                                    COURT OF APPEALS
                                 EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                      EL PASO, TEXAS



                                                   §               No. 08-15-00350-CR
  MARTHA ACEVEDO,
                                                   §                  Appeal from the
                    Appellant,
                                                   §                243rd District Court
  v.
                                                   §             of El Paso County, Texas
  THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                   §               (TC# 20140D05736)
                    Appellee.
                                                   §


                                          OPINION

       In this appeal, Appellant Martha Acevedo challenges her murder conviction of Jose

Acevedo, her husband for over forty-five years. Appellant claims egregious harm in the trial

court’s failure to include instructions in the jury charge as to the voluntariness of Appellant’s

inculpatory statements, egregious harm in the trial court’s incorrect jury charge instructions

regarding the law of self-defense, and ineffective assistance of counsel in handling the alleged jury

charge errors regarding the law of self-defense.

                                        BACKGROUND

       On the morning of September 25, 2014, the El Paso Sherriff’s Office (“EPSO”) was

notified of the unattended death of Jose Acevedo at his home in San Elizario, Texas. The
paramedics who first arrived at the Acevedo residence found Jose’s1 body lying on the living room

floor in rigor mortis. He had a ligature mark around his neck from ear to ear, bruising on his nose

and cheekbones, and a one-inch laceration with dried blood on his nose. His blood-alcohol content

was 0.397 grams per deciliter. The ligature wound on Jose Acevedo’s neck was later determined

to be the cause of death. Detective Jorge Andrade with the El Paso County Sherriff’s Office asked

Appellant if she would speak with detectives at the EPSO headquarters. Appellant complied.

During a second interview at EPSO headquarters, Appellant confessed to strangulating her

husband with an apron by wrapping the apron’s top loop around Jose Acevedo’s neck. Appellant

was indicted for the murder of Jose Acevedo on December 4, 2014. The indictment alleged both

that Appellant intentionally and knowingly caused Jose’s death by strangling his neck with an

apron, and that Appellant committed an act clearly dangerous to human life by strangling Jose

with an apron, causing his death.

                                                Pre-Trial

        Appellant filed a pre-trial motion to suppress a confession she made to law enforcement,

challenging the voluntariness of her inculpatory confession. After a hearing, the trial court denied

Appellant’s motion to suppress.

        Appellant, testifying through an interpreter at the suppression hearing, explained that on

the morning of September 25, 2014, law enforcement officers placed her in a vehicle and had her

wait for what she described as a very long time. She did not speak to Detective Andrade at the

Acevedo residence and stated that she was not asked any questions while in the vehicle. Appellant

admitted she voluntarily accompanied the officers to EPSO headquarters, that she was not placed



1
 Given the common surname between Appellant Martha Acevedo, the victim Jose Acevedo, and their son, Ruben
Acevedo, we will use first names in this opinion.
                                                         2
in handcuffs, and that she was never told that she did not have to accompany the officers or that

she was free to leave.

           She asked to use the restroom several times. She stated that she was first allowed to use

the restroom at the police station and then later again at the sheriff’s station. Appellant explained

that once at EPSO headquarters, she was “locked up.” On her last trip back from the restroom she

saw her son Ruben Acevedo but did not speak to him. Appellant stated that the detectives returned

her to the interview room and informed her that Ruben was a suspect in Jose’s murder and that if

she did not confess, they would arrest both Appellant and Ruben.

           Appellant also testified that at some point while at EPSO headquarters, she was escorted

to the polygraph room with a detective and the two began discussing the polygraph machine.2 The

detective also told Appellant about himself, including that he had been a child in a dysfunctional

family and that he understood family abuse. Appellant stated that this detective also told her to

confess.

                                                 Detective Andrade

           Detective Andrade testified that he arrived at the Acevedo residence at approximately 7:30

a.m. on September 25, 2014. Appellant informed Detective Andrade that she was the only person

in the house with her husband that previous night. He then asked Appellant if she would

accompany investigators to EPSO headquarters in order to aid the investigation into her husband’s

death. At this point, Detective Andrade explained, Appellant was neither under arrest or a suspect.

Appellant complied and rode with another detective to EPSO headquarters in the front-seat

passenger’s seat. Once at EPSO headquarters, Detective Andrade advised Appellant of her



2
    This portion of the course of events was never clearly delinated by Appellant.
                                                                 3
Miranda3 rights verbally and through an English and Spanish form, which Appellant signed.

Detective Andrade testified that he did not tell Appellant that Ruben was a suspect or that he would

be arrested. Detective Andrade also testified that Appellant had a lower lip injury.

