       NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.


  United States Court of Appeals
      for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

     IN RE: HUMBERTO VALENZUELA MEZA,
      JEFFREY BRIAN SCHOPPERLE, JESUS
                   ESTRADA,
                    Appellants
              ______________________

                       2018-2219
                 ______________________

    Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. 12/755,766.
                  ______________________

                Decided: August 14, 2019
                 ______________________

   WILLIAM J. BARBER, Ware, Fressola, Maguire & Barber
LLP, Monroe, CT, for appellants.

   SARAH E. CRAVEN, Office of the Solicitor, United States
Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, for appellee
Andrei Iancu. Also represented by THOMAS W. KRAUSE,
JOSEPH MATAL, MOLLY R. SILFEN.
                ______________________

 Before REYNA, WALLACH, and TARANTO, Circuit Judges.
REYNA, Circuit Judge.
   Humberto Valenzuela Meza, Jeffrey Brian Schopperle,
and Jesus Estrada appeal from a decision by the Patent
2                                                IN RE: MEZA




Trial and Appeal Board affirming an examiner’s rejection
of their patent application claims as obvious. Because sub-
stantial evidence supports the Board’s determination of ob-
viousness, we affirm.
                       BACKGROUND
                  I. The ’766 Application
     Inventors Meza, Schopperle, and Estrada (together,
“Meza”) filed U.S. Patent Application No. 12/755,766 (“the
’766 application”) with the United States Patent and
Trademark Office (“USPTO”). The ’766 application is di-
rected to an improved method and pump apparatus for re-
moving water from pool covers and sumps while avoiding
ice formation in the impeller cavity of the pump.
    The ’766 application discloses that the ability for
pumps to operate at temperatures near or below the freez-
ing point of water is beneficial in the pool and sump pump
industries. J.A. 22. To provide for such operation, the ’766
application teaches cycling a pump impeller to avoid ice
buildup in the impeller cavity during low ambient temper-
atures. J.A. 23. The preferred embodiment of the inven-
tion includes a pump motor, an impeller, a sensor
controller, and two types of sensors: a temperature sensor
and a set of high and low water level sensors. J.A. 26–27.
The temperature sensor signals the controller to rotate the
pump impeller to prevent water from freezing in the impel-
ler cavity when the ambient temperature nears freezing.
J.A. 26–27. The water level sensors signal the controller to
turn on the pump when the water reaches a high limit and
turn off the pump when the water reaches a low limit. J.A.
27. Figure 1 of the ’766 application depicts the claimed
pump apparatus:
IN RE: MEZA                                                3




J.A. 61.
    The claims at issue require the temperature sensor to
operate independently from the water level sensors. J.A.
15–17. Independent claim 14 is representative and recites:
    14. A method for removing water from a pool cover
    or sump and avoiding ice formation in an impeller
    cavity of a pump, comprising:
           receiving in a signal processor of a control-
           ler in a pump arranged on a pool cover or
           in a sump first signaling from a tempera-
           ture sensing device containing information
           about the ambient temperature in relation
           to the pump during a temperature sensing,
           and second signaling from a field effect
           level sensing device during a level sensing
           containing information about a high water
           level sensed in order to turn the pump on
           when the water is at a higher level, and
           also about a low water level sensed in order
           to turn the pump off when the water is at a
           lower level; and
4                                                IN RE: MEZA




        providing from the signal processor of the
        controller to a motor in the pump corre-
        sponding signaling containing information
        for initiating cycling of an impeller of the
        pump at low operating temperatures to
        avoid ice formation in an impeller cavity,
        but not for level sensing, for turning the
        pump on when the water is at the higher
        level to rotate the impeller for removing
        water from the pool cover or in the sump,
        and for turning the pump off when the wa-
        ter is at the lower level;
        the temperature sensing being independent
        of the level sensing.
J.A. 15 (emphasis added).
                  II. Prior Art References
                       A. Mayleben
    U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0229819
(“Mayleben”) relates to a method and apparatus for control-
ling a pump using a capacitive sensor that detects the level
of a liquid. J.A. 467, 485. Mayleben discloses a preferred
embodiment in which a sump pump system includes a
pump, a sensor, and a liquid discharge pipe. J.A. 486. Ac-
cording to Mayleben, the sensor “monitors the level of a liq-
uid” and “serves as a switch for activating and deactivating
the pump . . . based on that level.” Id. When the level
reaches a predetermined high limit, the sensor activates
the pump, which begins to remove the liquid via the dis-
charge pipe. Id. According to Mayleben, its pump system
may include additional features, including a temperature
sensor that “monitor[s] the temperature of the [pump]” and
signals the controller to turn off the pump when the device
becomes too hot. J.A. 491.
IN RE: MEZA                                                5



