[Cite as Zucco Painting & Wallcovering, Inc. v. DeLorean, 2011-Ohio-3743.]


STATE OF OHIO                    )                        IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                 )ss:                     NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF MEDINA                 )

ZUCCO PAINTING &                                          C.A. No.           10CA0053-M
WALLCOVERING, INC.

        Appellee
                                                          APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
        v.                                                ENTERED IN THE
                                                          MEDINA MUNICIPAL COURT
CHARLES DELOREAN                                          COUNTY OF MEDINA, OHIO
                                                          CASE No.   08 CVF 00487
        Appellant

                                DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: August 1, 2011



        MOORE, Judge.

        {¶1}    Charles DeLorean has appealed from a judgment of the Medina Municipal Court

that granted damages to Zucco Painting & Wallcovering, Inc. on its breach of contract claim.

For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

                                                     I.

        {¶2}    Mr. DeLorean, a resident of Medina, Ohio, was involved in a home remodeling

project. He hired David Ratliff as a contractor. Mr. Ratliff introduced Mr. DeLorean to one of

the owners of Zucco Painting & Wallcovering, Inc. Mr. DeLorean hired Zucco to do some

interior work. Zucco completed the work satisfactorily, and Mr. DeLorean paid the resulting

$1,675 invoice without complaint. The agreed rate for Zucco’s work had been $43 per hour.

Shortly before payment on the first invoice, Mr. Ratliff requested that Zucco paint additional

interior areas and a significant part of the exterior of the home. As time went on, Mr. Ratliff
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continued increasing Zucco’s assignments. Due to the volume of work, Zucco agreed to accept

$41 per hour.

       {¶3}     Zucco and his crew performed the requested work and submitted to Mr. DeLorean

an invoice for $11,333. Mr. DeLorean objected to the amount and offered to pay Zucco $5,000

to $6,000. Zucco rejected the compromise and filed suit in the Medina Municipal Court. Mr.

DeLorean filed a counterclaim.

       {¶4}     The matter was tried to a magistrate who, on September 30, 2009, filed a

magistrate’s decision in favor of Zucco and against Mr. DeLorean for the invoice total of

$11,333. The magistrate also found against Mr. DeLorean on his counterclaim. The trial judge

signed the entry, and it was time stamped by the clerk of courts on September 30, 2009. On

October 14, 2009, Mr. DeLorean filed objections to the magistrate’s decision. Zucco responded.

On January 1, 2010, after a transcript of the trial was filed and with leave of court, Mr. DeLorean

filed supplemental objections. Zucco responded. On April 13, 2010, the trial court issued a

second order reiterating aspects of its earlier judgment that dismissed the counterclaim and

counts one and two of the complaint and entered judgment for Zucco on the breach of contract

claim in the amount of $11,333. Mr. DeLorean appealed.

                                                II.

                                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

       “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT HELD THAT THE GENERAL
       CONTRACTOR IN CHARGE OF THE REMODELING PROJECT AT [MR.
       DELOREAN’S] HOME WAS AN AGENT WITH AUTHORITY TO BIND MR.
       DELOREAN TO A CONTRACT.”

       {¶5}     In his first assignment of error, Mr. DeLorean contends that the trial court erred

when it found that the general contractor in charge of the home-remodeling project was an agent
                                                  3


with authority to bind him to a contract. Essentially, he contends that the trial court’s judgment

is against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree.

       {¶6}    On appeal, Mr. DeLorean asserts that the appropriate standard of review is the

civil-manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard as set forth in C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr.

Co. (1978), 54 Ohio St.2d 279, and reiterated by State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-

Ohio-2202. Under the civil standard, “[j]udgments supported by some competent, credible

evidence going to all the essential elements of the case will not be reversed by a reviewing court

as being against the manifest weight of the evidence.” C.E. Morris Co., 54 Ohio St.2d at the

syllabus; Wilson at ¶24. Moreover, appellate courts applying the civil-manifest-weight-of-the-

evidence standard should presume that the trial court’s factual findings are correct because it had

the opportunity “‘to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice

inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.’”

Wilson at ¶24, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland (1984), 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80. It has

been observed that this standard tends to merge the concepts of sufficiency and weight of the

evidence and is highly deferential to the finder of fact. Id. at ¶26.

