                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


       v.
                                                     Criminal No. 18-147 (TJK)
SAMUEL AKA,

               Defendant.


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       Defendant Samuel Aka is charged in a superseding indictment with two counts of

unlawful possession of a firearm and ammunition. Count One charges Aka with violating 18

U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), which prohibits the possession of any firearm or ammunition by a person

who has been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, and

Count Two charges him with violating D.C. Code § 22-4503(a)(1), the District of Columbia’s

comparable felon-in-possession statute.

       Pending before the Court is Aka’s motion to dismiss Count One of the superseding

indictment, on the ground that Aka does not have a prior felony conviction as defined under

§ 922(g)(1).1 The underlying conviction supporting both charges against him—a 2011

conviction in D.C. Superior Court for fleeing law enforcement—was set aside in 2012 under the

District of Columbia’s Youth Rehabilitation Amendment Act (“YRA”). See D.C. Code § 24-

906(e). And under the federal felon-in-possession statute, a prior felony conviction that has been



1
  In deciding the instant motion, the Court has relied on all relevant parts of the record,
including: ECF No. 12 (“Def.’s MTD”); ECF No. 12-1 (“Def.’s Ex. A”); ECF No. 13 (“Gov’t’s
Opp’n”); ECF No. 15 (“Def.’s Reply”); ECF No. 17 (“Sup. Indictment”); and ECF No. 20
(“Def.’s Sup. Reply”). The Court will cite the transcript of the motions hearing held on October
3, 2018—available for purchase from the Court Reporter—as the “Oral Arg. Tr.”
expunged or set aside does not qualify as a prior felony conviction for purposes of § 922(g)(1)

unless the expungement “expressly provides” that the individual cannot possess firearms. See 18

U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). The certificate Aka received setting aside his conviction made no mention

of firearms. But the specific section of the YRA pursuant to which his conviction was set aside

does make clear that he remains subject to the District of Columbia’s restriction on felons

possessing them. See D.C. Code §§ 22-4503, 24-906(f)(8). The Court concludes that because

the source of Aka’s set-aside—§ 24-906 of the YRA—“expressly provide[d]” that he cannot

possess firearms, his District of Columbia conviction may serve as a predicate offense for a

charge under § 922(g)(1). Accordingly, and for the reasons explained below, his motion is

DENIED.

       Background

       A.      Statutory Framework

       Section 922(g)(1) provides that any person “who has been convicted in any court of, a

crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year” may not ship, transport,

possess, or receive any firearm in or affecting interstate commerce. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). For

purposes of that statute, “[w]hat constitutes a conviction of such a crime” is “determined in

accordance with the law of the jurisdiction in which the proceedings were held.” Id.

§ 921(a)(20). However, “[a]ny conviction which has been expunged, or set aside or for which a

person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored shall not be considered a conviction for

purposes of this chapter, unless such pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights

expressly provides that the person may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms.” Id.

       The District of Columbia has enacted a process under the YRA for setting aside the

convictions of youth offenders, either automatically upon discharge from the defendant’s

sentence or otherwise at the discretion of the sentencing court. See D.C. Code § 24-906.


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Specifically, § 24-906(e) provides that a court may, in its discretion, discharge a youth offender

from probation before the end of the probation period, upon which the offender’s conviction will

be automatically set aside. In any case where a youth offender’s conviction is set aside, the YRA

requires that the court issue a certificate to the offender to that effect. See id.

        Under the YRA, a conviction set aside pursuant to § 24-906 may nonetheless be used for

a set of enumerated purposes. See id. § 24-906(f). In particular, and relevant here, such a

conviction may be used to determine whether an individual has unlawfully possessed a firearm in

violation of D.C. Code § 22-4503, which prohibits any individual who has been convicted of a

crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year from possessing a firearm. Id. § 24-

906(f)(8). That is, an individual whose conviction has been set aside under § 24-906 is still

subject to the District of Columbia’s restrictions on felons possessing firearms.

        B.      Factual and Procedural Background

        On December 8, 2011, Aka pleaded guilty in D.C. Superior Court to one count of fleeing

law enforcement and one count of reckless driving, the former carrying a maximum sentence of

five years’ imprisonment. See Def.’s Ex. A at 1; D.C. Code § 50-2201.05b(b)(2). He was

sentenced to a suspended term of six months’ incarceration and one year of supervised probation.

