                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                         ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 MAY 22, 2006
                               No. 05-15540                    THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                   CLERK
                         ________________________

                           Agency No. A91-142-910

ELOIDIO RICARDO CASTILLO,


                                                                        Petitioner,

                                     versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                     Respondent.


                         ________________________

                    Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals
                         _________________________

                                (May 22, 2006)

Before DUBINA, HULL and WILSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     Eloidio Ricardo Castillo, a native of Venezuela, petitions through counsel
for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA’s”) decision adopting and

affirming the Immigration Judge (“IJ’s”) order denying his motion to reopen a

final order of removal. The order of removal, which was issued in absentia, found

Castillo to be inadmissible under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), as an alien who

was convicted of, committed, or admitted committing acts constituting the essential

elements of a crime involving moral turpitude. Castillo contends that the denial of

his motion to reopen essentially denied him due process, because the reason neither

he nor his counsel were present at the removal hearing was that neither of them

received the requisite notice of the date for which the hearing was reset. Had such

notice been received, Castillo states, he would have been able to appear with

counsel and seek a waiver that, if granted, would have allowed him to remain in

the United States as a lawful permanent resident. We deny Castillo’s petition.

                                          I.

      “[T]he limitations on our jurisdiction to review a final order of removal . . .

also control our jurisdiction to review an order denying a motion to reopen a final

order of removal.” Ali v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 804, 808 n.2 (11th Cir. 2006)

(per curiam). As Castillo was found removable under § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), he

falls within the scope of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), which generally limits our

review of a final order of removal to “determining whether the petitioner is (1) an



                                          2
alien (2) who was removable (3) for committing a crime enumerated in one of the

statutes listed in section 1252(a)(2)(C).” Balogun v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 425 F.3d

1356, 1359 (11th Cir. 2005). Pursuant to the REAL ID Act of 2005, however, we

also have jurisdiction to review “constitutional claims or questions of law” raised

by Castillo. See id.; 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). Thus, we have jurisdiction to reach

Castillo’s claim that the BIA erred as a matter of law and deprived him of due

process when it affirmed the IJ’s denial of Castillo’s motion to reopen.1

                                               II.

       We review only the BIA’s decision, “except to the extent the BIA expressly

adopts the IJ’s decision.” Chacon-Botero v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 427 F.3d 954, 956

(11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). “Insofar as the [BIA] adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we

will review the IJ’s decision as well.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284

(11th Cir. 2001). We review the denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of

discretion. Ali, 443 F.3d at 808. “Our review is limited to determining whether

there has been an exercise of administrative discretion and whether the matter of

exercise has been arbitrary and capricious.” Abdi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 430 F.3d

1148, 1149 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (internal quotes omitted). To the extent


       1
         We note that we are reviewing only the BIA’s denial of Castillo’s motion to reopen.
Castillo never appealed the in absentia order of removal to the BIA; thus we cannot reach the
merits of that order. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Sundar v. INS, 328 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir.
2003).

                                               3
Castillo contends he was deprived of due process, however, we review his

constitutional challenge de novo. See Ali, 443 F.3d at 808.

      “To establish due process violations in removal proceedings, aliens must

show that they were deprived of liberty without due process of law, and that the

asserted errors caused them substantial prejudice.” Lonyem v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 352

F.3d 1338, 1341-42 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). It is uncontroverted that

Castillo received the requisite “Notice to Appear” and notice of a master hearing

originally set for March 26, 2004, and that Castillo’s attorney, Hector Diaz,

successfully moved to continue the hearing, which was later rescheduled for May

28, 2004. According to Castillo’s motion to reopen, however, neither Diaz nor

Castillo received notice that the hearing was again reset for August 13, 2004,

though Diaz states that he was notified via phone that the May 28th hearing would

be reset to a later unspecified date.

      Where there is “any change or postponement in the time and place of

[removal] proceedings, . . . a written notice shall be given in person to the alien (or,

if personal service is not practicable, through service by mail to the alien or to the

alien’s counsel of record, if any) . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(2)(A). The notice must

specify “the new time or place of the proceedings” and “the consequences under

section 1229a(b)(5) of this title of failing, except under exceptional circumstances,



                                           4
to attend such proceedings.” Id. Section 1229a(b)(5)(A) states:

      Any alien who, after written notice required under paragraph (1) or (2)
      of section 1229(a) of this title has been provided to the alien or the
      alien’s counsel of record, does not attend a proceeding under this
      section, shall be ordered removed in absentia if the Service establishes
      by clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence that the written notice
      was so provided and that the alien is removable (as defined in
      subsection (e)(2) of this section). The written notice by the Attorney
      General shall be considered sufficient for purposes of this
      subparagraph if provided at the most recent address provided under
      section 1229(a)(1)(F) of this title.

Such an in absentia order may be rescinded only upon (1) a motion to reopen filed

within 180 days if the alien demonstrates that the failure to appear was because of

“exceptional circumstances” (which Castillo does not purport to assert here), or

(2) “a motion to reopen filed at any time if the alien demonstrates that the alien did

not receive notice in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) of section 1229(a) of this

title,” or demonstrates that he was “in Federal or State custody” and the failure to

appear was not his fault. Id. § 1229a(b)(5)(C); see 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(4)(ii).

