       In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                     No. 17-490C
                                 Filed: June 30, 2017 1

    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *             *
    i3 CABLE & HARNESS LLC,                   *
                                              *   Post-Award Bid Protest; Judgment
                Protestor,                    *   on the Administrative Record;
                                              *   Waiver; Price Evaluation; Technical
                v.                            *   Evaluation; Organizational Conflict of
                                              *   Interest; Bad Faith.
    UNITED STATES,                            *
                                              *
                Defendant,                    *
                                              *
         and                                  *
                                              *
    ACE ELECTRONICS DEFENSE                   *
    SYSTEMS, LLC,                             *
                                              *
              Defendant-Intervenor.           *
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *             *

       Cynthia Malyszek, Malyszek & Malyszek, Westlake Village, California for
protestor i3 Cable & Harness LLC.

       Kelly A. Krystyniak, Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With her were
Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, and Chad A. Readler, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Department of Justice. Of counsel were Vera
A. Strebel and Laura J. Barke, Defense Information Systems Agency/Defense
Information Technology Contracting Organization, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.

       Jonathan D. Shaffer, Smith Pachter McWhorter PLC, Tysons Corner, Virginia for
Defendant-Intervenor Ace Electronic Defense Systems, LLC. Of counsel were Mary Pat
Buckenmeyer and Todd M. Garland, Smith Pachter McWhorter PLC, Tysons Corner,
Virginia.




1This opinion was issued under seal on June 16, 2017. The court afforded the parties
an opportunity to propose redactions in the published opinion and the parties did not seek
any redactions. The opinion is issued in full below.
                                       OPINION

HORN, J.

                                   FINDINGS OF FACT

      This is a post-award bid protest brought by protester i3 Cable & Harness LLC (i3)
against defendant United States, acting through the Defense Information Systems
Agency/Defense Information Technology Contracting Organization (DISA/DITCO or the
Agency). Participating as a defendant-intervenor is Ace Electronics Defense Systems,
LLC (Ace), the awardee of the contract at issue. Motions for judgment on the
administrative record filed by each of the parties are presently before the court.

        On May 27, 2016, the Agency issued a request for proposals (RFP), HC1028-16-
R-0010 (the Solicitation), for the contract currently under consideration. The Solicitation
solicited Installation Kits (IKs) for the Project Manager Mission Command (PM MC),
Product Manager (PdM) Joint Battle Command - Platform (JBC-P) program. The JBC-P
is a networked battle command information system that enables military units to share
nearly real-time friendly and enemy-situational awareness information, operational maps
and graphics, and command and control messages. The program is managed by United
States Army, Program Executive Office Command Control Communications-Tactical
(PEO C3T). The Solicitation required awardees to design, develop, produce, modify, and
deliver IK, cables, and brackets to support the installation of the PM MC managed
systems and related subsystems of PEO C3T, as well as supply engineering services to
support the creation of new IKs and for the modification of existing IKs. IKs are an integral
part of the JBC-P systems that provide the electrical and mechanical interfaces to the
vehicle platform. Individual cables and hardware, such as mounting brackets, are critical
to the support and maintenance of the vehicles equipped with JBC-P systems.
Engineering services for development of new kits and modification of existing kits are
essential in keeping up with JBC-P fielding and capability requirements.

       The Solicitation stated that the intended award would be a firm-fixed priced (FFP),
Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract for a base period of three years with
seven one-year options and one six month extension. The “estimated overall value” of
the contract was $99.4 million with a “minimum guarantee” of $1 million. The Solicitation
stated that the award would be made to the offeror whose proposal was technically
acceptable and offered the lowest price to the government using the Lowest Price
Technically Acceptable (LPTA) valuation process.

        The Solicitation contained two evaluation factors: (1) Technical/Management
Factor; and (2) Cost/Price Factor. The Technical/Management Factor had four subfactors
and was to be evaluated on an Acceptable or Unacceptable basis. The portion of the
Solicitation setting forth the requirements for the Technical/Management factor stated, in
full:

       2. Technical/Management Factor



                                             2
Failure to be found technically acceptable will result in the Offeror being
ineligible for award. In order to be found technically acceptable under Factor
1, the Offeror must be found acceptable under each of the below subfactors:

       a. The Offeror must submit proof with its proposal of the following:

              (1) at a minimum, dual sources of supply for all types of
              materials/components outlined in the Installation Kit Level II
              Drawing Package, Suppliers must all be valid companies with
              current cage codes;

              (2) copies of valid ISO 9001 or AS9100 Quality Management
              Certifications for all Suppliers, Subcontractor, and Prime; and

              (3) A Quality and Supply Chain Management Plan which
              provides procedures to assess Supplier quality and
              performance.

       b. The Offeror must submit proof of manufacturing kitting processes
       to include: sub-kitting; rack flow; staging; work-line instructions;
       visual guides; quality checks; and specialized package techniques.

       c. The Offeror must submit proof of available facilities, equipment,
       and human resources to support a kitting production line that will
       provide Installation Kits at a steady state rate of 1,000 Installation
       Kits per month, with a surge rate up to 4,000 Installation Kits per
       month within five (5) months of order receipt. Surge rate must
       sustained throughout the entire period of performance if required by
       the Government.

       d. The Offeror must submit proof of Installation Kit engineering
       design steps and processes from kit design through installation and
       integration into a Department of Defense vehicular platform and
       ability to execute rapid and simultaneous design efforts.

The technical evaluation will be given one of the following ratings:

                 Table 1. Technical/Management Ratings

 Rating                Description

 Acceptable            Proposal/quotation clearly meets the minimum
                       requirements of the solicitation.

 Unacceptable          Proposal/quotation does not clearly meets the
                       minimum requirements of the solicitation.



                                      3
(emphasis in original).

       The portion of the Solicitation setting forth the requirements for the Cost/Price
factor stated, in full:

       3. Cost/Price Factor

       The Offeror’s price proposal will be evaluated for award purposes based on
       proposed total evaluated price. The total evaluated price will be calculated
       as the sum total of evaluated pricing for Installation Kits, Spares [spare
       parts], T&M [time and materials] labor and the cost reimbursable-only (i.e.
       no fixed fee) travel estimate provided by the Government computed as
       follows:

       Installation Kits and Spares (Firm Fixed Price)

       The Offeror’s quoted unit prices for the provided quantity ranges (proposed
       in the Attachment J-3- IK Pricing Model) will be multiplied by the
       Government-possessed quantity for each CLIN/item identified in Section B.
       The sum of all resultant CLIN pricing will equate to evaluated price for the
       ordering period.

       Time and Materials (T&M) Labor Rates

       The Offeror’s quoted hours will be multiplied by the proposed T&M labor
       rates in the provided Attachment J-3 – IK Pricing Model. The resultant
       product of the computation will constitute the T&M evaluated price for the
       ordering period.

       Total Evaluated Price

       The total evaluated price will consist of the offeror’s evaluated price for IK
       Installation, Spares, and T&M labor and the Government-provided cost
       reimbursable travel estimate for the base period, all option periods, and the
       option pricing for the additional six-month period IAW [in accordance with]
       FAR 52.217-8. FAR 52.217-8 authorizes the Government to require
       continued performance of any services within the limits and at the rates
       specified in the contract. The pricing proposal should include a separate line
       item for the additional six-month period IAW FAR 52.217-8. These prices
       shall be identical to the proposed pricing in the six months prior to expiration
       of the base period, or the final option period, if option periods are present.
       Evaluation of options shall not obligate the Government to exercise such
       options.

       The offeror’s price proposal will be evaluated to determine if it is reasonable
       and complete. Normally, price reasonableness is established utilizing one
       or more of the price analysis techniques defined in FAR 15.404-1. The
       Government will determine completeness of the offeror's proposal by

                                              4
        verifying that all solicitation requirements have been priced, figures are
        correctly calculated, and costs are presented within the mandatory pricing
        template provided in Attachment J3 – IK Price Template to the Request for
        Proposal.

        Award will be made to the technically acceptable offeror that represents the
        lowest evaluated price, as this is a LPTA requirement.

(emphasis in original).

       The Attachment J-3 Price Template mentioned above in the requirements of the
Cost/Price Factor, was a template in the format of a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that was
included with the Solicitation. The Attachment J-3 template allowed offerors to input their
pricing for IKs, spare parts (Spares), and time and material (T&M) labor categories for the
three base years, seven options years, and a six month extension. For the IKs and Spares
portion of the Attachment J-3 template, offerors were required to input different prices for
orders of 1-19, 20-49, 50-149, 150-999, and 1000-4999 units for each year.

        Additionally, a portion of the Solicitation titled “General Instructions,” stated, in
part:

        The offeror's proposal must include all data and information requested by
        the Request for Proposal (RFP) and must be submitted in accordance with
        these instructions. The offeror shall be compliant with the requirements as
        stated in the IK Level II Drawing Package, Statement of Work (SOW), and
        Contract Data Requirements List (CDRL). Non-conformance with the
        instructions provided in this Information to Offerors may result in
        removal of the proposal from further evaluation.

