                                                                                    ACCEPTED
                                                                                06-15-00021-CV
                                                                     SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                                                                           8/6/2015 12:19:10 PM
                                                                               DEBBIE AUTREY
                                                                                         CLERK

                      CASE NO. 06-15-00021-CV

                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS              FILED IN
                                                 6th COURT OF APPEALS
                  SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT         TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                        STATE OF TEXAS           8/6/2015 12:19:10 PM
         ______________________________________________
                                                     DEBBIE AUTREY
                                                             Clerk
                        SIDNEY B. HALE, JR.
                        Defendant – Appellant

                                  v.

                       CITY OF BONHAM
                        Plaintiff - Appellee
         ______________________________________________

              On Appeal from the 336th Judicial District Court
                       Fannin County, Texas
                      Cause No. CV-14-41722
         _______________________________________________

                     APPELLEE’S BRIEF
       _______________________________________________
                                 Respectfully submitted,
                                 CHRIS KILGORE
                                 State Bar No. 11398350
                                 ckilgore@kmlawpllc.com
                                 DOTTIE SHEFFIELD
                                 State Bar No. 24051326
                                 dsheffield@kmlawpllc.com
                                 JOHN J. REENAN
                                 State Bar No. 00789777
                                 jreenan@kmlawpllc.com
                                 KILGORE MCCOWN, PLLC
                                 2201 Main Street, Suite 212
                                 Dallas, Texas 75201
                                 (214) 296-4850
                                 (972) 532-6496 (facsimile)
ORAL ARGUMENT                    ATTORNEYS FOR
REQUESTED                        APPELLEE, CITY OF BONHAM
                                   i
                    IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Rule 38.1(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, the City

of Bonham certifies that the following is a complete list of all parties to this

litigation, the addresses of all trial and appellate counsel, and a list of the trial judge

presiding at the time of the filing of this brief:

Appellant:                         Sidney B. Hale, Jr.

Trial/Appellant’s Counsel:         Gary Linn Evans
                                   George Andrew Coats
                                   Carrie M. McKerley
                                   Coats & Evans, P.C.
                                   P.O. Box 130246
                                   The Woodlands, Texas 77393-0246
                                   Telephone: 281-367-7732
                                   Facsimile: 281-367-8003
                                   evans@texasaviationlaw.com
                                   coats@texasaviationlaw.com

Appellee:                          City of Bonham

Trial/Appellee’s Counsel:          CHRIS KILGORE
                                   State Bar No. 11398350
                                   ckilgore@kmlawpllc.com
                                   DOTTIE SHEFFIELD
                                   State Bar No. 24051326
                                   dsheffield@kmlawpllc.com
                                   JOHN J. REENAN
                                   State Bar No. 00789777
                                   jreenan@kmlawpllc.com
                                   KILGORE MCCOWN, PLLC
                                   2201 Main Street, Suite 212
                                   Dallas, Texas 75201
                                   (214) 296-4850
                                   (972) 532-6496 (facsimile)
                                             ii
Trial Court Judge:   The Honorable Laurine Blake, 336th Judicial
                     District Court, Fannin County, Texas




                             iii
                STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Appellee City of Bonham respectfully maintains that oral argument is

warranted under Rules 39.1 and 39.7 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Appellee City of Bonham urges that oral argument would aid the decisional process

of the Court.




                                       iv
                       TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                       Page

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL………………………………..                                 ii

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT……………………….                                  iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………….                                        v

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES …………………………………………………                                    viii

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ………………………………………………                                     xv

APPELLEE’S RESPONSE TO ISSUES PRESENTED …………………...                         xviii

RECORD ON APPEAL …………………………………………………….                                      xix

STATEMENT OF FACTS ………………………………………………….                                        1

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT..………………………………………                                       4

ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES………………………………………                                      7

STANDARD OF REVIEW…………………………….……………………                                        7

    I.    THE CITY OF BONHAM WAS ACTING IN ITS
          GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTION FOR WHICH THE CITY’S
          GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY BARS HALE’S TORT
          CLAIMS………………………………………………………..                                        8

    II.   THE PROPRIETARY-GOVERNMENTAL DICHOTOMY DOES
          NOT APPLY TO HALE’S BREACH OF CONTRACT AND
          QUASI-CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS …………………………... 17

          A.   The Texas Supreme Court Has Never Stated that the
               Dichotomy Applies to Waivers of Immunity
               From Contractual Claims, But Defers to the Legislature to
               Waive Immunity………………………………………….                               18


                                    v
          B.   Cases Cited by Hale to Support His Position on
               Dichotomy Are Not Instructive to Make This
               Determination ……………………………………………                       20

          C.   The Majority of the Courts of Appeals Hold the
               Dichotomy is Inapplicable to Contractual Claims……….   23

          D.   Regardless, the City of Bonham Was Acting in a
               Governmental Manner…………………………………..                    24

   III.   THE CITY’S GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY HAS NOT
          BEEN WAIVED FOR HALE’S CONTRACTUAL
          AND QUASI-CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS UNDER
          CHAPTER 271 ………………………………………………..                           25

          A.   There Is No Waiver Under Chapter 271 for the
               Lease of the Hangar……………………………………..                   26

          B.   There Is No Waiver of Governmental Immunity for
               Hale’s Quasi-Contractual Claim of Bailment……………       27

          C.   There Is No Waiver of Governmental Immunity for
               Hale’s Quasi-Contract Claims of Promissory
               Estoppel and Unjust Enrichment…………………………              28

   IV.    TEXAS TORT CLAIMS ACT APPLIES TO BAR
          HALE’S TORT CLAIMS AS NO WAIVER
          APPLIES……………………………………………………….                              29

   V.     HALE HAS NOT PLEAD A TORT CLAIM THAT
          MEETS ANY LIMITED WAIVER UNDER THE TEXAS TORT
          CLAIMS ACT…………………………………………………                 30
   VI.    NO ADDITIONAL FACTUAL EVIDENCE WOULD RESULT
          IN A REVERSAL OF THE DECISION BY THE TRIAL
          JUDGE…………………………………………………………                                33

CONCLUSION AND PRAYER…………………………………………….                              36

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE………………………………………………                             37

                                  vi
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ………………………………………… 38

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………… 39

APP TAB A-Texas Tort Claims Act- Complete Copy ………………………. 40

APP TAB B-Texas Local Government Code –Applicable Sections…………. . 41




                                 vii
                         INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
                                                                   Page(s)
CASES

Bailey v. City of Austin,
      972 S.W.2d 180 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. denied)……….................20

Ben-Bolt-Palito Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Texas Political
Subdivisions Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. Fund,
      212 S.W.3d 320 (Tex. 2006)………………………………………........7, 26

Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue,
      34 S.W.3d 547 (Tex. 2000)…………………………………………………7

Carr v. Brasher,
      776 S.W.2d 567 (Tex. 1989)………………………………………………..7

Casso v. City of McAllen,
     No.13-08-00618-CV, 2009 WL 781863 (Tex. App.—
     Corpus Christi March 26, 2009, pet. granted)(mem. op.)……………...22, 23

City of Corsicana v. Wren,
       317 S.W.2d 516 (Tex. 1958)…………………………………………...10, 14

City of Dallas v. Reata Constr. Corp.,
       83 S.W.3d 392 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002) rev’d.
       Reata Const. Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371
       (Tex. 2006) ………………………………………………………………..17

City of Dallas v. Turley,
       316 S.W. 3d 762 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. denied) ………………...26

City of Deer Park v. Ibarra,
       No. 01-10-00490-CV, 2011 WL 3820798 (Tex. App.—Houston
       [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.)(mem.op.)………………………………………..29

City of El Paso v. High Ridge Constr., Inc.,
       442 S.W.3d 660 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2014, pet. filed)…………………..24


                                      viii
City of Galveston v. Posnainsky,
       62 Tex. 118 (1884)………………………………………………..........13, 16

City of Galveston v. State,
       217 S.W.3d 466 (Tex. 2007)…………………………………………….8, 19

City of Georgetown v. Lower Colo. River Auth.,
       413 S.W.3d 803 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. dism’d by agr.)………….22

City of Gladewater v. Pike,
       724 S.W.2d 514 (Tex. 1987)…………………………..………………......20

City of Houston v. Petroleum Traders Corp.,
       261 S.W.3d 350 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
       2008, no pet.)………………………………………………………….15, 29

City of Paris v. Abbott,
       360 S.W.3d 567 (Tex. App. –Texarkana 2011, pet. denied)…………......27

City of Plano v. Homoky,
       294 S.W.3d 809 (Tex. App. – Dallas 2009, no pet.)…………......13, 14, 16

City of San Antonio v. Polanco & Co., L.L.C.,
       No. 04-07-00258-CV, 2007 WL 3171360
       (Tex. App.—San Antonio Oct 31, 2007, pet. denied)(mem. op.)…….......14

City of San Antonio v. Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc.,
       381 S.W.3d 597 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012,
       pet. denied)……………………………………………......18, 20, 23, 25, 26

