                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS



PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     March 24, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 319168
                                                                     Wayne Circuit Court
DAMON WASHINGTON,                                                    LC No. 10-005387-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and SAWYER and O’CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his bench trial convictions of possession of a firearm by a
person convicted of a felony (felon-in-possession), MCL 750.224f, possession of a firearm
during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm) (second offense), MCL 750.227b, and
carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227. Defendant was sentenced to one to five years’
imprisonment for the felon-in-possession conviction, five years’ imprisonment for the felony-
firearm (second offense) conviction, and one to five years’ imprisonment for the carrying a
concealed weapon conviction. We affirm defendant’s convictions, but remand the case to the
trial court to correct the judgment of sentence to reflect that defendant’s felony-firearm sentence
will run consecutive to his felon-in-possession sentence and concurrent with his carrying a
concealed weapon sentence.

        This case arises from an incident in which defendant placed a gun in a Chevy Tahoe
sports utility vehicle, which was parked in a parking lot. Defendant argues that his convictions
were against the great weight of the evidence because there was no evidence corroborating the
testimony of the police officers who viewed the incident, and it was unlikely that the police
officers were able to see whether defendant placed a gun in the Tahoe. We disagree.

       This Court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact for clear error. MCR 2.613(C). “In the
application of this principle, regard shall be given to the special opportunity of the trial court to
judge the credibility of the witnesses who appeared before it.” MCR 2.613(C). “ ‘Clear error
exists when the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was
made.’ ” People v Brooks, 304 Mich App 318, 319-320; 848 NW2d 161 (2014) (citation
omitted).

      “The test to determine whether a verdict is against the great weight of the evidence is
whether the evidence preponderates so heavily against the verdict that it would be a miscarriage
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of justice to allow the verdict to stand.” People v Lacalamita, 286 Mich App 467, 469; 780
NW2d 311 (2009). This Court vacates a verdict only if “the evidence does not reasonably
support it and it was more likely the result of causes outside the record, such as passion,
prejudice, sympathy, or some other extraneous influence.” Id. Additionally, “ ‘[c]onflicting
testimony, even when impeached to some extent, is an insufficient ground for granting a new
trial.’ ” Id. at 469-470 (citation omitted). Under ordinary circumstances, the trier of fact
determines the credibility of witnesses. See People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 232; 749
NW2d 272 (2008). However, reversal is proper if a witness’s “ ‘testimony contradicts
indisputable physical facts or laws,’ ‘[w]here testimony is patently incredible or defies physical
realities,’ ‘[w]here a witness’s testimony is material and is so inherently implausible that it could
not be believed by a reasonable juror,’ or where the witnesses [sic] testimony has been seriously
‘impeached’ and the case marked by ‘uncertainties and discrepancies.’ ” People v Lemmon, 456
Mich 625, 643-644; 576 NW2d 129 (1998) (citations omitted) (first and second alterations in
original).

        The trial court’s verdict was not against the great weight of the evidence because the
evidence reasonably supported the verdict. According to Detroit Police Officer Craig Schramek,
defendant pulled what Officer Schramek believed was a handgun from the back of the waistband
of his shorts and entered the Tahoe through the driver’s side door. According to Detroit Police
Officer LeShaun Peoples, defendant put a handgun in the Tahoe. Officer Peoples retrieved the
gun from the Tahoe. The officers also saw defendant throw a set of car keys for the Tahoe into a
field. This evidence provided reasonable support for the trial court’s verdict. See Lacalamita,
286 Mich App at 469.

       Although defendant testified that the distance between the side of the Tahoe and the end
of the parking lot would have been approximately 45 feet and that the distance between the
Tahoe and Lynn Street was 198 feet, it was the province of the trial court as the trier of fact to
determine whether defendant’s testimony was credible and whether the officers could have
properly seen defendant. See Unger, 278 Mich App at 232. Furthermore, the officers’ ability to
see defendant as they approached him from a distance of 45 to 198 feet would not have defied
physical reality so that defendant’s conviction was against the great weight of the evidence. See
Lemmon, 456 Mich at 643-644.

