                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 15a0255p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


 RICHARD SLUSHER, D.O.,                                 ┐
                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,   │
                                                        │
                                                        │       No. 15-5256
        v.                                              │
                                                         >
                                                        │
 SHELBYVILLE HOSPITAL CORP., d/b/a Heritage             │
 Medical Center; DAN BUCKNER, individually,             │
                           Defendants-Appellees.        │
                                                        ┘
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Winchester.
                  No. 4:12-cv-00060—Harry S. Mattice, Jr., District Judge.
                            Decided and Filed: October 26, 2015

               Before: MERRITT, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Shari R. Rhode, RHODE & JACKSON, P.C., Carbondale, Illinois, for Appellant.
Matthew C. Lonergan, John P. Rodgers, BRADLEY ARANT BOULT CUMMINGS LLP,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellees.

        MERRITT, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which McKEAGUE, J., joined, and
WHITE, J., joined in part. WHITE, J. (pp. 14–23), delivered a separate opinion concurring in
part and dissenting in part.

                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       MERRITT, Circuit Judge. In this employment case, plaintiff-appellant Richard Slusher,
D.O., claims that his employer breached his contract and discriminated against him and denied




                                               1
No. 15-5256                Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                    Page 2

him reemployment in violation of the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment
Rights Act. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants-appellees on all
three claims, finding that: Slusher’s contract was not breached, he was not the victim of
discrimination, and he did not enjoy statutory entitlement to reemployment.

        Reviewing the district court de novo, we reach the same conclusions and affirm the
judgment of the district court.

                                                    I. Facts

        Plaintiff-appellant Richard Slusher is an orthopedic surgeon and military reservist.
Defendant-appellee Shelbyville Hospital Corporation, d/b/a Heritage Medical Center
(“Heritage”), is a hospital in Shelbyville, Tennessee. Defendant-appellee Dan Buckner was the
chief executive officer of Heritage from 2008 to 2013.

        Heritage is a small hospital with staffing need for only one permanent orthopedic
surgeon.1    In 2010, Heritage began looking for a new full-time orthopedic surgeon; while
looking, it relied on temporary and fill-in service from local orthopedic surgeons and orthopedic
surgeons supplied by the service Weatherby Locums, Inc. During this time, Heritage relied on
many orthopedic surgeons working from a week to a month at a time. Richard Slusher began a
thirty-day assignment at Heritage on July 20, 2010, and his assignment was renewed multiple
times through October 2010. At the time, Slusher and his family resided in Southern Pines,
North Carolina.

        While Heritage was searching for a permanent orthopedic surgeon, Buckner offered the
position to Slusher. Slusher did not accept the permanent position because he “wanted to keep
[his] options open,” but eventually agreed to serve as Heritage’s orthopedic surgeon in a short-
term capacity, and in January 2011 signed a one-year contract beginning on February 28, 2011.
The contract could be terminated by either party for any reason so long as 90 days’ notice was
provided. Moreover, Heritage could terminate the agreement at any time effective immediately

        1
          In his appellate briefing, Slusher faults the district court for accepting Buckner’s claim that Heritage
required only one orthopedic surgeon on staff. However, nowhere in the record below did Slusher dispute this fact
or make any attempt to raise evidence that would bring this claim into dispute. That the end of Slusher’s
employment briefly overlapped with the beginning of Mosley’s does not belie Heritage’s stated need for only one
long-term orthopedic surgeon on staff.
No. 15-5256                Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                     Page 3

by providing Slusher 90 days’ pay instead of notice. The contract did not provide for renewal or
extension. At the time the contract was signed, Heritage was aware of Slusher’s military status
and knew that he could be called up for deployment at any time.

        Meanwhile, Heritage remained interested in finding a permanent orthopedic surgeon. On
April 7, 2011, Emmett Mosley, M.D., contacted Buckner to discuss becoming the hospital’s
permanent orthopedic surgeon.2

        On May 4, 2011, Slusher received military orders that he was being deployed. The
following day, he notified Heritage of his impending deployment. Sometime prior to Slusher’s
deployment, Heritage informed him that it had interviewed another physician for the orthopedic
surgeon position.

        On May 16, 2011, Heritage entered into a “Recruitment Agreement” with Mosley, laying
out the terms to be set forth in his contract, including a three-year “Practice Commitment
Period,” an 18-month “Cash Collections Guarantee Period” and a “Practice Commencement
Date: On before 8/1/11” [sic]. On June 1, 2011, Buckner and Mosley met for dinner to “discuss
orthopedic surgery opportunities at [Heritage].”               Their conversation touched on Slusher’s
deployment and Mosley’s own military career. In an affidavit, Mosley recounted:

        4. Buckner said to me that Slusher’s deployment had “really messed things up” at
        [Heritage].
        5. I told Buckner I was surprised that he was talking to me because I was in the
        military.
        6. I went on to say that I had almost completed my commitment to the military.
        7. Buckner responded that he already knew that because he “had to check
        everything out with corporate” and make sure I would not be deployed again
        before approaching me about possible employment at [Heritage].

        Slusher was granted military leave by Heritage and reported for active duty at Fort
Benning, Georgia, on June 10, 2011, and was shortly thereafter deployed, arriving in Kuwait


        2
           Defendants’ appellate briefing, prepared by Matthew C. Lonergan and John P. Rodgers, twice cites a
transcript of Slusher’s deposition to support the proposition that when Slusher signed his contract, “he was fully
aware that [Heritage] was continuing its search” for a long-term orthopedic surgeon. The cited portion of Slusher’s
deposition transcript does not support that proposition. We remind counsel for defendants-appellees that their duty
of candor to this Court requires accuracy in all filings.
No. 15-5256                Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                   Page 4

before going to Iraq. While he was in Iraq, Heritage, through employee Tisha Rader, informed
Slusher that it was nearing a contract with Mosley, and that Slusher would be given his 90-day
termination notice.      On July 28, 2011, Slusher was sent a termination agreement to sign,
specifying that his employment with Heritage would end on October 26, 2011. Slusher returned
a signed agreement, and indicated his intention to return to Heritage when his deployment ended
in October and to work until October 26.

