                           ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Supreme Court




                              Ferguson v. Patton, 2013 IL 112488




Caption in Supreme         JOSEPH M. FERGUSON, Inspector General of the City of Chicago,
Court:                     Appellee, v. STEPHEN R. PATTON, Corporation Counsel of the City of
                           Chicago, Appellant.



Docket No.                 112488


Filed                      March 21, 2013


Held                       The Illinois Municipal Code gives authority to initiate legal proceedings
(Note: This syllabus       on behalf of a city only to its corporation counsel; and a municipal
constitutes no part of     inspector general to whom city ordinance had given authority to issue
the opinion of the court   subpoenas nevertheless lacked authority to retain private counsel and
but has been prepared      bring an action in circuit court against the city’s law department seeking
by the Reporter of         production of documents.
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)


Decision Under             Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that court
Review                     on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon. Nancy J.
                           Arnold, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                   Appellate court judgment reversed in part and vacated in part.
                           Circuit court judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part.
Counsel on                 Stephen R. Patton, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Benna Ruth
Appeal                     Solomon, Myriam Zreczny Kasper and J. Mark Powell, of counsel), for
                           appellant.

                           Alexander Polikoff, of Chicago, for appellee.


Justices                   JUSTICE KARMEIER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                           Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Freeman, Thomas, and Garman
                           concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                           Justices Burke and Theis took no part in the decision.




                                              OPINION

¶1        The issue in this case is whether the Inspector General of the City of Chicago may retain
      private counsel to bring an action in circuit court to compel the City of Chicago’s
      Corporation Counsel to produce unredacted copies of documents sought by the Inspector
      General as part of an official investigation into municipal corruption.1 The circuit court of
      Cook County answered that question in the negative, dismissing the Inspector General’s
      action on the grounds that the Inspector General lacked authority to retain private counsel to
      bring suit and, in the alternative, because it agreed with the Corporation Counsel that the
      redacted documents were protected by the attorney-client privilege. The appellate court
      reversed and remanded, with one justice dissenting. 409 Ill. App. 3d 956. For the reasons that
      follow, we now reverse in part and vacate in part the appellate court’s judgment and affirm
      in part and vacate in part the judgment of the circuit court.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND
¶3       The office of Inspector General of the City of Chicago is a municipal office created by
      chapter 2-56 of the Chicago Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-010 et seq.
      (added Oct. 4, 1989)). The Inspector General is appointed by the mayor of Chicago with
      approval of the city council for a four-year term. Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-020 (added
      Oct. 4, 1989). Among the powers and duties of his office are:


              1
               When this litigation commenced, Mara S. Georges served as Corporation Counsel. Ms.
      Georges was subsequently succeeded in office by Stephen Patton. Mr. Patton has now been
      substituted as a party by order of this Court. Because Ms. Georges and Mr. Patton are involved in
      these proceedings solely in their official capacities, this opinion will not differentiate between them
      when setting out the facts and discussing the legal arguments in the case.

                                                   -2-
                 “(a) To receive and register complaints and information concerning misconduct,
             inefficiency and waste within the city government;
                 (b) To investigate the performance of governmental officers, employees,
             functions and programs, either in response to complaint or on the inspector general’s
             own initiative, in order to detect and prevent misconduct, inefficiency and waste
             within the programs and operations of the city government;
                 (c) To promote economy, efficiency, effectiveness and integrity in the
             administration of the programs and operations of the city government by reviewing
             programs, identifying any inefficiencies, waste and potential for misconduct therein,
             and recommending to the mayor and the city council policies and methods for the
             elimination of inefficiencies and waste, and the prevention of misconduct;
                 (d) To report to the mayor concerning results of investigations undertaken by the
             office of inspector general;
                 (e) To request information related to an investigation from any employee, officer,
             agent or licensee of the city;
                 (f) To conduct public hearings, at his discretion, in the course of an investigation
             hereunder;
                 (g) To administer oaths and to examine witnesses under oath;
                 (h) To issue subpoenas to compel the attendance of witnesses for purposes of
             examination and the production of documents and other items for inspection and/or
             duplication. Issuance of subpoenas shall be subject to the restrictions contained in
             Section 2-56-040; [and]
                 (i) To promulgate rules and regulations for the conduct of investigations and
             public hearings consistent with the requirements of due process of law and equal
             protection under the law.” Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-030 (added Oct. 4, 1989).
¶4       In accordance with subsection (b) of this ordinance, the Inspector General initiated an
     investigation in January of 2007 regarding possible improprieties with respect to how a
     former City employee had been awarded a City contract without going through the normal
     competitive process. During the course of the investigation, the Inspector General submitted
     a written request to the City’s law department (the Law Department) for all documents
     relevant to the awarding of the contract. The Inspector General’s authority to make this
     request was based on section 2-56-030(e) of the Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code
     § 2-56-030(e) (added Oct. 4, 1989)), which we have just quoted, and has not been
     questioned.
¶5       Section 2-56-090 of the Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-090 (added
     Oct. 4, 1989)), provides:
                 “It shall be the duty of every officer, employee, department, agency, contractor,
             subcontractor and licensee of the city, and every applicant for certification of
             eligibility for a city contract or program, to cooperate with the inspector general in
             any investigation or hearing undertaken pursuant to this chapter. Each department’s
             premises, equipment, personnel, books, records and papers shall be made available


