                                             COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED


              Present: Judges Humphreys, Decker and Russell
              Argued at Virginia Beach, Virginia


              KENNETH CHARLES VIGIL
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0805-16-1                                  JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
                                                                               SEPTEMBER 26, 2017
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA


                                      FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF YORK COUNTY
                                            Frederick B. Lowe, Judge Designate

                               Charles E. Haden for appellant.

                               John I. Jones, IV, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.


                     Kenneth Charles Vigil appeals his three convictions for aggravated sexual battery in

              violation of Code § 18.2-67.3.1 He challenges the credibility of the victim’s testimony and

              consequently reasons that the evidence did not support the convictions. He also argues that the

              trial court erred by admitting hearsay evidence as an adoptive admission under the party

              admission exception to the rule against hearsay. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the

              convictions.




                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                         The appellant was acquitted of other charges against him that are not before this Court.
                                       I. BACKGROUND2

       The indictments charged the appellant with committing the offenses of aggravated sexual

battery between April 6, 2001, and June 15, 2003. M.R., the appellant’s stepdaughter, testified

that he sexually abused her about once a week over the course of approximately one year. She

was between ten and twelve years old when the crimes occurred.

        M.R. recalled three specific incidents of abuse, which formed the bases for the

indictments. The first occurred while she was doing homework on the computer in the bedroom

shared by her mother and the appellant. M.R. was sitting in the computer chair, and the

appellant entered the room and sat down on the floor beside her. He rubbed her legs and put his

fingers into her shorts and then her vagina. M.R. testified that she silently “wish[ed] it would

just stop.” The appellant eventually got up and left the room.

       According to M.R., the second incident occurred when she was lying on her bedroom

floor doing homework. She testified that the appellant entered the room and asked her to change

out of her pants into shorts. After M.R. complied, he rubbed her legs, put his hand into her

shorts, and inserted his finger into her vagina. M.R. explained that the appellant eventually

stopped and left the room.




       2
         Factual findings underlying rulings on the admissibility of evidence are subject to
deference upon appellate review unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support them. See
Lynch v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 342, 350, 617 S.E.2d 399, 403 (2005), aff’d, 272 Va.
204, 630 S.E.2d 482 (2006). Accordingly, appellate review of admissibility issues, like
sufficiency issues, requires us to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party
prevailing below, in this case, the Commonwealth. See, e.g., Molina v. Commonwealth, 272 Va.
666, 675, 636 S.E.2d 470, 475 (2006); Lynch, 46 Va. App. at 345, 617 S.E.2d at 400.
Additionally, however, this case involves the application of harmless error principles.
Consequently, we set out all evidence relevant to the harmless error analysis. See, e.g., Hooker
v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 454, 457-58, 418 S.E.2d 343, 345 (1992) (differentiating
between harmless error review and a sufficiency analysis).
                                                -2-
          M.R. described a third incident that occurred in the family living room. As on the other

occasions, the appellant rubbed her legs, then put his hand into her shorts and his finger into her

vagina.

          M.R. explained that the three offenses occurred when she and the appellant were alone in

the house. She testified that she did not tell anyone about the abuse at the time but specifically

explained that she did not report it because she was “very afraid” of the appellant, she was

embarrassed, and she “tried to forget it ever . . . happened.” She also said that she was concerned

that her mother would not believe her.

          In 2013, when M.R. was twenty-two years old, she told her boyfriend, Will Smith, about

the sexual abuse. At the time, she was spending the weekend at Smith’s parents’ lake house.

After M.R. told Smith, she telephoned her mother, Lisa Vigil, and told her that she had been

“sexually abused.” When she returned from the weekend, M.R. went to stay with the Smith

family rather than to the home in which she lived with the appellant and her mother.

          The appellant attempted to call M.R., but she did not answer when she saw his name

identified on her cell phone. He eventually made contact with M.R. by using her mother’s phone

to call her. He told M.R. that he was sorry and that he wanted to talk. She agreed to speak with

him in person if her mother was present. When she went to the house for the conversation, the

appellant commented to her that Smith “must really be the one” if M.R. was “telling him all of

our deepest, darkest secrets.” M.R. left without engaging in any additional conversation.

