         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                                      July 1, 2008 Session

               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JOHN FRED HOWARD

                  Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                          No. 03-05005   John P. Colton, Jr., Judge



                     No. W2008-00208-CCA-R3-CD - Filed April 17, 2009


The defendant, John Fred Howard, was convicted of first degree premeditated murder by a Shelby
County jury and subsequently sentenced to a term of life imprisonment. On appeal, he has raised
eight issues for our review: (1) whether the evidence at trial was sufficient to support the verdict,
specifically the jury’s rejection of his claim of self-defense and the element of premeditation; (2)
whether the trial court erred in refusing to sequester the jury; (3) whether the trial court erred in
failing to suppress graphic photographs of the deceased; (4) whether the trial court erred in admitting
test results from two blood samples which the defendant did not get until the second day of trial; (5)
whether the trial court erred in admitting certain evidence without the establishment of a valid chain
of custody; (6) whether the trial court erred in allowing witness testimony which was highly
prejudicial to the defendant; (7) whether the trial court erred by refusing to allow defense counsel
to publish certain exhibits to the jury immediately after they were admitted, which minimized their
impeachment value and violated the defendant’s right of cross-examination; and (8) whether the
cumulative error at trial demands a reversal in the case. Following review of the record, we find no
reversible error and affirm the judgment of conviction.

     Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. GLENN and J.C.
MCLIN , JJ., joined.

Timothy J. Williams, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, John Fred Howard.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Lacy Wilber, Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Glen Baity and Rachel Newton, Assistant
District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.




                                             OPINION
                                       Factual Background

        At approximately 7:00 p.m. on April 4, 2003, the sixty-two-year-old defendant fatally
stabbed the victim, Tim Howard, his fifty-three-year-old brother, during the course of an altercation
between the two men at their home. The defendant was later indicted by a Shelby County grand jury
on one count of first degree murder. Multiple witnesses testified at trial.

        The State first called the victim’s wife, Mrs. Marcia Howard, whom he had been married to
since 1994. She testified that the two separated in November 2002, and the victim moved in with
the defendant at that time. She also testified that the victim had joined Alcoholics Anonymous in
December. Mrs. Howard testified that the victim and the defendant had a third brother, Charles
Howard, who was mentally disabled, who had died ten months prior to the death of the victim. Their
mother had left a trust fund for Charles Howard upon her death, which was managed by the
defendant, a certified public accountant. According to Mrs. Howard, she and the victim were
concerned about the management of that account, believing that the defendant had taken the money,
which was supposed to be divided equally between the two following Charles Howard’s death. The
defendant failed to satisfactorily answer the victim’s questions regarding the money. She testified
that the two also inherited their mother’s house, which was paid for. The victim wanted the
defendant to obtain a mortgage on the house in order to repay him the $110,000 to $120,000 he was
owed from the trust.

         Mrs. Howard also testified that her home was broken into after her separation from the victim
and that she suspected the victim was responsible because neighbors said they saw his car in the area
at the time. Upon recommendation by the police, she obtained an order of protection against the
victim. After the order of protection was issued, the victim left a note in her mailbox which read,
“Be afraid. Be very afraid. The anticipation of death is worse than death itself.” She renewed the
order of protection, stating she wanted it in place until the marital dissolution agreement was
finalized. According to her testimony, she did not renew the order for her protection. She testified
that the victim was never physically abusive toward her.

        During the week prior to the victim’s death, the defendant called Mrs. Howard and told her
that he wanted the victim out of the house. On the day of the murder, the defendant called her
several times and stated that he wanted to get the victim committed based upon his alcohol problem.
According to Mrs. Howard, the victim had not had a drink in several months. The defendant was
becoming “very agitated at the situation” and kept insisting that he wanted the victim out of the
house. Mrs. Howard informed the defendant that the victim had found a condominium, which he
planned to purchase in the following weeks, after the defendant gave him the money he owed. The
defendant commented that the victim had no business paying cash for the condominium. According
to Mrs. Howard, the defendant then stated he was not going to give the victim the money for his
share of the trust fund. She did not speak with the defendant again until he called her following the
murder and informed her that he had stabbed the victim with a knife after the victim had “jumped
him.”


                                                 -2-
        The next day, she returned to the home in order to get funeral clothes for the victim. While
in the house, she found a note which had been torn up and placed in the top of the defendant’s closet.
The note referenced the defendant’s agreement to mortgage the home and pay the victim all money
due him from the estates of their mother and brother. The paper had been wadded up and was
covered in blood.

        The victim’s divorce attorney, Richard Skip Carnell, was also called to testify. He stated that
he had several conversations with the defendant regarding the victim, one of which occurred on the
day before the murder. The defendant was interested in the victim’s divorce proceedings, which
were nearly complete. Carnell testified that the defendant was “very pushy” and demanded to know
what property was involved in the divorce, specifically asking him about a $11,000 antique tea set.
The defendant also asked about the trust account and credit card charges on Mrs. Howard’s card,
which the victim believed the defendant had made. Carnell told the defendant that none of these
items were brought up in the divorce proceedings. When the defendant asked about the money
missing from the trust accounts, Carnell stated that he told him, “[I]f it wasn’t for the good graces
of [the victim], [you] would be in jail right now because [I] told [the victim] to turn it over to the
police, and it was a substantial amount. It was $109,000.” The defendant replied that he did not
want Mr. Carnell involved and that he would deal with his brother himself.

       Mr. Carnell testified that he was aware the victim had an alcohol problem but stated that he
had never known him to be violent to anyone. He was aware of the order of protection issued to
Mrs. Howard but stated that they were “pretty standard” in divorce cases. Mr. Carnell last spoke
with the victim on the day of the murder and believed that he was in the best mood he had been in
for some time.

