[Cite as Hurst v. Hurst, 2014-Ohio-4762.]



                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                            WARREN COUNTY




JEFFREY HURST,                                    :
                                                        CASE NO. CA2013-10-100
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                       :
                                                               OPINION
                                                  :             10/27/2014
   - vs -
                                                  :

SHEILA HURST n.k.a. SILVA,                        :

        Defendant-Appellant.                      :



             APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                        DOMESTIC RELATIONS DIVISION
                             Case No. 07DR31257



Jason A. Showen, 324 East Warren Street, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, for plaintiff-appellee

Penick & Deters, Bryan K. Penick, 1800 Lyons Road, Dayton, Ohio 45458, for defendant-
appellant



        M. POWELL, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Sheila Hurst (Mother), appeals a decision in the Warren

County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division. For the reasons detailed

below, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

        {¶ 2} Mother and plaintiff-appellee, Jeffrey Hurst (Father), married in 1991. The

couple has five children, four of whom remain minors: Ja.H., M.H., Jo.H., A.H. In 2008,
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Father and Mother divorced and entered into a shared parenting plan, which essentially

allowed them to maintain equal parenting time with the children. During this time, Father and

Mother both lived in Carlisle, Ohio located in Warren County and the children attended

school in the Carlisle School District.

        {¶ 3} In July 2012, Mother decided to move to San Antonio, Texas to be closer to her

extended family and care for her ill father. Mother also applied for, and subsequently

accepted, a new employment opportunity at Bill Miller's Barbeque in San Antonio, which

provided her with a higher wage than she previously earned in Carlisle.

        {¶ 4} On July 18, 2012, Mother sent an email to Father indicating her intentions to

accept the new position at Bill Miller's Barbeque and relocate to San Antonio. Subsequently,

both Mother and Father moved to modify the shared parenting plan and separately sought

custody of the minor children. In addition, Mother and Father also moved to suspend and

modify child support based on the pertinent changes to custody. During the pendency of this

matter, all of the minor children remained in Carlisle with Father and continued to attend

school in the Carlisle School District. Mother remained in San Antonio.

        {¶ 5} The case was tried to a magistrate on June 13, 2013. The parties agreed that

Ja.H. would reside in Carlisle with Father. The only contested issues were the living

arrangements for M.H., Jo.H., and A.H. and the consequent issues relating to child support.

        {¶ 6} In a written decision, the magistrate found that it was in Jo.H.'s and A.H.'s best
                                                                                                            1
interest to reside with Father, and in M.H.'s best interest to reside with Mother.                              In its

decision, the magistrate noted that Mother had made minimal efforts to see the children since

she moved to San Antonio and had only seen them four times since August 2012. The

magistrate also acknowledged that, since Mother's move to San Antonio, Father has had the


1. The trial court also found that it was in the best interest of Ja.H. to reside with Father, however, that finding is
not contested by the parties.
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sole responsibility to care for the children and Mother had not contributed to the support of

the children. The magistrate further found that the children have done very well while in

Father's care. Specifically, the children earned straight As on their report cards and A.H. was

promoted to first grade.      Furthermore, the children were involved in a number of

extracurricular activities and are well-adapted socially.

       {¶ 7} In addition to the evidence presented by the parties, the magistrate also

considered the wishes of the children.       The magistrate concluded that A.H. was not

sufficiently mature to express her wishes concerning parenting. However, Jo.H. and M.H.

were sufficiently mature to express their wishes, with Jo.H. indicating a desire to reside with

Father during the school year and M.H. indicating a desire to reside with Mother during the

school year. Both children expressed a desire to spend as much time as possible with their

nonresidential parent during the summer months.

       {¶ 8} Because of the change in custodial arrangements, the magistrate made two

child support orders. Each order was based upon Mother's present income at Biller Miller's

Barbeque of $44,900. The first order was based upon the retroactive child support Father

was entitled to as the residential parent for all four children from the time Mother moved to

San Antonio in July 2012 until the current order. The second order addressed future child

support payments based upon the split-custody arrangement, with Father the residential

parent of three children and Mother the residential parent of one child. The magistrate did

not deviate from the child support called for pursuant to the applicable child support

worksheets and schedules. Finally, the magistrate also concluded that, because it was

Mother's sole decision to relocate to San Antonio, Mother should be responsible for all travel

costs associated with the exercise of parenting time.

       {¶ 9} Mother filed eight objections to the magistrate's decision and the trial court

subsequently overruled those objections. Mother now appeals the decision of the trial court,
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raising four assignments of error for review.

