[Cite as State v. Harshbarger, 2010-Ohio-4413.]




                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                          THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                              AUGLAIZE COUNTY




STATE OF OHIO,

        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                             CASE NO. 2-09-19

        v.

EDWARD J. HARSHBARGER,                                  OPINION

        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.




                   Appeal from Auglaize County Municipal Court
                           Trial Court No. 2008-CRB-887

                       Judgment Reversed and Cause Remanded

                          Date of Decision: September 20, 2010




APPEARANCES:

        Quentin M. Derryberry, II for Appellant

        Darren L. Meade for Appellee
Case No. 2-09-19


WILLAMOWSKI, P.J.,

       {¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Edward J. Harshbarger (“Harshbarger”),

appeals the judgment of the Auglaize County Municipal Court, finding him guilty

of telecommunications harassment in violation of R.C. 2917.21(B). Harshbarger

maintains that the trial court failed to find the specific intent required by the statute

and that the verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the

reasons set forth below, the judgment is reversed.

       {¶2} Harshbarger was charged with telecommunications harassment (or,

“telephone harassment”) as a result of a single telephone call he made to Mr. Terry

Leonard (“Leonard”). A bench trial was held on March 31, 2009.

       {¶3} At the trial, Harshbarger testified that Leonard and Harshbarger’s

sister were neighbors in Wapakoneta and had adjoining backyards. Apparently

there had been issues between the neighbors for several years to the point where

Harshbarger’s sister was trying to sell her home in order to avoid the problems and

harassment she claims had been caused by Leonard and his family. The sister

made several calls to the police about the situation, but the calls were placed

anonymously and nothing was ever resolved.             Harshbarger testified that on

October 22, 2008, his sister called to tell him about another alleged incident of

trespassing and harassment by the Leonards.




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           {¶4} Harshbarger grew up in Wapakoneta, but now lives almost two

hundred miles away in Cuyahoga Falls. Harshbarger knew that a former friend

worked as a detective for the Wapakoneta Police Department, so he tried to call

this friend at the police department to see if he could help with his sister’s

problem. Harshbarger had a short discussion with the dispatcher, but he was

unable to speak with his friend because he was not on duty that day.1

           {¶5} Immediately thereafter, at approximately 4:43 pm, Harshbarger

called Leonard, who was working at Papa John’s Pizza2 at the time. Harshbarger

and Leonard did not know each other and had never met or spoken with each other

before. Telephone records and trial testimony confirm that a brief conversation

took place between the two, lasting less than three minutes.

           {¶6} Harshbarger testified that after he wasn’t able to speak with his

friend at the police department, he decided to call Leonard in order to reason with

him and to tell him to stop bothering “the neighborhood.” Harshbarger claimed

that Leonard responded with profanity and the discussion “took a nose-dive rather

quickly” when Leonard repeatedly “dropped the F-bomb.”




1
    A copy of this telephone conversation was admitted into evidence.
2
    His sister had told him that was where Leonard worked.


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        {¶7} Leonard testified that he received a phone call at work from an

unknown male who called himself “Joe”3 and who was angry and threatening.

Leonard testified that “Joe” told him to quit harassing Leonard’s neighbor or else

the caller would come to Wapakoneta and kill Leonard. Leonard acknowledged

that both he and Harshbarger were “pissed off” and both used profanity.

        {¶8} After the phone call from “Joe,” Leonard obtained Harshbarger’s

phone number and contacted the police with a complaint of telephone harassment.

Later that evening, Officer Eisert from the Wapakoneta Police Department called

Harshbarger and talked to him about the complaint and the call Harshbarger had

made to Leonard.          The officer also testified at trial and a recording of that

telephone conversation was admitted into evidence. During the conversation with

Officer Eisert, Harshbarger explained that he called in order to politely ask

Leonard to stop bothering the neighbors, but, after Leonard repeatedly responded

with profanity, Harshbarger acknowledged that he warned Leonard that if he

didn’t stop, he would “make his life miserable” or would “beat the shit out of

him.” Harshbarger adamantly denied ever threatening to kill Leonard during his

phone conversation with the officer and at trial.

        {¶9} The testimony of each of the three witnesses concerning the



3
  Although there was testimony about the anonymous nature of the phone call from the unknown male
calling himself “Joe,” there was also testimony that Harshbarger’s middle name was Joseph and that his
family called him Joe.


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telephone call was generally consistent with one another with the exception of (1)

which party first used profanity and caused the conversation to become heated and

threatening; and, (2) the extent to which Harshbarger threatened Leonard.

