                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_________________________________________
                                          )
RAY LEONARD, et al.,                      )
                                          )
      Plaintiffs,                         )
                                          )
             v.                           )                      Civil Action No. 13-1571 (ESH)
                                          )
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT                  )
OF DEFENSE, et al.,                       )
                                          )
      Defendants.                         )
_________________________________________ )


                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        On October 14, 2013, Father Ray Leonard, a Catholic chaplain at the Naval Submarine

Base in Kings Bay, Georgia, and Fred Naylor, one of his parishioners, filed suit against the

United States Department of Defense, the United States Department of the Navy, the Secretary

of the Navy, and the Secretary of Defense. In their suit, Leonard and Naylor allege that

defendants violated their rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”), 42

U.S.C. § 2000bb, et. seq. (Count I), and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution

(Counts II-IV) when, pursuant to the Anti-Deficiency Act, 31 U.S.C. § 1342, they prevented

Father Leonard from performing his ecclesiastical duties, even voluntarily, during the recent

government shutdown. (Compl., Oct. 14, 2013 [ECF No. 1].)

        One day after plaintiffs filed their lawsuit, defendants informed Father Leonard that

despite the lapse in government funding, he (and other chaplains like him) would be permitted to

continue working during the shutdown. 1 (Am. Compl., Jan. 3, 2014 [ECF No. 19], at ¶ 68.) On


1
 The government contends that the Secretary of the Navy, Ray Mabus, had already decided that clergy
contractors like Leonard would be permitted to work, albeit voluntarily, during the shutdown prior to the
that day, Father Leonard signed a contract modification stating that, while the government did

not presently have funds to pay him, he would be able to continue to perform his duties during

Fiscal Year 2014 and would be paid “[w]hen appropriated funds bec[a]me available.” (Opp. to

Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Opp.”), Mar. 17, 2014 [ECF No. 21], at 5 & Ex. 1, Attach 1.) Two

days later, the government shutdown ended and, by October 28, the Navy had resumed regular

operations including the payment of civilian chaplains like Father Leonard. (Poole Decl. at ¶ 15.)

        In the process of “reviewing the contract modification that Father Leonard signed on

October 15, 2013,” the procurement director for the Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Rebecca

Washington, determined that Father Leonard “had never signed the underlying contract for

religious services at Kings Bay for Fiscal Year 2014” and that the underlying contract omitted

“standard contract provisions” required by the Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”). (Decl.

of Rebecca Washington (“Washington Decl.”), Mar. 3, 2014 [ECF No. 20-3], at ¶ 4.) In light of

this discovery, the Navy informed Father Leonard that he would need to sign a new contract.

(Am. Compl. at ¶ 73.) Father Leonard, however, refused to sign this new contract on the

grounds that he “believed [the new terms] to be more onerous than what [he] had originally

agreed,” including “requirements that [he] believed could potentially compromise priest-penitent

confidentiality.” (Decl. of Father Ray Leonard (“Leonard Decl.”), Mar. 14, 2014 [ECF No. 21-

1], at ¶¶ 31-32.) He also was “concerned that under this new agreement, [he] could be

terminated for any reason . . . .” (Id. at ¶ 33.)

        Though Father Leonard was paid for the month of October, the Navy informed him on

November 25 that unless he signed the new contract he would not be paid for the work he


filing of plaintiffs’ lawsuit. Yet, the Navy had not yet passed this information on to Father Leonard and
other similarly situated contractors. (See Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ Am. Compl. (“Mot.”), Mar. 3, 2014
[ECF No. 20], at 5 n.5; Decl. of Cpt. Johnny Poole (“Poole Decl.”), Dec. 20, 2013 [ECF No. 20-2], at ¶¶
12-14.)
                                                    2
completed in November or any work going forward and would begin to look for his replacement.

