                                                                       FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                   July 20, 2017
                                                                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                TENTH CIRCUIT                       Clerk of Court


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                        No. 16-4128
 v.                                         (D.C. Nos. 2:16-CV-00436-DAK and
                                                  2:07-CR-00571-DAK-1)
 MALCO KIYABO KUNDO,                                     (D. Utah)

       Defendant - Appellant.


                             ORDER
              DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY


Before KELLY, HOLMES, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.


      Defendant-Appellant Malco Kiyabo Kundo, a federal inmate, seeks a

certificate of appealability (“COA”) to appeal from the district court’s denial and

dismissal of his motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28

U.S.C. § 2255. See Kundo v. United States, No. 2:16-CV-436-DAK, 2016 WL

3079755 (D. Utah May 31, 2016). Because we conclude his motion is time

barred, we deny a COA and dismiss the appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3).



                                    Background

      In January 2008, Mr. Kundo pled guilty to (1) armed carjacking in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 2119; (2) brandishing a firearm during a crime of violence in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and (3) obstruction of commerce by robbery in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951. 2 R. 9–14; 4 R. 3–17. On April 8, 2008, he was

sentenced to 147 months’ imprisonment and 60 months’ supervised release. 2 R.

53–55.

      Mr. Kundo chose not to directly appeal his sentence. Thus, the judgment

entered on April 8, 2008, became final 14 days later on April 22, 2008, and his

normal time to file a habeas motion expired on April 22, 2009. 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255(f)(1); Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A). Mr. Kundo, however, filed his § 2255

motion with the district court on May 23, 2016. 1 R. 4. He contended that his

motion was timely under § 2255(f)(3), which states that the one-year limitation

period shall run from “the date on which the right asserted was initially

recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the

Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review.”

The district court agreed that the Supreme Court recognized a new rule in Johnson

v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), which was then made retroactive in

Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257 (2016), and thus that Mr. Kundo’s motion

was timely. See Kundo, 2016 WL 3079755, at *2.

      The district court then rejected Mr. Kundo’s arguments on the merits. Id.

at *3. Mr. Kundo argued that the residual clause of the definition of “violent

felony” in 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), which was struck down by the Supreme

Court in Johnson as unconstitutionally vague, is indistinguishable from the risk-

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of-force clause of the definition of “crime of violence” in § 924(c)(3)(B). Thus,

according to Mr. Kundo, his enhanced sentence for brandishing a firearm during a

crime of violence — carjacking — was therefore imposed in violation of the

Constitution. The district court disagreed, finding that because the clause in

§ 924(c) is applied to real-world conduct, it did not suffer from the constitutional

deficiencies recognized in Johnson. Kundo, 2016 WL 3079755, at *3. The court

then denied Mr. Kundo a COA, which he now seeks from this court.



                                     Discussion

      To obtain a COA, Mr. Kundo must make a “substantial showing of the

denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “Where a district court

has rejected the constitutional claims on the merits, the showing required to

[obtain a COA] is straightforward: The petitioner must demonstrate that

reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional

claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).

However, we need not follow the course set out by the district court; instead, we

may deny a COA on any ground supported by the record, even one not relied on

by the district court. See Davis v. Roberts, 425 F.3d 830, 834 (10th Cir. 2005).

“Accordingly, we may deny a COA if there is a plain procedural bar to habeas

relief, even though the district court did not rely on that bar.” Id. The timeliness

of a § 2255 motion is reviewed de novo. United States v. Denny, 694 F.3d 1185,

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1189 (10th Cir. 2012). 1

      Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3), Mr. Kundo’s motion for relief would be

timely only if the right on which he relies “was initially recognized by the

Supreme Court.” Because Mr. Kundo relies on the right recognized by the

Supreme Court in Johnson, the timeliness question boils down to whether Johnson

directly controls or whether Mr. Kundo is actually seeking a new right not yet

recognized by the Supreme Court. A right is considered “new” if it is “not

dictated by precedent.” Chaidez v. United States, 568 U.S. 342, 347 (2013)

(quoting Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301 (1989)). And a right is “dictated by

precedent” only if it is “apparent to all reasonable jurists.” Id. (quoting Lambrix

v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 527–28 (1997)).

