                                                                                       10/17/2018
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT JACKSON
                                 June 20, 2018 Session

            RICKY L. BOREN, ET AL. v. HILL BOREN, P.C., ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Chancery Court for Madison County
                   No. 75056   Robert E. Lee Davies, Senior Judge


                            No. W2017-02383-COA-R3-CV


T. Robert Hill (“Hill”) and Hill Boren, P.C. (collectively “Defendants”) appeal the
November 6, 2017 order of the Chancery Court for Madison County (“the Trial Court”)
finding Defendants in civil contempt. Defendants raise multiple issues regarding whether
Defendants received proper notice, whether damages may be awarded absent a finding of
willful contempt, whether the Trial Court erred in awarding damages pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 29-9-104, and whether the Trial Court erred in allowing Plaintiffs access to
corporate documents. We find and hold that Defendants received sufficient notice, that
damages may not be awarded absent a finding of willful contempt, that the Trial Court
did not err in awarding damages pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104 for the willful
failure to turn over a computer server, and that the Trial Court did not err in allowing
access to corporate documents. We, therefore, vacate the awards of damages for failure
to turn over the copy machine and failure to turn over the Copitraks. We affirm the Trial
Court’s holding Defendants in civil contempt with regard to the failure to turn over the
server and awarding damages for this contempt. The remainder of the Trial Court’s order
is affirmed.

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
               Vacated, in part; Affirmed, in part; Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ARNOLD B.
GOLDIN and KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, JJ., joined.

T. Robert Hill, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Hill Boren, P.C.

Tamara Hill, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, T. Robert Hill.

Lewis L. Cobb and Teresa A. Luna, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellees, Ricky L.
Boren on behalf of Hill Boren, P.C.; Ricky L. Boren; and Jeffrey P. Boyd.
                                       OPINION

                                      Background

       Ricky L. Boren on behalf of Hill Boren, P.C.; Ricky L. Boren, individually; and
Jeffrey P. Boyd (collectively “Plaintiffs”) sued Defendants with regard to ownership of
stock in Hill Boren, P.C., a law firm in Jackson, Tennessee. The Trial Court entered an
order on January 9, 2017 ordering, inter alia:

      3. The following actions shall be taken in furtherance of the maintaining of
      the status quo:

                                          ***

      b. Computers, Software, and Computer Equipment: Defendants will allow
      Boren and Boyd to possess all of Hill Boren P.C.’s computers, computer
      software, and computer equipment necessary for Boren and Boyd to carry
      out their law practices. This would include all computers, computer
      software, and computer equipment used by the staff of Hill Boren, P.C. but
      not the computers from the offices of T. Robert Hill or Tamara Hill. Along
      with this possession, Boren and Boyd will assume any expenses, liability,
      leases and/or payments for these computers, computer software, and
      computer equipment.

       In February of 2017, Plaintiffs filed a motion for contempt alleging, in pertinent
part, that Defendants had failed to turn over possession of a copier, Copitraks
software/hardware, corporate documents, and a computer server, among other things.
The Trial Court held a hearing on the motion for contempt in September of 2017 and
heard testimony with regard to the alleged contempt.

       Jeffrey P. Boyd (“Boyd”) testified at the hearing that he was present on December
30, 2016, which had been set as the moving day for Plaintiffs to move furniture and
equipment from Hill Boren, P.C. to Plaintiffs’ new office location. Boyd testified that a
request was made for the computer server (“the Server”), but Hill refused to turn it over.
Boyd stated:

      [W]e appeared pursuant to the court order to retrieve furniture and office
      equipment and files. And as part of that, we were supposed to get the
      server.



                                            2
                Mr. Cobb asked about the server, and Mr. Hill flatly denied us the
        ability to get that and actually screamed bloody murder at David Riggs for
        even bringing it up about us getting the server.

      Instead of being given the Server, Plaintiffs were given a smaller computer server.
Boyd testified that this smaller server did not work well for Plaintiffs. Boyd testified:

        Basically we had all the stuff on that - - on that temporary server, but
        because of the - - the size volume and the usage of it, literally I would be in
        the middle of a brief, and my computer would crash, and we would lose - -
        I would lose documents because the server wasn’t capable, when everybody
        was on it doing various things, to handle the whole process efficiently.