                                                 First Interview

           This first video recorded interview was conducted in Spanish. Appellant spoke with

detectives for approximately one hour and twenty minutes, agreed to provide a DNA sample, did

not confess or otherwise make any incriminating statements. Appellant’s first interview was in

most respects similar to her later accounts except as it pertained to what happened to Jose.

Appellant stated that she and Jose ate dinner at a taco restaurant and returned home the evening

Jose died. She explained that once home, Jose had a beer and she went to bed. She denied knowing

what happened to Jose. Detective Andrade asked Appellant if she would be willing to submit to a

polygraph examination, to which she agreed.

                                              Detective Chavarria

           Detective Gonzalo Chavarria, the EPSO’s polygraph examiner, testified that Appellant had

been escorted by Detective Andrade and Detective Santibanez to the polygraph examination room.

He described the layout of the office, stating that if “somebody was standing in the hallway when

[Appellant and the detectives] passed by, they would have to see [whoever was standing in the

hallway].” Once transferred to the polygraph examination room, Appellant met with Detective

Chavarria. Appellant asked him if her son Ruben would also be subjected to a polygraph

examination, to which Detective Chavarria responded that it was possible. Appellant began asking

him more questions about the polygraph machine at which point Detective Chavarria advised her



3
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
                                                              4
Miranda warnings verbally and again in a Spanish form, which Appellant signed. After signing

the form, Detective Chavarria stated that he noticed Appellant became emotional and stated that

she did not want her family to undergo a polygraph examination or through the investigation.

Appellant subsequently confessed that she had killed her husband with an apron. Detective

Chavarria informed Detectives Andrade and Santibanez that Appellant had confessed. After being

informed that Appellant had confessed, Detective Andrade escorted Appellant back to the

interview room for a second interview after administering another set of Miranda warnings

verbally and through an English and Spanish form, which Appellant again signed.

                                       Second Interview

       In this second interview, also conducted in Spanish, Appellant confessed that she

strangulated her husband using the top loop of a blue apron she made and had left hanging on the

washer’s door at her home. Appellant explained that she and Jose never went to a taco restaurant

but instead went to buy alcohol that evening. Once home, she drank some of the vodka they had

purchased. When she awoke later that evening, she noticed the vodka bottle was empty and that

Jose was intoxicated. After attempting to talk to him, she retrieved the apron and proceeded to

strangle him. She subsequently locked herself in her room and fell asleep.

                                        Ruben Acevedo

       Ruben testified that Appellant called to alert him about his father while he was working in

Carlsbad, New Mexico. After arriving at the scene at the Acevedo residence, an officer informed

him that he would need to provide a statement, to which Ruben agreed. After providing a statement

at a substation, the detectives transported Ruben to EPSO headquarters. There, he saw Appellant

walk past him as she walked from one room to another. Ruben explained that he had no doubt she

had seen him as well. Ruben was not handcuffed and was not informed that he was a suspect or
                                                   5
that he was under arrest.

       The State stipulated that detectives at EPSO headquarters walked Appellant past her son

Ruben at the end of the suppression hearing. The trial court denied Appellant’s motion to suppress

and entered Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. The case proceeded to trial.

                                               Trial

       The trial began on October 26, 2015. Through a motion-in-limine, Appellant and the State

agreed to limit any discussion concerning the attempted polygraph examination that occurred at

EPSO headquarters. The parties agreed to “talk around” the circumstances. Appellant pled “not

guilty” to the charged offenses of first and second degree murder.

       Appellant, again testifying through an interpreter, began by describing her marriage to Jose.

She testified that she and Jose married when she was fourteen years’ of age. After their first child

was born, Jose became verbally abusive and binge drink. Jose physically beat Appellant often,

often in front of their children, up until the eldest was approximately fifteen. As newlyweds, Jose

first began asking Appellant to view pornographic books with him. Later, Jose began taking

Appellant to hotels where he would force her to watch pornographic films with him. Jose would

subsequently get drunk and leave, leaving her to walk home. Appellant testified that she felt

pressured to commit these acts since they were married. In 2009, Jose was arrested for a

misdemeanor family violence assault after he beat Appellant. She later requested that prosecutors

dismiss the case after Jose beseeched Appellant to do so.

