        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                             Assigned on Briefs April 9, 2013

           TERRY WAYNE ROBINSON v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

               Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
                       No. C-11-253     Donald H. Allen, Judge


                  No. W2012-01014-CCA-R3-PC - Filed May 16, 2013


The petitioner, Terry Wayne Robinson, appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction
relief. The petitioner was convicted of one count of theft of property over $10,000, a Class
C felony, and sentenced as a multiple offender to ten years in the Department of Correction.
On appeal, he contends that the post-conviction court erred in denying his petition because
he was denied his right to the effective assistance of counsel. Specifically, he contends that
trial counsel was ineffective by failing to interview witnesses and by failing to insist that the
petitioner testify at trial. Following review of the record, we affirm the denial of the petition.

   Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. K ELLY
T HOMAS, J R. and JEFFREY S. B IVINS , JJ., joined.

J. Colin Morris, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Terry Wayne Robinson.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Counsel; James
G. Woodall, District Attorney General; and Brian M. Gilliam, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                           OPINION

                       Procedural History and Factual Background

        The relevant facts underlying the petitioner’s conviction, as recited by this court on
direct appeal, are as follows:

             The [petitioner] was indicted on the charge of theft of property over
       $60,000 as a result of his selling several of his employer’s manufacturing tools
to a scrap metal recycling center. At trial, Robert Sharra, Operations Manager
for Foam Fabricators, a manufacturing facility in Madison County, testified
that the [petitioner] worked for Foam Fabricators as a temporary employee
from September 4 until October 6, 2008. Sharra said that, periodically, their
customers authorize Foam Fabricators to scrap tools no longer in use, and the
money received from the recycling center is deposited into a fund for
employee bonuses. Sharra stated that he was the only one authorized to take
scrapped tools to a recycling center and that he never let other employees,
including the [petitioner], do that for him. Sharra never used S.M.C.
Recycling, a recycling center in Selmer, because he preferred to “stay close to
the local economy.”

        Sharra testified that he noticed that a tool was missing in September
2008, which led him to conduct an inventory in November that revealed at
least fourteen tools were missing. Based on when the tools were last used,
Sharra determined that they were stolen sometime between August and
November. Using old invoices, Sharra estimated that the cost to replace the
stolen tools was $159,506. He explained that the tools were heavy-duty items
that retained their value. In an effort to investigate who had stolen the tools,
Sharra took photographs of similar tools to local recycling centers. Sharra
discovered that the items had been scrapped at S.M.C. Recycling.

        Kevin Roberts, an employee of S.M.C. Recycling, testified that the
[petitioner] came into S.M.C. “several times” between September and
November 2008 to sell scrap metal. Roberts had a receipt showing where the
[petitioner] sold a 591-pound piece of equipment to S.M.C. on September 22,
2008. Roberts said that the [petitioner] was alone on one or two occasions and
accompanied by Eldon Rogers the other times. However, Rogers never came
without the [petitioner]. Sometimes the men requested that the check be made
out to the [petitioner] and other times made out to Rogers. Roberts identified
three receipts in Rogers’ name, dated September 11, 24, and 30, 2008. Roberts
recalled that Sharra came to the center and showed him photographs of items.
Roberts told Sharra that “it hadn’t been long ago that [he]’d bought some
materials that looked just like that.” On cross-examination, Roberts admitted
that he gave a statement to a police investigator several months before trial in
which Roberts said that he recalled seeing the [petitioner] and Rogers at the
recycling center on “[a]t least two” occasions.

       Eldon Rogers, the co-defendant, testified that he worked at Foam
Fabricators approximately one year before the thefts. At that point, he and the

                                      -2-
       [petitioner] had been friends for twenty years. Rogers admitted that he had
       taken items from a recycling dumpster at Foam Fabricators without permission
       and had the items recycled at S.M.C. Rogers said that the [petitioner] was with
       him on one or two occasions, but the other times he went alone. According to
       Rogers, the [petitioner] was aware that the goods were stolen and received half
       of the proceeds. Rogers said that the [petitioner] also called him a few times
       about taking some items to S.M.C.

              On cross-examination, Rogers admitted that he had pled guilty to
       stealing items from Foam Fabricators and had received a sentence of twelve
       years on probation. Rogers said that he had gone to S.M.C. Recycling about
       eight or nine times, and the [petitioner] was with him only on one or two
       occasions. He said that Kevin Roberts was incorrect if he said that Rogers
       never brought things to the recycling center without the [petitioner]. On
       redirect examination, Rogers stated that there were occasions when he saw
       items from Foam Fabricators in the [petitioner’s] truck and that he had not
       helped the [petitioner] put those items in the truck.

