                NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 13a0652n.06

                                           No. 12-6318

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                  FILED
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  Jul 17, 2013
                                                                                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk


ANTHONY D. NICHOLSON,                  )
                                       )
      Plaintiff - Appellant,           )                  ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                       )                  UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                     )                  COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
                                       )                  DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
CITY OF CLARKSVILLE,                   )
TENNESSEE                              )
                                       )                          OPINION
      Defendant - Appellee.            )
_______________________________________)


Before: ROGERS and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; BORMAN, District Judge.*

       PAUL D. BORMAN, District Judge.                Plaintiff-Appellant Anthony D. Nicholson

(“Nicholson”), who is an African-American, was formerly employed in the Parks and Recreation

Department with the Defendant-Appellee City of Clarksville (“Clarksville”), Tennessee. He alleges

that, while employed by Clarksville, he was subjected to a racially hostile work environment, was

denied promotions based on his race, and was subject to retaliatory actions after he complained about

racial discrimination.

       Nicholson filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the Middle District of

Tennessee on April 13, 2011, and an Amended Complaint on July 21, 2011. Nicholson alleged three



*The Honorable Paul D. Borman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan,
sitting by designation.

                                                 1
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

claims: (1) constitutional violations under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983; (2) violation of Title VII of

the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq.; and (3) violation of the Tennessee Human

Rights Act (“THRA”), Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-101 et seq. (2011).

       On October 5, 2011, the district court granted Clarksville’s Motion for Partial Judgment on

the Pleadings, dismissing Nicholson’s claims under § 1983 and the THRA as barred by the

applicable statute of limitations. Nicholson did not appeal this Order. Thus, only the Title VII claim

remained at issue.

       On July 2, 2012, Clarksville filed a Motion for Summary Judgment. On September 12, 2012,

the district court entered a Memorandum Opinion and Order granting Clarksville’s Motion for

Summary Judgment. Nicholson filed a timely appeal on October 12, 2012.

       For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

                                                  I.

       Nicholson began working for Clarksville’s Parks and Recreation Department in 2004 as a

part-time, seasonal employee, and was later promoted to a full-time “Maintenance I” position.

Nicholson claims that he witnessed, experienced or had knowledge of several different incidents

during his employment with Clarksville that evidence hostility towards African-American

employees.

A. 2005 Incident

       Sometime in 2005, a Caucasian assistant director for the Parks and Recreation Department

addressed a group of employees, including Nicholson, by stating that if the employees did not

complete their work their “asses were fired.” (R. 38, Resp. to Clarksville’s Statement of Undisputed

                                                  2
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

Material Facts (“SUMF”) ¶ 4, Page ID # 477.) The group of employees that the assistant director

addressed with this comment included a Caucasian employee, Maintenance Department Supervisor

Garry Harp. Nicholson was not disciplined in connection with this incident.

B. 2007 Job Reassignment, “Cussing” Incidents and Reprimand

       Nicholson’s job assignment was changed in 2007 to Heritage Park, where he worked under

a Caucasian supervisor named Richard Davis. Nicholson claims that the Maintenance Director,

James Crotty, told Davis to “work the shit out of [Nicholson] so that [Nicholson] would wind up

quitting[.]” (R. 31-1, Exs. to Clarksville’s Mot. for Summ. J., Nicholson Dep. 141, Page ID # 250.)

Nicholson also claims that Davis hired a part-time employee named Bill, who “was, basically, there

to watch [Nicholson] to see if he could find anything out on [Nicholson].” (Nicholson Dep. 141,

Page ID # 250.)

       Also in 2007, Nicholson claims that he was “cussed” by a white supervisor named James

Clark for returning late from a lunch break. Nicholson testified that he was told to ride with a

Caucasian employee, Tim Bishop, during his lunch break, and that even though Bishop was

responsible for taking too long to return after lunch, Clark “cussed” Nicholson. (Nicholson Dep.

