                                Fourth Court of Appeals
                                        San Antonio, Texas
                                      DISSENTING OPINION

                                            No. 04-18-00635-CV

                 IN THE INTEREST OF E.F., J.P.V., V.J.V., and R.J.V., Children

                     From the 225th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                                  Trial Court No. 2017-PA-01049
                        Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Judge Presiding 1

Opinion by: Beth Watkins, Justice
Dissenting Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                  Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
                  Beth Watkins, Justice

Delivered and Filed: May 22, 2019

           I respectfully dissent. I would reverse and render an order denying the Department’s

request for termination because there is legally insufficient evidence that termination is in the

children’s best interest. I begin, however, with expressing my concerns about the proceedings in

this case.

                               CONCERNING PROCEEDINGS IN THIS CASE

           I am encouraged by the shift in making mental health awareness a priority by our two

higher courts 2 and state legislature. But I express my concerns to emphasize our work as members




1
  The Honorable Peter Sakai is the presiding judge of the 225th District Court, Bexar County, Texas. The order of
termination was signed by the Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Associate Judge.
2
  See TEX. JUD. COMM. ON MENTAL HEALTH – About Us Commissioners, http://texasjcmh.gov/about-us/comissioners
(last visited May 9, 2019) (noting the commission is co-chaired by Justice Jeff Brown and Judge Barbara Hervey).
Dissenting Opinion                                                                               04-18-00635-CV


of the judiciary and society is far from over when it comes to eliminating the innate bias against

those who are mentally ill.

A. Although perhaps unintentional, the record discloses an underlying, innate bias against
those with mental illness.

        As shown by the record, appellant has been medically diagnosed with bipolar disorder that

at times causes her to pull out her hair. She explained this condition leaves her with bald spots, so

she shaves her head. It is undisputed appellant proactively and effectively manages her condition

with medication, counseling, and a therapy dog. But in explaining its decision to terminate

appellant’s parental rights, the trial court brought attention to appellant’s bipolar disorder:

            I think the one thing to keep in mind here is there’s a lot of things in the law
        that are significant here. There’s a case: In RE ALM, 300 S.W.3d 914 3 that has a
        quote I think is pretty important.
            “The needier the . . . child, the more able the parent must be.”

The trial court then noted appellant’s bipolar disorder and further stated:

            There’s nothing wrong with that, and the disability she receives and she’s
        managing it. But then it’s hard to say that three children should be part of this
        when they’ve been through so much.
            The shaving of the head. I understand the hair thing, but these
        things . . . affect . . . children. I’m looking at [V.J.V.]. And again, I’m reading from
        the CASA report.
            “When his mother shaved her head, it deeply affected him. He could not
        participate for the first 20 minutes of the visit, because he could not stop crying.”
            That’s the CASA report. These things have [e]ffects on children and best
        interest. So one would say that you don’t have permanency for these children, so
        why discontinue the relationship with mother.
            Well, because I don’t know that there will be progression or see any hope for
        progression. And I have, you know, a 14, 12, and nine year old, and I’m not going
        to give up on them. (emphasis added).

        However, the Department’s caseworker Dietra Marquez testified one child takes

psychotropic medication but the children have no “specialized medical needs,” and there is no


3
  In re A.L.M. involved termination of a parent’s rights based on “a parent’s mental illness or deficiency and the
resulting inability to meet the child’s mental, physical, and emotional needs.” 300 S.W.3d 914, 915 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2009, no pet.) (citing TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.003).


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                     04-18-00635-CV


evidence showing appellant is not “able” as a parent. It is undisputed appellant made significant

strides to manage her bipolar disorder, and her visits with her children “go well” and are

“appropriate.” The trial court’s remarks suggest that merely having bipolar disorder and a shaved

head makes a parent less able, makes children “needier,” or both, and so much so that depriving a

parent and her children of a relationship is warranted.

        Marquez also testified at trial:

            So my concern would be if something were to happen to the dog, especially
        because the dog is often left off of the leash when she’s on her property, then what
        happens next? If the dog were to be hit by a car, would she still be able to perform
        these daily functions and would she be able to care for her children in the absence
        of a dog?

