                                       PUBLISHED

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 17-1222


JANET HODGIN; MICHAEL HODGIN, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated; DIANNA MEY, individually and on behalf of a class of all
persons and entities similarly situated; PHILIP CHARVAT, individually and on
behalf of a class of all persons and entities similarly situated,

            Plaintiffs – Appellants,

and

JAMES G. HOUGH, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated;
KERRY O’SHEA, on behalf of himself, and all others similarly situated; GEORGE
CAIN, Individually and On Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated; MERRILL
PRIMACK; STEWART MCCAW; NICHOLAS SHREDERS, on behalf of plaintiff
and a class; JONATHAN MRAUNAC; VINCENT BRIZGYS; CRAIG
CUNNINGHAM; KENNETH MOSER; BILL GARCIA; BRYAN ANTHONY
REO; ANTHONY CHERTER; BRUCE RORTY; EDITH BOWLER; KENNETH
CLARK; JAMES GILES; JASON BENNETT; SANDRA FAIRLEY; SCOTT
DOLEMBA, on behalf of plaintiff and a class; ALLEN BEAVER; DAKOTA
DALTON; DIANE ELDER; MICHELLE WAKELEY; KEITH FINKLEA; TODD
C. BANK; NEWTON VAUGHN, an individual; STEWART N. ABRAMSON;
LAWRENCE TARIZZO, individually and on behalf of all others similary situated;
DARREN R. NEWHART; BRANDON FRAZER; YVETTE CORRALEZ-
ESTRADA-DIAZ; JOHN GERACI; SHANE MEYERS; MATTHEW BARGER;
JEFFERY WAGY,

            Plaintiffs,

v.

UTC FIRE & SECURITY AMERICAS CORP., INC.; HONEYWELL
INTERNATIONAL, INCORPORATED,

            Defendants – Appellees,
and

VERSATILE MARKETING SOLUTIONS, INC., d/b/a VMS Alarms, d/b/a VMS
Alliance Security, d/b/a Alliance Home Protection; LISA HADDAD, d/b/a CCA
Services LLC, d/b/a Alarmillinois.com, d/b/a Alarmindiana.com; DOES 1-10;
HOME SECURITY SOLUTIONS, INC; JOHN AND JANE DOES 1-10; BRIAN
FABIANO; RYAN J. NEWCOMER; DOES 1-25; 2 GIG TECHNOLOGY; JASJIT,
a/k/a Jay Gotra; SECURE 1 SYSTEMS; MIKE MAVARRO; UTC FIRE AND
AMERICA’S CORPORATION; KATHY MCDONALD, a/k/a Kathy Mardaresco;
THE ALTITUDE GROUP, LLC, d/b/a Core Home Security; KEVIN BRODY;
TRAN CONSULTING GROUP, LLC; UNITED TECHNOLOGIES
CORPORATION; MONITRONICS INTERNATIONAL, INC.; ALLIANCE
SECURITY, INC., d/b/a AH Security, Inc, formerly doing business as Versatile
Marketing Solutions, Inc., d/b/a VMS Alarms; ALLIANCE SECURITY LLC, a
Delaware limited liability company; ISI ALARMS NC INC., a North Carolina
corporation; KEVIN KLINK; JAYSON WALLER; JASJIT GOTRA, a/k/a Jay
Gotra, individually and as an Officer of Versatile Marketing Solutions, Inc.;
ALLIANCE SECURITY; JASJIT GOTRA, individually and as an officer of
Versatile Marketing Solutions, Inc.; VERSATILE MARKETING SOLUTIONS,
INC., d/b/a VMS Alarms, d/b/a VMS, d/b/a Alliance Security, d/b/a Alliance Home
Protection, a California corporation,

               Defendants,

COMPLIANCEPOINT, INC.,

               Party-in-Interest,

------------------------------

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS; SECURITY INDUSTRY
ASSOCIATION,

               Amici Supporting Appellees.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at
Clarksburg. John Preston Bailey, District Judge. (1:13-md-02493-JPB-JES)


Argued: January 24, 2018                                        Decided: March 14, 2018


                                             2
Before DUNCAN, KEENAN, and, DIAZ, Circuit Judges.


Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Duncan wrote the opinion, in which Judges
Keenan and Diaz joined.


