                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 06a0103n.06
                           Filed: February 9, 2006

                                           No. 04-2171

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


SHERI L. KORNECKY,                                       )
                                                         )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                              )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                         )       COURT FOR THE EASTERN
               v.                                        )       DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                         )
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,                         )
                                                         )
      Defendant-Appellee.                                )
__________________________________________



BEFORE: SILER and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges, and KATZ, District Judge.*

       PER CURIAM.

       Sheri Kornecky applied for social security disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) and

supplemental security income benefits (“SSI”) under the Social Security Act (“SSA”), citing

generalized anxiety and personality disorders, and the Commissioner of the Social Security

Administration denied her application. The Commissioner agreed that Kornecky suffered from

mental impairments, but found that they did not prevent her from performing simple, low-stress,

repetitive work that did not involve much social interaction. He relied on a vocational expert’s

testimony that such jobs existed in significant numbers in the regional economy. Kornecky contends

that the Commissioner erred in failing to consider the opinion of Dr. Lian, a psychiatrist whom she


       *
        The Honorable David A. Katz, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 04-2171
Kornecky v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


characterizes as a treating physician. The Commissioner responds that Lian was not a treating

physician because he saw Kornecky only once, that he failed to adequately support his mental

residual functional capacity (“RFC”) assessment, and that his opinion was inconsistent with more

well-supported opinions rendered by other sources. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                                  I.

       In order to qualify for SS benefits, Kornecky had to establish that she had a disability on or

before her date last insured (“DLI”), June 30, 2001. The Act defines disability as the “inability to

engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or

mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected

to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). A subjective

allegation of disabling symptoms alone is insufficient; the claimant must substantiate the symptoms

by objective clinical or lab findings.1 Buxton v. Halter, 246 F.3d 762, 773 (6th Cir. 2001).

       In Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 96-4p,2 the SSA explained what is needed under the

regulations to show a medically determinable impairment: “[a]lthough the regulations provide that

the existence of a medically determinable physical or mental impairment must be established by

       1
        “Laboratory findings are anatomical, physiological, or psychological phenomena which can
be shown by the use of medically acceptable laboratory diagnostic techniques” such as X-rays,
electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, chemical tests, and psychological tests. 20 C.F.R. §
404.1528(c).
       2
        SSRs are binding on the SSA, 20 C.F.R. § 402.35(b)(1), but they do not have the force of
law. As the agency’s interpretation of its own regulations, however, a SSR “is entitled to substantial
deference and will be upheld unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” Wilson
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541, 549 (6th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted).


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medical evidence consisting of signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings, the regulations further

provide that under no circumstances may the existence of an impairment be established on the basis

of symptoms alone.” The ruling also explains the distinction between symptoms and signs:

“symptoms . . . are an individual’s own perception or description of the impact of his or her physical

or mental impairment(s) . . . . [W]hen any of these manifestations is an anatomical, physiological,

or psychological abnormality that can be shown by medically acceptable clinical diagnostic

techniques, it represents a medical ‘sign’ rather than a ‘symptom.’” SSR 96-4p n.2; see also 20

C.F.R. §§ 404.1528(a)-(b) & 416.928(a)-(b).

        There is a five-step process to determine whether a claimant can perform substantial gainful

work. Longworth v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 402 F.3d 591, 595 (6th Cir. 2005). The claimant bears

the burden of proof in the first four steps; if she does so, the Commissioner bears the burden in the

fifth. Id. (citation omitted). In step one, if the claimant is performing a substantial gainful activity,

she is ineligible, regardless of her condition. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(a)(4)(I) & (b).

        In step two, the Commissioner considers the severity of the impairment. If the claimant does

not have a medically determinable impairment or combination thereof that is “severe” and is

expected to result in death or to last at least twelve months, she is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§

416.920(a)(4)(ii) & (c). An impairment is severe if it limits the ability to do basic work activities

such as walking, standing, sitting, lifting, pushing, pulling, reaching, carrying, handling, seeing,

hearing, speaking, following instructions, using judgment, and responding appropriately to co-

workers, supervisors, and usual workplace situations and changes. 20 C.F.R. § 416.921. Because



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Kornecky claims multiple impairments, the Commissioner must consider whether their combined

effect can be expected to be severe for at least twelve months. 20 C.F.R. § 416.922(b).

       Mental impairments are evaluated in four functional areas: daily living; social functioning;

concentration, persistence, or pace; and episodes of decompensation.3 In the first three areas, the

claimant’s limitation is rated none, mild, moderate, marked, or extreme; episodes of decompensation

are rated none, one or two, three, or four or more. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920a(c)(3)-(4).

       In step three, the Commissioner again considers the severity of the impairments. If the

impairment is at least as severe as one in the Listing of Impairments in Appendix 1 and is expected

to result in death or to last at least twelve months, the claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§

416.920(a)(4)(iii) & (d). If the findings about the impairment are not precisely listed in the

regulations, the Commissioner considers whether “the medical findings are at least equal in severity

and duration to the listed findings,” comparing the “symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings about


       3
        Decompensation is “[t]he appearance or exacerbation of a mental disorder due to failure of
defense mechanisms.” STEDMAN’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY 462 (27th ed. 2000) (“STEDMAN’S”).
The regulations provide, “Episodes of decompensation are exacerbations or temporary increases in
symptoms or signs accompanied by a loss of adaptive functioning, as manifested by difficulties in
. . . maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace.” 20 C.F.R., pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1, §
12.00(C)(4).

