Filed 3/30/20
                        CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                           FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                   DIVISION ONE


 ROBERT ZOLLY et al.,
           Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                A154986
 v.
 CITY OF OAKLAND,                               (Alameda County
                                                Super. Ct. No. RG16821376)
           Defendant and Respondent.


       The City of Oakland (City) entered into various waste management
contracts with Waste Management of Alameda County (WMAC) and
California Waste Solutions Inc. (CWS). As part of those contracts, WMAC
and CWS agreed to pay franchise fees to the City, and the City redesignated
part of WMAC’s franchise fee as a fee imposed pursuant to Public Resource
Code section 41901 (the Redesignated Fee). Plaintiffs Robert Zolly, Ray
McFadden, and Stephen Clayton filed a complaint for declaratory relief
against the City, challenging the legality of those fees under the California
Constitution, article XIII C (article XIII C). 1
       The City demurred, arguing the franchise fees were not subject to
article XIII C, the Redesignated Fee challenge was time-barred, and the
Redesignated Fee was properly imposed. The trial court granted the City’s
demurrer without leave to amend as to the franchise fees but with leave to



       1   Unspecified references to “article” are to the California Constitution.
amend as to future increases to the Redesignated Fee. Plaintiffs declined to
amend, and judgment was entered. We affirm the judgment in part as to the
Redesignated Fee and reverse in part as to the franchise fees.
                             I. BACKGROUND
      Because this appeal challenges a trial court order sustaining a
demurrer, we draw the relevant facts from the complaint and matters subject
to judicial notice. 2 (Yvanova v. New Century Mortgage Corp. (2016)
62 Cal.4th 919, 924.)
A. Factual Background
      The City initiated a request for proposal procurement process for three
franchise contracts regarding garbage, mixed materials and organics, and
residential recycling services. The initial procurement process resulted in the
City’s Public Works Department (PWD) receiving contract proposals from
only two firms, WMAC and CWS. PWD recommended the City award all
three contracts to WMAC, stating the structure “provided the lowest overall
rate option for Oakland residents.”
      Rather than accept PWD’s recommendation, the City directed PWD to
solicit new best and final bids from WMAC and CWS. PWD again
recommended the City award all three contracts to WMAC. The City instead
awarded all three contracts to CWS. Following a lawsuit by WMAC
regarding the procurement process, WMAC and CWS reached a settlement in
which WMAC would receive the garbage and mixed materials and organics
contracts, and CWS would receive the residential recycling contract, subject




      2 On March 8, 2019, plaintiffs requested this court take judicial notice
of an excerpt from the “2015–2016 Alameda County Grand Jury Final
Report.” We deny this request because the exhibit is unnecessary to resolve
the issues raised in this appeal.

                                       2
to the City’s agreement. The City approved the settlement and amended the
ordinance awarding the franchise contracts.
      The City’s ordinance approving the mixed materials and organics
contract provided for an initial franchise fee of $25,034,000, with subsequent
franchise fees “ ‘adjusted annually by the percentage change in the annual
average of the Franchise Fee cost indicator.’ ” Similarly, the City’s ordinance
approving the residential recycling contract provided for an initial franchise
fee of $3 million, with subsequent franchise fees “ ‘adjusted annually by the
percentage change in the annual average of the Franchise Fee cost
indicator.’ ”
      Thereafter, the City passed an ordinance reducing WMAC’s franchise
fee by $3.24 million and designated that amount as the Redesignated Fee to
compensate the City for the cost of “preparing, adopting, and implementing
the Alameda County Integrated Waste Management Plan.” The ordinance
imposing the Redesignated Fee provides for a possible annual adjustment to
reflect the impacts of inflation if certain criteria are met. In the event the
Redesignated Fee is invalidated or the City is unable to collect that amount,
then WMAC’s franchise fee is increased by the amount left uncollected.
      Based on “citizen complaints,” an Alameda County grand jury
“undertook a comprehensive investigation related to the solicitation and
award of [the City’s] Zero Waste contracts.” The grand jury found the
franchise fees paid by haulers were disproportionately higher than the
franchise fees paid to other Bay Area municipalities and special districts.
That grand jury also found the City’s procurement process was mishandled
and subject to political considerations.




