[Cite as In re B.J.M., 2013-Ohio-2505.]
STATE OF OHIO                     )                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  )
JEFFERSON COUNTY                  )       SS:                      SEVENTH DISTRICT



IN RE:                                          )       CASE NO. 12 JE 12
                                                )
         B.J.M.                                 )
                                                )       JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                                )
                                                )


         For the reasons stated in the Opinion rendered herein, the assignments of

error are overruled and it is the final judgment and order of this Court that the

judgment of the Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, of Jefferson County,

Ohio, is affirmed. Costs to be taxed against Appellant.



                                                        ______________________________


                                                        ______________________________


                                                        ______________________________
                                                                              JUDGES.
[Cite as In re B.J.M., 2013-Ohio-2505.]
                           STATE OF OHIO, JEFFERSON COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                          SEVENTH DISTRICT


IN RE:                                          )    CASE NO. 12 JE 12
                                                )
         B.J.M.                                 )
                                                )    OPINION
                                                )
                                                )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                            Civil Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                     Pleas, Juvenile Division, of Jefferson
                                                     County, Ohio
                                                     Case No. 2006 PA 00005

JUDGMENT:                                            Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant:                             Atty. Francesca T. Carinci
                                                     Suite 904-911, Sinclair Building
                                                     Steubenville, Ohio 43952

For Defendant-Appellee:                              Atty. John J. Mascio
                                                     325 North Fourth Street
                                                     Steubenville, Ohio 43952


JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
                                                     Dated: June 12, 2013
[Cite as In re B.J.M., 2013-Ohio-2505.]
WAITE, J.


        {¶1}     Appellant, mother of the minor child, and Appellee, natural father of the

minor child, were never married. Appellee was identified as the child’s father in an

administrative paternity determination and ordered to pay child support. Although

there was no visitation order or parenting agreement, both parents and their

extended families were liberally involved in the child’s life. Mother married in October

of 2011 and announced plans to relocate to Virginia.               Father, who had enjoyed

unlimited access to the child, filed a motion to allocate custody and prevent Mother

from leaving the state with the child until a custody determination was made. The

juvenile court granted Father’s motion, and a custody hearing was held. The court

ultimately awarded custody to Father and Mother filed an appeal from that entry. The

record reflects that the juvenile court properly applied the statutory requirements for

making an initial custody determination and the decision was supported by

competent credible evidence. Hence, the judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.

                                  Factual and Procedural History

        {¶2}     The court originally took jurisdiction over the juvenile (“M.”), who is the

subject of Father’s motion to allocate custody, pursuant to a January 12, 2006

administrative paternity determination.            The court recognized the paternity

determination and resulting administrative support order and had these filed with the

court. Apart from entering the support order, the court made no allocation of parental

rights and the parties did not formally enter into a visitation or parenting agreement at

that time. According to both parties, without court involvement they worked out a

schedule that benefitted both of them and allowed M. to have time with both parents.
                                                                                    -2-

Father’s child support obligation was deducted directly from his pay.          Various

adjustments had been made to the amount of the support order when Father’s

household income changed between 2006 and 2010. At the time of the custody

hearing, he was current on his obligations.

      {¶3}   On October 12, 2011, Father filed his motion for allocation of parental

rights and responsibilities and an ex parte motion to prevent Mother from leaving the

county with M. Mother opposed the ex parte motion, contending that the schedule

proposed by the court would cause an undue hardship because she had already

cancelled her lease in Jefferson County, enrolled M. in school in Virginia, and arguing

that there was no existing order establishing a parenting schedule. The trial court

granted Father’s ex parte motion and established a parenting schedule for the two to

follow while proceedings on the motion for custody continued. According to both

parties and the court, Mother complied with the terms of the court’s interim parenting

schedule. It is clear that Mother’s proposed move to Norfolk, Virginia with her new

husband was the impetus for the motion. Father alleged in his motion, and Mother

denied, that although Mother was the custodial and residential parent, M. primarily

lived with the paternal grandmother, who attended parent-teacher conferences,

purchased clothing, took M. to and from school, and provided other financial support.

