                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2896-17T3

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

JOSEPH A. BROWN,

     Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________

                    Argued November 18, 2019 – Decided December 10, 2019

                    Before Judges Fasciale and Mitterhoff.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Essex County, Indictment Nos. 16-08-2417,
                    17-04-0900, 17-05-1425, and 17-06-1601.

                    Peter Thomas Blum, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
                    argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
                    Public Defender, attorney; Peter Thomas Blum, of
                    counsel and on the brief).

                    Emily M. M. Pirro, Special Deputy Attorney General/
                    Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for
                    respondent (Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting Essex
                    County Prosecutor, attorney; Frank J. Ducoat, Special
             Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor,
             of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      After pleading guilty, defendant appeals from four counts of second-

degree unlawful possession of a handgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b)(1); one count

fourth-degree resisting arrest, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2(a)(2); one count second-degree

eluding, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2(b); one count third-degree possession of a controlled

dangerous substance (CDS) with intent to distribute, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1);

and five counts of second-degree possession of a firearm while committing a

CDS offense, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4.1(a). Defendant challenges the denial of two

motions to suppress evidence seized at different times: one during a traffic stop;

and the other about six months later, during a foot chase after a drug transaction.

We affirm.

      On appeal, defendant argues:

             POINT I

             THE TWO GUNS FOUND INSIDE THE CONSOLE
             OF [DEFENDANT'S] CAR SHOULD HAVE BEEN
             SUPPRESSED BECAUSE THE PROSECUTOR
             FAILED TO PRESENT ANY EVIDENCE THAT THE
             SEARCHING OFFICER - - WHO DID NOT TESTIFY
             - - HAD ACTED REASONABLY IN BREAKING
             THE CONSOLE TO LOOK INSIDE. U.S. CONST.
             AMENDS. IV, XIV; N.J. CONST. ART. I, PARA. 7.


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                                        2
            POINT II

            THE DENIAL OF SUPPRESSION SHOULD BE
            REVERSED BECAUSE THE PROSECUTOR
            FAILED TO JUSTIFY THE STOP THAT RESULTED
            IN THE DISCOVERY OF THE GUN. U.S. CONST.
            AMENDS. IV, XIV; N.J. CONST. ART. I, PARA. 7.

            A. The Prosecutor Failed to Prove Reasonable
            Suspicion to Justify the Stop in the Absence of Any
            Testimony From The Surveillance Officer and of Any
            Adequately Detailed Hearsay as to What the
            Surveillance Officer Had Observed.

            B. The Suspicionless Stop Was the Proximate Cause
            of [Defendant's] Tossing of the Gun, Requiring It to Be
            Suppressed.

            POINT III

            ALTERNATIVELY, A NEW SUPPRESSION
            HEARING SHOULD OCCUR BECAUSE THE
            HEARING [JUDGE] DEPRIVED [DEFENDANT] OF
            DUE PROCESS BY ACCEPTING UNRELIABLE
            HEARSAY      ABOUT     THE   SURVEILLANCE
            OFFICER'S OBSERVATIONS AND BY NOT
            REQUIRING AN EXPLANATION FOR THAT
            OFFICER'S ABSENCE. U.S. CONST. AMEND. XIV;
            N.J. CONST. ART. I, PARA. 1.

      "[O]n appellate review, a trial [judge's] factual findings in support of

granting or denying a motion to suppress must be upheld when 'those findings

are supported by sufficient credible evidence in the record.'" State v. S.S., 229

N.J. 360, 374 (2017) (quoting State v. Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 424 (2014)). We


                                                                         A-2896-17T3
                                       3
"accord deference to those factual findings because they 'are substantially

influenced by [an] opportunity to hear and see the witnesses and to have the

"feel" of the case, which a reviewing court cannot enjoy.'" State v. Lamb, 218

N.J. 300, 313 (2014) (quoting State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 243 (2007) (citation

omitted)). This court "should not disturb a trial [judge's] factual findings unless

those findings are 'so clearly mistaken that the interests of justice demand

intervention and correction.'" S.S., 229 N.J. at 374 (quoting Gamble, 218 N.J.

at 425). But the trial judge's interpretation of the law and "the consequences

that flow from established facts are not entitled to any special deference."

