                  IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

                                     2013 WY 2

                                                      OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2012

                                                             January 9, 2013

IN THE INTEREST OF NC and AM,
Minor Children,

SC and FC, III,

Appellants
(Respondents),
                                                S-12-0139
v.

STATE OF WYOMING, DEPARTMENT
OF FAMILY SERVICES,

Appellee
(Petitioner).

                     Appeal from the District Court of Park County
                       The Honorable Steven R. Cranfill, Judge

Representing Appellants:
      Timothy A. Eagler of Hallman, Eagler & Hunt, P.C., Greybull, WY and Jessica
      Loeper, Powell, WY.

Representing Appellee:
      Gregory A. Phillips, Wyoming Attorney General; Robin Sessions Cooley, Deputy
      Attorney General; Jill E. Kucera, Senior Assistant Attorney General; and Jared
      Crecelius, Senior Assistant Attorney General.

Guardian ad Litem:
     Dan S. Wilde, Guardian ad Litem Program, Cheyenne, WY.

Before KITE, C.J., HILL, VOIGT, BURKE, and DAVIS, JJ.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third.
Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building,
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be
made before final publication in the permanent volume.
HILL, Justice.

[¶1] This appeal arises from the district court’s exercise of juvenile jurisdiction over
neglect petitions filed on two Texas children whose maternal grandmother brought them
to Wyoming after the children had been abused in Texas by their mother’s boyfriend.
The district court adjudicated the children as neglected, and the children’s mother and her
boyfriend appeal, contending that the district court did not have subject matter
jurisdiction.

[¶2] Because this case is an interstate child custody dispute, we hold that the district
court erred in exercising jurisdiction pursuant to Wyoming’s Child Protection Act. The
district court had jurisdiction to respond to the immediate threat to the children, but that
jurisdiction was as defined and limited by the temporary emergency jurisdiction
provisions of Wyoming’s Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act
(UCCJEA). We thus affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for proceedings
consistent with the direction herein.

                                          ISSUE

[¶3]   The children’s mother and her boyfriend state the issue on appeal as follows:

                     The issue before the Court is whether the juvenile
              court was correct in determining that it possessed the requisite
              subject matter jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter in
              controversy.

                                         FACTS

[¶4] In April 2011, SC (Mother) was living in the Dallas, Texas area with her two girls,
NC and AM, and her boyfriend, FC, III (FC). At that time, NC was four years old, and
AM was three years old. On the 14th or 15th of April 2011, Mother contacted her
mother, SR (Grandmother), who lives in Cody, Wyoming, and reported that her
boyfriend, FC, had bitten her two children. Mother also took photographs of the girls’
injuries using her cell phone and forwarded those to Grandmother.

[¶5] Mother told Grandmother that she was going to report the abuse to law
enforcement, take the children to a physician, and then move in with her sister, who also
lived in the Dallas, Texas area. When Mother and the children moved in with Mother’s
sister, Mother’s sister observed the bite marks on NC and AM. She described them as
follows:

                     A.    My sister ended up showing to me, and my
              fiancé ended up taking pictures off my cell phone. There


                                              1
             were several bite marks on [NC], deep bite marks, on her arm
             from her shoulder blades, the butt cheeks, the sides of the
             hips. [AM] had a couple on her, not as much as [NC] did, but
             [AM] had a few.
                    Q.     [AM] had a few what?
                    A.     Bite marks or bruises. She had a couple on her
             shoulder as well, on her left arm.

[¶6] At some point, Mother reconciled with FC, and she and the children moved back
in with him. In July 2011, Grandmother traveled to Texas to check on Mother and the
children. She testified to her reasons for the trip and what she observed.

                    A.     Well, I went down because I was worried about
             the girls, and [SC] wouldn’t tell me what the doctor said.
             And she just kept saying, well, the doctor was going to call
             the police. And she didn’t have any answers, so I went down
             and stayed for a week.
                                         ***
                    Q.     When you got down there in July, did you
             observe the girls at all?
                    A.     Yes.
                                         ***
                    Q.     What did you notice at that time?
                    A.     The bruises – [NC] had bruises on both arms
             and on her bottom. And [AM] still had the bruises on her –
             along her chest or, you know, her side.

[¶7] After a week in Texas, Grandmother went back to Wyoming, but with plans to
return to pick up Mother and the children after Mother worked the two-week notice
period she was required to give her employer. Grandmother explained:

                     A.     I came back home with plans to return.
                     Q.     So did you have plans to return? What
             prompted those plans?
                     A.     [SC] told me that he was increasingly abusive
             to the girls and to her. She said she knew she’d never get her
             life straightened out or be in a better situation as long as she
             was with [FC]. And she said, “Would you come and get
             me?”

