                              Illinois Official Reports

                                    Appellate Court



           Reichling v. Touchette Regional Hospital, Inc., 2015 IL App (5th) 140412



Appellate Court         SHELLEY REICHLING, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TOUCHETTE
Caption                 REGIONAL HOSPITAL, INC., Defendant-Appellee.



District & No.          Fifth District
                        Docket No. 5-14-0412



Filed                   July 16, 2015



Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of St. Clair County, No. 12-L-588; the
Review                  Hon. Vincent J. Lopinot, Judge, presiding.



Judgment                Affirmed.



Counsel on              Roy C. Dripps and Michael T. Blotevogel, both of Armbruster,
Appeal                  Dripps, Winterscheidt & Blotevogel, LLC, of Alton, for appellant.

                        Charles J. Swartwout and David B. Schneidewind, both of Boyle
                        Brasher, LLC, of Belleville, for appellee.



Panel                   JUSTICE STEWART delivered the judgment of the court, with
                        opinion.
                        Presiding Justice Cates and Justice Welch concurred in the judgment
                        and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       The plaintiff, Shelley Reichling, appeals the circuit court’s order granting summary
     judgment in favor of the defendant, Touchette Regional Hospital, Inc. (Touchette), on the basis
     that her premises liability action was barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the Illinois
     Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) (820 ILCS 305/5(a) (West 2008)) because she was
     Touchette’s borrowed employee at the time of her injury. On appeal, the plaintiff argues that
     the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Touchette because there was a
     genuine issue of material fact as to whether she was Touchette’s borrowed employee. Finding
     no such issue of material fact, we affirm.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND
¶3       On February 9, 2011, the plaintiff filed an application for adjustment of claim pursuant to
     the Act (820 ILCS 305/1 et seq. (West 2008)) for injuries she sustained on December 26, 2010,
     when she slipped and fell while working at Touchette as a registered nurse through ReadyLink
     Healthcare (ReadyLink), a temporary healthcare staffing agency. ReadyLink settled the
     workers’ compensation claim on August 19, 2011, for $50,125.18. Touchette was not a party
     to that claim.
¶4       On October 30, 2012, the plaintiff filed this premises liability action against Touchette
     based on the same injury at issue in her workers’ compensation claim, alleging that she was
     injured on December 26, 2010, when she slipped on a wet floor in Touchette’s emergency
     department and fell, fracturing her knee. She alleged that Touchette was negligent in that it
     failed to provide adequate warnings and failed to barricade or otherwise segregate the area of
     the floor that had been mopped.
¶5       On April 30, 2014, Touchette filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to section
     2-1005 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (West 2008)) and memorandum in
     support, arguing that the plaintiff’s premises liability action was barred by the exclusive
     remedy provision of the Act (820 ILCS 305/5(a) (West 2008)) because she was Touchette’s
     borrowed employee at the time of her injury. Touchette attached numerous documents in
     support of its motion, including the plaintiff’s deposition transcript and answers to
     interrogatories and the written temporary services agreement between ReadyLink and
     Touchette. After additional discovery, Touchette filed a supplemental memorandum in support
     of its motion, attaching additional documents in support, including portions of the deposition
     transcripts of two of its employees. The plaintiff filed a response in opposition to Touchette’s
     motion for summary judgment, arguing that the motion should be denied because she was not
     an employee of Touchette at the time of her injury. She attached numerous documents in
     support of her response, including the agreement between ReadyLink and Touchette, portions
     of her deposition transcript, portions of the deposition transcripts of several of Touchette’s
     employees, and three documents entitled “Touchette Regional Hospital Nursing Anecdotal
     Note.”
¶6       The undisputed material facts can be summarized as follows. The plaintiff, a registered
     nurse, was employed by ReadyLink, a temporary healthcare staffing agency based in
     California. She never met anyone from ReadyLink in person. Her only contact with ReadyLink
     was by telephone. Through ReadyLink, she worked as a temporary registered nurse at
     Touchette and other healthcare facilities.

