               Case: 10-15929       Date Filed: 07/23/2012       Page: 1 of 24

                                                                                  [PUBLISH]


                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             _________________________

                                     No. 10-15929
                              _________________________

                         D.C. Docket No. 2:10-cr-14067-JEM-1


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                            versus

DANIEL ANTHONY SMITH,

                                                                       Defendant-Appellant.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            _________________________

                                       (July 23, 2012)

Before TJOFLAT, PRYOR and RIPPLE,* Circuit Judges.

RIPPLE, Circuit Judge:


       *
          Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, United States Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit,
sitting by designation.
                Case: 10-15929        Date Filed: 07/23/2012        Page: 2 of 24

      Daniel Anthony Smith entered a conditional guilty plea to receiving and

attempting to distribute child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2)

and (b)(1).1 Exercising his preserved right to appeal,2 Mr. Smith seeks review of

the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress inculpatory physical and

testimonial evidence. He contends, as he did in the district court, that the officers’

warrantless and uninvited entry into his house violated the Fourth Amendment and

that the evidence that the officers gathered after that entry should be suppressed

under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. For the reasons set forth in this

opinion, we affirm the judgment of the district court.



                                                 I

                                       BACKGROUND

                                                A.

      In October 2009, the police department of Sebastian, Florida received an

anonymous tip that an individual identified as “Dan Smith,” who worked at a

particular pharmacy, had child pornography on a laptop computer.3 Local law


      1
          The district court’s jurisdiction is predicated on 18 U.S.C. § 3231.
      2
          This court’s jurisdiction is predicated on 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
      3
          R.1 at 4.

                                                 2
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enforcement officers identified Mr. Smith as the apparent subject of the tip and

forwarded the information to United States Immigration and Customs

Enforcement. In the following months, Special Agent Brian Ray conducted a

“covert cyber investigation” of Mr. Smith, but that investigation did not reveal any

incriminating information.4

       On August 3, 2010, Special Agent Ray, along with Sebastian Police

Sergeant William Grimmich and Sebastian Police Detective Daniel Acosta, went

to Mr. Smith’s duplex to conduct a consensual interview--“a knock and talk.”5

They arrived shortly after 9:00 in the morning in what a witness later described as

“the middle of summer, a hundred degrees,”6 and noticed that the windows were

open with the blinds closed. Special Agent Ray knocked on the door; when

Mr. Smith did not answer, the agent began pounding on the door. He was able to

look through the blinds of a front window and see “mounds of beer cans” and a

laptop computer in the living room.7 Sergeant Grimmich and Detective Acosta

walked around the house and yelled into the windows. Both smelled a foul odor


       4
           Id.
       5
           R.33 at 60.
       6
         Id. at 103; see also id. at 109 (testimony of an officer indicating that it was “90 degrees,
a hundred degrees out”).
       7
           Id. at 20.

                                                  3
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coming from Mr. Smith’s apartment. Detective Acosta thought that the odor was

similar to that of a decomposing body, but he did not share his suspicions with the

other officers.

       The knocking on Mr. Smith’s front door was sufficiently loud to wake

Mr. Smith’s neighbor, Darlene Fowler, who had been sleeping in her bedroom at

the rear of the adjoining unit; indeed, she thought initially that the officers were

knocking on her door. After about a minute of knocking on Mr. Smith’s door,

Special Agent Ray did knock on Fowler’s door. When she answered, he asked her

if Mr. Smith was home. Fowler told Special Agent Ray that she had seen

Mr. Smith at home the previous evening and that “he[ had] to be home” because

his car was in the driveway and his windows were open.8 Fowler expressed some

concern that Mr. Smith was not answering the door, and she requested that the

officers check on him.9 She also appears to have mentioned to Sergeant

Grimmich, although not to the other officers, “that Mr. Smith was feeling some




       8
           Id. at 99, 102.
       9
          Fowler’s concern appears to have arisen, in part, because of the suicide of a previous
tenant of Mr. Smith’s apartment. There is no suggestion in the record that the previous tenant
had any connection to Mr. Smith other than having lived in the same unit. In the suppression
hearing, Special Agent Ray acknowledged that the previous tenant’s suicide had “no relevance to
Mr. Smith’s situation.” Id. at 72.

