Filed 3/8/13 Wilson v. Superior Court CA2/2
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO


WILLIAM C. WILSON et al.,                                            B242852

         Petitioners,                                                (Super. Ct. No. BC483169)

         v.

THE SUPERIOR COURT OF LOS
ANGELES COUNTY,

         Respondent;

SAN MARINO SKILLED NURSING &
WELLNESS CENTRE, LLC,

         Real Party in Interest.




         ORIGINAL PROCEEDING. Petition for writ of mandate. Richard Fruin, Judge.
Petition granted.
         Klinedinst, Heather L. Rosing, Daniel S. Agle and E. Erin Veit for Petitioners.
         No appearance for Respondent.
         Dempsey & Johnson, Michael D. Dempsey and Rebecca A. Asuan-O‟Brien for
Real Party in Interest.
       William C. Wilson (Wilson) and his law firm Wilson Getty LLP (collectively
“petitioners”) are the defendants in an action pending in Los Angeles Superior Court.
They have filed a petition for writ of mandate challenging an order denying their motion
to transfer venue of the pending action to San Diego County. After considering their
petition, this court concluded that San Diego County was in fact the proper venue for the
pending action. Accordingly, this court issued an order pursuant to Palma v. U.S.
Industrial Fasteners Inc. (1984) 36 Cal.3d 171, 180 (Palma), notifying the superior court
that we intended to issue a peremptory writ in the first instance unless the superior court
vacated its denial order and issued a new order transferring the action to San Diego
County. As part of the Palma order, this court issued a temporary stay of all proceedings
in the pending action.
       After a hearing on the matter, the superior court notified this court of its decision
not to comply with our order issued pursuant to Palma. We directed the plaintiff and real
party in interest, San Marino Skilled Nursing & Wellness Centre, LLC (San Marino
Centre) to file a response to the petition for writ of mandate. Neither petitioners nor San
Marino Centre have requested oral argument before this court.
       We hereby issue a peremptory writ in the first instance directing the superior court
to vacate its order denying petitioners‟ motion to transfer venue of the underlying action
to San Diego County, and issue a new order granting said motion. The temporary stay is
now lifted and the matter may proceed in accordance with the present decision.
                                     BACKGROUND
       San Marino Centre sued petitioners for legal malpractice in Los Angeles Superior
Court. The amended complaint alleged the following:
       On or about November 1, 2008, San Marino Centre leased a skilled nursing
facility in the City of Pasadena known as the San Marino SNF. At the same time, San
Marino Centre and Country Villa Service Corp. (Country Villa) entered into an
agreement under which Country Villa managed the day-to-day operations and finances of
San Marino SNF and provided care to the patients of San Marino SNF. The agreement
contained an indemnification provision that obligated Country Villa to indemnify San

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Marino Centre for any damages arising from Country Villa‟s gross negligence,
recklessness, or willful misconduct.
       In 2010, Samuel Nevarrez sued San Marino Centre and Country Villa, alleging
that while he was a patient at the San Marino SNF, he fell nine times and suffered severe
head injuries.1 Pursuant to the indemnification provision, Country Villa called upon its
regular attorney, Wilson, to defend Country Villa and San Marino Centre in the Nevarrez
personal injury action. Wilson is a partner at the law firm of Wilson Getty, LLP, which is
a limited liability partnership with its place of business in San Diego County.
       The matter was tried in Los Angeles Superior Court. A jury issued a verdict in
favor of Nevarrez and found San Marino Centre and Country Villa jointly and severally
liable for over $2 million.
       After San Marino Centre filed its malpractice action against petitioners, petitioners
moved to transfer the action to San Diego County. In support of their motion, petitioners
put forth a declaration by Wilson made under penalty of perjury. In this declaration,
Wilson averred that: In or about May 2010, Wilson spoke on the telephone with the
general counsel (GC) of Country Villa about the Nevarrez action that had been filed
against Country Villa and San Marino Centre. During the telephone call, which took
place while Wilson was sitting in his office in San Diego, Wilson agreed to represent
Country Villa and San Marino Centre in the Nevarrez action. There was no engagement
agreement or contract signed regarding Wilson‟s representation of San Marino Centre in
the Nevarrez action.2 At all relevant times, Wilson resided in San Diego and the offices
of William Getty, LLP, were located in San Diego County.
       In opposition to the transfer motion, San Marino Centre submitted a declaration by
its attorney, Michael Dempsey. In this declaration, also made under penalty of perjury,
Dempsey averred that he intended to call multiple witnesses from Los Angeles County to