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¶7         ReadyLink and Touchette had a written agreement whereby ReadyLink would provide
       temporary healthcare staffing services to Touchette. The agreement provides that workers
       placed at Touchette are ReadyLink employees and contains a restrictive covenant prohibiting
       Touchette from hiring the workers. Under the agreement, ReadyLink is responsible for paying
       the workers and for ensuring “that any and all State and Federal Income Tax, Social Security
       Tax, State and Federal Unemployment Tax, Disability Tax, Worker’s Compensation coverage
       obligations and any other employment law requirements for personnel provided under this
       Agreement are complied with and paid as required by law.” The agreement further provides
       that ReadyLink indemnifies and holds Touchette harmless from any such responsibility.
       Pursuant to the agreement, ReadyLink paid the plaintiff and provided her malpractice, general
       liability, and workers’ compensation insurance.
¶8         The agreement provides that Touchette is responsible for scheduling, supervising, and
       evaluating the workers. Under the agreement, Touchette is responsible for determining the
       proper patient treatment. The agreement further provides that Touchette has the right to
       immediately terminate the services of any ReadyLink worker, if, in its sole discretion, the
       worker is found to be incompetent or negligent, to have engaged in misconduct, or to be
       unsatisfactory for any other reason.
¶9         The plaintiff worked at Touchette through ReadyLink during 2008, 2009, and 2010. When
       Touchette needed a temporary registered nurse to work a shift, it called ReadyLink. ReadyLink
       then called the plaintiff to see if she was available. If she was available, ReadyLink notified
       Touchette of her availability and then called her back to confirm that she was to show up at
       Touchette to work that shift.
¶ 10       On November 20, 2008, the plaintiff was given a document on Touchette’s letterhead
       entitled “Memo of Understanding,” along with other materials and information regarding her
       work at Touchette. The document states, in pertinent part, that “the ability to demonstrate skills
       and show proof of knowledge is necessary for competency of new and annual training of
       employees, agencies, contracted [sic], volunteers, and students in the hospital.” The document
       further states that Touchette’s education department was providing her information necessary
       to assist in her safety while in her “tour of duty” (emphasis in original) in its facility. The
       document notes that other materials provided to her include information about Touchette’s
       mission/vision, security, ergonomics, customer service, life safety, emergency codes, hand
       hygiene, incident reporting, workplace harassment, electrical safety, fire safety, compliance,
       and “HIPPA.” She signed the document, indicating that her employer was ReadyLink but
       acknowledging that Touchette’s unit manager, education department, or house supervisor on
       duty would be her resource person for any questions she may have about safety information
       and hazard facts. She also acknowledged that she had received an orientation/clinical
       information packet/card on the above-listed topics and that the material was her responsibility
       while on duty.
¶ 11       On May 17, 2009, the plaintiff was given Touchette’s job description for a registered nurse,
       which was on Touchette’s letterhead. The job description, which the plaintiff signed, included
       a summary of the job, the essential functions and duties of the job, the qualifications for the
       job, the preferred skills and abilities for the job, the physical demands of the job, and the duties
       and responsibilities of the job. Above the plaintiff’s signature was the following certification:
                    “I certify that I am able to perform the essential duties and physical/mental
                functions listed above, and possess the required skills, knowledge, training, education

