                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                         No. 04-15-00656-CR

                                        The STATE of Texas,
                                             Appellant

                                                  v.

                                            Gwen JENNINGS,
                                                Appellee

                          From the County Court at Law, Kerr County, Texas
                                     Trial Court No. CR141129
                              Honorable Susan Harris, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting:          Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: June 22, 2016

AFFIRMED

           The State of Texas appeals the trial court’s order granting a motion to suppress filed by

Gwen Jennings. The State contends the trial court erred by: (1) concluding Jennings was detained

based on the officer’s testimony that he “stopped” Jennings; and (2) finding the officer lacked

reasonable suspicion to detain Jennings. We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                             BACKGROUND

           At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Officer Anthony Bondanza testified he was

advised by dispatch that a 911 caller reported two females were at the Hilltop Village Nursing
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Home and appeared to be intoxicated. The caller provided a description and license plate number

of the vehicle in which the females had driven away. The vehicle was described as a white Toyota

minivan. The dispatcher advised Officer Bondanza that the caller had been identified and the

caller’s work phone number was obtained. Officer Bondanza also recalled the dispatcher advising

him the females were being loud in the hallways of the nursing home and had been asked to leave

due to the disturbance they were causing.

           Officer Bondanza testified the nursing home is at the end of a long street which ends at

Harper Road. Within minutes, Officer Bondanza located the vehicle matching the description with

the same license plate number and followed the minivan as it turned onto two different streets and

then parked in a driveway. Officer Bondanza testified he did not observe any traffic violations nor

did he observe the driver having any problems driving the vehicle. Officer Bondanza’s report,

which was admitted into evidence, stated he “pulled into the driveway, just behind the suspect

vehicle and began to advise dispatch [he] was conducting a traffic stop.” Jennings exited her

vehicle and began walking towards Officer Bondanza. Field sobriety tests were conducted, and

Jennings was arrested.

           After Jennings was transported to jail, Officer Bondanza obtained written statements from

Kathy Lestourgeon and Kay Neal which also were admitted into evidence.                   In addition,

Lestourgeon and Peggy Green testified at the hearing on the motion to suppress. Neal did not

testify.

           Lestourgeon testified she observed Jennings and her sister arrive at the nursing home where

their mother was a resident. She stated both women were intoxicated. Lestourgeon further stated

she smelled alcohol and observed both Jennings and her sister were stumbling. Lestourgeon

testified she summoned Peggy Green, a supervisor, because Jennings and her sister were trying to

leave the facility with their mother. Lestourgeon then described following Jennings and her sister
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out of the nursing home and obtaining a description and the license plate number of the vehicle in

which they left. Lestourgeon admitted that she did not mention smelling alcohol or that Jennings

was stumbling in her written statement. Lestourgeon explained that, in her written statement, she

was more focused on Jennings’s sister because she was being very loud. Further, in her written

statement, Lestourgeon stated, “[Jennings] had to repeatedly ask [her sister] to be quiet as she was

making comments about having to leave.” Although Lestourgeon testified she spoke with

Jennings, Lestourgeon also did not mention any conversation with Jennings in her written

statement.

        Peggy Green testified Lestourgeon summoned her because a resident’s family members

appeared to be intoxicated and were trying to take their mother out of the facility. Green testified

she asked Neal to call 911 and report that family members who appeared to be under the influence

were leaving the facility in a car.

        In Neal’s statement, she stated Green instructed her to call 911 and report two visitors at

the facility appeared to be intoxicated and were asked to leave the facility. After Lestourgeon

provided Neal with the description and the license plate number of the vehicle in which the visitors

left, Neal called 911 a second time and provided that information to the dispatcher.

        After hearing the foregoing evidence, the trial court granted the motion to suppress. In its

findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court found Officer Bondanza’s information came

exclusively from the dispatcher who informed him “that the 911 caller reported one or two females

in the hallways, possibly intoxicated and heading out to their vehicles. The caller gave a

description and license plate number of the vehicle that the females got into.” The trial court

further found:

               Upon cross examination by defense counsel, Officer Bondanza admitted he
        had no facts indicating that the Defendant was driving while intoxicated prior to


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       stopping the Defendant. All Officer Bondanza had prior to the stop was a report
       through dispatch from a non-eyewitness that two females were intoxicated.

