                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _____________

                                    No. 13-3751
                                   _____________

                                RICHARD WOODS,

                                                 Appellant
                                          v.

                          MARIROSA LAMAS;
        THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA;
        THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA

                  On Appeal from the United States District Court for
                        the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                 (No. 2-12-cv-01684)
                       District Judge: Hon. Gene E.K. Pratter

                             Argued: September 15, 2015

            Before: FISHER, CHAGARES, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

                             (Filed: November 23, 2015)

Richard H. Frankel
Kyle Gray, Student Counsel (Argued)
Kathleen Bichner, Student Counsel (Argued)
Appellate Litigation Clinic
Drexel University
Thomas R. Kline School of Law
3320 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
       Attorneys for Appellants

Susan E. Affronti (Argued)
Thomas W. Dolgenos
Ronald Eisenberg
Edward F. McCann, Jr.
R. Seth Williams
Philadelphia County Office of District Attorney
Three South Penn Square
Philadelphia, PA 19107
       Attorneys for Appellees

                                       ____________

                                         OPINION*
                                       ____________

CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.

       Richard Woods appeals the District Court’s dismissal of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254

petition. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm, albeit on an alternative basis.1

                                              I.

       Because we write exclusively for the parties, we set forth only those facts

necessary to our disposition.

       Woods was charged on April 10, 2001, with first-degree murder by the

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the killing of his brother, and his trial in the Court of

Common Pleas of Philadelphia did not begin until December 9, 2003, 973 days later.

After the complaint was filed, Woods was brought before the Municipal Court of

Philadelphia for a preliminary hearing (continued upon joint request from April 25, 2001,

to May 15, 2001), and his case was listed for status in the Court of Common Pleas. On


       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
       1
         The attorneys for the appellant are appearing pro bono. We express our gratitude
to those attorneys for accepting this matter pro bono and for the quality of their
representation of their client. Lawyers who act pro bono fulfill the highest service that
members of the bar can offer to indigent parties and to the legal profession.
                                              2
July 6, 2001, the court granted the defense’s request for a psychological evaluation to

determine Woods’s competency to proceed to trial and excluded the time periods from

July 6, 2001, to September 10, 2001, for speedy trial purposes under Pennsylvania Rule

of Criminal Procedure 600 (“Rule 600”). The competency evaluation was completed on

September 17, 2001, at which point the case was again continued to September 24, 2001,

with the time excluded. On September 24, 2001, the case was “spun out” to a different

judge and continued to October 11, 2001, at which point it was continued for another day

until October 12, 2001, because defense counsel was not available. On October 12, 2001,

the case was continued to November 8, 2001, to facilitate plea negotiations, with the time

excluded. On November 26, 2001, the court granted Woods’s attorney’s motion to

withdraw, and new counsel was appointed.

       During the next hearing on March 26, 2002, the court declined to change the

original trial date of July 15, 2002, which was marked “E.P.D.,” apparently an

abbreviation for “earliest possible date.”2 The period from November 26, 2001, through

July 15, 2002, was not excluded. On July 15, 2002, the defense sought a continuance,

and the proceedings were continued until January 21, 2003. On January 21, 2003,

defense counsel said that he was working on a capital trial and was unavailable, and the

case was continued until July 21, 2003, with the time ruled excludable. The next hearing

occurred on July 30, 2003; the judge was unavailable due to illness, and the proceedings


       2
        In its brief and at oral argument, the Commonwealth has contended that the case
was marked for the earliest possible date on March 26, 2002, and again on September 15,
2013, upon the Commonwealth’s request, Comm. Br. 14, but such requests are not clear
from the record before the Court.
                                             3
were continued until September 15, 2003. On September 2, 2003, Woods submitted a

pro se motion for dismissal of charges on speedy trial grounds. See Appendix (“App.”)

at 39. The court did not consider Woods’s pro se motion because he was represented by

counsel. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 410 A.2d 880, 883 (Pa. 1979). On September

15, 2003, the case was listed for a two-to-three-day trial and continued to November 13,

2003. That day, the Commonwealth and defense counsel jointly requested a continuance,

and a status conference was set for November 19, 2003, with a trial on December 8,

2003. On December 8, defense counsel was unavailable, and the case was delayed until

December 9, 2003, when Woods’s trial commenced.

