                   COURT OF APPEALS
                   SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                        FORT WORTH

                       NO. 02-11-00464-CV


DARRELL LAKE, RIAN MAGUIRE,                     APPELLANTS
RCC MEDICAL #1 GENPAR, LLC,
AND REALTY CAPITAL CORP.
AND
RICHARD MYERS AND REALTY
CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC

                                  V.

GEORGE F. CRAVENS, M.D., RCC                     APPELLEES
MEDICAL DISTRICT FACILITIES,
LTD., AND CENTER FOR
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
HOSPITAL, LP


                               ----------

      FROM THE 352ND DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
                 TRIAL COURT NO. 352-242125-09

                               ----------

                           OPINION

                               ----------
                                 I. INTRODUCTION

      Appellees George F. Cravens, M.D. and RCC Medical District Facilities,

Ltd. (the Partnership) filed this suit for damages against the appellants following

failed efforts to develop and build a physician-owned neurosurgical hospital in

Fort Worth.   There are two groups of appellants.        Appellants Realty Capital

Corporation (RCC), RCC Medical #1 GenPar, LLC (RCC GenPar), Darrell Lake,

and Rian Maguire (collectively, the RCC Appellants) assert nine issues that

include challenges to Cravens’s standing to assert claims and recover damages

in his individual capacity, the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to

support Cravens’s claims and attorney’s fees awards, the admissibility of expert

testimony, alleged duplicitous damage awards, and the trial court’s denial of

contractual indemnification for Maguire. Appellants Realty Capital Partners, LLC

(RCP) and Richard Myers (collectively, the RCP Appellants) contend in six

issues that Cravens does not have standing in his individual capacity, that the

evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the jury’s liability and

damage findings, that Cravens’s expert witness should not have been allowed to

testify about lost profits, that Cravens ratified the parties’ partnership agreement,

and that Cravens should not recover attorney’s fees. We reverse and remand.1




      1
       This cause was assigned to the author on February 26, 2015.

                                         2
                                       II. BACKGROUND

          The parties hotly contested virtually all factual matters at trial.        This

background section does not purport to address all of those factual disputes and

is instead designed only to provide context for our holdings.

          A.       Events Preceding Partnership

          Cravens, a medical doctor, practices neurological surgery in Fort Worth as

a member and as the president of Center for Neurological Disorders, P.A. (CND).

Appellant RCC is a real estate development company. Appellants Maguire and

Lake are both former officers of RCC.               Appellant RCP is a private equity

investment company. Appellant Myers is a real estate developer and is the chief

executive of both RCC and RCP.

          For many years, Cravens envisioned building, owning, and operating a

physician-owned neurosurgical hospital, and he met with various individuals over

several years to identify developers, contractors, hospital operators, and potential

investors for the proposed hospital.            In May 2007, Cravens met with Rory

Maguire,2 an employee of Appellant RCP, to discuss the potential hospital

project. Rory Maguire presented Cravens with a non-binding letter of intent that

generally outlined the potential project, but Cravens never signed the letter of

intent.        This initial letter of intent listed “Cravens or affiliate” as the hospital

developer and listed the general partner as a “newly formed single asset entity


          2
        Rory Maguire is Appellant Rian Maguire’s brother. Rory Maguire is not a
party to this appeal.

                                               3
controlled by or owned by the Developer.” A September 17, 2007 letter of intent

contained similar provisions, but it was also not signed.

      Later in 2007, Rory Maguire introduced Cravens to Lake as a potential

developer for the project. After further discussion, RCC provided Cravens with

another letter of intent that Cravens signed in November 2007. The executed

letter of intent listed RCC as the developer and listed Cravens as a Class A

limited partner. It also included a provision allowing Cravens to purchase the

hospital after it had been constructed and was in operation. Cravens testified

that he would contribute his “land and medical office practice building into this

partnership in order to do this deal” but that the option to purchase the hospital

after construction would allow him to eventually get the land back.

      Although Cravens repeatedly referred to the property on which the

proposed hospital would be built as “[his] land,” Cravens did not actually own the

property, and he admitted as much during his testimony.         The property was

actually owned by Willmar Investments, Ltd. (Willmar).       Willmar is a limited

partnership that Cravens had previously created to own and hold property in trust

for his children. Willmar owned one asset: the real property on Summit Avenue

in Fort Worth where CND, the physician group to which Cravens belonged,

housed its medical practice (the property). The property had an approximate

value of $4,870,000.




                                         4
      B.       Partnership Agreement and Other Contemporaneous Contracts

      In late 2007, Cravens and RCC began negotiating the terms of the limited

partnership agreement (the Partnership Agreement) that had been contemplated

by the executed letter of intent. All parties were represented by separate legal

counsel in the negotiations.

      The parties formed the Partnership by executing the Partnership

Agreement effective February 15, 2008.         Under the Partnership Agreement,

Appellant RCC GenPar became the general partner of the Partnership, and

Cravens became the majority Class A limited partner with a 99.8% limited

partnership interest. The parties valued Cravens’s 99.8% interest at $3,320,000,

based on Willmar’s conveyance of the property to the Partnership, which they

counted as Cravens’s initial capital contribution.

      Willmar’s conveyance of the real property was governed by a property

contribution agreement that the Partnership and Willmar executed the same day

that the parties created the Partnership.3 The property contribution agreement

required that at the closing, the Partnership pay off the approximate $1.6 million

lien against the property. In essence, the $3,320,000 value of Cravens’s limited

partnership interest in the Partnership was determined by subtracting the

approximate $1.6 million debt on the property from the property’s $4,870,000

total value.    The Partnership Agreement provided that title to any property


      3
       Cravens signed the property contribution agreement on Willmar’s behalf in
his capacity as general partner of Willmar.

                                          5
conveyed to the Partnership would be “taken in the name of, retained and held

by the Partnership.”

      The Partnership Agreement also contemplated the addition of several

Class B limited partners that would own a total of 0.1% of the Partnership. RCC

GenPar, the general partner, owned the remaining 0.1%. As the Class A limited

partner, Cravens would receive 99.8% of the Partnership’s profits until his

$3,320,000 initial contribution plus 10% annual interest had been repaid.

Afterward, Cravens would receive 50% of future profits, the Class B limited

partners would collectively receive 49%, and RCC GenPar would receive the

remaining 1%. Myers testified that the Class B limited partners thus stood to

profit from the completion and sale of the hospital but that he doubted the Class

B limited partners would profit if the hospital were never built.

      The Partnership Agreement named RCC as the developer for the project

and provided for the acquisition of an interim loan “of approximately

$3,100,000.00 [to be] incurred by the Partnership concurrently with the

contribution of the Property to the Partnership [and to be used] to replace the

indebtedness encumbering the Property and pay for certain development and

pre-construction expenses.” The Partnership Agreement also contemplated a

construction loan for the proposed hospital and stated that the debt-to-equity

ratio for any construction loan would be at least 80% debt with no more than 20%

equity. In addition, the Partnership Agreement capped the total project cost at




                                          6
$28 million. Cravens testified that he wanted these limitations so that he would

be able to individually purchase the hospital once it was built and operational.

