                               Cite as 2015 Ark. App. 703


                ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

                                     DIVISION IV
                                       CV-14-699
                                     No.


NUCOR STEEL-ARKANSAS AND   Opinion Delivered: DECEMBER 9, 2015
NUCOR-YAMATO STEEL
COMPANY                    APPEAL FROM THE ARKANSAS
                APPELLANTS POLLUTION CONTROL AND
                           ECOLOGY COMMISSION
   V.                      [NO. 13-006-P]

ARKANSAS POLLUTION
CONTROL & ECOLOGY
COMMISSION AND BIG RIVER
STEEL, LLC
                   APPELLEES AFFIRMED



                           KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge


      In this environmental-law case, the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality

(“ADEQ”) issued a permit allowing appellee Big River Steel, LLC (“BRS”) to build and

operate a new steel mill in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Appellants Nucor Steel-Arkansas

and Nucor-Yamato Steel Company (collectively, “Nucor”), who also own steel mills in

Mississippi County, opposed the permit and appealed ADEQ’s decision to the Arkansas

Pollution Control and Ecology Commission (“PC&E”). PC&E affirmed the permit, and

Nucor sought judicial review in the Mississippi County Circuit Court. That court, upon a

motion by BRS, transferred the case to the Arkansas Court of Appeals, pursuant to Arkansas
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Code Annotated section 8-4-223(d) (Supp. 2015). The operative decision before us is the

administrative ruling of PC&E, and we affirm PC&E’s decision.

                                        I. Background

       The BRS permit was issued under the terms of the federal Clean Air Act, which

ensures that economic growth will occur in a manner consistent with the preservation of

clean air. See 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. (2014). The Act particularly addresses the pollution

dangers posed by “major emitting facilities,” such as the BRS steel mill in this case. These

types of facilities are subject to a pre-construction review and may not be built unless, among

other things, a permit has been issued containing emission limitations; the permit has

undergone a regulatory evaluation; the facility demonstrates that it will employ the best

available pollution-control technology; and the facility demonstrates that its emissions

will not cause or contribute to excessive air pollution. 42 U.S.C. § 7475 (2014). The

preconstruction review is referred to as Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD),

meaning that it seeks to prevent significant deterioration of the air quality around the

proposed construction site.

       Under the Clean Air Act and its attendant regulations, the responsibility for the PSD

process is shared by state and federal governments. State regulators are charged with

conducting the necessary review of PSD applications and issuing the construction and

operating permits. In Arkansas, the permitting authority is ADEQ. Ark. Code Ann. § 8-4-

203(a) (Supp. 2015). Federal regulators are responsible for establishing air-quality standards,

which set limits on the amount of pollution that will be tolerated in a given region. Toward

that end, the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has instituted National Ambient


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Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for certain “criteria” pollutants, which are the most

common air pollutants found in the United States. See 42 U.S.C. § 7409 (2014); 40 C.F.R.

Part 50. Included among the criteria pollutants are the small, fine smoke particles designated

as PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less). As of March 2013, the

EPA’s primary annual air-quality standard for PM2.5 was twelve micrograms per cubic meter

of air (12 µg/m3).

       In January 2013, BRS filed a PSD application with ADEQ to construct and operate

a new steel mill near Osceola in Mississippi County. The application stated that the mill

would produce up to 3.4 million short tons per year of rolled steel products and would

employ two electric arc furnaces and various other components, some of which would be

natural-gas fired. Subsequent to its initial application, BRS submitted revised applications in

March and June 2013 and asked that its application be processed in “an accelerated timely

manner.”

       As required by law, BRS’s application included an air-quality analysis, the purpose

of which was to demonstrate that the new mill would not have an adverse impact on air

quality in the region. Because the mill had not yet been constructed, BRS could only

estimate the types and concentrations of pollutants that would be discharged once the mill

was operational. To properly estimate the concentration of air pollutants, BRS employed a

technique referred to as air-dispersion modeling. Modeling is a complex process that, among

other things, uses computer inputs to predict the future emissions of a planned industrial

facility. The modeling results, when added to the existing emissions from other nearby

plants, yield the concentration of pollutants that will be released into the region’s ambient


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air by industrial means. An air-quality analysis must also account for the “background”

pollution that exists in the area due to agricultural, vehicular, or other activities. Background

pollution is ordinarily measured by a monitor in place at the proposed construction site.

However, no such monitor existed in Mississippi County. BRS therefore utilized a

“representative” background monitor in Dyersburg, Tennessee, approximately forty miles

to the northeast.

       BRS’s modeling, along with ADEQ’s confirmatory modeling, predicted that the new

mill and its neighboring facilities would emit a PM2.5 concentration of approximately 2.56

µg/m3. This figure, when combined with a reading of 9.44 µg/m3 from the Dyersburg

background monitor, demonstrated an exceedance or near-exceedance of the 12 µg/m3

federal ceiling for PM2.5. BRS reviewed its data and determined that it could properly reduce

some of the inputs it had utilized in its initial modeling run. BRS then repeated the modeling

and arrived at a PM2.5 level of 11.91 µg/m3—just below the 12 µg/m3 standard. This final

air-quality analysis was submitted to ADEQ on June 24, 2015.

