                             In the
    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                         ____________

No. 01-3302
DARIUS SCOTT,
                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                v.

JO ANNE B. BARNHART, Commissioner of
Social Security,
                                   Defendant-Appellee.
                   ____________
        Appeal from the United States District Court for the
            Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
        No. 99 C 4651—Sidney I. Schenkier, Magistrate Judge.
                         ____________
      ARGUED FEBRUARY 11, 2002—DECIDED JULY 22, 2002
                         ____________


  Before RIPPLE, DIANE P. WOOD and WILLIAMS, Circuit
Judges.
  RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. Darius Scott, a minor, appeals the
                           1
order of the district court upholding the Social Security
Administration’s (“SSA”) denial of his application for sup-


1
  Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1), the parties consented that a
federal magistrate judge conduct any and all proceedings as
well as order entry of final judgment in their case. Accordingly,
we refer to the magistrate judge as the district court throughout
this opinion.
2                                                 No. 01-3302

plemental security income (“SSI”) childhood benefits. More
precisely, Darius submits that the Administrative Law
Judge (“ALJ”) who denied the application for benefits failed
to articulate adequately the basis for the SSA’s determina-
tion. For the reasons set forth in the following opinion,
we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand
this case for further proceedings.


                              I
                     BACKGROUND
A. Facts
  Gwendlyn Jones gave birth to Darius on August 29,
1990, in Chicago, Illinois. Throughout Darius’ infancy and
early childhood, Ms. Jones observed recurring problems
in his behavior and development. In particular, her son
suffered from erratic sleeping patterns, often resting for only
four hours a day. He also possessed a short attention span
and exhibited signs of overactivity. Moreover, based on
her observations, Ms. Jones believed that Darius’ language
skills lagged behind those of his peers. On January 24, 1994,
citing these difficulties in her son’s development, Ms. Jones
applied for SSI childhood benefits on behalf of Darius.
  During the pendency of the application, Ms. Jones autho-
rized physicians from the University of Chicago to conduct
an extensive psychological examination of then three-and-a-
half-year-old Darius. Over the course of eight visits between
February and April 1994, Dr. Lauren Wakschlag and a col-
league observed, interacted with and tested Darius. Accord-
ing to their observations, he never demonstrated any un-
usually high levels of activity for a child of his age. This
observation led them to conclude that his behavior might
result from environmental factors. However, although
No. 01-3302                                                   3

Darius frequently bore “a bright affect” throughout the
evaluation, Dr. Wakschlag also noted that “[h]e spoke very
little, with poor articulation, and appeared not to under-
stand questions, nodding in response to such questions
as, ‘what’s your name?’ and ‘what’s that?’.” Admin. R. at 99,
Ex.16. Standardized tests corroborated this observation. In
particular, Dr. Wakschlag administered the McCarthy Scales
of Children’s Ability Test (“McCarthy Test”). Designed to
measure a child’s developmental functioning, the McCarthy
Test gauges various factors, including the child’s quantita-
tive, memory, language and motor skills. Although his
overall scores indicated that Darius functioned in the “Bor-
                 2
derline Range,” he yielded exceptionally low scores in the
verbal, memory and quantitative components of the test.
The physician, however, cautioned that Darius’ “weakness
in language significantly comprised [sic] his overall per-
formance on the test making it difficult to understand many
of the instructions.” Admin. R. at 80, Ex.15. In particular,
his language deficiencies may have deflated inaccurately
his memory and quantitative scores. In conclusion, Dr.
Wakschlag stated that Darius “exhibit[ed] significant delays
in both receptive and expressive language skills,” Admin. R.
at 81, Ex.15, and diagnosed him as suffering from Develop-
mental Expressive and Receptive Language Disorder. See
Admin. R. at 101, Ex.16.
  While the University of Chicago group evaluated Darius,
a second physician, Dr. Virginia Bishop-Townsend of the


2
   Darius’ examiners did not elucidate precisely the meaning of
the term “Borderline Range.” However, shortly after using this
phrase, Dr. Wakschlag stated: “His performance on the test over-
all yielded a General Cognitive Index of 50 which places him
below the 1st percentile for children his age.” Admin. R. at 80,
Ex.15.
4                                                  No. 01-3302

