                                                                                     03/03/2020
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                                May 21, 2019 Session

     KRISTIN EDGE HUNT-CARDEN v. JASON VINCENT CARDEN

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hamilton County
               No. 15D1915       Ward Jeffrey Hollingsworth, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                          No. E2018-00175-COA-R3-CV
                      ___________________________________


This appeal involves a marriage of short duration. Following a bench trial, the court
granted the wife a divorce and classified and divided the parties’ marital estate. The
husband takes issue with the trial court’s classification and division of the marital
property, as well as the award of alimony to the wife. The wife seeks attorney fees and
costs. We affirm in part as modified and reverse in part.

        Tenn. R. App. P. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
        Affirmed in Part as Modified and Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., joined.

Alan R. Beard, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jason Vincent Carden.

Catherine M. White, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Kristin Edge Hunt-
Carden.


                                      OPINION

                                 I. BACKGROUND

        The parties, Kristin Edge Hunt-Carden (“Wife”) and Jason Vincent Carden
(“Husband”), met in December 2011 and became engaged in January 2013. It appears
that the wedding occurred on October 11, 2013.

       Prior to the marriage, Wife and Husband were already living together in a pre-
marital residence owned by Husband located at 2821 Deerfield Drive, Ooltewah,
Tennessee (“Deerfield”), which Wife was leasing from Husband. Wife paid the bills for
the utilities and had an alarm system installed.1

       Two months prior to the marriage, on August 5, 2013, the couple located the
property at 9231 Royal Mountain Drive, Chattanooga, Tennessee (“Royal Mountain”).
Husband purchased the residence and put the property in his name as well as the debt.
Husband paid down $146,586.58 from funds he had previously obtained in an insurance
settlement. The house was purchased for $445,000 and valued at time of trial at
$475,000. Wife noted that Husband did not ask her to sign a post-nuptial agreement and
did not express to her that Royal Mountain was going to be owned solely by him.
Husband admitted that he never asked Wife to sign a pre- or post-nuptial agreement.

       Sandy Battles, a realtor, testified that Husband introduced Wife to her as his fiancé
and stated that “they” were looking “for a house that would fit their family.” Ms. Battles
related that she showed Wife and Husband together three or four houses until the Royal
Mountain residence was chosen. She recalled that Husband was alone at the closing, that
he put down a sizeable down payment, and that the house was titled in his name.

        Julie Sexton, Husband’s former wife, stated at trial that Husband confirmed to her
that he and Wife “were getting married[,] they were going to buy a house and that there
would be a bedroom for all the kids.” As to the marriage to Wife, Ms. Sexton noted that
Husband told her that he and Wife were building a family together and “that [t]here was a
lot of work done on all the kids’ rooms to make them feel like a home for all three boys.”
Wife’s child from another marriage was to reside with her and Husband in the marital
residence.2

       Wife testified that the couple purchased the new house “in anticipation of
marriage.” According to Wife, she decorated, repainted, cleaned the carpet, customized
her son’s closet and desk, and got the house ready as a home for the family. She claimed
that certain furnishings in the home were brought from her prior house in Alabama.
Upon moving into the new residence, the alarm system which belonged to Wife at
Deerfield was installed and the service transferred to Royal Mountain. Wife claimed that
at the new house, she did the majority of the lawn upkeep, cleaning, and laundry. In
general, she kept the home maintained in good and orderly condition. She also did most
of the cooking. Wife related: “I was expected to make it look perfect in the inside and
have, you know, meals ready . . . . [It was] a lot of pressure and control. I wasn’t
allowed to work [outside the home]. . . . I really wasn’t allowed to even leave the home
much.” Wife claimed that Husband “was very controlling.” According to Wife,
Husband rationed food intake and shower time for her and her son. She asserted that her

          1
              The equipment/service was later moved to the marital home.
          2
              Wife related that her son has Autism Spectrum Disorder, Asperger’s, and developmental
delays.
                                                  -2-
parents opened a Sam’s Club Warehouse account for her to buy extra groceries because
she and her son “were not allowed to ea[t] as much food as Jason and his children.”

       Wife contended that Husband began abusing her physically in March 2014, when
he struck her so hard that it knocked her over backwards and her head hit the bed post.
Wife stated that when Husband punched her on the side of the head, “she saw white, a
flash of white.” She claimed that she “had never been hit ever, and so hard” and “that the
pain was excruciating.”

      At trial, Wife introduced a stream of text messages from Husband in which it
appeared that he was apologizing:

             A: Thank God, no bleeding, no fracture. I just don’t know
             what to say. I had no idea it was that bad. I am so incredibly
             ashamed of myself, Kristin. I will never forgive myself. I’m
             so, so sorry.

                                          ***

             A: I’m so sorry, sweetie. Please believe that I am here for
             you and will never, ever let you down. Please trust me.
             Please trust me. Please put ice on your head and eye. . . . I
             know you wish you’d never met me. I feel like a meaningless
             nobody. I hate myself so much.

