                              NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 15 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

VAHAGN HOVHANNISYAN,                            No.    19-71459

                Petitioner,                     Agency No. A209-941-836

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                               Submitted June 2, 2020**
                                 Pasadena, California

Before: CALLAHAN and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and R. COLLINS,***
District Judge.

Dissent by Judge NGUYEN

      Vahagn Hovhannisyan, a citizen of Armenia, petitions for review of the



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the
District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming an immigration

judge’s (IJ) denial of his application for asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A).

The BIA agreed with the IJ that Hovhannisyan (1) did not show that the harm he

suffered in Armenia in connection with his participation in political demonstrations

rises to the level of past persecution, and (2) did not meet his burden to establish a

well-founded fear of future persecution. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. §

1252. Reviewing the BIA’s legal determinations de novo and its factual findings

for substantial evidence, Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1056 (9th Cir. 2009),

we deny the petition for review.1

      1.     Hovhannisyan testified that, following his attendance at an anti-

establishment political rally in Armenia in April 2017, he was beaten by police and

then detained for two days and warned to stop attending the rallies, and that after

his attendance at another political rally two weeks later he was briefly detained and

beaten by the President’s nephew and other individuals.2 He contends that these

two incidents “collectively” rise to the level of past persecution and that the BIA’s

contrary determination was erroneous. In order for us to reverse the BIA’s

determination, however, Hovhannisyan must show “that the evidence he presented


      1
        Because the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, we do not
discuss them in detail here.
      2
        Hovhannisyan conceded below that the President’s nephew was a “private
actor,” not a government official.

                                           2
was so compelling that no reasonable factfinder could fail to find” persecution.

Prasad v. INS, 47 F.3d 336, 338 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting INS v. Elais-Zacarias,

502 U.S. 478, 483–84 (1992)). Here, as in Prasad, “[a]lthough a reasonable

factfinder could have found [these incidents] sufficient to establish past

persecution, we do not believe that a factfinder would be compelled to do so.” Id.

at 340. In particular, we note that neither incident resulted in serious injuries

requiring medical treatment, there is no indication that Hovhannisyan was

repeatedly targeted or that the events were related, there is no evidence that the

government has a continued interest in Hovhannisyan, and he was neither asked

nor forced to renounce his political beliefs. See Gu v. Gonzales, 454 F.3d 1014,

1020–21 (9th Cir. 2006).

      2.     Having failed to establish past persecution, Hovhannisyan is not

entitled to “a rebuttable presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution.”

Id. at 1019 (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1)). We conclude that substantial evidence

supports the BIA’s conclusion that Hovhannisyan has not met his burden to

establish a well-founded fear of persecution. Similar to Wakkary, Hovhannisyan

has not demonstrated “a ‘reasonable possibility’ that he will be ‘singled out

individually for persecution’ if removed” or that “there is a systematic ‘pattern or

practice’ of persecution against the group [the Yelk Party/Alliance] to which he

belongs in his home country, such that, even without any evidence of individual


                                           3
targeting, his fear of persecution is deemed reasonable.” 558 F.3d at 1060 (quoting

8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2)(iii)). Hovhannisyan has presented no evidence that the

Armenian government (1) has a continued interest in harming him individually, or

(2) has targeted or intends to target individuals for persecution based on their

support for the Yelk Party/Alliance. Furthermore, although Hovhannisyan

contends that “if he were return to Armenia, his persecution will continue and will

possibly end in his death,” he provides no evidence to support this claim. In sum,

the evidence Hovhannisyan has presented is not “so compelling that no reasonable

factfinder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” Elais-Zacarias, 502

U.S. at 484.

      PETITION DENIED. 3




      3
          The petitioner’s motion for stay of removal is denied as moot.

                                           4
                                                                           FILED
Hovhannisyan v. Barr, 19-71459                                              JUL 15 2020
                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
NGUYEN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      The IJ found that the second beating—in which the Armenian president’s

nephew detained and beat Hovhannisyan for participating in a political rally—did

“not rise to the level of past persecution.” According to the IJ, the president’s

nephew was a private actor and, “other than [Hovhannisyan]’s testimony, there

[was] no evidence in the record to show that the president’s nephew [was]

someone the Armenian government [was] unable to control.” The “testimony” that

the IJ referred to was Hovhannisyan’s testimony that the president’s nephew had

become a “star” in Armenia because of his misconduct. That testimony, the IJ

reasoned, was undermined by the 2016 Armenian Human Rights Report’s failure

to mention the president’s nephew.

      But Hovhannisyan offered additional evidence that the government was

unable or unwilling to control the president’s nephew. See Baballah v. Ashcroft,

367 F.3d 1067, 1078 (9th Cir. 2004) (“[W]here non-governmental actors are

responsible for persecution . . . we consider whether an applicant reported the

incidents to police, because in such cases a report of this nature may show

governmental inability to control the actors.”). Hovhannisyan credibly testified

that he’d tried to report the second beating to the police, who were at first

sympathetic but then refused to help once he mentioned the president’s
nephew. The police refused to take his complaint and threatened to “put [him] in

jail . . . for false accusations.” The IJ didn’t discuss any of this. And because the

IJ erroneously discounted the second beating, neither it nor the BIA meaningfully

considered the cumulative effect of the two beatings.

      The majority concludes that a factfinder would not be compelled to find the

two beatings “collectively” rose to the level of past persecution. That may be true,

but in so doing it applies our deferential standard to a factual finding that flowed

from the IJ’s flawed discounting of the second beating. Had the IJ meaningfully

considered the issue, the IJ might have concluded that the two beatings

cumulatively justified a presumption of past persecution. And as the majority

acknowledges, a reasonable factfinder could have found the incidents sufficient to

establish past persecution. For these reasons, I would grant the petition and

remand to the agency to develop more fully the issue of whether the cumulative

effect of the two beatings rose to the level of past persecution.
