           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                            April 9, 2008

                                       No. 07-70039                   Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                              Clerk

ROBERT JEAN HUDSON

                                                  Petitioner - Appellant
v.

NATHANIEL QUARTERMAN, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE, CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS DIVISION

                                                  Respondent - Appellee



                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 3:03-CV-1643


Before REAVLEY, SMITH, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
REAVLEY, Circuit Judge:*
       Robert Jean Hudson was convicted of capital murder in a jury trial in
Texas and sentenced to death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed
the conviction and sentence on direct appeal, and Hudson unsuccessfully sought
both state and federal habeas relief.            Hudson now seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254
petition. We DENY his request.


       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
                                No. 07-70039

                               I. Background
      At approximately 11:00 p.m. on May 6, 1999, Hudson telephoned Edith
Kendrick, his ex-girlfriend. Hudson heard a man’s voice in the background and
suspected that Kendrick had another man in her apartment, which upset him.
When he arrived at her apartment and knocked on the door she would not open
it. Kendrick was inside the apartment with Michael Spearman. Hudson began
yelling and kicking the door, saying that he was going to kill both of them.
Hudson kicked the door open and saw Kendrick standing next to the bed and
Spearman getting up from the couch while pulling his pants up.
      Kendrick attempted to intervene between Spearman and Hudson, who
began swinging a knife at her. Spearman ran out of a second exit and called 911
from a pay telephone.
      As Hudson was slashing Kendrick, her eight-year-old son Colby got
between Hudson and his mother. Hudson inflicted severe cuts on Colby’s throat,
neck, and fingers, and the boy ran bleeding from the apartment. Kendrick fled
to the stairs at the front balcony where Hudson stabbed her repeatedly.
      Witness Michael Munoz testified that he saw the attack from his vehicle
in the apartment parking lot. Munoz said he saw Kendrick come crashing out
of the apartment onto the balcony, fall to her knees, and hit her head on the
guardrail.   According to Munoz, Hudson immediately followed, grabbed
Kendrick’s hair, and pulled her backwards. Munoz testified that while Kendrick
was on her back Hudson stabbed her six to eight times and that he raised his
arm as high as he could before stabbing her. Kendrick was left in a large pool
of blood and died from the multiple stab wounds, three of which penetrated her
heart. Each of the stab wounds would have been separately fatal.
      Police arrived on the scene quickly and found Hudson at a nearby
convenience store. They took him back to Kendrick’s apartment where witnesses
identified him. Inside the disarrayed apartment, police found blood splattered


                                      2
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all over and an open purse on the couch. Spearman told police that Kendrick’s
purse had contained cash and a new watch, and that it was not on the couch
before Hudson arrived. At the police station, police found a ladies’ watch and
$275 with blood on it in Hudson’s pocket. Police recovered the knife on the
ground outside the apartment, and a witness who worked with Hudson testified
that he had seen Hudson carrying a similar knife at work. After being given his
Miranda warnings, Hudson signed a written statement confessing to Kendrick’s
killing.
      At the punishment phase of trial, the state called only two witnesses. A
fingerprint technician introduced evidence of Hudson’s prior convictions,
including burglary and a previous murder. A woman who worked at the jail
commissary testified that Hudson had exposed himself and masturbated in front
of her while he was being held pending trial. The defense called no witnesses at
either the guilt/innocence or the punishment stage of trial.
                            II. Standard of review
      The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) requires a
state habeas petitioner to obtain a COA before the petitioner may appeal the
district court’s denial of relief. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c). A COA may be issued only
if the petitioner “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right.” Id. § 2253(c)(2); see Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336, 123 S. Ct.
1029, 1039 (2003). When, as in this case, the district court has rejected a
petitioner’s claims on the merits, the petitioner “must demonstrate that
reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional
claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484, 120 S. Ct.
1595, 1604 (2000). A petitioner “satisfies this standard by demonstrating that
jurists of reason could disagree with the district court’s resolution of his
constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are
adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El, 537 U.S. at

