                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                               Nos. 07-3128/08-1824

                                   ___________

Abdul Mounem Al Milaji,              *
                                     *
             Petitioner,             *
                                     *
       v.                            * Petition for Review of an Order of the
                                     * Board of Immigration Appeals.
Michael B. Mukasey, Attorney General *
of the United States,                *
                                     *
             Respondent.             *
                               ___________

                             Submitted: November 13, 2008
                                Filed: December 29, 2008
                                 ___________

Before WOLLMAN, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

      Abdul Mounem Al Milaji appeals an order of the Board of Immigration
Appeals. Having jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, this court denies the petition for
review.

                                          I.

     Al Milaji, a Syrian citizen, entered the United States in 2000. He applied in
2003 for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention
Against Torture. The application claimed that the Syrian government tortured Al
Milaji during his compulsory military service and later prevented him from working
in the country. It also asserted that, after Al Milaji left the country to find work,
Syrian authorities beat him when he returned for visits. The Syrian government
mistreated him, the application stated, because he criticized authorities as a student in
early 1980s.

       The IJ denied the asylum claim as time-barred, since it was filed more than one
year after Al Milaji entered the United States. The IJ also made an adverse credibility
finding. At his hearing, Al Milaji testified that he had been arrested in 1980, but his
application stated that he had never been arrested. The IJ further noted that he held
the rank of sergeant during his military service, that he entered and departed Syria five
or six times after leaving to find work, and that he did not claim asylum in several
other countries he visited before entering the United States. Relying on the adverse
credibility finding, the IJ denied the withholding-of-removal and Convention Against
Torture claims. The BIA affirmed, but granted Al Milaji 60 days to voluntarily
depart.

       Al Milaji appealed the BIA’s order. Before the 60 days of voluntary departure
expired, Al Milaji requested stays of removal and voluntary departure. This court
denied those requests. Al Milaji also filed with the BIA a motion to reopen, claiming
a bona fide marriage to a U.S. citizen. The BIA denied the motion, citing an absence
of evidence that Al Milaji commingled funds, or shared household expenses, with his
wife. The BIA also noted that Al Milaji provided no third-party affidavits that the
marriage was bona fide. Al Milaji did not appeal to this court within 30 days the
denial of the motion to reopen.

       After the denial of the motion to reopen, Al Milaji moved for reconsideration
with the BIA. He argued that the Department of Homeland Security failed to timely
oppose his motion to reopen. The BIA denied the motion for reconsideration, because

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it denied the motion to reopen on the merits. Al Milaji timely appealed to this court
the denial of the motion for reconsideration.

                                         II.

       Al Milaji appealed the BIA’s asylum, credibility, withholding-of-removal, and
Convention Against Torture rulings in 2007. He subsequently appealed the denial of
the motion to reconsider, but he did not timely appeal the denial of the motion to
reopen. This court consolidated these appeals, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(6). In
his Brief, Al Milaji also requests that this court “reinstate” his period of voluntary
departure. When the BIA adopts and affirms the IJ’s decision, but also adds reasoning
of its own, this court reviews both decisions together. Gumaneh v. Mukasey, 535
F.3d 785, 787 (8th Cir. 2008).

                                         A.

       An asylum-seeker must apply for asylum within one year of entering the United
States. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). An extension may be granted “if the alien
demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General either the existence of
changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum
or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application.” Id. §
1158(a)(2)(D). “No court shall have jurisdiction to review any determination of the
Attorney General under paragraph (2).” Id. § 1158(a)(3). This bar to judicial review
“shall not ‘be construed as precluding review of constitutional claims or questions of
law raised upon a petition of review filed with an appropriate court of appeals in
accordance with this section.’” Purwantono v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 822, 824 (8th Cir.
2007), quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D).

      Al Milaji entered the United States on June 5, 2000. He filed for asylum on
June 30, 2003. He did not apply for asylum within one year. Al Milaji claims

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“extraordinary circumstances” — unfamiliarity with English and the United States,
and erroneous information about U.S. asylum law from a friend. The BIA rejected
this argument, citing 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(5). Since Al Milaji has not raised a
constitutional claim or question of law, this court lacks jurisdiction of Al Milaji’s
asylum claim.1

                                         B.

       Al Milaji also appeals the BIA’s credibility finding. “Administrative findings
of fact, including findings on credibility, are ‘conclusive unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Rafiyev v. Mukasey,
536 F.3d 853, 856 (8th Cir. 2008), quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). “Credibility
findings in particular are entitled to much weight because the IJ sees the witness
testify and is therefore in the best position to determine his or her credibility.”
Fofanah v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 1037, 1040 (8th Cir. 2006). “This court defers to an
immigration judge’s credibility finding where the finding is supported by a specific,
cogent reason for disbelief.” Sow v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 953, 956 (8th Cir. 2008)
(citation omitted).

