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                                              OPINION

                                          No. 04-08-00277-CV

                                  Enrique F. BENAVIDES, Jr., M.D.,
                                              Appellant

                                                   v.

                                     Jorge R. GARCIA,
     Individually And As Legal Representative Of The Estate Of Annabel De Jesus Garcia;
                  And Jorge R. Garcia As Next Friend Of Ana Victoria Garcia,
                                          Appellees

                        From the 49th Judicial District Court, Webb County, Texas
                                 Trial Court No. 2007-CVQ-000599-D1
                               Honorable Jose A. Lopez, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:       Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

Sitting:          Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
                  Karen Angelini, Justice
                  Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice

Delivered and Filed: January 7, 2009

AFFIRMED

           This is an appeal from the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion to dismiss appellees’

health care claim on the grounds that (1) the expert report was not authored by a qualified expert and

(2) the report does not set out the causal connection between the alleged breach and the alleged

injury. We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to dismiss and

we affirm.
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                                         BACKGROUND

       In the underlying obstetrics malpractice lawsuit, appellee, Jorge Garcia, alleged appellant

misdiagnosed his wife, Annabel de Jesus Garcia, with gestational hypertension, although she actually

suffered from preeclampsia which led to her cardiac arrest and ultimate death as well as the fetal

distress suffered by her daughter, Ana Victoria Garcia. On behalf of himself, his wife’s estate, and

his daughter, Garcia later sued Laredo Womens’ Center (“LWC”) and appellant, Dr. Enrique F.

Benavides, Jr. who was Annabel’s gynecologist and obstetrician.

       Garcia timely served Benavides and LWC with an expert report pursuant to Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code section 74.351. Benavides and LWC objected to the report and moved

to dismiss on the grounds that Garcia’s expert was not qualified and the report failed to set forth the

standard of care, identify any breach of the standard of care, and establish causation. The trial court

granted a dismissal in favor of LWC, but allowed Garcia an extension of time to file an amended

report as to Benavides.

       Garcia served Benavides with an amended expert report. Benavides again objected and

moved for dismissal on the grounds that Garcia’s expert was not qualified and the report failed to

identify and explain a causal link between any alleged breach of the standard of care and the alleged

injuries. After a hearing on the objections, the trial court denied Benavides’s motion to dismiss and

this appeal ensued.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss a case under section 74.351(l) for an

abuse of discretion. See Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 875


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(Tex. 2001). A trial court abuses its discretion if its decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, and without

reference to any guiding rules and principles. See Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701

S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex. 1985).

                                   EXPERT QUALIFICATION

        Benavides asserts Garcia’s expert, Dr. Vernie D. Bodden, is not qualified to render an

opinion regarding the standard of care because (1) Dr. Bodden does not state in his report or

curriculum vitae that he is so qualified, and (2) Dr. Bodden is not “actively practicing medicine in

rendering medical care services relevant to the claim either at the time of his report or at the time of

the care and treatment made the basis of the underlying lawsuit.” In his report, Dr. Bodden states

his qualifications as follows:

        . . . I am presently practicing Locum Tenens Obstetrics and Gynecology. I am a
        board certified OB-GYN who conducted an active practice in Dallas, Texas for 28
        years. During that time I was involved in resident training at both Baylor University
        Medical Center and Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas. I also participated in resident
        training for three years at Parkland Memorial Hospital during the early years of my
        practice. As a board certified Obstetrician and Gynecologist I have been trained to
        manage “high risk” pregnancies that, at times requires the consultation of a
        perinatologist (maternal-fetal medicine specialist). During the last few years of my
        private practice I had the opportunity to perform the in-hospital admission,
        management, and delivery of “high-risk” pregnancies for one of the perinatal groups
        (maternal-fetal medicine) at Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas.

