                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________
                                                                   FILED
                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                No. 04-16599
                                                             January 31, 2006
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                                                            THOMAS K. KAHN
                          ________________________              CLERK

                       D. C. Docket No. 04-60130-CR-JIC

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                     versus

MARVIN EWART,

                                                            Defendant-Appellant.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                         _________________________

                               (January 31, 2006)

Before BLACK, BARKETT and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Marvin Ewart appeals his convictions, imposed pursuant to a jury verdict,

for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five or more kilograms of

cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), and (b)(1)(A), and 846 (Count 1),
and possession of a firearm in relation to a drug trafficking crime, in violation of

21 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (Count 2). On appeal, he asserts, inter alia, that the

evidence was insufficient to support his conviction on Count 1.1 After careful

review, we affirm.

       We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, resolving

all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the jury’s verdict. See

United States v. Rudisill, 187 F.3d 1260, 1267 (11th Cir. 1999). The evidence is

sufficient if a reasonable trier of fact, choosing among reasonable interpretations of

the evidence, could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.                         United States v.

Lluesma, 45 F.3d 408, 409-10 (11th Cir. 1995).

       The parties are familiar with the facts and we only summarize those

necessary to our sufficiency-of-the-evidence analysis here.                         Ewart and his


       1
           Ewart also asserts he received ineffective assistance of counsel when his attorney failed
to request a jury instruction on entrapment. This issue was not addressed by the district court. We
generally will not consider on direct appeal claims of ineffective assistance of counsel if the district
court neither entertained the claim, nor developed a factual record. United States v. Bender, 290
F.3d 1279, 1284 (11th Cir. 2002). If there is insufficient evidence in the record to consider this
claim on direct appeal, it should be resolved in a collateral proceeding, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
2255, where an evidentiary hearing may be held. See United States v. Camacho, 40 F.3d 349, 355
(11th Cir. 1994) (“We will, however, consider an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct
appeal if the record is sufficiently developed.”), overruled in part on other grounds by United States
v. Sanchez, 269 F.3d 1250 (11th Cir. 1994). In the instant case, the record is insufficiently
developed to consider Ewart’s ineffective-assistance claim. Accordingly, we decline to review the
claim and dismiss it without prejudice. See Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 509 (2003)
(“We . . . hold that failure to raise an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim on direct appeal does
not bar the claim from being brought in a later, appropriate proceeding under § 2255.”); United
States v. Khoury, 901 F.2d 948, 974 (11th Cir.) (dismissing ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim
brought on direct appeal without prejudice to pursue on collateral relief), modified on other grounds,
910 F.2d 713 (11th Cir. 1990)).

                                                   2
codefendant, Hamilton Forrester, were charged by a superceding indictment with

conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846, and possession of a

firearm in relation to a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

924(c)(1)(A). Ewart and Forrester pled not guilty and proceeded to a joint jury

trial.

         The government presented the following evidence. Deputy Oswaldo Tianga,

of the Broward County Sheriff’s Department (“BCSD”), testified about a sting

operation involving an attempted armed home-invasion robbery of multiple

kilograms of cocaine from a purported “stash house.” Deputy Tianga, who was

acting undercover, posed as a disgruntled narcotics courier seeking to recruit

people to rob a narcotics organization. He told the people he recruited that his

father had been the head of the narcotics organization and was deported, after

which he received no assistance from the organization.         As a result, Tianga

indicated, he wanted to retaliate against the organization.

         On April 27, 2004, Deputy Tianga met with a confidential informant (“CI”)

and a man named Albert Moore.          At the meeting, Tianga told Moore that he

wanted Moore to plan and commit the home invasion robbery of a house that

contained at least 15 kilograms of cocaine. Moore agreed to commit the robbery

and said that he had two partners. Moore said that one person would go in the

                                           3
home and force everyone to the floor, the second person would tie everyone up

with duct tape, and the third person would steal the cocaine.

      On May 6, 2004, Tianga met with Moore and Leo Ladaras Strachan to

discuss more details of the planned home invasion robbery.       At this meeting,

Deputy Tianga told Moore and Strachan that he would call them when he knew

that the shipment of cocaine had arrived and would be at the target house. On May

19, Deputy Tianga met with Strachan alone and Strachan told him that Moore was

unreliable and that he (Strachan) could recruit other people to commit the robbery

with him, including someone who was “like [his] brother.” About a week later,

Deputy Tianga called Strachan and told him that the shipment of cocaine had come

in.

