                               Fourth Court of Appeals
                                      San Antonio, Texas
                                              OPINION
                                          No. 04-15-00617-CV

                        Toni COMBEST and Mountain Laurel Minerals, LLC,
                                         Appellants

                                                    v.

                                   MUSTANG MINERALS, LLC,
                                          Appellee

                    From the 218th Judicial District Court, La Salle County, Texas
                                 Trial Court No. 14-08-00144-CVL
                            Honorable Donna S. Rayes, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Karen Angelini, Justice

Sitting:          Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                  Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 3, 2016

AFFIRMED IN PART; DISMISSED IN PART

           This appeal arises from a trespass to try title action filed by Mountain Laurel Minerals LLC

(“Mountain Laurel”) against Mustang Minerals LLC (“Mustang”). Toni Combest, whose mineral

rights derive from the same deed as Mountain Laurel, intervened in the action. All parties filed

motions for summary judgment, urging their respective interpretations of the deed. After

considering the motions, the trial court granted Mustang’s motion for summary judgment and

ordered that Toni Combest and Mountain Laurel take nothing against Mustang. Toni Combest and

Mountain Laurel then filed a joint notice of appeal. However, only Toni Combest filed an
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appellant’s brief on the merits. At oral argument, the attorney who signed the joint notice of appeal

stated that only Toni Combest was appealing the trial court’s judgment and that Mountain Laurel

was not pursuing its appeal. Therefore, we dismiss Mountain Laurel’s appeal.

       In her appellant’s brief, Toni Combest argues that as a matter of law, the trial court did not

correctly interpret the deed. Alternatively, Combest argues that the deed is ambiguous and its

interpretation is a fact matter that should be decided by a jury. Finally, Combest argues that because

Mustang is a foreign entity doing business in Texas, but has refused to register with the Texas

Secretary of State, Mustang is precluded from receiving a take-nothing judgment in its favor. We

affirm the judgment against Toni Combest.

                                           BACKGROUND

       At issue in this appeal is whether the deed in question conveyed mineral rights to Toni

Combest, who in turn conveyed half of her rights to Mountain Laurel. Toni Combest’s mineral

rights arose from three “source” deeds. The first deed, dated November 28, 1967, conveyed the

following to Horace and Inga Combest:

       Tract Nine (9), Section Sixty Two (62), GARDENDALE COLONY LANDS,
       according to map or plat recorded in Vol. “U”, Page 135, Deed Records of La Salle
       County, Texas, and containing twenty (20) acres of land.

       SUBJECT TO: A strip ten feet wide where tract touches section and/or half-section
       lines reserved for road purposes.

                There is excepted from the property herein conveyed and the warranty
       herein given, and reserved to the Grantor herein, her heirs and assigns, one-half of
       all oil, gas, and other minerals of whatsoever character (the naming of oil and gas
       shall in no way limit the term “minerals”) in and under the premises hereinabove
       described.

               This conveyance is made subject to the following matters to the extent same
       are in effect at this time: Any and all restrictions, covenants, conditions and
       easements, if any, relating to the hereinabove described property, but, only to the
       extent they are still in effect and shown of record in the hereinabove mentioned
       County and State.


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                                                                                         04-15-00617-CV


        The second “source” deed, also dated November 28, 1967, conveyed the following to

Horace and Inga Combest:

        Tract Numbered Ten (10), Section numbered Sixty-Two (62), GARDENDALE
        COLONY LANDS, LaSalle County, Texas, according to plat recorded in Vol. “U”,
        page 135, Deed Records, LaSalle County, Texas, and containing twenty (20) acres
        of land.

        Subject to a strip ten (10) feet wide, where tract touches Section and/or Half-Section
        lines, reserved for road purposes.

        There is excepted from the property herein conveyed and the warranty herein given
        and reserved to grantors herein, their heirs and assigns, one-half (1/2) of all of the
        oil, gas and other minerals of whatsoever character, the naming of oil and gas shall
        in no way limit the term minerals, in and under the premises hereinabove described.

       This conveyance is made subject to the following matters, to the extent same are in
       effect at this time: Any and all restrictions, covenants, conditions and easements
       relating to the above described property, but only to the extent they are still in effect,
       shown of record in above mentioned County and State, and to all zoning laws,
       regulations and ordinances of municipal and/or other governmental authorities, if
       any, but only to the extent they are still in effect, relating to the above described
       property.

