                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JOHN FLYNN et al.,                        :
                                          :
                   Plaintiffs,            :       Civil Action No.:     09-1855 (RMU)
                                          :
                   v.                     :       Re Document No.:      5
                                          :
R.D. MASONRY, INC. et al.,                :
                                          :
                                          :
                   Defendants.            :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                         DENYING THE DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       This matter comes before the court on the motion filed by two of the defendants, R.D.

Masonry Inc. (“RDMI”) and R.D. Masonry LLC (“RDM LLC”), (collectively, “the RDM

defendants”) to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction and for failure

to state a claim for which relief can be granted. The plaintiffs in this case seek to recover

delinquent contributions under the Employment Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29

U.S.C. §§ 1001 et seq. Because the court concludes that it has personal jurisdiction over the

RDM defendants based on § 502(e) of ERISA, and because the plaintiffs have set forth a

plausible entitlement to relief, the court denies the RDM defendants’ motion to dismiss.



                        II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The plaintiffs are trustees of the Bricklayers and Trowel Trades International Pension

Fund (“IPF”) and the International Masonry Institute (“IMI”), multi-employer benefit plans that
are “administered” in the District of Columbia. Compl. ¶¶ 1-5. The plaintiffs allege that they

are authorized to effect collections on behalf of the IPF on IMI. Id. ¶ 4. The defendants –

RDMI, RDM LLC and Bucher Masonry, LLC (“Bucher”) – are Florida companies that allegedly

maintain offices and conduct business in the state of Florida and employ members of the

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers and its affiliated local unions

(collectively, “the Union”). Id. ¶¶ 6-9.

       The plaintiffs assert that defendants RDMI and Bucher executed collective bargaining

agreements with the Union (“the agreements”) that obligated these employers to make certain

payments to the IPF and IMI on behalf of their covered employees and submit to audits in order

to determine the accuracy of such payments. Id. ¶¶ 10, 12, Exs. A-E. The agreements each

contained an “evergreen clause” which, the plaintiffs purport automatically renewed the contract

from one term to the next, binding RDMI and Bucher past the expressed expiration date. Pls.’

Opp’n at 4, n.2. Although RDMI and Bucher allegedly submitted a portion of their required

contributions, Compl. ¶ 13, the plaintiffs claim that the “[d]efendants have failed to submit

required reports and [other] contributions,” id. ¶ 14. The plaintiffs contend that all three

defendants are “alter ego companies” 1 because RDM LLC and RDMI share an identical street

address and all three defendants have “common ownership or management, and/or the same or

similar employees, customers, and type of work.” Id. ¶ 11. Accordingly, the plaintiffs seek to

hold the defendants “jointly and severally liable for each others[’] debts,” and more specifically,

for their alleged failure “to properly submit required reports and contributions for covered work

they have performed,” id. ¶¶ 11, 14.


1
       It is unclear from the pleadings whether the plaintiffs allege that all three companies are alter egos
       of each other or whether each company is an alter ego of one of the other companies but not
       necessarily both. See generally Compl. Nevertheless, such a distinction is immaterial to this
       decision.
                                                     2
       On September 29, 2009, the plaintiffs filed their complaint pursuant to §§ 502(a)(3),

502(g)(2) and 515 of ERISA. 2 See generally Compl. The plaintiffs seek an order requiring the

defendants to “submit all required reports and to make all contributions due and owing to the IPF

and IMI, and to pay the costs and disbursements of this action.” Id. ¶ 5. More specifically, the

plaintiffs ask that RDMI “turn over its books and records from January 2005 through the date

that the company ceased operations, or through December 2007, whichever date is later.” Id. ¶ 2.

Similar disclosure is sought from RDM LLC for the period from December 2007 through the

present and from Bucher from January 2008 through the present. Id.

       The RDM defendants have filed a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction and under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a

claim. See generally RDM Defs.’ Mot. With this motion now ripe for adjudication, the court

turns to the applicable legal standards and the parties’ arguments.



