06-0078
O’Mara v. Town of Wappinger



                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                    _______________

                                        August Term, 2006

                   (Argued: January 22, 2007         Decided: April 16, 2007
                                                     Errata Filed: May 2, 2007)
                                      Docket No. 06-0078-cv
                                       _______________

  DONALD J. O’MARA III, PATRICK L. O’MARA SR., AND ABSOLUTE PROPERTY MANAGEMENT,
                                        INC.,

                             Plaintiffs-Counter-Defendants-Appelles,

                                              —v.—

                                      TOWN OF WAPPINGER,

                             Defendant-Counter-Claimant-Appellant.


                                        _______________


    B e f o r e : SOTOMAYOR, KATZMANN, Circuit Judges and CEDARBAUM, District Judge.*


                                        _______________


Appeal from a judgment of the Southern District of New York (McMahon, J.). Following a
bench trial the district court held that: 1) the plaintiffs-appellees owned two parcels of property
free and clear of a disputed open space restriction and 2) the decision by the defendant-appellant
to withhold a certificate of occupancy based on that open space restriction was a violation of 42
U.S.C. § 1983. Because we conclude that the enforceability of the open space restriction is a
question of state law that has not been definitively addressed by New York courts we certify the
question to the New York Court of Appeals. With regard to the federal claim, however, we


       *
         The Honorable Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
conclude that the district court erred when it determined that plaintiffs-appellees have established
a property interest cognizable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and we reverse the judgment of the
district court. REVERSED IN PART AND QUESTION CERTIFIED.
                                        _______________


APPEARING FOR DEFENDANT-
COUNTER -CLAIMANT -APPELLANT:         GARY STEIN (Frank Lasalle, Dacia Cocariu, Schulte Roth &
                                      Zabel LLP and Emanuel F. Saris, Vergilis, Stenger,
                                      Roberts, Pergament & Viglotti, LLP on the brief), Schulte,
                                      Roth & Zabel LLP, New York, NY.


APPEARING FOR PLAINTIFFS-
COUNTER -DEFENDANTS -APPELLEES:       KENNETH C. BROWN ( James W. Gatthaar, Susan E.
                                      Galvao, Bleakley Platt & Schmidt, LLP and Maurice J.
                                      Salem on the brief), Bleakley Platt & Schmidt, LLP, White
                                      Plains, NY.



Michael E. Kenneally, Jr., Albany, NY for The Association of Towns of the State of New York
as amicus curiae in support of defendant-counter-claimant-appellant Town of Wappinger.

                                        _______________
KATZMANN, Circuit Judge:

       The Town of Wappinger (“Town”) appeals from a judgment resolving the enforceability

of an open space restriction imposed by the Town of Wappinger Planning Board (“Planning

Board”). This case calls on us in principal part to resolve a question of New York property law:

Is an open space restriction imposed by a subdivision plat under New York Town Law § 276

enforceable against a subsequent purchaser, and under what circumstances? For the reasons that

follow we believe this question should be answered by the New York courts and, thus, we certify

it to the New York Court of Appeals. The district court also held that the Town was liable under

42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”) for actions taken to enforce the open space restriction.

                                                 2
Because we respectfully differ with the district court’s application of federal law, we now

reverse.

                                                 I.

       The pertinent facts, as found by the district court at trial except where otherwise noted,

are as follows: In 1962 two developers, David Alexander and Fred Lafko, purchased property in

the Town: they planned to develop a condominium project to be known as Wildwood Manor on

this property. O’Mara v. Town of Wappinger, 400 F. Supp. 2d 634, 636 (S.D.N.Y. 2005). On or

about December 17, 1962, the Planning Board tentatively approved a preliminary layout for the

project. Id. The Planning Board conditioned its approval, in part, on the creation of a

“permanent open space on the plat.”1 Id. On or about January 23, 1963, the Planning Board

approved a plat of the Wildwood Manor development which divided the property into seven

parcels (“1963 Plat”) including two parcels, Parcels B and E, which were designated the

“buffer”area where the open space would be. Id. at 637. On the plat the words “Open Space” are

written on Parcels B and E. Id. The minutes for the January 23 meeting at which the plat was

approved (“Planning Board Minutes”) indicate that it was accepted subject to eight conditions,

the last of which was that “no building permits will be issued for Parcels B and E, as indicated on

the [1963] Plat.” Id. The 1963 Plat and the Planning Board Minutes were filed with the Town.

