NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.


                                            2018 VT 38

                              Nos. 2016-417, 2017-208 & 2017-326

Nicola Weaver                                                   Supreme Court

                                                                On Appeal from
   v.                                                           Superior Court, Addison Unit,
                                                                Family Division

David Weaver                                                    March Term, 2018


Samuel Hoar, Jr., J.

Nicola Weaver, Pro Se, North Ferrisburgh, Plaintiff-Appellant.

Wanda Otero-Weaver, Lincoln, for Defendant-Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Skoglund, Eaton and Carroll, JJ., and Morris, Supr. J. (Ret.),
         Specially Assigned


        ¶ 1.   EATON, J.        In these consolidated appeals, mother, the noncustodial parent,

challenges three successive orders of the family division that restricted and then temporarily

suspended her contact with the parties’ sixteen-year-old son. We affirm the court’s restrictions on

mother’s contact with the child, but reverse its limitations on her access to the child’s records and

communications with school and medical personnel. We remand that issue for further findings

and direct the family court to review its order suspending contact within sixty days.

                                      I. Factual Background

        ¶ 2.   This case has a long and contentious history including two previous appeals to this

Court.1 For purposes of the present appeal, the following facts are relevant. The parties divorced


       The two prior appeals addressed father’s maintenance obligation. See Weaver v. Weaver,
        1

2017 VT 58, __Vt.__, 171 A.3d 374; Weaver v. Weaver, No. 2015-326, 2016 WL 562907 (Vt.
in August 2011 after a long marriage. They have four sons, all of whom were minors at the time

of the divorce. The three older sons are now adults. The youngest, N.W., is sixteen years old. In

the August 2011 final divorce order, the court awarded sole legal and physical parental rights and

responsibilities to mother, who had been the primary caregiver throughout the children’s lives.

Father was to have contact with the children on three weekends each month. The court ordered

each party to refrain from criticizing or disparaging the other parent, and warned that failure to

comply could lead to contempt-of-court charges or other remedies including modification of the

custody order.

       ¶ 3.      Three months later, in December 2011, the court modified physical parental rights

and responsibilities. The court found that mother had interfered with father’s parent-child contact

by failing to bring the children to father as scheduled, saying that she was terminating all visitation

because she was angry with father, having the police call father when he was with the children in

Maine on vacation, and scheduling events during father’s contact time. Mother was convicted for

unlawful trespass and simple assault as a result of her behavior and was placed on probation until

2019. The court ordered the parents to share physical responsibilities so that father “is less at the

mercy of mother’s whims.” It warned that a further change in custody was possible if mother’s

behavior continued.

       ¶ 4.       In May 2014, father moved to modify parental rights and responsibilities again,

alleging that mother had repeatedly violated the court’s orders by interfering with his parent-child

contact, attempting to alienate the children from him, disparaging him to the children, and

harassing him in other ways. Mother responded that father was angry that he was ordered to pay

child support and maintenance, and that he and his new wife, who was also his attorney, 2 were


Feb. 11, 2016) (unpub. mem.), https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents
/eo15-326.pdf [https://perma.cc/V3TB-NBCH]. A third, separate appeal of that issue is currently
pending before this Court.
       2
          Mother argues in her brief that father’s wife, Wanda Otero-Weaver, should not be
permitted to act as his attorney in this matter because as father’s wife and N.W.’s stepmother, Ms.
                                                   2
attempting to discredit mother in order to get custody of the children and reduce father’s support

obligations. The parties agreed to undergo a forensic psychological evaluation to aid the court in

deciding the motion. The psychologist interviewed both parents, the children, and certain friends

and family, and concluded that both parents loved the children and were able to care for them and

meet their needs. However, the psychologist recommended granting sole parental rights and

responsibilities to father, who appeared to be better able to execute those responsibilities and to

communicate with mother.