      {¶10} On April 23, 2009, the trial court issued its judgment finding

Harshbarger guilty as charged with the offense of telephone harassment, a first

degree misdemeanor. The sentencing hearing was held on June 2, 2009, and

Harshbarger was ordered to pay a fine of $500, plus costs, and to complete one

hundred hours of community service.           He was also placed on unsupervised

community control sanctions through June 1, 2011, and ordered not to have any

contact with Leonard or members of Leonard’s household.

      {¶11} It is from this judgment that Harshbarger appeals, presenting the

following two assignments of error for our review.

                           First Assignment of Error

      The Court failed to apply the plain meaning of R.C. 2917.21(B)
      and the case law applicable thereto.

                          Second Assignment of Error

      The verdict [sic] was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

      {¶12} In his first assignment of error, Harshbarger maintains that the

statute creates a specific-intent crime and that the State failed to prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that Harshbarger’s specific purpose in making the telephone call

was to harass Leonard. He argues that the legislature has created this substantial


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burden to limit the statute’s scope to criminal conduct, not the expression of

offensive speech.

         {¶13} Harshbarger was charged under R.C. 2917.21(B), which states:

         No person shall make *** a telecommunication *** with purpose
         to abuse, threaten or harass another person.4

“When adjudicating a charge of telephone harassment, the key issue is not whether

the alleged victim is annoyed or otherwise affected by the call; rather, the purpose

of the person who made the call is at the heart of the offense.” State v. Patel, 7th

Dist. No. 03 BE 41, 2004-Ohio-1553, ¶7, citing State v. Bonifas (1993), 91 Ohio

App.3d 208, 211-212, 632 N.E.2d 531. The state has the burden of establishing

that the caller’s specific purpose in making the telecommunication was to abuse,

threaten, or harass another person.5 State v. Ellison, 178 Ohio App.3d 734, 2008-

Ohio-5282, 900 N.E.2d 228, ¶16. See, also, 3 OJI-CR 517.21(B). A person acts

purposely when it is his specific intention to cause a certain result.                                R.C.

2901.22(A).

         {¶14} Harshbarger’s claim that the state failed to prove the element of

intent challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction. When


4
  The relevant portion of the statute was abbreviated for clarity. The entire text of R.C. 2917.21(B) states:
“No person shall make or cause to be made a telecommunication or permit a telecommunication to be made
from a telecommunication device under the person’s control, with purpose to abuse, threaten, or harass
another person.”
5
  In contrast, the first section of the telecommunications harassment statute does not require the same
specific intent as R.C. 2917.21(B), under which Harshbarger was charged. R.C. 2917.21(A) states that no
person shall knowingly make a telecommunication to another if the caller does any one of several
enumerated acts.


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reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, our inquiry focuses primarily upon the

adequacy of the evidence; that is, whether the evidence, if believed, reasonably

could support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.          See State v.

Thompkins (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 1997-Ohio- 52, 678 N.E.2d 541, 546

(stating, “sufficiency is the test of adequacy”); State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio

St.3d 259, 273, 574 N.E.2d 492, 503. The standard of review is whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the offense beyond a

reasonable doubt. Jenks, supra.

      {¶15} Our review of the record reveals considerable evidence indicating

that Harshbarger’s purpose in making the telephone call was to try to solve the

problem with his sister’s neighbor. Harshbarger continually maintained, both at

trial and in his admissions to Officer Eisert, that he was merely trying to talk to

Leonard about not causing trouble for the neighbors. Harshbarger admitted to

eventually using profanity and threatening language, but insisted that was not the

purpose of the telephone call and it occurred only after he was provoked by

Leonard’s repeated profanity.

      {¶16} In his trial testimony, Leonard also acknowledged that Harshbarger

said “you need to leave my family [alone] or whatever you know, and then he

started to get pissed off ***.” (Trial Tr. p. 9, emphasis added.) In its judgment



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entry, the trial court noted that “Mr. Leonard testified that Mr. Harshbarger

ultimately told him that he would come down and shoot him or kick his f***in’

a** or send someone down to do it for him.” (Emphasis added.) The trial court

first found that “[Harshbarger] told Mr. Leonard that he needed to leave his (Mr.

Harshbarger’s loved ones) alone.”

          {¶17} In State v. Patel, supra, the trial court held that even though the

message left by the defendant on the recipient’s answering machine included

considerable profanity, “reprehensible” language, and name calling, the record

indicated that the actual purpose of the telephone call was to inform the alleged

victim that he could return to work if he did not cause trouble. 2004-Ohio-1553,

at ¶48.

