                         NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                           No. 121,293


              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                      AUTUMN MCMULLIN,
                                          Appellant,

                                                  v.

                               KYNYA KIRCH and QUINN KIRCH,
                                        Appellees.


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION


       Appeal from Johnson District Court; ROBERT J. WONNELL, judge. Opinion filed July 31, 2020.
Reversed and remanded with directions.


       Valerie L. Moore, of Lenexa, for appellant, and Heather Landon, guardian ad litem.


       Suzanne Hale Robinson, of Roth Davies, LLC, of Overland Park, for appellees.


Before HILL, P.J., BUSER and BRUNS, JJ.


       PER CURIAM: The district court held that a person not biologically related to a
child cannot legally establish a presumption of paternity under the Kansas Parentage Act.
Kansas Supreme Court precedent teaches otherwise. The presumption does not depend on
a biological connection. For that reason, we must reverse the court and remand for it to
determine whether Autumn McMullin did establish a presumption of parentage because
she notoriously or in writing recognized parentage of the child.




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Two women begin a romantic relationship.


       Because the court made a legal error, we recount only a summary of the facts in a
time line.


       McMullin and Kynya Kirch were in a romantic relationship and started living
together. In early 2013, Kynya had an affair with Willyn Sellers and became pregnant.
Autumn at first told Kynya to have an abortion, but at some point during the pregnancy
Autumn got "onboard" and became more enthusiastic. Autumn's family organized baby
showers where she and Kynya both participated. Autumn attended all of Kynya's
obstetrical appointments.


       Kynya gave birth in November 2013. Autumn was present at the birth and cut the
umbilical cord. Autumn referred to the child on Facebook as "My girlfriend's and I['s]"
child. Kynya admitted Autumn referred to the child as her daughter. The child was named
A. McMullin on the original birth certificate. No father was listed on the birth certificate.


       Autumn and Kynya did not enter into a written coparenting agreement. At one
point, they were engaged to be married. But they ended their relationship in early 2015.


       After the breakup, Autumn continued to spend significant time with A.M., mostly
in accordance with their work schedules. But Autumn also had the child for two weeks at
a time when Kynya temporarily moved to Kentucky. Kynya met Autumn in St. Louis for
the exchanges. Autumn's time with the child was more than babysitting. Autumn gave
Kynya money for day care expenses. Autumn testified the child calls her "Momma or
Mommy," but Kynya testified that did not begin until this litigation had started, and at
Autumn's instruction. The child calls Autumn's parents "Poppa" and "Grandma
Shannon."


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       In 2016, Kynya married Quinn Kirch. Quinn could not be biologically related to
the child. The child calls Quinn "Dad" or "Daddy."


       In January 2018, Kynya stopped Autumn's visitation with the child. The next
month, she and Kirch obtained a Missouri birth certificate that changed the child's last
name to Kirch.


       In March 2018, Autumn petitioned the court for determination of parentage,
claiming that she "notoriously or in writing recognizes paternity of the child." See K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 23-2208(a)(4). The district court issued temporary orders giving Autumn
visitation time with the child every other weekend, finding that Autumn had shown "an
existing de facto custody arrangement."


       Willyn Sellers was made a party to the action. Willyn attended only one court
hearing in October 2018. He later acknowledged he was the child's father but
relinquished his parental rights and consented to a stepparent adoption. The court
appointed a guardian ad litem for the child.


       At the bench trial in December 2018, the guardian ad litem gave her opinion based
on her independent investigation. This included not only talking with the child but
hearing the evidence at trial. She offered that Autumn and Kynya had intended to
coparent the child even before the child's birth. She stated that the time Autumn spent
with the child after their separation was parenting time and that it was in the best interests
of the child that Autumn be considered a parent.


       Four months later, the court held that Autumn could not legally establish a
presumption of parentage because she was not biologically related to the child and did
not enter into a coparenting agreement with Kynya. The court specifically held that a
"nonbiological exception" found in Frazier v. Goudschaal, 296 Kan. 730, 735, 746-47,

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295 P.3d 542 (2013), did not apply because Autumn and Kynya did not enter into a
coparenting agreement. The district court did not determine whether Autumn could meet
the "notoriously or in writing" language of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2208(a)(4).


       The court also found that both Willyn and Quinn had established a presumption of
paternity, weighed the presumptions, and determined that Quinn's presumption was
founded on weightier considerations of policy and logic and it was in the best interests of
the child for Quinn to be declared the legal parent.


