           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

RYDELL MILLS,                       §
                                    §     No. 303, 2018
      Defendant Below,              §
      Appellant,                    §     Court Below: Superior Court
                                    §     of the State of Delaware
      v.                            §
                                    §
STATE OF DELAWARE,                  §     Cr. ID No. N1708012318
                                    §
      Plaintiff Below,              §
      Appellee.                     §

                         Submitted: January 9, 2019
                         Decided:   January 14, 2019

Before STRINE, Chief Justice; SEITZ and TRAYNOR, Justices.

Upon appeal from the Superior Court. AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part,
VACATED, and REMANDED.

Bernard J. O’Donnell, Esquire, Office of Public Defender, Wilmington, Delaware,
for Appellant, Rydell Mills.

Maria T. Knoll, Esquire, Department of Justice, Wilmington, Delaware, for
Appellee, State of Delaware.




STRINE, Chief Justice:
      The defendant below, Rydell Mills, appeals from his convictions and

sentencing order in the Superior Court for various offenses, including cocaine and

heroin drug dealing and two counts of resisting arrest with force or violence. These

convictions arise out of a single incident in which two police officers caught Mills

in a dark alley with a digital scale in his hands, Mills resisted the two officers’ arrest,

and the police ultimately found a substantial amount of cocaine and smaller amount

of heroin nearby.

      This appeal presents three issues. Each of the first two issues involves a claim

by Mills that he was improperly subjected to multiple convictions or sentences for

one offense, under either double jeopardy principles or Delaware’s statutory

codification of those principles, which essentially comes down to a question of

legislative intent. First, Mills contests the fact that he was convicted of two counts

of resisting arrest with force or violence, both deriving from the attempt of two police

officers working together to arrest him. Mills argues that when a defendant resists

the attempt of multiple officers to arrest him, the multiplicity doctrine prohibits the

State from dividing the resisting arrest offense into separate counts for each officer,

as occurred in this case. Second, Mills argues that his separate convictions for

resisting arrest with force or violence and heroin drug dealing cannot stand because

the State used the resisting arrest offense as an aggravating factor to elevate the drug

dealing offense to a higher felony grade. Mills contends that under 11 Del. C. § 206,
which is essentially a statutory codification of the Blockburger1 test, the State cannot

use a separate offense as an aggravating element of a higher-grade crime and then

have the defendant convicted of both that separate offense and that other higher-

grade crime.

         As to the first issue, we hold that convicting a defendant of separate counts of

resisting arrest with force or violence based solely on the number of arresting officers

violates the multiplicity doctrine drawn from the Double Jeopardy Clauses of the

United States and Delaware Constitutions.                In light of the relevant statutory

language, the resisting arrest offense’s place in the overall statutory scheme, its

apparent purpose, case law from other jurisdictions, and the inequitable results that

would follow from allowing multiple convictions based solely on the number of

arresting officers, we conclude that the General Assembly intended for the unit of

prosecution for resisting arrest with force or violence to be the arrest itself, not the

arresting officer whose arrest the defendant resists. In short, we find that the General

Assembly intended it to be one count per arrest, not one count per officer. It was

therefore multiplicitous to convict Mills twice when the charges arose solely from

two officers’ joint attempt to arrest him at the same time and place.

         As to the second issue, we hold that a defendant can be sentenced for both

resisting arrest with force or violence and aggravated drug dealing, even when the


1
    Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932).
                                                 2
resisting arrest offense is a necessary aggravating factor for the drug dealing

conviction. Here too, we base our decision on the General Assembly’s intent as to

these two offenses. The legislative history of the drug dealing statute shows that the

General Assembly intended to allow separate convictions for not just drug dealing,

but any separate offense that acts to aggravate the level of the drug dealing charge.

In other words, the General Assembly intended the drug dealing statute to work like

the felony murder statute, where the defendant can be convicted of both felony

murder and the felony that elevated the homicide to felony murder.

      The third and final issue on appeal deals with an allegedly deficient jury

instruction. Here, Mills argues that the trial court erred by omitting from its jury

instruction for heroin drug dealing the required element that he intended to deliver

the heroin. As to this last issue, we hold that this omission was plain error. Although

it is regrettable that defense counsel missed the mistake below, this omission of a

critical element of the drug dealing offense is glaring and fundamental enough to

require reversal even under a plain error standard of review, especially given that the

omission was prejudicial under the circumstances of this case.

      We therefore affirm in part and reverse in part the defendant’s convictions,

vacate his sentence, and remand to the Superior Court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.




                                          3
                                    I.      Background

                                         A. The Arrest2

       At approximately 11:30 p.m. on August 17, 2017, two Wilmington Police

Department officers, Corporals Donald Palmatary and Robert DiRocco, went to the

area of a residence in Wilmington in response to an anonymous call that requested

that the police check out the backyard. Entering the alley behind the block, both

officers drew their handguns and used the flashlights attached to their guns to

illuminate the dark alley. As they exited the alley into the backyard, Officer

Palmatary saw a man, later identified as Mills, near the steps at the back of the house.

Mills saw the officer and said he “was just taking a piss.”3 Officer Palmatary then

ordered Mills to show his hands and, when Mills did so, saw a digital scale in his

hands.

         As Officer Palmatary was re-holstering his weapon to detain Mills, Mills took

off and tried to charge past the officer to the exit of the alley. Both Officers

Palmatary and DiRocco tried to grab Mills, but he escaped their grasp. Officer

Palmatary then called for backup and ordered Mills to stop resisting as he and Officer

DiRocco took him to the ground again. Mills got back to his feet, continued to

struggle, and was again taken to the ground by the officers. Flailing his arms and


2
  The facts, which are not materially disputed in this appeal, are unless otherwise noted drawn
from the parties’ opening and answering briefs.
3
  App. to Opening Br. at A025 (Direct Examination of Officer Palmatary).
                                               4
elbows as he tried to break free, Mills struck Officer DiRocco with an elbow. When

backup arrived, Mills and the officers were almost through the alley onto the street.

Officer Palmatary grabbed Mills’s legs as Officer DiRocco grabbed one of Mills’s

hands and, with the assistance of other officers who arrived as backup, secured

Mills’s arms behind his back and handcuffed him. As a result of this incident,

Officer DiRocco sustained abrasions and a sprained foot.

      In searching the area, the police found various packages of cocaine and heroin,

crack cocaine on the ground where Mills was initially standing, three cell phones,

four digital scales, and other paraphernalia. In total, the police recovered about 41

grams of cocaine and 0.5 grams of heroin in packaging. The police also got a warrant

to search one of the cell phones belonging to Mills, and found text messages

suggestive of drug sales.

