  IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

STONE & PAPER INVESTORS, LLC,             )
individually and derivatively on behalf of)
CLOVIS HOLDINGS LLC,                      )
                                          )
                 Plaintiff,               )
                                          )
      v.                                  )   C.A. No. 2018-0394-PAF
                                          )
RICHARD BLANCH, VIVIANNA BLANCH,          )
RED BRIDGE & STONE, LLC, BRIAN            )
SKINNER, and SKINNER CAPITAL, LLC,        )
                                          )
               Defendants,                )
                                          )
      and                                 )
                                          )
CLOVIS HOLDINGS LLC,                      )
                                          )
            Nominal Defendant.            )
_______________________________________ )
RICHARD BLANCH, RED BRIDGE &              )
STONE, LLC, and CLOVIS HOLDINGS LLC, )
                                          )
             Counterclaim and Third-Party )
                       Plaintiffs,        )
                                          )
      v.                                  )
                                          )
STONE & PAPER INVESTORS, LLC, JAD         )
TRADING, LLC, DIAMOND CARTER              )
TRADING, LLC, JOHN DIAMOND,               )
KANOKPAN KHUMPOO, ALBERT CARTER, )
ELIZABETH CARTER, EISENBERG &             )
BLAU, CPAS, P.C., DDK & COMPANY, LLP, )
and RICHARD EISENBERG,                    )
                                          )
             Counterclaim and Third-Party )
                      Defendants.         )
                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                       Date Submitted: March 26, 2020
                        Date Decided: June 29, 2020

Richard I. G. Jones, Jr., BERGER HARRIS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; David
Lackowitz, Zaid Shukri, MOSES & SINGER LLP, New York, New York; Attorneys
for Plaintiff and Counterclaim Defendant Stone & Paper Investors, LLC and Third-
Party Defendants JAD Trading, LLC, Diamond Carter Trading, LLC, John
Diamond, Kanokpan Khumpoo, Albert Carter, and Elizabeth Carter.

Catherine Damavandi, NURICK LAW GROUP, LLC; Attorney for Defendants and
Counterclaim and Third-Party Plaintiffs Richard Blanch, Red Bridge & Stone, LLC,
and Clovis Holdings, Inc., and Defendant Vivianna Blanch.

Evan O. Williford, THE WILLIFORD FIRM LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Attorney
for Defendants Brian Skinner and Skinner Capital, LLC.

FIORAVANTI, Vice Chancellor
      This case presents a dispute among the members and managers of a Delaware

limited liability company that was created to produce and sell stone-based paper

products. The company’s non-managing member, Stone & Paper Investors, LLC

(“Stone & Paper”), alleges the company’s two managers breached their fiduciary

duties and the company’s limited liability company agreement by spending the

company’s capital on themselves while doing nothing to advance the company.

After the Court denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint, the company

and two of the defendants filed counterclaims and third-party claims alleging that

Stone & Paper and its affiliates spent the company’s capital on themselves, breached

the limited liability company agreement, committed fraud, converted company

funds, were unjustly enriched, and aided and abetted breaches of fiduciary duty.

This opinion resolves a motion to dismiss the counterclaims and third-party claims.

      Under the plaintiff-friendly standard of Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6), the

Court concludes the counterclaims state claims for breach of contract and unjust

enrichment. The claims of fraudulent inducement, fraud, conversion, and aiding and

abetting a breach of fiduciary duty, however, are unsupported by any well-pleaded

allegations and are dismissed for failure to state a claim. Accordingly, the motion
to dismiss the counterclaims and third-party claims is granted in part and denied in

part as to the moving parties.1

I.       FACTUAL BACKGROUND
         The facts recited in this opinion come from Defendants Richard Blanch, Red

Bridge & Stone, LLC, and Nominal Defendant Clovis Holdings LLC’s Answer and

Affirmative Defenses to the Complaint, Counterclaim and Third Party Complaint

(the “Counterclaims” or “Countercl.”),2 the exhibit attached thereto, and the

document incorporated by reference into the Counterclaims.3

         A.    The Parties

         Defendants Brian Skinner (“Skinner”) and Richard Blanch (“Blanch”) and

Third-Party Defendants John Diamond (“Diamond”) and Albert Carter (“Carter”)

have a history of business dealings. Among other ventures, Blanch, Skinner,

Diamond, and Carter had a business relationship with cosmetics company Maison

de Beaute, LLC (“Maison de Beaute”). In 2013, they collectively pursued a business

aimed at making paper out of stone. The entity created to conduct that business is

Clovis Holdings LLC (“Clovis” or the “Company”). Clovis is governed by a




1
 As explained below, three of the Third-Party Defendants were never served with the
Counterclaims and have not appeared in this action.
2
    Dkt. 64.
3
  Richard Blanch, Red Bridge & Stone, LLC, and Clovis Holdings LLC are collectively
referred to as the “Counterclaim Plaintiffs.”
                                          2
Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement as of January 1, 2014 (the “LLC

Agreement”).4

      Blanch and Skinner are the two designated managers of Clovis under the LLC

Agreement. Clovis has three members: Red Bridge & Stone, LLC (“Red Bridge”)

and Skinner Capital, LLC (“Skinner Capital”) are common members, and Stone &

Paper is a preferred member. Blanch and Defendant Vivianna Blanch are affiliated

with Red Bridge. Skinner is affiliated with Skinner Capital.

      Stone & Paper has two members: Diamond and non-party Carter Financial.

Diamond is a managing member of Stone & Paper. He is also a managing member

of Third-Party Defendants Diamond Carter Trading, LLC (“Diamond Carter

Trading”) and JAD Trading, LLC (“JAD Trading”).               Third-Party Defendant

Kanokpan Khumpoo (“Khumpoo”), is a member of JAD Trading. She is also

married to Diamond.

      Carter is a managing member of Carter Financial, and his wife, Elizabeth

Carter,5 is a member of Carter Financial. Carter is also a managing member of


4
  Verified Compl. (“Compl.”) Ex. A (Dkt. 1). The LLC Agreement is incorporated by
reference into the Counterclaims. See Morrison v. Berry, 191 A.3d 268, 276 n.20 (Del.
2018) (“[W]hen a plaintiff expressly refers to and heavily relies upon documents in her
complaint, these documents are considered to be incorporated by reference into the
complaint; this is true even where the documents are not expressly incorporated into or
attached to the complaint.” (quoting Freedman v. Adams, 2012 WL 1345638, at *5 (Del.
Ch. Mar. 30, 2012), aff’d, 58 A.3d 414 (Del. 2013)).
5
  Defendant Vivianna Blanch and Third-Party Defendant Elizabeth Carter will be referred
to by their full names. No disrespect is intended.
                                          3
Diamond Carter Trading. Skinner was the Chief Operating Officer of Diamond

Carter Trading. Stone & Paper, Diamond Carter Trading, JAD Trading, Carter,

Diamond, Khumpoo, and Elizabeth Carter are collectively referred to as the

“Movants.”

       Third-Party Defendants Eisenberg & Blau, CPAs (“Eisenberg & Blau”) and

its successor DDK & Company (“DDK”) are New York accounting firms that

provided accounting services to Stone & Paper and Clovis. Third-Party Defendant

Richard Eisenberg (“Eisenberg,” collectively with Eisenberg & Blau and DDK, the

“Eisenberg Parties”) is an accountant who managed Eisenberg & Blau and DDK.6

       B.     The Alleged Misappropriation of Clovis’s Funds

       Stone & Paper contributed $3,500,000 to Clovis. That was the sole capital

investment in the Company. The parties agree the funds have been dissipated, but

they disagree as to what happened and who is to blame. Stone & Paper alleges that

Blanch and Skinner, the managers of the Company, breached their fiduciary and

contractual duties by spending the Company’s capital on personal expenses while

doing nothing to advance the Company.




