                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                              AT JACKSON
                                OCTOBER 23, 2008 Session

      STEVEN AMODEO, D.C., ET AL. v. CONSERVCARE, LLC., ET AL.

                   Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                          No. CT-001172-03     Jerry Stokes, Judge



                    No. W2007-02610-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 20, 2009


In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
in favor of Appellees as to Appellants’ claims of civil conspiracy; violation of the Tennessee
Consumer Protection Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-104(b)(8), (27); violation of the Health
Maintenance Organization Act of 1986, Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-32-229(a); and common law claims
of outrageous conduct and tortious interference with another’s business. We are also asked to
determine whether the trial court erred in dismissing Appellants’ Tennessee Trade Practices Act
claims. We affirm.


      Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J.,W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID R. FARMER , J., and
J. STEVEN STAFFORD , J., joined.

Bruce D. Brooke, Memphis, TN, for Appellants

Michael Richards, Memphis, TN, for Appellee, Health Choice, LLC

Randall N. Songstad, Arlington, TN, for Appellee, Terry J. Hanson, D.C.




                                            OPINION
                                   I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         Health Choice, LLC (“Appellee Health Choice” or “Health Choice”) is a third party
administrator of managed health care plans and contracts with employers, insurance companies,
other third-party providers, and other health networks to provide health care treatment by providers
affiliated with Methodist Health Systems. According to William R. Breen, Jr., Appellee Health
Choice’s CEO, Health Choice benefitted its healthcare providers by “marketing the network to a
client, helping him or her resolve claim issues, educating them about the contract . . . . and
credentialing with the various pay[o]rs.”

        ConservCare, a chiropractic managed care organization, was formed in 1998 by Drs. Richard
L. Cole, Don E. Cole, and Terry J. Hanson (“Appellee Hanson”). According to Appellee Hanson,
ConservCare was born out of a frustration with the way chiropractic benefits were handled and in
“an attempt to bring some quality measures and [standardized care] to the chiropractic world.”

        In his Brief, Appellee Hanson stated that ConservCare was approached by Health Choice
“to credential chiropractors and educate Health Choice generally regarding chiropractic care. . . . in
an effort to save costs, standardize care and facilitate credentialing.” Under this arrangement
between Health Choice and Conservcare, only chiropractors who were members of ConvervCare’s
panel would be considered in Health Choice’s “in-network” for purposes of reimbursement.
Subsequently, on August 3, 1998, Health Choice sent a letter to its panel members–its current “in-
network” chiropractors–including some of the chiropractor Appellants, notifying them of Health
Choice’s contract with ConservCare. The letter explained that the “change was necessary to reduce
costs associated with the credentialing and maintenance of individual providers and to provide an
efficient mechanism to assist in the management of [Health Choice’s] provider network.” The
transition to ConservCare providing Health Choice’s chiropractic provider panel was to take effect
August 31, 1998, but the effective date was later extended to January 1, 1999. According to the
Affidavit of Appellant, Michael Bast, D.C., “[s]everal of the Plaintiffs then attempted to apply for
membership on ConservCare’s panel as chiropractors associated with ConservCare and each
application was rejected and none of the Plaintiffs were allowed to participate as members of
ConservCare.”

       On March 3, 2003, fifteen Shelby County chiropractors1 filed a Complaint in circuit court
against ConservCare, Drs. Richard L. Cole, Don E. Cole, and Appellee Terry J. Hanson, and
Appellee Health Choice.2 The Complaint alleged many causes of action, including numerous
common law claims against both Appellees, violations of the Tennessee Trade Practices Act


         1
           Subsequently, four of the plaintiff chiropractors were voluntarily dismissed from the lawsuit: Richard
Am odeo, D.C., Craig Gangwish, D.C., Mark E. Holliman, D.C., and John Stacks, D.C. Curiously, Craig Gangwish,
D.C., who filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, is listed as an Appellant on appeal, while Jennifer James, D.C., who
was an original plaintiff and not voluntarily dismissed, is not listed as an Appellant on appeal.
        2
           ConservCare and Drs. Richard L. Cole and Don E. Cole are not parties to this appeal; thus, we will not
discuss the procedural record as it pertains to such defendants.

