            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



BILLIET FAMILY ASSETS LLC,                                         UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   January 28, 2020
              Plaintiff-Counterdefendant/Cross-
              Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 343581
                                                                   Macomb Circuit Court
THOMAS WAYNE LEININGER,                                            LC No. 17-002205-CK

              Defendant-Counterplaintiff/Cross-
              Appellee.


BILLIET FAMILY ASSETS LLC,

              Plaintiff-
              Counterdefendant/Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 345181
                                                                   Macomb Circuit Court
THOMAS WAYNE LEININGER,                                            LC No. 17-002205-CK

              Defendant-
              Counterplaintiff/Appellee.


Before: METER, P.J., and FORT HOOD and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

      In these consolidated appeals, 1 plaintiff, Billiet Family Assets, LLC, appeals as of right
from an order that awarded sanctions against defendant’s attorney in the amount of $5,100


1
 See Billiet Family Assets LLC v Thomas Wayne Leininger, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered September 5, 2018 (Docket Nos. 343581 and 345181).



                                               -1-
(Docket No. 345181), and plaintiff cross-appeals by leave granted from an order that initially
awarded sanctions that were to be computed from the date after the deposition of defendant,
Thomas Wayne Leininger, and that was subsequently clarified to compute sanctions from the
date of the first document that was filed by the defense after the date of defendant’s deposition
(Docket No. 343581).2 We affirm.

                                     I. PERTINENT FACTS

        This case stems from legal efforts to collect an unpaid loan. Plaintiff was the assignee of
a 2013 promissory note and filed a complaint seeking payment after defendant’s default. In his
defenses, defendant argued that the 2013 note was invalid. Defendant also filed a counterclaim
alleging a violation of the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act, 15 USC 1692 et seq. However, at
his deposition on October 19, 2017, defendant admitted to owing the money but stated his belief
that, had the lender still been alive, he would have given defendant a discount. Plaintiff
subsequently filed a motion for summary disposition seeking judgment on the complaint, a
motion for summary disposition seeking dismissal of defendant’s counterclaim, and a motion for
assessment of sanctions pursuant to MCR 2.114 and MCL 600.2591. On January 12, 2018,
defendant filed his own motion for summary disposition seeking dismissal of the complaint.

         At the hearing on the various motions, the trial court granted plaintiff’s two summary
disposition motions and its motion for sanctions, and denied defendant’s motion for summary
disposition. When ruling on plaintiff’s motion for the assessment of sanctions, the trial court
cited MCL 600.2591 and stated, “ultimately the parties’ legal position was devoid of legal merit,
that became crystal clear at the time of . . . the defendant’s deposition” and “at that point of the
litigation . . . it couldn’t have been any clearer that . . . any furthering of the cause of action
was . . . going to be devoid of merit, and I’m going to impose sanctions from that point on, so
after the deposition of [defendant].” The court’s written order was issued on March 13, 2018.

        After his motion for reconsideration was denied, defendant filed a claim of appeal with
this Court (Docket No. 343581). He also filed a motion to clarify the March 13, 2018 order
awarding sanctions. At the next hearing that was held on June 25, 2018, the trial court clarified
its previous ruling by explaining that the sanctions were based on a court rule, not MCL
600.2591, and should be computed from the date of the first document filed by the defense after
defendant’s deposition:

       THE COURT: The fact is yes, [the deposition date] was the cutoff date. At that
       point is when sanctions were to attach. Now, the question is do sanctions attach
       immediately as far as every bit of work that your firm does or were they attached
       pursuant to the . . . statute or the court rule? According to the law that’s been
       provided to me, the statute would not be applicable because the Court has already


2
 Defendant initially appealed as of right in Docket No. 343581 but the appeal was dismissed.
Billiet Family Assets LLC v Thomas Wayne Leininger, unpublished order of the Court of
Appeals, entered November 13, 2018 (Docket No. 343581).


                                                -2-
       deemed that it was not frivolous to file these . . . defenses or the counter-claims.
       In regard to the court rule, it seems to be, at least from what the defense has filed,
       is that that would attach upon the filing of some pleadings or documents from
       the . . . defense. So, . . . the Court’s order, although it may have been clear that it
       is subsequent to that point in time, the question is when the first pleading was
       after that . . . threshold date when that first pleading. . . .

                                              * * *

       [A]ccording to the . . . case law and according to the interplay between the statute
       as well as the court rule, the court rule being MCR 2.114(E) and (F), it’s clear
       that . . . the sanctions have to attach after a pleading is filed. So, the minute that
       the pleading was filed by the . . . defense after that deposition date is when the
       sanctions would . . . attach. So, . . . the commencement date for the sanctions
       commences from January 12th [the date of the defense’s first filing after
       defendant’s deposition] rather than October 20th [the day after defendant’s
       deposition].