Gamble, 218 N.J. at 425. Instead, we review legal conclusions de novo. Lamb,

218 N.J. at 313.

                                        A.

      We begin by addressing the denial of defendant's first motion to suppress.

As part of that motion, defendant argued that the judge should have suppressed

two of the handguns seized from defendant's vehicle after police performed a

traffic stop. We conclude that the stop was valid, that probable cause existed,

and that two exceptions to the warrant requirement apply.

      Police stopped the car after they observed it swerve and make a right turn

without signaling. As police approached the car, they detected an odor of


                                                                           A-2896-17T3
                                        4
marijuana. As a result, police ordered the four passengers out of the vehicle,

one by one, and patted them down, starting with defendant and ending with the

front seat passenger. Upon patting down the last passenger, Detective Jose Perez

noticed bullets on the passenger seat in plain view. Detective Perez then called

for backup.

      When the other officer units arrived, Detective Allen noticed⸺in plain

view⸺"the buttocks of a gun . . . protruding from the console of the vehicle."

The detectives placed the four men in handcuffs and called for a crime scene

unit. The crime scene officer took pictures of the inside of the vehicle, including

inside the console, in which the officer noticed two additional handguns. That

officer also discovered a cigar wrapper inside the car, which Detective Perez

said is used to wrap marijuana.

      The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I,

paragraph 7 of the New Jersey Constitution protects individuals from

unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; N.J. Const. art. I,

¶ 7. Warrantless searches are "presumptively unreasonable," and thus, "the State

bears the burden of proving the validity of a warrantless search."        State v.

Cushing, 226 N.J. 187, 199 (2016). Generally, evidence seized in violation of

the warrant requirement must be suppressed. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655


                                                                           A-2896-17T3
                                        5
(1961); In Interest of J.A., 233 N.J. 432, 446 (2018). "To be valid, a warrantless

search must fit into a recognized exception to the warrant requirement."

Cushing, 226 N.J. at 199 (citing State v. Watts, 223 N.J. 503, 513 (2015)).

      The first applicable exception to the warrant requirement—the automobile

exception—authorizes a police officer to conduct a warrantless on-scene search

of a motor vehicle only when police have probable cause to believe the vehicle

contains contraband or evidence of an offense and circumstances giving rise to

this probable cause are "unforeseeable and spontaneous." State v. Witt, 223 N.J.

409, 447 (2015). The judge found, in accordance with Witt, that police had

probable cause to believe that the vehicle contained contraband or evidence of

an offense and that the circumstances giving rise to probable cause were

"unforeseeable and spontaneous." Indeed, the record demonstrates that police

had probable cause to believe the vehicle contained contraband. Moreover, the

judge found that as police pulled defendant over for a motor vehicle violation,

they saw bullets, a handgun, and evidence of marijuana use in plain view.

      The plain view doctrine—the second applicable exception—allows police

to seize contraband without a warrant. State v. Mann, 203 N.J. 328, 341 (2010).

The doctrine has a three-prong test. "First, the police officer must be lawfully

in the viewing area." State v. Bruzzese, 94 N.J. 210, 236 (1983). Second, the


                                                                          A-2896-17T3
                                        6
officer's discovery of the evidence must be "inadvertent[], meaning that he did

not know in advance where evidence was located nor intend[ed] beforehand to

seize it." Bruzzese, 94 N.J. at 236 (internal quotations and citation omitted).

Third, "it has to be immediately apparent to the police that the items in plain

view were evidence of crime, contraband, or otherwise subject to seizure."

Bruzzese, 94 N.J. at 236 (internal quotations and citation omitted). There is no

expectation of privacy in areas visible through windows to a police officer

outside of the vehicle. State v. Reininger, 430 N.J. Super. 517, 534 (App. Div.

