                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 15-1287
                            Filed September 14, 2016


DWUANE PARKER, ADMINISTRATOR ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
CLYDE D. PARKER JR.; DWUANE PARKER, ADMINISTRATOR ON BEHALF
OF MAILEY PARKER, A MINOR,
     Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

TIMOTHY JOSEPH SHATEK and GAYLE JUDITH SHATEK,
     Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Rustin T.

Davenport, Judge.



      An estate appeals from judgment entry following a jury verdict finding

motorist defendant not at fault in fatal accident. AFFIRMED.




      John R. Walker Jr. of Beecher, Field, Walker, Mooris, Hoffman & Johnson,

P.C., Waterloo, for appellants.

      James W. Bryan of Plaisance & Associates, West Des Moines, for

appellee.



      Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
                                         2


MCDONALD, Judge.

       The case involves a fatal vehicle-pedestrian accident. Gayle Shatek was

driving her daughter home from basketball practice and was speaking on her

mobile phone with her husband, Timothy, when she struck Clyde Parker Jr., who

was walking, with traffic, on the side of the street. Parker received immediate

medical attention, but he died as a result of the injuries sustained in the accident.

Parker’s daughter and Parker’s estate (hereinafter, collectively “the estate”) filed

this suit against the Shateks. The case was tried to a jury. The jury found the

Shateks not at fault, and the district court entered judgment accordingly. The

estate timely filed this appeal.

       The estate first challenges an evidentiary ruling. We review the district

court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. See Giza v. BNSF Ry. Co.,

843 N.W.2d 713, 718 (Iowa 2014). “An abuse of discretion exists when the court

exercised [its] discretion on grounds or for reasons clearly untenable or to an

extent clearly unreasonable.” Mohammed v. Otoadese, 738 N.W.2d 628, 631-32

(Iowa 2007).

       The estate argues the district court abused its discretion by allowing into

evidence Parker’s criminal-history information because the evidence was not

relevant. The general rule is that relevant evidence is admissible and irrelevant

evidence is inadmissible. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.402. “Relevance is contextual; it

is determined by the issues raised and other evidence introduced analyzed within

the framework of the applicable law.” Gibson v. Buckley, No. 14-1108, 2015 WL

2394116, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 20, 2015). In this case, the estate’s expert

witness   testified   regarding    economic   damages,    including   the   loss   of
                                           3


accumulation to the estate. On cross examination, the expert acknowledged

criminal history could affect employability, future earnings, and accumulation to

the estate. We thus conclude Parker’s criminal-history information was relevant

and admissible. See Schmitt v. Jenkins Truck Lines, Inc., 170 N.W.2d 632, 655

(Iowa 1969) (stating jury may consider the following relevant to loss of earning

capacity: “[his] general ability, other occupations []he was qualified to fulfill, [his]

industriousness, disposition to earn, intelligence, manner of living, sobriety or

intemperance, frugality or lavishness, other personal characteristics that are of

assistance in securing business or earning money, [his] age and life

expectancy”); see also Wackenhut Corp. v. Fortune, 87 So.3d 1083, 1095 (Miss.

Ct. App. 2012) (holding it was in discretion of district court to admit criminal-

history information as relevant to earning capacity); Lowe v. State, 599 N.Y.S.2d

639, 642 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993) (“These calculations were seriously flawed,

however, in that they did not include significant adjustments for claimant’s

criminal history . . . his dismal work record or the possibility that he would have

been reincarcerated had he not been injured.           In light of claimant’s criminal

history, it is simply unreasonable to treat the recidivism factor as negligible, as

claimant’s expert did.”).

       To the extent the evidence was relevant, the estate argues, the probative

value of the evidence was outweighed by risk of unfair prejudice.             Relevant

evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or

by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of

cumulative evidence.” Iowa R. Evid. 5.403. We use a two-part test to determine
                                            4

whether evidence should be excluded under rule 5.403. See State v. Huston,

825 N.W.2d 531, 537 (Iowa 2013). “First, we consider the probative value of the

evidence. Second, we balance the probative value against the danger of its

prejudicial or wrongful effect upon the triers of fact.”          Id. (internal citations

omitted).   As indicated above, Parker’s criminal history was probative of his

future earning capacity and value of his estate.          The probative value of the

evidence was not substantially outweighed by the potential for unfair prejudice.

The parties stipulated to the manner in which the criminal-history information was

presented to the jury. Notably, there was no information regarding the conduct

underlying each offense. The criminal-history information was discussed only

briefly at trial and only in conjunction with economic loss to the estate. See, e.g.,

State v. Caples, 857 N.W.2d 641, 647–48 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014) (holding no unfair

prejudice where discussion of evidence was limited). The estate contends it was

error for the district court to not also provide a limiting instruction. The estate did

not request one, and the issue is not preserved.

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the district court did not abuse its

discretion in allowing the jury to consider Parker’s criminal-history information.

       The estate also challenges the jury instructions. “[W]e review challenges

to jury instructions for correction of errors at law.” Alcala v. Marriott Int’l, Inc., 880

N.W.2d 699, 707 (Iowa 2016). The estate argues that the admission of jury

instruction number seventeen was misleading and confusing in light of the other

instructions. Instruction number seventeen provided:

       Although a pedestrian has the lawful right to travel upon the streets
       at a point of his own choosing, the primary use for which a street is
       designed, other than a crosswalk, is for vehicular traffic, and use by
                                        5


      pedestrians is secondary thereto.        Therefore, a pedestrian,
      meaning Clyde Parker, Jr., in this case, must consider such fact in
      the exercise of the care of a careful and prudent person when
      traveling upon the street. In considering whether Clyde Parker, Jr.,
      exercised reasonable care as defined in these instructions, you
      may consider that the use of the streets is primarily intended for
      vehicular traffic.

This instruction is substantially similar to the instruction this court approved in

Johnson v. Hadenfelt, No. 01-0244, 2001 WL 1659347, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec.

28, 2001). The estate has not made any compelling argument distinguishing that

case from this one, and we find none. The instruction approved in that case and

used in this case was not misleading or confusing. See id. Further, we believe it

is a correct statement of the law.    See id.; see also Engman v. City of Des

Moines, 125 N.W.2d 235, 238 (Iowa 1963) (stating “[s]treets are intended

primarily for vehicular traffic and sidewalks for pedestrians”); see generally Iowa

Code § 321.326 (“Pedestrians shall at all times when walking on or along a

highway, walk on the left side of such highway.”); Iowa Code § 321.328(1)-(2)

(“1. Every pedestrian crossing a roadway at any point other than within a marked

crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-

of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway except that cities may restrict such a

crossing by ordinance. 2. Any pedestrian crossing a roadway at a point where a

pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided shall yield

the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway.”); Iowa Code § 321.329(1)

(“Notwithstanding the provisions of section 321.328 every driver of a vehicle shall

exercise due care to avoid colliding with any pedestrian upon any roadway and

shall give warning by sounding the horn when necessary and shall exercise due

care upon observing any child or any confused or incapacitated person upon a
                                         6


roadway.”).   We thus conclude the district court did not err in giving the

challenged instruction.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

      AFFIRMED.
