                U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
               C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                             ________________________

                                  No. ACM 39485
                             ________________________

                                UNITED STATES
                                    Appellee
                                          v.
                          Austin D. WETUSKI
            Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                             ________________________

         Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                           Decided 20 December 2019
                             ________________________

Military Judge: Matthew D. Talcott (arraignment); Bradley A. Morris.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 9 months,
and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 16 February 2018 by GCM con-
vened at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. 1
For Appellant: Major Mark J. Schwartz, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant
Colonel G. Matt Osborn, USAF; Major Anne M. Delmare, USAF; Cap-
tain Zachary T. West, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before MINK, LEWIS, and D. JOHNSON, Appellate Military Judges.
Judge LEWIS delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge
MINK and Judge D. JOHNSON joined.



1 The general court-martial convening authority convened the court at this location
even though the events occurred near Malmstrom Air Force Base (AFB), Montana. The
convening authority made this decision, consistent with the pretrial advice of his staff
judge advocate, as the named victim was a paralegal in the Malmstrom AFB legal
office and several members of that office were witnesses in the case. We identify the
named victim’s career field in the opinion as it is necessary to resolve the assignments
of error in this case.
                    United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


                             ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                             ________________________

LEWIS, Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of officer and enlisted members convicted
Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of sexual assault in viola-
tion of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920.2,3
The court members sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, confine-
ment for nine months, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and reduction to
the grade of E-1. The convening authority disapproved the adjudged forfeitures
and waived the mandatory forfeitures for a period of six months, or until re-
lease from confinement or expiration of term of service. The convening author-
ity directed the mandatory forfeitures be paid to Appellant’s spouse for the
benefit of her and her dependent child. The convening authority approved the
remainder of the adjudged sentence.
    Appellant raises four assignments of error: (1) the military judge erred
when he denied a motion to suppress Appellant’s statements to civilian law
enforcement officers; (2) the military judge improperly limited cross-examina-
tion of the victim on her character for untruthfulness and bias; (3) his convic-
tion is legally and factually insufficient; and (4) the military judge erred by not
allowing rebuttal of the victim’s unsworn statement during sentencing.4 We
find no prejudicial error and affirm the findings and sentence.

                                  I. BACKGROUND
    This case involves a sexual assault by digital penetration committed by Ap-
pellant against a junior enlisted female paralegal, A1C ME, in the back seat of
a vehicle in a parking lot outside of a bar in Great Falls, Montana. The incident
occurred on 18 February 2017 just after midnight. At trial, a number of friends,


2All references in this opinion to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), the
Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.), and the Military Rules of Evidence are to the Man-
ual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.).
3The court members acquitted Appellant of one specification of abusive sexual contact
of A1C ME, under Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920.
4The trial transcript, appellate exhibits, and briefs involving the fourth assignment of
error were sealed pursuant to R.C.M. 1103A. These portions of the record and briefs
remain sealed, and any discussion of sealed material in this opinion is limited to that
which is necessary for our analysis. See R.C.M. 1103A(b)(4).


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


acquaintances, and co-workers of Appellant and A1C ME testified. We will de-
scribe the perspectives of some of them later in the opinion when we address
Appellant’s assignments of error. After we explain how Appellant and A1C ME
met, the remainder of this background section focuses on the assault itself, its
immediate aftermath, and how it was reported to law enforcement.
    Appellant lived in base housing on Malmstrom Air Force Base (AFB), Mon-
tana. On this particular Friday evening, 17 February 2017, he hosted several
of his friends for a “pre-game” to drink alcohol before the group went out to
local bars. One of Appellant’s close friends, A1C CR, mostly lived at Appellant’s
house during this time. A1C CR invited A1C ME to attend the “pre-game.” A1C
ME agreed and in turn invited a few female Airmen. Appellant’s wife, also en-
listed and assigned to Malmstrom AFB, was not at home. A1C ME had a couple
of mixed drinks at Appellant’s house and could feel the effects of the alcohol
but did not consider herself drunk.
     When Appellant and A1C ME met, both were attracted to each other. They
flirted openly while at Appellant’s house. This continued unabated until A1C
ME and another woman went to the bathroom. Once inside, the two women
noticed the bathroom contained female hygiene products. As A1C ME exited
the bathroom she asked who was married that lived in the house. Appellant
raised his hand. A1C ME became very mad that a married man was “hitting
on” her. She told Appellant how she felt and distanced herself somewhat from
him. The entire group, including A1C ME and Appellant, finished the “pre-
game” and prepared to visit local bars.
    The group took two vehicles to the first bar. A1C CR drove his vehicle, and
Appellant and A1C ME rode in the back seat. A1C CR’s friend, A1C DW, rode
in the passenger seat. A1C DW had met A1C ME before and also knew Appel-
lant because they were in the same career field and squadron. Once inside the
first bar, surveillance footage showed Appellant and A1C ME having one alco-
holic drink together and talking closely. The footage also captured A1C ME
dancing closely with most of the other female and male Airmen in the group
including Appellant. As the group got ready to leave for a second bar, A1C ME
learned that the other car was stopping first at a local gas station. A1C ME
gave one of the Airmen in that car money to purchase cigarettes for her.
   As before, A1C CR drove his vehicle to the second bar with A1C DW in the
passenger seat and Appellant and A1C ME in the back seat. Once parked at
the second bar, A1C CR and A1C DW went inside. Appellant and A1C ME
stayed in the back seat. A1C ME wanted to wait for the other vehicle to arrive
with her cigarettes. Appellant wanted to stay with A1C ME. The low temper-
ature that night was between 31–32 degrees Fahrenheit. The vehicle’s engine
was off.



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                    United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


    At 1159 hours, one of the Airmen riding in the other vehicle sent an Insta-
gram message to A1C ME telling her they were at the gas station getting her
cigarettes. At 0000 hours, A1C ME replied saying “thank you.” At 0000 hours,
that Airman messaged A1C ME telling her they were about to arrive at the
second bar. At 0002 hours, that Airman messaged A1C ME that they had ar-
rived. A1C ME replied “Okay.” That Airman, who was under 21 years old, mes-
saged “Can I get in?” as she needed A1C CR’s help to get into the second bar.
A1C ME did not respond.
    Around this time, in the back seat, Appellant had moved closer to A1C ME.
She felt anxious and uncomfortable. At 0006 hours, A1C ME texted her best
friend HM asking to please be picked up.5 HM immediately responded asking
A1C ME if everything was okay. Over the next three minutes, in a series of
short texts, A1C ME gave HM the name of the bar, answered “no” that she was
not okay, requested that HM “please help” as she was “getting raped.” At the
time HM received A1C ME’s texts, she was at a different bar about 10 to 15
minutes away. HM showed the texts to her boyfriend and one of his co-workers,
borrowed her boyfriend’s truck, and sped across town to reach A1C ME.
    By this point, Appellant had taken off A1C ME’s necklace, started to kiss
her neck, and pulled the back of her head and hair until she was laying down
on the back seat. A1C ME recalled everything happening at once with Appel-
lant’s hands all over her.
   About two minutes into HM’s drive across town, at 0012 hours, she called
A1C ME’s cellphone and A1C ME answered.6 This call lasted three minutes.
HM immediately began questioning A1C ME about her situation, but A1C ME
avoided her questions completely. Instead, A1C ME queried HM about a disa-
greement that HM had with her boyfriend earlier in the night. HM interpreted
A1C ME’s non-responsiveness as A1C ME trying to create a situation where
HM could come and get her.
   A1C ME recalled thinking that maybe Appellant would stop if she had
someone on the phone with her. Appellant was not deterred by the phone call.
A1C ME remembered him pushing up her shirt and bra putting his hands on
her breasts and biting her nipple.7 Appellant began rubbing A1C ME’s vagina


5A1C ME also texted A1C CS, a male friend to see if he could pick her up. He was too
drunk to drive. The record of trial does not show the exact time of her text message to
A1C CS.
6A1C ME testified that it was HM that “answered the phone.” The call log from A1C
ME’s phone showed that only HM made outgoing calls to A1C ME.
7The court members acquitted Appellant of touching A1C ME’s breast with his hand
and his teeth without her consent.


