                                                                                       FILED
                                                                              COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                    DR1y' ES! ON T

                                                                             201 L SEP - 3    Al'i 3: 2

                                                                             STATE OF liVASHNGTON
                                                                              RY
                                                                                      D PUTY

       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                              DIVISION II

    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                                 No. 43785 -6 -II


                                     Respondent,


           v.



 DONTRAIL MONIQUE LATHAM,                                            PUBLISHED OPINION


                                     Appellant.


          WORSWICK, J. —       Dontrail Latham appeals his life sentence, imposed pursuant to the


Persistent Offender Accountability Act (POAA).1 Latham argues that he does not qualify as a

    persistent offender" because his two Nevada offenses, a guilty plea to battery with " substantial

bodily harm" and an Alford2 plea to voluntary manslaughter, are not comparable to Washington

State'   s " most serious offenses."   Because neither of the two Nevada offenses is comparable to


any of Washington State' s most serious offenses raised by the State on appeal or relied on by the

trial court, we reverse Latham' s sentence and remand for resentencing.




1 RCW 9. 94A.570.

2
    North Carolina   v.   Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 ( 1970).
No. 43785 -6 -II



                                                              FACTS


A.             Guilty Plea to Battery With Substantial Bodily Harm

               In 2003 in Nevada, Latham pleaded guilty to battery with substantial bodily harm,3 " as
more      fully   alleged       in the [ information] attached,"     for acts occurring on October 7, 2003. Exhibit

14   at   1.    The information stated in part:


               Latham ...   wilfully, unlawfully, and feloniously use[ d] force or violence upon the
                victim] by punching the [ victim] about the body numerous times, resulting in
               substantial bodily harm to the [ victim].

Exhibit 14        at    7 -8.   At the plea colloquy, Latham gave the following explanation of his conduct:

               The Court: What did you do on or about October 7th that caused you to plead guilty
               to the crime of battery with substantial battery [ sic] harm?
               Latham] :        I hit [ the victim] .
               The Court: That resulted in substantial bodily harm to the victim?
                Latham] :       Yes, your honor.


Exhibit 13 at 9.


B.             Alford Plea to Voluntary Manslaughter
                                                                                                                    4"
               Later,   also    in Nevada, Latham       entered an   Alford   plea   to voluntary   manslaughter,        as




more fully alleged in the [ information] attached" for acts occurring on October 7, 2008. Exhibit

18   at   1.    The information stated in part:


               Latham ...    without authority of law, wilfully, unlawfully, and feloniously, without
               malice and without    deliberation kill[ ed] [ the victim], a human being, by [ Latham]

               causing a blunt force trauma to the head of the [ victim] by striking the [ victim] with
               his fist and /or an unknown object and /or by causing [the victim' s] head to strike the
               ground and /or unknown object and /or by an unknown manner, said act of [Latham]
               being the result of a sudden heat of irresistible passion caused by a provocation of
               the [ victim].




3
    Former NEV. REV. STAT. § 200. 481 ( 2003).

4
    NEV. REV. STAT. § 200. 040.
No. 43785 -6 -II



Exhibit 18 at 8. Due to inaudible portions, the plea colloquy record is incomplete:

       Judge: (                 I want you to listen now to the facts that are going to be
                      Inaudible).
       put on the record by the State, okay?
        Latham] :     All right.
       Prosecutor: Thank     you,    Judge.... [        Latham]       and   the   named victim ...   met for a
       drug   transaction.   They went into an alley and during the process of the drug
       transaction,   Mr. Latham      got   into   a   fight   with [ the victim].      In the process of the
       fight, Mr. Latham did in fact kill [the victim] through force of violence willfully,
       feloniously, and without malice of forethought, deliberation, ( inaudible). [ The
       victim] died as a result of (inaudible).


       Judge:         Did you hear that factual basis put on the record by the State, sir?
        Latham]:      Yes, I have.
       Judge:         You' re not contesting those facts, are you?
        Latham] :     No.


3B Verbatim Report of Proceedings at 689 -90.