        Mr. William Lenahan, a fraud investigator, testified that he had known the victim for thirty
years. In January 2003, the victim contacted him and questioned him regarding the situation with
the money from the estates of his mother and brother. He met with the victim in April and advised
him to retain a lawyer and initiate a civil lawsuit over the matter.

        Robert Brown testified that he, the defendant, and the victim lived in the same neighborhood.
At approximately 6:30 p.m. on the night of the murder, Brown and his wife were sitting on the front
porch of their home when they heard a man scream, “Help me. Help me.” He ran across the street
to where the voice came from and called out to the man. Brown again heard the man ask for help.
He could not get into the yard of the house where the men were because a chain link fence was
between the houses. Brown looked over the fence and again heard the man say, “Help me. He has
[a] knife. He’s stabbing me.” According to Brown, he saw two men in the back of the house and
one man was standing over the other. He stated that the second man was “slumped down kind of
on his knees on the stoop.” Brown saw the man, who was standing, bend over the victim, hold the
victim around the chest in front of him, and make a downward chopping motion. Brown testified
that it was dusk but that he was able to see because the porch light of the house was on. At this
point, he returned to his home to call 9-1-1. When he returned to the scene, he saw the victim lying



                                                 -3-
on the ground with a “shiny substance” on the ground around him. At this point, he observed the
defendant go back into the house.

        Officer Ricky Davison of the Crime Scene Investigation Unit testified that he found blood
spatters throughout the entire house. He collected samples and placed them in the property room.
A forensic serologist with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) testified that she tested
various samples from the crime scene and that the victim’s blood was found on a switchblade knife,
on eyeglasses found at the scene, in the den, in the study, on a letter which had been ripped, and on
a knife with a wooden handle.

        Dr. O.C. Smith performed the autopsy on the victim and testified that he suffered sharp force
damage to his left carotid artery. He identified four stab wounds to the victim’s neck and stated that
the victim had multiple wounds to his scalp, as well as circular bruises which could have been
caused by the butt end of a folding knife. The victim also had multiple abrasions on the left side of
his face. There was also an abrasion to his forehead, some bruises on the tip of his nose, and smaller
abrasions on his cheek and chin. On the right side of his face, the victim’s cheek bone had abrasions
indicating impact with a flat surface such as a floor or the ground. The victim’s hands and forearms
also had bruises and scrapes. Dr. Smith testified that he determined that, based upon the blood
patterns found throughout the house, the victim’s carotid artery was not severed inside the home.
He concluded that this lethal injury occurred outside of the house.

         The defendant testified in his own behalf at trial and stated that he acted in self-defense. He
stated that when he arrived home from work, the victim was “agitated” and wanted him to sign an
agreement regarding the trust fund whereby the defendant would repay the money by obtaining a
mortgage. The defendant stated that he refused to sign the document, and the victim “flew into a fit
of rage[.]” The defendant testified that the victim jumped on him and began to beat him and that the
two fought throughout the home. Initially, the defendant testified that he let the victim beat on him
but stated that he grew tired of it and told the victim to “get off of me and leave me alone[.]” He
testified that he then hit the victim with the butt end of a closed folding knife in order to knock the
victim unconscious, but it only made the victim angrier. The fight progressed to the back bedroom
of the home where the defendant again tried to knock the victim unconscious. According to the
defendant, he then tried to get out of the house, but the victim was right behind him. The defendant
testified that he told the victim, “You either quit or I’m going to cut you.” The victim persisted, so
the defendant stated that he cut him in the neck.

        The defendant’s statement given to police was also admitted. In the statement, the defendant
admitted stabbing the victim. According to the defendant, the victim had anger management
problems, had threatened his wife, and had accused the victim of stealing from him and having an
affair with the victim’s wife. In the statement, he told police that shortly after he arrived home, the
victim confronted him about selling their home. He stated that the victim had told him that he knew
several ways to kill people. The defendant stated that he was terrified. The altercation began in the
kitchen and progressed throughout the house. He said that he tried to stop the victim but that hitting
him only made him angrier. The fight eventually progressed to the carport where he opened his knife


                                                  -4-
to threaten the victim. He then acknowledged wounding the victim in the throat multiple times to
make him stop. Afterwards, he called 9-1-1. The defendant also described his own injuries, which
included a one-inch wound on his left thumb, a swollen and discolored right hand, and a bruised
knee.

        A second statement was given shortly after the first in which the defendant described hitting
the victim in the head with a closed four-inch folding knife approximately fifteen to twenty times.
The defendant also stated that he had moved a gun into the kitchen after the altercation, stating he
did not know if the victim was going to return to the fight.

        The defense also called Dr. William Walters, a psychiatrist. He testified that he did not treat
the victim but had reviewed documents in the case. Based upon his review of these documents, he
believed that the victim was delusional and violent.

        After hearing the evidence presented, the jury convicted the defendant of first degree murder
as charged. Following the denial of his motion for new trial, the defendant filed the instant timely
appeal.

                                               Analysis

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

         In two separate issues, the defendant asserts that the evidence produced at trial was
insufficient to support the verdict. Specifically, he contends that the evidence was not sufficient to
establish that the killing was not done in self-defense and that the element of premeditation was not
established. In considering this issue, we apply the rule that where the sufficiency of the evidence
is challenged, the relevant question for the reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the [State], any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.
Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). Moreover, the State is entitled to the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn
therefrom. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). All questions involving the credibility
of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the
trier of fact. State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). This court will not
reweigh or reevaluate the evidence presented. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).

