                                     COURT OF APPEALS
                                  EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                       EL PASO, TEXAS

 ISAAC LEVI HARDEN,                            §
                                                              No. 08-13-00134-CR
                     Appellant,                §
                                                                 Appeal from the
 v.                                            §
                                                                90th District Court
 THE STATE OF TEXAS,                           §
                                                             of Young County, Texas
                     Appellee.                 §
                                                                   (TC #09959)
                                               §
                                        OPINION

       This is an appeal from the denial of a motion to suppress. Appellant complains that the

State lacked probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of his vehicle. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

                                    FACTUAL SUMMARY

       Officer Wright, an experienced, certified peace officer, was assigned to criminal

interdiction with the K-9 unit. On August 26, 2011, Wright received a call from a confidential

informant from whom he had previously received reliable information. The informant advised

Wright that Appellant was at a named address in a black Durango, and that he possessed “heavy

weight” methamphetamine, meaning a large amount. Wright was aware that the residence was

known for illegal drug-trafficking. Officer Wright drove to the address and observed Appellant

sitting in the black Dodge Durango. Wright recognized the Dodge Durango and knew Appellant
by sight, having had prior dealings with him. Appellant was sitting in the passenger side seat with

a female standing by the open passenger door.          Wright called Officer Post, gave him the

information from the informant, and asked Post to locate himself south of the residence and try to

develop probable cause for a traffic stop if Appellant left.

       Wright saw Appellant and the female leaving in the truck. Wright was located north of

the residence near an intersection where there was a stop sign. He watched Appellant drive

through the intersection without stopping at the stop sign. Wright activated his lights to stop

Appellant. Appellant drove a short distance to a T-intersection, turned right and stopped. When

Wright got out of his car and contacted Appellant, he appeared nervous and his hands were

shaking. Appellant gave Wright his driver’s license and insurance card. Because Wright knew

Appellant was a flight risk based on past experiences, he had Appellant switch off the truck and

remove the keys from the ignition.

       Officer Post arrived and provided cover while Wright investigated the traffic stop. Post

identified the female passenger, who was unknown to Wright. Post witnessed that Appellant

gave Wright permission to search the Durango. After he had permission to search, Wright used

his K-9 for an open-air sniff around the vehicle. When the hot pavement became painful for the

K-9’s feet, Wright put him back in the patrol car. When Wright opened the front passenger door

and smelled unburnt marijuana inside the Durango, he put his K-9 inside the truck in order to

pinpoint the odor’s location. The K-9 alerted on the front passenger side floorboard, rather than

the dash area where the informant had indicated. No drugs were found in the dash where the

confidential informant said they would be. The officers eventually found drugs in a black bag,

described by the informant, under the passenger side seat. The black bag contained three clear


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plastic baggies with a white crystal substance inside, a bag that contained a leafy substance that

smelled like marijuana, some pills, empty baggies, a syringe, a spoon, and a digital scale. The

confidential informant had told Wright he would find a black bag that contained about an ounce of

marijuana, which was accurate.

        While Wright was searching the truck, Post saw Appellant drop a marijuana pipe on the

ground and arrested him for possessing drug paraphernalia. The officers retrieved the marijuana

pipe, which smelled like fresh-burnt marijuana. Appellant was not arrested until Post saw him in

possession of the marijuana pipe he dropped.

        On cross-examination, Officer Wright said that he knew Appellant drove the black

Durango, and that he had talked to Appellant during a recent parade while he was driving the

vehicle. Wright had left the address on Pecan before Appellant moved into the driver’s seat.

Wright initiated the traffic stop when he saw Appellant run the stop sign.

                                             ANALYSIS

        We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of

review. State v. Alderete, 314 S.W.3d 469, 472 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2010, pet. ref’d), citing St.

George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). The reviewing court does not

engage in its own factual review since the trial judge is the sole trier of facts and judge of the

credibility of the witnesses, and the weight to be given to their testimony. Alderete, 314 S.W.3d

at 472, citing Amador v. State, 275 S.W.3d 872, 878 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009). We review de novo

the application of legal principles to a specific set of facts, including the trial court’s determination

of reasonable suspicion and probable cause.            Alderete, 314 S.W.3d at 472, citing State v

Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87


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(Tex.Crim.App. 1997).

           When the court files findings of fact and conclusions of law that virtually accept the

credibility of the officers and the State’s version of events, the only question before the reviewing

court is whether the trial court properly applied the law to the facts it found. See State v. Ballman,

157 S.W.3d 65, 69 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2004, pet. ref’d). Where the court does not file

findings of fact, the court examines the evidence most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and

assumes that the trial court made implicit findings of fact supported by the record. See State v.

Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). In this case, the trial court did not file findings

of fact.

           Defense counsel requested that the court make a finding of facts and conclusions of law.

At the time of the ruling, the trial court stated it had found a causal connection between Appellant

and the vehicle, based on previous witness observations of Appellant. The judge stated that the

testimony conflicted on whether Appellant ran the stop sign, but that after considering the

credibility of the witnesses, the judge believed the officer. Having decided that Appellant was

legally stopped and detained by the traffic violation, the judge denied the motion.

           Officer Wright testified that he stopped Appellant after he saw him violate the law by

failing to stop at a stop sign. Wright was in uniform and in a marked police vehicle at the time.

Appellant was not arrested until Officer Post saw him drop a marijuana pipe on the ground. The

pipe smelled of fresh burnt marijuana. The officers searched the vehicle but did not find drugs

under the dash or console where the informant thought they were located, but found a black bag he

had described under the front passenger seat. The black bag contained drugs and paraphernalia

the informant had indicated would be found. The officers developed probable cause to arrest


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Appellant for possession of drug paraphernalia upon finding the pipe, and as a result searched the

vehicle and located the black bag containing drugs under the passenger seat. Because the judge

did not abuse his discretion in denying the motion, we affirm the judgment below.



                                             ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
January 14, 2015

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, J., and Barajas, C.J. (Senior Judge)
Barajas, C.J. (Senior Judge), sitting by assignment

(Do Not Publish)




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