                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2017-IA-01554-SCT

SAFECO INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI EX REL. JIM HOOD


DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        10/25/2017
TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. TOMIE T. GREEN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                 GREGG A. CARAWAY
                                         CLIFFORD K. (FORD) BAILEY, III
                                         JUDY Y. BARRASSO
                                         STEPHEN L. MILES
                                         CHLOÉ M. CHETTA
                                         STEPHEN R. KLAFFKY
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                  GEORGE W. NEVILLE
                                         DONALD L. KILGORE
                                         JACQUELINE H. RAY
                                         WILLIAM L. SMITH
                                         LUCIEN SMITH
                                         BENJAMIN BRYANT
                                         CRYMES G. PITTMAN
                                         WILLIAM E. COPLEY
                                         MAISON HEIDELBERG
NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CIVIL - INSURANCE
DISPOSITION:                             VACATED AND REMANDED - 08/22/2019
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      EN BANC.

      GRIFFIS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   This case is before the Court on interlocutory appeal. Safeco Insurance Company

(Safeco) challenges the circuit court’s reassignment of this case and the appointment of a
special master. We find an abuse of discretion and vacate the reassignment order and the

special-master order. The case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                       FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2.    This case arises from Hurricane Katrina insurance litigation. After the hurricane had

destroyed many homes, policyholders and insurance companies began litigating whether the

hurricane losses were caused by flood damage or wind damage. The distinction determined

whether the insurance companies would pay claims on those polices that did not cover flood

damage.

¶3.    For Mississippi residents who could not recover under an insurance policy at that time,

Mississippi enacted the Homeowner Assistance Program (HAP), a federally funded program

intended to assist uninsured or underinsured homeowners. According to the State, a portion

of the HAP assistance would not have been paid by the State if insurers had not wrongly

characterized flood-damage claims as wind-damage claims.

¶4.    Since 2015, the State has initiated at least twelve HAP lawsuits against insurers,

asserting different theories of liability related to HAP. Some of the cases have been settled,

while others are pending in both state and federal courts.1 Four of such cases are relevant


       1
         See, e.g., Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. MeritPlan Ins. Co., No. 1:15-cv-00614 (Hinds
Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Nov. 20, 2015) (initially assigned to and now pending
before Judge Green; settled and dismissed); Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Balboa Ins. Co., No.
1:17-cv-00146 (Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Mar. 10, 2017) (initially
assigned to Judge Green; settled and dismissed); Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. USAA Cas. Ins.

                                              2
here.

¶5.     On April 21, 2015, the State filed the first HAP complaint against State Farm Fire &

Casualty Company (State Farm).2 The State alleged that State Farm misadjusted 8,238

unidentified Katrina-related insurance claims. This case was initially randomly assigned to

Senior Circuit Judge Tomie Green.

¶6.     On November 20, 2015, the State filed another HAP case against Metropolitan

Property and Casualty Insurance Company (Metropolitan).3            The State alleged that

Metropolitan misadjusted 429 unidentified Katrina-related insurance claims. This case was

initially randomly assigned to Circuit Judge William Gowan, who retired in March 2018.

¶7.     Within several months of filing, Judge Gowan considered and ruled on two dispositive


Co. et al., No. 1:18-cv-00210 (Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Apr. 16, 2018)
(initially assigned to Judge Gowan’s successor; now pending before Judge Faye Peterson);
Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Prime Ins. Co., No. 1:18-cv-00211 (Hinds Cty. Circuit Court,
1st Jud. Dist., filed Apr. 16, 2018) (initially assigned to Judge Gowan’s successor; now
pending before Judge Peterson); Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Allstate Ins. Co., et al., No.
1:18-cv-00212 (Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Apr. 16, 2018) (initially
assigned to and now pending before Judge Green); Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Am. Sec. Ins.
Co., No. 1:18-cv-00213 (Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Apr. 16, 2018)
(initially assigned to Judge Gowan’s successor; now pending before Judge Peterson);
Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Nat’l Fire and Cas. Co., No. 1:18-cv-00214 (Hinds Cty. Circuit
Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Apr. 16, 2018) (initially assigned to Judge Gowan’s successor;
now pending before Judge Peterson); Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.,
et al., No. 1:18-cv-00215 (Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Nov. 20, 2015)
(initially assigned to Judge Green; interlocutory appeal pending 2019-M-01017-SCT).
        2
       Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., No. 1:15-cv-00221-TTG
(Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Apr. 21, 2015) (State Farm).
        3
        Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., No. 1:15-cv-00615-WAG (Hinds
Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Nov. 20, 2015) (Metropolitan).

                                             3
motions. Judge Gowan ruled against the State and held: first, that the State’s subrogation

claims were untimely; second, that the State violated Mississippi’s pleading requirements by

not appending each policyholder’s subrogation agreement to the complaint; and third, that

the State was to disclose these agreements, “rather than making the Defendant go on a fishing

expedition.” The case was settled following this ruling.

¶8.    Shortly thereafter, on March 29, 2017, the State filed two more HAP cases. The first

case was filed against Safeco.4 The complaint alleged that Safeco misadjusted 232

unidentified Katrina-related insurance claims. This case was initially randomly assigned to

Judge Gowan.

¶9.    The second case was filed against Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (Liberty

Mutual).5 The complaint alleged that Liberty Mutual misadjusted 180 unidentified

Katrina-related insurance claims. This case was initially randomly assigned to Judge Green.

¶10.   On May 9, 2017, in State Farm, after the State filed a motion for entry of a proposed

scheduling order and State Farm filed a motion to dismiss that was similar to that motion

granted by Judge Gowan in Metropolitan, Judge Green entered the following text order,

without conducting a hearing:

       ORDER OF NOTICE OF INTENT TO APPOINT SPECIAL MASTER.
       Please take notice OF THE COURT’S INTENT to appoint a SPECIAL

       4
         Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Safeco Ins. Co., No. 1:17-cv-00197-WAG (Hinds Cty.
Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Mar. 29, 2007) (Safeco).
       5
        Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., No. 1:17-cv-00198-TTG (Hinds
Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed Mar. 29, 2007) (Liberty Mutual).

                                             4
       MASTER on the grounds of its overcrowded civil and criminal dockets, and
       other administrative duties, in addition to the parties numerous filings and the
       complexity of case and the need for timely resolution of pretrial matters. The
       Special Master’s fee and expenses will be borne by the parties, in equal
       proportion. Any party with a reasonable objection for cause to said
       appointment shall file said objection on or before May 19, 2017. NO
       FURTHER WRITTEN ORDER WILL BE ENTERED BY THE COURT.

On July 17, 2017, an order appointing a special master was entered in the State Farm case.

