                         This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A16-0574

                       Denis Alcivar Alvarado-Riera, petitioner,
                                      Appellant,

                                           vs.

                                  State of Minnesota,
                                     Respondent.

                                 Filed January 9, 2017
                                       Affirmed
                                    Schellhas, Judge

                            Hennepin County District Court
                              File No. 27-CR-14-17543

David L. Wilson, Anne Carlson, Wilson Law Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for
appellant)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Cheri A. Townsend, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

      Considered and decided by Ross, Presiding Judge; Schellhas, Judge; and

Muehlberg, Judge.*




*
  Retired judge of the district court, serving as judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals
by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SCHELLHAS, Judge

       Appellant challenges the district court’s denial of his postconviction petition to

withdraw his guilty plea without an evidentiary hearing. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant Denis Alvarado-Riera was admitted to the United States as a lawful

permanent resident in 1998. In April 2014, ICE agents apprehended Alvarado-Riera on a

removal order because Alvarado-Riera had been convicted of domestic assault, but an

immigration judge canceled the removal order on June 11, 2014. On June 10, respondent

State of Minnesota charged Alvarado-Riera by complaint with check forgery committed

on or about November 8, 2013, under Minnesota Statutes section 609.631, subdivision 2(1)

(2012).

       On June 23, 2014, Alvarado-Riera voluntarily admitted himself to Abbot

Northwestern Hospital for anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts. He spent three days

in the hospital, was treated with medication, and was discharged with a treatment plan. On

November 24, Alvarado-Riera pleaded guilty to felony check forgery. In connection with

his plea, he offered to the district court a plea petition in which he represented that he had

been a patient in a mental hospital and had talked with, or been treated by, a psychiatrist

for a nervous or mental-health condition. “Depression” is handwritten next to that

disclosure. Alvarado-Riera also represented that he had not been ill recently but was taking

pills or other medicine at the time of his plea. “Wellbutrin” is handwritten next to that

representation. And the plea petition contains the following language:


                                              2
            I understand that pursuant to federal law that if I am not a
            citizen of the United States, this guilty plea may result in my
            removal from the United States and/or stop me from being
            able to legally enter or re-enter the United States; that the
            immigration consequences to me, if any, are not necessarily
            the same as they would be to anyone else; and that if I am
            not a citizen, I have the right to seek individualized advice
            from an attorney about the effect your guilty plea will have
            on your immigration status.

      At the plea hearing on November 24, 2014, Alvarado-Riera’s counsel

questioned him about his mental illness and medication as follows:

            DEFENSE COUNSEL: Now, we had some discussions
            about how you have been previously diagnosed with some
            mental illness, is that correct?
            THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
            DEFENSE COUNSEL: And you have been hospitalized for
            that in the past, is that correct?
            THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
            DEFENSE COUNSEL: You are currently under
            medication, is that correct?
            THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
            DEFENSE COUNEL: Now, is that in any way, shape or
            form affecting your understanding of your rights, the trial
            and the evidence or anything like that?
            THE DEFENDANT: No.
            DEFENSE COUNSEL: So you understand what’s going on
            here?
            THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

And the prosecutor engaged in the following colloquy with Alvarado-Riera:

            THE PROSECUTOR: Sir, it is not my intention to intrude
            in any conversations that you and your counsel have had,
            but do you understand – and you may recall that the petition
            you filled out talks about that there could be – if you are not
            a citizen of the United States, there could be immigration
            consequences to the act of pleading guilty today.
            THE DEFENDANT: Yes.


                                          3
             THE PROSECUTOR: Do you understand that?
             THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
             THE PROSECUTOR: And you understand that this may
             well be a triggering event for Homeland Security or ICE to
             have a look at your immigration status, and you have talked
             to your attorney and feel fully informed about that?
             THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
             THE PROSECUTOR: You have gone over that and – I am
             not prying as to what the advice was, but you know and
             understand and have talked about those risks?
             THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
             THE PROSECUTOR: That this, you know, could trigger
             deportation proceedings?
             THE DEFENDANT: Yes. I am actually already in the
             process for a domestic.
             THE PROSECUTOR: Okay.
             THE DEFENDANT: So I understand.
             THE PROSECUTOR: You understand the risk –
             THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
             THE PROSECUTOR: – by – that you are taking today?
             THE DEFENDANT: Yes.

