              U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                         ________________________

                            No. ACM S32363
                         ________________________

                            UNITED STATES
                                Appellee
                                     v.
                         Barbara C. THOMAS
             Staff Sergeant (E-5), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                         ________________________

        Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 27 April 2017
                         ________________________

Military Judge: Andrew Kalavanos.
Approved sentence: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 14 days,
and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 14 October 2015 by SpCM
convened at Joint Base Charleston, South Carolina.
For Appellant: Major Jarett Merk, USAF; Major Thomas A. Smith,
USAF; Captain Annie W. Morgan, USAF.
For Appellee: Captain Matthew L. Tusing, USAF; Gerald R. Bruce, Es-
quire.
Before J. BROWN, SANTORO, and MINK, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge SANTORO delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior
Judge J. BROWN and Judge MINK joined.
                         ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
                         ________________________

SANTORO, Judge:
   A military judge sitting as a special court-martial convicted Appellant,
contrary to her pleas, of wrongfully using cocaine, wrongfully using marijua-
na on divers occasions, and wrongfully distributing marijuana on divers occa-
                  United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


sions in violation of Article 112a, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C.
§ 912a. The adjudged and approved sentence was a bad-conduct discharge,
confinement for 14 days, and reduction to E-1.
    Appellant raises four assignments of error: (1) the military judge erred by
admitting a report of data allegedly contained on Appellant’s cellular tele-
phone, (2) the military judge erred by admitting opinion testimony from a
witness who had not been qualified as an expert, (3) her conviction for wrong-
fully distributing marijuana is factually and legally insufficient, and (4) her
conviction for wrongfully using cocaine is factually and legally insufficient.
We agree that the military judge abused his discretion by admitting the cellu-
lar telephone extraction report and related testimony. Because those errors
were not harmless, we set aside Appellant’s convictions and authorize a re-
hearing. 1

                                I. BACKGROUND
    After testing positive for cocaine during an inspection urinalysis, Airman
First Class (A1C) CB began working as a confidential informant for the Air
Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI). His duties included reporting
on drug use by other Airmen and wearing recording devices in situations
where drug use might be discussed. While working for AFOSI, A1C CB at-
tended a party at a friend’s apartment. He brought cocaine and placed it
along with a card and a dollar bill on the kitchen counter. Appellant also at-
tended. According to A1C CB, when Appellant arrived, she “made her own
line” of cocaine and ingested it through her nose with the aid of the dollar
bill.
   Airman Basic (AB) HB testified that he was acquainted with Appellant
and had used marijuana with her on multiple occasions. He also testified that
Appellant provided him marijuana.

                                 II. DISCUSSION
   The AFOSI obtained a search authorization for Appellant’s cellular tele-
phone. Pursuant to that authorization, AFOSI obtained the telephone and
generated a report of the data contained therein (the “extraction report”).
    The only witness called by the Government to establish the admissibility
of the extraction report was Special Agent (SA) LS. She testified that she was


1Our setting aside of Appellant’s convictions moots her third and fourth assignments
of error.




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                 United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


