[Cite as Johnson v. New Direction IRA F.B.O., 2018-Ohio-4608.]


                Court of Appeals of Ohio
                                 EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                        No. 106628



                                        DARIS A. JOHNSON

                                                                 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                   vs.

                                  NEW DIRECTION IRA F.B.O.
                                    KING C. LAM, ET AL.

                                                         DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS




                                        JUDGMENT:
                                  AFFIRMED AND REMANDED



                                      Civil Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Case No. CV-16-865930

        BEFORE: Laster Mays, J., E.A. Gallagher, A.J., and Kilbane, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 15, 2018
                                 -i-
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS

Christopher J. Mallin
367 North Cleveland Avenue
Mogadore, Ohio 44260


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Kathryn J. Carlisle-Kesling
Buckley King L.P.A.
1400 Fifth Third Center
600 Superior Avenue East
Cleveland, Ohio 44114



ANITA LASTER MAYS, J.:

       {¶1} Defendants-appellants New Direction IRA FBO King C. Lam IRA (“Lam IRA”),

New Direction IRA, Inc. (“N.D. IRA”), and King C. Lam (“K. Lam”) (Lam IRA, N.D. IRA, and

K. Lam collectively “Lam”) appeal the trial court’s grant of summary judgment and award of

damages, fees, and costs in favor of plaintiff-appellee Daris A. Johnson (“Johnson”) arising

from a dispute regarding a real property easement. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

I.     Background and Facts

       {¶2} In April 2016, Johnson purchased a single family residence located on Denison

Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio (“Johnson Parcel”). The sole ingress and egress to Denison

Avenue for the otherwise landlocked Johnson Parcel is over the driveway of the neighboring

property owned by Lam (“Lam Parcel”). The previous owner of the Johnson Parcel informed

Johnson prior to the purchase that an easement existed allowing the driveway to be shared with

the Lam Parcel.
       {¶3} After Johnson moved into the Johnson Parcel, occupants of the Lam Parcel

constructed a fence that blocked Johnson’s use of the easement as well as any other access

including utility and mail delivery. Johnson was unable to completely move into, remodel,

repair, insure, finance, or sell the property. Lam failed to remove the fence after receipt of

certified notice from Johnson regarding Lam’s unlawful interference with the easement.

       {¶4} On July 8, 2016, Johnson filed the instant action, seeking a temporary restraining

order, injunctive relief, a declaratory judgment, and damages for trespass resulting from Lam’s

wrongful obstruction of access between the Johnson Parcel and Denison Avenue. Johnson

alleged that a written and recorded driveway and utility easement afforded legal access. Lam

answered and counterclaimed for trespass, malicious prosecution, and a declaratory judgment on

the ground that the easement was terminated by agreement of prior owners of the parcels or,

alternatively, by the fiscal officer’s tax foreclosure sale of the Johnson Parcel in 2015.

       {¶5} On January 23, 2017, Lam moved for summary judgment to deny Johnson’s

claims and grant Lam’s counterclaims. On January 27, 2017, Johnson moved for summary

judgment to grant Johnson’s claims and deny Lam’s counterclaims. On October 24, 2017, the

trial court issued a judgment and opinion granting summary judgment in favor of Johnson and

against Lam. The trial court declared that the easement was still in effect. Lam was ordered to

remove all obstructions and was enjoined from further interference.

       {¶6} Lam filed a motion for relief from judgment on November 3, 2017. After a

hearing on damages, the trial court issued a November 17, 2017 judgment entry and opinion

awarding Johnson $1,635 for loss of use of the Johnson Parcel, $956.90 as litigation costs, and

attorney fees for projects undertaken from October 24, 2017 to the November 15, 2017 hearing

date. The trial court also stated that the motion to vacate would be held in abeyance until a
final appealable order was entered. On November 17, 2017, the trial court issued a journal

entry indicating that it was a final order in the case. See Journal Entry No. 101424481 (Nov.

17, 2017).

       {¶7} On November 27, 2017, Johnson filed his opposition to Lam’s request for relief

from judgment. On November 28, 2017, the trial court denied Lam’s motion for relief from

judgment pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B). Lam “failed to establish a meritorious defense or claim and

failed to demonstrate that they are entitled to relief under one of the grounds stated in Civ.R.

60(B)(1)-(5).” See Journal Entry No. 101518137 (Nov. 28, 2017).

       {¶8} On December 19, 2017, Lam appealed the November 20, 2017 judgment. We

find that Lam’s claims lack merit and affirm the trial court’s determination.

