
393 F.Supp. 224 (1975)
The CHOCTAW NATION and the Chickasaw Nation, Plaintiffs,
v.
The CHEROKEE NATION, Defendant.
Civ. No. 73-332.
United States District Court, E. D. Oklahoma.
April 15, 1975.
*225 *226 Lon Kile, Hugo, Okl., for plaintiffs.
Earl Boyd Pierce, Fort Gibson, Okl., and Andrew Wilcoxen, Muskogee, Okl., for defendant.
Before HOLLOWAY, Circuit Judge, and BOHANON and DAUGHERTY, District Judges.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BOHANON, District Judge.
In this case the plaintiff, Choctaw Nation, alleges that it owns an undivided ¾ interest and the plaintiff, Chickasaw Nation, an undivided ¼ interest in the natural bed of the Arkansas River from the confluence of the Arkansas River with the Canadian River thence to the Oklahoma-Arkansas boundary line, and both plaintiffs contend that their title encompassing the entire river bed should be quieted.
The defendant, Cherokee Nation, claims some right, title and interest in and to said real property above described and denies that the plaintiffs are the owners of the north half of the Arkansas River bed from the confluence of the Canadian River and the Arkansas River to the Oklahoma-Arkansas boundary line. Defendant further claims that it is the owner in fee simple of all that portion of the bed of the Arkansas River lying north of the center of the main channel below the mouth of the Canadian River to the Oklahoma-Arkansas boundary line. Defendant prays that full legal and equitable title to the above described north half of the Arkansas River be quieted against the plaintiffs, together with all accretion, bonuses, rents and royalties attributable thereto.
Jurisdiction in this Court was created by Congress December 20, 1973, under Public Law 93-195, 93rd Congress, H.R. 5089[1] wherein it gave the consent of the *227 United States to the Choctaw Nation, the Chickasaw Nation and the Cherokee Nation to bring suit against each other to quiet title in and to the bed of the Arkansas River below the Canadian Fork and to the eastern boundary of Oklahoma; further, that any action commenced pursuant to said authority would be heard and determined by a federal court of three judges selected in the manner provided by law and sitting in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma in accordance with the provisions of Section 4 of the Act, and that any party could appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States from final determination of such three-judge district court.
On January 28, 1974, Chief Judge David T. Lewis, United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, created the following three-judge panel: Honorable David T. Lewis, United States Circuit Judge, Honorable Fred Daugherty, United States District Judge and Honorable Luther Bohanon, United States District Judge. Thereafter, Judge Lewis found it necessary to withdraw from the panel, and the Honorable William J. Holloway, Jr., United States Circuit Judge, was appointed as the Circuit Court member of the panel.
The issues to be determined by the Court were set forth in a Stipulation of the parties dated February 7, 1974, as follows:
"The plaintiffs and defendant, at pretrial conference on this 7th day of February, 1974, stipulate that their respective claims are questions of law to be decided by the Court upon consideration of the relevant Treaties, Statutes, Patents, Decisions and Historical Documents to be included in the briefs of the parties, directly or by reference, which are to be submitted on or before the 8th day of March, 1974, with each party thereafter to file briefs in answer to these principal briefs within fifteen (15) days.
It is further stipulated that the present Bureau of Indian Affairs study and determination of the location of the line dividing the Northerly and Southerly portions of the Arkansas River from the Eastern boundary of Oklahoma to the confluence of the Canadian River will be accepted by the parties as a determination of that line."
The sole question for this Court to decide from the stated evidence is whether the Cherokee Nation owns the north half *228 of the Arkansas River bed, or whether the entire river bed belongs to the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations. The pleadings reveal that there is no dispute that the Choctaw Nation and the Chickasaw Nation own the south half of the Arkansas River from the confluence of the Arkansas River with the Canadian River thence to the Oklahoma-Arkansas boundary line.
This case came on for trial to the Court on the 3rd day of January, 1975, and on that day evidence was received, the case being argued and submitted to the Court on the pleadings, exhibits, briefs and oral argument.
In the case of Choctaw Nation v. Oklahoma, 397 U.S. 620, 90 S.Ct. 1328, 25 L.Ed.2d 615 (1970), the Supreme Court considered the identical treaties and cessions which are involved in this case. At page 629, at page 1334 of 90 S.Ct. the Court said:
"The Choctaw treaties preceded any grant to the Cherokee Nation; and, under them, petitioners Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations claim the entire bed of the Arkansas River between its confluence with the Canadian River and the Oklahoma-Arkansas border. The Cherokees, however, also have a claim to this part of the river, based on the language setting out the southern border of the land granted them in the Treaty of New Echota: From a point on the Canadian River,
`thence down the Canadian to the Arkansas; thence down the Arkansas to that point on the Arkansas where the eastern Choctaw boundary strikes said river . . ..' 7 Stat. 480."
The Court further stated at 630, at 1334 of 90 S.Ct.:
"According to the Cherokee Nation, the United States thereby conveyed to it the north half of the Arkansas River from its junction with the Canadian to the eastern Oklahoma border. Petitioners thus are in disagreement about the effect of the words in the treaties and patents with regard to this lower portion of the river.7
7. The courts below did not resolve the dispute between petitioners, and we likewise do not pass on that question."
The Court concluded at 634, at 1336 of 90 S.Ct.:
"Together, petitioners were granted fee simple title to a vast tract of land through which the Arkansas River winds its course. The natural inference from those grants is that all the land within their metes and bounds was conveyed, including the banks and bed of rivers."
The Supreme Court further stated at 635, at 1337 of 90 S.Ct.:
"Finally, it must be remembered that the United States accompanied its grants to petitioners with the promise that `no part of the land granted to them shall ever be embraced in any Territory or State.' . . .
We thus conclude that the United States intended to and did convey title to the bed of the Arkansas River below its junction with the Grand River within the present State of Oklahoma in the grants it made to petitioners."
This Court must rely upon the same treaties which were considered by the Supreme Court in Choctaw Nation v. Oklahoma, supra, wherein it was determined that the river bed belonged to these Indian Nations and not to the State of Oklahoma.
First, we have the task of reconstructing the intent of the parties in the Cherokee Treaty of 1817 and the Choctaw Treaty of 1820 as to whether the United States conveyed, expressly or by inference, to the Choctaw or Cherokee Nations the Arkansas River bed from Point Remove in Arkansas Territory to the Canadian fork. In each of these treaties the Indians were ceding aboriginal title in and to portions of their lands east of the Mississippi River and were receiving what appears to be equivalent aboriginal title west of the Mississippi River. *229 Plaintiffs' counsel in his argument to the Court stated that plaintiffs' cause must rise or fall on the interpretation of the Treaty of 1820, and we agree.
Thereafter, we will reconstruct the meaning of the Choctaw Treaties of 1825, 1830 and 1855 and the Cherokee Treaties of 1828, 1833 and 1835 and will consider the meaning and effect of conveyance of fee simple title by patent.

SECTION I
In order to clearly analyze and construe the meaning of the Cherokee Treaty of 1817 and the Choctaw Treaty of 1820, it is necessary to examine the specific language of relevant portions of the treaties, set out hereafter, which constitutes the touchstone of the claims of ownership in the Arkansas River bed.


