Filed 11/8/13 Fox v. Knopp CA2/8
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION EIGHT


MICHAEL ERIC FOX,                                                    B240449
                                                                     B243848
      Petitioner, Respondent, and                                    B242041
Appellant,                                                           B242042

         v.                                                          (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. Nos. PQ012168, LQ013051)
KAREN ANNE KNOPP,

      Respondent, Petitioner, and
Respondent.



         APPEALS from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Steff R.
Padilla, Commissioner. Affirmed.


         Michael E. Fox, in pro. per., for Appellant.


         Bradley Dale Tubin for Respondent Karen Anne Knopp.


                           ________________________________________
          In these appeals, attorney Michael Fox challenges four trial court orders from two
related but unconsolidated cases: (1) a restraining order against Fox, issued to his former
girlfriend, Karen Knopp (Appeal 1); (2) an order terminating Fox’s restraining order
against Knopp (Appeal 2); (3) an order denying Fox’s requests for restitution under
Family Code section 6342, subdivision (a) (Appeal 3); and (4) an order granting Knopp’s
motion for attorney fees (Appeal 4). On our own motion we have consolidated the four
appeals for argument and opinion. We affirm the trial court’s orders.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
          We summarize the facts in accordance with the usual rules on appeal.
Specifically, we review the record in the light most favorable to the orders and resolve all
evidentiary conflicts in favor of the prevailing party. (Burch v. Premier Homes, LLC
(2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 730, 744.)
          Early Incidents
          Karen Knopp and Michael Fox started dating in 2007. Fox moved in with Knopp
in 2009. According to Knopp, several incidents occurred during their relationship that
made her fear Fox. On one occasion in December 2009, the two argued. Knopp had
attended a work party that was for employees only. Fox grew angry that Knopp did not
contact him or meet him that night. The next morning, while Knopp was sitting on a bed,
Fox yelled at her, grabbed her shoulders, pushed her backward, then pushed her toward
the bathroom, all while screaming. Knopp was afraid. Fox’s grasp on her arms left
bruises. On two other occasions in 2009, Fox grew angry or hostile because of another
person’s behavior, but then pushed Knopp, berated her, or directed other angry behavior
at her.
          In March 2011, Fox grew angry when Knopp went out with friends instead of
waiting for Fox to come home. The next day, Knopp approached Fox while he was in a
closet, in an attempt to resolve the problem. Fox screamed at Knopp, then pushed her
away, out of the closet. He hit her hands away when she gestured. Knopp was afraid.




                                               2
      London Incident
      In late April 2011, Fox accompanied Knopp on a business trip to London.
Fox made Knopp “miserable” by pushing her, shoving her, telling her she was
inconsiderate, and “blaming things on [her].” Fox complained that Knopp had not put
him on the title to the house she owned in Los Angeles. The two argued, including about
money. According to Knopp, Fox was “mean” and “angry” that Knopp had not kept him
apprised of her whereabouts while she was working. Knopp wanted Fox to get his own
hotel room.
      According to Knopp, on the evening of May 1, both she and Fox consumed
multiple alcoholic beverages. During dinner, they began to argue. Knopp told Fox he
was too aggressive and abusive, he needed help, and she could no longer be with him.
Fox grew increasingly angry. The two continued to argue. Knopp left Fox alone at
dinner and returned to her hotel. Fox entered the room later. Knopp told Fox she wanted
him to leave. The two argued. Knopp picked up Fox’s suitcase, Fox grabbed the other
side, and items fell out of the suitcase. Fox began repacking the suitcase. Knopp
grabbed another bag to move it to the door. Fox pushed Knopp with his shoulder and
pinned her against a cabinet. Knopp was stuck, but eventually broke free. Fox told
Knopp she had hit him and he was bleeding. Knopp responded she did not hit him, and
she did not see any blood.1 Fearing what Fox might do, she fled from the room. Her leg
was bruised from being pinned against the cabinet. London police officers came to the
hotel. They arrested Knopp on domestic violence charges.
      On May 5, Knopp e-mailed Fox and asked him to move out of her house.
On May 7, Fox sent Knopp a text message telling her he loved her. On May 8, Fox sent
Knopp another text message stating: “I tried. If at any time you want to change course,
then please contact me to discuss how we could save our relationship. I do love you.”



1      At the evidentiary hearing, Knopp admitted it was possible her hand struck Fox’s
body. She did not know what caused his bloody nose, but said she did not see him
bleeding, did not intentionally hit him, and did not intend to cause his nose to bleed.

                                            3
       On May 8, Fox also responded by e-mail to Knopp’s request that he move out.
The message began: “I have tried to reach out to you to discuss what happened between
us. I had hoped that we could talk before making any decisions that will negatively
impact our relationship. Despite my hopes, however, it appears that you do not want to
talk and have chosen your path. Unfortunately, this leaves me no option but to respond to
your May 5 e-mail with this e-mail and to take all steps necessary to protect my interests.
My response, which I honestly wish that I did not have to write and which I write with a
heavy heart, follows.” The remainder of the message indicated Knopp’s house was also
Fox’s home; Knopp had no legal right to evict him; even if she could evict him, she had
failed to give him 60 days to vacate as required under California law; Civil Code section
789.3 prohibited her from exercising any “self-help” remedies such as removing his
possessions, and, if she did so, she would be liable for costs and damages, or criminally
liable for theft under Penal Code section 484; and her request that he vacate in three days’
time was unreasonable.
       Fox further recounted his version of the London incident and attached a
photograph depicting his bloody nose. He warned she had no right to show the
photograph to anyone or disseminate it, and, if she did, her actions “may give rise to
monetary damages in a civil action.” The e-mail suggested Knopp had taken his watch.
He asked that she return it, warning that if she did not do so, “I will take all steps
necessary to protect my interests, including, but not limited to, filing a complaint with the
police and a civil action for recovery.” Knopp considered the e-mail very aggressive.
       Knopp Temporary Restraining Order
       1. Petition & Temporary Restraining Order
       On May 10, 2011, Knopp filed an ex parte request for a restraining order against
Fox, pursuant to the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (Fam. Code, § 6200, et seq.;
DVPA). In an accompanying declaration, Knopp recounted a version of the London
incident and declared Fox had previously called her names, pushed her, slapped her
hands, and spit in her face. She alleged Fox had pinned her oldest son to the floor in
August 2010. Knopp requested that the court order Fox to move out of the house she

                                               4
owned, and indicated she feared encountering Fox in the house as he had a handgun.
She declared she had not been home since returning to the United States. The court
issued temporary restraining orders, and set a hearing for June 1, 2011.
       2. Fox Opposition & Request for Costs
       On May 19, 2011, Fox filed an answer opposing the request. Fox denied all of
Knopp’s allegations. He asked the court to order Knopp to pay his attorney fees and out-
of-pocket expenses, asserting the temporary restraining order was issued without enough
supporting facts. Fox alleged it was in fact Knopp who had abused him in London, and
who continued to harass him by demanding he move out and by seeking a restraining
order on false information.
       3. Hearing, Dissolution of Order, & Attorney Fee Award
       On May 31, the day before the hearing, Knopp sent Fox a message indicating she
would not appear at the hearing and would let the temporary restraining order dissolve.
On June 1, 2011, the court held an Order to Show Cause hearing on Knopp’s petition.
Knopp did not appear. Fox appeared with counsel. The court dissolved the temporary
restraining order against Fox, dismissed the case without prejudice, and granted Fox’s
request for $1,000 in attorney fees. The court denied Fox’s request that the records in the
matter be sealed.
       Fox Restraining Order Against Knopp
       1. Petition
       On June 13, 2011, Fox filed his own petition seeking DVPA personal conduct,
stay away, and move out orders against Knopp. In an accompanying declaration, Fox
reported Knopp began abusing him in 2010, with the abuse escalating in 2011 and
leading to the London incident. Fox declared Knopp screamed at him, insulted him,
cornered him, blocked his movements, and waived her hands in his face in a threatening
manner. Fox recounted that during their London trip, Knopp grew increasingly irritable,
aggressive, and hostile with Fox, took his wristwatch she had previously given him as a
present, and eventually accosted him in their hotel room, throwing his possessions into
the hallway. As Fox frantically tried to call Knopp’s father (in the United States) for

                                             5
help, Knopp tried to grab Fox’s phone, hit him, kicked him, and punched him in the face,
causing his nose to bleed. Fox asserted that because he declined to press charges against
Knopp, she was released from custody in London. Fox secured his own hotel room and
returned to Los Angeles the next day. Fearing Knopp, he fled to his mother’s house in
Houston, Texas.
       Fox declared Knopp obtained a temporary restraining order against him to harass
him and retaliate for her arrest in London. Fox asserted Knopp continued to harass him
by refusing to grant him access to the house where they had previously lived together.
       2. Request for Restitution
       Fox also sought orders requiring Knopp to pay his monthly mortgage, tax,
insurance, and utility payments, totaling $9,000 per month; attorney fees and costs; and
out-of-pocket expenses and lost earnings caused by Knopp’s alleged abuse. His expenses
included London hotel costs; the cost of his flight to Houston; the cost of flying his
mother from Houston to Los Angeles to help him move; temporary housing and storage
costs; professional packing and moving services; a handgun storage fee since he had to
relinquish his firearm due to Knopp’s temporary restraining order against him; and the
cost of renting a post office box. He also sought reimbursement for expenses he incurred
in responding to Knopp’s temporary restraining order petition, including the cost of
flying his mother to town to testify, paying for his mother’s hotel accommodations, and
court parking for three witnesses who appeared in court to testify on his behalf.2 Fox
identified over $8,300 in out-of-pocket expenses. In addition, he sought over $1,000 in
costs associated with his petition for a restraining order against Knopp.
       Fox further sought lost earnings. According to Fox, he was unable to work
because he “fled” to his mother’s house in Texas to avoid Knopp. He could not work
from his home office once Knopp’s temporary restraining order went into effect. Fox
alleged he was unable to work for nearly one month because he was forced to arrange
new accommodations, move, and respond to the temporary restraining order, and