        A person may qualify as an expert witness on whether a physician departed from the standard

of care only if that person: (1) is a physician who is practicing medicine at the time such testimony

is given or was practicing medicine at the time the claim arose; (2) has knowledge of the accepted

standards of care involved in the case; and (3) is qualified on the basis of training or experience to

offer an expert opinion regarding those accepted standards of medical care. TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM .


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CODE ANN . § 74.401(a) (Vernon 2005). In addition, the court must consider whether, at the time

the claim arose or at the time the testimony is given, the witness is board certified or has other

substantial training or experience in an area of medical practice relevant to the claim, and is actively

participating in rendering medical care relevant to the claim. Id. at § 74.401(c).

        Nothing in section 74.401 supports Benavides’s contention that a locum tenens physician is

unqualified to render an expert opinion. The term “locum tenens” is defined as a “[p]hysician who

substitutes for another temporarily.” TABER’S CYCLOPEDIC MEDICAL DICTIONARY L-38 (10th ed.

1965); see also BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 959 (8th ed. 2004) (defining term as “A deputy; a

substitute; a representative.”). Section 74.401 does not exclude locum tenens physicians from acting

as experts, nor does it limit experts to only those physicians engaged in “private practice.” Instead,

for purposes of section 74.401, “‘practicing medicine’ or ‘medical practice’ includes, but is not

limited to, training residents or students at an accredited school of medicine or osteopathy or serving

as a consulting physician to other physicians who provide direct patient care, upon the request of

such other physicians.” TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.401(b). We believe allowing a

locum tenens physician to act as an expert is not inconsistent with allowing consultants and teachers

to act as experts.

        Dr. Bodden’s report and curriculum vitae demonstrate he is a licensed and board certified

physician practicing medicine during the requisite time period; he has knowledge of accepted

standards of care for the diagnosis, cure, or treatment of the illness or condition involved in the

underlying claim; and he has had the opportunity to manage “high risk” pregnancies such as

Annabel’s. Based on Dr. Bodden’s report and curriculum vitae, we conclude the trial court did not


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abuse its discretion in determining he qualified as an expert on whether Benavides departed from the

standard of care and on the issue of causation.

                                           CAUSAL LINK

        Benavides next asserts Dr. Bodden’s report did not establish a causal link because Dr.

Bodden only speculated as to what might have happened if Annabel had been hospitalized earlier

in her pregnancy. Benavides contends Dr. Bodden’s opinion that Annabel’s preclampsia would have

been treated and it is more likely than not that she would not have died had Benavides hospitalized

her is based not on any facts, but on mere conjecture. Benavides also contends Dr. Bodden’s report

does not address the infant’s injuries; therefore, the report is not sufficient to establish causation as

to the child’s injuries. We disagree with Benavides’ contentions.

        A plaintiff who brings a health care liability claim is required to file an expert report that

contains “a fair summary of the expert’s opinions as of the date of the report regarding applicable

standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered by the physician or health care provider

failed to meet the standards, and the causal relationship between that failure and the injury, harm,

or damages claimed.” See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351(r)(6) (Vernon Supp. 2008);

see also Tovar v. Methodist Healthcare Sys. of San Antonio, 185 S.W.3d 65, 67 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2005, pet. denied).

        If the report does not constitute a good faith effort to comply with the statutory requirements,

then the trial court shall dismiss the lawsuit. TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351(b)(2).

In determining whether the expert report constitutes a good faith effort, we look no further than the

report itself. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878 (the only information relevant to the inquiry is within “the


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four corners” of the report). The report need not marshal all of the plaintiff’s proof; however, it must

include the expert’s opinion on each of the elements identified in the statute: standard of care,

breach, and causation. Id. at 878; Tovar, 185 S.W.3d at 68. A plaintiff need not present evidence

in the report as if it were actually litigating the merits. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879. The report can

be informal in that the information in the report does not have to meet the same requirement as the

evidence offered in a summary judgment proceeding or at trial. Id. On the other hand, the expert

must explain the basis of his statements to link his conclusions to the facts. Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v.