                                          III. ANALYSIS

              A. The Court Denies the RDM Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for
                              Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

        1. Legal Standard for a Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
                                  Under Rule 12(b)(2)

       On a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), the plaintiff

has the burden of establishing a prima facie case that personal jurisdiction exists. See e.g.,

Second Amendment Found. v. U.S. Conference of Mayors, 274 F.3d 521, 524 (D.C. Cir. 2001).

To establish a prima facie case, the plaintiff must present evidence sufficient to defeat a motion

2
       Section 502(a) of ERISA authorizes fiduciaries to commence a civil action; § 502(g)(2) outlines
       the attorney’s fees, costs and awards recoverable in actions concerning delinquent contributions;
       and § 515 describes an employer’s obligations to make contributions to a multiemployer plan. 29
       U.S.C. §§ 1132, 1143.

                                                  3
for judgment as a matter of law. See Cable/Home Commc’n Corp. v. Network Prods., Inc., 902

F.2d 829, 855 (11th Cir. 1990); cf. Carter v. Duncan-Huggins, Ltd., 727 F.2d 1225, 1227 (D.C.

Cir. 1984) (indicating, under a differently labeled but similar standard, that such motions should

be denied unless “the evidence, together with all inferences that can reasonably be drawn

therefrom is so one-sided that reasonable men could not disagree on the verdict”).

       In determining whether a basis for personal jurisdiction exists, the court resolves factual

discrepancies in the complaint and affidavits in favor of the plaintiff. Crane v. N.Y. Zoological

Soc’y, 894 F.2d 454, 456 (D.C. Cir. 1990). The court, however, need not treat all of the

plaintiff’s allegations as true. United States v. Philip Morris Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 116, 120 n.4

(D.D.C. 2000); see also GTE New Media Servs. v. BellSouth Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1349 (D.C.

Cir. 2000) (stating that courts should not accept bare allegations and conclusory statements).

Moreover, the court “may receive and weigh affidavits and any other relevant matter to assist it

in determining the jurisdictional facts.” Arista Records, Inc. v. Sakfield Holding Co., 314 F.

Supp. 2d 27, 30 (D.D.C. 2004) (internal quotations omitted). 3

             2. The Court Has Personal Jurisdiction Over the RDM Defendants

       The RDM defendants maintain that the court lacks personal jurisdiction over them

because, unlike Bucher, the RDM defendants are neither “parties to a binding agreement

governed by ERISA” nor alter egos of Bucher. RDM Defs.’ Mot. at 5-7. They argue that “[t]o

allow [the] [p]laintiffs’ [sic] the ability to haul these two companies into a jurisdiction where

they have not actively conducted business and who are not parties to a binding agreement

governed by ERISA would render a severe harm,” particularly as “there has been no

3
       If a defendant’s affidavits contradict the plaintiff’s prima facie case that personal jurisdiction
       exists, “the burden traditionally shifts back to the plaintiff to produce evidence supporting
       jurisdiction unless those affidavits contain only conclusory assertions that the defendant is not
       subject to jurisdiction.” Meier v. Sun Int’l Hotels, 288 F.3d 1264, 1269 (11th Cir. 2002).

                                                     4
determination that Bucher LLC owes any contributions to the Union.” Id. at 7. The RDM

defendants, however, do not contest and, indeed, implicitly concede that as a general matter, an

employee submits itself to the court’s jurisdiction by entering into a valid agreement governed by

ERISA. See id. at 5 (stating that “only Bucher LLC has submitted itself to the jurisdiction of the

Court by entering into a valid agreement with the Union”).

