            NOTICE
                                       2017 IL App (5th) 160189
 Decision filed 08/11/17. The
 text of this decision may be              NO. 5-16-0189
 changed or corrected prior to
 the filing of a Peti ion for
 Rehearing or the disposition of              IN THE
 the same.

                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                             FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,        )     Appeal from the
                                            )     Circuit Court of
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                  )     Hardin County.
                                            )
v.                                          )     No. 15-CF-42
                                            )
JAMES W. BRINDLEY,                          )     Honorable
                                            )     Paul W. Lamar,
      Defendant-Appellee.                   )     Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________

      JUSTICE OVERSTREET delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
      Presiding Justice Moore and Justice Chapman concurred in the judgment and
opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1       The defendant, James W. Brindley, was charged with one count of unlawful

delivery of a controlled substance within 1000 feet of real property used for religious

worship and one count of unlawful drug conspiracy. The defendant filed a motion to

suppress a video and audio recording of an alleged drug transaction that the State

obtained without judicial authorization. The State maintained that the recording was

admissible under section 14-3(q)(1) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Criminal Code) (720

ILCS 5/14-3(q)(1) (West 2012)). The circuit court disagreed, granted the defendant’s

motion to suppress, and barred the State from presenting the audio/video recording.
                                         1
Pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016), the State seeks an

interlocutory review of the circuit court’s order. For the following reasons, we reverse

and remand for further proceedings.

¶2                               BACKGROUND

¶3    In October 2014, Officer Rick Morris was an investigator with the Illinois State

Police and was assigned to the Southern Illinois Drug Task Force in Hardin County,

Illinois. He was working with a confidential informant in an ongoing narcotics

investigation. On October 22, 2014, Morris learned from the confidential informant that

the informant could purchase prescription medication from the defendant’s wife, Rebecca

Brindley. Brindley lived with the defendant. Morris arranged for the confidential

informant to make a controlled drug purchase from Brindley. Morris first searched the

informant for any contraband and then supplied the informant with money to make the

purchase. Morris maintained surveillance of the informant as the informant walked to the

Brindley residence, went inside, and returned to Morris with clonazepam tablets. The

informant told Morris that Brindley was not home and that the defendant sold the tablets.

This was the second controlled narcotics purchase Morris had arranged at this residence;

he had arranged a prior purchase at the same residence using the same informant.

¶4    On October 28, 2014, the confidential informant told Morris that he could again

purchase more prescription medications from the Brindleys the next day. That evening, at

11:37 p.m., Morris sent an e-mail to the Hardin County State’s Attorney as follows:

      “Re: Overhear request–Brindley


                                            2
             The purpose of this email is to request your authorization to conduct a

      consensual overhear on 10/29/14. The target of the overhear is [Brindley] and [the

      defendant]. I am making this request based on the following: On 10/15/14 SIDTF

      agents, using a confidential source, made a purchase of 26 tablets of Clonazepam

      .5 mg from Rebecca Brindley. On 10/22/14 the same C/S returned and bought nine

      Clonazepam .5 mg tablets from [the defendant] for $20 USC. On 10/28/14 I was in

      contact with the same C/S who stated they believed they would be ablet [sic] to

      make a purchase of a controlled substance on 10/29/14. Based on the previous

      purchases on 10/15/14 and 10/22/14 and the recent information, I believe probable

      cause exists to believe a felony will be committed by [the defendant] or Rebecca

      Brindley on 10/29/14.”

¶5    The next morning at 7:09 a.m., on October 29, 2014, the State’s Attorney

responded to Morris’s e-mail as follows:

             “Based on our conversations regarding your efforts with [the defendant]

      and Ms. Brindley and the information provided to me in the below electronic

      message, I concur that probable cause exists that a felony will be committed by

      [the defendant] & Ms. Brindley on October 29, 2014. You have my authorization

      to use audio/video recording regarding [the defendant] and Rebecca Brindley on

      October 29, 2014.”

¶6    After receiving the authorization from the State’s Attorney, Morris met with the

confidential informant and arranged a third narcotics purchase by the confidential


                                           3
informant at the Brindleys’ residence, this time utilizing a hidden video and audio

recording device to record the defendant during the transaction.