City of Texarkana v. City of New Boston,
       141 S.W.3d 778 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, pet. denied)........8, 9, 10, 11

City of Texas City v. Suarez,
       No. 01-12-00848-CV, 2013 WL 867428 (Tex. App.—
       Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 7, 2013)(mem. op.)……………………...…....…12

City of Tyler v. Likes,
       962 S.W.2d 489, 503 (Tex. 1997)………………….…………………......11


                                        ix
County of Cameron v. Brown,
     80 S.W.3d 549 (Tex. 2002)……………………………..…………………32

Dilley v. City of Houston,
      222 S.W.2d 992 (Tex. 1949)………………………..……………………..10

Ethio Express Shuttle Serv., Inc. v. City of Houston,
      164 S.W.3d 751 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist] 2005, no pet.)…….......15

FM Props. Operating Co. v. City of Austin,
     22 S.W.3d 868 (Tex. 2000)………………………………………..........7, 34

Fed. Sign v. Tex. S. Univ.,
      951 S.W.2d 401 (Tex. 1997)……………………………………………9, 23

Gates v. City of Dallas,
      704 S.W.2d 737 (Tex. 1986)…………………………..………………….21

Gay v. City of Wichita Falls,
      457 S.W.3d 499 (Tex. App.—El Paso, 2014, no pet.)……....4, 8, 17, 19, 24

Gen. Servs. Comm’n v. Little-Tex Insulation Co.,
      39 S.W.3d 591 (Tex. 2001)…………………………………….…...….9, 25

Guillory v. Port of Houston Auth.,
      845 S.W.2d 812 (Tex. 1993)………………………………..……………28

H & H Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. City of Corpus Christi,
     No. 13-06-00677-CV, 2007 WL 3293628,
     (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, pet. denied)(mem. op.)………………29

Jack Boles Servs., Inc. v. Stavely,
      906 S.W.2d 185 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, writ denied)…………............28

Joe v. Two Thirty Nine J. V.,
       145 S.W.3d 150, 162 (Tex. 2004)…………………………….………….34

Kirby Lake Dev. Ltd. v. Clear Lake City Water,
      320 S.W.3d 829 (Tex. 2010)……………………….………8, 19, 25, 27, 28


                                      x
Lower Colo. River Auth. v. City of Boerne,
     422 S.W.3d 60 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014)
     (pet. dism’d by agr.)………………………………….…………..18, 23, 27

Lubbock Cnty. Water Control and Improvement Distr. v.
     Church & Akin, L.L.C.,
     442 S.W.3d 297 (Tex. 2014)…………………………………..………....27

McKinney v. City of Gainesville,
     814 S.W.2d 862 (Tex. App. - Fort Worth 1991, no writ)………………..32

Medrano v. City of Pearsall,
     989 S.W.2d 141 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.)……………....32

Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia,
      253 S.W.3d 653 (Tex. 2011)………………………………………….….35

Mitchell v. City of Dallas,
      855 S.W.2d 741, 744 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993), aff’d,
      870 S.W.2d 21 (Tex. 1994)……………………………..………..14, 16, 17

Poncar v. City of Mission,
     797 S.W.2d 236 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1990, no writ).…………...32

Republic Power Partners, L.P. v. City of Lubbock,
     424 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2014, no pet.)………….…...18, 24

Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe,
      915 S.W.2d 471 (Tex. 1995)…………………………….………….….7, 34

State Dept. of Highways and Public Transp. v. Kitchen,
      867 S.W.2d 784 (Tex. 1993)………………………………………..........35

State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. S.S. & G.W.,
       858 S.W.2d 374 (Tex. 1993)……………………………………………....7

Suarez v. City of Texas City, 2015 WL 3802865 (Tex. June 19, 2015)………....13

Temple v. City of Houston,
     189 S.W.3d 816 (Tex. App. –Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.)………....23

                                     xi
Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones,
      8 S.W.3d 636 (Tex. 1999)………………………….…………..….............9

Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Ramirez,
      74 S.W.3d 864 (Tex. 2002)………………………………..…..……….....31

Tex. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ruttiger,
      381 S.W.3d 430 (Tex. 2012)………………………………….......…4, 8, 19

Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy,
      74 S.W.3d 849 (Tex. 2002)…………………………………..……..….9, 19

Tex. River Barges v. City of San Antonio,
      21 S.W.3d 347 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000,
      pet. denied)……………………………………………............13, 16, 17, 35

Tooke v. City of Mexia,
     197 S.W.3d 325 (Tex. 2006)……4, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 29

Traveler’s Ins. Co. v. Joachim,
      315 S.W.3d 860 (Tex. 2010)……………………………………………...7

Travis Cnty. v. Pelzel & Assoc.,
      77 S.W.3d 246 (Tex. 2002)…………………………….…………….......28

Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch v. York,
      871 S.W.2d 175 (Tex. 1994)……………………………….………….......9

Vanderford v. City of Houston,
     286 S.W. 568 (Tex. App. – Galveston 1926, no writ)…………………....10

West Texas Mun. Power Agency v. Republic Power Partners, L.P.,
      428 S.W.3d 299 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2014, pet. ref’d)………....18, 19, 24

Wasson Interests, Ltd. Interests, Ltd. v. City of Jacksonville,
     No. 12-13-00262-CV, 2014 WL 3368413
     (Tex. App.—Tyler July 9, 2014, pet filed)(mem. op.)……...8, 17, 18, 19, 24


                                      xii
Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor,
      106 S.W.3d 692 (Tex. 2003)……………………………….5, 8, 9, 19, 21, 25

STATUTES
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.101(West 2011)…………....xvi, 1

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.021(West 2011)…….5, 30, 32, 33

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.021(1)(A),(B)(2)
(West 2011)………………………………………………………………………30

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.021(2)
(West 2011)…………………………………………………………...31, 32, 34, 35

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.025 (Vernon 2005)………….…31

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.025(a)(Vernon 2005)………….31

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.057(2)(West 2011)……………35

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215 (West 2011)…………11, 14

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(a)
(West 2011) ………………………………………………….……5, 11, 15, 16, 31

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(a)(10)…6, 12, 14, 15, 24, 31

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(b) (West 2011)………12, 31

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(c) (West 2011)……6, 12, 31

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. CHAPTER 271 (West 2005)….6, 19, 25, 26, 27

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. §271.151 (West 2005)……………………….27

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. §271.151(2) (West 2005)……………….…6, 26

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. §271.152 (West 2005)……………..6, 26, 28, 29

                                  xiii
TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §311.034 (West Supp. 2010)………………...9, 19, 25

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

TEX. CONST. art. XI, §13…………………………………………...…………...11

TEX. CONST. art. XI, §13(a)……………………………………………..……...11

OTHER AUTHORITIES

Christopher D. Jones, Comment, Texas Municipal Liability:
An Examination of the State and Federal Causes of Action,
40 BAYLOR L.REV. 595, 615 (1988)………………………………..………….15




                               xiv
                          STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the Case:

      This case arises out of property damages sought by Sidney B. Hale, Jr.

(Appellant or Hale) as a result of the collapse of the roof of a hangar at Jones Field

Municipal Airport due to a severe ice storm. Hale leased the hangar from the City of

Bonham (Appellee or “the City” or “City of Bonham”) who owns, operates, and

maintains the Airport. (C.R. 17-22). Hale made a claim against the City for damage

to his tools and equipment that were contained in the hangar when the roof of the

hangar collapsed. (C.R. 42-47).

      On May 9, 2014, the City filed a Petition for Declaratory Judgment asking the

court to declare that the lease agreement between the City and Hale adopted the 2012

Airport Rules and Regulations and by its terms, Hale had no claim against the City

as a result of the accident. (C.R. 7-22). On June 12, 2014, the City filed a First

Amended Petition for Declaratory Judgment asking the Court to declare that the

lease agreement entered into between Hale and the City for the lease of a hangar

adopted the 2012 Airport Rules and Regulations; that based on the terms of the 2012

Airport Rules and Regulations, Hale had no claim against the City; and the City is

immune from suit under the concept of sovereign immunity. (C.R. 24-47). On June

4, 2014, Hale sent the City his formal Notice of Claim letter pursuant to the




                                          xv
requirement of section 101.101 of the Texas Tort Claims Act. (C.R. 42-43). On July

9, 2014, Hale filed his Verified Answer and Request for Disclosure. (C.R. 51-56).

      On November 12, 2014, Hale filed his Original Counterclaim against the City,

making a claim solely for property damage to his tools and equipment that were

contained in the hangar out of which Hale conducted an aircraft repair/maintenance

business. (C.R. 57-67). Hale alleged causes of action against the City for negligence,

premises defect, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, violations of the Deceptive

Trade Practices Act, gross negligence, and bailment. (C.R. 57-67).

