                                                            FILED
 1                         ORDERED PUBLISHED                  FEB 07 2012
                                                         SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                         U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                           O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
 6   In re:                        )      BAP No.      WW-11-1056—PaJuWa
                                   )
 7   RYAN C. NASH,                 )      Bk. No.      09-18806—MLB
                                   )
 8                  Debtor.        )      Adv. No.     10-01289—MLB
     ______________________________)
 9                                 )
     RYAN C. NASH,                 )
10                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
11                                 )
     v.                            )       O P I N I O N
12                                 )
     CLARK COUNTY DISTRICT         )
13   ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Bad Check )
     Diversion Unit; HARD ROCK     )
14   HOTEL/HARD ROCK CAFÉ & CASINO;)
     HARD ROCK HOTEL HOLDINGS, LLC,)
15                                 )
                    Appellees.     )
16   ______________________________)
17                  Argued and Submitted on October 21, 2011
                             at Seattle, Washington
18
                            Filed - February 7, 2012
19
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                 for the Western District of Washington
21        Honorable Marc L. Barreca, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
22
     Appearances:     Christina L. Henry argued for appellant Ryan C.
23                    Nash.
24
25   Before:   PAPPAS, JURY and WALLACE,1 Bankruptcy Judges.
26
27
          1
             Hon. Mark S. Wallace, Bankruptcy Judge for the Central
28   District of California, sitting by designation.
 1   PAPPAS, Bankruptcy Judge:
 2
 3        Chapter 72 debtor Ryan C. Nash (“Nash”) appeals the
 4   bankruptcy court’s judgment declaring that Nash’s prepetition
 5   debt to Hard Rock Café and Casino (“Hard Rock”) was discharged in
 6   his bankruptcy case, but denying sanctions against Hard Rock and
 7   the Clark County, Nevada, District Attorney’s Office (“the DA”)
 8   for violating the discharge injunction.   We AFFIRM.
 9                                 FACTS3
10        In 2007 and 2008, gambling was Nash’s principal occupation
11   and source of income.   He traveled from his home in Washington
12   State to Las Vegas approximately once per month for several days.
13   As a frequent customer at Hard Rock, Nash was approved for a
14   “marker account,” essentially a line of credit on which he could
15   draw to gamble.4
16        In October and November 2008, Nash had insufficient funds in
17
          2
18           Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
19   to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

20        3
             Because the DA and Hard Rock did not participate in the
     adversary proceeding or appear in this appeal, we rely solely on
21   the facts presented in Nash’s brief that are supported in the
22   record.
          4
23           See Las Vegas Sands, LLC v. Nehme, 632 F.3d 526, 529 (9th
     Cir. 2011) (“A marker is a gambling credit instrument that allows
24   a gambler to receive all or part of the credit line the casino
     has approved for him, based on the gambler’s prior credit
25   application with the casino. Once the gambler and a casino
26   representative sign the marker, the gambler may exchange the
     marker for gambling tokens, or chips. If the gambler does not
27   pay the marker when he has finished gambling, the marker is
     outstanding and the casino may later submit the marker, like a
28   check, to the gambler’s bank for payment.”).

                                      2
 1   his bank account to cover $12,500 in markers owed to Hard Rock.
 2   Hard Rock referred these debts to the Bad Check Diversion Unit of
 3   the DA.   The DA sent Nash a letter in January 2009, demanding
 4   full payment of the markers, plus administrative fees, within ten
 5   days.   Nash contacted the DA and was informed that, to avoid
 6   prosecution, he could repay the debt in six monthly payments
 7   starting on February 26, 2009.   At the time, Nash was working in
 8   a restaurant earning $200 per week and was unable to make the
 9   first payment.
10        On March 26, 2009, the DA sent Nash a second letter,
11   informing him that a criminal complaint had been filed against
12   him in Las Vegas, and that a warrant for his arrest had been
13   issued.   The letter indicated that a copy of the complaint was
14   attached, but Nash insists that he never saw the complaint.
15        Nash filed a petition under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code
16   on August 27, 2009.   In his Schedule F, he listed an undisputed
17   debt of $13,876 owed to Hard Rock.      Neither the DA nor Hard Rock
18   appeared in the bankruptcy case.       Nash was granted a discharge in
19   the bankruptcy case on January 20, 2010.
20        On March 22, 2010, Nash was arrested by border police while
21   returning to the United States from Vancouver, B.C., based on the
22   outstanding warrant from Clark County.
23        Nash retained counsel, Ms. Huelsman, who moved to reopen the
24   bankruptcy case on April 1, 2010.      The motion was granted on
25   April 9, 2010.
26        Huelsman contacted the DA on April 8.      An attorney for the
27   DA informed Huelsman that the DA was aware of Nash’s bankruptcy
28   case and discharge, but that the DA would be pursuing the matter