       {¶7}    In this case, the magistrate found, citing Miller v. Wick Bldg. Co. (1950), 154

Ohio St. 93, that Mr. DeLorean was liable to Zucco because Mr. Ratliff had the authority to

expand the scope of Zucco’s work. “A principal and agency relationship exists when one party

exercises the right of control over the actions of another, and those actions are directed toward

the attainment of an objective which the former seeks. But the manner in which the parties

designate the relationship is not controlling, and if an act done by one person on behalf of

another is in its essential nature one of agency, the one is the agent of such other notwithstanding

he is not so called.” (Internal citations and quotations omitted.) Grigsby v. O.K. Travel (1997),
                                                4


118 Ohio App.3d 671, 675. On the other hand, to demonstrate apparent agency, Zucco was

required to affirmatively show: “(1) that [Mr. DeLorean] held [Mr. Ratliff] out to the public as

possessing sufficient authority to embrace the particular act in question, or knowingly permitted

him to act as having such authority, and (2) that [Zucco] knew of the facts and acting in good

faith had reason to believe and did believe that [Mr. Ratliff] possessed the necessary authority.”

(Citations and quotations omitted.) Master Consol. Corp. v. BancOhio Natl. Bank (1991), 61

Ohio St.3d 570, 576. In determining the apparent authority of an agent, courts must look to the

acts of the principal because the principal is liable only if his acts or conduct have “clothed the

agent with the appearance of the authority and not where the agent’s own conduct has created the

apparent authority.” (Citations and internal quotations omitted.) Id. at 576-77. Additionally,

“‘apparent authority is based on the objective theory of contracts, and arises when a person

manifests to another that an agent or third person is authorized to act for him, irrespective of

whether the person really intended to be bound, of whether the person told the same thing to the

agent, and of whether the other person changed his position.’” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at fn.5,

quoting 1 Ohio Jury Instructions (1990) 200, Section 15.10. Moreover, even if some aspect of an

agent’s action was unauthorized, the action may be ratified by implication through the

acceptance of the benefits of that action. Bernardo v. Anello (1988), 61 Ohio App.3d 453, 459.

After reviewing the record, whether express, apparent, or via ratification, an agency relationship

existed between Mr. DeLorean and Mr. Ratliff.

       {¶8}    In its case-in-chief, Zucco called Mr. DeLorean and Mr. Ratliff on cross-

examination. Mr. DeLorean admitted that Mr. Ratliff hired Zucco on his behalf and that he

approved of the decisions Mr. Ratliff made. Mr. Ratliff testified that he had one of Zucco’s

owners come out to the property to meet with him and Mr. DeLorean. After the three of them
                                                5


spoke about the job, Mr. Ratliff, acting with Mr. DeLorean’s permission, hired Zucco to paint

and texture the pool room on a time and materials basis of $43 per hour. After Zucco completed

the first phase of its work it submitted a bill directly to Mr. DeLorean for $1,675. Mr. DeLorean

promptly paid. Mr. Ratliff admitted that, before Zucco finished the pool room wall, it was

retained to paint the wine room and additional interior areas. Mr. Ratliff later added significant

work on the exterior of the house. Testimony also indicated that Mr. DeLorean was aware that

Zucco reduced its rate to $41 per hour because of the significant volume of additional work. Mr.

DeLorean testified that he understood the nature and extent of the exterior work that Zucco was

to complete. He further testified that he, Mr. Ratliff, and Zucco discussed the exterior work

together in his dinette.   He later testified, however, that Mr. Ratliff alone hired Zucco to

complete this work on his behalf. Mr. DeLorean also said that Mr. Ratliff approved of Zucco

completing the interior work, although Mr. DeLorean was unsure of the extent of the work. He

acknowledged that Mr. Ratliff determined the scope of the work to be completed on his behalf.

Mr. DeLorean testified that one of Zucco’s owners handed him the final bill for its work, totaling

$11,333. Mr. DeLorean testified that he was shocked by the amount. Zucco’s co-owner testified

that there was some disconnect between Mr. Ratliff and Mr. DeLorean at that time because, on a

day that Mr. DeLorean refused to discuss the invoice with the co-owner, Mr. Ratliff attempted to

add additional work for Zucco. The co-owner testified that, “The day I went over for the original

payment that [Mr. DeLorean] wouldn’t see me, [Mr. Ratliff] was asking me, can you pickle the

wood in the living room?” The co-owner and Mr. DeLorean later met to discuss the bill. Mr.

