[Cite as State v. Doss, 2012-Ohio-883.]
                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                      FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                            GALLIA COUNTY


STATE OF OHIO,                                                 :

        Plaintiff-Appellee,                                    :    Case No. 09CA20

        vs.                                                    :

SHELENA MARIE DOSS,                                            :    DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY


        Defendant-Appellant.                                   :

_________________________________________________________________

                                                   APPEARANCES:

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:                          Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Peter Galyardt,
                                                Assistant Ohio Public Defender, 250 East Broad Street, Ste.
                                                1400, Columbus, Ohio 432151

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:                           C. Jeffrey Adkins, Gallia County Prosecuting Attorney, and
                                                Pat Story and Eric Mulford, Gallia County Assistant
                                                Prosecuting Attorneys, Gallia County Courthouse 18
                                                Locust Street, 2nd Floor, Gallipolis, Ohio 45631

_______________________________________________________________
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED: 2-24-12

ABELE, P.J.

        {¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Gallia County Common Pleas Court judgment of

conviction and sentence. Shelena Marie Doss, defendant below and appellant herein, pled guilty

to drug possession in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). Appellant assigns the following errors for



        1
            Different counsel represented appellant during the trial court proceeding.
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                         2

review:

                 FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “MS. DOSS WAS DEPRIVED OR HER RIGHT TO DUE
                 PROCESS UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO
                 THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND SECTION 10,
                 ARTICLE I OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION WHEN THE
                 TRIAL COURT ACCEPTED AN UNKNOWING
                 UNINTELLIGENT, AND INVOLUNTARY PLEA.”

                 SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT IMPOSED A
                 MANDATORY MINIMUM FINE OF $7,500 FOR MS. DOSS’S
                 THIRD-DEGREE FELONY CONVICTION IN VIOLATION OF
                 R.C. 2929.18(A)(3)(c) AND (B)(1).”

                 THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

                 “MS. DOSS WAS DEPRIVED OF HER RIGHT TO DUE
                 PROCESS UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO
                 THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND SECTION 16,
                 ARTICLE I OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION WHEN HER
                 TRIAL ATTORNEY PROVIDED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE
                 OF COUNSEL.”

          {¶ 2} On November 22, 2008, the Gallia County Grand Jury returned an indictment that

charged appellant with drug possession (Count I) and allowing her property to be used for the

commission of a felony drug offense in violation of R.C. 2925.13(B) (Count II). Pursuant to a

plea agreement, appellant pled guilty to Count I in exchange for the dismissal of Count II.

          {¶ 3} At the change of plea hearing, the trial court endeavored to explain appellant’s

rights and to ensure that her plea was knowing and voluntary. Satisfied that it was, the court

accepted appellant's plea and found her guilty of Count I. At the August 2, 2009 sentencing

hearing, the trial court sentenced appellant to serve five years in prison, to pay a fine and to pay
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                                                   3

court costs. This Court later granted appellant leave to file a delayed appeal and the matter is

properly before us for review.2

                                                                 I

          {¶ 4} In her first assignment of error, appellant asserts that she entered her guilty plea

unknowingly and involuntarily. In particular, she argues that the trial court failed to inform her

of her right to compulsory process of witnesses and the fact that she was subject to the mandatory

imposition of court costs.

          {¶ 5} Our review of the July 8, 2009 sentencing hearing transcript reveals that the trial

court asked appellant if she understood that she would “be giving up the right to have

compulsory process or the use of subpoena power to bring folks in here to testify on your behalf.”