C.      Conviction and Sentence for Second Degree Assault


       In Washington State, a jury found Latham guilty of second degree assault,5 for acts
committed on    October 27, 2011. The trial court ruled Latham to be a persistent offender, based


on the Washington offense and the two prior Nevada convictions, and imposed the POAA' s


mandatory life sentence. The trial court considered the Nevada informations, the plea

agreements, the judgments of conviction, and the plea colloquy records. The trial court ruled

both Nevada   offenses comparable       to Washington'             s most serious offenses.   Specifically, the trial

court ruled Nevada' s battery with substantial bodily harm both legally and factually comparable

to Washington' s second degree assault, and Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter legally

comparable to Washington' s second degree murder. Latham challenged both offenses'


comparability below. Latham now appeals.


5 RCW 9A.36. 021.



                                                               3
No. 43785 -6 -II



                                                          ANALYSIS


         The POAA states that a persistent offender shall be sentenced to life imprisonment


without the possibility of release. RCW 9. 94A.570. A defendant is a persistent offender if he or

she has been convicted in Washington of a most serious offense, and has on at least two other


prior occasions been convicted of a most serious offense in this or any other state. RCW

9. 94A. 030( 37)(   a).     Washington' s        most serious offenses   include ( 1) any Class A   felony, ( 2)

second   degree    assault, ( 3)      first degree manslaughter, and ( 4) second degree manslaughter. RCW


9. 94A. 030( 32)(   a), (   b), ( k), (1).    We review de novo whether an offense may be classified as a

most serious offense.            State   v.   Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d 409, 414, 158 P. 3d 580 ( 2007); State v.


Labarbera, 128 Wn. App. 343, 348, 115 P. 3d 1038 ( 2005).

         For a foreign offense to be classified as a most serious offense, the foreign offense must


be legally or factually comparable to a Washington statute that proscribes a most serious offense.

See In   re   Pers. Restraint of Lavery, 154 Wn.2d 249, 255, 111 P. 3d 837 ( 2005). The statutes


effective at the time the defendant committed the foreign offense control our analysis. State v.


Morley,       134 Wn.2d 588, 606, 952 P. 2d 167 ( 1998);            see In re Pers. Restraint of Crawford, 150

Wn. App. 787, 794 -95, 209 P. 3d 507 ( 2009).

         To determine whether a foreign offense is comparable to a Washington offense, we apply

a two -
      part test. Lavery, 154 Wn.2d at 255. First, we compare the foreign offense' s elements

with the comparable Washington offense' s elements to determine whether they are legally

comparable.       State     v.   Ford, 137 Wn.2d 472, 479, 973 P. 2d 452 ( 1999).        Offenses are legally

comparable if their elements are substantially similar or if the foreign offense is not broader than




                                                                4
No. 43785 -6 -II



the Washington offense. 6 See Ford, 137 Wn.2d at 479; State v. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d 456, 461,

325 P. 3d 181 ( 2014).


         If the offenses are not legally comparable, we then examine whether the offenses are

factually   comparable.   State   v.   Thomas, 135 Wn.       App.   474, 480, 144 P. 3d 1178 ( 2006). Offenses


are factually comparable if the defendant' s conduct constituting the foreign offense, as evidenced

by the   undisputed   facts in the foreign       record, would constitute   the Washington offense.       Thomas,


135 Wn. App. at 480. In this inquiry into factual comparability, the trial court can consider only

facts proven to a trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt or those to which the defendant admitted

or stipulated. Thomas, 135 Wn. App. at 482. The State bears the burden of providing sufficient

evidence to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that a foreign offense is comparable to a

Washington offense. Ford, 137 Wn.2d at 480 -81; State v. McCorkle, 137 Wn.2d 490, 495, 973

P. 2d 461 ( 1999).




6 We recognize that our State Supreme Court has put forth two tests for determining legal
comparability. Compare State v. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d 456, 461, 325 P. 3d 181 ( 2014), with State
v. Olsen, 180 Wn. 2d 468, 472 -73, 325 P. 3d 187 ( 2014). When considering out -of state
                                                                                   -
convictions,   the SRA    provides     that "[   o] ut - - tate convictions for offenses shall be classified
                                                       of s
according to the comparable offense definitions and sentences provided by Washington law."
RCW 9. 94A. 525( 3).      We have interpreted this language to          require " substantial[ ]   similar[ ity]"
between the elements of the foreign offense and the Washington offense. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d at
461.




