                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Supreme Court




                                Russell v. SNFA, 2013 IL 113909




Caption in Supreme         JOHN RUSSELL, as Ex’r of the Estate of Michael Russell, Deceased,
Court:                     Appellee, v. SNFA, Appellant.



Docket No.                 113909


Filed                      April 18, 2013


Held                       After the fatal crash of a helicopter, a claim against the French maker of
(Note: This syllabus       its custom tail-rotor bearing was not lacking in specific personal
constitutes no part of     jurisdiction where, although defendant did not have any direct U.S.
the opinion of the court   customers for its helicopter parts, which were sold through an out-of-state
but has been prepared      distributor, there were minimum contacts bringing it within the long-arm
by the Reporter of         statute by virtue of multiple sales of its products in Illinois and regular
Decisions for the          business dealings with an Illinois company, and jurisdiction was
convenience of the         reasonable.
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that court
Review                     on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon. Jeffrey
                           Lawrence, Judge, presiding.


Judgment                   Appellate court judgment affirmed.
Counsel on               Robert Marc Chemers and Scott L. Howie, of Pretzel & Stouffer, Chtrd.,
Appeal                   of Chicago, and Lisa J. Savitt and Joshua M. Kaplowitz, of Crowell &
                         Moring LLP, of Washington D.C., for appellant.

                         Todd A. Smith and Brian LaCien, of Power Rogers & Smith, P.C., of
                         Chicago, for appellee.


Justices                 CHIEF JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                         opinion.
                         Justices Freeman, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment
                         and opinion.
                         Justice Garman dissented, with opinion.
                         Justice Thomas took no part in the decision.



                                           OPINION

¶1         This is a products liability action arising from a fatal helicopter crash that occurred in
      Illinois. Plaintiff sought recovery from a number of entities connected to the accident,
      including defendant SNFA, a French company that manufactured a custom tail-rotor bearing
      for the helicopter involved in the crash.
¶2         Defendant moved to dismiss plaintiff’s action, arguing that Illinois lacked personal
      jurisdiction over it. The circuit court of Cook County agreed with defendant’s jurisdictional
      challenge and dismissed the action. On appeal, the appellate court reversed, finding that
      defendant was subject to specific personal jurisdiction in Illinois. 2011 IL App (1st) 093012-
      B, ¶ 27. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.

¶3                                      I. BACKGROUND
¶4         On January 28, 2003, plaintiff-decedent Michael Russell, the sole occupant and pilot of
      an Agusta 109C helicopter, died after his helicopter crashed in Illinois. Decedent, a resident
      of Georgia, was living in Illinois and working for Air Angels, Inc., an Illinois air ambulance
      service operating in the Chicago area, when the fatal accident occurred.
¶5         Plaintiff’s helicopter was manufactured by Agusta S.p.A. in Italy in 1989. The helicopter
      contained seven tail-rotor bearings custom made by defendant for that specific model.
      Between 1989 and 1998, the helicopter had multiple owners and operators.
¶6         In 1998, a German company sold the helicopter to Metro Aviation in Louisiana. On two
      separate instances in 1998 and in 2002, Metro Aviation replaced some of the helicopter’s
      tail-rotor bearings. Metro Aviation purchased the replacement bearings from Pennsylvania-
      based Agusta Aerospace Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Agusta. As with the

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       original bearings, the replacement bearings were manufactured by defendant in France.
       Thereafter, Metro Aviation sold the helicopter to plaintiff’s employer. It is uncontested that
       plaintiff’s helicopter contained tail-rotor bearings manufactured by defendant when it crashed
       in Illinois.
¶7          Plaintiff’s estate filed a multicount complaint against numerous defendants, alleging that
       his helicopter suffered a failure of its tail-rotor bearing, causing it to spin out of control and
       crash. In relevant part, plaintiff raised strict liability and negligence claims against defendant.
       Plaintiff filed similar claims against: (1) Metro Aviation, the Louisiana company that sold
       the helicopter to plaintiff’s employer; (2) Agusta S.p.A. (Agusta), the Italian manufacturer
       of the helicopter; and (3) Agusta Aerospace Corporation (AAC), the Pennsylvania-based
       distributor and wholly owned subsidiary of Agusta that sold the replacement bearings
       manufactured by defendant to Metro Aviation.
¶8          Thereafter, defendant moved to dismiss plaintiff’s claims against it for lack of in
       personam jurisdiction under section 2-301 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-301
       (West 2006)).1 Specifically, defendant argued that it was not subject to personal jurisdiction
       in Illinois because there was no allegation of wrongdoing in Illinois by defendant, a French
       company lacking the requisite contacts with Illinois.
¶9          To respond to defendant’s motion to dismiss, plaintiff sought jurisdictional discovery.
       Plaintiff obtained information about defendant’s sales, marketing, and distribution activities.
       Plaintiff also obtained similar information about Agusta and AAC.
¶ 10        It was established during discovery that defendant is a French corporation manufacturing
       custom-made bearings for the aerospace industry. Specifically, defendant makes bearings for
       auxiliary power units used in airplanes and for fixed-winged aircraft engines. Defendant also
       makes bearings for helicopters. Defendant conducts business internationally, with customers
       in Europe and the United States. Defendant, however, does not have any offices, assets,
       property, or employees in Illinois, and defendant is not licensed to do business in Illinois.
¶ 11        Agusta, the manufacturer of plaintiff’s helicopter, is based in Italy. AAC, the wholly
       owned subsidiary of Agusta, is located in Pennsylvania and distributes helicopters and
       component parts internationally and in the United States. Eight different models of Agusta
       helicopters with defendant’s bearings are available for sale in the United States.
¶ 12        In plaintiff’s interrogatory to AAC, plaintiff requested information about AAC’s
       distribution or sales of defendant’s products in Illinois in the last 10 years. In response, AAC
       stated that it “sold approximately 2,198 [defendant]-produced parts between 2000 and the
       date of its response, March 26, 2007.” During the past 10 years, five Agusta helicopters were
       sold to customers located in Illinois. AAC also provided customer service and parts to
       operators of Agusta aircraft in Illinois.
¶ 13        Defendant sold various custom-made helicopter tail-bearings to Agusta, including the
       type at issue here. Defendant acknowledged that it was aware that Agusta incorporated


               1
                Neither Agusta nor AAC challenged personal jurisdiction in Illinois. Metro Aviation moved
       to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, but its motion was denied.

                                                  -3-
       defendant’s bearings into the helicopters sold by Agusta. Agusta provided defendant with
       precise specifications and then defendant manufactured the tail-rotor bearings accordingly.
       Agusta also kept some of defendant’s bearings to be sold individually. Although defendant
       knew that Agusta intended to sell defendant’s bearings both in helicopters or as individual
       parts, defendant denied specific knowledge of the final destination of its custom-made
       helicopter tail-rotor bearings. Defendant does not have any direct United States customers
       for its custom-made helicopter bearings.
¶ 14        Similar to its helicopter bearings, defendant manufactures bearings for airplanes and
       fixed-wing aircraft to its customers’ specifications. Defendant sells those bearings to
       customers throughout Europe and to three companies in the United States: (1) Rolls Royce,
       a jet-engine manufacturer in Indiana; (2) Honeywell, a military and engine manufacturer in
       Arizona; and (3) Hamilton Sundstrand, an aerospace manufacturer in California. As with its
       other products, defendant does not exercise control over the products its customers
       incorporate its bearings into.
¶ 15        Relevant to the issue here, defendant disclosed in an interrogatory that it had a business
       relationship with Hamilton Sundstrand in Rockford, Illinois, since 1997. Hamilton
       Sundstrand is a manufacturer of aerospace machinery and is a part of the United Technology
       Corporation. Defendant explained that it sold Hamilton Sundstrand aerospace bearings, but
       not the same model or type of bearings in defendant’s helicopter.
¶ 16        Plaintiff took two depositions of defendant’s employee, Frederic Ponchon, who was
       responsible for selling defendant’s products in the United States, Canada, and certain parts
       of Asia and Europe. Ponchon explained that Hamilton Sundstrand had multiple locations
       throughout the United States, including divisions or locations in Rockford, Illinois, and San
       Diego, California. Ponchon personally attended at least three meetings with Hamilton
       Sundstrand in Rockford about defendant’s products and Hamilton Sundstrand’s payment
       systems. Ponchon further explained that he sought to sell a certain type of bearing to the
       Rockford location but was unable to complete the sale.
¶ 17        Ponchon stated that defendant sold its aerospace bearings to Hamilton Sundstrand, who
       incorporated defendant’s bearings into Hamilton Sundstrand aerospace products, including
       auxiliary power units. Ponchon claimed that defendant’s bearings sold to Hamilton
       Sundstrand were shipped to San Diego and that the Rockford location only processed
       payments.
¶ 18        A purchasing agreement between defendant and Hamilton Sundstrand lists Rockford,
       Illinois, as the buying and buyer agent location. Similarly, the proprietary sharing agreement
       or contract between defendant and Hamilton Sundstrand identifies Hamilton Sundstrand’s
       place of business to be “4747 Harrison Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61106” and states that
       proprietary information disclosed by defendant will be shared with an employee located in
       Rockford, Illinois. The proprietary agreement expressly provides that “[t]his agreement shall
       be governed by and interpreted under the internal laws of the state of Illinois, U.S.A.”
¶ 19        When asked about defendant’s business relationship with Agusta, Ponchon
       acknowledged that he knew that Agusta sold helicopters that contained defendant’s bearings
       in the United States. Ponchon denied, however, knowing whether any Agusta helicopters


                                                -4-
       were sold in Illinois.
¶ 20        Plaintiff also obtained defendant’s invoices and sales documents on defendant’s sales to
       Hamilton Sundstrand. During an approximately four-year period, between July 2001 and
       February 2005, defendant sold products totaling approximately $1 million to Hamilton
       Sundstrand in a number of separate shipments. The invoices listed Hamilton Sundstrand’s
       business address as Rockford, Illinois, and a delivery address in San Diego, California.
¶ 21        Ultimately, the circuit court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of
       jurisdiction. The court concluded that defendant did not have sufficient contacts with Illinois.
¶ 22        On appeal, the appellate court reversed the circuit court’s judgment. Russell v. SNFA, 408
       Ill. App. 3d 827 (2011). This court, however, vacated the appellate court’s judgment and
       directed it to reconsider in light of the United States Supreme Court’s decisions in Goodyear
       Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2846 (2011), and J.
       McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2780 (2011) (plurality op.).
       Russell v. SNFA, No. 112323 (Sept. 28, 2011) (supervisory order).
¶ 23        On reconsideration, the appellate court again reversed the circuit court’s dismissal for
       lack of personal jurisdiction, finding that Goodyear and McIntyre supported its original
       decision. 2011 IL App (1st) 093012-B, ¶ 2. The court relied heavily on Rockwell
       International Corp. v. Costruzioni Aeronautiche Giovonni Agusta, S.p.A., 553 F. Supp. 328
       (E.D. Pa. 1982), a case involving almost identical facts, in finding that Illinois’ exercise of
       jurisdiction over defendant was proper. 2011 IL App (1st) 093012-B, ¶ 36. The court further
       found that its holding was consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s observation in
       McIntyre that “distribution by an American distributor in the states could be sufficient to
       establish jurisdiction, given the right set of facts.” 2011 IL App (1st) 093012-B, ¶ 45.
¶ 24        This court allowed defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb.
       26, 2010).

