[Cite as State v. Vunda, 2014-Ohio-3449.]



                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                            BUTLER COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,                                    :
                                                         CASE NOS. CA2012-07-130
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                       :                CA2013-07-113

                                                  :             OPINION
   - vs -                                                        8/11/2014
                                                  :

PAUL D. VUNDA,                                    :

        Defendant-Appellant.                      :



       CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                          Case No. CR2011-12-2144



Michael T. Gmoser, Butler County Prosecuting Attorney, Lina N. Alkamhawi, Government
Services Center, 315 High Street, 11th Floor, Hamilton, Ohio 45011, for plaintiff-appellee

Paul D. Vunda, #A666624, Lebanon Correctional Institution, P.O. Box 56, Lebanon, Ohio
45036, defendant-appellant, pro se



        HENDRICKSON, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Paul Vunda, appeals from his conviction in the Butler

County Court of Common Pleas for six counts of rape, three counts of unlawful sexual

contact with a minor, and two counts of contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a

child. For the reasons detailed below, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

        {¶ 2} Appellant immigrated to the United States from the Democratic Republic of

Congo in 2000 with the financial support of his sister. Upon arrival, appellant resided with his
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sister and her family at their house in West Chester, Ohio located in Butler County. The

victim, A.P., is appellant's niece who resided in the same West Chester house with her

family.

          {¶ 3} The sexual abuse at the center of this case began in 2000 when A.P. was six

years old. According to A.P.'s recollection, the first instance of sexual abuse occurred when

she was left home alone with appellant. A.P. testified that she had been in her family

computer room, playing on the computer, when appellant came up behind her and began

groping her breasts both on top and under her clothing. After the initial encounter, A.P.

testified that the sexual abuse escalated. A.P. stated that appellant would feel her vagina

both on top and under her clothing and would also insert his fingers into her vagina. When

A.P. turned seven years old, the sexual abuse escalated to sexual intercourse.

          {¶ 4} A.P. elaborated that each instance of sexual abuse occurred when appellant

was left alone with her at the West Chester house. A.P. further testified that this abuse

occurred routinely over a period of 11 years. A.P. stated that she was often left alone with

appellant because he was responsible for waking her up in the morning, taking her to the bus

stop for school, and transporting her to basketball practice in the evenings. Over this 11-year

period, A.P. clearly indicated that appellant had continuously sexually abused A.P. through

numerous acts of vaginal penetration, fellatio, cunnilingus, and digital penetration from 2000-

2011.

          {¶ 5} The sexual abuse ended in 2011 when A.P. was 17 years old after she placed

a hidden camera in the basement and captured footage of appellant digitally penetrating her

vagina and then engaging in vaginal intercourse. A.P. then showed the video to her mother.

          {¶ 6} After seeing the video, A.P.'s mother confronted appellant who immediately fell

to his knees, began sobbing, and apologized for his actions. In addition, appellant offered to

return to the Congo as punishment for the sexual abuse and stated "[f]orgive me, forgive me.
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I'm willing to go to the Congo." Instead, A.P.'s mother alerted authorities who began an

investigation.

       {¶ 7} Appellant was subsequently brought to the police station and questioned by

Detective Mize of the West Chester Police Department. After being advised of his rights,

appellant admitted to sexually abusing A.P. and acknowledged that he had been doing so

since A.P. was very young. Appellant further elaborated on his admission by acknowledging

that he engaged in numerous acts of vaginal penetration, fellatio, cunnilingus, and digital

penetration with A.P. over the years. When asked how many times that he had engaged in

each type of conduct, appellant stated that he could not recall, but admitted that he had

touched A.P. in her private areas more than 50 times, engaged in cunnilingus or fellatio at

least ten times, and had sexual intercourse with A.P. at least ten times. Furthermore,

appellant admitted that he was the person captured on the hidden camera engaged in sexual

intercourse with A.P.

       {¶ 8} Appellant was subsequently indicted on seven counts of rape in violation of

R.C. 2907.02, three counts of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor in violation of R.C.

2907.04, and two counts of contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child in violation

of R.C. 2919.24.

       {¶ 9} Prior to trial, appellant moved to suppress all incriminating statements made to

Detective Mize during the investigation based on an alleged Miranda violation. The trial court

held a hearing on the motion, which was subsequently denied.

       {¶ 10} The matter proceeded to a jury trial where appellant was found guilty of six

counts of rape, three counts of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor, and two counts of

contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child. The jury also made an additional

finding that A.P. was under the age of ten years old on the fourth count of rape, involving the

instances of sexual abuse occurring in 2003. Appellant was found not guilty of one count of
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rape for the allegations of sexual abuse occurring in 2000. The trial court imposed a

minimum 14-year prison term on appellant. Because of the additional finding made by the

jury on count four involving the 2003 rape, appellant is serving a term of life imprisonment

with parole eligibility after ten years on that count. Appellant now appeals his convictions, pro

se, raising eight assignments of error for review. For ease of discussion, we will address

appellant's assignments of error out of order.

