Opinion issued March 8, 2016




                                      In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                                NO. 01-15-00369-CR
                                NO. 01-15-00370-CR
                           ———————————
                    DANIEL WAYNE TOVAR, Appellant
                                        V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                   On Appeal from the 20th District Court
                            Milam County, Texas
                   Trial Court Case Nos. 23,522 and 24,217


                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Daniel Tovar appeals the sentence imposed on him after the trial court granted

the State’s motion to revoke the probation Tovar received pursuant to two plea

agreements, the first for a June 2012 charge of assault—family violence, impeding
breath and circulation, a third-degree felony, and the second for the December 2013

charge of burglary of a building, a state jail felony. 1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§§ 22.01(a), (b)(2), 30.02(a), (c)(1) (West 2011 & Supp. 2015).

       In October 2014, the trial court revoked Tovar’s probation after finding that

he violated its terms by committing the felony offenses of (1) unlawful possession

of a firearm, (2) possession of a controlled substance with the intent to deliver, and

(3) assault causing bodily injury. The trial court assessed two years’ incarceration

for the assault charge and an eight-year sentence for the burglary charge, with the

sentences to run concurrently.

      Tovar contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at

sentencing. Finding no showing of ineffective assistance, we affirm.

                                 BACKGROUND

      Daniel Wayne Tovar was indicted for assault family violence—impeding

breathing/circulation on June 6, 2012. He reached a plea agreement with the State

and received three years’ deferred adjudication. The trial court entered judgment

pursuant to the plea in February 2013 and imposed certain conditions on Tovar’s

community supervision.




1
      Trial court cause number 23,522 (appeal number 01-15-00369-CR) involves the
      assault charge. Trial court cause number 24,217 (appeal number 01-15-00370-CR)
      involves the burglary charge.

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      In early 2014, Tovar was indicted for burglary of a building. He reached

another plea agreement with the State and received four additional years of deferred

adjudication for that offense.

      In October 2014, Tovar was arrested for unlawful possession of a firearm and

possession of methamphetamine with intent to deliver in one incident and, a week

later, was arrested for assault causing bodily injury.   The State moved to revoke

Tovar’s community supervision and proceed with adjudication in both of the

underlying cases. The motions alleged that Tovar had violated several conditions of

his probation by (1) committing the additional charged offenses in violation of state

law; (2) failing to pay any restitution or court costs; (3) failing to submit to drug

and alcohol testing; (4) wholly failing to comply with his obligation to perform

community service; and (5) failing to complete the theft aversion program class or

anger management program class provided by the Milam County Community

Supervision and Corrections Department.

      The trial court heard the State’s motions in February 2015. Tovar did not

contest the State’s allegations. Without any agreement with the State, Tovar entered

an open plea of true in both cases. The trial court accepted Tovar’s pleas, ordered

Tovar’s probation officer, L. Sims, to prepare a Pre-Sentence Investigation (PSI)

report, and set the sentencing hearing for March.




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      At the hearing, the trial court took judicial notice of the completed PSI report.

The report contained Tovar’s criminal history dating back to 1997. It showed that,

including the most recent arrests in October 2014, he had been arrested a total of 14

times for, among other crimes, burglary, theft, resisting or evading arrest, assault,

and unlawful possession of controlled substances. The report contains a summary

of Sims’s interview with Tovar concerning his educational background and his

history of substance abuse.

      According to the report, by age 19, Tovar was using drugs daily and selling

them to support himself. After a prior revocation of probation, Tovar was sent to a

treatment center, but was expelled after 30 days because he did not comply with the

program.   After release, Tovar returned to using drugs and resumed criminal

behavior. Tovar submitted to a drug test a few weeks before the sentencing hearing

and tested positive for marijuana and amphetamines. Testing results revealed that

Tovar showed a high probability of having a substance abuse disorder.

      Sims reported that Tovar admitted to heavy use of methamphetamines and

asked her for help with his drug problems, but when Sims offered to return him to

the same treatment center he had previously attended, Tovar told her that he did not

believe he could successfully complete treatment there. Sims stated that she brought

up the offer at another meeting, but Tovar again came up with excuses as to why the




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treatment would not work for him. Based on Tovar’s responses, Sims expressed

doubt that treatment would be effective for Tovar.

      The State called the Rockdale Police Chief T. Harris and Lieutenant J.D.

Newlin to testify to Tovar’s reputation for being peaceful and law-abiding. The

entirety of each witness’s testimony concerning Tovar consists of the response

“Bad,” to the question of whether Tovar had a good or bad reputation for being

peaceful and law-abiding.     Defense counsel declined to cross-examine either

witness; the State rested.

      Defense counsel examined Tovar on his prior drug and alcohol problems, his

work history, and his desire for job training. Tovar admitted that drugs and alcohol

have been problems for him since he was a teenager. In response to defense

counsel’s query, Tovar said he believed that a rehab program would be good for him

and that he would willingly go to a treatment program and job training if the court

so ordered.

      During the State’s cross-examination, Tovar admitted that he had told his

probation officer that he was not interested in attending any drug and alcohol

rehabilitation program. Tovar explained that he was not opposed to attending a

treatment program, he was just “trying to get out of one certain rehab.” Defense

counsel took Tovar on re-direct, pointing out that, contrary to the PSI report’s

statement that Tovar had been unemployed, he did have some short-term jobs during



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the prior year. Defense counsel rested without calling any other witnesses. The trial

court revoked Tovar’s probation and assessed his sentences.