¶7     Morris did not obtain judicial approval to make the recording. According to

Morris, prescription pills are usually obtained on a certain date or period when the

prescription can be filled, and they can be gone in a day.

¶8     As a result of the recorded transaction, the defendant was charged with one count

of unlawful delivery of a controlled substance within 1000 feet of real property used

primarily for religious worship (720 ILCS 570/407(b)(2) (West 2012)) and one count of

criminal drug conspiracy (720 ILCS 570/405.1 (West 2012)). In response to a discovery

request, the State provided the defendant with the video and audio recording.

¶9     The defendant filed a motion to suppress the recording pursuant to section 108A-

9(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/108A-9(a) (West 2012)),

which provides for the suppression of judicially authorized recorded conversations when

(1) the conversation was unlawfully overheard and recorded, (2) the order of

authorization or approval under which the device was used or a recording was made was

improperly granted, or (3) the recording or interception was not made in conformity with

the order of authorization. The defendant alleged that the conversations during the

alleged drug transaction were unlawfully overheard and recorded because the State did

not obtain judicial authorization for the recording pursuant section 108A-3 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/108A-3 (West 2012)), which sets out a

procedure for obtaining judicial approval of law enforcement use of an eavesdropping

device.
                                             4
¶ 10   The State acknowledged that it did not obtain judicial approval for the overhear,

but argued that section 14-3(q)(1) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(1) (West

2012)) granted State’s Attorneys the power to authorize overhears during police

investigations of drug offenses. It maintained that all of the requirements of section 14-

3(q)(1) had been met; therefore, the recording was admissible.

¶ 11   The circuit court agreed with the defendant and granted his motion to suppress the

recording. The court suppressed the recording because the State did not follow the

procedures in section 108A-3, which, the court concluded, required judicial supervision

of the officer’s use of an eavesdropping device in the present case. The court, therefore,

suppressed “[t]he recordings or overhears made on October 29, 2016 [sic], of Defendant

by Agent Morris” and suppressed “any mention of a recording or overhear by any witness

or attorney during testimony or in the presence of the jury.”

¶ 12   Following the circuit court’s ruling, the State filed a certificate of substantial

impairment, alleging that the circuit court’s ruling “substantially impaired the State’s

ability to prosecute this case,” and filed a notice of appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme

Court Rule 604(a)(1) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016).

¶ 13                                 ANALYSIS

¶ 14   The first issue we must address is the jurisdiction of this court to hear the State’s

appeal. The defendant argues that we lack jurisdiction to consider the merits of the

State’s appeal.

¶ 15   Whether the appellate court has jurisdiction to consider an appeal presents a

question of law that we review de novo. People v. Salem, 2016 IL 118693, ¶ 11. Also, we
                                           5
note that whether the circuit court’s order is appealable here depends solely on the

construction of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016). People v.

Young, 82 Ill. 2d 234, 239 (1980). The interpretation of a supreme court rule is a question

of law reviewable under the de novo standard of review. People v. Drum, 194 Ill. 2d 485,

488 (2000).

¶ 16   Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1) gives reviewing courts jurisdiction to

consider the State’s appeal from orders suppressing evidence in a criminal case. The

supreme court has emphasized that whether an order is appealable under Rule 604(a)(1)

is determined by the substantive effect of the order, not its label or the underlying motion.

Id. at 489. When the circuit court’s order solely impacts the means by which the State can

present evidence, then the evidence has not been suppressed within the meaning of the

rule. In re K.E.F., 235 Ill. 2d 530, 540 (2009).

¶ 17   For example, in Drum, the State wanted to admit the prior testimony of two

codefendants who indicated that they would not testify at the defendant’s trial. Drum, 194

Ill. 2d at 491. The trial court barred the use of the prior testimony, and the State appealed.

Id. The supreme court construed Rule 604(a)(1) to determine whether the court had

jurisdiction to consider the appeal. In construing the rule, the court concluded that

evidence is “suppressed” within the meaning of the rule when the trial court’s order

“prevents [the] information from being presented to the fact finder.” Id. at 492. The court

distinguished its decision in People v. Truitt, 175 Ill. 2d 148 (1997), abrogated in part by

People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328 (2002), where the trial court’s order left an avenue open


                                              6
for admission of the evidence in question, but the State declined to avail itself of that

option. Drum, 194 Ill. 2d at 492.

