                                       In The

                                 Court of Appeals
                     Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
                            ____________________
                               NO. 09-17-00140-CR
                            ____________________

                     JERRY SHANE MERRITT, Appellant

                                          V.

                       THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                     On Appeal from the 75th District Court
                             Liberty County, Texas
                      Trial Cause No. CR31581 (Count 2)


                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Jerry Shane Merritt pleaded guilty to one count of indecency with

a child younger than seventeen by sexual contact. See Act of May 18, 2009, 81st

Leg., ch. 260, 2009 Gen. Laws 710 (H.B. 549, § 1 (amended 2017) (current version

at Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.11(a)(1)). In three issues, Merritt argues that the trial

court abused its discretion in denying his motion for new trial because his guilty plea

was involuntary. According to Merritt, the alleged errors caused prejudice because
there is a reasonable probability that, but for the complained of conduct of the trial

court and of Merritt’s plea counsel, he would have gone to trial. We affirm.

                                    Background

Indictment and Plea

      In February of 2015, a grand jury indicted Merritt on two counts of indecency

with a child younger than seventeen years of age by sexual contact. In a plea hearing

on February 13, 2017, the State abandoned Count 2, and Merritt pleaded guilty to

Count 2 of indecency with a child by sexual contact. Prior to accepting his plea, the

trial court admonished Merritt as to the range of punishment for the offense charged,

and in response to the court’s questions, Merritt agreed that no one had threatened,

forced, or coerced him to plead guilty, that his plea was made freely and voluntarily,

and that he was pleading guilty because he was in fact guilty as charged in the

indictment and for no other reason. Merritt also agreed that his plea counsel had

explained the plea papers to him and that she had answered his questions to his

satisfaction. The trial court found Merritt’s plea was freely, voluntarily, knowingly,

and intelligently made and accepted the plea. The court found Merritt guilty on

Count 2 of indecency with a child by sexual contact and assessed punishment at ten

years’ confinement.
Motion for New Trial

      On March 6, 2017, after having obtained new counsel, Merritt filed a motion

for new trial in which he argued that his guilty plea was not voluntary because he

had been coerced by his plea counsel and by the trial court judge to plead guilty.

Merritt requested that his guilty plea be set aside, a hearing be conducted, and the

trial court judge be recused. Merritt’s motion was supported in part by an affidavit

from his plea counsel, wherein she attested in relevant part “I believe that the judge

became involved in the plea discussions to send the message that Mr. Merritt should

accept the plea bargain. Had I anticipated that the judge would do this, I would have

encouraged Mr. Merritt to accept the previous five-year offer.” The trial court judge

signed an order of voluntary recusal based on his “personal knowledge of evidentiary

facts concerning the proceedings[.]”

Hearing on Motion for New Trial

      A new judge was appointed to the case, and a hearing on the motion for new

trial was held on April 20, 2017.

      1. Testimony of Nancy Botts

      Nancy Botts testified that she had been hired to represent Merritt on two

counts of indecency with a child for a fee of $20,000. According to Botts, Merritt

gave her more than one check that was not honored by the bank and she testified that
she “probably” told Merritt [] “something like” she would not do any more work on

his case until she had been paid. Botts testified that she did not recall telling Merritt

that he needed to be prepared to take a plea bargain unless he paid a minimum of

$5000 before trial, but that she “may have[]” said he needed to be prepared to take

a plea bargain and that he needed to come up with several thousand dollars to pay

her fee. According to Botts, Merritt paid her about $2500 at some point prior to the

February 2017 proceeding, which she agreed was not an adequate fee for such a

case.

        Botts testified that Merritt told her he did not commit the crimes alleged in the

indictment, that she believed he was innocent and told him so, and she considered

his case defensible and winnable. Botts agreed that prior to trial she asked the

prosecutor whether he would consider a plea deal and he offered five years. Botts

explained that she presented the five-year offer to Merritt and he rejected it.