         Defendant points out that he was wearing loose-fitting clothing and that it would have
been unlikely that he could have held the gun in his pants because of the size and weight of the
gun. The trial judge held the gun and stated that it was heavy. However, Officer Schramek
testified that defendant was wearing a belt. The belt may have held the gun. In addition, even if
defendant were not wearing a belt, the fact that defendant managed to hold a gun in loose-fitting
clothing does not defy physical reality or contradict indisputable physical facts or laws so that
defendant’s convictions were against the great weight of the evidence. See Lemmon, 456 Mich
at 643-644. Instead, the trial court reasonably found that defendant managed to hold the gun in
his pants. See id.

       In addition, the fact that there was no physical evidence tying defendant to the gun or the
Tahoe does not require this Court to find that defendant’s convictions were against the great
weight of the evidence. As explained above, the trier of fact determines the credibility of the
witnesses. See Unger, 278 Mich App at 232. Therefore, the trial court properly determined that

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Officers Schramek and Peoples gave credible testimony even though there was no physical
evidence to corroborate their testimony. See Lemmon, 456 Mich at 642-643.

        Finally, the fact that there was conflicting testimony with regard to the amount of lighting
at the scene of the incident is not grounds for reversal. The trial court noted when it rendered its
verdict that the police officers were able to use the spotlights on their police car to light the
parking lot area and that defendant was able to see the police officers enter the park. The trial
court stated:

               So, I think that there has been a lot of time and effort spent on trying to get
       the Court to understand how poorly lit this area was. But this Court is clear that,
       from the testimony from both of the officers, as well as from the Defendant, that
       there really wasn’t anything blocking either the Defendant’s view from seeing the
       police officers when they first came in, or vice versa.

Defendant testified that the scene of the incident is called “Ghost Town” because it is completely
dark. He explained that a person cannot see in the park unless the person comes all the way
inside the park. Defendant explained that there was nothing that would prevent someone from
seeing in the area. However, one can only see into the area if he or she is standing under the
light because of how dimly lit the park is. Nonetheless, defendant was able to see the police car
approaching the scene. He testified that there was only one working light in the area, which
projected a “yellowish tanish color.” The light had debris or dead insects inside it. However,
defendant acknowledged that there were light fixtures on homes across the alley from the scene
of the incident.

        In contrast, Officers Schramek and Peoples believed that there was enough light to see
what was happening. According to Officer Schramek, there was at least one light in the parking
lot. In addition, the headlights in the police car were turned on, and Officer Schramek turned on
one or two spotlights. Although Officer Peoples could not recall at trial whether there was more
than one light in the area, he testified that there might have been two or three other public lights
in the area. In addition, once the officers reached the scene of the incident, nothing blocked their
view. Thus, the officers’ testimony indicated that the officers could see defendant putting a gun
into the Tahoe. To the extent that the testimony is conflicting with regard to the lighting at the
scene of the incident, the trial court as the trier of fact had the ability to determine the credibility
of the witnesses, and a credibility challenge alone is an insufficient ground to grant a new trial.
See Lacalamita, 286 Mich App at 469-470; Unger, 278 Mich App at 232. Therefore, the trial
court’s verdict was not against the great weight of the evidence.

        Defendant next argues that the trial court should not have convicted him of both felon-in-
possession and felony-firearm because the Legislature did not intend for the felony-firearm
statute to apply when the underlying felony is felon-in-possession. We disagree.

       “For an issue to be preserved for appellate review, it must be raised, addressed, and
decided by the lower court.” People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App 376, 382; 741
NW2d 61 (2007). Defendant did not raise the issue in the trial court. Therefore, the issue is
unpreserved. See id.


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        This Court reviews an unpreserved nonconstitutional claim for plain error affecting the
defendant’s substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). In
order to establish plain error, the defendant must establish the following: “1) error must have
occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial
rights.” Id. With regard to the last requirement, the defendant must show prejudice, meaning
that the error affected the outcome in the trial court. Id.

