          United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit


Nos. 17-1800
     18-1126

                    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Appellee,

                               v.

                         NIMON NAPHAENG,

                      Defendant, Appellant.


          APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND

          [Hon. William E. Smith, U.S. District Judge]


                             Before

                       Howard, Chief Judge,
               Selya and Thompson, Circuit Judges.


     John T. Ouderkirk, Jr., for appellant.
     Donald C. Lockhart, Assistant United States Attorney, with
whom Stephen G. Dambruch, United States Attorney, was on brief,
for appellee.


                        October 12, 2018
             SELYA, Circuit Judge.               In these sentencing appeals,

defendant-appellant          Nimon    Naphaeng,      a    convicted   fraudster,

challenges a restitution order entered pursuant to the Mandatory

Victims Restitution Act (MVRA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, in the amount

of $581,880.          After pausing to smooth out two jurisdictional

wrinkles, we reach the merits and conclude that the appellant's

challenge is futile.          Accordingly, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

             We briefly rehearse the relevant facts and travel of the

case.   The appellant concocted a fraudulent scheme to obtain work

permits      for     Thai    nationals    living     in   the    United   States.

Specifically, he advertised through flyers and the internet that

he   could    obtain       employment-authorization       documents   (EADs)    in

exchange for fees ranging from $1,500 to $2,500 per person.                    He

was, in fact, able to obtain EADs for the applicants — but he did

so by filing asylum petitions on the applicants' behalf.                     These

petitions,         filed    without   the    applicants'        knowledge,    were

apocryphal.         As the appellant admitted to the district court,

concealing the asylum applications from his clientele was "at the

heart" of the scheme.

             The appellant perpetrated his fraud over a period of

sixteen months — but the chickens eventually came home to roost.

In January of 2015, an immigration officer noticed that around

sixty-four Thai asylum applications were filed from two Rhode


                                         - 2 -
Island    addresses.     This    spike   in   filings   was   extraordinary;

typically, an average of twenty Thai asylum applications were filed

each year.      Nor were common addresses the only feature shared by

these suspicious applications:           they also contained exactly the

same typographical errors, identical explanations for seeking

asylum, matching supplemental forms, and the same coterie of

supporting documents.

             In due season, a federal grand jury sitting in the

District of Rhode Island returned a twenty-six count indictment

against   the    appellant.      In   addition,   the   government   "froze"

hundreds of thousands of dollars that had been accumulated by the

appellant.

             After some preliminary skirmishing (not relevant here),

the appellant pleaded guilty to seven counts of mail fraud, see 18

U.S.C. § 1341, and two counts of visa fraud, see id. § 1546(a).1

As part of the plea agreement, the parties agreed that the per-

application fee charged by the appellant ranged from $1,500 to

$2,500.       Although   the     change-of-plea    colloquy     specifically

identified only ten victims, the parties did not purport to make

a definitive head count.        Instead, identification of those victims

who might be owed restitution was deferred to the sentencing phase.




     1 As provided in the plea agreement, the remaining counts were
dismissed at the time of sentencing.


                                      - 3 -
             On May 3, 2017, the district court held the first of two

sentencing hearings. By then, the court had the benefit of certain

additional    filings:        a    presentence    investigation          report   (PSI

Report) and sentencing memoranda prepared by both the appellant

and   the   government.        The       government's    memorandum       included   a

spreadsheet       listing    the    total    number     of    victims,    specifying

whether each such victim had been contacted by either a government

investigator or the probation office, and indicating the amount of

restitution arguably due.

             At    the   first      sentencing    hearing,       a     Department    of

Homeland Security (DHS) agent verified the information contained

in the spreadsheet.          The appellant's counsel cross-examined the

agent, attempting to undermine the reliability of the government's

spreadsheet, questioning the number of victims, and suggesting

that some victims may have had knowledge that asylum applications

were being filed on their behalf.

             Two months later, the district court convened a second

sentencing        hearing.         The    appellant's        counsel    resumed     her

questioning of the DHS agent.             This time, however, the questioning

zeroed in on the appropriate amount of loss for restitution

purposes (a finding separate and apart from the amount of loss

needed to construct the guideline sentencing range, see USSG §2B1.1

cmt. n.3(A)).       The district court eventually interrupted this line

of questioning and proceeded to sentence the appellant.                     To allow


                                          - 4 -
the government more time to collect victim-related information,

though, the court entered a provisional restitution order of

$400,000, "subject to amendment."              Judgment entered on July 27,

2017, and the appellant promptly filed a notice of appeal.

