                            In the
                       Court of Appeals
               Second Appellate District of Texas
                        at Fort Worth
                      ___________________________

                           No. 02-17-00241-CR
                      ___________________________

                RONNIE PATRICK SCHINDLER, Appellant

                                      V.

                           THE STATE OF TEXAS


                On Appeal from County Criminal Court No. 5
                           Tarrant County, Texas
                         Trial Court No. 1457109


Before Meier and Birdwell, JJ.; and Rebecca Simmons, J. (Sitting by Assignment).
                 Memorandum Opinion by Justice Simmons
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Ronnie Patrick Schindler appeals his conviction for assault bodily

injury of a family member enhanced with a prior conviction for assault bodily injury

of a family member. 1 In three issues, Appellant contends the trial court erred in

admitting out-of-court statements by his wife, (hereinafter referred to as “LE”) who

did not testify at trial, in violation of Appellant’s Sixth Amendment right of

confrontation. This appeal focuses on the trial court’s determination, pursuant to

article 38.49 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, that Appellant forfeited his

right of confrontation by wrongfully preventing LE from testifying at trial. For the

reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                     Background

      A. The Domestic Violence Incident

      On May 21, 2016, Appellant, LE, and their children were returning from dinner

at a relative’s house. The couple had each consumed alcoholic drinks, and LE later

told police officers that Appellant was drunk and driving over 110 miles an hour with

the children in the car. Upon arriving at their residence, Appellant went to lie on the

couch while LE went to their son’s room. Appellant threw up on the floor and LE

brought him a trash can. Appellant threw the trash can at LE. A neighbor heard

      1
       See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a), (b) (West Supp. 2017); see also Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.013 (West 2018); Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 71.003 (West 2014),
§ 71.004 (West Supp. 2017); Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 573.024(a) (West 2012).



                                           2
yelling and called 911. When the police arrived, LE and the children were outside and

upset. LE accused Appellant of pushing her against furniture and injuring her. The

police looked at the scene of the altercation and talked with the parties. The officers

took a written statement from LE accusing Appellant of hitting her with a small rock

and pushing her against furniture resulting in pain and scratches on her arms.

According to Officer Ramirez, Appellant was loud, belligerent, and uncooperative

with the police and had an odor of alcohol coming from his breath. In Officer

Ramirez’s opinion, Appellant was intoxicated.

       Officer Ramirez arrested Appellant and took him to jail before returning to the

residence. Officer Ramirez then spoke to the children and photographed the home,

the broken furniture, and LE’s injuries. Officer Ramirez completed a family violence

packet with LE who indicated the following on a pre-printed form that was read to

the jury at trial:

• Appellant had been violent towards her in the past.

• Appellant had access to firearms or weapons.

• Appellant had threatened to kill her.

• Appellant had threatened to kill himself or someone else.

• Appellant had attempted suicide.

• Things had recently gotten worse, more frequent, or more severe.

• Appellant had been abusive when drinking or using drugs.


                                          3
• Appellant had been violent in front of others or in public.

• Appellant had put his hands or objects around her neck and squeezed.

• Appellant had been violent towards children.

• Appellant had few friends and seemed emotionally dependent on her.

• Appellant seemed unusually jealous, possessive, or to consider her his property.

• Appellant had been violent when she had left or talked about leaving him.

• The police had been called regarding violence between her and Appellant.

• Appellant had recently lost his job or had trouble keeping a job.

      B. Failure to Serve Subpoena on LE

      On March 21, 2017, Tarrant County District Attorney’s Office Investigator

Lester Couch attempted to serve LE with a subpoena for her appearance at trial.2 He

failed to serve her, and LE did not appear at trial. Anticipating the absence of LE

from trial, the prosecutor filed a motion under article 38.49 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure seeking the trial court’s permission to introduce the oral and written

statements of LE at trial. 3 The trial court held a hearing on March 29, 2017, in

accordance with article 38.49 and determined that LE’s oral and written statements

      2
        Trial was originally scheduled for March 21, 2017, but was rescheduled to
July 27, 2017.
      3
         Article 38.49 codifies the doctrine of forfeiture by wrongdoing whereby a
person who wrongfully procures the unavailability of a witness may not deprive the
trier of fact of relevant evidence and testimony.



                                          4
would be admissible at trial. Because the focus of this appeal is the trial court’s

finding of forfeiture by wrongdoing, we will discuss the facts underlying the trial

court’s ruling in detail below.

       After reviewing the evidence, the trial court ruled that the State had met its

burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence under Article 38.49.