          Approximately two weeks later, M.R. contacted the police. Investigator Byron Evans

with the York County Sheriff’s Office testified that M.R. initially represented to him that the

abuse occurred two or three times a week over the course of a year. According to Evans, she

was unable to give him many details of the occurrences, but he explained that this was “typical”

of child victims of sexual assault. The written statement that M.R. gave the police echoed her

                                                 -3-
testimony with the exception of describing the third room in which the abuse occurred as the

“den” instead of the “living room.”

        During cross-examination, the appellant attempted to impeach M.R.’s credibility. The

journals that she had kept when she was younger did not contain any mention of sexual abuse.

In addition, around the time that the abuse occurred, M.R. wrote in an essay that her “family

[was] the greatest gift” that she “could ever have received.” At the preliminary hearing, M.R.

referred to what happened as a “story,” but at trial she explained that she had meant the “story of

[her] life.”

        Sherrie Hall, a friend of the victim’s mother, testified that after M.R. reported the abuse,

Hall received a telephone call from Lisa Vigil, M.R.’s mother. Hall testified to the following

description of the phone conversation:

                      Lisa[, M.R.’s mother,] called me and said, I need to talk to
               you, and she was bawling, crying.

                      And I said, [referencing a different child,] Is it your
               daughter? Is she sick again in the hospital? . . . .

                   ....

                      And she goes – she was bawling, crying, and she said,
               Ken[, the appellant,] molested my daughter.

                       And I said, Does Ken know you’re talking to me?

                       And he goes, Hey, Sherrie.

                       And I said, Hey, Ken.

                      And then she proceeded to tell me that she didn’t know
               what to do. She was upset.

                      She was scared and then wanted to know if she should call
               my mom, because my mom had been through it, like when I had
               been abused.




                                                -4-
Hall recognized the appellant’s voice, and according to Hall at no point during the call did the

appellant deny the accusation. The trial court admitted Hall’s testimony over the appellant’s

objection.

       Karen Rivera, Hall’s mother, also testified. Lisa Vigil spoke to her “many times” about

the accusations. According to Rivera, during one of these telephone conversations, Lisa Vigil

told her that the appellant admitted to molesting M.R. and that “he was very sorry.” In a

subsequent conversation with Rivera, however, M.R.’s mother denied that the appellant had done

“anything” and that she had ever said otherwise. The appellant did not object to Rivera’s

testimony.

       M.R.’s friend Amber Anesqua testified that M.R. told her that she had been sexually

abused when she was ten years old. Although Anesqua did not specify when M.R. told her about

the abuse, Anesqua testified that before 2013, she thought that the appellant and M.R. had a

“[t]ypical father[-]daughter relationship.” According to Anesqua, M.R. researched child sexual

abuse after she talked to the police.

       The appellant testified on his own behalf. He denied having any inappropriate contact

with M.R. He said that he merely apologized to M.R. “if” he had “done anything to make [her]

uncomfortable.”

       The appellant’s wife also testified in his defense. She explained that during the time

period of the alleged offenses, the only computer in the house was in the home office, not the

master bedroom.3 The victim’s mother also said that, despite M.R.’s statements to the contrary,

the appellant was not home alone with M.R. “two or three times a week” during that period.

According to the mother, she saw nothing in the relationship between the appellant and M.R. to


       3
        A contractor testified that in 2005 there was no computer system in the appellant’s
bedroom. However, he did not know where the computer was between 2001 and 2003, when the
charged offenses occurred.
                                               -5-
indicate that M.R. was fearful of him or that he had sexually assaulted her. M.R.’s mother also

denied telling Hall that the appellant had molested her daughter. She recalled phoning Hall to

tell her about the allegation but denied that her husband listened to the conversation. Regarding

her conversations with Rivera, the victim’s mother also denied telling her that the appellant had

admitted to molesting M.R.

       The trial court convicted the appellant of three counts of aggravated sexual battery. He

was sentenced to a total of forty-five years of incarceration, with thirty-six years suspended.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       The appellant argues that M.R.’s testimony was inherently incredible and therefore that

the evidence did not support his convictions. He also contends that the trial court erred by

admitting Sherrie Hall’s testimony about her phone conversation with the victim’s mother.

                                  A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he committed

aggravated sexual battery against his stepdaughter, M.R., because her testimony was incredible.