The Department reiterates this speculative concern in its argument on appeal. The trial court’s

comments and the Department’s lack of understanding raise serious concerns and are inconsistent

with the should-be-intended goal of reunification. More importantly, however, innate biases might

have played a role in the termination of the appellant’s parental rights. See Nicole E. Negowetti,

Navigating the Pitfalls of Implicit Bias: A Cognitive Science Primer for Civil Litigators, 4 ST.

MARY’S J. LEGAL MAL. & ETHICS 278, 284 (2014) (stating judges are human beings susceptible to

having implicit biases).

        When a parent with a diagnosed mental health condition undisputedly manages her

condition proactively and effectively, the mere existence of the mental health diagnosis should

play no role in a trial court’s decision to terminate a parent’s rights. In re G.C., No. 02-17-00259-

CV, 2018 WL 547784, at *20 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 25, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(“[M]ental illness alone is not a basis for terminating the parent-child relationship”). Of course, if

a parent does not accept her diagnosis or does not seek treatment, such a refusal may be considered

in determining whether the parent–child relationship should be terminated. See, e.g., TEX. FAM.

CODE 161.003. Here, however, the trial court ignored undisputed evidence establishing appellant


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-18-00635-CV


manages her condition proactively and effectively and it expressly relied on appellant’s mental

health diagnosis as a reason for terminating her parental rights.

B. The trial court should not have relied on facts not in evidence.

        It is gravely concerning that—on the record—the trial court expressly relied on facts not

in evidence to terminate appellant’s parental rights. The trial court directly read from a CASA

report, revealing the trial court considered the statements in the filings for their truth. However,

this court has repeatedly stated, and the majority correctly states again, a trial court “may not take

judicial notice of the truth of the allegations in its records.” In re J.E.H., 384 S.W.3d 864, 869

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, no pet.). By violating this rule, the trial court denied appellant her

clearly established due process rights and impaired the integrity of the court’s truth-seeking

function. See TEX. R. EVID. 102; In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007).

        When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, appellate courts indulge a legal fiction

that the factfinder actually considered only the evidence admitted at trial—even when, as here, the

record affirmatively shows the factfinder improperly considered facts not in evidence. Cf. In re

W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam) (precluding courts of appeals from “look[ing]

to any comments that the judge may have made at the conclusion of a bench trial” as forming a

basis for the judgment). As I view the record, the only way the trial court could have reasonably

reached its decision to terminate appellant’s parental rights is by improperly considering the

contents of court filings for their truth. It is particularly concerning in this case because other

factual allegations in court filings were contradicted by undisputed evidence at trial.

        The trial court’s express reliance on facts not in evidence underscores the need for better

efforts to protect parents’ due process rights. In some termination proceedings, such as the

underlying case, the trial court must consider evidence and make factfindings on various pretrial

matters that significantly overlap with disputed fact issues to be decided at trial. Understandably


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                      04-18-00635-CV


so, it is challenging for a trial court that has made pretrial factual determinations to disregard all

prior proceedings at a trial on the merits. But when a trial court acts as a factfinder at trial and at

pretrial hearings involving related factual disputes, the trial court should make extraordinary

efforts to consider only the evidence admitted at trial. This challenge was not met in this case.

C. The Department’s strongest evidence at trial was inadmissible hearsay.

        The strongest evidence presented at trial was that appellant (1) on one occasion a year and

a half before trial, left the children unattended at the Haven for Hope shelter; and (2) tested positive

for drugs in March 2018. Without the evidence of these two facts, there would be no question that

the evidence is legally insufficient to permanently sever the parent–child relationship between

appellant and her children.

        The only evidence about the children being dirty and urinating in cups at Haven for Hope

was the testimony of caseworker Marquez. Marquez’s testimony was not based on personal

knowledge, but on statements contained in an affidavit sworn to by a different caseworker,

Boryana Trautmann. Trautmann’s affidavit states “shelter staff informed” her of many of the facts

included in the affidavit. The record appears to show Marquez’s testimony was hearsay, if not

double hearsay. See TEX. R. EVID. 801–03. Trial counsel did not object to Marquez’s testimony.

