                      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                   MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD


THASHA A. BOYD,                                 DOCKET NUMBERS
             Appellant,                         AT-3443-13-7178-B-1
                                                AT-1221-13-3375-B-1
             v.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
    and                                         DATE: March 10, 2016
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
  SECURITY,
          Agencies.



        THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1

      Thasha A. Boyd, Kennesaw, Georgia, pro se.

      Uche N. Egemonye, Esquire, Atlanta, Georgia, for the Department
        of Labor.

      Beverly R. Brooks, Esquire, Washington, D.C., for the Department of
        Homeland Security.


                                      BEFORE

                         Susan Tsui Grundmann, Chairman
                            Mark A. Robbins, Member




1
   A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                         2

                                       FINAL ORDER

¶1         The appellant has filed petitions for review of two initial decisions, which
     denied her requests for corrective action in these individual right of action (IRA)
     appeals. We CONSOLIDATE the appeals because we have determined that doing
     so will expedite processing of the cases and will not adversely affect the parties’
     interests. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.36. Generally, we grant a petition only when: the
     initial decision contains erroneous findings of material fact; the initial decision is
     based on an erroneous interpretation of statute or regulation or the erroneous
     application of the law to the facts of the case; the administrative judge’s rulings
     during either the course of the appeal or the initial decision were not consistent
     with required procedures or involved an abuse of discretion, and the resulting
     error affected the outcome of the case; or new and material evidence or legal
     argument is available that, despite the petitioner’s due diligence, was not
     available when the record closed. See title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations,
     section 1201.115 (5 C.F.R. § 1201.115).      After fully considering the filings in
     these appeals, we conclude that the petitioner has not established any basis under
     section 1201.115 for granting the petitions for review. Therefore, we DENY the
     petitions for review and AFFIRM the initial decisions, AS MODIFIED, to
     VACATE the finding that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) proved by
     clear and convincing evidence that it would have rescinded the appellant’s
     tentative job offer in the absence of her whistleblowing.
¶2         This case was docketed as three separate IRA appeals against the Office of
     Personnel Management (OPM), Department of Labor (DOL), and DHS, the three
     parties named by the appellant. Boyd v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB
     Docket No. AT-0731-13-7162-I-1 (Boyd I), Initial Appeal File (7162 IAF);
     Boyd v. Department of Labor, MSPB Docket No. AT-3443-13-7178-I-1 (Boyd II),
     Initial Appeal File (7178 IAF); Boyd v. Department of Homeland Security, MSPB
     Docket No. AT‑1221‑13-3375-W-1 (Boyd III), Initial Appeal File (3375 IAF). In
                                                                                       3

     short, the appellant alleged that each of the agencies engaged in whistleblower
     reprisal in connection with protected disclosures she made at DOL, her former
     employer, and the rescission of a tentative job offer at DHS, her prospective
     employer. E.g., 7178 IAF, Tab 1 at 4‑10.
¶3           The administrative judge dismissed Boyd I for lack of jurisdiction, and we
     affirmed.      See Boyd v. Office of Personnel Management, MSPB Docket No.
     AT-0731-13-7162-I-1, Final Order (Nov. 21, 2014). 2 The administrative judge
     also dismissed Boyd II and Boyd III for lack of jurisdiction, 7178 IAF, Tab 10,
     Initial Decision; 3375 IAF, Tab 11, Initial Decision, but we granted the
     appellant’s petitions for review and remanded those cases to be heard on the
     merits, Boyd v. Department of Labor, MSPB Docket No. AT-3443-13-7178-I-1,
     Remand Order (Nov. 21, 2014) (7178 Remand Order); Boyd v. Department of
     Homeland Security, MSPB Docket No. AT-1221-13-3375-W-1, Remand Order
     (Nov. 24, 2014).
¶4           On remand, the administrative judge consolidated Boyd II and Boyd III for
     purposes of developing the record. Boyd v. Department of Labor, MSPB Docket
     No. AT-3443-13-7178-B-1, Remand File (7178 RF), Tab 3; Boyd v. Department
     of Homeland Security, MSPB Docket No. AT-1221-13-3375-B-1, Remand File
     (3375 RF), Tab 4.         Thereafter, he issued separate decisions, each denying the
     appellant’s requests for corrective action. 3      7178 RF, Tab 38, Remand Initial
     Decision (7178 RID); 3375 RF, Tab 18, Remand Initial Decision (3375 RID).
¶5           The appellant has filed similar petitions for review of the Boyd II and
     Boyd III remand initial decisions. Boyd v. Department of Labor, MSPB Docket
     No. AT-3443-13-7178-B-1, Petition for Review (7178 PFR) File, Tab 1; Boyd v.
     Department of Homeland Security, MSPB Docket No. AT-1221-13-3375-B-1,