        ¶ 5.    After two hearings, in June 2015 the court granted father’s motion to modify

parental rights and responsibilities. The court found that mother had continued to disparage father

to the children and to involve the children in her dispute with father. She had threatened and

harassed father’s spouse. She refused to permit N.W., the parties’ youngest son, to get braces,

even though father arranged to pay the entire cost. She told the children they would become

homeless because father would not support them. The court concluded that mother’s intentional

alienation of the children from father and failure to follow court orders constituted a substantial

change in circumstances warranting modification of the custody award. The court determined that

it would be in the children’s best interests to transfer sole legal and physical rights and

responsibilities for the children to father. It ordered the then-existing parent-child contact schedule

of alternating weeks with each parent to remain in place. Once again, the court admonished mother

not to threaten or harass father or his spouse, or criticize father or his spouse in front of the children.

Mother did not appeal the June 2015 order.




Otero-Weaver has a conflict of interest. Mother did not file a motion to disqualify Ms. Otero-
Weaver or otherwise squarely raise this argument in the family court in the proceedings currently
being appealed. We accordingly take no position on this issue. See Follo v. Florindo, 2009 VT
11, ¶ 14, 185 Vt. 390, 970 A.2d 1230 (“In general, issues not raised at trial are unpreserved, and
this Court will not review them on appeal.”). However, we note that given her unique position,
Ms. Otero-Weaver could become a fact witness in this proceeding, which would ordinarily
preclude her from representing one of the parties.
                                                3
       ¶ 6.    In February 2016, father filed a motion to modify parent-child contact.           An

evidentiary hearing was held on September 8, 2016. Mother did not appear. Based on the evidence

presented at the hearing, the court issued a written decision on September 20, 2016, finding that

mother had “persisted in her unremitting campaign to alienate her sons” from their father. The

court found that mother had defied court orders, permitted N.W. to be tardy or absent from school

on numerous occasions, and refused to acknowledge or participate in treatment of N.W.’s

diagnosed eating disorder, to N.W.’s detriment. Although N.W. had expressed to the court his

desire to maintain the current contact schedule, the court concluded that to do so would risk further

harm to N.W. and to father’s ability to exercise his responsibilities as N.W.’s legal custodian. The

court therefore ordered that father would have primary custody of N.W. Mother would have

contact with N.W. every other weekend and one weeknight visit each week and was responsible

for transporting N.W. to and from father’s home for visits. Mother was permitted to speak with

N.W. by telephone for up to thirty minutes on each night N.W. was with father, but father could

require N.W. to take the calls on speakerphone or monitor the calls, “[t]o ensure that [mother] does

not use these calls as opportunities to extend her campaign of attempting to alienate [son] from

[father].” The court warned that it could further limit mother’s contact if she persisted in her

attempts to undermine N.W.’s relationship with his father. Mother did not appeal the September

2016 order.

       ¶ 7.    A few weeks later, father filed a motion to enforce, alleging that mother had refused

to comply with the new parent-child contact schedule set forth in the September 2016 order.

Following a hearing at which both mother and father appeared, the court, on its own motion, further

modified the parent-child contact schedule in an order entered on November 10, 2016. The court

found that mother had “enabled, and perhaps even encouraged,” N.W.’s disregard of the

September 2016 order. The court found that mother had failed to return N.W. to father on each of

the Sundays required by that order, with the excuse that she could not force N.W. to return to

father’s house. She had also violated the restrictions on contact by engaging in repeated electronic
                                                  4
communications with N.W. The court found that mother’s “persistent attempts to alienate [N.W.]

from his father are clear evidence of a relationship that is unhealthy for [N.W.]” and constituted a

substantial change in circumstances requiring modification of the parent-child contact order.

       ¶ 8.    The court further limited mother’s contact with N.W. to the first and third full

weekends of each month. Mother was responsible for picking him up after school on Friday and

returning him to school the following Monday. She was permitted to call N.W. on Tuesdays and

Thursdays at 8 p.m. for up to thirty minutes, and father could monitor the calls. Mother was

prohibited from otherwise contacting N.W. by any electronic means or from responding to him if

he contacted her. The court further ordered that mother could have access to N.W.’s medical,

dental, and educational records, but that such access would be through father, who would obtain

and deliver to mother any records she sought. She was also prohibited from contacting school

personnel or N.W.’s medical and dental providers unless father gave her permission to do so. The

court ordered mother to provide N.W. with a copy of the September 2016 order and the November

2016 order, to have him sign a written acknowledgement that he had read and understood both

orders, and to return the signed acknowledgment to the court. The court stated that it would review

the order within ninety days and would consider increasing mother’s contact if mother

demonstrated compliance. Mother appealed the order to this Court.