       {¶ 11} Assignment of Error No. 1:

       {¶ 12} DURING INCOMMUNICADO INTERROGATION IN POLICE DOMINATED

ATMOSPHERE, WITHOUT FULL WARNING OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS, WERE NOT

UNDERSTANDABLE TO A FRENCH SPEAKING FOREIGNER. THIS ACTION VIOLATED

THE FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION [sic].

       {¶ 13} In his first assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in denying

his motion to suppress the incriminating statements made to Detective Mize during the police

interrogation. Appellant first argues that Detective Mize never advised him of his Miranda

rights. However, appellant alternatively argues that, even if Detective Mize advised him of his

Miranda rights, his waiver of those rights was ineffective by virtue of his status as a foreigner

and as a native French speaker. We find no merit to this argument.

       {¶ 14} Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact. State v. Cochran, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2006-10-023, 2007-Ohio-3353, ¶

12. "When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court, as the trier of fact, is in the best

position to weigh the evidence in order to resolve factual questions and evaluate witness

credibility." State v. Harsh, 12th Dist. Madison No. CA2013-07-025, 2014-Ohio-251, ¶ 9;

State v. Linnik, 12th Dist. Madison No. CA2004-06-015, 2006-Ohio-880, ¶ 27. Therefore,

when reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, a reviewing court is bound to accept the

trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v.
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Oatis, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2005-03-074, 2005-Ohio-6038. However, an appellate court

"independently reviews the trial court's legal conclusions based on those facts and

determines, without deference to the trial court's decision, whether as a matter of law, the

facts satisfy the appropriate legal standard." Cochran at ¶ 12; Harsh at ¶ 10.

       {¶ 15} "When a suspect is questioned in a custodial setting, the Fifth Amendment

requires that he receive Miranda warnings to protect against compelled self-incrimination."

State v. Wesson, 137 Ohio St.3d 309, 2013-Ohio-4575, ¶ 34. "A suspect may then

knowingly and intelligently waive these rights and agree to make a statement." Id. If a

defendant later challenges a confession as involuntary, the state must prove a knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary waiver by a preponderance of evidence. Id. To determine whether

a valid waiver occurred, we "consider the totality of the circumstances, including the age,

mentality, and prior criminal experience of the accused; the length, intensity, and frequency

of interrogation; the existence of physical deprivation or mistreatment; and the existence of

threat or inducement." Id. at ¶ 35, quoting State v. Edwards, 49 Ohio St.2d 31 (1976),

paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶ 16} The trial court held a hearing on appellant's motion to suppress the statements

made to Detective Mize. After hearing the evidence presented, the trial court overruled

appellant's motion. In pertinent part, the trial court found:

             The Court will find the defendant freely and voluntarily gave his
             statement, that he was properly Mirandized, he was given all the
                                                         1
             warnings as set forth in State's Exhibit 1. It's clear from the tape
             that he understood the English language. He appeared in this tape
             to be relaxed, willing to answer the questions. Does not appear that
             there were promises or inducements inappropriately made to this
             defendant. Quite frankly, there was - - the Court did not observe or
             understand any inducements being made to this defendant.

             The defendant was advised of his right to remain silent, to stop the

1. The state's exhibit one is a written copy of the Miranda warnings provided to appellant prior to the
interrogation by Detective Mize.
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             questioning. Was advised regarding his right to an attorney. He did
             not exercise any of those rights. He was not deprived of any
             necessities. The interview process, the interview itself was not
             excessively long. In fact, we all sat here probably for more than a
             half an hour or hour, longer than this, than the interview itself here
             in the courtroom and none of us needed or asked for a break. The
             court didn't observe that there was any evidence of abuse, physical
             or otherwise.

             Now, it's not completely clear to this Court whether the defendant
             was able to read and understand the English language, but it is
             clear from the exchange that the defendant understood that by
             signing the card, that he was agreeing and acknowledging that
             Detective Mize had read to him his Miranda rights. The Court will
             find that he was properly Mirandized.

       {¶ 17} Based on our review of the record, we find the trial court properly denied

appellant's motion to suppress. The record reflects that Detective Mize read appellant his

Miranda rights prior to any questioning and appellant voluntarily waived those rights. The

video evidence clearly establishes that Detective Mize orally advised appellant of his rights

on multiple occasions and appellant understood his rights. Detective Mize also paraphrased

those rights to make it clear that appellant had no obligation to consent to any interview with

police. In addition, the record reflects that appellant was provided with a written notice of his

Miranda rights and appellant voluntarily signed his name to that document, which provides "I

[Paul Vunda] have been advised of all of my rights as contained on this card and I

understand all of them and I wish to talk to you without having a lawyer present." In

conclusion, the record clearly establishes that appellant was repeatedly advised of his

Miranda rights, but nevertheless chose to continue with the interview.

