[Cite as State v. Moore, 2018-Ohio-1825.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 105285




                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                    PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                              vs.

                                    CECIL W. MOORE
                                                    DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                   JUDGMENT:
                             REVERSED AND REMANDED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-16-603417-A

        BEFORE: Keough, J., Kilbane, P.J., and Laster Mays, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 10, 2018
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Tyresha Brown-O’Neal
614 West Superior Avenue, Suite 1144
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

Allison F. Hibbard
1200 West 3rd Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
By: Carl Mazzone
Assistant County Prosecutor
The Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant, Cecil Moore appeals his conviction for sexual battery.

Finding merit to the appeal, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

       {¶2} In March 2016, Moore was charged rape, sexual battery, and kidnapping; the

kidnapping offense contained a sexual motivation specification. The case proceeded to a

jury trial where the following evidence was presented.

       {¶3} During a lunch hour in the summer of 2015, the victim first met Moore in line

at a Wendy’s restaurant on the west side of Cleveland. Moore bought her lunch, and the

two ate their lunches together, discussed jobs, and exchanged contact information.

       {¶4} They spoke a few days later and agreed to meet again. Moore picked the

victim up at her apartment, and during the ride to a bar on Euclid Avenue, advised her

that he had his firearm on him and showed her his concealed carry license. He stated he

told her about the firearm because he did not know if she was comfortable being around a

firearm or if she was legally allowed to be around firearms. According to Moore, the

victim indicated she had no problem being around the firearm; this was not disputed by

the victim.

       {¶5} Once at the bar, however, the evening turned out poorly. Moore attempted

to purchase the victim a specific drink she wanted. When the victim received her drink,

she indicated that it was not the drink she wanted. She attempted to return the drink to

the bar, and the victim admittedly got into a verbal altercation with the bartender and

manager. When Moore attempted to calm her down and order her another drink, the
victim indicated that a new drink was unacceptable and left the establishment. Although

the victim called her brother to pick her up, she ultimately agreed to let Moore take her

home. Once at her apartment building, the victim was insistent that they go somewhere

else because it was still early. However, Moore did not want to go anywhere else, and

instead tried to calm her down by telling her she should just go home. Annoyed, the

victim exited Moore’s car and drove off in her own car.

       {¶6} The victim testified that she subsequently felt bad about how the evening

went. On Sunday, August 18, 2015, she contacted Moore to apologize to him and asked

him to come over. Moore agreed and arrived at her apartment late that evening. They

went to a local store where the victim bought some personal household items, and they

each purchased alcoholic beverages. Both testified that a disagreement occurred over

purchasing light bulbs — the victim did not want or need Moore to pay for them.

       {¶7} Once they arrived back at her apartment, they talked at the kitchen table.

Moore was legally carrying his firearm on his hip, and after asking the victim if he could

take it off, he placed his gun on the counter. The conversation then continued on the

couch. At this point, the version of events is in dispute.

       {¶8} According to the victim, the conversation turned to flattery and then sexual.

They began kissing and getting undressed. When she asked Moore if he had a condom,

he said “no.” The victim told him that she would not have unprotected sex with him.

According to the victim, Moore became irate and hostile, telling her that unprotected sex

was not a big deal. She suggested that he go to the store to purchase a condom.
       {¶9} The victim testified that instead of leaving, Moore refused to go to the store

and began cursing at her about her philosophy of safe sex. She stated that Moore became

more hostile, refusing to leave, yelling that he would leave when he was ready to leave,

and that he was not going anywhere. The victim testified that she felt fearful because he

was yelling and because she knew he had a gun. Although she said that Moore did not

threaten her with the gun, she felt that if she made him angrier, “something [could]

happen.” (Tr. 186.)

       {¶10} The victim stated that she tried to calm Moore down but he became more

verbally aggressive toward her, calling her names and berating her about not having

condoms herself. Not wanting things to escalate further, she went into her bedroom,

disrobed, and offered to perform oral sex on Moore. She testified that she felt that if

Moore was sexually gratified, he would leave. Although she did not want to perform

oral sex on Moore, she did so out of fear. She stated that Moore was not satisfied by

fellatio, critiqued her ability, and wanted sexual intercourse. Unable to get aroused and

becoming more fearful, she suggested that they watch pornography on her cell phone.

On cross-examination, the victim testified for the first time that following oral sex, Moore

digitally penetrated her vagina, causing her pain.

