                           United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 96-3199
                                    ___________

Barbara Inman,                             *
                                           *
             Appellee,                     *
                                           *   Appeal from the United States District
      v.                                   *   Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.
                                           *
American Home Furniture Placement,         *
Inc.; AJF Transportation Consultants,      *
Inc.; Anthony Ferrentino, Sr.,             *
                                           *
             Appellants.                   *

                                    ___________

                                 Submitted: April 18, 1997
                                     Filed: July 14, 1997
                                   ___________

Before McMILLIAN, JOHN R. GIBSON and BEAM, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

BEAM, Circuit Judge.

      After appellants failed to file an answer, participate in discovery, or otherwise
defend this action, the district court1 entered default judgment against them and denied
a subsequent motion to set aside that judgment. We affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

      1
        The Honorable Charles A. Shaw, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
        This case involves Barbara Inman's December 30, 1992, claim against American
Home Furniture Placement, AJF Transportation Consultants, and Anthony Ferrentino,
Sr., alleging violations of Title VII and Missouri state law. Between February 1993
and March 1995 defendants made three motions to strike or dismiss the complaint. The
first two motions were denied as moot after Inman amended her pleadings. The third
motion was denied on the merits by the district court, which scheduled a September
1995 trial. After that order was entered, defendants' participation in the litigation
ceased. They did not answer the complaint, they did not respond to discovery requests,
and defendant Ferrentino did not appear for his scheduled deposition.

       In August 1995 Inman moved for default. The district court clerk entered default
against each defendant, and the district court set the motion for a hearing.2 Spurred to
action at last, the defendants moved to set aside entry of default. In September the
district court conducted a hearing at which, after a continuance, the defendants
represented that their inaction was due solely to the negligence of their attorney, who
told the court she was experiencing "personal problems." The district court then
entered a default judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2) and
denied defendants' subsequent Rule 60(b)(6) motion to set aside judgment. Defendants
(represented by new counsel) appeal both rulings.

II.   DISCUSSION

       We review a district court's action in imposing default judgment for abuse of
discretion. Ackra Direct Marketing Corp. v. Fingerhut Corp., 86 F.3d 852, 856 (8th




      2
        Entry of a default under Federal Rule of Civil Proceedure 55(a) is not, as such
entry of a judgment; it merely permits the plaintiff to move for a default judgment under
Rule 55(b)(2), assuming that the default is not set aside under Rule 55(c).

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Cir. 1996). We review the denial of a motion to set aside judgment under Rule
60(b)(6) under the same standard. Agostini v. Felton, 65 U.S.L.W. 4524, 4533 (U.S.
June 23, 1997) (Nos. 96-552/96-553).

       As an initial matter, defendants contend that the district court abused its
discretion in imputing counsel's inaction to them. They assert that they are
unsophisticated litigants who did all they could to keep abreast of the case. The
Supreme Court, however, has explained that our focus should not be on whether
defendants "did all they reasonably could in policing the conduct of their attorney [but]
on whether their attorney, as [defendants'] agent, did all [s]he reasonably could to
comply with the court-ordered [deadlines]." Pioneer Investment Servs. Co. v.
Brunswick Assoc., 507 U.S. 380, 396 (1993). Defendants claim that Mann v. Lewis,
108 F.3d 145, 147 (8th Cir. 1997), modifies that principle in the context of default
judgments. In Mann, the district court dismissed plaintiff's claims with prejudice after
supplemental discovery had been filed two days late and compliance with a pretrial
order was seven days overdue. On appeal, we held that dismissal with prejudice was
too harsh a sanction for this attorney negligence. Thus, Mann is an example of the
violation not being severe enough to merit extinction of a party's claim. It does not hold
that, as a general matter, parties are not bound by counsel's acts.

      Litigants choose counsel at their peril. Comiskey v. JFTJ Corp., 989 F.2d 1007,
1010 (8th Cir. 1993); Boogaerts v. Bank of Bradley, 961 F.2d 765, 768 (8th Cir.
1992).3 While it may seem harsh to make defendants answer for their attorney's
behavior, any other result would punish Inman for the inaction of her opponents'
lawyer. Defendants are better suited to bear this risk. If they were truly diligent


      3
         Defendants attempt to distinguish Boogaerts and Comiskey on the grounds that
they involved Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 rather than Rule 55(c). We fail to see
the logic in punishing clients for attorneys' active misconduct in the discovery process
while exempting them when counsel ignores the case altogether.

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litigants who were misled and victimized by their attorney, they have recourse in a
malpractice action. Link v. Wabash R.R., 370 U.S. 626, 634 n. 10 (1961).

       We next consider whether default judgment was appropriate here. On the one
hand, such a sanction should not be used to punish "marginal failure[s] to comply with
time requirements." Ackra, 86 F.3d at 856. On the other hand, default judgment is
"appropriate when the party's conduct includes 'willful violations of court rules,
contumacious conduct, or intentional delays.'" Id. (quoting United States v. Harre, 983
F.2d 128, 130 (8th Cir. 1993)).

        Defendants concede that counsel's actions were more than a marginal violation
of time requirements. Before the default hearing, counsel had done nothing regarding
this litigation since filing a motion to dismiss in April 1994. She failed to answer a
three-year-old complaint, neglected discovery requests, and ignored repeated inquiries
from Inman's counsel. The district court was within its discretion in interpreting this
behavior as willful and a failure to defend under Rule 55(c).

       Defendants point to other factors they claim nevertheless weigh against the entry
of default judgment. They argue that the size of the award and their potential defenses
make default judgment inappropriate in this case. We have previously rejected both
of these excuses for dilatory conduct under Rule 55(c). Ackra, 86 F.3d at 857.

       Finally, defendants argue that the district court erred in refusing to grant their
motion to set aside the default judgment, pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6). However, we have
held that "Rule 60(b) has never been a vehicle for relief because of an attorney's
incompetence or carelessness." Sutherland v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 710 F.2d
473, 476-77 (8th Cir. 1983). Defendants point out that they have now complied with
all outstanding discovery requests. This compliance does not excuse their earlier
inattention and comes too late to convert defendants' case into one of "exceptional


                                          -4-
circumstances" warranting relief under Rule 60(b)(6). Atkinson v. Prudential Property
Co., 43 F.3d 367, 373 (8th Cir. 1994).

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the district court is affirmed.

       A true copy.

             ATTEST:

                      CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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