                        Funding an Agency’s Functions from
                             Its Working Capital Fund
The Secretary of Com merce may designate certain agency functions now funded out of his Depart­
   m ent’s General Administration (GA) appropriation as “central services” and transfer respon­
   sibility for their funding to the working capital fund, 15 U .S.C. § 1521, so that they will
   henceforth be paid for with funds appropriated to the various component bureaus of the Depart­
   ment of Com merce. The Secretary m ay thereby avoid exhaustion of the GA account, the likely
   consequence of a ruling of the Comptroller General disallowing direct reimbursement of the GA
   by the bureaus on grounds that it would unlawfully augment the GA appropriation.
The authority for a working capital fund in 15 U.S.C. § 1521 constitutes an exception to the
  Com ptroller G eneral’s rule prohibiting an agency from switching responsibility for funding a
  particular service from one appropriation account to another.
                                                                     June 16, 1982
       MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE GENERAL COUNSEL,
                        DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
   This responds to your request for an opinion on whether any of the services
now paid out of the Department of Commerce’s General Administration (GA)
appropriation1may be transferred to its working capital fund, 15 U.S.C. § 1521,
where they will be paid for out of the appropriations of the various components of
the Department. The issue has arisen because of a recent Comptroller General’s
opinion, B-206669 (Mar. 15, 1982), disallowing direct reimbursement of three
services by the components to the GA account.2 Failure to reimburse the GA
account will result in its rapid exhaustion, necessitating the furlough of a
substantial number of employees for the remainder of the fiscal year. We believe
that the problem can be resolved by the application of a statute that the Comp­
troller General did not consider— 15 U.S.C. § 1521.
                                  I. Background
   Commerce’s divisions are funded by several lump sum appropriations cover­
ing the Office of the Secretary and the various components, such as the Bureau of
  1                                          General Administration
                                              Salaries and Expenses
          Bor expenses necessary for the general administration of the Department of Commerce, including
        not to exceed $2,000 for official entertainment, $28,407,000.
H.R 4169, 97th Cong , 1st Sess. at 2 (1981).
   2 The Comptroller G eneral, reviewing Commerce's proposal, held that the budgetary transfers suggested were an
unlawful augmentation of the GA appropriation. 31 U.S C §§ 628,628-1 (1976) He argued that the funds for the
GA account constitute a "specific” appropriation for general, department-wide administration, slip op. at 2, which,
once exhausted, cannot be supplemented by transfers from other appropriations Id at 4 The three services
proposed for reimbursement were (1) the cost of Assistant Secretaries and their immediate staffs, (2) the Office of
Personnel Policy, and (3) Special Projects. You have indicated that you will be choosing from a much wider variety
of services, totaling over $18,000,000, for transfer under 15 U S.C § 1521