ARGUED: Ryan McCune Donovan, BAILEY & GLASSER, LLP, Charleston, West
Virginia, for Appellants. Rebecca J. Wahlquist, SNELL & WILMER, LLP, Los Angeles,
California, for Appellee UTC Fire & Security Americas Corp., Inc. Lauri Anne
Mazzuchetti, KELLEY DRYE & WARREN, LLP, Parsippany, New Jersey, for Appellee
Honeywell International, Incorporated. ON BRIEF: John W. Barrett, Jonathan R.
Marshall, J. Zak Ritchie, BAILEY & GLASSER LLP, Charleston, West Virginia; Beth E.
Terrell, TERRELL MARSHALL LAW GROUP, PLLC, Seattle, Washington, for
Appellants. Glenn T. Graham, KELLEY DRYE & WARREN LLP, Parsippany, New
Jersey, for Appellee Honeywell International, Incorporated. Gordon H. Copland,
STEPTOE & JOHNSON PLLC, Bridgeport, West Virginia, for Appellee UTC Fire &
Security Americas Corp., Inc. Kate Comerford Todd, Steven P. Lehotsky, UNITED
STATES CHAMBER LITIGATION CENTER, Washington, D.C.; Thomas R. McCarthy,
Bryan K. Weir, CONSOVOY MCCARTHY PARK PLLC, Arlington, Virginia, for Amici
Curiae.




                                         3
DUNCAN, Circuit Judge:

       Plaintiffs-Appellants sued UTC Fire & Security Americas Corporation, Inc., and

Honeywell International, Inc., under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the

“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227. Although Plaintiffs did not allege that UTC and Honeywell

directly violated the TCPA, they claimed that both companies were vicariously liable for

illegal calls made by telemarketers promoting UTC and Honeywell products. UTC and

Honeywell separately moved for summary judgment before the end of discovery. Plaintiffs

opposed the motions and moved, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d), to postpone

the district court’s ruling until discovery closed. The district court denied Plaintiffs’ Rule

56(d) motion and granted UTC and Honeywell summary judgment.

       We affirm the district court’s denial of the Rule 56(d) motion because Plaintiffs

failed to show that they did not have an opportunity to discover specific evidence that was

essential to their opposition to summary judgment. We also affirm the court’s grant of

summary judgment because Plaintiffs failed to proffer more than a scintilla of evidence to

support the conclusion that UTC and Honeywell were vicariously liable for the

telemarketers’ alleged TCPA violations.



                                              I.

       Because the facts pertaining to UTC and Honeywell are different, we discuss them

separately. We begin with UTC.




                                              4
                                            A.

       During the relevant period, UTC manufactured home-security systems. It sold the

systems to distributors, which resold them to approximately 28,000 retailers. Once UTC

sold systems to a distributor, the distributor took full title to the product. Accordingly,

UTC did not receive any direct proceeds from a product’s resale to a retailer or consumer.

       Versatile Marketing Solutions, Inc., (“VMS”) was one of the retailers that purchased

UTC’s home-security systems from a distributor. VMS sold the systems directly to

consumers as part of a security package that included a subscription to monitoring services.

It used telemarketing to sell these packages.

       VMS did not have a direct purchasing relationship with UTC; it only purchased

systems from UTC’s distributors. However, VMS had a contractual relationship with UTC

that allowed VMS to use UTC’s trademarks in limited ways. The contractual relationship

began in 2010 when UTC acquired GE Security, Inc., which had entered into a “dealer

agreement” with VMS the previous year. UTC continued to honor the agreement after the

acquisition.