State v. Terry Robinson, W2010-00145-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 914976 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
at Jackson, Mar. 16, 2011).

        The petitioner was indicted by a Madison County grand jury for one count of theft of
property valued over $60,000. Following a jury trial, he was convicted of the lesser offense
of theft of property valued over $10,000. He was sentenced to serve ten years in the
Department of Correction for the offense. He filed a direct appeal raising the issues of
sufficiency of the evidence and prosecutorial misconduct in closing arguments, and this court
affirmed the judgment of conviction. Id. at *1 Thereafter, the petitioner filed a timely
petition for post-conviction relief. Counsel was appointed, but no amended petition was
filed. In his petition, he alleged that he had been denied his right to the effective assistance
of counsel, specifically arguing that trial counsel was ineffective in his failure to investigate
and interview others possibly involved in stealing from the company. A hearing was held
at which only trial counsel and the petitioner testified.

        Trial counsel stated that he was appointed to represent the petitioner on the theft
charge. He testified that he received discovery from the State and shared and discussed that
information with the petitioner. Trial counsel testified that he met with the petitioner at the
jail twice, as well as two to three times during court. According to trial counsel, there was
no dispute that the petitioner was involved in at least some of the instances of theft, as he was
identified by a recycling center employee and had presented his driver’s license to complete
the sale. However, the State was only able to conclusively prove that the petitioner was

                                               -3-
involved on those two to three occasions. The strategy developed for trial was to focus on
the value of the items taken and hope for a verdict on a lesser-included offense. Trial
counsel believed that the real issue at trial was one of value. He testified that he believed that
the value was no more than $1,000.

        Trial counsel also testified with regard to information given to him by the petitioner
that his supervisor at the company was also scrapping some items himself. Trial counsel
stated that he sent an investigator to the company and even obtained copies of checks from
the recycling center made out to Mr. “Sherrod.”1 Despite the fact that the check was made
out to Mr. Sherrod personally, at trial, he claimed it was for the company’s benefit and was
done with his employer’s knowledge. Trial counsel testified that he heavily questioned Mr.
Sherrod on this point during his trial testimony. He also cross-examined Mr. Sherrod about
the petitioner’s claim that some of the items the petitioner was accused of stealing had been
removed from a dumpster. Mr. Sherrod testified that the items were by the dumpster, but the
company did not intend to discard them. Trial counsel testified that Mr. Sherrod’s testimony
was the only evidence presented of the value of the items stolen. Mr. Sherrod indicated that
the stolen moldings were worth more to the company than what the petitioner received at the
recycling center because they were specialized. Trial counsel testified that he did not
personally believe Mr. Sherrod’s testimony and tried to impeach him heavily while he was
on the witness stand.

        Trial counsel recalled that the petitioner’s co-defendant also testified against him at
trial. Mr. Rogers had already pled guilty to the crime and was given a twelve-year sentence,
suspended to probation following service of eleven months and twenty-nine days, in
exchange for his testimony against the petitioner. Again, trial counsel indicated this
information was brought out at trial. Nonetheless, trial counsel felt that Mr. Rogers “was
very articulate and . . . seemed pretty honest for the most part” when he testified at the trial.

        Trial counsel also testified with regard to the defendant’s decision not to testify. He
indicated that it was discussed on several occasions and acknowledged that it was his
recommendation to the petitioner that he did not testify in his own defense. Trial counsel
stated that this advice was based upon the fact that the petitioner had prior convictions and
because of other problematic issues which might arise if the petitioner testified. However,
trial counsel was clear that the final decision was made by the petitioner.

        Trial counsel stated that he did not call any defense witnesses in this case and, further,
that the petitioner had not given him any suggestions for possible character witnesses. Trial


       1
       In this court’s direct appeal opinion, the petitioner’s supervisor’s name was spelled “Sharra.”
However, the post-conviction transcript lists the spelling as Sherrod.

                                                 -4-
counsel also indicated that he did not interview any employees from other recycling centers
in preparation for trial. Trial counsel reiterated that the main issue in the case was valuation,
and he stated that he tried to figure every way to make his argument to the jury. Looking
back, trial counsel could think of nothing that he would have done differently. He felt he was
prepared to question the State’s witnesses, was prepared for trial, and made all the necessary
objections.