                                                        -2-
(“TTPA”) against Appellee Health Choice, and violations of the Tennessee Consumer Protection
Act (“TCPA”) against ConservCare.

        On August 22, 2006, Appellee Health Choice filed a motion for summary judgment arguing
that both Plaintiffs’ common law tort and TTPA claims were barred by the applicable statutes of
limitation. On that same date, Appellee Health Choice filed a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ TTPA
claims and memorandum in support thereof, contending that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim under
the TTPA, as the TTPA applies only to “articles” and not intangible contract rights or services. On
September 14, 2006, Appellee Hanson filed a notice of joinder, joining Appellee Health Choice’s
motion for summary judgment concerning Appellants’ common law tort and TTPA claims. In a
December 4, 2006 Order, the circuit court held its ruling on Appellees’ motions in abeyance to allow
additional discovery. However, on April 3, 2007, the circuit court granted the motions for summary
judgment and to dismiss. In so ruling, the circuit court found

                 [P]laintiffs had actual notice that they would be excluded from the
                 chiropractic panel of Health Choice as early as August 31, 1998 and
                 at least by January 1, 1999 and that the causes of action set forth for
                 tort claims are barred since the lawsuit was not filed until four years
                 after Plaintiffs had actual notice.

                          The Court further finds that [the TTPA] applies only to goods
                 or articles and does not apply to the provision of chiropractic services
                 including the provision of chiropractic treatment or intangible
                 contract rights based upon the decisions of Jo [A]nn[] Forman, Inc.,
                 et al. v. National Council on Compensation Insurance, Inc., 13
                 S.W.3d 365 (Tenn. Ct. App. [M].S. 1999) and McAdoo Contractors,
                 Inc. v. Harris, 439 S.W.2d 594 (Tenn. 1969).

       Finally, on October 23, 2007, the circuit court entered an Order Directing Entry of Final
Judgment for Defendants Terry J. Hanson, D.C. and Health Choice, LLC Pursuant to Rule 54.02 of
the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure.3 It is from this order which Appellants now appeal.

                                           II. ISSUES PRESENTED

       Appellants have timely filed their notice of appeal and present the following issues for
review, as we perceive them:


        3
            The October 23, 2007 Order Directing Entry of Final Judgment for Defendants Terry J. Hanson, D.C. and
Health Choice, LLC Pursuant to Rule 54.02 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure failed to comply with Rule 58
of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. Thus, after an Order from this Court requiring Appellants to obtain such,
the circuit court entered, on December 17, 2008, an Order Directing Entry of Final Judgment for Defendants Terry J.
Hanson, D.C. and H ealth Choice, LLC Pursuant to Rule 54.02 and Evidencing Compliance with Rule 58 of the
Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure Entered Nunc Pro Tunc.


                                                        -3-
1.      Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment by finding Appellants’ TTPA
        and common law tort claims barred by the applicable statutes of limitation;

2.      Whether the trial court erred in dismissing Appellants’ TTPA claims, finding that the TTPA
        applies only to goods or articles and not the provision of chiropractic services;

3.      Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to Plaintiffs’ TCPA claim;
        Plaintiffs’ claim under Tennessee Code Annotated section 56-32-229(a) for violation of the
        Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1986; and Plaintiffs’ other common law claims.

Additionally, Appellees present the following issue for review:

4.      Whether Plaintiffs’ exclusion from Appellee Health Choice’s Managed Care Plan was lawful
        and expressly authorized by Tennessee Code Annotated section 56-32-229(a).

For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court.