       {¶11} The victim testified that Moore, without consent, engaged in sexual

intercourse with her. She stated she did not want to have sex with him, but did not say

anything and did not fight him off her; however, she testified that she did say “no” at

some point. She stated she was “just numb” and kept thinking that Moore had a gun.
Therefore, she felt that if Moore “get[s] what he want[s],” he would leave, and she would

be alive. (Tr. 191.) When asked why she did not call for help on her phone instead of

viewing pornography, she stated she was too scared — she was afraid he would use his

gun.

       {¶12} The victim stated that after Moore removed himself from on top of her, he

continued to berate her about her sexual abilities and belittle her in general. When

Moore went to the bathroom to wash up, the victim repeatedly asked him to leave.

Moore eventually left her apartment, but not before he threw bottles of wine coolers at her

door and at her. The content of the bottles spilled on the floor and all over her. The

victim stated that the entire incident lasted until 3 a.m. on August 19, 2015. Once Moore

left, she called her cousin and told her what had happened. Following her conversation

with her cousin, she went to bed because she had to go to work that morning.

       {¶13} The next morning, the victim took a shower and readied herself for work.

She stated that she just wanted to get out of her apartment because of what had happened

the night before; she did not want to be there. After working the entire day, she called

her brother and her cousin. Based on those conversations, the victim decided to report

the incident to Euclid police. At the suggestion of the investigating officer, she also

went to Hillcrest Hospital for an examination. The victim testified that she deleted all of

Moore’s information from her phone, including call history and text messages.

       {¶14} Moore testified in his defense. He told the jury he was never convicted of a

crime and currently employed by the city of Cleveland, Department of Aging. Moore did
not dispute how he and the victim met. He testified that he bought her lunch, trying to be

a gentleman, but then after learning she worked for Cuyahoga County, he believed this

connection could “open up a few doors” for him. (Tr. 419.) Moore thought the victim

could help him get full-time employment with the county. He stated her connections were

the primary reason he went to the bar with her, and why he agreed to go to her apartment

even after she acted irrationally at the bar. Moore stated that the victim apologized for

her behavior and told him that her job was stressful.

       {¶15} Moore also told the jury what occurred at the victim’s apartment on August

18, 2015. According to Moore, the victim became sexually aggressive toward him by

putting her hand on his leg, rubbing his crotch, and stating she wanted to have sex with

him. Moore told her that he was not attracted to her, that he did not want to have sex

with her, and that this was not his reason for being there that evening.

       {¶16} The victim removed her clothing and used her cell phone to view

pornography.    Moore testified that he became increasingly uncomfortable when the

victim stated that she wanted to see him masturbate. She went into the bathroom, and

Moore started putting on his shoes to leave her apartment. The victim came out of the

bathroom with a bottle of lotion and requested that he use it to masturbate. According to

Moore, he told her she was sick and had mental health issues, and that he was leaving.

       {¶17} This caused the victim to become angry and start cursing at him. She

started throwing the items he purchased earlier that evening into the hallway, causing

Moore to grab the wine coolers she purchased and throwing them as well. Moore
testified that he was upset and admitted that they exchanged vulgarities. He told the jury

that he told the victim that he regretted meeting her and that based on her behavior during

the first incident at the bar, he should known better than to have agreed to see her again.

He said he was present in her apartment for about 30 minutes, and after he left, he deleted

her contact information and blocked her from his phone. Moore denied that he had

sexual contact or conduct with the victim.

       {¶18} On cross-examination, Moore admitted that he had no romantic interest in

the victim, but only an interest in her helping him obtain employment with the county.

He further admitted that once the victim started becoming sexually aggressive and

disrobing, he did not instantly get up from the table and leave the apartment. Moore

stated that he did not attempt to leave until she went into the bathroom, and even

afterward, he engaged in a verbal altercation with her rather than leaving immediately.

       {¶19} Euclid police officer Joseph Parkin testified that he responded on August 19,

2015, to a call regarding a sexual assault. He met the victim at her apartment where she

described the details surrounding the incident. Officer Parkin collected a wine glass, a

wash cloth from the bathroom, bed sheets, and the clothing the victim was wearing that

evening. He recommended to the victim that she visit a sexual assault nurse examiner

(“SANE”) at Hillcrest Hospital to be examined and for a rape kit to be performed.

Officer Parkin admitted that he did not attempt to speak with Moore or the victim’s

neighbors as part of the investigation.
      {¶20} Angelita Olowu, a Hillcrest Hospital SANE nurse, testified that she

supervised and oversaw the nurse who examined the victim on August 19-20, 2015. At

trial, Olowu identified the victim’s medical records, and testified regarding the

examination itself, her interactions with the victim, the victim’s demeanor, and the

findings the examination revealed. Olowu also read to the jury the narrative about the

sexual assault that the victim provided during the examination.

