                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2157-17T4

ST. CYRILLUS AND METHODIUS
CZECHO SLOVAK NATIONAL
CATHOLIC CHURCH OF PERTH
AMBOY, N.J., INC.,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

POLISH NATIONAL CATHOLIC
CHURCH, INC., BERNARD J. NOWICKI,
in his official and personal capacity,
and SANTANDER BANK, N.A.,

     Defendants-Respondents.
_____________________________________

                    Argued March 20, 2019 – Decided April 17, 2020

                    Before Judges Fuentes, Accurso and Moynihan.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                    Chancery Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. C-
                    000037-17.

                    Mario Apuzzo argued the cause for appellant.

                    Edwin R. Matthews argued the cause for respondents
                    Polish National Catholic Church, Inc., and Bernard J.
            Nowicki (Bourne Noll & Kenyon, attorneys; Edwin R.
            Matthews, on the brief).

            Daniel A. Schleifstein argued the cause for respondent
            Santander Bank, N.A. (Parker Ibrahim & Berg LLP,
            attorneys; Scott W. Parker and Daniel A. Schleifstein,
            on the brief).

      The opinion of the court was delivered by

FUENTES, P.J.A.D.

      Plaintiff St. Cyrillus and Methodius Czecho Slovak National Catholic

Church of Perth Amboy, N.J., Inc., (St. Cyrillus) appeals from the order of the

Chancery Division, General Equity Part, granting summary judgment in favor

of defendants Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC), Bernard J. Nowicki, in

his official and personal capacity, and Santander Bank, N.A. Following a fire

in October 2013 that destroyed the structure of the St. Cyrillus church, the

diocesan bishop assumed control of the local parish and its property, including

one million dollars of insurance proceeds. The diocesan bishop based his

decision on the parish's financial difficulties and its dwindling number of

congregants.

      Plaintiff filed this lawsuit to regain control over the church property and

the funds to rebuild the church structure that was destroyed by the fire. The trial

court granted defendants' motions for summary judgment and held St. Cyrillus


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                                        2
did not have control of the church property and was therefore bound by the

PNCC's decision not to rebuild. The motion judge ruled the bishop possesses

this discretionary authority under the PNCC constitution. St. Cyrillus also

alleged that Santander mishandled the insurance proceeds deposited in its bank

account and sought damages for breach of contract and common law negligence.

The court also granted Santander's motion for summary judgment and dismissed

these claims.

      In this appeal, St. Cyrillus argues the trial court erred when it granted

defendants' motions for summary judgment and dismissed its claims as a matter

of law. We disagree and affirm.

                                        I

      Plaintiff incorporated in New Jersey on November 1, 1922. It began to

purchase land in this State in 1923 to use for religious purposes. The various

deeds in the appellate record show plaintiff purchased the property at issue here

in St. Cyrillus's name. On July 20, 1937, the members of St. Cyrillus held a

general meeting and decided to join and affiliate with defendant PNCC. In

October 1946, representatives of St. Cyrillus attended the PNCC's first Synod,

or meeting. The parish journals and copies of Synod minutes produced during

discovery show that representatives of the parish attended Synods from October


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                                       3
1946 up through and including 2010.            To attend these meetings, the

representatives had to be a member church of the PNCC.

      The parties enjoyed a continuous, uneventful relationship from 1937 until

2004, when plaintiff stopped paying dues to defendant. On October 28, 2013, a

fire destroyed plaintiff's church. In its statement of facts in the complaint filed

in the Chancery Division, General Equity Part, plaintiff averred it recovered

$1,007,264.09 as proceeds from the fire insurance policy. As a part of these

proceeds, the carrier issued an emergent advance of $100,000.

      Bishop Bernard J. Nowicki, the Bishop Ordinary of the Central Diocese

of the PNCC, assumed direct management of St. Cyrillus after the fire. In a

certification dated November 1, 2016, Bishop Nowicki averred that the

insurance proceeds St. Cyrillus received "would be woefully insufficient with

respect to the funds necessary to rebuild the church." He also averred that

"[t]here was no plan or discussion about how to raise the additional funds

necessary to rebuild the church." He ultimately concluded that St. Cyrillus was

not a financially viable parish and lacked the membership base to become

financially viable. Under these circumstances, Bishop Nowicki decided not to

rebuild the church property.




                                                                           A-2157-17T4
                                        4
      All the insurance proceeds were deposited in several accounts in

Santander. As a customer of the bank, plaintiff entered into a Business Deposit

Account Agreement (BDAA), which required Santander to withhold any funds

when it was alerted of a dispute concerning who owns and controls the

disposition of these funds. Plaintiff alleged that on October 31, 2013, February

6, 2014, and June 9, 2014, it deposited funds into an Account No. -9315.

