            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS


PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    May 7, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 346364
                                                                    Macomb Circuit Court
DARNELL JOHWAN SHAW,                                                LC No. 2018-000043-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MURRAY, C.J., and RONAYNE KRAUSE and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial conviction of armed robbery, MCL 750.529.
The trial court sentenced defendant as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to a within
the minimum guidelines sentence of 140 to 300 months’ imprisonment. We affirm. This appeal
is being decided without oral argument pursuant to MCR 7.214(E)(1).

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        This case arises out of an armed robbery at a Walgreens located in Fraser, Michigan. The
victim, who was working as a cashier at the store, testified that, while she was working behind the
register, defendant approached the counter with a pack of light bulbs and asked for a pack of
Newport cigarettes. When prompted by the victim to enter his rewards card information, defendant
responded that his girlfriend had one in her car and momentarily left the store to retrieve it.
Defendant then reentered the store, returned to the counter, and said, “[S]horty I ain’t [sic] play
with you, just give me all the money.” The victim testified that defendant lifted his shirt and
revealed what looked to her like a silver-colored gun. The victim placed the cash register drawer
on the counter, and defendant proceeded to take the money and cigarettes before he ran away. The
victim identified defendant at trial as the individual who stole the money and cigarettes. Store
security camera footage of the robbery was played for the jury. At trial, defendant’s theory of the
case was that he did commit a robbery, but there was no evidence that he either possessed or
implied that he possessed a gun, so he did not commit armed robbery. The victim testified at trial
that defendant said to her that he had a gun; but defense counsel established that when the victim




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previously testified at the preliminary examination, she specifically denied that defendant ever said
anything about a gun or any other kind of weapon.

                                    II. JUROR MISCONDUCT

         Defendant first argues that he was denied his right to a fair and impartial jury because of
certain comments made by one of the jury members. We disagree. We review de novo whether a
defendant was denied their constitutional right to an impartial jury, and we review for clear error
any underlying factual findings made by the trial court. People v Bryant, 491 Mich 575, 595; 822
NW2d 124 (2012). “Before this Court will order a new trial on the ground of juror misconduct,
some showing must be made that the misconduct affirmatively prejudiced the defendant’s right to
a trial before an impartial and fair jury.” People v Fetterley, 229 Mich App 511, 545; 583 NW2d
199 (1998).

         Both the United States Constitution and Michigan Constitution protect a criminal
defendant’s right to be tried by an impartial jury. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art I, § 20; People
v Miller, 482 Mich 540, 547; 759 NW2d 850 (2008). Jurors are presumed to be impartial. Miller,
482 Mich at 550. The defendant bears the burden of establishing “that the juror was not impartial
or at least that the juror’s impartiality was in reasonable doubt.” Id. “A juror’s failure to disclose
information that the juror should have disclosed is only prejudicial if it denied the defendant an
impartial jury.” Id. at 548. A juror’s “misconduct must be such as to reasonably indicate that a
fair and impartial trial was not had[.]” Id. at 549 (quotations omitted). “During their deliberations,
jurors may only consider the evidence that is presented to them in open court.” People v Budzyn,
456 Mich 77, 88; 566 NW2d 229 (1997). “Where the jury considers extraneous facts not
introduced in evidence, this deprives a defendant of his rights of confrontation, cross-examination,
and assistance of counsel embodied in the Sixth Amendment.” Id.

        Defendant argues that this case is factually identical to the United States Supreme Court
case of Peña-Rodriguez v Colorado, __ US __; 137 S Ct 855; 197 L Ed 2d 107 (2017). In Peña-
Rodriguez, the Supreme Court discussed “the no-impeachment rule,” which generally precludes a
jury’s verdict, once entered, from later being “called into question based on the comments or
conclusions [the jurors] expressed during deliberations . . . either by affidavit or live testimony.”
Id. at __; 137 S Ct at 861, 864; see also People v Fletcher, 260 Mich App 531, 539; 679 NW2d
127 (2004). However, the no-impeachment rule must “give way” if “a juror makes a clear
statement that indicates he or she relied on racial stereotypes or animus to convict a criminal
defendant.” Id. at __; 137 S Ct at 869.1 Defendant argues that the exception articulated in Peña-
Rodriguez is directly applicable here. We disagree.