        The Railroad Retirement Act regulations provide a useful explanation of how
decompensation manifests itself in a work setting. In the workplace, decompensation manifests as
a “repeated failure to adapt to stressful circumstances which cause the individual either to withdraw
from that situation or to experience exacerbation of signs or symptoms . . . with an accompanying
difficulty in maintaining . . . concentration, persistence, or pace (i.e., deterioration which may
include deterioration of adaptive behaviors). Stresses common to the work environment include
decisions, attendance, schedules, completing tasks, interactions with supervisors, interactions with
peers, etc.” 20 C.F.R., pt. 220, app. 1, § 12.00(C)(4).

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[the claimant’s] impairment(s), as shown in the medical evidence . . . with the corresponding

medical criteria shown for any listed impairment.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.926(a).

       If the claimant does not have a listed impairment at the requisite degree of severity, the

Commissioner proceeds to step four. There the Commissioner compares the claimant’s residual

functional capacity (“RFC”), which is the most she can still do despite her limitations, to the

physical and mental demands of her past relevant work. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(f), 416.945(a)(1).

In assessing RFC, the Commissioner considers statements by medical sources, whether or not they

are based on a formal examination. The Commissioner will also consider observations about the

claimant’s impairments and limitations, including her pain, from the claimant, friends, relatives,

neighbors or others.    Lastly, the RFC assessment considers the limitations caused by all

impairments, even those which were not severe. 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(3).

       When comparing RFC to past relevant work, the Commissioner considers only work done

within the last fifteen years that was substantial gainful activity “and that lasted long enough for

[her] to learn to do it.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.960(b)(1). The Commissioner may consult a vocational

expert (“VE”) as to the demands of the past relevant work, either as performed by the claimant or

as generally performed in the national economy, and may pose hypotheticals to the VE as to whether

someone with the claimant’s limitations can meet those demands. 20 C.F.R. § 416.960(b)(2).

       If the claimant can still do her past relevant work, she is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. §

416.960(3). If the claimant cannot do her past relevant work, the Commissioner proceeds to step

five, where he must show that the claimant’s RFC, viewed in light of her age, education, training



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and work experience, enables her to adjust to other “substantial gainful work which exists in the

national economy, regardless of whether a specific job vacancy exists for [her], or whether [s]he

would be hired if [s]he applied for work.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A). The other work must exist “in

significant numbers in the national economy,” not necessarily in the claimant’s region. 20 C.F.R.

§ 416.960(c)(1) & (2). “Isolated jobs that exist only in very limited numbers in relatively few

locations outside of the [claimant’s] region . . . are not considered ‘work which exists in the national

economy.’” 20 C.F.R. § 416.966(b). If the claimant can adjust to such other work, she is not

disabled; if she cannot, she is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(v) & (g)(1).

                                                  II.

        The district court’s determination that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision is

a legal conclusion that we review de novo. Valley v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 427 F.3d 388, 390 (6th

Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).

       The district court was obligated to accord deference to the Commissioner’s decision, as are

we. The courts may not try the case de novo, resolve conflicts in evidence, or decide questions of

credibility. Smith v. Halter, 307 F.3d 377, 379 (6th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). “Under 42 U.S.C.

§ 405(g), the ALJ’s findings are conclusive as long as they are supported by substantial evidence,”

Foster v. Halter, 279 F.3d 348, 353 (6th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted), which means “more than a

mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept” as adequate to

support a conclusion. Id. Notably, substantial evidence is less than a preponderance of the

evidence. Bell v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 105 F.3d 244, 246 (6th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted); accord



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Draper v. Barnhart, 425 F.3d 1127, 1130 (8th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). The Commissioner’s

determinations are not subject to reversal merely because there is substantial evidence in the record

that would support the opposite conclusion. Longworth, 402 F.3d at 595 (citation omitted).

                                                III.

       In November 2000, forty-six-year-old Sheri Kornecky applied for DIB and SSI benefits. She

alleged that she had been disabled since May 1996 due to emotional problems and stress. The state

agency that determines disability for the Commissioner denied Kornecky’s applications, and she

obtained a hearing before an ALJ in July 2002. Kornecky was represented by counsel, and she and

her brother testified. In April 2003, the ALJ found that Kornecky was not disabled. The ALJ found

that although Kornecky had severe mental impairments, she could perform work that required only

limited contact with the public and co-workers, was low in stress, and involved simple, repetitive

tasks. The ALJ found that Kornecky’s limitations prevented her from returning to her past work as

a secretary, sales clerk, or photo lab clerk but did not prevent her from adjusting to work as a

cleaner, laundry worker, or hand-packer, jobs that existed in significant numbers in the region. The

SSA Appeals Council denied review, leaving the ALJ’s decision as the Commissioner’s final

decision.

       In September 2003, Kornecky appealed to the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of Michigan. The district court entered final judgment affirming the denial of benefits on

July 6, 2004, and Kornecky filed a notice of appeal in September 2004.

                                                IV.



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        Kornecky completed high school, one year of college, and some clerical training. She has

worked as a secretary, office manager, sales clerk, cleaning person, and photo lab technician and can

type eighty-five words per minute. Her last position, as a secretary and office manager, ended in

April 1999. Kornecky testified that she left jobs in 1995 and 1996 due to inappropriate conversation

or harassment by her supervisor, co-workers, and customers, and was laid off from other jobs. She

applied for work, but eventually stopped looking because she felt demeaned when she received no

calls or offers.

        According to Kornecky’s December 2000 questionnaire, she lived with her mother and

brother and did chores inside and outside the house – laundry, vacuuming, dusting, mopping,

sweeping, washing dishes, taking care of the lawn, gardening, and trimming trees and bushes. She

read, watched TV, crocheted clothing, and occasionally shopped for yarn or personal items.