                                        3
 1   as a criminal proceeding.   Huelsman later testified that the DA
 2   lawyer told her “if you can work out something with the Hard
 3   Rock, then we will postpone — and the word I do know he used was
 4   ‘postpone’ — the criminal case.”       Hr’g Tr. 16:7-10 (Dec. 14,
 5   2010).
 6        Huelsman contacted a manager at Hard Rock by phone later the
 7   same day.   In the telephone conversation, the Hard Rock manager
 8   told Huelsman that Hard Rock was aware of Nash’s bankruptcy case
 9   and discharge, but that its position was not impacted by the
10   discharge because Hard Rock had originally acted in response to
11   Nash’s criminal activity.   The manager explained Hard Rock’s
12   general policies concerning payment of past-due marker accounts
13   to Huelsman, but the manager made no demand for payment.
14   Instead, perhaps strategically, the manager suggested that Nash’s
15   counsel “get back to me if you want to make us any kind of firm
16   offer.”   Hr’g Tr. 18:18-19 (Dec. 14, 2010).
17        On May 12, 2010, after voluntarily waiving extradition from
18   Washington to Nevada, Nash was arraigned in Clark County and
19   released on bail.   He returned to Clark County on October 31,
20   2010, where he entered into a settlement agreement with the DA.
21   Under the terms of that agreement, Nash agreed to pay $500 per
22   month until the full amount of the debt was paid off.
23        On May 26, 2010, Nash filed an adversary “Complaint for
24   Sanctions for Violation of the Discharge Injunction” against the
25   DA and Hard Rock in the bankruptcy court.       The complaint sought a
26   declaratory judgment that his debt to Hard Rock was discharged,
27   an injunction against Hard Rock and the DA to prevent any further
28   collection activities, and the imposition of sanctions against

                                        4
 1   Hard Rock and the DA under § 105(a) for their intentional
 2   violation of the discharge injunction.
 3        Neither Hard Rock nor the DA responded to the complaint.
 4   Nash filed a motion for entry of default on July 12, 2010.   The
 5   motion was not contested, and the bankruptcy court entered an
 6   Order of Default on August 11, 2010.    Nash then moved for entry
 7   of a default judgment, which the bankruptcy court set for an
 8   evidentiary hearing.
 9        Only Nash and his counsel appeared at the hearing on
10   December 14, 2010.   Although the hearing was uncontested, the
11   bankruptcy court directed Nash to present evidence in support of
12   his claims.   The court cautioned Nash’s attorney that, although a
13   declaratory judgment that his debt was discharged was likely to
14   be granted, the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Gruntz v. County of
15   Los Angeles (In re Gruntz), 202 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir. 2000) (en
16   banc), suggested that sanctions against Hard Rock and the DA
17   would be very difficult to establish.
18        At the hearing, Nash presented two witnesses, Huelsman and
19   Nash.   Huelsman testified about the phone conversations she had
20   with the DA’s attorney and the Hard Rock manager on April 8,
21   2010.   Nash then testified regarding his experiences, giving
22   particular attention to his time he spent in jail and his alleged
23   injuries he suffered during his ordeal.   Because counsel for Nash
24   stated that she was not acquainted with In re Gruntz, at the
25   conclusion of the evidence, the bankruptcy court invited Nash to
26   file a supplemental brief, as well as proposed findings of fact
27   and conclusions of law.   The court took the issues under
28   submission.