       In the early morning hours of September 24, 2014, Appellant arrived home from work and

fell asleep. She was quickly awoken by Jose when he asked for the keys to the vehicle so that he

could drive their grandson to school. After falling back to sleep, Appellant woke again to mow

the lawn. Jose, after having taken their grandchild to school, returned sober to help her pick up
                                                       6
the cut grass. Appellant thereafter went with her daughter to the store. After returning from her

daughter’s house, she drank a beer at home. At approximately 4:47 p.m. that afternoon, Appellant

called her supervisor at work and left a message explaining that she would not be going to work at

11:00 p.m. that evening, as scheduled, since she had not slept. She was then working as a

housekeeper at a hospital. She and Jose thereafter left to purchase some liquor and then returned

home. Appellant testified that she served herself a small amount of the liquor at which point Jose

became very upset, grabbed her, threw her, and hit her face, rendering her unconscious. It was the

first time Appellant had been “knocked out.” She subsequently awoke on the sofa and noticed that

Jose was sitting on the loveseat and not moving. Using the top loop of an apron, she strangled

Jose. She thereafter went to bed. Appellant maintained that she was unaware of how Jose

developed the bruises and cuts later found on his face. The next morning on September 25,

Appellant found Jose’s body cold on the loveseat. Appellant called her son Ruben to alert him

that Jose was not breathing.

       Appellant’s daughter-in-law and wife of her son Ruben, Valerie Roybal testified that she

remembered Appellant and Jose arguing when Jose returned from taking her son (the Acevedo’s

grandchild) to school on September 24. She overheard them yelling but could not understand since

she was not fluent in Spanish. That evening at approximately 7:30 p.m., she entered the Acevedo

residence that evening to do laundry, as she did often. Valerie saw Appellant unconscious on the

floor, leaning on the long sofa. She smelled alcohol and then asked Ruben to help Appellant since

she would not usually sleep on the floor and it appeared as if she had been drinking. Jose was

sitting outside on a bench. Valerie testified that Jose walked into the home and told Ruben to leave

his mother as Ruben lifted her on to the long sofa. Valerie and Ruben then went to the store and

returned at approximately 9:00 p.m. Valerie did not go back into the Acevedo residence since she
                                                     7
was afraid to upset Jose, stating that “[Jose] doesn’t like me in there.” That night, up until 3:00

a.m. when her husband left for work, she did not hear any arguing from the Acevedo residence.

At approximately 6:15 a.m. the next morning, Ruben called Valerie to inform her about his father

at which point Valerie rushed to the Acevedo residence and found Jose’s body sitting up on the

loveseat. After yelling Jose’s name several times, she attempted to feel for a pulse and found his

body was cold. She then called 9-1-1. The operator instructed Valerie to conduct cardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR), however, Valerie explained that she was unable since Jose’s body was stiff

and cold. Valerie began chest compressions on Jose’s body as the 9-1-1 operator had subsequently

instructed, but was unsuccessful.

        Valerie and Ruben’s home adjoined the Acevedo residence and was separated by a

hallway. Valerie explained that while she never observed Jose hit Appellant, she had seen him

grab her as if “shaking someone to stop.” Valerie also described how Appellant would have black

eyes, cuts and bruises on her arms in Valerie’s twenty-four years knowing Appellant and Jose.

She stated that their relationship involved a lot of arguing—almost every weekend—and that she

did not think “any woman would stay in a relationship like that in our day and age, but [Appellant]

did.”

        Ruben, son of both Appellant and Jose, testified that he returned home from work on

September 24 at approximately 6:00 p.m. On his way home, he saw his parent’s car on road. Later

that evening when he entered the Acevedo residence, he found Appellant “dazed out” leaning on

the couch while walking along the side of the home. He testified that his father told him that he

had punched Appellant and “knocked her out.” Jose also told Ruben to “leave her, she’s ugly”

when he asked him what happened to his mother. While his father’s statements were not in the

written statement given to police, Ruben testified that his father, in fact, told him so and that he
                                                     8
had informed an investigator. He picked up Appellant and placed her on the couch. He later ate

dinner and went to the store with his wife Valerie. Ruben testified that when he returned for the

laundry Valerie had left in the laundry room, he could hear his father breathing. When he received

the call from Appellant the next morning, he called his wife and asked her to check on his parents.

       Ruben testified that Appellant and Jose often argued and that oftentimes, those arguments

turned physical. He explained that his father was verbally abusive and would degrade his mother.

Additionally, Ruben explained that his father, not his mother, would turn their arguments into

physical altercations. There were occasions in which Ruben would “get in the middle” when their

arguments escalated.

