[Cite as Gauthier v. Gauthier, 2019-Ohio-4397.]




                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                           WARREN COUNTY




 SU KANG GAUTHIER,                                :     CASE NO. CA2018-09-118

         Appellee,                                :            OPINION
                                                               10/28/2019
                                                  :
   - vs -
                                                  :

 FORREST P. GAUTHIER,                             :

         Appellant.                               :




             APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                        DOMESTIC RELATIONS DIVISION
                             Case No. 07DR31415



Robert A. Klingler, Co., L.P.A., Robert A. Klingler, 525 Vine Street, Suite 2320, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45202, for appellee

Charles K. Fischer, 3727 Maple Park Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45209, for appellant

Thomas E. Grossmann, 4533 Morris Court, Mason, Ohio 45040, for appellant



        M. POWELL, J.

        {¶ 1} Appellant, Forrest Gauthier, appeals a decision of the Warren County Court

of Common Pleas granting a motion to compel discovery filed by his former wife and

appellee, Su Kang Gauthier.
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       {¶ 2} The parties were divorced on March 3, 2009. Forrest is the "sole member" of

Tesseron, Ltd., a corporate entity that owns patents. At the time Su filed for divorce on

September 27, 2007, Tesseron owned multiple patents, had pending patent applications,

and was in the process of developing patents and completing patent applications for

submission. The foregoing constituted the Marital Patent Portfolio ("MPP"). Prior to their

divorce being finalized, the parties entered into a Full Text Separation Agreement ("FTSA").

The FTSA divided the parties' personal and marital property and provided that Forrest

retained ownership of Tesseron and its assets, including the MPP.

       {¶ 3} Tesseron licenses its patents and brings patent infringement actions and

other actions to enforce its patents and patent licensing. The licensing and enforcement

actions generate significant income. Pursuant to Section 7.11 of the FTSA, Su was given

the right to participate in such actions. Su's participation required that she contribute to

financing the actions and share in the proceeds from any successful actions. Should Su

not participate in the actions, she was entitled to 20 percent of the net proceeds received

by judgment, settlement, or license fees.

       {¶ 4} Section 7.12 of the FTSA provided that "[i]n the event Forrest transfers all or

a portion of his ownership in the [MPP] to another person or entity, Forrest shall pay Su, as

a separate class of spousal support, a sum equal to 20% of the value of the consideration

Forrest receives for the transfer of the [MPP]." Section 7.12 further provided that the trial

court retained "continuing jurisdiction to determine the value of the consideration Forrest

receives for such transfer."

       {¶ 5} Section 8.1 of the FTSA provided that any proceeds received by Su pursuant

to Sections 7.11 or 7.12 of the FTSA are considered spousal support. Section 8.4 of the

FTSA provided that "each party hereby forever waives his and her right to seek spousal

support from the other in the future." Section 8.4 further provided that other than as set

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forth in Sections 7.11 and 7.12, "the amount and terms of the spousal support to be paid by

Forrest to Su shall never be increased, altered, modified or changed in any manner by any

Court for any reason, and jurisdiction shall not be reserved to any Court to make any such

change[.]"

       {¶ 6} In January 2010, the parties entered into an addendum agreement

("Addendum") to resolve disputes that had arisen regarding their rights and obligations

under several sections of the FTSA, including Section 7.11. Specifically, Paragraph 6 of

the Addendum "expressly eliminate[d] any and all of Su's rights, claims, consideration and

benefits set forth in and arising out of Section 7.11 of the FTSA and replace[d] them solely

and only with the rights, claims, consideration and benefits set forth in" Paragraph 6 as

follows:

             Forrest shall pay to Su, as a separate class of spousal support,
             a sum equal to 20% of the Net Proceeds * * * received by
             Tesseron from a judgment, license or settlement received from
             any third party entity after the [Addendum's] Effective Date[.] *
             * * Su expressly waives any right to participate in any way
             whatsoever (e.g., no involvement in decision making on any
             level, no status updates, no participation in events, no financial
             recovery except as specifically set forth in this provision, no
             communications with parties, no communications with counsel,
             no review of documents, et cetera) in any future claims,
             licensing activities or litigation arising under any part of the
             [MPP] * * * against any third parties except for the receipt of
             monies specifically called for in this section.