128-29, Page ID # 242-43.) Nicholson received a written reprimand for this incident, which stated

that Nicholson was sitting in his truck, not Bishop’s, and that when Clark asked Nicholson to return

to work, Nicholson responded “‘who the hell are you talking to,’ and proceeded arguing.”

(Nicholson Dep., Ex. 11, Reprimand Memo, Page ID # 261.) Bishop did not receive a reprimand.

Nicholson testified that Clark later apologized and that the issue was resolved.



                                                 3
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

               A.      I was told to ride with [Bishop]. So in the meantime, he was
                       the driver of the truck, and it was his truck. Then we got back
                       to the park. Why is -- James [Clark] came to me with it.
                       James came to me, cussing me. And later, James apologized,
                       and we was okay about it.

               Q.      Resolved it?

               A.      Yes sir.

(Nicholson Dep. 129, Page ID # 243.)

       Nicholson clarified at his deposition that his use of the word “cussed” refers to “[l]ittle

stuff[,]” like coarse and “aggressive” language, and does not include racial slurs.

               Q.      Now, when you say “cussed,” I mean, like -- you made
                       reference several times to, get your ass out here or get your
                       ass back to work, or you know, what the hell you doing. Is
                       that the kind of stuff you’re talking about?

               A.      Yeah. Little stuff like, you know, you can say other stuff with
                       it. I just can’t recall what all was said, but it was cussing.

                ....

               A.      Yeah. If they use it -- I mean, it’s a certain time -- if you use
                       it jokingly, okay, that’s fine. But aggressively, no, it’s not
                       fine.

(Nicholson Dep. 131, 133, Page ID # 241, 239.)

C. Marlon Matthews Incidents

       Nicholson also testified that he witnessed an incident where an African-American employee,

Marlon Matthews, was “cussed” by a Caucasian employee, John Walk. Nicholson could not recall

what Walk said to Matthews, and only remembered that it was “something dealing with work.”

(Nicholson Dep. 131, Page ID # 241.)

                                                  4
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

       Matthews admitted at his deposition that he used racially derogatory language while working,

and that he and Walk were “good friends” who “joke around.” (R. 31-4, Exs. to Clarksville’s Mot.

for Summ. J., Matthews Dep. 24-25, Page ID # 332-33.) Matthews stated that “pretty much

everybody” he worked with used racial slurs, and that “[s]ome of it is not on a serious term.”

(Mathews Dep. 24, Page ID # 332.) Mose Garrett, an African-American employee, also testified that

“both African-American employees and Caucasian employees use the N-word[,]” and that it is most

often used by employees who are “trash talking, [and] joking around.” (R. 40-5, Exs. to Nicholson’s

Resp. to Clarksville’s Mot. Summ. J., Garrett Dep. 21, Page ID # 540.) Matthews testified that “one

particular person” used racially derogatory language around Matthews, and “[c]alled [Matthews] the

N-word” to his face. (Matthews Dep. 19, Page ID # 330.) Matthews reported this individual to

Maintenance Director James Crotty and the individual was terminated for the incident.

D. Crotty Incidents

       Nicholson claims that a Caucasian employee named Dutch Crotty, who was the brother of

Maintenance Director James Crotty, used racial slurs. Specifically, Nicholson witnessed an incident

in 2007 in which Dutch Crotty called a Caucasian female employee who was in a relationship with

an African American a “nigger lover.” (Resp. to Clarksville’s SUMF, ¶ 10, Page ID # 478.)

       An African-American employee named Donald Carney testified that he twice complained

to James Crotty about Dutch Crotty’s use of racial slurs and racially derogatory jokes. Carney

testified that he was fired by James Crotty the first time Carney complained about Dutch Crotty.

However, after Carney spoke to the Mayor of Clarksville, he was allowed to work for the remainder

of the season.

                                                5
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

       Carney complained about Dutch Crotty a second time after Carney heard Dutch refer to a

Caucasian female employee as a “nigger lover.” James Crotty suspended both Carney and Dutch

Crotty after this incident. Carney was not rehired as a seasonal employee the next year, but he was

later re-hired as a regular, full-time employee.