2      The record does not indicate any testimony was taken at the hearing.

                                             6
therefore had “virtually no time” to commute from Valencia to his office in Irvine.
Fox asserted he was terminated from his law firm job due to his extended absence from
work, and he was no longer employable because of the record of the temporary
restraining order. He requested that the court order Knopp to pay restitution of no less
than $20,000 per month.
       3. Issuance of Temporary Restraining Order
       On June 14, the court issued a temporary restraining order against Knopp.
The court granted personal conduct and stay away orders, but did not grant Fox’s request
for a move-out order. Knopp did not appear in court. The court set a July 6 hearing.
       4. Fox Supplemental Request for Restitution
       On July 6, Fox filed a supplemental declaration seeking additional expenses and
future costs he attributed to Knopp’s abuse, such as court filing fees, copying charges,
storage fees, court parking, fees for retrieving his handgun and obtaining firearm related
documentation, and fees associated with an application to expunge or seal court records.
       5. Knopp’s Failure to Respond & Issuance of Restraining Order
       Knopp was served with the restraining order on June 30. She did not respond to
the petition for a restraining order, or appear at the July 6 hearing. Fox told the court he
felt his safety was still at risk. The court issued a five-year restraining order against
Knopp. However, the court continued the hearing on Fox’s request for restitution to
August 11.
       Fox Motion for Restitution & Motion to Modify the June 1 Attorney Fee Award
       On July 15, Fox filed a formal motion for an order compelling Knopp to pay lost
past and future earnings ($48,300 past; $20,000/month future), and out-of-pocket
expenses he incurred as a result of Knopp’s abuse ($8,090), as well as the cost of
replacing his wristwatch ($650), and legal costs incurred in filing the restitution motion.
Although the court had previously awarded him $1,000 in attorney fees, Fox now asked
the court to order Knopp to pay an additional $1,000 so that he might recoup the full
$2,000 he paid his attorney to defend him against Knopp’s restraining order petition.



                                               7
       Fox separately filed a motion to modify the court’s June 1 order. Fox asked that
the payment be made directly to Fox, instead of to his attorney. Fox also asked the court
to order Knopp to pay $2,000, instead of $1,000, arguing the court committed legal error
in awarding only a portion of his fees.
       Knopp Motion to Set Aside the Fox Restraining Order Against Her
       1. Motion
       On September 20, Knopp filed a motion to set aside Fox’s restraining order
against her. Her application requested the following relief: “Request to set aside 07-06-
11 restraining order after hearing taken against respondent for her mistake, inadvertence,
surprise, and/or excusable neglect. Alternatively, equitable power of this court.” Knopp
contended she was served on June 30, the day before the fourth of July holiday weekend
and only two full court days before the scheduled hearing on Fox’s restraining order
petition. It was also the day she was leaving for a pre-planned vacation in Hawaii.
Although she attempted to contact and retain an attorney, she was unable to do so before
the July 6 hearing. In the body of the motion, Knopp requested that the court either set
aside the order entered by default due to Knopp’s mistake, inadvertence, or surprise
and/or excusable neglect, or exercise its equitable power to set aside the default due to
extrinsic fraud or extrinsic mistake. Knopp contended the policy of allowing litigants
their day in court was appropriately applied given “Knopp’s contention that Mr. Fox was
the perpetrator of domestic violence on the night of the incident in question, which
formed the basis for Mr. Fox’s restraining order.”
       2. Proposed Answer
       Knopp simultaneously filed a proposed answer to Fox’s petition for a restraining
order. In the proposed answer, Knopp denied ever threatening or attacking Fox. She
denied his version of the London incident. She further contended that even if some of
Fox’s allegations were true—such as verbal altercations at public places—they did not
rise to the level of domestic violence. Knopp declared she did not proceed with obtaining
a permanent restraining order against Fox because his family members had contacted her
and pleaded with her not to for fear that it would harm Fox’s legal career.

                                             8
       3. Fox Motion to Strike Proposed Answer
       On October 3, Fox moved to strike Knopp’s proposed answer to his restraining
order petition. Fox asserted Knopp improperly filed the answer, instead of merely
including a proposed answer with her set-aside motion. Fox also contended Knopp’s
answer and a supporting declaration contained statements that were improper
“inadmissible lay opinion testimony,” false, or improper because Knopp lacked personal
knowledge to make the statements, or the statements were hearsay.
       4. Fox Opposition to Set-Aside Motion
       On October 13, Fox filed an opposition to Knopp’s motion to set aside the
restraining order against her, and evidentiary objections to the Knopp declaration
supporting her set aside motion. Fox contended Knopp was delinquent in retaining
counsel, her set aside motion was untimely, she had not shown mistake, inadvertence,
surprise, or excusable neglect, and the interests of justice would be abused by allowing
her to belatedly respond to his restraining order petition.
       Knopp’s Second Petition for a Restraining Order Against Fox
       1. Petition
       On October 13, Knopp filed a new request for a restraining order against Fox.
In an accompanying declaration, Knopp declared Fox had a history of swearing and
screaming at her, calling her foul names, pushing her, spitting on her, throwing items at
her, and grabbing her hard enough to cause bruises. Knopp declared Fox had contacted
her even after obtaining the restraining order against her. According to Knopp, Fox sent
her a text message and called her. Knopp’s sister saw Fox at a UCLA football game at
which he sat around eight rows away from Knopp’s sister’s season ticket seats. Knopp
declared Fox knew she attended most games with her sister, and he knew the location of
her sister’s seats. Knopp further declared she had decided not to proceed with obtaining a
restraining order in May 2011 after speaking with Fox’s mother, who pleaded with her
not to, and after speaking with a friend who reported Fox said he would “bury” Knopp in
litigation if she continued to seek a permanent restraining order.



                                              9
       Knopp additionally recounted several incidents which took place between 2009
and 2011, in which Fox allegedly demonstrated violent anger, either toward Knopp, or in
connection with her.
       2. Fox Opposition
       On October 13, Fox filed an opposition to Knopp’s petition. Fox argued he had
not seen or spoken to Knopp since May 2011. He contended Knopp could not show
immediate danger, risk of irreparable harm, or any recent abuse. Fox declared that while
he attended the UCLA game in question, he did not encounter anyone in Knopp’s family
and made no attempt to do so. He asserted the text message was the result of a
“mechanical mishap” with his phone. He also denied ever calling Knopp, although he
allowed his phone may have inadvertently called her (“pocket-dialed”).
       3. Court Hearing on Temporary Orders
       At the October 13 hearing, the court declined to enter temporary restraining orders
against Fox and instead set the matter for hearing on October 26. The court indicated one
issue at the next hearing would be whether there was sufficient basis to continue Fox’s
restraining order against Knopp if he was in fact violating it himself by contacting her.
       4. Fox Answer and Further Opposition to Knopp Petition for Restraining Order
       On October 19, Fox filed an answer to Knopp’s “renewed” request for a
restraining order, and a second opposition to the request. His answer included
evidentiary objections to Knopp’s declaration. The opposition was accompanied by a
declaration from Fox’s brother attesting to Fox’s good nature, the brother’s failure to ever
observe Fox acting aggressively or violently with Knopp, and refuting portions of
Knopp’s declaration. Fox also submitted declarations from three friends who indicated
they had never seen Fox display any anger or aggressive behavior towards Knopp.
All three declared they had observed Fox had “moved on with his life,” he did not want
to communicate with Knopp, and he had a new girlfriend.




