[Cite as State v. Bernard, 2018-Ohio-351.]


                                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    ASHTABULA COUNTY, OHIO


STATE OF OHIO,                                  :      OPINION

             Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                       CASE NO. 2016-A-0063
    - vs -                                      :

BRIANNA BERNARD,                                :

             Defendant-Appellant.               :


Criminal Appeal from the Ashtabula County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2014
CR 00564.

Judgment: Reversed and convictions are vacated


Mike DeWine, Ohio Attorney General, State Office Tower, 30 East Broad Street, 16th
Floor, Columbus, Ohio 43215; Brian Deckert, Special Assistant Prosecutor, Ohio
Attorney General’s Office, 615 West Superior Avenue, 11th Floor, Cleveland, OH
44113 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Michael A. Hiener, P.O. Box 1, Jefferson, OH 44047 (For Defendant-Appellant).




COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Brianna Bernard, appeals from the October 5, 2016 judgments

of the Ashtabula County Court of Common Pleas, convicting and sentencing her for

aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, felonious assault, and kidnapping following a

jury trial. For the reasons set forth below, this court finds appellant was denied a fair

trial because of the admission of prejudicial other acts evidence pursuant to Evid.R.
404(B).   This court further finds the evidence presented is not sufficient to support

appellant’s convictions as a matter of law.      Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s

judgments and vacate appellant’s convictions.

       {¶2}     On September 25, 2014, appellant was indicted by the Ashtabula County

Grand Jury on ten counts involving a home invasion with three separate victims,

Heather Marx, Matthew Carnes, and Abigail Grubbs: three counts of aggravated

robbery (counts one through three), felonies of the first degree, in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(1); one count of aggravated burglary (count four), a felony of the first

degree, in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(2); three counts of felonious assault (counts five

through seven), felonies of the second degree, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2); and

three counts of kidnapping (counts eight through ten), felonies of the first degree, in

violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2). Each count carried a firearm specification. Appellant

was represented by counsel, pleaded not guilty to all charges, and waived her right to a

speedy trial.

       {¶3}     On November 2, 2015, appellee, the state of Ohio, filed a notice of

intention to use other acts evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B) and R.C. 2945.59 to

show appellant’s identity, knowledge, absence of mistake, common scheme or plan,

and modus operandi. Specifically, the state sought to present evidence of other home

invasions in which appellant was the getaway driver.

       {¶4}     In response, appellant filed a motion to exclude any evidence related to

other crimes, wrongs, or acts. Appellant asserted that the other acts evidence contains

many significant factual differences from the instant case, is very highly prejudicial to

her, and undermines her rights to due process and a fair trial.




                                            2
       {¶5}   The trial court subsequently found the evidence to be admissible and

permitted the state to use other acts evidence during the jury trial.

       {¶6}   On January 19, 2016, the state filed a motion for joinder, Case Nos. 2014

CR 00564 (involving appellant) and 2014 CR 00571 (involving appellant’s co-defendant

Marcus Lashley). Appellant and co-defendant Lashley filed separate responses. In

appellant’s response, she indicated that undue prejudice would result from joinder

because she and her co-defendant would be asserting antagonistic defenses which are

mutually exclusive to each other, and that the defenses would likely differ to an extent

that would confuse the jury at appellant’s expense. Nevertheless, following a hearing,

the trial court ordered the matters be joined into a single action for purposes of trial.

       {¶7}   A jury trial commenced on September 27, 2016. The state submitted 74

exhibits and the following ten witnesses testified on its behalf: Officers Thomas Simcich,

Chris Mackensen, and Denny Moore with the Conneaut Police Department (“CPD”);

Detective Michael Sullivan with the CPD; Detective William Felt, Jr. with the Ashtabula

City Police Department (“ACPD”); Lieutenant Dennis Dibble with the ACPD; Special

Agent Edward Lulla with the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation (“BCI”); forensic

scientist Emily Feldenkris with BCI; Heather Marx, a victim; and Alyssa Hill, Highland

Place Apartments property manager.

       {¶8}   Heather Marx and her young son lived at Highland Place Apartments, 446

West Main Road, Apartment 101, Conneaut, Ohio.                 Matthew Carnes is Marx’s

boyfriend. Abigail Grubbs is Marx’s friend and babysitter to her son. On January 26,

2014, Marx was in her apartment with her son, her son’s friend, and Grubbs. Marx later

left to pick up Carnes.