                                          ***

             A. . . . It’s not your fault, at all, sweetie. I need to work on
             me. I’m not a monster, Kristin. . . .

                                          ***

             A. . . . I’m so sorry for everything. I really am. I can’t tell
             you how ashamed I am. I will never, ever forgive myself. I
             know you don’t believe me, but I am not a bad person. . . .

                                          ***

             A. It will go – it will go away. Sometimes it just takes
             awhile. I’m very, very sorry, sweetie. I am so, so sorry. You
             really should put ice on your head and we should have done
             that last night.

                                          -3-
Husband contended that he was apologizing because Wife had suffered a seizure, that he
had failed to keep watch over her, and that he had not been there to help her when she
needed him. He asserted that his apologies were in response to Wife accusing him of
neglecting her. Husband claimed that he did not hit Wife and that any injuries about
which she complained occurred during seizure episodes. Wife responded that she does
not have the type of seizures (grand mal) that would cause her to fall; rather, her seizures
just interrupted her ability to sleep and had not occurred in a very long time. According
to Wife, the couple continued to have “[a] lot” of arguments and the relationship “was
very, very, very abusive.”

        Although Wife claimed that she was too afraid to seek medical attention because
of retaliation, she contended that her treatment records reveal a concussion on March 10,
2014; another concussion on May 2, 2014; a cut on her leg on August 27, 2014; and an
eye injury dated June 11, 2015. She reported injuries to her neck and back on September
8, 2015; dysphagia on March 2, 2016; and hearing issues and vertigo on March 9, 2016,
and April 6, 2016. Wife asserted that twice she had been awakened by Husband having
nonconsensual sex with her - suffering injuries to her rectum requiring medical treatment
after the second act.

        Wife claimed that she developed a significant disruption in her speech. Gayle
Tucker, a speech therapist, diagnosed aphasia, dysphonia, and dysfluency.3 She opined
that there was no “reason to believe that Wife was malingering.” Dr. Adele B. Ackell, a
neurologist, concluded that because tests did not reveal an organic reason, Wife’s speech
symptoms were stress-related. Stephen Muller, Wife’s therapist, opined that Wife was
suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder due to being abused by Husband. Wife
testified that she was unable to work currently because she has difficulty communicating
her thoughts and problems focusing and concentrating. The field she formerly worked in
requires that an individual have good communication skills.

       On September 30, 2015, Wife filed a petition for order of protection, alleging that
Husband has a history of domestic abuse and violence and that he had threatened her life.
After an ex parte order of protection was granted, Wife also filed a complaint for divorce
and obtained a temporary restraining order against Husband. She alleged in her
complaint for divorce that “[Husband] creates a hostile living environment at the marital
residence, he has threatened and exhibited violence against [Wife] and his own minor
children, and is guilty of extreme verbal and emotional abuse to [Wife].”4 She sought a

       3
           Ms. Tucker observed that “when we say just aphasia we’re talking about someone who
had functional speech and language and something happens and they have a disruption. . . .” She
testified that dysphonia is a voice disorder and dysfluency is a disruption in the flow of speech.
         4
           Counsel for Wife filed a motion to amend the complaint that alleged, “Wife has been the
subject of numerous vicious physical assaults and verbal abuse by the Husband resulting in
serious physical and emotional injury, for which she seeks damages of no less than
                                              -4-
divorce from Husband based on inappropriate marital conduct. In the temporary
restraining order, Wife obtained exclusive temporary possession of the marital residence.
The parties had been married less than two years. No children were born to the marriage.

        Husband argued that Wife was faking severe abuse in an attempt to retain his
house and to set herself up for huge payments from him. He noted that not a single
neighbor, friend, family member, co-worker, or any other witness appeared at trial to
corroborate that any injuries ever occurred to Wife. He asserted that no police reports or
any medical records were provided to substantiate that such severe injuries were endured
by Wife. Husband testified on direct that no one in his family was violent. However, on
cross, he admitted that his brother had been charged with domestic assault on his
girlfriend. Wife claimed that Husband’s brother had a terrible temper and that the family
had sought to have him committed. She noted also that Husband had told her that his
mother “had a very short fuse” and was “very verbally abusive” to him and his brother.
Husband’s ex-wife, Ms. Sexton, corroborated certain claims by Wife.

       At the time of trial, Husband’s year-to-date earnings averaged out to $8,340.74
gross per month. Husband had accumulated in his 401K a sum of $100,597.00 in marital
assets. He claimed that on the day she filed for divorce, Wife removed $21,000 from a
SunTrust money market account holding his pre-marital funds that had not been
comingled or transmutated. Wife, however, testified that she had contributed money to
the account during the time the couple resided at Royal Mountain, depositing her child
support and money from her parents into the joint SunTrust account, out of which
payments for the mortgage and alarm system were made. Wife indicated that Husband
never claimed any of the money was separate. A review of the joint SunTrust statements
from June 2014-September 2015 revealed that the money market account and savings
account were each titled in both parties’ names as well as the checking. Further, money
was transferred between the accounts.