                                                    -3-
               and experience outlined above. This document does not create an employment
               contract, implied or otherwise, other than an ‘at will’ employment relationship.”
¶ 12       The plaintiff usually worked the night shift at Touchette, which was from 6:30 p.m. to 7
       a.m. Her supervisor at Touchette was the house supervisor on her shift. The house supervisor
       would tell her which department she was scheduled to work in that day, but, other than that, she
       and the house supervisor had minimal contact.
¶ 13       When the plaintiff worked at Touchette, she worked with other hospital staff, including
       full-time doctors and nurses. Touchette’s doctors gave her orders, which she followed. When
       she worked in the emergency room, she assisted other nurses working in the emergency room.
¶ 14       No one from ReadyLink was ever present at Touchette to supervise the temporary workers.
       Instead, Touchette was responsible for supervising them. The plaintiff did not have to call
       ReadyLink before doing a task that one of Touchette’s doctors or nurses asked, or instructed,
       her to do.
¶ 15       Touchette provides to temporary workers, such as the plaintiff, the same supplies as any
       other employee, e.g., syringes, IV bags, IV lines, needles, and charting materials. However,
       items such as scrubs, footwear, and stethoscopes are supplied by the individual nurses, whether
       they are full-time employees or temporary workers.
¶ 16       Temporary workers, such as the plaintiff, are required to work the same shift hours as
       full-time employees, and they cannot decide on their own to work over the set shift hours. Only
       the department director can advise a worker (whether temporary or full-time) to work over the
       set shift hours. The temporary agency that supplies a temporary worker cannot dictate the
       worker’s hours.
¶ 17       As one of Touchette’s house supervisors, Alice Page oversees its after-hours operations,
       including ensuring that it is adequately staffed to carry out its operations. As a house
       supervisor, Page can assign a temporary worker to a particular department. Temporary
       workers receive instruction, supervision, and assistance from Touchette employees. If a
       temporary worker is not doing what the worker is assigned to do or if the worker is acting
       unprofessionally, Page can ask the worker to leave the premises and can tell the worker not to
       return. If Page has a problem with a temporary worker and no longer wants the worker to work
       at Touchette, she notifies the temporary agency so the agency will not send the worker back to
       Touchette.
¶ 18       Lanneka White, Touchette’s emergency department director, maintains overall operations
       of the emergency department. As emergency department director, White gave the plaintiff her
       schedules. As emergency department director, if White sees a temporary worker acting
       unprofessionally or not following orders, she can ask the worker to leave the hospital and can
       inform the worker’s agency that Touchette does not want the worker back. A temporary
       worker, such as the plaintiff, is to follow Touchette’s policies and protocol while interacting
       with patients and carrying out her duties.
¶ 19       Juanita Willis, one of the plaintiff’s supervisors at Touchette, wrote her up three times in
       2009 for violating Touchette’s policies or protocols. In a February 4, 2009, document entitled
       “Touchette Regional Hospital Nursing Anecdotal Note,” the plaintiff was written up for failing
       to administer a medication to one of her patients on January 29, 2009. On May 21, 2009, in
       another “Touchette Regional Hospital Nursing Anecdotal Note,” she was written up for
       working over her shift without approval of Touchette’s house supervisor or department


                                                  -4-
       managers. On June 3, 2009, in a third “Touchette Regional Hospital Nursing Anecdotal Note,”
       she was written up for failing to transcribe the physician’s orders on one of her patients on May
       28, 2009, and failing to document the fact that she had given the patient medication. Each of
       these documents concludes by noting that her agency would be notified of this occurrence and
       if it continued to happen it would result in her agency being informed that she may not return to
       Touchette.
¶ 20         On December 26, 2010, the plaintiff reported to work at Touchette as a registered nurse
       through ReadyLink. She was on the night shift, from 6:30 p.m. to 7 a.m., and was assigned to
       the emergency room. While performing her job duties that night, she slipped on a wet floor and
       fell, fracturing her left knee. She reported the incident to Page, Touchette’s house supervisor
       that night, and completed an incident report on Touchette’s computer system. She reported the
       incident to ReadyLink by telephone the next day.
¶ 21         On August 1, 2014, the circuit court granted Touchette’s motion for summary judgment on
       the basis that the plaintiff’s premises liability action was barred by the exclusive remedy
       provision of the Act (820 ILCS 305/5(a) (West 2008)) because she was Touchette’s borrowed
       employee at the time of her injury. The plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal.

¶ 22                                             ANALYSIS
¶ 23       The plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of
       Touchette because there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether she was Touchette’s
       borrowed employee under the Act. We disagree.
¶ 24       Summary judgment is proper when “the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file,
       together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
       and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c)
       (West 2008). “The purpose of summary judgment is not to try a question of fact, but to
       determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists.” Illinois State Bar Ass’n Mutual
       Insurance Co. v. Law Office of Tuzzolino & Terpinas, 2015 IL 117096, ¶ 14. In determining
       whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and
       affidavits, if any, must be strictly construed against the moving party and liberally in favor of
       the nonmoving party. Mashal v. City of Chicago, 2012 IL 112341, ¶ 49. A genuine issue of
       material fact precluding summary judgment exists where the material facts are disputed or
       where reasonable persons might draw different inferences from the undisputed facts. Id.
       Although summary judgment can aid in the expeditious disposition of a lawsuit, it is a drastic
       measure and, therefore, should be allowed only where the right of the moving party is clear and
       free from doubt. Williams v. Manchester, 228 Ill. 2d 404, 417 (2008). A circuit court’s order
       granting summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Illinois State Bar Ass’n Mutual Insurance
       Co., 2015 IL 117096, ¶ 14.
¶ 25       “The Workers’ Compensation Act is designed to provide financial protection to workers
       for accidental injuries arising out of and in the course of employment.” Meerbrey v. Marshall
       Field & Co., 139 Ill. 2d 455, 462 (1990). “Accordingly, the Act imposes liability without fault
       upon the employer and, in return, prohibits common law suits by employees against the
       employer.” Id. The exclusive remedy provision of the Act is part of the quid pro quo, pursuant
       to which the employer assumes a new liability without fault but is relieved of the possibility of
       large damage verdicts. Id. Section 5(a) of the Act provides, in pertinent part, that “[n]o
       common law or statutory right to recover damages from the employer *** for injury or death