       The third “source” deed, dated November 21, 1968, conveyed the following to Horace and

Inga Combest:

       Tracts No. Twenty Three (23) and Twenty Four (24), Section Sixty Two (62),
       GARDENDALE COLONY LANDS, La Salle County, Texas, according to plat
       recorded in Vol. U., Page 135, La Salle County Deed Records.

       This conveyance is made subject to the following matters, to the extent same are in
       effect at this time: Any and all restrictions, covenants, conditions and easements, if
       any, relating to the hereinabove described property, but only to the extent they are
       still in effect and shown of record in the hereinabove mentioned County and State.

       There is excepted from the property herein conveyed and the warranty herein given
       and reserved to Grantor herein, her heirs, successors and assigns, one-half of all of
       the oil, gas and other minerals of whatsoever character (the naming of oil and gas
       shall in no way limit the term “minerals”) in and under the premises hereinabove
       described.

       Pursuant to these three source deeds, Horace and Inga Combest owned an undivided one-

half interest in all of the oil, gas, and minerals under the thirty acres at issue in this appeal. Thus,
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at the time of the Combest Deed described below, they owned an undivided one-half interest in

the mineral estate.

       The deed at issue in this appeal is the “Combest” Deed. The Combest Deed, dated

September 18, 2003, conveyed the following from Inga and Horace Combest to Preston and Toni

Combest:

       Property (including any improvements): Property situated in LaSalle County,
       Texas, being in the ABST 959 SUR 62 J T Beauregard Survey, Tracts 9, 10, 23 &
       24, AB Blk:0959, Lot 0062, 80 (eighty) acres of land.

       The grantor herein, Horace Combest, and Inga Combest excepts from this
       conveyance and reserves unto themselves, their heirs and assigns an undivided one-
       half (1/2) interest in and to all of the oil, gas, and/or other minerals.

       Reservations from and Exceptions to Conveyance and Warranty:
       1. Any and all easements for utilities or rights-of-way, whether public or apparent.

       2. Any easements, rights-of-way, prescriptive rights, whether of public record or
          not; all presently recorded restrictions, reservations, covenants, conditions, oil
          and gas leases, mineral severances, and other instruments, and other liens and
          conveyances that affect the property; rights of adjoining owners in any walls
          and fences situated on a common boundary; and discrepancies, conflicts, or
          shortages in area or boundary lines; any encroachments or overlapping of
          improvements.

       3. Title to oil, gas, and other minerals on and under the property, together with all
          rights of ingress and egress, heretofore transferred or reserved by predecessors.

           Grantor, for the consideration and subject to the reservation from and exceptions
           to conveyance and warranty, grants, sells, and conveys to Grantee the property,
           together with all and singular the rights and appurtenances thereto in any wise
           belonging, to have and hold unto Grantee, Grantee’s heirs, executors,
           administrators, successors, or assigns forever. Grantor hereby binds Grantor and
           Grantor’s heirs, executors, administrators, and successors to warrant and forever
           defend all and singular the property to Grantee and heirs, executors,
           administrators, successors, and assigns, against every person whomsoever
           lawfully claiming or to claim the same or any part thereof, except as to the
           reservations from and exceptions to warranty.




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           On March 22, 2012, Chesapeake Exploration, LLC, as lessee, executed an oil and gas lease

with Toni Combest, as lessor. 1 That same date, Chesapeake, as lessee, also executed an oil and gas

lease with David Combest, as lessor. On November 14, 2012, David Combest, the sole heir of

Horace and Inga Combest, conveyed all of his interest in and to the mineral estate to US Mineral

Resources, LLC. On November 20, 2012, US Mineral conveyed all of its interest in the mineral

estate to Appellee Mustang. On September 5, 2013, Toni Combest conveyed one-half of her

interest in and to the mineral estate to Mountain Laurel.

           Chesapeake then pooled the leases by Toni Combest and David Combest into a unit and

proceeded to commence drilling operations on the unit. After being successful in its drilling,

Chesapeake paid Toni Combest and Mountain Laurel royalty payments for their combined

undivided one-half interest in the mineral estate. After three months of payments, however,

Chesapeake stopped making payments because Mustang complained and successfully argued to

Chesapeake that it owned all of the mineral estate, including the undivided one-half interest

claimed by Toni Combest and Mountain Laurel.