(emphasis in original).

       The Statement of Work (SOW) attached to the Solicitation contained the following
provisions relevant to the present protest:

        5. Scope. This Statement of Work (SOW) sets forth the tasks and efforts
        the Contractor shall perform during this contract. . . .

                                             ***

        8. Place of Performance. Contractor shall perform all activities at the
        Contractor’s facilities with the exception of when travel is required to support
        the requirements of the SOW. Travel will be required as directed by the
        COR [Contracting Officer Representative]. Contractor personnel will travel
        to various (CONUS [Continental United States] only) locations in support of
        IK development and production efforts.

(emphasis in original).


                                               5
      Final proposals under the Solicitation and its amendments were due on November
28, 2016. Before the deadline for the submission of proposals, the Government received
responses from five offerors, including three relevant to the present protest: i3, Ace, and
Tabet Manufacturing Co. (Tabet).

       Ace’s proposal, in its executive summary, contained the following language
relevant to the present protest:

       1 INTRODUCTION

       Ace Electronics Defense Systems, LLC (ACE) is a privately held, Service-
       Disabled, Veteran-Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) and is International
       Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2008 certified. The company
       specializes in electronics manufacturing services to include electronics and
       mechanical design, manufacturing of cabling assemblies, diagnostic repair
       and integration services including higher-level electro-mechanical
       assemblies. With our 22,000 sq. ft. manufacturing facility in Troy, MI and
       resources to another 18,000 sq. ft. in Metuchen, NJ, we support rapid
       prototyping and full scale production runs and is [sic] equipped with the
       latest manufacturing and test equipment, as well as injection molding
       machines. Our 80,000 sq. ft. facility in Lexington, KY supports all aspects
       of the kitting requirement, including receiving, kitting, marking, packaging,
       and shipping.

       Our commitment to providing the most cost effective quality products and
       services on a timely basis has given us the advantage to excel in the wire,
       cable, and electronic field. We have thoroughly reviewed the Production of
       the U.S. Army, Project Manager Mission Command (PM MC) Installation
       Kits (IKs) Solicitation Package and fully understand all requirements.

                                             ***

       4.1.1 SUBCONTRACTORS

       ACE intends to subcontract a portion of the cable assemblies to our primary
       cable partner, Federal Prison Industries (Unicor). ACE and Unicor will be
       responsible for 100% of the cable assemblies in order to meet the FAT [First
       Article Testing] and production requirements. Once testing has been
       completed and production facilities approved, a work-share providing best
       value to the government will be established.

       All of the metal components required for this solicitation will be
       subcontracted. ACE has qualified multiple companies that are capable of
       producing all of the components. . . .

(capitalization and emphasis in original).



                                              6
        According to the initial Price Evaluation Report, prepared by the Source Selection
Evaluation Board (SSEB) and issued November 30, 2016, the evaluated prices for IKs
and Spares for each of the five offerors were determined by multiplying the prices
provided in the offerors’ Attachment J-3 templates by government-estimated quantities of
150 units for each of the three base years and seven option years and by 75 units for the
six month extension. The initial Price Evaluation Report makes no mention of how these
government-estimated quantities were determined. After reviewing each of the five
proposals, the SSEB determined that ACE had the lowest Total Evaluated Price (TEP)
with $484,913,135.56, Tabet had the second lowest with $492,476,512.38, and i3 had
the fourth lowest with $612,179,182.05. The “independent government cost estimate”
(IGCE) determined in the initial Price Evaluation Report was $487,062,977.44. Because
the SSEB also found that Ace’s proposal met the requirements of the Solicitation’s
Technical/Management Factor, the SSEB recommended that the award under the
Solicitation be made to Ace. On December 15, 2016, a contracting officer called Ace to
advise it of the government’s decision to make an award to Ace and followed up with an
email stating that Ace was the apparent awardee of contract number HC1028-17-D-0002.

       On December 27, 2016, after receiving notice from the Agency that it was an
unsuccessful offeror, i3 filed a protest with the Government Accountability Office (GAO),
challenging the government’s decision to award the contract to Ace. In its protest before
the GAO, i3 alleged that: (1) the government’s evaluation of i3’s and Ace’s pricing
proposals was flawed because i3’s and Ace’s TEPs exceeded the maximum contract
value identified in the Solicitation; (2) the government’s evaluation of Ace’s technical
proposals was flawed because Ace allegedly did not have direct management oversight
for one of its subcontractors; and (3) the government treated offerors unequally through
the release of certain amendments to the Solicitation. On January 10, 2017, the
government informed the GAO that it intended to take corrective action and requested
that the GAO dismiss the protest. In particular, the government’s notice to the GAO stated
that the government would “Re-evaluate the quantities used in the calculation of the Total
Evaluated Price” and, “[i]n accordance with the RFP, . . . identify the lowest priced
proposal and conduct an evaluation of the proposal.” On January 26, 2017, the GAO
dismissed i3’s protest as academic.

        On February 15, 2017, the Agency notified all five offerors via email that “[a]s a
result of the protest received . . . , the Government has taken corrective action and is re-
evaluating proposals with regard to the Total Evaluated Price.” The email requested that
offerors confirm the “validity” of their most recent proposals by February 21, 2017. In a
memorandum for record (MFR) dated February 15, 2017, the Agency explained, how it
had determined the re-evaluated quantities to be used in the calculation of the TEP as
part of the corrective action. Based on historical practices, projected needs, and the price
savings available at the 150-999 range, the Agency determined that, as it had done during
the initial price evaluation, it would use an estimated quantity of 150 units for each
individual purchase. Rather than simply apply the 150 unit quantity for each of the three
base years and seven option years (and 75 units for the six month extension), as it did
during the initial price evaluation, however, the Agency organized all types of IKs and
Spares into three groups that would be purchased at different frequencies over the course
of the contract: 1) Items Purchased Often; 2) Items Purchased Moderately; and 3) Items

                                             7
Purchased Rarely. Items Purchased Often were assumed to be purchased three to four
times over the course of the contract. Items Purchased Moderately were assumed to be
purchased two to three times over the course of the contract. Items Purchased Rarely
were assumed to be purchased once over the course of the contract. According to the
MFR, the identification of each of the three groups was based upon “the historical
frequency of procurements of IKs and Spares under the Previous IK Contract” and
“current/future fielding and sustainment requirements.” The MFR summarized the overall
process it used in coming to the re-evaluated quantities as follows:

       [T]he Government: (1) carefully analyzed its current stock levels of IKs and
       Spares; (2) evaluated its anticipated needs of IKs and Spares in the future;
       (3) reviewed its historic purchasing patterns under the Previous IK Contract;
       and (4) ensured that the IGCE did not exceed the set value of the future IK
       contract. As a result, the estimated quantities and the projected
       procurements of IKs and Spares are a reasonably accurate representation
       of the Government’s anticipated needs.

        Based on the re-evaluated government-estimated quantities, the SSEB
determined that the pricing proposal submitted by Tabet represented the lowest priced
solution, with a TEP of $106,245,279.33. Ace was determined to have the second lowest
price, with a TEP of $119,821,714.72, while i3 was determined to have the fourth lowest
price, with a TEP of $142,610,654.61. The ICGE was determined to be $107,980,857.62.
The SSEB also determined, however, that the technical portion Tabet’s proposal was not
acceptable because it did not meet all of the requirements of the Technical/Management
Factor stated in the Solicitation. In accordance with the terms of the Solicitation, the SSEB
evaluated the technical proposal of the next lowest priced offeror, Ace, and determined
that it did meet all of the requirements of the Technical/Management Factor. Based on
these results, the SSEB recommended that the award of the contract be made to Ace.
On March 27, 2017, the contracting officer lifted the stop work order and Ace was allowed
to proceed with the contract. On the same day, the Agency issued post-award and
debriefing letters to all parties that had submitted a response to the Solicitation.

       Protestor filed a bid protest complaint in this court on April 7, 2017. In its complaint,
protestor alleges that the award of the contract at issue to Ace was improper and requests
that the court so declare and that the contract should properly have been awarded to i3.
Protestor did not request an injunction. A motion to intervene was filed by Ace on the
same day and granted by the court on April 10, 2017. Protestor filed a motion for judgment
on the administrative record on May 4, 2017, and defendant and defendant-intervenor
each filed cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record and responses to
protestor’s motion on May 17, 2017. Protestor filed its response to defendant and
intervenor’s cross-motion on May 23, 2017, and defendant and defendant-intervenor filed
replies to protestor’s response on May 30, 2017.