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


outside her pants and then he pulled her pants down and stuck his fingers
inside her vagina. A1C ME told him “no” and “stop.” He did not.
    During the call, HM heard A1C ME say “stop” three or four times in a “se-
rious tone of voice.” HM also heard A1C ME say the name “Austin,” a name
HM did not recognize. HM thought A1C ME’s voice sounded “scared.” HM also
heard “moaning or sexual noises” from A1C ME during the call. HM was scared
and upset as she continued her drive towards A1C ME.
    Before HM arrived, A1C DW came out to warm up A1C CR’s vehicle. A1C
DW knew Appellant and A1C ME were in the back seat and did not want to
interrupt anything so he pressed the lock and unlock buttons “ten times” on
the vehicle’s remote as he approached the car. Eventually, A1C DW opened the
drivers’ door and stuck his head inside to start the vehicle. A1C DW took a “two
second” glance into the back seat. He could see A1C ME was on her phone
appearing to text and that Appellant was just sitting there. A1C DW recalled
the inside of the vehicle being fogged up. A1C DW returned to the bar. A1C
ME remembered the vehicle locking and unlocking and testified that it was at
that time when Appellant finally got off her. However, A1C ME testified A1C
DW never entered the vehicle or started it.
    Once HM arrived at the bar’s parking lot, she called A1C ME again to find
the location of the vehicle. This second call only took 1 minute. At this point,
HM also realized that two of her male friends had followed her in a separate
vehicle. HM located the vehicle and saw Appellant standing outside it. A1C
ME got out of the vehicle while adjusting her shirt. HM got out of her boy-
friend’s truck and approached them at a fast pace. HM saw A1C ME give Ap-
pellant a “weird, like arm-hug” and then walk towards HM.
    HM began yelling at Appellant that they were going to talk about what just
happened. A1C ME said “no, let’s go” and put her arm up to keep HM from
advancing further towards Appellant. Appellant said nothing. HM thought Ap-
pellant looked mad. HM’s two friends described Appellant differently. One of
them thought he looked “surprised, kind of like a deer in headlights” and the
other said “his head was down, and he took a step back away from us.” One of
HM’s friends took down the license plate. That friend also saw exhaust and
assumed the vehicle from which Appellant and A1C ME had just exited was
running.
     As HM began driving away A1C ME began crying. By the time they re-
turned to where HM’s boyfriend was A1C ME was crying so hard that she vom-
ited next to a tree. HM gave A1C ME two options: (1) give HM a number of
someone to call to report the assault; or (2) HM was going to Appellant’s house
“to beat the s**t out of him.” A1C ME chose the first option. A1C ME told HM




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                      United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


she could call Captain (Capt) SA, a female judge advocate in the Malmstrom
AFB legal office and former enlisted United States Marine.
    At about 0100 hours, HM reached Capt SA on the phone and described
what happened. In less than 10 minutes, Capt SA and her husband left their
house. Within an hour, Capt SA and her husband met HM and A1C ME. Capt
SA described A1C ME as “very detached and disconnected from the situation.”
Capt SA and her husband took A1C ME to a local hospital for a sexual assault
forensic examination.8 Capt SA also notified the Malmstrom AFB staff judge
advocate (SJA), Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col) AB, and Special Agent (SA) JF,
the on-call agent from the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI).
Hospital personnel notified the Great Falls Police Department (GFPD) of the
assault who in turn notified Air Force law enforcement personnel at Malm-
strom AFB.
    Just before 0400 hours, a GFPD patrolman interviewed A1C ME at the
hospital. He reviewed A1C ME’s text messages and call log with HM and pho-
tographed them. As this patrolman finished his shift, the investigation was
passed to Master Patrolman OD at about 0600 hours. Master Patrolman OD
had 15 years of experience on the police force and had prior service as a rota-
tional detective.
    GFPD requested the Air Force’s assistance to bring A1C CR and Appellant
to GFPD to be interrogated. SA JF called Appellant’s acting first sergeant and
requested he retrieve Appellant and A1C CR. The acting first sergeant went to
Appellant’s on-base house, woke up both A1C CR and Appellant, and drove
them to GFPD. By this time, SA JF had also arrived at GFPD. SA JF intro-
duced himself to Appellant, A1C CR, and the acting first sergeant in the lobby
of GFPD.
    Appellant and A1C CR were then taken to separate rooms. SA JF and the
acting first sergeant watched and listened from an observation room. A1C CR
was questioned first. After waiving his Fifth Amendment9 rights, A1C CR con-
firmed the locations where he and Appellant had been the previous night. A1C
CR also told GFPD that Appellant and A1C ME were in his vehicle outside the
second bar for about 10 to 15 minutes.
    Appellant was questioned after A1C CR. GFPD recorded and transcribed
the interrogation. At trial, both the recording and the transcript of Appellant’s
interrogation were admitted into evidence. Prior to questioning, Appellant was
read and waived his Fifth Amendment rights in writing. Appellant admitted
penetrating A1C ME’s vagina with his finger. He repeatedly insisted it was

8   Neither party offered exam results into evidence during trial.
9   U.S. CONST. amend. V.


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


consensual. Initially, Appellant said the only time A1C ME said “no” was when
he asked if they could have “regular sex.” Later, Appellant said that A1C ME
told him to “hold on” when A1C ME’s friend called. Appellant said that when
he was told to “hold on” he took his hand out of A1C ME’s pants and just kissed
her neck. Appellant also told GFPD that he told A1C ME “if you want me to
stop, say my name.” Appellant admitted that A1C ME said “Austin, stop” but
that she was still moaning and that he “probably took it as a sign of she’s into
this.” Appellant also told the GFPD officers about A1C DW coming out to the
car to warm it up and that A1C ME never told A1C DW to get her out of this
situation.10 During breaks in the interrogation, Master Patrolman OD and his
colleague went to the observation room. SA JF provided his perspective on the
interrogation and offered suggestions to Master Patrolman OD.
    About halfway through the interrogation, Master Patrolman OD asked Ap-
pellant if he was willing to write A1C ME an apology letter. The apology letter
was Master Patrolman’s OD’s idea. Appellant agreed. The GFPD officers left
the room. Appellant wrote and signed the following:
       I want to apologize for the other night. I didn’t take what you
       said seriously and I’m really sorry. Things definitely got out of
       hand on my part. I know it started off as mutual but I should
       have let you go when you were ready to leave. If it were up to me
       I’d be doing this apology in person because of the severity. Again,
       I’m really sorry I let things escalate to the point where you were
       uncomfortable. I know there’s no way to make it up to you so
       hopefully you can find it in your heart to forgive me at some
       point. Sorry.
    After Appellant wrote his apology, Master Patrolman OD asked SA JF if
he wanted to question Appellant. SA JF agreed and entered the room with both
GFPD officers. This portion of Appellant’s questioning was also recorded, tran-
scribed, and admitted into evidence. SA JF read Appellant his rights under
Article 31, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 831, which Appellant waived. During this por-
tion, Appellant also admitted that he was “sure” A1C ME said “no” more than
once, but he only heard it once.




