                           Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE                                          NEWS RELEASE #032


FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA



The Opinions handed down on the 30th day of June, 2015, are as follows:



BY JOHNSON, C.J.:


2014-C -2483        TRACY RAY LOMONT v. MICHELLE    MYER-BENNETT   AND   XYZ   INSURANCE
                    COMPANY (Parish of Jefferson)

                    Because we find plaintiff filed suit within one year of
                    discovering defendant’s malpractice, we hold the lower courts
                    erred   in  sustaining   defendant’s   exception of peremption.
                    Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
                    REVERSED AND REMANDED.

                    GUIDRY, J., concurs.
06/30/15

                      SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                 NO. 2014-C-2483

                             TRACY RAY LOMONT

                                      VERSUS

    MICHELLE MYER-BENNETT AND XYZ INSURANCE COMPANY

        ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
              FIFTH CIRCUIT, PARISH OF JEFFERSON


JOHNSON, Chief Justice

      In this legal malpractice case, defendant, Michelle Myer-Bennett, filed a

peremptory exception of peremption asserting plaintiff, Tracy Ray Lomont, filed her

malpractice claim beyond the three-year peremptive period set forth in La. R.S.

9:5605. Ms. Lomont opposed the exception, arguing the peremptive period should not

apply because Ms. Myer-Bennett engaged in fraudulent behavior which prevents

application of the peremptive period pursuant to La. R.S. 9:5605(E). The district

court sustained the exception of peremption and the court of appeal affirmed. We

granted Ms. Lomont’s writ application to determine the correctness of the lower

courts’ rulings.

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Ms. Myer-Bennett was hired by Ms. Lomont to represent her in a divorce and

related domestic matters, which included partitioning the community property. Ms.

Lomont and her ex-husband, John Lomont, agreed to a partial partition of the

community property whereby Ms. Lomont was provided full ownership of the family

home in Jefferson Parish, and Mr. Lomont was provided full ownership of his

business. Ms. Myer-Bennett drafted a written agreement to this effect entitled “Partial

Partition of Community Property Agreement between Tracy Lomont and John


                                          1
Lomont.” The agreement was executed by the parties on September 8, 2008, but Ms.

Myer-Bennett failed to record it in the mortgage and conveyance records in Jefferson

Parish.

      On February 4, 2009, Citibank obtained a default judgment against John

Lomont in the amount of $26,052.17 on a delinquent account. On February 20, 2009,

Citibank recorded the judgment in the mortgage records in Jefferson Parish as a lien

against the home.

      In September 2010, Ms. Lomont attempted to refinance the mortgage on the

home and learned from the bank that the settlement agreement, giving her full

ownership of the home, was never recorded in the mortgage and conveyance records.

Ms. Lomont contacted Ms. Myer-Bennett to advise her of the problem. According to

Ms. Myer-Bennett, because it was her standard practice to record such documents,

she initially believed Ms. Lomont was given inaccurate information by the bank.

However, upon investigation, Ms. Myer-Bennett discovered that she had not recorded

the agreement. Ms. Myer-Bennett recorded the agreement the next day, September

30, 2010.

      In December 2010, Ms. Lomont was notified that her application to refinance

the loan was denied because of Citibank’s lien on the property. Ms. Lomont again

contacted Ms. Myer-Bennett. Prior to this time, neither Ms. Lomont nor Ms. Myer-

Bennett was aware of the Citibank lien. According to Ms. Myer-Bennett, once she

became aware of the Citibank lien she discussed with Ms. Lomont the fact she had

committed malpractice and gave Ms. Lomont several options to proceed, including

hiring another lawyer to sue her for malpractice or allowing Ms. Myer-Bennett to file

suit against John Lomont and/or Citibank to have the lien removed. Ms. Myer-

Bennett asserts Ms. Lomont chose not to pursue a malpractice action, but wanted

defendant to fix the problem. Ms. Lomont denied Ms. Myer-Bennett ever notified her


                                         2
she had committed malpractice. Similarly, Ms. Lomont denied being advised she

could obtain other counsel and sue Ms. Myer-Bennett for malpractice. Ms. Lomont

asserts Ms. Myer-Bennett never mentioned malpractice in December 2010, but

simply advised she would have the Citibank lien removed from the property by filing

lawsuits against John Lomont and Citibank. Ms. Lomont further asserts she was

asked to come to Ms. Myer-Bennett’s office to sign the pleadings against Citibank

and John Lomont, which she did on June 20, 2011. Ms. Myer-Bennett also enlisted

her help in an effort to serve John Lomont with the lawsuit. Ms. Lomont alleges she

repeatedly called Ms. Myer-Bennett to inquire about the status of the lawsuits and

was assured the lawsuits were actively being pursued and the lien would be removed

in due course.

      Ms. Myer-Bennett admits no lawsuits were ever filed against John Lomont

and/or Citibank. Ms. Myer-Bennett admits a draft lawsuit was prepared, which was

reviewed by Ms. Lomont, but she denies Ms. Lomont signed the lawsuit or

verification because it was not complete. Ms. Myer-Bennett could not produce a copy

of the drafted lawsuit in response to a subpoena duces tecum from Ms. Lomont, nor

did she submit a copy of the lawsuit into evidence. Ms. Myer-Bennett testified she

did not file the lawsuit because she discovered in March 2012 she had an unwaivable

conflict of interest and could no longer represent Ms. Lomont in an effort to have the

lien removed. Ms. Myer-Bennett met with Ms. Lomont and advised her of the conflict

and memorialized this conversation in an April 12, 2012, letter to Ms. Lomont

stating:

      As we discussed, on or about December 2010, you and John executed
      a Partition Agreement wherein he assumed any liabilities associated
      with his business. Unfortunately, however, I did not file the Partition
      Agreement with the Mortgage Office, and it needed to be filed with the
      Mortgage Office in order for it to have an effect on third parties (i.e.,
      people other than you and John).

      As a result of my failure to file the Partition Agreement with the

                                          3
       Mortgage Office, a credit card company was able to obtain a lien against
       your property. I would love to represent you in an effort to get the lien
       removed, but I have an unwaivable conflict of interest that prohibits me
       from doing so. Therefore, I urge you to obtain independent counsel to
       assist you in that regard. (Emphasis added).

Ms. Myer-Bennett provided Ms. Lomont with a list of suggested attorneys who could

assist her with having the lien removed. Ms. Lomont subsequently met with one of

the suggested attorneys, Debra Kesler, on June 28, 2012, who advised her the sole

cause of action available was a malpractice suit against Ms. Myer-Bennett. Ms.

Lomont testified she was “shocked” to learn of the malpractice because she had been

led to believe the lien could be successfully removed by filing a lawsuit.

