                                                                        FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                      PUBLISH                       Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                  April 19, 2016

                                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                      Clerk of Court
                       _________________________________

COPE, a/k/a Citizens for Objective Public
Education, Inc.; CARL REIMER; MARY
ANGELA REIMER; B.R., a Minor, by and
through her parents Carl and Mary Angela
Reimer as Next Friends; H.R., a Minor, by
and through her parents Carl and Mary
Angela Reimer as Next Friends; B.R., a
Minor, by and through his parents Carl and
Mary Angela Reimer as Next Friends; N.R.            No. 14-3280
a Minor, by and through his parents Carl
and Mary Angela Reimer as Next Friends;
SANDRA NELSON; J.N., a Minor, by and
through his parent Sandra Nelson as Next
Friend; LEE MORSS; TONI MORSS;
L.M., a Minor, by and through her parents
Lee and Toni Morss as Next Friends; R.M.,
a Minor, by and through his parents Lee
and Toni Morss as Next Friends; A.M., a
Minor, by and through his parents Lee and
Toni Morss as Next Friends; MARK
REDDEN; ANGELA REDDEN; M.R., a
Minor, by and through his parents Mark
Redden and Angela Redden as Next
Friends; BURKE PELTON; KELCEE
PELTON; B.P., a Minor, by and through
her parents Burke Pelton and Kelcee Pelton
as Next Friends; L.P., a Minor, by and
through her parents Burke Pelton and
Kelcee Pelton as Next Friends; K.P., a
Minor, by and through her parents Burke
Pelton and Kelcee Pelton as Next Friends;
MICHAEL LEIBY; BRE ANN LEIBY;
E.L., a Minor, by and through his parents
Michael Leiby and Bre Ann Leiby as Next
Friends; P.L., a Minor, by and through his
parents Michael Leiby and Bre Ann Leiby
as Next Friends; Z.L., a Minor, by and
through his parents Michael Leiby and Bre
Ann Leiby as Next Friends; JASON
PELTON; ROBIN PELTON; C.P., a
Minor, by and through her parents Jason
Pelton and Robin Pelton as Next Friends;
S.P., a Minor, by and through his parents
Jason Pelton and Robin Pelton as Next
Friends; S.P., a Minor, by and through her
parents Jason Pelton and Robin Pelton as
Next Friends; C.P., a Minor, by and
through her parents Jason Pelton and Robin
Pelton as Next Friends; CARL
WALSTON; MARISEL WALSTON;
H.W., a Minor, by and through his parents
Carl Walston and Marisel Walston as Next
Friends; DAVID PRATHER; VICTORIA
PRATHER,

      Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.

KANSAS STATE BOARD OF
EDUCATION; JANET WAUGH, Member
of the Kansas State Board of Education, in
her official capacity only; STEVE
ROBERTS, Member of the Kansas State
Board of Education, in his official capacity
only; JOHN W. BACON, Member of the
Kansas State Board of Education, in his
official capacity only; CAROLYN L.
WIMS-CAMPBELL, Member of the
Kansas State Board of Education, in her
official capacity only; SALLY CAUBLE,
Member of the Kansas State Board of
Education, in her official capacity only;
DEENA HORST, Member of the Kansas
State Board of Education, in her official
capacity only; KENNETH WILLARD,
Member of the Kansas State Board of
Education, in his official capacity only;
KATHY BUSCH, Member of the Kansas

                                               -2-
State Board of Education, in her official
capacity only; JANA SHAVER, Member
of the Kansas State Board of Education, in
her official capacity only; JIM MCNIECE,
Member of the Kansas State Board of
Education, in his official capacity only;
KANSAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION; BRAD
NEUENSWANDER, Acting
Commissioner of the Kansas State
Department of Education, in his official
capacity only,*

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of Kansas
                        (D.C. No. 5:13-CV-04119-DDC-JPO)
                       _________________________________

John H. Calvert, Calvert Law Offices, Kansas City, Missouri, (Douglas J. Patterson,
Property Law Firm, LLC, Leawood, Kansas, and Kevin T. Snider, Pacific Justice
Institute, Sacramento, California, with him on the briefs), for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Dwight R. Carswell, Assistant Solicitor General, (Jeffrey A. Chanay, Chief Deputy
Attorney General, Cheryl L. Whelan, Assistant Attorney General, and Stephen O.
Phillips, Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of
Kansas, Topeka, Kansas, and R. Scott Gordon, Kansas State Department of Education,
Topeka, Kansas, with him on the briefs), for Defendants-Appellees.
                         _________________________________

Before LUCERO, MATHESON, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

LUCERO, Circuit Judge.
                    _________________________________



       *
      Pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2) Brad Neuenswander replaces Diane
DeBacker as Commissioner of the Kansas State Department of Education.

