                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 12a0285p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                                X
                           Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                 -
                                                     No. 11-1281
          v.
                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 TERRANCE COLES, JR.,
                                                N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Eastern District of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
          No. 5:08-cr-20351-1—John Corbett O’Meara, District Judge.
                                      Argued: July 17, 2012
                             Decided and Filed: August 27, 2012
       Before: SUTTON and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; DOWD, District Judge.*

                                       _________________

                                             COUNSEL
ARGUED: Jeffrey P. Nunnari, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellant. Louis P. Gabel, UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Jeffrey P. Nunnari, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellant. Louis P. Gabel, UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee. Terrance Coles, Jr., Bradford,
Pennsylvania, pro se.
                                       _________________

                                             OPINION
                                       _________________

         DOWD, District Judge. As a result of a jury trial, the appellant Coles was
convicted of seven counts of aiding and abetting the unlicensed dealing in firearms; eight
counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm; one count of aiding and abetting the


         *
          The Honorable David D. Dowd, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.


                                                   1
No. 11-1281        USA v. Coles                                                    Page 2


attempted possession with the intent to distribute a controlled substance; one count of
carrying and using a firearm in relation to a drug trafficking crime; and one count of
conspiracy. The district court sentenced Coles to a term of 180 months. His appeal
followed.

       The evidence established a conspiracy to traffic firearms across the border of the
United States into Canada at the Detroit-Windsor connection. On seven occasions,
Coles secured multiple firearms in the United States and directed co-conspirators to
deliver the firearms to purchasers in Canada. On the eighth occasion, Coles arranged to
deliver up to 20 firearms in exchange for 50,000 tablets of Ecstasy. The exchange,
which the defendant was going to carry out himself on the U.S. side of the border, was
scheduled to take place on June 4, 2008. Coles was unaware that the individuals who
were purchasing the firearms from him were undercover police officers in Toronto.
When Coles attempted to exchange firearms for Ecstasy on June 4, 2008, ATF agents
arrested him. His indictment followed.

       Appellant counsel challenges the district court’s ruling that Coles waived his
Sixth Amendment right to counsel, thus, requiring Coles to proceed pro se over his
objection, and further that the district court failed to follow the instructions of United
States v. McDowell, 814 F.2d 245 (6th Cir. 1987).

       The indictment was filed on June 20, 2008 and Coles was arraigned on June 27,
2008. Coles’ continuing dissatisfaction with assigned counsel delayed the jury trial until
July 8, 2010.

       After a determination that Coles was indigent, the district court appointed
Attorney Maria P. Mannarino as counsel for the defendant.

       On April 1, 2009, Attorney Mannarino filed a motion to withdraw as counsel for
Coles. In her motion, Attorney Mannarino described a recent breakdown in a hoped-for
resolution leading to a collapse in the attorney-client relationship. Attorney Mannarino
stated that Coles had requested that she be removed and new counsel be appointed. The
district court granted Attorney Mannarino’s motion on April 1, 2009.
No. 11-1281             USA v. Coles                                                                  Page 3


         One day later, the district court appointed Douglas Mullkoff to represent Coles.
Four months later, on August 4, 2009, Mullkoff orally moved to withdraw from further
representation of Coles.1 On August 5, 2009, the district court granted Attorney
Mullkoff’s motion and on August 11, 2009, the district court appointed a third lawyer,
Mark Satawa to represent Coles. On December 8, 2009, Coles’ third lawyer, Mark
Satawa, moved to withdraw from further representation of Coles and reported that he
had received a voice mail from the defendant on December 1, 2009 asking Satawa to file
a motion to withdraw from this case.

         The court granted Attorney Satawa’s motion to withdraw and warned the
defendant of the likelihood that he might be in a position where he would have to
represent himself at trial, as the court stated:

         THE COURT: Very well. Now, to date, Mr. Coles, you’ve had Maria
         Mannarino, Douglas Mullkoff and Mr. Satawa as your counsel, and I can
         tell you they’re all competent and respected lawyers, and based upon my
         experience and what I know about the experience of other judges on this
         court, you’ll find no better lawyer to represent you, if I grant Mr.
         Satawa’s motion and allow him to withdraw....
         Now, we have a motion before us, and I’m going to grant that motion
         because of the respect I have for a defendant’s need to have counsel
         whom they have a good relationship with and with whom they can
         communicate well. However, Mr. Coles, let me tell you a few things. At
         some point, when competent experienced counsel are informing the
         Court of their inability to continue to represent a defendant, one begins
         to suspect that the defendant is either irrationally hard to satisfy or, as an
         alternative, perhaps malingering or attempting to delay the trial.
         An alternative to all of this, which I think was suggested ..., is that you
         believed in this case that you could somehow improve the Government’s
         offer of a plea arrangement and that that might have been a reason to ask
         for new counsel....