                                        3
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327, 123 S. Ct. at 1034. “The COA determination under § 2253(c) requires an
overview of the claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of their
merits. We look to the District Court’s application of AEDPA to petitioner’s
constitutional claims and ask whether that resolution was debatable amongst
jurists of reason.” Id. at 336, 123 S. Ct. at 1039.
                                 III. Discussion
      Hudson raises three arguments on appeal. He argues that (1) the district
court improperly applied the AEDPA’s standard of deference to the state habeas
court’s findings; (2) his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
investigate and present at the punishment phase mitigating evidence in the
form of testimony from several family members; and (3) the Dallas County
Sheriff’s Department forcibly medicated him during trial, which prevented him
from effectively assisting his counsel in his defense, interfered with his
confrontation rights, and denied him due process of law. We consider each
argument in turn.
                              A. AEDPA deference
      In the district court, Hudson argued that the court should not apply the
presumption of correctness ordinarily afforded a state court’s findings of fact,
and instead should review his claims de novo. He reasoned that the state habeas
court’s findings were not entitled to deference because the state court had
adopted verbatim the respondent’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of
law without granting him a hearing. The district court found no merit to
Hudson’s claim and held that the presumption of correctness prescribed under
the AEDPA for state court findings of fact did not depend on whether the state
habeas court elected to hold an oral hearing.
      In this court, Hudson challenges the district court’s application of
deference to the state court’s determination. Under the AEDPA, a state court’s
adjudication of an issue on the merits is entitled to deference. See Hill v.

                                         4
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Johnson, 210 F.3d 481, 485 (5th Cir. 2000). Federal courts will defer to the state
court’s decision unless it “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme
Court of the United States” or “resulted in a decision that was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Moreover, a state court’s factual
findings are presumed correct unless the petitioner rebuts the findings with
clear and convincing evidence. § 2254(e)(1). The AEDPA’s deferential scheme
is mandatory and applies to all claims adjudicated on the merits in state court.
Valdez v. Cockrell, 274 F.3d 941, 950 (5th Cir. 2001) At the COA stage, this
court asks “whether the District Court’s application of AEDPA deference . . . was
debatable amongst jurists of reason.” Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 341, 123 S. Ct. at
1042.
        The district court correctly held that deference does not require an oral
hearing in the state court. “We have consistently recognized that, to be entitled
to the presumption of correctness, a state court need not hold an evidentiary
hearing; to the contrary, findings of fact based exclusively on affidavits are
generally sufficient to warrant the presumption.” Carter v. Johnson, 131 F.3d
452, 460 n.13 (5th Cir. 1997). Hudson argues that Carter is inapplicable here
because the only affidavits before the state habeas court were those that he
presented purportedly reflecting trial counsel’s failure to investigate mitigating
evidence. However, a state habeas judge’s findings may be entitled to deference
even after a paper hearing when the same judge presided over both the trial and
habeas proceedings. Armstead v. Scott, 37 F.3d 202, 208 (5th Cir. 1994). This
was case here. The state habeas judge was able to evaluate Hudson’s numerous
state habeas claims, including whether Hudson’s affidavits sufficiently showed
that counsel should have discovered and offered the specified mitigating
evidence, informed by the court’s knowledge of the trial proceedings and defense