¶ 25                                        II. ANALYSIS
¶ 26       On appeal, defendant argues that the appellate court erred when it reversed the circuit
       court’s judgment dismissing plaintiff’s action for lack of personal jurisdiction. Defendant
       contends that Illinois cannot exercise specific personal jurisdiction because defendant lacks
       the requisite “minimum contacts” with Illinois, the accident did not arise from defendant’s
       contact with Illinois, and it would be unreasonably burdensome to require defendant to
       defend itself in Illinois. Defendant asserts that the appellate court misinterpreted McIntyre
       and erroneously relied on Rockwell, a 1982 Pennsylvania federal case employing a standard
       rejected by McIntyre. Defendant further argues that Illinois cannot exercise general personal
       jurisdiction because there is no evidence that defendant had the necessary “continuous and
       systemic” contacts with Illinois.
¶ 27       Plaintiff responds that the appellate court properly found that defendant was subject to
       specific personal jurisdiction in Illinois under applicable provisions of the Illinois long-arm
       statute (735 ILCS 5/2-209(a), (c) (West 2002)). Plaintiff argues that the appellate court’s
       judgment comports with federal and Illinois due process concerns because defendant has
       more than sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois, the cause of action arose from or relates

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       to those contacts, and it is reasonable to require defendant to litigate in Illinois. Plaintiff
       further argues that defendant is subject to general personal jurisdiction because it has
       continuous and systemic contacts with Illinois.
¶ 28        It is settled that the plaintiff has the burden to establish a prima facie basis to exercise
       personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. Wiggen v. Wiggen, 2011 IL App (2d)
       100982, ¶ 20. When, as here, the circuit court decides a jurisdictional question solely on
       documentary evidence, without an evidentiary hearing, our review is de novo. Id. ¶ 20. Any
       conflicts in the pleadings and affidavits must be resolved in the plaintiff’s favor, but the
       defendant may overcome plaintiff’s prima facie case for jurisdiction by offering
       uncontradicted evidence that defeats jurisdiction. Id. ¶ 20.
¶ 29        Section 2-209 of the Code of Civil Procedure, commonly referred to as the Illinois long-
       arm statute, governs the exercise of personal jurisdiction by an Illinois court over a
       nonresident and is divided into three subsections identifying multiple grounds for exercising
       jurisdiction. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a), (b), (c) (West 2002). Historically, this court has
       employed a two-part analysis in deciding a jurisdictional issue under the long-arm statute,
       first determining whether a specific statutory provision of section 2-209 has been satisfied,
       and then determining whether the due process requirements of the United States and Illinois
       Constitutions have been met. Rollins v. Ellwood, 141 Ill. 2d 244, 275 (1990).
¶ 30        The year before Rollins was decided, however, the General Assembly substantively
       amended the long-arm statute by adding subsection (c), effective September 7, 1989. 735
       ILCS 5/2-209(c) (West 2002). Subsection (c), commonly referred to as the “catch-all
       provision,” broadly provides that a court “may also exercise jurisdiction on any other basis
       now or hereafter permitted by the Illinois Constitution and the Constitution of the United
       States.” 735 ILCS 5/2-209(c) (West 2002). In consideration of that amendment, our appellate
       court has found that Rollins’s two-part analysis is no longer necessary when subsection (c)
       is invoked because it constitutes an independent basis for exercising personal jurisdiction that
       effectively collapses the jurisdictional inquiry into the single issue of whether a defendant’s
       Illinois contacts are sufficient to satisfy federal and Illinois due process. See, e.g., Soria v.
       Chrysler Canada, Inc., 2011 IL App (2d) 101236, ¶ 16; Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP v.
       City of East Chicago, 401 Ill. App. 3d 947, 952 (2010); Old Orchard Urban Ltd. Partnership
       v. Harry Rosen, Inc., 389 Ill. App. 3d 58, 64 (2009); Knaus v. Guidry, 389 Ill. App. 3d 804,
       814 (2009); Kostal v. Pinkus Dermatopathology Laboratory, P.C., 357 Ill. App. 3d 381, 386-
       87 (2005); Alderson v. Southern Co., 321 Ill. App. 3d 832, 856 (2001); Weiden v. Benveniste,
       298 Ill. App. 3d 531, 533 (1998); see also Tamburo v. Dworkin, 601 F.3d 693, 700 (7th Cir.
       2010) (concluding that under subsection (c) “the state statutory and federal constitutional
       inquiries merge”). We agree. Thus, when, as here, a plaintiff argues that personal jurisdiction
       is proper under subsection (c) of the Illinois long-arm statute, the sole issue before the court
       is whether the nonresident defendant’s connection or contact with Illinois is sufficient to
       satisfy federal and Illinois due process.
¶ 31        Before turning to that issue, though, we must clarify another part of our decision in
       Rollins. In Rollins, we observed that “Illinois’ long-arm statute is to be given a definite
       meaning and scope which does not fluctuate with every new pronouncement on the limits
       of Federal due process.” Rollins, 141 Ill. 2d at 271 (citing Green v. Advance Ross Electronics

                                                 -6-
       Corp., 86 Ill. 2d 431, 436 (1981)). We instructed courts deciding whether personal
       jurisdiction should be exercised under the long-arm statute to consider the Illinois long-arm
       statute “separately” from federal due process standards. Rollins, 141 Ill. 2d at 271.
       Consequently, we concluded that the Illinois long-arm statute “may well restrict the power
       that the courts of this State have to bring nonresidents before them to a greater extent than
       do the Federal due process clause and the ‘minimum contacts’ standard developed over the
       years by the Supreme Court.” Rollins, 141 Ill. 2d at 271-72. Rollins suggests that, in the
       context of personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants, due process protection under
       the Illinois long-arm statute may be greater than federal due process protections.
¶ 32       Since our decision in Rollins, however, there have been no decisions from this court or
       the appellate court identifying any substantive difference between Illinois due process and
       federal due process on the issue of a court’s exercising personal jurisdiction over a
       nonresident defendant. When interpreting Illinois law on personal jurisdiction, the Seventh
       Circuit has observed that “in no case post-Rollins has an Illinois court found federal due
       process to allow the exercise of jurisdiction in a case where Illinois limits [or] prohibit[s] it.”
       Hyatt International Corp. v. Coco, 302 F.3d 707, 715 (7th Cir. 2002). Similarly, also in the
       context of the Illinois long-arm statute, a federal district court has concluded “that it is only
       in the rare (and perhaps hypothetical) case that the federal due process analysis might
       actually differ from the Illinois due process analysis.” GMAC Real Estate, LLC v. E.L. Cutler
       & Associates, Inc., 472 F. Supp. 2d 960, 964 (N.D. Ill. 2006).
¶ 33       Defendant, as the party challenging personal jurisdiction here, does not argue that it is
       entitled to greater due process protections under the Illinois due process clause and long-arm
       statute. Therefore, we do not need to determine in this case the extent, if any, that Illinois due
       process protections differ from federal due process protections on the issue of personal
       jurisdiction. Accordingly, we will not consider our long-arm statute separately from federal
       due process concerns.
¶ 34       The United States Supreme Court has observed that “[t]he Due Process Clause of the
       Fourteenth Amendment sets the outer boundaries of a state tribunal’s authority to proceed
       against a defendant.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. ___, ___,
       131 S. Ct. 2846, 2853 (2011). In all cases involving a nonresident defendant, before a court
       may subject the defendant to a judgment in personam, “due process requires that the
       defendant have certain minimum contacts with the forum State such that maintenance of the
       suit there does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” Wiles v.
       Morita Iron Works Co., 125 Ill. 2d 144, 150 (1988) (quoting International Shoe Co. v.
       Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)). We therefore must consider whether defendant has
       minimum contacts with Illinois and whether subjecting it to litigation in Illinois is reasonable
       under traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.

¶ 35                                   A. Minimum Contacts
¶ 36       This court recognizes the “minimum contacts” test as the threshold issue in any personal
       jurisdiction challenge in Illinois. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 161. In turn, the relevant inquiry into
       whether the minimum contacts test has been satisfied depends on what category of personal


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       jurisdiction is being sought—either general or specific. Keller v. Henderson, 359 Ill. App.
       3d 605, 613 (2005). General jurisdiction for a corporate defendant exists when it has engaged
       in continuous and substantial business activity within the forum, the paradigm example for
       a corporation being a location where it “is fairly regarded as at home.” Goodyear, 564 U.S.
       at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2853-54. A finding of general jurisdiction permits a cause of action
       against a defendant based on activity that is entirely distinct from its activity in the forum.
       Goodyear, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2853. Consequently, the standard for finding
       general jurisdiction is very high and requires a showing that the nonresident defendant
       carried on systemic business activity in Illinois “not casually or occasionally, but with a fair
       measure of permanence and continuity.” Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP v. City of East
       Chicago, 401 Ill. App. 3d 947, 953 (2010); see also Felland v. Clifton, 682 F.3d 665, 673
       (7th Cir. 2012) (explaining that “the threshold for general jurisdiction is quite high because
       ‘the contacts must be sufficiently extensive and pervasive to approximate physical
       presence’ ” (quoting Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 701)). Essentially, this means that, “the foreign
       corporation has taken up residence in Illinois.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Morgan,
       401 Ill. App. 3d at 953.
¶ 37       Although the appellate court declined to decide whether general jurisdiction exists here
       (2011 IL App (1st) 093012-B, ¶ 27), after reviewing the evidence under the applicable high
       standard, we find that it does not. Defendant is a French corporation that manufactures
       custom-made bearings for the aerospace industry. Defendant sells its products
       internationally, including in the United States, but defendant does not have any offices,
       assets, property, or employees in Illinois. Nor is defendant licensed to do business in Illinois.
¶ 38       In other words, there is no evidence showing that defendant engaged in the type of
       permanent and systemic business activity in Illinois that would justify a finding of general
       jurisdiction. Simply put, we cannot conclude that Illinois could be fairly regarded as
       defendant’s home. See Goodyear, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2854. Therefore, we
       necessarily conclude that Illinois cannot exercise general jurisdiction over defendant.
¶ 39       The second type of personal jurisdiction is specific jurisdiction, the type the appellate
       court determined was applicable here. As the parties’ respective arguments demonstrate, the
       key issue in this appeal is specific personal jurisdiction.
¶ 40       Specific jurisdiction requires a showing that the defendant purposefully directed its
       activities at the forum state and the cause of action arose out of or relates to the defendant’s
       contacts with the forum state. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 (1985).
       Under specific jurisdiction, a nonresident defendant may be subjected to a forum state’s
       jurisdiction based on certain “ ‘single or occasional acts’ ” in the state but only with respect
       to matters related to those acts. Goodyear, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2853 (quoting
       International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 318).
¶ 41       In Burger King Corp., the United States Supreme Court explained the rationale for
       permitting the exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant who
       “purposefully directs” its activities toward the forum, even if only for single or occasional
       acts in the forum state. First, the state has a manifest interest in providing its residents with
       a convenient forum for redressing injuries caused by nonresidents. Second, when a


