                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



DEREK CAMPBELL and MEGHAN                                           UNPUBLISHED
CAMPBELL,                                                           October 19, 2017

               Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v                                                                   Nos. 332354; 334073
                                                                    Lenawee Circuit Court
CITY OF HUDSON,                                                     LC No. 15-005307-NZ

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: SERVITTO, P.J., and JANSEN and STEPHENS, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 332354, defendant appeals as of right a March 21, 2016 order denying its
motion for summary disposition of claims brought by plaintiffs for damages caused by a sewage
system backup and overflow into the basement of plaintiffs’ home. Defendant’s motion was
brought under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and MCR 2.116(C)(10), and asserted governmental immunity
from liability for plaintiffs’ damages under MCL 691.1417(2). The trial court denied
defendant’s motion after determining that issues of fact remained. In Docket No. 334073,
defendant appeals by leave granted1 the same order denying defendant’s motion for summary
disposition on non-immunity grounds.

       The relevant facts are not in dispute. At 2:45 p.m. on August 15, 2014, the City of
Hudson Public Works Department (DPW) received a telephone call from a resident reporting a
sewer system malfunction. DPW Superintendent Philip Goodlock responded immediately to the
area of the sanitary sewer main located on Jefferson Street and determined that an unknown
object was creating a blockage in the system. Goodlock called for two DPW workers to report to
his location with a “jet truck,” and the crew proceeded to jet the sewer line. According to
Goodlock, the blockage was cleared almost immediately after they began the jetting process,
about 15 minutes after the DPW received its initial report, and the water in the line began to flow
as usual.



1
 Campbell v City of Hudson, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered September 21,
2016 (Docket No. 334073).


                                                -1-
        At around 5:00 p.m. on August 15, 2014, plaintiffs discovered that sewage had backed up
into their basement sink and toilet and spewed onto the floor, spreading out over the carpet of the
main basement area at a depth of about an inch. Plaintiffs were unaware of any prior sewer
backups at their Jefferson Street home. Plaintiffs rounded up their children and vacated the
premises. Thereafter, two neighbors informed plaintiffs that the DPW had been working on the
sewer earlier that day. Plaintiffs brought a complaint in the circuit court against defendant
alleging gross negligence and inverse condemnation as a result of the “damage to and destruction
of real and personal property” caused by the backup.

        Defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) based on
governmental immunity, or MCR 2.116(C)(10), for judgment as a matter of law, in the
alternative. Specifically, defendant asserted that plaintiffs had failed to allege facts to prove two
of the necessary elements to support the exception to governmental immunity from liability for
sewage disposal system events under MCL 691.1417(2). Defendant also asserted that it was
entitled to summary disposition of plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claim because “MCL
691.1416 to MCL 691.1419 provide ‘the sole remedy for obtaining any form of relief for
damages or physical injuries caused by a sewage disposal system event regardless of the legal
theory,’ ” and there was no evidence that defendant abused its legitimate powers or aimed any
affirmative actions at plaintiffs’ property.

        The trial court denied defendant’s motion after a hearing, concluding that “there are
issues of fact that need to be heard by a jury.” The instant appeal followed.

        On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court erred when it denied defendant’s
motion for summary disposition of plaintiffs’ tort claim because plaintiffs failed to prove that
their claim fell within an exception to the general rule of governmental immunity. We agree.

         “Governmental immunity is a question of law that is reviewed de novo.” Pierce v City of
Lansing, 265 Mich App 174, 176; 694 NW2d 65 (2005). This Court also reviews de novo a trial
court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Loweke v Ann Arbor Ceiling & Partition
Co, LLC, 489 Mich 157, 162; 809 NW2d 553 (2011). Although the trial court did not specify, in
its oral conclusions or written order, which subsection it considered before denying defendant’s
motion for summary disposition, defendant requested summary disposition on the ground of
governmental immunity pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) and MCR 2.116(C)(10).

        “Under MCR 2.116(C)(7), the moving party is entitled to summary disposition if the
plaintiff’s claims are barred because of immunity granted by law.” Odom v Wayne County, 482
Mich 459, 466; 760 NW2d 217 (2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “The moving
party may support its motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) with affidavits,
depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence, the substance of which would be
admissible at trial.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted). “When addressing a motion
under subrule (C)(7), the trial court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint unless
contradicted by the parties’ documentary submissions.” Tenneco Inc v Amerisure Mut Ins
Co, 281 Mich App 429, 443; 761 NW2d 846 (2008). To survive a (C)(7) motion based on
governmental immunity, the plaintiff must allege facts justifying the application of an exception
to governmental immunity. Fane v Detroit Library Comm, 465 Mich 68, 74; 631 NW2d 678
(2001). “If no [material] facts are in dispute, or if reasonable minds could not differ regarding

                                                -2-
the legal effect of the facts, the question whether the claim is barred by governmental immunity
is an issue of law.” Pierce, 265 Mich App at 177, citing Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120-
122; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).

