                            NUMBER 13-07-332-CR

                          COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG



THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                     Appellant,

                                         v.

LUIS AGUILAR,                                                            Appellee.


                  On appeal from the 28th District Court
                        of Nueces County, Texas.


               MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REMAND

             Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Vela
           Memorandum Opinion On Remand by Justice Vela

      Appellee, Luis Aguilar, was indicted for the offense of murder. See TEX . PENAL

CODE ANN . § 19.02(b)(1) (Vernon 2003). The trial court granted a motion to suppress

Aguilar’s videotaped confession, ruling that he did not voluntarily, knowingly, and
intelligently waive his rights. The State requested that the trial court enter findings of fact

and conclusions of law, but the trial court did not do so. The State appealed the trial

court's order granting the motion to suppress. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art.

44.01(a)(5) (Vernon Supp. 2008).1 We reversed the trial court’s ruling, holding that Aguilar

had validly waived his rights. State v. Aguilar, No. 13-07-332-CR, 2008 WL 5717811 (Tex.

App.–Corpus Christi Nov. 6, 2008) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The court

of criminal appeals remanded the case to us with instructions to 1) request the trial court

to file findings of fact and conclusions of law and 2) to “reconsider the voluntariness of

[Aguilar’s] confession in light of those findings of fact and conclusions of law.” State v.

Aguilar, No. PD-059-09, 2009 WL 636534 *1 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 11, 2009) (per curiam,

not designated for publication). On June 22, 2009, this Court marked as filed the trial

court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. By one issue, the State asserts the trial

court erred in granting the motion to suppress. We reverse and remand.

                                                I. BACKGROUND

         On the morning of November 5, 2006, Jose Mosqueda was stabbed to death. Later

that day, police arrested Aguilar and took him to the Corpus Christi Police Department,

where Detective R.L. Garcia interviewed him. The interview was videotaped, and the

videotape was played during the suppression hearing. Before Detective Garcia began to

ask Aguilar questions about Mosqueda’s murder, he gave Aguilar a document containing

the Spanish-language version of his rights pursuant to Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of



         1
          The State m ay appeal an order that “grants a m otion to suppress evidence, a confession, or an
adm ission, if jeopardy has not attached in the case and if the prosecuting attorney certifies to the trial court
that the appeal is not taken for the purpose of delay and that the evidence, confession, or adm ission is of
substantial im portance in the case[.]” T EX . C OD E C R IM . P R O C . A N N . art. 44.01(a)(5) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

                                                          2
Criminal Procedure, and Aguilar waived his rights and confessed to stabbing Mosqueda.

         Aguilar filed a motion to suppress, asserting that he never made a knowing,

intelligent, or voluntary waiver of his rights as required by Article 38.22, Section 3. He

contended that his videotaped confession was therefore involuntarily made and that any

evidence obtained as a result thereof was inadmissible.

                                          II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated

standard of review. St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

(citing Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). Appellate courts

“should afford almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of the historical facts

that the record supports especially when the trial court’s fact findings are based on an

evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997).        We “afford the same amount of deference to trial courts’ rulings on

‘application of law to fact questions,’ also known as ‘mixed questions of law and fact,’ if the

resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.”

Id. In this case, a videotape of the confession was provided to the trial court at the

suppression hearing and is included in the appellate record. “Such evidence is particularly

helpful when an issue is contested.” See St. George, 237 S.W.3d at 725; Carmouche v.

State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 332 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).2 “We conduct a de novo review of


         2
         In Carm ouche, the court of crim inal appeals addressed the effect a video recording can have on
appellate review of a trial court’s finding of fact when the recording contradicts testim ony that would otherwise
support the trial court’s finding. In that case, a law-enforcem ent officer testified that the defendant had m ade
gestures, indicating his consent to a request to conduct a search. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W .3d 323, 331-
32 (Tex. Crim . App. 2000). The incident had been recorded on videotape, and the recording was inconsistent
with the officer’s rendition of events. Id. Finding that “the videotape presents indisputable visual evidence
contradicting the essential portions of [the officer’s] testim ony,” the court held, “In these narrow circum stances,

                                                         3
evidence when the resolution of mixed questions of law and fact do not turn on an

evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” St. George, 237 S.W.3d at 725 (citing Guzman,

955 S.W.2d at 89). We review the trial court’s decision for an abuse of discretion. State

v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “We view the record in the light

most favorable to the trial court’s conclusion and reverse the judgment only if it is outside

the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id. We will sustain the trial court’s ruling if the

ruling “is reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable

to the case.” Id. (citing Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).

