                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                     No. 15-0060
                                  Filed April 6, 2016



STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JEFFREY WAYNE MILLER,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Tama County, Ian K. Thornhill,

Judge.



      Jeffrey Wayne Miller appeals his conviction of lascivious conduct with a

minor, alleging the evidence was insufficient to convict him and his trial counsel

was ineffective. REVERSED AND REMANDED.



      Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Theresa R. Wilson,

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee.



      Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Doyle, J., and Scott, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015).
                                             2


SCOTT, Senior Judge.

       Jeffrey Wayne Miller appeals his conviction of lascivious conduct with a

minor, a serious misdemeanor, in violation of Iowa Code section 709.14 (2013).

Miller contends the State failed its burden to establish he was in a position of

authority over the minor or that he forced, persuaded, or coerced the minor to

disrobe. Miller further contends the trial court erred in admitting certain hearsay

evidence.    Insofar as error was not preserved on the above matters, Miller

asserts his trial counsel was ineffective.

       I.     Background Facts1 and Proceedings

       On July 23, 2014, Miller, a married, thirty-seven-year-old man and father

of two, was seen with D.P., a seventeen-year-old girl, at a lake.              The eye-

witnesses, D.P.’s younger brother and the brother’s friend, observed Miller and

D.P. standing close together and kissing and D.P.’s pants unbuttoned. D.P.’s

hands were on her pants; Miller’s hands were on the wall behind D.P. D.P.’s

brother yelled at Miller and D.P., at which point D.P. pulled up her pants and

buckled them.

       Miller drove away in his vehicle, but D.P.’s brother and the friend caught

up with Miller and called the police. When a responding police officer questioned

Miller about his activities at the lake, Miller told the officer he had been showing




1
  We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State. See State v. Thomas,
847 N.W.2d 438, 442 (Iowa 2014) (“In reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of
evidence supporting a guilty verdict, courts consider all of the record evidence viewed in
the light most favorable to the State, including all reasonable inferences that may be
fairly drawn from the evidence.” (quoting State v. Sanford, 814 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa
2012)).
                                        3


his vehicle to a potential buyer from Craigslist. Miller denied meeting a female at

the lake. The same officer also spoke with D.P.

      Miller and D.P. met through their mutual employment at Menards. Initially,

Miller, an assistant manager, directly supervised D.P., an hourly employee. The

general manager of Menards testified at trial that, following certain allegations

involving Miller and D.P., Miller was reassigned to a different managerial position

in the same store. One such report came directly from D.P.’s mother. D.P.’s

mother indicated Miller was texting and calling D.P. at all hours of the night.

Miller’s reassignment, which predated the events on July 23, removed Miller from

any direct supervision over D.P., but Miller retained general managerial authority

over D.P., along with all other hourly employees.

      D.P. also testified at trial. She denied being in any formal relationship with

Miller and affirmatively stated she initiated the increase in her interaction with

Miller. She testified she had kissed Miller and she had unzipped her own pants

on the day in question. D.P. denied that Miller had promised to leave his wife for

her or otherwise stated they would have a life together. She further denied that

Miller had asked her to, or even hinted that she should, unzip her pants.

      D.P. admitted her testimony at trial was inconsistent with the information

she had previously given the investigating officer. She indicated her testimony at

trial was the accurate recitation of the facts, that she had felt harassed by and

scared of the officer, and that she told the officer what he wanted to hear to make

him leave her alone. Following D.P.’s testimony, the trial court allowed the State

to play three portions of D.P.’s recorded statement to the officer for impeachment

purposes only. At the close of evidence, Miller moved for judgment of acquittal,
                                         4

alleging, inter alia, there was insufficient evidence to prove Miller forced,

persuaded, or coerced D.P. into disrobing. The trial court denied Miller’s motion.

      On October 21, 2014, a jury found Miller guilty of lascivious conduct with a

minor. Miller filed a motion for new trial in which he, amongst other objections,

renewed his challenge regarding the sufficiency of the evidence presented as to

force, persuasion, and coercion.      The trial court denied the motion.      Miller

appealed.

      II.    Standard of Review and Analysis

      In his appeal, Miller contends the State failed to prove he was in a position

of authority over D.P. or that he forced, persuaded, or coerced her to disrobe.

Miller further argues the trial court erred in admitting for impeachment purposes

portions of the police officer’s recorded interview of D.P. Insofar as error was not

preserved on the above matters, Miller asserts his trial counsel was ineffective.

      We review Miller’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim for correction of errors

at law. See State v. Vance, 790 N.W.2d 775, 783 (Iowa 2010). “We will sustain

the jury’s verdict if it is supported by substantial evidence.” Id. “Evidence is

substantial if it would convince a rational trier of fact the defendant is guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting State v. Jorgensen, 758 N.W.2d 830,

834 (Iowa 2008)).    Direct and circumstantial evidence are equally probative.

State v. Meyers, 799 N.W.2d 132, 138 (Iowa 2011).

      To establish the charge of lascivious conduct with a minor, the State must

show (1) Miller was over eighteen years old; (2) Miller was in a position of

authority over the minor; (3) D.P. was under the age of eighteen; (4) Miller

forced, persuaded, or coerced D.P. to disrobe or partially disrobe; and (5) Miller
                                            5


did so for the purpose of arousing or satisfying the sexual desires of either

participant. See Iowa Code § 709.14 (“It is unlawful for a person over eighteen

years of age who is in a position of authority over a minor to force, persuade, or

coerce a minor, with or without consent, to disrobe or partially disrobe for the

purpose of arousing or satisfying the sexual desires of either of them.”); see also,

e.g., Meyers, 799 N.W.2d at 147.

