                              NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                     File Name: 20a0201n.06

                                                   No. 19-1034


                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                                        FILED
    CHAREE STANLEY,                                                 )                            Apr 08, 2020
                                                                    )                       DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                                      )
                                                                    )
          v.                                                                 ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                                    )
                                                                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT
    EXPRESSJET AIRLINES, INC.,                                      )
                                                                             COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                                    )
          Defendant-Appellee.                                                DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                                    )
                                                                    )


BEFORE:           BOGGS, BATCHELDER, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

         ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Recognizing the critical role the transportation

sector serves in the country’s security and prosperity, Congress amended the Railway Labor Act

(“RLA”) in 1934 to require that all minor labor disputes in these vital industries be resolved by

arbitration. Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, 558 U.S. 67, 72-73 (2009). Rather

than having every issue that would invariably arise in the workplace litigated through the court

system, Congress instead sought to facilitate the “peaceful and efficient resolution” of employees’

grievances through arbitration whenever the governing collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”)

addressed those issues, including pay or working conditions. Id. at 72; 45 U.S.C. § 151 et seq. As

the Supreme Court and this circuit have repeatedly held, when a claim can be resolved conclusively

by the CBA, the claim is preempted1 and must be brought before an arbitrator, not a court.


1
 Federal claims are said to be “precluded,” while state claims are said to be “preempted.” For the purposes of the
RLA, this is a distinction without a difference, as the same standard applies for both preclusion and preemption, i.e.,
whether the claim could be conclusively resolved by the CBA. See e.g. Brown v. Illinois Central R.R. Co., 254 F.3d
654, 662 (7th Cir. 2001) (“[W]e find the preemption question sufficiently similar to the preclusion question to make
No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. v. Norris, 512 U.S. 246, 252 (1994); Emswiler v. CSX Transp., Inc., 691

F.3d 782, 792 (6th Cir. 2012).

         In the case before us, Charee Stanley, a practicing Muslim and formerly employed flight

attendant at Defendant ExpressJet Airlines, Inc. (“ExpressJet”), brought a federal religious

discrimination claim under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq.

(“Title VII”), and a state religious discrimination claim under Michigan’s Elliott-Larsen Civil

Rights Act, Mich. Comp. Laws § 37.2101, et seq. (“ELCRA”), as well as a retaliation claim.

Stanley requested and was denied an accommodation that would excuse her from her duties of

preparing and serving alcohol during flights, which Stanley says her religion forbids. The question

we must answer, however, is not whether Stanley’s claims have any merit, but whether we may

hear her claims in the first place. If Stanley’s claims can be conclusively resolved by the CBA,

then they are preempted by the RLA. The district court granted ExpressJet’s motion for summary

judgment, holding that Stanley’s religious-discrimination claims were preempted under the RLA

and that she failed to create a genuine issue of material fact for her retaliation claim, which also

would have been preempted. For the reasons below, we AFFIRM the district court as to all claims.2




the analysis employed in the RLA preemption cases applicable here.”); Parker v. American Airlines, Inc., 516 F. Supp.
2d 632, 637-38 (N.D. Tex. 2007) (“Arbitral boards established under the RLA enjoy exclusive jurisdiction to resolve
all disputes requiring the construction or application of a CBA regardless of whether the dispute involves a state-law
claim or a federal claim. When applied to a state-law claim, the RLA is said to preempt. But when applied to a federal
claim, the RLA is said to preclude.”) (citation omitted); VanSlyck v. GoJet Airlines, LLC, 323 F.R.D. 266, 269 (N.D.
Ill. 2018) (“It is well settled that the RLA requires mandatory arbitration of so-called ‘minor disputes,’ which are those
requiring ‘interpretation or application’ of a CBA. Such disputes are thus ‘preempted’ (if raised in a state claim) or
‘precluded’ (if raised in a federal claim).”(citation omitted)). While recognizing the difference between preclusion and
preemption, we will refer to both Stanley’s federal and state claims as “preempted” for the sake of brevity and clarity.
2
  On June 7, 2019, ExpressJet filed a motion for leave to file a sur-reply. The motion was referred to the merits panel
for consideration along with the briefs as filed. Because new arguments first raised in a reply brief are generally not
considered and given the final disposition of this case, we DENY ExpressJet’s motion. See United States v. Jenkins,
871 F.2d 598, 602, n. 3 (6th Cir. 1989) (“[C]ourt decisions have made it clear that the appellant cannot raise new
issues in a reply brief.”).