10 Master Patrolman OD did not interview A1C DW. A1C DW learned of the accusa-
tions by A1C ME against Appellant the next day from A1C CR. About a week later,
A1C DW apologized to A1C ME on the phone for not knowing about what happened in
the car to her.




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                   United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


    At the conclusion of the interrogation, GFPD arrested Appellant for a vio-
lation of Montana law11 and turned him over to the Cascade County (MT) Adult
Detention Facility. Six days after the interrogation of Appellant, the Deputy
County Attorney for Cascade County moved to dismiss Appellant’s case with-
out prejudice noting that Montana “relinquished jurisdiction of the case to the
U.S. Air Force.” A Cascade County justice of the peace granted the motion four
days after it was filed clearing the Air Force to prosecute Appellant.

                                 II. DISCUSSION
A. Motion to Suppress
     1. Additional Background
    Appellant argues the military judge abused his discretion when he admit-
ted the recording and transcript of Appellant’s GFPD interrogation. In Appel-
lant’s view, SA JF’s presence in the observation room and his consultation with
the GFPD agents during their breaks meant that the GFPD officers were re-
quired to read him his Article 31 rights. Appellant claims the GPFD and
AFOSI investigations merged into an indivisible entity at the point of his ques-
tioning and the GFPD acted as an instrument of the military in questioning
Appellant. We find the military judge did not abuse his discretion in denying
the Defense’s motion to suppress.
     2. Law
    We review a military judge’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. Freeman, 65 M.J. 451, 453 (C.A.A.F. 2008)
(citing United States v. Ayala, 43 M.J. 296, 298 (C.A.A.F. 1995)). The military
judge’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, but his conclusions of law
are reviewed de novo. United States v. Keefauver, 74 M.J. 230, 233 (C.A.A.F.
2015) (citation omitted). “[T]he abuse of discretion standard of review recog-
nizes that a judge has a range of choices and will not be reversed so long as the
decision remains within that range.” United States v. Gore, 60 M.J. 178, 187
(C.A.A.F. 2004) (citation omitted). However, “[a] military judge abuses his dis-
cretion when his findings of fact are clearly erroneous, when he is incorrect
about the applicable law, or when he improperly applies the law.” United
States v. Roberts, 59 M.J. 323, 326 (C.A.A.F. 2004). “[I]n reviewing a ruling on
a motion to suppress, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prevailing party.” United States v. Eppes, 77 M.J. 339, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2018)


11Master Patrolman OD found probable cause for a violation of Montana Code § 45-5-
503, Sexual Intercourse Without Consent. The term “sexual intercourse” is defined at
Montana Code § 45-2-101 and includes penetration of the vulva by the penis as well as
penetration of the vulva “by a body member of another person.”


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


(alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Macomber, 67 M.J. 214, 219
(C.A.A.F. 2009)), cert. denied, __ U.S. __, 139 S. Ct. 617 (2018).
    Servicemembers are generally entitled to the protections of the Fifth
Amendment. See United States v. Tempia, 37 C.M.R. 249, 253–55 (C.M.A.
1967). The Fifth Amendment provides that “[n]o person . . . shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . .” U.S. CONST. amend.
V. As “[t]he circumstances surrounding in-custody interrogation can operate
very quickly to overbear the will of one merely made aware of his privilege by
his interrogators . . . the right to have counsel present at the interrogation is
indispensable to the protection of the Fifth Amendment privilege. . . .” Miranda
v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 469 (1966).
    “The protections afforded to servicemembers under Article 31(b), UCMJ,
are in many respects broader than the rights afforded to those servicemembers
under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.” United States v. Evans, 75
M.J. 302, 303 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (citations omitted). Article 31(b), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 831(b), provides:
       No person subject to this chapter may interrogate, or request
       any statement from an accused or a person suspected of an of-
       fense without first informing him of the nature of the accusation
       and advising him that he does not have to make any statement
       regarding the offense of which he is accused or suspected and
       that any statement made by him may be used as evidence
       against him in a trial by court-martial.
“Thus, Article 31(b), UCMJ, warnings are required when (1) a person subject
to the UCMJ, (2) interrogates or requests any statement, (3) from an accused
or person suspected of an offense, and (4) the statements regard the offense of
which the person questioned is accused or suspected.” United States v. Jones,
73 M.J. 357, 361 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (footnotes omitted) (citation omitted). An “in-
terrogation” includes “any formal or informal questioning in which an incrim-
inating response either is sought or is a reasonable consequence of such ques-
tioning.” Mil. R. Evid. 305(b)(2).
    Civilian investigators must read Article 31 rights “under the following cir-
cumstances: (1) When the scope and character of the cooperative efforts demon-
strate that the two investigations merged into an indivisible entity; and (2)
when the civilian investigator acts in furtherance of any military investigation,
or in any sense as an instrument of the military.” United States v. Payne, 47
M.J. 37, 42 (C.A.A.F. 1997) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Whether military and civilian investigations merged into an indivisible entity
is a question of fact. Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In
determining whether a civilian investigator is acting as an instrument of the


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


military, a key factor is the degree of control exercised by the military author-
ities over the civilian investigator. Id. at 43 (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted). More than a cooperative relationship between the civilian in-
vestigators and military authorities is required before Article 31 rights must
be read. See id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); United States
v. Garcia, 69 M.J. 658, 662 (C.G. Ct. Crim. App. 2010), aff’d, 70 M.J. 87
(C.A.A.F. 2011).
   3. Analysis
   The military judge found that the investigations of GFPD and AFOSI did
not merge at the time of Appellant’s interrogation. He also found that GFPD
was not acting as an instrument of the military. We agree with the military
judge on both points. We adopt his findings of fact in his written ruling as they
are not clearly erroneous.
    Appellant claims the GFPD’s “sole involvement was to question Appellant
at the request and direction of AFOSI SA JF.” We find little support in the
record of trial for this proposition. The military judge thoroughly addressed
GFPD’s investigative role in his written ruling. His findings show GFPD’s in-
volvement was extensive and was not directed by SA JF or AFOSI.
    The military judge began his analysis of GPFD’s involvement by noting the
assault occurred off-base in the GFPD’s area of primary jurisdiction. He found
it was GFPD who requested Appellant and A1C CR be interviewed, not AFOSI.
He noted the location of the interview was at the GFPD station, not at the
AFOSI detachment. The first major investigative step occurred when GFPD
interviewed A1C ME at the hospital and obtained evidence from her phone.
GFPD also decided to retrieve A1C ME’s sexual assault forensic examination
from the hospital. We observe no AFOSI involvement in these investigative
steps. The GFPD’s investigation was well underway by the time AFOSI was
asked to do anything.
    The military judge characterized SA JF’s initial role as “OSI did assist in
retrieving the [Appellant] and [A1C CR].” We agree. It was GFPD who decided
Appellant and A1C CR needed to be questioned. SA JF was a mere facilitator
at that point. SA JF asked the First Sergeant to transport Appellant and A1C
CR to the GPFD station. SA JF did not meet them until they were in the
GFPD’s station lobby. We note that Appellant and A1C CR were on-base when
the First Sergeant located them. They were not taken to the AFOSI detach-
ment but were instead taken off-base to the GFPD station. Additionally, we
see no involvement by SA JF in A1C CR’s interrogation which occurred before
Appellant’s interrogation.
   Appellant next argues that SA JF was an “active participant” in his inter-
rogation, that GFPD “frequently consulted with him,” and that SA JF helped


