UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

HILDA MCCARN, individually and as
Administratrix of the Estate of
Terry McCarn, deceased; JACK
MCCARN,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

KEN BEACH, Chief of Gaston County
Police Department; TOMMY FULLER;
JEFF ISENHOUR, individually and in
their official capacity as members
of the Gaston County Police
Emergency Response Team; GASTON
COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, a North
Carolina municipality; DOUGLAS
                                                            No. 95-2312
IVEY,
Defendants-Appellees,

and

TALMADGE MCINNIS, individually and
in his official capacity as a member
of the Gaston County Police
Emergency Response Team; BOB
HARRIS, individually and in his
official capacity as a member of the
Gaston County Police Emergency
Response Team; ARCHIE
HUFFSTETLER, Captain of the Gaston
County Police Department,
Defendants.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
H. Brent McKnight, Magistrate Judge.
(CA-94-49-3-McK)
Argued: April 4, 1996

Decided: July 15, 1996

Before NIEMEYER, HAMILTON, and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Fred William DeVore, III, DEVORE & ACTON, P.A.,
Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellants. Frank Bayard Aycock, III,
Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Troy J. Staf-
ford, DEVORE & ACTON, P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina, for
Appellants.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Plaintiffs Hilda and Jack McCarn appeal from a magistrate judge's
decision in this section 1983 case stemming from the shooting death
of their son, Terry McCarn.1 Defendants (and appellees) are Gaston
County, North Carolina; Ken Beach, who was sued in his official
capacity as Chief of the Gaston County Police Department; and three
police officers, Tommy Fuller, Jeff Isenhour and Douglas Ivey, each
_________________________________________________________________
1 The district judge referred the case to the magistrate judge under 28
U.S.C. § 636(c)(1) for all proceedings, including entry of final judgment.

                    2
of whom was sued individually and in his official capacity. Plaintiffs
argue that the magistrate judge erred by granting summary judgment
in favor of defendants on the basis of qualified immunity and an
absence of municipal liability. Finding no error, we affirm.

I.

This lawsuit stems from the events of July 10, 1993, when Terry
McCarn was shot and killed by two police officers. Terry was forty-
five at the time of his death. At the age of three he was involved in
a tricycle accident that caused a disabling brain injury. As a result,
Terry was epileptic and prone to seizures. He had an IQ of around
sixty-two. Terry lived with his elderly parents in a cinderblock house
that had only one door. Terry's brother, Mike, lived in a house
approximately 150 yards from his parents' home.

On July 10, 1993, a hot Saturday, Terry and Jack were at Mike's
house. Terry became upset at Mike and his father for doing some
plumbing repairs without him. Terry, who was carrying a double-
barrelled shotgun, demanded that his father walk with him to their
house.

At 11:28 a.m., after Terry and his father left, Mike called 911. The
following conversation took place:

          Dispatcher: Gaston County 911. . . . Do you have an emer-
          gency?

          Mike: Uh. Yes ma'am. Uh. This is Mike McCarn. My
          brother is up there, he's got epilepsy. He's got a shotgun
          after my dad.

          D: Okay. Where is this at?

          M: On Rhyne Road up in Stanley, coming out of Stanley.
          ...

          D: What's your brother's name?

          M: Terry McCarn.

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          D: They out in the yard?

          M: Yeah. He's got a gun out there. I don't know what he's
          going to do. I tried to stop him. I don't know what he's
          going to do. I need somebody to hurry quickly.

During the walk to his parents' house, Terry fired the shotgun into
the top of a tree and told his father, "that should teach you a lesson."
The father later said that at no time did he feel threatened by Terry.
When they arrived at home, Jack sat on the porch swing while Terry
joined his mother inside the house.

A Gaston County police officer, J.D. Costner, answering the dis-
patch, arrived at the McCarn house ten to twenty minutes after Terry
had gone inside. Jack asked Officer Costner to leave. Rather than
leaving, the officer refused to let Jack return to the house and called
(over a public address system) for Terry's mother, Hilda, to come out-
side, but she did not respond. While Hilda was in the house, neither
she nor Terry responded to the efforts by the officers to communicate
with them by telephone or public address.

Hilda was still in the house when Assistant Chief Tommy Fuller
arrived at 12:50 p.m. The situation was reported to him as a "hostage"
situation. He was also told that Terry had fired a gun "at or over his
dad." Fuller had known Terry for years and knew he had epilepsy.
During a similar incident in 1986, Fuller talked Terry into coming out
of a house unarmed when he had been informed that Terry was
armed.