II.    Assignments of Error

       {¶9}    Lam proffers three assigned errors:

       I.      The trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Johnson
               on the question of the existence of an easement in favor of Johnson
               burdening the real estate of appellants.
       II.     The trial court erred in denying summary judgment to appellants on the
               question of the existence of an easement in favor of appellants burdening
               the real estate of the appellants.

       III.    The trial court erred in awarding monetary damages in favor of
               appellants.

III.   Analysis

       {¶10} We first observe that Lam has failed to cite legal authority to support their

arguments. Instead, Lam relies on statutes and a representation that the case is one of first

impression.   We may disregard an assignment of error under App.R. 12(A)(2) where an

appellant fails to cite legal authority required by App.R. 16(A)(7). Colosimo v. Kane, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 101053, 2015-Ohio-3337, ¶ 59. This court elects to address the legal arguments

in this case to the extent it deems necessary to serve justice and the interests of the parties.

         A.      Summary Judgment

         {¶11}   We combine the first and second assignments of error challenging the trial

court’s summary judgment determinations.

                 1.    Standard of Review

         {¶12} We review a trial court’s entry of summary judgment de novo, using the same

standard as the trial court. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d

241 (1996). Summary judgment may only be granted when the following is established:

       (1) [T]hat there is no genuine issue as to any material fact; (2) that the moving
       party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3) that reasonable minds can
       come to but one conclusion, and the conclusion is adverse to the party against
       whom the motion for summary judgment is made, who is entitled to have the
       evidence construed most strongly in its favor.
Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978); Civ.R.

56(E).

         {¶13} The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of apprising the

trial court of the basis of its motion and identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate

the absence of a genuine issue of fact on an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim.

Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). “Once the moving party

meets its burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set forth specific facts

demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact exists.” Willow Grove, Ltd. v. Olmsted Twp., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101996, 2015-Ohio-2702, 38 N.E.3d 1133, ¶ 15, citing Dresher. “To

satisfy this burden, the nonmoving party must submit evidentiary materials showing a genuine
dispute over material facts.” Id., citing PNC Bank v. Bhandari, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-12-1335,

2013-Ohio-2477.

                 2.   History of the Properties

       {¶14} Pivotal to the analysis of the validity of the easement is the history of the

properties.

                      a.      1948 Easement

       {¶15} According to the record, Arthur A. and Edith N. Skeels owned three acres of land

that included the Lam Parcel and the Johnson Parcel. In 1912, the Skeels conveyed the land to

Victor E. Ray.

       {¶16} Johnson and Lam agree that an eight foot wide, 185.12 foot express easement

was created in 1948 for the benefit of the Johnson Parcel and burdening the Lam Parcel when

Ray subsequently conveyed the Johnson Parcel to Walter E. and Madeline L. Bindel:

       The grantor herein also conveys to the grantee an easement over and upon an 8
       foot strip of land * * * which is also to be used only for the purpose of ingress
       and egress to and from the property herein conveyed, and further grants the right
       of access to his property for the purpose of maintenance and repair of all utility
       lines running through and/or over said Grantor’s premises [Lam Parcel at 4022
       Denison Avenue], which service the property herein conveyed.

       {¶17} Also in 1948, Ray transferred the Lam Parcel to Earl L. and Elsie R. Moore. The

deed provides that the easement grant is subject to:

       [A]n easement over and upon an 8 foot strip of land * * * which is to be used
       only for the purpose of ingress and egress to and from the property adjoining
       premises herein described on the [n]orth [Johnson Parcel at 4020 Denison] and
       subject further, to the right of access to the above described premises for the
       purpose of maintenance and repair of all utility lines running through and/or over
       such premises which service the said property adjoining same to the [n]orth.
         {¶18} Both grants are to the “Grantees, their heirs and assigns forever.” Thus, the

deeds created an express easement appurtenant that runs with the land. Miller v. Romanauski,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100120, 2014-Ohio-1517, ¶ 16.

                  b.       The 1983 Easement Modification Agreement

         {¶19} On April 7, 1950, the Bindells transferred the Johnson Parcel to William F. and

Thelma E. McCarty expressly subject to the easement terms.                        On August 20, 1956, the

McCartys transferred the Johnson Parcel to Florence Moriana. The deed expressly recites the

1948 easement.

