                                                                               FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                Tenth Circuit
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               March 27, 2006
                                      TENTH CIRCUIT                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                               Clerk of Court

 MELVIN BOWMAN,

           Petitioner-Appellant,
 v.                                                           No. 05-1117
 DONICE NEAL, Warden, and the                      (D.C. No. 99-cv-503-MSK-CBS)
 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE                                    (D. Colorado)
 STATE OF COLORADO,

           Respondents-Appellees.



                                   ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.



       Petitioner Melvin Bowman, a Colorado state prisoner sentenced to life

imprisonment for two counts of first degree murder and one count of first degree arson,

appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas petition. We exercise

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

                                            I.



       *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
                                   Factual background

      The relevant underlying facts of this case were outlined by the Colorado Supreme

Court in addressing Bowman’s direct appeal following his initial trial and convictions:

         This prosecution arose from a fire on February 18, 1979, at the
      Cottonwood Motel in Aurora in the apartment where Bowman lived with
      his wife, Evelyn, and his three stepsons, Kevin, Anthony and Vincent. Mrs.
      Bowman and 12-year-old Vincent died in the blaze. * * *

          The prosecution presented the following evidence. At approximately
      7:00 p.m. on February 18, 1979, Debra and Thomas Perry, who lived in the
      unit adjoining that of the Bowmans, heard an explosion from the Bowmans’
      apartment. The Perrys went to their window seconds later and observed the
      defendant leaving the apartment parking lot in his car. Both of these
      witnesses accurately described the defendant’s car and identified Bowman
      in the courtroom.

          The manager of the motel, Jack Kennedy, testified that, upon being
      advised of the fire by Bowman’s stepson Anthony, Kennedy opened the
      door of the apartment, found the unit to be full of smoke, and called the fire
      department. While awaiting the arrival of the firefighters, Kennedy again
      opened the apartment door and observed flames in the corner away from the
      door on a bed and nearby chair. Kennedy stated that, just before the
      firemen arrived, the defendant drove up to the motel parking lot and told
      Kennedy that he had tried to enter the apartment earlier but the door was
      hot. Kennedy noticed that Bowman’s pant legs were burned. Kennedy also
      noticed another motel resident, John Hanlon, talking with the defendant in
      the parking lot. Hanlon later testified that he spoke with a middle-aged
      black man, [Bowman is black] whom he could not identify positively,
      outside of the apartment during the fire. Hanlon stated that the man told
      him that no one was inside the burning apartment.

         Fireman William Jones testified that he spoke with Bowman outside of
      the apartment after the fire was extinguished. During this conversation,
      Jones noticed that the defendant’s pant legs were burned in front. Bowman
      indicated that he wanted to enter the apartment because he was cold. Jones
      denied permission, but obtained a blanket for the defendant, who wrapped it
      around himself. Lieutenant Fix later obtained the burned pants from the
      defendant . . . .

                                           -2-
   Firemen found the two victims fully clothed in the bathtub of the
apartment with the shower running. Paramedics administered aid on the
scene and then transported the victims to the hospital where they were
pronounced dead. Several firemen, policemen, paramedics and doctors
noticed the smell of gasoline on the victims’ clothing. A coroner testified
that each victim died of cardio-respiratory arrest from smoke and fire
inhalation, and exhibited carbon monoxide toxicity.

    Fire investigators testified that they gathered several samples of
materials from the apartment to determine the cause of the fire. Pieces of
carpeting and material from the furniture and from the victims’ clothing
were tested for, and found to contain, a volatile hydrocarbon with the
chemical properties of gasoline. Expert testimony established that gasoline
had been poured on the furniture and the floor, and that someone was sitting
in the chair near the bed when the fire started. One expert expressed the
opinion that the flammable fumes were ignited by the pilot light of a space
heater that was only a few feet away from where the gas was poured. This
expert opined that ignition occurred within the range of two seconds to two
minutes after the gasoline was spread.

   The defendant’s burned pants were also analyzed. An expert testified
that the singed areas on the pants were consistent with their presence in the
apartment at the moment of ignition because the pants displayed “flash
marks” characteristically made only at the point of ignition of a volatile
hydrocarbon. The fire would have ignited low to the floor, and the
positioning of the singe marks on the lower part of the pant legs was an
important basis for this expert’s conclusion.

   Other evidence recovered from the scene of the crime included a plastic
antifreeze container cut into two pieces and smelling like gasoline, and two
paper matches burned at the tips. The bottom half of the container was
found near the front door of the apartment and the matches were near it.
The top half of the container was found outside under a mattress that had
been removed from the apartment by the firefighters.