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


expand the scope and depth of the incriminating statements. There is no doubt
SA JF observed Appellant’s interrogation. There is also no doubt that when
Master Patrolman OD took breaks, he came into the observation room and
talked to SA JF. The military judge found that this was largely a “professional
courtesy” by GFPD towards SA JF and “to make use of [SA JF’s] experience
since he was present and available.” We agree with the military judge. While
this involvement was more substantial than facilitating Appellant’s presence
at the GFPD station, for the GFPD officers it was just a matter of convenience
to consult with SA JF when they decided to take breaks. SA JF could not even
recall exactly what he offered to GFPD but the essence of his “help” was the
GFPD should get key details on what A1C ME actually said. We find this “help”
did not merge the two investigations and did not make Master Patrolman OD
act in furtherance of a military investigation as he was already seeking the
same information. Receiving this limited help from SA JF did not transform
the GFPD officers into instruments of the Air Force. We also note that one of
the most important investigative developments in this case, asking Appellant
to write an apology letter, originated with Master Patrolman OD and was ex-
ecuted without any assistance from SA JF.
    Even after SA JF joined Appellant’s interrogation, the investigations did
not merge as the GFPD continued to act independently. After SA JF’s ques-
tioning, GFPD collected Appellant’s cell phone and placed it into evidence.
GFPD obtained A1C CR’s consent to photograph his vehicle and had A1C CR
show them where his vehicle had been parked at the second bar. Appellant was
arrested based on a probable cause determination by Master Patrolman OD
and incarcerated for a violation of Montana state law in a county confinement
facility. The state of Montana would not dismiss the criminal case against Ap-
pellant until ten days after his interrogation. We observe no AFOSI involve-
ment in any of these investigative steps.
     Additionally, AFOSI took several investigative steps separate and apart
from the efforts of GFPD. AFOSI opened up their own investigation upon no-
tification of the incident from Capt SA. AFOSI conducted background checks
on Appellant and A1C ME prior to the Air Force obtaining jurisdiction. AFOSI
interviewed one of HM’s friends who saw Appellant and A1C ME outside the
vehicle after the incident. This interview was prior to the Air Force obtaining
jurisdiction.
   The military judge found SA JF did not actively attend or participate in
Appellant’s interrogation until SA JF entered the room. At this point, SA JF
provided an Article 31 rights advisement and Appellant promptly waived his
Article 31 rights just as he had waived his Miranda rights. At trial, Appellant
argued that SA JF needed to provide a cleansing statement to Appellant that
nothing he told the GFPD could be used against him. We disagree that a


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


cleansing statement was required. As described above, the initial interrogation
of Appellant by GFPD only required Appellant be read his Miranda rights, not
his Article 31 rights.
    On the whole, we observe two independent law enforcement entities en-
gaged in limited cooperation. Master Patrolman OD denied the existence of a
“joint investigation” and SA JF never used those words in his testimony. SA
JF was not even the lead investigator for AFOSI. Further, we see no reference
to a joint investigation in the excerpts of the AFOSI report of investigation
attached as evidence for consideration during the motion to suppress hearing.
Appellant’s claims of a merged investigation are not supported by the evidence
submitted during the motion to suppress.
    The military judge also noted that the GFPD actually advised Appellant of
the general nature of the offense, sexual assault, when Appellant asked why
he and A1C CR got pulled into GFPD station. The military judge found this
occurred 12 minutes into the interrogation and before GFPD obtained any in-
formation about what happened in the back seat with A1C ME. The military
judge then concluded that even if the investigations were merged or the GFPD
was acting as an instrument of the AFOSI, the combination of the Miranda
warning and the notice of what Appellant was being investigated for were suf-
ficient to meet Article 31 requirements. The military judge relied on United
States v. Redd, 67 M.J. 581 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2008) as authority for this con-
clusion. We considered whether to adopt the rationale of Redd to Appellant’s
case. We find it unnecessary as we concluded above that the GFPD only were
required to provide Miranda warnings. As our sister court noted, their finding
that Miranda warnings satisfied Article 31 was fact-specific. Id. at 589 n.9.
There may be a future case for us to consider the applicability of Redd but it is
unnecessary in Appellant’s case. We find the military judge did not abuse his
discretion and correctly ruled when he denied the motion to suppress.
B. Limits on Cross-Examination of A1C ME
   1. Additional Background
    To understand and analyze this assignment of error—that the military
judge improperly limited cross-examination of A1C ME on a specific instance
of untruthfulness and bias—we must first provide some context on the evi-
dence the Defense actually introduced to attack A1C ME’s credibility during
trial.
   A1C ME was a paralegal in the military justice section of the Malmstrom
AFB legal office when she first arrived at Malmstrom AFB in October 2016.
After just a few months, in early February 2017, the wing SJA, Lt Col AB,
removed her from that position after A1C ME disclosed Privacy Act infor-
mation from nonjudicial punishment actions to other Airmen. The SJA moved


                                       12
                    United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


A1C ME to the general law section of the legal office where she began working
for Capt SA. On 10 February 2017, Lt Col AB gave A1C ME a letter of repri-
mand (LOR) for her misconduct. A1C ME responded to the LOR in writing and
requested it be lowered to a letter of counseling. A1C ME wrote that she was
trying to defend the Air Force’s actions when she disclosed the information.
Lt Col AB decided to maintain the LOR and place it in his desk drawer instead
of forwarding it to A1C ME’s commander and first sergeant for filing in a per-
sonnel information file.12 The day on which A1C ME was notified of the SJA’s
final decision on the LOR was 17 February 2017, the same day that she went
to Appellant’s house for the “pre-game.”
    Given the timing of A1C ME’s removal from military justice and the close-
out of her LOR, trial defense counsel attempted to show A1C ME had motive
to misrepresent her accusations against Appellant. In trial defense counsel’s
view, A1C ME was dissatisfied with her current situation in the Malmstrom
AFB legal office and needed an expedited transfer to get a fresh start and the
way to do that was to accuse Appellant of sexual assault. Several members of
the legal office testified that they heard A1C ME say once, in the months before
her accusations against Appellant, that a group of female Airmen who lived in
the dormitories at Malmstrom AFB knew what they needed to say and to do to
get an expedited transfer. One of those witnesses explicitly stated that what
needed to be done was “you have to have an unrestricted sexual assault report
and see the [Sexual Assault Response Coordinator].” This witness opined that
this was “not very” hard. Members of the legal office believed there was an
increase in outgoing expedited transfers from Malmstrom AFB during the win-
ter of 2016–2017.
    To counter the notion that A1C ME wanted to leave Malmstrom AFB, trial
counsel presented evidence that A1C ME did not want an expedited transfer
after she first reported the sexual assault. Capt SA testified about her conver-
sation with A1C ME on this subject, which occurred the same day A1C ME
reported the sexual assault but after she had been released from the hospital
and slept. Capt SA testified:
        So, in the legal office, we have a unique perspective on when sex
        assaults occur in the military. And the general rumor is that you
        get—you’ll accuse someone of sexual assault to get an expedited
        transfer out of Malmstrom [AFB]. [A1C ME] did not want to do



12Air Force Instruction 36-2907, Unfavorable Information File (UIF) Program, ¶ 4.5.2
(26 Nov. 2014), reads “[t]he person who initiates a … LOR may send it to the member’s
commander or superiors for information, action, or for their approval for file in the UIF
or PIF.” For officers, LORs must be filed in a UIF. Id.