         {¶20} The August 7, 1953, a deed transferring the Lam Parcel from the Moores to Alene

and Lester Keller contained the easement language. On October 5, 1983, Gloria Diana Shearer

acquired fee simple ownership of the Lam Parcel. The easement language is not expressly

recited but the exceptions to the guaranty against encumbrances include easements of record.1

         {¶21} On October 15, 1983, Gloria Diane Shearer n.k.a. Gloria Ferris as fee simple

owner of the Lam Parcel, and Florence Pietrosini a.k.a. Florence Moriana as fee simple owner of

the Johnson Parcel entered into an agreement regarding the easement (“1983 Agreement”). The

1983 Agreement purports to amend the easement to provide that: (1) the easement shall be used

as a driveway for residential purposes and solely as ingress and egress to and from the parcels of

the parties; (2) the parties and their grantees, heirs, legal representatives, and assigns shall

equally bear the costs of maintenance, snow removal, and replacement of the driveway; and (3)

the agreement shall run with the land.

                  c.       1999 Easement Modification Agreement


1
 On April 1, 1985, Gloria Shearer Ferris transferred title to the Lam Parcel by survivorship deed to herself and her
husband, Timothy A. Ferris. The deed does not reference the easement.
        {¶22} On January 14, 1999, Gloria Ferris and Robert Moriana transferee of Florence

Moriana a.k.a. Pietrosini, entered into an additional agreement intended to modify the easement

(“1999 Agreement”). A copy of the 1983 Agreement is attached as an exhibit to the 1999

Agreement. The 1999 Agreement requires that the parties share sewer maintenance costs

equally and provide prior written notice to the other party of scheduled sewer line repairs or

maintenance. The agreement also provides that

        any violation of the terms and conditions of the ingress and egress easement by
        the owner of the [Johnson Parcel], will result in the immediate termination of the
        easement, upon written notice by Ferris [owner of the Lam Parcel], to Robert
        Moriana2 or the then current owner of 4020 Denison.

                  d.      Easement Termination Notice

        {¶23}      On August 20, Robert N. Moriana transferred the Johnson Parcel with

appurtenances3 to Julia A. Wery and represented that the property was free from encumbrances

including matters appearing on the plat. Wery transferred the property to herself and Michael

Luchansky by a survivorship deed on September 19, 2003. The conveyance also transferred all

rights and easements pursuant to R.C. 5302.04 (conveying all interests “unless the contrary is

stated in the deed, and it is unnecessary to enumerate or mention them either generally or

specifically”).

        {¶24} On August 6, 2003, Gloria Shearer Ferris hand-delivered a letter to Wery

terminating the easement immediately due to Wery’s violations of the easement conditions

except to allow “emergency vehicles, safety vehicles, government functionaries who require


2
  The transfer to Robert Moriana from Florence Moriana on August 5, 1997, was by an estate by the entireties with
survivorship deed containing the express easement language.

3
  Conveyance of property “‘with appurtenances thereto’” clearly conveys an “easement appurtenant.” Zelch v.
Samonte, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 58283, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 1222, at 5 (Mar. 21, 1991), citing Benninghoff v.
Skinner, 63 Ohio App. 184, 25 N.E.2d 948 (7th Dist.1938), and Boatman v. Lasley, 23 Ohio St. 614, 1873 Ohio
access to the property in matters concerning the health and welfare of your brother Mike

Luchansky or you, yourself.” The termination letter was not recorded in the county records.

                  e.       Subsequent Chain of Title

         {¶25} On October 31, 2007, the Lam Parcel was transferred by sheriff’s deed to

Christiana Bank and Trust.4 Janet Carrico obtained the Lam Parcel from the bank on December

7, 2007, by deed that conveyed the property with appurtenances and provided that the deed is

accepted subject to “easements, covenants and conditions of record.” Lam obtained title to the

Lam Parcel from Carrico on May 19, 2015. The property was conveyed free of liens and

encumbrances except for “easements (however created).”

         {¶26} As to the Johnson Parcel, Wery died on September 23, 2007. The Johnson Parcel

was reportedly vacant until California 4 Aces UP LLC obtained title by Fiscal’s Officer’s Deed

issued as the result of a forfeited land sale due to unpaid taxes and assessments on April 28,

2015.

         {¶27} On June 1, 2015, the Johnson Parcel was conveyed to Cuyahoga Real Property

Investments, L.L.C. The conveyance was subject to “all easements, rights of way, protective

covenants, and mineral reservations of record, if any.”

         {¶28} On September 15, 2015, the Johnson Parcel was deeded to Doug Brooks with an

express reference to the easement. On April 6, 2016, the Johnson Parcel was transferred to

Johnson without specific reference to the easement.5


LEXIS 166 (1873).