   Police found a paring knife from the apartment kitchen in the
defendant’s coat pocket. The knife had white specks on it, analyzed by
experts as having the chemical properties of plastic. Traces of blood, too
small for analysis, were present on the antifreeze container. Band-Aid
wrappers, a box of Band-Aids and a receipt from Safeway for ninety-six
cents plus tax, dated the day of the fire, were found in the defendant’s car.

                                      -3-
A doctor testified that he treated the defendant for a cut finger, requiring
stitches, at the hospital after the fire was over.

    The foregoing evidence was supplemented by the testimony of
Bowman’s stepsons. Kevin Toliver, who was eighteen years old at the time
of trial, testified that the family had moved to Denver from Chicago a few
months before the fire because his mother wanted a “change of life.” He
stated that on the afternoon of the incident he picked up his little brother
Vincent in his car, and the two boys then met their mother at a
restaurant-lounge. They purchased four fish dinners to go, and returned to
the apartment, where they found the defendant. The defendant was angry
that they had purchased only four dinners, and he began to argue with
Kevin. Mrs. Bowman then asked Kevin to leave, and he drove to a friend’s
apartment. Kevin returned home later that evening to find that the firemen
and police officers were present. Kevin also testified that he had seen a
white plastic antifreeze container in the trunk of Bowman’s car on the day
before the fire.

***

    Anthony Toliver, fourteen years old at the time of trial, testified that on
the afternoon of February 18, 1979, he was shooting pool with a friend, who
drove him back to the Cottonwood Motel at about 7:00 p.m. When he
arrived, he saw the defendant in his car driving slowly, first in one direction
and then the other, on Colfax Avenue in front of the motel. Anthony saw
that the apartment was on fire, and he notified the manager, who called the
fire department. Anthony then stopped his stepfather and told him that the
apartment was on fire. The defendant replied that he knew and that he had
attempted to enter the apartment but the fire burned his pant legs. Anthony
also related that the defendant had told him that he had gone to the store to
get some beer before the fire started. The day before the fire, Anthony had
cleaned Bowman’s car. During the course of the project he had seen a
Safeway plastic antifreeze container in the trunk of the vehicle, but no
Band-Aids or Band-Aid containers were present in the car at that time.

    On cross-examination, defense counsel established that the police had
taken swabs of Anthony’s hands for evidence while he was at the hospital
after the fire. Defense counsel asked Anthony if he had given a statement
to the police and if he was on probation when he gave the statement. The
district attorney’s objection to the latter question was sustained. Out of the
hearing of the jury, defense counsel stated that he would establish that

                                      -4-
       Anthony was on probation for a juvenile offense at the time of the fire and
       that charges of aggravated robbery were also pending against him. The
       reasons for introducing these matters were to establish that Anthony lied
       when he testified that he was living with his stepfather during part of
       February, while he was actually in a juvenile detention facility, and to show
       that Anthony was resentful toward his parents for placing restrictions on
       him due to his trouble with the law. These supposed restrictions on
       Anthony’s personal activities supplied “possible motives for having been
       involved in this incident, himself,” according to defense counsel. Defense
       counsel’s theory, although not well developed in his argument to the court,
       was that Anthony had a motive to start the fire himself and that he also was
       motivated to testify against the defendant because of resentment and of a
       desire to divert suspicion from himself.

People v. Bowman, 669 P.2d 1369, 1372-74 (Colo. 1983) (Bowman I).

                                 Procedural background

       Bowman was charged by information in the District Court of Arapahoe County,

Colorado, with three counts of first degree murder with respect to each of the victims, as

well as one count of first degree arson. The case proceeded to trial in July 1979.

Bowman was found guilty of all charges and sentenced to six concurrent life sentences

for the murder convictions and a concurrent 25 to 35 year term of imprisonment for the

arson conviction. The Colorado Supreme Court reversed Bowman’s convictions on direct

appeal, concluding that restrictions placed on Bowman’s cross-examination of his

stepson, Anthony Toliver, violated Bowman’s right of confrontation under the federal and

Colorado constitutions. Bowman I, 669 P.2d at 1376.

       Bowman was retried in June 1984. Bowman was again found guilty of first-degree

murder with respect to both victims, as well as first-degree arson. Bowman was

sentenced to concurrent terms of life imprisonment on the murder convictions, and a

                                            -5-
concurrent 16 year term of imprisonment for the arson conviction. The Colorado Court

of Appeals affirmed Bowman’s convictions on direct appeal. See People v. Bowman,

738 P.2d 387 (Colo. Ct. App. 1987) (Bowman II). The Colorado Supreme Court

subsequently denied Bowman’s petition for review.