       MCL 750.227b(1), the relevant provision of the felony-firearm statute, provides:

              A person who carries or has in his or her possession a firearm when he or
       she commits or attempts to commit a felony, except a violation of [MCL 750.223,
       MCL 750.227, MCL 750.227a or MCL 750.230], is guilty of a felony, and shall
       be imprisoned for 2 years. Upon a second conviction under this section, the
       person shall be imprisoned for 5 years. Upon a third or subsequent conviction
       under this subsection, the person shall be imprisoned for 10 years.

MCL 750.223 prohibits the sale of firearms and ammunitions under certain conditions. MCL
750.227 prohibits the carrying of a concealed weapon. MCL 750.227a prohibits the unlawful
possession of a pistol by a licensee. MCL 750.230 prohibits the alteration, removal, or
obliteration of a mark of identity on a firearm. MCL 750.224f, the felon-in-possession statute,
prohibits the possession of a firearm by a person convicted of a felony. Felon-in-possession is
not one of the exceptions listed in the felony-firearm statute. See MCL 750.227b(1).

        In People v Mitchell, 456 Mich 693, 698; 575 NW2d 283 (1998), the Michigan Supreme
Court held that the four exceptions listed in the felony-firearm statute are exclusive. The Court
reasoned that the Legislature had listed four crimes as exceptions to application of the felony-
firearm statute and did not include a catchall phrase that would indicate that the number of
exceptions could increase. Id. at 697-698. The Court noted that “the Legislature’s intent in
drafting the felony-firearm statute was to provide for an additional felony charge and sentence
whenever a person possessing a firearm committed a felony other than those four explicitly
enumerated in the felony-firearm statute.” Id. at 698.

        In People v Dillard, 246 Mich App 163, 167-169; 631 NW2d 755 (2001), this Court held
that convictions for felon-in-possession and felony-firearm do not violate double jeopardy
because the Legislature intended to permit a defendant charged with felon-in-possession to be
charged with felony-firearm. This Court explained that the Legislature intended for the four
exceptions listed in MCL 750.277b(1) to be exclusive. Id. at 167. Thus, this Court reiterated
that the Legislature intended that commission of every other crime involving a firearm can also
result in a felony-firearm conviction. Id. This Court also rejected the defendant’s argument that
the Legislature did not intend for multiple punishments for the two crimes. Id. at 168. This
Court reasoned that the Legislature is presumed to have known about the felony-firearm
exceptions when it enacted the felon-in-possession statute and would have amended the felony-
firearm statute to preclude conviction of both crimes if it had intended to preclude conviction of
both crimes. Id. This Court also held that the purposes of the two statutes indicated that a
defendant could be convicted of both crimes since the statutes had different purposes addressing
different social norms. Id. at 169-171.


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        In People v Calloway, 469 Mich 448, 452; 671 NW2d 733 (2003), the Michigan Supreme
Court held that the defendant’s convictions for felon-in-possession and felony-firearm did not
violate double jeopardy. The Court held that the Legislature intended for the felony-firearm
statute to apply to situations in which a person used a firearm to commit a felony other than the
four felonies specifically excluded in MCL 750.227b(1). Id. Thus, this Court and the Michigan
Supreme Court have held that the four exceptions listed in the felony-firearm statute are
exclusive. Id.; Mitchell, 456 Mich at 698; Dillard, 246 Mich App at 167-168. Therefore,
defendant’s claim that he could not have been convicted of both crimes fails.

         In addition, it should be noted that, contrary to defendant’s assertion, this Court and the
Michigan Supreme Court did interpret legislative intent. Calloway, 469 Mich at 452; Mitchell,
456 Mich at 698; Dillard, 246 Mich App at 168. Defendant also argues that this Court
incorrectly considered the intent of the Legislature when it enacted the felon-in-possession law
rather than the felony-firearm law. However, “ ‘the Legislature is presumed to be aware of, and
thus to have considered the effect on, all existing statutes when enacting new laws.’ ” People v
Bragg, 296 Mich App 433, 451; 824 NW2d 170 (2012) (citation omitted). Thus, this Court
properly considered the fact that the Legislature contemplated the effect of the felon-in-
possession law on the felony-firearm statute when it did not add the felon-in-possession statute to
the list of statutory exceptions in the felony-firearm statute. See id.; Dillard, 246 Mich App at
168.