       {¶ 7} In other words, Paragraph 6 eliminates Su's rights to participate in patent

enforcement, infringement, and licensing proceedings under Section 7.11 of the FTSA. In

lieu of these rights, Su is entitled to 20 percent of the net proceeds received by Tesseron

from a judgment, license, or settlement with or from a third-party entity on or after January

7, 2010, the Addendum's effective date. The Addendum did not replace or modify Section

7.12 of the FTSA.

       {¶ 8} On November 29, 2016, Su filed a motion for contempt against Forrest, simply

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alleging that Forrest "had failed and refused to fulfill certain spousal support obligations set

forth in the [FTSA] * * * which was modified by [the] [A]ddendum[.]" The motion explained

that its lack of specificity was because of a confidentiality provision in both documents

barring their public disclosure and filing in the trial court.      Su sought leave to file a

supplemental memorandum, the FTSA, and the Addendum under seal. The FTSA and

Addendum were eventually filed with the trial court.

       {¶ 9} In April 2017, Forrest filed a response to the contempt motion. Upon stating

that Su's contempt motion was apparently based upon a claim he had transferred his

ownership interest in certain patents to a third party, Forrest asked that the motion be

dismissed "based upon the dispositive records of the United States Patent and Trademark

Office ("USPTO")." Forrest asserted that the USPTO website clearly showed he was the

owner of the patents in question. Forrest provided a link to the USPTO website and stated

that the trial court and Su "can independently look at the USPTO public record cited."

       {¶ 10} On March 15, 2018, Su filed a supplemental memorandum in support of her

contempt motion. Su claimed that following the parties' divorce, Forrest initiated several

federal lawsuits to enforce MPP patent rights; at least one of those lawsuits settled; and Su

has not been paid her share of the settlement pursuant to Paragraph 6 of the Addendum.

Su stated that despite her requests, Forrest has only provided one heavily redacted

settlement agreement that has no date or settlement amount, and has otherwise refused to

provide any documentation regarding the status of the other lawsuits.

       {¶ 11} Su further claimed that Tesseron had transferred ownership of the MPP to

Forrest; Forrest subsequently granted an exclusive license and all beneficial ownership

rights to Acacia Research Group, LLC; in turn, Acacia assigned those rights to Industrial

Print Technologies, LLC ("IPT"); and IPT was a named party in several federal lawsuits

involving litigation of the MPP and the sole plaintiff in at least one of the lawsuits.

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        {¶ 12} According to the complaints filed in the above lawsuits, Forrest did not have

"any right to sue for or collect past, present and future damages or to seek and obtain

injunctive or any other relief for infringement of the [patents]."1 Furthermore, IPT alleged

that its patent rights included

                the worldwide, exclusive right and license to make, have made,
                use, import, offer to sell, and sell products covered by the
                [patents], subject only to the limited rights of prior licensees and
                the limited license back to [Forrest]. IPT owns the exclusive
                right to grant sublicenses, to sue for and collect past, present
                and future damages and to seek and obtain injunctive or any
                other relief for infringement by any party of any claim of the
                [patents]. IPT further owns the exclusive right to exercise its
                sole judgment to decide to institute enforcement actions against
                any or all persons or entities that IPT believes are infringing the
                [patents], the exclusive right to bring suit to enforce the
                [patents], and the exclusive right to settle any claims made
                under the [patents]. IPT also owns the sole right to select
                counsel, to direct all litigation including this action, and to
                negotiate and determine the terms of any settlement or other
                disposition of all litigation including this action. IPT also owns
                the sole control over reexaminations and continuing prosecution
                of the [patents] and related patent applications.

        {¶ 13} Su asserted that the foregoing constituted a "transfer of all or a portion of

[Forrest's] ownership in the MPP" to another person or entity, thereby triggering Section

7.12 of the FTSA and entitling Su to 20 percent of the consideration Forrest received for the

transfer. Su further asserted that she had "repeatedly requested copies of all contracts and

agreements between [Forrest], Tesseron, and the licensees or assignees that would

demonstrate [Forrest's] continuing interest in the patent litigation and its proceeds[.]"