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                   United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


       that, but I insisted . . . [she not] foreclose that opportunity be-
       cause you don’t know how you’re going to feel later and being
       close to family can be very beneficial towards your healing pro-
       cess.
A1C ME told Capt SA that she “didn’t want to be considered one of those vic-
tims.” However, a few days later, A1C ME changed her mind when stories of
Appellant’s arrest by GFPD were posted on Facebook. A1C ME testified “[a]fter
the articles were released, everybody kept asking—people would screenshot
the article and send it to me asking if it was me. I couldn’t roll through the gate
without somebody asking me if I was the person.”
    Trial counsel also attempted to show the LOR that A1C ME received from
Lt Col AB was only going to have a minimal impact on A1C ME’s paralegal
career. To this end, A1C ME testified “it was going to be a desk drawer LOR”
and “it would disappear in six months.” In later testimony, the Malmstrom
AFB law office superintendent, MSgt DH, confirmed the LOR was going to be
filed in the SJA’s desk drawer but contradicted A1C ME stating the SJA said
nothing about the LOR disappearing in six months. On cross-examination,
MSgt DH also opined that A1C ME’s character for embellishment was “she
tends to embellish and exaggerate a little bit.”
    With that background, we turn to the facts of the actual assignment of er-
ror. Appellant argues the military judge should have also allowed cross-exam-
ination of A1C ME regarding a specific instance of conduct where A1C ME
allegedly lied to the civilian court reporter, Mr. JF, about receiving a com-
mander’s coin. During cross-examination A1C ME remembered having a brief
conversation with Mr. JF after she was removed from military justice. Trial
defense counsel then asked whether A1C ME recalled telling Mr. JF that if she
was such a bad Airman, then why did she get coined by a commander. A1C ME
did not recall this portion of the conversation. Trial defense counsel next asked
A1C ME whether she had actually been coined by a commander. Trial counsel
objected to relevance and that “it’s a specific instance of conduct.” Trial defense
counsel responded “I’m going into specific instances of dishonesty and untruth-
fulness.” The military judge sustained the objection and told trial defense coun-
sel to “move on.” Rather than moving on, trial defense counsel asked A1C ME
“you lied to Mr. [JF] about getting coined by a commander, correct?” Trial coun-
sel objected again and the military judge sustained the objection a second time.
The military judge did not elaborate on why he sustained the objections.
    Mr. JF was a retired Master Sergeant paralegal and former Law Office Su-
perintendent at the wing level for the last four years of his 24-year career.
When Mr. JF later testified for the Defense, he remembered A1C ME asking
him to review her LOR response as Mr. JF had also been a defense paralegal
for two years. He was not asked about the alleged lie by A1C ME about the

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                     United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


commander’s coin as this would be prohibited under Mil. R. Evid. 608(b), but
Mr. JF described A1C ME as “not truthful” and that she exaggerated “quite
often.”
      2. Law
    We review a military judge’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Owens, 51 M.J. 204, 209 (C.A.A.F. 1999). The abuse of discre-
tion standard is a strict one, calling for more than a mere difference of opinion.
United States v. McElhaney, 54 M.J. 120, 130 (C.A.A.F. 2000). The challenged
action must be arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous.
Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
    The Sixth Amendment13 protects an accused’s right to confrontation and
cross-examination. Id. at 129. (citations omitted). A defendant’s Sixth Amend-
ment right to confront the witnesses against him is violated where it is found
that a trial judge has limited cross-examination in a manner that precludes an
entire line of relevant inquiry. United States v. Bess, 75 M.J. 70, 75 (C.A.A.F.
2016) (citation omitted). “[T]he right to present relevant testimony is not with-
out limitation. The right may, in appropriate cases, bow to accommodate other
legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.” United States v. Gaddis, 70
M.J. 248, 252 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (alteration in original).
    “For constitutional errors, the Government must persuade us that the error
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Bess, 75 M.J. at 75 (citations omit-
ted). A constitutional error is harmless when it appears beyond a reasonable
doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.
Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 17–18 (2003) (citations omitted). “An error
has not contributed to the verdict when it was unimportant in relation to eve-
rything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in the
record.” United States v. Collier, 67 M.J. 347, 356 (C.A.A.F. 2009) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). If the excluded evidence may have “tipped
the credibility balance” in Appellant’s favor, the error would not be harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Moss, 63 M.J. 233, 239 (C.A.A.F.
2006).
    “Cross-examination should not go beyond the subject matter of the direct
examination and matters affecting the [witness’] credibility.” Mil. R. Evid.
611(b). “Trial judges have broad discretion to impose reasonable limitation on
cross-examination, ‘based on concerns about, among other things, harassment,
prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is




13   U.S. CONST. amend. VI.


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                   United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


repetitive or only marginally relevant.’” McElhaney, 54 M.J. at 129 (quoting
Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)).
    In assessing whether an error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt we
look to “the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case,
whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence
corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points,
the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall
strength of the prosecution’s case.” United States v. Williams, 40 M.J. 216,
218–19 (C.M.A. 1994) (quoting Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 684). Mil. R. Evid.
608(b) reads:
       Specific Instances of Conduct. Except for a criminal conviction
       under Mil. R. Evid. 609, extrinsic evidence is not admissible to
       prove specific instances of a witness’s conduct in order to attack
       or support the witness’s character for truthfulness. The military
       judge may, on cross-examination, allow them to be inquired into
       if they are probative of the character for truthfulness or untruth-
       fulness of . . . the witness . . . .
     “Relevant evidence is admissible.” Mil. R. Evid. 402. “Evidence is relevant
if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence
to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence.” Mil. R. Evid. 401. “The military judge may exclude
relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger
of one or more of the following: . . . confusion of the issues, misleading the
members, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative ev-
idence.” Mil. R. Evid. 403. Where a military judge conducts a proper balancing
test under Mil. R. Evid. 403, an appellate court will not overturn the ruling
absent a clear abuse of discretion. United States v. Ediger, 68 M.J. 243, 248
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (quoting United States v. Ruppel, 49 M.J. 247, 251 (C.A.A.F.
1998)). However, we “give[ ] military judges less deference if they fail to artic-
ulate their balancing analysis on the record, and no deference if they fail to
conduct the Rule 403 balancing.” United States v. Manns, 54 M.J. 164, 166
(C.A.A.F. 2000) (citation omitted).
   3. Analysis
    In his assignment of error, Appellant lists bias as a reason for permitting
the cross-examination of A1C ME. We disagree. At trial Appellant never men-
tioned bias as a theory for admissibility so the military judge made no ruling
under Mil. R. Evid. 608(c). Instead, trial defense counsel only used the words
“dishonesty” and “untruthfulness” which would not orient the military judge
to Mil. R. Evid. 608(c) but towards Mil. R. Evid. 608(b). We see no connection