¶ 18   In Truitt, the State intended to use laboratory reports to prove the content, identity,

and weight of a controlled substance pursuant to section 115-15 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/115-15 (West 1994)), which allowed the State, with

certain procedural requisites, to establish lab results solely by means of a lab report,

without live testimony from the analyst. Truitt, 175 Ill. 2d at 149-50. The trial court held

that section 115-15 was unconstitutional, and this ruling required the State to present

testimony from the person who actually analyzed the substance in question and prepared

the lab report. Id. at 150. The State appealed, and the supreme court analyzed its

jurisdiction to review the order under Rule 604(a)(1).

¶ 19   In construing Rule 604(a)(1), the Truitt court concluded that it had no jurisdiction

over the matter because the trial court’s order did not have the effect of suppressing

evidence. Id. at 152-53. The court noted that the order would not prevent any facts or

opinions from being presented to the jury. Id. at 152. Instead, the sole impact of the order

would be on the manner in which those facts and opinions were presented. Id. Instead of

merely a lab report, the order simply required the State to present testimony from an

actual witness who could testify about the laboratory tests and results. Id.

¶ 20   Similarly, in In re K.E.F., the State sought to admit a recording of the victim’s out-

of-court statement, and the trial court indicated it would admit the recording if the State

called the victim to the stand and asked her some questions about her statement. In re

K.E.F., 235 Ill. 2d at 539. For reasons that the supreme court stated “defy
                                     7
comprehension,” the State chose not to ask the victim the necessary questions for the

admission of the recording. Id. The trial court, therefore, denied the State’s motion to

admit the recorded statement, and the State filed an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule

604(a)(1). Id. at 535, 537.

¶ 21   The appellate court dismissed the State’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction (id. at

537), and the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed (id. at 541). The supreme court held that,

as in Truitt, “admissibility of the evidence in question was a matter entirely within the

State’s control.” Id. at 540. The court noted that “the prosecution had the option of

presenting live testimony to secure admission of the information it sought to introduce, an

option that it declined to pursue.” Id. The court concluded that “the sole impact of the

circuit court’s order [was] on the means by which the information [was] to be presented”

and, thus, it was “not suppression of evidence.” (Emphasis in original.) Id.

¶ 22   In the present case, the defendant cites Truitt and In re K.E.F. and argues that the

circuit court’s order did not have the substantive effect of suppressing evidence, but

rather it simply impacted the means by which the State could present the facts depicted in

the recording. He argues that instead of being able to play the recording of the alleged

drug transaction, the order simply required the State to present testimony from the

confidential informant who could testify about the transaction. We disagree with the

defendant’s argument.

¶ 23   Here, the circuit court excluded a specific item of evidence, i.e., the audio-video

recording of the defendant and the confidential informant during the controlled drug

purchase. Unlike the lab test results contained in the lab report in Truitt, the contents of
                                             8
the recording were not admissible under any other alternative means. There is a

fundamental distinction between the overhear recordings that the State sought to admit in

the present case from the lab reports the State sought to admit in Truitt. In the present

case, the suppressed evidence is actual audio-video recording of relevant events as they

occurred, capturing the defendant’s exact words, demeanor, and visual manifestations at

the time he is alleged to have committed the crimes charged. The confidential informant’s

testimony concerning the same events is not the same evidence. Instead, the confidential

informant’s testimony would be based on his or her recollection of the events, which may

or may not be the same as what is depicted in the recording, as well as the witness’s

credibility. Therefore, testimony is not a means for presenting the same evidence

contained on the recording. Truitt, therefore, is not applicable. In addition, In re K.E.F. is

distinguishable. In the present case, under the circuit court’s order, the State did not have

the means to secure the admission of the recording and declined to pursue that means.

See In re K.E.F., 235 Ill. 2d at 540.

¶ 24   The circuit court’s order suppressing the overhear recording has the substantive

effect of suppressing evidence. Accordingly, the State is entitled to appeal the order

under Rule 604(a)(1), and this court has jurisdiction to consider the merits of the appeal.