     2
         Boyd I is not at issue here.
     3
       The administrative judge issued the decisions on the written record because the
     appellant withdrew her hearing request. 7178 RF, Tab 24 at 1.
                                                                                           4

     Petition for Review (3375 PFR) File, Tab 1. DOL and DHS each filed a response.
     7178 PFR File, Tab 3; 3375 PFR File, Tab 3.
     The appellant failed to meet her burden of proving whistleblower reprisal.
¶6         To prevail on the merits of an IRA appeal, an appellant must establish by a
     preponderance     of   the   evidence   that   she   made    a   protected   disclosure
     under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) that was a contributing factor in an agency’s
     personnel action. Aquino v. Department of Homeland Security, 121 M.S.P.R. 35,
     ¶ 10 (2014). If the appellant is able to offer such proof, the Board must order
     corrective action unless the agency can establish by clear and convincing
     evidence that it would have taken the same personnel action in the absence of the
     disclosure. Id.
¶7         In one of several prior appeals involving the appellant, the Board confirmed
     that the disclosures she relied on in the instant appeals were protected. See, e.g.,
     7178 RF, Tab 27 at 6; Boyd v. Department of Labor, Docket Nos. AT‑1221-12-
     0456-W-1 & AT-1221-12-0665-W-1, Final Order at 7 (Sept. 17, 2013). 4
     However, the administrative judge found that the appellant failed to meet her
     burden of proving the other requisite elements of whistleblower reprisal in the
     instant appeals. 7178 RID at 12-17; 3375 RID at 10‑14.
           Boyd II
¶8         In the appeal against DOL, the administrative judge found that the appellant
     failed to prove that the agency took a “personnel action” against her in connection
     with DHS’s rescinded job offer. 7178 RID at 12-17. We agree.



     4
        The protected disclosures were the appellant’s letters to the Government
     Accountability Office in May 2010 and April 2011, while employed at DOL, requesting
     investigation into the operations of the Office of Foreign Labor Certification as it
     related to a lack of production standards, frequent breaks, pay inequality, questionable
     hiring practices, misuse of Government equipment, and poor training. See Boyd, MSPB
     Docket Nos. AT‑1221-12-0456-W-1 & AT-1221-12-0665-W-1, Final Order at 3 n.4
     (Sept. 17, 2013).
                                                                                            5

¶9          The appellant generally alleged that two of her former supervisors at DOL
      were in positions to be able to provide negative employment references
      concerning a tentative job offer for her at DHS. 7178 IAF, Tab 5 at 4-5. She
      surmised that these DOL supervisors provided such references to prevent her
      appointment elsewhere in retaliation for her whistleblowing.         Id. at 5. As we
      remanded the matter for a hearing on the merits, we noted that the allegations
      could be construed as DOL blacklisting her from future employment, which could
      constitute a personnel action.         7178 Remand Order, ¶¶ 9-10; see 5 U.S.C.
      § 2302(a)(2)(A) (defining “personnel action” for purposes of the Whistleblower
      Protection Act); Mattil v. Department of State, 118 M.S.P.R. 662, ¶ 23 (2012)
      (recognizing that although “blacklisting” is not an enumerated personnel action
      under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(a)(2)(A), construed broadly, it could constitute a failure to
      appoint, which would be properly before the Board in an IRA appeal if an
      appellant identifies particular employment opportunities that the agency denied as
      part of the alleged “blacklisting”).
¶10         On remand, the administrative judge found that, although the appellant
      speculated about her former DOL supervisors providing negative references in
      reprisal for her whistleblowing, the evidence demonstrated that they did not
      provide references at all, based upon agency policy and ongoing litigation. 5
      7178 RID at 12-15. The appellant’s petition for review seems to further speculate
      that DOL may have provided a negative reference to DHS in reprisal for her
      whistleblowing.      7178 PFR File, Tab 1 at 14-15.           She alleges that the




