         In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                No. 03-2684L & No. 01-568L

                                  (Filed: January 28, 2013)



******************************** )            Indian monetary claims by lineal descendants
                                 )            of loyal Mdewakanton based upon the Sioux
SHELDON PETERS WOLFCHILD, )                   treaties of August 5, 1851 and June 19, 1858,
et al.,                          )            the Acts of February 16, 1863 and March 3,
                                 )            1863, and the Appropriation Acts for the
                  Plaintiffs,    )            Department of the Interior in 1888, 1889, and
                                 )            1890; post-judgment motions; applicability of
        v.                       )            the Indian Tribal Judgment Funds Use or
                                 )            Distribution Act, 25 U.S.C. §§ 1401-08;
UNITED STATES,                   )            formulation of a distribution plan
                                 )
                  Defendant.     )
                                 )
********************************


       Erick G. Kaardal, Mohrman & Kaardal, P.A., Minneapolis, MN, for Wolfchild plaintiffs.
With him on the briefs was William F. Mohrman, Mohrman & Kaardal, P.A., Minneapolis, MN.

       Jody H. Schwarz, Trial Attorney, Natural Resources Section, Environment & Natural
Resources Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant.
With her on the briefs were Ignacia S. Moreno, Assistant Attorney General, and Stephen Finn
and Daniel G. Steele, Trial Attorneys, Environment & Natural Resources Division, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Of counsel were Gladys Cojocari, James Stroud, and
Michael Bianco, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.

        Jack E. Pierce, Pierce Law Firm, PA, Minneapolis, MN, for the Cermak plaintiffs and for
the Stephens, R. Cermak, J. Cermak, Henderson, Klingberg, Alkire, Arnold, and Godoy groups
of intervening plaintiffs.

       Kelly H. Stricherz, Vermillion, SD, for the Mozak group of intervening plaintiffs.

       Garrett J. Horn, Horn Law Office, Yankton, SD, for the Saul, Trudell, Taylor, Ferris,
Henry, and Vassar groups of intervening plaintiffs.

      Creighton A. Thurman, Yankton, SD, for the Cournoyer, Robinette, Kimbell, French, and
Wanna groups of intervening plaintiffs.
      Elizabeth T. Walker, Walker Associates, Alexandria, VA, for the anonymous Walker, the
Enyard, and the Kitto groups of intervening plaintiffs.

       Robin L. Zephier, Abourezk & Zephier, PC, Rapid City, SD, for the Zephier group of
intervening plaintiffs.

       Larry Leventhal, St. Paul, MN, for the Burley group of intervening plaintiffs.

       Wood R. Foster, Jr., Siegel, Brill, Greupner, Duffy & Foster, PA, Minneapolis, MN, for
the Lafferty, Blaeser, Whipple, and Lowe groups of intervening plaintiffs.

       Bernard J. Rooney, Amherst, WI, for the Rooney group of intervening plaintiffs.

       Scott A. Johnson and Todd M. Johnson, Johnson Law Group, Minnetonka, MN, for the
Rocque group of intervening plaintiffs and the Descendants of Joseph Coursolle group of
intervening plaintiffs.

        Barry P. Hogan, Renaud Cook Drury Mesaros, PA, Phoenix, AZ, for the anonymous
Blair group of intervening plaintiffs.

       Gary J. Montana, Montana & Associates, Osseo, WI, for the Julia DuMarce group of
intervening plaintiffs.

       Jay C. Shultz, Lynn, Jackson, Shultz & Lebrun, PC, Rapid City, SD, for the Garreau
group of intervening plaintiffs.

       Douglas Kettering, Kettering Law Office, Yankton, SD, for the Ke Zephier group of
intervening plaintiffs.

      Randy V. Thompson, Nolan, MacGregor, Thompson & Leighton, St. Paul, MN, for the
Abrahamson group of intervening plaintiffs.

       Frances Felix, pro se, Minneapolis, MN, for herself and members of her immediate
family as intervening plaintiffs.

        Royce Deryl Edwards, Sr., Joplin, MO, for the Robertson-Vadnais group of intervening
plaintiffs.

       Rory King, Bantz, Gosch & Cremer, LLC, Aberdeen, SD, for the Marvel Jean DuMarce
group and the Youngbear group of intervening plaintiffs.