                                                   -5-
       sustained by any employee while engaged in the line of his duty as such employee, other than
       the compensation herein provided, is available to any employee who is covered by the
       provisions of this Act.” 820 ILCS 305/5(a) (West 2008).
¶ 26       An employee in the general employment of one employer may be loaned to another for the
       performance of special work and become the employee of the special or borrowing employer
       while performing such special work. A.J. Johnson Paving Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 82 Ill. 2d
       341, 346-47 (1980). Our supreme court has long recognized the borrowed-employee doctrine
       as being applicable to workers’ compensation cases. Id. at 347. The borrowed-employee
       doctrine was specifically incorporated into our workers’ compensation statutory scheme by the
       inclusion of section 1(a)(4) of the Act, which provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
               “Where an employer operating under and subject to the provisions of this Act loans an
               employee to another such employer and such loaned employee sustains a compensable
               accidental injury in the employment of such borrowing employer and where such
               borrowing employer does not provide or pay the benefits or payments due such injured
               employee, such loaning employer is liable to provide or pay all benefits or payments
               due such employee under this Act and as to such employee the liability of such loaning
               and borrowing employers is joint and several, provided that such loaning employer is
               in the absence of agreement to the contrary entitled to receive from such borrowing
               employer full reimbursement for all sums paid or incurred pursuant to this paragraph
               together with reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses in any hearings before the
               Illinois Workers’ Compensation Commission or in any action to secure such
               reimbursement. ***
                    ***
                    An employer whose business or enterprise or a substantial part thereof consists of
               hiring, procuring or furnishing employees to or for other employers operating under
               and subject to the provisions of this Act for the performance of the work of such other
               employers and who pays such employees their salary or wages notwithstanding that
               they are doing the work of such other employers shall be deemed a loaning employer
               within the meaning and provisions of this Section.” 820 ILCS 305/1(a)(4) (West 2008).
¶ 27       Clearly, under the express terms of the Act, ReadyLink qualifies as a “loaning employer”
       because its “business or enterprise *** consists of hiring, procuring or furnishing employees to
       or for other employers operating under and subject to the provisions of this Act for the
       performance of the work of such other employers and who pays such employees their salary or
       wages notwithstanding that they are doing the work of such other employers” (id.). However,
       our inquiry does not end there. See, e.g., Lanphier v. Gilster-Mary Lee Corp., 327 Ill. App. 3d
       801, 803-04 (2002) (the statutory definition of a “ ‘loaning employer’ ” does not establish or
       define who shall be considered “borrowing employers” or “loaned employees,” and the
       two-prong analysis set forth in A.J. Johnson Paving Co., 82 Ill. 2d at 348, is the appropriate
       test); Chaney v. Yetter Manufacturing Co., 315 Ill. App. 3d 823, 828 (2000) (same); Crespo v.
       Weber Stephen Products Co., 275 Ill. App. 3d 638, 641-42 (1995) (same).
¶ 28       The two-prong inquiry required to determine whether a borrowed-employee relationship
       existed is: (1) whether the alleged borrowing employer had the right to direct and control the
       manner in which the employee performed the work; and (2) whether there was an express or
       implied contract of hire between the employee and the alleged borrowing employer. A.J.
       Johnson Paving Co., 82 Ill. 2d at 348. Whether a borrowed-employee relationship existed is