       The next day, ADEQ issued a Draft Permit that, if finalized, would allow BRS to

construct and operate the new mill. 1 The lengthy and data-rich Draft Permit included BRS’s

most recent air-quality analysis results for PM2.5. The Draft Permit also required BRS to

apply specific pollution-control technology to its emissions from all plant “sources,” such as




       1
        Once PSD requirements are met and the facility has been constructed, the applicant
may receive an operating permit pursuant to Title V of the Clean Air Act. Arkansas has a
unified permit process in which the PSD and Title V permit applications are considered
simultaneously.
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smokestacks and vents; set forth exact emission limits for each pollutant discharged by each

source; and imposed requirements for post-construction testing and monitoring.

       The issuance of the Draft Permit triggered a thirty-day public-comment period,

during which BRS, the EPA, and any interested third party could present ADEQ with

written comments about the draft. Ark. Code Ann. § 8-4-203(e) (Supp. 2015). Appellant

Nucor, who had actively followed BRS’s application, submitted over forty comments, most

objecting to the technical aspects of BRS’s modeling and to a perceived bias in ADEQ’s

evaluation of BRS’s application. After reviewing the public comments, ADEQ modified

the Draft Permit in some respects, then issued a Final Permit on September 18, 2013. Nucor

appealed ADEQ’s decision to PC&E pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated section 8-4-

205(b)(1) (Supp. 2015).

                                   II. Appeal to PC&E

       Nucor’s petition to PC&E cited approximately thirty errors that allegedly occurred

during the permitting process. Upon receiving the petition, PC&E appointed an

administrative hearing officer (AHO) to review Nucor’s allegations and conduct the

necessary proceedings. See Ark. Code Ann. § 8-1-204 (Supp. 2015) (allowing PC&E to

employ an administrative hearing officer). Preliminarily, the AHO dismissed several of

Nucor’s allegations due to procedural deficiencies, such as the failure to raise them in the

public comments. See Ark. Code Ann. § 8-4-205(b)(2) (Supp. 2015). The remaining issues

proceeded to an adjudicatory hearing.

       In anticipation of the hearing, Nucor submitted pre-filed testimony from its manager

of environmental affairs, Jeffrey Braun, and from three expert witnesses: Yousheng Zeng;


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George Schewe; and Kenneth Weiss. In opposition to Nucor, BRS submitted pre-filed

testimony from its consultant, Steven Frey, and from its expert witness, Gale Hoffnagle.

ADEQ provided pre-filed testimony from its permit writer/engineer, Shawn Hutchings,

and its Air Permit Branch Manager, Thomas Rheaume. In addition to giving pre-filed

testimony, these witnesses, along with ADEQ Director Teresa Marks, testified in person at

the adjudicatory hearing, which was held over a four-day period in February 2014. The

substance of the witnesses’ testimony will be discussed later in this opinion, in connection

with the arguments on appeal. But, essentially, Nucor’s experts testified, inter alia, that BRS

was not justified in using Dyersburg, Tennessee as a representative monitor for background

PM2.5; that ADEQ’s review of BRS’s application was superficial and unsatisfactory; that

BRS and ADEQ ignored certain inputs or used incorrect inputs in the modeling process;

and that proper modeling would have shown an exceedance of the air-quality standards for

PM2.5. BRS and ADEQ witnesses, by contrast, testified that Dyersburg, Tennessee was a

proper representative site for background PM2.5 and that all legal requirements for modeling

and ADEQ review were otherwise met.

     Following the hearing, the AHO issued a recommended decision on March 20, 2014.

See Ark. Code Ann. § 8-1-203(c)(2) (Supp. 2015) (requiring the AHO to administer the

hearing and, after due deliberation, submit a recommended decision to the Commission).

The AHO’s recommended decision covered sixty-nine pages, discussed the evidence and

the parties’ arguments at length, and counseled affirmance of the BRS permit. Nucor

responded with a request for oral argument before PC&E’s Commissioners, challenging

virtually every aspect of the AHO’s recommended decision. After a brief oral argument on


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April 25, 2014, the Commissioners voted to adopt the AHO’s decision. That same day,

PC&E issued a minute order affirming the BRS permit and adopting and affirming the

AHO’s recommended decision in full. Nucor then appealed to the Mississippi County

Circuit Court, pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated sections 8-4-222 and -223(a) (Supp.

2015).

                                      III. Judicial Review

         Once the case arrived in circuit court, BRS filed a motion to transfer the appeal to

the Arkansas Court of Appeals, pursuant to the recently enacted Arkansas Code Annotated

section 8-4-223(d). This statute provides that, upon the filing of a motion by the owner of

the business involved in the permit process, an appeal to circuit court “shall be transferred

to the Arkansas Court of Appeals.” The Mississippi County Circuit Court granted the

transfer, bringing the current appeal before this court. We begin by addressing Nucor’s

arguments concerning our standard of review.