           In response, Mountain Laurel filed a trespass to try title suit against Mustang, which Toni

Combest joined as intervenor. Mountain Laurel alleged that Toni and Preston Combest under the

Combest Deed had received either all of the mineral estate or one-half of the mineral estate.

Mustang filed a general denial. All of the parties claimed their interest in the mineral estate arose

under the Combest Deed and argued in competing motions for summary judgment that the

language of the deed supported their respective interpretations.

           Mountain Laurel’s motion for summary judgment, which was joined by Toni Combest,

argued that the Combest Deed conveyed the mineral estate owned by Horace and Inga Combest to



1
    Because Toni Combest’s husband, Preston, had passed away, Chesapeake’s lease was only with Toni Combest.

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                                                                                      04-15-00617-CV


Toni and Preston Combest. In the alternative, Mountain Laurel’s motion argued that if the trial

court did not agree with this interpretation of the deed, then the deed was ambiguous on its face.

Finally, Mountain Laurel argued that because Mustang, a Delaware limited liability company, had

failed to register in the State of Texas (even though it was doing business in Texas), the court

should strike Mustang’s motion for summary judgment.

       In its motion for summary judgment against Mountain Laurel, Mustang argued that the

Combest Deed conveyed only the surface estate to Toni and Preston Combest. According to

Mustang, nothing on the face of the deed indicated an express intent to convey minerals. Mustang

argued that when the grantors in the deed reserved “unto themselves” an undivided one-half (1/2)

interest in and to all the property’s mineral estate, they conveyed only the surface estate. In other

words, they did not convey an undivided one-half (1/2) interest out of what they owned. Mustang

requested the trial court find that it was the owner of the mineral interest and that Mountain Laurel

owned no interest in the minerals.

       The trial court originally granted the motion for summary judgment filed by Mountain

Laurel and joined by Toni Combest. Mustang then filed a motion to reconsider, and the trial court

reversed its previous ruling, signing an order denying the motion filed by Mountain Laurel and

joined by Toni Combest. The trial court found that as a matter of law neither Mountain Laurel nor

Toni Combest could prevail on any of their claims against Mustang. The trial court granted

Mustang’s motion for summary judgment against Mountain Laurel and ordered that Mountain

Laurel take nothing against Mustang. Mustang then filed another motion for summary judgment

against Toni Combest based on the same interpretation of the Combest Deed. An additional

hearing was then held on a motion to reconsider filed by Mountain Laurel and Toni Combest, and

on Mustang’s motion for summary judgment. The trial court denied the motion for reconsideration



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filed by Mountain Laurel and Toni Combest. It also granted the motion for summary judgment

filed by Mustang and entered a take-nothing judgment against Toni Combest.

       Mountain Laurel and Toni Combest filed a joint notice of appeal; however, only Toni

Combest filed an appellant’s brief. As explained above, at oral argument, the attorney who filed

the joint notice of appeal explained that Mountain Laurel did not wish to proceed with its appeal.

See TEX. R. APP. P. 6.1(a). Thus, Mountain Laurel’s appeal is dismissed, and we will address only

the arguments brought by Toni Combest in her brief.

                                     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a summary judgment de novo. Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128

S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). We must therefore consider all the evidence in the light most

favorable to the respondent, indulging all reasonable inferences in favor of the respondent, and

determine whether the movant proved that there were no genuine issues of material fact and that

it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548

(Tex. 1985). When competing motions for summary judgment are filed, and one is granted and the

other denied, we must review all issues presented and render the judgment the trial court should

have rendered. Comm’rs Court v. Agan, 940 S.W.2d 77, 81 (Tex. 1997). Finally, when a deed is

unambiguous, then its construction is a question of law for the court. Luckel v. White, 819 S.W.2d

459, 461 (Tex. 1991). An ambiguous deed, however, presents a question of fact, and summary

judgment in such a context is inappropriate. See Gore Oil Co. v. Roosth, 158 S.W.3d 596, 599

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2005, no pet.) (explaining that if a written instrument remains reasonably

susceptible to more than one meaning after the established rules of interpretation have been

applied, then the instrument is ambiguous and extrinsic evidence is admissible to determine the

true meaning of the instrument).



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                                       THE COMBEST DEED

       Our primary duty when construing a deed is to ascertain the intent of the parties from all

of the language in the deed by considering its “four corners.” Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 461. Thus, we

“harmonize all parts of the deed,” understanding that the “parties to an instrument intend every

clause to have some effect and in some measure to evidence their agreement.” Id. at 462 (quotation

omitted). “Even if different parts of the deed appear contradictory or inconsistent,” we must “strive

to harmonize all of the parts, construing the instrument to give effect to all of its provisions.” Id.