      The parties executed several other agreements contemporaneously with

the Partnership Agreement. As mentioned above, the Partnership and Willmar

entered into a property contribution agreement that required Willmar to convey

the property into the Partnership.        The Partnership and the Center for

Neurological Disorders Hospital, L.P. (CNDH) entered into a twenty-year lease of

the existing office space and the future hospital building that required CNDH to

pay monthly rent to the Partnership.4 In addition, Cravens and the Partnership

entered into an option contract that granted Cravens a one-time option to

purchase the hospital from the Partnership once the hospital was completed and

operational for thirteen months. Finally, the parties signed a letter agreement

that suspended certain deadlines so that RCC could pursue the purchase of

adjacent property to build a parking garage for the proposed hospital. Although

the owner of the adjacent property ultimately declined to sell, the Partnership

later entered into a lease of the adjacent property. That lease contract was

negotiated in 2008 and was signed as effective in January 2009.

      C.    Interim Loan Funded and Property Contributed by Willmar

      Willmar contributed the property to the Partnership on October 1, 2008.

Near the same time, the Partnership obtained a $3.1 million interim loan from

NorthStar Bank. From the proceeds of the interim loan, the Partnership paid off

      4
       CNDH, L.P. is a different entity than CND.

                                         7
the approximate $1.6 million in liens against the property and Cravens received

$484,429.59 as reimbursement for his previous development expenses. 5 After

the payments to lenders and Cravens, the Partnership had about $1 million left to

use for development expenses. Thus, once the interim loan had been secured

and Willmar had conveyed the property to the Partnership, title to the property

was held in the name of the Partnership (in which Cravens held a 99.8% limited

partnership interest) and the original $1.6 million in debt against the property had

been paid by the Partnership from the $3.1 million interim loan proceeds. But the

$1.6 million in debt against the property had been replaced by a $3.1 million

debt, with the Partnership and RCC GenPar being responsible for the note

instead of Willmar. CNDH then began paying monthly rent to the Partnership for

use of the property.

      D.    Construction Loan Never Approved

      The parties intensely dispute the quality, quantity, and necessity of

Appellants’ subsequent efforts to raise equity, secure financing, and procure

construction drawings for the proposed hospital and their representations about

those efforts. Cravens presented evidence that Appellants did virtually nothing

productive while representing to him that they were working feverishly.

Appellants, on the other hand, presented evidence describing their efforts to

obtain initial construction designs, raise equity, and secure financing.


      5
      Throughout the trial, the parties and witnesses referred to the
$484,429.59 as $500,000, and we do the same.

                                         8
Regardless, the Partnership began negotiations for a construction loan with

IronStone Bank (IronStone) in late June and early July 2009. By August 2009,

IronStone had provided the Partnership with a term sheet for the construction

loan.

        Cravens presented evidence that through September and October 2009,

Appellants repeatedly assured him that bank approval was imminent or had

occurred but that IronStone never actually approved a loan or provided a

schedule for approval.    Cravens testified that he learned at a meeting with

IronStone representatives in October that they did not understand the loan

application, specifically that they did not grasp the difference between physician

fees and hospital fees that would be generated once the hospital was operational

and that they thought that the projected revenue numbers were inflated by

including both as separate income.6 About a week later, Appellants received a

credit memo from IronStone, but the memo indicated that the bank had additional

concerns and still did not understand the Partnership’s projected revenue.

Based on those concerns, IronStone asked for limited guaranties from the

physicians who would practice medicine at the hospital. IronStone also sought

three years of tax returns from the guarantors and more information from

Cravens about Willmar and other trusts listed on Cravens’s financial statement

        6
       Cravens explained during his testimony that physician fees are those
charged by the physicians for their services to the patients, such as performing
an operation at the hospital, and that the hospital fees are institutional fees for
things like “use of the operating room, the nursing staff, the ICUs, the hospital
beds, medications[,] and so forth.”

                                        9
so that the loan underwriting process could continue. Cravens was willing to

provide the guaranties but not the other information, and he decided not to

provide it.

       E.     General Partner Removed

       On November 6, 2009, Cravens, exercising his voting share as the 99.8%

limited partner, voted to remove RCC GenPar as the general partner of the

Partnership and to replace it with Willmar.7 The notice to Myers and Lake of

Cravens’s vote stated that the “removal was for fraudulent activities.” Cravens

further explained his reasoning in a letter to Myers and Lake dated November 13,

2009, writing among other things that he had been given “misleading information

and ultimately fraudulent information regarding the bank funding and the level of

review and the timing of the closing of the loan,” that a bank representative had

told him that the loan had been declined over six weeks earlier, and that Myers

and Lake had failed to comply with the Partnership Agreement and had “caused

material detriment to the [P]artnership.” Cravens subsequently replaced Willmar

with himself as general partner and still later named an entity called Center for

Neurological Disorders, General Partner, LLC as general partner.

       F.     Cravens and Others Filed Suit

       Cravens, the Partnership, Willmar, and CNDH sued Appellants, seeking

damages and attorney’s fees and alleging causes of action for common law and


       7
     The parties disputed at trial whether Cravens properly removed RCC
GenPar as the general partner of the Partnership.

                                       10
statutory fraud, negligent misrepresentation, securities law violations, aiding and

abetting, conspiracy, promissory estoppel, and unjust enrichment.           Willmar

nonsuited its claims prior to trial.    The clerk’s record also includes an order

granting partial summary judgment for Appellants and dismissing all of Willmar’s

and CNDH’s claims with prejudice.8         At the time of trial, Cravens and the

Partnership were the only plaintiffs.

      G.     Trial and Final Judgment

      The case was called for trial on April 13, 2011. In addition to the evidence

discussed generally above, Cravens presented expert testimony that Appellants

improperly guided the project by spending almost $1 million on construction

drawings that could not be used and by incurring debt on the property that had to

be repaid. Another expert testified that Cravens would have received $893,052

in past profits and more than $19 million in future profits if the hospital had been

built and operated for twenty years and if Cravens had exercised his option to

purchase the hospital from the Partnership.

      After hearing several weeks of testimony, the trial court submitted the case

to the jury in a charge with forty-eight questions. The jury returned a 10‒2 verdict

for Cravens and the Partnership that included affirmative liability findings against


      8
      The RCP Appellants state in their brief that although the partial summary
judgment order reflects a dismissal with prejudice against CNDH and Willmar,
CNDH and Willmar had voluntarily nonsuited their claims before the trial court
signed the partial summary judgment order. Regardless, neither CNDH nor
Willmar was included within the jury charge or awarded damages in the final
judgment.

                                         11
Lake, Maguire, RCC, and RCP for fraudulent inducement and statutory fraud

prior to the date of the Partnership Agreement; against Lake, RCC GenPar, and

RCC for fraudulent inducement between the date of the Partnership Agreement

and the date Willmar conveyed the property to the Partnership; against Lake for

a securities law violation and Myers and RCC for materially aiding Lake in

committing the securities law violation; against RCC for promissory estoppel;

against Lake and RCC for unjust enrichment; and against RCC GenPar for

breach of the Partnership Agreement. Relevant to this appeal, the jury’s damage

awards included $3,558,000 for fraudulent inducement and statutory fraud prior

to the date of the Partnership Agreement; $3,558,000 for fraudulent inducement

between the date of the Partnership Agreement and the date Willmar deeded the

property to the Partnership; $1,548,000 for promissory estoppel; $317,500 for

unjust enrichment; and $1,625,000 in trial and appellate attorney’s fees. The jury

did not award any damages for future lost profits.