Alvarado-Riera stated to the district court, “I just don’t want to lose my right being

here and losing my family, you know.” The court accepted Alvarado-Riera’s guilty

plea to felony check forgery, stayed imposition of sentence, credited Alvarado-Riera

for 24 days served, and placed him on supervised probation for two years.

      On December 8, 2015, the United States Department of Homeland Security

arrested Alvarado-Riera because he had been convicted of two crimes (domestic

assault and felony check forgery) involving moral turpitude that did not arise out of a

single scheme of criminal conduct. On January 7, 2016, Alvarado-Riera petitioned the

district court to withdraw his guilty plea, claiming that his plea was involuntary and

unintelligent due to his mental illness and that his counsel was ineffective for failing to


                                            4
advise him that he definitely would be deported for a guilty plea to felony check forgery.

The district court denied the postconviction petition without an evidentiary hearing.

       This appeal follows.

                                      DECISION

Denial of evidentiary hearing

       Alvarado-Riera argues that the district court erred by denying his request for an

evidentiary hearing on his postconviction petition. The court concluded that resolution of

the claims in Alvarado-Riera’s postconviction petition did not require an evidentiary

hearing. The court reasoned that Alvarado-Riera made no claim of newly discovered

evidence and that the parties relied on the same set of facts contained in the plea-hearing

transcript and did not dispute the material facts.

       Appellate courts review a denial of a request for an evidentiary hearing for an abuse

of discretion. Morrow v. State, 886 N.W.2d 204, 206 (Minn. 2016). “A postconviction

court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on an erroneous view of the law or is

against logic and the facts in the record.” Riley v. State, 819 N.W.2d 162, 167 (Minn. 2012)

(quotation omitted); see also Colbert v. State, 870 N.W2d 616, 621 (Minn. 2015).

“[Appellate courts] review the postconviction court’s underlying factual findings for clear

error and its legal conclusions de novo.” Morrow, 886 N.W.2d at 206.

       “A postconviction court may deny a petition for postconviction relief without

holding an evidentiary hearing if the petition, files, and records in the proceeding

conclusively establish that the petitioner is not entitled to relief.” Id. (citing Minn. Stat.

§ 590.04, subd. 1 (2014)). “[T]he postconviction court must grant [an] evidentiary hearing


                                              5
whenever material facts are in dispute.” State v. Vang, 881 N.W.2d 551, 557 (Minn. 2016)

(quotation omitted). “But the postconviction court need not hold an evidentiary hearing

when the petitioner alleges facts that, if true, are legally insufficient to entitle him to the

requested relief.” Id. (quotation omitted). “Any doubts about whether to conduct an

evidentiary hearing should be resolved in favor of the defendant seeking relief.” State v.

Nicks, 831 N.W.2d 493, 504 (Minn. 2013).

Claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel

       Alvarado-Riera argues that his trial counsel’s performance fell below the objective

standard of reasonableness, as explained in Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 130 S. Ct.

1473 (2010), and that the district court erred by resolving his ineffective-assistance-of-

trial-counsel claim without first conducting an evidentiary hearing. In Padilla, the Supreme

Court held that the Sixth Amendment requires attorneys to tell their noncitizen clients if

their pleas carry a risk of deportation. Padilla, 559 U.S. at 374, 130 S. Ct. at 1486. “An

ineffective assistance of counsel claim is an alleged violation of the right to reasonably

effective assistance of counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the United States

Constitution.” State v. Rhodes, 657 N.W.2d 823, 842 (Minn. 2003). “Ineffective assistance

of counsel renders a guilty plea involuntary and unintelligent.” Sanchez v. State, 868

N.W.2d 282, 286 (Minn. App. 2015), review granted (Minn. Oct. 28, 2015).