       Ms. Lomont filed this malpractice action against Ms. Myer-Bennett on July 12,

2012, alleging her attorney committed legal malpractice by failing to record the

community property settlement which gave her full ownership of the home, thus

allowing a third-party creditor to file a lien against her home for her ex-husband’s

debt. Ms. Myer-Bennett filed an exception of peremption asserting more than three

years had passed since the date of the alleged act, omission, or neglect upon which

Ms. Lomont’s claims were based and, thus, Ms. Lomont’s claims were perempted

under La. R.S. 9:5605. Ms. Lomont filed a supplemental and amending petition

alleging defendant acted fraudulently in misrepresenting and/or suppressing the truth

regarding the malpractice she committed. Ms. Lomont further alleged because of

defendant’s fraudulent acts, her claim fell under the exception set forth in La. R.S.

9:5605(E) and was not perempted. In a second supplemental and amending petition,

Ms. Lomont detailed the alleged specific fraudulent acts.1

       An evidentiary hearing was held on Ms. Myer-Bennett’s exception of

peremption. The parties submitted evidence and the district court heard testimony

       1
          Our review of the petitions in the record confirm Ms. Lomont particularly alleged the
circumstances constituting Ms. Myer-Bennett’s fraud, thus satisfying the requirement of La. C.C.P.
art. 856. That article states, in pertinent part: “In pleading fraud or mistake, the circumstances
constituting fraud or mistake shall be alleged with particularity.”

                                                4
from Ms. Myer-Bennett and Ms. Lomont. Following the hearing, the district court

sustained the exception. Relying on a recent Fifth Circuit case, Garner v. Lizana, 13-

427 (La App. 5 Cir. 12/30/13), 131 So. 3d 1105, writ denied, 14-0208 (La. 4/4/14),

135 So. 3d 1183, the court first held post-malpractice acts could be considered in

determining whether the fraud exception in La. R.S. 9:5605(E) should be applied.

However, the court specifically found Ms. Myer-Bennett’s actions after the discovery

of her malpractice did not amount to fraud. Based on the evidence, the district court

found defendant was “honestly trying to fix a mistake that she had caused” and, thus,

did not have the requisite intent to commit fraud.

      On appeal, Ms. Lomont contended the allegations of fraud in her petition

should be accepted as true and were sufficient to prevent application of the three-year

peremptive period in La. R.S. 9:5605(A). Ms. Lomont also argued the district court

erred in failing to find defendant’s conduct constituted fraud. The court of appeal

affirmed.2 Because evidence was presented at the hearing on the exception of

peremption, the court of appeal held the presumption that the allegations in Ms.

Lomont’s petition were true did not apply.3 The court further found no manifest error

in the district court’s ruling. The court explained:

      Defendant testified that she admitted her mistake in failing to file the
      partition agreement to Ms. Lomont in December 2010. Defendant
      further stated that she offered to help Ms. Lomont in getting the lien
      removed and everything she did was in an effort to “fix the problem”
      she
       had created. When findings are based on determinations regarding the
      credibility of witnesses, great deference is given to the trier of fact
      because only the fact finder is cognizant of the variations in demeanor
      and tone of voice that bears so heavily on the listener’s understanding
      and belief in what is said. While some of Defendant’s representations to
      Ms. Lomont regarding the method by which the lien could have been
      removed may have been grossly negligent, we cannot say the trial court
      was manifestly erroneous in finding Defendant’s conduct was not


      2
          Lomont v. Myer-Bennett, 14-351 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/29/14), – So. 3d –.
      3
          Lomont, at *10.

                                                5
      fraudulent.4

Ms. Lomont filed a writ application with this Court which we granted.5

                                       DISCUSSION

      The time limits to file a legal malpractice action are set forth in La. R.S.

9:5605, which provides in pertinent part:

      A. No action for damages against any attorney at law duly admitted
      to practice in this state, any partnership of such attorneys at law, or any
      professional corporation, company, organization, association, enterprise,
      or other commercial business or professional combination authorized by
      the laws of this state to engage in the practice of law, whether based
      upon tort, or breach of contract, or otherwise, arising out of an
      engagement to provide legal services shall be brought unless filed in
      a court of competent jurisdiction and proper venue within one year
      from the date of the alleged act, omission, or neglect, or within one
      year from the date that the alleged act, omission, or neglect is
      discovered or should have been discovered; however, even as to
      actions filed within one year from the date of such discovery, in all
      events such actions shall be filed at the latest within three years
      from the date of the alleged act, omission, or neglect.

      B. The provisions of this Section are remedial and apply to all causes of
      action without regard to the date when the alleged act, omission, or
      neglect occurred. However, with respect to any alleged act, omission, or
      neglect occurring prior to September 7, 1990, actions must, in all events,
      be filed in a court of competent jurisdiction and proper venue on or
      before September 7, 1993, without regard to the date of discovery of the
      alleged act, omission, or neglect. The one-year and three-year periods
      of limitation provided in Subsection A of this Section are peremptive
      periods within the meaning of Civil Code Article 3458 and, in
      accordance with Civil Code Article 3461, may not be renounced,
      interrupted, or suspended.

                                             ***

      E. The peremptive period provided in Subsection A of this Section
      shall not apply in cases of fraud, as defined in Civil Code Article
      1953.

(Emphasis added). In this case there is no dispute the act of malpractice was Ms.

Myer-Bennett’s failure to record the settlement agreement in the public records prior


      4
          Lomont, at *11-12.
      5
          Lomont v. Myer-Bennett, 14-2483 (La. 2/27/15), 159 So. 3d 1062.


                                               6
to February 20, 2009, the date the Citibank lien was recorded against Ms. Lomont’s

property. Thus, under the clear wording of La. R.S. 9:5605(A) and (B), Ms. Lomont’s

suit, filed on July 12, 2012, more than three years after the act of malpractice, would

be perempted. Here, however, Ms. Lomont has asserted the peremptive period is not

applicable based on the fraud exception set forth in La. R.S. 9:5605(E).

      The objection of peremption is raised by the peremptory exception. La. C.C.P.

art. 927(A)(2). “Peremption has been likened to prescription; namely, it is

prescription that is not subject to interruption or suspension.” Rando v. Anco

Insulations, Inc., 08-1163 (La. 5/22/09), 16 So. 3d 1065, 1082. Thus, the rules

governing the burden of proof as to prescription also apply to peremption. Id.

Ordinarily, the exceptor bears the burden of proof at the trial of the peremptory

exception. Id. But, if prescription is evident on the face of the pleadings, the burden

shifts to the plaintiff to show the action has not prescribed. Id. Ms. Lomont’s First

Supplemental and Amended Petition for Damages for Legal Malpractice

affirmatively alleges her petition for damages was not time-barred under La. R.S.

