
415 F.Supp.2d 6 (2006)
CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
RECOVERY EXPRESS, INC., in its own right, and d/b/a Interstate Demolition and Environmental Corp., Defendants.
No. CIV.A.04-12293-WGY.
United States District Court, D. Massachusetts.
February 1, 2006.
Jonathan F. Ball, Janssen Keenan & Ciardi, P.C., Philadelphia, PA, Wesley S. Chused, Looney & Grossman LLP, Boston, MA, Paul D. Keenan, Janssen Keenan & Cardi P.C., Philadelphia, PA, for Plaintiff.
Kevin P. McMahon, Law Office of Kevin P. McMahon, Quincy, for Recovery Express, Inc., Defendant.


*7 MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

YOUNG, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
This is a breach of contract and related equitable action brought by the plaintiff, CSX Transportation, Inc. ("CSX"), against the defendants, Recovery Express, Inc. ("Recovery") and Interstate Demolition and Environmental Corp. ("IDEC"). The case against Recovery turns on the application of that doctrine within the law of agency known as "apparent authority"; specifically, how large a cloak of such authority is provided by access to an e-mail address with a defendant's domain name.
A. Undisputed Facts
CSX is in the business of selling out-ofservice railcars and parts. See Compl. [Doc. No. 1] ("Compl.") ¶ 8. It is a Virginia corporation with its principal place of business in Florida. Compl. ¶ 3. Recovery is a Massachusetts corporation with its principal place of business in Boston. Compl. ¶ 4; Answer [Doc. No. 8] ¶ 4 ("Admitted"). IDEC was a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at the same address in Boston. Affidavit of Nancy E. Marto [Doc. No. 18] ("Marto Aff.") ¶¶ 4, 8 & Ex. B. It is now defunct. Marto Aff. ¶ 2. At all relevant times, IDEC and Recovery shared offices in Boston. Marto Aff. ¶ 4.
On August 22, 2003, Albert Arillotta ("Arillotta"), a "partner" at IDEC, Id. ¶ 3, sent an e-mail to Len Whitehead, Jr. ("Whitehead") of CSX expressing interest in buying "rail cars as scrap", Mem. in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 17] ("Recovery's Mem."), Ex. A, E-mail from Albert Arillotta to Len Whitehead, Jr. (Aug. 22, 2003) ("the E-mail"). Arillotta represented himself to be "from interstate demolition and recovery express". Id. The e-mail address from which Arillotto sent this inquiry was "albert@recoveryexpress.com". Id. The entire e-mailhorrendous grammar and allis reproduced here:
From: Albert Arillotta [albert@recoveryexpress.com]
Sent: Friday, August 22, 2003 4:57 PM
To: Whitehead, Len Jr.
Subject: purchase of out service railcars
lynn this is albert arillotta from interstate demolition and recovery express we are interested in buying rail cars for scrap paying you a percentage of what the amm maket indicator is there are several locations i suggest to work at the exsisting location of the rail cars. we will send you a brochure and financials per your request our address is the following:
interstate demolition/recoveryexpress
180 canal street 5th floor boston mass 02114
phone number XXX-XXX-XXXX
fax number XXX-XXX-XXXX
email address albert @recoveryexpress.com
thank you for your time
There apparently were subsequent phone calls between Whitehead and Arillotta, Decl. of Len Whitehead, Jr. [Doc. No. 20] ("Whitehead Decl.") ¶ 2, but the substance of the calls is not recounted. Id. CSX alleges that it prepared and forwarded sales order forms which "confirm[ed] the agreed[-]upon terms [of the sale] to IDEC." Compl. ¶ 9. Neither CSX nor Recovery has provided copies of these forms. Apparently, Arillotta and Whitehead proceeded with this proposed deal.
The railcars were "delivered . . . to the location specified by Arillotta. . . ." Compl. ¶ 11. Recovery claims that this location was, in fact, CSX's own railyard, to which *8 Arillotta went himself, disassembled the cars, and transported them away. Recovery's Mem. at 3. There is no direct evidence on point, but the original e-mail from Arillotta supports Recovery's assertion. The E-mail at 1 ("[I] suggest work at the existing location of the rail cars."). There is no evidence proffered as to the current disposition of the scrap railcars (i.e., where they are) or their proceeds.