Lake Shore Medical Center, performed a more limited re-
view of his condition. During the thirty-two minute evalua-
tion, Dr. Bishop-Townsend noted that Darius was extremely
active, climbing about the room and demonstrating “little
fear or respect for his mother.” Admin. R. at 74, Ex.13.
She ultimately concluded that he suffered from hyperactiv-
ity.
  Shortly thereafter, the SSA requested that Dr. Carl
Hermsmeyer, a psychologist, review Darius’ medical files,
including Dr. Bishop-Townsend’s report, and assess the
child’s functional capacity. After examining these records,
Dr. Hermsmeyer concurred in Dr. Bishop-Townsend’s find-
ings, but also noted that Darius possessed a moderate im-
pairment in his personal behavior.
   One year later, June 1995, Darius’ mother requested that
the University of Chicago group reevaluate her son. Dr.
Jane Nofer, a clinical psychologist, and Dr. Catherine Lord,
a professor of psychiatry, administered another battery
of standardized tests to Darius. Four-and-a-half-year-old
Darius again performed poorly on the verbal components
of these examinations. For example, results from the Dif-
ferential Abilities Scale (“DAS”), an intelligence test, yielded
a verbal cluster score of 68 and a general cognitive score
of 69, placing Darius “at the upper end of the mildly
retarded range of intellectual functioning.” Admin. R. at
111, Ex.18. Darius faired better on nonverbal components
of the exam, placing him in the borderline range of intelli-
gence with regard to these skills. Other tests produced sim-
             3
ilar results, prompting the evaluator to conclude that

3
  For example, on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Darius
scored a 44, placing him in the moderately delayed range with an
age equivalent score of two years, five months. The Vineland
                                                   (continued...)
No. 01-3302                                                  5

      Darius is a 4 ½ year old boy who is currently function-
    ing at the upper end of the mild range of mental retar-
    dation. His nonverbal skills are slightly stronger than
    his verbal skills. Darius’s difficulties with attention and
    impulsivity are clearly problematic, but I found him to
    be redirectable . . . .
Admin. R. at 113, Ex.18.


B. Administrative and District Court Proceedings
                              1.
  During January 1994, Ms. Jones, on behalf of Darius, sub-
mitted an application for SSI childhood benefits with the
SSA. The administrative agency denied both Darius’ initial
application for benefits as well as his request for reconsid-
eration. Invoking his right to further review, Darius re-
quested and ultimately received a hearing before an ALJ
during the spring of 1996. During these proceedings, Darius
not only presented the testimony of his mother detail-
ing his behavioral and language difficulties, but also ten-
dered the 1994 and 1995 evaluations of the University of
Chicago researchers. The diagnoses of Dr. Hermsmeyer
and Dr. Bishop-Townsend were also submitted to the ALJ.
  On August 21, 1996, in a written opinion, the ALJ con-
cluded that Darius was not disabled within the meaning of
the Social Security Act. Citing only exhibit numbers corre-
sponding to Darius’ tendered medical evidence, the ALJ
found that “[t]here is evidence which shows that the claim-


3
  (...continued)
Adaptive Behavior Scales yielded similar results, indicating
that Darius performed below his age level in communication,
socialization and daily living skills.
6                                                No. 01-3302

ant is hyperactive with language, speech and cognitive
delays.” Admin. R. at 16. In slightly more detail, the opinion
quoted from the “Summary and Recommendation” portion
of Drs. Lord’s and Nofer’s evaluation and noted that these
psychologists “described the claimant’s developmental
delays as mild.” Admin. R. at 16-17. Without any further
discussion of the tests administered to Darius or of the
resulting diagnoses, the ALJ concluded that, although
Darius suffered from several impairments, these diffi-
culties did not meet or equal any impairment in the SSA’s
listings. According to the ALJ, absent evidence that Darius’
impairments were of comparable severity to a condition
that would disable an adult, the SSA’s regulations fore-
closed this application for benefits. The SSA’s Appeals
Council declined Darius’ request to review the ALJ’s deter-
mination.