                              B. Procedural History

      After being arrested, Mills was indicted for aggravated possession of cocaine,

cocaine drug dealing, heroin drug dealing, possession of drug paraphernalia, felony

resisting arrest by force or violence (two counts), second-degree assault, and

loitering. The State nolle prossed the second-degree assault offense before trial.

After a three-day trial in February 2018, the jury returned guilty verdicts on all of

the pending offenses except aggravated possession of cocaine, for which the jury




                                         5
could not reach a unanimous agreement on at that time. The State entered a nolle

prosequi on the aggravated possession of cocaine charge.

       On March 1, 2018, the State filed a motion to declare Mills a habitual offender

as to his two convictions for resisting arrest with force or violence.4 On June 1,

2018, the Superior Court granted the State’s motion and sentenced him to an

aggregate of 44 years and six months at Level V incarceration, suspended after 20

years for decreasing levels of supervision.

       Mills timely appealed from the Superior Court’s sentencing order.

                                       II.    Analysis

                                    A. Issues on Appeal

       On appeal, Mills claims that the Superior Court erred in three ways. The first

two issues each involve an argument by Mills that he was improperly subjected to

multiple convictions or sentences for one offense. As to the first issue, Mills argues

that the Superior Court improperly sentenced him twice for resisting arrest with force

or violence, which Mills casts as a violation of the multiplicity doctrine arising from

the Double Jeopardy Clauses of the United States and Delaware Constitutions

because the charges arose out of a single incident and course of conduct. As to the


4
  For each resisting arrest conviction, the sentencing order states: “The defendant is declared a
Habitual Offender and is sentenced pursuant to 11 Del. C. 4214(d) on this charge.” Opening Br.
Ex. A (Sentencing Order). The Superior Court found that Mills had been convicted of at least two
prior felonies prior to this present matter. App. to Opening Br. at A007. Therefore, just one
conviction for resisting arrest with force or violence would have qualified Mills as a habitual
offender.
                                               6
second issue, Mills contends that the trial court erred by sentencing him for both

resisting arrest with force or violence and heroin drug dealing because the former

was an included offense of the latter under 11 Del. C. § 206, which is essentially

Delaware’s codification of the test laid out by the United States Supreme Court in

Blockburger v. United States5 to determine whether two offenses are the same for

double jeopardy purposes. The last issue, which involves an allegedly deficient jury

instruction, falls into a different category. Here, Mills argues that the trial court

erred by omitting from its jury instruction for heroin drug dealing the required

element that he intended to deliver the heroin. Regrettably, Mills did not raise any

of these issues below and denied our Superior Court an opportunity to address them

in the first instance.

                                    B. Standard of Review

         Because Mills did not present any of his claims on appeal to the court below,

we review for plain error.6 Under this standard, the error “must be so clearly

prejudicial to substantial rights as to jeopardize the fairness and integrity of the trial

process,” and our review “is limited to material defects which are apparent on the

face of the record; which are basic, serious and fundamental in their character, and

which clearly deprive an accused of a substantial right, or which clearly show



5
    284 U.S. 299 (1932).
6
    See Zugehoer v. State, 980 A.2d 1007, 1013 (Del. 2009).
                                                 7
manifest injustice.”7        We have “previously held, however, that a multiplicity

violation may constitute plain error.”8 We have also held that, even in the context

of plain error review, issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo.9

    C. The Superior Court Erred by Sentencing Mills Twice for Resisting Arrest
                              with Force or Violence

       Mills first claims that the Superior Court erred by sentencing him twice for

resisting arrest with force or violence, which he contends was a violation of the

multiplicity doctrine under the United States and Delaware Constitutions. 10 In

response, the State argues that there was no error because each charge was associated

with a different police officer.11

       The multiplicity doctrine, which is rooted in the prohibition against double

jeopardy, prohibits the State from dividing one crime into multiple counts by

splitting it “into a series of temporal or spatial units.”12 In approaching multiplicity



7
  Wainwright v. State, 504 A.2d 1096, 1100 (Del. 1986).
8
  Handy v. State, 803 A.2d 937, 940 (Del. 2002); accord Zugehoer v. State, 980 A.2d 1007, 1013
(Del. 2009) (quoting Handy, 8803 A.2d at 940).
9
  See Patrick v. State, 922 A.2d 415, 2007 WL 773387, at *2 (Del. 2007) (TABLE) (“[We] find
that if the trial judge misinterpreted the resisting arrest statute while finding [the defendant] guilty
. . . the error would be material, serious and fundamental in character . . . . Therefore, it is
immaterial whether [the defendant] specifically raised the issue below because in either case this
court reviews questions of law de novo. Because this issue of law involves statutory
interpretations, our review is de novo.”).
10
   Opening Br. at 7–8; U.S. CONST. amend. V; DEL. CONST. art. I, § 8.
11
   Answering Br. at 11.
12
   Spencer v. State, 868 A.2d 821, 823–24 (Del. 2005); accord Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 169
(1977) (holding that the State may not charge multiple counts simply by “dividing a single crime
into a series of temporal or spatial units”); Williams v. State, 796 A.2d 1281, 1285 (Del. 2002)
(“Dividing one offense into ‘multiple counts of an indictment violates the double jeopardy
                                                   8
questions, we have generally weighed whether the defendant’s acts are sufficiently

differentiated by time, location, or intended purpose.13 Under this approach, “[t]he

critical inquiry is whether the temporal and spatial separation between the acts

supports a factual finding that the defendant formed a separate intent to commit each

criminal act.”14 But, in considering double jeopardy claims based on multiple

punishments, we have also observed that whether a defendant can be punished

multiple times is a question “of statutory construction,” and we must ask whether