                                           3
B. Procedural Background
      Plaintiffs filed an initial complaint, seeking declaratory and injunctive
relief. The complaint alleged violations of article XIII D, section 6,
subdivision (b)(1), (2), and (3). The complaint asserted both the rates charged
for refuse, recycling, and disposal collection and the franchise fee were
excessive, not representative of the actual service costs or otherwise
supported by any legitimate cost justification, and amounted to an
improperly imposed tax that should be subject to article XIII C.
      The City filed a demurrer to the initial complaint. The demurrer
alleged the complaint failed to state a cause of action, any claims regarding
the Redesignated Fees were barred by the statute of limitations, and
plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies.
      The trial court sustained the demurrer with leave to amend. The court
concluded all three causes of action contained insufficient allegations “that
the allegedly ‘excessive and disproportional refuse, recycling and disposal
collection charges . . . being imposed on Plaintiffs’ multifamily dwelling
(“MFD”) properties’ . . . are a ‘fee or charge’ as defined in article XIIID,
section 6, or are being ‘extended, imposed, or increased by any agency’ within
section 6, subdivision (b).” Specifically, the court emphasized the complaint
does not allege the franchise fee or rates are “ ‘imposed by an agency’—i.e. by
the City—as distinguished from being charged to ratepayers by the private
entities who contracted with the City.” The court also noted plaintiffs did not
address the City’s argument that the Redesignated Fee was untimely.
      Plaintiffs subsequently filed a first amended complaint, again seeking
declaratory relief and alleging violations of article XIII C and article XIII D,
section 6, subdivision (b)(1), (2), and (3). The amended complaint asserted
the City imposed an excessive franchise fee, failed to determine “how much



                                         4
the franchise fees would need to be to solely offset the cost to the [City] of the
waste haulers’ operations,” and passed those fees on to ratepayers to avoid
the limitations of Proposition 218. The amended complaint contended the
City imposed such increased rates “through the guise of negotiated
contracts,” fully knowing the franchisees would pass the charges on to
ratepayers.
      The City demurred to the amended complaint, arguing the franchise
fees were beyond the purview of Proposition 218 and noting plaintiffs failed
to cure the statute of limitations bar to the Redesignated Fee challenge.
      The trial court again granted the City’s demurrer with leave to amend.
The court noted the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Jacks v. City of Santa
Barbara (2017) 3 Cal.5th 248 (Jacks), and stated in part, “To properly state a
claim that a franchise fee violates Proposition 218, a party challenging the
fee must establish that the fee bears no rational relationship to the value of
the property interest conveyed by the city to the franchisee.” The court noted
the amended complaint “erroneously focuses on whether the franchise fee
charged by [the City] exceeds the ‘proportional cost of the service
attributable’ to each individual parcel, rather than . . . the ‘value of the
franchise’ itself.” The court also held, in accordance with its prior decision,
plaintiffs’ challenge to the Redesignated Fee was barred by the statute of
limitations.
      Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint (SAC) for declaratory
relief, alleging the franchise fee and Redesignated Fee violated article XIII C.
Specifically, the SAC alleged “[n]either of the franchise fees bears a
reasonable relationship to the value received from the government and they
are not based on the value of the franchises conveyed . . . .” The SAC




                                         5
challenged the validity of the Redesignated Fee, and further claimed the
challenge was timely as to all future increases to the Redesignated Fee.
      The City again demurred, restating its prior arguments and asserting
Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th 248 is distinguishable from the current situation and
does not apply. It further argued plaintiffs’ challenge to any annual
increases to the Redesignated Fee failed to state a claim and was time-
barred.
      The trial court sustained the demurrer with leave to amend as to the
Redesignated Fee increases, but “only to the extent Plaintiffs can legitimately
allege . . . that the [Redesignated Fee] in fact was increased as of July 1, 2016
or thereafter.” The court denied leave to amend all other aspects of the SAC.
Notably, the court concluded the lack of a direct pass-through of the franchise
fees to the customers distinguished the franchise fee in Jacks from that
charged by the City.
      Plaintiffs declined to amend. The court subsequently entered judgment
against plaintiffs and dismissed the matter with prejudice. Plaintiffs timely
appealed.
                               II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
      We independently review a trial court’s order sustaining a demurrer.
(Brown v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 275,
279.) “In doing so, this court’s only task is to determine whether the
complaint states a cause of action. [Citation.] We accept as true all well-
pleaded allegations in the operative complaint, and we will reverse the trial
court’s order of dismissal if the factual allegations state a cause of action on
any available legal theory. [Citation.] We treat defendants’ demurrer as
admitting all properly pleaded material facts, but not contentions,



