                                                                                              04/06/2018
                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                   August 23, 2017 Session

    GREAT AMERICAN OPPORTUNITIES, INC. v. JAMES A. BRIGMAN

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
                  No. 11-1117-IV   Russell T. Perkins, Chancellor


                              No. M2016-02035-COA-R3-CV


This is a breach of contract action in which the plaintiff employer filed suit against its
employee, claiming that he was liable for balances on his commission and sales accounts.
Following a bench trial, the court ruled in favor of the employee and ordered the
employer to direct the redemption of his stock held in the parent company. We reverse,
in part, and hold that the parent company is not obligated to redeem the stock and that the
employer is also without the requisite authority to direct redemption. We affirm the
judgment in all other respects.1

      Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
               Reversed in Part, Affirmed in Part; Case Remanded

JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J. and ANDY D. BENNETT, J., joined.

Paul S. Davidson, Laura P. Merritt and William Randall O’Bryan, Jr., Nashville,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Great American Opportunities, Inc.

James A. Brigman, Lewisville, North Carolina, pro se.

                                          OPINION

                              I.      BACKGROUND

       Great American Opportunities, Inc. (“GAO”), founded in 1974, provides services
and products to promote fundraising activities for schools and civic organizations. GAO
is a subsidiary of Southwestern/Great American, Inc. (“Southwestern”), a separate legal
1
  The case under submission presents similar issues addressed by this court in Great American v.
Patterson, No. M2016-02034-COA-R3-CV, which we decided in a separate opinion after denying
motions for consolidation on appeal.
entity and a Tennessee corporation. GAO employs commissioned sales representatives
who work with individuals within participating schools and organizations to promote
fundraising efforts. James Brigman (“Employee”) worked for GAO as a sales
representative from February 2003 through March 2, 2011.

        GAO claimed that it provided Employee with a contract entitling him to a
guaranteed draw plus earned commissions for his first two years of employment. GAO
asserted that upon the expiration of his initial two-year term, Employee would then be
entitled to an unguaranteed draw against earned commissions paid in accordance with a
yearly Pay Plan. Employee would also then be responsible for certain business expenses
maintained on an open account, referred to by the Parties as the “8000 account.”2
Further, Employee was also then liable for his balance on an open commission account
that documented cash advances provided in excess of his actual earned commissions –
referred to by the Parties as an overdraw.

       The contract at issue provided, in pertinent part, as follows:

       Compensation

       (a)    For all services rendered by Employee under this Agreement, [GAO]
       shall compensate him/her in accordance with the Compensation Schedule
       which is attached hereto as Exhibit A, and which shall be deemed for all
       purposes to be an integral part of this Agreement.

       (b)    Each fiscal year during the term of this Agreement, [GAO] shall
       cause to be executed in writing a new Compensation Schedule and Sales
       Representative’s Pay Plan, effective July 1 of the new corresponding year,
       indicating the amount of compensation and the method for payment of said
       compensation for the services of Employee during the following fiscal year
       beginning July 1st. The new Compensation Schedule shall be considered a
       part of this Agreement and shall be known as Exhibit A for the
       corresponding year. In conjunction with each new fiscal year, [GAO] will
       advise Employee of his/her applicable Pay Plan to be set forth in a written
       Notification given in accordance herewith comparable in form to the
       Addendum made a part hereof.

                                             ***


2
  The 8000 account documented advances and business allowances made for merchandise, promotional
aids, marketing pieces, and mailings used for the promotion of fundraisers.
                                                   -2-
      Modification and Waiver of Breach.         No waiver or modification of this
      Agreement shall be binding unless it is in writing, signed by the parties
      hereto. No waiver of a breach hereof shall be deemed to constitute a waiver
      of a further breach, whether of a similar or dissimilar nature.

                                      ***

      Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding
      between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, superseding
      all prior discussions, representations and preliminary agreements, whether
      written, oral or implied. This Agreement will not be amended or modified
      except in writing executed by the parties.

(Emphasis added.). A Notification of Pay Plan, dated February 14, 2003, was attached to
the contract and signed by the Parties. The document provided, in pertinent part, as
follows:

                                      Exhibit A
                               Notification of Pay Plan

                                         ***

      Compensation in First Year

             Monthly Compensation: Employee will receive monthly
             compensation of $7,292 for the term [beginning February 17,
             2003, and ending February 16, 2004].

             Bonus Compensation Opportunity: For any business
             booked over the $300,000 net wholesale target outlines
             above, [GAO] will pay [Employee] a bonus of 10% of the
             excess net wholesale. The bonus will be accrued at the time
             the net wholesale is recorded on the books of the company
             and payable to [Employee] no later than 30 days after the end
             of the season in which the bonus compensation was accrued.

      Compensation in Second Year
      In the event that [Employee’s] Employment Agreement is renewed for the
      year following the term of his Notification, [Employee] will continue to
      receive this monthly compensation. However, in that year, $2,500 of the
      monthly compensation will be considered salary. The remainder of the
                                          -3-
      monthly compensation will be a guaranteed draw against commissions,
      bonuses and allowances earned. If aggregate commissions, bonuses and
      allowances earned as outlined below exceed the aggregate monthly
      compensation amounts, [GAO] will pay [Employee] excess amount. If,
      however, the amounts earned do not exceed aggregate monthly
      compensation amounts, the shortfall (overdraw) will NOT be due and
      payable to [GAO].

      For all lines of business except Magazines, [Employee] will [] earn
      commissions, bonuses and allowances according to the Company’s
      Experienced Pay Plan in effect at that time. For Magazines, [Employee]
      will earn commission of 25% of aggregate base wholesale. [Employee]
      will also earn a bonus of $1.00 for each subscription sold in excess of a
      base subscription amount to be determined at the time the Employee’s
      employment with [GAO] commences.

(Emphasis added.). The Pay Plans referenced in Exhibit A were not signed by the Parties
but were mailed to Employee. The Pay Plans contained the following general terms that
remained unchanged throughout Employee’s tenure with GAO:

      7.      Compensation And Draw. [Employee] will receive a monthly
      compensation, payable semi-monthly, a portion of which may be a base
      compensation with any remaining amount to serve as an advance or a
      “draw” against commissions and bonuses earned during the fiscal year as
      defined in the new hire and experienced sections of this pay plan. For each
      fiscal year, [Employee]’s applicable Notification of Pay Plan will also note
      his/her compensation and draw.

      8.     Adjustments To Compensation And Draw.          [GAO] may at its
      discretion adjust or discontinue [Employee’s] monthly compensation at any
      time if, in the opinion of [GAO] management, [Employee] has not
      performed at an acceptable level.

      9.      Draw In Excess of Commission. If at any time the draw paid to
      [Employee] exceeds commissions earned by more than the amount
      approved by management, [Employee] may not be paid any additional draw
      until the excess amount is within approved limits. However, if such a draw
      is allowed, [GAO] may, at its option, recover the entire aggregate excess
      draw above commission and bonuses as, among other things, a debt on
      open account or offset such aggregate excess draw against bonuses,
      compensation and/or commissions, as the case may be.
                                          -4-
                                          ***

      14.    [Employee’s] 8000 Account.         [GAO] will provide [Employee]
      monthly invoices and statements detailing charges to [Employee’s] account
      with [GAO] (the “8000 account”). All charges to [Employee’s] account
      will be reconciled and paid each month. [Employee] must notify Customer
      Service of billing errors within 60 days of receipt of the applicable monthly
      statement. Failure to do so constitutes acceptance of charges invoiced.

                                          ***

      17.     Year-End Settlement of Accounts.         All amounts due [GAO] at
      fiscal year-end may be withheld from bonuses and any other compensation
      amounts that would normally be paid to [Employee] by August 31
      following the close of that fiscal year. These amounts due include but are
      not limited to draws paid in excess of commission earned, advances in
      excess of expense allowance earned and charges made to [Employee’s]
      8000 account. If these compensation amounts due to [Employee] are not
      sufficient to cover amounts due to [GAO], the excess is due and payable . .
      . by August 31 following the end of the fiscal year. Or [GAO] may, at its
      option, offset such amounts as set forth in Paragraph 9.