       Brian L. Radke, Radke Law Office, P.C., Sioux Falls, SD, for the Schroder group of
intervening plaintiffs.




                                                2
                                    OPINION AND ORDER

LETTOW, Judge.

         Although this case is pending on appeal before the Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit, three post-judgment motions have been filed in this court. 1 Each of the three motions
focuses on aspects of the Department of the Interior’s resultant proceedings under the Indian
Tribal Judgment Funds Use or Distribution Act (“Indian Judgment Distribution Act”), 25 U.S.C.
§§ 1401-08, to effectuate the distribution of funds ordered by the court to be provided to the
Indian claimants. See Wolfchild v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 54, 91-92 (2011) (“Wolfchild
VIII”), recons. denied, 101 Fed. Cl. 92 (2011) (“Wolfchild IX”). First, the government has
moved for a stay or, alternatively, an extension of time to prepare a distribution plan. See United
States’ Mot. for Stay or, in the Alt., Mot. for Relief from Judgment in the Form of an Extension
of Time (Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 1120. Second, the Wolfchild plaintiffs have objected to the
initial actions by the Department of the Interior to implement the court’s judgment and have
moved for further judicial proceedings under the court’s remand rule. See Wolfchild Pls.’
Objection to Dep’t’s Oct. 1, 2012 Action on Remand and Mot. for Further Proceedings Under
R[CFC] 52.2(f), as corrected (“Pls.’ Cross-Mot.”), ECF No. 1136. Third, plaintiff-intervenors
have moved for an order compelling the Department of the Interior to implement the court’s
prior order that the government must provide reimbursement to plaintiffs and plaintiff-
intervenors for their preparation and submission of genealogies in earlier phases of this case. See
Pl.-Intervenors’ Collective Resp. to Wolfchild Pls.’ Objections to Dep’t’s . . . Oct. 1, 2012
Action on Remand and Mot. for Further Proceedings Under Rule 52.2(f) (Corrected), Cross-Mot.
to Compel Def. to Provide Reimbursement to Pls. and Pl.-Intervenors for Preparation and
Submission of Genealogies for Eligibility Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [§] 1491(a)(2) and RCFC
52.2(a) (“Pl.-Intervenors’ Cross-Mot.”), ECF No. 1138 (referring to Wolfchild VIII, 101 Fed. Cl.
at 86-89).

                                        BACKGROUND

        As this longstanding dispute evolved, more than 20,750 individual Indian claimants
sought a monetary award under the Indian Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1505. The claimants
comprise an “identifiable group of American Indians” within the meaning of that Act,
specifically the lineal descendants of the “loyal Mdewakanton.” 2 Their claims are premised

       1
        The appeals and cross-appeals are pending before the Federal Circuit as Nos. 2012-5035,
-5036, and -5043. Judgment was entered by this court under Rule 54(b) of the Rules of the Court
of Federal Claims (“RCFC”) on August 5, 2011. A motion for reconsideration was denied on
October 25, 2011.
       2
        The “loyal Mdewakanton” did not participate in the Sioux uprising in Minnesota in
1862, and instead acted affirmatively to save settlers. See Wolfchild v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl.
302, 313 (2010) (“Wolfchild VII”). As one of the consequences of their actions and loyalty,
these Indians severed their tribal relations and many remained in Minnesota, where they suffered
great deprivation and hardship. Id. The Sioux treaties of August 5, 1851 and June 19, 1858 were
revoked generally as a result of the uprising, and thus the loyal Mdewakanton, along with those


                                                3
upon the Sioux Treaties of August 5, 1851 and June 19, 1858, the Acts of February 16, 1863 and
March 3, 1863, and the Appropriation Acts for the Department of the Interior in 1888, 1889, and
1890. See Wolfchild VII, 96 Fed. Cl. at 313-16.

        The trust claims of the descendants of the loyal Mdewakanton ultimately proved to be
unavailing, despite the use of explicit trust language by the Department of the Interior in
handling the lands and resources purchased with the monies appropriated for their use (as well as
the residual monies). See Wolfchild v. United States, 559 F.3d 1228 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“Wolfchild
VI”). Nonetheless, they did prevail on a restricted-use claim that was remanded by the court of
appeals. See Wolfchild VII, 96 Fed. Cl. at 336-52. This court then ruled that the monetary
judgment awarded to the loyal Mdewakanton, reflecting the amount of restricted funds held in
trust accounts at the Treasury, was subject to the Indian Judgment Distribution Act, and noted
particularly the responsibility of the Department of the Interior to develop a plan for making the
requisite distribution and to identify the specific beneficiaries of the final judgment. See
Wolfchild VIII, 101 Fed. Cl. at 86-88.