                                               4
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sort of depression and wasn’t acting right.”10

       The officers conferred in front of Mr. Smith’s duplex, and Sergeant

Grimmich determined that they should conduct a “welfare check”; that is, they

should enter the house to ensure Mr. Smith’s well-being. Approximately five or

six minutes after they first knocked on Mr. Smith’s front door, the officers went to

the back of the house and entered an unlocked screened-in porch from which they

could access a partially open sliding glass door into the house.11 As Detective

Acosta opened the sliding glass door further, Special Agent Ray “heard a

moaning-type sound”12 and Sergeant Grimmich heard “a moan or a gro[a]n coming

from inside the residence.”13 Detective Acosta, who was closest to the house, did

not hear the sound. After announcing their presence, the officers entered the

       10
           Id. at 108. This assertion is supported only by Sergeant Grimmich’s testimony; Special
Agent Ray and Fowler were silent on this point. Additionally, Sergeant Grimmich omitted this
important piece of information from his report, which he completed on September 6, 2010, more
than a month after the August 3, 2010 incident and the day before the suppression hearing.
However, he testified in the suppression hearing that he did not intend his report to be “a
transcript of every single detail that happened” on August 3, 2010. See id. at 127. Despite the
lack of corroboration, the district court found that Fowler “told one officer that she thought
[Mr. Smith] was depressed.” R.38 at 5. This finding, supported as it was by Sergeant
Grimmich’s testimony, was not clearly erroneous. As the Eighth Circuit recently said: “The
mere fact an incident report omits certain details is not sufficient to render the officer’s testimony
concerning the underlying action facially implausible.” United States v. Mendoza, 677 F.3d 822,
828 (8th Cir. 2012).
       11
            R.33 at 73-74.
       12
            Id. at 24.
       13
            Id. at 110.

                                                  5
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home.14 Their firearms were drawn and held in a “low raid” position, which

Special Agent Ray later described as “[w]eapon out, pointed down toward the

floor.”15 The officers did not take their first aid kits into the house with them, and

they had not requested an ambulance or other medical assistance.

       The officers walked through the kitchen, turned down a hallway and

stopped at Mr. Smith’s bedroom door. Mr. Smith was laying naked on an

inflatable mattress. After Detective Acosta saw that Mr. Smith “was nude and

didn’t have a weapon, [Detective Acosta] immediately holstered [his] weapon,”16

and the other officers followed suit.17 While standing outside of the bedroom

door, Detective Acosta asked Mr. Smith if he was okay. Mr. Smith said that he

was and asked the officers what was going on. Special Agent Ray stepped into the

room, told Mr. Smith that they were there to speak with him and asked Mr. Smith

if he was willing to talk. Mr. Smith indicated that he wanted to get dressed and

that he would talk to the officers outside. The three officers then exited the house




       14
         There are conflicting accounts in the record as to when the officers first identified
themselves as law enforcement agents, but all agree that it was at no later than this point.
       15
            Id. at 26.
       16
            Id. at 133.
       17
            Id. at 90, 112.

                                                 6
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through the front door, with Mr. Smith eventually following them out.18

       Once outside, Special Agent Ray falsely told Mr. Smith that, by virtue of

“an aggressive monitoring program,” the Government had detected that “child

pornography had been transmitted from his residence,” and that the officers “were

interested in taking a look at his computers.”19 Mr. Smith, who described himself

as “particularly computer knowledgeable,” told Special Agent Ray that he had a

secured wireless network and that he had no reason to believe that it had been

compromised.20 Mr. Smith denied seeing child pornography on his computer and

asked Special Agent Ray when “child pornography had been detected coming

from his residence.”21 When Special Agent Ray told him, again falsely, that the

detection had occurred in November 2009, Mr. Smith gestured to the laptop

computer that Special Agent Ray had seen through the front window and said that

he had not owned that laptop at the time. He told Special Agent Ray that he had

been using a computer that was now broken and “offered [the broken] one for




       18
            There is no description in the record as to the length of time between the officers’
initial interaction with Mr. Smith and the start of their conversation outside the house.
       19
            Id. at 32-33.
       20
            Id. at 33.
       21
            Id.

