Motion Granted; Dismissed and Opinion filed November 7, 2013.




                                      In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                              NO. 14-13-00235-CV

WILLIAM MARSH RICE UNIVERSITY AND GARY SPEARS, Appellants

                                        V.
                         RASHEED RAFAEY, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 11th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Cause No. 2010-25730

                                OPINION
      In this case we consider whether a private educational institution and a peace
officer it employs are entitled to challenge by interlocutory appeal the denial of a
summary judgment motion based on their affirmative defense of official immunity.
The private institution and its peace officer, both named as defendants in a suit
brought by a motorist the peace officer detained, bring this interlocutory appeal
from the trial court‘s order denying their motion for summary judgment on their
affirmative defense of official immunity. The private institution and the peace
officer assert that this court has appellate jurisdiction under section 51.014(a)(5) of
the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. The motorist filed a motion to
dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction. Because we conclude that section
51.014(a)(5) does not permit immediate appellate review of the trial court‘s
interlocutory summary-judgment order, we grant the motion and dismiss this
appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

I.    Procedural and Factual Background

      Appellant/defendant William Marsh Rice University (―Rice‖) is a private
institution for higher education, and appellant/defendant Gary Spears is a police
officer employed by the Rice University Police Department. Appellee/plaintiff
Rasheed Rafaey sued Rice and Spears (collectively, the ―Rice Parties‖) asserting
several claims arising out of an alleged unlawful arrest and detention. The Rice
Parties moved for summary judgment, asserting that Rafaey‘s claims are barred by
official immunity.    After the trial court denied their motion, the Rice Parties
brought this interlocutory appeal pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code section 51.014(a)(5).

II.   Peace Officers Commissioned by Private Institutions
      As a private institution, Rice is authorized to employ and commission peace
officers pursuant to the Texas Education Code. See Tex. Educ. Code § 51.212(a)
(West 2013). The Texas Education Code further provides that peace officers
commissioned by private institutions are vested with ―all the powers, privileges,
and immunities of peace officers,‖ under certain conditions. Tex. Educ. Code §
51.212(b) (West 2013). Specifically, section 51.212, entitled ―Peace Officers at
Private Institutions,‖ provides:

      (a) The governing boards of private institutions of higher education,


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       including private junior colleges, are authorized to employ and
       commission peace officers for the purpose of enforcing:
       (1) state law on the campuses of private institutions of higher
       education; and
       (2) state and local law, including applicable municipal ordinances, at
       other locations, as permitted by subsection (b) or section 51.2125
       [addressing mutual assistance agreements with law enforcement
       agencies of large municipalities].
       (b) Any officer commissioned under the provisions of this section is
       vested with all the powers, privileges and immunities of peace officers
       if the officer:
       (1) is on the property under the control and jurisdiction of the
       respective private institution of higher education or is otherwise
       performing duties assigned to the officer by the institution, regardless
       of whether the officer is on property under the control and jurisdiction
       of the institution, but provided these duties are consistent with the
       educational mission of the institution and are being performed within
       a county in which the institution has land; or
       (2) to the extent authorized by Section 51.2125, is:
       (A) requested by another law enforcement agency to provide
       assistance in enforcing state or local law, including a municipal
       ordinance, and is acting in response to that request; or
       (B) otherwise assisting another law enforcement agency in enforcing a
       law described by Paragraph (A).

Tex. Educ. Code § 51.212.

III.   Jurisdiction over Interlocutory Appeals

       Interlocutory orders are not appealable unless explicitly made so by statute.
Stary v. DeBord, 967 S.W.2d 352, 352–53 (Tex. 1998). At issue in this case is the
legislatively created exception to this general rule for officers or employees of the
state or a political subdivision of the state. Specifically, section 51.014(a)(5)
grants authority for ―a person‖ to appeal an interlocutory order that ―denies a



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motion for summary judgment that is based on an assertion of immunity by an
individual who is an officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision of
the state.‖ Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(a)(5) (West 2013). Appellate
courts must construe section 51.014 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code to give effect to the Legislature‘s intent, but they also ―strictly construe
Section 51.014(a) as a narrow exception to the general rule that only final
judgments are appealable.‖ City of Houston v. Estate of Jones, 388 S.W.3d 663,
666 (Tex. 2012) (quotations omitted).

IV.   Appellee’s Motion to Dismiss

      Rafaey asserts that we lack jurisdiction over this appeal. It is undisputed
that Rice is not the state or a political subdivision of the state, and Rafaey argues
that private institutions like Rice are not agencies of government that legislatures
or courts have sought to protect by immunity. Rafaey also asserts that Spears is
not ―an officer of employee of the state or a political subdivision of the state,‖ as is
required by section 51.014(a)(5) to permit an interlocutory appeal. Additionally,
Rafaey distinguishes official immunity from the Texas Education Code‘s limited
grant of immunity, in certain circumstances, to peace officers commissioned by
private institutions.

V.    Discussion

A.    Does this court have jurisdiction over Spears’s appeal?

      We first determine whether Spears has established that he may bring an
interlocutory appeal. Under the plain meaning of the section 51.014(a)(5), for this
court to have jurisdiction over his appeal, Spears, the individual allegedly asserting
immunity, must be an officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision of


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the state1 or he must be entitled to be treated as if he were such an officer or
employee for the purposes of section 51.014(a)(5). See Klein v. Hernandez, 315
S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. 2010); Young v. Villegas, 231 S.W.3d 1, 7–8 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied). The Rice Parties do not contend that
Spears is an officer or employee of the state, and we conclude that he is not such
an officer or employee. Instead, the Rice Parties contend that Spears‘s status as a
commissioned peace officer provides a basis for appellate jurisdiction. For this to
be so, this status must mean that Spears is entitled to be treated as if he were an
officer or employee of the state for the purposes of section 51.014(a)(5). See
Klein, 315 S.W.3d at 8; Young, 231 S.W.3d at 7–8. We presume that Spears is
commissioned under the provisions of section 51.212 of the Texas Education
Code. See Tex. Educ. Code § 51.212. Under section 51.212(b), Spears is vested
with all the powers, privileges, and immunities of peace officers under certain
circumstances. See id. We presume that these circumstances apply in the case
under review.