       The dealer agreement permitted VMS to hold itself out as an “Authorized GE

Security Dealer.” J.A. 802. However, the agreement prohibited VMS from using the GE

Security trademark in “its corporate or business name, or within its telephone greeting,

letterhead, stationary, identification badges, telemarketing scripts or direct marketing

material, or promotional items.” J.A. 802. The agreement also stated that the parties did

not intend “to create an employment, agency, franchise or other relationship.” J.A. 800.

Additionally, the contract required VMS to comply with all applicable laws and

                                                5
regulations. Finally, the agreement entitled VMS to rebates if it purchased a minimum

amount of GE Security products each year.

       In 2011, UTC began to receive complaints about VMS’s telemarketing practices.

On August 24, 2011, for example, an individual complained that VMS had called his

residence selling GE Security products even though his number was listed on the national

Do-Not-Call Registry. And, in November 2011, UTC received at least two complaints

stating that VMS was using robocalls to sell GE Security products.

       UTC had a system for responding to complaints about its authorized dealers. This

process involved contacting the complainant to explain that UTC was a manufacturer that

sold exclusively to distributors and never marketed its products directly to consumers and

that none of the retailers that sold UTC products were authorized to hold themselves out as

representatives of UTC or GE Security. Then, UTC would ask the complainant for

identifying information about the telemarketer. If the complainant provided sufficient

information to identify which authorized dealer made the relevant call, UTC would relay

the complaint to that dealer and take appropriate remedial action.

       UTC followed this process when it received complaints about VMS, following-up

with complainants and informing VMS of the grievances lodged against the telemarketer.

UTC also required the head of VMS to attend an ethics presentation during which UTC

reminded authorized dealers that they were prohibited from representing themselves as

UTC’s or GE Security’s agents and were contractually obligated to comply with all

applicable telemarketing laws. Finally, UTC terminated VMS’s dealer agreement in April



                                             6
2012 because it determined that VMS’s misconduct was damaging UTC’s reputation and

UTC was in any event likely to lose VMS’s business to a competitor.



                                            B.

       Like UTC, Honeywell manufactured hardware for home-security systems. Through

a wholly-owned subsidiary called ADI Global Distribution, Honeywell sold its security

products to thousands of retailers, which in turn resold them to consumers. Some, but not

all, of these retailers had “sales agreements” with Honeywell that entitled them to purchase

products from ADI at a favorable rate, guaranteed them a minimum supply of products

every month, and allowed them to use Honeywell’s logo for limited purposes.

       ISI Alarms NC, Inc., was a retailer. It purchased Honeywell products from ADI and

resold them to consumers as part of a security package that included a subscription to

monitoring services. ISI used telemarketing to sell these packages.

       From 2005 to 2012, ISI purchased Honeywell products without a sales agreement.

During this time, Honeywell received several complaints that ISI was making aggressive

telemarketing calls in which its employees represented themselves as Honeywell agents.

The complaints cited to by Plaintiffs, however, did not allege that ISI was using

prerecorded messages or calling numbers on the Do-Not-Call Registry.            Honeywell

responded to these complaints by reminding ISI that it could not hold itself out as a

Honeywell representative.




                                             7
       On April 11, 2012, ISI executed a sales agreement with Honeywell. 1 The agreement

set the prices ADI could charge ISI for security products and entitled ISI to rebates if it

bought a minimum amount of Honeywell equipment. It also permitted ISI to use the

Honeywell logo in its marketing materials if ISI complied with certain conditions.

Specifically, the agreement prohibited anyone associated with ISI from making “any

representation, whether verbal, written or otherwise, that they [were] a Honeywell

employee or an agent of Honeywell or that [ISI] [had] any official association or affiliation

with Honeywell.” J.A. 706.