                                                  7
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examination.”22 At the point when Mr. Smith offered to show the officers the

broken computer, he had been speaking to the officers for approximately four or

five minutes.23 He then went into the house to retrieve the broken computer,

continuing to talk to Special Agent Ray as he did so. The officers followed

Mr. Smith into the house. During this time, the officers later testified, Mr. Smith

was coherent, responsive and cooperative; although he looked “tired,” with eyes

that “were a little red, bloodshot,” he apparently gave the officers no reason to

think that he was intoxicated.24

      Once in the house, Mr. Smith retrieved the broken laptop and brought it to

the living room. Special Agent Smith “pointed out the laptop that was running in

the living room and asked [Mr. Smith] if he minded if [the officers] took a look at

that”; Mr. Smith responded that “it was okay.”25 Special Agent Ray then turned

the computer around so he could see the screen and saw that the computer was

running Ares, a peer-to-peer file-sharing program.26 He saw that the laptop was

downloading three files with names indicative of child pornography and uploading

      22
           Id. at 34.
      23
           Id.
      24
           Id.
      25
           Id. at 40.
      26
           The record sometimes refers to the name of the program as “Aries.” See id. at 42.

                                                8
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about eight similarly named files. To halt the transmission, Special Agent Ray

unplugged the wireless router in Mr. Smith’s bedroom. Special Agent Ray

continued to examine the laptop in the living room for a period of time--the record

is unclear on how long--and then, because that room was apparently

uncomfortable, asked Mr. Smith if they could relocate. Mr. Smith led Special

Agent Ray to a bedroom, where they continued the interview.

      Special Agent Ray later testified that, after unplugging the wireless router,

he “made sure Mr. Smith knew that he wasn’t under arrest, that he was free to talk

to [the officers] or not talk to [them].”27 At some point--again, the record is

unclear as to when--Mr. Smith asked if they could speak outside, both so he could

smoke a cigarette and because he was embarrassed about the condition of his

house. After moving outside, Mr. Smith consented verbally to a search of his

home, and he signed a consent form to that effect. The officers identified a

number of items that they wanted to take back to the police department to

examine, and “Mr. Smith consented to [those requests].”28

      The officers then asked Mr. Smith to come to the police station to be

interviewed. After expressing some concern about how long it would take--


      27
           Id. at 46.
      28
           Id. at 49.

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Mr. Smith apparently had to be at work by 2:00 p.m.--he agreed and opted to be

taken to the station in a police vehicle rather than to drive himself. At the police

station, Special Agent Ray read Mr. Smith his Miranda warnings,29 and Mr. Smith

stated that he understood and that he was willing to speak with the officers. In its

filings in the district court, the Government asserted that Mr. Smith confessed to

downloading child pornography and to making it available for upload (so that

others could download it from his computer via the peer-to-peer file-sharing

program). After obtaining a warrant to search Mr. Smith’s computers, Special

Agent Ray found at least one video depicting child pornography.



                                               B.

       A federal grand jury returned a two-count indictment charging Mr. Smith

with receiving child pornography and with attempting to distribute child

pornography, both of which violate 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and (b)(1). Mr. Smith

filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized from his computers, alleging that

the officers’ initial warrantless entry into his house had violated the Fourth



       29
           Special Agent Ray later testified that he read Mr. Smith his Miranda warnings not
because Mr. Smith was in custody, but because they “were in a more formal setting at that point;
and [he] just felt that given all the circumstances, [he] wanted to make sure [Mr. Smith] was
aware of his rights.” Id. at 53.

                                               10
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Amendment and that his confession and the evidence seized from his computers

therefore were subject to suppression as fruit of the poisonous tree. After

conducting a suppression hearing at which all three officers and Fowler testified, a

magistrate judge concluded that the officers’ entry was justified because the

officers reasonably had believed that Mr. Smith was in danger. The magistrate

judge also concluded that Mr. Smith voluntarily had consented to the interview

conducted at his home and to the later searches of the house and the computers

located there. Accordingly, the magistrate judge recommended that Mr. Smith’s

motion to suppress be denied.