                                      5
 1        Nash filed a supplemental brief and proposed findings and
 2   conclusions on December 23, 2010.   Nash attempted to distinguish
 3   In re Gruntz as applicable only to actions for automatic stay
 4   violations under § 362, and not to discharge violations under
 5   § 524(a).
 6        The bankruptcy court convened a hearing on January 7, 2011,
 7   at which it announced its decision.   The court granted
 8   declaratory relief that Nash’s debt to Hard Rock had been
 9   discharged in the chapter 7 case.   However, the court declined to
10   grant any further relief against Hard Rock, finding that any
11   collection actions it took occurred before Nash’s bankruptcy and,
12   therefore, did not violate the discharge injunction.   As to the
13   alleged discharge violations by the DA, the court concluded that,
14   given the facts, there was no “meaningful distinction” between
15   Nash’s § 524(a) discharge violation claims and the automatic stay
16   violation claims under § 362 alleged in In re Gruntz and,
17   therefore, no sanctions would be awarded against the DA.
18        The bankruptcy court entered a judgment on January 19, 2011,
19   providing that Nash’s prepetition debt to Hard Rock had been
20   discharged, but that Nash “is entitled to no further relief for
21   his claims against the Defendants in this adversary proceeding.”
22        Nash filed this timely appeal.
23                             JURISDICTION
24        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
25   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A) and (I).   We have jurisdiction under 28
26   U.S.C. § 158.
27                                 ISSUE
28        Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in

                                     6
 1   rejecting Nash’s claims for sanctions under § 105(a) against the
 2   DA and Hard Rock for alleged violations of the § 524(a) discharge
 3   injunction.
 4                           STANDARD OF REVIEW
 5        An award or denial of sanctions under § 105(a) is reviewed
 6   for abuse of discretion.   Missoula Fed. Credit Union v.
 7   Reinertson (In re Reinertson), 241 B.R. 451, 454 (9th Cir. BAP
 8   1999).
 9        In applying the abuse of discretion standard, we first
10   “determine de novo whether the [bankruptcy] court identified the
11   correct legal rule to apply to the relief requested.”     United
12   States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
13   If the correct legal rule was applied, we then consider whether
14   its “application of the correct legal standard was (1) illogical,
15   (2) implausible, or (3) without support in inferences that may be
16   drawn from the facts in the record.”     Id.   Only in the event that
17   one of these three apply are we then able to find that the
18   bankruptcy court abused its discretion.     Id.
19        To the extent this appeal requires the Panel to review the
20   bankruptcy court’s interpretation of § 524(a), its decision is
21   reviewed de novo.   Smith v. Rojas (In re Smith), 435 B.R. 637,
22   642–43 (9th Cir. BAP 2010) (citing Mendez v. Salven (In re
23   Mendez), 367 B.R. 109, 113 (9th Cir. BAP 2007)).
24                               DISCUSSION
25                                   I.
26       Applicability of the Barrientos decision in this appeal.
27        The bankruptcy court entered the judgment that is the
28   subject of this appeal in the adversary proceeding on January 19,

                                      7
 1   2011.       About a month later, during the pendency of this appeal,
 2   the Ninth Circuit published an Opinion in which it held that an
 3   action “for contempt for violation of a discharge injunction
 4   under § 524 must be brought via motion in the bankruptcy case,
 5   not via an adversary proceeding.”        Barrientos v. Wells Fargo
 6   Bank, N.A., 633 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2011).        Barrientos is
 7   unclear, however, as to the proper procedure where, in addition
 8   to contempt damages, a debtor seeks other or additional relief of
 9   the sort that usually requires an adversary proceeding.        See Rule
10   7001(6) and (9) (providing that an adversary proceeding is
11   required for a proceeding to determine dischargeability of a debt
12   or to obtain a declaratory judgment).
13        In this case, in addition to seeking monetary sanctions and
14   an injunction, Nash’s adversary complaint prayed for a
15   declaratory judgment that his debt to Hard Rock was discharged in
16   his bankruptcy.       An adversary proceeding targeting this type of
17   relief is proper under Rule 7001(6) and (9) (providing for an
18   adversary proceeding for a declaratory judgment or for a
19   determination of dischargeability of a debt).5
20        Since it was announced during this appeal, the Barrientos
21   decision was not briefed nor otherwise addressed by Nash.
22   However, because of the multiple forms of relief sought by Nash
23   in his complaint, the procedural history of this action, and the
24
25           5
             The bankruptcy court arguably blessed Nash’s procedural
26   approach when it reopened the bankruptcy case so he could “file
     an adversary proceeding for violation of the discharge injunction
27   against the parties.” Bankr. dkt. no. 35. Presumably acting on
     these instructions, Nash commenced the adversary proceeding and
28   litigated it to a conclusion after eight months.