                                       16
                   United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


between any bias A1C ME may have towards Appellant and any statement she
made to Mr. JF about a commander’s coin.
    Appellant’s primary argument is the military judge’s ruling was contrary
to the plain text of Mil. R. Evid. 608(b). Appellant also attempts to connect
later rulings the military judge made under Mil. R. Evid. 608(b) regarding tes-
timony of other witnesses to his ruling disallowing cross-examination of A1C
ME about the commander’s coin. First, we disagree that the military judge’s
ruling was contrary to the plain language of Mil. R. Evid. 608(b). Second, we
conclude his later rulings on Mil. R. Evid. 608(b), on different witnesses, pro-
vide no insight into why he did not allow the cross-examination of A1C ME
about the commander’s coin. Military judges are presumed to know the law
and to follow it absent clear evidence to the contrary. United States v. Erickson,
65 M.J. 221, 225 (C.A.A.F. 2007) (citation omitted). The military judge gave no
explanation for sustaining the objection at the time, but this does not mean he
misapplied Mil R. Evid. 608(b) when he ruled. Instead, as we have no clear
evidence to the contrary, we conclude the military judge determined the spe-
cific instance of whether A1C ME lied to Mr. JF about a commander’s coin was
not probative of A1C ME’s character for untruthfulness. We review this ruling
for an abuse of discretion.
    The United States Court of Military Appeals stated “cross-examination re-
garding specific instances of misconduct is at the discretion of the military
judge.” United States v. Stavely, 33 M.J. 92, 94 (C.M.A. 1991) (interpreting a
prior version of Mil. R. Evid. 608(b)). In Stavely, the court found prejudicial
error when defense counsel was not permitted to question a crucial government
witness about lying at an administrative board hearing. Id. “When such a spe-
cific act of misconduct is, in and of itself, directly probative of the witness’
truthfulness, a military judge must allow it because, by definition, it is always
relevant to the issue of that witness’ credibility.” Id. (quoting United States v.
Boone, 17 M.J. 567, 569 (A.F.C.M.R. 1983)). In another case, the United States
Army Court of Criminal Appeals found error when the military judge refused
to permit cross-examination about the witness’ false statement about her iden-
tity, determining “whether or not an individual lies to a police officer is highly
probative of that individual’s veracity.” United States v. Montgomery, 56 M.J.
660, 667 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2001) (citations omitted).
     In response to Appellant’s assertion, the Government’s answer argues that
Mil. R. Evid. 608(b) does not permit a “barrage of questioning related to every
lie told in a [witness’] life, no matter how small or insignificant. . . .” We agree
with the Government that military judges retain discretion under Mil. R. Evid.
608(b) to determine whether any particular cross-examination about a prior lie
is probative of character for untruthfulness. The rule uses the words “may” and
“allow” which indicate the military judge’s discretion. In this case, the trial


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


defense counsel did not request to be heard further about why the lie about the
commander’s coin was relevant and probative of A1C ME’s character of truth-
fulness.
    Turning to the case law cited above, on the one hand, we can easily see the
alleged lie was not during an administrative board hearing like in Stavely and
was not made to police like in Montgomery. On the other hand, the alleged lie
appears to be told in the workplace and may have had some connection to A1C
ME’s LOR response. It was told to a civilian court reporter assigned to A1C
ME’s office who was a retired Air Force senior noncommissioned officer and
paralegal. From what is contained in the record of trial, the cross-examination
was not wholly devoid of probative value on A1C ME’s character for untruth-
fulness. As the probative value on character for untruthfulness is open to rea-
sonable debate, we will assume arguendo that the cross-examination had pro-
bative value on character for untruthfulness under Mil. R. Evid. 608(b) and
that its probative value would not be substantially outweighed by confusion of
the issues or a waste of time under Mil. R. Evid. 403, and that in ruling to the
contrary the military judge abused his discretion by sustaining the objections.
    Appellant claims the military judge’s ruling deprived him of his Sixth
Amendment right to confrontation of A1C ME. Even if we assume arguendo
that the assumed error was of a constitutional magnitude, we find the exclu-
sion was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The military judge did not pre-
clude an entire line of inquiry during cross-examination. Far from it, the mili-
tary judge permitted other cross-examination of A1C ME on her untruthful-
ness. For example, trial defense counsel questioned A1C ME regarding
whether she rubbed Appellant’s penis while at his house. At first, A1C ME
testified she did not recall this. Upon further questioning, A1C ME stated it
never happened. Two witnesses testified for the Defense that they saw A1C
ME touch Appellant’s penis, effectively impeaching her by contradiction. One
of these witnesses also testified that “I don’t think [A1C ME] is a very honest
human being.”
    Cross-examination explored the full range of A1C ME’s credibility, recall
and memory, believability, and prior inconsistent statements. Limiting cross-
examination on the commander’s coin did not deprive Appellant of an effective
cross-examination of A1C ME. See Bess, 75 M.J. at 75. The excluded evidence
would not have “tipped the credibility balance” in Appellant’s favor. See Moss,
63 M.J. at 239. It was wholly unimportant in relation to everything else the
members considered on A1C ME’s believability and ability to accurately recall
the events in question. During the defense case, Mr. JF opined that A1C ME
was “not truthful” and that she exaggerated “quite often.” Adding at least some




                                      18
                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


of the basis for this opinion, through cross-examining A1C ME about the al-
leged commander’s coin lie, when she did not even recall that portion of her
conversation with Mr. JF, would have contributed nothing of value.
    Considering the factors cited in Williams, 40 M.J. at 218–19, A1C ME was
the key prosecution witness as the named victim on the charge sheet. The tes-
timony about the commander’s coin was not cumulative with other evidence
presented. But there was ample evidence presented on A1C ME’s character for
truthfulness as several military members, both officer and enlisted, as well as
civilian employees testified that A1C ME had an untruthful character. On the
material points of A1C ME’s testimony—specifically what happened during the
penetration of her vulva by Appellant’s finger—we find A1C ME was corrobo-
rated by HM’s testimony. Additionally, we find Appellant’s statements to
GFPD and his written apology to A1C ME corroborated some portions of A1C
ME’s testimony. The cross-examination permitted was extensive and effective
covering in excess of 60 pages in the transcript. The line of inquiry prohibited
amounted to one question and answer. While the Defense ably challenged the
Prosecution’s evidence at every turn, we conclude on the whole the Prosecu-
tion’s case was solid. It hinged not just on A1C ME’s testimony, but on the
statements Appellant made to GFPD, and the testimony of HM who heard A1C
ME say “stop” multiple times in a serious tone of voice. We are convinced be-
yond a reasonable doubt that the exclusion of the lie about the commander’s
coin did not contribute to the verdict obtained. See Esparza, 540 U.S. at 17–18
(citations omitted).
C. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
   1. Additional Background
     Appellant raises a multitude of concerns about the legal and factual suffi-
ciency of his conviction, inter alia: (1) A1C ME was the only eyewitness; (2) the
Prosecution did not present the results of the sexual assault forensic examina-
tion; (3) Appellant reasonably believed the sexual encounter with A1C ME was
consensual; (4) A1C ME’s lack of credibility and motive for bias were of utmost
importance; (5) at least five witnesses testified that A1C ME was an untruthful
person; (6) three additional witnesses testified A1C ME exaggerated things she
said; (7) A1C ME’s testimony was riddled with inconsistencies and falsehoods
that were contradicted by her own friends and co-workers; (8) A1C ME lied to
her friends when she told them she avoided Appellant after she knew he was
married; (9) A1C ME provided inconsistent reasons to various people for stay-
ing in the car with Appellant; (10) A1C ME’s career was in serious jeopardy;
(11) A1C ME lied when she said her LOR would disappear in six months; and
(12) A1C ME lied about knowing exactly what to say to get an expedited trans-
fer.



