[Cite as State v. Zeber, 2017-Ohio-8987.]


STATE OF OHIO                     )                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:              NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                  )

STATE OF OHIO                                       C.A. No.      28481

        Appellee

        v.                                          APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                    ENTERED IN THE
NATHAN ZEBER                                        STOW MUNICIPAL COURT
                                                    COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
        Appellant                                   CASE No.   2016 CRB 2074

                                  DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: December 13, 2017



        TEODOSIO, Judge.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Nathan W. Zeber, appeals from his conviction in the Stow Municipal

Court. We affirm.

                                               I.

        {¶2}     On a cold, snowy morning in January of 2015, police responded to a 911 call

regarding an unconscious female who had possibly overdosed. Officer Joel Moledor was first to

arrive at the scene and observed Mr. Zeber dragging an unconscious and naked female by her

legs to a severely damaged and seemingly disabled vehicle on the side of the road. The officer

recognized the female (“N.C.”) and knew that she was associated with J.G., who lived nearby on

Underwood Street. Another officer arrived and they, along with Mr. Zeber, provided medical

attention to N.C. before she was soon taken by ambulance to the hospital. The officers both

noticed heel marks and drag marks through the snow-covered asphalt leading from N.C. toward

Underwood Street. N.C. later admitted to police at the hospital that she was in a motor vehicle
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accident with the owner of the vehicle and also went to J.G.’s house. She admitted to using

heroin and stated that the last thing she remembered was “making out” with J.G. before she later

woke up in the ambulance. She had recent injuries on her back that were consistent with being

dragged on a street.

       {¶3}    Mr. Zeber was charged with assault, a misdemeanor of the first degree. At his

bench trial, Mr. Zeber testified that he did not drag N.C. to the vehicle, but that J.G. dragged her

instead. He claimed that J.G. made the 911 call and falsely used Mr. Zeber’s name during the

call. When asked on cross-examination if he remembered talking to the 911 dispatcher, Mr.

Zeber testified, “I really don’t, if I did.” (Emphasis added.) When questioned as to why he could

recall some facts from that night, but not others, he testified, “I’m not one hundred percent sure I

remember when I called the police, I’m not.” (Emphasis added.) The trial court ultimately

found Mr. Zeber guilty of assault and sentenced him to 180 days in jail and a $1,000.00 fine.

The jail time and $850.00 of the fine were suspended, and Mr. Zeber was placed on 12 months of

community control.

       {¶4}    Mr. Zeber now appeals from his conviction and raises one assignment of error for

this Court’s review.

                                                II.

                                  ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       APPELLANT’S CONVICTION FOR ASSAULT, MISDEMEANOR OF THE
       1ST DEGREE, WAS BASED AT LEAST IN PART UPON EVIDENCE
       WHICH DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL FAILED TO SHARE WITH
       DEFENDANT PRIOR TO THE TRIAL PROCEEDINGS. IF THIS EVIDENCE
       HAD BEEN SHARED WITH DEFENDANT PRIOR TO THE TRIAL, THE
       RESULTS OF THAT PROCEEDING WOULD HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT, AS
       SAID EVIDENCE COULD FAIRLY EASILY HAVE BEEN PROVEN FALSE
       BY A COMPETENT DEFENSE ATTORNEY. THEREFORE, DUE TO
       INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL, THE DECISION OF THE
       TRIAL JUDGE WAS INFLUENECED BY ERRONEOUS EVIDENCE
                                                  3


       SUBMITTED BY THE PROSECUTING ATTORNEY AND WHICH THE
       DEFENSE WAS NOT PROPERLY PREPARED TO PROVE FALSE. * * * IN
       ADDITION, DEFENDANT’S WRITTEN STATEMENT IN THE POLICE
       RECORD SHOULD HAVE BEEN EXCLUDED FROM EVIDENCE AS
       DEFENDANT WAS NOT UNDER SUSPICION AT THE TIME OF HIS
       STATEMENT, AND THEREFORE WAS NOT ADVISED OF HIS RIGHT TO
       AN ATTORNEY AND OF HIS RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT.

       {¶5}    In his sole assignment of error, Mr. Zeber claims that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel when his trial counsel failed to share evidence with him prior to trial and

failed to object to that same evidence at trial. He also claims that the written statement he

provided to police should have been excluded from evidence because he “was not under

suspicion at the time of his statement, and therefore was not advised of his right to an attorney

and of his right to remain silent.” We disagree with both propositions.