                                        DISCUSSION

      Rule 52.1(c) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC)
(2016) governs motions for judgment on the administrative record. The court’s inquiry is

                                               8
directed to “‘whether, given all the disputed and undisputed facts, a party has met its
burden of proof based on the evidence in the record.’” Mgmt. & Training Corp. v. United
States, 115 Fed. Cl. 26, 40 (2014) (quoting A & D Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed.
Cl. 126, 131 (2006) (citing Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356–57 (Fed.
Cir. 2005))); see also Strategic Bus. Sols., Inc. v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 621, 627
(2016); Rotech Healthcare Inc. v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 408, 413 (2014); Eco Tour
Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 6, 21 (2013); DMS All-Star Joint Venture
v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 653, 661 (2010). Pursuant to RCFC 52.1, in a bid protest,
the court reviews the agency’s procurement decision to determine whether it is supported
by the administrative record. See CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl.
462, 481 (2013).

       The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 (ADRA), Pub. L. No. 104-320,
§§ 12(a), 12(b), 110 Stat. 3870, 3874 (1996) (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)–(4)
(2012)), amended the Tucker Act to establish a statutory basis for bid protests in the
United States Court of Federal Claims. See Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico
Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1330–32 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see also Sys.
Application & Techs., Inc. v. United States, 691 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2012)
(explaining that the Tucker Act expressly waives sovereign immunity for claims against
the United States in bid protests). The statute provides that protests of agency
procurement decisions are to be reviewed under Administrative Procedure Act (APA)
standards, making applicable the standards outlined in Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer,
424 F.2d 859 (D.C. Cir. 1970), and the line of cases following that decision. See, e.g., Per
Aarsleff A/S v. United States, 829 F.3d 1303, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting NVT Techs.,
Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004)) (“Protests of agency
procurement decisions are reviewed under the standards set forth in the Administrative
Procedure Act (‘APA’), see 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 706), ‘by which an
agency's decision is to be set aside only if it is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,
or otherwise not in accordance with law[.]’”); Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico
Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332); Res. Conservation Grp., LLC v. United States,
597 F.3d 1238, 1242 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“Following passage of the APA in 1946, the District
of Columbia Circuit in Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d 859 (D.C. Cir. 1970), held
that challenges to awards of government contracts were reviewable in federal district
courts pursuant to the judicial review provisions of the APA.”); Galen Med. Assocs., Inc.
v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Scanwell Labs., Inc. v.
Shaffer, 424 F.2d at 864, 868, for its “reasoning that suits challenging the award process
are in the public interest and disappointed bidders are the parties with an incentive to
enforce the law”); Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1351
(Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Under the APA standard as applied in the Scanwell line of cases, and
now in ADRA cases, ‘a bid award may be set aside if either (1) the procurement official’s
decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of
regulation or procedure.’” (quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v.
United States, 238 F.3d at 1332)); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316
F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

      When discussing the appropriate standard of review for bid protest cases, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit addressed subsections (2)(A) and

                                               9
(2)(D) of 5 U.S.C. § 706, see Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d at 1332 n.5, but focused its attention primarily on subsection (2)(A). See
Croman Corp. v. United States, 724 F.3d 1357, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“‘[T]he proper
standard to be applied [to the merits of] bid protest cases is provided by 5 U.S.C.
§ 706(2)(A) [(2006)]: a reviewing court shall set aside the agency action if it is “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”’” (quoting
Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d at 1350–51 (citing Advanced Data
Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057–58 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed.
Cir. 2000)), aff’d, 365 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004)))), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed.
Cir. 2013) (alterations in original). The statute says that agency procurement actions
should be set aside when they are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
otherwise not in accordance with law,” or “without observance of procedure required by
law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (D) (2012); 2 see also Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v.




2 The   language of 5 U.S.C. § 706 provides in full:

        To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing
        court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and
        statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms
        of an agency action. The reviewing court shall—

            (1) compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed;
                and

            (2) hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions
                found to be—

               (A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
                   accordance with law;

               (B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;

               (C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short
                   of statutory right;

               (D) without observance of procedure required by law;

               (E) unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to sections
                   556 and 557 of this title or otherwise reviewed on the record of
                   an agency hearing provided by statute; or

               (F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject
                   to trial de novo by the reviewing court.

                                               10
United States, 800 F.3d 1353, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States,
704 F.3d 1344, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2013); COMINT Sys. Corp. v. United States, 700 F.3d
1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“We evaluate agency actions according to the standards set
forth in the Administrative Procedure Act; namely, for whether they are ‘arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” (quoting 5
U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351)); Savantage Fin.
Servs. Inc., v. United States, 595 F.3d 1282, 1285–86 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Weeks Marine,
Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v.
United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (noting arbitrary and capricious
standard set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), and reaffirming the analysis of Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332); Blue & Gold
Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“‘[T]he inquiry is
whether the [government]’s procurement decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”’” (quoting Bannum, Inc. v. United
States, 404 F.3d at 1351 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000))); NVT Techs., Inc. v.
United States, 370 F.3d at 1159 (“Bid protest actions are subject to the standard of review
established under section 706 of title 5 of the Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’), 28
U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (2000), by which an agency’s decision is to be set aside only if it is
‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,’ 5
U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000).”) (internal citations omitted); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp.
v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319 (“Consequently, our inquiry is whether the Air Force’s
procurement decision was ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not
in accordance with law.’ 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000).”); Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v.
United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 22; Contracting, Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United States,
104 Fed. Cl. 334, 340 (2012). “In a bid protest case, the agency’s award must be upheld
unless it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law.’” Turner Constr. Co. v. United States, 645 F.3d 1377, 1383 (Fed. Cir.) (quoting
PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010)), reh’g and reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United States,
800 F.3d at 1358 (“In applying this [arbitrary and capricious] standard to bid protests, our
task is to determine whether the procurement official's decision lacked a rational basis or
the procurement procedure involved a violation of a regulation or procedure.”) (citing
Savantage Fin. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 595 F.3d at 1285–86); Glenn Def. Marine
(ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied
(Fed. Cir. 2013); McVey Co., Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 387, 402 (2013) (“The
first step is to demonstrate error, that is, to show that the agency acted in an arbitrary and
capricious manner, without a rational basis or contrary to law.”); PlanetSpace, Inc. v.
United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 520, 531–32 (2010) (“Stated another way, a plaintiff must show



       In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall review the whole
       record or those parts of it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken
       of the rule of prejudicial error.

5 U.S.C. § 706.

                                             11
that the agency’s decision either lacked a rational basis or was contrary to law.” (citing
Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1358)).

       The United States Supreme Court has identified sample grounds which can
constitute arbitrary or capricious agency action:

       [W]e will not vacate an agency’s decision unless it “has relied on factors
       which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider
       an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision
       that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible
       that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency
       expertise.”

Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 658 (2007) (quoting
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)); see
also Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United States, 800 F.3d at 1358; F.C.C. v. Fox
Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 552 (2009); Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham
v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied
(Fed. Cir. 2010); In re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d 1338, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[T]he agency
tribunal must present a full and reasoned explanation of its decision. . . . The reviewing
court is thus enabled to perform meaningful review . . . .”); Textron, Inc. v. United States,
74 Fed. Cl. 277, 285–86 (2006), appeal dismissed sub nom. Textron, Inc. v. Ocean
Technical Servs., Inc., 223 F. App’x 974 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The United States Supreme
Court also has cautioned, however, that “courts are not free to impose upon agencies
specific procedural requirements that have no basis in the APA.” Pension Benefit Guar.
Corp. v. LTV Corp., 496 U.S. 633, 654 (1990).

        Under an arbitrary or capricious standard, the reviewing court should not substitute
its judgment for that of the agency, but should review the basis for the agency decision to
determine if it was legally permissible, reasonable, and supported by the facts. See Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. at 43 (“The scope of
review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard is narrow and a court is not to
substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”); see also Turner Constr. Co., Inc. v. United
States, 645 F.3d at 1383; R & W Flammann GmbH v. United States, 339 F.3d 1320, 1322
(Fed. Cir. 2003) (citing Ray v. Lehman, 55 F.3d 606, 608 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 516
U.S. 916 (1995)). “‘“If the court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court
should stay its hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a
different conclusion as to the proper administration and application of the procurement
regulations.”’” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1371 (quoting Honeywell,
Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v.
Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301 (D.C. Cir. 1971))); Jordan Pond Co., LLC v. United
States, 115 Fed. Cl. 623, 631 (2014); Davis Boat Works, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed.
Cl. 342, 349 (2013); Norsat Int’l [America], Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 483, 493
(2013); HP Enter. Servs., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 230, 238 (2012); Vanguard
Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 765, 780 (2011).

       Stated otherwise by the United States Supreme Court:

                                             12
       Section 706(2)(A) requires a finding that the actual choice made was not
       “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
       with law.” To make this finding the court must consider whether the decision
       was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has
       been a clear error of judgment. Although this inquiry into the facts is to be
       searching and careful, the ultimate standard of review is a narrow one. The
       court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.

Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971), abrogated on
other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977) (internal citations omitted); see
also U.S. Postal Serv. v. Gregory, 534 U.S. 1, 6–7 (2001); Bowman Transp., Inc. v.
Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974), reh’g denied, 420 U.S. 956
(1975); Co-Steel Raritan, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 357 F.3d 1294, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(In discussing the “arbitrary, capricious, and abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with the law” standard, the Federal Circuit stated: “the ultimate standard of
review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of
the agency.”); In re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d at 1342; Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v.
United States, 216 F.3d at 1058 (“The arbitrary and capricious standard applicable here
is highly deferential. This standard requires a reviewing court to sustain an agency action
evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.” (citing Bowman
Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. at 285)); Lockheed Missiles &
Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d 955, 959 (Fed. Cir. 1993); BCPeabody Constr. Servs., Inc.
v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 502, 508 (2013) (“The court ‘is not empowered to substitute
its judgment for that of the agency,’ and it must uphold an agency’s decision against a
challenge if the ‘contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of
its exercise of discretion.’” (quoting Keeton Corrs., Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 753,
755, recons. denied, 60 Fed. Cl. 251 (2004), and Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States,
564 F.3d at 1381)), appeal withdrawn, 559 F. App’x 1033 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (internal
citations omitted); Supreme Foodservice GmbH v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 369, 382
(2013); Alamo Travel Grp., LP v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 224, 231 (2012); ManTech
Telecomms. & Info. Sys. Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 57, 63 (2001), aff’d, 30 F.
App’x 995 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Ellsworth Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. 388, 392
(1999) (“Courts must give great deference to agency procurement decisions and will not
lightly overturn them.” (citing Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743–44
(1985))), appeal dismissed, 6 F. App’x 867 (Fed. Cir. 2001), and superseded by regulation
as recognized in MVS USA, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 639 (2013).

       According to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:

       Effective contracting demands broad discretion. Burroughs Corp. v. United
       States, 223 Ct. Cl. 53, 617 F.2d 590, 598 (1980); Sperry Flight Sys. Div. v.
       United States, 548 F.2d 915, 921, 212 Ct. Cl. 329 (1977); see NKF Eng’g,
       Inc. v. United States, 805 F.2d 372, 377 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Tidewater
       Management Servs., Inc. v. United States, 573 F.2d 65, 73, 216 Ct. Cl. 69
       (1978); RADVA Corp. v. United States, 17 Cl. Ct. 812, 819 (1989), aff’d, 914
       F.2d 271 (Fed. Cir. 1990). Accordingly, agencies “are entrusted with a good
       deal of discretion in determining which bid is the most advantageous to the

                                             13
       Government.” Tidewater Management Servs., 573 F.2d at 73, 216 Ct. Cl.
       69.

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 958–59; see also Res-Care, Inc. v.
United States, 735 F.3d 1384, 1390 (Fed. Cir.) (“DOL [Department of Labor], as a federal
procurement entity, has ‘broad discretion to determine what particular method of
procurement will be in the best interests of the United States in a particular situation.’”
(quoting Tyler Constr. Grp. v. United States, 570 F.3d 1329, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2009))), reh’g
en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014); Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 995
(Fed. Cir. 1996); Geo-Med, LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 440, 449 (2016); Cybertech
Grp., Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 638, 646 (2001) (“The court recognizes that the
agency possesses wide discretion in the application of procurement regulations.”);
Furthermore, according to the Federal Circuit:

       Contracting officers “are entitled to exercise discretion upon a broad range
       of issues confronting them in the procurement process.” Impresa
       Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324,
       1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly,
       procurement decisions are subject to a “highly deferential rational basis
       review.” CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed.
       Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1351; see also Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United
States, 575 F.3d at 1368–69 (“We have stated that procurement decisions ‘invoke[ ]
“highly deferential” rational basis review.’ Under that standard, we sustain an agency
action ‘evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.’” (quoting CHE
Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d at 1354 (quoting Advanced Data Concepts,
Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1058))).

          On a motion for judgment on the administrative record, a disappointed bidder has
the burden of demonstrating the arbitrary and capricious nature of the agency decision
by a preponderance of the evidence. See Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United
States, 800 F.3d at 1364; see also Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d at 995–
96; Davis Boat Works, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. at 349; Contracting, Consulting,
Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. at 340. The Federal Circuit has indicated that
“[t]his court will not overturn a contracting officer’s determination unless it is arbitrary,
capricious, or otherwise contrary to law. To demonstrate that such a determination is
arbitrary or capricious, a protester must identify ‘hard facts’; a mere inference or suspicion
. . . is not enough.” PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1352 (citing John C. Grimberg
Co. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1297, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); see also Turner Constr. Co.,
Inc. v. United States, 645 F.3d at 1387; Sierra Nevada Corp. v. United States, 107 Fed.
Cl. 735, 759 (2012); Filtration Dev. Co., LLC v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 371, 380 (2004).

       A bid protest proceeds in two steps. First . . . the trial court determines
       whether the government acted without rational basis or contrary to law when
       evaluating the bids and awarding the contract. Second . . . if the trial court
       finds that the government’s conduct fails the APA review under 5 U.S.C.

                                             14
       § 706(2)(A), then it proceeds to determine, as a factual matter, if the bid
       protester was prejudiced by that conduct.

Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351; FirstLine Transp. Sec., Inc. v. United
States, 119 Fed. Cl. 116, 126 (2014); Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114
Fed. Cl. at 22; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 487, 496 (2013). To prevail in
a bid protest case, the protestor not only must show that the government’s actions were
arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not in accordance with the law, but the protestor also
must show that it was prejudiced by the government’s actions. See 5 U.S.C. § 706 (“[D]ue
account shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error.”); see also Glenn Def. Marine
(ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d at 907 (“In a bid protest case, the inquiry is
whether the agency's action was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise
not in accordance with law and, if so, whether the error is prejudicial.”) ; Linc Gov’t Servs.,
LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 672, 694-96 (2010). In describing the prejudice
requirement, the Federal Circuit also has held that:

       To prevail in a bid protest, a protester must show a significant, prejudicial
       error in the procurement process. See Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102
       F.3d 1577, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d
       1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “To establish prejudice, a protester is not
       required to show that but for the alleged error, the protester would have
       been awarded the contract.” Data General, 78 F.3d at 1562 (citation
       omitted). Rather, the protester must show “that there was a substantial
       chance it would have received the contract award but for that error.”
       Statistica, 102 F.3d at 1582; see CACI, Inc.-Fed. v. United States, 719 F.2d
       1567, 1574-75 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (to establish competitive prejudice, protester
       must demonstrate that but for the alleged error, “‘there was a substantial
       chance that [it] would receive an award--that it was within the zone of active
       consideration.’”) (citation omitted).

Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365, 1367 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied
(Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d
at 912; Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d 1320, 1326 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d
at 1319; Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at
1332-33; OMV Med., Inc. v. United States, 219 F.3d 1337, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2000);
Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1057; Stratos Mobile
Networks USA, LLC v. United States, 213 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2000).

      In Data General Corp. v. Johnson, the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit wrote:

       We think that the appropriate standard is that, to establish prejudice, a
       protester must show that, had it not been for the alleged error in the
       procurement process, there was a reasonable likelihood that the protester
       would have been awarded the contract . . . . The standard reflects a
       reasonable balance between the importance of (1) averting unwarranted

                                              15
       interruptions of and interferences with the procurement process and (2)
       ensuring that protesters who have been adversely affected by allegedly
       significant error in the procurement process have a forum available to vent
       their grievances. This is a refinement and clarification of the “substantial
       chance” language of CACI, Inc.-Fed. [v. United States], 719 F.2d at 1574.

Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied, en banc
suggestion declined (Fed. Cir. 1996); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v.
United States, 720 F.3d at 912; Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1353, 1358
(“The trial court was required to determine whether these errors in the procurement
process significantly prejudiced Bannum . . . . To establish ‘significant prejudice’ Bannum
must show that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it would have received the contract award
but for the [government’s] errors” in the bid process. (citing Info. Tech. & Applications
Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319; Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States,
175 F.3d at 1367; Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d at 1581; Data Gen. Corp. v.
Johnson, 78 F.3d at 1562); see also Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d 1306,
1315 (Fed. Cir. 2011); Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1057
(using a “reasonable likelihood” rule); Stratos Mobile Networks USA, LLC v. United
States, 213 F.3d at 1380 (using a “substantial chance” test); Archura LLC v. United
States, 112 Fed. Cl. at 496 (using a “substantial chance” test); Info. Scis. Corp. v. United
States, 73 Fed. Cl. 70, 96 (2006) (using a “substantial chance” test), recons. in part, 75
Fed. Cl. 406 (2007).

