                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
                                          ══════════
                                            No. 18-0581
                                          ══════════

       PIRANHA PARTNERS, RANDOLPH MUNDT, AND THOMAS H. OWEN, JR.,
    INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PARTNERS OF PIRANHA PARTNERS, AND CHARLES RAY
                            OWEN, PETITIONERS,

                                                  v.

  JOE B. NEUHOFF AND NANCY M. NEUHOFF; THOMAS H. NEUHOFF AND JUDY A.
 NEUHOFF; ROBERT V. NEUHOFF AND ANDREA D. NEUHOFF; AND BOCA VAIL, INC.,
                             RESPONDENTS
             ══════════════════════════════════════════
                           ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
                  COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
             ══════════════════════════════════════════


       JUSTICE BLAND, joined by JUSTICE LEHRMANN, dissenting.

       The assignment in dispute conveys an interest “insofar and only insofar” as described in

an attachment. The “lands and associated wells” in that attachment describe the northwest

quarter of a lease and a well in the quarter. Ignoring these descriptive limitations, the Court

confers an interest in the entire lease as a matter of law.

       Given that the description contains an express geographic reference to the northwest

quarter of the lease, the Court’s construction is the least reasonable of three readings. The

assignment can be read to convey an interest in the identified well, located in the northwest

quarter. Or, as the court of appeals concluded, it can be read to convey an interest in production

from any well in the northwest quarter. The Court’s construction—that the explicit reference to
one quarter of the land does not restrict the interest conveyed—is not more indicated than the

first two.

        As the Court acknowledges, the rules of construction that Piranha advocates—whether

characterized as “rigid, mechanical rules” we have “incrementally cast off,” 1 or “well-settled

contract-construction principles” 2—do not resolve the geographic ambiguity created by the

property description in this case. But the Court and I part company in seeking clues from

snippets of unrelated words found in other phrases in the assignment to resolve the case. The

two-page, boilerplate assignment language serves a multitude of purposes, and it thus expressly

limits the property description to one place—Exhibit A.

        Even considered, the provisions the Court uses to shed light on Exhibit A do not further

the Court’s proposed reading. We should hold the property description ambiguous. The Court

has long recognized that an abbreviated property description can be fodder for ambiguity. 3

Because the property description of the interest assigned is ambiguous, we should remand the

case for a jury to determine its meaning. 4 As we do not, I respectfully dissent.

                                                        A

        Neuhoff Oil assigned its “right, title and interest in and to the properties described in

Exhibit ‘A’.” And only as described in Exhibit A: “All oil and gas leases, mineral fee properties




        1
            Wenske v. Ealy, 521 S.W.3d 791, 792 (Tex. 2017).
        2
            URI, Inc. v. Kleberg County, 543 S.W.3d 755, 763 (Tex. 2018).
        3
          See, e.g., Towers of Tex., Inc. v. J & J Sys., Inc. 834 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. 1992) (per curiam) (holding that
property description raised fact issue “of the location of the leased premises”).
        4
          URI, 543 S.W.3d at 765 (recognizing that an “ambiguity exists” if “contract language is susceptible to
more than one reasonable interpretation”).

                                                         2
or other interests, INSOFAR AND ONLY INSOFAR AS set out in Exhibit A . . . .” Exhibit A is

the linchpin for understanding what interest Neuhoff Oil conveyed to Piranha:

                                           EXHIBIT “A”
                            Attached to and made a part of that certain
                     Assignment and Bill of Sale dated Effective October 1, 1999
                              Neuhoff Oil & Gas Corp., as Assignor

       Lands and Associated Well(s):             Puryear #1-28
                                                 Wheeler County, Texas

                 NW/4, Section 28, Block A-3, H&GN Ry Co. Survey

       Oil and Gas Lease(s)/Farmout Agreement(s):

                 Oil & Gas Lease(s):

                 Lessor:         [the Puryears]
                 Lessee:         Marie Lister
                 Recorded:       Volume 297, Page 818

Exhibit A describes the Puryear #1-28, the only well on Section 28 at the time. And it describes

land: the northwest quarter of Section 28.

       Does the assignment convey Neuhoff Oil’s interest in one well, the Puryear #1-28, with

the property description specifying the well’s location? The Neuhoffs say so. So did the lease

operator. It paid the Neuhoffs the overriding royalty on other wells drilled in the northwest

quarter even after the assignment, until Piranha sought a title opinion to convince the operator on

section 28 to switch royalty payments from Neuhoff Oil to Piranha.

