[Cite as State v. Ellis, 2016-Ohio-8086.]




                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                       LUCAS COUNTY


State of Ohio                                    Court of Appeals No. L-15-1296

        Appellee                                 Trial Court No. CR0201402113

v.

Diona Ellis                                      DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                Decided: December 9, 2016

                                            *****

        Julia R. Bates, Lucas County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Brenda J. Majdalani, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Karin L. Coble, for appellant.

                                            *****

        SINGER, J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Diona Ellis, appeals the January 6, 2015 judgment of the Lucas

County Court of Common Pleas convicting her of aggravated robbery in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(1), a felony of the first degree. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
                                  Assignments of Error

       {¶ 2} Appellant sets forth the following assignments of error:

              1. The trial court erred in accepting appellant’s plea in light of her

       protestations of innocence regarding factual circumstances.

              2. Trial counsel was ineffective, depriving appellant of her right to

       counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment to the United States

       Constitution.

                                    Background Facts

       {¶ 3} On July 8, 2014, appellant approached a teller at a bank within Walmart.

Appellant was wearing white latex gloves and handed the teller a note which stated,

“Give me the money in the drawer, I have a gun. No dye packs or you will die.”

       {¶ 4} The teller further reported that appellant stated, after handing over the note,

“I don’t want to hurt you, but I have a gun and I will kill you if you don’t do what I tell

you. Don’t try anything funny and don’t push any alarms.”

       {¶ 5} The teller handed appellant $1,488, and appellant fled the scene and entered

a waiting vehicle. Appellant’s sister and five-year-old nephew were in the vehicle. The

teller placed a tracking unit with the money. Appellant and the money were tracked and

appellant was apprehended.

       {¶ 6} Before being apprehended, appellant traveled roughly five miles and had

opportunity to change clothes. No gun was found, although only $1,339 was retrieved.




2.
       {¶ 7} On July 16, 2014, an indictment was filed charging appellant with

aggravated robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), a felony of the first degree, and

an alternate charge of robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2), a felony of the second

degree.

       {¶ 8} On December 15, 2014, appellant pled guilty to the charge of aggravated

burglary. The trial court engaged in an extensive colloquy to insure appellant was fully

aware of what her guilty plea meant.

       {¶ 9} The court explained appellant’s constitutional rights, the consequences of

entering a guilty plea, including the sentence and postrelease control. After each

explanation appellant was asked if she understood and would still plead guilty. Appellant

answered yes at each enquiry.

       {¶ 10} The court further inquired into the factual circumstances of the crime,

thereby making sure appellant understood what evidence would have been presented

against her.

               The court: Have you had sufficient time to talk to your lawyer

       concerning the evidence that would have been presented against you?

               Appellant: Yes.

               The court: Have you told your lawyer each side of Count 1 and

       Count 2, so he knows what your position is?

               Appellant: Yes.




3.
              The court: And you examined all of the evidence that the state

       would have presented again with your lawyer, correct?

              Appellant: Yes.

              The court: Are you satisfied with your lawyer’s advice?

              Appellant: Yes.

              The court: Do you believe he’s representing you well?

              Appellant: Yes.

              The court: Do you believe entering the plea is in your best interest?

              Appellant: Yes.

       {¶ 11} Appellant then confessed to the facts as presented by the state, but denied

having a gun during the commission of the robbery. The court held discussion with the

lawyers and demanded more research be done with regard to the elements of aggravated

robbery. The court wanted to make certain the facts as confessed to in open court would

allow a reasonable fact finder to conclude that the elements of the offense were

established. The matter was continued to allow counsel time to research.

       {¶ 12} On December 16, 2014, the court introduced the matter and, in open court,

discussed how legal precedent would allow reasonable inference appellant possessed a

weapon during the commission of the robbery. The court repeated the extensive plea

colloquy, which resulted in appellant being informed of the effects of her plea for a

second time. Appellant maintained her guilty plea and confirmed her actions were free of

coercion or undue influence. Eventually the court stated:




4.
              The record will reflect that the defendant was advised of all

       constitutional rights and her limited right to appeal. She understood the

       nature of the charge, the effect of the plea and the maximum penalty

       involved and has made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of

       those rights. The plea of guilty is accepted[.]