                                             -3-
      In 2013, the Kansas Board of Education (the “Board”) adopted curriculum

standards establishing performance expectations for science instruction in

kindergarten through twelfth grade. Appellants—Citizens for Objective Public

Education, Kansas parents, and school children (collectively, “COPE”)—contend that

although the standards purport to further science education, their concealed aim is to

teach students to answer questions about the cause and nature of life with only non-

religious explanations. COPE thus claims injury under the Establishment Clause

because: (1) the Board’s adoption of the Standards has communicated a religious

symbol or message and breached plaintiff parents’ trust; and (2) Kansas schools’

implementation of the Standards is imminent and will result in anti-religious

instruction. COPE also asserts two plaintiffs have standing as taxpayers who object

to their tax dollars being used to implement the Standards. The district court

disagreed, and dismissed the suit without prejudice for lack of standing.

      We conclude all three theories of injury fail. Exercising jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                           I

      In 2011, the National Research Council† published the Framework for K-12

Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas (the


      †
       The National Research Council is the principal operating agency of the
National Academy of Sciences—a non-governmental organization organized under
Congressional charter in 1863 to advise the federal government on scientific and
engineering issues.


                                          -4-
“Framework”). The Framework was intended to “articulate a broad set of

expectations for students in science” through twelfth grade. Based on the

Framework, a group of 26 states developed and published the Next Generation

Science Standards (the “NGSS”) to “provide performance expectations that depict

what . . . student[s] must do to show proficiency in science.” In 2013, the Board

adopted the Framework and NGSS (together, the “Standards”) pursuant to a Kansas

state law requiring the Board to adopt curriculum standards. Kan. Stat. § 72-

6479(b).‡

      As the Standards themselves state, they are “not intended to define course

structure.” Instead, Kansas law provides that they are guideposts for school districts,

which retain control to shape and adopt their own curricula. Kan. Stat. § 72-6479(b)

(curriculum standards “shall [not] be construed in any manner so as to impinge upon

any district’s authority to determine its own curriculum”). Thus, the Standards

simply establish performance expectations for what students should “know and be

able to do” at each grade level.§ Kan. Admin. Regs. § 91-31-31(d). Accordingly, they


      ‡
         The parties cite Kan. Stat. § 72-6439. Kansas repealed § 72-6439 effective
July 1, 2015. 2015 Kansas Session Laws Ch. 4 § 81. But the legislature enacted a
new statute that contains all of the provisions previously in § 72-6439. 2015 Kan.
Sess. Laws Ch. 4 § 20; Kan. Stat. § 72-6479. For ease, we cite the new statute.
      §
        For example, the “Biological Evolution” section of the Standards states that
by the end of grade two students should know that “[s]ome kinds of plants and
animals that once lived on Earth (e.g., dinosaurs) are no longer found anywhere”;
“[l]iving things can only survive where their needs are met”; and “there are many
different kinds of living things in any area, and they exist in different places on land
and in water.”

                                           -5-
acknowledge that they “do not prescribe specific curricula, [although] they do

provide some criteria for designing curricula.” And they expressly state that teachers

may go “beyond the standards to ensure their students’ needs are met” and that

educators and curriculum developers maintain a “great deal of discretion.”

      COPE is an organization formed to promote the religious rights of parents,

students, and taxpayers. Its members include individuals whose children are, or

expect to be, enrolled in Kansas public schools. COPE alleges that the Standards

violate the Establishment Clause, U.S. Const. amend. I, by seeking to establish a non-

religious worldview in the guise of science education.** It argues that such a

worldview will be inculcated in children throughout their thirteen-year public school

experience by requiring students, beginning in kindergarten, to answer questions

about the cause and nature of life with only scientific, non-religious explanations.

