[Cite as Coniglio v. Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-88.]
                          STATE OF OHIO, COLUMBIANA COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                       SEVENTH DISTRICT



CYNTHIA KOONCE, et al.          )                          CASE NO. 13 CO 5
                                )
       PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS    )
                                )
VS.                             )                          OPINION
                                )
CHESAPEAKE EXPLORATION, L.L.C., )
et al.                          )
                                )
       DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES     )



                            STATE OF OHIO, CARROLL COUNTY

                                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                       SEVENTH DISTRICT


JOSEPH CONIGLIO, et al.         )                          CASE NO. 13 CA 886
                                )
       PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS    )
       CROSS-APPELLEES          )
                                )
VS.                             )                          OPINION
                                )
CHESAPEAKE EXPLORATION, L.L.C., )
et al.                          )
                                )
       DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES     )
       CROSS-APPELLANTS         )
                                )
[Cite as Coniglio v. Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-88.]
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                                  Civil Appeals from the Court of Common
                                                           Pleas of Columbiana and Carroll
                                                           Counties, Ohio
                                                           Case Nos.:
                                                           12 CV 136 (Columbiana County);
                                                           12CV27102 (Carroll County)

JUDGMENT:                                                  Affirmed in part.
                                                           Modified.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiffs-Appellants:                                 Atty. Lee E. Plakas
                                                           Atty. Gary A. Corroto
                                                           Atty. Joshua E. O'Farrell
                                                           Tzangas Plakas Mannos I Ltd
                                                           220 Market Avenue South, 8th Floor
                                                           Canton, Ohio 44702

For Defendants-Appellees:                                  Atty. Daniel T. Donovan
                                                           Gregory L. Skidmore (pro hac vice)
                                                           Kirkland & Ellis LLP
                                                           655 Fifteenth Street, N.W., Suite 1200
                                                           Washington, D.C. 20005

                                                           Atty. Clay Keller
                                                           Babst, Calland, Clements
                                                             & Zomnir, P.C.
                                                           One Cascade Plaza
                                                           Suite 1010
                                                           Akron, Ohio 44308


JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Mary DeGenaro

                                                           Dated: January 8, 2016
[Cite as Coniglio v. Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-88.]
WAITE, J.


        {¶1}    In this action involving an oil and gas lease, Appellants Joseph Coniglio

and Cynthia Koonce, et al., (collectively referred to as “Appellants”) represent more

than one hundred landowners.                These landowners filed suit against Appellees

Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C. and CHK Utica, L.L.C. (collectively referred to as

“Appellees”) in both Columbiana County Common Pleas Court and Carroll County

Common Pleas Court. The matter was consolidated at the trial court level and a

visiting judge assigned to hear the consolidated case. All parties sought summary

judgment as to the meaning of a preferential right to renew provision found in each of

the respective leases. Summary judgment was granted in favor of Appellees. On

appeal, Appellants contest the trial court’s decision to accept Appellees’

interpretation of the provision. All parties additionally request that we clarify that the

lease has only two terms and that all provisions of the lease apply equally to both the

primary term and any extended term of the lease.

        {¶2}    Because we agree with the Court in Stewart v. Chesapeake

Explorations, L.L.C., 6th Cir. Nos. 12-4457, 13-3012, 12-4466, 12-4517, 542

Fed.Appx. 468 (Oct. 30, 2013), we find no error in the trial court’s decision to apply

Appellees’ interpretation to the preferential right to renew provision. However, the

trial court’s determination that, if the lease is extended, the lease contains three

distinct terms and that the preferential right to renew does not apply to any extended

term is erroneous. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment

in favor of Appellees is affirmed, but judgment is modified to correct the error
                                                                                      -2-

regarding the applicability of the preferential right to renew clause to an extended

term.

                            Factual and Procedural History

        {¶3}   On March 30, 2012, thirty-three plaintiffs filed a complaint against

Appellees in Koonce v. Chesapeake Exploration, Columbiana County Common Pleas

Court Case No. 2012 CV 136. Sixteen plaintiffs were later added. On March 22,

2012, seventy-five plaintiffs filed a complaint against Appellees in Coniglio v.