However, Forrest had refused to provide any information, insisting he remained the owner

of the patents and that Section 7.12 of the FTSA was not implicated.

        {¶ 14} On March 17, 2018, Su served requests for admissions, interrogatories, and



1. Su attached one of those complaints to her supplemental memorandum in support of her contempt motion
and noted that "[e]ach complaint [filed in the federal lawsuits] contains the same allegation, with respect to
the patents at issue."
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                                                                     Warren CA2018-09-118

document requests upon Forrest, seeking documents and information related to the issues

raised in her contempt motion, including the status of Forrest's rights in or ownership of the

MPP.    Forrest responded to the requests for admissions but objected to each of the

document requests and to all of the interrogatories.

       {¶ 15} Consequently, Su filed a Civ.R. 37 motion to compel discovery on July 26,

2018, asserting she could not enforce her rights under the FTSA and Addendum without

the requested information. That same day, the trial court sought to schedule a hearing on

the motion to compel and provided several hearing dates to the parties. Forrest's attorney

informed the trial court that a hearing could not be scheduled before August 15, 2018, and

that they would respond to Su's motion to compel. The trial court granted 14 days for

Forrest to respond to the motion.

       {¶ 16} On August 14, 2018, Forrest filed his response to the motion to compel.

Forrest asserted that Su's motion to compel was based upon a baseless and frivolous

contempt motion because the USPTO assignment database plainly showed that Forrest

remained the owner of the MPP. Forrest stated that the USPTO records were "dispositive

as to [patent] ownership," and that the trial court and Su "can independently look at the

USPTO public record." Forrest further asserted that Su had waived her right to review the

requested documents pursuant to Paragraph 6 of the Addendum.

       {¶ 17} After granting 14 days for Forrest to respond to the motion to compel, the trial

court once again provided several hearing dates to the parties, and on August 18, 2018,

issued an order that "all parties and counsel * * * be present at all future court dates due to

the complexity of [the] case." That same day, Forrest asked to teleconference from Florida

where he lives. The request was denied. The trial court then proposed several hearing

dates for September. On August 24, 2018, Forrest replied he could not attend a hearing

until early October due to family, personal, and business obligations. That same day, the

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trial court granted Su's motion to compel.

        {¶ 18} In granting Su's motion to compel, the trial court noted that Forrest's

arguments in opposition to the motion to compel mostly dealt with the merits of the

underlying contempt motion, which was filed in November 2016 and which was "currently

set for hearing on October 24, 2018." The trial court further noted,

                The Court has been attempting to get this matter scheduled for
                hearing with counsel and the parties on the Motion to Compel
                since July 26, 2018. According to [Forrest], his work and social
                calendar are too full in order to allow for him to appear at any of
                the proposed dates that are available on the Court's calendar
                (see attached email from [Forrest's] attorney). Therefore, the
                Court finds [Su's] Motion well taken and ORDERS * * * Forrest
                Gauthier to properly respond to all discovery requests within
                seven (7) days of the date of this Order. Failure to comply with
                this Order will result in sanctions being leveled against [Forrest].

        {¶ 19} Forrest now appeals, raising nine assignments of error.2 To facilitate the

disposition of this appeal, several assignments of error will be addressed in tandem.

        {¶ 20} Assignment of Error No. 1:

        {¶ 21} THE        TRIAL       COURT'S          ORDER         GRANTING           DISCOVERY            OF

CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS IS ERRONEOUS WHEN IT IS BASED UPON A

CONTEMPT MOTION THAT IS VOID AND CONTRARY TO THE PUBLIC RECORD.

        {¶ 22} Assignment of Error No. 2:

        {¶ 23} THE        TRIAL       COURT'S          ORDER         GRANTING           DISCOVERY            OF

CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS IS ERRONEOUS BECAUSE THE COURT DID NOT TAKE

NOTICE OF THE FACT THAT FORREST IS THE OWNER OF THE MPP.

