            VIRGINIA:
                        In the Court of Appeals of Virginia on Tuesday            the 12th day of January, 2016.

            King William County and
             Virginia Association of Counties Group,                                                                 Appellants,

            against              Record No. 0576-15-2
                                 Claim No. VA00000440546

            Linda Jones,                                                                                             Appellee.

                                               Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc

                           Before Chief Judge Huff, Judges Humphreys, Petty, Beales, Alston, McCullough,
                                            Chafin, Decker, O’Brien, Russell and AtLee


                    On December 15, 2015 came the appellee, by counsel, and filed a petition requesting that the Court set
PUBLISHED




            aside the judgment rendered herein on December 1, 2015, and grant a rehearing en banc on the issue(s) raised

            in the petition.

                    On consideration whereof, the petition for rehearing en banc is granted with regard to the issue(s)

            raised therein, the mandate entered herein on December 1, 2015 is stayed pending the decision of the Court en

            banc, and the appeal is reinstated on the docket of this Court.

                    The parties shall file briefs in compliance with the schedule set forth in Rule 5A:35(b). The appellant

            shall attach as an addendum to the opening brief upon rehearing en banc a copy of the opinion previously

            rendered by the Court in this matter. An electronic version of each brief shall be filed with the Court and

            served on opposing counsel. In addition, twelve printed copies of each brief shall be filed. It is further

            ordered that the appellee shall file an electronic version and twelve additional copies of the appendix

            previously filed in this case. 1
                                                      A Copy,

                                                              Teste:
                                                                                    Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk
                                                                        original order signed by a deputy clerk of the
                                                              By:      Court of Appeals of Virginia at the direction
                                                                       of the Court

                                                                                  Deputy Clerk

                    1
                   The guidelines for filing electronic briefs and appendices can be found at
            www.courts.state.va.us/online/vaces/resources/guidelines.pdf.
                                         COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA


            Present: Judges Decker, Russell and AtLee
PUBLISHED


            Argued at Richmond, Virginia


            KING WILLIAM COUNTY AND
             VIRGINIA ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES GROUP
                                                                               OPINION BY
            v.     Record No. 0576-15-2                                 JUDGE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.
                                                                             DECEMBER 1, 2015
            LINDA JONES


                        FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION

                           J. David Griffin (Winchester Law Group, P.C., on brief), for
                           appellants.

                           Robert L. Flax (Robert L. Flax, P.C., on brief), for appellee.


                   King William County and its insurer (“employer”) appeal the Commission’s award of

            disability benefits to the claimant, Linda Jones. We reject employer’s challenge to certain

            factual determinations made by the Commission; however, because the record does not establish

            that claimant’s failure to find employment after having been laid off by employer was causally

            related to her partial disability, we reverse the Commission’s award of benefits.

                                                     BACKGROUND

                   Claimant worked as a part of employer’s custodial staff for a number of years. On April

            13, 2011, claimant fell from a 10-foot ladder while she was, as part of her duties, cleaning a

            window in the courthouse lobby. There is no dispute that claimant suffered injuries in the fall

            and that the fall arose out of and in the course of her employment. She returned to work for

            employer, where she worked until June 30, 2011.

                   In April 2011, claimant filed a claim for benefits, alleging injuries to her back and ribs as

            a result of her fall. Her claim also sought medical treatment benefits for liver disease. Claimant,
however, withdrew the initial claim. In March 2013, claimant refiled her claim, alleging injuries

to “her neck, back, left shoulder, ribs and hands.” She alleged disability continuing from April

14, 2011. Employer contested the claim, arguing willful violation of a safety rule, failure to

market residual skills, the economic loss rule, and doctor shopping resulting in unauthorized

care.

        A hearing before the deputy commissioner was commenced on September 10, 2013, but

was continued to and recommenced on January 7, 2014. At the January 7th hearing, claimant

withdrew her claim for liver disease treatment and amended the claim for her disability payments

to begin July 1, 2011.

        Prior to entertaining witnesses at the January 7th hearing, the deputy commissioner

confirmed the stipulations that the parties had reached prior to the hearing. Specifically, the

parties confirmed that they agreed that 1) claimant’s pre-injury wage was $351.61 per week;

2) claimant fell off of a ladder while washing windows in the courthouse lobby on April 13,

2011; 3) at some points between the accident and June 30, 2011, claimant worked for the county

in a light-duty capacity; 4) claimant has not worked for employer from July 1, 2011, to the

present; and 5) since July 1, 2011, claimant has been in a light-duty capacity. In addition,

employer also stipulated that “if the willful misconduct defense fails, at a minimum the

Employer would agree that the Claimant would have a compensable injury to the neck, back, left

shoulder, ribs, and hands.” At no point in the proceedings below did the parties alter, amend, or

withdraw the stipulations.