Chesapeake, Carroll County Common Pleas Court Case No. 2012 CVH 27102.

Each landowner had previously entered into an oil and gas lease with Anstutz

Exploration Corporation.      These leases were later assigned to Chesapeake.

Although the cases originated from two different counties, the cases were

consolidated at the common pleas level and a visiting judge was assigned to hear the

consolidated matter.

        {¶4}   Relevant to this appeal, the parties sought declaratory relief regarding

the legal meaning and enforceability of a preferential right to renew provision found

within all of the leases. This provision allows Appellees the right to match any third-

party offers that Appellants submit to them during the primary term of the lease. The

crux of the dispute is whether the provision allows Appellants to immediately

terminate any current lease and enter into a new lease with a third party if Appellees

fail to match a third-party offer, or whether they must wait until the natural end of the

current lease before they can enter into a new lease with another entity. Although

several additional counts were included in the complaint, the interpretation of the
                                                                                      -3-

preferential right to renew clause was the only issue before the court in summary

judgment.

       {¶5}   All parties filed motions for summary judgment based on their

respective interpretations of the provisions. Appellants interpreted the provision to

allow an immediate termination of an existing lease with the concurrent right to

immediately enter into a new, supplanting lease with a third party if Appellees choose

not to match a third-party offer.      Appellees interpret the clause to mean that

Appellants are free to accept third-party offers during the primary term of their

respective leases, but cannot enter into a lease period with a third party until their

existing lease comes to its natural end.

       {¶6}   The trial court determined that the provision does not allow Appellants

to terminate the lease before its specified end date, even if Appellees fail to match a

third-party offer.   In dicta, however, the court also determined that while the

preferential right applied to the primary term, it ceased to apply if Appellees exercised

their unilateral option to extend the primary term. This timely appeal followed. Since

this appeal was filed, four Appellants have settled with Appellees and have

withdrawn from the case. One-hundred twenty Appellants remain in this appeal.

                                Final Appealable Order

       {¶7}   While the Koonce and Coniglio complaints do contain slight differences,

they are virtually identical in substance. Count one asks the court to declare the legal

rights of the parties by interpretation of the preferential right to renew provision. The

remaining counts of the complaints are as follows: anticipatory breach of contract,
                                                                                            -4-

unjust    enrichment,     injunctive   relief,   trespass,   slander   of   title,   fraudulent

misrepresentation, fraud by inducement, negligence per se, negligence, civil

conspiracy, and petition for writ of mandamus.

         {¶8}   Pursuant to R.C. 2505.02(B)(2), an order is final and appealable when it

“affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding or upon a summary

application in an action after judgment.”           R.C. 2502.02(A)(2) defines a special

proceeding as “an action or proceeding that is specially created by statute and that

prior to 1853 was not denoted as an action at law or a suit in equity.” Importantly, the

Ohio Supreme Court has determined that “[a] declaratory judgment action is a special

proceeding pursuant to R.C. 2505.02 and, therefore, an order entered therein which

affects a substantial right is a final appealable order.” General Acc. Ins. Co. v. Ins.

Co. of North America, 44 Ohio St.3d 17, 22, 540 N.E.2d 266 (1989).

         {¶9}   Additionally, the trial court order affects a substantial right of the parties,

as it determined whether an existing oil and gas lease can be declared terminated

prior to the natural end of the lease term. Hence, the record reflects that the trial

court decision is a final, appealable order

         {¶10} Appellants have presented five assignments of error. Appellees have

presented one cross-assignment of error. As several of the assignments of error

address the same issue, they will be discussed together. For ease of understanding,

the assignments will be discussed out of order.