                                            10
       Evidentiary Hearing
       Knopp’s petition for a restraining order and motion to set aside Fox’s restraining
order were set for hearing. On December 7, the trial court denied Fox’s application to
have the records sealed from Knopp’s first restraining order petition. At ten court
sessions between December 7, 2011 and January 24, 2012, the court heard testimony
from Knopp, Fox, Knopp’s son, and Fox’s new girlfriend. The court accepted into
evidence the declarations of Fox’s brother and friend, in lieu of their testimony.
       Knopp’s adult son, Hunter Knopp, testified about an altercation he had with Fox in
2010. Hunter described Fox as angry and physically intimidating. According to Hunter,
when he did not remove a shooting target Fox had asked him to take down, Fox grew
increasingly angry, used expletives, then grabbed Hunter, spun him around, and grappled
with him. Hunter recounted he was “terrified,” and his girlfriend was screaming; both
told Fox he could not touch Hunter in that way. Hunter further testified he witnessed Fox
yelling at Knopp multiple times a week, and heard Fox calling his mother a “bitch” or
telling her to “shut the fuck up.” On cross-examination, he admitted he had never seen
Fox hit, push, or shove Knopp, or act physically aggressive with Knopp. Hunter said he
was afraid of Fox because Fox held grudges, had always been intimidating, and does not
give up.3
       Knopp testified about Fox’s prior abusive behavior and the London incident.
She said she did not respond to the Fox restraining order paperwork right away because
she felt overwhelmed, although she attempted to find counsel while in Hawaii. She
explained she renewed her request for a restraining order because she was “constantly
getting paperwork” from Fox, which felt like constant contact. In addition, the text


3      On cross-examination, Fox elicited testimony regarding Hunter’s membership in a
band that had morally repugnant song lyrics posted online. Fox also elicited testimony
suggesting Hunter depended on Knopp for financial support. Fox asked questions
intended to show that Hunter resented him. Hunter admitted that at the time of the
incident with Fox, he was shooting a pellet gun at a target in the direction of a neighbor’s
house. He also admitted that Fox did not pin him to the floor, as alleged in Knopp’s
declaration supporting her petition.

                                             11
message, telephone call, and UCLA game, were “too much,” and she wanted to be left
alone. Knopp said she was afraid of Fox. However, she admitted Fox moved out of her
house in May 2011. He had not attempted to move back into the house, he had never
shown up at her place of employment or threatened to do so, and he had not caused her
any physical harm since her restraining order was dissolved. She also admitted the two
had not spoken outside of the courthouse since May 2, 2011, in London. Knopp denied
any knowledge that Fox’s employer might monitor his e-mails, and denied that her e-mail
to his work address asking him to move out was intended to alert his employer to their
personal problems.
       Fox’s closing argument took place over three afternoon court sessions. Fox
argued Knopp acted out of revenge and to save face. He contended her accounts of his
violent behavior prior to May 2011 were false, refuted by his witnesses’ declarations,
proven false by certain details he had demonstrated were incorrect, rendered incredible
by the fact that she allowed him to move in with her after the events allegedly occurred,
and her versions were uncorroborated by any independent evidence. He argued her
account of the London incident was false, as refuted by, among other things, photographs
indicating they were having a good time on the trip, and evidence showing her statements
about even minor details – such as what they ate for dinner – were false. Fox additionally
asserted Knopp had no evidence of any recent abuse or even recent contact. He argued
his witnesses uniformly indicated he was not a violent or aggressive person, including his
new girlfriend.
       Fox described Knopp’s anger, which was directed at him, and which he attributed
to Knopp’s hormonal imbalance and PMS. Fox argued that during Knopp’s menstrual
cycle she would corner him, yell at him, get in his face, wave her hands in a threatening
manner, and frighten him. He alleged this behavior caused him to flee the house,
returning only after she was asleep.
       During Fox’s closing, the court again indicated it would consider whether to
continue Fox’s restraining order against Knopp, and invited him to discuss whether he
believed she still posed a threat to him. Fox argued the court should deny Knopp’s

                                            12
request that it “exercise its equitable powers to terminate the restraining order” because
he continued to fear she would harass and attack him. He explained: “While she has not
physically battered me in the last six months, I believe that the restraining order has
prevented her from doing so. On the other hand, she has sidestepped the restraining
orders to continue her campaign of harassment against me by filing two frivolous
restraining order actions based on false and fraudulent allegations. . . . I believe that if the
restraining order had not been in place, then she would have pursued other means to
harass me beyond filing frivolous lawsuits. Finally, she has given me threatening stares
throughout the duration of this trial.”
       Trial Court Ruling on the Restraining Orders
       On January 24, 2012, the court terminated Fox’s restraining order against Knopp.
The court indicated it found Knopp credible, and it did not believe Fox’s restraining order
against her was still necessary. The court explained it did not believe Fox was afraid of
Knopp or concerned about his safety. The court then granted a one-year restraining order
against Fox, indicating Knopp established Fox had engaged in a pattern of abusive
behavior that continued. On March 26, Fox filed a single notice of appeal from the trial
court order dissolving his restraining order against Knopp, and issuing a restraining order
against him.
       Knopp Request for Attorney Fees
       Knopp subsequently requested that the court award her $20,000 in attorney fees,
pursuant to Family Code section 6344. Fox opposed the request. Fox asserted Knopp
had not disclosed all of her income or the value of her assets in her income/expense
declaration. He contended she was financially capable of paying her own fees.
In contrast, Fox asserted he was unemployed, “homeless,” had no income except
unemployment insurance benefits, and he had no prospects for future employment.
He also argued the court could not award Knopp all of her attorney fees because, among
other reasons, the trial was not limited to her request for a restraining order and not all of
her costs were reasonably incurred.



                                              13
       Trial Court Ruling on Restitution and Fees
       1. Memorandum of Intended Decision
       On April 13, 2012, the court issued a memorandum of intended decision on the
attorney fee and cost issues.4 In the memorandum, the court found Fox had over-litigated
the matter. The court also concluded the matter required skill and restraint; Fox filed
“various non meritorious motions in all cases”; and Knopp was the prevailing party in
two of three cases. The court awarded Knopp $10,000 in attorney fees. It denied Fox’s
request for restitution, noting he failed to present any independent evidence that Knopp
caused him to lose his job. The court additionally ordered “all fees and costs are to be
paid by both parties,” and denied all other requests for restitution.
       2. Fox Objections and Response
       On April 23, Fox filed a statement of controverted issues and proposals not
covered in the tentative decision, and objections to the intended statement of decision.
Fox asserted the court had not ruled on his motion to modify the June 1, 2011 attorney
fee order, a motion to quash a subpoena Knopp issued before the evidentiary hearing, or
the motion to strike Knopp’s proposed answer. Fox also contended the court had not
signed an order allowing Fox to return to Knopp’s home to retrieve the remainder of his
belongings. In his objections, Fox disputed the applicability of several legal authorities
cited in the intended statement of decision. He asserted the court abused its discretion in
awarding Knopp attorney fees because he had no ability to pay them, and he did not have
notice that fees would be awarded under various code provisions cited in the court’s
statement. Fox further challenged the court’s decision in part by making distinctions

4      The court’s memorandum indicated: “The Memorandum of Intended Decision will
be the Statement of Decision unless within ten (10) days either party files and serves a
document that specifies controverted issues or makes proposals not covered in the
Tentative Decision as provided by California Rules of Court, Rule 3.1590(c). Pending
further order or entry of Judgment, the Tentative Decision constitutes the temporary
orders of the Court.” The memorandum concluded with the order: “The Clerk shall file
the Memorandum of Decision and Statement of Decision; and it shall be entered on the
register of actions. Pending entry of a formal order or judgment, this order is effective
when signed by the Court.”

                                             14
between costs that were, or were not, incurred in each “separate” proceeding, and by
identifying alleged misstatements of fact in which the court implied there was only one
case, rather than three.5 Fox contended he, not Knopp, was not the prevailing party in
two of three cases.
       The record contains no response to the statement of controverted issues or
objections. On June 15, Fox appealed from the attorney fee and costs order, in two
separate notices of appeal.
                                     DISCUSSION
I.     The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Issuing a Restraining Order
       Against Fox (Appeal 1: B243848)
       Fox challenges the restraining order issued against him. Fox contends: 1)
collateral estoppel barred Knopp from “re-litigating” the London incident; 2) substantial
evidence did not support the order; 3) the court made several incorrect and prejudicial
evidentiary rulings; and 4) the court committed prejudicial judicial misconduct.
We disagree and affirm the court’s order.6



5      For example, Fox disputed the court’s statement that he had filed non-meritorious
motions in all cases, in part because he “did not file any motions in LQ013051.” He also
argued Knopp did not establish she incurred any fees in connection with his motion to
expunge or seal the record in the first “case” in which she obtained a restraining order
against him, because the invoices before the court were limited to LQ013051.

6       The restraining order against Fox has expired. The appeal from the order is
therefore arguably moot. (Environmental Charter High School v. Centinela Valley Union
High School Dist. (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 139, 144.) We disagree with Fox’s contention
that review is still appropriate as a means to “clear his name.” However, Fox has also
appealed the trial court’s award of attorney fees to Knopp in connection with the issuance
of the restraining order against Fox. Although Fox’s separate appeal of that order is
based on arguments independent of the validity of the restraining order, we are mindful
that were we to conclude the restraining order was improperly issued, the attorney fee
award would also be invalid. For that reason, we consider this appeal. (Carson Citizens
For Reform v. Kawagoe (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 357, 365; Viejo Bancorp, Inc. v. Wood
(1989) 217 Cal.App.3d 200, 205-206.)