6
 Based on the docket, it appears that the Eisenberg Parties have not been served with the
Counterclaims and Third-Party Complaint, which would explain why they have not
appeared in this action. The only claim asserted against the Eisenberg Parties is for aiding
and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty.
                                             4
          The Counterclaims present a different narrative. They assert that Stone &

Paper’s complaint is merely a “cover up” for the Counterclaim Defendants’ own

misappropriation of Clovis’s funds.7 The Counterclaim Plaintiffs allege that Stone

& Paper’s capital contribution was in name only, and Stone & Paper treated the

assets of Clovis like a “private slush fund” for itself, Carter, Diamond, Elizabeth

Carter, Khumpoo, Diamond Carter Trading, and JAD Trading.8 The Counterclaims

allege that Stone & Paper “practically exercised board-level control” over Clovis, its

assets, and the preparation of its tax returns.9

          Clovis did not directly pay all of its expenses. Instead, Clovis charged

expenses to an American Express card “managed” by Carter and held by Diamond

Carter Trading.10 Expenses for Carter, Diamond, Elizabeth Carter, Khumpoo,

Diamond Carter Trading, JAD Trading, and Maison de Beaute were comingled on

the same American Express card. When Diamond Carter Trading or JAD Trading

were low on funds, Clovis paid for Diamond Carter Trading and JAD Trading’s

American Express charges. Clovis’s funds were also used to make payments for

Diamond’s investment newsletter, an Amazon server used by Diamond Carter

Trading and JAD Trading, Diamond and Khumpoo’s personal internet and cable


7
    Countercl. ¶¶ 85, 207.
8
    Id. ¶ 78.
9
    Id. ¶¶ 144, 188.
10
     Id. ¶ 148.
                                            5
service, charitable event sponsorships, and event tickets. The Counterclaims do not

specify whether Clovis paid for all of these items directly or did so indirectly by

reimbursing Diamond Carter Trading for charges on its American Express card.

Emails attached as an exhibit to the Counterclaims suggest the latter.          The

Counterclaims allege Clovis paid more than $1,250,000 for American Express

charges “that were wholly unrelated to Clovis Holdings.”11 The Counterclaims do

not allege the dates or amounts of any of the alleged payments or American Express

charges.

         The Counterclaims allege that Stone & Paper directly paid itself $10,000

monthly for a total of $110,000 from Clovis’s bank account despite providing no

services or other consideration to Clovis in return. The Counterclaims also allege

that Diamond Carter Trading and JAD Trading “took approximately $2,000,000

from Clovis Holdings for themselves.”12       The Counterclaims lack any factual

allegations describing this alleged taking of $2 million from Clovis’s funds.

         The Counterclaim Plaintiffs attached to their Counterclaims a selection of

emails among Blanch, Skinner, Diamond, Carter, and Clovis’s accountants. The

emails appear to indicate that one of Clovis’s managers, Skinner, authorized several

American Express card reimbursements to Diamond Carter Trading. On August 9,


11
     Id. ¶ 205.
12
     Id. ¶ 169.
                                          6
2015, Skinner, who was also the Chief Operating Officer of Diamond Carter

Trading, explained to the Company’s accountants, “here are the Clovis charges that

I put on the [Diamond Carter Trading] credit card…total of $56,876.54[.] [I]n 2014

Clovis paid $50000.00 directly to Amex on behalf of [Diamond Carter Trading].” 13

On August 31, 2015, Eisenberg asked Skinner whether a charitable donation should

be placed on the books for Clovis or Diamond Carter Trading; Diamond responded,

copying Skinner, that the donation may be placed on the books for Diamond Carter

Trading.14 On July 22, 2016, Skinner participated in an email exchange regarding

the allocations of American Express charges between Diamond Carter Trading and

Clovis.15 On February 23, 2018, Skinner explained he previously decided to have

Clovis pay American Express charges on behalf of Diamond Carter Trading, JAD

Trading, and others:

         I think 2015 we had a high [Diamond Carter Trading] Amex bill..which
         we decided to pay with Clovis and then use Clovis to pay the Amex
         going forward (even if it was a [Diamond Carter Trading] charge
         since [Diamond Carter Trading] had little funds . . . All charges for
         [Diamond Carter Trading], Clovis, JAD [Trading] (Berg newsletter)
         and a few times Maison [de Beaute] came from the Clovis checking
         over the last few years.16




13
     Id. Ex. 1 at 13 (Aug. 9, 2015 Email Chain).
14
     Id. at 15 (Aug. 31, 2015 Email Chain).
15
     Id. at 22 (July 22, 2016 Email Chain).
16
     Id. at 39 (Mar. 20, 2018 Email Chain) (emphasis added).
                                              7
      The Counterclaims further allege that the Eisenberg Parties aided and abetted

certain of the Movants in draining Clovis of its assets and, as discussed below,

allowing Diamond to control the Company’s tax returns while keeping Skinner and

Blanch in the dark. The emails attached to the Counterclaims, however, show that

Skinner authorized numerous transactions on behalf of Clovis and informed

Eisenberg about them.

      C.     Clovis’s Tax Returns

      From Clovis’s founding until December 2017, the Eisenberg Parties prepared

Clovis’s tax returns.     The Counterclaims allege that Eisenberg had a close

relationship with Stone & Paper and would often communicate with Diamond about

Clovis’s tax returns rather than Clovis’s managers—Blanch and Skinner. The emails

attached to the Counterclaims, however, show Diamond forwarding his emails from

Eisenberg to Skinner.17 The Counterclaims accuse Stone & Paper, Diamond Carter

Trading, and JAD Trading of conspiring with the Eisenberg Parties to interfere with

the preparation of Clovis’s tax returns. For example, Stone & Paper is alleged to

have reneged on a prior agreement to reclassify certain guaranteed payments to

Blanch as loans, and then causing the Company to file a 2015 tax return that did not




17
  See id. at 18 (Sept. 13, 2015 Email Chain) (Diamond forwarding Eisenberg’s questions
regarding Clovis’s tax returns to Skinner. Skinner responds, “[Eisenberg] should direct
questions about Clovis to me. Makes no sense to relay the answers.”).
                                          8
reflect the loan reclassification. The Counterclaims allege the tax return was later

amended to reflect the payments as loans, as originally agreed.

           The accounting firm of Citrin Cooperman replaced DDK for the Company’s

2017 tax filing. The Counterclaims contend that Stone & Paper continued to

exercise “board-level control” in the preparation of Clovis’s 2017 tax returns,

including by Diamond asking Citrin Cooperman not to file the tax return or to make

final decisions with Clovis until he had an opportunity to review certain issues with

his accountant.18 An email attached to the Counterclaims, however, reflects that

Citrin Cooperman invited Diamond’s participation in the preparation of Clovis’s

2017 tax return by asking Diamond about a loan between Diamond Carter Trading

and Clovis.19 Diamond responded, “I need some time to review these points with

my accountant. Please don’t file the 2017 Clovis tax return or make any final

decisions regarding these points until we give our comments.”20 The emails attached

to the Counterclaims show that Citrin Cooperman took instruction for completing

and filing Clovis’s 2017 tax return from Blanch and Skinner, not Diamond.21

           Citrin Cooperman also informed Blanch that Diamond had been listed as a

managing member of Clovis on the Company’s 2014, 2015, and 2016 tax returns


18
     Id. ¶¶ 188-89.
19
     Id. Ex. 1 at 38 (Mar. 20, 2018 Email Chain).
20
     Id.
21
     See id. at 32-33 (Mar. 20, 2018 Email Chain).
                                              9
even though only Blanch and Skinner were the sole managers of Clovis. The

Counterclaims do not allege any damages resulting from any of the Movants’

involvement in Clovis’s tax returns.