        The Department of the Interior has undertaken proceedings to develop a plan and identify
the qualifying beneficiaries. A notice published in the Federal Register on October 1, 2012,
advised that the Department “[w]as developing a plan for distribution of judgment funds to the
Loyal Mdewakantons” and set out proposed “criteria for eligibility to participate in any award.”
Department of the Interior, Preliminary Plan for Distribution of Judgment Funds to the Loyal
Mdewakantons, 77 Fed. Reg. 59,963 (Oct. 1, 2012). Among other things, the Department
scheduled hearings on the record in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Bloomington, Minnesota.
Id., 77 Fed. Reg. at 59,964. Those proceedings are the subject of the pending motions.

                                         JURISDICTION

         An appeal confers jurisdiction on the court of appeals and divests the trial court of
jurisdiction. See Griggs v. Provident Consumer Discount Co., 459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982) (stating
that after an appeal, the trial court surrenders “its control over those aspects of the case involved
in the appeal”). Notwithstanding the pendency of an appeal, a motion for stay should first be
filed in the trial court. See Fed. R. App. P. 8(a); see also RCFC 62(c) and (e). Accordingly, this
court has juridical power to consider the government’s motion for stay or, alternatively, for an
extension of time to complete proceedings to develop a distribution plan. The court’s authority
to act on plaintiffs’ cross-motion and the intervening plaintiffs’ cross-motion is more


who participated in the uprising, were deprived of benefits under those treaties. Those who
participated were resettled in western territories. The Act of Feb. 16, 1863, 12 Stat. 652, and the
Act of Mar. 3, 1863, 12 Stat. 819, were adopted to provide relief and assistance in Minnesota to
the loyal Mdewakanton. Wolfchild VII, 96 Fed. Cl. at 313-14. When those enactments and other
subsequent statutes did not succeed in their purpose, Congress appropriated monies in the
Appropriation Acts for the Department of the Interior for the years 1888, 1889, and 1890, to be
used for the benefit of the loyal Mdewakanton and their families, specifying explicit directions
for this usage. See Wolfchild VII, 96 Fed. Cl. at 316-17 (quoting Act of June 29, 1888, ch. 503,
25 Stat. 217, 228-29; Act of Mar. 2, 1889, ch. 412, 25 Stat. 980, 992-93; Act of Aug. 19, 1890,
ch. 807, 26 Stat. 336, 349).


                                                  4
problematic, however, because those cross-motions touch on aspects of the case now being
considered by the Department of the Interior and are also intertwined with the appeals, as will be
discussed infra.

                                              ANALYSIS

                                                 A. Stay

           In acting on a stay application pending appeal, the court weighs the following four
factors:

                  (1) whether the stay applicant has made a strong showing that
                  [it] is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) whether the applicant
                  will be irreparably injured absent a stay; (3) whether issuance
                  of the stay will substantially injure the other parties interested
                  in the proceeding; and (4) where the public interest lies.

Standard Havens Prods., Inc. v. Gencor Indus., Inc., 897 F.2d 511, 512 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (quoting
Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 776 (1987)).

        The four factors “contemplate individualized judgments,” Hilton, 481 U.S. at 777, but the
factors need not be given equal weight, Standard Havens Prods., 897 F.2d at 512 (citing
Providence Journal Co. v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 595 F.2d 889, 890 (1st Cir. 1979));
see also Acrow Corp. of Am. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 182, 184 (2011). “[T]he first two
factors . . . are the most critical,” and invariably the stay applicant must demonstrate “[m]ore
than a mere ‘possibility’ of relief.” Beard v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 100, 103 (2011)
(quoting Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009) (third alteration in original)).