TREATY WITH THE CHEROKEE,                       | TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW, 1820
          1817                                  |______________________________
________________________________________________| 7 Stat. 210
7 Stat. 156                                     | Proclamation,
Proclamation,                                   | Jan. 8, 1821      (Doak's Stand)
Dec. 26, 1817                                   |
                                                | Art. 2
Art. 5                                          | (United States cede a tract of country
(The United States to give as much land,        | west of the Mississippi.)
etc., as they receive from the Cherokees.)      |
                                                | "For and in consideration of the foregoing
"The United States bind themselves, in          | cession, on the part of the Choctaw
exchange for the lands ceded in the first       | nation, and in part satisfaction for
and second articles hereof, to give to          | the same, the Commissioners of the
that part of the Cherokee nation on the         | United States, in behalf of said States,
Arkansas as much land on said river             | do hereby cede to said nation, a tract
and White river as they have or may             | of country west of the Mississippi River,
hereafter receive from the Cherokee nation      | situate between the Arkansas and Red
east of the Mississippi, acre for               | River, and bounded as follows:Beginning
acre, as the just proportion due that           | on the Arkansas River, where the
part of the nation on the Arkansas              | lower boundary line of the Cherokees
agreeably to their numbers; which is            | strikes the same; thence up the Arkansas
to commence on the north side of the            | to the Canadian Fork, and up the
Arkansas river, at the mouth of Point           | same to its source; thence due South
Remove or Budwell's Old Place; thence,          | to the Red River; thence down Red River,
by a straight line, northwardly, to strike      | three miles below the mouth of Little
Chataunga mountain, or the hill first           | River, which empties itself into Red River,
above Shield's Ferry on White river,            | on the north side; thence a direct
running up and between said rivers for          | line to the beginning."
complement, the banks of which rivers           |
to be the lines; and to have the above          | Art. 3
line, from the point of beginning to the        | (Commissioners to ascertain the boundaries.)
point on White river, run and marked,           |
which shall be done soon after the ratification | "To prevent any dispute upon the subject
of this treaty."                                | of the boundaries mentioned in the
                                                | 1st and 2d articles, it is hereby stipulated
Art. 9                                          | between the parties, that the same
(Free navigation of all the waters, etc.)       | shall be ascertained and distinctly marked
                                                | by a Commissioner, or Commissioners,
"It is also provided by the contracting         | to be appointed by the United
parties, that nothing in the foregoing          | States, accompanied by such person as
articles shall be construed so as to prevent    | the Choctaw nation may select; said nation
any of the parties so contracting               |



*230
from the free navigation of all the waters   | having thirty days previous notice
mentioned therein."                          | of the time and place at which the operation
                                             | will commence. The person so
Art. 11                                      | chosen by the Choctaws, shall act as a
(Boundary lines to be run by commissioners.) | pilot or guide, for which the United
                                             | States will pay him two dollars per day,
"It is further agreed that the boundary      | whilst actually engaged in the performance
lines of the lands ceded to the United       | of that duty."
States by the first and second articles      |
of this treaty, and the boundary line of     |
the lands ceded by the United States in      |
the fifth article of this treaty, is to be   |
run and marked by a commissioner or          |
commissioners appointed by the President     |
of the United States, who shall be           |
accompanied by such commissioners as         |
the Cherokees may appoint; due notice        |
thereof to be given to the nation."          |

By the Cherokee Treaty of 1817, the United States conveyed to the Cherokee Nation a tract of land in Arkansas Territory between the Arkansas River and the White River, west of a line commencing at the mouth of Point Remove or Budwell's Old Place and running north to Shield's Ferry on the White River. The boundaries of this tract of land were described as being from the banks of the two rivers. The cession, however, granted to the Cherokee Nation free navigational rights to the rivers, thus clouding any later disposition thereof by the United States.
The United States by Article 2 of the Treaty of 1820 granted to the Choctaw Nation country described as being "situate between" the Arkansas River and the Red River and is bounded as follows:
"Beginning on the Arkansas River, where the lower boundary line of the Cherokees strikes the same; [at the mouth of Point Remove or Budwell's Old Place] thence up the Arkansas to the Canadian Fork, and up the same to its source . . . thence down Red River, three miles below the mouth of Little River, which empties itself into Red River on the north side; thence a direct line to the beginning." (Emphasis added)
The words "situate between" mean a certain location or position, and the Treaty of 1820 specifically provides that the Choctaw country was situated between the Arkansas River and the Red River.
The authors of the treaty further use the words: "on the Arkansas River, where the lower boundary line of the Cherokees strikes the same; thence up the Arkansas to the Canadian Fork . . . thence down Red River . . . thence a direct line to the beginning." We find that the authors of the treaty were saying that the beginning point was at Point Remove in Arkansas Territory, which was a reference point for the beginning of the boundary line, which boundary line actually began "on the Arkansas River." This is so because the final part of the description using the words, "thence a direct line to the beginning," brings the description back to Point Remove. The true interpretation is that the words, "on the river" and "up the river" mean exactly what they say, and there is no way to interpret these words to mean on the north bank of the river, as the Choctaw Nation has claimed in this case.
*231 We believe that had the United States intended to grant the Arkansas River bed to the Choctaw Nation it would have said so. It would have been a simple matter for the United States to have said: beginning at the mouth of Point Remove where the Cherokee boundary line strikes the same thence up the north bank of the Arkansas River to the confluence of the Canadian River. This, of course, the United States did not say, but rather said: on and up the Arkansas to the Canadian fork.
The United States, by its language, showed no clear intent to grant the river bed to the Choctaw Nation, nor has there ever been any indication that the Choctaw Nation believed it had received the river bed in said cession. The surrounding circumstances, on the other hand, indicate that the United States was reserving the Arkansas River, which at that time was recognized as a navigable river, for commercial purposes as shown by the grant to the Cherokee Nation of free navigational use. It will be noted that the later Choctaw Treaty of 1830 granted the Choctaws free navigational rights on the Arkansas River and specified that they were to pay no higher toll than United States citizens paid for the use thereof.
The Arkansas River bed has been the boundary line between the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations and the Cherokee Nation since 1820, and neither party had claimed the river bed until the Cherokee Nation filed its suit against the State of Oklahoma and several oil companies on December 9, 1966, (Case No. 6219) more than 145 years after the 1820 Treaty between the United States and the Choctaw Nation.
From a careful reading of the two treaties and all of the relevant correspondence and court authorities, it seems to us that great weight must be given to the words in Article 9 of the Cherokee Treaty of 1817: "It is also provided by the contracting parties, that nothing in the foregoing articles shall be construed so as to prevent any of the parties so contracting from the free navigation of all the waters mentioned therein." These words convince us that at the time of both the 1817 Treaty and the 1820 Treaty the United States was reserving the Arkansas River for navigational purposes.
We find that the words in the Choctaw Treaty of 1820: "Beginning on the Arkansas River, where the lower boundary line of the Cherokees strikes the same; thence up the Arkansas to the Canadian Fork," mean nothing and prove nothing in the way of granting the river bed; that the point established by the words: "where the lower boundary line of the Cherokees strikes the same" is simply a monument or marker for a point of beginning and thus "up the Arkansas to the Canadian Fork" simply means that the river is the boundary line for the large tract of land. Neither party understood it to include the river bed.
Judge Breitenstein in Cherokee Nation or Tribe of Indians v. State of Oklahoma, 402 F.2d 739 (C.A.10, 1968) points out:
"The Indians seek comfort from the technical language of the treaties and grants. They attach significance to such phrases as `to the Arkansas River,' `down the Arkansas,' and `thence down the main channel of the Arkansas.' We agree with Oklahoma that references to the Arkansas River are for the purpose of establishing reference points, monuments, or boundaries. They do not indicate an intent, much less a clear intent, to convey the riverbed."
The United States Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Circuit Court in that case on the basis that the Choctaw Treaties of 1825, 1830 and 1855 and the Cherokee Treaties of 1828, 1833 and 1835 granted fee simple title by patent to large tracts of land described in the treaties, and the United States made no reservation of the Arkansas River.
*232 We believe that by use of the words in Article 2 of the Choctaw Treaty of 1820: "do hereby cede to said nation, a tract of country west of the Mississippi River, situate between the Arkansas and Red River," (emphasis added), Congress meant exactly what the words purport to convey, and Congress thereby indicated no intention to convey the bed of the Arkansas River.

