                        This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A14-0418

                                    In re the Matter of:

                             Calvin James Omtvedt, petitioner,
                                       Respondent,

                                            vs.

                                  Amanda Marie Jansen,
                                      Appellant.

                                 Filed January 12, 2015
                                        Affirmed
                                    Schellhas, Judge

                             Washington County District Court
                                File No. 82-FA-13-2782

Allison L. Marshall, LEGALnudge, LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Kathryn M. Lammers, Heimerl & Lammers, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and

Stoneburner, Judge.*

                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SCHELLHAS, Judge

      Appellant seeks reversal of a district court order modifying physical custody and

parenting time. We affirm.

*
 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                                         FACTS

      Appellant Amanda Marie Jansen and respondent Calvin James Omtvedt are the

parents of M.O., born July 19, 2003. Jansen was M.O.’s primary caretaker from M.O.’s

birth until April 2013, and Omtvedt was involved in M.O.’s care and support. In

November 2008, Omtvedt commenced an action, seeking an adjudication of his paternity,

a grant of joint legal and physical custody of M.O., and the establishment of child

support. In January 2009, based on the parties’ stipulation, the district court adjudicated

Omtvedt the father of M.O.; granted Jansen and Omtvedt joint legal custody of M.O.;

granted Jansen sole physical custody of M.O., subject to Omtvedt’s right of “reasonable

and liberal” parenting time; and established Omtvedt’s child-support obligation.

      In May 2011, M.O.’s school made a mandatory report of educational neglect of

M.O. to Isanti County Family Services, arising from M.O.’s school absences and

tardiness and Jansen’s failure to engage in the school’s attempts to address M.O.’s

attendance. Isanti County quickly “[s]creened out” the report and closed its file on M.O.

because of the imminent school-year end. But Isanti County sent a letter to Jansen and a

copy to Omtvedt, informing Jansen of the educational-neglect report and urging her to

address M.O.’s attendance issues “immediately.”

      M.O. changed schools and, in February 2013, M.O.’s new school made a

mandatory report of educational neglect of M.O. to Washington County Community

Services. In March, a Washington County educational-neglect social worker conducted a

diversion meeting with Jansen and M.O.’s school principal. In April, an incident in




                                            2
Jansen’s home resulted in a report of child maltreatment of M.O. and an investigation that

preempted Washington County’s educational-neglect diversion efforts.

       The reported child-maltreatment incident occurred on April 14, 2013, after Jansen

left her home for an extended social outing that included her intermittent consumption of

alcohol, leaving at home nine-year-old M.O., her ten-year-old schoolmate, and M.O.’s

six-year-old and four-year-old half-siblings. Shortly after Jansen’s departure, an unrelated

adult babysitter arrived at the home, but he left the home and the children at

approximately 10:30 p.m. After the babysitter’s departure, M.O. tried unsuccessfully for

several hours to reach Jansen on her cell phone. Around 5:00 a.m. on April 15, M.O.

called Omtvedt, who called the police and went to Jansen’s home. As a result of this

incident, the police placed M.O. in Omtvedt’s custody and M.O.’s half-siblings in the

custody of a family friend. Jansen did not return home until late morning on April 15.1

       On April 15, 2013, the district court issued an ex parte order for the protection

(OFP) of M.O. and granted Omtvedt temporary sole legal and physical custody of M.O.,

subject to Jansen’s supervised parenting time. Washington County investigated the child-

maltreatment report, determined that maltreatment had occurred, and concluded that a

preponderance of evidence supported a finding of neglect, i.e., “Failure to Provide

Necessary Supervision or Child Care Arrangements according to Minnesota Statute

626.556, subd. 2(f)(3).” Jansen agreed to participate in ongoing child-protection case

management. The district court appointed a guardian ad litem (GAL) for M.O., and on


1
 Washington County charged Jansen with child neglect or endangerment on April 16,
2013, and dismissed the charges on September 24.