       ¶ 9.    The family court held a review hearing in February 2017. Mother admitted that the

parent-child contact schedule was not being followed. The court denied mother’s requests to

amend the temporary order and to allow her to take N.W. to England to visit her family during the

summer, although it stated that it would reconsider the requests if mother demonstrated compliance

with the November 2016 parent-child contact order.

       ¶ 10.   The court held another hearing on May 10, 2017. Mother again admitted that the

parent-child contact schedule set forth in the November 2016 order was not being followed. Father

testified that N.W. had been staying at mother’s home for most of the previous month and refused

to answer his texts or calls. Father testified that he had received a letter from the school notifying
                                                    5
him that N.W. had more than ten absences and numerous tardies, almost all of which had occurred

while N.W. was staying with mother. The court found that mother had continued to enable or

encourage N.W. to violate the order and to violate the order herself. The court accordingly

suspended mother’s in-person parent-child contact, stating that it would consider reinstating

contact after sixty days if mother could demonstrate “her appreciation of the negative impact her

behavior has had upon [N.W.] and her active commitment to refraining from such behavior in the

future.” Mother filed a notice of appeal from the May 2017 order.

       ¶ 11.   In response to a motion from mother, the family court clarified in a June 2017 order

that if N.W. appeared at her home, mother was to transport him immediately to father’s home, or,

if he refused to cooperate, to call the police to transport him.

       ¶ 12.   Mother subsequently moved to amend the parent-child contact order to return to

the previous arrangement under which each party had equal time with N.W. Father, meanwhile,

filed a motion for contempt.3 At a status conference on July 6, 2017, mother stated that N.W. had

been staying with her and refused to go to father’s home. However, she had not contacted the

police as ordered by the court.

       ¶ 13.   In an order entered on August 24, 2017, the court found that neither party had

complied with the court’s orders: mother had continued to “use the parties’ son as a pawn in her

persistent campaign of revenge against [father],” while father had been unwilling or unable to

exercise the rights and responsibilities awarded him by the court. The court found that the parties

had empowered N.W. to make his own decisions, and that “[i]nfluenced heavily by his mother,

[N.W.] has chosen to remain exclusively with her, in derogation of the court’s order, and decidedly

against his best interest.” The court denied mother’s motion to amend custody, finding that to do

otherwise would reward mother for “what appears clearly to be contumacious conduct.” The court



       3
          The court eventually granted father’s motion for contempt in a decision entered on
October 24, 2017. Mother filed a separate appeal from that decision, which is pending. We
therefore will not address mother’s arguments regarding the contempt order in this opinion.
                                                6
stated that its prior orders remained in effect and ordered that a hearing be set on father’s motion

for contempt. Mother filed a third notice of appeal from the August 2017 order. At the request of

the parties, mother’s appeals from the November 2016, May 2017, and August 2017 orders were

consolidated for review by this Court.

                                      II. The Present Appeal

       ¶ 14.   On appeal, mother claims that there is no evidence that she has attempted to alienate

N.W. from father and that the court abused its discretion by reducing and then suspending her

parent-child contact. She argues that the court’s decisions are not in N.W.’s best interests and that

the court should have followed N.W.’s expressed wish to maintain the previous contact schedule.

She further argues that the court improperly prohibited her from accessing N.W.’s records or

having direct contact with school personnel or medical and dental providers.