                                    III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We are asked to review the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants.
Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. Ruling on a
motion for summary judgment does not involve disputed issues of fact, but only questions of law.
Owner-Operator Indep. Drivers Ass’n v. Concord EFS, Inc., 59 S.W.3d 63, 68 (Tenn. 2001).
Thus, our standard for reviewing a grant of summary judgment is de novo with no presumption of
correctness as to the trial court’s findings. See Webber v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 49
S.W.3d 265, 269 (Tenn. 2001). The evidence must be viewed “in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party,” and all reasonable inferences must be drawn in the non-moving party’s favor.
Staples v. CBL & Assocs., 15 S.W.3d 83, 89 (Tenn. 2000).

        Likewise, we are asked to determine whether the trial court erred in ruling on a motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, which is also a question of
law. Doe v. Catholic Bishop for Diocese of Memphis, No. W2007-01575-COA-R9-CV, 2008 WL
4253628, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 16, 2008) (citing Farris v. Todd, No. E1999-01574-COA-R3-
CV, 2000 WL 528408, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 3, 2000)). Thus, we must review the trial court’s
dismissal de novo with no presumption of correctness. Id. (citing Stein v. Davidson Hotel Co., 945
S.W.2d 714, 716 (Tenn. 1997)). “‘[W]e must construe the [plaintiff’s] complaint liberally in favor
of the plaintiff, taking all of the allegations of fact therein as true[,]’” Id. (quoting Randolph v.
Dominion Bank of Middle Tenn., 826 S.W.2d 477, 478 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991)), as “[a] motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted ‘tests only the legal sufficiency of
the complaint[.]’” Id. (quoting Stein, 945 S.W.2d at 716 (Tenn. 1997)).



                                                  -4-
                                                 IV. DISCUSSION

                       A.     Summary Judgment Based on Statute of Limitations

         On appeal, Appellants assert that the circuit court erred when it granted summary judgment
to Appellees, finding that their civil conspiracy claim was barred by the applicable statutes of
limitation.4 Specifically, Appellants argue that summary judgment was inappropriate as Appellees’
activities constituted a continuing civil conspiracy, such that the statute of limitations did not
commence until the last overt act of the conspiracy was committed, and because the Plaintiffs who
were never Health Choice “in-network” providers did not receive notice of Appellees’ actions
through receipt of the August 3, 1998 letter.

        We need not address Appellants’ contentions, as we find no civil conspiracy occurred. “The
elements of a cause of action for civil conspiracy are: (1) a common design between two or more
persons, (2) to accomplish by concerted action an unlawful purpose, or a lawful purpose by unlawful
means, (3) an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy, and (4) resulting injury.” Kincaid v.
SouthTrust Bank, 221 S.W.3d 32, 38 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Morgan v. Brush Wellman, Inc.,
165 F. Supp. 2d 704, 720 (E.D. Tenn. 2001)). We find that the Health Maintenance Organization
Act of 1986 (“HMO Act”), Tennessee Code Annotated section 56-32-229,5 expressly authorizes
Appellees’ actions, such that Appellees actions were not unlawful. Tennessee Code Annotated
section 56-23-229 provides

                  (a) The managed health insurance issuer shall not discriminate with
                  respect to participation, referral, reimbursement of covered services
                  or indemnification as to any provider within a class of providers who
                  is acting within the scope of the provider’s license or certification
                  under state law, solely on the basis of such license or certification. In
                  selecting among providers of health services for membership in a
                  provider network, the managed health insurance issuer or other
                  network shall not discriminate against a class of providers who
                  provide services that are covered by the plan by prohibiting such class
                  of providers from membership in the provider network. This section