Id. The 1963 Plat was also filed with the Dutchess County Clerk’s Office.2 The Wildwood


       1
         A plat is a “map describing a piece of land and its features, such as boundaries, lots,
roads, and easements.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1188-89 (Bryan Garner ed., 8th ed. 2004).
       2
          While the district court’s findings of fact do not address whether either the 1963 Plat or
the Planning Board Minutes were filed with the Dutchess County Clerk’s Office, it is clear from
the testimony of witnesses for both the O’Maras and the Town that at least the 1963 Plat is on

                                                  3
Manor condominiums were constructed and continue to be occupied. Id. at 638. Parcels B and E

remained undeveloped until the events that gave rise to this litigation. Id.

       Plaintiff-appellee Absolute Property Management, a company owned by plaintiffs-

appellees Donald O’Mara and Patrick O’Mara (collectively “the O’Maras”), acquired Parcels B

and E for $29,500 in an in rem tax sale on October 18, 2000, with the intention of constructing

ten single-family houses. Id. at 636, 638. In 2002, the O’Maras began to take steps toward

constructing a first house, which was intended to serve as a residence for Donald O’Mara and his

family, on Parcel B. Id. at 638. Initially, development progressed smoothly: The Town issued a

building permit and a temporary certificate of occupancy, and approved both an interim survey

for the lot on which the house was to be built and a site plan. Id.

       The strife between the O’Maras and the Town can be traced to July 2003 when Ronald

Lafko, the son of Fred Lafko, approached a Town Councilman to express his concern that the

development violated the 1963 Plat. Id. at 639. Nothing happened immediately, but in

November 2003, George Kolb (“Kolb”), the newly-appointed Town Building Inspector, issued a

stop work order based on the open space restriction.3 Id. Donald O’Mara immediately protested

the issuance of the stop work order and met with Town officials in an attempt to resolve the

matter. Id. The Town allowed him to continue to complete some exterior work on the site but

did not remove the stop work order. Id.




file there. The O’Maras do not dispute this point.
       3
        The Town issued two stop work permits on November 6, 2003, relating to wetlands
encroachment and grading, but there is no evidence that those actions were in any way related to
the 1963 Plat. O’Mara, 400 F. Supp. 2d at 639.

                                                 4
        On December 2, 2003, an attorney for the Town made a written settlement proposal to the

O’Maras’ counsel in which the Town offered to grant a certificate of occupancy provided the rest

of Parcels B and E were dedicated to the Town. Id. at 640, 645. The O’Maras responded by

filing this action in the Southern District of New York.

        The O’Maras’ original complaint alleged a claim under the Takings Clause, which was

dismissed on the eve of trial, and a claim under Section 1983. The complaint was amended to

add claims for a declaratory judgment that the O’Maras owned Parcels B and E free and clear of

the open space restriction, as well as claims for fraud and negligent misrepresentation. The case

went to trial in October 2005. Midway through the trial, on the suggestion of the district court,

both sides waived their right to a jury trial, and the evidence was presented to the court as the

finder of fact. Id. at 636 n.1.

        Following the completion of the trial, the district court held that the O’Maras were

entitled to a declaratory judgment and damages under Section 1983. The open space restriction

was deemed unenforceable because it had not been recorded with Dutchess County and the

O’Maras were purchasers for value who had neither actual nor constructive notice of the

restriction. Id. at 642-43. Turning to the Section 1983 claim, the district court concluded that

because the O’Maras had a “legitimate claim of entitlement” to a certificate of occupancy and

because the Town’s basis for withholding the certificate “was illegal, ” the Town had violated the

O’Maras’ constitutional right to substantive due process, and they were entitled to damages. Id.

at 644-45. Finally, the district court held that the O’Maras were not entitled to relief on their




                                                  5
fraud and negligence claims.4 Id. at 646.