The “deferential standard of review in Guzman also applies to a trial court’s determination

of historical facts when that determination is based on a videotape recording admitted into

evidence at a suppression hearing.” Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007) (quoting Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)).

.       When a trial court makes explicit fact findings, we determine “whether the evidence

(viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling) supports these fact findings.”

State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We then review “the trial

court’s legal ruling de novo unless the trial court’s supported-by-the-record explicit fact

findings are also dispositive of the legal ruling.” Id.




we cannot blind ourselves to the videotape evidence sim ply because [the officer’s] testim ony m ay, by itself,
be read to support” the court’s ruling. Id. at 332.

         In W atson v. State, Justice Hervey explained that “Carmouche illustrates how a reviewing court can
overturn a lower court’s ruling by considering all the evidence in the light m ost favorable to the ruling even
when there is som e evidence to support the ruling.” 204 S.W .3d 404, 418 n.7 (Tex. Crim . App. 2006) (Hervey,
J., dissenting).

                                                      4
                               III. THE SUPPRESSION HEARING

A. Aguilar’s Videotaped Confession

       Aguilar’s interview was conducted in Spanish. An English-language translation of

it was admitted into evidence along with the videotape of the confession. With respect to

the Article 38.22 warnings, the English translation of the videotaped confession reflects the

following exchange between Detective Garcia and Aguilar:

       Garcia:       Mr. Aguilar . . . before I talk to you. . .

       Aguilar:      Uh-huh.

       Garcia:       I have to give you your warnings okay.

                     ....

       Garcia:       [R]ead me this, what does it say in Spanish read me that.

       Aguilar:      It says you have the right to remain silent you don’t have to
                     give any statement. Anything you say can be, can be it says
                     and will be used as evidence against you in court it says.

       Garcia:       Wait do you understand that right?

       Aguilar:      Yes.

       Garcia:       Okay put your initials there put your name here on top also put
                     your initials.

       Aguilar:      Only my initials?

       Garcia:       Initials okay. What is the second right here?

       Aguilar:      You have the right to hire an attorney have him present with
                     you before and during a whatever interrogation which [sic]
                     peace officers detectives or attorneys for the state. . . .

       Garcia:       Okay put your initials. You do understand that right?

       Aguilar:      Uh huh.


                                               5
        Garcia:             Okay let’s go to the third one.

        Aguilar:            If you don’t have the means to hire an attorney you have the
                            right that the court assign you one without payment it says to
                            represent you before and advise you before and during any
                            interview.

        Garcia:             Do you understand? Put your initials again. The same thing
                            next.

        Aguilar:            If you permit any peace officer or attorney for the state ask [sic]
                            you questions with or without your attorney representatives you
                            still have the right to deny answering and put an end to the
                            questions.

        Garcia:             Here.

        Aguilar:            You have the right to an examining trial a hearing in front of a
                            judge to determine if the state has enough evidence to hold
                            you or according to the law or be set free without any charges.

        Garcia:             Do you understand your rights?

        Aguilar:            Do you understand your rights, yes.

B. Aguilar’s Testimony

        Aguilar, a twenty-eight-year-old El Salvadoran native, testified3 that he can read and

write Spanish, but he could not read or write English. Defense counsel asked him to read

out loud the Article 38.22 warnings contained in the document, which Detective Garcia had

asked him to read and sign before confessing to the murder. This document was admitted

into evidence as defendant’s exhibit 1. Aguilar read the first warning4 and testified that he

did not know what the warning meant. When counsel asked him to read the second

warning, he responded, “You have the right to hire an attorney” and stated that this warning

        3
            Luis Aguilar testified at trial through a sworn interpreter.

        4
         Aguilar read the first warning as follows: “You have the right to rem ain silent. You don’t have to give
any statem ent. Anything you say can be used against you, as evidence against you in court.”