Thus, the labels given clauses, such as “granting,” “warranty,” habendum,” and “future lease,” do

not control; instead, we must “give effect to the substance of unambiguous provisions.” Id. at 463.

We therefore determine the parties’ intent from the whole document, not by the presence or

absence of a certain provision. Concord Oil Co. v. Pennzoil Exploration & Prod. Co., 966 S.W.2d

451, 457 (Tex. 1998).

       A “deed will pass whatever interest the grantor has in the land, unless it contains language

showing the intention to grant a lesser estate.” Hunsaker v. Brown Distrib. Co., 373 S.W.3d 153,

157 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. denied) (quoting Eastin v. Dial, 288 S.W.3d 491, 500

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied)). Thus, a “warranty deed will pass all of the estate

owned by the grantor at the time of the conveyance unless there are reservations or exceptions

[that] reduce the estate conveyed.” Graham v. Prochaska, 429 S.W.3d 650, 655 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2013, pet. denied) (quoting Cockrell v. Tex. Gulf Sulphur Co., 157 Tex. 10, 299 S.W.2d

672, 675 (1956)). “Property ‘excepted’ or ‘reserved’ under a deed is ‘never included in the grant’

and is ‘something to be deducted from the thing granted, narrowing and limiting what would

otherwise pass by the general words of the grant.’” Id. (quoting King v. First Nat’l Bank of Wichita

Falls, 144 Tex. 583, 192 S.W.2d 260, 262 (1946)). Therefore, “[r]eservations must be made by

‘clear language,’ and courts do not favor reservations by implication.” Id. (citations omitted).
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“Exceptions must identify, with reasonable certainty, the property to be excepted from the larger

conveyance.” Id. at 655-56 (citations omitted). Thus, “[a]s a general rule, exceptions are strictly

construed against the grantor.” State v. Dunn, 574 S.W.2d 821, 824 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo

1978, writ ref’d n.r.e.). And, a court will construe a deed to confer upon the grantee the greatest

estate that the terms of the instrument allow. Johnson v. Conner, 260 S.W.3d 575, 579 (Tex.

App.—Tyler 2008, no pet.).

       At issue in this appeal is the interpretation of the Combest Deed. At the time of this deed,

the grantors, Inga and Horace Combest, owned an undivided one-half interest in the oil, gas, and

mineral estate. Toni Combest argues that through the Combest Deed, Inga and Horace Combest

conveyed one-half of their oil, gas, and mineral rights to her. She emphasizes the language “from

this conveyance” and argues that because one cannot convey what one does not own, she

necessarily received an undivided one-half of the interest owned by the grantors. On the other

hand, Mustang (successor of Inga and Horace Combest) argues that the Combest Deed conveyed

only the surface estate to Toni Combest and that Inga and Horace “reserved unto themselves” the

undivided one-half interest in the mineral estate they owned at the time of the deed.

                                    AVERYT V. GRANDE, INC.

       Both parties point to Averyt v. Grande, Inc., 717 S.W.2d 891 (Tex. 1986), as the controlling

case in this appeal. In Averyt, the Texas Supreme Court explained that “[s]pecific rules of

construction apply to cases in which a grantor owns an undivided mineral interest and reserves a

fraction of the minerals under the land in the deed.” Id. at 893. According to the court, “[i]f the

deed reserves a fraction of the minerals under the land conveyed, then the deed reserves a fraction

of the part of the mineral estate actually owned by the grantor and conveyed in the deed.” Id.

(emphasis in original). The court cited in approval Hooks v. Neill, 21 S.W.2d 532 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Galveston 1929, writ ref’d), where the grantor conveyed all of his undivided one-half
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interest in a tract of land and then reserved “a one-thirty second part of all oil on and under the

said land and premises herein described and conveyed.” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 893 (quoting

Hooks). The supreme court noted that the Hooks court “focused on the word ‘conveyed’ to hold

that the reservation clause applied ‘only to the interest which [grantors] have in the land and ore

which they conveyed.” Id. (quoting Hooks) (alteration in original).