Kornecky’s questionnaire stated that she would engage in other activities if she had more money.

She reported having no friends but occasionally visiting her sister, nieces, and nephews.

        Kornecky tried to avoid stressful situations; her adult daughter reported that Kornecky got

along “fine” with family but was nervous in groups and avoided people whom she did not know.

Anderson opined that Kornecky might get angry if she felt “harassed” but said that this did not

happen often because Kornecky was able to set boundaries and avoid potentially stressful situations.

        In 2001, Kornecky similarly reported her daily activities as washing dishes three times a day,

vacuuming, bathing and dressing, taking out the trash and checking the yard for trash, making her

bed, reading, crocheting, doing laundry, watching TV, and cleaning the house. She also reported



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doing other activities less frequently than every day: watering plants, washing the windows,

changing sheets, dusting, cutting the grass, cleaning the refrigerator, sweeping the porch, trimming

trees and bushes, planting flowers, mopping, and cleaning up the cupboards. Kornecky occasionally

attended appointments, visited family, visited friends, and did some babysitting.

       At the ALJ hearing in July 2002, Kornecky described herself as cordial and polite but said

she did not have the money to be more socially active. She reported feeling anxious, particularly

about legal difficulties related to her failure to pay child support. Kornecky’s brother said that she

refused to obtain mental health treatment because she thought there was nothing wrong with her, and

that she did things “either her way or no way at all” and did not trust people. Kornecky had told

psychiatrists that her mother and brother were hypercritical and verbally abusive.

       The medical evidence relating to Kornecky’s mental impairments included case management

and outpatient therapy records from the Michigan Psychiatric Association (“MPA Group”), where

she was treated briefly in 2000 and again in 2002, and examination reports and opinions from four

psychiatrists and psychologists: psychologist Charles McGinnis, Ph.D. (February 2001), psychiatrist

Ronald Fine, M.D. (March 2001), psychologist Laura Morris, Ph.D. (January 2003), and psychiatrist

T. Lian, M.D., and his physician’s assistant Donna Merrill (March 2003).

       A.      MPA Group Records

       Beginning in April 2000, Kornecky visited social workers, therapists, and case managers at

the MPA Group. In April 2000, Kornecky saw social worker Alison Hartman three times,

complaining of isolation because she did not have a phone or a car and describing her living



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environment as stressful. She reported that she cooked, read, played solitaire, and helped her mother

with yardwork and housework. Hartman observed agitated motor activity and pressured speech and

described Kornecky as “suspicious” and “domineering.” Hartman’s summary stated, “She states

her belief that she is reliable, responsible, energetic and enthusiastic, but projects most limitations

on others. Because of her limited insight and cognitive distortions, short term prognosis is guarded

and long-term prognosis is uncertain because it is unclear how entrenched her problems are.”

       Hartman diagnosed generalized anxiety disorder (“GAD”)4 and could not rule out post-




       4
        One authoritative definition sets out six criteria for diagnosing GAD:

       The essential feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder is excessive anxiety and worry
       (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for a period of at least 6
       months, about a number of events or activities. (Criterion A). The individual finds
       it difficult to control the worry. (Criterion B). The anxiety and worry are
       accompanied by at least three additional symptoms from a list that includes
       restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle
       tension, and disturbed sleep . . . (Criterion C). The focus of the anxiety and worry
       is not confined to features of another Axis I disorder such as . . . Panic Disorder
       . . . Social Phobia . . . Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . . . and the anxiety and worry
       do not occur exclusively during Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Criterion D).
       Although individuals with [GAD] may not always identify the worries as
       “excessive,” they report subjective distress due to constant worry, have difficulty
       controlling the worry, or experience related impairment in social, occupational, or
       other important areas of functioning (Criterion E). The disturbance is not due to the
       direct physiological effects of a substance (i.e., a drug of abuse, a medication, or
       toxin exposure) or a general medical condition and does not occur exclusively during
       a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder
       (Criterion F).

AM. PSYCHIATRIC ASS’N, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 472-73
(4th ed., Text Revision 2000) (“DSM-IV-TR”).

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traumatic stress disorder.5 She recommended at least three months of individual therapy to help

Kornecky develop self-esteem and autonomy, which would improve her chances of finding a job

and a place to live. Kornecky attended eleven therapy sessions from April through July 2000, and

social workers opined that she had somewhat improved her self-worth. Kornecky chose to

discontinue therapy.

       About two years later, in July 2002, Kornecky re-established contact with MPA at the

request of her guardian ad litem,6 who thought she needed mental-health services to deal with

paranoia and confusion. Case manager Tammy Ewald gave Kornecky a Global Assessment of



       5
        The essential feature of PTSD is the development of:

       characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor
       involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened
       death or serious injury, or other threat to one’s physical integrity; or witnessing an
       event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another
       person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of
       death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criterion
       A1). The person’s response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or
       horror . . . (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms . . . include persistent
       reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion B), persistent avoidance of stimuli
       associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (Criterion C), and
       persistent symptoms of increased arousal (Criterion D). The full symptom picture
       must be present for more than 1 month (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause
       clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
       important areas of functioning (Criterion F).

DSM-IV-TR at 463.
       6
        On March 20, 2002, a Michigan state court for the 18th Judicial Circuit issued a consent
order that dismissed an order to show cause that was related to Kornecky’s failure to pay child
support. The judge wrote, “The Plaintiff agrees to appointment of a guardian ad litem to assist her
in any social security or disability claim.”

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Functioning (“GAF”) 7 score of 40-45. Ewald also noted that Kornecky had a “sketchy and erratic

history of emotional problems,” tended to isolate herself, blamed others for all her problems, and

refused to make changes to improve her situation.