9:5605(A) because defendant committed fraud and thus the action falls under the

fraud exception of La. R.S. 9:5605(E). Additionally, Ms. Lomont filed a Second

Amended and Supplemental Petition for Damages for Legal Malpractice which

affirmatively set forth detailed factual allegations of fraud and asserted that

defendant’s fraudulent actions rendered the peremptive period in La. R.S. 9:5605(A)

inapplicable. Based on these allegations, it appears plaintiff made a prima facie

showing that her claims were timely filed, leaving the burden of proving peremption

with the defendant.

      At a hearing on a peremptory exception of prescription pleaded prior to trial,

evidence may be introduced to support or controvert the exception. La. C.C.P. art.

931. In the absence of evidence, an exception of peremption must be decided upon


                                          7
the facts alleged in the petition with all of the allegations accepted as true. Cichirillo

v. Avondale Industries, Inc., 04-2894 (La. 11/29/05), 917 So. 2d 424, 428. However,

when evidence is introduced, the court is not bound to accept plaintiff’s allegations

as true. See Denoux v. Vessel Management Services, Inc., 07-2143 (La. 5/21/08), 983

So. 2d 84, 88; Younger v. Marshall Industries, Inc., 618 So. 2d 866, 871 (La. 1993);

Ansardi v. Louisiana Citizens Property Ins., 11-1717 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/1/13), 111

So. 3d 460, 472, writ denied, 13-0697 (La. 5/17/13), 118 So. 3d 380. If evidence is

introduced at the hearing on the peremptory exception of peremption, the district

court’s findings of fact are reviewed under the manifest error-clearly wrong standard

of review. Rando, 16 So. 3d at 1082. If those findings are reasonable in light of the

record reviewed in its entirety, an appellate court cannot reverse even though

convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the

evidence differently. Id.

      To satisfy her burden of proving Ms. Lomont’s claim is perempted, Ms. Myer-

Bennett was required to prove La. R.S. 9:5605(E) is not applicable. We begin our

analysis mindful that “peremptive statutes are strictly construed against peremption

and in favor of the claim. Of the possible constructions, the one that maintains

enforcement of the claim or action, rather than the one that bars enforcement should

be adopted.” Id. at 1083.

                   Meaning of Fraud under La. R.S. 9:5605(E)

      To determine the applicability of La. R.S. 9:5605(E), we must decide whether

Ms. Myer-Bennett’s actions amounted to fraud pursuant to La. C.C. art. 1953, thus

invoking the fraud exception in Subsection (E). However, before we can make that

specific determination, we must first consider whether post-malpractice fraudulent

concealment can constitute fraud as contemplated by La. R.S. 9:5605(E), or whether

the act of malpractice itself must be fraudulent to apply the exception in La. R.S.


                                            8
9:5605(E). Because resolution of this particular issue involves the correct

interpretation of a statute, it is a question of law, and reviewed by this court under a

de novo standard of review. Red Stick Studio Dev., L.L.C. v. State ex rel. Dep’t of

Econ. Dev., 10-0193 (La. 1/19/11), 56 So. 3d 181, 187. After our review, we “render

judgment on the record, without deference to the legal conclusions of the tribunals

below. This court is the ultimate arbiter of the meaning of the laws of this state.” Id.

(quoting Holly & Smith Architects, Inc. v. St. Helena Congregate Facility, Inc., 06-

0582 (La. 11/29/06), 943 So. 2d 1037, 1045).

      The district and appellate courts’ rulings that post-malpractice fraudulent acts

of concealment can bar application of the three-year peremptive period under the

fraud exception in La. R.S. 9:5605(E) were based on the appellate court’s earlier

decision in Garner v. Lizana, supra. In Garner, the court acknowledged Subsection

(E) had been interpreted by many appellate courts to apply only to the act of

malpractice itself, not to allegations of fraudulent concealment of the malpractice.

131 So. 3d at 1111. However, noting the absence of an opinion from this court on the

issue, the Garner court factually distinguished these other appellate cases. Id. at

1111-12. The court found the particular allegations in Garner’s petition regarding

concealment of malpractice fell under the fraud exception set forth in La. R.S.

9:5605(E). Id. at 1113.

      Other than Garner, our courts of appeal have largely rejected the idea that the

concealment of legal malpractice constitutes fraud under La. R.S. 9:5605(E), instead

holding the fraud exception applicable only in cases where the fraudulent act itself

constitutes the malpractice. See, e.g., Carriere v. Bodenheimer, Jones, Szwak &

Winchell, L.L.P., 47,186 (La. App. 2 Cir. 8/22/12), 120 So. 3d 281; Broadscape.com,

Inc. v. Matthews, 07-0545 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/5/08), 980 So. 2d 140; Brumfield v.

McElwee, 07-0548 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/16/08), 976 So. 2d 234; Smith v. Slattery,


                                           9
38,693 (La. App. 2 Cir. 6/23/04), 877 So. 2d 244, writ denied, 04-1860 (La.

10/29/04), 885 So. 2d 592; Atkinson v. LeBlanc, 03-365 (La. App. 5 Cir. 10/15/03),

860 So. 2d 60. However, we find no valid basis to support and uphold this

jurisprudential rule. Although each case must be judged on its particular facts to

determine whether the attorney’s actions are sufficient to invoke La. R.S. 9:5605(E),

to the extent these cases hold an attorney’s post-malpractice actions consisting of

fraudulent concealment cannot amount to fraud within the meaning of Subsection (E),

they are overruled.

      The language of La. R.S. 9:5605(E) excepts the peremptive period “in cases

of fraud, as defined by La. C.C. art. 1953,” with no additional restrictions or

limitations. La. C.C. art 1953 defines fraud as “a misrepresentation or a suppression

of the truth made with the intention either to obtain an unjust advantage for one party

or to cause a loss or inconvenience to the other.” Thus, under the clear wording of the

statute and the Code article, any action consisting of “a misrepresentation or a

suppression of the truth made with the intention either to obtain an unjust advantage

for one party or to cause a loss or inconvenience to the other” will prohibit

application of the peremptive period. Concealment of malpractice to avoid a

malpractice claim conforms to this definition. It would be absurd to interpret the

statute to exclude fraudulent concealment of the malpractice. There is no support for

an interpretation that would allow attorneys to engage in concealment of malpractice

until the three-year peremptive period has expired. As this court noted in Borel v.

Young, albeit in dictum, “[p]resumably, by exempting claims of fraud, the legislature

intended to restore the third category of contra non valentem so as to prevent a

potential defendant from benefitting from the effects of peremption by

intentionally concealing his or her wrongdoing.” 07-0419 (La. 11/27/07), 989 So.

2d 42, on reh’g, (7/1/08), 989 So. 2d at 61 n. 3 (emphasis added). The basic rule


                                          10
governing statutory interpretation is stated in Louisiana Civil Code article 9: “When

a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd

consequences, the law shall be applied as written and no further interpretation may

be made in search of the intent of the legislature.” Applying the clear and

unambiguous language of the statute, we hold allegations of misrepresentation,

suppression or concealment of malpractice can constitute fraud within the meaning

of La. R.S. 9:5605(E). Thus, the lower courts correctly considered Ms. Lomont’s

allegations of post-malpractice concealment in determining whether the fraud

exception in La. R.S. 9:5605(E) should be applied.

