
788 N.W.2d 461 (2010)
287 Mich. App. 356
PEOPLE
v.
LEWIS (ON REMAND).
Docket No. 274508.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted October 15, 2009, at Lansing.
Decided January 12, 2010.
Approved for publication March 4, 2010, at 9:00 a.m.
*464 Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, B. Eric Restuccia, Solicitor General, Kym L. Worthy, Prosecuting Attorney, Timothy A. Baughman, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, and Jeffrey Caminsky, Principal Attorney, Appeals, for the people.
Gerald M. Lorence, Farmington Hills, for defendant.
Before: METER, P.J., and SAWYER and WILDER, JJ.

ON REMAND
PER CURIAM.
In People v. Lewis, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 15, 2008 (Docket No. 274508), 2008 WL 1733718, we affirmed defendant's conviction of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316. Following the United States Supreme Court's decision in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 2527, 174 L.Ed.2d 314 (2009), and in lieu of granting leave to appeal, the Michigan Supreme Court vacated our opinion in part and remanded "for reconsideration of ... defendant's Confrontation Clause, sufficiency of the evidence, and ineffective assistance issues in light of Melendez-Diaz." People v. Lewis, 485 Mich. 878, 772 N.W.2d 47 (2009). We again affirm.
As we stated in our previous opinion:
Defendant's conviction[] ar[o]se from the death of his longtime girlfriend, Tomeka Cook. After a dispute with defendant over money, Cook was found dead with multiple stab wounds. [Lewis, unpub. op. at 1.]
An autopsy was performed on Cook's body and the trial court admitted into evidence the autopsy report prepared by two nontestifying medical examiners through the testimony of a third medical examiner from the same laboratory, Dr. Carl Schmidt. In his first claim on remand, defendant argues that the admission of the autopsy report violated his constitutional right to confront witnesses against him. We disagree. This issue is unpreserved because defendant failed to object to the admission of the autopsy report and Dr. Schmidt's testimony on Sixth Amendment grounds. Therefore, we review defendant's claim for plain error that affected his substantial rights. People v. Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 764, 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999); People v. Bauder, 269 Mich.App. 174, 180, 712 N.W.2d 506 (2005).
We will reverse only if we determine that, although defendant was actually innocent, the plain error caused him to be convicted, or if the error "seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings," regardless of his innocence. [People v. Thomas, 260 Mich.App. 450, 454, 678 N.W.2d 631 (2004) (citation omitted).]
The Confrontation Clause provides: "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him...." U.S. Const. Amend. VI. Our state constitution also guarantees the same right. Const. 1963, art. 1, § 20. To preserve this right, testimonial hearsay is inadmissible against a criminal defendant unless the declarant was unavailable at trial and there was a prior opportunity for cross-examination of the declarant. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 50-51, *465 53-54, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004); People v. Shepherd, 472 Mich. 343, 347, 697 N.W.2d 144 (2005).[1] Statements are testimonial where the "primary purpose" of the statements or the questioning that elicits them "is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution." Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006).
In our previous opinion, we thoroughly discussed this Court's applications of Crawford in People v. Jambor (On Remand), 273 Mich.App. 477, 729 N.W.2d 569 (2007), and People v. Lonsby, 268 Mich. App. 375, 707 N.W.2d 610 (2005). On the basis of these decisions, we concluded that the autopsy report was nontestimonial because it "was `not prepared in anticipation of litigation against defendant,' but pursuant to a `duty imposed by law,' MRE 803(8)." Lewis, unpub. op. at 4 (citation omitted), citing Jambor. We also noted that a medical examiner is required by statute to investigate the cause and manner of death of an individual under certain circumstances, including death by violence, MCL 52.202(1)(a), and thus further concluded that the admission of the autopsy report through Dr. Schmidt's testimony did not violate defendant's Sixth Amendment rights under Crawford and Davis.[2]
Our Supreme Court has instructed this Court to reconsider defendant's Confrontation Clause argument in light of Melendez-Diaz. That case involved the use of affidavits by forensic analysts to support the defendant's convictions of distributing and trafficking in cocaine. ___ U.S. at ___, 129 S.Ct. at 2530-2531, 174 L.Ed.2d at 319-321. At trial, over the defendant's objection, the court admitted three notarized "certificates of analysis" from nontestifying laboratory analysts who, at the request of the police, tested the substance in bags seized by the police. Id. The certificates stated that chemical testing identified the substance in the bags as cocaine. Id. Massachusetts' law permitted the certificates to serve as "`prima facie evidence of the composition, quality, and the net weight'" of the narcotic analyzed, and the trial court held that the authors of the certificates were not subject to confrontation. ___ U.S. at ___, 129 S.Ct. at 2532, 174 L.Ed.2d at 321.