“the General Assembly intend[ed] to impose more than one punishment for a single

occurrence of criminal conduct.”15




provisions of the constitutions of the State of Delaware and of the United States.’” (quoting
Feddiman v. State, 558 A.2d 278, 288 (Del. 1989))).
13
   See Williams, 796 A.2d at 1286–87 (adopting a test for possession with intent to deliver cocaine
based on whether “‘the possessions are sufficiently differentiated by time, location or intended
purpose’” and stating that “[t]his test consists of factors a court may use in determining, under the
circumstances, whether two violations of same statute have occurred” (quoting Rashad v. Burt,
108 F.3d 677, 681 (6th Cir. 1997)); Feddiman, 558 A.2d at 288–89 (weighing the timing and
location of separate acts of sexual assault to determine whether multiple counts of sexual assault
were permissible under the multiplicity doctrine); Spencer, 868 A.2d at 824 (weighing the
“temporal and spatial separation between” two gun shots, as well as whether the defendant “had
formed a separate intent to harm” the victim “between the two gun shots,” to determine whether
the State could charge the defendant for two counts of assault).
14
   Spencer, 686 A.2d at 823.
15
   Poteat v. State, 840 A.2d 599, 603–04 (Del. 2003); see also Brown, 432 U.S. at 165 (“Where
consecutive sentences are imposed at a single criminal trial, the role of the constitutional guarantee
is limited to assuring that the court does not exceed its legislative authorization by imposing
multiple punishments for the same offense.”). Brown is the origin of the prohibition on “dividing
a single crime into a series of temporal or spatial units.” Id. at 169; see also Handy v. State, 803
A.2d 937, 940–41 (Del. 2002) (“Prosecutors may not manufacture additional counts of a particular
crime by the ‘simple expedient of dividing a single crime into a series of temporal or spatial units.’”
(quoting Brown, 432 U.S. at 169)).
                                                  9
         The State’s argument that Mills’s conduct amounts to two violations of the

resisting arrest statute is premised on the notion that, based on the language of the

resisting arrest statute, the General Assembly intended to provide for a separate

punishment for each officer whose arrest the defendant resists. Mills disputes the

State’s reading of the statutory text and, citing similar cases from other jurisdictions

under statutory schemes similar to ours, argues that the General Assembly’s

classification of resisting arrest as an offense related to custody, rather than an

offense against the person, indicates legislative intent that there be only one count

per arrest. He also points to the inequitable consequences that would flow from the

State’s theory as cutting against its reading of the statute. Because this is a pure

statutory interpretation issue, the standard of review is effectively de novo.16

         The resisting arrest statute, 11 Del. C. § 1257, reads as follows:

         § 1257 Resisting arrest with force or violence, class G felony;
         resisting arrest, class A misdemeanor.

             (a) A person is guilty of resisting arrest with force or violence when:

                (1) The person intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a
                peace officer from effecting an arrest or detention of the person
                or another person by use of force or violence towards said peace
                officer; or




16
     See Patrick v. State, 922 A.2d 415, 2007 WL 773387, at *2 (Del. 2007) (TABLE).
                                               10
               (2) The person intentionally flees from a peace officer, who is
               effecting an arrest or detention of the person, by use of force or
               violence towards said peace officer; or

               (3) While a peace officer is effecting an arrest or detention of a
               person, the person causes physical injury to the peace officer.

           Resisting arrest with force or violence is a class G felony.

           (b) A person is guilty of resisting arrest when the person
           intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer from
           effecting an arrest or detention of the person or another person or
           intentionally flees from a peace officer who is effecting an arrest or
           detention of the person.

           Resisting arrest is a class A misdemeanor.
Mills was charged and convicted twice under subsection (a)(1): once for resisting

Officer Palmatary and once for resisting Officer DiRocco.17 In other words, even

though Officer Palmatary and Officer DiRocco jointly worked together to arrest

Mills, Mills was convicted of two counts of resisting arrest.

       Subsection (a) of § 1257 is a relatively new provision. In the original Criminal

Code in 1972, resisting arrest was only a misdemeanor and closely resembled the

language of the current statute’s subsection (b).18 The General Assembly added

subsection (a) in 2006 to establish a higher penalty for resisting arrest when the




17
   See App. to Opening Br. at A20 (Indictment).
18
   See 58 Del. Laws ch. 497, § 1 (1972) (“A person is guilty of resisting arrest when [he]
intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer from effecting an arrest or detention
of himself or another person or intentionally flees from a peace officer who is effecting an arrest.”).
                                                 11
defendant uses “force or violence.”19 In effect, the 2006 amendment split subsection

(b) into two provisions—putting the “prevents a peace officer from effecting an

arrest or detention” clause in subsection (a)(1) and the “flees from a peace officer

who is effecting an arrest or detention” clause in subsection (a)(2)—and added an

aggravating factor for the “use of force or violence.”20 The 2006 amendment also

added a third provision (subsection (a)(3)) for cases where the defendant caused

physical injury to the arresting officer, regardless of whether the defendant intended

to do so.21

       Focusing solely on the statutory text, it is unclear whether the General

Assembly intended to provide for a separate punishment for each officer whom the

defendant resists. On the one hand, the statute refers to “a peace officer,”22 which

the State reads as making the peace officer the “unit” of the crime, such that each

arresting officer provides the basis for a separate count. In support of the State’s

position, some courts in other jurisdictions have, in determining the unit of their

resisting arrest and other criminal statutes, distinguished between the use of the

pronouns “a” and “any,” with the former suggesting that whatever immediately

follows the pronoun is the unit of the crime and the latter suggesting that something


19
   See Del. H.B. 362 syn., 143d Gen. Assem., 75 Del. Laws ch. 310, § 1 (2006) (“This Bill
establishes the penalty for resisting arrest with violence or struggle as a class G felony and keeps
resisting arrest as a class A misdemeanor.”).
20
   11 Del. C. § 1257(a)(1)–(2), (c).
21
   Id. § 1257(a)(3).
22
   Id. § 1257(a)(1).
                                                12
else may be the unit of the crime.23 On the other hand, Delaware’s statute also refers

to “an arrest or detention,”24 which Mills claims is the unit of the crime, and the “a”

versus “any” logic could apply with equal force here. On this view, the number of

arresting officers would be immaterial.                In support of this interpretation, an

intermediate appellate court in Oregon has interpreted its own resisting arrest statute,

which provided that “[a] person commits the crime of resisting arrest if the person

intentionally resists a person known by the person to be a peace officer in making

an arrest” and defined resistance in terms of “creat[ing] a substantial risk of physical

injury,” as allowing for one count per arrest, not per officer.25 The language of the

Oregon statute is very similar to our own.26 Likewise, an intermediate appellate

court in New Jersey has interpreted its resisting arrest statute, which provided that

“[a] person is guilty . . . if he purposely prevents a law enforcement officer from