                                              3
        {¶9}     When they returned, the apartment was dark.           Marx walked to the

bedroom and was hit on the head several times by one of two assailants, who were

wearing masks. She passed out. When Marx awoke, she had been tied up with belts

and the men were gone. Her phone and car keys were missing. Carnes and Grubbs

were also injured.1

        {¶10} Officer Simcich was dispatched to Marx’s apartment regarding a report of

a home invasion by two masked African American men with handguns.                   Upon his

arrival, Officer Simcich observed Marx with a laceration on her forehead and blood on

her hair and clothing. Marx was crying and extremely distraught. Marx indicated she

was assaulted by one of the two masked men. The apartment was in disarray.

        {¶11} On cross-examination, Officer Simcich testified that he had to be “buzzed

into” Marx’s apartment building. He also stated there were no signs of forced entry.

        {¶12} Officer Mackensen provided back-up assistance.             He confirmed the

condition of the apartment occupants.              While outside, Officer Mackensen noticed

footprints in the snow which he followed across Route 20 to 445 West Main. The trail

led to a parking lot with some tire tracks and what appeared to be the contents of an

ashtray emptied on the ground. Officer Mackensen secured the scene and pointed out

the potential evidence to Detective Sullivan, who arrived about 30 minutes later. A

cigarette butt and a napkin cutting were sent for testing. Appellant was later contacted

and gave a DNA sample. Forensic scientist Feldenkris with BCI confirmed the DNA

profile from the cigarette butt and napkin cutting was consistent with appellant.




1. Neither Carnes nor Grubbs testified at trial.


                                                   4
         {¶13} On cross-examination, Officer Mackensen indicated the footprints in the

snow were not tied to any person or pair of shoes. He also said no one saw who made

the footprints.

         {¶14} Alyssa Hill, the apartment property manager, authenticated a video of the

outside area of the apartment building which was played in open court.        Detective

Sullivan pointed out that the video showed two individuals entering the apartment, a

vehicle pulling into the parking lot, and two individuals leaving the apartment and

running away.

         {¶15} On cross-examination, Detective Sullivan testified it appeared the two

individuals entered the apartment building by merely opening the door, which meant

that someone in one of the twelve units had “buzzed” them in. No indication of the

identity of the two individuals, including gender and race, was able to be made from the

video.

         {¶16} The next day, January 27, 2014, Detective Felt was dispatched to the

scene of a double murder on Norman Avenue, Ashtabula, Ohio. Footprints in the snow

at this crime scene were followed. Some torn clothing and blood from the top of a fence

were found. Special Agent Lulla with BCI was dispatched. BCI confirmed the DNA

profile of the blood belonged to co-defendant Lashley. Also found and recovered was a

knit hat. BCI confirmed the DNA profile of the hat belonged to Taquan Mathers.

         {¶17} During the investigation of the Norman Avenue murders, appellant was

implicated as a suspect in that case as well as in another incident on Hiawatha Avenue,

Ashtabula, Ohio. Authorities were looking for a silver four-door SUV thought to be




                                            5
involved in the Norman Avenue murders. A vehicle of a similar make, model, and color

registered to appellant’s mother, Michelle Bernard, was located but never searched.

       {¶18} At the close of the state’s case, appellant’s counsel moved for an acquittal

pursuant to Crim.R. 29. The trial court dismissed counts one and three (aggravated

robbery), five and seven (felonious assault), and eight and ten (kidnapping) relating to

the alleged victims, Matthew Carnes and Abigail Grubbs.

       {¶19} Appellant did not testify and presented no witnesses. Appellant’s counsel

renewed its Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal regarding the remaining counts, which was

overruled by the trial court.

       {¶20} Following trial, the jury found appellant guilty on count two (aggravated

robbery), count four (aggravated burglary), count six (felonious assault), and count nine

(kidnapping) relating to the victim, Heather Marx. The jury found appellant not guilty of

any of the firearm specifications.

       {¶21} Co-defendant Lashley was acquitted of all charges.