                                        6
deductions, or conclusions of fact or law.” (Ibid.) “ ‘We also consider matters
which may be judicially noticed.’ [Citation.] . . . [and] give the complaint a
reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its parts in their
context.” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.)
      “[W]hen a demurrer is sustained with leave to amend, but the plaintiff
elects not to amend, it is presumed on appeal that the complaint states the
strongest case possible.” (Ram v. OneWest Bank, FSB (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th
1, 10.)
A. Article XIII C
      In Citizens for Fair REU Rates v. City of Redding (2018) 6 Cal.5th 1,
the California Supreme Court summarized the scope and application of
article XIII C: “California voters have, over the past four decades, adopted a
series of initiatives designed to limit the authority of state and local
governments to impose taxes without voter approval. (Jacks, [supra,
3 Cal.5th] at p. 257.) [¶] The first of these initiatives was Proposition 13,
adopted in 1978. It added article XIII A to the state Constitution ‘to assure
effective real property tax relief by means of an “interlocking ‘package’ ” ’ of
four provisions. (Sinclair Paint Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1997)
15 Cal.4th 866, 872 (Sinclair Paint).) The first provision capped the ad
valorem real property tax rate at 1 percent (art. XIII A, § 1); the second
limited annual increases in real property assessments to 2 percent
(art. XIII A, § 2); the third required that any increase in statewide taxes be
approved by two-thirds of both houses of the Legislature (art. XIII A, § 3);
and the fourth required that any special tax imposed by a local government
entity be approved by two-thirds of the qualified electors (art. XIII A, § 4).
Thus, with its first two provisions, Proposition 13 limited local government
authority to increase property taxes. Further, ‘since any tax savings



                                        7
resulting from the operation of [the first two provisions] could be withdrawn
or depleted by additional or increased state or local levies of other than
property taxes, sections 3 and 4 combine to place restrictions upon the
imposition of such taxes.’ (Amador Valley Joint Union High Sch. Dist. v.
State Bd. of Equalization (1978) 22 Cal.3d 208, 231.)
      “In 1996, the voters adopted Proposition 218, known as the ‘ “Right to
Vote on Taxes Act.” ’ (Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 259.) It added articles
XIII C and XIII D to the state Constitution. Article XIII D, like the first two
provisions of article XIII A, limits the authority of local governments to
assess taxes and other charges on real property. (See [City of] San
Buenaventura [v. United Water Conservation Dist. (2017)] 3 Cal.5th [1191,]
1203–1204.) Article XIII C buttresses article XIII D by limiting the other
methods by which local governments can exact revenue using fees and taxes
not based on real property value or ownership. As enacted, article XIII C
provided that ‘[a]ll taxes imposed by any local government shall be deemed to
be either general taxes or special taxes.’ (Art. XIII C, § 2, subd. (a).) Local
governments may not impose, increase, or extend: (1) any general tax, unless
approved by a majority vote at a general election; or (2) any special tax,
unless approved by a two-thirds vote. (Art. XIII C, § 2, subds. (b), (d).)
      “Significantly, Proposition 218 did not define the term ‘tax.’ That
definition was provided 14 years later, with the passage of Proposition 26 in
November 2010. Proposition 26’s findings stated that, despite the adoption of
Propositions 13 and 218, ‘California taxes have continued to escalate.’ (Voter
Information Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 2, 2010) text of Proposition 26, § 1,
subd. (c), p. 114.) The findings also took note of a ‘recent phenomenon
whereby the Legislature and local governments have disguised new taxes as
“fees” in order to extract even more revenue from California taxpayers



                                        8
without having to abide by [the] constitutional voting requirements.’ (Id.,
subd. (e), p. 114.)” (Citizens for Fair REU Rates v. City of Redding, supra,
6 Cal.5th at pp. 10–11.)
      “To ensure the effectiveness of Propositions 13 and 218, Proposition 26
made two changes to article XIII C. First, it specifically defined ‘ “tax,” ’ and
did so broadly, to include ‘any levy, charge, or exaction of any kind imposed
by a local government.’ (Art. XIII C, § 1, subd. (e).) However, the new
definition has seven exceptions. A charge that satisfies an exception is, by
definition, not a tax.” (Citizens for Fair REU Rates v. City of Redding, supra,
6 Cal.5th at p. 11.) As relevant here, one exception involves charges
“imposed for entrance to or use of local government property . . . .”
(Art. XIII C, § 1, subd. (e)(4).)
      “Second, Proposition 26 requires the local government to prove ‘by a
preponderance of the evidence that . . . [an] exaction is not a tax, that the
amount is no more than necessary to cover the reasonable costs of the
governmental activity, and that the manner in which those costs are
allocated to a payor bear a fair or reasonable relationship to the payor’s
burdens on, or benefits received from, the governmental activity.’
(Art. XIII C, § 1, subd. (e).)” (Citizens for Fair REU Rates v. City of Redding,
supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 11.)
B. Whether the Franchise Fee is a Tax
      Plaintiffs contend whether the SAC alleged an adequate cause of action
is governed by Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th 248. Plaintiffs argue, pursuant to
Jacks, a franchise fee is valid only if it is reasonably related to the value of
the property interests transferred, and its validity is not impacted by
whether it is directly or indirectly imposed on ratepayers. Because the SAC
asserts the City’s franchise fee bears no reasonable relationship to the