2013).

      The judge found Detective Perez credible. At the suppression hearing,

Detective Perez stated that as he approached the rear of the vehicle he "smelled

a strong odor of marijuana coming out of the vehicle." He said that Detective

Allen, the other officer with him, asked defendant who was smoking, and

defendant stated that he "just finished smoking a blunt." The smell of marijuana

itself constitutes probable cause. State v. Vanderveer, 285 N.J. Super. 475, 479

(App. Div. 1995); State v. Rodriguez, 459 N.J. Super. 13, 25 (App. Div. 2019)

(denying suppression of evidence discovered during a warrantless automobile

search because the officer smelled raw marijuana); see also State v. Nishina, 175

N.J. 502, 517-18 (2003) (finding probable cause to search the defendant's


                                                                         A-2896-17T3
                                       7
vehicle where police smelled marijuana on defendant's person, discovered drug

paraphernalia on the defendant's person, and observed in plain view a plastic

bag protruding from the console). The judge noted that the "strong smell of

marijuana" gave probable cause that there was contraband in the vehicle.

      Defendant argues that the guns discovered during the vehicle search

should be suppressed because the officer who broke the console did not testify.

However, Detective Perez's credible testimony established that probable cause

existed. "Probable cause exists where the facts and circumstances within . . .

[the officers'] knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy

information [are] sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution

in the belief that an offense has been or is being committed." Schneider v.

Simonini, 163 N.J. 336, 361 (2000) (alterations in original) (citations and

internal quotations omitted). Detective Perez himself smelled the marijuana that

led to the initial pat down of the passengers. He himself was the one who spotted

the bullet on the front seat, suggesting that there was likely to be more evidence

of illegal activity found in the car. That Detective Perez himself did not conduct

the search that rendered two additional handguns is irrelevant, as he can testify

to the probable cause that led to the search of the automobile.




                                                                          A-2896-17T3
                                        8
                                      B.

      We now turn to the second incident six months later, which led to the

recovery of another gun. On this point, defendant maintains that the police

lacked reasonable suspicion to stop him. Like the earlier suppression motion,

probable cause existed.

      Lieutenant Whitaker responded to complaints of narcotics transactions.

He was conducting surveillance from an "[u]nconventional vehicle" in "plain

clothes," with an arrest team nearby.      Lieutenant Whitaker observed two

individuals, one later identified as defendant, engage in an exchange of money

for CDS. After the exchange of drugs, the other man was approached by police

and dropped an item to the ground, which police seized and identified as heroin.

      Police followed defendant as he walked away. They were in unmarked

vehicles, but wore badges and tactical vests with "POLICE" on the front and

back. The officers exited their vehicle and announced they were police as they

approached defendant, who fled on foot.        Detective James Cosgrove and

Detective Anthony, who were contacted by Lieutenant Whitaker, followed

defendant in their vehicle. They observed defendant reach into his pocket as he

ran. As defendant ran alongside the car, Detectives Cosgrove and Anthony

observed defendant remove a black handgun from either his waistband or jacket,


                                                                        A-2896-17T3
                                       9
and continue to run while holding it in his hand. The detectives then witnessed

defendant throw the gun over a gate and into an alleyway. Police arrested

defendant, searched him incident to arrest, and seized a container of marijuana

from his jacket pocket.

      "[P]olice officers must obtain a warrant . . . before searching a person's

property, unless the search 'falls within one of the recognized exceptions to the

warrant requirement.'" State v. DeLuca, 168 N.J. 626, 631 (2001) (quoting State

v. Cooke, 163 N.J. 657, 664 (2000)). An investigatory stop—like here—is a

valid exception "if it is based on 'specific and articulable facts which, taken

together with rational inferences from those facts,' give rise to a reasonable

suspicion of criminal activity." State v. Rodriguez, 172 N.J. 117, 126-27 (2002)

(quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968)).           The parameters for an

investigatory stop are well-established.