       The trial court noted in its January 2, 2018, order that “neither party distinguished
themselves in the field of veracity,” but that “Husband is the les[s] credible of the two.”
The court found Husband guilty of inappropriate marital conduct based on evidence other
than the photos (i.e., text messages) and granted Wife a divorce on those grounds. As to
the house, the court recognized “an intention by Husband to treat what may have been
separate property as marital. It was a gift to the marital estate . . . . Husband’s actions
before and at the time of the purchase indicated that, at that time, he intended the house
as a gift to the estate. He cannot rescind that gift later, when the relationship begins to
sour.” The court ordered that upon the sale of the house, Wife was to receive $100,000
of the proceeds. The court further found the marital portion of Husband’s retirement to
be $100,597, and ordered it equally divided.


$5,000,000.00 in actual and putative damages by jury trial.”
                                              -5-
In an order regarding discretionary costs, the court ruled:

       The [Husband] was not the prevailing party. The [Wife] was
       awarded the divorce based on [Husband’s] inappropriate
       marital conduct. She was awarded alimony. Court costs
       were assessed against the [Husband]. The expert witnesses
       were hired in regard to the [Husband’s] allegation that certain
       photographs produced by the [Wife] were altered or staged.
       He did not prevail on that issue.

       In regard to attorney’s fees, the Court is well aware of the
       frustration in getting this case to a final hearing. However,
       the [Husband] has not produced any proof that those delays
       were primarily as a result of the [Wife’s] actions. That
       request is DENIED.



                                 II. ISSUES

The issues raised in this appeal are restated as follows:

a. Does the evidence support the trial court’s finding that Husband
made a gift of his pre-marital real estate to the marriage?

b. Does the evidence support the trial court’s award of the equity in
the marital residence to Wife, in that the court found it had been
gifted to the marriage by Husband and given the statutory factors?

c. Did the evidence support the trial court’s finding that Husband hit
Wife, that she was the more credible witness, and that she was the
prevailing party?

d. Whether the trial court correctly relied upon other evidence of
abuse by Husband rather than the photographs.

e. Does the evidence preponderate in favor of the trial court’s award
of alimony to Wife given the statutory factors?

f. Does the evidence preponderate in favor of the trial court’s failure
to award Wife her attorney’s fees given the statutory factors?

g. Is Wife entitled to attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal?
                                      -6-
                              III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This case was tried by the court without a jury. The review of the trial court’s
findings of fact is de novo with a presumption of correctness unless the evidence
preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d
685, 692 (Tenn. 2013). Our review of a trial court’s conclusions of law is de novo upon
the record with no presumption of correctness. Tyron v. Saturn Corp., 254 S.W.3d 321,
327 (Tenn. 2008).

       The trial court has broad discretion in fashioning an equitable distribution of
marital property, and an appellate court will defer to a trial court’s distribution unless it is
inconsistent with the statutory factors or is not supported by a preponderance of the
evidence. Baggett v. Baggett, 422 S.W.3d 537, 543 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013).

        Trial courts have broad discretion to determine spousal support if needed and, if
so, the nature, amount, and duration of the award. Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d
99 (Tenn. 2011); Burlew v. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d 465, 470 (Tenn. 2001); Crabtree v.
Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d 356, 360 (Tenn. 2000). The role of an appellate court in reviewing
an award of spousal support is to determine whether the trial court applied the correct
legal standard and reached a decision that is not clearly unreasonable. Broadbent v.
Broadbent, 211 S.W.3d 216, 220 (Tenn. 2006). Appellate courts decline to second guess
a trial court’s decision absent an abuse of discretion. Robertson v. Robertson, 76 S.W.3d
337, 343 (Tenn. 2002). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court causes an
injustice by applying an incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical result, resolves the
case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or relies on a reasoning that
causes an injustice. Wright ex rel. Wright v. Wright, 337 S.W.3d 166, 176 (Tenn. 2011);
Henderson v. SAIA, Inc., 318 S.W.3d 328, 335 (Tenn. 2010). This standard does not
permit an appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court, but reflects
an awareness that the decision being reviewed involved a choice among several
acceptable alternatives, and thus envisions a less rigorous review of the lower court’s
decision and the decreased likelihood that the decision will be reversed on appeal.
Henderson, 318 S.W.3d at 335 (quoting Lee Medical Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d
515,524 (Tenn. 2010)). Consequently, when reviewing a discretionary decision by the
trial court, such as an alimony determination, the appellate court should presume that the
decision is correct and should review the evidence in the light most favorable to the
decision. Wright, 337 S.W.3d at 176; Henderson, 318 S.W.3d at 335.

       For an award (or denial) of attorney’s fees, the standard of review is whether an
abuse of discretion occurred at the trial level by the trial court. The decision to award
attorney’s fees as alimony in solido is within the sound discretion of the trial court.
Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d at 361 and Kincaid v. Kincaid, 912 S.W.2d 140, 144 (Tenn. Ct.
                                            -7-
App. 1995). The appellate court will not interfere with an award, except upon a showing
of an abuse of discretion, where the evidence preponderates against the award. Long v.
Long, 957 S.W.2d 825 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); Elliot v. Elliot, 825 S.W.2d 87, 92 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1991); Butler v. Butler, 680 S.W.2d 467, 470 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984). As for the
standard required for an award of attorney’s fees incurred on appeal, this determination is
within the sole discretion of the appellate court. Archer v. Archer, 907 S.W.2d 412, 419
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).


