             In the
        Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
         at Fort Worth
     ___________________________
          No. 02-17-00321-CV
     ___________________________

      HENRY THIESSEN, Appellant


                      V.

        FIDELITY BANK, Appellee



   On Appeal from the 78th District Court
         Wichita County, Texas
        Trial Court No. 184,975-B


Before Sudderth, C.J.; Gabriel and Pittman, JJ.
 Memorandum Opinion by Justice Pittman
                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Henry Thiessen appeals from the trial court’s judgment confirming

the arbitration award in favor of Appellee Fidelity Bank. Thiessen did not adequately

brief his complaints on appeal, and he did not preserve his appellate complaints in the

trial court. We therefore affirm.

                                    BACKGROUND

      Between 2013 and 2014, Thiessen and Fidelity entered into three commercial

loans for which Thiessen’s real property and some of his personal property

(equipment and inventory) served as collateral. With each loan, Thiessen signed an

arbitration agreement.     Each arbitration agreement provided that the Federal

Arbitration Act would govern the interpretation and enforcement of the agreement.

See 9 U.S.C.A. § 2 (West 2009) (providing that a written agreement to submit a

controversy to arbitration is valid and enforceable).

      Thiessen defaulted on the loans, and on August 2, 2016, Fidelity foreclosed on

Thiessen’s real property. That same day, Thiessen sued Fidelity for fraud in the

inducement, breach of homestead rights, wrongful foreclosure, breach of contract,

unjust enrichment, negligent misrepresentation, and to quiet title, arising out of the

three loans. He alleged, among other facts, that he has a limited ability to read and

write and, as such, could not assent to the loans’ terms. Fidelity counterclaimed to

recover the unpaid balance on the loans, for injunctive relief to compel Thiessen to



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surrender the personal property collateral, and to evict Thiessen from the real

property on which Fidelity had foreclosed.

      Fidelity then moved to compel arbitration. The trial court ordered arbitration,

prompting Thiessen to file a motion for permission to appeal the order and to stay

arbitration. The trial court denied the motion, and the case proceeded to arbitration.

      The arbitrator signed its Final Award on June 28, 2017. In the award, the

arbitrator granted judgment for Fidelity in the amount of $224,285.37, plus attorney’s

fees of $38,859.71 and arbitration fees of $6,013.75. It further declared that Fidelity

was entitled to foreclose on the personal property collateral.

      On July 20, 2017, Fidelity filed its “Motion to Confirm Arbitration Award and

Enter Judgment” in the trial court. The trial court set the motion for a hearing. On

August 10, 2017, Thiessen, now proceeding pro se, filed a “Motion to Lift Prohibition

for Permanent Injunction” that included an objection to Fidelity’s motion to confirm

the arbitration award.    The motion asserted that Thiessen “has and will suffer

immediate irreparable and substantial harm and injury if he is required to either

[ac]cept or reject [the] order of Arbitration judgment.”

      The trial court granted Fidelity’s motion to confirm the arbitrator’s award and

rendered judgment in accordance with the award. Thiessen then appealed.




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                                     DISCUSSION

I.    The Trial Court Has Limited Discretion to Deny Arbitration or to Refuse
      to Confirm an Arbitration Award.

      When claims fall within the scope of a valid arbitration agreement and one

party moves for arbitration, the trial court generally must compel arbitration unless

the other party shows that the movant has waived its right to arbitration.              See

9 U.S.C.A. § 3 (West 2009) (providing that, upon application of one of the parties, a

trial court shall stay proceedings until after arbitration in accordance with the parties’

agreement); see also G.T. Leach Builders, LLC v. Sapphire V.P., LP, 458 S.W.3d 502,

511 (Tex. 2015) (noting that a party may waive arbitration through conduct or

through a clear repudiation of the right); In re Halliburton Co., 80 S.W.3d 566, 572 (Tex.

2002) (“[C]ourts may consider both procedural and substantive unconscionability of

an arbitration clause in evaluating the validity of an arbitration provision.”). Similarly,

when a party moves to confirm an arbitration award, the trial court must confirm the

award except in specific circumstances provided for by statute. 1 See 9 U.S.C.A. §§ 10–



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        Under the FAA, an arbitrator’s award may be vacated on the following
grounds: (1) “where the award was procured by corruption, fraud, or undue means”;
(2) “where there was evidence of partiality or corruption” in any of the arbitrators;
(3) where the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct or other misbehavior that
prejudiced the rights of a party; or (4) where the arbitrators exceeded their powers or
“so imperfectly executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the
subject matter submitted was not made.” 9 U.S.C.A. § 10. An arbitrator’s award may
be modified or corrected if (1) “there was an evident material miscalculation of figures
or an evident material mistake in the description of any person, thing, or property
referred to in the award”; (2) the arbitrators rendered an award on a matter not

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11 (West 2009) (listing grounds for vacating, modifying, or correcting an arbitration

award); see also Prescription Health Network, LLC v. Adams, No. 02-15-00279-CV,

2017 WL 1416875, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 20, 2017, pet. denied) (mem.

op.) (“An arbitration award governed by the FAA must be confirmed unless it is

vacated, modified, or corrected under certain limited grounds.” (citations omitted));

Hughes Training, Inc. v. Cook, 148 F. Supp. 2d 737, 742 (N.D. Tex.) (“[R]eview of an

arbitration award is extraordinarily narrow under the FAA”), aff’d, 254 F.3d 588 (5th

Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1172 (2002). Under the Federal Arbitration Act, “a

party who fails to timely seek to vacate, modify, or correct an arbitrator’s award

forfeits his right to seek judicial review of the award.” Reitman v. Yandell, No. 02-17-

00245-CV, 2018 WL 1324775, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 15, 2018, no pet.)