¶ 25   Turning to the merits of the State’s appeal, the State argues that the circuit court

erred in suppressing the audio/video recording of the drug transaction. We agree.

¶ 26   Reviewing courts apply a two-part standard to review a trial court’s ruling on a

motion to suppress. People v. Luedemann, 222 Ill. 2d 530, 542 (2006). A court’s findings

of fact are reviewed for clear error and will be reversed only if they are against the
                                          9
manifest weight of the evidence. Id. The court’s ultimate legal ruling as to whether

suppression is warranted is reviewed de novo. Id.

¶ 27   In the present case, there are no disputed factual issues that are relevant to the

circuit court’s order suppressing the overhear recording. Accordingly, there are no issues

before us to which the manifest weight of the evidence standard applies. The issue before

us is a legal one: whether a recorded overhear that was approved by a State’s Attorney

pursuant to section 14-3(q)(1) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(1) (West 2012))

is admissible in the prosecution of a drug offense. No constitutional issues are raised with

respect to the admissibility of the recording. Accordingly, our analysis of the issue before

us is strictly a matter of construing the statute at issue to determine and give effect to the

legislature’s intent. The construction of a statute is a question of law that is reviewed

de novo. Murphy-Hylton v. Lieberman Management Services, Inc., 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 17.

¶ 28   Our task is guided by well-established principles. The primary rule of statutory

construction is to give effect to the true intent of the legislature, which is best determined

from the statutory language itself without resorting to other aids of construction. Illinois

Graphics Co. v. Nickum, 159 Ill. 2d 469, 479 (1994). In fact, it is a cardinal rule of

statutory construction that when statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it must be

given effect without resort to other aids of interpretation. Village of Chatham v. County of

Sangamon, 216 Ill. 2d 402, 429 (2005). This is true because unambiguous statutes must

be enforced as enacted, and a court cannot depart from their plain language by reading

into them exceptions, limitations, or conditions that conflict with the clearly expressed


                                             10
legislative intent. Franz v. Calaco Development Corp., 352 Ill. App. 3d 1129, 1150

(2004).

¶ 29   In the present case, as set forth in detail below, the clear and unambiguous

language of section 14-3(q)(1) of the Criminal Code, as it was written at the time of the

recording at issue, provided that recordings obtained in compliance with the subsection

are admissible in the prosecution of drug offenses. Therefore, in the present case, the

circuit court improperly suppressed the recording, and we must reverse and remand for

further proceedings.

¶ 30   Article 14 of the Criminal Code defines the criminal offense of eavesdropping as

well as its exemptions. 720 ILCS 5/14-1 et seq. (West 2012); 720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(3)

(West 2012). Under section 14-2(a) of the Criminal Code, a person commits

eavesdropping when he uses an eavesdropping device, in a surreptitious manner, for

purpose of overhearing or recording a private conversation unless he does so with the

consent of all of the parties to the private conversation. 720 ILCS 5/14-2(a) (West 2012).

¶ 31   Section 14-3 of the Criminal Code defines “activities [that] shall be exempt from

the provisions of [Article 14 of the Criminal Code].” 720 ILCS 5/14-3 (West 2012). At

the time of the recording in the present case, section 14-3(q)(1) provided the following

exemption to eavesdropping: “With prior request to and verbal approval of the State’s

Attorney of the county in which the conversation is anticipated to occur, recording or

listening with the aid of an eavesdropping device to a conversation in which a law

enforcement officer, or any person acting at the direction of a law enforcement officer, is

a party to the conversation and has consented to the conversation being intercepted or
                                         11
recorded in the course of an investigation of a drug offense.” 720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(1)

(West 2012). Section 14-3(q)(1) authorized the State’s Attorney to grant approval for the

overhear “only after determining that reasonable cause exists to believe that a drug

offense will be committed by a specified individual or individuals within a designated

period of time.” Id.