                             ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3
                                                                                     -5-

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT MISCONSTRUED THE

      LANGUAGE OF PARAGRAPH 14 ERRONEOUSLY STATING THAT

      PLAINTIFFS’ INTERPRETATION WOULD REQUIRE THE PARTIES

      TO “PREDICT WITHOUT ANY CLEAR BASIS WHEN ‘ONGOING

      OPERATIONS’ OR ‘ONGOING PRODUCTION’ WILL END, IN ORDER

      TO KNOW WHEN IT IS LESS THAN ONE YEAR AHEAD.”

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT CONCLUDED THAT THE

      PHRASE “IMMEDIATELY THEREAFTER” IN PARAGRAPH 14 DID

      NOT APPLY TO THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE REPLACEMENT

      LEASE.

      {¶11} Whether paragraph fourteen of the lease allows Appellants to

immediately terminate the lease in the event that Appellees fail to match a third-party

offer is the crux of this appeal.   Paragraph fourteen, which is significantly titled

“Preferential Right to Renew,” states:

      If, at any time during the primary term hereof, or within one (1) year

      from the expiration, cancellation or termination of this Lease, Lessor

      receives an acceptable, bona fide third-party offer to lease the

      Leasehold, in whole or part, Lessor shall promptly provide the Lessee,

      in writing, of all of the verifiable particulars of such offer. Lessee shall

      have thirty (30) days from the receipt thereof to advise Lessor, in

      writing, of its agreement to match said third-party offer as to all terms
                                                                                      -6-

       and consideration; immediately thereafter, Lessor and Lessee shall

       take all cooperative steps necessary to effectuate the consummation of

       said transaction and the survival of said transaction through any

       statutorily mandated right of cancellation thereof. Any lease or option to

       lease the Leasehold, in whole or part, granted by Lessor in

       contravention of the purposes of this paragraph shall be deemed null

       and void.

(4/11/09 Lease, ¶14.)

       {¶12} Appellants contend that paragraph fourteen clearly provides them the

right to immediately terminate the lease if a third-party offer is received and Appellees

fail to match that offer. Appellants focus their argument on two phrases contained

within paragraph fourteen. The first states that third-party offers may be received and

submitted to Appellees “at any time during the primary term.”

       {¶13} The second grants Appellees thirty days to “advise” whether they will

match the offer and “immediately thereafter, Lessor and Lessee shall take all

cooperative steps necessary to effectuate the consummation of said transaction.”

(4/11/09 Lease, ¶14.) Appellants interpret this language as follows: if Appellees fail

to match a third party offer, the existing contract is immediately terminated and

Appellees must take all steps necessary to allow Appellants to enter into a new

contract with the third party entity.

       {¶14} Appellees dispute Appellants’ interpretation.      Appellees contend that

this language has no effect on the term of the contract or its extension, but merely
                                                                                      -7-

provides them with a “first right of refusal” should they choose to renew the lease

beyond its natural period.     Should they choose not to take advantage of this

preferential right to renew under paragraph fourteen, the lease must still continue

throughout the remainder of the agreed upon term. Only after the lease comes to its

natural end may Appellants choose to enter into a third-party lease based on the

plain language of the provision. In support of their argument, Appellees first note that

these are “paid up” leases.      Appellees have already paid Appellants the entire

consideration for the existing primary term of the contract. If the contract were to end

once Appellees failed to match a third-party offer, Appellants would be unjustly

enriched by the compensation already paid to them.

       {¶15} Appellees also dispute Appellants’ interpretation of the phrase

“immediately thereafter” and contend that the clear and unambiguous language of

the lease states that Appellees’ choice not to exercise their preferential right to renew

at the expiration of the lease (by failing to match a third-party offer) does not

automatically end the current term of the lease.        In support of their argument,

Appellees turn to paragraphs one, three, and four of the lease. Paragraph one,

entitled “Lease Clause,” grants to Appellees exclusive rights to all oil and gas in the

leasehold and that “such rights shall survive the term of this agreement for so long

thereafter as operations are continued.” (4/11/09 Lease, ¶1.) Paragraph three is

titled “Lease Term” and states in relevant part:

