                   NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              File Name: 17a0280n.06

                                          Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                                    FILED
                                                                                            May 19, 2017
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                      )
                                                                                        DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                               )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                                     )
                                                               )        ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                             )        STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                               )        THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
KENNETH JEROME VALENTINE;                                      )        MICHIGAN
JOHNNY VALENTINE,                                              )
                                                               )
       Defendants-Appellants.                                  )
                                                               )


BEFORE: MERRITT, GILMAN, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

       BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Defendant Kenneth Valentine appeals

the district court’s denial of his motion for sentence modification under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2),

arguing that the district court erred in refusing to devalue the drug estimates relevant to his

sentence.      Defendant Johnny Valentine likewise appeals the district court’s denial of his

§ 3582(c)(2) motion on the ground that the district court improperly found that his involvement

encompassed the entire conspiracy. Both cases have been consolidated on appeal.1 For the

reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Defendants’ motions for sentence

modification.




       1
           Defendants share the same last name, so we will refer to them by their first names for ease of reference.
Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


                                               I.

       We have previously, on more than one occasion, had cause to review the facts underlying

Defendants’ convictions, so we do not rehash them in great detail here. Defendants were

charged as part of a twelve-person indictment in 1999. The indictment charged Defendants with

conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine base (crack cocaine), in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(a). In February 2011, following a fourteen-day trial,

Defendants were convicted.

       At trial, testimony from several cooperating co-conspirators and confidential informants,

including testimony from one Jerry Lee Butler and one Yusef Phillips, indicated that the

conspiracy involved a total of fifty to seventy-five kilograms of crack cocaine. Kenneth’s

Presentence Report (“PSR”) recommended a base offense level of 38, which, at the time, was the

highest base offense level triggered by a drug quantity of at least 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.

The PSR concluded that Kenneth was responsible for over fifty kilograms of crack cocaine.

Kenneth objected to this drug quantity at the sentencing hearing, and the district court overruled

his objection. Although expressing “misgivings” about the actual amount of crack cocaine

involved in the conspiracy, the district court found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the

conspiracy involved at least 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, “and a great deal more.” (R. 417,

PageID # 1517–18.)

       Likewise, Johnny’s PSR recommended a base offense level of 38, concluding that Johnny

was responsible for over 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine, and that his involvement in the

conspiracy involved pooling his money with the other Valentines to purchase “kilogram

quantities of crack cocaine from Arkansas.” (R. 1006, PageID # 4501.) The district court at

sentencing again expressed its concern that the fifty-kilogram drug quantity was inflated, but



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found that the conspiracy was responsible “for at least 1.5 kilograms of crack cocaine[] [a]nd that

th[is] quantit[y was] reasonably foreseeable by [Johnny].” (R. 435, PageID # 1551–52.) Both

Defendants were sentenced to a term of 292 months’ imprisonment. We affirmed on appeal,

noting particularly that “[t]he amount of drugs involved in the conspiracy was conservatively

estimated at between 50 and 75 kilograms of crack.” United States v. Valentine (Valentine I),

70 F. App’x 314, 331 (6th Cir. 2003).

        Following the 2007 amendment to the crack cocaine guidelines (Amendment 706),

Defendants filed motions to reduce their sentence under § 3582(c)(2). The amendment raised the

minimum drug quantity required to impose a base offense level of 38 from 1.5 kilograms to

4.5 kilograms. The district court conducted separate sentencing hearings for both Defendants,

and again found that the conspiracy involved at least 4.5 kilograms of crack cocaine.

Particularly, with respect to Johnny, the court found that he should be held responsible for the

full amount of the conspiracy. On appeal, we affirmed the district court’s determination that

Defendants were ineligible for a sentencing reduction. See United States v. Valentine (Valentine

II), 694 F.3d 665 (6th Cir. 2012).2

        In 2011, the Sentencing Commission again amended the crack cocaine guideline

(Amendment 750) and raised the minimum drug quantity for a base offense level of 38 from

4.5 kilograms to 8.4 kilograms. Defendants again sought sentence modifications, and their

motions were denied following a hearing by the district court. Following the 2014 amendment to

the crack cocaine guidelines (Amendment 782) that again raised the minimum drug quantity

from 8.4 kilograms to 25.2 kilograms, Defendants filed the motions for sentence reduction that




        2
           In this appeal, we also considered the eligibility of co-defendants Corey Valentine and Jimmy Ray
Valentine for a sentence reduction.

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Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


are the basis of this appeal.3 The district court denied Defendants’ motions to reduce their

sentence, finding that the conspiracy involved a drug quantity greater than the required 25.2

kilograms, and that this amount was reasonably attributable to both Defendants.

                                                    II.