                                          8
 1   position adopted by the Panel on the merits of the issues below,
 2   we conclude it would not serve the interests of justice to remand
 3   this matter to the bankruptcy court solely to allow it to rehear
 4   Nash’s request for relief as a contested matter rather than in an
 5   adversary proceeding.   See Rule 1001 (“These rules shall be
 6   construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive
 7   determination of every case and proceeding.”).   Accordingly,
 8   without deciding whether Barrientos is implicated in this appeal,
 9   we will address the substance of Nash’s arguments.
10                                   II.
11    Neither the DA nor Hard Rock violated the discharge injunction.
12        In his adversary complaint, Nash sought three forms of
13   relief: a declaratory judgment that his debt to Hard Rock had
14   been discharged in the bankruptcy case, injunctive relief to
15   prevent Hard Rock or the DA from future attempts to collect the
16   discharged debt, and the imposition of compensatory sanctions
17   pursuant to § 105(a) against Hard Rock and the DA.   The
18   bankruptcy court granted the declaratory relief he sought, and
19   Nash withdrew the request for injunctive relief at the hearing on
20   December 14, 2010.   Therefore, the sole issue raised in this
21   appeal is whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion when
22   it denied Nash’s request for monetary sanctions against Hard Rock
23   and the DA.
24        In a chapter 7 case, with exceptions not relevant here,
25   “[t]he [bankruptcy] court shall grant the debtor a discharge.”
26   § 727(a).   When entered, that order “discharges the debtor from
27   all debts that arose before the date of the [bankruptcy filing].”
28   § 727(b).   To give the discharge teeth, § 524(a) prescribes the

                                      9
 1   legal effect of a discharge:
 2        (a) A discharge in a case under this title–. . . (2)
          operates as an injunction against the commencement or
 3        continuation of an action, the employment of process,
          or an act, to collect, recover or offset any such debt
 4        as a personal liability of the debtor, whether or not
          discharge of such debt is waived[.]
 5
 6        A party that knowingly violates the discharge injunction can
 7   be held in contempt under § 105(a).   Renwick v. Bennett (In re
 8   Bennett), 298 F.3d 1059, 1069 (9th Cir. 2002); Walls v. Wells
 9   Fargo Bank, N.A., 276 F.3d 502, 507 (9th Cir. 2002).    The party
10   seeking contempt sanctions for violation of the discharge
11   injunction has the burden of proving, by clear and convincing
12   evidence, that the sanctions are justified.   Espinosa v. United
13   Student Aid Funds, Inc., 553 F.3d 1193, 1205 n.7 (9th Cir. 2008),
14   aff’d 130 S. Ct. 1367 (2010).   To prove that a sanctionable
15   violation of the discharge injunction has occurred, the debtor
16   must show that the creditor: “(1) knew the discharge injunction
17   was applicable and (2) intended the actions which violated the
18   injunction.”   Espinosa, 553 F.3d at 1205 n.7 (adopting the
19   standard articulated in Hardy v. United States (In re Hardy), 97
20   F.3d 1384, 1390 (11th Cir. 1996)).    If a bankruptcy court finds
21   that a party has willfully violated the discharge injunction, the
22   court may award actual damages, punitive damages and attorney’s
23   fees to the debtor.   Espinosa, 553 F.3d at 1205 n.7.
24        The Ninth Circuit has held that the first prong of the Hardy
25   test requires that the bankruptcy court be shown that the target
26   creditor knew that the discharge injunction was applicable to its
27   claim.   ZiLOG, Inc. v. Corning (In Re ZiLOG, Inc.), 450 F.3d 996,
28   1007-09 (9th Cir. 2006).   But, as discussed below, the evidence