       “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace,
493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with
which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt so that, on appeal, a convicted
defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). These rules are applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct



                                                  -5-
evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776,
779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        Although a conviction may be based entirely upon circumstantial evidence, Duchac v. State,
505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1974), in such cases, the facts must be “so clearly interwoven and
connected that the finger of guilt is pointed unerringly at the [d]efendant and the [d]efendant alone.”
State v. Black, 815 S.W.2d 166, 175 (Tenn. 1991) (citing State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63 (Tenn.
1985)). However, as in the case of direct evidence, the weight to be given circumstantial evidence
and “the inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are
consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.” Marable
v. State, 203 Tenn. 440, 452, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457 (Tenn. 1958) (citations omitted).

        a. Self-Defense

        When the defense of self-defense is asserted, it is the State’s burden to negate the existence
of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. T.C.A. § 39-11-201(a)(3) (2006). It is the jury’s
responsibility to determine whether the State negated the defense. State v. Goode, 956 S.W.2d 521,
527 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). We agree with the defendant that self-defense was raised by the proof
in this case based upon the defendant’s testimony. However, we are unable to agree with his
assertion that the State failed to negate the evidence of the defense.

         In support of his argument, the defendant relies upon the testimony of Dr. Smith who testified
that the defendant’s statements were consistent with the physical evidence. He also questions the
reliability of Robert Brown’s testimony based upon the fact that Brown acknowledged that it was
dusk, implying that he could not see clearly so his testimony should have been discounted. The
defendant further contends that “it was made abundantly clear during the trial that [the victim] was
a violent man.” Finally, he contends that the State failed to test certain swabs of blood which could
have buttressed his own theory of the case.

        In his argument, the defendant relies upon facts which were placed before the jury. His
argument is essentially nothing more than a challenge to the weight and credibility of evidence
admitted. All this evidence was put before the jury at trial through the presentation of witnesses and
thorough cross-examination by the defense. It is the jury’s responsibility to determine the credibility
of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. This court will not reweigh the evidence
or substitute its inferences for those of the trier of fact. The jury in this case heard the testimony of
all witnesses and viewed numerous exhibits. The defendant himself testified that the altercation was
started by the victim. He testified that he was injured during the altercation and that evidence of his
injuries was shown to the jury. In this case, based upon the verdict, the jury accredited the testimony
of the State’s witnesses and rejected the defendant’s claim. He is entitled to no relief on this issue.

        b. Premeditation




                                                  -6-
       The defendant was convicted of first degree murder which is defined, in relevant part, as “[a]
premeditated and intentional killing of another.” T.C.A. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (2006). Premeditation
necessitates “a previously formed design or intent to kill,” State v. West, 844 S.W.2d 144, 147 (Tenn.
1992) (citations omitted), and “an act done after the exercise of reflection and judgment . . . [,
meaning] that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to the act itself.” T.C.A. § 39-13-
202(d). An additional requirement is that the accused be “sufficiently free from excitement and
passion as to be capable of premeditation.” Id.

        The element of premeditation is a question of fact to be determined by the jury from all the
circumstances surrounding the killing. State v. Davidson, 121 S.W.3d 600, 614 (Tenn. 2003).
Although the jury may not engage in speculation, it may infer premeditation from the manner and
circumstances of the killing. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 660 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Bordis, 905
S.W.2d 214, 222 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Our supreme court has delineated several circumstances
which may be indicative of premeditation, including declarations of the intent to kill, procurement
of a weapon, the use of a deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim, the fact that the killing was
particularly cruel, infliction of multiple wounds, the making of preparations before the killing for
the purpose of concealing the crime, destruction or secretion of evidence, and calmness immediately
after the killing. State v. Jackson, 173 S.W.3d 401, 409 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Nichols, 24 S.W.3d
297, 302 (Tenn. 2000).

        In support of his argument that the element of premeditation was not established by the proof
presented, the defendant asserts that none of the circumstances indicative of premeditation were
established by the proof presented. Moreover, he contends that the fact that the jury deliberated for
only one hour establishes that they did not properly consider all the evidence and that the trial court,
acting as the thirteenth juror, erred by not overturning the verdict. We disagree.

         After review of the record, we conclude that the State presented evidence which would have
allowed a rational trier of fact to infer premeditation. Specifically, the State presented multiple
witnesses who established that the defendant’s motive for murder was the improper financial
dealings between the victim and the defendant. Testimony was presented by both Mrs. Howard and
Mr. Carnell that the defendant was in an agitated or pushy state regarding the victim during the days
immediately prior to the murder. Moreover, Mr. Lenahan testified that he had advised the victim
to institute a lawsuit against the defendant just days prior to his death. Additionally, the manner of
the killing in this case allows for an inference of premeditation. Mr. Brown testified that he heard
a man repeatedly shouting for help and that he was being stabbed. He observed the victim on his
knees and the defendant making a downward chopping motion as he stood over the victim. There
is nothing in the record to indicate that the victim was armed with a weapon, and only the defendant
testified that the victim had any form of martial arts training. Additionally, the number of wounds
inflicted upon the victim, especially in comparison with the injuries received by the defendant,
supports a finding of premeditation.

       Moreover, we further reject the defendant’s argument with regard to the length of time the
jury deliberated. Case law has established that an argument based on the length of time a jury


                                                  -7-
deliberates, without more, is not a cognizable issue on appeal. State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208,
238 (Tenn. 2005). Additionally, we find nothing improper in this case with regard to the trial court’s
role as the thirteenth juror. Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 33(d) allows the trial court to
grant a new trial if it disagrees with the weight of the evidence. However, the rule does not
specifically require the court to make a specific statement on the record approving the verdict. When
a court overrules the motion for new trial, we may presume that the trial court has served as the
thirteenth juror. State v. Moats, 906 S.W.2d 431, 434 (Tenn. 1995). Here, the court stated in its
order denying the defendant’s motion for new trial that it adopted the jury’s verdict. Thus, we find
no error.