                                        5
                                   No. 07-70039

counsel’s performance at trial. The lack of an oral hearing in state court thus
does not defeat the presumption of deference in this case. See Valdez, 274 F.3d
at 951 (holding that “a full and fair hearing is not a precondition to according
§ 2254(e)(1)’s presumption of correctness to state habeas court findings of fact
nor to applying § 2254(d)’s standards of review”).
        Hudson’s assertion that deference was not required because the state court
adopted the respondent’s proposed findings and conclusions is similarly without
merit. In Trevino v. Johnson, 168 F.3d 173, 180 (5th Cir. 1999), a state prisoner
claimed that his due process rights were violated because the trial court adopted
the state’s proposed findings of fact only three hours after they were filed in the
court. We denied the petitioner a COA, concluding that a claim of infirmity in
the state habeas proceeding does not present a constitutional ground for relief
in federal court. Id. Hudson argues that the district court erroneously relied on
Trevino to reject his argument against deference because he is not making a due
process claim. Rather, he asserts that the state habeas court’s adoption of the
respondent’s proposed findings of fact undermines whether deference should be
accorded to the findings. He cites no authority in support of his assertion. More
importantly, Hudson makes no showing that the state habeas court failed
independently to consider and evaluate the state’s proposed findings before
adopting them as its own. The state habeas court’s adjudication on the merits
was entitled to deference under the AEDPA. See Valdez, 274 F.3d at 950.
Hudson fails to show that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s
application of deference debatable. See Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 341, 123 S. Ct. at
1042.
                     B. Ineffective assistance of counsel
        Hudson next argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance
at the punishment phase of trial because counsel failed to conduct a meaningful
investigation into his background to discover mitigating evidence and failed to

                                         6
                                  No. 07-70039

present such evidence in mitigation. Hudson asserts specifically that counsel
should have interviewed four of his family members: Clyde Crawford, his half-
brother; Doris Walker, his cousin; Emmitt Williams, his father, who was
incarcerated at the time of trial; and Lillie H. Walker, another unspecified
relative. Although Hudson acknowledges that counsel talked to Crawford and
Doris Walker, he argues that counsel did not ask any of the four relatives about
his background.
      The Sixth Amendment guarantees defendants the right to the effective
assistance of counsel. Sonnier v. Quarterman, 476 F.3d 349, 356 (5th Cir. 2007).
To obtain habeas relief on grounds of ineffective assistance, a petitioner must
show both “that counsel’s performance was deficient” and “that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984).      A failure to establish either deficient
performance or prejudice defeats the claim. Id. at 697, 102 S. Ct. at 2069.
      To demonstrate deficiency, a defendant must show that “counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. To
demonstrate prejudice, a defendant “must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id. The court must “reweigh the evidence in aggravation against the
totality of the available mitigating evidence.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510,
534, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 2542 (2003).      “[T]he question is whether there is a
reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have
concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not
warrant death.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.



                                        7
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      Hudson argues that defense counsel failed to investigate his mental
health. He contends that his four family members were available to testify and
would have testified about his childhood problems with anger management, the
fact that he was raised by extended family members, his mother’s psychological
problems, and his lack of a close relationship with his father. He contends that
he had behavioral problems as a child for which he was prescribed medication
to control his anger and that this information should have been discovered and
presented by counsel as mitigating evidence.
      An allegation of deficient performance of counsel is measured against an
objective standard of “reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. “Generally accepted standards
of competence require that counsel conduct an investigation into petitioner’s
background.” Smith v. Quarterman, 515 F.3d 392, 405 (5th Cir. 2008). A
reasonable investigation may include inquiring about the client’s “medical
history, educational history, employment and training history, family and social
history, prior adult and juvenile correctional experience, and religious and
cultural influences.” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 524, 123 S. Ct. at 2537 (citing ABA
Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Counsel in Death Penalty
Cases 11.8.6(C), at 133 (1989) (emphasis removed)). We have recognized that,
under the ABA Guidelines, counsel should present “all reasonably available
evidence in mitigation unless there are strong strategic reasons to forego some
portion of such evidence.” Smith v. Quarterman, 471 F.3d 565, 570 (5th Cir.
2006) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
      Hudson included with his state and federal habeas petitions affidavits
from his four family members, all of whom provided similar information about
his childhood and averred that they were available to testify but were never
asked by counsel about Hudson’s background. We need not decide whether
counsel’s failure to investigate these family members and discover the