      The trial court signed the final judgment on August 8, 2011. The judgment

states that Cravens and the Partnership made an election of remedies, choosing

to recover for fraudulent inducement, statutory fraud, promissory estoppel, and

unjust enrichment. The judgment awards damages of $8,664,000 to Cravens in

his individual capacity and damages of $317,500 to the Partnership.           The

judgment also awards $1,625,000 to Cravens individually for trial and appellate




                                        12
attorney’s fees9 and contains a judicial declaration that RCC GenPar was

properly removed as general partner of the Partnership.

                                   III. STANDING

      The RCC Appellants and the RCP Appellants contend in their respective

first issues that Cravens did not have standing to recover damages in his

individual capacity.

      A.     Standard of Review

      Standing focuses on the question of who may bring an action.               See

Patterson v. Planned Parenthood of Houston & Se. Tex., Inc., 971 S.W.2d 439,

442 (Tex. 1998). Standing is a component of subject-matter jurisdiction, and

subject-matter jurisdiction is essential to the authority of a court to decide a case.

Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993); see

also DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Inman, 252 S.W.3d 299, 304 (Tex. 2008) (“A court

has no jurisdiction over a claim made by a plaintiff without standing to assert it.”).

We review standing under the same standard by which we review subject-matter

jurisdiction generally. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d at 446. Whether the trial

court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo.

Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).




      9
       The award of attorney’s fees to Cravens was based on the statutory fraud
theory. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 27.01(e) (West 2015) (providing for
recovery of “attorney’s fees, expert witness fees, costs for copies of depositions,
and costs of court” for statutory fraud).

                                         13
      B.     Damage Awards to Cravens Individually

      The trial court’s judgment awards damages of $8,664,000 to Cravens in

his individual capacity.     Of those damages, $1,476,000 are for lost profits

sustained in the past, with half of that amount ($738,000) for fraud prior to the

date of the Partnership Agreement and the other half ($738,000) for fraud

between the date of the Partnership Agreement and the date Willmar deeded the

property to the Partnership.10 The jury also awarded Cravens $5,640,000 in

damages for the difference in value between what he was promised and what he

received as of the date the Partnership Agreement was signed, with half of that

amount ($2,820,000) for fraud occurring prior to the Partnership Agreement and

the other half ($2,820,000) for fraud between the date of the Partnership

Agreement and the date Willmar deeded the property to the Partnership in

October 2008.     The remaining $1,548,000 in damages awarded to Cravens

individually are for promissory estoppel and are based on the jury’s affirmative

finding that Cravens substantially and foreseeably relied to his detriment on

RCC’s promise to develop and build the hospital and related structures.

      C.     Party Contentions

      Appellants make two principle arguments relating to Cravens’s standing to

recover damages individually.        They argue that the legal right to recover

damages belonged to the entity that was allegedly harmed, meaning that only the

      10
          Each of the lost profits damage questions asked the jury to determine the
“[l]ost profits, if any, sustained in the past that derive from Dr. Cravens’[s] interest
in the Partnership.”

                                          14
Partnership, Willmar, or CNDH could recover the alleged fraud and promissory

estoppel damages.      Appellants also argue that Cravens was not personally

harmed because he did not personally part with anything of value since Willmar

contributed the property to the Partnership and because CNDH paid rent to the

Partnership. Cravens responds that although the property was technically owned

by Willmar before Willmar deeded it to the Partnership, the parties treated the

participant individuals and entities as indistinguishable throughout the transaction

(including the recitations in the various letters of intent that preceded the

Partnership Agreement) and that Cravens’s capital contribution into the

Partnership was valued at $3.2 million once Willmar contributed the property.

Cravens also points out that Willmar received no benefit from the transfer of the

property into the Partnership, that Cravens personally received an option to

purchase    the   hospital   in   the   future,   and   that   all   writings   executed

contemporaneously must be considered together.             In other words, Cravens

argues that, looking at the various contracts executed contemporaneously with

the Partnership Agreement, the parties intended that Cravens would individually

benefit from the deal.11




      11
         We agree with Cravens’s contention that all writings involved in this
transaction may be considered together to determine the parties’ intent, and we
treat all the transaction documents as a “single, unified instrument” for that
purpose. Fort Worth ISD v. City of Fort Worth, 22 S.W.3d 831, 840 (Tex. 2000).
But we are not at liberty to disregard the legal entities created by the transaction
documents to reach a result not permitted by Texas law. See DeWitt Cty. Elec.
Coop., Inc. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d 96, 102 (Tex. 1999) (“[T]his rule is simply a device
for ascertaining and giving effect to the intention of the parties and cannot be
                                         15
      D.    Lost Profit Damages

      We begin by determining whether Cravens, in his individual capacity, may

recover damages for past lost profits.12        Texas law is established that

shareholders have no individual or direct claim for injuries sustained by the

corporation. Wingate v. Hajdik, 795 S.W.2d 717, 719 (Tex. 1990); see Sneed v.

Webre, 465 S.W.3d 169, 188 (Tex. 2015).        Courts of appeals have similarly

applied this rule to other types of legal entities, including Subchapter S

corporations, limited liability companies, and limited partnerships. See Singh v.

Duane Morris, L.L.P., 338 S.W.3d 176, 181–82 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2011, pet. denied) (holding sole shareholder of Subchapter S corporation had “no

standing to recover personally for damages incurred by the corporation”);

Asshauer v. Wells Fargo Foothill, 263 S.W.3d 468, 470–73 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, pet. denied) (holding individuals owning limited partnership interests had

no standing to sue for damages allegedly caused to limited partnership); Swank

v. Cunningham, 258 S.W.3d 647, 662 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, pet. denied)

(holding negligence claim belonged to corporation and that individuals claiming to

be shareholders had no standing to maintain action for individual damages);

Nauslar v. Coors Brewing Co., 170 S.W.3d 242, 247, 250–51 (Tex. App.—Dallas



applied arbitrarily.”); Miles v. Martin, 159 Tex. 336, 341, 321 S.W.2d 62, 65
(1959) (stating the same).
      12
       Because the jury did not award any damages to Cravens or the
Partnership for future lost profits, our discussion of lost profits damages is
necessarily limited to lost profits allegedly sustained in the past.

                                       16
2005, no pet.) (holding limited liability company and its sole owner had no

standing to recover damages for harm allegedly done to limited partnership in

which LLC owned limited partnership interest).

      In this case, Cravens received a 99.8% limited partnership interest in the

Partnership. For each of the fraud questions, the jury was asked to determine

the amount of “[l]ost profits, if any sustained in the past that derive from Dr.

