      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN



                                          NO. 03-04-00264-CV



                                   James Marlin Ebert, Appellant


                                                     v.


                                        Frank L. Day, Appellee




              FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF TRAVIS COUNTY
              NO. 276821, HONORABLE J. DAVID PHILLIPS, JUDGE PRESIDING



                               MEMORANDUM OPINION


                When James Ebert purchased his residence he agreed that if he defaulted on the

payments, the property could be sold and he would become a tenant-at-sufferance. He defaulted on

his payments, his property was sold, and the purchaser sent Ebert notice to vacate. When Ebert

refused to leave, the purchaser, Frank Day, brought a forcible detainer suit. Day prevailed in the

justice court and on appeal in the county court at law. Ebert now appeals raising the following points

of error: (1) there was never a lawful foreclosure so there is no landlord-tenant relationship as

required for forcible detainer; (2) the trial court lacked jurisdiction to hear the case; (3) the trial judge
did not consider the evidence Ebert presented; (4) the trial judge below was biased because he did

not grant any of Ebert’s motions; (5) the notice to vacate was improper; (6) the complaint is

defective because it is only signed by Day’s attorney; and (7) attorney Gregory Valdespino did not

have authority to represent Day. We affirm the judgment.


                                             BACKGROUND

                 James Marlin Ebert and Priscilla Ebert reside at 2400 Braxton Cove in Austin, the

property that is the subject of this appeal. The Eberts purchased the property in 1993. They secured

payment of a promissory note in the amount of $66,926 by executing a Deed of Trust.1 The Eberts

agreed that if they defaulted on the payments, the property could be sold and they would become

tenants at sufferance of the purchaser.




       1
           The Deed of Trust reads in relevant part:

           . . . if default shall be made in any payment, . . . , under the said note, . . . Trustee
           is hereby authorized and empowered, . . . to sell the premises . . . to the highest
           bidder . . . . The deed or deeds which shall be given by said Trustee to the
           purchaser or purchasers at such sale, shall be prima facie evidence of the truth of
           all the recitals therein as to default in the payment of said note, . . . , or of the
           sums . . . due, the request to the said Trustee to sell, the advertising or posting of
           such sale, the proceedings at such sale, the facts, if any, authorizing a substitute
           Trustee to act . . . , and everything necessary to the validity of such sale, . . . and
           the purchaser or purchasers named in such Deed, and all persons subsequently
           dealing with the [property] to be conveyed, shall be protected in relying upon the
           truthfulness of such recitals . . . . After a sale under this Deed of Trust, Grantors
           shall be mere tenants at sufferance of the purchaser at said sale. The purchaser
           shall be entitled to immediate possession and may enforce said right by
           appropriate action . . . .

                                                      2
               The Eberts defaulted on payment of the note. The required notices were given, and

a trustee posted and sold the property to Washington Mutual Bank, F.A. in August 2003. Shortly

thereafter, Frank L. Day acquired the property by virtue of a special warranty deed from Washington

Mutual. On September 4, 2003, Day sent written notice via certified mail, return receipt requested,

that the Eberts should vacate the property. Mr. Ebert’s signature appears on the return receipt signed

September 8, 2003.

               When the Eberts refused to vacate the property, Day brought a forcible detainer suit

in the justice court. The jury returned a verdict awarding Day possession of the property. Ebert

appealed to the county court at law, and Day was again awarded possession of the property. This

Court issued an injunction enjoining the eviction pending a resolution of the appeal.


                                          DISCUSSION

Landlord-Tenant Relationship

               Ebert claims that Day presented no evidence that the foreclosure that initiated the sale

of the property where he resides was lawful. However, the record includes the Substitute Trustee’s

Deed which explains the Eberts’s default and subsequent events including the foreclosure and sale.

The document is signed by the substitute trustee and notarized. Ebert offered no evidence

contradicting the legitimacy of this document or of the foreclosure. Once the property was

foreclosed upon and sold, according to the Deed of Trust the Eberts became “mere tenants at

sufferance.”




