Opinion issued July 9, 2019




                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                   NOS. 01-18-00694-CR & 01-18-00695-CR
                           ———————————
                         OSBIEL GOMEZ, Appellant
                                       V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                  On Appeal from the 183rd District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                  Trial Court Case Nos. 1565507 & 1565508


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury convicted appellant Osbiel Gomez of possession with intent to deliver

at least 400 grams of methamphetamine and possession with intent to deliver

between 200 and 400 grams of heroin. The jury assessed his punishment in both

cases at twenty-five years’ incarceration, with the sentences to run concurrently.
Gomez argues on appeal that the evidence supporting both convictions is insufficient

to prove that he knowingly possessed methamphetamine and heroin by exercising

care, custody, or control over the drugs. Finding no reversible error, we affirm the

trial court’s judgment.

                                   Background

      In September 2017, Houston Police Department (HPD) Narcotics Officers

Marco Valles and Robert Bradley received a tip from a confidential informant that

someone was selling drugs from a second-floor apartment located at 8751 Broadway

Street in Houston. The confidential informant told Valles that the suspected

trafficker who lived in the apartment was named Osbiel Gomez.

      After speaking with the informant, Officer Valles conducted surveillance on

the apartment at random times during the day from September 11, 2017 to September

21, 2017. During his surveillance, Valles observed a male who he recognized as

Gomez entering and exiting the apartment multiple times. According to Valles,

Gomez’s primary vehicle, a white truck, was parked in the parking lot unless Gomez

went somewhere. Valles observed Gomez leaving in the truck and returning a short

time later; he did not appear to be going to work.

      Valles often saw Gomez come and go from the apartment with Lisa Le and

two young children. Valles testified that Gomez, Le, and the two children appeared




                                          2
to be a family unit. Le, whose name is on the apartment’s lease, was also referred to

by the officers as Gomez’s wife.

      On three occasions, Valles observed Gomez leave the apartment to meet up

with someone who had just driven into the apartment’s parking lot. Gomez would

get into the passenger side of their vehicle for very short periods of time before

returning to the apartment. Valles, who could not see what was happening inside the

vehicles, agreed that such behavior provided extra information that possible illegal

activity was occurring in the apartment. Officer Bradley testified that he had seen

Gomez on September 21, 2017, the last day of surveillance. When asked what he

saw Gomez doing, Bradley replied, “[t]hat was the day we did the—I think that was

the day of the controlled buy.”

      Valles obtained a search warrant for the apartment on September 22, 2017,

the day after the controlled buy. The following day, Valles and Bradley went to the

apartment complex and waited for the right time to execute the warrant. Gomez’s

truck was parked in the parking lot when they arrived. Gomez, who exited the

apartment with Le and the children around midday, opened the truck’s door for the

family. Valles testified that the apartment’s door had been left open and that Gomez,

who had a key to the apartment at that time, “walked back up and locked it and came

back in the truck.”




                                         3
      When Gomez and the family returned to the apartment complex a few hours

later, uniformed officers stopped Gomez in the parking lot and arrested him for

municipal warrants. Le was also asked to step out of the vehicle.1 HPD K-9 Officer

Peter Esbrandt and his drug dog searched Gomez’s truck, but the dog did not alert

to the truck and the dog did not perform a sniff of Gomez’s person.

      Although Le denied having a key to the apartment, the officers located the key

in a woman’s Victoria’s Secret wallet found near the passenger seat in appellant’s

truck where Le had been sitting. The officers did not find an apartment key on

Gomez’s key ring. Officer Bradley, however, testified that it is not uncommon for a

couple to leave their house when only one person has a key.

      After obtaining the key from the wallet, Officer Esbrandt and the drug dog

searched the empty apartment. According to Officer Esbrandt, the drug dog alerted

on “a giant pile of clothes” on the floor of the master bedroom’s closet and a cabinet

underneath the sink in the master bathroom. Officer Esbrandt reported the results to

the officers who then searched the areas identified by the drug dog. Officer Esbrandt

also assisted with the ensuing search.




1
      Lisa Le was also arrested and charged with possession with intent to deliver
      controlled substances.
                                          4
      During the search, officers found 368.86 grams of methamphetamine2 in

Tupperware container on the floor of the master bedroom closet. Officer Bradley

recalled that the Tupperware container was not hidden or under any item of clothing

and that there were some adult tennis shoes next to the container, but he could not

tell if the shoes were for men or women. He also could not recall what kind of

clothing was on the bed in the master bedroom. Esbrandt, who had testified that the

location where the drug dog alerted “had a big pile of clothes on top of it,” did not

recall anything about the clothing he saw other than the fact that there was a large

pile of them.