the primary investigator on Appellant’s case but went on temporary duty
while the investigation was ongoing. SA LS played no apparent role in seiz-
ing Appellant’s phone, conducting the extraction, or comparing the extracted
data with the data visible on the phone at the time of the extraction. Rather,
she found the report in question in the case file upon her return. She sur-
mised that the report related to Appellant’s case because Appellant’s name
appeared on the report’s cover sheet, it bore the file number of Appellant’s
investigation, and it appeared to contain data from a phone number she be-
lieved was Appellant’s. SA LS believed the phone number to be Appellant’s
because, on another document in the case file, she found a notation that Ap-
pellant had given that phone number to a different agent during an interview
related to the investigation.
    The extraction report consisted of a cover page, which included the image
of the AFOSI badge, the AFOSI case number, the case name (“THOMAS (S),
SOCIETY (V)”), and the examiner name “SA [BS].” SA LS testified that none
of this information was generated by the Cellebrite software used to create
the report; rather, the agent who generated the report entered that infor-
mation manually. Nowhere in the report is any obvious indication that the
phone from which the data was extracted belonged to Appellant. The report
also contained what the Government asserted were text messages between
Appellant and others identified by individual line numbers. The 19-page por-
tion of the report offered into evidence was obviously incomplete, as there are
gaps in the line numbers between groups of messages and SA LS testified
that the full report was “a few thousand pages.”
   SA LS testified that, based on her review of the report, it was her opinion
that it “fairly and accurately represent[ed] the extracted contents” of Appel-
lant’s telephone. SA LS was neither qualified nor recognized as an expert
witness. When asked by the military judge to explain how reports of this type
are generated, SA LS testified:
       The process, what happens is we pull the report from the phone
       through the [C]ellebrite device. It goes onto a laptop which
       then it’s pretty much just a whole bunch of metadata, so then
       you hit—there’s a button that says generate report. You hit
       generate report, and then it compiles everything into a chrono-
       logical timeline of everything that happened. It also separates
       text messages, instant messages, call logs.
   The military judge asked SA LS whether text messages contained in the
report would have appeared on Appellant’s phone.
       MJ: I’d like to ask the witness some questions about that.
       That’s not clear to me as to why these text messages—how does


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                         United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


          the witness know that these text messages that don’t list her
          number appear on the accused’s telephone.
          ATC: Yes, Your Honor.
          MJ: I’m sorry, Special Agent [LS]. There are some text messag-
          es that are included in this that and the one column does not
          indicate that it’s the accused’s phone number. Do you have an
          opinion as to whether or not those text messages appeared on
          the accused’s phone?
          WIT: Sir, they all come on the phone. If you can see in the very
          far right corner there’s some boxes that say yes. If you look
          through the report those are the deleted so it also pulls deleted
          messages, as well. If they did not say yes they were indeed on
          the phone, sir.
    The military judge admitted the extraction report and also allowed SA LS
to testify about the contents of the text messages and, based apparently only
on what she saw in the report, who she believed sent them.
    It is not evident from the record why the Government elected not to call
SA BS, who at the time of trial was apparently still on active duty but had
been reassigned to another base. Nor is it clear why the Government did not
have any of the people who were alleged to have sent and received the mes-
sages testify about them. There was no evidence presented concerning which
agent(s) obtained the phone that was analyzed, how or from whom it was ob-
tained (other than pursuant to a search authorization), or that the phone SA
BS seized from Appellant was the same phone that SA BS analyzed.
A. The Extraction Report
    Trial defense counsel objected to the report’s admissibility based on hear-
say, 2 improper foundation, 3 and confrontation. 4 The Government’s theory of
admissibility seemed to be that the report itself was authenticated by SA LS
and admissible as a business record, the text messages Appellant sent were
not hearsay, and the text messages sent to her were admissible for their “ef-
fect on the listener.”




2   Mil. R. Evid. 802.
3   Mil. R. Evid. 901.
4   U.S. CONST. Amend. VI.




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                    United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