23
   See Wallace v. State, 724 So.2d 1176, 1178–81 (Fla. 1998) (reasoning that there is “a critical
difference between the words ‘a’ and ‘any’ in construing the legislative intent of a statute,” with
the use of the term “any officer” creating ambiguity in Florida’s resisting arrest statute); cf. People
v. Floyd, 663 N.E.2d 74, 77 (App. Ct. Ill. 1996) (holding that Illinois’s resisting arrest statute,
which provided that “[a]n individual commits the offense of resisting arrest when he ‘knowingly
resists or obstructs the performance by one known to the person to be a peace officer of any
authorized act within his official capacity,’” allows for separate counts for each arresting officer
(quoting 720 ILCS 5/31-1 (West 1993))).
24
   11 Del. C. § 1257(a)(1).
25
   State v. Owens, 979 P.2d 284, 287 & n.1 (Ct. App. Or. 1999) (quoting ORS 162.315) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
26
   See 11 Del. C. § 1257(a)(1) (“A person is guilty of resisting arrest with force or violence when
. . . [t]he person intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer from effecting an
arrest or detention . . . by use of force or violence towards said peace officer.”); id. § 1257(b) (“A
person is guilty of resisting arrest when the person intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a
peace officer from effecting an arrest or detention . . . .”).
                                                 13
effecting a lawful arrest . . . [and] he . . . uses or threatens to use physical force or

violence against the law enforcement officer,” as providing for one count per arrest,

“no matter how many police officers are attempting to effect the arrest.” 27 Again,

that statute’s language closely resembles our own.                 In addition, the title of

Delaware’s resisting arrest statute—“[r]esisting arrest with force or violence” for the

felony version and “resisting arrest” for the misdemeanor version28—supports the

notion that the arrest, not the peace officer, is the unit of the offense.

       To resolve this ambiguity, we must consider the statute’s apparent purpose.

In effect, the parties offer two competing theories: the State’s theory being that the

statute is primarily intended to protect peace officers from harm, and Mills’s theory

being that it is primarily intended to ensure that peace officers can effectively enforce

the law. The former theory would support a one-count-per-officer reading of the

statute, in the same way that we might read the first-degree murder statute as

allowing the State to charge a defendant who intentionally kills two different people

at the same time and place with two counts of murder because the statute is intended

to protect the murder victim. The latter theory, by contrast, would support the one-

count-per-arrest reading of the statute, in the same way that we treat first-degree

arson cases as one-count-per-building cases, even when there are multiple people


27
   State v. Parsons, 636 A.2d 1077, 1082 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1994) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:29–
2).
28
   11 Del. C. § 1257.
                                               14
inside the building, and theft cases as one-count-per-heist cases, even when the

property is owned by multiple different people, because these statutes focus on the

protection of property, not the individual.29

        Our case law does not provide clear guidance on this issue,30 but in light of

the resisting arrest statute’s place in the overall statutory scheme, we believe that the

effective law enforcement theory fits best. Unlike assault, murder, and other

offenses intended to protect individuals from physical harm, the General Assembly

put resisting arrest in Chapter 5, Subchapter VI of the Criminal Code, entitled

“Offenses Against Public Administration,” and specifically in Subpart E, entitled

“Escape and Other Offenses Relating to Custody.”31 Subchapter VI is filled with

offenses designed to ensure effective and honest public administration, such as

bribery,32 perjury,33 witness and juror tampering,34 providing a false statement to law




29
   See Handy v. State, 803 A.2d 937, 940 (Del. 2002) (holding that the unit of prosecution for first-
degree arson is the building, not the individuals residing in the building); Reader v. State, 349 A.2d
745, 747 (Del. 1975) (“[W]here property belonging to different owners is taken at the same time
and place as a single or continuous act or transaction, that taking constitutes a single criminal
offense [of theft] . . . .”). See also 11 Del. C. § 841(c) (providing for different tiers of theft, ranging
from a Class A misdemeanor to a Class B felony, based on the value of the property stolen).
30
   The only clear description of the resisting arrest statute’s purpose we have found in our case law
describes that purpose as “to foster the effective administration of justice, to deter resistance to
arrest and to provide for the safety both of peace officers and the citizens of Delaware.” Jones v.
State, 745 A.2d 856, 873 (Del. 1999). That description refers to both theories, though the effective
law enforcement theory arguably receives greater emphasis.
31
   See 11 Del. C. §§ 1201–1274.
32
   Id. § 1201.
33
   Id. §§ 1221–23.
34
   Id. §§ 1263, 1266.
                                                   15
enforcement,35 refusing to aid a police officer,36 obstructing fire-fighting

operations,37 and escape.38 The decision by the General Assembly to categorize

resisting arrest as an Offense Against Public Administration is consistent with one

leading treatise’s description of resisting arrest as an “obstruction form of offense”

and categorization of the offense as an “Offense Against Public Authority and

Government.”39 Likewise, the Model Penal Code categorizes resisting arrest as an

“Offense Against Public Administration,” and specifically in the subcategory of

“Obstructing Governmental Operations; Escapes.”40                    The Model Penal Code’s

explanatory note describes offenses in this subcategory as “involv[ing] conduct by

which the actor attempts some interference with the administration of justice or other

governmental operation.”41




35
   Id. § 1245A.
36
   Id. § 1241.
37
   Id. § 1243.
38
   Id. §§ 1251–53. See also id. § 1207 (improper influence); id. § 1211 (official misconduct); id.
§ 1212 (profiteering); id. § 1239 (wearing a disguise during the commission of a felony); id. § 1240
(terroristic threatening of public officials or servants); id. § 1244 (hindering prosecution); id.
§ 1245 (falsely reporting an incident); id. § 1246 (compounding a crime); id. § 1250 (offenses
against law enforcement animals); id. § 1257A (use of an animal to avoid capture); id. § 1260
(misuse of prisoner mail); id. § 1271 (criminal contempt); id. § 1273 (unlawful grand jury
disclosure).
39
   See CHARLES E. TORCIA, WHARTON’S CRIMINAL LAW § 569, Westlaw (last updated Aug. 2018)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
40
   Model Penal Code § 242.2. The Model Penal Code provision provides that a person commits
resisting arrest “if, for the purpose of preventing a public servant from effecting a lawful arrest or
discharging any other duty, the person creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public
servant or anyone else, or employs means justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome the
resistance.” Id.
41
   Id. § 242.1 (Explanatory Note for Sections 241.1–242.8).
                                                 16
       Crimes intended to protect individuals from physical harm, by contrast, tend

to be found in Chapter 5, Subchapter II of the Criminal Code, entitled “Offenses

Against the Person.”42 Subchapter II also contains several provisions that punish

harm to law enforcement officers specifically,43 which suggests that the General

Assembly knows where to put an offense when it’s designed to protect the individual

officer rather than ensure effective public administration.                   For example, the

Subchapter II offense of second-degree assault reduces the “serious physical injury”

requirement to just “physical injury” where the victim is a law enforcement officer.44

       The effective law enforcement theory is bolstered by the description of the

resisting arrest offense in the official Commentary to the Criminal Code, which this

Court has previously looked to for guidance in double jeopardy cases. 45 The

resisting arrest portion of the Commentary explained that the provision was

“designed to make resisting an arrest by a peace officer a substantive offense,” with