        Summary disposition is proper under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if “there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment . . . as a matter of law.” West v
Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003). Courts consider the affidavits,
pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party. Liparoto Const, Inc v Gen Shale Brick, Inc, 284 Mich App 25, 29; 772
NW2d 801 (2009). A party opposing summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) may not
rely on mere allegations or denials in pleadings, but must go beyond the pleadings to set forth
specific facts showing that a genuine issue of material fact exists. Oliver v Smith, 269 Mich App
560, 564; 715 NW2d 314 (2006). If the opposing party fails to present documentary evidence
establishing the existence of a material factual dispute, the motion is properly granted. Id.

         “The scope of governmental immunity is construed broadly, while exceptions to it are
construed narrowly.” Linton v Arenac County Road Com’n, 273 Mich App 107, 112; 729 NW2d
883 (2006). Pursuant to MCL 691.1417(2), “[a] governmental agency is immune from tort
liability for the overflow or backup of a sewage disposal system unless the overflow or backup is
a sewage disposal system event and the governmental agency is an appropriate governmental
agency.” A sewage disposal system event is defined as the overflow or backup of a sewage
disposal system onto real property. MCL 691.1416(k). To circumvent the application of
governmental immunity in cases involving a sewage disposal system event, a claimant must
show that all of the following existed at the time of the event:

       (a) The governmental agency was an appropriate governmental agency.

       (b) The sewage disposal system had a defect.

       (c) The governmental agency knew, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence
       should have known, about the defect.

       (d) The governmental agency, having the legal authority to do so, failed to take
       reasonable steps in a reasonable amount of time to repair, correct, or remedy the
       defect.

       (e) The defect was a substantial proximate cause of the event and the property
       damage or physical injury. [Willett v Charter Twp of Waterford, 271 Mich App
       38, 49; 718 NW2d 386 (2006), quoting MCL 691.1417(3).]

        Here, the parties do not dispute that the first three elements of the exception have been
met. Defendant is an appropriate governmental agency, and the sewage disposal system
connected to plaintiffs’ residence suffered a defect—a blockage—on the date in question. See
Willett, 271 Mich App at 51-52 (concluding that an obstruction of the sewer by a foreign object
constitutes a “defect” for purposes of MCL 691.1417(3)(b)). And although defendant argues in
its appellate brief that plaintiffs failed to prove that defendant knew or should have known of the
defect, defendant concedes that it became aware of the defect when it received a report around
2:45 p.m. on the day of the incident. Plaintiffs have not alleged or set forth facts to suggest that,
                                                -3-
through an exercise of reasonable diligence, defendant should have known of the defect any
earlier than that time. Thus, only the final two elements of MCL 691.1417(3)—that defendant
“failed to take reasonable steps in a reasonable amount of time to repair, correct, or remedy the
defect,” and that “the defect was a substantial proximate cause of the event and the property
damage”—were in dispute during the summary disposition proceedings below.

        The trial court denied defendant’s motion for summary disposition, broadly concluding
that issues of fact remained to be determined by a jury. However, the trial court failed to
articulate on the record or in its written order what issues of fact precluded summary disposition
in defendant’s favor. It is the trial court’s obligation to ensure that its reasoning is adequately
presented for review, and the trial court here failed to meet this obligation. Regardless, this
Court’s review is not precluded. The record is before this Court and a review of the trial court’s
decision to grant or deny summary disposition is de novo. Loweke, 489 Mich at 162.

        Based on discussions at the hearing on defendant’s motion for summary disposition, this
Court can infer that the trial court denied the motion because genuine issues of material fact
remained on the matter of causation. Both parties spent a considerable amount of time at the
hearing debating the issue of causation. On appeal, the parties devote much of their briefing to
the same issue. Defendant argues that because plaintiffs failed to produce documentary evidence
to rebut the affidavit of an expert opining that defendant’s actions were not a substantial cause of
plaintiffs’ injuries, no genuine issue of material fact exists with respect to causation. In response,
plaintiffs argue that their failure to rebut the opinion of defendant’s expert with the opinion of
another expert does not negate the common sense dispute over this material fact.