         4
           In their motion for summary judgment, Appellees argued that Appellants’ common law tort and TTPA claims
were barred by the applicable statute of limitations. In granting summary judgment the court stated that “the causes of
action set forth for tort claims are barred [by the statutes of limitation;]” however, the trial court further stated that
Appellants’ TTPA claims failed, as the TTPA did not apply to the provision of chiropractic services. Therefore, while
it seems the trial court found all of the common law tort claims time-barred, it is unclear whether the court dismissed
the TTPA claim based only on the article/service distinction, or included the TTPA claim as a “tort” claim which was,
likewise, time-barred. However, we will not address this ambiguity, as Appellants’ Brief addresses only the
appropriateness of the dismissal of Appellants’ civil conspiracy claim as time-barred.
         5
          Tennessee Code Annotated sections 56-32-201 - 56-32-238, were redesignated as sections 56-32-101 - 56-32-
138, by the code commission in 2008. Tennessee Code Annotated section 56-32-229 now appears in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 56-32-129. In this case, we will cite to 56-32-229.


                                                           -5-
                   shall not be construed as prohibiting managed health insurance
                   issuers from including providers or classes of providers only to the
                   extent necessary to meet the needs of the managed health insurance
                   issuer’s plan and its enrollees, or from limiting referrals or
                   establishing any other measure designed to maintain quality and
                   control costs consistent with the responsibilities of the plan. This
                   chapter shall not be construed as creating coverage for any service
                   that is not otherwise covered under the terms of the managed health
                   insurance issuer’s plan.

                   (b) As used in this section, “class of providers” means optometrists,
                   ophthalmologists, podiatrists and chiropractors.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-32-229 (2002) (emphasis added).


        Because Appellees have “affirmatively negate[d] an essential element of [Appellant’s]
claim[,]” Hannan v. Alltel Publ’g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tenn. 2008) (citation omitted),–that
Appellees conspired “to accomplish . . . an unlawful purpose, or a lawful purpose by unlawful
means,”–Kincaid, 221 S.W.3d at 38, summary judgment was appropriate as to Appellants’ civil
conspiracy claim.

        Appellants’ Reply Brief attempts to create an issue of material fact as to whether the
purported reason for contracting with ConservCare–to “reduce costs associated with the
credentialing and maintenance of individual providers and to provide an efficient mechanism to
assist in the management of [Health Choice’s] provider network”–was, in fact, Appellees’
motivation.6 In this attempt, Appellants point out that Metro Care, who performed credentialing
for Health Choice’s professionals prior to ConservCare, utilized licensure as the primary credential
for inclusion on Health Choice’s panel, without considering experience and malpractice claim
history. Likewise, Appellants point to Mr. Breen’s deposition testimony wherein he admitted that
he had no “personal knowledge of any expertise, educational prowess, distinction of any Conservcare
chiropractor in distinction to any other chiropractor in the community.” We find that such testimony
does not create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Appellees’ conduct is authorized by
Tennessee Code Annotated section 56-32-229. Instead, we find it supports Appellees’ contention
that Health Choice contracted with ConservCare precisely because Health Choice did not understand
chiropractic credentialing.

                                        B.     Tennessee Trade Practices Act


         6
           See Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 5 (“The moving party has the ultimate burden of persuading the court that ‘there
are no disputed, material facts creating a genuine issue for trial . . . and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’
Byrd [v. Hall], 847 S.W.2d [208,] 215 [(Tenn. 1993)]. If the moving party makes a properly supported motion, the
burden of production then shifts to the non-moving party to show that a genuine issue of material fact exists. Id.”).


                                                              -6-
        Appellants next argue that the trial court erred in dismissing Appellants’ TTPA claim, finding
that the TTPA “applies only to goods or articles and does not apply to the provision of chiropractic
services including the provision of chiropractic treatment or intangible contract rights[.]”
Appellants assert that they properly claimed a violation of the TTPA as their patients constitute
“products” and furthermore, they “sell numerous products and goods.” Appellants identify forty-
three “products” sold in their practices, including: ankle supports, cervical collars, cervical pillows,
custom orthotics, custom seat cushions, daily health supplements, diathermy, disposable cold/hot
packs, elbow supports, exercise tubing, foot reflex wheels, heel lifts, knee braces, lumbar support
belts, orthotic braces and supports, ultrasounds, vitamins and minerals, and wrist splints.