“[t]he goal” being “to have him submit, calmly explain to the officer that the arrest




42
   11 Del. C. §§ 601–792.
43
   See id. § 601(c) (providing for greater punishment for offensive touching when the victim is a
law enforcement officer); id. § 612(a)(3) (providing for greater punishment for second-degree
assault when the victim is a law enforcement officer); id. § 613(a)(5) (requiring only serious
physical injury, instead of serious physical injury by means of a deadly weapon or dangerous
instrument, for first-degree assault when the victim is a law enforcement officer); id. § 636(a)(4)
(requiring only recklessness, instead of intention, for first-degree murder where the victim is a law
enforcement officer).
44
   Id. § 612(a).
45
   See Poteat v. State, 840 A.2d 599, 605 (Del. 2003) (citing the Commentary); Stigars v. State,
674 A.2d 477, 482–83 (Del. 1996) (same).
                                                17
was not warranted, and if that fails to explain it to the committing magistrate.”46 The

Commentary further justified the provision as “good policy to insist that [peace

officers’] efforts to make an arrest meet with no physical resistance.”47                          The

Commentary thus focuses on the facilitating the orderly administration of justice,

not protecting the arresting officer from harm.

       The statute’s provision of a penalty even in situations where the risk to officer

safety is remote also supports the public administration view. Indeed, the original

misdemeanor version of the resisting arrest statute did not require that the defendant

use force or violence or cause any physical harm to an arresting officer. Instead, a

defendant could be charged with resisting arrest simply for running away from the

officer or otherwise attempting to prevent the arrest by nonviolent means.48

Meanwhile, there is little indication that the General Assembly intended the 2006

amendments, which hewed closely to the language of the misdemeanor version (with

the addition of an aggravating factor for “the use of force or violence”), to effect any

change to the unit of prosecution. Instead, the singular purpose of the amendments




46
   DELAWARE CRIMINAL CODE WITH COMMENTARY 371 (1973)
47
   Id.
48
   See 11 Del. C. § 1257(b) (“A person is guilty of resisting arrest when the person . . . intentionally
flees from a peace officer who is effecting an arrest or detention of the person.”).
                                                  18
appears to have been to create a higher penalty for what would otherwise be a

misdemeanor when the defendant resists with force or violence.49

       We also note that courts in other jurisdictions appear to have, for the most

part, emphasized the public administration purposes of their resisting arrest statutes

and held that the appropriate unit of prosecution is the arrest, not the officer.50 As

the Appellate Division of the Superior Court of New Jersey explained:

       Resisting arrest on a single occasion is one offense no matter how many
       police officers are attempting to effect the arrest. If a person resists
       arrest by running away from five law enforcement officers who give
       chase, the person is not committing five offenses. The offense is
49
   See Del. H.B. 362 syn., 143d Gen. Assem., 75 Del. Laws ch. 310, § 1 (2006) (“This Bill
establishes the penalty for resisting arrest with violence or struggle as a class G felony and keeps
resisting arrest as a class A misdemeanor.”).
50
   See Lardner v. United States, 358 U.S. 169, 173–78 (1958) (acknowledging a plausible officer-
protection rationale but emphasizing the goal of “prevent[ing] hindrance to the execution of
official duty” and holding that firing a single shotgun blast that wounded two officers constituted
only one violation of the federal resisting arrest statute); Wallace v. State, 724 So. 2d 1176, 1180
(Fla. 1998) (holding that the unit of prosecution for Florida’s resisting arrest statute is the arrest,
not the officer, in part because the placement of the statute in a chapter on “obstructing justice . . .
indicates a concern over the obstruction of justice by resisting arrest and not just the physical
protection of law enforcement officers” (internal quotation marks omitted)); State v. Good, 851
S.W.2d 1, 5–6 (Mo. Ct. App. 1992) (holding that the unit of prosecution for Missouri’s resisting
arrest is the arrest, reasoning that “[t]he gravamen of the offense is resisting an arrest, not flight a
law enforcement officer,” and “[t]he gist of the offense is not dependent upon how many officers
were attempting to arrest the defendant”); State v. Owens, 979 P.2d 284, 287 (Ct. App. Or. 1999)
(observing that Oregon’s resisting arrest statute “does not focus on the potential of harm to the
individual officers attempting to make the arrest, but rather on the threat to civil order,” and holding
that the appropriate unit of prosecution is the arrest); State v. Parsons, 636 A.2d 1077, 1082 (N.J.
Super. Ct. App. Div. 1994) (“Resisting arrest on a single occasion is one offense no matter how
many police officers are attempting to effect the arrest. . . . The offense is against the criminal
justice system, not against the law enforcement officer . . . .”); cf. Purnell v. State, 827 A.2d 68,
681–82 (Md. 2003) (“[I]t is inappropriate to determine the unit of prosecution for the [common
law] crime of resisting arrest by reference to the number of law enforcement officers resisted, or
by the number of officers put at risk by the resistance.”). But see People v. Floyd, 663 N.E.2d 74,
572 (Ct. App. Ill. 1996) (“[M]ultiple convictions for resisting arrest are appropriate where the
record reveals that defendant committed multiple acts of resisting arrest against four separate
officers.”).
                                                  19
       against the criminal justice system, not against the law enforcement
       officer or officers individually whose attempt to effect the arrest is an
       element of the offense. Even though using or threatening to use
       physical force or violence against a law enforcement officer would raise
       the offense to a crime, the crime of resisting arrest is still against the
       system of justice, not against the officer individually.51

       Finally, the State’s view of the resisting arrest statute could lead to inequitable

results. As the United States Supreme Court has observed when interpreting the

federal resisting arrest statute, “[p]unishments totally disproportionate to the act . . .

could be imposed because it will often be the case that the number of officers

affected will have little bearing on the seriousness of the criminal act.”52 The Florida

Supreme Court agrees, warning that adopting the officer-centered view could lead

to “an endless number of counts of resisting arrest simply depending on the number

of officers present.”53 In a similar vein, our sister court in Maryland wrote:

       Defining the unit of prosecution by the number of officers involved in
       executing the legal duty would lead to an absurd result. Imagine an
       armed individual waiving his gun in the direction of the 100 officers
       unsuccessfully attempting to induce his surrender. Or imagine the
       motorist who continues driving despite an order to pull-over, resulting
       in a chase involving 100 squad cars, each occupied by two officers. Is
       it reasonable to believe that the legislature contemplated the single acts
       of resistance to constitute 100 counts of resisting an officer with
       violence and 200 counts of resisting an officer without violence?54




51
   Parsons, 636 A.2d at 1082.
52
   Lardner, 358 U.S. at 177.
53
   Wallace, 724 So.2d at 1181.
54
   Purnell, 827 A.2d at 83 (quoting Wallace, 724 So.2d at 1180) (internal quotation marks omitted).
                                               20
Even if those particular scenarios seem extreme, the fundamental point is sound. In

Delaware, a misdemeanor resisting arrest violation is punishable by up to a year of

incarceration,55 and a felony resisting arrest violation is punishable by up to two

years.56 According to the State’s theory of the statute, then, a defendant who runs

away from ten officers trying to arrest her, or physically resists five officers trying

to arrest her, could be punished with up to ten years in prison. In many cases, the

punishment for resisting arrest could eclipse the punishment for the underlying

crime.