Cravens’[s] interest in the Partnership.” [Emphasis added]. Even assuming that

sufficient evidence supports the jury’s findings as to the amount of lost profits

sustained in the past, any profits lost as a result of Appellants’ alleged fraud

belong, as a matter of law, to the Partnership and not to Cravens. See Wingate,

795 S.W.2d at 719. “[I]njury to the property of a corporation, or the impairment or

destruction of its business, is vested in the corporation, as distinguished from its

stockholders, even though it may result indirectly in loss of earnings to the

stockholders.” Id. (quoting Massachusetts v. Davis, 140 Tex. 398, 406–07, 168

S.W.2d 216, 221 (1942), cert. denied, 320 U.S. 210 (1943)); see also Singh, 338

S.W.3d at 180–82 (holding sole shareholder had no standing to recover profits

lost by Subchapter S corporation); Nauslar, 170 S.W.3d at 248, 251 (holding that

“[t]he right of recovery is [the limited partnership]’s right alone, even though the

economic impact of the alleged wrongdoing may bring about reduced earnings,

salary or bonus” to those holding interests in the partnership). It matters not that

Cravens held a 99.8% limited partnership interest in the Partnership because

even the sole shareholder of a Subchapter S corporation has no standing to


                                        17
recover for wrongs allegedly done to that corporation.13 Singh, 338 S.W.3d at

181–82.

      As a matter of law, Cravens does not have standing as the 99.8% limited

partner in the Partnership to recover individually for lost profits that allegedly

“derive from [his] interest in the Partnership.” See Wingate, 795 S.W.2d at 719.

Any damages must be recovered by the entity to avoid duplicitous suits and

damage awards and to ensure that any damages are available to pay the entity’s

creditors or to proportionately distribute to the entity’s owners.14 See id. (quoting

Davis, 140 Tex. at 406–07, 168 S.W.2d at 221); see also Singh, 338 S.W.3d at

181–82 (holding sole shareholder of corporation had no standing to recover lost

profits); Nauslar, 170 S.W.3d at 250–51 (holding sole owner of limited

partnership had no standing to recover distributions, profits, and other benefits of

ownership he would have received).

      Cravens argues alternatively that because the jury found that he properly

removed RCC GenPar as the general partner of the Partnership, his status as

general partner allowed him to recover damages that may have been suffered by

the Partnership.     However, Cravens was not the general partner of the

      13
       It also matters not that one fraud theory related to alleged fraud predating
the Partnership Agreement because the jury was only asked to determine
damages based on Cravens’s 99.8% interest in the Partnership, not whether
Cravens personally had lost profits before entering into the Partnership
Agreement.
      14
        Although Cravens relies in part on his personal option to purchase the
hospital in the future to establish his standing to sue individually, the jury
awarded no damages to Cravens for future lost profits.

                                         18
Partnership at the time of trial and judgment. Thus, even if he arguably had

authority at one time to act as general partner on behalf of the Partnership, he

did not have that authority by the time of trial and judgment.

      Moreover, the Partnership Agreement only allowed the general partner to

bring a lawsuit “on behalf of” the Partnership, specifically stating that the general

partner had the power to “institute, prosecute, defend and settle any legal,

arbitration or administrative actions or proceedings on behalf of or against the

Partnership.” That contractual authorization did nothing to change the bedrock

principle that only the legal entity has standing to recover damages incurred by

the entity.   See Singh, 338 S.W.3d at 182 (stating that one of the “bedrock

principle[s] of corporate law is that a corporation cannot be used when it benefits

the stockholders and be disregarded when it is to the advantage of the

organizers to do so”). Rather, it merely restated the law that the general partner

in a limited partnership has the right to manage and conduct the business of the

partnership; it did not grant the general partner the authority to recover damages

that belong to the Partnership in the general partner’s name. See Tex. Bus.

Orgs. Code Ann. § 153.152(a)(1) (West 2012) (stating general partner in limited

partnership has rights of partner in a general partnership); id. § 152.203 (West

2012) (outlining partners’ rights to manage and conduct business of partnership);

see also Wingate, 795 S.W.2d at 719 (noting that damages must be recovered

by corporation so they are available to pay corporate creditors or to

proportionately distribute to stockholders) (quoting Davis, 140 Tex. at 406–07,


                                         19
168 S.W.2d at 221); see generally Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code Ann. § 153.401 (West

2012) (granting limited partner authority to bring derivative suit “on behalf of the

limited partnership to recover a judgment in the limited partnership’s favor” if

certain conditions are met (emphasis added)).

      The jury was only asked to determine the amount of lost profits that “derive

from Dr. Cravens’[s] interest in the Partnership,” and the final judgment awarded

those lost profits damages to Cravens individually. But Cravens has no standing

to recover those damages in his individual capacity. We therefore sustain the

part of the RCC Appellants’ and the RCP Appellants’ respective first issues that

challenge the award of $1,476,000 in past lost profits to Cravens in his individual

capacity.

      E.    Benefit of the Bargain Damages

      The jury also awarded Cravens benefit-of-the-bargain damages of

$2,820,000 for fraud before the date of the Partnership Agreement and

$2,820,000 for fraud between the date of the Partnership Agreement and the

date that Willmar deeded the property to the Partnership.        Damages for the

difference between the value agreed to or represented and the value actually

received are benefit-of-the-bargain damages. See Aquaplex, Inc. v. Rancho La

Valencia, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768, 775 (Tex. 2009); see also Baylor Univ. v.

Sonnichsen, 221 S.W.3d 632, 636 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam); Formosa Plastics

Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 49 (Tex. 1998);

Miller v. Kennedy & Minshew, P.C., 142 S.W.3d 325, 346 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth


                                        20
2003, pet. denied).   A party may recover benefit-of-the-bargain damages for

fraud. See Formosa Plastics Corp. USA, 960 S.W.2d at 49.

      For the benefit-of-the-bargain damages, Cravens argues that he has

standing because the legal duty was owed to him individually by Appellants and

not to the Partnership, meaning the claims are personal to him. In this regard,

the Supreme Court of Texas has explained that although “[a] corporate

stockholder cannot recover damages personally for a wrong done solely to the

corporation, even though he may be injured by that wrong,” that “rule does not, of

course, prohibit a stockholder from recovering damages for wrongs done to him

individually ‘where the wrongdoer violates a duty arising from contract or

otherwise, and owing directly by him to the stockholder.’” Wingate, 795 S.W.2d

at 719 (quoting Davis, 140 Tex. at 408, 168 S.W.2d at 222).

      Based on the evidence presented to the jury in this case, Cravens also

does not have standing to recover the benefit-of-the-bargain damages because

he presented no evidence that he was personally aggrieved by the alleged fraud.

Willmar owned the property and deeded it to the Partnership.15 And even if

Cravens owned all or part of Willmar, only Willmar was entitled to pursue

damages for fraudulent inducement relating to the conveyance of the property

into the Partnership because only the legal entity that owns the property may sue

for damage to that property. See id. (“[T]he cause of action for injury to the

property of a corporation . . . is vested in the corporation.”) (quoting Davis, 140

      15
        Cravens signed the deed, but he did so as the general partner of Willmar.

                                        21
Tex. at 407, 168 S.W.2d at 221). Cravens was thus not damaged by Willmar’s

conveyance of the property to the Partnership even though Willmar may have

been harmed.     See generally Willis v. Marshall, 401 S.W.3d 689, 696 (Tex.