       Kornecky initially refused mental-health services but later called to schedule an appointment,

stating that the judge at her SSI court hearing ordered her to receive mental health treatment.

Between September and November 2002, Kornecky visited (1) social worker Ewald, with whom she

discussed housing, transportation support, and a therapy referral, and (2) therapist Patricia Straney,

with whom she discussed stress related to family and her home environment. Straney stated that

Kornecky found her living environment stressful but declined help with moving to her own

residence.

       In January 2003, the MPA Group closed Kornecky’s case after she cancelled an appointment

and made no further contact with the group.

       B.      Report of Psychologist McGinnis (Ph.D.)




       7
         GAF is a clinician’s subjective rating, on a scale of zero to 100, of an individual’s overall
psychological functioning. At the low end, GAF 1-10 indicates “[p]ersistent danger of severely
hurting self or others (e.g., recurrent violence) or persistent inability to maintain minimal personal
hygiene or serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death.” DSM-IV-TR at 34 (boldface and
capitalization omitted). At the high end, GAF 91-100 indicates “[s]uperior functioning in a wide
range of activities, life’s problems never seem to get out of hand, is sought out by others because
of his or her many positive qualities. No symptoms.” Id. (boldface omitted). A GAF score may
help an ALJ assess mental RFC, but it is not raw medical data. Rather, it allows a mental health
professional to turn medical signs and symptoms into a general assessment, understandable by a lay
person, of an individual’s mental functioning.

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       At the request of the state agency, psychologist Charles McGinnis, Ph.D., examined

Kornecky in February 2001. Kornecky complained of anxiety and nervousness in stressful

situations but said she got along “fine” with others and reported that she cleaned her house,

crocheted, gardened, and watched TV. McGinnis described Kornecky as anxious and depressed,

observing “pressured” speech and hand-wringing, but found no evidence of odd or illogical

thoughts. Kornecky had good manners, was appropriately dressed, and evinced no delusional or

psychotic thinking. McGinnis performed tests and found that Kornecky could repeat several

numbers forwards and backwards, recall three objects after a lapse of time, identify several large

cities and famous people, and perform a “serial-seven subtraction task” and other calculations

largely correctly.

       McGinnis diagnosed GAD and assigned a GAF score of 50 to 55. A GAF of 51-60 indicates

“[m]oderate symptoms (e.g., flat affect and circumstantial speech, occasional panic attacks), or

moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g., few friends, conflicts with

peers or co-workers).” DSM-IV-TR at 34 (capitalization and boldface omitted). GAF 41-50

indicates “serious symptoms (e.g., suicidal ideation, severe obsessional rituals, frequent shoplifting)

or any serious impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g., no friends, unable to

keep a job).” Id. (capitalization and boldface omitted).

       C.      Report of Psychiatrist Fine (M.D.)

       A month later, state agency psychiatrist Ronald Fine, M.D., reviewed the MPA Group’s

records and McGinnis’s exam report. Fine did not examine Kornecky. Noting the earlier findings



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of pressured speech, nervousness, hand-wringing and frequent worrying, Fine agreed with the

diagnosis of GAD. Fine opined that Kornecky would not do well at complex or technical tasks and

might have difficulty intensively interacting with the public. Nonetheless, he stated that Kornecky

could learn, understand, remember and perform simple, rote tasks on a sustained basis.

       D.      Report of Psychologist Morris (Ph.D.)

       At the ALJ’s request, Laura Morris, Ph.D., L.P., examined Kornecky in January 2003 and

reviewed her social functioning and daily activities. Morris noted that Kornecky had little interest

in social interaction and experienced conflict with her mother and brother. Morris also noted that

Kornecky’s daily activities included making beds, washing dishes, cleaning bathrooms, crocheting,

doing puzzles and crafts, listening to music, and reading. Morris described Kornecky as polite and

pleasant, but nervous and restless; her speech was “copious,” she was difficult to redirect, and she

was focused on herself. In tests, Kornecky repeated five digits forward and backward but could not

remember items after a delay. She did subtract serial sevens from 100 and completed other

calculations correctly, and she was able to identify large cities, famous people, and current events.

       Morris administered a personality test, which revealed that Kornecky suffered from chronic

anxiety, tension, and worry that interfered with general functioning; lacked true assertive qualities

and abilities but tended to be argumentative, demanding, and resentful when things did not go her

way or when she felt threatened. Morris diagnosed GAD, dysthymic disorder, and personality




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disorder8 not-otherwise-specified with borderline and paranoid personality traits. Morris gave

Kornecky a GAF score of 52, in the same 50-55 range as McGinnis’s exam two years earlier.

       Like Fine, Morris opined that Kornecky could understand, remember, and carry out

instructions and make simple work-related decisions. Morris stated that Kornecky’s ability to

interact appropriately with supervisors and co-workers and respond to routine changes in a work

setting was “slightly restricted” and her ability to interact appropriately with the public and respond

appropriately to work pressures was “moderately limited.”

       E.      Report of Psychiatrist Lian (M.D.) and Physician’s Assistant Merrill

       Two months later, in March 2003, psychiatrist T. Lian, M.D., and physician’s assistant

Donna Merrill examined Kornecky at the request of her attorney. Kornecky again reported stress

related to her living situation. Lian apparently did not ask Kornecky about her daily activities. Lian

and Merrill observed that Kornecky was sad and angry, exhibited “slightly pressured” speech and

repetitive thoughts, and was defensive and self-centered. Kornecky was appropriately dressed, alert,

oriented, and denied hallucinations or delusions. Lian diagnosed major depressive disorder, GAD,

and personality disorder. They also could not rule out paranoid personality disorder or organic brain




       8
         “The essential feature of Dysthymic Disorder is a chronically depressed mood that occurs
for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years (Criterion A). . . . . During periods of
depressed mood, at least two of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or
overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration
or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness (Criterion B).” DSM-IV-TR at 376-77.
Personality disorder is “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly
from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in
adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.” Id. at 685.

