                                            No. 01-701

                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                         2002 MT 173


IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF

KELLY JOLENE BURK,

               Petitioner and Respondent,

         and

JACK LOUIS BURK,

               Respondent and Appellant.



APPEAL FROM:          District Court of the Nineteenth Judicial District,
                      In and for the County of Lincoln,
                      The Honorable Michael C. Prezeau, Judge presiding.


COUNSEL OF RECORD:

               For Appellant:

                      Amy Guth, Attorney at Law, Libby, Montana

               For Respondent:

                      Peter F. Carroll, Attorney at Law, Kalispell, Montana


                                                    Submitted on Briefs: March 14, 2002

                                                               Decided: August 6, 2002
Filed:


                      __________________________________________
                                        Clerk
Chief Justice Karla M. Gray delivered the Opinion of the Court.


¶1    Jack Louis Burk (Jack) appeals from the Findings of Fact,

Conclusions of Law, and Order Granting Motion to Modify Parenting

Plan entered by the Nineteenth Judicial District Court, Lincoln

County, which, among other things, designated Kelly Jolene Burk

(Kelly) as the residential parent of the parties' three children.

We affirm.

¶2    The issues are whether the District Court made the necessary

findings, whether the findings made are clearly erroneous and

whether the court abused its discretion in modifying the parenting

plan.
                                     BACKGROUND

¶3    Jack and Kelly's marriage was dissolved in 1998, at which time

both Jack and Kelly resided in Eureka, Montana.                   After a contested

custody hearing, the District Court stated concerns with regard to

both parents, but also found that "[d]espite his flaws, Jack puts

his children first."           It adopted a parenting plan awarding the

parties joint custody of their three preteenage children, with Jack

designated as the primary residential custodian, and Kelly having

visitation rights.
¶4      The District Court amended the parenting plan at Jack's

request in March of 2000, after Kelly relocated to the state of

Washington.        The    amended     parenting     plan    addressed   visitation

arrangements in view of the increased distance between the parents'

homes.



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¶5   In May of 2001, Kelly moved the District Court to modify the

parenting   plan   again   and   to   designate   her   as   the    children's

residential parent.        In support of her motion, she filed an

affidavit stating that, for the preceding 20 months, the children

had been living with Jack's parents in Eureka while Jack worked

long hours out of town as a logger.         She stated Jack returned to

Eureka primarily on weekends, spending very little time with the

children and leaving their care to his parents.                    She further

averred that she had visited the children for 5 to 7 days every two

months or so over the past two years, contacted them by telephone

at least twice a week, and had them with her in Washington during

the summer months.    She alleged the children's home environment in

Eureka was both verbally and physically abusive.
¶6   The District Court held a hearing on Kelly's motion to modify

at which it heard testimony from Jack, Kelly and numerous other

witnesses, and received a number of exhibits into evidence.              Kelly

presented evidence which supported the statements in her affidavit.

 Jack presented evidence that the children were content and well-

cared-for in his parents' household.        He also argued Kelly was not

a suitable custodial parent because she smoked cigarettes, had

corporally punished the children, and was cohabitating with a man

with whom she had a new baby and whose two children from a previous

marriage also would be included in their household.

¶7   In detailed findings and conclusions, the District Court

determined Jack had basically turned the children over to his

parents to raise and had not continued to "put the children first."



                                      3
 The court found that, even when Jack was in town and not working,

such as during the six to eight weeks of "spring breakup" each

year, the children continued to live with his parents.           The court

found Kelly had made significant strides to straighten out her life

and had continued to demonstrate "a fairly remarkable devotion to

the children under fairly difficult circumstances."            Ultimately,

the District Court found the children's best interests would be

served by granting Kelly's motion to modify and designating her as

the residential parent.     Jack appeals.
                              DISCUSSION

¶8    Did the District Court make the necessary findings, are the
findings made clearly erroneous and did the court abuse its
discretion in modifying the parenting plan?

¶9    A district court may amend a parenting plan

      if it finds, upon the basis of facts that have arisen
      since the prior plan or that were unknown to the court at
      the time of entry of the prior plan, that a change has
      occurred in the circumstances of the child and that the
      amendment is necessary to serve the best interest of the
      child.

Section 40-4-219(1), MCA.    Jack contends the court failed to make a

finding   regarding   a   change   in   circumstances,   the    change   in

circumstances which existed was not based on "new" facts, and the

court erred in finding the change was necessary to serve the best

interests of the children.