                                    IV. DISCUSSION

                                             a.

       Husband argues that the residence is owned solely by him and is a pre-marital
asset. He notes that Wife’s name is neither on the deed nor on the note. He asserts that
he has paid for all the upkeep and maintenance on the home and that, including food,
Wife has only contributed approximately $300 per month to any household expenses.
According to Husband, Wife frequently asked him to put her name on the title, but that he
“just didn’t feel comfortable putting her on the deed to my house.” He contends that
there was no understanding by the parties that the real estate was transmuted to Wife in
any way. Husband argues that no proof has been provided of Wife’s contributions to the
joint account or payments she made toward the mortgage. He notes that he paid every
single mortgage, insurance, property tax, and utility payment pursuant to the order of
protection.

        Dividing a marital estate necessarily begins with the systematic identification of
all of the parties’ property interests, classifying each of these interests as either separate
or marital property. Flannary v. Flannary, 121 S.W.3d 647, 650 (Tenn. 2003); Conley v.
Conley, 181 S.W.3d 692, 700 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005); Anderton v. Anderton, 988 S.W.2d
675, 679 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Tennessee is a “dual property” state. Smith v. Smith, 93
S.W.3d 871, 875-76 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). Accordingly, property cannot be included in
the marital estate unless it fits within the statutory definition of “marital property.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-4-121. By the same token, “separate property” should not be included in
the marital estate. Id.

       As general rule, assets acquired by either spouse during the marriage are presumed
to be marital property. Church v. Church, No. M2004-02702-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL
2168271, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 1, 2006); Hunter v. Hunter, No. M2002-02560-
COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1469465, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 21, 2005). Similarly, assets
acquired by either spouse prior to the marriage are presumed to be separate property.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121. “Separate property” means “[a]ll real and personal
property owned by a spouse before marriage.” Id. “Assets acquired by either spouse
prior to the marriage are presumed to be separate property.” Id.; McFarland v.
                                           -8-
McFarland, No. M2005-01260-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2254576, at * 5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Aug. 6, 2007).

       The doctrines of transmutation and commingling provide an avenue whereby
separate property can become marital property. See Eldridge v. Eldridge, 137 S.W.3d 1,
13-14 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002):

              [S]eparate property becomes marital property [by
              commingling] if inextricably mingled with marital property or
              with the separate property of the other spouse. If the separate
              property continues to be segregated or can be traced into its
              product, commingling does not occur. . . . [Transmutation]
              occurs when separate property is treated in such a way as to
              give evidence of an intention that it becomes marital property.
              . . . The rationale underlying these doctrines is that dealing
              with property in these ways creates a rebuttable presumption
              of a gift to the marital estate. This presumption is based upon
              the provision in many marital property statutes that property
              acquired during the marriage is presumed to be marital. The
              presumption can be rebutted by evidence of circumstances or
              communications clearly indicating an intent that the property
              remain separate.

Langschmidt v. Langschmidt, 81 S.W.3d 741, 747 (Tenn. 2002) (citing HOMER H.
CLARK, The Law of Domestic Relations In The United States § 16.2 at 185 (2d ed.
1987)). “Marital property” must be divided equitably between the parties; “separate
property” is not subject to division. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(a)(1).

        The classification of property as either separate or marital is a question of fact for
the trial court. Bower v. Bower, No. E2011-00978-COA-3-CV, 2012 WL 1752401, at *7
(citing Mitts v. Mitts, 39 SW.3d 142, 144-45 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)). Trial courts are
vested with a large measure of discretion when classifying and dividing the marital estate,
thus their decisions are entitled to great weight on appeal. Sullivan v. Sullivan, 107
S.W.3d 507, 512 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). Unless the court’s decision is contrary to the
preponderance of the evidence or based on an error of law, it will not be second-guessed
on appeal. Id.

       In this case, the parties shopped as an engaged couple for the house they would
move into as husband and wife. It was purchased just two months prior to their wedding
in anticipation of their marriage. The real estate located at Royal Mountain was used as
the marital residence. It was maintained and managed primarily by Wife. Wife and
Husband comingled their money in a joint bank account out of which the mortgage
payment was made. Wife noted that the money she placed in the account came from
                                           -9-
child support and any cash her parents gave her. Wife’s premarital alarm system was
transferred to the marital residence, payments for which came out of the joint account.

       The court found the testimony of the realtor, Ms. Battles, to be persuasive. She
stated that Husband introduced Wife as his fiancé and that “they” were looking for a
house to move into as a family. Ms. Sexton, Husband’s former wife, related that he
confirmed to her “that as they were getting married, they were going to buy a house and
that there would be a bedroom for all the kids.” She further stated Husband commented
that “they were building a family together . . . there was a lot of work done on all the
kids’ rooms to make them feel like a home for all three boys.”