                              2.
   During July 1999, Darius filed this action in the dis-
trict court, seeking judicial review of the ALJ’s determina-
tion pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Soon after, Darius filed
for summary judgment; his counsel argued that the ALJ
erred in finding that his impairments did not meet SSA
Listings 112.05D and 112.05F for mental retardation. Ac-
cording to Darius, the ALJ’s determination not only lacked
the support of substantial evidence but also failed to articu-
late at some minimal level the bases for his findings. In a
cross-motion for summary judgment, the Commissioner of
the SSA (“the Commissioner”) submitted that the evidence
tendered to the ALJ simply failed to support a finding of
mental retardation.
  After considering the parties’ positions, the district court
entered summary judgment for the Commissioner. The dis-
No. 01-3302                                                      7

trict court noted that, under Listings 112.05D and 112.05F,
Darius had to demonstrate that he suffered from a marked
impairment in intellectual functioning as well as some ad-
ditional mental or physical impairment that imposed
another significant limitation on his ability to function. Al-
though commenting that the administrative “decision here
is not in all respects a model of clarity,” R.29 at 16, the
district court concluded that substantial evidence ultimately
supported the conclusion that Darius had failed to meet
his burden. According to the district court, the ALJ had
concluded that, although Darius suffered from moderate
communicative and behavioral problems, he lacked sim-
ilar limitations in other areas, including his cognitive, mo-
tor and social functioning. In the district court’s estima-
tion, these findings, even when coupled with Darius’ scores
on intelligence tests, precluded the claimant from satisfy-
ing the listing for mental retardation.


                                II
                        DISCUSSION
                                A.
                                                4
  We must sustain the findings of the ALJ so long as they
are supported by substantial evidence. See 42 U.S.C.
§ 405(g); Schoenfeld v. Apfel, 237 F.3d 788, 792 (7th Cir. 2001).
“[A] mere scintilla of proof will not suffice to uphold the
[ALJ’s] findings[; however,] the standard of substantial
evidence requires no more than ‘such relevant evidence


4
  We note that, because the SSA’s Appeals Council denied
Darius’ request for review, the ALJ’s findings constitute the fi-
nal decision of the Commissioner in this case. See Luna v. Shalala,
22 F.3d 687, 689 (7th Cir. 1994).
8                                                     No. 01-3302

as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support
a conclusion.’ ” Diaz v. Chater, 55 F.3d 300, 305 (7th Cir.
1995) (quoting Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971)).
In conducting our inquiry, we may consider the entire
administrative record, but may not substitute our judgment
for that of the ALJ by reconsidering the facts, reweighing
the evidence or resolving factual disputes. See Maggard v.
Apfel, 167 F.3d 376, 378 (7th Cir. 1999). Although great
deference is accorded to the ALJ’s determination, see Diaz,
55 F.3d at 305, “we must do more than merely rubber stamp
the [ALJ’s] decision[ ].” Ehrhart v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 969 F.2d 534, 538 (7th Cir. 1992).


                                B.
                                1.
  Before turning to the parties’ contentions, we briefly set
forth the legal framework governing Darius’ application for
SSI disability benefits. At the time of the ALJ’s determina-
tion, a child was considered disabled within the mean-
ing of Title XVI of the Social Security Act, and thus entitled
to benefits, if he suffered from “any medically deter-
minable physical or mental impairment of comparable se-
                                                             5
verity” to an impairment that would disable an adult.


5
  While Darius’ administrative appeal was pending, Congress
altered this test and created a new disability standard through
the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Oppor-
tunity Reconciliation Act (“PRWORA”). See Pub. L. 104-193, 110
Stat. 2105 (1996) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1382c (2000)). Applicable
to any claim not finally adjudicated as of August 22, 1996, this
new standard states that a child is disabled if he “has a medical-
ly determinable physical or mental impairment, which results
                                                      (continued...)
No. 01-3302                                                      9

42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A) (1994); 20 C.F.R. § 416.906 (1996).
The Commissioner promulgated a four-step test to assist
in this evaluation. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.924 (1996). In par-
ticular, under these SSA regulations, the child first had
to demonstrate that he was not engaged in substantial
gainful employment. See id. § 416.924(c). If he met his bur-
den, the child proceeded to the second step and had to es-
tablish that he suffered from a “severe” impairment. Id.
§ 416.924(d). Once these criteria were established, a find-
ing of disability would be made at the third step if the
claimant demonstrated that his severe impairment not only


