    IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                OF TEXAS

               Nos. PD-0453-07, PD-0454-07, PD-0455-07,
                 PD-0456-07, PD-0457-07, PD-0458-07,
                      PD-0459-07, & PD-0460-07


   TERRY M. HOLMES, DAVID WOODALL, GABRIEL J. WILLIAMS,
GABRIEL CONTRERAS, JR., APRIL HARLOW, ALFONSO R. RODRIGUEZ,
           MICHAEL BRICE, & WALTER WIDENER, JR.

                                     v.

                         THE STATE OF TEXAS


    On Discretionary Review of Cases 06-06-00105-CR, 06-06-106-CR,
      06-06-107-CR, 06-06-108-CR, 06-06-109-CR, 06-06-110-CR,
                  06-06-111-CR, & 06-06-112-CR of the
                         Sixth Court of Appeals,
                            Harrison County


     WOMACK , J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which MEYERS,
     PRICE, JOHNSON, KEASLER, HERVEY , HOLCOMB, and COCHRAN, JJ.,
     joined. KELLER, P.J., concurred in the judgment.
                                                                                               (Holmes et al. - 2)

            The appellant David Woodall was charged with driving while intoxicated.1 The County

Court at Law found him guilty. The Court of Appeals reversed the conviction and remanded the

case.2

            Relying on its decision in Woodall’s case, the Court of Appeals reversed the judgments of

conviction in seven other driving-while-intoxicated cases from the same trial court and remanded

them for further proceedings.3 We consolidated the eight cases and granted the State’s petitions

for discretionary review.

            In the case of David Woodall, we shall reverse the Court of Appeals’ judgment and

affirm the judgment of the trial court. In the other seven cases we shall affirm the judgments of

the Court of Appeals.

            The distinction between Woodall’s case and the others is the preservation of error for

appeal.

                                                   Woodall’s Case

            Just before the jury trial of Woodall’s case began, the State, relying on a ruling recently

made by the same trial court in a case that is not before us,4 made an oral request that the trial




1
    See P EN AL C O D E § 49.04.

2
    See Woodall v. State, 216 S.W.3d 530 (Tex. App.— Texarkana 2007).

3
 Holmes v. State, No. 06-06-105-CR; Williams v. State, No. 06-06-107-CR; Contreras v. State, No. 06-06-108-CR;
Harlow v. State, No. 06-06-109-CR; Rodriguez v. State, No. 06-06-110-CR; Brice v. State, No. 06-06-111-CR;
Widener v. State, No. 06-06-112-CR. All the opinions were delivered on March 9, 2007, and they were not
designated for publication.

4
    Barfield v. State, No. 06-06-00090-CR, 2007 W L 188658, 2007 Tex. App. LEXIS 566 (Tex. App.— Texarkana
Jan. 26, 2007) (not designated for publication).
                                                                                      (Holmes et al. - 3)

court take judicial notice of the underlying science of the Intoxilyzer 5000 (a machine which tests

samples of breath for alcohol content). Defense counsel objected, arguing:

       My cross-examination of an expert from the State of Texas in regard to the Intox-
       ilyzer 5000 goes to testing the techniques and the principles and the application by
       the machine of the recognized breath testing science. And to deny me the right to
       go into question [sic] the techniques and the application done by the machine
       prevents the Defendant from presenting a defense. And it prevents us the right of
       due process of law because what the Court is doing with that kind of a ruling is
       creating something that the legislature has refused to do for the past 25 years and
       that is create a per se guilt issue on intoxication based upon breath testing.

       In ruling on the motion in favor of the State, the trial court said:

                Well, I think admissibility is the ultimate test of reliability. And I have
       read cases in which it appears to me that the Courts have upheld and found that
       reliability of the techniques used by the Intoxilyzer 5000. The test for admissibil-
       ity has long been a very simple test, which appears to me, among – also along
       with reading those other cases, that the Courts have long upheld the reliability of
       this particular machine.
                Now, absent some expert testimony that would indicate some problems
       with the machine – and we have tried many, many, many cases involving the
       Intoxilyzer 5000 and I have never heard not one shred of evidence from an expert
       witness that would indicate any problem with the machine – I’m going to grant
       your application just like I did in the other case.

