                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                           ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                             ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                 No. 08-13592                   APRIL 23, 2009
                             Non-Argument Calendar            THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                   CLERK
                           ________________________

                        D. C. Docket No. 07-00381-CR-CG

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                        versus

STEPHANIE FIELDS,
a.k.a. Stephanie Renee' Fields,

                                                             Defendant-Appellant.


                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Alabama
                          _________________________

                                  (April 23, 2009)

Before DUBINA, FAY and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      In 2007, Stephanie Fields was indicted on one count of stealing $5,195.00
from the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 641. Fields had been a

“Section 8” tenant through the Greenville, Alabama, Housing Authority (“GHA”),

which received funding from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development. During an annual re-certification process, the GHA discovered that

Fields had misreported her income and received rental assistance to which she was

not entitled. Fields agreed to a repayment plan and made one payment, but did not

pay the balance until shortly before learning of the indictment. Fields proceeded to

trial, but the district court ruled that she could not present evidence of repayment or

her statements to investigators about her willingness to repay. A jury found Fields

guilty. Fields now appeals her conviction on the basis that the district court erred

in excluding evidence of her repayment and related statements. She argues that

such evidence was relevant to her lack of intent to defraud the government, and

should have been admitted as long as its relevance was not outweighed by the

potential for confusion. She also argues that the exclusion of the evidence

prevented her from presenting a “viable defense.”

      We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings, including rulings on the

relevance of evidence, for abuse of discretion. United States v. Todd, 108 F.3d

1329, 1331-32 (11th Cir. 1997). However, a district court may not exclude

“crucial relevant evidence necessary to establish a valid defense. When proffered



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evidence is of substantial probative value, and will not tend to prejudice or

confuse, all doubt should be resolved in favor of admissibility.” Id. at 1332

(citation and quotations omitted). Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, we will

affirm unless “the district court has made a clear error of judgment, or has applied

the wrong legal standard.” United States v. Drury, 396 F.3d 1303, 1315 (11th Cir.

2005) (quotation omitted).

      “Whoever embezzles, steals, purloins, or knowingly converts to his use or

the use of another . . . any record, voucher, money, or thing of value of the United

States or of any department or agency thereof . . . Shall be fined . . . or imprisoned

not more than ten years, or both . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 641. To support a conviction

under 18 U.S.C. § 641 for theft of government money, the government must prove

that (1) the money described in the indictment belonged to the United States or an

agency thereof, (2) the defendant stole or converted the property to her own use,

and (3) the defendant did so knowingly with the intent to deprive the government

of the money. See United States v. Moore, 504 F.3d 1345, 1347-48 (11th Cir.

2007) (noting that the defendants acknowledged spending money received from a

government agency, but denied doing so knowingly with the intent to deprive the

government because no one told them they were not entitled to the money).

Section 641 requires the intent to deprive the owner of the use of the money “either



                                           3
temporarily or permanently.” United States v. McRee, 7 F.3d 976, 982 (11th Cir.

1993) (concerning a charge of conversion under § 641). A defendant’s intention to

repay stolen money, and “even actual repayment,” is not a defense to a charge

under § 641. United States v. Lanier, 920 F.2d 887, 895 (11th Cir. 1991)

(concerning a charge of embezzlement under § 641). “Repayment in the face of

litigation does not show a lack of fraudulent intent.” See United States v. Suba,

132 F.3d 662, 677 (11th Cir. 1998) (addressing intent to commit mail fraud under

18 U.S.C. § 1341 by improperly using Medicare funds).

      We have stated that, in cases involving possible check-kiting, evidence of

repayment can be relevant because a defendant may try to establish that she did not

know a check was bad at the time of writing it. United States v. Morales, 978 F.2d

650, 653-55 (11th Cir. 1992). In other cases, however, the necessary intent is

established by knowingly participating in a fraudulent transaction, whether or not

there was repayment or an intent to repay. Id. (discussing, inter alia, United States

v. Scott, 701 F.2d 1340 (11th Cir. 1983)). In Scott, for example, repayment was

irrelevant to the offense of intentionally providing false information to acquire loan

accounts. Id. at 655. Likewise, in Morales, we held that the defendant’s unlawful

intent to obtain cash for bad checks could not be negated by an intent to repay. Id.




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      Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, “relevant evidence” is “evidence

having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be

without the evidence.” Fed.R.Evid. 401. “All relevant evidence is admissible,

except as otherwise provided . . . . Evidence which is not relevant is not

admissible.” Fed.R.Evid. 402. “Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if

its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue

delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

Fed.R.Evid. 403. ““Hearsay” is a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the

matter asserted.” Fed.R.Evid. 801(c). Hearsay generally is not admissible.

Fed.R.Evid. 802.

      Because repayment was not relevant to Fields’s intent to deprive the

government of its funds under § 641, the district court did not abuse its discretion

in disallowing evidence of repayment. To the extent that Fields argues that her

statements to investigators regarding her willingness to repay were admissible,

such argument fails because those statements were inadmissible hearsay.

Accordingly, we affirm.



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AFFIRMED.




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