In support of his claim, the appellant relies on inconsistencies in M.R.’s testimony, her failure to

remember more details, and her significant delay in reporting the offenses.

       The appellant was convicted of aggravated sexual battery against a minor under thirteen

years of age in violation of Code § 18.2-67.3.4 Sexual battery, in pertinent part, is defined as “an

act committed with the intent to sexually molest, arouse, or gratify any person” during which the

“accused intentionally touches the complaining witness’s intimate parts.” Code

§§ 18.2-67.4, -67.10(6).




       4
          Code § 18.2-67.3(A)(1) provides that an individual is “guilty of aggravated sexual
battery if he or she sexually abuses the complaining witness” and “[t]he complaining witness is
less than 13 years of age.”
                                               -6-
       On appeal, this Court reviews a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under

well-established legal principles. In our analysis, we consider “the evidence and all reasonable

inferences fairly deducible therefrom in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.” Molina

v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 666, 675, 636 S.E.2d 470, 475 (2006) (quoting Ward v.

Commonwealth, 264 Va. 648, 654, 570 S.E.2d 827, 831 (2002)). The appellant was tried by the

circuit court, sitting without a jury. Consequently, that court was the fact finder, and its

judgment is afforded the “same weight as a jury verdict.” Goode v. Commonwealth, 52

Va. App. 380, 384, 663 S.E.2d 532, 534 (2008) (quoting Saunders v. Commonwealth, 242 Va.

107, 113, 406 S.E.2d 39, 42 (1991)). This Court will reverse a conviction “only if the trial

court’s decision is ‘plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Kelly v. Commonwealth,

41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth,

39 Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d 875, 877 (2002)). In conducting a sufficiency analysis, the

appellate court does not “substitute [its own] judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Wactor v.

Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002). “Instead, the relevant

question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime[s] beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Kelly, 41 Va. App. at 257, 584 S.E.2d at 447 (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

       The law is also clear that determining the credibility of the witnesses and the weight

afforded the testimony of those witnesses are matters left to the trier of fact, who has the ability

to hear the witnesses and observe them as they testify. Burnette v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App.

462, 476, 729 S.E.2d 740, 746 (2012); see also Wilson v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 73, 87,

615 S.E.2d 500, 507 (2005) (“[W]here a trial court sitting without a jury hears witnesses testify

and observes their demeanor on the stand, it has the right to believe or disbelieve their

                                                -7-
statements.” (quoting Morning v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 679, 686, 561 S.E.2d 23, 26

(2002))). Appellate review in this area is strictly limited. In short, the “conclusions of the fact

finder on issues of witness credibility ‘may only be disturbed on appeal if this Court finds that

[the witness’] testimony was “inherently incredible, or so contrary to human experience as to

render it unworthy of belief.”’” Johnson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 303, 315, 709 S.E.2d

175, 181 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Robertson v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 854,

858, 406 S.E.2d 417, 419 (1991)). “To be ‘incredible,’ testimony ‘must be either so manifestly

false that reasonable men ought not to believe it, or it must be shown to be false by objects or

things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men should not differ.’” Juniper v.

Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415, 626 S.E.2d 383, 417 (2006) (quoting Cardwell v.

Commonwealth, 209 Va. 412, 414, 164 S.E.2d 699, 701 (1968)).

       A legal determination that a witness is inherently incredible is very different from the

mere identification of inconsistencies in a witness’ testimony or statements. Testimony may be

contradictory or contain inconsistencies without rising to the level of being “inherently

incredible” as a matter of law. Id. (holding that facts such as delayed reporting or giving

inconsistent statements during an investigation do not necessarily render a witness’ testimony

“unworthy of belief” but instead are appropriately weighed by the trier of fact as part of its

determination of the credibility of the witness); Fordham v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 235,

240, 409 S.E.2d 829, 832 (1991); see also Crump v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 609, 619, 460

S.E.2d 238, 242 (1995) (holding that the inconsistencies in the testimony of two different

witnesses, the victim and her mother, did not “render the evidence” supporting the conviction

“incredible as a matter of law”).

       Consequently, as Virginia law dictates, “[p]otential inconsistencies in testimony are

resolved by the fact finder,” not the appellate court. Towler v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App.