        A district court may modify or reduce the sentence of a “defendant who has been

sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been

lowered by the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). In general, we review a

district court’s denial of a motion to modify a sentence under § 3582(c)(2) for abuse of

discretion. United States v. Jackson, 751 F.3d 707, 710 (6th Cir. 2014). However, where the

district court’s decision “rests on its determination that the defendant is ineligible for a sentence

reduction, we review de novo the district court’s eligibility determination,” and review any

factual findings made for clear error. Valentine II, 694 F.3d at 669. “A factual finding is clearly

erroneous when, on the entire evidence, we are ‘left with a definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been committed.’” Id. at 672 (quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C.,

470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985)).

        A.      District Court’s Drug Quantity Determination

        The main challenge to the district court’s drug-quantity finding in this appeal comes from

Kenneth. In particular, Kenneth argues that the district court erred by giving no weight to the

initial sentencing court’s misgivings about the drug quantity testified to at trial, and failed to

devalue the amounts claimed by the Government.

        At Kenneth’s original sentencing hearing, the district judge, Judge Enslen, expressed his

reservation at accepting the fifty to seventy-five kilogram estimate, stating that he had “serious


        3
         Kenneth’s motion to reconsider the denial of his motion under Amendment 750 was consolidated with his
motion under Amendment 782.

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Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


misgivings about the total amount of crack cocaine purchased by the conspiracy” and he believed

“that some of the quantity figures [were] inflated in light of the fact that no significant amount of

money or no significant quantity of drugs was ever found on any of [the] Defendants.” (R. 417,

PageID # 1517–18.) We acknowledged this hesitation on Defendants’ initial appeal, noting:

“Although Judge Enslen questioned whether Butler and Phillips inflated the total quantity of

drugs involved, it is clear from the transcript that his concerns were focused on how many tens of

kilos were involved in this case.” Valentine II, 694 F.3d at 673. We went on to note that “this is

a case where uncontradicted trial testimony indicated that the conspiracy involved tens of

kilograms of crack cocaine that were foreseeable to each Defendant as a member of the

conspiracy.” Id.

       We again visited the district court’s drug determination in this case in the § 3582(c)(2)

appeal of Jimmy Ray Valentine, a co-defendant at Defendants’ trial. See United States v.

Valentine, 553 F. App’x 591 (6th Cir. 2014). In that case, we concluded, with respect to the

testimony from Butler, that “[e]ven a conservative sum of these estimates exceeds 30

kilograms.”    Id. at 595.    Further, with respect to Judge Enslen’s hesitations, we noted:

“[A]dmittedly, Judge Enslen’s ‘misgivings’ might give us pause had the district court found

Valentine responsible for 40 or 50 kilograms.” Id. at 596 (citing Valentine II, 694 F.3d at 673).

       The district court reached its finding that this conspiracy involved crack cocaine in excess

of 25.2 kilograms by referencing Butler’s testimony that “co-defendant Corey Valentine traveled

to Arkansas approximately twenty times picking up 1.5 to 3 kilograms of crack.” (R. 1025,

PageID # 4581.) Also, as we previously noted, even a low-end estimation of this amount

exceeds the required 25.2-kilogram threshold. See Valentine, 553 F. App’x at 595. Kenneth

argues, however, that just choosing a “conservative estimate” is not enough, but that the court



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must err on the side of caution. See, e.g., United States v. Walton, 908 F.2d 1289, 1302 (6th Cir.

1990) (“[W]hen choosing between a number of plausible estimates of drug quantity, none of

which is more likely than not the correct quantity, a court must err on the side of caution.”). As

an example of erring on the side of caution, Kenneth points to the calculations employed by the

district court that we approved of in United States v. Whelan, 396 F. App’x 197 (6th Cir. 2010).

In that case, the district court rejected the higher amount of drug proceeds admitted to by the

defendant and the higher amount of pills alleged to have been sold by the informant. Id. at 200.

Instead, the court chose to calculate the individual pill price based on the 1,000 pills defendant

attempted to purchase for $33,940 on the day that he was arrested. Id. Reaching an estimate of

$33 per pill, and adding the 1,000 pills defendant attempted to buy at the time of his arrest, the

district court determined that the total number of pills was 7,060, based on the lower amount of

drug proceeds testified to by the informant. Id. On these facts, we decided that the district court

in Whelan “actually erred on the side of caution.” Id. at 201.

       Kenneth’s reliance on the facts of this case and on our admonition to district courts to

“err on the side of caution,” however, overextends the district court’s duty in a drug-quantity

determination. District court judges are not statisticians and should not be required to engage in

protracted calculations. Rather, the district court is simply required to determine a drug quantity,

based on the preponderance of the evidence, for which the defendant is actually responsible.