COPE contends that the Standards omit relevant evidence, and are driven by a covert

________________________
      **
          COPE’s complaint also alleges that the Standards violate the First
Amendment’s Free Exercise and Free Speech Clauses and the Fourteenth
Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. COPE makes only passing references to
these claims on appeal. In particular, COPE does not identify or apply the test for
determining whether a cognizable injury exists for these claims. See Ward v. Utah,
321 F.3d 1263, 1267 (10th Cir. 2003) (test for speech claim); see also Ne. Fla.
Chapter of Associated Gen. Contractors of Am. v. City of Jacksonville, 508 U.S. 656,
666 (1993) (test for equal protection claim). Instead, COPE limits its arguments to
demonstrating standing under the Establishment Clause. Accordingly, any challenge
to the district court’s dismissal of COPE’s Free Exercise, Free Speech, and
Fourteenth Amendment claims is waived, Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d
664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998) (“Arguments inadequately briefed in the opening brief are
waived.”), and we exclusively consider whether COPE has suffered a cognizable
injury under the Establishment Clause.

                                          -6-
attempt to guide children to reject religious beliefs. However, COPE appears not to

object to the Standards’ methods generally, having conceded that the methods

“ha[ve] utility in many areas of science.” Nor does COPE categorically object to

teaching evolution or origins science. Rather, it proposes that all biological theories,

including evolution, should be taught “objectively to generate a religiously neutral

effect.” COPE also objects to teaching origins science to young children before they

are mature enough to critically analyze scientific theory. Thus, it seeks a declaration

that the Standards violate the Establishment Clause. It further seeks an injunction

against implementation of the Standards in their entirety or, in the alternative, an

injunction against teaching origins science until high school, and then requiring that

it be taught in a manner COPE believes is objective.

                                           II

      The district court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over this suit

because COPE lacks standing. We review the district court’s determination

regarding subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Niemi v. Lasshofer, 770 F.3d 1331,

1344 (10th Cir. 2014). “For purposes of standing, we must assume the Plaintiffs’ claim

has legal validity.” Initiative & Referendum Inst. v. Walker, 450 F.3d 1082, 1092-93

(10th Cir. 2006) (en banc). However, Plaintiffs must show an “injury in fact” that is:

(1) “concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent”; (2) “fairly traceable to the

challenged action”; and (3) “redressable by a favorable ruling.” Clapper v. Amnesty

Int’l USA, 133 S. Ct. 1138, 1147 (2013).



                                           -7-
      In the Establishment Clause context, “standing is clearly conferred by [injury

to] non-economic religious values” but litigants must “identify a personal injury

suffered by them as a consequence of the alleged constitutional error, other than the

psychological consequence presumably produced by observation of conduct with

which one disagrees.” Awad v. Ziriax, 670 F.3d 1111, 1122 (10th Cir. 2012). As the

party invoking federal jurisdiction, COPE bears the burden of establishing these

elements. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). And “each

element must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff

bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at

the successive stages of the litigation.” Id. at 561. At the pleading stage, we “must

accept as true all material allegations of the complaint, and must construe the

complaint in favor of the complaining party.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501

(1975). “[G]eneral factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant’s

conduct may suffice” to support the claim. Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561. However,

“[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

Thus, plaintiffs must adequately allege a plausible claim of injury. Walker, 450 F.3d

at 1089.

      COPE argues it suffered three injuries sufficient to support standing. It

contends first that the adoption of the standards created an actual injury both by

adopting a religious symbol and by breaching parents’ trust in the Kansas school

system. It also argues that future injury is imminent because the standards compel

                                          -8-
Kansas schools to teach objectionable material. Finally, it alleges that two appellants

have standing as taxpayers who object to their tax dollars being used for religious (or

anti-religious) purposes. Each of COPE’s arguments fails.

                                            A

       COPE alleges that the Board’s act of adopting the Standards, without more,

created concrete injury-in-fact. COPE argues the Standards are a symbol of a non-

religious worldview, adoption of which violates the “right to be free from

government that favors one religious view over another.” To support this claimed

injury, COPE relies on Awad, 670 F.3d 1111, and American Atheists, Inc. v.

Davenport, 637 F.3d 1095 (10th Cir. 2010). However, COPE does not allege any

facts that suggest injury under either case.