[¶8] Grandmother returned to Texas two weeks later, but when she arrived, Mother told
her that she had decided to stay in Texas and try to work things out with her boyfriend.
Mother, however, allowed Grandmother to take the two children back with her to


                                             2
Wyoming, with the understanding that Mother would come to Wyoming to retrieve the
children.

[¶9] Shortly after returning to Wyoming, Grandmother contacted the Wyoming
Department of Family Services (DFS), hoping “to find some way to protect the girls.”
DFS, in turn, contacted the Cody Police Department. Detective Juliet Vibe of the Cody
Police Department investigated the allegations of abuse and interviewed the children. In
her Affidavit of Probable Cause, Detective Vibe reported that neither law enforcement
nor a family services agency in Texas had requested assistance from Wyoming.
Detective Vibe’s affidavit also detailed the discussion she had with Texas law
enforcement concerning the abuse allegations.

                     On September 14, 2011, I spoke with Detective
              Smeltzec of the Balch Springs, Police Department. Detective
              Smeltzec advised that he interviewed both [SC] and her
              boyfriend, identified as [FC] about the marks. Both [SC] and
              [FC] stated that the bite marks were from an unnamed nine
              (9) year old boy who used to live next door to them.
              Detective Smeltzec did not find their statements credible, but
              did not have enough information to proceed with a criminal
              investigation. Detective Smeltzec emailed me a copy of his
              report. I offered to interview the girls for Detective Smeltzec,
              but he advised that it would not be necessary for the case.

[¶10] Following Detective Vibe’s investigation, on October 4, 2011, the Park County
Attorney’s Office (the State) filed separate juvenile petitions on each of the girls alleging
that each child was a neglected child as defined by Wyoming statute. The petitions also
requested a shelter care hearing, and on October 26, 2011, the district court held an initial
appearance and shelter care hearing.

[¶11] At the shelter care hearing, a number of individuals participated by telephone from
Texas: Mother; Mother’s boyfriend, FC; Mother’s Texas attorney, Mario Herrera; and
the children’s purported biological father, Raul M. During the hearing, Mr. Herrera
advised the district court of pending custody proceedings in Texas, and he contested the
court’s subject matter jurisdiction.

                     MR. HERRERA: Y o u r H o n o r , I ’ m s o r r y t o
              interrupt. The biggest issue, I think, before you even get to
              the merits on the case, is the fact of the venue and the
              jurisdictional issue. The fact is that there’s been two petitions
              to the Court trying to terminate – or terminate the parental
              rights of both the parties. Both children are subject to these.
              They were filed prior to any proceedings occurring in this


                                              3
              case, so continuing jurisdiction has been established with
              Texas.

[¶12] The State acknowledged that a current custody case was pending in Texas, but it
disputed that those proceedings should affect the district court’s jurisdiction to rule on the
juvenile petitions before it. In responding to those arguments, Mr. Herrera further
described the Texas proceedings.

                      MR. HERRERA: * * *
                      The two pending suits are going to directly affect each
              other. So even if – one way or the another (sic), we’re going
              to have to respect and consolidate these into one case and one
              suit. And that’s why we need to establish what’s going to be
              the proper jurisdiction. And just considering all the other
              facts, the allegations were in Texas, there was already an
              investigation started in Texas, there was a suit filed in Texas.
              The children – the jurisdiction – even just the residence
              requirement, other than this allegation being made in
              Wyoming, there’s no other – the children are still residents of
              Texas as of now.
                                            ****
                      MR. HERRERA: Your Honor, the only – the only
              point I’d like to bring up is that although both the guardian ad
              litem and the State were making arguments that jurisdiction is
              not going to affect the custody, that it has nothing to do with
              the civil matter, the fact is the recommendation goes exactly
              to the heart of what the petitions in Texas are for. They’re for
              custody. They’re for visitation, possession and access. They
              are exactly what is being addressed in Texas. And being
              named the biological father, all those issues are going to be
              resolved within this proceeding.
                      Additionally, the fact that the father was incarcerated
              is the only reason he hasn’t been properly served. If he
              discloses and gives a proper address of where his residence is,
              we will have him served and he will be included in the parties
              and we’ll get to the heart of the DNA analysis on the children.
              And especially because all parties are residents of Texas, we
              would be able to resolve all that.
                      So, I just wanted to just make that last point, Your
              Honor, that although they were saying that the juvenile
              proceedings can go ahead and go and be heard without being
              affect – without affecting the civil proceedings, in this case it



                                               4
              can’t, because it’s exactly what the recommendation is. It
              goes against any orders of the Court.
                     Now, we are in the midst of filing the petitions. We’ve
              been having issues in serving the parties because we haven’t
              had any contact with them. But once the parties are served,
              we can do an immediate temporary order and address all of
              this. And CPS can get involved, and all the proper parties can
              be involved, and we can get to the heart of the matter and the
              heart of the allegations here where the allegations are alleged.

[¶13] During the shelter care hearing, the district court did not address the tension
between the Wyoming and Texas jurisdictions, and its only reference to the Texas
proceeding was in the following exchange with the children’s purported biological father:

                     [RAUL M.]: Your Honor, this is [Raul M.]. I heard
              briefly that you weren’t sure – sorry. I wasn’t sure who was
              speaking about me, speaking about my children. And I
              understand they’re young, and I’ve been gone for a few years
              from their life, but how do I go about working myself back
              into their life? Because I’m – I’m right now getting myself
              financially ready, and I’m getting ready, and I was hoping to
              get them for Christmas. They are my daughters. The
              biological issue – I’m sure [SC] would agree, but [AM] was
              my biological daughter. The only reason I didn’t sign the
              birth certificate is because I was incarcerated at the time.
                     THE COURT: I’m not going to get into that today. I
              think you just heard Mr. Herrera say that if he has your
              address, he will serve you so you can be part of that process
              down there and you can get all that sorted out.