                                       8
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information contained in the affidavits would rise to the level of deficient
performance because this information lacks significance. Furthermore, Hudson
testified outside the presence of the jury that he agreed with defense counsel’s
strategy not to present any witnesses at the punishment phase of trial. Hudson
also acknowledged that counsel had spoken with several members of his family,
but it is not clear from the record with whom counsel spoke.
      A review of the affidavits and the totality of the evidence at trial fails to
reveal the requisite prejudice to Hudson due to any deficiencies in counsel’s
failure to investigate or present the evidence of Hudson’s background. Hudson’s
half-brother, Crawford, averred that as a child Hudson lived with his father’s
grandparents and also with Crawford and the boys’ mother. He averred that
Hudson had a normal childhood and that Hudson was courteous and respectful.
He further stated that Hudson graduated from high school and went to college.
He stated that Hudson was always employed, that Crawford introduced the
victim to Hudson, and that Hudson got along well with the victim and with her
children. Finally, he stated that Hudson had a good job at the time of his arrest
and was well-liked.
      Doris Walker, Hudson’s cousin, averred that Hudson’s mother was killed
by a hit and run driver in 19921; that Hudson was raised by his grandparents
and aunts, as well as by his mother and Walker; that Hudson received
unspecified psychiatric care and medication in elementary school “to control his
behavior”; that Hudson’s mother had unspecified psychiatric problems and
“would become hysterical at times”; that Hudson had no trouble finding work
and had a good job at the time of his arrest in this case; and that prior to
Hudson’s arrest, the victim had called her home looking for Hudson.



      1
         The record shows that Hudson was born on March 4, 1963, and therefore was 29 years
old in 1992.

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      Williams averred that he was Hudson’s father; that his great grandparents
raised Hudson because he was too young and Hudson’s maternal grandparents
did not want Hudson; that his great grandparents gave Hudson “a good
Christian home”; that he was drafted into the Army and served in Vietnam, after
which he developed drug and alcohol problems leading to his incarceration, and
he became withdrawn from his son; that he had little contact with Hudson; that
he was aware Hudson was prescribed medication to control “his problem
managing his anger”; that the medication helped Hudson and was taken until
Hudson graduated from high school; that when Hudson’s great great
grandmother died at about the time he graduated high school, Hudson became
more withdrawn and began getting into trouble with the law; that Hudson lived
with him for about a year and then went to live with Hudson’s mother, who died
in 19862; that Hudson was an obedient and respectful child; and that Hudson
appeared able to control himself when he was on medication.
      Finally, Lillie H. Walker averred that she is related to Hudson, although
she did not state the relationship; that she has known Hudson for most of his
life; that Hudson’s mother was killed in 1992; that Hudson was raised by his
grandparents and his aunts, as well as by his mother and step-father; that when
Hudson was in elementary school he received unspecified psychiatric care and
took unspecified medication “to control his behavior”; that Hudson’s mother had
“psychiatric problems and would become hysterical at times”; and that Hudson
had no trouble finding work and had a good job at the time of his arrest.
      The state habeas court held that counsel’s performance in failing to
discover and present this evidence caused no prejudice to Hudson. It found that
evidence of Hudson’s anger management issues would have been ineffectual
because the anger issue did not appear severe or sympathetic, particularly in


      2
        This is contrary to Walker’s affidavit that Hudson’s mother died in 1992. In any
event, Hudson would have been 23 in 1986.

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light of Hudson’s “fairly stable upbringing through high school graduation.” The
court also found that the evidence of positive character traits from Hudson’s
family would have appeared biased and of minimal benefit. The state habeas
court specifically found no prejudice because the mitigating evidence was
minimal in its quality and volume and did not present a sympathetic case. The
court held that the statements about Hudson’s medication to control his behavior
were general in nature, unsubstantiated, and did not indicate that behavioral
problems constituted a severe psychological problem that rendered Hudson less
morally culpable. The state court concluded that Hudson failed to show by a
preponderance of the evidence that the sentencer would have concluded that the
balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.
The district court held that the state habeas court’s finding that Hudson failed
to demonstrate prejudice was not an unreasonable application of the Strickland
standard.
      We conclude that reasonable jurists would not find the district court’s
assessment of Hudson’s claims debatable, Slack, 529 U.S. at 484, 120 S. Ct. at
1604, because we believe that there is no reasonable probability that the
background information in Hudson’s affidavits would have caused the jury not
to vote for a death sentence. We have previously noted that our consideration
of this issue is illumined, although not necessarily controlled, by a comparison
with cases in which the Supreme Court has determined that counsel’s failure to
discover and present mitigating evidence likely would have affected the outcome
of the sentencing proceedings. Sonnier, 476 F.3d at 360; see Miniel v. Cockrell,
339 F.3d 331, 348 n.10 (5th Cir. 2003) (noting that mitigating evidence in
petitioner’s affidavits was mild in comparison with evidence supporting
ineffective assistance claims in recent Supreme Court cases).
      For example, in Wiggins, the petitioner’s background evidence, which the
Court characterized as “powerful,” showed that the petitioner suffered severe