       {¶22} The trial court merged appellant’s counts two and four for purposes of final

conviction and sentencing. Appellant was sentenced to five years in prison on count

four, three years on count six, and five years on count nine. Counts four and nine were

ordered to run concurrently with one another and consecutively with count six for a total

prison sentence of eight years, with 211 days of credit for time served. The court

advised appellant that upon her release from prison, she will have a period of post-

release control for five years. Appellant filed a timely appeal and asserts the following

three assignments of error:2


2. Appellant waived oral argument and submitted an appellate brief on May 8, 2017. On July 28, 2017,
the state filed a motion to file brief instanter which this court granted.


                                                 6
      {¶23} “[1.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of Appellant when it allowed

Appellee to submit other bad acts evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B).

      {¶24} “[2.] The verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence and the

sufficiency of the evidence.

      {¶25} “[3.] The trial court erred when entering inconsistent verdicts against

Appellant.”

      {¶26} In her first assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in

allowing the state to submit other bad acts evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B).

      {¶27} “[A]ppellate review of a trial court’s decision regarding the admissibility of

other crimes, wrongs, or acts under Evid.R. 404(B) is conducted under an abuse-of-

discretion standard.” State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, ¶1. The

term “abuse of discretion” is one of art, connoting judgment exercised by a court which

neither comports with reason, nor the record. State v. Ferranto, 112 Ohio St. 667, 676-

678 (1925). An abuse of discretion may be found when the trial court “applies the

wrong legal standard, misapplies the correct legal standard, or relies on clearly

erroneous findings of fact.” Thomas v. Cleveland, 176 Ohio App.3d 401, 2008-Ohio-

1720, ¶15 (8th Dist.)

      {¶28} Evid.R. 404(B) states in part:

      {¶29} “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however,

be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”

      {¶30} Similarly, R.C. 2945.59 provides:




                                             7
       {¶31} “In any criminal case in which the defendant’s motive or intent, the

absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan, or system

in doing an act is material, any acts of the defendant which tend to show his motive or

intent, the absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan,

or system in doing the act in question may be proved, whether they are

contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto, notwithstanding that such proof

may show or tend to show the commission of another crime by the defendant.”

       {¶32} “Evidence of other acts under R.C. 2945.59 and Evid.R. 404(B) is to be

construed against admissibility. * * * This is because ‘(t)he average individual is prone to

much more readily believe that a person is guilty of the crime charged if it is proved to

his satisfaction that the defendant has committed a similar crime.’ * * *” (Footnote

citations omitted.) State v. Burns, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2000-L-189, 2002-Ohio-3585,

¶16.

       {¶33} “‘[C]ourts have long recognized the danger of admitting other-acts

evidence. In United States v. Phillips (1979), 599 F.2d 134, 136, the Sixth Circuit Court

of Appeals stated as follows: ‘Two concerns are expressed by the first sentence of

(Fed.R.Evid.) 404(b): (1) that the jury may convict a “bad man” who deserves to be

punished—not because he is guilty of the crime charged but because of his prior or

subsequent misdeeds; and (2) that the jury will infer that because the accused

committed other crimes, he probably committed the crime charged.’ As cautioned by

the Ohio Supreme Court in State v. Lowe (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 527, * * *, ‘we therefore

must be careful (* * *) to recognize the distinction between evidence which shows that a

defendant is the type of person who might commit a particular crime and evidence




                                             8
which shows that a defendant is the person who committed a particular crime.’

(Emphasis sic.) Id. at 530. This danger is particularly high when the other acts are very

similar to the charged offense * * *.’”    Lyndhurst v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

97045, 2012-Ohio-2920, ¶26, quoting State v. Williams, 195 Ohio App.3d 807, 2011-

Ohio-5650, ¶37-38 (8th Dist.) (en banc).

      {¶34} “In addition, other-acts evidence is subject to the limitations provided in

Evid.R. 402 and 403; therefore, the proffered evidence must be relevant and its

probative value must outweigh its potential for unfair prejudice.” Smith, supra, at ¶27.

      {¶35} In determining whether to permit other acts evidence to be admitted, trial

courts should conduct a three-step analysis set forth in State v. Williams, 134 Ohio

St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695: “The first step is to consider whether the other acts

evidence is relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of

the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401.

The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is

presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity

therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose, such

as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the probative

value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice. See Evid.R. 403.” Id. at ¶20.