          [A]s the actual purpose of his making the call was not to use
          profanity and name calling, the mere inclusion of them in the
          message does not raise the incident to the level of telephone
          harassment. To hold so would essentially mean that any call
          placed with a legitimate purpose could somehow transform into
          telephone harassment by the use of profanity, an end that is not
          warranted by the existing statute.

Id. See, also, State v. Ellison, supra, 2008-Ohio-5282 (evidence of specific intent

to harass was insufficient to support conviction of telecommunications harassment

where defendant’s actions could have served a legitimate purpose of warning

others of what defendant believed to be criminal behavior on part of complainant).




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      {¶18} The fact that Harshbarger attempted to talk with his friend at the

police department about the neighbor problem before he contacted Leonard further

substantiated that this was his intended purpose. At trial, Leonard testified that

Harshbarger was drunk and very “pissed off” right from the beginning of the call.

However in the recording of the call Harshbarger made to the police dispatcher,

just two minutes prior to talking with Leonard, his demeanor was calm and polite,

and he did not sound intoxicated.

      {¶19} Evidence of a caller’s intent to annoy or harass may be direct or

indirect. State v. Lucas, 7th Dist. No. 05 BE 10, 2005-Ohio-6786 (evidence was

sufficient to support conviction where defendant called the house of his former

girlfriend several times in the early morning hours and repeatedly hung up on the

mother of his former girlfriend). Although the statute does not require multiple

calls in order to constitute telephone harassment, the fact that the caller made

numerous calls is often indicative of the caller’s specific purpose to harass. See,

e.g., State v. Dulaney, 180 Ohio App.3d 626, 2009-Ohio-79, 906 N.E.2d 1147

(finding that, by the third phone call containing threats and profanity, a rational

trier of fact could have found defendant guilty of telephone harassment); State v.

Dobrovich, 7th Dist. No. 04 BE 10, 2005-Ohio-1441 (holding that evidence was

sufficient to show that defendant purposely called victim with intent to harass her,

as required to support convictions for telephone harassment, where defendant



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made numerous vulgar, threatening telephone calls to victim and victim told

defendant “50 to 100 times” to stop calling her); State v. Baron, 8th Dist. No.

81914, 2003-Ohio-5376 (finding that defendant had no legitimate purpose in

continually calling and then hanging up over a period of two days, including

approximately 25 times in less than an hour on the first day). In the case before

us, Harshbarger made one telephone call to Leonard, lasting less than three

minutes, and never called again.

       {¶20} In its judgment entry, the trial court concluded that “[w]hile the

Court would believe from the language used by Mr. Leonard as a part of his

testimony that he was profane in his portion of the conversation with the

defendant, the Court finds that the defendant was not justified in the threat made to

Mr. Leonard.” However, this is not the standard required for conviction under

R.C. 2917.21(B).     Although the trial court found that Harshbarger “was not

justified” in making a threat to Leonard, there was no finding by the trial court that

Harshbarger’s intent in making the call was to abuse, threaten, or harass Leonard.

Nor did our review of the record find evidence that would support the conclusion,

beyond a reasonable doubt, that Harshbarger’s specific intent in making the

telephone call to Leonard was to abuse, threaten, or harass.

       {¶21} In commenting upon the “intent” standard required under a federal

telephone harassment statute, the United States District Court stated that, “often in



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the affairs of men *** conversations may be or become more or less

unsatisfactory, unpleasant, heated, or vulgar. Up to a point these are the normal

risks of human intercourse, and are and should be below the cognizance of the

law. *** If this section were drawn or interpreted any more broadly, countless

people would be criminalized.” United States v. Darsey (E.D.Pa. 1972), 342

F.Supp. 311, 314.           Although the wording of the federal statute6 was somewhat

narrower than the statute in this case, we believe that R.C. 2917.21(B)’s mandate

requiring the finding of a specific “purpose to abuse, threaten, or harass,” in

making the call serves a similar function. As discussed above, this particular

section of the statute creates a specific-intent crime, requiring the state to prove the

defendant’s specific purpose to harass beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Ellison,

2008-Ohio-5282, at ¶15. There is an important reason for requiring proof of

specific intent:

         The burden is not met by establishing only that the defendant
         knew or should have known that her conduct would probably
         cause harassment. The legislature has created this substantial
         burden to limit the statute’s scope to criminal conduct not the
         expression of offensive speech.