        Slusher returned to Heritage — where Mosley had begun working — on October 3, 2011,
and continued working there until his employment ended on October 26, 2011.

                                          II. Procedural History

        In October 2011, Plaintiff filed a complaint about his termination with the Veterans’
Employment and Training Service. After the Department of Labor closed its investigation,
Slusher initiated this action. He asserts claims for discrimination under the Uniformed Services
Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (“the Act”), 38 U.S.C. §§ 4301-35, violation of his
reemployment rights under the Act, and for breach of contract.3

        Both parties moved for summary judgment on all of Slusher’s claims, and the district
court granted summary judgment to defendants Heritage and Buckner on all claims. Slusher
then filed this appeal, arguing that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the
defendants on each claim.

                                               III. Discussion

        This Court reviews the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Miller v.
Sanilac Cnty., 606 F.3d 240, 246 (6th Cir. 2010). Summary judgment is proper when there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Id. (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). We make all reasonable factual inferences in favor of the
nonmoving party and uphold a grant of summary judgment only where the record as a whole
could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party. Id. at 247.


        3
          Slusher also raised a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, but subsequently filed an
unopposed motion to voluntarily dismiss that claim. The district court granted the motion and dismissed the claim
with prejudice.
No. 15-5256                Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                     Page 5

                                 A. Reemployment Claim Under § 4312

        Slusher first argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the
defendants on his claim that his early termination violated his reemployment rights under § 4312.

        Under § 4312(a) of the Act “any person whose absence from a position of employment is
necessitated by reason of service in the uniformed services shall be entitled to the reemployment
rights and benefits and other employment benefits” of the Act, so long as he gave notice to his
employer in advance of his deployment, was absent for five years or less, and seeks
reemployment. 38 U.S.C. § 4312(a).4 However, there is no statutory right to reemployment if
“the employment from which the person leaves to serve in the uniformed services is for a brief,
nonrecurrent period and there is no reasonable expectation that such employment will continue
indefinitely or for a significant period.” Id. § 4312(d)(1)(C). In such an instance, “the employer
shall have the burden of proving . . . the brief or nonrecurrent nature of the employment without
a reasonable expectation of continuing indefinitely or for a significant period.” Id. § 4312(d)(2).

        As far as Slusher, Buckner, and Heritage would have been concerned, the employment
from which Slusher left to serve in the uniformed services was for at most a year; the parties
were bound by an at-will one-year contract that did not provide for any renewal or extension.
Moreover, Heritage and Buckner were actively seeking to hire a permanent orthopedic surgeon
at the time Slusher notified his employer of his impending deployment. Slusher was aware that
Heritage was interested in finding a permanent orthopedic surgeon because it offered the position
to him and he declined it.

        That Slusher’s contract was for one year and did not provide for renewal or extension
plainly means that his employment was for a “nonrecurrent period” and that he could not have
had a “reasonable expectation” that his employment would “continue indefinitely.”                           Thus,
whether the § 4312(d)(1)(C) exception applied to Slusher’s employment turns on whether it was
“brief” and whether Slusher had a “reasonable expectation” that it would continue “for a
significant period.”

        4
          When a returning employee is entitled to reemployment according to § 4312, the required character of that
reemployment is set out in 38 U.S.C. §§ 4313, 4316. Because we conclude that Slusher was not entitled to
reemployment under § 4312, we do not reach the question of whether his reemployment with Heritage complied
with the §§ 4313 and 4316 reemployment requirements.
No. 15-5256                 Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                  Page 6

        Slusher cannot be said to have had a reasonable expectation that his employment would
continue “for a significant period.” Slusher was aware that Heritage was interested in finding a
permanent orthopedic surgeon because it offered the position to him and he declined it, and he
would have understood that his at-will contract (including a clause allowing Heritage to
terminate the agreement with no notice in exchange for 90 days’ pay) allowed Heritage to
promptly dismiss him upon finding a permanent replacement. Therefore, the relevant question is
not whether the remainder of Slusher’s one-year contract was “a significant period,” because in
these circumstances Slusher could not have reasonably expected to finish the one-year term.
Rather, the relevant question is: How long did Slusher reasonably expect his employment to
continue, and was that amount of time a “significant period”? Given Slusher’s situation, he
could have reasonably expected his employment to continue for significantly less than a year,
potentially ending in a matter of weeks or months if Heritage could secure a permanent
orthopedic surgeon.       The Act does not define “significant period” as used in § 4312, see
38 U.S.C. § 4303, but any remaining employment term likely measured in weeks or months falls
outside the bounds of a “significant period.”              In the context of employment duration, a
significant period is one that would provide an employee with some semblance of security or
offer the ability to engage in long-term planning. Slusher did not find himself in that position.
Practically speaking, he had a temporary job ending as soon as a suitable replacement could be
secured. Slusher could not have reasonably expected his employment with Heritage to continue
for a significant period.

        Finally, then, is the question of whether the employment from which Slusher left to serve
in the uniformed services was for a “brief” period. The Act does not provide a definition of
“brief” as used in § 4312, see 38 U.S.C. § 4303, but comments to the final rules governing the
Act state that a three-month position would be considered “brief,” 70 Fed. Reg. 75246-01,
75249-50 (Dec. 19, 2005).5 At the other end of the spectrum, one federal court has persuasively
held that a four-year employment term is not “brief.” See United States v. Nevada, 817 F. Supp.
2d 1230, 1245-46 (D. Nev. 2011). In Slusher’s case, the district court determined that a one-year


        5
         “[S]ome, but not all, temporary, seasonal employment positions are brief and non-recurrent, and provide
the employee no reasonable expectation of continued employment, such as an employment contract that covers a
one-time-only, three-month-long position.” 70 Fed. Reg. 75246-01, 75249-50 (Dec. 19, 2005).
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.             Page 7

employment term was brief, noting both Nevada and the commentary to the final rules, and
declaring:

       In making this determination, the Court has considered the 5-year limit that
       USERRA places on reemployment rights, as well as the fact that the average
       American will be a member of the work force for over 30 years before retirement.
       A one-year employment contract is certainly brief when compared with either of
       these metrics.