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syndrome9 related to an unspecified head injury. Lian gave Kornecky a GAF 46 and recommended

that she resume outpatient therapy and consider taking psychotropic medication.

       After the exam, Lian and Merrill completed a mental RFC assessment, concluding that she

was “markedly limited” in seven of twenty areas of mental functioning, namely the ability to:

       •       maintain attention and concentration for extended periods;
       •       complete a normal workday and work week without interruptions from
               psychologically-based symptoms;
       •       interact appropriately with the public;
       •       accept instructions and respond appropriately to criticism from supervisors;
       •       get along with co-workers and peers;
       •       maintain socially appropriate behavior;
       •       set realistic goals.

Merrill commented that Kornecky had significant anxiety, depression and paranoid features, lacked

insight into her stressors, had a labile (i.e. widely fluctuating) mood, and “clearly has issues from

her past that continue to impede her progress.”

       F.      Testimony of Vocational Expert

       The ALJ asked vocational expert Tim Shaner to posit someone of Kornecky’s age, education,

and work experience who could perform simple, low-stress repetitive work that involved limited

contact with the public and with co-workers. Shaner testified that such a person could work as a

cleaner, laundry worker, hand-packer, machine operator, and assembler, and the ALJ found that

there were over 90,000 such positions in the regional economy.




       9
        Organic brain syndrome is characterized by “a constellation of behavioral or psychological
signs and symptoms including problems with attention, concentration, memory, confusion, anxiety,
and depression caused by transient or permanent dysfunction of the brain.” STEDMAN’S at 1762.

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                                                 V.

       Kornecky contends that the ALJ committed reversible error when he failed to evaluate or

discuss the psychiatric evaluation and mental RFC assessment done by Lian and Merrill. Kornecky

relies on regulations in Title 20 C.F.R. that set forth what evidence the Commissioner will consider

and how he will determine the weight to accord that evidence, including:

       § 404.1520(a)(1), which states that the purpose of section 1520 is to set forth the
       five-step sequential process for determining disability;

       § 404.1527(a)(2), which defines medical opinions;

       § 404.1527(b), which states, “[i]n deciding whether you are disabled, we will always
       consider the medical opinions in your case record together with the rest of the
       relevant evidence we receive.”

       § 404.1527(c), which states, “After we review all of the evidence relevant to your
       claim, including medical opinions, we make findings . . . .”

       § 404.1527(d), which states in part, “[r]egardless of its source, we will evaluate every
       medical opinion we receive.”

       § 404.1528(b), which defines “signs” as “anatomical, physiological or psychological
       abnormalities which can be observed, apart from your statements (symptoms)” and
       defines a psychiatric sign as a “medically demonstrable phenomena that indicate
       specific . . . abnormalities of behavior, mood, thought, memory, orientation,
       development, or perception.”

       § 404.1545(c), which states, “[w]hen we assess your mental abilities, we first assess
       the nature and extent of your mental limitations and restrictions and then determine
       your [RFC] for work activity on a regular and continuous basis.”

       § 404.1545(e), which states, “[w]e will consider the limiting effects of all your
       impairment(s), even those that are not severe, in determining your [RFC].”

(Emphasis added.)



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       Kornecky characterizes Lian as a treating physician, but this characterization is not

persuasive. A treating physician is “your own physician, psychologist, or other acceptable medical

source who provides you, or has provided you with medical treatment or evaluation and who has,

or has had, an ongoing treatment relationship with you.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1502 (emphasis added).

Kornecky asserts that Lian’s single exam should qualify him as a treating physician because “this

examination was only three weeks prior to the time the ALJ rendered his decision and therefore is

too early for the reviewing court to characterize whether or not it is an opinion of a treating

physician.” But the relevant inquiry is not whether Lian might have become a treating physician

in the future if Kornecky had visited him again. The question is whether Lian had the ongoing

relationship with Kornecky to qualify as a treating physician at the time he rendered his opinion.

       Moreover, Kornecky points to nothing that prevented her from visiting a single psychiatrist

or psychologist multiple times early enough for that source to qualify as a treating source by the time

of her application, or by the time of the hearing. Likewise, Kornecky points to nothing that

prevented her from visiting Lian regularly after their one visit, which might have rendered Lian a

treating source before the ALJ’s decision. Then Kornecky could have asked the ALJ to supplement

the record with an opinion from Lian that was based on those subsequent visits.

       Accordingly, we conclude that given the nature and prolonged course of Kornecky’s mental

difficulties, a single examination did not suffice to render Lian a treating physician.10 “The treating


       10
          Kornecky seems to claim she visited Lian after the March 2003 visit that is documented
in the record: “Additionally militating towards the [application?] of the treating source rule is [the]
fact [that] Ms. Kornecky did return for regular treatment.” The record, however, contains no

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physician doctrine is based on the assumption that a medical professional who has dealt with a

claimant and his maladies over a long period of time will have a deeper insight into the medical

condition of the claimant than will a person who has examined a claimant but once . . . .” Barker

v. Shalala, 40 F.3d 789, 794 (6th Cir. 1994) (“Dr. Ruff examined Mr. Barker on only one occasion,

and the rationale of the treating physician doctrine simply does not apply here.”).