        During direct examination, Marquez testified appellant’s only drug test, a “UA,” came back

negative, but appellant had missed a random drug test, and hair follicle testing was unavailable

because appellant had shaved her head. On cross-examination, appellant’s trial counsel elicited

Marquez’s testimony about the positive hair follicle drug test. Although Marquez’s testimony was

responsive to the question trial counsel had asked, she did not explain the results and trial counsel

did not object to the testimony being hearsay. See id.; In re K.C.P., 142 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.).




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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-18-00635-CV


D. Conclusion

        An extraordinary number of parental termination cases are filed in counties in this court’s

jurisdiction. These cases are not easy for parents, children, the Department, attorneys, or the courts

because these cases involve fundamental rights of parents and important public concerns for child

welfare. Although our primary concern is the children’s welfare, parental termination cases are not

made easier when innate bias negatively influences how some parents are treated in court.

Looming deadlines and overcrowded dockets cannot justify shortcuts that undermine the truth-

seeking function of our courts. Protecting this truth-seeking function is just as crucial in cases

involving a parent who has a mental illness.

    INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SHOWS TERMINATION IS IN THE CHILDREN’S BEST INTEREST

        I generally agree with the majority’s recitation of the applicable law. However, I provide

additional fundamental principles. First, the standard of review precludes us from disregarding

undisputed evidence contrary to the trial court’s findings; doing so “could skew the analysis of

whether there is clear and convincing evidence.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). A

factfinder “may not disregard uncontroverted evidence.” W. Wendell Hall, Standards of Review

in Texas, 29 ST. MARY’S L.J. 351, 482 (1998). Similarly, in reviewing the legal sufficiency of the

evidence, we “must consider undisputed or uncontradicted evidence” and cannot “disregard the

undisputed evidence.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Second, in parts of its analysis, the majority focuses on “conservatorship.” But the

Department’s burden was not to simply prove appellant should not have custody of her children;

its heightened burden was to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, appellant should not have

any relationship with her children whatsoever. See J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 614–17 (distinguishing

conservatorship from termination). The evidence must therefore permit a factfinder to reasonably




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Dissenting Opinion                                                                   04-18-00635-CV


form a firm conviction or belief that appellant should no longer be in the children’s lives as their

mother, not merely that appellant should not have custody. See id. at 616.

        Third, “[t]ermination is a drastic remedy and is of such weight and gravity,” that

“termination proceedings must be strictly scrutinized.” In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 112 (Tex.

2014); In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980). We must strictly scrutinize whether the

evidence is clear and convincing in support of termination. K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 112. Evidence

can be “too vague to constitute clear and convincing evidence” to terminate parental rights. See In

re C.C., III, 253 S.W.3d 888, 894 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.); see, e.g., In re K.M.J., No.

04-18-00727-CV, 2019 WL 1459565, at *7–8 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 3, 2019, no pet. h.)

(mem. op.) (holding testimony offered without any factual support was conclusory). Additionally,

we cannot rely on evidence that requires speculation or piling inferences upon inferences. See

K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *7–8; San Antonio Credit Union v. O’Connor, 115 S.W.3d 82, 92

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. denied).

        The majority primarily relies on the Haven for Hope incident, appellant’s drug use, and the

housing issue. But, as explained below, the actual testimony is too vague and impermissibly

requires speculation and piling inferences upon inferences. I address each of these concerns in

turn, and then consider the evidence of the Holley v. Adams factors. 544 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. 1976).

A. The Haven for Hope Incident

        The evidence. Marquez testified the reason the children came into the Department’s care

was because the children were left at Haven for Hope, and they were “very dirty.” According to

Marquez, the children “basically were hiding in their room, because they would get locked out and

[appellant] wasn’t around. They were urinating in cups so they would not have to leave the room.