       On April 16, 1990, Bowman filed a pro se motion for post-conviction relief

pursuant to Colo. R. Crim. P. 35(c). The trial court appointed counsel to represent

Bowman in the Rule 35(c) proceedings and held a hearing on the motion. Ultimately, the

trial court denied Bowman’s motion. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the denial

of post-conviction relief. On September 6, 1994, the Colorado Supreme Court denied

certiorari.1

       On July 29, 1996, Bowman filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the District

Court of Fremont County, Colorado (the county where he was incarcerated). That court

construed Bowman’s petition as a second Rule 35(c) motion and transferred it to the

District Court of Arapahoe County, Colorado, where Bowman was tried and convicted.

The District Court of Arapahoe County concluded that Bowman had either raised, or

could have raised, all of the issues he sought to pursue in his motion, and thus was not

entitled to state habeas relief. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed in part and

dismissed in part. In doing so, the Colorado Court of Appeals noted that most “of the


       1
         While the appeal of the denial of Bowman’s Rule 35(c) motion was pending,
Bowman filed a federal habeas petition in the United States District Court for the District
of Colorado. The federal district court dismissed that petition without prejudice for
failure to exhaust state court remedies, and we affirmed the district court’s decision.

                                            -6-
contentions raised” by Bowman “were either raised, raised and withdrawn, or could have

been included in either [Bowman]’s direct appeal or his first Crim. P. 35(c) motion,” and

thus were subject to dismissal. ROA, Vol. I, Doc. 127, Exh. G at 3. The Colorado

Supreme Court subsequently denied certiorari on September 21, 1998.

       On March 12, 1999, Bowman initiated these federal habeas proceedings by filing a

pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court

dismissed two of the thirteen claims asserted in Bowman’s petition for failure to state a

cognizable federal claim because they were based upon the alleged ineffectiveness of

Bowman’s state post-conviction counsel. The district court also appointed counsel to

represent Bowman, and counsel filed a supplemental brief in support of Bowman’s

petition. On March 1, 2004, the magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation

recommending that Bowman’s petition be denied. Although Bowman filed written

objections to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, the district court

overruled those objections and dismissed Bowman’s petition on February 17, 2005. On

March 7, 2005, Bowman filed a notice of appeal and a request for a certificate of

appealability, which was granted by the district court.

                                             II.

       Because Bowman filed his federal habeas petition well after the effective date of

the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), AEDPA’s

provisions apply to this appeal. See McLuckie v. Abbott, 337 F.3d 1193, 1197 (10th Cir.

2003). “Under AEDPA, the appropriate standard of review depends on whether a claim

                                            -7-
was decided on the merits in state court.” Id. “If the claim was not heard on the merits

by the state courts, and the federal district court made its own determination in the first

instance, we review the district court’s conclusions of law de novo and its findings of

fact, if any, for clear error.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). If, however, the claim was

adjudicated on the merits by the state courts, the petitioner will be entitled to federal

habeas relief only if he can establish that the state court decision “was contrary to, or

involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined

by the Supreme Court of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State

court proceeding,” id., § 2254(d)(2). “When reviewing a state court’s application of

federal law, we are precluded from issuing the writ simply because we conclude in our

independent judgment that the state court applied the law erroneously or incorrectly.”

McLuckie, 337 F.3d at 1197. “Rather, we must be convinced that the application was

also objectively unreasonable.” Id.



                                              III.

          Admission of Kevin Toliver’s transcribed testimony from the first trial

       The evidence presented by the prosecution at Bowman’s second trial was

substantially similar to that presented at the first trial, with one important exception.

Kevin Toliver, one of Bowman’s stepsons and a prosecution witness during the first trial,

died prior to the second trial. Over defense counsel’s objection, the trial court allowed

                                              -8-
the prosecution to introduce Kevin’s testimony from the first trial.2   The following is a

summary of that testimony:

           Kevin Toliver, who was eighteen years old at the time of trial, testified
       that the family had moved to Denver from Chicago a few months before the
       fire because his mother wanted a “change of life.” He stated that on the
       afternoon of the incident he picked up his little brother Vincent in his car,
       and the two boys then met their mother at a restaurant-lounge. They
       purchased four fish dinners to go, and returned to the apartment, where they
       found the defendant. The defendant was angry that they had purchased
       only four dinners, and he began to argue with Kevin. Mrs. Bowman then
       asked Kevin to leave, and he drove to a friend’s apartment. Kevin returned
       home later that evening to find that the firemen and police officers were
       present. Kevin also testified that he had seen a white plastic antifreeze
       container in the trunk of Bowman’s car on the day before the fire.