Course of Proceedings:

      On November 25, 2014, the City of Bonham, a governmental unit of the State

of Texas, filed a Partial Motion for Summary Judgment as to Hale’s tort claims filed

against it which must be brought under the Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”) or the

tort claims will be precluded by the doctrine of sovereign immunity unless the

immunity is waived. (C.R. 68-99). Hale did not plead a tort claim that met the waiver

of the TTCA. (C.R. 57-67). Hale responded that the City is a governmental unit and

the condition of the roof of the hanger constituted a premises defect for which the

City knew or should have known of the danger. Hale alleged that no exception to

the waiver of immunity barred the tort claims and notice was provided as required

by the Texas Tort Claims Act. (C.R. 107-118). On January 6, 2015, the district




                                         xvi
court conducted a hearing, with the Honorable Laurine Blake presiding. (1 R.R. 1-

25).

       On January 16, 2015, the City filed a Motion for Summary Judgment as to

Hale’s breach of contract and contract-related claims filed against it which are

precluded by governmental immunity unless that immunity is waived. (C.R. 120-

169). Under the facts of this case, governmental immunity was not waived. (C.R.

120-169). On February 5, 2015, Hale responded that the City, as a governmental

unit, was engaged in a proprietary function so governmental immunity did not apply

to Hale’s claims for breach of contract and bailment. (C.R. 172-181). The City

replied to Hale’s response. (C.R. 182-187). Hale surreplied to the City’s reply.

(C.R. 189-191). On February 12, 2015, the district court conducted a hearing, with

the Honorable Laurine Blake presiding. (2 R.R. 1-28).

Trial Court Disposition:

       Judge Laurine Blake granted the City’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment

and the Order was signed on January 6, 2015. (C.R. 119).

       Judge Laurine Blake granted the City’s Motion for Summary Judgment and

the Order was signed on February 12, 2015. (C.R. 192).

       The City filed its Motion for Dismissal on February 17, 2015. (C.R. 193-195).

The district court signed the Order of Dismissal on February 27, 2015. (C.R. 197).

       Hale filed his Notice of Appeal on March 26, 2015. (C.R. 200-201).


                                         xvii
          APPELLEE’S RESPONSE TO ISSUES PRESENTED


I.     The trial court correctly granted the City’s Motion for Partial Summary

       Judgment as governmental immunity bars Hale’s tort claims brought

       against the City arising out of its governmental functions.

II.    The trial court correctly granted the City’s Motion for Summary Judgment

       as governmental immunity bars Hale’s contractual and quasi-contractual

       claims against the City. The proprietary-governmental dichotomy does not

       apply to Hale’s contractual and quasi-contractual claims. Regardless, the

       City was acting in its governmental function when it leased a hangar to the

       Hale at the Airport it owns, operates and maintains.

III.   The City’s governmental immunity has not been waived for Hale’s

       contractual and quasi-contractual claims under Chapter 271.

IV.    The Texas Tort Claims act applies to Hale’s tort claims as Airport is listed

       as a governmental function under the Act.

V.     Hale has not plead a tort claim that meets any limited wavier under the

       Texas Tort Claims Act.

VI.    There are no additional facts that would result in a reversal of the decision

       by the trial judge.




                                      xviii
                             RECORD ON APPEAL

      The record of this appeal consists of a one-volume Clerk’s Record, and a two-

volume Reporter’s Record. The Clerk’s Record will be cited in this Brief as “C.R.

[page].” The first volume of the Reporter’s Record is a transcript of trial-court

proceedings on January 6, 2015, and will be cited in this Brief as “1 R.R. [page].”

The second volume of the Reporter’s Record is a transcript of trial court proceedings

on February 12, 2015, and will be cited in this Brief as “2 R.R. [page].”

      Hale’s brief will be cited as “Appellant Brf. [page].”

      Materials forming Appendix to this Brief will be cited as “App. Tab [letter].”




                                         xix
                           STATEMENT OF FACTS

      The City owns and operates Jones Field Municipal Airport (the “Airport”),

located in Bonham, Texas. (C.R. 17-22). The Airport is open to the aviation public.

(C.R. 17). Any aircraft with current and correct FAA Certificates of Registration

and Airworthiness are authorized to use the Airport. (C.R. 18). The operation of the

Airport includes, but is not limited to, aircraft repairs, maintenance, and storing of

aircraft in its hangars. (2 R.R. 21-22).

      On or about June 18, 1984, Hale entered into a lease agreement with the City

to lease one of the hangars located at the Airport (“the Lease”). (C.R. 12-13). On or

about December 6, 2013, (Hale refers to the date of the ice storm as December 8,

2013), a severe ice storm hit the area, causing widespread damage. The roof of the

hangar that Hale leased from the City collapsed as a result of the ice storm (the

“Accident”). (C.R. 8). Hale made a claim against the City solely for property

damage to his tools and equipment that were contained in the hangar when the roof

collapsed. (C.R. 42-47).

      On or about May 9, 2014, the City filed a Declaratory Judgment requesting

the Court declare that the lease the City entered into with Hale adopted the 2012

Airport Rules and Regulations. (C.R. 7-22). On June 4, 2014, Hale sent the City his

formal Notice of Claim letter pursuant to the requirement of section 101.101 of the

Texas Tort Claims Act. (C.R. 42-43). On June 12, 2014, the City filed its First


                                           1
Amended Petition for Declaratory Judgment asking that the Court declare that the

lease adopted the 2012 Airport Rules and Regulations; that the Court declare that by

the terms of the Airport Rules and Regulations, Hale has no claim against the City;

and the Court declare that the City is immune from suit under the concept of

sovereign immunity. (C.R. 24-47).

      On or about November 12, 2014, Hale filed his counterclaims against the City.

(C.R. 57-67). Hale alleges the City was negligent for failing to maintain the premises

in a safe condition; that the condition of the roof of the hanger constituted a premises

defect, alleging that the hangar had not been inspected for defects; a breach of

contract claim arising out of the City’s alleged refusal to keep the hangar in a safe

condition; damages for unjust enrichment; violations of the Deceptive Trade

Practices Act; gross negligence for failing to maintain the premises and the condition

of the hangar which posed an unreasonable risk of harm to its occupants; and

bailment for the City requesting Hale vacate the premises when the roof collapsed

due to the ice storm. (C.R. 57-67).

      Contrary to the facts, as represented by Hale, Hale did not inform the City of

the observed and alleged deteriorating condition of the hangar prior to the incident

nor was there any evidence that had a center section of the structure been

supplemented, the hangar would not have collapsed as Hale alleges. (C.R. 182 and

1 R.R. 11). There was no evidence that the apex bolts that held the top seam of the


                                           2
roof of the hangar were corroded and undersized, as Hale alleges. (1 R.R. 11).

However, these facts are germane to the City’s sovereign immunity issue. (C.R.

182). The hangar collapsed due to the severe ice storm. (C.R. 2). After the incident,

the City immediately provided Hale with another hangar, for which he received free

rent for three months and continues to date to lease this hangar from the City. (C.R.

182 and 2 R.R. 7).




                                         3
                       SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      The court below correctly decided the City of Bonham’s Partial Motion for

Summary Judgment and Motion for Summary Judgment.                     The City has

governmental immunity from suit for the tort, contractual and quasi-contractual

claims alleged by Hale against the City. Further, there are no additional facts that

would result in a reversal of the decision by the trial Judge. Accordingly, the City

of Bonham respectfully requests that this Court affirm the trial court’s Orders on the

City of Bonham’s Partial Motion for Summary Judgment and Motion for Summary

Judgment.

     Governmental immunity protects municipalities such as the City of Bonham

from lawsuits for damages unless immunity has been clearly and unambiguously

waived by the Legislature. Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 332 (Tex.

2006). As the Supreme Court has stated, there is a “’heavy presumption’ in favor of

immunity,” and only “unambiguous legislation” can waive immunity. Tooke at 331-

32. Texas courts presume that the “Legislature deliberately and purposefully selects

words and phrases it enacts, as well as deliberately and purposefully omits words

and phrases it does not enact.” Gay v. City of Wichita Falls, 457 S.W.3d 499 at 507

(Tex. App.—El Paso, 2014, no pet.)(citing Tex. Mutual Ins. Co. v. Ruttiger, 381

S.W.3d 430, 451 (Tex. 2012)). “Any ambiguity should be resolved in favor of




                                          4
retaining immunity.” Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692 at 696

(Tex. 2003).

      Under section 101.021 of the Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”), a sovereign

immunity is waived for only two types of claims: (1) those involving property

damage, personal injury or death arising from the operation or use of a motor-driven

vehicle or motor-driven equipment; and (2) those involving personal injury or death

caused by a condition or use of tangible personal property or real property. TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.021. Hale has not alleged property

damage arising from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven

equipment, so the first category does not apply. Hale also has not alleged personal

injury or death, so the second category does not apply. Therefore, Hale has not pled

a tort claim that meets the limited waiver under the TTCA.