       The district court’s final order and judgment, which included an award of attorneys’ fees

under Section 1983, was entered on February 22, 2006. Id. at 646. The Town filed a timely

notice of appeal.




                                                 II.

       In reviewing the decision of a district court following a bench trial, we review findings of

fact for clear error and conclusions of law de novo. See Rose v. AmSouth Bank of Fla., 391 F.3d

63, 65 (2d Cir. 2004). The Town has not challenged the district court’s findings of fact on

appeal. Our review of the district court’s legal conclusions will proceed in two parts. First, we

review the conclusion that, under New York law, the open space restriction was not enforceable

against the O’Maras. Second, we review the district court’s conclusion that the Town violated

the O’Maras’ constitutional rights for purposes of Section 1983.




                           Enforceability of the Open Space Restriction

       The district court assumed that the enforceability of the open space restriction against the

O’Maras was governed by New York Real Property Law § 291, the statute that addresses the

recording of a “conveyance of real property.” N.Y. Real Prop. Law § 291.5 The New York


       4
           The O’Maras have not appealed this holding.
       5
          As an alternative basis for finding that the open space restriction had to be recorded, the
district court posited that the Town had acted pursuant to New York General Municipal Law §
247 in imposing the open space restriction. Id. at 642. General Municipal Law § 247 authorizes

                                                  6
legislature has defined a conveyance as a “written instrument” that “create[s], transfer[s],

mortgage[s], or assign[s]” an interest in real property, N.Y. Real Prop. Law § 290(3), and the

opinion below does not discuss why a duly promulgated zoning regulation should fall within this

definition.6 The district court also did not explain why New York statutes that describe the

powers of town planning boards in approving subdivisions and filing subdivision maps did not

govern. See N.Y. Town Law § 276; N.Y. Real Prop. Law § 334.

       No New York court decision appears to have identified explicitly the law governing the

enforceability of a zoning regulation imposed during a subdivision process against a subsequent

purchaser. For this reason and because we are cognizant that this is an area of law that has long

been recognized as one in which the state courts have far greater competence than the federal

courts, see, e.g., Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill. of Mineola, 273 F.3d 494, 505 (2d Cir. 2001)


towns to acquire by “purchase, gift, grant, bequest, devise, lease or otherwise” interests in real
property for the purpose of preserving “open spaces,” N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 247(2), and makes
clear that any interest acquired must be recorded to be enforceable against subsequent purchasers,
id. § 247(4). The district court did not find, as part of its findings of fact, that the Town acted
pursuant to General Municipal Law § 247 in imposing the open space restriction, and there is no
evidence in the record to support such a finding. Absent a factual finding that the Town acted
pursuant to that statute, we will not presume that it did, particularly in the face of clear evidence
that the 1963 Plat was approved by the Town Planning Board pursuant to New York Town Law
§ 276.
       6
          The district court principally relied on Ioannou v. Southold Town Planning Board, 758
N.Y.S.2d 358 (2d Dep’t 2003) as establishing that section 291 was applicable, but Ioannou
addresses the enforceability of “[r]estrictive covenants,” id. at 359, not zoning restrictions, and is
therefore inapposite. Ioannou does state that the restriction in question was “a condition imposed
on a prior owner not to further subdivide the property.” Id. at 360. The Town of Southold
Planning Board’s brief in Ioannou makes clear that the “condition” referred to was a signed
agreement entered into between a private developer and the Town of Southold Planning Board,
described in the brief as a “declaration of covenants,” and not a restriction imposed by the
Planning Board through its zoning powers. Brief of Appellant Town of Southold Planning Board
at *4-5, Ioannou v. Southold Town Planning Bd., 758 N.Y.S.2d 358 (2d Dep’t 2003) available at
2002 WL 32377276.