          On cross-examination, defense counsel attempted to establish that Kevin
       had lied about seeing the antifreeze container the day before the fire and
       also had lied about the reasons for the family’s move to Denver. When
       defense counsel inquired: “To your knowledge, was anyone else in the
       family having problems in Chicago?” the trial court sustained the district
       attorney’s objection. Out of the hearing of the jury [at the first trial],
       defense counsel made an offer of proof that Kevin’s younger brother
       Anthony was in “some trouble” in Chicago, and argued that Kevin properly
       could be cross-examined about it to impeach his account of the reasons for

       2
         In determining the admissibility of Kevin’s transcribed testimony, the trial court
first found (and it was uncontroverted) that Kevin was deceased and therefore, under the
Colorado Rule of Evidence 801(a)(4), unavailable as a witness. The trial court proceeded
to conclude that Bowman’s counsel at the first trial had a full and fair opportunity to
cross-examine Kevin, even though counsel may have failed to question Kevin regarding
the pendency of criminal charges against him (that separate issue is discussed below).
Accordingly, the trial court concluded that Kevin’s transcribed testimony was admissible
under Colorado Rule of Evidence 801(b)(1), which provides:
        Testimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or a different
        proceeding, or in a deposition taken in compliance with law in the course of
        the same or another proceeding, if the party against whom the testimony is
        now offered, or, in a civil action or proceeding, a predecessor in interest,
        had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct,
        cross, or redirect examination.

                                             -9-
       the family’s move. Defense counsel also argued that evidence about
       Anthony’s trouble in Chicago would be relevant to his “possible motives.”
       The [trial] court [at the first trial] held that this was an inappropriate attempt
       to impeach Kevin on collateral issues and disallowed the line of
       questioning.

Bowman I, 669 P.2d at 1373-74.

       Bowman contends that the introduction, during his second trial, of this transcribed

testimony from the first trial violated his right of confrontation because, during the first

trial, his defense counsel was wrongly prohibited from questioning Kevin “about . . . his

brother[] [Anthony’s] legal troubles, or about the family’s reasons for leaving Chicago”

and relocating in Denver. Aplt. Br. at 25. According to Bowman, defense counsel’s goal

in seeking to question Kevin regarding legal problems that his brother Anthony had been

having was to bolster “the defense theory that Anthony . . . was an alternative suspect,

and to demonstrate both Anthony’s possible motive for starting the fire and Kevin’s bias

in favor of protecting his younger brother.” Id. at 18.

       Bowman first raised this issue on direct appeal following his second trial. The

Colorado Court of Appeals disposed of the issue in the following manner:

          On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court erred in admitting
       the transcript of Kevin’s prior trial testimony because of the restriction on
       cross-examination imposed by the prior trial court judge. We disagree.

          At defendant’s first trial, Kevin testified that he and his family moved to
       Denver from Chicago because his mother wanted a “change of life.” On
       cross-examination, defendant attempted to impeach that testimony by
       questioning Kevin as to the difficulties that his younger brother, Anthony,
       had with the law in Chicago but was not permitted to pursue that line of
       questioning. Anthony was subsequently called as a witness but defendant
       was not permitted to cross-examine him regarding his involvement with the

                                              -10-
       law. In reversing defendant’s conviction, our supreme court determined
       that defendant’s cross-examination of Anthony had been impermissibly
       restricted, but expressed no opinion regarding Kevin's cross-examination.
       (citation omitted).

           Under CRE 804(b)(1), prior trial testimony is admissible only when the
       party against whom it is offered had the opportunity to cross-examine the
       witness fully at the prior proceeding. The scope and limits of
       cross-examination lie within the sound discretion of the trial court.
       (citations omitted). Absent a showing of abuse of discretion or manifest
       prejudice, limitation of cross-examination does not constitute reversible
       error. (citation omitted).

          Kevin’s statement regarding the reasons for his family’s move to Denver
       may have been vague or incomplete, but we do not view it as necessarily
       inconsistent with the testimony defendant attempted to elicit on
       cross-examination. Thus, Kevin’s credibility would have been affected
       minimally, if at all, by the admission of that testimony. Moreover, to the
       extent the attempted cross-examination would have served to illustrate
       Anthony’s legal difficulties, no prejudice resulted to the defendant.
       Anthony testified at the second trial and his involvement with the law was
       established on direct and cross-examination. Under these circumstances,
       we cannot say that the admission of Kevin’s prior testimony constituted
       reversible error.

Bowman II, 738 P.2d at 389.

       Bowman contends that even though the Colorado Court of Appeals discussed the

admissibility of Kevin’s transcribed testimony, it failed to reach the merits of his federal

constitutional claim, i.e., that admission of that transcribed testimony violated his Sixth

Amendment right of confrontation. Thus, Bowman argues, we are not required to give

deference to the Colorado Court of Appeals’ ruling under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), and

instead are free to review the constitutional claim de novo.