                                         9
franchises’ values and was indirectly imposed by the City, plaintiffs contend
they adequately alleged a valid cause of action.
      1. Whether Franchise Fees Are Subject to Article XIII C
      In Jacks, the City of Santa Barbara and Southern California Edison
(SCE) entered into an agreement to include a charge on SCE’s electricity bills
equal to 1 percent of SCE’s gross receipts from the sale of electricity within
Santa Barbara, which SCE would then transfer to Santa Barbara (the
surcharge). (Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th. at p. 254.) This charge, along with
another 1 percent charge, constituted the fee SCE paid for the privilege of
using city property to deliver electricity. (Ibid.) Utility consumers filed a
class action challenging the surcharge as an illegal tax under Proposition
218. (Jacks, at p. 256.) The trial court held a franchise fee is not a tax under
Proposition 218 and thus the surcharge was not subject to voter approval.
(Jacks, at p. 256.) The Court of Appeal reversed, concluding the surcharge
was a tax requiring voter approval under Proposition 218 because its
“ ‘primary purpose is for the City to raise revenue from electricity users for
general spending purposes.’ ” (Jacks, at p. 257.)
      The California Supreme Court affirmed in part and reversed in part.
(Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 274.) It explained “following the enactment of
Proposition 13, the Legislature and courts viewed various fees as outside the
scope of the initiative.” (Id. at p. 260.) The court noted “[t]he commonality
among these categories of charges [that are fees rather than taxes] is the
relationship between the charge imposed and a benefit or cost related to the
payor.” (Id. at p. 261.) “However, if the charges exceed the reasonable cost of
the activity on which they are based, the charges are levied for unrelated
revenue purposes, and are therefore taxes.” (Ibid., citing Sinclair Paint,
supra, 15 Cal.4th at pp. 874, 881.) The court noted such a relationship



                                       10
“serves Proposition 13’s purpose of limiting taxes.” (Jacks, at p. 261.) The
court further explained “[a]lthough Sinclair Paint . . . focused on restrictions
imposed by Proposition 13, its analysis of the characteristics of fees that may
be imposed without voter approval remains sound.” (Jacks, at p. 261.)
      In analyzing how franchise fees fit within this framework, the Supreme
Court noted “[h]istorically, franchise fees have not been considered taxes,”
and neither Proposition 218 nor Proposition 26 evidence an intent to change
that historical characterization. (Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th at pp. 262–263.) It
explained, however, while “sums paid for the right to use a jurisdiction’s
rights-of-way are fees rather than taxes. . . . , to constitute compensation for
the value received, the fees must reflect a reasonable estimate of the value of
the franchise.” (Id. at p. 267.) The Supreme Court further explained “fees
imposed in exchange for a property interest must bear a reasonable
relationship to the value received from the government. To the extent a
franchise fee exceeds any reasonable value of the franchise, the excessive
portion of the fee does not come within the rationale that justifies the
imposition of fees without voter approval. Therefore, the excessive portion is
a tax. If this were not the rule, franchise fees would become a vehicle for
generating revenue independent of the purpose of the fees.” (Id. at p. 269.)
The court thus held “a franchise fee must be based on the value of the
franchise conveyed in order to come within the rationale for its imposition
without approval of the voters.” (Id. at p. 270.)
      The City argues Jacks is inapposite because the court adjudicated the
surcharge—a fee placed directly on the customers’ bills—rather than the
other 1 percent fee encompassed in SCE’s electricity rates. We disagree. The
structure of the fee at issue—whether the surcharge in Jacks or the franchise
fee in the instant matter—does not alter the key question: whether a charge