Def.’s Ex. A at 1. On October 15, 2012, the court, finding that Aka had successfully completed

the conditions of his sentence prior to the expiration of probation, discharged Aka from his

sentence pursuant to § 24-906(e) of the YRA. Id. at 3-4. As required by that statute, the court

ordered that his conviction be set aside, and it issued an “Order of Discharge and Certificate

Setting Aside Conviction” (the “Certificate”) to that effect. Id. at 4.

        The Certificate read in relevant part as follows:

                The offender has successfully completed the conditions of his/her sentence
        prior to the expiration of the maximum period previously imposed by the Court.



                                                   3
              Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that the offender be unconditionally
       discharged from the imposed sentence and,

               It is further ORDERED that by this discharge the conviction shall be set
       aside, and the Court shall issue a copy of this order and Certificate to the offender,
       and all appropriate agencies, pursuant to D.C. Code, § 24-906(e).

       Id.

       On September 20, 2018, Aka was charged in a two-count superseding indictment with

unlawfully possessing a handgun and ammunition in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) and D.C.

Code § 22-4503(a)(1). Sup. Indictment at 1-2. The prior conviction supporting both Counts is

Aka’s 2011 conviction for fleeing law enforcement, which was set aside in 2012 pursuant to

§ 24-906(e) of the YRA. Citing 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20), Aka has filed a motion to dismiss Count

One on the ground that his 2011 conviction, having been set aside under the YRA, does not

qualify as a conviction for purposes of the federal felon-in-possession statute. 2

       Following briefing by the parties and a hearing on the motion, Aka’s motion is ripe for

disposition.

       Standard of Review

       Prior to trial, a criminal defendant may file a motion to dismiss a count of the indictment

for failure to state an offense. Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(B)(v). In effect, the defendant is

seeking to dismiss the count on the ground that it “does not charge a crime against the United

States.” United States v. Hillie, 289 F. Supp. 3d 188, 193 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting United States

v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631 (2002)). When considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state

an offense, a district court is limited to reviewing the face of the indictment, and the court must


2
  The government filed the superseding indictment adding Count Two after Aka filed the instant
motion. Accordingly, Aka’s motion as written seeks to dismiss the indictment, Count One
having been the only count in the operative indictment at the time the motion was filed. Because
the superseding indictment merely adds an additional count and does not amend Count One in
any respect, the Court treats Aka’s motion as one to dismiss Count One.


                                                  4
“presume [those] allegations [in the] indictment to be true.” United States v. Sunia, 643

F. Supp. 2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting United States v. Fiander, 547 F.3d 1036, 1041 n.3

(11th Cir. 2008)). “The operative question is whether [those] allegations, if proven, would be

sufficient to permit a jury to find that the crimes charged were committed.” United States v.

Sanford, Ltd., 859 F. Supp. 2d 102, 107 (D.D.C. 2012).

       Analysis

       In order for Aka to have violated 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), he must previously have been

convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. United States v.

Clark, 184 F.3d 858, 865 (D.C. Cir. 1999). The predicate offense alleged in the indictment is

Aka’s conviction under D.C. Code § 50-2201.05b(b)(2) for fleeing law enforcement. The parties

do not dispute that such a crime is one punishable by imprisonment for more than one year. But

for purposes of the felon-in-possession statute, this prior conviction must qualify as a

“conviction” as that term is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20).

       Aka contends that his 2011 conviction cannot qualify as a predicate conviction because it

has been set aside under the YRA. Section 921(a)(20), he notes, provides that a conviction that

has been set aside is not a “conviction” for purposes of § 922(g)(1) unless it expressly provides

that the individual may not ship, transport, possess, or receive firearms. And his certificate of

discharge, he maintains, “provides none of the required language directly, indirectly or by

reference” to trigger that exception. Def.’s MTD ¶ 14. Moreover, Aka argues, none of the

purposes enumerated in § 24-906(f) of the YRA for which set-aside convictions can still be used

contemplate the conviction serving as a predicate under the federal felon-in-possession laws.

See Def.’s MTD ¶ 12.

       The government, however, insists that Aka’s 2011 conviction constitutes a conviction for

purposes of § 922(g)(1) because the YRA specifically provides that convictions that are set aside


                                                 5
may nonetheless still be used as the predicate felony in a future firearm possession charge.