       We disagree. At the outset of its discussion of the issue, the Colorado Court of


                                             -11-
Appeals specifically noted that Bowman was challenging the admission of Kevin’s

transcribed testimony “because of the restriction on cross-examination imposed by the

prior trial court judge.” Bowman II, 738 P.2d at 839. Although the Colorado Court of

Appeals did not thereafter cite to any federal cases in resolving the issue, this does not

mean that the court failed to address the merits of Bowman’s constitutional claim. As the

Supreme Court noted in Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3 (2002), a state court is not required to

cite to, nor even be aware of, controlling Supreme Court cases, “so long as neither [its]

reasoning nor the result of [its] decision contradicts” controlling Supreme Court

precedent. Id. at 8; e.g., Gipson v. Jordan, 376 F.3d 1193, 1196 n.1 (10th Cir. 2004)

(treating state court decision as an “adjudication on the merits,” even though its reasoning

was not expressly stated). It is also worth noting that when Bowman filed a petition for

writ of certiorari with the Colorado Supreme Court challenging the Colorado Court of

Appeals’ decision, he made no mention of the Court of Appeals having overlooked his

Sixth Amendment claim. To the contrary, he expressly stated that he “d[id] not quarrel

with the cases cited by the Court of Appeals” in resolving the issue. ROA, Vol. I, Doc.

127, Exh. D at 5-6. Thus, we are bound to apply the deferential standards of review set

forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).3


       3
        Respondents vigorously argued below, and continue to assert on appeal, that
Bowman did not fairly present his Sixth Amendment claim to the Colorado appellate
courts on direct appeal, and instead challenged the admission of Kevin’s transcribed
testimony exclusively on state law grounds. Although respondents’ argument is a close
one, we conclude, for the reasons outlined above, that the constitutional claim was raised
on direct appeal and the Colorado courts rejected it on the merits.

                                             -12-
       Turning to the merits of Bowman’s arguments, “[t]he Sixth Amendment’s

Confrontation Clause, made applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment,

provides: ‘In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be

confronted with the witnesses against him.’” Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 62-63 (1980)

(internal citations omitted). That right, however, “does not bar admission of an

unavailable witness’s statement against a criminal defendant if the statement bears

adequate indicia of reliability.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 40 (2004)

(internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Roberts, 448 U.S. at 66). “To meet that test,

evidence must either fall within a ‘firmly rooted hearsay exception’ or bear

‘particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.’” Id. (quoting Roberts, 448 U.S. at 66).

Notably, the Supreme Court “has deemed generally immune from subsequent

confrontation attack” “previously cross-examined prior-trial testimony . . . .” Roberts,

448 U.S. at 72-73.4 Therefore, the narrow question presented by Bowman is whether the



       4
         Bowman contends that his claim is controlled by the Supreme Court’s decision in
Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974), in which the Supreme Court noted that cross-
examination “is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth
of his testimony are tested.” Id. at 316. Although Davis has some relevance to
Bowman’s claim, we conclude that the controlling precedent is Roberts, which dealt with
the application of the Confrontation Clause in a case in which a hearsay declarant was not
present for cross-examination at trial. Notably, Roberts was issued prior to Bowman’s
second trial. Although the Supreme Court later rejected, in Crawford, certain of the
statements in Roberts, that is irrelevant here because Crawford was issued long after
Bowman’s convictions and sentence became final. See Allen v. Reed, 427 F.3d 767, 774
(10th Cir. 2005) (noting “the current state of the law is irrelevant” under AEDPA, and
that, instead, “we are exclusively concerned with the state of the case law at the time
[petitioner’s] conviction became final.”). Moreover, nothing in Crawford is inconsistent
with the outcome here.

                                             -13-
limitations placed on his defense counsel’s cross-examination of Kevin at the first trial

were so severe as to call into question the reliability of Kevin’s testimony and thus

prevent its admissibility at the second trial.

       As we read the decision in Bowman II, the Colorado Court of Appeals resolved

this question against Bowman on the basis of two alternative rationales. First, the

Colorado Court of Appeals concluded that the statement by Kevin on direct examination

“regarding the reasons for his family’s move,” although perhaps “vague or incomplete,”

was not “necessarily inconsistent with the testimony [Bowman] attempted to elicit on

cross-examination,” i.e., that Anthony had been having some legal problems in Chicago.

738 P.2d at 389. Because “Kevin’s credibility would have been affected minimally, if at

all, by the admission of that testimony,” the Colorado Court of Appeals concluded that

the trial court did not err in admitting Kevin’s transcribed testimony from the first trial.

Id. Second, and alternatively, the Colorado Court of Appeals concluded that even if the

trial court erred in admitting Kevin’s transcribed testimony from the first trial, the error

was harmless. More specifically, the Colorado Court of Appeals stated:

       [T]o the extent the attempted cross-examination would have served to
       illustrate Anthony’s legal difficulties, no prejudice resulted to the
       defendant. Anthony testified at the second trial and his involvement with
       the law was established on direct and cross-examination. Under these
       circumstances, we cannot say that the admission of Kevin’s prior testimony
       constituted reversible error.