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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


                                                  I.

       In January 2013, just a few weeks after converting to Islam, Charee Stanley began working

for ExpressJet as a flight attendant. As part of her duty as a flight attendant, Stanley was required

to prepare and serve alcoholic drinks to passengers. From January 2013 through June 2015,

Stanley prepared and served alcohol to passengers and was by all accounts a professional and

attentive flight attendant. However, in June 2015, Stanley had a conversation with her imam who

informed her that not only were Muslims forbidden from consuming alcohol, but also from

preparing or serving it. Upon being advised of this, Stanley spoke to Inflight Operations Manager

Melanie Brown the following day. Because Stanley’s next assigned flight was “within minutes”

of departing, Brown suggested Stanley ask the other flight attendant to handle all of the alcoholic

beverages prepared and served during the flight. At this point, the parties’ accounts diverge.

Stanley claimed she understood this would be a permanent solution going forward, while Brown

thought this was a temporary accommodation for “that specific flight” because Stanley “was

beginning to observe Ramadan.”

       Regardless, this arrangement was unlikely to succeed in the long-term as it violated several

provisions of the CBA.       As an ExpressJet flight attendant, Stanley was a member of the

International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (“the Union”). The CBA was

negotiated between the Union and ExpressJet and governed Stanley’s relationship with ExpressJet

as her employer.

       There are three provisions of the CBA pertinent to this dispute. First, flight schedules, as

well as bidding rights, filling of vacancies, vacation preferences, and domicile assignments, are all

based on a flight attendant’s seniority. Second, on a flight with two flight attendants, “[t]he senior

Flight Attendant may choose the ‘A’ or the ‘B’ position on the aircraft.” Flight Attendant A is



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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


primarily responsible for the First Class passengers, while Flight Attendant B is primarily

responsible for the main cabin. The Flight Attendant Handbook (“FAM”) specifies in more precise

detail the actual duties of each flight attendant. For example, Flight Attendant B (usually the junior

flight attendant) is expected to “prepare beverages” and assist Flight Attendant A with preparing

and serving beverages to the First Class cabin, “including alcoholic beverages.” Third, if a

scheduled flight with two flight attendants is downgraded to a flight with only one flight attendant,

the senior flight attendant has the right to accept or decline the downgrade. If the senior flight

attendant declines the downgrade, the junior flight attendant must accept the assignment.

       Stanley’s requested accommodation of having the other flight attendant (who likely would

have seniority given Stanley’s relatively short tenure at ExpressJet) serve all of the alcoholic

beverages on a flight conflicts with the CBA’s seniority provisions in at least four ways. First,

requiring the senior flight attendant to serve alcoholic drinks for both the First Class cabin and the

main cabin violates the CBA provision that permits the senior flight attendant to choose whether

he or she would prefer position A or position B. While the flight attendants are expected to help

one another, it would violate the CBA if ExpressJet were to mandate that the senior flight attendant

accept the alcoholic beverage service duties for both positions. Second, under Stanley’s requested

accommodation, she could refuse a senior flight attendant’s request for assistance with the

alcoholic beverage service to the First Class cabin. Both flight attendants are expected to help one

another, and the FAM specifically mentions that “[Flight Attendant] B should assist with

preparing” alcoholic beverages for first class passengers “while [Flight Attendant] A delivers.”

       Third, if a flight with two flight attendants is downgraded to a flight with one flight

attendant and the senior flight attendant declined the assignment (as is his or her right under the

CBA), Stanley, as the junior flight attendant on that flight, would be required to accept the



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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


assignment. However, if Stanley’s requested accommodation were granted, she could not accept

the assignment as there would be no one on the aircraft who could serve alcoholic beverages to

passengers were she the only flight attendant. If no reserve flight attendants were available,

ExpressJet would be forced to require the senior flight attendant to serve as the single flight

attendant, despite the senior flight attendant’s initially declining the assignment, thus clearly

violating the CBA. Fourth and finally, this reality would mean in effect that Stanley could never

be assigned to a single-flight-attendant flight. However, the preference of flights is determined by

seniority and Stanley’s religious accommodation and corresponding mandatory flight preference

would put her preferences ahead of those of flight attendants with greater seniority in violation of

the CBA. The Union agrees that Stanley’s requested accommodation violates the CBA’s seniority

provisions.