      On the next day, May 27th, Tianga met Strachan and Ewart, who arrived in a

silver Honda Accord and who Strachan introduced as his brother.        During the

meeting, which took place at Lester’s Diner, Forrester remained in the Accord.

Thereafter, Strachan, Ewart, and Forrester followed Tianga to a nearby warehouse,

where Tianga said he was going to receive a phone call indicating where the

cocaine was located.

      While at the warehouse, Tianga asked the men if they were armed.          In

response, Ewart displayed a “baby glock,” and Strachan displayed a semiautomatic

handgun. Forrester also stated that they all had guns. Tianga told the three men

                                          4
that there was going to be 30 kilograms of cocaine and that he was supposed to be

transporting seven kilograms of it. He told them that they would have to “lay

down” the two guards, and Ewart responded “we going to duct tape their butts.”

Ewart also said that they would have to tie up Tianga and leave him with the

guards. Forrester commented to Tianga that “when you’re coming out the house

we are going to jam you and bring you back in,” and stated that they would leave

Tianga’s portion of the cocaine in the bathroom at the warehouse.

      At this point, Deputy Tiangra provided the “takedown signal” for the arrest

team and the S.W.A.T team entered the warehouse. Members of the S.W.A.T.

team subsequently shot and killed Strachan when he reached for his weapon.

Ewart and Forrester were arrested and placed in the back of a patrol car equipped

with a recording device. Ewart told Forrester that he would not be charged with

anything, but indicated “They can charge me for conspiracy man, you know.”

      Raymond Mountz, a forensic detective for the City of Fort Lauderdale,

testified that he responded to the warehouse after the shooting. At the scene he

recovered a semi-automatic handgun loaded with seven cartridges and a nine-

millimeter Glock firearm loaded with nine cartridges. He also recovered a role of

duct tape from under the front seat of the Honda Accord parked outside the

warehouse.




                                         5
      Steven Galloway, a special agent with the ATF, testified that he went to the

federal courthouse to help move the two prisoners.                Ewart and Forrester were

placed in two separate rooms.              Special Agent Galloway and another agent

informed Ewart of his Miranda 2 rights and asked him if he would agree to be

interviewed. After signing a waiver-of-rights form, Ewart stated that on the night

he was arrested, he was planning to steal at least 15 kilograms of cocaine and was

in possession of a gun that Strachan had given to him when he was recruited to

participate. He also indicated that he was going to receive a portion of the stolen

cocaine as payment for his participation.

      Ewart’s theories of defense were that he played a minor role in the

conspiracy and that Special Officer Tianga failed to follow police procedures

during the sting operation because he did not meet with Ewart three times before

arresting him. In support of these theories, Ewart called Special Agent Coy, who

testified that during the meeting at the warehouse, Ewart expressed concern that

the guards inside the house they were going to rob would know that Tianga was

involved in the robbery. Ewart did not testify.

      Forrester testified in his own defense, indicating that he went to Ewart’s

house on May 27th because Ewart was going to drop him off at a basketball court.

According to Forrester, when he arrived at Ewart’s house, Strachan, whom

      2
          Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

                                                 6
Forrester had never seen before, was there, and Ewart said that he had to take

Strachan to meet a friend. Forrester stated that he was dressed in jeans and a plaid

shirt, but had basketball shorts and a tank top on under those clothes. Ewart drove

Forrester and Strachan to Lester’s Diner and Strachan and Ewart got out and talked

with another man. After that, the three men drove to the warehouse and went

inside. Forrester said that he did not know anything about a robbery, but did hear

Tianga talking about cocaine and guns. Special Agent Galloway also testified that

during Ewart’s interview, Ewart stated that Forrester had come along for the ride

but did not know particularly what was going to happen.3

       The jury returned a verdict acquitting Forrester and finding Ewart guilty of

both charges.       Ewart was sentenced to a 235-month term of imprisonment,

followed by a 5-year term of supervised release. This appeal followed.

       First, Ewart argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conspiracy conviction.        To prove participation in a conspiracy, the government

must show (1) the defendant agreed with one or more persons to commit a crime,



       3
         We can find no clear abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision allowing the
government to present rebuttal testimony from Special Agent Coy, after the defense rested. Cf.
United States v. Mendez, 117 F.3d 480, 484 (11th Cir. 1997) (reviewing the district court’s
resolution of evidentiary issues for a clear abuse of discretion). From our review of the trial
transcript, it is clear this testimony was presented for the permissible purpose of rebutting co-
defendant Forrester’s testimony during the defense case-in-chief. Cf. United States v. Frazier, 387
F.3d 1244, 1269 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc)(observing “the purpose of rebuttal evidence is to
explain, repel, counteract, or disprove the evidence of the adverse party”), cert. denied,125 S. Ct.
2516 (2005) (internal quotation and citation omitted).