II. Sequestration of the Jury

        Next, the defendant asserts that the trial court erred in refusing his request to sequester the
jury, which he contends caused him actual prejudice. According to the defendant, both the State and
defense counsel asked for a sequestered jury prior to trial, but the request was denied. He goes on
to add that, after the proof was concluded, “the jury took a short break, went to lunch, and in less
than an hour returned a verdict of guilty on premeditated first degree murder.” He argues that the
brief period of time taken to reach the verdict illustrates that it was “highly doubtful that the jury was
adequately impressed by the judge’s instructions as to the seriousness of their duty and the strict
prohibition not to talk or seek information about the case, even amongst themselves, until they began
deliberations.” He further contends that there is a legitimate question as to whether the jury was free
of outside influences based upon comments made by the trial court. The comments in questions
were:

         THE COURT: . . . I neglected to tell you one thing yesterday. I - - maybe more than
        that but one that was brought to my attention this morning. During the trial since we
        have let you - - not locked up or sequestered, you can’t talk with the lawyers or the
        witnesses or anybody else. I mean you can certainly speak to them and say good
        morning or something like that, but we’re in a situation here where we’re involved
        in the business of getting the case tried, and we don’t need to get into socializing at
        this point.

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-116 (2006) provides that “[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, except those in which a death sentence may be rendered, jurors shall only be
sequestered at the sound discretion of the trial judge, which shall prohibit the jurors from separating
at times when they are not engaged upon actual trial or deliberation of the case.” On appeal, this
court “will not find error in a trial court’s refusal to grant a sequestered jury absent an abuse of
discretion.” State v. Larry Walcott, No.E2004-02705-CCA-R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville,
Aug. 22, 2005). The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals has held that “the failure to sequester a jury
standing alone could rarely, if ever, constitute reversible error. A defendant would have to
demonstrate actual prejudice or at least substantial likelihood thereof flowing from the failure to
sequester in order to warrant a new trial.” United States v. Johnson, 584 F.2d 148, 155 (6th Cir.
1978).


                                                   -8-
        To support his argument, the defendant relies upon State v. Furlough, 797 S.W.2d 631 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1990), which held that a defendant in a murder trial had a right to a sequestered jury.
However, his reliance is misplaced. While he correctly cites to the law applied in that case, his
argument ignored that effective May 8, 2002, Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-116 was
amended to the reflect the current law, as cited to above. Thus, it has statutorily been made clear by
our legislature that the decision to sequester a jury in all criminal prosecutions, except death penalty
cases, is subject to the sound discretion of the trial court. Because the defendant’s case was tried in
2007, the controlling law is the statutory provision.

          Initially, the State contends that the defendant has waived review of the issue based upon his
failure to prepare an adequate record for review. We agree. Despite the defendant’s assertion that
both defense counsel and the State requested sequestration, he has failed to include in the record the
motion for sequestration, a transcript of the discussion, or the trial court’s basis of denial for said
motion. The defendant has failed to include a transcript of the hearing for the motion for new trial
on appeal and, thus, we are unable to review the trial court’s reasons for the denial of the motion for
new trial. The order contained in the records is a blanket order simply stating that the motion is
overruled without enumerating any reasons. Thus, we are foreclosed from review and must presume
that no abuse of discretion occurred in the trial court’s decision. See Tenn. R. App. P. 24 (providing
that it is the appellant’s duty to prepare a fair, accurate, and complete record on appeal to enable this
court to conduct a meaningful review); see also State v. Charles Curtis, No. W2006-02347-CCA-
R3-CD (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Dec. 26, 2007) (finding waiver of sequestration issue based
upon defendant’s failure to provide adequate record for review).

        Moreover, the defendant has failed to show how the failure to sequester the jury prejudiced
his case. The fact that the jury deliberated only a short period of time is not sufficient to establish
that the jury was not “adequately impressed” with the instructions given regarding their duty or the
prohibition against speaking with outside influences. Moreover, the comments made by the trial
court are also insufficient to establish prejudice. Review of the record indicates that the comments
were made at defense counsel’s request on the second day of trial. However, nothing establishes that
any outside influence on the jury occurred. Thus, the defendant is not entitled to relief. See Tenn.
R. App. P. 36(b).

III. Admission of Photographs

        The defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress “all graphic
photographs of the deceased, the probative value of which was substantially outweighed by their
unfair prejudicial impact and effect on the jury.” Specifically, he challenges the admission of three
photographs of the victim, two of which were “particularly prejudicial” as they depicted the victim’s
body lying in the driveway. He contends that “[n]either of these photographs accurately depicts the
way the scene looked that night as the photographers used high powered flash bulbs to illuminate
the scene.” He asserts that “they do not accurately represent what any of the witnesses could have
seen that night, and were presented unnecessarily as the defendant challenged neither the injuries nor
the location where the victim was found.”