       Less than a week after Stanley’s initial meeting with Brown, ExpressJet received its first

complaint from one of Stanley’s coworkers, who complained about having to serve all of the

alcoholic drinks on a flight. Just a week later, Stanley took time off without pay for the month of

Ramadan, which delayed any conflicts at least temporarily. Upon returning later that summer,

Stanley again began asking the other flight attendant to prepare and serve all alcoholic drinks on

each flight she worked. On August 2nd, just two weeks after Stanley returned to work, ExpressJet

received a complaint from another flight attendant who expressed frustration with having to do

“both [flight attendant] A and [flight attendant] B duties.”

       On August 18, 2015, Stanley met with Brown, a Union representative, and an ExpressJet

human resources representative to discuss Stanley’s situation. Stanley was presented with three

options: (1) take personal leave and seek another position at the airline, (2) agree to serve and sell

alcohol, or (3) voluntarily resign. Before Stanley decided, ExpressJet placed her on 90-day non-



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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


disciplinary, unpaid administrative leave, which was soon extended to a year. Stanley rejected the

options ExpressJet presented and instead submitted a formal request for her preferred

accommodation.

        ExpressJet rejected Stanley’s request on August 25th. Stanley did not apply for another

position at the airline during her leave and filed suit in federal court a year later in August of 2016.

ExpressJet’s motion to dismiss was denied, but after discovery, ExpressJet filed a motion for

summary judgment that the district court granted. The district court found that Stanley’s religious

discrimination claims were preempted, and that she had failed to make a retaliation claim, which

also would have been preempted if made successfully. Stanley now appeals.

                                                  II.

        “This court reviews the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.” CSX Transp.,

Inc. v. United Transp. Union, 395 F.3d 365, 368 (6th Cir. 2005). “Summary judgment is

appropriate where there is ‘no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.’” Emswiler, 691 F.3d at 788 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

        Before we may address whether Stanley has a viable Title VII claim or its counterpart state-

law claim, we must first decide whether we can reach the merits of either claim. The RLA, which

was extended to cover airlines in 1936, requires minor disputes to be resolved by arbitration.

Hawaiian Airlines, 512 U.S. at 248. If an issue qualifies as a minor dispute, then an Article III

court cannot reach the merits of the dispute, but rather can only enforce the arbitrator’s decision.

See Dotson v. Norfolk Southern R.R. Co., 52 F. App’x 655, 658 (6th Cir. 2002). In this case,

Stanley did not pursue arbitration, but rather went directly to federal court. The question before

us is whether this issue is preempted by the RLA and therefore must be decided by an arbitrator.




                                                  -6-
No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


       For a claim to be preempted, the CBA must conclusively resolve the dispute. Emswiler,

691 F.3d at 792. An employer cannot take an otherwise valid claim and cause it to become

preempted by claiming the CBA as a defense. Brown v. Illinois Central R.R. Co., 254 F.3d 654,

668 (7th Cir. 2001). ExpressJet claims that Stanley’s requested accommodation would require it

to violate the CBA and an accommodation that violates the CBA would constitute an undue

hardship. Stanley argues that her prima facie Title VII claim does not require interpretation of the

CBA and the CBA is only implicated, if at all, by ExpressJet’s raising it as a defense. However,

Stanley misstates the extent to which her initial claim implicates the CBA and misunderstands

what constitutes a preempted claim under Sixth Circuit precedent.

       In this circuit, we employ a two-step test to determine whether a CBA preempts a claim:

“First, the [] court must examine whether proof of the [] claim requires interpretation of collective

bargaining agreement terms. Second, the court must ascertain whether the right claimed by the

plaintiff is created by the collective bargaining agreement or by state [or federal] law.” DeCoe v.

General Motors Corp., 32 F.3d 212, 216 (6th Cir. 1994). If the right is created by the CBA or if

the interpretation of the CBA is necessary to determine the proof of the claim, then the claim is

preempted. Id.