          Having       completed        its     information-gathering,            the

government filed two supplemental memoranda and sought a total of

$581,880 in restitution on behalf of 368 victims. Its supplemental

memoranda identified four categories of victims:                  87 victims who

had contact with both the probation office and the DHS; 46 victims

who had contact only with the DHS; 16 victims who were identified

through material submitted to the grand jury; 219 victims who were

identified only by their asylum applications.                   According to the

government,    the    first    group    of    victims    was    due    $168,620    in

restitution, the second group of victims was due $72,100 in

restitution,    the    third    group    of    victims    was    due    $17,160    in

restitution, and the fourth group of victims was due $324,000 in

restitution.     The     appellant      countered       that    the    government's

recommended restitution over-counted the number of victims and

rested on insufficient evidence.               As a fallback, the appellant

contended that the district court had denied him a full and fair

opportunity to test the government's proffer.                  The court rejected

the appellant's arguments, adopted the government's calculations,




                                       - 5 -
and ordered restitution accordingly.2 The appellant filed a second

notice of appeal — but he did so before the district court entered

its final judgment on the docket.

II. ANALYSIS

               We divide our analysis into two parts, first addressing

a pair of jurisdictional concerns and then addressing the substance

of the appellant's challenge.

A. Jurisdictional Concerns.

               Even    though     the   appellant   advances     only    a    single

assignment of error — a claim that the district court blundered in

fashioning the restitution order — we are held at the starting

line by jurisdictional concerns. While the government has eschewed

any challenge either to the district court's jurisdiction or to

this       court's    appellate    jurisdiction,    "we   have   an     independent

obligation       to    explore"    potential     jurisdictional       infirmities.

United States v. George, 841 F.3d 55, 70 (1st Cir. 2016).                    We start

there, dealing with two jurisdictional questions that lurk in the

penumbra of this case.

               1. District Court Jurisdiction.            The initial question

concerns whether the pendency of the first notice of appeal




       2
       The district court's amended restitution order appears to
contemplate 352 victims rather than the 368 victims memorialized
in the government's spreadsheet. Neither party has attached any
significance to this small discrepancy, and we make no further
mention of it.


                                         - 6 -
divested the district court of jurisdiction to enter the final

restitution order.    It is settled that once an appeal is taken, a

district court generally loses jurisdiction to proceed with any

matter related to the appeal's substance during the pendency of

the appeal.   See id. at 71.   In such a situation, the conventional

practice is for the district court to ask the court of appeals to

stay the original appeal and effect a temporary remand, thus

enabling the district court to make a further ruling.        See Fed. R.

App. P. 12.1(b); see also United States v. Maldonado-Rios, 790

F.3d 62, 64-65 (1st Cir. 2015); Puerto Rico v. SS Zoe Colocotroni,

601 F.2d 39, 42 (1st Cir. 1979).         Notwithstanding this general

rule, though, we have concluded that a district court retains

jurisdiction to modify a previously existing forfeiture order even

after an appeal has been taken.        See United States v. Ferrario-

Pozzi, 368 F.3d 5, 10-11 (1st Cir. 2004) (confirming district

court's jurisdiction to issue final forfeiture award when that

award was "an amendment of an existing order" that provisionally

set a forfeiture amount); cf. George, 841 F.3d at 72 (finding

district court jurisdiction lacking when forfeiture order was

entered for the first time following appeal).       The Ferrario-Pozzi

panel based its conclusion on Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

32.2(e), which recognizes that circumstances sometimes exist in

which a district court may have to amend its initial forfeiture

order   (including,   for   example,    the   government's   subsequent


                                - 7 -
identification of additional property subject to forfeiture).       See

368 F.3d at 11.     The MVRA contains an analogous provision with

respect to restitution orders.       See 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5).     If

victim losses are not sufficiently ascertainable by the date of

sentencing,   the   court   "shall    set   a   date   for   the   final

determination" of restitution.    Id.

          The timetable here is reminiscent of that in Ferrario-

Pozzi.   The first notice of appeal was filed on July 27, 2017.

The appeal was taken from a judgment that included a restitution

order that had been clearly denominated as provisional.             The

district court entered the final restitution order while that

appeal was pending.   Given the teachings of Ferrario-Pozzi as well

as the MVRA's statutory guidance, we conclude that the pendency of

the first appeal did not strip the district court of jurisdiction

to enter the final restitution order.