      {¶21} According to the narrative, the victim stated that Moore began kissing her

and tried to remove her clothes, to which she said “no.” She stated that he was forceful

when he digitally penetrated her vagina, but that they continued to engaged in consensual

masturbation. When the victim asked Moore if he had a condom and he said he did not,

she told him that she did not engage in unprotected sex. According to the narrative,

Moore became angry, hostile, and agitated. The victim told the nurse that they argued

about the use of a condom until 2 a.m. and knowing that she needed to work that

morning, she offered that Moore could stay on her couch. The victim went to her

bedroom, with Moore following. She said they got into bed and Moore was touching

her, trying to stimulate her. She told him she did not want to have unprotected sex.

Moore then stuck his penis in her vagina and finger in her anus. She stated she became

agitated and asked him why he would do those things, and Moore became more agitated

and argumentative. The victim stated in the narrative that she thought if they watched

pornography he would finish and leave, or she would just perform oral sex on him so that

he would leave. She stated she performed oral sex on him because she felt threatened
“because it was late.” Afterwards, he cleaned himself up, was verbally aggressive with

her, threw alcoholic beverages at her, and ransacked her apartment before leaving.

       {¶22} Olowu also testified regarding the various exams that were performed and

the collection of evidence from the victim. According to Olowu, the evidence that was

collected is part of the sexual assault evidence kit. She identified that swabs were taken

from various parts of the victim’s body, including her mouth, inner thighs, vagina, anus,

breasts, neck, and fingernails. Additionally, various hair clippings were collected.

       {¶23} Regarding the physical examination, Olowu stated that the victim had

abraded areas to both sides of the vaginal vestibule, or the entryway to the vagina, likely

caused by some kind of friction. According to Olowu, the abraded area appears bilateral

and symmetrical within the vestibule, revealing that the cause of the friction would have

to be something that was centrally located and hitting both sides of the vestibule

simultaneously.   Olowu admitted, however, that the injury does not reveal when it

occurred or whether it was caused by a consensual or nonconsensual act.

       {¶24} Sara Horst, forensic scientist at the Bureau of Criminal Identification and

Investigation, testified that she conducted forensic analysis on the rape kit, the victim’s

clothing, a washcloth, and bedding from the victim’s bed. She testified that no semen

was identified on the clothing, washcloth, or sheets. She further testified that no DNA

profiles foreign to the victim were detected from the samples that were submitted for

DNA testing. Additionally, no male-specific DNA was present.
       {¶25} Euclid police detective Phil Tschetter testified that he was assigned to

investigate the incident. He testified that as part of his investigation, he spoke with one

of the victim’s neighbors attempting to find out if they heard anything that evening. He

stated that he was unable to gather any information from anyone from the apartment

building that assisted his investigation.

       {¶26} On cross-examination, Detective Tschetter admitted that his report reflected

that the victim showed “significant reluctance to participate in this investigation to this

point” by failing to return phone calls, and her reluctance to speak with him when contact

was made. He found this significant because prior to him speaking with her, the victim

had called his lieutenant stating she was upset that no one had contacted her. Detective

Tschetter further admitted that there was no information or evidence that any DNA linked

Moore to the alleged incident.

       {¶27} After extensive arguments and consideration, the trial court denied Moore’s

Crim.R. 29 motion for judgment of acquittal. The defense set forth its case, with Moore

testifying in his own defense and Michelle Grande, Moore’s girlfriend, testifying as a

character witness.

       {¶28} The jury found Moore not guilty of rape and kidnapping, but guilty of sexual

battery. The court sentenced him to two years of community control sanctions, and

classified him as a Tier III sex offender, requiring that he register and report his address

with the county sheriff every 90 days for life.
       {¶29} Moore appeals, raising two assignments of error, which will be addressed

together.

       {¶30} In his first and second assignments of error, Moore contends that his

conviction for sexual battery is not supported by sufficient evidence and is against the

manifest weight of the evidence. The basis for the sexual battery charge was that Moore

coerced the victim into performing the act of fellatio.

       {¶31} The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the prosecution

met its burden of production at trial. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266,

2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of

the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial

to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 543,

747 N.E.2d 765 (2001). “‘The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in

a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Walker,

150 Ohio St.3d 409, 2016-Ohio-829, 82 N.E.3d 1124, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Jenks, 61

Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶32} In this case, Moore was convicted of sexual battery in violation of R.C.