Bowman II, 738 P.2d at 389.

       After reviewing the record on appeal, we conclude that neither of these rationales



                                                 -14-
was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal

law. More specifically, we agree with the Colorado Court of Appeals that the limitations

on the cross-examination of Kevin imposed by the first trial court were not so severe as to

render Kevin’s testimony unreliable. Further, we agree with the Colorado Court of

Appeals that, even assuming the limitations were so severe as to warrant the exclusion of

Kevin’s transcribed testimony at the second trial, the admission of that testimony was

harmless.5 In addition to the fact that Anthony testified at the second trial and was subject

to cross-examination regarding his criminal history, the evidence presented by the

prosecution against Bowman was extremely strong, if not overwhelming. Accordingly,

we conclude that Bowman is not entitled to federal habeas relief on the basis of this

claim.

                  Defense counsel’s failure during the first trial to question
                        Kevin Toliver regarding his criminal history

         Bowman also contends that the second trial court erred in admitting Kevin’s

transcribed testimony because, in Bowman’s view, his counsel at the first trial “failed to

impeach Kevin with available evidence of his [own] criminal record,” Aplt. Br. at 30,

which included an “arrest[] for auto theft in Chicago in early 1979 [shortly prior to the


         It is not entirely clear what harmless error standard the Colorado Court of
         5

Appeals applied in reaching its holding. Even assuming, however, that the Colorado
Court of Appeals did not apply the harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard
applicable to constitutional errors, see Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967), we
conclude, applying the harmless error standard set forth in Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507
U.S. 619 (1993), that the admission of Kevin’s transcribed testimony did not have a
“substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” 507 U.S.
at 623.

                                             -15-
fire and ensuing murders].” Id. at 18.

       Bowman first raised this argument on direct appeal following his 1984

convictions. In doing so, Bowman argued that the failure of his first trial counsel to

investigate and/or question Kevin about his own criminal activity “amount[ed] to

ineffective assistance of counsel, which [in turn] deprived [Bowman] of his right to

confront the witness against him.” ROA, Vol. IV, Doc. 119, Exh. 8 at 20. Because of

this ineffective assistance, Bowman argued, “the transcript of Kevin Toliver’s testimony

should not have been admitted” at the second trial. Id. The Colorado Court of Appeals

rejected Bowman’s arguments:

          Defendant also contends that the transcript of Kevin’s testimony should
       not have been admitted at his second trial because cross-examination was
       inadequate as a result of ineffective assistance furnished by his former
       attorney. We disagree.

           At the first trial, Kevin was asked on cross-examination if he was having
       problems in Chicago. He responded, “No,” and defense counsel did not
       pursue the matter, but instead attempted to question Kevin regarding
       difficulties of other family members. At the second trial, however, defense
       counsel introduced into evidence an F.B.I. “rap” sheet which showed that
       Kevin had an auto theft charge pending against him at the time of the first
       trial and argued that defendant’s prior attorney’s failure to obtain this
       information and cross-examine Kevin regarding prior criminal activity
       constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. In ruling the transcript
       admissible, the trial court considered and rejected this claim, finding that
       defendant had failed to demonstrate that he had been denied his right to
       effective assistance of counsel.

           In ruling on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the threshold
       question is whether the defendant received the reasonably effective
       assistance of an attorney acting as his diligent and conscientious advocate.
       (citations omitted). Disagreement as to matters of trial strategy alone will
       not support a claim of ineffective assistance. (citations omitted).


                                            -16-
           The sole basis for defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance is his
       former attorney’s failure to cross-examine Kevin regarding prior criminal
       activity. On the basis of the record now before us, we cannot say that the
       trial court erred. The record shows that defense counsel vigorously
       cross-examined Kevin regarding his account of the events on the day of the
       fire. We see nothing to suggest that either his pre-trial investigation or his
       cross-examination of Kevin fell below the standard demanded of attorneys
       in criminal cases. (citation omitted).

Bowman II, 738 P.2d at 389-90.

       Bowman’s claim, though ultimately directed at the admission of Kevin’s testimony

at the second trial, hinges on his assertion that he was denied the effective assistance of

counsel during his first trial.6 As such, the claim is governed by the familiar two-part test

outlined in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Under that test, a

defendant must establish that (1) his counsel’s performance fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

errors, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different. Id. at 688.

