                           NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                               No. 111,843

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                           STATE OF KANSAS,
                                               Appellee,

                                                     v.

                                       GORDON R. BARNES, JR.,
                                            Appellant.


                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; BENJAMIN L. BURGESS, judge. Opinion filed January 22,
2016. Affirmed.


        Carl F.A. Maughan, of Maughan Law Group LC, of Wichita, was on the brief for appellant.


        Lance J. Gillett, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, were on the brief for appellee.


        JOHNSON, J.: Gordon R. Barnes, Jr., appeals the district court's summary denial of
his pro se motion to correct an illegal sentence. Barnes purports to raise the single issue
on appeal that the district court erred in summarily denying his motion, albeit he makes
three arguments in support of this issue: (1) Under K.S.A. 22-3504, the district court did
not have the authority to summarily deny his motion, notwithstanding this court's holding
in State v. Duke, 263 Kan. 193, 195-96, 946 P.2d 1375 (1997); (2) on the merits, his
sentence is illegal because a defective complaint deprived the sentencing court of
jurisdiction to impose the sentence; and (3) in the alternative, the district court should
have liberally construed his motion as a K.S.A. 60-1507 action intimating a claim of

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ineffective assistance of counsel. We reject all three arguments and affirm the district
court.


                              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW

         In May 1995, Barnes and his codefendant, Kristy Wilson, were charged with one
count of first-degree premeditated murder and one count of aggravated kidnapping. The
aggravated kidnapping count in the complaint stated, in relevant part:


         "GORDON R. BARNES, JR. and KRISTY L. WILSON, did then and there unlawfully,
         intentionally, take or confine a person, to-wit: Roger W. Santo, Jr., accomplished by
         deception, with the intent to hold Roger W. Santo to facilitate the commission of a crime,
         to-wit: First Degree Murder, and did inflict bodily harm upon the person of Roger W.
         Santo."


         Barnes was convicted of both counts and given a hard 40 life sentence for the
murder conviction and a consecutive 178 months for the aggravated kidnapping charge.
In his direct appeal, Barnes challenged the constitutionality of the competency statutes;
the district court's determination that he was competent to stand trial; the refusal to
instruct on self-defense; and the failure to consider mitigation evidence at sentencing.
State v. Barnes, 263 Kan. 249, 262-67, 948 P.2d 627 (1997). This court affirmed Barnes'
convictions and sentences. 263 Kan. at 269.


         Many years later, on April 1, 2013, Barnes filed a pro se motion to correct an
illegal sentence, along with a motion for appointment of counsel. The motion to correct
an illegal sentence argued that the district court was without jurisdiction to sentence him
on the aggravated kidnapping charge because that count in the complaint was defective.
Barnes argued that the trial evidence indicated that he "set in motion the acts that [were]
committed by Kristy L. Wilson but [Barnes] never deceived the victim in any manner."
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Therefore, he argued, the district court was without jurisdiction to convict him of
aggravated kidnapping because the complaint does not state what acts he undertook to
facilitate the aggravated kidnapping and the complaint did not charge him as an aider and
abettor or coconspirator. Barnes' motion for appointment of counsel alleged that he was
in need of an attorney to cross-examine witnesses and because of the complexity of the
issues.


          The State's response to the motion to correct an illegal sentence asserted that our
decision in Duke authorized the district court to summarily deny Barnes' motion if it was
without merit. The State argued that summary denial was appropriate because Barnes was
attempting to collaterally attack his underlying aggravated kidnapping conviction, rather
than to correct an illegal sentence.


          The district court agreed. It determined that Duke permitted a summary denial;
that Barnes was seeking to use the motion to correct an illegal sentence statute, K.S.A.
22-3504, as a vehicle for a collateral attack on a conviction; and that relief from a
conviction is not available under that statute, making summary denial appropriate.


          Barnes filed a direct appeal to this court, which has jurisdiction pursuant to K.S.A.
2014 Supp. 22-3601(b)(3). See State v. Pennington, 288 Kan. 599, 599, 205 P.3d 741
(2009) (jurisdiction over appeal of motion to correct illegal sentence lies with court that
had jurisdiction to hear original appeal).


              SUMMARY DENIAL OF MOTION TO CORRECT AN ILLEGAL SENTENCE

Standard of Review

          Our review of the issue raised and all arguments asserted by Barnes in support
thereof is de novo. See Makthepharak v. State, 298 Kan. 573, 575, 577, 314 P.3d 876
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(2013) (determination of whether statutory interpretation should be changed is reviewed
de novo; appellate court reviews district court's summary denial of motion to correct
illegal sentence de novo).


Analysis

       Barnes makes the now-familiar argument that the plain language of K.S.A. 22-
3504 does not contemplate a summary denial by the district court. Rather, the statute
provides that "[t]he defendant shall have a right to a hearing" and "to be personally
present and to have the assistance of counsel in any proceeding for the correction of an
illegal sentence." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 22-3504(1).