Gov’t’s Opp’n at 4. Even though a conviction that has been set aside ordinarily cannot serve as a

predicate conviction for purposes of § 922(g)(1), the government argues that the limitations on

Aka’s right to possess a firearm imposed by the section of the YRA under which his conviction

was set aside trigger the exception in § 921(a)(20).

       The question on which Aka’s motion turns, then, is whether that exception applies here—

in other words, whether Aka’s set-aside “expressly provides” that he may not possess firearms.

18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). And the antecedent analytical question is where the Court may look to

determine whether this is so. If the Court may look to the statutory provision under which Aka’s

conviction was set aside, then the limitations imposed by § 24-906(f)(8) of the YRA would

appear to trigger the exception in § 921(a)(20)—subject to additional arguments advanced by

Aka, which are discussed below—and Aka’s 2011 conviction would qualify as a predicate felony

conviction. But if the firearm limitations must be expressly set forth in the actual certificate

issued to the defendant, because the Certificate Aka received made no mention of any

restrictions on his right to possess a firearm, his 2011 conviction cannot support a charge under

§ 922(g)(1).

       To determine whether an individual has in fact been “convicted” in a state of a crime

punishable by more than one year’s imprisonment, § 921(a)(20) directs courts to look to that

state’s laws. See id. The courts of appeal, however, have disagreed over how that instruction

applies to the second sentence of § 921(a)(20)—that is, if courts, in determining whether

limitations on possessing firearms were “expressly provide[d]” by a pardon, expungement, or




                                                  6
restoration of civil rights, may look to the whole of a state’s law. 3 Our Circuit weighed in on this

issue in United States v. Bost, 87 F.3d 1333 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

       The issue presented in Bost was whether a defendant may be considered a convicted felon

for purposes of § 922(g)(1) “if the law in the state of conviction prohibits felons

from . . . possessing . . . firearms even though the statute or the procedure that restores the felon’s

civil rights is silent on the subject.” 87 F.3d at 1335. The court concluded that § 921(a)(20), and

specifically the language “unless such pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights

expressly provides” (emphasis added), requires courts to “look no further than the source” of

said pardon, expungement, or restoration of civil rights, as opposed to the whole of the state’s

law. 87 F.3d at 1336. Thus, because the defendant in that case had received a certificate

restoring his civil rights that imposed no restrictions on his right to possess a firearm, the Bost

court concluded that his prior conviction did not qualify under § 922(g)(1).

       In this case, however, the statute that is the source of Aka’s set-aside is not “silent on the

subject” of the firearms limitation. Bost, 87 F.3d at 1335. As a result, the government need not

(and in any event could not under Bost) argue that the Court look to all of District of Columbia

law to determine whether Aka was subject to limitations on his right to possess firearms. The

government merely contends that the Court should look to the very statute under which Aka’s

conviction was set aside, which plainly subjects him to continuing firearm restrictions. See D.C.

Code § 24-906(f)(8). The threshold question for the Court, therefore, is not whether it may look




3
  See Buchmeier v. United States, 581 F.3d 561, 565 (7th Cir. 2009) (reviewing split among the
circuits as to whether courts may look to all of a state’s laws to determine whether an individual
is still subject to firearm restrictions); see also Logan v. United States, 552 U.S. 23, 33 n.4
(2007) (recognizing the split but declining to express an opinion on the matter).




                                                  7
to the whole of the District of Columbia’s law, but rather whether, when examining the source of

Aka’s set-aside conviction, it may look to the specific statute through which Aka’s conviction

was set aside in addition to the face of the Certificate he received to that effect. 4 The Court

determines that it can.