      5
        The record does not establish that the ongoing litigation, which appears to be a
      defamation lawsuit, was protected activity subject to the Board’s jurisdiction over IRA
      appeals. See 7178 RF, Tab 20, Subtab 4e at 82‑85; Mudd v. Department of Veterans
      Affairs, 120 M.S.P.R. 365, ¶ 7 (2013) (recognizing that the Board’s jurisdiction over
      IRA appeals includes claims alleging that an agency took a personnel action because of
      the employee’s exercise of any appeal, complaint, or grievance right granted by any
      law, rule, or regulation with regard to remedying a violation of 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)).
                                                                                         6

      administrative judge erred in crediting the statements of DOL employees because
      the agency is not trustworthy. Id. at 15-16. We find no merit to her arguments.
¶11         The evidence demonstrates that the pertinent DOL component had a policy
      of providing employment dates but no other substantive information in response
      to reference checks for prior employees.       See 7178 RF, Tab 21 at 11, 15‑16.
      Consistent with that policy, records from individuals investigating the appellant’s
      background for the DHS vacancy reflect DOL’s refusal to provide additional
      information.     7178 RF, Tab 17 at 19, Tab 21 at 13.      Although the appellant
      disagrees with the findings of the administrative judge, who credited the
      aforementioned evidence, including statements of pertinent DOL officials
      concerning DOL policy and inquiries about her prior employment, her mere
      disagreement does not warrant disturbing the initial decision. See Crosby v. U.S.
      Postal Service, 74 M.S.P.R. 98, 105-06 (1997) (finding no reason to disturb the
      administrative judge’s findings when she considered the evidence as a whole,
      drew appropriate inferences, and made reasoned conclusions); Broughton v.
      Department of Health & Human Services, 33 M.S.P.R. 357, 359 (1987) (same).
      As discussed above, it was the appellant’s burden to prove her claim.            See
      Aquino, 121 M.S.P.R. 35, ¶ 10.      Because the appellant’s allegations were not
      supported by persuasive evidence, we agree with the administrative judge’s
      conclusion that she failed to meet that burden; she thus failed to establish that her
      protected disclosures were a contributing factor in a DOL personnel action.
            Boyd III
¶12         In the appeal against DHS, the administrative judge found that the appellant
      failed to prove that her protected disclosures at DOL were a contributing factor in
      DHS’s rescission of its tentative job offer. 6 3375 RID at 10‑14. We agree.


      6
        The administrative judge also found that DHS proved by clear and convincing
      evidence that it would have rescinded the tentative job offer in the absence of the
      appellant’s whistleblowing. 3375 RID at 14-15. However, because the appellant failed
      to prove that her whistleblowing was a contributing factor in the rescission of the
                                                                                             7