                                                  -9-
        Tennessee courts follow a policy of liberality in the admission of photographs in both civil
and criminal cases. State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978) (citations omitted).
Accordingly, “the admissibility of photographs lies with the discretion of the trial court” whose
ruling “will not be overturned on appeal except upon a clear showing of an abuse of discretion.”
State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d 48, 67 (Tenn. 2005) (quoting Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949). However,
before a photograph may be entered into evidence, it must be relevant to an issue that the jury must
decide, and the probative value of the photograph must outweigh any prejudicial effect that it may
have upon the trier of fact. State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 102 (Tenn. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S.
1071, 119 S. Ct. 1467 (1999); State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 758 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993), perm.
to appeal denied (Tenn. 1993) (citation omitted); see also Tenn. R. Evid. 401, 403. Rule 401 of the
Tennessee Rules of Evidence defines relevant evidence as being “evidence having any tendency to
make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”

        Photographs of a corpse are generally admissible in a murder prosecution if they are relevant
to the issues presented at trial, notwithstanding their gruesome character. State v. Carter, 114
S.W.3d 895, 902 (Tenn. 2003). Graphic, gruesome, or even horrifying photographs of crime victims
may be admitted into evidence if they are relevant to some issues at trial and their prejudicial effect
is outweighed by their probative value. Banks, 546 S.W.2d at 949-51. However, evidence that is
not relevant to prove some part of the prosecution’s case should not be admitted solely to inflame
the jury and prejudice the defendant. While it can be said that photographs of crime victims who
suffer serious bodily injury are prejudicial by their very nature, a prejudicial photograph is not per
se excludable. What is excluded is evidence which is unfairly prejudicial, in other words, evidence
which has an undue tendency to suggest a decision on an improper basis, frequently, though not
necessarily, an emotional one. Id. at 951.

        As argued by the State on appeal, the defendant has also waived review of this issue by his
failure to present a complete record on appeal. Rule 24 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate
Procedure provides that it is an appellant’s duty to prepare a fair, accurate, and complete record on
appeal in order to enable this court to conduct a meaningful review. In this case, the defendant
challenges the denial of his motion to suppress photographs but has failed to include in the record
either a transcript of a hearing on the motion or an order giving the trial court’s reason for its denial
of the motion. When an appellate record does not contain a complete record, this court must
presume that a trial court’s ruling was supported by sufficient evidence. State v. Oody, 823 S.W.2d
554, 559 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

       Though it is not clear in this case why the photographs were admitted by the trial court
because of the lack of a complete record, we note that it has been repeatedly held that a trial court
properly admitted photographs in cases in order to establish the nature of the victim’s injuries, to
show that a defendant acted with premeditation, and to contradict a defendant’s theory of self-
defense. State v. Cole, 155 S.W.3d 885, 912-13 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Smith, 868 S.W.2d 561, 576
(Tenn. 1993); State v. Goss, 995 S.W.2d 617, 627 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). These appear to be
appropriate bases for admission in the instant case, as the State was required to show that the


                                                  -10-
defendant acted with premeditation and to refute the defendant’s claim of self-defense. The extent
of the victim’s injuries shown in these photographs is relevant to both issues, and the State was
entitled to introduce the photographs in support of its case. We find nothing in the record to
establish that the photographs were unduly prejudicial in their depiction of the scene. We further
reject the defendant’s contention that they do not accurately represent the scene because of the use
of a high-powered flash. Each witness identified the photographs as representative of what they saw
on the evening in question. Thus, the issue is without merit.

IV. Brady v. Maryland/Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 Violation

        Next, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting the tests results from two
blood samples when those results were not received by the defendant until the second day of trial,
which thereby deprived “the defense of the opportunity to independently examine and evaluate the
evidentiary relevance and value of said samples” and denied him “the ability to properly plan a trial
strategy in advance of trial.” According to the defendant, this violated both the principles of Brady
v. Maryland and Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 16. The two samples in questions were
taken from a butcher knife found in the kitchen and a torn memo found in the sink.

        At trial, the TBI forensic serologist testified that she performed tests on nineteen blood
samples. Defense counsel objected to the admission of the last two samples because the results of
the tests had not been provided to him in discovery. After it was determined that the results had, in
fact, not been provided, the trial court instructed the State to give them to defense counsel at that
point. At a jury-out hearing, the assistant district attorney stated that the failure was an oversight.
Defense counsel acknowledged that he had seen the actual knife and the letter as part of the
discovery. After viewing the results of the tests, defense counsel stated they were ready to proceed.
The serologist then testified that the blood found on the knife came from the victim and that blood
on the memo was the defendant’s.

        Prior to trial, the State has a duty to turn over to the defendant all materials which are
favorable to a defendant. In Brady v. Maryland, the Supreme Court held that “suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the
evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the
prosecution.” 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct, 1194, 1196-97 (1963). In order to establish a due process
violation under Brady, four prerequisites must be met:

        1. The defendant must have requested the information (unless the evidence is
           obviously exculpatory, in which case the State is bound to release the
           information, whether requested or not);

        2. The State must have suppressed the information;

        3. The information must have been favorable to the accused; and



                                                  -11-
        4. The information must have been material.

State v. Edgin, 902 S.W.2d 387, 389 (Tenn. 1995). The defendant has the burden of proving a
constitutional violation by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Spurlock, 874 S.W.2d 602, 610
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Demonstrating a constitutional violation requires the defendant to show
that, without the omitted material, he has been denied the right to a fair trial. United States v. Agurs,
427 U.S. 97, 108, 96 S. Ct. 2392, 2399 (1976).

        In this case, the defendant has failed to establish a violation of Brady because he has not
shown that the evidence was favorable to his defense. Favorable evidence includes evidence that
“provides some significant aid to the defendant’s case, whether it furnishes corroboration of the
defendant’s story, calls into question a material, although not indispensable, element of the
prosecution’s version of the events, or challenges the credibility of a key prosecution witness.”
Johnson v. State, 38 S.W.2d 52, 56-57 (Tenn. 2001). The defendant denied that this knife was used
in the altercation. Thus, the presence of the victim’s blood on that knife in no way has aided his
case. Moreover, we are unable to conclude that the presence of the defendant’s blood on the memo
was favorable to the case.