        The government argues that it has a strong likelihood of success on the merits, noting that
the issues of law are complex and novel. Def.’s Mot. at 12. Assuredly, the legal issues “are fair
ground[s] for litigation,” as the government contends. Id. There also is little doubt that the
historical facts attendant to the aftermath of the Sioux uprising provide context for the legal
issues. In the years after their efforts to warn and protect settlers, the loyal Mdewakanton
suffered significant detriments. The Sioux treaties of 1851 and 1858 were abrogated and no
longer provided benefits for them. Additionally, because they had to sever their tribal
relationships, they were not relocated westward, and were not living in the newly designated and
allocated lands. Congress, through a series of enactments beginning in 1863, endeavored to
relieve their destitution and provide a means for their livelihood, but it was not until the
Appropriation Acts of 1888, 1889, and 1890 that effective aid was provided. The salient
question on appeal will involve whether the assistance supplied by those Acts constituted
“gratuitous appropriations” or were instead payments in lieu of treaty stipulations. See Wolfchild
VII, 96 Fed. Cl. at 340 (quoting Quick Bear v. Leupp, 210 U.S. 50, 77 (1908)). There is no doubt
that the Appropriation Acts provided funds for the Department of the Interior for the benefit of
the loyal Mdewakanton, with specific restrictions on use, ensuring insofar as possible that the
funds would provide a long-term resource. Then, for ninety years, the Department treated the
funds, and assets purchased with the funds, as a trust corpus, and held any monies in trust


                                                    5
accounts. See Wolfchild VII, 96 Fed. Cl. at 319-21 (money held in Treasury trust accounts), 343-
47 (assets and money restricted to and for use by the loyal Mdewakanton).

       In these circumstances, although the legal questions are significant, novel, and difficult,
the government has not shown that it is likely to succeed on the merits. To reiterate, although the
government has manifestly demonstrated that the legal issues are “fair ground[s] for litigation,”
Def.’s Mot. at 12, no more than that is apparent.

         To support a stay, the government also has the burden of showing that it will be
irreparably harmed absent a stay. In this respect, the government cites the commitment of
resources it has expended, and will expend, to proceed to develop a distribution plan. Def.’s
Mot. at 21. The Department of the Interior has already taken substantial steps to formulate a
plan, as the Federal Register notice issued on October 1, 2012, shows. That notice reflected
considerable work by the Department in gathering and organizing historical materials,
developing a proposed preliminary plan for distribution of funds, and scheduling public hearings.
See 77 Fed. Reg. 59,963-67. Historically, in determining descendants who were qualified
beneficiaries, the Department had used the so-called “1886 census” of the loyal Mdewakanton
prepared by Special Agent Walter McLeod, with an addendum prepared by Special Agent Robert
Henton dated January 2, 1889. See Wolfchild v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 521, 528 (2004)
(“Wolfchild I”); see also Wolfchild VI, 559 F.3d at 1243 (“The Interior Department recognized,
of course, that Congress intended the 1886 Mdewakantons to be the specific beneficiaries of the
Appropriations Acts.”). Notably, the proposed criteria in the Federal Register notice of October
2012 extend well beyond the 1886 census and 1889 addendum, also encompassing the 1917
McLaughlin Roll, the Birch Cooley Censuses, and the 1899 roll prepared by Inspector
McLaughlin. See 77 Fed. Reg. at 59,967. In addition, the Department indicated that it was
considering adding the 1862 Indian Camp Census, the Camp Release Census 1863, the Sibley
Sioux Scout List—1863 Sibley Expedition, the 1866 Report of the Secretary of the Interior, the
Payroll to Soldiers and Scouts 1891-92, and the 1891 Samuel Brown Scout List. See id. at
59,966. In short, the government has already expended considerable resources, and it will incur
additional costs and expenses before it completes its task of formulating a distribution plan, but it
is sufficiently far along its path that it would be a waste of resources to stop now. This factor
weighs against a stay.

        The latter two factors — injury to the other parties and the public interest — do not
require extended discussion. The plaintiffs, intervening plaintiffs, and other potentially qualified
beneficiaries have spent years pursuing their claims, which have now advanced to the point that
resolution might be in view, albeit dimly and distantly. The public interest would also be served
by continuing the Department’s process. The one-hundred-fiftieth anniversary of the 1862
uprising has just passed, and that anniversary engendered renewed awareness of that event and
President Lincoln’s role in according justice to those involved.

       In sum, for the reasons stated, the court declines to stay its judgment.