       {¶ 18} Although appellant claims that he did not understand the English language and

therefore was not able to knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his Miranda rights, we

find those arguments are contrary to the facts of the case. Appellant's videotaped interview

with Detective Mize clearly indicates that appellant understood the English language and was

capable of understanding his rights. Appellant had been living in the United States for more
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than a decade and communicated with Detective Mize in English. Although Detective Mize

testified that appellant had an accent, he also stated that appellant did not appear to have

any difficulty understanding or speaking the English language. Appellant did not request that

the interview be conducted in French or ask for an interpreter. Throughout the entirety of the

interview, appellant appeared relaxed and willing to answer the interrogating officer's

questions. Appellant's comprehension of the language and subject matter of the interview

was evident based on the fact that he provided relevant and appropriate responses to

Detective Mize's questions. In addition, appellant was very clear in asking Detective Mize to

clarify questions and was not hesitant to correct the detective when the detective

misunderstood a response. In sum, the trial court correctly found that appellant had

voluntarily waived his Miranda rights. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying

appellant's motion to suppress. Appellant's first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 19} Assignment of Error No. 5:

       {¶ 20} THE DEFENDANT HAS ESTABLISH A PRIMAFACIA SHOWING OF

DISCRIMINATIVE INDENYING JURORS OF HIS PEERS AND NOT TO BE PREJUDICED

BECAUSE OF BEING AFRICAN, AND FROM A DIFFERANT COUNTRY, THIS VIOLATED

THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE U.S.C.A. CONST. AMEND. 14 [sic].

       {¶ 21} Appellant's fifth assignment error of states that "there was a white judge, all

white jurors except one juror this would be 11 to one, and two white woman prosecutors, and

his appointed counsel was also white." Based on those observations, appellant argues that

there was "purposeful racial discrimination in the selection of the venire" and maintains that

his conviction must be overturned. Appellant's argument is without merit.

       {¶ 22} Pursuant to the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution, a criminal defendant has the right to have a jury chosen from a fair cross

section of the community. State v. Puente, 69 Ohio St.2d 136, 138 (1982). In order to
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comply with the "fair cross section" requirement, a jury must be selected without the

systematic or intentional exclusion of any cognizable group. State v. Wood, 12th Dist. Preble

No. CA2005-11-018, 2006-Ohio-3781, ¶ 27. In order to establish a violation of the fair cross

section requirement, a criminal defendant must demonstrate three things: "(1) that the group

alleged to be excluded is a distinctive group in the community, (2) that the representation of

this group in venires from which juries are selected is not fair and reasonable in relation to

the number of such persons in the community, and (3) the under-representation is due to

systematic exclusion of the group in the jury selection process." State v. Clay, 2d Dist. Miami

No. 08CA33, 2009-Ohio-5608, ¶ 21.

       {¶ 23} In the present case, appellant has failed to support his assertion of racial

discrimination. First, appellant has failed to produce or point to any evidence in the record

that any distinctive group in the community was intentionally excluded from the jury venire.

Appellant's sole argument to support his claim of racial discrimination is the bare assertion

contained in his appellate brief that "members of his race have been impermissibly excluded

from the venire and may make out a prima facie case of purposeful discrimin[ation]."

Furthermore, as the state correctly points out in its brief, appellant failed to provide a

transcript of the voir dire process and therefore there is nothing for this court to review.

       {¶ 24} As this court has repeatedly explained, "[s]ince the appealing party bears the

burden of showing error in the underlying proceeding by reference to matters in the record,

the appellant has a duty to provide a transcript for appellate review." State v. Williams, 12th

Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-Ohio-08-060, 2013-Ohio-1387, ¶ 18; Knapp v. Edwards

Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 199 (1980); see App. R. 9(B); see also App. R. 16(A)(7).

"Where portions of the transcript necessary for resolution of assigned errors are omitted from

the record, the reviewing court has nothing to pass upon and thus has no choice but to

presume the regularity or validity of the lower court's proceedings and affirm." Knapp at 199;
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Williams at ¶ 18; State v. Gregory, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2006-05-016, 2006-Ohio-7037, ¶

3.

       {¶ 25} A review of the record in this case reveals that appellant did not submit a

transcript of the voir dire process, which was necessary for this assignment of error. Without

a transcript, we cannot determine the validity of any of the assertions that appellant made in

his brief and we must presume the regularity of the proceedings. As such, we find appellant

has failed to support his assertion of racial discrimination and therefore overrule his fifth

assignment of error.

       {¶ 26} Assignment of Error No. 4:

       {¶ 27} THE COURT ERRED WHEN PROSECUTION DID NOT ESTABLISHED

VENUE AS TO WHERE THE ALLEGED RAPES OCCURED, THERE WAS NOT A PRIMA

FACIASHOWING AS TO CREATE PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT, THE CRIME

OCCURED IN THE CONVICTING COUNTY [sic].

       {¶ 28} Appellant's fourth assignment of error alleges the state failed to prove that

Butler County was the appropriate venue for this action. We disagree.