                                             3
May 22, Jansen and Omtvedt reached an agreement that, pending an evidentiary hearing,

M.O. would remain in Omtvedt’s sole physical custody, subject to Jansen’s unsupervised

parenting time. Based on the parties’ stipulation, the district court dismissed the OFP. In

June, Omtvedt moved to modify custody, seeking sole legal and physical custody, subject

to Jansen’s unsupervised parenting time. The district court found that Omtvedt presented

a prima facie case for modification and scheduled an evidentiary hearing. Pending the

hearing, the court awarded Omtvedt temporary custody, subject to Jansen’s parenting

time, consistent with the parties’ May 22 stipulation.

       Following a three-day evidentiary hearing in the fall of 2013, the district court

modified custody by granting joint legal custody to Jansen and Omtvedt and sole physical

custody to Omtvedt, subject to Jansen’s right of parenting time.

       This appeal follows.

                                     DECISION

       “Appellate review of custody modification . . . cases is limited to considering

whether the trial court abused its discretion by making findings unsupported by the

evidence or by improperly applying the law.” Goldman v. Greenwood, 748 N.W.2d 279,

284 (Minn. 2008) (quotations omitted). A district court’s findings of fact are not set aside

on appeal unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. (citing Minn. R. Civ. P. 52.01). “Findings

of fact are clearly erroneous where an appellate court is left with the definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (quotation omitted). This court reviews the

record in a light most favorable to the district court’s findings, Frauenshuh v. Giese, 599

N.W.2d 153, 156 (Minn. 1999), superseded by statute in part on other grounds, Minn.


                                             4
Stat. § 518.18(d)(i) (2000), “giving deference to the district court’s opportunity to

evaluate witness credibility,” Goldman, 748 N.W.2d at 284. “That the record might

support findings other than those made by the trial court does not show that the court’s

findings are defective.” Vangsness v. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 474 (Minn. App.

2000) (discussing review of best-interests factors on appeal of initial custody award).

       To modify custody on the basis of child endangerment, a district court must make

four distinct findings that: (1) a change has occurred in the circumstances of either party,

both parties, and/or the child; (2) modification is necessary to serve the child’s best

interests; (3) the child’s present environment endangers her physical or emotional health

or impairs her emotional development; and (4) the benefits of modification outweigh the

detriments with respect to the child. Minn. Stat. § 518.18(d) (2014);2 see also Goldman,

748 N.W.2d at 284 (referring to statutory balancing of harm against advantage as

balancing of benefits against detriments).

Change in circumstances

       “What constitutes changed circumstances for custody-modification purposes is

determined on a case-by-case basis.” Sharp v. Bilbro, 614 N.W.2d 260, 263 (Minn. App.

2000) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. Sept. 26, 2000). “[T]here must be a real

change and not a continuation of ongoing problems.” Spanier v. Spanier, 852 N.W.2d

284, 288 (Minn. App. 2014) (quotation omitted). “The change in circumstances must


2
  We apply the most recent version of the statutes in this opinion, except where the
statutes have been amended in relevant part. See Interstate Power Co. v. Nobles Cnty. Bd.
Of Comm’rs, 617 N.W.2d 566, 575 (Minn. 2000) (stating that, generally, “appellate
courts apply the law as it exists at the time they rule on the case”).

                                             5
have occurred since the original custody order; it cannot be a continuation of conditions

existing prior to the order.” Id. (quotation omitted). But “the escalation of dubious

behavior of a custodial parent” may constitute a change in circumstances even if the

behavior began prior to the original custody order, at least where the behavior has

“increasingly harmful effects” on the child. See id. at 290 (quotation omitted); cf. Tarlan

v. Sorensen, 702 N.W.2d 915, 923 (Minn. App. 2005) (concluding that substantial change

in circumstances had occurred since original custody decision after stating that, although

father began expressing concern about daughter’s disproportionate weight gain around

time of initial custody determination, his concern had escalated in recent years).

       Here, Jansen asserts that the district court failed to make a finding that

circumstances have changed since the 2009 stipulated custody order. Jansen is incorrect.