       Between May and June 2012, Honeywell received new complaints about ISI’s

telemarketing practices. Specifically, these complaints accused ISI of making aggressive

telemarketing calls under the name ISI/Honeywell, using prerecorded calls to solicit

business, and ignoring requests to be placed on the company’s no-call list.

       In response to these complaints, Honeywell reiterated that ISI could not represent

itself as a Honeywell agent and opened an investigation into the other allegations. During

the summer of 2012, Honeywell’s legal team called ISI periodically to learn more about

the complaints, and two Honeywell executives visited ISI’s headquarters to further

investigate. Honeywell also explained to ISI that the complaints about ISI’s telemarketing

practices had placed their business relationship in jeopardy. ISI insisted that it was not

responsible for any misconduct throughout the investigation. Instead, it claimed that its

competitors were impersonating ISI employees during illegal calls to hurt ISI’s reputation.


       1
       The contract provided that “[t]he term of this Agreement will begin on February
15, 2012.” J.A. 790. But it was not signed by both parties until April 11, 2012.
                                             8
       Despite its refusal to accept responsibility for any misconduct, ISI hired a consulting

firm to ensure that it was complying with applicable telemarketing laws and regulations.

But this did not solve the problem. Honeywell continued to receive complaints about ISI

throughout the fall of 2012. In January 2013, Honeywell terminated its sales agreement

with ISI “due to the issues with telemarketing and . . . growing issues with credit.” J.A.

331.



                                                II.

       On December 19, 2013, the Multidistrict Litigation (“MDL”) Panel consolidated

seven class-action lawsuits alleging that ISI, VMS and other home-security retailers

violated the TCPA by making illegal telemarketing calls and transferred the consolidated

case to the Northern District of West Virginia. On February 28, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a

Master Consolidated Complaint, which they twice amended. In relevant part, the Second

Amended Master Consolidated Complaint claimed that ISI and VMS violated § 227(b) of

the TCPA by making calls that used a prerecorded message and § 227(c) by calling

numbers on the national Do-Not-Call Registry. It also alleged that UTC and Honeywell

were vicariously liable for these violations because the manufacturers benefited from the

calls and either authorized or ratified them.

       Over the next year, the parties engaged in discovery. Before discovery closed,

however, the district court stayed the MDL until the Supreme Court decided two cases

pending before it: one involving class-action standing and the other involving TCPA



                                                9
liability. 2 Those cases were decided on June 6, 2016. Two days later, the district court

lifted the stay and scheduled a status conference to discuss how the rest of discovery should

proceed.

       At the status conference, which convened on July 28, 2016, UTC and Honeywell

sought permission to file motions for summary judgment on the ground that they were not

vicariously liable for ISI’s and VMS’s alleged misconduct. Plaintiffs objected that such

motions would unnecessarily delay the final resolution of the case because UTC had raised

and lost a similar motion before its lawsuit was consolidated into the MDL. The court

granted UTC’s and Honeywell’s requests. It also entered a scheduling order setting the

close of discovery for April 28, 2017.

       On August 16, 2016, UTC filed its summary-judgment motion. Honeywell’s

motion followed two weeks later. On September 20, 2016, Plaintiffs responded to both

motions and filed a declaration, pursuant to Rule 56(d), requesting that the district court

defer ruling on summary judgment until the close of discovery. The Rule 56(d) declaration

acknowledged that Plaintiffs had previously deposed UTC and Honeywell executives but

claimed that additional depositions were “critical to fully exploring the [vicarious-liability]

issues raised in the summary judgment motions” because UTC and Honeywell had

produced thousands of new documents since their initial depositions. J.A. 725.3 at ¶ 8.

According to the declaration, additional depositions would “allow effective cross-

examination regarding the [new] documents” and would “produce evidence directly from


       2
     Respectively, these cases were Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016), and
Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 136 S. Ct. 663 (2016).
                                              10
[UTC’s and Honeywell’s] representatives, and not filtered through potentially self-serving

documents.” J.A. 725.3 at ¶ 8.