          This conclusion is reinforced by our own order staying

the appellant's first appeal.     That stay, issued six days before

the district court entered the amended judgment, recognized the

district court's intention to file an amended judgment.        Although

no formal remand was made, the practical effect was the same: when

the district court amended the restitution order, the first appeal

had been stayed and concerns about shared jurisdiction had been




                                 - 8 -
abated. In these unusual circumstances, we think that the district

court's jurisdiction was intact.3

             2. Appellate Jurisdiction.          The remaining jurisdictional

question relates to our appellate jurisdiction.              It arises because

the appellant's second notice of appeal was filed after the

district court's final restitution order was announced but before

the amended judgment was actually entered on the docket.                At first

blush,   then,      the   second   notice   of    appeal   would   seem    to   be

premature.     The Supreme Court recently considered a similar issue

in Manrique v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 1266, 1270 (2017). There,

the Court found a notice of appeal insufficient to confer appellate

jurisdiction in a restitution case when it was "filed between the

initial judgment and the amended judgment."                Id.   The Court made

pellucid that the defendant should instead have filed a timely

"notice of appeal from the amended judgment imposing restitution."

Id. at 1274.

             But    we    have   said   before    that   "appearances     can   be

deceiving."        Moreno v. Holder, 749 F.3d 40, 43 (1st Cir. 2014)

(citing Aesop, The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing (circa 550 B.C.)).

And in the last analysis, this case is distinguishable from




     3 To be sure, the district court would have been well-advised
to have engaged the gears of the conventional Rule 12.1(b)
protocol, and to have requested a temporary remand. Such a course
of action would have eliminated any lingering doubts about the
district court's authority to act.


                                        - 9 -
Manrique.    Here — unlike in Manrique — the appellant did file a

second notice of appeal.        Of course, his timing was imperfect:

the second notice of appeal was filed after the district court

modified the restitution award but before the court actually

entered   the    amended   judgment.   Thus,    the    appellant    (in   the

government's turn of phrase) "jumped the gun."                He should have

waited to file the second notice of appeal until after the amended

judgment was entered on the docket.         See Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1).

            In   the   circumstances   of    this     case,    however,   the

infelicitous timing of the second notice of appeal is harmless.

That notice of appeal, albeit premature, is rescued by Federal

Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b)(2), which provides that "[a]

notice of appeal filed after the court announces a[n] . . . order

— but before the entry of the judgment . . . is treated as filed

on the date of and after the entry."         Consequently, we treat the

second notice of appeal as if it were filed on March 15, 2018 (the

date of entry of judgment).4     Given this convenient legal fiction,

we have jurisdiction over the second appeal.




     4 For the sake of completeness, we note that the premature
filing of a notice of appeal may be forfeited if not seasonably
raised by the opposing party. See Manrique, 137 S. Ct. at 1271-
72 (finding that "requirement that a defendant file a timely notice
of appeal from an amended judgment imposing restitution"
represents a mandatory claim-processing rule that may be
forfeited). Because the government has elected not to contest the
point, forfeiture would be available here.


                                  - 10 -
B. The Merits.

           Having allayed any jurisdictional doubts, we reach the

merits.   Our standard of review is uncontroversial:    "We review

restitution orders for abuse of discretion, examining the court's

subsidiary factual findings for clear error . . . ." United States

v. Chiaradio, 684 F.3d 265, 283 (1st Cir. 2012).

           To place the appellant's arguments in perspective, we

begin by differentiating between the calculation of loss demanded

by the sentencing guidelines and the calculation of loss demanded

by the MVRA.     In a fraud case resulting in financial loss, the

defendant's guideline sentencing range is determined in part by

calculating the greater of either the intended loss or the actual

loss.   See USSG §2B1.1, cmt. n.3(A).   Intended loss is quantified

by measuring "the loss the defendant reasonably expected to occur."

United States v. Innarelli, 524 F.3d 286, 290 (1st Cir. 2008).   So

viewed, intended loss serves a punitive purpose, punishing the

defendant for the harm that he sought to inflict.   See id.

           In contrast, restitution is designed to compensate the

victim, not to punish the offender. To this end, the MVRA mandates

that a defendant convicted of certain federal crimes, including

those "committed by fraud or deceit," must make restitution to

victims commensurate with the victims' actual losses.     18 U.S.C.

§ 3663A(c)(1)(A)(ii); see Innarelli, 524 F.3d at 293 (noting that

restitution is meant to "make the victim whole again").    For this


                              - 11 -
purpose, actual loss is "limited to pecuniary harm that would not

have occurred but for the defendant's criminal activity."                 United

States v. Alphas, 785 F.3d 775, 786 (1st Cir. 2015).                  It follows

that, a court must base a restitution order on "the full amount of

each victim's losses . . . without consideration of the economic

circumstances of the defendant."                 18 U.S.C. § 3664(f)(1)(A).