¶13         The most common way of proving that a disclosure was a contributing
      factor in a personnel action is the knowledge/timing test. Shannon v. Department
      of Veterans Affairs, 121 M.S.P.R. 221, ¶ 23 (2014). Under that test, an appellant
      can prove the contributing factor element through evidence that the official taking
      the personnel action knew of the whistleblowing disclosure and took the
      personnel action within a period of time such that a reasonable person could
      conclude that the disclosure was a contributing factor in the personnel action. Id.
¶14         The agency’s tentative selection of the appellant for its Citizenship and
      Immigration Services (CIS) vacancy occurred in October 2012.                   7178 RF,
      Tab 20, Subtab 4b. Over the following months, the agency’s Office of Security
      and Integrity (OSI) and the appellant engaged in back and forth communications,
      in an attempt to complete her background investigation.            See, e.g., 7178 RF,
      Tab 20, Subtabs 4d-4q.       Because that investigation was still pending as of
      March 2013, CIS contacted OSI, requesting an update on when it would be
      completed. 7178 RF, Tab 20, Subtab 4s at 3. OSI responded, indicating that it
      could not provide any estimate “due to the complexity of [the appellant’s]
      security case.” Id. at 2. Two weeks later, CIS rescinded the tentative job offer,
      citing the aforementioned delay and a need to fill the position immediately.
      7178 RF, Tab 20, Subtab 4t, Tab 30 at 50‑51.
¶15         Although the appellant revealed her disclosures to OSI as part of her
      background investigation just months before CIS rescinded her job offer, the
      agency presented evidence that the information was not relayed to the selecting
      official or anyone else outside of OSI.          Compare, e.g., 7178 RF,        Tab 20,
      Subtab 4e at 4 (the appellant’s responses to the background investigation,

      tentative job offer, the administrative judge erred in reaching that issue. See Clarke v.
      Department of Veterans Affairs, 121 M.S.P.R. 154, ¶ 19 n.10 (2014) (recognizing that
      the Board may not proceed to the clear and convincing evidence test unless it has first
      made a finding that the appellant established his prima facie case), aff’d,
      No. 2014-3013, 2015 WL 8538501 (Fed. Cir. Dec. 11, 2015). We therefore vacate the
      administrative judge’s clear and convincing finding.
                                                                                               8

      including     information     concerning    lawsuits   involving    her   allegations   of
      whistleblower reprisal at DOL), with 7178 RF, Tab 30 at 50-51 (declaration of the
      CIS selecting official, P.O., denying any knowledge of the appellant’s
      whistleblowing and explaining that the rescission was necessary to fill the
      vacancy expeditiously), 54-55, 58-59, 61-62, 64-65 (declarations from R.M.,
      K.A., C.F., and R.H., individuals with OSI, explaining that the processing of an
      applicant’s background investigation does not include revealing responses to a
      selecting official; denying any communications with the selecting official for the
      appellant’s vacancy; and denying any involvement in the decision to rescind the
      appellant’s tentative job offer).          In the absence of contrary evidence, the
      administrative judge found that the selecting official had no knowledge of the
      appellant’s whistleblowing at DOL, and the appellant failed to demonstrate that
      her protected disclosures at DOL were a contributing factor in the rescission of
      the tentative job offer at DHS. 3375 RID at 10‑14.
¶16        On review, the appellant alleges that the administrative judge erred because
      he failed to consider whether the selecting official, P.O., had constructive
      knowledge of her whistleblowing. E.g., 3375 PFR File, Tab 1 at 9-14. As an
      initial matter, we note that the appellant did not clearly argue that the selecting
      official had constructive knowledge of her whistleblowing below. See 7178 RF,
      Tab 27      at 10,   24-25;    see   generally     Banks    v.     Department    of     the
      Air Force, 4 M.S.P.R. 268, 271 (1980) (discussing that the Board generally
      will not consider an argument raised for the first time in a petition for review
      absent a showing that it is based on new and material evidence not previously
      available despite the party’s due diligence). Moreover, although the appellant
      asserts that the administrative judge should have considered the possibility, we
      are not persuaded that constructive knowledge applies in this case.
¶17        An appellant may show that a protected disclosure was a contributing factor
      by proving that the official taking the action had constructive knowledge of the
      protected disclosure, even if the official lacked actual knowledge.             Nasuti v.
                                                                                              9

