                           UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                       )
GUADALUPE L. GARCIA, et al.,           )
                                       )
               Plaintiffs,             )
                                       )
       v.                              )    Civil Action No. 00-2445 (RBW)
                                       )
THOMAS J. VILSACK,                     )
Secretary, The United States           )
Department of Agriculture,             )
                                       )
               Defendant.              )
____________________________________)


                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

         The plaintiffs in this civil action are Hispanic farmers who allege that the United States

Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) discriminated against them on the basis of national origin

in the administration of its farm loan and disaster benefit programs, and that it failed to timely

resolve their discrimination complaints. Third Amended Class Action Complaint ¶¶ 102, 113,

115. The Black Farmers & Agriculturalists Association, Inc. (“Association”) has moved to

intervene in this action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24. Motion of Black

Farmers and Agriculturalists Association, Inc. to Intervene (“Mot.”) at 1. Upon careful

consideration of the relevant submissions,1 the Court concludes that it must deny the motion for

the reasons set forth below. 2


1
 In addition to the Association’s motion to intervene, the Court considered the following filings in reaching its
decision: (1) the Defendant’s Opposition to Motion to Intervene (“Def.’s Opp’n”); (2) the Plaintiffs’ Opposition to
Black Farmers and Agriculturalists Association, Inc.’s Motion to Intervene (“Pls.’ Opp’n”); and (3) the Reply of
Black Farmers and Agriculturalists Association, Inc. (BFAA) to Opposition to Motion to Intervene (“Reply”).
2
  The Court is contemporaneously issuing a memorandum opinion resolving the Association’s motion to intervene in
Love v. Vilsack, No. 00-2502 (D.D.C. filed Oct. 19, 2000), which addresses claims of female farmers similar to
those asserted in this case.



                                                          1
                                           I. BACKGROUND

        Between 1997 and 2000, African-American, Native American, Hispanic, and female

farmers filed four similar class action lawsuits alleging that the USDA engaged in widespread

discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, or gender in the administration of its farm loan and

benefit programs, and that it routinely failed to investigate complaints of such discrimination.

See Pigford v. Glickman, Nos. 97-1978, 98-1693 (D.D.C. filed Aug. 28, 1997, July 7, 1998)

(“Pigford I”) (African-American farmers); Keepseagle v. Vilsack, No. 99-03119 (D.D.C. filed

Nov. 24, 1999) (Native American farmers); Garcia v. Vilsack, No. 00-2445 (D.D.C. filed Oct.

13, 2000) (Hispanic farmers); Love v. Vilsack, No. 00-2502 (D.D.C. filed Oct. 19, 2000) (female

farmers). Judge James Robertson, a former member of this Court, denied the plaintiffs’ motions

for class certification in this action and in Love v. Vilsack. 3 See Garcia v. Veneman, 224 F.R.D.

8 (D.D.C. 2004), aff’d and remanded sub nom. Garcia v. Johanns, 444 F.3d 625 (D.C. Cir.

2006); Love v. Veneman, 224 F.R.D. 240 (D.D.C. 2004), aff’d in part, remanded in part sub

nom. Love v. Johanns, 439 F.3d 723 (D.C. Cir. 2006). The defendant has, however, developed

an administrative claims process for Hispanic and female farmers to resolve their claims of

discrimination against the USDA. See Defendant’s Eighth Status Report at 1, ECF No. 218;

Defendant’s Status Report at 1, Love, No. 00-2502 (D.D.C. Jan. 20, 2012), ECF No. 155.

Participation in the administrative claims process is conditioned on dismissal of a farmer’s legal

claims against the USDA. See Defendant’s Eighth Status Report, Exhibit (“Ex.”) 1 (Framework

for Hispanic or Female Farmers’ Claims Process) at 6, ECF No. 218-1; Defendant’s Status

Report, Ex. 1 (Framework for Hispanic or Female Farmers’ Claims Process) at 6, Love, No. 00-

2502 (D.D.C. Jan. 20, 2012), ECF No. 155-1.


