                                                                    NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                       No. 17-2655


                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                              SUSAN C. KEVRA-SHINER,

                                                        Appellant
                                   ________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                     (D.C. Criminal Action No. 3-14-cr-00257-001)
                     District Judge: Honorable Malachy E. Mannion


                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                     June 4, 2018

              Before: AMBRO, JORDAN, and VANASKIE, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed: July 10, 2018)


                                       OPINION *
                                   ________________

AMBRO, Circuit Judge

       Susan Kevra-Shiner was indicted and, following a jury trial, convicted for seven

counts of mail fraud on seven individual consumers under 18 U.S.C. § 1341. Through

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
her company, GK Abstract, Inc. (“GKA”), she sold these seven individuals and sixty-two

others title insurance as a purported agent of Stewart Title Guaranty Company, even

though it had terminated her authorization to sell its insurance. Her central defense at

trial was that she mistakenly believed she was still authorized to sell the policies despite

contractually agreeing to the termination. On appeal, she challenges her conviction, the

evidence admitted at trial, and her sentence. 1 Because the District Court did not err, we

affirm.

          Kevra-Shiner raises two arguments for the first time on appeal, which we review

for plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). First, she asserts that the indictment, which

charged fraud on consumers, was constructively amended after trial to include fraud on

both consumers and institutions. She claims the Government requested and the District

Court read a jury instruction that included fraud on institutions, but cites neither an

explicit request nor an explicit instruction. Instead, Kevra-Shiner relies on the

prosecutor’s statement during closing argument that she did not pay Stewart Title its

standard fees for the insurance policies in dispute—suggesting she was under no illusion

that she could still issue those policies. Kevra-Shiner also points to the Court’s comment,

when instructing the jury that she need not profit from her fraudulent scheme to be liable

for mail fraud, that “it so happens that the government does contend that the proof

established that persons and institutions were defrauded and that the defendant profited

[from] it.” App. 57.



1
 The District Court had jurisdiction over the criminal proceeding under 18 U.S.C.
§ 3231, and we have jurisdiction over the appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                             2
       An indictment is constructively amended only if “the evidence and jury

instructions at trial modify essential terms of the charged offense” such that “there is a

substantial likelihood that the jury may have convicted the defendant for an offense

differing from the offense the indictment returned by the grand jury actually charged.”

United States v. Daraio, 445 F.3d 253, 259–60 (3d Cir. 2006). Here the indictment listed

seven counts of fraud on specific individual consumers. Those seven individuals testified

at trial, and the verdict slip completed by the jury foreperson listed the same individuals

in the seven counts of mail fraud for which Kevra-Shiner was convicted. Further, in its

closing, the Government consistently described the victims of Kevra-Shiner’s scheme as

“people”—specifically, the homeowners who purchased title insurance from GKA. It is

not substantially likely the jury could have convicted Kevra-Shiner for fraud on

institutions. Thus the Court did not err, let alone plainly err. 2

       Second, Kevra-Shiner argues for the first time on appeal that the District Court

erroneously permitted the Government to admit a certain email as evidence. 3 In it she


2
  According to Kevra-Shiner, because the indictment was improperly amended to include
fraud on both institutions and consumers, the District Court ought to have given an
augmented unanimity instruction to ensure all the jurors agreed on the grounds for her
conviction. This argument fails, however, because the indictment was not amended and
no juror could have convicted for anything other than mail fraud on the seven consumers
named in the indictment and verdict slip. See United States v. Barel, 939 F.2d 26, 35 (3d
Cir. 1991).
3
 Kevra-Shiner claims she objected in part before the District Court, but because she did
not preserve an objection on the record under Federal Rule of Evidence 106, we review
for plain error. See, e.g., United States v. Mitchell, 365 F.3d 215, 257 (3d Cir. 2004).
When the Government moved for the email’s admission into evidence, the Court asked if
Kevra-Shiner was familiar with the exhibit. App. 25. Her counsel answered, “I don’t
know how this came about being copied as an e-mail if it was part of a thread. I don’t
object that she believes this was sent to her, a copy of what she may have seen on a
                                               3
appears to apologize to a Stewart Title employee after the company sued to enjoin her

from issuing further policies without authorization. She claims the email was part of a

larger chain that Stewart Title could not produce because, per its document retention

policies, emails on its servers are automatically deleted after sixty days. She argues that

the Court should have denied the lone email’s admission altogether under Rule 106 of the

Federal Rules of Evidence, which permits counsel to require that evidence submitted by

an adversary be complete.