                                   DISCUSSION

      Tovar contends his trial counsel was ineffective because counsel failed to

cross-examine adverse State’s witnesses and failed to request a court-appointed

substance abuse or mental health expert to testify at sentencing. Tovar also claims

that his counsel’s failure to independently investigate matters raised in the PSI report

and his failure to call Tovar’s probation officer to the stand constituted ineffective

assistance and probably prevented the trial court from considering treatment as a

meaningful option for Tovar at sentencing.

Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      The United States Supreme Court has established a two-pronged test for

determining whether there was ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068 (1984). To prevail

on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland, an appellant must

show that (1) counsel’s performance fell well below the objective standard of

reasonableness and (2) but for counsel’s unprofessional error, there is a reasonable

probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id.; Andrews

v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).




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      The first prong of the Strickland test requires that the defendant show that

counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.

Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The defendant must

prove, therefore, by a preponderance of the evidence that trial counsel’s

representation objectively fell below professional standards. Mitchell v. State, 68

S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The second prong requires the defendant

to show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

result of the proceeding would have been different. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812.

“Reasonable probability” means a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence

in the outcome.” Id. A failure to make a showing under either prong defeats a claim

for ineffective assistance. Rylander v. State, 101 S.W. 3d 107, 110 (Tex. Crim. App.

2003).

      Any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly rooted in the record, and the

record must affirmatively display the alleged ineffectiveness. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d

at 813 (citing McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).

The appellant must prove ineffective assistance by a preponderance of the evidence

and must overcome the strong presumption that his counsel’s conduct falls within

the wide range of reasonable professional assistance or might be considered sound

trial strategy. Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 482–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).




                                         7
      The grant or denial of a motion to proceed with adjudication is a matter

entirely within the trial court’s discretion, and will not be reversed unless the trial

court abused its discretion. State v. Gonzales, 855 S.W.2d 692, 696 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1993). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is so

clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Cantu v. State,

855 S.W.2d 667, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Furthermore, we will not speculate

to find trial counsel ineffective if the record is silent on counsel’s strategy or

reasoning. See Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).

However, when no reasonable attorney could have made such a decision, the record

may be sufficient to prove ineffective assistance. See Robinson v. State, 16 S.W.3d

808, 813 n.7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Weaver v. State, 265 S.W.3d 523, 538

(Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d).

Analysis

      Defense counsel advocated for a meaningful rehabilitation for Tovar by

putting him on the stand and establishing Tovar’s substantial history with drug and

alcohol abuse. He also offered a policy argument favoring his client in closing,

asking the court to help make his client a “productive member of society.” However,

he did not cross-examine the chief of police or his lieutenant, call the probation

officer who prepared the PSI to testify, or ask for a court-appointed expert to review

the PSI report.



                                          8
      Tovar fails to explain how a court-appointed expert would have influenced

the trial court strongly enough to send Tovar for drug rehabilitation instead of to

prison. The trial court acknowledged that Tovar had a long-term drug and alcohol

problem, which the State did not dispute. The problem stemmed from Tovar’s

equivocation about whether he was willing to accept treatment. Tovar’s testimony

at the sentencing hearing confirmed the PSI report’s summary of Tovar’s historical

lack of interest in completing a treatment program and his prior unsuccessful

experience in a program. In keeping with the PSI report, Tovar testified at the

hearing that, “I was interested in [rehab], but just—I was trying to get out of one

certain rehab.” The trial court did not need expert testimony to determine the depth

of Tovar’s interest in and his commitment to successfully completing a drug

treatment program. As a result, Tovar has not demonstrated that trial counsel’s

performance was inadequate in failing to request appointment of an expert or that it

was reasonably probable that his sentence would have been different had trial

counsel proffered expert testimony at the hearing.

      Tovar contends that trial counsel should have questioned Harris and Newlin

about the basis of their opinion concerning Tovar’s reputation and that trial counsel’s

failure to cross-examine them amounts to ineffective assistance. The impact of

Harris’s and Newlin’s brief testimony that Tovar had a “bad” reputation for being

peaceful and law-abiding pales in comparison to the effect that their testimony in



                                          9
response to such a challenge would have had. That line of cross-examination would

have invited them to provide details about Tovar’s lengthy arrest record, as

evidenced by the PSI report. Trial counsel could have reasonably determined that

by cutting off the questioning, Harris and Newlin would not have an opportunity to

elaborate on Tovar’s arrest record. We will not second-guess trial counsel’s strategic

decision to refrain from cross-examining the State’s witnesses under these

circumstances. See Frangias v. State, 392 S.W.3d 642, 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)

(explaining that courts must not second-guess informed strategic or tactical decisions

made by counsel during trial but instead must indulge strong presumption that

counsel’s conduct falls within wide range of reasonable professional assistance)

(citing Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. at 687)).

      Tovar also complains that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by

failing to offer witnesses to rebut Harris’s and Newlin’s reputation testimony.

Tovar, however, does not identify any potential character witness for him who was

available to testify and could provide favorable rebuttal testimony, and the record

contains no evidence concerning the issue or whether trial counsel considered it. We

hold that Tovar has failed to overcome the presumption of counsel’s effectiveness

for this contention as well.




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                                  CONCLUSION

      We hold that Tovar has not satisfied his burden under Strickland v.

Washington to show he received ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing. We

therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                Jane Bland
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Bland, Brown, and Lloyd.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).




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