They attempted to call [appellant], and no one was able to reach her.” Appellant testified she had

left the children at Haven for Hope to go to work, but did not make it back in time because her car


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                     04-18-00635-CV


broke down. Marquez admitted on cross-examination that the Haven for Hope incident occurred

“during the investigation stage,” so she “did not know whether or not” appellant’s explanation was

true. She did not dispute appellant’s explanation or provide a basis for discrediting appellant’s

explanation. Thus, appellant’s explanation is undisputed.

        Analysis. Marquez’s testimony is vague and does not support the majority’s suggestion that

appellant neglected the children. Marquez testified “the children” came into care because “the

children” were left alone. She testified only that appellant “wasn’t around,” but provided no basis

to believe she intended to exclude E.F., who was seventeen years old at the time. Thus, assuming

the trial court credited this testimony, appellant left the younger children who were thirteen, eleven,

and eight with E.F., who was seventeen at the time. No evidence suggests appellant knew E.F. was

unable to adequately supervise the three younger children while appellant was at work. Thus, a

factfinder could not reasonably conclude appellant neglected the children by leaving them entirely

unsupervised or anticipated the children would get “very dirty” and start urinating in cups.

        The Department presented no evidence showing the length of time the children were left

alone. Appellant’s undisputed explanation was that she went to work, her car broke down, and she

did not “make it back on time.” The majority states the circumstantial evidence of the children

being “very dirty” and urinating in cups “suggests” the children were alone for “a significant

amount of time.” But a factfinder would be forced to speculate as to what length of time “a

significant amount of time” was. No evidence provides a basis to suggest the children were left

alone for such a long period of time that appellant’s explanation could not be credible. Instead,

Holley requires us to consider the parent’s explanations for their acts and omissions, and our




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Dissenting Opinion                                                                                   04-18-00635-CV


standard of review precludes us from disregarding undisputed evidence. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266;

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. 4

         In its analysis of the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding of a ground to terminate

appellant’s parental rights, the majority characterizes this evidence as showing “the children were

removed for neglect.” But while the evidence shows the basis for removal was alleged neglect

under subsection (O), the evidence does not show—for purposes of the best interest finding—

appellant actually neglected the children or left them alone for an unreasonably long period of time

under the circumstances. Cf. Garcia v. State, 367 S.W.3d 683, 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)

(holding evidence insufficient to support endangerment of a child when “[n]o evidence show[ed]

how long appellant had been outside with the child” in inclement weather). Because Marquez did

not dispute appellant’s explanation, and no evidence indicates appellant actually neglected the

children, the substantive law and our standard of review preclude us from weighing the Haven for

Hope incident in favor of termination.

B. Drug Use

         The evidence. Marquez testified appellant had a positive hair follicle drug test in March

2018. Marquez did not testify about the particulars of the results. But, as noted above, during cross-

examination, appellant answered a question that assumed the results were positive “for meth”

without correcting the assumption. Marquez also testified she saw a plate and a “makeshift pipe”

in “a closet” in appellant’s apartment, the plate had “distinctive lines,” and the pipe looked like it

could be used for smoking. She further testified appellant had missed one random drug test, and




4
  See, e.g., In re A.G.K., No. 04-16-00315-CV, 2016 WL 6775590, at *11 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 16, 2016,
no pet.) (mem. op.) (excusing parents’ conduct when undisputed evidence provided a reasonable explanation); In re
C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d 462, 464 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (noting appellant gave “undisputed
explanation for the assault . . . that it resulted from an argument he had with the children’s mother who he was trying
to prevent from going into a drug place”).


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                  04-18-00635-CV


had “shaved her head so no further hair follicles could be done.” Appellant denied using drugs and

otherwise provided explanations.

        Marquez and appellant both testified appellant was in an outpatient drug program.

Appellant testified without contradiction that her last appointment for the program was the same

day as trial. Marquez testified she was aware appellant was being drug tested as part of her

outpatient program, she was aware appellant’s drug test two weeks before was negative, and

Marquez sent appellant to have UA tests, but Marquez did not know the results of those tests.

