                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


2-11-2004

Sacko v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 02-2979




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"Sacko v. Atty Gen USA" (2004). 2004 Decisions. Paper 1009.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2004/1009


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                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                      No. 02-2979


                                  SALIMATA SACKO,
                                              Petitioner

                                            v.

                          JOHN ASHCROFT, Attorney General
                            of the United States of America,
                                                    Respondent


                APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION
                       AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE
                           Agency No. A73 677 119


                        Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                     April 8, 2003


                Before: BECKER,* BARRY and BRIGHT,** Circuit Judges


                            (Opinion Filed: February 11, 2004)


                                        OPINION
                                       __________


  *
      Judge Becker completed his term as Chief Judge on May 4, 2003.
  **
    The Honorable Myron H. Bright, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
BARRY, Circuit Judge

       The parties are familiar with the facts of this case. As such, we will provide a brief

summary of those facts at the outset, incorporating additional facts only as necessary to

our discussion of the issues.

       Salimata Sacko (“Sacko”), a native citizen of Mali, petitions for review of an order

of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) summarily affirming the decision of the

Immigration Judge (“IJ”), which decision denied her applications for asylum and

withholding of removal. Sacko’s mother belonged to the Tuareg ethnic group while her

father was a member of the Bambera group. Sacko testified that she is a member of the

Bambera group and is considered as such in Mali.

       Sacko’s family lived in the town of M enaka, near the northern border with Nigeria.

In the late 1980's, members of the Tuareg group took part in an insurgency in the northern

part of Mali. As a result, government soldiers began moving into the area. Sacko

described a December 1992 incident where Malian soldiers surrounded a van she, along

with her cousin and fifteen others, was in. The soldiers shot at the van until it veered off

the road and burned. Sacko’s hand was burned, and she subsequently learned her cousin

died in the attack. She testified that the soldiers may have thought she was a Tuareg and

that she fears returning.

       Sacko remained in Menaka for roughly five months after the incident. She then

moved to the national capital of Bamako, and claims that she still felt unsafe. On



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December 20, 1993, she came to the United States. The IJ found her credible and found,

as well, that she could be identified as a Tuareg. Nevertheless, the IJ determined that

Sacko failed to demonstrate that she suffered persecution because of her imputed or

actual status as a Tuareg and that the December 1992 incident was not evidence of

persecution. Moreover, the IJ found that Sacko failed to demonstrate a reasonable

probability of future persecution. The IJ, therefore, denied both Sacko’s application for

asylum and withholding of deportation. In upholding the IJ’s determination denying

Sacko relief from removal, the BIA issued an “affirmance without opinion” (“AWO”)

under its streamlining regulations.

       Sacko challenges the constitutionality of the streamlining regulations and argues

that the denial of asylum was an abuse of discretion. We have jurisdiction to review the

BIA’s final order of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1105a (1994), as amended by section

309(c)(4) of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA),

Pub.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996), because Sacko was placed in deportation

proceedings as of IIRIRA’s effective date, but the final order of deportation was entered

more than thirty days after such date. We will deny the petition for review.

       We begin by addressing Sacko’s argument that the BIA’s order deprived her of an

individualized determination of her case and thereby violated her right to due process

under the Fifth Amendment. See U.S. Const. Amend. V. This contention must fail as we

recently concluded in Dia v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 238 (3d Cir. 2003), that the



                                             3
streamlining regulations do not violate the Due Process Clause.1

       We turn, then, to Sacko’s substantive attack on the BIA’s denial of her claim for

relief. When the BIA issues an AWO under the streamlining regulations, we review the

IJ’s opinion to determine whether it is supported by substantial evidence. Dia, 353 F.3d

at 248. The scope of this review is very narrow, as “the question whether an agency

determination is supported by substantial evidence is the same as the question whether a

reasonable fact finder could make such a determination based upon the administrative

record.” Id. at 249. The IJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence.

       The law underlying Sacko’s substantive claims is clear. The Attorney General

may grant asylum if Sacko meets the definition of “refugee”, i.e. she is unable or

unwilling to return to her home country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of

persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.” Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(42)(A). To establish eligibility on the basis of past persecution, an applicant

must demonstrate: “(1) an incident, or incidents, that rise to the level of persecution; (2)

that is ‘on account of’ one of the statutorily-protected grounds; and (3) is committed by

the government or forces the government is either ‘unable or unwilling’ to control.”

Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 592 (3d Cir. 2003). Such a showing raises a


   1
    Sacko also implicitly challenges the propriety of the BIA’s threshold decision to
streamline her particular case. We need not reach the issue of whether a BIA member’s
decision to streamline is reviewable because the BIA’s decision to streamline here was
clearly not an abuse of discretion.

                                              4
presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution. Id. “That presumption can be

rebutted if the [Government] establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that the

applicant could reasonably avoid persecution by relocating to another part of his or her

country or that conditions in the applicant’s country have changed so as to make his or her

fear no longer reasonable.” Id. at 592 n.3 (citation omitted). To qualify for withholding

of removal, Sacko must show that there is a “clear probability” that if returned to her

native country, she will be persecuted on the basis of a specified ground. See Zubeda v.

Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 469 (3d Cir. 2003); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b).

       Sacko begins by attacking the IJ’s determination that the December 1992 incident

did not constitute persecution. Even if this determination were incorrect, thus giving rise

to a presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution, the IJ’s overall decision

was still supported by substantial evidence. Country conditions have sufficiently changed

since the 1995 peace accords, and Sacko concedes little knowledge about the Taureg

rebellion, thereby rebutting any presumption. Finally, the IJ correctly noted that because

Sacko failed to show a reasonable probability of future persecution, she cannot meet the

more stringent standard required for withholding of deportation. See Lin v. INS, 238

F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2001); Janusiak v. INS, 947 F.2d 46, 47 (3d Cir. 1991).

       For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review.




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