¶10   Jack argues first that the District Court failed to make the

finding regarding a change in the children's circumstances required

by § 40-4-219(1), MCA.    In its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law

and Order, however, the District Court expressly found that its

1998 Parenting Plan placed the children's legal residence "with


                                    4
Jack at his residence in/near Eureka, Montana."                 It further found

that, soon after the Parenting Plan was entered, Jack moved the

children into his parents' home.               Finally, the District Court found

that, at the time the original Parenting Plan was modified in 2000

at Jack's request, it was not aware that the children already had

been moved into Jack's parents' home.               In this latter regard, Jack

concedes on appeal that he did not apprise the court of that fact

during the modification proceeding in 2000.

¶11    The District Court's unchallenged findings state, as matters

of    fact,   that   Jack   moved    the       children's   residence   after   the

original parenting plan and that it was not aware of that move at

any time prior to Kelly's motion to modify in 2001.                While lacking

the statutory "change in circumstances" language, we conclude the

District Court's findings clearly state the component parts of a

change in circumstances finding--namely, facts arising after the

1998 plan and unknown to the court at the time of the amendment of

the plan in 2000-- required by § 40-4-219(1), MCA.                Moreover, Jack

cites to no authority--and we know of none--rendering a court's

failure to use the actual "change in circumstances" language of the

statute reversible error.           An express finding using the statutory

language certainly is preferable.                 However, we have held that a

court's failure to specifically use those words in findings which

otherwise imply a finding of change in circumstances was, at most,

harmless error.      See In re Custody of Arneson-Nelson, 2001 MT 242,

¶ 30, 307 Mont. 60, ¶ 30, 36 P.3d 874, ¶ 30.




                                           5
¶12    Jack also asserts that, because Kelly failed to challenge the

arrangement--of       which    she    was       aware--during   his    modification

proceeding in 2000, the District Court erred in considering the

placement of the children with his parents as the basis for the

change in circumstances.            The District Court stated, however, that

even if Kelly were aware of the arrangement between Jack and his

parents at the time of the modification in 2000, it was not aware

of the children's placement with Jack's parents at that time.                  As a

result,     the   court    properly     ruled      that   the   this   modification

pursuant to Kelly's motion was permissible under the portion of §

40-4-219(1), MCA, which allows modification on a finding of changed

circumstances based on facts "unknown to the court at the time of

entry of the prior plan."
¶13    Jack also relies on several of our cases for the proposition

that    a   default    judgment       precludes       relitigation     of   custody

proceedings which do not meet the threshold change of circumstances

requirement of § 40-4-219, MCA.             His interpretation of the cases is

correct, but the cases do not help him here.

¶14    By   its   terms,      the    change      in   circumstances    requirement

contained in § 40-4-219, MCA, applies to modifications of all

parenting plans.          Our cases merely recognize that, even if the

original plan and decree were entered by default, a showing of

substantial change in the child's circumstances is required to meet

the statutory requirements for modification.                See In re Marriage of

Hay (1990), 241 Mont. 372, 376-77, 786 P.2d 1195, 1198; In re

Custody of Andre (1988), 234 Mont. 80, 85, 761 P.2d 809, 812;



                                            6
Svennungsen v. Svennungsen (1974), 165 Mont. 161, 166, 527 P.2d

640, 643.        In other words, even where an original decree is

uncontested, the defaulting parent must satisfy the requirements of

§ 40-4-219, MCA, for a modification.                    Thus, the issue is not

whether the original or 2000 modification was contested. The issue

is    whether,    in   the    present    case,       Kelly    met   the   change   of

circumstances requirement.           As discussed above, that requirement is

met in this case.

¶15    Jack next makes a number of assertions relating to findings of

fact made by the District Court.                Specifically, Jack objects to the

court's findings reprimanding him for hitting the children with a

piece of kindling and for leaving the children in his parents'

care.
¶16    Our standard of review of a district court's findings of fact

is whether they are clearly erroneous.                       A finding is clearly

erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence, if the

trial court has misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if

this Court's review of the record convinces it that a mistake has

been made.       In re Marriage of Johnson (1994), 266 Mont. 158, 166-

67, 879 P.2d 689, 694 (citations omitted).                District court findings

are    presumed     correct    and    the       appellant     has   the   burden   of

establishing error.      DeVoe v. State (1997), 281 Mont. 356, 363, 935

P.2d 256, 260 (citation omitted).                 Jack does not argue a lack of

substantial evidence to support the above findings and has not

established that the findings are otherwise clearly erroneous.




                                            7
¶17    Jack also contends the District Court erred by failing to make

certain   findings.   He    contends    the   court   essentially   condoned

Kelly's admission that she had disciplined the children by hitting

them with a belt and disregarded that she had established a new

relationship with a man who had custody of his two children from a

previous relationship and with whom she had a 19-month-old child,

and that she planned to provide child care by hiring an unlicensed

23-year-old baby sitter with two small children of her own.