       {¶6}    This Court is cognizant of the fact that Mr. Zeber has proceeded with his appeal

and filed his merit brief pro se. As to pro se litigants, this Court has previously stated:

       [P]ro se litigants should be granted reasonable leeway such that their motions and
       pleadings should be liberally construed so as to decide the issues on the merits, as
       opposed to technicalities. However, a pro se litigant is presumed to have
       knowledge of the law and correct legal procedures so that he remains subject to
       the same rules and procedures to which represented litigants are bound. He is not
       given greater rights than represented parties, and must bear the consequences of
       his mistakes. This Court, therefore, must hold [pro se appellants] to the same
       standard as any represented party.

State v. Goldshtein, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25700, 2012-Ohio-246, ¶ 6, quoting Sherlock v.

Myers, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22071, 2004-Ohio-5178, ¶ 3.

       {¶7}    “[I]n Ohio, a properly licensed attorney is presumed competent.”               State v.

Gondor, 112 Ohio St.3d 377, 2006-Ohio-6679, ¶ 62. “There are countless ways to provide

effective assistance in any given case. Even the best criminal defense attorneys would not

defend a particular client in the same way.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984).

To prove ineffective assistance of counsel, one must establish that: (1) his counsel’s performance
                                                 4


was deficient, and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Id. at 687. Counsel’s

performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard of reasonable representation.

State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136 (1989), paragraph two of the syllabus. Prejudice can be

shown by proving “there exists a reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel’s errors, the

result of the trial would have been different.” Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. “[T]he

Court need not address both Strickland prongs if an appellant fails to prove either one.” State v.

Lortz, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23762, 2008-Ohio-3108, ¶ 34. “‘[A] claim of ineffective assistance

of counsel on direct appeal cannot be premised on decisions of trial counsel that are not reflected

in the record of proceedings * * * [and] [s]peculation regarding the prejudicial effects of

counsel’s performance will not establish ineffective assistance of counsel.’” State v. Zupancic,

9th Dist. Wayne No. 12CA0065, 2013-Ohio-3072, ¶ 4, quoting State v. Leyland, 9th Dist.

Summit Nos. 23833 & 23900, 2008-Ohio-777, ¶ 7.

       {¶8}    Mr. Zeber initially refers to a “transcript” containing a voice that he asserts is not

his, and he essentially claims that his trial counsel did not inform him of the existence of the

transcript prior to trial. Presumably, Mr. Zeber is referring to the audio recording of the 911 call,

although the call was never officially transcribed in this case. The issue of whether trial counsel

informed Mr. Zeber of the 911 recording prior to trial would relate primarily to private

discussions between Mr. Zeber and his attorney that were not made part of the record. Such

allegations therefore cannot be considered in an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct

appeal. See State v. Eggeman, 9th Dist. Medina No. 14CA0085-M, 2015-Ohio-5177, ¶ 40. See

also Zupancic at ¶ 4. “This Court is confined to the record on appeal and may not engage in

assumptions to sustain an ineffective assistance of counsel argument.” State v. Higgins, 9th Dist.

Summit No. 26120, 2012-Ohio-5650, ¶ 9. Moreover, while the prosecutor played the 911
                                                 5


recording during his cross-examination of Mr. Zeber in an effort to challenge Mr. Zeber’s

credibility and address inconsistencies in his testimony, the recording was never actually entered

into evidence at trial. “When ‘allegations of the ineffectiveness of counsel are premised on

evidence outside the record, * * * the proper mechanism for relief is through the post-conviction

remedies of R.C. 2953.21, rather than through a direct appeal.’” Id., quoting State v. Sweeten,

9th Dist. Lorain No. 07CA009106, 2007-Ohio-6547, ¶ 12. Because Mr. Zeber’s conviction

arises from municipal court proceedings, post-conviction relief is not available to him. See State

v. Buzek, 9th Dist. Medina No. 14CA0011-M, 2015-Ohio-4416, ¶ 8. Regardless, Mr. Zeber’s

arguments rely on evidence outside of the record and are inappropriate for consideration on

direct appeal. See id.

       {¶9}    Mr. Zeber also claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to

the “transcript” at trial. However, “‘[t]his Court has consistently held that trial counsel’s failure

to make objections is within the realm of trial tactics and does not establish ineffective assistance

of counsel.’” State v. Smith, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 12CA0060, 2013-Ohio-3868, ¶ 24, quoting

State v. Guenther, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 05CA008663, 2006-Ohio-767, ¶ 74, quoting State v.