Although the authorities and reasoning employed by the district court inform our analysis, and
we affirm the judgment of the district court, we do not decide whether a one-year employment
term is necessarily brief. Rather, we hold that Slusher’s employment term was brief because
both parties would have contemplated that it would last up to one year but most likely less. Once
more, it bears emphasizing that Heritage was seeking a permanent orthopedic surgeon, and was
capable of terminating Slusher’s contract at any time because of the at-will clauses it contained.
An employment term of this particular nature — a one-year at-will contract likely to be
terminated early — is brief. We are careful to note, however, that the at-will nature of a contract
should not always weigh so heavily in determining whether an employment term is “brief” for
purposes of § 4312. Given the prevalence of at-will contracts in the modern American labor
market, if at-will clauses are afforded too much weight the § 4312(d)(1)(C) exception could
swallow the general reemployment rule of § 4312(a). But in this case, Slusher’s at-will contract
is properly given substantial weight because all parties would have contemplated that Heritage
actually intended to invoke the at-will clause as soon as it practically could in order to facilitate
hiring a permanent orthopedic surgeon.

       The employment from which Slusher left to serve in the uniformed services was for a
brief, non-recurrent period, and there was no reasonable expectation that Slusher’s employment
would continue indefinitely or for a significant period. Therefore, Slusher has no right to
reemployment under § 4312, and the district court properly granted summary judgment to the
defendants on Slusher’s reemployment claim.

                             B. Discrimination Claim Under § 4311

       Slusher also argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the
defendants on his claim that his termination constituted discrimination in violation of § 4311.
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.          Page 8

       In granting summary judgment to the defendants on Slusher’s § 4311 claim, the district
court asserted that § 4311 “protect[s] [a service] member after reemployment occurs.” Slusher v.
Shelbyville Hosp. Corp., No. 4:12-cv-60 (E.D. Tenn. Feb. 18, 2015) (quoting Petty v. Metro.
Gov’t of Nashville-Davidson Cnty., 538 F.3d 431, 440 (6th Cir. 2008)). Finding that Slusher
“was never ‘reemployed’ (nor was he required to be [under § 4312]),” the district court held that
Slusher could not maintain a § 4311 claim. Id. Although Slusher resumed working for Heritage
upon return from his deployment, the district court found that he “was not ‘reemployed’ under
[the Act] because he was not provided with the full scope of ‘reemployment rights and
employment benefits’ afforded by the statute.” Slusher v. Shelbyville Hosp. Corp., No. 4:12-cv-
60 (E.D. Tenn. Feb. 18, 2015) (quoting Francis v. Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc., 452 F.3d 299,
305 (4th Cir. 2006)).

       Even if one assumes (and we do not, see infra at 11-12) that § 4311 discrimination
protections apply only upon reemployment, the district court’s understanding that § 4311
discrimination protections apply only upon reemployment that complies with the Act’s other
requirements is dubious because it would reward employers for failing to compliantly reemploy
returning military members by shielding those employers from § 4311 discrimination claims.
It is highly doubtful that the drafters of the Act intended noncompliance with some of its
provisions to trigger immunity from other provisions.         More likely, if reemployment is a
prerequisite to a § 4311 claim, it would either be mandatory reemployment under § 4312, or
reemployment in the sense that the employee has returned to work even though § 4312 did not
guarantee him or her reemployment. Because we conclude that Slusher was not discriminated
against, we neither reach nor resolve these issues.

       Meanwhile, in a footnote the district court also noted some disagreement as to whether
reemployment is in fact a prerequisite to a § 4311 claim, and held that Slusher’s § 4311
discrimination claim would lose on summary judgment even if he was permitted to raise it:

       The Court notes that the final rules governing [the Act] appear to conflict with
       this Circuit’s ruling regarding the accrual time for a § 4311 discrimination claim.
       In Petty, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit emphasized that
       § 4311 applies only after reemployment has occurred. Petty, 538 F.3d at 439.
       The final rules, however, discuss hypothetical scenarios wherein a service
       member is not protected by the reemployment provision in § 4312 but nonetheless
No. 15-5256            Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.           Page 9

       may maintain a claim for discrimination under § 4311. See 70 Fed. Reg. 75246-
       01, at 75249-50.
       At this juncture, the Court must follow the binding precedent of this Circuit and
       find that Plaintiff has no § 4311 claim because he was not reemployed. However,
       in an abundance of caution in light of the apparent disparity in the law, the Court
       notes that Defendants would nonetheless be entitled to judgment as to Plaintiff’s
       discrimination claim on the merits. Plaintiff has failed to set forth any evidence
       of a discriminatory motive for his discharge. The fact that he was given the
       termination agreement during his deployment is not evidence of discrimination
       against his military service in light of the record evidence as a whole, which
       demonstrates that Plaintiff was aware at the time he signed his employment
       contract and prior to his deployment that [Heritage] was seeking a permanent
       orthopedic surgeon. Additionally, the fact that Plaintiff’s replacement, Dr.
       Mosley, was also a service member who could be called to active duty
       undermines any argument Plaintiff could make regarding [Heritage]’s alleged
       discrimination against service members. See Hays v. Commc’n Tech., Inc., 753 F.
       Supp. 2d 891, 901-02 (S.D. Iowa 2010).