                                                  7
(rejecting § 1983 claim challenging zoning decision and noting that “[s]tate courts are better

equipped in this arena and we should . . . avoid unnecessary state-federal conflict with respect to

governing principles in an area principally of state concern” (quotation marks and alterations

omitted)), we believe that it is appropriate to certify the important state law question this case

raises to the New York Court of Appeals to answer in the first instance.7

       Under Second Circuit Rule § 0.27 and New York law we may certify a question to the

Court of Appeals when a question of New York law is “determinative” of a claim before us and

“no controlling precedent of the Court of Appeals” resolves the question. 22 N.Y.C.R.R. §

500.27; see Morris v. Schroder Capital Mgmt. Int’l, 445 F.3d 525, 530 (2d Cir. 2006). We do

not certify every case that meets these criteria. Where possible, it is our responsibility to predict

how the forum state’s highest court would rule. See DiBella v. Hopkins, 403 F.3d 102, 111 (2d

Cir. 2005) (“Because it is our job to predict how the forum state’s highest court would decide the

issues before us, we will not certify questions of law where sufficient precedents exist for us to

make this determination.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). In deciding whether to certify a

question we consider: (1) the absence of authoritative state court decisions; (2) the importance of

the issue to the state; and (3) the capacity of certification to resolve the litigation. Morris, 445

F.3d at 531. We now turn to an analysis of these considerations.

       As noted above, no New York case addresses explicitly the conditions under which a

zoning regulation imposed through a subdivision plat is enforceable against a subsequent

purchaser. In approving the 1963 Plat the Town Planning Board stated that it was acting


       7
       We note that district courts do not have the authority to certify questions to the New
York Court of Appeals.

                                                   8
pursuant to the authority of section 276 of New York Town Law which provides that:

       [f]or the purpose of providing for the future growth and development of the town
       and affording adequate facilities for the housing, transportation, distribution,
       comfort, convenience, safety, health and welfare of its population, the town board
       may, by resolution, authorize and empower the planning board to approve
       preliminary and final plats of subdivisions . . . .


N.Y. Town Law § 276(1). Under section 276 the final approved subdivision plat must be filed

by the owner of the subdivision “in the office of the county clerk or register.” Id. § 276 (11).

This requirement is echoed in section 334 of New York Real Property Law which states that it

“shall be the duty of every person or corporation who . . . subdivides real property . . . for the

purpose of offering such lots, plots, blocks or sites for sale to the public, to cause a map thereof .

. . to be filed in the office of the county clerk.” N.Y. Real Prop. Law § 334(1). While it is clear

that the process of approving and filing the 1963 Plat complied with both of the relevant statutory

sections, neither section addresses whether a subdivision plat is enforceable against subsequent

purchasers. This silence is particularly notable when contrasted with New York law in other land

use contexts that requires restrictions to be recorded in order to be enforceable against

subsequent purchasers. See, e.g., N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 247(4); N.Y. Real Prop. Law § 291;

N.Y. Envtl. Conserv. Law § 49-0305(4).8 Because we have not found any cases or New York

statutes which clearly answer this question, we conclude that this is an area in which there is no

authoritative New York law. Thus, this consideration favors certification.

       Turning to the second consideration, the question of when subdivision restrictions are

       8
        We note that these laws appear to govern private agreements rather than restrictions
imposed by government through legislative enactment. Cf. Friends of Shawangunks, Inc. v.
Knowlton, 64 N.Y.2d 387, 392 (1985) (distinguishing between zoning ordinances and private
agreements such as easements and covenants).

                                                  9
enforceable against subsequent purchasers is an important issue for New York. According to

amicus curiae the Association of Towns of the State of New York, regulations imposed through

the subdivision process are “essential tool[s] for effective growth management within a

municipality.” Given the widespread use of the subdivision process as a regulatory tool, any

decision in this area could have significant practical consequences for how New York’s cities,

towns, and villages manage growth.9 Moreover, given the broad range of purposes subdivision

regulations can serve under section 276 of New York Town Law, see N.Y. Town Law § 276(1),

there is reason to believe other important municipal functions would be affected as well. Thus,

this consideration also favors certification.

       Finally, the resolution of this question will resolve the state law claim in issue in this

appeal: the O’Maras’ claim for a declaratory judgment that they own Parcels B and E free and

clear of the open space requirement. Because all three considerations favor certification, we

conclude that it is appropriate to certify the following question to the New York Court of

Appeals:

(1)    Is an open space restriction imposed by a subdivision plat under New York Town Law §

       276 enforceable against a subsequent purchaser, and under what circumstances?