       Defense counsel sought clarification:

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Judge, so I know for sure, what you are ordering me is
       not to question the expert in regard to the principles of the Intoxilyzer and how it
       applies the rules of science in regard to attempting to apply the science of breath
       testing. In essence, I always have a question about the lack of the – or the ability
       of the machine to correlate the temperature. I have a –

       [TRIAL COURT]: What temperature?

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: The temperature of the breath sample.

       [TRIAL COURT]: All right.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: You are saying that I can’t go into that?

       [TRIAL COURT]: That’s right.
                                                                                        (Holmes et al. - 4)

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I always question as to the way the tube is heated, the
       way the breath is heated and there being no correlation to that. I can’t go into that?

       [TRIAL COURT]: That’s correct.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I’ve always contested the temperature in the simulator
       and the law, Henry’s Law, as it applies to the simulator. I can’t go into that?

       [TRIAL COURT]: Only if there is some indication that there is something wrong
       – if the test before and after the admissibility test show there is something wrong
       with the machine. But you are right.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay.

       [TRIAL COURT]: If the evidence is that they tested it before the test in question
       and tested it after the test in question and it was working both times and the
       evidence is that it was working that day, you are correct.

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: So if they present an expert, in his opinion, that says
       that the machine has valid operation to apply to principles of breath testing, I
       cannot question that expert in the principles and application of the breath testing
       science. Is that what the Court is saying?

       [TRIAL COURT]: That is correct.

       Defense counsel again objected to the court’s ruling, and his objection again was

overruled. Defense counsel then asked for a running objection and stated that he needed to

perfect a bill. The judge suggested he do so by making a statement into the record of what he

would prove. Defense counsel replied that he would be glad to do it later.

       But he never did.

       In the trial before the jury, the State introduced evidence of the arresting officer’s

testimony that he pulled Woodall’s vehicle over after seeing it weave and swerve, that he smelled

alcohol on Woodall’s breath, and that Woodall had red and watery eyes. The officer also testified

that he conducted various field-sobriety tests at the scene and again at the jail, and that Woodall

performed poorly in those tests. The State then played videotapes of the sobriety tests for the
                                                                                          (Holmes et al. - 5)

jury. Finally, the officer described the procedure involved in operating the Intoxilyzer 5000 and

stated that Woodall had submitted to a breath test. But when the State offered a copy of the report

which contained the results of the tests, the trial court sustained Woodall’s objection that the

State had failed to lay a proper predicate. The officer never testified to the results, and the trial

court never admitted them into evidence.

        After the arresting officer’s testimony and a recess for lunch, the defense counsel said, “I

would like to also – and I’ll keep it short – make a proffer in regards to what questions I would

have asked if permitted to do so.”

        The Court said, “We’ve been talking about a potential resolution of the case.” A trial

without a jury began.

        The defense counsel moved “for permission to cross-examine any expert called on behalf

of the State of Texas concerning the reliability of the Intoxilyzer 5000. And more in particular

into the techniques and application of the techniques and principles of breath testing applied by

the Intoxilyzer 5000.”

        The Court overruled and denied the motion.

        The appellant Woodall withdrew his plea of not guilty and pleaded no contest pursuant to

a plea agreement. After the trial court found him guilty, the appellant Woodall appealed the

denial of his oral motion for cross-examination.

                                           The Other Cases

        Each of the other seven appellants’ cases came to court after Woodall’s trial. Each

appellant was charged with driving while intoxicated. Before trial, each appellant filed a motion
                                                                                           (Holmes et al. - 6)

to cross-examine the State’s expert on the operation of the Intoxilyzer 5000. Included in each

motion was a list of eight “areas of concern about the internal workings of the Intoxilyzer 5000:

                    “1. The simulator, which the state presents as proof that the machine is working
           properly on the date in question, is based on Henry’s Law. It requires that the simulator is
           maintained at a constant temperature, in a closed container, and at a constant pressure. It
           simulates a person which is offered to give a sample of their breath [sic]. The human
           body is not a closed container which prevents a constant pressure and the temperature of
           the breath is unknown to the machine.
                    “2. The partition ratio between the gas above the fluid and the substance in the
           fluid is incorrect as it relates to the partition ratio assumed by the machine to be the that
           [sic] of the subject.
                    “3. The machine heats certain parts that are used to produce a result including the
           collection chamber to between 115 deg. To [sic] 145 deg. which effects [sic] the breath
           sample by producing a false high.
                    “4. The temperature of the human breath is unknown to the machine and has no
           way [sic] of measuring the same in order to give an accurate result. If the temperature of
           the breath is above 34 deg. The [sic] results will be a false high.
                    “5. A rise of three (3) deg. C will increase the results by a false high of .02. A
           body temperature of 37 deg. C is 98.6 deg. F. which is normal body temperature.
                    “6. The Intoxilyzer is not specific to Ethel [sic] alcohol and that others substances
           [sic] will indicate a false high in the results.
                    “7. The Intoxilyzer has a slop or tolerance or error factor of .02.
                    “8. That if the temperature of the simulator is unknown to the operator he would
           not be able to predict the simulator results.”