       Even under these presumptions, nothing in section 51.212 or any other
statute that has been cited to this court provides that all peace officers are entitled
to be treated as if they were officers or employees of the state for the purposes of
section 51.014(a)(5).       The Education Code does not state that peace officers
commissioned by a private institution are officers or employees of the state or
should be treated as if they were such officers or employees. The term ―peace
officer‖ as used in section 51.212 of the Texas Education Code is not defined. The
term ―peace officer‖ is defined in other statutes to include peace officers employed
by private institutions. See Tex. Occ. Code § 1701.001(4) (West 2013); Tex. Code

1
  Hereinafter, all references to ―the state‖ include ―the state‖ and ―political subdivisions of the
state.‖


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Crim. Proc. art. 2.12(8) (West 2013); Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(36) (West
2013). Whether we apply the plain and ordinary meaning of ―peace officer‖ or a
technical or particular meaning of this term, we conclude that neither Spears‘s
status as a ―peace officer,‖ nor his possession of all the powers, privileges, and
immunities of peace officers mandates that he be treated as if he were an officer or
employee of the state for the purposes of section 51.014(a)(5) of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code. As support for their right to bring an interlocutory
appeal, the Rice Parties cite Klein v. Hernandez, 315 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. 2010). The
Klein court held that, under section 312.007(a) of the Texas Health and Safety
Code, a resident physician was to be treated as if he were an officer or employee of
the state for the purposes of section 51.014(a)(5) of the Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code. See Klein, 315 S.W.3d at 6–8. But, section 312.007(a) of the
Texas Health and Safety Code is not at issue in the case under review, and the
statutes regarding peace officers do not provide that peace officers employed by
private institutions are to be treated as if they were officers or employees of the
state. Therefore, the Klein case does not provide support for the Rice Parties‘
contention that a peace officer commissioned by a private institution is entitled to
bring an interlocutory appeal under section 51.014(a)(5).

      We also conclude that the Rice Parties‘ jurisdictional argument is not
supported by their citation to Ramirez v. Fifth Club, Inc., 144 S.W.3d 574 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2004), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 196 S.W.3d 788
(Tex. 2006). Although the Third Court of Appeals discussed whether a question
on official immunity should have been submitted to the jury where official
immunity was pled as an affirmative defense, an interlocutory appeal was not at
issue. See id. at 580–84. In that case, the jury found the peace officers
commissioned by a private college who were working at a private club were


                                         6
entitled to official immunity for their actions against two of the club patrons. Id. at
579.

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Spears is not an officer or
employee of the state and that he is not entitled to be treated as if he were such an
officer or employee for the purposes of section 51.014(a)(5). Therefore, this court
lacks jurisdiction over Spears‘s appeal under section 51.014(a)(5). See Klein, 315
S.W.3d at 8; Young, 231 S.W.3d at 7–8. See also Methodist Hosp. of Dallas v.
Miller, 405 S.W.3d 101 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (dismissing for lack of
appellate jurisdiction appeal in which officers attempted to appeal under section
51.014(a)(5) based on their alleged status as peace officers under section 51.214 of
the Texas Education Code). The Rice Parties have not cited and we have not
found any other statute providing this court with jurisdiction over Spears‘s
interlocutory appeal. We lack jurisdiction over Spears‘s appeal.

B.     Does this court have jurisdiction over Rice’s appeal?

       We next address Rice‘s ability to bring an interlocutory appeal. This court
held in Coleman that Rice was not entitled to bring an interlocutory appeal from
the denial of its summary-judgment motion based upon the alleged immunity
defenses of its peace officers. See William Marsh Rice Univ. v. Coleman, 291
S.W.3d 43, 46 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. dism‘d). In Koseoglu,
the Supreme Court of Texas provided the following judicial dicta: (1) ―there is no
other way to read Section 51.014(a)(5) than to conclude that only an ‗individual
who is an officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision of the state‘
may appeal an interlocutory order denying a motion for summary judgment‖ and
(2) ―the words of Section 51.014(a)(5) offer no indication or suggestion that it
applies to any entity other than a state official, the only entity which it describes.‖


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Tex. A & M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 843 (Tex. 2007). Under this
precedent, Rice may not appeal under section 51.014(a)(5). Furthermore, even
absent this precedent, we would still lack jurisdiction under this statute because, as
discussed above, the order being appealed does not deny a motion for summary
judgment based on an assertion of official immunity by an individual who is an
officer or employee of the state or who is entitled to be treated as if he were such
an officer or employee. The Rice Parties have not cited, and we have not found,
any other statute providing this court with jurisdiction over Rice‘s interlocutory
appeal. We lack jurisdiction over Rice‘s appeal.

VI.   Conclusion

      We hold that the Rice Parties are not authorized to bring an interlocutory
appeal from the denial of their motion for summary judgment based on the
affirmative defense of official immunity. Accordingly, we grant Rafaey‘s motion
to dismiss and order this appeal dismissed for want of appellate jurisdiction.




                                       /s/       Kem Thompson Frost
                                                 Chief Justice



Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Boyce and Jamison.




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