According to Botts, she thought the offer was still available on the date of trial.

        Botts explained that on the date of trial, the complainant appeared very

emotional and disheveled and was crying. Botts testified that “a crying teenage girl

on the witness stand[]” is “always a concern[,]” that she informed Merritt “that juries

tend to believe [] crying girls[,]” and she told Merritt there was a “distinct

possibility[]” that he could be convicted on the basis of the girl’s emotional
testimony rather than the facts of the case. Botts testified at the hearing that she told

Merritt at trial that he needed to seriously consider taking five years, that she “didn’t

think the judge was fair[,]” and that she tried to tell Merritt the risks associated with

going to trial. Botts denied that she tried to scare Merritt into taking a plea deal.

      Botts explained that, while Merritt was considering the State’s offer, Botts

approached the prosecutor to see if he would offer less than five years, and the

prosecutor told her the offer was now ten years because he had worked on the case

over the weekend. Botts testified that she conveyed the ten-year offer to Merritt and

his family, and they were upset. Botts explained that she asked the prosecutor again

for a five-year deal. The prosecutor informed her he would talk with the complainant

and her mother again, but that the deal remained ten years. Botts testified “I didn’t

try to convince [Merritt]. I -- I told him he needed to talk to his family and they

needed to make a decision, and then I walked off so I would not influence it.” Botts

agreed she told Merritt, “You’ll still have a life after you’re released from prison if

you take the plea bargain[.]” Botts recalled that she told Merritt he would not be

eligible for parole before five years. According to Botts, she did not “encourage”

Merritt to take the five-year deal because “he just very bluntly rejected it and said

no.” Botts disagreed that she encouraged Merritt to take the ten-year deal but

explained that she “tr[ied] to impart to him the risk that he was taking.”
      Botts explained that while she was speaking with Merritt and his family, she

was told that the judge wanted to see her in chambers. The prosecutor was also

present in chambers, but there was no court reporter. Botts testified that the

prosecutor informed her that he was going to ask for twenty years if Merritt were

convicted and he declined her request to dismiss Count 2 of the indictment.

According to Botts, she asked whether the State would seek to stack sentences, and

the prosecutor told her “no[,]” but Botts stated that the judge told her “there was a

high probability” that the trial court would stack the sentences because that was the

court’s normal practice. Botts explained that she “absolutely” had an obligation to

tell this to her client and that she told the judge she would do so. According to Botts,

she did not check court records to verify the judge’s sentencing practices. Botts

reported to Merritt and his family that the prosecutor indicated he would ask for

twenty years and that the judge said he would probably stack the sentences. Botts

explained “I -- I was giving him the information. What -- what he chooses to do with

it was up to him and his family. I -- I tried very hard to not tell him what to do. That’s

not my job.” Botts testified that she moved away from Merritt and his family while

they were discussing the matter. Merritt then accepted the ten-year offer. Botts

explained that she told Merritt that he had to tell the judge he was guilty and that his

plea was voluntary in order for the court to accept the plea. Botts agreed that the plea
papers included a stipulation of evidence in which Merritt stipulated to the facts in

the case and admitted guilt.

      Botts agreed that she returned $2000 to his family and she felt “horrible.”

Botts agreed that she had communicated her concerns about the judge to Merritt but

explained “I don’t think I had a chance to be ineffective.” Botts also agreed that a

trial court judge has discretion to stack sentences. On cross-examination, Botts

agreed that the decision whether to go to trial is the client’s. Botts explained as

follows:

      [State’s counsel]: Okay. Why didn’t you go to trial?

      [Botts]: You want my opinion or what happened? We didn’t go to trial
      because he took a plea bargain.

      [State’s counsel]: Okay. Who made the decision to take the plea
      bargain?

      [Botts]: I assumed he had made it with his family.

      [State’s counsel]: Did you make it?

      [Botts]: No.