    The military judge declined to admit the extraction report as a record of a
regularly-conducted business activity. 5 However, he admitted the report pur-
suant to Mil. R. Evid. 801(d)(2) (statements by party opponent are not hear-
say) and 804(b)(3) (statements against interest are an exception to the rule
against hearsay) without explaining his analysis or conducting a Mil. R. Evid.
403 balancing test. As the military judge did not articulate the way in which
he believed the Government had established the necessary evidentiary foun-
dation, we can only surmise that he believed the agent’s experience conduct-
ing cell phone extractions in other cases enabled her to offer her lay opinion
that the report at issue related to Appellant’s phone, that the other agent
who conducted the extraction used the Cellebrite software properly, and that
the contents of the report accurately reflected what SA BS (or the Cellebrite
software) found on the telephone.
    We review a military judge’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Ediger, 68 M.J. 243, 248 (C.A.A.F. 2010). “The
abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere dif-
ference of opinion. The challenged action must be arbitrary, fanciful, clearly
unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.” United States v. White, 69 M.J. 236, 239
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (quoting United States v. Lloyd, 69 M.J. 95, 99 (C.A.A.F.
2010)). Non-constitutional error is harmless unless it had “a substantial in-
fluence on the findings.” United States v. Solomon, 72 M.J. 176, 182 (C.A.A.F.
2013). However, for constitutional error to be harmless, we must be convinced
“beyond a reasonable doubt, the error did not contribute to the defendant's
conviction or sentence.” United States v. Kreutzer, 61 M.J. 293, 298 (C.A.A.F.
2005) (quoting United States v. Kaiser, 58 M.J. 146, 149 (C.A.A.F. 2003)).
  While in many cases the concepts are intertwined, it is important to re-
member that physical or documentary evidence must both be authenticated




5 The military judge stated, “I find that Agent [LS] has laid the foundation for the
report. I do not find that it falls under the 803(6) record of regularly conducted activi-
ty. This is an investigative report so that does not apply.” The military judge did not
fully explain why he declined to admit the report as a business record but the record
supports two bases for his decision. First, SA LS failed to establish the required pred-
icate facts under either Mil. R. Evid. 902(11) and/or Mil. R. Evid. 803(6). Second, in
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), the Supreme Court acknowl-
edged that while documents kept in the regular course of a business may ordinarily
be admitted at trial despite their hearsay status, “that is not the case if the regularly
conducted business activity is the production of evidence for use at trial.” Id. at 321.
See also Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. 647 (2011).




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                   United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


and admissible. 6 A properly-authenticated exhibit may nonetheless contain
inadmissible hearsay requiring its exclusion. United States v. Browne, 834
F.3d 403, 415 (3d Cir. 2016).
    “To satisfy the requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of ev-
idence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding
that the item is what the proponent claims it is.” Mil. R. Evid. 901(a). Evi-
dence may be authenticated in many ways, including through the testimony
of a witness with knowledge, Mil. R. Evid. 901(b)(1), or testimony describing
a process or system and showing that it produces an accurate result. Mil. R.
Evid. 901(b)(9). Whether evidence has been properly authenticated is a pre-
liminary question not bound by the rules of evidence. Mil. R. Evid. 104(a).
However, when the authentication of evidence depends upon whether a fact
exists, there must be admissible proof that the trier of fact could find that the
fact exists. Mil. R. Evid. 104(b). See also Huddleston v. United States, 485
U.S. 681, 690 (1998) (in determining whether the government has introduced
sufficient evidence to meet Rule 104(b), the court decides whether the jury
could reasonably find the conditional fact by a preponderance of the evidence)
(emphasis added).
    The Sixth Amendment provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against
him.” In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the Supreme Court
held that the Confrontation Clause prohibits (1) testimonial out-of-court
statements; (2) made by a person who does not appear at trial; (3) received
against the accused; (4) to establish the truth of the matter asserted; (5) un-
less the declarant is unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to
cross-examine him. Crawford, 541 U.S. 42–59. A “statement” is “a person’s
oral assertion, written assertion, or nonverbal conduct, if the person intended
it as an assertion.” Mil. R. Evid. 801(a). “[N]o testimonial hearsay may be
admitted against a criminal defendant unless (1) the witness is unavailable,
and (2) the witness was subject to prior cross-examination.” United States v.
Blazier, 69 M.J. 218, 222 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 53–
54). The Sixth Amendment bars only testimonial statements because “[o]nly
statements of this sort cause the declarant to be a ‘witness’ within the mean-
ing of the Confrontation Clause.” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821
(2006).