       According to GAO, Employee was not responsible for his 8000 account or any
overdraw for his first two years of employment based upon his specific offer of
employment. Beginning in 2005, GAO provided Employee with invoices documenting
his 8000 account balance. Employee never reconciled his 8000 account as provided for
in the yearly pay plans; however, he made a payment of $11,000 on the account in June
2008. GAO also withheld some of his earnings, referred to as “C-Prize” money, in an
attempt to reconcile his account liability. Employee resigned on March 2, 2011, with an
outstanding overdraw of $91,707.92 on his commission account and $39,958.69 on his
8000 account.

      GAO filed suit for breach of the employment agreement and quantum meruit.
GAO alleged that Employee was liable for the balance on the commission account and
the 8000 account. Employee denied liability, claiming that his payment of $11,000 was
made under duress and that he had been advised that he would never be held liable for his
balances held on his commission or 8000 accounts. He filed a counter-complaint, in
which he asserted, inter alia, claims of fraud, promissory estoppel, negligent
misrepresentation, conversion, unjust enrichment, intentional interference with
prospective business relationships, and violations of the Tennessee Consumer Protection
                                          -5-
Act and the Tennessee Securities Act of 1980. His claims related to promises made to
him upon his hiring and his participation in the company stock program. He also asserted
that GAO refused his demand “for the value of his investment” in the stock plan and also
refused to provide an accounting sufficient to enable him to determine the value of his
investment.

       The case proceeded to trial in August 2013. James Ring testified that he
supervised Employee for approximately five to eight years when they both worked at
Quality School Plans (“QSP”), a similar fundraising business.3 Mr. Ring later joined
GAO in 2002 to start a magazine division. He recalled initially working with Rob
Corley, Neil Arnold, Jean Laise, and Kurt Gengenbach, all former QSP employees who
joined GAO to develop the magazine division. He stated,

        [Ms. Laise] helped me on the recruiting side. She would – once we agreed
        we were going to bring somebody to Nashville and I talked to them, we had
        a phone interview. Ms. Laise would make their flight arrangements, their
        hotel arrangements, that sort of thing.

        And then with her financial background, once we looked at the numbers,
        she would put together for me a suggested pay plan based on what they
        were selling and making at QSP, what they were receiving in terms of any
        expenses and so forth. Then she would help do all those calculations so
        that we would know what would be a reasonable offer to make sure these
        people would be whole when we were giving them guarantees, so she was
        involved in that part of it too.

       Mr. Ring testified that he was initially in charge of recruitment and interviewing
prospective sales representatives for the new division. He explained that they were
respectful of those like Employee, who came from QSP with prior contractual
obligations. He stated,

        [W]hen we hired an employee, we told them they could not, according to
        their contract with QSP, work in their territory for a 12-month period.
        They could not disclose to us a list of their accounts. They could not
        basically call on those schools.

Accordingly, they allowed such representatives to either cover an existing GAO territory
or to train a current GAO representative to work in the magazine division.

3
 Mr. Ring is currently the executive vice president and director of sales for QSP, Canada, which is now a
subsidiary of GAO.
                                                   -6-
       Relative to salary and incentives, Mr. Ring stated that prospective employees
coming from QSP were offered a $30,000 salary, a 25 percent commission on magazine
sales, and a car allowance similar to what they received at QSP. He noted that the 25
percent commission was an enticement for those already in the business who were
typically only provided a 17 percent commission. He explained that they provided a
guaranteed income to Employee and others hired to develop the magazine division
because the new hires had to leave their existing territory. He stated,

       [T]he first year the guarantee was basically the salary. In the second year,
       it was a combination of a salary and an advance against commissions. So
       that if they sold more than we were actually advancing them, they would
       receive that additional money. If they sold less, we would write it off.

       So, in effect, they had two years of their income guaranteed, one of which
       when they were back in their territory.

He agreed that these new hires, including Employee, were also not charged the cost of
doing business through the 8000 account. He provided that their income was no longer
guaranteed after the first two years but that the new employees could still realize a high
income because of GAO’s high commission percentages. He believed that Employee’s
responsibility for his 8000 account balance and other expenses would have been
discussed at the initial training on administrative procedures. He provided that Employee
would have also been advised of the parameters of the C-prize program.4

       Mr. Ring agreed that Employee never received another Pay Plan comparable in
form to the one provided with the initial Employment Agreement. He further stated that
the yearly Pay Plans provided to Employee were identical to those provided to all
employees and that portions of those plans did not apply to Employee, who received a
higher commission, additional incentives, and was not responsible for his 8000 account
balance. He acknowledged that Employee’s lack of 8000 account liability was a verbal
agreement not reduced to writing. He insisted that despite this fact, the Pay Plans applied
to everybody “with the exception that these magazine veterans[, like Employee,] received
a higher commission on magazines, they received a car allowance instead of a two and a
half percent expense allowance, and they received a salary. Otherwise, this did apply.”
He denied ever advising Employee that he would never be responsible for his 8000
account balance. He explained,



4
 The C-prize program was a cash incentive program that allowed the sales representative to credit his or
her 8000 account in lieu of using the prize program provided by GAO. Employees could also receive
cash if his or her 8000 account was current.
                                                 -7-
       When we hired these people [to develop the magazine division], it was
       always our long-term intention to bring everything together because we
       hired people – we also bought a couple companies in between. We were
       going to merge everything. But these were recruitment enticements, if you
       would, to make sure these people came.

       We told them that they would – that that policy of the 25 percent would
       always apply to them. Then eventually we would change the compensation
       system for the [existing] Great American employees. That’s a poor way of
       phrasing it because they were Great American Employees too.

       But for the non[-]magazine people, . . . as they grew their magazine sales
       and got to a certain level, then they would [have] been eligible for salaries
       as well. They would be eligible to have the commission rate for magazines
       go to 25 percent and they would be eligible to have the car allowance,
       again, if they reached a certain minimum. I think we merged all that
       together, I don’t know, maybe ’08, ’09, ’10.

He confirmed that the 2008-2009 Pay Plan contained the revised salary chart and the
current magazine sales commission structure.

       Mr. Ring agreed that GAO allowed its employees to accumulate balances on the
8000 accounts and did not require immediate payment in full. However, GAO eventually
withheld commissions or reduced commission draw amounts in an effort to reconcile the
accounts when necessary. GAO also offered special plans and incentives to assist
representatives in reconciling balances held on the commission and 8000 accounts.

       Mr. Ring recalled that Employee’s draw was reduced on more than one occasion.
However, Employee requested a draw increase of approximately $1,500 per month in
December 2010 based upon his increased sales. Mr. Ring approved an increase of $500
per month. He stated that with the exception of Employee’s first two years of
employment, Employee did not have a set salary from year to year. He provided that
Employee’s manager was responsible for making that determination based upon the
terms of the annual Pay Plans.

      Mr. Ring testified that Brian Patterson,5 another sales representative, covered
Employee’s sales territory for a year while QSP’s covenant not to compete was still valid.
He explained that Brian attempted to maintain Employee’s relationship with his contacts

5
 Brian Patterson is related to Brad Patterson, the defendant-employee in Great American v. Patterson.
We will refer to him as “Brian” in an effort to avoid confusion.
                                                    -8-
while Employee was unable to service his own territory. He agreed that Employee
reported that Brian failed to adequately maintain the sales territory in his absence.