Plaintiff alleged that on June 9, 2014, it transferred $800,000 previously

deposited in Account No. -9315 into Account No. -7917, but without

authorization from the parish committee.

      On June 23, 2014, Mariusz Zochowski, a pastor, Jose Chavez, a member

of the parish committee, Bishop Nowicki, and Karen Jarmakowicz completed

account maintenance requests changing the authorized access on accounts -9315

and -7917. Plaintiff averred in its verified complaint:

            On July 23, 2014, Church officials executed and
            delivered a document to Santander Bank regarding
            access to its bank accounts. The letter concerned two
            bank accounts: -9315 and -7917. It said that no one
            could add signers or change signers without the
            authorization of Mr. Mariusz Zochowski. It ordered
            that Mr. Zochowski had to be present for any
            withdrawals. All checks issued from the account had to
            have two signatories, one of whom had to be Mariusz
            Zochowski. Finally, it ordered that bank statements be
            sent to [an address in] Perth Amboy, NJ. Mr.
            Zochowski was to give a copy of the bank statement to

                                                                        A-2157-17T4
                                        5
            Jose A. Chavez. The letter was executed by Mariusz
            Zochowski, Jose A. Chavez, Enriquez Chuquisana, and
            Johnny F. Garcia Abad.

      The funds held in these accounts remained in the custody of the bank and

no withdrawals were made during the pendency of the litigation.

                                       II

      In its December 5, 2017 order, the Chancery Division, General Equity

Part, granted defendants' motions for summary judgment and reaffirmed

defendants' control over plaintiff's property and funds. The judge framed the

issues before him as follows:

            Assuming for purposes of the motion that the
            signatories to the Verified Complaint are members of
            the St. Cyrillus Parish, and therefore have standing to
            prosecute this action, there remains neither a genuine
            nor material factual question regarding Plaintiff’s
            membership in the PNCC and that Plaintiff is subject to
            the authority of the PNCC Constitution.

            As a member of the PNCC, the "hierarchical approach"
            as detailed in Protestant Episcopal Church in the
            Diocese of New Jersey v. Graves, 83 N.J. 572 (1980),
            applies and requires the Court to defer to the actions of
            the PNCC as the higher authority that has the right to
            maintain control over Plaintiff's property and decide to
            close the St. Cyrillus Parish.

      Plaintiff argues the General Equity Judge erred when he applied the

deferential method known as the hierarchical approach to this case. Plaintiff


                                                                        A-2157-17T4
                                       6
maintains the property dispute should have been decided using the neutral

principles of law approach. We disagree.

      The United States Supreme Court has allowed states to choose the

particular legal framework they deem fit when they are called upon to resolve

property disputes of religious organizations. The key is to select a process that

does not involve consideration of doctrinal matters. Jones v. Wolf, 443 U.S. 595

(1979). It is well-settled that civil courts may not consider religious doctrinal

issues because that consideration would be "wholly inconsistent with the

American concept of the relationship between church and state." Presbyterian

Church in United States v. Mary Elizabeth Blue Hull Mem'l Presbyterian

Church, 393 U.S. 440, 445-46 (1969). Moreover, "[t]he law knows no heresy,

and is committed to the support of no dogma, the establishment of no sect."

Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New Jersey v. Graves, 83 N.J.

572, 576 (1980) (quoting Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. 679 (1872)).

      One acceptable method of deciding church property disputes is known as

the "neutral principles of law approach." Id. at 578. In using this approach, a

court undertakes a "completely secular examination of deeds to the church

property, state statutes and existing local and general church constitutions, by -

laws, canons, Books of Discipline and the like to determine whether any basis


                                                                          A-2157-17T4
                                        7
for a trust in favor of the general church exists." Ibid. If that examination fails

to yield any basis to find a trust in favor of the general church, then "more than

a mere [hierarchical] relationship between the local and general church must be

shown" for the general church to have property rights in the local church's

property. Ibid. (citing Wolf, 443 U.S. at 597, 601). However, if the court's

examination "of the instruments of ownership would require the civil court to

resolve a religious controversy, then the court must defer to the resolution of the

doctrinal issue by the authoritative ecclesiastical body." Wolf, 443 U.S. at 604.