SECTION II
Shortly after the Cherokee Nation moved onto their lands in Arkansas Territory west of the Mississippi River in 1817 and the Choctaw Nation moved onto their lands in Arkansas Territory west of the Mississippi River in 1820, they became dissatisfied because of the white settlers in the area. The remaining tribal members east of the Mississippi River were knowledgeable of this fact and also became dissatisfied and frustrated and were accordingly convinced of the lack of good faith of the United States government in giving them a territory free of white man's intrusion. Thus, both the Choctaws and the Cherokees became more reluctant to move west of the Mississippi River. The official pressure of the States of Mississippi, Georgia and Alabama continued to worsen and demanded that the United States move the Indians west of the Mississippi River, and in order for the United States to exculpate itself from the problems of the Indians and of the southern states, it fell upon a new policy of affording better treatment to the Indians, with greater money inducements and guarantees of a permanent home for the Indians free of white man's intrusion, and above all granting them the land by fee simple title and presidential patent.
The new policy provided that the government would in good faith grant large tracts of land by fee simple title and by patent signed by the President of the United States, and as a further inducement the Indians were granted the following: cash annuities, money for moving expenses, an agent in the new territory, teachers for their children, farming leaders, a blacksmith and adjustment of all their differences. These inducements prompted the Indians to begin in earnest to enter into lasting treaties with the United States, ceding their tribal lands east of the Mississippi River for fee simple title to lands west of the Mississippi River. As a result of these inducements, especially fee simple title, the United States brought about the Treaties of 1825, 1830 and 1855 with the Choctaws and the Treaties of 1828, 1833 and 1835 with the Cherokees. Pertinent parts of these later treaties as they relate to the question before this Court are set out on the following pages.


  TREATY WITH THE WESTERN                 |  TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW,
      CHEROKEE 1828                       |            1825
_________________________________________ | _____________________________________
7 Stat. 311                               | 7 Stat. 234
Proclamation,                             | Proclamation,
May 28, 1828                              | Feb. 19, 1825
                                          |
"Whereas, it being the anxious desire     | "Whereas a Treaty of friendship, and
of the Government of the United           | limits, and accommodation, having been
States to secure to the Cherokee nation   | entered into at Doake's Stand, on the
of Indians, as well as those now living   | eighteenth of October, in the year one
within the limits of the Territory of     | thousand eight hundred and twenty, between
Arkansas, as those of their friends and   | Andrew Jackson and Thomas
brothers who reside in States East of the | Hinds, Commissioners on the part of
Mississippi, and who may wish to join     | the United States, and the Chiefs and
their brothers of the West, a permanent   | Warriors of the Choctaw Nation of Indians;
home, and which shall, under the most     | and whereas the second article of



*233
solemn guarantee of the United States,               | the Treaty aforesaid provides for a
be, and remain, theirs forever  a home              | cession of lands, west of the Mississippi,
that shall never, in all future time, be embarrassed | to the Choctaw Nation, in part
by having extended around                            | satisfaction for lands ceded by said
it the lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction     | Nation to the United States, according
of a Territory or State, nor be                      | to the first article of said treaty:
pressed upon by the extension, in any                | And whereas, it being ascertained
way, of any of the limits of any existing            | that the cession aforesaid embraces a
Territory or State; and, Whereas, the                | large number of settlers, citizens of
present location of the Cherokees in                 | the United States; and it being the
Arkansas being unfavorable to their                  | desire of the President of the United
present repose, and tending, as the past             | States to obviate all difficulties resulting
demonstrates, to their future degradation            | therefrom, and also, to adjust other
and misery; and the Cherokees being                  | matters in which both the United States
anxious to avoid such consequences,                  | and the Choctaw Nation are interested:
and yet not questioning their right to               | the following articles have been agreed
their lands in Arkansas, as secured to               | upon, and concluded, between John C.
them by Treaty, and resting also upon                | Calhoun, Secretary of War, specially
the pledges given them by the President              | authorized therefor by the President of
of the United States, and the Secretary              | the United States, on the one part, and
of War, of March, 1818, and 8th October,             | the undersigned Delegates of the Choctaw
1821 in regard to the outlet to the West,            | Nation, on the other part:"
and as may be seen on referring to the               |
records of the War Department, still being           | Art. 1
anxious to secure a permanent home,                  | (Lands ceded to the United States.)
and to free themselves, and their posterity,         | "The Choctaw Nation do hereby cede
from an embarrassing connexion                       | to the United States all that portion of
with the Territory of Arkansas, and                  | the land ceded to them by the second
guard themselves from such connexions                | article of the Treaty of Doak Stand,
in future; and, Whereas it being important,          | as aforesaid, lying east of a line beginning
not to the Cherokees only, but also                  | on the Arkansas, one hundred
to the Choctaws, and in regard also to the           | paces east of Fort Smith, and running
question which may be agitated in the                | thence, due south, to Red river: it being
future respecting the location of the                | understood that this line shall constitute,
latter, as well as the former, within                | and remain, the permanent
the limits of the Territory or State of              | boundary between the United States and
Arkansas, as the case may be, and their              | the Choctaws; and the United States
removal therefrom; and to avoid the                  | agreeing to remove such citizens as may
cost which may attend negotiations to                | be settled on the west side, to the east
rid the Territory or State of Arkansas               | side of said line, and prevent future
whenever it may become a State, of either,           | settlements from being made on the
or both of those Tribes, the parties                 | west thereof."
hereto do hereby conclude the following              |
Articles, viz:"                                      | Art. 2
                                                     | ($6,000 to be paid to Choctaws annually
Art. 1                                               | forever.)
(Western boundary of Arkansas defined.)              |
                                                     | "In consideration of the cession aforesaid,
"The Western boundary of Arkansas                    | the United States do hereby agree
shall be, and the same is, hereby defined,           | to pay the said Choctaw Nation the sum
viz: A line shall be run, commencing                 | of six thousand dollars, annually, foreever;
on Red River, at the point where                     | it being agreed that the said sum
                                                     | of six thousand dollars shall be annually