Id. at n.18. Because we affirm the district court’s holding on the merits of Slusher’s § 4311
discrimination claim, we also do not reach the question of whether reemployment (mandatory
under § 4312 or otherwise) is a prerequisite to a § 4311 claim.

       We emphasize, however, that Petty did not address the pertinent regulations that
contradict its holding. See 538 F.3d at 439-40; 70 Fed. Reg. 75246-01, at 75249-50 (“Such brief,
non-recurrent positions enjoy the protections afforded by [the Act’s] anti-discrimination/anti-
retaliation provisions, but are not protected by the statute’s reemployment provisions.”). Thus,
the question of whether reemployment is a prerequisite to a § 4311 discrimination claim may be
due for reexamination in an appropriate future case. It is also worth noting that many of our
sister circuits have treated § 4311 discrimination claims as wholly independent from § 4312
reemployment rights. See Bradberry v. Jefferson Cnty., Tex., 732 F.3d 540, 547 (5th Cir. 2013)
(quoting Kathryn Piscitelli and Edward Still, USERRA Manual § 7:5 (2012)) (“Section 4311’s
protection against discrimination and retaliation should not be confused with the right to
reemployment under § 4312 of [the Act]. It is possible that denying reemployment to a returning
servicemember could, depending on the facts, give rise to claims under both § 4311 and § 4312.
Nonetheless, the two sections are separate and distinct.”); Coffman v. Chugach Support Servs.,
Inc., 411 F.3d 1231 (11th Cir. 2005) (separately analyzing the plaintiff’s § 4311 claim after
concluding that his § 4312 claim was properly denied); Leisek v. Brightwood Corp., 278 F.3d
No. 15-5256            Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.           Page 10

895, 891-901 (9th Cir. 2002) (allowing the plaintiff’s § 4311 discrimination claim to proceed
despite denying his § 4312 reemployment claim). But see, e.g., Francis, 452 F.3d at 304 (4th
Cir. 2006) (“Section 4311 prohibits discrimination with respect to any benefit of employment
against persons who serve in the armed services after they return from a deployment and are
reemployed. . . . In short, § 4312 requires an employer to rehire covered employees; § 4311 then
operates to prevent employers from treating those employees differently after they are rehired.”).

       In any event, the Act formulates its anti-discrimination provision as follows:

       A person who is a member of, applies to be a member of, performs, has
       performed, applies to perform, or has an obligation to perform service in a
       uniformed service shall not be denied initial employment, reemployment,
       retention in employment, promotion, or any benefit of employment by an
       employer on the basis of that membership, application for membership,
       performance of service, application for service, or obligation. . . . An employer
       shall be considered to have engaged in actions prohibited . . . if the person’s
       membership, application for membership, service, application for service, or
       obligation for service in the uniformed services is a motivating factor in the
       employer’s action, unless the employer can prove that the action would have been
       taken in the absence of such membership, application for membership, service,
       application for service, or obligation for service . . . .

38 U.S.C. §§ 4311(a), (c). “An individual bringing a § 4311 claim has the initial burden of
proving a prima facie case of discrimination by showing, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that his protected status was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment
action(s).” Petty, 538 F.3d at 446. “The burden then shifts to the employer to prove the
affirmative defense that the employment action(s) would have been taken in the absence of the
employee’s protected status.” Id.

       Slusher’s purported evidence of a discriminatory motive in his termination is the affidavit
of his eventual replacement, Dr. Emmett Mosley.           In the affidavit, Mosley recounts a
conversation he had with Buckner while he was being recruited to Heritage. According to
Mosley, Buckner stated that Slusher’s deployment “had really messed things up” for Heritage,
and that Buckner “had to check everything out with corporate” to make sure that Mosley
(himself a military physician) would not be deployed.
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.           Page 11

       Heritage, meanwhile, produced strong, uncontroverted evidence that it would have
terminated Slusher’s employment notwithstanding his military service. Specifically, Heritage
sought to find an orthopedic surgeon who would agree to work at the hospital on a permanent
basis (a position Slusher had been offered and declined). To this end, Heritage signed Slusher to
a one-year contract that it could terminate whenever it wanted (albeit at a price), and was
actively seeking Slusher’s replacement before it knew that he would be deployed. Moreover, at
the time Heritage hired Slusher, it knew he was subject to deployment.

       The clear upshot of this evidence is that Heritage sought to replace Slusher because it
wanted a permanent orthopedic surgeon, not because of Slusher’s military service.                Its
motivation to find a permanent employee is reflected both in that it offered Slusher the
permanent position and that it continued looking for his replacement before it knew of his
deployment. That Heritage hired Slusher in the first place and then replaced him with Mosley
further demonstrates that it did not disfavor military physicians.

       On its own, the Mosley affidavit serves as some evidence in support of Slusher’s claim,
but Heritage would carry its burden of proving an affirmative defense with its strong evidence of
a nondiscriminatory motive for replacing Slusher.        In this context, the statements Mosely
attributed to Buckner appear to describe the attributes Heritage desired in its permanent
orthopedic surgeon, not the reasons for terminating Slusher’s temporary employment.

       In light of this evidence, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the district
court properly granted summary judgment to the defendants-appellees on Slusher’s
discrimination claim.

                                  C. Breach of Contract Claim

       Slusher’s final argument is that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to
the defendants on his breach of contract claim. Slusher contends Heritage breached his contract
when it terminated his employment, thereby depriving him of income he would have earned
under the terms of the contract. Heritage counters that Slusher’s breach of contract claim fails
because it exercised its contractual right to terminate the contract with a 90-day written notice of
termination.
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.            Page 12

       “A cardinal rule of contractual interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of
the parties.” Dick Broadcasting Co. v. Oak Ridge FM, 395 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tenn. 2013)
(quoting Allmand v. Pavletic, 292 S.W.3d 618, 630 (Tenn. 2009)). The intention of the parties is
based on the plain and ordinary meaning of the language contained within the four corners of the
contract. Id. “The literal meaning of the contract controls if the language is clear and
unambiguous.” Id.