                                      11
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privation and abuse as a young child living with an alcoholic, absentee mother.
539 U.S. at 535, 123 S. Ct. at 2542. He and his siblings were frequently left
alone and forced to beg for food and to eat paint chips and garbage. Id. at 517,
123 S. Ct. at 2533. He was physically tortured and beaten and repeatedly raped
while in foster care. Id. at 535, 123 S. Ct. at 2542. The petitioner subsequently
ran away from the abuse and began living homeless on the streets at a young
age. Id. at 517, 123 S. Ct. at 2533. The Supreme Court called this the “kind of
troubled history” that is relevant to assessing a defendant’s moral culpability.
Id. at 535, 123 S. Ct. at 2542. In light of the petitioner’s “excruciating life
history” and the absence of any record of violent conduct to offset the “powerful
mitigating narrative,” the Supreme Court concluded that there was a reasonable
probability that the jury, confronted with evidence of the petitioner’s
background, would have returned a different verdict. Id. at 536–37, 123 S. Ct.
at 2543.
      Similarly, in Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 395–96, 120 S. Ct. 1495,
1514 (2000), the Supreme Court held that an attorney’s decision not to present
additional mitigating evidence was ineffective where the evidence included
“voluminous” and “graphic[]” descriptions of the defendant’s “nightmarish
childhood.”   The evidence showed that the petitioner’s parents had been
imprisoned for criminal neglect; that the home had feces and urine on the floor
and dirty dishes in the sink; that the children were dirty and without clothing;
and that four of the children were found under the influence of whiskey. Id. The
petitioner also had been repeatedly beaten by his father, had been placed in
foster care while his parents were in prison, and was returned to their custody
upon their release. Id. Moreover, the evidence showed that the petitioner was
“‘borderline mentally retarded.’” Id. at 396, 120 S. Ct. at 1514.
      In Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 391–92, 125 S. Ct. 2456, 2468 (2005),
the Court held that counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to discover

                                       12
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evidence of the petitioner’s background showing that petitioner had been reared
in a slum environment by severely alcoholic parents who physically and verbally
abused him. The petitioner’s parents kept him and his siblings isolated in a
filthy home without indoor plumbing, forced him to sleep in an attic with no
heat, and did not provide clothing for their children, who attended school in rags.
Id. at 392, 125 S. Ct. at 2468–69. The petitioner also suffered from organic brain
damage, fetal alcohol syndrome, and mental retardation. Id. at 392–93, 125 S.
Ct. at 2469.
      In contrast, Hudson’s half-brother averred that Hudson had a normal
childhood, graduated from high school, and attended college. Hudson’s father
stated that his great grandparents provided Hudson with a good home and that
Hudson was an obedient and respectful child. Although the family members
averred that Hudson took medication as a child to control his anger, the
statements were non-specific and unsubstantiated by any medical records.
Hudson averred in his own affidavit that he attended special education from
second through eighth grade and that his mother could not provide him with a
stable home after he went to live with her due to his grandmother’s illness.
However, the record shows that Hudson went on to attend college for at least
two years as a drama major, and there were no allegations that Hudson was ever
traumatized physically or verbally by his parents or by any one else. There also
were no allegations that Hudson suffered any form of organic brain dysfunction
or mental retardation. Although the affidavits alleged that Hudson’s mother
suffered vague psychiatric problems, Hudson reported on a psychological
evaluation when he was first incarcerated in the Texas Department of Criminal
Justice in 1986 that there was no family history of mental illness. Dallas County
Jail psychiatric records show that Hudson suffered from depression and
insomnia, but there is no report of a history of anger control issues.