       The supreme court explained that “[i]f, on the other hand, the deed reserves a fraction of

the minerals under the land described, the deed reserves a fraction of the minerals under the entire

physical tract, regardless of the part of the mineral estate actually conveyed.” Id. (emphasis in

original). The supreme court cited King v. First National Bank of Wichita Falls, 144 Tex. 583, 192

S.W.2d 260 (1946), as an example of this principle. “In King, the grantor conveyed all of his

undivided one-half interest in the described land.” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 893. “The deed later

reserved ‘an undivided one eighth of the usual and customary one eighth royalty . . . in oil and gas

and other minerals that may be produced from the hereinabove described land.” Id. (alteration in

original). The supreme court explained that the King court “focused on the word ‘described’ to

hold that the grantor reserved an undivided one eighth of the royalty from the minerals under the

entire described tract, not just the grantor’s undivided one-half.” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 893. The

King court distinguished Hooks “on the basis that the deed in that case limited the reservation to

part of the estate conveyed while the King deed contained no such restricting language.” Averyt,

717 S.W.2d at 893-94.

       The supreme court noted that it had applied “this same rule to a grant of a fractional mineral

interest in Middleton v. Broussard, 504 S.W.2d 839 (Tex. 1974).” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 894. The

Middleton deed “conveyed undivided fractional interests in several tracts of land, reserving all of

the minerals to the grantor.” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 894. “The deed then granted a one-sixty-fourth

royalty interest ‘in and to all of the oil, gas and other minerals in and under and that may be
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produced from all of the described land and premises.’” Id. The Middleton court “relied on the

phrase ‘described land and premises’ and King to hold that the deed granted a one-sixty-fourth

royalty in the entire mineral estate under the land, not just the fractional interest conveyed.” Averyt,

717 S.W.2d at 894.

        The supreme court in Averyt then considered the deed at issue in its case:

        [T]hat Grande, Inc. . . . have GRANTED, SOLD and CONVEYED, . . . unto the
        said Gordon V. Fogelman and wife, Clarice E. Fogelman, . . . the following
        described real estate:

        FIRST TRACT:

        All that certain tract or parcel of land, situated in Fayette County, Texas, . . .

        ...

        [C]ontaining 86.82 acres of land.

        SECOND TRACT:
        An undivided ½ interest in and to all that certain tract or parcel of land, situated in
        Fayette County, Texas, . . .

        ...

        [C]ontaining 0.03 acres of land.

        LESS, HOWEVER, AND SUBJECT TO an undivided ½ interest in the oil, gas,
        Sulphur, and all other minerals, described in that deed from Rubie Keilers and
        Annie Keilers, to Texas Osage Cooperative Royalty Pool, et al, dated May 2, 1930,
        and recorded in Volume 152, Pages 75-76, Deed Records of Fayette County, Texas.

        ...

        There is hereby excepted from this conveyance and reserved to Grantor, its
        successors and assigns, an undivided 1/4th of the royalty covering all of the oil, gas
        and other minerals, including but not limited to uranium, coal, lignite, iron, gold,
        silver, and all other minerals, whether or not now known to be valuable and whether
        by drilling, strip mining, or any other method, in, to and under or that may be
        produced from the lands above described . . . .

Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 892-93 (emphasis and alterations in original).



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       The supreme court noted that the deed “reserves one-fourth of the royalty from minerals

‘that may be produced from the lands above described.’” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 894. The supreme

court explained that this language “places the reservation within the King rule.” Averyt, 717

S.W.2d at 894. The appellant argued to the court that “the exception of one-half of the minerals in

the ‘subject to’ clause is part of the description of the land.” Id. In support of his argument, the

appellant relied on the court’s previous opinion in Bass v. Harper, 441 S.W.2d 825 (Tex. 1969).

In Bass, the grantor owned the entire surface and eight-fourteenths of the one-eighth royalty in a

tract of land. The grantor conveyed an undivided one-half interest in the land to the grantee. “The

deed’s ‘subject to’ clause excepted from the conveyance various mineral interests totaling six-

fourteenths of the royalty.” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 894 (discussing Bass). The supreme court

explained that in Bass, it had “held the granting clause conveyed one-half of the one-eighth royalty

because it contained no language limiting the grant to one-half of the interest Bass owned.” Id.

“This court then held that the grant of seven-fourteenths of the royalty was subject to the exception

of six-fourteenths, leavening [the grantee] with one-fourteenth of the royalty.” Id. The supreme

court noted that “‘[i]n reaching this decision, [it] held that the exception of six-fourteenths of the

royalty in the ‘subject to’ clause operated to limit the estate granted and did not just protect

[grantor] on his warranty.” Id. (emphasis in original).

