        DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FOURTH DISTRICT

                           STATE OF FLORIDA,
                               Appellant,

                                      v.

             LEWIS STOUFFER, CLARK JEFFREY THOMPSON,
                        and CRAIG TURTURO,
                             Appellees.

                               No. 4D17-2502

                               [May 23, 2018]

   Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit,
Indian River County; Cynthia L. Cox, Judge; L.T. Case Nos.
312012CF000882A, 312012CF000882C and 312012CF000882E.

  Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Kimberly T.
Acuña, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

   Donnie Murrell, West Palm Beach, for appellee Lewis Stouffer.

  Daniel R. Aaronson of Benjamin, Aaronson & Patanzo, PA, Fort
Lauderdale, for appellee Clark Jeffrey Thompson.

  David S. Weinstein of Hinshaw & Culbertson, LLP, Coral Gables, for
appellee Craig L. Turturo.

LEVINE, J.

   An Indian River County Sheriff’s Office (“IRCSO”) detective, as part of
an investigation originating in his home county, was the sole affiant on
applications and affidavits for search warrants in both Broward and Palm
Beach Counties. The trial court granted the motion to suppress evidence
that was obtained as a result of both search warrants, stating that the
detective acted outside his jurisdiction “under color of office” to obtain both
search warrants.

    We are asked to determine if the detective had the authority to be the
affiant on search warrants and their accompanying affidavits in counties
outside his jurisdiction where the detective was investigating a case that
originated within his own jurisdiction. We find that the trial court erred
in suppressing the evidence and find that the detective could be an affiant
for applications and affidavits that would serve as the basis for search
warrants outside of his jurisdiction. Therefore, we reverse and remand.

    Prior to the suppression hearing conducted by the trial court, the
parties stipulated that an investigation of pain clinics began in Indian
River County in 2011. IRCSO, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and various
other local law enforcement agencies were involved in this joint
investigation, which included multiple defendants and various locations
in several counties in Florida. As part of the investigation, a detective from
IRCSO went to Broward County and Palm Beach County to be the affiant
on search warrant applications for the residences of appellees in both
counties. The IRCSO detective was the sole affiant on the search warrants.
The detective included in the affidavit in support of the search warrants
that he is a sworn law enforcement officer from the IRCSO. He also utilized
sealed wiretap information that was part of the ongoing investigation in
Indian River County.

   The search warrants were executed by law enforcement officers with
either statewide or local jurisdiction. Subsequently, appellees filed
motions to suppress alleging that the IRCSO detective was outside of his
jurisdiction when he sought the search warrants in Broward and Palm
Beach. The trial court agreed by granting the motion to suppress and
finding that the detective acted “under color of office” when being an affiant
of the search warrants from Broward County and Palm Beach County.
This appeal follows.

    “A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress comes to the appellate
court clothed with a presumption of correctness and the court must
interpret the evidence and reasonable inferences and deductions derived
therefrom in a manner most favorable to sustaining the trial court’s
ruling.” Luna v. State, 154 So. 3d 1181, 1183 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015) (citation
omitted). “The appellate court defers to the trial court’s findings regarding
the facts and uses the de novo standard of review for legal conclusions.”
Id. (citation omitted). To the extent this case involves an issue of statutory
interpretation, a de novo standard of review applies. Therlonge v. State,
184 So. 3d 1120, 1121 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015).

   We begin our analysis by reviewing the plain language of the applicable
statutes. Section 933.06, Florida Statutes (2011), states:




                                      2
         The judge must, before issuing the warrant, have the
      application of some person for said warrant duly sworn to and
      subscribed, and may receive further testimony from witnesses
      or supporting affidavits, or depositions in writing, to support
      the application. The affidavit and further proof, if same be had
      or required, must set forth the facts tending to establish the
      grounds of the application or probable cause for believing that
      they exist.

   The key provision is that the judge must “have the application of some
person for said warrant duly sworn to and subscribed.” Id. (emphasis
added). Additionally, section 933.18, Florida Statutes, states that “[n]o
warrant shall be issued for the search of any private dwelling . . . except
on sworn proof by affidavit of some creditable witness . . . .” (emphasis
added). The plain language of both statutes refers to the affiant to a search
warrant application being “some person” or the affidavit coming from
“some creditable witness.” Nowhere do the statutes require that an affiant
be a member of law enforcement from that jurisdiction, nor do they require
the affiant be law enforcement at all. The statutes, individually and
collectively, merely require the affiant be “some person” or “some creditable
witness.”