       Section 10.4 of Slusher’s Employment Agreement explicitly provides that “[t]his
Agreement may be terminated by either party with or without cause upon ninety (90) days
written notice.” The undisputed facts demonstrate that Heritage provided Slusher with written
notice that it was terminating the Employment Agreement on July 27, 2011 and that Slusher’s
last day of employment would be October 26, 2011, 91 days after Heritage delivered written
notice to Slusher. (Doc. 24-2 at 106, 112). Because the Employment Agreement clearly and
unambiguously provides Heritage with the right to terminate the contract upon 90 days’ written
notice, and because Heritage provided Slusher with 90 days’ written notice, Heritage did not
breach the Employment Agreement by terminating the contract or by failing to employ Slusher
through February 28, 2012.

       Slusher’s argument that Heritage was required to pay him “the salary differential between
his military pay and his civilian salary under [Heritage’s] own military leave policy” while he
was deployed also fails. Whether or not the military leave policy was incorporated into Slusher’s
contract and binds the parties (a point the parties dispute), Slusher cannot invoke it to support his
breach of contract claim because it clearly states: “Individuals employed in brief, nonrecurring
positions in which there is no reasonable expectation that the position will continue indefinitely
or for a significant period are not subject to this Policy.” The clause is obviously intended to
track the language of the 38 U.S.C. § 4312(d)(1)(C) exception, and should therefore be
interpreted in the same way. Because we have already determined that the § 4312(d)(1)(C)
exception precluded Slusher from enjoying the Act’s reemployment rights, we also hold that he
was precluded from enjoying any rights or benefits in Heritage’s military leave policy by the
policy’s own terms.
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.          Page 13

       Finally, Slusher’s arguments that the Act altered his contract or otherwise limited
Heritage’s ability to terminate it cannot support his breach of contract claim. That the Act might
have entitled Slusher to additional rights and protections beyond the terms of his contract does
not affect how the terms of his contract are analyzed in a claim for breach.

        Heritage’s termination of Slusher’s employment did not breach Slusher’s contract. The
district court properly granted summary judgment to the defendants on Slusher’s breach of
contract claim.

                                           *     *       *

       Contrary to our dissenting colleague’s view, Slusher could not have had a reasonable
expectation of employment for a significant period at Heritage either when he signed his contract
with Heritage, or when he was in the service, or when he returned from the service. When he
signed the contract, he told the company that he did not want to be their permanent orthopedic
surgeon, and he should have expected that he would not have a job for very long. When he was
in the service, Heritage told him that they had hired Dr. Moseley as the permanent orthopedic
surgeon. When he returned, Dr. Moseley had assumed his position as the permanent surgeon;
and Slusher knew that he would no longer have a position after a short three-week period. Thus,
under all sections of the Act, including the discrimination section, 4311, Slusher could not have
reasonably expected a long term job, nor that Heritage was denying him a job because he was
subject to military service. Dr. Moseley, the new permanent orthopedic surgeon, was himself—
as all knew—subject to military service.

                                           IV. Conclusion

       Defendants Heritage and Buckner were entitled to summary judgment on Slusher’s
claims of violation of his Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act rights
and breach of contract. The district court’s judgment is affirmed.
No. 15-5256               Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                 Page 14

                 _____________________________________________________

                    CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART
                 _____________________________________________________

        HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

              A. Slusher’s Entitlement to Reemployment Under 38 U.S.C. § 4312

        The majority concludes that there is no genuine issue of material fact whether Slusher is
entitled to reemployment because the employment from which he left to serve in the military was
for a “brief, nonrecurrent period” and there was “no reasonable expectation” his employment
would “continue indefinitely or for a significant period.”              See 38 U.S.C. § 4312(d)(1)(C).
I disagree. Heritage has the burden of proving the applicability of this defense. Id. § 4312(d)(2).
And, because USERRA was enacted “to protect the rights of veterans and members of the
uniformed services,” its protections are to be construed broadly in favor of veterans and any
defenses are to be construed narrowly against the employer. Petty v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville-
Davidson Cnty., 538 F.3d 431, 439 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Francis v. Booz, Allen & Hamilton,
Inc., 452 F.3d 299, 303 (4th Cir. 2006)); United States v. Nevada, 817 F. Supp. 2d 1230, 1242
(D. Nev. 2011).

        The inquiry whether an employee has no reasonable expectation of continued
employment for a significant period focuses on the nature of the position and the employee’s
expectation prior to serving in the uniformed services. See 38 U.S.C. § 4312(d)(1)(C) (placing
perspective of affirmative defense on “the employment from which the person leaves to serve in
the uniformed services” and whether there is “no reasonable expectation that such employment
will continue indefinitely or for a significant period”); Nevada, 817 F. Supp. 2d at 1246 n.5
(“The court disagrees with the suggestion that this third exemption turns on Ingram’s expectation
of reemployment upon his return from service, as opposed to continued employment had he not
left.”); see also Cole v. Swint, 961 F.2d 58, 60 (5th Cir. 1992) (interpreting similar defense under
USERRA’s predecessor1 and rejecting the employer’s argument that the position was a
temporary and transient need filled with casual employment because the employee had a written
        1
          “Relevant pre-USERRA case law is properly considered as a guide to interpreting USERRA.” Petty,
538 F.3d at 439.
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.           Page 15

