                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


7-6-2004

Ohannessian v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-1174




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                                                                    NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                  Nos. 03-1174/1701
                                    ___________

                            SARKIS OHANNESSIAN;
                        KEVORK OHANES OHANNESSIAN,
                                                Petitioners

                                               v.

               JOHN ASHCROFT, Attorney General of the United States,
                                                    Respondent
                               ___________

                          On Petition for Review of an Order
                         of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                        (BIA Nos. A78-411-430, A78-411-431)
                                     ___________

                     Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    May 6, 2004

    Before: SLOVITER, FUENTES, Circuit Judges, and POLLAK,* District Judge.

                             (Opinion Filed:        July 6, 2004)

                             ________________________

                                     OPINION
                             ________________________




      *
       The Honorable Louis H. Pollak, U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.

                                            1
FUENTES, Circuit Judge:

       Petitioners Sarkis Ohannessian and Kevork Ohanes Ohannessian (“the

Ohannessians”), Lebanese citizens, are brothers who arrived in the United States together

from Lebanon. They each applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection

under Article 3 of the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), alleging that they

experienced various incidents of harassment and beatings by Syrian Muslim government

officials and by Hizbollah agents in Lebanon because of their political views, ethnicity,

and faith. The Ohannessians were heard separately by two Immigration Judges (“IJs”).

Both IJs denied the Ohannessians’ applications, finding that their respective petitioner

had failed to offer credible testimony and had failed to meet their burdens of proof and

persuasion. They now appeal the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) affirmance of

the denial of their applications. Because we find that the IJ’s decisions are supported by

substantial evidence, we affirm.

                                          I. Facts

       The Ohanessians are Lebanese citizens of Armenian ethnicity and Christian faith

who arrived in the United States in “Transit Without Visa” in October 2000. Upon

arrival, they were interviewed by immigration officials and both expressed fear of

returning to Lebanon. Later that month, the Ohanessians each attended a “credible fear”

interview, where they related to asylum officers that they had been subjected to various

incidents of persecution, including detentions and beatings, by Syrian Muslim



                                             2
government officials and by Hizbollah agents in Lebanon because they had participated in

an anti-Syrian organization known as the “Lebanese Forces.” The asylum officers found

both of the petitioners to be credible. However, the Ohanessians were later served with a

Notice to Appear and charged with violations of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(c)(i) for seeking

admission to the United States by fraud or misrepresentation and § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) for

entering the United States without a valid passport or travel documents.

       Both petitioners were paroled and later applied for political asylum, withholding of

removal, and protection under Article 3 of the CAT. In January and February of 2002,

Kevork and Sarkis, respectively, testified at separate hearings on the merits before

different IJs. At their hearings, the Ohannessians recounted largely the same incidents

which culminated in their decision to leave Lebanon.

         In 1990, the Ohannessians became members of a militant group called the

Lebanese Forces, which opposed the Syrian Muslim regime in Lebanon and was seeking

the freedom of Christians within Lebanon. The Ohannessians were about 16 and 13 years

of age at the time. The Ohannessians testified that as members, they distributed anti-

Syrian pamphlets, helped with wounded members, and cleaned offices. Sarkis

Ohannessian testified that additionally, because of his skill as a graphic designer, he

designed some of the pamphlets that were distributed. At some point after 1991, the

Lebanese Forces were disbanded and the Ohannessians became clandestine members of

an underground “Youth Movement” comprised of ex-members of the Lebanese Forces.



                                              3
The Ohannessians did not give any details about their activities with this “Youth

Movement,” although they testified that they believe they were placed on a “blacklist”

created by Syrian Intelligence in 1992 because of their membership in both organizations.

       The incidents of persecution the Ohannessians testified to at their hearings

occurred between the years 1996 and 2000, some six to ten years after their participation

with the Lebanese Forces. In 1996, the Ohannessians were arrested by plain clothes

Syrian officers at a riot, where Kevork testified he was distributing anti-Syrian pamphlets.

They were taken to a government building where they were detained and beaten before

they were released five hours later. Sarkis testified that the beating consisted of being

tied to a chair and then being kicked, slapped, and punched.