App.—El Paso 2013, no pet.) (“A person who is personally aggrieved by the

alleged wrong has standing to sue.”) (citing Nootsie Ltd. v. Williamson Cty.

Appraisal Dist., 925 S.W.2d 659, 661 (Tex. 1996)). The same logic applies to the

$1.5 million in rent paid to the Partnership.      Cravens was not personally

aggrieved by the payment of rent because he did not make the payments; CNDH

paid the rent. Cravens does not have standing to assert claims for damages

based on injury allegedly caused to Willmar or CNDH.         See Asshauer, 263

S.W.3d at 471–72 (discussing Nauslar, 170 S.W.3d at 250).

      Finally, to the extent Cravens argues that his 99.8% interest in the

Partnership was not worth what it should have been because of Appellants’

alleged fraud, i.e., that his $3,320,000 limited partnership interest was not

actually worth that amount because of Appellants’ alleged fraud,16 that claim

belongs to the Partnership, and Cravens did not have standing to pursue it.

Diminished value of an ownership interest as a result of allegedly tortious

conduct is not an individual claim; the claim instead belongs to the legal entity.

Nauslar, 170 S.W.3d at 249–50.        This is so “even where the wrong has

depreciated the value of the shareholder’s investment in the corporation,


      16
        In his closing argument, Cravens’s attorney argued to the jury that the
value of Cravens’s interest in the Partnership was “[n]othing.”

                                       22
impaired or destroyed its business, or otherwise harmed the shareholder.” Goeth

v. Craig, Terrill & Hale, L.L.P., No. 03-03-00125-CV, 2005 WL 850349, at *5

(Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 14, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.); see Wingate, 795 S.W.2d

at 719 (holding claim for misappropriation of corporate assets belonged to

corporation, not to sole shareholder); see also Asshauer, 263 S.W.3d at 472

(holding limited partners who collectively invested $30 million in partnership had

no standing to sue another limited partner because claim that $30 million

investment was total loss belonged to the partnership, not the limited partners);

Nauslar, 170 S.W.3d at 250–51 (holding corporation owned claim related to

damage to corporation’s value resulting from tortious conduct). We sustain the

remainder of the RCP Appellants’ first issue and the part of the RCC Appellants’

first issue that challenges Cravens’s standing to recover benefit-of-the-bargain

damages.

      F.    Promissory Estoppel

      In the remainder of their first issue, the RCC Appellants contend that

Cravens has no standing to recover the $1,548,000 awarded to him individually

for promissory estoppel against RCC. Assuming for the moment that Cravens

personally made expenditures or materially changed his position in reliance on

RCC’s promise to develop and build the hospital, he has standing to assert that

claim in his individual capacity because it would be a loss personal to him in that

the jury found that Cravens personally made expenditures “in preparation or




                                        23
performance in reliance upon [RCC’s] promise.”17 See Willis, 401 S.W.3d at 696

(“A person who is personally aggrieved by the alleged wrong has standing to

sue.”) (citing Nootsie, 925 S.W.2d at 661); see also Wheeler v. White, 398

S.W.2d 93, 97 (Tex. 1965) (recognizing cause of action for promissory estoppel

that permits recovery of damages for detrimental reliance on a promise in the

absence of a binding contract).       This differs from the discussion of other

damages above because the promissory estoppel claim is an extra-contractual

claim belonging to Cravens individually. We therefore overrule the remainder of

the RCC Appellants’ first issue.

                      IV. PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL DAMAGES

      In part of their sixth issue, the RCC Appellants contend that legally

insufficient evidence supports the jury’s award of $1,548,000 in reliance

damages to Cravens.

      A.    Standard of Review

      We may sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when (1) the record

discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred

by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a

mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital

fact. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998),


      17
       We address the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s damage
award for promissory estoppel in the next section of this opinion.

                                        24
cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999); Robert W. Calvert, “No Evidence” and

“Insufficient Evidence” Points of Error, 38 Tex. L. Rev. 361, 362–63 (1960). In

determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the finding

under review, we must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable

factfinder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a

reasonable factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228

S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827

(Tex. 2005).

      B.       Discussion

      Generally, promissory estoppel is a viable alternative to breach of contract.

Allied Vista, Inc. v. Holt, 987 S.W.2d 138, 141 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1999, pet. denied). Promissory estoppel is not applicable to a promise covered

by a valid contract between the parties, but the doctrine will apply to a promise

outside a contract. See Richter v. Wagner Oil Co., 90 S.W.3d 890, 899 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.). “The damages recoverable under this theory

are not the profits the promisee expected from acting in reliance on the promise,

but the amount necessary to put the promisee in the position he would have

been in if he had not so acted.” Lamajak, Inc. v. Frazin, 230 S.W.3d 786, 794

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.).

      The jury was asked to determine the amount of “[e]xpenditures made by

Dr. Cravens in preparation or performance in reliance upon the promise” by RCC

“to develop and build the hospital and related structures” and found that amount


                                        25
to be $1,548,000. The RCC Appellants contend that there is no evidence to

support this award. Cravens counters that the evidence is legally sufficient to

support the $1,548,000 in reliance damages because the rent paid to the

Partnership totaled $1.5 million, because the property conveyed to the

Partnership had a value greater than the amount awarded by the jury, and

because there is evidence that he spent more than $1 million in attorney’s fees.

      We agree that there is evidence that the Partnership received $1.5 million

in rent payments between October 2008 and September 2010, but nothing in the

record suggests that Cravens personally paid the rent.      To the contrary, the

evidence reflects that CNDH paid the rent to the Partnership. Reliance damages

based on rent payments would thus belong to CNDH, not Cravens.                See

Wingate, 795 S.W.2d at 719; Singh, 338 S.W.3d at 181–82; Asshauer, 263

S.W.3d at 470–73; Swank, 258 S.W.3d at 662; Nauslar, 170 S.W.3d at 250–51.

Similarly, the property deeded to the Partnership was valued at $4.87 million and

led to a capital contribution of $3.32 million for Cravens, but the property was

deeded to the Partnership by Willmar, not Cravens, meaning Cravens cannot

personally recover reliance damages based on the conveyance of the property to

the Partnership. See Wingate, 795 S.W.2d at 719; Singh, 338 S.W.3d at 181–

82; Asshauer, 263 S.W.3d at 470–73; Swank, 258 S.W.3d at 662; Nauslar, 170

S.W.3d at 250–51.

