                                     UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 18-4299


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                     Plaintiff - Appellee,

              v.

BOAKAI BOKER,

                     Defendant - Appellant.



Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at
Charlotte. Max O. Cogburn, Jr., District Judge. (3:16-cr-00092-MOC-1)


Submitted: February 20, 2020                                      Decided: March 23, 2020


Before NIEMEYER, HARRIS, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.


Dismissed in part and affirmed in part by unpublished per curiam opinion.


Robert Carpenter, ALLEN STAHL & KILBOURNE, Asheville, North Carolina, for
Appellant. R. Andrew Murray, United States Attorney, Anthony J. Enright, Assistant
United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Charlotte,
North Carolina, for Appellee.


Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

       Boakai Boker appeals from his convictions following a jury trial for wire fraud, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343 (2018) (Count 1); bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1344(a)(2) (2018) (Count 2); making false claims to the Internal Revenue Service, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287 (2018) (Count 3); and aggravated identity theft, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1), (b) (2018) (Count 4). Boker’s charges arose from a fraudulent

scheme in which the Government alleged that he obtained individuals’ personal

identification information, filed false tax returns in their names, claimed illegitimate

refunds, and deposited the resultant refund checks from the United States Treasury into

accounts that Boker had fraudulently opened in the victims’ names. On appeal, Boker

argues that the magistrate judge violated his right to due process by failing to advise him

during his initial appearance that Count 4 carried a mandatory sentence, and that the

magistrate judge additionally erred by ordering his pretrial detention and by granting his

request to proceed pro se. Boker further contends that the district court erred by denying

his motion to suppress and by limiting his cross-examination of a witness. We dismiss in

part and affirm in part.

                                              I

       Boker first contends that his due process rights were violated because the magistrate

judge violated Fed. R. Crim. P. 5 by failing to advise him during his initial appearance that

Count 4 carried a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of two years. Because Boker

raises this challenge for the first time on appeal, we review this claim for plain error.



                                             2
United States v. Jackson, 706 F.3d 264, 270 n.2 (4th Cir. 2013); see United States v.

Dennison, 925 F.3d 185, 190 (4th Cir. 2019) (discussing plain error standard).

       Rule 5 does not require the district court to inform a defendant facing felony charges

of the applicable minimum and maximum penalties at his initial appearance. See Fed. R.

Crim. P. 5(d). Furthermore, the record demonstrates that Boker was aware, prior to the

start of his trial, that Count 4 carried a two-year mandatory term of imprisonment, to run

consecutively to any other sentence imposed. Thus, this claim is meritless.

                                             II

       Next, Boker challenges the magistrate judge’s decision to order his pretrial

detention. The Government argues that Boker is no longer subject to pretrial detention due

to his conviction, so this challenge is moot. We agree. See Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478,

481-82 (1982); United States v. Springer, 715 F.3d 535, 540 (4th Cir. 2013) (discussing

mootness doctrine). Accordingly, we dismiss this portion of the appeal as moot.

                                             III

       Boker also contends that the magistrate judge erred in granting his motion to

proceed pro se.    Boker argues that his request to represent himself was essentially

involuntary because neither of his court-appointed attorneys was willing to file certain

motions that the attorneys believed were legally unsupportable but that Boker believed

were necessary. “The Sixth Amendment guarantees to a criminal defendant the right to the

assistance of counsel before he can be convicted and punished by a term of imprisonment”

and “also protects a defendant’s affirmative right to self-representation.” United States v.