Referring to the 2009 stipulated custody order, the district court stated that the evidence

“support[s] a finding that a change in circumstances since the time of the prior [custody]

order has occurred.” Jansen also argues that the court erroneously based its changed-

circumstances finding on the parties’ temporary custody arrangement and that “to find

this . . . as a change in circumstances would not satisfy the statutory requirement for a

significant change and would be illogical.” We acknowledge that Jansen should not be

prejudiced by the temporary custody order. See Minn. Stat. § 518.131, subd. 9(a) (2014)

(providing that a temporary order does “not prejudice the rights of the parties or the child

which are to be adjudicated at subsequent hearings in the proceeding”). But Jansen’s

argument is nonetheless unpersuasive. The court’s reference to “[t]he change in the actual

parenting time schedule” clearly refers back to its preceding finding that “when [Jansen]


                                             6
moved to Woodbury in 2011, by agreement of the parties, [Omtvedt]’s parenting time

increased to approximately half of the time.” The record supports the fact that, from

sometime in 2011 to April 2013, under an informal agreement with Jansen, Omtvedt

exercised approximately 50% parenting time with M.O. Omtvedt’s increased parenting

time was neither the result of a temporary custody order nor an insignificant deviation

from the 2009 stipulated custody order.

       Claiming that the April 14–15, 2013 incident was simply “a one-time lapse in

judgment,” Jansen argues that the incident does not meet the requisite change in

circumstances necessary to modify a custody order. But the district court specifically

found that Jansen’s explanation about the incident was not “plausible or credible” and

rejected Jansen’s attempts to minimize her role in the incident. The district court found

that the record contained “significant support” for “a finding of neglect on the evening of

April 14–15, 2013.” The court’s finding is supported by the record. Moreover, Jansen

offers no authority to support a proposition that a single instance of child neglect cannot

evidence changed circumstances.

       Jansen challenges the district court’s identification of “the clear pattern of

educational neglect” as evidence of changed circumstances, arguing that reliance on a

pattern of behavior implies that no significant change in circumstances occurred. The

record reflects that Jansen’s educational neglect of M.O. began when M.O. entered

kindergarten in 2008—before the 2009 stipulated custody order. The record also reflects

that the neglect worsened over the years. The GAL noted that “[i]n [M.O.]’s most recent

third and fourth grade years [in 2011–2013,] the problem was becoming significantly


                                            7
worse, not better.” The record reflects that Jansen’s educational neglect was having

“increasingly harmful effects” on M.O. as the academic and social demands of school

grew at each grade level. See Spanier, 852 N.W.2d at 290. The court was not obligated to

ignore “the escalation of [Jansen’s] dubious behavior” even though the behavior was not

new. See id. (quotation omitted).

       We conclude that the district court’s changed-circumstances finding is not clearly

erroneous.

Best interests

       “The guiding principle in all custody cases is the best interest of the child.” Durkin

v. Hinich, 442 N.W.2d 148, 152 (Minn. 1989). In the custody-modification context, a

child’s best interests are determined with reference to 13 non-exclusive factors listed in

Minn. Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(a) (2014). See Tarlan, 702 N.W.2d at 924. “[T]he law

leaves scant if any room for an appellate court to question the district court’s balancing of

best-interests considerations.” In re Child of Evenson, 729 N.W.2d 632, 635 (Minn. App.

2007) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. June 19, 2007).

       Jansen generally asserts in her brief that the district court abused its discretion by

modifying custody “when there was a lack of evidence regarding any of the requirements

under Minn. Stat. § 518.18.” Construing Jansen’s general assertion as an argument that

the district court’s best-interests finding is not supported by sufficient evidence, we

conclude that the argument is meritless. In making its best-interests finding, the court

stated that it was applying section 518.17 and discussed each of the 13 factors in the

statute. The court’s factor-by-factor explanation of its best-interests finding is supported


                                             8
by ample documentary and oral evidence gathered during the three-day evidentiary

hearing. We conclude that the district court’s best-interests finding is not clearly

erroneous.

Endangerment/impairment

       “Endangerment” is not defined in Minnesota Statutes section 518.18 (2014), in the

definitions section of chapter 518, or in any other section of the family-law statutes. “The

concept of ‘endangerment’ is unusually imprecise, but a party must demonstrate a

significant degree of danger to satisfy the endangerment element of section

518.18(d)(iv).” Goldman, 748 N.W.2d at 285 (quotations omitted). Endangerment in the

context of custody modification “includes danger purely to emotional and psychological

development.” Tarlan, 702 N.W.2d at 922.