       {¶ 10} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 11} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY ORDERING MOTHER TO

PAY ALL TRANSPORTATION COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH PARENTING TIME.

       {¶ 12} In her first assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court abused its

discretion in the division of travel expenses associated with parenting time.

       {¶ 13} When fashioning a visitation order for a nonresidential parent, trial courts are

required to issue an order that is "just and reasonable" under all the conditions the court

directs. Ornelas v. Ornelas, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2011-08-094, 2012-Ohio-4106, ¶ 60,

citing R.C. 3109.051. Although there is not an express statutory provision authorizing trial

courts to allocate travel expenses associated with visitation, courts have found that trial

courts possess this authority. Id., citing Carlson v. Carlson, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-88-20,

1990 WL 72413, *4 (June 4, 1990); and Rayner v. Rayner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 14011,

1994 WL 312930, *10 (June 29, 1994). In determining whether a trial court abused its

discretion in allocating travel expenses, courts have considered the relative income of the

parents and whether one parent moved from the place of residence. Burnett v. Burnett, 2d

Dist. Clark No. 02-CA-04, 2002-Ohio-3561. In Burnett, a visitation order that required a

mother to bear the entire expense associated with visitation was affirmed where the mother

earned substantially more income than the father and where mother voluntarily relocated. Id.

at ¶ 36.

       {¶ 14} We begin by noting that the record reflects that the children are well-bonded

with both parents and it is in the best interests of the children to have parenting time with

both of their parents. The trial court's order provides that, during the school year, Ja.H.,

Jo.H., and A.H. are to reside in Ohio with Father and M.H. is to reside with Mother in San

Antonio. After school lets out in the summer, Ja.H., Jo.H., and A.H. are to travel to San
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Antonio where they will visit with M.H. and Mother until July 15. Thereafter, all four children

are to return to Ohio where they will spend the rest of summer break. M.H. will then travel

back to San Antonio for the start of school. In addition, the trial court also ordered parenting

time on three different holidays for each parent, which alternate every year.

        {¶ 15} In addressing the issue of transportation costs, the trial court found that Mother

should be solely responsible for travel expenses, as it was Mother's sole decision to move to

San Antonio and the cost of transportation could cause Father financial hardship. Mother

contends the trial court's decision was inequitable and constituted an abuse of discretion

because of a disparity of income, and the fact that she may have to forgo parenting time

based on the high cost of air travel.

        {¶ 16} Based on a review of the record, we find the trial court's decision was not an

abuse of discretion. The magistrate's order found that Father's income is $65,144 and

Mother's income is $44,900. Thus, Mother makes approximately $20,000 less annually than

Father and is required to pay monthly child support. However, Father is the residential

parent for three of the four children and bears the financial burden of his closer day-to-day

relationship with the children, including providing the cost of health care and the cost of

daycare for A.H. The trial court set Mother's monthly child support obligation at $285.86,
                                            2
which includes a support arrearage.

        {¶ 17} Considering that it was Mother's decision to relocate to San Antonio, the

minimal amount of child support received by Father for the care of three children, and the

financial burden he bears due to his closer day-to-day relationship with the three children in

his custody, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Mother to pay the


2. The magistrate's order provides for current child support payments in the amount of $233.54 per month, as
well as a $46.71 support arrearage and a $5.61 processing charge. The support arrearage is a product of the
time when Mother resided in San Antonio and all four children resided in Ohio with Father and Mother did not pay
any child support. The magistrate calculated Mother's monthly child support obligation during that period of time
to be $921.69, including the processing charge.
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entire cost of transportation. See Cottrell v. Cottrell, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2012-10-105,

2013-Ohio-2397, ¶ 12 ("[w]hen applying the abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court is

not free to merely substitute its judgment for that of the trial court"). Accordingly, Mother's

first assignment of error is not well-taken and is overruled.

       {¶ 18} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 19} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FAILING TO ALLOW

MOTHER A DEVIATION OR OFFSET FOR EXTRAORDINARY COSTS OF PARENTING

TIME IN HER CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATION TO FATHER.

       {¶ 20} In her second assignment of error, Mother alleges the trial court abused its

discretion by denying her a deviation in her monthly child support obligation based on the

travel expenses associated with the exercise of parenting time.