        Defendant also argues that the Michigan Supreme Court overlooked the fact that the
felon-in-possession law was passed after the felony-firearm statute. However, the Michigan
Supreme Court in Calloway cited to Dillard in determining that the Legislature intended that a
defendant may be convicted of both felon-in-possession and felony-firearm. Calloway, 469
Mich at 451-452. As discussed above, this Court contemplated the fact that the felon-in-
possession law was passed after the felony-firearm statute in Dillard. Dillard, 246 Mich App at
168. Therefore, defendant’s argument fails. For the reasons stated above, defendant was
properly convicted of both felon-in-possession and felony-firearm. See Calloway, 469 Mich at
452; Mitchell, 456 Mich at 698; Dillard, 246 Mich App at 167-168.

       Defendant next argues that the trial court erred when it sentenced him to consecutive
sentences for his felony-firearm conviction and carrying a concealed weapon conviction. We
agree.

        “For an issue to be preserved for appellate review, it must be raised, addressed, and
decided by the lower court.” Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382. Defendant did
not raise the issue in the trial court. Therefore, the issue is unpreserved. See id.

        Since defendant failed to preserve his claim, this Court reviews the unpreserved
nonconstitutional claim for plain error affecting the defendant’s substantial rights. Carines, 460
Mich at 763. As stated above, in order to establish plain error, the defendant must establish the
following: “1) error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the
plain error affected substantial rights.” Id. With regard to the last requirement, the defendant
must show prejudice, meaning that the error affected the outcome in the trial court. Id.

       MCL 750.227b(2) provides:

                                                -5-
               A term of imprisonment prescribed by this section is in addition to the
       sentence imposed for the conviction of the felony or the attempt to commit the
       felony, and shall be served consecutively with and preceding any term of
       imprisonment imposed for the conviction of the felony or attempt to commit the
       felony.

“A consecutive sentence may be imposed only if specifically authorized by law.” People v
Gonzalez, 256 Mich App 212, 229; 663 NW2d 499 (2003). The felony-firearm statute does not
permit the trial court to sentence a defendant to consecutive sentences for felony-firearm and
another offense that is not the underlying offense for the felony-firearm conviction. People v
Clark, 463 Mich 459, 464; 619 NW2d 538 (2000). In People v McCrady, 213 Mich App 474,
486; 540 NW2d 718 (1995), this Court held that the defendant was improperly sentenced to
consecutive sentences for his felony-firearm and carrying a concealed weapon convictions since
there is no statute that mandates that the sentences run consecutively. See also People v Cortez,
206 Mich App 204, 206; 520 NW2d 693 (1994) (holding that the defendant’s sentence for
carrying a concealed weapon could not run consecutive to his sentence for felony-firearm since
carrying a concealed weapon cannot be the underlying offense for felony-firearm).

        Here, defendant was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment for his felony-firearm
conviction consecutive to concurrent sentences of one to five years’ imprisonment for his felon-
in-possession conviction and one to five years’ imprisonment for his carrying a concealed
weapon conviction. As discussed above, felon-in-possession was the underlying offense for
defendant’s felony-firearm conviction. The offense of carrying a concealed weapon is
specifically excluded as a potential underlying offense for a felony-firearm conviction. See
MCL 750.227b. Therefore, the trial court erred when it sentenced defendant to consecutive
sentences for carrying a concealed weapon and felony-firearm. See Clark, 463 Mich at 464;
McCrady, 213 Mich App at 486; Cortez, 206 Mich App at 206. The error also affected the
outcome in the trial court since defendant was sentenced to consecutive sentences, instead of
concurrent sentences, for his felony-firearm and carrying a concealed weapon convictions. See
Carines, 460 Mich at 763. Defendant is entitled to amendment of his judgment of sentence.

        Defendant’s convictions are affirmed, but the matter is remanded to correct the judgment
of sentence to reflect the fact that defendant’s felony-firearm sentence should run consecutively
to his felon-in-possession sentence and concurrently with his carrying a concealed weapon
sentence. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                           /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                           /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                           /s/ Peter D. O’Connell




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