      Officer Valles testified that the master bedroom appeared to be shared by Le

and Gomez. He also testified that a combination of men’s and women’s, along with

children’s clothing and shoes, was around the Tupperware container, and that

clothing for men, women, and children was scattered “all throughout” the bedroom.

Valles, however, did not document specific items of male clothing in his report and

he agreed that specific items of male clothing were not discernible from the scene

photographs.




2
      The quantity of methamphetamine found in the apartment is based on the amount
      of the drug admitted at trial, not the weight of the drug calculated at the scene, which
      includes the weight of the container.
                                             5
      The officers also found 240.97 grams of heroin3 and 101.1 grams of Xanax4

in a bag inside the master bathroom cabinet, “[u]nder the sink and tucked away

behind a bunch of dirty clothes.” Bradley did not recall seeing any men’s toiletries

in the bathroom.

      The officers also found a clear baggy of 54.5 grams of methamphetamine and

$4,990 in cash in a dresser in the master bedroom. The methamphetamine was found

in a drawer with clothing that appeared to be for women and children. The cash was

found in a drawer containing child and adult clothing; Valles could not tell from the

scene photograph if the adult clothing was for men or women. Although the drug

dog did not alert to the drugs or money in the dresser initially, the dog later alerted

to the presence of narcotics odor on the money. Valles testified that the amount of

cash recovered at the scene was significant because drug dealers typically have a

large amount of cash in their homes, transactions are usually done on a cash-basis

and, after observing Gomez for over a week, he did not believe that Gomez had

another source of income apart from possible drug sales.




3
      The quantity of heroin found in the apartment is based on the amount of the drug
      admitted at trial, not the weight of the drug calculated at the scene, which includes
      the weight of the container.
4
      Unlike the heroin and methamphetamine, the Xanax was not admitted into evidence.
      Therefore, we will rely on the officer’s testimony regarding the amount of the drug
      found in the apartment.

                                            6
         Two digital scales were found on a shelf in a living-room or dining area and

Ziploc bags were found in the master bathroom. Bradley and Valles testified that

drug traffickers use scales to weigh individual amounts of drugs. Bradley agreed that

Ziploc bags are commonly found where someone is selling drugs; and Valles

testified that Ziploc bags are typically used for packaging individual amounts of

drugs.

         Officer Bradley noted that the Tupperware container they found in the closest

contained a “significant amount of crystal methamphetamine.” When asked if he

would characterize the amount of methamphetamine as a large amount, Officer

Bradley testified, “[I]t’s not a user’s amount and it’s a significant amount.” Officer

Valles also testified that the amounts of methamphetamine and heroin found in the

apartment were “not for personal use. They’re normally for sale at those amounts.”

         Documents connected to Gomez were also found at the apartment, including:

(1) a Houston Municipal Courts receipt, (2) an employment-verification letter, and

(3) a binder with his name on it. The records, however, were dated over a year and

a half before the search, and none of them listed an address for Gomez.

         The white truck Gomez drove was registered to his father in Crosby, Texas

and the address listed for Gomez on the police report was his parents’ address in

Crosby. The State did not present any evidence that Gomez was listed on the

apartment’s lease or that he paid utilities for the apartment. Valles testified, however,


                                           7
that he would not have been surprised if Gomez was not on the lease because drug

traffickers use vehicles and homes listed in other people’s names to prevent law

enforcement from finding them or identifying them.

      No drug paraphernalia was found in the apartment and neither Gomez nor Le

displayed any symptoms of methamphetamine or heroin use. No fingerprint or DNA

evidence was collected.

                             Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In his sole issue on appeal, Gomez argues that the evidence supporting his

convictions is insufficient to prove that he knowingly possessed methamphetamine

and heroin by exercising care, custody, or control over the drugs.

A.    Standard of Review

      In a review for legal sufficiency, we view all of the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict and determine whether a rational factfinder could have found

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Gear v. State, 340

S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (relying on Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 318–19 (1979)). We must not re-evaluate the weight or credibility of the

testimony; rather, we defer to the jury’s resolution of conflicts in the evidence. Isassi

v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). When the record supports

conflicting inferences, the reviewing court is to presume that the fact-finder resolved

the conflicts in favor of the prosecution and defer to that determination. Clayton v.