       The New York Court of Appeals may, of course, reformulate or expand upon this

question as it wishes. We have greatly benefitted on many occasions from the guidance of the

New York Court of Appeals, see, e.g., King v. Fox, 458 F.3d 39, 40 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam);



       9
         Indeed, we recognize that other state statutes also empower localities to regulate
subdivision land use through the approval and filing of subdivision plats. See, e.g., N.Y. Village
Law § 7-728(11).

                                                 10
Carney v. Philippone, 368 F.3d 164, 166 (2d Cir. 2004) (per curiam); see generally Judith S.

Kaye & Kenneth I. Weissman, Interactive Judicial Federalism: Certified Questions in New York,

69 Fordham L. Rev. 373 (2000), and would very much appreciate its view on this matter of state

law.




                                          42 U.S.C. § 1983

       In order to prevail on their Section 1983 claim the O’Maras must show that the Town

acted under the color of state law and that they suffered a denial of their constitutional rights.

Annis v. County of Westchester, 136 F.3d 239, 245 (2d Cir. 1998). The Town does not dispute

that it acted under color of state law in denying the certificate of occupancy. The O’Maras claim

that the Town’s refusal to grant a certificate of occupancy to Donald O’Mara was a violation of

their constitutional right to substantive due process. In order to prove that their right to

substantive due process was violated the O’Maras must show 1) that they had a valid property

interest in the certificate of occupancy and 2) that the Town infringed that interest in an arbitrary

or irrational manner. See Clubside, Inc. v. Valentin, 468 F.3d 144, 152 (2d Cir. 2006). Because

the O’Maras cannot show that they had a valid property interest, their claim must be rejected.

       In order for an interest in a particular land-use benefit to qualify as a property interest for

purposes of the substantive due process clause a landowner must show a “clear entitlement” to

that benefit. Id. at 152 (quotation marks omitted). Uncertainty as to the meaning of the

applicable law defeats a claim to a clear entitlement. Id. at 153. As we explained in Natale v.

Town of Ridgefield, 170 F.3d 258 (2d Cir. 1999), “in order to establish a federally protectable



                                                  11
property interest in a state or local permit for which a plaintiff has applied, the plaintiff must

show that, at the time the permit was denied, there was no uncertainty regarding his entitlement

to it under applicable state or local law, and the issuing authority had no discretion to withhold it

in his particular case.” Id. at 263 n.1. In Natale, we denied Section 1983 relief to plaintiffs who

had prevailed on a mandamus claim under state law because their state law claim required “a

refined analysis of two state statutes and a state Supreme Court decision, thereby resolving an

issue that had been ‘a legitimate dispute.’” Id. at 264.

           The question of law surrounding the enforceability of the open space restriction is as

uncertain as the law at issue in Natale. Even if the New York Court of Appeals were to conclude

that the 1963 plat was unenforceable, the uncertainty that leads us certify this issue means that

the O’Maras did not have a “clear entitlement” to a certificate of occupancy and therefore no

cognizable property interest that would support a violation of their right to substantive due

process.

       Because the O’Maras have not shown that they had a cognizable property interest for

purposes of the substantive due process clause it is unnecessary to reach the question of whether

the Town’s actions were arbitrary or irrational. The district court ruling that the Town was liable

for damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 is reversed.




                                                  III.

       For the reasons set forth above, we certify the question of state law at the heart of this

litigation to the New York Court of Appeals and reverse the district court’s disposition of the


                                                   12
O’Maras’ federal claims. The February 22, 2006 final order and judgment is REVERSED in

part and a question is CERTIFIED to the New York Court of Appeals.

       It is hereby ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court transmit to the Clerk of the New York

Court of Appeals a Certificate in the form attached, together with a copy of this opinion and a

complete set of the briefs, appendices, and record filed by the parties in this Court. This panel

will retain jurisdiction to decide the case once we have had the benefit of the views of the New

York Court of Appeals, or once that court declines certification. Finally, we order the parties to

bear equally any fees and costs that may be requested by the New York Court of Appeals.




                                                 13