                                                 6
                                      B. Extension of Time

         The court’s judgment provided that “[i]n accord with 2[5] U.S.C. § 1402, the Secretary
[of the Interior] shall complete preparation of [a] roll and [distribution] plan satisfying the
criteria specified in 25 U.S.C. § 1403 within one year from the date of this decision and
judgment.” Wolfchild VIII, 101 Fed. Cl. at 92. That schedule has not been met. The Department
advises “that it does not have the budget nor the personnel and resources to comply with the
[c]ourt’s deadline and effectuate its duties.” Def.’s Mot. at 24. It asks for an indefinite extension
of time to complete its work. Id. at 26-27. 3

        In entering judgment, the court recognized that the Department’s task would not be an
easy one. The deadline embodied in the judgment reflects the specific terms of Section 1402(a),
which provide that “[w]ithin one year after appropriation of funds to pay a judgment of the . . .
United States Court of Federal Claims to any Indian tribe, the Secretary of the Interior shall
prepare and submit . . . a plan for the use and distribution of the funds.” 25 U.S.C. § 1402(a). As
a legal matter, the court looked to the circumstance that the judgment would be paid from the
Judgment Fund in accord with 28 U.S.C. § 2517 and 31 U.S.C. § 1304(a)(3)(A), after
certification by the Chief Judge of this court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2517(a) (providing for payment
upon “presentation to the Secretary of the Treasury of a certification of the judgment by the clerk
and chief judge of the court”); 31 U.S.C. § 1304(a) (providing a permanent appropriation, i.e.,
the Judgment Fund, to pay judgments issued against the United States under specified laws,
including 28 U.S.C. § 2517). The Department acknowledges the applicability of this legal
regime for paying judgments entered by this court, see Def.’s Mot. at 26, 4 but it comments that



       3
        The Department suggests that it provide a status report within ninety days after the grant
of an extension, describing its progress to that point in developing a distribution plan, Def.’s
Mot. at 27, and then provide status reports every ninety days thereafter.
       4
        As the Court of Claims observed in Temoak Band of Western Shoshone Indians, Nevada
v. United States, 593 F.2d 994 (Ct. Cl. 1979):

       [b]y recent enactments, Act of March 7, 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-240,
       92 Stat. 107, 116 and Act of May 4, 1977, Pub. L. No. 95-26, 91 Stat.
       61, 96, Congress has amended the old standing appropriation to pay
       Court of Claims judgments, 31 U.S.C. § 7254a, to make it available
       for Indian Claims Commission judgments, and to remove the old
       $100,000 limitation, there being now no upper limit on the amount of
       the judgment that can be paid.

Id. at 999. A codification of Title 31 of the United States Code in 1982 shifted what was 31
U.S.C. § 724a to then-new Section 1304. See 31 U.S.C.A. § 1304, Historical and Statutory Note.
Additionally, the Indian Claims Commission was terminated on September 30, 1978, but this
court’s predecessors had jurisdiction over Indian claims accruing on and after August 13, 1946.
See Navajo Tribe v. United States, 586 F.2d 192 (Ct. Cl. 1978) (en banc).



                                                 7
“[a] payment from the Judgment Fund can only be made when awards or settlements are final
(i.e., no further review or appeal will be sought),” id. at 26 (citing 31 U.S.C. § 1304).
Additionally, the Department notes that “Congress can always modify the plan.” Id.

         The Department cites the Western Shoshone case as a prior instance in which a large
“identifiable group of American Indians” received a judgment award. See Def.’s Mot. at 9
(presumably referring to the litigation that resulted in a number of reported decisions, including
Western Shoshone, 593 F.2d 994 (describing the lengthy and convoluted history of the
litigation)). Respecting that case, the Department advises that

       compilation of the Western Shoshone beneficiary roll encompassed:
       (1) receipt of over 9,600 applications; (2) review of genealogical
       materials; (3) the passage of nearly four years from the filing of
       applications to the first distribution (the final distribution has not
       yet been made); (4) review of approximately 859 appeals; (5) costs
       in excess of $2 million. The Bureau hired an outside contractor
       with specialized expertise to perform a significant amount of the
       work on that distribution roll.

Id. (citing Decl. of Michael Smith (Aug. 3, 2012) (“Smith Decl.”) ¶ 16)).

