                                                                                                                           Opinions of the United
2004 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


12-9-2004

Birambi v. Secretary Homeland
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-4086




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                                                           NOT PRECEDENTIAL


        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                    No. 03-4086


                   JOHN RICARDO BIRAMBI; IRENE BIRAMBI,
                                            Petitioners

                                          v.

                  DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,
              SEC. TOM RIDGE; BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION AND
             CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT; THEODORE NORDMARK,
                       ACTING DISTRICT DIRECTOR,
                                           Respondents




                            Petition for Review of an Order
                         of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                         (Nos. A71-534-974 & A71-548-541)


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                              Date: November 30, 2004

            Before: RENDELL, ALDISERT and MAGILL 1 , Circuit Judges

                              (Filed: December 9, 2004)




                             OPINION OF THE COURT

ALDISERT, Circuit Judge


 The Honorable Frank J. Magill, Senior Judge, U. S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth
Circuit, sitting by designation.
       John Ricardo Birambi and Irene Birambi, both natives and citizens of the Republic

of Suriname, seek review of a final order of removal issued by the Board of Immigration

Appeals (“BIA”) on September 15, 2003. The order affirmed the Immigration Judge’s

(“IJ’s”) decision to deny the Birambis’ request for asylum, withholding of removal and

protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). We have jurisdiction to

review the BIA’s order under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We will deny the petition.

                                             I.

       Because we write only for the parties, who are familiar with the facts, procedural

history and contentions presented, we will not recite them except as necessary to the

discussion.

                                             II.

       For petitioners to establish that they are a refugees eligible for asylum, they must

demonstrate that they are unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin “because

of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. §

1101(a)(42)(A) (2000). Petitioners for asylum bear the burden of supporting their claim

through credible testimony. Gao v. Ashcroft, 299 F.3d 266, 272 (3d Cir. 2002). To qualify

for withholding of removal petitioners must establish that a clear probability exists that

their life or freedom would be threatened in Suriname on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion. Dia v. Ashcroft,



                                              2
353 F.3d 228, 233 n. 1 (3d Cir. 2003). In asserting a claim under CAT, applicants must

establish “that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the

proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2) (2002).

                                             A.

       Here, there is substantial evidence to support the BIA’s determination that

Petitioners failed to prove a well-founded fear of persecution on account of their political

opinions. Nothing in the record demonstrates that John Birambi held any particular

political opinion or, even if he did, that he made the Toekajana aware of it such that the

Toekajana would persecute him because of it. Birambi claimed that the Toekajana would

retaliate against him for disagreeing with the cause of his brother’s death and

independently investigating it. But he did not claim or submit evidence that this

disagreement was a manifestation of his political opinion rather than anger over the loss

of his brother. The record does not compel or even suggest the conclusion that such

retaliation would be on account of his political opinion. See Zayas-Marini v. INS, 785

F.2d 801 (9th Cir. 1986) (denying petition where claim of persecution was supported by

evidence that two government officials who threatened applicant with death did so only

after alien's opposition to their corrupt practices). Retaliation for simply uncovering

criminal activity does not amount to persecution on account of a political opinion. Id.

       To the extent that John Birambi relies on the Toekajana's purported attempts to

recruit him, he has pointed to no evidence in the record that would compel a finding that



                                              3
the group targeted him because of his political opinion. Absent some evidence that the

Toekajana’s efforts were motivated by the applicant's political opinion or other protected

ground, recruitment efforts are insufficient to compel a finding of persecution on account

of political belief. See INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483-484 (1992); Velasquez-

Valencia v. INS, 244 F.3d 48 (1st Cir. 2001) (ruling that an alien was not entitled to

asylum based on evidence that Guatemalan guerillas sought to recruit him to their side in

a civil war and later sought to punish him for evading their "draft" since there was no

indication that his political beliefs had anything to do with efforts to recruit him); Tecun-

Florian v. INS, 207 F.3d 1107, 1108-1109 (9th Cir. 2000) (ruling that recruitment was not

on account of a protected basis, even where guerrillas knew the applicant was a practicing

Catholic). John Birambi himself denied that the Toekajana targeted him for his political

opinion.

       Q.        Did they tell you why they wanted to recruit you?

       A.     Yes, because I tried to find the truth about my brothers [sic] death. And to
       stop me from that they want to come to join them to forget what happened with my
       brother.