       After his conviction and an unsuccessful counseled appeal, Woods filed a pro se

collateral petition pursuant to the Pennsylvania Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42

Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9541, et seq., in which he argued, inter alia, that his trial counsel had

been ineffective for failing to file a speedy trial motion under Rule 600. He filed the

petition on March 5, 2008, and he was later appointed PCRA counsel. After the PCRA

court dismissed his petition, Woods appealed. Appointed counsel filed a statement of

issues complained of on appeal pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure

1925(b) (“1925(b) statement”) that did not include the Rule 600 ineffectiveness claim.

On June 28, 2010, Woods was granted permission to proceed pro se. On June 29, 2010,

Woods filed a “Motion to File Emergency Amended Statement of Matters Complained of

on Appeal.” App. 129. In that motion, he complained that he was denied his right to a

speedy trial under Rule 600 and the United States Constitution and that trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to advance a speedy trial argument. Id. at 130. That motion was

                                               4
stamped “Filed in Superior Court,” id. at 129, but it is not listed on the Superior Court

docket sheet, id. at 136. Woods then filed his PCRA appellate brief in the Superior

Court on August 9, 2010, in which he included speedy trial and ineffective assistance of

counsel claims. Id. at 140-89.

       On September 30, 2010,3 Woods filed a second motion to add a claim to his

1925(b) statement regarding the competence of the minors who testified against him, and

the Superior Court remanded the motion and the record to the Court of Common Pleas

with instructions to Woods “to file with the trial court and serve upon the trial judge a

supplemental Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal, raising the

one issue referenced in his motion to supplement the record.” Id. at 193. Woods thus

filed a supplemental 1925(b) statement raising only the claim regarding the minors’

competence. The Court of Common Pleas denied that claim on November 17, 2010, and

on July 19, 2011, the Superior Court affirmed the denial by the Court of Common Pleas

of Woods’s PCRA petition. The Superior Court concluded that Woods had waived his

claim of ineffectiveness based on failure to raise a speedy trial claim and his

constitutional speedy trial claim because he “failed to present the claims either in his

original Rule 1925(b) statement or in his supplemental Rule 1925(b) statement.” Id. at

207.

       On April 4, 2012, Woods filed a pro se petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in

the District Court. The Magistrate Judge concluded in her Report and Recommendation


       3
       The motion is signed with a date of September 27, 2010, but the Superior Court
stamped the motion as having been filed on September 30, 2010. See App. 190-91.
                                              5
(“R&R”) that Woods had procedurally defaulted the ineffective assistance of counsel

claim by failing to bring it in his amended 1925(b) statement. Id. at 14-15. The District

Court, over Woods’s objections, approved and adopted the R&R, dismissed the petition,

and declined to grant a certificate of appealability. Id. at 3-4. We granted the request for

a certificate of appealability with respect to two issues: (1) whether trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the charges against Woods under Pa. R. Crim.

P. 600, and (2) whether Woods’s constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated.

Woods, through counsel, timely filed this appeal.

                                              II.

         The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, and we have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a). AEDPA limits our review of

claims adjudicated on the merits in state court, such that we may not grant relief unless

the state court proceeding:

               (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
               unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
               determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or

               (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
               determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the
               State court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). We review de novo claims, such as Woods’s, that were not

adjudicated on the merits in state court. See Thomas v. Horn, 570 F.3d 105, 113 (3d Cir.

2009).

                                              III.



                                               6
       Woods argues here that (1) trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for

dismissal under Rule 600; and (2) the Commonwealth violated his constitutional right to

a speedy trial. The District Court approved the Magistrate Judge’s finding that Woods

procedurally defaulted the claims. We conclude that, whether or not Woods procedurally

defaulted the claims, his petition clearly fails on the merits.4

                                              A.