Captain Douglas Ivey, who arrived at 1:21 p.m., was told "there
was a hostage situation at the McCarn residence." He was told "Terry
McCarn had taken his dad at gunpoint, had already fired a shotgun a
couple of times, and that Terry McCarn's mother was still in the
house with him and the gun." Similarly, Officer Jeff Isenhour, who
arrived at 1:13 p.m., was led to believe there was a hostage situation.

Hilda finally came out of the house at around 2:00 p.m. By this
time, twenty-eight officers had arrived at the scene and surrounded
the house. The parties dispute what Hilda told the officers upon

                     4
emerging from the house. But according to Hilda she never referred
to herself as a hostage. "I never told any officer that Terry would not
let me come outside the house. The windows and storm windows
were closed in the house. I never heard a request for me to come out-
side." Defendants say that Hilda said Terry was sitting on the living
room floor, holding the shotgun in his lap. In any event, Hilda was
not permitted to reenter her house.

Meanwhile, unsuccessful attempts were made to contact Terry by
telephone and over public address speakers. At some point thereafter,
Assistant Chief Fuller walked from the yard to the porch railing and
called to Terry in an unsuccessful attempt to establish communica-
tion.

At about 3:15 p.m. the police arranged for the electricity to the
house to be disconnected. According to Officer Ivey, the officers did
this because they were concerned for Terry's health and safety. Since
it was 106 degrees outside and the house was unshaded, they felt that
turning off the power (in case Terry had a fan on) would drive him
from the house. This effort failed, and the officers became concerned
that Terry might be suffering from heat exhaustion. The officers then
warned Terry that they were going to introduce pepper gas into the
house. They reasoned that the pepper gas would force Terry out of the
house and at the same time force him to abandon his weapon. They
also reasoned that if he did not exit the house, they would know that
he had been disabled by the heat.

Around 4:00 p.m. two officers broke a window in the rear of the
house and began to introduce the pepper gas. In response, Terry fired
a shotgun once through the broken window, and the officers retreated.
After a second deployment of gas, Terry emerged from the house car-
rying a shotgun. He yelled at the police and told them to leave or
"somebody was going to get shot." Terry walked down the steps and
out into the yard towards the end of the porch. As he turned the corner
of the house, he saw Officer Harris and began leveling his shotgun at
him at a range of just a few feet. Three weapons fired, those of Offi-
cer Harris, Officer Isenhour, and Terry. Terry was fatally shot.

Terry's parents, Hilda and Jack, filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
In a lengthy opinion, a magistrate judge granted summary judgment

                    5
in favor of Gaston County and each defendant in his official capacity
because the evidence did not demonstrate an official policy or prac-
tice that deprived plaintiffs of any constitutional rights. The magis-
trate judge granted summary judgment in favor of the officers in their
individual capacities on the basis of qualified immunity. This appeal
followed.

II.

Plaintiffs first argue that Officers Fuller, Isenhour and Ivey used
excessive force in violation of Terry's Fourth Amendment protection
against "unreasonable seizures." See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S.
386, 394 (1989). At bottom, plaintiffs argue that the escalation of the
use of force was unnecessary.2 We agree with the magistrate judge
that the officers were entitled to qualified immunity on the excessive
force claim.

The qualified immunity test and the test on the merits of an exces-
sive force claim "both rely on an objective appraisal of the reason-
ableness of the force employed." Rowland v. Perry, 41 F.3d 167, 173
(4th Cir. 1994). We must ask "whether a reasonable officer could
have believed that the use of force alleged was objectively reasonable
in light of the circumstances." Id. The reasonableness inquiry is
guided by at least three factors: (1) the severity of the suspected crime
at issue, (2) whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the
safety of the officers and others, and (3) whether the suspect actively
attempted to evade arrest by flight. Id.; Graham, 490 U.S. at 396.
"[T]he immunity inquiry must be filtered through the lens of the offi-
cer's perceptions at the time of the incident in question." Rowland, 41
F.3d at 173.

In this case, the information available to the officers reasonably
could have led them to believe that Terry had assaulted his father and
perhaps his brother, kidnapped his father at gunpoint, and held his
mother hostage at gunpoint in the house. They knew that Terry had
epilepsy and could act unpredictably. They reasonably could have
believed that allowing Terry to remain in the house posed a danger
_________________________________________________________________
2 Plaintiffs do not challenge the reasonableness of the actual shooting
of Terry.