   Further, this court has found that even a private citizen may sign an
application for a search warrant. Kaplan v. State, 347 So. 2d 659 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1977). In Kaplan, in rejecting the contention that a private citizen
has no authority to apply for a search warrant, this court stated: “There is
no Florida statute or rule restricting private citizens from signing
applications for search warrants. Indeed, the firsthand quality of the
information sworn to by a private citizen may be superior to hearsay
statements presently allowed under the law to support search warrant
applications.” Id. at 659. Further, this court concluded that “[t]he same
safeguards and other legal requirements for the issuance and service of
search warrants apply regardless of who signs the application.” Id.

   Unlike the statutes that state who may be an affiant to a search
warrant, the statutes that govern the execution of a search warrant provide
that only law enforcement officers may execute a search warrant. Section
933.07(1), Florida Statutes, provides:

         The judge, upon examination of the application and proofs
      submitted, if satisfied that probable cause exists for the
      issuing of the search warrant, shall thereupon issue a search
      warrant signed by him or her with his or her name of office,
      to any sheriff and the sheriff's deputies or any police officer or

                                      3
      other person authorized by law to execute process,
      commanding the officer or person forthwith to search the
      property described in the warrant or the person named, for
      the property specified, and to bring the property and any
      person arrested in connection therewith before the judge or
      some other court having jurisdiction of the offense.

Additionally, section 933.08, Florida Statutes, states: “The search warrant
shall in all cases be served by any of the officers mentioned in its direction,
but by no other person except in aid of the officer requiring it, said officer
being present and acting in its execution.”

   In both of these statutes, the plain language dictates that “any sheriff[,]
sheriff’s deputies or any police officer or other person authorized by law to
execute process” or “any of the officers mentioned in its direction” are the
persons statutorily authorized to execute the search warrant. Clearly the
legislature knows when to command that the action be performed
exclusively by law enforcement or those authorized by law, for example the
execution of the search warrant, as opposed to the application for the
search warrant where there is no similar command.

   Further, other states with similar search warrant statutes have allowed
any person to be authorized to apply for a search warrant. See State v.
Lewis, 2009 WL 385587, at *2-3 (La. Ct. App. 2009) (affirming denial of
motion to suppress where officer obtained search warrant outside
jurisdiction and Louisiana statutes allow any “credible person” to apply for
a search warrant); Dickey v. State, 816 S.W.2d 832, 834 (Tex. Ct. App.
1991) (affirming denial of motion to suppress where peace officer acting
outside jurisdiction obtained search warrant and Texas statute allowed
anyone to file an affidavit for a search warrant); see also Hill v. State, 759
A.2d 1164, 1173 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2000) (declining to “read into the
statute an additional requirement that the officer applying for the warrant
have the powers of a police officer within the jurisdiction in which the items
to be seized are located”); United States v. Freeman, 897 F.2d 346, 348 (8th
Cir. 1990) (finding procedural failing did not require exclusion of evidence
where search warrant was obtained by department of revenue investigator
rather than “peace officer or prosecuting attorney” as required by statute).

   In this case, the trial court determined that the IRCSO detective “acted
outside of his jurisdiction ‘under color of office’ to obtain Broward and
Palm Beach County search warrants.” The trial court relied on State v.
Phoenix, 428 So. 2d 262 (Fla. 4th DCA 1982), Phoenix v. State, 455 So. 2d
1024 (Fla. 1984), and State v. Sills, 852 So. 2d 390 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003),
to conclude that the detective was improperly being an affiant outside of

                                      4
his jurisdiction. We disagree that the IRCSO detective, by being an affiant
for search warrants in Broward and Palm Beach Counties, improperly
asserted “official authority to gather evidence not otherwise obtainable.”
Phoenix, 428 So. 2d at 266.

   Law enforcement officers may conduct a lawful investigation outside of
their territorial jurisdiction if the subject matter of the investigation
originated in their own jurisdiction. State v. Price, 589 So. 2d 1009, 1010
(Fla. 4th DCA 1991); Goodman v. State, 399 So. 2d 1120, 1121 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1981). In this case, it was undisputed that the investigation
originated in Indian River County.