        The deputy commissioner heard testimony from five witnesses. Of note, employer

offered the testimony from two employees to establish that a safety rule prohibited custodial staff

from using ladders and that, to clean “high” windows, such as those in the courthouse, custodians




                                                -2-
were required to use a squeegee on a stick. The employer’s witnesses testified that claimant was

aware of the rule against using ladders.

       Claimant testified that there was no rule against using ladders to clean the windows. She

said that she routinely used the ladder to clean the windows and that employer’s witnesses had

seen her do so. She said no custodian had ever been disciplined for using a ladder when cleaning

the windows. Claimant also testified about her marketing efforts after the custodial positions

were outsourced.

       The evidence at the hearing established that, prior to claimant’s work injury, the

employer had decided to outsource its custodial needs. Specifically, it eliminated all custodial

positions and entered into a contract with Jani-King to provide the custodial services. In a

statement to the deputy commissioner, claimant’s counsel indicated that all of employer’s former

custodians, except for claimant, had been hired by Jani-King to provide the same custodial

service. The evidence, however, did not support this claim. Rather, the evidence was that only

one of employer’s former custodians was hired by Jani-King, and she was not hired until a year

after Jani-King began providing the custodial services.

       On January 27, 2014, the deputy commissioner issued her ruling denying the claim. In

her opinion, she notes “the difference in testimony between the claimant’s testimony and the

testimony of the employer’s representative . . . and the employer’s witness.” The deputy

commissioner then found that

               the employer had a safety rule prohibiting use of ladders by
               custodial staff. We accept [claimant’s supervisor’s] testimony that
               he trained [her] on how to clean windows, gave her a “squeegee”
               and advised her of the safety rule not to use a ladder. Based on the
               parties’ stipulations, we find the claimant fell off a ten-foot ladder
               while washing windows in the courthouse lobby. We find that the
               claimant’s use of a ladder was a violation of the employer’s safety
               rule.



                                                -3-
Although the claim was denied based on willful misconduct, the deputy commissioner further

determined that, “[i]f the claim [were] compensable, based on the claimant’s testimony, . . . we

would find the claimant reasonably marketed her remaining work capacity from July 4, 2011

through September 21, 2012.”

       Claimant sought review of her claim by the full Commission. The full Commission

issued its ruling on July 8, 2014. Contrary to the deputy commissioner, a divided Commission

found that there had been no safety-rule violation. It based its decision on its finding that

employer did not prove a violation of a known safety rule. In support of its ruling, it relied on

the supervisor’s testimony, which the Commission characterized as “vague, imprecise, and

inconsistent[,]” especially with respect to his statements regarding training claimant on how to

clean the windows. The Commission found that “[t]he greater weight of the evidence establishes

there was no written rule and no specific procedure for cleaning” the windows. The Commission

further noted, “[e]ven if a safety rule was in place, the safety rule was not enforced, as the

claimant had used the ladder on a regular basis and received no correction from the employer.”

The Commission remanded the case to the deputy commissioner for further proceedings.

       The matter was heard on remand on July 30, 2014. The deputy commissioner considered

the evidence from the prior hearings. She also requested position statements from the parties.

Both parties complied, filing their respective position statements on July 29, 2014. Neither party

expressly sought to alter, amend or withdraw any of the previously agreed upon stipulations in

the position statements.1




       1
         There is no transcript of the July 30, 2014 proceeding in the record; however, claimant
does not argue that anything that such a transcript would reveal affects the appeal. To the extent
that employer makes such an argument, it is foreclosed because it was employer’s responsibility
as appellant to provide us with a sufficient record to rule on its appellate issues. Smith v.
Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 630, 635, 432 S.E.2d 2, 6 (1993).
                                                 -4-
       On August 11, 2014, the deputy commissioner issued her opinion on remand. She first

noted that the employer previously had agreed that, should the willful misconduct defense fail,

claimant sustained a compensable injury. Accordingly, the deputy commissioner then addressed

the nature of the injury, finding that the claimant failed to prove a compensable injury to the

neck, back or hands, but that she did sustain compensable injuries to her ribs and left shoulder.