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the Census. The present continuing appropriation for fiscal year 1982, H.R.J.
Res. 370,97th Cong., 1st Sess., Pub. L. No. 97-92, 95 Stat. 1183, 1190(1981),
appropriated funds “at the rate provided in H.R. 4169,” which was passed by the
House of Representatives last fall. In H.R. 4169, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. (1981),
the GA account received $28,407,000, a reduction of $5,618,000 from fiscal
year 1981, and $7,315,000 below the budget request submitted by the President.
H.R. Rep. No. 180, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 8(1981). Because of this reduction in
funding, it was decided to charge to the bureaus’ appropriations certain activities
formerly charged to the central GA.
   The appropriations for the GA, see n .l, and the various bureaus are broadly
worded,3 and would appear to fall into the category known as lump sum
appropriations. As a general rule, money in a lump sum appropriation can be
spent on anything within the purview of an appropriations act, regardless of the
congressional intent indicated in reports, debates, or hearings. In re Newport
News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., 55 Comp. Gen. 812, 819-20 (1976); In re
LTV Aerospace Corp., 55 Comp. Gen. 307, 319 (1975).4 Congress can and does
place restrictions on an agency’s funds when it wants to remove that discretion.
Id. at 318-19. Resort to legislative intent is only used to discover whether a
particular item is within an appropriation’s general language— i.e., whether
certain kinds of planes fall within the meaning of an appropriation for “military
aircraft.” Id. at 325.
                                                II. Discussion
   The issue in this discussion is whether the bureaus’ appropriations may be used
to pay for services that have heretofore been paid from the GA account. We
believe that they may.
   First, the appropriations for most of Commerce’s bureaus are lump sum
appropriations, see, e.g., n.2, whose monies may be expended on anything
within the scope of the appropriation.5 We believe that you may properly
   3 For example, the appropriation for the F^tent and Trademark Office states: “For necessary expenses of the Ritent
and Trademark Office, including defense of suits instituted against the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks,
$118,961,000, to remain available until expended " H R 4169, 97th Cong., 1st Sess , al 8 (1981). Other
Commerce units include the Economic Development Administration, the International Trade Administration, the
Minority Business Development Agency, the United States Travel and Tourism Administration, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Bureau of Standards, the National Technical Information
Service, and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration
   4 “The realities of the annual appropriations process, as well as nonstatutory arrangements such as reprogram­
ming, provide safeguards against abuse " 55 Comp Gen. at 820.
   5 The absence of specific limitations or prohibitions in the terms of an appropriations statute implies that Congress
did not intend to impose restraints upon an agency's flexibility in shifting funds within a particular lump sum account
among otherwise authorized activities or programs— unless of course Congress has in some other law specified that
funds from the appropriation in question should be spent (or not, as the case may be) in a particular manner By the
same token, an agency’s legal authority to fund an authorized program from its general operating funds does not
depend upon its being able to point to some references to that program in its budget justification or elsewhere in the
appropriations process This is because the lawfulness of an expenditure is tested by the terms of the appropriations
statute and any other relevant law, and not with reference to legislative history Thus, inclusion of an activity or
function in the “class of objects” for which an agency’s general funds may be spent does not depend upon Congress’
affirmative acknowledgement in the appropriations process that the activity or function will be funded or even its
being explicitly so informed by the agency. If the activity or function is one which Congress has elsewhere given the
agency authority to perform, its funding does not depend upon its being singled out for specific mention each year in
the appropriation process.

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determine that there are services listed in your submission that are covered by the
language of the bureaus’ appropriations.
   Second, Commerce’s working capital fund provides a statutory mechanism for
the transfer of funds. 15 U.S.C. § 1521.6 The Secretary may charge services to
the fund which he determines, and the Office of Management and Budget agrees,
“may be performed more advantageously as central services.” The fund is kept
whole through reimbursement from the relevant bureaus which pay in funds for
their proportion of the services.7
   Discretion in determining what is a “central” service lies with the Secretary,8
and he may designate as “central” any service that he believes will be performed
more advantageously on a department-wide rather than a bureau basis. The
bureaus may then use their general appropriations to pay for those services
pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1521.9
   Since soon after its passage, 15 U.S.C. § 1521 has been used to transfer
functions from the Office of the Secretary, where they were paid out of the GA
account, to the working capital fund, where they were paid out of the bureaus’
appropriations. For example, in 1947 the Secretary asked that the departmental
stockroom be transferred to the working capital fund.10 “The original purchases
for stock are made from the appropriation ‘Salaries and Expenses, Office of the
Secretary, Department of Commerce’ [the GA account], with the appropriation
   6 Section 1521 provides as follows (emphasis added)*
          There is established a working capital fu n d of $100,000, without fiscal year limitation, for the
          payment c f salaries and other expenses necessary to the maintenance and operation c f ( 1) central
          duplicating, photographic, drafting, and photostating services and (2) such other services as the
          Secretary, with the approval c f the Director of the Office of Management andBudget, determines may
          be performed more advantageously as central services; said fund to be reimbursed from applicable
          funds of bureaus, offices, and agencies for which services are performed on the basis of rates which
          shall include estimated or actual charges for personal services, materials, equipment (including
          maintenance, repairs, and depreciation) and other expenses* Provided, That such central services
          shall, to the fullest extent practicable, be used to make unnecessary the maintenance of separate like
          services in the bureaus, offices, and agencies of the Department Provided further. That a separate
          schedule of expenditures and reimbursements, and a statement of the current assets and liabilities of
          the working capital fund as of the close of the last completed fiscal year, shall be included in the
          annual Budget.
See Department c f Commerce Appropriation B ill fo r 1945. Hearings Before the Subcomm. c f the House Comm on
Appropriations, 78th Cong., 2d Sess. 33-35 (1944), H R. Rep. No. 1149, 78th Cong., 2d Sess. 19 (1944)
   7 Approximately $30,000,000 in services are now funded annually through the working capital fund
   8 It is essential, of course, that such services fall within the statutory intent of 15 U.S.C. § 1521, and that they
offer truly department-wide benefits. Pnor uses of the statute have included designation of fiscal, travel, audio
visual, messenger, and laundry services as “central " Services that are of particular use only to a single bureau, or
which properly fall only within the scopeof that bureau’s activities, do notfall within the intent of 15 U S C § 1521.
   If a service does not fall within the intent of 15 U S C. § 1521, your Office can provide advice on alternative
sources of funding, such as through the transfer of personnel Reorg.PlanNo 5 o fl9 5 0 ,§ 4, reprinted in 5 U .S C ,
App.
   9 We are aware that the Comptroller General has articulated a general rule that where an agency has chosen to pay
for an item out of one of two generally available appropriations, the agency must continue to use the first
appropriation for the item and cannot decide at some later date to use the second instead. See 59 Comp Gen. 518,
520-21 (1980); 23 Comp. Gen 827,828(1944); 10 Comp Gen. 440,443 (1931); 15 Comp. Gen. 101,102(1908).
But see 12 Comp. Gen 331, 333 (1932), 5 Comp. Gen. 479, 480 (1926). We need not examine the ramifications of
the rule m this context— or, indeed, whether it can be reconciled with the flexibility the Comptroller General has
given the agencies in the lump sum context— because we believe that 15 U S.C § 1521 provides a statutory
exception to this general rule of construction. To the extent that this general rule is an interpretation of 31 U S.C
§ 628-1, which forbids a transfer o f funds from one appropriation to another except as specifically authorized, 15
U .S.C . § 1521 provides the necessary authorization
   10 Letter for Hon. James E Webb, Director, Bureau of the Budget, from Acting Secretary Foster, June 30, 1947.