      D.    This Litigation

      On May 31, 2018, Stone & Paper filed its Complaint. The Complaint asserted

multiple claims: a direct claim against Blanch and Skinner for breaches of the LLC

Agreement; derivative claims on behalf of Clovis against Blanch and Skinner for

breaches of the LLC Agreement and for breaches of fiduciary duty; and a derivative

claim against Skinner Capital, Red Bridge, and Vivianna Blanch for aiding and

abetting breaches of fiduciary duties. Skinner and Skinner Capital answered the

Complaint, while Blanch, Vivianna Blanch, Red Bridge, and Clovis moved to

dismiss the Complaint. On May 31, 2019, this Court denied the motion to dismiss.

      On July 24, 2019, the Counterclaim Plaintiffs filed the Counterclaims. On

September 27, 2019, the Movants moved to dismiss the Counterclaims (the “Motion

to Dismiss”). On March 25, 2020, this Court held oral argument on the Motion to

Dismiss.

II.   ANALYSIS

      The Movants seek dismissal on two grounds. First, they argue the Court lacks

personal jurisdiction over Diamond Carter Trading and Khumpoo. Second, they

contend the Counterclaims must be dismissed in their entirety for failure to state a


                                        10
claim.        The Movants argue, in the alternative, that absent dismissal of the

Counterclaims in their entirety, the Court should order the Counterclaim Plaintiffs

to provide a more definite statement. The Movants have also moved to strike certain

allegations in the Counterclaims as immaterial, impertinent, and scandalous.

         A.      Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction

         Diamond Carter Trading and Khumpoo—non-Delaware residents—have

moved to dismiss under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of personal

jurisdiction. The Court is required to first decide whether it has jurisdiction over

Diamond Carter Trading and Khumpoo before it may consider other grounds for

dismissal of the claims against them. Branson v. Exide Elecs. Corp., 625 A.2d 267,

269 (Del. 1993).

         When a defendant moves to dismiss a complaint pursuant to Court of
         Chancery Rule 12(b)(2), the plaintiff bears the burden of showing a
         basis for the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant. The
         court engages in a two-step analysis: the court must first determine that
         service of process is authorized by statute and then must determine that
         the exercise of jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant comports
         with traditional due process notions of fair play and substantial justice.
         In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(2) motion, the court may consider the
         pleadings, affidavits, and any discovery of record. If, as here, no
         evidentiary hearing has been held, plaintiffs need only make a prima
         facie showing of personal jurisdiction and “the record is construed in
         the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”

Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007) (quoting Cornerstone Techs.,

LLC v. Conrad, 2003 WL 1787959, at *3 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31, 2003)).


                                            11
         The Counterclaim Plaintiffs rely upon one provision of Delaware’s long-arm

statute to establish personal jurisdiction over Diamond Carter Trading and

Khumpoo: 10 Del. C. § 3104(c)(1).22 Section 3104(c)(1) allows the Court to

exercise personal jurisdiction over any nonresident who “in person or through an

agent . . . [t]ransacts any business or performs any character of work or service in

the State[.]” “To establish personal jurisdiction pursuant to Section 3104(c)(1), a

plaintiff must demonstrate both that: (1) the nonresident transacted some sort of

business in the state, and (2) the claim being asserted arose out of that specific

transaction.” Highway to Health, Inc. v. Bohn, 2020 WL 1868013, at *3 (Del. Ch.

Apr. 15, 2020) (internal punctuation omitted). In order for this Court to exercise

jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(1), some act must actually occur in Delaware.

Id.; Mobile Diagnostic Gp. Hldgs., LLC v. Suer, 972 A.2d 799, 804 (Del. Ch. 2009).

         “Diamond Carter Trading is a New York limited liability company with a

principal place of business in New York, New York.”23 The Counterclaim Plaintiffs

argue that Diamond Carter Trading is subject to personal jurisdiction in Delaware

because it engaged in transactions with Clovis, a Delaware entity.24            The

Counterclaim Plaintiffs do not allege that any of the transactions described in the



22
     Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 19 (Dkt. 93).
23
     Countercl. ¶ 92.
24
     Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 20 (citing Countercl. Ex. 1).
                                               12
Counterclaims or in Exhibit 1 to the Counterclaims took place in Delaware. Without

any factual allegations that an act occurred in Delaware, this Court cannot exercise

personal jurisdiction over Diamond Carter Trading under Section 3104(c)(1). See

Mobile Diagnostic, 972 A.2d at 804.25

         The Counterclaims do not allege—and the Counterclaim Plaintiffs do not

argue—that Khumpoo personally engaged in any act in Delaware. Instead, the

Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ only basis for personal jurisdiction over Khumpoo is that

she holds a membership interest in JAD Trading. The Counterclaim Plaintiffs argue

this is sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over Khumpoo because JAD

Trading is alleged to have committed wrongdoing in Delaware.26 Contrary to the

Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ argument, however, the Counterclaims do not allege that


25
  The Counterclaim Plaintiffs separately argue that “if jurisdictional discovery were to be
conducted, it would be revealed that Albert Carter is a resident of Delaware, and would
have transacted business on behalf of Diamond Carter Trading in this state.” Countercl.
Pls.’ Ans. Br. 20. This allegation does not appear in the Counterclaims. The Counterclaim
Plaintiffs have not introduced any evidence into the record to support this allegation, and
the Counterclaim Plaintiffs made no effort to conduct jurisdictional discovery.
Accordingly, these allegations are mere speculation and cannot form the basis for personal
jurisdiction over Diamond Carter Trading. See Picard v. Wood, 2012 WL 2865993, at *2
(Del. Ch. July 12, 2012) (not crediting allegations that defendant “may regularly conduct
business in Delaware” as sufficient to justify jurisdictional discovery). Even if this
unpleaded allegation can be credited, the Counterclaim Plaintiffs still fail to show a nexus
between general transactions of business by Diamond Carter Trading and the
Counterclaims, thereby failing the second requirement for establishing personal
jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(1). See Highway to Health, 2020 WL 1868013, at *3
(observing that under Section 3104(c)(1), the claim being asserted must arise out of the
specific transaction that occurred in Delaware).
26
     Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 20.
                                            13
JAD Trading committed any acts in Delaware. JAD Trading’s principal place of

business is in Florida. JAD Trading is subject to personal jurisdiction in this action

because it is a Delaware LLC. Khumpoo’s mere membership in a Delaware entity

is not a basis to confer personal jurisdiction. See In re Gen. Motors (Hughes)

S'holder Litig., 2005 WL 1089021, at *22 (Del. Ch. May 4, 2005) (mere ownership

of stock is insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction under Section 3104(c)(1)),

aff’d, 897 A.2d 162 (Del. 2006); Picard, 2012 WL 2865993, at *1 (“It is well-settled

under Delaware law that mere membership in a Delaware limited partnership, absent

additional considerations, is insufficient to confer personal jurisdiction.”). The

Counterclaim Plaintiffs have not made a prima facie showing that the Court has

personal jurisdiction over Khumpoo.

      Because the Counterclaim Plaintiffs have not established a statutory basis for

personal jurisdiction over Diamond Carter Trading and Khumpoo, the Court need

not address whether jurisdiction over them would satisfy due process.             The

Counterclaims alleged against Diamond Carter Trading and Khumpoo are dismissed

for lack of personal jurisdiction under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(2).