*234
the Eastern Choctaw line strikes said        | applied, for the term of twenty years,
River, and run due North with said line      | under the direction of the President of
to the River Arkansas, thence in a direct    | the United States, to the support of
line to the South West corner of Missouri."  | schools in said nation, and extending to
                                             | it the benefits of instruction in the
Art. 2                                       | mechanic and ordinary arts of life;
(Territory guaranteed to Cherokees by        | when, at the expiration of twenty years,
the United States.)                          | it is agreed that the said annuity may be
                                             | vested in stocks, or otherwise disposed
"* * * seven millions of acres of            | of, or continued, at the option of the
land, to be bounded as follows, viz:         | Choctaw nation."
Commencing at that point on Arkansas         |
River where the Eastern Choctaw              | Art. 3
boundary line strikes said River, and        | ($6,000 to be paid them annually for 16
running thence with the Western line of      | years.)
Arkansas, as defined in the foregoing        | "The eighth article of the treaty aforesaid
article, to the South-West corner of         | having provided that an appropriation
Missouri, and thence with the Western        | of lands shall be made for the purpose
boundary line of Missouri till it crosses    | of raising six thousand dollars a
the waters of Neasho, generally called       | year for sixteen years, for the use of the
Grand River, thence due West to a point      | Choctaw Nation; and it being desirable
from which a due South course will           | to avoid the delay and expense attending
strike the present North West corner         | the survey and sale of said land; the
of Arkansas Territory, thence continuing     | United States do hereby agree to pay
due South, on and with the present           | the Choctaw Nation, in lieu thereof,
Western boundary line of the Territory       | the sum of six thousand dollars, annually,
to the main branch of Arkansas River,        | for sixteen years, to commence with the
thence down said River to its junction       | present year. And the United States
with the Canadian River, and thence          | further stipulate and agree to take immediate
up and between the said Rivers Arkansas      | measures to survey and bring
and Canadian, to a point at which a          | into market, and sell, the fifty-four
line running North and South from River      | sections of land set apart by the seventh
to River, will give the aforesaid seven      | article of the treaty aforesaid, and apply
millions of acres. In addition to the        | the proceeds in the manner provided by
seven millions of acres thus provided for,   | the said article."
and bounded, the United States further       |
guarantee to the Cherokee Nation a perpetual | Art. 4
outlet, West, and a free and unmolested      | (Provision for Choctaws who may deside
use of all the Country lying                 | to remain.)
West of the Western boundary of the          |
above described limits, and as far West      | "It is provided by the ninth section
as the sovereignty of the United States,     | of the treaty aforesaid, that all those
and their right of soil extend."             | of the Choctaw Nation who have separate
                                             | settlements, and fall within the
Art. 3                                       | limits of the land ceded by said Nation
(United States to run the lines.)            | to the United States, and desire to remain
                                             | main where they now reside, shall be secured
"The United States agree to have the         | in a tract or parcel of land, one
lines of the above cession run without       | mile square, to include their improvements."
out delay, say not later than the first of   |
October next, and to remove, immediately     | Art. 5
after the running of the Eastern             | (A certain debt due by Choctaws relinquished.)
line from the Arkansas River to the          |
South-West corner of Missouri, all white     |



*235
persons from the West to the East of             | Art. 6
said line, and also all others, should           | (Payment for services rendered in the
there be any there, who may be unacceptable      | Pensacola campaign.)
to the Cherokees, so that no                     |
obstacles arising out of the presence            |
of a white population, or a population           |
of any other sort, shall exist to annoy          |
the Cherokees  and also to keep all such  |
from the West of said line in future.            |
                                                 |
Art. 7                                           |
(Cherokees to surrender lands in Arkansas        | Art. 8
within 14 months)                                | (Payment to satisfy claims due by
                                                 | United States.)
"The Chiefs and Head Men of the Cherokee         |
Nation, aforesaid, for and in consideration      | Art. 9
of the foregoing stipulations                    | (An agent and blacksmith for Choctaws
and provisions, do hereby agree, in the          | west of the Mississippi.)
name and behalf of their Nation, to              |
give up, and they do hereby surrender,           | "It is further agreed that, immediately
to the United States, and agree to leave         | upon the Ratification of this
the same within fourteen months, as              | Treaty, or as soon thereafter as may be,
herein before stipulated, all the lands          | an agent shall be appointed for the
to which they are entitled in Arkansas,          | Choctaws West of the Mississippi, and
and which were secured to them by the            | a Blacksmith be settled among them, in
Treaty of 8th January, 1817, and the             | conformity with the stipulation contained
Convention of the 27th February, 1819."          | in the 6th Article of the Treaty of
                                                 | 1820."
                                                 |
  TREATY WITH THE WESTERN                        |    TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW
       CHEROKEE 1833                             |              1830
_________________________________________________|______________________________
7 Stat. 414                                      | 7 Stat. 333
Proclamation,                                    | Proclamation,
Apr. 12, 1834.                                   | Feb. 24, 1831.
                                                 |              (Dancing Rabbit
Art. 1                                           |                  Creek)
(Land granted to the Cherokees)                  |
                                                 | Art. 1
"The United States agree to possess              | (Peace and friendship)
the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to            |
them forever, and that guarantee, is             | "Perpetual peace and friendship is
hereby pledged, of seven millions of acres       | pledged and agreed upon by and between
of land, to be bounded as follows viz:           | the United States and the Mingoes,
Beginning at a point on the old western          | Chiefs, and Warriors of the Choctaw
territorial line of Arkansas Territory,          | Nation of Red People; and that this may
being twenty-five miles north from the           | be considered the Treaty existing between
point, where the Territorial line crosses        | the parties all other Treaties
Arkansas river  thence running from       | heretofore existing and inconsistent
said north point, south, on the said Territorial | with the provisions of this are hereby
line, to the place where said                    | declared null and void."
Territorial line crosses the Verdigris           |
river  thence down said Verdigris river,  | Art. 2
to the Arkansas river  thence down        | (Country to be conveyed to Choctaws)
said Arkansas to a point, where a stone          |
is placed opposite to the east or lower          | "The United States under a grant specially
bank of Grand river at its junction with         | to be made by the President of
                                                 | the U. S. shall cause to be conveyed to



*236
the Arkansas  thence running south,            | the Choctaw Nation a tract of country
forty-four degrees west, one mile              | west of the Mississippi River, in fee
thence in a straight line to a point four       | simple to them and their descendants, to
miles northerly from the mouth of the           | inure to them while they shall exist as
north fork of the Canadian  thence             | a nation and live on it, beginning near
along the said four miles line to the           | Fort Smith where the Arkansas boundary
Canadian  thence down the Canadian to          | crosses the Arkansas River, running
the Arkansas  thence, down the Arkansas,       | thence to the source of the Canadian
to that point on the Arkansas,                  | fork; if in the limits of the
where the eastern Choctaw boundary              | United States, or to those limits; thence
strikes, said river; and running thence         | due south to Red River, and down Red
with the western line of Arkansas Territory     | River to the west boundary of the Territory
as now defined, to the southwest                | of Arkansas; thence north along
corner of Missouri  thence along the           | that line to the beginning. The boundary
western Missouri line, to the land assigned     | of the same to be agreeably to the
the Senecas; thence, on the south               | Treaty made and concluded at Washington
line of the Senecas to Grand river;             | City in the year 1825. The grant to
thence, up said Grand river, as far as          | be executed so soon as the present Treaty
the south line of the Osage reservation,        | shall be ratified."
extended if necessary  thence up and           |
between said south Osage line, extended         | Art. 11
west if necessary and a line drawn due          | (Navigable streams, post-offices and
west, from the point of beginning, to a         | military posts)
certain distance west, at which, a line         |
running north and south, from said              | "Navigable streams shall be free to the
Osage line, to said due west line, will         | Choctaws who shall pay no higher toll
make seven millions of acres within             | or duty than citizens of the U. S. It is
the whole described boundaries. In addition     | agreed further that the U. S. shall establish
to the seven millions of acres of               | one or more Post Offices in said
land, thus provided for, and bounded,           | Nation, and may establish such military
the United States, further guarantee to         | post roads, and posts, as they may consider
the Cherokee nation, a perpetual outlet         | necessary."
west and a free and unmolested use of all       |
the country lying west, of the western          | Art. 16
boundary of said seven millions of acres,       | (Removal of Indians  cattle)
as far west as the sovereignty of the           |
United States and their right of soil           | "In wagons; and with steam boats as
extend  Provided however that if the     | may be found necessary  the U. S. agree
saline, or salt plain, on the great western     | to remove the Indians to their new
prairie, shall fall within said limits          | homes at their expense and under the
prescribed for said outlet, the right           | care of discreet and careful persons, who
is reserved to the United States to permit      | will be kind and brotherly to them.
other tribes of red men, to get salt            | They agree to furnish them with ample
on said plain in common with the Cherokees      | corn and beef, or pork for themselves
 and letters patent shall be issued            | and families for twelve months after
by the United States as soon as practicable     | reaching their new homes.
for the land hereby guaranteed."                |
                                                | It is agreed further that the U. S. will
                                                | take all their cattle, at the valuation of
                                                | some discreet person to be appointed by