        Boyd testified that the lease on the Server was set to expire in July of 2017.
Between January 1, 2017 and July of 2017, Plaintiffs paid $18,464.32 on the lease.1
Plaintiffs obtained their own server in July of 2017. Boyd stated that Plaintiffs “would
have re-upped with the same lease with the same equipment going forward,” if they had
received the Server. He explained: “That system was adequate for our needs and would
still be adequate for our needs but for them not giving [the Server] up.” Boyd testified
that due to the inadequacy of the smaller server Plaintiffs terminated the old lease “based
on the functionality of the system that we had.” He stated that Plaintiffs were in a
position where they had to take that action. Boyd testified that the smaller server gave
“[s]ubstantially diminished” performance, and he estimated it cost Plaintiffs “25, 30
percent efficiency lost in the usage of the software and programs and the day to day.”

        Michele Eckhart (“Eckhart”) testified that she previously worked for Hill Boren,
P.C., and that she currently works for Boren & Boyd. Eckhart started as the receptionist
at Hill Boren, P.C. and eventually moved up to the position of office manager. Eckhart
was present on December 30th, the moving day, when the Server was discussed. She
testified that Hill refused to allow Plaintiffs to take the Server. She stated: “prior to that
day, [Hill] did say we could have the server. On that particular day, I remember there
being a discussion about he was not going to let them move the server, but I don’t
remember the exact words. He just said he wasn’t going to allow it.” Eckhart’s
understanding was that Hill was going to speak to the vendor, and that Plaintiffs could
have the server “within a couple of weeks.” The Server, however, never was provided.
Instead, Plaintiffs used an old, used server. Eckhart testified that after the moving day,
Plaintiffs attempted to get the Server on several occasions, but never were allowed to take
the Server.
1
 The lease included payment for a package of computer equipment including the Server, which Plaintiffs
were not allowed to take, and other computer equipment such as monitors, which Plaintiffs did get on the
moving day.
                                                  3
       Eckhart was asked how the old server worked for them, and she stated:

              We would lose work that we were working on constantly. It would
       shut down. It would - - the new - - it just didn’t have memory. You would
       save something in one file to find it in another. It was just a Band-Aid to
       get us by for the couple weeks that turned into nine months.

        At the hearing on the motion for contempt, Hill’s deposition testimony concerning
the corporate records was introduced. Hill testified that the corporate records were
“stored on a safe, on top of a safe, basically just lined up,” and that when the suit was
filed the records were put in a box. Hill testified that as far as he knew, the records still
were sitting in a box on the floor. Hill further stated that one of the Hill Boren, P.C.
employees had boxed up the records. Hill was not sure which employee did this, but he
stated it was either the office manager or someone under her supervision.

       After the hearing, the Trial Court entered its Order For Contempt on November 6,
2017 finding and holding, inter alia:

             With regard to the failure to provide the corporate documents of Hill
       Boren PC, the Court cannot find that there was a willful disobedience by
       Mr. Hill regarding the withholding of corporate documents from Mr.
       Boren, one of the plaintiffs and a minority shareholder of HBPC. During
       the hearing, Defendants provided the corporate tax returns for HBPC.
       Within fourteen days from the entry of this Order, Plaintiffs and their
       counsel shall have the opportunity to inspect the remaining corporate
       documents which are located at the offices of Hill Boren, P.C. Counsel for
       Defendants shall also be present during this inspection.

                                             2

              With regard to the copiers that were leased from R.J. Young
       Company, there were four copiers which were to be transferred to Plaintiffs
       for which Plaintiffs were then responsible for the payment of all costs
       associated with the lease of said copiers. Only three copiers were provided
       to Plaintiffs, and Plaintiffs seek reimbursement for the fourth copier for
       which they paid the invoice for four months. However, the Court cannot
       find that Mr. Hill willfully violated this provision of the Order. Indeed,
       there appears to have been at least an attempt to give the copier to the
       Plaintiffs. Although there is no finding of willful contempt, Defendants
       failed to comply with said Order, and Plaintiffs incurred damages in the
                                             4
amount of $1,500 by paying the invoice on the fourth copier that
Defendants kept in their possession. Accordingly, Plaintiffs are awarded a
judgment against Defendants jointly and severely in the amount of $1,500
for which execution may issue.