                                                            5
No. 43785 -6 -II


                         I. BATTERY WITH SUBSTANTIAL BODILY HARM


A.     Legal Comparability

       Latham argues that Nevada' s battery with substantial bodily harm is not legally

comparable to Washington' s second degree assault because, unlike Washington, Nevada


included " prolonged physical pain" in its definition of substantial bodily harm. We agree.

       Nevada defined   substantial   bodily   harm   at   NEV. REV. STAT. § 0. 060:


       1. Bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious,
       permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any
       bodily member or organ; or
       2.   Prolonged physical pain.


Washington defined substantial bodily harm at RCW 9A.04. 110( 4)( b):

        B] odily injury which involves a temporary but substantial disfigurement, or which
       causes a temporary but substantial loss or impairment of the function of any bodily
       part or organ, or which causes a fracture of any bodily part.

       Nevada' s definition of substantial bodily harm included prolonged physical pain, whereas

Washington' s definition of substantial bodily harm was limited to bodily injury involving

disfigurement, loss or impairment of the functioning of any bodily part or organ, or a fracture.

NEV. REV. STAT. § 0. 060; RCW 9A.04. 110( 4)( b). Thus, a defendant who assaulted a victim and


caused the victim prolonged physical pain, but did not cause him or her disfigurement, loss of the


functioning of any bodily part or organ, or a fracture, could have been convicted of Nevada' s

battery with substantial bodily harm, but not Washington' s second degree assault.

        In many cases, prolonged physical pain may coexist with disfigurement, loss or

impairment of the functioning of any bodily part or organ, or a fracture. And in some cases

physical pain may cause the impairment of the functioning of any bodily part. But because these

circumstances do not necessarily exist in every case, it is possible that a defendant could have


                                                      6
No. 43785 -6 -II



caused substantial bodily harm under Nevada' s definition, but not under Washington' s

definition. Thus, Nevada' s battery with substantial bodily harm is broader than Washington' s

second degree assault, precluding the offenses' legal comparability and we move to the second

prong of the test.

B.       Factual Comparability

         Latham argues that the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to prove that his plea to


Nevada' s battery with substantial bodily harm is factually comparable to Washington' s second

degree assault because the State did not provide any evidence as to the victim' s injuries. We

agree.




           Despite the State' s arguments to the contrary, the State did not submit evidence of the

victim' s injuries below. No evidence shows that Latham' s assault caused the victim


disfigurement, loss or impairment of the function of any bodily part or organ, or a fracture, as

opposed to prolonged physical pain. Consequently, the State failed to provide sufficient

evidence to prove with a preponderance of the evidence that Latham' s violation of Nevada' s


battery with substantial bodily harm is factually comparable to Washington' s second degree

assault.     Thus, the trial court erred in considering this conviction a prior most serious offense

when it sentenced Latham.




7 Because the difference between Nevada' s and Washington' s definitions of substantial bodily
harm render these two offenses incomparable, we do not address whether any differences in the
two offenses' mens rea standards render them incomparable.




                                                     7
No. 43785 -6 -II



II. COMPARABILITY OF NEVADA' S VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER AND WASHINGTON' S HOMICIDE


          Latham argues that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is not comparable to first or second

degree manslaughter. The State argues that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is comparable to

first degree manslaughter, second degree manslaughter, and second degree felony murder. In

addition, it appears the trial court held Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter comparable to second

degree murder.8 We hold that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter offense is neither legally nor

factually comparable to any of the Washington offenses put forward by the State or relied on by

the trial court.9

          Nevada defined voluntary        manslaughter at     NEV. REV. STAT. § 200. 040 -.050. NEV. REV.


STAT. § 200. 040 states in part:


          1.  Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being, without malice express
          or implied, and without any mixture of deliberation.
          2. Manslaughter must be voluntary, upon a sudden heat of passion, caused by a
          provocation apparently sufficient to make the passion irresistible, or involuntary.