       Section 921(a)(20) directs courts to look specifically to the “pardon, expungement, or

restoration of civil rights” for any express firearm restrictions. 5 That language, the Circuit

concluded in Bost, requires courts to “look no further than the source” of said expungement,

pardon, or restoration of civil rights. 87 F.3d at 1336. But that leads to the subsequent question:

what, in particular circumstances, constitutes the “source”? The Bost court further instructed that

courts should “determine whether the defendant was nevertheless expressly deprived of the right



4
  In their initial briefing before the Court on Aka’s motion to dismiss Count One, neither Aka nor
the government mentioned Bost. Moreover, Aka appeared to concede that the Court could look
to both the face of Aka’s certificate and the statute authorizing his conviction to be set aside. See
Def.’s MTD ¶¶ 14-15; Def.’s Reply ¶ 2. The Court, however, instructed both parties to submit
supplemental briefing addressing Bost as it applies to this case or otherwise to be prepared to
discuss the case at a hearing on Aka’s motion. At the hearing, Aka appeared to reverse course,
taking the position that the firearm restrictions must be stated on the face of the certificate itself.
See Oral Arg. Tr. at 10:8-11. But in his most recent filing with the Court, see Def.’s Sup. Reply
¶ 2, he appears to come full circle, once again conceding that the Court may consider the text of
the YRA, but arguing that it does not contain firearm restrictions sufficient to trigger the
exception under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). Because the Court views Bost as important to resolving
Aka’s motion, however, the Court will address both its impact as well as Aka’s additional
arguments that the text of the YRA is insufficient to subject him to prosecution under
§ 922(g)(1).
5
  The Court recognizes that the “unless” clause in § 921(a)(20) refers specifically to pardons,
expungements and restorations of civil rights—but omits any reference to convictions “set
aside.” While the Court acknowledges that “setting aside” and “expunging” convictions are not
synonymous concepts, see United States v. Sellers, 784 F.3d 876, 883 (2d Cir. 2015), it
concludes that the term “expungement” as used here encompasses convictions that have been
both expunged and set aside, see Wyoming ex rel. Crank v. United States, 539 F.3d 1236, 1245
(10th Cir. 2008) (“The absence of the term ‘set aside’ suggests that Congress felt that
‘expungement’ in the ‘unless’ clause covered both ‘set asides’ and ‘expungements.’”). Neither
party here has argued otherwise.



                                                  8
to possess a firearm by some provision of the restoration law or procedure of the state of the

underlying conviction.” 87 F.3d at 1336-37 (emphasis added and removed) (quoting United

States v. Thomas, 991 F.2d 206, 213 (5th Cir. 1993)). In the case of an individual’s conviction

being expunged or his civil rights restored automatically by operation of statute, then, Bost

makes clear that courts must look to the language of that statute to determine whether it

expressly provided any firearm restrictions. See id. at 1337.

       By that same reasoning, when an individual’s conviction is set aside upon issuance of a

certificate pursuant to a specific statute, the Court concludes that that authorizing statute is as

much a part of the “expungement” as is the certificate itself. In such a case, both the statute and

the certificate are properly considered part of “the restoration law or procedure” to which the

Circuit has directed courts to look. Id. at 1336-37 (quoting Thomas, 991 F.2d at 213). Indeed,

although the Bost court did not address this question directly, the analysis it undertook implicitly

confirms this understanding. The court in that case proceeded to examine “two such sources” of

the restoration of civil rights at issue—Section 2961.01 of Ohio’s Revised Code, which restored

Bost’s right to vote, and Section 2967.16, which authorized the certificate Bost received

restoring his rights to hold elected office and to serve on a jury. Bost, 87 F.3d at 1336. To be

sure, the court also looked to the text of the certificate itself, which—in addition to the two

statutes—did not include a firearms restriction. Id. But the court’s analysis also included an

examination of the text of the statute that authorized the certificate, which in this case would

include the firearm restrictions contained in D.C. Code § 24-906(f)(8).

       The Court recognizes that, elsewhere in the opinion, language in Bost appears to suggest

that the court’s inquiry turned solely on the language on the face of the certificate. See id. at

1337-38 (“This reasoning suggests that even in a case where the issuance of a certificate may be




                                                   9
superfluous, a state that wishes its felon-in-possession law to be enforced at the federal level

would be well-advised to include its firearms restrictions in any restoration certificate it provides

a convicted felon.”). And Judge Silberman’s brief concurrence appears to do so as well. See id.

at 1338 (“I agree with the majority that the phrase ‘such . . . restoration’ should be read as ‘such

source of restoration,’ and therefore if a certificate is the source of any part of the defendant’s

restoration of civil rights, it must contain the firearms restriction to support a conviction under 18

U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).”). But if that were so, the court would not have recounted the contents of the

statute authorizing that Bost’s rights be restored by certificate when it purported to examine the

“source” of that restoration; it would have only recited the text of the certificate. At the very

least, the court in Bost appears to have assumed that when a certificate that restores a defendant’s

civil rights—or pardons the defendant or expunges or sets aside his or her conviction—makes no

reference to restrictions on possessing a firearm, neither will the statute authorizing the

certificate. That was the case in Bost, but it is not so here.6

        In this case, Aka’s conviction was set aside pursuant to D.C. Code § 24-906 upon

issuance of an order by the sentencing court discharging his sentence. See Def.’s Ex. A at 4.