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Furthermore, unlike the petitioner in Wiggins, Hudson does have a prior history
of violent acts because he previously pleaded guilty to murder.3
       The evidence at trial showed that Hudson broke down the victim’s door
while yelling that he was going to kill Kendrick and Spearman.                        Hudson
repeatedly slashed and stabbed Kendrick and pulled her back to continue
stabbing her as she fled from him. Hudson also attacked and severely injured
Kendrick’s young son by cutting him several times on the throat and neck.
Testimony showed that Hudson repeatedly raised his arm as high as he could
before stabbing Kendrick, who suffered slashing and stab wounds to her arms,
leg, and chest. Kendrick was left bleeding so profusely that blood pooled around
her and dripped from the balcony of her apartment.
       On balance, we cannot say that a reasonable jurist would find debatable
or wrong the district court’s conclusion that Hudson failed to show prejudice
from counsel’s failure to investigate his four family members and to discover and
present their mitigating evidence. Hudson failed to show that his background
presented a life history such that there is a reasonable probability that the jury
would have found Hudson less morally culpable and imposed a sentence other
than death. See Sonnier, 476 F.3d at 360–61; see also Woodford v. Visciotti, 537
U.S. 19, 26–27, 123 S. Ct. 357, 361 (2002) (reversing Ninth Circuit’s judgment
that California Supreme Court’s decision was unreasonable where the state
court held that mitigating evidence of petitioner’s dysfunctional family,
psychological abuse, low self-esteem, and depression would not have overcome
aggravating factors of the crime and evidence of prior offenses).
       Hudson also argues that defense counsel failed to investigate and
introduce evidence that would have mitigated his criminal history. As noted

       3
         To the extent that Hudson’s affidavits purported to show that he maintained positive
work habits and had a close relationship with the victim, the state habeas court correctly noted
that counsel was able to elicit this information effectively during cross-examination of the
state’s witnesses at trial.

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                                       No. 07-70039

above, the state offered evidence at the punishment phase that Hudson had a
prior murder conviction. The evidence was that Hudson had pleaded guilty to
murder in 1987.4 Hudson argues that his trial counsel should have introduced
evidence showing that the charge in that prior murder case had been initially
dismissed for lack of evidence and that the conviction was obtained after the case
was refiled. He also asserts that counsel should have offered evidence that
Hudson was not the shooter in the prior murder case. He argues that there was
evidence that a co-defendant had pleaded guilty in the case as part of a plea
bargain and that an affidavit for an arrest warrant attached to a prosecution
report showed that the co-defendant had shot the victim. Hudson contends that
this evidence of his extraneous conduct in the previous murder case would have
been admissible and would have mitigated his involvement in that prior offense.
       Hudson’s argument is unpersuasive. Defense counsel did attempt to
mitigate Hudson’s role in the prior conviction. Counsel emphasized to the jury
that although Hudson was previously convicted of murder, he received a
sentence of just five years as part of a plea agreement with the state. Counsel
also pointed out the failure of the state to introduce any facts about the prior
case to show whether it was violent in nature. Counsel specifically noted that
Hudson could have received this low sentence for merely driving a car as part of
the offense.
       Even assuming arguendo that counsel’s performance was deficient because
he should have discovered further evidence about the offense, Hudson does not
show prejudice and does not demonstrate that the district court’s rejection of this
claim is debatable. Hudson pleaded guilty to the murder charge. In that case,
the arrest warrant affidavit to which Hudson directs us shows that Hudson’s
fingerprints were found in the victim’s apartment where the victim was killed


       4
        Hudson states in his brief that he pleaded no contest to the charge. However, the
judgment, which is dated June 12, 1987, shows that he pleaded guilty to the offense of murder.