                                           8
State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Appellate courts cannot use a

divide-and-conquer strategy in a sufficiency analysis, because that approach does

not consider the cumulative force of all the evidence. Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d

446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).

      The court considers both properly and improperly admitted evidence. Jenkins

v. State, 493 S.W.3d 583, 599 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Each fact need not point

directly and independently to the guilt of the defendant, as long as the cumulative

force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.

Blackman v. State, 350 S.W.3d 588, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The prosecution

has no affirmative duty to rule out every hypothesis except that of guilt. Id.

Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt, and

circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient. Jenkins, 493 S.W.3d at 599. While

inferences based on mere speculation are insufficient to support a conviction, the

trier of fact is the exclusive judge of the credibility and weight of the evidence and

is permitted to draw any reasonable inference from the evidence so long as it is

supported by the record. Ramsey v. State, 473 S.W.3d 805, 809 (Tex. Crim. App.

2015).

B.    Applicable Law

      Gomez was charged with (1) possession with intent to deliver at least 400

grams of methamphetamine, and (2) possession with intent to deliver between 200


                                          9
and 400 grams of heroin. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §§ 481.102(2), (6);

481.112(a), (e), (f). “Possession” means actual care, custody, control, or

management. TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(39).

          To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant exercised control, custody,

management, or care over the substance, and that the defendant knew the substance

was contraband. Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005);

see TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 481.115(a) (“[A] person commits an offense if

the person knowingly or intentionally possesses a controlled substance listed in

Penalty Group 1 . . . .”).5 Possession of the contraband does not have to be exclusive.

Wiley v. State, 388 S.W.3d 807, 813 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet.

ref’d).

          When the accused is not in exclusive possession of the place where the

contraband is found, the State must establish that the defendant’s connection with

the drugs was more than fortuitous, a requirement known as the “affirmative links”

rule. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Poindexter, 153

S.W.3d at 405–06; Wiley, 388 S.W.3d at 813. This rule is designed to protect an

innocent bystander from conviction based solely upon his mere presence in the



5
          Gomez was only charged with “knowingly” possessing methamphetamine and
          heroin.
                                           10
vicinity of someone else’s drugs. Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 161–62. It recognizes that a

defendant who is not in exclusive possession of the place where the controlled

substance was found may not have knowledge of and control over the drugs; in such

cases, additional independent facts and circumstances beyond mere presence must

link him to the drugs. Tate v. State, 500 S.W.3d 410, 413–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)

(citing Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 406, and Deshong v. State, 625 S.W.2d 327, 329

(Tex. Crim. App. 1981)).

      The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has instructed that direct or

circumstantial evidence of one or more of the following links may provide the logical

force that demonstrates possession and not mere presence:

      (1) the defendant’s presence when a search is conducted; (2) whether
      the contraband was in plain view; (3) the defendant’s proximity to and
      the accessibility of the narcotic; (4) whether the defendant was under
      the influence of narcotics when arrested; (5) whether the defendant
      possessed other contraband or narcotics when arrested; (6) whether the
      defendant made incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether
      the defendant attempted to flee; (8) whether the defendant made furtive
      gestures; (9) whether there was an odor of contraband; (10) whether
      other contraband or drug paraphernalia were present; (11) whether the
      defendant owned or had the right to possess the place where the drugs
      were found; (12) whether the place where the drugs were found was
      enclosed; (13) whether the defendant was found with a large amount of
      cash; and (14) whether the conduct of the defendant indicated a
      consciousness of guilt.

Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Burrell v. State, 445 S.W.3d 761, 765 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d). The State is not required to prove all of these

links. See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162; James v. State, 264 S.W.3d 215, 219 (Tex.

                                         11
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). Further, the absence of some links is

not evidence of innocence that weighs against those links that are present. Id. (citing

Hernandez v. State, 538 S.W.2d 127, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976)). It is not the

number of links that is dispositive, but the cumulative weight of the evidence. Evans,

202 S.W.3d at 162; James, 264 S.W.3d at 219. Though this framework guides an

appellate court in analyzing the evidence, the dispositive inquiry remains the one set

forth in Jackson—whether the combined and cumulative force of the evidence and

any permissible inferences permit a jury to rationally find the defendant guilty of the

offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Tate, 500 S.W.3d at 414.