                                     10
 1   in this case shows that neither Hard Rock nor the DA acknowledged
 2   that the discharge injunction in Nash’s bankruptcy case was
 3   applicable to collection of marker account debt.   As they
 4   explained to Nash’s attorney, it was instead their view that,
 5   because the matter was a criminal proceeding, it was not impacted
 6   by the discharge.
 7        Moreover, as to the second prong, requiring that Hard Rock
 8   intend the actions which violated the discharge injunction, the
 9   evidence shows that Hard Rock took no post-discharge actions that
10   violated the discharge injunction, and any actions taken by the
11   DA were not sanctionable under the prosecutorial immunity
12   exception to the discharge injunction acknowledged in In re
13   Gruntz.   We therefore agree with the bankruptcy court that
14   sanctions were not justified against either Hard Rock or the DA.
15                                    A.
16          Hard Rock did not violate the discharge injunction.
17        The bankruptcy court found that Hard Rock had not taken any
18   collection actions against Nash after he filed his bankruptcy
19   petition.   Consequently, the court concluded the Hard Rock could
20   not have violated the discharge injunction.   We agree.
21        On appeal, Nash does not explicitly charge Hard Rock with
22   actions that violated the injunction.   Rather, Nash apparently
23   argues, based upon an alleged alliance of Hard Rock with the DA,
24   that the DA’s actions should somehow be imputed to Hard Rock.
25   The bankruptcy court correctly dismissed Nash’s charges as
26   “hypothetical and irrelevant.”
27        Nash points to two instances of post-discharge contact
28   between Nash and Hard Rock, without explaining how they violated

                                      11
 1   the injunction.   First, through testimony of his former attorney,
 2   Huelsman, Nash cites the telephone meeting between Huelsman and
 3   the Hard Rock manager.   However, it is undisputed that this
 4   contact was suggested by the DA, and that the phone conversation
 5   was initiated by Huelsman, not Hard Rock.    The record is clear
 6   that there were no post-discharge contacts between Nash and Hard
 7   Rock initiated by Hard Rock.
 8        Post-discharge contacts between a debtor and creditor
 9   occurring at the debtor’s initiative do not necessarily violate
10   the discharge injunction.   Indeed, the Bankruptcy Code
11   acknowledges that some post-discharge contacts with creditors
12   initiated by the debtor are necessary.    See, e.g., § 524(c)
13   (providing that a debtor may enter into a reaffirmation agreement
14   with a creditor under specified procedures).    However, whether
15   initiated by the debtor or creditor, the creditor may not use a
16   contact to “coerce” or “harass” the debtor.    Pratt v. General
17   Motors Acceptance Corp. (In re Pratt), 462 F.3d 14, 19 (1st Cir.
18   2006) (“In assessing violations of . . . the discharge
19   injunction, the core issue is whether the creditor acted in such
20   a way as to ‘coerce’ or ‘harass’ the debtor improperly.”); Cox v.
21   Zale Del., Inc., 239 F.3d 910, 912 (7th Cir. 2001) (provided
22   there is no “coercion or harassment of the debtor,” there is no
23   post-petition attempt to collect a debt).    Whether a creditor has
24   “coerced” a debtor is determined by reference to the affirmative
25   acts the creditor took during the contact with the debtor, or
26   afterwards, to collect the debt.     In re Dendy, 396 B.R. 171, 179
27   (Bankr. D.S.C. 2008) (noting that to show a § 524(a) violation
28   “require[s] some affirmative collection efforts on the part of

                                     12
 1   the creditor”).
 2        In this case, the contact between Nash and Hard Rock was
 3   initiated by the debtor through his attorney, and at the
 4   direction of the DA.    Hard Rock merely responded to a phone
 5   inquiry by Nash’s lawyer and made no further attempts to collect
 6   on the debt.   Since there were no other contacts between Nash and
 7   Hard Rock post-discharge, there is no basis to find that Hard
 8   Rock acted to “harass” Nash.    Under these facts, the bankruptcy
 9   court properly found that Hard Rock took no post-discharge acts
10   that would violate the discharge injunction.
11        In his brief, Nash suggests that “[t]o avoid further
12   prosecution, Mr. Nash settled out of court with Clark County and
13   Hard Rock on October 31, 2011.”    Op. Br. at 9.   The implication
14   of this statement is that Hard Rock was actively involved in the
15   settlement agreement negotiations concerning the criminal
16   prosecution, and that conduct violated the discharge injunction.
17   But, again, there is no evidence in the record that Hard Rock
18   participated in the settlement negotiations concerning the bad
19   check charges.    Indeed, the record suggests the contrary.    In his
20   testimony before the bankruptcy court, Nash described the
21   settlement he reached with the DA.     At the end of that
22   description, Nash stated, “And the DA’s office agreed to that.”
23   Hr’g Tr. 52:12 (Dec. 14, 2010).    Nash made no mention in his
24   testimony of Hard Rock’s participation in the settlement
25   agreement.
26        Moreover, at the end of the hearing, the bankruptcy court
27   invited Nash’s attorney to submit Proposed Findings of Fact and
28   Conclusions of Law.    While the court declined to accept or