(A.R. at 150.)

       John Birambi testified that he declined the Toekajana's recruitment because of his

"philosophical belief and also, [his] religious belief," (A.R. at 150), and not because of

any particular political opinion; indeed he never claimed that he had ever directly or

indirectly expressed a political opinion to the group. See, e.g., Tecun-Florian, 207 F.3d at



                                               4
1109 (denying asylum where petitioner offered no compelling evidence that guerrillas'

actions were based on any knowledge of their political opinion); Sangha v. INS, 103 F.3d

1482, 1487-1490 (9th Cir. 1997) (denying petition for review because petitioner failed to

establish that he had a political opinion or that his persecutors imputed his father's

opinion to him).

         Persecution “on account of” political opinion means that, even if John Birambi

could point to evidence in this record that he had a political opinion, which he cannot, he

"still has to establish that the record also compels the conclusion that he has a 'well-

founded fear' that the guerillas will persecute him because of that political opinion, rather

than because of his refusal to fight with them." Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 483. John

Birambi testified that rather than directly refusing he simply told the Toekajana that he

would "think about" its recruitment offer, without giving it any reason. (A.R. at 150.) The

record contains no evidence that they retaliated against him or even tried to recruit him

again.

         John Birambi's claim fails because of the absence of evidence sufficient to compel

the finding that the Toekajana would be motivated by his political opinion to persecute

him if he were to return to Suriname. Because John Birambi has not and cannot point to

evidence that would compel any reasonable person to conclude that he has a well-founded

fear of persecution on account of his political opinion, we will deny his petition.




                                              5
                                              B.

       The events on which Irene Birambi independently relied were based on purely

personal family disputes, and not on any grounds that provide eligibility for asylum.

Although Irene Birambi's brother-in-law was allegedly a member of the Toekajana, his

membership alone did not convert what was clearly a family argument into a political

situation. Even if Irene Birambi's brother-in-law were to use his position in the Toekajana

to retaliate against her for removing her younger sister from his control, his action would

be motivated by a family dispute, and not by any reason protected by the statute. See, e.g.,

Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 482 (applicant must show guerrillas were motivated by other

than personal reasons). Moreover, Irene Birambi's assertion that her actions in addition to

her husband's "may" cause her to face persecution, (see Petitioner's br. at 20), fall far

short of showing that the evidence would compel any reasonable person to conclude that

her fear of persecution for a reason protected by statute was well-founded.

       Finally, the Birambis argue that they face "heightened difficulties" if returned to

Suriname because of their membership in the Carib tribe, pointing to State Department

reports showing that members of native tribal groups experience harsher treatment and

more discrimination than other groups in Suriname. (See Petitioner's br. at 20.)

"Heightened difficulties" do not amount to persecution. See, e.g., Nagoulko v. Ashcroft,

333 F.3d 1012, 1016 (9th Cir. 2003) (pointing out that persecution is an extreme concept

that does not include every sort of treatment our society regards as offensive; even losing



                                              6
a job because of religious beliefs, while discriminatory, is not the type of economic

deprivation that rises to the level of persecution). Courts have held that even

discrimination on the basis of race or religion, though morally reprehensible, does not

ordinarily amount to persecution for purposes of asylum, even if it generates an adverse

economic result. Gormely v. Ascroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Chaly

v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1431(9th Cir. 1995)).

       Neither Birambi claimed any fear of persecution on account of their membership

in the Carib tribe, their claim was based entirely on their fear of the Toekajana, which

John Birambi testified, and the State Department confirmed, was composed mostly of

members of the Carib tribe. And the Birambis' claim that they "may face a 'reasonable

possibility' of future persecution solely on account of being members of the Carib tribal

group," falls well short of the requirement that they show evidence in the record that

would compel any reasonable person to find a well-founded fear of persecution.

       The record contains substantial evidence supporting the BIA's conclusion that the

Birambis failed to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a reason

protected by the statute. To the extent that Irene Birambi's claim is based on her argument

that "her husband's actions will be imputed to her" the Court denies her petition for the

same reasons it denies her husband's petition. To the extent that Irene Birambi bases her

petition on her claim of persecution because of her own activities, we will deny her

petition.



                                              7
                                           III.

      We have considered all arguments raised by the parties and conclude that no

further discussion is necessary. We conclude that substantial evidence supported the

BIA’s order. Accordingly, we will deny the petition for review.