At the time of the motion, Father was employed and living with his wife and two

younger children. At the time, Mother, who also has two other children from another

relationship, was unemployed.
                                                                                  -3-

      {¶4}   A hearing on the motion to allocate custody was held before the

magistrate on November 30, 2011. The court heard testimony from both parents as

well as Mother’s husband, the paternal grandparents, maternal aunt, kindergarten

teacher, and a family friend from each side.       The court noted that M. spent

considerable time with the paternal grandmother, who provided child care when both

parties were working and the child was not in school. It appears that M. generally

slept at Mother’s house but would stay with the paternal grandmother, according to

M.’s preference and on days when she would take M. to school in the morning.

Mother, when she was working, would pick M. up from the child’s paternal

grandmother after work.    Father, who works a great deal, would visit M. at his

mother’s house after work, approximately three times a week, generally for three

hours. M. would also visit Father’s house. It appears that M.’s free time was most

frequently spent with Mother or with the paternal grandmother.

      {¶5}   Mother confirmed during the hearing that while she worked M. stayed

with the paternal grandmother, but denied that M. spent the majority of time with the

grandmother, as described by Father’s family witnesses. Father and his witnesses

offered some testimony that Mother did not keep a clean house, which was disputed.

      {¶6}   The court indicated that a major concern was Mother’s decision to leave

Jefferson County, where M. had lived since birth and had a robust support system, to

relocate to Virginia, where M. would only know Mother and her husband. Father and

his family emphasized that Mother had dated her husband for little more than a

month before they were married. According to Father, he learned of the marriage
                                                                                 -4-

and relocation plans via Facebook. According to Mother she and her husband first

met seven years before, when he was 14, and the two of them kept in touch

continually via telephone, talking once or twice a week.    During this seven-year

period, he was deployed twice by the U.S. Navy. According to Mother’s husband, he

had very little contact with anyone, including his own mother, when he was deployed.

He claimed his telephone contact with Mother began in 2006, rather than 2004, and

was generally by text. The couple met in person at a wedding on August 20, 2011

and began dating on August 27. They got engaged on October 6, 2011 and were

married the next day. The court noted Father’s concern with the duration of the

courtship, the lack of time spent together, and the limited interaction M. had with

Mother’s new husband due to the newness of their relationship.

      {¶7}    Mother expressed her concern with Father’s general lack of

involvement with M. and his reliance on his mother to support M. in his absence. She

testified that Father attended only one or two of fifteen T-ball games and did not

attend any parent-teacher conferences during M.’s kindergarten year.

      {¶8}    The December 21, 2011 magistrate’s decision explicitly lists the best

interest factors that were considered when making the recommendation that Father

be allocated custody. On January 4, 2012, Mother filed a timely objection to the

magistrate’s decision and requested that she be given the option of remaining in

Jefferson County and retaining custody because there had been no finding that she

was unfit.   The trial court overruled her objections, granted Father custody, and
                                                                                     -5-

established visitation rights in an April 13, 2012 judgment entry. Mother filed a timely

appeal from this order on May 9, 2012.

                                  Argument and Law

                              Assignment of Error No. 1

      THE MAGISTRATE ERRED BY FINDING THAT IT WAS IN THE BEST

      INTEREST OF THE CHILD TO REALLOCATE PARENTAL RIGHTS

      AND      RESPONSIBILITIES,          CHANGING        CUSTODY         FROM

      APPELLANT TO THE APPELLEE FOR THE SOLE REASON THE

      APPELLANT EXPRESSED THE DESIRE TO LEAVE THE STATE.

                              Assignment of Error No. 2

      THE COURT ERRED IN NOT ISSUING A CONDITIONAL ORDER

      GRANTING THE APPELLANT AN OPPORTUNITY TO MAINTAIN

      CUSTODY IF SHE WOULD NOT RELOCATE TO VIRGINIA.

      {¶9}   Both of Mother’s assignments of error address alleged defects in the

process and standard used to allocate custody of M. For this reason they will be

considered together. Mother points out that there has been no previous allocation of

custody of M. and that she, as an unwed mother, was both the custodial and

residential parent by default. Mother concedes that in the absence of a prior custody

decree it is not necessary to find change of circumstances has occurred in order to

allocate custody. Mother contends, however, that a decision to move out of state

does not constitute a change of circumstances if no move has yet taken place. She

then argues that because she has not yet moved and triggered a change of
                                                                                     -6-

circumstances, the court could not reach the issue of whether a change in custody

would be in the best interests of M.      Mother also argues that prior to issuing a

custody decision, the trial court should have given her the option to retain custody if

she decided not to move to Virginia. Mother concludes by stating that relocation

cannot be the sole consideration when a court considers either the best interests of

the child or the change of circumstances. She urges that the court in this instance

erred by relying solely on the proposed relocation as the rationale for granting Father

custody.