Ratliff sought to participate in the meeting but Zucco “felt like, you know, this agreement really

is between me and Mr. DeLorean,” and so he insisted on meeting with Mr. DeLorean alone. Mr.

DeLorean offered to pay Zucco $5,000 to $6,000 for the work; the co-owner declined the offer.
                                                6


The co-owner further testified that Mr. DeLorean was present nearly every day and, during the

interior work, Mr. DeLorean’s daughter Jody DeLorean was frequently involved with evaluating

and planning the interior work, as well.

       {¶9}     The testimony demonstrates that the trial court’s determination that agency

existed was supported by some competent, credible evidence and, therefore, was not against the

manifest weight of the evidence. Wilson, at ¶24. At the outset, the three men met together to

discuss the initial work to be performed. After that discussion, it was Mr. Ratliff, not Mr.

DeLorean who hired Zucco. Mr. DeLorean ratified Mr. Ratliff’s conduct when he accepted

Zucco’s initial work and paid Zucco’s bill, which was presented only to Mr. DeLorean. At the

time of the payment, Zucco had already begun completing additional interior work as assigned

by Mr. Ratliff. Mr. DeLorean also admitted that he knew Mr. Ratliff had hired Zucco to do

additional interior work, although he was unaware of the extent of this work. Zucco’s co-owner

saw Mr. DeLorean nearly every day while working on the project and Mr. DeLorean’s daughter

was frequently involved with the interior work.       Mr. DeLorean never questioned Zucco’s

presence or work in the additional interior areas, which lends support to the appearance that Mr.

Ratliff was authorized to expand the scope of Zucco’s work. Master Consol. Corp, 61 Ohio

St.3d at 576.

       {¶10} There was also competent, credible evidence to support the conclusion that

Zucco’s co-owner was reasonable in interpreting the relationship between Mr. DeLorean and Mr.

Ratliff as principal and agent and that he acted in good faith on that appearance. Id. Mr. Ratliff

continued to assign work of an ever-expanding scope and Zucco continued to satisfactorily

complete that work, all while Mr. DeLorean was frequently present at the home. No complaint

was made until some time after Zucco presented its final bill of $11,333 to Mr. DeLorean. Mr.
                                                 7


DeLorean attempted to settle the bill for $5,000 to $6,000 and eventually complained, for the

first time, about the quality of Zucco’s work.

       {¶11} The trial court adopted the magistrate’s decision, which found an agency

relationship existed between Mr. DeLorean and Mr. Ratliff. Based on the above-recounted

testimony, this finding is supported by some competent, credible evidence and is, therefore, not

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Wilson at ¶24.

       {¶12} Accordingly, we overrule Mr. DeLorean’s first assignment of error.

                                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

       “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT HELD THAT THERE WAS A
       CONTRACT BETWEEN [] ZUCCO PAINTING & WALLCOVERING, INC.
       AND [MR.] DELOREAN.”

       {¶13} In his second assignment of error, Mr. DeLorean contends that the trial court

erred when it found that there was a contract between Zucco and Mr. DeLorean. We disagree.

       {¶14} Initially, Mr. DeLorean contends that a subcontractor cannot pursue an unjust

enrichment claim against a property owner if he could potentially recover from both the general

contractor and the homeowner, citing BFI Waste Sys. of Ohio, Inc. v. Professional Constr. &

Safety Servs., Inc., 9th Dist. No. 06CA008972, 2008-Ohio-1450, at ¶7. We observe, however,

that the trial court dismissed Zucco’s unjust enrichment claim and found in its favor only on its

breach of contract claim. Accordingly, this contention is irrelevant to this appeal.

       {¶15} A second significant contention in this assignment of error is that there was no

contract between Zucco and Mr. DeLorean because Mr. Ratliff was serving as a general

contractor rather than as an agent and that he created a contract only between himself as general

contractor and Zucco as a subcontractor. To the extent that this assignment of error relies upon
                                                  8


that argument, it is moot because of our disposition of Mr. DeLorean’s first assignment of error.

