                        This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A15-0895

                                Michael N. Palm, Sr.,
                                    Appellant,

                                         vs.

                              Calhoun Realty Company,
                                    Respondent.

                               Filed February 1, 2016
                                      Affirmed
                                Cleary, Chief Judge

                           Hennepin County District Court
                              File No. 27-CV-14-4218


Mark A. Olson, Olson Law Office, Burnsville, Minnesota (for appellant)

Jack Atnip III, Hellmuth & Johnson, PLLC, Edina, Minnesota (for respondent)


      Considered and decided by Cleary, Chief Judge; Stauber, Judge; and Randall,

Judge.





 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

CLEARY, Chief Judge

       Appellant Michael N. Palm Sr. challenges the summary-judgment dismissal of his

claims for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing arising out of his salesperson-broker relationship with respondent Calhoun Realty

Company. Appellant asserts that the district court (1) erred as a matter of law in granting

respondent’s motion for summary judgment; (2) failed to comply with Minn. R. Civ.

P. 56.05; and (3) erred in applying Minn. R. Civ. P. 56.06 when it declined to grant

appellant additional time for discovery. Because the district court correctly determined as

a matter of law that there was no breach of contract or breach of the implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing, we affirm.

                                          FACTS

       Appellant is a licensed real estate agent in Minnesota and respondent is a real estate

broker that facilitates the sale of businesses and real estate. Respondent hires licensed real

estate agents as salespersons to assist it in buying and selling real estate and businesses.

Respondent classifies its salespersons as independent contractors. On December 22, 2008,

appellant and respondent entered into an Independent Contractor Agreement (ICA), which

established a salesperson-broker relationship between the parties. This agreement governs,

among other matters, how salespersons are paid for their work.

       Appellant worked as a salesperson and independent contractor for respondent until

February 2011. In this capacity, appellant acquired two listing agreements that are relevant



                                              2
to this appeal. The first involved several Holiday gas stations in Minnesota. Appellant and

Apollo Oil signed a listing agreement giving respondent the exclusive right to sell, lease,

exchange, or contract to sell the gas stations described in the agreement. Appellant argues

that Apollo Oil engaged in a subsequent transaction that should be recognized as a sale

under the listing agreement, thus entitling appellant to a commission under the terms of the

ICA. Apollo Oil refused to pay a commission on the transaction. Respondent made some

effort to pursue payment from Apollo Oil, but eventually ceased its effort to collect a

commission on this transaction.

       The second relevant listing agreement involved the Quarterdeck Resort and

Boathouse Eatery in Minnesota. Quarterdeck’s owners signed a listing agreement giving

respondent the exclusive right to sell, lease, exchange, or contract to sell Quarterdeck.

Appellant argues that the owners of Quarterdeck engaged in a subsequent transaction that

constituted a sale under the terms of the agreement. Respondent initially pursued payment

of a commission on the transaction, but after acquiring additional information, respondent

ceased that effort. Appellant contends that, under the terms of the ICA, he is entitled to a

commission, and that respondent did too little to protect appellant’s interests and pursue

payment from Quarterdeck’s owners.

       Appellant filed a complaint alleging breach of contract with regard to several

transactions, failure to pay commissions, breach of the covenant of good faith and fair

dealing with regard to the Apollo Oil and Quarterdeck transactions, and negligence.

Respondent answered and also noticed its intent to move for summary judgment on all



                                             3
counts. Appellant voluntarily dismissed his negligence claim. The district court granted

respondent’s motion for summary judgment with respect to the two counts that alleged

breach of contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in relation to

the Apollo Oil and Quarterdeck transactions. The district court denied respondent’s motion

for summary judgment on two other counts, but the parties later agreed to dismiss those

two counts with prejudice. Final judgment was entered April 1, 2015. Appellant now

challenges the entry of summary judgment for respondent as to the breach of contract and

breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing claims relating to the Apollo Oil and

Quarterdeck transactions.

                                     DECISION

                                             I.