         1
            During the hearing, Attorney Mullkoff, after discussing guilty plea negotiations, stated that there
has been a breakdown in the attorney-client relationship to such an extent that he could not function as
effective counsel and as contemplated by the Sixth Amendment. In granting the motion, the district court
stated to the defendant as follows: “I will say two things to you, Mr. Coles, one is if I agree you should
have another attorney and ask the Federal Defender’s Office to appoint one for you, you’re not going to
get a better lawyer than the one you’ve got standing beside you right now, because there aren’t any. That’s
the first thing. And the second thing is, if you get another lawyer and you get to this point where you’re
not happy with that person, you’re going to end up very likely, almost certainly you’re going to end up
representing yourself, which is not a good position to be in.” (Emphasis added.) (R.130, Hr’g Tr at 5-6.)
No. 11-1281        USA v. Coles                                                       Page 4


       All right. This is what I’m going to do. I’m going to grant Mr. Satawa’s
       motion to withdraw and note in passing that he’s agreed to give full
       cooperation with new counsel. I’m going to ask the Federal Defender’s
       Office to appoint a new lawyer to represent you, Mr. Coles, in this
       matter, and we’re going to set a new, firm trial date, which will have to
       be far enough ahead to give your next lawyer time to absorb the
       information necessary to prepare for trial and to do that and do the
       preparation.
       And I’m informing you now that if you and this lawyer who’s going to
       be appointed can’t get along, and either you or the lawyer or both of you
       say that the representational relationship can’t continue, that you’re
       going to be representing yourself in this matter at trial, and that is in my
       opinion a very, very bad idea, especially when you have excellent,
       experienced lawyers who’ve attempted to help you.

(Emphasis added.) (R.132, Hr’g Tr at 4-5.)

       The district court then appointed Attorney Ray Richards to represent Coles on
January 14, 2010 and scheduled the trial date of July 6, 2010.

       Later, the district court acknowledged that once again, Coles wanted the
appointment of another lawyer and to remove Ray Richards as the assigned counsel.

       Specifically, the district court addressed Coles and stated:

       ... Mr. Coles, am I correct that you are dissatisfied with Mr. Richards’
       services and would like to fire him?
       THE DEFENDANT: For multiple reasons, sir, yes.
       THE COURT: Yes?
       THE DEFENDANT: For multiple reasons, yes.
       THE COURT: I’m sorry, I didn’t hear that.
       THE DEFENDANT: For multiple reasons, yes.
       THE COURT: I’m going to interpret that since that’s the fourth lawyer
       you’ve exercised your constitutional right to represent yourself, despite
       the fact that there are a whole lot of good reasons why that’s not
       something that a defendant should do.

(Emphasis added.) (R.124, Hr’g Tr at 4-5.)
No. 11-1281        USA v. Coles                                                      Page 5


       As a consequence, the court began the jury trial with Coles representing himself,
but with the availability of Attorney Ray Richards to remain in the case for the purpose
of advising Coles as stand-by counsel.

       The lengthy trial concluded with Coles’ conviction and subsequent sentencing.
This appeal followed.

       Initially, as a reviewing court, we acknowledge the constitutional right of a
defendant to defend himself in a pro se capacity as enunciated in Faretta v. California,
422 U.S. 806 (1975). Secondly, a defendant’s right to assistance of counsel “does not
imply the absolute right to counsel of one’s choice ... [but] must be balanced against the
need for the efficient and effective administration of criminal justice.” United States
v. Weninger, 624 F.2d 163, 166 (10th Cir. 1980). Third, a defendant may engage in
conduct which constitutes a waiver of his right to counsel. See United States v. Green,
388 F.3d 918, 921 (6th Cir. 2004); United States v. Krzyske, 836 F.2d 1013, 1017 (6th Cir.
1988); King v. Bobby, 433 F.3d 483, 492 (6th Cir. 2006).