                                                 7
and (2) the defendant knowingly and voluntarily joined or participated in the

illegal venture. United States v. Baptista-Rodriguez, 17 F.3d 1354, 1369 (11th Cir.

1994). Ewart argues the government’s evidence on the first element was deficient

because the government established only an agreement with an undercover agent,

Tianga.4 We disagree.

       To support a conspiracy conviction, “[d]irect evidence of an illegal

agreement is not necessary; circumstantial evidence may suffice.” Id. Even if

there are many conspirators, a defendant’s guilt can be established if his contact

extends to only a few or even one of the co-conspirators. United States v. Toler,

144 F.3d 1423, 1427-28 (11th Cir. 1998).                  “[I]t takes at least two to conspire

neither of which may be government agents or informers.”                          United States v.

Wright, 63 F.3d 1067, 1072 (11th Cir. 1995). However, the government may

establish the agreement element by way of showing an agreement between the

        4
           Given the large amount of cocaine involved (15 kilograms), we are unpersuaded by
Ewart’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to establish the intent element of the charged
conspiracy. Cf. United States v. Perez-Tosta, 36 F.3d 1552, 1560 (11th Cir. 1994) (rejecting
sufficiency challenge to evidence establishing intent to distribute, given the large quantity of cocaine
involved (70 kilograms), from which the jury was free to infer an intent to distribute); United States
v. Carrascal-Olivera, 755 F.2d 1446, 1451 (11th Cir. 1985) (rejecting challenge to sufficiency of the
evidence to support conviction for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and
observing that intent to distribute can be inferred from the amount of cocaine (8 kilograms)
involved); United States v. Thomas, 676 F.2d 531, 538 (11th Cir. 1982) (observing “intent to
distribute a controlled substance may be inferred solely from possession of a large amount of the
substance”). We likewise are unpersuaded by his argument that the government did not prove a
“meeting of the minds” because Special Agent Tianga did not comply with the policy of the Bureau
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives to meet three times with a suspect before an arrest
is made.


                                                   8
defendant and an unnamed co-conspirator who is referenced in the indictment.

See United States v. Figueroa, 720 F.2d 1239, 1244-45, 1245 n.8 (11th Cir. 1983)

(“an individual can be convicted of conspiracy with ‘unknown persons’ referred to

in the indictment”); United States v. Crayton, 357 F.3d 560, 567 (6th Cir. 2004)

(rejecting argument that alleged co-conspirators’ acquittal precluded defendant’s

conviction for conspiring to possess cocaine with intent to distribute, since record

presented ample evidence for reasonable jury to have concluded that defendant

conspired with “unknown people”).

       Here, the indictment charged that Ewart had conspired with Forrester and

“persons known and unknown to the grand jury.” On this record, we are satisfied

there was ample evidence from which a reasonable jury could have concluded

Ewart reached an illegal agreement with Strachan, irrespective of Forrester’s

involvement in the conspiracy.5 This evidence included: (1) Ewart’s participation

in the conversation at the warehouse regarding the details and planning of the

robbery, during which he displayed a gun, and stated that the guards and Tianga

would have to be tied up with duct tape; (2) the discovery of duct tape in the car



       5
         We need not address the evidence of an agreement between Ewart and Forrester, but we
note that this Court has rejected the position that a conspiracy conviction cannot stand based on the
defendant’s agreement with an acquitted co-conspirator. See United States v. Andrews, 850 F.2d
1557, 1561 (11th Cir. 1988) (en banc) (“Consistent verdicts are unrequired in joint trials for
conspiracy: where all but one of the charged conspirators are acquitted, the verdict against the one
can stand.”).

                                                 9
Ewart drove to the meeting; (3) Ewart’s statements, during his confession to ATF

agents, that he was recruited by Strachan to commit a robbery, was prepared to

commit a robbery on the night of his arrest, was going to steal at least 15 kilograms

of cocaine, and was supposed to get some of the cocaine for his participation; and

(4) Strachan told Deputy Tianga that he could recruit others, including someone

“like [his] brother,” to commit the robbery and subsequently introduced Ewart to

Tianga as “my brother.” Simply put, based on the above evidence, viewed in the

light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, a reasonable trier of fact, choosing

among reasonable interpretations of the evidence, could find guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt.    See Lluesma, 45 F.3d at 409-10.        Accordingly, we reject

Ewart’s sufficiency argument.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         10