1     For brevity, we will refer to the action brought by Samuel Nevarrez as “the
Nevarrez action.”

2      The record does not indicate whether or not Wilson memorialized his agreement to
represent Country Villa in a written instrument.
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testify in the malpractice action, that “relevant documents” are located in Los Angeles
County, that the trial court and appellate court3 files are located in Los Angeles County,
and that the only anticipated witnesses from San Diego County are Wilson and expert
witnesses.
       The superior court issued a tentative ruling denying the motion to transfer venue,
reasoning:
       “[Code of Civ. Proc., §] 395 provides: „. . . if a defendant has contracted to
perform an obligation in a particular county, the superior court in the county where the
obligation is to be performed . . . is a proper court for the trial on an action founded on
that obligation . . .‟ CCP 395(a) then adds: „. . . and the county where the obligation is
incurred is the county where it is to be performed.‟”
       “The action arises from plaintiff‟s hiring of defendants to represent plaintiff in a
legal action filed in Los Angeles County. The hiring was not memorialized by a writing.
The legal action in which defendants represented plaintiff was filed and tried to verdict in
Los Angeles County. Plaintiff now brings suit against defendants for their alleged
negligent performance of that obligation. The action, therefore, is properly sited in Los
Angeles County because that is where the obligation was performed and, therefore, where
the alleged legal malpractice occurred.”
       At the hearing, counsel for petitioners argued that courts have interpreted the
phrase “where the [contractual] obligation is incurred” to mean “where the contract is
entered into” and, here, San Diego County is where the contract was entered into. The
superior court rejected that argument, stating: “I think „incurred‟ means where the
performance is to occur.” After the hearing, the court declared its tentative ruling to be
the final ruling.




3      San Marino Centre and Country Villa are currently appealing the judgment
entered in favor of Samuel Nevarrez. (Court of Appeal case No. B235372.)
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II. Discussion
       A. Standard of Review
       A party aggrieved by an order granting or denying a motion to change the place of
trial may petition this court for a writ of mandate requiring trial of the matter in the
proper court. (Code Civ. Proc., § 400)4 “An appellate court reviews such an order under
the abuse of discretion standard. [Citation.] A trial court abuses its discretion when
venue is mandatory in a county other than the county where the action has been brought.”
(State Bd. of Equalization v. Superior Court (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 951, 954.) In cases
where our review of a superior court‟s decision on a motion to transfer “is predominantly
legal,” a de novo standard review is appropriate. (Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, Inc. v.
Superior Court (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 948, 959.)
       B. Section 395, subdivision (a)
       Section 395, subdivision (a) provides in relevant part:
       “[I]f a defendant has contracted to perform an obligation in a particular county, the
superior court in the county where the obligation is to be performed, where the contract in
fact was entered into, or where the defendant or any defendant resides at the
commencement of the action is a proper court for the trial of an action founded on that
obligation, and the county where the obligation is incurred is the county where it is to
be performed, unless there is a special contract in writing to the contrary.”
(Emphasis added.)
       At first glance, section 395, subdivision (a) appears to set forth three different axes
to determine the proper county in which an action based on an alleged breach of contract
should be filed: (1) the county where the obligation is to be performed; (2) the county
where the contract was entered into; or (3) the county where the defendant or any
defendant resides at the commencement of the action.



4      All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
specified.

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       The Supreme Court in Dawson v. Goff (1954) 43 Cal.2d 310 (Dawson) explained,
however, that the first and second axes mean the same thing unless there is a written
contract specifying that the place of performance is some place other than where the
contract was entered into. This is because the final clause of section 395, subdivision (a)5
(emphasized above), deems the county where the obligation is to be performed as the
county where the obligation is incurred, or entered into, unless there is a specific written
contract to the contrary. (See Dawson, supra, at p. 315 [“Under the section[,] the county
where the contract is made is deemed to be the county where it is to be performed unless
there is a special contract in writing to the contrary”].)
       Thus, the Supreme Court explained about section 395, subdivision (a): “The
section in effect says that „. . . all actions arising on contract shall be tried in the county in
which the defendant resides, or in which the contract was made, unless the defendant has
contracted specifically and in writing as to the county in which his obligation is to be
performed, in which event such county is also a proper county for the trial of action.”‟
(Dawson, supra, 43 Cal.2d at pp. 314-315, citing Armstrong v. Smith (1942) 49
Cal.App.2d 528, 532.) Stated another way, “[t]he counties in which an action on the
contract may be tried are two, that of defendant‟s residence or where the contract is
made, unless there is a special contract in writing to the contrary.” (Dawson, supra, at
p. 315; see also Mitchell v. Superior Court (1986) 186 Cal.App.3d 1040, 1045-1046 [in
an action founded on contract, “the general rule is that only two proper venues exist: the
county where the contract was entered into (obligation incurred) and the county of
defendant‟s residence. A third proper venue will arise only when there is „special
contract in writing to the contrary‟”].)
       Here, there is no dispute that petitioners and San Marino Centre did not have a
written contract specifying that the place of performance was different than the place