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       nonresident defendant purposefully derives benefit from its interstate activities in other
       jurisdictions it would be unfair to allow that defendant to avoid any legal consequences that
       proximately arose from those same activities. Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 473-74.
¶ 42       Noting that a potential nonresident defendant should be able to “reasonably anticipate”
       being drawn into litigation in the foreign forum, the Court explained the central underpinning
       of specific jurisdiction as follows:
               “ ‘The unilateral activity of those who claim some relationship with a nonresident
               defendant cannot satisfy the requirement of contact with the forum State. The
               application of that rule will vary with the quality and nature of the defendant’s
               activity, but it is essential in each case that there be some act by which the defendant
               purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum
               State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.’ ” Burger King Corp.,
               471 U.S. at 474-75 (quoting Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958)).
       The Court further explained that requiring a showing of “purposeful availment” within the
       forum state protects a nonresident defendant from being haled into a jurisdiction based on
       random or attenuated contacts or the unilateral activity of a third party. Burger King Corp.,
       471 U.S. at 475.
¶ 43       Relevant here, one way to satisfy the requirements for specific jurisdiction is under the
       “stream of commerce” theory, an approach first recognized by the United States Supreme
       Court in World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286 (1980).2 In that decision,
       the Court concluded as follows:
               “[I]f the sale of a product by a manufacturer or a distributor *** is not simply an
               isolated occurrence, but arises from the efforts of the manufacturer or distributor to
               serve directly or indirectly, the market for its product in other States, it is not
               unreasonable to subject it to suit in one of those States if its allegedly defective
               merchandise has there been the source of injury to its owner or to others.” World-
               Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297.
       Under those circumstances, the forum state is permitted to exercise personal jurisdiction over
       a nonresident defendant “that delivers its products into the stream of commerce with the
       expectation that they will be purchased by consumers in the forum State.” World-Wide
       Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297-98.
¶ 44       Applying those principles to the facts in World-Wide Volkswagen, however, the Court
       found that an Oklahoma state court could not exercise personal jurisdiction “over a
       nonresident automobile retailer and its wholesale distributor in a products-liability action,
       when the defendants’ only connection with Oklahoma is the fact that an automobile sold in


               2
                We note that this court recognized the “stream of commerce” theory for establishing
       personal jurisdiction before World-Wide Volkswagen was decided. Gray v. American Radiator &
       Standard Sanitary Corp., 22 Ill. 2d 432 (1961); see also World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297-98
       (referring favorably to Gray); Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102, 120 (1987)
       (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall and
       Blackmun, JJ.) (describing Gray as “a well-known stream-of-commerce case”).

                                                  -9-
       New York to New York residents became involved in an accident in Oklahoma.” World-
       Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 287. In particular, the nonresident defendants’ markets were
       limited to New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut and there was no evidence in the record
       that any automobiles were sold to customers outside that area, let alone Oklahoma. Finally,
       even if it were foreseeable that a vehicle sold by defendants would be driven or used by a
       consumer in Oklahoma, the Court deemed that basis of foreseeability insufficient to satisfy
       the requisite minimum contact standard. World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 298.
¶ 45       As the parties here acknowledge, however, the evolution of the stream-of-commerce
       theory has not been consistent. Notably, seven years after deciding World-Wide Volkswagen,
       the United States Supreme Court issued a fractured opinion on the issue in Asahi Metal
       Industry Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102 (1987). In Asahi, the plaintiff was injured in
       a motorcycle accident in California, and he filed a lawsuit against the Taiwanese
       manufacturer of the motorcycle tires’ inner tubes. The Taiwanese manufacturer then filed a
       cross-complaint against Asahi, the Japanese manufacturer of the tube’s valve assembly.
       Ultimately, however, the plaintiff’s claims were settled and dismissed, leaving only the
       indemnity action between the Taiwanese and Japanese defendants before the California
       court. Thus, the issue before the United States Supreme Court was whether a California court
       could exercise personal jurisdiction over the Taiwanese and Japanese defendants in the
       indemnity action. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 105-06, 115. The Court unanimously held that the
       California court could not exercise personal jurisdiction over the indemnity dispute between
       the Taiwanese and Japanese defendants because it would be unreasonable and unfair. Asahi,
       480 U.S. at 113, 116; 121 (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment,
       joined by White, Marshall and Blackmun, JJ.).
¶ 46       On the separate issue of “minimum contacts” and the proper application of the stream-of-
       commerce theory, however, the Court could not reach a consensus and issued three separate
       opinions. The first approach was advanced by Justice O’Connor, joined by Chief Justice
       Rehnquist and Justices Powell and Scalia. Justice O’Connor concluded that minimum
       contacts did not exist, and rejected the Supreme Court of California’s broad application of
       the stream-of-commerce theory that would permit the exercise of personal jurisdiction
       whenever a defendant places its product into the stream of commerce with only the
       knowledge or awareness that the product could potentially reach the forum state. Asahi, 480
       U.S. at 111-12 (opinion of O’Connor, J.).
¶ 47       Instead, Justice O’Connor argued that the stream-of-commerce theory required a showing
       that the defendant purposefully directed its product at the forum through additional conduct.
       Under Justice O’Connor’s approach, a defendant’s awareness or knowledge that the stream
       of commerce would bring its product into the forum was insufficient, standing alone, to
       establish minimum contacts. Rather, Justice O’Connor believed that some type of additional
       conduct was necessary to establish purposeful direction toward the forum. Examples of
       conduct that would indicate an intent or purpose to serve the market in the forum state
       include designing the product for the market in the forum, advertising in the forum,
       establishing channels for providing regular advice to customers in the forum, or marketing
       the product through a distributor who has agreed to serve as the sales agent in the forum.
       Asahi, 480 U.S. at 110-12 (opinion of O’Connor, J.).

                                               -10-
¶ 48       Applying that rule in Asahi, Justice O’Connor found that minimum contacts were lacking
       when there was no evidence that defendant Asahi conducted business in California and it did
       not have any office, agents, employees, or property in California. Nor did Asahi create,
       control, or employ the distribution system that brought its valves to California. Finally,
       Justice O’Connor noted that “[t]here is no evidence that Asahi designed its product in
       anticipation of sales in California.” Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112-13 (opinion of O’Connor, J.).
¶ 49       In a separate opinion in Asahi, Justice Brennan, joined by Justices White, Marshall, and
       Blackmun, rejected Justice O’Connor’s narrow interpretation of the stream-of-commerce
       theory and her conclusion that Asahi did not purposefully avail itself of the California
       market. Justice Brennan argued that the stream-of-commerce theory did not require the
       “additional conduct” proposed by Justice O’Connor. Asahi, 405 U.S. at 117 (Brennan, J.,
       concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall and Blackmun,
       JJ.).
¶ 50       Noting that the stream of commerce referred to the regular and anticipated flow of
       products from manufacture to distribution to retail sale, Justice Brennan concluded that when
       the defendant was aware the final product was being marketed in the forum, the possibility
       of a lawsuit there could not be a surprise. Similarly, litigation in that forum would not present
       a burden with no corresponding economic benefit. Thus, in Justice Brennan’s opinion, the
       additional conduct test proposed by Justice O’Connor was unnecessary and did not comport
       with World-Wide Volkswagen. Applying his broader test, Justice Brennan found that
       minimum contacts with California existed because “[a]lthough Asahi did not design or
       control the system of distribution that carried its valve assemblies into California, Asahi was
       aware of the distribution system’s operation, and it knew that it would benefit economically
       from the sale in California of products incorporating its components.” Asahi, 405 U.S. at
       117-18, 121 (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by
       White, Marshall and Blackmun, JJ.).
¶ 51       The third opinion on the minimum contacts issue in Asahi, authored by Justice Stevens,
       and joined by Justices White and Blackmun, argued that the Court should not even reach the
       minimum contacts issue because the Court unanimously agreed that it would be unreasonable
       and unfair to require the foreign defendants to resolve their indemnity dispute in a California
       court, and those grounds alone warranted reversal. Asahi, 405 U.S. at 121 (Stevens, J.,
       concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White and Blackmun, JJ.).
¶ 52       After Asahi was decided, the lower federal and state courts struggled to reconcile its
       competing standards for the stream-of-commerce theory. Indeed, in Wiles, this court
       described Asahi as “extremely balkanized” and noted that Asahi presented two competing
       versions of the stream-of-commerce theory, a narrow theory advanced by Justice O’Connor
       and a broad theory advanced by Justice Brennan. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 156-57.
¶ 53       We explained that, under the narrow theory, a nonresident defendant does not establish
       minimum contacts with the forum unless it engages in additional conduct beyond merely
       placing products into the stream of commerce. In contrast, under the broad theory, minimum
       contacts between a nonresident defendant and the forum state are established when the
       defendant participates in the regular and anticipated flow of products from manufacture to