      The defendant is also not entitled to relief pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure
16. That rule provides, in relevant part, that the State is to disclose:

        (G)     Reports of Examinations and Tests: Upon a defendant’s request, the state
                shall permit the defendant to inspect and copy or photograph the results or
                reports of physical or mental examinations, and of scientific tests or
                experiments if:

                (i)     the item is within the state’s possession, custody, or control;

                (ii)    the district attorney general knows - - or through due
                        diligence could know - - that the item exists; and

                (iii)   the item is material to preparing the defense or the state
                        intends to use the item in its case-in-chief at trial.

Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(G). If a party fails to comply with a discovery request, “the court may
order such party to permit the discovery or inspection, grant a continuance, or prohibit the party from
introducing evidence not disclosed, or it may enter such other order as it deems just under the
circumstances.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 16(d)(2)(A)-(D). Whether a defendant has been prejudiced by
the State’s failure to disclose information is a significant factor in determining an appropriate
remedy. State v Smith, 926 S.W.2d 267, 270 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). When arguing that the State
violated Rule 16, the defendant bears the burden of showing “the degree to which the impediments
to discovery hindered trial preparation and defense at trial.” State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 548
(Tenn. 1992).


                                                  -12-
          We agree with the defendant’s assertion that a violation of the rule did occur. However,
review of the record indicates no error in the remedy fashioned by the trial court. The court saw to
it that the defense was furnished with the evidence in question. Regardless, the defendant’s blanket
assertion that his trial preparation and defense were hampered by the fact that he did not receive this
evidence is not sufficient to satisfy his burden. He has failed to show any actual impediments caused
by the lack of the evidence. Defense counsel indicated that, even though he was unaware of the
results of the blood tests, he was aware of both the knife and the memo. The knife was found in the
kitchen where the fighting started. The defendant, himself, gave testimony that his blood would be
on the memo. There is simply no showing that the failure to provide these two tests impeded the
defendant’s preparation and defense at trial.

V. Chain of Custody of Blood Samples

        The defendant contends that the trial court erred in determining that the State had established
a valid chain of custody for certain blood samples tested by the TBI. According to the defendant,
the record makes clear that the State failed to establish how or by whom the blood swabs were
removed from the property room and received via mail by Debnam at the TBI in another city.

        Before tangible evidence can be admitted into evidence, a witness must be able to identify
the evidence or establish an unbroken chain of custody. State v. Kilpatrick, 52 S.W.3d 81, 87 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2000). While every possibility of tampering does not have to be excluded, the
circumstances must establish a reasonable assurance of the identity and integrity of the evidence.
State v. Scott, 33 S.W.3d 746, 760 (Tenn. 2000). The chain of custody requirement is “‘to
demonstrate that there has been no tampering, loss, substitution, or mistake with respect to the
evidence.’” Id. (quoting State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 759 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). However,
the State is not required to exclude every possibility of tampering. Id. Rather, “[t]he evidence may
be admitted when the circumstances surrounding the evidence reasonably establish the identity of
the evidence and its integrity.” Id. Thus, the failure to call each and every witness who handled the
evidence does not necessarily preclude its admission. State v. Johnson, 673 S.W.2d 877, 881 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1984). It is in the sound discretion of the trial court to determine whether the chain of
custody requirement has been satisfied, and the trial court’s determination will not be overturned in
the absence of a clearly mistaken exercise of that discretion. Kilpatrick, 52 S.W.3d at 87; State v.
Holbrooks, 983 S.W.2d 697, 701 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).

        Officer Davison testified that he collected the swabs from various areas at the crime scene
and, after identifying them, delivered them to the property room. Ms. Debnam testified that she
received the three groupings of various samples on April 14, 2003; January 11, 2006; and April 28,
2006. She further testified that, following testing, she returned the samples to the Memphis Police
Department on November 3, 2003, and on July 12, 2006. Defense counsel raised an objection with
regard to chain of custody in that the State had failed to establish how the evidence got from the
property room to Ms. Debnam. In response, the trial court stated:



                                                 -13-
       Well, they can bring Sergeant Kern in who sends all those things up there. I know
       that from past cases. They just - - that’s the way - - who it goes through. If you want
       it to happen, I guess you can bring them in. I’m going to make a ruling at this point
       that you can ask about chain of custody with this - - with this defendant, but I’m
       going to allow - - I mean with this witness rather, but I’m going [to] allow this to
       come in.

         After review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the
swabs into evidence. Although the testimony of one “link” in the chain was not available, we
conclude that the testimony presented was sufficient to establish “the identity of the evidence and
its integrity.” The swabs were collected and labeled at the crime scene and taken to the property
room, where standard procedure was that they were mailed to the lab. Ms. Debnam testified that she
received the items “from another officer” and then returned them to the Memphis Police Department.
This is sufficient to rebut the possibility of tampering, substitution, and loss. Moreover, the trial
court specifically told defense counsel that he was free to question the witness regarding chain of
custody, but no questions were asked in that regard. Further, as noted by the State, even if error had
occurred, it would have been harmless pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(a), as
the swabs taken, which contained blood from both the defendant and the victim, were obviously
from this crime scene.

VI. Opinion Testimony of Attorney Witness

        Next, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing Richard Carnell to testify,
over defense objection, “as to his opinions and conclusion.” He asserts that this testimony was
highly prejudicial to the defendant, as the witness presented confusing, unfounded, and speculative
testimony to the jury. Specifically, he appears to challenge the following testimony, elicited by the
State on direct examination, as “unfounded and speculative.”