employment contract, was paid a monthly salary, and a replacement was hired as soon as the
employee was terminated); Martin v. Roosevelt Hosp., 426 F.2d 155, 159-60 (2d Cir. 1970)
(interpreting USERRA’s predecessor and focusing on “the nature of the position rather than the
terms of the contract of employment” and whether the employee “could reasonably have
expected at the times he began service and was called for military duty that space would be made
to reinstate him” when he returned (quoting Trusteed Funds v. Dacey, 160 F.2d 413, 418
(1st Cir. 1947))). There is no dispute here that the position—orthopedic surgeon at Heritage—
was one that Heritage contemplated filling in a long-term capacity; Heritage does not argue that
it only needed an orthopedic surgeon for a limited time, but instead argues that it was seeking a
permanent orthopedic surgeon to replace its prior permanent orthopedic surgeon. See Martin,
426 F.2d at 159 (noting that “the position [from which the employee left to serve in the military]
existed, and it still does”); id. (providing as examples of temporary positions an extra store clerk
hired to fill the needs in a holiday rush and someone hired to perform a particular task that was
completed during the person’s military service where the employer does not typically employ
persons for such tasks); 70 Fed. Reg. 75246-01, 75249-50 (Dec. 19, 2005) (noting that a “one-
time-only, three-month-long position” would not provide the employee a reasonable expectation
of continued employment). Nonetheless, if Slusher did not have a reasonable expectation that
his employment in this particular permanent position would continue for a significant period,
Heritage was not obligated to reemploy Slusher pursuant to USERRA.                 See 38 U.S.C.
§ 4312(d)(1)(C).

       The majority concludes there is no genuine issue of material fact whether Slusher had a
reasonable expectation that his employment with Heritage would continue for a significant
period because it finds that Slusher could not have expected to finish his one-year term. Maj.
Op. at 6. However, Slusher testified that he expected to complete the term of his contract when
he left Heritage for military service. The majority highlights that Slusher declined the permanent
orthopedic surgeon position with Heritage. But Slusher testified that he declined because he was
not sure about committing long-term to Heritage, and instead agreed to a one-year term to give
him time to convince his wife to move to Tennessee.
No. 15-5256            Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.          Page 16

       The majority also emphasizes that the contract did not provide for renewal or extension.
Maj. Op. at 5. The significance of this fact is not apparent, as the parties could have decided to
renew or extend the contract even if the initial contract did not specifically provide for that
possibility, just as the parties had extended Slusher’s locum tenens assignment beyond the initial
thirty-day period. And Slusher also testified that he and Buckner decided when they negotiated
the one-year contract that they could discuss a potential contract extension as the end of the
contract term approached.

       That Slusher was aware of Heritage’s continued search for a permanent orthopedic
surgeon and was aware, at the time he left, of Heritage’s discussions with another doctor, does
not mean that as a matter of law Slusher could have no reasonable expectation to complete, or
even extend, his contract. Slusher testified that when he left Heritage for uniformed service, he
was not even aware of the identity of the candidate. Nor is it clear that Heritage and Mosley
were close to reaching agreement at the time Slusher was deployed. Mosley’s affidavit states
that he and Buckner had dinner on June 1, days before Slusher was deployed, where Mosley
expressed surprise that Buckner was even talking to him. And, although the record is not clear
about when Mosley and Heritage finally reached agreement, Mosley did not sign an agreement
with Heritage until at least August—approximately two months after Slusher was deployed.

       Finally, I do not believe Congress intended to relieve an employer from the
reemployment obligation when an employee leaves for uniformed service while under a term
contract extending beyond the date of the employee’s return from service. We have said as
much already. See Stevens v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 687 F.2d 158, 162 (6th Cir. 1982). In
Stevens, we interpreted the Veterans’ Reemployment Rights Act’s (VRRA) grant of
reemployment rights to veterans who left a civilian position, “other than a temporary position,”
to serve in the military. Id. at 160. In determining whether a position was other than temporary,
we analyzed “whether the veteran, prior to his entry into military service, had a reasonable
expectation, in light of all of the circumstances of his employment, that his employment would
continue for a significant or indefinite period.” Id. at 161 (emphasis added). This is the same
No. 15-5256                 Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                   Page 17

test at issue here.2 In rejecting the employer’s argument that the employee had no reasonable
expectation of continued employment for an indefinite or significant period because he was only
hired for a construction project, and thus his term had a definite end date, we explained that it is
an “absurdity that an employee having the protection of a fixed period of employment would be
worse off than one who could be discharged at will,” and further that “[e]ven more absurd would
be the assertion that an employee hired for a definite period which had not expired upon his
return from military service would nevertheless not be entitled to reemployment.” Id. at 162
(quoting Martin, 426 F.2d at 159).

        In concluding that Slusher had no reasonable expectation of employment for a significant
period, the majority explains, without citation to authority, that “a significant period is one that
would provide an employee with some semblance of security or offer the ability to engage in
long-term planning.” Maj. Op. at 6. Even assuming this definition of “significant period” is
correct, if Slusher had a reasonable expectation of serving out the remainder of his contract, that
would undoubtedly provide him with a semblance of security and offer him the ability to engage
in long-term planning.          Slusher would have made almost $200,000 after returning from
deployment if he had been allowed to fulfill his contract, providing him security and means to
engage in long-term planning. More importantly, no matter the salary, knowing where one’s
next several months of income will be coming from after returning home from serving one’s
country would certainly provide at least a semblance of security to a uniformed service member.

        Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Slusher and drawing all reasonable
inferences in his favor, as we must on summary judgment, Coble v. City of White House, Tenn.,
634 F.3d 865, 868 (6th Cir. 2011), there remains a genuine issue of material fact whether Slusher
had a reasonable expectation that his employment would continue for a significant period. Here,
a “significant period” would at least be met if he had a reasonable expectation of serving out the
remainder of his contract after returning from deployment.