Wright,79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002).

        Annabel Garcia was thirty years old, obese, and a type II diabetic. In his report, Dr. Bodden

tracked Annabel’s treatment by Benavides, beginning with her initial visit on May 4, 2006. At this

time, Annabel was seven weeks pregnant, she weighed 207 pounds, her blood pressure was 132/70,

and she had a 1+ proteninuria.1 Dr. Bodden noted she was recognized as deserving a “high risk”

status. Over the next three months, Annabel gained twelve pounds, which was within normal limits,

and she maintained normal blood pressure with no significant proteinuria. On August 24, 2006,

Annabel’s blood pressure was 126/86, she had a 2+ proteinuria, and no lab tests or precautions were

documented. On September 11, 2006, Annabel’s blood pressure was 140/88, she had a 3+

proteinuria, and no lab tests or precautions were documented. On September 26, 2006, Annabel’s

blood pressure was 140/90 to 144/82, she had a 4+ proteinuria, and no lab tests or precautions were

documented. In his review of the medical records, Dr. Bodden noted that “despite the significant

proteinuria and abnormal blood pressure no other tests were ordered, no discussion with the patient

        1
          … Proteinuria is defined as “[p]rotein, usually albumin, in the urine.” T ABER ’S C YCLOPEDIC M EDICAL
D ICTION ARY P-111.

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was documented, and no concerns were expressed.” Dr. Bodden stated Annabel “continued to

demonstrate significant proteinuria and finally developed abnormal blood pressure of 140/90 on

9/26/06. The standard of care would require a diagnosis of preeclampsia. The clinical picture was

beginning to unfold and standard measures of evaluation were neglected.”

       By October 3, 2006 Annabel had gained five pounds over a one-week period, her blood

pressure was 148/90, she had a 1+ proteinuria, and she complained of decreased fetal movement.

On October 9, 2006, Annabel presented to Benavides’s office with “sinus symptoms,” her blood

pressure was 180/98, she had gained four pounds since her last visit, and she had a 4+ proteinuria.

Benavides started Annabel on twice-daily blood pressure medication, and three days later her blood

pressure was 132/76, she had a 1+ proteinuria, and a one-pound weight gain. A test of the amniotic

fluid was normal and there was normal fetal growth with no obvious abnormalities.

       On October 10, 2006, Annabel returned to Benavides with a six-pound weight gain over four

days, her blood pressure was 160/98, and she had a 4+ proteinuria. On October 26, 2006, she

presented with a cough attributed to her allergies, her blood pressure was 148/100, and she had a 4+

proteinuria. By October 30, 2006, Annabel had gained another six pounds, she had a persistent

cough, and her blood pressure was 136/80. By November 9, 2006, she was complaining of vomiting

and feeling “hot inside her abdomen.” However, no other instructions or concerns were documented.

Annabel did not again return to Benavides’s office.

       Instead, on November 13, 2006, Annabel presented to Doctor’s Hospital of Laredo

complaining of contractions and back pain, she was coughing foamy sputum, and she experienced

what was described as a seizure. Annabel went into cardiopulmonary arrest, a known complication


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of preclampsia and eclampsia, and resuscitation efforts resulted in a “poor response.” Dr. Bodden’s

report continues: “[t]he physician in charge of the resuscitation attempts felt that delivery of the baby

was indicated due to the likelihood that the mother was not going to survive. Cardiopulmonary

resuscitation was continued throughout the emergency cesarean section and Mrs. Garcia was

declared dead after the operation.”

        In his report on causation, Dr. Bodden repeatedly states that Benavides’s failure to follow the

standard of care was a direct and proximate cause of Annabel’s severe untreated preeclampsia,

eclampsia, and death from cardiorespiratory arrest, as well as the “traumatic delivery of the infant

Ana Victoria Garcia.” Dr. Bodden stated that “Mrs. Garcia and her baby tolerated months of

preeclamptic stress. In Mrs. Garcia’s case the condition progressed slowly allowing her physician

multiple opportunities to make the right decision.          As stated previously the only cure for

preeclampsia is delivery.”