       The next incident did not occur until 1998, when the Ohanessians were detained by

agents they believed to be Hizbollah members, allegedly because their names were on the

“blacklist” of Lebanese Forces members. They both testified that they were put into a van

and taken to a remote area where they were questioned, beaten and then released about

seven hours later. The same scenario recurred with Hizbollah members twice in 1999,

where once again the Ohannessians were detained, put into a van and taken to a location

where they were questioned, beaten, and then released. The final incident the

Ohannessians testified to occurred in the summer of 2000, when they were arrested by

Syrian officials again for distributing anti-Syrian pamphlets. They were interrogated,

beaten, and then released. After this final incident, the Ohannessians felt they needed to



                                              4
leave Lebanon for fear of future persecution.

       At their hearings, the Ohannessians each offered into evidence supporting

documentation that consisted of affidavits from their parents corroborating the beating

that occurred in 2000, a letter from a doctor who treated them for the injuries that resulted

from the 2000 beating, and country reports documenting the hostility between Syrian

Muslims and Armenian Christians and the persecution that Christians suffer in Lebanon.

In addition, each petitioner testified on his own behalf.

       After separate hearings on the merits, the Ohannessians’ applications for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT were denied. The IJ who presided

over Sarkis’ hearing determined that he had not met his burden of proof or persuasion for

several reasons. Most importantly, the IJ did not believe his testimony to be credible

because Sarkis could not corroborate any of the incidents he described, he failed to seek

any medical treatment for the injuries he received until 2000, and the testimony itself was

inconsistent with a supporting document and a prior credible fear interview. The IJ also

noted that Sarkis’ parents were present at the hearing, indicating they had no difficulty

traveling from Lebanon to the United States. Finally, the IJ concluded that Sarkis’ youth

and his seemingly limited participation with the Lebanese Forces were unlikely to make

him a target of persecution years later.

       The IJ presiding over the hearing for Kevork Ohannessian reached a similar

decision. The IJ found that Kevork had not testified credibly and had not met his burdens



                                              5
of proof and persuasion. The IJ observed that Kevork’s testimony was “labored, hesitant,

drawn out, and vague” with long periods of silence and exhibition of nervous behavior

such as fidgeting. In addition, the testimony contained no specificity regarding any of the

alleged incidents. Kevork could not remember dates or places that the incidents occurred,

nor could he describe the torture or beatings with any detail. The IJ also found that

Kevork misrepresented facts to the court, attempting to conceal that he had made trips

abroad from Lebanon to Syria between 1998 and 2000 by claiming that exit and entry

stamps in his passport were internal checkpoints. Finally, no other evidence was provided

that could substantiate his claim besides what the IJ found to be self-serving affidavits

and country reports detailing general conditions in Lebanon.

       The Ohannessians appealed the IJs decisions to the BIA. In each case, the BIA

issued a summary affirmance of the IJ’s decision. The Ohannessians now appeal the final

orders of the BIA.1 Because they each raise different issues on appeal, we discuss them

separately below.

                        II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       We have jurisdiction to review the final order of the BIA pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §

1252(a)(1). When the final order of the BIA summarily affirms or defers to the decision

of the IJ, we then review the IJ’s decision. See Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 n.



       1
       Sarkis Ohannessian appeals the denial of political asylum and withholding of
removal. Kevork Ohanes Ohanessian appeals the denial of political asylum, withholding
of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture.

                                              6
2 (3d Cir. 2001).

       We review all factual determinations and credibility findings by the IJ under the

substantial evidence standard. See Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483 (3d Cir. 2001).

Under this standard, the court will sustain the factual determinations of the IJ unless the

evidence on record compels the opposite conclusion. See Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266,

272 (3d Cir. 2002). We review a violation of due process rights de novo. See Chong v.

INS, 264 F.3d 378, 386 (3d Cir. 2001).

                                      III. Discussion

       The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) provides that the Attorney General

may grant asylum to an individual who meets the definition of a refugee. 8 U.S.C. §

1158(b)(1) (2000). A refugee is defined as any person

       who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail
       himself or herself of the protection of [ ] that country because of
       persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
       religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
       opinion...

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (2000). The asylum applicant bears the burden of

establishing eligibility for asylum. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) (2000); Senathirajah v.

INS, 157 F.3d 210, 215 (3d Cir. 1998). To meet this burden, applicants must show

either that they have been victims of past persecution or that they have a well-

founded fear of future persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b) (2000). This showing

may be made through testimony that is “credible, persuasive, and points to specific



                                              7
facts that give rise to an inference that the applicant has been or has a good reason

to fear that he or she will be singled out for persecution.” Matter of Mogharrabi, 19

I & N Dec. 439, 443 (BIA 1987).