       Or, does the assignment convey Neuhoff Oil’s interest in the northwest quarter? The

court of appeals said so. 5 Under this reading, Neuhoff Oil retained its interest in the lease outside

the northwest quarter. The Neuhoffs adopt this construction on appeal to this Court.


       5
           578 S.W.3d 543, 551–52 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2018).

                                                     3
        Or, finally, does the assignment convey Neuhoff Oil’s interest in the entire lease, with the

reference to the northwest quarter merely identifying a location of an active well on the lease

without restricting the property conveyed? Piranha says so.

                                                      B

        Disagreements in interpretation do not mean that a contract is ambiguous. 6 In the face of

competing interpretations, a contract that “can be given a definite or certain meaning” should be

given one as a matter of law. 7 But when competing interpretations are reasonable, and no context

favors one reasonable interpretation over another, then the contract is ambiguous. 8 Such is the

case here.

        The Court’s interpretive resolution—that the assignment conveyed Neuhoff Oil’s interest

in the entire lease to Piranha—is problematic. The Court explains that Exhibit A “simply

identifies the only location on Section 28 and the only well from which oil and gas giving rise to

overriding royalties was then being produced.” 9 But reading the geography in Exhibit A as

merely identifying proves the Neuhoffs’ point: geographic identification is unnecessary to

convey the interest the Court concludes Neuhoff Oil intended to convey. A conveyance of the

overriding royalty interest in the entire lease requires no identifying reference to any well or

quadrant of land. All means all, whether one well or one hundred, regardless which quadrant

those wells occupy. If the Court’s reading is correct, all that matters in Exhibit A is the




        6
            See URI, 543 S.W.3d at 763.
        7
            Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex. 1996) (citations
omitted).
        8
            URI, 543 S.W.3d at 765.
        9
            Ante at ___.

                                                      4
description of the “Oil and Gas Lease(s)/Farmout Agreement(s)” which identifies the lease.

Exhibit A need state no more.

         The Court reads the “Lands and Associated Well(s)” section as merely descriptive of

drilling activity on the property. But this section is more reasonably read to geographically limit

the conveyance, bounding it to either the Puryear #1-28 well or the northwest quarter of the

lease. When viewed against the declaration—in all caps—that the conveyance was “INSOFAR

AND ONLY INSOFAR AS” the description set out in Exhibit A, either alternative is superior to

the Court’s—each gives effect to the geographic language.

         The Court acknowledges that Exhibit A is “at least ambiguous, if not completely

unenforceable, because it fails to adequately identify the interest assigned, a term that is

obviously essential and material to the parties’ agreement.” 10 The Court attempts to reconcile

this ambiguity by referring to words in other provisions in the lease, ignoring the directive that

the conveyance is described “[only insofar as] set out in Exhibit A.” The Court is correct that our

“holistic and harmonizing approach” to deed construction “requires us to consider all of the

Assignment’s provisions and prohibits us from giving greater weight to the granting clause or to

any other particular types of clauses.” 11 But it does not follow that all provisions will be helpful

in interpreting an ambiguous provision. 12 Here, the provisions the Court relies on do nothing to

clarify Exhibit A. Any clarification the Court extracts contravenes the assignment’s express

         10
           Id. at __ (citing Fischer v. CTMI, L.L.C., 479 S.W.3d 231, 237 (Tex. 2016) (“To be enforceable, a
contract must address all of its essential and material terms with ‘a reasonable degree of certainty and definiteness.’”
(quoting Pace Corp. v. Jackson, 284 S.W.2d 340, 345 (Tex. 1955))).
         11
              Id. at ___ (citing Wenske v. Ealy, 521 S.W.3d 791, 794 (Tex. 2017)).
         12
            The Court states that “[t]he Dissent challenges our consideration of these provisions” based on the
limitation on the conveyance to the description in Exhibit A. Ante at ___ n.20. Not only can we consider all the
assignment’s provisions, we should. But we cannot read them in isolation, and we cannot extract clarification from
provisions that simply do not amplify the description in Exhibit A.

                                                           5
limitation of the grant description to Exhibit A. Even when considered, these provisions do not

inform the Court’s construction as the only reasonable one.