      In the immigration context, “[d]ue process is satisfied if notice is accorded in

a manner reasonably calculated to ensure that notice reaches the alien.” Anin v.

Reno, 188 F.3d 1273, 1278 (11th Cir. 1999) (per curiam) (quotes omitted); see also

Jones v. Flowers, No. 04-1477, slip op. at 4-5 (U.S. Apr. 26, 2006) (notice is

deemed constitutionally sufficient “if it was reasonably calculated to reach the

intended recipient when sent” and the government “heard nothing back indicating

                                           5
that anything had gone awry”). Here, the record indicates that notice of the hearing

change to August 13, 2004 was sent to Diaz on June 30, 2004 by immigration court

staff, via regular mail, to the address listed by Diaz on his earlier motion for a

continuance. This evidences compliance with § 1229(a)(2)(A), which permits

service of such a notice “by mail . . . to the alien’s counsel of record.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229(a)(2)(A); cf. 8 U.S.C. § 1229(c); Dominguez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 284 F.3d

1258, 1260 (11th Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (stating that under § 1229(c), a § 1229(a)

notice “is effective if sent to the ‘last address provided by the alien’”). Castillo

makes no claim that this statutorily authorized method of service was not

“reasonably calculated” to ensure proper notice.

      Castillo does argue, however, that even if the notice was sent neither he nor

his attorney ever received it, which is a basis for granting a motion to reopen under

8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii). In rejecting this argument, the IJ apparently relied

upon “a presumption that notice sent, postage prepaid is received.” The BIA has

recognized that “‘[a] letter properly addressed, stamped and mailed is presumed to

have been duly delivered to the addressee.’” In re M-D-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 540, 546

(BIA 2002) (quoting FDIC v. Schaffer, 731 F.2d 1134, 1137 n.6 (4th Cir. 1984)).

When the statute required the use of certified mail, this presumption was a strong

one, and could be rebutted only by “substantial and probative evidence” of



                                            6
improper delivery or nondelivery that was not attributable to any fault of the alien.

See In re Grijalva, 21 I. & N. Dec. 27, 37 (BIA 1995). Section 1229(a), however,

no longer requires the use of certified mail, and application of a strong

presumption to the use of regular mail is thus unwarranted. See In re G-Y-R-, 23 I.

& N. Dec. 181 (BIA 2001) (en banc); Maknojiya v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 588, 589

(5th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (it was an abuse of discretion to apply a strong

presumption where notice was sent by regular mail); Salta v. INS, 314 F.3d 1076,

1079 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[D]elivery by regular mail does not raise the same ‘strong

presumption’ as certified mail, and less should be required to rebut such a

presumption.”).2 Exactly what degree of proof is needed to rebut the lesser

presumption accorded to regular mail remains unclear, though several circuits have

indicated that an affidavit of nonreceipt might sometimes be sufficient. See Salta,

314 F.3d at 1079 (where a petitioner initiated a proceeding to obtain a benefit and

had no motive to avoid the hearing, a sworn affidavit that neither petitioner nor a

responsible party residing at his address had received the notice should suffice to

rebut the presumption of delivery and entitle petitioner to an evidentiary hearing on

the veracity of her allegations); Ghounem v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 740, 744-45


       2
         Contrary to Castillo’s claim in his reply brief, Maknojiya does not stand for the
proposition that there is no presumption of service unless the government uses certified mail.
Rather, Maknojiya held that it was an abuse of discretion to apply the strong presumption
discussed in Grijalva where notice was sent by regular mail. See Maknojiya, 432 F.3d at 589.

                                                7
(8th Cir. 2004) (same); Maknojiya, 432 F.3d at 590 (following Salta even though

petitioner did not initiate removal proceedings); cf. Joshi v. Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 732,

735-36 (7th Cir. 2004) (BIA could have–but has not–held that a mere affidavit of

nonreceipt is insufficient to prove nonreceipt of notice). But see Gurung v.

Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 718, 722 (10th Cir. 2004) (petitioner who fails to submit

documentary evidence and merely alleges that he did not receive proper notice has

not demonstrated lack of notice).

       In the instant case, the record contains an affidavit by Castillo averring that

he never received notice that the date of his hearing had been changed to August

13, 2004, though Diaz had previously informed him that the case “was going to be

reset to a later date.” The notice in question, however, was mailed to Diaz, not to

Castillo, as permitted by statute. Although Diaz claims in the motion to reopen

that he too never received or was provided written notification of the time, date,

and location of the reset hearing, no affidavit by Diaz accompanies the motion in

the record. While we do not purport to define here the minimum proof needed to

rebut the presumption of delivery accorded to regular mail, we hold that Diaz’s

bare allegations, unsupported by any affidavit or documentary evidence, are simply

insufficient to do so.3


       3
         We note that a motion to reopen “shall be supported by affidavits or other evidentiary
material.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(B).

                                                8
                                        III.

      Castillo has failed to demonstrate that he was denied due process, or that the

BIA or IJ erred as a matter of law in denying his motion to reopen. We therefore

deny Castillo’s petition.

      PETITION DENIED.




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