                                       11
constitutes a legitimate fee or an unlawful tax. Both Jacks and the present
case raise this same question. And Jacks thus guides our analysis.
      While a true franchise fee is indisputably a nontax, Jacks instructs us
to look beyond any label and determine whether such a fee “reflect[s] a
reasonable estimate of the value of the franchise.” (Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th at
p. 267.) The Supreme Court did not limit this analysis to the surcharge, but
rather addressed all “charges that constitute compensation for the use of
government property.” (Id. at p. 254.) The Supreme Court explained while
compensation for use of government property is exempt from Proposition
218’s requirements, imposed charges only constitute such compensation if
there is “a reasonable relationship to the value of the property interest.”
(Jacks, at p. 254.) Any imposed charge beyond such an amount constitutes a
tax and requires voter approval. (Ibid.)
      The City next contends Jacks is inapposite because it analyzes
franchise fees under Proposition 218 rather than under the later-adopted
Proposition 26. The City argues the status of the franchise fees instead are
controlled by article XIII C, which expressly exempts franchise fees from the
definition of taxes.
      “The interpretation of constitutional or statutory provisions presents a
legal question, which we decide de novo.” (Wunderlich v. County of Santa
Cruz (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 680, 694.) “The aim of constitutional
interpretation is to determine and effectuate the intent of those who enacted
the constitutional provision at issue. [Citations.] When the constitutional
provision was enacted by initiative, the intent of the voters is the paramount
consideration. [Citation.] To determine the voters’ intent, courts look first to
the constitutional text, giving words their ordinary meanings. [Citations.]
But where a provision in the Constitution is ambiguous, a court ordinarily



                                       12
must adopt that interpretation which carries out the intent and objective of
the drafters of the provision and the people by whose vote it was enacted.
[Citations.] New provisions of the Constitution must be considered with
reference to the situation intended to be remedied or provided for.” (League
of Women Voters of California v. McPherson (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 1469,
1481; see also Persky v. Bushey (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 810, 819 [“If necessary,
extrinsic evidence of the voters’ intent may include the analysis by the
Legislative Analyst and the ballot arguments for and against the
initiative.”].)
       Section 1, subdivision (e) of article XIII C defines “ ‘tax’ ” as “any levy,
charge, or exaction of any kind imposed by a local government, except for”
seven exemptions. Relevant here is the fourth exemption, which applies to
“A charge imposed for entrance to or use of local government property, or the
purchase, rental, or lease of local government property.” (Cal. Const., art.
XIII C, § 1, subd. (e)(4).) The fourth exemption does not expressly state the
charge for entrance to or use of local government property must be
reasonable. This absence contrasts with the first three exemptions, which do
explicitly include such a requirement. (See id., § 1, subd. (e)(1) [“A charge
imposed for a specific benefit conferred or privilege granted directly to the
payor that is not provided to those not charged, and which does not exceed
the reasonable costs to the local government of conferring the benefit or
granting the privilege.”]; id., subd. (e)(2) [“A charge imposed for a specific
government service or product provided directly to the payor that is not
provided to those not charged, and which does not exceed the reasonable costs
to the local government of providing the service or product.”]; id., subd. (e)(3)
[“A charge imposed for the reasonable regulatory costs to a local government
for issuing licenses and permits, performing investigations, inspections, and



                                         13
audits, enforcing agricultural marketing orders, and the administrative
enforcement and adjudication thereof.”].) However, subdivision (e) also
contains a broad statement regarding the government’s burden of proof: “The
local government bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the
evidence that a levy, charge, or other exaction is not a tax, that the amount is
no more than necessary to cover the reasonable costs of the governmental
activity, and that the manner in which those costs are allocated to a payor
bear a fair or reasonable relationship to the payor’s burdens on, or benefits
received from, the governmental activity.” (Cal. Const., art. XIII C, § 1,
subd. (e).) This provision requires that a charge be “no more than necessary
to cover the reasonable costs of the governmental activity” in order to be
exempt from the “tax” definition. (Ibid.) However, the subdivision is silent
as to whether this requirement applies to all seven exemptions, or only to the
first three exemptions that explicitly include a reasonableness requirement.
On this question, we find the provision ambiguous and look to the intent and
objective of the voters in enacting the provision to guide our interpretation.
      The ballot materials uniformly indicate a desire to expand the
definition of what constituted a “tax” for purposes of article XIII C. “One of
the declared purposes of Proposition 26 was to halt evasions of Proposition
218.” (Brooktrails Township Community Services Dist. v. Board of
Supervisors of Mendocino County (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 195, 203; Schmeer
v. County of Los Angeles (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 1310, 1322 [Proposition 26
“was an effort to close perceived loopholes in Propositions 13 and 218”].) The
Findings and Declarations of Purpose for Proposition 26 state: “Since the
enactment of Proposition 218 in 1996, the Constitution of the State of
California has required that increases in local taxes be approved by the
voters. [¶] . . . Despite these limitations, California taxes have continued to