       The supreme court distinguished the deed in Bass from the one presented in Averyt:

       Bass is readily distinguishable and does not control our decision. Bass only holds
       that the “subject to” clause limits the estate granted in the land, it does not reach
       the question here: whether the “subject to” clause forms part of the description of
       the land.

       We hold that a “subject to” clause which excepts fractional mineral interests from
       lands and minerals conveyed does not form part of the description of the land. The
       “subject to” clause does limit the estate granted and warranted. There is a
       difference, however, between the estate granted and the land described. “Land is
       the physical earth in its natural state, while an estate in land is a legal unit of
       ownership in the physical land. To define the estate granted is to set out the portion
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       of the physical land conveyed. In contrast, to describe land is to outline its
       boundaries so that it may be located on the ground, and not to define the estate
       conveyed therein.

       Because “land” includes the surface of the earth and everything over and under it,
       including minerals in place, a description of land includes the land and all the
       minerals naturally existing underneath. In other words, minerals under “the lands
       described” refers to all the minerals under the entire land because minerals would
       necessarily be produced from the whole land, irrespective of the ownership of
       undivided shares thereof. The “subject to” clause affects the ownership of the
       undivided shares of the minerals, not the description of the land containing them.
       Thus, when the [grantor in the] deed reserved a fraction of the minerals in the “lands
       above described,” it meant the minerals under the entire physical tracts described
       in the deed by metes and bounds. The dissent correctly notes that here the interest
       conveyed is the same as the interest described. However, [the grantor] reserved one-
       fourth of the royalty from the lands described, not from the interest described.

       The deed further evidences an intent to reserve one-fourth of the royalty from the
       minerals under the entire land when it reserved “1/4th of the royalty covering all of
       the oil, gas, and other minerals . . . in and under and that may be produced from the
       lands above described.” We therefore hold that the [] deed reserved to [the grantor]
       an undivided one-fourth of the royalty from the minerals produced from the whole
       of the tracts described in the deed.

Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 894-95 (quotations and citations omitted).

       Toni Combest and Mustang vehemently disagree with respect to how Averyt applies to the

Combest Deed. Toni Combest emphasizes the word “conveyance” in the deed’s phrase “excepts

from this conveyance” and argues that under Averyt, the Combest Deed is more like the principle

explained by the supreme court with regard to Hooks: “If the deed reserves a fraction of the

minerals under the land conveyed, then the deed reserves a fraction of the part of the mineral estate

actually owned by the grantor and conveyed in the deed.” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 893 (emphasis in

original). Mustang, in contrast, argues that the Combest Deed is more like the King rule as

described in Averyt: “If, on the other hand, the deed reserves a fraction of the minerals under the

land described, the deed reserves a fraction of the minerals under the entire physical tract,

regardless of the part of the mineral estate actually conveyed.” Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 893



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(emphasis in original). We agree with Mustang’s interpretation and conclude that the Combest

Deed is more like the King rule:

       Property (including any improvements): Property
       situated in LaSalle County, Texas, being in the ABST          “The property” (i.e. the
       959 SUR 62 J T Beauregard Survey, Tracts 9, 10, 23            land described) = 80 acres
                                                                     of land minus an
       & 24, AB Blk:0959, Lot 0062, 80 (eighty) acres of
                                                                     undivided ½ interest in and
       land.                                                         to all of the oil, gas, and
                                                                     minerals (i.e. the ½
       The grantor herein, Horace Combest, and Inga                  mineral interest owned by
       Combest excepts from this conveyance and reserves             Inga and Horace Combest)
       unto themselves, their heirs and assigns an undivided
       one-half (1/2) interest in and to all of the oil, gas,
       and/or other minerals.

       Reservations from and Exceptions to Conveyance
       and Warranty: . . .

       1. Any and all easements for utilities or rights-of-
          way, whether public or apparent.

       2. Any easements, rights-of-way, prescriptive rights,
          whether of public record or not; all presently
          recorded restrictions, reservations, covenants,
          conditions, oil and gas leases, mineral severances,
          and other instruments, and other liens and
          conveyances that affect the property; rights of
          adjoining owners in any walls and fences situated
          on a common boundary; and discrepancies,
          conflicts, or shortages in area or boundary lines;
          any     encroachments      or    overlapping     of
          improvements.                                            Reservation of the other ½
                                                                   mineral interest not owned
       3. Title to oil, gas, and other minerals on and under       by Inga and Horace, and
          the property, together with all rights of ingress and    which had already been
                                                                   transferred or reserved in
          egress, heretofore transferred or reserved by
                                                                   previous deeds
          predecessors.