                     6
to Terry and that leaving the scene altogether would allow Terry to
pose a threat to others. In light of these circumstances, a reasonable
officer could have believed that the escalation of force was objec-
tively reasonable. See id. Thus, the officers are entitled to qualified
immunity on the excessive force claim.

III.

Plaintiffs next argue that Officers Fuller, Isenhour and Ivey vio-
lated Terry's Fourth Amendment right to be free from a warrantless
arrest in his home absent exigent circumstances. We believe the offi-
cers are entitled to qualified immunity on this claim as well.

Qualified immunity shields police officers from civil liability
unless their actions "violate clearly established statutory or constitu-
tional rights of which a reasonable person would have known."
Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). Plaintiffs are correct
that absent exigent circumstances, the police may not enter a person's
home to effect a warrantless arrest. Payton v. New York, 445 U.S.
573, 590 (1980). However, in this case, even assuming the police
entered Terry's home to effect a warrantless arrest, see United States
v. Maez, 872 F.2d 1444, 1451 (10th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 489 U.S.
1104 (1991); United States v. Al-Azzawy, 784 F.2d 890, 893 & n.1
(9th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1144 (1986); United States v.
Morgan, 743 F.2d 1158, 1166 (6th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S.
1061 (1985); 3 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 6.1(e), at 262
(3d ed. 1996), we cannot say that it was clearly established in July
1993 that the circumstances confronting the officers were not exigent.
Factors relevant to the issue of exigency include: (1) the degree of
urgency involved and the amount of time necessary to obtain a war-
rant, (2) the possibility of danger to police guarding the site, (3) the
gravity of the offense involved, and (4) whether the suspect is reason-
ably believed to be armed. See United States v. Reed, 935 F.2d 641,
642 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 960 (1991); United States v.
Cucci, 892 F. Supp. 775, 786 (W.D. Va. 1995). Here, the police knew
Terry was armed with a shotgun. They were aware of his epilepsy and
his tendency towards unpredictable, angry outbursts. As previously
explained, they knew he had already fired the gun, and they believed
he had done so to threaten his father. They also believed that Terry
had held his mother hostage. We have found no cases indicating that

                     7
it was clearly established in July 1993 that these facts would not
amount to exigent circumstances.

Plaintiffs insist, however, that United States v. Morgan, 743 F.2d
1158 (6th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1061 (1985), is just such
a case. Morgan held that there was no exigency sufficient in that case
to justify the officers' warrantless entry into the suspect's home in
order to arrest him. However, we believe Morgan is distinguishable.
There, the record revealed that there was "no[ ] immediate threat or
security risk to the officers . . . ." Id. at 1163. The court continued,

          [T]he evidence shows that the occupants of the[Morgan]
          house were peaceful until startled by the [police]. Moreover,
          Morgan's prior contact with police officials had been
          friendly and cooperative. There was no substantiated evi-
          dence that Morgan was dangerous or that a grave offense or
          crime of violence had occurred or was even threatened.

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the circumstances in
Morgan were sufficiently different from those presented here, we
believe Morgan did not render the "unlawfulness . . . [if any, of the
officers' actions here] apparent." See Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S.
635, 640 (1987). Therefore, we hold that the officers are entitled to
qualified immunity on the warrantless arrest claim.

IV.

Finally, we believe summary judgment was properly granted in
favor of Gaston County, Ken Beach in his official capacity as Gaston
County Chief of Police, and Officers Fuller, Isenhour and Ivey in
their official capacities. "[C]laims against[ ] officers in their official
capacities are claims against the entities for which the officers were
acting." Giancola v. State of West Virginia Dep't of Public Safety,
830 F.2d 547, 550 (4th Cir. 1987); see Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S.
159, 165-66(1985). In this case, Chief Beach and Officers Fuller,
Isenhour and Ivey were acting on behalf of Gaston County. However,
local governments such as Gaston County cannot be liable under
§ 1983 by virtue of respondeat superior . Monell v. New York City
Dep't of Social Serv., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). Rather, local govern-
ments are liable under § 1983 only when local government officials

                     8
themselves, through acts establishing a policy or custom, cause the
constitutional violation. Id. In this case, plaintiffs acknowledged that
they "cannot show, at this stage of the litigation [i.e., after discovery]
how defendants have handled other hostage situations and whether
the handling of those situations are pursuant to a policy or whether
such acts constitute a custom." Appellants' Brief at 24. Nor did plain-
tiffs offer evidence of inadequate police training. Therefore, we
affirm the grant of summary judgment to Gaston County, Chief Beach
in his official capacity, and Officers Fuller, Isenhour and Ivey in their
official capacities.

V.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

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