Id. (Emphasis added.)

         {¶22} We find that the record does not contain any evidence that

Harshbarger made the telephone call with purpose to abuse, threaten, or harass.



6
 The statute, former 47 U.S.C.A. § 223(1)((D), required that the intent be “solely to harass.”


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The Dissent’s reasoning, however, presumes that the trial court must have found

the required element of specific intent because it ultimately found that

Harshbarger was guilty. Utilizing this reasoning would eliminate the need for

appellate review because, if a defendant is found guilty, then a reviewing court

must assume that the trial court found all of the elements of the crime and

correctly applied the law. We agree with the Dissent’s assertion that the trial court

was in a better position to weigh the evidence and assess the credibility of the

witnesses. However, our review of the record shows that it was devoid of any

evidence that the actual purpose of the call was to make a threatening statement

prior to Harshbarger being provoked by Leonard.

       {¶23} We also acknowledge that it is not necessary to have direct evidence

of a defendant’s intent. “Because the intent of an accused dwells in his or her

mind and can never be proved by the direct testimony of a third person, it must be

gathered from the surrounding facts and circumstances.” State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio

St.3d 460, 484-85, 2001-Ohio-4, 739 N.E.2d 749; State v. Huffman (1936), 131

Ohio St. 27, 1 N.E.2d 313.       Although intent can be inferred from relevant

circumstantial evidence, such an inference will not support a conviction if it is

based on the mere stacking of inference upon inference. State v. Cowans, 87 Ohio

St.3d 68, 78, 1999-Ohio-250, 717 N.E.2d 298. It is certainly not necessary, nor

likely, for a defendant to directly admit an element of the offense. A trier of fact



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must often make reasonable inferences to determine intent, but those inferences

must be based upon something more than the fact that the defendant committed

the act. Otherwise, there would be no need to require a mens rea as a necessary

element for conviction. Although we certainly agree that intent can be inferred,

there must be some evidence from which that intent could be inferred, i.e.,

multiple phone calls, calling after being told to stop, history between the parties,

etc. There was no such evidence in this case. Here the Dissent is inferring that

the trial court made the inference of intent because he was found guilty

       {¶24} There was never any question that Harshbarger made threatening

statements to Leonard – Harshbarger himself acknowledged that fact from the

beginning. And, he likely intended to make those threats at the time he uttered the

words. But, it cannot be proven nor inferred from the facts in the record that he

intended to threaten Leonard at the time he initially made the telephone call.

When looking at the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court must view the

facts in a light most favorable to the prosecution. However, it may not infer facts

that have no basis other than the trial court’s ultimate conclusion. Given the facts

before the trial court, even excluding Harshbarger’s own testimony concerning his

intentions, it was not reasonable to infer that there was a specific intent to harass

or threaten Leonard when he placed the telephone call. Harshbarger first tried to

contact a police officer, which does not seem like typical behavior of someone



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contemplating committing a crime a moment later. Harshbarger readily admitted

to Officer Eisert that he threatened Leonard. He was not trying to hide his actions,

and had no belief that he had done anything wrong when discussing the matter

over the phone with the officer that evening. Harshbarger did not know Leonard,

he only made one call to him, and that call lasted less than three minutes. Even

the testimony of the “victim” himself indicated that Harshbarger’s first statements

pertained to leaving his family alone, “and then” he “started to” get angry. A trier

of fact may frequently find that a defendant’s denial of intent to commit a crime is

not credible. However, in this case, there was a considerable amount of other

evidence, including the words of the “victim” himself, supporting Harshbarger’s

claims. Even the trial court found that it was credible that Leonard used profanity

based upon the language he used in the courtroom.                 Leonard himself

acknowledged that he used profanity.

       {¶25} We also agree with the Dissent in that a trial court does not

necessarily have to specify findings as to each element of an offense. However,

given the length of the judgment entry and the detailed findings, we wonder why

the trial court commented upon the “justification” for the action, which was not an

element of the offense, but made no comment or finding of any kind on the

essential element of purpose. In a recent Eighth District telephone harassment

case, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s decision finding the defendant



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 guilty. Parma Heights v. Barber, 8th Dist. No. 93005, 2010-Ohio-3309. The

 defendant claimed that the trial court had misapplied the law in finding him guilty

 because it was inconsistent to find that he had a “purpose to harass” while at the

 same time finding that the evidence showed that he was repeatedly calling his

 wife during the pendency of their divorce in an effort to reconcile. Id. at ¶21.