The deputy commissioner reiterated that claimant reasonably marketed her remaining work

capacity. Nevertheless, the deputy commissioner again found that claimant was not entitled to

disability benefits, determining that claimant had been released to her pre-injury job. The deputy

commissioner further determined that, had partial incapacity been found, appellee’s claim would

be barred by the economic loss rule, because there was no causal connection between her lost

wages and her injury.

       Claimant again appealed the deputy commissioner’s decision to the full Commission,

challenging the deputy commissioner’s findings as to which body parts had been injured,

whether claimant had returned to full duty, and application of the economic loss rule.

       A divided Commission again reversed the deputy commissioner’s findings. The

Commission elected to accept and rely on the parties’ stipulations and found that “the claimant

performed light duty” and decided to “enter an award based upon the deputy commissioner’s

finding that the claimant adequately marketed her residual work capacity.” The Commission

similarly relied on the parties’ stipulation as to the extent of claimant’s injuries: “[t]he medical

award should reflect the parties’ stipulations to include injuries to the neck, back, left shoulder,

ribs, and hands.” With respect to the economic loss rule, the Commission determined that

because “the claimant was laid off from her selective employment job, she was entitled to

continuing disability benefits.”




                                                 -5-
       Ultimately, the Commission entered an award of $234.41 per week for disability benefits

beginning July 1, 2011, and reasonable and necessary medical benefits for industrial injuries to

the neck, back, left shoulder, ribs, and hands.

       This appeal followed, in which employer presents the following assignments of error:

               1.     The Workers’ Compensation Commission erred in its
               disregard of the [d]eputy [c]ommissioner’s credibility findings of
               the witnesses and reversal of her findings on two separate hearings.

               2.      The Workers’ Compensation Commission erred in its
               reversal of the [d]eputy [c]ommissioner and their determination
               that the claimant did not violate a safety rule/willful misconduct
               violation and that the claimant’s injuries were not a result of that
               violation.

               3.     The Workers’ Compensation Commission erred in its
               reversal of the [d]eputy’s determination that the claimant had not
               met her burden of proof on what body parts were in fact injured.

               4.      The Workers’ Compensation Commission erred in its
               reversal of the [d]eputy [c]ommissioner’s determination that the
               claimant was working in a light capacity job, but at her pre-injury
               job level.

               5.     The Workers’ Compensation Commission erred in its
               reversal of the [d]eputy [c]ommissioner’s determination that the
               claimant’s lost time was barred by the economic loss rule.

               6.      The Workers’ Compensation Commission erred in its
               application of the law to the facts of this case and the sufficiency
               of the evidence to put the claimant under a continuing open award
               and ruling that the claimant met her burden of proof for ongoing
               marketing.[2]

                                            ANALYSIS

       Employer’s first four assignments of error are challenges to the factual findings of the

Commission. We must uphold the Commission’s determination if there is credible evidence in

the record to support it. VFP, Inc. v. Shepherd, 39 Va. App. 289, 292, 572 S.E.2d 510, 511



       2
          Based on our resolution of employer’s first five assignments of error, we do not reach
this assignment of error.
                                              -6-
(2002). Additionally, we grant the Commission all reasonable inferences that can be drawn from

the evidence. Id. at 292, 572 S.E.2d at 512.

       Employer argues that the traditional standard of review should not apply in this case

because, for each of the first four assignments of error, the Commission reversed the factual

findings of the deputy commissioner.3 Citing our decision in Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. v.

Pierce, 5 Va. App. 374, 363 S.E.2d 433 (1987), employer argues that the factual findings of the

deputy commissioner should have been adopted by the Commission because the deputy

commissioner heard and observed the witnesses, and therefore “was . . . in the best position to

weigh the hearing testimony . . . .”

       Employer essentially argues that the Commission should have deferred to the deputy

commissioner’s factual findings for the same reasons appellate courts defer to trial courts on

factual findings. The view that the Commission essentially sits as an appellate court when

reviewing the decision of a deputy commissioner simply is mistaken.

       Deputy commissioners “have the power to . . . take testimony and hear the parties at issue

and their representatives and witnesses, decide the issues in a summary manner, and make an

award carrying out the decision.” Code § 65.2-203. Nevertheless, their decisions, including

their factual determinations, are subject to review.