5
   (...continued)
in marked and severe functional limitations” over a statutorily
prescribed time period. 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(C)(i) (2000). To
assist in this analysis, the SSA has promulgated a three-step
inquiry. Compare 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.924(c)-(f) (1996) with 20 C.F.R.
§§ 416.924(b)-(d) (2001). The new standard and its accompany-
ing regulations are more stringent than their pre-PRWORA
counterparts, requiring a greater showing from an SSI disabil-
ity claimant. See Williams v. Apfel, 179 F.3d 1066, 1068 n.3 (7th
Cir. 1999).
   In this case, the ALJ rendered his opinion regarding Darius’
application on August 21, 1996, the day before the enactment of
PRWORA. However, because Darius appealed this determina-
tion, his case was not finally adjudicated as of August 22, 1996,
seemingly warranting application of the new standard to his
claims. We, however, have noted that an individual denied
benefits under the more lenient pre-PRWORA standard would
also be denied benefits under the new standard and, accordingly,
first have adjudicated cases as situated under the earlier stan-
dard. See Williams, 179 F.3d at 1068 n.3; Nelson v. Apfel, 131 F.3d
1228, 1235 (7th Cir. 1997). Accordingly, we begin our inquiry
under the pre-PRWORA standard—the test in effect when the
ALJ rendered his decision in Darius’ case. Accord 65 Fed. Reg.
57,747, 54,751 (Sept. 11, 2000).
10                                                No. 01-3302

met certain duration requirements but also “me[t] or med-
ically equal[ed] a listed impairment” in 20 C.F.R. Part 404,
Subpart P, Appendix 1. Id. § 416.924(e). However, if the
claimant’s impairment was severe, but did not meet or
equal a listed impairment, the Commissioner engaged in
a fourth and final inquiry, conducting an “individualized
functional assessment to decide” whether the impair-
ment was one of comparable severity to one that would
disable an adult. Id. § 416.924(f). If answered in the affirma-
tive, the SSA considered the child disabled.


                              2.
  In this case, the parties’ contentions center on the third
stage of this four-part inquiry. At this step, the ALJ con-
cluded that Darius’ impairments failed to meet any of the
SSA’s listings. Although Darius mounts several challenges
to this determination, a common theme binds these argu-
ments: the ALJ failed not only to consider crucial pieces of
evidence but also to articulate minimally the bases for his
conclusions.
  At this third stage, if the SSA concludes that an individ-
ual suffers from an impairment meeting a listing, the
claimant is found disabled. Id. § 416.924(e). In this case,
the parties focus on Listing 112.05—mental retardation in
a child. According to the diagnostic definition of this
provision, mental retardation is “characterized by signifi-
cantly subaverage general intellectual functioning with
deficits in adaptive functioning.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt.
P., App. 1, § 112.05. An individual possesses the required
level of severity for this disorder if he meets one of the
six subparts or criteria enumerated under the diagnostic
definition. Id. Subparts D and F of Listing 112.05, the crite-
ria upon which Darius relies, require a claimant to demon-
No. 01-3302                                                 11

strate: (1) he has either “valid verbal, performance, or full
scale IQ of 60 through 70”, id. § 112.05D, or “marked im-
pairment in age-appropriate cognitive/communicative
function, documented by medical findings,” id. § 112.05F
(incorporating by reference § 112.02B2a); and (2) “a physical
or other mental impairment imposing additional and sig-
nificant limitation of function.” Id. §§ 112.05D & F. In
general terms, then, subparts D and F require a claimant to
demonstrate that he has: (1) significant or marked sub-
average intellectual or cognitive capabilities; and (2) some
separate and distinct condition that places further signifi-
cant limitations on him.
  After reviewing the record, we must conclude that the
ALJ failed to articulate adequately the bases for his con-
clusions. We have repeatedly admonished ALJs to “suffi-
ciently articulate [their] assessment of the evidence to assure
us that [they] considered the important evidence and . . . to
enable us to trace the path of [their] reasoning.” Hickman
v. Apfel, 187 F.3d 683, 689 (7th Cir. 1999). We require that
an ALJ build an “accurate and logical bridge from the evi-
dence to [his] conclusion” so that, as a reviewing court,
we may assess the validity of the agency’s ultimate find-
ings and afford a claimant meaningful judicial review.
See Steele v. Barnhart, 290 F.3d 936, 941 (7th Cir. 2002). In
this case, the ALJ’s determination falls short of that mark.
  In particular, the ALJ did not discuss or even reference
Listing 112.05—the section critical to Darius’ case. With-
out any further reference to the listings, the opinion mere-
ly states that: “The claimant’s impairments do not meet
or equal in severity any Listed Impairment found in Appen-
dix 1 to SubPart B of Regulation No. 4 of the Social Security
Act, as amended.” Admin. R. at 17. By failing to discuss
the evidence in light of Listing 112.05’s analytical frame-
work, the ALJ has left this court with grave reservations
12                                                     No. 01-3302