                                     3

        With regard to the Copitraks system, the Order allowed Plaintiffs to
take possession of the Copitraks equipment; however, Plaintiffs were not
given the software for said equipment by Defendants which was necessary
to operate the equipment. Pursuant to the Order, Plaintiffs assumed the
financial responsibility for the payment of all expenses associated with the
Copitraks system.       The Court cannot find that there was willful
disobedience on the part of Mr. Hill as there was a reasonable dispute as to
all of the equipment that went with the Copitraks system. However, since
the Plaintiffs paid for the entire Copitraks system which should have
included the software, they are entitled to a judgment of $2,652.13 against
Defendants jointly and severely for which execution may issue.

                                     4

      With regard to the server, the Order of January 9, 2017 specifically
provides that:

       Computers, software and computer equipment:
       Defendants will allow Boren and Boyd to possess all of Hill
       Boren P.C.’s computers, software, and computer equipment
       necessary for Boren and Boyd to carry out their law practices.
       This would include all computers, computer software, and
       computer equipment used by the staff of Hill Boren, P.C. but
       not the computers from the office of T. Robert Hill or Tamara
       Hill. Along with this possession, Boren and Boyd will
       assume any expenses, liability, leases, and/or payments for
       these computers, computer software and computer equipment.

       At the hearing on December 20, 2016, the server was specifically
discussed by the parties, it was identified, and it would have to be provided
with all of the other computers and software in order for them to operate as
intended. On December 30, 2016, Plaintiffs went to the offices of
Defendants to take possession of the computer equipment. Mr. Hill refused
to provide the server. Any doubt regarding Mr. Hill’s obligation to provide
                                     5
      the server along with the other computer equipment was removed by the
      entry of the Court’s Order of January 9, 2017. The Order was
      unambiguous. The server was necessary for Plaintiffs to use the computers
      and equipment to carry out their law practice. Mr. Hill failed to comply
      with the Court’s Order after January 9, 2017 and refused to comply, even
      after Plaintiffs filed their motion for contempt on February 17, 2017,
      through the date of the hearing on September 27, 2017. Plaintiffs have
      proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Hill willfully violated
      the Court’s Order of January 9, 2017. Civil contempt occurs when a person
      fails to comply with a court order and an action is brought by a private
      party to enforce rights under the order that had been violated. Punishment
      for civil contempt is designed to coerce compliance with the court’s order
      and is imposed at the insistence and for the benefit of the private party who
      has suffered a violation of rights. Doe v. Board of Professional
      Responsibility, 104 S.W.3d 465, 474 (Tenn. 2003). Mr. Hill, acting
      individually and on behalf of the corporation is in civil contempt of the
      Court’s Order for his failure to provide the server to Plaintiffs. The server
      is now obsolete as Plaintiffs paid for it until they purchased their own
      server in July 2017. However, because of Mr. Hill’s violation of the
      Court’s Order, the Plaintiffs were damaged in the amount of $4,616. As
      Mr. Hill has the present ability to satisfy this judgment, Mr. Hill shall have
      fourteen days from the date of entry of this judgment to pay to Plaintiffs the
      amount of $4,616, or he shall report to the Madison County Jail and remain
      there until the judgment is satisfied.

                                            5

             Mr. Hill did not testify in his defense at the hearing on September
      27, 2017, as he elected not to be present. The only testimony for
      Defendants came from Tamara Hill. Apparently, Defendants are now
      attempting to reopen the proof by submitting the deposition testimony of
      David Riggs, after the Court found Defendants in contempt on September
      27, 2017. No evidence has been presented that Mr. Riggs could not be
      located or could not be present for trial. There was no subpoena for Mr.
      Riggs to appear on September 27, 2017. The Court has no way to judge the
      credibility of Mr. Riggs or interpret his emails. Mr. Hill had months to
      make copies or do whatever he needed to preserve information on the
      server. Mr. Hill did nothing. The Court declines to reopen the proof after it
      has ruled.