        Analysis. Based on the positive drug test in March 2018, a factfinder reasonably could have

discredited appellant’s testimony and explanations about the results and other suggestive evidence

of any drug use. However, while the trial court found appellant used a controlled substance in a

manner that endangered the children, it is undisputed the children were removed from appellant in

2017. There is no evidence showing appellant appeared to be on drugs during any of her visits

with the children, or did anything to endanger the children during those visits. The undisputed

evidence establishes appellant’s visits “go well” and are “appropriate,” and the Department

allowed appellant to continue visiting the children after March 2018.

        There is also no evidence showing appellant used drugs before the children were removed

or in the children’s presence. Marquez’s testimony about the plate and the pipe is suggestive, but

there was no evidence that “testing was conducted to confirm that [the lines] …[were] in fact an

illegal drug.” See K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *1. Additionally, Marquez did not give the date

she found the pipe and plate in appellant’s apartment. Without this date, a factfinder would have

to speculate as to whether the evidence of the pipe and plate was duplicative of the evidence

showing appellant used drugs in March 2018 or the missed drug test sometime after July.

Testimony that requires a factfinder to engage in such speculation is not competent evidence of

probative force. See id.


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                       04-18-00635-CV


        Our standard of review also precludes us from disregarding the undisputed evidence that

appellant was being drug tested in her outpatient program, had a negative drug test, and the

Department made no efforts to determine whether appellant’s other drug tests were positive or

negative. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The majority notes appellant shaved her head, the

Department was then unable to conduct hair follicle tests, and appellant “tested negative, but the

test was a urinalysis test as opposed to a hair follicle test.” The majority suggests hair follicle tests

are more effective than urinalysis tests, but no evidence was admitted at trial to support this

suggestion. Furthermore, this suggestion gives undue weight to appellant shaving her head because

Marquez admitted she sent appellant to have UA tests, but never determined the results of those

tests. The majority’s suggestion that urinalysis tests were inadequate is not based on the evidence.

And, while the majority characterizes the evidence as showing appellant “failed to complete” her

outpatient program, the undisputed fact we cannot disregard is that appellant’s last appointment to

complete her outpatient program was the same day as trial. See id.

        Certainly, the evidence of appellant’s drug use weighs against appellant. But this is not a

case where the evidence shows the parent is drug-addicted or had used drugs around the children

or in a manner that endangered them. Thus, given Marquez’s admission that she did not determine

the result of any of appellant’s UA test results, appellant’s negative drug test two weeks before

trial, and the undisputed evidence that appellant had only one remaining appointment for her

outpatient drug program, the evidence of appellant’s drug use weighs against appellant moderately,

but not heavily. See K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *7.

C. Stable Housing

        The evidence. Marissa Mueller, a case manager for SAMMinistries’ housing program,

testified appellant had “been given some lease violations and a 30-day notice to vacate” by the end

of the month, and appellant “received violations in regards to her dog, and also having


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-18-00635-CV


unauthorized tenants.” Mueller testified, “We are rehousing her in another complex.” She also

testified appellant had “permanent supportive housing” assistance that provides “full rent and

utilities while [appellant’s] in the program.” Mueller did not testify about any of the program’s

requirements. She testified she did not “ever find out who the unauthorized tenants were.” Marquez

testified about her observations of appellant’s apartment, but the trial court sustained an objection

to that testimony. Appellant explained she collects discarded clothing when other tenants move

out, she keeps the clothes for the children, and a woman named Cindy helps her clean the apartment

and dishes.

        Analysis. The majority states, “Despite Mother’s contention, . . . Ms. Marquez found men’s

clothing, including underwear, in the apartment . . . . Ms. Marquez also testified it appeared as if

people had been sleeping in the twin beds designated for the children . . . The beds were pushed

together.” But the trial court excluded all of this evidence:

        Q And to your knowledge, does mom have a roommate?

        A She states that she does not. However, there was men’s clothing found in one of
        the rooms. It looked like people had been sleeping in the beds that were designated
        for the children. The twin beds were pushed together –

        MS. HANSON: Objection, nonresponsive.

        THE COURT: Just be careful. It’s getting a little narrative. Sustained.