       The Court first points to a reference to the “interests” Neuhoff Oil conveyed. The entire

paragraph, however, reads as a limitation on the conveyance to Exhibit A:

       [Neuhoff Oil assigns] [a]ll oil and gas leases, mineral fee properties or other
       interests, INSOFAR AND ONLY INSOFAR AS set out in Exhibit A, attached
       hereto and made a part hereof for all purposes, whether said interest consists of
       leasehold interest, overriding royalty interest, or both, which shall include any
       working interest, leasehold rights, overriding royalty interests and reversionary
       rights held by [Neuhoff Oil] . . . .

The Court suggests that “‘shall include any . . . overriding royalty interests’ . . . explains that the

interest described in Exhibit A ‘include[s] any’ overriding royalty interest then held by Neuhoff

Oil.” 13 But this ignores that the “interests” conveyed are expressly limited in the same paragraph

to those described in Exhibit A—in all caps no less. A host of mineral-estate interests might be

conveyed. But the property that those interests touch—the specific land or wells—must be

described in Exhibit A. So although the Court referentially concludes that the paragraph conveys

“all” of the “overriding royalty interests . . . held by [Neuhoff Oil],” it remains for Exhibit A to

explain what “all” means: one well, the northwest quarter, or the entire lease. Outside Exhibit A,

there is no property described.

       Second, the Court observes that contract rights associated with the property interests

conveyed refers to “Leases.” This paragraph assigns:

       All presently existing contracts to the extent they are assignable and to the extent
       they affect the Leases, including agreements for the sale or purchase of oil, gas
       and associated hydrocarbons, division orders, unit agreements, operating
       agreements, and all other contracts and agreements arising from, connected with,
       or attributable to the production therefrom.

       13
            Ante at __.

                                                  6
The Court reasons that “[b]y conveying existing contracts to the extent they affect ‘the Leases,’

as opposed to just the well or the land, this paragraph further indicates that Neuhoff Oil

conveyed its entire interest under the Puryear lease.” 14

        The contract rights flow from the conveyance, however, not the opposite. The provision

does not enlarge the grant description, which is expressly limited to “interests, INSOFAR AND

ONLY INSOFAR AS set out in Exhibit A.” The overarching granting clause conveys “right, title

and interest” to the properties as described in Exhibit A, which are not enlarged in any other

provision. It is the property description that delineates any contract right conveyed, not the

reverse.

        Finally, the Court cites Section II of the assignment, which contains “specific details

about the conveyance.” 15 The language that follows, providing for a proportional reduction “if

less than the entire interest, or if said oil and gas lease(s) covers less than the entire fee title,”

belies any suggestion that this reference informs the property description in Exhibit A. The Court

notes the use of the plural “leases” and that any royalty interest will be paid out of the production

of the “oil and gas leases” described in Exhibit A. An assignment must include information about

the lease from which it springs. But these provisions say nothing about the land to which they

apply. 16




        14
             Id. at ___.
        15
             Id. at ___.
        16
           An overriding royalty interest and the underlying lease are intertwined. See Apache Deepwater, LLC v.
McDaniel Partners, Ltd., 485 S.W.3d 900, 905 (Tex. 2016) (recognizing that “an overriding royalty . . . will not
survive termination of the leasehold it burdens unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise”).

                                                       7
                                                       ***

         The single link between the assignment form and the attachment leaves any property

description contextually stranded: the property is conveyed “insofar” and “only insofar” as it is

described in the attachment. In searching for other links that do not exist, the Court disregards

the express geographic language as superfluous. Because this language reasonably can be read to

limit the interest conveyed, it should fall to a jury, not this Court, to break the log jam. A jury

would consider the surrounding circumstances that each side emphasizes in favor of its

competing interpretation. 17 We should reverse the court of appeals’ judgment, hold the

assignment ambiguous, and remand the case to the trial court to submit the interpretation of the

assignment to a jury. Because we do not, I respectfully dissent.



                                                                    _________________________________
                                                                    Jane N. Bland
                                                                    Justice

OPINION DELIVERED: February 21, 2020




          17
             “[I]f the contract contains two or more reasonable interpretations, the contract is ambiguous, creating a
fact issue as to the parties’ intent.” Barrow-Shaver Res. Co. v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc., 590 S.W.3d 471, ___ (Tex.
2019). “Only where a contract is ambiguous may a [fact-finder] consider the parties’ interpretation and admit
extraneous evidence to determine the true meaning of the instrument.” Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential
Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 333–34 (Tex. 2011) (quoting David J. Sacks, P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447,
450–51 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam)).

                                                          8