(footnotes omitted). Defendants appeal to this Court.
                                            6
                                                Discussion

       Although not stated exactly as such, Defendants raise four issues on appeal: 1)
whether they received proper notice of contempt; 2) whether the Trial Court erred in
awarding damages where there was no finding of contempt; 3) whether the Trial Court
erred in awarding damages with regard to the Server pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-
9-104; and, 4) whether the Trial Court erred in ordering that Plaintiffs be allowed access
to corporate records.2

        Our Supreme Court has given guidance with regard to contempt stating:

               Civil contempt claims based upon an alleged disobedience of a court
        order have four essential elements. First, the order alleged to have been
        violated must be “lawful.” Second, the order alleged to have been violated
        must be clear, specific, and unambiguous. Third, the person alleged to have
        violated the order must have actually disobeyed or otherwise resisted the
        order. Fourth, the person’s violation of the order must be “willful.”

               The threshold issue in any contempt proceeding is whether the order
        alleged to have been violated is “lawful.” A lawful order is one issued by a
        court with jurisdiction over both the subject matter of the case and the
        parties. Vanvabry v. Staton, 88 Tenn. 334, 351–52, 12 S.W. 786, 791
        (1890); Churchwell v. Callens, 36 Tenn. App. 119, 131, 252 S.W.2d 131,
        136–37 (1952). An order is not rendered void or unlawful simply because

2
  Defendants attempt to raise another issue, which they state as: “Does the truth matter in the American
civil justice system?” To the extent that this issue appears to assert that the answer to this question may
be negative, the assertion is scurrilous. In their brief on appeal with regard to this issue, Defendants assert
that Plaintiffs and their witnesses committed perjury. This allegation was first raised in Defendants’
motion to alter or amend. The Trial Court denied this motion finding it to be not well taken without
further discussion. Defendants are asking this Court to make a finding on an issue not raised at the
hearing on the motion for contempt and not determined by the Trial Court. We decline to do so. See
Crossley Const. Corp. v. Nat. Fire Ins. Co. of Hartford wherein we stated:

                 Except for some limited exceptions not applicable here, we will not consider
        issues, let alone claims, raised for the first time on appeal. See City of Cookeville ex rel.
        Cookeville Reg’l Med. Ctr. v. Humphrey, 126 S.W.3d 897, 905–06 (Tenn. 2004) (noting
        the general rule that “questions not raised in the trial court will not be entertained on
        appeal.” (quoting Lawrence v. Stanford, 655 S.W.2d 927, 929 (Tenn.1983))).

Crossley Const. Corp. v. Nat. Fire Ins. Co. of Hartford, 237 S.W.3d 652, 656 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).


                                                      7
it is erroneous or subject to reversal on appeal. Vanvabry v. Staton, 88
Tenn. at 351, 12 S.W. at 791; Churchwell v. Callens, 36 Tenn. App. at 131,
252 S.W.2d at 137. Erroneous orders must be followed until they are
reversed. Blair v. Nelson, 67 Tenn. (8 Baxt.) 1, 5 (1874). However, an
order entered without either subject matter jurisdiction or jurisdiction over
the parties is void and cannot provide the basis for a finding of contempt.
Brown v. Brown, 198 Tenn. 600, 610, 281 S.W.2d 492, 497 (1955); Howell
v. Thompson, 130 Tenn. 311, 323–24, 170 S.W. 253, 256 (1914).
Naturally, the determination of whether a particular order is lawful is a
question of law.

        The second issue involves the clarity of the order alleged to have
been violated. A person may not be held in civil contempt for violating an
order unless the order expressly and precisely spells out the details of
compliance in a way that will enable reasonable persons to know exactly
what actions are required or forbidden. Sanders v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n
Int’l, 473 F.2d 244, 247 (2d Cir.1972); Hall v. Nelson, 282 Ga. 441, 651
S.E.2d 72, 75 (2007); Marquis v. Marquis, 175 Md. App. 734, 931 A.2d
1164, 1171 (2007); Cunningham v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Ct. of Nev., 102
Nev. 551, 729 P.2d 1328, 1333–34 (1986); Petrosinelli v. People for the
Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc., 273 Va. 700, 643 S.E.2d 151, 154–55
(2007). The order must, therefore, be clear, specific, and unambiguous.
See Doe v. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 104 S.W.3d at 471; Long v.
McAllister–Long, 221 S.W.3d at 14.