       {¶ 29} Venue is not a material element of the offense, yet it is a fact that must be

proved beyond a reasonable doubt, unless it is waived by the defendant. State v. Smith,

12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2012-02-017, CA2012-02-018, 2012-Ohio-4644, ¶ 26, citing State

v. Headley, 6 Ohio St.3d 475, 477 (1983). Pursuant to R.C. 2901.12(A), venue lies in any

jurisdiction in which the offense or any element of the offense was committed. "[I]t is not

essential that the venue of the crime be proved in express terms, provided it be established

by all the facts and circumstances, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the crime was committed

in the county and state as alleged in the affidavit." State v. Birt, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2012-02-031, 2013-Ohio-1379, ¶ 27.

       {¶ 30} A review of the record reveals that the state presented clear and unrefuted
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testimony to demonstrate that venue was proper in Butler County. The victim in this case,

A.P., testified that between the years of 2000 and 2011, appellant sexually abused her

consistently and repeatedly. A.P. testified that she had lived in Butler County her entire life

and each instance of sexual abuse occurred at her house in West Chester. A.P.'s mother

corroborated A.P.'s testimony and confirmed that A.P. lived in Butler County in their shared

residence and appellant had previously lived in that residence. Contrary to appellant's

arguments, the record clearly establishes that the state established venue. Accordingly,

appellant's fourth assignment of error is overruled.

         {¶ 31} Assignment of Error No. 8:

         {¶ 32} THE CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDY REQUIRED TO THE STATE TO

CORRECT REMEDY OF PERJURED TESTIMONY AND THE FINAL REMEDY THAT MUST

BE PRESENTED ON THE TRUTH OF ALL TESTIMONY'S TO CREATE A FAIR TRIAL FOR

THE DEFENDANT WHICH THIS DENILE OF A CORRECTIVE REMEDY VIOLATED THE

REQUAL PROTECTION AND DUE PROCESS OF THE LAW, UNDER THE (14TH) AMEND

[sic].

         {¶ 33} In his eighth assignment of error, appellant argues that his conviction was

based on inconsistent and perjured testimony and maintains that his conviction must be

reversed. In so doing, appellant alleges that he only had sexual contact with A.P. one time in

2011 when the victim was 17 years old, which, coincidentally, is the time that A.P. captured

video evidence of appellant engaging in sexual intercourse with her. As such, we will

construe appellant's eighth assignment of error as a challenge to the manifest weight of the

evidence. However, because appellant's convictions are based on the manifest weight of the

evidence, we find appellant's arguments are without merit.

         {¶ 34} A manifest weight challenge concerns the inclination of the greater amount of

credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other."
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State v. Wilson, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2006-01-007, 2007-Ohio-2298, ¶ 34; State v. Gray,

12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-09-176, 2012-Ohio-4769, ¶ 78. In determining whether the

conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court "must weigh the

evidence and all reasonable inferences from it, consider the credibility of the witnesses and

determine whether in resolving conflicts, the [fact finder] clearly lost its way and created such

a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered." State v. Coldiron, 12th Dist. Clermont Nos. CA2003-09-078, CA2003-09-079,

2004-Ohio-5651, ¶ 24. "This discretionary power should be exercised only in the exceptional

case where the evidence weighs heavily against conviction." Id.; Gray at ¶ 78.

       {¶ 35} We begin by noting that this case involves allegations of sexual abuse from

2000 until 2011, when the victim was between the ages of six and 17 years old. Because of

the continuing nature of the sexual abuse, the state did not set forth specific dates for each

offense in the indictment, but instead charged appellant with one criminal offense for each

year that the abuse continued.

       {¶ 36} As we have previously noted, "[a] precise time and date of an alleged offense

are not ordinarily essential elements." State v. Blankenburg, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2010-

03-063, 2012-Ohio-1289, ¶ 43, citing State v. Sellards, 17 Ohio St.3d 169, 171 (1985). In

sexual abuse cases involving children, it may be impossible to provide a specific date. "The

problem is compounded where the accused and the victim are related or reside in the same

household, situations which often facilitate an extended period of abuse. An allowance for

reasonableness and inexactitude must be made for such cases." State v. Birt, 12th Dist.

Butler No. CA2012-02-031, 2013-Ohio-1379, ¶ 32, quoting State v. Barnes, 12th Dist. Brown

No. CA2010-06-009, 2011-Ohio-5226, ¶ 12.

       {¶ 37} In this case, appellant was charged with three different crimes: (1) seven

counts of rape when A.P. was between the ages of six and 12; (2) three counts of unlawful
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sexual conduct with a minor when A.P. was between the ages 13 and 15 years old; and (3)

two counts of contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child when A.P. was 16 and

17 years old.

       {¶ 38} Rape is defined under R.C. 2907.02 and provides "[n]o person shall engage in

sexual conduct with another who is not the spouse of the offender * * * when * * * [t]he other

person is less than thirteen years of age[.]"

       {¶ 39} The crime of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor is defined under R.C.

2907.04, and provides "[n]o person who is eighteen years of age or older shall engage in

sexual conduct with another, who is not the spouse of the offender, when the offender knows

the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, or the

offender is reckless in that regard."

       {¶ 40} Sexual conduct, as defined in both R.C. 2907.02 and R.C. 2907.04, includes,

inter alia, vaginal intercourse, fellatio, cunnilingus, and digital penetration of the vagina. R.C.