State’s counsel asked Botts whether there was a possibility of probation from a jury,

and Botts replied “No[]” but that she would have to re-read the law on it. Botts

agreed that she helped Merritt fill out the plea papers, but she also agreed that she
did not threaten him in any way. When asked whether she coerced Merritt into

signing the plea papers, the following exchange occurred:

      [State’s counsel]: The initials that Mr. Merritt placed on the forms, did
      you force him to do it?

      [Botts]: No.

      [State’s counsel]: Did you threaten him in any way?

      [Botts]: No.

      [State’s counsel]: Did you coerce him in any way?

      [Botts]: I don’t think so. I don’t know.

      [State’s counsel]: You don’t know? That’s -- that’s very curious that
      you don’t know what you did.

      [Botts]: If you’re asking if I sat there and said “Sign these or else,” no,
      I didn’t do that.

      [State’s counsel]: Well, for a man who came in to court with several
      days[’] worth of clothes for trial and wanted trial, why did he sign these
      admonishments in the plea?

      [Botts]: I think he got scared of what might happen if we lost the trial,
      and he didn’t want to be subjected to the possibility of a 40-year
      sentence. That’s -- that’s what I think.

Botts testified that Merritt knew that, by pleading guilty, he would have to serve at

least half of his ten-year sentence before he would be eligible for consideration for

parole. Merritt’s plea papers were admitted as State’s Exhibit 1. Botts verified that

the trial court questioned Merritt on whether his plea was voluntary and the trial
court admonished Merritt on the consequences of his guilty plea. Botts denied that

she forced Merritt to give any of his answers. Botts testified that she had been

truthful to the trial court in the plea papers and that Merritt did not indicate to her

that he was lying to the judge “at that time.” The State also questioned Botts

regarding a statement she made in her affidavit as follows:

      [State’s counsel]: In your affidavit you state that you believed that
      Judge Morefield became involved in the plea discussions to send a
      message that Mr. Merritt should accept the plea bargain.

      [Botts]: Yes. That’s what I believe.

      [State’s counsel]: That had you anticipated that Judge Morefield would
      do this, you would have encouraged Mr. Merritt to accept the previous
      five year offer. Correct?

      [Botts]: Yes.

      ....

      [State’s counsel]: You said that you felt bad for Mr. Merritt. Why did
      you feel bad for Mr. Merritt?

      [Botts]: Because of what happened.

      [State’s counsel]: You didn’t have anything to do with what happened,
      did you?

      [Botts]: I’m sorry, I don’t know what you mean.

      [State’s counsel]: You didn’t tell Mr. Merritt that you were going to ask
      the judge to stack?

      [Botts]: Of course not.
      [State’s counsel]: You didn’t tell Mr. Merritt that you were going to
      make sure that he got a maximum punishment, did you?

      [Botts]: No.

      [State’s counsel]: But you didn’t go to trial and let a jury determine that,
      did you?

      [Botts]: No.

      [State’s counsel]: Who made that decision not to go to trial?

      [Botts]: Mr. Merritt.

Botts denied that she forced, threatened, or coerced Merritt to take a plea. Botts

testified that she did not lie to Merritt, that she had an obligation to tell him what

might happen, and that she believed she had rendered effective assistance of counsel.

According to Botts, she believed the trial court judge became involved in plea

discussions but that the judge had said nothing more than what he might do regarding

stacking sentences. According to Botts, she believed the judge’s “high probability”

remark meant that he was going to stack sentences and she believed the remark was

“a threat designed to persuade [Merritt] to take the plea bargain[.]” Botts then stated

that in her opinion, Merritt’s plea was not voluntary.

      Botts agreed that she told Merritt if he did not pay her $5000, he should be

prepared to take a plea bargain, but she explained that she was not going to do more

work on the case without being paid and she did not intend to coerce Merritt to taking
a plea deal. When asked whether Merritt would have been eligible for probation

from a jury, Botts replied “it depends on what the evidence was.”