        When read in isolation, Dr. Bodden’s opinion appears to be conclusory; however, the trial

court was permitted to read the causation section in the context of the entire report. See Cooper v.

Arizpe, No. 04-07-00734-CV, 2008 WL 940490, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 9, 2008, no

pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Dr. Bodden stated that on September 26, the

standard of care required a diagnosis of preeclampsia. On October 9, the standard of care required

a diagnosis of severe preeclampsia and that Annabel be admitted to the hospital for the complete

evaluation and surveillance of both mother and fetus. Dr. Bodden continued:

                . . . A consultation with a maternal-fetal medicine specialist or a phone call
        to the nearest tertiary center would have been appropriate. Instead, Dr. Benavides
        chose to treat Mrs. Garcia with antihypertensive medication. This medication may
        have lowered her blood pressure but it did not alter the pathophysiologic changes of

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       preeclampsia. There are physicians who treat severe preeclampsia conservatively;
       however, this therapy is considered controversial and MUST be carried out in a
       tertiary perinatal center. This allows for daily fetal biophysical profiles, blood
       pressures every 4-6 hours, complete blood count and platelet count daily, liver
       function studies every 3-4 days, and immediate attention to the patient’s complaints.
       The condition of a patient with preeclampsia can change over a matter of hours with
       catastrophic results as it did in this case. Close surveillance is mandatory. Dr.
       Benavides failed to diagnose preeclampsia, failed to obtain the required testing that
       would have guided further treatment, and failed to admit Mrs. Garcia to the hospital
       for close observation and treatment.

               Because Dr. Benavides did not diagnose severe preeclampsia and admit Mrs.
       Garcia to a hospital on 10/09/06 she did not receive the care that a patient in similar
       circumstances would normally receive, as outlined above, from a reasonably prudent
       physician. Had Mrs. Garcia been admitted to hospital on 10/09/06 it is more likely
       than not that changes in her medical condition would have been detected well prior
       to the development of eclampsia and cardiorespiratory arrest. The failure of Dr.
       Benavides to follow the standard of care was a direct and proximate cause of Mrs.
       Garcia’s developing severe untreated preeclampsia, and death from cardiorespiratory
       arrest.

       Dr. Bodden then examined the repercussions of Dr. Benavides’s failure to follow the standard

of care on November 9, 2006:

               . . . After 9/26/06 Mrs. Garcia began gaining weight at a significant rate. Her
       4+ proteinuria persisted and mild liver enzyme elevations were documented. The
       standard of care would have required in-hospital evaluation and observation. The
       “cough” that was attributed to sinus problems was, in all medical probability more
       likely than not the first sign of pulmonary edema. . . . A prudent conservative and
       concerned OB-GYN would have taken the entire clinical picture into consideration.
       After all it was agreed that Mrs. Garcia was a high-risk pregnancy and as such at risk
       for the problems previously discussed. The standard of care required that Dr.
       Benavides admit Mrs. Garcia to a hospital once she demonstrated signs and
       symptoms of preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia. Had Mrs. Garcia been admitted
       to the hospital on 11/09/06 it is more likely than not that changes in her medical
       condition would have been detected and reported to the physician well prior to the
       development of eclampsia and cardiorespiratory arrest. The failure of Dr. Benavides
       to follow the standard of care was a direct and proximate cause of Mrs. Garcia’s
       developing severe untreated preeclampsia, eclampsia and death from
       cardiorespiratory arrest.


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                                              ...