       In rejecting Bowman’s claim on direct appeal, the Colorado Court of Appeals did

not expressly cite to Strickland. It did, however, cite to a controlling Colorado case,

People v. Norman, 703 P.2d 1261 (Colo. 1985), in which the Colorado Supreme Court

acknowledged and applied the Strickland standards. Further, it is clear from the Colorado



       6
         At oral argument before this court, Bowman’s counsel attempted to reframe the
issue, stating that Bowman was not asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
and instead was simply asserting a violation of his right of confrontation. Clearly,
however, Bowman is limited in this federal habeas proceeding by the arguments he
asserted in state court. Thus, like the Colorado Court of Appeals, we shall treat
Bowman’s claim as one of ineffective assistance of counsel.

                                             -17-
Court of Appeals’ analysis that the standards it was applying were consistent with

Strickland. Thus, Bowman is precluded from obtaining federal habeas relief on this claim

unless he can establish that the Colorado Court of Appeals’ resolution of the claim was

contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, Strickland.

       We conclude that Bowman cannot satisfy this demanding standard. In resolving

Bowman’s claim, the Colorado Court of Appeals concluded that Bowman’s counsel at the

first trial “vigorously cross-examined Kevin regarding his account of the events on the

date of the fire.” 738 P.2d at 390. A review of the transcript of Kevin’s testimony amply

supports this conclusion. Not only did Bowman’s counsel question Kevin about why the

family moved to Denver and how they ended up at the Cottonwood Motel, he questioned

Kevin extensively regarding the events that occurred on the day of the murder, including

the argument that occurred between Kevin and Bowman approximately thirty minutes

before the fire occurred. Bowman’s counsel also vigorously cross-examined Kevin

regarding his testimony on direct that he had looked in the trunk of Bowman’s car on the

day prior to the murders and observed a white, plastic anti-freeze container. Thus, the

Colorado Court of Appeals’ conclusion that defense counsel’s performance did not “f[a]ll

below the standard demanded of attorneys in criminal cases,” id., was neither contrary to,

nor did it involve an unreasonable application of, Strickland.

                      Restriction of cross-examination of John Dicke

       During Bowman’s second trial, the prosecution sought permission to present the

testimony of John Dicke. Dicke, an attorney licensed in the State of Colorado, worked as


                                            -18-
a public defender in February 1979 and, in that capacity, represented Anthony Toliver in

the Denver Juvenile Court in connection with a charge of aggravated robbery. On

February 7, 1979, Dicke was present for a detention hearing for Anthony Toliver and,

prior to the hearing, observed Bowman and his wife “bickering back and forth.” State

Trial Tr. at 219. Dicke asked Bowman “what was going on with his family,” and

Bowman responded: “I’m tired of this bullshit, I’m not going to take it anymore.” Id. at

220. During the detention hearing, Dicke noticed that there continued to be “a great deal

of hostility between” Bowman and his wife, and “could see the anger between them.” Id.

at 221. Dicke’s impression, based upon what he observed, was that Bowman “didn’t

want Anthony home,” id. at 232, and that Bowman’s “anger extended to more or further

than just being extremely angry with Anthony.” Id. at 233. Bowman’s counsel objected

to the admission of Dicke’s testimony, arguing that the incident Dicke observed occurred

eleven days prior to the fire and thus was too remote to be relevant. Id. at 214.

Bowman’s counsel also argued that the incident was not relevant for purposes of proving

Bowman’s motive to murder his wife and Vincent because Dicke heard no threats

directed by Bowman towards either Anthony or his mother. Id. The trial court overruled

defense counsel’s objections and permitted Dicke to testify. Id. During recross-

examination, Bowman’s counsel asked Dicke: “And you [Dicke] came forward with this

information in 1984?” Id. at 236. The prosecutor objected, arguing that the question was

beyond the scope of redirect. Id. The trial court sustained the objection. Id.

       Bowman now contends that the trial court’s restriction of his cross-examination of


                                            -19-
Dicke violated his right to confront witnesses as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.

Before we can reach the merits of this issue, however, we must first determine whether

the claim is procedurally barred. Respondent argued below, and the district court agreed,

that the claim was procedurally barred because (a) when Bowman first raised the claim in

his initial Rule 35(c) proceeding, he failed to exhaust his state court remedies with respect

to the claim, and (b) although Bowman attempted to raise the claim again in his second

Rule 35(c) proceeding, the Colorado courts considered the claim procedurally defaulted.

Bowman disputes this conclusion.

       “[A]n adequate and independent finding of procedural default will bar federal

habeas review of [a] federal claim, unless the habeas petitioner can show cause for the

default and prejudice attributable thereto, or demonstrate that failure to consider the

federal claim will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Harris v. Reed, 489

U.S. 255, 262 (1989) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This rule applies if

the “last state court rendering a judgment in the case rests its judgment on the procedural

default.” Id.