   The “power of police to conduct investigations and to gather evidence
outside of their jurisdiction” is subject to the “under color of office”
doctrine, which is “a limitation on the power of police to conduct
investigations and to gather evidence outside their jurisdiction.” Phoenix,
428 So. 2d at 266. In Phoenix, this court recognized that evidence obtained
“by the unlawful assertion of official authority” should be suppressed. Id.

    Significantly, this court determined that the facts of Phoenix did not
limit Martin County deputies from making an arrest in St. Lucie County.
Id. at 266-67. In that case, Martin County deputies stopped a truck in St.
Lucie County “by using the blue flashing lights of their police car. Guns
drawn and pointed, they identified themselves as police officers, ordered
the occupants to get out of the truck and lie face down in the grass, and
opened the back of the truck where they discovered marijuana.” Id. at
264. This court held that the under color of office doctrine “does not
prevent officers from making an otherwise valid citizen’s arrest just
because they happen to be in uniform or otherwise clothed with the indicia
of their position when making the arrest.” Id. at 266. “Moreover, the mere
use of a police car and the fact that the officers identified themselves as
officers in stopping the camper-truck is not enough to prevent them from
making valid citizen’s arrests.” Id. at 267. The supreme court approved
this decision. See 455 So. 2d at 1024-26.

   In the present case, like in Phoenix, the IRCSO detective did not use the
“powers of [his] office to observe unlawful activity or gain access to
evidence not available to a private citizen.” Id. at 1025. In applying for
search warrants and being the affiant on those applications, the IRCSO
detective was not doing anything that a private citizen was not statutorily
authorized to do. See id.; §§ 933.06, 933.18, Fla. Stat.

   The fact that the detective in the present case identified himself as a
law enforcement officer in the affidavits and applications did not render

                                     5
his actions as an affiant improper. Like in Phoenix where the arrest by
Martin County deputies in St. Lucie County with guns drawn and flashing
lights on their police cars did not violate the “under color of office” doctrine,
similarly here the applications submitted by the detective effectively were
as a “citizen” affiant and also did not violate the “under color of office”
doctrine.

    The “under color of office” doctrine also was not implicated by the
detective’s reliance on information derived from wiretaps that were
authorized by a judicial officer in Indian River County. A police officer who
relies on information lawfully gathered in his jurisdiction does not violate
the “under color of office” doctrine by utilizing that information
subsequently as an affiant to a search warrant even if that search warrant
is obtained from another jurisdiction. See Phoenix, 428 So. 2d at 266
(stating that one violates the “under color of office” doctrine when an officer
gathers evidence not otherwise lawfully obtainable). In this case, the
officer did not violate the “under color of office” doctrine because he relied
on evidence lawfully obtained, such as information the officer obtained
with prior judicial approval. See id.

    In suppressing the evidence, the trial court also relied on Sills, but that
case is distinguishable because there the officers were acting “under color
of office” where, after arresting the defendant for drug trafficking offenses,
the officers transported him in handcuffs outside their jurisdiction to his
house, where the defendant had advised there were drugs, and obtained a
waiver of search warrant. 852 So. 2d at 391-93. This case is also unlike
Wilson v. State, 403 So. 2d 982 (Fla. 1st DCA 1980), and State v. Allen,
790 So. 2d 1122 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001), which appellees rely upon on appeal,
because in each of those cases the investigation originated outside the
officer’s jurisdiction.

   In conclusion, the plain language of the statutes governs our analysis.
When we examine the contours of the statute we need only look at the very
text in front of us. As Justice Cardozo once observed, “[w]e have not
traveled, in our search for the meaning of the lawmakers, beyond the
borders of the statute.” United States v. Great N. Ry. Co., 287 U.S. 144,
154 (1932).

    Nothing in the statutes requires that the affiant be a law enforcement
officer, nor do the statutes prevent the affiant from being a law
enforcement officer. The statutes merely require the affiant be “some
person” or “some creditable person.” The affiant clearly fits the required
statutory criteria.


                                       6
  As such, we rest on the text of these statutes, reverse the order
suppressing evidence, and remand for further proceedings.

  Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

CONNER and FORST, JJ., concur.

                         *        *        *

  Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




                                  7