       Even though the title to the home remained in Husband’s name, his actions in
concert with Wife established that more likely than not, the property became marital.
Separate property can become marital property even without a change in the title. As this
court said in Mondelli v. Howard, 780 S.W.2d 759, 774 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989), “[i]n the
final analysis, the status of property depends not on the state of its record title, but on the
conduct of the parties.” Although Husband may consider Wife’s contributions to be
minor, the evidence in the record is sufficient to support the trial court’s finding of
transmutation of the Royal Mountain house. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial
court did not err in classifying the home as marital property.


                                              b.

       In all divorce cases, after classifying the parties’ property, the trial court is
directed to “equitably divide, distribute or assign the marital property between the parties
without regard to marital fault in proportions as the court deems just.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-4-121(a)(1); Davidson v Davidson, No. M2003-01839-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL
2860270, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2005); Edmisten v. Edmisten, No. M2001-00081-
COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 21077990, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 13, 2003). Decisions
regarding the value of marital property are questions of fact. Kinard v. Kinard, 986
S.W.2d at 231. Accordingly, they are entitled to great weight on appeal and will not be
second-guessed unless they are not supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Smith,
93 S.W.3d at 875; Ray v. Ray, 916 S.W.2d 469, 470 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). In making an
equitable division of marital property, the trial court is guided by the following relevant
factors:

              (1) The duration of the marriage;

              (2) The age, physical and mental health, vocational skills,
              employability, earning capacity, estate, financial liabilities
              and financial needs of each of the parties;

                                            - 10 -
             (3) The tangible or intangible contribution by one (1) party to
             the education, training or increased earning power of the
             other party;

             (4) The relative ability of each party for future acquisitions of
             capital assets and income;

             (5) The contribution of each party to the acquisition,
             preservation, appreciation, depreciation or dissipation of the
             marital or separate property, including the contribution of a
             party to the marriage as homemaker, wage earner or parent,
             with the contribution of a party as homemaker or wage earner
             to be given the same weight if each party has fulfilled its role;

             (6) The value of the separate property of each party;

             (7) The estate of each party at the time of the marriage;

             (8) The economic circumstances of each party at the time the
             division of property is to become effective;

             (9) The tax consequences to each party, costs associated with
             the reasonably foreseeable sale of the asset, and other
             reasonably foreseeable expenses associated with the asset;

             (10) The amount of social security benefits available to each
             spouse; and

             (11) Such other factors as are necessary to consider the
             equities between the parties.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c). The factors are not listed in order of importance, and
each is to be considered in relation to the specific facts of each case. See Powell v.
Powell, 124 S.W.3d 100, 108 n. 8 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003).

      The court found the factors weighing in Wife’s favor and against Husband were as
follows:

             Her physical and mental injuries caused by Husband’s abuse,
             her lack of employability, her inferior earning capacity to
             Husband, her lack of separate property except her furnishings
             and vehicle (Husband still retained his premarital assets), her
             financial liabilities caused by this case, and her financial
                                          - 11 -
             needs. (factor (2))

             Her inferior ability as compared to Husband for future
             acquisitions of capital assets and income. (factor (4)

             Her contribution to the acquisition, preservation, and
             appreciation of the marital assets, including her contribution
             to the marriage as a homemaker and former wage earner.
             (factor (5))

             She had no pre-marital property except for her furnishings
             and vehicle. Husband, however, has a pre-marital value in his
             401K of $104,603.00 and a pre-marital value of $1,227.00 per
             month in his pension when he starts to draw. (factor (6))

             She had no separate property at the time of the marriage
             except for her furnishings and her vehicle. Husband owned a
             house at 2821 Deerfield Drive in Ooltewah, his vehicle, a
             401K, and a pension. (factor (7))

             She will still be in poor economic circumstances at the time
             of the division because of factor (2). (factor (8))

             She cannot readily access cash from her marital portion of the
             401K without facing a 40% penalty and tax. (factor (9))

             Wife came into this marriage without physical and emotional
             injuries to include PTSD and a resulting speech impairment.
             Wife came into this marriage with a place to live and the
             means to pay for it. To put her back in the same position she
             was in when she came into the marriage, required the division
             that the trial court made. “Once the Wife receives her [ ]
             share from the sale of the home, Husband’s alimony
             obligation will end.” (factor 11))

       At the time of the marriage, the equity in the home was $145,000, which was the
sale price of $445,000 minus the principal amount of the new loan, $300,000. At the
time of the divorce, the equity in the home was determined to be $194,794. Husband
claims that the rise in overall equity during the marriage, approximately $50,000, is
marital.

      We find that Husband should be awarded as his separate property the amount of
his down payment on the Royal Mountain residence, $146,586.58. Upon the sale of the
                                      - 12 -
house, Wife is awarded one half of the remaining equity in the marital home after that
payment, in addition to the award of one half of the marital interest in Husband’s
retirement (as found by the trial court).


                                          c. & d.