        We agree with plaintiffs that production of a competing expert is not a requirement that a
party must meet in order to establish a genuine issue of material fact regarding the issue of
causation. “Summary disposition is not precluded simply because a party has produced an
expert to support its position,” Amorello v Monsanto Corp, 186 Mich App 324, 331; 463 NW2d
487 (1990), nor is it mandated. Credibility of experts is a matter for the jury, Ykimoff v Foote
Mem Hosp, 285 Mich App 80, 88-89; 776 NW2d 114 (2009), and failure of causation is rarely an
appropriate ground for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), Nichols v Dobler, 253
Mich App 530, 532; 655 NW2d 787 (2002). The expert opinion offered by defendant is itself
inconclusive, suggesting only that “more likely than not,” defendant’s actions did not directly
cause the sewage backup. Rather, the expert suggests that defendant’s actions in jetting the
sewer main catalyzed “a suction effect from poor maintenance of the Plaintiffs’ lateral service
lead.” Defendant’s expert does not suggest that this “suction effect” would have occurred absent
defendant’s action in jetting the sewer main.

        Despite defendant’s argument to the contrary, there are facts in the record which, viewed
in a light most favorable to plaintiffs, support an inference that defendant’s actions caused, either
directly or indirectly, plaintiffs’ injury. Defendant admits that it jetted the sewer main to clear a
blockage between 15 and 30 minutes before plaintiffs’ children discovered the backup of sewage
into plaintiffs’ basement. Defendant admitted to jetting the sewer main on Jefferson Street, mere
houses away from plaintiffs’ residence, pushing water through the sewer directly past the lateral
line connected to plaintiffs’ home. Defendant’s expert confirms that defendant’s action in jetting
the sewer main was, at least, an indirect cause of the backup of sewage into plaintiffs’ home. To
preclude summary disposition on the issue of causation, plaintiffs only needed to set forth

                                                 -4-
specific facts to “support a reasonable inference of a logical sequence of cause and effect.”
Craig ex rel Craig v Oakwood Hosp, 471 Mich 67, 87; 684 NW2d 296 (2004) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). Plaintiffs met that burden here.

        However, the fact that questions remain regarding the element of causation is not enough
to preclude summary disposition in defendant’s favor. Plaintiffs were required to set forth
evidence to meet all five elements of MCL 691.1417(3) before liability could be imposed on
defendant for the sewage disposal system event, and their failure to meet any one of the elements
should have resulted in summary disposition in favor of defendant. See Willett, 271 Mich App at
49-50. Although in their amended complaint, plaintiffs broadly alleged that “[d]efendant failed
to take reasonable steps in a reasonable amount of time to repair, correct, or remedy the defect,”
they failed to present any evidence to support their allegation. After reviewing the record
evidence in its entirety, we can find no factual basis to conclude that defendant failed to take
reasonable steps within a reasonable amount of time to remove the sewer system blockage and
restore the sewer system to its proper order. To the contrary, the record indicates that defendant
responded to survey the area of the blockage within minutes after receiving the initial report, and
deployed a jet truck to the area promptly. The blockage was cleared and the sewer system fully
functional only 15 minutes later.

         In Willett, 271 Mich App 38, this Court considered a situation nearly identical to the one
presented here. The plaintiff and one of the plaintiff’s neighbors experienced a backup of
sewage into their basements shortly after a worker for the defendant was seen opening a manhole
cover nearby. Id. at 40. The plaintiff’s neighbor reported the incident, and the defendant
discovered a blockage in the sewer system. Id. Within an hour of the report, the defendant used
a jet truck to dislodge the blockage. Id. at 41-42. The plaintiff later sued the defendant under the
exception to governmental liability for sanitary sewer disposal systems, MCL 691.1417, arguing
in part that the defendant had failed to take reasonable steps within a reasonable amount of time
to cure the defect in the sewer system. Id. at 43. Ultimately, the trial court granted summary
disposition in favor of the defendant. Id. at 44. This Court affirmed the decision, concluding as
follows:

       In fact, contrary to plaintiff’s allegations, the evidence indicates that within
       minutes after receiving notice of the problem [blockage by an unknown foreign
       object], defendant dispatched its crew to the area, and the crew remedied the
       problem promptly. In the early afternoon of the same day that plaintiff’s wife
       reported the sewage backup, defendant deployed a jet truck that dislodged the
       obstruction. Defendant accomplished this by approximately 1:30 p.m., after
       receiving the telephone call regarding the problem at approximately 11:00 a.m.
       We conclude that reasonable minds could not differ that 2 1/2 hours to locate and
       resolve a sewer backup of unknown cause or origin is a reasonable amount of
       time. Thus, plaintiff failed to support the fourth required element with evidence.
       [Id. at 53.]