State Farm objected to the entry of that order. The State Farm order is not before this Court.

¶11.    On October 2, 2017, both Safeco and Liberty Mutual filed a motion to dismiss the

State’s claims for failure to join necessary parties and for failure to state a claim, similar to

motions that Judge Gowan had granted in Metropolitan.

¶12.   On October 13, 2017, the State, in the State Farm case, filed a motion to consolidate

State Farm with Liberty Mutual and Safeco and a motion to appoint a special master.

Neither the motion to consolidate nor the motion to appoint a special master was filed in the

Safeco or Liberty Mutual cases.

¶13.   Nevertheless, on October 24 and 25, 2017, Judge Green issued a sua sponte order in

both the Safeco case (in which she was not the assigned judge) and the Liberty Mutual case

(in which she was the assigned judge) appointing a special master.

¶14.   Then, on October 26, 2017, Judge Green entered an order in the Safeco case that

reassigned the Safeco case to her docket.

¶15.   On November 8 and 9, 2017, Safeco and Liberty Mutual filed a petition for

interlocutory appeal challenging both the reassignment order and the orders appointing a


                                               5
special master.6 In addition to the briefs of the parties and the amicus, on November 8, this

Court requested responses from Judges Green and Gowan. Their joint response was filed on

November 13, 2017, and Judge Gowan filed a separate supplemental response on December

7, 2017.

                                            ISSUES

¶16.   The parties stated the issues as follows:

       1.       Did the circuit court err by unilaterally and non-randomly reassigning
                the Safeco case to herself?

       2.       Did the circuit court err by appointing a special master without finding
                an exceptional condition to justify it and by granting the special master
                excessive authority not warranted by the facts of the cases, including
                permitting engagement in unlimited substantive ex parte
                communications?

       3.       If the Court finds overcrowding, should it appoint a special judge to
                hear the Safeco and Liberty Mutual cases instead of allowing a circuit
                judge to unilaterally delegate judicial authority to an unelected special
                master, at the parties’ expense, including in a case not assigned to the
                circuit judge?

                                        DISCUSSION

       1.       Did the circuit court err by unilaterally and non-randomly
                reassigning the Safeco case to herself?

¶17.   Safeco argues that the sua sponte reassignment of this case violated Rule 1.05A(A)

of the Uniform Civil Rules of Circuit and County Court Practice. Safeco also argues that

because Rule 1.05A requires assignments to be random, reassignments should be random as


       6
           The Court’s decision in Liberty Mutual will be decided by a separate opinion.

                                                6
well.

¶18.    The first question under this issue is whether circuit judges have the authority to

reassign or transfer a case. This Court’s appellate review of “questions of law are reviewed

de novo.” Miss. Dep’t of Revenue v. Hotel & Rest. Supply, 192 So. 3d 942, 945 (Miss.

2016) (citing Equifax, Inc. v. Miss. Dep’t of Revenue, 125 So. 3d 36, 41 (Miss. 2013)). The

Court finds no Rule that prohibits reassignment or transfer of a case to a judge other than the

judge to whom the case was initially randomly assigned. Further, the Court has found no

Mississippi case that has interpreted this provision explicitly with respect to reassignments

or transfers by one judge to another judge in the same district.7

¶19.    Safeco’s argument is that the reassignment order violates Rule 1.05A and this Court’s

precedent and should be vacated.

¶20.    Mississippi does indeed follow a rule of random assignment of cases. In November

2000, this Court promulgated Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(g):

        The setting of terms and assigning of causes in dockets in the chancery and
        circuit courts shall be done fairly considering the relative workloads of the
        judges and the right of litigants within the district to fair and reasonable access
        to all of the judicial officers, as well as reasonable accommodation of the
        requests and needs of all the judges within the district. Further, the assignment
        of cases and dockets shall be done through a systematic plan recognizing the


        7
        Other states’ courts have considered the process and the propriety of judicial
reassignment. See, e.g., State v. Sprint Commc’ns Co., L.P., 699 So. 2d 1058, 1062 (La.
1997) (“We hold the judges . . . cannot be permitted to continue the practice of
non-randomly swapping cases originally allotted to them by chance. Just as a litigant may
not choose a courtroom or a judge, a judge may not select his caseload or his litigants.”).


                                                7
       criteria set out herein.

Then, to establish such a systematic plan, in May 2003, this Court adopted Rule 1.05A of the

rules then known as the Uniform Circuit and County Court Rules:

       in multi-judge districts and courts, all civil cases shall be assigned immediately
       on the filing of the complaint by such method which shall insure that the
       assignment shall be random, that no discernible pattern of assignment exists,
       and that no person shall know to whom the case will be assigned until it has
       been assigned . . . .

¶21.   Today, we recognize that the reassignment or transfer of cases is not prohibited by

rule.8 Therefore, based on our de novo review, the Court concludes that cases may be

reassigned or transferred by judges when necessary “to secure the just, speedy, and

inexpensive determination of every action.” M.R.C.P. 1.9 We now turn to the review of

whether Judge Green abused her discretion in the decision to reassign this case.

¶22.   On appeal, we review discretionary decisions by trial judges for an abuse of


       8
         Judge Gowan is correct that “[t]here is no specific statute, rule, or case law [that]
prohibits a senior judge, with permission from the assigned judge, from transferring a case
for purposes of consolidation and judicial economy.” Since no statute, rule, or case law
squarely addresses the procedures utilized by Judge Green and Judge Gowan, we find
Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 81(g) instructive: “When no procedure is specifically
prescribed, the [trial] court shall proceed in any lawful manner not inconsistent with the
Constitution of the State of Mississippi, these rules, or any applicable statute.” M.R.C.P.
81(g).
       9
         The Advisory Committee Note to Rule 1 adds that “[t]he primary purpose of
procedural rules is to promote the ends of justice; these rules reflect the view that this goal
can best be accomplished by the establishment of a single form of action . . . thereby uniting
the procedures in law and equity through a simplified procedure that minimizes
technicalities and places considerable discretion in the trial judge for construing the rules
in a manner that will secure their objectives.” (Emphasis added.)

                                               8
discretion. Douglas v. Burley, 134 So. 3d 692, 697 (Miss. 2012) (citing Venton v. Beckham,

845 So. 2d 676, 684 (Miss. 2003)). “[A]n abuse of discretion is viewed as a strict legal term”

and does not “imply[ ] bad faith or an intentional wrong on the part of the trial judge.” White

v. State, 742 So. 2d 1126, 1136 (Miss.1999). In Douglas, the Court ruled,

       [J]udicial discretion is not boundless but is defined as a sound judgment which
       is not exercised arbitrarily, but with regard to what is right and equitable in
       circumstances and law, and which is directed by the reasoning conscience of
       the trial judge to just result. An abuse of discretion means clearly against logic
       and effect of such facts as are presented in support of the application or against
       the reasonable and probable deductions to be drawn from the facts disclosed
       upon the hearing.