[¶14] Acting pursuant to its jurisdiction under the Wyoming Child Protection Act, Wyo.
Stat. Ann. § 14-3-401, et seq. (LexisNexis 2011), the district court accepted the State’s
recommendation regarding shelter care, and on November 29, 2011, the court entered an
Order on Initial Appearance and Shelter Care Hearing for each petition. The orders
directed that each child was to be placed in the legal and physical custody of DFS, with
physical placement with Grandmother.

[¶15] SC and FC applied for and were granted separate court-appointed attorneys. On
December 16, 2011, SC and FC filed a joint motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. With respect to subject matter jurisdiction,
the motion argued for dismissal because the alleged abuse of the children occurred
outside Wyoming and SC and FC reside outside Wyoming. The motion did not reference
the pending Texas custody proceedings.


                                              5
[¶16] On December 19, 2011, the district court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss
and denied the motion. In denying the motion, the court explained:

                      With respect to Wyoming being bound by Texas, I
              would agree with Mr. Struemke’s position, we are not. But
              it’s – it is an unusual case, and there is not a clear guideline
              from the Supreme Court. And I think in a case like that, the
              juvenile court is always going to be cautious and err on the
              side of the best interests of the children.
                      If this were a case where we had a Texas judge
              contacting me and saying, “Judge, we think this needs to be
              appropriately heard in the state of Texas” because of
              whatever that court might determine, then it would be a
              different situation. We don’t have that.
                      And this may not be the home state, but this Court can
              still exercise jurisdiction when it is determined that it is
              appropriate and, again, in the best interests of the children.
              So I understand that it’s a close call, but I think this Court is
              always going to err on the side [of] the children.

[¶17] On January 3, 2012, the district court held an adjudication hearing. SC and FC
participated by telephone from Texas and also appeared through their appointed
Wyoming attorneys. Raul M. also participated by telephone from Texas, as did Steven
C., who was SC’s former spouse and also claimed a paternal relationship with the
children. Following the evidentiary adjudication hearing, the court entered findings that
the children had been abused by FC and neglected by SC, and it adjudicated each child as
a neglected child. The court then ordered that the children remain placed with
Grandmother.

[¶18] On April 6, 2012, SC and FC timely filed their notice of appeal from the
adjudication orders. On April 10, 2012, following a February 6, 2012 hearing, the district
court entered an Order of Disposition for each child. In those orders, the court stated, in
part:

                      THE COURT reviewed the file in this matter and the
              Predispositional Study prepared by the Department of Family
              Services and the Court having heard comments of the parties,
              those present, and counsel regarding recommendations for
              disposition, and the Court being otherwise fully [informed]
              finds it would be contrary to the welfare and the best interest
              of the minor to be returned to the legal and physical custody
              of the home; reasonable efforts to prevent the removal of the


                                              6
              minor from the home were made but due to the out-of-state
              location of the minor’s mother and her boyfriend needing to
              complete recommendation of the Department of Family
              Services, it has been determined that the least restrictive
              alternative and most therapeutic placement is for the minor to
              be in the legal and physical custody of the Department of
              Family Services, with physical placement with her maternal
              grandmother[.]

[¶19] The dispositional orders directed both SC and FC to participate in a number of
DFS-approved counseling and instructional services. The orders also directed that DNA
testing be performed on the children, and on Raul M. and Steven C., to establish
paternity. In the event that paternity were established for Raul M. or Steven C., the order
directed the established father to undergo specified substance abuse and psychological
evaluations and any recommended counseling based on the results of those evaluations.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶20] On appeal, Mother and FC do not contest the district court’s exercise of personal
jurisdiction over them, or the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the court’s neglect
adjudication. Mother and FC limit their challenge on appeal to the court’s subject matter
jurisdiction to act on the juvenile petitions in this matter. This Court has said as follows
concerning our review of subject matter jurisdiction:

              We conduct a de novo review of jurisdictional questions
              pursuant to “the inherent power, and the duty, to address
              jurisdictional defects on appeal....” Gookin v. State Farm
              Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 826 P.2d 229, 232 (Wyo. 1992). If a
              lower court acts without jurisdiction, “this court will notice
              the defect and have jurisdiction on appeal, not on the merits,
              but merely for the purpose of correcting the error of the lower
              court in maintaining the suit.” Gookin, at 232.