      Our Supreme Court has endorsed another acceptable process to resolve

property disputes affecting religious organizations. Graves, 83 N.J. at 580. First

outlined in Watson v. Jones, our state's method is known as the "hierarchical

approach." Graves, 83 N.J. at 580. Application of the hierarchical approach

requires that when there is "a property dispute between a subordinate local

parish and the general church, civil courts must accept the authoritative ruling

of the higher authority within the hierarchy." Id. at 577; see also id. at 585

(Schreiber, J., dissenting) (stating Graves holds "that when a hierarchical

organization exists, civil courts must defer to the higher ecclesiastical authority

in resolving a property dispute between a local parish and the general church").

Indeed, our Supreme Court has clearly stated that "[o]nly where no hierarchical


                                                                           A-2157-17T4
                                        8
control is involved, should the neutral principles of law . . . [approach be used]."

Id. at 580.

      In Graves, the parties asked the Court to settle a dispute over the control

of local church property. Id. at 573. There, plaintiffs were the Protestant

Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New Jersey.                Graves, 83 N.J. at

573. Defendants were St. Stephen's Parish of Plainfield, New Jersey and its

rector, wardens, and vestrymen. Ibid. St. Stephen's incorporated in 1895 "as an

affiliate member of the Protestant Episcopal Church." Id. at 574. St. Stephen's

corporate title made no reference to a larger governing body. Ibid. It owned no

property, until 1935, when it purchased its chapel.         Ibid.   Eventually St.

Stephen's obtained more property for a school and parish hall. Ibid. All of these

purchases were made with local funds, with no financial assistance from the

Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New Jersey. Graves, 83 N.J. at

574. St. Stephen's deeds ran to its corporation and did not contain any words of

trust or reverter in favor of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of

New Jersey. Ibid.

      St. Stephen's admitted it was an affiliate member of the Protestant

Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New Jersey and the Protestant Episcopal

Church from 1895 until 1976. Ibid. Prior to 1976, the undisputed facts clearly


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                                         9
showed it was an integral part of the hierarchical structure of the Protestant

Episcopal Church and the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New

Jersey.   Id. at 575.   St. Stephen's adhered "to long-established Protestant

Episcopal customs and usages including submission to Diocesan authority." Id.

at 574.   Furthermore, St. Stephen "used the standard prayer book of the

Episcopal Church, and in 1928 accepted" a revision to its prayer book. Ibid.

Furthermore, substantial changes in the canons of the Protestant Episcopal

Church were followed. Graves, 83 N.J. at 574. St. Stephen's regularly paid

annual diocesan assessments and missionary quotas. Ibid. It also regularly sent

delegates to the diocesan convention. Ibid.

      In 1976, however, because of a doctrinal dispute, St. Stephen's suspended

its affiliation with the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New Jersey

and the Protestant Episcopal Church, withheld payments, and did not participate

in diocesan affairs or accept diocesan authority. Id. at 574-75. The dispute was

because of, among other things, the ordination of women and changes to the

prayer book. Id. at 575.

      The Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New Jersey and the

Protestant Episcopal Church sued seeking to prevent a St. Stephen's reverend

from conducting services and to restrain St. Stephen's from using its property in


                                                                         A-2157-17T4
                                      10
any way not sanctioned by the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of

New Jersey. Id. at 575-76. After consideration of the facts above, and finding

that the dispute was doctrinal in nature, our Supreme Court applied the

hierarchical approach. Graves, 83 N.J. at 580-81. It found St. Stephen's was an

affiliated member of the Protestant Episcopal Church and as such, "the local

church organization and its property [were] subject to the hierarchical authority

of the parent church as indicated in the constitutions and canon law of the

national church and its dioceses." Id. at 580. Thus, the plaintiffs in Graves were

entitled to the relief sought and were able to prevent the reverend from

conducting services and could bar St. Stephen's from using the property in a way

not sanctioned by them. Ibid.

      Here, much like the defendant St. Stephen's in Graves, plaintiff St.

Cyrillus is an affiliate church of defendant, the PNCC. This is not contested.

Plaintiff admitted this affiliation as matter of fact in its verified complaint.

Plaintiff does not dispute its status as a subordinate member of the PNCC. While

it is true that St. Cyrillus purchased land and is incorporated in its own name, it

is clear St. Cyrillus joined the PNCC on July 20, 1937. One of St. Cyrillus's

pastors confirmed St. Cyrillus was a member of the PNCC and was subject to

and abided by all aspects of the PNCC constitution.