       Kornecky cites no authority where a federal court has found a source to be a treating source

after only one visit. However, a plethora of decisions unanimously hold that a single visit does not

constitute an ongoing treatment relationship. See, e.g., White v. Barnhart, 415 F.3d 654, 658 (7th

Cir. 2005) (occupational medicine specialist who evaluated claimant only once was not a treating

physician). Indeed, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the alleged condition, two or

three visits often will not suffice for an ongoing treatment relationship. See, e.g., Cunningham v.

Shalala, 880 F. Supp. 537, 551 (N.D. Ill. 1995) (where physician saw claimant five times in two

years, it was “hardly a foregone conclusion” that his opinion should be afforded great weight).

       Kornecky relies on Wilson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 378 F.3d 541 (6th Cir. 2004), for the

proposition that the ALJ committed reversible error by failing to articulate his reasons for rejecting

Lian’s opinion. This reliance is misplaced. In Wilson, the treating physician stated that there were

great restrictions on the claimant’s ability to work since 1993, i.e. including the insured period. Id.

at 545. The ALJ summarily dismissed that opinion and found lesser restrictions on the claimant’s



evidence of any such subsequent visits, and Kornecky does not specify when they took place or what
examination, diagnosis, prescription, or treatment resulted. In any event, visits to Lian after his RFC
assessment could not retroactively render him a treating physician at the time of the assessment.

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ability to work. The ALJ stated only that he had “considered” the treating physician’s opinion and

that while “this opinion may be an accurate assessment of [Wilson’s] current limitations, the

undersigned must assess the claimant’s limitations on March 31, 1995, the date he was last insured

for benefits.” Id.

       The Commissioner argued, and the district court agreed, that the ALJ’s misinterpretation of

Wilson’s treating physician’s opinion was harmless because the ALJ “could have” relied on other

substantial record evidence to the contrary – namely, the claimant’s own testimony and the opinions

of two consulting physicians. Id. at 546.

       This court reversed, citing 20 C.F.R. §404.1527(d)(2). That regulation requires an ALJ to

give controlling weight to a treating physician’s opinion if it is “well-supported by medically

acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques” and “not inconsistent with the other

substantial evidence in [the] case record.” Id. The regulation also guarantees claimants that the

agency will “always give good reasons” for how much weight it accords the treating physician’s

opinion. 20 C.F.R. §404.1527(d)(2). Because a federal agency is obligated to follow its own

regulations, and because that regulation confers a procedural protection on disability claimants, the

ALJ’s failure to give good reasons for rejecting Wilson’s treating physician’s opinion could not be

harmless error. Wilson, 378 F.3d at 547-48.

       Here, by contrast, the ALJ neither misstated nor ignored a treating physician’s opinion; he

merely failed to explain why he favored several examining physicians’ opinions over another’s. The

regulation at issue in Wilson simply does not apply, and there is no reason to depart from the usual



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harmless-error rule. See generally 5 U.S.C. § 706 (when a court determines whether agency action

was lawful, “due account shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error”); see, e.g., Heston v. Comm’r

of Soc. Sec., 245 F.3d 528, 535 (6th Cir. 2001) (refusal to even acknowledge the opinion of a

treating physician was harmless error, because physician provided no objective basis for his

conclusions and his opinion was contradicted by the weight of the other evidence).

       No purpose would be served by remanding for the ALJ to explicitly address the

shortcomings of Lian’s opinion and the evidence and methods underlying it. Cf. Fisher v. Bowen,

869 F.2d 1055, 1057 (7th Cir. 1989) (citation omitted) (“No principle of administrative law or

common sense requires us to remand a case in quest of a perfect opinion unless there is reason to

believe that remand might lead to a different result.”). While it might be ideal for an ALJ to

articulate his reasons for crediting or discrediting each medical opinion, it is well settled that:

       [a]n ALJ can consider all the evidence without directly addressing in his written
       decision every piece of evidence submitted by a party. Nor must an ALJ make
       explicit credibility findings as to each bit of conflicting testimony, so long as his
       factual findings as a whole show that he implicitly resolved such conflicts.

Loral Defense Systems-Akron v. N.L.R.B., 200 F.3d 436, 453 (6th Cir. 1999) (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Given our finding that Lian was merely an examining physician, his opinion was not entitled

to the presumptive weight accorded a treating physician’s opinion. In turn, the ALJ was not

obligated to agree with Kornecky’s belief that the Lian report was “the most critical” of all the

opinions in the record. The regulations provide:




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       (d) . . . Unless we give a treating source’s opinion controlling weight under
       paragraph (d)(2) of this section, we consider all of the following factors in deciding
       the weight we give to any medical opinion:

       (1) Examining relationship. Generally, we give more weight to the opinion of a
       source who has examined you than to the opinion of a source who has not . . . .

       (2) Treatment relationship. Generally, we give more weight to opinions from your
       treating sources . . . .
                                               ....

       (3) Supportability. The more a medical source presents relevant evidence to support
       an opinion, particularly medical signs and laboratory findings, the more weight we
       will give that opinion. The better an explanation a source provides for an opinion,
       the more weight we will give that opinion. Furthermore, because nonexamining
       sources have no examining or treating relationship with you, the weight we will give
       their opinions will depend on the degree to which they provide supporting
       explanations for their opinions. We will evaluate the degree to which these opinions
       consider all of the pertinent evidence in your claim, including opinions of treating
       and other examining sources.

       (4) Consistency. Generally, the more consistent an opinion is with the record as a
       whole, the more weight we will give to that opinion.

       (5) Specialization. We generally give more weight to the opinion of a specialist
       about medical issues related to his or her area of specialty than to the opinion of a
       source who is not a specialist.

       (6) Other factors. When we consider how much weight to give to a medical opinion,
       we will also consider any factors you or others bring to our attention, or of which we
       are aware, which tend to support or contradict the opinion.