       While a plain-language-of-the-statute argument can be seductive, it is contrary to
decades of precedent in this case. See Makthepharak, 298 Kan. at 576 ("For more than 20
years we have instructed district courts considering a motion to correct an illegal sentence
to conduct an initial examination of the motion."). We have clearly said that if an initial
examination of the motion, files, and records of the case conclusively shows that the
movant is not entitled to relief, the district court can dismiss the motion without a hearing
or the appointment of counsel. Makthepharak, 298 Kan. at 576 (citing State v. Jones, 292
Kan. 910, 913, 257 P.3d 268 [2011]); accord Duke, 263 Kan. at 195-96 (preliminary
treatment of motion to correct illegal sentence intended to be the same as a K.S.A. 60-
1507 motion).


       Barnes concedes Duke and its progeny allows a district court to hold a preliminary
examination of a motion to correct illegal sentence without conducting a hearing with
appointed counsel. But he urges this court to reconsider Duke for public policy reasons.
This court has consistently declined to accept that invitation. See Makthepharak, 298
Kan. 573, Syl. ¶ 11; State v. Sims, 294 Kan. 821, Syl. ¶ 2, 280 P.3d 780 (2012); State v.

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Conley, 287 Kan. 696, Syl. ¶ 2, 197 P.3d 837 (2008); State v. Hoge, 283 Kan. 219, 223-
24, 150 P.3d 905 (2007); State v. Edwards, 281 Kan. 1334, 1342-43, 135 P.3d 1251
(2006); State v. Hall, No. 110,118, 2015 WL 1513941 (Kan. 2015) (unpublished
opinion); State v. Timley, No. 103,039, 2011 WL 430567, at *2 (Kan. 2011) (unpublished
opinion); State v. May, No. 98,708, 2009 WL 242412, at *2 (Kan. 2009); State v. Foster,
No. 98,014, 2009 WL 395125 (Kan. 2009) (unpublished opinion); State v. Fields, No.
97,292, 2008 WL 307680, at *1 (Kan. 2008) (unpublished opinion); State v. Simmons,
No. 95,096, 2007 WL 316788, at *3 (Kan. 2007) (unpublished opinion); State v. Clark,
No. 95,163, 2007 WL 1239217, at *2 (Kan. 2007) (unpublished opinion).


       Nothing presented here compels a different result. Accordingly, we move on to the
question of whether the motion, files, and records in this case conclusively showed the
district court that Barnes was not entitled to relief.


       Barnes contends that he raised a "significant issue of law" when he alleged that the
failure of the charging document to allege that he committed aggravated kidnapping as an
aider and abettor or coconspirator deprived the district court of jurisdiction to sentence
him for that crime. That contention is procedurally and legally infirm.


       Procedurally, we have clearly and explicitly held that a motion to correct an illegal
sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504 cannot be used to present a defective complaint claim.
State v. Trotter, 296 Kan. 898, 904, 295 P.3d 1039 (2013). A defective complaint claim
challenges the bona fides of the conviction, rather than the legality of the resulting
sentence. Barnes does not explain why we should find in his favor in the face of contrary
authority. Cf. State v. Tague, 296 Kan. 993, 1001, 298 P.3d 273 (2013) (failure to explain
argument akin to failure to brief the issue).




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       Legally, we have held that aiding and abetting is not a separate crime but rather a
theory of culpability for the crime. Therefore, a complaint is not defective, much less
jurisdictionally defective, for failing to separately charge aiding and abetting. See State v.
Williams, 299 Kan. 509, 533, 324 P.3d 1078 (2014). In short, Barnes loses on the merits
of his claim.


       Finally, Barnes tries to salvage his motion by arguing that the district court should
have converted his motion to correct an illegal sentence into a motion under K.S.A. 60-
1507. He contends that, although the motion explicitly alleged that the complaint was
defective, the substance of the allegations pointed toward a complaint that was overbroad,
which should have caused the district court to surmise that the real problem was
ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to file a motion to arrest judgment.
Alternatively, Barnes argues that his motion suggested that the evidence failed to
establish the crime of aggravated kidnapping, which should have suggested to the district
court that there was "ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to properly present the
issue to the jury."


       First, Barnes asks for the liberal construction rule to do too much. His motion
clearly and plainly made a very specific argument, i.e., the complaint was defective for
failing to charge him as an aider and abettor in the aggravated kidnapping. There were no
arguments or allegations in the motion that were amenable to interpretation as an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. What Barnes wants is a reformulation of his
pleading by the courts. Neither the district court nor this court is required, or even
permitted, to formulate a new cause of action with new issues for pro se defendants. See
State v. Gilbert, 299 Kan. 797, 798, 326 P.3d 1060 (2014) ("Liberal rules of construction
cannot transform the reality of a pleading's content or the arguments being advanced,
even when a litigant is pro se.").


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       Further, even if we were to consider the motion under K.S.A. 60-1507, it would be
denied as untimely. See K.S.A. 60-1507(f) (Motion must be brought within 1 year after
appellate court's final order, unless time limitation is extended to prevent a manifest
injustice.). Even now, Barnes proffers no reason why the 60-1507(f) time limitation
should be extended, and we can discern no such manifest injustice. In sum, switching
statutory provisions from K.S.A. 22-3504 to K.S.A. 60-1507 does not save the day for
Barnes.


       Affirmed.




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