       Carol Costa testified that she has been employed by GAO as a compensation
manager since 1991. She is responsible for calculating sales, bonuses, and commissions
for all representatives and providing monthly commission reports and 8000 account
statements to representatives. She also communicates with the representatives and
implements changes in draws against commissions when necessary. She provided that a
representative’s actual pay was determined by the manager. She explained,

          At the beginning of each school year, the manager will get with the sales
          representative and go over the amount of projected sales for that year,
          contracts in-house and what those net sales should be. From that net sales
          figure, they will calculate a monthly draw amount that that salesperson can
          receive based on what their sales earned for that year are going to be in
          commissions earned.

She stated that she provided the representatives with new Pay Plans every year and
acknowledged that these plans were not signed by the individual representatives. She
explained that GAO had attempted to require a signature on each Pay Plan in prior years
but that employees routinely failed to return the documents.

       Ms. Costa confirmed that Employee was paid in accordance with his initial
Notification of Pay Plan for the first two years of employment with GAO and that he was
not responsible for 8000 account expenses for those first two years.6 He was also not
paid in accordance with the subsequent Pay Plans provided to all sales representatives
because he received a guaranteed salary and a car allowance program, among other
things, as employment incentives. She acknowledged that neither the terms of the car
allowance program nor the 8000 account arrangement were evidenced in writing. She
explained that the Pay Plans set forth the method of payment, not necessarily the amount
of payment each representative would receive. She stated that the 2008/2009 Pay Plan
provided a salary component but again agreed that these provisions did not necessarily
apply in total to Employee. However, the commission rate on magazine sales listed was
applicable to him and other representatives.

       Ms. Costa confirmed that Employee had an outstanding balance of $91,707.92 on
his commission account and $39,958.69 on his 8000 account. Employee never contacted
her concerning his balances, objected to the total amount owed, or objected to his
periodic draw reductions. She agreed that the Pay Plans provided that the 8000 account

6
    GAO did not seek reimbursement for 8000 account expenses for the first three years of employment.
                                                 -9-
would be reconciled and paid each month. She noted that the Pay Plans also permitted
GAO to maintain 8000 account balances as an open account and carry the balance
forward. She acknowledged that other than payroll deductions, Employee was not
required to pay his 8000 account balance until he made a one-time payment of $11,000 in
June 2008. Employee also never reconciled his commission account; however, the Pay
Plans permitted GAO to carry the balance forward each year. Ms. Costa acknowledged
that Southwestern has offset amounts paid into the stock program by an employee’s 8000
or commission account balance upon his or her departure from GAO.

       Tracy Armstrong testified that she has been employed by GAO as the director of
customer care for approximately 15 years. Her department is responsible for all customer
communications. She explained that GAO’s customers consist of its representatives,
those working with representatives to coordinate a fundraising program, and consumers
of products sold through the fundraising programs. Her department also fields questions
concerning each representative’s 8000 account balance. She confirmed that Employee
was not responsible for his 8000 account balance for his first two years of employment
and that GAO later allowed him to write-off his balance for a third year. She identified
communications in March 2010 between someone in her department and Employee in
which he sought a credit on his 8000 account balance for a bulk buy order that was
defective. She confirmed that he was given the credit he requested. She identified two
additional payments on his 8000 account, one on June 11, 2008, in the amount of $11,000
and another on June 24, 2008, in the amount of $129.88.

       Employee stated that while working for QSP, he met with Jean Laise and Jim Ring
in Nashville in January or February 2003 to discuss a potential offer of employment. He
stated that at that time, he understood Mr. Ring was fulfilling a leadership role in
developing the magazine division, while he believed Ms. Laise would “handle any
financial discussions whatsoever with” him and others interested in joining GAO to
develop the program. He explained that Ms. Laise had previously filled a similar role at
QSP as an executive involved with setting compensation. While he did not sign an
employment agreement following the meeting, he believed it was “evident” that he would
receive an offer of employment.

        Employee asserted that he was specifically told that he would not be held
financially responsible for his 8000 account. He explained that he even used his account
to help other representatives he trained. He was assured he would “be taken care of” and
was promised a guaranteed income, a 25 percent commission on magazine sales, a
growth bonus, and a car allowance program, along with other incentives. Other than the
initial employment agreement with an attached Pay Plan, he never signed any other
documents that set forth the terms of his compensation.

                                         - 10 -
       Despite Employee’s understanding of the agreement, he received statements
documenting his overdraw and 8000 account balance. He questioned Ms. Laise, who told
him he was not responsible for the charges.7 He believed he never had an obligation to
remit payment on the 8000 account and stated that he only made the one-time payment of
$11,000 because he was threatened with the loss of employment. He explained,

       I paid it because I was forced to pay it. I was told that if I didn’t pay it they
       were going to stop my pay. Basically meaning I wasn’t going to have any
       money. I was going to be fired. I had bills to pay.

He claimed that he was not asked to remit payment on the 8000 account following his
payment of $11,000. He then agreed that he received a letter, dated July 14, 2010, in
which Kevin Hawley, the Vice President of sales, outlined a plan to reduce his
commission and 8000 account balances and directed Employee to return a confidentiality
agreement indicating his understanding of the terms of the plan. Employee returned the
attached document as directed but inserted the following notation:

       This agreement is for confidentiality purposes only. It does not agree with
       or imply a dollar figure if any amount owed for draw or 8000 [account].

He received another letter, dated October 26, 2010, in which John Davis, President of
GAO, confirmed his receipt of the plan and return of the confidentiality agreement.

        Relative to his salary and commission, Employee testified that the Pay Plans did
not reflect his actual percentages. He provided that his commission percentages were
higher than what was reflected in the Pay Plans until 2008 or 2009 when GAO slowly
increased the commission rate for all employees. However, he experienced an income
reduction in February 2009, with a decrease of $2,000 per month. He was unsure
whether the reduction was applied to his salary or his commission. He identified another
letter, dated April 29, 2010, in which he was advised of an additional reduction in salary
because his sales had dropped below $30,000.

      Employee explained that his production rates went down when he returned to his
own territory in his second year with GAO because he had to rebuild his territory. GAO
recognized this fact and made accommodations and specifically provided that his written
agreement would extend for one more year, at the very least. He explained,

       After my territory was ruined, and after the initial terms of the agreement
       that they mentioned of two years. That’s when they started talking about
7
  Contrary to Employee’s claim, Mr. Ring testified that Jean Laise was not in a position to change or
affect the contract between GAO and its sales representatives.
                                                  - 11 -
      changing the, I guess, the pay plan. Although they didn’t change my pay
      plan, they started talking about it. And it was like I was beating a dead
      horse with them, because I kept going back to them, Bill, saying, “You told
      me I wouldn’t be responsible for this. You told me I wouldn’t – you told
      me this, you promised me this.” And they did that over and over and over
      again. And I finally just – as long as they kept my pay the same, I just went
      along with the version that they were using.

     However, Employee claimed that he still remained exempt from remitting
payment on his commission and 8000 accounts. He provided,

      [T]he magazine team was separate from the rest of GAO reps. It was
      basically two different programs. They sent that statement out, from what I
      understand, to everybody. I had a special deal. I didn’t have to be
      responsible for it. But even though I got it, I wanted to confirm that with
      Jean Laise. She was my person I was in line with. And every time it was
      the same response, “You will not have to worry about that. We will take
      care of it.”

However, he contested a number of charges on his 8000 account because he wanted the
documentation to be an accurate reflection of what he would owe if he were responsible
for the balance. He further agreed that “C-prize money” was also applied to his 8000
account balance. He stated,

      I never understood that. I never really focused on that. Again, it never
      really changed my paycheck. When I looked back over all of my paycheck
      stubs, C-prize never changed my paychecks – my bring home paychecks,
      one way or the other, and therefore, I didn’t really pay it any attention.
      Because to me it was just a – it was something that they were doing as an
      accounting function to put this figure and this column, and then swap it
      over to maybe this column. It didn’t mean a thing to me.