      Husband argues that the evidence does not support the trial court’s findings that he
hit Wife, that she was more credible, and that she was the prevailing party. The court,
weighing the credibility of the parties, found that Wife was the more credible witness
because Husband denied hitting her. The trial court indicated as follows:

              As noted previously, the Wife accuses the Husband of
              physical abuse [in her texts]. He never denies it. Instead he
              responds, “I am so incredibly ashamed of myself” “I’m not a
              monster, Kristen.” “I am not a bad person.” Apologies so
              profound and expressions of such regret do not usually come
              from someone guilty of momentary inattention. The Wife’s
              testimony on this issue is more credible. The Wife has
              proven inappropriate marital conduct by the Husband and the
              divorce will be granted to her on those grounds.

In an order regarding discretionary costs, the court ruled:

              The [Husband] was not the prevailing party. The [Wife] was
              awarded the divorce based on [Husband’s] inappropriate
              marital conduct. She was awarded alimony. Court costs were
              assessed against the [Husband]. The expert witnesses were
              hired in regard to the [Husband’s] allegation that certain
              photographs produced by the [Wife] were altered or staged.
              He did not prevail on that issue. . . .

        Because trial courts are in a far better position than this court to observe the
demeanor of the witnesses, the weight, faith, and credit to be given witnesses’ testimony
lies in the first instance with the trial court. Roberts v. Roberts, 827 S.W.2d 788, 795
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). Consequently, where issues of credibility and weight of
testimony are involved, we will accord considerable deference to the trial court’s factual
findings. In re M.L.P., 228 S.W.3d 139, 143 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (citing Seals v.
England/Corsair Upholstery Mfg. Co., 984 S.W.2d 912, 915 (Tenn. 1999)). We will not
re-evaluate a trial court’s credibility determinations “‘absent clear and convincing
evidence to the contrary.’” Davis v. Davis, 223 S.W.3d 233, 238 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006)
(citing Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999)). We find that a
preponderance of the evidence supports the determination of the trial court. There was
                                            - 13 -
no clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. We are, therefore, disinclined to
disturb the trial court’s decision.

        As for the battle of the experts regarding the photographs and make up, the trial
court found the evidence to be conflicting and confusing. Husband claimed that the
images of Wife’s injuries as depicted in photographs she took with her phone were faked,
and that Wife had used make-up to make her skin appear bruised. Husband asserted
further that the metadata5 connected to the images revealed that the photographs were
created after Wife had obtained a protective order against him. Husband’s expert, Jim
Wells, testified that the metadata indicated that all the pictures were taken during
February and March 2016, long after the order of protection. He asserted that the camera
used to take the pictures had an IOS (“Internal Operating System”) that was not released
to the public until after the order of protection. Wife claimed that the abuse pictures were
taken before the protective order hearing, but that except for the one picture of the
swollen left eye, the other photos had disappeared from her phone by the time of the
hearing. According to Wife, Husband, an IT expert at Unum, lifted the photographs from
their shared iCloud account and manipulated the metadata to make it look as if the
photographs were created after the protective order was entered. She surmised that
Husband missed the one image relating to the eye because he only conducted a search for
pictures showing bruises. Husband claimed that he did not have access to Wife’s iCloud
and did not manipulate the metadata. Wife’s expert, Steve Linn, concluded that the
metadata of the photos had been manipulated. He also determined that a spying
application had been present on Wife’s laptop. Wife’s photograph expert, Joshua
Berman, testified that the photographs had not been photo shopped and the images
themselves had not been manipulated.

       Husband’s expert, Dr. Martha Burt, opined that the images in the photographs did
not match up with how typical bruising appears. She related that the coloration and
shapes, as well as other indicators, left her with no doubt that the pictures were not of
injuries. As to the pictures depicting a swollen eye, Dr. Burt testified that they do not, in
her opinion, depict trauma, due to an absence of any discoloration or bruising.
Husband’s make-up expert, Joseph Mistretta, observed that the photographs revealed
particles of residue where Wife had scraped the make-up off. He claimed that the
discoloration in the images was makeup and that it was used in every picture.

        Wife’s make-up expert, Susan Maccoy, opined that the photos revealed no
evidence of make-up in the pores on Wife’s skin. She described broken capillaries that,
in her opinion, could not be manufactured because of their tiny size. She also claimed
that it would be physically impossible for Wife to put make-up on herself in order to
make the bruises at issue. Amanda Thompson, a nurse practitioner with the Skin Cancer

       5
        “Metadata” is defined as data contained in a file about the file, such as when the photo
was taken, what kind of camera was used, or even the GPS coordinates of where it was taken.
                                             - 14 -
and Cosmetic Dermatology Center, noted that Wife’s skin reacts to Bacitracin and
manifests what is called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Further, Dr. James
Richmond, an ophthalmologist, related that Wife’s swollen eye was not caused by Bell’s
Palsy or an eye infection. He found it within a reasonable degree of medical certainty
that trauma might have caused the eye to swell in the way that it did.