      Mr. Smith objected to several of the magistrate judge’s factual findings, but,

after independently considering the record, the district court adopted the

magistrate judge’s report. It also determined that the circumstances justified a

warrantless entry into the house to check on Mr. Smith’s welfare and that

Mr. Smith’s consent had been voluntary. The district court accordingly denied

Mr. Smith’s motion to suppress.

      Mr. Smith then entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving only the right to

appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. The district court accepted his plea

and sentenced him to 180 months’ imprisonment for each count, to be served

concurrently, followed by a lifetime of supervised release.

                                         11
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      Mr. Smith timely appealed the denial of the motion to suppress.



                                           II

                                    DISCUSSION

      In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, “we review the district

court’s factual findings for clear error[] and its application of the law to the facts

de novo.” United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000). All

“facts are construed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below,” in

this case, the Government. Id.

      Mr. Smith contends, as he did before the district court, that the officers

unlawfully entered his house and that the taint of that entry requires the exclusion

of the physical and testimonial evidence used to convict him. In the Government’s

view, the entry was justified under the “emergency aid exception” to the warrant

requirement and, even if the entry was illegal, the evidence is nevertheless

admissible because Mr. Smith’s consent dissipated any taint.

      Upon examination of the record, we believe that it is unnecessary to address

whether the officers’ entry into the home violated the Fourth Amendment. Even if

the officers’ entry was illegal, the officers did not exploit the circumstances of

their entry to obtain the evidence later used to convict Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith’s

                                           12
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consent was both voluntary and sufficiently attenuated from the entry such that

any potential taint would have fully dissipated.

      Assuming, for the sake of argument, that the initial entry was illegal, we

must assess the defendant’s subsequent consent through a two-step inquiry:

“First, [we] must determine whether the consent was voluntary. Second, [we]

must determine whether the consent, even if voluntary, requires exclusion of the

evidence found during the search because it was the fruit of the poisonous tree--

the product of an illegal entry.” United States v. Delancy, 502 F.3d 1297, 1308

(11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). “This two step approach is

mandatory, and the government bears the burden on both issues.” Id.

      In light of Mr. Smith’s express concession that his consent was voluntary,30

our task is limited to the second prong of the inquiry. This “second requirement

focuses on causation.” United States v. Santa, 236 F.3d 662, 676 (11th Cir. 2000).

The Supreme Court has explained that the overriding issue in fruit of the

poisonous tree cases “is whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality,

the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation

of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of

the primary taint.” Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488, 83 S. Ct. 407,


      30
           See Reply Br. 5.

                                         13
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417 (1963) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      The Supreme Court therefore has recognized, indeed emphasized, that the

fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is subject to significant limitations. As the

Court noted in Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586, 126 S. Ct. 2159 (2006): “Even

in the early days of the exclusionary rule, we declined to hold that all evidence is

fruit of the poisonous tree simply because it would not have come to light but for

the illegal actions of the police.” Id. at 592, S. Ct. at 1264 (emphasis in original)

(internal quotation marks omitted). In short, the Supreme Court has not applied

mechanically the exclusionary rule to every item of evidence that can be said to

have a logical causal connection with police misconduct. “But for cause,” or

causation in the logical sense alone, can be too attenuated to justify exclusion. See

United States v. Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268, 274–75, 98 S. Ct. 1054, 1059-60 (1978).

The “dissipation of the taint” concept that the Court has applied in deciding

whether exclusion is appropriate in a particular case “attempts to mark the point at

which the detrimental consequences of illegal police action become so attenuated

that the deterrent effect of the exclusionary rule no longer justifies its cost.”

Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 609, 95 S. Ct. 2254, 2264 (1975) (Powell, J.,

concurring in part) (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, attenuation




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occurs when the causal connection is remote31 and “when, even given a direct

causal connection, the interest protected by the constitutional guarantee that has

been violated would not be served by suppression of the evidence obtained.”