On appeal, the defendant in Melendez-Diaz, ___ U.S. at ___, 129 S.Ct. at 2531, 174 L.Ed.2d at 320, challenged the admission of the certificates and claimed that the analysts were required to testify in person. The United States Supreme Court reversed the defendant's convictions, *466 holding that the admission of the documents violated the Confrontation Clause. The Supreme Court's decision reaffirmed the principles set forth in Crawford. Justice Scalia, writing for the Court, reiterated Crawford's description of "the class of testimonial statements covered by the Confrontation Clause," that is,
"material such as affidavits, custodial examinations, prior testimony that the defendant was unable to cross-examine, or similar pretrial statements that declarants would reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially; extrajudicial statements... contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, or confessions; statements that were made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial." [___ U.S. at ___, 129 S.Ct. at 2531, 174 L.Ed.2d at 321, quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51-52, 124 S.Ct. 1354 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]
The Supreme Court concluded in Melendez-Diaz that the "certificates of analysis" were affidavits, and that they were statements offered against the defendant to prove a contested fact. ___ U.S. at ___, 129 S.Ct. at 2532, 174 L.Ed.2d at 321. As such, the certificates were testimonial in nature and subject to the Confrontation Clause. Id. The fact that the "sole purpose" of the certificates was to serve as prima facie evidence at trial further supported the Court's conclusion that they were testimonial. Id. The Supreme Court summarized its conclusion:
In short, under our decision in Crawford the analysts' affidavits were testimonial statements, and the analysts were "witnesses" for purposes of the Sixth Amendment. Absent a showing that the analysts were unavailable to testify at trial and that petitioner had a prior opportunity to cross-examine them, petitioner was entitled to "`be confronted with'" the analysts at trial. Crawford, supra, at 54, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177. [Id. (emphasis in original).]
Applying Melendez-Diaz to the instant case, we again conclude that defendant has failed to establish plain error in the admission of the report. The Supreme Court's determination that the forensic analysts' certificates in Melendez-Diaz were testimonial was based on characteristics that are not present here. Unlike the certificates, which were prepared for the "sole purpose" of providing "prima facie evidence" against the defendant at trial, Melendez-Diaz, ___ U.S. at ___, 129 S.Ct. at 2532, 174 L.Ed.2d at 321, the autopsy report was prepared pursuant to a duty imposed by statute. Lewis, unpub. op. at 4-5; MRE 803(8); MCL 52.202(1)(a). As we stated in our previous opinion:
[W]hile it was conceivable that the autopsy report would become part of [a] criminal prosecution, investigations by medical examiners are required by Michigan statute under certain circumstances regardless of whether criminal prosecution is contemplated. [Lewis, unpub. op. at 4.]
Furthermore, unlike the way the certificates in Melendez-Diaz were used, Dr. Schmidt formed independent opinions based on objective information in the autopsy report and his opinions were subject to cross-examination. See Lewis, unpub. op. at 5; cf., Jambor, 273 Mich.App. at 488, 729 N.W.2d 569, and Lonsby, 268 Mich.App. at 392, 707 N.W.2d 610. Because the autopsy report was not prepared primarily for use in a later criminal prosecution and defendant cross-examined Dr. Schmidt regarding his independent *467 opinions based on the autopsy report, the report is not testimonial evidence and defendant was not denied the right to be confronted by the two nontestifying medical examiners who prepared it. Davis, 547 U.S. at 822, 126 S.Ct. 2266; Lonsby, 268 Mich.App. at 392, 707 N.W.2d 610.
In addition, as we previously concluded, the admission of the report through the testimony of Dr. Schmidt was not outcome determinative: "There is no dispute that a crime was committed, and the autopsy did not aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator, which was the central issue in this case." Lewis, unpub. op. at 6.[3]
In defendant's second claim on remand, he argues that his attorney was ineffective for failing to object to the admission of the autopsy report on Sixth Amendment grounds. We disagree. The determination whether a defendant has been deprived of the effective assistance of counsel presents a mixed question of fact and constitutional law. People v. Grant, 470 Mich. 477, 484, 684 N.W.2d 686 (2004). The trial court must first find the facts, and then decide whether those facts constitute a violation of the defendant's constitutional right to counsel. Id. The trial court's factual findings are reviewed for clear error, while its constitutional determinations are reviewed de novo. Id. at 484-485, 684 N.W.2d 686.
Effective assistance is strongly presumed. People v. Toma, 462 Mich. 281, 302, 613 N.W.2d 694 (2000). To demonstrate ineffective assistance, a defendant must show: (1) that the defendant's attorney's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) that this performance so prejudiced the defendant that the defendant was deprived of a fair trial. Grant, 470 Mich. at 485-486, 684 N.W.2d 686. Prejudice exists if a defendant shows a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different but for the attorney's errors. Id. at 486, 684 N.W.2d 686.