       The trial court noted: “It is difficult, at best, to determine whether all or some of
the bruises were real or manufactured (in the photographs).” The court chose to rely on
the text messages between the parties to establish the abuse and inappropriate marital
conduct. Additionally, Wife produced evidence through her testimony and medical
records that more likely than not she was a battered spouse and received medical
treatment for injuries she sustained. We find that the court had sufficient evidence to
conclude that Wife was being abused, and that she had carried her burden of proof that by
a preponderance of the evidence the fault for the demise of this marriage lies at the feet of
Husband. The court appropriately determined whether there was other evidence upon
which he could rely that was credible. Because the trial court chose to go with the other
credible evidence as opposed to relying on the expert evidence that was contradicted and
conflicting, the court did not commit error. Husband “did not prevail” on “the allegations
that the photographs . . . were staged or altered.” As such, there was no clear and
convincing evidence to contradict that Husband hit Wife, was not as credible as Wife
because he denied doing it, and that Wife was the prevailing party. The court correctly
awarded Wife the divorce pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-101(11),
finding that she was the prevailing party.


                                             e.

      The trial courts have broad discretion to determine whether spousal support is
needed and, if so, the nature, the amount, and duration of the award. See, e.g., Bratton v.
Bratton, 136 S.W.3d 595, 605 (Tenn. 2004); Burlew, 40 S.W.3d at 470.

       The court concluded that Wife needed transitional alimony and that Husband had
the ability to pay. Therefore, the court fashioned transitional alimony in such a way that
Wife was allowed to stay in the residence while Husband continued to pay for the
mortgage and the utilities until the house could be sold and Wife received her interest in
it. Transitional alimony is defined as “a sum of money payable by one (1) party to, or on
behalf of, the other party for a determinate period of time. Transitional alimony is
awarded when the court finds that rehabilitation is not necessary, but the economically
disadvantaged spouse needs assistance to adjust to the economic consequences of a
divorce. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121. It is designed to aid a spouse who needs financial
assistance in adjusting to the economic consequences of establishing and maintaining a
household without the benefit of the other spouse’s income. Transitional alimony is
payable for a definite period of time and may be modified only upon certain
                                           - 15 -
circumstances: (1) the parties agree that it may be modified; (2) the court provides for
modification in the divorce decree; or (3) the recipient spouse resides with a third person
following the divorce. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(g)(2).

       Husband asserts that he has paid this alimony for longer than the parties resided
together. He argues that Wife has had adequate time to adjust and that alimony should
cease.

       We can find an abuse of discretion only if the trial court applied incorrect legal
standards, reached an illogical conclusion, based its decision on a clearly erroneous
assessment of the evidence, or employed reasoning that causes an injustice to the
complaining party. Burton v. Mooneyham, No. M2011-00909-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL
1070121, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2012). This standard does not permit an
appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court, but “reflects an
awareness that the decision being reviewed involved a choice among several acceptable
alternatives, and thus envisions a less rigorous review of the lower court’s decision and a
decreased likelihood that the decision will be reversed on appeal.” Gonsewski, 350
S.W.3d at 105-06. Accordingly, when reviewing a discretionary decision by the trial
court, such as an alimony determination, the appellate court will presume that the
decision is correct and will review the evidence in the light most favorable to the
decision. Id.

      In determining whether to award support, Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-
5-121 provides for the weighing of certain factors:

              (1)     The relative earning capacity, obligations, needs, and
              financial resources of each party, including income from
              pension, profit sharing or retirement plans and all other
              sources;

              (2)     The relative education and training of each party, the
              ability and opportunity of each party to secure such education
              and training, and the necessity of a party to secure further
              education and training to improve such party’s earnings
              capacity to a reasonable level;

              (3)    The duration of the marriage;

              (4)    The age and mental condition of each party;

              (5)   The physical condition of each party, including, but
              not limited to, physical disability or incapacity due to a
              chronic debilitating disease;
                                            - 16 -
              (6)    The extent to which it would be undesirable for a party
              to seek employment outside the home, because such party
              will be the custodian of a minor child of the marriage;

              (7)   The separate assets of each party, both real and
              personal, tangible and intangible;

              (8)    The provisions made with regard to the marital
              property, as defined in § 36-4-121;

              (9)   The standard of living of the parties established during
              the marriage;

              (10) The extent to which each party has made such tangible
              and intangible contributions to the marriage as monetary and
              homemaker contributions, and tangible and intangible
              contributions by a party to the education, training or increased
              earning power of the other party;

              (11) The relative fault of the parties, in cases where the
              court, in its discretion, deems it appropriate to do so; and

              (12) Such other factors, including the tax consequences to
              each party, as are necessary to consider the equities between
              the parties.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(i). Although each of these factors must be considered when
relevant to the parties’ circumstances, “the two that are considered the most important are
the disadvantaged spouse’s need and obligor spouse’s ability to pay.” Mayfield v.
Mayfield, 395 S.W.3d 108, 116 (Tenn. 2012).