           The trial court denied each motion.

           Each appellant entered a no-contest plea without a trial, and no evidence was heard in the

seven cases. The trial court found each of the seven appellants guilty.

                                               The Appeals

           On appeal, Woodall and the seven other appellants argued that the trial court erred in

denying their motions to cross-examine the State’s breath-test expert about the operation of the

Intoxilyzer 5000.5 The Court of Appeals held that the appellants had preserved the error for



5
    See Woodall, 216 S.W .3d, at 531-33.
                                                                                         (Holmes et al. - 7)

review, that complete denial of the right to cross-examine was error, that the right to present a

defense is a fundamental element of due process of law, and that a violation of that right amounts

to constitutional error.6 The Court also concluded that it could not determine beyond a reasonable

doubt that the errors did not contribute to the convictions, pursuant to Rule of Appellate

Procedure 44.2(a).7

            The State petitioned for, and we granted, discretionary review of three issues. Two of

them concerned preservation of error: Must the appellate record demonstrate the substance of the

testimony that the breath-test expert would have given? Must the appellate record show the

results of the Intoxilyzer tests?

            The third issue had to do with harm: Was Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a)’s

harmless-error standard for constitutional error the correct standard?

                                                Preservation of Error

            Rule of Evidence 103(a)(2) limits the scope of issues which may be appealed when

evidence is limited or excluded. “Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which … excludes

evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and … the substance of the evidence

was made known to the court by offer, or was apparent from the context within which questions

were asked.”8 The offer of proof may be in question-and-answer form or in the form of a concise

statement by counsel.9 “An offer of proof to be accomplished by counsel’s concise statement


6
    Id., at 534-37.

7
    Id., at 537.

8
    R. E VID . 103(a)(2).

9
    R. E VID . 103(b); Warner v. State, 969 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. Cr. App. 1998).
                                                                                                         (Holmes et al. - 8)

must include a reasonably specific summary of the evidence offered and must state the relevance

of the evidence unless the relevance is apparent, so that the court can determine whether the

evidence is relevant and admissible.”10 The primary purpose of the offer of proof is to enable an

appellate court to determine whether the exclusion was erroneous and harmful.11 A secondary

purpose is to permit the trial judge to reconsider his ruling in light of the actual evidence.12

             This court has recognized a distinction between the general rule in Rule 103(a)(2) and the

case in which the defendant is not permitted to question a State’s witness about matters that

might affect the witness’s credibility.13

             In the latter case, “the defendant need not show what his cross-examination of the witness

would have affirmatively established; he must merely establish what general subject matter he

desired to examine the witness about during his cross-examination and, if challenged, show on

the record why such should be admitted into evidence.”14 In such a case the trial court’s ruling

has prevented a defendant from questioning a State’s witness about subject matters which affect

the witness’s credibility, that is, matters which might show malice, ill feeling, ill will, bias,

prejudice, or animus.15




10
     Warner, 969 S.W .2d, at 2.

11
   M C C O RM ICK O N E VIDENCE § 51 (4th ed. 1992). Accord, S TEVEN G O O DE et al., 1 T EXAS P RACTICE – G U ID E TO   TH E
T EXAS R U LES O F E VIDENCE : C IVIL AN D C RIM INAL § 103.3 (1993).

12
     Ibid.

13
     Virts v. State, 739 S.W.2d 25, 29 (Tex. Cr. App. 1987).

14
     Ibid.

15
     Ibid.
                                                                                                      (Holmes et al. - 9)

           The distinction between these kinds of cases may have been blurred by the similarity of

language in two expressions: “the credibility of a witness’s testimony” and “a witness’s credibil-

ity.” The former expression refers to the substance of the evidence; the latter refers to personal

characteristics of the witness.