Walton, 908 F.3d at 1302. “If the exact amount cannot be determined, an estimate will suffice.”

Id.

       Our decision here is largely determined by our prior decisions on this issue. The district

court’s determination that the conspiracy involved more than 25.2 kilograms of crack cocaine is

supported by substantial and uncontradicted evidence. That this estimate errs on the side of



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Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


caution is bolstered by the fact that it accounts for but one of the sources of crack cocaine that

trial testimony established supplied this conspiracy. Because a preponderance of the evidence

supports the district court’s determination that this conspiracy involved more than

25.2 kilograms of crack cocaine, we find no clear error.

       B.      Scope of Conspiracy Determination

       We turn next to Defendants’ argument that the district court failed to make particularized

findings as it related to the scope of the agreement and the foreseeability of co-conspirators’

conduct. Kenneth argues that the district court erred in attributing every transaction involving

his co-defendant, Corey Valentine, to him when Judge Enslen at the initial sentencing never

made this finding. Johnny, on the other hand, argues that the district court completely failed to

make particularized findings regarding the scope of his agreement in the conspiracy and, instead,

conflated this question with the question of reasonable foreseeability. We review the district

court’s interpretation of guidelines de novo and its findings of fact for clear error. United States

v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 523 (6th Cir. 2008).

       The guidelines provide that a defendant’s base offense level shall be calculated to

include, “in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity . . . , all acts and omissions of

others that were within the scope of the jointly undertaken criminal activity, in furtherance of

that criminal activity, and reasonably foreseeable in connection with that criminal activity.”

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). We have previously held that “this subsection requires that the

district court make particularized findings with respect to both the scope of the defendant’s

agreement and the foreseeability of his co-conspirators’ conduct before holding the defendant

accountable for the scope of the entire conspiracy.” United States v. Campbell, 279 F.3d 392,

400 (6th Cir. 2002).



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Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


       Our holding in co-defendant Jimmy Valentine’s § 3582(c)(2) appeal, which addressed a

virtually identical issue, is equally applicable here: “the district court [] was not writing on a

clean slate—Judge Enslen already made detailed findings concerning the scope of [Defendants’]

consent and the foreseeability of [their] co-conspirators’ conduct.” Valentine, 553 F. App’x at

597. So, too, we do not begin with a clean slate in determining whether Defendants are properly

held responsible for the entire amount of the conspiracy. In Valentine II, we expressly concluded

that “the conspiracy involved tens of kilograms of crack cocaine that were foreseeable to each

Defendant as a member of the conspiracy.” 694 F.3d at 673. At Johnny’s original sentencing,

Judge Enslen considered the facts that Johnny personally made three to five trips to Arkansas to

purchase drugs directly from Butler, contributed money to purchase drugs from Butler, was often

present and “may even have ‘run’ a crack house,” and concluded that Johnny “played an

important role in the conspiracy.” (R. 435, PageID # 1553–56, 1558.) The district court, at

Johnny’s § 3582(c)(2) modification hearing, considered the conclusions of Judge Enslen and

further noted its previous finding that Johnny was “waist deep in the conspiracy.” (R. 1026,

PageID # 4600.)

       Likewise, at Kenneth’s original sentencing, Judge Enslen first determined that the

“jointly undertaken criminal activity was the purchase of both crack and powder cocaine from

sources in Arkansans, California, and the resale of crack in Benton Harbor.” (R. 417, PageID #

1517.) As to foreseeability, Judge Enslen stated that “trial testimony indicated that [Kenneth]

was involved in multiple kilogram purchases of crack cocaine from Arkansas, and he personally

negotiated the price, quantity and timing of these transactions.      Furthermore, the evidence

established [that Kenneth] was personally involved in the purchase of crack from Abdul Moore

and that he was either personally involved or at least knowledgeable of the purchase of crack and



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Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


powder from sources in California.” (R. 417, PageID # 1517.) Judge Enslen also considered the

fact that Kenneth contributed money to the purchase of crack cocaine from all three sources, and

ultimately concluded that the amount of drugs involved in the conspiracy was foreseeable to

Kenneth.

       The district court, at Kenneth’s sentence-modification hearing, merely expounded on

Judge Enslen’s finding, stating that “[t]he quantity attributed to Corey [Valentine] is properly

attributable . . . to Kenneth Valentine. Corey was the courier. Jimmy Ray Valentine and

Kenneth Valentine arranged for the transactions.” (R. 1025, PageID # 4582.) More importantly,

the district court noted that the amounts retrieved from Butler in Arkansas were reasonably

foreseeable to each member of the conspiracy. Having already found that this amount exceeds

the 25.2 kilogram threshold, it was proper for the district court to deny the sentence modification.