NMC v. JLW ex rel. NAW, 2004 WY 56, ¶ 9, 90 P.3d 93, 96 (Wyo. 2004) (quoting
Pawlowski v. Pawlowski, 925 P.2d 240, 242 (Wyo. 1996)); see also Prickett v. Prickett,
2007 WY 153, ¶ 9, 167 P.3d 661, 663 (Wyo. 2007); Steele v. Neeman, 6 P.3d 649, 653
(Wyo. 2000).
                                  DISCUSSION

[¶21] As indicated above, the district court exercised jurisdiction over the two neglect
petitions pursuant to its juvenile court authority under Wyoming’s Child Protection Act.
The question we must answer is whether the court properly acted pursuant to its authority
under that Act, or alternatively whether the court should have acted pursuant to its


                                              7
authority under Wyoming’s Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act
(UCCJEA), Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-5-201, et seq (LexisNexis 2011).

[¶22] We note at the outset of our discussion, that Mother and F C object to
consideration of the UCCJEA on appeal because the district court’s jurisdiction under the
Act is a new issue that was not raised before the district court and was asserted for the
first time on appeal by the guardian ad litem. Mother and FC are correct that this Court
normally does not address issues raised for the first time on appeal. Nodine v. Jackson
Hole Mt. Resort Corp., 2012 WY 72, ¶ 19, 277 P.3d 112, 117, n.2 (Wyo. 2012). “We
recognize two exceptions to that rule, however, and will consider the issue if it raises
jurisdictional questions or if it is of such a fundamental nature that it must be
considered.” Id. Because application of the UCCJEA is a jurisdictional question, we will
address it.

A.    Applicability of UCCJEA

[¶23] The UCCJEA is the successor to the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act
(UCCJA). The dominant objective of the act is “to eliminate the simultaneous exercise
of jurisdiction over custody disputes by more than one state.” People ex rel. M.C., 94
P.3d 1220, 1223 (Colo. Ct. App. 2004). The UCCJEA’s predecessor shared this same
goal, and in applying that act, this Court explained the importance of adhering to its
jurisdictional mandates:

             The uniform act was intended to help avoid conflict and
             competition among jurisdictions and instead focus on the
             well-being of affected children. Additionally, the uniform act
             promotes cooperation and communication among states to
             determine which jurisdiction can most effectively determine
             the best interests of the child.

NMC, ¶ 11, 90 P.3d at 96.

[¶24] While our Court has not expressly stated that jurisdiction over interstate child
custody determinations must be exercised in accordance with the uniform act, that
conclusion is implicit in our consistent application of the UCCJEA or its predecessor in
such cases. See, e.g., Prickett, ¶ 10, 167 P.3d at 663; NMC, ¶ 11, 90 P.3d at 96; Steele, 6
P.3d at 655-656; Weller v. Weller, 960 P.2d 493, 494-495 (Wyo. 1998); State ex rel.
Griffin v. District Court, 831 P.2d 233, 238 (Wyo. 1992). Other courts have been more
explicit in holding that the UCCJEA dictates jurisdiction in multi-state child custody
determinations. See, e.g., Beauregard v. White, 972 A.2d 619, 626 (R.I. 2009) (“[T]he
UCCJEA * * * provides rules for determining the proper forum in child-custody
proceedings that involve jurisdictional conflicts.”); In re Jorge G., 78 Cal. Rptr. 3d 552,
557 (Cal. App. 2nd Dist. 2008) (“The Act is the exclusive method of determining the


                                             8
proper forum in custody disputes involving other jurisdictions and governs juvenile
dependency proceedings.”); Feria v. Soto, 990 So. 2d 418, 421 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008)
(“The UCCJEA establishes the criteria for deciding which state’s courts have subject-
matter jurisdiction to make a child-custody decision in an interstate custody dispute.”);
Devine v. Martens, 263 S.W.3d 515, 520 (Ark. 2007) (“We have recognized that the
UCCJEA is the exclusive method for determining the proper state for jurisdictional
purposes in proceedings involving matters of child custody that involve other
jurisdictions.”).

[¶25] We now expressly state what is implicit in our consistent approach to multi-state
child custody determinations: When a Wyoming court is presented with a child custody
issue that implicates more than one state, the UCCJEA governs the Wyoming court’s
subject matter jurisdiction. The question remains in this case whether the juvenile
neglect petitions on which the district court ruled are the types of custody determinations
governed by the UCCJEA. Based on the Act’s plain language, we answer this question
in the affirmative.

[¶26] The UCCJEA defines a “child custody determination” to include any court order
“providing for the legal custody, physical custody or visitation with respect to a child,”
including a temporary order. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-202(a)(iii). The Act defines a
“child custody proceeding” to include a proceeding for neglect, abuse or protection from
domestic violence. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-202(a)(iv). The petitions before the district
court in this matter were neglect petitions seeking temporary custody orders to protect the
children, and because the children were Texas residents visiting Wyoming, two state
jurisdictions were implicated. The district court thus had before it an interstate child
custody proceeding, and the court’s jurisdiction was governed by the UCCJEA. As one
North Carolina court summarized:

             The UCCJEA, formerly UCCJA, is a jurisdictional statute
             relating to child custody disputes and expressly includes
             proceedings in abuse, dependency, and/or neglect. See In re
             Van Kooten, 126 N.C.App. 764, 768, 487 S.E.2d 160, 162–63
             (1997). The jurisdictional requirements of the UCCJEA must
             be satisfied for a court to have authority to adjudicate abuse,
             neglect, and dependency petitions filed pursuant to our
             Juvenile Code, see id. at 764, 487 S.E.2d at 163, even though
             the Juvenile Code provides that the district courts of North
             Carolina have “‘exclusive, original jurisdiction over any case
             involving a juvenile who is alleged to be ... abused, neglected,
             or dependent.’” In re Malone, 129 N.C. App. 338, 342, 498
             S.E.2d 836, 838 (1998) (alteration in original) (citation
             omitted). See also In re Van Kooten at 768, 487 S.E.2d at
             162.