           The blurring perhaps began when we paraphrased language from one decision (“certain

subject matters that might [show] malice, ill feeling, ill will, bias, prejudice, or animus”)16 in

Virts v. State as “certain general subject[s] that might affect the witness’s credibility.”17 The Virts

opinion, despite its initial short-hand, went on to state what we meant by “certain general

subject[s] that might affect the witness’s credibility,” namely, those subjects that might “reflect

bias, interest, prejudice, inconsistent statements, traits of character affecting credibility, or

evidence that might go to any impairment or disability affecting the witness’s credibility.”18

           Taken out of context, however, the phrase left open the door to more confusion, which

occurred in this court when Judge Teague, in citing Virts in a dissenting opinion, substituted

“credibility of the witness’s testimony” for “witness’s credibility.”19

           We hope in this case to return to the correct statement of the distinction between Rule

103(a)(2)’s requirement for preservation of error and the narrow exception for subject matters

which affect the witness’s credibility – that is, matters which might show malice, ill feeling, ill

will, bias, prejudice, or animus.


16
     Koehler, 679 S.W .2d, at 9.

17
  Virts, 739 S.W .2d, at 29. Cf. Koehler, 679 S.W .2d, at 9 (“any question asked of a witness on cross-examination,
which might have a tendency to affect the witness’ credibility, is always a proper question”) (emphasis in original).

18
     Virts, 739 S.W .2d, at 29.

19
     Wilford v. State, 739 S.W.2d 854, 866 (Tex. Cr. App 1987) (Teague, J., dissenting).
                                                                                                       (Holmes et al. - 10)

           The Court of Appeals said in this case, “Under many circumstances, the statements by

counsel might not be sufficient to adequately inform the trial court about the substance of the

evidence he wanted to offer. However, in this instance, it is apparent that counsel and the court

both understood the broad picture of the questions counsel sought to propound and the line of

questioning upon which his arguments were based.”20 Citing Virts, the Court of Appeals

declared, “When a trial court excludes evidence designed to call into question the credibility of a

witness’s testimony, the defendant has less rigid requirements to preserve error for appeal.”21 We

disagree with this statement of law, and we disagree that the facts of this case fall within the

exception.

           The essence of Virts is that “the right of cross-examination by the accused of a testifying

State’s witness includes the right to impeach the witness with relevant evidence that might reflect

bias, interest, prejudice, inconsistent statements, traits of character affecting credibility, or

evidence that might go to any impairment or disability affecting the witness’s credibility.”22

There, the trial judge prevented the defendant from cross-examining a State’s witness regarding

the witness’s mental health.23 On appeal, this court found that, based on a sufficiently established




20
     Woodall, 216 S.W .3d, at 535.

21
     Id., at 535 (emphasis added) (citing Virts, 739 S.W .2d, at 29; Koehler, 679 S.W .2d, at 9).

22
  Virts, 739 S.W .2d, at 29. See Koehler, 679 S.W .2d, at 9. See also Harris v. State, 642 S.W .2d 471, 479-80 (Tex.
Cr. App. 1982) (trial court’s refusal to allow effective cross-examination of a State’s witness to establish her bias or
motive in testifying against the defendant violated the defendant’s right to confrontation) .

23
     Virts, 739 S.W .2d, at 28 .
                                                                                            (Holmes et al. - 11)

record, the witness’s mental illness was relevant to her credibility, and that the trial court erred in

excluding it as evidence.24

            Virts dealt specifically with evidence affecting the witness’s credibility (that is, relevant

evidence used to impeach the witness); it did not deal with evidence affecting the substance of a

witness’s testimony. Applying Virts, however, the Court of Appeals reasoned in this case:

“Clearly, questions [to the State’s expert] about the claimed shortfall in the machine’s capabili-

ties … could have impaired the [State’s expert’s] credibility and would have been directed at

raising doubts that the results about which he was testifying were accurate.”25 We disagree.

            While there might be little distinction between a witness’s credibility and the substance of

the witness’s testimony in some cases, we find no such showing here. To the contrary, we find a

clear distinction, because any shortfall in the machine’s capabilities would raise doubts about the

substance of the witness’s testimony, but not about the witness’s credibility. Even if evidence

were presented that cast doubt on the Intoxilyzer 5000, this would not necessarily mean that the

State’s expert had bias or prejudice, for example, in testifying against the appellant Woodall.