       The plaintiffs respond that regardless of whether the RDM defendants are determined to

be alter ego companies, the court has personal jurisdiction over those defendants pursuant §

502(e)(2), ERISA’s nationwide service of process provision. Pls.’ Opp’n at 2-3. In addition, the

plaintiffs maintain that the RDM defendants were signatories to a binding ERISA-governed

agreement between the RDM defendants and the Union. Id. at 4-5. More specifically, the

plaintiffs point out that two of the five agreements at issue were signed by “RD Masonry,” which

could be either of the RDM defendants. 4 Id. at 5. The plaintiffs explain that as a signatory, “RD

Masonry” would have been bound to these agreements during the periods of time for which the

plaintiffs are seeking relief due to the “evergreen clauses” controlling the expiration of the

contract. Id. at 4-5; Compl., Exs. A, E. The plaintiffs also note that the RDM defendants do not

provide any affidavits in support of their contention that RDM LLC did not sign any collective

bargaining agreement. Pls.’s Opp’n at 5. Finally, the plaintiffs argue that under ERISA, RDMI

is additionally and independently subject to the personal jurisdiction of the court based upon its

previous “payment of fringe benefit contributions” to the IPF and IMI, both of which are

“administered in the District of Columbia.” Id. at 6.

       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k)(1)(C), service of a summons establishes

personal jurisdiction over a defendant when such service is authorized by a federal statute. FED.

4
       The plaintiffs’ complaint, on the other hand, alleges that only RDMI executed a collective
       bargaining agreement with the Union, making no mention of RDM LLC. Compl. ¶ 10.

                                                   5
R. CIV. P. 4(K)(1)(C). Section 502(e)(2) of ERISA authorizes nationwide service of process on

defendants in an ERISA action. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(e)(2) (providing that “[w]here an action under

[ERISA] is brought in a district court of the United States, it may be brought in the district where

the plan is administered, where the breach took place, or where a defendant resides or may be

found, and process may be served in any other district where a defendant resides or may be

found”). Thus, the court has personal jurisdiction over the RDM defendants irrespective of

whether those defendants have conducted business in the District of Columbia, see Flynn v. Ohio

Bldg. Restoration, Inc., 260 F. Supp. 2d 156, 170 (D.D.C. 2003) (concluding that an alleged lack

of contacts with the District of Columbia did not preclude the court from asserting personal

jurisdiction over an out of state defendant in an ERISA claim), unless exercising such

jurisdiction would violate due process, Price v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 294

F.3d 82, 95 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (noting that “it is well-settled that ‘a statute cannot grant personal

jurisdiction where the Constitution forbids it’” (quoting Gilson v. Republic of Ireland, 682 F.2d

1022, 1028 (D.C. Cir. 1982))). Therefore, the court must determine whether its exercise of

personal jurisdiction over the RDM defendants would violate due process.

       “The Due Process Clause requires that if the defendant ‘be not present within the territory

of the forum, he have certain minimum contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does

not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Id. (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v.

Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)). Although neither the Supreme Court nor this Circuit

has addressed what minimum contacts are needed to satisfy due process when personal

jurisdiction is asserted pursuant to a federal statute that authorizes nationwide service of process,

other courts in this district as well as other circuit courts have employed a “national contacts test”




                                                  6
in such circumstances. See, e.g., Pinker v. Roche Holdings Ltd., 292 F.3d 361, 369 (3d Cir.

2002) (ruling that “[w]here Congress has spoken by authorizing nationwide service of process

. . . the jurisdiction of a federal court need not be confined by the defendants contacts with the

state in which the federal court sit”); Bd. of Trs., Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat’l Pension Fund v.

Elite Erectors, Inc., 212 F.3d 1031, 1035 (7th Cir. 2000) (holding that statutorily authorized

nationwide service of process is proper so “long as defendants have adequate contacts with the

United States as a whole”); NGS Am., Inc. v. Jefferson, 218 F.3d 519, 525 n.5 (6th Cir. 2000)

(noting that “the weight of Sixth Circuit precedent supports acceptance of the national contacts

approach” in an ERISA case); Go-Video, Inc. v. Akai Elec. Co., Ltd., 885 F.2d 1406, 1414 (9th

Cir. 1989) (stating that where Congress specifically authorizes nationwide service of process, a

federal district court’s jurisdiction encompasses the boundaries of the United States and due

process requires only that a defendant have minimum contacts with the United States); Pikas v.