       In this case we must answer three questions: (1) Does a Title VII claim require a court to

assess whether there is undue hardship? (2) Would violating the seniority provisions of the CBA

constitute undue hardship? (3) Would examining the CBA conclusively resolve the question of

undue hardship and therefore the merits of Stanley’s Title VII claim? We answer “yes” to each

question and hold that because the CBA can conclusively resolve Stanley’s religious-

discrimination claims, her claims are preempted under the RLA.




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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


                                                 A.

       Title VII requires a plaintiff first to establish a prima facie case. Virts v. Consolidated

Freightways Corp. of Delaware, 285 F.3d 508, 516 (6th Cir. 2002). There are three elements the

plaintiff must show: (1) that the employee holds a sincere religious belief that conflicts with an

employment requirement, (2) that the employee informed the employer about the conflict, and (3)

that the employee was discharged or disciplined for failing to comply with the requirement. Id.

Once a plaintiff has established a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant. Id. In order

to escape liability, the employer must show that the accommodation would create an “undue

hardship.” Id. “To require an employer to bear more than a de minimis cost in order to

accommodate an employee's religious beliefs is an undue hardship.” Id. (quoting Cooper v. Oak

Rubber Co., 15 F.3d 1375, 1378 (6th Cir. 1994)). Given that the statutory text of Title VII clearly

provides for an exception for accommodations that would be an “undue hardship” for the

employer, a court presented with a Title VII claim must always examine whether the requested

accommodation presents an undue hardship. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(j). Contrary to Stanley’s claims,

undue hardship is not a defense raised to excuse a Title VII violation; rather, undue hardship is a

part of the Title VII analysis, and a Title VII claim cannot be decided unless a court determines

whether the accommodation would in fact impose an undue hardship.

                                                 B.

       For the purposes of its summary judgment motion, ExpressJet concedes that Stanley has

met the prima facie requirement. It argues that Stanley’s accommodation would force it to violate

the CBA and that constitutes an undue hardship. As we have previously held, a Title VII

accommodation that would force the employer to violate the seniority provisions of the CBA

constitutes an undue hardship. Virts, 285 F.3d at 517-18. It cannot be the case that the law would



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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


put the employer in an impossible situation where it either faces liability for refusing a religious

accommodation (and respecting the CBA’s seniority provisions) or faces liability for violating the

CBA if it grants the accommodation. This court has reconciled this conflict by holding that when

the accommodation would violate the CBA’s seniority provisions, the accommodation constitutes

an undue hardship and the employer may refuse to grant it. Id.

                                                 C.

       The third and most important question is not whether the accommodation would be an

undue hardship, but whether the CBA can conclusively resolve Stanley’s Title VII claim. Any

court seeking to address Stanley’s religious-discrimination claims must interpret the CBA.

Because a court hearing a Title VII claim must assess undue hardship and because an

accommodation that violates a CBA’s seniority provisions constitutes undue hardship, we would

need to interpret the CBA to resolve Stanley’s Title VII claim on the merits. For instance, we

would need to determine whether permitting Stanley to refuse a downgraded flight with a single

flight attendant violates the seniority provisions of the CBA. Or whether forcing a senior flight

attendant to serve on a downgraded flight or requiring a flight attendant to accept the alcoholic

beverage service duties of both positions violate those provisions. The answer to these questions

lies in the CBA and only the CBA can resolve them conclusively. Regardless of the outcome, the

CBA resolves the issue; therefore, under the RLA, Stanley’s claims are preempted.

                                                III.

       Stanley also brought a retaliation claim against ExpressJet. In order “to prevail on a claim

for retaliatory discharge under Title VII, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case by

demonstrating that 1) the plaintiff engaged in an activity protected by Title VII; 2) the exercise of

the plaintiff’s civil rights was known to the defendant; 3) the defendant thereafter undertook an



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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


employment action adverse to the plaintiff; and 4) there was a causal connection between the

protected activity and the adverse employment action.” Virts, 285 F.3d at 521. Once the plaintiff

successfully establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant who must “articulate

a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions.” Id. If the defendant can provide a

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff, who must

“demonstrate that the proffered reason was a mere pretext for discrimination.” Id. A plaintiff can

successfully demonstrate that the defendant’s reason was a mere pretext by showing that: “1) the

stated reason had no basis in fact; 2) the stated reason was not the actual reason; or 3) the stated

reason was insufficient to explain the defendant’s actions.” Id. In other words, a plaintiff must

show “both that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason.” Id. (quoting St.

Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993) (emphasis in original)).

       The district court held that Stanley failed to create a genuine issue of material fact as to the

first element of her prima facie case, i.e., that she engaged in an activity protected by Title VII,

because Stanley never identified what exactly was her “protected activity.” In both her corrected

brief and reply brief on appeal, Stanley still fails to identify what protected activity she engaged in

for which ExpressJet allegedly retaliated against her. Under Title VII, protected activity “can fall

into two categories: participation and opposition.” Perkins v. International Paper Company, 936

F.3d 196, 213 (4th Cir. 2019). More specifically, protected activity means the employee either

(1) opposed an employer’s discriminatory activity or practice made unlawful by Title VII, or

(2) testified, assisted, or participated in an investigation or proceeding under Title VII. 42 U.S.C.

§ 2000(e)-3(a); see 45A Am. J. 2d Job Discrimination § 244. Regardless of which category the

protected activity falls under, for a retaliation claim, “the key question is whether the complaint




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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


concerns conduct between an employer and its employee.” David C. Singer and Joshua Colangelo-

Bryan, Protected Activity Under Title VII Retaliation Claims, 231 N.Y. L. J. 2 (Feb. 6, 2004).

        Even when we construe the facts in Stanley’s favor, we are at a loss to discern what

Stanley’s protected activity could be. It cannot be the case that Stanley was terminated or put on

leave because of her participation in an investigation as Stanley did not participate in any

investigation, nor was ExpressJet the subject of any investigation or proceeding under Title VII

before Stanley’s termination. It also cannot be the case that Stanley faced retaliation for calling

attention to an allegedly discriminatory activity by ExpressJet. Nothing in Stanley’s allegations

accuses ExpressJet of any discriminatory activity. Stanley’s only accusation of animus was against

a fellow flight attendant who questioned Stanley’s choice to read “foreign writings,” while the

other flight attendant was forced to prepare and serve all alcoholic drinks to both cabins.

Notwithstanding the fact that there were likely non-discriminatory reasons for the flight attendant’s

complaint, the accusation is irrelevant to a retaliation claim because the alleged behavior was not

that of the employer, but rather of another employee. Nowhere in Stanley’s recounting of the facts

does she mention discriminatory behavior by ExpressJet, Stanley’s opposing discriminatory

behavior of ExpressJet, or Stanley’s then facing retaliation for opposing any alleged discriminatory

behavior of ExpressJet.

        ExpressJet suggested that perhaps Stanley meant that her request for an accommodation

constituted protected activity. A request for an accommodation does not constitute protected

activity under Title VII, which clearly delineates two options: opposition to discriminatory practice

or participation in an investigation. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). On appeal, Stanley has again failed

to identify a protected activity she engaged in, and it is not the responsibility of this court to fill in




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No. 19-1034, Stanley v. ExpressJet


the blanks for her. Because Stanley failed to establish the first element of a retaliatory discharge

claim, she cannot establish a prima facie case and, consequently, her retaliation claim fails.

         The district court was thorough in analyzing why each of Stanley’s arguments related to

her retaliation claim lacked either a legal or factual basis. The district court concluded that

Stanley’s novel “retaliation by ratification” legal theory3 was not backed by any case law, that

discovery did not reveal any factual support for Stanley’s claims of alleged animus toward her

faith (and if anything, there was actually evidence to the contrary, such as ExpressJet’s approving

her request to wear a hijab), and that her retaliation claim, even if correctly made, would also be

preempted under the RLA. However, because Stanley’s failure to create a genuine issue of

material fact as to whether she had engaged in protected activity is dispositive, we do not need to

consider those other arguments on appeal.

                                                         IV.

         For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court on all counts.




3
 Stanley appears to have argued that ExpressJet ratified her coworker’s comments about Stanley’s reading “books
with foreign writings” and about Stanley’s hijab by reacting to the complaint that contained them, that these comments
constituted animus, and that the supposed ratification constituted retaliation.

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