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(1)-(6).

       Applying this standard, the ALJ reasonably found that Lian’s opinion was not as well

supported as the other medical opinions, and that his assessment of Kornecky’s limitations was not

consistent with the record as a whole. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(3)-(4). As the district court



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noted, Lian’s assistant “Merrill provides a terse one paragraph conclusion concerning Plaintiff’s

psychological problems. There is a dearth of discussion pertaining to why Plaintiff was evaluated

as she was for any given category. . . . Dr. Lian does not adequately set forth the reasons to support

his conclusory assessment of Plaintiff’s mental health.” A review of the Lian report reveals that

neither Lian nor Merrill purports to explain how their exam findings led to their RFC assessment.

       In contrast to Lian’s examination, the regulations provide that a comprehensive mental status

examination “generally includes a narrative description of [the claimant’s] appearance, behavior,

and speech; thought process (e.g., loosening of associations); thought content (e.g., delusions);

perceptual abnormalities (e.g., hallucinations); mood and affect (e.g., depression, mania); sensorium

and cognition (e.g., orientation, recall, memory, concentration, fund of information, and

intelligence); and judgment and insight.” 20 C.F.R. part 404, subpart P, app. 1, § 12.00(D)(4)

(“Mental status examination”).

       Lian’s assessment of Kornecky’s social functioning was limited to a discussion of her

relationship with her mother; he did not test Kornecky’s memory or concentration and did not ask

about her daily activities. Lian opined that Kornecky would have moderate difficulty carrying out

even simple one- or two-step instructions, but his only direct observation of her cognitive abilities

was that she was alert and oriented. He claimed Kornecky’s ability to concentrate for extended

periods was “markedly limited,” yet he provided no observation of, or discussion with, Kornecky

to support this assertion. Lian also claimed that Kornecky had a “markedly impaired” ability to




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maintain socially appropriate behavior and adhere to basic standards of neatness and cleanliness, but

he did not observe any inappropriate behavior and described her appearance as appropriate.

       Thus, Lian’s opinion runs afoul of the rule that the ALJ “is not bound by conclusory

statements of doctors, particularly where they are unsupported by detailed objective criteria and

documentation.” Buxton, 246 F.3d at 773 (citation omitted).

       In contrast, Morris and McGinnis made more detailed observations of Kornecky’s attitude,

behavior, stream of mental activity, thought content, and emotional reactions. Morris’s December

2002 Mental Status Report described Kornecky as follows:

       Social Functioning:
       Sheri is not very much interested in social interactions at this point. However, she
       said that she will visit with other people if they drop by her home, but makes no
       effort to really go out and see others. During this evaluation Sheri appeared to be a
       person who tended to compulsively overwork topics and seemed to be focused on
       expressing excessive attention to details which made it difficult for her to grasp on
       [sic] the larger issue at hand.
                                                ....

       General Observations:
       Sheri came to this appointment with her sister. They were on time. They denied
       having any trouble finding this location. Sheri presented as a slim woman but not
       undernourished. Her gait and posture were normal. Sheri was polite but obsessed
       over details. She presented as nervous, outwardly restless, and spoke of how
       dysfunctional her current situation is, meaning that she’s living with her mother and
       brother.

       Mental Status:
       Attitude and Behavior:
       Sheri was pleasant but difficult to redirect as she often went off on tangents. She
       seemed, throughout this assessment, to be overly focused on herself. . . . Her speech
       was copious and over detailed. Sheri talked a lot with her hands, meaning that she
       was very animated with hand gestures. She tended to be very outwardly focused on
       blaming others for her problems.

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                                                 ....

       Stream of Mental Activity:
       Sheri was certainly spontaneous and went on tangents, but stayed on topic. At times
       she had a difficult time to find words to express herself and would often pause and
       collect herself and then would continue to speak.

       Mental Trend/ Thought Content:
       Sheri denied hallucinations, delusions, persecutory trends, although she reports
       herself as perfectionistic. Obsessive behaviors were denied. She denied thoughts
       controlled by others and unusual powers. In terms of worthlessness, she does report
       having these types of feelings. When asked about being suicidal she said that that’s
       nothing that has occurred to her.
                                              ....

       Emotional Reaction:
       . . . . Sheri appears to be a very reactive lady, one who is easily excitable, defensive,
       and emotionally labile.
                                                   ....

       Prognosis:
       Sheri appears to have a characteristic way of relating to the world which appears to
       be antagonistic. She also appears to be a woman who is quite insecure and unsure
       of herself. For these reasons, prognosis is poor.

(Boldface omitted.) Morris’s Psychological Assessment, also done in December 2002, opined that

Kornecky’s habit of becoming “very demanding and argumentative and resentful when things don’t

go her way or when she feels threatened” alienated other people.

       Ultimately, Morris found that Kornecky’s personality and behavior would moderately restrict

her ability to interact appropriately with the public and to respond appropriately to work pressures.

Significantly, however, Morris found no restriction on Kornecky’s ability to understand, remember

and carry out short, simple instructions and even detailed instructions, nor did Morris find any

restriction on Kornecky’s ability to make judgments on simple work-related matters. Morris found

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only slight restrictions on Kornecky’s ability to interact appropriately with supervisors and co-

workers and to respond appropriately to changes in a routine work setting.

        Kornecky contends that Morris’s narrative evaluation contradicts her RFC assessment.

Perhaps Morris’s exam findings could support a more pessimistic RFC. But we cannot say as a

matter of law that Morris’s RFC analysis conflicted with her findings (i.e. was internally

inconsistent) or was otherwise not worthy of credence.