                                             9
In re Brode, 566 S.E.2d 858, 860 (N.C. Ct. App. 2002); see also NMC, ¶¶ 14-15, 90 P.3d
at 97 (applying UCCJA in review of Wyoming court’s jurisdiction over child custody
where father brought child from child’s home state of Texas to Wyoming and alleged
neglect by mother after her prescription medication overdose in Texas).

[¶27] Having determined that the UCCJEA is the applicable law, we turn then to the
jurisdictional requirements of the UCCJEA.

B.     UCCJEA Jurisdictional Requirements

[¶28] The UCCJEA expresses a “fundamental jurisdictional concept ‘that the child’s
‘home state’ should have preeminent authority to determine custody and visitation and
that authority should be respected elsewhere.’” NMC, ¶ 13, 90 P.3d at 97 (quoting
Bruner v. Tadlock, 338 Ark. 34, 991 S.W.2d 600, 604 (1999) (citing Robert A. Leflar,
American Conflicts of Law § 243 (4th ed.1986)). A child’s home state is “the state in
which a child lived with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least six (6)
consecutive months immediately before the commencement of a child custody
proceeding.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-202(a)(vii).

[¶29] A Wyoming court has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination if
it is the home state on the date of the commencement of the custody proceeding, or was
the home state of the child within six months before commencement of the proceeding
and the child is absent from the state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to
live in the state. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-301(a)(i). Otherwise, a Wyoming court has
initial jurisdiction only if there is no other home state as defined by the UCCJEA, or the
home state declines jurisdiction, and
                     (A) The child and the child’s parents, or the child and
              at least one (1) parent or a person acting as a parent, have a
              significant connection with this state other than mere physical
              presence; and
                     (B) Substantial evidence is available in this state
              concerning the child’s care, protection, training and personal
              relationships.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-301(a)(ii) (LexisNexis 2011).

[¶30] From the record, it is clear in this case that Texas, not Wyoming, has initial
custody jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. The children did not live in Wyoming for the
six months preceding the filing of the juvenile neglect petition—they arrived in Wyoming
in August 2011, and the neglect petitions were filed in October 2011. Additionally, the
children lived in Texas until Grandmother brought them to Wyoming for a visit; Mother


                                              10
lives in Texas; both purported fathers live in Texas; and a custody proceeding was
pending in Texas when the children were brought to Wyoming. 1

[¶31] Texas is the children’s home state for purposes of the UCCJEA, and Texas has
exercised initial child custody jurisdiction. Once a home state exercises its initial child
custody jurisdiction, that state’s jurisdiction is continuing and exclusive, unless it
declines jurisdiction or the child is present in another state and it is necessary for the
other state to exercise emergency jurisdiction for the child’s protection. Wyo. Stat. Ann.
§§ 20-5-302(a) and 20-5-304(a). Nothing in the record suggests that the Texas court has
declined or otherwise ceded its custody jurisdiction. The district court thus did not have
initial child custody jurisdiction, and its exercise of jurisdiction was proper only if it were
acting pursuant to the UCCJEA emergency jurisdiction provisions.

[¶32] The question we must address then is whether the district court had jurisdiction
over the juvenile petitions pursuant to the UCCJEA provisions governing emergency
jurisdiction.

C.     UCCJEA Emergency Jurisdiction

[¶33] The UCCJEA authorizes a court to exercise temporary emergency jurisdiction as
follows:

                       A court of this state has temporary emergency
               jurisdiction if the child is present in this state and the child
               has been abandoned or it is necessary in an emergency to
               protect the child because the child, the child’s sibling or a
               parent of the child is subjected to or threatened with
               mistreatment or abuse.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-304(a) (LexisNexis 2011).

[¶34] Based on this provision’s plain terms, the only requirements for a state to exercise
emergency jurisdiction pursuant to the UCCJEA are that the child be present in the state
and that the child be subjected to or threatened with abuse. A Wyoming court’s exercise
of emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA does not depend on findings that the child
is a resident of Wyoming or that the mistreatment, abuse or other conduct endangering
the child occurred in Wyoming. See NMC, ¶ ¶ 3-4, 14-15, 90 P.3d at 94-95, 97
(recognizing Wyoming court’s temporary emergency jurisdiction where child was


1
    Although the record contains no documents from the Texas custody proceeding, Mother’s Texas
attorney informed the district court of the proceeding and described it as a custody proceeding, and the
State acknowledged there was a pending Texas custody proceeding.