NEV. REV. STAT. § 200. 050 states in part:


          1.  In cases of voluntary manslaughter, there must be a serious and highly
          provoking injury inflicted upon the person killing, sufficient to excite an irresistible
          passion in a reasonable person, or an attempt by the person killed to commit a
          serious personal injury on the person killing.



8 While the State does not argue this issue on appeal, they argued at sentencing, and the trial
court held, that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is comparable to Washington' s second degree
murder. Because our review is de novo, we consider the point.

9 Latham argues that voluntary manslaughter is not legally comparable with Washington' s
homicide offenses because Nevada' s and Washington' s self -
                                                           defense statutes are not comparable.
Our Supreme Court recently held that the trial court " need not analyze divergent self -
                                                                                       defense
laws   as part of    its comparability   analysis."   State v. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d 456, 467, 325 P. 3d 181
 2014).        Thus, any differences between Washington' s and Nevada' s self -
                                                                              defense laws have no
effect on the comparability of Nevada' s and Washington' s homicide offenses.



                                                          8
No. 43785 -6 -II



In Nevada, voluntary manslaughter was a general intent offense by definition. Curry v. State,

106 Nev. 317, 792 P. 2d 396, 397 ( 1990) (      holding that attempted voluntary manslaughter is not a

crime in Nevada because attempt is a specific intent crime, and one cannot logically commit

voluntary    manslaughter with a specific     intent). Nevada' s " general intent" required that the


defendant intended to engage in the act that caused the harm, but did not require the defendant to


have any mens rea as to the harm itself. Bolden v. State, 121 Nev. 908, 124 P. 3d 191, 201 ( 2005)

receded from on other grounds by Cortinas v. State, 124 Nev. 1013, 195 P. 3d 315 ( 2008)).

Conversely, Nevada' s " specific intent" required the defendant to act with intent to cause a

particular result. See Ford v. State, 127 Nev. Adv. Op. 55, 262 P. 3d 1123, 1129 ( 2011).

Voluntary      manslaughter could not   be   committed with a specific   intent because "[   o] ne cannot




logically specifically intend to act pursuant to a spontaneous, unanticipated and therefore, truly

irresistible   passion."   Curry, 792 P. 2d at 397.

           The State argues that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is comparable to first degree

manslaughter, second degree manslaughter, and second degree felony murder. In addition, it

appears the trial court held Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter comparable to second degree

murder. We address each of these offenses put forward by the State or relied on by the trial court

in turn.


A.         First Degree Manslaughter


           Latham argues that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter and Washington' s first degree

manslaughter are not legally comparable because the offenses had different mens rea elements

and are not factually comparable because the undisputed facts in the foreign record do not

evidence knowledge of and disregard of a substantial risk that a homicide may occur. We agree.



                                                       9
No. 43785 -6 -II



         1.   Legal Comparability

         Washington defined first degree manslaughter at former RCW 9A.32. 060 ( 1997):


         A person is guilty of manslaughter in the first degree when [ h] e recklessly causes
         the death of another person.


         Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter, a general intent offense, required only that the

defendant intended to perform the act that caused the homicide, regardless of the defendant' s


mens rea      as to the homicide itself. NEV. REV. STAT. §        200. 040; Curry, 792 P. 2d at 397.

Conversely, Washington' s first degree manslaughter required proving that the defendant acted

with knowledge of and disregard of a substantial risk that a•homicide, rather than " a wrongful


act,"   may   occur.   State   v.   Henderson, 180 Wn.   App.   138, 147, 321 P. 3d 298 ( 2014) ( citing   State

v. Gamble, 154 Wn.2d 457, 467 -68, 114 P. 3d 646 ( 2005)).


         Accordingly, someone who intentionally assaulted a victim and thereby caused a death,

but did so without knowing of and disregarding a substantial risk that a homicide may occur,

could have been convicted of Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter, but not Washington' s first

degree manslaughter. Thus, Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is broader than Washington' s first

degree manslaughter, precluding the offenses' legal comparability.

         2. Factual Comparability

         Because the offenses are not legally comparable, we next analyze factual comparability.

We conclude that Latham' s violation of Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is not factually

comparable to Washington' s first degree manslaughter.