*237
                                            | the President, and the same shall be
  TREATY WITH THE CHEROKEE                  | paid for in money after their arrival at
            1835                            | their new homes; or other cattle such
____________________________________________| as may be desired shall be furnished
7 Stat. 478                                 | them, notice being given through their
Proclamation                                | Agent of their wishes upon this subject
May 23, 1836                                | before their removal that time to
            (New Echota)                    | supply the demand may be afforded."
            (Georgia)                       |
                                            |
Art. 2                                      | Art. 17
(The land described herein was conveyed     | (Continuation of annuities under former
and guaranteed to the Cherokees West of     | treaties and further annuities)
the Mississippi River in the Treaties       |
of May, 1828 and February, 1833. Said       | Art. 18
land was described in those Treaties and    | (Survey of ceded lands, etc.)
will not be here repeated.)                 |
                                            | "The U. S. shall cause the lands hereby
Art. 3                                      | ceded to be surveyed; and surveyors
(Further agreement)                         | may enter the Choctaw Country for that
                                            | purpose, conducting themselves properly
"The United States also agree that the      | and disturbing or interrupting none of
lands above ceded by the treaty of Feb.     | the Choctaw people. * * * And further
14, 1833, including the outlet, and those   | it is agreed, that in the construction
ceded by this treaty shall all be included  | of this Treaty wherever well founded
in one patent executed to the Cherokee      | doubt shall arise, it shall be construed
nation of Indians by the President of the   | most favorably towards the Choctaws."
United States according to the provisions   |
of the act of May 28 1830."                 |
                                            |
Art. 17                                     |
                                            |
"All stipulations in former treaties        |
which have not been superseded or annulled  |
by this shall continue in full force        |
and virtue."                                |

  TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW
     AND CHICKASAW 1855
___________________________
11 Stat. 611
Proclamation
Mar. 4, 1856
Whereas, the political connection heretofore existing between the Choctaw and the Chickasaw tribes of Indians, has given rise to unhappy and injurious dissensions and controversies among them, which render necessary a readjustment of their relations to each other and to the United States: and

*   *   *   *   *   *
whereas, the Choctaws contend, that, by a just and fair construction of the treaty of September 27, 1830, they are, of right, entitled to the net proceeds of the lands ceded by them to the United States, under said treaty, and have proposed that the question of their right to the same, together with the whole subject-matter of their unsettled claims, whether national or individual, against the United States, arising under the various provisions of said treaty, shall be referred to the Senate of the United States for final adjudication and adjustment, and whereas, it is necessary for the simplification and better understanding of the relations between the United States and the Choctaw Indians, that all their subsisting treaty stipulations *238 be embodied in one comprehensive instrument:"

Art. 1
(Future boundaries of the Choctaw and Chickasaw country)
"The following shall constitute and remain the boundaries of the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, viz: Beginning at a point on the Arkansas River, one hundred paces east of old Fort Smith, where the western boundary line of the State of Arkansas crosses the said river, and running thence due south to Red River; thence up Red River to the point where the meridian of one hundred degrees west longitude crosses the same; thence north along said meridian to the main Canadian River; thence down said river to its junction with the Arkansas River; thence down said river to the place of beginning.
And pursuant to an act of Congress approved May 28, 1830, the United States do hereby forever secure and guarantee the lands embraced within the said limits, to the members of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes, their heirs and successors, to be held in common; so that each and every member of either tribe shall have an equal, undivided interest in whole: Provided, however, No part thereof shall ever be sold without the consent of both tribes, and that said land shall revert to the United States if said Indians and their heirs become extent or abandon the same."

Art. 21
(This treaty to supersede all former treaties)
"This convention shall supersede and take the place of all former treaties between the United States and the Choctaws, and also, of all treaty stipulations between the United States and the Chickasaws, and between the Choctaws and Chickasaws, inconsistent with this agreement, and shall take effect and be obligatory upon the contracting parties, from the date hereof, whenever the same shall be ratified by the respective councils of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes, and by the President and Senate of the United States."
The purpose of the Choctaw Treaty of 1825 was to secure a permanent home for the Choctaw Indians by moving the Choctaws in southwestern Arkansas Territory and those east of the Mississippi River to the west of the western Arkansas Territorial line and between the Arkansas River and the Red River. Further they were assured that all difficulties would be resolved. This treaty further proposed to adjust all differences between the Choctaw Nation and the United States, to pay to the Choctaw Nation and its members a large amount of money and other annuities for a number of years and to provide the Choctaws with many other benefits.
The Choctaws, by Article 1 of the 1825 Treaty, ceded back to the United States "all of the land" it had acquired in the southwestern territory of Arkansas by the Treaty of 1820. The Arkansas River bed was not mentioned in the 1825 Treaty, and it is, therefore, possible to assume that if the Doak's Stand Treaty of 1820 granted the Arkansas River bed to the Choctaw Nation, the Choctaw Nation did not expressly cede it back to the United States in the Treaty of 1825. Were this true, the Choctaw Nation might still seek to claim the river bed from Point Remove to the western boundary of Arkansas, as well as the Arkansas River bed from the Canadian fork to the western boundary of Arkansas. No claim has ever been made to this section of the river, and if by a wild construction of the language in the 1820 Treaty the Choctaws did acquire the river bed, then they might still lay claim to it, provided they did not surrender it by the "null and void" provision of the 1830 Treaty and by the wording of the 1855 Treaty. We believe it is clear that the Choctaws did not own this portion of the river bed, and it is clear that they did not own the section from the Arkansas boundary to the Canadian fork.
*239 The Cherokee Treaty of 1828 had the same general provisions as the Choctaw Treaty of 1825. The 1828 Treaty provided for the removal of the Cherokees out of northwestern Arkansas Territory to the west of the western boundary line of Arkansas and further provided for the removal of the Cherokees east of the Mississippi River to the same country. It granted to the Cherokees seven million acres of country west of Arkansas and north of the Arkansas River and further granted to the Cherokee Nation and its members cash annuities and other benefits. Article 1 of the Treaty described the western boundary of Arkansas; Article 2 described the seven million acres which were ceded to the Cherokees, and Article 7 provided for the Cherokees to surrender back to the United States their land in the Arkansas Territory which had been granted to them in the Treaty of 1817.
Article 1 of the Choctaw Treaty of 1830 provided that all other treaties theretofore existing and inconsistent with this treaty would be held null and void. Article 2 provided that:
"The United States under a grant specially to be made by the President of the U. S. shall cause to be conveyed to the Choctaw Nation a tract of country west of the Mississippi River, in fee simple, . . . beginning near Fort Smith where the Arkansas boundary crosses the Arkansas River, running thence to the source of the Canadian fork . . . thence due south to Red River, and down Red River to the west boundary of the Territory of Arkansas; thence north along that line to the beginning. The boundary of the same to be agreeably to the Treaty made and concluded at Washington City in the year 1825. The grant to be executed so soon as the present Treaty shall be ratified."
It appears to us that if the language of Article 2 of the 1830 Treaty is inconsistent with that of the Treaty of 1820, then the 1820 Treaty is to be held null and void. As the boundary in the 1830 Treaty began near Fort Smith, which is on the south side of the Arkansas River, and the boundary in the 1820 Treaty began at Point Remove, which is on the north side of the Arkansas River, there is consequently an inconsistency which renders the Treaty of 1820 null and void, and under this latter description there is no basis upon which the Choctaw Nation can in good conscience legally or equitably claim ownership of the Arkansas River bed. There are no words clearly conveying the river bed, nor are there any words of inference to convey the entire river bed to the Choctaw Nation in any of the treaties.
Article 11 of the 1830 Treaty provides that the "Navigable streams shall be free to the Choctaws who shall pay no higher toll or duty than citizens of the U. S." This to us is quite convincing that the Choctaw Nation acquired no title in and to the Arkansas River bed by reason of the Doak's Stand Treaty of 1820, but if they did acquire such rights, then clearly they were surrendered in the Treaty of 1830, and the Choctaws were granted free navigation rights. It would be useless and folly for Congress to give free navigational rights upon a river had the river bed been owned by the Choctaw Nation.
The 1830 Treaty refers to the payment of annuities, and in this connection reference is made to Choctaw Nation v. United States, 119 U.S. 1, 7 S.Ct. 75, 30 L.Ed. 306 (1886), wherein the Court found that the Choctaws were entitled to $2,731,247.30 in unpaid annuities and benefits which sum was in addition to all other benefits which had been paid. For a better understanding of the annuities and benefits, the above case is suggested reading.
In the Cherokee Treaties of 1833 and 1835 the United States guaranteed to the Cherokee Nation and to its members fee simple title to fourteen million acres of land west of the western boundary of Arkansas Territory and north of the Arkansas River. The entire description of the Cherokee country is too long to restate *240 at this point; however, it is noted that the descriptions in the Treaties of 1833 and 1835 are exactly the same, and the relevant part thereof is as follows:
"[T]hence down the Canadian to the Arkansas  thence, down the Arkansas, to that point on the Arkansas, where the eastern Choctaw boundary strikes, said river; and running thence with the western line of Arkansas Territory as now defined, to the southwest corner of Missouri . . .."
Therefore, it is clear and unambiguous that the Arkansas River became the southern boundary of the Cherokee Nation to the north of the Arkansas River and, likewise, the Arkansas River became the northern boundary of the Choctaw country as described in the Treaty of 1830.
The 1855 Treaty of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations provided, among other things, in Article 1:
"The following shall constitute and remain the boundaries of the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, viz: Beginning at a point on the Arkansas River, one hundred paces east of old Fort Smith, where the western boundary line of the State of Arkansas crosses said river, and running thence due south to Red River; thence up Red River to the point where the meridian of one hundred degrees west longitude crosses the same; thence north along said meredian to the main Canadian River; thence down said river to its junction with the Arkansas River; thence down said river to the place of beginning." (Fort Smith is located south of the Arkansas River.)
This clearly demonstrates to us that at no time did either the United States have any intent or the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations or the Cherokee Nation have any belief that previous treaties conveyed any part of the Arkansas River bed to the Choctaw Nation, to the exclusion and damage of the Cherokee Nation. The 1855 Treaty further provided that it would supersede all former treaties between the United States and the Choctaws and between the United States and the Chickasaws. This being so, there can be no merit in the claim of the Choctaws and Chicasaws to any part of the river bed until, of course, it was determined in Choctaw v. Oklahoma, supra, that the river bed passed to the Indians by reason of the treaty provisions of fee simple title and the issuance of patents by the United States. There is no clear intent that the United States passed title of the Arkansas River bed to the Choctaw Nation, and the treaties and patents herein set out negate any assumption of such title passing to the Choctaw Nation.