C.    Analysis

      It is undisputed that Gomez was not in exclusive possession of the apartment

where the officers found the methamphetamine and heroin; thus, the State had to

present evidence linking Gomez to the methamphetamine and heroin and prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that Gomez’s connection to the narcotics “was more than

fortuitous.” See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 161. We therefore examine the evidence to

determine whether the State presented sufficient evidence such that a rational jury

could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Gomez possessed—that is,

exercised actual care, custody, control, or management over—the methamphetamine

and heroin. See Tate, 500 S.W.3d at 414 (noting that, in “affirmative links” cases,




                                          12
court’s ultimate inquiry remains whether evidence was sufficient under Jackson v.

Virginia standard).

      Although there was no evidence that Gomez’s name was on the lease or that

he paid utilities for the apartment, the State presented sufficient evidence from which

the jury could have reasonably inferred that Gomez lived in the apartment with Le

and the children or otherwise had a right to possess the apartment. See Evans, 202

S.W.3d at 162 n.12 (noting that defendant’s right to possess place where contraband

is found is affirmative link connecting defendant to contraband); see generally

Burrell, 445 S.W.3d at 765 (noting that evidence showed defendant lived in and had

right to possess apartment where drugs were found, even though he was not named

lessee).

      Specifically, the State presented evidence that Gomez was seen multiple times

entering and leaving the apartment during the ten-day surveillance period, and his

primary vehicle was seen in the apartment parking lot unless he went somewhere.

See Hutchison v. State, 424 S.W.3d 164, 171–72 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014, no

pet.) (noting as one strong link to contraband that, before search, police observed

defendant leave house, return, enter without knocking, and leave again). Gomez was

also seen several times coming and going from the apartment with Le and the

children, who undisputedly lived in the apartment and were described as Gomez’s

family.


                                          13
      Although he did not have a key to the apartment on his key ring, Gomez was

the last person seen leaving the apartment before the search warrant was executed,

Officer Valles saw Gomez use a key to lock the apartment door, and there was no

evidence that anyone else was inside the apartment or entered it after Gomez locked

the door and left. See Haggerty v. State, 429 S.W.3d 1, 6–7 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (although not present when search occurred, defendant

was last person to leave home before search, officers saw him use key to lock door,

no one else was seen entering home in his absence, and no one was inside when

search was conducted, so home was in same condition when officers found it as

when defendant left it).

      The State also presented evidence that documents belonging to Gomez were

found in the apartment, along with items of male clothing. Although none of the

officers were able to identify specific items of male clothing from the photographs,

the jury was entitled to credit Valles’s testimony that he found male clothing “all

throughout” the master bedroom and near the Tupperware container in the master

closet. See Ramsey, 473 S.W.3d at 809. The jury could have reasonably inferred

from this evidence that the clothing belonged to Gomez, given that there was no

evidence indicating that another man lived in or stayed at the apartment. See Evans,

202 S.W.3d at 165.




                                        14
      The State also presented evidence that Gomez was present during the search.

See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12 (noting that presence at scene of search is

affirmative link connecting defendant to contraband). Specifically, Gomez had just

returned to the apartment complex with his family and was being detained in the

parking lot when the officers searched his truck and the apartment. See generally

Lipscomb v. State, 526 S.W.3d 646, 653 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet.

ref’d); Williams v. State, Nos. 01-09-00257-CR, 01-09-00258-CR, 2010 WL

2991097, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 29, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication) (stating that defendant, who was in vehicle backing

out of driveway when police arrived, was present during house search).

      The officers also found large amounts of methamphetamine and heroin in the

apartment, along with other drugs and drug-selling paraphernalia—namely, two

digital scales, Ziploc bags, and 101.1 grams of Xanax tablets. See Evans, 202 S.W.3d

at 162 n.12 (noting that presence of other contraband or drug paraphernalia is

affirmative link); see also Roberson v. State, 80 S.W.3d 730, 740 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d) (stating amount of contraband can be

affirmative link and this factor can reasonably be expected to increase as amount of

drugs increases).

      The officers also found $4,990 in cash inside a dresser drawer in the master

bedroom. The State presented evidence that the cash smelled of narcotics, drug


                                        15
dealers often have large amounts of cash such as this in their homes, Gomez did not

appear to have a job, and Officer Valles did not believe that Gomez had another

source of income apart from possible drug sales.