                                                           6
“means that I had the right to ask for an attorney if I didn’t have the money to get one.”

Aguilar read the third warning5 and said that he did not know what it meant. However, he

testified that he was familiar with the concept of what it means to hire a lawyer. Aguilar

read the next warning6 and testified that he did not know what it meant. When counsel

asked him, “What do you think it means?”, he said, “Well, maybe I think what it meant, that

if the police officer caught me, that I didn’t have to answer.” When counsel asked him, “So

you understood that back then?”, he answered, “Yes.” When asked to read the last

warning, he replied, “You have the right to have an examining trial.” He testified that he

did not know what that meant. Counsel then told him:

        Q.       Continue reading.

        A.       A hearing before a judge.

        Q.       Do you know what that is? What does that mean to you?

        A.       I think that is what we are doing right now.

        Q.       Continue.

        A.       To determine if the State has enough evidence.

        Q.       Do you understand what that means?

        A.       Yes.

        Q.       Continue.

        A.       To detain you and continue according to the law, or to be set free


        5
           Aguilar read the third warning as follows: “If you don’t have the m eans to hire an attorney, you have
the right for the Court to find you one without any paym ent so that he can represent you before and during any
interview.”

        6
         Aguilar read the next warning as follows: “If you perm it for any official— any peace officer or attorney
from the State to ask you questions without an attorney being present, you still have the right to stop the
answers and stop— deny answering, and put an end to the questions.”

                                                        7
               according—or to be set free without any charge.

         Q.    Do you understand what that meant?

         A.    Yes.

         Aguilar stated that when he initialed and signed this document, no one asked him

if he wanted to give up these rights. When counsel asked him, “Did you know at that time

that if you signed that document, it might mean that you were giving up whatever rights you

had under the law here in the United States?”, he replied, “No, I didn’t know.” When

counsel asked, “So did you feel that you had to answer the questions?”, he said, “No.” He

testified that he answered the questions because he wanted to. However, he said that at

the time he talked to Detective Garcia, he did not understand what the document said and

that “He [Detective Garcia] just told me to read it and for me to put my initials on the little

line.”   When counsel asked, “But didn’t he [Detective Garcia] also ask you if you

understood as you were putting your initials on there?”, he said, “Yes.” Aguilar testified

that he indicated to Detective Garcia that he “understood” his rights. When defense

counsel asked him, “But now you are telling us that you didn’t really understand?”, he said,

“Yes, I just read it and I put my initials.”

         On cross-examination, Aguilar testified that, with respect to defendant’s exhibit 1,

he “did understand the words; but I didn’t understand what it contained.” Asked to explain

how he was “able to read the words and not understand what they meant,” he said that he

was not “thinking clearly” “because of what had happened earlier” on the day of the

murder. When asked, “But normally you would be able to understand what it meant,

correct?”, he replied, “Yes.” Aguilar testified that he was able to read the document and

that he placed his initials by each warning, circled “Si” where the document asked if he

                                               8
understood his rights, and wrote his initials on the line following the word “Si.” When the

prosecutor asked him, “And so by that, you were saying you understood these rights,

correct?”, he replied, “Yes.”   He testified that he told Detective Garcia that he did

understand his rights, but he testified that he did not know what he was doing. Aguilar also

testified that he told Detective Garcia that he did know what he was doing, that he was

willing to talk to him, that he wanted to tell him what he had done, that he wanted to

confess to him, that nobody told him what to say, and that Detective Garcia did not force

him to talk. He agreed with the prosecutor that he gave the statement “voluntarily” after

reading the document and telling Detective Garcia that he understood everything in the

document.      When the prosecutor asked him, “[Y]ou told Detective Garcia that you

understood what your rights were, correct?”, he said, “Yes.” And, when the prosecutor

asked him, “[O]nce you started telling Detective Garcia about what had happened earlier

that morning between you and Jose Mosqueda, at any point in your own mind did you want

to stop?”, he said, “No.” He testified that he wanted to tell Detective Garcia what had

happened, that he voluntarily told him that he had hidden the knife, and that he voluntarily

took him to the knife’s location. At no time did he tell Detective Garcia he wanted to talk

to a lawyer.