       In the normal course, a party aggrieved of a deputy commissioner’s decision may seek

review of that decision before the full Commission. Pursuant to Code § 65.2-705, an aggrieved

party may submit an “application for review . . . to the Commission within 30 days after issuance

of [the deputy commissioner’s] award . . . .” Upon such application, “the full Commission . . .

shall review the evidence . . . .” Code § 65.2-705 (emphasis added). After conducting its


       3
         Despite conceding that “the Commission is not bound by the [d]eputy [c]ommissioner’s
findings . . . ,” employer still argues that it was reversible error for the Commission not to adopt
those findings.
                                                   -7-
evidentiary review, “[t]he Commission shall make an award . . . together with a statement of the

findings of fact, rulings of law, and other matters pertinent to the questions at issue . . . .” Id.

(emphasis added). Having directed in Code § 65.2-705 that the Commission make findings of

fact when it reviews the decision of a deputy commissioner, the General Assembly then

mandated that the facts so found by the Commission “upon such review, as provided in

§ 65.2-705, shall be conclusive and binding as to all questions of fact.” Code § 65.2-706. Thus,

the statutory scheme makes clear that the Commission reviewing a decision of a deputy

commissioner sits as fact finder and that the facts it finds are binding on this Court on appellate

review.

          As employer notes, we created a limited exception to this general rule in Goodyear, 5

Va. App. 374, 363 S.E.2d 433. Specifically, we engrafted onto the statutory scheme a

requirement that when a deputy commissioner makes a

                 specific, recorded observation of a key witness’ demeanor or
                 appearance in relation to credibility[, such observation] is an aspect
                 of the hearing that the [C]ommission may not arbitrarily disregard.
                 When the [C]ommission does not follow such a finding, the record
                 should indicate that the [C]ommission did not arbitrarily ignore the
                 finding.

Id. at 382, 363 S.E.2d at 437.

          In the instant case, employer conceded at oral argument that the deputy commissioner did

not tie her resolution of the factual issues to the “demeanor or appearance” of the witnesses.

Consequently, Goodyear’s limited exception to the general rule has no application to this case.

Accordingly, we review the first four assignments of error under the traditional, deferential

standard. Shepherd, 39 Va. App. at 292, 572 S.E.2d at 511-12. See also Code § 65.2-706.

                       Commission’s Decision to Credit Claimant’s Evidence

          In its first assignment of error, employer does not argue that claimant offered no evidence

on key evidentiary issues. Rather, employer essentially argues that, on the relevant evidentiary
                                                  -8-
issues, the Commission should have adopted the deputy commissioner’s finding that employer’s

evidence was more persuasive than claimant’s. Such an argument ignores that the Commission

sits as the ultimate fact finder when conducting a review pursuant to Code § 65.2-705. Code

§ 65.2-706. Here, a majority of the Commission simply credited claimant’s evidence on key

issues over employer’s evidence, something it was entitled to do.4 Accordingly, because

claimant offered competent evidence on the issues encompassed by employer’s first assignment

of error, the Commission did not err by crediting that evidence.

                               Knowing Violation of a Safety Rule

       In its second assignment of error, employer contends that the Commission erred in

finding that claimant did not knowingly violate a safety rule by utilizing a ladder while cleaning

the windows in the courthouse. Employer offered evidence that there was such a rule and that

claimant was aware of it; claimant testified that there was no such rule and that custodians

routinely used a ladder when cleaning the windows and that no one was ever disciplined for so

using a ladder. Based on its review of the evidence, the Commission found that “there was no

written rule and no specific procedure for cleaning the courthouse lobby windows. The claimant

was required to use a ladder to clean the windows.” Furthermore, in an alternative finding, the

Commission found that “[e]ven if a safety rule was in place, the safety rule was not

enforced . . . .” Either of these findings is sufficient to defeat employer’s defense of a knowing


       4
         As noted above, this case does not fall within the Goodyear exception. Even if it did,
the Commission’s crediting claimant’s evidence on the issues encompassed by employer’s first
assignment of error would not be precluded because the Commission offered specific reasons for
why it rejected the testimony of employer’s key witness, Brian Purvis. Specifically, the
Commission found that

               [t]he testimony of Brian Purvis, claimant’s supervisor, was
               equivocal. A close examination of Purvis’ testimony reveals that it
               was vague, imprecise, and inconsistent . . . . Purvis’ imprecision,
               and his lack of knowledge of such critical facts undermined his
               credibility . . . . His testimony lacked credibility.
                                                  -9-
violation of a safety rule. See Buzzo v. Woolridge Trucking, 17 Va. App. 327, 332, 437 S.E.2d

205, 208 (1993). Given that claimant’s evidence provided a sufficient basis for both of these

findings, the Commission’s factual determinations regarding the safety rule issue are binding on

appeal.