           Grantor, for the consideration and subject to the
           reservation from and exceptions to conveyance           Granting Clause (i.e. the
           and warranty, grants, sells, and conveys to             land conveyed): Grantor
           Grantee the property, together with all and             subject to reservations and
           singular the rights and appurtenances thereto in        exceptions grants, sell, and
           any wise belonging, to have and hold unto               conveys “the property.”
           Grantee,      Grantee’s      heirs,   executors,
           administrators, successors, or assigns forever.

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           Grantor hereby binds Grantor and Grantor’s heirs,
           executors, administrators, and successors to
           warrant and forever defend all and singular the
           property to Grantee and heirs, executors,
           administrators, successors, and assigns, against
           every person whomsoever lawfully claiming or to
           claim the same or any part thereof, except as to the
           reservations from and exceptions to warranty.

In looking at the whole deed, we conclude that the Combest Deed reserves a fraction of the

minerals from the land described. Thus, Inga and Horace Combest did not convey their interest in

the mineral estate to Toni and Preston Combest. See Averyt, 717 S.W.2d at 893. This interpretation,

advanced by Mustang, considers the whole instrument and harmonizes all of the provisions of the

Combest Deed.

       Toni Combest claims this interpretation violates the Duhig Rule, as first enunciated in

Duhig v. Peavy-Moore Lumber Co., 135 Tex. 503, 144 S.W.2d 878 (1940). The Duhig rule is one

of estoppel. See id. Under Duhig, a grantor and his successors are estopped from claiming title in

a reserved fractional mineral interest when to do so would, in effect, breach the grantor’s warranty

as to the title and interest purportedly conveyed to the grantee. See id. at 880-81. In Duhig, the

granting clause purported to convey all of the land and minerals, and the reservation clause

reserved a one-half mineral interest in the grantor, Duhig. Id. at 880. The warranty deed failed to

mention that Duhig did not own all of the minerals and that a prior owner had also reserved a one-

half interest. See id. Thus, because the warranty deed did not mention the third-party interest in

the minerals, the grantee expected that the conveyance included a one-half mineral interest. The

Duhig court explained that in this situation, the grantor breaches his warranty in the warranty deed

by appearing to convey more than he actually did. See id. The court reasoned that because the

grantor holds “the very interest, one-half of the minerals, required to remedy the breach,” Duhig,

144 S.W.2d at 880, the grantor should be “estopped from asserting a claim to that ½ mineral


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                                                                                      04-15-00617-CV


interest because of the prior outstanding reservation and the deed’s purported conveyance of all of

the minerals less only a ½ interest.” Gore Oil Co. v. Roosth, 158 S.W.3d 596, 601 (Tex. App.—

Eastland 2005, no pet.) (discussing Duhig).

       The Duhig rule, however, is not applicable in this appeal. The Combest Deed (which is a

warranty deed) contained a limiting clause stating that the conveyance was subject to “[t]itle to oil,

gas, and other minerals on and under the property, together with all rights of ingress and egress,

heretofore transferred or reserved by predecessors.” Thus, Duhig does not apply and the grantors

and their successors in interest are not estopped from claiming title to the full one-half mineral

interest. See Gore Oil, 158 S.W.3d at 601 (holding that Duhig did not apply because the deed

“contained an additional limiting clause stating that the conveyance was subject to all outstanding

reservations, covenants, and restrictions”).

       Alternatively, Toni Combest argues that the Combest deed is ambiguous on its face

because both her interpretation and Mustang’s interpretation are reasonable. She argues that

because a fact issue regarding the true intent of the parties is presented, we should reverse the

summary judgment and remand the cause for trial so that a fact finder can consider extrinsic

evidence of the parties’ intent. See Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940

S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex. 1996) (explaining that an ambiguity “creates a fact issue on the parties’

intent”); CenterPoint Energy Houston Elec., LLP v. Old TJC Co., 177 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (“To determine the parties’ intent, extrinsic evidence

is admissible only when an ambiguity appears on the face of the deed . . . .”).