3
 Upon Judge Robertson’s retirement from this Court, Garcia and Love were reassigned to the undersigned member
of the Court.


                                                      2
         The Association is “a not-for-profit organization created for the specific purpose of

responding to the issues and concerns of Black Farmers in the United States and abroad,” Mot. at

2, and it seeks to intervene in this action and Love on behalf of its members who asserted time-

barred claims in Pigford I, see Mot. at 6; Mot., Ex. 1 (Proposed Complaint) ¶¶ 15, 19. A brief

overview of the Pigford litigation is necessary to understand the Association’s asserted interest in

this case and in Love.

         On October 9, 1998, Judge Paul L. Friedman of this Court certified Pigford I as a class

action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2) for purposes of liability. 4 Pigford v.

Glickman, 182 F.R.D. 341, 352 (D.D.C. 1998). Judge Friedman later vacated his original class

certification order on January 5, 1999, and certified a new class pursuant to Rule 23(b)(3). 5

Pigford v. Glickman, 185 F.R.D. 82, 92 (D.D.C. 1999). Following the Court’s class certification

rulings, the Pigford I parties negotiated a class-wide settlement, which Judge Friedman approved

in a consent decree issued on April 14, 1999. Id. at 113. The Pigford I consent decree

established an administrative claims process “by which each class member would have an

opportunity to demonstrate that he or she had been the victim of past discrimination by the

USDA and therefore was entitled to compensatory damages.” In re Black Farmers Discrim.

Litig., 856 F. Supp. 2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2011).

         The Pigford I consent decree imposed a deadline for African-American farmers to submit

their claims for administrative adjudication, id. at 10, and many farmers tried, unsuccessfully, to

file claim packages after the deadline expired, id. at 11. To address this problem, “Congress

4
  Rule 23(b)(2) permits class certification where, among other things, “the party opposing the class has acted or
refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory
relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2).
5
  Rule 23(b)(3) permits class certification where, among other things, “the court finds that the questions of law or
fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class
action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(b)(3).


                                                           3
resurrected the claims of those who had unsuccessfully petitioned the Arbitrator for permission

to submit late claim packages” with a provision in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of

2008 (“2008 Farm Bill”), id., which provides that “[a]ny Pigford claimant who has not

previously obtained a determination on the merits of a Pigford claim may, in a civil action

brought in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, obtain that

determination,” id. (quoting Pub. L. 110–234, § 14012(b), 122 Stat. 923, 1448 (2008)). After

this provision became effective, thousands of African-American farmers filed suit in this Court.

Id. at 13. The Association also brought suit on behalf of its members who were eligible to file

claims under the 2008 Farm Bill. Complaint to Determine Merits and Damages Pursuant to §

14012 of the Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 ¶ 1, Black Farmers & Agriculturalists

Ass’n, Inc. v. Schafer, No. 08-1188 (D.D.C. July 9, 2008), ECF No. 1. These cases were all

subsequently consolidated before Judge Friedman, and are collectively known as Pigford II. In

re Black Farmers, 856 F. Supp. 2d at 13.

       The parties in Pigford II reached a class-wide settlement agreement on February 18,

2010, id., which Judge Friedman approved, id. at 42. The settlement agreement largely

maintained the administrative claims process utilized in Pigford I, with some modifications. Id.

at 22. Judge Friedman certified a settlement class consisting of “[a]ll individuals: (1) who

submitted Late-Filing Requests under Section 5(g) of the Pigford v. Glickman Consent Decree

on or after October 13, 1999, and on or before June 18, 2008; but (2) who have not obtained a

determination on the merits of their discrimination complaints . . . .” Id. at 15. Notably, unlike

the Pigford I class, Pigford II class members were not permitted to opt out of the class. See id. at

9, 32–33. The order and judgment granting approval of the settlement agreement provided that

       the Class Representatives, the Class, and its members and their heirs,
       administrators, successors, and assigns release, waive, acquit and forever



                                                 4
        discharge the United States and the Secretary from and are forever barred and
        precluded from prosecuting, any and all claims, causes of action, or requests for
        any monetary relief . . . that have been or could have been asserted in the
        Consolidated Case by reason of, with respect to, in connection with, or which
        arise out of, any matters alleged in the Consolidated Case that the Class
        Representatives, the Class, and its members, and their heirs, administrators,
        successors, and assigns have against the United States or the Secretary, or any of
        them.