         For these reasons, we hold that the unit of prosecution for resisting arrest with

force or violence is the arrest, not the officer, and charging separate counts based

solely on the number of arresting officers violates the multiplicity doctrine. We

therefore reverse one of Mills’s convictions for resisting arrest, vacate his sentence,

and remand to the Superior Court for resentencing.

 D. The Superior Court Properly Sentenced Mills for Both Resisting Arrest with
                  Force or Violence and Heroin Drug Dealing

         Mills argues next that the Superior Court erred by sentencing him for both

resisting arrest with force or violence and heroin drug dealing because the former

was an included offense of the latter.57 Specifically, Mills points out that resisting



55
   See 11 Del. C. § 4206(a).
56
   See id. § 4205(b)(7).
57
   Opening Br. at 14–16.
                                            21
arrest with force or violence was a necessary “aggravating factor” for the tier of drug

dealing for which he was sentenced, with the addition of that aggravating factor

elevating the offense from a Class D felony to a Class C felony.58 That, Mills argues,

means he could not be convicted of both offenses because 11 Del. C. § 206 prohibits

convicting a defendant of more than one offense where one offense “is established

by the proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission

of the” second offense.59 The State argues that § 206 is not controlling here because

the General Assembly intended to allow the defendant to be convicted of both drug

dealing and the predicate aggravating factor for that tier of drug dealing, as

evidenced by a statement to that effect in the synopsis of the bill that created the

drug dealing offense.60

       Section 206 effectively codifies the test laid out by the United States Supreme

Court in Blockburger v. United States61 for determining whether two offenses are

the same for double jeopardy purposes.62 Under this test, “where the same act or

transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be

applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each




58
   Id. at 14–15.
59
   11 Del. C. § 206(a)(1), (b)(1).
60
   Answering Br. at 17–19.
61
   284 U.S. 299 (1932).
62
   Stigars v. State, 674 A.2d 477, 482 (Del. 1996) (noting that “this Court has generally employed
the Blockburger test,” which “is consistent with 11 Del. C. § 206”)
                                               22
provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.”63 We have previously

noted, however, that Blockburger and § 206 are “only an aid to statutory

construction,” and they “do[] not negate clearly expressed legislative intent.”64 If “a

better indicator of legislative intent is available,” a literal application of Blockburger

and § 206 “does not apply.”65 Put another way, this Court’s precedents indicate that

§ 206 must be read in the context of the specific case before the Court, and, if the

other provisions of the Criminal Code and accompanying legislative history

evidence a clear legislative intent to allow (or prohibit) convictions under two

separate statutes, that legislative intent controls. This is consistent with the more

general canon of statutory interpretation “that, to the extent of any conflict, the

expression of legislative intent in a more specific and later-enacted statute controls

the former, more general statute.”66

       Under a Blockburger or § 206 analysis, resisting arrest with force or violence

would appear to be an included offense of drug dealing, such that Mills could not be

convicted of both. The drug dealing offense at issue here provides, in relevant part,


63
   Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304.
64
   Stigars, 674 A.2d at 482; see also Poteat v. State, 840 A.2d 599, 602–06 (Del. 2003) (citing
Stigars for that same proposition and reasoning that the Commentary to the Criminal Code was a
better indicator of legislative intent than the Blockburger test and the text of § 206).
65
   Stigars, 674 A.2d at 482.
66
   State v. Cook, 600 A.2d 352, 355 n.6 (Del. 1991) (“We find [the defendant’s] reliance upon 11
Del. C. § 206(a), as a contrary indication of legislative intent, unpersuasive. Generally accepted
principles of statutory construction provide that, to the extent of any conflict, the expression of
legislative intent in a more specific and later-enacted statute controls the former, more general
statute.”).
                                               23
that “any person who . . . manufactures, delivers, or possesses with the intent to

manufacture or deliver a controlled substance, and there is an aggravating factor . . .

shall be guilty of a class C felony.”67 Without an aggravating factor, a defendant

charged under those circumstances could be convicted of only the Class D felony

version of drug dealing.68 The aggravating factor is necessary to convict a defendant

of the Class C version, which carries a substantially longer sentence.69 The drug

dealing statute lists several potential aggravating factors, including commission of

the offense “within a protected school zone”;70 commission of the offense “within a

protected park or recreation area, or church, synagogue or other place of worship”;71

commission of the offense “in a vehicle”;72 the involvement of a juvenile in dealing

or receiving the drugs under certain circumstances;73 and certain types of resisting

arrest.74   Here, the State used the aggravating factor that applies when “[t]he

defendant, during or immediately following the commission of any offense in this

title . . . prevented or attempted to prevent a law-enforcement officer . . . from

effecting an arrest or detention of the defendant by use of force or violence towards



67
   16 Del. C. § 4753(2).
68
   See id. § 4754(1).
69
   See 11 Del. C. § 4205(b)(3)–(4) (providing for up to fifteen years for Class C felonies and eight
years for Class D felonies).
70
   16 Del. C. § 4751A(1)(a).
71
   Id. § 4751A(1)(b).
72
   Id. § 4751A(1)(c)
73
   Id. § § 4751A(1)(d).
74
   Id. § 4151A(1)(e).
                                                24
the law-enforcement officer.”75 That language tracks the resisting arrest with force

or violence provision of which Mills was convicted, which provides that “[a] person

is guilty of resisting arrest with force or violence when . . . [t]he person intentionally

prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer from effecting an arrest or detention

of the person or another person by use of force or violence towards said peace

officer.”76 Because resisting arrest with force or violence can be “established by the

proof of . . . less than all the facts required to establish the commission of” the drug

dealing offense of which Mills was convicted,77 a literal application of § 206 would

therefore seem to preclude convicting Mills of both offenses.