        {¶ 24} In his first assignment of error, Forrest argues that the trial court erred in

granting Su's motion to compel because the basic claim in her contempt motion that Forrest


2. Forrest timely appealed the trial court's order granting Su's motion to compel. This court initially dismissed
the appeal. However, upon Forrest's application for reconsideration, this court reinstated Forrest's appeal.
Gauthier v. Gauthier, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2018-09-118 (Nov. 26, 2018) (Entry Granting Motion to
Reinstate Appeal).
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transferred ownership of the MPP to another person or entity is easily disproven by

consulting the USPTO assignment database which is open to public inspection. Forrest

asserts that the USPTO assignment database is dispositive of the issue of ownership of the

MPP and that it plainly reflects that he remains the sole owner of the MPP. Forrest further

asserts that he merely licensed the MPP to others. In his first and second assignments of

error, Forrest further argues that the trial court erred in failing to take judicial notice of his

ownership of the MPP based upon the USPTO assignment database.

       {¶ 25} 35 U.S.C. 281 provides that '[a] patentee shall have remedy by civil action for

infringement of his patent." "When the entity that holds legal title to the patent makes an

assignment of all substantial rights under the patent, then that assignee is deemed the

effective patentee under 35 U.S.C. § 281 with effective title to the patent, and alone has

standing to maintain an infringement suit in its own name." (Emphasis sic.) Keranos, LLC

v. Silicon Storage Technology, Inc., 797 F.3d 1025, 1031 (Fed.Cir.2015).

       {¶ 26} In support of her motion to compel and on appeal, Su argues that Forrest has

assigned significant ownership rights in the MPP to another entity, IPT, including Forrest's

rights "to sue for or collect past, present and future damages or to seek and obtain injunctive

or any other relief for infringement of the [patents]," "to decide to institute enforcement

actions against any or all persons or entities that * * * are infringing the [patents]," and "to

bring suit to enforce the [patents], and * * * to settle any claims made under the [patents]."

Su also argues that Forrest has further assigned to IPT "the sole right to select counsel, to

direct all litigation * * *, and to negotiate and determine the terms of any settlement or other

disposition of all litigation including this action," and "the sole control over reexaminations

and continuing prosecution of the [patents] and related patent applications." Su supported

the foregoing assertions by attaching to her contempt motion the complaints IPT filed in

federal patent litigation.

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        {¶ 27} Section 7.12 of the FTSA provides that "[i]n the event Forrest transfers all or

a portion of his ownership in the [MPP] to another person or entity," Su is entitled to receive

20 percent "of the value of the consideration Forrest receives for the transfer of the [MPP]."

37 C.F.R. 3.1. defines an assignment as "a transfer by a party of all or part of its right, title

and interest in a patent [or] patent application[.]" An assignment of a patent "is the transfer

to another of a party's entire ownership interest or a percentage of that party's ownership

interest in the patent." See Manual of Patent Examining Procedure, Section 301 (Rev.

E9_R-08.2017).3 The extensive assignment of patents rights from Forrest to IPT described

above raises an issue as to whether Forrest has transferred significant beneficial rights of

ownership in the MPP and whether he retains any meaningful rights in the MPP. Forrest

asserts, however, that the USPTO assignment database is dispositive of the issue of

ownership of the MPP and that it plainly reflects that he remains the owner of the MPP.

        {¶ 28} 35 U.S.C. 261 provides in relevant part that

                 The Patent and Trademark Office shall maintain a register of
                 interests in patents and applications for patents and shall record
                 any document related thereto upon request, and may require a
                 fee therefor.

                 * * *

                 A certificate of acknowledgment * * * shall be prima facie
                 evidence of the execution of an assignment, grant or
                 conveyance of a patent or application for patent.

                 An interest that constitutes an assignment, grant or conveyance
                 shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or
                 mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice, unless
                 it is recorded in the Patent and Trademark Office within three
                 months from its date or prior to the date of such subsequent



3. The Manual of Patent Examining Procedure defines the licensing of a patent as transferring "a bundle of
rights which is less than the entire ownership interest, e.g., rights that may be limited as to time, geographical
area, or field of use." See Section 301. "A patent license is, in effect a contractual agreement that the patent
owner will not sue the licensee for patent infringement if the licensee makes, uses, offers for sale, sells, or
imports the claimed invention, as long as the licensee fulfills its obligations and operates within the bounds
delineated by the licensing agreement." Id.
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             purchase or mortgage.