 Appellant answered in the affirmative to the court's inquiry. Although the transcript shows that

appellant was informed of her right to compulsory process, she argues in her reply brief that she

has an “eleventh-grade education” and did not understand what this meant. However, even

assuming, arguendo, that appellant did not understand what “compulsory process” or “subpoena”

meant, the trial court explained to her that “folks [could be brought] in here to testify on her

behalf.” Appellant makes no argument that she did not understand this language and, even if

she had, we would have great difficultly accepting her argument. Furthermore, the transcript


          2
            During oral argument, a question arose whether the trial court had disposed of all pending counts in the indictment,
or whether one count remained pending during the prosecution of this appeal. Appellant subsequently filed a motion to
remand the matter in order to dispose of any pending counts. However, our review of the record reveals that Count II was, in
fact, dismissed, albeit not included in the trial court's final judgment of conviction and sentence. Thus, the record reflects that
Count II has been resolved, a final order does indeed exist, and this court has jurisdiction to proceed to consider the merits of
this appeal. See generally State ex rel. Rose v. McGinty, 128 Ohio St.3d 371, 944 N.E.2d 672, 2011-Ohio-761.
Consequently, we hereby overrule appellant's motion to remand.
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                          4

reveals that the trial court explicitly asked appellant if she understood that she gave up this right

by pleading guilty. She replied in the affirmative. A few pages later in the transcript, appellant

was asked if she had “any questions about those” (in reference to the rights that were just

explained). This time, she answered in the negative. Whatever appellant’s education or

expertise with the legal system, it is reasonable for the court to take the appellant at her word that

she understood the matters that the trial court explained to her. We also think it reasonable to

expect that if appellant was indeed confused, she could have asked for additional clarification,

either from the trial court or her counsel.

        {¶ 6} As to appellant’s assertion that the trial court did not explain at the change of plea

hearing that she could be required to pay court costs, or be required to perform community

service if she did not pay the costs, this information is to be given at sentencing, not at a change

of plea hearing. See 2947.23(A)(1)(a). Appellant counters that the notification requirement

should be considered in the context of into Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a), which prohibits trial courts from

accepting guilty pleas without informing defendants of the “maximum penalty involved” in the

case. However, this Court and others have rejected this argument. See State v. McDaniel,

Vinton App. No. 09CA677, 2010-Ohio-5215, at ¶¶20-21; State v. Smith, Warren App. No.

CA2010–06–057, 2011-Ohio-1188, at ¶¶13-14. We continue to adhere to that ruling. As we

noted in McDaniel, supra at ¶20, the Ohio Supreme Court has stated that a judgment for court

costs is “distinct” from criminal punishment and is more analogous to a judgment for civil

damages. Id., citing State v. Joseph, 125 Ohio St.3d 76, 926 N.E.2d 278, 2010-Ohio-954, at ¶20.

That said, court costs do not fall under the rubric of the “maximum penalty” as set out in the
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                                                  5

Ohio Rules of Criminal Procedure.3

         {¶ 7} It is also worth mentioning that a defendant who challenges a guilty plea on the

basis it was not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made must show a prejudicial effect.

State v. Stewart (1977), 51 Ohio St.2d 86, 93, 364 N.E.2d 1163; State v. Puckett, Scioto App.

No. 03CA2920, 2005-Ohio-1640, at ¶11; also see Crim.R. 52(A). The test for establishing

prejudice is whether the guilty plea would have otherwise been made. State v. Nero (1999), 56

Ohio St.3d 106, 108, 564 N.E.2d 474; also see Puckett, at ¶11; State v. Corbin, 141 Ohio App.3d

381, 386-387, 751 N.E.2d 505. We have found nothing to suggest that appellant would have

pled otherwise had (1) the meaning of “compulsory process” and “subpoena” been further

explained to her, or (2) if appellant had known that she would be liable for court costs.

         {¶ 8} For these reasons, we find no merit to appellant’s argument that the trial court

failed to comply with Crim.R. 11(C), or that it accepted an unknowing and involuntary plea.

Accordingly, we hereby overrule appellant's first assignment of error.

                                                               II

         {¶ 9} Appellant’s second assignment of error involves the $7,500 fine that the trial court

imposed at sentencing. The gist of her argument is that the fine is incompatible with statute and,

thus, is invalid and renders her sentence void. We disagree.