Hudson, 547 U.S. at 593, 126 S. Ct. at 2164. “The penalties visited upon the

Government, and in turn upon the public, because its officers have violated the

law must bear some relation to the purposes which the law is to serve.” Ceccolini,

435 U.S. at 279, 98 S. Ct. at 1061-62.

       In undertaking this analysis, “[w]e are obliged to determine whether the

consent was ‘sufficiently an act of free will to purge the primary taint of the

unlawful invasion,’ or, alternatively, whether the causal connection had ‘become

so attenuated as to dissipate the taint.’” Delancy, 502 F.3d at 1309 (quoting Wong

Sun, 371 U.S. at 486-87, 83 S. Ct. at 416-17). This inquiry requires that we

review carefully the facts and circumstances of each case. Although no single

factor is dispositive, we have identified previously three helpful factors in framing

the analysis: (1) the temporal proximity of the illegal act and the subsequent

consent, (2) the intervening circumstances and (3) the purpose and flagrancy of the

officers’ misconduct. Id. These factors “are not meant to be exhaustive.” Id. The

underlying question “involves a pragmatic evaluation of the extent to which the


      31
           See, e.g., Nardone v. United States, 308 U.S. 338, 341, 60 S. Ct. 266, 268 (1939).

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illegal police conduct caused the defendant’s response.” Id. at 1310 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

      We turn first to the time that elapsed between the officers’ entry and

Mr. Smith’s consent. Our case law reflects the commonsense principle that the

more time that has elapsed between the illegal act and the defendant’s consent, the

more likely it is that the defendant’s consent was untainted. Id. For example, we

have suggested that a period of four days supports the conclusion that any taint

from an illegal act is “completely attenuated.” Devier v. Zant, 3 F.3d 1445, 1459

(11th Cir. 1993). By contrast, three minutes is an “extremely close temporal

proximity.” United States v. Chanthasouxat, 342 F.3d 1271, 1280 (11th Cir.

2003). The record before us yields no precise time line with respect to the events

in question. We do not know, for instance, how much time passed between the

officers’ initial entry into the home and the start of their discussion with Mr. Smith

outside the front door. The record does suggest that, once Mr. Smith came outside

and spoke with the officers outside his residence, four to five minutes elapsed

before he led them into his house to show them the first (broken) laptop. Special

Agent Ray then asked for and received permission to look at the laptop running in

the living room. After Special Agent Ray identified file names indicative of child

pornography and disconnected Mr. Smith’s wireless router, he told Mr. Smith that

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he was not under arrest and that he was under no obligation to speak with the

officers. The magistrate judge’s report, which was adopted expressly by the

district court, put this warning at approximately eleven minutes into the

interview.32 At some later point in the conversation, after the officers and

Mr. Smith again had exited the house, Mr. Smith filled out a written consent form.

Only after that did he agree to be interviewed at the police station, where he made

inculpatory statements. Although the record suggests no particular haste or delay,

it is again unclear as to the times involved.

       Absolute certainty about the elapse of time is not necessary, of course. Our

prior cases make clear that the character of the interaction between the law

enforcement agents and the defendant is relevant to our determination of how

temporal proximity affects the underlying analysis. When an officer’s interaction

with an individual is highly intrusive, the passage of time is less likely to attenuate

the officer’s illegal act from the suspect’s later consent. In United States v. Santa,

236 F.3d 662, 666 (11th Cir. 2000), officers unlawfully kicked in the locked front

       32
           R.31 at 37. The magistrate judge’s determination relied on the audio recording of
Mr. Smith’s interview that was introduced as an exhibit during the suppression hearing; that
recording, however, is not in the district court docket and, therefore, is not a part of the record
before us. Although neither party has suggested that the eleven minute estimate is inaccurate, let
alone clearly erroneous, we note that the length of the recorded interview does not clarify fully
the time line because the record suggests that there was some delay between when Mr. Smith
exited his house to speak with the officers and when Sergeant Grimmich retrieved his audio
recorder and began the recording. See R.33 at 31-32.