        The petitioner also testified at the hearing. According to the petitioner, he was aware
that Mr. Sherrod and other employees were also taking materials from the company and
selling them at various recycling centers. He testified that he told trial counsel this and asked
him to go to other recycling centers in an attempt to establish this. According to him, trial
counsel refused to do so. The petitioner testified that he was forced to go to the trial court
and have trial counsel ordered to obtain the information. According to the petitioner, this
occurred two to three days prior to the trial date, and, while trial counsel did obtain some
information regarding Mr. Sherrod, there was not enough time to visit several other recycling
centers. The petitioner also faulted trial counsel in his cross-examination of Mr. Sherrod,
whom the petitioner believes was lying at trial.

        The petitioner did acknowledge that he had committed the theft of some of the items
for which he was charged, but he maintained that he did not take everything listed. He
testified that he received $505.91 from a recycling center, and he felt that he should have
only been convicted of theft of property valued at under $500.

       The petitioner did acknowledge that, other than failing to obtain information about
other employees possible theft, he felt that trial counsel did a “pretty good” job representing
him. When cross-examined by the State, the petitioner testified that his main point of
contention with trial counsel was that he had failed to obtain and present evidence that other
employees were stealing from Foam Fabricators and selling the items as scrap at other
recycling centers. The petitioner also testified that he made the decision not to testify at trial
because of his criminal record.

        After hearing the evidence presented, the post-conviction found that the petitioner had
failed to establish his claim and denied the petition. The petitioner has timely appealed that
decision.

                                            Analysis

       On appeal, the petitioner contends that the post-conviction court erred in denying his
petition for relief because trial counsel was ineffective in his representation. In order to
obtain post-conviction relief, a petitioner must prove that his or her conviction or sentence

                                               -5-
is void or voidable because of the abridgement of a right guaranteed by the United States
Constitution or the Tennessee Constitution. T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2010); Howell v. State, 151
S.W.3d 450, 460 (Tenn. 2004). A post-conviction petitioner must prove allegations of fact
by clear and convincing evidence. T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f); Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 28, § 8(D)(1);
Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 293-94 (Tenn. 2009). “‘Evidence is clear and
convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the
conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” Grindstaff v. State, 297 S.W.3d 208, 216 (Tenn.
2009) (quoting Hicks v. State, 983 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998)). In an appeal
of a court’s decision resolving a petition for post-conviction relief, the court’s findings of
fact “will not be disturbed unless the evidence contained in the record preponderates against
them.” Frazier v. State, 303 S.W.3d 674, 679 (Tenn. 2010).

        A criminal defendant has a right to “reasonably effective” assistance of counsel under
both the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9, of the
Tennessee Constitution. State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). The right to
effective assistance of counsel is inherent in these provisions. Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 685-86 (1984); Dellinger, 279 S.W.3d at 293. To prove ineffective assistance of
counsel, a petitioner must prove both deficient performance and prejudice to the defense.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88. Failure to satisfy either prong results in the denial of relief.
Id. at 697.

        For deficient performance, the petitioner must show that “counsel’s representation fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness” under prevailing professional norms, despite
a “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance.” Id. at 688-89. “In other words, the services rendered or the advice
given must have been below ‘the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal
cases.’” Grindstaff, 297 S.W.3d at 216 (quoting Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn.
1975)). The petitioner must prove that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not
functioning as “counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
When reviewing trial counsel’s performance for deficiency, this court has held that a
“petitioner is not entitled to the benefit of hindsight, may not second-guess a reasonably
based trial strategy by his counsel, and cannot criticize a sound, but unsuccessful, tactical
decision made during the course of the proceedings.” Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 347
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). The reviewing court “must make every effort to eliminate the
distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s conduct, and to
evaluate the conduct from the perspective of counsel at that time.” Howell v. State, 185
S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). However, “deference to
tactical choices only applies if the choices are informed ones based upon adequate
preparation.” Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).



                                              -6-
        Prejudice in turn requires proof of “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 694. In Strickland, the Supreme Court noted that “[a]n error by counsel, even
if professionally unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal
proceeding if the error had no effect on the judgment.” Id. at 691. The court clarified that
prejudice “requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant
of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. at 687. “The defendant must show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.