                                             15
       A. Collateral Estoppel
       Fox contends Knopp’s petition for a restraining order against him was “primarily
based” on the London incident. As such, he argues the facts of that dispute were litigated
and necessarily decided in his favor when the trial court issued the July 6 restraining
order against Knopp. Fox asserts Knopp could not re-litigate that incident to support her
own petition for a restraining order against Fox. Fox’s argument is unavailing. As an
initial matter, Fox forfeited any collateral estoppel defense by failing to assert it in the
trial court. (Franklin Mint Co. v. Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP (2010) 184
Cal.App.4th 313, 332.) He cannot now argue the trial court erred by “ignoring collateral
estoppel.”
       However, Fox also argues he could not raise collateral estoppel as a defense in the
trial court because his July 6 restraining order was not yet final. He thus asserts this court
should apply collateral estoppel for the first time on appeal to invalidate the Knopp
restraining order against him.7 (First N.B.S. Corp. v. Gabrielsen (1986) 179 Cal.App.3d
1189, 1195 (First N.B.S.).) We decline to apply collateral estoppel in the first instance on
appeal. Even assuming we could properly consider the restraining order issued against
Knopp as a separate action from her petition against him, and even if we agreed Fox was
excused from raising collateral estoppel in the trial court because the ruling was not final
until after the evidentiary hearing,8 we would then conclude the issue was not resolved


7       In his opening brief in this appeal, Fox asserts he could not raise collateral
estoppel because there was no final adjudication until the court denied Knopp’s set-aside
motion. Yet, in his reply brief in the appeal, Fox repeatedly contends the trial court
abused its discretion in “ignoring” collateral estoppel principles to bar Knopp from re-
litigating the London incident.

8       We note the time to appeal the Fox restraining order had expired when Knopp
initiated her second petition for a restraining order against Fox. The Fox restraining order
was issued and filed on July 6, 2011. Fox served the restraining order on Knopp on July
15, 2011. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.104(a)(1)(B) [60-day deadline to appeal begins
with service of file-stamped copy of appealable order].) Knopp had until September 13,
2011, to appeal the order. Fox cites no authority for the proposition that Knopp’s set-
aside motion, filed past the deadline to appeal, rendered the restraining order against her

                                              16
ultimately in Fox’s favor. (First N.B.S., supra, 179 Cal.App.3d at p. 1195 [when there
are two separate actions in different courts involving the same issues and parties, the first
final judgment may be collateral estoppel in the second action].) As discussed more fully
below, the trial court terminated Fox’s restraining order against Knopp. Although the
court rejected Knopp’s contention that her failure to respond to Fox’s petition was
excusable due to mistake or inadvertence, the court still terminated the restraining order
against her. On this record, we would not find the facts of the London incident were
litigated and decided in Fox’s favor as a basis to invalidate Knopp’s restraining order
against him based on collateral estoppel.
       B. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Issuing the Restraining
       Order Against Fox
       Fox contends the trial court abused its discretion in issuing a DVPA restraining
order against him because there was no substantial evidence of abuse. We find no abuse
of discretion. (S.M. v. E.P. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1249, 1264 (S.M.).) Under the
DVPA, the trial court may issue a restraining order “for the purpose of preventing a
recurrence of domestic violence and ensuring a period of separation of the persons
involved, if . . . an affidavit and any additional information provided to the court pursuant
to Section 6306, shows, to the satisfaction of the court, reasonable proof of a past act or
acts of abuse.” (Fam. Code, § 6300.) The DVPA defines abuse as “ ‘any of the
following: [¶] (a) Intentionally or recklessly to cause or attempt to cause bodily injury[;]
[¶] (b) Sexual assault[;] [¶] (c) To place a person in reasonable apprehension of
imminent serious bodily injury to that person or to another[;] [¶] (d) To engage in any
behavior that has been or could be enjoined pursuant to Section 6320.’ (§ 6203.) The
behaviors outlined in section 6320 include ‘molesting, attacking, striking, stalking,
threatening, sexually assaulting, battering, harassing, telephoning, including, but not



not final for collateral estoppel purposes, or more to the point, that this excused him from
raising collateral estoppel in the trial court.


                                             17
limited to, annoying telephone calls as described in Section 653m of the Penal Code,
destroying personal property, contacting, either directly or indirectly, by mail or
otherwise, coming within a specified distance of, disturbing the peace of the other party,
and, in the discretion of the court, on a showing of good cause, of other named family or
household members.’ (§ 6320, subd. (a).)” (S.M., supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at p. 1264.)
       Knopp presented evidence at the hearing that Fox engaged in a pattern of violent
and harassing behavior throughout their relationship, including yelling at her and pushing
her. She offered evidence that he caused her bodily injury in London by pinning her
against a furniture cabinet in their hotel room during an argument. She further offered
evidence that when she asked him to move out of her house, he responded in part by
asserting she could not force him to leave. She additionally offered evidence that since
obtaining his own restraining order, Fox had called her telephone, sent her a text
message, and appeared to be attempting to encounter her at a football game. This
evidence was sufficient to allow the court to find past acts of abuse within the meaning of
the statute.
       Fox asserts Knopp’s evidence was contradicted and not credible. However, we do
not reweigh the evidence or second guess the trial court’s credibility determinations.
When the evidence supports two or more reasonable inferences, we accept the inference
supporting the trial court order. (Citizens Business Bank v. Gevorgian (2013) 218
Cal.App.4th 602, 613.) We disagree that Knopp’s evidence was inherently improbable or
physically impossible, or that its falsity was apparent “without resorting to inferences or
deductions,” such that we may disagree with the trial court’s determination that the
evidence was credible. (Evje v. City Title Ins. Co. (1953) 120 Cal.App.2d 488, 492.)
       We also reject Fox’s contention that the trial court improperly overruled his
objections to Knopp’s evidence of pre-2011 incidents. Fox asserts these incidents were
irrelevant because they were too distant; some were irrelevant because they did not
demonstrate abuse against Knopp; and some constituted improper character evidence.
Yet, the court could reasonably conclude the challenged evidence was relevant, either to



                                             18
show direct abuse against Knopp or to provide context for her allegations. Fox’s
objections to the evidence concerned its weight, not its admissibility.9
       This was not a jury trial. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding
the probative value of evidence of pre-2011 incidents would not be outweighed by its
potential prejudice. (In re Jose M. (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 1470, 1481.) In addition, the
record does not establish that Fox made any objections based on improper character
evidence. His failure to object on that ground forfeits the argument on appeal.10 (SCI
California Funeral Services, Inc. v. Five Bridges Foundation (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th
549, 564-565; People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 437 [relevance and Evid. Code,
§ 352 objection did not preserve argument that evidence was inadmissible under Evid.
Code, §§ 1101 & 1102].)
       We also disagree with Fox’s contention that evidence of incidents prior to the
London incident were not substantial evidence of abuse. For the reasons explained
above, we reject the argument that evidence of incidents prior to May 2011 was not
substantial because it was not credible. Further, we disagree that, to the extent the
incidents formed a basis for the trial court finding that Fox had engaged in past acts of
abuse, the finding was improper. Take, for example, two incidents Knopp testified about
at the hearing: a 2009 incident in which Fox yelled at Knopp, grabbed her shoulders, and
pushed her, and a 2011 incident in which Fox screamed at Knopp, pushed her, and hit her
hands. These incidents were not exceedingly remote. They involved Fox’s behavior


9      The trial court did not err in refusing to take judicial notice of superior court or
law enforcement websites stating that to secure a DVPA restraining order, the petitioner
must have evidence of abuse occurring recently, or within 30 days. The trial court
correctly stated the DVPA and corresponding case law would govern its decisions.

10      Moreover, with respect to at least two of the incidents—Fox’s altercation with a
patron at a restaurant and his run-in with law enforcement during a river rafting trip—the
trial court could reasonably conclude Knopp did not offer these incidents as evidence of
Fox’s propensity to engage in violent behavior. Instead, her declaration and testimony
suggested that even though Fox was angry because of a situation unrelated to Knopp, his
response was to verbally abuse her.

                                             19
with Knopp. They described Fox engaging in acts of physical aggression against Knopp.
The trial court could properly find these incidents were past acts of abuse, particularly
when considered with all of the evidence.
       In sum, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in issuing a restraining order
against Fox.
       C. There Was No Judicial Misconduct
       Fox asserts prejudicial judicial misconduct deprived him of a fair hearing. Claims
of judicial misconduct must be raised in the trial court to be preserved for appellate
review. (People v. Snow (2003) 30 Cal.4th 43, 78; Metzenbaum v. Metzenbaum (1950)
96 Cal.App.2d 197, 199-200.) Fox failed to object on this ground in the trial court, and
has therefore forfeited the argument.
       But even had Fox objected below, we would reject his claim. We have reviewed
the record in its entirety and find no support for his contention. We have found no error
in the trial court’s rulings and thus disagree that the court was “unfaithful to the law.”
Fox asserts the court was intemperate with him. Yet, our review of the record suggests
the court was in fact remarkably tolerant, given Fox’s focus on minor impeachment
details during cross-examinations, his persistence in arguing points the court indicated it
did not find relevant or useful, and the leeway the court gave him in fully arguing his case
over multiple court sessions. The court also repeatedly praised the efforts of Fox and
Knopp’s counsel. To the extent the court urged Fox to be more efficient, this was not
judicial misconduct. (Bates v. Newman (1953) 121 Cal.App.2d 800, 810 [comments such
as the trial had been “unduly prolonged,” or “‘You don’t have to spend so much detail on
it’” were not improper or prejudicial, even if preserved for review].) The record simply
does not support Fox’s assertion that the court tried to coerce a settlement, or that the
court unreasonably interfered with witness examinations. Nor does it offer any support
for his claim that the court was biased against him. There was no judicial misconduct.