       The litigation and planning for a distribution in Western Shoshone were made difficult
not only by the number and scattered nature of the individual claimants but also by the lack of
cooperation by many of the Western Shoshone and their tribal organizations in developing a
plan. See Dann, 470 U.S. at 42-43. By contrast, the loyal Mdewakanton have participated
vigorously in all phases of this litigation, including the current efforts of the Department of the


        The operative effect of the judgment entered in the Western Shoshone case was
addressed by the Supreme Court in United States v. Dann, 470 U.S. 39 (1985), where the Court
described what happened after the judgment was entered:

       On December 6, 1979, the Clerk of the Court of Claims certified the
       Commission’s award to the General Accounting Office. Pursuant to
       31 U.S.C. § 724a (1976 ed., Supp. V), this certification automatically
       appropriated the amount of the award and deposited it for the Tribe in
       an interest-bearing trust account in the Treasury of the United States.

           Under 25 U.S.C. § 1402(a) and § 1403(a), the Secretary of the Interior
       is required, after consulting with the Tribe, to submit to Congress within
       a specified period of time a plan for the distribution of the fund. In this
       case, the Secretary has yet to submit a plan of distribution of the $26 million
       owing to the refusal of the Western Shoshone to cooperate in devising the
       plan. The fund apparently has now grown to $43 million.

Id. at 42-43 (footnotes omitted).



                                                  8
Interior to formulate a plan. Nonetheless, because thousands of individual claimants are
involved here, the Department understandably requires additional time to settle on a plan. As a
consequence, the court grants an extension of time to the Department to develop a plan. 5

       The amount of additional time needed by the Department for this purpose is avowedly
uncertain and indefinite at this juncture. The court acknowledges the Department’s concern
about completing its assigned task in a period of potentially limited budgetary resources.
Nonetheless, the assignment has to be addressed. The court accordingly will require the
Department to provide status reports every ninety days following this decision, for a period of
one year, and then will entertain proposals for a firm deadline.

                        C. Objections to the Department’s Proposed Plan

         The Wolfchild plaintiffs express dissatisfaction with the Department’s proposed plan of
distribution as published in the Federal Register and ask the court to intervene to recalibrate the
eligibility criteria set out in the proposal. See Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 1-2. Plaintiffs suggest that the
Department’s proposed expansion of those eligible beyond the 1886 census and the 1889
addendum serves to “weaken[] or dilut[e] the concept of the 1886 Mdewakanton Group,” id. at 3,
and reflects pressure exerted by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community, one of the three
Indian communities formed in the areas of 1886 lands in Minnesota, id. 6 The Department
responds that the Wolfchild plaintiffs’ objections are premature and not ripe. United States’
Opp’n to Wolfchild Pls.’ Mot. For Further Proceedings (“Def.’s Opp’n to Pls.’ Cross-Mot.) at 1,
ECF No. 1137. The Department contends that the Wolfchild plaintiffs will have ample
opportunities to object to the plan, both as proposed and once it is finally adopted. Id. at 1-2.

         The court emphasized in its entry of judgment and referral to the Department to formulate
a distribution plan that the Indian Judgment Distribution Act explicitly confers upon the
Department the responsibility to develop a distribution plan and a roll of beneficiaries under the
plan. See Wolfchild VIII, 101 Fed. Cl. 86-91. Insofar as the plan is concerned, this court’s role is
limited to review. Although the parties have not argued their positions in terms of “primary
jurisdiction,” this is an instance calling for application of that doctrine. Initial action respecting a
distribution plan rests with an agency, i.e., the Department, and the court should not intervene in
the agency proceedings absent extraordinary circumstances. As the Supreme Court has
explained:

        5
         The Department emphasizes that a beneficiary roll is developed after a plan is
formulated and approved. See Def.’s Mot., Smith Decl. ¶ 10. The court’s prior decisions in the
case, see Wolfchild VIII, 101 Fed. Cl. at 86-92; Wolfchild IX, 101 Fed. Cl. at 97-99, were
concerned not only with preparation of a plan but also a roll of beneficiaries because the
Department’s litigation posture had, until the very end of this court’s proceedings, focused so
heavily on identifying specific qualifying plaintiffs through nineteenth-century census rolls and
then genealogical proofs, see Wolfchild VIII, 101 Fed. Cl. at 87-88.
        6
        The Wolfchild plaintiffs also call upon the court to require the Department to provide
information regarding the sources of information used to develop the Department’s proposed
plan. See Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 12-13.