      While the TTCA does not apply to the liability of a municipality for damages

arising from its proprietary functions, which are those functions that a municipality

may, in its discretion, perform in the interest of the inhabitants of the municipality,”

it expressly excludes those governmental activities listed in section 101.0215(a)

from those activities that may be considered proprietary. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. §101.0215(a). If a function is included in this non-exclusive list of

governmental functions under the TTCA, it has been deemed governmental in nature

by the Legislature and the court has no discretion or authority to hold otherwise.


                                           5
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(c). Airports are included in

the TTCA’s non-exclusive list of governmental functions. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(a)(10).

     The trial court properly granted summary judgment as to Hale’s contractual

and quasi-contractual claims against the City as well, since the City enjoys

governmental immunity from suit and this immunity has not been waived. Chapter

271 of the Local Government Code has set forth the sole means for waiving a

municipality’s immunity from suit in a contract-related claim. TEX. LOC. GOV’T

CODE ANN. §271.152 (West 2005). However, such a waiver does not apply to this

case. The waiver in that chapter applies only to contracts providing goods or services

to a city. Id. §271.151(2). The lease agreement at issue does not involve goods or

services. Therefore, the waiver under Chapter 271 does not apply.




                                          6
                      ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES


STANDARD OF REVIEW

     The trial court did not identify the grounds on which it granted partial summary

judgment and summary judgment. (C.R. 119 and C.R. 192). “When a trial court’s

order granting summary judgment does not specify the grounds relied upon, the

reviewing court must affirm summary judgment if any of the summary judgment

grounds are meritorious.” FM Props. Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d

868, 872-73 (Tex. 2000)(citing Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe, 915 S.W.2d 471, 473

(Tex. 1995)). Hale bears the burden to negate all grounds on appeal. State Farm

Fire & Cas. Co. v. S.S. & G.W., 858 S.W.2d 374, 380 (Tex. 1993). If it fails to

negate each ground on which the judgment may have been rendered, this Court must

affirm summary judgment. See Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex. 1989).

Because Hale has not met this burden, this Court should affirm the trial court’s

judgments.

     Subject matter jurisdiction is essential to a court’s power to decide a case.

Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 553-54 (Tex. 2000). The absence

of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised in a motion for summary judgment. Id.

at 554. Because governmental immunity defeats a trial court’s jurisdiction, a de

novo review is required. Traveler’s Ins. Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex.

2010); see also Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Texas Political
                                         7
Subdivisions Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. Fund, 212 S.W.3d 320, 323 (Tex.

2006)(stating “whether a trial court has jurisdiction is a question of law subject to de

novo review.”).

     There is a “’heavy presumption’ in favor of immunity,” and only “unambiguous

legislation” can waive immunity. Gay, 457 S.W.3d at 504 (citing City of Galveston

v. State, 217 S.W.3d 466, 469 (Tex. 2007)); Wasson Interests, 2014 WL 3368413

*6 (Tex. App.-Tyler July 9, 2014, pet. filed(mem. op.)(citing Kirby Lake Dev. Ltd.

v. Clear Lake City Water, 320 S.W.3d 829, 837 (Tex. 2010)). Texas courts presume

that the “Legislature deliberately and purposefully selects words and phrases it

enacts, as well as deliberately and purposefully omits words and phrases it does not

enact.” Gay, 457 S.W.3d at 507 (citing Tex. Mutual Ins. Co. v. Ruttiger, 381 S.W.3d

430, 451 (Tex. 2012)). “Any ambiguity should be resolved in favor of retaining

immunity.” Wichita Falls State Hosp., 106 S.W.3d at 696.

      I.     THE CITY OF BONHAM WAS ACTING IN ITS
             GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTION FOR WHICH THE CITY’S
             GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY BARS HALE’S TORT
             CLAIMS

      It is well-established in Texas that sovereign or governmental immunity

protects the State, its agencies, and its officials from lawsuits for damages, absent

the Legislature’s consent through statute or legislative resolution. Sovereign

immunity protects governmental entities from lawsuits for money damages. City of

Texarkana v. City of New Boston, 141 S.W.3d 778, 783 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
                                           8
2004, pet. denied)(citing Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74

S.W.3d 849, 853-54 (Tex. 2002)); Gen. Servs. Comm’n v. Little-Tex Insulation Co.,

39 S.W.3d 591, 594 (Tex. 2001); Fed. Sign v. Tex. S. Univ., 951 S.W.2d 401, 405

(Tex. 1997). Political subdivisions of the state, including cities, are entitled to

governmental immunity unless it has been waived. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v.

Taylor, 106 S.W.3d 692, 694 n. 3 (Tex. 2003). In Texas, governmental immunity

encompasses immunity from suit, which bars a suit unless the governmental entity

has consented, and immunity from liability, which protects the entity from

judgments even if it has consented to the suit. Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8

S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999); Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 332.

      The courts have uniformly held that “it is the Legislature’s sole province to

waive or abrogate sovereign immunity” and that any waiver must be expressed

clearly and unambiguously. City of Texarkana, 141 S.W.3d at 781; IT-Davy, 74

S.W.3d at 853-54 (quoting Fed. Sign, 951 S.W.3d at 409); Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch

v. York, 871 S.W.2d 175, 177 (Tex. 1994); see TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §311.034

(West Supp. 2010)(stating that “a statute shall not be construed as a waiver of

sovereign immunity unless the waiver is effected by clear and unambiguous

language”). Further, courts generally resolve any statutory ambiguities related to a

waiver of immunity in favor or retaining immunity. Wichita Falls State Hosp., 106

S.W.3d at 695.


                                         9
      Hale contends that the trial court erred in granting the City’s Partial Motion

for Summary Judgment because immunity does not apply to suits arising from the

performance of a proprietary function. (Appellant Brf. 3). While the doctrine of

governmental immunity protects municipalities from being sued in tort for matters

arising from the performance of their governmental functions (except as authorized

by the Texas Tort Claims Act), no such protection exists for municipalities

performing their proprietary functions. City of Texarkana, 141 S.W.3d at 781.

“Generally speaking, a municipality’s proprietary functions are those conducted ‘in

its private capacity, for the benefit only of those within its corporate limits, and not

as an arm of the government,’ while its governmental functions are ‘in the

performance of purely governmental matters solely for the public benefit.” Tooke,

197 S.W.3d at 343 (quoting Dilley v. City of Houston, 222 S.W.2d 992, 993 (Tex.

1949)).

      From very early on, Texas courts found it difficult to consistently draw the

proprietary-governmental distinction. Vanderford v. City of Houston, 286 S.W. 568,

570 (Tex. App.—Galveston 1926, no writ)(holding that the maintenance of public

parks by municipal corporations is a governmental function of the municipality);

City of Corsicana v. Wren, 317 S.W.2d 516, 518 (Tex. 1958)(maintenance and

operation of the airport, including the rental of space for the storage of aircraft and

the burning of weeds, constitutes a governmental function). That changed in 1987


                                          10
when the Texas Constitution was amended to give the Legislature the authority to

“define for all purposes those functions of a municipality that are to be considered

governmental and those that are proprietary, including reclassifying a function’s

classification assigned under prior statute or common law.” TEX. CONST. art. XI,

§13(a); Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343 (quoting TEX. CONST. art. XI, §13); see also

City of Tyler v. Likes, 962 S.W.2d 489, 503 (Tex. 1997).              The Legislature

immediately exercised that authority through the Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”),

reclassifying many functions that had previously been classified as proprietary

functions as governmental. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215;

see also City of Texarkana, 141 S.W.3d at 783 (noting that waterworks and a number

of other municipal functions were considered proprietary under the common law,

but were reclassified as governmental through section 101.0215 of the TTCA). The

Legislature has described governmental functions as “those functions that are

enjoined on a municipality by law and are given it by the state as part of the state’s

sovereignty, to be exercised by the municipality in the interest of the general public.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(a).

       The Legislature has statutorily recognized a non-exclusive list of thirty-six

municipal functions, describing them as “those functions that are enjoined on a

municipality by law and are given it by the state as part of the state’s sovereignty,”

“including, among others, “airports, including when used for space flight activities


                                          11
…” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(a)(10). App. Tab. A. Hale

himself admitted to the trial court below, “all activities related to the City of

Bonham’s operation of the airport are considered governmental.” (C.R. 112).

      The Legislature also defined proprietary functions as “those functions that a

municipality may, in its discretion, perform in the interest of the inhabitants of the

municipality,” and the statute sets forth a non-exclusive list of three proprietary

functions. Id. §101.0215(b).     The Legislature specified that the “proprietary

functions of a municipality do not include those governmental activities listed under

subsection (a).” Id. §101.0215(c).

      The City owns and operates the Airport, located in Bonham, Texas. (C.R. 17-

22). The Airport is open to the aviation public. (C.R. 17). Any aircraft with current

and correct FAA Certificates of Registration and Airworthiness are authorized to use

this public Airport. (C.R. 18). The operation of the Airport includes, but is not

limited to, aircraft repairs, maintenance, and storing of aircraft in its hangars. (2

R.R. 21-22). The operation of an airport would encompass the leasing, maintenance,

and inspection of its hangars. (2 R.R. 21-22). Accordingly, this Court has no

discretion to determine that a municipality’s action is proprietary since it has been

designated as a governmental function by the Texas Tort Claims Act. TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(a)(10); City of Texas City v. Suarez, No.

