           Case: 17-11247   Date Filed: 05/11/2018   Page: 1 of 8


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 17-11247
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 6:16-cr-00220-GKS-KRS-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,


                                  versus


SENA HOWELL,


                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Florida
                     ________________________

                             (May 11, 2018)

Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 17-11247       Date Filed: 05/11/2018   Page: 2 of 8


      Sena Howell appeals the $7,500 fine the district court imposed after she pled

guilty to knowingly using a counterfeit access device with the intent to defraud.

After careful review, we affirm.

                              I.      BACKGROUND

      Pursuant to a plea agreement, Howell pled guilty to knowingly using a

counterfeit access device with the intent to defraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 1029(a)(1) and (c)(1)(A)(i). In the plea agreement, Howell agreed to complete

and submit to the United States Attorney’s Office within 30 days of execution of

the agreement an affidavit reflecting her financial condition. She failed to do so,

however, and the probation officer noted this in the presentence investigation

report (“PSI”) prepared in advance of Howell’s sentencing. The probation officer

nonetheless attempted to discern Howell’s financial status and recorded available

information in the PSI.

      The PSI stated that Howell had failed to provide her monthly household

expenses but noted that she was a self-employed pastry chef with a Bachelor of

Arts degree. The PSI recounted that Howell made approximately $1,400 to $2,500

monthly and had a strong support system. It noted that Howell reported that she

had never filed income tax returns and had never filed for bankruptcy. The

probation officer pulled Howell’s Equifax credit report, which reflected that she

had a judgment against her in the amount of $2,000 and 16 collection accounts


                                           2
                  Case: 17-11247        Date Filed: 05/11/2018       Page: 3 of 8


concerning unpaid utilities and medical bills. Howell also owed approximately

$41,111 in outstanding student loans. The PSI stated that based on her failure to

provide financial information, Howell had not proven an inability to pay a fine.

        The PSI calculated a Sentencing Guidelines range for Howell’s offense.

The range for her fine was $7,500 to $75,000. U.S.S.G. §5E1.2(c)(3). The

statutory maximum fine was $359,680.78. A special assessment of $100 and

restitution was mandatory. 18 U.S.C. § 3013(a)(2)(A); U.S.S.G. § 5E1.1. Howell

did not object to the PSI.

       At sentencing, the district court asked Howell whether she would like to

place anything on record regarding the contents of the PSI; defense counsel

replied, “there are no unresolved objections.” Doc. 45 at 2.1 The district court

considered the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a),2 including the need for

deterrence and protection of the public against identify fraud, and sentenced

Howell to 27 months’ imprisonment, followed by three years’ supervised release, a

fine in the amount of $7,500, and restitution. In imposing the fine, the district

       1
           “Doc. #” refers to the numbered entry on the district court’s docket.
       2
          Under § 3553(a), the district court is required to impose a sentence “sufficient, but not
greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes” of § 3553(a)(2): the need to reflect the
seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, provide just punishment, deter criminal
conduct, protect the defendant’s future criminal conduct, and effectively provide the defendant
with educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(2). The district court must also consider the nature and circumstances of the offense,
the history and characteristics of the defendant, the kinds of sentences available, the applicable
guideline range, the pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission, the need to avoid
unwarranted sentencing disparities, and the need to provide restitution to victims. Id.
§ 3553(a)(1)-(7).
                                                  3
              Case: 17-11247     Date Filed: 05/11/2018    Page: 4 of 8


court stated: “Inasmuch as you have refused to give a financial report, the court is

going to sentence you to a fine of $7,500[.]” Id. at 9.

      Following imposition of the sentence, Howell asked to “be heard regarding

the financial disclosure that resulted in a $7,500 fine.” Id. She stated that her

nondisclosure was not willful and that she received the “paperwork” after the PSI

was completed. Id. at 10. Further, Howell said that she understood that she

needed to make the financial disclosure. Based on her willingness to disclose the

information, she asked the court not to impose the $7,500 fine. The district court

informed Howell that it would revisit the fine when it received a financial

disclosure to determine if she had the ability to pay the fine. Howell never

provided the district court with a financial disclosure, however. Instead, she filed a

notice of appeal.

                         II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We generally review for clear error the amount of a fine a district court

imposes. United States v. Long, 122 F.3d 1360, 1366 (11th Cir. 1997). For a

finding to be clearly erroneous, we must be left with a definite and firm conviction

that a mistake has been committed. United States v. Pierre, 825 F.3d 1183, 1191

(11th Cir. 2016). The government argues that Howell failed to object to the fine on

the ground she now raises. It urges this Court to review only for plain error. To

show plain error, the defendant must establish that (1) there was error; (2) the error


                                          4
               Case: 17-11247     Date Filed: 05/11/2018    Page: 5 of 8


was plain; (3) the error affected the defendant’s substantial rights; and (4) the error

seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings. United States v. Straub, 508 F.3d 1003, 1008 (11th Cir. 2007). We

need not decide which standard should apply because, as we explain below,

Howell cannot show that the district court clearly erred, the more favorable

standard of the two.