2901.01(A).

       {¶ 41} Finally, appellant was charged with two counts of contributing to the unruliness

or delinquency of a child in violation of R.C. 2919.24, which provides "[n]o person * * * shall *

* * [a]id, abet, induce, cause, encourage, or contribute to a child or a ward of the juvenile

court becoming an unruly child." An "unruly child" includes any child "[w]ho so deports

himself as to injure or endanger the health or morals of himself or others." State v. Johnston,

12th Dist. Warren No. CA99-07-079, 2000 WL 1875820, *3 (Dec. 26, 2000), citing R.C.

2151.022. "As a matter of law, a child is unruly who engages in sexual activity with an adult,

'as it is inherently injurious to the morals of the child or others.'" State v. Chewning, 12th

Dist. Clermont No. CA2004-01-002, 2004-Ohio-6661, ¶ 41 (reversed in part on other

grounds), citing State v. Lukens, 66 Ohio App.3d 794, 808 (10th Dist.1990).

       {¶ 42} In the present case, A.P. testified that appellant began sexually abusing her in
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2000 when she was six years old. A.P. acknowledged that appellant had sexually abused her

repeatedly. Specifically, A.P. testified that appellant had engaged in separate acts of fellatio,

cunnilingus, vaginal intercourse, and digital penetration of her vagina for each year beginning

in 2000 and ending in 2011. A.P. stated that each instance of sexual conduct occurred when

she was alone with appellant. This testimony was corroborated by A.P.'s mother who

testified that appellant routinely helped A.P. get ready for school in the morning and had a

key to the residence.

       {¶ 43} A.P.'s testimony was further corroborated by appellant's own admissions made

to the police during the police interrogation. In his interview with Detective Mize, appellant

admitted to touching A.P.'s private areas, including her breasts, vaginal area, and buttocks

many times over the years. In addition, appellant admitted to Detective Mize that he had: (1)

touched A.P. in her private areas more than 50 times; (2) engaged in cunnilingus or fellatio at

least ten times; and (3) had sexual intercourse with A.P. at least ten times.

       {¶ 44} Finally, neither party disputes A.P.'s age or date of birth. Therefore, it is

undisputed that A.P. was under the age of consent at all times relevant to the instances of

sexual abuse and under the age of 13 and 16, respectively, for each count of rape and

unlawful sexual conduct with a minor.

       {¶ 45} In light of the evidence presented, the jury did not clearly lose its way in

concluding that appellant was guilty of six counts of rape, three counts of unlawful sexual

conduct with a minor, and two counts of contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a

child. Although appellant denies that he had any sexual contact with A.P., except for the

2011 incident caught on videotape, the jury, as trier of fact, was in the best position to weigh

the credibility of the witnesses. The jury simply did not believe that appellant's position was

credible. Appellant's convictions are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Accordingly, we overrule appellant's eighth assignment of error.
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         {¶ 46} Assignment of Error No. 3:

         {¶ 47} WHEN THE JURY FOUND MR. VUNDA NOT GUILTY OF COUNT ONE THIS

CREATED PLAIN ERROR AND A JURISDICTIONAL DEFECT IN THIS PROCEEDINGS

[sic].

         {¶ 48} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that his conviction should be

overturned because the jury entered a finding of "not guilty" on one count of rape. Therefore,

appellant maintains that the irregularity in the verdict warrants reversal. We disagree.

         {¶ 49} It is well-established that "inconsistency in a verdict does not arise out of

inconsistent responses to different counts, but only arises out of inconsistent responses to

the same count." State v. Brown, 12 Ohio St.3d 147, 149 (1984). "Each count in an

indictment charges a distinct offense and is independent of all other counts; a jury's decision

as to one count is independent of and unaffected by the jury's finding on another count."

State v. Davis, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2010-06-143, 2011-Ohio-2207, ¶ 37.

         {¶ 50} As noted above, the jury's verdict was supported by the manifest weight of the

evidence. Although the jury found appellant not guilty on one count of rape, that finding does

not affect the validity of appellant's other convictions. Simply, the jury could reasonably

believe that appellant committed the separate instances of sexual abuse between the years

of 2001-2011, yet fail to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant committed one count

of rape in 2000. Appellant's third assignment of error is without merit.

         {¶ 51} Assignment of Error No. 2:

         {¶ 52} THE COURT VIOLATED THE SIXTH AMENDMENT WHEN THE COURT

APPOINTED A ATTORNEY THAT NEVER BEEN TO TRIAL OR HAD NEVER BEEN

EFFECTIVE AS TO HIS OWN CLIENT THIS ATTORNEY WAS A DEAD GIVE A WAY TO A

WIN TO THE PROSECUTION AS THIS COURT KNEW FOR A FACT THIS ATTORNEY

NEVER HAS BEEN TO TRIAL THIS VIOLATED THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT AND
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VIOLATED THE DEFENDANTS RIGHTS TO A FAIR TRIAL, UNDER THE DUE PROCESS

CLAUSEAND EQUAL PROTECTION RIGHTS [sic].