Order and Judgment ¶ 19, Pigford II, No. 08-mc-0511 (D.D.C. Oct. 27, 2011), ECF No. 231.

The Association was terminated as a party in Pigford II, Amended Class Action Complaint to

Determine Merits and Damages Pursuant to § 14012 of the Food, Conservation and Energy Act

of 2008, As Amended at 1 n.1, Pigford II, No. 08-mc-0511 (D.D.C. Apr. 5, 2011), ECF No. 163,

and is not a member of the settlement class, see Latham v. Vilsack, Nos. 11-5326, 11-5334, 12-

5019, 2012 WL 10236550, at *1 (D.C. Cir. July 25, 2012).

        The Association seeks to intervene in this litigation to assert two claims. Mot., Ex. 1

(Proposed Complaint) ¶¶ 16–23. First, it seeks a declaration finding that “both the Equal

Protection Clause and Due Process Clauses of the United States Constitution mandate[] that its

members who are eligible ‘Pigford claimants’ under the 2008 Farm Bill, but did not timely file

claims are entitled to file claims, under the framework established for Hispanic and female

farmers.” Id. ¶ 19. The Association’s second claim is for injunctive relief with respect to the

USDA’s current loan approval process, specifically, “a permanent injunction against [the] USDA

and its subordinate county level loan processing entities to refrain from discrimination in

processing loan applications of Black Farmers,” id. ¶ 21, and “an order restructuring the present

loan approval process that removes the [county][6] and local level aspects of the process and



6
 Although the proposed complaint uses the word “country” here, the Court assumes that this is a typographical error
and the Association intended to use the word “county” because the relief sought in paragraph 21 of the proposed
complaint refers to “county level loan processing entities,” and the clause that immediately follows the term
“country” in paragraph 22 itself is directed at “local level aspects of the [present loan approval] process.”


                                                        5
replaces it with a more equitable organizational structure,” id. ¶ 22. Both the defendant and the

plaintiffs oppose the motion to intervene.

                                   II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        The Association seeks to intervene as a matter of right pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 24(a), or, in the alternative, permissively pursuant to Rule 24(b). Mot. at 6.

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a) provides that “on timely motion,” a court must

allow a party to intervene if it

        claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the
        action, and is so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter
        impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties
        adequately represent that interest.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2). In assessing a motion to intervene as of right, a court must

consider the motion’s timeliness, whether the movant “claims an interest relating to the

property or transaction which is the subject of the action,” whether the movant “is so

situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede [its]

ability to protect [its] interest,” and whether the movant’s interest “is adequately

represented” by the existing parties to the litigation. Fund for Animals, Inc. v. Norton,

322 F.3d 728, 731 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). A party seeking to intervene as of

right must additionally establish standing under Article III of the Constitution. Id. at

731–32.

        Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(b), “on timely motion,” a court may

permit a party to intervene if it “has a claim or defense that shares with the main action a

common question of law or fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b)(1)(B). In determining whether

permissive intervention is appropriate, a court “must consider whether the intervention will

unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the original parties’ rights.” Fed. R. Civ. P.



                                                  6
24(b)(3). Permissive intervention is “inherently discretionary,” EEOC v. Nat’l Children’s Ctr.,

Inc., 146 F.3d 1042, 1046 (D.C. Cir. 1998), and a court may deny a motion for permissive

intervention even if the movant has met all of the requirements of Rule 24(b), id. at 1048.