2907.03(A)(1), which prohibits a person from engaging in sexual conduct with another

when the offender knowingly coerces the other to submit by any means that would
prevent resistance by a person of ordinary resolution. Moore challenges on appeal that

the state failed to prove the elements of “knowingly coerce.”

       {¶33} “A person acts knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when he is aware that

his conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A

person has knowledge of circumstances when he is aware that such circumstances

probably exist.” R.C. 2901.22(B).

       {¶34} In this case, the jury was instructed that because it could not look into the

mind of another, knowledge is determined from all the facts and circumstances in

evidence “whether there existed at the time in the mind of [Moore] an awareness of the

probability that he would coerce [the victim] to submit by any means that would have

prevented resistance by a person of ordinary resolution.” (Tr. 548.)

       {¶35} The Revised Code does not define “coercion,” but the commentary to R.C.

2907.03 provides that sexual conduct by coercion is somewhat broader than sexual

conduct by force. State v. Ndoji, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90181, 2008-Ohio-3551, ¶ 15;

State v. Wilkins, 64 Ohio St.2d, 382, 386, 415 N.E.2d 303 (1980) (“coercion for purposes

of sexual battery is broader than the force required to prove rape and necessarily includes

all uses of force. Force is not required to prove coercion.”).

       {¶36} In State v. Woods, 48 Ohio St.2d 127, 357 N.E.2d 1059 (1976), the Ohio

Supreme Court described the term “coercion” as follows:

       “Coercion” may include a compulsion brought about by moral force or in
       some other manner with or without physical force. * * *
       These judicial definitions of coercion correspond to the common use of the
       word. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines coercion as
       “the act of coercing: use of physical or moral force to compel to act or
       assent,” and to coerce as “to restrain, control or dominate, nullifying
       individual will or desire (as by force, power, violence, or intimidation).”

       The essential characteristic of coercion which emerges from these
       definitions is that force, threat of force, strong persuasion or domination by
       another, necessitous circumstances, or some combination of those, has
       overcome the mind or volition of the [victim] so that [s]he acted other than
       [s]he ordinarily would have acted in the absence of those influences.

Id. at 136-137.

       {¶37} Additionally, in State v. Brooks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96552,

2011-Ohio-6643, this court reiterated the Twelfth District’s explanation of the element of

coercion:

       “Coercion for purposes of sexual battery has been defined as ‘to compel by

       pressure.’ See In re Jordan, [9th Dist. Lorain No. 01 CA007804, 2001

       Ohio App. LEXIS 4013 (Sept. 12, 20010].                Webster’s Third New

       International Dictionary (1993) defines ‘to coerce’ in relevant part as ‘to

       restrain, control, or dominate, nullifying the individual will or desire,’ ‘to

       compel to an act of force, threat, or other pressure,’ and ‘to bring about * *

       * by force, threat, or other pressure.’ Id. at 439. Black’s Law Dictionary

       (5th Ed.1979), in turn states that coercion ‘may be actual, direct, or positive,

       as where physical force is used to compel act[s] against one’s will, or

       implied, legal, or constructive, as an where one party is constrained by
        subjugation to [an]other to do what his free will would refuse.’ Id. at 234.”



Id. at ¶ 34, quoting In re J.A.S., 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2007-04-046, 2007-Ohio-6746,

¶ 19.

        {¶38} Moore contends on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction for sexual battery because no evidence was presented that he knowingly

coerced the victim into engaging in sexual conduct. Specifically, he maintains that he

never asked the victim to perform oral sex on him, insinuated he wanted oral sex from

her, or that he ever threatened or pressured her into performing oral sex on him. Moore’s

assertions are correct. However, according to the victim, Moore repeatedly told her that

he wanted sexual intercourse, insisted on sexual intercourse, and pressured her for sexual

intercourse, despite her not wanting to engage in sexual intercourse.

        {¶39} The victim testified that after she refused to have sex with Moore without a

condom, Moore became very hostile. She told him to go to the store to get a condom,

but he refused. He also refused to leave the apartment despite being asked several times

to do so. She stated she then became fearful because he was yelling and, even though he

did not threaten her with his firearm, she felt threatened due to its presence on the table

and because Moore had been drinking. The victim maintained that Moore continued to

be verbally aggressive towards her, calling her names, and repeating that unprotected sex

was not “a big deal.” She said that based on her unsuccessful attempts to calm him

down, she felt that if she offered to perform oral sex on him, that would satisfy him and
he would leave. She testified that even after she performed oral sex on Moore, he

criticized her and stated that he wanted sexual intercourse. When questioned why she

performed oral sex on Moore, the victim testified that she did it out of fear and felt

pressured to cooperate.     She stated that she was trained in crises to deescalate the

situation, and she did not feel safe to try to leave — she stated that she was going to do

whatever it took for Moore not to pick up the gun. She stated her thoughts were to get

Moore out of her apartment and for her to remain alive and unharmed.