                                                         386
being reimbursed by the bureaus upon the receipt of a billing based on their
respective withdrawals.”" The request was approved by the Bureau of the
Budget.12 Likewise, in 1951, the Secretary asked permission to transfer the
expenses of the Department’s health unit to the working capital fund.
        For some years the Office of the Secretary has been purchasing
        supplies and providing funds for the necessary maintenance of the
        Health Unit.13
Approval was promptly granted.14 The same exchange of letters asked for and
approved the transfer of payments for transcripts of Loyalty Board hearings, from
the same GA account, which was being used as a “suspense account” until the
bureaus paid their bills, to the working capital fund.15 In 1962, the Bureau of the
Budget approved a request that Accounting Operations funded out of the GA
account be transferred to the working capital fund, where the bureaus could be
charged for its services.16 Therefore, we believe the Secretary can designate
services as “central” and to be paid out of the working capital fund by the bureaus
regardless of the appropriation out of which they have traditionally been paid.17
   We do not believe that it is proper for this Office to outline what can or cannot
be designated as a central service. The decision is for the Secretary, who is in the
best position to determine what services may be performed more advantageously
centrally, informed by prior administrative practice and subject to the approval of
the Office of Management and Budget.
   Since the Comptroller General did not consider use of 15 U.S.C. § 1521, we
do not believe that his opinion should interfere with your implementation of any
payments under it.
                                                              T h eo d o r e B . O lso n
                                                          Assistant Attorney General
                                                           Office of Legal Counsel




  " I d at I
  12 Letter for Acting Secretary Foster from Assistant Director Bailey, Bureau of the Budget, Aug 21, 1947.
  13 Letter for Hon Frederick J. Lawton, Director, Bureau of the Budget, from Assistant Secretary Osthagen,
Department of Commerce, Aug. 24, 1951
  14 Letter for Secretary Sawyer, Department of Commerce, from Direct or Lawton, Bureau of the Budget, Sept. 20,
1951.
  15 Letter, supra n. 13, at 1-2.
  16 Letter for Hon David E. Bell, Director, Bureau of the Budget, from Assistant Secretary Koltz, Department of
Commerce, Oct 25, 1962; Letter for Secretary Hodges, Department of Commerce, from Bell, Bureau of the
Budget, Nov. 9, 1962
  17 The bureaus’ payments for services heretofore paid for out of the GA do not constitute a transfer between
appropriations in contravention of 3 1 U S C § 628-1, since the money goes into the working capital fund, not the
GA account Services will be billed retroactively directly to the bureaus for the entire fiscal year

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