(emphasis added). This court has held that in a bench trial, “testimony . . . not admitted as evidence

before the trial court . . . cannot be considered in our sufficiency review.” EZ Auto, L.L.C. v. H.M.

Jr. Auto Sales, No. 04-01-00820-CV, 2002 WL 1758315, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio July 31,

2002, no pet.) (mem. op.) (op. on reh’g).

        Without this evidence, the only evidence raising a concern about appellant’s housing is that

appellant received a “notice to vacate” due to lease violations of having unauthorized tenants and

her therapy dog. The majority states, “A representative for SAMMinistries testified Mother was


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-18-00635-CV


being evicted from the apartment for, among other things, having unauthorized tenants in the

apartment . . . . the eviction was imminent at the time of trial.” The majority also states there is a

“pending eviction,” suggesting there is a pending forcible detainer proceeding or a writ of

possession has been issued. See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 594 (8th ed. 2006) (“eviction” n.).

There is no evidence of a “pending eviction.” And, although the majority states an “eviction was

imminent,” the undisputed evidence establishes SAMMinistries was rehousing appellant before

the deadline for her to vacate.

        Mueller testified appellant received a “notice to vacate” for having a dog and “unauthorized

tenants.” This is evidence of alleged lease violations, not evidence of actual lease violations.

Appellant’s lease was not admitted into evidence. No evidence provided any factual details

underlying the allegations of lease violations for “unauthorized tenants.” These vague allegations

would be insufficient to support terminating appellant’s lease under a “preponderance of the

evidence” standard. See Moon v. Spring Creek Apts., 11 S.W.3d 427, 433–34 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2000, no pet.). Thus, these vague allegations are necessarily insufficient to support

terminating appellant’s parental rights under a “clear and convincing evidence” standard. See In

re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624, 630 (Tex. 2018) (“[A] finding that must be based on clear and convincing

evidence cannot be viewed on appeal the same as one that may be sustained on a mere

preponderance.”).

        There is no evidence showing the actual basis for the notice to vacate. Although the

evidence supports a reasonable inference that the notice to vacate was based on the stated lease

violations because Mueller testified there were no other violations, it is unclear whether appellant

received the notice solely for having a therapy dog, solely for having unauthorized tenants, or a

combination of both. The majority states “the evidence suggest she has issues staying within the

mandates of her housing program.” But because Mueller’s testimony is so vague, I would not go


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                    04-18-00635-CV


so far as to suggest appellant cannot maintain stable housing because her disability required her to

have a therapy dog, or to suggest appellant displayed a propensity for committing lease violations.

        Furthermore, our standard of review precludes us from disregarding the undisputed

evidence that appellant has permanent housing assistance through a SAMMinistries program that

pays her entire rent and all utilities. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The majority suggests appellant

is at risk of losing her housing assistance through SAMMinistries, stating appellant “has issues

with following program rules,” “will need to follow program requirements to maintain her

housing,” and “has issues staying within the mandates of her housing program, which prohibited

unauthorized tenants” (emphasis added). But Mueller never testified about the requirements of the

SAMMinistries housing program. She testified appellant had “lease violations,” providing

circumstantial evidence about the lease requirements. Without any evidence explaining the

program or giving further details, the evidence permits an equally probable inference that

SAMMinistries simply chose to rehouse appellant rather than dispute the notice to vacate.

Mueller’s testimony therefore requires speculation that appellant “has issues” with following lease

or program requirements. See K.M.J., 2019 WL 1459565, at *7.

        Because appellant is moving to a new apartment complex, the factor of “stable housing”

technically weighs against appellant. But no evidence shows appellant’s new apartment would be

inappropriate for the children, and undisputed evidence establishes SAMMinistries was continuing

to provide appellant with housing assistance, and fully pay her rent and utilities. Thus, as a pure

technicality, the “stable housing” factor weighs in favor of termination because appellant was

about to move from one apartment to another. But given the lack of factual detail in Mueller’s

testimony, and the undisputed evidence that appellant was to continue receiving full housing

assistance through SAMMinistries after she moved, the weight of this factor is very slight.