       The standards for granting withholding of removal and protection under the

CAT are higher than the standard for granting asylum. The Attorney General must

withhold deportation to a country if the alien’s “life or freedom would be

threatened in such country on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in

a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h) (2000). To

qualify for withholding of removal, an applicant must establish a clear probability

of persecution. INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 413 (1987). This requires that the

applicant provide “objective evidence that it is more likely than not that the alien

would be subject to persecution on one of the specified grounds.” Id. at 429-30.

Since this standard is more stringent than the standard for granting asylum, an

applicant who cannot meet the asylum burden cannot meet the withholding of

removal burden. See Chang v. INS, 119 F.3d 1055, 1059 (3d Cir. 1997).

       Similarly, an applicant for protection under the CAT bears the burden of

establishing that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if

removed to the proposed country of removal. See Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d

463, 471 (3d Cir. 2003). This also requires a showing of objective evidence to

qualify for relief. See id.



                                               8
                               A. Sarkis Ohannessian

       On appeal, petitioner Sarkis Ohannessian raises several arguments. First,

Sarkis argues that the IJ erred by not finding that Sarkis had suffered past

persecution based on political opinion. This is a factual determination made by the

IJ, which we will sustain unless the evidence on the record compels the opposite

conclusion. See Abdille, 242 F.3d at 438.

       As mentioned above, the strength of Sarkis’ claim rested mostly on his own

testimony, which the IJ found to be not credible. The IJ listed several reasons for

reaching this conclusion. Most importantly, the IJ found inconsistencies between

Sarkis’ testimony and the supporting documents he had submitted as corroborative

evidence. Sarkis testified that in August of 2000 he was detained and beaten by

Syrian officials and that afterward he sought medical treatment for his injuries. To

corroborate his injuries, Sarkis submitted a letter from the doctor who treated him,

Dr. Aziz Kerba. The letter, however, states that the doctor examined Sarkis in

June, not August. The letter also says that Sarkis was treated in the doctor’s office

and then sent home for bed rest, while Sarkis testified that he was treated by the

doctor in his own home.

       The IJ noted a second inconsistency between Sarkis’ testimony at the

hearing and answers that he had given in the credible fear interview. Unlike the

testimony he gave in court, in the credible fear interview, Sarkis said he had never



                                              9
been arrested and that he had been detained and released several times but did not

mention being beaten. No explanation was given for these discrepancies.

       Next, the IJ noted that while Sarkis testified to being beaten and severely

injured on several occasions prior to 2000, he apparently did not seek any type of

medical treatment for those injuries nor could he provide any type of evidence to

corroborate those injuries.

       Third, the IJ concluded that Sarkis had not established a clear link between

his activities with the Lebanese Forces as a young teenager and the incidents of

persecution that occurred between 1996 and 2000. Aside from professing his belief

that his name was on a Syrian “blacklist,” Sarkis did not provide any other evidence

that would link his activities with the Lebanese Forces to the events which occurred

in 1996 until 2000.

       Finally, the IJ observed that Sarkis’ parents were present at the hearing.

There was no indication in the record that they have ever been persecuted, detained,

or beaten while in Lebanon and they were able to travel freely between Lebanon,

Syria, and the United States.

       As we noted in Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, a credibility determination made

by an IJ “will be afforded substantial deference where it is grounded in evidence in

the record and where the IJ provides specific cogent reasons for her determination.”

330 F.3d 587, 597 (3d cir. 2003). Here, the IJ has done so. We do not find that the



                                             10
evidence on the record is strong enough to compel us to reach the opposite

determination in this case. We agree that the inconsistencies in testimony and the

omission of medical information for all instances except one, in light of the

seriousness of the injuries alleged, certainly harm Sarkis’s credibility.

       We also find that it was not unreasonable for the IJ to infer that Sarkis’s

participation with the Lebanese Forces at age 16, cleaning offices and tending to

wounded members, was unlikely to make him a target of persecution approximately

ten years later. Sarkis objects to this interpretation, claiming that his role as the

designer of communications paraphernalia was significant participation. However,

there is no evidence in the record which corroborates Sarkis’s testimony.