      The Dallas court of appeals addressed an analogous circumstance in

Lamajak. See 230 S.W.3d at 794–95. There, the parties discussed a profit-


                                       26
sharing arrangement by which Lamajak would provide Beanie Babies to Frazin to

sell, with Frazin keeping all profits above $6 million. Id. at 790–91. Lamajak

allegedly failed to pay Frazin his share of profits, and Frazin sued for breach of

contract, promissory estoppel, and unjust enrichment. Id. at 791–92. Holding

that Frazin presented no evidence of reliance damages to support his promissory

estoppel theory, the court of appeals wrote,

      To recover reliance damages, Frazin was required to prove his
      personal expenditures or losses. Frazin did not provide any
      evidence to show how the changes he made to his corporation’s
      business strategy affected his personal income or caused a loss to
      him personally. He presented no evidence of how corporate losses
      could be translated into personal losses. And Frazin presented no
      testimony about any out-of-pocket expenses or other costs he
      incurred personally in reliance on [Lamajak]’s alleged promise. We
      conclude, therefore, that there is no evidence to support the jury’s
      verdict awarding Frazin damages for promissory estoppel.

Id. at 795.18 Here, Cravens cannot rely on Willmar’s conveyance of the property

and CNDH’s rent payments because those were not personal to him, meaning

they are no evidence of expenditures by Cravens in reliance upon RCC’s

promise to develop and build the hospital.

      Finally, Cravens points out that his attorneys were paid more than

$1 million, and he argues that the attorney’s fees support the award of reliance

damages. However, the evidence shows that the fees were paid from CND’s line

of credit and not by Cravens individually. But even if Cravens personally paid

some or all of the attorney’s fees, his attorney’s fees for prosecution of the

      18
      Incidentally, the court also held that Frazin could not personally recover
damages for harm to his wholly owned corporation. Id. at 794–95.

                                        27
lawsuit are not expenditures made in reliance on RCC’s promise to develop and

build the hospital.   They are expenditures made for purposes of recovering

damages in this lawsuit, and as such, they are not compensatory, out-of-pocket

damages. See In re Nalle Plastics Family Ltd. P’ship, 406 S.W.3d 168, 171–175

(Tex. 2013) (holding attorney’s fees incurred in prosecuting or defending litigation

are not compensatory damages and thus need not be superseded pending

appeal under civil practice and remedies code section 52.006); Alma Group,

L.L.C. v. Palmer, 143 S.W.3d 840, 846 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, pet.

denied) (holding party not entitled to recover attorney’s fees without also

recovering damages for breach of contract in part because “attorney fees are in

the nature of costs, not damages”). Thus, Cravens points to no evidence in the

record of expenditures he personally made in reliance upon RCC’s promise to

develop and build the hospital and related structures.19

      We sustain the portion of the RCC Appellants’ sixth issue that challenges

the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s award of promissory

estoppel damages to Cravens individually. See Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co., 977

S.W.2d at 334; see also Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co., 228 S.W.3d at 651; City

of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 807, 827; Bechtel Corp. v. CITGO Prods. Pipeline Co.,

271 S.W.3d 898, 928 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.) (sustaining legal

sufficiency challenge to promissory estoppel reliance damages); Lamajak, 230

      19
       To the contrary, the undisputed evidence is that Cravens personally
received almost $500,000 from the proceeds of the interim loan as
reimbursement for his past expenditures.

                                        28
S.W.3d at 794–95 (sustaining legal sufficiency challenge to promissory estoppel

damages). We do not reach the remainder of the RCC Appellants’ sixth issue.

See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

                            V. UNJUST ENRICHMENT

      The RCC Appellants argue in their seventh issue that the trial court erred

by rendering judgment for the Partnership on an unjust enrichment theory against

Lake and RCC.

      The jury found in response to Questions 40 and 41 that Lake and RCC

were unjustly enriched “by receiving fees and compensation from the

Partnership”; that Lake was unjustly enriched in the amount of $69,000; and that

RCC was unjustly enriched in the amount of $248,500. The RCC Appellants

contend that Texas law precludes application of unjust enrichment when the

matter in dispute is covered by an express contract and that the Partnership

Agreement explicitly provided for payment of the disputed fees to Lake and RCC.

The Partnership responds that it had no written contract with either Lake or RCC

and that the Partnership Agreement was nullified by fraudulent inducement. The

RCC Appellants point out, though, that Cravens did not elect to rescind the

Partnership as a remedy for fraud20 and that unjust enrichment claims are




      20
        Indeed, Cravens and the Partnership elected to have the trial court enter
judgment on their declaratory judgment claim that RCC GenPar “was properly
removed as the General Partner of [the Partnership] pursuant to the terms of the
[Partnership] Agreement.”

                                       29
precluded for parties to a contract, as well as for third parties, if the subject

matter of the dispute is covered by the contract.

      A party generally cannot recover under an unjust enrichment theory if an

express contract covers the subject matter of the dispute. See Fortune Prod. Co.

v. Conoco, Inc., 52 S.W.3d 671, 684 (Tex. 2000). “This rule is applicable not

only when the plaintiff is seeking to recover in equity from the party with whom he

expressly contracted, but also when the plaintiff is seeking recovery from a third

party foreign to the original contract but who is alleged to have benefited from its

performance.”    Protocol Techs., Inc. v. J.B. Grand Canyon Dairy, L.P., 406

S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2013, no pet.) (citing Hester v. Friedkin

Cos., Inc., 132 S.W.3d 100, 106 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet.

denied); Iron Mountain Bison Ranch, Inc. v. Easley Trailer Mfg., Inc., 42 S.W.3d

149, 160 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000, no pet.); W & W Oil Co. v. Capps, 784

S.W.2d 536, 537 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1990, no writ)).           Here, the Partnership

Agreement expressly provided the general partner with authority to pay “the

Developer an overhead and supervision fee of $1,239,113, which shall be

payable in equal monthly installments during the Project.”        The Partnership

Agreement expressly defined RCC as the Developer, and there is no dispute that

Lake was an officer of RCC.

      The Partnership also argues that the contract provides that the

development fees should not have been paid until the construction loan had been

obtained and that Appellants told Cravens the fees would not be paid until the


                                        30
construction loan had been funded.        The Partnership Agreement defined the

“Project” as “[t]he acquisition of the Property, and the development, construction

and delivery to tenants of a fully operational . . . surgical/hospital . . . through the

obtaining of a Construction Loan.” Cravens argues that because the Partnership

Agreement only allowed payment of development fees “during the project,” the

development fees should not have been paid because the “project” never

commenced (since there was never a construction loan).21                However, this

argument relates to an interpretation of the contract and indisputably brings the

dispute about the payment of development fees within the subject matter of the

express contract. Thus, even though neither RCC nor Lake was a party to the

Partnership Agreement, the dispute about the payment of development fees is a

matter covered by the Partnership Agreement, which is an express contract.

Under these circumstances, the Partnership cannot recover against RCC or Lake

for unjust enrichment because an express contract covers the subject matter of

the dispute.   See Protocol Techs., Inc., 406 S.W.3d at 614‒15; Hester, 132

S.W.3d at 106; W & W Oil Co., 784 S.W.2d at 537.

      Finally, the Partnership argues that the unjust enrichment recovery should

stand because the development fees constituted overpayments on the contract.

But the Partnership’s argument exceeds the scope of what the jury was asked to

find. The jury was asked to find the amount that RCC and Lake were unjustly

      21
        The RCC Appellants disagreed at trial with the Partnership’s
interpretation of the Partnership Agreement and argued that the development
fees were expressly allowed by the Partnership Agreement.