      Department of State, 120 M.S.P.R. 588, ¶ 7 (2014). An appellant may establish
      constructive knowledge by demonstrating that an individual with actual
      knowledge of her disclosure influenced the official accused of taking the
      retaliatory action. Id.
¶18          As detailed above, the record reflects that the parties with actual knowledge
      of the appellant’s whistleblowing merely declined to provide an estimate on when
      her background investigation would be completed.             E.g., 7178 RF,        Tab 20,
      Subtab 4s at 2-3, Tab 30 at 50-51, 54-55, 58-59, 61-62, 64‑65.           The appellant
      has not identified any persuasive argument or evidence that the individuals with
      knowledge of her disclosures influenced the selecting official’s decision to
      rescind the tentative job offer. Cf. Aquino, 121 M.S.P.R. 35, ¶¶ 21-24 (finding
      that an appellant proved contributing factor through constructive knowledge
      where his supervisor reported concerns about the quality of his work just days
      after learning that he made disclosures, and higher-level agency officials
      exclusively relied on those concerns in removing the appellant).             While the
      appellant seems to suggest that the agency’s evidence primarily consists of
      self-serving sworn declarations, it was her burden to prove that her disclosures
      were    a   contributing   factor   in   the   agency’s   personnel    action. 7      See
      Aquino, 121 M.S.P.R. 35, ¶ 10. Accordingly, we agree with the administrative
      judge’s conclusion that the appellant failed meet her burden; she therefore failed
      to prove that her protected disclosures at DOL were a contributing factor in the
      rescission of her tentative job offer at DHS.




      7
        To the extent that the appellant also has argued that the administrative judge erred in
      crediting “self-serving” statements of DHS officials to find that the agency proved by
      clear and convincing evidence that it would have rescinded the tentative job offer in the
      absence of her whistleblowing, see 3375 PFR File, Tab 1 at 10-13, we need not address
      the argument because we are vacating the administrative judge’s clear and
      convincing analysis.
                                                                                           10

      The appellant has failed to establish any other basis for disturbing the
      initial decisions.
¶19         The appellant alleges that the administrative judge erred by denying her
      motions to subpoena nonparties S.B. and R.R. below. 8 E.g., 3375 PFR File, Tab 1
      at 5‑9. We disagree. A subpoena request “must identify specifically the books,
      papers, or testimony desired.” 5 C.F.R. § 1201.81(b). The request also must “be
      supported by a showing that the evidence sought is directly material to the issues
      involved in the appeal.”        5 C.F.R. § 1201.81(c).     The appellant’s subpoena
      requests failed to meet those standards.        Rather than specifically identifying
      material information that she sought, the appellant generally and repeatedly
      requested that the administrative judge order S.B. and R.R. to “respond to any
      and all requests made by appellant for documents, evidence, scheduled
      depositions and/or scheduled testimony regarding and related to the instant
      appeal.” E.g., 7178 RF, Tab 5 at 4, Tab 10 at 4, Tab 22 at 8. Accordingly, we
      find that the administrative judge did not abuse his discretion and that he properly
      denied the motions to subpoena nonparties S.B. and R.R. 7178 RF, Tab 24 at 5-7;
      7178 RID      at 2-3;     see     generally     Ryan v.      Department       of    the
      Air Force, 117 M.S.P.R. 362, ¶ 5 (2012) (finding that the Board will not reverse
      an administrative judge’s rulings on discovery matters, the exclusion of
      witnesses, and rulings concerning proceedings absent an abuse of discretion).
¶20         The appellant also alleges that the administrative judge’s processing of the
      appeals included a number of factual errors. E.g., 3375 PFR File, Tab 1 at 14‑15.
      For example, she alleges that a portion of a prehearing conference summary
      discussing a motion to compel referred to DHS, when it should have referred to

      8
        The appellant identified S.B. as the Federal contractor responsible for conducting her
      background investigation concerning DHS’s tentative job offer. 7178 RF, Tab 10 at 4.
      She identified R.R. as the former DOL employee responsible for issuing the DOL
      policy concerning responses to job referrals and background investigations that
      permitted only the release of beginning and end dates of employees without referral to a
      separate DOL component. 7178 RF, Tab 5 at 4-5, 11‑12.
                                                                                           11