He identified an email, dated December 13, 2010, in which he requested an adjustment to
his income of $1,500 per month and indicated an assent to his responsibility for his 8000
account balance. However, he claimed,

      Please understand, this is the end of the year 2010, whenever they had
      already started the verbiage with me that this was going to be something
      that had to be repaid. I argued with them. I argued over and over and over
      again. It was like beating a dead horse. So I finally caved in and start[ed]
      using their verbiage. It was certainly – I certainly didn’t agree with it.
                                          - 12 -
He identified a later email, dated December 21, 2010, in which he responded to Mr.
Ring’s offer of an increase of $500 per month. The email provided, in pertinent part, as
follows:

      The figures you keep throwing in my face of $140,000 regarding the 8000
      Acct. and commission over pay are NOT accurate and we will be
      addressing these numbers going back to day one. I was on a Guarantee for
      3 yrs. These numbers should not be included in the amount you suggest is
      due. The 8000 acct. was NEVER part of our deal for the first few when we
      came over. That was told to more than one of us that came over. The 8000
      acct. should not have BULK BUY numbers on it when it has previously
      been deducted from our pay. The 8000 acct. should not have charges on it
      that the rep cannot determine its cause.

(Emphasis added.). He explained that 8000 account charges were not part of the deal for
the “first few” people who left QSP to start the magazine division at GAO. He claimed
that prior to 2010, he was unaware that GAO intended to apply bonuses and other income
to his 8000 account balance. He believed that his initial employment agreement afforded
him a guaranteed income for at least two years and that the agreement could only be
changed by an “executed written document.” He provided,

      I had already been told my income would never go down, I didn’t have to
      worry about it. I was the one that came there. It was a good deal for them.
      I brought them, again, a multi-million dollar product line. And so for them
      to guarantee me an income for the length of time I was there was a very,
      very lucrative deal for them.

He explained that his income was not solely based on his production because he had
other responsibilities. He agreed that he received the periodic Pay Plans but alleged that
he “[t]ossed them to the side” because they did not apply to him.

       Relative to the purchase of GAO’s stock, Employee claimed that he was told that
his stock options could make him a millionaire. He agreed that his ability to purchase
stock was dependent upon his sales production. He stated,

      When I sat down with Mr. McDowell, he realized what kind of production I
      would be producing at QSP. I was one of the leaders at QSP. He knew if I
      brought my business over to [GAO] that I would be awarded the stock that
      he showed me, that I would become a millionaire with it.

                                          - 13 -
Once eligible, he paid for his stock through payroll deductions. He purchased
approximately $15,000 in stock. He was never provided with a copy of the private
offering memorandum or other documentation of the particulars of the stock plan when it
was advertised at national sales meetings. He was also never advised that Southwestern
could refuse to redeem his stock if he were terminated or resigned from GAO.

       Employee stated that he began searching for other employment at some point in
late 2010 or early 2011 when he realized he “had no real control over [his] income based
on [his] production or [his] performance.” He signed a contract of employment with QSP
on February 23, 2011, and resigned from GAO on March 2, 2011. He acknowledged that
he did not specifically state his liability for the balance held on his commission and the
8000 accounts as reasons for his resignation. He explained that he simply stated that he
did not agree with the “changes” implemented by GAO.

      Employee identified an email exchange between himself and another GAO
employee in which he was advised that GAO would seek reimbursement for his overdraw
and 8000 account following his resignation. He responded, in part, as follows:

      I know you were not involved in my hiring process to [GAO], however,
      there were two individuals that would be considered senior levels of
      management with GAO that told me that I would not be responsible for the
      charges, because I was one of the first people to come to GAO from QSP to
      help start the magazine program. I’m sorry for the misunderstanding on
      your part, but I was not the only person that this was told to. The
      agreement that was signed was questioned, and I was told not to worry
      about it, that it would be taken care of. Once again, I was not the only one
      told this as well, there are more. I do expect unpaid commissions and
      bonuses earned by myself during my employment with [GAO].

He asserted that at that time, he believed he did not owe GAO any money in accordance
with his initial verbal agreement with GAO representatives, Mr. Ring and Ms. Laise.

       Employee testified that his employment with QSP was terminated when GAO
acquired QSP in 2012. He then started his own fundraising company but claimed that his
attempt to secure American Publishers, another company in the school fundraising
business, as a supplier was thwarted by GAO. He believed that American Publishers was
the only company capable of fulfilling the order of magazines he needed and claimed that
he lost approximately $600,000 in net business as result of his inability to secure
American Publishers as a supplier.



                                          - 14 -
       Timothy Underwood, GAO’s Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), testified that he
has worked for GAO and/or Southwestern for approximately 25 years. He reviewed the
financial statements for GAO to determine that less than one percent of GAO’s accounts
were comprised of 8000 accounts owed by current or former representatives from 2006
through 2007. He noted that the total amount owed was approximately 2 to 3 million,
with 1.5 million owed by former representatives.

       Mr. Underwood testified that Southwestern owns GAO stock and also owns
approximately 14 or 15 other subsidiary companies. He alleged that he had reviewed
information about the stock plan for his personal use. He reviewed a private offering
memorandum and signed a stock option agreement and subscription agreement prior to
making his purchase. He was unaware of any misrepresentations of fact contained in the
documents but acknowledged that only 14 people were allowed to sell their stock back to
Southwestern from 2010 through 2011. He stated that he was not involved in the
issuance of stock because he served as CFO for GAO, not Southwestern.

       Brad Patterson testified that he currently operates his own fundraising company,
Cloverleaf Fundraising, LLC. He entered the fundraising business in 1988 after he
graduated from college. He first served as a field sales manager for QSP and maintained
accounts in the Chattanooga area and North Georgia. He also maintained one account in
Atlanta – the largest fundraising account in the nation – that was first secured by his
father. He remained with QSP until 2003 when he pursued employment with GAO.

        Mr. Patterson recalled that several QSP employees, including Jim Ring and Jean
Laise, left QSP to develop a magazine division for GAO. Mr. Ring served previously as
President of QSP, Canada, while Ms. Laise was a QSP executive in Connecticut. He
stated that representatives that were successful in the magazine fundraising business had
skills required to market the program. He explained that representatives had to determine
which types of magazines to market, when to accept orders, and how to promote sales.

       Mr. Patterson first met with GAO in early 2003. His recruitment experience was
similar to Employee’s in that he met with Mr. Ring and Ms. Laise to discuss his potential
employment and then he attended a meeting with Mr. McDowell, who promised a
lucrative stock option program. He recalled,

      [Mr. McDowell] told me, he said we want to make all of our salespeople
      millionaires. He said all you’ve got to do with your business is transfer it
      over to [GAO] and you’ll be a millionaire.

      And that – I was just like – he told me about the stock and how it
      performed since 1982, I believe. It had just continued to go up. And then
                                          - 15 -
        he told me that and I was just, wow. I was, like, that’s great. That was the
        high point of my – you know, that I could do what I had been doing with
        my customers to help them, but yet there was a benefit there like that for
        my family.

He stated that he was never advised that his stock account could be suspended or that his
request for redemption would be denied if he left GAO.8

       Mr. Patterson stated that he later met individually with Ms. Laise, who discussed
his potential compensation.9 He noted, “I could tell she was the money person.” She
assured him that his income would not decrease as a result of his decision to leave QSP,
that his pay would be based on his current W-2 with QSP, and that they intended to
establish a car allowance program similar to the one provided by QSP.

       Mr. Patterson testified that he returned a week or two later to discuss his potential
employment further. He met with Mr. Ring and Ms. Laise at the hotel across from GAO
headquarters. Mr. Ring left shortly after his arrival, while he talked further with Ms.
Laise for approximately an hour and a half. He stated,

        I was talking to her about the W-2. She said, we’re going to put you on this
        and guarantee you. At the time if you’ll help us get this started, this will be
        your pay. You’re going to be training people. You’re going to be running
        a territory. You’re going to be doing things to help . . . get this started.