      Reviewing for clear error, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s adverse credibility finding.
See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i).2 This finding was supported by: the inconsistent


      1
       The BIA reversed the IJ’s finding that Al Milaji filed a frivolous asylum
application. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20 (“an asylum application is frivolous if any of its
material elements is deliberately fabricated”). Al Milaji requests this court to affirm
the BIA’s ruling. As Al Milaji is not aggrieved by the ruling, this court need not
consider this argument.
      2
       The REAL ID Act of 2005 permits an IJ to enter a credibility finding “without
regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of the
applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). This
standard applies to claims filed on or after May 11, 2005. Because Al Milaji applied
for asylum in 2003, this standard does not apply here.

                                         -4-
accounts whether he had been arrested in Syria, holding the rank of sergeant in the
Syrian military, entering and departing Syria multiple times, not seeking asylum in
other countries he visited prior to entering the United States, and not applying for
asylum for three years after entering the United States. This court concludes that
substantial evidence supports the finding.3 “Substantive inconsistencies on key issues
of an asylum claim can support an adverse credibility finding.” Guled v. Mukasey,
515 F.3d 872, 880 (8th Cir. 2008).

                                          C.

       Al Milaji next challenges the BIA’s denial of his withholding-of-removal and
Convention Against Torture claims. Unlike a grant of asylum, which is discretionary,
“the Attorney General may not remove an alien to a country if the Attorney General
decides that the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country because
of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). The petitioner must establish this threat
by a “clear probability.” Tolego v. Gonzales, 452 F.3d 763, 766 (8th Cir. 2006),
quoting INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 430 (1984). To warrant reversal of the BIA’s
decision, Al Milaji must show “that the evidence he presented was so compelling that
no reasonable fact-finder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” Miah
v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 784, 787 (8th Cir. 2008), quoting INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502
U.S. 478, 483-84 (1992).

       The BIA did not err in denying Al Milaji’s withholding-of-removal claim.
Rejecting the claim, the BIA cited the adverse credibility finding. The BIA may deny
 a withholding-of-removal claim on this basis. Sheikh v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 1077,
1081 (8th Cir. 2005).


      3
       Citing Lopez-Reyes v. INS, 79 F.3d 908 (9th Cir. 1996), Al Milaji argues that
an asylum-seeker may supplement a written application with testimony providing
greater detail. Lopez-Reyes is inapposite here, since Al Milaji’s application and
testimony conflicted over whether he had been arrested.

                                         -5-
        This court also reviews the denial of protection under the Convention Against
Torture under the substantial evidence standard. Sow, 546 F.3d at 956. “If the
immigration judge determines that the alien is more likely than not to be tortured in
the country of removal, the alien is entitled to protection under the Convention
Against Torture.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(4). “The burden of proof is on the applicant
. . . to establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if
removed to the proposed country of removal.” Id. § 1208.16(c)(2).

      Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of Al Milaji’s claim under the
Convention Against Torture. The CAT claim is based primarily on Al Milaji’s own
testimony. The adverse credibility finding, which is supported by substantial
evidence, is “fatal” to the CAT claim. Zine v. Mukasey, 517 F.3d 535, 541 (8th Cir.
2008).

                                          D.

       Al Milaji also appeals the denial of his motions to reopen and reconsider. “A
motion to reopen proceedings shall state the new facts that will be proven at a hearing
to be held if the motion is granted and shall be supported by affidavits or other
evidentiary material.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1). Al Milaji filed a motion to reopen,
citing marriage to a U.S. citizen. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255. To prevail, he must show by
“clear and convincing evidence . . . that the marriage was entered into in good faith.”
Id. § 1255(e)(3).

       The BIA denied the motion to reopen, citing the absence of evidence that Al
Milaji and his wife commingled funds or shared household expenses; it also noted the
absence of third-party affidavits.

      This court lacks jurisdiction to review the denial of the motion to reopen.
Appeal from the denial of a motion to reopen must be made to this court within 30
days of the BIA’s decision. Yang v. Mukasey, 510 F.3d 793, 795 (8th Cir. 2007),


                                         -6-
citing 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1). The BIA denied the motion to reopen on October 29,
2007. Al Milaji did not appeal to this court within 30 days. Instead, Al Milaji moved
the BIA to reconsider the motion to reopen on November 27. Reconsideration
motions are distinct from motions to reopen. While a motion to reopen states “new
facts that will be proven at a hearing to be held if the motion is granted,” 8 C.F.R. §
1003.2(c)(1), a motion to reconsider “specif[ies] the errors of fact or law in the prior
Board decision.” Id. § 1003.2(b)(1). Review of the motion to reopen has been
forfeited.