Douglas, 134 So. 3d at 697 (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted) (citations omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

¶23.   In the reassignment order, Judge Green stated that the purpose of the reassignment

was to serve “judicial economy and efficiency of different circuit judges presiding over

several different cases with the same or similar issues to be resolved.” She further stated that

these cases “should be reassigned to the undersigned judge on the bases of judicial economy

and efficiency, and also to minimize the risk of inconsistent judicial rulings in the several

cases.”10 The order also offered that this case “involves extensive and complex litigation,

which requires the utmost attention from the judge presiding over the matter.” (Emphasis

added.)



       10
         Judge Gowan was also familiar with this litigation. He previously had granted a
motion to dismiss in a similar case.

                                               9
¶24.   Yet, at the same time the reassignment order was entered, Judge Green also entered

the special-master order. There, Judge Green appointed a special master and gave the special

master extensive powers, which will be addressed below. It is important to our review here

that we also consider Judge Green’s explanation for the appointment of a special master. In

the special-master order, Judge Green ruled,

       The parties in this case have filed numerous pretrial motions pertaining to
       discovery, privileged matters, arbitration and other disputed matters. The
       herein Court is pressed to promptly and thoughtfully dispose of litigated
       matters associated with the trial demands of its heavy civil and criminal
       docket, as well as, its duties associated with the overall management of the
       circuit court. Currently, the Court is without the personnel and resources to
       thoroughly and closely manage the operation of the massive discovery process
       believed to be forthcoming in the herein case.

(Emphasis added.)

¶25.   The wording of these orders is contradictory.

¶26.   In Canadian National/Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Smith, the Court found “it

appropriate to provide further clarification as to the disposition of the claims and cases of

misjoined plaintiffs, following severance.” Canadian Nat’l/Ill. Cent. R.R. Co. v. Smith, 926

So. 2d 839, 844 (Miss. 2006). The five plaintiffs in Smith improperly joined their claims

under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 20, so the plaintiffs agreed to sever their claims.

Id. at 841. The Court stated,

       [I]n ordering the agreed severance, Hinds County Circuit Judge Tomie Green
       proclaimed that the claims of the five remaining plaintiffs were “properly filed
       in the First Judicial District of Hinds County,” and that “this action shall
       proceed as to the claims of Larry Polk.” The other four plaintiffs were required
       to file amended complaints and obtain new civil action numbers from the

                                             10
       clerk. Specifically, Judge Green ordered that four of the plaintiffs “shall be
       severed from this action, and shall file amended complaints, and the Clerk is
       hereby ordered to assign new cause numbers for those actions reassigning
       those cases to the Honorable Judge Tomie T. Green.”

Id.

¶27.   The defendants in Smith argued that Judge Green had “improperly circumvented the

random assignment of cases required by” Rule 1.05A when she ordered the four cases

reassigned to her after they were given new cause numbers. Id. The Court, however,

expressly chose not to address that issue: “[W]e decline to address issues of random

assignment . . . .” Id. at 842. Despite this conclusion, the Court afforded Judge Green the

benefit of the doubt:

       Because the suits of all five plaintiffs were originally assigned to her, and
       because she concluded that all five plaintiffs could properly pursue their claims
       in the First Judicial District of Hinds County, Judge Green thought it
       appropriate to retain the case of one plaintiff and order the clerk to assign her
       the other four.

       Realizing this is an issue of first impression, and giving Judge Green the
       benefit of the doubt (to which she is certainly entitled), we cannot say her
       decision was unreasonable or without legitimate purpose. Judicial economy,
       alone, could explain her decision to retain five similar cases filed against the
       same defendant.

Id. at 842 (emphasis added).

¶28.   We recognize that cases are reassigned and transferred in the courts of this State. In

fact, most reassignments or transfers go unchallenged as judges diligently work together,

seeking “justice, uniformity, and [] efficiency of courts.” See M.R.C.P. Order Adopting

M.R.C.P. Additionally, our Rules of Evidence express similar purposes. We are to

                                              11
“administer every proceeding fairly, eliminate unjustifiable expense and delay, . . . to the end

of ascertaining the truth and securing a just determination.” M.R.E. 102.

¶29.    Thus, we are of the opinion that any reassignment or transfer of a case would be

improper and would not be allowed to stand if it was “unreasonable or without legitimate

purpose.” Smith, 926 So. 2d at 842.

¶30.    First, we are concerned by the irregularity of the reassignment order’s having been

signed by Judge Green, who was not the presiding judge, instead of Judge Gowan, to whom

the case had been assigned. While circumstances may warrant another judge’s signing an

order in a case, the better practice is for the judge assigned the case to sign an order

reassigning it. We also believe the better practice would be to give the parties notice and an

opportunity to address reassignment in advance of any reassignment order.

¶31.   Second, we are concerned that the reasons for the reassignment, which were

articulated in the reassignment order, clearly contradict and are in opposition to the reasons

given for the special-master order. The reassignment order clearly stated that its goal was

judicial economy and efficiency. Yet, the special-master order stated,

       The herein Court is pressed to promptly and thoughtfully dispose of litigated
       matters associated with the trial demands of its civil and criminal docket, as
       well as, its duties associated with the overall management of the circuit court.
       Currently, the Court is without the personnel and resources to thoroughly and
       closely manage the operation of the massive discovery process believed to be
       forthcoming in the herein case.

(Emphasis added.)

¶32.   The procedural irregularities in the entry of the reassignment order and the totality of

                                              12
the circumstances require that we conclude the reassignment of this case by Judge Green was

not based on a reasonable, legitimate, or justifiable reason. Accordingly, we vacate the

reassignment order and remand this case with instructions to instructions to the Hinds County

Circuit Clerk to return this case to the docket of Subdistrict 4, with Circuit Judge Faye

Peterson presiding.

       2.     Did the circuit court abuse its discretion in appointing a special
              master?

¶33.   Next, Safeco challenges Judge Green’s appointment of a special master. We review

this issue for an abuse of discretion. Massey v. Massey, 475 So. 2d 802, 806 (Miss. 1985)

(“The reference to a master is discretionary with the trial judge . . . .”).