         At the time of Latham' s Nevada manslaughter conviction, Nevada had two forms of

malice aforethought: express malice and implied malice. Keys v. State, 104 Nev. 736, 766 P. 2d


270, 272 ( 1988). Nevada defined           express malice at    NEV. REV. STAT. § 200. 020:



                                                         10
No. 43785 -6 -II



          Express malice is that deliberate intention unlawfully to take away the life of a
          fellow creature.


Thus, one who acted with intent to cause a homicide unlawfully had express malice

aforethought. See Keys, 766 P. 2d at 272.


          In Nevada, "` [ w]illful'       is a word `of many meanings, its construction often being

influenced    by its   context. "'   In   re   Fine, 116 Nev. 1001, 13 P. 3d 400, 413 ( 2000) ( quoting             Screws

v.   United States, 325 U.S. 91, 101, 65 S. Ct. 1031, 89 L. Ed. 1495 ( 1944)). " As a general rule,


 willful.] denotes an act which is intentional, or knowing, or voluntary, rather than accidental."

Fine, 13 P. 3d   at    413 (   emphasis added). ""[       W] illful' describes   actions   that   are ... `   not




necessarily   malicious. "'       Nev. Serv. Emp. 's Union /SEIULocal 1107 v. Orr, 121 Nev. 675, 119

P. 3d 1259, 1263 ( 2005) ( quoting BLACK'             S   LAW DICTIONARY 1593 ( 7th         ed.    1999)).     Because this


general definition of willful stated a mens rea as to the act that caused a harm, but not as to the

harm itself, it stated a general intent. Bolden, 124 P. 3d at 201.


          In the context of Nevada' s murder statute, willful meant to act with an intent to cause a

homicide. Byford         v.   State, 116 Nev. 215, 994 P. 2d 700, 713 ( 2000). Because this murder


definition of willful stated an intent to cause a particular result, it stated a specific intent. See

Byford, 994 P. 2d at 713; Ford, 262 P. 3d at 1129. Nevada law did not use the term willful in the

context of manslaughter.



          Here, Latham stated that he would not contest the facts as the Nevada prosecutor stated


them, and the Nevada prosecutor stated that Latham acted willfully, unlawfully, and without

malice aforethought.



          We hold that Latham stipulated to the general definition of willful, rather than to the


definition used in the murder context. This is for two reasons.



                                                               11
No. 43785 -6 -II



       First, Latham could not have committed voluntary manslaughter with the murder

definition of willful because the murder definition of willful stated a specific intent and it was


legally impossible to commit voluntary manslaughter with a specific intent. Curry, 792 P. 2d at

397. Conversely, because the general definition of willful stated a general intent, it was not

inconsistent with voluntary manslaughter.

       Second, the murder definition of willful was inconsistent with the other stipulations in


Latham' s Alford plea. Latham stipulated that he acted willfully, unlawfully, and without malice

aforethought. Interpreting Latham' s stipulations with the murder definition of willful, Latham

stipulated to acting with intent to cause a homicide unlawfully, which established express malice

aforethought. This contradicts Latham' s stipulation that he acted without malice aforethought.


Conversely, interpreting Latham' s stipulations with the general definition of willful, Latham did

not stipulate to acting with intent to cause a homicide, and thus, did not contradict his stipulation

that he acted without malice aforethought.


       We hold that Latham' s stipulation to the prosecutor' s charge that he acted willfully

stipulated to the general definition of willfully, rather than to the murder definition. Thus,

Latham stipulated to committing an intentional act that caused a homicide, but did not stipulate

to committing that act with knowledge of and disregard of a substantial risk that a homicide may

occur. Thus, because the undisputed facts in the foreign record do not evidence an element of


Washington' s first degree manslaughter, knowledge of and disregard of a substantial risk that a


homicide may occur, the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to prove with a

preponderance of the evidence that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is

factually comparable to Washington' s first degree manslaughter.



                                                  12
No. 43785 -6 -II



B.        Second Degree Manslaughter


          Latham argues that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter and Washington' s second degree

manslaughter are not legally comparable because the offenses had different mens rea elements,

and are not factually comparable because the undisputed facts in the record below do not

evidence Latham' s failure to be aware of a substantial risk that a homicide may occur. We

agree.