      2. Testimony of Stacy McCarthy

      Merritt’s sister Stacy McCarthy testified at the hearing. McCarthy testified

that she had come to trial to support Merritt. McCarthy explained that Botts was very

“negative about [Merritt] going to trial. She wanted -- she was showing [Merritt]

that it was not a good idea. She was pointing out [the complainant], how emotional

she was.” According to McCarthy, Botts also said the judge was “an unfair judge

and [Merritt] was not going to win.” In addition, McCarthy explained that Botts

previously told Merritt the case was winnable and Botts said she believed he was

innocent. According to McCarthy, Botts said that Merritt should not take the plea

bargain. McCarthy testified that Botts changed her mind about whether Merritt

should take the plea bargain after seeing the complainant’s demeanor. McCarthy

testified that on the day of the trial Botts conveyed to Merritt and the family that the

prosecutor had increased the plea offer to ten years because he had worked on the

case throughout the weekend. McCarthy explained that, at that point, Botts was

encouraging Merritt to take the offer, Merritt was resistant, and Botts told Merritt

“he would not win[,] . . . that he would lose and he would be looking at 20 years.”
      According to McCarthy, at some point, Botts left to meet with the judge, and

when she returned, she was “very agitated[]” and “aggressive” toward Merritt,

explaining that the judge would be stacking the charges and that Merritt would get

forty years. McCarthy said Botts gave Merritt two minutes to decide what to do.

McCarthy testified that when Merritt decided to take the ten-year offer, he was

“distraught[]” and “emotional.” McCarthy described Botts as “absolutely pushing[]”

Merritt. On cross-examination, McCarthy agreed that if Merritt had gone to trial, he

could have received a sentence on the two counts of up to forty years.

      3. Testimony of Merritt

      Merritt agreed he was indicted on two counts of indecency with a child

younger than seventeen by sexual contact. Merritt testified that he initially told Botts

he did not do the crime alleged and he wanted a dismissal or a trial. He agreed that

a check he gave Botts bounced and that Botts told him if he did not give her $5000,

he would have to take a plea bargain. Merritt testified that, at some point, the State

offered a five-year plea bargain offer, which he turned down because he wanted a

trial or a dismissal. According to Merritt, Botts told him she believed he was

innocent and that he had a good case.

      Merritt explained that, on the morning of trial, Botts told him that he needed

to seriously consider taking the deal for five years, and he was surprised. Merritt
testified that he told Botts no, and Botts then commented that the judge was unfair

and if he was convicted he would get twenty years. According to Merritt, Botts

encouraged him to talk with his family about it and she left them alone. Merritt

explained that he told Botts he wanted a trial and that his sister wanted Botts to see

if the State would offer a deal of less than five years. Merritt testified after checking,

Botts told him the offer was now ten years because the prosecutor had to work on

the case all weekend. Merritt said he felt terrible, and Botts then recommended he

take the ten-year offer; and, Botts told him that seeing the complainant crying made

her think that he would lose at trial and a jury would convict him.

      According to Merritt, Botts went to the judge’s chamber, and when she

returned, she spoke with Merritt and his family about stacked sentences:

             . . . She told me that she went to the prosecutor and asked him if
      he was going to stack -- have a motion to stack the sentence. And she
      said no -- he said no. And then she said that the judge said, however,
      that he was going to stack the sentences and that I would get 40 years.

Merritt explained that he was frustrated and told Botts “I didn’t do this. . . . I’m so

mad. I didn’t do this. I want to fight.” Merritt testified that he accepted the ten-year

deal because he felt “bullied[]”:

            I felt like -- like if I protested my innocence any further that I was
      going to get max sentence. Every time she left -- left and came back, it
      was 5, 10, 20, 40 years. And I kept saying, “I want a trial, I want a trial,”
      and she wouldn’t hear me.
              ....