       This Lease shall remain in force for a primary term of five (5) years * * *

       and for as long thereafter as prescribed payments are made, or for as
                                                                                         -8-

       long thereafter as operations are conducted on the Leasehold in search

       of or production of oil, gas, or their constituents, or for as long as a well

       capable of production is located on the Leasehold or lands pooled or

       unitized therewith, or for as long as extended by provision herein. If

       after the primary term the last producing well on the Leasehold or lands

       pooled or unitized therewith is plugged and abandoned, the Leasehold

       will remain under Lease for an additional period of one year from the

       date of plugging and abandonment, subject to the payment of delay

       rental.

(4/11/09 Lease, ¶3.)

       {¶16} Paragraph four provides Appellees an unconditional, unilateral right to

extend the lease. This section specifically allows that the extension is “under the

same terms and conditions as contained in this Lease.”              (4/11/09 Lease, ¶4.)

Appellees urge that using Appellants’ interpretation of paragraph fourteen and

allowing termination during the natural life of the contract would negate these other

provisions of the contract and cause them to have no meaning. Appellees contend

that their interpretation of the paragraph at issue is the only way to give effect to all of

the language of the contract.

       {¶17} “A clear and unambiguous contract can be enforced as a matter of law

through summary judgment, and its interpretation is thereafter reviewed de novo.”

Mauersberger v. Marietta Coal Co., 7th Dist. No. 12 BE 41, 2014-Ohio-21, ¶8, citing

J.G. Wentworth L.L.C. v. Christian, 7th Dist. No. 07 MA 113, 2008-Ohio-3089, ¶30.
                                                                                        -9-

An appellate court reviews the trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment de

novo using the same standards as the trial court set forth in Civ.R. 56(C). Haney v.

Barringer, 7th Dist. No. 06 MA 141, 2007-Ohio-7214, ¶33, citing Grafton v. Ohio

Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). In order to grant a

motion for summary judgment, a trial court must first determine: (1) no genuine issue

as to any material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law; and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable

minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing the evidence most favorably in

favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, the

conclusion is adverse to that party. Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317,

327, 364 N.E.2d 267 (1977).

       {¶18} It is apparent from the first sentence of paragraph fourteen that

Appellants can receive third-party offers and present those offers to Appellees while

the lease is still in its primary term. It is also clear that Appellees have thirty days to

inform Appellants of their decision to match the offer. These provisions are not in

dispute.

       {¶19} The contentious language in this paragraph states as follows: “Lessee

shall have thirty (30) days from the receipt thereof to advise Lessor, in writing, of its

agreement to match said third-party offer as to all terms and consideration;

immediately thereafter, Lessor and Lessee shall take all cooperative steps necessary

to effectuate the consummation of said transaction * * *.” At issue, then, is the
                                                                                       -10-

interpretation of the phrases “immediately thereafter” and “take all cooperative steps

necessary to effectuate the consummation of said transaction.”

       {¶20} While there appears to be no Ohio case interpreting this language, at

least two other courts have addressed identical lease provisions. Two federal cases

are directly on point. The first is Stewart v. Chesapeake Explorations, L.L.C., supra.

In Stewart, the Sixth Circuit upheld the district court’s decision that a preferential right

to renew provision, with language identical to the instant provision, did not provide a

means to prematurely terminate the lease if Chesapeake failed to match a third-party

offer. Id. at 471.

       {¶21} In Stewart, the landowners presented the same arguments advanced

by Appellants in the instant appeal. Id. at 470. The case involved the identical

lessee, Chesapeake Exploration, LLC. Like Appellants, the landowners in Stewart

interpreted the phrase “immediately thereafter, Lessor and Lessee shall take all

cooperative steps necessary to effectuate the consummation of said transaction” to

mean that if Chesapeake fails to match a third-party offer, the lease will immediately

terminate and Chesapeake must assist and allow the landowners to promptly

consummate a new lease with the third-party entity. Id.