       ¶ 15.   Our review of the family court’s decisions regarding parent-child contact is

deferential: we will uphold its findings if supported by the evidence, and will affirm its legal

conclusions if supported by the findings. DeLeonardis v. Page, 2010 VT 52, ¶ 20, 188 Vt. 94, 998

A.2d 1072. The family court has broad discretion in awarding, modifying, or denying parent-child

contact, and we will not disturb its decisions “unless its discretion was exercised upon unfounded

considerations or to an extent clearly unreasonable upon the facts presented.” DeSantis v. Pegues,

2011 VT 114, ¶ 26, 190 Vt. 457, 35 A.3d 152 (quotation omitted).

       ¶ 16.   We first address the scope of this appeal. Many of mother’s arguments in her

appellate briefs are focused on the court’s September 2016 order, which reduced her parent-child

contact with N.W. from alternating weeks to every other weekend and one weeknight visit a week.

She claims that she did not appear at the hearing that preceded the September 2016 order because

she was being bullied by father and his attorney in the maintenance dispute and had “surrendered”

on the issue of custody. She questions the court’s findings and reasoning in the September 2016

decision. However, mother did not appeal that order, which is final and can no longer be

challenged. See LaMoria v. LaMoria, 171 Vt. 559, 560, 762 A.2d 1233, 1235 (2000) (mem.)
                                           7
(holding that mother’s failure to timely appeal prior order in custody case foreclosed her from

raising claim related to prior order in later appeal). This Court therefore lacks jurisdiction to

consider these arguments. See Casella Const., Inc. v. Dep’t of Taxes, 2005 VT 18, ¶ 3, 178 Vt.

61, 869 A.2d 157 (“The timely filing of a notice of appeal is a jurisdictional requirement.”). We

may only address mother’s claims regarding the November 2016, May 2017, and August 2017

orders, which mother timely appealed.

                                     A. November 2016 Order

                              1. Modification of Parent-Child Contact

       ¶ 17.   In her first appeal, mother challenges the court’s November 2016 order modifying

the parent-child contact schedule to reduce mother’s time with N.W. and restrict mother’s

telephonic and electronic communications with N.W. Mother argues that these changes were not

warranted by the evidence. She claims that she has attempted to comply with the court’s orders

but that N.W. refuses to do so and she is unable to control his behavior.

       ¶ 18.   As noted above, we review a court’s decision to modify parent-child contact for

abuse of discretion. DeSantis, 2011 VT 114, ¶ 26. To modify a parent-child contact order, the

court must first determine whether there has been a “real, substantial, and unanticipated change of

circumstances.” 15 V.S.A. § 668(a); see also Patnode v. Urette, 2017 VT 107, ¶ 4, __Vt.__,

__A.3d__. “The burden of showing changed circumstances with respect to a motion to alter

parent-child contact is not as high as the heavy burden of showing changed circumstances with

respect to a motion seeking a change of custody.” Hawkes v. Spence, 2005 VT 57, ¶ 20, 178 Vt.

161, 878 A.2d 273 (quotation omitted). A parent’s “willful, repeated interference” with physical

rights and responsibilities of the other parent may constitute changed circumstances sufficient to

justify modification. Wells v. Wells, 150 Vt. 1, 4, 549 A.2d 1039, 1042 (1988); see also Clark v.

Bellavance, 2016 VT 124, ¶ 13, __Vt.__, 162 A.3d 679 (explaining that “efforts by one party to

interfere with the other’s visitation rights, especially when those efforts violate court orders,” may

constitute substantial change in circumstances).
                                                   8
       ¶ 19.   In its November 2016 order, the court determined that there had been a legally

sufficient change in circumstances because mother had failed to return N.W. to his father’s house

on Sundays as required by the September 2016 order, had deliberately ignored its restrictions on

electronic communications with N.W., and had enabled or perhaps encouraged N.W. to disregard

the new contact schedule. It determined that mother’s actions were part of her ongoing campaign

to undermine father’s relationship with and authority over N.W and justified a further modification

of the parent-child contact order.