01-12-00848-CV, 2013 WL 867428 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 7, 2013)


                                         12
aff’d, Suarez v. City of Texas City, 2015 WL 3802865 (Tex. June 19, 2015); City of

Plano v. Homoky, 294 S.W.3d 809, 814 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.); Tex.

River Barges v. City of San Antonio, 21 S.W.3d 347, 357 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2000, pet. denied)(explaining that the city’s removal of a barge company from a

marina is included in the governmental function of operating a marina and park even

if the removal was motivated by the desire to protect the city’s profits).

      Hale’s tort claims are based on the City’s alleged failure to maintain and

inspect the hangar that Hale leased from the City, which ultimately collapsed when

a severe ice storm hit the area causing damage to Hale’s property contained in the

hangar. Hale conclusory asserts that “the City voluntarily engaged in the business

of owning and leasing real estate in and around the Airport and this real estate aspect

of the City is not a necessary component to the operation of the Airport and is not a

function mandated by the State, but rather a separate and distinct endeavor and, thus,

is purely and completely a proprietary function.” (Appellant Brf. 8). To support his

argument that the function of owning and leasing “real estate” at the Airport is a

proprietary function and not arising from the City’s governmental function of

operating an airport, Hale relies on City of Galveston v. Posnainsky, 62 Tex. 118

(1884). Posnainsky is not applicable, as it was decided on common law principles

involving whether maintenance of a sidewalk was governmental or proprietary, and

was resolved prior to the Legislature enacting the laundry list of governmental and


                                          13
proprietary functions in section 101.0215 of the TTCA. However, even under

common law, the maintenance and operation of an airport, including the rental of

space for the storage of aircraft and burning of weeds, constitute a governmental

function. Wren, 317 S.W.2d at 521.

      Hale argues, “all that’s required to operate an airport is a runway.” (2 R.R.

22). Such a restrictive interpretation is contrary to the legislature’s intent which

specifically lists airports as a governmental activity under § 101.0215(a)(10) of the

Texas Tort Claims Act. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(a)(10).

      Hale attempts to recharacterize certain operations at the Airport into a

proprietary function by calling it “real estate” aspect of the City that is not a

component to the operation of the Airport. (Appellant Brf. 8). In determining

whether a City was engaged in governmental or proprietary function, a plaintiff may

not “split various aspects of a City’s operation into discrete functions and

recharacterize certain of those functions as proprietary.” Homoky, 294 S.W.3d at

814-15(“Given the broad interpretations afforded ‘parks’ and ‘recreational

facilities,’ and notwithstanding the lack of pleasure or amusement some associate

with golf, we conclude operation of a golf course is encompassed within the

governmental functions listed in the TTCA”);(citing City of San Antonio v. Polanco

& Co., L.L.C., No. 04-07-00258-CV, 2007 WL 3171360, at *4 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio Oct 31, 2007, pet. denied)(mem. op.); and Mitchell v. City of Dallas, 855


                                         14
S.W.2d 741, 744 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993), aff’d, 870 S.W.2d 21 (Tex.

1994)(refusing to adopt a restrictive interpretation of section 101.0215(a) and

concluding that the reclassification of parks as a governmental function includes all

actions taken related to public parks)); see Christopher D. Jones, Comment, Texas

Municipal Liability: An Examination of the State and Federal Causes of Action, 40

BAYLOR L.REV. 595, 615 (1988)(“In regard to mixed functions, the rule now

seems to be that if any one component of a function is governmental, the entire

function will be considered governmental . . .”). Therefore, the leasing and

maintenance of hangers at the City’s Airport relate to “Airports” which is a

governmental function listed under section 101.215(a)(10) of the TTCA.

      Likewise, courts have held that “governmental functions encompass activities

that are closely related to or necessary for performance of the governmental activities

designated by statute.” City of Houston v. Petroleum Traders Corp., 261 S.W.3d

350, 356 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.)(purchasing fuel was

necessary to perform governmental functions such as police and fire protection,

garbage collection and operation of emergency ambulance services); Ethio Express

Shuttle Serv., Inc. v. City of Houston, 164 S.W.3d 751, 756-57 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist] 2005, no pet.)(shuttle service to airport was closely related to Houston’s

regulation of airport). Accordingly, all activities associated with the operation of an

airport, including the maintenance and leasing of the hangars at the Airport, are


                                          15
interrelated and are governmental functions. Also, Hale’s statement that the leasing

of the hangars is “intended for the private exchange and benefit of its inhabitants,”

is completely false. (Appellant Brf. 10). The Airport is open to the aviation public.

(C.R. 17). Any aircraft with current and correct FAA Certificates of Registration

and Airworthiness are authorized to use the Airport. (C.R. 18). The rental of the

Airport hangers is therefore intended for and benefits the aviation public who have

an aircraft with the required FAA certificates. (C.R. 17-18).

      Hale also argues that the Court in Posnainsky held that because the

municipality constructed and maintained the streets for its “own advantage or

emolument,” it was not immune from suit for negligently maintaining those streets.

(Appellant Brf. 10). Unlike common law under which Posnainsky was decided, the

City’s motives for engaging in the activity of leasing and maintaining its hangars are

irrelevant under the Texas Tort Claims Act. Homoky, 294 S.W.3d at 814; Tex. River

Barges v. City of San Antonio, 21 S.W.3d 347, at 357; Mitchell, 855 S.W.2d at 744.

      What is ironic is that in Hale’s response to the City’s Partial Motion for

Summary Judgment as to Hale’s tort claims against the City, Hale agrees that all

activities related to the City of Bonham’s operation at the airport are considered

governmental. (C.R. 112). Hale even states in his response that, “many courts have

held that all activities associated with the operation of one of the governmental

functions listed in section 101.0215(a) are governmental and cannot be considered


                                         16
proprietary, regardless of the City’s motive for engaging in the activity.” (C.R. 111).

0-12). Hale also states, “Consequently, all activities related to the City of Bonham’s

operation of the airport are considered governmental.” (C.R. 112). Hale cites to the

following cases to support his argument: citing to Tex. River Barges v. City of San

Antonio, 21 S.W.3d 347, at 356-57(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet denied); City

of Dallas v. Reata Constr. Corp., 83 S.W.3d 392, 395 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002,

pet.); Mitchell v. City of Dallas, 855 S.W.2d 741, 744 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993 aff’d

870 S.W.2d 21 (Tex. 1994). (C.R. 111-12).

      Thus, the City’s function of leasing and maintaining its hangars, which is

encompassed in the operation of an Airport, is a governmental function.

Accordingly, this Court has no discretion to determine the City’s action is

proprietary because it has been designated as a governmental function by the Texas

Tort Claims Act.

      II.    THE   PROPRIETARY-GOVERNMENTAL    DICHOTOMY
             DOES NOT APPLY TO HALE’S BREACH OF CONTRACT
             AND QUASI-CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS

       The propriety-governmental function dichotomy present in the Texas Tort

Claims Act should not be applied to breach of contract claims against governmental

entities. Gay v. City of Wichita Falls, 457 S.W.3d 499, 504 (Tex. App.—El Paso,

2014, no pet.); Wasson Interests, Ltd. Interests, Ltd. v. City of Jacksonville, No. 12-

13-00262-CV, 2014 WL 3368413, at *9 (Tex. App.—Tyler July 9, 2014, pet.


                                          17
filed)(mem. op.); City of San Antonio v. Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc.,

381 S.W.3d 597, 604 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied); Lower Colo.

River Auth. v. City of Boerne, 422 S.W.3d 60, 67 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

2014)(pet. dism’d by agr.); Republic Power Partners, L.P. v. City of Lubbock, 424

S.W.3d 184, 193 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2014, no pet.); West Texas Mun. Power

Agency v. Republic Power Partners, L.P., 428 S.W.3d 299, 306 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 2014, no pet.).

         A. The Texas Supreme Court Has Never Stated the Dichotomy
            Applies to Waivers of Immunity from Contractual Claims, but
            Defers to the Legislature to Waive Immunity

      In Tooke, the Texas Supreme Court noted that it had never determined

whether the proprietary/governmental dichotomy is applicable to waivers of

governmental immunity for breach-of-contract claims. Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343.

In Tooke, the Supreme Court correctly observed: “we have never held that this same

distinction [proprietary/governmental] determines whether immunity from suit is

waived for breach of contract claims, and we need not determine that issue here.”

Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343; see also Wasson Interests, 2014 3368413 at *4-5.