      {¶ 29} "The issuance of a patent by the [US]PTO is prima facie proof of the

patentee's legal title."     Aerotel, Ltd. v. IDT Corp., 486 F.Supp.2d 277, 281

(S.D.N.Y.2007). "The mere recording of an assignment in the [US]PTO, on the other hand,

does not establish a valid assignment, or legal title."      Id. While the recording of an

assignment of a patent with the USPTO is a routine matter and protects the applicant

against claims by later assignees of the patent, it is not a determination by the USPTO of

the validity of the document or the effect that document has on title to a patent. See 37

C.F.R. 3.54; Filtroil, N. Am., Inc. v. Maupin, Fed.Cir. Nos. 99-1361, 99-1387, and 99-1418,

2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 5759, *10 (Mar. 30, 2000), citing 35 U.S.C. 261. By its very terms,

35 U.S.C. 261 is only a recording statute. Tm Patents, L.P. v. IBM, 121 F.Supp.2d 349,

365 (S.D.N.Y.2000). The USPTO assignment records simply create a presumption of

ownership and are not dispositive. See SiRF Tech., Inc. v. Internatl. Trade Comm., 601

F.3d 1319 (Fed.Cir.2010).

      {¶ 30} Nevertheless, Forrest argues that the trial court erred in failing to take judicial

notice of his ownership of the MPP. In support of his argument, Forrest cites Evid.R.

201(D), which provides that "[a] court shall take judicial notice if requested by a party and

supplied with the necessary information."

      {¶ 31} Upon reviewing Forrest's responses to Su's contempt motion and motion to

compel, we find that neither pleading requested the trial court to take judicial notice. In

contrast to his Evid.R. 201(D) post-appeal motion which expressly requested the trial court

to take judicial notice of the USPTO assignment database, Forrest's responses, while

providing a link to the USPTO assignment database, simply noted that the trial court and

Su could independently look at the USPTO public records. Further, neither response cited

Evid.R. 201. In any event, given the fact that the USPTO assignment records are not

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dispositive of ownership and in light of the significant issue raised by Su regarding whether

Forrest effectively transferred ownership of the MPP to another person or entity by

transferring substantial beneficial rights of ownership in the MPP, we find no error in the

trial court's failure to take judicial notice. For the same reasons, we decline Forrest's

request that we take judicial notice of Forrest's ownership of the MPP based upon the

USPTO assignment database.

       {¶ 32} Forrest's first and second assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶ 33} Assignment of Error No. 3:

       {¶ 34} THE     TRIAL     COURT'S       ORDER       GRANTING        DISCOVERY        OF

CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS IS ERRONEOUS BECAUSE ANY PROBATIVE VALUE

OF THOSE DOCUMENTS IS OUTWEIGHED BY PREJUDICIAL IMPACT.

       {¶ 35} Forrest argues the trial court erred in granting Su's motion to compel because

the court failed to weigh the probative value, if any, of the confidential licensing documents

Su seeks against the prejudicial impact of their disclosure as required under Evid.R. 403.

       {¶ 36} Evid.R. 403 relates to the admissibility of evidence at trial, and not to whether

evidence is discoverable. The scope of discovery is governed by Civ.R. 26(B)(1), which

provides

              Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not
              privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the
              pending action, whether it relates to the claim or defense of the
              party seeking discovery or to the claim or defense of any other
              party[.] It is not ground for objection that the information sought
              will be inadmissible at the trial if the information sought appears
              reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible
              evidence.

       {¶ 37} The information and documents sought by Su do not fall within any of the

enumerated privileged communications of R.C. 2317.02. While the information sought may

be considered a "trade secret" as defined in R.C. 1333.61(D), Forrest has not claimed that


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the information is subject to trade secret protection. In any event, although confidential,

trade secret information is not absolutely privileged. Armstrong v. Marusic, 11th Dist. Lake

No. 2001-L-232, 2004-Ohio-2594, ¶ 23. Moreover, Forrest could have sought a protective

order under Civ.R. 26(C) but did not do so.