       {¶22} The Sixth Circuit disagreed with the landowners’ interpretation. The

court determined that a third-party contract is not the “transaction” referenced in the

preferential right to renew provision.      Id.   The court determined that the word

“transaction” referred instead to Chesapeake’s agreement to match the third-party

offer, not to entering a third-party lease. Id. The court also determined that the word
                                                                                    -11-

“consummate” means that the existing lessor and Chesapeake may complete a new

contract accepting the third party terms as their own by mutual signature, as opposed

to the landowners’ interpretation, which would allow them to end their relationship

with Chesapeake and enter a lease with a new, third-party entity. Id. at 470-471.

Taken as a whole, the court decided that this language provided that Chesapeake

must agree to match the outside offer and promptly sign a new lease with the

landowners if Chesapeake wished to maintain their preferential right to renew. Id. at

471. If they refuse and the preferential right is waived, at that point the landowners

may enter into a lease with a third party, but such lease cannot take effect until the

existing contract comes to its natural end, both of the primary term and any

extension. Id.

       {¶23} At the outset, we must note that it is not insignificant that this paragraph

is titled “Preferential Right to Renew.” Giving effect to all of the language in the

contract, this paragraph was intended to apply only to a “renewal” of the contract,

which can only take effect if a contract is at an end. With this in mind, the question of

what effect a third-party offer has on the existing contract becomes more clear. The

contract plainly states that Appellees have 30 days to advise Appellants of their

“agreement to match” the third-party offer. (Emphasis added.) (4/11/09 Lease, ¶14.)

Only if Appellants agree to match the offer do the parties “immediately thereafter, * * *

take all cooperative steps necessary to effectuate the consummation of said

transaction.” Thus, it is the agreement to match the offer that should be immediately

entered by the parties.     This paragraph is entirely silent as to action taken if
                                                                                       -12-

Appellees do not agree to match the offer, but such failure on the part of Appellees

has no effect whatsoever on the term of the existing lease. This interpretation is

further buttressed by the last sentence in paragraph fourteen: “[a]ny lease or option

to lease the Leasehold, in whole or part, granted by Lessor in contravention of the

purposes of this paragraph shall be deemed null and void.” Thus, the plain reading

of the preferential right to renew leads to the conclusion that any failure of Appellees

to agree to match a bona fide third-party offer does not effect the life of the lease

(either in primary term or any unilateral extension).         However, once the lease

concludes, this failure results in waiver of their preferential renewal right in the lease.

        {¶24} As Appellants have argued here, the Stewart court held that the

landowners’ interpretation conflicted with three other provisions of the lease.          Id.

First, adopting the landowners’ interpretation would conflict with the primary term,

which provided the lease “shall remain in force for a primary term * * *” of specific

number of years, which in Stewart was three. (Emphasis sic.) Id. If the landowners’

interpretation was correct, the lease would not remain in force for that definite period

of years negating the provision. Id. Second, the landowners’ interpretation was in

conflict with the provision granting a secondary term. The language allowing lessee

an automatic extension of the primary term so long as certain conditions were met

(conditions that had no relevancy to paragraph fourteen), is mandatory. Again, the

court explained that, under the landowners’ interpretation, this provision would be

void:   the landowners’ interpretation served to completely remove Chesapeake’s
                                                                                    -13-

option to extend the lease.     Id.   Accordingly, the Court affirmed the trial court’s

judgment in favor of Chesapeake. Id.

       {¶25} The Southern District Court, Eastern Division, also granted summary

judgment in favor of an oil and gas company, Triad Hunter, L.L.C.             Triad was

assigned a similar lease from Chesapeake. The District Court determined that the

preferential right to renew provision allowed Triad the opportunity to match a third-

party offer, but did not “deprive Triad ‘of its current rights in the lease.’ ” (Emphasis

sic.) Egnot v. Triad Hunter L.L.C., S.D.Ohio No. 2:12-cv-1008, 2013 WL 5487059,

*5, (Sept. 30, 2013).    This decision was initially appealed, but the appeal was

dismissed.