                                                 -11-
       distribution to retail sale and the defendant is aware that the final product is being marketed
       in the forum state. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 157 (citing Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112; 117 (Brennan, J.,
       concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall and Blackmun,
       JJ.).
¶ 54       Recognizing the tension between the two competing stream-of-commerce theories in
       Asahi, this court declined to decide what approach was correct or adopt either of the
       approaches for Illinois. We did note, however, that “[u]nder either interpretation of the
       stream of commerce theory, it is clear that purposeful availment of the forum’s market
       requires, at a minimum, that the alien defendant is ‘aware that the final product is being
       marketed in the forum State.’ ” (Emphases in original.) Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 160 (quoting
       Asahi, 480 U.S. at 117 (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment,
       joined by White, Marshall and Blackmun, JJ.).
¶ 55       Applying that standard to the facts in Wiles, we found that the Japanese defendant did not
       have the requisite minimum contacts with Illinois. In Wiles, the plaintiff was injured by a
       machine at his employer’s plant in Illinois. Plaintiff’s employer had purchased the machine
       in Japan from defendant, a Japanese machine manufacturer. After reviewing the facts in
       Wiles, we observed that the record was “totally devoid” of any evidence that the Japanese
       defendant was “aware either during contract negotiations or at the time of delivery of the
       products to [plaintiff’s employer] in Japan that [plaintiff’s employer] intended to transport
       two of the [machines] to Illinois, or that [plaintiff’s employer] even had a plant in Illinois.”
       Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 147, 160.
¶ 56       In other words, the Japanese defendant had absolutely no knowledge that its product,
       purchased in Japan, might be destined for Illinois. Instead, the defendant’s product was
       brought into Illinois “solely” by the unilateral act of the plaintiff’s employer. Because the
       unilateral action of a third party does not satisfy the minimum contacts standard, we
       necessarily found that the plaintiff’s action against the Japanese defendant should be
       dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 160, 163.
¶ 57       Wiles represents the last time that this court has discussed the stream-of-commerce
       theory. Recently, however, the United States Supreme Court substantively revisited the
       theory in J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2780 (2011).
¶ 58       In McIntyre, the plaintiff, a New Jersey resident, was injured at his workplace in New
       Jersey while operating a metal-shearing machine manufactured by defendant, a manufacturer
       based in England. The defendant did not market its products in New Jersey nor did it ship
       the products there. Instead, it used an independent Ohio-based distributor to sell its products
       in the United States. Although the defendant sold its products exclusively through the
       American distributor and did not sell directly to any other customer in the United States, the
       defendant did not have any control over the American distributor. The defendant also
       attended various trade shows with the American distributor in the United States but none in
       New Jersey. Plaintiff’s employer bought a single machine from the American distributor of
       defendant’s products. McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2782-83, 2791.
¶ 59       Based on these facts, six justices of the Court in McIntyre found that the New Jersey
       court could not exercise specific personal jurisdiction over the British defendant and reversed


                                                -12-
       the New Jersey Supreme Court’s contrary judgment. McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, ___, 131 S.
       Ct. at 2791, 2795. Critically, though, the six justices did not agree on a rationale for reversing
       the lower court’s judgment, particularly on the application of the stream-of-commerce theory.
¶ 60        In a plurality opinion joined by Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Scalia, and Justice Thomas,
       Justice Kennedy endorsed the narrow stream-of-commerce theory articulated by Justice
       O’Connor in Asahi. McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2790. Justice Kennedy
       acknowledged World-Wide Volkswagen’s instruction that a defendant’s act of placing goods
       into the stream of commerce with the expectation that they might be purchased by consumers
       in the forum state may indicate purposeful availment, but argued that World-Wide
       Volkswagen did “not amend the general rule of personal jurisdiction.” McIntyre, 564 U.S.
       at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2788.
¶ 61        Instead, Justice Kennedy explained that the stream-of-commerce theory “merely observes
       that a defendant may in an appropriate case be subject to jurisdiction without entering the
       forum—itself an unexceptional proposition—as where manufacturers or distributors ‘seek
       to serve’ a given State’s market.” McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2788. In Justice
       Kennedy’s view, the principal inquiry in all specific jurisdiction cases is whether the
       defendant’s activity manifests an intention to submit to the sovereign’s power by showing
       that the defendant “purposefully avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities
       within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2788. Thus, in the context
       of the stream-of-commerce theory, a defendant’s transmission of goods permits the exercise
       of jurisdiction only when the defendant targets the forum. Generally, then, “it is not enough
       that the defendant might have predicted that its goods will reach the forum State.” McIntyre,
       564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2788.
¶ 62        Justice Kennedy also criticized the broader stream-of-commerce theory articulated by
       Justice Brennan’s concurrence in Asahi for improperly making fairness and foreseeability the
       touchstones of jurisdiction. Specifically, Justice Kennedy stated that “Justice Brennan’s
       concurrence, advocating a rule based on general notions of fairness and foreseeability, is
       inconsistent with the premises of lawful judicial power. This Court’s precedents make clear
       that it is the defendant’s actions, not his expectations, that empower a State’s courts to
       subject him to judgment.” McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2789.
¶ 63        In a concurring opinion, Justices Breyer and Alito agreed with the plurality that the New
       Jersey court could not exercise personal jurisdiction, but disagreed with the plurality’s “strict
       rules” to limit jurisdiction. The concurring justices believed that the case should be decided
       on the Court’s precedents rather than making a new pronouncement that would “refashion
       basic jurisdictional rules.” McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793 (Breyer, J.,
       concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.).
¶ 64        Applying those precedents to the facts in McIntyre, the concurrence concluded that none
       of the Court’s precedents supported a finding that a single isolated sale, even if accompanied
       by efforts to make sales anywhere in the United States, was sufficient to establish personal
       jurisdiction. Moreover, there was no evidence of a regular flow of sales to New Jersey and
       no “something more,” such as special state-related design, advertising, advice, or marketing.


                                                 -13-
       McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined
       by Alito, J.) (quoting Asahi, 480 U.S. at 111).
¶ 65        The concurrence further explained that, while it disagreed with the plurality’s “seemingly
       strict no-jurisdiction rule,” it also disagreed with the stream-of-commerce theory accepted
       by the New Jersey Supreme Court. Expressing concern for the implications of small
       manufacturers, the concurrence rejected an overly broad interpretation of the stream-of-
       commerce theory that would subject a manufacturer to jurisdiction as long as it “knows or
       reasonably should know that its products are distributed through a nationwide distribution
       system that might lead to those products being sold in any of the fifty states.” (Emphasis in
       original; internal quotation marks omitted.) McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793
       (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.). Ultimately, the concurrence
       explicitly chose to base its decision on the Court’s precedents, rejected the plurality’s
       reasoning, and declined to express a different approach for the stream-of-commerce theory.
       McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2794 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined
       by Alito, J.).
¶ 66        In dissent, Justice Ginsburg, joined by Justices Sotomayor and Kagan, argued that the
       New Jersey court could properly exercise jurisdiction over the English-based defendant under
       International Shoe and the Court’s subsequent decisions. The dissent asserted that
       International Shoe ushered in the modern approach to jurisdiction over corporations and
       afforded significant consideration to reason and fairness. Because the defendant engaged an
       American-based distributor, the dissent would find that it “purposefully availed itself” of the
       entire United States market, thereby availing itself of each of the individual states where its
       distributor sold its products for purposes of a jurisdiction analysis. The dissent observed that
       both federal and state courts, when presented with similar facts, have held that it “would
       undermine principles of fundamental fairness to insulate the foreign manufacturer from
       accountability in court at the place within the United States where the manufacturer’s
       products caused injury.” McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2795-804 (Ginsburg, J.,
       dissenting, joined by Sotomayor and Kagan, JJ.).
¶ 67        Having carefully reviewed McIntyre, we believe that the following points can be
       deciphered from its three separate opinions. First, the Court unanimously endorsed the
       continued validity of the stream-of-commerce theory from World-Wide Volkswagen to
       establish specific personal jurisdiction, although the proper application of that theory is not
       settled. McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2787-89; 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792
       (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.); 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at
       2798-99 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting, joined by Sotomayor and Kagan, JJ.); see also Goodyear
       Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 2846, 2855 (2011)
       (although a general personal jurisdiction case, a unanimous court reaffirmed World-Wide
       Volkswagen’s stream-of-commerce analysis on questions of specific personal jurisdiction).
¶ 68        Second, a clear majority of the Court, six justices, rejected the New Jersey Supreme
       Court’s stream-of-commerce theory. Thus, going forward, specific jurisdiction should not
       be exercised based on a single sale in a forum, even when a manufacturer or producer
       “knows or reasonably should know that its products are distributed through a nationwide
       distribution system that might lead to those products being sold in any of the fifty states.”

                                                -14-
       (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S.
       Ct. at 2793 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.); see also McIntyre,
       564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2785-88 (plurality criticizing New Jersey Supreme Court’s
       approach and then concluding that “it is not enough that the defendant might have predicted
       that its goods will reach the forum State”). We note that this outcome is consistent with this
       court’s conclusion in Wiles that the competing opinions in Asahi required “at a minimum,
       that the alien defendant is ‘aware that the final product is being marketed in the forum
       State.’ ” (Emphases in original.) Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 160 (quoting Asahi, 480 U.S. at 117
       (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall
       and Blackmun, JJ.)).
¶ 69        Finally, a minority of the Court believes that a broader stream-of-commerce theory
       should be applied to adapt to modern globalized commerce and is warranted under
       International Shoe’s focus on “notions of fair play and substantial justice.” McIntyre, 564
       U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2804 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting, joined by Sotomayor and Kagan,
       JJ.). Of course, even if we agreed that this is the proper approach to take, we could not adopt
       it here because it is currently the minority position in the United States Supreme Court. See
       supra ¶ 33 (concluding that “we will not consider our long-arm statute separately from
       federal due process concerns” under the circumstances of this case).
¶ 70        Aside from those observations, though, McIntyre has not definitively clarified the proper
       application of the stream-of-commerce theory. We disagree with defendant’s contention
       before this court that Justice Breyer’s concurrence in McIntyre should be construed as
       adopting Justice O’Connor’s narrow construction. While the plurality certainly favored that
       construction (McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2790), Justice Breyer explicitly
       declined to announce any new jurisdictional rules and, instead, believed “the outcome of this
       case is determined by our precedents.” McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2791 (Breyer,
       J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.).
¶ 71        To the extent that Justice Breyer applied Justice O’Connor’s approach to the facts in
       McIntyre, Justice Breyer did so to illustrate that dismissal was proper under both the broad
       and narrow theories of the stream of commerce. See McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct.
       at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.) (discussing the “separate
       opinions” in Asahi and then applying the standards in those opinions to the facts in
       McIntyre). Moreover, Justice Breyer quite clearly disagreed with the plurality’s decision to
       rely on “strict rules” to limit jurisdiction to only situations when the defendant intended to
       submit to a state’s sovereign power. See McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793
       (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.) (criticizing the plurality’s
       position). In light of this disagreement, we cannot say that Justice Breyer intended to endorse,
       or otherwise adopt, Justice O’Connor’s narrow construction of the stream-of-commerce
       theory. Accordingly, as in Wiles, we will not adopt either the broad or narrow version of the
       theory without more definitive guidance from a majority of the United States Supreme Court.
¶ 72        Having extensively analyzed the relevant authority, we now consider the facts of this case
       to determine whether plaintiff has met his burden to show that defendant has the requisite
       minimum contacts with Illinois. Initially, for purposes of the stream-of-commerce theory, we
       agree with the appellate court that Agusta and its American subsidiary, AAC, effectively