            . . . she convinced me the judge was against me and that no matter
      what I did I was going to be found guilty.

Merritt acknowledged that he signed the plea papers, but he testified that he did not

feel his decision to plead guilty and waive his rights was a voluntary decision made

of his own free will.

      Merritt agreed that Botts had informed him of the possible range of

punishment. However, Merritt claimed that she did not tell him he would be eligible

for probation from a jury and she never explained the judge’s option to cumulate

sentences. Merritt agreed he had every opportunity to tell the judge he wanted a trial.

Merritt also agreed that he told the trial court that no one was coercing him to plead

guilty and that he was satisfied with Botts’s representation.

      The State offered into evidence a digital copy of a recorded conversation

between Botts and Merritt in October of 2016 as well as a transcript of the

conversation, which the court admitted. Merritt agreed that the transcript, which

reflected that Botts was asking to be paid or to “be prepared to . . . take a plea

bargain[,]” was accurate as to what Botts had said to him. Merritt agreed that he did

not pay Botts her whole $20,000 fee, and of the $4000 he did pay, Botts gave him

back $2000.
      4. Testimony of the Prosecutor

      An Assistant District Attorney for Liberty County (“the prosecutor”) testified

that he had worked on Merritt’s case. According to the prosecutor, initially Merritt

wanted the case to go to trial, and only one plea offer for five years was made, which

Merritt rejected. He explained that he began to prepare for trial, and then another

offer was made for ten years. The prosecutor testified that Merritt rejected the offer

and Botts asked whether the State would still offer five years. After the prosecutor

checked with the complainant’s family, he then reported to Botts that five years was

no longer an option. According to the prosecutor, on the day of trial, the complainant

was “extremely nervous[]” and was crying.

      The prosecutor testified that he and Botts went into the judge’s chambers,

where there was no court reporter, to see if the judge would accept the ten-year offer,

and the judge said that he would. The prosecutor agreed that he told Botts that, if

Merritt rejected the ten-year offer, he would ask the jury to assess twenty years if

they found him guilty. The prosecutor explained that Botts inquired whether he

would dismiss one of the counts or move to stack sentences and he replied that he

would keep both counts of the indictment and that he would not ask a jury to stack

the sentences.
      According to the prosecutor, the judge did not volunteer that he had a habit of

stacking sentences but rather Botts asked the court whether he would be inclined to

stack, and the court responded that it had stacked in similar cases and there was a

possibility of stacking in this case. The prosecutor explained that the judge told Botts

in chambers that, on at least one prior occasion, he had ordered consecutive

sentences in a multiple count child sex case. The prosecutor denied that the judge

became involved in the plea bargain discussion and stated that the judge “never got

in the plea bargain in any form or fashion.” The prosecutor testified that he was not

aware of any conversations the trial court had with Merritt prior to Merritt filing his

plea papers, and he denied that the trial court did anything to coerce Botts into telling

Merritt to accept a plea deal. The prosecutor also explained that he had not known

the trial court judge to stack sentences unless the DA’s office requested it, and to his

knowledge the judge had stacked sentences only once. In the prosecutor’s opinion,

there was nothing about the plea process that would indicate Merritt’s plea was

involuntary, coerced, or forced.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

      The court denied Merritt’s motion for new trial and certified his right to

appeal. Merritt then filed this appeal. Merritt requested findings of fact and

conclusions of law, and the trial court then entered written findings of fact and
conclusions of law. The court’s findings of fact included the following, in relevant

part:

               [] The State, Defense Counsel, and the Hon. Mark Morefield met
        in the Court’s chambers. The State and Defense Counsel wanted to
        determine if the Trial Court would accept a ten (10) year plea and the
        dismissal of Count I of the Indictment.
               During the meeting, Defense Counsel initiated a discussion about
        stacked sentences if the Defendant were convicted on Counts I and II.
        Later in testimony from the State, [the prosecutor] testified that he may
        have initiated the discussion of a stacked sentence.
               The Trial Court, Hon. Mark Morefield, did NOT initiate the
        discussion. The stacking of sentences is within the discretion of the
        Judge and is a valid area of consideration for a defense attorney with a
        client facing a multi-count indictment.