                                                   11
present in Wyoming but acts endangering child occurred in home state of Texas). As
another court observed:

             In fact, temporary emergency jurisdiction will typically be
             invoked in just this type of case, in which a child is visiting
             from another state and an in-state relative becomes aware that
             the child may be at risk of mistreatment or abuse if she
             returns home. See, e.g., [Micah M. v. Arizona Dept. of
             Economic Security (May 13, 2008), Ariz.App. Div. 2, No. 2
             CA-JV 2008-0006, at *3]; MacDougall v. Acres (1998), 427
             Mass. 363, 693 N.E.2d 663.

In re MB, 2010 WL 3328018 at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. 2010).

[¶35] There is no question that the children, NC and AM, were present in Wyoming
when the State filed the neglect petitions over which the district court exercised
jurisdiction. The only question is whether the record supports a finding that the children
were at risk of mistreatment or abuse if they were returned to their home in Texas.

[¶36] The UCCJEA does not define the terms mistreatment or abuse. Other states have
observed that a court exercising emergency jurisdiction is acting in its capacity as parens
patriae to protect a child within that state’s borders. In the interest of M.G.M., 163
S.W.3d 191, 197 (Tex. App. 2005); In re State ex rel. M.C., 94 P.3d 1220, 1224 (Colo.
Ct. App. 2004); Tammie J.C. v. Robert T.R. (In re Thomas J.R.), 663 N.W.2d 734, 744
(Wis. 2003). We agree with this observation, and in this capacity, we believe it makes
the most sense to apply Wyoming law in defining what constitutes abuse for purposes of
determining emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. See Kalman v. Fuste, 52 A.3d
1010, 1019-20 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2012) (applying Maryland law to define “abuse”
under the UCCJEA); Scott v. Somers, 2007 WL 241067 n.3 (Conn. Super. Ct. 2007)
(applying Connecticut law to define “abuse” under the UCCJEA).

[¶37] Wyoming law defines the term “abuse” to include the infliction of physical harm,
including “skin bruising if greater in magnitude than minor bruising associated with
reasonable corporal punishment.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14-3-202(a)(ii)(B). Applying this
definition, we turn to the evidence of abuse presented in this case.

[¶38] At the shelter care hearing, the district court had before it the investigating
detective’s Affidavit of Probable Cause. In that affidavit, Detective Vibe attested to her
interviews of NC and AM, during which the children told her that Mother’s boyfriend
had bitten them. She also attested to the photographs of the children’s injuries, which she
had received from Grandmother, showing “significant bruising on one of the girl’s
buttocks and one of the girl’s arms” and “teeth marks with severe bruising.” Following
the shelter care hearing, the district court found that because of the abuse allegations


                                             12
against Mother’s boyfriend, it would be contrary to the children’s best interests and
welfare if they were returned to Mother’s custody, and the court ordered the children to
be placed in Grandmother’s custody.

[¶39] Approximately two months later, the district court held an adjudication hearing,
which it conducted as a full evidentiary hearing. The evidence admitted during that
hearing included: photographs of the children’s bite wounds; the testimony of Mother’s
sister describing the children’s bite wounds; a physician’s testimony verifying that the
wounds were bites inflicted by a teenage to adult-sized mouth; Mother’s statements
identifying her boyfriend as the perpetrator of the abuse; Mother’s statement that FC
“was increasingly abusive to the girls and to her;” Detective Vibe’s testimony that during
her interviews of the children, they identified Mother’s boyfriend as the perpetrator of the
abuse; and the testimony of Detective Vibe and Grandmother that the children were
afraid of Mother’s boyfriend.

[¶40] After taking evidence at the adjudication hearing, the court found that Mother’s
boyfriend had abused the children and Mother had neglected the children. Based on
those findings, the court again concluded that it would be contrary to the children’s best
interests and welfare if they were returned to Mother’s custody.

[¶41] We conclude that the district court had before it sufficient evidence to warrant
emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. See Saavedra v. Schmidt, 96 S.W.3d 533,
544 (Tex. App. 2002) (“[T]he possibility that allegations of immediate harm might be
true is sufficient for a court to assume temporary emergency jurisdiction in the best
interests of the child under the UCCJEA.”). The evidence showed that the children had
been abused while living in the Texas home Mother shared with her boyfriend, and the
court had no evidence before it showing that steps had been taken to prevent a recurrence
or continuation of that abuse. As the Alabama Court of Appeals found in a similar
circumstance:

              In light of the mother’s failure to produce evidence that the
              child would no longer be exposed to potential abuse by her
              boyfriend, the trial court did not exceed its discretion when it
              concluded from the evidence presented, or the lack thereof,
              that the threat of mistreatment or abuse of the child continued
              to exist.     Therefore, the trial court properly exercised
              temporary emergency jurisdiction in the instant case.

Feria, 990 So.2d at 422; see also In re Jaheim B., 87 Cal. Rptr. 3d 504, 508 (Cal. App.
4th Dist. 2008) (emergency jurisdiction appropriate “as long as the reasons underlying the
dependency exist”); In re Nada R., 108 Cal. Rptr. 2d 493, 500 (Cal. App. 4th Dist. 2001)
(“If the risk of harm creating the emergency is ongoing, then the court should be afforded
jurisdiction to prevent such harm. That appears to be the case here.”).