                                                  -6-
       generally a question of fact, but if the facts are undisputed and permit but a single inference,
       the question is one of law. Id. at 348-49.
¶ 29       In workers’ compensation cases, the primary factor considered in determining whether a
       borrowed-employee relationship existed is whether the alleged borrowing employer had the
       right to direct and control the manner in which the work was to be performed. Id. at 348. In A.J.
       Johnson Paving Co., our supreme court found that the following factors supported a
       determination that the borrowing employer had the right to control and direct the manner in
       which the employee performed the work: (1) the employee worked the same hours as the
       borrowing employer’s employees; (2) the employee received instruction from the borrowing
       employer’s foreman and was assisted by the borrowing employer’s employees; (3) the loaning
       employer’s supervisors were not present; (4) the borrowing employer was permitted to tell the
       employee when to start and stop working; and (5) the loaning employer relinquished control of
       its equipment to the borrowing employer. Id. at 349. The court found that the fact that the
       employee’s skill as an operator permitted him to exercise control over the paving machine and
       the technical details of the paving operation did not preclude a finding that the borrowing
       employer had the right to control the manner of the work. Id. The court also found that it was
       irrelevant that the employee received his salary from the loaning employer, rather than the
       borrowing employer. Id. Illinois courts have also considered whether the alleged borrowing
       employer had the right to discharge the employee. See, e.g., Hastings v. Jefco Equipment Co.,
       2013 IL App (1st) 121568, ¶ 9. Although the alleged borrowing employer need not have the
       power to dismiss the employee from his general employment, it must have the power to
       dismiss him from the borrowed employment. Id.
¶ 30       The second factor considered in determining whether a borrowed-employee relationship
       existed is whether there was an express or implied contract of hire between the employee and
       the alleged borrowing employer. A.J. Johnson Paving Co., 82 Ill. 2d at 348. “In order to
       establish such a contract there must be at least an implied acquiescence by the employee in the
       relationship.” Id. at 350. Implied consent to an employment relationship exists “where the
       employee knows that the borrowing employer generally controls or is in charge of the
       employee’s performance.” Prodanic v. Grossinger City Autocorp, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st)
       110993, ¶ 17. “Furthermore, the employee’s acceptance of the borrowing employer’s direction
       demonstrates the employee’s acquiescence to the employment relationship.” Id.
¶ 31       In A.J. Johnson Paving Co., the court found that the employee’s acquiescence could be
       established by the fact that he was aware that the paving job was being performed by the
       borrowing employer and by the fact that he accepted the borrowing employer’s control over
       the work by complying with the foreman’s instructions with regard to starting, stopping, and
       break times, as well as instructions as to where to start paving and other incidental directions as
       to the performance of the work. A.J. Johnson Paving Co., 82 Ill. 2d at 350.
¶ 32       In Chaney, a case very similar to the present case, the plaintiff worked for a temporary
       agency that supplied the defendant with workers during peak demand periods. Chaney, 315 Ill.
       App. 3d at 825. As is common with temporary agencies, the temporary agency handled its
       employees’ payroll, tax withholding and reporting, and insurance; the agency also provided
       workers’ compensation coverage for its employees. Id. However, when the plaintiff arrived at
       the defendant’s facility, the defendant supervised and directed her work activities. Id. at 829.
       The defendant told her to perform particular tasks, and no one from the temporary agency was
       involved with or consulted regarding any task she performed while working at the defendant’s