        At an August 3, 2018 evidentiary hearing, the trial court expressed incredulity that
plaintiff had requested about $90,000 in fees for work performed by four attorneys on behalf of
plaintiff since after defendant’s deposition. The court stated that “reasonableness is the
touchstone of sanctions,” and then referenced MCR 2.114(E) before awarding sanctions in the
amount of $5,100 against defendant’s attorney only.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff argues that the trial court incorrectly limited sanctions by ordering that they
commence following the first-filed document subsequent to defendant’s deposition because,
under MCL 600.2591, once the court found that defendant’s defenses and counterclaim were
frivolous, it was required to award all reasonable costs actually incurred in connection with the
civil action, rather than just a portion. This argument fails because the court ultimately relied on
MCR 2.114(E) to impose sanctions. In fact, the court explicitly rejected using MCL 600.2591 as
the basis for the sanctions award because that statute would have required a finding that
defendant’s pleadings were frivolous at the time of filing and, in this case, the trial court
specifically found those pleadings had merit when filed but became devoid of merit after
defendant’s deposition.

      As set forth in MCR 2.114(E),3 a sanction must be imposed if the court finds that a
document was signed in violation of MCR 2.114. Under MCR 2.114(D)(2), a signature of an



3
  MCR 2.114 was repealed, effective September 1, 2018. However, the language previously
found in MCR 2.114(D) has been retained identically at MCR 1.109(E)(5), the language
previously found in MCR 2.114(E) has been retained identically at MCR 1.109(E)(6), and the
language previously found in MCR 2.114(F) has been retained identically at MCR 1.109(E)(7).


                                                -3-
attorney or a party constitutes a certification that the document is well-grounded in fact and law.
MCR 2.114(E) provides: “If a document is signed in violation of this rule, the court . . . shall
impose . . . an appropriate sanction . . . .” Thus, the clear language of MCR 2.114(E) provides
that, when determining whether a document was well-grounded in fact or law, the court should
look to the time when the document was signed. In addition, MCR 2.114(E) grants the court the
discretion to fashion an “appropriate sanction” that “may include an order to pay to the other
party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the
document, including reasonable attorney fees.” The trial court may not assess punitive damages.
As stated in FMB–First Michigan Bank v Bailey, 232 Mich App 711, 726; 591 NW2d 676
(1998):

       Therefore, MCR 2.114(E) does not restrict the sanction to expenses or costs
       incurred. Rather, it gives the trial court discretion to fashion another appropriate
       sanction. In contrast, MCL 600.2591; MSA 27A.2591, incorporated by reference
       in MCR 2.114(F), provides that the trial court “shall award to the prevailing party
       the costs and fees incurred,” without giving the trial court discretion to fashion
       another appropriate sanction.

Therefore, a court may design an appropriate sanction under MCR 2.114(E) based on the
circumstances of the case. In BJ’s & Sons Constr Co, Inc v Van Sickle, 266 Mich App 400, 405
n 3, 408-409; 700 NW2d 432 (2005), this Court cited MCR 2.114(E) and affirmed sanctions for
attorney fees and costs reduced by the reasonable amount it would have cost plaintiffs to
appropriately resolve the issue.

        In this case, the trial court had the discretion under MCR 2.114(E) to restrict the award of
sanctions to a particular document. Given the court’s ruling that the furthering of defendant’s
defenses and counterclaim became devoid of legal merit after defendant’s deposition,
defendant’s motion for summary disposition that was filed after the deposition date was not well-
grounded in fact and law. Under MCR 2.114(E), the trial court did not abuse its discretion when
it ordered that sanctions should commence following the first document filed by the defense after
defendant’s deposition.

        Plaintiff next argues that, since defendant had already appealed the March 13, 2018 final
order, the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction when, on June 25, 2018, it clarified the
sanctions award from that final order. In making this argument, plaintiff concedes that the trial
court had authority to “rule on requests for costs or attorney fees” under MCR 7.208(J).
However, plaintiff points to an unpublished case, Davis v Highland Park Bd of Ed, unpublished
opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued July 24, 2014 (Docket Nos. 315002, 316235,
and 315511), wherein a plaintiff had argued that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter two
judgments subsequent to a final order that had been appealed. There, this Court found that the
subsequent judgments had not amended the substance of the final order or changed the attorney
fees or costs awarded under the final order, and that the trial court had jurisdiction under MCR


Because MCR 2.114 was in effect at all relevant times in this case, this opinion will refer to
MCR 2.114.


                                                -4-
7.208(C) to make corrections of defects and had jurisdiction under MCR 7.208(F) and (I)
regarding additional matters. Plaintiff admits that neither of the subsequent judgments in Davis
modified the substance of a sanction award.