Consistent with this logic, an order for restitution ought not to

confer a windfall upon a victim.                See United States v. Cornier-

Ortiz, 361 F.3d 29, 42 (1st Cir. 2004).

            When determining restitution, a sentencing court is not

expected to undertake a full-blown trial.               See S.Rep. No. 104-179,

at   18   (1995),    as    reprinted       in   1996   U.S.C.C.A.N.    924,   931

(cautioning that the restitutionary phase of a criminal case is

not to "become fora for the determination of facts and issues

better suited to civil proceedings").                  As a result, "'absolute

precision is not required' in calculating restitution under the

MVRA."    United States v. Mahone, 453 F.3d 68, 74 (1st Cir. 2006)

(quoting United States v. Burdi, 414 F.3d 216, 221 (1st Cir.

2005)).    Rather, a restitution award requires only "a modicum of

reliable evidence."        United States v. Vaknin, 112 F.3d 579, 587

(1st Cir. 1997); see United States v. Curran, 525 F.3d 74, 84 (1st

Cir. 2008).

            This    is    not   to   say    that    Congress   "conceive[d]    of

restitution   as     being      an   entirely      standardless   proposition."


                                      - 12 -
Vaknin, 112 F.3d at 587.            Mere guesswork will not suffice.               The

government bears the burden of proving a victim's actual loss by

preponderant evidence.           See 18 U.S.C. § 3664(e).          What is more, "a

court may only order restitution for losses that have an adequate

causal link to the defendant's criminal conduct."                        Alphas, 785

F.3d at 786.

              In    the   case    at    hand,    neither      party    disputes    the

appropriateness of a restitution order.                    Their disagreement is

only as to the amount of the award.                   The appellant argues that

restitution should be limited to those victims named in the

indictment who submitted proofs of loss.                With respect to any and

all   other    putative     victims,      the    appellant      submits     that   the

government's        evidence      was    insufficient         to      undergird    the

restitution order.

              The    appellant     places       too   heavy    a   burden    on    the

government.        The law is transparently clear that "[a]s long as the

court's order reasonably responds to some reliable evidence, no

more is exigible."         United States v. Sánchez-Maldonado, 737 F.3d

826, 828 (1st Cir. 2013).                In this instance, the government

proffered a detailed spreadsheet, describing its extensive efforts

to trace and contact all of the persons defrauded over the sixteen-

month duration of the scheme.               This spreadsheet identified four

groups of victims and summarized all of the relevant information

in the government's possession, including how much money each


                                        - 13 -
victim had paid to the appellant and the method of payment.                   The

government     recommended       specific   restitution       amounts   for   each

victim based on the data in the spreadsheet and the amounts that

the   appellant       routinely     charged    to     his     customers.5      The

government's        information,    coupled     with    the     appellant's    own

admissions, supplied more than a modicum of reliable evidence.

See Curran, 525 F.3d at 84.

              In a variation on his insufficiency-of-evidence theme,

the appellant challenges the number of victims.                    He predicates

this challenge largely on the notion that some of the persons that

dealt with the appellant may have known that asylum applications

were filed on their behalf.           Relying primarily on a 2011 Second

Circuit decision, the appellant suggests that those persons cannot

be classified as victims for MVRA purposes.                 See United States v.

Archer, 671 F.3d 149, 173 (2d Cir. 2011) (explaining that persons

who were complicit in and knew all along of defendant's fraudulent

scheme are ineligible for victim status and thus restitution).

              Archer is a horse of a different hue.             Here — unlike in

Archer    —   the    appellant     admitted    that    concealing    the    asylum

applications was at the heart of his fraudulent scheme.                 Although

the appellant now maintains that this admission applied only to


      5Where information was lacking as to the amount of fees paid
by a particular individual, the government used the figure of
$1,500 — the low end of the range of fees charged by the appellant.
The district court appears to have followed the same praxis.


                                      - 14 -
those       victims   specifically   identified   in   the   indictment,   the

district court did not clearly err in inferring that the same

narrative applied to all of the appellant's customers.                     This

inference is buttressed by the testimony of the DHS agent, who

vouchsafed that "[t]he people we talked to thought they were

getting work cards only.        They did not know about the asylum."

               If more were needed — and we doubt that it is — victim

declarations attached to the PSI Report are consistent with this

inference.       The majority of the declarations that stated a reason

for the payment can fairly be summarized by saying that the money

the victims lost was paid to obtain work permits, not to apply for

asylum.6        To cinch the matter, the record is barren of any

indication that the appellant filed so much as a single bona fide

asylum application or told even a single victim that he was

trumping up the paperwork undergirding the EADs.