(Id. at ¶ 34.) In the Navy’s view, “there was concern that Father Leonard could not be paid

without a signed contract.” (Mot. at 6 n.7.) Yet, on December 11, the Navy reversed its decision

and informed Father Leonard that even if he failed to sign a new contract, he would continue to

be paid for the rest of Fiscal Year 2014 and would not be replaced. (See id.; Leonard Decl. at ¶

36.) Despite these assurances, the Navy rejected a purchase order submitted by Father Leonard

on December 18 based on the fact that his contract was invalid—an error that the Navy rectified

on December 23 by paying him in full. (See Leonard Decl. at ¶ 36; Washington Decl. at ¶ 8.)

       Plaintiffs sought leave to file an amended complaint, which this Court granted. (Mot. to

File Am. Compl., Jan. 2, 2014 [ECF No. 16].) In their amended complaint, plaintiffs added an

additional count alleging that defendants’ actions toward Father Leonard after he filed suit

constitute unlawful retaliation (Count V). (See Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 107-10.) Though Father

Leonard has not yet signed his new contract, he continues to work as the Catholic chaplain at the

Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay and has not alleged any further delays or lapses in payment.

(See Washington Decl. at ¶ 12.)

       The case is presently before the Court on defendants’ motion to dismiss the amended

complaint on the grounds that (1) plaintiffs’ initial claims “became moot long ago when the

shutdown ended,” and (2) Father Leonard does not have standing to bring his retaliation claim or

alternatively, this claim is statutorily precluded by the Contract Disputes Act (“CDA”). (Mot. at

1.) Plaintiffs oppose this motion on the grounds that (1) “[t]he Anti-Deficiency Act has not been

repealed . . . [such that] it is likely that when the government enters another shutdown, the First

Amendment rights of Plaintiffs and other similarly situated individuals will again be violated,”

and (2) Father Leonard has standing to bring his retaliation claim which is not a contractual



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claim governed by the CDA. (Opp. at 4, 14.) For the reasons stated below, the Court will grant

defendants’ motion to dismiss.

                                            ANALYSIS

I.     LEGAL STANDARD

       On a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of

establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the court has subject matter jurisdiction. See

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). The Court must accept all factual

allegations in the complaint as true and give the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable inferences

from the facts alleged. See Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253-54 (D.C.

Cir. 2005). A court may dismiss a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction only if “‘it appears

beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would

entitle him to relief.’” Richardson v. United States, 193 F.3d 545, 549 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting

Caribbean Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless PLC, 148 F.3d 1080, 1086 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).

Where a court’s subject matter jurisdiction is called into question, it may consider matters

outside the pleadings to ensure that it has the power to hear the case. See Jerome Stevens

Pharms., Inc., 402 F.3d at 1253.

II.    PLAINTIFFS’ FIRST AMENDMENT AND RFRA CLAIMS

       In Counts I-IV, plaintiffs allege violations of their rights under RFRA and the First

Amendment resulting from defendants’ actions during the government shutdown. In their

motion to dismiss, defendants respond that these claims are now moot. The Court agrees.

       “Federal courts lack jurisdiction to decide moot cases because their constitutional

authority extends only to actual cases or controversies.” Iron Arrow Honor Soc’y v. Heckler,

464 U.S. 67, 70 (1983). The constitutional case or controversy requirement “means that,



                                                  4
throughout the litigation, the plaintiff must have suffered, or be threatened with, an actual injury

traceable to the defendant and likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spencer v.

Kemna, 523 U.S. 1, 7 (1998) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “Even where

litigation poses a live controversy when filed, the [mootness] doctrine requires a federal court to

refrain from deciding it if events have so transpired that the decision will neither presently affect

the parties’ rights nor have a more-than-speculative chance of affecting them in the future.”

Clarke v. United States, 915 F.2d 699, 701 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted). An intervening event may render a claim moot if there is no reasonable

expectation that the conduct will recur. Pharmachemie B.V. v. Barr Labs., Inc., 276 F.3d 627,

631 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “Simply stated, a case is moot when the issues presented are no longer

live or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” Larsen v. U.S. Navy, 525

F.3d 1, 3 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Los Angeles Cnty. v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631 (1979)).

