245 F.3d 803 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
Alldata Corporation, Petitionerv.National Labor Relations Board, Respondent
No. 00-1188
United States Court of Appeals  FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT
Argued February 9, 2001Decided April 13, 2001

On Petition for Review and Cross-Application for Enforcement of an Order of the  National Labor Relations Board
Robert L. Rediger argued the cause and filed the briefs for  petitioner.
Joan E. Hoyte-Hayes, Attorney, National Labor Relations  Board, argued the cause for respondent.  With her on the  brief were Leonard R. Page, General Counsel, John H.  Ferguson, Associate General Counsel, Aileen A. Armstrong,  Deputy Associate General Counsel, and Frederick Havard, Supervisory Attorney.  Julie B. Broido, Senior Attorney,  entered an appearance.
Before:  Henderson and Randolph, Circuit Judges, and  Silberman, Senior Circuit Judge.
Opinion for the Court filed by Senior Circuit Judge  Silberman.
Silberman, Senior Circuit Judge:


1
Alldata Corporation petitions for review of the determination that it committed an  unfair labor practice.  The NLRB cross-petitions for enforcement.  We grant the petition for review and deny the petition  for enforcement.

I.

2
Petitioner sells an automobile repair database to service  stations.  In May 1993, petitioner hired Karl Abbadessa to  sell its products in Queens, New York, under the supervision  of local field manager Arnold Pincus.  Petitioner's salesmen  were paid largely on commission.  Company policy required  that salesmen meet a quota of 7.5 sales per rolling quarter-i.e., at the end of every month, each salesman must have met  his quota for the previous three months.  At the time of  Abbadessa's hiring, failure to meet the quota resulted in  written warnings prior to discharge.


3
Abbadessa's tenure in petitioner's employ was tumultuous. In August 1994, Pincus fired Abbadessa over financial improprieties.  Petitioner then nullified the firing and instead  issued a written warning, which stated that Abbadessa needed to maintain his sales quota.  By the end of fiscal year  1994, however, Abbadessa's sales placed him in the top 10% of  petitioner's sales force.  On April 11, 1995, petitioner informed Abbadessa that his fiscal year 1994 sales had earned  him a trip to the "Winner's Circle," a company-funded trip to  a California resort.  Because the trip would allow him to meet  petitioner's executives, Abbadessa spoke to other Alldata  salesmen about their working conditions so that he might  convey their concerns to management.


4
The primary concern among those in Abbadessa's region  was their changing commission formula.  Beginning in early  1994, petitioner adopted a second method for distributing its  database:  a contract with Snap-On Tools, a seller of automotive tools.  Snap-On's sales force marketed the database to  service stations, in competition with Alldata's own commission-driven salesmen.  Among Abbadessa's fellow salesmen,  this arrangement allegedly led to diminished earnings;  without question, it led to resentment of Snap-On's role.  Salesmen under Pincus' supervision, including Abbadessa, made  their dissatisfaction known to Pincus at their monthly sales  meetings.  Pincus was not unsympathetic.


5
For Abbadessa, the Snap-On contract apparently led to  both resentment and hostility toward Snap-On's employees. On May 10, 1995, Abbadessa was rejected for promotion  because of his antagonistic relationship with Snap-On.  After  Pincus recommended two other salesmen for promotions,  petitioner's vice president of sales, Robert Weiffenbach, suggested that he thought Abbadessa was "a better candidate." Pincus conceded that Abbadessa was a better candidate, but  informed Weiffenbach that


6
I did not choose him because he has a poor reputation with [S]nap-[O]n. I feel this will negatively affect their cooperation with us....  I have attempted and am continuing efforts to bring upon an improvement in their relationships.  Karl has been resisting making peace.


7
During the Winner's Circle, having been encouraged by  Pincus to act as an "ambassador[ ]" for his fellow salesmen,  Abbadessa approached Weiffenbach regarding his concerns  and requested a meeting with Rod Georgiu, petitioner's president--which he got.  Abbadessa spoke to Georgiu about  various issues relating to employee well-being, including bonuses, expenses, reimbursement, and support.  Abbadessa  testified that Georgiu appeared sympathetic to his concerns  and suggested that Abbadessa put his complaints in writing. Weiffenbach also urged Abbadessa to memorialize his concerns and to do so quickly.  Abbadessa drafted a letter to  Georgiu, which he had Pincus review, and sent it on May 23.


8
On June 5, petitioner decided to eliminate some salesmen  who were well below quota.  Weiffenbach wrote Pincus and  the other field service managers:


9
In the next day or two I will be sending you a list of reps that need to be terminated immediately.  Basically the list will include established reps that are below 2 or 3 units YTD [i.e., since March 31].  Each of you has a rep or two in this category and this performance can not be allowed to continue this year.  There is absolutely no excuse for an established rep not to be above quota.


10
This policy constituted a change from petitioner's previous  one of issuing written warnings to those who were below  quota.


11
On June 12, Abbadessa e-mailed Weiffenbach to suggest  that "we draw up an 'agreement' which clearly states what  the [Snap-On] dealers['] obligations are, ... and have any  dealer who is interested in participating sign."  Abbadessa  apparently also submitted his own draft of such an agreement.  The next day, Pincus offered two candidates who were  under his supervision for termination.  He told Weiffenbach  that neither Abbadessa nor Alan Tankoos, another salesman,  qualified for retention, because they each had secured only  two of the requisite 7.5 sales, despite the fact that the rolling  quarter within which those sales had to be made was almost  five-sixths over.  Pincus stated that "[i]f [Abbadessa's] business doesn't improve he may be my first choice to go."


12
The following day Weiffenbach angrily responded to Abbadessa's June 12 e-mail:


13
I read the document you intended to try and get the dealers to sign.  Frankly I went a little ballistic.  I have one statement I want you to think about.  What makes you think you have the authority and/or rapport with Snap-on to ask or require them to sign this unauthorized document? !  Karl, you need to put your adversarial attitude about Snap-on in the closet and leave it there.  They do not work for you or [me] and your heavy handed tactics will only serve to further damage the relation. You can be certain I will not allow that to happen.  I am working hard to get their entire organization behind us .... Abbadessa wrote back on June 20 assuring Weiffenbach that  he had taken no direct action to get Snap-On dealers' signatures.


14
The same day, Weiffenbach e-mailed Abbadessa to notify  him that his Winner's Circle status earned him 600 "stock  option shares."  The message congratulated Abbadessa on his  sales success during the preceding fiscal year.


15
Three days later, Pincus terminated Abbadessa's employment for "failure to maintain sales volume."  Pincus wrote to  Abbadessa stating that Abbadessa had net sales of only two  units with a week left in the rolling quarter--well short of the  required 7.5--and that another possible cancellation threatened to reduce Abbadessa's total to a single sale.  Therefore,  according to Pincus' letter, petitioner had "no alternative but  to terminate [Abbadessa's] employment immediately, effective  June 23, 1995."  However, field managers other than Pincus  did not begin cutting personnel, pursuant to Weiffenbach's  memorandum, until September of that year.  Only then was  Tankoos released.


16
With Abbadessa's June 23 firing, the clock began running  on the six-month statute of limitations for filing an unfair  labor practice charge under  10(b) of the National Labor  Relations Act.1  When Abbadessa finally attempted to file a  charge on December 18--five days before the statute of  limitations was up--he did so without attaching the jurat or  declaration required by NLRB regulations.2  At the time  much of the federal government, including the Regional Offices of the National Labor Relations Board, was shut down  due to a budget deadlock.  After the offices reopened, on  January 8--after the statute of limitations had run--the  Regional Office requested that Abbadessa refile his charge in  the proper form and deferred for later consideration whether  the refiled charge would be considered timely.  Abbadessa  promptly refiled.


17
An administrative law judge found that Abbadessa's meeting with and letter to Georgiu constituted protected concerted  activity under  7 of the Act, and inferred that Abbadessa's  termination was brought on by that concerted activity.  After  making those findings, however, the ALJ dismissed the complaint because he believed that the untimely filing of the  sworn charge meant that no valid charge was filed.  The  Board disagreed, holding that "the failure of a charging party  to comply with the jurat or declaration requirement does not  affect the timeliness of the filing of an unfair labor practice  charge."  The Board determined, however, that the ALJ's  decision was insufficiently specific to allow meaningful review,  and so it remanded for specific findings regarding the elements of the unfair labor practice and witnesses' credibility.3


18
On remand, the ALJ made a credibility finding as to only  one topic but otherwise fleshed out his previous findings  regarding the unfair labor practice.  Over a strong dissent,  the Board adopted the ALJ's order and decision.4  Alldata  petitioned for review and the Board cross-petitioned for enforcement.

II.

19
Petitioner presents us with two arguments.  First, it is  contended that an unsworn charge is no charge at all and that  by the very terms of the Board's own regulations Abbadessa's  charge was untimely.  Second, petitioner, echoing the dissenting Board member, argues that substantial evidence is lacking for the Board's finding that petitioner acted on the basis  of animus against concerted activity.  We take up those  arguments in order.

A.

20
The Board's regulations require that a charge contain  either a jurat or a declaration.  Petitioner argues that noncompliance with the jurat requirement invalidates a charge  and that failure to file a valid charge within the six-month  period renders a subsequent charge untimely.  The Board  decided, however, that the defective charge's filing tolled the  statute of limitations, and that "[a] charge timely filed within  the 10(b) period remains timely pending its revision to comply  with this provision of the Board's Rules."  324 N.L.R.B. at  545.  We give controlling weight to the Board's interpretation  of its own rule unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent  with the regulation itself.  See Canadian Am. Oil Co. v.  NLRB, 82 F.3d 469, 473 (D.C. Cir. 1996).  Here, we see no  reason not to defer to the Board's interpretation.  While   102.11 requires that a charge "shall" contain a jurat or  declaration, the consequence of a charge's noncompliance on  its timeliness is not mentioned.  If the agency allows a  statutorily valid charge filed within the statutory period to be  subsequently brought into compliance with agency specifications, there is nothing "plainly erroneous or inconsistent" with  the text of the regulation about doing so.

B.

