                    United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                  ___________

                                    No. 05-1830
                                    ___________

United States of America,             *
                                      *
           Plaintiff - Appellee,      *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
      v.                              * District Court for the District
                                      * of Minnesota.
David Lee Anderson,                   *
                                      *
           Defendant - Appellant.     *
                                 ___________

                            Submitted: September 16
                                Filed: March 1, 2006
                                    ___________

Before
                                    ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

       David Paul Anderson pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court1 found that Anderson had three
prior convictions for violent felonies and imposed the mandatory minimum sentence
of 180 months under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).


      1
      The Honorable Richard H. Kyle, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
Anderson appeals, arguing that the district court should not have classified two of his
prior convictions as violent felonies. Based upon our de novo review, United States
v. Abernathy, 277 F.3d 1048, 1051 (8th Cir. 2002), we affirm the district court’s
determination that the prior convictions qualify as violent felonies.

      The challenged prior convictions are for Criminal Sexual Conduct in the
Second Degree in violation of Minnesota Statutes 609.343(1)(a) (1996). Anderson’s
Minnesota convictions followed his entry of an Alford plea2 on two counts of
Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree for conduct that occurred on separate
dates and involved separate acts. In section 609.343(1)(a), Minnesota defines
Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree as sexual contact with a complainant
under the age of 13 years by an actor more than 36 months older than the complainant.
Minnesota defines sexual contact as “the intentional touching by the actor of the
complainant’s intimate parts” directly or through “the clothing covering the immediate
area of the intimate parts” if the touching occurs with “sexual or aggressive intent.”
Minn. Stat. 609.341(11)(a) (1996).

       Anderson argues first that the district court improperly used Minnesota’s
statutory definition for Criminal Sexual Conduct in the First Degree when analyzing
the applicability of § 924(e). He also argues that the statutory definition for Criminal
Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree is not a violent felony under § 924(e). Because
our review is de novo and because we find that the statutory definition for Criminal
Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree is a violent felony, we need not address
Anderson’s first argument.

       The Armed Career Criminal Act defines a violent felony as a crime that “(i) has
as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the

      2
       North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37 (1970) (permitting a defendant to
maintain his or her claims of innocence while admitting that the government possesses
the evidence necessary to successfully prosecute the charged offense).

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person of another; or (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives,
or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury
to another . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). We have repeatedly stated that we
interpret the term violent felony in § 924(e) in the same manner that we interpret the
term crime of violence in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 422
F.3d 715, 721 (8th Cir. 2005) (“The guidelines definition of ‘crime of violence’ found
in § 4B1.2 is also viewed as interchangeable with the statutory definition of ‘violent
felony’ found in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).”); United States v. Johnson, 326 F.3d 934, 936
(8th Cir. 2003) (“The definition of ‘violent felony’ and ‘crime of violence’ are almost
identical[.]”).

       Our court has never held that a conviction under the specific Minnesota statute
at issue in this case qualifies as a violent felony under § 924(e) or as a crime of
violence under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2. We have, however, held that a conviction under an
almost identical Nebraska statute qualifies as a crime of violence within the meaning
of another federal statute, 18 U.S.C. § 16. See United States v. Alas-Castro, 184 F.3d
812, 813 (8th Cir. 1999) (holding that a conviction under Nebraska Revised Statutes
§ 28-320.01(1) (1995) qualified as an aggravated felony within the meaning of
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) (1998), and therefore as a crime of violence under §16).3
The Nebraska statute at issue in Alas-Castro is materially indistinguishable from the
Minnesota statute at issue here, the only difference being that under the Nebraska law,
the complainant’s age must be 14 years or younger and the actors age must be 19
years or older. See Neb. Rev. St. § 28-318(5) (defining sexual contact for the purpose
of Neb. Rev. St. § 28-320.01(1)).



      3
        Guideline Section 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) n.1 (1998) defined the term aggravated
felony through reference to 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43), which in turn relied upon the
crime of violence definition then found in 18 U.S.C. § 16. In its present form,
Guidelines Section 2L1.2(b) includes reference to crimes of violence, and the notes
to that section expressly set forth sexual assaults as qualifying crimes of violence.

                                          -3-
       18 U.S.C. § 16 does not define the term crime of violence in the same manner
that § 924(e) and U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 define the terms violent felony and crime of
violence, respectively. Whereas the latter provisions include offenses that involve
serious risk of physical injury, § 16 encompasses offenses that involve “substantial
risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the
course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 16. Although these definitions differ,
we have previously stated that “[a]ll crimes which by their nature involve a substantial
risk of physical force share the risk of harm.” United States v. Rodriguez, 979 F.2d
138, 141 (8th Cir. 1992). Further, our analysis in Alas-Castro demonstrates that the
differences between the definitions for crime of violence in § 16 and U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2
do not matter in the context of felony sexual contact with children. See Alas-Castro,
184 F.3d at 813 (“ . . . this type of contact between parties of differing physical and
emotional maturity carries a substantial risk that physical force . . . may be used in
committing the offense.”). We believe it is clear that the risk of harm or physical
injury in this case is inseparable from the risk of use of physical force.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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