        A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel raises a mixed question of law and fact.
Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 461; Grindstaff, 297 S.W.3d at 216. Consequently, this court reviews the
trial court’s factual findings de novo with a presumption of correctness, unless the evidence
preponderates against the trial court’s factual findings. Grindstaff, 297 S.W.3d at 216. But
the trial court’s conclusions of law on the claim are reviewed under a purely de novo
standard with no presumption of correctness. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn.
2001).
        On appeal, the petitioner specifically contends that trial counsel was ineffective for:
(1) failing to interview all witnesses involved in the case and obtain transactions from various
recycling businesses; and (2) failing to strongly insist that the petitioner testify at trial. In
denying relief, the post-conviction court made the following findings on the record:

              You know, this is a case where [the petitioner] was charged with Theft
       of Property over $60,000 which is a B felony. Of course, there was proof
       presented by the State that this property was actually valued at approximately
       $159,000. Obviously, [trial counsel] . . . was able to convince the jury that this
       property was not valued at that amount, so the jury found [the petitioner] guilty
       of a lesser amount, a lesser charge with that being Theft of Property over
       $10,000, but certainly less than $60,000.

              Now, you know, I’ve heard the testimony of [the petitioner] here today.
       He says his attorney . . . actually did a pretty good job is what he said. He said
       he thought [trial counsel] maybe should have asked more questions than what
       he did and the way I understand [the petitioner], he feels like perhaps he
       should have been convicted of something less than this $10,000 amount. I
       mean, I don’t think he’s denying that he along with Mr. Rogers were involved
       in committing the theft of these items from their employer.

               The way I recall the proof, Mr. Rogers had been working there for

                                               -7-
several years and then [the petitioner] was employed there at this Foam
Fabricators and during a period of several months they started taking these
molds that were being used by the business or at least owned by the business
and started taking these items to this scrap metal business, S.M.C., and I do
recall there was some testimony about they took it out of town to Selmer so
that it wouldn’t be as suspicious or wouldn’t be traced back to them here in
Jackson. I don’t think [the petitioner] is denying that he committed at least
some theft and the issue just comes down to a question of the value.

       The jury has already heard all of the evidence and considered all of the
evidence and found him guilty of Theft over $10,000. That was his grounds
for appeal. The Court of Criminal Appeals looked [at] this and felt like that
there was sufficient evidence to support the verdict. I mean, they affirmed the
conviction for Theft of Property over $10,000.

       You know, the issue here today is whether or not [trial counsel] was
ineffective in his representation of [the petitioner]. Again, the way I
understand [the petitioner’s] testimony, maybe [trial counsel] should have
asked more questions or maybe [trial counsel] should have done some further
investigating about perhaps other employees stealing from this business, but
that doesn’t affect his representation in this case.

        Based upon the proof presented here today and I do credit the testimony
of [trial counsel]. I know [trial counsel] said he met with his client on at least
two different occasions down in the jail. He met with him on at least three
different occasions while he was here in court. [Trial counsel] cross-examined
all of the witnesses and did a very good job of presenting the [petitioner’s]
case. Of course, [the petitioner] chose not to testify in this matter, but [trial
counsel] was facing a pretty difficult task because he’s having to cross-
examine a codefendant who had already admitted and pled guilty to being
involved in Theft of Property over $10,000 and he is also implicating his
friend, his close friend. I think they had been friends for years and maybe even
related, but the State had a strong case considering the testimony of the
manager of Foam Fabricators. He indicated the property was taken and he
indicated what the value was. The codefendant, Mr. Rogers, testified that [the
petitioner] assisted him in stealing some of these items, taking some of these
items to this scrap metal place and receiving I believe half of the money from
the [sale] of these valuable items.

       So certainly the evidence was sufficient in this case and I don’t find

                                       -8-
       there’s anything to support the fact that [trial counsel] was ineffective. [Trial
       counsel] did a very good job in this matter, just unfortunately the facts were
       against [the petitioner]. The proof was against him that he committed the
       theft.

              The Court finds that the Petitioner . . . has failed to prove his allegation
       of ineffective assistance of counsel.

I. Failure to Interview Witnesses/Obtain Transactions

         In his brief, the petitioner makes the blanket statements that: (1) “Petitioner argues
that [trial counsel] should have interviewed all witnesses involved in this case.”; (2) “Further,
[trial counsel] should have obtained transactions from the recycling business as [the
petitioner] requested. These actions would have persuaded the jury to render a verdict on the
actual value of the items.” There is no other supporting argument included in the brief before
us, other than a recitation to relevant standards of post-conviction law. Based upon this, this
court could deem this issue waived. See Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b) (“Issues which are
not supported by argument, citation to authorities, or appropriate references to the record will
be treated as waived in this court.”). Nonetheless, based upon the interest of justice, we will
address the merits of the petitioner’s issues.