        Initially, the court notes that the arguments made by protestor in its briefs in support
of its motion for judgment on the administrative record are conclusory, repetitive, poorly
structured, and offered with little or no citations to the record. Protestor also fails to cite
to few, if any, applicable statutes, regulations, or case law for support. That being said,
as best as the court can tell, protestor appears to argue that the Agency erred in awarding
the contract at issue to Ace on four grounds. First, protestor appears to allege that the
price evaluations made by defendant as part of the corrective action, and the estimated
quantities upon which they were based, were arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of
discretion. Second, protestor appears to allege that defendant violated the evaluation
criteria in the Solicitation by awarding the contract to Ace because Ace was not
“technically capable” of performing the contract. Third, protestor appears to allege that
Ace had an impermissible Organizational Conflict of Interest (OCI) through its
subcontractor Unicor. Fourth, in an argument raised for the first time in its reply brief,
protestor argues that the award to Ace constituted an impermissible “directed award” by
defendant.

       Defendant and defendant-intervenor argue that protestor’s first argument was
waived because it concerns a term of the Solicitation that was not challenged prior to the
close of bidding, and, in the alternative, that protestor’s argument fails on the merits. With
regard to protestor’s second argument, defendant and defendant-intervenor argue that
the Agency’s determination that Ace’s proposal was technically acceptable was
reasonable. With regard to protestor’s third and fourth arguments, defendant and
defendant-intervenor assert that protestor has failed to offer sufficient evidence to meet


                                              16
its burden of demonstrating that Ace or Unicor had an OCI or that there was a “directed
award.”

   I.     Price Evaluations and the Corrective Action

       In its motion for judgment on the administrative record, protestor identifies what it
alleges are three separate sources of error related to the price evaluations made as part
of the corrective action evaluation: “The Agency’s corrective action evaluations were
arbitrary and capricious, and an abuse of discretion”; “[t]he Agency failed to make a proper
price evaluation”; and “[t]he Agency’s corrective action reassessment of its estimated
quantities and updated Independent Government Contract Estimate (IGCE) upon which
it based the price evaluation of offerors and award was not reasonable and was arbitrary
and capricious.” (emphasis omitted). Although stylized as three separate sources of error,
each of the three are based on the same substantive allegations: that the price
evaluations made after the corrective action, and the estimated quantities upon which
they were based, were arbitrary and capricious. Indeed, in its reply brief, protestor
dispenses with the three separate allegations and simply summarizes its argument as:
“the corrective action price evaluation was based on different criteria [from those
contained in the Solicitation] and resulted in different price rankings of the offerors.”
(internal citations omitted).

        Although protestor’s arguments are highly repetitive and often difficult to follow, it
appears to argue that the price evaluations were arbitrary and capricious on two grounds.
First, protester appears to challenge the Agency’s use of undisclosed estimated quantities
to evaluate the TEP of offerors’ proposals, stating: “It is unreasonable to have offerors
price a proposal based on two different unknown and undisclosed quantities,” the
government estimated quantities used during the initial price evaluation and the re-
evaluated estimated quantities used in the price evaluations performed during the time
when the Agency took corrective action. According to protestor, it is “unfair to offerors and
voids competition if offerors must bid on such large unknown variance of estimated
quantities stated by the Agency” because “[i]t is a given that proposing pricing for larger
quantities versus smaller quantities affects all offerors [sic] proposal pricing.” According
to protestor, “[i]t is apparent that the pricing would have been different for the offerors if
they were aware of the difference in the estimated quantities and the IGCE between the
first and corrective action evaluations by the Agency.” Protestor also asserts that the
amounts of the estimated quantities used by the Agency to evaluate price during the
corrective action were unreasonable, stating: “there is no assurance in the second
corrective action that the estimated quantities are a fair and reasonable estimate of the
needs under this contract.”

       In the first place, defendant and defendant-intervenor both argue that protestor’s
objections regarding the estimated quantities used are waived because they amount to
untimely challenges to the terms of the Solicitation. Both argue that, under the terms of
the solicitation, the Agency was not required to disclose the estimated quantities to
offerors. According to the defendant and defendant-intervenor, under Blue & Gold Fleet,
L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, protests regarding the terms of a solicitation must
be filed prior to the close of the bidding process. Defendant and defendant-intervenor

                                             17
argue that, because protestor failed to object to the use of undisclosed estimated
quantities prior to the close of bidding on the contract at issue, the objection was waived.
In addition, both defendant and defendant intervenor argue that, to the extent protestor’s
arguments are properly before the court, they fail on the merits because the price
evaluations performed by the Agency as part of the corrective action were “reasonably
based on historical ordering patterns and anticipated needs” and were “conducted in
accordance with the terms of the solicitation.”

        In Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, the United States Court
of Appeals for the Federal Circuit addressed whether, if an offeror had the opportunity to
object to a patent error in the terms of a solicitation, but failed to do so, did the offeror
waive the right to challenge that same error in a subsequent bid protest. See id. at 1313.
In Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, the protestor challenged the National Park
Service’s award of a contract to Hornblower Yachts, Inc. (Hornblower) for ferry services
to Alcatraz Island. See Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d at 1310-11.
The protestor argued that Hornblower’s proposal did not include employee wage and
benefits information required by the Service Contract Act, thus, making the Park Service’s
evaluation of the cost of Hornblower’s proposal flawed. See id. at 1312. The Federal
Circuit acknowledged that “[b]y statute, the Park Service must ‘evaluate . . . proposals
and make an award based solely on the factors specified in the solicitation.’” Id. at 1313
(quoting 10 U.S.C. § 2305(b)(1)). Moreover, in Blue & Gold, the Federal Circuit
acknowledged that “[i]n this case, it is true that the decision not to apply the Service
Contract Act to the contract may have influenced the evaluation of the proposals;
however, the Park Service made this decision during the solicitation, not evaluation,
phase of the bidding process.” Id. The Federal Circuit noted that the solicitation “did not
include any requirement that the bidders consider the Service Contract Act,” id., and that
the protestor had not raised any objection to the exclusion of Service Contract Act
requirements prior to the submission of proposals. Therefore, the Federal Circuit found
that the protestor was challenging the terms of the solicitation, not the agency’s evaluation
of Hornblower’s proposal. See id.

        The Federal Circuit also noted that the protestor in Blue & Gold had failed to
challenge the terms of the solicitation until after the Park Service had selected Hornblower
for contract award. See id. at 1311. In considering whether the protestor had waited too
long to challenge the solicitation, the Federal Circuit noted that decisions of the Court of
Federal Claims had concluded “that where there is a ‘deficiency or problem in a
solicitation . . . the proper procedure for the offeror to follow is not to wait to see if it is the
successful offeror before deciding whether to challenge the procurement, but rather to
raise the objection in a timely fashion.’” Id. at 1314 (quoting N.C. Div. of Servs. for the
Blind v. United States, 53 Fed. Cl. 147, 165 (2002), aff’d, 60 F. App’x 826 (Fed. Cir. 2003))
(omission in original); see also Draken Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 383, 393
(2015).

       In Blue & Gold, the Federal Circuit held:

       [A] party who has the opportunity to object to the terms of a government
       solicitation containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of

                                                18
       the bidding process waives its ability to raise the same objection
       subsequently in a bid protest action in the Court of Federal Claims.

Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d at 1313; see also Per Aarsleff A/S v.
United States, 829 F.3d at 1312; Sys. Dynamics Int'l, Inc. v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl.
499, 517 (2017); Phoenix Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 170, 181 (2016);
Universal Marine Co., K.S.C. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 240, 248–49 (2015);
Northeast Constr., Inc. v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 596, 609 (2015); Innovative Mgmt.
Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 240, 245 (2014); CliniComp Int'l, Inc. v.
United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 722, 737–38 (2014)) (“The rule in Blue and Gold Fleet thus
bars a protester from raising objections to patent errors or ambiguities in the terms of a
solicitation after the closing of bidding if such errors or ambiguities were apparent on the
face of the solicitation,” and “[w]hen a solicitation contains a patent ambiguity, the offeror
has ‘“a duty to seek clarification from the government, and its failure to do so precludes
acceptance of its interpretation”’ in a subsequent court action.” (quoting Blue & Gold Fleet
L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d at 1313 (quoting Stratos Mobile Networks USA, LLC v.
United States, 213 F.3d 1375, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2000)))). The Federal Circuit in Blue & Gold
reasoned that such a waiver rule, “requir[ing] that a party object to solicitation terms during
the bidding process,” furthered the mandate in 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b) that, “‘the courts shall
give due regard to the interests of national defense and national security and the need
for expeditious resolution of the action.’” Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492
F.3d at 1313 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(3)) (emphasis in original).

       The Federal Circuit also explained in Blue & Gold:

       “It would be inefficient and costly to authorize this remedy after offerors and
       the agency had expended considerable time and effort submitting or
       evaluating proposals in response to a defective solicitation. Vendors cannot
       sit on their rights to challenge what they believe is an unfair solicitation, roll
       the dice and see if they receive award [sic] and then, if unsuccessful, claim
       the solicitation was infirm.”