¶34.   The State filed a motion to consolidate, which included a request to appoint the same

special master serving in State Farm also to serve as special master in this case. Like State

Farm, Safeco objected to the appointment. This Court has “recognize[d] that reference to

a special master without the consent of the parties is the exception and not the rule.” Lewis

v. Lewis, 54 So. 3d 216, 218 (Miss. 2011) (citing M.R.C.P. 53(c)). And any “reference

without the consent of the parties would require a finding by the [trial judge] of exceptional

conditions.” Id. at 219. But just as she had done in State Farm, Judge Green gave little, if

any, consideration to the objection.11 Without conducting a hearing, the trial judge


       11
           Judge Green entered the order appointing the special master the same day Safeco
filed its objection to the State’s request to appoint a special master, indicating that she gave
little or no weight to the fact that Safeco had objected. Under Rule 53(c), an objection by
one of the parties to the appointment of a special master triggers the requirement of finding

                                               13
immediately entered a sweeping appointment order granting the special master judicial

authority, beyond that permitted by Rule 53. After review, we find the trial court abused its

discretion and, thus, vacate the order.

¶35.    The trial court’s order appoints an New Orleans-based attorney12 to serve as special

master. The primary duty assigned to him is to supervise discovery. But the order does not

limit his authority to discovery. Although stating that the court “shall be the final arbiter of

all pretrial and trial issues,” the order expressly grants the special master “concurrent

jurisdiction” with the trial court. And it empowers him “to address all litigation matters.”

Further, the order grants the special master express authority “to participate in ex parte

contact with counsel.”13 A particularly curious aspect of the ex parte provision is its


an “exceptional condition” exists to justify the appointment to which the parties had not
consented. M.R.C.P. 53(c). See also Lewis, 54 So. 3d at 219.

        In State Farm, no party requested the appointment of a special master—Judge Green
appointed one sua sponte after State Farm filed a motion to dismiss. State Farm objected
to the order, citing the fact the order failed to specify the powers being conveyed under Rule
53(d) and failed to justify the appointment under Rule 53(c). Judge Green overruled State
Farm’s objection, and State Farm did not seek permission to file an interlocutory appeal.
       12
         The appointed special master is authorized to practice law in Mississippi, as
required by Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 53(b).
       13
            Specifically, the order provides,

       IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Special Master and his staff be
       expressly given the authority to participate in ex parte contact with counsel for
       all parties in these proceedings as the [c]ourt views ex parte exchanges will
       be extremely helpful to the Special Master’s ability to assist the parties and the
       [c]ourt in managing these proceedings much more efficiently than it would be
       without them.

                                                14
authorization to maintain the secrecy of ex parte contact by excusing the special master “from

the obligation of providing detailed descriptions of his activities in his Invoices and Requests

for Distributions of Funds.” As to compensation, the order sets the special master’s

compensation at $250 per hour and reimburses him for lodging and travel from the New

Orleans, Louisiana, area to Mississippi.

¶36.   An initial problem with the order is the broad authority it gives to the special master.

The order grants the special master “concurrent jurisdiction” with the circuit court. Really,

the order appoints an attorney to serve as a de facto special judge—an appointment that is

unquestionably beyond the trial judge’s discretionary authority under Rule 53. Judge Green’s

given justification for this broad delegation of judicial authority is the court’s heavy docket

and lack of personnel and resources to handle the case. Furthermore, in her order appointing

the special master, Judge Green maintained, “[t]he parties in this case ha[d] filed numerous

pretrial motions pertaining to discovery, privileged matters, arbitration and other disputed

matters.” But from our review of the record, this is simply not so. The reality is that there

were not numerous disputed discovery or arbitration matters pending—indeed, there were

none. The record does, in fact, show that the only motions pending were two motions to

dismiss filed by Safeco, plus a motion to stay discovery pending the outcome of the dismissal

motions. But even if these representations were true, Rule 53 is not the appropriate vehicle




                                              15
to hand off judicial duties based on backlogged dockets and resources constraints.14

¶37.   Instead, to address these specific problems, Mississippi has a statutory procedure for

appointing special judges. Mississippi Code Section 9-1-105(2) (Supp. 2018) provides,

       (2) Upon the request of . . . the senior judge of a . . . circuit court district, . .
       . or upon his own motion, the Chief Justice of the Mississippi Supreme Court,
       with the advice and consent of a majority of the justices of the Mississippi
       Supreme Court, shall have the authority to appoint a special judge to serve on
       a temporary basis in a circuit . . . court in the event of an emergency or
       overcrowded docket. It shall be the duty of any special judge so appointed to
       assist the court to which he is assigned in the disposition of causes so pending
       in such court for whatever period of time is designated by the Chief Justice.
       The Chief Justice, in his discretion, may appoint the special judge to hear
       particular cases, a particular type of case, or a particular portion of the court’s
       docket.

(Emphasis added.) While the appointment may be general in nature, it may also be tailored

so the special judge hears a particular case or a particular type of case. Id.

¶38.   By contrast, the purpose of special masters—and the trial judge’s discretionary

authority to appoint them—is more narrowly tailored. Typically, courts utilize Rule 53

special masters to review facts, to organize information, and to give comprehensive

recommendations or reports to assist the judge in making his or her decision. These

arrangements may certainly extend to discovery management. But Rule 53 does not permit



       14
         Part of the justification for the appointment is the fact the same special master has
already been appointed in a similar case before the same court. But we note the other case
involves almost thirty times more individual homeowners insurance policies than in this
case—thousands of policies as opposed to the mere 232 Safeco policies at issue in this
matter and the 180 policies in the companion case, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. State,
No. 2017-IA-01588-SCT (Miss. Aug. 22, 2019).

                                                16
a trial judge to bring in a private attorney—over the objection of one of the parties—to serve

for all intents and purposes as the trial judge. If a trial judge anticipates that a case will be

too complex and time consuming, requesting the chief justice to appoint a special judge is

the appropriate route. See Massey, 475 So. 2d at 806 (cautioning that, “[i]f it is the intent

of the trial judge to appoint a special judge,” and not simply a special master, “then [s]he

should avail h[er]self with specificity of” the statutory procedures for obtaining a special

judge).

¶39.   The second abuse of discretion concerns the order’s explicit authorization allowing

the special master to participate in ex parte communication with counsel.

¶40.   Under Canon 3B(7) of the Code of Judicial Conduct—which applies equally to special

masters as it does to judges15—“[a] judge shall not initiate, permit, or consider ex parte

communications[.]” While Canon 3B(7) makes an exception for “ex parte communications

for scheduling, administrative purposes, or emergencies that do not deal with the substantive

matters or issues on the merits,” such ex parte communications are only allowed if “the judge

makes provision promptly to notify all other parties of the substance of the ex parte

communication and allows an opportunity to respond.” Miss. Code of Jud. Conduct, Canon

3B(7)(a)(ii).