      B.     Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim

      The pleading standards governing a motion to dismiss under Court of

Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) are minimal. Central Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg.

Cap. Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011). On a motion to dismiss for failure

                                         14
to state a claim:

      (i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
      vague allegations are well-pleaded if they give the opposing party
      notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences
      in favor of the non-moving party; and ([iv]) dismissal is inappropriate
      unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any
      reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible to proof.

Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted); accord Central Mortg., 27 A.3d at 536. Although the

Court must accept as true the well-pleaded allegations in the Counterclaims, the

Court “need not accept inferences or factual conclusions unsupported by specific

allegations of fact.” Transdigm Inc. v. Alcoa Glob. Fasteners, Inc., 2013 WL

2326881, at *4 (Del. Ch. May 29, 2013). “[A] trial court is required to accept only

those ‘reasonable inferences that logically flow from the face of the complaint’ and

‘is not required to accept every strained interpretation of the allegations proposed by

the plaintiff.’” In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del.

2006) (quoting Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1082 (Del. 2001)).

“Moreover, a claim may be dismissed if allegations in the complaint or in the

exhibits incorporated into the complaint effectively negate the claim as a matter of

law.” Malpiede, 780 A.2d at 1083.

             1.     The Counterclaims State a Claim for Breach of the LLC
                    Agreement.




                                          15
         Count I of the Counterclaims asserts that Stone & Paper violated Clovis’s LLC

Agreement by “engag[ing] in a myriad of self-interested transactions to plunder the

assets of Clovis Holdings, and transfer those assets to other entities and persons,”

including the other Movants.27 The Movants argue that Count I must be dismissed

because the Counterclaim Plaintiffs have failed to allege any contractual duty on the

part of Stone & Paper that has been breached.28

         “[T]o survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a breach of contract

claim, the plaintiff must demonstrate: first, the existence of the contract, whether

express or implied; second, the breach of the obligation imposed by that contract;

and third, the resultant damage to the plaintiff.” VLIW Tech., LLC v. Hewlett-

Packard Co., 840 A.2d 606, 612 (Del. 2003).

         The Movants argue Count I should be dismissed because the Counterclaims

do not identify a specific provision of the LLC Agreement that Stone & Paper has

allegedly breached.29 The Movants acknowledge, however, that any claim alleging


27
     Countercl. ¶ 216.
28
     Movants’ Opening Br. 13 (Dkt. 83).
29
   At oral argument, counsel for the Counterclaim Plaintiffs identified Sections 4.7, 4.8,
4.9, 5.1, and 6.1 of the LLC Agreement as provisions that have been allegedly breached.
Oral Arg. Tr. 41-47 (Dkt. 143) (Damavandi). The Counterclaims do not give rise to a claim
for breach of any of these sections. Section 4.7 states procedures for succession in the
event that Blanch or Skinner cease to be a manager of the Company. Compl. Ex. A § 4.7.
The Counterclaims do not plead that either Blanch or Skinner ever ceased being managers
of the Company. Cf. Countercl. ¶ 89 (“Counterclaim and Third Party Plaintiff Richard
Blanch is a Manager of Clovis Holdings; Brian Skinner is the other Manager of Clovis
Holdings.”). Thus, the Counterclaims have failed to state a breach of Section 4.7 because
                                           16
Stone & Paper misappropriated Clovis’s funds by receiving a return of its capital

contribution would be governed by Section 9.6 of the LLC Agreement.30 Section

9.6 provides, in pertinent part, that “Stone & Paper [] may request the return of its

initial Capital Contribution provided such amounts are available and approved by

the Board consisting of at least two (2) Managers.”31

         Although the factual allegations in the Counterclaims are not a model of

clarity, in viewing the Counterclaims and the documents incorporated by reference

as a whole, the Court concludes that the allegations put the Counterclaim Defendants




Blanch and Skinner never ceased to be managers of the Company. Section 4.8 grants the
managers permission to engage in activities outside of those relating to the Company and
explains that neither the Company nor members have the right to share or participate in the
managers’ outside activities. Compl. Ex. A § 4.8. Section 4.9 states that the managers will
receive reimbursement from the Company for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses. Id. §
4.9. Sections 4.8 and 4.9 thus only govern the relationship between the managers and the
Company and do not impose any obligations on Stone & Paper. Section 5.1 lists “Major
Decisions” that require written approval by the board and the preferred members and
contains no language imposing obligations on Stone & Paper. Id. § 5.1 (“Major Decisions”
include consolidation, instituting bankruptcy proceedings, settling any claims against a
member, entering into employment agreements, borrowing money other than in the
ordinary course of business, and admitting new members). Similarly, Section 6.1 is a
limitation of liability clause stating that members of the Company shall not be obligated
for debts of the Company solely by reason of being a member of the Company. Id. § 6.1.
Section 6.1 does not impose any obligations on Stone & Paper.
30
    In their opening brief, the Movants contend that the breach of contract and unjust
enrichment claims “rel[y] on the same factual basis, and seek the same damages,” and are
premised upon Stone & Paper misappropriating Clovis’s funds “by receiving a return of
some [of] its initial capital contribution.” Movants’ Opening Br. 34. They then argue that
any claim concerning a return of capital is governed by Section 9.6 of the LLC Agreement.
Id.
31
     Compl. Ex. A § 9.6.
                                            17
on notice of the breach of contract claim. VLIW Tech., 840 A.2d at 611 (“An

allegation, though vague or lacking in detail, is nevertheless ‘well-pleaded’ if it puts

the opposing party on notice of the claim being brought against it.”).

         Under the plaintiff-friendly standard of Rule 12(b)(6), the Counterclaims

adequately allege that Stone & Paper engaged in self-interested transactions by

taking assets from Clovis without authority. The Counterclaims allege Stone &

Paper misappropriated Clovis’s funds to pay Diamond Carter Trading’s American

Express charges for items not pertaining to Clovis. Diamond is a managing member

of Diamond Carter Trading, JAD Trading, and Stone & Paper. The Counterclaims

allege that Diamond Carter Trading and JAD Trading “took approximately

$2,000,000 from Clovis Holdings for themselves.”32 The parties acknowledge that

the only capital in the Company came from Stone & Paper’s $3,500,000 initial

capital contribution. Thus, it is reasonably conceivable that Stone & Paper engaged

in self-interested transactions that removed a portion of its initial capital contribution

from the Company without the requisite approval under, and therefore in breach of,

Section 9.6 of the LLC Agreement.

         Drawing all reasonable inferences in Clovis’s favor, the Court cannot

conclude at this stage that Clovis “would not be entitled to recover under any




32
     Id. ¶ 169.
                                           18
reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible to proof” on its claim for

breach of contract. Savor, 812 A.2d at 897; see VLIW Tech., 840 A.2d at 611 (“In

alleging a breach of contract, a plaintiff need not plead specific facts to state an

actionable claim. Rather, a complaint for breach of contract is sufficient if it

contains ‘a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled

to relief.’ Such a statement must only give the defendant fair notice of a claim and

is to be liberally construed.”); see also Frank Investments Ranson, LLC v. Ranson

Gateway, LLC, 2016 WL 769996, at *6-7 & n.64 (Del. Ch. Feb. 26, 2016)

(“Although the Complaint is far from a model of clarity, it contains facts which,

when viewed in a light most favorable to Plaintiffs, make it reasonably conceivable

that there was mutual assent,” [and] “the Court cannot conclude that the Complaint

fails to meet Rule 12(b)(6)’s threshold on the question of whether there was mutual

consent.”).