       The trial court concluded Neal never saw Jennings on the date in question and was not an

eyewitness with personal knowledge. The trial court further concluded:

               Officer Bondanza received no specific, articulable facts in which to form a
       reasonable suspicion that the Defendant was driving while intoxicated. Officer
       Bondanza merely received the conclusory statement that Defendant was or may be
       intoxicated from dispatch. …. The officer was unable to corroborate the conclusory
       state[ment] that the Defendant was driving while intoxicated. In fact, Officer
       Bondanza answered honestly that he was attempting to develop his own probable
       cause [while he was following Jennings]. Corroboration of such identifying
       information as the type of vehicle, location, and direction of travel does not provide
       the requisite corroboration for the stop.

Finally, the trial court concluded Officer Bondanza did not have reasonable suspicion to detain

Jennings. The State appeals.

                                      STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In evaluating a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated standard

of review. Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “We give almost total

deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts and review de novo the trial court’s

application of law to facts not turning on credibility and demeanor.” Id.

                            DETENTION V. CONSENSUAL ENCOUNTER

       In two issues in its brief, the State contends the trial court erred in accepting Officer

Bondanza’s testimony that he “stopped” Jennings and in concluding from this testimony that

Jennings was detained. Jennings responds the State did not contend Officer Bondanza had not

detained her in its argument before the trial court and the evidence establishes she was detained.

       Assuming this issue is properly preserved, Officer Bondanza’s report stated he “pulled into

the driveway, just behind the suspect vehicle.” From this description, the trial court could infer

that Officer Bondanza “boxed in” Jennings’s vehicle. “Most courts have held that when an officer


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‘boxes in’ a car to prevent its voluntary departure, this conduct constitutes a Fourth Amendment

seizure” or detention. State v. Garcia-Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 246 n.44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that Jennings was detained when Officer Bondanza

boxed her car in her driveway.

                                     REASONABLE SUSPICION

       The State also contends the trial court erred in concluding Officer Bondanza lacked

reasonable suspicion to detain Jennings.

       The Fourth Amendment permits an officer to conduct a brief investigative stop when the

officer has reasonable suspicion that a person is violating the law. See Navarette v. California,

134 S. Ct. 1683, 1687 (2014); Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. Reasonable suspicion exists if an officer

has specific, articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences from those facts, would

lead him to reasonably conclude that a particular person actually is, has been, or soon will be

engaged in criminal activity. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. “The ‘reasonable suspicion’ necessary to

justify such a stop ‘is dependant upon both the content of the information possessed by police and

its degree of reliability.’” Navarette, 134 S. Ct. at 1687 (quoting Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325,

330 (1990)). The standard looks “solely to whether an objective basis for the stop exists” and

considers the totality of the circumstances. Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492-93.

       In its brief, the State relies on case law allowing officers to form reasonable suspicion on

facts supplied by a citizen-eyewitness, which the officer adequately corroborates. See Brother v.

State, 166 S.W.3d 255, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). As Jennings points out in her brief, however,

the trial court found Neal was not an eyewitness. The State also contends Officer Bondanza could

rely on the information known to the dispatcher because “the cumulative information known to

the cooperating officers at the time of the stop is to be considered,” and “[a] 911 police dispatcher

is ordinarily regarded as a ‘cooperating officer’ for [this] purpose.” Derichsweiler v. State, 348
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S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In this case, however, the dispatcher did not testify at

the hearing, and the 911 recordings were not admitted into evidence. Therefore, the only evidence

of the information known to the dispatcher is Neal’s written statement in which she stated she was

instructed to call 911 and report two visitors were at the nursing home who appeared to be

intoxicated and left the facility in a vehicle of a particular description with a particular license plate

number.

        In her brief, Jennings relies on Ford v. State, in which the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

considered whether a trooper’s testimony that he stopped the driver of a vehicle because it was

“following too close” behind another vehicle supported the trial court’s finding of reasonable

suspicion. 158 S.W.3d at 493. Because “the trial court was presented only with a conclusory

statement that [the defendant] was violating a traffic law,” the court held the evidence did not

contain specific, articulable facts necessary for the court to assess whether the trooper’s opinion

was objectively reasonable. Id. Jennings argues the trial court properly concluded the information

provided to Officer Bondanza by dispatch that the females in the described vehicle were

“intoxicated” was equally conclusory and could not support a finding of reasonable suspicion.