       ¶ 20.   The court’s findings are supported by evidence presented at the November 3, 2016

hearing. Father testified under oath that mother had not been returning N.W. to his home as

required by the September 2016 order, and had continued to contact N.W. on a daily basis through

text messages and FaceTime. Mother did not deny these facts at the hearing. In emails introduced

at the hearing, mother informed father that N.W. did not want to abide by the new schedule and

“is sticking to 50/50.” In another, she threatened father that he risked losing all contact with N.W.

if he tried to enforce the order, stating that their older son “opted out at 15 and you will never get

that time back, and [N.W] is looking at doing the same.” In multiple emails, she accused father of

fraud and of “screwing with [N.W.]” for father’s own financial gain. Meanwhile, she emailed

father’s wife’s law partner, attempting to involve him in the dispute. It was not unreasonable for

the court to conclude from this evidence that mother was unwilling to follow the new visitation

schedule and was enabling or encouraging N.W. not to do so. These findings in turn are sufficient

to support the court’s conclusion that a substantial change in circumstances existed. See Miller-

Jenkins v. Miller-Jenkins, 2010 VT 98, ¶ 13, 189 Vt. 518, 12 A.3d 768 (mem.) (affirming family

court’s ruling that custodial parent’s repeated interference with noncustodial parent’s visitation

rights constituted legally sufficient change in circumstances to review custody order).

       ¶ 21.   When the threshold requirement of changed circumstances has been met, the court

must then determine whether changes to the parent-child contact arrangement are in the best

interests of the child. 15 V.S.A. § 668(a); Patnode, 2017 VT 107, ¶ 4. Although the court’s
                                              9
analysis of the best-interests prong in its November 2016 order is brief, its decision is sufficient

for us to discern its rationale, particularly when read together with earlier orders. In its unappealed

September 2016 order, the court had found that while in mother’s care, N.W. had been permitted

to miss school far too often, had become alienated from his father, and had not received treatment

for his diagnosed eating disorder.4 It limited mother’s contact with N.W. in an attempt to address

these issues. In the November 2016 order, the court found that mother had ignored the new contact

schedule, to N.W.’s continuing detriment. Although the court acknowledged N.W.’s desire to

maintain the old arrangement, it found that N.W.’s best interests were not served by extensive

contact with mother, because she continued to undermine N.W.’s relationship with father by

enabling or perhaps encouraging N.W. to disregard the new visitation schedule and by ignoring

the court’s restrictions on electronic communication, and because her fixation on the alleged

wrongs perpetrated by father prevented her from seeing N.W.’s real needs for structure, discipline,

and medical treatment. Accordingly, it further limited mother’s contact with N.W.

       ¶ 22.   The court’s findings in the November 2016 order relate directly to several relevant

best-interests factors: the parent’s ability to meet the child’s developmental needs, 15 V.S.A.

§ 665(b)(2); “the ability and disposition of each parent to foster a positive relationship and frequent

and continuing contact with the other parent, including physical contact, except where contact will

result in harm to the child or to a parent,” 15 V.S.A. § 665(b)(5), and the parent’s ability to

communicate and cooperate with the other parent, 15 V.S.A. § 665(b)(8). Given its familiarity

with the parties and the history of this case, we cannot find that the court abused its discretion in

determining that further restrictions on face-to-face and electronic contact with mother were in

N.W.’s best interests. See Miller v. Smith, 2009 VT 120, ¶ 5, 187 Vt. 574, 989 A.2d 537 (mem.)



       4
          On appeal, mother denies that N.W. has an eating disorder, arguing that he is simply a
vegetarian and a picky eater. As explained above, mother failed to appeal the court’s September
2016 factual findings on this point, which are now final. Furthermore, mother’s current position
on appeal is contradicted by the 2015 psychologist report, which states that both mother and father
reported “with concern” that N.W. suffered from a diagnosed eating disorder.
                                                10
(recognizing that court “may impose conditions on visitation if clearly required by the child’s best

interests”).