                                                -15-
       operated as an American distributor for defendant’s tail-rotor bearings in the United States
       market. Thus, we reject defendant’s contention that the actions of Agusta and AAC are
       irrelevant to our determination of personal jurisdiction.
¶ 73        As defendant acknowledges, defendant custom manufactured the bearings at issue
       specifically for Agusta. Agusta provides defendant with the specifications and defendant
       manufactures the bearings accordingly. Agusta, in turn, incorporates defendant’s bearings
       into helicopters and sells those helicopters internationally, including in the United States
       through its American subsidiary, AAC. Consequently, the sole market for defendant’s
       bearings of this type would be Agusta or an owner of an Agusta helicopter that needed to
       replace those bearings. In other words, the only way that defendant’s product, custom-made
       helicopter tail-rotor bearings, would ever reach the final consumer, including consumers in
       the United States and Illinois, was through Agusta and its American distributor AAC.
¶ 74        In fact, defendant concedes that it has no direct American customers for these specific
       bearings. Therefore, without Agusta and AAC, defendant would have no market or
       corresponding sales of those bearings anywhere in the United States. Indeed, defendant’s
       product reached Illinois through this distribution network—the Louisiana company that sold
       the helicopter to plaintiff’s employer purchased replacement tail-rotor bearings from AAC,
       Agusta’s American distributor. Under these circumstances, we agree with the appellate
       court’s assessment of defendant’s relationship with Agusta and AAC, as follows:
                     “In essence, Agusta is the marketer and distributor to the consumer of their joint
                and ultimate product. [Defendant] has chosen to leave to Agusta the marketing and
                distribution to the consumer. Agusta is thus the conduit through which this
                [defendant’s] product, custom-made for Agusta, reaches the ultimate consumers.”
                2011 IL App (1st) 093012-B, ¶ 41.
¶ 75        Furthermore, defendant acknowledges that Agusta and AAC sold defendant’s bearings
       throughout the world, including the United States. In the past 10 years, five Agusta
       helicopters were sold in Illinois. Moreover, during a seven-year period, between 2000 and
       2007, AAC sold approximately 2,198 parts manufactured by defendant to entities located in
       Illinois.
¶ 76        We are not the only court to conclude that, for purposes of a stream-of-commerce
       analysis, Agusta and its American distributor AAC act as defendant’s distributors. Presented
       with almost identical facts to those present here, a federal district court in Pennsylvania
       rejected defendant’s argument that because it confined its sales to Agusta in the European
       market it had not “purposefully availed itself of the privileges of conducting business within
       Pennsylvania.” Rockwell International Corp. v. Costruzioni Aeronautiche Giovanni Agusta,
       S.p.A., 553 F. Supp. 328, 331 (E.D. Pa. 1982). Assessing defendant’s business relationship
       with Agusta, the Rockwell court concluded:
                “While [defendant’s] involvement in the sale and distribution of the ball bearing may
                be once or twice removed from Agusta’s final sale to [the plaintiff], [defendant’s]
                purposeful availment, critical in the minimum contacts analysis, actually took place
                at an earlier point. That occurred when [defendant] decided to enter and exploit the
                international ‘executive corporate transport market,’ and toward that end, began to


                                                -16-
                work closely with Agusta’s engineers to develop the ball bearings for the A–109
                [helicopter] with the knowledge that the A–109 was to be marketed throughout the
                continental United States. Moreover, because the ball bearings are custom-made,
                [defendant] intended its products to be an inseparable part of the marketing plan of
                Agusta.” Rockwell, 553 F. Supp. at 331-32.
       As explained above, we agree with this assessment and reach the same conclusion.
¶ 77        Defendant argues that Rockwell is no longer valid after McIntyre because McIntyre
       endorsed Justice O’Connor’s narrow stream-of-commerce theory in Asahi, and McIntyre
       therefore requires “some state specific activity on the part of the foreign defendant.”
       Similarly, defendant contends that this court’s decision in Wiles requires, at a minimum, that
       defendant be aware that its product was being marketed or sold in Illinois. Defendant claims
       that it has not engaged in any Illinois-specific activity and had no knowledge that its products
       were being marketed or sold in Illinois, requiring dismissal under McIntyre and Wiles.
¶ 78        Initially, as we explained above, we disagree with defendant that McIntyre stands for a
       clear endorsement of Justice O’Connor’s narrow stream-of-commerce theory. Supra ¶ 70.
       Moreover, unlike in McIntyre, we are not dealing with a single or isolated sale of defendant’s
       products in Illinois. Finally, even if Justice O’Connor’s narrow stream-of-commerce theory
       were applicable here, we believe that plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to establish
       that defendant engaged in Illinois-specific activity to establish minimum contacts with
       Illinois under that more demanding standard.
¶ 79        Specifically, in addition to defendant’s relationship with Agusta and its American
       distributor AAC, the record shows that defendant had a business relationship with a branch
       or division of Hamilton Sundstrand in Rockford, Illinois. In particular, the record contains
       hundreds of invoices listing Rockford, Illinois, as the purchasing location for Hamilton
       Sundstrand, representing multiple shipments of defendant’s products that totaled
       approximately $1 million.
¶ 80        Moreover, Ponchon, who was responsible for selling defendant’s products in the United
       States, made three trips to the Rockford location. As defendant acknowledges in its brief, at
       least one of the trips was intended to discuss further a product line for the Rockford location,
       albeit an unsuccessful attempt. Certainly, defendant’s business relationship with the
       Rockford, Illinois, division of Hamilton Sundstrand, including Ponchon’s attempts to solicit
       additional business on behalf of defendant in Illinois, constitutes the additional “purposefully
       directed conduct” or the “something more” required under Justice O’Connor’s narrow
       stream-of-commerce theory. See Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112 (opinion of O’Connor, J.) (adopting
       the narrow stream-of-commerce theory, and explaining that the “substantial connection”
       between a defendant and the forum state necessary for minimum contacts “must come about
       by an action of the defendant purposefully directed toward the forum State” (emphasis in
       original)).
¶ 81        By engaging a business entity located in Illinois, defendant undoubtedly benefitted from
       Illinois’ system of laws, infrastructure, and business climate. See Burger King Corp., 471
       U.S. at 475 (explaining that in all cases of specific personal jurisdiction, “ ‘it is essential in
       each case that there be some act by which the defendant purposefully avails itself of the


                                                 -17-
       privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and
       protections of its laws’ ” (quoting Hanson, 357 U.S. at 353)). Indeed, the long-term
       agreement between defendant and Hamilton Sundstrand indicates that the parties agreed that
       any disagreements arising from it would be “subject to Illinois law.” See Hyatt International
       Corp. v. Coco, 302 F.3d 707, 716 (7th Cir. 2002) (noting that “[w]hile an out-of-state party’s
       contract with an in-state party is not enough alone to establish the requisite minimum
       contacts [citation], ‘prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with
       terms of the contract and the parties’ actual course of dealing’ may indicate the purposeful
       availment that makes litigating in the forum state foreseeable to the defendant”).
¶ 82        Defendant responds that its connection with Hamilton Sundstrand in Rockford was
       inconsequential because that location merely processed payments, the products identified in
       the invoices were all shipped to California, and the Rockford location involved bearings
       destined for airplane APU’s, a completely distinct product line from the helicopter tail-rotor
       bearings underlying this case. Thus, defendant contends that its relationship with Hamilton
       Sundstrand in Rockford cannot establish minimum contacts with Illinois because plaintiff’s
       claims here did not “arise from,” or “relate to,” that relationship. We disagree.
¶ 83        Although the United States Supreme Court has not clarified what is meant by “arising
       out of” or “related to” in the context of a jurisdiction question (Helicopteros Nacionales de
       Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 415 n.10 (1984)), several courts have determined that
       the applicable standard is lenient or flexible. See, e.g., Myers v. Casino Queen, Inc., 689 F.3d
       904, 913 (8th Cir. 2012) (explaining the need for a flexible standard, including the
       consideration of a totality of the circumstances, when analyzing the “relate to” factor of the
       Court’s standard); Schneider v. Hardesty, 669 F.3d 693, 703 (6th Cir. 2012) (noting the
       “arising from” requirement is subject to a “lenient standard”); CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson,
       89 F.3d 1257, 1267 (6th Cir. 1996) (determining that “[i]f a defendant’s contacts with the
       forum state are related to the operative facts of the controversy, then an action will be
       deemed to have arisen from those contacts”); Northern Laminate Sales, Inc. v. Davis, 403
       F.3d 14, 25 (1st Cir. 2005) (recognizing that the “arise out of” or “relate to” requirement is
       a “flexible, relaxed standard”). We believe that the standard has been met here.
¶ 84        Defendant is in the business of manufacturing custom-made bearings for the aerospace
       industry, including bearings for airplanes (Hamilton Sundstrand location in Rockford) and
       bearings for helicopters (product distributed by Agusta and AAC and involved in the
       helicopter accident here). In our view, defendant’s proposed distinction between
       subcategories of its primary product, custom-made aerospace bearings, is too restrictive and
       narrow for purposes of our jurisdictional inquiry. Indeed, at this stage of the inquiry, we must
       construe all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the plaintiff. See Wiggen v. Wiggen, 2011
       IL App (2d) 100982, ¶ 20. More importantly, though, defendant cites no authority that would
       require us to ignore one of its contacts with Illinois based on a categorical distinction within
       its general product line of custom-made bearings.
¶ 85        Accordingly, we find that defendant has the requisite minimum contacts with Illinois for
       purposes of specific personal jurisdiction. Defendant is a French manufacturer of custom-
       made bearings for the aerospace industry. Defendant knowingly used a distributor, Agusta
       and AAC, to distribute and market its products throughout the world, including the United

                                                -18-
       States and Illinois. Defendant’s distributor has made multiple sales of its products in Illinois.
       In addition, defendant has a business relationship with a division of Hamilton Sundstrand in
       Rockford, Illinois, for defendant’s custom-made bearings used in airplanes.