       Margarete Bassett, a licensed professional counselor at a domestic violence and sexual

assault institute, testified as an expert witness. Bassett testified regarding the range of behaviors

that an abuser in an abusive relationship will use to entrap their partner to make their partner

commit to the relationship. Based on her review of the relationship between Appellant and Jose,

Bassett opined that Appellant felt trapped as if she could not leave the relationship. When asked

as to why Appellant strangulated Jose, Bassett stated that “someone who’s being abused retaliates

violently,” “typically in response to a threat.” In addition, “the cumulative effect of all of the

violence, all of the coercive controlling strategies,” and Appellant’s description that Jose had

reached a violent pinnacle by knocking her out for the first time all led to her actions. Bassett

opined that “for [Appellant], it had risen to a level of threat that threatened her life. [Appellant]

could not confront [Jose]. She could not confront him one on one and protect herself.”

       A jury convicted Appellant and assessed punishment at twenty-five years’ confinement

and a $10,000 fine. The trial court sentenced Appellant in accordance with the jury’s verdict.

Appellant timely appealed.
                                                     9
                                           DISCUSSION

       Appellant contends that the trial court committed reversible error by omitting to include a

voluntariness instruction in the jury charge in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment to the United States Constitution. In her second issue, Appellant similarly maintains

that the trial court committed reversible error by omitting to include a voluntariness instruction in

the jury charge in violation the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Third, Appellant alleges the

trial court committed reversible error by including incorrect instructions in the jury charge

regarding the law on self-defense. In her fourth issue, Appellant contends that she was denied

reasonably effective assistance of counsel.

                                        Jury Charge Error

       In her first and second issues presented for review, Appellant complains that the trial court

committed reversible error by failing to include a voluntariness jury instruction, citing three

potentially different bases upon which a voluntariness point of error is analyzed: the Due Process

clause of the U.S. Constitution, Article 38.22, section 6 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure,

and Article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI;

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 38.22-23 (West 2018).

       In her third issue, Appellant claims egregious harm because the trial court failed to properly

instruct the jury on the law of self-defense. Appellant submitted a proposed jury charge to the trial

court and, in an apparent agreement with the State, the voluntariness instruction was removed so

that the expert witness (Margarete Bassett) could testify. Appellant’s affirmatively requested the

jury instruction that she now complains of in her third issue: the “duty to retreat” language in the

abstract portion. As a sub-issue of her third issue, she asserts the trial court erred in omitting the

Section 2.03(d) instruction in the abstract portion and both application paragraphs.      TEX.PENAL
                                                     10
CODE ANN. § 2.03(d)(West 2011)(“If the issue of the existence of a defense is submitted to the

jury, the court shall charge that a reasonable doubt on the issue requires that the defendant be

acquitted.”).

                                       Standard of Review

       When resolving a challenge to the jury charge, we first determine whether error exists. Ngo

v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). If we find error, we analyze that error for

harm under the applicable standard set out in Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex.Crim.App.

1984)(op. on reh'g). See Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009). If, as here,

the defendant did not object to the alleged error at trial, we will reverse only if the error is “so

egregious and created such harm that the defendant ‘has not had a fair and impartial trial.’” Id.

(quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171).

                                        Voluntariness Instruction

       Oursbourne v. State instructs us that Articles 38.21 and 38.22 “are broader in scope than

those [claims of involuntariness] covered by the Due Process Clause or Miranda.” 259 S.W.3d

159, 173-174 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). So, we turn to Texas statutory law to properly evaluate the

question of jury submission of an instruction on voluntariness. Id. at 173-74. There are “three

types of instructions that relate to the taking of confessions: (1) a ‘general’ Article 38.22, § 6

voluntariness instruction; (2) a ‘general’ Article 38.22, § 7 warnings instruction (involving

warnings given under § 2 and § 3); and (3) a ‘specific’ Article 38.23(a) exclusionary-rule

instruction.” Id. at 173. Further,

                It is the defendant’s responsibility to delineate which type of
                ‘involuntariness’ he is claiming—a general (perhaps subjective)
                lack of voluntariness or a specific police-coerced lack of
                voluntariness—because the jury instruction is very different
                depending upon the type of claim.
                                                    11
                        Obviously, the evidence must raise a ‘voluntariness’ issue,
                and the defendant should request a jury instruction that relates to his
                theory of involuntariness. But if the defendant never presents a
                proposed jury instruction (or fails to object to the lack of one), any
                potential error in the charge is reviewed only for ‘egregious harm’
                under Almanza.

Id. at 174.

        An Article 38.22, § 6 claim of involuntariness is triggered only—when a “question is

raised” either by a party or by the trial court regarding an issue of the voluntariness of a confession.