          1.   Legal Comparability

          Washington defined      second     degree   manslaughter at   former RCW 9A.32. 070( 1) (   1997):


          A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when, with criminal negligence,
          he causes the death of another person.

Washington defined         criminal negligence at     former RCW 9A.08. 010( 1)( d) ( 1975):


          A person is criminally negligent or acts with criminal negligence when he fails to
          be aware of a substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur and his failure to be
          aware of such substantial risk constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of
          care that a reasonable man would exercise in the same situation.


          Washington' s second degree manslaughter required proving criminal negligence. In

Henderson, while not deciding the precise point at issue here, this court stated that " by applying

Gamble' s reasoning, it is logical to assume that criminal negligence for manslaughter would

require the State to prove that a defendant failed to be aware of a substantial risk that a homicide

 rather   than ` a   wrongful act')   may   occur."   Henderson, 180 Wn. App. at 149. Henderson' s logic

leads us to hold that to prove criminal negligence in a manslaughter case, the State must prove

that a defendant failed to be aware of a substantial risk that a homicide, rather than a wrongful


act, may occur.




                                                          13
No. 43785 -6 -I1



       Consequently, a defendant who assaulted a victim without creating a substantial risk that

a homicide may occur, but who caused a homicide nonetheless, could have been convicted of

Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter, but not Washington' s second degree manslaughter. Thus,

Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is broader than Washington' s second degree manslaughter,

precluding the offenses' legal comparability.

       2. Factual Comparability

       Because the offenses are not legally comparable, we next analyze factual comparability.

As discussed above, Latham stipulated to a mens rea as to only the act causing the homicide, not

the consequence of homicide itself. Thus, Latham did not stipulate to acting with a failure to be

aware of a substantial risk that a homicide may occur. Because the undisputed facts in the

foreign record do not evidence an element of Washington' s second degree manslaughter, failure


to be aware of a substantial risk that a homicide may occur, the State failed to provide sufficient

evidence to prove with a preponderance of the evidence that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s


voluntary manslaughter is factually comparable to Washington' s second degree manslaughter.

C.     Second Degree Murder


        The trial court found that Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is comparable to

Washington' s second degree murder. We disagree.


        1.    Legal Comparability

        Washington defined second degree murder at RCW 9A.32. 050:


         1)    A person is guilty of murder in the second degree when:
                   a)   With intent to cause the death of another person but without
        premeditation, he or she causes the death of such person or of a third person.




                                                  14
No. 43785 -6 -II



Washington' s second degree murder required proving that the defendant acted with intent to

cause a   homicide.      Consequently, a defendant who acted without intending to cause a homicide,

but whose act caused a homicide nonetheless, could have been convicted of Nevada' s voluntary

manslaughter, but not Washington' s second degree murder. Thus, Nevada' s voluntary

manslaughter is broader than Washington' s second degree murder, precluding the offenses' legal

comparability.


          2. Factual Comparability

          Because the offenses are not legally comparable, we next analyze factual comparability.

As discussed above, Latham did not stipulate to acting with an intent to cause a homicide.

Because the undisputed facts in the foreign record do not evidence an element of Washington' s


second degree murder, intent to cause a homicide, the State failed to provide sufficient evidence


to prove with a preponderance of the evidence that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s voluntary

manslaughter is factually comparable to Washington' s second degree murder.

D.        Second Degree Felony Murder

          The State argues that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is

factually comparable to Washington' s second degree felony murder because the undisputed facts

in the record below evidence that Latham committed a felony assault which caused a homicide.

We disagree, and hold that the offenses are not legally or factually comparable.

          1.    Legal Comparability

          Washington defined second degree felony murder at RCW 9A.32. 050:

           1)   A person is guilty of murder in the second degree when:

                    b)    He or she commits or attempts to commit any felony, including
          assault, ...   and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or in immediate



                                                     15
No. 43785 -6 -II


       flight therefrom, he or she, or another participant, causes the death of a person other
       than one of the participants.