                                                    -7-
       facility. Id. Although the defendant could not discharge her from her employment at the
       temporary agency, it could dismiss her from service at its own plant. Id. The appellate court
       affirmed summary judgment in favor of the defendant, finding that the defendant controlled
       the plaintiff while she was working at its facility. Id. at 829-30. The defendant’s control was
       established by the fact that it supervised her work and directed her work activities. Id. at 829.
       The court held that the defendant’s right to dismiss the plaintiff from service at its plant and to
       send her back to the temporary agency was sufficient to satisfy the discharge element of the
       control test. Id. The court noted that the mere fact that the plaintiff did not receive her wages
       from the borrowing employer would not defeat the finding of a borrowed-employee
       relationship. Id. The court noted that this method of compensation is so common with
       temporary agencies that it is of little import in the analysis of whether the defendant
       “ ‘controlled’ ” the plaintiff’s work performance for purposes of the Act. Id. The court also
       found that the plaintiff impliedly agreed to the borrowed-employee relationship where there
       was no dispute that she knew she was working for the defendant but through the temporary
       agency. Id. at 829-30. Ultimately, the court held that the plaintiff was a loaned employee and
       the defendant a borrowing employer for purposes of the Act; that the material facts relating to
       its conclusion were capable of only one inference; and, that, because the defendant was a
       borrowing employer, the plaintiff’s civil action against it was barred by the exclusive remedy
       provision of the Act. Id. at 830.
¶ 33       Chavez v. Transload Services, L.L.C., 379 Ill. App. 3d 858 (2008), is also factually similar
       to the present case. In Chavez, the plaintiff, who was employed by a temporary agency, was
       working as a temporary laborer for the defendant, Transload Services, L.L.C., pursuant to an
       agreement between the two entities. Id. at 859-60. When the defendant needed additional
       labor, it would call the temporary agency, and the temporary agency would send temporary
       workers. Id. at 860. The defendant would sign off on the hours the temporary workers worked,
       and the temporary agency would pay them. Id. The temporary agency also paid for the
       employees’ workers’ compensation insurance. Id. The plaintiff, who was injured while
       performing his duties for the defendant, filed a complaint against the defendant alleging
       premises liability and negligence. Id. The defendant filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the
       plaintiff’s claims were barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the Act because the
       plaintiff was its borrowed employee. Id. at 860-61. The trial court granted the motion. Id. at
       861. The plaintiff appealed, arguing that the trial court erred in granting the defendant’s motion
       to dismiss because there was a question of fact as to whether he was the defendant’s borrowed
       employee. Id. The appellate court affirmed, holding that the defendant was a borrowing
       employer entitled to the protections of the exclusive remedy provision of the Act. Id. at 864.
       The court noted that the plaintiff accepted the defendant’s employee handbook and received
       individualized training from the defendant; that the defendant had the right to discharge the
       plaintiff for any reason, set his schedule, and control his work, all of which indicated that the
       defendant exercised a large degree of control over his employment; and that he was treated the
       same as the defendant’s employees in that he worked the same hours, took breaks at times so
       designated by the defendant, and received instructions from the defendant as to how particular
       work was to be performed. Id. at 863. The court also noted that the plaintiff impliedly
       consented to the borrowed-employee relationship by accepting the employment assignment
       with the defendant, as well as its control and direction of his work activities. Id.



                                                    -8-
¶ 34       In the present case, construing the evidence strictly against Touchette and liberally in favor
       of the plaintiff, it is clear from the undisputed material facts that a borrowed-employee
       relationship existed between the plaintiff and Touchette at the time of her injury. Touchette
       clearly had the right to direct and control the manner in which she performed her work. Under
       the written agreement between ReadyLink and Touchette, Touchette was responsible for
       scheduling, supervising, and evaluating the plaintiff; it was also responsible for determining
       the proper patient treatment. In addition, Touchette had the right to immediately terminate the
       plaintiff’s services if, in its sole discretion, she was found to be unsatisfactory for any reason.
¶ 35       At the time of her injury, the plaintiff had worked as a temporary nurse at Touchette for
       over two years. Touchette decided whether to allow her to work at its hospital, what shift she
       worked, what hours she worked, and what department she worked in. Touchette required her to
       work the same hours as its full-time employees. Touchette’s doctors gave her orders and she
       followed those orders. She received assistance from Touchette’s employees in the performance
       of her duties, she assisted Touchette’s employees in the performance of their duties, and she
       was supervised by Touchette’s employees. Touchette provided her with the same equipment
       and supplies it provided for its full-time employees. She was required to follow Touchette’s
       policies and protocol while performing her duties, and she was written up by her supervisors at
       Touchette when she failed to do so.
¶ 36       In contrast, no ReadyLink supervisors were present when the plaintiff performed her work
       at Touchette, nor did ReadyLink exercise any control over how she performed her work. She
       had never even met anyone from ReadyLink in person. Her only contact with ReadyLink was
       by telephone.
¶ 37       Although ReadyLink paid the plaintiff; handled her unemployment insurance, social
       security, and tax deductions; and carried malpractice, general liability, and workers’
       compensation insurance for her, it is undisputed that Touchette supplied ReadyLink with the
       number of hours she worked each day and ReadyLink billed Touchette for those hours at an
       agreed-upon rate, which included reimbursement for those payroll expenses plus a profit.
       These facts suggest that ReadyLink was merely a conduit through which the plaintiff was paid,
       supporting the inference that she was a borrowed employee under Touchette’s control. See
       American Stevedores Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 408 Ill. 449, 455-56 (1951) (holding that the
       case came within the borrowed-employee doctrine as a matter of law where Frigidaire
       procured temporary workers through Stevedores, an agency, and Stevedores merely became
       the selecting agency to pick the workers and the conduit through which they were paid); see
       also A.J. Johnson Paving Co., 82 Ill. 2d at 349 (the court did not “deem relevant” the fact that
       the plaintiff was paid by the loaning employer rather than the borrowing employer and stated
       that “[t]he mere fact that the employee does not receive his wages from the [borrowing]
       employer will not defeat the finding of a loaned-employee situation”).
¶ 38       It is also clear from the undisputed material facts in the present case that, at a minimum, the
       plaintiff impliedly consented to the borrowed-employee relationship by accepting Touchette’s
       temporary work assignments and accepting Touchette’s control and direction as to her work
       activities. At the time of her injury, she had been accepting temporary work assignments at
       Touchette for over two years. In addition, she was given, and signed, Touchette’s “Memo of
       Understanding,” which was on Touchette’s letterhead, acknowledging that she had been given
       other information and materials regarding her work at Touchette. She was also given, and
       signed, Touchette’s job description for a registered nurse, which was also on its letterhead.