       {¶26} While the Sixth District’s decision in Stewart is not binding, its reasoning

is persuasive.   Like Stewart, the instant leases contain a two-tiered habendum

clause. The first tier, the primary term, is described in paragraph three: “[t]his Lease

shall remain in force for a primary term of five (5) years from April 11, 2009.”

(4/11/09 Lease, ¶3.)     As the Sixth District determined in Stewart, if the lease

immediately terminated under Appellants’ interpretation of paragraph fourteen, then

the primary term, which provides the mutually agreed lease end date, would be

negated.

       {¶27} Paragraph four of the lease provides Appellees with a one time,

unilateral right to extend the primary term. If the landowners’ argument is accepted,

Appellees would also lose their right to extend the primary term of the lease. In fact,

this language would amount to surplusage. Again, we note that paragraph fourteen
                                                                                      -14-

and its provisions apply only to any renewal of the original contract. There is no

penalty for Appellees, beyond waiver of their preferential right to renewal, for failing to

agree to match a third-party offer.       The contract language discusses only the

immediate effect of Chesapeake’s “agreement” to match the terms of the third-party

offer, and provides no immediate penalty for failure to so agree. While this means

Appellants are delayed in entering a more beneficial contract, this delay is only until

the end of the natural life of the contract to which both parties mutually agreed.

Nothing in this contract allows Appellants to abandon their original agreement the

moment they receive a better offer. On the other hand, at the end of the primary and

any secondary term of this agreement, Appellees cannot expect to maintain any

benefit of their bargain past the life of the agreement. Hence, failure to match any

better offer obtained during the life of the contract waives Appellees’ preference

should they seek to renew a contract at its end.

       {¶28} The effect that the landowners’ interpretation would have on these

lease provisions is amplified by the fact that Appellees have paid Appellants full

consideration for these provisions. Appellants’ interpretation would likewise allow a

third party to take advantage of Appellees’ preparations and expense in drilling.

Once these operations began, it would be known to outside parties that the property

is valuable, at Appellees’ expense. It is apparent from these considerations that

Appellees could lose considerable investment in the property simply by failing to

match an in-term offer from a third party when Appellees have educated others as to

its value, and expended sums to prepare to drill.
                                                                                         -15-

       {¶29} In addition, Appellants’ interpretation would require us to add words to

the lease, as the existing language does not directly or indirectly give Appellants the

right to terminate the contract before its natural end date. See Packer, Thomas &

Co. v. Eyster, 126 Ohio App.3d 109, 114, 709 N.E.2d 922 (7th Dist.1998), citing

Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241, 246, 374 N.E.2d 146 (1978)

(when language in a contract is clear and unambiguous, an appellate court cannot

create a new contract by finding an intent not expressed in the clear language agreed

to by the parties.) As earlier stated, paragraph fourteen speaks to the parties’ rights

and duties where Appellees agree to match another offer.              It does not directly

address rights and duties of the parties if there is no such agreement.

       {¶30} Contrary to Appellants’ argument, the trial court did not remove their

right to contract with a third party. This is evident from the trial court’s decision:

       This Court concludes as a matter of law that paragraph 14 of the

       Amstutz lease gives the plaintiff-landowner-lessors a right to accept a

       competitor’s offer during the primary term and during the first year after

       all other lease rights end, if Chesapeake fails to match that competitor’s

       offer pursuant to paragraph 14, provided that the replacement lease

       cannot interfere with Chesapeake’s rights to maintain inactive

       speculation during the primary term, or its rights to maintain “continuing

       operations” or “production” under paragraphs 12 and 13.

(1/13/14 J.E., p. 1.)
                                                                                        -16-

       {¶31} In other words, the trial court acknowledged Appellants’ right to accept

third-party offers, but expressly stated that any offers must not interfere with

Appellees’ existing rights pursuant to contract.       Once the existing lease ends, a

contract with the third party may begin.

