                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]


             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                      ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               FEB 09, 2009
                            No. 08-12568                     THOMAS K. KAHN
                        Non-Argument Calendar                    CLERK
                      ________________________

                        Agency No. A72-443-886

FRANCISCO DE JESUS JUAREZ,


                                                                     Petitioner,

                                  versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                   Respondent.


                      ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                       _________________________

                            (February 9, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, DUBINA and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Francisco De Jesus Juarez, a native of Guatemala, petitions for review of the

Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) orders (1) vacating the Immigration

Judge’s (“IJ”) order terminating his removal proceedings because of a deficient

Notice to Appear (“NTA”); and (2) dismissing his appeal of the IJ’s order denying

him asylum and withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality

Act (“INA”) and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture

(“CAT”). After review, we deny the petition for review.

      According to Juarez, leftist guerillas in Guatemala came to his house several

times and threatened him because they wanted him to join them. After these

incidents, Juarez in 1989 moved to Guatemala City for work. That same year, the

guerillas found him, cut his face with a knife and told him they would kill him the

next time. However, Juarez had no further encounters with the guerillas after

1989. Juarez does not claim he participated in political activity.

      Juarez began collecting money to come to the United States. In October

1991, Juarez borrowed money from his brother-in-law and paid a “coyote” to

smuggle him into the United States. Juarez’s family members in Guatemala have

told him the leftist guerillas continue to ask about his whereabouts. The 1997

Country Report for Guatemala indicates that, in 1996, the government and leftist

guerillas signed peace accords, ending a 36-year civil war and, in 1997, the

umbrella guerilla organization alliance dissolved itself to devote its efforts to legal
                                            2
political activity. The 2005 Country Report for Guatemala contains no mention of

the guerillas’ presence in the country.

       The IJ and the BIA concluded that Juarez failed to establish his status as a

refugee. See INA § 208(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A) (giving discretion to

grant asylum if an alien meets the INA’s definition of “refugee”). A “refugee” is:

       any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality
       . . . and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or
       unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country
       because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on
       account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
       social group, or political opinion.

INA § 101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). To carry his burden to prove

statutory “refugee” status, an asylum applicant must, with specific and credible

evidence, establish (1) past persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor, or

(2) a “well-founded fear” that the statutorily listed factor will cause future

persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b); Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247,

1257 (11th Cir. 2006).1 To establish persecution by a guerilla group on account of

a political opinion, it is not enough to show that the petitioner has been or will be

targeted “due to [his] refusal to cooperate with the guerillas”; instead, the petitioner



       1
        We review the factual determinations regarding whether an applicant is eligible for
asylum or withholding of removal under the substantial evidence test. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257
F.3d 1262, 1283-84 (11th Cir. 2001). Under the substantial evidence test, “we must find that the
record not only supports reversal, but compels it.” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283,
1287 (11th Cir. 2003).
                                                 3
must show that the guerillas have targeted or will target him because of his actual

or imputed political opinion. Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 438 (11th

Cir. 2004).

         Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Juarez failed to

show either past persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor or a well-

founded fear of future persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor. Because

Juarez did not carry his burden as to asylum, he likewise failed to meet the higher

burden of proof for withholding of removal. See Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d

1262, 1292-93 (11th Cir. 2001).2 We also conclude that the supervisory asylum

officer’s illegible signature on Juarez’s NTA did not render it defective and, thus,

the BIA properly vacated the IJ’s order dismissing the removal proceedings on that

basis.

         PETITION DENIED.




         2
        Juarez’s appeal brief states that he should be granted CAT relief, but offers no further
argument or explanation. Accordingly, Juarez has abandoned this issue on appeal. See Rowe v.
Schreiber, 139 F.3d 1381, 1382 n.1 (11th Cir. 1998). Additionally, we lack jurisdiction to
address Juarez’s argument, raised in his reply brief, challenging the denial of his application for
cancellation of removal because Juarez did not exhaust his administrative remedies by
presenting this claim to the BIA. See Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247,
1250 (11th Cir. 2006).
                                                  4