4
   A sheriff’s deed transfers all of the interest and estate of the prior owner, “whether it existed at the time the
property became liable to satisfy judgment, or was acquired afterward.” R.C. 2329.37.

5
    “In a conveyance of real estate or any interest therein, all rights, easements, privileges, and appurtenances
belonging to the granted estate shall be included in the conveyance, unless the contrary is stated in the deed, and it
is unnecessary to enumerate or mention them either generally or specifically.” R.C. 5302.04.
                3.      Analysis

        {¶29} Lam posits that the easement was terminated by the termination letter and that

Johnson is not entitled to the protections afforded to a bona-fide purchaser for value.

Alternatively, Lam argues that the conveyance by the fiscal officer’s deed in 2015 conveys no

greater interest than that contained in the legal description pursuant to R.C. 5723.12. We find

that the trial court provided a salient analysis of the issues and did not err.

        {¶30} An easement is a property interest in the land of another that allows the owner *

* * “a limited use of the land in which the interest exists.” Merrill Lynch Mtge. Lending, Inc. v.

Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 9th Dist. Summit No. 24943, 2010-Ohio-1827, ¶ 10, quoting

Colburn v. Maynard, 111 Ohio App.3d 246, 253, 675 N.E.2d 1333 (1996). Pursuant to the

statute of frauds, the easement interest must be in writing, and signed by the parties or their

agents authorized to grant the interest. Hts. Bldg. Co. v. Swiss Laboratory, Inc., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 33629, 1975 Ohio App. LEXIS 6603, 4 (June 12, 1975), R.C. 1335.04 and

1335.05.

        {¶31} The party claiming the easement bears the burden of proof. Gateway Park, LLC

v. Ferrous Realty, Ltd., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91082, 2008-Ohio-6161, ¶ 27, citing Douglas v.

Athens Masonic Temple Co., 115 Ohio App. 353, 357, 185 N.E.2d 316 (4th Dist.1961). The

extent of and limitations on the use of the easement turns on the language where the easement is

created by an express grant as in this case. State ex rel. Wasserman v. Fremont, 140 Ohio St.3d

471, 2014-Ohio-2962, 20 N.E.3d 664, ¶ 28, citing Alban v. R.K. Co., 15 Ohio St.2d 229,

231-232, 239 N.E.2d 22 (1968).

        {¶32} The original easement was expressly created in the 1948 deed and was properly

executed, notarized, witnessed, and recorded. The easement is deemed to be an easement
appurtenant that “runs with the land,” benefitting the owner of the Johnson Parcel, known as the

dominant estate, and burdening the Lam Parcel, known as the servient estate. Gateway Park

LLC at ¶ 28.

       {¶33} As the trial court observed, “[o]nce an easement appurtenant is established, it

attaches to the dominant estate and passes with every conveyance of that estate, even without

mention of the easement in the conveyance. “Miller, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100120,

2014-Ohio-1517, at ¶ 16, citing Merrill Lynch Mtge. Lending Inc., 9th Dist. Summit No. 24943,

2010-Ohio-1827, at ¶ 30, citing Shields v. Titus, 46 Ohio St. 528, 22 N.E. 717 (1889). See also

R.C. 5302.04.

       {¶34} An easement is an “interest in land” pursuant to the statute of frauds that must be

in writing, and signed by the parties or their agents authorized to grant the interest. R.C.

1335.04 and 1335.05; Hts. Bldg. Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 33629, 1975 Ohio App. LEXIS

6603, at 4, citing Tusi v. Jacobsen, 134 Ore. 505, 293 P. 587 (1930). A parol agreement does

not modify an easement agreement because it would run afoul of the statute of frauds. Id. at Id.

       {¶35}    The trial court determined that the 1983 Agreement validly amended the

easement, and Johnson does not contest the issue. The agreement was signed, notarized, and

recorded by the fee simple owners of the parcels. The 1983 Agreement specifically recites that

the easement “runs with the land” meaning that the current and subsequent owners of the

Johnson Parcel and Lam Parcel are bound by the easement.

       {¶36} After acquiring title to the Lam Parcel in 1983, Gloria Shearer married Timothy

Ferris on March 17, 1984. On April 1, 1985, Gloria Shearer Ferris transferred title to the Lam

Parcel to herself and her husband by deed conveying an estate by the entireties with a right of

survivorship.
       {¶37} The common-law definition of an estate by the entireties is codified at R.C.