                             Factual Finding of Fraud

      We now examine whether Ms. Myer-Bennett’s conduct constituted fraud.

Fraud is defined as “a misrepresentation or a suppression of the truth made with the

intention either to obtain an unjust advantage for one party or to cause a loss or

inconvenience to the other” and can result from silence or inaction. La. C.C. art.

1953. To find fraud from silence, there must be a duty to speak. Greene v. Gulf Coast

Bank, 593 So. 2d 630, 632 (La. 1992). “Louisiana law recognizes that the refusal to

speak, in the face of an obligation to do so, is not merely unfair but is fraudulent.”

Bunge Corporation v. GATX Corporation, 557 So. 2d 1376, 1383 (La. 1990). There

are two elements necessary to prove legal fraud: an intent to defraud and a resulting

damage. Anderson v. Moreno’s Air Conditioning, Inc., 14-27 (La. App. 3 Cir. 6/4/14)

140 So. 3d 841, 852, writ denied, 14-1392 (La. 10/3/14), 149 So. 3d 800; Shields v.

Parish of Jefferson, 13-481 (La. App. 5 Cir. 12/27/13), 131 So. 3d 1048, 1052;

Mooers v. Sosa, 01-286 (La. App. 5 Cir. 9/25/01), 798 So. 2d 200, 207; Williamson

v. Haynes Best Western of Alexandria, 95-1725 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/29/97), 688 So. 2d

1201, 1239, writ denied, 97-1145 (La. 6/20/97), 695 So. 2d 1355; First Downtown

Dev. v. Cimochowski, 613 So. 2d 671, 677 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1993), writ denied, 615


                                          11
So. 2d 340 (La. 1993). Fraud need only be proven by a preponderance of the evidence

and may be established by circumstantial evidence. La. C.C. art. 1957; Shelton v.

Standard/700 Associates, 01-0587 (La. 10/16/01), 798 So. 2d 60, 64. Circumstantial

evidence, including highly suspicious facts and circumstances, may be considered in

determining whether fraud has been committed. See Sun Drilling Products Corp. v.

Rayborn, 00-1884 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/3/01), 798 So. 2d 1141, 1153, writ denied,

01-2939 (La. 1/25/02), 807 So. 2d 840; Williamson, 688 So. 2d at 1239; Comment

(b), La. C.C. art. 1957.

      Because Ms. Myer-Bennett had the burden of proving Ms. Lomont’s claim is

perempted, Ms. Myer-Bennett necessarily had the burden of proving she did not

commit fraud as alleged by Ms. Lomont. At the evidentiary hearing on the exception

of peremption, the district court heard testimony from Ms. Myer-Bennett and Ms.

Lomont. Ms. Myer-Bennett’s relevant testimony is summarized below:

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett has been a practicing attorney since 1994.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett has known Ms. Lomont since childhood. And, Ms. Lomont
      has worked as an assistant for Ms. Myer-Bennett’s dentist for twenty-five
      years, so they have maintained a casual friendship.

•     Ms. Lomont called her in September 2010 advising she was trying to refinance
      her home but the finance company could not find the community property
      partition in the mortgage and conveyance records. Ms. Myer-Bennett assured
      Ms. Lomont it was filed because that is her standard operating procedure.
      However, when Ms. Myer-Bennett looked at her records, she realized she had
      not filed it.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett admitted she committed malpractice by not recording the
      community property settlement agreement in a timely fashion.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett testified she first realized she committed malpractice after
      the September 2010 call from Ms. Lomont when she checked her records and
      realized the community property settlement was not filed. She did not discuss
      malpractice with Ms. Lomont at that time because no one was aware of the
      lien, so Ms. Myer-Bennett did not think the failure to file the agreement had
      any negative effect.

•     Ms. Lomont called her in December 2010 and advised the finance company
      found a lien on the property. During this conversation Ms. Myer-Bennett did
      discuss malpractice because an issue now existed. Ms. Myer-Bennett admitted

                                        12
       to Ms. Lomont it was her fault and she committed malpractice. Ms. Myer-
       Bennett told Ms. Lomont she had several options - hire another attorney and
       sue Ms. Myer-Bennett for malpractice; and/or sue John Lomont for
       indemnification; or allow Ms. Myer-Bennett to negotiate with Citibank. Ms.
       Myer-Bennett basically wanted to “fix the problem she had caused.”

•      Ms. Lomont immediately responded she did not want to sue for malpractice
       and she did not want to hire another attorney; Ms. Lomont wanted her to fix
       the problem. Ms. Myer-Bennett did not follow-up this conversation with a
       written letter to Ms. Lomont confirming she was advised about the malpractice
       and her right to obtain another lawyer.

•      Ms. Myer-Bennett sent an internal email to herself on December 9, 2010,
       which she claims documents this conversation. The email was sent from Ms.
       Myer-Bennett to “greedymyer@yahoo.com,” an account Ms. Myer-Bennett
       keeps for billing purposes. Ms. Myer-Bennett testified whenever she does work
       on a case, she sends herself an email to this particular Yahoo account so she
       can keep track of the work for billing purposes.6

•      Ms. Myer-Bennett proceeded to try to “fix the problem.” She first tried to
       negotiate with Citibank. She exchanged emails with Citibank’s attorney and
       they discussed settlement on the phone several times. Citibank also requested
       a hardship statement and financial statement from Ms. Lomont. Although
       Citibank seemed receptive for a while, they were never able to reach a
       settlement. After negotiation with Citibank failed, the Lomonts contemplated
       bankruptcy and met with a bankruptcy lawyer, but they decided not to pursue
       that course of action.

•      Ms. Myer-Bennett next planned to file suit against John Lomont based on the
       indemnification provision in the community property settlement agreement.
       She prepared a draft of a lawsuit, and had several conversations with Ms.
       Lomont about the lawsuit. At one point it appeared John Lomont was going to
       accept service and consent to the judgment.

•      Ms. Myer-Bennett did not remember calling Ms. Lomont or asking her law
       clerk, Megan, to call Ms. Lomont into the office to sign the lawsuit. She did
       recall Ms. Lomont coming to her office and showing Ms. Lomont the draft of
       a lawsuit. However, the lawsuit was not complete and she never asked Ms.
       Lomont to sign an affidavit or verification because her practice is not to have
       clients sign a verification until the lawsuit is complete and she gets full
       approval.

•      Ms. Myer-Bennett never told Ms. Lomont she had filed the lawsuit against
       John Lomont or Citibank.