         In Peña-Rodriguez, the jury found the petitioner guilty of unlawful sexual contact and
harassment. Peña-Rodriguez, __ US at __; 137 S Ct at 861. After the jury rendered its verdict,
the trial court discharged the jury. Id. The petitioner’s counsel entered the jury room to discuss
the trial and, while the room was emptying, two jurors remained to speak with the petitioner’s


1
  An exception also exists “where there is evidence to suggest the verdict was affected by
influences external to the trial proceedings,” but no such “impermissible extrinsic evidence” is
suggested here. See Fletcher, 260 Mich App at 539.


                                                 -2-
counsel. Id. The jurors stated that “another juror had expressed anti-Hispanic bias toward
petitioner and petitioner’s alibi witness.” Id. The petitioner’s counsel received affidavits from the
jurors, which expressed that “Juror H.C.” had “believed the defendant was guilty because, in
[H.C.’s] experience as an ex-law enforcement officer, Mexican men had a bravado that caused
them to believe they could do whatever they wanted with women.” Id. at __; 137 S Ct at 862
(quotation marks omitted; alteration in original). The affidavits further stated that Juror H.C.
believed that the petitioner was guilty “because he’s Mexican and Mexican men take whatever
they want.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

        Thus, Peña-Rodriguez is factually distinct in an important way from the instant matter.
Peña-Rodriguez involved a juror’s racial animus during jury deliberations, whereas this case
involved comments made by one of the jurors during a break in the trial itself. It was evident in
Peña-Rodriguez that Juror H.C. actually convicted the petitioner on the basis of the petitioner’s
race. Importantly, the juror who made racial comments in this case was not involved in the
deliberations or verdict. Instead, the comments in question were made before the jury verdict and
even before jury deliberations began. Before the start of the second day of trial, one juror came
forward about the comments the other juror made to him. The trial court and attorneys questioned
the juror who came forward, and the juror stated that he could remain impartial. The trial court
then questioned the juror who made the comments and, after the juror admitted to having made
the comments, discharged that juror from the jury. Consequently, the exception to the no-
impeachment rule is not implicated, because the racially-biased juror did not take part in
deliberations, so there was no “statement that indicate[d the jury] relied on racial stereotypes or
animus to convict a criminal defendant.” Peña-Rodriguez, __ US at __; 137 S Ct at 869.
Furthermore, nothing in the record suggests that the discharged juror’s comments affected any
other jurors. Indeed, the record suggests the opposite: as the trial court observed, any other jurors
who overheard the improper comments “basically shun[ned]” the discharged juror.

         Accordingly, defendant cannot establish that the comments affected the impartiality of the
jury and we need not grant a new trial. Relatedly, because there is no merit to defendant’s
contention that he did not receive a fair and impartial jury, defense counsel was not ineffective for
failing to raise a futile objection or move for a mistrial that would not have properly been granted.
People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).

                       III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       Next, defendant asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because defense
counsel essentially admitted guilt to armed robbery by admitting defendant was guilty of unarmed
robbery. Specifically, defendant contends that defense counsel erred by focusing narrowly on
whether defendant actually possessed a gun, failing to realize that armed robbery only requires a
reasonable belief that defendant possessed a gun. We disagree.

       Determining whether a defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed
question of fact and constitutional law. People v Head, 323 Mich App 526, 539; 917 NW2d 752
(2018). This Court reviews findings of facts for clear error and questions of law de novo. Id.
Defendant preserved his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel by filing a motion asking this
Court to remand for a Ginther hearing. See People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 442-443, 212 NW2d
922 (1973); People v Sabin, 242 Mich App 656, 658-659; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). Because we


                                                -3-
denied the motion and a Ginther hearing has not been held, our review of his counsel’s
effectiveness is limited to mistakes apparent from the record. People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69,
80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). However, our denial of defendant’s motion to remand was without
prejudice, and we are mindful that, upon review of the entire record, a Ginther hearing may yet
prove to be warranted. For the purpose of determining whether to remand for a Ginther hearing,
we may consider evidence presented by defendant even if it is not part of the record. See People
v Moore, 493 Mich 933; 825 NW2d 580 (2013).