                                                  3
                In order to commit a forcible detainer, a landlord-tenant relationship must exist

between the parties disputing who has the superior right to possession of the property.2 Tex. Prop.

Code Ann. § 24.002 (West Supp. 2004-05); Academy Corp. v. Sunwest N.O.P., Inc., 853 S.W.2d

833, 833-34 (Tex. App.—Houston 1993, writ denied). Ebert claims that there is no landlord-tenant

relationship in this case. However, Ebert executed a Deed of Trust that included the following

among its general provisions: “After a sale under this Deed of Trust, Grantors [the Eberts] shall be

mere tenants at sufferance of the purchaser at said sale. The purchaser shall be entitled to immediate

possession and may enforce said right by appropriate action . . . .” Through this provision, Ebert

agreed that upon default, foreclosure, and sale, a landlord and tenant-at-sufferance relationship would

be established between the Eberts and the purchaser, who, as it turned out was Day. Because Ebert

defaulted on his payment resulting in the foreclosure and sale of his property, he became a tenant-at-




       2
           Texas Property Code Section 24.002 reads:

           (a) A person who refuses to surrender possession of real property on demand
               commits a forcible detainer if the person:

               (1) is a tenant or a subtenant wilfully and without force holding over after
                   the termination of the tenant’s right of possession;

               (2) is a tenant at will or by sufferance, including an occupant at the time of
                   foreclosure of a lien superior to the tenant’s lease; or

               (3) is a tenant of a person who acquired possession by forcible entry.

           (b) The demand for possession must be made in writing by a person entitled to
               possession of the property and must comply with the requirements for notice
               to vacate under Section 24.005.

Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 24.002 (West 2004-05).

                                                  4
sufferance according to the Deed of Trust that he executed. We hold that there was a valid

foreclosure and that there is a landlord-tenant relationship. We overrule Ebert’s first point of error.


Jurisdiction

                Ebert also contends that the county court at law lacked jurisdiction to hear the case

because “title to the property was directly involved.” Forcible detainer actions are intended to

provide a speedy, summary, and inexpensive determination of the right to the immediate possession

of real property, without resorting to an action upon the title. Scott v. Hewitt, 90 S.W.2d 816, 818-19

(Tex. 1936); Meridian Hotels, Inc. v. LHO Fin. P’ship I, L.P., 97 S.W.3d 731, 737 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.). “The only issue [in a forcible detainer suit] is the right to actual

possession; and the merits of the title shall not be adjudicated.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 746; Johnson v.

Fellowship Baptist Church, 627 S.W.2d 203, 204 (Tex. App—Corpus Christi 1981, no writ). A

plaintiff need not prove title in order to prevail in a forcible detainer action. Rather, the plaintiff

must only present sufficient evidence of ownership to demonstrate a superior right to immediate

possession. Dormandy v. Dinero Land & Cattle Co., L.C., 61 S.W.3d 555, 557 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2001, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). However, when the question of title is so intertwined with the

right to possession, the case involves a genuine issue of title, and neither the justice court nor county

court at law has jurisdiction. Id. at 558.

                Here, Day established the existence of a landlord-tenant relationship with Ebert

resulting from the foreclosure sale of Ebert’s home. To the extent that Ebert had any claims

regarding title, they were not so intertwined with the right to immediate possession that they could




                                                   5
not have been litigated separately. See id. Because the issue of title was not before the trial court,

we overrule Ebert’s second point of error.


Evidence

               Ebert alleges that the court erred by refusing to consider affidavits supporting his

arguments. However, he does not identify which affidavits the court refused to consider and we find

no mention of affidavits in the record. Therefore, we overrule his third point of error.