•      When questioned why her office sought information about John Lomont’s

       6
         A copy of the email was admitted into evidence. A dispute has arisen in this court regarding
whether some of the email content was added at a later date. The issue was not raised in the district
court. Ms. Lomont was not copied on the original email and there was no testimony or computer
forensic evidence submitted at the hearing regarding the validity of the contents of the email. Thus,
we decline to directly address this argument because no findings were made by the lower courts.

                                                 13
      address for service when suit was never filed, Ms. Myer-Bennett testified
      service on John Lomont was an “ongoing thing.” Ms. Myer-Bennett explained
      she first needed an address in general for the lawsuit because there was some
      discrepancy about which address to use. She further explained John Lomont
      had agreed to accept service at one point and he did not want to be served.
      Although there was a lot of “back and forth,” they were unable to get John
      Lomont to commit to do that.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett never sent a letter to Ms. Lomont advising her of the status
      of that proposed lawsuit.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett was unable to produce a copy of the draft lawsuit.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett did not file the lawsuit because she met with her ex-
      husband, attorney Jeff Bennett, for advice on how to proceed and was advised
      by him that she could not pursue the matter because she had a non-waivable
      conflict of interest.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett testified she was not aware she had a conflict of interest in
      continuing to represent Ms. Lomont until she spoke with Jeff Bennett.

•     In March 2012, following her meeting with Jeff Bennett, Ms. Myer-Bennett
      either called or texted Ms. Lomont about the conflict and asked her to come to
      the office to discuss the issue. There was no mention of malpractice at this
      meeting because Ms. Lomont had made clear in December 2010 she did not
      want to pursue a legal malpractice action.

•     Following this meeting, Ms. Myer-Bennett sent a letter to Ms. Lomont dated
      April 2, 2012, confirming the conversation.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett included with the letter a list of attorneys who could help
      Ms. Lomont “get the lien removed.”

•     The April 2, 2012, letter was the only document Ms. Myer-Bennett ever wrote
      to Ms. Lomont. All other communication was via telephone or text messaging.

•     In response to questions regarding the validity of any lawsuit against Mr.
      Lomont or Citibank, Ms. Myer-Bennett still believed at the time of the hearing
      a lawsuit against Mr. Lomont would be successful. It would require obtaining
      a judgment against Mr. Lomont and Mr. Lomont paying off the amount of the
      lien. She did not think the lien could be removed solely by suing Citibank. She
      did not tell Ms. Lomont she had no claim against Citibank because she was not
      sure at the time.

Ms. Lomont’s relevant testimony at the evidentiary hearing is summarized below:

•     Ms. Lomont discovered the lien on her property on December 9, 2010, when
      she was advised by the bank that her refinance loan could not be approved
      because of the lien.

•     Ms. Lomont spoke with Ms. Myer-Bennett about the lien, but denies Ms.
      Myer-Bennett stated she committed malpractice.

                                         14
•     Ms. Myer-Bennett never advised Ms. Lomont of her rights regarding a legal
      malpractice claim against Ms. Myer-Bennett.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett advised she did not timely file the settlement agreement and
      would try to get the lien removed. Ms. Myer-Bennett said it was something she
      could take care of and Ms. Lomont had no reason to doubt it.

•     Ms. Myer-Bennett called her to come to the office on June 20, 2011, at which
      time she advised Ms. Lomont she had drawn up a lawsuit against John Lomont
      and Citibank. The purpose of that meeting was for Ms. Lomont to sign the
      lawsuit.

•     Ms. Lomont communicated back and forth with Ms. Myer-Bennett’s law clerk,
      Megan, about service on John Lomont. Ms. Lomont was told they were having
      trouble serving John Lomont and they were looking into hiring a private
      detective to obtain service.

•     Ms. Lomont received the April 2, 2012, letter from Ms. Myer-Bennett with an
      attached list of attorneys. This is the only letter she has ever received from Ms.
      Myer-Bennett.

•     Ms. Lomont met with one of the suggested attorneys, Debra Kesler, on June
      28, 2012. At that time, Ms. Lomont learned that a lawsuit was never filed
      against John Lomont or Citibank. Prior to that time she believed Ms. Myer-
      Bennett had filed the lawsuits and was proceeding to remove the lien.

•     Ms. Lomont further learned from Ms. Kesler the judgment could not be
      removed by a lawsuit against John Lomont and Citibank, and the only course
      of action was a malpractice lawsuit against Ms. Myer-Bennett. This was the
      first time Ms. Lomont had any idea she had a claim against Ms. Myer-Bennett
      and she was “shocked.”

After considering the testimony and other evidence, the district court found Ms.

Myer-Bennett’s actions did not amount to fraud. The court reasoned:

      In her testimony, Ms. Myer-Bennett stated that as soon as she realized
      she had made a mistake, she advised Ms. Lomont that she could retain
      an attorney to sue her. She also advised her that she could try to remove
      the lien by suing Citibank and Mr. Lomont. While Ms. Lomont argues
      that this was all an effort to trick her into allowing the peremptive period
      to pass, this court finds that this was not the case. Instead, this court is
      inclined to believe that Ms. Myer-Bennett was honestly trying to fix a
      mistake that she had caused. As a result, this court cannot find that her
      actions amounted to fraud, because Ms. Myer-Bennett did not have the
      requisite intent of Civil Code Article 1953.

      We are cognizant our review of the district court’s finding on this issue is

subject to the manifest error standard of review. Rando, 16 So. 3d at 1082; see also


                                          15
Lovell v. Blazer Boats Inc., 11-1666 (La. App. 1 Cir. 10/24/12), 104 So. 3d 549, 558;

Joyner v. Liprie, 44,852 (La. App. 2 Cir. 1/29/10), 33 So. 3d 242, 253, writ denied,

10-0723 (La. 9/17/10), 45 So. 3d 1043. As a reviewing court, we cannot merely

review the record for some evidence that supports the lower court’s findings. Read

v. Willwoods Cmty., 14-1475, *3 (La. 3/17/15), – So. 3d –; Stobart v. State through

Dept. of Transp. and Development, 617 So. 2d 880, 882 (La. 1993). Rather, we must

review the entire record and determine whether the district court’s finding was clearly

wrong or manifestly erroneous. Id. Under the manifest error standard, in order to

reverse a trial court’s determination of a fact, an appellate court must review the

record in its entirety and (1) find that a reasonable factual basis does not exist for the

finding, and (2) further determine that the record establishes that the fact finder is

clearly wrong or manifestly erroneous. Bonin v. Ferrellgas, 03-3024 (La. 7/2/04), 877

So. 2d 89, 94–95; Stobart, 617 So. 2d at 882.

      Much of the testimony of Ms. Myer-Bennett and Ms. Lomont is contradictory.

We recognize credibility determinations are within the district court’s discretion and

should not be disturbed upon review where conflict exists in the testimony absent a

determination that the district court abused its discretion. Folse v. Folse, 98-1976 (La.