       But here, “a better indicator of legislative intent” shows that the General

Assembly did not intend for § 206 to apply.78 Specifically, the synopsis to the bill

that created the drug dealing offense clarifies that “[a] person could be convicted of

both a drug offense with this aggravating factor [for resisting arrest with force or

violence] and a separate charge of [resisting arrest with force or violence].” 79 That


75
   Id. § 4751A(1)(e)(1).
76
   11 Del. C. § 1257(a)(1).
77
   11 Del. C. § 206(b)(1).
78
   Stigars v. State, 674 A.2d 477, 482 (Del. 1996).
79
   Del. H.B. 19 syn., 146th Gen. Assem. (2011). The full synopsis states:

       The section sets forth five aggravating factors – (1) Protected School Zone; (2)
       Protected Park Zone; (3) Vehicle; (4) Juvenile Co-conspirator; and (5) Resisting
       Arrest Force or Violence. The first four are modified from present drug law. The
       fifth is new. It is based on the idea that a drug defendant who resists arrest with
       force or violence represents a more serious societal problem than one who does not.
       While resisting arrest with force or violence is already a crime (11 Del. C.
       § 1257(a)), it is a class G felony, which will generally have no sentencing
                                               25
is about as clear a statement of legislative intent as one could ask for, other than a

statement to that effect in the statutory text itself. And given this context and the

statutory language in the pertinent Code sections specifying the two crimes, it would

be odd to find a statement in the Code itself that a defendant could be convicted of

both resisting arrest with force or violence and aggravated drug dealing.

       That a defendant can be convicted of both an offense that contains an

aggravating factor and a separate offense, the elements of which mirror that

aggravating factor, is not novel in our criminal law.                  For example, we have

previously held that the General Assembly intended to provide for separate

sentences for both felony murder and the underlying felony, and thus that the

defendant could be sentenced for both without violating double jeopardy. 80 In one

of those cases, we noted that neither the felony murder statute nor the statute for the

underlying felony “expressly discusses the problem of multiple convictions and

sentences under both,” and § 206 was the only statute that “directly addresses this


       consequences when paired with a drug felony. The aggravating factor is designed
       to address the drug defendant who fights the law enforcement officer making an
       arrest, and the drug defendant who flees in a vehicle at high speeds. A person could
       be convicted of both a drug offense with this aggravating factor and a separate
       charge of § 1257. The State will need to charge any aggravating factor, and will
       need to prove the aggravating factor as an element of the offense. Since the
       aggravating factors for a protected school zone and for a protected park or
       recreation area are similar in intent, if they are both present in the same case, they
       would be counted as one aggravating factor rather than two.

Id.
80
   See Whalen v. State, 434 A.2d 1346, 1356–59, 1370–71 (Del. 1981) (felony murder and first-
degree rape); Martin v. State, 433 A.2d 1025, 1038–39 (Del. 1981) (felony murder and burglary).
                                                26
problem.”81 Despite the lack of any express statement, and even though § 206,

“[a]pplied literally, . . . might light to the conclusion that [the underlying felony] is

a lesser included offense of [felony murder],” we reasoned that “at least in the

context of [f]elony [m]urder and underlying felonies, we do not believe that the

[General Assembly] intended such a literal application.”82 Likewise, we have held

that the General Assembly intended to impose separate sentences for possession of

a firearm during the commission of a felony and the underlying felony.83

       Consistent with the focus of these cases on giving effect to the intended

application of the statute, we hold that the General Assembly intended to provide for

separate punishments for drug dealing and resisting arrest with force or violence,

even when the latter is a necessary aggravating factor for the former.

     E. The Superior Court Erred by Failing to Include the Required Intent-to-
          Deliver Element in Its Jury Instructions for Heroin Drug Dealing

       Lastly, Mills argues that the Superior Court erred by failing to state in its jury

instructions for heroin drug dealing that the jury must find beyond a reasonable

doubt that he had the intent to deliver the heroin, an essential element of the

offense.84 The State acknowledges that the jury instruction was imperfect, but

argues that it was sufficient because both the prosecutor and defense counsel


81
   Whalen, 434 A.2d at 1357.
82
   Id.
83
   See Flamer v. State, 490 A.2d 104, 110–12 (Del. 1983).
84
   Opening Br. at 18–20.
                                              27
mentioned the intent-to-deliver element during closing arguments, and because the

judge referenced the definition of the term “deliver” in the instruction for heroin

drug dealing.85

       To find Mills guilty of the heroin drug dealing charge of which he was

convicted, the State had to prove that Mills (1) knowingly; (2) possessed; (3) heroin;

(4) with the intent to deliver the heroin; and (5) during the commission of the offense

or immediately following the offense, attempted to prevent a law enforcement

officer from effecting an arrest or a detention by use of force or violence toward the

officer.86 Here, the jury instruction omitted element (4), regarding his intent to

deliver the heroin.

       After closing arguments, the judge provided the jury with its instructions.

First, the judge read the pertinent parts of the indictment to the jury. Relevant here,

the judge stated:

       Count III. Drug Dealing Heroin. Rydell Mills, on or about the 17th day
       of August, in the County on New Castle, State of Delaware, did
       knowingly possess with intent to deliver heroin, or a mixture containing
       heroin, a controlled substance as set forth under Delaware law, and
       during the commission of the offense or immediately following the
       offense, did attempt to prevent a law-enforcement officer from
       effecting an arrest or a detention by use of force of violence toward the
       law-enforcement officer.87



85
   Answering Br. at 20–24.
86
   16 Del C. § 4753(2); id. § 4751A(1)(e)(1).
87
   App. to Opening Br. at A051 (Jury Instructions) (emphasis added).
                                              28
In reading the indictment, the judge did mention the “intent to deliver” requirement.

But, following a reading of the other charges in the indictment, the judge broke down

the elements and omitted the “intent to deliver” element from the heroin drug dealing

instruction:

          Drug Dealing in Heroin, Count III. In order to find the defendant guilty
          of this charge, you must find the State has proved the following four
          elements:

          1. The defendant possessed a substance.

          2. The substance possessed was Heroin, or any mixture containing
          Heroin, or had a chemical structure substantially similar to Heroin, or
          that was specifically designed to produce an effect substantial to
          Heroin;

          3. The defendant acted knowingly;

          4. While he possessed the substance, the defendant intentionally
          prevented or attempted to prevent a law enforcement officer from
          effecting an arrest or detention by use of force or violence towards the
          law enforcement officer.

          Again, the terms “possession” and “knowingly” already have been
          defined for you.

          “Intentionally” means it was the defendant’s conscious objective or
          purpose to prevent, attempt to prevent, or flee from arrest or detention.

          “Deliver” already has been defined for you.