5      In 1954, section 395, subdivision (a) was actually section 395, subdivision (1).
The language of the two provisions, however, are virtually identical. (See Dawson,
supra, 43 Cal.2d at p. 314 quoting language of § 395, subd. (1).)

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where the obligation was entered into or incurred. Thus, under section 395, subdivision
(a), the place of performance was the place that the contract was entered into. And, here,
the contract was “entered into” in San Diego County because that is where Wilson
accepted the telephonic offer made by Country Villa to represent Country Villa and San
Marino Centre in the Nevarrez lawsuit. (See Wilson v. Scannavino (1958) 159
Cal.App.2d 369, 371 [„“The law is that a contract made by telephone is entered into at the
place where the recipient of the call is at the time he accepts the offer”‟].)
       In its response to the petition for writ of mandate, San Marino Centre claims
petitioners “did not confirm they had undertaken to represent San Marino until they filed
an answer to the complaint in the Underlying Action in Pasadena.” But San Marino
Centre cites no legal authority, and this court did not come across any such authority in
its own research, that supports the proposition that an attorney‟s obligation to represent a
client is only “confirmed” when that attorney files an answer, or some other court filing.
Indeed, such a proposition would mean that even if an attorney agrees to represent a
client, that attorney is under no contractual obligation to do so until he or she files a
responsive pleading or some other document with a court, a dubitable proposition at best.
       C. Additional Arguments
       San Marino Centre argues that even if this court disagrees with the superior
court‟s interpretation of section 395, subdivision (a), there are “additional independent
reasons to uphold the denial of [petitioners‟] motion to transfer venue.”
       First, San Marino Centre argues that petitioners are equitably estopped from
relying on the fact that there is no written instrument specifying where the contract was to
be performed because petitioners did not fulfill their ethical obligation under the
California Rules of Professional Conduct, rule 3-310, to provide a written disclosure to
San Marino Centre that petitioners were representing two parties with potentially adverse
interests.6



6      That rule provides: “A member shall not accept or continue representation of a
client without providing written disclosure to the client where: [¶] (1) The member has a
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       This argument misses the mark. Even if petitioners had presented a written
disclosure about the potential conflict of interest stemming from their simultaneous
representation of Country Villa and San Marino Centre, there is absolutely no
requirement under rule 3-310 that this written disclosure indicate a specific place of
performance for the contract between petitioners and San Marino Centre. Undoubtedly,
petitioners‟ failure to provide this written disclosure will be relevant to the merits of the
malpractice action. However, it is irrelevant to the issue of whether petitioners had a
duty to provide San Marino Centre with a written contract specifying that the place of
performance would be different from the place the obligation was incurred.
       Second, San Marino Centre argues that the superior court did not err by denying
the motion to transfer venue because section 397, subdivision (c) empowers the court to
keep the action in Los Angeles County to promote the convenience of witnesses and the
ends of justice.
       Section 397, subdivision (c) grants a superior court discretion to transfer an action
that is filed in a proper county to another county “[w]hen the convenience of witnesses
and the ends of justice would be promoted by the change.” But, that statutory provision
does not grant a court the power to retain a case that has been improperly filed to begin
with. (See Civil Procecure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2012) ¶¶ 3:551-3:553,
pp. 3-134 & 3-135 (rev. #1, 2011).) While San Marino Centre may very well be able to
make a compelling argument that the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice
would be promoted by trying the case in Los Angeles, that argument is for the superior
court in San Diego County to consider once the action is transferred to that court.




legal, business, financial, professional, or personal relationship with a party or witness in
the same matter.” (Cal. Rules of Prof. Conduct, rule 3-310(B).)
                                               8
                                     DISPOSITION
       Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue directing the superior court to vacate its
order denying petitioners‟ motion to transfer venue to San Diego County, and to enter a
new order granting said motion. The temporary stay imposed by this court in its Palma
order is hereby lifted.7


                                                 _______________________, P. J.
                                                 BOREN


We concur:

______________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST



_______________________, J.
CHAVEZ




7      The parties shall bear their own costs related to this proceeding.


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