       We first consider Woods’s claim of ineffectiveness of counsel for failure to move

for dismissal under Rule 600. A petitioner claiming ineffectiveness must show (1) “that

counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and (2)

“that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 688, 694 (1984). In evaluating an attorney’s conduct under Strickland, we “must

indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of

reasonable professional assistance,” and a defendant must overcome the presumption that

“under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial

strategy.” Id. at 689 (quotation marks omitted).



       4
          The Commonwealth has asked us to ignore the procedural default question and
decide the case on the merits. Given the straightforward merits issues and comparatively
difficult state procedural issues, we will do so in this case. See Lambrix v. Singletary,
520 U.S. 518, 525 (1997) (“Judicial economy might counsel giving the [merits] question
priority, for example, if it were easily resolvable against the habeas petitioner, whereas
the procedural-bar issue involved complicated issues of state law. Cf. 28 U.S.C. §
2254(b)(2) (permitting a federal court to deny a habeas petition on the merits
notwithstanding the applicant’s failure to exhaust state remedies).”).

                                               7
       Woods argues that the Commonwealth was required to bring him to trial within

365 days of filing the complaint. See Pa. R. Crim. P. 600(A). 5 Excluded from this

calculation are periods of time resulting from the unavailability of the defendant or his

attorney, or from continuances requested by the defendant. See id. at (C)(3). “[T]he . . .

filing of a pretrial motion by a defendant . . . render[s] him unavailable . . . if a delay in

the commencement of trial is caused by the filing of the pretrial motion” and the

Commonwealth “exercised due diligence in opposing or responding to the pretrial

motion.” Commonwealth v. Hill, 736 A.2d 578, 587 (Pa. 1999).

       Even where the defendant was not brought to trial within 365 non-excludable

days, the Commonwealth could defeat a motion to dismiss charges on speedy trial

grounds by showing that it “exercised due diligence” in prosecuting the case “and the

circumstances occasioning the postponement were beyond [its] control.” Id. at 591

(quotation marks and alteration omitted). “Due diligence is a fact-specific concept that

must be determined on a case-by-case basis” and “does not require perfect vigilance and

punctilious care, but rather a showing by the Commonwealth that a reasonable effort has

been put forth.” Commonwealth v. Ramos, 936 A.2d 1097, 1102 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2007)

(en banc). Rule 600 “encompasses a wide variety of circumstances under which a period

of delay was outside the control of the Commonwealth and not the result of the

Commonwealth’s lack of diligence.” Id. at 1103.




       5
       Rule 600 has recently been amended; we apply the version in effect at the time of
Woods’s pretrial proceedings.
                                               8
       Although it may be that more than 365 non-excludable days passed before

Woods’s trial, the Commonwealth could have argued in response to a Rule 600 motion

that much of the delay was a result of the defense’s actions, or at least beyond the

Commonwealth’s control and therefore not indicative of a lack of diligence. Woods’s

trial counsel could reasonably have foreseen the Commonwealth’s argument and

concluded that a Rule 600 motion would be unlikely to succeed and that pursuing the

motion would divert his time and attention from preparing the defense. In short, Woods

has not alleged a Rule 600 claim so meritorious as to overcome the strong presumption

that counsel’s decision not to pursue it fell within “the wide range of professionally

reasonable assistance” that constitutes effective assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.

Consequently, we hold that Woods cannot prevail on his claim that trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to raise the Rule 600 issue.

                                              B.