      DOL.     Id. at 14.        Another example is the appellant’s allegation that the
      background discussions in the initial decisions refer to DOL imposing a 10‑day
      suspension when, in fact, she resigned from her position before the agency had
      the opportunity to impose the suspension.          E.g., 3375 PFR File, Tab 1 at 14.
      However, the appellant has failed to demonstrate how these alleged errors were
      harmful to her substantive rights.             See Panter v. Department of the
      Air Force, 22 M.S.P.R. 281, 282 (1984) (explaining that an adjudicatory error
      that is not prejudicial to a party’s substantive rights provides no basis for reversal
      of an initial decision).
¶21          Finally, the appellant seems to assert that the administrative judge was
      biased against her.        E.g., 3375 PFR File, Tab 1 at 8, 15.      For example, she
      suggests that the administrative judge denied her motions in an effort to aid the
      agencies’ litigation of these cases and delayed the processing of her appeals
      without reason. Id. She also refers to the fact that we previously remanded the
      appeals, suggesting that those remands are proof that the administrative judge
      has not carefully considered her claims. Id. at 15. We find no merit to these
      allegations. See Oliver v. Department of Transportation, 1 M.S.P.R. 382, 386
      (1980) (holding that, in making a claim of bias or prejudice against an
      administrative judge, a party must overcome the presumption of honesty and
      integrity that accompanies administrative adjudicators); see also Bieber v.
      Department of the Army, 287 F.3d 1358, 1362-63 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (discussing
      that an administrative judge’s conduct during the course of a Board proceeding
      warrants a new adjudication only if the administrative judge’s comments or
      actions evidence “a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair
      judgment    impossible”)       (quoting   Liteky   v.   United States,   510 U.S.   540,
      555 (1994)).
                                                                                 12

                   NOTICE TO THE APPELLANT REGARDING
                      YOUR FURTHER REVIEW RIGHTS
      The initial decisions, as supplemented by this Final Order, constitute the
Board’s final decisions in these matters.     5 C.F.R. § 1201.113.     You have the
right to request review of this final decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit.
      The court must receive your request for review no later than 60 calendar
days after the date of this order.      See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A) (as rev. eff.
Dec. 27, 2012). If you choose to file, be very careful to file on time. The court
has held that normally it does not have the authority to waive this statutory
deadline and that filings that do not comply with the deadline must be dismissed.
See Pinat v. Office of Personnel Management, 931 F.2d 1544 (Fed. Cir. 1991).
      If you want to request review of the Board’s decision concerning your
claims   of    prohibited   personnel   practices   under   5 U.S.C.   § 2302(b)(8),
(b)(9)(A)(i), (b)(9)(B), (b)(9)(C), or (b)(9)(D), but you do not want to challenge
the Board’s disposition of any other claims of prohibited personnel practices, you
may request review of this final decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit or any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction. The Court of
Appeals must receive your petition for review within 60 days after the date of this
order. See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B) (as rev. eff. Dec. 27, 2012). If you choose
to file, be very careful to file on time. You may choose to request review of the
Board’s decision in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any other
court of appeals of competent jurisdiction, but not both. Once you choose to seek
review in one court of appeals, you may be precluded from seeking review in any
other court.
      If you need further information about your right to appeal this decision to
court, you should refer to the Federal law that gives you this right. It is found in
title 5 of the U.S. Code, section 7703 (5 U.S.C. § 7703) (as rev. eff. Dec. 27,
2012). You may read this law as well as other sections of the U.S. Code, at our
                                                                                13

website, http://www.mspb.gov/appeals/uscode.htm. Additional information about
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit is available at the court’s
website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular relevance is the court’s “Guide
for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is contained within the
court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, and 11. Additional information about
other courts of appeals can be found at their respective websites, which can be
accessed through the link below:
http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
      If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website
at   http://www.mspb.gov/probono      for     information   regarding   pro   bono
representation for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal
Circuit.   The Merit Systems Protection Board neither endorses the services
provided by any attorney nor warrants that any attorney will accept representation
in a given case.




FOR THE BOARD:                              ______________________________
                                            William D. Spencer
                                            Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.