App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).

       {¶16} The remainder of Mr. DeLorean’s argument with respect to the absence of a

contract relies on the contention that the parties did not have an agreement as to price,

particularly with respect to the exterior of the home. This assignment of error contends that the

trial court’s determination that a contract existed was against the manifest weight of the

evidence. Therefore, we review the trial court’s determination for support by some competent,

credible evidence that goes to each element. Wilson at ¶24. To prevail on a contract action, a

plaintiff must prove all of the essential elements of a contract, including an offer, acceptance,

manifestation of mutual assent, and consideration. Kostelnik v. Helper, 96 Ohio St.3d 1, 2002-

Ohio-2985, at ¶16. The plaintiff must further prove “[a] meeting of the minds as to the essential

terms of the contract[.]” Id. citing Episcopal Retirement Homes, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Indus.

Relations (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 366, 369.

       {¶17} Having established in our disposition of the first assignment of error that the trial

court did not err in finding an agency relationship between Mr. DeLorean and Mr. Ratliff, this

Court need only address the interactions between Mr. Ratliff and Zucco. After Zucco completed

the pool room, Mr. Ratliff expanded the scope of its work to include additional interior areas of

the home, including the wine room, as well as significant exterior work.          Because of the

additional work, Zucco agreed to reduce its previous rate of $43 per hour to $41 per hour. The

final invoice reflects that all additional work was billed at the reduced rate.

       {¶18} There was conflicting testimony as to whether Mr. Ratliff showed Zucco’s co-

owner two quotes for the exterior, the highest of which was $2,900, prepared by other painters.

The co-owner claims he was never shown quotes from other prospective painters. Mr. Ratliff
                                                9


acknowledged that the co-owner never agreed to a specific lump sum but testified that the co-

owner felt that he could be competitive with the $2,900 quote. At trial, Mr. Ratliff complained

that Zucco’s co-owner made an effort to work slowly. The co-owner testified, however, that no

one ever complained about his speed or the quality of his workmanship while he was on the job.

Mr. DeLorean now suggests that the $11,333 invoice is unconscionable in light of the $2,900

quote the co-owner was shown. The co-owner, however, testified regarding his hours and that he

completed all work reflected on the invoice. Also, Zucco completed significant work that was

not reflected in the quote from another contractor, including interior work.          Mr. Ratliff

acknowledged that he agreed that Zucco would be paid $41 per hour for the additional work and

that some of the exterior work Zucco completed was not included in the $2,900 quote. Although

Mr. Ratliff and Mr. DeLorean hoped the exterior project could be completed for $2,900, that

hope was not part of a contract. There is some competent, credible evidence demonstrating a

series of offers and acceptances between Mr. Ratliff and Zucco repeatedly expanding the scope

of the project, manifestations of mutual assent, and consideration. Kostelnik at ¶16. Although it

is clear that the testimony was contradictory and Mr. Ratliff expected a lower overall total, as

noted above, the trial court predominantly believed Zucco’s co-owner and the civil-manifest-

weight-of-the-evidence standard is highly deferential to the finder of fact. Wilson at ¶26. There

was some competent, credible evidence that Zucco was entitled to $11,333 including the cost of

materials. Id. at ¶24. The contradictory testimony at trial does not, therefore, demonstrate that

the trial court’s judgment was against the manifest weight of the evidence because the magistrate

was in the best position to evaluate the witnesses’ testimony. Id. at ¶24, citing Seasons Coal, 10

Ohio St.3d at 80.

       {¶19} Accordingly, we overrule Mr. DeLorean’s second assignment of error.
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                                                III.

         {¶20} In light of the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the Medina County Municipal

Court.

                                                                              Judgment affirmed.




         There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

         We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Medina Municipal

Court, County of Medina, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

         Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(E). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

         Costs taxed to Appellant.


                                                       CARLA MOORE
                                                       FOR THE COURT

DICKINSON, J.
BELFANCE, P. J.
CONCUR

APPEARANCES:

MARY C. CHANDLER, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

THOMAS R. HOULIHAN, and JACK W. MORRISON, JR., Attorneys at Law, for Appellee.