              2.      The Counterclaims Fail to State Claims for Fraudulent
                      Inducement and Fraud.
      Counts II and III allege claims for fraudulent inducement and fraud against

Stone & Paper, Carter, and Diamond. “Under Delaware law, the elements of fraud

and fraudulent inducement are the same.” Great Hill Equity P’rs IV, LP v. SIG

Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, 2018 WL 6311829, at *31 (Del. Ch. Dec. 3, 2018).

To survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff asserting a fraud-based claim must

sufficiently plead:
                                          19
      (1) that defendant made a false representation, usually one of fact; (2)
      with the knowledge or belief that the representation was false, or with
      reckless indifference to the truth; (3) with an intent to induce the
      plaintiff to act or refrain from acting; (4) that plaintiff's action or
      inaction was taken in justifiable reliance upon the representation; and
      (5) damage to the plaintiff as a result of her reliance on the
      representation.

GreenStar IH Rep, LLC v. Tutor Perini Corp., 2017 WL 5035567, at *10 (Del. Ch.

Oct. 31, 2017) (quoting Fortis Advisors LLC v. Dialog Semiconductor PLC, 2015

WL 401371, at *6 (Del. Ch. Jan. 30, 2015)), aff’d, 186 A.3d 799 (Del. 2018).

      Allegations of fraud must be pleaded with particularity. Ct. Ch. R. 9(b). An

allegation of fraud is legally sufficient under Rule 9(b) if it informs the parties of the

precise transactions at issue and the fraud alleged to have occurred in those

transactions, so as to place the parties on notice of the precise misconduct with which

they are charged. Kahn Bros. & Co., Inc. Profit Sharing Plan & Tr. v. Fischbach

Corp., 1989 WL 109406, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 19, 1989); see also ABRY P’rs V, L.P.

v. F & W Acq. LLC, 891 A.2d 1032, 1050 (Del. Ch. 2006) (“Essentially, the plaintiff

is required to allege the circumstances of the fraud with detail sufficient to apprise

the defendant of the basis for the claim.”). A claimant can satisfy Rule 9(b) by

alleging “(1) the time, place, and contents of the false representation; (2) the identity

of the person making the representation; and (3) what the person intended to gain by

making the representations.” ABRY, 891 A.2d at 1050.

      The gravamen of the fraud and fraudulent inducement claims is that Stone &

                                           20
Paper, Diamond, and Carter made material misrepresentations to Red Bridge and

Blanch regarding: (a) the intent of Stone & Paper’s $3,500,000 capital contribution

to Clovis, (b) the intended management of Clovis under the LLC Agreement, and

(c) their insisting that Vivianna Blanch be the sole owner of Red Bridge. According

to the Counterclaims, Blanch and Red Bridge “would not have entered into a

business relationship at all with Stone & Paper, John Diamond, and Albert Carter, if

Red Bridge and Richard Blanch had known that Clovis’s capitalization and [LLC]

Agreement were illusory.”33

         The allegations in support of Counts II and III do not satisfy Court of

Chancery Rule 9(b).34 They do not plead the time, place, and contents of any

allegedly false representations. This lack of particularity is “fatal to the fraud

counterclaim as a matter of law.” GreenStar, 2017 WL 5035567, at *11 (dismissing

fraud claim where complaint failed to how, when, and where the alleged fraudulent

statements were made, to whom they were made, and how they were fraudulent);

see also MHS Capital LLC v. Goggin, 2018 WL 2149718, at *9 (Del. Ch. May 10,

2018) (“Rule 9(b) is not satisfied by the allegation that, at some unspecified time

between MHS’s investment in 2009 and the usurpation of business opportunities in


33
     Id. ¶ 243.
34
  The Counterclaim Plaintiffs’ brief does not address Rule 9(b). Instead, it asserts—with
no citation to any legal authority—that “Counts II and III were sufficiently pleaded in
accordance with Ct. Ch. R. 12(b)(6).” Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 15.
                                           21
April 2015, Goggin made false representations and omitted material facts.”).

          The allegation that Stone & Paper never intended to permit Skinner and

Blanch to serve as the managers of Clovis is conclusory. The LLC Agreement

provides for a two-member board of managers.35 The LLC Agreement expressly

names Blanch and Skinner as the managers.36 The Counterclaims allege that Skinner

and Blanch served as managers of Clovis at all times. There are no allegations that

Stone & Paper ever served as a manager or held itself out as a manager of Clovis.

The Court concludes that the well-pleaded allegations of the Counterclaims do not

support a reasonable inference that Stone & Paper had the authority to act as a

manager of Clovis. Therefore, the representation that Skinner and Blanch would be

the managers of Clovis was not false. Thus, it could not be the basis of a claim for

fraud. See Airborne Health, Inc. v. Squid Soap, LP, 984 A.2d 126, 139-40 (Del. Ch.

2009) (rejecting fraud claim where representation was accurate when made).37


35
     Compl. Ex. A §4.1(a).
36
     Id. § 1.1(v).
37
   Although the Counterclaims add the word “omissions” to the term “misrepresentations,”
the alleged omissions are merely the failure to disclose that the representations upon which
the Counterclaim Plaintiffs relied was false. In other words, the Counterclaim Plaintiffs
are simply recharacterizing misrepresentations as omissions. See generally Prairie Cap.
III, L.P. v. Double E Hldg. Corp., 132 A.3d 35, 51-55 & n.1 (Del. Ch. 2015) (discussing
how misrepresentations are reframed as omissions). There is no allegation that the
agreement to enter into the LLC Agreement was anything other than an arms’ length
transaction. Therefore, there was no affirmative duty for Carter or Diamond to speak. See
id. at 52 (“Because a party in an arms’ length contractual setting begins the process without
any affirmative duty to speak, any claim of fraud in an arms’ length setting necessarily
depends on some form of representation. A fraud claim in that setting cannot start from an
                                             22
      Counts II and III fail for the additional reason that they are an improper

attempt to bootstrap the breach of contract claim in Count I into fraudulent

inducement and fraud claims. With the exception of the allegations concerning the

demand that Vivianna Blanch serve as the sole member of Red Bridge, there are no

allegations of fraud in the Counterclaims distinct from the breach of contract

Counterclaims other than conclusory assertions that false representations were

involved. The breach of contract claim is based on the assertion that Stone & Paper

acted as a board-level manager and misappropriated the funds it invested in Clovis.

The fraud claims allege that Stone & Paper, Diamond, and Carter never intended

that Blanch and Carter would be the managers of Clovis and that Stone & Paper

removed the funds that it invested in Clovis.

      A claimant “cannot ‘bootstrap’ a claim of breach of contract into a claim of

fraud merely by alleging that a contracting party never intended to perform its

obligations.” Narrowstep, Inc. v. Onstream Media Corp., 2010 WL 5422405, at *15

(Del. Ch. Dec. 22, 2010) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also

MicroStrategy Inc. v. Acacia Research Corp., 2010 WL 5550455, at *17 (Del. Ch.

Dec. 30, 2010) (“[A] plaintiff cannot state a claim for fraud simply by adding the

term ‘fraudulently induced’ to a complaint or alleging that the defendant never



omission.”). The Counterclaim Plaintiffs do not argue that there is any difference between
the alleged misrepresentations and omissions.
                                           23
intended to comply with the agreement at issue at the time the parties entered into

it.”). “Couching an alleged failure to comply with the [LLC Agreement] as a failure

to disclose an intention to take certain actions arguably inconsistent with that

agreement is exactly the type of bootstrapping this Court will not entertain.” BAE

Sys. N. Am. Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2004 WL 1739522, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug.