       {¶32} As the landowners’ interpretation of paragraph fourteen conflicts with

other lease provisions and is contrary to its plain and unambiguous language,

Appellants’ third and fourth assignments of error are without merit and are overruled.

                           ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO CONSTRUE ANY

       RESULTING AMBIGUITY AGAINST DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES, OR

       ALTERNATIVELY, FIND THAT GENUINE ISSUES OF MATERIAL

       FACT EXIST PRECLUDING JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF LAW.

                                   Summary Judgment

       {¶33} Appellants contend that three different interpretations of the contract

exist: their interpretation, Appellees’ interpretation, and the trial court’s interpretation.

As a result, Appellants conclude that since more than one reasonable interpretation

exists, summary judgment was inappropriate.

       {¶34} Appellees argue that a contract is ambiguous only when it is

susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations. As Appellants’ interpretation is

unreasonable, Appellees argue that summary judgment was proper. Further, under

Ohio law, Appellees argue that the existence of competing interpretations does not in

and of itself render a contract ambiguous. Regardless, and contrary to Appellants’
                                                                                       -17-

arguments, the trial court determined that the contract was unambiguous. Appellees

explain that the trial court differed in interpretation of this contract with Appellees only

in regard to the extended term of the lease. This does not make the language of

paragraph fourteen ambiguous.

       {¶35} When a contract is clear and unambiguous, “its interpretation is a

matter of law and there is no issue of fact to be determined.” Inland Refuse Transfer

Co. v. Browning-Ferris Industries of Ohio, Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d 321, 322, 474 N.E. 271

(1984), citing Alexander v. Buckeye Pipe Line Co., 53 Ohio St.2d 241, 374 N.E.2d

146 (1978).

       {¶36} Despite Appellants’ contention that the trial court’s interpretation of

paragraph fourteen differs from that posited by Appellees, the two interpretations are

materially the same.     The only difference between the two involves whether the

contract creates a third and distinct term in the event that Appellees decide to

exercise their right to extend the primary term. This discrepancy has nothing to do

with the issue of whether Appellants can prematurely terminate the contract if

Appellees do not match a third-party offer.            Additionally, in determining that

paragraph fourteen does not give Appellants the right to prematurely terminate the

contract, the trial court found the language of paragraph fourteen was unambiguous.

Consequently, there are only two interpretations of paragraph fourteen: the one held

by Appellants and the one advanced by Appellees. As we have determined that this

language is unambiguous there is no issue of fact to be determined, and summary

judgment was properly granted.
                                                                                      -18-

                                     Mutual Mistake

       {¶37} Appellants argue that if the trial court’s interpretation of the lease is

correct, a mutual mistake exists, as neither party attached that meaning to paragraph

fourteen at the time they entered the respective leases. Consequently, Appellants

argue that there could not have been a meeting of the minds.               As the parties’

different interpretation of paragraph fourteen is a material fact, Appellants contend

that the contract should be voided due to the mutual mistake.

       {¶38} In response, Appellees urge that as Appellants failed to present this

argument to the trial court, it has been waived.         Even so, Appellees state that

Appellants’ main argument presents an issue of law. Because the doctrine of mutual

mistake only applies when there is a mistake of fact, the doctrine is inapplicable to

these facts.

       {¶39} Failure to raise an argument in a motion for summary judgment brief

waives all but plain error review. J&B Fleet Indus. Supply, Inc. v. Miller, 7th Dist. No.

09 MA 173, 2011-Ohio-3165, ¶76. Appellants admittedly failed to argue their theory

of mutual mistake to the trial court, thus are limited to a plain error review.