                                III.   DISCUSSION

      Howell asserts that the district court clearly erred by imposing a $7,500 fine

because it failed to consider the factors for imposing a fine set forth in 18 U.S.C.

§ 3572(a) and U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(d). Instead, Howell argues, the district court

imposed the fine to punish her for not filing a financial affidavit, as required by her

plea agreement. Howell bases her argument on the district court’s statement,

“[i]nasmuch as you have refused to give a financial report, the court is going to

sentence you to a fine of $7,500.” Doc. 45 at 9. After careful review, we discern

no error.

      The defendant has the burden of proving inability to pay a fine. United

States v. Hernandez, 160 F.3d 661, 665 (11th Cir. 1998). A district court “shall

impose a fine in all cases, except where the defendant establishes that he is unable

to pay and is not likely to become able to pay any fine.” U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(a).




                                           5
               Case: 17-11247     Date Filed: 05/11/2018    Page: 6 of 8


      When considering a fine, the district court must conduct a two-part inquiry,

determining first whether to impose a fine, and second, if a fine should be imposed,

what amount is appropriate. In deciding whether to impose a fine, the district court

must consider the § 3553(a) factors and other relevant factors, including a

defendant’s income, earning capacity, and financial resources, as well as the

burden the fine will impose on any of the defendant’s dependents. 18 U.S.C.

§ 3572(a)(1), (2). If the district court determines based on these factors that a fine

is appropriate, it must consider the factors set forth in U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2 to

determine the appropriate amount of the fine. See Hernandez, 160 F.3d at 665.

These factors include the need for the sentence to reflect the seriousness of the

offense and afford adequate deterrence, the defendant’s ability to pay, whether

there are restitution requirements, collateral consequences of conviction, any

previous fines from similar offenses, the expected costs to the government for the

type of sentence imposed, and any other relevant equitable considerations.

U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(d).

      The district court is not required to make specific findings of fact with

respect to the § 5E1.2 factors as long as the record reflects the district court’s

consideration of the pertinent factors before imposing the fine. United States v.

Lombardo, 35 F.3d 526, 530 (11th Cir. 1994). When the district court reviews the

presentence investigation report before imposing the fine, appellate courts infer


                                           6
              Case: 17-11247     Date Filed: 05/11/2018    Page: 7 of 8


that the district court considered the pertinent factors. United States v. Khawaja,

118 F.3d 1454, 1460 (11th Cir. 1997).

      Here, although the district court made few specific findings of fact, the

record reflects that the district court considered the § 3553(a), § 3572, and

§ 5E1.2(d) factors, as well as the PSI prior to imposing the $7,500 fine. The PSI,

which the district court stated it reviewed, contained detailed information

pertaining to Howell’s ability to pay a fine. The PSI noted that Howell was a self-

employed pastry chef with a Bachelor of Arts degree making approximately

$1,400 to $2,500 monthly. There is no indication in the PSI that Howell had any

dependents, and it noted that she had a stable income and support system. The PSI

stated that Howell had the ability to pay the guideline range of $7,500 to $75,000,

and Howell did not object to this finding. Furthermore, the district court indicated

that it took the relevant factors into consideration by referencing the need for

deterrence and to protect the public from identity fraud and imposing the guideline

minimum fine amount of $7,500.

      In addition, we cannot conclude with a definite and firm conviction that the

district court’s statement—“[i]nasmuch as you have refused to give a financial

report, the [c]ourt is going to sentence you to a fine of $7,500, a special assessment

of $100, and no voluntary surrender”—indicates that the court was imposing a fine

as a rebuke for failing to provide a financial statement. Doc. 45 at 9. To the


                                          7
               Case: 17-11247     Date Filed: 05/11/2018    Page: 8 of 8


contrary, the district court went on to state that it would revisit the fine when it

received Howell’s financial disclosure to determine whether she had the ability to

pay. Thus, a more reasonable interpretation of these statements is that the district

court agreed with the uncontested PSI determination that Howell had the ability to

pay a fine and found that she failed to meet her burden of proving otherwise.

Rather than punishing Howell for not submitting a financial statement, the district

court sentenced her at the bottom of the guidelines range and gave her an

opportunity to change the court’s mind—an opportunity she failed to take. For

these reasons, we discern no error in the district court’s imposition of a $7,500

fine.

        AFFIRMED.




                                            8
