J-A16006-16


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

MONTY CLAIR CHAPMAN, TRUSTEE OF                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
THE MONTY CLAIR CHAPMAN TRUST                             PENNSYLVANIA
AGREEMENT DATED AUGUST 17, 2000,
AND CONNIE A. CHAPMAN,

                            Appellants

                       v.

CHEVRON APPALACHIA, LLC,

                            Appellee                       No. 1201 WDA 2015


                  Appeal from the Order Entered July 14, 2015
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County
                      Civil Division at No(s): 902 CD 2014


BEFORE: SHOGAN, OLSON, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.:                                 FILED AUGUST 29, 2016

        Appellants, Monty Clair Chapman, trustee of the Monty Clair Chapman

Trust Agreement dated August 17, 2000, and                   Connie A. Chapman

(collectively “the Chapmans”), appeal from the order entered on July 14,

2015,     sustaining    Chevron     Appalachia,   LLC’s    (“Chevron”)   preliminary

objections in the nature of a demurrer. We affirm.

        The relevant facts and procedural history in this matter were set forth

by the trial court as follows:



____________________________________________


*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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           [The Chapmans] are the owners of the surface and
     subsurface rights of various parcels in Clarion County. In June
     2012, representatives of [Chevron] approached [the Chapmans]
     to discuss the possibility of entering into a lease for oil and gas.
     The fruits of these discussions were a pair of documents titled
     “Paid up Oil and Gas Lease” and accompanying term sheets and
     payment schedules which [the Chapmans] signed on June 25
     and June 22, respectively (Exhibits C and D to the Complaint).
     Section 24 of both leases provided the following:

                  Lessor understands and agrees that Lessee is
           not obligated to pay the bonus payment to lessor
           until the review and approval of the Lessee’s
           management. Management approval shall occur on
           the earliest of (a) the date on which the Department
           of Environmental Protection issues Lessee a permit
           to drill a well on the leased premises ... (b) the date
           on which the Lessee mails the lease bonus to Lessor,
           or (c) the date on which the Lessee sends to the
           Lessor a copy of this lease countersigned by a vice-
           president or a more senior officer of Lessee. Id.

           Section 3 of the leases further provided that they would
     become void in 120 days unless operations had commenced on
     the premises or the lease bonus was paid. At the expiration of
     the 120 day period in October 2012, none of the conditions
     outlined in sections 3 or [2]4 of the leases had been fulfilled.
     Despite this, [Chevron] recorded both leases in November 2012
     and failed to record a release until June of the following year.

           In their Complaint, [the Chapmans] allege that by
     recording the leases [Chevron] manifested its intent to be bound
     by the terms of the contracts and thus was required to tender
     the agreed-upon bonus payment. [The Chapmans] further
     alleged that by improperly recording the voided lease
     documents, [Chevron] gained a benefit for which they should
     compensate the [the Chapmans]. [Chevron] subsequently filed
     timely Preliminary Objections to both [the Chapmans’] claims for
     breach of contract and unjust enrichment.

Order, 7/14/15, at 1-2.




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       The trial court held that by the terms of the leases, Chevron was never

obligated to pay the bonuses to the Chapmans because none of the

conditions precedent occurred; thus, the contracts expired after 120 days.

Order, 7/14/15, at 2-3. Accordingly, there was no breach of contract. Id.

at 3. Additionally, the trial court found that the Chapmans failed to allege

any plausible benefit that Chevron received as a result of its actions; hence,

there was no unjust enrichment.            Id.    For those reasons, the trial court

sustained Chevron’s preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer and

dismissed the Chapmans’ complaint.1               This timely appeal followed.         The

Chapmans and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

       On    appeal,    the   Chapmans         raise   five   issues   for   this   Court’s

consideration:

       1. The Trial Court erred in finding that the parties did not have
       binding Agreements/Contracts which required Chevron to pay
       the bonus payments referenced in the written Lease Agreements
       to [the Chapmans].

       2. The Trial Court erred in failing to find, as pled and at the
       Preliminary Objection stage, that Chevron’s actions in recording
       the subject Oil and Gas Leases and related documents
       constituted conduct which manifested its assent to the terms of
       the written Oil and Gas Leases. Furthermore, the Court erred
       when if [sic] failed to find that the conduct alleged in the
____________________________________________


1
   The Chapmans withdrew a claim of slander of title. Accordingly, the July
14, 2015 order was final as it disposed of all claims and all parties. See Hill
v. Ofalt, 85 A.3d 540, 546 n.5 (Pa. Super. 2014) (stating that “as a general
rule, an order sustaining preliminary objections and dismissing a complaint
is a final and appealable order” and discussing the requirement that the
order in question dispose of all claims and all parties).