        ¶ 23.   We reject mother’s argument that the court abused its discretion by failing to defer

to N.W’s desire to continue spending equal time with both parents. “The paramount consideration

in any custody decision . . . is the best interests of the child.” Renaud v. Renaud, 168 Vt. 306, 309,

721 A.2d 463, 466 (1998). We have held that where one parent engages in a sustained campaign

to alienate the child from the other parent, courts must be “wary . . . of over-reliance on such

otherwise significant considerations as the child’s emotional attachment to, or expressed

preference for, the offending parent, or on such factors as stability and continuity.” Id. at 310, 721

A.2d at 466. As we noted in Renaud, children’s desires are “capable of distortive manipulation by

a bitter, or perhaps even well-meaning, parent,” and “do not always reflect the long-term best

interest of the children.” Id. (quoting Nehra v. Uhlar, 372 N.E.2d 4, 7 (N.Y.1977)). Furthermore,

the brief disruption caused by a change in contact may be “more than compensated by the benefits

of a long-term healthy relationship with both parents.” Id. Here, the court found that N.W.’s

expressed preference to spend equal time with each parent was not in his best interests because

extensive contact with mother was detrimental to his own health and his relationship with father.

The court’s determination on this point is supported by its findings and the evidence, and we

uphold it on appeal.5




        5
          We disapprove, however, of the court’s order that N.W. read and sign its November 2016
decision, which was to be delivered by mother. Although not a basis for reversal, the order was
ill-advised, as it needlessly further dragged N.W. into the middle of his parents’ contentious legal
battle and possibly increased resentment toward the court. To the extent that the court was
attempting to ensure that N.W. understood for himself the court’s reasoning for the new schedule,
rather than hearing a potentially editorialized version of events from mother, the court could have
accomplished this by directing the child’s previously appointed guardian ad litem to speak with
N.W. about the order, or by appointing an attorney for N.W. and directing that person to
communicate with him.

                                                 11
                                2. Access to Records and Personnel

       ¶ 24.   Mother also challenges the restrictions placed by the court on her access to N.W.’s

records and her ability to communicate with school and medical personnel regarding N.W. In

paragraph 1 of its November 2016 decision, the family court ordered that mother had the right to

see N.W.’s records but had to ask father to obtain them, and that she was not permitted to have

direct contact with school personnel or medical and dental providers without father’s permission.

Mother argues that she has a statutory right of access to N.W.’s records and that it is not in N.W.’s

best interests to prohibit her from contacting the school or his medical providers.

       ¶ 25.   Mother is correct that under 15 V.S.A. § 670, the noncustodial parent ordinarily has

the right to access “medical, dental, law enforcement and school records” of a minor child.6 See

Rinehart v. Svensson, 2017 VT 33, ¶ 14, __Vt.__, 169 A.3d 198. The court may limit the

noncustodial parent’s access to such records, however, if it finds that “access is not in the best

interest of the child or if access may cause detriment to the other parent including but not limited

to abuse.” 15 V.S.A. § 670.

       ¶ 26.   In Rinehart, we affirmed the trial court’s order denying a father access to his sons’

mental health records. 2017 VT 33, ¶ 17. The court found that permitting father to access the

records was not in the children’s best interests, because disclosure of the records could inhibit the

children’s progress in treatment and cause them substantial emotional harm. Id. These findings

related directly to two relevant best-interests factors: the parents’ respective abilities to meet the

children’s future developmental needs and the relationship of the children to another person who

may significantly affect them, namely, their therapist. Id. (citing 15 V.S.A. § 665(b)(3), (7)).

       ¶ 27.   In this case, by contrast, the family court provided no explanation for its decision

to limit mother’s access to N.W.’s records. There was some testimony at the November 2016


       6
         Mother claims that she also has a right to access N.W.’s records under the federal Family
Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. We do not address this claim because it is inadequately
briefed. See State v. Mitchell, 147 Vt. 218, 221, 514 A.2d 1047, 1049 (1986) (“As a general rule,
we will not consider inadequately briefed issues on appeal.”).
                                                12
hearing that mother had been making arrangements for N.W. with the school without notifying

father. There was also evidence presented that mother had attempted to involve school personnel

in her quarrel with father. However, the court’s order contained no discussion of this evidence,

any past history regarding N.W.’s records, or any potential effect that disclosure of the records to

mother would have on N.W. or father. While § 670 permits the court to restrict the noncustodial

parent’s access to a child’s records, such an order must be based on the criteria set forth in the

statute. The court’s November 2016 order restricting mother’s access to N.W.’s records is

unsupported by any findings or analysis and therefore must be reversed.