                          B. Leone
    U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0095150
(“Leone”) relates to centrifugal multistage pumps.
J.A. 462. Leone discloses a microcontroller that includes
software to control the pump motor. J.A. 463. Leone
teaches that the software can “include limitations of the
pump’s functioning in relation to temperature.” J.A. 464.
Leone also teaches that the microcontroller is combined
with a water temperature sensor and can “start the pump
when the temperature is about 0° C[,] causing an inten-
tional increase in water temperature . . . [and] assuring
therefore an efficient protection against the fluid in the
pump freezing and damaging the pump.” J.A. 465.
              III. Proceedings Before the USPTO
    On October 23, 2014, an examiner issued a Final Office
Action rejecting claims 14 and 16–21 of the ’766 applica-
tion. J.A. 272–79. Relevant to this appeal, the examiner
rejected independent claims 14 and 21 as obvious over
Mayleben in view of Leone. 1 J.A. 273. The examiner found
that Mayleben discloses every limitation of claims 14 and
21 except for “cycling the impeller at a low operating tem-
perature to avoid ice formation in the impeller cavity.”
J.A. 273–74. The examiner relied on Leone to fill this gap,
finding that Leone “teaches a water pump having impel-
lers . . . and a temperature sensor which monitors the



    1   Congress amended § 103 when it passed the Leahy-
Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”) in 2011. Pub. L. No.
112–29, § 3(c), 125 Stat. 284, 287 (2011). Because the ’766
application does not contain a claim having an effective fil-
ing date on or after March 16, 2013 (the effective date of
the AIA amendments), or a reference under 35 U.S.C.
§§ 120, 121, or 365(c) to any patent or application that ever
contained such a claim, pre-AIA § 103 applies. Id. § 3(n)(1),
125 Stat. at 293.
6                                                 IN RE: MEZA




ambient temperature and cycles the pump when the tem-
perature reaches 0°C” to avoid ice formation in the impeller
cavity Id. The examiner found that Mayleben teaches that
“additional or supplemental features and processes are
within the scope of [Mayleben’s] invention.” J.A. 274. On
this basis, the examiner determined that it would have
been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art to mod-
ify Mayleben’s controller to include the additional feature
of Leone’s temperature sensor. Id. The examiner deter-
mined that this combination met the limitation of “[t]he
temperature sensing being independent of the level sens-
ing” because “separate devices would be used to measure
the water level and ambient temperature.” Id.
    The examiner rejected Meza’s argument that
Mayleben’s fluid-level sensor is dependent on its tempera-
ture sensor. Meza argued that this dependency is demon-
strated by Mayleben’s teaching that the pump is
deactivated when the device gets too hot. J.A. 276. The
examiner disagreed, explaining that “[f]or two features to
be ‘independent,’ one feature would not require the pres-
ence of the other feature to function” and finding that “[t]he
fluid level based controller feature of Mayleben does not re-
quire the presence of the temperature based controller fea-
ture to function” and vice-versa. Id. The examiner also
pointed to claim 19 of the ’766 application, which depends
on claim 14 and requires turning off the pump when the
ambient temperature drops below freezing. Id. The exam-
iner explained that “[s]uch a feature is analogous to
Mayleben, which provides the feature of turning off the
pump . . . when the ambient temperature is above a high
temperature.” J.A. 276–77.
    Meza appealed the examiner’s rejection to the Patent
Trial and Appeal Board (“Board”), raising the same argu-
ments made to the examiner. J.A. 325, 333–34. In addi-
tion, Meza argued that Mayleben “teaches away from
integrating any temperature-based controller functionality
together with its fluid-level-based controller functionality
IN RE: MEZA                                                7