         Assuming plaintiff means to argue that the June 25, 2018 clarification was a substantive
change of the final order issued on March 13, 2018, plaintiff does not provide any legal authority
to support that argument, other than its citation of Davis, which is not on point. Plaintiff fails to
adequately explain or support its argument and, arguably, we need not consider this issue.
Wilson v Taylor, 457 Mich 232, 243; 577 NW2d 100 (1998) (“It is not sufficient for a party
simply to announce a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and
rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then
search for authority either to sustain or reject his position”) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). However, plaintiff’s argument also fails on its merits. MCR 7.208(C)(1) allows the
trial court to correct any act in the trial court in connection with the appeal that was omitted or
insufficiently done, except as otherwise provided by rule and until the record is filed in the Court
of Appeals. In this case, the trial court acted under this court rule and merely corrected the date
from which the sanctions were calculated. When making this correction, the trial court stated
that its intent was to comport its final order with the language of MCR 2.114. Specifically, it
stated: “[A]ccording to the . . . caselaw and according to the interplay between the statute as well
as the court rule, the court rule being MCR 2.114(E) and (F), it’s clear that . . . the sanctions have
to attach after a pleading is filed. So, the minute that the pleading was filed by the . . . defense
after that deposition date is when the sanctions would . . . attach. So, . . . the commencement
date for the sanctions commences from January 12th rather than October 20th.” This
clarification was a correction only and did not change the substance of the final order. The trial
court acted within its authority when it issued the June 25, 2018 clarification.

        Next, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion in determining the amount
of sanctions when it failed to conduct a complete sanctions analysis under the framework set
forth in Pirgu v United Servs Auto Ass’n, 499 Mich 269; 884 NW2d 257 (2016). An award of
attorney fees and costs is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519,
526; 751 NW2d 472 (2008).

        Under MCR 2.114(E), an appropriate sanction may include an order to pay to the other
party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the
document, including “reasonable” attorney fees. See also Vittiglio v Vittiglio, 297 Mich App
391, 408; 824 NW2d 591, 600 (2012) (“An award of attorney fees as sanctions under MCR
2.114(E) must be ‘reasonable.’ ”). The Pirgu framework is distilled from factors used in other
cases and also from Rule 1.5(a) of the Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct, and it evaluates
the following factors when calculating reasonable attorney fees:

       (1) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the
       services,

       (2) the difficulty of the case, i.e., the novelty and difficulty of the questions
       involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly,

       (3) the amount in question and the results obtained,

                                                 -5-
       (4) the expenses incurred,

       (5) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client,

       (6) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that acceptance of the particular
       employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer,

       (7) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances, and

       (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. [Pirgu, 499 Mich at 281-282.]

        A review of the trial court’s findings in this case shows that the court was well aware of
the factors set forth in Pirgu and sufficiently articulated its findings in order to aid appellate
review. Its main finding was that “the reasonable legal work that needed to be done was the
filing of a motion for summary disposition and a response to the counter-claim” only. It also
addressed the following Pirgu factors:

      As to the experience of the attorney, the court stated that the reputation of plaintiff’s
       attorney “within the legal community and his testimony during the course of this hearing
       establishes that he is a man that, an attorney that is worth every penny, there’s no
       question about that, and his going rate of $300 is appropriate”;

      As to the difficulty of the case, the court stated that “this legal work is of a rudimentary
       nature, especially considering [plaintiff’s attorney’s] talents,” that the case “does not
       involve complex legal issues” and “is a simple matter, that it is not complex, that it is a
       matter of simple debt collection”;

      As to the amount in question and the results obtained, the court entered judgment in the
       amount of $138,000 and stated it was “utterly ridiculous to ask a client [for] $90,000 [of]
       a $138,000 award”;

      As to the expenses incurred, the court stated that the $90,000 sought by plaintiff did not
       “even contemplate the expenses that occurred prior to this deposition, or the deposition
       itself” and “for all the Court knows . . . the totality . . . of expenses that the plaintiffs are
       claiming exceeds $138,000,” which seemed “absolutely crazy”; and

      As to whether the fee is fixed or contingent, the court referred to the hourly rate of
       plaintiff’s attorney.

        It appears that plaintiff’s main disagreement is that the sanctions only cover the
reasonable attorney fees of one attorney for work done in connection with a motion for summary
disposition and a response to the counterclaim, and exclude the fees incurred for other work and
of other attorneys. However, under MCR 2.114(E), a court has the discretion to tailor an award
of sanctions to the circumstances of the case. In this case, the trial court clearly found that
sanctions should be imposed solely in connection with the first document filed by the defense
following defendant’s deposition. Therefore, it was not an abuse of the trial court’s discretion to
award sanctions that only covered the reasonable attorney fees for legal work made necessary by
defendant’s meritless continuation of the proceeding after his deposition.
                                                 -6-
       Lastly, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in awarding sanctions against defendant’s
counsel only. However, under MCR 2.114(E), if a pleading is signed in violation of MCR 2.114,
an appropriate sanction must be imposed “upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or
both”. See also Attorney Gen v Harkins, 257 Mich App 564, 576; 669 NW2d 296 (2003),
overruled on other grounds by Garg v Macomb Co Community Mental Health Servs, 472 Mich
263, 283–285; 696 NW2d 646 (2005) (“If a pleading is signed in violation of MCR 2.114(D), the
party or attorney, or both, must be sanctioned”). Counsel signed defendant’s motion for
summary disposition. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it awarded a total of
$5,100 in sanctions against defendant’s attorney only.

       Affirmed.



                                                             /s/ Patrick M. Meter
                                                             /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                             /s/ James Robert Redford




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