And he received the Certificate informing him of the discharge and that his conviction was set

aside pursuant to § 24-906(e). See id. Though the Certificate itself does not mention firearms,

§ 24-906(f) expressly subjects him to the District of Columbia’s prohibition on felons possessing

firearms. Because the source by which Aka’s 2011 conviction was set aside—D.C. Code § 24-




6
  The Court is also mindful of the concern raised in Bost and by other circuits that defendants not
be “mouse-trapp[ed]” by certificates that say nothing about continuing restrictions on possessing
firearms. Bost, 87 F.3d at 1337 (quoting United States v. Erwin, 902 F.2d 510, 512 (7th Cir.
1990)). That concern is greatly ameliorated when, as here, the statute authorizing the certificate,
and referenced on the certificate’s face, contains those restrictions, as opposed to a law “in the
corner of the state’s penal code.” Id. (quoting Erwin, 902 F.2d at 512-13).


                                                  10
906—expressly provided that he nonetheless may not possess firearms within the District of

Columbia, that conviction qualifies under § 922(g)(1) as a prior conviction of a crime punishable

by more than one year’s imprisonment.

       Two other arguments raised by Aka in support of his motion warrant brief discussion.

First, Aka argues that none of the purposes enumerated in § 24-906(f) of the YRA for which set-

aside convictions can still be used contemplate the conviction serving as a predicate under the

federal felon-in-possession laws. See Def.’s MTD ¶¶ 6-7, 12. But the intentions of District of

Columbia lawmakers are of no moment here. By enacting 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20), Congress has

tasked this Court with determining whether Aka’s set-aside “expressly provide[d]” that he may

not possess firearms, and it must do so by examining its source under District of Columbia law.

Because the statute that authorized the set-aside does so, his conviction may nonetheless provide

the predicate for a prosecution under § 922(g)(1).

       Second, Aka contends (and in light of his most recent filing, this appears to be the

primary argument he has settled upon) that his 2011 conviction does not qualify as a prior felony

conviction under the federal felon-in-possession statute because the YRA does not prohibit all of

the conduct mentioned in 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20)—namely, shipping, transporting, possessing, or

receiving firearms. See Def.’s MTD ¶¶ 12, 14-15; Def.’s Sup. Reply ¶ 2. That argument,

however, was foreclosed by the Supreme Court’s decision in Caron v. United States, 524 U.S.

308 (1998). Faced with a Massachusetts law prohibiting a felon whose civil rights had been

restored from possessing handguns outside of his home or business, the Caron Court determined

that such a restriction was sufficient under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20) for the defendant’s felony

conviction to qualify for purposes of § 922(g)(1). See Caron, 524 U.S. at 313-15; see also id. at

317 (Thomas, J., dissenting). “[A] state weapons limitation on an offender,” it reasoned,




                                                11
“activates the uniform federal ban on possessing any firearms[,] . . . even if the guns the offender

possessed were ones the State permitted him to have.” Id. at 315.

       In this case, D.C. Code § 22-4503(a)(1) prohibits a convicted felon from “own[ing] or

keep[ing] a firearm, or hav[ing] a firearm in his or her possession or under his or her control,

within the District of Columbia.” And § 24-906(f)(8) of the YRA expressly subjects individuals

whose convictions have been set aside under the YRA to those firearm limitations. Though these

restrictions do not perfectly track the language of the federal felon-in-possession statutes, they

nonetheless are limitations on possessing firearms sufficient to “activate[] the uniform federal

ban on possessing firearms” per the exception in § 921(a)(20). Caron, 524 U.S. at 315.

       Conclusion and Order

       For all of the above reasons, Aka’s Motion is DENIED.


       SO ORDERED.

                                                              /s/ Timothy J. Kelly
                                                              TIMOTHY J. KELLY
                                                              United States District Judge

Date: October 22, 2018




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