Consequently, the trial court ruled the State could introduce into evidence LE’s

statements to the police at trial. No findings of fact were requested. At trial, LE’s

Voluntary Statement was admitted into evidence and Officer Ramirez testified

concerning their conversations with LE. The jury returned a guilty verdict.

                        ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITIES

       A. Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 38.49

       Article 38.49 governs the disposition of this appeal. Thus, a discussion of the

statute and the doctrine underlying it is warranted. In a criminal prosecution, a

defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to be confronted with the witnesses against

him. Giles v. California, 554 U.S. 353, 357–58, 128 S. Ct. 2678, 2682 (2008) (citing

Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 1374 (2004)); Davis v.

Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 833, 126 S. Ct. 2266, 2280 (2006) (reasoning that “one who

obtains the absence of a witness by wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to

confrontation”); Gonzalez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 114, 116 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied,

549 U.S. 1024 (2006). Even if a hearsay statement offered against the defendant may

be otherwise admissible under the rules of evidence, the Confrontation Clause may be

                                           5
implicated if the defendant has not had the opportunity to confront the out-of-court

declarant. Gonzalez, 195 S.W.3d at 116; see Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68, 124 S. Ct. at 1374.

The United States Supreme Court has long recognized that certain testimonial hearsay

statements may be admitted even though the defendant has no opportunity to

confront the declarant. Giles, 554 U.S. at 358, 128 S. Ct. at 2682. Declarations made

by a declarant whose unavailability the defendant procured are one such exception.

Id. at 359, 128 S. Ct. at 2683. This exception is referred to as the doctrine of

forfeiture by wrongdoing.

       Under forfeiture by wrongdoing, the defendant is barred from asserting his

right of confrontation when he has wrongfully procured the unavailability of the

witness. See id. at 359–62, 128 S. Ct. at 2683–84; Gonzalez, 195 S.W.3d at 118–19.

Under Giles, this exception applies only “when the defendant engaged in conduct

designed to prevent the witness from testifying.” Giles, 554 U.S. at 359, 128 S. Ct. at

2683. Further, there must be some showing by the proponent of the statement that

the defendant intended to prevent the witness from testifying. Id. at 361–62, 128 S. Ct.

at 2684–85. However, forfeiture by wrongdoing applies even when the defendant has

multiple reasons for harming the witness, as long as one of the reasons is to prevent

the witness from testifying. United States v. Jackson, 706 F.3d 264, 269 (4th Cir.), cert.

denied, 569 U.S. 1024 (2013); United States v. Martinez, 476 F.3d 961, 966 (D.C. Cir.), cert.

denied, 552 U.S. 968 (2007); United States v. Houlihan, 92 F.3d 1271, 1279 (1st Cir. 1996),

cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1118 (1997). Forfeiture by wrongdoing may apply “even though

                                             6
the act with which the accused is charged is the same as the one by which he allegedly

rendered the witness unavailable.” Gonzalez, 195 S.W.3d at 125; see also Giles, 554 U.S.

at 374 n.6, 377, 128 S. Ct. at 2691 n.6.

       Article 38.49 is a codification of the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine, and its

requirements substantially correspond to those set out in Giles. Shepherd v. State, 489

S.W.3d 559, 574 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2016, pet. ref’d) (providing that the

“requirements of Article 38.49 substantially correspond with the requirements for

forfeiture by wrongdoing set out in Giles”). Article 38.49 provides:

             (a) A party to a criminal case who wrongfully procures the
       unavailability of a witness or prospective witness:

                      (1) may not benefit from the wrongdoing by depriving the
              trier of fact of relevant evidence and testimony; and

                    (2) forfeits the party’s right to object to the admissibility of
              evidence or statements based on the unavailability of the witness
              as provided by this article through forfeiture by wrongdoing.

             (b) Evidence and statements related to a party that has engaged or
       acquiesced in wrongdoing that was intended to, and did, procure the
       unavailability of a witness or prospective witness are admissible and may
       be used by the offering party to make a showing of forfeiture by
       wrongdoing under this article, subject to Subsection (c).

              (c) In determining the admissibility of the evidence or statements
       described by Subsection (b), the court shall determine, out of the
       presence of the jury, whether forfeiture by wrongdoing occurred by a
       preponderance of the evidence. If practicable, the court shall make the
       determination under this subsection before trial using the procedures
       under Article 28.01 of this code and Rule 104, Texas Rules of Evidence.