         “The law is well settled that the TTPA applies only to tangible goods, not intangible
services.” Bennett v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 198 S.W.3d 747, 751 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). However, our
courts have failed to “‘expansively’ constru[e] what is a ‘product’ or an ‘article’ within the meaning
of Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-25-101.” Jo Ann Forman, Inc. v. Nat’l Council on
Comp. Ins., Inc., 13 S.W.3d 365, 372 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). In Bennett, debit card holders brought
a class action suit against credit card companies alleging that these companies violated the TTPA
by forcing merchants who accepted the companies’ credit cards to also accept the debit cards issued
by the companies’ bankcard associations. Id. at 749. In arguing that the TTPA applied, the plaintiffs
asserted that the defendants’ conduct not only involved the service of credit card processing, but that
it also indirectly affected product prices. Id. at 752. In holding that the TTPA did not apply, this
court stated that the plaintiffs could not avoid the product or article requirement by merely alleging
an “incidental effect upon products as a backdoor[.]” Id. This court recognized that the costs
businesses pay for services necessarily influence the price at which those businesses must sell their
products. Id. at 753. However, we held that a claim could not be asserted under the TTPA each time
anti-competitive action influenced product prices. Id. To do so, we reasoned would “effectively
expand[] the TTPA’s scope to include those service industries.” Id.

        Likewise, we hold that Appellants’ selling of approximately forty products in connection with
their chiropractic services does not allow them to state a claim under the TTPA. To allow such a
claim would expand the TTPA beyond the scope intended by the General Assembly and allow claims
under the TTPA whenever a primarily service industry provides a product ancillary to such a
service.7 Additionally, we find that patients are not “products” within the meaning of the TTPA.
We are not persuaded by Appellants’ claim that Appellee Hanson and Dr. Don E. Cole




         7
           “In 1975 three different bills were introduced . . . . [and] [i]n 1978 HB2366 was introduced. . . . [which]
would have expressly added ‘services’ to section 47-25-101.” Jo Ann Forman, Inc., 13 S.W.3d at 372-73. “Senate
Bill No. 1406, proposed in 1986, would have broadened the act to include ‘trade or commerce’ defined as ‘all forms
of economic activity.’ Senate Bill No. 540, introduced in 1986, would have accomplished the same purpose.” Id. at
373. “[T]he General Assembly has been presented with four opportunities to alter the McAdoo [Contractor’s, Inc. v.
Harris, 439 S.W.2d 594 (Tenn. 1969)] decision’s construction of Tennessee Code Annotated section 47-25-101 [that
the TTPA does not apply to intangibles] and has declined to do so on each of these occasions.” Id.


                                                         -7-
acknowledged patients to be products and furthermore, we are not convinced that either
acknowledged such.8

                                               C.     Other Claims

       Finally, Appellants claim that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to their
TCPA claim; HMO Act claim, Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-32-229; and “Plaintiffs’ other common law
claims.” We address each below.

                                  1.    Tennessee Consumer Protection Act

        Appellants contend that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
Appellees as to Appellants’ TCPA claim. In the “Facts” section of their Complaint, Appellants
allege that “[t]he Defendants’ unfair, deceptive, and monopolistic practices are contrary to the
Tennessee Consumer Protection Act[.]” However, in their “Causes of Action” section Appellants
allege only that “Defendant, ConservCare, has acted deceptively and falsely in advertising that all
‘willing’ chiropractor participants are allowed to participate in the IPA. Thus, Defendant,
ConservCare, is in violation of the Consumer Protection Act, T.C.A. § 47-18-104, which prohibits
unfair or deceptive trade practices[.]” Because Appellants’ TCPA cause of action was not asserted
against either Appellee Hanson or Appellee Health Choice, we will not address this issue.