         {¶ 10} Appellant pled guilty to a third degree felony violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). Trial

courts may impose fines for third degree felonies up to $10,000. R.C. 2929.18(A)(3)(c). In the


         3
             Because “court costs” do not fall within the phrase “maximum penalty involved” for purposes of Crim.R.
11(C)(2)(a), the trial court was not required to inform appellant at the change of plea hearing that she could be required to
perform community service if she failed to pay those costs. We note, however, that the August 3, 2009 sentencing hearing
transcript reveals that such information was conveyed to appellant at that time.
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                       6

case of drug possession, courts are required to impose a mandatory fine of at least $5,000. Id. at

(B)(1). Here, the trial court's sentence imposed a $7,500 fine, which falls within the statute's

permissible range. What appellant challenges, however, is not the actual fine imposed, but,

rather, the trial court's rhetoric at the sentencing hearing. Twice during that hearing the trial

court described the “minimum mandatory fine” for the offense as $7,500 which, as noted above,

is incorrect. Appellant argues that this amounts to imposing a fine outside the statutory limit.

Again, we disagree.

        {¶ 11} A trial court speaks through its journal, not oral pronouncement. State v. Baker,

Scioto App. No. 09CA3331, 2010-Ohio-5564, at ¶7; State v. Smith, Butler App. No. No.

CA2009-02-038, 2010-Ohio-1721, at ¶ 59; State v. Hillman, Franklin App. Nos. 09AP-478,

09AP-479 & 09AP-480, 2010-Ohio-256, at ¶ 15. Here, the trial court did not repeat in its journal

its comment about the “mandatory” fine. The August 3, 2009 sentencing entry imposes a

$7,500 fine, but the word “mandatory” is omitted. We view the court’s sentencing hearing

statements as momentary confusion about the statute's terms. This is particularly true in view of

the fact that during the July 8, 2009 change of plea hearing, the trial court correctly informed

appellant she faced “a maximum fine of $10,000 . . . with a minimum mandatory thereof being

one half thereof or $5,000.”

        {¶ 12} Recently, this court considered a similar issue in State v. Weddington, Lawrence

No. 10CA19, 2011-Ohio-1017. In that case, the trial court described the fine imposed as

mandatory when, in fact, it was not. Id. at ¶25. That description was even carried into the

journal entry. Id. A majority of this Court declined to recognize plain error, however, because

the fine was within the permissible statutory range and the appellant failed to show that the
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                      7

outcome of the proceedings would have been different but for the trial court’s error. Id. at ¶26.



        {¶ 13} We believe that the case sub judice presents a much stronger argument for

disregarding the trial court’s misstatement, as the term “mandatory” was not included in the

judgment entry as it was in Weddington. We also fail to discern how appellant suffered

prejudice in light of the fact that the fine the court ultimately imposed is within the court’s

statutory discretion. See Crim.R. 52(A).

        {¶ 14} For these reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's second assignment of error.

                                                  III

        {¶ 15} In her third assignment of error, appellant advances several claims that she

received ineffective assistance from trial counsel.

        {¶ 16} Criminal defendants have a right to counsel, and this includes a right to the

effective assistance from counsel. McCann v. Richardson (1970), 397 U.S. 759, 770, 90 S.Ct.

1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763; State v. Lytle (Mar. 10, 1997), Ross App. No. 96CA2182; State v. Doles

(Sept. 18, 1991), Ross App. No. 1660. To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of

counsel, a defendant must show that (1) counsel's performance was deficient, and (2) such

deficient performance prejudiced the defense and deprived the defendant of a fair trial. See

Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674; also see

State v. Issa (2001), 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904; State v. Goff (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d

123, 139, 694 N.E.2d 916. In is important to recognize that both prongs of the Strickland test

need not be analyzed if the claim of ineffective assistance can be resolved under one prong. See

State v. Madrigal (2000), 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d 52. To establish the latter element,
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                     8

i.e. existence of prejudice, a defendant must show a reasonable probability exists that, but for

counsel's alleged error, the result of the trial would have been different. State v. White (1998), 82

Ohio St.3d 16, 23, 693 N.E.2d 772; State v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373,

at paragraph three of the syllabus. We further note that a licensed attorney is presumed

competent. State v. Moss, Hocking App. No. 09CA6, 2010-Ohio-1135, at ¶24; State v.