        2
           “Congress emphasized USERRA’s continuity with the VRRA and its intention to clarify and strengthen
that law. Congress also emphasized that Federal laws protecting veterans’ employment and reemployment rights for
the past fifty years had been successful and that the large body of case law that had developed under those statutes
remained in full force and effect, to the extent it is consistent with USERRA.” 20 C.F.R. § 1002.2.
No. 15-5256                Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.                    Page 18

                   B. Slusher’s Reemployment Claim Under §§ 4312 and 4313

        In Petty, 538 F.3d at 445, the employee argued his employer violated §§ 4312 and 4313
by denying him the ability to perform off-duty work, which he had requested ten months after he
was reemployed. We explained that the timing of the request for this benefit meant that § 4312
was not implicated, since § 4312 only entitles a person to immediate reemployment. Id. We
went on to explain, however, that “notwithstanding the timing problem, Petty’s ability to engage
in off-duty security work is not the type of benefit protected by USERRA’s right to
reemployment. Section 4312 protects only a service person’s right to reemployment, which in
turn triggers § 4313’s guarantee of the appropriate position of employment. Section 4313
protects only the service person’s ‘seniority, status and pay.’” Id. On this basis, we held that
“[w]hile the ability to perform off-duty work may well have been an added benefit of Petty’s
position at Metro, it is not part of Petty’s ‘seniority, status and pay.’ Because §§ 4312 and 4313
do not protect the type of general ‘benefits’ that would include Petty’s off-duty work, this claim
may not be brought under these provisions.” Id.

        Under Petty’s reasoning, then, §§ 4312 and 4313 do not protect employment benefits
other than an employee’s seniority, status, and pay at the instant of reemployment, which would
not encompass the length of employment provided by contract.3 Accordingly, under Petty,
Heritage reemployed Slusher in accordance with §§ 4312 and 4313 because it promptly
reemployed him with the appropriate seniority, status, and pay.

                       C. Slusher’s Unlawful Discharge Claim Under § 4316

        Because Slusher served between 31 and 180 days in the uniformed services, USERRA
prohibits Heritage from discharging Slusher without cause within 180 days following
reemployment. 38 U.S.C. § 4316(c)(2). Heritage does not argue that Slusher was terminated for
cause. Instead, Heritage argues that it did not terminate Slusher, but rather Slusher and Heritage
mutually agreed to terminate Slusher’s employment.


        3
           Although §4312 provides that employees returning from service receive all “other employment benefits of
this chapter” if they are entitled to reemployment, and those benefits would seem to include all advantageous terms
of employment conferred by contract, see 38 U.S.C. § 4303(2), Petty limited benefits under §§ 4312 and 4313 to
seniority, status, and pay at the instant of reemployment. 538 F.3d at 445.
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.          Page 19

       Heritage’s argument is unpersuasive. USERRA expressly supersedes any substantive
contractual terms that reduce, limit, or eliminate the rights afforded by USERRA. 38 U.S.C.
§ 4302(b). Because the termination notice and termination agreement limit Slusher’s substantive
USERRA rights, they are superseded. See Wysocki v. Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., 607 F.3d 1102,
1107 (6th Cir. 2010). Even if Slusher could waive his substantive USERRA rights by agreeing
to terminate his contract, he would need to do so by clear and unambiguous language in
exchange for consideration that was more valuable than the USERRA rights he gave up. Id. at
1107-08. Slusher presented unrebutted evidence that he was unaware of his USERRA rights
when he signed the termination agreement. After he learned of his USERRA rights, and prior to
reemployment, he asserted them and stated his intention to complete the full term of his
employment agreement. In addition, Slusher did not receive additional consideration for signing
the termination agreement. Under these circumstances, we should not enforce a termination
agreement that has the effect of eliminating Slusher’s § 4316 rights. See id. at 1108.

       Accordingly, if Heritage was required to reemploy Slusher under § 4312, it violated
§ 4316 by discharging him without cause twenty-three days after he returned from service.
Because there is a genuine issue of material fact whether Slusher was entitled to reemployment
pursuant to § 4312, I would reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Slusher’s
§ 4316 unlawful discharge claim.

                       D. Slusher’s Discrimination Claim Under § 4311

       As an initial matter, as the majority opinion alludes, the district court’s conclusion that a
claim under § 4311 only accrues after reemployment under § 4312 is erroneous. See Maj. Op. at
8-10. In reaching a contrary conclusion, the district court relied on the following language from
Petty, explaining the holding of a Fourth Circuit case: “[Section] 4312 protects military members
up to the instant of reemployment while other sections of USERRA, such as § 4311 and § 4316,
protect the member after reemployment occurs.”          Petty, 538 F.3d at 440 (citing Francis,
452 F.3d at 304).

       Although this language is clear that § 4311 protects service members from discrimination
after reemployment under § 4312, nothing in Petty indicates that a § 4311 claim only accrues
after reemployment under § 4312. Indeed, the court in Petty provided a footnote to the statement
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.           Page 20

relied upon by the district court, explaining that “[t]he actual language of § 4311 may not limit
its application to returning veterans” but that it would not decide that issue because it “do[es] not
affect the current case.” Id. at 440 n.4. Therefore, the court acknowledged that § 4311 may
protect employees who serve in the military and are not entitled to reemployment pursuant to
§ 4312.

       Moreover, the court in Petty was simply explaining why it was reasonable to limit the
protections of §§ 4312 and 4313 to the time of reemployment, i.e., because other provisions of
USERRA provide protection after reemployment. The court did not conclude that § 4311’s
protections apply only after reemployment under USERRA. Such a construction would be
contrary to the plain language of § 4311, which protects individuals who have merely “applie[d]
to perform” uniformed service, and protects those individuals from being denied even initial
employment. See 38 U.S.C. § 4311(a); see also Bradberry v. Jefferson Cnty., Tex., 732 F.3d
540, 547 (5th Cir. 2013) (“Section 4311 discrimination can appear throughout the employment
continuum, from consideration for hiring to employee termination.”).