       {¶ 53} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel because: (1) this was his trial counsel's first time going to trial and

therefore, the result was a "dead bang winner" for the state; (2) his trial counsel failed to fully

investigate the time frame of the allegations; (3) his trial counsel never questioned any

witnesses; (4) his trial counsel should have requested a mistrial because Detective Mize was

present during the proceedings; (5) his trial counsel "should have brought up the Corpus

Delicti [sic]." Appellant's argument is meritless.

       {¶ 54} To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, an appellant must

establish: (1) that his trial counsel's performance was deficient; and (2) that such deficiency

prejudiced the defense to the point of depriving the appellant of a fair trial. Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984); State v. Vore, 12th Dist. Warren

Nos. CA2012-06-049, CA2012-10-106, 2013-Ohio-1490, ¶ 14. Trial counsel's performance

will not be deemed deficient unless it "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness."

Strickland at 688. To show prejudice, the appellant must prove there exists "a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different." Id. at 694. An appellant's failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland

test negates a court's need to consider the other. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389

(2000).

       {¶ 55} We first address appellant's complaints regarding his trial counsel's lack of

preparation. In his brief, appellant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

question any witnesses, and failing to fully investigate the time frame of the allegations.

Appellant bases this argument on his contention that the "only real evidence" of sexual abuse

in this case was the videotape of appellant having vaginal intercourse with A.P. in 2011 when
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the victim was 17 years old. Appellant further maintains that "if [the attorney] had done his

job there would have been only one charge. This charge would have been unlawful sexual

conduct with a minor." However, based on our previous discussion, there was ample

evidence to support appellant's conviction, including the victim's testimony and appellant's

own admissions regarding the sexual abuse. Furthermore, the record plainly indicates that

appellant's trial counsel did fully investigate this case and zealously represent appellant in

this matter. Appellant's trial counsel called five witnesses on appellant's behalf and engaged

each state witness in rigorous cross-examination. Indeed, appellant's trial counsel was

successful in securing a not guilty charge on one count of rape. Accordingly, appellant's

contentions are unfounded.

       {¶ 56} Appellant next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request

a mistrial because Detective Mize was present in the courtroom throughout the proceedings.

However, appellant's argument is meritless because Detective Mize was permitted to remain

in the courtroom during the trial because he was the representative for the state. Evid.R.

615(B); e.g., State v. Massie, 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-04-007, 2005-Ohio-1678, ¶ 11 ("a law

enforcement officer, may assist the prosecutor during trial and may remain in the courtroom

when a separation of the witnesses is ordered").

       {¶ 57} Next, appellant argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the

issue of the "corpus delicti rule." Appellant's understanding of the corpus delicti rule is

confused. The "corpus delicti" of a crime means the body or substance of the crime, and it

consists of two elements: (1) the act, and (2) the criminal agency of the act. State v.

Maranda, 94 Ohio St. 364 (1916), paragraph one of the syllabus. "It has long been

established as a general rule in Ohio that there must be some evidence outside of a

confession, tending to establish the corpus delicti, before such confession is admissible." Id.

at paragraph two of the syllabus.
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       {¶ 58} "The doctrine * * * was born out of great caution by the courts, in consideration

of certain cases of homicide wherein it had turned out that by reason of the failure of the

government to prove the death of the person charged as having been murdered it so

happened that such person sometimes survived the person accused as his murderer." State

v. Morgan, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2013-03-021, 2014-Ohio-250, ¶ 16, citing Maranda at

370. However, in light of the procedural safeguards granted to defendants in modern

criminal practice, "the practicality of the rule has come into serious question." State v. Gray,

12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-09-176, 2012-Ohio-4769, ¶ 27. As a result, the Supreme Court

has indicated that although the corpus delicti rule remains applicable, it need not be applied

"with a dogmatic vengeance." Morgan at ¶ 16.

       {¶ 59} The burden upon the state to provide some evidence of the corpus delicti is

minimal. State v. Sturgill, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2004-02-008, 2004-Ohio-6481, ¶ 10. It

is sufficient if there is some evidence outside of the confession that tends to prove some

material element of the crime charged." Id. at ¶ 9.

       {¶ 60} Based on our review, we find that appellant's argument with respect to the

doctrine of corpus delicti is without merit and appellant's trial counsel was not deficient for

failing to raise the issue at trial. As previously noted, the state presented ample evidence of

appellant's guilt, including the victim's testimony, appellant's own admissions, and videotaped

evidence of appellant engaging in sexual intercourse with A.P. Furthermore, it is well-

established that "[t]he testimony of the victim as to the elements of a sexual assault, if

believed, is recognized as sufficient to establish the essential elements of the offense." State

v. Ruhlman, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2005-05-125, 2006-Ohio-2137, ¶ 26; State v. Laseur,

12th Dist. Warren No. CA2002-10-117, 2003-Ohio-3874, ¶ 14. As such, appellant's corpus

delicti argument is without merit and would have been meritless if raised by trial counsel.