        Nothing in the record preponderates against the post-conviction court’s findings that
trial counsel was not deficient in failing to interview other possible witnesses or obtain
transactions from different recycling centers. As noted by the court, those actions don’t
affect the petitioner’s “representation in this case.” The petitioner was charged with taking
materials from Foam Fabricators and selling those materials at S.M.C. We fail to see, as did
the post-conviction court, how evidence of sales by different employees at different recycling
centers would have benefitted the petitioner’s defense. Evidence that theft was occurring by
others did not relieve the petitioner of his responsibility for the items taken and sold by him.
Trial counsel testified that he did conduct an investigation into actions by Mr. Sherrod’s
activities and even found proof of a check written to him personally from a recycling center.
Trial counsel presented that testimony to the jury through his cross-examination at trial.
Based upon the evidence presented, including the testimony of the co-defendant, the jury
chose to convict the petitioner of the theft of the items sold to S.M.S. Recycling.

       Moreover, the petitioner has also failed to establish his claim by presenting no
evidence at the post-conviction hearing as to what trial counsel would have discovered had
he interviewed other witnesses or obtained transactions from other recycling center. This
court has repeatedly held that “[w]hen a petitioner contends that trial counsel failed to
discover, interview, or present witnesses in support of his defense, these witnesses should

                                               -9-
be presented by the petitioner at the evidentiary hearing.” Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752,
757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). The presentation of the witness at the post-conviction hearing
is typically the only way for the petitioner to establish:

       (a) a material witness existed and the witness could have been discovered but
       for counsel’s neglect in his investigation of the case, (b) a known witness was
       not interviewed, (c) the failure to discover or interview a witness inured to his
       prejudice, or (d) the failure to have a known witness present or call the witness
       to the stand resulted in the denial of critical evidence which inured to the
       prejudice of the petitioner.

Id. Neither the post-conviction court nor this court may speculate on “what a witness’s
testimony might have been if introduced by defense counsel.” Id.

        No such witnesses were presented at the hearing, nor was any evidence of other
transactions presented to the post-conviction court. As such, the petitioner has conclusively
failed to establish the prejudice prong of his claim.

II. Decision to Testify

        The petitioner also contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to “strongly
insist[]” that he testify in his defense at trial. According to the petitioner, even though he had
impeachable convictions, his testimony could have helped his defense on the issue of value,
the main issue in the case. However, nothing in the record preponderates against the post-
conviction court’s finding that trial counsel was not deficient.

       The testimony of both trial counsel and the petitioner was that the petitioner made the
choice to not testify because of his criminal record, which could be used to impeach him. By
law, that decision rests with a defendant. An attorney’s job is give effective advice in aiding
the decision making process of his client, but the decision is to be made solely by the client
himself. Trial counsel testified in this case that he felt it would not be in the petitioner’s best
interest to take the stand to testify, and he stated that he so advised the petitioner. That
opinion was based upon trial counsel’s experience and the facts of the case. Ultimately, it
was the petitioner’s decision, and trial counsel had no duty to “strongly insist” that the
petitioner testify when he felt it would be detrimental to the defense.

       Regardless, despite the petitioner’s claim to the contrary, he offered no testimony at
the post-conviction hearing, which if given at trial, would have “helped his defense on the
issue of value.” By failing to do so, he has failed to establish that prejudice resulted. See id.
The post-conviction court is not required to speculate as to what the petitioner would have

                                               -10-
said if he had testified at trial. Id. Moreover, testimony was given at trial with regard to the
amount of money the petitioner received from the recycling center the times he directly
received payment from them. What the petitioner’s argument fails to encompass is the
different valuations at issue in his case. The petitioner even gave testimony at the hearing
that he did not understand the distinction. Replacement cost, or value of the item, is not
limited to the amount of money which the petitioner received when he sold the items at the
recycling center. The petitioner had no evidence to offer with regard to any other valuation
in the case. He is entitled to no relief on this issue.

                                       CONCLUSION

       Based upon the foregoing, the denial of post-conviction relief is affirmed.




                                                    _________________________________

                                                    JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE




                                             -11-