and making the two pump controller functionalities inde-
pendent of one another.” J.A. 335; see also J.A. 337.
    The Board sustained the examiner’s rejection of all
claims. J.A. 2. The Board rejected Meza’s argument that
Mayleben only teaches dependent level- and temperature-
sensing functionalities. J.A. 4–6. The Board found that
although Mayleben discloses deactivating the pump when
the device becomes too hot, there is no disclosure in
Mayleben that either the level sensor or temperature sen-
sor is affected when the pump deactivates. J.A. 6. The
Board further found that Mayleben only teaches deactivat-
ing the pump when it overheats, and teaches nothing about
deactivating the pump at low temperatures. J.A. 6–7. Ac-
cording to the Board, Meza therefore failed to show why the
addition of Leone’s temperature-based impeller rotation,
which occurs only at low temperatures, would not work
with Mayleben’s level-based pumping system. Id.
     The Board also rejected Meza’s “teaching away” argu-
ment. The Board found that nothing in Mayleben criti-
cizes, discredits, or otherwise discourages the addition of a
temperature sensor that cycles the pump impeller to avoid
ice formation and is independent of level sensing. J.A. 8.
Further, the Board found there was no evidence in the rec-
ord demonstrating why “cycling at low temperatures would
depend on level sensing, because these functions are sepa-
rate controller functions.” J.A. 8–9. The Board found that
Leone’s controller functionality cycles at low temperatures,
and thus would not depend on “Mayleben’s ‘hot’ tempera-
ture sensor.” J.A. 9. Accordingly, the Board determined
that the examiner did not err in rejecting the claims of the
’766 application. Id.
   Meza timely appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(a) (2012).
8                                                 IN RE: MEZA




                        DISCUSSION
    We review Board decisions in accordance with the Ad-
ministrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)
(2012). In re Durance, 891 F.3d 991, 1000 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
Under the APA, we set aside the Board’s decisions if they
are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or other-
wise not in accordance with law” or “unsupported by sub-
stantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2); Vicor Corp. v.
SynQor, Inc., 869 F.3d 1309, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2017). We re-
view the Board’s factual determinations for substantial ev-
idence and its legal conclusions de novo. ACCO Brands
Corp. v. Fellowes, Inc., 813 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed. Cir.
2016). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as
a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” HTC Corp. v. Cellular Commc’ns Equip., LLC,
877 F.3d 1361, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting In re Gart-
side, 203 F.3d 1305, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2000)).
    Obviousness is a question of law with underlying fac-
tual findings relating to the scope and content of the prior
art, differences between the prior art and the claims at is-
sue, the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, and any
objective indicia of non-obviousness. Acorda Therapeutics,
Inc. v. Roxane Labs., Inc., 903 F.3d 1310, 1328 (Fed. Cir.
2018) (citing KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398,
406 (2007)); Ariosa Diagnostics v. Verinata Health, Inc.,
805 F.3d 1359, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2015).
    Meza raises three arguments on appeal. First, Meza
argues that substantial evidence does not support the
Board’s finding that the combination of Mayleben and Le-
one teaches the independent operation of the water-level-
and temperature-sensing functionalities claimed in the
’766 application. Second, Meza argues that the Board
erred in finding that Mayleben does not teach away from
including level-sensing functionality that operates inde-
pendently from temperature-sensing functionality. Third,
Meza argues that the Board improperly shifted the burden
IN RE: MEZA                                                9



of proof to establish non-obviousness by asking Meza to ex-
plain why Mayleben’s pump would not work as claimed in
the ’766 application with the addition of Leone’s tempera-
ture-sensing and cycling functionality.
         I. Obviousness under 35 U.S.C. § 103(a)
     Meza argues that the Board erred by finding that the
prior art rendered obvious the claimed limitation of the
“[t]he temperature sensing being independent of the level
sensing.” Appellant’s Br. 13–20. Meza contends that
Mayleben discloses a system where the level-sensing func-
tionality is dependent on the temperature-sensing func-
tionality because if the temperature sensor indicates that
the device is overheating, it signals the controller to deac-
tivate the pump. Id. at 15–16 (citing J.A. 491 (Mayleben,
¶ 70)). According to Meza, deactivating the pump results
in “completely stop[ping] all of Mayleben’s level-sensing-
based controller functionality” because the pump cannot be
turned on even if the water reaches a predetermined high
level. Id. at 18–19. Meza further contends that Leone does
not fill the gap in Mayleben because Leone does not disclose
operating the pump in response to sensed fluid level,
thereby failing to teach independent operation of the level-
sensing and temperature-sensing functionalities. Id. at
14–16. We disagree.
     Meza conflates Mayleben’s pumping functionality with
its level-sensing functionality. See Appellant’s Br. 18–19
(arguing that if Mayleben’s pump is deactivated, all level-
sensing functionality “completely stops”); Reply Br. 4–5
(arguing that Mayleben’s level-sensing functionality is de-
pendent on its temperature-sensing functionality because
“Mayleben discloses that the pumping functionality does
not work when its temperature sensing deactivates its
pump” (emphasis added)).
    The claims of the ’766 application, however, do not re-
quire that the temperature-sensing functionality be inde-
pendent from the pumping functionality. Rather, the
10                                               IN RE: MEZA