                                              13
[¶42] Having concluded that the district court had temporary emergency jurisdiction to
enter an order for the protection of NC and AM, we next review whether the court’s
exercise of that jurisdiction was in compliance with the limitations the UCCJEA places
on such jurisdiction.

D.    Limitations on UCCJEA Emergency Jurisdiction

[¶43] Emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA is temporary and limited. NMC, ¶ 14,
90 P.3d at 97. It does not include the authority to make permanent custody
determinations. In re State ex rel. M.C., 94 P.3d at 1225; In re Brode, 566 S.E.2d at 860-
861; In re C.T., 121 Cal.Rptr.2d 897, 904 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002). Instead, if a custody
proceeding is pending in another state, the UCCJEA imposes the following limitations
and requirements on a court’s exercise of emergency jurisdiction:
                     (c) If there is a previous child custody determination
             that is entitled to be enforced under this act, or a child custody
             proceeding has been commenced in a court of a state having
             jurisdiction under a provision of law from that state that is in
             substantial conformity with W.S. 20-5-301 through 20-5-303,
             any order issued by a court of this state under this section
             shall specify in the order a period that the court considers
             adequate to allow the person seeking an order to obtain an
             order from the state having jurisdiction under a provision of
             law from that state that is in substantial conformity with
             W.S. 20-5-301 through 20-5-303. The order issued in this
             state remains in effect until an order is obtained from the
             other state within the period specified or the period expires.

                     (d) A court of this state which has been asked to
             make a child custody determination under this section, upon
             being informed that a child custody proceeding has been
             commenced in, or a child custody determination has been
             made by, a court of another state having jurisdiction under
             a provision of law from that state that is in substantial
             conformity with W.S. 20-5-301 through 20-5-303, shall
             immediately communicate with the other court. A court of
             this state which is exercising jurisdiction pursuant to W.S. 20-
             5-301 through 20-5-303, upon being informed that a child
             custody proceeding has been commenced in, or a child
             custody determination has been made by, a court of another
             state under a statute similar to this section shall immediately
             communicate with the court of that state to resolve the




                                              14
              emergency, protect the safety of the parties and the child and
              determine a period for the duration of the temporary order.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-304 (LexisNexis 2011) (emphasis added).

[¶44] We conclude that the district court’s exercise of jurisdiction in this matter and the
orders it entered were not in conformity with the UCCJEA’s requirements and
limitations. The district court proceeded with this action as if it were ruling on typical
neglect petitions, an approach which is contrary to the above-quoted limitations on the
court’s authority. As one California case explains:

              “When a petition contains allegations of an emergency
              situation, a court may properly issue an interim custody order
              to protect the child pending a hearing.” (In re Joseph D.,
              supra, 19 Cal.App.4th 678, 688-689, 23 Cal.Rptr.2d 574.)
              The possibility that the allegations of immediate harm might
              be true [is] sufficient for the juvenile court to assume
              emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJA. (Id., at p. 688, 23
              Cal.Rptr.2d 574.) Moreover, after issuing an interim custody
              order, it is proper for the juvenile court to conduct a plenary
              hearing to determine if an emergency exists. (Id., at p. 689,
              23 Cal.Rptr.2d 574.)

                                          ****

              In the instant case, the juvenile court proceeded with this
              matter as though it were a typical dependency proceeding. At
              the November 6 hearing, the juvenile court sustained the
              amended petition on the basis appellant physically and
              emotionally abused Christopher. Accordingly, we deem the
              adjudication findings of November 6 to be the juvenile
              court’s determination after a plenary hearing that an
              emergency actually existed. Furthermore, we conclude
              sufficient grounds existed for the court to have assumed
              emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.

              Under the UCCJEA, the only jurisdiction the juvenile court
              had was to find an emergency existed. Thus, the juvenile
              court was without jurisdiction to enter adjudication and
              disposition orders. Pursuant to the UCCJEA, prior to
              proceeding to the disposition, the juvenile court should have
              contacted the Alabama Court which issued the original
              custody order, informed the Alabama Court of the juvenile


                                             15
              court’s findings, and deferred jurisdiction to the Alabama
              Court. (In re Joseph D., supra, 19 Cal.App.4th 678, 693, 23
              Cal.Rptr.2d 574.).

In re Christopher C., 2002 WL 80290 at *3 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002).

[¶45] The district court was presented with petitions alleging abuse of NC and AM.
Pursuant to its emergency jurisdiction, and based on its preliminary finding of abuse, the
district court had authority to order protective custody for NC and AM. To the extent
that the court’s shelter care orders resulted in a preliminary finding of abuse and
protective custody based on that finding, and the adjudication orders resulted in an
evidentiary finding of abuse and protective custody based on that finding, we conclude
that the district court acted consistent with its emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.
To the extent that the district court’s orders went beyond addressing the immediate
emergency before the court, we conclude that the court acted outside its jurisdiction.
That is, to the extent the district court adjudicated the children as neglected and entered
orders, including its dispositional order, directing Mother, her boyfriend, and the two
purported fathers to submit to testing, evaluations and counseling and psychological
services, the court exceeded its emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. See In re
State ex rel. M.C., 94 P.3d at 1225 (“[E]xercise of temporary emergency jurisdiction may
not last until the trial court can enter an adjudicatory order finding a child dependent and
neglected.”).