      {¶36} In this case, as stated, on November 2, 2015, the state filed a notice of

intention to use other acts evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B) and R.C. 2945.59 to

show appellant’s identity, knowledge, absence of mistake, common scheme or plan,

and modus operandi. Specifically, the state sought to present evidence of other home




                                            9
invasions in which appellant was the getaway driver. The state indicated these other

acts directly relate to appellant’s possible defense that she was unaware of what

criminal activity was occurring inside of the homes. The state’s motion alleged the

following other acts: (1) on January 27, 2014 a double murder by two masked African

American men occurred on Norman Avenue, Ashtabula, Ohio; (2) the DNA of

appellant’s co-defendant, Marcus Lashley, was found on a glove inside the Norman

Avenue home and on a blood spear on an outside fence; (3) Lashley and Taquan

Mathers implicated appellant as the driver and video evidence reveals appellant was in

the area around the time of the homicides; and (4) on November 25, 2013, Edward

Smith committed a double homicide on Hiawatha Avenue, Ashtabula, Ohio, in which

appellant was charged in that case with complicity, pleaded guilty to obstructing justice,

and had indicated to police that she dropped Smith off at the house and picked him up

afterward.3

        {¶37} In response, appellant filed a motion to exclude any evidence related to

other crimes, wrongs, or acts. Appellant asserted that the other acts evidence contains

many significant factual differences from the instant case, is very highly prejudicial to

her, and undermines her rights to due process and a fair trial.

        {¶38} The trial court subsequently found the evidence to be admissible and

permitted the state to use other acts evidence during the jury trial.

        {¶39} At trial, appellant’s counsel renewed her objection to allowing the

introduction of other acts evidence. Appellant’s counsel stated the following:




3. No evidence of allegations three and four against appellant was presented during trial.



                                                    10
       {¶40} “I think it’s going to be confusing to the Jury to be discussing a case in

which [appellant] has already been convicted and a case for which she was never

charged. There are several differences between the cases, the parties involved, the

conduct that is alleged in each case.” (Jury Trial T.p. 252).

       {¶41} The trial court disagreed with appellant’s counsel and permitted the other

acts evidence.

       {¶42} As to the first step of the Williams test, Detective Felt’s testimony was not

relevant to the crimes charged in this case.      As stated, the following day after the

incident in the case sub judice, a double murder occurred on Norman Avenue.

Detective Felt was dispatched to the scene. Footprints in the snow were followed.

Some torn clothing and blood from the top of a fence were found. BCI confirmed the

DNA profile of the blood belonged to co-defendant Lashley. Also found and recovered

was a knit hat. BCI confirmed the DNA profile of the hat belonged to Taquan Mathers.

       {¶43} During the investigation of the Norman Avenue murders, appellant was

implicated as a suspect in that case as well as in another incident on Hiawatha Avenue.

Authorities were looking for a silver four-door SUV thought to be involved in the Norman

Avenue murders. A vehicle of a similar make, model, and color registered to appellant’s

mother was located but never searched.

       {¶44} As to the second and third steps of the Williams test, the evidence

presented went to proving appellant’s character and to showing that the conduct was in

conformity with that character. The probative value of the other acts evidence was

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.




                                            11
      {¶45} The jury heard evidence of other horrific crimes, but not appellant’s acts.

The only evidence presented allegedly tying appellant to the crimes in the January 26,

2014 case sub judice was that the DNA profile from the cigarette butt and napkin

cutting, found in a nearby parking lot to Heather Marx’s apartment, was consistent with

appellant.   The state presented no other evidence to the jury about any other

involvement with respect to appellant in this case. Again, the trail in the snow led to a

parking lot with some tire tracks and what appeared to be the contents of an ashtray

emptied on the ground. The footprints in the snow were not tied to any one person or

pair of shoes. Also, no one saw who made the footprints. Appellant did not present the

anticipated defense of ignorance.

      {¶46} The next day, in another case, Detective Felt was dispatched to the scene

of a double murder on Norman Avenue. Footprints in the snow at that crime scene

were followed. Some blood from the top of a fence was found, matching the DNA

profile of co-defendant Lashley. Also found and recovered was a knit hat, matching the

DNA profile of Taquan Mathers.

      {¶47} During the investigation of the Norman Avenue murders, appellant was

implicated as a suspect in that case as well as in another incident on Hiawatha Avenue.