                                       14
escalate. Rates for . . . a myriad of state and local business taxes are at all-
time highs. Californians are taxed at one of the highest levels of any state in
the nation. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . This escalation in taxation does not account for the
recent phenomenon whereby . . . local governments have disguised new taxes
as ‘fees’ in order to extract even more revenue from California taxpayers
without having to abide by these constitutional voting requirements. . . . [¶]
. . . In order to ensure the effectiveness of these constitutional limitations,
this measure . . . defines a ‘tax’ for state and local purposes so that neither
the Legislature nor local governments can circumvent these restrictions on
increasing taxes by simply defining new or expanded taxes as ‘fees.’ ” (Voter
Info. Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 2, 2010) text of Prop. 26, § 1, subds. (b), (c), (e),
(f), p. 114.)
       Likewise, the analysis by the Legislative Analyst explained Proposition
26 “expands the definition of a tax and a tax increase so that more proposals
would require approval by two-thirds of the Legislature or by local voters.”
(Voter Info. Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 2, 2010) analysis of Prop. 26 by the
Legislative Analyst, p. 57.) It further states: “This measure broadens the
definition of a state or local tax to include many payments currently
considered to be fees or charges,” while noting other fees and charges “Are
Not Affected.” (Id. at p. 58.) Nowhere does the analysis identify any
narrowing of the definition of a state or local tax.
       Here, the intent and objective of the voters in passing Proposition 26 is
clear. The purpose was to expand the definition of “tax” to require more
types of fees and charges be approved by two-thirds of the Legislature or by
local voters. Proposition 26’s Findings and Declarations of Purpose expressly
note it was passed in response to “the recent phenomenon whereby the
Legislature and local governments have disguised new taxes as ‘fees’ in order



                                         15
to extract even more revenue from California taxpayers without having to
abide by these constitutional voting requirements.” (Voter Info. Guide, Gen.
Elec. (Nov. 2, 2010) text of Prop. 26, § 1, subd. (e), p. 114.) As noted by the
California Supreme Court, the purpose of Proposition 26 “was to reinforce the
voter approval requirements set forth in Propositions 13 and 218.” (Jacks,
supra, 3 Cal.5th at pp. 262–263.)
      In light of this extensive evidence regarding the voters’ intent in
passing Proposition 26, we conclude a franchise fee, arguably subject to the
fourth exemption in article XIII C, section 1, subdivision (e), must still be
reasonably related to the value of the franchise. (Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th at
p. 267.) Only that portion with a reasonable relationship may be exempt
from the “tax” definition. (See City of San Buenaventura v. United Water
Conservation Dist., supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 1214 [“it is clear from the text [of
Proposition 26] itself that voters intended to adopt two separate
requirements: To qualify as a nontax ‘fee’ under article XIII C, as amended, a
charge must satisfy both the requirement that it be fixed in an amount that is
‘no more than necessary to cover the reasonable costs of the governmental
activity,’ and the requirement that ‘the manner in which those costs are
allocated to a payor bear a fair or reasonable relationship to the payor’s
burdens on, or benefits received from, the governmental activity.’ ” (italics
added, italics omitted)].)
      Finally, the City contends the franchise fee does not qualify as a “tax”
under article XIII C because it was not “ ‘imposed by local government.’ ”
Specifically, the City asserts the franchise fee constitutes contract
consideration and is not imposed merely because it is passed on to
ratepayers. However, if we accept the City’s reasoning, any local government
could avoid running afoul of article XIII C by merely contracting with a third



                                        16
party to impose the desired tax on residents rather than enacting it directly.
This result would directly conflict with the purpose of Propositions 218 and
26. (See Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Assn. v. City of San Diego (2004) 120
Cal.App.4th 374, 394 [purpose of Prop. 218 is to “ ‘protect[ ] taxpayers by
limiting the methods by which local governments exact revenue from
taxpayers without their consent’ ”]; Citizens for Fair REU Rates v. City of
Redding, supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 11 [Prop. 26 adopted “To ensure the
effectiveness of Propositions 13 and 218”].) Moreover, the California
Supreme Court implicitly rejected this argument in Jacks. There, the charge
at issue was established “[p]ursuant to an agreement between [SCE] and
defendant City of Santa Barbara.” (Jacks, supra, 3 Cal.5th at p. 254.)
Nonetheless, its contractual formation did not automatically exempt the
charge from being defined as a “tax.” Rather, the court held “fees imposed in
exchange for a property interest must bear a reasonable relationship to the
value received from the government. To the extent a franchise fee exceeds
any reasonable value of the franchise, . . . . the excessive portion is a tax.”
(Id. at p. 269.)
      Neither of the two cases cited by the City, County of Tulare v. City of
Dinuba (1922) 188 Cal. 664 and Citizens Assn. of Sunset Beach v. Orange
County Local Agency Formation Com. (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 1182, alter our
analysis. In County of Tulare, the court addressed in part whether a
subsequent constitutional amendment could void a preexisting statutory
charge imposed on franchises. (County of Tulare, at p. 667.) While the court
noted the fee was “not imposed by law but by his acceptance of the franchise,”
it did not conclude the fee was not “imposed” under article XIII C but merely
that it was “imposed . . . by his acceptance of the franchise.” (County of
Tulare, at p. 670.) Likewise, Citizens Association of Sunset Beach, involved