      {¶ 38} Forrest's third assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 39} Assignment of Error No. 4:

      {¶ 40} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY COMPELLING DISCOVERY BASED ON A

BASELESS CONTEMPT MOTION THAT SEEKS TO CHANGE THE PARTIES' SPOUSAL

SUPPORT AGREEMENTS.

      {¶ 41} Assignment of Error No. 5:

      {¶ 42} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ISSUING AN ORDER TO COMPEL

RELATED TO A CONTEMPT MOTION AS TO WHICH IT HAS NO JURISDICTION.

      {¶ 43} Section 8.1 of the FTSA provides that any proceeds received by Su pursuant

to Sections 7.11 or 7.12 of the FTSA are considered spousal support. Section 8.4 of the

FTSA provides that "each party hereby forever waives his and her right to seek spousal

support from the other in the future," and that other than as set forth in Sections 7.11 and

7.12 of the FTSA, "the amount and terms of the spousal support to be paid by Forrest to Su

shall never be increased, altered, modified or changed in any manner by any Court for any

reason, and jurisdiction shall not be reserved to any Court to make any such change[.]"

      {¶ 44} In his fourth and fifth assignments of error, Forrest challenges the trial court's

order to compel discovery, arguing it in effect modifies his spousal support obligation in

violation of Section 8.4 of the FTSA.     Specifically, Forrest asserts that because Su's

contempt claim that he transferred all or part of his ownership in the MPP is plainly

disproved by the dispositive USPTO public record, Su's contempt motion and related motion

to compel in effect sought to modify and increase her spousal support beyond that provided

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in the FTSA, and therefore, the trial court had no authority to modify spousal support

pursuant to Section 8.4 of the FTSA.

       {¶ 45} Contrary to Forrest's assertion, Su is not seeking to modify or increase the

spousal support provided in Section 7.12 of the FTSA and Paragraph 6 of the Addendum.

Rather, she is only seeking to ensure she receives the spousal support to which she is

entitled, whether it be from patent litigation settlement or the transfer of all or a portion of

Forrest's ownership in the MPP. In other words, Su is simply seeking to enforce her right

to the spousal support as provided under the foregoing provisions. We note Forrest's

argument that his spousal support obligation terminated on September 27, 2017, pursuant

to Section 8.4 of the FTSA, and that Su is seeking spousal support beyond that date.

However, Su may seek to enforce her right to spousal support which accrued prior to

September 27, 2017, as provided by Section 7.12 of the FTSA and Paragraph 6 of the

Addendum.

       {¶ 46} Forrest's fourth and fifth assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶ 47} Assignment of Error No. 6:

       {¶ 48} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED THE MOTION TO

COMPEL WITHOUT HOLDING A HEARING.

       {¶ 49} Forrest argues the trial court erred in granting Su's motion to compel without

first holding a hearing. Forrest challenges the trial court's failure to hold a hearing, arguing

it was improperly based upon Forrest's schedule while ignoring his argument that he is the

owner of the MPP.

       {¶ 50} We first note that "Civ.R. 37(A), which specifically addresses the procedure

for filing a motion for an order compelling discovery, does not require that a hearing be held

on the motion, unless expenses are awarded to the party favored by the trial court's motion

disposition." Mobley v. Pamer, 7th Dist. Monroe No. 833, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 271, *9

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(Jan. 25, 2001); Entingh v. Old Man's Cave Chalets, Inc., 4th Dist. Hocking No. 08CA14,

2009-Ohio-2242, ¶ 17. The trial court granted Su's motion to compel without imposing an

award of expenses. The trial court, therefore, was not required to hold a hearing and

granting Su's motion without a hearing was within the court's discretion. Mobley at *10.4

        {¶ 51} The general nature of the information sought by Su was apparent from her

March 2018 supplemental memorandum in support of her 2016 contempt motion. On July

26, 2018, Su filed her Civ.R. 37 motion to compel. On August 14, 2018, Forrest filed a

response, arguing that the motion to compel was based upon a frivolous contempt motion

and was baseless as the USPTO assignment database plainly listed him as the owner of

the MPP. The trial court granted Su's motion to compel ten days later, on August 24, 2018.

