             Case: 17-10651    Date Filed: 08/14/2018   Page: 1 of 13


                                                            [DO NOT PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                         ________________________

                            Nos. 17-10651, 17-14840
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                           Agency No. A206-895-603

LEIDY MAYBELI OSORIO-ZACARIAS,
A.O.B.O.,
                                                                         Petitioners,

                                    versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                        Respondent.
                          ________________________

                    Petitions for Review of a Decision of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals
                          ________________________

                                (August 14, 2018)

Before MARCUS, WILLIAM PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Leidy Osorio-Zacarias and her minor son seek review of the Board of

Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) decision affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ”)

denial of her application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the
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Convention Against Torture (“CAT relief”), and the BIA’s denial of her motion to

reopen. On appeal, Osorio-Zacarias argues that: (1) she qualifies for asylum and

withholding of removal because she suffered past persecution in Guatemala and

established a well-founded fear of future persecution; (2) the BIA abused its

discretion when it denied her motion to reopen based on new evidence of her post-

traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) diagnosis and of country conditions. After

careful review, we dismiss the petition in part, and deny it in part.

      We review only the BIA’s decision, except to the extent the BIA expressly

adopted or agreed with the opinion of the IJ. Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d

941, 947-48 (11th Cir. 2010). We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo

and its factual determinations under the substantial-evidence test. Lopez v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 504 F.3d 1341, 1344 (11th Cir. 2007). We must affirm the BIA’s

decision if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the

record considered as a whole. Id. Under the substantial-evidence test, we review

the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision and draw

all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision. Adefemi v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d

1022, 1027 (11th Cir. 2004). We review our subject-matter jurisdiction de novo.

Amaya-Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1247, 1250 (11th Cir. 2006).

Finally, we review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion.

Verano-Velasco v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 456 F.3d 1372, 1376 (11th Cir. 2006).


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      First, we are unpersuaded by Osorio-Zacarias’s claim that the BIA erred by

denying her asylum and withholding of removal. The Attorney General has the

discretion to grant asylum to an alien who establishes that she is a refugee. 8

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A).    To establish asylum based on past persecution, the

applicant must prove that: (1) she was persecuted; and (2) the persecution was on

account of a protected ground. Silva v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1236

(11th Cir. 2006). Persecution is an extreme concept, requiring more than a few

isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, and mere harassment does

not amount to persecution. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1231

(11th Cir. 2005). A credible death threat by a person who has the immediate

ability to act on it constitutes persecution even if the threat is not successfully

carried out. Diallo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 596 F.3d 1329, 1333-34 (11th Cir. 2010).

In Diallo, we concluded that the petitioner had suffered persecution where soldiers

killed his brother and threatened him, noting that there was no reason why he

should have to stay in his country awaiting death in order to succeed on a claim of

past persecution. Id. at 1334. The threat was attributed to the Guinean government

and was based on the petitioner’s opposition to the government. Id. at 1331, 1334.

      “An applicant who has been found to have established . . . past persecution

shall also be presumed to have a well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of

the original claim.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1). That presumption may be rebutted if


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the government establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) “[t]here

has been a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant no longer

has a well-founded fear of persecution”; or (2) “[t]he applicant could avoid future

persecution by relocating to another part of the applicant’s country of nationality . .

. and under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to

do so.” Id. § 208.13(b)(1)(i)(A) & (B), (b)(1)(ii).

      An applicant may also establish a well-founded fear of persecution without

proving past persecution. Id. § 208.13(b)(2). To do so, an applicant must establish

a fear of persecution in her country of nationality on account of a protected ground,

a “reasonable possibility” of suffering persecution if she returns to that country,

and that she is unable or unwilling to return because of her fear.               Id. §

208.13(b)(2)(i). The applicant’s fear of persecution must be “subjectively genuine

and objectively reasonable.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1289 (11th Cir.

2001). The applicant need not establish a reasonable possibility of persecution if

the applicant instead proves that she is a member of, or is identified with, a group

that is subjected to a “pattern or practice” of persecution in her country of

nationality. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii). “An applicant does not have a well-

founded fear of persecution if the applicant could avoid persecution by relocating

to another part of the applicant’s country of nationality . . . if under all the

circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.” Id. §


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208.13(b)(2)(ii). The applicant bears the burden of proving that it would not be

reasonable for her to relocate, “unless the persecution is by a government or is

government-sponsored,” id. § 208.13(b)(3)(i), in which case relocation is presumed

to be unreasonable “unless the [government] establishes by a preponderance of the

evidence that, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable for the applicant

to relocate.” Id. § 208.13(b)(3)(ii). When an applicant cannot meet the “well-

founded fear” standard of asylum, she is generally precluded from qualifying for

either asylum or withholding of removal. Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 577

F.3d 1341, 1351–52 (11th Cir. 2009)

      An asylum applicant must also establish a nexus between the feared

persecution and a statutorily-protected factor by presenting specific, detailed facts

showing that she will be singled out on account of the protected factor. Forgue v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005). A protected factor need

only be one of the motivations for the persecution. Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1235 (11th Cir. 2007). To qualify as a “particular social

group,” a group must be defined by a shared, immutable characteristic that the

members of the group either cannot change, or should not be required to change

because it is fundamental to their individual identities. Castillo-Arias v. U.S. Att’y

Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1193, 1196 (11th Cir. 2006).