3, 2004).

      The remaining alleged misrepresentation is not asserted as a breach of

contract. The Counterclaims allege that Stone & Paper, Carter, and Diamond

insisted that Vivianna Blanch be the sole member of Red Bridge in order to protect

the assets of Clovis from Blanch’s creditors. That assertion does not state a claim

for fraud because it is not alleged to have been a false statement of fact. See York

Linings v. Roach, 1999 WL 608850, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 28, 1999) (dismissing fraud

claims where the counterclaim did not allege the representations were false at the

time they were made).

      For the above reasons, this Court concludes that Counts II and III of the

Counterclaims fail to state a claim for fraud.

             3.     The Counterclaims Fail to State a Claim for Conversion.

      Count IV of the Counterclaims generally alleges that the Movants converted




                                          24
Clovis’s “financial assets.”38      The Movants are alleged to have done so by

“transferr[ing] and divert[ing] Clovis Holdings’ assets to themselves, directly or

indirectly, without the consent of Clovis Holdings.”39 Conversion is “any distinct

act of dominion wrongfully exerted over the property of another, in denial of [the

plaintiff’s] right, or inconsistent with it.” Drug, Inc. v. Hunt, 168 A. 87, 93 (Del.

1933). “Generally, the necessary elements for a conversion under Delaware law are

that a plaintiff had a property interest in the converted goods; that the plaintiff had a

right to possession of the goods; and that the plaintiff sustained damages.” Goodrich

v. E.F. Hutton Gp., Inc., 542 A.2d 1200, 1203 (Del. Ch. 1988).

         Although all three Counterclaim Plaintiffs assert this claim, Count IV only

alleges the conversion of funds belonging to Clovis. There are no well-pleaded

allegations that any Counterclaim Defendant converted anything belonging to

Blanch or Red Bridge,40 and Blanch and Red Bridge allege no factual or legal basis


38
     Countercl. ¶ 257.
39
     Id. ¶ 259.
40
  The conversion count asserts a conclusory allegation that Red Bridge and Blanch were
deprived of “their rights and interests in Clovis Holdings and its assets.” Countercl. ¶ 258.
Blanch is not a member of Clovis and has not alleged any facts to support an assertion that
he has any rights or interests in Clovis or its assets. Nor is there any allegation that Red
Bridge’s membership interests were reduced or that Red Bridge had any individual right to
the Company’s assets. A member of a limited liability company has no interest in the
specific assets owned by the limited liability company. 6 Del. C. § 18-701; see also In re
Opus E., L.L.C., 480 B.R. 561, 575 (Bankr. D. Del. 2012) (explaining that just as a
shareholder has no personal or individual right of action against a third party for acts
causing interest to a corporation, a member (or the member’s trustee) does not have a
property interest in the limited liability company’s property).
                                             25
for their possessory right to Clovis’s financial assets.41 Thus, Blanch and Red Bridge

fail to allege the first two elements of a conversion claim. See Weiss v. Leewards

Creative Crafts, Inc., 1993 WL 155493, at *6 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 1993) (dismissing

conversion claim where the plaintiff failed to show his cognizable property right and

right to possession of the allegedly converted goods), aff’d, 633 A.2d 372 (Del.

1993). Accordingly, Blanch and Red Bridge fail to state a claim as to them

personally.

      As to Clovis, the conversion claim fails because it is a claim for the payment

of money.

      Generally, an action in conversion will not lie to enforce a claim for the
      payment of money . . . . [T]he narrow exception recognized in other
      jurisdictions . . . allows a claim for conversion of money “only when it
      can be described or identified as a specific chattel, but not where an
      indebtedness may be discharged by the payment of money generally.”
      Thus, “an action for conversion of money will lie only where there is
      an ‘obligation to return the identical money’ delivered by the plaintiff
      to the defendant.”

Kuroda v. SPJS Hldgs., L.L.C., 971 A.2d 872, 890 (Del. Ch. 2009) (quoting

Goodrich, 542 A.2d at 1203); see also Xu Hong Bin v. Heckmann Corp., 2009 WL

3440004, at *13 (Del. Ch. Oct. 26, 2009) (same). The Counterclaim Plaintiffs do

not plead that the conversion claim falls within the narrow exception that the

Movants have an obligation to return the “identical money” alleged misused.


41
  The Counterclaim Plaintiffs did not address this argument in their answering brief. See
Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 15-16.
                                           26
Therefore, the conversion claim cannot be enforced.

         In their answering brief, the Counterclaim Plaintiffs seek to recast Count IV,

arguing that the alleged use of Clovis’s funds to purchase a newsletter, a computer

server, and event tickets constituted acts of conversion and that Clovis now

maintains a property interest in those goods and services.42 The Counterclaim

Plaintiffs’ attempt to amend their Counterclaims through their brief is improper.

“Arguments in briefs do not serve to amend the pleadings.” Cal. Pub. Emps. Ret.

Sys. v. Coulter, 2002 WL 31888343, at *12 (Del. Ch. Dec. 18, 2002). A plaintiff

“cannot supplement the complaint through its brief.” MCG Capital Corp. v. Maginn,

2010 WL 1782271, at *5 (Del. Ch. May 5, 2010); see also Orman v. Cullman, 794

A.2d 5, 28 n.59 (Del. Ch. 2002) (“Briefs relating to a motion to dismiss are not part

of the record and any attempt contained within such documents to plead new facts

or expand those contained in the complaint will not be considered.”). Accordingly,

Count IV of the Counterclaims is dismissed for failure to state a claim for

conversion.

                4.     The Counterclaims, in Part, Fail to State a Claim for Unjust
                       Enrichment.
         In Count V of the Counterclaims, Clovis, Red Bridge, and Blanch assert a

claim for unjust enrichment against all of the Movants. Count V alleges that



42
     Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 16.
                                           27
Movants “obtained benefits to which they were not entitled, including excessive

compensation and diversion of Clovis Holdings’ assets to themselves.”43 The

Counterclaim Plaintiffs assert that the Movants “have been solely enriched by their

actions, at the expense of Clovis Holdings, Red Bridge and Richard Blanch” and that

“[i]t would be inequitable” for the Movants “to retain the improperly obtained

benefits, for which there was no consideration.”44 The Movants argue the unjust

enrichment claims must be dismissed because: (1) the parties’ relationship is

governed by contract, which precludes an unjust enrichment claim; (2) the

allegations are conclusory; and (3) Red Bridge and Blanch have not alleged any

impoverishment as to themselves.45

         Unjust enrichment is the “unjust retention of a benefit to the loss of another,

or the retention of money or property of another against the fundamental principles

of justice or equity and good conscience.” Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1130

(Del. 2010). The elements of unjust enrichment are (i) an enrichment, (ii) an

impoverishment, (iii) a relation between the enrichment and impoverishment, (iv)

the absence of justification, and (v) the absence of a remedy provided by law. Id.;

Jackson Nat. Life Ins. Co. v. Kennedy, 741 A.2d 377, 393 (Del. Ch. 1999); Cantor



43
     Countercl. ¶ 266.
44
     Id. ¶ 268.
45
     Movants’ Opening Br. 33-37.
                                           28
Fitzgerald, L.P. v. Cantor, 724 A.2d 571, 585 (Del. Ch. 1998). Courts developed

unjust enrichment as a theory of recovery to remedy the absence of a formal contract.

ID Biomedical Corp. v. TM Tech., Inc., 1995 WL 130743, at *15 (Del. Ch. Mar. 16,

1995); see also The Frederick Hsu Living Tr. v. ODN Hldg. Corp., 2017 WL

1437308, at *42 (Del. Ch. Apr. 14, 2017) (“As its name implies, unjust enrichment

is a flexible doctrine that a court can deploy to avoid injustice.”).