6/29/99), 738 So. 2d 1040, 1048-49; Stobart, 617 So. 2d at 882. However, “where

documents or objective evidence so contradict the witness’s story, or the story itself

is so internally inconsistent or implausible on its face, that a reasonable factfinder

would not credit the witness’s story, the court of appeal may find manifest error or

clear wrongness even in a finding purportedly based upon a credibility

determination.” Stobart, 617 So. 2d at 882 (emphasis added). Thus, although we are

required to operate under a high standard of review, we are not “required to

rubberstamp with approval any and all factual determinations by the trial court.” A.

Tate, “Manifest Error”-Further observations on appellate review of facts in


                                           16
Louisiana civil cases, 22 La. L.Rev. 605, 611 (1962). Our review of the entire record

compels us to conclude no reasonable factual basis exists on which the district court

could have concluded Ms. Myer-Bennett’s actions were not fraudulent. We find Ms.

Myer-Bennett’s story so implausible that it was clearly wrong for the district court

to give it credit.

       An attorney has an affirmative duty under Rule 1.4 of the Rules of Professional

Conduct to “keep his client reasonably informed about the status of the matter” and

“give the client sufficient information to participate intelligently in decisions

concerning the objectives of the representation and the means by which there are to

be pursued.” The record is devoid of proof that Ms. Myer-Bennett fulfilled her “duty

to speak” under Rule 1.4. Ms. Myer-Bennett worked as an attorney for more than

fifteen years at the time of the malpractice. To accept Ms. Myer-Bennett’s story, we

would first have to believe an attorney with considerable legal experience would

admit to the client she committed malpractice, advise the client of her right to obtain

independent counsel to pursue a malpractice claim, and accept the client’s decision

not to pursue a malpractice claim without confirming any of these details in writing

or providing written documentation to her file. Moreover, fifteen months passed

between Ms. Myer-Bennett’s realization she committed malpractice and when Ms.

Myer-Bennett discontinued her representation of Ms. Lomont. Ms. Myer-Bennett

claims she worked during this period of time to “fix the problem,” yet she failed to

produce any evidence of this alleged work. Notably, this alleged work included

extended negotiations and dealings with counsel for Citibank, but Ms. Myer-Bennett

did not produce any letters or other documents as evidence of these negotiations. Ms.

Myer-Bennett would also have us believe she worked on drafting a lawsuit against

John Lomont over this course of time, encountering repeated issues relative to service

of process on Mr. Lomont, yet Ms. Myer-Bennett could not produce a copy of the


                                          17
draft lawsuit, nor does the record contain documentation of the service complications.

Thus, although Ms. Myer-Bennett attempts to justify her actions and continued

representation of Ms. Lomont by claiming a lawsuit against John Lomont could “fix

the problem” and claiming she worked on fixing the problem during the time she

continued to represent Ms. Lomont because Ms. Lomont chose not to pursue a legal

malpractice claim, there is a complete lack of evidence to support any of her claims.

The only documentation Ms. Myer-Bennett submitted was a single email sent to

herself on December 9, 2010, purportedly confirming a conversation wherein Ms.

Lomont was advised of the malpractice and declined to pursue a malpractice action.

We find this email entirely self-serving. The email admittedly was sent by Ms.

Myer-Bennett only to herself, with no confirmation of the alleged conversation was

sent to Ms. Lomont or documented in her file. Although the purpose of sending the

email to herself was purportedly to document work done on the file, Ms.

Myer-Bennett produced no evidence of other emails to herself documenting any work

done on behalf of Ms. Lomont. The fact that this is the only written documentation

of her actions is self-serving and suspect.

      Finally, we find it incredible that Ms. Myer-Bennett would claim she was

completely unaware of the conflict of interest during these fifteen months but,

conveniently, learned of the unwaivable conflict shortly after the three-year

peremptive period had expired. Ms. Myer-Bennett then took immediate steps to

advise Ms. Lomont in writing of the unwaivable conflict, suggest a list of attorneys

as independent counsel, and discontinue representation.

      Specific intent to deceive is a necessary element of fraud, and fraud cannot be

based on mistake or negligence, regardless how great. Sanga v. Perdomo, 14-609, *6

(La. App. 5 Cir. 12/30/14), — So. 3d —; Terrebonne Concrete, LLC v. CEC

Enterprises, LLC, 11-0072 (La. App. 1 Cir. 8/17/11), 76 So. 3d 502, 509, writ denied,


                                          18
11-2021 (La. 11/18/11) 75 So. 3d 464. In considering fraud, we focus on Ms. Myer-

Bennett’s conduct and consider whether her misrepresentations were deliberate and

“knowing” and whether evidence of the misrepresentations was concealed. See, e.g.,

Stutts v. Melton, 13-0557 (La. 10/15/13), 130 So. 3d 808, 814 (wherein this court

affirmed a finding of fraud as defined by La. C.C. art. 1953 against the builder of a

house who made a knowing misrepresentation that the roof was free from defects, and

then covered up evidence of the defect). See also Ducote v. Perry’s Auto World, Inc.,

98-1972 (La. App. 1 Cir. 11/5/99), 745 So. 2d 229, 231 (wherein the court affirmed

a finding of fraud under La. C.C. art. 1953 against a car dealership where the dealer

had knowledge of a defective carburetor, but told the buyer the car was “in good

working condition”). Considering the facts and circumstances of this case, there is no

other plausible explanation for Ms. Myer-Bennett’s actions other than she intended

to defraud Ms. Lomont by lulling her into inaction. It is the total absence of evidence

in the record which compels our decision. Under the facts of this case, we do not find

Ms. Myer-Bennett satisfied her burden of proof by her self-serving testimony alone.

Ms. Myer-Bennett deliberately hid the truth regarding her ability to have the Citibank

lien removed by giving Ms. Lomont assurances that lawsuits were filed and

proceeding. Ms. Myer-Bennett waited until the peremptive period for legal

malpractice had presumably expired before disclosing the unwaivable conflict of

interest and discontinuing her representation of Ms. Lomont. To her detriment,

unaware she should have pursued a legal malpractice claim against Ms. Myer-

Bennett, Ms. Lomont believed lawsuits against John Lomont and/or Citibank were

filed and would successfully remove the lien. Ms. Myer-Bennett’s actions

demonstrate her intent to deceive Ms. Lomont thereby gaining an advantage by

avoiding a malpractice suit. Thus, Ms. Myer-Bennett’s actions fit squarely within the

definition of fraud in La. C.C. art. 1953.


                                             19
Time Limitation in Legal Malpractice cases when La. R.S. 9:5605(E) Applies

      Having established Ms. Myer-Bennett committed fraud within the meaning of

La. R.S. 9:5605(E), we must still determine whether Ms. Lomont’s suit was timely

filed. La. R.S. 9:5605(E) instructs in cases of fraud “the peremptive period provided

in Subsection A of this Section shall not apply.” Most of our appellate courts have

held the fraud exception in Subsection (E) applies only to the three-year peremptive

period, and legal malpractice plaintiffs are still required to file suit within one year

of discovery of the fraud under Subsection (A). See, e.g., Zeno v. Alex, 11-1240 (La.