        Vague or ambiguous orders that are susceptible to more than one
reasonable interpretation cannot support a finding of civil contempt. City of
Gary v. Major, 822 N.E.2d 165, 170 (Ind. 2005); Judge Rotenberg Educ.
Ctr., Inc. v. Comm’r of Dep’t of Mental Retardation, 424 Mass. 430, 677
N.E.2d 127, 137 (1997); Ex parte Slavin, 412 S.W.2d at 45. Orders need
not be “full of superfluous terms and specifications adequate to counter any
flight of fancy a contemner may imagine in order to declare it vague.” Ex
parte Blasingame, 748 S.W.2d 444, 446 (Tex. 1988) (quoting Ex parte
McManus, 589 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1979)). They
must, however, leave no reasonable basis for doubt regarding their
meaning. Int'l Longshoremen’s Ass’n, Local No. 1291 v. Phila. Marine
Trade Ass’n, 389 U.S. 64, 76, 88 S.Ct. 201, 19 L.Ed.2d 236 (1967); Salt
Lake City v. Dorman–Ligh, 912 P.2d 452, 455 (Utah Ct. App.1996).

       Orders alleged to have been violated should be construed using an
objective standard that takes into account both the language of the order
                                     8
and the circumstances surrounding the issuance of the order, including the
audience to whom the order is addressed. United States v. Bernardine, 237
F.3d 1279, 1282 (11th Cir.2001); United States v. Young, 107 F.3d 903,
907–08 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Ambiguities in an order alleged to have been
violated should be interpreted in favor of the person facing the contempt
charge. Liberte Capital Group, LLC v. Capwill, 462 F.3d 543, 551 (6th
Cir. 2006); Levin v. Tiber Holding Corp., 277 F.3d 243, 251 (2d Cir. 2002);
Town of Virgil v. Ford, 184 A.D.2d 901, 585 N.Y.S.2d 559, 560 (1992);
Greene v. Finn, 153 P.3d at 951. Determining whether an order is
sufficiently free from ambiguity to be enforced in a contempt proceeding is
a legal inquiry that is subject to de novo review. Davies v. Grossmont
Union High Sch. Dist., 930 F.2d 1390, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991); In re Leah S.,
284 Conn. 685, 935 A.2d 1021, 1027 (2007); City of Wisconsin Dells v.
Dells Fireworks, Inc., 197 Wis.2d 1, 539 N.W.2d 916, 924 (1995).

       The third issue focuses on whether the party facing the civil
contempt charge actually violated the order. This issue is a factual one to
be decided by the court without a jury. See Pass v. State, 181 Tenn. 613,
620, 184 S.W.2d 1, 4 (1944); Sherrod v. Wix, 849 S.W.2d 780, 786 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1992). The quantum of proof needed to find that a person has
actually violated a court order is a preponderance of the evidence. Doe v.
Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility, 104 S.W.3d at 474. Thus, decisions regarding
whether a person actually violated a court order should be reviewed in
accordance with the standards in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).

       The fourth issue focuses on the willfulness of the person alleged to
have violated the order. The word “willfully” has been characterized as a
word of many meanings whose construction depends on the context in
which it appears. Spies v. United States, 317 U.S. 492, 497, 63 S.Ct. 364,
87 L.Ed. 418 (1943); United States v. Phillips, 19 F.3d 1565, 1576–77
(11th Cir. 1994). Most obviously, it differentiates between deliberate and
unintended conduct. State ex rel. Flowers v. Tenn. Trucking Ass’n Self Ins.
Group Trust, 209 S.W.3d at 612. However, in criminal law, “willfully”
connotes a culpable state of mind. In the criminal context, a willful act is
one undertaken for a bad purpose. Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184,
191, 118 S.Ct. 1939, 141 L.Ed.2d 197 (1998); State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d
750, 761 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993) (upholding an instruction stating that
“[a]n act is done willfully if done voluntarily and intentionally and with the
specific intent to do something the law forbids”).



                                      9
       In the context of a civil contempt proceeding under Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 29–2–102(3), acting willfully does not require the same standard of
culpability that is required in the criminal context. State ex rel. Flowers v.
Tenn. Trucking Ass’n Self Ins. Group Trust, 209 S.W.3d at 612. Rather,
willful conduct

       consists of acts or failures to act that are intentional or
       voluntary rather than accidental or inadvertent. Conduct is
       ‘willful’ if it is the product of free will rather than coercion.
       Thus, a person acts ‘willfully’ if he or she is a free agent,
       knows what he or she is doing, and intends to do what he or
       she is doing.