Williams Cos., 542 F. Supp. 2d 782, 784 (S.D. Ohio 2008) (stating that “ERISA 502(e)(2) allows

for personal jurisdiction over a defendant with minimum personal contacts with any of the fifty

United States”); Ohio Bldg., 260 F. Supp. 2d at 170-73 (D.D.C. 2003) (ruling that ERISA’s

nationwide service of process provision subjected a defendant to personal jurisdiction in the

District of Columbia, despite the absence of minimum contacts, because the defendant had

sufficient minimum contacts with the United States). 5

       Because the defendants are all companies registered to do business in Florida, the RDM

defendants have the “national contacts” necessary to give rise to personal jurisdiction by virtue

5
       But cf. AGS Int’l Serv., S.A. v. Newmont USA Ltd., 346 F. Supp. 2d 64, 86-86 (D.D.C. 2004)
       (concluding that the national contacts test did not apply in a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt
       Organizations Act (“RICO”) case because RICO’s nationwide service provision provides for
       nationwide jurisdiction only where one of the defendants has minimum contacts with the local
       forum); accord World Wide Minerals Ltd. v. Republic of Kazakhstahn, 116 F. Supp. 2d 98, 108
       (D.D.C. 2000).

                                                   7
of ERISA’s nationwide service of process provision. See e.g., Ohio Bldg. Restoration, Inc., 260

F. Supp. 2d at 173 (concluding that “ERISA’s nationwide service provision permits the [c]ourt to

exercise jurisdiction over [a defendant company] because it is a citizen of the United States”).

The RDM defendants do not take issue with the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over properly

served defendants in an ERISA action. See generally RDM Mot. Accordingly, the court’s

exercise of personal jurisdiction over the RDM defendants would not offend due process.

       Nonetheless, the RDM defendants maintain that personal jurisdiction is not appropriately

exercised here because they are not proper defendants, as they are neither bound signatories to

any of the contested agreements nor alter egos of Bucher or each other. RDM Mot. at 5-7.

Courts have reached differing conclusions as to whether some preliminary finding of potential

liability is necessary before asserting personal jurisdiction pursuant to § 502(e) of ERISA. 6 The

court need not now wade into the debate over whether some minimal showing of a viable claim

is necessary prior to exercising personal jurisdiction because, as discussed below, the complaint

6
       Compare Bd. of Trs., Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat’l Pension Fund v. Elite Erectors, Inc., 212 F.3d
       1031, 1035 (7th Cir. 2000) (explaining that “[w]hether the defendant is liable under ERISA is the
       subject to be litigated following service; it is not a condition precedent to personal jurisdiction”);
       Sheikh v. Mr. K’s Restaurant, Inc., 2005 WL 1387591, at *2 (D.D.C. June 10, 2005) (stating that
       “[i]n a case where no discovery or evidentiary hearing has yet taken place, a plaintiff may defeat
       a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction merely by making factual allegations
       sufficient to connect the defendant to the forum and establish a prima facie showing of
       jurisdiction” (citing Nix v. Hoke, 62 F. Supp. 2d 110, 113 (D.D.C. 1999))) ; Flynn v. Ohio Bldg.
       Restoration, Inc., 260 F. Supp. 2d 156, 173 (D.D.C. 2003) (concurring with Elite Erectors and
       concluding that “[w]hether or not defendant Exact Construction will be found liable under
       plaintiff’s ‘alter ego’ theory is a separate issue from whether there exists jurisdiction over it
       pursuant to ERISA’s nationwide service provision” (citing Elite Erectors, 212 F.3d at 1033.);
       with Verizon Employee Benefits Comm. v. Adams, 2006 WL 66711, at *4 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11,
       2006) (holding that the plaintiff could not rely on ERISA’s nationwide service provision to
       establish personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant because the plaintiff failed to state a
       claim upon which relief could be granted under ERISA); Van Ru Credit Corp. v. Prof’l
       Brokerage Consultants, Inc., 2003 WL 22462607, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 29, 2003) (explaining that
       to establish personal jurisdiction pursuant to ERISA’s nationwide service of process,
       “[a]llegations must meet the very low threshold of ‘minimally viable’ – which requires only that
       the allegations not be ‘patently without merit’ to support [personal] jurisdiction” (quoting Torco
       Oil Co. v. Innovative Thermal Corp., 730 F. Supp. 126 (N.D. Ill. 1989))).