                                       19
                   United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


    The Government responds by arguing the only element in dispute is
whether A1C ME consented to Appellant placing his finger in her vagina. The
Government argues that A1C ME’s testimony was corroborated on many
points based on the testimony of other witnesses and other evidence in the
case. Particularly, the Government points to statements Appellant made to
GFPD and in his apology letter. The Government asserts the conviction is le-
gally and factually sufficient. We agree.
   2. Law
   We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v.
Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). Our assess-
ment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at trial.
United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993) (citations omitted).
    The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citation omitted); see also
United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted).
“[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every rea-
sonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.”
United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
“The term reasonable doubt, however, does not mean that the evidence must
be free from conflict.” United States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2017) (citing United States v. Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986)),
aff’d, 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
    The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. “In conducting this unique appellate role, we
take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption
of innocence nor a presumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent deter-
mination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Wheeler, 76 M.J. at 568 (alteration in original)
(quoting Washington, 57 M.J. at 399).
    In Appellant’s case, based on the charge sheet, the elements of sexual as-
sault in violation of Article 120, UCMJ, included the following: (1) that at the
time and place alleged, Appellant committed a sexual act upon A1C ME, to wit:
penetrating her vulva with his finger; (2) that Appellant did so by causing bod-
ily harm to A1C ME, to wit: penetrating her vulva with his finger; (3) that
Appellant did so without the consent of A1C ME; and (4) that Appellant did so
with an intent to gratify his sexual desire. See Manual for Courts-Martial,


                                        20
                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


United States (2016 ed.), pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(4)(b). In this case, “sexual act” means
the penetration, however slight, of the vulva of another by any part of the body
with an intent to gratify the sexual desire of any person. 10 U.S.C. §
920(g)(1)(B). “Bodily harm” means any offensive touching of another, however
slight, including any nonconsensual sexual act. 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)(3). “Con-
sent” means a freely given agreement to the conduct at issue by a competent
person. 10 U.S.C. § 920(g)(8)(A). An expression of lack of consent through
words or conduct means there is no consent. Id.
   3. Analysis
    We begin with Appellant’s assertion that A1C ME was the only eyewitness.
In one sense, this is true as she was the only person other than Appellant pre-
sent during the digital penetration of her vulva. In another sense, this is an
oversimplification of the evidence available to the factfinder. During the as-
sault, A1C ME was texting and talking on the phone with HM, who overheard
the assault. A1C DW came out to the vehicle and locked and unlocked the ve-
hicle multiple times giving Appellant time to move away from A1C ME. Fi-
nally, HM and two of her friends arrived shortly after the assault and observed
the demeanor of A1C ME and Appellant. We considered all of this evidence, as
well as the admissions of Appellant and his written apology letter, as all of it
was presented to the factfinder. We conclude that A1C ME’s testimony did not
stand alone.
   Second, Appellant believes we should look at the Prosecution’s decision to
not offer the results of the sexual assault forensic examination into evidence.
We decline to do so as we limit our review on legal and factual sufficiency to
the evidence produced at trial.
   Appellant’s third challenge is that he reasonably believed the sexual en-
counter with A1C ME was consensual. The military judge properly instructed
the members on mistake of fact as to consent and its two components: that the
mistake must have existed in Appellant’s mind and must have been reasonable
under all the circumstances. A reasonable factfinder could have determined
that even if Appellant actually believed A1C ME was consenting that his belief
was unreasonable under the circumstances. The court members could have
concluded that when A1C ME told Appellant “no,” “stop,” or “hold on” multiple
times that Appellant did not listen or comply and chose to digitally penetrate
A1C ME when a reasonable person would not think she was consenting.
    We consolidate the remaining nine concerns that Appellant raises. Each of
them focuses on various aspects of A1C ME’s believability. The evidence re-
garding A1C ME’s credibility, her prior inconsistent statements, her inability
to recall, and alleged lies were on full display during the trial. We need not
recount them again. Considering this evidence together, there is no question


                                       21
                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


that trial defense counsel mounted extensive challenges to A1C ME’s believa-
bility as a witness. However, we do not consider this evidence, while robust, in
isolation from the rest of the evidence presented to the members.
    A rational factfinder could have weighed all of this evidence on A1C ME’s
believability and still concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant pen-
etrated A1C ME with his finger without her consent. For example, a rational
factfinder could have relied on the text messages, the phone calls, the state-
ments that Appellant made to GFPD, the apology Appellant wrote to A1C ME,
and used it in conjunction with A1C ME’s testimony to determine Appellant’s
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
     Particularly, the testimony of HM about her phone call to A1C ME went
largely unchallenged during the trial. To be clear, it helped the Defense to the
extent HM heard A1C ME making “moaning or sexual noises,” but the pres-
ence of this fact that was helpful to the Defense also made it difficult for the
Defense to show HM was biased towards her best friend, A1C ME. Most im-
portantly, HM heard A1C ME say “stop” three or four times in a serious tone
of voice. This corresponded to the timeline where Appellant and A1C ME both
agreed digital penetration was occurring. HM also heard A1C ME use Appel-
lant’s name. Appellant admitted to GFPD that he told A1C ME “if you want
me to stop, say my name.”
    After hearing the encounter over the phone, HM was scared and upset.
When she arrived on scene, HM approached Appellant at a fast pace and yelled
at him that they needed to talk about what happened. Later, HM would de-
mand A1C ME report the incident or she was going to Appellant’s house to
“beat the s**t out of him.” While not conclusive that a sexual assault occurred,
there was no challenge to how seriously HM took the situation. A reasonable
factfinder could have concluded that HM reacted so strongly because she over-
heard Appellant sexually assaulting her best friend in real time.
    The physical reactions of A1C ME that HM and others observed—which
included crying and vomiting—also went largely unchallenged. A1C ME drank
alcohol that night but the Defense did not try to connect her alcohol intake to
her vomiting. A rational factfinder could determine that A1C ME broke down
and cried hysterically until the point of vomiting because she had just been
sexually assaulted.
   Another example of post-assault behavior—the weird arm hug observed by
HM immediately after A1C ME exited the vehicle—could be interpreted two
ways. In Appellant’s view, it would show nothing criminal occurred in the back
seat. Alternatively, a rational factfinder could have concluded that A1C ME
was trying to escape the situation uneventfully and then wanted to prevent
HM from physically assaulting Appellant. In conducting a legal and factual