¶41.   Instead of requiring that all parties be notified of the substance of the ex parte



       15
        A special master is considered a “judge” for these purposes. Miss. Code of Jud.
Conduct, Application A.

                                               17
communications and given an opportunity to respond, the circuit judge’s order does the exact

opposite. It instead takes extra measures to craft a provision aimed to ensure that any ex

parte communications remain confidential. Specifically, the order excuses the special master

“from the obligation of providing descriptions of his activities in his Invoices and Requests

for Distribution of Funds” for the express purpose of preventing other parties from knowing

ex parte communications occurred. This is a clear violation of Canon 3B(7) and is outside

the bounds of Rule 53. It also violates Rule 53(a), which governs a special master’s

compensation. Rule 53(a) entitles a special master to “reasonable compensation for services

rendered.” But, here, under this concealed-billing approach, there is no way to determine if

a special master’s requested compensation is reasonable without knowing the particular

services rendered.

¶42.   The order itself acknowledges the blind-billing provision is “unusual.” But we find

it is more than that. Requiring both parties—one of which is the State of Mississippi—to pay

an attorney in Louisiana to act as a judge, allowing either side to meet with him ex parte, and

not requiring this special master to mention these meetings or even justify or detail his bill

far exceeds the discretionary authority to appoint special masters under Rule 53.

¶43.   For these reasons, we vacate the order appointing the special master.

¶44.   VACATED AND REMANDED.

     RANDOLPH, C.J., COLEMAN, MAXWELL, BEAM AND CHAMBERLIN, JJ.,
CONCUR. ISHEE, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION. KITCHENS, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION JOINED BY KING, P.J. KING, P.J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE

                                              18
WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY KITCHENS, P.J.

       KITCHENS, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶45.   I respectfully dissent from the majority’s finding that the trial court abused its

discretion in case reassignment. Reasonable and legitimate grounds existed for reassignment

within the sound discretion of the Hinds County Circuit Court, and I find that no abuse of

that court’s discretion has occurred.

¶46.   This Court consolidated three cases from Circuit Court of the First Judicial District

of Hinds County for purposes of interlocutory appeal.16 Circuit Court District Seven,

comprised of Hinds County only, is a multi-judge district. The three cases initially were

assigned randomly to circuit court judges under Uniform Civil Rule of Circuit and County

Court Practice 1.05A. The original assignments were as follows:

       (1)    Safeco - Circuit Court Judge William Gowan

       (2)    Liberty Mutual - Senior Circuit Court Judge Tomie Green

       (3)    Cannon - Circuit Court Judge William Gowan

¶47.   Safeco and Liberty Mutual have similar factual backgrounds.17

       16
         (1) Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. State, No. 2017-IA-01554-SCT (Miss. Aug. 22, 2019)
(Safeco); (2) Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. State, No. 2017-IA-01558-SCT (Miss. Aug. 22, 2019)
(Liberty Mutual); (3) Vinod Khosla, et al., v. State, No. 2017-IA-01637-SCT (Miss. Aug.
22, 2019) (Cannon). The parties refer to the third case as Cannon rather than Khosla
because the original complaint in the underlying action was styled Hood ex rel. Mississippi
v. Fred Cannon et al., No.: 15-CV-00017 (Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed
Jan.13, 2015) (Cannon).
       17
        Safeco is a subsidiary of Liberty Mutual; Safeco and Liberty Mutual filed the same
appellant’s brief under their respective docket numbers in this Court.

                                            19
¶48.   On March 29, 2017, the State filed these suits against Safeco and Liberty Mutual,

alleging misadjustment of 232 homeowner-insurance claims by Safeco and 180 claims by

Liberty Mutual. Safeco was assigned randomly to then-Circuit Judge Gowan’s18 docket;

Liberty Mutual was assigned randomly to Senior Circuit Judge Green’s docket.

¶49.   Before filing Safeco and Liberty Mutual, the State had sued Metropolitan Property

and Casualty Insurance Company (Metropolitan). That case had been assigned to Judge

Gowan. Safeco and Liberty Mutual emphasize that Judge Gowan had ruled against the State

in Metropolitan—a case with pretrial issues very similar to those in Safeco and Liberty

Mutual—on pretrial matters before Safeco and Liberty Mutual were filed. Safeco and

Liberty Mutual point out that Judge Green had not ruled on any of the similar pretrial

motions filed in the HAP cases randomly assigned to her. The first HAP case, brought

against State Farm Fire & Casualty Company (State Farm), was filed on April 21, 2015.19

Judge Green had not ruled on similar motions filed in State Farm, and on July 17, 2017, she

appointed a special master—Bobby Harges, J.D., LLM20—to handle the discovery process

in State Farm.



       18
        Judge Gowan retired in March of 2018.
       19
        Mississippi ex rel. Hood v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., No. 1:15-cv-00221-TTG
(Hinds Cty. Circuit Court, 1st Jud. Dist., filed April 21, 2015).
       20
         Mr. Harges is a licensed attorney in Mississippi and Louisiana. Although criticized
by the majority for residing in Louisiana, I believe that his credibility is enhanced by his
relative remoteness from Mississippi politics and by the fact that he never practices before
the Circuit Court of Hinds County.

                                            20
¶50.   On October 13, 2017, the State filed a motion to consolidate State Farm, Safeco, and

Liberty Mutual, and for the appointment of a special master. The motion was filed in State

Farm, and notices of that filing were filed in Safeco and Liberty Mutual. The State moved

for consolidation under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 42(a) and also sought to have

Special Master Harges administer Safeco and Liberty Mutual once consolidation had

occurred. Both Safeco and Liberty Mutual filed objections to consolidation under their

respective docket numbers.

¶51.   On October 23, 2017, Judge Green signed an order entitled “Order Reassigning Case”

under the Safeco docket number. The order reads, in part,

       [T]his case should be reassigned to [Judge Green] on the bas[i]s of judicial
       economy and efficiency, and also to minimize the risk of inconsistent judicial
       rulings in the several cases.

       Pursuant to the undersigned judge’s statutory authority:

       IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that therein in case
       [sic] shall be reassigned to the docket of Senior Judge Tomie Green (by
       agreement of Judge Bill Gowan) for all further proceedings.21 Further, upon
       reassignment, the Court shall consider the appointment of Special Master
       Bobby Harges and the Consolidation of this case with similar cases brought by
       the Mississippi Attorney General.