             (d) The party offering the evidence or statements described by
       Subsection (b) is not required to show that:

                                            7
                    (1) the actor’s sole intent was to wrongfully cause the
              witness’s or prospective witness’s unavailability;

                     (2) the actions of the actor constituted a criminal offense;
              or

                     (3) any statements offered are reliable.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.49 (West 2018).

       We next address the appropriate standard of proof under article 38.49, before

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the court’s ruling. We conclude

with a review of the constitutionality of article 38.49.

       B. Issue 2: Standard of Proof for Forfeiture by Wrongdoing

       In his second issue, Appellant complains that the trial court used the wrong

standard of proof by finding forfeiture by wrongdoing by a preponderance of the

evidence instead of beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree. Article 38.49 requires

the trial court to make a determination, outside the presence of the jury, “whether

forfeiture by wrongdoing occurred by a preponderance of the evidence.”              Id.

art. 38.49(c) (emphasis added).

       Although the Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of the forfeiture

by wrongdoing doctrine, it has not determined the standard of proof required to

demonstrate the forfeiture. In Davis, the Supreme Court noted, “federal courts using

Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(6), which codifies the forfeiture doctrine, have

generally held the Government to the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard, see,


                                             8
e.g., United States v. Scott, 284 F.3d 758, 762 [(7th Cir. 2002)]. State courts tend to

follow the same practice . . . .” Davis, 547 U.S. at 833, 126 S. Ct. at 2280.

       Relying on Section 2.01 of the Texas Penal Code, Appellant argues that no one

can be convicted of a crime unless each element is proved beyond a reasonable doubt.

He points out that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires

this standard for criminal convictions in both state as well as federal proceedings.4

We disagree that forfeiture by wrongdoing is an element of assault bodily injury of a

family member with which Appellant was charged.

       The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment “protects the accused

against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact

necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.” Miles v. State, 357 S.W.3d

629, 631 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). This standard does not apply to admission of

evidence. Rather than being an element of Appellant’s criminal offense, article 38.49

describes a procedure for determining the admissibility of certain testimonial

evidence. Appellant directs us to no cases in Texas or the federal system that support




       Appellant does not argue that the Confrontation Clause requires a higher
       4

standard of proof. See United States v. Nelson, 242 Fed. App’x 164, 171 n.2 (5th Cir.
2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1154 (2008); see also Davis, 547 U.S. at 833, 126 S. Ct. at
2280, (distinguishing between forfeiture on evidentiary and constitutional grounds,
and taking “no position on the standards necessary to demonstrate such forfeiture”
when constitutional concerns exist).



                                             9
his argument that a higher standard of proof is required under section 2.01 of the

Code of Criminal Procedure.

       Preliminary evidentiary decisions regarding admissibility determinations that

hinge on factual questions are often decided by a reduced standard of proof. The

United States Supreme Court has traditionally required that these matters be

established by a preponderance of proof. Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 176,

107 S. Ct. 2775, 2779 (1987) (admissibility of a co-conspirator’s statement is

determined by a preponderance of the evidence). “Thus, the evidentiary standard is

unrelated to the burden of proof on the substantive issues, be it a criminal case, see

In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S. Ct. 1068 . . . [(1970)], or a civil case.” Bourjaily, 483

U.S. at 175, 107 S. Ct. at 2778. We see no reason to depart from the standard set

forth in article 38.49 and overrule Appellant’s second issue.

       C. Issue 1: Sufficiency of the Evidence Supporting Forfeiture

       Appellant contends in his first issue that there was insufficient evidence as a

matter of law and that the trial court abused its discretion by determining he

prevented service of a subpoena on LE, thereby forfeiting his right to confrontation

by wrongdoing. Having determined that the standard of proof under article 38.49 is

preponderance of the evidence, we review the evidence to determine whether the trial

court abused its discretion in making its determination.




                                            10
             1. Standard of Review

       The forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine relates to the admission of otherwise

objectionable hearsay evidence. We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude

evidence for abuse of discretion. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2002); Kirk v. State, 421 S.W.3d 772, 781 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet.

ref’d); Davis v. State, 268 S.W.3d 683, 703 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d).

Under this standard, the trial court’s ruling will be upheld as long as it falls within the

“zone of reasonable disagreement” and is correct under any theory of law applicable

to the case. Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Alami v. State,

333 S.W.3d 881, 889 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.). A trial court abuses its

discretion only when its decision “was so clearly wrong as to lie outside that zone

within which reasonable persons might disagree.” Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595

(Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (quoting Cantu v. State, 842 S.W.2d 667, 682 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992), cert. denied, 509 U.S. 926 (1993)); Carter v. State, 150 S.W.3d 230, 241 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.).