                                                  III. ANALYSIS

         While the Court sympathizes with the Association members who failed to timely assert

Pigford claims, the Association’s motion to intervene in this litigation fails on every score. The

Court agrees with the defendant that the Association’s first claim is plainly barred by Pigford II,

which unequivocally extinguished the right of any Pigford claimant to receive a determination on

the merits of a claim outside of the claims process created by Pigford II. 7 See Order and

Judgment ¶¶ 1, 18–19, Pigford II, No. 08-mc-0511 (D.D.C. Oct. 27, 2011), ECF No. 231. The

Association’s motion suffers from a more fundamental defect, however. In order to intervene as

of right, the Association must establish that it has Article III standing. Fund for Animals, Inc.,

322 F.3d at 731–32. As alluded to by the defendant, Def.’s Opp’n at 5 n.1; see also Def.’s Opp’n

at 5–6, the Association’s standing to pursue its first claim is far from evident. 8

         “‘The irreducible constitutional minimum of standing contains three elements: (1) injury-

in-fact, (2) causation, and (3) redressability.’” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. EPA, 667 F.3d

6, 11 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). “‘Thus, to establish standing, a litigant must

demonstrate a personal injury fairly traceable to the [opposing party’s] allegedly unlawful

conduct [that is] likely to be redressed by the requested relief.’” Id. (citation omitted). “The

7
  The Association contends that Pigford II does not bar its claim because it was dismissed from the litigation and
thus was not a member of the settlement class. Reply at 4. The Association brings its claim on behalf of its
members, however, who are members of the Pigford II class. Order and Judgment ¶¶ 1, 19, Pigford II, No. 08-mc-
0511 (D.D.C. Oct. 27, 2011), ECF No. 231.
8
  The defendant’s standing argument focuses on the Association’s failure to demonstrate redressability in light of
this Court’s reasoning in Cantu v. United States, 908 F. Supp. 2d 146 (D.D.C. 2012), Def.’s Opp’n at 5–6, to which
the Association makes no response. Because the Court finds that the Association has failed to demonstrate Article
III standing by its virtual silence on the topic, the Court need not address the merits of the defendant’s redressability
argument.


                                                            7
absence of any one of these three elements defeats standing.” Newdow v. Roberts, 603 F.3d

1002, 1010 (D.C. Cir. 2010). An association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members

if “(a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it

seeks to protect are germane to the organization’s purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor

the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit.” Nat’l Ass’n

of Home Builders, 667 F.3d at 12 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

         In its proposed complaint, the Association asserts that it

        seeks a declaration that both the Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clauses
        of the United States Constitution mandate[] that its members who are eligible
        ‘Pigford claimants’ under the 2008 Farm Bill, but did not timely file claims are
        entitled to file claims, under the framework established for Hispanic and female
        farmers.

Mot., Ex. 1 (Proposed Complaint) ¶ 19. While it is apparent that the Association’s objective in

intervening is to obtain an opportunity for its members to participate in the administrative claims

process for Hispanic and female farmers, see id. ¶¶ 11, 19; Mot. at 6; Reply at 6, the nature of the

Association members’ asserted injury, how that injury is fairly traceable to the USDA’s conduct,

and how the requested relief will redress that injury is less clear. For example, if, as it appears,

the harm that the Association seeks to redress is its members’ inability to obtain a determination

on the merits of their claims, the Court is at a loss to discern how this injury is fairly traceable to

the defendant’s actions in this case and whether the Association’s requested relief would likely

redress this injury. See Mot. at 11 (describing the Association’s first claim as alleging that “the

additional claim process is unconstitutional unless [the Association’s] members are permitted to

intervene”). The Association’s motion yields no assistance here, providing only a recitation of

the requirements for standing and the conclusory statement that it “has standing to sue based on

injuries to itself or to its members.” Mot. at 7. The Association has therefore failed to




                                                   8
demonstrate Article III standing to pursue its first claim, as it must to intervene as of right in this

litigation. 9

         While the Association’s second claim 10 does not present the same standing problems, the

Court agrees with the plaintiffs that the Association’s motion does not satisfy the requirements

for either intervention as of right or permissive intervention, see Pls.’ Opp’n at 1–2, because the

Association’s motion is untimely, a prerequisite for both modes of intervention, see Fed. R. Civ.