¶52.   Also on October 23, 2017, Judge Green signed an order appointing Special Master

Harges to Safeco and Liberty Mutual. The two special master appointment orders were

entered into the court record on October 24 and 25, 2017, while the reassignment order was


       21
        While the parties and the circuit court judges refer to the moving of a case from one
judge’s docket to another as a “reassignment,” this occurrence could be called a “transfer.”

                                             21
entered on October 26, 2017. From these orders Safeco and Liberty Mutual petitioned this

Court for interlocutory review.

¶53.   Regarding the alleged abuse of its discretion in the appointment of a special master

in Safeco and Liberty Mutual, I would not vacate the special master appointment for the

reasons discussed in Presiding Justice King’s separate opinion, with which I concur fully. On

appeal, the petitioners and the State assert several different issues. The central issue

presented respecting the reassignment order may be summarized as follows:

       May trial court judges in a multi-judge district reassign cases amongst
       themselves?

¶54.   The majority answers that question in the affirmative: circuit judges do have the

authority to reassign and transfer a case, and that reassignment does not violate the random

assignment requirement of Rule 1.05A. Moreover, this Court allows trial courts to manage

their own dockets, and that function firmly resides within the power of those courts.22 The


       22
         For example, Rule 2 of the Local Rules of the Fifteenth Circuit Court District allows
the following procedure:

       Once a case is assigned to a Judge by the letter system, that Judge shall handle
       that case until final disposition. For good cause, a Judge may transfer a case
       to another Judge of the District for that Judge’s handling and, upon transfer,
       the clerk is to add a hyphen and the letter of that Judge’s Place to show the
       case has been transferred.

       If Safeco were correct, judges in the Fifteenth Circuit Court District would be in
violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct every time a case was transferred under Rule 2 of
that district’s local rules, which this Court has approved. Such a result should not be
ascribed to the Code of Judicial Conduct inasmuch as we have legitimized intra-court
reassignment or transfer as being within judicial discretion. See also Fifth Chancery Court

                                             22
same is true of the federal system. See United States v. Stone, 411 F.2d 597, 599 (5th Cir.

1969) (“District judges may by rule, order or consent transfer cases between themselves. .

. . [and] have the inherent power to transfer cases from one to another for the expeditious

administration of justice.” (citing 28 U.S.C.A. § 137 (West 2018))).

¶55.   The majority favorably cites our decision in Canadian National/Illinois Central

Railroad Co. v. Smith, 926 So. 2d 839 (Miss. 2006), in which this Court recognized that trial

court judges have authority to retain or assign cases without implicating Rule 1.05A. Maj.

Op. at ¶¶ 26-27. Further, the majority, citing Smith, acknowledges that this Court gives

considerable discretion to the authority of trial courts to “reassign” cases intra-docket:

       Because the suits of all five plaintiffs were originally assigned to [Judge
       Green], and because she concluded that all five plaintiffs could properly
       pursue their claims in the First Judicial District of Hinds County, Judge Green
       thought it appropriate to retain the case of one plaintiff and order the clerk to
       assign her the other four.

       Realizing this is an issue of first impression, and giving Judge Green the
       benefit of the doubt (to which she is certainly entitled), we cannot say her
       decision was unreasonable or without legitimate purpose. Judicial economy,
       alone, could explain her decision to retain five similar cases filed against the
       same defendant.

Smith, 926 So. 2d at 842 (emphasis added).

¶56.   While today’s majority would not allow a reassignment to stand if “unreasonable or

without legitimate purpose,” this Court, in Smith, afforded Judge Green “the benefit of the




District Local Rule 14 (“A case may be transferred to another division only by agreement
of the Chancellor of the divisions involved.”).

                                              23
doubt” regarding the trial court’s prerogative to reassign cases. Contrary to our precedent,

the majority in this case declines to give Judge Green the benefit of the doubt. Moreover,

here we have detailed explanations from the judges themselves on the reasons for

reassignment.

¶57.   Both Judge Green and Judge Gowan, at this Court’s request, filed responses to these

appeals on November 13, 2017, explaining the reasons for their actions concerning

reassignment or transfer. The judges strongly defended and provided support for

reassignment: inter alia, Judge Gowan stressed that he agreed to the reassignment “for the

purposes of judicial economy, since Judge Green was assigned the earlier case and the most

number of insurance cases, and in an effort to ensure that the requisite amount of attention

and efficiency was maintained in this case.” Judge Green additionally responded that “[a]fter

the undersigned judges reviewed the files of State Farm [], Liberty [], and Safeco [], the

undersigned [] agreed that judicial economy and efficiency demanded that the Court

transfer/reassign Safeco from Judge Gowan to Judge Green who had already been properly

assigned the State Farm and Liberty Mutual insurance cases.” The trial court took these

actions within the legitimate context of case management and in anticipation of

consolidation. The majority, however, (as Judge Gowan found regarding Safeco’s

contentions), “insert[s] an intention that was completely absent from the thought-process

behind the attempt to consolidate these factual[ly]-similar matters.”

¶58.   Judge Green and Judge Gowan did not act inconsistently with any Mississippi law.


                                             24
“Trial courts have inherent authority and duty to control their dockets for the orderly disposal

of business.” Harris v. Fort Worth Steel & Mach. Co., 440 So. 2d 294, 296 (Miss. 1983);

see also Hanson v. Disotell, 106 So. 3d 345, 347 (Miss. 2013) (“Our precedent clearly

provides trial judges the ‘inherent authority to dismiss cases for failure to prosecute as a

means of controlling the court’s docket and ensuring [expeditious] justice.’” (alteration in

original) (quoting Watson v. Lillard, 493 So. 2d 1277, 1278 (Miss. 1986))); Smith v.

Normand Children Diversified Class Tr., 122 So. 3d 1234, 1238 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013)

(“Trial courts in Mississippi likewise have the inherent authority to control their own

dockets. . . . The decision of whether to consolidate cases remains within the sound discretion

of the trial court.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (citations omitted)).

¶59.   It is not suggested that judges in multi-judge districts have inherent and ultimate

authority over their colleagues’ dockets. I would hold that, when judges in the same district,

who, acting in agreement, reassign or transfer cases between or amongst themselves, their

inherent authority over their dockets empowers them to do so absent a contrary rule,

controlling precedent, or statute.

¶60.   Judge Green’s order reassigning Safeco to her docket expressly did not consolidate

Safeco, Liberty Mutual, and State Farm: “Further, upon reassignment, the [c]ourt shall

consider . . . the [c]onsolidation of this [case] with similar cases brought by the Mississippi

Attorney General.” But the State had moved for consolidation under Rule 42, and Judge

Green and Judge Gowan explained that the reassignment was for purposes of eventual


                                              25
consolidation. Notwithstanding that consolidation in the trial court was yet to occur, no law

prohibited Judge Green and Judge Gowan from reassigning the case in the manner they did,

regardless of whether consolidation came to fruition before or after the reassignment, or not

at all. Moreover, the senior circuit court judge in a district has statutory authority to do as

Judge Green did under Mississippi Code Section 9-7-3(5) (Rev. 2015) (“The senior judge

shall have the right to assign causes and dockets . . . .”).