                                               -3-
                as soon as practicable to the inspector general. Every city contract and every bid,
                proposal, application or solicitation for a city contract, and every application for
                certification of eligibility for a city contract or program shall contain a statement that
                the person understands and will abide by all provisions of this chapter.”
       Similarly, Executive Order No. 2005-2 issued by the mayor of the City provides, in relevant
       part, that
                “[i]t is the duty of every employee and department [of the City] to cooperate with the
                Inspector General in any investigation or hearing. Each department’s premises,
                equipment, personnel, books, records and papers shall be made readily available to
                the Inspector General.”
¶6          In meeting its obligations under the foregoing provisions, the Law Department provided
       the requested documents. However, only some of those documents were disclosed in full.
       Others were redacted based on claims of attorney-client privilege or pursuant to the work
       product doctrine.
¶7          The redacted documents were listed by the Law Department on a privilege log. The
       documents have been described generally as “(i) communications among Law Department
       attorneys; (ii) communications between Law Department attorneys and other City employees;
       (iii) notes by two Law Department attorneys regarding conversations with City employees;
       and (iv) charts and notes by one Law Department attorney—all regarding the matter ***
       under investigation.”
¶8          The Inspector General’s office did not believe that the Law Department was entitled to
       limit access to the documents’ full contents based on either attorney-client privilege or the
       work product doctrine, and it conveyed that view to the Law Department. When the Law
       Department refused to reconsider its position, the Inspector General issued a subpoena
       directing the City’s Corporation Counsel, who heads the Law Department, to produce the
       documents in question. Issuance of the subpoena was accomplished under authority of
       section 2-56-030(h) of the Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-030(h) (added
       Oct. 4, 1989)) and in the manner set forth in section 2-56-040 of the Code (Chicago
       Municipal Code § 2-56-040 (added Oct. 4, 1989)). The subpoena was accompanied by a
       letter from the Inspector General explaining in detail why he did not believe the Law
       Department’s claims of attorney-client privilege and work product to be meritorious under
       the law.
¶9          The Corporation Counsel submitted a timely written objection to the Inspector General’s
       subpoena. That objection triggered a provision of section 2-56-040 of the Municipal Code
       which states that
                “[f]or seven days after receipt of a timely objection to a subpoena, the inspector
                general shall take no action to enforce the subpoena or to initiate prosecution of the
                person to whom the subpoena is directed. During this seven-day period, the inspector
                general shall consider the grounds for the objection and may attempt to resolve the
                objection through negotiation with the person to whom the subpoena is directed.”
                Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-040 (added Oct. 4, 1989).
¶ 10        When the requisite period passed without resolution of the dispute, the Inspector General