                                    IV. Standard of Review

         Nucor’s first argument is that our court should review PC&E’s decision “sitting

essentially as a circuit court.” This argument stems from the above-mentioned section 8-4-

223(d), which allows a “bypass” of the circuit court in favor of a direct transfer to the

Arkansas Court of Appeals. We do not interpret the statute as requiring our court to act as

a circuit court.

         Section 8-4-223(d) was enacted as part of Act 1021 of 2013. The Act’s preamble

states that its purpose was, in part, to allow a “direct appeal” to the Arkansas Court of

Appeals in order to “streamline” the review of PC&E rulings. When interpreting a


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legislative enactment, our courts have looked to the preamble of an act to determine its

purpose and intent. See Okla Homer Smith Furn. Mfg. Co. v. Larson & Wear, Inc., 278 Ark.

467, 646 S.W.2d 696 (1983); Two Bros. Farm, Inc. v. Riceland Foods, Inc., 57 Ark. App. 25,

940 S.W.2d 889 (1997). In light of the preamble to Act 1021, the only reasonable

interpretation of section 8-4-223(d) is that it was intended simply to expedite the process of

bringing a PC&E ruling forward for appellate review. We discern no intent to divest the

appellate court of its ordinary function or to have it assume the posture of a circuit court.

       Nucor points out that, had the appeal from PC&E’s ruling remained in circuit court,

that court could have allowed Nucor to present additional testimony. See Ark. Code Ann.

§ 8-4-227(c)(1)(B) (Supp. 2015). Accordingly, Nucor has asked this court to preserve that

opportunity and to allow discovery for the purpose of developing additional evidence. This

same request was presented to our court in several motions filed prior to the submission of

the case. At that time, we rejected Nucor’s request and denied its motion for

reconsideration. 2 We stand by our rulings on Nucor’s motions.

       It is correct that Arkansas Code Annotated section 8-4-227(c)(1)(B) grants authority

to the circuit court to hear additional evidence. See Act 1021 of 2013, § 7. However, that

statute does not grant the same authority to the appellate court. As discussed above, we will

review this matter as an appellate court, and not as a circuit court. So, while we understand




       2
        Our supreme court also denied Nucor’s petition for a writ of certiorari directed to
this court.
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Nucor’s concern over losing the opportunity to present additional evidence, we decline to

revisit this issue. 3

        Next, Nucor argues that our court should review PC&E’s ruling de novo. We

decline to do so. It is not our role in an administrative appeal to conduct a de novo review

of the record. See Ark. Bev. Retailers Ass’n v. Langley, 2009 Ark. 187, 305 S.W.3d 427.

Rather, we review administrative appeals with great deference to the agency’s expertise,

based on our recognition that such agencies are better equipped by specialization, insight

through experience, and more flexible procedures to determine and analyze legal issues

affecting them. See Pine Bluff for Safe Disposal v. Ark. Pollution Control & Ecology Comm’n,

354 Ark. 563, 127 S.W.3d 509 (2003). Agency decisions will be upheld if they are supported

by substantial evidence and are not arbitrary, capricious, or characterized by an abuse of

discretion. Id. On appeal, we give the evidence its strongest probative force in favor of the

agency’s findings. Id. Even where issues of law are concerned, we often accord deference to

the agency’s ruling, particularly when reviewing the agency’s interpretation of statutes or its

own rules and regulations. See Lamar Outdoor Advert. v. Ark. Hwy. & Transp. Dep’t, 86 Ark.

App. 279, 184 S.W.3d 461 (2004).

        Given the above authorities, a de novo review is not appropriate in this appeal from

an administrative agency. Furthermore, a de novo review would be inconsistent with

Arkansas Code Annotated section 8-4-229 (Repl. 2011), which provides that, in any appeal

involving a PC&E order, the agency’s action shall be “prima facie evidence reasonable and



        We note that Nucor does not develop an argument as to the constitutionality of
        3

section 8-4-223(d).
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valid.” The same statute provides that all findings of fact by PC&E shall be prima facie

evidence of the matters stated therein and that the burden of proving the contrary shall be

upon the appellant. This statute unquestionably requires a deferential review of PC&E

rulings, which is inconsistent with a de novo review.

       Nucor nevertheless maintains that the separation-of-powers doctrine requires us to

conduct a de novo review because PC&E’s ruling constituted a quasi-judicial act. See City

of Ft. Smith v. McCutchen, 372 Ark. 541, 279 S.W.3d 78 (2008) (holding that, while a court

may not conduct a de novo review when an administrative agency has acted in a legislative

or executive capacity, a court may conduct a de novo review of an agency’s quasi-judicial

ruling). Here, PC&E’s ruling on the issuance of a regulatory permit was an exercise of

executive function, hinging on executive discretion, and was not a quasi-judicial ruling. See

Enviroclean, Inc. v. Ark. Pollution Control & Ecology Comm’n, 314 Ark. 98, 858 S.W.2d 116

(1993); Ark. Comm’n on Pollution Control & Ecology v. Land Developers, Inc., 284 Ark. 179,

680 S.W.2d 909 (1984). Thus, a de novo review would be improper. McCutchen, supra. The

traditional, limited standard of review utilized in administrative appeals therefore applies. See

La. v. Joint Pipeline Grp., 2010 Ark. 374, 373 S.W.3d 292; Tri-County Solid Waste Dist. v.