C. Testimony of Detective Garcia

       Detective Garcia testified that while in the interview room, Aguilar indicated to him

that he understood his rights. He testified that Aguilar “did not appear to be under the

influence of anything” and that Aguilar was neither coerced, threatened, nor promised

anything in return for his confession. He stated that Aguilar never asked for an attorney

and did not ask to terminate the interview. After the interview, Aguilar agreed to take him

                                             9
to where he had hidden the knife and took him to a manhole, where the knife was

recovered. After Detective Garcia retrieved the knife, he took Aguilar back to the interview

room. He restarted the videotape and showed Aguilar the knife. Aguilar said it was the

knife he had used to stab Mosqueda.

       After hearing the evidence and counsel’s arguments, the trial court granted the

motion to suppress. We set out in full the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of

law as follows:

                                     Findings of Fact

              1. Defendant made a number of statements that were incriminating
       and which were the result of custodial interrogation by Detective R.L. Garcia
       of the Corpus Christi Police Department.

               2. The statements were duly recorded and videotaped by the Corpus
       Christi Police Department as required by Article 38.22(3) TCCP.

              3. Prior to making the statements, the defendant was provided with
       a Spanish translation of the warning set out in Section 2 of Art. 38.22, TCCP,
       and referred herein as DX-1.

             4. The warnings were not read to the defendant, rather Detective R.L.
       Garcia required the defendant to read the warnings in Spanish and state
       whether he understood the warnings. The defendant stated that he
       understood what he read.

             5. The defendant placed his initial at the left-hand margin of each
       warning given to him in DX-1.

              6. The defendant circled the word “si” at the bottom of DX-1.

              7. The defendant also placed his signature at the bottom of DX-1.

              8. DX-1 contains no express waiver of rights.

             9. Detective R.L. Garcia did not read or explain the warnings to the
       defendant.

              10. Detective R.L. Garcia did not ask the defendant if he was waiving

                                            10
or willing to waive his rights.

      11. Detective R.L. Garcia had the defendant place his signature on
DX-1 and then immediately began asking the defendant questions.

       12. The defendant did not implicitly waive his rights.

       13. The defendant did not expressly waive his rights.

      14. The defendant is a native of El Salvador, who does not speak or
understand the English language. He had a very limited education in El
Salvador.

      15. The defendant did not understand his rights and that he could
invoke those rights.

       16. The manner in which Detective R.L. Garcia began his interrogation
was overreaching because there was no inquiry or showing that the
defendant understood that the rights he was asked to read on DX-1 applied
to him or could be invoked by him or whether the he [sic] was willing to waive
those rights.

                              Conclusions of Law

       1. The defendant was in custody at all times while he was interrogated
by police.

        2. The defendant did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive
his rights as required under Art. 38.22, Sections 3(a)(2) and 3(a) TCCP.

      3. Based on the totality of the circumstances, the defendant did not
expressly or implicitly waive his rights.

       4. The statement made by the defendant as a result of this custodial
interrogation are not admissible at trial.

        5. The exception found in Article 38.22, Section 3(c) does not apply
in this case because the defendant’s statements do not contain assertions
of fact or circumstances that were later found to be true and which conduce
to establish guilt.

       6. Any and all evidence, statements, or admissions made by the
defendant in this case, are tainted by the improperly obtained statements as
set out above are deemed inadmissible, as well.


                                      11
                                       IV. DISCUSSION

A. Did Detective Garcia Engage in Overreaching?

       In finding of fact sixteen, the trial court stated that “[t]he manner in which Detective

R.L. Garcia began his interrogation was overreaching. . . .” A confession is involuntary

under the Due Process Clause “only if there was official, coercive conduct of such a nature

that any statement obtained thereby was unlikely to have been the product of an

essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker.” Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d

199, 211 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Statements that courts have found involuntary under the

Due Process Clause involve the crucial element of police overreaching and involve fact

scenarios in which the suspect was subjected to threats, physical abuse, or extended

periods of interrogation without rest or nourishment. See Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d

159, 170-71 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (collecting cases). Absent coercive police activity, a

statement is not involuntary within the meaning of the Due Process Clause even if it was

not the product of a meaningful choice by its maker. Id. at 170 (citing Colorado v.

Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 164 (1986)).

       Article 38.22 of the code of criminal procedure is likewise aimed at protecting a

suspect from police overreaching. Id. at 172. Specifically, Article 38.22, Section 6

provides that only voluntary statements may be admitted in evidence. See TEX . CODE

CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.22 § 6 (Vernon 2005). This statute works in tandem with Article

38.21, which provides that an accused’s statement may be used in evidence against him

“if it appears that the same was freely and voluntarily made without compulsion or

persuasion.” Id. § 38.21. Claims of involuntariness under these statutes can be, but need


                                             12
not be, predicated on police overreaching of the sort required under due-process analysis.

Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 172. Under Articles 38.21 and 38.22, Section 6, we may

consider, in addition to any allegedly coercive police conduct, factors such as the suspect’s

youth, intoxication, mental retardation, or other disability that would not raise a federal due

process claim. Id. at 172-73.

       “‘Voluntariness’ under both constitutional and state law doctrines is to be measured

according to the totality of the circumstances.” Smith v. State, 779 S.W.2d 417, 427 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1989). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s

finding, we find nothing in this record that could reasonably be considered police

overreaching of the sort that would render a statement involuntary in either the due process

or the statutory sense. Therefore, we hold that Aguilar’s confession was not the product

of police overreaching. See Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 170, 172-73. Accordingly, the trial

court abused its discretion in resolving this question against the State.

B. Whether Aguilar Knowingly, Intelligently, and Voluntarily Waived His Rights

       In finding of fact fifteen, the trial court stated that Aguilar “did not understand his

rights and that he could invoke those rights.” In conclusion of law number two, the trial

court concluded that Aguilar did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his rights

as required under Article 38.22, Sections 3(a) and 3(a)(2) of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure. Article 38.22 “prohibits the use of oral statements made as a result of custodial

interrogation unless, inter alia, an electronic recording is made of the statement, Miranda[7]

warnings are given, and the accused knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives any



       7
           See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

                                                    13
rights set out in the warnings.” Turner v. State, 252 S.W.3d 571, 583 (Tex. App.–Houston

[14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d); see TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.22, § 3(a)(1)-(2)

(Vernon 2005). An inquiry into the waiver of Miranda rights “‘has two distinct dimensions.’”

Ripkowski v. State, 61 S.W.3d 378, 384 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (quoting Colorado v.

Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 573 (1987)). First, the waiver must be “‘voluntary in the sense that

it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or

deception.’” Id. (quoting Spring, 479 U.S. at 573). Second, the suspect must have made

the waiver “‘with a full awareness both of the nature of the right being abandoned and the

consequences of the decision to abandon it.’” Id. (quoting Spring, 479 U.S. at 573). The

“Constitution does not require that a criminal suspect know and understand every possible

consequence of a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege.” Spring, 479 U.S. at 574. It

is enough that a “suspect knows that he may choose not to talk to law enforcement

officers, to talk only with counsel present, or to discontinue talking at any time.” Id.

       Under Articles 38.21 and 38.22 and their predecessors, fact scenarios that can raise

a state-law claim of involuntariness include the following: (1) the suspect was ill and on

medication and that fact may have rendered his confession involuntary; (2) the suspect

was mentally retarded and may not have knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived his

rights; (3) the suspect lacked the mental capacity to understand his rights; (4) the suspect

was intoxicated, and he “did not know what he was signing”; (5) the suspect was

confronted by the brother-in-law of his murder victim and beaten; and (6) “the suspect was

returned to the store he broke into ‘for questioning by several’” armed persons. Oursbourn,

259 S.W.3d at 172-73. As the sole judge of the credibility of the evidence and witnesses,

the trial court had the discretion to believe Aguilar’s testimony that he did not understand


                                             14
his rights because he was not thinking clearly at the time he read them. The court also had

the discretion to disbelieve Detective Garcia’s testimony that Aguilar understood his rights.