       At trial, with regard to the fourth element, the State pursued only a theory

of coercion or persuasion. Upon appeal, though the State does not concede the

coercion element, it admits persuasion is the strongest argument and summarily

maintains the coercion theory by stating “even if the jury should have believed

D.P.’s testimony that she pulled down her own pants and that she did so

voluntarily, that still would not preclude a conviction on the basis of the

‘persuade’ alternative.” The State then argues the persuasion element based

upon two theories: (1) persuasion by promise and (2) persuasion by seduction.2

       Upon review of the record, however, there is no direct evidence that Miller

made any promise to D.P.          To the contrary, the only evidence regarding a

promise is D.P.’s explicit disclaimer that any promise was made.

              [PROSECUTOR]: Did Mr. Miller ever tell you he was
       planning on leaving his wife for you?
              ....
              [D.P.]: No.


2
  The Iowa Code does not define “persuade.” Both parties cite generally accepted
dictionary definitions, see, e.g., Persuade, Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990)
(defining “persuade” as “[t]o induce one by argument, entreaty or expostulation into a
determination, decision, conclusion, belief or the like; to win over by an appeal to one’s
reason and feelings, as into doing or believing something”); Webster’s Third Int’l
Dictionary (1981) (defining “persuade” as “to win over by an appeal to one’s reason and
feelings (as into doing or believing something)”), and do not otherwise dispute the
meaning of the term.
                                          6


             [PROSECUTOR]: Did Mr. Miller ever tell you that the two of
       you were going to have a life together? [D.P.]: No.

The State notes that this testimony is contrary to the information she provided the

investigating police officer. At trial, the court allowed the State to use recorded

segments of that interview for impeachment purposes only. While D.P.’s prior

inconsistent statements may call into question the veracity of her testimony at

trial, they do not serve as an evidentiary basis to establish that a promise was

made. See State v. Belken, 633 N.W.2d 786, 794 (Iowa 2001) (“[T]he State may

use the impeachment evidence only for the purpose of undermining the witness’

credibility, and not as substantive evidence.”).

       In light of this lack of direct evidence, the State vaguely argues there must

have been “something else” that convinced D.P. to engage in this type of conduct

with a married man and father of two children. The State references only the

following line of questioning from the trial record in support of this argument:

              [PROSECUTOR]: Are you still seeing Mr. Miller? [D.P.]: No.
              [PROSECUTOR]: Still talking to him? [D.P.]: No.
              [PROSECUTOR]: If you weren’t caught at Union Grove,
      would you still be?
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection. Relevance.
              THE COURT: How is that relevant?
              [PROSECUTOR]: Finalization of coercion, Your Honor.
              THE COURT: The objection is overruled. You can answer
the question if you have an answer.
              [D.P.]: I don’t know.
              [PROSECUTOR]: And this is despite him being married with
      kids? [D.P.]: Yes
              [PROSECUTOR]: You’re okay with that? [D.P.]: Yes
              [PROSECUTOR]: And you would have been okay with that
      had you not been caught? [D.P.]: I don’t know.

       The State concludes that D.P.’s responses of “I don’t know” to the State’s

requests that she speculate about her possible future actions and feelings
                                          7


somehow provides a basis to infer a promise must have been made by Miller—

specifically, he must have promised D.P. he would leave his wife for her. But

“[i]nferences that do no more ‘than create speculation, suspicion, or conjecture’

do not create a fair inference of guilt.” State v. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d 611, 618

(Iowa 2004) (quoting State v. Webb, 648 N.W.2d 72, 76 (Iowa 2002)).              It is

equally reasonable to infer that D.P. responded thusly because she was not

certain what her future actions and feelings would have been. Id. (“[W]hen two

reasonable inferences can be drawn from a piece of evidence, we believe such

evidence only gives rise to a suspicion, and, without additional evidence, is

insufficient to support guilt.”). There is simply insufficient evidence—direct or

otherwise—to support a reasonable inference that any promise was made.

       The State also contends there is sufficient evidence to establish Miller

persuaded D.P. to disrobe by seduction. The State relies upon the following two

facts presented at trial: (1) Miller texted and called D.P. at all times of the night,

and (2) at the time of the alleged lascivious conduct, Miller’s hands were on the

wall behind D.P creating a “sexually charged” situation.         The mere fact the

parties communicated by text and phone does not, by itself, provide sufficient

evidence of persuasion. Neither the content of the calls nor copies of the text

messages were entered into evidence. The State’s reliance on the placement of

Miller’s hands on the wall is equally insufficient.        Miller’s hands were not

positioned upon D.P.’s pants or anywhere else upon her person; they were

placed behind her. The State cannot employ certain elements of the crime—the

fact that D.P., a minor, was in a state of disrobe and that this state of undress

was for the sexual gratification of the parties—to establish other necessary
                                        8


elements of the crime—that Miller actually forced, persuaded, or coerced D.P. to

do so.

         Taken as a whole, there is insufficient evidence to support that Miller

forced, persuaded, or coerced D.P. to disrobe.       Because the State failed to

establish sufficient evidence to support this element of the crime, we need not

address Miller’s remaining arguments. We conclude the district court erred in

denying Miller’s motion for judgment of acquittal, and we reverse Miller’s

conviction and remand for dismissal of the charge.

         REVERSED AND REMANDED.