                                             ***

        She said you’ll be guaranteed this income and you won’t have to worry
        about it going down. Because you’re going to be doing other things for us,
        not only running your territory, making presentations, traveling with
        people. All kinds of things.

        I said, how long will this last. Are you going to change this[?] She said no,
        this will be – this is set. It will not change.



8
  He began investing in the stock program in 2005. He agreed that he purchased stock from
Southwestern, not GAO and that Southwestern owned several different companies. He purchased
approximately $38,000 in stock, which was now valued at more than $100,000.
9
 Despite Mr. Patterson’s claim, Mr. Ring could not recall Ms. Laise ever meeting with potential recruits
on an individual basis.
                                                - 16 -
She also assured him that he would not be responsible for 8000 account expenses. His
employment agreement with an attached Notification of Pay Plan executed by Mr.
McDowell was consistent with Ms. Laise’s assurances concerning his compensation. He
identified the periodic Pay Plans provided by GAO to all salespeople at the national sales
conferences. The commissions listed on the plans were not what he received from GAO.

       Mr. Patterson stated that he contacted Ms. Laise when he began receiving 8000
account statements. She assured him that he was still not responsible for the charges and
that the statements were sent solely for accounting purposes. He called her after
receiving a few more statements but was again assured that he would not be held
responsible for the account. He was not asked to remit payment on the 8000 account
until 2008 when Mr. Ring advised him that his employment depended upon a payment of
approximately $20,000 within 30 days. He remitted payment in the amount of $14,000 in
an attempt to retain his employment. He agreed that his payment did not include any
writings or notations indicating that he objected to the amount owed. He was not asked
to remit payment on any overdraw until 2010.

       Mr. Belli testified that he began working for QSP in 1977. He took a three-year
hiatus and worked for Reader’s Digest, QSP’s parent company, for two years before
returning to QSP in 1982. He served as a group product manager for various product
lines and became Chief Operating Officer (“COO”) in 1984. As COO, he oversaw
marketing product development and coordinated with the sales management. He was
promoted to President in 1986. As President, he oversaw marketing sales, operations,
and public relations and was responsible for the financial health of the company.

      Mr. Belli testified that he was asked to resign his position at QSP in February
2000. He remained unemployed until he was hired as Chief Executive Officer11 of
         10

GAO in 2005. He received salary, expenses, and 70,000 shares of stock as part of his
employment agreement. He recalled that GAO was housed in the same building as
Southwestern, thereby providing a different business culture than what he experienced at
QSP. He explained that the “organizational structure was kind of fluid” and that
managers might “jump a couple levels and talk to someone above their manager more
frequently than at QSP.”

       Mr. Belli stated that he was specifically hired to assist in the development of   the
magazine division. Approximately 11 different types of magazine programs were in         the
beginning stages of development at the time of his hire. He believed the training of     the
representatives was an important aspect of the viability of such programs because        the
10
     He resigned from QSP in 1995 to pursue other interests before returning in 1998.
11
     He filled the role of President once Mr. McDowell retired.
                                                   - 17 -
programs “should run with a school every year, not occasionally or on a hit-and-miss
basis.” He explained that “reorienting salespeople who had sold other product lines” was
not easy because the “tendency [is to] run a program – move on and run another program
at another school, whereas with magazines, it’s . . . more service oriented[.]” He
provided that those hired to develop the magazine division at GAO

      were primarily responsible for training the other several hundred
      representatives who [GAO] had employed prior to their arrival.

      That process just involved those experienced representatives riding with the
      [GAO] veterans and teaching them school by school how the magazine
      program worked over the course of the time they were together.

       Mr. Belli testified that he was responsible for the budget in terms of reviewing and
developing compensation programs for the representatives. He acknowledged that GAO
maintained “parallel” compensation programs for those he termed GAO veterans and
those coming from QSP. He tried to build and ultimately integrate the different systems,
and he also worked to develop an incentive program to reduce the balances held on the
commission and 8000 accounts. He described the 8000 account as a “catch-all” for
expenses, including promotional items ordered through the company. He noted that the
8000 account was a “point of contention” for representatives because “it wasn’t always
clear what was in the 8000 account.” He recalled that “quite a few” representatives spoke
with him and expressed concern about his or her 8000 account. He agreed that the
accounts were not settled at the end of each year and explained,

      We knew that they had relationships with schools, and that eventually, they
      would – their commissions would rise to the level that they needed or that
      they had had prior to coming to [GAO] . . . or rise to the level of the
      guarantee that they had when they came to [GAO].

      So it was a retention issue, and it was particularly of concern to [Spencer
      Hays, Executive Chairman of Southwestern and CEO of GAO] and others
      that we . . . retain these people and that they do well. If they weren’t
      functioning well at all, they - - like anyone else, they had to move on, but
      for those that were . . . working diligently at the business . . . it was allowed
      to accumulate and move forward.

      In some cases, there was the thought that they would . . . be able to retain
      more business than they [were and that] would have cut back that overdraw
      amount, but things happen, recessions and so on, and that put them in a

                                            - 18 -
      [place] sometimes in which they could not meet what their expectations
      were for a particular territory.

He denied ever advising a representative that he or she did not have to reconcile the
balance held on a commission or 8000 account. He agreed that it was important to retain
representatives but that he assumed that the balances would be reconciled in time. He
identified a letter in which he documented a discussion held with Employee concerning a
plan to rectify Employee’s accounts. He could not recall whether Employee indicated he
was not responsible for the balances on his accounts.

       Mr. Belli testified that he attended board meetings and was present for discussions
concerning the redemption of stock. He stated that funds were taken out of operating
capital or profit to redeem stock because Southwestern did not maintain a specific reserve
for redemption. He stated that, in general, specific representatives were never “singled
out” at board meetings but that a discussion was usually had with respect to whether the
company could afford to redeem the stock. He explained that the cash was not available
to allow redemption on a yearly basis. He agreed that at times, stock was not redeemed
when a “technical issue” was enforced by the board.

        Relative to Mr. Belli’s individual stock plan, he could not recall whether he ever
received a written agreement. He stated that Cindy Johnstone, Vice President and
Treasurer of Southwestern and GAO, provided annual reviews of his stock with him
individually and with other senior managers. She explained what the stock was worth
when it was awarded and how it had grown over a period of time. He later asked for
clarification because she retained the reviews and did not provide him with the
documents. He understood that following five years of employment, his stock could be
redeemed over a five-year period upon his exit from the company. He stated that his
initial award of 70,000 shares of stock “trifurcated and became 210,000” shares “a few
years” after his initial hire date. He negotiated his stock package with Henry Bedford,
CEO and Chairman of the Board of Southwestern and GAO. He claimed that the stock
plan was a “major” reason for his decision to join GAO but that his understanding of the
agreement was later questioned by Mr. Hays in 2010.

       Mr. Belli testified that at a meeting in 2010, Mr. Hays advised him that he could
earn 210,000 shares if he stayed with GAO for another 10 years. He explained that he
believed he had already earned said shares and that Mr. Hays became “perturbed” when
he indicated as such in the meeting. He stated,

      [S]uddenly I was confronted with the fact that unlike the rest of my team
      and everybody else at [GAO] who had received or earned stock, I was
      being told that the 210,000 shares that I had received and had reviews about
                                          - 19 -
          were suddenly being represented to me as something that I would have to
          earn over the subsequent 10 years.

He stated that he left the meeting “wondering where [he] stood with regard to the stock
that I had earned and had been reviewed with me each of the previous years by [Ms.
Johnstone and Mr. Bedford].” He continued,

          Well, I had been trying to formalize [my agreement] with [Mr. Bedford] for
          some time, and everybody was being very squirrely about it and never
          would really meet with me and discuss that.

          I can’t recall whether I immediately or in the weeks that followed talked to
          [Mr. Bedford] about it, but I explained to [Mr. Hays] that that’s what had
          happened, and [that] I had never been in a situation like this before.