                                        17
the extension of preexisting taxes, rather than a creation of new taxes.
(Citizens Assn. of Sunset Beach, at pp. 1185–1186.) In assessing whether the
preexisting taxes had to be approved by a two-thirds vote under Proposition
218, the court noted “[t]he word ‘impose’ usually refers to the first enactment
of a tax, as distinct from an extension through operation of a process such as
annexation.” (Citizens Assn. of Sunset Beach, at p. 1194; accord California
Cannabis Coalition v. City of Upland (2017) 3 Cal.5th 924, 944 [“impose”
construed as synonymous to enacted, created, or established].) In the present
matter, however, no one asserts the franchise fee is not “the first enactment”
of the charge.
      2. Whether the SAC Adequately Alleged a Cause of Action
      As we conclude in the prior section, a franchise fee may constitute a tax
subject to article XIII C to the extent it is not reasonably related to the value
received from the government. The SAC adequately raises such allegations.
First, the SAC recounts the manner in which the contracts were awarded and
notes the ordinance approving the final contracts provided for the following
franchise fees: (1) an initial franchise fee of $25,034,000 for the mixed
materials and organics contract, with subsequent franchise fees “ ‘adjusted
annually by the percentage change in the annual average of the Franchise
Fee cost indicator’ ”; (2) an initial franchise fee of $3 million for the
residential recycling services contract, with subsequent franchise fees
“ ‘adjusted annually by the percentage change in the annual average of the
Franchise Fee cost indicator.’ ” Next, the SAC asserts these contracts “were
not the product of bona fide negotiations” and, as a result, various financial
analyses were not performed. The SAC further states the City “did not
complete a value analysis of the government property interests conveyed.”
As a result, alleges the SAC, a grand jury found these franchise fees “are



                                         18
disproportionately higher than franchise fees paid to other Bay Area
municipalities and special districts,” and the City’s procurement process was
mishandled and subject to political considerations. The SAC supports these
allegations by noting the plaintiffs’ rate increases ranged from 79.76 percent
to 155.37 percent. The SAC also states no evidence was presented to the
grand jury that the City analyzed service or disposal costs. The SAC thus
claims the franchise fees do not “bear[ ] a reasonable relationship to the value
received from the government,” “are not based on the value of the franchises
conveyed,” and were set based on the prior franchise fee “without any
analysis or determination of the value of the prior franchise.” These
allegations sufficiently state a claim under the standard set forth in Jacks.
C. Redesignated Fee
      The City passed an ordinance creating the Redesignated Fee, pursuant
to Public Resources Code section 41901, to redesignate part of WMAC’s
franchise fee as a fee to compensate the City for the cost of “preparing,
adopting, and implementing the Alameda County Integrated Waste
Management Plan.” While plaintiffs are not challenging the initial creation
of the Redesignated Fee, the ordinance also provided for possible annual
increases to the Redesignated Fee. Plaintiffs contend the SAC adequately
sought declaratory relief as to the validity of those future Redesignated Fee
increases. While the SAC does not contend any Redesignated Fee increases
have occurred and plaintiffs acknowledge such increases are not guaranteed
to happen every year, plaintiffs contend declaratory relief is appropriate
because the parties have an actual controversy about the validity of the
“automatic” Redesignated Fee increases.
      “The ‘actual controversy’ language in Code of Civil Procedure section
1060 encompasses a probable future controversy relating to the legal rights