The court misapplied Frazier.


       In Frazier, our Supreme Court held a woman could be a presumptive mother
under the prior provisions of the Kansas Parentage Act without claiming to be a
biological or adoptive mother. 296 Kan. 730, Syl. ¶ 6. Contrary to the district court's
interpretation, the Frazier court did not create an "exception" to the statute enacted by our
Legislature, but was trying to harmoniously interpret all of its provisions.


       "Obviously, except for subsection (5), the parental relationship for a father can be legally
       established under the KPA without the father actually being a biological or adoptive
       parent. That is important because K.S.A. 38-1113 states that a mother 'may be established
       . . . under this act [KPA]' and K.S.A. 38-1126, dealing with the determination of the
       mother and child relationship, specifically incorporates the provisions of the KPA
       applicable to the father and child relationship, insofar as practicable. A harmonious
       reading of all of the KPA provisions indicates that a female can make a colorable claim to
       being a presumptive mother of a child without claiming to be the biological or adoptive
       mother, and, therefore, can be an 'interested party' who is authorized to bring an action to
       establish the existence of a mother and child relationship." 296 Kan. at 746-47.


       A review of the Kansas Parentage Act is helpful at this point. Under the Act,
"'parent and child relationship' means the legal relationship existing between a child and

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the child's biological or adoptive parents." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2205. A mother and
child relationship "may be established by proof of her having given birth to the child or
under this act." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2207. To determine a mother
and child relationship "under this act," the statute lists several presumptions of "paternity"
that "[i]insofar as practicable" apply to determine a mother and child relationship as well.
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2208(a); K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2220. The presumptions are:


       "A man is presumed to be the father of a child if:
       "(1)     The man and the child's mother are, or have been, married to each other and the
       child is born during the marriage or within 300 days after the marriage is terminated . . . .
       "(2)     Before the child's birth, the man and the child's mother have attempted to marry
       each other . . . .
                ....
       "(3)     After the child's birth, the man and the child's mother have married, or attempted
       to marry . . . .
                ....
       "(4)     The man notoriously or in writing recognizes paternity of the child, including but
       not limited to a voluntary acknowledgment made in accordance with K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
       23-2223 or K.S.A. 65-2409a, and amendments thereto.
       "(5)     Genetic test results indicate a probability of 97% or greater that the man is the
       father of the child.
       "(6)     The man has a duty to support the child under an order of support regardless of
       whether the man has ever been married to the child's mother." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-
       2208(a).


       The presumptions are rebuttable by clear and convincing evidence. K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 23-2208(b). The statute recognizes that two or more presumptions may arise that
conflict with each other, at which point "the presumption which on the facts is founded
on the weightier considerations of policy and logic, including the best interests of the
child, shall control." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2208(c). Autumn claims a presumption of



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maternity under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2208(a)(4), that she "notoriously or in writing
recognizes paternity of the child."


       The Supreme Court made a holding much like Frazier in State ex rel. Secretary of
DFC v. Smith, 306 Kan. 40, 55-56, 392 P.3d 68 (2017). We acknowledge that the Frazier
holding was vigorously criticized by one of the justices in another decision, but Frazier
remains the law. See In re Adoption of T.M.M.H., 307 Kan. 902, 932, 416 P.3d 999
(2018) (Stegall, J., dissenting) ("the Frazier court impermissibly broadened the meaning
of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 23-2208 to include presumptions entirely severed from biology").


       We note that other panels of this court have since applied the Frazier holding,
allowing both women and men to establish a presumption of parentage under K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 23-2208(a)(4) without claiming biological maternity or paternity. See, e.g.,
Kline v. Holmes, No. 118,067, 2018 WL 1659927, at *5 (Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished
opinion); In re Paternity of E.G.S., No. 108,778, 2013 WL 2972697, at *3-4 (Kan. App.
2013) (unpublished opinion).


       As it relates to the presumptions, none of the statutory language and the wording
in Frazier limits the holding to cases in which there is a coparenting agreement as the
court ruled here. That is an error of law. Of course, as we recognized above, the
presumptions are not determinative of parentage. If a presumption is established, it may
still be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence.


       We reverse and remand for a factual determination of whether Autumn is entitled
to a presumption of maternity under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2208(a)(4), because she
notoriously or in writing recognized her maternity of the child.


       Reversed and remanded with directions.


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