       On December 22, 2016, the district court denied Plaintiffs’ request to postpone

ruling on summary judgment for two reasons. First, it found that Plaintiffs did not attempt

to schedule a single deposition in the three months between June 8, 2016, when the stay

was lifted on the MDL, and September 20, 2016, when their responses to the summary-

judgment motions were due. In re: Monitronics Int’l, Inc., Tel. Consumer Prot. Act Litig.,

223 F. Supp. 3d 514, 528–29 (N.D. W. Va. 2016). The district court concluded that

Plaintiffs’ inaction demonstrated that the depositions were not essential to opposing the

summary-judgment motions. Id. at 529. Second, the district court found that Plaintiffs’

Rule 56(d) declaration did not identify “any evidence that would be sought [in the

depositions] that could create a genuine issue of material fact.” Id.

       The district court then granted summary judgment in favor of UTC and Honeywell.

The court determined that Plaintiffs failed to genuinely dispute that UTC and Honeywell

did not authorize or ratify VMS’s and ISI’s purported TCPA violations. Id. at 527–28.

Therefore, the court concluded that UTC and Honeywell were not vicariously liable for the

telemarketers’ alleged misconduct as a matter of law. Id.

       This appeal timely followed.




                                             11
                                              III.

       On appeal, Plaintiffs challenge the district court’s denial of their Rule 56(d) motion

and grant of summary judgment in favor of UTC and Honeywell. For the following

reasons, we reject Plaintiffs’ challenges and affirm the district court.



                                              A.

       To begin, we affirm the district court’s denial of Plaintiffs’ Rule 56(d) motion to

postpone a ruling on summary judgment until the end of discovery. Rule 56(d) provides

that a district court must defer ruling on a summary-judgment motion if the party opposing

the motion “shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present

facts essential to justify its opposition.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). The rule “mandates that

summary judgment be [postponed] when the nonmovant ‘has not had the opportunity to

discover information that is essential to his opposition.’” Pisano v. Strach, 743 F.3d 927,

931 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Ingle ex rel. Estate of Ingle v. Yelton, 439 F.3d 191, 195 (4th

Cir. 2006)). However, a court may deny a Rule 56(d) motion “when the information sought

would not by itself create a genuine issue of material fact sufficient for the nonmovant to

survive summary judgment.” Id. “We review a district court’s denial of a Rule 56(d)

motion for abuse of discretion.” Id.

       In this case, the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Plaintiffs’ Rule

56(d) motion for two reasons. First, Plaintiffs had a reasonable opportunity to depose UTC

and Honeywell regarding the nature of their relationship with VMS and ISI. Plaintiffs’

Rule 56(d) declaration acknowledged that they had deposed both defendants at an earlier

                                              12
stage of discovery. Moreover, Plaintiffs had three months between the district court’s order

lifting the stay in the consolidated case and the deadline for their opposition to UTC’s and

Honeywell’s summary-judgment motions. This gap provided Plaintiffs with a reasonable

amount of time to schedule the depositions they claim were essential to their responses.

Plaintiffs do not offer a persuasive explanation for failing to do so.

       Instead, Plaintiffs argue that they were not obligated to schedule any depositions

during the relevant three-month period because, according to the district court’s latest

scheduling order, discovery would not close until April 28, 2017--several months after their

opposition was due. This argument misunderstands the Rule 56(d) inquiry. The Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure allow a party to move for summary judgment before the end of

discovery. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(b) (“[A] party may file a motion for summary judgment at

any time until 30 days after the close of all discovery.”). However, to protect the

nonmovant from a premature grant of summary judgment, Rule 56(d) requires a court to

defer ruling on a summary-judgment motion until the nonmovant has had a reasonable

opportunity to discover information that is essential to its response. See Pisano, 743 F.3d

at 931. Thus, the relevant question under Rule 56(d) is not whether discovery remained

open at the time that the summary-judgment motion was filed, but whether the party

seeking to defer a ruling on that motion had a reasonable opportunity to conduct essential

discovery. As we have explained, Plaintiffs had such an opportunity.