After delivery, CSX sent invoices for the scrap railcars totaling $115,757.36 addressed to IDEC at its Boston office (shared with Recovery). Recovery's Mem., Ex. B. Nancy E. Marto ("Marto"), officer and registered agent of Recovery and "partner" in IDEC, states that, upon receipt of the invoices, she attempted several times to contact Whitehead to inquire about them. Marto Aff. ¶ 10; see also Pl.'s Opp'n to Def. Recovery Express's Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 19] ("Pl.'s Mem."), Ex. A. She says that Whitehead never returned her calls. Marto Aff. ¶ 10; Pl.'s Mem., Ex. A. This was apparently because Arillotta had told him not to speak to her.[1] Marto Aff. ¶ 10. Not until a check from Arillotta to CSX purporting to pay the invoices bounced did Whitehead call Marto. Id.
Because Recovery and IDEC refused to pay CSX, CSX brought this action alleging (1) breach of contract, Compl. ¶¶ 14-18, (2) account stated, Compl. ¶¶ 19-22, (3) unjust enrichment, Compl. ¶¶ 23-26, and (4) quantum meruit, Compl. ¶¶ 27-31.
Whitehead states that "[a]t all times during [his] dealing with Mr. Arillotta, [he] believed [Arillotta] was representing, and authorized to act on behalf of, Recovery Express and Interstate Demolition." Whitehead Decl. ¶ 6. Whitehead apparently based this belief on the E-mail's domain namerecoveryexpress.com[2]and the representations of Arillotta to him both in the E-mail and in subsequent telephone conversations. Id. ¶¶ 2-3. All invoices were addressed to IDE C, Recovery's Mem., Ex. B, though Whitehead states that Arillotta represented that he was "acting on behalf of Recovery Express", Whitehead Decl. ¶ 2. "At no time prior to CSX's delivery of the rail cars . . . did anyone inform [Whitehead] that Mr. Arillotta was not authorized to represent or transact business on behalf of either Recovery Express or Interstate Demolition." Id. ¶ 6.
Recovery claims that Arillotta never worked for it. Recovery's Mem. at 3. How Arillotta acquired a Recovery e-mail address is explained thus: Marto and Thomas R. Trafton ("Trafton"), Recovery's President and Treasurer, Marto Aff., Ex. A., became involved in another venture along with Arillotta and Dominic IgnagniIDEC. Id. ¶¶ 2-3. Because of Marto's and Trafton's "personal interest in IDEC", the "fledgling" company was allowed to share the offices and some resources of Recovery, including telephones and facsimile machinesand, apparently, e-mail services. Id. ¶ 4. Other than physical resources, there is no evidence that Recovery ever shared anything with IDECassets, funds, books of business, bank accounts, or insurance coverage. Id. ¶¶ 11-12.
*9 B. Procedural Posture
CSX filed its Complaint [Doc. No. 1] in of 2004 alleging breach of contract by Recovery and IDEC and related equitable claims. IDEC is now defunct, Marto Aff. 112, and has made no appearance in this litigation. Recovery has moved for summary judgment [Doc. No. 16].
C. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is warranted if, after reviewing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, no genuine issues of material fact remain, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A "genuine" issue of fact is one that a reasonable jury, on the record before the Court, could resolve in favor of either party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A fact is material when it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Hayes v. Douglas Dynamics, Inc., 8 F.3d 88, 90 (1st Cir. 1993) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505).
In making its determination, the Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The movant has the initial burden of production, which it can meet either by offering evidence to disprove an element of the plaintiff's case or by demonstrating an "absence of evidence to support the non-moving party's case." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Once the movant has met its burden, the non-moving party must "go beyond the pleadings, and by [its] own affidavits, or by the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, designate specific facts showing there is a material issue for trial." Id. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (internal quotation marks omitted). When facts asserted by the moving party go unrebutted, the Court must still search the record on its own for genuine issues of material fact. See Stepanischen v. Merchants Despatch Transp. Corp., 722 F.2d 922, 930 (1st Cir.1983).