                                                     8
adequately states a claim against the RDM defendants under Rule 12(b)(6). See infra Part B.2.

Thus, because the RDM defendants were served pursuant to § 502(e) of ERISA and due process

has been fulfilled, and because the plaintiffs have adequately stated their claims, the court

concludes that it has personal jurisdiction over the RDM defendants.

B. The Court Denies the RDM defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim

    1. Legal Standard for Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim

        A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Browning v.

Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). The complaint need only set forth a short and plain

statement of the claim, giving the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds upon which

it rests. Kingman Park Civic Ass’n v. Williams, 348 F.3d 1033, 1040 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citing

FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2) and Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). “Such simplified notice

pleading is made possible by the liberal opportunity for discovery and the other pretrial

procedures established by the Rules to disclose more precisely the basis of both claim and

defense to define more narrowly the disputed facts and issues.” Conley, 355 U.S. at 47-48

(internal quotation marks omitted). It is not necessary for the plaintiff to plead all elements of

his prima facie case in the complaint, Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 511-14 (2002),

or “plead law or match facts to every element of a legal theory,” Krieger v. Fadely, 211 F.3d

134, 136 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Yet, “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S.

Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.

544, 562 (2007) (abrogating the oft-quoted language from Conley, 355 U.S. at 45-46, instructing

courts not to dismiss for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that “no set of


                                                   9
facts in support of his claim [] would entitle him to relief”). A claim is facially plausible when

the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant

is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at

556). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more

than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at

556).

        In resolving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must treat the complaint’s factual

allegations – including mixed questions of law and fact – as true and draw all reasonable

inferences therefrom in the plaintiff’s favor. Holy Land Found. for Relief & Dev. v. Ashcroft,

333 F.3d 156, 165 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

While many well-pleaded complaints are conclusory, the court need not accept as true inferences

unsupported by facts set out in the complaint or legal conclusions cast as factual allegations.

Warren v. District of Columbia, 353 F.3d 36, 39 (D.C. Cir. 2004); Browning, 292 F.3d at 242.

“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

                  2. The Plaintiffs Have Stated a Plausible Claim for Relief

        The RDM defendants contend that the plaintiffs’ complaint is both factually and legally

insufficient and, therefore, should be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). RDM Defs.’ Mot. at

10-13. First, they argue that the agreements prove that “only Bucher LLC is obligated to make

payments to the Union.” Id. at 11-12. As for the one agreement signed by “RD Masonry,” the

RDM defendants assert it was not their signature but rather that of “a company registered in a

completely different state [that] has no relationship whatsoever with the parties to this lawsuit.”

Id. at 11. While the RDM defendants concede that RDMI was at one point bound to an


                                                 10
agreement included among the plaintiffs’ exhibits, they claim that this agreement expired in

April 2003 and, thus, does not support the plaintiffs’ request for an audit of the company’s

records from January 2005 until December 2007. Id. at 12.

        The RDM defendants also maintain that the allegations in the complaint are insufficient

to maintain a cause of action under alter ego liability because the plaintiffs failed to allege “some

manifest injustice or fundamental unfairness” that would result if the companies are not deemed

liable as alter egos. Id. at 8. Additionally, they propose the plaintiffs’ complaint is deficient

because it “only states that the [defendant] entities are jointly and severally liable for each

other’s debts . . . [and] does not allege that the entities are otherwise liable for each others’

obligations.” Id. at 12. Because no “debt” has been established, the RDM defendants conclude

that the plaintiffs’ claims against them should be dismissed. Id. at 13.