                                              20
II.    The Trial Court Did Not Err in Terminating the Restraining Order Against
       Knopp (Appeal 2: B240449)
       Fox asserts the trial court exceeded its jurisdiction in terminating his restraining
order against Knopp because Knopp never moved to terminate the order. To the extent
the court construed Knopp’s set-aside motion as requesting termination of the order, and
granted the motion, Fox asserts the court erred because the motion could not be so
construed, Knopp did not show termination was warranted, and the trial court improperly
shifted the burden of proof. In either case, Fox argues his due process rights to notice
and hearing were violated. We find no error.
       A. Background
       The trial court granted Fox’s petition for a restraining order against Knopp on July
6, 2011, after Knopp failed to oppose the petition or appear in court. On September 20,
2011, Knopp filed a motion asking the court to set aside the restraining order. The
motion was based on Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b). The notice of
motion indicated Knopp asked the court to set aside the restraining order “after hearing
taken against respondent for her mistake, inadvertence, surprise, and/or excusable
neglect,” or, in the alternative: “equitable power of this court.”
       By October 13, 2011, there were multiple matters before the court requiring
hearing. Knopp’s petition for a restraining order was set for hearing on October 26.
At the October 13 hearing, the court indicated that at the October 26 hearing it would
consider whether there was sufficient basis to continue a restraining order against Fox, in
light of the allegation that he had contacted Knopp since the order issued. Later at the
October 13 hearing, the court commented: “The only restraining order in effect at this
point, however, is the court did grant Mr. Fox a restraining order, a five-year restraining
order against Ms. Knopp. Whether or not that continues and where we go from here, we
will have a hearing on that matter.”
       During Fox’s closing argument on January 24, 2012, he argued against Knopp’s
petition for a restraining order, then stated he would turn his arguments to the set-aside
motion. The court asked: “Are you prepared to argue whether or not I should dismiss?

                                              21
Because you also ask for equitable relief for her restraining order - - for your restraining
order against her not only to be set aside, but also for any and all equitable relief, and the
court interpreted that to mean to include my ability to terminate because there is no
longer a risk of threat to your safety and well-being.” In response to Fox’s remarks, the
court clarified that Knopp had asked for that relief. The court advised Fox to argue the
point, adding: “Okay? Whether or not you still believe that there is an ongoing threat to
your safety and well-being for your restraining order against Ms. Knopp.” As Fox began
to argue Knopp had not established any inadvertence, mistake, or surprise, the court
interrupted and indicated it would not grant the motion to set aside the restraining order
due to mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or fraud.11 But the court continued: “As to the
issue as to whether or not to continue the temporary restraining order because you believe
that you are still in threat of your well-being threatened by her actions and to continue the
restraining order, you may argue that.” The court interrupted again to ask: “Do you want
an opportunity to argue as to why not that restraining order – because [Knopp’s counsel]
did ask for any and all equitable relief . . . .” Fox responded he felt the argument would
be “covered by the remaining part of the presentation.” The court answered: “Okay. I
just want to give you an opportunity to argue that, because you did ask for equitable relief
as to why shouldn’t the court consider terminating the restraining order against her at this
point, and the court pursuant to the Family Code can terminate at any time upon written
motion and an opportunity to be heard, and if there has ever been a case pursuant to the
Domestic Violence Prevention Act for this court to believe that both parties have had an
opportunity to be fully heard on that issue, it’s this case.”




11      The court indicated its “tentative” was to deny the set-aside motion, explaining:
“There is nothing to indicate mistake, inadvertence, surprise, fraud. She knew she was
supposed to be in court. She gives no legal excuse or reason why she was not in court.
The motion to set aside, he doesn’t need to argue that. He’s well argued it, and I will
give you an opportunity, [Knopp’s counsel], to argue it again, but he’s argued it again
fully in briefs, and I don’t need a Powerpoint presentation, Mr. Fox, to argue. It’s been
well-argued in your briefs. You can move on.”

                                              22
       Fox did not immediately address the point. However, he later explicitly argued
the question. Fox contended he continued to fear that Knopp would “harass and attack”
him, and “while she has not physically battered me in the last six months, I believe that
the restraining order has prevented her from doing so.” He also asserted Knopp had
harassed him by filing frivolous and false restraining order petitions; he felt that she
would have harassed him further without the restraining order against him; and she had
given him threatening stares throughout the trial.
       B. Applicable Legal Principles
       Under Family Code section 6345, subdivision (a), a DVPA restraining order is
“subject to termination or modification by further order of the court either on written
stipulation filed with the court or on the motion of a party.” As explained in Loeffler v.
Medina (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1495, 1503 (Loeffler), “[a] domestic violence restraining
order is a type of injunction, as it is an ‘order requiring a person to refrain from a
particular act.’ [Citation.]” Code of Civil Procedure section 533 explains when the court
may modify or dissolve an injunction: “In any action, the court may on notice modify or
dissolve an injunction or temporary restraining order upon a showing that there has been
a material change in the facts upon which the injunction or temporary restraining order
was granted, that the law upon which the injunction or temporary restraining order was
granted has changed, or that the ends of justice would be served by the modification or
dissolution of the injunction or temporary restraining order.”
       It is well established that trial courts have inherent authority to modify or dissolve
injunctions. As explained in Sontag Chain Stores Co. v. Superior Court (1941) 18
Cal.2d 92, 94, a preventative injunction, “although purporting on its face to be
permanent, is in essence of an executory or continuing nature, creating no right but
merely assuming to protect a right from unlawful and injurious interference. Such a
decree, it has uniformly been held, is always subject, upon a proper showing, to
modification or dissolution by the court which rendered it. The court’s power in this
respect is an inherent one. Its action is determined by the facts and circumstances of each
particular case, with a view to administering justice between the litigants, and it has the

                                              23
power to modify or vacate its decree when the ends of justice will be thereby served.”
(Id. at pp. 94-95; see also Green Trees Enterprises, Inc. v. Palm Springs Alpine Estates,
Inc. (1967) 66 Cal.2d 782, 788-789; Union Interchange, Inc. v. Savage (1959) 52 Cal.2d
601, 604-605; Welsch v. Goswick (1982) 130 Cal.App.3d 398, 404-405.) We will not
disturb a trial court ruling terminating a restraining order absent an abuse of discretion.
(Loeffler, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 1505.)
       C. The Trial Court Could Properly Construe Knopp’s Set-Aside Motion as
       Alternatively Seeking Termination of the Fox DVPA Restraining Order
       The trial court could properly construe Knopp’s set-aside motion as requesting
termination of the Fox restraining order as one form of potential relief. As the court
pointed out, in addition to seeking an opportunity to oppose the Fox petition for a
restraining order, Knopp sought “equitable relief,” and, more generally, to “set aside” the
Fox order. The court was not required to ignore the overall circumstances of this case in
determining what Knopp meant in her request for other “equitable relief” in the set-aside
motion. In addition to the set-aside motion, Knopp also filed her own request for a
restraining order against Fox. Knopp’s petition contended Fox not only engaged in past
acts of abuse, he had continued to contact Knopp or attempt to encounter her, suggesting
he no longer needed a restraining order to be protected from her. Although Knopp’s set-
aside motion did not also reference Family Code section 6345, subdivision (a), under the
circumstances the trial court could reasonably construe the set-aside motion as
alternatively seeking termination of the Fox restraining order.
       D. The Court Could Act on its Own Motion
       Moreover, even if we view the court’s termination of the Fox restraining order as
an action taken on the court’s own motion, we are not persuaded this was error. Family
Code section 6345, subdivision (a) describes DVPA restraining orders as subject to
termination on written stipulation or on motion of a party. However, that a statute does
not expressly state the court may take a described action on its own motion does not
necessarily mean the court is prohibited from doing so.



                                             24
       For example, in Le Francois v. Goel (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1094, our high court
concluded that although Code of Civil Procedure sections 437c and 1008 limit the
parties’ ability to make renewed motions for summary judgment, they did not limit the
court’s ability to act on its own motion to correct errors. The court noted that interpreting
the statutes to restrict the court’s authority to act on its own motion to correct its own
errors “might go too far. If interpreted to limit the court’s ability to reconsider its own
rulings, these statutes might, as one court concluded, ‘emasculate the judiciary’s core
power to decide controversies between parties. The legislative restriction of a court’s
ability to sua sponte reconsider its own rulings is not merely a reasonable regulation on
judicial functions. Instead, such a restriction would directly and materially impair and
defeat the court’s most basic functions, exercising its discretion to rule upon
controversies between the parties and ensuring the orderly administration of justice.
Courts are empowered to decide controversies, a power derived from the state
constitution. We are hard pressed to conceive of a restriction that goes more directly to
the heart of a court’s constitutionally mandated functions. . . .’ [Citation.]” (Le Francois
v. Goel, supra, at pp. 1104-1105.)
       The principle that the court has the responsibility to adjudicate controversies
between the parties and ensure the orderly administration of justice is applicable here.
A DVPA restraining order is not set in stone until it expires. It may be modified. The
court concluded Knopp did not adequately show inadvertence or mistake in failing to
respond to the Fox petition for a restraining order. But under the circumstances of this
case, which included Knopp’s petition for a restraining order against Fox based in part on
conduct occurring since the issuance of the Fox restraining order, the court was carrying
out its basic function of adjudicating the controversy between the parties and
administering justice by acting on its own motion to consider whether the Fox restraining
order should be terminated. (See Wolf v. Board of Supervisors (1907) 150 Cal. 285, 288
[suggesting a court may on its own motion dissolve or modify ex parte preliminary
injunction when it becomes satisfied the order was improvidently or erroneously made];
Ward v. McKinsey (1929) 98 Cal.App. 108, 112.) The nature of the controversy was such

                                              25
that the question was squarely before the court, and was fully litigated. Further, as
discussed below, Fox received sufficient notice and opportunity to be heard before the
court ruled on the question.
       E. No Prejudicial Due Process Error
       We disagree that the court’s action deprived Fox of his due process rights to notice
and a hearing, whether viewed as the court acting on its own motion or based on its
interpretation of Knopp’s set-aside motion as also seeking termination of the restraining
order. Fox had significant advance notice that the court would consider terminating his
restraining order. On October 13, nearly two months before the first day of testimony in
the evidentiary hearing, the court twice indicated it would consider whether the Fox
restraining order should be terminated. Fox did not object. The trial court’s statement
was consistent with what was obviously the ultimate goal of Knopp’s “set-aside”
motion—the dissolution of Fox’s restraining order against her—even if it did not
explicitly mention “termination” of the order. (See In re Marriage of Petropoulos (2001)
91 Cal.App.4th 161, 178.)
       Subsequently, during closing arguments, the trial court explicitly stated it
understood Knopp’s motion as requesting termination of the Fox restraining order. Fox
did not object. Instead, he argued the matter. (See Eliceche v. Federal Land Bank Assn.
(2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1349, 1375 [errors in notice waived by appearance and argument
on merits at hearing].) The evidence presented at the hearing concerned the relationship
between the parties, the events leading up to the legal proceedings, and what had
happened since the court issued a restraining order against Knopp. Inherent in Knopp’s
arguments and evidence supporting her request for a restraining order was a contention
that she needed protecting from Fox, and that Fox did not need protection from her.
These issues were exhaustively briefed and litigated. Even if Fox was unaware until
closing arguments that the court might terminate his restraining order, he has not
established he was prejudiced by not receiving more advance notice. (In re Angela C.
(2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 389, 394-395 [harmless error analysis for due process error].)



                                            26
And, under the circumstances, the argument that he did not receive adequate hearing on
the issue is without merit. (See In re Marriage of Petropoulous, supra, at p. 179.)
       F. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Terminating the Order
       We also find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s termination of the Fox
restraining order on the merits of the ruling. (Loeffler, supra,174 Cal.App.4th at p.
1505.) As noted above, a court may terminate a DVPA order on a showing of a material
change in facts upon which the order was granted, a change in law, or that the ends of
justice would be served by dissolution of the order. (Id. at p. 1503.) When the court
issued the Fox restraining order on July 6, the evidence before it indicated Knopp had, at
unspecified times, acted in an angry and confrontational manner with Fox; during the
London trip she yelled at Fox, swore at him, perhaps took his watch, and eventually
battered him; she filed a “frivolous” restraining order against him which led to serious
repercussions such as Fox’s homelessness and termination from his job; and she had not
permitted him to enter her house or backyard to search for or retrieve his possessions.
       All of these facts came into question in the litigation of Knopp’s second request
for a restraining order. The trial court, upon hearing all of the evidence, did not believe
Fox’s contention that he feared Knopp in confrontations with her. Substantial evidence
supported the trial court’s conclusions in Knopp’s favor. In Knopp’s account, which the
trial court credited, Fox had a history of aggressive and violent outbursts against Knopp.
He engaged with Knopp physically in London, pinning her against furniture. Despite the
London incident, Fox attempted to reconcile with Knopp. But when Knopp asked Fox to
move out of her house, he responded with threats of legal action. After securing his own
restraining order against Knopp, Fox subsequently contacted her and appeared to be
attempting to encounter her at a sporting event she was likely to attend. The court voiced
its observation that Fox attempted to demean and humiliate Knopp in court.
       Thus, the factual basis of Fox’s restraining order was undermined, particularly
with respect to his alleged continuing fear of abuse. In addition, in support of his
restraining order, Fox had claimed that a primary source of Knopp’s abuse and
harassment was her pursuit of a temporary restraining order. Yet by the time of the trial

                                             27
court ruling in January 2012, Knopp’s temporary restraining order had long since
dissolved. There was evidence that since the issuance of Fox’s restraining order, Fox had
not seen Knopp. Knopp had not contacted him. The two had not spoken. The only
evidence of contact between the two parties came from Fox’s text and telephone call to
Knopp, which he claimed were inadvertent, and the apparent attempted contact by Fox
when he attended a UCLA game. This evidence supported a finding that circumstances
had sufficiently changed so that Fox no longer had a reasonable fear of abuse or
harassment from Knopp. (Loeffler, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 1507.)
       The trial court considered the evidence presented as to the parties’ relationship, the
evidence presented by both sides regarding past altercations, and the events occurring
since the issuance of the Fox restraining order. The court determined the evidence
supported the issuance of a restraining order against Fox. The court could also
reasonably conclude there had been a material change in facts justifying the termination
of the restraining order against Knopp, or that the ends of justice would be served by
terminating the Fox restraining order. (See New Tech Developments v. Bank of Nova
Scotia (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 1065, 1073 [no abuse of discretion in dissolving
preliminary injunction where initial issuance was contrary to statutory law; “The ends of
justice are not served if the aggrieved parties cannot obtain relief from an improperly
issued preliminary injunction.”].)
       G. Knopp’s Proposed Answer
       We need not consider Fox’s arguments regarding the filing of Knopp’s proposed
answer to the Fox petition. Even if the trial court erred in refusing to strike Knopp’s
proposed answer, the only errors reversible on appeal are prejudicial ones. In light of the
testimony at trial, which included the matters asserted in the proposed answer, and the
resolution of the proceedings in this case, we fail to see how any error in the court’s
refusal to strike the proposed answer was one that affected the outcome of the
proceedings in any way. (Cassim v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 780, 800-801;
Century Surety Co. v. Polisso (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 922, 963; see also In re Marriage
of Davenport (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1526 [trial court is presumed to ignore

                                             28
material it knows is incompetent or inadmissible; if court states it will ignore evidence,
we presume it did so].)
III.   The Trial Court Did Not Err in Denying Fox’s Request for Attorney Fees and
       Restitution/Costs (Appeal 3: B242041)
       Fox contends he was entitled to attorney fees and restitution as the prevailing party
in his petition for a restraining order against Knopp. He also asserts the trial court
prejudicially erred by failing to act on his statement of controverted issues or objections
to the court’s statement of intended decision. We disagree.
       A. Background
       i. Attorney Fees
       Fox sought attorney fees in connection with Knopp’s initial May 2011 petition for
a DVPA restraining order. According to Fox, he appeared at the June 1 hearing with a
written declaration supporting his request for attorney fees and a completed income and
expense declaration. However his attorney did not prepare an attorney declaration
supporting the request for attorney fees. The court awarded Fox $1,000 in attorney fees
(June 1 order).
       On July 15, 2011, Fox filed a motion seeking modification of the court’s June 1
attorney fee order. Invoking the court’s powers under Code of Civil Procedure sections
128, subdivision (a)(8) and 1008, Fox asked the court to modify the June 1 order to make
the $1,000 fee payable to Fox instead of to his attorney. He claimed his attorney had
failed to enforce the order against Knopp, and Fox had already paid the attorney $2,000.
Fox also asked the court to increase the award to $2,000, to correct legal error. Fox
asserted the court awarded only $1,000 based on a local rule requiring that an attorney
declaration accompany requests for fees in excess of $1,000. Fox contended this rule
conflicted with Family Code section 6345, subdivision (a).
       The motion to modify was set for hearing on August 11, but was continued.
As detailed above, many proceedings took place in the months that followed, but Fox’s
request for a modification of the June 1 order was not explicitly mentioned again until
Fox’s closing argument on January 23, 2012. When Fox began to argue regarding the

                                             29
dissolved temporary restraining order Knopp initially secured against him, the court
asked what modification to the attorney fee order Fox was requesting. Fox requested that
the court change the amount and make the award payable to him. Knopp’s counsel
objected that Fox had not complied with local rules.
       The court then ruled: “Well, as to changing the payee, I don’t have a problem with
that, that’s fine. I will change it to you, Mr. Fox, but as to the amount, the amount stays
at $1,000. That concludes that matter.” Fox protested he had not had a chance to argue
why the amount should be changed. The court suggested the issue could be argued
“sometime today.” However, the matter was not raised again until a February 10 hearing.
Fox informed the court: “Your Honor, I did note that there were a couple of matters that I
believe are unresolved that did not appear on the calendar today that should probably be –
I presume they would be heard that same day? . . . . They are in the matter of PQ012078,
a motion to modify the court’s June 1, 2011, order. I don’t believe that one’s ever been
argued or resolved.” The court responded: “Okay. That will be put back on calendar,
and argued and resolved on that day.” At the next hearing date, the parties largely
submitted on their papers. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court indicated it
would make a “complete written ruling as to everything in all three cases.” The eventual
written decision did not mention Fox’s motion to modify the June 1 order.
       ii. Restitution/Costs
       On June 13, 2011, in connection with his petition for a restraining order against
Knopp, Fox requested court costs and “payment for costs and services.” As detailed
above, in an accompanying declaration he sought legal costs, lost earnings, and other
costs he attributed to Knopp’s “abuse.” His request as of June 13 totaled $8,363.12 in
“out-of-pocket expenses,” and $20,000 per month in lost earnings “going forward.”
Included in the out-of-pocket expenses was the $2,000 Fox paid to an attorney to defend
him against Knopp’s temporary restraining order petition.




                                             30
       On July 6, Fox filed a supplemental declaration supporting his request for out-of-
pocket expenses. He declared his expenses now totaled $9,860.05. At the July 6 hearing,
the trial court continued the hearing on Fox’s request for costs to August 11. The court
ordered Fox to provide Knopp with notice of the restitution hearing.
       On July 15, Fox filed a formal motion seeking out-of-pocket expenses and lost
earnings. Supporting the motion were his previously-filed declaration and supplemental
declaration regarding costs. In the motion, Fox sought $1,000 in attorney fees, $8,090.05
in out-of-pocket expenses, $48,300 in past lost earnings, $20,000 per month in future lost
earnings, and $650 in replacement costs for his wristwatch. Fox argued that under
Family Code section 6344, Knopp’s “tactics” in obtaining a retaliatory temporary
restraining order based on false allegations justified a court award of full attorney fees.
Fox again argued the trial court erred in awarding only $1,000 at the June 1 hearing.
       The court denied Fox’s restitution claims in its written statement of decision.
The decision included a finding that Knopp prevailed in two of three cases. The court
also found Fox “overly litigated” the case, filed non-meritorious motions, and failed to
present independent evidence that Knopp caused him to lose his job.12
       B. Applicable Legal Principles
       Family Code section 6342, subdivision (a) provides, in relevant part: “After notice
and a hearing, the court may issue any of the following orders: (1) An order that
restitution be paid to the petitioner for loss of earnings and out-of-pocket expenses,
including, but not limited to, expenses for medical care and temporary housing, incurred
as a direct result of the abuse inflicted by the respondent or any actual physical injuries
sustained from the abuse. (2) An order that restitution be paid by the petitioner for out-
of-pocket expenses incurred by a party as a result of an ex parte order that is found by the
court to have been issued on facts shown at a noticed hearing to be insufficient to support



12     Although it appears the court did not enter a final formal order, we exercise our
discretion to treat the court’s written and signed memorandum of decision as a final
appealable order. (Sarah B. v. Floyd B. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 938, 940, fn. 2.)

                                             31
the order.” Subdivision (b) makes clear however that “[a]n order for restitution under
this section shall not include damages for pain and suffering.”
          Under Family Code section 6344, subdivision (a), “[a]fter notice and a hearing,
the court may issue an order for the payment of attorney’s fees and costs of the prevailing
party.”
          C. Discussion
          i. The Trial Court Did Not Deny an “Unoppposed Attorney Fee Motion”
          Fox asserts the trial court erred in denying his “unopposed fee motion” for $1,000.
Yet, no such motion was properly pending before the court. Fox already had a trial court
order requiring Knopp to pay an attorney fee award of $1,000 in connection with her
dissolved temporary restraining order. This was the only matter in which Fox was
represented by counsel. Fox’s subsequent motion related to that award was a motion to
“modify,” which was in essence a motion for reconsideration. Fox also incorporated the
same fee request in his later motions for restitution, which was improper, since he had
already been awarded the fees he was requesting, but in an amount he found
unsatisfactory. The trial court was under no obligation to consider the issue anew simply
because Fox incorporated the request in a different motion.
          The trial court denied Fox’s motion to modify the June 1 fee award to increase it
to $2,000. On appeal, Fox does not challenge the trial court’s denial of his motion to
modify, or reconsider, the previous award. Instead, he argues only that the trial court
should have “awarded” him $1,000 in attorney fees in its final decision. But the trial
court properly refused to ignore the fact that the fees he was requesting were the subject
of a prior trial court order. Fox could not get around the June 1 order by simply asking
for the fees again.
          ii. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Denying Fox’s Restitution
          Requests
          Fox also contends the trial court erred in denying his claims for restitution. His
contentions are premised on the argument that he “prevailed” at three stages of the
litigation: when Knopp’s first temporary restraining order against him was dissolved after

                                                32
she failed to appear; when the court issued a restraining order against Knopp; and when
the court denied Knopp’s motion to set aside Fox’s restraining order against her due to
her mistake, inadvertence, or surprise.
       We reject the idea that under this ultimately misleading characterization of the
proceedings, the trial court should have granted Fox’s claims for restitution. With respect
to Knopp’s first petition for a restraining order against Fox, the trial court never found
that it was issued on facts shown at a noticed hearing to be insufficient to support the
order. (Fam. Code, § 6342, subd. (a)(2).) The order was dissolved because Knopp did
not appear to prosecute it. The matter was dismissed without prejudice. No restitution
would have been properly awarded in connection with that first petition.
       As to Fox’s restraining order against Knopp, we need not ignore the reality of
what actually occurred. Restitution awards are not mandatory under the DVPA. On his
petition for a restraining order against Knopp, Fox was a successful petitioner, for a time.
But the trial court terminated the Fox restraining order following a full evidentiary
hearing. While Fox’s restraining order was granted based on his evidence alone, the
order was subsequently terminated after all of the evidence was tested. The trial court, in
its role adjudicating a controversy between the parties, did not find Fox credible.
We have found no error in the trial court’s ruling terminating the restraining order against
Knopp. Viewed in this light, Fox did not prevail in any meaningful or practical sense,
and the court could reasonably determine no restitution order was appropriate. (See
Graciano v. Robinson Ford Sales Inc. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 140, 150-151 (Graciano)
[in absence of legislative definition of “prevailing party” court has discretion to make
determination on a practical level, analyzing which party realized its litigation
objectives]; Galan v. Wolfriver Holding Corp. (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 1124, 1129;
Heather Farms Homeowners Assn. v. Robinson (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 1568, 1574; see
also Sole v. Wyner (2007) 551 U.S. 74, 83, 86 [under 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983, 1988, party
who receives preliminary injunction that is eventually reversed or dissolved by final
decision in case is not prevailing party for purposes of attorney fees].)



                                             33
       We also disagree that the continuance of the hearing on Fox’s restitution requests
was improper. In light of the significant amount of the requests, the trial court could
reasonably postpone ruling on the motions until the issues necessary to a ruling were
fully litigated. Consistent with the court’s authority to manage its courtroom and
efficiently use judicial resources, the court was not required to hear the restitution issues
separately from the related issues in the parallel matters. (Elkins v. Superior Court
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 1337, 1357-1358 [“ ‘Matters of domestic relations are of the
utmost importance to the parties involved and also to the people of the State of
California . . . . To this end a trial judge should not determine any issue that is presented
for his consideration until he has heard all competent, material, and relevant evidence the
parties desire to introduce.’ [Citation.]]”; Rutherford v. Owens-Illinois, Inc. (1997)
16 Cal.4th 953, 967 [courts have inherent authority to manage proceedings and control
pending litigation].)
       We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of Fox’s motion for
restitution.
       iii. The Trial Court’s Lack of Explicit Action on Fox’s Objections and
       Statement of Controverted Issues is Not Reversible Error
       Following trial on the primary issues raised by Knopp’s motion to set aside the
Fox restraining order, and her petition for a restraining order against Fox, the court held
separate proceedings on the “financial issues.” After briefing and argument, the court
issued a “memorandum of intended decision on the issue of attorneys’ fees and costs.”
Fox filed a “statement of controverted issues and proposals not covered in tentative
decision” and objections to the proposed decision. There is no indication in the record
that the court took any explicit action on Fox’s objections or statement of controverted
issues. On appeal, Fox argues, without detail, that the court abused its discretion “and
demonstrated prejudicial bias” in failing to order a hearing on his objections and
statement, or otherwise address them. He contends the court’s failure to act denied him a
“fair, unbiased and well-reasoned decision and the recovery of fees and restitution to
which he proved entitlement with uncontradicted evidence.”