       Nicholson claims that, in 2007, he heard James Crotty refer to an African-American

employee as “blue.” Nicholson testified that he believed Crotty’s use of the word “blue” was

offensive and derogatory, because it referenced the employee’s skin color: “It was the color of his

skin. He was real dark.” (Nicholson Dep. 109, Page ID # 549.) Clarksville employee Kevin

Cowling also testified that he believed “blue” was a racial slur when Crotty used the term. (R. 40-2,

Exs. to Nicholson’s Resp. to Clarksville’s Mot. Summ. J., Cowling Dep. 92, Page ID # 525.)

       James and Dutch Crotty were both terminated in November 2008 after an incident involving

money received from the sale of scrap metal. Nicholson testified that he was aware of the incidents

between Dutch Crotty and Carney, and believed that Carney was fired in connection with those

incidents. Carney also testified that Dutch Crotty was the only employee he ever heard using racial

slurs, and that he was satisfied with the way Clarksville handled the “situation” with Dutch Crotty.

(Carney Dep. 18, 32, Page ID # 314, 318.)

E. Song Lyrics Incident

       At his deposition, Nicholson recalled an incident where he was riding with a Caucasian

employee, who was Garry Harp’s nephew, “[a]nd he was listening to a song, and he kept on -- and

the song had the N-word, and he kept on saying the N-word.” (Nicholson Dep. 147, Page ID. # 252.)

Nicholson asked the employee to stop using the “N-word,” and the employee stopped using the word

                                                   6
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

around Nicholson. (Id.) While the employee never used the word around Nicholson again,

Nicholson claims that he “heard he did it again.” (Nicholson Dep. 147-48, Page ID # 251-52.)

F. Segregated Work Crew

        Nicholson testified that, in 2008, he believed that a work crew at Heritage Park was

segregated by race by assigning the Caucasian employees to work on the soccer fields, on one side

of the park, and assigning the African-American employees to work on the baseball fields, on the

other side of the park. In response to Clarksville’s Interrogatories, Nicholson claimed that he

complained to Clarksville management about the segregated work crew, but that “nothing was ever

done.” (R. 31-2, Nicholson’s Resp. to Clarksville’s Interrogatories ¶ 8, Page ID # 300.) However,

Nicholson does not dispute that Maintenance Department Supervisor Garry Harp spoke with

maintenance workers regarding the alleged segregation, and that “[Nicholson] and other maintenance

workers told Harp that the workers chose their own work area based on what they wanted to do and

who they wanted to work with, and that work assignments were not assigned based on race.” (R.

31-8, Exs. to Clarksville’s Mot. Summ. J., Harp Decl. ¶ 11, Page ID # 411; Resp. to Clarksville’s

SUMF ¶ 44, Page ID # 483.)

        Clarksville employee Lorenzo Wells testified that he worked on the baseball field because

“[he] knew more about softball. [H]e really didn’t know too much about soccer at all.” (R. 31-9,

Exs. to Clarksville’s Mot. Summ. J., Wells Dep. 21, Page ID # 415.) Wells also stated that he has

asked Caucasian employees to help him with work on the baseball fields, and he has been asked to

help on the soccer fields. Mose Garrett likewise testified that he has worked on both the soccer

fields and baseball fields in the past.

                                                7
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

G. 2008 Incidents

       James Crotty changed Nicholson’s work assignment to the “trash truck” in 2008. Nicholson

testified that “at that time, I was going through my divorce, and [Crotty] knew, as far as I was trying

to get my kids as much as I could. And out there at Heritage, you work a lot of weekends. So he

was, basically, trying to break me down.” (Nicholson Dep. 142, Page ID # 249.) Nicholson claimed

that he was required to log his hours and stay for a full eight-hour day while working on the trash

truck, while other employees were not required to log their hours, and would get paid for eight hours

after only working for four. James Crotty advised Nicholson that he would watch videos to make

sure that Nicholson worked the full eight hours while assigned to the trash truck. Nicholson worked

on the trash truck for “a couple weeks” before he was taken off that assignment. (Nicholson Dep.