       {¶40} Accordingly, because the victim testified that she decided to perform oral

sex on Moore as a means of escape, survival, or compromise, the fact that Moore did not

ask, insinuate, threaten, or pressure her for the specific act of oral sex becomes irrelevant.

 The victim’s testimony about Moore’s constant refusal to leave, pacing throughout her

apartment, verbal aggression, and persistence if believed by the trier of fact, is sufficient

to prove that he acted knowingly.

       {¶41} Mindful of the inquiry and standard that this court must apply when

reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence challenge, we review the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prosecution and ask whether a reasonable juror, who believed the

state’s evidence could find the essential elements of an offense proven beyond reasonable

doubt. We find that a reasonable juror could find that Moore knowingly coerced the

victim to engage in sexual conduct, if the jury believed the victim in this case.

Accordingly, we find that sufficient evidence was presented to the jury that Moore

committed the act of sexual battery, and the first assignment of error is overruled.
      {¶42} We find, however, that the Moore’s conviction for sexual battery is against

the manifest weight of the evidence. In contrast to a sufficiency argument, a manifest

weight challenge questions whether the state met its burden of persuasion. Bowden, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. A manifest weight challenge is a

much broader test. State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, (1st Dist.1983). The court,

sitting as a “thirteenth juror” and reviewing the entire record, “weighs the evidence and

all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 388, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). A

conviction should be reversed as against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the

most “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.

      {¶43} In this case, the victim’s testimony regarding the entire evening was

inconsistent and contradictory. Specifically as it related to the sexual battery count, she

gave conflicting testimony regarding when and where oral sex was offered and

performed. The victim initially testified that she offered to perform oral sex on Moore in

the bedroom on the floor, prior to the alleged rape. (Tr. 234-235.) Later, she testified it

was on the bed. (Tr. 235.) When it was suggested that she did not offer to perform oral

sex on Moore until after the alleged rape, she responded that she did not remember that,

“I mean right now.” (Tr. 241.)
       {¶44} Moreover, the victim’s testimony was vastly different than the details she

provided to the SANE nurse a day after the alleged rape. According to the narrative in her

medical records, the victim told the nurse that after the alleged rape, she thought that

maybe if she performed oral sex on him, he would go to sleep. She told the nurse that

she “did this because she felt threatened because it was late.” (Tr. 309.) And at trial,

the victim testified that she offered Moore oral sex because (1) she thought that if she

could just “get [Moore] off” he would leave and (2) he had a gun. (Tr. 188, 231.)

However, in the victim’s medical notes, it was indicated that “patient consented to oral

with assailant earlier in the evening prior to the sexual assault.”

       {¶45} The victim’s inability to remember the nature of events surrounding the

sexual assault makes her testimony even more problematic. When it was suggested that

she gave conflicting version of events to the investigating officer, the SANE nurse, and

then at trial, she stated, “But you’re asking me to recall every single detail of something

that happened a year ago. * * * I’m just trying to tell you the truth to what I do remember

right now, which may be a little different from that time.” (Tr. 236.) However, the

victim was able to vividly, clearly, and concisely recall and testify to the exact words and

phrases Moore used the entire evening, yet could not remember simple details

surrounding the sexual assault or recollect the sequence of events surrounding the sexual

assault.

       {¶46} Finally, despite the victim testifying that Moore was naked throughout her

apartment and in her bed, used her bathroom to clean up following intercourse, and that
he vaginally penetrated her with his penis, no DNA evidence was found substantiating the

victim’s testimony or linking Moore to the alleged offenses.

       {¶47} Under a manifest weight challenge, this court does not have to view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. And after weighing the evidence

and all reasonable inferences, considering the credibility of witnesses, and resolving

conflicts in the evidence, we find that the jury clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered. The evidence presented at trial renders this case the exceptional case in which

the evidence weighs heavily against conviction. Accordingly, Moore’s conviction is

reversed; the second assignment of error is sustained.

       {¶48} Judgment reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

       It is ordered that appellant recover from appellee costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common

pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, JUDGE

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, P.J., and
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR
