                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                          Tenth Circuit
                               Byron White United States Courthouse
                                        1823 Stout Street
                                     Denver, Colorado 80294
                                         (303) 844-3157
Patrick J. Fisher, Jr.                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk                                                                                  Chief Deputy Clerk

                                              October 28, 1997


        TO:      ALL RECIPIENTS OF THE CAPTIONED OPINION

        RE:      96-1426 Taylor v. Jaquez
                 Filed October 10, 1997 by The Honorable John C. Porfilio


                 Please be advised of the following correction to the captioned decision:

                 The following attorneys were erroneously omitted as counsel for the Defendant-
                 Appellees: William F. Schoeberlein, Otten, Johnson, Robinson, Neff & Ragonetti,
                 Denver, CO; Robert M. Maes, Denver, CO; Rebecca A. Fischer, Sherman &
                 Howard, Denver, CO; David Martinez, Denver, CO; and Elisabeth Arenales,
                 Denver, CO.

                 Please make the appropriate correction to your copy.

                                                           Very truly yours,

                                                           Patrick Fisher, Clerk



                                                           Beth Morris
                                                           Deputy Clerk
                                                                               F I L E D
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Tenth Circuit
                                       PUBLISH
                                                                               OCT 10 1997
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                  Clerk
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT



 ZACHARY TAYLOR, as Executor of the
 Estate of Jack T. Taylor, Jr., deceased;
 TAYLOR FAMILY PARTNERSHIP,

        Plaintiffs-Appellants,
 v.

 CHARLIE JAQUEZ, JR.; PETE E.
 ESPINOZA, ELMER MANUEL
                                                            No. 96-1426
 ESPINOZA, JOE A. GALLEGOS,
 ROBERT ROMERO, Individually and as
 representatives of a proposed class of
 some 110 plaintiffs in civil action No.
 81CV5 now pending in the District Court
 of Costilla County, Colorado,

        Defendants-Appellees.


           APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
                          (D.C. No. 96-Z-776)


Albert B. Wolf, Wolf & Slatkin, P.C., Denver, CO, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Jerry P. Gordon, Esq. (Jeffrey A. Goldstein, Esq., Denver, CO, and Watson W. Galleher,
Esq., Don, Hiller & Galleher, PC, Denver, CO, with him on the briefs), Boulder, CO, for
Defendants-Appellees.


Before PORFILIO, ANDERSON, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
PORFILIO, Circuit Judge.


         This appeal presents the question of whether the United States District Court of the

District of Colorado properly abstained from enforcing a judgment entered in a federal

quiet title action because of pending state court litigation over the rights of individuals

challenging appellants’ interest in the land. We conclude these circumstances require

abstention by federal courts and affirm the judgment of dismissal.



                                     I. BACKGROUND

         In the beginning, the 77,524 acre Taylor Ranch was part of an 1844 grant of a

million acres of land bestowed by the Mexican governor of New Mexico upon Narcisco

Beaubien and Stephen Luis Lee.1 After the grantees’ deaths, much of the land in the

Sangre de Cristo Grant, particularly parcels in an area designated the Rito Seco, were

conveyed, although the land at issue here, “La Sierra,” the Mountain Tract, was not sold

until 1960 when Jack Taylor, a resident of North Carolina, purchased it. Located

southwest of the town of San Luis in Costilla County, Colorado, the tract contains the

only privately owned 14,000 foot mountain in the state. Mr. Taylor’s deed to La Sierra

recognized all existing rights-of-way and was “also subject to claims of the local people

by prescription or otherwise to right to pasture, wood, and lumber and so-called



         A more comprehensive history is detailed in Rael v. Taylor, 876 P.2d 1210 (Colo.
         1

1994).

                                             -2-
settlements [sic] rights in, to and upon said land, but not subject to rights granted by the

party of the first part or its predecessors from and after January 1, 1900....” Rael v.

Taylor, 876 P.2d 1210, 1214 (Colo. 1994) (Rael). The representation and substance of

the “claims of the local people” dating back to the original grant impel the litigation

presently pending in the state district court of Costilla County albeit the federal court’s

order quieting title granted to Jack Taylor in his 1960 Torrens Title Registration diversity

action. Sanchez v. Taylor, 377 F.2d 733 (10th Cir. 1967) (Taylor I).

       To preserve that judgment, Zachary Taylor, as Executor of the Estate of Jack C.

Taylor, and the Taylor Family Partnership (Taylor, collectively) filed the present action,

Taylor II, under 28 U.S.C. § 2283 in the United States District Court for the district of

Colorado to enjoin the 110 plaintiffs in the Costilla County lawsuit from attacking the

validity of the Final Decree of Confirmation of Title and Registration entered in 1965 (the

Decree). The Decree had become imperiled by a 1994 Colorado Supreme Court decision

which construed the notice requirements of the Colorado Torrens Title Act and

concluded, as a matter of state law, the 1960 federal action may not have provided

constitutionally adequate publication notice sufficient to constitute a binding judgment on

those not served. The Colorado Supreme Court thus reversed a state court order

dismissing the case on res judicata grounds and remanded for resolution of the factual

issues surrounding plaintiffs’ due process claims. Rael, 876 P.2d at 1227. Taylor did not

seek further review of that decision, and it now stands as the law of the case.


                                             -3-
       As such, defendants here, as individuals and class representatives of “some 110

Plaintiffs in Civil Action No. 81CV5 now pending in the District Court of Costilla

County, Colorado,” moved to dismiss Taylor II under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) on the

grounds that Younger abstention, Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), application of

the principles of Parsons Steel, Inc. v. First Alabama Bank, 474 U.S. 518 (1986), and

the sound policies underlying the Anti-Injunction Act compel a federal court to avoid

interfering with pending state proceedings.

       At the close of a hearing, the district court ruled from the bench after converting

the motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) because

matters outside the pleadings had been presented. The court agreed two of the requisites

for Younger abstention were present, the parties having conceded there are ongoing state

proceedings and Taylor has an opportunity to raise his federal claims in that forum. It

further concluded, as a matter of law, important state interests involving the access to the

courts for state citizens, the interpretation of the notification provisions of the Colorado

Torrens Act, the state’s interest in access to lands, and citizens’ access to state lands

precluded it from adjudicating the claim before it. In addition, the court held Rael

explicitly determined the preclusive effect of the state judgment, and on that basis, the

principles of federalism and comity articulated in Parsons Steel, Inc. demanded non-

interference. Summary judgment of dismissal was entered, and Taylor appealed.




                                              -4-
                               II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Although what the district court did amounts to denying a preliminary injunction,

an order we review for abuse of discretion, Lundgrin v. Claytor, 619 F.2d 61, 63 (10th

Cir. 1980), more precisely, we have before us a motion for dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c) which is predicated on Younger abstention. We have not previously addressed the

applicable standard of review2 although other circuits have and provide guidance.

Recognizing the elusiveness of the standard often applied to review Younger abstention,

the Seventh Circuit observed because “application of the Younger doctrine is absolute ...

when a case meets the Younger criteria,” there is no discretion for the district court to

exercise. Trust & Inv. Advisers, Inc. v. Hogsett, 43 F.3d 290, 294 (7th Cir. 1994).

Review, therefore, of the decision to abstain is de novo, the Seventh Circuit held. We

agree. Although positioned on the tip of Rule 56(c) which also merits plenary review,

that examination is sharpened by the legal determination of whether the requisites of

Younger abstention have been satisfied. See also Brooks v. New Hampshire Supreme

Court, 80 F.3d 633, 637 (1st Cir. 1996); Kenneally v. Lungren, 967 F.2d 329, 331 (9th

Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1054 (1993); Traughber v. Beauchane, 760 F.2d 673,



       2
        In Ramos v. Lamm, 639 F.2d 559, 564 n.4 (10th Cir. 1980), the court described
the decision to abstain as “largely committed to the discretion of the district court,” in
concluding “there was no error or abuse of discretion by the district court in declining to
abstain from hearing this constitutional case ....” Id. at 565. We thus affirmed the
exercise of jurisdiction based on the final judgment for injunctive relief the district court
had entered under Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b).

                                             -5-
675-76 (6th Cir. 1985). To insure they have, we must be sensitive to the competing

tension between protecting federal jurisdiction and honoring principles of Our

Federalism and comity. Our review therefore is de novo.



                              III. YOUNGER ABSTENTION

       “Since the beginning of this country’s history Congress has, subject to few

exceptions, manifested a desire to permit state courts to try state cases free from

interference by federal courts.” Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43 (1971). To assure

this end, Younger articulated a narrow exception now applied to state criminal, Younger,

401 U.S. at 37; civil, New Orleans Public Serv., Inc. v. Council of City of New Orleans,

491 U.S. 350 (1989); or administrative proceedings, Ohio Civil Rights Commission v.

Dayton Christian Schools, Inc., 477 U.S. 619 (1986), which commands a federal court to

abstain from exercising jurisdiction when three conditions have been established. First,

there must be ongoing state criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings. Second, the

state court must offer an adequate forum to hear the federal plaintiff’s claims from the

federal lawsuit. Third, the state proceeding must involve important state interests, matters

which traditionally look to state law for their resolution or implicate separately articulated

state policies. Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma v. State of Oklahoma ex rel.

Thompson, 874 F.2d 709, 711 (10th Cir. 1989). In this case, the parties agree the first

two requisites are present. However, the absence of the third element of an important


                                             -6-
state interest presented, Taylor contends, requires the district court to exercise jurisdiction

and grant injunctive relief.

       Taylor portrays the state proceeding as one involving “only claims of private

individuals to engage in activities upon the privately-owned land of the Taylor Family.”

Based on this characterization, Taylor urges state citizens’ access to the courts, resolution

of property claims, and access to land are not cognizable for Younger abstention and

would render meaningless the relitigation exception to the Anti-Injunction Act. 28 U.S.C.

§ 2283. Instead, Taylor maintains, we should enforce the thirty-two year old judgment

quieting title based on application of Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.,

339 U.S. 306 (1950), which ascertained that constitutionally sufficient notice was

afforded all interested parties.

       Nonetheless, it is critical to recognize the prior federal action was premised on

diversity jurisdiction in which Jack Taylor, a resident of North Carolina, notified citizens

residing around his property in southern Colorado of his intention to register his title to

the 77,524 acre tract in compliance with the statutory scheme set out in Colorado’s

Torrens Title Registration Act, now codified at Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 38-36-101 through 38-

36-198 (1982 & 1993 Supp.). The federal court applied state law in that action and

principally focussed on whether the alleged prescriptive rights of defendants vested any

legal rights in them adverse to establishing Taylor’s clear title. In that decision, the court

made only passing reference to the question of notice, indicating the number of residents


                                             -7-
served and the defendants against whom default judgments were entered for failure to

respond to interrogatories. Taylor I, 377 F.2d at 734. However, since that decision, the

Colorado Supreme Court has comprehensively addressed the Torrens Act’s notice

requirements and ordered the state trial court to apply its announced prescription in

proceedings the Supreme Court held were improperly dismissed. Rael, 876 P.2d at 1210.

As the federal district court noted here, what more important state interest is there for the

state court to address than the enforcement of its method of registering good title to

privately owned lands within the state. That individual citizens may raise these issues

does not transform the state interest into a private one. As the Court observed in Pennzoil

Co. v. Texaco, Inc., 481 U.S. 1, 13 (1987), “the importance to the States of enforcing the

orders and judgments of their courts” represents an important state interest in

administering certain aspects of their judicial systems. Under these circumstances, to

ignore the pronouncement of the Colorado Supreme Court by enjoining the very

proceeding it reinstated to determine whether state law was properly followed would

intolerably interfere with the judgments of state courts.

       Moreover, contrary to Taylor’s suggestion, the state court is surely competent to

decide whether the notice requirements of the Torrens Act were satisfied as to those

plaintiffs presently challenging the prior action. Indeed, Rael demands the federal

plaintiffs receive a full and fair opportunity to litigate the constitutional claim of due

process.


                                              -8-
                                   III. CONCLUSION

       Our conclusion that Younger abstention applies ends the matter. It was

unnecessary for the district court to couch dismissal on the additional ground of the

preclusive effect of the state court judgment. When equitable restraint is warranted, we

defer to the state proceeding. We therefore AFFIRM the order dismissing the action

based on Younger abstention.




                                            -9-