                                                   9
               [P]rimary jurisdiction . . . is a doctrine specifically applicable
               to claims properly cognizable in court that contain some issue
               within the special competence of an administrative agency. It
               requires the court to enable a “referral” to the agency, staying
               further proceedings so as to give the parties reasonable opportunity
               to seek an administrative ruling. See [United States v.] Western
               Pacific [R.R.], 352 U.S. [59,] 63-64, 77 S.Ct. [161,] 164-65 [(1956)];
               Ricci v. Chicago Merchantile Exchange, 409 U.S. 289, 291, 302,
               93 S.Ct. 573, 574, 580, 34 L. Ed. 2d 525 (1973); Port of Boston
               Marine Terminal Assn. v. Rederiaktiebolaget Transatlantic, 400
               U.S. 62, 65, 68, 91 S.Ct. 203, 206, 208, 27 L. Ed. 2d 203 (1970).
               Referral of the issue to the administrative agency does not deprive
               the court of jurisdiction; it has discretion either to retain jurisdiction
               or, if the parties would not be unfairly disadvantaged, to dismiss the
               case without prejudice. See Carnation Co. v. Pacific Westbound
               Conference. 383 U.S. 213, 222-223, 86 S.Ct. 781, 787, 15 L. Ed.
               2d 709 (1966); Mitchell Coal & Coke Co. v. Pennsylvania R. Co.,
               230 U.S. 247, 266-267, 33 S.Ct. 916, 924-925, 57 L. Ed. 1472 (1913);
               Jaffe, Primary Jurisdiction, 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1037, 1055 (1964).

Reiter v. Cooper, 507 U.S. 258, 268-69 (1993) (footnote omitted).

        The court sees no basis now on which it could interject itself into the Department’s
proceedings related to a distribution plan. Accordingly, the Wolfchild plaintiffs’ motion for
further judicial action at this juncture is unavailing.

                                       D. Reimbursement

        The numerous plaintiff-intervenors seek a form of interim relief pending final disposition
of this protracted dispute. Specifically, they request reimbursement of “their costs in preparing
and submitting to the court and the government, genealogies to establish their status as eligible
claimants.” Pl.-Intervenors’ Cross-Mot. at 12 (quoting Wolfchild VIII, 101 Fed. Cl. at 92). The
government resists this request on the ground that plaintiff-intervenors’ request is premature,
noting that “[t]he [c]ourt has already acknowledged and articulated that the issues of costs and
attorneys’ fees are remaining issues to be taken up after the Secretary [of the Interior] submits
the distribution plan and report.” United States’ Opp’n to Pl.-Intervenors’ Cross-Mot. at 2.

        Interim reimbursement, as well as payment of costs and fees, is not appropriate in a case
of this nature. The judgment is not yet final within the meaning of RCFC 54(d), because the
appeals and cross-appeals remain pending before the Federal Circuit. Additionally, costs and
fees in Indian claims can be contentious and require in effect a second litigation. See, e.g.,
Western Shoshone Identifiable Group, Temoak Bands of Western Shoshone Indians, Nevada v.
United States, 652 F.2d 41 (Ct. Cl. 1981). Not infrequently in these cases, “counsel [will] have
devoted extensive and effective efforts over a long period of time.” Id. at 46. That circumstance




                                                 10
does not provide a basis for awarding interim reimbursement or fees. 7 Plaintiff-intervenors are
not entitled to such interim reimbursement or costs and fees.

                                          CONCLUSION

        For the reasons stated, defendant’s request for a stay is DENIED, but its request for an
extension of time is GRANTED. Defendant shall file a status report with the court within ninety
days following this decision, and every ninety days thereafter, until one year has passed. At that
time, the parties are requested to address the feasibility of establishing a final deadline for action
by the Department of the Interior to complete a distribution plan. The Wolfchild plaintiffs’
motion for further judicial proceedings at this juncture is DENIED, as is the plaintiff-intervenors’
request for an order requiring the Department to provide interim reimbursement.

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                    s/ Charles F. Lettow
                                                    Charles F. Lettow
                                                    Judge




       7
        In Western Shoshone, 652 F.2d 41, the Court of Claims adopted the factors considered in
Cherokee Nation v. United States, 355 F.2d 945, 953-54 (Ct. Cl. 1966), as a framework for
determining a reasonable award of costs and fees. Those criteria are not directly applicable to
the reimbursement request put forward by plaintiff-intervenors, but they would relate to costs
and fees awardable at the successful conclusion of litigation. The timing of a reimbursement
award would presumptively follow the same path as an award of costs and fees, however.


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