                                  Standard of Review

        An appellate court reviews a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial under

an abuse of discretion standard, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the trial court’s ruling. See Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006); Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). We do not

substitute our judgment for that of the trial court; rather, we decide whether the trial

court’s decision was arbitrary or unreasonable. Holden, 201 S.W.3d at 763. A trial

court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for new trial only when no reasonable

view of the record could support the trial court’s ruling. Id. (citing Lewis v. State,

911 S.W.2d 1, 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)); Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 112 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007).
      At a hearing, the trial judge is the sole and exclusive trier of fact and judge of

the credibility of the witnesses as well as the weight to be given their testimony. See

Cannon v. State, 691 S.W.2d 664, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). A trial court may

choose to believe or to disbelieve any part of a witness’s testimony, even if that

testimony is uncontroverted. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000). We give almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical

facts, particularly when the trial court’s fact findings are based on an evaluation of

credibility and demeanor. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

If the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by the record, an appellate court is

not at liberty to disturb them, and on appellate review, we address only the question

of whether the trial court improperly applied the law to the facts. Romero v. State,

800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (citing Self v. State, 709 S.W.2d 662

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Johnson v. State, 698 S.W.2d 154, 159 (Tex. Crim. App.

1985)).

                                    Voluntary Plea

      In three issues, Merritt challenges whether his guilty plea was voluntary. A

guilty plea must be freely, knowingly, and voluntarily entered. Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(b) (West Supp. 2017). When we review the voluntariness of a

plea, we examine the record as a whole. Martinez v. State, 981 S.W.2d 195, 197
(Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (per curiam); Doubout v. State, 388 S.W.3d 863, 865 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.).

      When the record shows that the trial court gave a proper admonishment, there

is a prima facie showing of a knowing and voluntary plea of guilty. See Martinez,

981 S.W.2d at 197; Ex parte Gibauitch, 688 S.W.2d 868, 871 (Tex. Crim. App.

1985); Ex parte Arjona, 402 S.W.3d 312, 318 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2013, no pet.)

(“The admonishment is a prima facie showing that the guilty plea was knowing and

voluntary.”); Doubout, 388 S.W.3d at 865. The burden then shifts to the defendant

to show that he pleaded guilty without understanding the consequences of his plea

and thereby suffered harm. See Martinez, 981 S.W.2d at 197; see also Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(c) (West Supp. 2017). Once a defendant has pleaded

guilty and attested to the voluntary nature of his plea, he bears a heavy burden at a

subsequent hearing to demonstrate a lack of voluntariness. Ybarra v. State, 93

S.W.3d 922, 925 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.).

      The fact that a defendant may have pleaded guilty as a result of plea

bargaining in the hope of avoiding the possibility of a higher sentence does not

invalidate a guilty plea. See Galvan v. State, 525 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex. Crim. App.

1975). We consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the plea and in light

of the entire record. See Ex parte Moody, 991 S.W.2d 856, 858 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999); Martinez, 981 S.W.2d at 197; Ducker v. State, 45 S.W.3d 791, 796 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2001, no pet.).

                    Judicial Participation in Plea Negotiations

      In his first issue, Merritt argues that his guilty plea was involuntary because

the trial court informed Merritt’s attorney that, if Merritt went to trial and was

convicted on both counts, there was a high probability that he would cumulate the

sentences. According to Merritt, such a comment constituted an improper

participation in plea negotiations by the court and rendered his subsequent guilty

plea involuntary.

      A plea bargain is a contract between the State and the defendant. Moore v.

State, 295 S.W.3d 329, 331 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Papillion v. State, 908 S.W.2d

621, 624 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1995, no pet.). The trial judge may follow or reject

the agreement. Id.; see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 26.13(a)(2) (West Supp.