       An evidentiary hearing is required on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim

when, “a defendant . . . allege[s] facts that, if proven by a fair preponderance of the

evidence, . . . satisfy the two requirements from Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984).” Morrow, 886 N.W.2d at 206. First, petitioner must show that


                                              6
“counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Vang, 881

N.W.2d at 557 (quotation omitted). Second, petitioner must prove that “there [is] a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[This court] need not address both

prongs . . . if one is determinative.” Id. (quotation omitted). A petitioner “has the burden of

proof” to overcome the “strong presumption that counsel’s performance fell within a wide

range of reasonable assistance.” Gail v. State, 732 N.W.2d 243, 248 (Minn. 2007). “The

objective standard of reasonableness is defined as representation by an attorney exercising

the customary skills and diligence that a reasonably competent attorney would perform

under similar circumstances.” State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248, 266–67 (Minn. 2014)

(quotations omitted). “[A]pplication of the Strickland test involves a mixed question of law

and fact, [so the] standard of review is de novo.” Griffin v. State, 883 N.W.2d 282, 287

(Minn. 2016).

        “The nature of the advice required varies depending on the immigration statute

applicable to the guilty plea in question.” Sanchez, 868 N.W.2d at 287. “When the law is

not succinct and straightforward” counsel “need do no more than advise a noncitizen client

that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences.”

Padilla, 559 U.S. at 369, 130 S. Ct. at 1483. “But when the deportation consequences of a

plea are truly clear and counsel can easily determine those consequences simply from

reading the text of the statute, the duty to give more robust advice about the likelihood of

deportation is equally clear.” Sanchez, 868 N.W.2d at 287 (quoting Padilla, 559 U.S. at

369, 130 S. Ct. at 1483) (quotation marks omitted).


                                              7
       Alvarado-Riera argues that the district court erred in determining that the

immigration consequences of his plea were unclear because competent counsel could have

easily determined that felony check forgery was a crime involving moral turpitude (CIMT),

which is a deportable offense under immigration law, by conducting “a basic word

matching level of analysis.” We disagree. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act

(INA), any alien who “is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude . . . for which a

sentence of one year or longer may be imposed, is deportable.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), (II) (2012).1    Multiple convictions for crimes involving moral

turpitude also render an alien deportable. Id. at (a)(2)(A)(ii) (“Any alien who at any time

after admission is convicted of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising

out of a single scheme of criminal misconduct, regardless of whether confined therefor and

regardless of whether the convictions were in a single trial, is deportable.”). But, the Eighth

Circuit has recently confirmed that “[t]he phrase ‘crime involving moral turpitude’ is not

defined by statute and thus the meaning of the phrase was left to future administrative and

judicial interpretation.” Miranda-Romero v. Lynch, 797 F.3d 524, 525 (8th Cir. 2015)

(quotation omitted).

       Alvarado-Riera argues that Sanchez, relied on by the district court, is inapplicable

here because, unlike in Sanchez, the immigration consequences of a conviction for felony

check forgery are evident from the terms of the immigration statute. See 868 N.W.2d at

287. The district court applied this court’s holding in Sanchez and concluded that the


1
 Black’s Law Dictionary defines “moral turpitude” as, “Conduct that is contrary to justice,
honesty, or morality.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1163 (10th ed. 2014).

                                              8
immigration consequences of a plea to felony check forgery were not truly clear because

“Check forgery is not defined as a CIMT in the statute.” See id. at 288. We agree.

       In Sanchez, this court held that the immigration consequences of a plea to third-

degree criminal sexual conduct under Minn. Stat. § 609.344, subd. 1(b), were not truly

clear because the INA does not define the aggravated felony of sexual abuse of a minor.

Id. The court explained that the immigration consequences were not clear because,

“counsel could not have simply examined the relevant statute . . . to determine that Herrera

Sanchez’s conviction was an aggravated felony.” Id. So too here. We conclude that the

district court correctly applied Sanchez because, like in Sanchez, counsel could not have

easily determined that felony check forgery was a CIMT from simply reading the statute

when the INA does not define crimes involving moral turpitude. The district court therefore

did not abuse its discretion in holding that the immigration consequences of Alvarado-

Riera’s plea were not truly clear because it is not truly clear from a reading of the statute

that felony check forgery is a CIMT.

       Alvarado-Riera also relies on federal cases and Board of Immigration Appeals cases

to argue that the immigration consequences of his plea were truly clear because caselaw

has clearly established that forgery is always a CIMT. We are not persuaded. In Jordan v.

De George the Supreme Court held that conspiring to defraud the United States is a CIMT.