       In Awad, we held that the adoption of a statute that singled out an individual

religion for disfavored legal treatment is sufficient to cause injury to a member of

that religion for standing purposes under the Establishment Clause. 670 F.3d at

1122. The relevant statute in Awad targeted the Muslim religion explicitly and

interfered with the plaintiff’s ability to practice his faith and access legal processes.

Id. at 1120, 1122. We held that a statute that “expressly condemns” a particular

religion and exposes its members to such disfavored treatment causes sufficient

injury to support standing. Id. at 1123. But unlike the statute in Awad, the Standards

do not condemn any or all religions and do not target religious believers for

disfavored treatment. And COPE offers only threadbare assertions that the Standards

intend to promote a non-religious worldview. Thus, COPE’s allegations regarding

                                            -9-
adoption amount to psychological consequences produced by observation of conduct

with which it disagrees. Awad, 670 F.3d at 1122. This injury does not suffice. Id.

Similarly, in American Atheists, Inc., we held plaintiffs had standing to challenge the

placement of crosses along public roadsides as government-sponsored religious

symbols with which they had personal and unwelcome contact. 637 F.3d at 1114-

1115. But, again, unlike the plaintiffs in American Atheists, COPE does not offer

any allegations to support the conclusion that the Standards are a government-

sponsored religious symbol.

      COPE also contends that the adoption breached its trust by violating both the

parents’ right to direct their children’s religious education, and the children’s right to

public education without religious (and non-religious) indoctrination, contrary to

Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1962).†† In Edwards, the Court held that it is

the parents’ right to direct the religious education of their children. 482 U.S. at 583-

84. The Court noted that public schools must uphold the trust that the State will not

use the classroom to “advance religious views that may conflict with the private

beliefs of the student and his or her family,” id., and that families “condition their


      ††
         Edwards and other cases COPE relies on do not discuss standing, and so do
not stand for the proposition that a standing defect did not exist on the facts of those
cases. Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125, 144 (2011)
(“When a potential jurisdictional defect is neither noted nor discussed in a federal
decision, the decision does not stand for the proposition that no defect existed.”).
Nevertheless, the analysis in these cases is instructive. Accord Awad, 670 F.3d at
1121 n.6 (finding previous merits decisions instructive in defining the contours of
standing under the Establishment Clause).


                                           -10-
trust [of public schools] on the understanding that the classroom will not purposely

be used to advance religious views,” id. at 584.‡‡ COPE argues that the Standards

violate this trust by sending a message of religious endorsement to guide school

districts; and by causing fear and anxiety that the students may have to opt-out of

religiously biased classroom instruction. However, as noted supra, COPE does not

offer any facts to support the conclusion that the Standards condemn any religion or

send a message of endorsement. And any fear of biased instruction is premised on

COPE’s predictions of school districts’ responses to the Standards—an attempt by

COPE to recast a future injury as a present one. For reasons discussed infra, we

reject this claim as well.

                                            B

       COPE also asserts injury because local school districts’ potential

implementation of the Standards will cause science to be taught in a manner that

violates religious liberties. For this potential future injury to support standing, the

injury must be “certainly impending.” Clapper, 133 S. Ct. at 1147. But COPE

acknowledges that the statute requiring the Board to adopt curriculum standards

expressly preserves districts’ authority to determine their own curricula. Kan. Stat.


       ‡‡
         Although we do not reach the merits, we note that COPE asks the court to
implement a requirement identical to the one imposed by the statute in Edwards.
COPE frames the materialism of evolutionary theory as a religious belief competing
with COPE’s own teleological religion, and demands that if evolution is taught,
teleological origins theories must also be taught. The Edwards Court expressly held
such a requirement unconstitutional. 482 U.S. at 592.


                                           -11-
§ 72-6479. And COPE concedes that it is possible that districts may not adopt the

Standards, even if it perceives that possibility as remote.§§ Moreover, even if

implementation were certainly impending, we find nothing to suggest that injury

from implementation is also impending. COPE alleges injury because it believes the

Standards do not reflect an objective or neutral view of evolution, and require schools

to teach science to young children who cannot critically analyze scientific theories.