       However, to establish plain error, Kevra-Shiner must show the admission of this

email “affect[ed] [her] substantial rights.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). In other words, she

must show a “reasonable probability of a different outcome absent” its admission.

Molina-Martinez v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1338, 1345 (2016). She has not made this

showing. At trial, her counsel challenged the email’s reliability thoroughly when cross-

examining the Stewart Title employee who received it. Kevra-Shiner’s brief further

acknowledges that the recipient could have described its content to the jury even if it

were not admitted. And the email was but one piece of evidence, among others, that she

knew she lacked authorization to act as Stewart Title’s agent: for example, the

termination agreement between Stewart Title and GKA, witness testimony that Stewart


computer screen. But there may be more.” Id. At no point did he mention Rule 106.
The Government then stated its argument for the email’s admission. Id. The Court asked
Kevra-Shiner’s counsel whether he wished to respond, and he replied, “I don’t have any
response to that, Judge. I will clarify in cross, points I would like to make.” Id. Thus
even assuming counsel initially preserved a Rule 106 objection, see Fed. R. Evid.
103(a)(1) (requiring counsel to raise a specific objection, or otherwise make the ground
for objection apparent in context), he then waived it in favor of cross-examination, see
New York v. Hill, 528 U.S. 110, 115 (2000) (noting counsel has the last word as to what
evidentiary objections to raise).
                                               4
Title confiscated its materials from GKA’s offices, Kevra-Shiner’s failure to remit a

standard payment to Stewart Title for the policies, and her own deposition testimony in a

separate civil case that she knew she lacked authorization. Thus she fails to show a

reasonable probability that the email’s admission caused prejudice, and there is no plain

error.

         Kevra-Shiner next challenges the District Court’s application of a perjury

enhancement and its loss calculation at sentencing. Both matters were preserved. We

therefore review the Court’s factual determinations in applying the Sentencing Guidelines

for clear error and review its legal conclusions de novo. United States v. Miller, 527 F.3d

54, 75 (3d Cir. 2008); United States v. Napier, 273 F.3d 276, 278 (3d Cir. 2001).

         Because Judge Kosik, who presided over the trial, was on inactive status and no

longer available at sentencing, Judge Mannion determined Kevra-Shiner’s sentence. He

applied an obstruction-of-justice enhancement for perjury under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.

Kevra-Shiner argues that a judge who was not present at trial to observe a testifying

defendant’s demeanor cannot properly impose a perjury enhancement.

         It is well established that “a defendant’s right to testify does not include a right to

commit perjury.” United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 96 (1993). “A defendant who

testifies under oath at trial commits perjury within § 3C1.1 if he ‘gives false testimony

concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than

as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.’” United States v. Napolitan, 762

F.3d 297, 312 (3d Cir. 2014) (quoting Dunnigan, 507 U.S. at 94). While the defendant’s

demeanor when testifying may play a role in the § 3C1.1 analysis, we are aware of no

                                                 5
binding case law precluding a perjury enhancement if the judge who presided over trial is

no longer available to sentence the defendant. Kevra-Shiner cites none. Further,

although Judge Mannion had only a cold record to review at sentencing, that record was

surely sufficient here. As he noted, there was “overwhelming evidence” that Kevra-

Shiner knew she could no longer issue Stewart Title policies. App. 83. She herself

testified under oath during a civil deposition that she knew. Yet she took the stand at trial

and told the jurors the opposite—a defense they roundly rejected. We find it incredible

that Kevra-Shiner’s demeanor alone could have led any judge to conclude she had not

perjured herself.

       Finally, Kevra-Shiner disputes the District Court’s loss calculation under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1, which Judge Mannion based on the aggregate amount her consumer victims

paid for title insurance after she was no longer authorized to issue it. According to the

Guideline’s commentary, “loss is the greater of actual loss or intended loss,” and “‘actual

loss’ means the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense.”

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3(A). Kevra-Shiner argues it is not clear here that any consumer

victim suffered either an actual or intended loss because the record does not show

whether Stewart Title might still honor the policies she fraudulently issued. This

argument is unsupported by either the record or common sense. Stewart Title employees

testified that the policies in question were invalid and legally ineffective. Kevra-Shiner’s

victims paid for valid, effective title insurance and did not receive it. The District Court

did not err by calculating loss as the total amount Kevra-Shiner charged consumers for

invalid policies, which was their actual loss.

                                                 6
We thus affirm.




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