Id. at 175. Likewise, an Article 38.22, § 7 jury instruction on voluntariness is mandated only—

when the issue is raised by the evidence. Id. at 176. An Article 38.23 jury instruction on

voluntariness, on the other hand, is required only—when there is a genuine dispute about a material

fact. Id. at 177 (citing Madden v. State, 242 S.W.3d 504, 510 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). A trial court

has a duty, sua sponte, to give an Article 38.23 voluntariness instruction if three requirements are

met: “(1) evidence heard by the jury raises an issue of fact, (2) the evidence on that fact is

affirmatively contested, and (3) the contested factual issue is material to the lawfulness of the

challenged conduct in obtaining the statement claimed to be involuntary.” Contreras v. State, 312

S.W.3d 566, 574 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010).

                                               Analysis

        In Appellant’s opening statement, her counsel told the jury:

                We believe the evidence is going to show that this was not a
                tumultuous relationship between two people who like to drink and
                fight. What this was[,] was a relationship of 41 years of marriage
                involving a man who was controlling physically, psychologically,
                emotionally from the day – from the time when they married and
                lived in Juarez until the time they lived in California until – up until
                September of 2014.
                        We believe the evidence is going to show that Ms. Acevedo
                did do things that you do when you’re in an abusive relationship.

                                                      12
                                       .          .          .

                        We believe the evidence is going to show . . . my client, prior
               to this had had enough.

                                       .          .          .

               The evidence is going to show . . . Mr. Acevedo did something that
               he had never done before, and that is, he beat her until
               unconsciousness. The evidence is going to show that he knocked her
               out. And when she awoke, we believe the evidence is going to show
               to you that she went and got her apron, and she put it around his
               neck, and she pulled it.

       At trial, the State and Appellant agreed not to bring up before the jury any of the

circumstances surrounding Appellant’s second statement in which she inculpates herself which

was litigated on her motion to suppress based on voluntariness. The Appellant, during the guilt

stage, testified she killed her husband because “I was tired of him. And I was – I couldn’t take

anymore of that abuse that he was giving me.” When questioned as to why she strangled her

husband, Appellant replied “I was very tired of all the mistreatment and all of the abuse, I couldn’t

handle it anymore.” Appellant physically demonstrated for the jury how she strangled her husband

with the apron strings.

       The State read to the jury a transcript in English of Appellant’s first recorded interview in

which she denied knowing what had happened to her husband. The English transcript of the

second recorded interview was also read to the jury in which Appellant admitted to strangling her

husband with the apron strings. Appellant’s counsel objected to the introduction of each of the

recorded statements based on voluntariness. The trial court overruled Appellant’s objections.

During the jury charge conference, Appellant’s counsel agreed to the deletion of the voluntariness

instruction the court had included in the proposed jury charge. The State and Appellant agreed to

the removal of the voluntariness instruction if the domestic violence expert testified. The trial
                                                      13
court agreed to remove the voluntariness instruction.

       Defense counsel in closing argument, stated:

               Because at this point, I don’t believe there’s any question that my
               client killed Jose Acevedo.

                                       .         .          .

               That’s established. She got on the stand and she admitted.

                                       .         .          .

               [T]hen the next question you ask yourself is: Was it justified?

                                       .         .          .

               We do know that he punched her in the mouth because we’ve got
               blistering.

                                       .         .          .

               Because when she wakes up from being knocked out, she goes, she
               gets her apron, she come back, and she strangles him. She doesn’t
               wait. She doesn’t cool off. There’s no time for reflection.

                                       .         .          .

               And he hits her in the most violent – she says the most violent attack
               he’s ever done.

                                       .         .          .

               [B]ecause she wakes up, gets an apron, and then strangles him. And
               in her mind – if he’s hit me hard enough to knock me out, he’s going
               to kill me next time or when he wakes up out of his stupor or for
               whatever reason.

                                       .         .          .

               This was as far as this abused woman could go.

                                       .         .          .

                      And when you put yourself in her shoes and you look at her
                                                     14
               experience, I believe that you can see this murder was justified, that
               there was an immediacy in her mind when she wakes up after being
               knocked out. There is an immediacy.