                Stipulation Regarding Which of Claimant’s Body Parts Were Injured

          In its third assignment of error, employer alleges that the evidence failed to establish that

claimant suffered an injury to her neck, back, and hands. This, of course, ignores that, at the

January 7th hearing, employer stipulated that claimant suffered an injury to her neck, back, and

hands. Specifically, the following colloquy occurred:

                 Deputy Commissioner:

                 Okay, thank you. Iʼll make a note of that. That the Employer
                 would agree that if the willful misconduct defense fails, at a
                 minimum the Employer would agree that the Claimant would have
                 a compensable injury to the neck, back, left shoulder, ribs, and
                 hands.

                 Employer’s Counsel:

                 Correct.

                 Deputy Commissioner:

                 Okay. Thank you. That might help shorten the hearing also.[5]

(Emphasis added).

          Courts have long encouraged parties to stipulate to undisputed issues. Such stipulations

focus courts on issues that are actually in dispute and promote judicial economy by limiting the

issues that are subject to the taking of evidence. For stipulations to achieve this purpose, a party


          5
         Although the deputy commissioner accepted the stipulation at the hearing, she, without
addressing the stipulation, ultimately found that claimant had not met “her burden of proof that
[she suffered] injuries to” her neck, back, and hands. Given that the Commission ultimately
accepted the stipulation on review, the deputy commissioner’s tacit rejection of the stipulation is
moot.
                                                - 10 -
agreeing to a stipulation must be bound by it. Fountain v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 51, 58,

764 S.E.2d 293, 296 (2014) (“Parties are bound by their factual stipulations.” (citing Barrick v.

Board of Supervisors, 239 Va. 628, 631, 391 S.E.2d 318, 320 (1990))). Accordingly, a valid

stipulation constitutes credible evidence.

       Here, the Commission decided that employer was bound by the stipulation. Because the

Commission accepted the stipulation, claimant was relieved of any duty to offer evidence to

prove the conceded issues. Having relieved claimant of her obligation to adduce such evidence,

employer cannot now argue that she failed to offer evidence to support that she suffered an injury

to her neck, back, and hands. Because the stipulation provides a sufficient evidentiary basis for

the Commission’s findings, we will not disturb those findings on appeal.

                                   Claimant’s Light-Duty Status

       In its fourth assignment of error, employer argues that the Commission erred in finding

that the evidence supported a conclusion that claimant was working in a light-duty capacity at

the time the employer terminated the custodial positions. Once again, this ignores the

stipulations of the parties. At the January 7th hearing, the following colloquy occurred:

               Deputy Commissioner:

               We have several stipulations that I believe will shorten the hearing
               considerably. . . . And fifth, from July 1st 2011 through the
               present the Claimant has been in a light duty capacity. Have I
               correctly stated the stipulations . . .?

               Claimant’s Counsel:

               Yes, Maʼam. . . .




                                              - 11 -
               Employer’s Counsel:

               You have, thank you.[6]

(Emphasis added). For the reasons stated above, this stipulation provided the Commission with a

sufficient evidentiary basis for reaching its conclusion that the “claimant performed light duty.”

The stipulation, however, was augmented by employer’s action later in the January 7th hearing.

Specifically, when claimant’s counsel began asking questions as to what job functions claimant

was performing for employer after her injury, employer objected, arguing that “Iʼm not sure how

any of this is relevant. Thereʼs a stipulation that she was able to work light duty. She in fact

worked light duty. What she did really is not relevant to any of the issues pending before you.”

(Emphasis added).