       [Mr. Carnell]:          I last spoke to [the defendant] regarding [the victim] the
                               Thursday, the day before . . . [the victim] died.

       [The State]:            And what do you recall about that conversation?

       [Mr. Carnell]:          . . . But my last conversation with [the defendant] was that
                               very day. I went back to the office received a phone call from
                               [the defendant], and he was very interested in what was going
                               on was real pushy and wanting to the point of almost - -

       [Defense Counsel]:      Your Honor, we’re going to object on conclusion, opinion.

       [The Court]:            Well, I believe his testimony - - no, I think those are proper.
                               I think he can say what the testimony - - what the
                               conversation was about. I’ll overrule the objection.


                                                 -14-
[Mr. Carnell]:       He was very pushy, demanding, wanting to know what was
                     involved. He specifically started asking about an $11,000 tea
                     set, antique engraved tea set, indicating that he was told that
                     that matter had been discussed between Ms. Howard and
                     myself and [the victim]. I told him that that was a lie because
                     that matter never came up except . . . [the victim] had asked
                     me if - -

[Defense Counsel]:   I’m objecting, Your Honor.

[The Court]:         All right. We’ll not go in into any conversations with the
                     deceased at this time.

[Mr. Carnell]:       He also asked me about the issue of charging up credit cards
                     on Ms. Howard’s account, and his brother’s, his deceased - -
                     Charles - - his deceased brother Charles account, once again
                     told him that didn’t come up. He started asking about the
                     monies that were allegedly taken out of [ ] his mother’s
                     account and his brother’s joint account that [the defendant]
                     and him had a joint access to and joint signatures on the
                     account.
                     And I told him that, you know, if it wasn’t for the good graces
                     of his brother, as far as I was concerned, he would be in jail
                     right now because I told him to turn it over to the police, and
                     it was a substantial amount. It was $109,000. He said he
                     didn’t want me to be involved with it, and that he was going
                     to take care of it himself, and he was going to deal with it
                     with his brother himself.

[The State]:         And that was the last conversation you had with [the
                     defendant] before [the victim’s] death?

[Mr. Carnell]:       Yes. That’s correct.

[The State]:         The day before [the victim’s] death?

[Mr. Carnell]:       That is correct.

[The State]:         Okay. Now, . . . were you aware that [the victim] had a
                     problem with alcohol?

[Mr. Carnell]:       Yes, I was. It wasn’t any big secret you know. . . .



                                        -15-
[The State]:         Did he ever become violent or anything when he was drunk?

[Mr. Carnell]:       I’ve never known [the victim] to be violent to anybody.
                     ....

[The State]:         Now when was the last time you spoke to [the victim] before
                     his death?

[Mr. Carnell]:       I actually the next day as a matter of fact. [The victim] had
                     been trying to call me, which was a Friday. It was the 4th, the
                     day he died. [The victim] called me. He had been trying to
                     call me all day, and unfortunately I had been tied up, and he
                     was finally able to get through to me about a quarter to five
                     that day, and we spoke at length about matters involving his
                     brother, and he read me what he was proposing - -

[Defense Counsel]:   Objection, Your Honor, I mean I don’t know - -

[The Court]:         You can’t discuss - -

[The State]:         I’ll re-ask the question.

[The Court]:         All right.

[The State]:         Could you describe [the victim’s] mood that day?

[Defense Counsel]:   That draws for a conclusion, Your Honor.

[The State]:         I think it calls for an observation, Your Honor.

[Defense Counsel]:   He said he talked on the phone. I don’t know how he could
                     have observed him?


[The Court]:         All right. The Court will allow you, if you can talk about
                     your conversation with him, if you drew some - - whatever
                     you drew from that you’ll - - as far as his demeanor, I’ll allow
                     that.

[Mr. Carnell]:       From the Thursday forward to the Friday, [the victim] was in
                     the best mood I’d seen him in a long time, well, ever since the
                     divorce got started. He seemed to be putting it behind him



                                       -16-
                                and his demeanor was - - he was the happiest that I’d seen
                                him in a long time.

         Based upon this testimony, the defendant asserts that Mr. Carnell “made it clear that he was
willing to misrepresent the facts in order to help the prosecution convict the Defendant when he
testified falsely under the State’s direct examination that he was unaware of the deceased’s violent
nature, when in fact, Attorney Carnell represented the deceased at the Order of Protection hearing
during which his client was accused of threatening his wife.” He points to the fact that upon cross-
examination, Mr. Carnell acknowledged that the Order of Protection was requested due to the
deceased’s prior acts of violence and for the safety of Marcia Howard and that he was aware of the
threats received by Howard. As such, the defendant asserts that “[u]pon observing Mr. Carnell’s
demeanor when confronted with the truth during cross-examination, it should be evidence to all that
Mr. Carnell’s truthfulness was suspect and the weight of his testimony was tarnished.”

         The defendant’s argument in actuality appears to be a challenge to the credibility of the
witness, particularly in light of his assertion that the witness “was willing to misrepresent the facts.”
As argued by the State, this court is not the proper arena for a credibility challenge. It is the jury who
is charged with making credibility determinations, not this court. State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 278
(Tenn. 2000). It is not the function of this court to reweigh the credibility of witnesses on appeal.
Id. at 278-79. The testimony was heard by the jury in this case, and defense counsel did an excellent
job on cross-examination of putting any discrepancies before the jury. The jury, based upon the
verdict, accredited the testimony of Mr. Carnell, a decision which we will not disturb.