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Dissenting Opinion                                                                   04-18-00635-CV


D. Children’s Desires

        The evidence. Marquez testified J.P.V. “requested to stay in care” and E.F. “stated that she

is willing to stay in the SIL program.” Marquez did not testify what the “SIL program” is.

        Analysis. The only evidence relevant to the children’s desires is Marquez’s above-quoted

statements. There is no evidence showing when E.F. and J.P.V. expressed these desires. This

evidence is also mitigated by the undisputed evidence that, although the children were living at the

Haven for Hope shelter when they were removed, at the time of trial, appellant had permanent

housing assistance and was living in an apartment. See In re J.I.T., No. 01-17-00988-CV, 2018

WL 3131158, at *17 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 27, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(considering undisputed facts that mitigate evidence in support of a finding). And, there is no

evidence of the other two children’s desires, rendering Marquez’s testimony insufficient to support

this factor. In re K.F., 402 S.W.3d 497, 506 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied)

(holding this factor does not weigh in favor of termination when evidence shows only one child’s

desires, but not others).

        We also cannot disregard the undisputed evidence that the children have a good

relationship with appellant and appellant’s visits with the children “do go well” and are

“appropriate.” And while the evidence of E.F.’s and J.P.V.’s desires to remain at their current

placements relates to their primary residence, an issue of managing conservatorship, there is no

evidence showing they had no desire to have any relationship with appellant, which is the relevant

inquiry. See J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 614–17. This factor does not weigh in favor of termination. See

id.; M.C., 482 S.W.3d at 688–89; K.F., 402 S.W.3d at 506.

E. Current and Future Emotional and Physical Needs

        There is no evidence showing the children have any unique emotional or physical needs.

See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72. Instead, the Department’s caseworker testified the children


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                  04-18-00635-CV


have no specialized medical needs, but J.P.V. is taking a single prescription. This factor does not

weigh in favor of termination.

F. Current and Future Emotional and Physical Danger

        Notably, there is a total absence of evidence that appellant ever physically or emotionally

abused the children or subjected them to any physical or emotional danger. There is also no

evidence that allowing appellant access to the children would place the children in emotional and

physical danger. Although there is evidence suggesting appellant had used drugs several months

before trial, there is no evidence appellant ever used drugs before the children were removed,

attended a visit under the influence of drugs, or was using drugs at the time of trial. This factor

does not weigh in favor of termination. See id.

G. Parental Abilities of the Individuals Seeking Custody

        There is no evidence that anyone other than appellant and the Department was seeking

custody of the children. See id. Marquez expressed no concern about appellant’s parental abilities.

Appellant testified she had a good relationship with the children, and she described the children’s

relationship with one another and what they each wanted to be when they grew up. And while

there is evidence showing the children’s needs were being met in foster care, there is no evidence

showing the children’s needs would not be met in appellant’s care. Our standard of review

precludes us from disregarding undisputed evidence that in the year and half before trial, the

Department had not yet found possible adoptive parents for the children, and appellant’s visits

with the children “go well” and are “appropriate.” See id. Although Marquez testified appellant

arrived late, she provided no details of how often appellant arrived late, or whether appellant was

two minutes late or an hour late. Given the vagueness of Marquez’s testimony and undisputed

evidence favoring appellant, this factor weighs slightly against termination.




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Dissenting Opinion                                                                     04-18-00635-CV


H. Programs Available to Assist Appellant

        Marquez testified appellant did not complete her parenting, domestic violence, and anger

management courses, and the majority weighs this against appellant. While this evidence might

support a finding of a ground for termination under subsection (O) for failing to comply with court-

ordered provisions of a service plan, there is no evidence showing appellant lacked parenting skills,

engaged in domestic violence in any of her relationships, or had anger management issues. I

respectfully disagree with the majority’s suggestion that it is against the children’s best interest if

a parent has yet to complete courses, which the parent has shown no signs of needing.