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      An alien shall not be removed to a country if her life or freedom would be

threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). She must show that it is

more likely than not that she will be persecuted or tortured upon being returned to

her country. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232. This standard is more stringent than

asylum’s well-founded fear standard. Kazemzadeh, 577 F.3d at 1352. The alien

bears the burden to show her eligibility for withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b). To do so, the

alien must either demonstrate past persecution based on a protected ground, Tan v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th Cir. 2006), or she must demonstrate a

future threat to her life or freedom. Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 437

(11th Cir. 2004). The statutes governing asylum and withholding of removal

protect only against persecution on account of the victim’s political opinion, not

the persecutor’s. Ruiz v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th Cir. 2006).

Private acts of violence, general criminal activity, and purely personal retribution

do not qualify as persecution based on a statutorily protected ground. Id.

      In order to obtain CAT relief, the burden of proof is on the applicant to

establish that it is more likely than not that she would be tortured if removed to her

country. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2); Reyes-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 369 F.3d

1239, 1242 (11th Cir. 2004). The alien must demonstrate that the torture would be


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inflicted by the government or that the government would be aware of the torture

and would fail to intervene. Reyes-Sanchez, 369 F.3d at 1242.

      Here, the BIA did not err in concluding that Osorio-Zacarias was not entitled

to asylum or withholding of removal because she failed to show she was

persecuted against in Guatemala. According to the record, Osorio-Zacarias sought

relief based on her fear that if she returned to Guatemala, she and her son would be

killed like her husband, Jorge Mario Barrientos-Nufio, was when he was murdered

by a local man named Mateo. Osorio-Zacarias explained that three days after the

murder, Mateo called to warn her that, if she went to the police, he would kill her

and her older son. Osorio-Zacarias moved one kilometer away to live with her

parents, thinking that Mateo would do nothing because she had not reported him to

the police. She had no further contact with Mateo until six years later, when Mateo

and his brothers told her that, because her son was older and could seek revenge

for his father, she and her son should leave the country or be killed. She left to

work in San Martin, a town on the Guatemala/Mexico border, and when she

returned a month later, Mateo’s brothers saw her in town and told her they knew

she had been in San Martin.

      As the record reveals, however, Osorio-Zacarias’s two threats came from

Mateo, who was a private actor, and she had failed to seek protection from Mateo

from authorities within Guatemala, which alone is enough to defeat her claim.


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While she attempted to overcome this failure with evidence that the authorities

would have been unwilling or unable to protect her had she reported the threats to

them, Osorio-Zacarias’s country-condition evidence does not support this

argument. See Lopez, 504 F.3d at 1345. Instead, the country-condition evidence

mainly showed some corruption and ineffectiveness in the Guatemalan police force

as it relates to cases of organized crime, gang violence, and domestic abuse, and

nothing suggests that Osorio-Zacarias’s husband’s murder was connected to

organized crime or gang violence or that Mateo’s threats were domestic abuse.

      Further, even if Osorio-Zacarias had sought police protection within

Guatemala, her two encounters with Mateo were isolated incidents that occurred

over a six-year period. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (stating that isolated

incidents are not sufficient to establish past persecution). Thus, unlike in Diallo,

there was no indication that when Mateo made death threats, he had the

“immediate ability to act on” them.       596 F.3d at 1331-34 (holding that past

persecution occurred where the petitioner was threatened with death by the same

soldiers who killed his brother and was only able to avoid the same fate by

escaping from detention).     Rather, Mateo first threatened Osorio-Zacarias by

telephone and did not confront her for six years and, after his second threat, he did

not confront her at any time in the two months before she left for the United States.




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      Moreover, even if Mateo’s threats did rise to the level of persecution,

substantial evidence supported the IJ’s and BIA’s conclusion that they were not

based on a protected ground. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1286. Rather, substantial

evidence supports the IJ’s and BIA’s conclusion that Mateo was motivated by

general criminality rather than on the basis of a protected ground. See Ruiz, 440

F.3d at 1257. Mateo explicitly threatened Osorio-Zacarias and her son to prevent

them from reporting him to the police, which furthered his criminal goals. Id.

      Finally, for Osorio-Zacarias to establish a well-founded fear of future

persecution, she would need to show that she could not avoid persecution by

relocating elsewhere in Guatemala. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(ii) (indicating that

a fear is not well-founded if the applicant could relocate within their country).

However, we lack jurisdiction to address the IJ’s and BIA’s conclusion that

Osorio-Zacarias failed to establish that she could not relocate within Guatemala.