Considering that Sarkis was particularly young at the time and that the alleged

incidents did not occur until many years later, this information is not substantial

enough to disturb the IJ’s conclusion that Sarkis had not established a link between

his participation in the Lebanese Forces and the incidents of persecution he

experienced.

       Without credible testimony or other corroborating evidence, Sarkis’s claim

fails. See Matter of Mogharrabi, 19 I & N Dec. at 443. Thus, we conclude that the IJ

did not err by not finding Sarkis had suffered past persecution.

       Secondly, Sarkis argues that the IJ erred by not finding a well-founded fear

of future persecution. To demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution,



                                               11
Sarkis has to show that he has a genuine fear of persecution and that such fear is

reasonably based on objective evidence. See Chang, 119 F.3d at 1065. In finding

that Sarkis had not made this showing, the IJ noted that the background material on

Lebanon showed that while “there’s quite a bit of fighting and tension between the

two groups” the situation “appears to be substantially better and less volatile than it

was some years ago.” A.R. 53. Based on this information, the IJ could not

conclude that Sarkis had shown he would be subjected to persecution if he returned

to Lebanon.

       We view this finding by the IJ as consistent with 8 C.F.R. §

208.13(b)(1)(i)(A), which requires an IJ to deny an applicant’s asylum request

based on past persecution if a preponderance of the evidence shows that “there has

been a fundamental change in circumstances [in the country] such that the applicant

no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution.” Therefore, we find that the IJ did

not err by not finding that Sarkis had a well-founded fear of future persecution.

       Sarkis’ last arguments on appeal may be dealt with briefly. First, he argues

that the IJ erred by denying his applications for asylum and withholding of removal.

Because the IJ correctly found that Sarkis did not meet his burdens of proof or

persuasion to establish either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future

persecution, it was not error to deny his application for asylum. Furthermore,

because the standard for granting withholding of removal is higher than the



                                             12
standard for granting asylum, the IJ also correctly denied the application for

withholding of removal. See Chang, 119 F.3d at 1059.

       Finally, Sarkis appeals the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s decision without

opinion, arguing that the BIA abused its discretion by doing so. We cannot agree.

As we held in Dia v. Ashcroft, the use of the streamlining procedure of affirmance

without opinion used by the BIA is a constitutionally valid procedure. 353 F.3d

228, 237-45 (3d Cir. 2003). Therefore, there was no abuse of discretion.

                              B. Kevork Ohannessian

         Kevork Ohannessian also raises several arguments on appeal from the

BIA’s affirmance of the denial of his applications for asylum, withholding of

removal, and protection under the CAT. First, we address his arguments that the IJ

erred by finding him to be not credible and by finding that he had not satisfied his

burdens of proof and persuasion. We reiterate that we will review these findings

under the substantial evidence standard. See Abdille, 242 F.3d at 483.

       In her oral decision, the IJ stated several reasons for finding Kevork to be

not credible. First, the IJ noted that throughout the hearing, Kevork’s testimony

was “labored, hesitant, drawn out, and vague” with long periods of silence and

exhibition of nervous behavior such as fidgeting. The IJ received the overall

impression that Kevork was “[t]rying to remember what it was . . . that he was

supposed to recite back in response to the questions.” A.R. 56.



                                             13
       Second, Kevork seemed unable to provide any specific facts or details

regarding the alleged events. The IJ mentions that Kevork could not accurately

describe where or when these events occurred, nor did he give any descriptions of

the beatings he received or the injuries he sustained, even when pressed by the IJ to

elaborate on his answers.

       The IJ’s credibility determination was finally based on her observation that

Kevork attempted to misrepresent facts to the court. When the IJ asked Kevork

about certain stamps in his passport, he responded that these were internal

checkpoints. The translator present at the hearing, however, interpreted them to be

entry and exit stamps. Upon further pressing, Kevork finally admitted that these

were stamps he received from traveling between Syria and Lebanon between the

years 1998 and 2000. The IJ concluded that it was unlikely that someone who was

allegedly targeted by the government and Hizbollah agents would be permitted to

travel freely between these countries.