      {¶10} Both parties correctly note that the trial court has issued no prior

custody decree and that the mother therefore retained the custodial and residential

status conferred on her by statute. R.C. 3109.042. (“An unmarried female who gives

birth to a child is the sole residential parent and legal custodian of the child until a

court of competent jurisdiction issues an order designating another person as the

residential parent and legal custodian.”)     The second portion of R.C. 3109.042

instructs the court “designating the residential parent and legal custodian of a child”

to “treat the mother and father as standing upon an equality.” Both parents also

recognize that when a court is making an initial custody determination, the decision is

to be made “in a manner consistent with the best interest of the [child].”         R.C.

3109.04(A)(1). This is not the same standard applied if a court is modifying “a prior

decree allocating parental rights and responsibilities for the care of children.” R.C.

3109.04(E)(1)(a).   If a court is modifying a prior decree, in addition to the best

interests of the child the court must first determine whether, “based on facts that have
                                                                                       -7-

arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior

decree, * * * a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child, the child’s

residential parent, or either of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree, and

that the modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the child.”         R.C.

3109.04(E)(1)(a). Under either standard, when determining the best interest of the

child, the court is required to consider “all relevant factors” which include, but are not

limited to:

       (a) The wishes of the child’s parents regarding the child’s care;


       (b)    If the court has interviewed the child in chambers pursuant to

       division (B) of this section regarding the child’s wishes and concerns as

       to the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities concerning the

       child, the wishes and concerns of the child, as expressed to the court;


       (c) The child’s interaction and interrelationship with the child’s parents,

       siblings, and any other person who may significantly affect the child’s

       best interest;


       (d) The child’s adjustment to the child’s home, school, and community;


       (e)    The mental and physical health of all persons involved in the

       situation;


       (f)    The parent most likely to honor and facilitate court-approved

       parenting time rights or visitation and companionship rights;
                                                                             -8-

(g)   Whether either parent has failed to make all child support

payments, including all arrearages, that are required of the that parent

pursuant to a child support order under which that parent is an obligor;


(h) Whether either parent or any member of the household of either

parent previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to any

criminal offense involving any act that resulted in a child being an

abused child or a neglected child; * * * [involving any] * * * sexually

oriented offense involving a victim who at the time of the commission of

the offense was a member of the family or household that is the subject

of the current proceeding; * * * any offense involving a victim who at the

time of the commission of the offense was a member of the family or

household that is the subject of the current proceeding and caused

physical harm to the victim in the commission of the offense; and

whether there is reason to believe that either parent has acted in a

manner resulting in a child being an abused child or a neglected child;


(i) Whether the residential parent or one of the parents subject to a

shared parenting decree has continuously and willfully denied the other

parent’s right to parenting time in accordance with an order of the court;


(j) Whether either parent has established a residence, or is planning to

establish a residence, outside this state.
                                                                                         -9-

R.C. 3109.04 (F)(1)(a)-(j). When allocating parental rights and responsibilities, courts

are also instructed to “not give preference to a parent because of that parent’s

financial status or condition.”    R.C. 3109.04(F)(3).      A trial court is given broad

discretion to do what is equitable based on the facts and circumstances of each case

and in its determination of parental custody rights. Booth v. Booth, 44 Ohio St.3d

142, 144, 541 N.E.2d 1028 (1989).

       {¶11} The Ohio Supreme Court considers custody determinations critical to

the life of the child, due to the far greater influence a custodial parent has over the life

of the child. Fisher v. Hasenjager, 116 Ohio St.3d 53, 2007-Ohio-5589, 876 N.E.2d

546, ¶36.    For this reason, the legislature has designed the provisions guiding

custody determinations and modifications to ensure the greatest measure of stability

practicable under the circumstances. Id. at ¶34-36, also In re Brayden James, 113

Ohio St.3d 420, 2007-Ohio-2335, 866 N.E.2d 467, ¶28. “The clear intent of [R.C.

3109.04(E)(1)(a)] is to spare children from a constant tug of war between their

parents who would file a motion for change of custody each time the parent out of

custody thought he or she could provide the child a ‘better’ environment.” Fisher at

¶34.