State v. Yarbrough, 104 Ohio St.3d 1, 2004-Ohio-6087, ¶ 117 ("counsel is not deficient for
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failing to raise a meritless issue").

       {¶ 61} Finally, we note that appellant also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective

based on his counsel's inexperience. In support, appellant alleges that his trial counsel had

no prior experience in conducting a jury trial and therefore the case was a "dead bang winner

for the prosecution." However, we find this argument is without merit for a number of

reasons. First, appellant was appointed two attorneys to represent him in this matter, only

one of which appellant claims lacked trial experience. Moreover, as this court has previously

acknowledged "[a]ll licensed attorneys, even those practicing in an area of law for the first

time, are presumed competent absent a showing of ineffectiveness." State v. McConnell,

12th Dist. Clermont No. CA95-06-036, 1995 WL 761440, *3 (Dec. 26, 1995). The burden of

proving lack of competence is on the defendant. Id. In the present case, appellant did not

introduce any evidence that his trial counsel was ineffective. Therefore, appellant's argument

with respect to his trial counsel's inexperience is overruled.

       {¶ 62} Based on our review of the entire record, we find that appellant did not receive

ineffective assistance of counsel. Accordingly, appellant's second assignment of error is

without merit and overruled.

       {¶ 63} Assignment of Error No. 6:

       {¶ 64} THE APPELLANT WAS DENIED DUE PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL WHEN

THE PROSECUTOR ENGAGED IN MISCONDUCT AT TRIAL, WHICH MISCONDUCT

SUBSTANTIALLY PREJUDICED APPELLAND AND MISLED THE JURY, THIS CREATED

PROSECUTION MISCONDUCT [sic].

       {¶ 65} In his sixth assignment of error, appellant alleges the state committed

prosecutorial misconduct. We do not find any merit to appellant's argument.

       {¶ 66} The state is entitled to a certain degree of latitude in making its concluding

remarks. State v. Layne, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2009-07-043, 2010-Ohio-2308, ¶ 58. A
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court will find prosecutorial misconduct only when the remarks made during closing were

improper and those improper remarks prejudicially affected substantial rights of the

defendant. State v. Elmore, 111 Ohio St.3d 515, 2006-Ohio-6207, ¶ 62. "The focus of an

inquiry into allegations of prosecutorial misconduct is upon the fairness of the trial, not upon

the culpability of the prosecutor." State v. Gray, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-09-176, 2012-

Ohio-4769, 56, citing State v. Vanloan, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-10-259, 2009-Ohio-

4461, ¶ 32. Therefore, a finding of prosecutorial misconduct will not be grounds for reversal

unless the defendant has been denied a fair trial because of the prosecutor's prejudicial

remarks. Layne at ¶ 60.

       {¶ 67} Appellant first argues the prosecutor committed misconduct by improperly

vouching for the credibility of the victim and by commenting on evidence not contained in the

record. In support of this allegation, appellant raises a litany of general complaints and again

reiterates his mistaken belief that the only evidence of any crime is the videotaped recording

of him sexually abusing A.P. when she was 17 years old. Because appellant's counsel did

not object to these statements at trial, our review of the record is limited to plain error. State

v. Vanloan, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-10-259, 2009-Ohio-4461, ¶ 33. Plain error exists

where there is an obvious deviation from a legal rule that affected the outcome of the

proceeding. Crim.R. 52(B); State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002).

       {¶ 68} Initially, we observe that the jury was instructed that the statements made

during closing arguments were not evidence. We must therefore presume that the jury

followed the trial court's instructions. State v. Pence, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2012-05-045,

2013-Ohio-1388, ¶ 47.

       {¶ 69} Appellant's first set of complaints are more general in nature and fail to

specifically reference any objectionable statements other than vague assertions of

misconduct. Having reviewed the prosecutor's closing argument, we find the prosecutor's
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statements to be proper. In closing argument, a prosecutor may comment freely on "what

the evidence has shown, and what reasonable inferences may be drawn therefrom." Pence

at ¶ 50. "It is not improper to make comments in the context of explaining why a witness'

testimony is or is not credible in light of the circumstances of the evidence, [where] the

prosecutor neither implies knowledge of the facts outside the record nor places his or her

personal credibility in issue by making such argument." State v. Setty, 12th Dist. Clermont

No. CA2013-06-049, 2014-Ohio-2340, ¶ 52. Here, the prosecutor simply summarized the

testimony that was offered by the state's witnesses during trial and asked the jury to

determine whether such evidence was credible. The prosecutor did not improperly vouch for

A.P. by implying knowledge of facts outside the record or placing her personal credibility at

issue. Rather, the prosecutor's statements were limited to and directed at the evidence

presented at trial, and how such evidence could be interpreted by the jury. Appellant's

argument that the only credible evidence of sexual abuse is the videotaped recording of

sexual abuse is simply incorrect and is a proposition that the jury ultimately disregarded as

less than credible.