       This court has stated that “to establish danger to a child’s welfare, a parent’s

conduct must be shown to result in an actual adverse effect on the child.” In re Weber,

653 N.W.2d 804, 811 (Minn. App. 2002); see also Dabill v. Dabill, 514 N.W.2d 590,

595–96 (Minn. App. 1994) (“Normally, given the statutory requirement for proof of

endangerment as a condition for a custody modification, the conduct or circumstance of a

parent, including visitation interference, does not establish danger to the welfare of

children without evidence of actual adverse effects.”). Actual adverse effects that “have

served as indications of endangerment to a child’s physical and emotional health” include

“[b]ehavioral problems and poor school performance by the child.” Weber, 653 N.W.2d

at 811 (citing Kimmel v. Kimmel, 392 N.W.2d 904, 908 (Minn. App. 1986), review

denied (Minn. Oct. 29, 1986)).


                                             9
      This court has upheld an endangerment finding that was based on evidence of

anticipated adverse effects of the current custodial environment. See Sharp, 614 N.W.2d

at 263–64 (concluding that record supported finding of endangerment when it contained

testimony that mother’s alleged present conduct “will cause emotional psychological

damage to her child,” that absent suggested therapy mother “would pose emotional

damage to her child,” and that “[mother]’s perceptions of reality may interfere with her

ability to parent, and, without treatment, [mother] may lack the ability to check her

behavior” (quotations omitted)); see also Johnson-Smolak v. Fink, 703 N.W.2d 588, 591

(Minn. App. 2005) (“‘Endangerment’ implies a significant degree of danger or likely

harm to the child’s physical or emotional state.” (emphasis added)). Although the

supreme court has made clear that “the endangerment element of section . . .

518.18(d)(iv) is concerned with whether the child’s present environment endangers the

child’s physical or emotional health or impairs the child’s emotional development, not

whether the child may be endangered by future events,” Goldman, 748 N.W.2d at 285

(quotation and citation omitted), the supreme court has never stated that an endangerment

finding cannot be based on evidence of an anticipated imminent adverse effect of the

present environment.

      Here, the district court specifically found that M.O.’s school absences and

tardiness are serious issues and resulted in M.O. being endangered while in Jansen’s care.

The court rejected Jansen’s explanation that M.O.’s absences were caused by her ear

infections. Jansen challenges the “accura[cy]” of and evidentiary support for the district

court’s finding, but the record contains ample evidence that M.O. missed an excessive


                                           10
amount of school, that Jansen’s educational neglect contributed to M.O.’s attendance

issues, and that M.O.’s emotional and psychological development was endangered as a

result.

          Jansen argues that the “trial court improperly modified the original custody order

because there was no evidence of an actual and adverse effect on [M.O.] so as to support

a finding of endangerment.” Assuming without deciding that an endangerment finding

must be based on evidence of actual adverse effect, we conclude that the district court

identified such evidence in this case:

                Testimony was presented that supports a finding that the
                adverse impact the endangerment had on [M.O.] The GAL
                testified and set forth in his report that [M.O.] exhibited
                behavior that demonstrated a maturity level beyond what she
                should have at her age. School records and child protection
                records clearly demonstrate that the school representatives
                expressed concern that she was missing too much school and
                was missing out on classroom assignments and that this was
                having a negative impact on her education. As a result of the
                April 14–15 incident, she was still having issues dealing with
                what happened that night and the resulting events.

                       . . . While testimony supports that [M.O.] is smart and
                has historically done well in school, a finding can be made
                that her potential was greater than she was reaching and was
                negatively impacted by her absences.

Indeed, in the GAL’s final report, the GAL opined that “it would not be in [M.O.]’s best

interests to take further risks with her educational stability or success” and recommended

that “[Omtvedt] should have primary responsibility for [M.O.]’s care and supervision

during each school year.” And the district court denied Jansen’s motion to exclude the

GAL’s final report and to bar the GAL from testifying at the evidentiary hearing. The



                                              11
evidence of actual adverse effect, identified by the court in its above finding, is in the

record and supports the court’s finding. Jansen’s argument to the contrary has no merit.