Countryman, Washington App. No. 08CA12, 2008-Ohio-6700, at ¶ 20.

        {¶ 17} One of appellant’s ineffective assistance claims is that counsel did not object that

“the fine imposed was contrary to law.” Here, our ruling on appellant's second assignment of

error renders this argument without merit. The $7,500 fine is not contrary to law.

        {¶ 18} Appellant also argues that trial counsel should have (1) objected to imposition of a

fine because she was “indigent,” (2) filed an indigency affidavit to seek avoidance of the fine,

and (3) sought a waiver of court costs from the trial court.

        {¶ 19} When considering a claim that trial counsel was ineffective for not filing an

indigency affidavit under R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), the test applied by Ohio courts is whether a

reasonable probability exists that the trial court would have found appellant indigent had such

affidavit been filed. See State v. Howard, Montgomery App. No. 21678, 2007-Ohio-3582, at ¶15;

State v. Gore, Lucas App. No. L-05-1242, 2006-Ohio-5622, at ¶14. The same test applies to an

ineffective assistance claim based on a failure of counsel to seek waiver of court costs. See

State v. Smith, Warren App. No. CA2010–06–057, 2011-Ohio-1188, at ¶64; State v. Blade,

Cuyahoga App. Nos. 88703, 88704 & 88705, 2007-Ohio-5323 at ¶13. For the following

reasons, we do not believe that a reasonable probability exists that the trial court would have

found appellant indigent.
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                                                     9

          {¶ 20} Our review of the record reveals little information regarding appellant’s future

ability to pay the fine and court costs. Nevertheless, the Presentence Investigation Report (PSI)

indicates that appellant attended high school to the eleventh grade. Appellant answered “yes”

when asked if in “good health” and further responded in the negative when asked about any

“physical problems” or whether one had been to a mental health clinician. Appellant

represented that she has no income, including no “welfare,” but she also has two children which

may make her eligible for such monies in the future.4 By the same token, appellant also stated

that she has no expenses, except for a “financial obligation [to] Gallipolis Municipal Court” and

that she lives with her stepmother.

          {¶ 21} A determination that appellant was indigent requires that the court consider both

present and future ability to pay the fine and costs. See, generally, State v. Jacobs, 189 Ohio

App.3d 283, 938 N.E.2d 79, 2010-Ohio-4010 at ¶11; R.C. 2929.19(B)(6). Admittedly,

appellant's current financial situation looks bleak. Given the information in the PSI, however,

and considering that she will be in her twenties and healthy when she completes her prison

sentence, appellant has not persuaded us that she lacks the future ability to pay the fine and court

costs. Therefore, we cannot conclude that a reasonable probability exists that appellant would

have been found indigent had her counsel raised the issue. Consequently, we cannot find that

trial counsel's performance was constitutionally ineffective for failing to raise the issue.

          {¶ 22} Accordingly, we hereby overrule appellant's third assignment of error.

          {¶ 23} Having considered all of the errors assigned and argued, we affirm the trial court's


          4
            These children were said to be “living with” appellant’s aunt, but it is unclear whether that aunt has custody or is
simply caring for the children.
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                                       10

judgment.

                                                              JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.




                                       JUDGMENT ENTRY

        It is ordered that the appeal be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs
herein taxed.

        The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

     It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Gallia County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

        If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is
continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is
to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the
pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the
expiration of the sixty day period.

       The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio
Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to
the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        Harsha, J.: Concurs in Judgment & Opinion
        Kline, J.: Concurs in Judgment Only

                                                              For the Court




                                                              BY:
                                            Peter B. Abele
                                            Presiding Judge
GALLIA, 09CA20                                                                               11


                                  NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