We may only review a final order of removal if the petitioner exhausted all

administrative remedies that were available as of right. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). A

petitioner fails to exhaust the administrative remedies for a particular claim when

she does not argue the “core issue now on appeal” before the BIA. Indrawati v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 779 F.3d 1284, 1297 (11th Cir. 2015). We lack jurisdiction to

consider an argument the petitioner did not raise before the BIA even if the BIA

addressed the issue sua sponte. Amaya-Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250.


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       As the record shows, Osorio-Zacarias did not exhaust the relocation issue

before the BIA. Indeed, her brief to the BIA did not address relocation; at best it

implied that Mateo could find her elsewhere in the country without developing the

argument that his ability to find her meant that she could not effectively relocate.

See Jeune v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 810 F.3d 792, 800-01 (11th Cir. 2016) (holding that

a petitioner must make more than passing references to exhaust an issue). This is

so even though her legal memorandum to the IJ, which was otherwise identical to

her BIA brief, included a discrete section discussing the relocation issue. And

although the BIA addressed the relocation issue anyway, that does not provide us

with jurisdiction where Osorio-Zacarias failed to exhaust the argument.                     See

Amaya-Artunduaga, 463 F.3d at 1250. 1 Accordingly, because Osorio-Zacarias

failed to establish that she suffered past persecution based on a protected ground,

and that she could not relocate within Guatemala, the IJ and BIA did not err in

denying her application for asylum and withholding of removal.

       We also find no merit to Osorio-Zacarias’s argument that the BIA abused its

discretion when it denied her motion to reopen. A motion to reopen must state

new facts that would be proven at a hearing to be held if the motion is granted, and

should be supported by affidavits and other evidentiary materials. 8 U.S.C. §

1
        We also lack jurisdiction to review the denial of CAT relief because Osorio-Zacarias
failed to exhaust that issue before the BIA. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). Her brief to the BIA included
conclusory statements that she was entitled to CAT relief, but she never raised any specific
arguments about CAT relief. See Jeune, 810 F.3d at 800-01.
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1229a(c)(7)(A), (B). Motions to reopen may be granted if there is new evidence

that is material and was not available and could not have been discovered or

presented at the removal hearing. 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.2(c)(1), 1003.23(b)(3). To

make such a showing, the alien bears a heavy burden and must present evidence of

such a nature that the BIA is satisfied that, if the proceedings before the IJ were

reopened, the new evidence offered would likely change the result in the case. Ali

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 804, 813 (11th Cir. 2006).

      We cannot say the BIA abused its discretion when it denied Osorio-

Zacarias’s motion to reopen her applications for asylum or withholding of removal.

As the record indicates, the new evidence she submitted was unrelated to whether

there was a nexus between the harms she suffered and a protected ground and,

accordingly, was not likely to change the outcome of the case. See id. Thus, for

example, the evidence of her PTSD diagnosis was unrelated to her claim that she

was persecuted against as a member of a particular social group. To the extent

Osorio-Zacarias contended that her PTSD prevented her from testifying

completely, she indicated only that she could have testified regarding her suspicion

that Mateo made the second threat because she reported an unrelated sexual assault

to the police and he mistakenly believed she was reporting him. However, this

testimony would have been cumulative because Osorio-Zacarias recounted this




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suspicion in her declaration when she noted that Mateo may have approached her

the second time because he heard that she had been to the police station.

       As for the additional country-condition evidence that discussed rampant

violence against women in Guatemala and a lack of available mental healthcare,

which may relate to her ability to relocate within the country, these issues also

were unrelated to her claim that she was persecuted against as a member of a

particular social group. 2 Moreover, this evidence was cumulative of evidence of

violence against women and inadequate mental healthcare in the original record.

       Finally, the BIA did not abuse its discretion when it denied the motion to

reopen Osorio-Zacarias’s application for CAT relief. Although CAT relief does

not require a showing that the harm would be based on a protected ground, the new

evidence did not help establish that it was more likely than not that Osorio-

Zacarias would be tortured with the acquiescence of government officials in

Guatemala.     The new country-condition evidence showed that the police had

significant issues in prosecuting crimes, particularly those related to organized

crime or gang violence, and that Guatemalan society had a pervasive bias against

women, particularly in domestic disputes, but nothing indicated that the

Guatemalan government would acquiesce in the torture of a woman in Osorio-
2
 This evidence could have helped Osorio-Zacarias’s claims that she was persecuted against as a
Guatamalan woman or a Guatamalan woman who reported a crime, but she has expressly
abandoned those two claims on appeal. Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1228 n.2. She also has
abandoned any argument about the IJ’s denial of her motion to continue because she made only a
passing reference to it in a footnote. Id.
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Zacarias’s position. Thus, because the new evidence was not likely to change the

outcome of the case, we deny Osorio-Zacarias’s petition for review regarding the

BIA’s denial of her motion to reopen. See id.

      Petition DISMISSED in part and DENIED in part.




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