                                          31
enriched by “receiving fees and compensation from the Partnership” as a result

of “fraud, duress[,] or the taking of undue advantage.” The jury was not asked to

determine the amounts of any overpayments under the Partnership Agreement.

Thus, although we recognize the exception permitting recovery of overpayments

under a contract on an unjust enrichment theory, see Fortune Prod. Co., 52

S.W.3d at 684 (noting exception to unjust enrichment express-contract defense

for overpayments on contract); Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Burlington N. R.R. Co.,

966 S.W.2d 467, 469–70 (Tex. 1998) (“[I]n some circumstances, overpayments

under a valid contract may give rise to a claim for restitution or unjust

enrichment.”), the exception cannot apply here in the absence of a question

asking the jury to determine the amount of overpayments, if any, under the

Partnership Agreement. We sustain the RCC Appellants’ seventh issue.

                          VI. INDEMNITY FOR MAGUIRE

      In their ninth issue, the RCC Appellants contend that the trial court erred

by denying Maguire’s motion for judgment relating to his claim for contractual

indemnity.

      The indemnity provision of the Partnership Agreement states in relevant

part as follows:

      Neither the General Partner, nor any member, manager,
      shareholder, director or officer thereof shall, however, be liable,
      responsible or accountable in damages or otherwise to any Partner
      for any acts performed by it or him in good faith and within the scope
      of this Agreement or any failure to act unless such act or failure to
      act is the result of gross negligence or fraud. To the fullest extent
      allowed by the [Texas Business Organizations Code] and other
      applicable law, the Partnership shall indemnify, defend against and

                                       32
      save harmless the General Partner and its officers . . . (each an
      “Indemnified Person”) from any expenses (including reasonable
      attorney’s fees and court costs)[,] liabilities, claims, causes of action,
      losses or damages incurred by reason of any act or omission
      performed or omitted by any Indemnified Person in good faith on
      behalf of the Partnership or any other Partner and in a manner
      reasonably believed by the Indemnified Person to be within the
      scope of the authority granted to it by this Agreement . . . .

      Question 44 of the jury charge asked the jury as follows:

            Beginning on February 15, 2008,[22] do you find that those
      named below acted in good faith on behalf of the Partnership or any
      other partner and in a manner reasonably believed by them to be
      within the scope of authority granted to them by the Partnership
      Agreement?

The jury found that Maguire acted in good faith but that Lake and RCC GenPar

did not.

      Based on the indemnification provision in the Partnership Agreement and

the jury’s answer to Question 44, the RCC Appellants contend that the trial court

erred by denying Maguire’s motion for judgment on his indemnity claim. The

Partnership responds that Maguire’s claim for indemnity is barred by the jury’s

fraud findings against Maguire in Questions 1 and 6 and that the business

organizations code does not permit indemnification if the one seeking it has been

found liable to the enterprise for “wilful or intentional misconduct in the

performance of the person’s duty to the enterprise.”         Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code

§ 8.102(b)(3)(A) (West 2012).     The Partnership also argues that there is no

evidence that Maguire actually incurred attorney’s fees in this case.


      22
           The Partnership Agreement was executed on February 15, 2008.

                                         33
      Arguing that the fraud findings against Maguire prohibit indemnification, the

Partnership points to the first sentence quoted above and contends that the

Partnership Agreement prohibits indemnification for acts of fraud and gross

negligence. However, that sentence does not address indemnification. By its

plain language, the sentence relates to liability “to any Partner” and provides that

liability to a partner could result from gross negligence or fraud. The sentence

does not apply to the Partnership’s indemnification of an officer.

      The Partnership, again relying on the jury’s fraud findings, also references

section 8.102(b)(3) of the business organizations code and argues that the trial

court properly denied Maguire’s claim for indemnity because Maguire was found

liable for wilful or intentional misconduct.     See id.    Section 8.102(b)(3)(A)

provides in relevant part that

             (b)    Indemnification under this subchapter of a person who
      is found liable to the enterprise or is found liable because the person
      improperly received a personal benefit:

             ...

             (3)   may not be made in relation to a proceeding in which
             the person has been found liable for:

                   (A) wilful or intentional misconduct in                the
                   performance of the person’s duty to the enterprise.

Id. (emphasis added). This section also does not preclude Maguire’s claim for

indemnity because Maguire has not been “found liable to the enterprise.” Id.

Indeed, the jury was not asked whether Maguire should have any liability to the

Partnership. Rather, all of the jury questions asking about Maguire’s conduct


                                        34
related to alleged liability to Cravens, not to the Partnership. And in response to

the only question asked of the jury about Maguire’s conduct toward the

Partnership, the jury found that Maguire acted in good faith. Therefore, Maguire

has not been found liable to the Partnership, and section 8.102(b)(3)(A) does not

preclude his claim for indemnity. See id.

      The Partnership next argues that there is no evidence that Maguire

actually incurred attorney’s fees in the case. The Partnership presumably relies

on business organizations code section 8.102(a)(2), which provides in pertinent

part that an enterprise may indemnify a governing person or delegate against

expenses “that are reasonable and actually incurred by the person in connection

with a proceeding.”      Id. § 8.102(a)(2) (emphasis added).        The business

organizations code does not define “actually incur” or “incur,” nor do any of the

parties point us to any case law definitions that would guide our analysis. Having

not located any cases analyzing “actually incurred” as used in section

8.102(a)(2), we note that the Supreme Court of Texas has addressed a provision

in chapter 74 of the civil practice and remedies code that contains similar

language. See Garcia v. Gomez, 319 S.W.3d 638, 642–43 (Tex. 2010) (holding

some evidence existed that physician incurred fees because services had been

performed on the physician’s behalf); Aviles v. Aguirre, 292 S.W.3d 648, 649

(Tex. 2009) (holding physician entitled to recover attorney’s fees actually paid by

malpractice insurer because physician was “personally liable in the first

instance”).


                                        35
      Section 74.351(b)(1) of the civil practice and remedies code provides for

an award of “reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of court incurred by the

physician” if the plaintiff does not timely serve an adequate expert report. Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(b)(1) (West Supp. 2014) (emphasis

added). In Garcia, the plaintiff did not serve the required expert report, and the

trial court dismissed the case pursuant to the requirements of civil practice and

remedies code section 74.351(b) but did not award attorney’s fees. 319 S.W.3d

at 640; see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(b). The court of appeals

affirmed the trial court’s denial of attorney’s fees and held that there was “no

evidence of the reasonable fees incurred by the physician in defense of the

claim.” Garcia, 319 S.W.3d at 640. The supreme court reversed, holding that

although the evidence was not conclusive, the testimony by the physician’s

attorney was some evidence that the attorney’s fees were reasonable and that

the physician had incurred attorney’s fees. Id. at 642–43. The supreme court

noted that services had been performed in the lawsuit on the physician’s behalf

and that “[w]hile there is no evidence about what Dr. Garcia (or perhaps his

insurance carrier) agreed to pay for these services, it blinks reality to assume that

the attorney was a volunteer or that Dr. Garcia did not incur attorney’s fees for

this work.” Id. at 642. One year earlier, the supreme court reached a similar

result when it held that a physician had incurred attorney’s fees even though his

malpractice insurer had actually paid the attorney’s fees on his behalf, stating

that the physician was “personally liable in the first instance for both defense


                                         36
costs and any potential judgment” and that his procurement of insurance did not

mean that the physician had not incurred attorney’s fees.         See Aviles, 292

S.W.3d at 649.