       As such, we conclude that the earlier findings concerning Defendants’ roles in the

conspiracy foreclose the need for additional, particularized findings. See Valentine, 553 F.

App’x at 598.

                                                III.

       For the aforementioned reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Defendants’

motions for sentence reduction.




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Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


       MERRITT, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur with

the majority’s decision to affirm Kenneth Valentine’s sentence, but I would vacate Johnny

Valentine’s sentence and remand for further fact-finding regarding the scope of his agreement to

participate in the underlying conspiracy because the record does not contain a sufficiently

“particularized” finding of the scope of his agreement.

       In the context of sentencing liability in conspiracy cases, “the scope of conduct for which

a defendant can be held accountable under the sentencing guidelines is significantly narrower

than the conduct embraced by the law of conspiracy.” United States v. Orlando, 281 F.3d 586,

600 (6th Cir. 2002). To hold a defendant accountable under the Sentencing Guidelines for a co-

conspirator’s independent acts, this court requires the sentencing court to make two separate and

“particularized” findings: First, that the co-conspirator’s acts were within the scope of the

defendant’s agreement. Second, that those acts were foreseeable to the defendant. United States

v. Campbell, 279 F.3d 392, 399-400 (6th Cir. 2002). Those findings should be accompanied by a

statement on the record of the evidence and reasons supporting the district court’s conclusions.

See Orlando, 281 F.3d at 601. The clear import of our precedents is that defendants may not be

sentenced on the basis of “the activities of the whole operation” simply because “the defendant is

aware of the scope of the overall operation.”            Campbell, 279 F.3d at 400.    Rather, the

government must prove—and the court must specifically find—that the defendant agreed to

further the activities of the entire conspiracy. Id.

       The majority correctly holds that the sentencing court has made sufficiently

particularized findings on the second prong of the analysis—that is, that it was foreseeable to all

members of the conspiracy that the enterprise would result in the purchase and distribution of at

least 25.2 kilograms of crack cocaine. See United States v. Valentine, 694 F.3d 665, 673 (6th



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Case Nos. 15-2584/16-1064, United States v. Valentine


Cir. 2012); United States v. Valentine, 553 F. App’x 591, 595 (6th Cir. 2014). However, the

district court’s opinions in this case have been less specific regarding its factual findings on the

scope of Johnny’s agreement to participate in the conspiracy.

       The original sentencing court did not attempt to a make particularized finding about the

scope of Johnny’s agreement because it sentenced Johnny before our decision in Campbell.

However, the original sentencing court did specifically find that the record evidence was

insufficient to support a supervisory role enhancement in light of Johnny’s relatively minor role

in the conspiracy. While the sentencing judge stated that he was “confident that Defendant

Johnny Valentine played an important role in the conspiracy,” he pointed to several facts

supporting his conclusion that Johnny was not a leader of the conspiracy: Johnny did not

negotiate or organize the terms of the drug buys that he consummated. He did not recruit others

to participate in the conspiracy. He did not claim a larger share of the profits generated by the

conspiracy. And, finally, he played no part in the strategic planning of the conspiracy. At best,

the sentencing court’s findings about the scope of Johnny’s agreement to participate in the

conspiracy were mixed—far short of the requirement of particularity established by this court in

Campbell.

       And while the judges who have decided Johnny’s successive petitions for a reduced

sentence under § 3582 had the benefit of our decision in Campbell, they too failed to make

sufficiently “particularized” findings about the scope of Johnny’s agreement. At various times

the judges at those hearings described Johnny as “at least waist deep into this conspiracy, if not

more,” “responsible for the full amount of the conspiracy,” “an integral member of the

conspiracy,” and Jimmy Ray Valentine’s “right-hand man.”           The judges also described or

ratified descriptions of the conspiracy as “very tight-knit [and] family-based” and “in for a penny



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in for a pound.” However, these descriptions—and the evidence supporting them—were all

bound up in the district court’s discussion of Campbell’s “reasonable foreseeability” prong; they

were not the type of discrete and particularized findings that are necessary to justify imposing

Johnny with sentencing liability for the independent acts of his co-conspirators.

       My opinion is motivated in large part by the unduly severe sentence imposed upon

Johnny for his rank-and-file role in this conspiracy. This court’s decision in Campbell was the

product of our concern with using the crime of conspiracy as a “dragnet” to expose co-

conspirators to extreme and unfair terms of imprisonment on the basis of crimes that they did not

themselves commit. Campbell, 279 F.3d at 400. This concern is especially salient in this case

given the history of racially disproportionate sentencing in crack cocaine cases like this one.

       Accordingly, I would vacate Johnny’s sentence and remand to the district court for

particularized fact-finding regarding the scope of Johnny’s agreement to participate in the

conspiracy.




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