P. 24(a), (b). The timeliness of a motion to intervene

         is to be judged in consideration of all the circumstances, especially weighing the
         factors of time elapsed since the inception of the suit, the purpose for which
         intervention is sought, the need for intervention as a means of preserving the
         applicant’s rights, and the probability of prejudice to those already parties in the
         case.

Smoke v. Norton, 252 F.3d 468, 471 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). The plaintiffs filed

their complaint on October 13, 2000, see ECF No. 1, and the defendant first announced its


9
  The Court notes that several other obstacles preclude the Association from intervening here to pursue its first
claim. As set forth below, the Association’s motion to intervene is untimely. In addition, as the plaintiffs note, Pls.’
Opp’n at 1–2, the Association fails to assert an interest sufficient to entitle it to intervene in this litigation.
“[I]ntervention aims to protect interests which are ‘of such direct and immediate character that the intervenor will
either gain or lose by the direct legal operation and effect of the judgment.’” United States v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co.,
642 F.2d 1285, 1292 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (quoting Smith v. Gale, 144 U.S. 509, 518 (1892)). A judgment in this case
will have virtually no effect on the Association’s members. It will not address the merits of the Association’s claim
and will not preclude them from raising it in separate litigation. In its motion, the Association focuses on the
flexible approach endorsed by this Circuit in Nuesse v. Camp, 385 F.2d 694 (D.C. Cir. 1967), which characterized
the “interest” inquiry as “‘primarily a practical guide to disposing of lawsuits by involving as many apparently
concerned persons as is compatible with efficiency and due process.’” Mot. at 8 (quoting Nuesse, 385 F.2d at 700).
The Association places more weight upon this language than it can bear. The Association seeks to interject a claim
which appears to challenge the USDA’s creation of the administrative claims process for Hispanic and female
farmers, involving a statute which has no bearing whatsoever on the plaintiffs in this litigation and in Love, solely
on the basis of a history of similar allegations of discrimination by the USDA against African-American, Hispanic,
and female farmers, allegations which have been to this point litigated in separate actions. While there may be a
shared history of discrimination, the Court finds that the Association’s first claim, which appears to raise entirely
new legal and factual issues, has little in common with the existing claims in this case. Moreover, inserting such a
claim into this litigation at this late date is clearly incompatible with efficiency, as set forth in greater detail in the
Court’s discussion of the timeliness of this motion. The Association’s motion to intervene to pursue its first claim
thus fails on multiple fronts.
10
  The Court notes that while the Association’s proposed complaint includes a claim for injunctive relief relating to
discrimination in the USDA’s present loan approval process, Mot., Ex. 1 (Proposed Complaint) ¶¶ 21–23, its motion
to intervene focuses exclusively on its first claim regarding participation in the administrative claims process
provided for Hispanic and female farmers.


                                                            9
intention to establish an administrative claims process for Hispanic and female farmers in

September 2010, see Defendant’s Status Report at 1, ECF No. 181; Defendant’s Status Report at

1, Love, No. 00-2502 (D.D.C. Sept. 23, 2010), ECF No. 112. The claims process was finalized

in January 2012. See Defendant’s Eighth Status Report, ECF No. 218; Defendant’s Status

Report at 1, Love, No. 00-2502 (D.D.C. Jan. 20, 2012), ECF No. 155. The Association did not

move to intervene for nearly thirteen years after the plaintiffs filed suit, almost three years after

the USDA announced its intention to create the administrative claims process to settle the claims

asserted in this litigation, and just over a year after the USDA finalized the claims process. The

Association’s motion is untimely as measured from any of these points, see Moten v.

Bricklayers, Masons & Plasterers Int’l Union of Am., 543 F.2d 224, 228 (D.C. Cir. 1976)

(upholding denial of motion to intervene based on untimeliness because “[a]ny measure of

timeliness of the motion to intervene must be cast against the backdrop of two years of

controversy between the unions which now have reached settlement”), and the Association

provides no reason for its delay. Indeed, it is apparent that its decision not to seek intervention

earlier was a strategic choice to instead participate in the parallel Pigford litigation, a

circumstance that weighs against intervention. See id.