6 For example, with respect to business records, their authentication is governed by
Mil. R. Evid. 902(11). Their admissibility as an exception to the rule against hearsay
is governed by Mil. R. Evid. 803(6).




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                   United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


    We first consider whether the extraction report was properly authenticat-
ed. SA LS played no role in the seizure of Appellant’s phone. She had nothing
to do with the generation of the extraction report nor was she present when it
was generated. There was no suggestion that she spoke with SA BS about the
analysis or how it was conducted. She had no personal knowledge about how
the extraction report compared to information that may have been visible on
the phone at the time of the extraction. The only way SA LS connected the
report to Appellant was via Appellant’s apparent statement to another agent
(who also did not testify at trial), outside of SA LS’s presence, that the phone
number in question was hers. Simply put, SA LS had absolutely no personal
knowledge about the extraction of the data or the generation of the report in
Appellant’s case. And, because her entire knowledge of the report was based
on its being in the case file, she would also necessarily not have been able to
testify that the report had not been altered.
    The extent of SA LS’s personal knowledge was that the extraction report
looked like other reports she had generated in the past and it was found in
Appellant’s case file. We question whether her testimony was sufficient to
authenticate the extraction report. 7 However, we need not resolve that issue



7 The Government points to no cases, in our or any other jurisdiction, in which a simi-
lar report was authenticated by a lay witness who played no role whatsoever in its
creation, nor are we aware of any. Consider this scenario: Detectives A and B are in-
vestigating a ring of drug users. While Detective A is out of state on vacation, Detec-
tive B obtains a search warrant for a suspect’s home. Detective B executes the search
and, in the suspect’s bedroom, finds a stack of letters—some apparently written by
the suspect and some apparently written to the suspect—some of which appear to
discuss the suspect’s involvement with drugs. Detective B seizes the letters, com-
pletes an evidence tag noting where he found the letters, and places the letters in the
investigative case file. At trial, the Government attempts to establish the evidentiary
foundation for the letters by calling only Detective A. Detective A testifies that she
did not have a role in obtaining the search warrant, was not present when it was exe-
cuted, believed the search was of the suspect’s house only because of something else
she read in the report, believed the letters were found in the suspect’s bedroom be-
cause of what she read on the evidence tag, and believed that the letters were in the
same condition as when originally found because she trusted that Detective B would
not have altered the evidence. In United States v. Rowe, ACM No. 34776, 2002 CCA
LEXIS 291 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 26 Nov 2002) (unpub. op.), we confronted a similar,
although not identical, scenario, in which the testimony of an agent present when a
document was found, in conjunction with an evidence custodian who testified about
information contained on an evidence tag, was sufficient to authenticate a document.
We question whether Crawford would permit Detective A in the hypothetical scenar-
io, or the evidence custodian in Rowe, to testify as they did.




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                   United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


because we conclude that the Government failed to establish the relevance of
the extraction report to Appellant’s case.
    The only evidence that linked the extraction report to Appellant’s phone
was SA LS’s testimony that Appellant gave her telephone number to another
agent who then wrote that number on a form contained within the case file.
The form on which this number appeared was not admitted into evidence nor
did the agent to whom Appellant purportedly made this statement testify.
While Appellant’s statement about her telephone number would not be hear-
say (Mil. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)), the unnamed agent’s written assertion that Ap-
pellant made that statement was. Mil. R. Evid. 801. 8 It was made out of
court. It was made as part of a criminal investigation into Appellant’s con-
duct with an eye toward its later use at trial and was therefore testimonial. It
was received against Appellant to establish the truth of the matter asserted.
Appellant therefore had a constitutional right to confront the unnamed agent
about that assertion. Crawford 541 U.S. at 46–47. As noted above, the only
evidence linking the extraction report to Appellant was SA LS’s repetition of
the unnamed agent’s inadmissible statement that Appellant possessed a cell
phone with a certain phone number. Without that link, a link which was not
properly before the trier of fact, the exhibit bore no relevance to Appellant
and the military judge abused his discretion by admitting it. 9
B. Testimony about the Extraction Report
   SA LS testified about the contents of the erroneously-admitted report and
the Government used her to highlight certain apparently-incriminating mes-
sages. Without having been qualified as an expert witness, or even explaining
whether she had any personal experience using the brand of cell phone at is-