SECTION III
Hereafter are quoted the essential parts of the patents issued by President Van Buren to the Cherokees in 1838 and by President Tyler to the Choctaws in 1842 upon the authority of the treaties approved by the United States Senate, such approval making the documents the most sanctified our government can issue. Once land passed by patent, it evidenced fee simple title to the holders thereof and to the thousands of members of each tribe or nation of Indians to whom the land was later allotted.


Excerpts from Cherokee Patent of 1838        | Patent issued to Choctaws in 1842
                                             |
"AND WHEREAS, the United States              | "WHEREAS, by the second Article of
have caused the said tract of Seven Millions | the Treaty began and held at Dancing
of Acres, together with the said             | Rabbit Creek, on the fifteenth day of
perpetual outlet, to be surveyed in one      | September, in the year of our Lord one
tract, the boundaries whereof are as         | thousand eight hundred and thirty, (as
follows: * * * thence down the               | ratified by the Senate of the United
Canadian River on its north bank to its      | States, on the 24th February, 1831) by



*241
junction with Arkansas river; thence            | the Commissioners on the part of the
down the main channel of Arkansas river         | United States, and the Mingoes, Chiefs,
to the western boundary of the State            | Captains, and Warriors, of the Choctaw
of Arkansas at the northern extremity           | Nation, on the part of said Nation, it is
of the eastern boundary of the lands of         | provided that `The United States under
the Choctaws on the south bank of Arkansas      | a grant specially to be made by the President
river, four chains and fifty four               | of the U. S. shall cause to be conveyed
links east of Fort Smith; thence north          | to the Choctaw Nation a tract of
seven degrees twenty five minutes west          | Country West of the Mississippi river,
with the western boundary of the State          | in fee simple, to them and their descendants,
of Arkansas, seventy-six miles sixty            | to inure to them while they shall
four chains and fifty links, to the southwest   | exist as a Nation and live on it: 
corner of the State of Missouri;                | Beginning near fort Smith where the
* * *                                           | Arkansas boundary crosses the Arkansas
                                                | river, running thence to the source of
            *   *   *   *   *   *               | the Canadian fork, if in the limits of the
                                                | United States, or to those limits; thence
  THEREFORE, in execution of the                | due South to Red river, and down Red
agreements and stipulations contained in        | river to the West boundary of the territory
the said several treaties, the United           | of Arkansas; thence North along
States have GIVEN and GRANTED and               | that line to the beginning.  The boundary
by these presents do GIVE and GRANT,            | of the same to be agreeably to the
unto the said Cherokee nation, the two          | treaty made and concluded at Washington
tracts of land so surveyed and herein           | City in the year 1825.'
before described, containing in the whole       |
fourteen millions, three hundred and            |    NOW KNOW YE, that the United
seventy four thousand, one hundred and          | States of America, in consideration of
thirty-five acres and fourteen-hundredths       | the premises, and in execution of the
of an acre:                                     | Agreement and stipulations in the aforesaid
                                                | Treaty, Have Given and Granted,
  TO HAVE AND TO HOLD THE                       | and by these Presents Do Give and
SAME, together with the rights privileges       | Grant, unto the said Choctaw Nation,
and appurtenances thereunto belonging,          | the aforesaid `tract of County West of
to the said CHEROKEE NATION                     | the Mississippi;' To Have and to Hold
FOREVER, subject, however, to                   | the same with all rights, privileges, immunities,
the right of the United States to permit        | and appurtenances of whatsoever
other tribes of red men to get salt on          | nature, thereunto belonging, as intended
the salt plain on the western prairie, referred | `to be conveyed' by the aforesaid
to in the second article of the                 | Article, `in fee simple, to them and their
treaty of the twenty-ninth of December,         | descendants, to inure to them, while they
one thousand eight hundred and thirty           | shall exist as a nation and live on it,'
five, which salt plains has been ascertained    | liable to no transfer or alienation, except
to be within the limits prescribed              | to the United States, or with their consent.
for the outlet agreed to be granted by          |
the said article; and subject also to all       |    IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I John
the other rights reserved to the United         | Tyler President of the United States of
States in and by the articles hereinbefore      | America, have caused these Letters to
recited, to the extent and in the               | be made Patent, and the Seal of the
manner in which the said rights are             | General Land Office to be hereunto affixed."
reserved and subject also to the condition      |
provided by the Act of Congress of              |
the twenty-eighth of May, one thousand          |
eight hundred and thirty, referred to           |
in the above recited third article, and         |
which condition is that the lands hereby        |