Reasoning that it was not the Court’s place to create a situation where immunity

from suit would not apply, the Supreme Court further explained that is has

“consistently deferred to the Legislature to waive sovereign immunity from suit,

because this allows the Legislature to protect its policymaking function.” Tooke,

                                        18
197 S.W.3d at 332; see also Gay, 457 S.W.3d at 505 (citing Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at

332); West Texas Mun. Power, 428 S.W.3d at 305-06 (citing TEX. LOC. GOV’T

CODE ANN. §311.034); IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d at 853-54. Explaining why deference

to the Legislature is the proper approach, the Court said “in the contract-claims

context, legislative control over sovereign immunity allows the Legislature to

respond to changing conditions and revise existing agreements if doing so would

benefit the public.” Id. (quoting IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d at 854).

      As the Supreme Court has stated, there is a “‘heavy presumption’ in favor of

immunity,” and only “unambiguous legislation” can waive immunity. Gay, 457

S.W.3d at 504 (citing City of Galveston v. State, 217 S.W.3d 466, 469 (Tex. 2007));

Wasson Interests, 2014 WL 3368413 *6 (citing Kirby Lake Dev. Ltd. v. Clear Lake

City Water, 320 S.W.3d 829, 837 (Tex. 2010)). Texas courts presume that the

“Legislature deliberately and purposefully selects words and phrases it enacts, as

well as deliberately and purposefully omits words and phrases it does not enact.”

Gay, 457 S.W.3d at 507 (citing Tex. Mutual Ins. Co., 381 S.W.3d at 451). “Any

ambiguity should be resolved in favor of retaining immunity.” Wichita Falls State

Hosp., 106 S.W.3d at 696. Because the proprietary-governmental distinction was

created for the uniqueness of the tort setting, that is where it should remain.

       Because the Legislature has not clearly and unambiguously waived the City’s

immunity for contract claims in any other manner than as indicated in Chapter 271


                                          19
of the Local Government Code, we urge this Court to hold that the

proprietary/governmental dichotomy does not apply to Hale’s contract and quasi-

contract claims and affirm the trial court’s Order granting the City’s Motion for

Summary Judgment.

      B.     Cases Cited by Hale to Support His Position on Dichotomy Are Not
             Instructive to Make This Determination

      Before Tooke, some cases were decided with the presumption that

governmental immunity does not apply to cities in a contract-related setting. See

Bailey v. City of Austin, 972 S.W.2d 180, 192 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet.

denied)(citing City of Gladewater v. Pike, 727 S.W.2d 514, 519 (Tex. 1987)). Tooke

made it clear that sovereign immunity is the default rule for municipalities with

respect to all types of claims. Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 331-32 (sovereign immunity in

the absence of a clear legislative waiver is the firmly established principle); see also

Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc., 381 S.W.3d at 604 (sovereign immunity

is “default rule” after Tooke).

      Accordingly, due to the reversal from presumption against immunity to the

presumption in favor of immunity, cases decided before Tooke on the issue of

proprietary-governmental distinction and any presumption against immunity are of

little precedential value.

      To encourage this Court to import the proprietary-governmental distinction to

contract-related claims, Hale cites to cases that are of no value in making this
                                          20
determination. Hale cites to Gates v. City of Dallas, 704 S.W.2d 737 (Tex. 1986) to

support his contention that the proprietary-governmental distinction applies to

contract-related claims. (Appellant Brf. 12). Gates was decided before Tooke and is

of little precedential value due to the reversal from presumption against immunity to

the presumption in favor of immunity. Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 331-32. Additionally,

Hale fails to note that Gates only addressed immunity from liability, not immunity

from suit. Gates, 704 S.W.2d at 739. This distinction is critical because even if a

government entity acknowledges liability, immunity from suit bars a remedy until

the Legislature consents to suit. Wichita Falls State Hosp., 106 S.W.3d at 692. In

Gates, immunity from suit was neither raised nor addressed by the court; therefore,

Gates has no value regarding the issue presented here-immunity from suit. Gates,

704 S.W.2d at 739. Also, Hale fails to reconcile Gates with the Supreme Court’s

unequivocal statement in Tooke that “we have never held that this same distinction

[between proprietary and governmental functions] determines whether immunity

from suit is waived for breach of contract claims.” Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 343.

Unless the Supreme Court means something different than what it says in that it has

not ruled on the applicability of the proprietary-governmental dichotomy to contract

claims, Gates does not state the rule for that issue. Fully aware of Gates, the

Supreme Court still made it clear that governmental immunity was the default rule.

Id. at 332.


                                         21
      Hale urges this Court to adopt the holding in the City of Georgetown v. Lower

Colo. River Auth., 413 S.W.3d 803 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. dism’d by agr.),

to find that the proprietary-governmental dichotomy applies to contract-related

claims against a municipality. (Appellant Brf. 13). This Court should not be swayed

by the City of Georgetown. The court in the City of Georgetown based its holding

on pre-Tooke authority that the proprietary-governmental dichotomy applied to

contract claims against the governmental entities under the common law. Id. at 810-

11. The primary rationale offered by the Austin Court of Appeals for applying the

dichotomy to contract claims is that it is what the lower courts have done in the past.

Id.    However, the court noted that the prior opinions “mostly assumed, without

explanation” or “did not engage in substantive analysis.” Id. Precedence based on

unexplained reasons and formulated without analysis do not warrant unthinking

obedience.

      Hale also cites to a post-Tooke appellate opinion, Casso v. City of McAllen,

No.13-08-00618-CV, 2009 WL 781863 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi March 26,

2009, pet granted)(memo. op), that applied the proprietary-governmental distinction

in a contract case to determine that a city did not have immunity. (Appellant Brf.

13). The Casso court failed to look to the Legislature to determine whether it had

clearly and unambiguously waived immunity, as required by the Supreme Court.

Specifically, the Casso court did not analyze the proprietary-governmental test in


                                          22
light of a contract claim rather than a tort claim. Casso, 2009 WL 781863 at *4.

Instead, it simply stated, without discussion, that immunity does not apply in cases

arising from a contract related to a proprietary function. Id. at **5-7. In support of

that principle, the Casso court cited Tooke, as well as Fed. Sign v. Tex. S. Univ., 951

S.W.2d 401, 405 (Tex. 1997) and Temple v. City of Houston, 189 S.W.3d 816 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). Tooke expressly declined to rule on the

applicability of the proprietary-governmental distinction in contract cases. Tooke,

197 S.W.3d at 343. Furthermore, Federal Sign, a pre-Tooke sovereign immunity

case, held that the state is immune from suit in breach-of-contract cases (Fed. Sign,

951 S.W.2d at 408); and Temple pre-dates the Supreme Court’s definitive

pronouncement in Tooke that immunity is the default rule and waiver can only come

from a clear statement by Legislature (Temple, 189 S.W.3d at 818).

      Therefore, the cases cited by Hale are not instructive and this Court should

not be swayed by their holdings.

      C.     The Majority of the Courts of Appeals Hold the Dichotomy is
             Inapplicable to Contractual Claims

      Additionally, contrary to Hale’s statement that the majority of appellate courts

continue to apply the proprietary-governmental dichotomy to contract claims, the

reality is that the majority of the courts of appeals have concluded that the

proprietary-governmental function dichotomy is inapplicable to breach-of-contract

claims. Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc., 381 S.W.3d at 604; Lower Colo.
                                          23
River Auth., 422 S.W.3d at 60; Republic Power Partners, L.P. v. City of Lubbock,

424 S.W.3d at 193; West Texas Mun. Power Agency, 428 S.W.3d at 306; Wasson

Interests, 2014 WL 3368413 at *3; Gay, 457 S.W.3d at 506-07; see also City of El

Paso v. High Ridge Constr., Inc., 442 S.W.3d 660, 666-68 (Tex. App.—El Paso

2014, pet filed). These courts provide a thorough discussion of the authorities,

policies, and reasons as to why the proprietary-governmental function dichotomy is

inapplicable to breach-of-contract claims.

      D.     Regardless, the City of Bonham Was Acting in a Governmental
             Manner

      Regardless, all activities related to the City of Bonham’s operation of the

airport, including the leasing of the hangars at the Airport, are considered

governmental functions.      The Legislature has statutorily recognized airports,

including when used for space flight activities as a governmental function under the

Texas Tort Claims Act.            TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§101.0215(a)(10). The City owned, operated, and maintained the Airport. The

operation of the Airport would encompass the leasing and maintenance of hangars

located at the Airport. See Id., subsection (a).

      Accordingly, regardless of the proprietary-governmental dichotomy, the City

was acting in its governmental capacity with relation to the leasing and maintenance

of the hangar rented by Hale.