       We now consider Woods’s claim that he was denied a speedy trial in violation of

the Sixth Amendment, which we will review as a Strickland claim of ineffectiveness of

counsel, notwithstanding Woods’s assertion that the issue is before us as both a

Strickland claim and a standalone speedy trial claim. 6


       6
         Woods contends that his PCRA submissions, although inconsistent and
ambiguous in their characterization of the constitutional speedy trial claim, should be
read liberally and collectively to have raised the issue as both a Strickland claim and a
standalone claim. Woods does not deny, however, that counsel failed to raise the
constitutional speedy trial issue in the original trial court or on direct appeal. Failing to
do so would generally bar consideration of the issue as a standalone claim on collateral
review, and in dismissing his PCRA petition for a different reason (Woods’s failure to
present the claim in his Rule 1925(b) statement), the state court does not appear to have
                                               9
       In determining whether a violation of a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a

speedy trial has occurred, courts employ a balancing test, considering the “length of

delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s assertion of his right, and prejudice to the

defendant.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972). The four factors are “related . .

. and must be considered together with such other circumstances as may be relevant.” Id.

at 533. The first factor acts as “a triggering mechanism,” and as the Commonwealth

concedes, 973 days is sufficient to trigger a speedy trial inquiry. See Comm. Br. 20.

       The second factor, the reason for the delay, weighs heavily against Woods. A

large portion of the delay, including the period from July 15, 2002, until July 30, 2003,

was the direct result of continuance requests by defense counsel. Moreover, no period of

the delay was attributable to a continuance request solely by the Commonwealth.

Though delays caused by the courts “should be considered,” Barker, 407 U.S. at 531,

here, much of the delay was due to defense counsel’s continuance requests.

       The third factor weighs neither for nor against Woods. As we explained in United

States v. Battis, 589 F.3d 673 (3d Cir. 2009), in order to show that he asserted a speedy

trial right at the time of the delay, a defendant who was represented by counsel “should

identify ‘a motion or some evidence of direct instruction to counsel to assert the right at a

time when a formal assertion would have some chance of success.’” Id. at 681 (quoting

Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 766 (3d Cir. 1993)). Viewing this factor through the


found otherwise. Further, while before the District Court, Woods lodged no objection to
the Magistrate Judge’s characterization of both the Rule 600 and constitutional speedy
trial issues as Strickland claims in the R&R that was later approved and adopted by the
District Court.
                                             10
lens of Woods’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, it is not dispositive that trial

counsel acquiesced in the delay. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 536 (acknowledging the

possibility of “a situation in which an indictment may be dismissed on speedy trial

grounds where the defendant has failed to object to continuances” if “the defendant was

represented by incompetent counsel”). Woods did eventually attempt to assert his speedy

trial right through his pro se motion filed in September 2003. But Woods himself had, by

all appearances, acquiesced in the delay for nearly two and a half years before filing the

pro se motion, and it is unlikely that a speedy trial motion submitted by counsel would

have succeeded in September 2003. Overall, this factor is neutral in our analysis.

       The prejudice factor is close, but it ultimately weighs against Woods. Woods

complains of prejudice in the form of mental suffering and anxiety while awaiting trial

and the impaired ability to participate in the preparation of his defense, both of which the

Supreme Court has recognized as relevant to a speedy trial assessment. See Barker, 407

U.S. at 532. The Commonwealth notes, and Woods concedes, that of the pretrial period

Woods spent incarcerated, he would have been incarcerated for at least twelve months on

other charges. On November 30, 2001, he pled guilty to possession with intent to deliver

a controlled substance and was sentenced to three to twelve months of incarceration, see

Supplemental Appendix (“S.A.”) 3, and on March 7, 2002, he pled guilty to the probation

violation of carrying a firearm without a license. See id.; see also Woods Reply Br. 18;

Comm. Br. 25-26. With regard to prejudice to Woods’s ability to prepare his defense,

although it may have been more difficult for Woods to communicate with his attorney



                                              11
while he was incarcerated, the delay presumably also aided Woods’s defense, as it

allowed his attorney the time that he requested to prepare for trial.

       Considering all these factors together, Woods’s trial counsel could have

reasonably concluded that a constitutional speedy trial motion, like a motion under Rule

600, would consume scarce time and resources but have little chance of succeeding.

Woods therefore cannot overcome the “strong presumption” that his trial counsel acted

“within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at

689, in not raising the constitutional speedy trial issue.

                                              IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.




                                              12