       {¶ 13} On January 6, 2015, the court proceeded to sentence appellant to six years

incarceration and five years mandatory postrelease control. The sentence, however, was

not imposed until the court confirmed for a final time appellant wanted to maintain her

guilty plea. The judgment was journalized January 7, 2015, and appellant now appeals.

                                 Assignment of Error No. 1

       {¶ 14} In the first assignment of error, appellant argues her plea should not have

been accepted by the trial court because there was no factual basis for the plea and her

plea was unknowing and involuntary. Appellee contends there was sufficient factual

basis for the trier of fact to infer appellant possessed a gun when she committed the

offense.

       {¶ 15} R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) pertinently provides that no person, in committing a

theft offense, shall have a deadly weapon under the offender’s control and indicate that

the offender possesses it.

       {¶ 16} In the case at bar, both parties have expressed concern about whether a plea

is to be treated as is a jury trial with regard to the factual basis necessary to support a

conviction. The state argues:




5.
              Appellant asserts that when a perpetrator enters a plea “the analysis

       must be different.” Appellant’s brief at p. 5. However, Appellant fails to

       cite any law whatsoever in support of this assertion. The State has not been

       able to find any Ohio case law which holds that the test for determining

       whether or not the State has met its burden of proving Aggravated Robbery

       varies depending on whether or not the case was tried or involved a plea to

       the indictment. The State sees no valid reason to require a completely

       different test for determining possession of a deadly weapon in cases

       involving pleas than in cases that went to trial.

       {¶ 17} Appellant asserts N.C. v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160 (1970), stands

for the proposition that guilty pleas coupled with claims of innocence should not be

accepted unless there is a factual basis for the plea. We note that appellant’s plea was not

an Alford plea.

       {¶ 18} Based on our evaluation of Ohio law and the particular facts of this case,

neither party’s position is accurate.

       {¶ 19} We further note appellant did not object, challenge or seek to withdraw her

plea prior to being sentenced. Therefore, appellant must rely on the plain error analysis

to now challenge her sentence or plea. See State v. Toyloy, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

14AP-463, 2015-Ohio-1618, ¶ 19.

       {¶ 20} Under Crim.R. 52(B), “[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights

may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” To affect a




6.
substantial right, the error must be outcome-determinative. See State v. Amos, 140 Ohio

St.3d 238, 2014-Ohio-3160, 17 N.E.3d 528, ¶ 21-23.

                                 Effect of Appellant’s Plea

       {¶ 21} Crim.R. 11(B)(1) explicitly states, “[t]he plea of guilty is a complete

admission of the defendant’s guilt.”

       {¶ 22} Further, “a plea of guilty, from an early period in the history of criminal

procedure, * * * has been regarded as an admission of every material fact well pleaded in

the indictment, dispensing with the necessity of proving them, and authorizing the court

to proceed to judgment.” Craig v. State, 49 Ohio St. 415, 418, 30 N.E. 1120 (1892). See

State v. Post, 32 Ohio St.3d 380, 513 N.E.2d 754 (1987) (“Crim.R. 11 does not require

the trial court to establish a factual basis for the plea before its acceptance.”).

       {¶ 23} For instance, in State v. Price, 32 Ohio St.3d 380, 513 N.E.2d 754, the

Tenth District held a trial court is not obligated to engage in any factual review when a

defendant pleads guilty. Id. at ¶ 27. The Price court rationale was that “defendant’s

guilty plea effectively waived any and all factual challenges.” Id. at ¶ 28. Specifically,

the defendant’s factual challenge regarded “whether or not the crack or powder was

actually his and the actual gram weight of the crack-cocaine.” Id. The Price court

overruled the assignment of error and affirmed.