        {¶ 52} The record shows that during a status conference held on July 17, 2018, the

trial court warned the parties' attorneys that the parties would now be required to physically

attend all hearings and that the court would not allow the case to "drag on." As soon as Su

filed her motion to compel, the trial court sought to schedule a hearing on the motion. After

granting 14 days for Forrest to respond to the motion, the trial court provided several hearing

dates to the parties. The trial court further issued an order that "all parties and counsel * *

* be present at all future court dates due to the complexity of [the] case." In response,

Forrest asked to teleconference from Florida where he lives. The request was denied. The

trial court then proposed several hearing dates for September. On August 24, 2018, Forrest

replied he could not attend a hearing until early October because the month of September




4. Although they were not cited under the sixth assignment of error, Forrest cited three cases in the
introduction to his assignments of error for the proposition that a trial court must conduct a hearing before
compelling discovery of privileged or confidential information. See Cargile v. Barrow, 182 Ohio App.3d 55,
2009-Ohio-371 (1st Dist.); Grace v. Mastruserio, 182 Ohio App.3d 243, 2007-Ohio-3942 (1st Dist.); and
Armstrong v. Marusic, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2001-L-232, 2004-Ohio-2594. All three cases involved privileges
enumerated under R.C. 2317.02 or trade secrets. As stated earlier, the information sought by Su does not
fall within a recognized privilege under R.C. 2317.02 and Forrest has not claimed that the information is
subject to trade secret protection. We therefore decline to apply the foregoing cases.
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already included a week-long family vacation, a nine-day trip to attend his mother's birthday,

a two-day meeting, and a 12-day period hosting guests from Europe. That same day, noting

the looming October 2018 hearing upon Su's contempt motion, the trial court granted Su's

motion to compel. Given Forrest's unwillingness to accommodate any of the hearing dates

suggested by the trial court, thereby giving priority to his calendar over the trial court's

caseload and docket, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the

motion to compel based upon the parties' filings and without conducting a hearing.

       {¶ 53} We further note that although Forrest asserts that the information sought is so

highly confidential and sensitive that he would be prejudiced and harmed by its production,

there is nothing in the record to substantiate his assertion. Forrest made no request for an

in camera inspection of the information. Nor did he seek to file the information under seal

for the trial court's consideration on the motion to compel.

       {¶ 54} Forrest's sixth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 55} Assignment of Error No. 7:

       {¶ 56} THE    TRIAL    COURT      ERRED        BY   ORDERING     PRODUCTION        OF

CONFIDENTIAL        RECORDS       CONTROVERTING            SUBSTANTIAL      CONTRACTUAL

RIGHTS WHICH CANNOT BE REMEDIED WITHOUT AN IMMEDIATE APPEAL.

       {¶ 57} Forrest argues that the trial court's order compelling discovery of the

documents Su seeks violates his contractual rights under Section 20.2 of the FTSA and

Paragraph 6 of the Addendum. Section 20.2 provides that

              Forrest shall provide Su with summary documentation to
              support the payments made in accordance with this Agreement.
              The parties acknowledge and agree that confidentiality
              considerations and concerns may prevent Forrest or his counsel
              from providing such information other than in summary fashion.
              However, the documentation must be sufficiently detailed to
              provide verification of such payments.

       {¶ 58} We find no merits to Forrest's arguments.           Forrest has provided no

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documentation to Su, much less "summary documentation" "sufficiently detailed to provide

verification of * * * payments" "made in accordance with the [FTSA]."       Furthermore, this

action was initiated specifically because Forrest has not paid Su her share of settlements

and consideration received by Forrest pursuant to Paragraph 6 of the Addendum and

Section 7.12 of the FTSA. The documentation Su seeks is not only to verify the amount of

payments to which she might be entitled pursuant to Paragraph 6 of the Addendum, but

also to determine whether Forrest has transferred all or a portion of his ownership in the

MPP thereby entitling her to a spousal support payment under Section 7.12 of the FTSA.