          I had been fortunate in working with the other companies that I work with
          where promises made were always promises kept, and . . . I was counting
          on that stock as part of my retirement.

He provided that Mr. Hays advised him that the current offer of 210,000 shares for an
additional 10 years of employment was all that was available to him.

       Mr. Belli stated that his separation agreement was dependent upon the
participation and acquiescence of two other members of the initial team, Jean Laise12 and
Kurt Gengenbach. He explained, “[T]he three of us were lumped together, and if one
didn’t agree, nobody else would be paid.” He ultimately accepted an agreement that was
not the amount promised in terms of stock because he believed his failure to accept
would “be a hardship” on the other members.

       Gregory Toth testified by deposition that he first entered the fundraising business
in 1983 when he was hired by Perfect School Plans (“PSP”), which was later purchased
by TV Guide Publications in 1985 and then by QSP in 1987. He remained with QSP
until he was hired by GAO in 2003.13 He pursued employment with GAO because the
commission rate was higher than at QSP and because the product line offered more than
just magazine subscriptions, meaning he could sell discount cards, cookie dough, gifts,
and magazines. He discussed his hiring with Mr. Ring and Ms. Laise in Nashville. He

12
     He provided that Ms. Laise worked in sales administration at GAO.
13
  He reviewed Employee’s contract and stated that he was provided with similar documents, namely the
employment agreement and a notification of pay plan, and was paid in a similar fashion. He stated that he
never received a second notification of pay plan.
                                                  - 20 -
recalled that they claimed that he would receive a two-year guaranteed salary based upon
his current commission and salary at QSP. He later met with Mr. McDowell, who
advised him that he would also be eligible to participate in the stock plan. He
participated in the stock plan once eligible.

        Contrary to Employee’s testimony, Mr. Toth alleged that the 8000 account was
never discussed prior to his hiring and that he did not learn of the account until after his
second year working at GAO. He recalled also meeting with Mr. Ring and Ms. Laise to
discuss a commission account balance of $20,000. He claimed that Mr. Ring told him
“not to worry about it, we’ll address it later.” Mr. Belli also told him “not to worry”
about his commission and his 8000 account balances in 2006. Mr. Belli even confirmed
this statement in 2007 when Mr. Toth advised him of a competing job offer from QSP in
which QSP offered to pay the balance on the 8000 account if he returned to QSP. Mr.
Belli offered the same sentiment on two other occasions during passing conversations.
Mr. Belli also advised him that his compensation would never be less than what he was
provided at QSP. He continued to receive commission and 8000 account statements in
the mail, despite the assurances. He was never advised that Southwestern could offset the
value of his stock by his commission and 8000 account balances.

       Mr. Toth claimed that Mr. Belli later sent a letter outlining an 8000 account
reduction plan that required his signature and further provided that he would be
personally responsible for any additional expenses once his account reached a specified
amount. He was surprised by the letter because it was contrary to his prior discussions
with Mr. Belli. He stated that he did not sign the reduction plan based upon his
attorney’s advice and advised Mr. Davis of his decision. He stated that GAO has not
requested payment on his commission or 8000 account since that time but that he has not
received further assurances that payment would never be requested. He explained that
GAO has automatically applied C-Prize money and bonuses to his balance and has also
given him credits against his account for increased sales in accordance with the plan,
despite the fact that he never signed the plan or indicated assent to the terms.

        Ms. Johnstone testified by deposition that she serves as Vice President, Secretary,
and Treasurer of both Southwestern and Great American and has served in that capacity
for approximately six years. She is responsible for determining who may or may not be
eligible for participation in the Southwestern stock plan in accordance with his or her
level of sales or profits for GAO. She stated that Employee’s sales level in 2004 and
2006 allowed him to participate in the stock plan. She identified Employee’s stock
summary and other documents pertaining to his 2004 plan, including the private offering
memorandum. She testified that she maintains an electronic listing of the offerees for
each plan year documenting which memorandum was provided to a particular recipient.
She stated that the memorandum would have been mailed to Employee in accordance
                                           - 21 -
with the address on file in the payroll department. She stated that while she presented
recipients with disclosures and memorandums, she would not individually determine
whether a recipient could bear the economic risk of loss of the entire investment. She
assumed that the recipient would consult a financial advisor before electing to participate
in the stock plan. She noted that the option agreement, which provided certain
representations and warranties made by the optionee, required a signature, while the
private offering memorandum did not require a signature. She stated that she provided
financial statements to the participants of the stock plan

        Ms. Johnstone testified that she had not finalized Employee’s account, meaning
she had not reconciled Employee’s commission and 8000 account and issued a
promissory note for the balance due. She stated that once his accounts were finalized, his
balance would include the value of the shares he paid for, plus the value of the vested
evergreen options, less the cost of the evergreen options.14 She noted that the fair value
of the shares would be determined by the board of directors. She agreed that the private
offering memorandum did not contain a disclosure providing that the value of the stock
owned by an employee could be offset by the balance owed on the commission and 8000
accounts. She also agreed that the private offering memorandum did not provide the
criteria by which the board would determine the fair value of each share. She provided
that Southwestern merely held an option to repurchase someone’s shares and was not
obligated to repurchase the shares.

       Mr. Hays15 testified by deposition that he currently has a business interest in and
holds various titles in the following companies: Southwestern, GAO, Tom James
Company, and Athlon Sports. He testified in detail concerning his long-time
involvement with Southwestern and the creation of GAO. He served as the Executive
Chairman of the Board of Directors for Southwestern and CEO of GAO. He stated that
those coming from QSP to develop the magazine division for GAO were asked to sign a
contract indicating that they would honor their non-compete with QSP upon his or her
hiring with GAO. He agreed that those employees were also required to divulge their
current contacts and territories at QSP to ensure that those contacts and territories were
not targeted for sales during the non-compete period.

       Relative to Employee’s claim regarding the failure of Southwestern to redeem his
stock, Mr. Hays testified that the private placement disclosure clearly provides that the
company is not obligated to redeem shares. He stated that the Board of Directors for
Southwestern decides whether to redeem shares based upon a consideration of a number
14
   She provided that an evergreen option allowed an employee to purchase stock once fully vested but that
there would be no financial benefit to exercise the option unless the employee was leaving the business.
15
     Mr. Hays passed away during the pendency of this litigation on March 1, 2017.
                                                  - 22 -
of factors, including whether such redemption would pose a hardship on the company,
whether it is in the best interest of the company, and whether the former employee has
harmed the company. He stated that the Board decided not to redeem Employee’s shares
based upon the aforementioned factors, specifically because he negatively affected the
company by competing and by failing to fulfill his financial obligations.

        The trial court failed to issue an opinion within three years following the final day
of trial in September 2013. The Supreme Court advised the trial court, on September 23,
2016, that it would issue a mandamus requiring completion if the court did not issue a
ruling by the close of business on September 26. Thereafter, the court issued a ruling,
finding in favor of Employee and providing the following credibility determination:

       [Employee] was not the most polished witness who testified at trial or the
       witness with the best memory, but the Court finds after observing his
       demeanor and testing it against the other evidence, that [Employee] was
       credible, forthright, and consistent in certain core aspects of his testimony.
       The Court believes that [Employee] was telling the truth about his
       expectations at GAO based on representations, the post-hiring
       representations that he did not have to worry about the Overdraw and 8000
       Accounts, and the reasons he made a lump sum payment to GAO.

       The Court concludes that GAO made the representations (primarily through
       Ms. Jean Laise) to [Employee] that he would not have to pay any
       outstanding balances that might accrue on his Overdraw and 8000 Accounts
       and that his salary would never decrease to induce him to come to GAO to
       work. [Employee] paid a substantial lump sum on his GAO accounts under
       threat of discharge. GAO put him in a position of either paying a lump sum
       or forfeiting a job that paid substantially more than that annually.
       [Employee] chose the former.