        Second, Plaintiffs’ Rule 56(d) declaration does not identify any specific

information that would create a genuine dispute of material fact. The declaration states

that additional depositions of UTC and Honeywell would “allow effective cross-

                                             13
examination regarding [newly-discovered] documents” and would “produce evidence

directly from [UTC’s and Honeywell’s] representative, and not filtered through potentially

self-serving documents.” J.A. 725.2 at ¶ 8. These generic statements merely parrot the

potential benefits of any deposition. The statements do not identify any specific evidence

that Plaintiffs might discover in the depositions or explain how that evidence would create

a triable issue regarding UTC’s and Honeywell’s vicarious liability for VMS’s and ISI’s

alleged TCPA violations. Thus, Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that the information they

sought to attain in the depositions would create a genuine dispute of material fact.

       For these reasons, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by

denying Plaintiffs’ Rule 56(d) motion.



                                             B.

       Plaintiffs also challenge the district court’s determination that UTC and Honeywell

were entitled to summary judgment, arguing that there was a triable issue regarding UTC’s

and Honeywell’s vicarious liability for VMS’s and ISI’s alleged TCPA violations. Before

the district court, Plaintiffs argued that UTC and Honeywell were vicariously liable for the

purported misconduct under three theories: ratification, actual authority and apparent

authority. On appeal, however, Plaintiffs rely solely on a ratification theory. Specifically,

Plaintiffs argue that there is a genuine dispute over whether UTC and Honeywell ratified

the telemarketers’ alleged violations of § 227(b) and § 227(c) of the TCPA by failing to

repudiate their misconduct, rewarding the telemarketers for their illegal practices and

accepting benefits that stemmed from the violations. Because Plaintiffs fail to proffer more

                                             14
than a scintilla of evidence to support these allegations, we reject their challenge and affirm

the district court. 3

        Our analysis proceeds in two steps. First, we discuss the legal standards that govern

vicarious liability in the context of TCPA violations. We then address the merits of

Plaintiffs’ challenge to the district court’s grant of summary-judgment.



                                              1.

        The Federal Communications Commission (the “FCC”) interprets the TCPA to

allow vicarious liability for violation of § 227(b) and § 227(c). 4 In re Joint Petition Filed

by Dish Network, LLC, 28 FCC Rcd. 6574, 6584 (2013). Section 227(b) makes it unlawful

“for any person . . . to initiate any telephone call to any residential telephone line using an



        3
         Plaintiffs also argue that the district court applied the wrong legal standard to
determine whether they were vicariously liable for the telemarketers’ purported TCPA
violations. Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that the court erroneously determined that an
entity can only ratify the acts of another if the two had a preexisting principal-agent
relationship. We need not address this argument for two reasons. First, although the
district court cited a nonprecedential case for the proposition that ratification requires a
preexisting agency relationship, it did not in fact apply that rule in its analysis. See
Monitronics, 223 F. Supp. 3d at 526–27 (citing Johansen v. HomeAdvisor, Inc., 218 F.
Supp. 3d 577, 586 (S.D. Ohio 2016)). Instead, the court found that UTC and Honeywell
proffered significant evidence demonstrating that they expressly repudiated VMS’s and
ISI’s purported misconduct and that Plaintiffs failed to genuinely dispute that evidence.
Second, “we may affirm [a grant of summary judgment] on any ground that the law and
the record permit.” Thigpen v. Roberts, 468 U.S. 27, 29–30 (1984). Accordingly, even if
the district court applied the wrong legal standard, we may affirm its decision if we
conclude that UTC and Honeywell were entitled to summary judgment under the correct
standard, which we do.
        4
       The parties in this case accept the FCC’s interpretation and we have no reason to
question it. See Campbell-Ewald Co., 136 S. Ct. at 674.
                                              15
artificial or prerecorded voice . . . unless the call [falls under one of several exceptions that

do not apply here.]” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(B). Section 227(c) prohibits “any person from

making or transmitting a telephone solicitation to [a] telephone number [on the national

Do-Not-Call Registry.]” Id. at § 227(c)(3)(F); see also 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200 (implementing

§ 227(c)(3)(F)).