¶61.   Although it is conceivable that one could craft principles respecting “best practices”

to accomplish reassignment, any possible procedural irregularities do not preponderate

against the “reasonable, legitimate, or justifiable reason” the circuit judges provided for their

actions. Under these circumstances, I would uphold the order of reassignment in deference

to these judges’ discretion and inherent authority. Circuit Judges Green and Gowan acted

within their lawful authority and in the complete absence of any nefarious or corrupt motive.

Amid accusations by Safeco that somehow they were complicit in a “judge-shopping”

enterprise, and at the behest of this Court, these seasoned trial judges provided reasonable

explanations for the case transfer or reassignment. They supported their decisions with

numerous, relevant citations. These respected jurists, possessed of more judicial experience

than most members of this Court, conscientiously exercised the well-established authority

the majority recognizes they could wield, and they have in nowise abused their discretion.

¶62.   I would affirm the Hinds County Circuit Court’s reassignment or transfer of the

instant case to Senior Judge Green’s docket, and I would affirm that Court’s appointment of


                                               26
Special Master Harges with the modifications suggested by Presiding Justice King.

       KING, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.

       KING, PRESIDING JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶63.   I join Presiding Justice Kitchens’s dissent as to Part I of the majority opinion. I agree

with Part II of the majority opinion only to the extent that the Court finds inappropriate and

reverses the portion of the trial court’s order that allows ex parte communications, and the

corresponding blind billing provision.       However, I do not believe that the overall

appointment of a special master was an abuse of discretion; instead of reversing the

appointment of a special master, I would reverse and remand the order for the trial court to

reconsider the duties and authorities of the special master, and to eliminate the ex parte

communications and blind billing provisions.           Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

Additionally, I write further to explain my objections to any suggestion that this Court should

appoint special judges to Hinds County.

A.     Special Master

¶64.   Part II of the majority opinion opines that the entire order was “sweeping” and beyond

the authority permitted by Rule 53. Maj. Op. ¶ 34. It insinuates that the order should “limit

his authority to discovery.” Maj. Op. ¶¶ 35, 38. It further complains that the order empowers

the special master “to address all litigation matters.” Maj. Op. ¶ 35. Additionally, it opines

that Rule 53 does not allow appointment of a special master due to a heavy docket or lack

of resources to handle a particular case. Maj. Op. ¶ 36. With all due respect, the majority’s


                                              27
interpretation of the narrow limits of Rule 53 belies both Rule 53 itself, and this Court’s

caselaw.

1.     Reasons to Appoint a Special Master

¶65.   The majority argues that Rule 53 does not allow a judge to appoint a special master

because that judge has a crowded docket or is faced with a particular type of complex case.

Yet, nothing in Rule 53 prohibits a trial judge from doing so. Rule 53 states that, when the

parties do not consent to a special master, “a reference shall be made only upon a showing

that some exceptional condition requires it.” Miss. R. Civ. P. 53(c). This Court has held

that “we will not assume that a trial judge of this state would issue an order of reference

without some exceptional condition requiring it.” Massey v. Massey, 475 So. 2d 802, 806

(Miss. 1985). While the trial court in this case did point to its heavy docket, it also justified

the appointment of a special master by “the complex issues involved in this case and the

numerous pre-trial and discovery disputes filed and anticipated[.]”23 Indeed, the “complexity

of modern civil litigation” is one reason attributed to the increasingly common nature of

special master appointments. 2 Jeffrey Jackson et al., Miss. Practice Series: Civil Procedure

§ 26:1 (updated May 2019), Westlaw. “The rules governing civil practice in Mississippi and

elsewhere are bottomed on three values: justice, speed and economy. . . . In some cases,


       23
         The majority emphasizes the fact that not many disputes had already been filed in
the case. While this is true, the court also cited that it anticipated numerous disputes. Part
of properly preparing to manage a case is anticipating problem areas. The court had ample
experience with a case of the same the nature and the counsel on both sides in that case. The
court’s anticipating numerous disputes based on experience is not far-fetched.

                                               28
special masters can assist the court by improving the quality of fact finding through more

investigation of complex issues and the lending of the master’s expertise to the court.” Id.

(citing Miss. R. Civ. P. 1). Furthermore, the trial court is in the best position to determine

whether complexities in a case are sufficiently exceptional to warrant reference to a special

master. Miss. Power Co. v. Miss. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 135 So. 3d 887, 891 (Miss. 2014).

Thus, I would find that the trial court’s reasons for appointing a special master were not an

abuse of discretion.

2.     Authority of a Special Master

¶66.   Rule 53 allows a court the discretion to grant a special master powers that are either

broad or narrow in nature.

       The order of reference to the master may specify or limit his powers and may
       direct him to report only upon particular issues or to do or perform particular
       acts or to receive and report evidence only and may fix the time and place for
       beginning and closing the hearing and for the filing of the master’s report.
       Subject to the specifications and limitations stated in the order, the master has
       and shall exercise the power to regulate all proceedings in every hearing before
       him and to do all acts and take all measures necessary or proper for the
       efficient performance of his duties under the order. He may require the
       production before him of evidence upon all matters embraced in the reference
       ....

Miss. R. Civ. P. 53(d) (emphasis added). Rule “53(d) does not require that the order specify

or limit the powers of the master, but only provides that the order ‘may’ do so; otherwise, the

powers of the master are broad.” Massey, 475 So. 2d at 806. Special masters have even

conducted the trial on the merits. See, e.g., Loggers, L.L.C. v. 1 Up Techs., L.L.C., 50 So.

3d 992, 993 (Miss. 2011). Additionally,

                                              29
       special masters have been appointed to prepare accountings, determine profits,
       determine partnerships rights, equitably wind-up and dissolve businesses,
       value business interests, investigate estate administration, hold divorce
       hearings and consider compliance with divorce judgment, hold contempt
       hearings, hold civil commitment hearings, hold bar reinstatement evidentiary
       hearings, reconcile conflicting land surveys, conduct factual investigations,
       inventory assets and debts to determine an equitable distribution of personal
       property, certify a church congregation’s vote on whether to retain its pastor,
       partition property, resolve discovery disputes, and rule on pre-trial evidentiary
       issues.