142, Page ID # 249.)

       Also in 2008, Nicholson witnessed Charlie Moody, a Caucasian employee, “physically kick

an African American employee, Mose Garrett, in the butt.” (Resp. to Clarksville’s SUMF ¶ 28, Page

ID # 481.) A Caucasian supervisor witnessed the incident and laughed, but took no disciplinary

action. Nicholson later heard Moody say that he “was just playing with” Garrett (Nicholson Dep.

136, Page ID # 236), and Garrett testified that Moody apologized for the incident three or four times,

that his apology was sincere, and that the incident never happened again.

H. Noose Incidents

       In November 2008, a maintenance crew found a noose hanging from a tree in a Clarksville

park. Clarksville employee Marlon Matthews also found a noose in his work truck earlier that year.



                                                  8
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

Nicholson believed that a third noose was also found, but could not recall any details at his

deposition.

        Derrick Oliver, an African-American park ranger with the Clarksville Parks and Recreation

Department, conducted an investigation to determine who was responsible for hanging the nooses.

A second investigation was also conducted by Bronson Gibbs, Clarksville’s Risk Manager. In

addition, Clarksville’s request that the Tennessee Bureau of Investigations perform its own

investigation was granted. Nicholson stated that he was never interviewed as part of any of the

investigations, but also conceded that he did not have any direct knowledge of who was responsible

for hanging the nooses. None of the investigations were able to identify the individual(s) responsible

for hanging the nooses.

        In response to the noose incidents, Clarksville also initiated a city-wide sensitivity training

program titled “Diversity and You.” (Resp. to Clarksville’s SUMF ¶ 38, Page ID # 482.) Nicholson

attended this training on February 10, 2009. Marlon Matthews testified that the Diversity and You

training caused him to “curb[ his] language a whole lot after that.” (Matthews Dep. 35, Page ID #

336.)

I. Orville Sykes Incident

        In January 2009, a Caucasian supervisor named Orville Sykes “cussed” Nicholson while

Nicholson was cutting down a tree with a chainsaw. Sykes told Nicholson, “boy you don’t know

what you doing [sic],” and told Nicholson to “get [his] ass out of here.” (Nicholson’s Resp. to

Clarksville’s Interrogatory Request ¶ 13, Page ID # 304; Nicholson Dep. 65, Page ID # 217.) After

Sykes gave Nicholson “a verbal resume[,]” Nicholson turned off his chainsaw and handed it to

                                                  9
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

Sykes. (Nicholson Dep. 65-66, Page ID # 216-17.) Nicholson testified: “Orville Sykes was telling

me about, hey, I’ve been chopping down trees for this long, that long. . . . So I figured he got more

experience, so I cut [the chainsaw] off; handed it to him.” (Id.) When Sykes began asking for

Nicholson’s name, Nicholson refused to answer because Sykes did not address him directly. The

Manager of Operations and Planning for the Parks and Recreation Department, Kevin Cowling,

issued Nicholson a verbal reprimand for refusing to tell Sykes his name. However, Nicholson

testified that Cowling “said he would take care of [the reprimand], and I never knew -- I never heard

anything else about that.” (Nicholson Dep. 66, Page ID # 216.)

J. Denial of Promotions

       In May and October of 2009, Nicholson applied for two separate promotions to a

Maintenance Worker II position. Nicholson could not recall at his deposition whether he was

interviewed for the Maintenance Worker II positions in 2009, but he did recall that he was previously

interviewed for a Maintenance Worker II position. (Nicholson Dep. 47, Page ID # 543.) Clarksville

contends that Nicholson was interviewed for the May 2009 position. Nicholson did not receive

either promotion.

       Maintenance Department Supervisor Garry Harp stated that Nicholson was not selected for

either Maintenance Worker II position because he “did not possess all the skills necessary for the

Maintenance II position, such as welding and plumbing.” (Harp Decl. ¶ 6, Page ID # 410.) Harp

further attested to two opportunities that he had given Nicholson to demonstrate his welding and

plumbing skills:



                                                 10
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

               One time, I allowed Mr. Nicholson to weld a broken gate [at] the fair
               grounds. Mr. Nicholson did not repair it correctly the first time, and
               I gave him a second chance to do it. In total, Mr. Nicholson took two
               days to weld the gate, requiring me to give him overtime pay, and the
               gate was still not properly repaired when he finished. Then, I asked
               Marlon Matthews, a Maintenance II employee, to repair it and he
               fixed it correctly in a very short period of time.

                       Another time, Mr. Nicholson attempted to repair a faucet to
               demonstrate his basic plumbing skills, which are also required of a
               Maintenance II worker. He took the fixture apart, but was unable to
               repair or put it back together. He left the faucet open and
               disassembled overnight before telling me the next day that he could
               not fix it.

(Harp Decl. ¶¶ 7-8, Page ID # 410.)

       Nicholson admitted that the gate broke the first time he tried to fix it. However, Nicholson

avers that he told Harp that he could not fully repair the gate initially because he needed additional

parts. Nicholson also admitted that Marlon Matthews put the gate up again later, but claims that it

broke again afterward. Nicholson believes that the gate was breaking because “somebody was . . .

just hitting it or something.” (Nicholson Dep. 49, Page ID # 544.) Nicholson also stated that he was

told he did not get the two Maintenance Worker II promotions because he had high blood pressure

and because his Commercial Drivers License was invalid.

       Nicholson stated that he spoke to Garry Harp about a Maintenance Worker II position that

he applied for in 2010, and Harp told Nicholson that he did not receive the position because of a

back injury Nicholson had sustained while working. Nicholson also spoke to Garry Harp about a

supervisor opening, and Harp told Nicholson not to apply for the position “because [he] wouldn’t

get it.” (Nicholson’s Resp. to Clarksville’s Interrogatories ¶ 9, Page ID # 302.)


                                                 11
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

         Mose Garrett testified that he had previously applied for a Maintenance Worker II position,

but a Caucasian employee named Tommy Little, who only had experience in swimming pool

maintenance, received the promotion instead. However, it is undisputed that other African-American

employees were promoted. Marlon Matthews was promoted from a Maintenance Worker I to a

Maintenance Worker II position.       In 2010, an African-American employee named William

Humphrey was promoted from Maintenance Worker I to a supervisory position as Department Crew

Chief.

         In September 2010, Nicholson received a performance evaluation from his supervisor,

Richard Davis, rating his performance as “meets expectations.” (Resp. to Clarksville’s SUMF ¶¶

111-12, Page ID # 494.) Davis changed his rating of Nicholson to “unsatisfactory” after Cowling

told Davis that the evaluation should reflect Nicholson’s performance throughout the entire year.

Cowling testified that he did not believe Davis’s initial evaluation of Nicholson as “meets

expectations” was accurate, because “Mr. Davis had expressed to [Cowling], on several occasions

throughout the year, that, you know, he had problems with [Nicholson] not wanting to do some

things, or not communicating, or asking why other people couldn’t do that if he didn’t want to do

something.” (Cowling Dep. 108-09, Page ID # 406-07.) Nicholson was terminated in 2011.

                                                 II.

         This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Allen v. Highlands

Hosp. Corp., 545 F.3d 387, 393 (6th Cir. 2008). Summary judgment is proper under Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(a) where “the movant shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” The facts must be viewed, and all reasonable

                                                 12
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

inferences must be drawn, in favor of the nonmoving party. Pennington v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins.

Co., 553 F.3d 447, 450 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,

475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)). The Court must ultimately determine “whether the evidence presents a

sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party

must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986).