                                                                           A-2157-17T4
                                       11
      As a subordinate member, St. Cyrillus is subject to the hierarchical

authority of the PNCC. Graves, 83 N.J. at 580. At an October 25, 2014 Central

Diocesan Council Meeting, Bishop Nowicki noted he had assumed the pastorate

of St. Cyrillus. The Council also voted to dissolve the St. Cyrillus parish and

for the diocese to take control of all its funds. The Council's decision is binding

on St. Cyrillus as well as this court. Under the hierarchical approach our

Supreme Court adopted in Graves, defendant controls plaintiff's property.

Because plaintiff admits its affiliation with defendant and there is no question

the Council acted to assume control of St. Cyrillus's property, the motion judge

properly granted summary judgment on this issue.

      An application of the neutral principles of law approach yields the same

result. In support of its position, plaintiff argues it only affiliated with the PNCC

for "purely religious purposes and not to give it control over its real and personal

property which under the PNCC constitution and plaintiff's by-laws always

remained with the local church and its members." Plaintiff cites to its by-laws

and the 2010 PNCC constitution to support this position. Article IV of plaintiff's

by-laws, titled "Administration & Management" reads as follows: "A. [t]he

physical property of the parish belongs to the members of the parish who

conform to the provisions of the constitution laws, rules, regulations, customs


                                                                             A-2157-17T4
                                        12
and usages of the Church." Plaintiff's by-laws must be read in connection with

the PNCC constitution.

      Section 3 of Article VI of the 2010 PNCC Constitution states:

            In administrative, managerial and social matters, this
            Church derives its authority from the people who build,
            constitute, believe in, support and care for it. It is a
            fundamental principle of this Church that all Parish
            property, whether the same be real, personal, or mixed,
            is the property of those united with the Parish who build
            and support this Church and conform to the Rite,
            Constitution, Principles, Laws, Rules, Regulations,
            Customs and Usages of this Church.

      An isolated reading of Section 3 of Article VI of the PNCC constitution

and the by-law quoted above support plaintiff’s position that it owns its own

property. However, those sections must be considered in the context of the

entire PNCC constitution. Section 8 of Article V of the 2010 PNCC Constitution

states:

            All of the funds, moneys and property, whether real or
            personal, belong to those members of the Parish who
            conform to the Rites, Constitution, Principles, Laws,
            Rules, Regulations, Customs and Usages of this
            Church, and subject to the provisions of this
            Constitution and Laws.

      Section 10 of Article V states:

            When a Parish is liquidated, expelled, ceases to exist,
            its Warrant lawfully revoked, or title to its Parish
            property is unlawfully transferred, then all of its legally

                                                                          A-2157-17T4
                                        13
            acquired or accumulated funds, moneys and property,
            whether real or personal, shall revert to the Diocese in
            which any of the aforesaid events take place, and shall
            be held in trust by such Diocese for a period of not more
            than five (5) years for the purpose of reestablishing said
            Parish or establishing a new Parish within said Diocese;
            failure to reestablish such Parish or to establish a new
            Parish within said period of time, the property, whether
            real or personal, held in trust shall become the property
            of this Church.

            [(Emphasis added).]

      Section 11 of Article V states:

            Any Parish [that] does not fulfill its financial
            obligations to the Diocese and to the General Church
            will come under the direct management of the Diocesan
            Bishop.

      It is undisputed St. Cyrillus did not meet its financial obligations to the

Church because it unilaterally stopped paying its dues for multiple years.

Because of this, Bishop Nowicki, in his capacity as the Diocesan Bishop,

assumed management of the parish. Once he assumed this role, Bishop Nowicki

made the decision to close the parish and forgo any plan to construct a new

church property. The Council voted to dissolve the parish and take control of

its funds. Bishop Nowicki's decision to close the parish and the subsequent

dissolution of the parish by the Council caused it to cease to exist under Section

10 of Article V of the PNCC constitution.


                                                                          A-2157-17T4
                                        14
      When a parish ceases to exist, "all of its legally acquired or accumulated

funds, moneys and property, whether real or personal, shall revert to the

Diocese."   The decision to close the parish was within Bishop Nowicki’s

authority. Under the 2010 PNCC Constitution, no parish can construct a church

without approval from the Diocesan Bishop. There is no question of material

fact surrounding the propriety of Bishop Nowicki’s actions. The motion judge

properly granted summary judgment and correctly entered an order directing

defendants to hold plaintiff’s funds and property in accordance with the PNCC

Constitution. Brill v. Guardian Life Co., 142 N.J. 520, 530 (1995); R. 4:46-2(c).

      Plaintiff's remaining arguments lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion

in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.




                                                                         A-2157-17T4
                                      15