       It takes a certain amount of chutzpah7 to argue on appeal that the claimant offered no

evidence after objecting below to such evidence on the grounds that the issue was uncontested

because of a stipulation to which one had agreed. Based on the stipulation and the objection of

employer at the January 7th hearing, there was a sufficient evidentiary basis for the Commission

to conclude that claimant was in a light-duty capacity.8




       6
          At the January 7th hearing, the deputy commissioner indicated that the stipulation was
accepted. In her ultimate opinion, she recognized that the parties had stipulated that the claimant
had a light-duty status, but found that the evidence did not support such a conclusion. In light of
the Commission’s acceptance of the stipulation on review, the deputy commissioner’s rejection
of the stipulation is moot.
       7
        “The most famous definition of ‘chutzpah’ is, of course, itself law-themed: chutzpah is
when a man kills both his parents and begs the court for mercy because he’s an orphan.” Alex
Kozinski & Eugene Volokh, Lawsuit, Shmawsuit, 103 Yale L.J. 463, 467 (1993).
       8
         As claimant notes on brief, adopting the stipulation that claimant was in a light-duty
capacity is essentially a finding that she was partially disabled for the purposes of Code
§ 65.2-502.

                                               - 12 -
                               Elimination of the Custodial Positions

       In its fifth assignment of error, employer contends that its responsibility to pay disability

benefits to claimant ended when employer eliminated all of the custodial positions. Employer

reasons that the loss of her position was not caused by her partial disability, and therefore, she is

not entitled to continued benefits. Claimant counters that employer is required to continue to pay

her disability benefits because she remains partially disabled, and therefore, is at a disadvantage

in the marketplace.9

       We review whether the elimination of positions terminates an employer’s responsibility

to pay continuing benefits to a partially disabled worker de novo. Carr v. Atkinson/Clark/Shea,

A Joint Venture, 63 Va. App. 281, 283, 756 S.E.2d 191, 192 (2014) (citation omitted). In

conducting our review, we are mindful that “the provisions of the [Workers’] Compensation Act

are to be liberally construed,” but recognize that it was not intended to serve as a substitute for

“unemployment insurance . . . .” Vega Precision Laboratories, Inc. v. Jwayyed, 218 Va. 1026,

1032, 243 S.E.2d 228, 231 (1978).

       Professor Larson has summarized the general rule as follows: “Loss of employment

should not be deemed due to disability if a worker without the disability would lose employment

or suffer a reduction in earnings under the same economic conditions . . . .” 7 Lex K. Larson,

Larsonʼs Workersʼ Compensation Law § 84.03 (Matthew Bender, rev. ed. 2015). Having stated




       9
          We note that the claimed wage loss is due to claimant’s partial, as opposed to total,
disability. Thus, our review focuses on the claimant’s alleged economic loss as opposed to her
loss of earning capacity. McKellar v. Northrop Gruman Shipbuilding, Inc., ___ Va. ___, ___,
___ S.E.2d ___, ___, 2015 Va. LEXIS 140 (Va. Oct. 29, 2015) (“Code § 65.2-502 presumes that
where an injured worker is only partially disabled, that employee can continue working either on
restricted duty or in an altogether new job. As a result, economic loss is the appropriate test for
the compensation award in cases of partial incapacity whereas loss of earning capacity is the
proper test for such awards in cases of total incapacity.”).
                                                - 13 -
the general rule, Larson recognizes that it is simple to state, but difficult to implement, noting

that “whether this formula can be applied with any precision may be open to question.” Id.

       Our cases demonstrate this difficulty. In Metro Mach. Corp. v. Lamb, 33 Va. App. 187,

532 S.E.2d 337 (2000), a claimant who was under medical restrictions caused by a prior,

compensable accident, sought wage benefits when he, along with other employees, was laid off

“from selective employment, due to the employer’s loss of Navy ship repair work” and resultant

“plant shut down . . . .” Id. at 196, 532 S.E.2d at 341. We affirmed the Commission’s award of

benefits. Reasoning that “[u]ntil the employee can perform at his pre-injury capacity, he is

protected from the economic vicissitudes of the market place . . . ,” we concluded that an

“employee’s layoff due to the employer’s economic downturn does not preclude his entitlement

to disability benefits.” Id. at 197, 532 S.E.2d at 341.

       We returned to the issue in Utility Trailer Mfg. Co. v. Testerman, 58 Va. App. 474, 711

S.E.2d 232 (2011). In Utility Trailer, the claimant had been involved in a compensable accident

working on a manufacturing line in 2006 and had returned to work for the employer on the

manufacturing line in a light-duty capacity. In 2009, in order to perform an inventory, employer

furloughed all employees, including the claimant, for four days. The claimant sought wage

benefits for the four days of work he missed as a result of the furlough. Id. at 475-76, 711 S.E.2d

at 232-33. The employer argued that the claimant was not entitled to benefits because any wages

lost during the furlough were not caused by his partial disability, but rather such loss was caused

by the furlough of all of the manufacturing line employees. A divided Commission found for the

claimant and awarded benefits.