       {¶ 59} Forrest further argues that Section 20.2 of the FTSA and Paragraph 6 of the

Addendum prohibit the discovery Su seeks.             We decline to construe the foregoing

provisions as preventing Su from discovering the information necessary to prosecute a

claim that Forrest has failed to comply with his spousal support obligation under the FTSA

and Addendum. Furthermore, it is not clear that Paragraph 6 of the Addendum applies to

Section 7.12 of the FTSA as asserted by Forrest. By its own terms, Paragraph 6 expressly

eliminated Su's rights, claims, and benefits "set forth in and arising out of Section 7.11 of

the FTSA and replace[d] them solely and only with the rights, claims, * * * and benefits set

forth in" Paragraph 6. In his response in opposition to Su's motion to compel, Forrest stated

that in exchange for receiving a lump sum under Paragraph 1 of the Addendum, Su agreed

"she had no right to review documents relating rights contained in [Section] 7.11 of the

FTSA."

       {¶ 60} Even if Paragraph 6 applies to Section 7.12 of the FTSA, we find it simply

bars Su from taking part in any licensing of MPP patents or litigation involving the MPP in

contrast to her former rights to participate in patent enforcement, infringement, and licensing

proceedings as previously allowed under Section 7.11 of the FTSA. As written, Paragraph

6 does not prohibit Su from seeking documentation once a licensing agreement has been

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reached or once litigation has resulted in a judgment or settlement.

      {¶ 61} Forrest's seventh assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 62} Assignment of Error No. 8:

      {¶ 63} THE ORDER TO COMPEL IS ERRONEOUS BECAUSE THE MOTION TO

COMPEL WAS AN ABUSE OF PROCESS.

      {¶ 64} Assignment of Error No. 9:

      {¶ 65} THE ORDER TO COMPEL IS ERRONEOUS BECAUSE IT IS PART OF A

MALICIOUS CONTEMPT PROSECUTION.

      {¶ 66} In his eighth and ninth assignments of error, Forrest challenges the trial court's

order to compel discovery, arguing that Su committed an abuse of process by using the trial

court's power to compel for an ulterior motive. That is, Forrest asserts that Su filed her

motion to compel for the ulterior purpose of circumventing the FTSA and Addendum and

gaining access to confidential documents unrelated to her contempt motion Forrest further

asserts that because Su's contempt motion is frivolous, malicious, and a sham, Su's motion

to compel should not have been filed and should not have been granted by the trial court.

      {¶ 67} "Abuse-of-process claims are claims that allege that a legal procedure has

been set in motion in proper form, with probable cause, and even with ultimate success, but

nevertheless has been perverted to accomplish an ulterior purpose for which it was not

designed." Mansour v. Croushore, 194 Ohio App.3d 819, 2011-Ohio-3342, ¶ 11 (12th

Dist.). Thus, abuse of process is designed to remedy the misuse or exploitation of the legal

process after a party has properly initiated a lawsuit with probable cause. See Hershey v.

Edelman, 187 Ohio App.3d 400, 2010-Ohio-1992 (10th Dist.). In order to succeed on an

abuse of process claim, a plaintiff must establish that (1) a legal proceeding has been set

in motion in proper form and with probable cause, (2) the proceeding has been perverted

to attempt to accomplish an ulterior purpose for which it was not designed, and (3) direct

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damage has resulted from the wrongful use of process. Yaklevich v. Kemp, Schaeffer &

Rowe Company, L.P.A., 68 Ohio St.3d 294, 298 (1994). "[T]he key consideration in an

abuse of process action is whether an improper purpose was sought to be achieved by the

use of a lawfully brought previous action." Id. at 300.

       {¶ 68} We note that Forrest did not raise this claim when he opposed Su's motion to

compel. Furthermore, Forrest has never asserted that Su's contempt motion was instituted

with probable cause. To the contrary, Forrest has consistently asserted, and continues to

so assert on appeal, that the contempt motion is frivolous, void, and a sham. Forrest's

position that Su's filing of her contempt motion was baseless cannot sustain a cause of

action for abuse of process. See P.N. Gilcrest Ltd. Partnership v. Doylestown Family

Practice, Inc., 9th Dist. Wayne No. 10CA0035, 2011-Ohio-2990.

       {¶ 69} Forrest's eighth and ninth assignments of error are overruled.

       {¶ 70} Judgment affirmed.


       RINGLAND, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.




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