Authorities were looking for a silver four-door SUV thought to be involved in the Norman

Avenue murders and seen on surveillance video. A vehicle of a similar make, model,

and color registered to appellant’s mother was located but never searched.            No

evidence tied that vehicle to the scene of any crime.

      {¶48} Following trial, co-defendant Lashley (one of two alleged principal

perpetrators) was acquitted of all charges.     However, the jury found appellant (the




                                           12
alleged getaway driver) guilty on count two (aggravated robbery), count four

(aggravated burglary), count six (felonious assault), and count nine (kidnapping) relating

to the victim, Heather Marx.

      {¶49} Although the state filed a notice of intention to use other acts evidence

pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B) and R.C. 2945.59 to show appellant’s identity, knowledge,

absence of mistake, common scheme or plan, and modus operandi, the evidence went

to showing appellant’s bad character and that she acted in conformity therewith. This

evidence comes squarely within the prohibition of Evid.R. 404(B) because it portrayed

appellant as a bad person who deserves to be punished, thereby likely suggesting to

the jury that because the accused committed or may have committed other acts/crimes,

she probably committed these acts/crimes too.         See Smith, supra, at ¶32.       The

evidence was personally damaging and “reaches the essence of the Evid.R. 404(B)

prohibition because it relies on the very inferential pattern that ‘[s]he did it before, so

[s]he must have done it again.’” Id. at ¶33, quoting State v. Nucklos, 171 Ohio App.3d

38, 2007-Ohio-1025, ¶87-88 (2d Dist.).

      {¶50} It is this court’s position that “we are loath to endorse inference-stacking

as a means to upholding a conviction.” State v. Armstrong, 11th Dist. Portage No.

2015-P-0075, 2016-Ohio-7841, ¶28. “The rule against inference-stacking essentially

forbids the drawing of an inference from evidence, which is too uncertain or speculative

or which raises merely a possibility or conjecture. While reasonable inferences may be

drawn from the facts and conditions established, they cannot be drawn from facts or

conditions merely assumed.” Id. at ¶23; see also State v. Payne, 11th Dist. Ashtabula

No. 2014-A-0001, 2014-Ohio-4304, ¶23.




                                            13
        {¶51} The trial court pointed out that “you can’t try a case on an inference.”

(Jury Trial T.p. 636). However, the record reflects the state added an inference upon an

inference to tie appellant to the crimes in this case. The state promised that, not only

would it show appellant acted as the getaway driver for the principal perpetrators in the

January 26, 2014 crimes at Heather Marx’s apartment, it would also show that appellant

had acted as the getaway driver for other crimes. The state inferred appellant was in

the car, inferred that the car was hers or her mother’s, inferred that she was the

getaway driver, and inferred she acted with the same criminal intent as the principals.4

Based on the facts presented in this case, the state improperly stacked inferences. See

Armstrong, supra, at ¶23, 28; Payne, supra, at ¶23.

        {¶52} In light of all of the foregoing, we conclude appellant was denied a fair trial

because the trial court erred in allowing the state to introduce other acts evidence in

violation of Evid.R. 404(B) because it was used to prove appellant’s character to show

that she acted in conformity therewith. This error was prejudicial to appellant as there

was not overwhelming independent evidence of her guilt.

        {¶53} Appellant’s first assignment of error is with merit.

        {¶54} In her second assignment of error, appellant contends the verdict is

against the manifest weight and the sufficiency of the evidence.

        {¶55} Although we found merit with the first assignment of error, justifying a

remand for a new trial, we must proceed to analyze whether there was sufficient

evidence to support the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion for acquittal. If there

was insufficient evidence, the convictions would be vacated. See State v. Rose, 11th

Dist. Lake No. 2014-L-086, 2015-Ohio-2607, ¶32.

4. Again, co-defendant Lashley was acquitted of all charges.


                                                   14
      {¶56} A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence raises a question of law as

to whether the prosecution met its burden of production at trial. State v. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 390 (1997); see also State v. Windle, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-0033,

2011-Ohio-4171, ¶25. “In reviewing the record for sufficiency, ‘[t]he relevant inquiry is

whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond

a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 113 (1997), quoting State v.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979); see also State v. Troisi, 179 Ohio App.3d 326, 2008-

Ohio-6062, ¶9 (11th Dist.).