       In Abdulrahman, we observed that “an immigration judge alone is in a

position to observe an alien’s tone and demeanor, to explore inconsistencies in

testimony, and to apply workable and consistent standards in the evaluation of

testimonial evidence.” 330 F.3d at 597. Here, the IJ observed Kevork’s behavior at

the trial and concluded that, ultimately, he was unbelievable. Since we have only

the record from which to conduct our analysis, we must defer to the IJ’s firsthand



                                            14
experience with Kevork’s presentation of his testimony.

       Furthermore, we do not think it is unreasonable to doubt Kevork’s credibility

based on the omissions and misrepresentations in the testimony. Surely, if the

alleged incidents were severe enough to cause Kevork to flee in fear of his life, it is

reasonable to expect him to remember at least some details of those events. The

BIA has held that if an applicant’s testimony is overly general, the BIA may find

that an applicant has failed to meet the required burden of proof. Matter of S.M.J,

21 I. & N. Dec. 722, 729. Similarly, if Kevork was indeed a government or

Hizbollah target, we agree it is unlikely that he would be allowed to travel in and

out of the country for two years.

       We see no other evidence in the record which would tend to establish

Kevork’s claim. Therefore, the IJ did not err by finding Kevork to be not credible

and by finding that had not met his burden of proof and persuasion.

       The second argument raised on appeal is that the IJ failed to consider the

persecution of Christians that occurs in Lebanon and that the IJ erred by denying

relief under the CAT. However, we find direct evidence in the record to the

contrary. Before articulating the analysis in her decision, the IJ clearly states, “I’ve

also considered the Country Conditions Report generated by the Department of

State and the numerous submission [sic] made by counsel in support of the

application relating to the background documentation and Country Reports.” A.R.



                                              15
55.

       In addition, the IJ specifically addresses the situation of Christians in

Lebanon when addressing the availability of relief under the CAT by saying,

“[c]learly the Country Reports would have tended to support a claim of just a

Christian being a victim of harassment or discrimination but, in this case, the record

for this respondent certainly does not meet the burden of proof nothwithstanding

country conditions.” A.R. 59.

       In Zubeda v. Ashcroft, we noted that “[r]eports of generalized brutality

within a country do not necessarily allow an alien to sustain his/her burden under

the Convention Against Torture.” 333 F.3d 463, 478 (3d Cir. 2003). Clearly, the IJ

applied this standard when considering the information in the Country Condition

Reports, as indicated by the IJ’s statement above. We therefore conclude that there

was no error by the IJ.

       The third argument raised on appeal by Kevork is that his due process rights

were violated during the hearing because the IJ was sarcastic, rushed him in his

testimony, and impeded his ability to concentrate on the issues. As stated before,

we review this claim de novo. See Chong, 264 F.3d at 386.

       This Circuit has held that aliens facing removal are entitled to due process,

which consists of three components: 1) factfinding based on a record produced

before the decisionmaker that is disclosed to him or her; 2) an opportunity to make



                                              16
arguments on his own behalf; and 3) an individualized determination of his

interests. Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 549. In this case, none of the above have been

denied, purposefully or inadvertently, to Kevork and therefore he has been

afforded all of his due process rights. While the IJ’s demeanor may have been less

than pleasant–indeed, the transcript of the hearing reflects several comments we

find to be singularly inappropriate such as “[y]ou either know the answers or you

don’t know the answers and you’re making it up,” and “between you taking your

time . . . and him not knowing what the answers and fumbling all around we’ll be

here til midnight,” App. at 23-24, lack of courtesy does not amount to a violation of

due process. See Abdulrahman, 330 F.3d at 597.

       At the hearing, Kevork was represented by counsel and an Arabic translator

was present to interpret questions and answers. Despite the IJ’s comments, she did

provide numerous opportunities for Kevork to provide further explanations or

details that would enhance his testimony and support his claim. The oral decision

indicates that IJ properly evaluated Kevork’s claim by the evidence in the record,

and both the IJ and the BIA conducted an individualized review of this case.

Therefore, we find that Kevork’s due process rights were not violated.

       Finally, Kevork objects to the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s decision without

an opinion. As we previously stated, the affirmance without opinion procedure used

by the BIA does not contravene any constitutional rights nor does it exceed the



                                            17
administration’s power. See Dia, 353 F.3d at 237-45. We find that there is no error.

                                  IV. Conclusion

       We have conducted a thorough review of the record. Accordingly, for the

reasons stated above, we will affirm the denial of political asylum, withholding of

removal, and protection under the CAT.




                                            18