                                                -8-
284, 292, 718 S.E.2d 463, 467 (2011). “[T]here can be no relief” in this Court if a witness

testifies to facts “which, if true, are sufficient to maintain the[] verdict, . . . [i]f the trier of the

facts . . . base[d] the verdict upon that testimony,” even if that “witness’ credit [was] impeached

by contradictory statements.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 718-19, 697 S.E.2d

14, 17 (2010) (quoting Swanson v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 376, 379, 382 S.E.2d 258, 259

(1989)).

        It is also well-established that a conviction for a “sexual offense[] may be sustained

solely upon the uncorroborated testimony of the victim.” Wilson, 46 Va. App. at 87, 615 S.E.2d

at 507; see Willis v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 560, 563, 238 S.E.2d 811, 812 (1977).

                The reason for the rule is the typically clandestine nature of the
                crime. There are seldom any witnesses to such an offense except
                the perpetrator and the victim. . . . Thus, it is clear that the victim’s
                testimony, if credible and accepted by the finder of fact, is
                sufficient evidence, standing alone, to support the conviction.

Fisher v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 296, 299, 321 S.E.2d 202, 204 (1984).

        M.R. testified that the appellant, her stepfather, put his fingers into her vagina on three

different occasions when she was between ten and twelve years old. At the time of the offenses

and for years thereafter, M.R. lived with the appellant and her mother. M.R. explained that she

delayed reporting the conduct because she was scared, embarrassed, and had tried to forget it.

Additionally, she was afraid that her mother would not believe her.

        The trial court also heard testimony about the statement that M.R. made to Investigator

Evans that the sexual abuse had occurred two or three times a week, rather than once a week as

she testified. The passage of time easily explains M.R.’s being hesitant, inconsistent, or unable

to recall certain details when discussing the unwanted intimate encounters with her stepfather, a

person whom she generally respected and looked up to as a father figure. Further, M.R.’s

statement was inconsistent only regarding the frequency of the abuse, which admittedly she tried

                                                    -9-
to forget in order to move on with her life. She detailed the three instances that resulted in the

convictions. M.R. did not equivocate about the appellant’s specific actions.

       All of the arguments that the appellant raises now to support his challenge to the

sufficiency of the evidence were adeptly raised by his trial counsel: that M.R.’s testimony was

vague and contained inconsistencies, that she waited a significant amount of time before

reporting the abuse, that there was no evidence that the appellant “groomed” her as pedophiles

typically do with their victims, and that M.R. did not behave as though she were terrified of the

appellant. These arguments were squarely before the trial court, and it had the opportunity to

weigh inconsistencies and determine M.R.’s credibility.

       The trial court found M.R. credible and accepted her account of the crimes. Any

inconsistencies in the testimony or conflicts in the evidence were resolved by the court as trier of

fact. Based on the record, a reasonable fact finder with all of the evidence before it could

determine that the inconsistencies between M.R.’s testimony and her previous statement to

police arose from her youth at the time of the offenses, her fragile memory, the traumatic nature

of the offenses, the fact that the assailant was her stepfather, and the family dynamics associated

with the years of her childhood spent living in his home. See Smith, 56 Va. App. at 719, 697

S.E.2d at 18 (noting that “a ‘victim’s youth, fright and embarrassment [may] provide[]’” the trier

of fact “‘with an acceptable explanation’ for a victim’s otherwise unexplainable statements or

actions” (alterations in original) (quoting Corvin v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 296, 299, 411

S.E.2d 235, 237 (1991))); see also Fisher, 228 Va. at 297-300, 321 S.E.2d at 202-04 (affirming a

conviction where the evidence included testimony of the ten-year-old victim that she delayed

reporting the abuse in part because “she ‘didn’t want to hurt mama’”).

       Contrary to the appellant’s contention, we hold that M.R.’s testimony was not inherently

incredible or so contrary to human experience as to render it unworthy of belief. Compare

                                               - 10 -
Nobrega v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 508, 513, 519, 628 S.E.2d 922, 924, 927 (2006) (holding

that the victim, who was seven years old when she was first raped, was not inherently

incredible), and Love v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 84, 89-90, 441 S.E.2d 709, 712-13 (1994)

(affirming convictions where the child victim delayed seven years before reporting the offenses),

with Willis, 218 Va. at 563-64, 238 S.E.2d at 813 (holding that the adult witness’ account of the

alleged rape was “incredible as a matter of law” because her uncorroborated testimony was

“replete with contradictions and inconsistencies”). The trial court’s conclusion that M.R. was

credible is supported by the evidence.