       Clearly the issue of voluntariness was not raised by the evidence during the jury trial for

an Article 38.22, § 7 instruction. In fact, quite the opposite, the State and Appellant agreed through

a motion in limine not to litigate the issue of voluntariness at trial and they did not. Likewise, an

Article 38.23 voluntariness instruction was not warranted because there was no genuine issue of a

material fact presented to the jury regarding the voluntariness of her two recorded statements. Last,

we do not find that the “question” was raised under Article 38.22, § 6. Appellant’s trial strategy

was to admit the killing but argue it was justified as self-defense. Obviously, Appellant was forced

to choose between asserting the confession was coerced and false or the killing was justified. It

cannot be both. If she wanted a self-defense instruction, she had to admit to the murder and bear

the burden of her justification defense.

       Assuming a voluntariness instruction was warranted, Appellant did not suffer egregious

harm. Appellant freely testified and demonstrated to the jury how and why she killed her husband.

The lack of a voluntariness instruction did not deprive her of a fair and impartial trial.

       Issues One and Two are overruled.

                                      Self-Defense Instruction

       Appellant contends in her third issue that the trial court erred when it included language

concerning her duty to retreat in the jury instruction. Specifically, Appellant complains that the

language of the instruction erroneously imposed a duty to retreat on Appellant. In a sub-issue,

Appellant also contends that the self-defense language in the application portion of the jury

instruction improperly assigned the burden of proof by omitting the language of Section 2.03(d).

       At trial, the State and Defense Counsel conferred on the court’s charge and stated the
                                                     15
following:

                  State:            And I just want to point out for purposes of the record
                                    that roman numeral 4, which is the language
                                    regarding self-defense, and then the application
                                    paragraph for the wording for the jury to apply self-
                                    defense under roman numeral 7 came from the
                                    defendant’s proposed jury charge of the Court. I
                                    don’t know that it was filed. But the wording and the
                                    language and all of this came from the defendant in
                                    the defense proposed jury charge.

                  Defense:          That is correct, Your Honor. We sent the Court an e-
                                    mail with the proposed charge, and that is our charge.
                                    We were rather pleased with it.

                  Court:            Anything further from the State?

                  State:            No, Your Honor.

                  Court:            Defense?

                  Defense:          No, Your Honor.

                  Court:            In fact. [Defense Counsel], have you had a
                                    reasonable amount of time to review the charge of
                                    the Court, sir?

                  Defense:          I have, Your Honor.

                  Court:            Any objections?

                  Defense:          No objection.

         The trial court’s charge under Roman Numeral IV includes the following language “A

person is justified in using deadly force only if a reasonable person in the actor’s situation would

not have retreated . . . .” 4 The court’s charge under Roman Numeral VII included two application


4
 Before 2007, it was appropriate to instruct a jury that the defendant must have “reasonably believed that a reasonable
person in the [defendant’s] situation would not have retreated.” Morales v. State, 357 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex.Crim.App.
2011). However, the Legislature revised the statute and because of those revisions, trial courts should no longer
submit jury instructions on the “general duty to retreat,” since those instructions are no longer authorized by statute.
Id. at 5. In Morales, the jury instruction included language regarding the defendant’s duty to retreat; the court
                                                               16
paragraphs which omitted the language of Section 2.03(d).5

         Appellant acknowledges, in her brief, that “the record contains a strong suggestion that the

trial court’s instruction on self-defense was exactly as requested by defense counsel. Appellant

specifically drafted and submitted to the trial court the portion of the jury charge now complained

of: the “duty to retreat” language and the application paragraphs which she asserts did not contain

the instruction mandated under Section 2.03(d).

         Unlike the voluntariness issue, Appellant complains of “a trial court has no duty to instruct

the jury on unrequested defensive issues . . . .” Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 179 (citing Posey v.

State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 60 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998). A defendant must timely request a defensive

issue or object to its omission from the charge for it to be considered the law applicable to the case.

Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 179-80; see also Williams v. State, 273 S.W.3d 200, 223

(Tex.Crim.App. 2008)(“[A] party can forfeit the right to complain about the omission of a

defensive issue because the defensive issue must be requested before the trial court has a duty to

place it in the charge, and so no ‘error’ occurs absent a request.”). Here, Appellant offered the

jury charge language that was used to instruct the jury in the trial court’s charge.