         In order to receive a new trial on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant
“must show both that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,
and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.” Smith v Spisak, 558 US 139, 149; 130 S Ct 676; 175
L Ed 2d 595 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted); People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38,
51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). Defense counsel is afforded wide latitude on matters of trial strategy,
and we will not substitute our judgment for that of defense counsel, review the record with the
added benefit of hindsight on such matters, or second-guess defense counsel’s judgment on matters
of trial strategy. See People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 242-243; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). “There
are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any given case,” and “[e]ven the best criminal
defense attorneys would not defend a particular client in the same way.” Strickland v Washington,
466 US 668, 689; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). “The fact that the strategy chosen by
defense counsel did not work does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v
Williams, 240 Mich App 316, 332; 614 NW2d 647 (2000).

         As a general matter, there is nothing inherently unsound about a trial strategy of admitting
to guilt of a lesser offense. People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 60-61; 687 NW2d 342 (2004);
People v Emerson (After Remand), 203 Mich App 345, 349; 512 NW2d 3 (1994).

       Where the evidence obviously points to defendant’s guilt, it can be better tactically
       to admit to the guilt and assert a defense or admit to guilt on some charges but
       maintain innocence on others. Such a trial tactic may actually improve defendant’s
       credibility and will not be second-guessed. [People v Walker, 167 Mich App 377,
       382; 422 NW2d 8 (1988), overruled in part on other grounds by People v Mitchell,
       456 Mich 693, 698; 575 NW2d 283 (1998).]

As defendant concedes, where defense counsel “recognizes and candidly asserts the inevitable, he
is often serving his client’s interests best by bringing out the damaging information and thus
lessening the impact.” People v Wise, 134 Mich App 82, 98; 351 NW2d 255 (1984). Conversely,
defendant is also correct that a total concession of guilt by defense counsel without the defendant’s
consent generally constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. People v Krysztopaniec, 170 Mich
App 588, 595-596; 429 NW2d 828 (1988). Consequently, we will not second-guess defense
counsel’s decision to concede unarmed robbery in favor of disputing the essential element
distinguishing unarmed robbery from armed robbery.

       Defendant contends that trial counsel did, in effect, totally concede defendant’s guilt of
armed robbery. As discussed, defendant contends that trial counsel focused narrowly on the lack
of physical evidence that he actually had a gun. Defendant observes that the armed robbery statute,
MCL 750.529, provides:


                                                 -4-
       A person who engages in conduct proscribed under [MCL 750.530] and who in the
       course of engaging in that conduct, possesses a dangerous weapon or an article used
       or fashioned in a manner to lead any person present to reasonably believe the
       article is a dangerous weapon, or who represents orally or otherwise that he or she
       is in possession of a dangerous weapon, is guilty of a felony. [Emphasis added.]

Thus, armed robbery does not necessarily require an actual gun or any actual dangerous weapon.
See People v Chambers, 277 Mich App 1, 8-9; 742 NW2d 610 (2007). Defendant argues that
counsel knew that the security video footage clearly showed defendant lifting his shirt while telling
the victim to give him the money, that the victim believed she saw defendant to have a gun, and
that a social media photograph apparently2 depicted defendant with a gun at around the time of the
robbery. Defendant concludes that it was therefore “pointless” for counsel to focus on whether
defendant actually had a gun.

         We disagree. Initially, defendant’s argument appears to presuppose that the jury was
obligated to accept the above evidence and to draw one particular conclusion on the basis of that
evidence. However, juries are not required to believe any evidence at all, even stipulated evidence.
See People v White, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2020) (Docket No. 346901, slip op
at p 5). Thus, although it might be a difficult task, the possibility always remained that defense
counsel could persuade the jury that the above evidence was unworthy of belief, or that the jury
should infer an alternative conclusion on the basis of the evidence. In any event, counsel did
specifically argue to the jury that defendant never presented or implied a gun during the robbery.
Thus, counsel properly did not focus narrowly on whether there was an actual gun to the exclusion
of all else.