       The record makes clear that the appellant’s acts of sexual contact with M.R.’s vagina on

three different occasions provided the bases for the charges, and M.R.’s testimony specifically

describing the acts of sexual abuse entirely supports the convictions. Therefore, M.R.’s account

alone is sufficient to prove the offenses, despite any inconsistencies between her testimony about

the frequency of the abuse and other evidence.

       Nevertheless, M.R.’s trial testimony, which was sufficient on its own, was corroborated

by other evidence. Karen Rivera, the mother of a family friend, testified that M.R.’s mother told

her that the appellant had admitted to molesting her daughter and that “he was very sorry.”5 In




       5
          The appellant suggests that Rivera’s testimony was hearsay and consequently should be
considered on appeal for a very limited purpose. However, as the appellant’s counsel
acknowledges, trial counsel did not object to the admission of Rivera’s rebuttal testimony. As a
result, the trial court, as trier of fact, was permitted to consider the statement as substantive
evidence. See Baughan v. Commonwealth, 206 Va. 28, 31, 141 S.E.2d 750, 753 (1965) (holding
in the context of a bench trial that when hearsay is “admitted without objection,” it may
“properly be considered” and “given its natural probative effect”); cf. Va. R. Evid. 2:105 (“When
evidence is admissible . . . for one purpose but not admissible . . . for another purpose, the court
upon motion shall restrict such evidence to its proper scope . . . .” (emphasis added)).
                                                   - 11 -
addition, Sherrie Hall testified that the appellant did not deny his wife’s account that he had

sexually abused M.R. during a telephone conversation that Hall had with her.6

       Finally, the trial court, as the trier of fact, was entitled to reject the appellant’s claim of

innocence and his “self-serving testimony.” See, e.g., Rich v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 791,

802, 793 S.E.2d 798, 804 (2016). When the fact finder concludes that a defendant’s testimony is

not credible, it may reject that testimony and treat his “prevarications as ‘affirmative evidence of

guilt.’” Sierra v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 770, 784, 722 S.E.2d 656, 663 (2012) (quoting

Armstead v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 569, 581, 695 S.E.2d 561, 567 (2010)). The trial

court’s rejection of the appellant’s hypothesis of innocence was not plainly wrong. See Sanford

v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 357, 364-65, 678 S.E.2d 842, 846 (2009); see also Wood v.

Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 286, 306, 701 S.E.2d 810, 819 (2010) (stating that whether a

“hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a question of fact and, therefore, is binding on appeal

unless plainly wrong” (quoting Emerson v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 263, 277, 597 S.E.2d

242, 249 (2004))).

       The facts in this case provide more than adequate support for the findings that the

appellant sexually abused M.R. on three separate occasions. Consequently, the evidence was

sufficient to support the convictions.

                                             B. Hearsay

       The appellant argues that the trial court erred by admitting Sherrie Hall’s testimony about

her telephone conversation with the victim’s mother. The challenged testimony was that the



       6
           Although this challenged evidence is duplicative of Rivera’s testimony about the
appellant’s admission to the victim’s mother and the evidence is sufficient to support the
convictions without it, we nevertheless consider Hall’s testimony for purposes of the sufficiency
analysis. See Wells v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 722, 726, 781 S.E.2d 362, 364 (2016)
(“[W]hen reviewing the evidence for sufficiency, we must consider all the evidence admitted at
trial, including evidence admitted erroneously.”); Code § 19.2-324.1.
                                               - 12 -
mother told Hall that the appellant had molested her daughter, and the appellant, who was with

the mother at the time of the call, did not deny the accusation. Over defense counsel’s objection,

the trial court admitted the testimony under the party admission exception to the rule against

hearsay.7

       Based on the record, we need not decide the more complex question of whether the trial

court erred in admitting the challenged testimony because any presumed error committed as a

result of its admission is clearly harmless. See Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411, 420, 799