21
It is, of course, axiomatic that the Board's unfair labor  practice determination must be premised on a finding that petitioner was motivated by animus against Abbadessa's concerted activity.  And Abbadessa's efforts to improve the pay  and working conditions of his fellow salesmen were protected  activity.  But petitioner claims that there is not a shred of  evidence that the company resented Abbadessa's concerted  activity--at least insofar as it remained within legitimate  scope and bounds.  In fact, the company encouraged Abbadessa's role.


22
The Board's finding, not atypically explained in a footnote  to the Board's opinion, is based on inferences it draws from  certain circumstances:


23
the timing of the discharge in that it occurred shortly after Abbadessa's voicing of employee complaints about [petitioner's] bonus policy, expense reimbursement, sales support and other issues;  the disparity in [petitioner's] treatment of Abbadessa and other underperforming sales people;  and the inconsistency between commending and rewarding Abbadessa for his sales performance and then shortly thereafter firing him for alleged poor performance.


24
327 N.L.R.B. at 127 n.2.


25
That sort of circumstantial evidence, when combined with  some evidence of employer animus directed at an employee's  protected activity, would ordinarily suffice to support a Board  finding of illegal discharge.  But it is doubtful that it would  suffice without that crucial link.  Cf. MECO Corp. v. NLRB,  986 F.2d 1434, 1437 (D.C. Cir. 1993).


26
In any event, the Board's description of the circumstantial  evidence in this case ignores other circumstances which wholly undermine its finding of unlawful motivation.  Taking the  last point first, there is no logical inconsistency in the company's behavior in discharging Abbadessa for poor performance  shortly after giving him a reward, because the reward was for  his performance in the prior year, fiscal 1994, whereas his  performance in early fiscal 1995 was below company standards.


27
To be sure, turning to the timing, Abbadessa was discharged before the group of firings Weiffenbach contemplated--which did not come until September.  The Board particularly was struck by the fact that Tankoos, who like Abbadessa  had only two net sales for the rolling quarter, was not  discharged until September.  At the time Abbadessa was let  go, however, Tankoos, unlike Abbadessa, had four potential sales in the pipeline, whereas Abbadessa was not making a  comparable effort.5


28
Still it is a fair observation that the timing of Abbadessa's  discharge was suspiciously abrupt coming even before the end  of the quarter.  But the Board (and the ALJ) ignored Abbadessa's extraordinary drafting and sending to Weiffenbach  of the proposed new agreement with Snap-On.  In the context of Abbadessa's troubled relations with Snap-On employees it is quite apparent that Abbadessa's initiative did engender animus, even fury.  Weiffenbach wrote Abbadessa that  he, Weiffenbach, "went ballistic" when he received that communication only days before Abbadessa was discharged.  The  Board's counsel conceded Abbadessa's efforts to directly influence Alldata's contractual relations with Snap-On went  beyond any reasonable definition of protected concerted activity yet neither the ALJ nor the Board even discussed its  relevance.6  Abbadessa's ploy, coming in the wake of his  troubled relations with Snap-On employees, may well have  pushed him to the front of the queue of marginal employees,  but it constitutes a non-protected ground for discharge.


29
We agree with the dissenting Board member that there is  simply no evidence that petitioner ever manifested any hostility to Abbadessa's protected concerted activity.  Abbadessa  was encouraged by his supervisors, Pincus and Weiffenbach,  to present his and his fellow salesmen's compensation concerns to Georgiu both orally and in writing (Pincus even  helped Abbadessa to draft a letter to Georgiu).  Abbadessa  went too far, however;  he took his advocacy role beyond  protected bounds and, assuming that initiative in part contributed to the timing of his discharge--which is a fair infer ence--it nevertheless does not support the Board's finding of  unlawful motive.  The Board just flatly ignored the obvious  superseding (and benign) explanation for the abruptness of  Abbadessa's discharge and instead fixed on an unsupported  cause.  As such, its inference drawn from the circumstances  is unreasonable.  See Allentown Mack Sales & Serv., Inc. v.  NLRB, 522 U.S. 359, 366-67 (1998);  see also Southwest  Merch. Corp. v. NLRB, 943 F.2d 1354, 1360 (D.C. Cir. 1991).


30
* * * *


31
Accordingly, the petition for review is granted.


32
So ordered .



Notes:


1
 29 U.S.C.  160(b).


2
 See 29 C.F.R.  102.11.  That is, Abbadessa failed to include  either his signature as witnessed by a notary public or a declaration  under penalty of perjury that the contents of the charge were true  and correct.  See id.


3
 Alldata Corp., 324 N.L.R.B. 544, 545 (1997).


4
 Alldata Corp., 327 N.L.R.B. 127, 127 (1998).


5
 The ALJ refused to credit Pincus' testimony that he had pled  with Abbadessa to increase his sales efforts because there was no  written record of those pleas.  The Board implies that Abbadessa's  unwarned firing, coupled with petitioner's prior policy of issuing  written warnings, suggests improper motivation.  But Weiffenbach's June 5 memo plainly changed that policy for the whole  company.


6
 To be sure, petitioner did not make this point very effectively.