       The trial court made the following findings:

              Wife’s inferior earning capacity as compared to Husband’s,
              Wife’s obligations and needs, particularly due to the divorce,
              Wife’s lack of financial resources except her child support for
              her son from a prior marriage. (factor (1))

              Wife’s impaired ability to communicate,            caused    by
              Husband’s abuse. (factor (4))

              Wife’s physical and emotional injuries, caused by Husband’s
                                        - 17 -
             abuse. (factor (5))

             Wife’s separate assets consist of her furnishings and car.
             Husband has a car and a 401K with a pre-marital value of
             $104,603.00 and a pension with a pre-marital value of
             $1,227.00 per month when he starts to draw. (factor (7))

             The parties have had a comfortable economic standard of
             living during the marriage. (factor (9))

             Wife has made contributions to the marriage by putting her
             monies into the joint bank account, by transferring her pre-
             marital alarm system (hardware and service) to the marital
             home, and by doing the majority of the lawn upkeep, house
             cleaning, upkeep of the house, and cooking. (factor (10))

             Husband is the cause for the demise of this marriage. (factor
             (11))

             Wife is unable to work at this time due to her PTSD, stutter,
             and inability to communicate her thoughts. Husband’s abuse
             more likely than not caused Wife’s condition. Moreover,
             Wife’s alimony will be taxable to her and deductible by
             Husband. (factor (12))

The court found that given Husband’s superior earning capacity, until Wife can receive
her interest in the marital assets, she should remain in the marital residence and Husband
should continue to make the mortgage and utility payments on the home as transitional
alimony. The trial court determined that once Wife received money from her interest in
the marital residence, the alimony would end.

       In our view, the court was not in error in awarding transitional alimony based on a
preponderance of the evidence presented. Wife’s Income and Expense Statement and her
testimony regarding same supports this award. The record before us demonstrates fault
on the part of Husband and need on the part of Wife. See Fisher v. Fisher, 648 S.W.2d
244 (Tenn. 1983). The preponderance of the evidence supports a determination that
Husband had the ability to pay this support.


                                            f.

       The trial court held that “[e]ach party is to pay their own attorney fees.” Wife
posits that the trial court erred by failing to award her attorney’s fees as alimony in
                                           - 18 -
solido.

       When determining whether to award attorney’s fees as alimony in solido, the trial
court should consider the evidence in relation to the statutory factors set forth in
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-121(i). The general rule is that a “spouse with
adequate property and income is not entitled to an award of alimony to pay attorney’s
fees and expenses.” Umstot v. Umstot, 968 S.W.2d 819, 824 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).
“Such awards are appropriate only when the spouse seeking them lacks sufficient funds
to pay his or her own legal expenses, or the spouse would be required to deplete his or
her resources in order to pay them. Houghland v. Houghland, 844 S.W.2d 619, 623
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Harwell v. Harwell, 612 S.W.2d 182, 185 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1980).
The facts of this case support an award of attorney’s fees and litigation expenses as
alimony in solido, as Wife currently has little income and lacks the funds to pay these
fees. She is clearly economically disadvantage compared to Husband. Given the fact
that Husband was found to be at fault in causing the demise of the marriage, was not
credible, and given his superior earning capacity and separate property, the court erred in
ordering each party to pay their own attorney’s fees, as Wife will otherwise be required to
deplete any assets that she was awarded to pay same.

       Wife is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees as alimony in solido. We therefore
remand this issue to the trial court for the determination of a reasonable amount of
attorney’s fees to be awarded to Wife at the trial court level.


                                             g.

        For the same reasons that Wife seeks attorney’s fees at the trial level, she also
seeks attorney’s fees incurred at the appellate level. Wife does not work, cannot work at
this time due to her health, and will have to encroach upon her award of equity in the
house to pay for same, while meanwhile facing the end of transitional alimony upon the
sale of the house, signaling the beginning of her reliance on those proceeds to support
herself.

          As we have stated:

                [I]t is in the sole discretion of this court whether to award
                attorney’s fees on appeal. As such, when this court considers
                whether to award attorney’s fees on appeal, we must be
                mindful of “the ability of the requesting party to pay the
                accrued fees, the requesting party’s success in the appeal,
                whether the requesting party sought the appeal in good faith,
                and any other equitable factor that need be considered.”

                                           - 19 -
Parris v. Parris, No. M2006-02068-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2713723, at *13 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Sept. 18, 2007) (quoting Dulin v. Dulin, No. W2001-02969-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL
22071454 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 3, 2003)) (other internal citations omitted). Taking these
factors into account, we award Wife her attorney’s fees on appeal.

                                   V. CONCLUSION

        The trial court’s findings are affirmed in part as modified and reversed in part. We
award Husband the amount of his down payment on the marital home. The trial court’s
judgment denying an award of Wife’s attorney’s fees is reversed, as we determine that
Wife is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees incurred at the trial level as alimony in
solido. We remand the issue of the amount of reasonable attorney’s fees to be awarded to
Wife to the trial court for an appropriate award. Wife is also awarded her attorney’s fees
and costs incurred on appeal. This case is remanded for any further proceedings as may
be necessary and are consistent with this opinion. The costs of this appeal shall be taxed
to the appellant, Jason Vincent Carden.



                                                    _________________________________
                                                    JOHN W. MCCLARTY, JUDGE




                                           - 20 -