Ark. Pollution Control & Ecology Comm’n, 365 Ark. 368, 230 S.W.3d 545 (2006).

                         V. Procedural Matters During PC&E Review

       Nucor contends next that PC&E committed several procedural errors in its review

of the ADEQ permit decision. First, Nucor argues that PC&E did not conduct a de novo

review as required by Arkansas Code Annotated section 8-1-203(c)(3)(A)(i) & (ii) (Supp.

2015). We see no error. As allowed by law, PC&E appointed the AHO to conduct a review


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of ADEQ’s permit decision. The AHO duly received testimonial and documentary

evidence and carried out a de novo review based on that proof. In doing so, the AHO acted

as PC&E’s agent, Ark. Code Ann. § 8-1-203(c)(1) (Supp. 2015), and therefore met the

requirements of the law on behalf of PC&E.

       Nucor insists, however, that PC&E’s minute order, which adopted the AHO’s

recommended decision, should have set forth specific findings of fact. No statute requires

this. Moreover, Nucor’s analogy to Workers’ Compensation law on this point is not well

founded. The Workers’ Compensation Commission may adopt its ALJ’s findings and

conclusions, thereby making those findings and conclusions its own. See Curt Bean Transp.,

Inc. v. Hill, 2009 Ark. App. 760, 348 S.W.3d 56.

       Taking another approach, Nucor argues that PC&E’s Commissioners could not

possibly have familiarized themselves with the AHO’s recommended decision and his

voluminous record because the PC&E minute order was issued only eight days after closing

briefs were filed by the parties. It appears to us that the Commissioners had more than eight

days in which to assess and understand the materials in the case—PC&E had earlier received

the AHO’s detailed decision and Nucor’s request for oral argument, which was over 100

pages in length and meticulously explained Nucor’s arguments for reversal of the permit.

Regardless, we decline to speculate on the length of time required for the Commissioners

to render their decision.

       Next, Nucor argues that the AHO imposed an erroneous burden of proof during

the adjudicatory hearing. The AHO correctly stated that Nucor had the burden of proving

by a preponderance of the evidence that BRS’s permit did not meet the requirements of


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the law. See Ark. PC&E Reg. 8.616(B). And, on appeal, Nucor acknowledges that it had

the burden of proving a deficiency had occurred in the Final Permit or in the permitting

process. However, Nucor contends that the AHO erred in requiring it to prove not only

that a deficiency occurred but that the deficiency was so material that it would have caused

an exceedance of air-quality standards.

       We note at the outset that Nucor does not discuss any specific instances in which the

AHO imposed an enhanced burden of proof. Moreover, Nucor cites no authority and

makes no convincing argument for the proposition that PC&E lacks the authority to

determine whether an error is so immaterial that reversal is not required. It is Nucor’s burden

to demonstrate reversible error, Stevens v. SEECO, Inc., 2015 Ark. App. 322, and we will

not develop an appellant’s argument on appeal. Orintas v. Point Lookout Prop. Owners Ass’n,

2015 Ark. App. 648. We therefore affirm on this point.

       Nucor also claims that the AHO rendered his decision based on an “improper

separation” of the issues. According to Nucor, the AHO ruled that certain, individual

deficiencies in the permit process had a negligible effect on air-quality standards but failed

to consider the cumulative impact of all deficiencies. While the AHO did, in some instances,

cite the de minimis effect of an alleged deficiency, it was generally done as an alternative

reason for rejecting Nucor’s arguments. We therefore see no reversible error. Moreover, as

will be seen in our upcoming discussion of the issues, only one point will be affirmed based

on the negligible effect of any possible error.

       Lastly, we address Nucor’s argument that the AHO improperly dismissed some of

the paragraphs in its petition for review on procedural grounds. The AHO found that some


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of Nucor’s allegations were barred by not having been raised in the public comments. See

Ark. Code Ann. § 8-4-205(b)(2) (providing that a third party cannot raise an issue in a

PC&E hearing if the issue was not first raised in the public comments, unless he can show

good cause why he could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and presented the

issue during the comment period). Others were dismissed for being too general in nature,

see Ark. Code Ann. § 8-4-205(b)(3) (providing that a request for a PC&E hearing must

include a complete and detailed statement identifying the legal and factual objections to

the permit), or for incorporating allegations from other sources. See Ark. PC&E Reg.

8.603(c)(1)(c).

       On appeal, Nucor argues that the procedural dismissals were based on a hyper-

technical application of the above-mentioned statutes and regulations. However, Nucor’s

brief does little more than set forth a list of paragraph numbers that were dismissed; it

provides no explanation as to why the dismissals warrant reversal. As stated above, it is

Nucor’s burden to demonstrate reversible error, Stevens, supra, and we will not develop an

appellant’s argument on appeal. Orintas, supra.