       {¶ 24} In State v. Gibson, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2005-P-0006, 2006-Ohio-4171,

the court addressed whether “a knowing guilty plea required evidentiary support[.]” Id.

at ¶ 21. The defendant challenged “the gram weight of the crack cocaine” in a petition




7.
for postconviction relief. Id. However, the court subscribed to the rationale that a “guilty

plea effectively waive[s] any and all factual challenges.” Id. Thus, the court rejected the

defendant’s argument and affirmed.

       {¶ 25} Lastly, we point to State v. Post, 32 Ohio St.3d 380, 513 N.E.2d 754, where

the Supreme Court of Ohio addressed the issue of whether guilty pleas coupled with

claims of innocence should be accepted without factual basis for the plea. Id. at 387. In

addressing the argument, the Post court stated:

              Appellant relies principally on dicta in North Carolina v. Alford

       (1970), 400 U.S. 25, 38, 56 O.O. 2d 85, 91, fn. 10, wherein the court

       cautioned that guilty pleas coupled with claims of innocence should not be

       accepted unless there is a factual basis for the plea. [N]onetheless, the court

       in Alford found no constitutional bar to accepting a guilty plea in the face of

       an assertion of innocence provided a defendant voluntarily, knowingly and

       understandingly consents to sentencing on a charge. Id. at 37-38, 56 O.O.

       2d at 91. Further, no constitutional error was found in accepting a guilty

       plea which contained a protestation of innocence, if the defendant

       intelligently concludes that his interests require entry of a guilty plea and if

       the record before the court contains strong evidence of guilt. Id.

       {¶ 26} Here, appellant entered into a plea agreement on December 15 and 16,

2014, which eliminated her opportunity to challenge her conviction based on a lack of




8.
factual basis in, or evidentiary support for, the charge of aggravated robbery. We find it

proper to regard her plea as a complete admission of guilt. See Crim.R. 11(B)(1).

                              Acceptance of Appellant’s Plea

        {¶ 27} In regard to the trial court’s acceptance of the plea, the record reveals the

court complied with Crim.R. 11(C) by engaging in an extensive colloquy to insure

appellant was fully aware of constitutional rights and understood the consequences of her

plea.

        {¶ 28} Specifically, at the December 15 and 16, 2014 plea hearings, the court

spoke to appellant’s counsel about the facts of the case and whether appellant not having

a gun during the commission of the aggravated robbery would change the charge. Both

the state and appellant’s counsel confirmed that appellant, based on the facts as confessed

to, could be found guilty of aggravated robbery.

        {¶ 29} Appellant claimed to have and threatened to use a gun during the robbery.

Further, the passage of time after appellant fled the scene of the robbery provides a basis

for a finder of fact to infer appellant disposed of the weapon after fleeing the scene of the

crime. See, e.g., State v. Vondenberg, 61 Ohio St.2d 285, 401 N.E.2d 437 (1980),

syllabus (“a jury is entitled to draw all the reasonable inferences from the evidence

presented that the robbery was committed with the use of a gun”).

        {¶ 30} At the plea hearings and January 6, 2015 sentencing hearing, appellant was

also questioned regarding her understanding of the nature of the charge, informed with

regard to the maximum penalty of 11 years for the charge, and was informed on how she




9.
would not be amenable to community control sanction for the charge. See Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(a).

       {¶ 31} Moreover, the court informed appellant and confirmed her understanding

of the effects of the guilty plea with regard to waiver of her right to jury trial, to confront

witnesses, to have compulsory process, to no self-incrimination, and to require proof of

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(b) and (c). The trial court

questioned appellant (over a dozen times) throughout the plea and sentencing hearings to

ensure she wanted to maintain her guilty plea. The record supports that an extensive

colloquy occurred, and that the trial court accepted appellant’s plea and properly

proceeded to sentencing. We find no outcome-determinative error existed.

       {¶ 32} Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is not well-taken.