       {¶ 21} A trial court may order child support that deviates from the amount of child

support that would otherwise result from the use of the basic child support schedule and the

applicable worksheet if the amount calculated would be unjust or inappropriate and would not

be in the best interest of the child. Ornelas, 2012-Ohio-4106 at ¶ 62, citing R.C. 3119.22;

see also Marker v. Grimm, 65 Ohio St.3d 139, 143 (1992). When determining whether a

departure from the guideline child support amount is warranted, the trial court may consider

whether a parent incurs extraordinary costs associated with visitation. Ornelas at ¶ 62, citing

R.C. 3119.23(D). If the parent incurs extraordinary travel costs, a downward deviation will

only be granted if the trial court further finds that such a deviation is in the children's best

interest. Id.

       {¶ 22} Based on our review, we agree with the trial court that a downward deviation in

child support is inappropriate. Father is the residential parent during the school year for three

children. Mother's monthly child support obligation effective August 15, 2013 is $285.86,



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which includes a support arrearage.3 Although this amount of child support was calculated

based upon Father's obligation to support the child in Mother's custody, it is not a great

amount of child support for three children. A further reduction in child support payments

would not be in the best interest of the children as it would negatively affect Father's ability to

support and care for the children. Mother's second assignment of error is overruled.

        {¶ 23} Assignment of Error No. 3:

        {¶ 24} TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY IMPROPERLY CALCULATING

MOTHER'S RETROACTIVE CHILD SUPPORT.

        {¶ 25} In her third assignment of error, Mother argues that the trial court erred when it

calculated her gross income for purposes of determining the amount of retroactive child

support owed.

        {¶ 26} "R.C. 3119.01(C)(5) defines 'income' for purposes of calculating child support

as 'the gross income of the parent.'" Benjelloun v. Benjelloun, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-

01-004, 2012-Ohio-5353, ¶ 10. "Gross income" is

                the total of all earned and unearned income from all sources
                during a calendar year, whether or not the income is taxable, and
                includes income from salaries, wages, overtime pay, and
                bonuses to the extent described in [R.C. 3119.05(D)];
                commissions; royalties; tips; rents; dividends; severance pay;
                pensions; interest * * * and all other sources of income.

Marron v. Marron, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2013-11-109, 2014-Ohio-2121, ¶ 12, citing R.C.

3119.01(C)(7).

        {¶ 27} In the calculations adopted by the trial court, the magistrate identified Mother's

base salary as $39,000 and added an average annual commission of $5,900 to calculate a




3. As previously noted, the magistrate's order provides for current child support payments in the amount of
$233.54 per month, as well as a $46.71 support arrearage and a $5.61 processing charge.
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total gross income of $44,900.4 The trial court arrived at the $5,900 commission figure by

considering that Mother had earned $2,335.56 in commissions as of May 19, 2013 and,

based on that figure, "Mother is on track to earn an additional $5,900.36 in commissions per

year."

         {¶ 28} On appeal, Mother argues that the trial court erred in its calculation of child

support because she was not eligible to receive a commission until she was promoted to

Breakfast Manager at Bill Miller's. Therefore, Mother contends that her income from July 31,

2012 until November 1, 2012 was at the annual rate of $39,000, not $44,900. As a result,

Mother complains that the trial court should have made three child support orders: (1) a

retroactive child support order for August 2012 through October 2012 during which she did

not earn a commission, (2) a second retroactive child support order from November 2012

through June 2013 during which she did earn a commission, and (3) a prospective child

support order commencing July 1, 2013 when the split-custody arrangement went into effect.

         {¶ 29} After review, we find Mother's assignment of error is without merit. Here,

assuming Mother is correct and the trial court inappropriately calculated her gross income for

purposes of calculating child support, we note that Mother only objects to the approximate

three-month period in which she did not receive commission payments. In fact, in her brief,

Mother acknowledges that "it would be proper to use $44,900.00 as her income" from the

time of her promotion. Based on our review of the testimony and the related child support

worksheets, we find the difference in Mother's monthly child support obligation, based on any

alleged error, would be de minimis, and therefore would not rise to the level of an abuse of

discretion on the part of the trial court. See e.g., Tomasik v. Tomasik, 9th Dist. Summit No.




4. Mother testified that, as the Breakfast Manager, she receives a commission based on the profitability of her
store. The commission payments are paid out at the end of every "period," which may be anywhere from three
to six weeks.
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17822, 1997 WL 45055, (Jan. 29, 1997) (deviation in child support was de minimis); Citta-

Pietrolungo v. Pietrolungo, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85536, 2005-Ohio-4814 (failing to reverse

a calculation of child support because the difference would be minimal and de minimis).

Accordingly, because this alleged error amounts to, at worst, a de minimis change in

Mother's monthly child support obligations for that three-month period, Mother's third

assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 30} Assignment of Error No. 4:

       {¶ 31} THE     TRIAL    COURT       ABUSED ITS         DISCRETION BY GRANTING

DESIGNATING FATHER AS RESIDENTIAL PARENT OF JO.H. AND A.H.