Id. at 1314 (alteration in original) (quoting Argencord Mach. & Equip., Inc. v. United States,
68 Fed. Cl. 167, 175 n.14 (2005)); see also Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl.
257, 274 (2014).

        To the extent protestor argues that the Agency’s price evaluation was arbitrary and
capricious because it was based on “two different unknown and undisclosed quantities,”
protestor challenges the terms of the Solicitation. The Cost/Price Factor portion of the
Solicitation explicitly stated that the IKs and Spares portions of offerors proposals would
be determined, in part, by multiplying the proposed price for each IK and Spare provided
in the offerors’ Attachments J-3 templates by a “Government-possessed quantity” and
then summing the results. The Solicitation makes no mention as to the amounts of the
“Government-possessed quantit[ies]” the Agency would use in evaluating prices, and the
fact that the quantities were “Government-possessed” implies that they would not be
disclosed to offerors. Indeed, protestor somewhat surprisingly admits in its motion for
judgment on the administrative record that “the Agency was not required under the

                                              19
solicitation to provide estimated quantities to offerors” and that “the solicitation advised
offerors that the quantities used in the Total Evaluated Price would not be disclosed.”
That the Agency ultimately re-evaluated the estimated quantities it would use during the
corrective action did not alter the government’s responsibilities under the Solicitation. The
re-evaluated estimated quantities the Agency used during the post-corrective action, price
evaluations were still “Government-possessed quantit[ies]” and the Agency was not
required to disclose them to offerors under the terms of the Solicitation, which was not
altered by the corrective action. It is undisputed that protestor did not challenge the terms
of the Cost/Price Factor portion of the Solicitation, or any other aspect of the Solicitation,
prior to the close of bidding, when offerors reconfirmed their bids, or at any time during
the corrective action period when the agency was re-evaluating the proposals it had
received prior to the award. Therefore, protestor’s argument that the Agency’s use of
“unknown and undisclosed quantities” to evaluate price was improper has been waived.

         To the extent, however, protestor alleges that the price evaluation the Agency
undertook as part of the corrective action, and the re-evaluated estimated quantities that
the Agency used during that price evaluation, were unreasonable because they were
based on improper criteria, protestor’s allegations go beyond challenging the terms of the
Solicitation. Here, the Agency initially evaluated offerors’ prices by multiplying the
proposed price for each IK and Spare in the Attachment J-3 templates by 150. After the
initial price evaluation was included as one of the challenges before the GAO, the Agency
took corrective action to “[r]e-evaluate the quantities used in the calculation of the Total
Evaluated Price” and re-evaluate proposals based on the re-evaluated quantities.
Ultimately, the Agency decided to separate the different types of IKs and Spares into
three categories—1) Items Purchased Often; 2) Items Purchased Moderately; and 3)
Items Purchased Rarely—and assign a different estimated quantity to each category. In
the contemporaneous MFR, dated February 15, 2017, the Agency described in some
detail the process of how it determined into which category to place each IK and Spare.
The MFR summarized this process as follows:

       [T]he Government: (1) carefully analyzed its current stock levels of IKs and
       Spares; (2) evaluated its anticipated needs of IKs and Spares in the future;
       (3) reviewed its historic purchasing patterns under the Previous IK Contract;
       and (4) ensured that the IGCE did not exceed the set value of the future IK
       contract. As a result, the estimated quantities and the projected
       procurements of IKs and Spares are a reasonably accurate representation
       of the Government’s anticipated needs.

       Protestor does not allege that the Agency did not follow the process outlined in the
February 15, 2017 MFR. Instead, to the extent that any specific argument can be
discerned from protestor’s briefs, protestor appears to argue that the fact that the different
estimated quantities between the initial and corrective action evaluations resulted in
different TEPs for the offeror’s proposals shows that both were unreasonable, stating:
“The corrective action price evaluation was based on improper criteria as well as the initial
evaluation because they were both in opposition and conflict of the other, and as such
both are invalid to determine a proper pricing basis for award.” Simply because the re-
evaluated estimated quantities, and the resulting TEPs, arrived at by the Agency during

                                             20
the corrective action were “in opposition and conflict,” i.e., different, from those the
Agency arrived at during the initial price evaluation, however, does not imply that the re-
evaluated numbers were “invalid,” or otherwise improper. Indeed, such a rule could
render all corrective action which produced a different result from an agency’s initial
evaluation “invalid.” Protester, thus, has failed to meet its burden of demonstrating that
the Agency’s price evaluations during the corrective action were arbitrary and capricious.
Further, the contemporaneous February 15, 2017 MFR demonstrates that the
government’s decisions regarding the re-evaluated quantities to be used in the price
evaluation were based on a reasoned analysis of its historical practices and future needs,
and, thus, was well within the Agency’s discretion. Judgment on the administrative record
in favor of defendant and defendant-intervenor on the issues related to price evaluation
and the corrective action is, therefore, warranted.

    II.      Technical Evaluation of Ace

        Protester next alleges that the award to Ace was improper because Ace’s proposal
did not meet three requirements contained in the Technical/Management Factor of the
Solicitation. First, protestor asserts that, although “[t]he awardee proposal states that Ace
and Unicor will be 100% responsible for the cable assemblies,” “[t]his cannot be
performed in the same Ace facilities.” (citation omitted). According to protestor this
violates paragraph 8 of the SOW, which states: “8. Place of Performance. Contractor shall
perform all activities at the Contractor’s facilities . . . .” (emphasis in original). Second,
protestor asserts that “[t]he award to Ace violates the Management Requirement because
Unicor does not allow direct program oversight as is required by the contract.” Although
protestor cites to the SOW for this assertion, it does not identify a specific provision that
it believes Ace’s proposal violated. Third, protester asserts, for the first time in its reply
brief, that

          [T]he awardee cannot perform to the terms of the contract. It cannot keep
          the schedules, or perform the task. The incumbent, DSR,[ 3] rejected ACE
          as a subcontractor because they could not do the work, and based on their
          qualifications they did not have the ability to perform.

Protestor provides no citation to the record or evidence to support any of these serious,
bald allegations against Ace.

       With regard to protestor’s claim that Ace could not be “100% responsible” for cable
assemblies, defendant interprets protestor as alleging that Ace’s proposal was not
technically acceptable because it proposed to have subcontractors perform some
manufacturing activities. Defendant notes the use of subcontractors is consistent with
several provisions of the Solicitation, and that, to the extent SOW paragraph 8 conflicts
with these provisions, there is a patent ambiguity in the Solicitation that protestor failed to
protest in a timely manner. Defendant also argues that, in any case, protestor cannot

3 The contract presently at issue is a follow-on contract to a contract for the acquisition of
IKs and engineering services that was held by DRS Tactical Systems, Inc. (DRS). Thus,
protestor appears to be referring to DRS when it mistakenly refers to “DSR” in its briefs.
                                              21
establish prejudice for any alleged violation of SOW paragraph 8 because i3 also
proposed to manufacture some items under contract at subcontractor locations.
Defendant-intervenor adds that the citations to Ace’s proposal that protestor cites do not
support its claims as they have “nothing to do with the facilities where the work will take
place.” With regard to protestor’s claim that Ace violated the “Management Requirement,”
defendant-intervenor notes that protestor provides no citations to the record to indicate
the basis for this protest ground and also states that, “Ace proposed to have full
management responsibility for this contract and will not relinquish control to any of its
subcontractors.” With regard to protestor’s assertion that Ace “cannot perform to the
terms of the contract” based on its alleged past experience with the incumbent, defendant
and defendant-intervenor both note that protestor fails to cite any evidence in support of
its assertion and, thus, fails to meet its burden of proof. Defendant-intervenor also
requests that protestor’s allegations in its reply brief regarding Ace’s ability to perform the
contract be “stricken as impertinent and scandalous” under RCFC 5.4(a)(1) (2016).