                            2.    Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1986

     Appellants assert that the trial court also erred in granting summary judgment as to their
HMO Act claim. In their Complaint, Appellants quote the HMO Act as providing:

                  (a) The managed health insurance issuer shall not discriminate with
                  respect to participation, referral, reimbursement of covered services
                  or indemnification as to any provider within a class of providers who
                  is acting within the scope of the provider’s license or certification
                  under state law, solely on the basis of such license or certification. In
                  selecting among providers of health services for membership in a
                  provider network, the managed health insurance issuer or other
                  network shall not discriminate against a class of providers who
                  provide services that are covered by the plan by prohibiting such class
                  of providers from membership in the provider network.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-32-229(a) (2002). However, Appellants fail to cite the remainder of the
statute, which reads:


         8
            In stating that his patients were “products” of referrals, Appellee Hanson used the term as synonymous with
“result,” rather than as contemplated by the TTPA. Likewise, in his deposition, Don E. Cole stated that he had “never
considered a patient a product[,]” and only characterized the income and fees resulting from his patients as products.


                                                         -8-
               This section shall not be construed as prohibiting managed health
               insurance issuers from including providers or classes of providers
               only to the extent necessary to meet the needs of the managed health
               insurance issuer’s plan and its enrollees, or from limiting referrals
               or establishing any other measure designed to maintain quality and
               control costs consistent with the responsibilities of the plan. This
               chapter shall not be construed as creating coverage for any service
               that is not otherwise covered under the terms of the managed health
               insurance issuer’s plan.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-32-229(a) (2002) (emphasis added).


        Based on the portion omitted by Appellants, we find not only that Appellees are not in
violation of such statute, but that the HMO Act expressly authorizes Appellees actions. Therefore,
we find the trial court correctly granted summary judgment as to Appellants’ HMO Act claim.

                                    3.    Common Law Claims

        In their Brief, Appellants identify two common law claims which they maintain the trial court
erred in dismissing: outrageous conduct and tortious interference with another’s business. However,
we find Appellants have failed to present a sufficient argument concerning the dismissal of these
causes of action. Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a) provides that an appellant’s brief

               shall contain . . . [a]n argument, which may be preceded by a
               summary of argument, setting forth the contention of the appellant
               with respect to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor,
               including the reasons why the contentions require appellate relief,
               with citations to the authorities and appropriate references to the
               record . . . relied on[.]

“The failure of a party to cite to any authority or to construct an argument regarding his position on
appeal constitutes waiver of that issue.” Boggs Kurlander Steele, LLC v. Horizon Commc’ns, No.
M2006-00018-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 490628, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 21, 2008) (citing
Newcomb v. Kohler Co., 222 S.W.3d 368, 402 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006); see also Rector v. Halliburton,
No. M1999-02802-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 535924, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 26, 2003) (per
curiam); Rhea County v. Town of Graysville, No. E2001-02313-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 1723681,
at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 25, 2002)).

       Appellants’ Brief merely lists the elements of these causes of action and other case law
defining the torts without providing any factual basis for the requested relief. These statements of
law do not provide the “argument” and “appropriate references to the record” required by Tennessee
Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a). Thus, we find, under Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure


                                                 -9-
27(a), that Appellants have waived their right to have the dismissal of their outrageous conduct and
tortious interference with another’s business claims considered by this court.

                                        V. CONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court. Costs of this
appeal are taxed to Appellants, Steven Amodeo, D.C., Michael Bast, D.C., Glenn R. Burford, D.C.,
William J. Cromer, D.C., Dwayne Curle, D.C., Tom Gill, D.C., David C. Hall, II, D.C., Michael C.
Holliman, D.C., Ben Kemker, D.C., and Rock Wooster, D.C., and their surety, for which execution
may issue if necessary.



                                                      ___________________________________
                                                      ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.




                                               -10-