       Nucor also contends that the AHO improperly excluded certain witness testimony

as it pertained to the dismissed paragraphs. However, Nucor does not proffer the substance

of the testimony or explain how it was prejudiced by the testimony’s exclusion. See Turner

v. N.W. Ark. Neurosurgery Clinic, 84 Ark. App. 93, 133 S.W.3d 417 (2003) (holding that we

will not reverse the exclusion of evidence in the absence of a demonstration of prejudice).

Consequently, we affirm the dismissals and the exclusion of evidence.




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                                 VI. Alleged Misrepresentation

       During the permit-application process, BRS provided ADEQ with certain “emission

factors,” which estimated the quantity of a particular pollutant that would be emitted from

each particular emission source. For example, with regard to emissions from the plant’s

natural-gas-fired equipment, BRS submitted a PM2.5 emission factor of .00052 pounds per

one million BTUs (.00052 lb./MMBTU). According to BRS consultant Steven Frey, BRS

did not submit any emission factor to ADEQ unless the manufacturer of the natural-gas-

fired equipment—SMS Siemag (SMS)—confirmed that the factor could be achieved.

ADEQ, in turn, relied on BRS’s representation that the emission factors were achievable.

Consequently, ADEQ accepted the factors and used them in the Draft Permit as the PM2.5

emission limits for the steel mill’s natural-gas-fired sources.

       After the Draft Permit was issued, and during the thirty-day public-comment period,

SMS sent emails to BRS stating that it was “unknown if such low [emission] values can be

achieved at all by the affected units,” and that “we cannot guarantee that the required PM

figures can be achieved.” BRS did not notify ADEQ that SMS had expressed doubts about

the achievability of the emission limits.

       When the Final Permit was issued, Nucor appealed to PC&E. The parties then

conducted discovery, and Nucor obtained the SMS emails as part of over 90,000 pages

provided by BRS. During the adjudicatory hearing, Nucor admitted the emails into

evidence through BRS’s expert Gale Hoffnagle. Mr. Hoffnagle said he had never seen the

emails but that it would be important for regulators to know the achievability of emission




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factors. He also testified that he believed BRS’s stated emission limits could be met and that,

at some point after the emails were sent, the engineers must have confirmed achievability.

       Following the hearing, Nucor asked PC&E to make a finding that BRS’s permit

should be revoked based on BRS’s failure to disclose SMS’s concerns about the emission

limits. The AHO declined to do so, ruling that “even if a misrepresentation occurred in this

case” PC&E was not authorized to revoke BRS’s permit. As authority for this ruling, the

AHO cited Arkansas Code Annotated section 8-4-204 (Repl. 2011), which provides that

ADEQ has the power to revoke, modify, or suspend a permit on the ground of

misrepresentation. (Emphasis added.) Nucor urged PC&E’s Commissioners to reject the

AHO’s ruling, arguing that the AHO had abdicated his duty to revoke the permit. PC&E

instead affirmed. 4

       On appeal to this court, Nucor seeks reversal of PC&E’s decision on the ground that

BRS concealed material information from ADEQ during the application process and from

the public during the comment period. However, PC&E made no finding as to whether a

misrepresentation occurred. It ruled only that it lacked the legal authority to revoke BRS’s

permit.

       A finding or conclusion by a lower tribunal, if not attacked on appeal, must stand as

a basis for affirmance. See generally Sheppard v. Ark. Alcoholic Bev. Control Bd., 2014 Ark. App.

604, 447 S.W.2d 614; Camp v. State, 66 Ark. App. 134, 991 S.W.2d 611 (1999). In its


       4
        Around this time, Nucor sent correspondence to ADEQ Director Teresa Marks
demanding that ADEQ revoke, suspend, or modify BRS’s permit. When Marks did not
respond, Nucor sought a writ of mandamus in Pulaski County Circuit Court. The court
refused to grant the writ, noting that the AHO had not found that a misrepresentation
occurred and that the Director’s decision on the matter was discretionary.
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opening brief, Nucor addresses the alleged misrepresentation but fails to challenge the

AHO’s finding that PC&E was not authorized to revoke BRS’s permit. Nucor’s opening

brief contains no argument that PC&E erred in finding that it lacked authority to revoke

the permit. The only sentence in Nucor’s opening brief that might be interpreted as raising

this issue states as follows:

       It was also an abuse of discretion for PC&E not to initiate its own investigation
       or to remand the matter to ADEQ to determine precisely who knew what
       and when about this matter and to take such further action as is required by
       law upon determining the full extent of the concealment and cover-up.

This sentence appears at the end of Nucor’s substantive argument on the misrepresentation

issue and is simply a conclusory statement on its position that there was misrepresentation

in the permitting process. It does not refer to, or in any way challenge, the AHO’s lack-

of-authority finding. At oral argument, Nucor’s counsel was asked to point out where in its

opening brief Nucor argued that the AHO’s lack-of-authority finding was error. He

responded by stating that he would provide that information to the court after the

arguments, and he filed a letter to the court later that day. But counsel misapprehends the

issue, demonstrating only that Nucor preserved a separate argument regarding the standard

of review.