In dismissing the breach of contract claim, the court found as follows:

       Here, although GAO is insisting on strict enforcement of its right to recover
       substantial amounts of money against [Employee] by virtue of [his] 8000
       and commission accounts, it failed to take the necessary steps (have the pay
       plans signed by both parties) to close the loop on this potential contractual
       right. The use of the word “executed” in various parts in the Employment
       Agreement called particular attention to how it was used in various parts of
       the contract. Subsequent pay plans prepared by GAO were not in the same
       form as the original Exhibit “A” to the Employment Agreement in two
       important ways: 1) the body of the subsequent pay plans were not in the
                                            - 23 -
      same form; and 2) the original Exhibit “A” had a place for the parties to
      sign it. Given that it is undisputed that GAO drafted the Employment
      Agreement and the original and subsequent pay plans, the Court determines
      that the original Employment Agreement was never supplemented by
      legally enforceable pay plans. The Court concludes, therefore, that the
      original Employment Agreement remained as it was when the Employment
      Agreement was signed on February 14, 2003 until it was terminated . . . on
      March 2, 2011.

The court further found that GAO failed to timely reconcile the accounts and assured him
that he “did not have to worry” about the 8000 account. The court held that Employee
was not liable pursuant to the doctrine of quantum meruit because GAO “never did take
the actual steps to close the loop on the version of the employment agreement it is
asserting in the lawsuit.”

        Relative to Employee’s counter-complaint, the court held that Employee was
entitled to redemption of his stock and ordered GAO to direct Southwestern to pay the
current fair market value of the stock. The court noted that GAO had the apparent
authority to direct Southwestern to do so because GAO had previously “engaged in
conduct that prevented [him] from being able to redeem his stock.” The court held that
Employee’s remaining claims were not cognizable but failed to issue findings of fact in
support of its conclusion. This timely appeal followed.

                                    II.    ISSUES

      We consolidate and restate the issues on appeal as follows:

      A.    Whether the court abused its discretion in considering statements
      made by Ms. Laise before and after Employee’s hiring.

      B.     Whether the court erred in dismissing the breach of contract claim.

      C.     Whether the court erred in dismissing the quantum meruit claim.

      D.    Whether the trial court erred in ordering GAO to redeem stock
      purchased from its parent corporation, Southwestern.

      E.     Whether the trial court erred in failing to rule on the counter-
      complaint for intentional interference with prospective business
      relationships.

                                          - 24 -
                           III.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This case was tried by the court without a jury. On appeal, the factual findings of
the trial court are accorded a presumption of correctness and will not be overturned
unless the evidence preponderates against them. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). The trial
court’s conclusions of law are subject to a de novo review with no presumption of
correctness. Blackburn v. Blackburn, 270 S.W.3d 42, 47 (Tenn. 2008); Union Carbide
Corp. v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993).

       In this case, it is necessary to construe the Employment Agreement. The
interpretation of written agreements is a matter of law to be reviewed de novo on the
record according no presumption of correctness to the trial court’s conclusions of law.
See Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 95 (Tenn. 1999). The trial court’s
determinations regarding witness credibility are entitled to great weight on appeal and
shall not be disturbed absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. Morrison v.
Allen, 338 S.W.3d 417, 426 (Tenn. 2011).

                                   IV.    DISCUSSION

                                             A.

        GAO claims that Ms. Laise’s statements to Employee were inadmissible hearsay
and should not have been considered by the trial court. GAO provides that the court
never issued a ruling on its hearsay objection prior to its issuance of the opinion.
“Generally, the admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court.”
Mercer v. Vanderbilt Univ., Inc., 134 S.W.3d 121, 131 (Tenn.2004). “The trial court’s
decision to admit or exclude evidence will be overturned on appeal only where there is an
abuse of discretion.” Id. Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of
the matter asserted.” Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c) (emphasis added). Hearsay is inadmissible
in trial court proceedings unless it falls within one of the recognized exceptions to the
hearsay rule. Tenn. R. Evid. 802; Mitchell v. Archibald, 971 S.W.2d 25, 28 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1998).

        We hold that Ms. Laise’s statements were not inadmissible as hearsay because
said statements were not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, namely that
Employee actually had a guaranteed income that would never decrease or that he was not
liable for the balance on his commission and 8000 accounts. Rather, the statements were
submitted to prove that assurances were made and to establish Employee’s reliance upon
the same, despite his receipt of account statements indicating otherwise.

                                            - 25 -
       Next, GAO claims that said statements were not binding on GAO when Ms. Laise
did not possess the requisite authority to make such statements on its behalf. We find this
argument disingenuous. The record reflects that Ms. Laise was an integral part of the
hiring process for the QSP employees hired by GAO to develop the magazine division
and that she was responsible for developing suggested Pay Plans and offers of
employment. Indeed, Mr. Ring stated,

      [Ms. Laise] would put together for me a suggested pay plan based on what
      they were selling and making at QSP, what they were receiving in terms of
      any expenses and so forth. Then she would help do all those calculations
      so that we would know what would be a reasonable offer to make sure
      these people would be whole when we were giving them guarantees, so she
      was involved in that part of it too.

        Lastly, GAO claims that said statements were not binding and that Employee
could not have justifiably relied upon them because the Parties’ course of dealing after
the alleged statements were made was consistent with the terms of the Pay Plans. We
disagree. The record reflects that the yearly Pay Plans were not applicable to Employee
until, at the very earliest, the 2008/2009 fiscal year. Following 2008, the 8000 account
was not reconciled on a monthly or even yearly basis as provided for in the Pay Plans.
The commission account was also not reconciled on a yearly basis. Accordingly, we
conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in considering the statements and
assurances made by Ms. Laise.

                                            B.

       GAO argues that the court erred in denying its breach of contract claim when the
Employment Agreement was modified pursuant to the Pay Plans that were “comparable
in form” as required. GAO claims that the court erroneously read a provision into the
contract requiring the parties to sign the Pay Plans. GAO notes that the agreement
prohibits a waiver or modification unless it is in writing and signed by the parties.
Employee responds that he never signed any of the Pay Plans allegedly incorporated into
the original agreement and that the record is devoid of evidence establishing that he
received notification of the Pay Plans. He requests reimbursement of his $11,000
payment made under duress and additional damages based upon his justifiable reliance on
representations made to him regarding a guaranteed salary.

       The cardinal rule of contract interpretation is that the court must attempt to
ascertain and give effect to the intention of the parties. Christenberry v. Tipton, 160
S.W.3d 487, 494 (Tenn. 2005). In attempting to ascertain the intent of the parties, the
court must examine the language of the contract, giving each word its usual, natural, and
                                           - 26 -
ordinary meaning. Wilson v. Moore, 929 S.W.2d 367, 373 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). “If the
language of the contract is unambiguous, the Court must interpret it as written rather than
according to the unexpressed intention of one of the parties. Courts cannot make
contracts for parties but can only enforce the contract which the parties themselves have
made.” Pitt v. Tyree Org. Ltd., 90 S.W.3d 244, 252 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (internal
citations omitted) (emphasis added). However, the court may consider the situation of
the parties, the business to which the contract relates, the subject matter of the contract,
the circumstances surrounding the transaction, and the construction placed on the contract
by the parties in carrying out its terms. See Penske Truck Leasing Co., L.P. v.
Huddleston, 795 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tenn. 1990); Minor v. Minor, 863 S.W.2d 51, 54
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).

       As pertinent to this appeal, the Employment Agreement provided as follows:

       Compensation

       (a)    For all services rendered by Employee under this Agreement, [GAO]
       shall compensate him/her in accordance with the Compensation Schedule
       which is attached hereto as Exhibit A, and which shall be deemed for all
       purposes to be an integral part of this Agreement.