         Counsel relied on evidence that defendant may have been wearing a black belt with a shiny
buckle, and nothing that looked like a gun could be seen in the store security videos. As noted
above, although the victim testified at trial that defendant said he had a gun, the victim previously
testified at the preliminary examination that defendant never made any spoken reference to a gun
or any other weapon. We do not think counsel is obligated to prognosticate that a witness would
significantly change their testimony. Nevertheless, during a vigorous cross-examination, counsel
elicited the above contradiction, as well as the fact that the victim never mentioned defendant
saying he had a gun in any other statement she had given. Counsel also pointed out that there was
some doubt when the social media photographs were taken, and argued that it made little sense for
defendant to take a photograph of himself with a gun only to dispose of the gun—which was never
found despite a thorough search—immediately thereafter. Counsel emphasized that the evidence
showed defendant had always been willing to accept responsibility for what he had really done,
arguing that “this is a case of being overcharged.”

        Finally, although armed robbery does not require an actual dangerous weapon, it does
require some kind of actual article used to suggest the presence of a dangerous weapon; a pure


2
 Defendant on appeal makes an unclear reference to “the Facebook Messenger photos,” which we
presume to be the photos admitted as People’s Exhibits 15, 16, and 17. We have not been provided
with copies of those photographs. Nevertheless, trial testimony suggests that the photographs do
depict defendant in possession of a gun.


                                                -5-
subjective belief by a victim that a defendant possesses a dangerous weapon is insufficient. People
v Barkley, 151 Mich App 234, 237-240; 390 NW2d 705 (1986). Thus, we could not conclude that
it would necessarily be an unsound trial strategy to argue that defendant did not actually have any
such article in his possession, notwithstanding the subjective belief of the victim.

        When defense counsel’s statements are read in their full context, it is clear that the strategy
of admitting to unarmed robbery was strategically sound, and counsel never lost sight of the need
to challenge both the actual and the implied presence of a gun during the robbery. The victim’s
testimony that defendant made a spoken reference to a gun would reasonably have been a surprise
for which counsel cannot be faulted. We conclude that on this record, there is no reason to
conclude that a remand for a Ginther hearing would be warranted. Defendant did not receive
ineffective assistance of counsel.

                             IV. SENTENCE PROPORTIONALITY

         Finally, defendant challenges the proportionality of his sentence. Defendant acknowledges
that his minimum sentence is within the applicable sentencing guidelines range. Pursuant to MCL
769.34(10), we are therefore required to affirm his sentence. Defendant asks us to find MCL
769.34(10) inapplicable in light of our Supreme Court’s decision in People v Lockridge, 498 Mich
358, 399; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). We decline. This Court has already determined that “Lockridge
did not alter or diminish MCL 769.34(10).” People v Schrauben, 314 Mich App 181, 196 & n 1;
886 NW2d 173 (2016). A published opinion of this Court has precedential effect under the rule
of stare decisis and binds lower courts and tribunals. MCR 7.215(C)(2); see People v Smith, 496
Mich 133, 140 n 17; 852 NW2d 127 (2014). Furthermore, published opinions issued on or after
November 1, 1990, also bind subsequent panels of this Court. See MCR 7.215(J)(1); see also
People v Mansour, 325 Mich App 339, 351 n 8; 926 NW2d 26 (2018). In this case, defendant’s
minimum sentencing guidelines range was 126 to 262 months. The trial court sentenced defendant
to 140 to 300 months’ imprisonment, the 140 months’ minimum being well within the minimum
sentencing guidelines range. Accordingly, because this Court has determined that our Supreme
Court’s decision in Lockridge did not alter the continued validity of MCL 769.34(10), we must
affirm the trial court’s sentence.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Christopher M. Murray
                                                               /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
                                                               /s/ Jonathan Tukel




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