D. Jurisdiction
Federal jurisdiction is proper under Title 28, Section 1332 (diversity) of the U.S.Code. CSX is a Virginia corporation with its principal place of business in Florida. Compl. ¶ 3. Recovery is a Massachusetts corporation with its principal place of business in Boston. Id. ¶ 4; Answer ¶ 4 ("Admitted."). IDEC is a now-defunct corporation which was chartered in Delaware, Marto Aff. ¶ 2 & Ex. B, and had its principal place of business in Boston, Marto Aff. Ex. A. The amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See Compl. ¶¶ 16-18 (claiming damages of $115,757.36, plus interest); Recovery's Mem., Ex. B (showing invoices sent to Recovery's address totaling the same).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Contract (Legal) Claims
At base, what this case is about is CSX's attempt, having been duped by a fraudulent agent of Recovery, to shift the consequences of its own gullibility to someone else. The primary legal vehicle by which it seeks to do this is the contract doctrine of "apparent authority".
First, however, CSX genuflects to the possibility that Arillotta was granted actual authority by Recovery. Compl. ¶ 7. "An agent acts with actual authority when, at the time of taking action that has legal consequences for the principal, the agent reasonably believes, in accordance with the principal's manifestations to the agent, *10 that the principal wishes the agent so to act." Restatement (Third) of Agency (Tentative Draft No. 2) (Mar.2001) ("Restatement"), § 2.01; see also Theos & Sons, Inc. v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 431 Mass. 736, 743-44, 729 N.E.2d 1113 (2000). What matters is the agent's reasonable belief, derived from actions of the principal, about the extent of his authority. CSX brings forth no evidence raising a genuine issueas it must under Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548as to whether Arillotta acted with the actual authority of Recovery. Indeed, the only possible inference from evidence in the record is that he did not. See Marto Aff. ¶¶ 1-3, 7-8 (indicating that Arillotta was an officer only of IDEC). So weak is CSX's allegation of actual authority, CSX fails even to mention it in its opposition to Recovery's motion for summary judgment. See Pl.'s Mem. at 4-6 (arguing only apparent authority).
The case, then, rests on the doctrine of apparent authority. "Apparent authority is the power held by an agent or other actor to affect a principal's legal relations with third parties when a third party reasonably believes the actor has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that belief is traceable to the principal's manifestations." Restatement at § 2.03. It "is not established by the putative agent's words or conduct, but by those of the principal." Rubel v. Hayden, Harding & Buchanan, Inc., 15 Mass.App.Ct. 252, 255, 444 N.E.2d 1306 (1983); see also Theos & Sons, 431 Mass. at 745, 729 N.E.2d 1113. Moreover, apparent authority "may exist only when the plaintiff reasonably may believe as a result of the principal's words or conduct that the agent is authorized to act on its behalf." Moussa v. Abdel-Kader, 12 Mass. L. Rptr. 363, 2000 WL 1736942, at *3 (Mass.Super.2000) (Gants, J.). Finally, "[a]pparent authority does not come into being until a third party learns facts from which he reasonably infers that the agent is authorized." Peters v. Haymarket Leasing, Inc., 64 Mass.App.Ct. 767, 773, 835 N.E.2d 628 (2005) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
In what looks to be an issue of first impression, the facts of this case set up the question whether an e-mail domain name, by itself, cloaks a purported agent with authority sufficient as matter of law to be called "apparent". Because apparent authority depends on that knowledge held by Whitehead and CSX of Arillotta's authority, which knowledge was derived from actions of Recovery, the only relevant conduct by Recovery is that it issued Arillotta an e-mail address with its domain name. Such associations as Recovery having the same offices, mailing address, phone number, or fax number are red herrings[3]; these factsif Whitehead even possessed them prior to entering the contractemanated from Arillotta by way of his e-mail signature or telephone representations. There is no evidence of the manifestation of those facts by Recovery to Whitehead and CSX (i.e., by way of its website, as CSX asserted at oral argument) until after the contract was entered and collection efforts had begun.[4] Whitehead Decl. ¶ 5.