       According to the FCC, vicarious liability under the TCPA is governed by the federal

common law of agency, “including not only formal agency, but also principles of apparent

authority and ratification.” Dish Network, LLC, 28 FCC Rcd. at 6584. To determine these

common law principles, courts have traditionally looked to the Restatement of Agency.

See Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 752 (1989); see also Cilecek

v. Inova Health Sys. Servs., 115 F.3d 256, 260 (4th Cir. 1997).

       The only agency principle at issue in this case is ratification. The Restatement

provides that “[r]atification is the affirmance of a prior act done by another, whereby the

act is given effect as if done by an agent acting with actual authority.” Restatement (Third)

of Agency § 4.01(1) (2006). A party “may ratify an act by failing to object to it or to

repudiate it,” id. at § 4.01 cmt. f., or by “receiving or retaining [the] benefits it generates,”

id. at § 4.01 cmt. g. However, a party “is not bound by a ratification made without

knowledge of material facts involved in the original act when the [party] was unaware of

such lack of knowledge.” Id. at § 4.06.




                                               16
                                              2.

       UTC and Honeywell are entitled to summary judgment because Plaintiffs failed to

establish a triable issue regarding UTC’s and Honeywell’s ratification of the alleged TCPA

violations. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See Henry

v. Purnell, 652 F.3d 524, 531 (4th Cir. 2011) (en banc). Summary judgment is appropriate

if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. Pr. 56(a). Although we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party, that party must produce evidence that goes beyond

“[c]onclusory or speculative allegations” and relies on more than “a mere scintilla of

evidence” to withstand summary judgment. Thompson v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 312

F.3d 645, 649 (4th Cir. 2002) (quoting Phillips v. CSX Transp., Inc., 190 F.3d 285, 287

(4th Cir.1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       In this case, Plaintiffs argue that UTC and Honeywell were not entitled to summary

judgment because there was a genuine dispute regarding their ratification of VMS’s and

ISI’s alleged TCPA violation. Specifically, Plaintiffs contend that UTC and Honeywell

failed to repudiate the telemarketers’ practices after they learned that the telemarketers

were using prerecorded messages and calling numbers on the Do-Not-Call Registry to

promote home-security equipment. Plaintiffs contend that, instead, UTC and Honeywell

encouraged the purported misconduct by rewarding the telemarketers for their illegal

practices. Plaintiffs also argue that UTC and Honeywell ratified the telemarketers’ alleged

TCPA violations by accepting the benefits of the illegal calls. These arguments, however,

fail to create a genuine dispute of material fact because they are unsupported by record

                                             17
evidence and amount to little more than speculative allegations. See Thompson, 312 F.3d

at 649.



                                              i.

          Plaintiffs failed to rebut the evidence proffered by UTC and Honeywell

demonstrating that they repudiated the telemarketers’ alleged TCPA violations. To begin,

the record shows that UTC repudiated VMS’s alleged misconduct. When UTC received

complaints about VMS, UTC followed-up with the complainants to explain that VMS was

not its agent. In addition, UTC required the head of VMS to attend an ethics presentation

during which UTC emphasized that GE Security dealers were prohibited from representing

themselves as UTC’s or GE Security’s agents and were contractually obligated to comply

with all applicable telemarketing laws. Finally, UTC terminated its dealer agreement with

VMS at least in part because it determined that VMS’s aggressive telemarketing practices

were damaging UTC’s reputation.