(mem. op.).

II.   The Trial Court Did Not Err When It Confirmed the Arbitration Award.

      In Thiessen’s second amended brief, he raises two issues: (1) whether the trial

court erred in excluding critical evidence presented at trial, and (2) whether there was

factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s judgment. He contends that

the trial court excluded and failed to consider “critical evidence that was never

presented because [Fidelity’s attorney] persuaded the Court to proceed with

Arbitration.”

submitted to them; or (3) “the award is imperfect in matter of form not affecting the
merits of the controversy.” Id. § 11.


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      Thiessen does not dispute that the loan agreements that form the basis of the

dispute contained arbitration agreements or that the claims of the parties fell within

the scope of the agreements. See 9 U.S.C.A. § 3. Although he asserts that the trial

court failed to consider evidence, he does not identify what evidence the trial court

should have considered. He does not tell us whether that evidence related to the

arbitrability of the dispute. And importantly, Thiessen does not argue any of the

limited grounds on which a trial court may decline to confirm an arbitration award.

See 9 U.S.C.A. §§ 10–11. Accordingly, he has waived his issues by inadequately

briefing them. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (“The brief must contain a clear and concise

argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to

the record”); Allegiance Hillview, L.P. v. Range Tex. Prod., LLC, 347 S.W.3d 855,

873 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.) (holding that an inadequately briefed

issue had been waived on appeal).

      Further, although Thiessen filed his “Motion to Lift Prohibition for Permanent

Injunction” objecting to confirmation of the award on the ground of hardship, he did

not set out any statutory grounds for vacating, modifying, or correcting the

arbitrator’s award. See 9 U.S.C.A. §§ 10–11; Prescription Health, 2017 WL 1416875, at

*5 (holding that sections 10 and 11 contain the exclusive and explicit grounds for

vacating or modifying an arbitration award under the FAA). Nor did he raise any of

the statutory grounds in any other motion presented to the trial court. See 9 U.S.C.A.

§ 12 (West 2009) (setting out a three-month limitations period for a party to move to

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vacate, modify, or correct an arbitration award).        The trial court was therefore

required to confirm the award. Reitman, 2018 WL 1324775, at *1 (noting that a trial

court must confirm an arbitration award under the FAA unless statutory grounds are

offered for vacating, modifying, or correcting the award). Thus, even if we construe

Thiessen’s argument on appeal that “[t]he trial judge erred in excluding and failing to

consider critical evidence” as an argument that the arbitrator “refus[ed] to hear

evidence pertinent and material to the controversy,” see 9 U.S.C.A. § 10(a)(3) (listing

an arbitrator’s refusal to hear pertinent, material evidence as a ground for vacating an

arbitration award), we may not reverse the trial court’s judgment on that ground

because Thiessen failed to raise it in the trial court. See In re L.M.I, 119 S.W.3d 707,

711 (Tex. 2003) (holding that, to preserve argument for appellate review, party must

present it to trial court, state specific grounds therefore, and obtain ruling); Human

Biostar, Inc. v. Celltex Therapeutics Corp., 514 S.W.3d 844, 850 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2017, pet. denied) (“A party seeking to vacate an arbitration award must

present any grounds for doing so to the trial court, otherwise, those complaints are

waived on appeal.”); see also Hooper v. Brinson, 2 Tex. 185, 188 (1847) (holding that a

party’s failure to object to the arbitration award on a specific ground precluded the

party from asserting the ground as error on appeal).

      We are mindful of the difficulties that pro se litigants face. However, we may

not make Thiessen’s arguments for him, and we may not consider arguments he did

not preserve. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Yeldell v. Denton Cent. Appraisal Dist., No. 2-

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07-313-CV, 2008 WL 4053014, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 29, 2008, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (noting that the appellant’s brief was “so inadequate that we would

have to make her legal arguments for her” and that pro se litigants are held to the

same standards as licensed attorneys); cf. Boswell v. Hon. Governor of Tex., 138 F. Supp.

2d 782, 785 (N.D. Tex. 2000) (Mahon, J.) (“Even pro se litigants . . . must abide by

the . . . Rules of Civil Procedure.”). Accordingly, we overrule both his issues on

appeal.

                                    CONCLUSION

      Having overruled both of Thiessen’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment

confirming the arbitration award.




                                                      /s/ Mark T. Pittman
                                                      Mark T. Pittman
                                                      Justice

Delivered: November 15, 2018




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