                                           24
      III.   THE CITY’S GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY HAS NOT BEEN
             WAIVED FOR HALE’S    CONTRACTUAL AND QUASI-
             CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS UNDER CHAPTER 271

      By entering into a contract, a governmental entity “necessarily waives

immunity from liability, voluntarily binding itself like any other party to the terms

of the agreement,” and, therefore, waives its immunity from liability. Tooke, 197

S.W.3d at 332. However, the entity retains its immunity from suit on the contract

unless that immunity has been specifically waived. Gen. Servs. Comm’n v. Little-

Tex Insulation Co., 39 S.W.3d at 594-597; Kirby Lake Dev., v. Clear Lake City

Water Auth., 320 S.W.3d at 836; Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, 381 S.W.3d

at 601. Express consent by the Legislature is required to abrogate immunity from

suit in a breach of contract case. When the Legislature provides for a waiver of

immunity from suit, it must do so with clear and unambiguous language, and any

ambiguity must be resolved in favor of retaining immunity. TEX. LOC. GOV’T

CODE ANN. §311.034 (Vernon Supp. 2007)(“In order to preserve the legislature’s

interest in managing state fiscal matters through the appropriations process, a statute

shall not be construed as a waiver of governmental immunity unless the waiver is

effected by clear and unambiguous language.”); Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd., 320 S.W.3d

at 837; Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 328-29; Wichita Falls State Hosp., 106 S.W.3d at 697.

      Through its enactment of Chapter 271 of the Texas Local Government Code,

the Legislature has clearly and unambiguously waived a local government’s


                                          25
immunity from suit only in certain circumstances. Wheelabrator Air Pollution

Control, 381 S.W.3d at 601; Ben-Bolt-Palito Blanco, 212 S.W.3d at 327. Claimant

bears the burden to prove facts that demonstrate that governmental immunity has

been waived and that the court has subject matter jurisdiction. City of Dallas v.

Turley, 316 S.W. 3d 762, 767 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. denied).

      A. There is No Waiver Under Chapter 271 for the Lease of the Hangar

      In order for Hale to have a valid breach of contract claim against the City of

Bonham, the lease of the hangar must fall within the limited statutory definitions and

wavier provisions of Subchapter I of Chapter 271 of the Texas Government Code.

Specifically, section 271.152 of the Texas Government code provides as follows:

      A local governmental entity that is authorized by statute or the constitution to
      enter into a contract subject to this subchapter waives sovereign immunity to
      suit for the purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach of the contract, subject
      to the terms and conditions of this subchapter.

TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. §271.152 (West 2005).

A “contract subject to this subchapter” is defined as:

       “[A] written contract stating the essential terms of the agreement for
       providing goods or services to the local governmental entity that is
       properly executed on behalf of the local governmental entity. Id. §271.151(2).

Id. §271.151(2). App. Tab. B.

      The City of Bonham did not waive immunity from suit by entering into the

Lease with Hale. The written contract entered into between Hale and the City is for

a lease of hangar located and situated at the City of Bonham’s Airport. (C.R. 12-13).
                                         26
The Lease does not require Hale “to provide goods or services to the local

government entity (the City of Bonham),” therefore, governmental immunity has not

been waived.    Lease contracts, contracts for the sale of real estate, easement

agreements are not contracts of “goods and services” and, therefore, the

governmental entity retains immunity. City of Paris v. Abbott, 360 S.W.3d 567, 576

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. denied) (citing Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd., 320 S.W.3d

at 839); see Lubbock Cnty. Water Control and Improvement Dist. v. Church & Akin,

442 S.W.3d 297, 301 (Tex. 2014)(concluding that a lease agreement with a

governmental unit does not waive immunity unless the agreement requires that the

claimant provide goods or services to the governmental unit).

      The Lease does not constitute a contract stating the essential terms of the

agreement for providing goods or services to the City of Bonham; therefore, the

limited waiver of immunity from suit under Chapter 271 does not apply. Further, the

Legislature could have chosen to incorporate the proprietary-governmental

dichotomy into the statutory waiver for breach of contract for goods and services,

but it chose not to do so. Lower Colo. River Auth., 422 S.W.3d 60, 66 (declining to

apply proprietary-governmental distinction and indicating section 271.151

constitutes the sole waiver of immunity from suit in contract setting).

      B.   There is No Waiver of Governmental Immunity for Hale’s Quasi-
           Contractual Claim of Bailment



                                         27
      Hale alleges that his bailment claim lies in contract and, therefore, the

proprietary-governmental dichotomy should be applied to this claim. Hale alleges

that the City demanded that he vacate the premises and stay out of the hangar and

that such action represents complete command and control over the premises.

      For a bailment to occur, there must be an express or implied contract, delivery

of the property to the bailee, and acceptance of the property by the bailee, and

consideration must be present for a bailment to exist. See Jack Boles Servs., Inc. v.

Stavely, 906 S.W.2d 185, 188 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, writ denied). Hale’s

bailment claim against the City sounds in breach of contract and is, therefore, barred

by governmental immunity.         There is no statute which expressly waives

governmental immunity for a claim of bailment. Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd., 320 S.W.3d

at 836. Thus, the City has immunity from suit for Hale’s bailment claim.

      C.     There is No Waiver of Governmental Immunity for Hale’s Quasi-
             Contract Claims of Promissory Estoppel and Unjust Enrichment

      Hale has sued the City based on a quasi-contract claim of promissory estoppel

and unjust enrichment.      There is no waiver of governmental immunity for

promissory estoppel and unjust enrichment claims. The law requires that any waiver

of immunity be clear, unambiguous, and explicit. Travis Cnty v. Pelzel & Assoc.,

77 S.W.3d 246, 249 (Tex. 2002); Guillory v. Port of Houston Auth., 845 S.W.2d

812, 813 (Tex. 1993). The plain language of section 271.152’s waiver of immunity

does not clearly, unambiguously and explicitly include claims founded in equity,
                                         28
such as promissory estoppel and unjust enrichment. Every case to construe this

statute has so held. City of Deer Park v. Ibarra, No. 01-10-00490-CV, 2011 WL

3820798, *16-18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.)(mem. op.)(claims

in equity of promissory estoppel and quantum meruit are not encompassed by

§271.152’s limited waiver); City of Houston v. Petroleum Traders Corp., 261

S.W.3d at 359-60 (Section 271.152 waives sovereign immunity only for breach of

contract and “lists no other claims, either in law or in equity”). H & H Sand &

Gravel, Inc. v. City of Corpus Christi, No. 13-06-00677-CV, 2007 WL 3293628, *4

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, pet. denied)(mem. op.)(holding that claims in

equity are not encompassed by section 271.152’s limited waiver). Hale does not

plead or even suggests any statutory waiver of immunity for his quasi-contractual

claims of promissory estoppel and unjust enrichment, much less being encompassed

by section 271.152. For this reason, the City retains immunity for Hale’s promissory

estoppel and unjust enrichment claims.

      IV.   TEXAS TORT CLAIMS ACT APPLIES TO BAR HALE’S TORT
            CLAIMS AS NO WAIVER APPLIES

      Because the leasing and maintenance of the hangar at the Airport is a

governmental function, the TTCA applies, effectively barring Hale’s tort claims,

unless immunity has been waived. Tooke, 197 S.W.3d at 344. Hale does not allege

a waiver under the TTCA.



                                         29
      Governmental immunity is waived under section 101.021 of the TTCA for

only two types of claims:

           (1) Those involving property damage, personal injury or death

                 proximately caused by the wrongful act or omission or negligence of

                 an employee acting within his scope of employment if:

             (A)    The property damage, personal injury, or death arises from the

                    operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven

                    equipment; and

             (B)    The employee would be personally liable to the claimant

                    according to Texas law; and

           (2)   Personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of tangible

                 personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a

                 private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §101.021(1)(A), (B)(2).

      Hale has not alleged property damage arising from the operation or use of a

motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven equipment so the first category does not apply.

Hale has not alleged personal injury or death, so the second category does not apply.

Accordingly, Hale’s tort claims filed against the City are barred by governmental

immunity as no waiver applies under the TTCA.

      V.     HALE HAS NOT PLEAD A TORT CLAIM THAT MEETS ANY
             LIMITED WAIVER UNDER THE TEXAS TORT CLAIMS ACT.
                                          30
      The TTCA expressly excludes those governmental activities listed in section

101.0215(a) from those activities that may be considered proprietary. TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.0215(b)(c). Accordingly, all activities

associated with the operation of one of the governmental functions listed in section

101.0215(a) are governmental and cannot be considered proprietary. Because the

leasing and maintenance of hangars at the Airport, falls within the non-exclusive list

of thirty-six municipal functions designated as a governmental function, “ airports,

including when used for space flight activities …”, this Court has no discretion to

determine this service is proprietary. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§101.0215(a)(10).

      Hale appears to rely on section 101.025 of the TTCA to allege that the TTCA

provides a limited waiver of immunity from suit for all claims for which it waives

liability. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §101.025. (Appellant Brf. 26).

Hale alleges that liability for premises defects is implied under section 101.021(2)

of the TTCA because a premises defect arises from a condition existing on real

property. (Appellant Brf. 26). We agree with Hale that premises defect falls within

Section 101.021(2) of the TTCA. However, the City’s immunity from suit for tort

claims is waived only to the extent the TTCA creates liability. Texas Dep't of Transp.

v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864, 866 (Tex.2002)(citing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann.