[¶46] We remand for entry of orders that comply with the UCCJEA provisions
governing a court’s exercise of emergency jurisdiction. First, the district court shall
immediately contact the Texas court that has concurrent jurisdiction over the children’s
custody. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 20-5-304(d). In that regard, we anticipate the district court
will find a receptive audience with the Texas court. Texas has adopted the UCCJEA and
has expressed a commitment to cooperating with its sister states to reach informed
custody decisions.

              Once a court assumes temporary emergency jurisdiction, it
              has a duty to communicate with the other state that has
              asserted custody jurisdiction and to retain a record of those
              communications. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 152.110(f),
              .204(d). This mandatory duty of cooperation between the
              courts of different states is the hallmark of the UCCJEA; it is
              this cooperation that is intended to lead to an informed
              decision on custody. Joseph D., 23 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 583
              (quoting Fry v. Ball, 190 Colo. 128, 544 P.2d 402, 407
              (1975); Guardianship of Donaldson, 178 Cal. App. 3d 477,
              223 Cal. Rptr. 707, 714 (1986)). One of the reasons for
              consulting with the other state’s court is to determine the


                                              16
              duration of the temporary order. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §
              152.204(d); In re C. T., 100 Cal. App. 4th 101, 121 Cal. Rptr.
              2d 897, 906 (2002); see also Patricia M. Hoff, The ABC’s of
              the UCCJEA: Interstate Child–Custody Practice Under the
              New Act, 32 Fam. L.Q. 267, 284 (1998). The court exercising
              exclusive continuing jurisdiction has the reciprocal duty to
              communicate with the court exercising emergency
              jurisdiction. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 152.204(d); see also
              Hoff, supra, at 284.

Saavedra, 96 S.W.3d at 545.

[¶47] Following communication with the Texas court, the district court shall issue
amended protective custody orders, which orders shall specify that they are temporary in
nature and shall specify an expiration date, based on the Texas court’s indication of when
it is able to assume jurisdiction of the abuse and neglect allegations. Wyo. Stat. Ann. §
20-5-304(c); see also Beauregard, 972 A.2d at 631 (order cannot be of indeterminate
longevity and must specify that it is a temporary order); In re Brode, 566 S.E.2d at 861-
862 (court erred in issuing order “void of any language to indicate that it is temporary in
nature”); In re M.G.M., 163 S.W.3d at 197 (“[A]ny order issued under emergency
circumstances must be temporary in nature, and the order must specify a period that the
court considers adequate to obtain an order from the state with jurisdiction.”). The orders
shall be limited in scope to only those terms necessary to provide the children emergency
protection from abuse.

[¶48] Our conclusion as to those aspects of the orders that exceeded the district court’s
emergency jurisdiction versus those that were a proper exercise of the court’s jurisdiction
is illustrated by the following Texas court holding:

              To sum up, we find that the trial court had temporary
              emergency jurisdiction under section 152.204(a) to enter a
              temporary protective order limited in scope to provisions that
              would ensure the physical safety of Corinne and the children.
              Having learned of the pending divorce proceeding in
              Michigan, and having determined from the face of Corinne’s
              application and affidavit that Michigan was the home state of
              the children under the provisions of Chapter 152, the trial
              court was limited in taking any further action with regard to
              the temporary protective order until it communicated with the
              Michigan court in which the divorce proceeding was pending.
              See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 152.204(c), 152.206(b) (Vernon
              2002).    Failing to communicate with the appropriate
              Michigan court was error.


                                             17
              It was also error to include in the July 30, 2003, protective
              order any conditions directed to Matthew that were not
              reasonably related to emergency protection from family
              violence, such as (1) conditions referring to “property
              mutually owned or leased by the parties,” (2) the awarding of
              child support payments of $199.69 to Corinne, and (3) the
              completion of a “battering intervention and prevention
              program” and the reporting of said completion to the trial
              court. As to these three provisions, the trial court exceeded
              the scope of its temporary jurisdiction and said provisions are
              therefore void. The remaining provisions reasonably relating
              to the protection of Corinne and the children from family
              violence continue in full force and effect as they were a
              product of the trial court’s temporary jurisdiction under
              section 152.204(a).

In re M.G.M., 163 S.W.3d at 199-200.

                                    CONCLUSION

[¶49] The neglect petitions filed with the district court in this case presented the court
with an interstate child custody dispute, and the district court thus erred in exercising
jurisdiction pursuant to Wyoming’s Child Protection Act. Because the district court had
emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJEA to respond to the immediate threat to NC and
AM, we affirm the district court’s findings that the children were abused and that Mother
had not protected the children from that abuse. We likewise affirm the district court’s
entry of protective custody orders based on those findings. We vacate the remainder of
the court’s orders, including its formal adjudications of abuse and neglect, and its orders
of disposition. We thus affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for proceedings
consistent with the direction herein.




                                             18