claims require “[t]he temperature sensing [to be] independ-
ent of the level sensing.” J.A. 15 (emphasis added). As both
the Board and the examiner correctly explained, nothing in
Mayleben suggests that deactivating the pump would af-
fect the sensing functionality of either the level or temper-
ature sensors. J.A. 5–6 (citing J.A. 380 (Examiner’s
Answer)). To the contrary, Mayleben teaches that once the
water level drops below a predetermined low point, “the
sensor unit 14 deactivates the pump 12.” J.A. 486
(Mayleben, ¶ 37). If deactivating the pump also deac-
tivated the level-sensing functionality, as Meza asserts,
then Mayleben’s level sensor could not detect when the wa-
ter level again reached a predetermined high point, and
could not reactivate the pump.
    Dependent claim 19 of the ’766 application, which de-
pends on claim 14, similarly contradicts Meza’s depend-
ency argument. Claim 19 requires turning off the pump
when the ambient temperature drops below freezing.
J.A. 16. As the examiner explained, this limitation is anal-
ogous to Mayleben’s feature of turning off the pump when
the temperature becomes too hot. J.A. 276, 381. Thus, if
Mayleben’s level-sensing functionality is dependent on its
temperature-sensing functionality, then so is the level-
sensing functionality of the present invention dependent
on its temperature-sensing functionality—an outcome that
would effectively read out the “being independent of” limi-
tation from the claims at issue.          See Callicrate v.
Wadsworth Mfg., Inc., 427 F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2005)
(holding that it is improper to read out a limitation clearly
required by the claim language and specification); Unique
Concepts, Inc. v. Brown, 939 F.2d 1558, 1562 (Fed. Cir.
1991) (“All the limitations of a claim must be considered
meaningful.”).
    Meza argues the deficiencies of Mayleben and Leone
individually, but fails to address what is taught by the com-
bination of the references. We have held that a finding of
obviousness cannot be overcome “by attacking references
IN RE: MEZA                                              11



individually where the rejection is based upon the teach-
ings of a combination of references.” Bradium Techs. LLC
v. Iancu, 923 F.3d 1032, 1050 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting In
re Merck & Co., 800 F.2d 1091, 1097 (Fed. Cir. 1986)) (in-
ternal quotation marks omitted). Here, the Board found
that a person of ordinary skill in the art would modify
Mayleben’s disclosed pump to add Leone’s impeller cycling
functionality because Mayleben teaches using additional
features with its pump, and explained that “[i]t is the ad-
ditional feature of using a temperature sensor for cycling
at low temperatures, as taught by Leone, that the Exam-
iner uses as the basis for the rejection.” J.A. 7. Thus, the
Board found that the combination of Mayleben and Leone
discloses every limitation of the claims at issue. We con-
clude that substantial evidence supports this finding.
                    II. Teaching Away
     Meza argues that Mayleben teaches away from includ-
ing both temperature-sensing and level-sensing function-
alities in one pump device, while still making the two
sensing functionalities operate independently. Appellant’s
Br. 15–16, 23–29. In support, Meza relies on the same gen-
eral argument that Mayleben’s level-sensing functionality
depends on its temperature-sensing functionality.
    The Board correctly rejected Meza’s argument that
Mayleben teaches away from independent sensing func-
tionalities. A prior art reference teaches away if it criti-
cizes, discredits, or otherwise discourages the solution
claimed. In re Fulton, 391 F.3d 1195, 1201 (Fed. Cir. 2004).
As the Board correctly found, nothing in Mayleben criti-
cizes, discredits, or discourages from adding separate tem-
perature-sensing functionality that cycles an impeller at
low temperatures to avoid ice formation. J.A. 8. To the
contrary, Mayleben discloses that additional features may
be added to its pump. J.A. 491 (Mayleben, ¶ 70).
   Meza argues that the presence in Mayleben’s pump of
an internal temperature sensor teaches away from
12                                               IN RE: MEZA