§101.025(a) (Vernon 2005)). Section 101.025 of the TTCA establishes the following
                                         31
threshold premise: a governmental entity has sovereign immunity to suit and waives

that immunity only if liability arises under the Act. See generally, Poncar v. City of

Mission, 797 S.W.2d 236, 239 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1990, no writ). Unless

a claim for premise liability falls within one of the specific areas of liability for

which immunity is waived by section 101.021 of the TTCA—(1) property damage,

personal injury, or death arising from the operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle

or other motor-driven equipment; and (2) personal injury and death so caused by a

condition or use of tangible personal or real property (premises liability), the

governmental entity is immune. See Medrano v. City of Pearsall, 989 S.W.2d 141,

144 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.); McKinney v. City of Gainesville, 814

S.W.2d 862, 865 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1991, no writ). The Act provides that a

governmental unit is liable for “personal injury and death so caused by a condition

or use of tangible personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it

a private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.” Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. §101.021(2) (Vernon 2005); see County of Cameron v. Brown,

80 S.W.3d 549 at 554 (Tex. 2002). However, Hale’s claim is solely for property

damage not personal injury and death caused by a condition of real property

(premise liability); therefore there is no waiver of the City’s governmental immunity

for premise liability as it does not does not fall within one of the specific areas of




                                         32
liability for which immunity is waived. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§101.021.

      VI.    NO ADDITIONAL FACTUAL EVIDENCE WOULD RESULT IN
             A REVERSAL OF THE DECISION BY THE TRIAL JUDGE

       There are no additional facts that would result in a reversal of the trial Judge’s

decision regarding the City’s governmental immunity for the claims asserted by

Hale. Hales alleges he needs additional time to give him the opportunity to amend

his pleadings to bring any claims under the TTCA. (1 R.R. 23). Hale had plenty of

time to conduct discovery but chose not to do so. The City filed its First Amended

Declaratory Judgment on June 12, 2014, which included a request for the Court to

declare the City was immune from suit under the concept of sovereign immunity.

(C.R. 24-47). Hale filed his Original Counterclaims against the City on November

12, 2014. (C.R. 57-67). The City did not even file its Partial Motion for Summary

Judgment as to Hale’s tort claims filed against it until November 25, 2014. (C.R. 68-

99). Hale filed his response to the City’s Partial Motion for Summary Judgment on

December 30, 2014. (C.R. 107-119). In his response, Hale never alleged he needed

additional time to conduct discovery and in fact never even argued the proprietary-

governmental dichotomy in his response. (C.R. 107-119). The hearing on the City’s

Partial Motion for Summary Judgment did not take place until January 6, 2015. (1

R.R. 1-25). At no time during this period of time did Hale propound any discovery

requests to the City nor file a Motion for Continuance for additional time to conduct
                                           33
discovery. It was not until the parties appeared for the hearing on January 6, 2015,

that, for the first time, Hale requested additional time to conduct discovery, or

alternatively or in addition to, Hale requested time to “give us an opportunity to

amend our pleadings to bring our claims within the umbrella of the Texas Tort

Claims Act.” (1 R.R. 12-13). Since the trial court found granted the City’s Motion

for Partial Summary Judgment, but did not identify the grounds on which it granted

the Motion (C.R. 119), the reviewing court must affirm summary judgment if any of

the summary judgment grounds are meritorious. FM Props. Operating Co. v. City of

Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872-73 (Tex. 2000)(citing Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe, 915

S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex. 1995)). No additional facts would change the evidence that

the TTCA provides that the City is liable for “personal injury and death so caused

by a condition or use of tangible personal or real property,” and because Hale is

alleging property damage and not personal injury and death, there would be

additional facts that could possibly waive the City’s immunity under the TTCA. Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §101.021(2). Joe v. Two Thirty Nine J. V., 145 S.W.3d

150, 162 (Tex. 2004)(Plaintiff’s motion for continuance was denied because

discovery sought was not material and would not raise fact issue).

      Hale believes the facts of this case may support a claims for a special defect.

(Appellant Brf. 32-33). Given that a special defect is an excavation, obstruction, or

other condition that presents an unexpected and unusual danger to ordinary users of


                                         34
roadways, it is highly unlikely any additional discovery would result in a claim for

a special defect. State Dept. of Highways and Public Transp. v. Kitchen, 867.

S.W.2d 784, 786 (Tex. 1993). However, like premise liability, Hale would still have

to show that the City waived its immunity under the TTCA for the alleged special

defect under TTCA section 101.021(2). Again, no additional evidence would

change the fact that the City is liable for “personal injury and death so caused by a

condition or use of tangible personal or real property,” and because Hale is solely

alleging property damage and not personal injury and death, there would be

additional facts that could possibly waive the City’s immunity under the TTCA. Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §101.021(2).

      Hale erroneously alleges that the City’s actions may give rise to intentional

tort claims, for which sovereign immunity does not attach and fails to cite to any

statute or cases to support his argument. (Appellant Brf. 32). All tort theories alleged

against a governmental unit are governed by the TTCA. Mission Consol. Indep. Sch.

Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tex. 2011). Waivers of immunity under the

TTCA do not extend to claims arising out of intentional torts. Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. §101.057(2) (West 2011) (This chapter does not apply to a claim

arising out of assault, battery, false imprisonment, or any other intentional tort . .”);

Tex. River Barges, 21 S.W.3d at 356 (“Under the Act, a municipality is immune for

liability for intentional torts.”). Consequently, any additional factual evidence that


                                           35
may give rise to intentional tort claims against the City, although highly unlikely,

would not be waived under the TTCA.

      Therefore, this Court should deny Hale’s request to remand the case to the

trial court to allow Hale the opportunity to conduct additional discovery and amend

his counterclaims as no additional factual evidence would result in a reversal of the

decision by the trial Judge.

                               CONCLUSION AND PRAYER

      The Court below correctly decided the City of Bonham’s Motion for Partial

Motion for Summary Judgment and the City of Bonham’s Motion for Summary

Judgment. The City of Bonham has governmental immunity from liability and from

suit on Hale’s tort claims and the City of Bonham has governmental immunity from

suit on Hale’s contractual and quasi-contractual claims. Further, no additional

factual evidence discovered by Hale would result in a reversal of the decisions by

the trial Judge. Accordingly, the City of Bonham, prays the trial court’s Orders on

its Partial Motion for Summary Judgment and Motion for Summary Judgment be

affirmed in all things and that appellate costs be taxed against Hale.




                                          36
                                Respectfully submitted,
                                KILGORE MCCOWN, PLLC

                                /s/ Dottie Sheffield
                                _________________________________________
                                CHRIS KILGORE
                                State Bar No. 11398350
                                ckilgore@kmlawpllc.com
                                DOTTIE SHEFFIELD
                                State Bar No. 24051326
                                dsheffield@kmlawpllc.com
                                JOHN J. REENAN
                                State Bar No. 00789777
                                jreenan@kmlawpllc.com
                                2201 Main Street, Suite 212
                                Dallas, Texas 75201
                                214-296-4850
                                972-532-6496 – facsimile
                                ATTORNEYS FOR
                                APPELLEE, CITY OF BONHAM


                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I certify that a copy of Appellee’s, City of Bonham, brief was served

electronically on Appellant, Sidney B. Hale, Jr., through his counsel of record, Gary

Linn Evans, Coats & Evans, P.C., P.O. Box 130246, The Woodlands, Texas 77393-

0246, via evans@texasaviationlaw.com on the 6th day of August, 2015.

                                              /s/ Dottie Sheffield

                                              DOTTIE SHEFFIELD




                                         37
                          CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      As required by the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3), I certify that

the Brief of Appellee, City of Bonham, contains 8,438 words, excluding the parts of

the Brief that are exempted by the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(1).

      This brief complies with the typeface requirements of Texas Rules of

Appellate Procedure 9.4(e) because this brief has been prepared in a proportionally

spaced typeface using Microsoft Word 2010 in 14 point Times Roman font.

      I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.

      Executed on the 6th day of August, 2015.

                                /s/ Dottie Sheffield
                                ________________________________
                                CHRIS KILGORE
                                State Bar No. 11398350
                                ckilgore@kmlawpllc.com
                                DOTTIE SHEFFIELD
                                State Bar No. 24051326
                                dsheffield@kmlawpllc.com
                                JOHN J. REENAN
                                State Bar No. 00789777
                                jreenan@kmlawpllc.com
                                KILGORE MCCOWN, PLLC
                                2201 Main Street, Suite 212
                                Dallas, Texas 75201
                                (214) 296-4850
                                (972) 532-6496 (facsimile)
                                ATTORNEYS FOR
                                APPELLEE CITY OF BONHAM




                                         38
                        APPENDIX

APP TAB A   TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
            §101.001-101.109………………………………………..40

APP TAB B   TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. §271.151 and
            (West 2005)……………………………………………...41




                         39