        What is more significant is that undisputed evidence establishes appellant successfully took

advantage of programs she did need. The evidence shows appellant had used drugs several months

before trial, was living at the Haven for Hope shelter when the children were removed, and has

bipolar disorder. But undisputed evidence establishes appellant proactively and effectively

manages her bipolar disorder with medication, attends counseling, and has a therapy dog; appellant

sought and was approved for disability income; appellant had successfully engaged in outpatient

drug treatment up until the time of trial and had her last outpatient drug appointment the same day

as trial; and appellant obtained permanent housing assistance through SAMMinistries. See J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d at 266. Because undisputed evidence shows progression and appellant successfully took

advantage of programs available to assist her where she actually needed improvement, this factor

weighs moderately against termination. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

I. Plans for the Children

        Appellant testified she wanted the children to have her as their mother because she was

“the only one they have.” The Department’s plans for the children are to keep J.P.V. in a group

foster home, and to continue seeking foster–adopt homes for the two younger children. There was

no evidence that the Department found foster parents willing to adopt any of the children, or that


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Dissenting Opinion                                                                     04-18-00635-CV


finding foster parents was even likely. Undisputed evidence establishes the Department did not

find potential adoptive families for any of the children. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. Because the

evidence establishes the Department sought to deprive the children of a relationship WITH the

only parent they would likely ever have, and keep the children in foster care without parents until

they aged out, this factor weighs slightly against termination.

J. Another Factor—Financial Support

        It is undisputed appellant has an associate’s degree in accounting, has been a licensed tax

preparer for several years, renews her license every year, has several clients, earns between $350

to $400 a week in income, has no rent or utilities to pay, and gave money to the children during

visits. This undisputed evidence shows appellant has the ability and willingness to provide

financial support to the children, whether they are in her care or in foster care. See J.I.T., 2018 WL

3131158, at *18 (considering undisputed evidence of parent’s employment and education

weighing against termination). This factor weighs slightly against termination. See id.

K. Conclusion

        There is no evidence of several of the most significant Holley factors. No evidence shows

the children’s desires as to the specific issue of termination. There is no evidence of actual neglect.

There is no evidence of abuse. There is no evidence of endangerment. There is no evidence that

appellant could not meet the children’s needs. Appellant’s parental rights appear to have been

terminated because:

           Appellant went to work on Mother’s Day in 2017, her car broke down, and as
            a result, her children were left alone for some unspecified amount of time,
            became “very dirty,” and urinated in cups;

           the Department removed the children the following day based on a concern of
            neglect and appellant was required to comply with her family service plan
            requirements;




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Dissenting Opinion                                                                   04-18-00635-CV


           after the children were removed, appellant used methamphetamine in March
            2018, and likely used drugs sometime after July 2018, and violated her family
            service plan by not fully completing all of her courses;

           Appellant got a therapy dog that, together with a dispute with her landlord over
            whether she had an unauthorized tenant, caused her housing assistance program
            to relocate her to a different apartment; and

           Appellant has bipolar disorder and shaved her head.

Considering the heightened standard of proof required to protect appellant’s constitutional rights,

and the severe lack of evidence that is not conclusory, vague, or speculative, I would hold that the

evidence does not permit a reasonable factfinder to form a firm belief or conviction that

termination of the parent–child relationship between appellant and her children is in the children’s

best interest. Even without the evidence against the finding, given the heightened standard of proof

designed to protect parent’s fundamental rights, this evidence is legally insufficient to support

permanently severing a parent’s relationship with her children. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266;

Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

        And, the undisputed evidence establishes the children are being deprived of their mother,

who they have known their entire lives and with whom they have a good relationship. The children

are facing the prospect of spending up to a decade in foster care without ever being adopted, and

losing the financial support their mother is willing and able to provide.

        The fact the children’s mother has bipolar disorder is of no consequence here.

        Because there is legally insufficient evidence showing termination of appellant’s parental

rights is in the children’s best interest, I would reverse and render an order denying the

Department’s request for termination. I would not disturb the order appointing the Department as

the children’s managing conservator. Because the majority affirms the order of termination, I

respectfully dissent.

                                                   Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice


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