2017).

      The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has generally discouraged judicial

involvement in plea negotiations. See Ex parte Williams, 704 S.W.2d 773, 777 n.6

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (citing Ex parte Shuflin, 528 S.W.2d 610, 617 n.1 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1975)); State ex rel. Bryan v. McDonald, 662 S.W.2d 5, 8-9 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1983).
      Although Texas trial judges are not expressly prohibited by statute or
      any rule of law from participating in a plea bargaining session, this Court
      has nevertheless stated that a trial judge should not participate in any
      plea bargain agreement discussions until an agreement has been reached
      between the prosecutor and the defendant. The reason for this suggestion
      is that the trial judge should always avoid the appearance of any judicial
      coercion or prejudgment of the defendant since such influence might
      affect the voluntariness of the defendant’s plea.

Perkins v. Court of Appeals for the Third Supreme Judicial Dist. of Tex., 738 S.W.2d

276, 282 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (internal citations omitted).

      Appellant complains that the trial court’s alleged comment about the

possibility of stacked sentences persuaded him to change his decision to go to trial

and thereby rendered his plea involuntary. The test for determining the validity of a

guilty plea is whether the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among

the alternatives open to the criminal defendant. North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S.

25, 31 (1970). Nothing in the record now before us indicates that the trial court

“participated in the plea negotiations” simply by answering a question from Merritt’s

attorney about the possibility of stacking the sentences in a multiple count

indictment. Furthermore, while a trial court is discouraged from participation in plea

negotiations, a trial judge’s alleged participation in plea negotiations does not

necessarily render a defendant’s plea involuntary. See Ex parte Shuflin, 528 S.W.2d

at 615.
      A plea of guilty entered by one fully aware of the direct consequences,
      including the actual value of any commitments made to him by the
      court, prosecutor, or his own counsel, must stand unless induced by
      threats (or promises to discontinue improper harassment),
      misrepresentation (including unfulfilled or unfulfillable promises), or
      perhaps by promises that are by their nature improper as having no
      proper relationship to the prosecutor’s business (e.g.[,] bribes).

Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 755 (1970) (citing Shelton v. United States,

246 F.2d 571, 572 n.2 (5th Cir. 1957); see also Rios v. State, 377 S.W.3d 131, 136

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d) (a plea is involuntary when

induced by threats, misrepresentations, or improper promises by a prosecutor, judge,

or law enforcement officials).

      In this case, Botts testified that the trial judge told her “there was a high

probability” that he would stack the sentences, as he has a habit of doing. Botts also

testified that the judge had said nothing more than what he was able to do regarding

stacking sentences and that she believed the judge’s “high probability” remark was

“a threat designed to persuade [Merritt] to take the plea bargain[.]” The prosecutor

testified that the trial judge answered a question asked by Botts about possible

stacking. The prosecutor also testified that the trial judge also told Botts that, on at

least one prior occasion, he had ordered consecutive sentences in a multiple count

child sex case. The prosecutor testified that the judge “never got in the plea bargain

in any form or fashion.” After the hearing on the motion for new trial, the court made
a finding of fact that the trial court judge did not initiate any discussion regarding

stacked sentences.

      We defer to the trial court’s determination of historical facts that are based on

an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Crain, 315 S.W.3d at 48. Because the

trial court’s findings of fact are supported by the record, we limit further discussion

to whether the trial court improperly applied the law to the facts. Romero, 800

S.W.2d at 543. The record before us provides no evidence of threats,

misrepresentation, or improper promises by the trial court that would render

Merritt’s plea involuntary. See Brady, 397 U.S. at 755. Moreover, the record shows

that the trial court gave a proper admonishment, which constitutes a prima facie

showing that Merritt’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary. See Martinez, 981