                                                  -4-
       retained private lawyers to bring this cause of action against the Corporation Counsel in the
       circuit court of Cook County.2 The Inspector General’s complaint was in three counts. Count
       I requested a declaratory judgment that the Corporation Counsel has a duty to cooperate with
       the Inspector General and was not entitled to withhold or redact the requested documents
       based on attorney-client privilege or the work product doctrine. Count II sought a writ of
       mandamus to compel the Corporation Counsel to comply with the subpoena “by producing
       unredacted copies of any and all subpoenaed materials to the [Inspector General] within 7
       days.” Count III sought the same relief, but through direct enforcement of the subpoena
       rather than mandamus.
¶ 11       The Corporation Counsel moved to dismiss the Inspector General’s cause of action
       pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2010))
       on the following grounds: (1) that the Inspector General lacked capacity to sue and the circuit
       court had no jurisdiction over the dispute, (2) that the court should refrain from entertaining
       disputes between two parties which are part of the same governmental entity, and (3) that
       municipal ordinances do not require disclosure of materials protected by attorney-client
       privilege or where the disclosure would violate supreme court rules. In the same combined
       motion (see 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2010)), the Corporation Counsel challenged the
       sufficiency of the Inspector General’s pleadings pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of
       Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2010)), arguing that the complaint failed to
       adequately plead a cause of action for declaratory judgment or mandamus.
¶ 12       After the parties briefed the issues, a hearing was held on the Corporation Counsel’s
       motion. At the conclusion of that hearing, the circuit court opined that the Inspector General
       lacked authority to retain counsel to bring the litigation and that the decision to secure
       outside counsel to represent the Inspector General with respect to the subpoena was a matter
       which should have been left to the Corporation Counsel in his capacity as attorney for the
       city. The circuit court then went on to address the merits of the dispute and concluded that
       the Inspector General’s office was not entitled to the materials it requested because they were
       protected by attorney client privilege. The circuit court therefore granted the Corporation
       Counsel’s motion and dismissed the Inspector General’s cause of action with prejudice.
¶ 13       A divided appellate court reversed and remanded for further proceedings. 409 Ill. App.
       3d 956. Before reaching the Inspector General’s arguments, the appellate court majority first
       rejected an argument advanced by the Corporation Counsel that the dispute presented a
       nonjusticiable matter which the circuit court had no jurisdiction to even consider.
       Distinguishing various cases cited by the Corporation Counsel, the appellate court held that
       this action, which was brought by the head of one municipal department against the head of
       a different municipal department, did present a matter appropriate for resolution by the
       courts. 409 Ill. App. 3d at 960-61.
¶ 14       Turning then to the merits, the appellate court identified the issue before it as “the narrow
       question of whether the Inspector General was entitled to hire a private attorney to sue to


               2
                 The record indicates that the private lawyers retained by the Inspector General are providing
       their services pro bono.

                                                    -5-
       enforce the subpoena served on the Corporation Counsel.” 409 Ill. App. 3d at 961.
       Examining the ordinances governing the Inspector General’s powers and responsibilities, the
       appellate court concluded that while those ordinances did not explicitly confer on the
       Inspector General’s office the authority to hire counsel to enforce subpoenas in circuit court,
       such authority could reasonably be inferred from the ordinance provisions authorizing it to
       issue subpoenas and requiring it to take no action to enforce the subpoena or to initiate
       prosecution of the person to whom the subpoena is directed for a specified period where
       written objections to the subpoena have been made (see Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-040
       (added Oct. 4, 1989)). 409 Ill. App. 3d at 962-64.
¶ 15        The appellate court further reasoned that permitting the Inspector General to bring an
       action in circuit court to enforce a subpoena against the Corporation Counsel was necessary
       to enable the Inspector General to accomplish the purposes for which his office was
       established, namely, “to detect and prevent misconduct, inefficiency and waste within the
       programs and operations of the city government” (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-030
       (added Oct. 4, 1989)). 409 Ill. App. 3d at 965. The court discounted the idea that the
       Inspector General should have put the decision of whether special counsel should be retained
       in the hands of the Corporation Counsel, holding that such a procedure would “frustrate the
       independent investigative duties” of the Inspector General’s office (409 Ill. App. 3d at 965)
       and “would be exalting form over substance” where, as here, “such a clear conflict of
       interest” is present (409 Ill. App. 3d at 966).
¶ 16        After concluding that the Inspector General was authorized to retain private counsel to
       initiate this challenge to the Corporation Counsel’s decision to redact certain of the
       documents, the appellate court majority addressed whether the Corporation Counsel’s claim
       of attorney-client privilege was meritorious. The court held that, as a general matter, the
       attorney-client privilege is available to municipal corporations. It noted, however, that the
       burden of establishing whether the privilege applies in a particular case is on the party
       seeking to shield the documents. The appellate court could find no evidence in the record that
       the Corporation Counsel had made such a showing here, and it concluded that there was
       insufficient information in the record concerning the documents in question to permit review
       of the trial court’s determination that the documents were protected by the privilege. It
       therefore held that the appropriate course was to remand to the trial court “for the limited
       purpose of conducting an in camera inspection of the unredacted documents” and making
       appropriate factual findings. 409 Ill. App. 3d at 966-67.
¶ 17        The dissenting justice rejected the majority’s conclusion that the authority to retain
       private counsel to bring suit against the Corporation Counsel was conferred on the Inspector
       General by implication under the ordinance establishing the Inspector General’s office and
       defining its responsibilities. In the dissenter’s view, the power to determine whether judicial
       proceedings should be brought to enforce a subpoena is vested by the Chicago Municipal
       Code in the mayor of the City, not the Inspector General. Indeed, the dissenter opined that
       the Inspector General has no legal existence independent of the City and is therefore not even
       “a legal entity capable of bringing suit.” 409 Ill. App. 3d at 968 (Cahill, J., dissenting). The
       dissenter would have affirmed dismissal of the action on that basis. Id.
¶ 18        The Corporation Counsel petitioned this court for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff.