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and that Hudson’s co-defendant admitted that he and Hudson were both
involved in the crime.5 In light of Hudson’s guilty plea in the killing of another
person, and his confession in the instant case, there is no reasonable basis to
believe that the jury in this case would have felt inclined not to impose the death
penalty for Kendrick’s murder merely because Hudson did not pull the trigger
when he was previously involved in taking another person’s life. See Strickland,
466 U.S. at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.
                                C. Forced medication
       Hudson next argues that the Dallas County Sheriff’s Department forcibly
medicated him during trial by prescribing four different drugs simultaneously,
which had the effect of rendering him lethargic and unable to focus on the
testimony or make rational decisions.              He contends that the prescribed
medication denied him his right to the effective assistance of counsel, his right
of confrontation, and his right to due process.6
       The state habeas court extensively reviewed Hudson’s medical records
from the Dallas County Jail, where Hudson was held awaiting trial. The state
court noted that Hudson was first prescribed antidepressant medication in May
1999 after he complained to a jail psychiatrist about depression and an inability
to sleep. Hudson’s trial began on February 28, 2000. The state court found that
in the months prior to and during Hudson’s trial, he was prescribed in varying
amounts the antidepressants Paxil, Trazodone, and Remeron, all of which are
used to treat depression and can cause drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, fatigue,
and/or abnormal dreams and thinking.



       5
         We note also that the prosecution report to which the affidavit was attached stated
that it was Hudson who kicked in the victim’s door before the co-defendant shot the victim.
       6
         Although we have previously expressed some uncertainty whether a claim of
involuntary medication is cognizable in habeas, Richardson v. Johnson, 256 F.3d 257, 259 (5th
Cir. 2001), we need not, and do not, resolve that question here.

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      The state court found, however, that Hudson failed to show these drugs
were forcibly administered. Instead, the court recognized a notation in the
medical records showing that Hudson was permitted to keep the medications on
his person, suggesting that he was self-medicating. The court further found no
evidence in the record that Hudson ever requested that the medication be
discontinued. Although Hudson had on at least one occasion refused medical
treatment by a nurse, there was no indication Hudson ever attempted to refuse
his medication.
      The state court also found no showing by Hudson that the medication
harmed him. There was no evidence that Hudson ever complained to the medical
personnel about excessive drowsiness or lethargy or that he was unable to think.
Instead, the medical records showed that Hudson frequently complained about
an inability to sleep. He reported that he would sleep for only a few hours each
night and had been that way his whole life. Other medical notations showed
that Hudson complained that the medication was having no effect on him. The
state court found that just four days before trial started, Hudson reported
sleeping only from 10:00 p.m. or 12:00 a.m. until 2:00 a.m. or 3:00 a.m. and that
he engaged in only occasional day-time napping. Therefore, the court found
incredible Hudson’s claims that the medication incapacitated him.
      The court also noted that defense counsel never expressed any concern
about Hudson’s competency during trial. Moreover, the court found that the
record did not support Hudson’s claim that the medication effectively prevented
him from being present at trial, and the court quoted from a long colloquy
between Hudson and defense counsel during voir dire showing that Hudson was
consulted and actually participated in certain decisions to excuse prospective
jurors. The court further noted that it did not observe Hudson to be sleepy
during the trial. The court concluded that Hudson failed to show he could not