State ex rel. Flowers v. Tenn. Trucking Ass’n Self Ins. Group Trust, 209
S.W.3d at 612 (citations omitted). Thus, acting contrary to a known duty
may constitute willfulness for the purpose of a civil contempt proceeding.
United States v. Ray, 683 F.2d 1116, 1127 (7th Cir. 1982); City of Dubuque
v. Iowa Dist. Ct. for Dubuque County, 725 N.W.2d 449, 452 (Iowa 2006);
Utah Farm Prod. Credit Ass’n v. Labrum, 762 P.2d 1070, 1074 (Utah
1988). Determining whether the violation of a court order was willful is a
factual issue that is uniquely within the province of the finder-of-fact who
will be able to view the witnesses and assess their credibility. Thus,
findings regarding “willfulness” should be reviewed in accordance with the
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) standards.

        After determining that a person has willfully violated a lawful and
sufficiently clear and precise order, the court may, in its discretion, decide
to hold the person in civil contempt. See Robinson v. Air Draulics Eng’g
Co., 214 Tenn. 30, 37, 377 S.W.2d 908, 912 (1964). The court’s decision
is entitled to great weight. Hooks v. Hooks, 8 Tenn. Civ. App. (Higgins)
507, 508 (1918). Accordingly, decisions to hold a person in civil contempt
are reviewed using the abuse of discretion standard of review. Hawk v.
Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 583 (Tenn. 1993); Moody v. Hutchison, 159
S.W.3d 15, 25–26 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). This review-constraining
standard does not permit reviewing courts to substitute their own judgment
for that of the court whose decision is being reviewed. Williams v. Baptist
Mem’l Hosp., 193 S.W.3d 545, 551 (Tenn. 2006); Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42
S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001).

      An abuse of discretion occurs when a court strays beyond the
framework of the applicable legal standards or when it fails to properly
                                      10
      consider the factors customarily used to guide that discretionary decision.
      State v. Lewis, 235 S.W.3d 136, 141 (Tenn. 2007). Discretionary decisions
      must take the applicable law and relevant facts into account. Ballard v.
      Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 661 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, reviewing courts will set
      aside a discretionary decision only when the court that made the decision
      applied incorrect legal standards, reached an illogical conclusion, based its
      decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employs
      reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party. Mercer v.
      Vanderbilt Univ., 134 S.W.3d 121, 131 (Tenn. 2004); Perry v. Perry, 114
      S.W.3d 465, 467 (Tenn. 2003).

Konvalinka v. Chattanooga-Hamilton Cty. Hosp. Auth., 249 S.W.3d 346, 354-58 (Tenn.
2008) (footnotes omitted).

      We first consider whether Defendants received proper notice of contempt. In
Bryan v. Leach, this Court discussed the difference between civil contempt and criminal
contempt stating:

      As the Supreme Court has explained:

                     Contempts may be either criminal or civil in nature.
             Civil contempt occurs when a person refuses or fails to
             comply with a court order and a contempt action is brought to
             enforce private rights. If imprisonment is ordered in a civil
             contempt case, it is remedial and coercive in character,
             designed to compel the contemnor to comply with the court’s
             order. Compliance will result in immediate release from
             prison. Therefore, it has often been said that in a civil
             contempt case, the contemnor “carries the keys to his prison
             in his own pocket . . . .”

                     Criminal contempts, on the other hand, are intended to
             preserve the power and vindicate the dignity and authority of
             the law, and the court as an organ of society. Therefore,
             sanctions for criminal contempt are generally both punitive
             and unconditional in nature. While criminal contempts may
             arise in the course of private civil litigation, such proceedings,
             “in a very true sense raise an issue between the public and the
             accused.” In the trial of a criminal contempt case, therefore,
             guilt of the accused must be established by proof beyond a
             reasonable doubt.
                                            11
      Black [v. Blount], 938 S.W.2d [394] at 398 [(Tenn. 1996)] (citations
      omitted).