        The plaintiffs refute that they must plead “manifest injustice” or “fundamental

unfairness” to adequately allege a claim alter ego liability, asserting that relevant case law does

not support such a requirement. Pls.’ Opp’n at 13. The plaintiffs point out that two of the

agreements are signed by “RD Masonry,” and that all of the agreements contain an “[e]vergreen

[c]lause extending [the agreements’] terms on a yearly basis absent timely termination.” Id. at 9-

10. If further evidence reveals that the “RD Masonry” signature on the agreements is not that of

the RDM defendants, the plaintiffs suggest, this should be resolved at the summary judgment

stage and not on a motion to dismiss. Id. at 11-12. Lastly, the plaintiffs submit that the RDM

defendants’ attempt to distinguish between the defendants’ “debts” and “obligations” is

“frivolous,” as they cite no authority supporting dismissal based on such a distinction. Id. at 12.

        In the ERISA context, alter ego liability enables benefit plan trustees to “recover

delinquent contributions from a sham entity used to circumvent the participating employer’s


                                                  11
pension obligations.” Flynn v. R.C. Tile, 353 F.3d 953, 958 (D.C. Cir. 2004). Holding ERISA

defendants liable as alter egos “prevent[s] employers from evading their obligations under labor

laws and collective bargaining agreements through the device of making a mere technical change

in the structure or identity of the employing entity . . . without making any substantial change in

its ownership or management.” Mass. Carpenters Cent. Collection Agency v. Belmont Concrete

Corp., 139 F.3d 304, 307 (1st Cir. 1998) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The

alter ego of a signatory to an ERISA-governed collective bargaining agreement is “obligated to

honor the pension contribution terms of the [applicable agreement].” R.C. Tile, 353 F.3d at 958

(quoting Cent. States, Se. & Sw. Areas Pension Fund v. Sloan, 902 F.2d 593, 596 (7th Cir.

1990)); see also Stardyne, Inc. v. Nat’l Labor Relations Bd., 41 F.3d 141, 145 (3d Cir. 1994)

(stating that “if two entities are found to be alter egos, a collective bargaining agreement

covering one entity is automatically deemed to cover the other” (citing Howard Johnson Co. v.

Detroit Local Joint Exec. Bd. Hotel & Rest. Employees, 417 U.S. 249, 259 n.5 (1974))).

       To determine whether two businesses are alter egos, the court “evaluates the similarities

between the two enterprises in their ownership, management, business purpose, operations,

equipment, and customers.” 7 R.C. Tile, 353 F.3d at 958. In this analysis, “no single factor is

controlling, and all need not be present to support a finding of alter ego status.” Belmont

Concrete, 139 F.3d at 308.

       The plaintiffs allege that the defendants have “common ownership or management,

7
       This Circuit has stated “different considerations may be relevant where a corporation [as opposed
       to an unincorporated entity] is involved.” Flynn v. R.C. Tile, 252 F.3d 953, 958 n.3 (D.C. Cir.
       2004). The court agrees, however, with the determination by other courts in this district that the
       standards set forth in R.C. Tile apply to cases involving both corporations as well as
       unincorporated entities. See Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Ind. Pension Fund v. M-K Signs, 2010
       WL 2093354, at *5 n.1 (D.D.C. May 25, 2010); Flynn v. Interior Finishes, Inc., 425 F. Supp. 2d
       38, 52 n.15 (D.D.C. 2006); Flynn v. Ohio Bldg. Restoration, Inc., 317 F. Supp. 2d 22, 29-33
       (D.D.C. 2004).

                                                  12
and/or the same or similar employees, customers, and type of work,” and that the RDM

defendants have identical street addresses. Compl. ¶ 11. Additionally, the plaintiffs proffer two

agreements between the Union and “RD Masonry,” both of which contain an “evergreen clause,”

to show that RDMI was a bound signatory to an ERISA-governed agreement during the

contested time period. 8 Id. ¶ 12. The plaintiff’s allegations together with the agreements signed

by “RD Masonry” demonstrate that the plaintiffs have a plausible entitlement to relief under alter

ego liability. Thus, contrary to the RDM defendants’ assertion, the complaint and its exhibits do

not contradict or undermine the plaintiffs’ factual allegations in support of the RDM defendants’

liability.