       Several courts have applied the abuse of discretion standard in reviewing trial

courts’ admission of evidence under the doctrine of forfeiture by wrongdoing. See

Thompson v. State, No. 10-16-00238-CR, 2017 WL 3182988, at *1 (Tex. App.—Waco

July 26, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); see also Shepherd, 489

S.W.3d at 572; Tarley v. State, 420 S.W.3d 204, 206 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]



                                            11
2013, pet. ref’d); Garcia v. State, No. 03-11-00403-CR, 2012 WL 3795447, *10–11 (Tex.

App.—Austin Aug. 29, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

             2. Scope of Review

      In making its determination under article 38.49, the trial court considers

“[e]vidence and statements related to a party that has engaged or acquiesced in

wrongdoing that was intended to, and did, procure the unavailability of a witness or

prospective witness.” Tex. Code. Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.49(b). At the pre-trial

hearing the court heard testimony from Investigator Couch and Appellant.              In

addition, the Voluntary Statement made by LE about the incident and evidence of

Appellant’s prior assault on LE were admitted.

             3. The Evidence of Failed Service of Subpoena

      As noted above, Investigator Couch and Appellant testified at the pre-trial

hearing pursuant to article 38.49. Investigator Couch attempted to serve LE on

March 21, 2018. He drove to the house and parked in front, knocked on the door,

and when no one answered left his business card and left the premises. He then

drove to a nearby middle school that he believed the children of the couple attended.

He verified the children’s address and returned to the couple’s residence. He parked

his car so he could observe the front of the home in a street that fed into the street of

Appellant’s residence. Exhibit 15 admitted at the pre-trial hearing reflects Appellant’s


      5
       Street names have been redacted from Exhibit 1.


                                            12
residence (red dot in the picture below) and the street where Investigator Couch

parked.




      After about 10 to 15 minutes, Investigator Couch observed the garage door

open, Appellant enter a Chevrolet Truck, back it out, and drive up parallel to

Investigator Couch’s car but going the opposite direction.     Investigator Couch

testified Appellant’s truck was close enough that Investigator Couch could not exit

the door of his car. Investigator Couch could not drive forward because there was a

car parked in front of him, although he could have backed up. Appellant asked

Investigator Couch if he could help him. Investigator Couch told him he wanted to

speak to LE. Appellant understood Investigator Couch was there to serve a subpoena



                                        13
and Appellant explained that LE did not want to go to court and they would have to

arrest LE to get her to the trial. Appellant and Investigator Couch began to discuss

the case and Investigator Couch saw the garage door open again, and LE emerged.

She went to a parked car on the street in front of the house, entered it, and drove

away. Investigator Couch told Appellant he wasn’t going to chase LE because she

might drive erratically and create more harm. Investigator Couch did not get out of

his car or ask Appellant to move. A few minutes after LE left, Investigator Couch

told Appellant he needed to leave, and Appellant moved his truck. Investigator

Couch left and he never returned to the residence. Investigator Couch testified that

based on the location of the truck and the conversation he had with Appellant, he felt

Appellant was trying to keep him from serving LE.             On cross-examination,

Investigator Couch testified that he called the residence several times and no one

answered the phone.

      Appellant also testified at the pre-trial hearing. He stated that his wife is a

homemaker who does not work and has not worked for quite some time. He

provides all the financial support for his family. He has been with LE for 16 years

and they have three minor children. Appellant testified that he told Investigator

Couch that LE didn’t want to testify or be served and that they might have to arrest

her to get her to the courthouse. Appellant admitted the prior conviction but disputed

the underlying facts of his previous assault conviction. At the pre-trial hearing, in

addition to the testimony of Investigator Couch and Appellant, the trial court

                                         14
admitted State’s Exhibits 4 and 5 that included LE’s statements concerning the

incident and Appellant’s criminal history including the prior assault conviction against

LE.

              4. Evidence of the Parties’ Relationship

       In addition to Appellant’s role in the failure of service of the subpoena, the

court also considered the parties’ relationship. In Giles, Justice Scalia noted:

      Acts of domestic violence often are intended to dissuade a victim from
      resorting to outside help, and include conduct designed to prevent
      testimony to police officers or cooperation in criminal prosecutions.
      Earlier abuse, or threats of abuse, intended to dissuade the victim from
      resorting to outside help would be highly relevant to this inquiry, as would
      evidence of ongoing criminal proceedings at which the victim would have
      been expected to testify.