341 U.S. 223, 229, 71 S. Ct. 703, 706 (1951). In reviewing past decisions, the Court

explained that, “[F]raud has consistently been regarded as such a contaminating component

in any crime that American courts have, without exception, included such crimes within

the scope of moral turpitude.” Id. The Court went on to explain that, “In every deportation


                                             9
case where fraud has been proved, federal courts have held that the crime in issue involved

moral turpitude. This has been true in a variety of situations involving fraudulent conduct

[including] . . . forgery with intent to defraud.” Id. at 227–28, 71 S. Ct. at 706. Under

Eighth Circuit caselaw, “Crimes that have a specific intent to defraud as an element have

always been found to involve moral turpitude.” Miranda-Romero, 797 F.3d at 525

(quotation omitted); see also Lateef v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 592 F.3d 926, 929, 931

(8th Cir. 2010) (holding that “[t]he BIA’s conclusion that his conviction [for using an

unlawfully obtained social security number] involved moral turpitude is reasonable

because § 408(a)(7)(A) requires proof of a defendant’s intent to deceive and its

interpretation of the ambiguous statutory phrase ‘crime involving moral turpitude’ is

therefore due deference”).

       Alvarado-Riera cites no case defining felony check forgery under Minn. Stat.

§ 609.631 (2012) as a CIMT.2 But felony check forgery seems to be a CIMT under both

Supreme Court and Eighth Circuit caselaw because felony check forgery under Minnesota

law requires a specific intent to defraud. See Minn. Stat. § 609.631. This court explained

in Sanchez that the immigration consequences of a guilty plea are not truly clear “if counsel

must analyze cases from other circuits that in turn analyze agency interpretations of

ambiguous statutes.” 868 N.W.2d at 288. In this case, unlike in Sanchez, cases from both

the United States Supreme Court and the Eighth Circuit are on point, so this is a closer


2
  Alvarado-Riera cites a number of Board of Immigration Appeals cases, including In re
Islam, as binding authority for the propositions that forgery is a CIMT. 25 I. & N. Dec.
637, 638 (BIA 2011) (stating that, “Forgery and possession of stolen property have long
been considered to be crimes involving moral turpitude. . . .”).

                                             10
question. But in Sanchez the court does not hold that the immigration consequences of a

guilty plea would be truly clear if a caselaw precedent from the Eighth Circuit or the

Supreme Court existed, and Padilla is silent on whether the immigration consequences of

a guilty plea would be truly clear in such a situation. See Padilla, 559 U.S. at 369, 130 S.

Ct. at 1483 (reasoning that, “The consequences of Padilla’s plea could easily be determined

from reading the removal statute.”). We conclude that the immigration consequences of a

guilty plea to felony check forgery are not truly clear under Sanchez and Padilla, therefore

Alvarado-Riera’s argument that basic research would have made it truly clear that felony

check forgery is a CIMT fails.

       On appeal, Alvarado-Riera also argues that the immigration consequences of his

plea were truly clear because counsel could easily have determined that felony check

forgery is an aggravated felony, which is a deportable offense. He did not make this

argument to the district court. “[Appellate] court[s] generally will not decide issues which

were not raised before the district court, including constitutional questions of criminal

procedure.” Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (1996). Because Alvarado-Riera did not

present this issue to the district court, we decline to consider it.

       Because the immigration consequences of Alvarado-Riera’s guilty plea to felony

check forgery were not truly clear, Padilla required only that counsel tell Alvarado-Riera

that his plea carried a risk of adverse immigration consequences. See Padilla, 559 U.S. at

369, 130 S. Ct. at 1483 (stating that, “When the law is not succinct and straightforward . . .

a criminal defense attorney need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending

criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences.”). Because


                                               11
Alvarado-Riera received the warning in writing and orally that his guilty plea to felony

check forgery carried a risk of removal from the United States and that deportation

proceedings may be initiated against him as a result of his guilty plea, counsel’s

performance was reasonable because counsel performed the customary skills and diligence

that a reasonably competent attorney would perform under the circumstances. The district

court did not abuse its discretion by denying Alvarado-Riera postconviction relief on the

basis that Alvarado-Riera was properly counseled about the immigration consequences of

his guilty plea before entering it.