concluded that it was error to provide additional instructions regarding the defendant’s general duty to retreat, because
those additional instructions were no longer “authorized by statute” and “constituted [improper] comments on the
weight of the evidence.” Id. at 6. We note that “the failure to retreat may be considered in determining whether a
defendant reasonably believed that [her] conduct was immediately necessary to defend [herself]” and that a prosecutor
“may argue that the failure to retreat as a factor in determining whether the defendant’s conduct really was immediately
necessary[.]” Morales, 357 S.W.3d at 5; see also TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.31(a)(West 2011)(force is justified
“when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect” against unlawful
force), § 9.32(a)(2)(West 2011)(“when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes the deadly force is immediately
necessary” to protect against deadly force or to prevent the imminent commission of specified violent crimes).
5
  When claiming self-defense, the defendant has the initial burden of producing some evidence triggering self-defense
to justify submission of a self-defense instruction. Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003)(citing
Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991)). The State must then persuade the jury beyond a
reasonable doubt the defendant did not act in self-defense. Id. (citing Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913-14).
                                                               17
       The trial court is required to instruct the jury it must acquit the defendant if it has reasonable

doubt on the existence of a defensive issue pursuant to Section 2.03(d). However, a defendant has

the burden of producing some evidence to support a claim of self-defense. Zuliani v. State, 97

S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). The State has the burden of persuasion in disproving

self-defense. Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). This burden does not

require the State to produce evidence refuting the self-defense claim; rather, the burden requires

the State to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. The penal code places the burden on

the State to prove each element of the offense charged; it does not require the State to “negate the

existence of a defense . . . .” TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 2.03(b).

       The Court, in Cadd, made clear that if the Appellant requests a charge instruction, he is

estopped to complain about it on appeal. Cadd v. State, 587 S.W.2d 736, 741 (Tex.Crim.App.

1979)(op. on reh'g)(appellate court held defendant in no position to complain about charge given

because the defendant requested the charge); Holmes v. State, 140 Tex.Crim. 619, 146 S.W.2d

400, 403 (1940)(defendant objected to the wording of the charge, the wording was taken out, then

defendant complained the wording was not in the charge, appellate court held defendant invited

error and could not complain). Given that Appellant did not object to the trial court’s jury charge,

she did not preserve error, and, therefore, the egregious-harm standard would normally apply. See

Druery v. State, 225 S.W.3d 491, 504 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). But it does not apply here because

the error was invited. See Druery, 225 S.W.3d at 505–06; Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 531

(Tex.Crim.App. 1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1102, 120 S.Ct. 1840, 146 L.Ed.2d 782 (2000);

Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 124 (Tex.Crim.App. 1982)(Op. on reh’g).

       The Court of Criminal Appeals has applied invited error when the defendant “invites” the

trial court to do something, the trial court does the act, and thereafter the defendant complains of
                                                      18
the trial court's action. Kelley v. State, 823 S.W.2d 300, 302 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992); Capistran,

759 S.W.2d at 124. Under the doctrine of invited error, if a party requests or moves the court to

make an erroneous ruling, and the court rules in accordance with the request or motion, the party

responsible for the court's action cannot take advantage of the error on appeal. Prystash, 3 S.W.3d

at 531.

          In Druery, the Court of Criminal Appeals found that the defendant “not only did not object

to the omission of the lesser-included instruction” but also “affirmatively requested, after inquiry

by the trial judge, that the lesser-included instruction not be given.” Druery, 225 S.W.3d at 506.

The court held the defendant “induced the alleged error of which he now complains.” Id. The

court explained that a defendant “may not now argue on appeal that the trial judge had a duty to

sua sponte give the jury an instruction on the lesser-included offense of first-degree murder in the

face of his specific request that the charge not be included.” Id. Thus, because the appellant was

“estopped from bringing this charge-error claim on appeal,” the court would “not address whether

the omission of and failure to sua sponte give the lesser-included instruction was erroneous or

amounted to egregious harm.” Id. Cf. Vega v. State, 394 S.W.3d 514, 520 n.21 (Tex.Crim.App.

2013)(where the court did not apply the invited error doctrine where the state and the court could

not find the missing instruction was requested or objected to).

          In the present case, Appellant was given the exact jury instruction she requested and is now

trying to “benefit from an error that was committed at [her] behest.” Trejo v. State, 280 S.W.3d

258, 260 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009); Tucker v. State, 771 S.W.2d 523, 534 (1988). Because Appellant

is estopped from bringing this charge-error claim on appeal, we do not address whether the self-

defense instruction was erroneous or amounted to egregious harm.

          Issue Three is overruled.
                                                      19
                                Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       In a final issue, Appellant contends that if she is now estopped because of the invited error

doctrine from complaining about the erroneous jury instruction regarding the law of self-defense,

her trial counsel failed to provide reasonably effective assistance of counsel.         Appellant’s

contention is that her trial counsel failed to render reasonably effective assistance when her trial

counsel offered the jury instruction, used at trial, which included an incorrect self-defense

instruction and language concerning her duty to retreat. Specifically, Appellant contends that the

self-defense language in the application portion of the jury instruction improperly assigned the

burden of proof and that the abstract portion of the instruction erroneously included a language

requiring Appellant to retreat before using deadly force.