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     Complaint manifested Chevron’s assent to the terms of the
     written Oil and Gas Leases.

     3. The Trial Court erred in failing to find that Chevron’s actions,
     including but not limited to recording the subject Oil and Gas
     Leases and related documents, and leaving said documents on
     record at the Recorder of Deeds Office, manifested its assent to
     the terms of the subject Oil and Gas Leases.

     4. The Trial Court erred in failing to find that Chevron received
     the benefit of the control of [the Chapmans’] oil and gas
     interests from the time that the Oil and Gas Leases were
     recorded until the time that the leases were surrendered.

     5. The Trial Court erred in failing to find that Chevron
     appreciated the benefit of possession of [the Chapmans’] oil and
     gas interests.

The Chapmans’ Brief at 7.

     Appeals from orders sustaining preliminary objections in the nature of

a demurrer are reviewed under the following standard:

     A preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer is properly
     granted where the contested pleading is legally insufficient.
     Preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer require the
     court to resolve the issues solely on the basis of the pleadings;
     no testimony or other evidence outside of the complaint may be
     considered to dispose of the legal issues presented by the
     demurrer. All material facts set forth in the pleading and all
     inferences reasonably deducible therefrom must be admitted as
     true.

     In determining whether the trial court properly sustained
     preliminary objections, the appellate court must examine the
     averments in the complaint, together with the documents and
     exhibits attached thereto, in order to evaluate the sufficiency of
     the facts averred. The impetus of our inquiry is to determine the
     legal sufficiency of the complaint and whether the pleading
     would permit recovery if ultimately proven. This Court will
     reverse the trial court’s decision regarding preliminary objections
     only where there has been an error of law or abuse of discretion.
     When sustaining the trial court’s ruling will result in the denial of

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      claim or a dismissal of suit, preliminary objections will be
      sustained only where the case is free and clear of doubt.

      Thus, the question presented by the demurrer is whether, on the
      facts averred, the law says with certainty that no recovery is
      possible. Where a doubt exists as to whether a demurrer should
      be sustained, this doubt should be resolved in favor of overruling
      it.

Weiley v. Albert Einstein Medical Center, 51 A.3d 202, 208-209 (Pa.

Super. 2012) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

      The Chapmans’ first three issues assail the trial court’s conclusions

regarding the breach of contract claims.        The crux of the Chapmans’

argument is that the trial court erred in finding that there was no breach of

contract because the terms of the leases, Chevrons’ conduct, and the

recordation of the leases support the opposite conclusion. Accordingly, we

address these issues concurrently.

      We note that “a lease is in the nature of a contract and is controlled by

principles of contract law.” T.W. Phillips Gas and Oil Co. v. Jedlicka, 42

A.3d 261, 267 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted). The lease “must be construed

in accordance with the terms of the agreement as manifestly expressed, and

the accepted and plain meaning of the language used, rather than the silent

intentions of the contracting parties, determines the construction to be given

the agreement.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      As noted above, the leases at issue provided that the Chapmans would

receive payment when Chevron’s management approved the leases.             This

approval could occur when either: the Department of Environmental

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Protection issued Chevron a permit to drill a well; the date on which Chevron

mails the payment to the Chapmans; or, the date on which Chevron sends

to the Chapmans a copy of the lease countersigned by a vice-president or a

more senior officer of Chevron.      Lease, 6/22/12, at ¶24; and Lease,

6/25/12, at ¶24. It is undisputed that none of these conditions precedent

occurred, and by their express terms, the leases were null and void 120

days later, which was, at the latest, October 23, 2012. Lease, 6/22/12, at

¶3; and Lease, 6/25/12, at ¶3.

     Despite the absence of the conditions precedent and the termination of

the leases after 120 days, the Chapmans aver that by recording the leases

and leaving these documents on record at the Recorder of Deeds Office,

Chevron assented to the terms of the leases. The Chapmans’ Brief at 14.

The Chapmans, however, provide no authority for this conclusion.

     In their brief, the Chapmans state: “An offer may be accepted by

conduct and what the parties do pursuant to the offer is germane to show

whether the offer is accepted.” The Chapmans’ Brief at 13 (quoting O’Brien

v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 689 A.2d 254, 259 (Pa. Super. 1997)).