¶ 32   Section 14-3(q)(2) defined the minimum requirements for the contents of the

officer’s request for State’s Attorney approval of the overhear, including specific

information concerning each individual whom the law enforcement officer believes will

commit a drug offense and any other supporting information known by the officer giving

rise to reasonable cause to believe that the specified individual will commit a drug

offense. 720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(2) (West 2012). Section 14-3(q)(3)(C) limited the State’s

Attorney’s approval in several ways, including a requirement that the recording must be

limited to “a reasonable period of time but in no event longer than 24 consecutive hours.”

720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(3)(C) (West 2012).

¶ 33   In section 14-3(q)(4) the legislature clearly and unambiguously stated that

overhears obtained in compliance with section 14-3(q) are admissible in prosecutions for

drug offenses. Specifically, at the time of the recording at issue here, section 14-3(q)(4)

stated in relevant part:

       “Admissibility of evidence. No part of the contents of any wire, electronic, or oral

       communication that has been recorded or intercepted as a result of this exception

       may be received in evidence in any trial, hearing, or other proceeding in or before

       any court *** other than in a prosecution of:
                                           12
                (A) a drug offense[.]” (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(4) (West

       2012).

¶ 34   The statute defined a “drug offense” to include “a felony violation of *** the

Illinois Controlled Substances Act,” which includes the charges the State brought against

the defendant in the present case. 720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(7) (West 2012). Section 14-3(q)

also contained a sunset clause which stated that section 14-3(q) was “inoperative on and

after January 1, 2015,” but that “[n]o conversations intercepted pursuant to ***

subsection (q), while operative, shall be inadmissible in a court of law by virtue of the

inoperability” of the subsection on January 1, 2015. 720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(8) (West 2012).

Finally, the statute stated that compliance with section 14-3(q) was a prerequisite to the

“admissibility in evidence” of any communication that has been intercepted as a result of

this exception contained in section 14-3(q). (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/14-3(q)(5)

(West 2012).

¶ 35   On appeal, the defendant does not argue that the State failed to comply with any of

the requirements of section 14-3(q). Therefore, under the clear and unambiguous terms of

section 14-3(q) as it was written by the legislature at the time of the recording at issue,

the recording is admissible in the State’s prosecution of the defendant for the charged

drug offenses. This is the clear intent of the legislature in enacting the then-existing

language of section 14-3(q).

¶ 36   In support of the trial court’s order suppressing the recording, the defendant cites

section 108A-1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code of Criminal Procedure)

(725 ILCS 5/108A-1 (West 2012)) and argues that the trial court properly suppressed the
                                       13
recording because the State did not comply with section 108A-1’s requirement that it

obtain judicial authorization to use an eavesdropping device. The defendant’s argument is

incorrect.

¶ 37   Article 108A of the Code of Criminal Procedure concerns judicial supervision of

the use of eavesdropping devices. 725 ILCS 5/108A-1 to 108A-11 (West 2012). Section

108A-1 states that a State’s Attorney may apply to a circuit court judge for authority to

use an eavesdropping device by a law enforcement officer where any one party to a

conversation to be monitored has consented to such monitoring. 725 ILCS 5/108A-1

(West 2012). Article 108A includes, among other things, the procedures for obtaining

judicial approval to use an eavesdropping device, grounds upon which a judge may grant

approval, the contents of any order granting the approval, requirements for retaining any

recordings, and notice to the parties overheard.

¶ 38   Under the clear and unambiguous language of the two statutes, however, they are

each separate and alternative methods for law enforcement to use eavesdropping devices

under different circumstances. Each statute contains its own requirements, procedures,

and limitations, including specific language discussing the admission of recordings

obtained under each respective statutory provision. In the present case, Officer Morris

obtained approval for the overhear recording under section 14-3(q) of the Criminal Code,

not article 108A of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Therefore, the statutory language of

section 14-3(q) of the Criminal Code controls the admissibility of the recording, not

article 108A of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Nothing within the language used by the

legislature in section 14-3(q) allows us to borrow any of the procedures, restrictions,
                                           14
limitations, or other language contained in article 108A and apply it to section 14-3(q).

Such a ruling would violate the well-established principles of statutory construction that

we outlined at the beginning of our analysis above.