The court’s endangerment finding is not clearly erroneous.

       In this case, based on the common meaning and usage of “endangerment,” we

conclude that the evidence of an anticipated imminent adverse effect satisfies the

evidentiary standard necessary to support the district court’s finding of endangerment.

See Minn. Stat. § 645.08(1) (2014) (providing that undefined statutory “words and

phrases are construed according to rules of grammar and according to their common and

approved usage”); The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language at 460,

589, 880, 1306 (4th ed. 2006) (defining “endanger” as “[t]o expose to harm or danger;

imperil,” defining “danger” as “[e]xposure or vulnerability to harm or risk,” defining

“imperil” as “[t]o put into peril,” and defining “peril” as “[e]xposure to the risk of harm

or loss”).

Benefits and detriments

       Jansen asserts that the district court “failed to weigh the harm likely to be caused

by a change of the environment and the advantage of a change to [M.O.].” This assertion

is meritless because the district court expressly found that “[t]he benefit to [M.O.] by

providing her with consistency throughout the school year and consistency in her school

attendance outweighs any negative from the change.”

       Jansen apparently disagrees with the district court’s finding that the benefits of

modification outweigh the detriments, but the finding is supported by the record and

Jansen points to no evidence in the record that supports a contrary finding. Moreover,


                                            12
whether the record might support a different finding is irrelevant. See Vangsness, 607

N.W.2d at 474 (“That the record might support findings other than those made by the

trial court does not show that the court’s findings are defective.”). We conclude that the

district court’s benefits-and-detriments finding is not clearly erroneous.

Parenting time

       The district court characterized its grant of parenting time to Jansen as “liberal and

reasonable.” The district court did not address the “rebuttable presumption that a parent is

entitled to receive at least 25[%] of the parenting time for the child.” Minn. Stat.

§ 518.175, subd. 1(g) (2014). This court has stated that a district court must “demonstrate

an awareness and application of the 25% presumption when the issue is appropriately

raised and the court awards less than 25% parenting time.” Hagen v. Schirmers, 783

N.W.2d 212, 217 (Minn. App. 2010). Jansen argues that the district court’s failure to do

so is reversible error. But Jansen did not raise the issue of the 25% parenting-time

presumption before the district court. The court therefore was not required to address it.

See Hagen, 783 N.W.2d at 214, 217, 219 & n.4 (reasoning that “district court was alerted

that [proposed] parenting-time schedule would violate” 25% parenting-time presumption,

stating that “[t]his is important because we do not consider matters not argued to and

considered by the district court,” and reversing and remanding for district court to, inter

alia, “determine parenting-time with due regard for the rebuttable presumption that father

receive 25% parenting time”).

       Jansen also argues that the district court “improperly created a restriction” on her

parenting time without making findings about why her parenting time should be


                                             13
restricted. Citing Minn. Stat. § 518.175, subd. 5, Jansen asserts that to lawfully create a

parenting-time restriction, the court must make a finding of endangerment or

noncompliance with court orders. Indeed, the 2012 version of subdivision 5 provides that

a court “may not restrict parenting time unless it finds that . . . parenting time is likely to

endanger the child’s physical or emotional health or impair the child’s emotional

development.” Minn. Stat. § 518.175, subd. 5 (2012). But Jansen did not argue before the

district court that modification of custody and parenting time constitutes a restriction of

her parenting time within the meaning of Minn. Stat. § 518.175, subd. 5. Jansen therefore

waived the issue, and this court need not reach it. See Hagen, 783 N.W.2d at 219 (stating

that this court “do[es] not consider matters not argued to and considered by the district

court”).

       Moreover, by its terms, subdivision 5 applies to a “modif[ication of] . . . an order

granting or denying parenting time, if the modification would not change the child’s

primary residence.” Minn. Stat. § 518.175, subd. 5 (emphasis added). Here, the district

court’s modification of physical custody and parenting time did change M.O.’s primary

residence—from Jansen’s home to Omtvedt’s home. Consequently, Jansen’s argument

lacks merit because Minnesota Statutes section 518.18(d)(iv) applies, rather than section

518.175, subdivision 5.

       Affirmed.




                                              14