Additionally, the Chapmans cite to the Uniform Commercial Code and note

that “A contract for the sale of goods may be made in any manner sufficient

to show agreement, including conduct by both parties which recognizes the

existence of such a contract.”    The Chapmans’ Brief at 14 (quoting 13

Pa.C.S. § 2204(a)). However, while these are indeed correct statements of


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law, the Chapmans fail to illustrate how Chevron’s conduct supersedes or

invalidates the express terms of the leases or how the trial court erred in its

determination. See T.W. Phillips Gas and Oil Co., 42 A.3d at 267 (leases

must be construed pursuant to their expressed terms).           Moreover, the

recording of the leases was of no force or effect.      The leases were not

recorded until after the passage of 120 days, and by their terms, the leases

terminated. As the trial court noted:

             In the present case, the leases unambiguously stated that
      management acceptance would occur on the earliest of three
      contingencies, none of which had occurred by October of 2012.
      At that time, the 120 days [Chevron] had to accept the terms of
      the lease expired and [Chevron’s] management lost the power to
      accept the terms of the contract.         See Textron. Inc. y.
      Froelich, 302 A.2d 426, 427 (Pa. Super. 1973) (“The power to
      create a contract by acceptance of an offer terminates at the
      time specified in the offer.”). Accordingly, even if the court were
      to decide that [Chevron’s] recordation of the leases was a
      manifestation of assent, such a manifestation would have had no
      effect because the period to accept the offer had expired.

Order, 7/14/15, at 2-3.

      We are satisfied that because the conditions precedent were not met,

after the passage of 120 days there was no agreement among the parties.

Thus, there was no error of law or abuse of discretion in the trial court

granting a demurrer as to the Chapmans’ claims for breach of contract. The

Chapmans are entitled to no relief on issues one, two, or three.

      In the Chapmans’ fourth and fifth claims of error, they assert that the

trial court erred in failing to find that Chevron received a benefit from the

possession and control of the Chapmans’ oil and gas interests from the time

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that the leases were recorded until the leases were surrendered.           The

Chapmans’ Brief at 19-22.2            However, aside from baldly asserting that

Chevron received a benefit,3 the Chapmans fail to identify that benefit. The

trial court aptly addressed the Chapmans’ claims for unjust enrichment as

follows:

       In order to maintain an action for unjust enrichment, a party
       must plead and prove that they conferred benefits on the
       defendant, and that defendant appreciated such benefits.
       Limbach Co., LLC v. City of Philadelphia, 905 A.2d 567, 575
       (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006)[; Stoeckinger v. Presidential Financial
       Corp. of Delaware Valley, 948 A.2d 828, 833 (Pa. Super.
       2008)]. A plaintiff cannot “merely allege its own loss as the
       measure of recovery . . . but instead must demonstrate, that
       appellee has in fact been benefitted.” Meehan v. Cheltenham
       Twp., 189 A.2d 593, 595 (Pa. 1963).

             Here, [the Chapmans] have alleged various untoward acts
       by [Chevron], namely the false recording of the [leases], but
       they have failed to allege any plausible benefit that [Chevron]
       received as a result of those acts.       It is not alleged that
       [Chevron] sold the leases in question or attempted to use them
       as security, nor that it acted upon them to drill upon [the
       Chapmans’] land when they were not permitted to do so.
       Lacking any allegation of real benefit, the court must SUSTAIN
____________________________________________


2
    The Chapmans rely primarily on an unreported decision of the federal
district court for the middle district of Pennsylvania, Masciantonio v.
SWEPI LP, 2014 WL 4441214 (M.D.Pa. September 9, 2014) (Not Reported
in F.Supp.3d). The Chapmans’ Brief at 19-21. However, pronouncements of
the lower federal courts are not controlling authority in this Court. Gongloff
Contracting, L.L.C. v. L. Robert Kimball & Associates, Architects and
Engineers, Inc., 119 A.3d 1070, 1078 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2015). Moreover,
we are constrained to point out that Masciantonio is distinguishable in that
it dealt with an ambiguity in the language of a lease. In the case at bar, we
are not faced with ambiguous lease terms.
3
    The Chapmans’ Brief at 22.



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        this Objection as well and DISMISS counts 5 and 6 of the
        Complaint.

Order, 7/14/15, at 3-4.

        We agree with the trial court.      Absent any claim or evidence of

Chevron obtaining a benefit from recording the leases, the claim for unjust

enrichment fails.    Joyce v. Erie Ins. Exchange, 74 A.3d 157, 169 (Pa.

Super. 2013).     Additionally, as we concluded above, the recording of the

leases had no force or effect. Chevron engaged in a superfluous act, and we

fail to discern what benefit Chevron gained from recording the void lease

documents. Therefore, we conclude that the Chapmans are due no relief on

their final two issues.

        For the reasons set forth above, we discern no error of law or abuse of

discretion by the trial court’s grant of Chevron’s preliminary objections in the

nature of a demurrer. Accordingly, we affirm the order entered on July 14,

2015.

        Order affirmed.

        Judge Olson joins the Memorandum.

        Judge Strassburger files a Dissenting Memorandum.




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Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 8/29/2016




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