        The other factors the Court must consider also weigh in favor of finding the Association’s

motion untimely. While the Association’s first claim relates solely to the administrative claims

process, its purpose for intervention with respect to the second claim is to obtain injunctive relief

relating to discrimination against African-American farmers in the USDA’s current loan

approval process, a claim appropriately brought at the beginning, rather than the end, of this

litigation. This litigation is quite advanced, and injection of new claims at this point will serve

only to delay further the conclusion of this long-running case for the existing parties.




                                                  10
Intervention would require further proceedings to address new issues and potentially new factual

development since the Association’s second claim relates to the USDA’s “present loan approval

process,” Mot., Ex. 1 (Proposed Complaint) ¶ 22 (emphasis added), and therefore is likely to

prejudice the existing parties, see Roane v. Leonhart, 741 F.3d 147, 152 (D.C. Cir. 2014)

(identifying further discovery and argument on additional issues as sources of prejudice in

evaluating the timeliness of a motion to intervene).

           Moreover, the Association need not intervene here to pursue its second claim. 11 While

the ability to bring a claim in separate litigation is not in itself a sufficient reason to deny

intervention, Natural Res. Def. Council v. Costle, 561 F.2d 904, 910 (D.C. Cir. 1977), the fact

that the Association will suffer no harm if intervention is denied 12 is very relevant to the Court’s

assessment of the timeliness of its motion when all of the other considerations before the Court

indicate that the Association’s intervention at this late date will serve only to disadvantage the

existing parties, delay the resolution of this protracted litigation, and unnecessarily complicate an

already-complex proceeding by injecting new issues when the litigation has advanced to the

point it has reached here. Indeed, “the requirement of timeliness is aimed primarily at preventing

potential intervenors from unduly disrupting litigation, to the unfair detriment of the existing

parties,” Roane, 741 F.3d at 151, which is exactly what the Association’s intervention here

would occasion.




11
     The Court expresses no opinion as to whether this claim is barred by Pigford II.
12
   The Association contends that intervention “is necessary to prevent grave injury” and that it will suffer “great
harm” if intervention is denied. Mot. at 12. However, the Association provides no explanation as to what that harm
might be. Left to speculate as to what it might mean by these assertions, the Court concludes that the Association is
likely referring to the denial of an opportunity for its members to participate in the administrative claims process
established for Hispanic and female farmers because, as noted earlier, the Association’s motion focuses exclusively
on this requested relief. However, the Court has already concluded it has not demonstrated its standing to bring such
a claim.


                                                           11
           The Association responds that since this litigation has been stayed while claimants seek

resolution through the administrative claims process, the Association’s intervention “will not

delay or otherwise prejudice the parties for the reason the litigation will resume and a new case

schedule will be formulated.” Reply at 6. Accepting this reasoning would render Rule 24’s

timeliness requirement meaningless because intervening at any time short of final judgment

would constitute timely intervention due to the fact that intervention would generally require that

the litigation proceed under a revised scheduling order. The Association also argues that the

plaintiffs do not set forth any “specific grounds” in support of their contention that the motion to

intervene is untimely. Id. at 6. But the plaintiffs argue that the Association’s motion is untimely

for precisely the reason stated above—the fact that this litigation was already far advanced when

the Association moved to intervene. Pls.’ Opp’n at 1. The Association cites no authority for the

proposition that anything more is required of the plaintiffs, and the Court has found none.

Accordingly, the Court finds that the Association’s motion to intervene is untimely and that

neither intervention as of right nor permissive intervention is appropriate.

                                              IV. CONCLUSION

           For the foregoing reasons, the Association’s motion to intervene is denied.

           SO ORDERED this 13th day of June, 2014. 13



                                                                       REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                                       United States District Judge




13
     The Court will contemporaneously issue an order consistent with this memorandum opinion.



                                                        12