       This court may, however, review the denial of the motion to reconsider. See De
Jimenez v. Ashcroft, 370 F.3d 783, 788-89 (8th Cir. 2004) (reviewing the denial of
a motion to reconsider when the court lacked jurisdiction to review the denial of a
motion to reopen). This court reviews the BIA’s decision for abuse of discretion.
Aneyoue v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 905, 907 (8th Cir. 2007). However, “our review of
denial of the motion for reconsideration may require us to consider the validity of [the
underlying] order.” Id. (citation omitted).


        The motion to reconsider asserted that the BIA erred in denying the motion to
reopen. Al Milaji argues that DHS failed to timely oppose the motion to reopen,
citing In re Velarde-Pacheco, 23 I. & N. Dec. 253 (BIA 2002). That case, however,
states that DHS opposition is but one of five grounds for denying a motion to reopen.
Id. at 256. The BIA may also deny a motion to reopen if it does not “present clear and
convincing evidence indicating a strong likelihood that the respondent’s marriage is
bona fide” — the ground cited by the BIA here. Id. The denial of the motion to
reopen was consistent with Velarde-Pacheco. The BIA did not abuse its discretion
by denying the motion to reconsider.




                                          -7-
                                          E.


       Finally, Al Milaji requests this court to “reinstate” his period of voluntary
departure. On August 17, 2007, the BIA granted him 60 days to depart voluntarily.
Before that period expired, Al Milaji moved this court to stay voluntary departure,
which was denied. While this court has recognized an implied stay in limited
situations, there is no implied stay when this court denies a motion to stay voluntary
departure. Cf. Rife v. Ashcroft, 374 F.3d 606, 616 (8th Cir. 2004) (construing a
motion to stay removal as including a motion to stay voluntary departure when no
actual motion to stay voluntary departure was filed).


       Al Milaji now requests this court to grant him a new period of voluntary
departure. This court has previously expressed “doubt whether we have the authority
under IIRIRA to reinstate an agency grant of voluntary departure that has truly
expired.” Rife, 374 F.3d at 616, citing Sviridov v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 722, 731 (10th
Cir. 2004); see also Boudaguian v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 825, 829 (8th Cir. 2004)
(expressing “doubt” that the court can reinstate an expired period of voluntary
departure). Even if this court has authority to reinstate a period of voluntary
departure, Al Milaji offers no reason why he deserves the extreme remedy of
reinstatement when this court previously denied his motion for a stay.


       This court reinstated a grant of voluntary departure in Aiyadurai v. INS, 683
F.2d 1195, 1201 (8th Cir. 1982). After that case was decided, Congress passed the
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), Pub. L. No.
104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996). IIRIRA limits judicial review of many of the
Attorney General’s discretionary orders. See Reno v. American-Arab Anti-
Discrimination Comm., 525 U.S. 471, 486 (1999) (“many provisions of IIRIRA are
aimed at protecting the Executive’s discretion from the courts—indeed, that can fairly
be said to be the theme of the legislation”). While IIRIRA does not expressly deny
courts of appeals the power to reinstate orders of voluntary departure, it substantially


                                          -8-
limits judicial review of voluntary departure orders. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(f).
Aiyadurai does not control this case, given the intervening changes in the law. See
Jacobs v. Lockhart, 9 F.3d 36, 37-38 (8th Cir. 1993) (“a prior holding may be
departed from on the basis of obvious error or changed circumstances,” if the court
“explicitly identif[ies] the error or changed circumstances and explain[s] why a
different result is justified”); Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois, 431 U.S. 720, 736 (1977)
(“in the area of statutory construction . . . Congress is free to change this Court’s
interpretation of its legislation”).

       This court holds that it lacks authority to reinstate an expired period of
voluntary departure. IIRIRA confers authority on the Attorney General, an
executive branch official, to grant voluntary departure to aliens. See 8 U.S.C. §
1229c(a)(1). Immigration regulations extend the Attorney General’s power to
reinstate voluntary departure solely to executive branch officials. See 8 C.F.R. §
1240.26(f). Nothing in § 1229c confers authority on this court to reinstate an
expired order of voluntary departure. Accord Bocova v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 257,
266 (1st Cir. 2005); Reynoso-Lopez v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 275, 280 (3d Cir. 2004);
Ngarurih v. Ashcroft, 371 F.3d 182, 195 (4th Cir. 2004); Mullai v. Ashcroft, 385
F.3d 635, 639-40 (6th Cir. 2004); Zazueta-Carrillo v. Ashcroft, 322 F.3d 1166,
1172 (9th Cir. 2003); see also David S. Rubenstein, Restoring the Quid Pro Quo
of Voluntary Departure, 44 Harv. J. on Legis. 1, 3 (2007) (“Since Congress’s
enactment of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act
(‘IIRIRA’) in 1996, all of the courts that have addressed the issue have held that no
judicial authority exists to ‘reinstate’ — that is, to begin anew — an alien’s
departure period at the conclusion of a judicial appeal.”). Lacking authority to
reinstate voluntary departure, this court denies Al Milaji’s request.

                                          III.

      The petition for review is denied.
                       ______________________________



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