       We reversed. While acknowledging that a claimant limited to light-duty status could be

entitled to benefits under such scenarios, we held that he must establish that his partial disability

placed him at a disadvantage when compared to non-restricted workers and show that there was

                                                - 14 -
a “causal relationship between his loss of wages and his injury.” Id. at 482, 711 S.E.2d at 236.

Finding that the claimant had failed to meet these requirements, we reversed the Commission’s

award of benefits.

       Arguably there is tension between our opinion in Lamb and Utility Trailer;10 however, in

Carr, 63 Va. App. at 285-86, 756 S.E.2d at 192-93, we cited both with approval, effectively

concluding that they could be reconciled, and set forth a framework for determining whether a

partially disabled claimant remains entitled to benefits after a furlough.

       Specifically, we reiterated the established principle that a partially disabled claimant

seeking disability benefits in this scenario has the burden of demonstrating that “the wage loss is

causally related to the partial incapacity.” Carr, 63 Va. App. at 286, 756 S.E.2d at 193. See also

Pocahontas Fuel Co. v. Agee, 201 Va. 678, 681, 112 S.E.2d 835, 837 (1960) (holding that

granting total disability benefits to a worker who has been laid off is “warranted if the

Commission could reasonably find . . . that because of his disability he was unable to market his

remaining capacity for work” (emphasis added)); Pocahontas Fuel Co. v. Barbour, 201 Va. 682,

684, 112 S.E.2d 904, 906 (1960) (stating that “[o]ne who has suffered a partial physical

disability may obtain total incapacity payments if, because of his disability, he is unable to

market his remaining capacity for work” (emphasis added)).

       To analyze whether a particular wage loss in this scenario was due to the claimant’s

partial incapacity, we adopted the five considerations utilized in Utility Trailer, namely

               (1) the length of any furlough from work; (2) whether that furlough
               included all employees, restricted or not, of the same class; (3) the

       10
           A member of the panel in Utility Trailer dissented, 58 Va. App. at 484, 711 S.E.2d at
236, later writing that the decision in Utility Trailer “cannot be reconciled with our previous
holding in . . . Lamb . . . .” Carr, 63 Va. App. at 287, 756 S.E.2d at 194 (Petty, J. concurring in
the judgment). Subsequent to Carr, we expressly recognized that Carr harmonized the decisions
in Utility Trailer and Lamb. McKellar v. Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding Inc., 63 Va. App.
448, 455 n.3, 758 S.E.2d 104, 107 n.3 (2014), rev’d on other grounds, ___ Va. at ___, ___
S.E.2d at ___, 2015 Va. LEXIS 140.
                                                 - 15 -
               reason for the furlough; (4) whether the term of the furlough was
               pre-determined by the employer; and (5) whether employees were
               offered employment at the termination of the furlough.

Carr, 63 Va. App. at 286, 756 S.E.2d at 193 (citation omitted).

       By its express terms, Utility Trailer “addresses only those cases where a partially

incapacitated employee is furloughed.” 58 Va. App. at 483, 711 S.E.2d at 236. In context,

however, furlough refers to a loss of employment that affects a class of employees as opposed to

an individual, and therefore, the rationale also applies in cases of a permanent elimination of

positions. To hold otherwise would eliminate the requirement that a claimant demonstrate that

partial disability caused an economic loss, place a partially disabled claimant in a superior

position to the able-bodied workers who also were laid off, and essentially convert workers’

compensation benefits into unemployment benefits, which we cannot do. See Jwayyed, 218 Va.

at 1032, 243 S.E.2d at 231; Agee, 201 Va. at 681, 112 S.E.2d at 837; Barbour, 201 Va. at 684,

112 S.E.2d at 906. Accordingly, we apply the Utility Trailer considerations to the case before

us.

       Here, the length of the layoff was definite; employer had eliminated permanently the

custodial positions, and thus, claimant’s potential marketing activities were not affected by her

possible recall to work, distinguishing her from the claimant in Carr. All of the custodial

positions were terminated with all employees of claimant’s class losing their jobs regardless of

whether or not they were subject to injury related restrictions.