                                       13
 1   endorse them, Nash’s proposed Finding of Fact 40 recites that,
 2             Debtor returned to Clark County on October 31,
          2010 for his second court appearance. . . . He
 3        appeared [] in court and worked out an agreement with
          Clark County DA’s office to make monthly payments of
 4        $500 per month until the full amount of the debt is
          paid off, starting in January 2011.
 5
 6   Again, there is no mention in Nash’s proposed findings detailing
 7   any participation by Hard Rock in negotiating the settlement
 8   agreement.
 9        In sum, as the bankruptcy court correctly determined, no
10   evidence was submitted by Nash to show that Hard Rock engaged in
11   post-discharge collection activity.   Of the two incidents alleged
12   in the brief, the first was a contact initiated by Nash’s lawyer
13   at the direction of the DA, and there is no evidence in the
14   record to support the existence of the second.    As to the notion
15   that Hard Rock violated the discharge through collusion with the
16   DA, the bankruptcy court rejected these unsupported allegations
17   as “hypothetical and irrelevant.”
18        The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in
19   declining to award sanctions against Hard Rock.
20
                                     B.
21
       Consistent with the Ninth Circuit’s decision in In re Gruntz,
22           the DA Did Not Violate the Discharge Injunction.
23        During the adversary proceeding, the bankruptcy court
24   cautioned Nash’s attorney that the Ninth Circuit’s opinion in In
25   re Gruntz might prove a formidable obstacle to Nash obtaining
26   sanctions against the DA.   The bankruptcy court was correct in
27   this observation.
28        The Gruntz decision largely concerns “the proper role of

                                     14
 1   federal bankruptcy courts, if any, in state criminal
 2   proceedings.”      In re Gruntz, 202 F.3d at 1084.   This analysis is
 3   of critical importance in this appeal.
 4         The Ninth Circuit began its discussion by noting a strong
 5   policy basis for its decision:
 6              We maintain the “deep conviction that federal
           bankruptcy courts should not invalidate the results of
 7         state criminal proceedings.” Kelly v. Robinson, 479
           U.S. 36, 47, 93 L. Ed. 2d 216, 107 S. Ct. 353 (1986).
 8         This rule reflects a “fundamental policy against
           federal interference with state criminal prosecutions.”
 9         Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 46, 27 L. Ed. 2d 669,
           91 S. Ct. 746 (1971). It also recognizes that “the
10         right to formulate and enforce penal sanctions is an
           important aspect of the sovereignty retained by the
11         States.” Kelly, 479 U.S. at 47.
12   Id.   The court emphasized the importance of this policy when it
13   described it as the “philosophy in mind” in its discussion of the
14   relationship of state court criminal proceedings to bankruptcy
15   cases and other civil proceedings.       Id.
16         The Ninth Circuit then examined the debtor’s argument that
17   the purpose of the criminal proceeding in state court was, at
18   bottom, to collect a debt.      Gruntz suggested that the Ninth
19   Circuit’s opinion in Hucke v. Oregon, 992 F.2d 950 (9th Cir.
20   1993), applied, which held that, if a criminal proceeding has the
21   collection of a debt as its underlying aim, then the automatic
22   stay imposed by § 362(a)(6)6 would enjoin the criminal action.
23
           6
24             § 362.   Automatic stay
25   (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a
26   petition filed under section 301, 302, or 303 of this title . . .
     operates as a stay, applicable to all entities, of–. . . (6) any
27   act to collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor
     that arose before the commencement of the case under this
28                                                      (continued...)