¶ 86                                       B. Reasonableness
¶ 87        Next, having determined that defendant has the requisite “minimum contacts” with
       Illinois, this court must also consider the reasonableness of requiring the defendant to litigate
       in Illinois. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 152. The factors to consider when deciding reasonableness
       include: (1) the burden imposed on the defendant by requiring it to litigate in a foreign
       forum; (2) the forum state’s interest in resolving the dispute; (3) the plaintiff’s interest in
       obtaining relief; and (4) the interests of the other affected forums in the efficient judicial
       resolution of the dispute and advancement of substantive social policies. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d
       at 152 (citing Asahi, 480 U.S. at 113).
¶ 88        Here, Illinois has an indisputable interest in resolving litigation stemming from a fatal
       Illinois helicopter accident causing plaintiff’s death, particularly when plaintiff was living
       and working in Illinois for an Illinois employer. Aside from Illinois and the foreign forum
       of France, there does not appear to be any other forum that would have an interest in this
       controversy. Because the incident occurred in Illinois and involved an individual living and
       working in Illinois for an Illinois-based employer, Illinois has a substantial interest in this
       dispute that implicates the societal concerns of products liability and occupational safety. In
       addition, the underlying accident involved the provision of ambulatory services in Illinois,
       an issue that undoubtedly is of interest to Illinois and its citizens.
¶ 89        Consequently, we believe that the only relevant factor that weighs against finding
       jurisdiction reasonable here is the burden imposed on defendant, a French manufacturer, by
       requiring it to litigate in Illinois. As defendant correctly notes, “[w]here the assertion of
       personal jurisdiction would force the defendant to defend in a foreign forum under a foreign
       legal system, significant weight must be given to the burden on the defendant when assessing
       the reasonableness of ‘stretching the long arm of personal jurisdiction over national
       borders.’ ” Morecambe Maritime, Inc. v. National Bank of Greece, S.A., 354 Ill. App. 3d 707,
       714 (2004) (quoting Asahi, 480 U.S. at 114). Indeed, the United States Supreme Court in
       both Asahi and McIntyre focused, in part, on the burden imposed on foreign defendants when
       concluding that the exercise of jurisdiction would be unreasonable. See, e.g., Asahi, 480 U.S.
       at 116 (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White,
       Marshall and Blackmun, JJ.) (concluding that Asahi was one of those “rare cases” when
       requirements of fairness and justice defeat personal jurisdiction even though the defendant
       purposefully engaged in forum activities); McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793-94
       (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.) (describing the fundamental
       unfairness of requiring foreign manufacturers “to respond to products-liability tort suits in
       virtually every State in the United States, even those in respect to which the foreign firm has
       no connection at all but the sale of a single (allegedly defective) good”).
¶ 90        While we afford the burden imposed on defendant substantial weight here, we
       nonetheless conclude that exercising jurisdiction in Illinois is reasonable. In comparison to


                                                 -19-
       Asahi, we are not dealing solely with indemnification claims between Taiwanese and
       Japanese companies. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 106. Instead, the substantive products liability claim
       asserted by plaintiff against defendant remains before this court.
¶ 91       Furthermore, unlike McIntyre, we are not dealing with the single isolated sale by the
       foreign defendant. McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in
       the judgment, joined by Alito, J.) (determining that “[n]one of our precedents finds that a
       single isolated sale, even if accompanied by the kind of sales effort indicated here, is
       sufficient” for personal jurisdiction). Here, the record demonstrates that multiple sales of
       defendant’s products were made in Illinois over the past 10 years, including business
       between defendant and the Rockford, Illinois, location of Hamilton Sundstrand.

¶ 92                                     III. CONCLUSION
¶ 93        Having carefully analyzed the facts in this case under the applicable standards, we
       conclude that Illinois’ exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over defendant comports with
       federal and Illinois due process because defendant has the requisite minimum contacts with
       Illinois and maintaining litigation in Illinois is reasonable. See Wiles v. Morita Iron Works
       Co., 125 Ill. 2d 144, 150 (1988); International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316
       (1945).
¶ 94        Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court that reversed the circuit
       court’s dismissal order and remanded for further proceedings.

¶ 95       Appellate court judgment affirmed.

¶ 96        JUSTICE GARMAN, dissenting:
¶ 97        The majority concludes that defendant SNFA had sufficient minimum contacts with
       Illinois so as to subject it to personal jurisdiction under our case in Wiles v. Morita Iron
       Works Co., 125 Ill. 2d 144 (1988), and the United States Supreme Court’s decisions in J.
       McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2780 (2011) (plurality op.),
       and Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102 (1987). In my opinion,
       defendant did not, under either Wiles, Asahi, or McIntyre, have sufficient minimum contacts
       with this state so as to justify Illinois’ exercise of personal jurisdiction over defendant.
       Further, I believe the majority has partially mischaracterized Justice Breyer’s concurrence
       in McIntyre. I, therefore, dissent.

¶ 98                                        I. McIntyre
¶ 99      The United States Supreme Court’s McIntyre decision, the Court’s most recent
      pronouncement on what constitutes sufficient minimum contacts to invoke personal
      jurisdiction over a foreign defendant, is central to the outcome in this case. I concur with
      much of the majority’s informed discussion of that case. However, I disagree, to some extent,
      with the majority’s interpretation of Justice Breyer’s concurrence.
¶ 100     I agree with the majority that, while the Supreme Court’s opinion in McIntyre reaffirmed

                                                -20-
      the continued viability of the stream of commerce theory, the opinion produced no clear,
      controlling majority analysis for the application of that theory. See Leading Cases, 125 Harv.
      L. Rev. 311, 312 (2011) (noting that the Court could not fashion a majority opinion). I further
      agree with the majority’s statement that Justice Breyer concluded that specific jurisdiction
      should not be exercised based on a single sale in a forum, even when a manufacturer or
      producer “ ‘knows or reasonably should know that its products are distributed through a
      nationwide distribution system that might lead to those products being sold in any of the fifty
      states.’ ” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Supra ¶ 65 (quoting
      McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined
      by Alito, J.)). This approach is consistent with our holding in Wiles “that the competing
      opinions in Asahi required ‘at a minimum, that the alien defendant is aware that the final
      product is being marketed in the forum State.’ ” (Emphases in original; internal quotation
      marks omitted.) Supra ¶ 68 (quoting Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 160).
¶ 101     I take issue, however, with the majority’s characterization of Justice Breyer’s
      concurrence as completely rejecting Justice O’Connor’s narrower construction of the stream-
      of-commerce theory in Asahi. While Justice Breyer rejected the plurality’s “target[ing] the
      forum” and intention to “submit to the power of a sovereign” language, he nevertheless cited
      approvingly to Justice O’Connor’s requirement of “something more” than simply placing a
      product into the stream of commerce. McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792-93
      (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.). In discussing why the McIntyre
      defendant did not have sufficient minimum contacts, Justice Breyer noted that “the relevant
      facts found by the New Jersey Supreme Court show no ‘regular . . . flow’ or ‘regular course’
      of sales in New Jersey; and there is no ‘something more,’ such as special state-related design,
      advertising, advice, marketing, or anything else.” McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at
      2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.). Justice Breyer further
      found that the plaintiff in McIntyre “ha[d] not otherwise shown that the British Manufacturer
      ‘purposefully avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities’ within New Jersey, or
      that it delivered its goods in the stream of commerce ‘with the expectation that they will be
      purchased’ by New Jersey users.” McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J.,
      concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.) (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.
      Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297-98 (1980)).
¶ 102     Thus, although Justice Breyer explicitly declined to adopt the “strict” plurality approach,
      he did seemingly give his endorsement to a “stream of commerce” plus “something more”
      application of the stream-of-commerce theory. The majority claims that Justice Breyer only
      “did so to illustrate that dismissal was proper under both the broad and narrow theories of
      the stream of commerce” (supra ¶ 71), but nowhere in Justice Breyer’s concurrence does he
      state that he is only using the “something more” approach as an “illustration.” Rather, he
      appears to use the “something more” approach as part of the “precedents” on which he bases
      his conclusion that the defendant lacked sufficient minimum contacts with New Jersey.
      When he wrote that he was relying on the Court’s precedents, Justice Breyer did not
      specifically say which precedents he relied upon and which ones he found invalid. Indeed,
      one legal source has speculated that Justice Breyer found validity in all three Asahi
      approaches. See Henry S. Noyes, The Persistent Problem of Purposeful Availment, 45 Conn.

                                                -21-
        L. Rev. 41, 75 (2012).3 Justice Breyer made a point of finding that, when determining the
        facts found by the New Jersey Supreme Court did not demonstrate sufficient contacts, there
        was no “something more” and he did not qualify that finding by terming it a mere
        “illustration.” Therefore, while Justice O’Connor’s Asahi opinion may not have been adopted
        in full by Justice Breyer, there does, at the very least, appear to be a six-justice majority in
        McIntyre for a “stream of commerce” plus “something more” approach to sufficient
        minimum contacts.4

¶ 103        II. Whether Defendant Had Sufficient Minimum Contacts With Illinois
¶ 104     The majority focuses on two main factors to establish defendant’s contacts with Illinois:
      first on defendant’s relationship with Agusta and second on defendant’s relationship with
      Hamilton Sundstrand. The majority finds that defendant’s relationship with Agusta was
      enough to subject defendant to personal jurisdiction in Illinois because Agusta, through
      AAC, “effectively operated as an American distributor for defendant’s tail-rotor bearings in
      the United States market.” Supra ¶ 72. The majority further finds that, even if the
      relationship between defendant and Agusta is not enough to satisfy sufficient minimum
      contacts, defendant’s business dealings with Hamilton Sundstrand concerning airplane ball-
      bearings showed defendant purposefully availed itself of doing business in Illinois, thus
      satisfying minimum contacts.
¶ 105     I disagree. I would find that, under the facts of this case, defendant did not have sufficient
      minimum contacts with Illinois so as to subject defendant to personal jurisdiction in this


                3
                 Professor Noyes writes of Justice Breyer’s concurrence: “Justice Breyer seemed inclined
        to accept each of the three Asahi approaches as a valid way for a plaintiff to establish purposeful
        availment by an end product manufacturer such as the defendant McIntyre: (1) Justice O’Connor’s
        approach, that is, proof of purposeful targeting of New Jersey customers or ‘special state-related
        design, advertising, advice, marketing, or anything else’; (2) Justice Brennan’s approach, that is,
        proof of a ‘regular and anticipated flow of products’ to New Jersey for retail sale as part of an
        established distribution system; and (3) Justice Stevens’s approach, that is, proof of a ‘regular course
        of dealing’ that involves a certain level of volume, value, or particularly hazardous goods.” Noyes,
        supra, at 75.
                4
                  There are at least two federal district court cases that have found that Justice Breyer’s
        concurrence embraces Justice O’Connor’s narrower Asahi approach, and thus, along with Justice
        Kennedy’s plurality opinion, currently provides a six justice majority of the Court for Justice
        O’Connor’s approach. See Smith v. Teledyne Continental Motors, Inc., 840 F. Supp. 2d 927, 931
        (D.S.C. 2012) (“Thus, six Justices agree that, at a minimum, the limitations of Justice O’Connor’s
        test should be applied, although the plurality would apply an even stricter test, the parameters of
        which were not precisely defined.”); Northern Insurance Co. of New York v. Construction Navale
        Bordeaux, No. 11-60462-CV, 2011 WL 2682950, at *5 (S.D. Fla. July 11, 2011) (“Plaintiff
        principally relies upon the stream of commerce theory. However, ‘something more’ than merely
        placing a product into the stream of commerce is required for personal jurisdiction.” (citing
        McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by
        Alito, J.))).

                                                     -22-
        state. The evidence does not show that by doing business with Agusta defendant delivered
        its goods into the stream of commerce with the expectation that they would be purchased by
        Illinois users, nor does defendant’s relationship with Hamilton Sundstrand show that
        defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business in Illinois so as to
        justify the exercise of specific personal jurisdiction in this case. See McIntyre, 564 U.S. at
        ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.).