8 Neither the rules of evidence nor the Sixth Amendment would allow an agent who
was not present during an interview to repeat an accused’s statement simply because
the agent found a summary of it in the case file. See United States v. Taylor, 53 M.J.
195, 200–01 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (suggesting Confrontation Clause violation if a witness
who was not present during an interrogation testified about the substance of the in-
terrogation based only on the interviewer’s notes).
9 The Government’s citation to cases involving forensic laboratory reports (particular-
ly following urinalysis inspections) does not address the fundamental problem in this
case: no witness with personal knowledge testified that the data contained in the re-
port was extracted from Appellant’s phone. In the urinalysis context, that would be
akin to attempting to prove that the urine tested came from the accused based solely
on the data contained in the laboratory report (offered by a lay witness) without call-
ing a witness who could establish that the accused provided the sample that was
tested.




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                 United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


sue, SA LS opined that the messages in the extraction report would have ap-
peared on Appellant’s phone. She also opined that one of the people with
whom Appellant exchanged text messages was KM; she based that opinion on
her belief that a certain e-mail address belonged to KM but never explained
the source of that belief.
    Although SA LS testified generally about the investigation and A1C CB’s
performance as an informant, by far the most inculpatory portion of her tes-
timony was based on her review of the extraction report. Because that report
was erroneously admitted, she appeared to have no independent basis for her
testimony, and she had not been qualified as an expert (and thus able to offer
other than a lay opinion), the military judge abused his discretion by allowing
SA LS to testify about the contents of the extraction report.
C. Prejudice
    Having found that the military judge erred in his admission both of the
extraction report and SA LS’s testimony about information contained therein,
we next consider whether these errors were harmless. In addition to SA LS,
the Government called three witnesses. One witness, A1C CB, testified that
he saw Appellant use cocaine at a party and heard her make statements
about using marijuana. A second witness, AB AM, confirmed the presence of
cocaine at the party but did not see Appellant ingest any. The third witness,
AB HB, was also present at the party and saw Appellant lean toward the co-
caine but did not see her ingest it. AB HB also testified that he smoked mari-
juana with Appellant on multiple occasions including smoking marijuana
that Appellant provided. He testified that the term “firewood” (a word which
also appeared in texts in the extraction report) was a code word for marijua-
na.
    As noted above, A1C CB and AB HB were the only two witnesses who of-
fered direct evidence of Appellant’s drug use. To put it mildly, their testimony
was riddled with internal inconsistencies and discrepancies. Establishing
proof beyond a reasonable doubt based solely on these witnesses’ accounts
would have been a daunting challenge. But the Government had more: it had
the extraction report. In message after message, Appellant engaged in con-
versations about marijuana and its use. The contents of the report were not
only significant admissions but also bolstered the credibility of the otherwise-
shaky A1C CB and AB HB. The contents of the extraction report also played
a prominent role in the Government’s closing argument.
   We cannot say that the erroneous admission of the extraction report and
SA LS’s testimony related thereto did not substantially influence the findings
with respect to the use and distribution of marijuana specifications. And alt-
hough the extraction report contained no statements relating to the use of


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                 United States v. Thomas, No. ACM S32363


cocaine, because the report served to corroborate the testimony of otherwise
potentially unreliable witnesses, we cannot say that its admission did not in-
fluence the findings with respect to the cocaine specification as well.

                              III. CONCLUSION
   The findings and sentence are SET ASIDE. The record of trial is re-
turned to The Judge Advocate General. A rehearing is authorized.


                FOR THE COURT



                KURT J. BRUBAKER
                Clerk of the Court




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