S.E.2d 494, 498 (2017). “[T]he General Assembly ‘deliberately engrafted’ the harmless-error

doctrine into the statutory law of the Commonwealth.” Id. (quoting Irvine v. Carr, 163 Va. 662,

669, 177 S.E. 208, 211 (1934). Code § 8.01-678 requires harmless error review before any

judgment is reversed. Consequently, “it is ‘the duty of a reviewing court to consider the trial

record as a whole and to ignore errors that are harmless’ lest they ‘retreat from their

responsibility, becoming instead “impregnable citadels of technicality.”’” White, 293 Va. at

420, 799 S.E.2d at 498 (quoting United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 509 (1983)).

       We examine the appellant’s claim of evidentiary error under the standard for

non-constitutional harmless error. Adams v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 260, 277, 657 S.E.2d 87,

97 (2008). Non-constitutional error is harmless when the appellant “had a fair trial on the merits

and substantial justice has been reached.” Proctor v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 233, 242, 578

S.E.2d 822, 827 (2003) (quoting Code § 8.01-678). This Court may uphold a decision on the



       7
         “[A]n out-of-court statement by a criminal defendant, if relevant, is admissible as a
party admission, under an exception to the rule against hearsay.” Bloom v. Commonwealth, 262
Va. 814, 820, 554 S.E.2d 84, 87 (2001). Once certain conditions have been met, “[a] statement
may become admissible under the adoptive admission exception to the hearsay rule upon a
showing of its tacit adoption by a party . . . .” Lynch v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 204, 209, 630
S.E.2d 482, 484 (2006). In light of our harmless error analysis, we do not decide whether the
challenged evidence met the requirements for admissibility as an adopted admission. See
Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411, 420, 799 S.E.2d 494, 498 (2017).
                                                  - 13 -
ground that the alleged evidentiary error is harmless if “the error did not influence” the trier of

fact “or had but very slight effect.” Gonzales v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 375, 384, 611

S.E.2d 616, 620 (2005) (en banc) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 764

(1946)).

       The error is harmless “[i]f other evidence of guilt is so overwhelming and the error

insignificant, by comparison, supporting a conclusion that the error did not have a substantial

effect on the verdict.” Angel v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 248, 268, 704 S.E.2d 386, 398 (2011).

Further, “even if the evidence of the defendant’s guilt is not overwhelming,” the error is

harmless “if the evidence admitted in error was merely cumulative of other, undisputed

evidence.” McLean v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 200, 211, 527 S.E.2d 443, 448 (2000)

(quoting Ferguson v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 9, 12, 427 S.E.2d 442, 445 (1993)); see

Commonwealth v. Proffitt, 292 Va. 626, 640-41, 792 S.E.2d 3, 10 (2016) (discussing the concept

of cumulative evidence in detail and noting that “testimony [must be] of the same kind and

character” in order to qualify as cumulative for purposes of harmless error analysis (quoting

Massey v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 436, 442, 337 S.E.2d 754, 758 (1985))).

       The Commonwealth’s case relied on M.R.’s credible account of three specific incidents

of sexual abuse. Hall’s testimony that the appellant did not deny his wife’s statement that he had

molested M.R. was merely cumulative of Rivera’s unobjected-to testimony that his wife told her

that he had admitted to molesting M.R. and was sorry. See Proffitt, 292 Va. at 640-41, 792

S.E.2d at 10. Based on the record, it is clear that Hall’s testimony about the appellant’s

purported adoptive admission “did not influence” the trial court as the trier of fact or “had but

very slight effect.” See Gonzales, 45 Va. App. at 384, 611 S.E.2d at 620 (quoting Kotteakos,

328 U.S. at 764). Consequently, even if the admission of Hall’s testimony was error, that error

was harmless.

                                                - 14 -
                                       III. CONCLUSION

       We hold that M.R.’s testimony was not inherently incredible and the evidence was

sufficient to support the convictions. Further, we hold that assuming without deciding the trial

court erred by admitting Hall’s testimony that the appellant did not deny the mother’s statement

that he had abused her daughter, any such error was harmless. Accordingly, we affirm the

appellant’s convictions for aggravated sexual battery.

                                                                                        Affirmed.




                                              - 15 -