5302.17. Each spouse has an undivided interest in the entire estate. Cent. Natl. Bank v.

Fitzwilliam, 12 Ohio St.3d 51, 53, 465 N.E.2d 408 (1984). “[T]he most significant feature of

the common-law estate by the entireties is the inability of one spouse, without the consent or

acquiescence of the other, to convey, bind, encumber, sever, or otherwise alienate the property.”

 Id.

       {¶38} The 1999 Agreement was intended to modify the scope of the easement.

Timothy Ferris did not sign the 1999 Agreement rendering the 1999 Agreement unenforceable.

Id. See also R.C. 1335.04 and 1335.05. There is no evidence that Gloria Shearer Ferris signed

as an agent of Timothy Ferris. “‘An agency relationship is not presumed between husband and

wife simply based upon their marital relationship.’”       Eske Properties v. Sucher, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 19840, 2003-Ohio-6520, ¶ 97, quoting McSweeney v. Jackson 117 Ohio

App.3d 623, 630, 691 N.E.2d 303 (4th Dist.1996).

       {¶39} “[T]he proper filing of a conveying instrument that comports with R.C. 5301.01

will impute constructive notice of that document, and its incorporated encumbrances, upon the

purchaser.” H&S Co. v. Aurora, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2003-P-0104, 2004-Ohio-3507, ¶ 14;

R.C. 5301.25(A). “‘[A] bona fide purchaser for value is bound by an encumbrance upon land

only if he has constructive or actual knowledge of the encumbrance’” Id., quoting Tiller v.

Hinton, 19 Ohio St.3d 66, 68, 482 N.E.2d 946 (1985).

       {¶40} The lack of actual or constructive notice to Johnson supports the trial court’s

determination that Johnson was a bona fide purchaser for value under R.C. 5301.25(A). The

fence was constructed after Johnson acquired ownership of the Johnson Parcel, and the notice of

termination was not recorded in the real estate records.
       {¶41} As the trial court observed, assuming arguendo that the 1999 Agreement was a

valid amendment, the termination was not enforceable against Johnson as a bona fide purchaser

for value. Johnston v. Faith Baptist Church, Inc., 3d Dist. Allen Case No. 1-87-14, 1989 Ohio

App. LEXIS 1571, 7 (Apr. 26, 1989), citing Tiller at 68-69, addressing unrecorded easements.

       {¶42} Lam’s argument that the transfer by forfeiture deed voids the validity of the

easement pursuant to R.C. 5723.12 also fails. Transfer by forfeiture deed

       is free of all liens and encumbrances except * * * any easements and covenants
       running with the land that were created prior to the time the taxes or assessments,
       for the nonpayment of which the land was forfeited, became due and payable.

R.C. 5723.12(B). See also, Cookston v. Box, 109 Ohio App. 531, 538, 160 N.E.2d 327 (8th

Dist.1959), citing Mogren v. A. P. Invest. Co., 102 Ohio App. 388, 131 N.E.2d 620 (8th

Dist.1956).

       {¶43} The forfeited land sale of the Johnson Parcel occurred on April 28, 2015. The

easement was created in 1948 and amended in 1983. Lam has provided no evidence that the

statutory exception does not apply in this case.        The easement was not terminated or

extinguished by the forfeiture deed.

       {¶44} We find that the first and second assigned errors lack merit.

       B.      Damages

       {¶45}    Lam’s challenge to the damages award is also unsupported by legal authority

and merely opines that certain damages should not have been awarded. We find that the third

assigned error lacks merit.

       {¶46} Johnson requested $22,339 in attorney fees pursuant to Civ.R. 54(D). “Ohio

courts follow the ‘American Rule,’ which requires that each party involved in litigation pay his

or her own attorney fees.”     MRI Software, L.L.C. v. W. Oaks Mall FL, L.L.C., 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 105846, 2018-Ohio-2190, ¶ 38, citing McConnell v. Hunt Sports Ent., 132 Ohio

App.3d 657, 699, 725 N.E.2d 1193 (10th Dist.1999), citing Sorin v. Bd. of Edn., 46 Ohio St.2d

177, 179, 347 N.E.2d 527 (1976).

        {¶47}    There are “three well-recognized exceptions” to the American Rule: “(1) where

statutory provisions specifically provide that a prevailing party may recover attorney fees, (2)

where there has been a finding of bad faith, and (3) where the contract between the parties

provides for fee shifting.”       Id. at ¶ 38. There are no statutory provisions or fee-shifting

contracts in play in this case.