        Our holding in this case is governed by this court’s opinion in Nacu v. State, 373 S.W.3d

691 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, no pet.). In that case, the manager of a restaurant, Peggi Ann

Williams, observed an intoxicated customer, Susan Marie Nacu, disturbing other customers after

the restaurant’s employees refused to serve Nacu any further alcohol. Nacu, 373 S.W.3d at 692-

93. When a customer informed Williams that Nacu was leaving in her car, Williams grabbed a

cordless phone and ran outside where she observed a police car in an adjacent parking lot. Id. at

693. Williams tapped on Officer Steven Hoffman’s window and told him that a “woman had been

in my restaurant, I noticed her to be intoxicated and she had gotten in a car.” Id. Officer Hoffman

asked, “Which woman?” and Williams pointed to Nacu’s car and stated, “that vehicle trying to
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drive between the two metal poles.” Id. Williams testified the two poles were not wide enough to

allow Nacu’s vehicle to pass, and she almost hit the poles. Id. Officer Hoffman immediately

spotted Nacu’s vehicle and followed her a short distance to another parking lot where Nacu

stopped. Id. Officer Hoffman parked behind Nacu’s vehicle and ultimately arrested her for driving

while intoxicated. Id. Officer Hoffman testified he did not personally observe Nacu commit any

traffic violation, and the sole basis for his traffic stop was Williams’s unsolicited statement that

Nacu “was too intoxicated to drive.” Id. The trial court denied the motion to suppress. Id.

       On appeal, this court divided its analysis into three sections: reliability, corroboration, and

conclusory statements. Id. at 694-697. With regard to reliability, this court treated Williams as an

anonymous citizen informant because she had not identified herself by name to Officer Hoffman.

Id. at 694. After evaluating the four factors applicable in determining the reliability of an

anonymous citizen’s information, this court concluded Williams’s information was reliable. Id. at

694-95. With regard to corroboration, this court held Officer Hoffman corroborated sufficient

facts, reasoning:

               Considering the totality of the circumstances, Officer Hoffman’s seventeen
       years of police experience, and the reliability of Williams’ information, we hold
       Officer Hoffman corroborated enough facts to justify a temporary detention of
       Nacu. Williams ran into a parking lot while holding a cordless indoor-phone. She
       obtained Officer Hoffman’s attention by tapping on his police car’s window. She
       explained that she was the manager of a restaurant, a customer became intoxicated
       at her restaurant, and now the customer was attempting to drive away. There was
       a restaurant in the vicinity of Hoffman’s patrol car. Williams identified the
       intoxicated customer by pointing to the customer’s vehicle and describing it as the
       one that was trying to get through two metal poles. The metal poles were too
       narrow to allow passage of Nacu’s vehicle, and Nacu almost ran into them.
       Hoffman testified that Williams appeared trustworthy. Because of the immediacy
       and danger that intoxicated drivers pose to the public, Hoffman pursued Nacu
       without obtaining further identifying information from Williams.

Id. at 695 (internal citations omitted). Finally, with regard to the conclusory nature of Williams’s

statement, this court noted the holding in Ford and also cited a subsequent decision by the Texas


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Court of Criminal Appeals which “further explained when a conclusory statement will suffice for

establishing reasonable suspicion.” Id. at 696 (citing Castro v. State, 227 S.W.3d 737, 742 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007)). Citing Castro, this court noted, “When reasonable suspicion is based on an

objective observation or fact such as whether a defendant used his turn signal, a conclusory

statement may suffice for determining reasonable suspicion.” Id. This court further noted,

however, that the Castro court stated in dicta “that ‘being intoxicated’ can be an example of a

subjective determination that must be accompanied by specific and articulable facts to establish

reasonable suspicion.” Id. This court then reasoned:

                Absent any context, Williams’ statement that Nacu was “too intoxicated to
        drive” is conclusory. However, Williams’ explanation that the driver of a vehicle
        had previously been in her restaurant, was intoxicated, and trying to drive through
        metal poles too narrow to accommodate a car, gave Hoffman specific, articulable
        facts that would allow a reviewing court to determine whether Nacu’s detention
        was objectively reasonable.

Id.

        Our analysis of the conclusory nature of the statement in Nacu controls the outcome of this

case. Unlike the evidence in Nacu, the dispatcher’s report of Neal’s statement did not provide any

context for the statement. And, because we hold the statement that the females were “intoxicated”

is a subjective opinion, the opinion was required to be supported by specific, articulable facts. See

Castro, 227 S.W.3d at 742. Because Officer Bondanza did not have any specific, articulable facts

to support the opinion, the dispatcher did not testify and, therefore, did not provide evidence of

any specific, articulable facts, and the 911 recordings, which may or may not have contained

specific, articulable facts, were not admitted into evidence, 1 we hold the trial court properly

concluded Officer Bondanza did not have reasonable suspicion to detain Jennings.


1
 Because Officer Bondanza testified he also knew the females had caused a disturbance in the hallway at the nursing
home which was not expressly referenced in Neal’s written statement but Neal did state “I spoke with the dispatcher
and described the situation,” we note the recordings may have contained additional facts.

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                                            CONCLUSION

     The trial court’s order is affirmed.

                                                 Karen Angelini, Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH




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