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sufficiency review, the law does not require the evidence be free from conflict.
See Wheeler, 76 M.J. at 568.
    Turning to Appellant’s apology letter to A1C ME, a reasonable factfinder
could have found multiple admissions of guilt in it. When Appellant wrote he
did not take “what [A1C ME] said seriously,” the court members could have
decided Appellant was referencing A1C ME saying at various times “no,”
“stop,” or “hold on.” When Appellant wrote “I should have let you go when you
were ready to leave,” the court members could have determined that Appellant
knew A1C ME wanted him to stop but that he would not let her go and instead
kept penetrating her vagina with his finger.
    Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s con-
viction of sexual assault of A1C ME beyond a reasonable doubt. Barner, 56 M.J.
at 134 (citations omitted). Moreover, having weighed the evidence in the record
of trial and having made allowances for not having personally observed the
witnesses as the military judge did, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt be-
yond a reasonable doubt. See Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Appellant’s conviction for
sexual assault is both legally and factually sufficient.
D. Rebuttal Sentencing Evidence
   1. Additional Background
   During sentencing, A1C ME delivered an R.C.M. 1001A oral unsworn state-
ment to the court members. The military judge admitted a nearly identical
written version of the unsworn statement as a court exhibit. In the oral un-
sworn statement, A1C ME stated inter alia:
       I am constantly worried. I worry about other people’s intentions
       with me at any time and any place. Are they going to hurt me?
       Where can I escape to? And where is my nearest friend? How am
       I going to get home? These are the questions that come into my
       mind during any kind of group interactions. This is especially
       real when any males enter the group. I avoid one-on-one inter-
       actions with males.
   At a session without the court members, trial defense counsel indicated he
had some exhibits he wanted to “pass around the courtroom.” Trial counsel
requested a closed session as the exhibits potentially involved Mil. R. Evid. 412
matters. The military judge agreed and conducted a closed session.
   In that closed session, trial defense counsel offered screenshots of pictures
from A1C ME’s Instagram account purportedly posted some months after the
assault. Trial defense counsel argued the screenshots were of A1C ME, were



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                   United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


admissible to explain, repel, counteract, or disprove A1C ME’s unsworn state-
ment, and were not covered by Mil. R. Evid. 412. Trial defense counsel claimed
failure to admit the screenshots would leave the members with the erroneous
impression that A1C ME has been rendered a hermit by this traumatic event.
Trial counsel argued the screenshots were not proper rebuttal and were cov-
ered under Mil. R. Evid. 412.
    The military judge did not admit any of the screenshots. He found the un-
sworn statement of A1C ME generally contained just her opinions and the only
statement of fact she made was “I avoid one-on-one interactions with males.”
The military judge determined the screenshots did not rebut this fact. Turning
to Mil. R. Evid. 412, the military judge found the screenshots depicted sexual
behavior or sexual predisposition based on the manner of dress shown and that
no exception applied.
    Appellant claims the military judge abused his discretion as A1C ME
opened the door to the screenshots by making the statements she did in her
unsworn statement. In Appellant’s view, the military judge allowed the court
members to be completely misled. In response, the Government argues the mil-
itary judge correctly determined there was only one statement of fact subject
to rebuttal and that “Appellant does not claim any of the pictures he attempted
to introduce show A1C ME in one-on-one interactions with males.” We find the
military judge committed no error when he did not admit the screenshots the
Defense offered as rebuttal evidence.
   2. Law
   “Interpreting R.C.M. 1001A is a question of law, which we review de novo.”
Barker, 77 M.J. at 382 (citation omitted). R.C.M. 1001A(e) provides in perti-
nent part that during presentencing proceedings, the victim of an offense of
which the accused has been found guilty
       may make an unsworn statement and may not be cross-exam-
       ined by the trial counsel or defense counsel upon it or examined
       upon it by the court-martial. The prosecution or defense may,
       however, rebut any statements of facts therein. The unsworn
       statement may be oral, written, or both.
    “We review a military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an
abuse of discretion.” United States v. Erikson, 76 M.J. 231, 234 (C.A.A.F. 2017)
(citation omitted). “A military judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the find-
ings of fact upon which [s]he predicates his ruling are not supported by the
evidence of record; (2) if incorrect legal principles were used; or (3) if his appli-
cation of the correct legal principles to the facts is clearly unreasonable.”
United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J. 341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v.
Mackie, 66 M.J. 198, 199 (C.A.A.F. 2008)). The application of Mil. R. Evid. 412


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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


to proffered evidence is a legal issue that appellate courts review de novo.
United States v. Roberts, 69 M.J. 23, 27 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citation omitted).
    Mil. R. Evid. 412 provides that in any proceeding involving an alleged sex-
ual offense, evidence offered to prove the alleged victim engaged in other sexual
behavior or has a sexual predisposition is generally inadmissible, with three
limited exceptions. The burden is on the defense to overcome the general rule
of exclusion by demonstrating an exception applies. United States v. Carter, 47
M.J. 395, 396 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (citation omitted). Mil. R. Evid. 412(b) contains
three exceptions: (1) evidence of specific instances of sexual behavior by the
alleged victim offered to prove that a person other than the accused was the
source of semen, injury, or other physical evidence; (2) evidence of specific in-
stances of sexual behavior by the alleged victim with respect to the person ac-
cused of the sexual misconduct offered by the accused to prove consent or by
the prosecution; and (3) evidence the exclusion of which would violate the con-
stitutional rights of the accused.
   3. Analysis
       a. Rebuttal
    We agree with the military judge that the screenshots offered by the De-
fense did not rebut any statement of fact in A1C ME’s oral or written unsworn
statement. No males are shown in any of the screenshots. Therefore, the
screenshots do not rebut A1C ME’s assertion that she avoids one-on-one inter-
actions with males. Appellant claims the public settings in some of the screen-
shots warrants a different result. We disagree. As A1C ME never stated that
she refused to go out in public, we see little connection between the location of
some of the screenshots and her statement about avoiding one-on-one interac-
tions with males.
       b. Mil R. Evid. 412
    “Sexual behavior” under Mil. R. Evid. 412 includes any sexual behavior
not encompassed by the alleged offense. Arguably, when A1C ME posted the
photos on Instagram her conduct met the definition of sexual behavior. “Sexual
predisposition” under Mil. R. Evid. 412 refers to an alleged victim’s mode of
dress, speech, or lifestyle that does not directly refer to sexual activities or
thoughts but that may have a sexual connotation for the factfinder. We have
no doubt that some of the depictions in the screenshots meet this definition
based on the revealing mode of dress and camera angle. See Mil. R. Evid.
412(d). We find no abuse of discretion by the military judge in determining the
screenshots were evidence covered by Mil. R. Evid. 412.
    During sentencing, trial defense counsel argued they were not “offering
[them] to prove” A1C ME’s sexual behavior or A1C ME’s sexual disposition but
were merely offering the evidence to rebut her unsworn statement. We are not

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                  United States v. Wetuski, No. ACM 39485


persuaded. The screenshots chosen by the Defense did not actually rebut any
statement of fact made by A1C ME. We find the screenshots are covered by
Mil. R. Evid. 412’s general rule on inadmissibility and were offered to prove at
a minimum her sexual predisposition post-assault.
    We need not address the three exceptions in Mil. R. Evid. 412(b). At trial
and on appeal, Appellant never attempted to argue that any of them applied
to his sentencing proceeding. We acknowledge the military judge addressed the
relevance, materiality, and unfair prejudice of the screenshots when he ruled
on the admissibility of the screenshots. We decline to review that analysis fur-
ther as the Defense has not attempted to meet their burden to show an excep-
tion exists. See Carter, 47 M.J. at 396.
   We conclude the military judge did not abuse his discretion when he relied
on Mil. R. Evid. 412 as part of the basis for excluding the screenshots from A1C
ME’s Instagram account.

                               III. CONCLUSION
    The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no er-
ror materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Arti-
cles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the find-
ings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


                 FOR THE COURT



                 CAROL K. JOYCE
                 Clerk of the Court




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