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door of an apartment. With their guns drawn, they ordered one occupant,

Ramirez, to lay on the floor and proceeded to handcuff him. Id. Two to three

minutes later, the officers told Ramirez--who was then sitting on the floor, still

handcuffed--that they knew that there were drugs in the house and asked him to

“just make things easy and tell [them] where the drugs were.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted). Ramirez then directed the officers to the drugs that later

were used to convict him. On appeal, we concluded that Ramirez’s consent, even

if voluntary, “did not purge the primary taint of the illegal entry and arrest.” Id. at

677. In part, our decision was driven by the conclusion that the two- to

three-minute separation between the officers’ unlawful entry and Ramirez’s

consent was not “a significant lapse of time.” Id. at 678.

      When the circumstances suggest a less intrusive interaction, however, a

defendant’s consent may be sufficiently attenuated from a prior illegal entry even

if the time separating the two is relatively brief. In United States v. Delancy, 502

F.3d 1297, 1301 (11th Cir. 2007), officers conducting an unlawful protective

sweep of a house encountered an occupant, Godfrey, in or near a bedroom. They

spoke with her for approximately ten to twenty minutes before asking for her

consent to search the home. Despite the “relatively brief” time between the illegal

entry and Godfrey’s consent, we held that the two were sufficiently attenuated

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such that Godfrey’s consent was untainted by the illegal entry. Id. at 1311. We

emphasized that, “[e]ven though the protective sweep and the consent were close

in time, Godfrey was not handcuffed or detained. Moreover, the district court

found that the interaction was conversational in tone, and that the officers did not

threaten Godfrey in any way.” Id. We acknowledged that the passage of time may

be “more important in the calculus” under the more intrusive circumstances

present in Santa, but, in light of the relatively unintrusive circumstances present in

Delancy, we held that “timing [was] not the most important factor.” Id.

       The facts of this case more closely resemble Delancy than Santa. Although

the officers had their guns drawn when they entered Mr. Smith’s house, they

carried them pointing toward the floor, without ever aiming them at Mr. Smith.

When they first saw Mr. Smith, the officers stopped outside of his bedroom door

and holstered their weapons.33 Special Agent Ray appears to be the only officer

who entered Mr. Smith’s bedroom, and he did so only after Mr. Smith had

awakened and had asked what the officers were doing.34 After briefly explaining

their presence, the officers left Mr. Smith’s house entirely and waited outside


       33
           We note that Mr. Smith has not introduced any evidence that suggests that he was
aware, at any point during the encounter, that officers had drawn their firearms.
       34
        This stands in marked contrast to Mr. Smith’s description of an officer “standing over
him” when he awoke. Appellant’s Br. 3, 7.

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while he dressed. They reentered Mr. Smith’s house only when he led them inside

and exited again when he later wanted to smoke a cigarette. At no point was

Mr. Smith handcuffed or detained. The district court found that the encounter

remained conversational, and Mr. Smith has not suggested otherwise. Delancy

informs our conclusion that, although the time between the officers’ initial entry

and Mr. Smith’s consent--uncertain as it is--may have been relatively brief, timing

is not the most important factor under the facts of this case.

      We next examine whether any intervening circumstances “interrupt[ed] the

causal connection between the illegal act and the possibly tainted consent or

confession.” Delancy, 502 F.3d at 1311. As we just have noted in assessing the

impact of the relatively brief time interval, the actions of the officers in

withdrawing from the apartment immediately after ascertaining that Mr. Smith was

at home assuaged significantly any impact of the initial entry on Mr. Smith’s later

cooperation. The officers retreated outside the home to an area where they had a

right to be and waited there until Mr. Smith dressed and joined them. There is no

indication in the record that they exploited in any way their initial presence in the

home to identify the presence of evidence or to intimidate Mr. Smith into

cooperating.