Because the admission of the autopsy report did not violate defendant's right of confrontation, his attorney's failure to object to the admission of the report did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. Moreover, defendant cannot demonstrate that, but for the attorney's alleged error, the outcome of the trial would have been different. Id. at 485-486, 684 N.W.2d 686. As we note later in this opinion, there was sufficient evidence to support defendant's first-degree murder conviction absent the report.
In defendant's last two claims on remand, he first argues that the prosecutor failed to present sufficient evidence identifying him as the perpetrator to support his conviction, and he second challenges the trial court's denial of his motion for a directed verdict, reiterating his argument that there was insufficient evidence identifying him as the perpetrator and arguing that the evidence of premeditation was "scarce and circumstantial." We disagree. "A claim of insufficient evidence is reviewed de novo, in a light most favorable to the prosecution, to determine whether the evidence would justify a rational jury's finding that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." People v. McGhee, 268 Mich.App. 600, 622, 709 N.W.2d 595 (2005). Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences may be satisfactory proof of the elements of a *468 crime. People v. Lee, 243 Mich.App. 163, 167-168, 622 N.W.2d 71 (2000). A challenge to the trial court's decision on a motion for a directed verdict has the same standard of review as a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v. Aldrich, 246 Mich.App. 101, 122-123, 631 N.W.2d 67 (2001).
"[I]dentity is an element of every offense." People v. Yost, 278 Mich. App. 341, 356, 749 N.W.2d 753 (2008). "The elements of premeditated murder are (1) an intentional killing of a human being (2) with premeditation and deliberation." People v. Gayheart, 285 Mich.App. 202, 210, 776 N.W.2d 330 (2009). "`[P]remeditation and deliberation may be inferred from circumstances,'" and "[m]inimal circumstantial evidence is sufficient to prove an actor's state of mind." People v. Ortiz, 249 Mich.App. 297, 301, 642 N.W.2d 417 (2002) (citation omitted).
Again, the autopsy report did not aid in establishing the identity element of the crime. Lewis, unpub. op. at 5. Accordingly, even if the autopsy report had constituted testimonial evidence and defendant was denied his Sixth Amendment rights, the admission of the report would not have been outcome determinative to the issue of identity. Consistent with our previous opinion, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find that defendant was Cook's killer because his blood was recovered from the back door of Cook's home, where she was found dead with defensive wounds. Lewis, unpub. op. at 10-11. For this same reason, the trial court did not err by denying defendant's motion for a directed verdict based on his identity argument.
Furthermore, as we stated in our previous opinion, the autopsy report detailing the numerous stab wounds that Cook sustained provided evidence of intent and premeditation. Lewis, unpub. op. at 11-12. However, even without the report, the prosecution presented sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find intent and premeditation. Defendant and Cook had a contentious relationship. The autopsy photographs demonstrated that Cook sustained numerous stab wounds. Dr. Schmidt independently opined that some of Cook's wounds were defensive, indicating a struggle, which can be evidence of premeditation. See id. at 12, citing People v. Johnson, 460 Mich. 720, 730, 733, 597 N.W.2d 73 (1999). A rational trier of fact could also find premeditation from evidence of defendant's acts after the homicide. See id. at 11, citing People v. Gonzalez, 178 Mich.App. 526, 533, 444 N.W.2d 228 (1989) (a defendant's conduct after the homicide may establish premeditation). As we thoroughly discussed in our previous opinion, it could be inferred that defendant attempted to construct an alibi by spending time with friends, that he acted secretively with telephone calls, and that, several months after Cook's death, he evaded conversation about Cook. Because the prosecution presented sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find both intent and premeditation, the trial court did not err by denying defendant's motion for a directed verdict on the basis of his premeditation argument.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1]  The Confrontation Clause does not restrict state law in the determination whether hearsay is admissible when it is nontestimonial, however. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354.
[2]  We previously observed "the autopsy report contained enough `objective' information and statements upon which Dr. Schmidt could form an independent opinion about which he could be cross-examined." Lewis, unpub. op. at 5. We stated:

Dr. Schmidt testified that the autopsy report showed that Tomeka had sustained several stab wounds, and six wounds on the backs of her hands, which the report described as "defensive wounds." He testified that the one of the medical examiners who performed the autopsy had concluded that the cause of death was multiple stab wounds and the manner of death was homicide. After reviewing the report and sketch upon which the nontestifying medical examiner based her opinion, Dr. Schmidt agreed with her conclusions about cause and manner of death, and with her description of the wounds on the backs of the hands as defensive. Dr. Schmidt testified that, in his opinion, Tomeka could have been killed on February 2, 2003, or February 3, 2003, but not on February 4, 2003, because that is when the body was found and rigor mortis was waning. [Id.]
[3]  The Melendez-Diaz Court noted that "[t]he right to confrontation may, of course, be waived, including by failure to object to the offending evidence; and States may adopt procedural rules governing the exercise of such objections." Melendez-Diaz, ___ U.S. ___ n. 3, 129 S.Ct. at 2534 n. 3, 174 L.Ed.2d at 323 n. 3.