          The terms “force” and “violence” should be given their ordinary
          meaning.88



88
     Id. at A053.
                                             29
       Because Mills did not object to the jury instruction below, we review for plain

error. “When reviewing for plain error it is important to note that [a] defendant is

not entitled to a particular instruction, but has an unqualified right to a correct

statement of the substance of the law.”89 Jury instructions are adequate on review if

they are “reasonably informative and not misleading, judged by common practices

and standards of verbal communications.”90 Evaluation of the jury instruction

requires this Court to consider the entire instruction, rather than viewing a statement

in a vacuum.91 The instructions given do not need to be perfect, and may be deemed

adequate “if they allow a jury to intelligently perform its duty in returning a

verdict.”92 Plain error also assumes a failure of oversight, rather than a tactical

decision by defense counsel.93 We have previously held that “it is plain error to fail

to instruct the jury on the necessary elements of the crime.”94

       We believe that the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that Mills needed

to possess the intent to deliver heroin was glaring and fundamental enough to count

as plain error. Ultimately, the trial court completely omitted an entire element of an


89
   Lowther v. State, 104 A.3d 840, 846 (Del. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
90
   Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
91
   Flamer v. State, 490 A.2d 104, 128 (Del. 1983) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
92
   Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
93
   Keyser v. State, 893 A.2d 956, 961 (Del. 2006).
94
   Taylor v. State, 464 A.2d 897, 899 (Del. 1983); see also Smith v. Horn, 120 F.3d 400, 415 (3d
Cir. 1997) (“A jury instruction that omits or materially misdescribes an essential element of an
offense as defined by state law relieves the state of its obligation to prove facts constituting every
element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, thereby violating the defendant's federal due
process rights.”).
                                                 30
offense. Mills was entitled to a correct statement of the substance of the law, and he

did not receive one. Although the parties’ counsel each referred to the intent-to-

deliver element during their closing arguments, “[t]he trial judge is charged with the

responsibility for instructing the jury,”95 and excusing the court’s error because the

parties correctly described the law would turn on its head the maxim—repeated by

the trial judge in this case—that the jury is supposed to listen to the judge, not the

lawyers, when it comes to the law.96 Likewise, the fact that the indictment charged

that Mills possessed the intent to deliver heroin does not make up for the jury

instructions’ failure to state that element. Just as indictments are not evidence of the

facts, nor are they evidence of the law.

       The omission in this case was also prejudicial. The police did not actually

catch Mills in the act of dealing heroin. Instead, the State had to use circumstantial

evidence, such the use of scales, packaging, cell phones, and text messages, to prove

his intent to deliver. Moreover, although the police recovered a large quantity of

cocaine at the scene, they found only about half a gram of heroin (packaged in about

55 bags97), which the evidence suggests could be consistent with either dealing or



95
   Bullock v. State, 775 A.2d 1043, 1047 (Del. 2001) (internal citations and internal quotation
marks omitted).
96
   See App. to Opening Br. at A50–51 (“I will now instruct you on the law. You must listen to and
consider all of these instructions together in reaching your verdict. . . . You must apply the law,
as I state it, to the facts as you find them to be. You must apply the law as I state it, even if you
disagree with the law or believe it should be otherwise.”).
97
   Answering Br. at 7–8.
                                                31
personal use. According to one of the State’s own witnesses, a heroin addict might

buy “a couple bundles up to a log,” meaning between 26 and 130 bags of heroin, at

a time.98

          We also note that the reason for this omission seems to have been simple

oversight by the court, and was not the product of any tactical decision by defense

counsel to request that the court not charge the jury on this element. As mentioned,

when the judge was reading all of the counts in the indictment to the jury, she did

include the phrase “with intent to deliver heroin.” Additionally, immediately

following her reading of the elements of heroin drug dealing, the judge stated that

“delivery” had already been defined for the jury, even though that word did not

appear elsewhere in the instruction. It thus appears that the judge meant to include

the intent-to-deliver element in the jury instruction, but mistakenly left it out.

Indeed, when instructing the jury as to the charge of cocaine drug dealing, the judge

did list “intent to deliver” as an element of the offense.99


98
     App to Answering Br. at B13.
99
     The cocaine drug dealing instruction reads:

          Drug Dealing in Cocaine, Count II. In order to find the defendant guilty of this
          charge, you must find the State has proved the following five elements beyond a
          reasonable doubt:

          1. The defendant possessed a substance.

          2. The substance possessed was Cocaine, or a mixture containing Cocaine, or had
          a chemical structure similar to Cocaine, or that it was designed to produce an effect
          substantially similar to Cocaine;

                                                   32
       We therefore hold that the Superior Court committed plain error in failing to

instruct the jury as to the required element of intent to deliver heroin. Accordingly,

we reverse Mills’s conviction for heroin drug dealing and remand for a new trial,

unless the State accepts a modification of that conviction to the lesser included

offense of knowing possession of heroin with the aggravating factor of resisting

arrest with force or violence (a Class A misdemeanor that lacks the intent-to-deliver

element).100




       3. The defendant acted knowingly;

       4. The defendant possessed 20 grams or more of the substance; and

       5. When the defendant possessed the substance, he had the intent to deliver it.

       I previously have defined for you the terms “possession” and “knowingly,” and
       those definitions apply to this charge as well.

       “Deliver” means the actual, constructive or attempted transfer from one person to
       another of an illegal or prohibited drug, either directly or through another person.

App. to Opening Br. at A052 (emphasis added).
100
    11 Del. C. § 4763(c). We took a similar action in Waters v. State, 443 A.2d 500, 506 (Del.
1982):

       The maximum benefit to the defendant of this ruling under the facts of this case
       would be reduction of his conviction to Manslaughter and resentencing thereon.
       The State, however, may elect to retry the defendant for Murder Two or to accept
       the entry of a judgment of conviction of Manslaughter. Accordingly, the judgment
       below is reversed and the case will be remanded for a new trial unless, within 10
       days of the issuance of this opinion, the State files in this Court an election to
       modify the judgment of conviction to the lesser offense of Manslaughter. In the
       latter event, the cause will be remanded for modification of the judgment of
       conviction to Manslaughter and imposition of sentence thereon.

Id.
                                                33
                                  III.   Conclusion

      The Superior Court committed plain error by sentencing Mills twice for

resisting arrest with force or violence and by failing to instruct the jury as to the

required element of intent to deliver heroin, but it did not err in sentencing Mills for

both resisting arrest with force or violence and heroin drug dealing. Although it is

regrettable that trial counsel for Mills did not raise any of these issues below, as he

should have, the two errors that the trial court committed are still obvious and

fundamental enough to justify reversal. We therefore affirm in part and reverse in

part the Superior Court’s judgment, vacate Mills’s sentence, and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                          34