                                                 III.

       Nicholson argues that the district court erred when it found no genuine issue of material fact

as to Nicholson’s hostile work environment, failure to promote, and retaliation claims. Nicholson

contends that the discrete incidents of harassment he has alleged, when considered under the totality

of the circumstances, were sufficient to alter the terms and conditions of his employment with

Clarksville. Nicholson also argues that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether

Clarksville’s claimed reasons for denying him promotions were pretextual, and that Clarksville

engaged in retaliatory conduct in response to Nicholson’s formal and informal complaints about

racial discrimination in the workplace.

A. Hostile Work Environment

       Nicholson’s hostile work environment claims under § 1981 and Title VII are subject to the

same standards. Jackson v. Quanex Corp., 191 F.3d 647, 658 (6th Cir. 1999). To establish a hostile

work environment claim, Nicholson must show “(1) he was a member of a protected class; (2) he

was subject to unwelcomed harassment; (3) the harassment was race-based; (4) the harassment

unreasonably interfered with his work performance by creating an environment that was

intimidating, hostile, or offensive; and (5) [Clarksville] was liable for the harassing conduct.” Kuhn

                                                 13
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

v. Washtenaw County, 709 F.3d 612, 627 (6th Cir. 2013). The United States Supreme Court has

noted that harassing conduct “must be extreme to amount to a change in the terms and conditions

of employment[.]” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998). “[S]imple teasing,

offhand comments, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious)” do not create a hostile work

environment. Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “These standards for judging

hostility are sufficiently demanding to ensure that Title VII does not become a general civility code.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

        In evaluating a hostile work environment claim, the Court looks to the totality of the

circumstances, “considering even those claims that were not directed at a particular plaintiff and

those claims that a particular plaintiff did not witness.” Berryman v. SuperValu Holdings, Inc., 669

F.3d 714, 718 (6th Cir. 2012). However, while a plaintiff need not be the subject of, or a witness

to, harassing behavior, “he does need to know about it.” Id.

        Factors relevant to a hostile work environment claim “may include the frequency of the

discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere

offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.”

Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993).

        Relying on Jackson, supra, Nicholson argues that the actions taken by Clarksville employees

and supervisors, when considered together, were sufficiently severe and pervasive to create a hostile

work environment claim. In Jackson, the plaintiff, an African-American woman, produced evidence

showing, inter alia, frequent use of racial slurs by co-workers and supervisors, racist graffiti in rest

rooms depicting lynchings and the phrase “KKK is back,” the phrase “Blacks out back” on a door

                                                  14
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

at the employer’s plant for at least two years, defacement of an African-American employee’s work

shirt by writing the words “N----- Sucker” over his name, and different treatment for Caucasian and

African-American employees in terms of on-the-job training and opportunities for advancement.

Jackson, 191 F.3d at 651-54. The Jackson plaintiff was also called a “n----- bitch” and physically

assaulted by a Caucasian co-worker. Id. at 655. After the plaintiff took a leave of absence due to

the assault, the employee who had assaulted her came to work wearing a hard hat with a swastika

on it. Id. Throughout the plaintiff’s employment, her employer demonstrated “a pattern of

unresponsiveness . . . to the complaints of its African-American employees[.]” Id. at 665. This

Court found that, in considering the totality of the circumstances, including instances of racial

harassment that were not directed specifically at the plaintiff, the trial court erred when it granted

judgement as a matter of law in favor of the employer. Id. at 668.

       Clarksville argues that Nicholson’s evidence only shows isolated incidents of general

profanity, and the few incidents involving racial slurs are insufficient to create a hostile work

environment claim. Clarksville asserts that sporadic and isolated comments by employees cannot

amount to “extreme” conduct that changes the terms and conditions of employment. Clarksville

further argues that Nicholson’s hostile work environment claim fails because he cannot show that

Clarksville had knowledge of the alleged racial harassment and failed to act.