            [A] police officer may conduct an investigatory stop of
            a person if that officer has particularized suspicion
            based upon an objective observation that the person
            stopped has been or is about to engage in criminal
            wrongdoing. The stop must be reasonable and justified
            by articulable facts; it may not be based on arbitrary
            police practices, the officer's subjective good faith, or a
            mere hunch.

            [State v. Coles, 218 N.J. 322, 343 (2014) (internal
            quotations and citations omitted).]


                                                                          A-2896-17T3
                                       10
      The judge found that the officers had probable cause to arrest defendant

based on the observations of Lieutenant Whitaker, who relayed to them that he

witnessed defendant engage in a narcotics transaction. Detective Cosgrove

testified that "[Lieutenant Whitaker] gave [officers] information regarding:

[defendant], physical description, clothing description, height, weight, where

he's positioned." The judge noted that "[a]t the very least, the officers had

reasonable suspicion sufficient to stop and question [defendant], which ripens

into probable cause on its own when [defendant] begins to flee after the officers

announce themselves."

      As Detective Cosgrove followed defendant, he witnessed him "remove[]

a black semiautomatic handgun from either his jacket or his waistband area,

which [he] could then clearly see. And [defendant] continued running towards

the house . . . with the gun in his hand." He saw defendant throw his gun over

the gate.   The judge emphasized that Detective Cosgrove's observations

"provide[d] more than sufficient context for the officers to determine that

[defendant] was involved in criminal activity."

      Detective Cosgrove testified that he personally saw defendant flee after

defendant saw the police, adding weight to the already existing reasonable

articulable suspicion. See State v. Citarella, 154 N.J. 272, 281 (1998). He


                                                                         A-2896-17T3
                                      11
observed defendant throw the gun over a fence, certainly giving him reasonable

suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop.       Detective Cosgrove also gave

detailed testimony describing the events of the stop, which was corroborated by

video testimony.

                                        C.

      Finally, defendant argues that his due process rights were violated because

the judge relied on hearsay at a suppression hearing, specifically, that Detective

Cosgrove testified to what Lieutenant Whitaker observed. We need not address

this issue because defendant failed to raise a hearsay objection at the suppression

hearing. State v. Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 19 (2009); see also Nieder v. Royal

Indem. Ins. Co., 62 N.J. 229, 234 (1973). Nevertheless, we make these brief

remarks.

      N.J.R.E. 101(a)(2)(E) provides that at a suppression hearing, the rules of

evidence "may be relaxed . . . to admit relevant and trustworthy evidence . . .

[during] proceedings to determine the admissibility of evidence[.]" The New

Jersey Supreme Court has emphasized that "hearsay is permissible in

suppression hearings[.]" Watts, 223 N.J. at 519 n.4; see also State v. Gibson,

429 N.J. Super. 456, 466 (App. Div. 2013) (noting that suppression hearings

"may include evidence inadmissible in the trial on the merits," and that "[t]he


                                                                           A-2896-17T3
                                       12
Rules of Evidence do not apply in the suppression hearing, except as to N.J.R.E .

403 and claims of privilege").

      In State v. Williams, 404 N.J. Super. 147, 171 (App. Div. 2008), this court

concluded that the defendant could not invoke his Sixth Amendment right to

challenge the admission of hearsay during a suppression hearing because the

right was "inapplicable" to the proceeding. See United States v. Raddatz, 447

U.S. 667, 679 (1980) (emphasizing that "the process due at a suppression

hearing may be less demanding and elaborate than the protections accorded the

defendant at the trial itself").   Indeed, Detective Cosgrove's testimony was

sufficiently reliable. Lieutenant Whitaker, the declarant, made the statements

to his fellow police officers in the course of a narcotics investigation. Lieutenant

Whitaker made the statements voluntarily during an investigation. He relayed

what he observed, which was corroborated by the video, the heroin found on the

buyer, and defendant's possession of marijuana and a weapon.

      Affirmed.




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                                        13