S.W.2d at 197; Ex parte Gibauitch, 688 S.W.2d at 871; Ex parte Arjona, 402 S.W.3d

at 318. The record reflects no evidence that Merritt pleaded guilty without

understanding the consequences of his plea and thereby suffered harm. See Martinez,

981 S.W.2d at 197. Moreover, a trial court generally has broad discretion to

determine whether multiple sentences will run consecutively or concurrently. See

Barrow v. State, 207 S.W.3d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Accordingly, the trial

court did not err in finding that Merritt failed to meet his burden to show that the
alleged comments by the trial court rendered his guilty plea involuntary. See

Martinez, 981 S.W.2d at 197.1 We overrule Merritt’s first issue.

                                 Coercion by Counsel

       In his second issue, Merritt argues that his guilty plea was involuntary because

his attorney manipulated and coerced him to accept the plea bargain. The trial court’s

findings of fact reflect that the court properly admonished Merritt concerning the

consequences of entering a guilty plea and that Merritt’s responses reflected that he

understood his rights and that he had not been threatened, forced, or coerced him

into pleading guilty. Because the record reflects that Merritt was properly

admonished, he had the burden to prove that he did not understand the consequences

of his plea. See id.

       Merritt’s own testimony at the hearing on the motion for new trial reflects that

he understood the consequences of pleading guilty. Merritt also acknowledged in his

testimony that, if a jury convicted him, he understood that punishment would be



       1
        Because the trial court did not find that the trial court had participated in plea
negotiations, on this record, we find it unnecessary to address Appellant’s suggestion
that “Texas should join the federal courts and other states in holding that judicial
participation in plea negotiations renders a guilty plea involuntary.” See Tex. R. App.
P. 47.1. Under federal rules, a trial court “must not participate” in plea agreement
discussions. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1); see also United States v. Pena, 720 F.3d
561, 573 (5th Cir. 2013) (characterizing Rule 11 as a “bright-line prohibition of all
judicial participation in plea negotiations”).
within the range of two to twenty years on each count. In addition, Merritt agreed

that his plea counsel gave him her “opinion” that a jury would probably convict him

and could assess twenty years confinement on each count.

      On this record, we conclude that Merritt has not met his heavy burden to show

that he did not understand the consequences of entering his guilty plea. See id. The

trial court’s ruling does not lie outside the zone of reasonable disagreement, and the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Merritt’s motion for new trial. We

overrule Merritt’s second issue.

                               Eligibility for Probation

      In his third issue, Merritt argues that his guilty plea was involuntary because

his plea counsel failed to advise him that he would have been eligible for probation

from a jury. Merritt failed to make this argument in his Motion for New Trial, and

he fails to specify where he made this argument in the trial court. Therefore, he failed

to preserve error on this point for our review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1 (To preserve

error for appellate review the complaining party must show that it presented its

complaint to the trial court in a timely request, objection, or motion and that the trial

court ruled on the request.); Burbage v. Burbage, 447 S.W.3d 249, 257 (Tex. 2014);

Hailey v. State, 87 S.W.3d 118, 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (“[A] trial court’s

decision will not be reversed on a theory the trial court did not have an opportunity
to rule upon and upon which the non-appealing party did not have an opportunity to

develop a complete factual record.”).2 We overrule Merritt’s third issue.

      Because we have found no error, we need not determine whether any

prejudice resulted. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. Having overruled all Merritt’s issues,

we affirm the judgment of conviction.

      AFFIRMED.



                                                    _________________________
                                                       LEANNE JOHNSON
                                                             Justice


Submitted on January 31, 2018
Opinion Delivered March 14, 2018
Do Not Publish

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.




      2
        We note that the record is undeveloped as to the age of the complaining
witness at the time the offense occurred. A defendant convicted by a jury of
indecency with a child is not eligible for community supervision “if the victim of the
offense was younger than 14 years of age at the time the offense was committed[.]”
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42A.056(4) (West Supp. 2017) (previously
codified at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12).