App. 3 Cir. 4/4/12), 89 So. 3d 1223, 1226 (“Subsection (E) of the statute provides

that the three-year peremptive period of Subsection (A) does not apply in cases of

fraud, but the one-year peremptive period, from the date of the discovery of the fraud,

does apply.”); Orea v. Bryant, 43,229 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/2/08), 979 So. 2d 687, 690

(“There is not a hard and fast three-year limit on bringing the action for fraud, but

there is a requirement that the action for fraud be brought within one year of

discovery of the allegedly fraudulent acts.”); Granger v. Middleton, 06-1351 (La.

App. 3 Cir. 2/7/07), 948 So. 2d 1272, 1275, writ denied, 07-0506 (La. 4/27/07) 955

So. 2d 692 (“La. R.S. 9:5605(E) lifts the three year peremptive period, giving the

claimant one year from the date of the discovery of the actions which allegedly

constituted malpractice.”); Dauterive Contractors, Inc. v. Landry and Watkins, 01-

1112 (La. App. 3 Cir. 3/13/02), 811 So. 2d 1242, 1251 (“In cases of fraud, the

‘peremptive period’ referenced in La. R.S. 9:5605(E) refers to the three-year

peremptive period only. Therefore, if fraud is proven, the three-year peremptive

period will be inapplicable. The presence of fraud notwithstanding, however, the

one-year peremptive period is always applicable, and the malpractice action must still

be brought within one year of the alleged act or within one year from the date that the

alleged act is discovered or should have been discovered.”); Broussard v. Toce, 99-


                                          20
555 (La. App. 3 Cir. 10/13/99), 746 So. 2d 659, 662 (“Subsection E of La. R.S.

9:5605 carves out an exception for the three-year peremptive period only”). Yet, at

least one court had held “because both the one and three year limitations of La. R.S.

9:5605(A) are peremptive, the fraud exception of La. R.S. 9:5605(E) is applicable to

both.” Coffey v. Block, 99-1221 (La. App. 1 Cir. 6/23/00), 762 So. 2d 1181, 1187,

writ denied, 00-2226 (La. 10/27/00).

      In some cases, the reasoning behind applying the fraud exception solely to the

three-year peremptive period appears to be linked to the 1992 amendment to La. R.S.

9:5605. La. R.S. 9:5605 was originally enacted in 1990 “to provide for liberative

prescription and for peremption of actions” against attorneys. See 1990 La. Acts 683,

§ 1. Legislative history demonstrates the purpose of the statute was to provide a one-

year prescriptive and three-year peremptive period for legal malpractice claims. See

Minutes, Civil Law and Procedure Committee, May 29, 1990 (H.B. 1338); Minutes,

Senate Committee on Judiciary A, June 26, 1990 (H.B. 1338). The original legislative

bill did not include a fraud exception, but during senate committee debate the

proposed bill was amended to “state that in the case of fraud, the peremptive period

would not apply.” See Minutes, Senate Committee on Judiciary A, June 26, 1990

(H.B. 1338). Thus, when the fraud exception was added it was only applicable to the

three-year period because only the three-year period was peremptive.

      However the legislature amended La. R.S. 9:5605 in 1992 to provide, among

other things, that both the one-year and three-year periods of limitation in Subsection

(A) of the statute are peremptive periods. The provision providing the fraud exception

was not changed or amended, and continued to provide the “peremptive period

provided in Subsection (A) of this Section shall not apply in cases of fraud.” Because

the legislature amended the statute to provide more than one peremptive period, but

did not change the word “period” in Subsection (E) to “periods,” some appellate


                                          21
courts have interpreted the statute to mean the fraud exception is still only applicable

to the original three-year peremptive period. See Granger, 948 So. 2d at 1275 (citing

Dauterive Contractors); Dauterive Contractors, 811 So. 2d at 1251; see also

Huffman v. Goodman, 34,361 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/4/01), 784 So. 2d 718, 727

(addressing the same issue relative to La. R.S. 9:5606, governing actions against

insurance agents); George Denègre, Jr. and Shannon S. Holtzman, Professional

Malpractice Peremption: Clarified Through Adversity, 59 La. B.J. 176 (2011). We

do not find this reasoning persuasive.

       Although we agree when La. R.S. 9:5605(E) is applied the legal malpractice

claim must be brought within one year of discovery of the fraud, we find it improper

to apply the “one-year from discovery” limitation period in Subsection (A). This

court has previously recognized La. R.S. 9:5605 provides three peremptive periods:

(1) a one-year peremptive period from the date of the act, neglect, or omission; (2)

a one-year peremptive period from the date of discovering the act, neglect, or

omission; (3) and a three-year peremptive period from the date of the act, neglect, or

omission when the malpractice is discovered after the date of the act, neglect, or

omission. Jenkins v. Starns, 11-1170 (La. 1/24/12), 85 So. 3d 612, 626. Because all

of the time periods in La. R.S. 9:5605 are peremptive in nature, the clear wording of

Subsection (E) mandates that none of the time periods in the statute can be applied

to legal malpractice claims once fraud had been established. After de novo review we

interpret the statute to provide that once fraud is established, no peremptive period

set forth in the statute is applicable.

       Having eliminated application of all of the limitation periods in La. R.S.

9:5605, we find it is proper to revert to the limitation period in effect prior to

enactment of La. R.S. 9:5605. Our holding in Bunge, supra, supports this conclusion.

In Bunge, this court applied the fraud exception contained in La. R.S. 9:2772(H), the


                                          22
statute setting forth the peremptive period for suits against contractors. 557 So. 2d at

1385. Having found the fraud exception applicable, we stated, “[i]f a cause of action

is not perempted by the statute, it will be subject to ordinary principles of

prescription.” Id. This court then applied the ordinary one-year prescriptive period

in La. C.C. art. 3492. Id. at 1385-86.

       Before the enactment of La. R.S. 9:5605, an action for legal malpractice was

generally considered a delictual action governed by the one-year prescription of La.

C.C. art. 3492.7 In Braud v. New England Insurance Co., 576 So. 2d 466, 468

(La.1991), this court explained:

       In the absence of an express warranty of result, a claim for legal
       malpractice is a delictual action subject to a liberative prescription of
       one year. La. C.C. Art. 3492 (1983); This prescription commences to
       run from the day injury or damage is sustained. La. C.C. art. 3492. But
       there are countervailing factors that may serve to suspend or delay the
       commencement of prescription. For example, during the attorney’s
       continuous representation of the client regarding the specific subject
       matter in which the alleged wrongful act or omission occurred,
       prescription will be suspended. (Internal citations removed).