        Here, as a result of defendants’ alleged violations of plaintiffs’ constitutional and

statutory rights, the amended complaint seeks (1) a declaratory judgment that “Defendants’

actions violate the [RFRA] and the First Amendment,” and (2) an injunction prohibiting

defendants from inhibiting Father Leonard from performing his ecclesiastical duties based on the

Anti-Deficiency Act. 2 (Am. Compl. at Prayer for Relief.) The problem for plaintiffs, however,

is that the need for this relief effectively ended when the shutdown did. At the conclusion of the


2
  Plaintiffs also seek nominal damages in their amended complaint. (Am. Compl. at Prayer for Relief.)
However, this is not a Bivens-type claim whereby federal officials are sued in their individual capacities
for violating plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. To the contrary, this is an action taken against government
officers in their official capacities. Therefore, while plaintiffs may seek declaratory and injunctive relief,
they may not seek damages because the United States has not waived sovereign immunity for monetary
relief for unconstitutional acts taken by government employees acting in their official capacities. See
Clark v. Library of Congress, 750 F.2d 89, 102-03 (D.C. Cir. 1984). The government also has not waived
sovereign immunity for monetary damages resulting from violations of RFRA. Webman v. Fed. Bureau
of Prisons, 441 F.3d 1022, 1026 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“RFRA does not waive the federal government’s
sovereign immunity for damages.”).
                                                      5
shutdown Father Leonard was permitted to perform his job for Fiscal Year 2014. Likewise, once

Father Leonard was no longer forbidden from performing his job, plaintiff Fred Naylor regained

access to all the religious activities that he sought to participate in despite the fact that no court

had issued declaratory or injunctive relief.

        Therefore, even construing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, as the

Court must, there can be no allegation that defendants are presently violating any of plaintiffs’

statutory or constitutional rights and their claims are therefore moot. See Nat’l Black Police

Ass’n v. Dist. of Columbia, 108 F.3d 346, 349 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Plaintiffs seemingly concede as

much in the first sentence of their opposition when they describe their injuries in the past tense—

“[p]laintiffs’ injuries are not speculative—they occurred.” (Opp. at 1 (emphasis in original).)

Federal courts are, however, “not in the business of pronouncing [that] past actions which have

no demonstrable continuing effect were right or wrong.” See Spencer, 523 U.S. at 17. Though

the Court recognizes that the issue “may [present] an important question to plaintiffs . . . [if] it is

not a live controversy that can avail itself of the judicial powers of the federal courts . . . [i]t is . .

. moot.” Newdow v. Roberts, 603 F.3d 1002, 1008 (D.C. Cir. 2010).

        Plaintiffs attempt to salvage these claims in two ways. First, they argue that this case

falls under the “voluntary cessation” exception to the mootness doctrine. Under this exception

“a defendant’s voluntary cessation of a challenged practice does not deprive a federal court of its

power to determine the legality of the practice . . . [because i]f it did, the courts would be

compelled to leave [t]he defendant . . . free to return to his old ways.” Friends of the Earth, Inc.

v. Laidlaw, 528 U.S. 167, 189 (2000) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). That said,

“[i]n order for this exception to apply, the defendant’s voluntary cessation must have arisen

because of the litigation.” Aref v. Holder, 774 F. Supp. 2d 147, 161 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Pub.



                                                     6
Util. Comm’n of Cal. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 100 F.3d 1451, 1460 (9th Cir. 1996)).

Of course, the government shutdown did not end because of this litigation, so this exception is

inapplicable. See Wyo. Outdoor Council v. Dombeck, 148 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 n.1 (D.D.C. 2001)

(“[T]he voluntary cessation doctrine does not apply when the challenged activity stops for

reasons unrelated to litigation.”) (citing Sze v. INS, 153 F.3d 1005, 1008-09 (9th Cir. 1998)).