       Appellant argues that the district court incorrectly interpreted the ICA, and thus

erred in granting summary judgment in favor of respondent on appellant’s

breach-of-contract claim. Appellant contends that the district court also erred in its

application of the law to appellant’s claim for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair

dealing.

       “On appeal from summary judgment, we must review the record to determine

whether there is any genuine issue of material fact and whether the district court erred in

its application of the law.” Dahlin v. Kroening, 796 N.W.2d 503, 504 (Minn. 2011). “A

motion for summary judgment shall be granted when the pleadings, depositions, answers

to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that



                                             4
there is no genuine issue of material fact and that either party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law.” Fabio v. Bellomo, 504 N.W.2d 758, 761 (Minn. 1993). The district court’s

order partially granted respondent’s motion for summary judgment based on the court’s

construction of a contract into which the parties entered. We review the district court’s

construction of the contract de novo, because contract construction is “a question of law

unless the contract is ambiguous.” Denelsbeck v. Wells Fargo & Co., 666 N.W.2d 339,

346 (Minn. 2003). In turn, “[w]hether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law that we

review de novo. The language of a contract is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two or more

reasonable interpretations.” Dykes v. Sukup Mfg. Co., 781 N.W.2d 578, 582 (Minn. 2010)

(citation omitted).

              Absent ambiguity, we construe contract terms consistent with
              their plain, ordinary, and popular sense, so as to give effect to
              the intention of the parties as it appears from the entire contract.
              Although we begin with the plain and ordinary meaning of the
              terms, the terms of a contract must be read in the context of the
              entire contract.

Quade v. Secura Ins., 814 N.W.2d 703, 705 (Minn. 2012) (quotations and citations

omitted). A written contract should be interpreted so that none of its provisions is rendered

meaningless. Brookfield Trade Ctr., Inc. v. County of Ramsey, 584 N.W.2d 390, 394

(Minn. 1998). “[W]hen a contractual provision is clear and unambiguous, courts should

not rewrite, modify, or limit its effect by a strained construction.” Travertine Corp. v.

Lexington-Silverwood, 683 N.W.2d 267, 271 (Minn. 2004). Further, we generally do not

“consider extrinsic evidence when determining contractual ambiguity.” In re Hennepin

Cty. 1986 Recycling Bond Litig., 540 N.W.2d 494, 498 (Minn. 1995).


                                               5
Breach of contract – construction of the ICA

       Appellant argues that, because the district court’s construction of the ICA revealed

ambiguity in its terms, the district court improperly decided questions of fact at the

summary judgment stage that should have been submitted to a jury. The parties dispute

the operation of two paragraphs in particular. Paragraph I of the ICA states:

               BROKER [i.e., respondent] agrees to make available to
               Salesperson [i.e., appellant] all current listings in its office,
               except such as the BROKER for valid and usual business
               reasons may place exclusively in the temporary possession of
               some other salesperson, and agrees to assist Salesperson in
               their work by advice, information and full cooperation in every
               way reasonably possible.1

Appellant argues that this paragraph requires respondent to assist appellant in collecting

commissions from customers with “full cooperation in every way reasonably possible,”

and that respondent failed to meet this contractual obligation when it declined to pursue

commissions on the Apollo Oil and Quarterdeck transactions. The district court held that

this provision “cannot be read as requiring [respondent] to pursue litigation or make

similarly vigorous efforts to recover a commission on [appellant]’s behalf.” We agree with

the district court’s interpretation.




1
  This language is from the copy of the ICA that is found in the district court record. This
document, and respondent’s “Broker’s Policy Manual”—another document relevant to this
appeal—were attached to Andrew Kocemba’s affidavit, submitted in support of
respondent’s motion for summary judgment. While appellant maintains that Kocemba
lacks personal knowledge of the transactions at issue, appellant does not argue that these
copies of the ICA and the Broker’s Policy Manual are inaccurate or otherwise defective.


                                              6
       Paragraph I of the ICA focuses on how respondent will facilitate the work that the

parties intend salespersons to do. The provision explains that respondent will assist

appellant “in [his] work,” which logically means the “work” that is set out in the ICA.