                                         15
 1   Id. at 953.   The en banc court responded to this argument:
 2        Not only does our notion of cooperative federalism
          caution against interference with ongoing state
 3        criminal proceedings, but the theory of bankruptcy law
          does as well. “The purpose of bankruptcy is to protect
 4        those in financial, not moral, difficulty.” Barnette
          v. Evans, 673 F.2d 1250, 1251 (11th Cir. 1982). . . .
 5             . . . Congress has specifically subordinated the
          goals of economic rehabilitation and equitable
 6        distribution of assets to the states’ interest in
          prosecuting criminals. The State of California has
 7        chosen to criminalize a parent’s failure to support a
          dependent child. See Cal. Penal Code § 270. That is a
 8        judgment reserved to the state; it is not for the
          bankruptcy court to disrupt that sovereign
 9        determination because it discerns an economic motive
          behind the criminal statute or its enforcement.
10
11   In re Gruntz, 202 F.3d at 1085-86.
12        As can be seen, the court explicitly rejected the Hucke rule
13   providing that if the “primary motivation” of the prosecution is
14   debt collection then the prosecution violates the stay.   In place
15   of the primary motivation standard, the Gruntz court held that
16   prosecutorial discretion was the preeminent concern:
17        [A]ny criminal prosecution of the debtor is on behalf
          of all the citizens of the state, not on behalf of the
18        creditor. See Davis v. Sheldon (In re Davis), 691 F.2d
          176, 178-79 (3d Cir. 1982). Once the state has made an
19        independent decision to file criminal charges, the
          prosecution belongs to the government, not to the
20        complaining witness. We cannot, and should not,
          “require a prosecutor to conduct a searching inquiry
21        into the public spirit of the victim of a crime before
          proceeding with what appears to be an otherwise valid
22        criminal prosecution.” Id. at 179. “In our system, so
          long as the prosecutor has probable cause to believe
23        that the accused committed an offense defined by
          statute, the decision whether or not to prosecute, and
24        what charge to file or bring before a grand jury,
          generally rests entirely in his discretion.”
25        Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 364, 54 L. Ed. 2d
          604, 98 S. Ct. 663 (1978). As the Supreme Court noted
26
27
          6
           (...continued)
28   title[.]

                                     16
 1        in Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 607, 84 L. Ed.
          2d 547, 105 S. Ct. 1524 (1985), “this broad discretion
 2        rests largely on the recognition that the decision to
          prosecute is particularly ill-suited to judicial
 3        review.” This admonition applies with special force to
          federal enjoinment of state criminal actions, such as
 4        that urged by Gruntz, because the stay would interdict
          state prosecution at its inception, based upon a
 5        bankruptcy court’s surmise of the prosecutor’s “true”
          motives.
 6
 7   Id. at 1086.
 8        The Gruntz court concluded its analysis with the following
 9   observation:
10             The veneer of this case suggested jurisdictional
          discord among the bankruptcy, federal habeas corpus and
11        state court criminal systems; in reality, there is
          harmony. “Federalism in this nation relies in large
12        part on the proper functioning of two separate court
          systems.” Davis, 691 F.2d at 179. In turn, the
13        operation of each system depends on freedom from
          unwarranted interference by the other. State criminal
14        prosecutions should commence and continue unimpeded by
          the federal bankruptcy courts.
15
16   Id. at 1087-88.
17        Although In re Gruntz was decided in the context of an
18   alleged violation of the § 362(a) automatic stay, the opinion
19   represents a strong policy statement commanding noninterference
20   by the bankruptcy courts in matters of the state criminal justice
21   system.   In this case, the bankruptcy court noted that, after
22   several readings of In re Gruntz, it could find no meaningful
23   difference between the § 362(a) stay and the § 524(a) discharge
24   regarding noninterference in a criminal proceeding by a
25   bankruptcy court.   The bankruptcy court’s view is supported by
26   two other bankruptcy court decisions with facts closely on point
27   with this case.
28        In In re Byrd, 256 B.R. 246 (Bankr. E.D.N.C. 2000), Byrd was