These claimed injuries would result from what is allegedly not in the Standards—an

objective view of origins science. But nothing prevents school districts from adding

to or altering the Standards as they develop curricula.*** And the Standards

themselves encourage districts to teach the limits of scientific knowledge. They state

      §§
          COPE argues that implementing the Standards is effectively or practically
required—and thus certainly impending—because: (1) Kansas law requires that
districts meet or exceed minimum requirements, and the adopted Standards can be
viewed as the baseline for these requirements; (2) the Standards are intended to, and
do, guide local revisions to curricula; (3) the Board controls accreditation and
financing for teacher training, and may use these tools to guide curriculum
development; (4) the districts have implemented similar standards in the past; (5)
some districts are in the process of implementing the Standards; and (6) the
Standards are detailed and comprehensive, so even though districts may change them,
it is easier for them to simply adopt the Standards as-is. However, COPE did not
raise any of these arguments below, and they are waived. Wilburn v. Mid-S. Health
Dev., Inc., 343 F.3d 1274, 1280 (10th Cir. 2003). Moreover, these factors do not
eliminate the districts’ discretion, and so do not demonstrate that implementation is
beyond doubt or certainly impending. Clapper, 133 S. Ct. at 1147.
      ***
          COPE argues that districts will likely implement the Standards without
change. It is difficult to grasp how districts would do so, given the Standards’
statements that they are not curricula, and their plea that districts reach beyond the
Standards to ensure students’ needs are met. Nevertheless, COPE asserts that
implementation-without-change is an option, and we have assumed that assertion is
accurate for purposes of our analysis.


                                          -12-
that students should “develop an understanding that . . . science and engineering . . .

are human endeavors,” and that some science- or engineering-related questions have

“moral . . . underpinnings that vary across cultures,” the answers to which are “not

solved by scientific and engineering methods alone.” Moreover, the Kansas NGSS

Review Committee expressly recommends that districts “push beyond these

standards” as they develop curricula. Because the Standards expressly recommend

objective curricula, and the committee advises districts to add to the Standards,

districts may choose to delve deeper into the limitations of the scientific method or to

teach alternative origins theories.††† In the face of this uncertainty, we cannot know

whether COPE will find the curricula districts adopt adequately objective.‡‡‡

      In sum, because the districts may choose not to adopt the Standards, or may

alter the Standards in ways that alleviate Appellants’ concerns, potential future injury




      †††
          Relatedly, COPE argues that it will be onerous or impossible for objecting
parents to opt-out of the Standards, which will permeate all aspects of school
curricula. But until school districts implement the Standards in an objectionable way,
there is nothing to opt-out of.
      ‡‡‡
           Regardless, COPE has not shown that these alleged future injuries are fairly
traceable to the challenged action. Id. COPE acknowledges that evolution is the
dominant origins theory in American culture, which suggests COPE would fear
objectionable teaching of origins sciences even without the Standards’
recommendations. This suggestion is supported by COPE’s assertion below that the
previous version of the Standards incorporated the same methods COPE finds
objectionable in the new version. Thus, the alleged absence of objective curricula is
not fairly traceable to the Standards.


                                          -13-
from the Standards themselves is speculative and insufficient to support standing.§§§




      §§§
          COPE’s alleged injuries are also not redressable by a favorable ruling. Id.
COPE asks us to issue a declaratory judgment and to enjoin the Standards either
entirely or as applied to elementary and middle school students, and to require
objective teaching of origins science in high school. But none of these remedies
would redress the alleged threat of a biased, subjective version of evolution. Again,
schools may incorporate the Standards or other curricula regardless of whether the
Board has officially adopted them. And even with a favorable ruling from this court,
schools could teach evolution in a manner COPE finds objectionable.
Implementation therefore turns on the decisions of third-parties that are not before us.
Allen, 468 U.S. at 757. We will not “endorse standing theories that require
guesswork as to how independent decisionmakers will exercise their judgment.”
Clapper, 133 S. Ct. at 1150.

                                         -14-
                                          C

      Finally, two appellants assert standing on the theory that they object to their

tax dollars being spent to support the Standards. Appellants do not raise this

argument in their opening brief, and so it is waived. Adler, 144 F.3d at 679.

                                          III

      The district court’s dismissal for lack of standing is AFFIRMED.




                                         -15-