      {¶57} When conducting this analysis, appellate courts are to look at the actual

evidence admitted at trial, both admissible and inadmissible. Rose, supra, at ¶34, citing

State v. Dengg, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2008-P-0063, 2009-Ohio-4101, ¶68, citing

Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 34 (1988). Thus, for purposes of this analysis, we

consider the inadmissible other acts evidence.

      {¶58} “[C]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the

same probative value.” State v. Fasline, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2014-T-0004, 2015-

Ohio-715, ¶39, citing State v. Biros, 78 Ohio St.3d 426, 447 (1997), citing Jenks, supra,

paragraph one of the syllabus. “Circumstantial evidence has been defined as testimony

not grounded on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in controversy,

but of other facts from which inferences are drawn, showing indirectly the facts sought

to be established.” State v. Payne, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2014-A-0001, 2014-Ohio-

4304, ¶22, citing State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 150 (1988). An inference is “‘a




                                           15
conclusion which, by means of data founded upon common experience, natural reason

draws from facts which are proven.’” State v. Nevius, 147 Ohio St. 263, 294 (1947),

quoting Eusel v. Lumber Ins. Co. of New York, 88 Ohio St. 269, 282 (1913).            “It

consequently follows that ‘when circumstantial evidence forms the basis of a conviction,

that evidence must prove collateral facts and circumstances, from which the existence

of a primary fact may be rationally inferred according to common experience.” State v.

Armstrong, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2015-P-0075, 2016-Ohio-7841, ¶22, quoting Windle,

supra, at ¶34.

      {¶59} A conviction, however, may not be based upon the “stacking of

inferences.” Payne, supra, at ¶23. “When an inference, which forms the basis of a

conviction, is drawn solely from another inference and that inference is not supported by

any additional facts or inferences drawn from other established facts, the conviction is

improper.” Id.; see also State v. Maynard, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-697, 2012-

Ohio-2946, ¶27. “The rule against inference-stacking essentially forbids the drawing of

an inference from evidence, which is too uncertain or speculative or which raises merely

a possibility or conjecture. While reasonable inferences may be drawn from the facts

and conditions established, they cannot be drawn from facts or conditions merely

assumed.” Armstrong, supra, at ¶23.

      {¶60} We conclude the state produced adequate circumstantial evidence upon

which the jury could reasonably infer that the principal perpetrators fled the apartment

complex on foot to a nearby parking lot and that they fled the parking lot in a vehicle.

However, the state failed to produce adequate evidence to permit the further inference

that appellant was complicit in the crimes that were committed by the principals that




                                           16
night.    In order to reach that conclusion, the jury was required to assume that the

cigarette butt and napkin found in the parking lot originated from the vehicle in which the

perpetrators fled; that there was a third party in the vehicle acting as a getaway driver;

that the driver was appellant; and that appellant acted with the same criminal intent as

the principals.    This resulted in convictions based upon impermissible inference-

stacking.

         {¶61} Although the jury may have speculated, based on the inadmissible other

acts evidence, that appellant was the getaway driver on the night in question, mere

speculation is not enough.       Armstrong, supra, at ¶28 (“Upon analysis, appellant’s

conviction[s] could only be based on an inference which was dependent not upon an

established fact, but upon another inferential assumption.             Although reasonable

inferences may be drawn from evidence, it is the state’s burden to present evidence on

each element of the charged crime from which those inferences may be drawn. It must

be borne in mind that proof must be sufficient for the jury to find guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt. Thus, although the state need not exclude every reasonable theory

of innocence to sustain a conviction, we are loath to endorse inference-stacking as a

means to upholding a conviction.”) (Emphasis sic.) See also State v. Marhefka, 11th

Dist. Ashtabula No. 2016-A-0013, 2016-Ohio-7158, ¶13-26.

         {¶62} As a result, even if believed, the evidence presented is not sufficient to

support appellant’s convictions as a matter of law and, therefore, appellant’s argument

that the jury verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence is moot.

         {¶63} Appellant’s second assignment of error is with merit.




                                            17
       {¶64} In her third assignment of error, appellant alleges the trial court erred in

entering inconsistent verdicts.

       {¶65} Based on our disposition of appellant’s first and second assignments of

error, her remaining assignment is moot and will not be addressed in this opinion.