       We apply United States v. Green, supra, and find that the district court did not
err in finding that Coles had waived his right to counsel following the removal of the
fourth assigned counsel for Mr. Coles, Attorney Richards.

       Additionally, the assigned appellate counsel for defendant Coles argues that the
district court failed to follow the teachings of United States v. McDowell, 814 F.2d 245
(6th Cir. 1987). In McDowell, Judge Nathaniel Jones, employing the court’s supervisory
powers, stated in part as follows:

       Nevertheless, in order to avoid future appeals of a similar nature, we
       follow the lead of the D.C. Circuit in United States v. Bailey, 675 F.2d at
       1297, and invoke our supervisory powers to identify the nature of the
       inquiry to be made and the procedure to be followed henceforth in
       situations where an accused seeks to waive representation by counsel and
       proceed pro se. A model inquiry for district judges is set forth in 1
       Bench Book for United States District Judges 1.02-2 (3d ed. 1986). For
       convenience, it is reproduced in the appendix to this opinion. In the
       future, whenever a federal district judge in this circuit is faced with an
       accused who wishes to represent himself in criminal proceedings, the
No. 11-1281         USA v. Coles                                                     Page 6


       model inquiry or one covering the same substantive points along with an
       express finding that the accused has made a knowing and voluntary
       waiver of counsel, shall be made on the record prior to allowing the
       accused to represent himself.

(Emphasis added.) McDowell, 814 F.2d at 249-50.

       In this case, it is apparent from a review of the record, that the district court did
not engage in an exact model inquiry as set forth in the Bench Book for United States
District Judges. We turn to the question whether the failure of the district court judge
to engage Coles in the exact model inquiry constitutes reversible error.

       First, we observe that the district court on several occasions warned Coles of the
difficulty he would encounter in self-representation as Coles continued to object to
assigned counsel.    As the issue of Attorney Satawa’s representation was under
consideration, the district court provided Coles with the following advice:

       THE COURT: ... I believe you are intelligent and articulate and that you
       are prepared to impress the Court, perhaps you have impressed counsel
       with that fact.
       I don’t believe you’re a lawyer, however, and if you want the best
       possible representation you can have in the case with 39 counts and the
       possibility that if there are multiple convictions on those counts, there
       could be consecutive sentences, I think you better think long and hard
       about doing it yourself.
       It isn’t that there’s anything wrong with your head. You’re a very bright
       guy, I think, but it’s that you’re not a lawyer. You don’t know the Court
       Rules. You don’t know the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and
       you’re being unfair to yourself, in my opinion, if you don’t have Mr.
       Satawa, for instance, who’s now appointed, there with you at the trial.

(R.131, Hr’g tr at 11.)

       On the day the jury trial began, the Court again addressed Coles and advised him
of his belief that he would be better off with his stand-by counsel, Mr. Richards,
representing him. Again, Coles rejected representation by Richards and the trial
commenced with Richards as stand-by counsel representing him.
No. 11-1281        USA v. Coles                                                     Page 7


       We find no reversible error even though the district court did not use the exact
model inquiry set forth in the Bench Book. The district court was not faced with an
accused who wished to represent himself, but rather with an accused who effectively
waived his right to counsel by his conduct. Moreover, as indicated, the district court
advised Coles on several occasions with respect to the difficulties in self-representation.
Additionally, Attorney Richards was available throughout the trial as stand-by counsel,
and subsequent to Coles’ conviction, assisted him during the sentencing proceedings.

       We see no reason in the context of our supervisory powers to instruct district
court judges how to proceed when a defendant has, by his conduct, waived his right to
counsel. We leave it to district court judges to determine how best to deal with a
defendant, who by his or her conduct, has waived the right to counsel.

       Lastly, we acknowledge that the defendant has filed a separate pro se brief
challenging other aspects of his trial. The primary issues raised by Coles’ pro se brief
focus on the denial of his motion for a continuance after the district court excused
Attorney Richards on the date the trial was scheduled and the district court’s denial of
Coles’ request for an entrapment defense instruction. We have carefully reviewed the
entire record and find no merit in the arguments raised in Coles’ pro se brief.

       As a consequence, the conviction and sentence of Coles is AFFIRMED.