         Regarding protestor’s allegation that Ace’s proposal violates paragraph 8 of the
SOW, paragraph 8 requires that the “Contractor shall perform all activities at the
Contractor’s facilities with the exception of when travel is required to support the
requirements of the SOW.” Although it is less than clear what language in Ace’s proposal
protestor believes violates this provision, it may be the portion of the Ace’s executive
summary that states: “ACE intends to subcontract a portion of the cable assemblies to
our primary cable partner, Federal Prison Industries (Unicor). ACE and Unicor will be
responsible for 100% of the cable assemblies in order to meet the FAT [First Article
Testing] and production requirements.” Although the court doubts that it was the intent of
the SOW to prohibit all subcontracting of production work, which would be a drastic step,
a strict reading of paragraph 8, which covers “all activities” performed at the contractor’s
facilities, could be read as imposing such a prohibition. As defendant points out, however,
the language in the Technical/Management Factor of the Solicitation requiring offerors to
submit proof of “at a minimum, dual sources of supply for all types of
materials/components outlined in the Installation Kit Level II Drawing Package,” as well
as “copies of valid ISO 9001 or AS9100 Quality Management Certifications for all
Suppliers, Subcontractor, and Prime” would be in direct contradiction to such a reading.
(emphasis added; original emphasis omitted). Thus, at a minimum, there was, again, a
patent ambiguity between the language of SOW paragraph 8 and the
Technical/Management Factor of the Solicitation. Because protestor failed to object to
any such patent ambiguity in the Solicitation prior to the close of the bidding process, it
has waived its ability to do so now. See Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d
at 1313 (“We also hold that a party who has the opportunity to object to the terms of a
government solicitation containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of
the bidding process waives its ability to raise the same objection subsequently in a bid
protest action in the Court of Federal Claims.”).

       The court turns next to protestor’s allegation that “[t]he award to Ace violates the
Management Requirement because Unicor does not allow direct program oversight as is
required by the contract.” Review of both the Solicitation and the SOW reveals nothing
labeled as a “Management Requirement” or requiring “direct program oversight.”
Additionally, although both defendant and defendant-intervenor identified this problem in

                                              22
their respective cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record, protestor failed
to clarify or even mention this issue in its reply brief. Further, even if “direct program
oversight” was a requirement of the Solicitation, protestor fails to provide or note in the
record any evidence that Unicor “does not allow” such oversight. Protestor’s bare
assertion, therefore, does not even come close to meeting its burden of demonstrating
that the Agency’s actions were arbitrary and capricious in this regard.

       Finally, the court turns to protestor’s assertion that the alleged incumbent “rejected
ACE as a subcontractor because they could not do the work.” Again, protestor offers
nothing more than a bald assertion. Despite making this claim twice in its reply brief,
protestor offers no citation for its claim, nor is there any evidence in the record that the
incumbent or anyone else has ever “rejected” Ace for any reason. Absent such evidence,
there is nothing in the record that supports protestor’s assertion that Ace “cannot keep
the schedules, or perform the task.” Indeed, this language is utterly lacking in support and
irresponsible towards Ace. Counsel for the protestor should refrain from making
unsupported allegations which serve no purpose and waste everyone’s time. Needless
to say, protestor has failed to carry its burden with respect to this allegation.

    III.   Organizational Conflict of Interest

        The court turns next to protester’s argument that the contracting officer failed to
properly identify an OCI held by Ace’s subcontractor Unicor. “Under FAR § 9.504(a), a
CO [Contracting Officer] must ‘[i]dentify and evaluate potential organizational conflicts of
interest as early in the acquisition process as possible’ and ‘[a]void, neutralize, or mitigate
significant potential conflicts before contract award.” Turner Constr. Co. v. United States,
645 F.3d at 1386 (quoting 48 C.F.R. § 9.504(a)) (emphasis and alterations in original).
“‘A significant potential conflict of interest is one which provides the bidding party a
substantial and unfair competitive advantage during the procurement process on
information or data not necessarily available to other bidders.’” Id. (quoting PAI Corp. v.
United States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). “However, the FAR recognizes that
the identification of OCIs and the evaluation of mitigation proposals are fact-specific
inquiries that require the exercise of considerable discretion.” Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v.
United States, 564 F.3d at 1381–82 (citing 48 C.F.R. § 9.505). Therefore, “[t]he CO has
considerable discretion in determining whether a conflict is significant.” Turner Constr.
Co. v. United States, 645 F.3d at 1386 (quoting PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at
1352). Further, the identification of an OCI “must be based on ‘hard facts; a mere
inference or suspicion of an actual or apparent conflict is not enough.’” Id. at 1387 (quoting
PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1352).

      Protestor’s counsel asserts, once again without elaboration, that an OCI existed in
the present case because “[a]s a federal government entity, UNICOR[ 4] could have

4  According to defendant, Unicor is a component of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a
division of the United States Department of Justice, that operates manufacturing activities
in      federal      prisons.     See      generally       Unicor,    About       Unicor,
https://www.unicor.gov/about.aspx; Unicor, Direction & Management of FPI FAQs
https://www.unicor.gov/FAQ_Direction.aspx.
                                              23
potentially have had access to or been privy or inadvertently had information concerning
the solicitation that other offerors did not have.” (capitalization in original). “Unequal
access OCIs can occur when a company has access to nonpublic information in
performing a government contract that may give it a competitive advantage in a later
competition for a government contract.” Turner Constr. Co. v. United States, 645 F.3d at
1382. Protestor, however, fails to specify why Unicor would have had access to nonpublic
information that would have given it a competitive advantage, other than to assert, without
citation to the record or offering evidence, that Unicor is “a federal government entity.” 5
Moreover, by asserting only that Unicor “could have potentially have had access to or
been privy or inadvertently had information concerning the solicitation,” protestor fails to
even allege an actual OCI, and instead suggests only the possibility of one. (emphasis
added). Absent the presence of facts to support its allegations, the court cannot find that
the contracting officer failed to fulfil her duties to identify and avoid potential conflicts
under FAR § 9.504(a). See Turner Constr. Co. v. United States, 645 F.3d at 1387
(affirming United States Court of Federal Claims decision finding the GAO erred in finding
an unequal access OCI where “[t]he GAO cited to no facts supporting its conclusion” that
an offeror’s subcontractor “had access to any information of competitive worth”).

      In its reply brief, protestor raises, for the first time, an additional argument in
support of its assertion that Ace’s relationship with Unicor raises an improper OCI.
According to protestor, Ace’s use of Unicor “led to unfair competitive advantage” because

          It takes the opportunity out of a small business set aside for a small
          business. It takes away the opportunity for a small business to give jobs to
          many employees and from the community. Ace is relying on Unicor
          extensively for a high volume of each order and this takes away growing a
          small business and creating jobs.

Again, the court notes that protestor’s counsel has characteristically failed to provide any
citations to the record, statutes, regulations, or case law to support protestor’s assertions.
Regardless, it is obvious that the alleged effects of the award of the contract at issue on
small businesses and job creation are irrelevant to the issue of whether Ace or Unicor
had a competitive advantage over other offerors because of access to nonpublic
information. Protestor’s assertions in its reply brief, thus, do not come close to meeting
the level of evidence required to support the seriousness of an OCI allegation. Judgment
on the administrative record in favor of the defendant and defendant-intervenor on the
issue of an improper OCI, therefore, is granted.

    IV.      Directed Award

         Protestor also argues, for the first time in its reply brief, that “[i]t appears from the
initial evaluation and subsequent corrective action evaluations that this was a directed

5Protestor does not offer any explanation as to why a component of the Federal Bureau
of Prisons would have had access to nonpublic information during the Solicitation
process, which was managed by DISA/DITCO, a component of the United States
Department of Defense.
                                               24
award to Ace.” Protestor’s allegation that the government “directed” award of the contract
to Ace suggests an allegation that the government was biased towards Ace, or that the
government acted in bad faith. See Labat-Anderson, Inc. v. United States, 42 Fed. Cl.
806, 833 (1999) (referring to allegations involving the “premature determination of the
awardee” as “the epitome of bad faith agency conduct”). In order to prove that a
government official’s actions were biased, a protestor must overcome the well-
established presumption that government officials act in good faith. See Croman Corp. v.
United States, 724 F.3d 1357, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“The presumption that government
officials act in good faith is enshrined in our jurisprudence.”); see also Galen Med.
Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1337. A protestor must offer “clear and
convincing evidence” that the government did not act in good faith in order to prevail. See
Croman Corp. v. United States, 724 F.3d at 1364; see also Am-Pro Protective Agency,
Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1234, 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2002). The United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit has addressed the standard for overcoming the
presumption of good faith as follows:

       Government officials are presumed to “act ‘conscientiously in the discharge
       of their duties.’” Kalvar Corp., Inc. v. United States, 543 F.2d 1298, 1301
       (Ct. Cl. 1976) (quoting Librach v. United States, 147 Ct. Cl. 605, 612
       (1959)). Courts have always been “loath to find to the contrary,” and to
       induce a court to abandon the presumption of good faith dealing, “requires
       ‘well-nigh irrefragable proof.’” Id. at 1301-02 (quoting Knotts v. United
       States, 128 Ct. Cl. 489, 492, 121 F. Supp. 630 (1954)). Thus, [a protestor]
       must offer clear and convincing evidence that [the government] did not act
       in good faith in order to prevail on this issue. Am-Pro Protective Agency,
       281 F.3d at 1239-40.