*11 The only act taken by Recovery known to Whitehead and CSX prior to entering the contract and upon which Whitehead could rely, was its issuance to Arillotta of an e-mail address sporting Recovery's domain name (@recoveryexpress.com). The Court holds that Whitehead and CSX were unreasonable, as matter of law, in their reliance solely on an e-mail domain name. Such a manifestation by Recovery cannot be sufficient to sustain a claim of apparent authority. Granting an e-mail domain name, by itself, does not cloak the recipient with carte blanche authority to act on behalf the grantee. Were this so, every subordinate employee with a company email addressdown to the night watchmancould bind a company to the same contracts as the president. This is not the law.
Though e-mail communication may be relatively new to staid legal institutions, the results in analogous low-tech situations confirm this conclusion. The Court could find no cases where, for example, giving someone a business card with the company name or logo, access to a company car, or company stationery, by themselves, created sufficient indicia of apparent authority. See Muscletech Research & Dev., Inc. v. East Coast Ingredients, LLC, No. 00-C0753A(F), 2004 WL 941815, at *32 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 25, 2004) (holding that issuance of a company credit card, business cards with company logo, possession of company paraphernalia, and appearing in company advertisements was insufficient to create apparent authority); Asplund v. Selected Investments in Financial Equities, Inc., 86 Cal.App.4th 26, 103 Cal.Rptr.2d 34, 48-49 (2000) (issuance of a business card and display of a plaque insufficient to create apparent authority); Raclaw v. Fay, Conmy and Co., 282 Ill. App.3d 764, 217 Ill.Dec. 929, 668 N.E.2d 114, 117 (1996) (permitting the occupation of offices, the use of telephones and receptionist, the receipt of mail at company offices, and access to stationery insufficient to create apparent authority); McFarland v. Entergy Mississippi, Inc., 919 So.2d 894, 902, 2005 WL 2458870, at *6 (Miss. 2005) (holding that putting a purported agent in electric company vehicle, when plaintiff knew that volunteers were assisting crews, was insufficient to create apparent authority); Alexander v. Tom Chandler, ABS Global, Inc., 179 S.W.3d 385, 389-390 (2005) (holding that providing nitrogen tanks with company logo, billing for services with invoices bearing company logo, sending postcards claiming to be a company representative, distributing business cards indicating representative status, and giving out calendars with company logo to be insufficient to create apparent authority); Cowburn v. Leventis, 366 S.C. 20, 619 S.E.2d 437, 448 (2005) (holding that supplying forms and business cards were the only actions of defendant and were not sufficient to create apparent authority); cf. Thesenga Land Co. v. Cirrus Warehouse, Inc., No. C5-03-370, 2003 WL 22889499, at *1-2 (Minn.App. Dec. 9, 2003) (finding support for apparent authority when agent used business card designating him as vice president and when agent met with representatives of plaintiff and directed and negotiated contract terms); Dorna USA, LLC v. Lighthouse Superscreens, Inc., No. *12 02 Civ. 8973(RLC), 2004 WL 2721239, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2004) (holding that sharing website and e-mail addresses, using identical business cards, and "collectively behav[ing] `as a single production and sales team", as well as other facts "too numerous to detail" supported the existence of apparent authority).
An e-mail domain name is sufficiently analogous to business cards, company vehicles, and letterhead for these cases to be persuasive. Those indicia of apparent authority all convey some degree of association between the purported principal and agent. By themselves, however, no reasonable person could conclude that apparent authority was present. The same is true with e-mail domain names.
In the end, CSX and Whitehead should have been more suspicious of an unsolicited, poorly written e-mail that arrived late one Friday afternoon. There are means by which CSX could have protected itself (e.g., requiring a purchase order form from IDEC or Recovery).[5] Before delivering goods worth over $115,000 to a stranger, one reasonably should be expected to inquire as to the authority of that person to have made such a deal. Given the anonymity of the Internet, this case illustrates the potential consequences of operatingeven in today's fast-paced business worldas did CSX.[6]
B. Equitable Claims
CSX's last two claims are equitable in nature and rest on the unjust enrichment of Recovery. Compl. ¶¶ 23-31. See Salamon v. Terra, 394 Mass. 857, 859, 477 N.E.2d 1029 (1985) (equating "unjust enrichment" and "quantum meruit" as quasicontract actionscontracts implied in law). Central to such claims is proof that Recovery was actually enriched at the expense of CSXi.e., that CSX actually conferred a benefit upon Recovery. See id. ("The underlying basis for awarding quantum meruit damages in a quasi-contract case is unjust enrichment of one party and unjust detriment to the other party." (emphasis added)). CSX has submitted no evidence that either the railcars or money from sale of the railcars benefited Recovery. Accordingly, summary judgment is proper as to CSX's equitable claims as well.