       Thus, Nucor failed to attack the only finding the AHO made on the issue, i.e., that it

lacked authority to revoke the permit. Consequently, we affirm this point without reaching

the underlying misrepresentation allegations. Sheppard, supra; Camp, supra. Moreover, an

appellant must cite authority and demonstrate error by making a convincing argument as to

why the tribunal erred and why reversal is required. See Orintas, supra; Parker v. Parker, 97

Ark. App. 298, 248 S.W.3d 523 (2007). Because Nucor failed to make any argument for
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reversal as to the AHO’s lack-of-authority finding, it clearly has not carried its burden of

presenting convincing argument and authority supporting its position. 5 We therefore affirm

on this point.

                                   VII. Air-Quality Analysis

       We now turn to Nucor’s many arguments pertaining to the air-quality analysis and

the modeling that BRS performed in connection with its PSD application. We first address

Nucor’s claim that BRS’s analysis incorrectly employed Significant Impact Levels (SILs).

       SILs are screening methods adopted by the EPA in an effort to exempt an applicant

from conducting a full analysis of certain pollutants when the predicted levels of those

pollutants are below certain concentrations. In January 2013, while BRS’s application was

pending, a federal circuit court vacated some portions of the EPA’s SIL regulations. See

Sierra Club v. Env. Prot. Agency, 705 F.3d 458 (D.C. Cir. 2013). Nucor contends that, in

light of the Sierra Club holding, BRS incorrectly employed SILs in its air-quality analysis

(although PM2.5 did receive a full analysis).

       The AHO dismissed this argument on the ground that it was procedurally barred by

not having been raised in the public comments as required by Arkansas Code Annotated

section 8-4-205(b)(2). We affirm that ruling. Nucor’s Comment 30, on which it relies,

challenged BRS’s usage and placement of receptors in its significance modeling. However,

the comment does not raise the issue that the SILs have been vacated and are no longer

applicable.


       Nucor argued in its reply brief that the lack-of-authority finding was erroneous,
       5

but we have previously held that an argument developed for the first time in a reply brief
comes too late. Orintas, supra.
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       Nucor also argues that BRS’s air-quality analysis was flawed because it did not

consider “secondary” PM2.5 formation. By way of explanation, PM2.5 may be emitted

directly from a mill’s emission sources, or it may develop secondarily in the atmosphere

through chemical reaction of certain precursors, such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide,

which are also emitted from the mill. The AHO ruled that BRS had no legal obligation to

account for secondary PM2.5 in its air-quality modeling.

       Since the onset of its regulation of PM2.5 in 1997, the EPA has struggled with the

issue of secondary formation. According to Nucor, a 2008 EPA rule required a PSD

applicant to model secondary formation, which would naturally lead to an increase in PM2.5

concentration. However, the requirements of the 2008 rule are not clear, and BRS expert

Gale Hoffnagle testified that there was no legal authority that required such modeling.

Indeed, subsequent EPA documents indicate that unresolved issues have remained as to

whether secondary formation must be modeled and, if so, by what method. In March 2013,

the EPA issued a draft guidance memorandum in which it noted that its preferred air-quality

model, AERMOD, did not account for secondary formation. The draft therefore included

recommended approaches for assessing the impact of secondary formation. However, an

accompanying letter stated that the draft was a statement of preliminary recommendations;

that it was not yet considered final guidance; and that it contained no binding, enforceable

requirements.

       At the adjudicatory hearing, Nucor’s experts testified that modeling of secondary

PM2.5 was required and that ADEQ should have followed the EPA’s draft guidance and

insisted on such modeling before issuing the BRS permit. However, ADEQ Director Teresa


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Marks testified that ADEQ considered the EPA guidance to be nonbinding. Still, ADEQ

engineers were concerned enough to email the EPA and ask how to approach the issue of

secondary formation. The EPA did not respond. Later, after the Draft Permit was issued,

the EPA made thirteen comments regarding changes that should be made in the permit.

None involved secondary formation of PM2.5.

       Based on the foregoing, and giving due regard to the administrative agency’s

expertise, we see no abuse of discretion or error of law on this point. It is unclear whether

any authority required the modeling of secondary PM2.5, and we will not reverse an agency’s

interpretation of statutes and regulations unless the interpretation is clearly wrong. Lamar

Outdoor Advert., supra. Further, there was substantial evidence that ADEQ was not required

to follow the EPA guidance on an issue, much less draft guidance. We therefore reject

Nucor’s argument.