        ¶ 28.   Mother appears to argue that, in addition to giving her a general right to access

N.W.’s records, § 670 gives her the right to communicate directly with school and medical

personnel regarding N.W. The language of § 670 does not support her interpretation and this Court

is not aware of any other statutory provision granting mother such a right. As the parent with sole

legal rights and responsibilities, father is responsible for all decisions regarding N.W.’s education

and medical needs. See 15 V.S.A. § 664(1)(A) (defining legal responsibility to include decisions

regarding “education, medical and dental care, religion and travel arrangements”). Just as it may

restrict access to records, the family court may, in its discretion, restrict the participation of the

noncustodial parent in communications with school and medical personnel if the court determines

such restrictions are in the child’s best interests.

        ¶ 29.   Again, however, the court made no findings to support its restrictions on mother’s

right to communicate with school and medical personnel. We therefore cannot affirm this portion

of the court’s order. See Nickerson v. Nickerson, 158 Vt. 85, 89, 605 A.2d 1331, 1333 (1992)

(reversing custody decision where lack of findings prevented meaningful appellate review

regarding which parent was primary care provider).

        ¶ 30.   For the above reasons, we reverse paragraph 1 of the November 2016 order. On

remand, the court may reimpose restrictions on mother’s access to records and personnel if

warranted by the evidence, but any such restrictions must be supported by appropriate findings.
                                                13
                                         B. May 2017 Order

        ¶ 31.   In the second of her three appeals, mother challenges the family court’s May 2017

order, which temporarily suspended all contact between mother and N.W. for sixty days after

mother failed to comply with the September 2016 and November 2016 orders.

        ¶ 32.   The Legislature has declared that after parents divorce, “it is in the best interests of

their minor child to have the opportunity for maximum continuing physical and emotional contact

with both parents, unless direct physical harm or significant emotional harm to the child or a parent

is likely to result from such contact.” 15 V.S.A. § 650. Accordingly, the family court may not

permanently halt all contact between a parent and a child without finding by clear and convincing

evidence that such an action is in the child’s best interests, because such an order effectively

terminates the parent’s rights. Mullin v. Phelps, 162 Vt. 250, 267, 647 A.2d 714, 724 (1994); see

also In re A.D., 143 Vt. 432, 435, 467 A.2d 121, 123 (1983) (explaining that permanent termination

of parental rights must be supported by clear and convincing evidence).

        ¶ 33.   We have recognized, however, that the family court may temporarily suspend

parent-child contact when a preponderance of the evidence shows that a suspension is necessary

to protect the child’s physical or emotional welfare. Groves v. Green, 2016 VT 106, ¶ 22, 203 Vt.

168, 154 A.3d 507; see also In re B.C., 2013 VT 58, ¶ 16, 194 Vt. 391, 81 A.3d 1152 (holding that

temporary deprivation of rights may be justified by preponderance of evidence showing that

suspension of contact is “necessary for the protection of the child’s physical or emotional safety”);

15 V.S.A. § 594a (providing that family court may make temporary orders).                 We apply a

deferential standard of review in cases involving a temporary suspension of rights, and will not set

aside the court’s order if the findings and evidence support its conclusions. Groves, 2016 VT 106,

¶ 23.

        ¶ 34.   Although the family court’s May 2017 order is brief, it is clear from context that

the court determined that it was in N.W.’s best interests to temporarily suspend contact with

mother. The order expressly incorporates the oral findings the court made at the May 2017 hearing.
                                               14
There, the court found that despite its admonitions in November 2016 and February 2017, mother

had persisted in her attempts to undermine N.W.’s relationship with father. She had enabled and

encouraged N.W. to violate the order and had violated the order herself. The court found that

mother had not acted in N.W.’s best interests. The court accordingly suspended all contact

between mother and N.W. for sixty days, stating that it would consider reinstating contact if mother

showed that she understood the impact her behavior had on N.W. and committed to changing her

behavior.