        {¶48}    The trial court determined that Lam’s legal position was not based on bad faith

or malicious intent until October 24, 2017, when Lam ignored the trial court’s directive to

remove the fence obstructing the easement. The trial court awarded attorney fees for work

undertaken by Johnson’s counsel after October 24, 2017, until the November 15, 2017 hearing

date. We find that the trial court’s determination was not in error but observe that the amount

of that award is not included in the trial court’s entry.

        {¶49} Johnson also requested $1,375.00 for expert fees and litigation costs pursuant to

Civ.R. 54(D). A trial court’s discretion in awarding costs to a prevailing party under Civ.R.

54(D) is broad. Naples v. Kinczel, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89138, 2007-Ohio-4851, ¶ 3, citing

State ex rel. Estate of Hards v. Klammer, 110 Ohio St.3d 104, 107, 2006-Ohio-3670, 850

N.E.2d 1197.

        {¶50}    We affirm the trial court’s denial of expert witness fees. “Both the Ohio

Supreme Court and this court have found that absent a statutory directive, a trial court should

not tax an expert witness’s fees as costs.” Naples at ¶ 11, citing Moore v. General Motors
Corp., Terex Div., 18 Ohio St.3d 259, 260, 480 N.E.2d 1101 (1985); Bates v. Ricco, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 74982, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 5452 (Nov. 18, 1999).

        {¶51} Johnson requested $1,533.29 in litigation costs. A presumption exists under

Civ.R. 54(D) “in favor of allowing costs to the prevailing party, but permitting denial of costs in

the reasonable exercise of the trial court’s discretion.” Naples at ¶ 5. The burden shifts to the

opposing party to overcome the presumption once the court finds that the cost is allowable. Id.

at ¶ 6, citing Elabiad v. Trans-West Express, L.L.C., N.D.Ohio No. 3:03CV7452, 2006 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 48252 (June 30, 2006).

        {¶52} The trial court awarded costs for the cost of the title examinations, filing fees,

copying and document fees, and electronic research services in the amount requested. We do

not find that the trial court abused its discretion.

        {¶53} Johnson also sought compensatory damages for the deprivation of his right to

access the property. The damages were assessed based on property taxes incurred from the

time that Johnson obtained title to the Johnson Parcel.         The trial court awarded $1,635

representing property taxes for the period of April 30, 2016, to the damages hearing on

November 15, 2017.

        {¶54} A servient estate does not have the right to interfere with the dominant estate’s

use of the property. Langhorst v. Riethmiller, 52 Ohio App.2d 137, 139, 368 N.E.2d 328 (1st

Dist.1977). “The general rule, simply stated, is that the servient estate may ‘use his land for any

purpose that does not interfere with the easement.’” Id., quoting Gibbons v. Ebding, 70 Ohio

St. 298, 71 N.E. 720 (1904). The owner of the dominant estate is entitled to compensatory

damages for interference by the servient estate with the easement rights. Kuntz v. Richter, 1st

Dist. Hamilton No. C-76138, 1977 Ohio App. LEXIS 8819, 2 (Mar. 30, 1977).
        {¶55} The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that the general measure of damages

based on diminution of market value of the property caused by the opposing party’s interference

is “unduly restrictive” in some cases and “does not recognize that some flexibility is permissible

in the ascertainment of damages suffered in the appropriate situation.”6 Apel v. Katz, 83 Ohio

St.3d 11, 20, 1998-Ohio-420, 697 N.E.2d 600, citing Thatcher v. Lane Constr. Co., 21 Ohio

App.2d 41, 48-49, 254 N.E.2d 703 (10th Dist.1970).

        {¶56} The construction of the fence by Lam on the landlocked parcel rendered the

Johnson Parcel effectively unusable and inaccessible. The sole request by Johnson for this

inconvenience was reimbursement for taxes that accrued on the property during the period. We

find that the facts of this case pose an “appropriate situation” to apply the “flexibility” cited in

Apel and that the assessment of damages for the period is not unreasonable or an abuse of

discretion. Id.

        {¶57}     The third assigned error is without merit, and the trial court’s judgment is

affirmed.

IV.     Conclusion

        {¶58} The trial court’s judgment is affirmed. The case is remanded to the trial court for

the limited purpose of specifying the amount of the attorneys’ fees awarded for the period

October 24, 2017, to November 15, 2017.

        It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

        The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.




6
   The Apel court affirmed the award of compensatory and punitive damages against the servient estate relating to a
trespass claim by the dominant estate.
       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga County

Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.



________________________________________
ANITA LASTER MAYS, JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, A.J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR
