     United States Court of Appeals
              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

                          –————
No. 01–1266                            September Term, 2002
                   Filed On: April 1, 2003


                    SPRINT CORPORATION,
                         PETITIONER

                               v.

          FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION AND
               UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                      RESPONDENTS

    AMERICAN PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS COUNCIL, INC., ET AL.,
                      INTERVENORS

                         –————
                     Consolidated with
             01–1521, 01–1522, 02–1041, 02–1042
                         –————
  Before: GINSBURG, Chief Judge, and ROGERS and TATEL,
Circuit Judges.

                        ORDER
  It is ORDERED, on the court’s own motion, that the
opinion filed on January 21, 2003 be amended as follows:
  Page 14 at line 1 should read: ‘‘and opportunity for com-
ment, we grant the petitions, vacate the rule, and remand the
case to the Commission. In light TTT ’’

                         Per Curiam
                                         FOR THE COURT:
                                         Mark J. Langer, Clerk

                                    BY: Michael C. McGrail
                                        Deputy Clerk
  Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
Federal Reporter or U.S.App.D.C. Reports. Users are requested to notify
the Clerk of any formal errors in order that corrections may be made
before the bound volumes go to press.




       United States Court of Appeals
                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT




Argued December 5, 2002                     Decided January 21, 2003

                               No. 01–1266

                      SPRINT CORPORATION, ET AL.,
                             PETITIONERS

                                     v.

             FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION AND
                  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                         RESPONDENTS

     AMERICAN PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS COUNCIL, INC., ET AL.,
                       INTERVENORS



                       Consolidated with
             Nos. 01–1521, 01–1522, 02–1041, 02–1042



             On Petitions for Review of Orders of the
              Federal Communications Commission



  David P. Murray argued the cause for petitioners. With
him on the briefs were H. Richard Juhnke, John E. Benedict,
 Bills of costs must be filed within 14 days after entry of judgment.
The court looks with disfavor upon motions to file bills of costs out
of time.
                                2

Randy J. Branitsky, Thomas F. O’Neil III, William Single
IV, Jodie L. Kelley, Mark C. Rosenblum and Daniel Meron.
Kurt W. Hague, David L. Lawson and Peter D. Keisler
entered appearances.
   Joel Marcus, Counsel, Federal Communications Commis-
sion, argued the cause for respondents. With him on the
briefs were Robert B. Nicholson and Robert J. Wiggers,
Attorneys, U.S. Department of Justice, John A. Rogovin,
Deputy General Counsel, Federal Communications Commis-
sion, and John E. Ingle, Deputy Associate General Counsel.
Lisa E. Boehley, Counsel, entered an appearance.
  Albert H. Kramer argued the cause for intervenors Ameri-
can Public Communications Council, et al. With him on the
brief were Robert F. Aldrich, Michael K. Kellogg, Aaron M.
Panner, Roger K. Toppins, Gary L. Phillips, James D. Ellis,
Michael E. Glover, Edward Shakin, and James G. Harral-
son. Edward G. Modell entered an appearance.

  Before: GINSBURG, Chief Judge, and ROGERS and TATEL,
Circuit Judges.
  Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge ROGERS.
   ROGERS, Circuit Judge: Sprint Corp., AT&T Corp., and
Worldcom, Inc. (collectively, ‘‘Sprint’’), petition for review of a
Federal Communications Commission rule governing the
means by which payphone service providers are compensated
for certain calls made from their payphones. Sprint contends
that the rule was promulgated in violation of the notice and
comment requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act
(‘‘APA’’), 5 U.S.C. § 553(b) (2000), and is also arbitrary and
capricious. Because the Commission failed to provide ade-
quate notice and opportunity to comment, we grant the
petition and remand the case to the Commission.


                                I.
   Section 276(b)(1)(A) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
(‘‘1996 Act’’) directs the Federal Communications Commission
                                3

to ‘‘establish a per call compensation plan to ensure that all
payphone service providers [‘‘PSPs’’] are fairly compensated
for each and every completed intrastate and interstate call
using their payphoneTTTT’’ 47 U.S.C. § 276 (2000). Two
types of calls may be placed from a payphone. The first and
most common type is the ‘‘coin call,’’ in which the caller
inserts a coin directly into the payphone before making the
call; the rates for coin calls are set by State commissions. At
issue here is the second type of call—‘‘coinless calls’’—which
a caller places by using a service such as directory assistance,
operator service, an access code, or a subscriber 800 number.
   The Commission explains in its brief that when a caller
places a coinless payphone call, the call is initially received by
the local exchange carrier (‘‘LEC’’) that services the pay-
phone. If the call is local, the LEC completes the call itself;
if it is long distance, the LEC routes the call to a long-
distance carrier, typically an interexchange carrier (‘‘IXC’’).
The IXC, such as Sprint, AT&T, and Worldcom, is the first
facilities-based carrier to receive the call. If the recipient of
the call is a customer of the IXC, the IXC will simply
transmit the call to the LEC that serves the customer; the
IXC is thereby able, Sprint acknowledges, to ‘‘track’’ comple-
tion of the call. If the call recipient is not a customer of the
IXC, however, the IXC transfers the call to a ‘‘reseller’’ of the
IXC’s services. Two types of resellers exist. The first,
known as switchless resellers, do not possess their own
switching facilities and must rely on an IXC to perform the
switching and transmission functions that are required to
complete a call. When the IXC transfers the call to a
switchless reseller, the IXC handles the call as if it were
transferring it to one of its own customers, and the IXC is
again able to track the call to completion. By contrast, the
second type, switch-based resellers (‘‘SBRs’’), possess their
own switching capacities; hence, when an IXC routes a call to
an SBR, the SBR assumes control of the call, and, Sprint
asserts in its brief, the IXC can no longer track the call to
completion. As the parties acknowledge, in some instances
the SBR transfers the call to another SBR, which in turn
routes the call to yet another SBR, and so on.
                                4

   In 1996, the Commission issued a Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (‘‘NPRM’’) proposing a method for compensating
PSPs for coinless calls. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 11
F.C.C.R. 6716 (1996). A summary of this NPRM was also
published in the Federal Register. 61 Fed. Reg. 31,481.
After a period of notice and comment, the Commission deter-
mined that ‘‘the primary economic beneficiary’’ should bear
the burden of both tracking coinless payphone calls to com-
pletion and compensating PSPs for those calls. Payphone
Docket, Report and Order, 11 F.C.C.R. 20,541, 20,584 ¶ 83
(1996) (‘‘First Payphone Order’’). The Commission therefore
concluded that the IXC, or the ‘‘underlying, facilities-based
carrier,’’ should, as the primary economic beneficiary, com-
pensate the PSP ‘‘in lieu of a non-facilities-based carrier that
resells services.’’ Id. at 20,586 ¶ 86. The Commission did not
define the terms ‘‘facilities-based carrier’’ or ‘‘reseller.’’ The
Commission determined, in response to petitions for reconsid-
eration or clarification, that SBRs possess the switching
capabilities necessary to track payphone calls and accordingly
clarified that SBRs are ‘‘facilities-based carriers’’ within the
meaning of the initial rule. Payphone Docket, Order on
Reconsideration, 11 F.C.C.R. 21,233, 21,277 ¶ 92 (1996)
(‘‘First Reconsideration Order’’).
   As facilities-based carriers, then, SBRs were obligated
under the First Reconsideration Order to compensate PSPs
for all completed coinless payphone calls they handled. Id.
IXCs, in turn, were required to compensate PSPs only for
those calls that the IXCs terminated on their own behalf or
on behalf of a switchless reseller, and not for those calls the
IXCs transferred to an SBR. Id. The Commission’s Com-
mon Carrier Bureau (‘‘Bureau’’), in granting, two years later,
a waiver to IXCs that had not complied with the First
Payphone Order within the required one-year period, further
clarified that IXCs must provide requesting PSPs with infor-
mation about the SBRs to which the IXCs route their calls so
that the PSPs could identify precisely which SBRs owed them
compensation. Payphone Docket, Mem. Opinion and Order,
13 F.C.C.R. 10,893, 10,915–16 ¶ 38 (1998). On review, the
court upheld the portions of the Commission’s 1996 rules that
                               5

are pertinent here. Illinois Pub. Telecomms. Ass’n v. FCC,
117 F.3d 555, 566–67 (D.C. Cir. 1997).
   Then, in 1999, a coalition of the largest PSPs (‘‘Coalition’’)
submitted to the Commission a petition for clarification of the
payphone compensation orders (‘‘Coalition Petition’’). The
Coalition requested that the Commission ‘‘clarify, on a going-
forward basis, which interexchange carrier is the party re-
sponsible for payment of per-call compensation when a dial-
around or subscriber call is made from a payphone.’’ The
Coalition explained that ‘‘[t]he Commission’s effort to assign
this obligation’’ jointly to IXCs and SBRs ‘‘has led to dis-
agreements among PSPs and IXCs, and has encouraged some
IXCs to shirk their payment responsibilities. This has in
turn contributed to a serious shortfall in payments of per-call
compensation.’’ The Coalition suggested that ‘‘the best way
to reduce the shortfall would be to place the obligation for
payment of per-call compensation on the entity identified by
the Carrier Identification Code (‘CIC’) used to route the
compensable call from the Local Exchange Carrier’s net-
work.’’
   In April 1999, the Common Carrier Bureau issued a ‘‘Public
Notice’’ seeking ‘‘comment on the issues raised in [the Coali-
tion Petition’s] request for clarification for payment responsi-
bility of per-call compensation when a dial-around or sub-
scriber call[ ] [is] made from a payphone.’’ Common Carrier
Bureau Seeks Comment on the RBOC/GTE/SNET Payphone
Coalition Petition for Clarification, 14 F.C.C.R. 6476 (1999).
The Bureau’s Notice summarized the Coalition Petition’s
general request for clarification and its suggested method of
using CICs to identify the entity responsible for compensat-
ing the PSP. Id. The Notice included filing dates for
comments and reply comments, id., but the Bureau did not
publish the Notice in the Federal Register or issue a notice of
proposed rulemaking. Sprint and others filed comments that
focused mainly on the Coalition’s proposal to rely on CICs,
with little discussion of the general method of requiring both
IXCs and SBRs to compensate PSPs for coinless payphone
calls. Sprint also registered a procedural objection, in a
letter to the Bureau, noting that the Commission could sub-
                               6

stantively alter the existing compensation rules only after
providing notice and an opportunity for comment.
   Two years after the Bureau issued its Notice, however, the
Commission largely jettisoned the approach adopted in the
First Reconsideration Order. In the Second Order on Re-
consideration, 16 F.C.C.R. 8098 (2001) (‘‘Second Reconsidera-
tion Order’’), the Commission stated that it was ‘‘revis[ing]’’
and ‘‘modify[ing]’’ its ‘‘rules to address the difficulty which
PSPs face in obtaining compensation for coinless calls placed
from payphones which involve a switch-based telecommunica-
tions reseller in the call path.’’ Id. at 8098 ¶ 1. Declining to
adopt the Coalition’s proposed method of using CICs to
identify the carrier responsible for compensating the PSP, id.
at 8107 ¶ 22, the Commission instead shifted the burden of
tracking all calls to completion and compensating PSPs to the
IXCs alone, while permitting the IXCs to recover these costs
from the SBRs to which they transferred the calls. Id. at
8098 ¶ 2, 8106 ¶ 18. The Commission explained that the IXCs
were in the best position to track calls and to make reporting
a condition of their contracts for providing services. Id. at
8105 ¶ 16. The Commission also broadened IXCs’ reporting
obligations to require IXCs to inform each PSP of the volume
of calls for each access-code and 800 number that the IXC
received from that PSP’s payphones. Compare First Pay-
phone Order, 11 F.C.C.R. at 20,596 ¶ 110, with Second Recon-
sideration Order, 16 F.C.C.R. at 8106 ¶ 18. Finally, the
Commission noted that PSPs could continue to arrange alter-
native compensation schemes through private contracts with
IXCs and SBRs. Second Reconsideration Order, 16 F.C.C.R.
at 8106–07 ¶ 19. The Commission amended its regulations to
reflect these changes. See 47 C.F.R. §§ 64.1300, 64.1310
(2001). Denying reconsideration, the Commission rejected
the IXCs’ objections to the new rule. Third Order on
Reconsideration and Order on Clarification, 16 F.C.C.R.
20,922 (2001). Sprint now petitions the court for review.

                               II.
   Sprint’s contention that the Commission erred by failing to
issue a new NPRM prior to promulgating a new rule in the
                               7

Second Order on Reconsideration is based on the notice
requirement of § 553(b) of the APA, which provides in rele-
vant part: ‘‘General notice of proposed rule making shall be
published in the Federal Register, unless persons subject
thereto are named and either personally served or otherwise
have actual notice thereof in accordance with law.’’ 5 U.S.C.
§ 553(b). The court has observed that the notice require-
ment of the APA does not simply erect arbitrary hoops
through which federal agencies must jump without reason.
Rather, the notice requirement ‘‘improves the quality of
agency rulemaking’’ by exposing regulations ‘‘ ‘to diverse
public comment,’ ’’ ensures ‘‘ ‘fairness to affected parties,’ ’’
and provides a well-developed record that ‘‘enhances the
quality of judicial review.’’ Small Refiner Lead Phase–Down
Task Force v. United States EPA, 705 F.2d 506, 547 (D.C.
Cir. 1983) (citations omitted). In contrast to an informal
adjudication or a mere policy statement, which ‘‘lacks the
firmness of a [prescribed] standard,’’ an agency’s imposition
of requirements that ‘‘affect subsequent [agency] acts’’ and
have a ‘‘future effect’’ on a party before the agency triggers
the APA notice requirement. Sugar Cane Growers Coop. v.
Veneman, 289 F.3d 89, 95–96 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (internal quota-
tions and citation omitted).
  At the same time, agencies possess the authority in some
instances to clarify or set aside existing rules without issuing
a new NPRM and engaging in a new round of notice and
comment. For example, in City of Stoughton v. United
States EPA, 858 F.2d 747, 751 (D.C. Cir. 1988), the court held
that the EPA was not required to engage in a new round of
notice and comment where it merely adjusted a score under
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act of 1980, Pub. L. No. 96–510, 94 Stat. 2767, in
response to public comments. The authority to clarify or
reconsider a rule may arise directly from a statute, as in the
Natural Gas Act, see Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co. v. FERC,
871 F.2d 1099, 1108 (D.C. Cir. 1989), or pursuant to agency
rulemaking authority, as in the case of the Commission,
whose procedures authorize it to set aside an existing rule, on
                                 8

its own motion, within thirty days of promulgating the rule.
FCC Practice and Procedure, 47 C.F.R. § 1.108 (2001).
   Underlying these general principles is a distinction between
rulemaking and a clarification of an existing rule. Whereas a
clarification may be embodied in an interpretive rule that is
exempt from notice and comment requirements, 5 U.S.C.
§ 553(b)(3)(A), see Am. Mining Cong. v. Mine Safety &
Health Admin., 995 F.2d 1106, 1109 (D.C. Cir. 1993), new
rules that work substantive changes in prior regulations are
subject to the APA’s procedures. Thus, in National Family
Planning & Reproductive Health Ass’n v. Sullivan, the court
described as ‘‘a maxim of administrative law’’ the proposition
that, ‘‘ ‘[i]f a second rule repudiates or is irreconcilable with [a
prior legislative rule], the second rule must be an amendment
of the first; and, of course, an amendment to a legislative rule
must itself be legislative.’ ’’ 979 F.2d 227, 235 (D.C. Cir.
1992) (quoting Michael Asimow, Nonlegislative Rulemaking
and Regulatory Reform, 1985 Duke L.J. 381, 386); see also
Am. Mining Cong., 995 F.2d at 1109. The Commission
proceedings at issue illustrate the distinction. In the First
Reconsideration Order, the Commission clarified its initial
rule by providing a definition of the phrase ‘‘facilities-based
carriers.’’ 11 F.C.C.R. at 21,277 ¶ 92 (1996). Although defi-
nitions may vary in a way that would trigger the APA notice
requirements, see Nat’l Family Planning, 979 F.2d at 235
(citing Homemakers North Shore, Inc. v. Bowen, 832 F.2d
408, 412 (7th Cir. 1987)), the Commission’s clarification in the
First Reconsideration Order merely illustrated its original
intent. By contrast, when an agency changes the rules of the
game—such that one source becomes solely responsible for
what had been a dual responsibility and then must assume
additional obligations, as occurred in the Commission’s Sec-
ond Reconsideration Order—more than a clarification has
occurred. To conclude otherwise would intolerably blur the
line between when the APA notice requirement is triggered
and when it is not.
   With these principles in mind, we turn to the Commission’s
position that the APA notice requirement is inapplicable to its
determinations in the Second Reconsideration Order. The
                               9

Commission concedes that it did not publish a NPRM—or
even the Bureau’s Notice—in the Federal Register. It also
acknowledges that, because the Bureau’s Notice did not spe-
cifically name Sprint, any ‘‘actual notice’’ that the agency
provided to Sprint does not suffice under § 553(b). See Util.
Solid Waste Activities Group v. EPA, 236 F.3d 749, 754 (D.C.
Cir. 2001). Instead, the Commission contends that its deter-
minations in the Second Reconsideration Order did not neces-
sitate a new NPRM and that Sprint in fact received adequate
notice and opportunity to comment. The Commission offers
several alternative theories in support of its position.
   First, the Commission maintains that it is permitted sua
sponte to reconsider its rules where a reconsideration order is
pending, so long as the original proposed rule supplied notice.
This principle, however, is inapposite in the context of new
rulemakings. The Commission points to a regulation that
authorizes the Commission, ‘‘on its own motion,’’ to ‘‘set aside
any action made or taken by it within 30 days from the date
of public notice of such actionTTTT’’ Practice and Procedure,
47 C.F.R. § 1.108 (2001). This thirty-day deadline, the Com-
mission maintains, may be tolled by pending motions for
reconsideration, citing Central Florida Enterprises v. FCC,
598 F.2d 37, 48 n.51 (D.C. Cir. 1978). But the Commission’s
effort to take refuge in its regulation fails. The court in
Central Florida merely stated that ‘‘where TTT several peti-
tions are consolidated for hearing and decision, a petition for
reconsideration of any of the ensuing orders tolls the thirty
day period as to all orders in the case.’’ Id. Although
Central Florida’s holding might assist the Commission were
it merely setting aside an existing rule, in the instant case the
Commission, more than four years after issuing its original
rule, changed the payment and reporting obligations of affect-
ed parties. While maintaining that it was merely setting
aside a previous action, the Commission itself stated in the
Second Reconsideration Order that it was ‘‘revis[ing]’’ and
‘‘modify[ing]’’ its rules. 16 F.C.C.R. at 8098 ¶ 1. Moreover,
the Commission changed the text of the regulation appearing
in the Code of Federal Regulations. This stands in contrast
to the First Reconsideration Order, when the Commission
                                10

simply clarified the definition of a phrase that it had used in
the initial rule. 11 F.C.C.R. at 21,277 ¶ 92.
   The Commission’s reliance on American Mining Congress
v. United States EPA, 907 F.2d 1179 (D.C. Cir. 1990), is
similarly unavailing. In that case, the court held that the
agency had complied with the APA’s notice requirements
where it reinstated a rule that it had withdrawn eight years
earlier. 907 F.2d at 1182. Because the petitioners had two
opportunities for notice and comment before the agency
promulgated the reinstated rule, the court held that ‘‘[t]his
was more than enough to satisfy the requirements of the
APA.’’ Id. Here, by contrast, the Commission has not
simply reinstated a previously withdrawn rule, much less the
rule it promulgated in the First Payphone Order. The rule
embodied in the Second Reconsideration Order differs from
the initial rule, which provided that the ‘‘underlying, facilities-
based carrier,’’ without defining that term, should compen-
sate the PSPs. First Payphone Order, 11 F.C.C.R. at 20,586
¶ 86 (1996). When the Commission later defined the phrase
in the First Reconsideration Order, it clarified that ‘‘facili-
ties-based carriers’’ include SBRs. 11 F.C.C.R. at 21,277
¶ 92 (1996). Thus, the initial rule embodied a dual system of
payment responsibility involving both the IXCs and the
SBRs. Because the Second Reconsideration Order departs
from that understanding and effects a change in the regula-
tion, it is not identical to the initial rule. It also differs from
the initial rule because the Second Reconsideration Order
increases the IXCs’ reporting obligations substantially be-
yond those contained in the First Payphone Order. 16
F.C.C.R. at 8106 ¶ 18; see also Miscellaneous Rules Relating
to Common Carriers, 47 C.F.R. § 64.1310(a) (2001). Given
the changes to the payment-responsibility requirements, the
rule promulgated in the Second Reconsideration Order is not
a reinstatement of the original rule, and consequently nothing
in American Mining Congress would exempt the Commis-
sion’s determinations from the APA notice requirement.
   Second, the Commission maintains that it was not required
to issue a new NPRM because its determination in the
Second Reconsideration Order was a ‘‘logical outgrowth’’ of
                                 11

the Bureau’s Notice. ‘‘[A]n agency may make changes in its
proposed rule on the basis of comments without triggering a
new round of comments, at least where the changes are a
‘logical outgrowth’ of the proposal and previous comments.’’
City of Stoughton, 858 F.2d at 751. In order for a final rule
to be a ‘‘logical outgrowth’’ of a proposal, however, the agency
first must have provided proper notice of the proposal. ‘‘The
necessary predicate TTT is that the agency has alerted inter-
ested parties to the possibility of the agency’s adopting a rule
different than the one proposed.’’ Kooritsky v. Reich, 17
F.3d 1509, 1513 (D.C. Cir. 1994). Whereas in Kooritsky, id.
at 1512, and City of Stoughton, 858 F.2d at 749, the agencies
began their rulemaking processes with NPRMs, here the
Commission did not publish a notice in the Federal Register.
Instead, it purported to act through the Common Carrier
Bureau, which lacks the authority under the Commission’s
regulations to issue notices of proposed rulemaking. Com-
mission Organization, 47 C.F.R. § 0.291(g) (2001). Sprint,
therefore, was not on notice that the Commission was propos-
ing to ‘‘revise’’ its initial rule, much less that it would shift the
locus of payment responsibility in any manner other than the
Coalition Petition’s CIC proposal. We leave open the ques-
tion whether adoption of the CIC approach also would have
necessitated a new NPRM. See Nat’l Family Planning, 979
F.2d at 235. Suffice it to say, there can be no ‘‘logical
outgrowth’’ of a proposal that the agency has not properly
noticed. See McClouth Steel Prods. Corp. v. Thomas, 838
F.2d 1317, 1323 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
   Third, the Commission maintains that the Coalition Petition
and the Bureau’s Notice placed Sprint on actual notice of the
new rule, and that this actual notice cures any procedural
deficiencies in the Commission’s promulgation of a new rule.
But, as noted, the authority delegated to the Bureau by the
Commission to issue public notices does not extend to issu-
ance of NPRMs, 47 C.F.R. § 0.291(g), and Sprint could
reasonably assume that the Commission would not undertake,
as a result of the Bureau’s Notice, consideration of more than
the proposal in the Coalition’s Petition. Furthermore, the
comments submitted in response to the Bureau’s Notice
demonstrate that the parties did not appreciate that the
                               12

Commission was contemplating revision of the dual scheme of
payment responsibility. Nor did anything in the Bureau’s
Notice suggest that the Commission would impose additional
reporting requirements on IXCs, and the commenters under-
standably submitted no comments on this point. See MCI
Telecomms. Corp. v. FCC, 57 F.3d 1136, 1142–43 (D.C. Cir.
1995). Necessarily, then, the Bureau’s Notice did not provide
‘‘actual notice’’ sufficient to remedy the Commission’s proce-
dural shortcomings.
   In a last gasp, the Commission contends that even if the
APA notice requirement applied to the Commission’s revision
of the initial rule in the Second Reconsideration Order and
the Commission failed to follow the requirement, the APA
incorporates a prejudicial error rule, and Sprint has failed to
show prejudice from the Commission’s procedural shortcom-
ings. The APA instructs that reviewing courts take ‘‘due
account TTT of the rule of prejudicial error.’’ 5 U.S.C. § 706.
In Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative v. Veneman, 289 F.3d 89
(D.C. Cir. 2002), the court noted the standard established in
McLouth, 838 F.2d at 1324, and explained that ‘‘an utter
failure to comply with notice and comment cannot be consid-
ered harmless if there is any uncertainty at all as to the effect
of that failure.’’ Sugar Cane Growers, 289 F.3d at 96. The
court observed that broadening the harmless error rule would
     virtually repeal section 553’s requirements: if the gov-
     ernment could skip those procedures, engage in informal
     consultation, and then be protected from judicial review
     unless a petitioner could show a new argument—not
     presented informally—section 553 obviously would be
     eviscerated. The government could avoid the necessity
     of publishing a notice of a proposed rule and perhaps,
     most important, would not be obliged to set forth a
     statement of the basis and purpose of the rule, which
     needs to take account of the major comments—and often
     is a major focus of judicial review.
Id. at 96–97.
   The same dangers are present here. First, as noted, the
Commission’s description of its determination in the Second
                              13

Reconsideration Order as a ‘‘revis[ion]’’ and ‘‘modif[ication]’’
of its rules, as well as the Commission’s amendment of its
regulations, indicates that more than a clarification of the
initial rule was involved. This fact alone may have prejudiced
Sprint insofar as it is procedurally more difficult to obtain
reversal of a new rule than to petition for reconsideration of a
clarification. Cf. Stuart–James Co. v. SEC, 857 F.2d 796, 801
(D.C. Cir. 1988). Second, although a showing of actual preju-
dice is not required under the prejudicial error rule, Sprint
has made a colorable claim that it would have more thorough-
ly presented its arguments had it known that the Commission
was contemplating a rulemaking. See Sugar Cane Growers,
289 F.3d at 97. The Second Reconsideration Order assumes,
for example, that the IXCs are in a superior position to track
calls because they may use their market leverage to impose
client reporting requirements as a condition of service. IXCs
might have been able to affect this determination (notwith-
standing the Commission’s view that the technology exists for
IXCs to track calls) by presenting additional information
demonstrating shortcomings and burdens that the Commis-
sion had not adequately considered. Without notice of the
Commission’s assumption that IXCs alone were in a superior
position, however, the IXCs had no opportunity to present
their evidence. Third, the Commission provided inadequate
notice that it was considering a change in reporting require-
ments, which under the new rule are more burdensome than
in the initial rule. Under the circumstances, the Commission
‘‘has offered no persuasive evidence that possible objections
to its final rule[ ] have been given sufficient consideration.’’
Shell Oil v. EPA, 950 F.2d 741, 752 (D.C. Cir. 1991). Thus,
the effect of the Commission’s procedural errors is uncertain,
and the Commission’s ‘‘utter failure’’ to afford proper notice
and comment was not harmless. Sugar Cane Growers, 289
F.3d at 96.
  Although the Commission must have flexibility to adjust a
regulatory scheme as concerns and problems arise in an
obviously complex and developing area, it must conform its
conduct to the APA notice requirement. Because the Com-
mission failed to issue a new NPRM to afford proper notice
                             14

and opportunity for comment, we grant the petitions,
vacate the rule, and remand the case to the Commission. In
light of the remand, we do not reach Sprint’s contention that
the rule is arbitrary and capricious.