as to whether his factual assessment addressed adequately
the criteria of the listing. Cf. Burnett v. Comm’r, 220 F.3d 112,
119 (3d Cir. 2000) (finding remand warranted when ALJ
failed to discuss listing applicable to claimant); Clifton v.
Chater, 79 F.3d 1007, 1009 (10th Cir. 1996) (same). See gen-
erally Senne v. Apfel, 198 F.3d 1065, 1067 (8th Cir. 1999)
(“We have consistently held that a deficiency in opinion-
writing is not a sufficient reason for setting aside an admin-
istrative finding where the deficiency had no practical effect
on the outcome of the case.”). Although the Commissioner
submits that the evidence of record demonstrates that
Darius could not satisfy Listing 112.05’s diagnostic defini-
                                 6
tion of mental retardation, we are hard pressed to find
this precise conclusion either implicitly or explicitly in the
ALJ’s opinion. See Steele, 290 F.3d at 941; see also Sarchet v.
Chater, 78 F.3d 305, 307 (7th Cir. 1996).
 The failure to discuss Listing 112.05 is further com-
pounded by the ALJ’s perfunctory consideration and anal-


6
  We note that, at the time the ALJ rendered his opinion, the SSA
regulations stated “Listing 112.05 (Mental Retardation) contains
six sets of criteria, any one of which, if satisfied, will result in
a finding that the child’s impairment meets the listing.” 20
C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P., App. 1, § 112.00A (1996). Thus, in
1996, the regulations did not require that a claimant meet the
diagnostic definition of the listing as well as one of the six sets of
criteria to establish disability. Indeed, this dual requirement first
appears in the Code of Federal Regulations during 2001. Compare
20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P., App. 1, § 112.00A (2001) (“If an im-
pairment satisfies the diagnostic description of the introductory
paragraph and any one of the six sets of criteria, we will find
that the child’s impairment meets the listing.”) with 20 C.F.R.
Pt. 404, Subpt. P., App. 1, § 112.00A (2000) (“Listing 112.05
(Mental Retardation) contains six sets of criteria, any one of
which, if satisfied, will result in a finding that the child’s impair-
ment meets the listing.”).
No. 01-3302                                                   13

ysis of the evidentiary record. In assessing whether Darius
satisfied the listing, the ALJ had before him several sig-
nificant pieces of evidence relating to this child. First, a
medical report from Dr. Lauren Wakschlag, a psychologist
from the University of Chicago, indicated that Darius
suffered from Developmental Expressive and Receptive
Language Disorder. A second group of psychologists from
this university conducted an additional examination of
Darius, not only administering standardized tests to, but
also interacting with, the child. Based on their observa-
tions, and without disavowing the results of Dr. Lauren
Wakschlag, the second University of Chicago group found
that Darius operated “at the upper end of the mildly re-
tarded range of intellectual functioning.” Admin. R. at 113,
Ex.18. In comparison, a third group of physicians sim-
ply concluded that the child suffered from hyperactivity.
Rather than providing a meaningful discussion of these
opinions and attempting to resolve the conflict, if any,
among these different diagnoses, the ALJ merely cited
the exhibit numbers and concluded that Darius “has
impairments of hyperactivity with some language, speech
                        7
and cognitive delays.” Admin. R. at 16-17.
  Without meaningful analysis from the ALJ regarding
this evidence, the parties have been left to dispute before
this court the significance of the different diagnoses in
light of Listing 112.05, and we are left with a record that
does not permit us to engage in the meaningful, albeit
deferential, review that the statute mandates. In short,
proper resolution of this case requires that the ALJ consid-
er Darius’ proffered medical evidence and articulate spe-


7
 Although the ALJ did quote from the opinion of Drs. Lord and
Nofer, the inclusion of this material is insufficient to meet the
minimum articulation requirement.
14                                              No. 01-3302

cific reasons for accepting or rejecting it. After doing so,
he must discuss his factual findings in light of Listing
112.05. Absent these steps, we cannot accept the Commis-
sioner’s submission that Darius has failed to meet the SSA’s
listing for mental retardation in a child.


                        Conclusion
  We conclude that the ALJ failed to articulate adequate-
ly the bases for his conclusions, precluding this court
from engaging in meaningful judicial review of Darius’
claim. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is
reversed, and this case is remanded to the agency for further
proceedings.
                                  REVERSED and REMANDED

A true Copy:
       Teste:

                          _____________________________
                          Clerk of the United States Court of
                            Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




                    USCA-97-C-006—7-22-02