                                          Ineffective Assistance

       The United State Constitution guarantees the right to reasonably effective assistance of

counsel in criminal prosecutions. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 684–86, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2063, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Criminal defendants are not, however,

entitled to a flawless performance from counsel; “isolated lapses or mistakes during the trial are

not necessarily indicative of ineffectiveness.” Calderon v. State, 950 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.App.-

-El Paso 1997, no pet.)(citing McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 843 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992),

cert. denied, 508 U.S. 963, 113 S.Ct. 2937, 124 L.Ed.2d 686 (1993). The defendant must show

that counsel's performance was deficient, to the extent that counsel failed to function as the

“counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.             Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771

(Tex.Crim.App. 1994).

       We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the two-pronged inquiry set

out in Strickland. We must decide whether counsel was actually ineffective—in other words, did
                                                    20
the appellant show, “by a preponderance of the evidence, that his counsel’s representation fell

below the objective standard of professional norms[?]” Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833

(Tex.Crim.App. 2002)(citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064). We must also

determine whether counsel’s ineffective assistance prejudiced the defendant. Id. Stated another

way, we must determine if the claimed error so undermines our confidence in the outcome of the

trial that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the outcome of the

proceeding would have been different. Id. “The two prongs of Strickland need not be analyzed in

a particular order—the prejudice prong may be analyzed first and the performance prong second.”

Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 900 n.19 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011). Failure to make a showing

under either prong defeats an ineffective assistance claim. Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 110

(Tex.Crim.App. 2003).

       Establishing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal is difficult given

that proving the claim often, though not always, involves adducing evidence not readily apparent

in the record.   Rylander, 101 S.W.3d at 110-11; Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 102

(Tex.Crim.App. 2005)(noting that habeas corpus proceedings are often the better avenue for relief

on ineffective assistance of counsel claims, since additional extra-record evidence may be

introduced and counsel can have the opportunity to explain thought processes); cf. State v. Frias,

511 S.W.3d 797, 811-12 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2016, pet. ref’d)(counsel’s testimony at new trial

hearing sufficient to allow court on direct appeal to determine counsel was ineffective). We

indulge a strong presumption that counsel “rendered adequate assistance and made all significant

decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment[,]” [Internal quotations marks

omitted] Mallet v. State, 9 S.W.3d 856, 866 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2000, no pet.), and generally,

in the absence of affirmative record evidence, we will assume counsel’s decisions in a given case
                                                    21
were strategic. See Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999)(allegation of

ineffectiveness “must be firmly founded in the record” and “record must affirmatively demonstrate

the alleged ineffectiveness”).

                                              Analysis

       Assuming the self-defense instruction was incorrect, that alleged error, standing only, did

not deprive Appellant of “counsel” as contemplated by the Sixth Amendment. A review of the

record reveals Appellant’s self-defense was vigorously prosecuted by her counsel. In closing

argument, the State did not argue the duty to retreat, only that Appellant had failed to show she

acted in self-defense. No evidence was developed by either party regarding the duty to retreat.

The record contains two references, other than the jury charge, the reading of it by the trial judge

to the jury and the State reading the instruction once in closing argument.

       Assuming Appellant’s alleged error constituted a “deficient performance” under

Strickland, the mere assertion of prejudice is insufficient. See Ex parte Parra, 420 S.W.3d 821,

828 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013)(applicant's conclusory assertion that he had demonstrated prejudice

was insufficient to establish prejudice). Appellant has failed to demonstrate the outcome of

Appellant’s trial would have been different had the erroneous self-defense instruction had been

correctly submitted and the duty to retreat language deleted. Accordingly, we find that Appellant

has failed to establish how the incorrect deadly force self-defense instruction caused prejudice as

required by Strickland. See Newkirk v. State, 506 S.W.3d 188, 198–99 (Tex.App.--Texarkana

2016, no pet.)(ineffective assistance of counsel claim failed because no Strickland prejudice where

trial counsel did not request sudden-passion defense instruction during punishment phase of trial).

       We overrule Appellant’s final issue.



                                                    22
                                            CONCLUSION

       Having overruled each of the issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.



November 2, 2018
                                             YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice

Before Rodriguez, J., Palafox, J., and Larsen, Senior Judge
Larsen, Senior Judge (Sitting by Assignment)

(Do Not Publish)




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