Surely all cross-examination, to some extent, is directed at “raising doubts” for the trier of fact

about the witness’s direct testimony. But to equate the two would allow the exception to swallow

Rule 103(a)(2) entirely.

            The Court of Appeals’ broad interpretation of the exception from Virts does not accu-

rately reflect this court’s intent in promulgating Rule 103(a)(2) or in deciding Virts and the line

of cases that came before it, and we decline to stray from our narrow intent today. Instead, we


24
     Id., at 28-30.

25
     Woodall, 216 S.W .3d, at 535.
                                                                                       (Holmes et al. - 12)

offer this clarification of the exception: where the defendant, in cross-examining a State’s

witness, desires to elicit subject matters that tend to impeach the witness’s character for truthful-

ness – for example, to show malice, ill-feeling, ill-will, bias, prejudice, or animus on the part of

the witness toward the defendant – in order to preserve the issue for appellate review, he is not

required to show that his cross-examination would have affirmatively established the facts

sought, but merely that he desired to examine the witness with regard to those specific subject

matters that tend to impeach the witness during his cross-examination.

       Although Woodall showed an intent to call into question the underlying science of the

Intoxilyzer 5000, this intent does not amount to an intent to impeach the witness’s truthfulness,

as opposed to the substance of the witness’s testimony. Because the appellant Woodall failed to

“merely establish” that the “general subject matter” of his proffered evidence would be used to

impeach the expert, and not the substance of the expert’s testimony, his case is controlled by the

requirements of Rule of Evidence103(a)(2) rather than the exception for impeachment of a

witness’s credibility. Woodall failed to preserve his complaint for review by making a record of

the substance of the evidence he wished to present as Rule 103(a)(2) required.

       The only indications we have from the record regarding the substance of the evidence that

Woodall wished to offer are three statements he made to the trial judge during his objection to

the State’s oral motion: (1) “the ability of the machine to correlate the temperature”; (2) “the way

the tube is heated, the way the breath is heated and there being no correlation to that”; and (3)

“the temperature in the simulator and the law, Henry’s Law, as it applies to the simulator.” Even

if we assume that these statements from defense counsel are adequate to inform this court of the

questions he wished to pose to the State’s expert witness, we have no indication from the record
                                                                                                   (Holmes et al. - 13)

as to what the State’s expert’s answers might have been. In fact, the only indication we do see in

the record is from the trial judge, who stated, “I have never heard not one shred of evidence from

an expert witness that would indicate any problem with the machine.” Unlike Virts, who showed

from the record an intent to impeach the witness based on the witness’s history of mental illness,

the appellant Woodall has made no showing in the record of an intent to impeach the State’s

expert’s credibility, nor do we have any indication that this was even his intent. His only intent,

as we see it, was to call into question the underlying science of the Intoxilyzer 5000. This,

however, would merely call into question the substance of the expert’s testimony, not the

expert’s credibility.

         What the record does suggest to us is that, after many trials, the trial court and the

attorneys in this case were familiar with defense counsel’s usual questions and the usual answers

that the State’s expert witness had given in other trials regarding the Intoxilyer 5000.26 This

court, however, is not privy to such information. Here we must have what Rule 103(a)(2)

requires: a record that shows the excluded evidence so that we can judge its admissibility and

determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by excluding it.

         When the defense attorney failed to “perfect a bill” or to make a statement of what he

would prove, as he told the trial court he would do, he failed to satisfy Rule 103(a)(2). Counsel’s

statements are not a reasonably specific summary of the evidence offered. Because the substance

of the evidence has not been made known to us from the record, and because the substance of the

evidence is not apparent to us from the record, the appellant Woodall has failed to comply with


26
   See Woodall, 216 S.W.3d, at 534 (“The trial court’s response was based, in large part, on earlier cases and
arguments raised by the same counsel, and on the large number of other cases [the trial judge] had heard involving
intoxilyzers.”).
                                                                                     (Holmes et al. - 14)

Rule 103(a)(2). Thus, we are unable to judge the admissibility of the excluded evidence or

determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by excluding it. We find that the error has

not been adequately preserved for this or any appellate court.

         We reverse the ruling of the Court of Appeals in the Woodall case and affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

         Because the record in each of the seven companion cases contains a showing, in the form

of a written motion and included proffer for purposes of Rule 103(a)(2), which is different from

that in the appellant Woodall’s case, we affirm the judgments of the Court of Appeals in those

cases.


Delivered April 29, 2009.
Publish.