*242
granted shall revert to the United States     |
if the said Cherokee Nation ceases and        |
abandons the same.                           |
                                              |
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I Martin                |
Van Buren, PRESIDENT OF THE                   |
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, have                |
caused these letters to be made PATENT        |
and the SEAL of the GENERAL                   |
LAND OFFICE to be hereunto affixed.           |
                                              |
GIVEN under my hand, at the City              |
of Washington, the thirty-first day of        |
December in the year of our Lord one          |
thousand eight hundred and thirty eight,      |
and of the Independence of the United         |
States, the sixty third."                     |

We conclude, from a careful study of the description of the Cherokee country in the Patent of 1838 and from a careful study of the description of the Choctaw country in the Patent of 1842, that the Arkansas River bed from the western boundary of Arkansas to the Canadian fork became a common boundary to the Choctaws and Chickasaws on the south and to the Cherokees on the north of the Arkansas River; that the thread of the main channel of said river was the boundary line.
We come now to consider the authorities on the question of whether the Choctaw Nation acquired by the general terms of the Treaty of 1820 any part of the Arkansas River bed from Point Remove in Arkansas to the Canadian fork on the Arkansas River. From a careful and diligent search of all the authorities on this question, we have been unable to find any authority relating to this question wherein one Indian tribal nation claims the bed of a river to the detriment and damage of another tribe. There are three tribes of Indians involved here: the Choctaw Nation and the Chickasaw Nation claiming the whole of the Arkansas River bed and the Cherokee Nation claiming only the north half of the Arkansas River bed.
The Supreme Court said in Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet. 515, 581, 8 L.Ed. 483 (1832):
"The language used in treaties with the Indians should never be construed to their prejudice. If words be made use of, which are susceptible of a more extended meaning than their plain import, as connected with the tenor of the treaty, they should be considered as used only in the latter sense. . . . How the words of the treaty were understood by this unlettered people, rather than their critical meaning, should form the rule of construction."
This has been the rule since the beginning of treaty making by the United States government. It does not infer, however, that one tribe should take to the damage and detriment of another unless the wording of the treaty is clear and convincing to that effect.
In Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U.S. 1, 14 S.Ct. 548, 38 L.Ed. 331 (1893) the United States Supreme Court held that the United States can dispose of lands underlying navigable waters just as it can dispose of other public lands. The Court said that the various colonies had followed different practices as to grants of a river bed, intending to promote commerce; that grants of land were made to them as sovereigns, and thereafter Congress had no power to grant away such lands; that a sovereign, whether a state or the United States, can change any doctrinal rule as to passage *243 of such lands; and more particularly, that Congress has the power to make grants of lands below the high water mark of navigable waters in any Territory of the United States when it is necessary to do so to perfect an international obligation, or commerce, or to carry out other public purposes appropriate to the objects for which the United States holds the territory.
Barney v. Keokuk, 94 U.S. 324, 24 L. Ed. 224 (1876) is valuable in tracing historical development and for its recitation of McManus v. Carmichael, 3 Iowa 1, wherein the nature of the United States' grant to the "Half-breed Sac and Fox" was discussed. It held that such grant was to individual half-breeds of the Sac and Fox, rather than to a political body and "[h]ad the grant been to them as a political society, it would have been a question of boundary between nations or states, and then the line would have been the medium filium aquae, as it is now between Iowa and Illinois . . . ."
It is our view that the United States' cessions of 1825, 1830 and 1855 to the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations and the United States' cessions of 1828, 1833 and 1835 to the Cherokee Nation were in truth and in fact to political bodies which were treated as independent Nations sovereign in many of their rights, and the rule announced in Barney v. Keokuk, supra, should be the rule for us to follow.
It was stated by Chief Judge Phillips in United States v. Elliott, 131 F.2d 720 (C.A. 10, 1942) that insofar as non-navigable rivers are concerned, when the United States disposes of riparian land it may intend to restrict the conveyance to lands ending at the bank. When such intent is not shown, then if, as here, the lands were not within a state, what the grant conveys is a matter of common law principles and Supreme Court decisions.
The common law and decisional rule was that a grant bounded by a non-navigable stream carried right and title to the center of the stream, unless there was a clear intention otherwise shown.
Bratschi v. Loesch, 330 Mo. 697, 51 S. W.2d 69 (1932) held that a description beginning on the bank and running the boundary line "thence down said creek" does not show an intention to place the boundary line elsewhere than at the center of the stream.
"Thence down the said river" includes land to the middle of the stream. Drake v. Russian River Land Co., 10 Cal.App. 654, 103 P. 167 (1909).
"Thence up said river" is held to extend to the center of the river. Hanlon v. Hobson, 24 Colo. 284, 51 P. 433 (1897) cites the proposition that, "in descriptions of this nature the stream is the monument, and the thread of the stream the boundary. See City of Denver v. Pearce, 13 Colo. 383, 22 P. 774 (1889).
Cited in Grand Rapids & Indiana RR Co. v. Butler, 159 U.S. 87, 15 S.Ct. 991, 40 L.Ed. 85 (1895), are a number of Michigan cases holding that regardless of the exact phraseology used, the common law prevailed in Michigan to the effect that a grant of land bounded by a stream carried with it the bed of the stream to the center of the thread thereof.
It seems to us from a careful reading of Choctaw v. Oklahoma, supra, that the Supreme Court by strong implications expressed its views as to title of the Arkansas River bed, and what is said is not mere suggestion, but amounts to a complete understanding that the tribes, the Choctaws and Chickasaws on one hand and the Cherokees on the other, acquired the river bed in fee by reason of the large tracts of land granted them for their permanent home, free of white man's interference and without government reservation of navigable rivers. Justice Marshall and the Supreme Court in this case made the following observations *244 at 628, 629 and 630 of 397 U.S., at 1333 of 90 S.Ct.:
"Below its confluence with the Canadian, the Arkansas River forms the boundary between the land granted to the Cherokees to the north and the Choctaws to the south, and the treaties do explicitly refer to this portion of the river. In the Treaty of Doak's Stand in 1820, petitioner Choctaw Nation was granted all the land within the following boundaries:
`Beginning on the Arkansas River, where the lower boundary line of the Cherokees strikes the same; thence up the Arkansas to the Canadian Fork, and up the same to its source; thence due South to the Red River; thence down Red River, three miles below the mouth of Little River, which empties itself into Red River on the north side; thence a direct line to the beginning.' 7 Stat. 211. (Emphasis added.)
Ten years later, this grant was superseded by the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, which `varied the description a little, and provided for a special patent,' Fleming v. McCurtain, 215 U.S. 56, 59, 30 S.Ct. 16, 17, 54 L. Ed. 88 (1909):