        In fact, in his reply brief, the defendant acknowledges that the credibility of a witness is for
the jury to determine but asserts that here “the testimony ought not to have been allowed at all. It
was irrelevant and highly prejudicial.” Thus, we review the admission of the testimony upon those
grounds.

         “The admissibility of evidence is generally within the broad discretion of the trial court . .
. [and that,] absent an abuse of that discretion, the trial court’s decision will not be reversed.” State
v. Edison, 9 S.W.3d 75, 77 (Tenn. 1999) (citing State v. McLeod, 937 S.W.2d 867, 871 (Tenn.1996).
Admissible proof must satisfy the threshold determination of relevancy mandated by Tennessee Rule
of Evidence 401, which defines relevant evidence as that “having any tendency to make the existence
of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Rule 403 adds that relevant “evidence
may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time,
or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403.

        Contrary to the defendant’s assertion, the testimony objected to at trial was clearly relevant
evidence, as it related to conversations with both the defendant and the victim. The context of much
of the questioning involved the testimony about the witness’s relationship with the victim while
acting as his divorce attorney. Moreover, at trial, the defendant failed to object to the evidence upon


                                                  -17-
relevancy grounds. As to the “opinions and conclusions” offered by Mr. Carnell, we also reject the
contention that they were “confusing, unfounded and speculative.” As noted in the recitation of the
testimony, Mr. Carnell testified to facts arising from two conversations, one with the victim and one
with the defendant. He further stated that he had personally never known the victim to be violent.
The testimony given was clear and precise.

VII. Cross-examination of Witnesses

         Next, the defendant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to allow defense counsel
to publish the order of protection and a copy of a death threat made by the victim immediately after
they were introduced as exhibits. From a reading of the record, it appears that each exhibit was
entered during the testimony but was not published to the jury until after each witness had finished
testifying. The defendant argues that this refusal limited his right to cross-examine the two
witnesses, Marcia Howard and Richard Carnell, because the jury did not have the actual exhibits “at
a time calculated to focus [their] attention on the witness’s dishonesty.” He stated that “[b]y casually
refusing to allow defense counsel to pass these exhibits to the[j]ury at the appropriate time, the Court
sent a message to the jury, who look to the trial court judge for leadership, that said evidence of the
witnesses’ dishonesty was not important when in fact it was crucial to the defense’s case.”

        It is well-settled that the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution provide two protections for
criminal defendants: the right to physically face witnesses and the right to cross-examine witnesses.
See Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 51, 107 S. Ct. 989, 998 (1987); see also State v.
Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317, 332 (Tenn. 1992). These constitutional rights include the right to
conduct meaningful cross-examination of witnesses. State v. Brown, 29 S.W.3d 427, 431 (Tenn.
2000); Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d at 332. Denial of the right to effective cross-examination of
witnesses amounts to “‘constitutional error of the first magnitude’ ”and may violate the defendant’s
right to a fair trial. State v. Hill, 598 S.W.2d 815, 819 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980) (quoting Davis v.
Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318, 94 S. Ct. 1105, 1111 (1974)). However, we observe that “[t]rial judges
are empowered with great discretion regarding the trial process, including the scope of cross-
examination,” and that such “discretion will not be disturbed unless an abuse” thereof is found. State
v. Williams, 929 S.W.2d 385, 389 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). Additionally, the trial court can, and
often does, impose limits on cross-examination. State v. Reid, 882 S.W.2d 423, 430 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1994).

       Moreover, the right to examine a witness for bias is a fundamental right. State v. Sayles, 49
S.W.3d 275, 279 (Tenn. 2001). It is a fundamental principle of law that an accused has the right to
cross-examine a prosecution witness to impeach the credibility or establish the motive or prejudice
of the witness. This includes the right to cross-examine a prosecution witness regarding any
promises of leniency, promises to help the witness, or any other favorable treatment offered to the
witness. State v. Spurlock, 874 S.W.2d 602, 617 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).




                                                 -18-
         The defendant asserts that the testimony given by Marcia Howard and Richard Carnell was
contradicted on material points by the two separate exhibits and that the jury, if they had the
documents, at the time of testimony would have been more apt to recognize the variations.
Specifically, he refers to Carnell’s “attempt[] to mislead the jury by characterizing an order of
protection as mutual” and both witnesses’ testimony that the victim never exhibited violence during
his life, which the defendant claims was refuted by statements made in the order of protection.

        Review of the record fails to reveal how this implicates the defendant’s right to thoroughly
cross-examine witnesses. From a reading of the transcript, it is apparent that the defense attorney
thoroughly cross-examined both of these witnesses about the order of protection and the victim’s
violent tendencies. In fact, portions of the order were even read aloud by Mr. Carnell. The trial
court did not limit that cross-examination in any way. We cannot conclude that the court’s
procedure of publishing exhibits immediately following a witness’s testimony affected the
defendant’s right to cross-examination in any way, particularly in regard to the witness’s credibility.
Thus, the defendant is entitled to no relief on this issue.

VIII. Cumulative Error

        Finally, the defendant contends that the case should be reversed and remanded based upon
cumulative error. He argues that even if the court finds that each of his other challenged issues does
not rise to the level of prejudicial error, the cumulative effect of all the errors resulted in prejudicial
error to the defendant. However, in light of our previous determination that the defendant’s
individually assigned issues are without merit, his argument of cumulative error is likewise without
merit, and he is entitled to no relief.

                                            CONCLUSION

        Based upon the foregoing, the judgment of conviction is affirmed.




                                                          ___________________________________
                                                            JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE




                                                   -19-