       Whether a deed is ambiguous is a question of law, which is reviewed de novo. CenterPoint

Energy, 177 S.W.3d at 430. To determine whether a deed is ambiguous, we look at the deed as a

whole and consider the entire deed in an effort to harmonize and to give effect to all the provisions

of the deed so that none will be rendered meaningless. Id. No single provision will control; rather
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all provisions must be considered with reference to the whole instrument. Id. If a deed is worded

in such a way that it can be given a definite or certain legal meaning, then the deed is not

ambiguous. Id. at 430-31. A deed is ambiguous only if its meaning is uncertain or if it is subject

to two or more reasonable interpretations. Id. at 431. In considering the Combest Deed as a whole

and harmonizing its provisions, we conclude that the deed does have a definite meaning. See id. at

430. As noted, the language of the deed falls under the King rule, and Toni Combest’s

interpretation of the language of the deed being controlled by Hooks is not reasonable. See Lopez

v. Munoz, Hockema & Reed, LLP, 22 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex. 2000) (explaining that for an

ambiguity to exist, both parties’ interpretations must be reasonable). We hold that the Combest

Deed is not ambiguous on its face.

                                        AFFIRMATIVE RELIEF

        Finally, Toni Combest argues that because Mustang is a foreign entity and is not currently

registered to do business in Texas, it is precluded from receiving a take-nothing judgment in its

favor. She argues that pursuant to section 9.001 of the Texas Business Organizations Code,

Mustang, a foreign Delaware Limited Liability Company, was required to register with the Texas

Secretary of State in order to transact business in Texas. And, she emphasizes that pursuant to

section 9.051(b) of the Texas Business Organizations Code, because Mustang is not registered

with the Texas Secretary of State, it “may not maintain an action, suit, or proceeding in a court of

this state, . . . on a cause of action that arises out of the transaction of business in this state.” TEX.

BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 9.051(b) (West 2012). Toni Combest argues that Mustang transacted

business without registering with the Texas Secretary of State when it attempted to purchase the

mineral interest in the Combest Deed.

        Even though section 9.051(c)(2) provides that failure of such a foreign entity to register

does not prevent the foreign entity from defending an action, suit, or proceeding in a court in Texas,
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                                                                                        04-15-00617-CV


see id. § 9.051(b), Toni Combest nonetheless argues that Mustang is not entitled to a take-nothing

judgment in this case. According to Toni Combest, “a general denial or request for relief in a

trespass to try title suit is, by the nature of the suit, a request for relief and not a mere defense.”

Toni Combest cites Hejl v. Wirth, 343 S.W.2d 226, 226 (Tex. 1961), for the following proposition:

“If the plaintiff under the circumstances fails to establish his title, the effect of a judgment of take

nothing against him is to vest title in the defendant. The rule is a harsh one, but it also has been

well established as a rule of land law in this State.” According to Toni Combest, “[t]his necessarily

means that, unlike in other suits, a general denial and receiving a take-nothing judgment is

affirmative relief for the defendant in a trespass to try title suit, as if the defendant has asserted a

counterclaim for title, not just a mere defense against the claims asserted.” We disagree with Toni

Combest.

        The Texas Business Organizations Code explicitly provides that the “failure of a foreign

filing entity to register does not . . . prevent the entity from defending an action, suit or proceeding

in a court in this state.” TEX. BUS. ORGS. CODE ANN. § 9.051(c)(2) (West 2012). Mustang was

merely defending itself in this case from Toni Combest’s trespass-to-try-title action by filing its

motion for summary judgment. The take-nothing judgment is the result of that motion. Toni

Combest’s argument, followed to its logical conclusion, would prevent any foreign filing

defendant that did not register to do business in Texas from defending itself in a trespass-to-try

title suit because, under her reasoning, it could never be awarded a take-nothing judgment. Thus,

Toni Combest’s argument directly contradicts section 9.051(c)(2) of the Texas Business

Organizations Code.

                                            CONCLUSION

        We conclude as a matter of law that the Combest Deed did not convey a mineral interest

to Toni and Preston Combest. Thus, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in
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                                                                                  04-15-00617-CV


favor of Mustang. Further, because Mustang is allowed to defend itself under the Texas Business

Organizations Code, the trial court did not err in signing a take-nothing judgment in favor of

Mustang. The judgment of the trial court against Toni Combest is therefore affirmed.


                                                Karen Angelini, Justice




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