       Next, Nucor challenges BRS’s decision to use Dyersburg, Tennessee, as a

representative location for monitoring background PM2.5. The Clean Air Act generally

requires pre-construction air-quality monitoring for a period of one year preceding the

permit application. 42 U.S.C. § 7475(e)(2); 40 C.F.R. 52.21(m)(1)(iv). However, if there

are no monitors located in the vicinity of the proposed construction that can be used to

obtain the necessary background concentrations, a regional site may be used. 40 C.F.R. Part

51, Appx. W at 8.2.2(c). A regional site is one that is located away from the area of interest

but is impacted by similar natural and distant man-made sources. Id.

       Here, Mississippi County had no monitor to measure background PM2.5. BRS

therefore used the monitor at Dyersburg, and ADEQ accepted Dyersburg as a representative


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location. Nucor’s experts criticized the use of Dyersburg and proposed the use of a monitor

located in Marion, Arkansas. However, BRS and ADEQ witnesses testified that Dyersburg

was similar to Mississippi County in land use, population, and terrain, and was therefore a

proper representative monitoring site. PC&E credited the testimony of BRS and ADEQ

witnesses, as was its prerogative. Williams v. Ark. State Bd. of Physical Therapy, 353 Ark. 778,

120 S.W.3d 581 (2003). We therefore affirm on this point.

       Nucor further contends that BRS failed to model all of the steel mill’s emission

sources. According to BRS’s permit application, the proposed mill contained approximately

100 sources of pollutant emissions, including sixteen sources from the mill’s melt shop. It is

undisputed that BRS neglected to model the sixteen melt-shop sources. One of Nucor’s

experts, Mr. Schewe, testified that he ran a model that included all omitted sources and that

the result showed an exceedance of the PM2.5 air-quality standards. However, BRS’s expert,

Mr. Hoffnagle, calculated that the omitted sources would only have increased the PM2.5

concentration level by .004 µg/m3, meaning that no exceedance of air-quality standards

would have occurred. PC&E accepted Mr. Hoffnagle’s analysis, and we defer to the agency’s

expertise on this matter. The credibility and the weight of the evidence is within the

administrative agency’s discretion. Williams, supra.

       We next address Nucor’s claim that BRS’s air-quality analysis did not properly

consider a phenomenon known as “building downwash.” Downwash occurs when

turbulence forms as air tries to pass around a building. When an emission source is located

close enough to the turbulence, the emitted exhaust plume may be mixed closer to

the ground, resulting in a higher pollutant concentration. BRS’s modeling correctly


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incorporated the downwash characteristics of its own buildings. Yet Nucor contends that

the downwash characteristics of other, nearby industries, such as the Bunge Grain Elevator,

should also have been incorporated into the modeling. PC&E ruled that it knew of no legal

authority for the proposition that BRS was required to consider downwash from other

facilities. Given that Nucor has not demonstrated that PC&E erred in this conclusion, we

see no basis for reversal.

       The Bunge Grain Elevator also figures in the final point under this topic. As

mentioned earlier, BRS’s initial modeling runs predicted that its mill, along with nearby

industries would generate a PM2.5 concentration level of 2.56 µg/m3. Upon receiving these

results and discussing the matter with ADEQ, BRS consultant Steven Frey reassessed his

modeling. One of the inputs he had used in his modeling was the PM2.5 emission level

generated by the Bunge facility. The original inputs for Bunge used data derived from a

twenty-four-hour-per-day operation. Frey determined that Bunge did not operate twenty-

four hours per day, and therefore the PM2.5 emissions from Bunge were overestimated. Frey

then reduced the Bunge emission data to represent a twelve-hour-per-day operation. By

using this new data, BRS’s subsequent PM2.5 modeling calculation was reduced to 2.47

µg/m3. PC&E ruled that the adjustment was acceptable because it was more representative

of the actual operating hours of the grain elevator.

       Nucor contends that BRS did not follow the EPA modeling guidance in making the

Bunge adjustment. It cites a footnote to a table in 40 C.F.R. Part 51, Appendix W, as

authority that BRS’s model was required to use an actual, two-year average for Bunge’s

operating hours. However, that regulation also allows for the exercise of professional


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judgment by the permitting authority in the modeling of nearby facilities. Given the

testimony that the adjustment was more reflective of Bunge’s actual operation, and that

BRS sought ADEQ approval before making the adjustment, we decline to reverse in light

of our limited review.

                            VIII. Errors Affecting Public Comment

       State regulators must provide an opportunity for public comment on the information

submitted by the applicant for a new-construction permit. 40 C.F.R. §§ 51.161(b)(2) &

51.166(q)(2)(ii). Accordingly, PC&E regulations state that no permit shall be issued unless

the public has first had the opportunity to comment on the information submitted by the

applicant and on ADEQ’s analysis of the effect of the new construction on the region’s air

quality. Ark. PC&E Regs. 18.306(A) & 19.406(A). In addition, ADEQ must submit a

Statement of Basis setting forth the legal and factual basis for the Draft Permit. Ark. PC&E

Reg. 26.506. Nucor argues that, for several reasons, the public in this case was denied the

chance for meaningful and informed comment on BRS’s application and on the Draft

Permit.