                                                    -9-
       That job description included a summary of the job, the essential functions and duties of the
       job, the qualifications for the job, the preferred skills and abilities for the job, the physical
       demands of the job, and the duties and responsibilities of the job. By signing the job
       description, she certified that she was “able to perform the essential duties and physical/mental
       functions” of the job and that she possessed “the required skills, knowledge, training,
       education and experience” required for the job. She also followed Touchette’s doctors’ orders
       and complied with Touchette’s supervisors’ instructions with regard to starting, stopping, and
       break times, as well as other incidental directions as to the performance of her work. Finally,
       she followed Touchette’s policies and protocol in performing her duties and was written up by
       her supervisors at Touchette when she failed to do so.
¶ 39        Because the undisputed material facts demonstrate that Touchette directed and controlled
       the plaintiff’s work and that she consented to the borrowed-employee relationship with
       Touchette, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Touchette was a borrowing
       employer. The circuit court, therefore, properly determined, as a matter of law, that the
       plaintiff was Touchette’s borrowed employee at the time of her injury and that her common
       law premises liability action against Touchette was, therefore, barred by the exclusive remedy
       provision of the Act. Accordingly, the circuit court properly granted summary judgment in
       favor of Touchette.
¶ 40        The plaintiff also argues that the agreement between Touchette and ReadyLink, whereby
       ReadyLink was responsible for workers’ compensation claims and agreed to hold Touchette
       harmless from any such claims, relieved Touchette from liability under the Act and, in turn, the
       protection of the Act’s exclusive remedy provision. We disagree.
¶ 41        The plaintiffs in Chaney made the same argument, and the appellate court rejected that
       argument, noting that to adopt the plaintiffs’ argument would require it to ignore the Act’s
       explicit provisions making borrowing and loaning employers jointly and severally liable to the
       employee. Chaney, 315 Ill. App. 3d at 830. The court noted that the Act establishes a system to
       help ensure that the employee will recover benefits in a borrowed-employee scenario. Id. If the
       borrowing employer fails to pay the employee’s claim, the loaning employer must pay the
       employee but has the right to seek reimbursement from the borrowing employer. Id. Despite
       the indemnification agreement between the borrowing employer and the loaning employer
       waiving the loaning employer’s right to indemnification, the borrowing employer was still
       primarily liable for the borrowed employee’s injuries under the Act. Id.
¶ 42        Similarly, in the present case, despite the indemnification agreement between Touchette
       and ReadyLink waiving ReadyLink’s right to indemnification, Touchette was still primarily
       liable for the plaintiff’s injuries under the Act. We, therefore, reject the plaintiff’s argument
       that Touchette should be subject to common law tort liability in this case because, pursuant to
       its agreement with ReadyLink, it was not liable under the Act.
¶ 43        Finally, the plaintiff argues that Touchette is collaterally estopped from claiming that it
       was her employer by the workers’ compensation award finding that ReadyLink was her
       employer. Touchette argues that the plaintiff waived the collateral estoppel issue because she
       failed to raise it in the trial court. We agree. The plaintiff did not raise the collateral estoppel
       issue in the trial court and cannot raise it for the first time on appeal. See Parks v. Kownacki,
       193 Ill. 2d 164, 180 (2000) (issues not raised in the trial court cannot be argued for the first
       time on appeal).


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¶ 44                                     CONCLUSION
¶ 45      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the circuit court of St. Clair County
       granting summary judgment in favor of Touchette.

¶ 46      Affirmed.




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