      During the initial conversation outside the house and later upon reentry,

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Mr. Smith offered to permit the officers to see a broken computer that he claimed

to have been using at the time when, according to what the officers had told him, a

Government monitoring program had identified the transmission of child

pornography from his house. He then allowed them to look at the laptop running

in his living room. At this point, Mr. Smith had not yet been informed that he had

the right to refuse consent. After Special Agent Ray saw file names indicative of

child pornography and disconnected Mr. Smith’s wireless router, however, he told

Mr. Smith that he was under no obligation to continue the interview. Before

Mr. Smith consented to any further searches, he signed a written consent form

provided by Sergeant Grimmich. Only after being warned, both orally and in

writing, did Mr. Smith permit the officers to search his home and to retrieve, for

later review, other digital media storage devices. He later consented to be driven

to and interviewed at the police station, and, once there, he was read his Miranda

warnings before being questioned.

      Although Mr. Smith did not receive significant warnings at the onset of the

encounter, the record is devoid of any suggestion that the officers’ conduct during

this period interfered with his making “a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary

choice to [consent] in the absence of any coercion or threats from the police.”




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Delancy, 502 F.3d at 1312.35 The absence of any such evidence militates in favor

of concluding that the causal connection between the officers’ initial entry and

Mr. Smith’s “consent had ‘become so attenuated as to dissipate the taint.’” Id.

(quoting Wong Sun, 371 U.S. at 487, 83 S. Ct. at 417).

       The last of the enumerated factors focuses on the purpose and flagrancy of

the officers’ conduct. Mr. Smith submits that a reasonable conclusion can be

made that the officers entered his home to obtain access to the computer

equipment inside his residence and, therefore, that his consent is tainted.36

However, we are bound by the district court’s factual finding “that although the

officers went to [Mr. Smith’s] home for a ‘knock and talk’ to attempt to gain more

information about the tip linking him to the viewing and transmission of child

pornography, the officers actually entered the residence to check on [Mr. Smith’s]




       35
           We acknowledge, of course, that Special Agent Ray lied to Mr. Smith by suggesting
that a government monitoring program had identified that child pornography had been
transmitted from his residence. Law enforcement officers may use deception as a valid
investigative technique so long as they do not present the misrepresentation as “a coercive
threat.” United States v. Farley, 607 F.3d 1294, 1328 (11th Cir. 2010). Perhaps more
importantly, the record suggests no basis upon which we could conclude that Special Agent
Ray’s misrepresentation was related to the officers’ entry into the home; “there is no suggestion
that the police exploited” information that they obtained from the initial entry. United States v.
Delancy, 502 F.3d 1297, 1313 (11th Cir. 2007). For example, they did not use anything they
happened to see inside the duplex to bolster the deception.
       36
            Reply Br. 6-7.

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                Case: 10-15929   Date Filed: 07/23/2012   Page: 23 of 24

welfare.”37 Mr. Smith has presented no evidence to support the proposition that

the district court’s finding was clearly erroneous, and his bare assertion that a

different conclusion would have been reasonable is insufficient to overcome the

deference due to the district court’s factual findings. In this case, as in Delancy,

“we have assumed arguendo that the entry itself was unlawful, [but] the district

court’s findings make clear that the police did not enter for an unlawful purpose.”

Id. (emphasis in original). So understood, the purpose of the officers’ entry

militates against concluding that Mr. Smith’s consent was tainted.

      The officers also did not act flagrantly. Once inside Mr. Smith’s residence,

they proceeded directly to his bedroom to check his welfare. They did not search

his house for computers or digital storage devices, nor did they touch, much less

examine, the laptop computer sitting in plain view in his living room. Once they

had satisfied themselves that Mr. Smith was in no danger, the officers exited the

house and remained outside until he led them back in. With the exception of their

initial entry into the residence, the officers’ interaction with Mr. Smith is a

paradigmatic example of a consensual knock-and-talk.

      After considering the totality of the circumstances, paying particular

attention to the factors that we previously have enumerated, we conclude that the


      37
           R.38 at 6 n.2.

                                          23
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officers’ entry did not taint Mr. Smith’s admittedly voluntary consent.



                                    Conclusion

      Even assuming that the officers’ initial entry into Mr. Smith’s home violated

the Fourth Amendment, suppression is unwarranted because Mr. Smith’s later

consent was not tainted by the entry. We therefore affirm the judgment of the

district court and Mr. Smith’s conviction.

      AFFIRMED.




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