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understand the proceedings and participate in his defense or that he was
rendered incompetent due to his ingestion of medication.
      The district court agreed that Hudson failed to show he was involuntarily
medicated and failed to explain how he was affected by the administration of
medication by the state. The district court found that Hudson offered no
evidence to controvert the state court’s findings, but merely asserted that
because the medications were prescribed by the state while he was in state
custody they were “in effect” involuntarily administered. The court concluded
that the state habeas court’s findings were supported by the record and were
neither unreasonable nor contrary to Supreme Court law.
      On appeal, Hudson argues that inmates have an interest in avoiding
forcible ingestion of medication. He relies on Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127,
112 S. Ct. 1810 (1992), and Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210, 110 S. Ct. 1028
(1990). In Riggins, the Supreme Court held that the forced administration of
antipsychotic medication during Riggins’ trial, without a finding that the
medication was medically appropriate and necessary for the defendant’s safety
or the safety of others, or that there were no less intrusive means available to
obtain an adjudication of guilt or innocence, violated Riggins’ due process rights.
Riggins, 504 U.S. at 135–36, 112 S. Ct. at 1815. In Harper, the Court held that
prison inmates have a due process liberty interest in avoiding the involuntary
injection of antipsychotic drugs unless the inmate is dangerous to himself or
others and the treatment is in the inmate’s medical interest. Harper, 494 U.S.
at 227–28, 110 S. Ct. at 1039–40.
      Here, Hudson continues to insist that his medication was forcibly
administered. He asserts that his own affidavit and the jail medical records
support his contention that he was “heavily medicated.” He repeats his claim
that the mere prescription of medication by jail medical staff results in a
“coercive effect.” Hudson cites no authority for this proposition, and he ignores

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the evidence cited by the state court and the district court that the medication
was prompted by Hudson’s own complaints and that Hudson was allowed to
keep the medication on his person, thereby suggesting that whether he took it
was up to him. He offers no evidence whatsoever to contradict the state habeas
court’s finding in this regard. Although he claims that the prescription of
medication by state agents shows that the medication was “in effect[]
administered involuntarily,” he ignores the evidence in the record that shows
he knew how to refuse treatment.      While in the Dallas County Jail Hudson
signed a Refusal for Medical Assistance, declining to see the nurse. The same
medical refusal form shows that a detainee could also refuse to take his
prescription medication, which was not checked on the form. There is no
evidence in the record that Hudson ever refused to take his medication or that
he did not wish to take it.
      Moreover, Hudson also ignores the evidence cited by the state court and
the district court that he told the jail medical staff that the medication had no
effect on him and that he had problems with insomnia his whole life. Hudson
is correct that the dosages of the three medications were adjusted just before
trial began.    The record shows that on February 24, 2000, Hudson was
prescribed 40 mg of Paxil, 30 mg of Remeron, and 200 mg of Trazodone to be
taken daily. This represented an increase in the Paxil and Remeron and no
change in the Trazodone. A note one month later in March 2000, however,
states that while taking the same dosages of each drug Hudson still reported
that his “sleep is poor” and that he has only “brief spells of sleeping” from
midnight to 4:00 a.m. There is simply no indication in the record that Hudson’s
medication caused him to become sleepy, lethargic, or confused during his three-
day trial, and Hudson offers nothing to contradict the findings of the state court
or the district court.



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      Hudson also baldly asserts that the medication deprived him of the right
to be present during his own trial. Mere conclusory allegations are insufficient
to raise a constitutional issue in a habeas proceeding. Ross v. Estelle, 694 F.2d
1008, 1012 (5th Cir. 1983); see also Yohey v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 224–25 (5th
Cir. 1993) (claims inadequately briefed are deemed abandoned on appeal).
Moreover, Hudson ignores the state habeas court’s extensive recitation of
Hudson’s colloquy with defense counsel during voir dire showing that Hudson
discussed with counsel the defense’s strategy and process for selecting jurors.
At one point, Hudson indicated that he agreed defense counsel liked one
prospective juror but that counsel had agreed with the state to excuse the juror
because Hudson did not want the person on the jury. Hudson also twice
indicated on the record that he agreed with counsel’s strategy not to call
defensive witnesses at the guilt/innocence and punishment phases of trial and
that he also agreed that he would give up his right to testify in his own behalf.
The colloquies with counsel show that Hudson was consulted during the voir dire
and trial process and was able to participate in assisting with his defense.
      Hudson fails to show that reasonable jurists would disagree with the
district court’s assessment of any of his claims or that his claims deserve
encouragement to proceed further. See Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 327, 123 S. Ct. at
1034. Accordingly, we DENY Hudson’s request for a COA.




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