Croman Corp. v. United States, 724 F.3d at 1364; see also Savantage Fin. Servs. v.
United States, 595 F.3d 1282, 1288 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Am-Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v.
United States, 281 F.3d at 1239 (“The presumption that government officials act in good
faith is nothing new to our jurisprudence. See, e.g., Knotts v. United States, 128 Ct. Cl.
489, 492, 121 F. Supp. 630 (1954) (stating ‘we start out with the presumption that the
official acted in good faith’).”); Square One Armoring Serv., Inc., v. United States, 123
Fed. Cl. 309, 329 (2015) (holding that a plaintiff alleging that the government has acted
in bad faith must offer well-nigh irrefragable proof in support of its claim); Austin v. United
States, 118 Fed. Cl. 776, 790 (2014) (“To overcome this presumption, the plaintiffs must
produce ‘well-nigh irrefragable proof’ of bad faith on the part of the government.”); Kogan
v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 253, 266 (2013) (“The presumption of good faith ‘is valid
and binding unless well-nigh irrefragable proof is offered to rebut or overcome it.’
McEachern v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., 776 F.2d 1539, 1545 (Fed. Cir. 1985).”).

       The presumption that government officials act in good faith, however, is rebuttable
and not automatically accepted by the court. The Federal Circuit in Am-Pro Protective
Agency defined the “clear and convincing” standard of proof a protestor must meet to
prevail as:



                                              25
       A requirement of proof by clear and convincing evidence imposes a heavier
       burden upon a litigant than that imposed by requiring proof by preponderant
       evidence but a somewhat lighter burden than that imposed by requiring
       proof beyond a reasonable doubt. “Clear and convincing” evidence has
       been described as evidence which produces in the mind of the trier of fact
       an abiding conviction that the truth of a factual contention is “highly
       probable.”

Am-Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d at 1240 (quoting Price v.
Symsek, 988 F.2d 1187, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 1993)) (internal citations omitted in original and
emphasis in original).

       Moreover, the Federal Circuit described the type of proof necessary to establish
that a government official acted in bad faith by “clear and convincing” evidence, as

       equated with evidence of some specific intent to injure the plaintiff. Thus,
       in Gadsden v. United States, [111 Ct. Cl. 487, 489-90 (1948),] the court
       compared bad faith to actions which are “motivated alone by malice.” In
       Knotts, the court found bad faith in a civilian pay suit only in view of a proven
       “conspiracy . . . to get rid of plaintiff.” Similarly, the court in Struck Constr.
       Co. v. United States, [96 Ct. Cl. 186, 222 (1942),] found bad faith when
       confronted by a course of Governmental conduct which was “designedly
       oppressive.” But in Librach, [v. United States, 147 Ct. Cl. 605 (1959),] the
       court found no bad faith because the officials involved were not “actuated
       by animus toward the plaintiff.”

                                             ***

               Nothing in Brown’s affidavit [whereby Am-Pro attempted to show bad
       faith], moreover, suggests that the government “had a specific intent to
       injure” Am-Pro. Caldwell [& Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman,] 55 F.3d [1578,]
       1581 [(Fed. Cir. 1995)]. And Am-Pro has not alleged that these threats were
       “motivated alone by malice,” Gadsden v. United States, 111 Ct. Cl. 487,
       489, 78 F. Supp. 126 (1948); as part of a proven “conspiracy . . . to get rid
       of [Am-Pro],” Knotts, 128 Ct. Cl. at 500, 121 F. Supp. 630; as part of a
       course of governmental conduct which was “designedly oppressive,”
       Struck, 96 Ct. Cl. at 222; or as “actuated by animus toward” Am-Pro,
       Librach, 147 Ct. Cl. at 614.

Am-Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d at 1240, 1241 (quoting in part
Kalvar Corp. v. United States, 211 Ct. Cl. 192, 543 F.2d 1298, 1302 (1976), cert. denied,
434 U.S. 830 (1977)) (citations omitted in original); see also Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v.
United States, 369 F.3d at 1330 (“‘[A]llegations of bad faith . . . ha[ve] been equated with
evidence of some specific intent to injure the plaintiff.’” (quoting Torncello v. United States,
231 Ct. Cl. 20, 45, 681 F.2d 756, 770 (1982))); Dekatron Corp. v. United States, 128 Fed.
Cl. 115, 118 (2016) (“Bad faith has been found when a contracting officer representative
acts with specific intent to injure or the contracting officer fails to exercise independent

                                              26
judgment or remedy the contracting officer representative’s animus. . . .”); Madison Servs.
Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 501, 507 (2010) (“Because plaintiff submits as evidence
unsubstantiated innuendo and uncorroborated inferences, evidence that categorically
cannot meet a ‘clear and convincing’ standard, the court must deny plaintiff’s requests for
relief.”) (citations omitted); id. at 511 & 511 n.8 (adding unreliable hearsay and attorney
arguments to the list of what will not meet the standard for demonstrating bad faith); L-3
Commc’ns Integrated Sys., L.P. v. United States, 91 Fed. Cl. 347, 354 (2010) (innuendo
or suspicion is not enough to demonstrate bad faith); N. Star Alaska Hous. Corp. v. United
States, 76 Fed. Cl. 158, 187-88 (“Courts have found bad faith when confronted by a
course of government conduct that was ‘designedly oppressive,’ Struck Constr. Co. v.
United States, 96 Ct. Cl. 186, 222, 1942 WL 4411 (1942), or that ‘initiated a conspiracy’
to ‘get rid’ of a contractor, Knotts v. United States, 128 Ct. Cl. 489, 121 F. Supp. 630, 636
(1954).”), appeal dismissed, 226 F. App’x 1004 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

        In support of its allegation that the Agency engaged in a “directed award,” protestor
asserts that “[t]he Agency’s pricing evaluations contrasted with each other. And, the
technical evaluations overlooked the technical ability factors and the ability to perform in
their quest for a directed award.” In support of its assertion that the government
“overlooked” Ace’s “ability to perform,” protestor asserts that “neither Ace or their
subcontractors, including Unicor, would be able to produce” “Stryker Cables” because
“[t]he Stryker Cables requires [sic] unique processes of chemical cure that doesn’t exist
within Ace or its subcontractors.” Protestor provides no citations to anything in the record
and offers no evidence that explains what “unique process” is needed to produce a
“Stryker cable,” or that demonstrates that Ace or Unicor lack the capabilities to produce
them. Moreover, protestor’s reply brief is protestor’s first mention of “Stryker cables” and
the quote is the only description of “Stryker cables” in its filings. Protestor’s bald
allegations regarding “Stryker cables” do not amount to cognizable evidence because
they are unsupported by anything in the administrative record. See CWT/Alexander
Travel Ltd. v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 486, 495 n.9 (2007) (“[T]he plaintiffs provide no
evidentiary support for these assertions, and assertions alone do not constitute
evidence.”).

         Moreover, protestor offers no evidence that the Agency acted in bad faith. That the
initial price evaluation and the corrective action price evaluation “contrasted with each
other” is unsurprising given that the Agency’s stated purpose in undertaking the corrective
action was to re-evaluate the estimated quantities it would use in order to re-evaluate the
TEPs of the offerors. Further, the ultimate awardee, Ace, actually was hurt by the
corrective action, going from having the lowest TEP to the second lowest TEP.
Additionally, the evidence does not demonstrate that the government “overlooked the
technical ability factors” of the offerees. Instead, the record establishes that, after
undertaking corrective action, the SSEB performed an evaluation as to whether the lowest
priced offeror, Tabet, met the requirements for the Solicitations Technical/Management
Factor, and, then, after determining that Tabet’s proposal did not, performed a similar
analysis on Ace’s proposal. Thus, the government evaluated the proposals according to
the Lowest Price Technically Acceptable evaluation process called for by the Solicitation.
Protestor fails to identify any reasons why the corrective action technical evaluations
performed by the SSEB were flawed, let alone the sort of clear and convincing evidence

                                             27
necessary to demonstrate bad faith, and none is apparent to the court upon review of the
record. Protestor’s bald allegation that the Agency engaged in a “directed award” is totally
unsupported by evidence, and is insufficient to overcome the presumption that the
Agency acted in good faith in awarding the contract to Ace. See Info. Tech. & Applications
Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1323 n.2 (Fed. Cir.) (“ITAC [Information
Technology & Applications Corp.] has pointed to no record evidence of bias. Instead it
has merely reiterated its contentions that the Air Force erred in evaluating the proposals.
This is not evidence of bias, and it is insufficient to overcome the presumption that the
contracting officer acted in good faith.” (citing Spezzaferro v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 807
F.2d 169, 173 (Fed. Cir. 1986))), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2003).

                                      CONCLUSION

      For the reasons described above, protestor’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record is DENIED, defendant’s motion for judgment on the administrative
record is GRANTED, and defendant-intervenor’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record is GRANTED. Protestor’s complaint is DISMISSED. The Clerk of
the Court shall enter JUDGMENT consistent with this opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                        s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                        MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                 Judge




                                            28