       We first dispose of Nucor’s arguments that public comment was thwarted by the

alleged misrepresentations of emission achievability; the failure to model secondary PM2.5;

the use of SILs; and the Bunge Grain Elevator adjustment. In light of our earlier holdings

that no reversible error was demonstrated with regard to these very matters, there is likewise

no basis for reversal under this heading.

       For its remaining arguments, Nucor first contends that ADEQ made improper

changes in the Draft Permit regarding certain Nitrogen Oxide values. We disagree. The


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Draft Permit originally showed that BRS demonstrated a one-hour Nitrogen Oxide value

of 37.6 µg/m3. During the comment period, BRS stated that this figure was erroneous and

should have been 181.8 µg/m3, which was still below the federal ceiling of 188. ADEQ

made the change, and the Final Permit reflected the 181.8 figure. Clearly, ADEQ made an

open and above-board correction of what appears to be a mere scrivener’s error. We

therefore see no reason to hold that the correction adversely affected the public’s ability to

comment.

         Secondly, Nucor cites a change made in the Final Permit regarding BRS’s

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. BRS’s final application proposed a limit of .0723 tons

of GHG per ton of liquid steel produced per year for certain operations. ADEQ placed this

limit in the Draft Permit. However, after the Draft Permit was issued, BRS made a comment

seeking a higher limit. BRS stated that the limit in the Draft Permit was based on an

anticipated product mix, which, if changed, could produce higher emissions. BRS therefore

asked ADEQ to increase the limit to .155 tons of GHG per ton of liquid steel to reflect a

“worst case production output.” The Final Permit contained the revised limit.

         Without belaboring the point, we agree with PC&E that Nucor has not shown that

a change in a Draft Permit, made by ADEQ in response to a public comment, requires the

public-comment period to begin anew. Nucor’s expert, Dr. Zeng, acknowledged that

ADEQ incorporates changes into the Final Permit, based on public comments, and that the

changes do not necessarily “have to go back out” for public comment. We affirm on this

point.




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                                 IX. Other Allegations of Error

       Nucor claims that BRS and ADEQ used improper emission factors to estimate the

emissions that would be discharged from certain plant sources. The EPA has a clearinghouse

designated as AP-42, on which air-quality modelers may draw to obtain standardized

emission factors. In this case, BRS and ADEQ did not use AP-42 but instead used factors

developed by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. The Minnesota factors were much

lower, and Nucor’s experts testified that they were unreliable and unachievable. However,

BRS and ADEQ witnesses stated that the Minnesota figures were reliable and were actually

developed by EPA. PC&E credited BRS’s and ADEQ’s testimony, and we defer to the

agency’s decision on the credibility of witnesses and weight to be given their testimony.

Williams, supra.

       Nucor also argues that the emission rates from “several natural-gas combustion

sources” were increased in the Final Permit but were not remodeled. However, Nucor’s

brief does not identify these sources or otherwise provide us with sufficient information to

conduct a review of this point. We therefore will not reverse. See Orintas, supra.

       Finally, Nucor argues that BRS and ADEQ failed to conduct an appropriate

additional-impact analysis. As part of the PSD process, an applicant must conduct an analysis

of any impairment that its facility will cause to soil and vegetation and to visibility. The

applicant must also assess the air-quality impact as a result of general commercial, residential,

industrial, and other growth associated with the new plant. 40 C.F.R. 52.21(o). BRS’s

growth analysis reads as follows:

       The project being proposed by BRS will have no effect on construction and growth
       impacts. During the construction phase, BRS will employ various techniques to
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       minimize the potential impact on the surrounding environment. The primary focus
       will be to reduce the formation of fugitive type particulates that may be generated
       during the construction phase.

       The construction and operation of the proposed steel plant should not result in any
       noticeable residential growth in the area. Commercial growth is anticipated to occur
       at a gradual rate in the future. However, this growth will not be directly associated
       with the proposed plant in Mississippi County. The proposed plant should have a
       positive impact on the economic climate of Osceola by providing jobs for the area
       workforce.

       Nucor’s expert, Mr. Schewe, offered his opinion that the above analysis should have

been more “robust.” However, PC&E discounted that opinion because Schewe had no

expertise in economic-growth analysis and did not conduct an economic analysis of the

Mississippi County area. Further, ADEQ witness Thomas Rheaume testified that there were

no legal guidelines for performing an additional-impact growth analysis and that the analysis

submitted by BRS was consistent with the level of detail in past analyses received by ADEQ.

Thus, as with other issues in this case, we recognize the specialization and experience of

PC&E on these matters and, due to our limited review, affirm PC&E’s ruling.

       Affirmed.

       ABRAMSON and VAUGHT, JJ., agree.

      Dover Dixon Horne PLLC, by: Mark H. Allison; and Bradley Murchison Kelly & Shea
LLC, by: David R. Taggart, Pro Hac Vice, for appellants.

       Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Jamie Ewing, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee Arkansas
Pollution Control and Ecology Commission.

       Baker Hostetler LLP, by: Martin T. Booher and Michael Montgomery; and Mitchell
Williams PLLC, by: Adria W. Conklin, for appellee Big River Steel LLC.




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