¶ 39   The defendant argues section 14-3(q)’s only function is to prevent law

enforcement from being prosecuted for the crime of eavesdropping. He argues that

because an officer is acting at the direction of a State’s Attorney, section 14-3(q) would

operate to insulate the officer from prosecution and “goes no further than that.” However,

contrary to the defendant’s argument, the clear and unambiguous language of section 14-

3(q)(4) expressly provided that recordings obtained under subsection (q) may be

“received in evidence” in the prosecution of drug offenses. Accordingly, this argument

has no merit. The legislature intended for section 14-3(q) to be a procedure for law

enforcement officers to obtain recorded evidence admissible in felony “drug offense”

prosecutions upon the authorization of State’s Attorneys.

¶ 40   The defendant argues that judicial oversight as set forth in article 108A must apply

to all law enforcement use of eavesdropping devices because, if not, State’s Attorneys

would have broad, unchecked power to make their own probable cause determinations in

drug overhears. However, the defendant does not set forth any constitutional analysis to

support this argument. 1 He raises an alarm about “unhindered use of eavesdropping

devises” by law enforcement “unchecked and unperturbed by troublesome judicial

oversight.” But with no constitutional argument to consider, we are left only with the task


       1
        In his brief, the defendant correctly notes that “the constitutionality of one-party consent
eavesdropping has long been settled.” United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745 (1971).
                                                15
of simply interpreting the language of the statute to give effect to the legislature’s intent.

The well-established principles of statutory interpretation do not allow reviewing courts

to alter the clear language or function of a valid statute by weighing-in on the policies

underlying the statute and determining whether they are good or bad policies.

Accordingly, we decline to do so.

¶ 41   Finally, the defendant incorrectly argues that interpreting section 14-3(q)(1) as “an

exception to Section 108A” would constitute a repeal of 108A by implication, which is

disfavored and should be avoided. First, we note that we are not interpreting section 14-

3(q)(1) to be an “exception to Section 108A.” As we stated above, the statutory language

of the two statutes establishes that the legislature intended for each statute to be a

separate and distinct alternative for law enforcement to obtain authority to use

eavesdropping devices under the parameters defined in each respective statute.

¶ 42   Second, the legislature did not repeal article 108A by implication when it enacted

section 14-3(q). Repeal by implication occurs when the terms and necessary operation of

a later statute are repugnant to and cannot be harmonized with the terms and effect of an

earlier statute. Lily Lake Road Defenders v. County of McHenry, 156 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (1993).

“In such circumstances, the subsequently enacted statute will repeal the former by

implication, since it cannot be presumed that the legislature intended to enact laws which

are contradictory.” Id.

¶ 43   Generally, repeals by implication are disfavored. Id. “Courts presume that the

legislature envisions a consistent body of law when it enacts new legislation.” Id.

Reviewing courts have a duty to “construe *** statutes in a manner which avoids an
                                        16
inconsistency and gives effect to both enactments, where such a construction is

reasonably possible.” Id.

¶ 44   In the present case, applying these principles, it is evident that the legislature did

not intend to repeal article 108A by enacting section 14-3(q). The unambiguous terms of

the statutes are not inconsistent. Instead, the statutes have different requirements and

limitations. The version of section 14-3(q) that was in effect at the time of the recording

at issue in the present case allowed the State’s Attorney to authorize the use of an

eavesdropping device for an overhear for only a limited period of time, 24 hours, and

only for a limited type of a criminal investigation, felony drug offense. This language did

not contradict the language of article 108A, which authorizes the use of eavesdropping

devices in broader categories of criminal investigations (any felony under Illinois law)

and allows authorizations for longer time periods (up to 30 days). 725 ILCS 5/108A-1

(West 2012) (“any felony under Illinois law”); 725 ILCS 5/108A-5(b) (West 2012) (“No

order entered under this section may authorize or approve the use of any eavesdropping

device for any period longer than 30 days.”).

¶ 45   Although the clear and unambiguous language of the statutes supports our analysis

with respect to the repeal by implication doctrine, we note that the legislative history of

section 14-3(q) also supports our conclusion. Section 14-3(q) was added to the Criminal

Code when the 97th General Assembly passed House Bill 4081. Pub. Act 97-846 (eff.