               Battling on, the appellant argues that the restitution

order should not have extended to victims who had no contact with


        6
       Three declarations attached to the PSI Report do indicate
that the signatories paid for asylum applications. It is unclear,
however, whether those victims knew at the time they paid the
appellant that the money would be used to file asylum applications
or, conversely, whether they learned about the asylum applications
only during the government's investigation. We note, moreover,
that even if they knew contemporaneously about the filings, there
is no reason to believe that they knew the asylum applications
were fraudulent. In such circumstances, we think that the district
court had the latitude to "resolv[e] uncertainties with a view
towards achieving fairness to the victim." Alphas, 785 F.3d at
787 (quoting Burdi, 414 F.3d at 221).


                                     - 15 -
the government.     This argument is unpersuasive.           For one thing,

restitution need not be limited to victims who have contacted the

government.       What   counts    is   whether    the   government    submits

sufficiently reliable information to show that particular persons

were in fact victims.      See Curran, 525 F.3d at 84; United States

v. Catoggio, 326 F.3d 323, 327-28 (2d Cir. 2003); United States v.

Berardini, 112 F.3d 606, 609-10 (2d Cir. 1997).            For another thing

(as the government noted at the second sentencing hearing), the

circumstances particular to the appellant's victims — foreign

nationals seeking U.S. work permits — made it uniquely difficult

for the government to communicate with them.                When government

agents made telephone calls, "people were so fearful that out of

the blue they got . . . a telephone call" that they asked whether

the agents were coming for them.

          That ends this aspect of the matter.             The first step in

fashioning    a   supportable      restitution     order   is   to    identify

particular victims who have suffered pecuniary losses as a result

of the defendant's criminal activity.        See Cornier-Ortiz, 361 F.3d

at 42.   Here, the government stayed within appropriate bounds in

taking this first step:           it identified victims based on bogus

asylum applications that shared unusual features common to those

that the appellant admittedly filed.              The district court acted

well within the realm of its discretion in finding that the roster




                                    - 16 -
of identified persons comprised a roster of victims eligible for

restitution.

          The appellant has one last string to his bow.                        He

importunes   us    to   find   that    he   was   "denied   a   full   and   fair

opportunity" to elicit testimony from the DHS agent through cross-

examination.      We reject his importunings.

          The district court allowed the appellant's counsel to

cross-examine the DHS agent at some length.            The cross-examination

was comprehensive and included grilling the agent about the asylum

application procedure, the agent's conversations with victims, the

victims' knowledge (or lack of knowledge) that asylum applications

had been filed to their behoof, and the extent (if at all) to which

any payments had been refunded to them.

          To be sure, the district court cut cross-examination

short near the end of the second sentencing hearing. Nevertheless,

the right to cross-examination is not a right to endless cross-

examination.      See United States v. Laboy-Delgado, 84 F.3d 22, 28

(1st Cir. 1996); see also Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20

(1985) (per curiam) (explaining that the Constitution "guarantees

an   opportunity     for   effective        cross-examination,     not   cross-

examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever

extent, the defense might wish" (emphasis in original)).                     The

critical inquiry is whether a party has been accorded a fair and

adequate opportunity to confront the witnesses against him.                   See


                                      - 17 -
Laboy-Delgado, 84 F.3d at 28.               On this chiaroscuro record, this

inquiry produces an affirmative answer.                   Consequently, we discern

no    abuse    of    discretion     in      the     district    court's      implicit

determination that — by the time the cross-examination was halted

— the appellant already had enjoyed a fair and adequate opportunity

to cross-examine the witness.

III. CONCLUSION

              Let us be perfectly clear.            We readily acknowledge that

a restitution order must entail more than a mere guess or a bald

approximation       of   actual    loss.      See    Vaknin,    112   F.3d    at    587

(cautioning that "an award cannot be woven solely from the gossamer

strands of speculation and surmise").                 But the calculation of a

restitution order does not demand metaphysical certainty.                      Here,

the district court's analysis is record-based and constitutes a

fair appraisal of actual losses.              That appraisal, in turn, rests

on more than a modicum of reliable evidence.                   Taking into account

the barriers to a more exact calculation (such as the length of

the   appellant's        scheme,   the     number    of    victims,   the    lack    of

organized records, and the difficulty in communicating with non-

English speakers), we think that the court did enough to satisfy

the strictures of the MVRA.




                                         - 18 -
            We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above,

the district court's amended restitution order is



Affirmed.




                               - 19 -