       Count V does not allege facts to support a claim that either Red Bridge or

Blanch has been impoverished by the enrichment of the Movants.46 As with the

conversion claim, the unjust enrichment claim alleges misappropriation of Clovis’s

funds, not funds belonging to Red Bridge or Blanch. Accordingly, the unjust

enrichment claims asserted by Blanch and Red Bridge are dismissed for failure to

allege that Blanch and Red Bridge were impoverished.

       The Movants also argue the unjust enrichment claims must be dismissed

because the parties’ relationship is governed by contract. They argue the unjust

enrichment claim relies upon the same factual basis as the breach of contract claim.47


46
  The Counterclaim Plaintiffs did not address this argument in their answering brief. See
Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 16-17.
47
  Movants’ Opening Br. 34. Compare Countercl. ¶ 216 (Count I) (alleging “Stone & Paper
engaged in a myriad of self-interested transactions to plunder the assets of Clovis Holdings,
and transfer those assets to other entities and persons, such as Diamond Carter Trading,
JAD Trading, [Diamond, Khumpoo, Carter,] and Elizabeth Carter”), and ¶ 217 (“Stone &
Paper investors were contractually prohibited from engaging in such wrongful conduct.
Each of the transactions moving funds from Clovis Holdings for the benefit of Diamond
Carter Trading, JAD Trading, [Diamond, Khumpoo, Carter,] and Elizabeth Carter were
                                             29
The Movants argue, therefore, that the contract is the sole measure of Counterclaim

Plaintiffs’ rights.

       In evaluating the unjust enrichment claim, the Court must first determine

whether a contract governs the parties’ relationship. If a contract comprehensively

governs the relevant relationship between the parties, then the contract must provide

the measure of the plaintiff’s rights, and any claim of unjust enrichment will be

denied. Great Hill Equity P’rs IV, LP v. SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, 2014

WL 6703980, at *27 (Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 2014). “[T]his Court routinely dismisses

unjust enrichment claims that are premised on an ‘express, enforceable contract that

controls the parties’ relationship’ because damages is an available remedy at law for

breach of contract.” Veloric v. J.G. Wentworth, Inc., 2014 WL 4639217, at *19 (Del.

Ch. Sept. 18, 2014) (quoting Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 891); see also, e.g., Doberstein

v. G-P Indus., Inc., 2015 WL 6606484, at *6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 30, 2015) (dismissing

unjust enrichment claim under Rule 12(b)(6) where plaintiff had not “identified any

factual basis for her unjust enrichment claim independent of the allegations relating

to her breach of contract claim” and “the Agreement provides the measure of

[plaintiff’s] rights here”). Furthermore, a plaintiff cannot use “a claim for unjust


void and must be rescinded”), with Countercl. ¶ 266 (Count V) (“Stone & Paper Investors
[and the other Movants] obtained benefits to which they were not entitled, including
excessive compensation and diversion of Clovis Holdings’ assets to themselves”), ¶ 267
(“Stone & Paper Investors [and the other movants] have been solely enriched by their
actions, at the expense of Clovis Holdings, Red Bridge and Blanch”).
                                          30
enrichment to extend the obligations of a contract to [persons] who are not parties to

the contract.” Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 892.

      Based upon the allegations of the Counterclaims and the arguments presented

at this stage of the proceedings, the Court concludes that, with one exception, the

Counterclaim Plaintiffs have not identified a factual basis for the unjust enrichment

claim independent of the allegations supporting the breach of contract claim. The

essence of the unjust enrichment claim is that the Movants removed funds from

Clovis and diverted those funds to themselves. That is the same basis for the breach

of contract claim, which the Court has concluded could constitute a breach of Section

9.6 of the LLC Agreement. The one exception concerns the allegation that “Stone

& Paper [] paid itself $10,000 monthly in ACH payments . . . from Clovis Holdings’

bank account, for a total of $110,000[,] . . . despite providing no services or other

consideration to Clovis Holdings in return.”48 As to this allegation of unjust

enrichment, the Court cannot conclude at this stage that the LLC Agreement


48
    Countercl. ¶¶ 165-66. The Counterclaim Plaintiffs also contend that the unjust
enrichment claim does not fail when the contract itself arose from wrongdoing such as a
breach of fiduciary duty or fraud. Countercl. Pls.’ Ans. Br. 17. This argument is
unpersuasive. First, as explained earlier in this opinion, the Counterclaim Plaintiffs have
failed to state a claim for fraudulent inducement or fraud. Second, they have not argued
that the LLC Agreement was the product of a breach of fiduciary duty. Therefore, this case
differs from other situations where the unjust enrichment claim may survive because “the
validity of the contract is in doubt or uncertain,” RDUC Peninsula Millsboro, LLC v.
Mayer, 2014 WL 4261988, at *5 (Del. Ch. Aug. 29, 2014), or that “the contract itself is the
unjust enrichment,” PR Acquisitions, LLC v. Midland Funding, LLC, 2018 WL 2041521,
at *14 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2018).
                                            31
comprehensively governs the relationship between Clovis and Stone & Paper. See

MCG Capital, 2010 WL 1782271, at *24 (allowing an unjust enrichment claim to

survive dismissal where the parties’ contract does not appear to govern the payment

challenged). Thus, the allegation that Stone & Paper received monthly payments for

no consideration in return supports a claim for unjust enrichment against Stone &

Paper. See In re Molycorp, Inc. S’holder Deriv. Litig., 2015 WL 3454925, at *35

(Del. Ch. May 27, 2015) (“Unjust enrichment claims fail where a validly negotiated

contract governs the contested matter, although the Court can be wary of granting a

motion to dismiss when it is not clear that the contract governs the entire dispute.”);

Narrowstep, 2010 WL 5422405, at *16 (finding complaint alleged sufficient facts

for the court to plausibly infer that contract documents did not comprehensively

govern the relationship between the parties as to some issues). Therefore, the unjust

enrichment claim as to $110,000 in compensation to Stone & Paper cannot be

dismissed.49

       The remainder of Count V is dismissed as to all other Movants because their

alleged enrichment arises solely from the contractual relationship between Clovis

and Stone & Paper.          Other than the allegations concerning the “excessive


49
   If it is later determined that the LLC Agreement comprehensively governs the
relationship between Clovis and Stone & Paper, the unjust enrichment claim is subject to
dismissal for failure to satisfy the fifth element of the claim. See Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1130-
31 (Del. 2010) (affirming dismissal of unjust enrichment claim where relationship was
governed by contract).
                                             32
compensation” to Stone & Paper, the unjust enrichment count alleges that all of the

Movants diverted Clovis’s assets to themselves. The allegations of asset transfers

from Clovis that form the basis of the unjust enrichment claim are contract claims

governed by the LLC Agreement. Accordingly, the unjust enrichment claim as to

all Movants other than Stone & Paper must be dismissed. Kuroda, 971 A.2d at 892;

see also AM Gen. Hldgs. LLC v. Renco Gp., Inc., 2013 WL 5863010, at *38 (Del.

Ch. Oct. 31, 2013) (“[C]ontractual remedies remain the sole remedies even if the

claim of unjust enrichment is alleged against a party who is not a party to the

contract.”).50

             5.     The Counterclaims Fail to State a Claim for Aiding and
                    Abetting a Breach of Fiduciary Duty.
      Count VI of the Counterclaims alleges that all of the third-party defendants

aided and abetted Stone & Paper’s breaches of fiduciary duty to Clovis. The

elements of a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty are: (1) the

existence of a fiduciary relationship, (2) a breach of the fiduciary's duty, (3) knowing

participation in that breach by the defendants, and (4) damages proximately caused

by the breach. Malpiede, 780 A.2d at 1096.