        For his part, Dr. Fine also found that Kornecky was moderately limited in her ability to

interact appropriately with the general public, but that she was not significantly limited in her ability

to understand, remember and carry out short, simple instructions, perform an ordinary routine

without special supervision, make simple work-related decisions, and respond appropriately to

changes in the work setting. Consistent with these findings, Fine opined that while Kornecky

“would not do well” at complex or technical tasks, she could perform simple rote tasks on a

sustained basis without intensive interaction with the public. Dr. McGinnis found that Kornecky

had “good contact with reality,” normal motor activity except for hand-wringing, and had pressured

speech but no odd or illogical thoughts, no delusions, and no other psychotic trends.

        Kornecky provides no basis for us to conclude that these physicians’ techniques were

methodologically unsound, that their conclusions were illogical based on their exam findings, or that

their assessments could not reasonably be credited by the ALJ on the whole record.

        Kornecky points to the fact that Lian and MPA case manager Ewald assigned GAF scores

of 46 and 40-45, respectively, reflecting their opinion that Kornecky had “serious symptoms” or a



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“serious impairment” in social or occupational functioning. For five reasons, however, these low

GAF scores fail to show that the ALJ’s decision was not supported by substantial evidence.

       First, given the inadequate explanation for Lian’s mental RFC assessment, the ALJ could

properly find Lian generally to be not credible or reliable. Lacking confidence in Lian’s opinions,

the ALJ could place more stock in GAF scores assigned by other medical sources. As to Ewald, she

had a bachelor’s degree in social work and SWT (“Social Work Technician”) and CSM (“Client

Service Manager”) degrees or certifications, so the ALJ could properly give less weight to her

assessment than those of psychiatrists or psychologists who had earned an M.D., Ph.D. or Psy.D.

See Duncan v. Barnhart, 368 F.3d 820, 823 (8th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted) (in determining how

much weight to give a medical opinion, one factor is the degree of specialization).

       Second, McGinnis and Morris both assessed Kornecky’s GAF a bit more positively, 50-55

and 52, respectively. While those scores still reflect mental problems, a 51-60 indicates moderate

symptoms or moderate difficulty in social or occupational functioning, rather than the more serious

symptoms or difficulty in functioning suggested by a score in the 40s. DSM-IV-TR at 34.

       Third, according to the DSM’s explanation of the GAF scale, a score may have little or no

bearing on the subject’s social and occupational functioning. A 41-50 reflects the assessor’s opinion

that the subject has serious symptoms or serious impairment of social or occupational functioning.

Likewise, a 51-60 reflects the opinion that the subject has moderate symptoms or moderate

impairment of social or occupational functioning. Cf. Quaite v. Barnhart, 312 F. Supp. 2d 1195,

1200 (E.D. Mo. 2004) (citation omitted) (“In the absence of any evidence indicating that Dr.



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Leonberger assigned this GAF score [50] because he perceived an impairment in plaintiff’s ability

to work, the score, standing alone, does not establish an impairment seriously interfering with

plaintiff’s ability to perform basic work activities.”). Moreover, McGinnis and Morris did not

accompany their relatively low GAF scores with any suggestion that Kornecky was unable to do any

work.

        Fourth, we are not aware of any statutory, regulatory, or other authority requiring the ALJ

to put stock in a GAF score in the first place. See, e.g., Howard v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 276 F.3d

235, 241 (6th Cir. 2002) (ALJ’s failure to refer to GAF score did not make his RFC analysis

unreliable).

        If other substantial evidence (such as the extent of the claimant’s daily activities) supports

the conclusion that she is not disabled, the court may not disturb the denial of benefits to a claimant

whose GAF score is as low as Kornecky’s or even lower. See, e.g., Jones v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,

336 F.3d 469 (6th Cir. 2003) (claimant had 55 GAF but said she was able to drive daughter to school

and pick her up each day and maintained a regular schedule).

        Fifth, even if the ALJ placed some weight on Kornecky’s GAF scores, any tendency they

had to suggest that Kornecky could not work was countered by the vocational expert’s testimony

that someone with her limitations could still do certain widely available work.

        Kornecky claims that a Michigan state court appointed a guardian ad litem (“GAL”) to

represent her because of her mental problems. This argument is unfounded and misleading. The

record contains only one item related to the appointment of a GAL: in March 2002, a state court



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issued a consent order that dismissed an order to show cause related to Kornecky’s failure to pay

child support. The judge wrote, “[t]he Plaintiff agrees to appointment of a [GAL] to assist her in

any social security or disability claim.” The order did not suggest that Kornecky is incompetent

because of delusions or otherwise. The only logical inference is that the court appointed the GAL

to help Kornecky secure income from which she could meet at least part of her child support

obligations.

       Kornecky also refers to a notation made by Lian’s physician’s assistant, “Delusional?

[counsel] Mr. Seward mentioned this – in appeal for SSI?? She knows for a fact that she can receive

SSI – ??” This vague and unexplained notation cannot remotely be construed as a diagnosis of a

delusional state. This is particularly true given that Merrill’s notes from the very same examination

record Kornecky as saying, “‘I am burned out’ – denies voices, delusions . . . .”

       Lastly, Kornecky’s counsel’s opinion that she is delusional is not competent evidence.

                                                  VI.

       “A judicial award of benefits is proper only where the proof of disability is overwhelming

or where the proof of disability is strong and evidence to the contrary [is] lacking.” Felisky v.

Bowen, 35 F.3d 1027, 1041 (6th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). Kornecky’s proof of disability was

far from overwhelming and there was substantial evidence and medical opinion to the contrary.

Accordingly, we affirm the denial of benefits.




                                                 - 29 -