App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

       {¶66} For the foregoing reasons, appellant’s first and second assignments of

error are well-taken, and her third assignment of error is moot. The judgments of the

Ashtabula County Court of Common Pleas are reversed and appellant’s convictions are

hereby vacated.



TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurs with a Concurring Opinion,

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with a Dissenting
Opinion.


                                  _____________________



TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J., concurring.

       {¶67} I concur with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court erred when it

allowed the state to introduce “other acts” evidence in violation of Evid.R. 404(B)

because it was used to prove appellant’s character to show she acted in conformity

therewith.   This error was prejudicial to appellant, as there was not overwhelming

independent evidence of her guilt.

       {¶68} I also agree that appellant’s convictions should be vacated.           I write

separately to address the State’s brief, which offers little accurate defense to appellant’s




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contentions and takes great liberty with a recitation of the “other acts” evidence adduced

at trial.   The State contends the main purpose of Detective Felt’s testimony, over

objection, was “to give some sense of context to the DNA evidence which was

recovered.” His testimony did no such thing. Detective Felt testified there was a double

homicide on Norman Avenue and was asked if officers were able to identify any vehicle

that may have been involved. He responded: “To an extent, yes.” They were looking

for a “silver four-door SUV.” When defense counsel objected, the trial court overruled

the objection, stating: “All he said is they were looking for that type of a car. There’s

probably 10,000 silver four-door SUVs.”

        {¶69} The trial court allowed the detective to testify as to how he followed up on

that lead. Detective Felt indicated he discovered that appellant’s mother owned a silver

four-door SUV and that appellant had “access” to it. There was no testimony, however,

that appellant was seen driving that vehicle near the scene of the Norman Avenue

homicides or that she ever drove that vehicle, let alone as a getaway driver.

        {¶70} The State then attempted to elicit testimony about another murder, closely

related in time, on Hiawatha Avenue. When the detective was asked how appellant was

involved in that case, he began to respond, stating she was “identified as the driver of

the - -”; whereupon defense counsel objected. The objection was sustained, and no

further testimony was elicited about this incident.

        {¶71} The State contends in its brief that appellant was “implicated” as the

getaway driver in these homicides.        That is a complete misrepresentation of the

testimony at trial.




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       {¶72} At the close of the State’s case, appellant’s Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal

should have been granted. Even considering the inadmissible “other acts” evidence,

there was insufficient evidence to support appellant’s convictions. As a result, I agree

the manifest weight claim is moot.



                                _____________________



CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with a Dissenting
Opinion.

       {¶73} While I agree that the trial court erred in allowing the state to introduce the

other acts evidence, I would reverse the matter and remand it for a new trial, pursuant

to State v. Brewer, 121 Ohio St.3d 202, 2009-Ohio-593.

       {¶74} In Brewer, the Supreme Court held “[w]hen evidence admitted at trial is

sufficient to support a conviction, but on appeal, some of that evidence is determined to

have been improperly admitted, the Double Jeopardy Clauses of the United States and

Ohio Constitutions will not bar retrial.” Id. at syllabus. The Court noted that, in Lockhart

v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33 (1988), the United States Supreme Court held that “‘where

evidence offered by the State and admitted by the trial court - whether erroneously or

not - would have been sufficient to sustain a guilty verdict, the Double Jeopardy Clause

does not preclude retrial.’” Brewer, supra, at ¶17, quoting Lockhart, supra, at 35. The

Court in Lockhart acknowledged that, while it had previously held that double jeopardy

bars retrial when an appellate court reverses a conviction based only upon evidential

insufficiency, it distinguished that holding on the basis that such a reversal is equivalent

to an acquittal. Id. at 39. In distinguishing between appellate court reversals based on



                                             20
ordinary “trial errors,” the Court observed: “While the former is in effect a finding ‘that

the government has failed to prove its case’ against the defendant, the latter ‘implies

nothing with respect to the guilt or innocence of the defendant,’ but is simply ‘a

determination that [he] has been convicted through a judicial process which is defective

in some fundamental respect.’” Id. at 40, quoting Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 15

(1978).

       {¶75} With these points in mind, I would hold the other acts evidence should

have been excluded; because, however, the evidence would have been sufficient when

considered in light of the improperly admitted other acts evidence, I would also hold,

pursuant to Brewer and Lockhart, that the matter must be reversed and remanded for a

new trial.

       {¶76} I accordingly concur in part and dissent in part.




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