      “[I]t is well settled that only managing members or controllers owe fiduciary


50
   Because the unjust enrichment claims against the non-Stone & Paper Movants are
dismissed based on the contractual relationship Stone & Paper and Clovis, the Court does
not address the argument that the unjust enrichment allegations are conclusory and fail to
state a claim.
                                           33
duties by default in LLCs.” Beach to Bay Real Estate Ctr. LLC v. Beach to Bay

Realtors Inc., 2017 WL 2928033, at *5 (Del. Ch. July 10, 2017). Put differently,

“[m]anagers and managing members owe default fiduciary duties; passive members

do not.” Feeley v. NHAOCG, LLC, 62 A.3d 649, 662 (Del. Ch. 2012). The

Counterclaim Plaintiffs fail to show how Stone & Paper, as a non-managing

member, owed fiduciary duties to Clovis. The Counterclaim Plaintiffs ask the Court

to find that Stone & Paper usurped the role of a manager to Clovis through its actions

of “practically exercis[ing] board-level control” over the Company.51 As explained

above, that allegation is conclusory. It is also contradicted by the allegations in the

Counterclaims that Blanch and Skinner are and have always been the only managers

of Clovis.52 Accordingly, the Counterclaims lack well-pleaded allegations that

Stone & Paper assumed the role of a managing member of Clovis with attendant

fiduciary duties to Clovis. Because the Counterclaims fail to allege a fiduciary duty

that could serve as the grounds for an underlying breach of fiduciary duty, the aiding

and abetting claim fails as a matter of law. E.g., Weil v. Morgan Stanley DW Inc.,

877 A.2d 1024, 1039 (Del. Ch. 2004) (“[H]aving failed to state an underlying claim




51
   Countercl. ¶ 144, see also id. ¶ 188 (alleging Stone & Paper, through Diamond,
“exercised board-level control in the preparation of the tax returns at Citrin Cooperman”).
52
  Countercl. ¶ 89 (“Counterclaim and Third Party Plaintiff Richard Blanch is a Manager
of Clovis Holdings; Brian Skinner is the other Manager of Clovis Holdings.”); see also
Oral Arg. Tr. 44 (Damavandi).
                                            34
for breach of fiduciary duty against Morgan Stanley itself, Weil’s aiding and abetting

claim against HarrisDirect necessarily fails.”), aff’d, 894 A.2d 407 (Del. 2005);

Thermopylae Capital P’rs, L.P. v. Simbol, Inc., 2016 WL 368170, at *18 (Del. Ch.

Jan. 29, 2016) (“[A]n aiding and abetting claim is predicated on an underlying breach

of fiduciary duties. Here, because I find that [the breach of fiduciary duty claim]

fails to adequately allege a breach of duty, I must also dismiss [the aiding and

abetting claim] for failure to state a claim.”); Globis P’rs, L.P. v. Plumtree Software,

Inc., 2007 WL 4292024, at *15 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2007) (“As this Court has

determined that the Complaint fails to state a claim for any underlying breach of

fiduciary duty, BEA cannot be liable for aiding and abetting such a breach.”).

      Accordingly, Count VI is dismissed as to the Movants.53

      C.     The Motion for a More Definite Statement and Motion to Strike
             Certain Allegations Are Denied.

      The Movants have moved for an order requiring the Counterclaim Plaintiffs

to provide a more definite statement in the event the Motion to Dismiss is not granted

in its entirety.    They have also moved to strike certain allegations in the

Counterclaims as immaterial, impertinent, and scandalous. Both motions are denied.




53
  The only claim asserted against the Eisenberg Parties is for aiding and abetting a breach
of fiduciary duty. Although this opinion addresses only the Movants’ motion to dismiss,
the grounds for dismissing the aiding and abetting claim against the Movants would equally
apply to the Eisenberg Parties as well.
                                            35
      Court of Chancery Rule 12(e) states, in pertinent part: “If a pleading to which

a responsive pleading is permitted is so vague or ambiguous that a party cannot

reasonably be required to frame a responsive pleading, the party may move for a

more definite statement before interposing the party’s responsive pleading.” Ct. Ch.

R. 12(e).

      Rule 12(e) is designed to remedy problems of unintelligibility, not a lack of

detail. Balin v. Amerimar Realty Co., 1993 WL 542452, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 23,

1993). A complaint is sufficiently definite, and relief under Rule 12(e) will be

denied, if the complaint “give[s] the opposing party fair notice of the nature of the

claim.” Id. at *5. Many of the allegations in the Counterclaims are vague and

conclusory, but they are not unintelligible.        They sufficiently provide the

Counterclaim Defendants fair notice of the nature of the breach of contract and

unjust enrichment claims. “If [the Counterclaim Defendants] find that certain

allegations in the [Counterclaims] require more detail, [they] should seek to narrow

and clarify the issues through discovery, not by requesting a more definite

statement.” Standard General L.P. v. Charney, 2016 WL 1735155 (Del. Ch. Apr.

29, 2016) (citing Spanish Tiles, Ltd. v. Hensey, 2005 WL 3981740, at *2 (Del. Super.

Mar. 30, 2005)). Accordingly, the motion for a more definite statement is denied.

      The Movants have also moved to strike paragraphs 135-143, 161, 232 and

250-53 of the Counterclaims under Court of Chancery Rule 12(f) on the grounds that

                                         36
they are immaterial, impertinent, and scandalous. Pursuant to Rule 12(f), “the Court

may order stricken from any pleading any insufficient defense or any redundant,

immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Ct. Ch. R. 12(f).

      Motions to strike are disfavored, and are “granted sparingly and only when

clearly warranted with all doubt being resolved in the nonmoving party’s favor.”

Salem Church Assocs. v. New Castle Cty., 2004 WL 1087341, at *2 (Del. Ch. May

6, 2004). Stated affirmatively, a motion to strike is granted if the challenged

averments are: (1) not relevant to an issue in the case; and (2) clearly shown to be

unduly prejudicial. Id.

      Mindful that doubts are resolved against the Movants, the Court denies the

motion to strike. The Movants understandably take umbrage at these allegations,

but the Court cannot conclude that they are wholly irrelevant. The Movants may

ultimately discredit these assertions in their entirety, but they “arguably have some

relevance” to understanding the relationships among certain parties and the

motivation behind some of the alleged conduct giving rise to the Counterclaims. See

Quereguan v. New Castle Cty., 2010 WL 2573856, at *6 (Del. Ch. June 18, 2010)

(denying motion to strike allegations claimed to be impertinent, scandalous, and

immaterial).   The Movants have not clearly shown undue prejudice.             If the

Counterclaims are later determined to be frivolous or brought in bad faith, the Court

has the inherent authority to shift fees. Blue Hen Mech., Inc. v. Christian Bros. Risk

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Pooling Tr., 117 A.3d 549, 558 (Del. 2015). The motion to strike is denied.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Motion to Dismiss the Counterclaims is

GRANTED as to Counts II, III, IV, and VI in their entirety as to the Movants, and

as to Count V in part. The Motion to Dismiss is DENIED as to Count I and Count

V, in part. The foregoing dismissed claims are dismissed with prejudice pursuant to

Court of Chancery Rule 15(aaa). The motions for a more definite statement and to

strike certain allegations are denied.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                              /s/ Paul A. Fioravanti, Jr.
                                              Vice Chancellor




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