554 U.S. at 377, 128 S. Ct. at 2693.

       Appellant had a previous assault bodily injury conviction stemming from an

altercation with LE. Appellant testified that he told her about the subpoena and LE

said she didn’t have anything else to say to the court and she didn’t want to come

down to the courthouse for trial. He testified that LE was a homemaker and LE and

their three children were financially dependent on him. At the time of the previous

assault, the parties were living together, and according to Appellant, they continued to

live together during the pre-trial hearing and trial. LE’s Voluntary Statement about

the incident was admitted at the pre-trial hearing.

       There was sufficient evidence based on Appellants’ actions in deterring service

and the parties prior relationship to support the trial court’s finding of forfeiture by

                                               15
wrongdoing.      Investigator Couch, an experienced investigator, testified that he

believed Appellant was trying to keep him from serving LE. The trial court could

infer that Appellant’s failure to respond to Investigator Couch’s knock on his door

and calls to the house, and Appellant’s conversation and location of his truck when

LE exited the garage were intended to keep Investigator Couch from serving a

subpoena on LE and to prevent LE from cooperating in the prosecution of the case.

In addition, the trial court found the prior assault to be pertinent to Appellant’s

intention to prevent LE from testifying. LE and the minor children were financially

dependent on Appellant, and despite repeated calls from Investigator Couch, LE

never responded. The trial court is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of

the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d

85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Based on our standard of review, we have no choice

but to defer to the trial court’s discretion on such issues, even if we would have

decided them differently. State v. Herndon, 215 S.W.3d 901, 907 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). We hold that there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding

of forfeiture by wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence.             We overrule

Appellant’s first issue.

       D. Issue 3: Forfeiture by Wrongdoing is Unconstitutional

       In his third issue, Appellant argues that forfeiture by wrongdoing is facially

unconstitutional because it prevents an accused from confronting his accusers.

Appellant concedes that current case law is contrary to his position but argues that it

                                           16
should be reversed.       The State responds that Appellant failed to preserve a

constitutional challenge to article 38.49, and furthermore, article 38.49 is not

unconstitutional.

              1. Preservation

       In his Summary of Argument, Appellant states that he believes the “Forfeiture

by Wrongdoing Statute in [article 38.49] is unconstitutional as it prevents Appellant

from confronting his accusers.” Although the statute is not mentioned again in the

body of his argument, Appellant focuses on the denial of his constitutional right of

confrontation. This is a facial challenge to the constitutionality of article 38.49.

       At trial when the State sought to introduce LE’s Voluntary Statement,

Appellant objected based on his right of confrontation under the Texas and United

States Constitutions. The court overruled the objection “based on our hearing that

we have had previously.” The court then granted Appellant a continuing objection on

this basis through trial. The hearing referenced was the article 38.49 pre-trial hearing.

Appellant preserved his facially unconstitutional claim in accordance with Rule 33.1(a)

of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.6 Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).




      We note, however, that Appellant does not argue that article 38.49 is
       6

unconstitutional as applied to him.



                                            17
              2. Constitutionality of Article 38.49

       Appellant carries the burden of establishing that article 38.49 is

unconstitutional. See Ex parte Granviel, 561 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978).

When reviewing a statute, the appellate court must presume that the statute is valid

and that the legislature was neither unreasonable nor arbitrary in enacting it. Id.; see

Tex. Gov’t. Code Ann. § 311.021 (West 2013) (stating that courts presume

compliance with the Texas and United States Constitutions is intended). We must

seek to interpret a statute so its constitutionality is supported and upheld. Peraza v.

State, 467 S.W.3d 508, 514 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 1188 (2016).

       Appellant presents a facial challenge to the constitutionality of article 38.49 by

complaining that the forfeiture by wrongdoing forfeits his constitutional right to

confrontation.    Id.      As Appellant concedes, the United States Supreme Court

recognized the doctrine in the early case of Reynolds, which provides: “if a witness is

absent by [the accused’s] own wrongful procurement, he cannot complain if

competent evidence is admitted to supply the place of that which he has kept away.”

Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 158 (1878). Recent cases are in accord. See Giles,

554 U.S. at 359, 128 S. Ct. at 2683; Davis, 547 U.S. at 833, 126 S. Ct. at 2280. As

acknowledged by Appellant, article 38.49 tracks the findings in Giles. See Shepherd, 489

S.W.3d at 574. We hold that article 38.49 is not unconstitutional, and we overrule

Appellant’s third issue.



                                              18
                                    Conclusion

      Having overruled Appellant’s three issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                     /s/ Rebecca Simmons

                                                     Rebecca Simmons
                                                     Justice

Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

Delivered: October 11, 2018




                                         19