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       Feb. 26, 2010)), arguing, as it did in the appellate court, that the dispute is nonjusticiable and
       that the circuit court therefore lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider the Inspector
       General’s claims. The Corporation Counsel further contended that the appellate court’s
       judgment’s recognizing the right of the Inspector General to retain counsel and file suit
       conflicts with the system adopted by the City in its municipal code and impermissibly
       abridges the power conferred on the Corporation Counsel by that code to manage the City’s
       legal affairs.
¶ 19       We allowed the Corporation Counsel’s petition. Once the matter was accepted for review
       and the Corporation Counsel filed his brief, the Inspector General sought cross relief. See Ill.
       S. Ct. R. 315(h) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010). He argues that we should reverse that portion of the
       appellate court judgment which remands for an in camera review of the redacted documents.
       In the Inspector General’s view, further review of the documents by the circuit court is
       unnecessary because, as a matter of law, the Corporation Counsel is not entitled to invoke
       attorney-client privilege.

¶ 20                                         ANALYSIS
¶ 21        We begin our review with the question of whether the dispute between the Inspector
       General and the Corporation Counsel presented a justiciable controversy subject to resolution
       by the circuit court. The reason we must begin there is that the existence of a “justiciable
       matter” is a prerequisite to the circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction under article VI,
       section 9, of the Illinois Constitution of 1970 (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 9). Belleville
       Toyota, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d 325, 334 (2002); In re M.W., 232
       Ill. 2d 408, 426 (2009). Absent a justiciable matter, the circuit court had no authority to
       proceed.
¶ 22        Whether a cause of action should be dismissed based on a lack of justiciability presents
       a question of law, which we review de novo. Morr-Fitz, Inc. v. Blagojevich, 231 Ill. 2d 474,
       488 (2008). The constitution itself does not define the term “justiciable matters,” nor did our
       former constitution, where the term first appeared (see Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 9; Ill.
       Const. 1870, art. VI (amended 1964), § 9). Instead, courts are left to define the term on a
       case-by-case basis. In re Estate of Burgeson, 125 Ill. 2d 477, 485 (1988).
¶ 23        The courts have held that justiciability encompasses a range of concepts, “such as
       advisory opinions, feigned and collusive cases, standing, ripeness, mootness, political
       questions, and administrative questions.” Morr-Fitz, Inc. v. Blagojevich, 231 Ill. 2d at 488;
       Alternate Fuels, Inc. v. Director of the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 215 Ill. 2d
       219, 230 (2004). The overarching purpose of the doctrine is to reserve the exercise of judicial
       authority for situations where an actual controversy exists. “Actual” in this context
               “does not mean that a wrong must have been committed and injury inflicted. Rather,
               it requires a showing that the underlying facts and issues of the case are not moot or
               premature, so as to require the court to pass judgment on mere abstract propositions
               of law, render an advisory opinion, or give legal advice as to future events.
               [Citations.] The case must, therefore, present a concrete dispute admitting of an
               immediate and definitive determination of the parties’ rights, the resolution of which

                                                  -7-
                will aid in the termination of the controversy or some part thereof. [Citations.]”
                (Internal quotation marks omitted.) National Marine, Inc. v. Illinois Environmental
                Protection Agency, 159 Ill. 2d 381, 390 (1994).
       See also Belleville Toyota, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d at 335.
¶ 24        The controversy before us meets this test. There is nothing hypothetical or abstract about
       it. The Inspector General issued a subpoena as authorized by the Municipal Code in
       furtherance of an investigation it had the power to undertake, the Corporation Counsel
       objected to the subpoena and refused to comply with it for reasons the Inspector General
       believes are not supported by law, and the dispute between the two departments would be
       deadlocked absent a judicial determination as to what, if any, legal recourse the Inspector
       General now has.
¶ 25        We find no merit to the Corporation Counsel’s suggestion that justiciability should be
       found lacking on the grounds that the courts of Illinois have no authority to intervene in what
       is essentially an “intra-agency” dispute. The Corporation Counsel is correct that the appellate
       court should not have relied on Burnette v. Stroger, 389 Ill. App. 3d 321 (2009), Read v.
       Sheahan, 359 Ill. App. 3d 89 (2005), and Sampson v. Graves, 304 Ill. App. 3d 961 (1999),
       in rejecting his justiciability argument. See 409 Ill. App. 3d at 960-61. Neither Read nor
       Sampson contains any discussion at all of justiciability or anything else touching on the
       power of the judicial branch to consider and resolve disputes between different branches or
       departments of local government, and in Burnette, the issue was not the court’s power to hear
       and decide the controversy, but whether the plaintiff had capacity to bring suit and standing
       to litigate the particular matter at issue.
¶ 26        That said, the Corporation Counsel’s arguments regarding the power of the courts to
       resolve this controversy must nevertheless fail. Ultimately, resolution of this case turns on
       a construction of the provisions of the Chicago Municipal Code regulating the respective
       authority of the Inspector General, the Corporation Counsel and the mayor. The construction
       of statutes and ordinances is a quintessential judicial power. That power is vested in the
       courts (Governmental Interinsurance Exchange v. Judge, 221 Ill. 2d 195, 211 ( 2006); Ill.
       Const. 1970, art. VI, § 1). Nothing in the Illinois Constitution prohibits the exercise of that
       power merely because the provisions under review pertain to the powers conferred on
       municipal officials by local ordinance, and no claim has been made that undertaking the
       review necessary for resolution of this case will improperly involve the courts in a political
       question (see Kluk v. Lang, 125 Ill. 2d 306, 322 (1988); Moore v. Grafton Township Board
       of Trustees, 2011 IL App (2d) 110499, ¶¶ 5-8) or otherwise trigger separation of powers
       concerns under article II, section 1, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. II, § 1).
¶ 27        We also reject any notion that the Inspector General lacked standing to contest the
       Corporation Counsel’s refusal to provide unredacted copies of the subject documents. The
       doctrine of standing is designed to preclude persons who have no interest in a dispute from
       bringing suit (Raintree Homes, Inc. v. Village of Long Grove, 209 Ill. 2d 248, 262 (2004))
       and requires a person seeking to invoke the jurisdiction of the court to have some real interest
       in the cause of action or a legal or equitable right, title or interest in the subject matter of the
       controversy (Hines v. Turley, 246 Ill. App. 3d 405, 416-17 (1993)). The Inspector General


                                                   -8-
       clearly has a real interest in the matter at issue here. The subpoena in question was issued by
       him pursuant to his authority under the Chicago Municipal Code, and his ability to seek
       enforcement of the subpoena in light of the Corporation Counsel’s objections will have a
       direct and significant impact on how he undertakes his investigatory responsibilities under
       the law.
¶ 28        Having cleared these hurdles, we next consider whether the Inspector General was
       authorized to take action in response to the Corporation Counsel’s refusal to comply with its
       lawfully issued subpoenas. The answer, again, is yes. As indicated earlier in this opinion,
       section 2-56-040 of the Municipal Code provides, in part, that “[f]or seven days after receipt
       of a timely objection to a subpoena, the inspector general shall take no action to enforce the
       subpoena or to initiate prosecution of the person to whom the subpoena is directed.” Chicago
       Municipal Code § 2-56-040 (added Oct. 4, 1989). If the Inspector General is required to
       temporarily refrain from action when an objection has been filed, it necessarily follows that
       once the requisite seven-day period has elapsed without resolution of the objections and
       compliance with the subpoenas, action by the Inspector General to enforce the subpoena or
       to initiate prosecution of the person to whom the subpoena is directed is permitted. If that
       were not so—if the City Council did not intend to confer such authority on the Inspector
       General—the seven-day waiting period would serve no purpose. Because we must construe
       a statute, if possible, so that no part of it is rendered meaningless or superfluous (Sheffler v.
       Commonwealth Edison Co., 2011 IL 110166, ¶ 77), and because we use the same rules of
       construction when interpreting municipal ordinances as we do when construing statutes
       (Pooh-Bah Enterprises, Inc. v. County of Cook, 232 Ill. 2d 463, 492 (2009)), we therefore
       conclude that the Inspector General has, indeed, been granted authority to take “action to
       enforce subpoenas or to initiate prosecution of the person to whom the subpoena was
       directed” where, as in this case, the requisite time period has passed without resolution of the
       objections.
¶ 29        This brings us to the central and dispositive issue in the case: whether the authority
       conferred on the Inspector General to take “action to enforce subpoenas or to initiate
       prosecution of the person to whom the subpoena was directed” includes the power to
       unilaterally retain counsel of his own choosing to initiate enforcement proceedings or
       prosecutions in circuit court in his own name. Contrary to the view taken by the appellate
       court majority, we hold that it does not.
¶ 30        The office of the Inspector General is not, itself, a unit of local government under Illinois
       law. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. VII, § 1. It is merely a department of the municipal government
       of the City of Chicago. It was established by municipal ordinance (Chicago Municipal Code
       § 2-56-010 et seq. (added Oct. 4, 1989)), not state statute, and has no legal status separate
       and apart from the City. See Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Movement Inc. v. City of Chicago,
       435 F. Supp. 1289, 1294 (N.D. Ill. 1977) (applying Illinois law to hold that Chicago
       department of streets and sanitation “is merely an organizational division of the City and
       does not enjoy independent legal existence”); Jordan v. City of Chicago, Department of
       Police, 505 F. Supp. 1, 4 (N.D. Ill. 1980) (Chicago police department merely a department
       of the City which does not have separate legal existence); Stevanovic v. City of Chicago, 385
       Ill. App. 3d 630, 631 (2008) (noting dismissal of Chicago fire department as a defendant in

                                                  -9-
       a negligence action against the City on the grounds that the department itself was not a legal
       entity separate from the City).
¶ 31       The scope of the Inspector General’s power and responsibility was defined by the
       Chicago city council in chapter 2-56 of the City’s Municipal Code (Chicago Municipal Code
       § 2-56-010 et seq. (added Oct. 4, 1989)), which we have quoted extensively in this opinion.
       Nothing in chapter 2-56 confers on the Inspector General the authority to file proceedings
       in circuit court to enforce any of the ordinances pertaining to his responsibilities under the
       Chicago Municipal Code or to retain private counsel to do so on his behalf.
¶ 32       By law, the power to file such proceedings belongs, instead, to the Corporation Counsel.
       Section 21-11 of the Illinois Municipal Code expressly provides that the corporation counsel
       “shall appear for and protect the rights and interests of the city in all actions, suits, and
       proceedings brought by or against it or any city officer, board or department.” (Emphases
       added.) 65 ILCS 20/21-11 (West 2010). Section 2-60-020 of the Chicago Municipal Code
       (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-60-020 (amended Sept. 5, 2007)) likewise states that the
       Corporation Counsel is charged with responsibility for “conduct[ing] all the law business of
       the city” (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-60-020(a) (amended Sept. 5, 2007)) and “shall ***
       [a]ppear for and protect the rights and interests of the city in all actions, suits and
       proceedings brought by or against it or any city officer, board or department” (Chicago
       Municipal Code § 2-60-020(b) (amended Sept. 5, 2007)). “Shall,” when used in the Chicago
       Municipal Code, means that something is mandatory unless the Code “explicitly” provides
       otherwise, which it does not do in this context. Chicago Municipal Code § 1-4-100 (amended
       May 9, 2012).
¶ 33       The Inspector General’s claim to possess the authority to litigate matters arising under
       the Chicago Municipal Code cannot be squared with the plain and unambiguous language
       of the foregoing provisions. Given the clear language of the provisions, and reading them
       together, as we must, we agree with the dissenting justice below that the Inspector General,
       acting as he was solely in his official capacity as an officer of the City of Chicago, had no
       right to retain private counsel to initiate proceedings in circuit court in furtherance of an
       official investigation undertaken by his department. We could not hold otherwise without
       reading into the Chicago Municipal Code both a grant of power to the Inspector General
       which the city council did not confer and a limitation on the power of the Corporation
       Counsel which the city council did not authorize. That, of course, would be impermissible.
       Hines v. Department of Public Aid, 221 Ill. 2d 222, 230 (2006) (court must enforce statute
       as written and may not annex new provisions or substitute different ones, or read into the
       statute exceptions, limitations, or conditions which the legislature did not express). In
       reaching this conclusion, we express no view on whether the Chicago city council could
       delegate limited litigation authority to the Inspector General if it chose to do so. We hold
       only that it has not done so yet. Under the law as it presently exists, filing suit on behalf of
       the City, its officers and departments is the responsibility of the Corporation Counsel. In the
       normal course of events, the Inspector General must therefore look to the Corporation
       Counsel when judicial enforcement of a subpoena is necessary.
¶ 34       Of course, asking the Corporation Counsel for legal representation to enforce a subpoena
       is problematic where, as in the unusual situation before us here, the Corporation Counsel, in

                                                -10-
       his official capacity, is the very person who was subpoenaed. These circumstances present
       an obvious conflict of interest within the meaning of Rule 1.7(a) of the Rules of Professional
       Conduct (Ill. R. Prof. Conduct (2010) R. 1.7(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010)), a provision which is
       binding on lawyers such as the Corporation Counsel who serve as public officers (Ill. R. Prof.
       Conduct (2010) R. 1.11(d) (eff. Jan. 1, 2010)). Because the conflict is so patent, we do not
       believe it was necessary for the Inspector General to request representation from the
       Corporation Counsel before taking further action in the wake of the Corporation Counsel’s
       refusal to fully comply with the subpoena. At the same time, however, the existence of the
       conflict did not confer on the Inspector General any right to go beyond his specified authority
       under the Chicago Municipal Code and unilaterally decide to hire his own lawyers to bring
       suit.
¶ 35       In approving the Inspector General’s unilateral action, the appellate court opined that he
       had “followed proper procedures for the appointment of special counsel.” 409 Ill. App. 3d
       at 965-66. But that is not so. Illinois law contains various provisions governing the procedure
       for appointment of special counsel to represent a governmental agency or official in a
       particular matter where the statutorily designated attorney cannot act. See 55 ILCS 5/3-9008
       (West 2010) (permitting appointment of attorney to represent county where State’s Attorney
       is “sick or absent, or unable to attend, or is interested in any cause or proceeding”); 15 ILCS
       205/6 (West 2010) (same with respect to appointment of attorney to act in situations where
       the duty to prosecute or defend belongs to State Attorney General); 5 ILCS 430/20-45(b)
       (West 2010) (same where Attorney General cannot represent Executive Inspector General
       before Executive Ethics Commission). None of those statutes applies to the Corporation
       Counsel for the City of Chicago. Moreover, even in situations where the foregoing statutes
       do apply, they require judicial review and approval of the appointment request. No such
       approval was requested or granted in this case before the Inspector General filed suit. That
       was not an oversight. In the circuit court, one of the Inspector General’s private lawyers
       argued that because there is no statute analogous to the ones cited above for appointment of
       special counsel at the municipal level, he “was not sure any court appointment of counsel is
       necessary” in this case.
¶ 36       Throughout these proceedings, the Inspector General has asserted that his decision to
       unilaterally retain private counsel to represent him in his official capacity is supported by the
       appellate court’s decision in Suburban Cook County Regional Office of Education v. Cook
       County Board, 282 Ill. App. 3d 560 (1996). Although the appellate court found this authority
       helpful, there are basic differences between this case and that one, which dealt, in relevant
       part, with whether the Attorney General was obligated to provide representation to a regional
       superintendent of education when the State’s Attorney refused to do so. There is no need to
       elaborate on the differences between the two cases. For purposes of this discussion, it is
       sufficient to note an aspect of Suburban Cook County Regional Office of Education which
       the appellate court apparently overlooked. In the course of its discussion, the court in
       Suburban Cook County Regional Office of Education specifically held that the regional
       superintendent did “not have the right to unilaterally select a private attorney to represent him
       in his official capacity.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 570. That, of course, is precisely what the