¶18    A court need not make findings on every piece of evidence, but

only    the   essential    and    determining   factors   upon   which   its

determination is based.          In re Marriage of Drake, 2002 MT 127, ¶

23, 310 Mont. 114, ¶ 23, 49 P.3d 38, ¶ 23 (citation omitted).            The

fact that the District Court made no findings on Kelly's discipline

with a belt and her choice of babysitter is not dispositive.

Moreover, the District Court addressed Kelly's relationship with

her boyfriend, finding that "Kelly has a 19 month child with her

boyfriend (whom she claims to be planning to marry), and she now

has her boyfriend's two children to help raise."            The court also

stated it was impressed with Kelly's boyfriend's "devotion to Kelly

and to her children."       Thus, while the court found that some of

Kelly's circumstances are "somewhat troubling, the Court has no

doubt that Kelly is prepared to provide the parental love and

attention that Jack has seemed so reluctant to provide."
¶19    Jack also contends the District Court did not consider his

evidence about the good care provided the children by his parents,

thereby abusing its discretion.            The record reflects otherwise.



                                       8
The court clearly considered Jack's evidence.       It found that,

"[e]ven if Jack's parents are providing a good home for the

children, Kelly's rights cannot be subjugated to those of the

grandparents."     The court was correct.     A modification of a

parenting plan is based on the best interests of the children with

regard to the respective parents.       See § 40-4-219, MCA.     In

unchallenged findings, the District Court found that Jack has been

an indifferent parent, is not adequately committed to his children

and, basically, has abandoned the children.      In light of these

findings, Jack's contentions regarding the quality of care his

parents provide are of little relevance.
¶20   Jack's final argument relates to whether the District Court

demonstrated sufficient consideration of the best interest of the

child factors set forth in §§ 40-4-212 and 40-4-219, MCA.       In

ruling on a motion to modify a parenting plan, the court may

consider the factors set forth in § 40-4-219(1), MCA, in addition

to considering "all relevant parenting factors" pursuant to § 40-4-

212(1), MCA.    The district court need not make a specific finding

on each statutory factor, but must show that it considered each

element by making specific findings regarding the best interests of

the children.    In re Marriage of Arrotta (1990), 244 Mont. 508,

513, 797 P.2d 940, 943 (citation omitted).

¶21   Jack is correct in pointing out that the District Court did

not expressly address in its findings such statutory factors as the

wishes of the children; the interaction and interrelationship of

the children with their paternal grandparents and cousins; the



                                  9
children's adjustment to home, school and community; or continuity

of care.    He is not correct that the court failed to consider those

factors and his evidence relating thereto.                        Indeed, the District

Court stated it had considered the "best interest" factors set

forth at §§ 40-4-212 and 40-4-219, MCA.

¶22   Jack also contends the court did not address the physical

health     of    the   individuals     involved            and,     specifically,   the

daughter's       asthma   in    relation        to   her    mother's     and   mother's

boyfriend's smoking or whether one parent knowingly failed to

financially support the children.               However, the court found Kelly's

testimony that she does not smoke in the house convincing.                          It

further found that, while Kelly is not entirely current on her

share of the children's medical and dental bills, that failure is

largely attributable to factors other than a knowing or willful

failure to pay.
¶23   The District Court also made findings in addition to those

discussed previously.          It found that "[t]he bottom line is that for

the past 2½ years the children have been farmed out to their

grandparents while Jack has shown a lack of commitment to the

children.       At the same time, Kelly has made significant strides in

her own life and has consistently shown that she is devoted to her

children."        Furthermore, after considering the other statutory

factors relating to the children's best interests, the court stated

that "none of the factors identified in those statutes, alone or

taken together, outweigh the fact in this case that Jack has

basically abandoned his children, and Kelly stands willing and able



                                           10
to provide a good home for the children."        Jack does not address

these findings and we conclude they are supported by substantial

evidence and are not otherwise clearly erroneous.

¶24   A trial court's modification of custody or a parenting plan

will be reversed only upon a showing of clear abuse of discretion.

 See In re Marriage of Hunt (1994), 264 Mont. 159, 164, 870 P.2d

720, 723.    An abuse of discretion occurs only when the court "acted

arbitrarily    without   employment    of   conscientious   judgment   or

exceeded the bounds of reason resulting in substantial injustice."

 In re Marriage of Meeks (1996), 276 Mont. 237, 242, 915 P.2d 831,

834 (citation omitted).    Based on the record before us, it cannot

be said that the court acted arbitrarily without employment of

conscientious judgment or exceeded the bounds of reason resulting

in substantial injustice.     We hold, therefore, that the District

Court did not abuse its discretion in modifying the parenting plan.

¶25   Affirmed.

                                             /S/ KARLA M. GRAY



We concur:

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JIM REGNIER
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ JIM RICE




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