      The new rule the Supreme Court announced in Johnson was that the

      1
          The Supreme Court has recognized that a court of appeals can sua sponte
raise the issue of timeliness, even if the government has forfeited (though not
waived) the defense. See Wood v. Milyard, 566 U.S. 463, 473 (2012). Here, the
government did not file a response, either before the district court or before this
court. See 10th Cir. R. 22.1(B). Thus, since the government did not plead
untimeliness as an affirmative defense, it must “be clear from the face of the
[motion] itself.” Kilgore v. Att’y Gen., 519 F.3d 1084, 1089 (10th Cir. 2008).
We think that is the case here. See 1 R. 8–9 (contending that the motion was
timely because “[t]he issue was not ripe for argument until Johnson II was
decided”). Moreover, because the timeliness issue was clearly presented to and
ruled on by the district court, and since the statute of limitations question under
§ 2255(f)(3) is so closely intertwined with the underlying merits argument the
district court confronted and which Mr. Kundo presents in his application for a
COA, we think the issue is ripe for our consideration without additional briefing.
Cf. United States v. Warner, 23 F.3d 287, 291 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding it was
error for district court to rule sua sponte on procedural defense which had not
been briefed at all without giving defendant an opportunity to respond).

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residual clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act was unconstitutionally vague.

135 S. Ct. at 2563. The residual clause at issue defined “violent felony” as any

offense that “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of

physical injury to another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). The Court explained

that there were two features of the clause that made its application

unconstitutionally vague. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2557. First, by tying the judicial

assessment of risk to a “judicially imagined ‘ordinary case’ of a crime, not to

real-world facts or statutory elements,” the provision resulted in “grave

uncertainty about how to estimate the risk posed by a crime.” Id. Second, by

“apply[ing] an imprecise ‘serious potential risk’ standard . . . to a judge-imagined

abstraction,” it left too much uncertainty about how much risk is required for a

crime to be classified as violent. Id. at 2558.

      The statute at issue in Mr. Kundo’s case is similar, but not the same. Its

risk-of-force clause defines a “crime of violence” as a felony that “by its nature,

involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of

another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(3)(B). We have recently applied Johnson to invalidate the application of

an identically-worded definition of “crime of violence” in 18 U.S.C. § 16(b). See

Golicov v. Lynch, 837 F.3d 1065, 1075 (10th Cir. 2016).

      Relying on our decision in Golicov, Mr. Kundo contends that “the result

here must be the same.” Aplt. Br. at 7. But the threshold timeliness question is

                                         -5-
not whether this court should (or one day will) extend its ruling in Golicov to

§ 924(c)(3)(B), but whether the Supreme Court itself has recognized the right on

which Mr. Kundo relies. We do not think the Supreme Court’s decision in

Johnson dictates the answer here.

      Indeed, when confronted with the same question on direct appeal, the

majority of our sister circuits have expressly held that § 924(c)(3)(B) is not

unconstitutionally vague following Johnson. See Ovalles v. United States, —

F.3d —, No. 17-10172, 2017 WL 2829371, at *1 (11th Cir. June 30, 2017);

United States v. Prickett, 839 F.3d 697, 699–700 (8th Cir. 2016) (per curiam);

United States v. Hill, 832 F.3d 135, 145–50 (2d Cir. 2016); United States v.

Taylor, 814 F.3d 340, 375–79 (6th Cir. 2016); see also United States v. Davis, —

F. App’x —, No. 16-10330, 2017 WL 436037, at *2 (5th Cir. Jan. 31, 2017) (per

curiam) (unpublished); United States v. Graham, 824 F.3d 421, 424 n.1 (4th Cir.

2016) (en banc) (rejecting vagueness challenge under plain error review). But see

United States v. Cardena, 842 F.3d 959, 995–96 (7th Cir. 2016) (holding

§ 924(c)(3)(B) unconstitutionally vague). They did so because “§ 924(c)(3)(B) is

considerably narrower than the statute invalidated by the Court in Johnson, and

because much of Johnson’s analysis does not apply to § 924(c)(3)(B).” Taylor,

814 F.3d at 375–76; see also United States v. Serafin, 562 F.3d 1105, 1108–09

(10th Cir. 2009) (recognizing that § 924(c) is narrower in scope than the ACCA’s

residual clause). Moreover, in striking down § 16(b) as unconstitutionally vague,

                                         -6-
the Sixth Circuit distinguished § 924(c)(3)(B) from the Johnson orbit because,

“[a]s the Johnson Court determined, no doubt should be cast upon laws [like

§ 924(c)(3)(B)] that apply a qualitative risk standard to ‘real-world facts or

statutory elements.’” Shuti v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 440, 449 (6th Cir. 2016)

(emphasis omitted) (quoting Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at 2557).

      Whether or not this court ultimately decides to follow the majority of our

sister circuits and directly uphold the constitutionality of § 924(c)(3)(B) is a

question we may one day answer on direct appeal. But because it is not “apparent

to all reasonable jurists” that Johnson requires a contrary result, we decline to

reach that question today. Mr. Kundo relies on a new right the Supreme Court

has not yet recognized, and accordingly the re-starting of the one-year limitation

period provided by 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3) does not apply.

      We DENY a COA and DISMISS the appeal.

                                        Entered for the Court


                                        Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                        Circuit Judge




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