Paragraph III describes this work as selling and leasing or renting any or all real estate

listed with respondent, soliciting listings and customers, and engaging in other forms of

business promotion so that the “parties may draw the greatest profit possible.”

       The structure of the ICA also suggests that paragraph I only pertains to “work”—

not to payment for that work. Paragraphs I, II, and III of the ICA address what respondent

agrees to do to help salespersons accomplish their work, and what salespersons will do to

accomplish that work. Paragraph IV discusses what both parties will do to abide by

relevant laws and regulations that govern their work. Payment for this work is covered by

paragraphs V-VIII and XIII. It could be possible to understand respondent’s agreement in

paragraph I to “assist Salesperson in their work by advice, information and full cooperation

in every way reasonably possible” as a promise to help the salesperson collect

commissions, if commissions were not addressed anywhere else in the ICA. Interpreting

the contract as a whole, it is logical to conclude that commission procedures are set out in

the later paragraphs explicitly addressing commissions, while the earlier paragraphs

concern work that salespersons will do and assistance that respondent will provide.

       Paragraph V of the ICA reads as follows:

              The commission and fees for service rendered in the sale or
              rental, trade or leasing of real estate shall be the usual and
              customary commissions as set forth in the BROKER’S Policy
              Manual. In no event shall the Salesperson charge less than the


                                             7
             commission or fee established by the BROKER without prior
             written agreement, entered into by Salesperson and BROKER,
             to that effect. BROKER shall advise Salesperson of any
             special contract relating to any particular transaction which the
             Salesperson undertakes to handle. When Salesperson shall
             perform any work hereunder whereby a commission is earned,
             when said commission is collected, the expenses as set forth in
             the current commission schedule in the BROKER’S Policy
             Manual shall be deducted from said commission, and the
             balance shall be divided between Broker and Salesperson as set
             forth in the current commission schedule in the BROKER’S
             Policy Manual. In the event of special arrangements with any
             client of BROKER or Salesperson on property listed with
             Broker or controlled by Salesperson, a special division of
             commission may apply. Such rate of divisions is to be agreed
             upon before completion of the transaction by Broker and
             Salesperson and set forth in writing.

Paragraph V refers to respondent’s Broker’s Policy Manual (BPM). The BPM covers

respondent’s policies and procedures regarding, among other matters, company

organization, compensation, staffing, advertising, and rates of commission. Section 2.0 of

the BPM contains ten subsections that address compensation policies and procedures.

Subsection 2.8 provides, “Any action against a buyer or seller for commissions due shall

be the decision of management. Any cost incurred to collect such commissions shall be

deducted before splitting the fees between the associates and the company.” Respondent

contends that this provision gives it the sole discretion to determine whether and how to

pursue unpaid commissions. Appellant disputes whether he agreed to be bound by all

sections of the BPM at the time he signed the ICA. He agrees only that he was bound by

one subsection of the BPM—subsection 2.1—pertaining to respondent’s commission

schedule, because, he argues, that is the only provision to which paragraph V explicitly



                                            8
refers. Subsection 2.1 explains how commissions are to be calculated and distributed to

salespersons. It is untenable, however, that the references to the BPM in paragraph V of

the ICA are only references to subsection 2.1, for the following reasons.

       The first sentence of paragraph V states, “The commission and fees for service

rendered in the sale or rental, trade or leasing of real estate shall be the usual and customary

commissions as set forth in the [BPM].” The second sentence states that salespersons are

to obtain prior written agreement from respondent if they intend to charge a customer a

lesser commission or fee. This cannot be a reference to subsection 2.1. These sentences

clearly refer to commissions that are to be charged to the customer. Subsection 2.1

provides no information about the “usual and customary commissions” that customers pay.