Ductan, 800 F.3d 642, 648 (4th Cir. 2015). A defendant “may waive the right to counsel

                                             3
and proceed at trial pro se only if the waiver is (1) clear and unequivocal, (2) knowing,

intelligent, and voluntary, and (3) timely.” United States v. Bernard, 708 F.3d 583, 588

(4th Cir. 2013). Ultimately, “the defendant should be made aware of the dangers and

disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that he knows what

he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.” United States v. Bush, 404 F.3d 263,

270 (4th Cir. 2005) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). 1

       The record demonstrates that the magistrate judge confirmed that Boker’s decision

to represent himself was clear, unequivocal, knowing, and voluntary.                Despite

understanding the penalties that would result from a guilty verdict and despite the

magistrate judge’s warnings about the disadvantages of proceeding without an attorney,

Boker chose to represent himself. His disagreement with his attorneys’ legal analyses does

not render this decision involuntary. To the extent Boker challenges the appointment of

his prior attorney as standby counsel, he “had no right . . . to a standby counsel of his

choosing.” United States v. Cohen, 888 F.3d 667, 680 (4th Cir. 2018). Accordingly,

Boker’s claims lack merit.

                                            IV

       Boker argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence

obtained from his apartment during a search conducted pursuant to a warrant signed by a

United States magistrate judge. “In considering the appeal of a denial of a motion to


       1
         The parties disagree about the applicable standard of review. Because Boker’s
argument fails under either the plain error or abuse of discretion standard, we decline to
resolve the dispute.

                                             4
suppress, we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings

for clear error.” United States v. Bullette, 854 F.3d 261, 265 (4th Cir. 2017) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “We further construe the evidence in the light most favorable

to the [G]overnment—the prevailing party below.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       At the suppression hearing, United States Secret Service Special Agent Matthew

Hayes testified that after he, along with other law enforcement officers, conducted the

search, he left with Boker a copy of the face sheet of the search warrant and an inventory

of the items seized in the search. Hayes did not leave attachments A and B to the warrant—

describing the premises to be searched and the items to be seized, respectively—nor did he

leave the affidavit in support of his application for the search warrant. The district court

denied Boker’s motion to suppress, stating “that there is no requirement that a copy of the

affidavit or the attachments which support the affidavit be served on the defendant . . . at

the time of the search.” (J.A. 552) 2; see Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(f)(1)(C).

       “There are two categories of Rule 41 violations: those involving constitutional

violations, and all others.” United States v. Simons, 206 F.3d 392, 403 (4th Cir. 2000).

“Non-constitutional violations of Rule 41 warrant suppression only when the defendant is

prejudiced by the violation or when there is evidence of intentional and deliberate disregard

of a provision in the Rule.” Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “[T]he

Fourth Amendment is not offended where the executing officer fails to leave a copy of the

search warrant with the property owner following the search . . . or fails even to carry the


       2
           “J.A.” refers to the joint appendix filed by the parties in this appeal.

                                                 5
warrant during the search.” United States v. Hurwitz, 459 F.3d 463, 472 (4th Cir. 2006)

(internal citation omitted).

       Here, the district court credited Agent Hayes’ testimony that he left a copy of the

face of the warrant and an inventory of the items seized in the search, see Fed. R. Crim. P.

41(f)(1)(C), but that he did not leave attachments A and B to the warrant or the affidavit in

support of his application for the search warrant. Even assuming arguendo that a violation

of Rule 41 occurred, Boker has offered no evidence or argument, in the district court or on

appeal, that this nonconstitutional violation was intentional or prejudicial. Accordingly,

we conclude that the district court did not err in denying Boker’s motion to suppress.

                                              V

       Finally, Boker contends that the district court abused its discretion by cutting short

a statement Boker made while cross-examining Agent Hayes at trial. “We review . . .

evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Burfoot, 899 F.3d 326, 340

(4th Cir. 2018). We further review evidentiary rulings for harmless error and will not

reverse the district court’s ruling so long as “we can say with fair assurance, after pondering

all that happened without stripping the erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment

was not substantially swayed by the error.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Our

review of the record leads us to conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion

in this regard.

                                              VI

       Accordingly, we dismiss as moot Boker’s challenge to his pretrial detention order

and affirm the district court’s judgment. We dispense with oral argument because the facts

                                              6
and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and

argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                               DISMISSED IN PART,
                                                               AFFIRMED IN PART




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