      Here, one of the RCC Appellants’ attorneys testified that his law firm

represented RCC, RCC GenPar, Maguire, and Lake in the litigation.               The

attorney generally described for the jury the services that he and the other

attorneys had performed on the RCC Appellants’ behalf as well as the law firm’s

practice of tracking hours on a monthly basis and mailing invoices to the clients

for payment. The attorney acknowledged that he did not know who among his

firm’s clients reviewed the law firm’s bills and authorized payment, but even if

another of the RCC Appellants paid or advanced money for Maguire’s attorney’s

fees, Maguire was still “personally liable in the first instance” for the attorney’s

fees. See Aviles, 292 S.W.3d at 649. The attorney’s testimony thus constitutes

some evidence that Maguire actually incurred attorney’s fees in this litigation.

See Garcia, 319 S.W.3d at 642–43; Aviles, 292 S.W.3d at 649.

      Returning, then, to whether the trial court erred by denying Maguire’s

motion for judgment on his claim for indemnification, the Partnership Agreement

provides for indemnification of an officer like Maguire if the officer acted in good

faith on behalf of the Partnership, and the jury found in response to Question 44

that Maguire acted in good faith. The jury also found in response to Question 48

that reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees for the RCC Appellants were

$492,971 through trial and a total of another $200,000 for appeals to the court of


                                        37
appeals and the supreme court.       The trial court therefore erred by denying

Maguire’s motion for judgment on his claim for contractual indemnity from the

Partnership.

      We cannot, however, render judgment for Maguire because the amount of

attorney’s fees found by the jury includes more than those incurred by Maguire in

his defense. Rather, the jury’s answer to Question 48 includes attorney’s fees for

the defense of Lake and RCC GenPar and attorney’s fees for prosecuting the

RCC Appellant’s counterclaim for a judicial declaration that RCC GenPar was not

properly removed as general partner, a counterclaim on which the RCC

Appellants did not prevail at trial and have not appealed. Moreover, the RCC

Appellants’ attorney did not segregate these different types of attorney’s fees

during his testimony. We therefore cannot render judgment for Maguire on his

claim for indemnification and must instead remand the matter to the trial court for

reconsideration of the amount that Maguire should receive as indemnification

under the Partnership Agreement. See generally Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v.

Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 314–15 (Tex. 2006) (remanding for further proceedings

because “[u]nsegregated attorney’s fees for the entire case are some evidence of

what the segregated amount should be”). We sustain in part and overrule in part

the RCC Appellants’ ninth issue.

         VII. REMAINING ISSUES AND REMAND FOR NEW ELECTION OF REMEDIES

      Through our holdings above that Cravens has no standing in his individual

capacity to recover the damages awarded by the jury for common law and


                                        38
statutory fraud, that Cravens presented no evidence of reliance damages for

promissory estoppel, and that the Partnership’s claim for unjust enrichment is

barred by the express contract covering the subject matter of the development

fees, we have reversed all parts of the judgment that awarded damages to

Cravens and the Partnership. We therefore need not address Appellants’ other

issues, including their challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence to support the damage awards, the admissibility of expert testimony,

and Cravens’s alleged failure to segregate his attorney’s fees. See Tex. R. App.

P. 47.1 (requiring appellate courts to address each issue necessary to the

disposition of the appeal). We have also not addressed the RCP Appellants’

fourth issue concerning the jury’s findings as to a securities law violation because

Cravens did not elect recovery on that theory of liability. See id.

      We cannot, however, render judgment for Appellants on all claims

asserted against them by Cravens and the Partnership. When a jury finds in

favor of a party on more than one alternative theory of recovery, it is generally

proper for an appellate court to remand for that party to make a new election of

remedies in the event the appellate court renders judgment against the party on

the claims for which the party initially elected to recover. See Drury Sw., Inc. v.

Louie Ledeaux #1, Inc., 350 S.W.3d 287, 293 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011,

pet. denied); Myre v. Meletio, 307 S.W.3d 839, 846 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet.

denied); see also Smith v. Davis, No. 12-12-00169-CV, 2013 WL 2424266, at *6–

7 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Jun. 5, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op. on reh’g). Here, we


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have held that Cravens has no standing for the fraud damages awarded by the

jury and that he presented legally insufficient evidence of promissory estoppel

damages. But the jury found in response to Questions 11 through 15 that Lake

and RCC committed a securities law violation, and the jury found in response to

Questions 25 through 27 that RCC GenPar failed to comply with the Partnership

Agreement and that Cravens should recover damages for that breach of contract.

We thus remand so that Cravens may make a new election of remedies. See

Drury Sw., Inc., 350 S.W.3d at 293; Myre, 307 S.W.3d at 846; see also Smith,

2013 WL 2424266, at *6–7.       Once Cravens makes that election, the parties

should first address with the trial court any remaining uncertainties concerning

those theories of liability, including the award, if any, and assessment of

attorney’s fees, and then the parties may file a new appeal if necessary. At this

point, however, the circumstances surrounding the securities law and breach of

contract theories are not fully briefed by the parties or developed by the appellate

record, especially considering that Cravens did not elect to recover on either of

those theories of liability. Any discussion of those matters in this opinion would

therefore be advisory and speculative. See Camarena v. Tex. Emp’t Comm’n,

754 S.W.2d 149, 151 (Tex. 1988) (“It is fundamental that a court has no

jurisdiction to render an advisory opinion on a controversy that is not yet ripe.”);

Jefferson v. Holmes, No. 02-08-00318-CV, 2009 WL 806871, at *1 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth Mar. 26, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[A]n appellate court has no

jurisdiction to render an advisory opinion on a controversy that is not yet ripe or


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to decide a case on speculative, hypothetical, or contingent fact situations.”). We

thus hold that remand to the trial court is necessary and appropriate.

                                VIII. CONCLUSION

      Having sustained all of the RCP Appellants’ first issue and parts of the

RCC Appellants’ first issue, we reverse the portions of the trial court’s judgment

that awarded damages for fraud to Cravens individually and dismiss those claims

for lack of jurisdiction based on Cravens’s lack of standing. Because we have

sustained part of the RCC Appellants’ sixth issue for legally insufficient evidence,

we reverse the part of the trial court’s judgment that awarded Cravens

$1,548,000 in damages for promissory estoppel and render judgment that

Cravens take nothing on that claim.          Having sustained part of the RCC

Appellants’ ninth issue, we reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment that

denied any recovery to Maguire on his claim for contractual indemnification from

the Partnership.   Finally, having overruled or not reached Appellants’ other

issues, we remand the remainder of this case to the trial court for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                                   /s/ Bill Meier
                                                   BILL MEIER
                                                   JUSTICE

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, MEIER, and GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: October 29, 2015


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