Bradford, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22441, 2005-Ohio-5804, ¶ 27. Even assuming arguendo that

trial counsel should have objected to the 911 recording at trial, we would nonetheless conclude

that the failure to do so did not affect the outcome of the trial because of the overwhelming

evidence introduced to prove the assault charge in this case. See State v. Jackson, 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 14CA010555, 2015-Ohio-2473, ¶ 68, citing State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412,

2006-Ohio-2815, ¶ 105 (finding no ineffective assistance of counsel where even if trial counsel

objected and evidence was excluded, other evidence established facts giving rise to the

defendant’s conviction). Officer Moledor testified that, as he arrived at the scene, he personally
                                                 6


observed Mr. Zeber dragging N.C. by the legs across the ground. Officer Moledor and Sergeant

Norfolk both testified that they observed heel marks and drags marks across the snow-covered

asphalt.   N.C. clearly sustained physical harm, as indicated by the picture introduced into

evidence showing severe injuries to her back. Sergeant Norfolk testified that her injuries were

consistent with “road rash” or being dragged across asphalt.

       {¶10} Mr. Zeber claims that “there is a reasonable probability that had the truth of this

evidence been known to the court, and had a number of witnesses been provided to testify as to

the voice on the transcript belonging to [J.G.], that [Mr.] Zeber would not have been convicted of

this charge.” However, Mr. Zeber has not established “‘with references to the record who these

witnesses are and, more importantly, how their testimony would have exonerated him. Without

that, this court can only speculate, and speculation does not establish prejudice.’” State v. Myers,

9th Dist. Summit No. 25737, 2012-Ohio-1820, ¶ 37, quoting State v. Abdul, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 90789, 2009-Ohio-6300, ¶ 7. See also In re G.E.S., 9th Dist. Summit No. 23963, 2008-

Ohio-2671, ¶ 51 (stating this Court “will not engage in speculation in analyzing a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel * * *.”)

       {¶11} Furthermore, apart from briefly asserting his speculative claims, Mr. Zeber does

not develop any meaningful argument to support these claims, nor does he direct us to any part

of the record in support of such arguments. See State v. Campbell, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24668,

2010-Ohio-2573, ¶ 27. See also App.R.16(A)(7) (appellant’s brief shall include “[a]n argument

containing the contentions of the appellant with respect to each assignment of error presented for

review and the reasons in support of the contentions, with citations to the authorities, statutes,

and parts of the record on which appellant relies.”); Cardone v. Cardone, 9th Dist. Summit Nos.
                                                   7


18349 and 18673, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 2028, *22 (May 6, 1998) (“If an argument exists that

can support this assignment of error, it is not this [C]ourt’s duty to root it out”).

        {¶12} Mr. Zeber also claims that the written statement he provided to police on the night

of the incident should have been excluded from evidence, as he “was not under suspicion at the

time of his statement, and therefore was not advised of his right to an attorney and of his right to

remain silent.” In support of this claim, he simply states that it is “unclear” why on the night of

the incident he was not arrested, placed under suspicion, or read his rights prior to being asked to

provide a written statement.       Once again, Mr. Zeber’s general, conclusory statements are

completely bereft of any meaningful argument for this Court to consider. See App.R.16(A)(7)

(appellant’s brief shall include “[a]n argument containing the contentions of the appellant with

respect to each assignment of error presented for review and the reasons in support of the

contentions, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record on which appellant

relies * * *.”). See also Cardone at *22 (“If an argument exists that can support this assignment

of error, it is not this [C]ourt’s duty to root it out”). Furthermore, it does not appear that Mr.

Zeber’s written statement to the police was ever entered into evidence at trial and the statement is

not in the record before us. “‘This Court has repeatedly held that it is the duty of the appellant to

ensure that the record on appeal is complete.’”            State v. Daniels, 9th Dist. Lorain No.

08CA009488, 2009-Ohio-1712, ¶ 22, quoting Lunato v. Stevens Painton Corp., 9th Dist. Lorain

No. 08CA009318, 2008-Ohio-3206, ¶ 11.

        {¶13} Accordingly, Mr. Zeber’s sole assignment of error is overruled.

                                                  III.

        {¶14} Mr. Zeber’s sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Stow

Municipal Court is affirmed.
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                                                                              Judgment affirmed.




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Stow Municipal

Court, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellant.




                                                     THOMAS A. TEODOSIO
                                                     FOR THE COURT



SCHAFER, P. J.
CARR, J.
CONCUR.


APPEARANCES:

NATHAN ZEBER, pro se, Appellant.

GREGORY MARC WARD, Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.