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       Inspector General did here, and it is likewise impermissible.3
¶ 37        Although the Chicago city council has elected not to adopt a mechanism for judicial
       appointment of special counsel where the Corporation Counsel cannot undertake
       representation because of a conflict of interest, the city council has not left the Inspector
       General without recourse in cases such as this one. Under the Chicago Municipal Code, all
       municipal officers, including the Corporation Counsel, are subject to the supervision of the
       mayor (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-4-020 (added Oct. 4, 1989)), and the Inspector General
       has the power and duty to report the results of his investigations to the mayor (Chicago
       Municipal Code § 2-56-030(d) (added Oct. 4, 1989)). As the City’s chief executive officer,
       the mayor, in turn, has ultimate responsibility for enforcement of the City’s ordinances
       (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-4-030), and is authorized by law to impose punishment on
       subordinate municipal officers who are exempt from the provisions of the civil service act
       where those officers have violated their duties or committed other offenses. Chicago
       Municipal Code § 2-4-020. In this case, the impasse over the Inspector General’s subpoena
       directly implicates the duties of cooperation and disclosure imposed on the Corporation
       Counsel and all other municipal officers by section 2-56-090 of the Chicago Municipal Code
       (Chicago Municipal Code § 2-56-090 (added Oct. 4, 1989)) and the mayor’s Executive Order
       No. 2005-2, both of which we quoted earlier in this opinion. Under the system adopted by
       the Chicago city council, and as the dissenting appellate court justice in this case correctly
       recognized (409 Ill. App. 3d at 967 (Cahill, J., dissenting)), the matter is therefore one which
       was within the power of the mayor to resolve. Accordingly, because the Corporation
       Counsel’s conflict precluded further action by him on behalf of the Inspector General, the
       Inspector General should have looked to the mayor for assistance.
¶ 38        The Inspector General laments that this outcome will leave him with less power than he
       needs to properly undertake the investigatory functions with which he has been entrusted. In
       most instances, however, the Inspector General’s investigations should not be hampered at
       all by the problem presented by this case. The difficulty arose here only because of the highly
       unusual circumstance that the subpoena was directed to the Corporation Counsel himself. In
       any event, whether or not the Inspector General feels he has the power he needs under the
       law, the fact remains that this is all the power the Chicago city council has chosen to give
       him. We cannot give him more. If there are practical deficiencies in the system adopted by
       the City to help police the operations of its various departments and the conduct of its
       employees, that is a matter for the City, not this court, to remedy.
¶ 39        In sum, because the Inspector General should have directed this dispute to the mayor and
       had no authority under the law to unilaterally retain private counsel to file these proceedings


               3
                We also caution that, depending on the circumstances, the misapprehension that a
       government official may act unilaterally and without prior court approval to retain private counsel
       to handle official business on his or her behalf in place of statutorily designated counsel may have
       perilous consequences for the official in question. If the official subsequently accepts public monies
       to pay the privately retained attorney, charges of official misconduct may result. See People v.
       Wilkinson, 285 Ill. App. 3d 727, 735 (1996). Because the attorneys retained by the Inspector General
       are representing him at no charge, that is not a concern here.

                                                   -12-
       in circuit court, the circuit court acted properly when it dismissed the Inspector General’s
       cause of action with prejudice. We affirm its judgment on that basis and reverse the judgment
       of the appellate court.
¶ 40       As noted at the outset of this disposition, the circuit court held, in the alternative, that the
       Inspector General’s claim would fail on the merits because the documents he is seeking are
       protected by attorney-client privilege. Because the Inspector General was not authorized to
       retain private counsel to bring this action and the action therefore should not have been in
       court to begin with, resolution of the underlying merits was not necessary to the disposition.
       The portions of the circuit and appellate court judgments addressing applicability of attorney-
       client privilege are therefore vacated.

¶ 41                                    CONCLUSION
¶ 42      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is reversed in part and
       vacated in part. The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed in part and vacated in part.

¶ 43       Appellate court judgment reversed in part and vacated in part.
¶ 44       Circuit court judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part.




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