       Unlike Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter, Washington' s second degree felony murder

required   the defendant to   commit a predicate    felony.    RCW 9A.32. 050( 1)( b). Thus, a defendant


who committed a misdemeanor assault that caused a victim' s homicide could have been


convicted of Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter, but not Washington' s second degree felony

murder. Thus, Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is broader than Washington' s second degree

felony murder, precluding the offenses' legal comparability.

       2. Factual Comparability

       Because the offenses are not legally comparable, we next analyze factual comparability,

addressing each Washington felony assault statute in turn.

       First degree assault required the defendant act with intent to inflict " great bodily harm."

RCW 9A.36. 011( 1).      As discussed above, the undisputed facts in the record do not evidence

Latham' s mental state as to the consequence of his acts, and thus, cannot evidence whether


Latham acted with intent to inflict great bodily harm. Thus, the State failed to provide sufficient

evidence to prove with a preponderance of the evidence that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s


voluntary manslaughter is factually comparable to Washington' s first degree assault.

        Washington defined      second   degree   assault at   former RCW 9A.36. 021( 1) ( 2007):


        A person is guilty of assault in the second degree if he or she, under circumstances
        not amounting to assault in the first degree:
             a)  Intentionally assaults another and thereby recklessly inflicts substantial
        bodily harm;
                    or

               c)   Assaults another with a deadly weapon;
                    or

               e)   With intent to commit a felony, assaults another.



                                                       16
No. 43785 -6 -II



        Former RCW 9A. 36. 021( 1)(     a), ( c),   and ( e) are the only second degree assault subsections

that could have potentially applied to Latham' s voluntary manslaughter conviction. 10 See former
RCW 9A. 36. 021( 1).


        Here, the State failed to provide any evidence as to whether Latham' s assault recklessly

inflicted substantial bodily harm, was committed with a deadly weapon, or was committed with

intent to commit a felony. Thus, the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to prove with a

preponderance of the evidence that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is

factually comparable to Washington' s second degree assault.

        Washington defined third degree        assault at     former RCW 9A.36. 031( 1) ( 2005):


        A person is guilty of assault in the third degree if he or she, under circumstances
        not amounting to assault in the first or second degree:
                   or

             d)  With criminal negligence, causes bodily harm to another person by means
        of a weapon or other instrument or thing likely to produce bodily harm;
                   or

             f)    With criminal negligence, causes bodily harm accompanied by substantial
        pain that extends for a period sufficient to cause considerable suffering.

Former RCW 9A.36. 031( 1)( d) and ( f) are the only third degree assault subsections that could

have potentially applied to Latham' s voluntary manslaughter conviction. 11 See former RCW
9A.36. 031( 1).




10 The remaining subsections involve harm to an unborn quick child or assaulting another by
means   of poison, torture,   or strangulation.     Former RCW 9A.36. 021( 1)( b), ( d), ( f), (
                                                                                               g).


11 The remaining subsections involve resisting arrest or assaulting transit operators, school bus
drivers, fire department employees, law enforcement agency employees, peace officers, or health ,
care providers.    Former RCW 9A. 36. 031( 1)(       a) -( c), ( e), (   g) -( i).




                                                         17
No. 43785 -6 -II



       Here, the State failed to provide any evidence as to whether Latham used any type of

weapon or other instrument or thing likely to produce bodily harm. Nor did the State provide

evidence as to whether Latham' s voluntary manslaughter victim suffered substantial pain. Thus,

the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to prove with a preponderance of the evidence that


Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is factually comparable to

Washington' s second degree assault.


       The State failed to provide sufficient evidence to prove with a preponderance of the


evidence that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s voluntary manslaughter is factually comparable

to Washington' s felony assault statutes. Thus, the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to

prove with a preponderance of the evidence that Latham' s Alford plea to Nevada' s voluntary

manslaughter is factually comparable to Washington' s second degree felony murder with assault

as the predicate felony.

       Because neither of the two Nevada offenses is legally or factually comparable to any of

Washington' s most serious offenses put forward by the State or relied on by the trial court, we

reverse Latham' s sentence and remand for resentencing.




 We concur:




Melnick, J.




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