       {¶ 32} In her fourth assignment of error, Mother argues the trial court abused its

discretion in designating Father as residential parent of Jo.H. and A.H.

       {¶ 33} A trial court's decision regarding custody will not be disturbed on appeal absent

an abuse of discretion. Rarden v. Rarden, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2013-06-054, 2013-

Ohio-4985, ¶ 9, citing Valentine v. Valentine, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2010-12-320, 2012-

Ohio-426, ¶ 10. An abuse of discretion is more than an error in judgment or law and

connotes that the trial court's decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable.

Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). When reviewing a trial court's

decision, the reviewing court should be "guided by the presumption that the trial court's

findings were indeed correct." Id.

       {¶ 34} R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(b) permits the court to modify the terms of a shared

parenting plan if it determines that the modifications are in the best interest of the child.

Koeppen v. Swank, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-09-234, 2009-Ohio-3675, ¶ 32; Valentine

at ¶ 13. In determining the best interests of the child, the trial court must consider all relevant

factors including, but not limited to, the enumerated factors in R.C. 3109.04(F)(1). Rarden at



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¶ 12. These factors include the wishes and concerns of the child as expressed to the trial

court during an in camera interview; the child's interaction and interrelationship with the

child's parents, siblings, and any other person who may significantly affect the child's best

interest; the child's adjustment to the child's home, school, and community; the parent more

likely to honor and facilitate parenting time rights; and the mental and physical health of all

persons involved. Hunter-June v. Pitts, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013-09-178, 2014-Ohio-

2473, ¶ 14.

       {¶ 35} Although R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(j) requires a trial court to consider whether a

parent has established a residence outside of Ohio, "nonresidence alone should not deprive

a parent of custody." Rarden at ¶ 13, quoting Ornelas, 2012-Ohio-4106 at ¶ 13. As the

Eighth District has held:

              [t]he overwhelming weight of authority is to the effect that a
              nonresident or one who intends to become a nonresident will not
              be deprived of the right to custody of a child merely because of
              his nonresidence; and that if the best interests of the child will be
              promoted, custody will be awarded to nonresidents, the same as
              it would be to residents; one intending to become a nonresident
              will be permitted to remove the child to his or her new residence.

Ornelas at ¶ 13, quoting In re Marriage of Barber, 8 Ohio App.3d 372, 375 (8th Dist.1983).

       {¶ 36} Upon a thorough review of the record, we find the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by designating Father as the residential parent for Jo.H. and A.H. The magistrate

heard testimony that Jo.H. and A.H. have been lifelong residents of Carlisle, Ohio and are

well adjusted to Father's home, community, and their respective schools in Carlisle. All of the

children resided with Father during the pendency of the matter and are doing well both

academically and socially. Although the GAL opined that the children could adjust to life in

San Antonio with Mother, he acknowledged that such a move would represent a "dramatic

change" for the children and recommended that Father be named the residential parent for

Jo.H. and A.H. In addition, although the magistrate found that A.H. was not sufficiently
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mature to express her desired living arrangements, Jo.H. was found sufficiently mature and

expressed his desire to reside with Father during the school year.

       {¶ 37} In her brief, Mother points out some factors that might favor her as residential

parent and seeks to discount some of the factors found and relied upon by the trial court. In

particular, Mother alleges that Father has "historically" been less than accommodating of her

parenting time with the children and also notes that the larger school district in San Antonio

provides educational opportunities to the children. Mother also argues that the trial court

inappropriately considered the fact that she has not made any child support payments or

offered any financial support since her move to San Antonio. However, based on our review,

we find Mother's arguments are without merit. The trial court had good and valid reasons to

designate Father as the residential parent and did not abuse its discretion in making that

determination. Accordingly, Mother's fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 38} Judgment affirmed.


       S. POWELL, J., concurs.


       HENDRICKSON, P.J., concurs separately.


       HENDRICKSON, P.J., concurring separately.

       {¶ 39} I concur with the majority but write separately to specifically reference Mother's

first assignment of error alleging the trial court abused its discretion by ordering Mother to

pay all of the travel expenses associated with parenting time. If there had been sufficient

evidence as to Mother's expenses and inability to pay for all travel expenses, including more

than vague estimates as to the price of air travel, I would have found that the trial court

abused its discretion by failing to consider the parties' incomes, ability to pay for travel

expenses, and best interests of the children.


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