III. CONCLUSION
Because there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Arillotta possessed the apparent authority of Recovery to enter into a contract with CSXhe did not possess such authorityand because *13 there is no evidence that Recovery had the benefit of CSX's railcars, Recovery's Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. No. 16] is ALLOWED and judgment will enter for it.[7]
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1]  Interestingly, the reason IDEC has ceased to exist is because of fraud by Arillotta. Marto Aff. ¶ 5. It is unclear if the fraud is related to this case.
[2]  With regard to e-mail addresses, the domain name is anything after the "@" symbol. It is a more user-friendly way of identifying the Internet protocol (IP) address needed by the computer network to deliver correctly the email message. See Christopher G. Clark, The Truth in Domain Names Act of 2003 and a Preventative Measure to Combat Typosquatting, 89 Cornell L.Rev. 1476, 1483 & n. 40 (2004).
[3]  Surprisingly, CSX makes no alter-ego argument, though on these facts one would appear at least plausible. If Recovery were deemed the alter-ego of IDEC, then the actual authority of Arillotta would be of greater relevance. Though there is some evidence which may have carried CSX through summary judgment, because the theory is not pressed, the Court deems that argument waived.
[4]  The same can be said for the authority conveyed by Arillotta's title at IDEC. Whatever authority a title may convey to a third party, nothing in the record indicates that Whitehead and CSX even knew what Arillotta's title was. See The E-mail (stating that Arillotta was "from" Recovery and IDEC); Whitehead Decl. ¶ 2 ("Mr. Arillotta told me that he was acting on behalf of Recovery Express. . . ." (emphasis added)). "If the third party . . . is unaware of the agent's position . . ., the principal is not accountable for the third party's belief in the agent's authority. . . . The third party may . . . lack a basis reasonably to believe that the agent is authorized to bind the organization. Such a basis would be lacking, for instance, if the third party is unaware of the agent's position within the organization." Restatement at § 3.03, cmt. c.
[5]  "Parties can feel confident that they have formed binding contracts while communicating over open networks only if they use reliable authentication procedures." Jane Kaufman Winn, Open Systems, Free Markets, and Regulation of Internet Commerce, 72 Tulane L. Rev 1177, 1180 (1998) (discussing potential legal problems and technical solutions in Internet commerce).
[6]  Because CSX's second cause of action, account stated, Compl. ¶¶ 19-22, depends upon the existence of a contract in the first place, summary judgment will also be granted as to that count as well. See Chace v. Trafford, 116 Mass. 529, 532 (1875) ("An `account stated' is an acknowledgment of the existing condition of liability between the parties."); Bucklin v. Nat'l Shawmut Bank, 355 Mass. 338, 341, 244 N.E.2d 726 (1969) ("An account stated `cannot be made the instrument to create a liability where none before existed. . . .'") (quoting Chase v. Chase, 191 Mass. 556, 562, 78 N.E. 115 (1906)). Because there was no apparent authority to enter into a contract on behalf of Recovery, no liability ever existed as between it and CSX. Moreover, there is no record evidence that Recovery affirmed the debt created by Arillotta. See Milliken v. Warwick, 306 Mass. 192, 196-97, 28 N.E.2d 224 (1940) (holding that an account stated requires either an express or implied assent to the debt by the debtor); Meredith & Grew, Inc. v. Worcester Lincoln, LLC, 64 Mass.App.Ct. 142, 152-53, 831 N.E.2d 940 (2005).
[7]  As IDEC has never been sued as a legal entity, but only as another business name for Recovery, and since no independent claim has been made against it, see supra note 3, IDEC is not a proper party to this litigation. It is appropriate, therefore, that judgment enter.