        Second, plaintiffs argue that their claims are justiciable on the grounds that “[d]efendants

cannot promise that both Houses of Congress will agree upon their next budget and a shutdown

will be avoided [a]nd . . . that the Anti-Deficiency Act will not be imposed again. . . .” (Opp. at

10.) The Court interprets this as an attempt to invoke the “capable of repetition yet evading

review” exception to the mootness doctrine. This exception requires plaintiffs to demonstrate

that “(1) the challenged action is in its duration too short to be fully litigated prior to its cessation

or expiration, and (2) there [is] a reasonable expectation that the complaining party would be

subjected to the same action again.” Clarke, 915 F.2d at 704 (quoting Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S.

478, 482 (1982)) (alteration in original). The capable of repetition prong specifically requires

that “[t]he party invoking the exception must show a reasonable degree of likelihood that the

issue will be the basis of a continuing controversy between the[ ] two parties.” United Bhd. of

Carpenters & Joiners of Am. v. Operative Plasterers’ & Cement Masons’ Int’l Ass’n, 721 F.3d

678, 688 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

        While most government shutdowns—including the seventeen-day shutdown at issue in

this case— are short in duration, it does not necessarily follow that agency action taken during

these shutdowns is sufficiently capable of repetition for purposes of establishing a justiciable

claim. As Judge Sullivan explained in Am. Fed.’n of Gov’t Employees v. Rivlin, 995 F. Supp.

165,166 (D.D.C. 1998) summarily aff’d sub nom. Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v. Raines, 1998



                                                    7
WL 545417 (D.C. Cir. July 15, 1998), a case brought after the 1996 government shutdown by

government employees challenging the requirement that they had to work without compensation

during the shutdown, “[g]iven the passage of the 1996 budget, th[e] Court’s decision would

neither presently affect the parties’ rights nor have more than a speculative chance of affecting

those rights in the future” and “[it] would be entirely speculative for the Court to attempt to

predict if, and when another lapse in appropriations may occur, how long that lapse might be,

which agencies might be subject to the lapse, which employees might be affected, and whether

employees will be required to work without compensation.” Similarly, Judge Grady of the

Eastern District of Virginia recently concluded that alleged wrongs committed by the

government during a shutdown were not “capable of repetition yet evading review,” because “the

number of contingencies that would need to align to recreate the situation underlying Plaintiff’s

complaint does not rise to the level of probability required to invoke this exception to the

mootness doctrine.” (Mot. Ex. 1, Nat’l Forest Recreation Ass’n v. Tidwell, 13-cv-01287 (E.D.

Va.) (Jan. 24, 2014)).

       Plaintiffs attempt to distinguish Rivlin and Tidwell on the grounds that their claims

concern violations of constitutional rights and a comprehensive federal statute protecting

religious practice. (Opp. at 11-14.) The question of mootness is not, however, limited to non-

constitutional challenges. See, e.g., Fraternal Order of Police v. Rubin, 134 F. Supp. 2d. 39, 40

(D.D.C. 2001) (holding that First Amendment claim was moot). Moreover, the mootness

doctrine has nothing whatsoever to do with the underlying basis for bringing the claim. It is

instead based on the constitutional prohibition against issuing what amounts to an advisory

opinion. El Paso Natural Gas Co. v. United States, 2014 WL 1328164 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 4, 2014)

(“Because the exercise of judicial power under Article III depends upon the existence of a case



                                                  8
or controversy, a federal court may not render advisory opinions or decide questions that do not

affect the rights of parties properly before it.” (internal citations omitted)).

        The Court concludes, in accordance with Rivlin and Tidwell, that there are simply too

many contingencies that would need to occur simultaneously for this case to be considered

“capable of repetition”: (1) the government would need to shut down once again, (2) it would

need to exclude payment for chaplains from any temporary funding schemes; (3) Father Leonard,

who works on year-to-year contracts, would need to continue to serve at the Naval Submarine

Base Kings Bay as a chaplain, and (4) the Navy would need to apply the Anti-Deficiency Act so

as to limit chaplains’ religious activities despite the express decision not to do so at the end of the

most recent government shutdown. Because the likelihood that these events will reoccur is, at

best, speculative, plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden of showing that they are “reasonably

likely to suffer [the alleged] legal wrong again” to establish that their claims are “capable of

repetition yet evading review.” See United Bhd. of Carpenters, 721 F.3d at 688. Counts I-IV in

plaintiffs’ amended complaint will therefore be dismissed as moot.