               Mrs. Garcia was demonstrating signs of impending problems from 9/11/06
       till the time of her last visit on 11/9/06. The medical evidence in this case
       overwhelmingly supports the diagnosis of preeclampsia and eclampsia and it is more
       likely than not that Mrs. Garcia’s death could have been avoided by admission to a
       hospital and an early delivery, but for the failure of Dr. Benavides to follow the
       standard of care it is more likely than not that Mrs. Garcia would have survived.
       Mrs. Garcia gave her physician two months to make a decision. Because Dr.
       Benavides failed to follow the standard of care Mrs. Garcia and her infant . . .
       suffered continued stress from the pathophysiologic changes of preeclampsia which
       continued untreated and unevaluated for months prior to her death that resulted
       directly from the manifestations of preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia, and
       eclampsia.

                . . . Had Mrs. Garcia been admitted to the hospital, in all medical probability
       it is more likely than not that her blood pressure would have improved with bed rest
       or if it worsened it would have been detected and appropriately addressed. It is also
       more likely than not that abnormal fetal biophysical changes, or laboratory studies
       would have been detected while under close observation in hospital. Maternal
       symptoms and vital signs would have been documented and ominous findings
       addressed. In essence the physician would have been better able to evaluate Mrs.
       Garcia, prevent eclampsia from occurring and justify the need for a premature
       delivery.

               At the time of Mrs. Garcia’s last two prenatal visits on 11/06/06 and 11/09/06
       she was 33.4 and 34 weeks pregnant respectively . . . . Delivery at this gestational
       age is associated with a greater than 98% survival and deterioration of the maternal
       and fetal condition could have been avoided. . . . Had the standard of care been non-
       negligently performed and had Dr. Benavides admitted Mrs. Garcia to the hospital
       on 11/06/06 or 11/09/06 and effected an elective delivery of the infant, which is the
       only cure for preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia, in all medical probability Mrs.
       Garcia would have survived and her infant would not have suffered prolonged anoxia
       and other injuries previously noted, due to the cardiopulmonary arrest and
       resuscitation. But for the failure of Dr. Benavides to follow the standard of care it
       is more likely than not that Mrs. Garcia would have survived.

       As to the standard of care and the issue of causation regarding the injuries suffered by the

infant, Dr. Bodden stated as follows:



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                 . . . Further, the failure to treat preeclampsia and limit the fetal stressors
         resulted in prolonged fetal stress and culminated in a traumatic delivery of the infant
         Ana Victoria Garcia. Ana Victoria suffered cardiorespiratory depression at birth,
         respiratory syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation, sepsis requiring intravenous
         antibiotics and vasopressors, neonatal seizures, hypocalcemia, poor feeding and
         suspected global neurological deficit. . . . Later testing revealed a grade II
         intraventricular brain hemorrhage. These injuries sustained by Ana Victoria Garcia
         were the direct and proximate result of Dr. Benavides’s failure to follow the standard
         of care by failing to diagnose preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia when Annabel
         Garcia met the criteria for that diagnosis.

         We conclude Dr. Bodden links his conclusion that Benavides breached the standard of care

by failing to diagnose preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia and by failing to timely admit Annabel

to the hospital to his conclusion that these breaches of the standard of care led to Annabel’s severe

untreated preeclampsia, eclampsia and death from cardiorespiratory arrest, as well as the traumatic

delivery and injuries sustained by Ana Victoria. Dr. Bodden explained the medical basis for his

opinion that, if Benavides had not repeatedly breached the standard of care, “in all medical

probability Mrs. Garcia would have survived and her infant would not have suffered prolonged

anoxia and other injuries . . ., due to the cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation.” We conclude

Dr. Bodden’s report put Benavides on notice of the complained-of conduct and provides a sufficient

basis for the trial court to conclude that Garcia’s claims against Benavides have merit. Therefore,

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Benavides’s motion to dismiss.

                                                  CONCLUSION

         We affirm the trial court’s judgment.2

                                                                 Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice


         2
          … W e decline to address Benavides’s issue regarding his entitlement to attorney’s fees under section 74.351(b)
because it is rendered moot by our disposition of this appeal. T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.

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