         {¶ 70} Appellant next argues that there was prosecutorial misconduct in this case

based on the prosecutor's alleged statements relating to the burden of proof in a criminal

trial.   In closing arguments, the state recited the evidence in favor of conviction and

discussed all relevant factors in convicting appellant of the indicted offenses. In making her

concluding remarks, the state attorney noted:

              At the beginning of this case, we talked extensively about the
              presumption of innocence. And I told you that the State would
              remove that presumption of innocence as it presented its evidence.
              At this point, the presumption is gone.

         {¶ 71} Appellant's trial counsel later objected to this statement and alleged that the

statement inappropriately stated that appellant was no longer presumed innocent. Following


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appellant's objection, the trial court gave a cautionary instruction to the jury regarding the

presumption of innocence and the burden of proof.

            THE COURT: Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, the Court wants to
            give you a couple of cautionary instructions. First one you may
            recall. I first mentioned, we talked about the burden of proof, and I
            told you that the burden of proof is on the State of Ohio. And that
            remains true, and I will give you final instructions in a few minutes,
            and I'll once again remind you that the State bears the burden of
            proving each and every element of each count of the indictment.
            The State or rather the defendant does not have a burden of proof.

            ***

            I just want to caution you, ladies and gentlemen, not to lose sight of
            the fact that as far as the burden of proof to prove the elements of
            the offense, the State still bears the burden of proof. The
            defendant does not have a burden of proof to prove anything in this
            case, so I don't want the prosecutor's questions or the argument to
            create in your minds some confusion as to which side bears the
            burden of proof. Is that understood? And everyone is indicating yes
            for the record.

            Now apparently - - [the prosecutor] made a comment toward the
            end of her argument to the effect of the presumption is now gone,
            referring to the presumption of innocence. Well, the presumption
            remains until you ladies and gentlemen go back into the jury room
            and determine whether or not the State by the presentation of proof
            beyond a reasonable doubt has rebutted the presumption of
            innocence, whether that presumption has been overcome and now
            the State has proved the defendant's guilt.

            So I want to be clear that the presumption is not now gone. Only
            you can determine that following your deliberations in this case later
            on in the proceeding.

            Of another choice of words that she might have used in hindsight *
            * * I think what she probably tried to say and we discussed it here at
            the bench, she can correct me if I'm wrong is that the State, as far
            as the State is concerned, would argue that they've now rebutted
            that presumption of innocence. Does everyone understand? Fair
            enough.

       {¶ 73} Based on our review, we find the prosecutor's statement did not deprive

appellant of a fair trial. The statement merely reflected the state's argument that sufficient

and substantial evidence was presented for the jury to appropriately return a guilty verdict.
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Furthermore, any perceived error in this comment was surely cured by the cautionary

instruction issued by the trial court, which re-emphasized, on multiple occasions, that the

state had the burden of proof and appellant was entitled to a presumption of innocence until

proven guilty. We presume that jurors follow the cautionary instructions given by the trial

court. State v. Olaniyan, 6th Dist. Huron No. H-10-027, 2011-Ohio-3716, ¶ 11. Accordingly,

we find no merit to appellant's argument that he received an unfair trial on the basis of

prosecutorial misconduct. Accordingly, appellant's sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 74} Assignment of Error No. 7:

       {¶ 75} THE CUMULATIVE DOCTRINE MUST BE PRESENTED IN THIS

"CONGLOMERATION" OF THE DENILE OF THE TRUTH, WHICH CREATES A

UNFAIRTRIAL AND A NONSUPPORTING CONVICTION OF ALL OF THE CHARGES IN

THE INDICTMENT, AND THE OVER INDICTMENT THAT JUDGMENT MUST BE OF

ACQUITTAL, THIS VIOLATION OF DUE PROCESS AND EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE

LAW [sic].

       {¶ 76} In his seventh assignment of error, appellant argues that he received an unfair

trial based on the number of alleged errors during the course of the proceeding and therefore

he is entitled to a new trial. We find appellant's argument to be meritless.

       {¶ 77} According to the cumulative error doctrine, "a conviction will be reversed where

the cumulative effect of errors in a trial deprives a defendant of the constitutional right to a

fair trial even though each of numerous instances of trial court error does not individually

constitute cause for reversal." State v. McClurkin, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2007-03-071,

2010-Ohio-1938, ¶ 105, citing State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 64 (1995). However,

because we have found that no errors occurred during appellant's trial, we find that appellant

was not deprived of a fair trial, and the cumulative error doctrine is inapplicable.

       {¶ 78} In addition, we note that appellant also raises a new issue on appeal with
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regard to the validity of a search warrant that was executed on his residence following his

arrest. "It is well-settled that issues not raised in the trial court may not be raised for the first

time on appeal." State v. Abney, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2004-02-018, 2005-Ohio-146, ¶

17, citing State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 122 (1986); State v. Guzman-Martinez, 12th

Dist. Warren No. CA2010-06-059, 2011-Ohio-1310, ¶ 9. Therefore, because appellant did

not specifically raise this issue with the trial court, this matter is waived and we need not

consider it for the first time on appeal. Appellant's sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 79} Judgment affirmed.


       PIPER and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.




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