This case is on four corners with Willett, and we reach the same conclusion. Reasonable minds
could not differ that 15 minutes to resolve a sewer system defect is a reasonable amount of time.



                                                -5-
         Further, the record contains no evidence to suggest that defendant’s use of a jet truck to
clear the blockage was an unreasonable method for remedying the sewer system defect. Again,
to the contrary, the record evidence suggests that defendant’s use of the jet truck was customary
and appropriate. Defendant presented evidence that use of the jet truck for periodic maintenance
of the sewer lines and removal of unanticipated blockages was standard procedure, and had been
for many years. There is no evidence that any other residents experienced sewage backups as a
result of defendant’s use of the jet truck on the date of the incident or at any other time.
Defendant presented the testimony of a professional engineer with over 20 years’ experience in
water and sewer utility systems, who opined that defendant’s use of the jet truck to clear
blockages was “customary and appropriate.” There is no evidence in the record to dispute the
expert opinion, or any evidence to suggest that defendant could or should have employed any
other method to remove the blockage. Reasonable minds could not differ that defendant’s use of
the jet truck to remedy the sewer system defect was nothing other than a sound response.

        The trial court erred when it denied defendant’s motion for summary disposition because
plaintiffs failed to set forth any evidence that defendant “failed to take reasonable steps in a
reasonable amount of time to repair, correct, or remedy the defect,” and were therefore not
entitled to invoke the exception to governmental immunity offered by MCL 691.1417(3).
Summary disposition of plaintiffs’ tort claim in favor of defendants was appropriate under MCR
2.116(C)(7) and MCR 2.116(C)(10).

       Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred when it denied defendant’s motion for
summary disposition of plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claim because (1) the claim is barred
under the plain language of MCL 691.1417(2), and (2) plaintiffs failed to present evidence to
support an inverse condemnation claim. We agree in part.

        This Court “review[s] de novo constitutional issues and any other questions of law that
are raised on appeal.” Cummins v Robinson Twp, 283 Mich App 677, 690; 770 NW2d 421
(2009). This Court also reviews the applicability of governmental immunity de novo. Marilyn
Froling Revocable Living Trust v Bloomfield Hills Country Club, 283 Mich App 264, 279; 769
NW2d 234 (2009).

        Plaintiffs brought a claim of inverse condemnation against defendant, arguing that the
backup of sewage into their basement from defendant’s sanitary sewer system represents a de
facto “taking” of their property requiring just compensation. In response, defendant argues that
plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation is barred by the plain language of MCL 691.1417(2), which
states:

       A governmental agency is immune from tort liability for the overflow or backup
       of a sewage disposal system unless the overflow or backup is a sewage disposal
       system event and the governmental agency is an appropriate governmental
       agency. Sections 16 to 19 abrogate common law exceptions, if any, to immunity
       for the overflow or backup of a sewage disposal system and provide the sole
       remedy for obtaining any form of relief for damages or physical injuries caused
       by a sewage disposal system event regardless of the legal theory. [Emphasis
       added.]


                                                -6-
Defendant asserts that the plain language of MCL 691.1417(2) prohibits any other cause of
action against a governmental agency, regardless of legal theory, arising from a sewage disposal
system event.

         Defendant’s argument lacks merit. “Both the United States and Michigan constitutions
prohibit the taking of private property for public use without just compensation.” Wiggins v City
of Burton, 291 Mich App 532, 571; 805 NW2d 517 (2011), citing US Const, Am V; Const 1963,
art 10, § 2. “[A]n action that establishes an unconstitutional taking may not be limited except as
provided by the Constitution because of the preeminence of the Constitution.” Hinojosa v
Department of Natural Resources, 263 Mich App 537, 546; 688 NW2d 550 (2004); see also
Burdette v Michigan, 166 Mich App 406, 408; 421 NW2d 185 (1988) (“Governmental immunity
is not available in a state court action where it is alleged that the state has violated a right
conferred by the Michigan Constitution.”). Inverse condemnation is a constitutional tort claim.
Electro-Tech, Inc v H F Campbell Co, 433 Mich 57, 91 n 38; 445 NW2d 61 (1989). “The
government, therefore, ‘cannot excuse its tortious taking of private property by invoking the
shibboleth of governmental function.’ ” Peterman v State Dept of Natural Resources, 446 Mich
177, 205; 521 NW2d 499 (1994), quoting Defnet v Detroit, 327 Mich 254, 258; 41 NW2d 539
(1950). The prohibitions of the governmental immunity statute cannot preclude defendant’s
liability for constitutional tort claims, including inverse condemnation.