        Alvarado-Riera also argues that if the district court had afforded him an evidentiary

hearing on his postconviction petition, he would have subpoenaed a specific immigration

attorney employed by the Hennepin County Public Defender’s Office to testify. This

attorney’s “role is to counsel non-citizen defendants regarding immigration consequences

at the request of public defenders.” In this case, the attorney never consulted with

Alvarado-Riera’s trial counsel, never met with or advised Alvarado-Riera, and was

expected to so testify. Alvarado-Riera nevertheless argues that the court erred by denying

him an opportunity to call the immigration attorney to testify, asserting in a footnote that

“[i]f the professional norm at the Hennepin County Public Defender’s Office is to consult

with [the immigration attorney] during the course of representing a non-citizen, and [trial

counsel] failed to do that, this is directly relevant to the question of whether he provided

effective assistance.” The court determined that the attorney’s testimony was not

relevant—that “even in the best light, the evidence would not produce a different or more

favorable result.” The court also concluded that the information regarding the immigration


                                             12
attorney does not satisfy the four-part test for newly discovered evidence under Wieland v.

State, 457 N.W.2d 712, 714 (Minn. 1990), because the information regarding the attorney

“could have been discovered because [Alvarado-Riera’s] trial counsel was contracted

through the same office as the proposed witness.”

       Moreover, noting that Alvarado-Riera “only argued that [his trial counsel] did not

provide sufficient counsel,” the district court concluded that a “[v]iolation of an office

protocol would not be evidence of a constitutional violation.” We agree that the

immigration attorney’s testimony in this case is irrelevant and that any violation by trial

counsel of the office protocol in the Hennepin County Public Defender’s Office is not

evidence of a constitutional violation.

Denial of request to withdraw plea

       A defendant does not have an “absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea after entering

it.” State v. Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d 90, 93 (Minn. 2010). After sentencing, a defendant may

withdraw a guilty plea only “to correct a manifest injustice.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 15.05, subd.

1. “A manifest injustice exists if a guilty plea is not valid.” Sanchez, 868 N.W.2d at 286

(quotation omitted). “To be constitutionally valid, a guilty plea must be accurate,

voluntary, and intelligent.” Nelson v. State, 880 N.W.2d 852, 858 (Minn. 2016) (quotation

omitted). A petitioner “bears the burden of showing his plea was invalid.” Raleigh, 778

N.W.2d at 94. “Assessing the validity of a plea presents a question of law that [this court]

review[s] de novo.” Nelson, 880 N.W.2d at 858 (quoting Raleigh, 778 N.W.2d at 94).

       Alvarado-Riera alleged in his postconviction petition that his plea was not

intelligent or voluntary because he was mentally incompetent at the time of the hearing.


                                             13
“A defendant has a due process right not to be tried or convicted of a criminal charge if he

or she is legally incompetent.” Bonga v. State, 797 N.W.2d 712, 718 (Minn. 2011). “A

defendant is incompetent and must not plead . . . if the defendant lacks ability to:

(a) rationally consult with counsel; or (b) understand the proceedings or participate in the

defense due to mental illness or deficiency.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 20.01, subd. 2. Alvarado-

Riera argued to the district court that his history of mental illness was obvious because he

was accepted in Hennepin County Criminal Mental Health Court and that a Rule 20.01

evaluation should have been administered. “The prosecutor, defense attorney, and the court

share the duty to protect the right of a defendant not to be tried or convicted while

incompetent.” Bonga, 797 N.W.2d at 718 (citing Minn. R. Crim. P. 20.01, subd. 2). “If the

court finds there is reason to doubt a defendant’s competency, it must suspend the criminal

proceedings. Martin v. State, 825 N.W.2d 734, 745 (Minn. 2013) (citing Minn. R. Crim. P.

20.01, subd. 3). “In considering whether there is reason to doubt a defendant’s competency,

the court should consider factors such as evidence of the defendant’s irrational behavior,

demeanor at trial, and any prior medical opinion on competence to stand trial.” Id.

(quotation omitted).

       Here, citing Minn. R. Crim. P. 20.01, subd. 2, the district court noted that having a

mental illness does not automatically render a defendant incompetent and that Alvarado-

Riera did not offer “any new information that he was not competent at the time of the plea




                                            14
petition,” and concluded that Alvarado-Riera had not produced evidence that he did not

make an accurate, voluntary, and intelligent plea. We agree.

      Because the record conclusively establishes that Alvarado-Riera is not entitled to

relief, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Alvarado-Riera’s

postconviction petition without an evidentiary hearing.

      Affirmed.




                                           15