However, the videotape established that before Aguilar made his incriminating statements,

Detective Garcia gave him the Article 38.22 rights in Spanish on a pre-printed form, that

Aguilar read the rights, and that he indicated to Detective Garcia that he understood his

rights. Aguilar then proceeded without hesitation to answer the detective’s questions.

       The videotape also showed Aguilar:         (1) was coherent; (2) understood what

Detective Garcia was saying to him; (3) was thinking clearly; (4) wanted to talk to Detective

Garcia about how he had stabbed Mosqueda; (5) was calm and cooperative, not sleepy

or confused; and (6) never asked to speak with an attorney or to terminate the interviews.

Moreover, the evidence does not show that Aguilar could not understand his rights

because he was ill or on medication, mentally disabled, lacked the mental capacity to

understand his rights, intoxicated, or under the influence of drugs. Thus, nothing in the

videotape showed that Aguilar did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his

rights. The videotape presents indisputable visual evidence supporting Detective Garcia’s

testimony, and contradicting Aguilar’s testimony and the trial court’s ruling. We cannot

ignore the videotape evidence simply because Aguilar’s testimony may, by itself, be read

to support the trial court’s ruling. See Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 332.

       Furthermore, Article 38.22, Section 5 limits the application of Section 3 of that

statute. Nguyen v. State, No. PD-0888-08, 2009 WL 1873488 *8 (Tex. Crim. App. July 1,

2009). Article 38.22, Section 5 provides, in relevant part; “Nothing in this article precludes

the admission . . . of a voluntary statement, whether or not the result of custodial

interrogation, that has a bearing upon the credibility of the accused as a witness, or of any


                                             15
other statement that may be admissible under law.” TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art.

38.22, § 5 (Vernon 2005) (emphasis added). Aguilar testified at the suppression hearing

that he wanted to confess to Detective Garcia and that he voluntarily confessed to him.

Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in concluding that Aguilar did not

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his rights as required under Article 38.22,

Sections 3(a) and 3(a)(2).

C. Did Aguilar Implicitly or Expressly Waive His Rights?

       In findings of fact twelve and thirteen and in conclusion of law number three, the trial

court stated that Aguilar did not implicitly or expressly waive his rights. However, the

record establishes that before Aguilar made his incriminating statements, he read his rights

and told Detective Garcia that he understood them. Aguilar then proceeded to answer

Detective Garcia’s questions. It is undisputed that Aguilar failed to expressly waive his

rights; however, we hold that he implicitly waived his rights. In Barfield v. State, the court

of criminal appeals held that Texas’s oral-confession statute does not require an express

verbal statement from the accused that he waived his rights prior to giving the statement.

Barfield v. State, 784 S.W.2d 38, 40-41 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), overruled on other

grounds, Zimmerman v. State, 860 S.W.2d 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The Barfield court

determined “that in reaching the voluntariness of a confession, [we should look] at the

totality of the circumstances.” Id. at 41. Thus, based on the totality of the circumstances,

we conclude that Aguilar knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights as

required by Article 38.22. See Turner, 252 S.W.3d at 583 (holding that defendant validly

waived his rights when he understood his rights and proceeded to answer questions);

Hargrove v. State, 162 S.W.3d 313, 318-19 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d) (finding


                                             16
accused validly waived rights despite lack of explicit waiver); State v. Oliver, 29 S.W.3d

190, 193 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2000, pet. ref’d) (finding that, despite lack of explicit

waiver, accused knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made a statement after reading his

rights, indicating he understood them, and proceeding without hesitation to discuss

circumstances surrounding the murder). Such an implicit waiver is valid under Article 38.22

and under the United States and Texas Constitutions. Turner, 252 S.W.3d at 583-84.

Thus, the trial court abused its discretion in finding that Aguilar did not validly waive his

legal rights prior to giving his videotaped statement.

       Therefore, we hold the trial court abused its discretion in granting the motion to

suppress.

                                      V. CONCLUSION

       We sustain the State’s sole issue, reverse the order suppressing Aguilar’s

videotaped statement, and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.




                                                  ROSE VELA
                                                  Justice

Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Memorandum Opinion On Remand delivered
and filed this 29th day of October, 2009.




                                             17