¶ 106                        A. Defendant’s Relationship With Agusta
¶ 107      I would find that, concerning the product in question in this case, the helicopter ball-
      bearings, defendant’s relationship with Agusta was insufficient to establish the minimum
      contacts with Illinois required for personal jurisdiction.
¶ 108      This court in Wiles held that “[u]nder either interpretation of the stream of commerce
      theory, it is clear that purposeful availment of the forum’s market requires, at a minimum,
      that the alien defendant is ‘aware that the final product is being marketed in the forum
      State.’ ” (Emphases in original.) Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 160 (quoting Asahi, 480 U.S. at 117
      ((Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall
      and Blackmun, JJ.)). Under the broader approach, as long as the defendant is aware the
      product is being marketed in the forum state, sufficient minimum contacts exist between the
      defendant and the forum. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 157 (citing Asahi, 480 U.S. at 117 (Brennan,
      J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall and
      Blackmun, JJ.)). In contrast, the narrower approach advocated by Justice O’Connor in Asahi
      and adopted, at least in part by Justice Breyer in McIntyre as argued above, requires
      awareness or knowledge on the part of the defendant that the product will be marketed in the
      forum state along with “something more” or “additional conduct” demonstrating an act
      purposefully directed toward the forum state. Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 157 (citing Asahi, 480 U.S.
      at 112 (opinion of O’Connor, J.)).
¶ 109      Similar to our holding in Wiles, I would find that defendant’s relationship with Agusta,
      when analyzed under either the O’Connor or Brennan approach in Asahi or the Breyer
      concurrence in McIntyre, failed to provide sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois to
      subject defendant to personal jurisdiction in this state. Despite defendant’s relationship with
      Agusta, there is no evidence in the record that defendant was aware, in any way, that the final
      product, in this case Agusta’s 109C helicopter, was being marketed or sold in Illinois. The
      record in this case is totally devoid of any evidence that defendant was aware, either during
      contract negotiations or at the time of delivery of the ball bearings to Agusta in Italy, that
      Agusta intended to sell any of its products containing the ball bearings to customers in
      Illinois. See Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 160 (“The record in this case is totally devoid of any
      evidence that the defendant was aware either during contract negotiations or at the time of
      delivery of the products to Astro in Japan that Astro intended to transport two of the air cell
      formers to Illinois, or that Astro even had a plant in Illinois.”).
¶ 110      There is no evidence of specific awareness on defendant’s part of marketing or sales in
      Illinois. The majority holds that sufficient contacts existed because Agusta, through AAC,
      acted as defendant’s “sole distributor” in the United States and that only through that


                                                -23-
      relationship would defendant’s helicopter ball bearings ever reach the final consumer,
      “including consumers in the United States and Illinois.” The majority finds that, because
      Agusta “ ‘is the marketer and distributor to the consumer of their joint and ultimate
      product,’ ” defendant “ ‘has chosen to leave to Agusta the marketing and distribution to the
      consumer’ ” and thus “ ‘Agusta is thus the conduit through which [defendant’s] product,
      custom-made for Agusta, reaches the ultimate consumers.’ ” Supra ¶ 74 (quoting Russell v.
      SNFA, 2011 IL App (1st) 093012-B, ¶ 41). The majority cites to five Agusta helicopters sold
      in Illinois in the last 10 years and 2,198 defendant-manufactured parts sold by Agusta to
      entities in Illinois between 2000 and 2007.5 However, the majority cites to no evidence that
      shows defendant knew or was aware that Agusta was selling or marketing its products
      specifically in Illinois. Frederic Ponchon, defendant’s sales representative in the United
      States, testified at his March 10, 2009, deposition that he was only concerned with
      defendant’s sales to Agusta in Italy, and did not concern himself with Agusta/AAC’s sale or
      distribution of defendant’s bearings or helicopters containing defendant’s bearings in the
      United States. When asked specifically if he had “any understanding as to whether Agusta
      helicopters which contain SNFA bearings [were] sold within Illinois in the 2003 to 2005 time
      frame,” Ponchon answered “no.” In an affidavit dated February 26, 2008, Ponchon averred
      that “[p]rior to the commencement of the litigation, SNFA had no information as to know
      that any A109 series helicopter could have been sold to entities in Illinois” and that “SNFA
      had no knowledge that its products could be destined for Illinois.” In its March 16, 2007,
      response to interrogatories, AAC stated “it has had no meetings or communications with
      SNFA regarding the sale or marketing of SNFA products in the United States.” In its October
      30, 2006, response to interrogatories, Agusta stated that “it held no meetings and has had no
      communications with SNFA regarding the sale and marketing of SNFA products in the
      United States.”
¶ 111     Thus, the majority fails to show that defendant was aware its products, in Agusta’s
      finished product, were being marketed or sold to consumers in Illinois. To subject defendant
      to jurisdiction for a products liability action because it “knows or reasonably should know”
      that its ball bearings are being distributed through AAC’s nationwide distribution system in
      a way that might lead to those products being sold in any of the 50 states, without requiring
      a finding that defendant was specifically aware that Agusta, through AAC, was selling its


               5
                 There appears to be some confusion in the record and the briefs as to whether the 2,198
       SNFA parts were sold to Illinois customers specifically, or United States customers as a whole. As
       noted in the majority opinion (supra ¶ 12), the interrogatory to AAC asked specifically about AAC’s
       distribution or sales of defendant’s product in Illinois “in the last 10 years.” AAC responded that it
       “has sold approximately 2,198 SNFA-produced parts since 2000,” without specifying whether those
       parts were sold in Illinois or the United States as a whole. In fact, plaintiff’s brief takes AAC’s
       response to mean that “[i]n the past 10 years, Agusta has distributed 2198 SNFA bearings units in
       the United States.” During the March 10, 2009, deposition of Frederic Ponchon, plaintiff’s attorney
       Brian LaCien asked Ponchon “[a]re you aware that Agusta has distributed more than 2,000 bearings
       in the United States in the time period of 1995 to 2005?” to which Ponchon responded, “I’m just
       finding out now.”

                                                   -24-
      products in Illinois, “would abandon the heretofore accepted inquiry of whether, focusing
      upon the relationship between ‘the defendant, the forum, and the litigation,’ it is fair, in light
      of the defendant’s contacts with that forum, to subject the defendant to suit there.”
      (Emphases in original.) See McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793 (Breyer, J.,
      concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.) (quoting Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186,
      204 (1977)). The defendant must be aware its distributor is marketing or selling the finished
      product (containing the defendant’s product) in the forum state to subject the defendant to
      personal jurisdiction in that state. The majority’s holding would subject defendant to
      jurisdiction in any state in which Agusta sold helicopters containing defendant’s products,
      whether or not defendant was actually aware its products were being marketed or sold in
      such a state, thereby essentially causing defendant’s “amenability to suit [to] ‘travel[ ] with
      the chattel,’ ” something specifically forbidden by our Supreme Court. McIntyre, 564 U.S.
      at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.)
      (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 296).6
¶ 112     I would also note that, like the defendant manufacturer in Asahi but unlike the defendant
      manufacturers in McIntyre or Wiles, defendant’s ball bearings are merely a component part
      of the larger finished product manufactured by Agusta and distributed in the United States
      by AAC. See McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2786 (metal-shearing machine at issue
      manufactured by McIntyre in United Kingdom and was sold to a consumer in the United
      States by an independent company); Asahi, 480 U.S. at 106 (Asahi manufactured valve
      assembly of a tire produced by Cheng Shin on a Honda motorcycle that crashed in
      California); Wiles, 125 Ill. 2d at 147 (United States company Astro purchased four “air cell
      former” machines manufactured by the defendant Japanese company and distributed the
      machines to Astro plants in the United States, including Illinois). While the distinction
      between a component part manufacturer defendant and a finished product manufacturer
      defendant in a distributor/stream-of-commerce analysis is not fully articulated in our case
      law, at least one legal scholar has theorized that the two types of manufacturers should be
      treated differently. See Henry S. Noyes, The Persistent Problem of Purposeful Availment,
      45 Conn. L. Rev. 41, 87-88 (2012).



               6
                 I am not arguing that defendant escapes personal jurisdiction simply because it did not
       directly sell helicopter ball bearings to Illinois customers or because Agusta acted as a “distributor”
       for defendant’s products. Certainly, even under the narrow approach, a defendant manufacturer
       could be subject to personal jurisdiction in a state if it created, controlled, or employed the
       distribution system that brought its product to the forum state. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112 (opinion of
       O’Connor, J.). Under the broad approach, a defendant manufacturer’s regular and extensive sales
       of component parts to a manufacturer/distributor it knew was making regular sales of the final
       product in the forum state is sufficient to establish minimum contacts. Asahi, 480 U.S. at 121
       (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by White, Marshall and
       Blackmun, JJ.). Here, there is no evidence that defendant “created, controlled, or employed”
       Agusta’s distribution system that brought the helicopter ball bearings in the 109C to Illinois, nor is
       there any evidence that defendant knew or was aware of Agusta’s sale or marketing of helicopters
       containing defendant’s ball bearings in Illinois.

                                                   -25-
¶ 113     Professor Noyes distinguishes a component part manufacturer from a finished product
      manufacturer “[b]ased on the limited ability of a component part manufacturer to control the
      location of the initial sale of the end product.” Noyes, supra, at 87. In contrast, an end
      product manufacturer “retain[s] nearly complete control over the location of the initial sale
      of [its] product[ ].” Noyes, supra, at 92. Therefore, “it is not reasonably feasible for a
      component part manufacturer to sever its connection with a particular state” and, thus by way
      of example, “absent some additional conduct on the part of a New York component part
      manufacturer, there is no purposeful availment of Oklahoma when its product is incorporated
      in an end product that is later sold in Oklahoma and causes injury there.” Noyes, supra, at
      87-88. Component parts that are very popular because of high quality are generally
      incorporated into end products manufactured by numerous end product manufacturers and
      “will inevitably wind up in the hands of consumers in most or all fifty states.” Noyes, supra,
      at 99. Professor Noyes does not find this to be purposeful availment because “the component
      part manufacturer cannot ‘structure [its] primary conduct’ so as to avoid purposeful
      availment and to forestall being subjected to a lawsuit in a disfavored forum.” Noyes, supra,
      at 99 (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 297). Professor Noyes reads Asahi, in
      the opinions of Justices O’Connor and Stevens, as requiring “some additional facts to
      support a finding of purposeful availment” when it comes to a component part manufacturer.
      Noyes, supra, at 88. He favored the O’Connor approach over the Stevens approach because,
      while the Stevens approach concerned conduct not in the control of the component
      manufacturer (regular course of dealing, high volume of sales, hazardous goods), the
      O’Connor approach required additional conduct that was in the control of the component
      manufacturer, such as advertising in the state, providing customer service in the state, or
      designing the product for the state. Noyes, supra, at 88. Professor Noyes concluded that
      “absent proof of additional conduct by a defendant targeting the forum state, a component
      part manufacturer has not purposefully availed itself of the forum state based on injuries
      caused by the component product in the forum state even where a high volume of the
      component product ends up in the forum state.” Noyes, supra, at 91.7 Therefore, while
      recognizing that the component/finished product distinction has not been a key factor in our
      minimum-contacts analysis, I would nevertheless find defendant’s status as a component part
      manufacturer weighs against finding sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois under the
      facts of this case.
¶ 114     In sum, I would find that defendant’s sale of its helicopter ball bearings to Agusta, which
      then incorporated those ball bearings into finished helicopters that were shipped to Agusta’s
      customers in Europe and the United States, did not establish sufficient minimum contacts to
      subject defendant to personal jurisdiction in Illinois.