                                     17
 1   a gambler who traveled from his home in North Carolina to Las
 2   Vegas.   In April 1998, he presented a check for $3,000 to Circus
 3   Circus Las Vegas, and five checks in the amount of $5,000 each to
 4   Caesar’s Palace Casino.   All of the checks were returned unpaid
 5   by Byrd’s bank.   The casinos notified the Clark County District
 6   Attorney’s Bad Check Diversion Unit, which sent notices and
 7   warnings of prosecution to Byrd.         Id. at 248.   A warrant for
 8   Byrd’s arrest was issued, but Byrd was not aware of the warrant.
 9        Byrd filed a petition for relief under Chapter 7, listing
10   the casinos as creditors.    The casinos did not object to
11   discharge of their claims against Byrd, and on December 14, 1998,
12   Byrd received a discharge.    Id.
13        On May 2, 2000, Byrd was involved in an automobile accident.
14   When local police discovered the outstanding warrant, he was
15   arrested.   Byrd challenged the state criminal proceedings as a
16   violation of the discharge injunction.
17        Noting In re Gruntz, the bankruptcy court held that
18   “governmental prosecutors may initiate and continue criminal
19   prosecutions without violating the automatic stay even if, as in
20   this case, the primary purpose of the prosecution is to collect a
21   dischargeable debt.”7   In re Byrd, 256 B.R. at 256.
22
          7
23           There is one significant distinction between Byrd and
     this case. Byrd paid full restitution of his debt to the Clark
24   County District Attorney’s office, and that sum was paid to the
     creditors in full satisfaction of Byrd’s debts. The bankruptcy
25   court ruled that the creditors need not disgorge those payments,
26   because restitution awards are nondischargeable under
     § 523(a)(7).
27        In Nash’s case, the criminal process had not yet been
     completed when he commenced his adversary proceeding. In
28                                                      (continued...)

                                         18
 1        In Fidler v. Donahue (In re Fidler) 442 B.R. 763 (Bankr. D.
 2   Nev. 2010), Fidler borrowed money from two individuals and later
 3   allegedly repaid the loans with bad checks.      Fidler filed a
 4   chapter 7 petition, listing the debts to the individuals.      The
 5   debtor was granted a discharge.    Id. at 765.
 6        In response to criminal complaints filed against him by the
 7   Nye County, Nevada, Sheriff’s office for allegedly writing bad
 8   checks, Fidler commenced an adversary proceeding to enjoin the
 9   county prosecutor from pursuing Fidler.    Fidler argued that the
10   criminal prosecution amounted to debt collection action in
11   violation of the discharge injunction of § 524(a).
12        The bankruptcy court ruled that In re Gruntz was
13   controlling.   As to the argument that In re Gruntz only applied
14   to § 362(k) claims for violation of the automatic stay, the court
15   observed that such was a “distinction without a difference.”      In
16   re Fidler, 442 B.R. at 766 n.3.    “The fact that the action
17   requested invokes the injunction against collection of a debt
18   under § 524(a)(2) rather than the automatic stay under § 362 does
19   not change the fundamental relationship between the courts.”      Id.
20   at 767.
21        Simply put, we agree with the bankruptcy court in this case,
22
23
          7
           (...continued)
24   granting Nash’s request for declaratory judgment that his debt to
     Hard Rock was discharged, the court cautioned Nash that “I don’t
25   know that it does you any good, because it doesn’t affect the
26   prosecution or the deferred payments for deferred prosecution.”
     Hr’g Tr. 7:24-8:1 (Jan. 7, 2011). In other words, while Nash’s
27   debt to Hard Rock has been discharged as a claim in the
     bankruptcy case, any restitution awards in the criminal
28   proceedings would be legally distinct obligations.

                                       19
 1   and the other decisions cited, that the Gruntz analysis applies
 2   not only in the context of a claim for violation of the automatic
 3   stay, but also where the injury alleged is a discharge violation.
 4   The strong public policy expressed in Gruntz advises against any
 5   interference by the bankruptcy court in the decisions of state
 6   prosecutors to pursue criminal charges and prevented the
 7   bankruptcy court from granting sanctions against the DA.
 8   Moreover, avoiding a bankruptcy conflict with criminal
 9   prosecutions would seem to be even more influential in the
10   context of enforcement of the bankruptcy discharge, a permanent
11   injunction, as compared to the automatic stay, a temporary
12   injunction.   Because enforcement of the Nash discharge under the
13   facts would interfere with the Nevada criminal proceedings, and
14   given In re Gruntz, we conclude that the bankruptcy court did not
15   abuse its discretion in denying sanctions against the DA.
16                               CONCLUSION
17        We AFFIRM the judgment of the bankruptcy court.
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