

State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 81.

      {¶93} We find that the testimony of Detective Vowell and codefendant Martin

properly authenticated the Facebook post under Evid.R. 901(A).        Furthermore, we find

that the Facebook post was admissible under Evid.R. 801(D)(2) as an admission by a

party-opponent.   Thus, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting the Facebook post into evidence.

      {¶94} Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having

been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated.     Case remanded to the trial court

for execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.


_________________________________________________________
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCUR
