                                                                   [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                      IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                    ________________________            FILED
                                                               U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                            No. 11-11072         ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                  OCTOBER 28, 2011
                                        Non-Argument Calendar
                                                                      JOHN LEY
                                      ________________________
                                                                       CLERK

                           D.C. Docket No. 2:09-cr-00085-MHT-CSC-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                              l Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                versus

NICADEMUS JOHNSON,

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll                            Defendant-Appellant.

                                     ________________________

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the Middle District of Alabama
                                 ________________________

                                           (October 28, 2011)

Before BARKETT, HULL, and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Following his convictions for simple possession of marijuana and being a

felon in possession of a firearm, Nicademus Johnson appeals the district court’s

denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained during a warrantless search of

his automobile. After review, we affirm.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      On the night of April 5, 2008, Defendant Johnson and his acquaintance

Johnny Fenn went for a drive in Johnson’s car. Fenn, who had an outstanding

felony arrest warrant, rode in the passenger seat. After receiving a police dispatch

call regarding Fenn’s presence in the car, Officer Anthony McLendon began to

follow them in his police vehicle and activated its lights. However, Johnson

continued to drive. Johnson ran a stop sign and drove approximately another 100

to 200 yards before stopping.

      Officer McLendon arrested Fenn. After Fenn’s arrest, Officer McLendon

searched Defendant Johnson’s car and discovered in the trunk a handgun and a

black bag containing numerous clear plastic bags filled with marijuana. Some

loose marijuana was also inside the black bag.




                                           2
       Defendant Johnson filed a pretrial motion to suppress, arguing that the

warrantless search of his car was unsupported by probable cause.1

       A federal magistrate judge conducted an evidentiary hearing on Johnson’s

suppression motion. The government called Officer McLendon, who first testified

about the events leading to the traffic stop. At the time of the stop, Officer

McLendon stated it was raining and dark, with a little wind. Officer McLendon

and another officer approached the car’s passenger side and ordered Fenn out of

the car. When Fenn refused, Officer McLendon opened the passenger door and

ordered Fenn to get out. Fenn again refused. At that point, Officer McLendon

reached into the car, grabbed Fenn, and removed him from the car. Officer

McLendon then told Johnson to turn off his car, but Johnson failed to comply.

       Officer McLendon smelled raw marijuana when he removed Fenn. The raw

marijuana smell was strongest in the back seat area. According to Officer

McLendon, he had encountered marijuana 100 to 150 times during his time with

the police department. Additionally, based on his training and experience, Officer

McLendon testified he was familiar with the difference in odor between burnt and

raw marijuana.



       1
           Johnson appeals only the denial of the suppression of the physical evidence found in his
vehicle.

                                                  3
      After Officer McLendon arrested Fenn, the other officer detained Johnson,

and McLendon searched the car. Officer McLendon discovered the handgun and

the bag containing marijuana in the trunk.

      Defendant Johnson then called Dr. Richard Doty, an expert in the sense of

smell. Dr. Doty testified that cold temperature, wind, and rain would all impede

the movement of scent molecules. In Dr. Doty’s opinion, it would be “next to

impossible” for an officer to smell the marijuana inside the black bag in Johnson’s

trunk, due to the marijuana’s packaging and the weather conditions.

      On cross-examination, Dr. Doty admitted he was unfamiliar with the

potency or strength of smell of the particular marijuana found in Johnson’s car.

Moreover, Dr. Doty could not testify to the exact temperature or other

environmental conditions at the time of the traffic stop. Dr. Doty was unfamiliar

with Johnson’s vehicle and could not say whether the car’s modified rear speakers

improved or impeded air flow between the passenger compartment and the trunk.

      In his report and recommendation (“R&R”), the magistrate judge

recommended denying Johnson’s motion to suppress because the vehicle search

was supported by probable cause. The magistrate judge found Officer

McLendon’s testimony credible and gave little weight to Dr. Doty’s testimony.

The magistrate judge noted that Dr. Doty was unfamiliar with many of the salient

                                         4
facts of the traffic stop and could not address the “multitude of possible scenarios

which bear on the question of whether it is possible for an officer to smell raw

marijuana.”

       The district court adopted the R&R, specifically noting that the magistrate

judge “appropriately found” Officer McLendon’s testimony to be credible. The

district court thus denied Johnson’s motion to suppress.

       Johnson’s case proceeded to trial, and a jury found him guilty of simple

possession of marijuana and being a felon in possession of a firearm.2 The district

court sentenced Johnson to 12 months’ imprisonment as to the marijuana offense

and 27 months’ imprisonment as to the felon-in-possession offense, both terms to

run concurrently. Johnson appeals only the denial of his motion to suppress.

                                       II. DISCUSSION

       A district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed question

of law and fact. United States v. Bautista-Silva, 567 F.3d 1266, 1271 (11th Cir.


       2
          The indictment charged Johnson with three offenses: (1) possession of a controlled
substance with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); (2) using, carrying, and
possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A); and (3) possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1).
         Based on the jury instructions and the verdict, it is clear that the jury convicted Johnson
of simple possession on Count 1, and acquitted Johnson on Count 2, the § 924(c) offense.
However, the judgment reflects that the simple possession conviction was entered under 21
U.S.C. § 841(a) rather than 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). When the case returns to the district court, the
district court should correct the statutory reference.

                                                  5
2009). We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and review de

novo the district court’s application of the law to the facts. Id. This Court

construes all facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party. See United

States v. Delancy, 502 F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 2007). Further, we defer to the

district court’s credibility determinations, unless they appear “unbelievable.”

United States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir. 2002).

      The automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement

permits “the police to conduct a search of a vehicle if (1) the vehicle is readily

mobile[,] and (2) the police have probable cause for the search.” United States v.

Lindsey, 482 F.3d 1285, 1293 (11th Cir. 2007). The mobility requirement is

satisfied by a showing that the automobile is operational. United States v. Watts,

329 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2003). Because Johnson does not dispute that his

car was operational, our only inquiry is whether the officers had probable cause to

search the car.

      Probable cause for a vehicle search “exists when under the totality of the

circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime

will be found in the vehicle.” Lindsey, 482 F.3d at 1293 (quotation marks

omitted). Our case law establishes that if a police officer detects the odor of

marijuana, this gives rise to probable cause supporting a warrantless search. See

                                          6
United States v. Tobin, 923 F.2d 1506, 1512 (11th Cir. 1991) (en banc); United

States v. Lueck, 678 F.2d 895, 903 (11th Cir. 1982).

      Here, Officer McLendon testified that he was familiar with the odor of raw

marijuana and smelled it when he removed Fenn from Johnson’s car. Nothing

inherently unbelievable exists regarding Officer McLendon’s testimony. See

Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d at 749. We conclude that the district court did not

clearly err in crediting Officer McLendon’s testimony. Thus, we affirm the district

court’s denial of Johnson’s motion to suppress.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         7