       (b)    Each fiscal year during the term of this Agreement, [GAO] shall
       cause to be executed in writing a new Compensation Schedule and Sales
       Representative’s Pay Plan, effective July 1 of the new corresponding year,
       indicating the amount of compensation and the method for payment of said
       compensation for the services of Employee during the following fiscal year
       beginning July 1st. The new Compensation Schedule shall be considered a
       part of this Agreement and shall be known as Exhibit A for the
       corresponding year. In conjunction with each new fiscal year, [GAO] will
       advise Employee of his/her applicable Pay Plan to be set forth in a written
       Notification given in accordance herewith comparable in form to the
       Addendum made a part hereof.

The terms of the Employment Agreement were not ambiguous; however, the Parties
failed to adhere to said terms. The record reflects that the Pay Plans were not
“comparable in form” to the original compensation schedule. The Pay Plans relied upon
by GAO provided the method of payment but did not set forth the amount of
compensation as required by the Employment Agreement. Further, many of the terms
contained in the Pay Plans did not apply or were not followed by the Parties.
Accordingly, we agree that GAO cannot prevail on its breach of contract claim because
the Employment Agreement was never supplemented by legally enforceable Pay Plans.
                                           - 27 -
       However, we deny Employee’s claim for reimbursement of his lump-sum payment
of $11,000 on the 8000 account or any additional damages regarding the use of the
commission and 8000 accounts. While the Parties did not operate pursuant to a legally
enforceable Pay Plan, Employee acquiesced in his payment of $11,000 and other salary
reductions and payroll deductions to reconcile his accounts in exchange for continued
employment. He cannot now claim an entitlement to a reimbursement of these funds.

                                           C.

       GAO alternatively requests judgment on its quantum meruit claim. GAO again
asserts that Employee’s reliance upon Ms. Laise’s assurances was unreasonable and
claims that it did not waive its right to collect when it mailed invoices and statements
documenting Employee’s balances on the accounts. “Actions brought upon theories of
unjust enrichment, quasi contract, contracts implied in law, and quantum meruit are
essentially the same.” Paschall’s, Inc. v. Dozier, 407 S.W.2d 150, 154 (Tenn. 1966).
The terminology is frequently employed “interchangeably to describe that class of
implied obligations where, on the basis of justice and equity, the law will impose a
contractual relationship between the parties.” Id. Our Supreme Court summarized the
elements of a quantum meruit claim as follows:

      (1)    There is no existing, enforceable contract between the parties
      covering the same subject matter;

      (2)    The party seeking recovery proves that it provided valuable goods or
      services;

      (3)    The party to be charged received the goods or services;

      (4)    The circumstances indicate that the parties to the transaction should
      have reasonably understood that the person providing the goods or services
      expected to be compensated; and

      (5)     The circumstances demonstrate that it would be unjust for a party to
      retain the goods or services without payment.

Doe v. HCA Health Servs. of Tennessee, Inc., 46 S.W.3d 191, 197-98 (Tenn. 2001)
(internal quotation and citations omitted). “The most significant requirement for a
recovery on quasi contract is that the enrichment . . . be unjust.” Paschall’s, Inc., 407
                                          - 28 -
S.W.2d at 155. “The doctrine of unjust enrichment is founded upon the principle that
someone who receives a ‘benefit desired by him, under circumstances rendering it
inequitable to retain it without making compensation, must do so.’” CPB Mgmt., Inc. v.
Everly, 939 S.W.2d 78, 80 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) (quoting Lawler v. Zapletal, 679
S.W.2d 950, 955 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984)).

        The circumstances presented here do not indicate that the Parties understood that
Employee was liable for the commission and 8000 accounts given Ms. Laise’s statements
at the time of Employee’s hiring and her assurances thereafter. The Parties also did not
operate in accordance with the Pay Plans. Further, the circumstances presented here do
not support a finding of unjust enrichment when Employee provided specific skills and
services to grow the magazine division at GAO while sacrificing his existing sales
territory to train others in the business for GAO’s benefit. With these considerations in
mind, we affirm the denial of GAO’s unjust enrichment claims.

                                                      D.

       GAO claims that the court erred in ordering it to redeem Employee’s stock when
Southwestern, its parent company, was not a party to the action. GAO notes that
Employee never sought redemption of his stock but requested a judgment for
consideration paid and interest.16 Further, GAO argues that Southwestern provided the
required disclosures and advised Employee that it had no obligation to redeem the stock.
Employee claims that he is entitled to treble damages, punitive damages, and attorney
fees because the operation of the stock plan was unfair and deceptive. He further claims
that GAO’s conduct was willful and knowing as evidenced by its denial of the benefits of
stock ownership to others.

       We first affirm the denial of any fraud-based claims based upon the purchase and
operation of the stock plan because the stock was issued by Southwestern, which was
never added as a party to this action. The record also confirms that Southwestern
provided the required disclosures and advised Employee that it had no obligation to
redeem the stock. The private offering memorandum provided as follows:



16
   A review of the counter-complaint reveals that Employee pled sufficient facts to support a claim of
redemption and also sought “such other further general relief to which [he] may be entitled.” Further, the
proof presented at trial supported a claim for redemption. Accordingly, we conclude that the relief
granted was within the scope of the pleadings and the proof. See generally Britt v. Massengill, No.
W1999-01129-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 204209, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 26, 2001) (acknowledging
that courts of equity have the authority “to grant relief liberally under the general prayer for relief,” within
reason).
                                                     - 29 -
          If for any reason (including death or disability), an Option holder’s
          employment with the Company is terminated, whether by the Option holder
          or by the Company, the Company shall have an option to purchase, but is
          not required to purchase, the Shares of the Option holder.17

Additional documentation was also introduced and admitted into evidence establishing
that Employee was further advised that Southwestern had no obligation to repurchase the
stock upon an employee’s termination. We further agree that GAO does not hold the
requisite authority to direct its parent company to repurchase the stock and we, therefore,
reverse the trial court on this issue. However, Ms. Johnstone testified that Southwestern
routinely offset the value of former employees’ stock by amounts owed on the
commission and 8000 accounts as indicated by GAO. Accordingly, we hold that if
Southwestern exercises its option to repurchase, then GAO must approve the repurchase
without offsetting the value of the stock by amounts allegedly owed on the commission
and 8000 accounts in light of our holding that Employee is not liable for the balances
held on the accounts.

                                                E.

       Employee claims that the trial court erred in failing to specifically rule on his
claim of intentional interference with prospective business relationships. Our Supreme
Court listed the elements of such claims as follows:

          (1) an existing business relationship with specific third parties or a
          prospective relationship with an identifiable class of third persons; (2) the
          defendant’s knowledge of that relationship and not a mere awareness of the
          plaintiff’s business dealings with others in general; (3) the defendant’s
          intent to cause the breach or termination of the business relationship; (4) the
          defendant’s improper motive or improper means . . . ; and finally, (5)
          damages resulting from the tortious interference.

Trau-Med of Am., Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 71 S.W.3d 691, 701 (Tenn. 2002) (internal
citations and footnotes omitted).

       Employee testified that his attempt to secure American Publishers, another
company in the school fundraising business, as a supplier was thwarted by GAO. He
believed that American Publishers was the only company capable of fulfilling the order
of magazines he needed and claimed that he lost approximately $600,000 in net business
as result of his inability to secure a capable supplier. In support of his argument on

17
     The Company is defined as Southwestern.
                                               - 30 -
appeal, Employee cites a letter sent by Mr. Hayes to American Publishers. This letter
was not admitted at trial. Further, the court granted a motion in limine to exclude
statements classified as hearsay concerning the reason American Publishers refused to
serve as his supplier. The record is simply devoid of evidence to establish this claim.
Accordingly, we affirm the denial of this claim.

                                 V.     CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is reversed, as to the court’s holding regarding the
stock account. The judgment is affirmed in all other respects. The case is remanded for
such further proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are taxed one-half to
the appellant, Great American Opportunities, Inc. and one-half to the appellee, James
Brigman.


                                                    _________________________________
                                                    JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE




                                           - 31 -