 Likewise, in this case, we find that the trial court’s finding that Harshbarger called

 Leonard to tell him to leave his family alone is inconsistent with a finding that his

 purpose in making the call was to threaten Leonard.

        {¶26} Based on all of the above, we do not find that there was sufficient

 evidence of all of the elements of R.C. 2917.21(B) to find Harshbarger guilty

 beyond a reasonable doubt. Harshbarger’s first assignment of error is sustained.

 Because our resolution of the first assignment of error is dispositive of this appeal,

 we find the remaining assignment of error is moot. The judgment of the Auglaize

 County Municipal Court is reversed and the matter is remanded for further

 proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                             Judgment Reversed and
                                                                  Cause Remanded

 ROGERS, J., Concurring Separately.

       {¶27} I concur fully in the majority opinion and the conclusion that there is

no evidence that, at the time Appellant initiated his phone call, Appellant had the

intent (purpose) to harass or threaten Leonard. The fact that he later developed that


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intent and, in fact, did make a threat during the call does not satisfy the clear and

unambiguous requirements of the statute.

       {¶28} I write separately because, in this case, the trial court issued written

findings of fact, which is contrary to the directive contained in Crim.R. 23. When a

bench trial is held, the court is to make a general finding; i.e. guilty or not guilty.

See Crim.R. 23(C).



SHAW, J., DISSENTS:

       {¶29} The evidence in the case is uncontroverted that the defendant

threatened the victim over the phone. The “victim” testified that the defendant

threatened him over the phone. The defendant admitted that he threatened the

victim over the phone - but says that was not the purpose of the phone call.

Weighing this testimony and the other evidence, the trial court as the trier of fact

concluded that the defendant made the phone call with the purpose to threaten the

victim and therefore found him guilty of violating R.C. 2917.21(B) which says that

“no person shall make *** a telecommunication *** with purpose to *** threaten

or harass another person.”

       {¶30} In light of the foregoing, the statement of the majority in paragraph

22 that the record is devoid of “any evidence” as to a purpose to threaten is

remarkable. The majority apparently believes that unless the defendant directly



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admits an element of the offense, the trier of fact may not infer it from the other

evidence. They are wrong. Mental purpose is almost always inferred from one's

actions in a criminal case. Under the majority interpretation, a jury would not be

permitted to infer a trespass with purpose to commit a theft offense in a burglary

case from the fact that the defendant broke into the house and stole something,

unless the defendant expressly stated that was his purpose. Theft could not be

established from merely taking the property without the permission of the owner

and selling it to another, unless the defendant expressly stated it was his purpose to

permanently deprive the owner of the property. And killing another with a firearm

would apparently never be sufficient to establish a purpose to cause the death of

another unless the defendant stated that was his purpose.

        {¶31} In this case, the defendant’s admissions, the credibility (or lack

thereof) of his denial of purpose, and the victim's testimony about the call, all

provide an ample basis for any trier of fact to reasonably infer the purpose of the

phone call. However, because the trial court simply chose to share its process of

witness evaluation in the judgment entry of conviction by saying that “*** the court

finds that the defendant was not justified in the threat made to Mr. Leonard,” the

majority now says the trial court has failed to determine that a purposeful threat was

made.




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       {¶32} Nothing in the trial court’s comment about the threat being

unjustified is inconsistent with the obvious determination by the trial court in its

judgment entry that the defendant made the phone call with the purpose to threaten

the victim as charged. The trial court in this case set forth the charged offense at

the outset of its final judgment entry. Although it might be good practice to do so, I

know of no requirement that the trial court in a bench trial again recite and reiterate

each element of the offense when announcing its judgment of “guilty as charged” at

the end of the judgment entry. In any event, I fail to see how a finding that “the

threat” was not justified indicates that the threat could not have been purposeful.

       {¶33} In sum, the trial court clearly did not find the defendant's denial of

any purpose to threaten to be credible in view of what happened during the call.

From the vantage of the appellate bench, the majority has simply “re-decided” that

the defendant’s denial is not only credible but that it should outweigh the remaining

evidence in the case as well. I fail to see how this complies with any prerogatives

of the trier of fact known to Ohio law and/or any known appellate standards of

review. On the contrary, it seems to me that instead of viewing the evidence in the

light most favorable to the prosecution as required by State v. Jenks, supra - or

even deferring to the findings of the trier of fact - the majority has actually weighed

the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant according to its own

interpretation in order to overturn this judgment of conviction.



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       {¶34} For all of these reasons, I respectfully dissent. I would affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

/jlr




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