                7
                  This does not mean that an injured consumer is without recourse. If the forum state lacks
        jurisdiction over the component part manufacturer, the injured consumer can seek relief from the end
        product manufacturer and distributor, as they control the location of the initial sale and are in the
        best position to refuse or continue to sell the end product in the forum state. Noyes, supra, at 91.

                                                   -26-
¶ 115                  B. Defendant’s Relationship With Hamilton Sundstrand
¶ 116        The majority concludes that, standing alone, defendant’s relationship with Agusta is
        enough to constitute sufficient minimum contacts. However, responding to defendant’s
        argument that it has not engaged in any Illinois-specific activity and had no knowledge that
        its products were being marketed or sold in Illinois, the majority holds that, even if it were
        to apply the more narrow approach of Justice O’Connor, it would find “that plaintiff has
        presented sufficient evidence to establish that defendant engaged in Illinois-specific activity
        to establish minimum contacts with Illinois” based on defendant’s relationship with
        Hamilton Sundstrand. Supra ¶ 78. I disagree.
¶ 117        In Asahi, Justice O’Connor wrote that “[t]he placement of a product into the stream of
        commerce, without more, is not an act of the defendant purposefully directed toward the
        forum State.” Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112 (opinion of O’Connor, J.). Such additional conduct that
        could indicate an intent or purpose to serve the market in the forum state could include
        “designing the product for the market in the forum State, advertising in the forum State,
        establishing channels for providing regular advice to customers in the forum State, or
        marketing the product through a distributor who has agreed to serve as the sales agent in the
        forum State.” Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112 (opinion of O’Connor, J.). Justice Breyer echoed this
        language in his McIntyre concurrence, suggesting “something more” constituted “special
        state-related design, advertising, advice, marketing, or anything else” such as a “specific
        effort by the [defendant] to sell in [the forum state]” or a “list of potential [forum state]
        customers who might, for example, have regularly attended trade shows.” McIntyre, 564 U.S.
        at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.).
¶ 118        Here, the majority cites to several aspects of defendant’s relationship with Hamilton
        Sundstrand to establish “something more”: hundreds of invoices listing Rockford, Illinois,
        as the purchasing location for Hamilton Sundstrand representing multiple shipments of
        defendant’s products that totaled $1 million; the long-term agreement between defendant and
        Hamilton Sundstrand “indicate[d] that the parties agreed that any disagreements arising from
        it would be ‘subject to Illinois law’ ”; and Ponchon’s three trips to Rockford, at least one of
        which was an unsuccessful trip intended to “discuss further a product line for the Rockford
        location.” Supra ¶¶ 79-81.
¶ 119        I disagree with the majority’s findings. It should be noted that the ball bearings in
        question involving Hamilton Sundstrand were “aerospace” ball bearings for use in airplanes
        and fixed-winged aircraft. These bearings were sold directly to customers in the United
        States, such as Hamilton Sundstrand, Rolls Royce, and Honeywell. These are not the same
        types of bearings, helicopter bearings, that were sold to Agusta and that were in the
        helicopter that crashed and gave rise to the instant litigation.
¶ 120        None of these cited examples of contacts between defendant and Hamilton Sundstrand
        satisfy the “something more” required by Justice O’Connor. First, all of the invoices cited
        by the majority list the delivery address as “Sundstrand Power Systems” in San Diego. No
        product of defendant’s was ever actually delivered to Illinois. The “Firm Name” is listed as
        Hamilton Sundstrand in Rockford, care of the “Acc. Payable” department. In an affidavit
        dated November 12, 2007, Ponchon averred that defendant commenced its business


                                                 -27-
      relationship with Sundstrand in San Diego in 1997, selling Sundstrand aerospace bearings.
      Then, in 1999, Sundstrand was taken over by Connecticut-based UTC and at that point
      became “Hamilton Sundstrand.” Hamilton Sundstrand subsequently centralized its invoice
      handling procedure for all invoices addressed to Hamilton Sundstrand for orders and
      deliveries at its Rockford location. As of the date of the affidavit, however, defendant still
      supplied Hamilton Sundstrand in San Diego with bearings and “ha[d] never provided
      bearings to Hamilton Sundstrand in Illinois.” Similar averments are made in the January 16,
      2007, affidavit of defendant’s managing director Julian Vahanian. In his July 19, 2007,
      deposition, Ponchon testified that the Rockford facility of Hamilton Sundstrand made electric
      generators and actuators for which defendant did not ship bearings and it was his
      understanding that defendant’s products were not used or utilized at the Rockford facility.
      Ponchon testified that defendant only actually sold bearings to the San Diego division.
      Further, the bearings were only shipped to San Diego and, when conducting purchases,
      defendant only communicated and interacted with Hamilton Sundstrand representatives in
      San Diego.
¶ 121      Next, the long-term agreement does not satisfy the “something more requirement.” While
      the agreement dated February 4, 2004, does list the “buying location” as Rockford, the
      agreement itself states that Hamilton Sundstrand is a Delaware corporation “having
      headquarter offices located at One Hamilton Road, Windsor Locks, Connecticut,” and that,
      unless otherwise expressly agreed to in writing, the agreement “shall be interpreted in
      accordance with the plain English meaning of its terms and the laws of the State of
      Connecticut.”8 Further, all alternative dispute resolution proceedings “shall take place in
      Connecticut.” The destination was listed as the “Buyer’s Facility.” However, as already
      noted, there is no evidence that any of defendant’s product was ever, in any transaction,
      shipped to Illinois. Rather, based on the invoices, “Buyer’s Facility” appears to be San Diego.
      Ponchon testified that, when it came to negotiating and ordering new purchases of
      defendant’s products, he only spoke with San Diego-based Hamilton Sundstrand employees.
      At his July 17, 2007, deposition, when questioned by plaintiff’s attorney as to what he
      understood by the term “buying location,” Ponchon responded that in his mind the buying
      was done from San Diego, and that the Rockford contact simply granted and prepared the
      contract due to UTC’s organizational structure for completing business transactions.
      Rockford may have been listed as the “buying location” on the long-term agreement, but for
      all intents and purposes defendant was interacting with San Diego.
¶ 122      Finally, with regard to Ponchon’s 2000 and 2003 visits to Rockford, neither visit actually
      resulted in any of defendant’s products being sold to Illinois customers. Ponchon testified
      that the 2000 visit was not to sell bearings to Rockford, but to visit a “prospective client” in
      the wake of Sundstrand’s takeover by UTC and “[t]o give the people within the Hamilton
      Sundstrand organization who were responsible for bearings an opportunity to know who we,
      at SNFA, are.” However, even if the 2000 visit is characterized as a sales attempt, it

               8
                The majority states the long-term agreement is subject to the laws of Illinois, but I believe
       they are referring to a proprietary information agreement entered into between defendant and
       Hamilton Sundstrand, not the long-term parts purchasing agreement.

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      constitutes one incident from which no sales actually resulted. In the November 12, 2007,
      affidavit, Ponchon characterized the 2003 Rockford visit as concerning the long-term
      agreement and the new payment arrangement for purchases from Hamilton Sunstrand in San
      Diego. Ponchon averred that “[t]he topic of our discussions exclusively concerned the sales
      of bearings to the Hamilton Sundstrand plant in San Diego.” I would not find these visits
      qualified as “something more.”
¶ 123      In sum, the record is devoid of evidence that the aerospace bearings sold to Hamilton
      Sundstrand in San Diego were meant to be sold to Illinois consumers. Thus, there is no
      evidence that defendant specifically designed its product for market in Illinois, advertised in
      Illinois, or established channels for providing regular advice for customers in Illinois. See
      Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112 (opinion of O’Connor, J.). Besides possibly the 2000 visit, there does
      not appear to be an effort by defendant to sell in the forum state, nor is there a list of
      defendant’s potential customers in Illinois. See McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2792
      (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.). Justice Breyer found that one
      actual sale in the forum, even when the defendant is aware the product will be sold there, is
      not enough to establish sufficient minimum contacts, let alone one unsuccessful direct sales
      attempt of a different product than the one giving rise to the instant litigation. See McIntyre,
      564 U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2793-94 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by
      Alito, J.). I would find that defendant’s relationship with Hamilton Sundstrand did not satisfy
      the “something more” to establish sufficient minimum contacts under Asahi or McIntyre, as
      any contact with Illinois was incidental and too tenuous to justify subjecting defendant to
      personal jurisdiction in this state.

¶ 124                                       III. Conclusion
¶ 125       The helicopter in question, from which this litigation arose, was built by Agusta in Italy.
        Defendant, a French company, sold Agusta the ball bearings that Agusta incorporated into
        the helicopter’s tail rotor. Agusta then sold the finished helicopter in 1989. Between 1989
        and 1998, the helicopter was owned by multiple entities and operators, before being sold by
        a German company to Metro Aviation in Louisiana. Finally, in 2002 Metro sold the
        helicopter to Air Angels, an Illinois company. The helicopter crashed in Illinois in 2003.
        Defendant, at no point, purposefully availed itself of Illinois as it relates to the helicopter in
        question. AAC, Agusta’s stateside subsidiary, sells defendant’s products in Illinois, but the
        helicopter in question was not even sold to the Illinois consumer by AAC, but rather by
        Metro. There is no dispute that, when it comes to the crashed helicopter, defendant’s contacts
        with Illinois are essentially nonexistent. However, as detailed above, I also find the record
        to be absent of any evidence that defendant itself was aware any of its helicopter rotor
        bearings were being marketed or sold by Agusta, though AAC, in Illinois. Further, there is
        no evidence that, concerning defendant’s relationship with Hamilton Sundstrand, defendant
        ever sold any product to any Illinois consumer. Under the majority holding, a foreign
        defendant can now be haled into court in Illinois for even the most fleeting and
        inconsequential business contact with this state. Indeed, defendant is now subject to Illinois
        jurisdiction even though it has never actually sold a single item to an Illinois consumer. I
        believe that for the majority to conclude that such facts subject a foreign defendant to

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personal jurisdiction in Illinois stretches our definition of “sufficient minimum contacts”
beyond the limits set by the United States Supreme Court and our own precedent in Wiles.
The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction. See McIntyre, 564 U.S. at ___, 131
S. Ct. at 2792 (Breyer, J., concurring in the judgment, joined by Alito, J.); supra ¶ 28. I
would find plaintiff has not met that burden in this case. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.




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