Section 6.0 of the BPM does provide this information. Subsection 6.1, which is found in

section 6.0, describes in detail how fees are to be assessed for the sale or lease of different

types of property. The fee schedule in subsection 6.1 indicates the rate of commission that

is to be charged for each type of property. One would not be able to learn this by reference

to BPM subsection 2.1. Therefore, the ICA must incorporate more than just subsection 2.1

of the BPM.

       Further, when paragraph V of the ICA refers to the subject matter of subsection 2.1,

it does so specifically.    Once a salesperson has performed work and has earned a

commission on that work, paragraph V states that expenses are to be deducted from the

commission and the balance divided according to “the current commission schedule in the

[BPM].” The current commission schedule is found in subsection 2.1. This specific



                                               9
reference to subsection 2.1 does not preclude paragraph V from referring to other parts of

the BPM—such as subsection 6.1. Paragraph V of the ICA clearly incorporates more than

subsection 2.1 of the BPM.

       Interpretation of subsection 2.1 itself benefits from reference to other subsections in

BPM section 2.0. This indicates that the ICA did not adopt only subsection 2.1 when it

referred to the BPM. Part of subsection 2.1 explains that where a salesperson “incurs

expenses that have not been officially approved by the company prior to closing a sale, the

company reserves the right to deduct such unauthorized expenses from the associate’s

portion of the commission prior to distribution.” But salespersons need not seek official

approval for every expense they incur in the course of their work for respondent. Some

expenses are considered standard, which is explained in a different part of section 2.0.

Subsection 2.10 indicates which types of expenses salespersons pay for and which

expenses are to be paid by respondent as a matter of course.

       Subsection 2.1 also explains that “[a]ny expenses incurred by [respondent] in

connection with payment or collection of a commission, including any legal attorney fees,

shall be deducted before computing the commission of the participating associates[].”

Subsections 2.8 and 2.10 address legal actions as well. Subsection 2.8 states that the

decision whether to bring an action against a customer for payment of a commission “shall

be the decision of management.” Additionally, subsection 2.8 reiterates that where costs

are incurred in collecting a commission, those costs will be deducted from the commission

before dividing it between salespersons and respondent. Subsection 2.10 lists “limited



                                             10
legal counseling approved by management” as an expense to be paid by respondent. These

subsections help flesh out the meaning of subsection 2.1. Because portions of section 6.0

and section 2.0 of the BPM are necessary to the interpretation of paragraph V, the ICA

incorporates at least these portions of the BPM.

       In earlier submissions to the district court, appellant argued that, even if all sections

of the BPM are binding on him, subsection 2.8 did not grant respondent the sole discretion

to determine whether to take legal action to collect unpaid commissions. The plain

meaning of the BPM contradicts this position. The following language is at issue: “Any

action against a buyer or seller for commissions due shall be the decision of management.”

The inclusive term “any” indicates that the parties mean to refer to all actions of this type.

While the words “sole” and “discretion” do not appear in this provision, there is no

language indicating that salespersons and respondent will cooperate in making decisions

regarding litigation. The provision states that any legal action “shall be the decision of

management” (emphasis added).         This does not indicate that respondent is to share

decision-making authority. Subsection 2.10 supports this reading. It lists “limited legal

counseling approved by management” as an expense respondent will pay. This suggests

that respondent will decide when and what kind of legal counseling is appropriate.

       Other subsections in section 2.0 also bolster this interpretation. For example,

subsection 2.4 requires salespersons to obtain management’s prior approval for any

deferred commissions. That provision does not include the term “sole,” but the provision

clearly means that respondent is the only one with authority to approve such a commission.



                                              11
Likewise, subsection 2.10 grants respondent the authority to agree to pay expenses that it

does not cover as a matter of course. The provision makes no mention of “discretion” or

“sole” authority, but there is no indication that respondent will share this decision-making

authority with salespersons.

       The district court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of respondent.

The ICA incorporated the BPM by reference, even though respondent did not ask appellant

to sign the BPM itself or otherwise acknowledge receipt of the BPM.2 According to the

terms of the ICA and the BPM, respondent had no contractual duty to initiate litigation or

otherwise pursue allegedly unpaid commissions by any particular means.

Breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

       Appellant argues that the district court also erred in applying the law to his claim

for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The district court held that

appellant failed to introduce evidence that was sufficient to show that respondent had acted

in bad faith, and granted summary judgment in favor of respondent. We review the district

court’s summary-judgment decision de novo. Interpretation of a contract is also a question

of law, which we review de novo.

       “[A] claim for breach of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

implicitly assumes that the parties did not expressly articulate the covenant allegedly

breached.” In re Hennepin Cty., 540 N.W.2d at 503. Here, appellant argues that his only



2
 The better practice would have been to provide the BPM for signature alongside the ICA
at the time the parties entered the ICA.


                                            12
means of collecting payment for his work required respondent’s cooperation, and that

respondent’s failure to use litigation to pursue unpaid commissions on appellant’s behalf

constitutes breach of this implied covenant. But, as explained above, the plain language of

the ICA and the BPM indicates that the parties agreed that respondent would decide

whether to take legal action to recover unpaid commissions. “A party to a contract does

not act in bad faith by asserting or enforcing its legal and contractual rights.” Sterling

Capital Advisors, Inc. v. Herzog, 575 N.W.2d 121, 125 (Minn. App. 1998) (quotation

omitted). Respondent did not act in bad faith when it decided not to pursue commissions

for the Apollo Oil and Quarterdeck transactions, which was its contractual right to

determine. The district court did not err in granting respondent summary judgment on this

claim, though the court reached its conclusion via different reasoning. The district court

incorrectly considered whether appellant had offered sufficient evidence of respondent’s

bad faith, even though the court had found that respondent did not have a contractual

obligation to litigate. This court may affirm the district court’s decision despite the basis

on which it was decided. “[Appellate courts] will not reverse a correct decision simply

because it is based on incorrect reasons.” Katz v. Katz, 408 N.W.2d 835, 839 (Minn. 1987).

Unconscionability

       Appellant argues that, if the ICA is interpreted to grant respondent the sole

discretion to decide whether to pursue collection of a commission, the contract is

unconscionable. Appellant did not raise this issue in the district court. “A reviewing court

must generally consider only those issues that the record shows were presented and



                                             13
considered by the trial court in deciding the matter before it.” Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d

580, 582 (Minn. 1988) (quotation omitted). This court may decide to consider the issue in

the interest of justice. Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 103.04. But appellant also failed to adequately

brief the issue. Appellant devotes only a few sentences to the issue in his principal brief,

and his analysis is limited to one conclusory statement. Melina v. Chaplin, 327 N.W.2d

19, 20 (Minn. 1982) (holding that issues not briefed on appeal are waived). For these

reasons, we decline to consider appellant’s argument.

                                              II.

       Appellant argues that the district court incorrectly applied Minn. R. Civ. P. 56.05

and 56.06 in making its summary-judgment decision. Rule 56.05 provides: “Supporting

and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as

would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent

to testify to the matters stated therein.” Appellant objects to the district court’s reliance on

an affidavit submitted in support of respondent’s motion for summary judgment, on the

basis that the affiant lacked personal knowledge of relevant events, failed to set forth facts

that would be admissible in evidence, and failed to show that he is competent to testify.

The district court held that the ICA unambiguously grants respondent the discretion to

determine how it will collect unpaid commissions based on the terms of the contract itself.

Because the district court did not base its decision on the affiant’s challenged statements,

any error in applying rule 56.05 was harmless and does not provide a basis for reversal.

Minn. R. Civ. P. 61.



                                              14
      Appellant also argues that the district court erred when it failed to grant him more

time for discovery, pursuant to Minn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. The rule provides:

             Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the
             motion that the party cannot for reasons stated present, by
             affidavit, facts essential to justify the party’s opposition, the
             court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a
             continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions
             to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other
             order as is just.

Minn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. Because additional discovery would not reveal any evidence that

would change the plain meaning of the ICA, the district court did not err in denying

appellant a continuance.

      Affirmed.




                                            15