`beginning near Fort Smith where the Arkansas boundary crosses the Arkansas River, running thence to the source of the Canadian fork; . . . thence due south to Red River, and down Red River to the west boundary of the Territory of Arkansas; thence north along that line to the beginning.' 7 Stat. 333. (Emphasis added.)
And the patent issued to the Choctaw Nation in 1842 by President Tyler merely repeated the language of this latter treaty.
The Choctaw treaties preceded any grant to the Cherokee Nation; and, under them, petitioners Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations claim the entire bed of the Arkansas River between its confluence with the Canadian River and the Oklahoma-Arkansas border. The Cherokees, however, also have a claim to this part of the river, based on the language setting out the southern border of the land granted them in the Treaty of New Echota: From a point on the Canadian River,
`thence down the Canadian to the Arkansas; thence down the Arkansas to that point on the Arkansas where the eastern Choctaw boundary strikes said river . . . .' 7 Stat. 480. (Emphasis added.)
Moreover, they point to the patent issued them by President Van Buren in 1838, which described the southern boundary of their lands as follows:
`down the Canadian river on its north bank to its junction with Arkansas river; thence down the main channel of Arkansas river to the western boundary of the State of Arkansas at the northern extremity of the eastern boundary of the lands of the Choctaws on the south bank of Arkansas river. . . .' (Emphasis added.)
The above and foregoing quotations make very plain to us the inferences and conclusions to be drawn from the treaties granting fee simple title and patents to the respective Indian Nations. We note with great interest the further comment of Justice Marshall at 631 of 397 U.S., at 1334 of 90 S.Ct.:
". . . we conclude that the entire Arkansas River below its confluence with the Grand River was within the metes and bounds of the treaty grants to petitioners [Cherokees and Choctaws]. The State argues that the treaty terms `up the Arkansas' and `down the Arkansas' should be read to mean `along the bank of the Arkansas River.' However, the United States was competent to say the `north side' or `bank' of the Arkansas River when that was what it meant . . .." (Re: Cherokee Treaty of 1817).
And we believe that if the United States had meant to assign to the Choctaw Nation *245 in the Doak's Stand Treaty of 1820 from Point Remove the north bank of the Arkansas River, the United States would have said so. The Court further stated at 631 of 397 U.S., at 1335 of 90 S.Ct.:
"This construction of the treaty term `down the Arkansas' indicates that at the minimum the boundary of the Choctaws was also the middle of the main channel. Congress was accustomed to using the terms `up' or `down' the river when designating a navigable river as the boundary between States, . . . and, when it did so, the boundary was set as the middle of the main channel."
The Court further stated at 634 of 397 U.S., at 1336 of 90 S.Ct.:
"Together, petitioners were granted fee simple title to a vast tract of land through which the Arkansas River winds its course. The natural inference from those grants is that all the land within their metes and bounds was conveyed, including the banks and bed of rivers. . . . Certainly there was no express exclusion of the bed of the Arkansas River by the United States as there was to other land within the grants."
In review of the Treaties previously discussed, we make the following simple analysis:
In the Treaty of 1817 the United States granted to the Cherokee Nation a tract of land between the Arkansas River and the White River and specifically granted the Cherokees navigation rights on both rivers.
In the Treaty of 1820 the United States granted the Choctaw Nation a large tract of land lying between the Arkansas River and the Red River, and in describing this country the treaty says: beginning at a point, at the mouth of Point Remove; thence up the Arkansas River to the Canadian fork, etc. This grant did not include the river bed, and the point was only a monument or marker indicating the boundary between the Choctaw Nation and the Cherokee Nation in Arkansas Territory.
In the 1825 Treaty the United States provided for moving the Choctaw Indians out of Arkansas Territory and relocating them west of the western Arkansas Territorial line between the Arkansas River and the Red River and paying them large annuities and other benefits. This treaty further provided that the Choctaws would cede back to the United States all their lands in Arkansas Territory.
In the 1828 Treaty between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, the Cherokees surrendered their Arkansas lands and were moved west of the western Arkansas Territorial line and were given seven million acres of land in addition to other lands. The southern boundary line of their new country was the Arkansas River, and for the first time the Arkansas River became the common boundary of the Choctaw Nation and the Cherokee Nation west of the Arkansas Territory.
The 1830 Treaty between the United States and the Choctaw Nation provided that all previous treaties inconsistent therewith were declared null and void. This treaty described the Choctaw country as: "Beginning near Fort Smith where the Arkansas boundary crosses the Arkansas River, running thence to the source of the Canadian fork . . .."
This clearly shows that the Choctaw Nation was south of the river, and the river was the common boundary between the Choctaw Nation and the Cherokee Nation. The treaty further provided that "Navigable streams shall be free to the Choctaws who shall pay no higher toll or duty than citizens of the U. S." This clearly demonstrates a right to use the river and removes any argument that the Choctaw Nation owned the river bed.
In the 1833 and 1835 Treaties between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, the Cherokee country was again described, *246 and the salient portion as far as we are here concerned reads as follows:
"[T]hence down the Canadian to the Arkansas; thence down the Arkansas to that point on the Arkansas where the eastern Choctaw boundary strikes said river and running thence with the western line of Arkansas Territory as now defined, to the southwest corner of Missouri; . . . ."
This would tend to place the Cherokee Nation to the south bank of the Arkansas River, and this was not the intent of the authors of the Treaty. It was intended that the Arkansas River be the southern boundary line of the Cherokee Nation and that said river be the northern boundary line of the Choctaw Nation as provided by the Treaty of 1830.
The Cherokee Patent of 1838 and the Choctaw Patent of 1842 clearly made the Arkansas River the common boundary line between the two Indian Nations. Neither was favored over the other, and the rights provided were common to each.
We conclude that the Arkansas River bed from the Canadian fork to the Arkansas-Oklahoma boundary belonged jointly to the Choctaw Nation and to the Cherokee Nation as of the dates of the patents issued to each.
It is, therefore, our conclusion that the south portion of the Arkansas River bed from the Canadian fork to the Arkansas-Oklahoma border belongs to the plaintiffs, Choctaw Nation having an undivided ¾ interest and the Chickasaw Nation having an undivided ¼ interest; that the thread of the main channel of said river shall be the dividing line of the river bed, the south portion thereof belonging to the plaintiffs in fee simple, to the exclusion of the defendant, Cherokee Nation.
It is further concluded that the north portion of the Arkansas River bed from the Canadian fork to the Arkansas-Oklahoma border belongs to the defendant, Cherokee Nation; that the thread of the main channel of the river shall be the dividing line of the river bed, the north portion thereof belonging to the defendant in fee simple, to the exclusion of the plaintiffs, Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations.
The effective date of the Judgment herein shall be the 16th day of November, 1907, the date Oklahoma became a state and took control of the Arkansas River bed.
This Court will retain jurisdiction to hear and determine any further questions which might arise growing out of the jurisdictional Act of Congress which formed the basis for constituting this Court.
An appropriate Judgment will be entered herein.
NOTES
[1]  "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That: This Act may be cited as the `Choctaw-Chickasaw-Cherokee Boundary Dispute Act'.

SEC. 2. The consent of the United States is hereby given to the Choctaw Nation, the Chickasaw Nation, and the Cherokee Nation to bring suit against each other to quiet the title in and to the bed of the Arkansas River below the Canadian Fork and to the eastern boundary of Oklahoma.
SEC. 3. Any action commenced pursuant to section 2 of this Act shall be heard and determined by a Federal court of three judges selected in the manner provided by law, sitting in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, in accordance with the provisions of section 4 of this Act. Any party may appeal directly to the Supreme Court of the United States from the final determination by such three-judge district court.
SEC. 4. It is hereby declared to be the intent and the objective of the Congress that the relative rights and interests of said tribes making claims against each other in and to the surface and the subsurface of the lands identified in section 2 of this Act shall be judicially determined in accordance with principles of law and equity, including a consistent award or awards or release or releases to the Choctaw Nation, the Chickasaw Nation, and the Cherokee Nation of such bonus sums, rentals, and royalties, or other moneys paid or received on account of leasing of any portion of such lands. In furtherance of the accomplishment of this intent and the attainment of this objective, the parties are hereby authorized to enter into a settlement agreement in which provision may be made for a recognition in perpetuity of their relative rights to use and to enjoy the surface and the subsurface of the lands identified in section 2 of this Act, including the division of any and all of such bonus sums, rentals, and royalties, or other moneys paid or received on account of the leasing of any portion of said lands for any purpose or purposes. Such settlement agreement may be embodied in and be made a part of any decree of the court, which thereupon shall be final and conclusive with respect to the rights and interests of the parties.
SEC. 5. Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to be a congressional determination of the merits of the conflicting tribal claims with respect to the lands that are the subject of this Act.
Approved December 20, 1973."