          Similarly, the record shows that Honeywell repudiated ISI’s alleged misconduct. A

few months after Honeywell entered into a sales agreement with ISI it began to receive

complaints that ISI used prerecorded messages to make sales and frequently called

telephone numbers on the Do-Not-Call Registry. Honeywell responded by opening an

investigation into the alleged misconduct and informing ISI that its telemarketing practices

had placed their business relationship in jeopardy. Throughout the investigation, ISI

assured Honeywell that it was not involved in any wrongdoing and that it would comply

with all applicable laws in the future. Honeywell reasonably relied on these assurances for

                                             18
several months because ISI hired a compliance company to ensure that its telemarketing

practices did not violate any laws or regulations. Nonetheless, Honeywell ultimately

terminated its sales agreement with ISI because, among other things, Honeywell continued

to receive complaints about ISI’s telemarketing practices.

       Plaintiffs do not rebut the evidence proffered by UTC and Honeywell.



                                             ii.

       Next, Plaintiffs’ argument that UTC and Honeywell rewarded VMS and ISI for

violating the TCPA is based on speculative allegations and ignores one of the elements of

ratification. Under their contracts with UTC and Honeywell, VMS and ISI were entitled

to rebates if they purchased a minimum amount of home-security products each year.

Plaintiffs argue that these rebates rewarded VMS and ISI for violating the TCPA because

the telemarketers could only afford to make the required purchases if they sold large

quantities of home-security products and they could only sell such large quantities by using

prerecorded messages and calling numbers on the Do-Not-Call Registry. This argument is

unavailing for two reasons.

       First, the connection between the rebates and the purported TCPA violations is so

attenuated that Plaintiffs’ claim that UTC and Honeywell intended the rebates to reward

such misconduct amounts to mere speculation. See Thompson, 312 F.3d at 649 (holding

that “[c]onclusory or speculative allegations” are insufficient to establish a genuine dispute

of fact). Second, Plaintiffs’ argument ignores a key element of ratification, which is that a

party “is not bound by a ratification made without knowledge of material facts” or

                                             19
“knowledge of facts that would have led a reasonable person to investigate further.” See

Restatement (Third) of Agency § 4.06 & cmt. d. Here, Plaintiffs do not cite any evidence

showing that UTC and Honeywell knew that the telemarketers’ high sales numbers were

fueled by robocalls and calls to the Do-Not-Call Registry when they signed the dealer and

sales agreements that entitled the telemarketers to the rebates in question. 5



                                             iii.

       Finally, Plaintiffs’ argument that UTC and Honeywell benefitted from the

telemarketers’ alleged TCPA violations is based entirely on conjecture. It is undisputed

that UTC and Honeywell did not receive any direct proceeds from the telemarketers’ sale

of home-security products to consumers. Nevertheless, Plaintiffs argue that UTC and

Honeywell benefitted from the telemarketers’ use of robocalls and their calls to numbers

on the Do-Not-Call Registry because these aggressive telemarketing practices increased

the number of home-security products the telemarketers sold, which in turn caused them

to buy more goods from UTC and Honeywell. This argument, however, fails for the simple

reason that Plaintiffs failed to proffer any evidence supporting their allegation that illegal

telemarketing practices increased VMS’s and ISI’s sales of home-security products.




       5
       Although Plaintiffs cited evidence demonstrating that Honeywell received
complaints about ISI’s aggressive telemarketing practices before executing the sales
agreement on April 11, 2012, those complaints did not allege that ISI was using
prerecorded messages or calling numbers on the Do-Not-Call Registry.
                                             20
                                           IV.

       In sum, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by denying

Plaintiffs’ Rule 56(d) motion to defer ruling on summary judgment and that UTC and

Honeywell were entitled to summary judgment because there was no triable issue regarding

their purported ratification of VMS’s and ISI’s alleged TCPA violations. For these reasons,

the judgment of the district court is

                                                                             AFFIRMED.




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