Jan. 1, 2013). During the House debate on House Bill 4081, the House sponsor of the bill,

Representative Zalewski, explained the bill as follows:


                                             17
       “House Bill 4081 allows a law enforcement agency with prior written approval

       from the local state’s attorney to do a limited amount of eavesdropping or

       overhear, if they have compelling evidence that a crime involving a violation of

       narcotics law or serious bodily harm is about to occur. This is a very limited

       exception to our eavesdropping law that it’ll only happen when a number of

       controls are satisfied.” 97th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, Mar. 30, 2012,

       at 15 (statements of Representative Zalewski).

¶ 46   Representative Zalewski added, “these are instances where these are late at night

instances that happen spontaneously, and there’s a compelling need where to avoid, sort

of, bureaucratic waits and do this over the phone and get it done right away.” (Emphasis

added.) Id. at 18.

¶ 47   During the Senate debate, the Senate sponsor of House Bill 4081, Senator Haine,

stated that the bill “provides as an exemption to the eavesdropping prohibitions in Illinois

law that, *** with the prior request to and verbal approval of a State’s Attorney ***,

upon reasonable cause, a police officer may engage in an audio and visual recording of a

drug transaction for prosecution purposes.” 97th Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings,

May 22, 2012, at 163 (statements of Senator Haine). Senator Haine added, “This is an

initiative of all the police departments and the police chiefs and the sheriffs of Illinois to

do something about street corner drug sales, which cannot be easily monitored with our

warrant system and are the primary source of the street violence which has tragically

taken the lives of so many innocent people over the years.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 163-

64. He stated, “The steps to be taken are, upon reasonable cause, the State’s Attorney is
                                            18
requested to approve a—a conversation which is anticipated to occur and gives verbal

approval. He or she may have written approval. This is because of the fast-moving

dynamic of the street.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 166.

¶ 48   This legislative history supports the conclusion that each statute is a separate,

distinct, and alternative method that can be utilized by law enforcement to obtain

approval for the use of eavesdropping devices. Each statute serves a different purpose,

applies under different circumstances, and has different procedures and limitations.

Therefore, the statutes are not contradictory. In passing House Bill 4081, the legislature

intended to give law enforcement officers a streamlined method for obtaining overhear

authorization in limited circumstances during the investigation of drug offenses. Giving

effect to the clear and unambiguous language of section 14-3(q), as it was written, to

allow the admission of the overhear recording in the prosecution of felony drug offenses

does not result in an implied repeal of the broader coverage of article 108A.

¶ 49   Although both parties support their respective arguments with discussions about

the legislature’s amendments to section 14-3(q) that have occurred since the overhear

recording in the present case, our analysis of the issues before us are confined to language

of the statute that was in place at the time the recording was made in this case.

¶ 50                                CONCLUSION

¶ 51   For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the order of the circuit court that suppressed

the overhear recording and remand for further proceedings consistent with this decision.



¶ 52   Reversed and remanded.
                                             19
                               2017 IL App (5th) 160189
                                    NO. 5-16-0189
                                        IN THE
                          APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                   FIFTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,          )     Appeal from the
                                              )     Circuit Court of
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                    )     Hardin County.
                                              )
v.                                            )     No. 15-CF-42
                                              )
JAMES W. BRINDLEY,                            )     Honorable
                                              )     Paul W. Lamar,
      Defendant-Appellee.                     )     Judge, presiding.
__________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed:        August 11, 2017
__________________________________________________________________________

Justices:           Honorable David K. Overstreet, J.

                 Honorable James R. Moore, P.J., and
                 Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.,
                 Concur
__________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        Ralph E. Fowler II, Special Prosecutor, Effingham County
for              Government Center, 120 West Jefferson, Suite 201, Effingham, IL,
Appellant        62401; Patrick Delfino, Director, David J. Robinson, Acting Deputy
                 Director, Kelly M. Stacey, Staff Attorney, Office of the State’s
                 Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, 730 East Illinois Highway 15, Suite 2,
                 P.O. Box 2249, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
__________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys        Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Ellen J. Curry, Deputy
for              Defender, Ian C. Barnes, Assistant Appellate Defender, Office
Appellee         of the State Appellate Defender, Fifth Judicial District, 909 Water
                 Tower Circle, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
__________________________________________________________________________