                                              34
       There is no merit to Fox’s argument. First, the trial court was not required to issue
a statement of decision on the attorney fee award or cost issues. (In re Marriage of
Falcone and Fyke (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 964, 981; In re Marriage of Fong (2011) 193
Cal.App.4th 278, 293-294.) Thus, even if deficient, we fail to see how any error
associated with the statement of decision could be reversible error. But, even assuming
the trial court’s act in issuing the statement of intended decision required it to comply
with the rules of court applicable to formal statements of decision, we still find no
reversible error.
       Under California Rules of Court, rule 3.1590, subdivision (k): “The court may
order a hearing on proposals or objections to a proposed statement of decision or the
proposed judgment.” The court is not required to hold such a hearing. Similarly,
contrary to Fox’s assertion, the court was not required to issue a revised statement of
decision in response to his objections or his statement of controverted issues. (See Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 3.1590, subd. (c) [court may direct that tentative decision will
become the statement of decision unless party specifies controverted issues or makes
proposals within 10 days; rule does not state requirements for court response to party’s
submission].) As in all appeals, unless rebutted, there is a presumption that the trial court
carries out its duties, including the duty to consider arguments properly presented to it.
(Evid. Code, § 664.) In this case, we must construe the court’s decision not to formally
respond to Fox’s objections or statement of controverted issues as simply a rejection of
those objections and issues raised.
       While better practice might be to expressly deny the objections or reject the claim
that the statement of decision failed to resolve specific issues, the failure to do so is not
reversible error, particularly where, as here, no statement of decision was required.13



13     Even when a statement of decision is required, it “need not address all the legal
and factual issues raised by the parties. Instead, it need do no more than state the grounds
upon which the judgment rests, without necessarily specifying the particular evidence
considered by the trial court in reaching its decision. [Citations.] ‘[A] trial court
rendering a statement of decision . . . is required to state only ultimate rather than

                                              35
IV.    The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Awarding Attorney Fees to
       Knopp (Appeal 4:B242042)
       Finally, Fox contends the trial court erred in issuing an attorney fee award of
$20,000 to Knopp. We find no error. We review an award of attorney fees for abuse of
discretion. (Loeffler, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 1509; Jaffe v. Pacelli (2008) 165
Cal.App.4th 927, 934; Graciano, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at p. 148.)
       Fox’s arguments primarily take issue with statements the court made in its
intended statement of decision. Based on those statements, Fox argues the court relied on
inapposite authority in making the attorney fee award; the statement was confusing and
ambiguous; and the court relied on incorrect summaries or characterizations of the
proceedings. However, if the record establishes the trial court’s ruling is correct on any
legal theory, we will affirm the ruling. (Hoover v. American Income Life Ins. Co. (2012)
206 Cal.App.4th 1193, 1201.)
       Under Family Code section 6344, subdivision (a): “After notice and a hearing, the
court may issue an order for the payment of attorney’s fees and costs of the prevailing
party.” Fox contends that even if the trial court issued an award under this subdivision,
it was required to consider factors concerning his ability to pay an award, and whether
Knopp was unable to pay her own fees. We disagree.
       Although subdivision (b) sets forth factors to be considered with respect to
mandatory need-based awards, subdivision (a) does not include or reference those
factors.14 “ ‘In reviewing a statute . . . . [i]f the statutory language is unambiguous,


evidentiary facts . . . .’ [Citations.] . . . . [The court is] not required to address how it
resolved intermediate evidentiary conflicts, or respond point by point to the various
issues posed in appellant’s request for a statement of decision.” (Muzquiz v. City of
Emeryville (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1106, 1124-1126.) The trial court’s statement met
these requirements.

14     Under subdivision (b) of the section, “[i]n any action in which the petitioner is the
prevailing party and cannot afford to pay for the attorney’s fees and costs, the court shall,
if appropriate based on the parties’ respective abilities to pay, order that the respondent
pay petitioner’s attorney’s fees and costs for commencing and maintaining the

                                               36
‘we presume the Legislature meant what it said, and the plain meaning of the statute
governs.’ [Citation.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Conservatorship of Maria B. (2013) 218
Cal.App.4th 514, 524.) “Where the words of the statute are clear, the court should not
add or alter them to accomplish a purpose that does not appear on the face of the statute
or from its legislative history.” (Oriola v. Thaler (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 397, 405.)
          Subdivisions (a) and (b) of Family Code section 6344 are unambiguous.
Subdivision (b) requires the court to consider certain factors when making an award
pursuant to that subdivision; subdivision (a) leaves an award in the court’s discretion.
In light of this clear distinction between the two provisions, we reject Fox’s claim that the
trial court must consider the factors relevant to an award under subdivision (b) when
making an award under subdivision (a), or base a fee award primarily on the parties’
respective abilities to pay.
          Instead, the trial court here properly considered a host of factors in exercising its
discretion to award attorney fees to Knopp. These included the complexity of the
litigation, the length, Knopp’s success, and Fox’s “over” litigation. We again note the
trial court was not required to be blind to the entire history of litigation between the
parties, which, while not technically consolidated, were largely litigated and considered
together. But even if we only consider Knopp’s petition for a restraining order against
Fox, and the evidentiary hearing, we would find no abuse of discretion in the trial court
ruling.
          The only prerequisite to an award under section 6344, subdivision (a) is that the
recipient be the prevailing party. The trial court concluded Knopp was the prevailing
party. We will not disturb a trial court’s determination of the prevailing party for
purposes of awarding attorney fees absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion.


proceeding. Whether the respondent shall be ordered to pay attorney’s fees and costs for
the prevailing petitioner, and what amount shall be paid, shall be determined based upon
(1) the respective incomes and needs of the parties, and (2) any factors affecting the
parties’ respective abilities to pay.” (Fam. Code, § 6344, subd. (b).)


                                                37
(Ritter & Ritter, Inc. Pension & Profit Plan v. Churchill Condominium Assn. (2008) 166
Cal.App.4th 103, 126.) No such abuse appears here. Knopp prevailed on both her
petition for a restraining order, and her efforts to have Fox’s restraining order against her
dissolved. (Graciano, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at pp. 150-151.)
       Further, the court’s determinations regarding the nature of the litigation were
reasonable and supported by the record. Fox contends, for example, that he did not
overlitigate the matter. Yet, the record establishes this was a justified characterization of
the proceedings. At the evidentiary hearing, Fox spent significant amounts of time
attempting to impeach witnesses on minor details, such as what he and Knopp ate for
dinner immediately before the London incident, or whether, during a rafting trip in 2009,
Fox’s brother shared a raft with Knopp and Fox, or rode separately. He similarly spent
significant time attempting to impeach Knopp’s son based on general “bad” character
evidence that was irrelevant to the incident at issue. Fox devoted a portion of his case to
eliciting testimony from his current girlfriend, who had no knowledge of his relationship
with Knopp. Fox’s closing argument spanned three court sessions. When the trial court
advised he skip points the court stated would not be important to its decision, Fox
continued to argue the points anyway. Thus, when the court indicated that if it issued a
restraining order against him it had no discretion not to order him to relinquish any
firearms he owned, Fox persisted in arguing “six good reasons” the court should deny the
request that he be ordered to relinquish firearms. Even if only considering the hearing on
the Knopp petition for a restraining order against Fox, the trial court could reasonably
conclude Fox “over-litigated” the matter.
       As to the amount, the trial court could reasonably treat Family Code section 6344,
subdivision (a) like other fee-shifting statutes. “In so-called fee shifting cases, in which
the responsibility to pay attorney fees is statutorily or otherwise transferred from the
prevailing plaintiff or class to the defendant, the primary method for establishing the
amount of ‘reasonable’ attorney fees is the lodestar method. The lodestar (or touchstone)
is produced by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by counsel by a
reasonable hourly rate. Once the court has fixed the lodestar, it may increase or decrease

                                             38
that amount by applying a positive or negative ‘multiplier’ to take into account a variety
of other factors, including the quality of the representation, the novelty and complexity of
the issues, the results obtained, and the contingent risk presented.” (Lealao v. Beneficial
California, Inc. (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 19, 26; see also PLCM Group Inc. v. Drexler
(2000) 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1095-1096 [lodestar approach also appropriate in determining
attorney fee award under Civil Code section 1717].)
       While the trial court’s written ruling identified multiple authorities and legal
theories, at least one of them was consistent with this general fee-shifting approach.15
The court identified Family Code section 6344, subdivision (a) as one basis of its ruling.
It identified Knopp as the prevailing party. Knopp’s attorney submitted a lodestar-based
request for attorney fees, supported by his billing records. The trial court considered
factors such as the quality of Knopp’s counsel’s representation, the complexity of the
issues, and the results obtained. The court then awarded Knopp half of the fees she
requested. We find no abuse of discretion in this approach.16




15      Even if some of the legal authorities the trial court cited were inapposite, we
would not find this to be prejudicial error. These citations were not findings of fact and
were immaterial surplusage. (In re Marriage of Starr (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 277, 288.)
We also need not address Fox’s multiple arguments in which he disagrees with the
court’s characterization of the proceedings, such as the court’s indication that Knopp’s
counsel tried to narrow the litigation and objected only when necessary, or the court’s
alleged inaccuracies in describing the proceedings which do not negate the court’s
analysis as to an award of attorney fees to Knopp as the prevailing party in her petition
for a restraining order against Fox. It was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to
refer to the other proceedings in providing a context for its award, even though Knopp’s
request for fees was based on her success in her action for a restraining order against Fox.

16     Because we conclude the trial court properly awarded fees under Family Code
section 6344, subdivision (a), we need not consider Fox’s argument that the fee award
was an impermissible sanction. (Loeffler, supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 1508.)

                                             39
                                  DISPOSITION
     The trial court orders are affirmed. Respondent to recover her costs on appeal.




                                                     BIGELOW, P. J.
We concur:


             RUBIN, J.




             FLIER, J.




                                         40