       The layoff was the result of a business decision made by the employer. Although we can

presume that it was done for economic benefit, there is nothing in the record to support a

conclusion that the decision was made as a result of a general economic downturn. Because




                                               - 16 -
employer intended to eliminate the custodial positions permanently, the layoff and its length

were predetermined.11

       Finally, no employees, whether subject to medical restrictions or not, were offered

custodial positions with employer going forward. Although claimant’s counsel stated at the

beginning of the January 7th hearing that all of the custodians except for claimant were hired by

Jani-King, this is not supported by the record.12 Rather, the record reveals that only one of

employer’s former custodians eventually was hired by Jani-King, but that occurred a year after

Jani-King had undertaken providing the custodial services. Notably, claimant never applied for a

position with Jani-King.

       Our review of these considerations strongly suggests that claimant’s partial disability was

not the cause of her wage loss, but the considerations are not necessarily dispositive. Claimant

would be entitled to disability benefits if the evidence demonstrated that she was denied

employment because of her partial incapacity.

       The Commission, citing Utility Trailer, found that “[w]ages were lost and there was a

causal connection between the wage loss and the claimant’s injuries.” The Commission,

however, cited no evidence to support its conclusion. Our review of the record reveals that it is

devoid of such evidence.

       Although there is evidence that claimant unsuccessfully sought employment with

numerous potential employers after being laid off by employer, there is no evidence that she was


       11
          The record establishes that the decision to terminate the custodial positions was
reached prior to claimant’s work accident. Accordingly, we are not faced with a scenario in
which an employer seeks to avoid paying disability benefits by terminating a class of workers
that includes a worker or workers receiving benefits.
       12
         Absent an agreement of the parties by way of a stipulation, statements of counsel are
not evidence. Bateman v. Commonwealth, 183 Va. 253, 256-57, 32 S.E.2d 134, 136 (1944);
Goin v. Commonwealth, 182 Va. 307, 310, 28 S.E.2d 631, 632 (1944).

                                               - 17 -
unsuccessful because of her partial disability. Claimant’s testimony established that she applied

for jobs at various employers; however, there was no evidence that she was not hired because of

her partial disability, a showing that is essential to her claim. Agee, 201 Va. at 681, 112 S.E.2d

at 837-38; Barbour, 201 Va. at 684-85, 112 S.E.2d at 906-07. In fact, there is no evidence that

the prospective employers were even aware that claimant was under any medical restrictions.

See Agee, 201 Va. at 681, 112 S.E.2d at 838 (“[T]he evidence shows that when [the claimant]

was laid off and applied at other mines operated by the company, neither he nor the company

knew that he had silicosis. Employment was denied him in each instance, not because of his

disease but because he was not on the panel at those mines.”). Thus, the evidence does not

establish that claimant’s failure to obtain new employment was related to her disability.

       It is noteworthy that claimant never even applied for a position with Jani-King. Based on

her own testimony, claimant essentially was performing all of the duties of a non-restricted

custodian at the time Jani-King assumed the contract for providing custodial services.13

Claimant’s failure to apply leaves open the question of whether she essentially could have

continued to provide the same custodial services she had previously provided, albeit as an

employee of Jani-King.

       It appears that the Commission simply assumed that a failure to find work when partially

disabled is enough to establish a causal relationship. It is not. As the Supreme Court of Virginia

has held regarding a partially disabled claimant with a disability rating of up to 50%, “[n]o




       13
          Absent the stipulation that she was in a light-duty capacity at the relevant time, there
would be considerable question as to whether claimant was even partially disabled at the time
Jani-King began providing the custodial services. Citing both the medical evidence and
claimant’s testimony, the deputy commissioner found that “considering the record as a whole,
we find the claimant was released to preinjury work.” The stipulation, however, allowed the
Commission to conclude that claimant was, in fact, partially disabled.
                                               - 18 -
inference is warranted from the degree of partial physical incapacity of [the claimant] that he

could not obtain other employment, and the evidence is insufficient to show that he made

reasonable effort to obtain other employment which was denied to him because of his partial

physical incapacity.” Id. (emphasis added).

       Accordingly, because claimant failed to establish that her failure to find employment

after she was laid off was causally related to her partial disability, we reverse the Commission’s

award of disability benefits.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Commission’s factual determinations challenged

in employer’s first four assignments of error. However, we find that the record does not support

the conclusion that claimant’s inability to obtain employment after being laid off was causally

related to her partial disability, and therefore, we reverse the Commission’s award of disability

benefits.

                                                                               Affirmed in part and
                                                                                   reversed in part.




                                               - 19 -