                                       19
and duties of the parties. [Citation.] For a probable future controversy to
constitute an ‘actual controversy,’ however, the probable future controversy
must be ripe. [Citation.] A ‘controversy is “ripe” when it has reached, but
has not passed, the point that the facts have sufficiently congealed to permit
an intelligent and useful decision to be made.’ ” (Environmental Defense
Project of Sierra County v. County of Sierra (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 877, 885.)
“It does not embrace controversies that are ‘conjectural, anticipated to occur
in the future, or an attempt to obtain an advisory opinion from the court.’ ”
(Wilson & Wilson v. City Council of Redwood City (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th
1559, 1582.) “ ‘ “Whether a claim presents an ‘actual controversy’ within the
meaning of Code of Civil Procedure section 1060 is a question of law that we
review de novo.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
      “A ripeness inquiry involves a two-step analysis: First, whether the
issue is appropriate for immediate judicial resolution; and second, whether
the complaining party will suffer a hardship from a refusal to entertain its
legal challenge. [Citation.] [¶] Under the first test, ‘ “courts will decline to
adjudicate a dispute if ‘the abstract posture of the proceeding makes it
difficult to evaluate . . . the issues’ [citation], if the court is asked to speculate
on the resolution of hypothetical situations [citation], or if the case presents a
‘contrived inquiry’ [citation].” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] [¶] Under the second
test, courts generally will not consider issues based on speculative future
harm. [Citation.] This is particularly true where the complaining party will
have the opportunity to pursue appropriate legal remedies should the
anticipated harm ever materialize.” (Metropolitan Water Dist. of Southern
California v. Winograd (2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 881, 892–893.)
      Here, the record indicates plaintiffs’ challenge to future Redesignated
Fee increases does not present an actual controversy proper for adjudication.



                                          20
Any future Redesignated Fee increase is based on the percentage change in
the annual “Consumer Price Index—All Urban Consumers, Series ID
cuura422sa0, Not Seasonally adjusted, San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose.”
That potential increase, however, is not implemented for any particular year
if WMAC’s gross receipts for the prior calendar year were less than the
calendar year before that. Thus, while the ordinance imposing the
Redesignated Fee provides for fee increases, it is uncertain whether or when
those will occur and, if they do, the actual amount of such an increase. Nor
do plaintiffs explain how the court could assess whether those future
unknown increases exceed the City’s future costs for “preparing, adopting,
and implementing the plan, as well as in setting and collecting the local fees.”
(See Pub. Resource Code, § 41901.)
      Plaintiffs contend if the current Redesignated Fee exceeds the City’s
current costs, as alleged in the complaint, then any future Redesignated Fee
increase would also exceed the City’s costs. But this presumes the City’s
costs remain static, and the SAC contains no such allegations. Rather, it is
reasonable to assume the City’s costs may increase by the time of any
Redesignated Fee increase. The degree of any such cost increase, however, is
unknown, and the SAC is entirely silent regarding this issue.
      Nor are plaintiffs’ arguments regarding hardship persuasive. Plaintiffs
contend they incur such hardship because they are currently paying a
Redesignated Fee that exceeds the amount allowable by law. But the trial
court concluded plaintiffs’ challenge to the current Redesignated Fee was
time-barred, and plaintiffs have not challenged that ruling on appeal.
Instead, plaintiffs only contend the SAC “adequately alleges a claim for
declaratory relief as to the automatic increases.” Accordingly, any harm
plaintiffs currently are incurring is based on their own failure to timely



                                       21
challenge the Redesignated Fee. As discussed above, what, if any, harm
plaintiffs may incur from future fee increases is uncertain at this time, and
plaintiffs have not demonstrated they will be unable “to pursue appropriate
legal remedies should the anticipated harm ever materialize.” 3 (Metropolitan
Water Dist. of Southern California v. Winograd, supra, 24 Cal.App.5th at
p. 893.) Accordingly, plaintiffs’ challenge to future Redesignated Fee
increases is not ripe for adjudication.
                              III. DISPOSITION
      The trial court’s judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part. We
affirm the court’s order sustaining the City’s demurrer as to the Redesignated
Fee increase. However, we reverse the trial court’s order sustaining the
City’s demurrer as to the validity of the franchise fee. The parties shall bear
their own costs on appeal. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)




      3 The trial court rejected the City’s argument that plaintiffs’ challenge
to the future Redesignated Fee increases are also time-barred, and the City
did not contest that ruling. We do not independently opine on that holding or
whether other legal arguments may bar such a claim in the future as neither
party has raised such arguments in this appeal.

                                          22
                                     ____________________________
                                     Margulies, J.



We concur:


_____________________________
Humes, P. J.



_____________________________
Banke, J.




A154986
Zolly v. City of Oakland




                                23
Trial Court: Superior Court of Alameda County

Trial Judge:     Hon. Paul D. Herbert

Counsel:

Zacks, Freedman & Patterson and Andrew M. Zacks; Katz Appellate Law
and Paul J. Katz for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Barbara Parker, Doryanna Moreno, Maria Bee, David Pereda and Celso
Ortiz, City Attorney; Chao ADR, PC and Cedric C. Chao; DLA Piper LLP,
Tamara Shepard and Mauricio Gonzalez, for Defendant and Respondent.




                                   24