III.    FATHER LEONARD’S RETALIATION CLAIM

        In Count V, Father Leonard alleges that defendants unlawfully retaliated against him for

bringing the present lawsuit in violation of his First Amendment rights. (Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 109-

10.) Defendants respond in their motion to dismiss that Father Leonard does not have standing

to bring this claim because he suffers no ongoing injury and, even if there is standing, the Court

would not have jurisdiction under the CDA. (Mot. at 11-17.) Because, the Court holds that

Father Leonard does not have standing to bring this retaliation claim, Count V will be dismissed

on this ground and the Court need not reach the applicability of the CDA.




                                                   9
       “While the burden of production to establish standing is more relaxed at the pleading

stage than at summary judgment, a plaintiff must nonetheless allege ‘general factual allegations

of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct (notwithstanding ‘the court presume[es] that

general allegations embrace the specific facts that are necessary to support the claim’).” Nat’l

Ass’n of Homebuilders v. EPA, 667 F.3d 6, 12 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal citations omitted)

(alteration in original). “[P]ast injuries alone are insufficient to establish standing,” and

plaintiffs must show that they “suffer[ ] an ongoing injury or face[ ] an immediate threat of

injury.” Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citing City of Los Angeles v.

Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105 (1983)).

        In plaintiffs’ amended complaint, Father Leonard argues that “[a]s a result of petitioning

to the Court, Defendants have taken adverse action against [him] by attempting to not honor his

contract of employment, by attempting to add additional burdens and arduous terms to his

contract of employment, and by refusing to timely pay [him] for his performed services.” (Am.

Compl. at ¶ 109.) That said, plaintiff appears to concede in his opposition that these alleged

injuries are not ongoing, since he acknowledges that he “suffered actual harm as a result of

Defendants’ actions.” (Opp. at 15 (emphasis added).) While admitting that these harms occurred

in the past, plaintiff argues that “[p]ast wrongs may serve as evidence bearing on whether there is

a real and immediate threat of repeated injury.” (Id. (citing NB ex rel. Peacock, 682 F.3d 77, 84

(D.C. Cir. 2012) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).) Though an accurate

characterization of the law, it is of no help to plaintiff. Unlike NB ex rel. Peacock, where the

Court held that the facts alleged in the complaint demonstrated that at least one plaintiff likely

suffered both present harm and imminent threat of future harm based on the facts articulated in

the complaint, see id. at 82-83, no such allegations are present in plaintiffs’ amended complaint.



                                                  10
To the contrary, Father Leonard does not dispute that the Navy (1) paid him the money to which

he was entitled prior to filing its amended complaint on January 3, 2014; (2) has continued to

pay him for his services for the last several months; and (3) has represented to him that he will

continue to be paid for Fiscal Year 2014 so long as he fulfills his duties—even if he chooses not

to sign a new contract. Therefore, at most, plaintiff presents a speculative injury that “[t]here is

no guarantee beyond the Navy’s current ‘assurance’ that this retaliation will not occur again,

making injunctive and declaratory relief necessary to prevent future harm.” (Opp. at 15.) While

it is true that plaintiff need not show absolute certainty of future injury to establish standing at

this stage, an “attenuated chain of possibilities[] does not satisfy the [impending injury]

requirement.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l, 133 S.Ct. 1138, 1148 (Feb. 26, 2013). Therefore,

because the only retaliatory injuries alleged are past injuries and Father Leonard has not

articulated a credible threat of future injury, Count V will be dismissed.

                                          CONCLUSION

       Accordingly, the motion to dismiss will be granted. A separate order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.



                                                                   /s/
                                                       ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
                                                       United States District Judge

Date: April 30, 2014




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