Jackson, et al., supra, at § 26:1. Indeed, “a reference containing no limitations is a general

reference to report on all the issues, both of law and fact, involved in the litigation.” Banks

v. Banks, 648 So. 2d 1116, 1124 (Miss. 1994) (quoting 5A James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s

Federal Practice Ch. 53 (2d ed. 1994)). The primary restriction on a special master is that

“the court cannot . . . refer the whole case to the master for final decision.” Id. (quoting

Moore, supra, at Ch. 53). The court, therefore, must decide issues and render a final

decision. Id. (quoting Moore, supra, at Ch. 53). Further, a special master is not authorized

to order parties to perform specific duties as a result of a hearing. Id.

¶67.   The majority relies heavily on the trial court’s statement that it “retains concurrent

jurisdiction with the Special Master in this case and the Court shall be final arbiter of all

pretrial and trial issues.” While I agree that the trial court’s use of the phrase “concurrent

jurisdiction” was not an optimal word choice, I disagree that, read in context, this phrase

granted the full jurisdiction of the court to the special master. The trial court clarified that

it was the final arbiter of all issues, and the court was to make all final decisions, as is

appropriate and mandated. Rather than granting the special master the full jurisdiction of the

                                              30
court, as the majority insinuates, this statement, while admittedly inartfully worded, is an

attempt to clarify that the broad grant of authority to the special master did not deprive the

trial court of its jurisdiction, and it reserved all final decision-making exclusively to the trial

court. I would therefore conclude that the appointment of a special master, even one with

broad and general powers, was not an abuse of discretion.24 Consequently, I would reverse

the portion of the trial court’s order regarding ex parte contact and blind billing, and would

remand the entire order for the trial court to revisit, clarify, and define the duties and

authority of the special master.

¶68.   The majority, with its rulings that trivialize and minimize Judge Green’s ability,

judgment, and findings, is micromanaging the administration of the Hinds County Circuit

Court and this particular judge. The Court of Appeals has mentioned overcrowded dockets

in three other counties in its 2019 opinions alone, yet this Court is not clamoring to appoint

special judges and micromanage those courts. In Sullivan v. Maddox, the Court of Appeals

noted that in Simpson County Judge Shoemake appointed a special master because he had

a full calendar, as well as administrative responsibilities. Sullivan v. Maddox, No. 2017-CA-


       24
         I am also concerned with the majority’s inexplicable focus on the state of residence
of the special master and the insinuation that this should be disqualifying, even while
admitting that the special master meets the explicit qualifications of Rule 53(b). The special
master was born in Mississippi, attended Mississippi State University and the University of
Mississippi School of Law, taught at the University of Mississippi School of Law, is
admitted to the Mississippi Bar, has published articles on Mississippi law, and has sat on the
board of directors of the Mississippi Bar Alternative Dispute Resolution Section. The fact
that he is currently a law professor in Louisiana is hardly disqualifying, nor does Rule 53
make the special master’s state of residence a disqualifying issue.

                                                31
00418-COA, 2019 WL 3423397 (Miss. Ct. App. July 30, 2019). This Court is also aware

of other troubles in Simpson County that would contribute to congested dockets, namely the

suspension of Judge Shoemake in 2016. See Miss. Comm’n on Judicial Performance v.

Shoemake, 191 So. 3d 1211 (Miss. 2016). The Court of Appeals has also flagged

overcrowded dockets as an issue (and a seemingly pervasive one) in Harrison County, which

trigger speedy trial issues. May v. State, No. 2017-KA-01415-COA, 2019 WL 2183468

(Miss. Ct. App. May 21, 2019); see also Parks v. State, 228 So. 3d 853 (Miss. Ct. App.

2017). Scott County has also recently been flagged as having crowded docket problems,

triggering speedy trial issues. Ford v. State, No. 2018-KA-00395, 2019 WL 2353432 (Miss.

Ct. App. June 4, 2019). If the majority is so concerned about overcrowded dockets and the

administration of justice, why, then, is it not also advocating for judges in these courts,

namely Harrison County Circuit Court, Simpson County Chancery Court, and Scott County

Circuit Court, to request the appointment of special judges? What is the difference between

Hinds County Circuit Court and the other courts who cite overcrowded dockets? Is it a

difference in personalities of the judges? Or is some other clearly distinguishing factor the

difference? The failure to treat all courts citing crowded dockets equally is puzzling.

B.     Special Judges

¶69.   The majority suggests that its members may be open to the sua sponte appointment




                                             32
of special judges to Hinds County by the chief justice of this Court.25 Again, why the

majority is so focused on special judges in Hinds County, and Hinds County alone, is

puzzling.

¶70.   I agree that this Court has constitutional responsibility for the administration of

justice, and that responsibility includes ensuring that the dockets in all courts in the state

move at a pace commensurate with ensuring justice. And I agree that Mississippi Code

Section 9-1-105 is one of the methods by which this Court may implement that responsibility.

I am not diametrically opposed to the appointment of special judges in Hinds County as a

general matter; I simply think that appointment at this juncture is premature and lacks

foundation. Section 9-1-105 gives the chief justice, with the consent of a majority of the

justices of this Court, the authority to appoint a special judge “in the event of an emergency

or overcrowded docket.” Miss. Code Ann. § 9-1-105 (Rev. 2014). This Court does not have

adequate proof of either to appoint a special judge.

¶71.   No true foundation exists regarding the need to appoint special judges in Hinds

County beyond reputation and statements regarding the judges being busy. This Court

decides matters according to facts shown in the records before it. Underwood v. State, 708

So. 2d 18, 26 (Miss. 1998). This Court does not generally engage in speculation, conjecture,



       25
         I note the hypocrisy in disallowing Judge Green to appoint a special master in
accordance with Rule 53 and our caselaw in order to move cases along, and then forcing
special judges on Hinds County because they have not moved cases along to the majority’s
satisfaction.

                                             33
supposition, or guesswork regarding the facts necessary in a case. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v.

Learmonth, 95 So. 3d 633, 637-39 (Miss. 2012) (Randolph, J., for the Court). We do not

have accurate or reliable facts before us at this juncture to determine whether an “emergency

or overcrowded docket” exists. I would be open to the consideration of such an appointment

should the judges of Hinds County request such an appointment, or should facts be adduced

regarding the pace of the administration of justice in Hinds County, indicating that an

emergency or overcrowded docket necessitates the appointment of a special judge. I also

note, should this Court eventually consider such an appointment in Hinds County due to a

crowded docket, that this Court’s responsibility for the administration of justice requires that

we apply the same standards to all the various courts of the State.

       KITCHENS, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.




                                              34