independent operation of the two sensing functionalities.
Mayleben, however, teaches that its internal temperature
sensor is optional. J.A. 491 (Mayleben, ¶ 70). Although a
person of ordinary skill in the art may prefer an embodi-
ment of Mayleben’s pump that includes an internal tem-
perature sensor, it is well-established that “the teaching
away inquiry does not focus on whether a person of ordi-
nary skill in the art would have merely favored one dis-
closed option over another disclosed option.”        Bayer
Pharma AG v. Watson Labs., Inc., 874 F.3d 1316, 1327
(Fed. Cir. 2017).
    In light of the foregoing, we hold that substantial evi-
dence supports the Board’s determination that the asserted
claims of the ’766 application are obvious over Mayleben in
view of Leone.
         III. Burden of Proof During Prosecution
    Unlike with issued patents, during patent prosecution
proceedings “the concept of prima facie obviousness estab-
lishes the framework for the obviousness determination
and the burdens the parties face.” ACCO Brands, 813 F.3d
at 1365 (citing Kennametal, Inc. v. Ingersoll Cutting Tool
Co., 780 F.3d 1376, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2015)). When examin-
ing patent claims, the initial burden rests with the patent
examiner to set out a prima facie case that the claims at
issue are obvious over the prior art. Id. The burden then
shifts to the applicant to produce evidence or argument
supporting patentability. In re Cyclobenzaprine Hydro-
chloride Extended-Release Capsule Patent Litig., 676 F.3d
1063, 1080 n.7 (Fed. Cir. 2012); In re Sullivan, 498 F.3d
1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2007); In re Piasecki, 745 F.2d 1468,
1472 (Fed. Cir. 1984). The examiner weighs the prima fa-
cie evidence against the rebuttal evidence to determine
whether the entirety of the evidentiary record supports a
finding of obviousness by a preponderance of the evidence.
ACCO Brands, 813 F.3d at 1366 (citing Rambus Inc. v. Rea,
IN RE: MEZA                                                  13



731 F.3d 1248, 1255 (Fed. Cir. 2013)); In re Glaug, 283 F.3d
1335, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
    Meza faults the Board for requiring him to explain why
the prior art does not teach level-sensing functionality in-
dependent from temperature-sensing functionality, and
why Leone’s feature of impeller cycling would not work in
Mayleben. Appellant’s Br. 18, 21, 25 (citing J.A. 5–8).
Meza argues that by doing so, the Board improperly shifted
the burden to him to establish non-obviousness. Id. We
disagree.
    The Board determined that the examiner established a
prima facie case of obviousness by determining that the
combination of Mayleben and Leone disclosed all of the lim-
itations of the claims of the ’766 application. J.A. 4; see also
J.A. 273–76. Meza was then required to “produce evidence
or argument supporting patentability.” Sullivan, 498 F.3d
at 1351; see also Cyclobenzaprine, 676 F.3d at 1080 n.7.
The Board concluded that Meza failed to do so because
Meza did not address the basis for the examiner’s rejection.
     For example, the Board explained that the examiner’s
rejection was based on Mayleben’s express disclosure that
its pump may include additional features, such as the ad-
ditional feature of sensing a low temperature and cycling
its impeller to avoid ice formation, as disclosed in Leone.
J.A. 4–6. The Board also explained that the examiner
found that this additional temperature-sensing feature
would work independently from Mayleben’s level-sensing
feature because “two separate independently functioning
devices . . . perform [these] separate and independent
tasks.” J.A. 5. The Board then stated that Meza did not
explain or provide evidence demonstrating why Mayleben’s
pump could not be modified to include such an additional
feature or why “cycling at low temperatures would depend
on level sensing, because these functions are separate con-
troller functions.” J.A. 6–9. The Board pointed out that
Meza’s rebuttal arguments focused on an alleged
14                                              IN RE: MEZA




dependency between Mayleben’s level-sensing functional-
ity and its internal temperature-sensing functionality. See
J.A. 6–7, 9. For his part, Meza never explained why Le-
one’s separate external temperature sensing and cycling
functionality would not work with Mayleben’s pump. On
this basis, the Board concluded that Meza failed to rebut
the examiner’s prima facie obviousness case. We find no
reversible error in the Board’s conclusion.
                       CONCLUSION
    We have considered Meza’s remaining arguments and
find them unpersuasive. We agree with the Board that
claims 14 and 16–21 of the ’766 application are obvious
over Mayleben in view of Leone. We therefore affirm.
                      AFFIRMED
                          COSTS
     No costs.