                                 Assignment of Error No. 2

       {¶ 33} In the second assignment of error, appellant argues she was deprived

effective assistance because her counsel misguided her into entering a guilty plea when

the factual basis for her guilt did not support the charge. Appellee contends appellant’s

counsel advised competently based on the facts and law and appellant cannot show

ineffective assistance or prejudice.

       {¶ 34} In evaluating ineffective assistance of counsel claims, the test is “whether

the accused, under all the circumstances, * * * had a fair trial and substantial justice was

done.” State v. Hester, 45 Ohio St.2d 71, 341 N.E.2d 304 (1976), paragraph four of the

syllabus; see also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052,




10.
80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). A court must determine whether there has been a substantial

violation of any of defense counsel’s essential duties to her client and whether the

defense was prejudiced by counsel’s ineffectiveness. State v. Calhoun, 86 Ohio St.3d

279, 289, 714 N.E.2d 905 (1999). To show prejudice, the defendant must prove “that

there exists a reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel’s errors, the result * * *

would have been different.” State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989),

paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 35} “Upon the entry of a guilty plea, a defendant waives any and all appealable

errors that might have occurred during the trial court proceedings, unless he or she

demonstrates that the alleged errors precluded him or her from entering a knowing,

voluntary plea.” State v. Kocian, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-07-018, 2008-Ohio-74, ¶ 8.

       {¶ 36} Here, based on the record, appellant was advised to make a knowing,

voluntary plea of guilty because of the overwhelming evidence of her guilt, including her

open court confessions, an incriminating note, and the teller’s account of the crime.

       {¶ 37} At the December 16, 2014 hearing, for example, the following dialogue

occurred:

              The court: Yesterday we were in the midst of a plea and the court

       wanted to make certain that the facts as described by the client, Ms. Ellis,

       would, in fact, allow a reasonable fact finder to conclude that the elements

       of the offense of aggravated robbery were established. Now, in summary,




11.
      counsel, Mr. Cameron, do we agree your client came in for the purpose of

      committing a theft offense at that bank?

             Appellant’s counsel: Yes.

             The court: Okay. And in turn she handed a note to the teller and

      the note, counsel for the state, would you—

             Appellant’s counsel: Is in possession of the state and we know

      exactly what it says.

             The court: Would you tell us what that note said that this defendant

      handed to the teller.

             The state: Judge, the note reads, give me the money in the drawer,

      period. I have a gun, comma, no dye packs or you will die now,

      exclamation point.

      {¶ 38} Additionally, at the January 6, 2016 sentencing hearing, the following

exchange occurred:

             The court: * * * Now the court does note that the defendant pled to

      aggravated robbery. The court spent time looking at the case law, both

      counsel, fine counsel, looked at the law and it is clear based upon the facts

      in the case, although the defendant indicated at the hearing she didn’t have

      a gun, there are circumstances which certainly rebut that, and the sense that

      the defendant when she approached the counter she had white latex gloves




12.
       on, she passed the teller a note saying, quote, give me the money in the

       drawer, I have a gun. No dye packs or you will die, unquote.

              ***

              The court: Is that your understanding of the facts and what would

       have been produced at trial?

              The state: Yes, Your Honor.

              The court: All right. Yes, sir, anything else?

              Appellant’s counsel: Yeah, I was just going to say it is our

       situation, however, that she did not have a gun, she did present the note as

       stated by the court. We agree with the fact pattern as the court recited.

       {¶ 39} Based on the above interactions, and appellant confirming for the court she

was satisfied with her counsel and entered the plea free of coercion and undue influence,

it is reasonable to conclude the plea was tactically recommended and subsequently made

because of the overwhelming evidence of her guilt.

       {¶ 40} Accordingly, the second assignment of error is not well-taken.

                                       Conclusion

       {¶ 41} The judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.


                                                                        Judgment affirmed.




13.
                                                                      State v. Ellis
                                                                      C.A. No. L-15-1296




       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.




Arlene Singer, J.                              _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE
Stephen A. Yarbrough, J.
                                               _______________________________
James D. Jensen, P.J.                                      JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                               _______________________________
                                                           JUDGE




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