Thus, we hold in cases where fraud is established pursuant to La. R.S. 9:5605(E), a

legal malpractice claim is governed by the one-year prescriptive period set forth in

La. C.C. art. 3492.

                          Application of the Prescriptive Period

       Although La. C.C. art. 3467 provides that “prescription runs against all persons

unless exception is established by legislation,” this court has applied the

jurisprudential doctrine of contra non valentem as an exception to this statutory rule.

Fontenot v. ABC Ins. Co., 95-1707 (La. 6/7/96), 674 So. 2d 960, 963. We have

recognized four factual situations in which contra non valentem prevents the running


       7
         La. C.C. art. 3492 provides: “Delictual actions are subject to a liberative prescription of one
year. This prescription commences to run from the day injury or damage is sustained. It does not run
against minors or interdicts in actions involving permanent disability and brought pursuant to the
Louisiana Products Liability Act or state law governing product liability actions in effect at the time
of the injury or damage.”

                                                  23
of liberative prescription:

      (1) where there was some legal cause which prevented the courts or their
      officers from taking cognizance of or acting on the plaintiff’s action;

      (2) where there was some condition coupled with the contract or
      connected with the proceedings which prevented the creditor from suing
      or acting;

      (3) where the debtor himself has done some act effectually to prevent
      the creditor from availing himself of his cause of action; or

      (4) where the cause of action is neither known nor reasonably knowable
      by the plaintiff even though plaintiff’s ignorance is not induced by the
      defendant.

Id. We have already found Ms. Myer-Bennett’s actions were undertaken with the

intent to lull Ms. Lomont into inaction and prevent her from asserting a legal

malpractice claim. Ms. Lomont’s delay in bringing this action was a direct result of

the fraud committed by Ms. Myer-Bennett, rather than her own willfulness or

negligence. Thus, we find the third category of contra non valentem applicable.

Application of this category of contra non valentem is partly an application of “the

long-established principle of law that one should not be able to take advantage of his

own wrongful act.” See Nathan v. Carter, 372 So. 2d 560, 562 (La. 1979); see also

Corsey v. State, through Dept. Of Corrections, 375 So. 2d 1319, 1324 (La. 1979);

Hyman v. Hibernia Bank & Trust Co., 139 La. 411, 417-18, 71 So. 598, 600 (La.

1916). Moreover, because Ms. Lomont’s legal malpractice action is now governed

by a prescriptive period, rather than peremptive period, application of the third

category of contra non valentem is also warranted because of the continuous

representation rule. In Jenkins, this court explained:

      This Court has held the third application of contra non valentem
      encompasses what is known at common law as the “continuous
      representation rule.” The continuous representation rule recognizes a
      person seeking professional assistance has a right to repose confidence
      in the professional’s ability and good faith, and realistically cannot be
      expected to question and assess the techniques employed or the manner
      in which services are rendered. The continuous representation rule also
      protects the integrity of the attorney-client relationship and affords an

                                          24
      attorney an opportunity to remedy an error while, at the same time,
      prevents the attorney from defeating the client’s claim through pleading
      statute of limitations.

85 So. 3d at 623 (internal citations removed). In Jenkins, we overruled the court of

appeal’s application of the continuous representation rule to suspend the

commencement of the one-year period under La. R.S. 9:5605, but we tangentially

recognized application of the continuous representation rule in fraudulent

concealment cases. We explained that “[w]hile the majority [of the court of appeal]

concluded it would be unjust to find the continuous representation rule inapplicable

because that would mean ‘a reasonable person cannot trust their attorney,’ Judge

McClendon [in dissent] found the majority’s reasoning flawed because in situations

of fraud, where trust is misplaced, the peremptive period does not apply.” Id. at 618.

We referenced Judge McClendon’s dissent, wherein she distinguished the case from

one involving fraudulent concealment:

      This case is distinguished from one where the discovery of the act,
      omission, or neglect was hidden by the attorney such that the client did
      not know or had no way of knowing of the wrong, or where the attorney
      fraudulently lulls a client into believing a problem he has created can be
      fixed. The allegations of Ms. Jenkins’s [sic] petition cannot be construed
      to allege fraud so that the peremptive periods are not applicable.

Id.

      Having determined prescription was suspended, we now consider when

prescription began to run against Ms. Lomont. This court has held that the “date of

discovery” from which prescription/peremption begins to run is the “date on which

a reasonable man in the position of the plaintiff has, or should have, either actual or

constructive knowledge of the damage, the delict, and the relationship between them

sufficient to indicate to a reasonable person he is the victim of a tort and to state a

cause of action against the defendant.” Jenkins, 85 So. 3d at 621-22 (citing Teague

v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 07-1384 (La. 2/1/08), 974 So. 2d 1266, 1275).

Although Ms. Lomont became aware of the Citibank lien on December 9, 2010, the

                                          25
record establishes Ms. Myer-Bennett effectively hid her malpractice by convincing

Ms. Lomont the problem could be fixed and she was working to remove the lien.

Thus, although aware of an undesirable result arising out of Ms. Myer-Bennett’s

representation, Ms. Lomont did not recognize the result was due to malpractice and

could not be “fixed” by Ms. Myer-Bennett. We also find it reasonable that Ms.

Lomont, a lay person with a long personal relationship with Ms. Myer-Bennett, was

lulled into trusting Ms. Myer-Bennett’s assertions. Ms. Lomont asserted she did not

discover the fraud until she met with Ms. Kesler on June 28, 2012, when she first

learned the lawsuits had not been filed and could not remove the lien, and that she

had a claim against Ms. Myer-Bennett for malpractice. Ms. Lomont’s assertions are

buttressed by the fact she filed a legal malpractice lawsuit against Ms. Myer-Bennett

only two weeks after meeting with Ms. Kesler, contrary to Ms. Myer-Bennett’s

claims that Ms. Lomont did not want to pursue such an action against her.

      Thus, we find the one-year prescriptive period began to run on June 28, 2012,

the day Ms. Lomont became aware of the deception and learned she had a malpractice

action against Ms. Myer-Bennett. Because Ms. Lomont’s lawsuit was filed July 12,

2012, within one year of June 28, 2012, her suit was timely filed and the lower courts

erred in sustaining defendant’s exception of peremption.

                                  CONCLUSION

      Based on the facts of this case, we find defendant committed fraud within the

meaning of La. R.S. 9:5605(E). Thus, the peremptive periods contained in La. R.S.

9:5605 are not applicable and plaintiff’s legal malpractice claim is governed by the

one-year prescriptive period in La. C.C. art. 3492. Further, the facts of this case

support an application of the doctrine of contra non valentem. Because we find

plaintiff filed suit within one year of discovering defendant’s malpractice, we hold

the lower courts erred in sustaining defendant’s exception of peremption.


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                          DECREE

Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.




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