Bias

               Ebert’s next point of error is that the court below demonstrated prejudice and bias

when the judge denied all of his motions. To reverse a judgment for improper conduct or comments

of the judge, an appellate court must find that judicial impropriety was in fact committed and the

complaining party was probably prejudiced. Metzger v. Sebek, 892 S.W.2d 20, 37-39 (Tex. App.—

Houston 1994, writ denied). “Judicial remarks during the course of a trial that are critical or

disapproving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases, ordinarily do not support a

bias or partiality challenge.” Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 240 (Tex. 2001) (citing

Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994)). Such remarks may constitute bias if they reveal

an opinion deriving from an extrajudicial source; however, when no extrajudicial source is alleged,

such remarks will constitute bias only if they reveal such a high degree of favoritism or antagonism

as to make fair judgment impossible. See Ludlow v. DeBerry, 959 S.W.2d 265, 271 (Tex. App.—

Houston 1997, no writ) (citing Liteky, 510 U.S. at 554-56).




                                                  6
                  Although Ebert failed to identify any particular exchanges or rulings which evidence

bias in the court below, we have examined the record and find no evidence of judicial impropriety

resulting in harmful error. Adverse rulings alone are not evidence of judicial bias. Therefore, we

overrule Ebert’s fourth point of error.

Notice

                  Ebert claims that Day did not provide written notice to vacate the property as required

by law. Sections 24.002(b) and 24.005(b) and (f) of the property code require that a person entitled

to possession give written notice to vacate, either in person or by first class or certified mail, return

receipt requested.3 Tex. Prop. Code Ann. §§ 24.002(b), .005(b),(f) (West 2004). Day sent written

notice to the Eberts via certified mail, return receipt requested, on September 4, and the record

includes a return receipt for the notice signed by Ebert and dated September 8. Day satisfied the

notice requirements for forcible detainer, and Ebert does not contend that he did not receive the

notice. We overrule Ebert’s fifth point of error.




         3
             Section 24.005 reads in relevant part:

                                                    ***

             (b) If the occupant is a tenant at will or by sufferance, the landlord must give the
                 tenant at least three days' written notice to vacate before the landlord files a
                 forcible detainer suit unless the parties have contracted for a shorter or
                 longer notice period in a written lease or agreement . . . .

             (f) The notice to vacate shall be given in person or by mail at the premises in
                 question . . . Notice by mail may be by regular mail, by registered mail, or
                 by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the premises in question . . . .

Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 24.005 (West 2004).

                                                      7
Defective Complaint

                  Ebert argues that Day’s petition is defective because it is signed by his attorney and

not Day. However, the rules of civil procedure clearly allow a party’s attorney to execute and sign

pleadings on behalf of his client. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 13, 14, 57. Therefore, we overrule Ebert’s

sixth point of error.


Representation

                  Ebert’s last point of error is that Day’s trial attorney, Gregory Valdespino, did not

have the authority to represent Day. He claims that in violation of rule of civil procedure 8,4 Day’s

“attorney in charge,” Jack O’Boyle, failed to designate Valdespino as authorized to appear on Day’s

behalf. Tex. R. Civ. P. 8 (West 2003). On the contrary, Day filed an affidavit stating that he retained

both Valdespino and O’Boyle to represent him, and O’Boyle filed an affidavit designating

Valdespino as counsel for Day in Travis County, where this case came before the court. Because

Day’s attorneys fulfilled their obligations pursuant to the rules of civil procedure, Valdespino was

authorized to represent Day in the court below, and we overrule Ebert’s final point of error.




        4
             Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 8 reads in relevant part:

                     On the occasion of a party’s first appearance through counsel, the attorney
             whose signature first appears on the initial pleadings for any party shall be the
             attorney in charge, unless another attorney is specifically designated therein.
             Thereafter, until such designation is changed by written notice to the court and
             all other parties in accordance with Rule 21a, said attorney in charge shall be
             responsible for the suit as to such party . . . .

Id. R. 18.

                                                     8
                                         CONCLUSION

                We hold that there was a lawful foreclosure creating a tenancy at sufferance between

Ebert and Day. Having overruled each of Ebert’s other points of error, we affirm the judgment and

the eviction.




                                              Bea Ann Smith, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear

Affirmed

Filed: December 9, 2004




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