             Traditionally, contempt has been classified as civil or criminal
      depending upon the action taken by the court to address the contempt.
      Ahern v. Ahern, 15 S.W.3d 73, 78 (Tenn. 2000). “A civil contempt is one
      where a person refuses or fails to comply with an order of the court and
      punishment is meted out for the benefit of a party litigant.” Givler v.
      Givler, 964 S.W.2d 902, 909 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting Garrett v.
      Forest Lawn Mem’l Gardens, Inc., 588 S.W.2d 309, 315 (Tenn. Ct. App.
      1979)). Because the court’s order fining Father $100 per day was designed
      to coerce Father to pay the amounts ordered, and because Father could
      avoid the fine and purge his contempt by obeying the court’s orders, the
      finding of contempt was clearly civil contempt.

             After a finding of contempt, courts have several remedies
             available depending upon the facts of the case. A court can
             imprison an individual to compel performance of a court
             order. This is typically referred to as “civil contempt.” This
             remedy is available only when the individual has the ability to
             comply with the order at the time of the contempt hearing.
             Thus, with civil contempt, the one in contempt has the “keys
             to the jail” and can purge the contempt by complying with the
             court’s order. In civil contempt, the imprisonment is meted
             out for the benefit of the party litigant.

      Ahern, 15 S.W.3d at 79.

Bryan v. Leach, 85 S.W.3d 136, 157-58 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

      In the case now before us on appeal, Defendants were found to be in civil
contempt, not criminal. Specifically with regard to the issue of notice of contempt, this
Court has explained:

      Civil contempt only requires that the contemnor be notified of the
      allegation and be given the opportunity to respond. Black, 938 S.W.2d at
      398 (citing State v. Maddux, 571 S.W.2d, 819, 821 (Tenn. 1978)); see also
      Pickern v. Pickern, No. E2004–02038–COA–R3–CV, 2005 WL 711964, at
      *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2005). Moreover, and significant to this issue,
      the safeguards afforded to one accused of criminal contempt are not
                                           12
       available to one accused of civil contempt. See Overnite Transp. Co. v.
       Teamsters Local Union No. 480, 172 S.W.3d 507, 510 (Tenn. 2005).

State ex rel. Flowers v. Tennessee Trucking Ass’n Self Ins. Group Trust, 209 S.W.3d 602,
611 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (footnote omitted).

        In their brief on appeal, Defendants argue that because the motion for contempt
did not reference either Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104 or Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-105, that
this alleged deficiency rendered the notice insufficient. Defendants are mistaken.
Defendants received notice that contempt was being sought and were given an
opportunity to respond. As noted above, this is what is required for civil contempt. This
issue is without merit.

       We next consider whether the Trial Court erred in awarding damages where there
was no finding of contempt. In its November 6, 2017 Order For Contempt, the Trial
Court found that there was no willful contempt with regard to the failure to turn over
corporate documents, the copier, and the Copitraks system.3 The Trial Court, however,
then awarded damages for the failure to turn over the copier and the Copitraks system.
Absent a finding of willful contempt, damages for contempt are inappropriate. We,
therefore, vacate the award of $1,500 for the copier and the award of $2,652.13 for the
Copitraks system.

       Next, we consider whether the Trial Court erred in awarding damages pursuant to
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104 when Defendants were found in contempt for the failure to
turn over the Server. With regard to this issue, Defendants argue in their brief on appeal
that damages are not allowed under Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104. Defendants cite to a
pre-2011 version of the statute and case law construing it. The statute, however, was
amended in 2011. Currently, Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104 provides:

       29-9-104. Omission to perform act.

               (a) If the contempt consists in an omission to perform an act which it
       is yet in the power of the person to perform, the person may be imprisoned
       until such person performs it.
               (b) The person or if same be a corporation, then such person or
       corporation can be separately fined, as authorized by law, for each day it is
       in contempt until it performs the act or pays the damages ordered by the
       court.

3
 The Trial Court did find Defendants in willful contempt for the failure to turn over the Server, and we
will discuss the Server separately below.
                                                  13
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-9-104 (2012). Defendant’s argument based upon a prior version
of the statute is without merit.