       Here, Bowman did not raise the John Dicke recross-examination issue on direct

appeal. Rather, he raised it for the first time in the Rule 35(c) motion he filed on April

16, 1990, seeking post-conviction relief. In a brief in support of that motion, Bowman

argued, in pertinent part, that he was denied his constitutional right to due process and a

fair trial when the trial court limited his counsel’s recross-examination of Dicke regarding

why he waited until 1984 to come forward with information regarding the case. After the


                                            -20-
trial court denied his Rule 35(c) motion, Bowman, represented by counsel, appealed to

the Colorado Court of Appeals. In his appellate brief, Bowman did not challenge the trial

court’s ruling on the John Dicke claim. Instead, Bowman argued that (1) he received

ineffective assistance of counsel during the hearing on his Rule 35(c) motion (resulting in

the denial of his right to a full and fair hearing), (2) without a full transcript of both trials

it was impossible for the trial court to determine whether evidence of Kevin Toliver’s

testimony from the first trial was properly read into evidence during the second trial, (3)

without a full transcript of his second trial it was impossible for the trial court to

determine whether Kevin Toliver was, in fact, unavailable to testify7, and (4) without a

full transcript of his second trial it was impossible for the trial court to determine whether

Bowman’s trial and appellate counsel were ineffective. Indeed, Bowman’s opening

appellate brief made no specific mention of the John Dicke claim. For example, in

recounting the procedural history of his case, his brief stated that the Rule 35(c) motion

“alleged that his conviction was Unconstitutional for a variety of reasons including

ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and on appeal.” ROA, Vol. IV, Doc. 119, Exh.

10 at 3. Similarly, in the argument section of his brief, Bowman made a fleeting

reference to “violation[s] of the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the

United States Constitution.” Id. at 6. However, there was no explanation of, or

arguments regarding, the John Dicke issue.



       7
         Bowman’s appellate brief never mentioned Kevin Toliver by name; rather, the
brief simply referred to “an unavailable witness . . . .”

                                               -21-
       Similarly, in the petition for writ of certiorari he filed with the Colorado Supreme

Court, Bowman made no mention of the John Dicke issue. Instead, he asserted that

       [t]he issues presented for review are whether the Court of Appeals erred in
       holding that he was not denied effective assistance of counsel during his
       Crim. P. 35(c) proceeding, that the defendant was denied access to certain
       transcripts necessary to substantiate his claims, and that he was denied an
       opportunity to attack certain evidence read into the record by a presumably
       unavailable witness.

ROA, Vol. I, Doc. 127, Exh. F at 2.

       In light of these facts, we conclude that Bowman did not fairly present the John

Dicke claim to the Colorado appellate courts at the time he appealed the denial of his

initial Rule 35(c) motion. “Fair presentation of a prisoner’s claim to the state courts

means that the substance of the claim must be raised there.” Patton v. Mullin, 425 F.3d

788, 809 n.7 (10th Cir. 2005). “The prisoner’s allegations and supporting evidence must

offer the state courts a fair opportunity to apply controlling legal principles to the facts

bearing upon his constitutional claim.” Id. Here, for the reasons already discussed,

Bowman did not offer the Colorado appellate courts a fair opportunity to decide the John

Dicke issue.8

       It is true that Bowman attempted to raise the John Dicke issue a second time when,

in July 1996, he filed in state court a petition for writ of habeas corpus (which was


       8
         In his second attempt at post-conviction relief in the Colorado state courts,
Bowman admitted in a pro se brief filed with the Colorado Supreme Court that the
substantive claims asserted in his initial Rule 35(c) motion were “not . . . appealed to the
Colorado Court of Appeals due to ineffective assistance of counsel . . . on appeal of the
trial court’s denial of his 35(c) motion.” Amended Reply Br. of the Aplt. at 1, Bowman
v. Henderson, Case No. 96-SA-446.

                                             -22-
construed by the state courts as a second Rule 35(c) motion). However, the state district

court denied that motion on the grounds that Bowman “ha[d] either appealed or . . . ha[d]

every opportunity allowed by law to appeal every issue” set forth in his petition.

Bowman v. Henderson, Case No. 96-CV-2228 (Dist. Ct. Arapahoe County, Colo. Nov. 8,

1996). Further, the Colorado Court of Appeals then dismissed Bowman’s attempt to

appeal the denial of the John Dicke issue, concluding the issue was procedurally barred.

Thus, the Colorado courts consider the John Dicke issue procedurally barred, and the

claim is in turn procedurally barred for purposes of federal habeas review (Bowman does

not assert cause and prejudice for the default).

       AFFIRMED.

                                                   Entered for the Court


                                                   Mary Beck Briscoe
                                                   Circuit Judge




                                            -23-