        Nor is the complaint legally insufficient because it fails to plead “manifest injustice” or

“fundamental unfairness.” See RDM Defs.’ Mot. at 8. “[A] favorable balance of the equities is

not required to conclude that one entity is the alter ego of another for the purposes of [§] 515 [of

ERISA].” R.C. Tile, 353 F.3d at 960. Indeed, courts in this jurisdiction have generally made

determinations regarding alter ego liability without discussing the “injustice” or “unfairness” that

would result if such liability were not imposed. See, e.g., id. (conducting an alter ego analysis

and imposing no requirement that the plaintiff plead or show inequity); Int’l Painters & Allied

Trades Ind. Pension Fund v. M-K Signs, 2010 WL 2093354, at *7 n.1 (D.D.C. May 25, 2010)

(same); Bd. of Trs. v. N. Steel Corp., 657 F. Supp. 2d 155, 159-60 (D.D.C. 2009) (same); Flynn

v. Veazey Constr. Corp., 424 F. Supp. 2d 24, 33-35 (D.D.C. 2004) (same); Ohio Bldg., 317 F.

Supp. 2d at 34-36 (same). Instead, equitable arguments are more appropriately asserted during a

8
        Because all of the documents referred to in the plaintiffs’ opposition were attached as exhibits to
        their complaint, the court need not evaluate the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss under a summary
        judgment standard. See Equal Emp’t Opportunity Comm’n v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch.,
        117 F.3d 621, 624-625 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (holding that “[i]n determining whether a complaint fails
        to state a claim, we may consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either
        attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which we may take judicial notice”).

                                                    13
later stage of the proceeding as a defense to liability under the alter ego doctrine. 9 See R.C. Tile,

353 F. 3d at 958-60 (analyzing the equitable arguments presented as a defense only after

determining that the defendant was an alter ego for the purposes of ERISA § 515).

        Finally, the court is not persuaded by the RDM defendants’ effort to draw a distinction

between a party’s “debts” and its “obligations.” The RDM defendants fail to cite any authority

for their assertion that alter ego entities can be held jointly and severally liable only for their

“obligations” and not their “debts.” See generally RDM Defs.’ Mot. Moreover, the complaint is

clear in its request for relief: it requests that the court order the defendants to pay their allegedly

delinquent contribution to the IPF and IMI and to participate in an audit of their records in order

to determine the amount owed. Compl ¶¶ 5, 15. Whether in describing such relief, the plaintiff

uses the word “obligation” or “debt” is of no moment. 10 Nor is it significant that the plaintiffs

have not established the amount owed, as ERISA plaintiffs are routinely unable to provide the

exact amount of unpaid contributions owed to them due to a lack access to the defendants’

records. Flynn. v. Extreme Granite, Inc., 671 F. Supp. 2d 157, 162 (D.D.C. 2009) (accepting the

plaintiffs’ estimate of delinquent contributions in order to calculate damages).

        Because the plaintiffs have pleaded sufficient factual allegations to support the inference

that the RDM defendants are plausibly liable under ERISA for delinquent contributions, the

court denies the RDM defendants’ motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).




9
        Such was the case in Flynn v. Interior Finishes, Inc., the sole authority cited by the RDM
        defendants in support of their argument that the plaintiffs’ were required to plead some sort of
        inequity to assert alter ego liability. 425 F. Supp. 2d 38, 54 (D.D.C. 2006). The court in that case
        addressed the lack of inequity defense not in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, but rather during
        the parties’ motions for summary judgment once discovery had taken place. Id.
10
        Indeed, the term “debt” may be used to describe “[t]he aggregate of all existing claims against
        a[n] . . . entity.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 410 (7th ed. 1999).

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                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the court denies the RDM defendants’ motion to dismiss. An

Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued

this 7th day of September, 2010.




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