      Officer Valles, who had learned from a confidential informant that Gomez

was selling drugs from the apartment, saw Gomez on three occasions, leaving the

apartment and getting into vehicles in the parking lot for a short period of time before

going back into the apartment. Such evidence is consistent with illegal drug activity

originating out of the apartment. See e.g., Hurst v. State, No. 14-15-00539-CR, 2016

WL 3703101, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] July 12, 2016, pet. ref’d)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (officer testified that defendant’s leaving

apartment, approaching passenger side of car, briefly talking to driver, and returning

to apartment, was behavior consistent with that of drug dealer). Officer Bradley also

testified that he saw Gomez two days before the warrant was executed, and, when

asked what he saw Gomez doing, Bradley stated that he believed that was the day of

the controlled buy. The jury could have reasonably inferred from this evidence that

Gomez was involved in a controlled drug buy and had been selling drugs from the

apartment, and therefore he was not an “innocent bystander” whose proximity to the

drugs in the apartment was merely fortuitous. See generally Evans, 202 S.W.3d at

161–62.




                                          16
      The location of the contraband further supports the inference that Gomez had

care, custody, control, or management of the methamphetamine and heroin. All of

the contraband was found in an enclosed place, namely, a private residence occupied

by Gomez. The Ziploc bags and scales were in plain view in the master bathroom

and living room, respectively. Although there was conflicting testimony about

whether the Tupperware containing most of the methamphetamine was in plain view

in the master bedroom’s closet or covered in clothing, we presume that the jury

resolved this conflict in favor of the prosecution and we defer to that determination

when there is support in the record. Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778.

      It is undisputed that the rest of the narcotics found in the apartment were

hidden or secreted, and therefore, the State had to address whether Gomez “knew of

the existence of the secreted place and its contents.” Allen v. State, 249 S.W.3d 680,

694 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.). The rest of the methamphetamine was found

in a dresser drawer in the master bedroom and the heroin was found in a bag that

was hidden behind a pile of dirty clothing and placed in a cabinet underneath the

sink in the master bathroom. These items were hidden in unlocked areas that would

have been readily accessible by Gomez, who shared the master bedroom with Le

and had a right to possession of the apartment. See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12

(listing “the defendant’s proximity to and the accessibility of the narcotic” as link to

be considered). Furthermore, the jury could reasonably infer that Gomez knew about


                                          17
the methamphetamine and heroin in the master bedroom and bathroom from the

evidence in this case, including the significant quantities of the hidden narcotics, the

large amount of cash found in the master bedroom, Officer Valles’s testimony that

he had seen Gomez engaging in activity indicative of someone participating in an

illegal drug transaction and that Gomez did not have an identifiable source of income

other than possible drug dealing, and the evidence indicating that Gomez

participated in a controlled drug buy two days before the search. See Allen, 249

S.W.3d at 694 (“The State must link the accused to the contraband in such a manner

that a reasonable inference arises that the accused knew of its existence and its

whereabouts and that the object possessed was contraband.”).

       Gomez argues on appeal that there is no evidence of other specific affirmative

links. For example, there is no evidence that Gomez was under the influence of

narcotics when he was arrested or that he made any furtive gestures or incriminating

statements at that time. There is also no evidence that Gomez attempted to flee. The

number of links, however, is not dispositive and the “absence of various affirmative

links does not constitute evidence of innocence to be weighed against the affirmative

links present.” Jones v. State, 466 S.W.3d 252, 260 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2015, pet. ref’d) (quoting James v. State, 264 S.W.3d 215, 219 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d)).




                                          18
      The logical force of the direct and circumstantial evidence present in this case,

coupled with reasonable inferences from such evidence, is sufficient to establish,

beyond a reasonable doubt, that Gomez exercised actual care, custody, control, or

management of the heroin and methamphetamine found in the apartment. See Evans,

202 S.W.3d at 166.

      Viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we

conclude that a rational fact finder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that

Gomez knowingly possessed the methamphetamine and heroin found in the

apartment. See Gear, 340 S.W.3d at 746.

      We overrule Gomez’s sole issue.

                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.




                                              Russell Lloyd
                                              Justice


Panel consists of Justices Lloyd, Kelly, and Hightower.

Do Not Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).




                                         19