       {¶40} In order to find mutual mistake, the agreement in question must “be

contrary to the understanding of all of the contracting parties.” Lapp v. Anzells, 8th

Dist. No. 74487, 1999 WL 632906, *3 (Aug 19, 1999), citing Snedgar v. Midwestern

Indemn, Co., 44 Ohio App.3d 64, 541 N.E.2d 90 (10th Dist.1988).                   Despite

Appellants’ arguments, it is apparent that Appellees’ interpretation of the language in

contention was understood by them at the time the contract was signed and is
                                                                                   -19-

correct.   At best, then, this case presents a unilateral mistake on the part of

Appellants.   Appellants cannot show plain error.        Accordingly, Appellants’ fifth

assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT CONCLUDED THAT THE

       LEASES HAVE THREE SEPARATE DISTINCT COMPONENTS

       BASED ON CONSIDERATION.

                          ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT CONCLUDED THAT THE

       RIGHT TO OBTAIN A NEW LEASE UNDER PARAGRAPH 14

       “DURING THE PRIMARY TERM” DOES NOT APPLY DURING AN

       EXTENSION OF THE PRIMARY TERM.

                         CROSS-ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       THE TRIAL COURT'S HOLDING THAT LESSORS CANNOT USE THE

       PREFERENTIAL RIGHT TO RENEW PROVISION TO TERMINATE

       THEIR VALID OIL AND GAS LEASES DURING THE PRIMARY TERM

       APPLIES EQUALLY TO THE EXTENSION OF THE PRIMARY TERM.

       {¶41} Appellants and Appellees both contend that the trial court erroneously

found three distinct terms were contained within the lease. The parties also agree

that the trial court erred in deciding that paragraph fourteen would not apply to an

extension of the primary term, if Appellees exercise their sole right to extend.
                                                                                    -20-

       {¶42} The trial court stated in its entry that paragraph fourteen of the lease

allows Appellants to receive third-party offers and present such offers to Appellees,

who have the option to match any offer. However, the trial court also stated, in dicta,

that Appellants’ right to receive third-party offers does not apply to an extension of

the primary term. The parties seek clarification on appeal that paragraph fourteen

applies equally to the primary term and any extension of that term.

       {¶43} There are three lease provisions relevant to this discussion. The first is

the two-tiered habendum clause. As previously discussed, the first tier sets out the

primary term and provides that the lease will continue for a specified term of years.

The second tier defines a secondary term and allows the lease to continue past the

primary term if certain conditions are met. The lease also provides Appellees the

unilateral right to one extension of the primary term of the lease. Found in paragraph

four, this unilateral right states in relevant part: “Lessee has the option to extend the

primary term of this Lease for one additional term of * * * years from the expiration of

the primary term of this Lease; said extension to be under the same terms and

conditions as contained in this Lease.”

       {¶44} Although a different central issue is involved, we recently reviewed the

effect of an extended primary term in Kenney v. Chesapeake, 7th Dist. 14 CO 24,

2015-Ohio-1278, ¶2.      In Kenney, we determined that an option clause, which

contained similar language to the instant clause, provided the lessee with the right to

extend the lease on the same terms. In other words, the original terms of the lease

become the terms of the extension.
                                                                                   -21-

       {¶45} As it is clear that the parties intended the original contractual terms of

the primary lease term were to become the terms of the contract extension, if any,

Kenney controls the instant case and the trial court erred in holding that paragraph

fourteen does not apply to any extended term. We also note that if an extension is

exercised, only one extended term is created. No third, distinct, term exists in these

leases.

       {¶46} Appellants’ first and second assignments of error and Appellees’ cross-

assignment have merit and are sustained.

                                      Conclusion

       {¶47} The parties’ dispute stems from their conflicting interpretation of a

preferential right to renew clause contained within their respective oil and gas leases.

Based on the unambiguous language of this provision and the rationale of Stewart,

supra, the trial court correctly determined that any failure of Appellees to match a

third-party offer does not operate to allow Appellants to prematurely and immediately

terminate any current lease and immediately enter into a new lease with a third party.

However, the trial court erroneously determined in dicta that the right to renew

provision would have no application to an extended term and erred in implying the

leases contained more than two terms. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court

affirmed but is modified to clarify that paragraph fourteen of the lease applies to the

extension of the primary term of the lease, if any.


Donofrio, P.J., concurs.

DeGenaro, J., concurs.