       ¶ 35.   The family court’s findings and conclusions are supported by a preponderance of

the evidence in the record. At the February and May 2017 hearings, mother admitted that the

parent-child contact schedule was not being followed. By the time of the May hearing, father had

not seen or heard from N.W. for nearly a month, despite making numerous attempts to contact

him. N.W. had missed a lot of school and his grades were suffering. Father had arranged for N.W.

to see a therapist to treat his eating disorder, but N.W. refused to engage with the therapist,

apparently out of concern that anything he said to her would make it back to mother. Thus, he

continued to go without treatment. This evidence supported the court’s conclusion that extensive

contact with mother was detrimental to N.W.’s well-being.

       ¶ 36.   Mother claimed that she tried to get N.W. to communicate with father and insisted

that she could not force N.W. to comply with the orders. However, she offered no evidence of any

efforts on her part to ensure N.W.’s cooperation with the new schedule. As the finder of fact,

mother’s credibility was a question for the court to decide, and we cannot say that the court clearly

erred by failing to credit mother’s claim that she was not to blame for N.W’s noncompliance. See

Payrits v. Payrits, 171 Vt. 50, 54, 757 A.2d 469, 472-73 (2000) (holding that credibility of

witnesses, weight of evidence, and its persuasive effect are questions for family court). Indeed, at

the February 2017 hearing mother openly admitted that she did not even try to control N.W. or tell

him that he had to go his father’s. These facts support the court’s conclusion that mother was

enabling and encouraging N.W. to disregard the order as part of her continuing campaign to
                                           15
alienate N.W. from his father, resulting in emotional harm to him and father.           Under the

circumstances, the court acted within its discretion by determining that it was in N.W.’s best

interests to temporarily suspend contact with mother pending a review hearing after sixty days.

See Groves, 2016 VT 106, ¶ 23.

                                    C. August 24, 2017 Order

       ¶ 37.   In her third appeal, mother challenges the court’s August 2017 decision denying

her motion to modify parent-child contact and continuing the suspension of mother’s parent-child

contact.

       ¶ 38.   We conclude that the court acted within its discretion because mother failed to

demonstrate that she had met the court’s stated conditions for reinstating contact, that is,

compliance with the existing parent-child contact schedule, an acknowledgment by her of the

negative impact of her behavior on N.W., and her promise to refrain from such behavior in the

future. Mother admitted at the July 2017 hearing that she continued to have in-person contact with

N.W. despite the court’s May 2017 order suspending all contact; in fact, he had been staying with

her most of the time since that order. She continued to insist that she could not force N.W. to see

his father and denied any personal responsibility for his noncompliance.7            Under these

circumstances, it was not an abuse of discretion for the court to deny mother’s motion to modify

the parent-child contact order.

       ¶ 39.   The court’s August 2017 denial of mother’s motion to modify parent-child contact

meant that the May 2017 order temporarily suspending mother’s contact with N.W. remained in

effect. As discussed above, the court’s suspension of mother’s contact with N.W. in its May 2017

order was acceptable because the order was temporary and called for review within sixty days.

Going forward, unless the court makes findings sufficient to satisfy the standard articulated in



       7
           At oral argument, the parties represented that after mother was held in contempt in
October 2017, N.W. began complying with the order and had been staying with his father, except
for one or two overnights with mother.
                                               16
Mullin v. Phelps for termination of mother’s parental rights, it must continue to review the

suspension order every sixty days and reconsider whether such an arrangement continues to be in

N.W.’s best interests.

         The family court’s November 10, 2016 decision is affirmed in part, except that the court’s
restrictions on mother’s access to N.W.’s records and contact with school and medical personnel
are reversed and remanded for the court to make additional findings consistent with this opinion.
The family court’s May 10, 2017 and August 24, 2017 orders are affirmed. The family court shall
hold a hearing to review the temporary suspension of mother’s parent-child contact within sixty
days of the date of this opinion.


                                               FOR THE COURT:



                                               Associate Justice




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