       Finally, as the district court acknowledged, reading Petty to hold that § 4311 applies only
after reemployment under USERRA would conflict with the final rules, which “discuss
hypothetical scenarios wherein a service member is not protected by the reemployment provision
in § 4312 but nonetheless may maintain a claim for discrimination under § 4311.” (R. 35: Order,
PID 940 n.18 (citing 70 Fed. Reg. 75246-01, at 75249-50 (Dec. 19, 2005)).) Accordingly, even
if Slusher did not have a statutory right to reemployment, his § 4311 claim would not
automatically fail.

       On the merits of the § 4311 discrimination claim, there is a genuine dispute of material
fact whether Slusher’s military service was a motivating factor in Heritage’s decision to
terminate Slusher’s contract early. Likewise, there is a genuine dispute of material fact whether
Heritage would have taken the same action in the absence of Slusher’s deployment.

       As the majority notes, “[a]n individual bringing a § 4311 claim has the initial burden of
proving a prima facie case of discrimination by showing, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that his protected status was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment
action(s).” Maj. Op. at 10 (quoting Petty, 538 F.3d at 446). “The burden then shifts to the
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.           Page 21

employer to prove the affirmative defense that the employment action(s) would have been taken
in the absence of the employee’s protected status.” Id. (quoting Petty, 538 F.3d at 446). That
Slusher’s service was a motivating factor “does not mean that it had to be the sole cause of the
employment action. Instead, it [must be] one of the factors that a truthful employer would list if
asked for the reasons for its decision.” Petty, 538 F.3d at 446 (quoting Coffman v. Chugach
Support Servs., Inc., 411 F.3d 1231, 1238 (11th Cir. 2005)). “[M]ilitary status is a motivating
factor if the defendant relied on, took into account, considered, or conditioned its decision on that
consideration.” Id. (quoting Coffman, 411 F.3d at 1238).

       In the context of a motion for summary judgment, Mosley’s affidavit provides sufficient
evidence that Heritage relied on or took into account Slusher’s military status when it decided to
terminate his contract. It provides evidence that the decision maker and named defendant,
Buckner, was frustrated with Slusher’s deployment because it had “really messed things up” at
Heritage. It also provides evidence that Buckner was only considering Mosley because Heritage
had investigated Mosley to make sure he would not be deployed again, which leads naturally to
the inference that Heritage and Buckner were moving on from Slusher in part because of his
deployment. Accordingly, Mosley’s affidavit raises a genuine issue of material fact whether
Slusher’s military status was a motivating factor in Heritage’s decision to terminate Slusher’s
contract. See Staub v. Proctor Hosp., 562 U.S. 411, 417 (2011) (“When the company official
who makes the decision to take an adverse employment action is personally acting out of
hostility to the employee’s membership in or obligation to a uniformed service, a motivating
factor obviously exists.”).

       The timing and sequence of events bolsters the inference that Heritage was motivated by
Slusher’s military status. Slusher informed Buckner that he was being deployed no later than
May 5, 2011. Although Buckner testified that Heritage was seeking a permanent orthopedic
surgeon prior to Slusher’s deployment, and that Mosley initially called Buckner prior to Buckner
learning about Slusher’s deployment, Buckner merely described that call as an initial “direct
contact with the CEO at the hospital to talk about recruitment.” (R. 27-1: Buckner Dep., PID
448.) The “recruiting agreement,” which was never signed by Mosley and was merely a working
draft for Heritage’s purposes, was dated May 16, after Slusher had informed Heritage of his
No. 15-5256             Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.           Page 22

impending deployment. Buckner testified that this document would be prepared “as soon as we
begin to get serious and we’re trying to start the negotiation process on a contract.” (Id., PID
488.) According to Buckner, then, Heritage did not actually begin to get serious about Mosley or
even start the negotiation process until eleven days after it knew of Slusher’s deployment. Based
on this timing, it would be reasonable to infer that Buckner and Heritage were motivated at least
in part by Slusher’s deployment to find a replacement quickly.

       Additionally, once Heritage knew Slusher was being deployed, it had a financial
incentive to replace him while he was deployed. Slusher’s contract provided that Heritage could
terminate his agreement with ninety days’ written notice or, in lieu of notice, terminate his
agreement without notice and pay him ninety days’ salary. Thus, by giving him notice while he
was deployed, Heritage was able to replace Slusher and avoid paying all but three weeks of the
ninety-day salary.    Based on the timing of events and Buckner’s statements, it would be
reasonable to infer that Heritage was acting quickly to replace Slusher to avoid paying him
ninety days’ salary. Because this incentive arose as a result of Slusher’s deployment, acting on
this incentive would be an impermissible motivating factor in Heritage’s decision to replace
Slusher and terminate his contract when it did.

       There is also a genuine issue of material fact about whether Heritage would not have
made the same decision in the absence of Slusher’s military status. Contrary to the majority’s
analysis, the issue is not whether Heritage would have hired a permanent orthopedic surgeon, but
whether it would have done so when it did had Slusher not been deployed. A reasonable jury
could conclude Heritage would not have terminated Slusher’s contract when it did had he not
been deployed, based on the evidence and for the reasons explained above.

       Accordingly, I would reverse summary judgment in favor of Heritage and remand the
discrimination claim for trial.

                             E. Slusher’s Breach of Contract Claim

       I agree with the majority that the ninety-day provision did not guarantee Slusher would
be paid ninety-days’ salary. See Maj. Op. at 12. Slusher also argues that Heritage’s military
leave policy required that it pay him the differential between his military pay and civilian salary.
No. 15-5256            Slusher v. Shelbyville Hospital Corp., et al.          Page 23

The majority rejects this argument on the same basis it rejects Slusher’s § 4312 claim. See id. at
12. Because I disagree with the analysis of that claim, I disagree with the majority’s analysis of
the contract claim. Nonetheless, I would affirm because Slusher has not countered Buckner’s
testimony that the provision does not apply to physicians.

       For the reasons stated, I would reverse summary judgment in favor of Heritage on
Slusher’s unlawful discharge and discrimination claims and remand for further proceedings.