        Defendants also argue that the Trial Court erred in awarding damages for the
failure to turn over the Server because they allege: “the Court had no evidence in the
record of Hill’s present ability to pay anything as Hill did not testify.” (emphasis in
original). Unfortunately for Defendants, “[t]he contemnor bears the burden of proving
that he is unable to comply with the court’s order at the time of the hearing.” Cisneros v.
Cisneros, No. M2013-00213-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 7720274, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov. 25, 2015), no appl. perm. appeal filed. Furthermore, we note that Defendants filed
a notice of payment under protest on December 18, 2017 stating that they had paid the
damages awarded for contempt directly to Boren & Boyd, PLC. The fact that payment
was made both proves that Defendants had the ability to pay and makes this specific sub-
issue moot. We find no error in the Trial Court’s holding Defendants in willful contempt
for failure to turn over the Server and awarding damages for this contempt.

        Finally, we consider whether the Trial Court erred in ordering that Plaintiffs be
allowed access to corporate records. We begin by noting that as a shareholder of Hill
Boren, P.C., Boren has a statutory right to inspect corporate records. Tenn. Code Ann. §
48-26-101, et seq. Defendants do not argue in their brief on appeal that the Trial Court
erred in ordering that Boren had the right to inspect corporate records. Rather, they argue
that it was improper for the Trial Court “to allow a physical invasion of a corporation’s
headquarters where the petitioner seeking the invasion has failed to comply with the very
order on which he seeks sanctions and where he has further failed to prove that he has
any rights to continue as a shareholder.”

       First, we note that the Trial Court did not find contempt with regard to the
corporate records. Second, the allegation that Plaintiffs have failed to comply with the
order upon which they sought sanctions refers to the Trial Court’s order of January 17,
2017, in which the Trial Court found and held, inter alia:

              Plaintiff, Ricky Boren is a shareholder of Hill Boren P.C., and as a
       shareholder he has requested Defendants to provide him access to or copies
       of the corporate documents of the company. As a shareholder under T.C.A.
       § 48-26-101 et seq. Mr. Boren has a right to inspect and copy these
       documents. Based on statements by counsel during the hearing on January
       11, 2017, most of these records have already been provided through the
       mechanism of copying the files from the Server of the company. However,
       to the extent the minutes of shareholder meetings and minutes of meetings
       of the board of directors have not been furnished, Defendants shall furnish
       those minutes or in the event there are no minutes, will inform Plaintiffs
                                            14
       that they do not exist. After reviewing the documents contained from the
       Server, if there are other corporate records which have not been produced,
       then Mr. Boren shall specifically identify those documents which are
       missing, and they will be produced.

        Defendants assert that Boren did not specifically identify any missing documents
and, thus, has not complied with the Trial Court’s order. In their brief on appeal,
Plaintiffs assert that they are unaware of what corporate documents exist and, therefore,
specifically identifying documents is difficult at best. Hill’s deposition testimony
regarding the corporate records was introduced at the hearing on the motion for
contempt. Hill testified that the corporate records were “stored on a safe, on top of a safe,
basically just lined up,” and that when the suit was filed the records were put in a box.
Hill testified that as far as he knew, the records still were sitting in a box on the floor. As
a shareholder, Boren has the right to inspect these corporate records whether he can
specifically identify them without seeing them or not.

       Furthermore, despite Defendants’ assertion that it has not been determined
whether Boren has “any rights to continue as a shareholder,” Boren has the right to
inspect corporate records pertinent to the time period during which he undisputedly was a
shareholder. We find no error in the Trial Court’s order allowing Plaintiffs to inspect the
corporate documents located at the offices of Hill Boren, P.C.

       Given all of the above, we vacate that portion of the Trial Court’s November 6,
2017 Order For Contempt awarding damages for the failure to turn over the copier and
for the failure to turn over the Copitraks. We affirm the remainder of the November 6,
2017 order.

                                         Conclusion

       The judgment of the Trial Court is vacated as to the award of damages in the
amount of $1,500 with regard to the copier and as to the award of damages in the amount
of $2,652.13 with regard to the Copitraks. The remainder of the judgment of the Trial
Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the Trial Court for collection of the costs
below. The costs on appeal are assessed one-half against the appellants, Hill Boren, P.C.
and T. Robert Hill, and their surety; and one-half against the appellees, Ricky L. Boren
on behalf of Hill Boren, P.C.; Ricky L. Boren, individually; and Jeffrey P. Boyd.


                                           _____________________________________
                                           D. MICHAEL SWINEY, CHIEF JUDGE

                                              15