        However, we agree that plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claim fails on its merits
regardless of whether it is barred by the governmental immunity statute. We conclude that the
trial court erred when it denied defendant’s motion for summary disposition of plaintiffs’ inverse
condemnation claim under MCR 2.116(C)(10) because plaintiffs failed to set forth any evidence
of permanent deprivation or an affirmative action by defendant specifically directed at plaintiffs’
property.

        “Inverse condemnation is “ ‘a cause of action against a governmental defendant to
recover the value of property which has been taken in fact by the government defendant, even
though no formal exercise of the power of eminent domain has been attempted by the taking
agency.’ ” Merkur Steel Supply, Inc v Detroit, 261 Mich App 116, 129; 680 NW2d 485 (2004)
(citation omitted). “A taking for purposes of inverse condemnation means that governmental
action has permanently deprived the property owner of any possession or use of the property.”
Froling Trust, 283 Mich App at 294 (2009) (emphasis added). This Court has explained the
concept of inverse condemnation as follows:

       What governmental action constitutes a “taking” is not narrowly construed, nor
       does it require an actual physical invasion of the property. No precise formula
       exists. Pertinent factors include whether “the governmental entity abused its
       exercise of legitimate eminent domain power to plaintiff’s detriment.” Further, a
       plaintiff alleging inverse condemnation must prove a causal connection between
       the government’s action and the alleged damages. A plaintiff alleging a de facto
       taking or inverse condemnation must prove “that the government’s actions were a
       substantial cause of the decline of his property’s value” and also “establish the
       government abused its legitimate powers in affirmative actions directly aimed at
       the plaintiff’s property.” [Hinojosa, 263 Mich App at 548-549 (citations
       omitted).]

                                                -7-
Not every injury to property remotely associated with governmental actions will amount to a
taking. Attorney General v Ankersen, 148 Mich App 524, 561; 385 NW2d 658 (1986). “In
determining whether a taking occurred, the form, intensity, and deliberateness of the
governmental actions toward the injured party’s property must be examined.” Froling Trust, 283
Mich App at 295. Further, “[f]or a taking to occur, there must be some action by the government
specifically directed toward the plaintiff’s property that has the effect of limiting the use of
property.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted.)

        As previously discussed, there are facts in the record which, viewed in a light most
favorable to plaintiffs, support an inference that defendant’s actions caused, either directly or
indirectly, plaintiffs’ injury. However, plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claim fails, regardless of
the remaining issue of causation, because plaintiffs have not alleged or set forth any evidence to
support the crucial element of permanence—either in the form of permanent deprivation of
property or decline in property value. “It is well settled that a governmental actor may cause a
taking of private property by flooding the property or diverting excess surface water onto the
property.” Wiggins, 291 Mich App at 572, citing Peterman, 446 Mich at 189 n 16. However, as
the United States Supreme Court observed in Loretto v Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp,
458 US 419, 427; 102 S Ct 3164; 73 L Ed 2d 868 (1982), courts have “consistently distinguished
between flooding cases involving a permanent physical occupation, on the one hand, and cases
involving a more temporary invasion, or government action outside the owner’s property that
causes consequential damages within, on the other. A taking has always been found only in the
former situation.” Even if defendant’s action of jetting the sewer main caused, directly or
indirectly, the backup of sewage into plaintiffs’ home, plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claim
must fail on its merits because plaintiffs have not argued that the damage suffered is a permanent
deprivation of the use of their property or a substantial decline in the value of their property.
Indeed, in their amended complaint, plaintiffs requested damages only for “temporary” loss of
real and personal property. Temporary damage simply does not support a cause of action for
inverse condemnation.

        Further, although in their complaint plaintiffs allege that “[d]efendant’s affirmative
actions of blasting and otherwise trying to remove the obstruction in the sewage line constituted
and resulted in an unlawful damaging and taking and inverse condemnation by [d]efendant,”
plaintiffs have failed to set forth facts suggesting that defendant took any affirmative action
directly aimed at plaintiffs’ property. It was the plaintiffs’ burden to allege facts to support their
claim. Oliver, 269 Mich App at 564. In this case, plaintiffs failed to establish that defendants
directed any action toward their property and caused damage, or that any alleged damage was of
a permanent nature. Summary disposition of plaintiffs’ inverse condemnation claim in favor of
defendant was therefore appropriate. Id.

        Reversed and remanded for entry of summary disposition in favor of defendant. We do
not retain jurisdiction.



                                                              /s/ Deborah A. Servitto
                                                              /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                              /s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens

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