       {¶12} On review, a trial court’s custody determination will not be disturbed

unless it involves an abuse of discretion. Bechtol v. Bechtol, 49 Ohio St.3d 21, 23,

550 N.E.2d 178 (1990).        An abuse of discretion connotes that the trial court’s

decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5

Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1982). Where a trial court does not abuse its
                                                                                      -10-

discretion, its decision will not be reversed if it is supported by competent and

credible evidence. Bechtol, supra, at 23. The Ohio Supreme Court states:

       [I]t is inappropriate in most cases for a court of appeals to

       independently weigh evidence[.] * * * The discretion which a trial court

       enjoys in custody matters should be accorded the utmost respect, given

       the nature of the proceeding and the impact the court’s determination

       will have on the lives of the parties concerned. The knowledge a trial

       court gains through observing the witnesses and the parties in a

       custody proceeding cannot be conveyed to a reviewing court by a

       printed record. In this regard, the reviewing court in such proceedings

       should be guided by the presumption that the trial court’s findings were

       indeed correct. (Internal citation omitted.)

Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). A reviewing court is not

entitled to substitute its judgment for the trial court’s broad discretion. Id. Even if the

reviewing court might, given the same facts, reach a different conclusion, the trial

court’s perception of the testimony takes precedence, within statutory limitations.

       {¶13} As noted, no prior order regarding custody existed in this instance.

Because the trial court was not modifying a custody order, and was instead making

an initial determination, no threshold finding concerning a change in circumstances

was necessary. Father’s decision to seek custody was sufficient to invoke the trial

court’s jurisdiction in the matter.    The magistrate listed the factors the court is

required to consider pursuant to R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(a)-(j).            According to the
                                                                                 -11-

magistrate, in addition to the concerns of the parents as expressed during the

hearing, the court also considered:       M.’s interactions with both parties; M.’s

adjustment to home, school and the community; the mental and physical health of all

involved; the parent most likely to comply with the court-ordered parenting time

schedule; support payments; previous convictions for abuse or neglect or sexual

misconduct; and whether a parent was establishing a residence out of state. The

court did not interview M. for input into the decision due to the child’s young age.

Violation of a shared parenting order was not an issue before the court. According to

the decision, the court found that M. interacted well with both parents and that they

were equally capable of parenting M, but the court was concerned about M.’s ability

to interact well with “other individuals who may significantly affect the child’s best

interests.” (12/21/11 Mag. Decision.)

      {¶14} The court noted that M. had been exclusively raised in Jefferson County

and had adjusted to those surroundings. M. had a robust support network on both

sides of the family within the county. Although M. had some difficulty with reading,

Mother and the paternal grandmother were able to cooperate with the kindergarten

teacher and there had been significant improvement. All individuals concerned were

in reasonably good health according to the court; both parents appeared willing to

comply with court-ordered parenting time schedules; Father was current on support

payments; neither parent and none of the individuals in either parent’s household had

been convicted of abuse, neglect or sexual misconduct, but the court did note that
                                                                                   -12-

Mother had a theft conviction. The final factor the court considered was Mother’s

intention to establish a residence outside the state.

       {¶15} The trial court adopted and incorporated the magistrate’s decision in its

entirety, overruled Mother’s objections, and named Father the custodial and

residential parent. The trial court awarded long distance visitation and attached a

schedule allocating holiday time between the parents. As discussed, by law both

parents had equal rights to custody of M. and there was no existing presumption in

favor of either parent. The record reflects that the court applied the required factors.

Nothing in the record reflects a misapplication of the statutory requirements or that

the trial court gave undue weight to any individual factor.               Under these

circumstances, bearing in mind that “knowledge a trial court gains through observing

the witnesses and the parties in a custody proceeding cannot be conveyed to a

reviewing court by a printed record,” we must defer to the juvenile court’s decision.

Miller, supra, at 74. Mother’s first assignment of error is overruled. Mother’s second

assignment of error is without merit because there is no requirement or even a

mechanism for a court to issue a conditional custody order and to do so would

expressly disregard the clear policy preference for finality and stability in custody

determinations. Mother’s second assignment of error is likewise overruled.

                                      Conclusion

       {¶16} The juvenile court identified and applied the proper statutory law when

making an initial custody determination between unmarried parents.          The record

contained substantial competent, credible, evidence supporting the juvenile court’s
                                                                           -13-

decision.   The juvenile court was best placed to observe the parties and weigh

testimony. The judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.


Donofrio, J., concurs.

Vukovich, J., concurs.