       The district court properly determined that Nicholson had failed to establish a genuine issue

of material fact on his hostile work environment claim. Most of the incidents relied on by Nicholson

only involved coarse language used by Clarksville employees, and did not evidence racial animus.



                                                 15
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

       Nicholson admits that the 2005 incident, where an assistant manager told a group of

employees that their “asses were fired” if they did not complete their work, involved coarse language

directed at both African-American and Caucasian employees. This incident, which involved no

racial slurs, cannot be construed as evidencing a racially hostile work environment.

       As to 2007, Nicholson cannot recall what language John Walk used when he “cussed”

Marlon Matthews. Absent any indication of racial hostility, this incident does not support

Nicholson’s claim of a racially hostile work environment.

       Nicholson claims that his 2007 written reprimand by his supervisor, James Clark, evidences

racial animus, because Clark did not also reprimand Tim Bishop, Nicholson’s Caucasian co-worker,

who also arrived late after lunch. However, the reprimand submitted into evidence reflects that

Nicholson was reprimanded for arguing with his supervisor, not for arriving late after lunch.

Nicholson does not claim that Bishop also argued with Clark and was not reprimanded.

Furthermore, Nicholson admits that Clark later apologized for the reprimand and the issue was

resolved to Nicholson’s satisfaction.

       Similarly, there is no indication that the 2008 kicking incident involving Mose Garrett and

Charlie Moody was motivated by racial animus, and Garrett testified that Moody sincerely

apologized after the incident.

       Although Nicholson initially complained about the alleged segregation of a work crew in

2008, he admits that he later told the Maintenance Department Supervisor that the work crew

actually chose their own work assignments, and employees were not assigned to the baseball or



                                                 16
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

soccer fields based on their race. Further, there was testimony that each crew also worked on the

other crew’s field – baseball and soccer.

        The evidence reflects four instances of racial slurs between the years 2007 and 2009. Only

one of these incidents involved language specifically directed at Nicholson – the 2009 incident in

which Orville Sykes referred to Nicholson as “boy.” Nicholson was aware of two racial slurs in

2007 – Dutch Crotty referring to a female employee as a “nigger lover,” and James Crotty referring

to an African-American employee as “blue.” Both Crottys were subsequently terminated by

Clarksville. Nicholson also recalls an incident where he rode in a truck with a Caucasian employee

and heard him singing along with a song that used the “N-word.” When Nicholson asked him to stop

singing along around Nicholson, the employee complied.

        These four isolated instances over the course of two years, while inappropriate and offensive,

are not so severe and pervasive as to alter the terms and conditions of Nicholson’s employment. See

Farragher, 524 U.S. at 788 (noting that “isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not

amount to discriminatory changes in the ‘terms and conditions of employment.’”); see also

Armstrong v. Whirlpool Corp., 363 F. App’x 317, 327 (6th Cir. 2010) (affirming district court’s

grant of summary judgment on hostile work environment claim involving “a handful of uses of the

n-word and its derivatives, . . . some racist jokes . . ., a few references . . . to the Ku Klux Klan and

James Earl Ray, and the presence of racist graffiti that was removed as soon as [the plaintiff]

reported it to a supervisor.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

        Nicholson argues that the totality of circumstances should include Clarksville’s failure to

promote Nicholson, unwarranted disciplinary actions, and alleged retaliation. Even considering

                                                   17
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

these facts, however, Nicholson still fails to establish a hostile work environment claim. As

discussed infra, there is no evidence that Clarksville denied Nicholson’s requests for promotion to

the Maintenance Worker II position because of Nicholson’s race. Likewise, there is no evidence that

any disciplinary actions taken by Clarksville were unwarranted, or that Nicholson was disciplined

more harshly based on his race. Furthermore, if the 2008 noose incidents are considered as part of

the totality of the circumstances, they are insufficient to support a hostile work environment claim

because there is no evidence that Clarksville employees hung the nooses. Indeed, the undisputed

evidence shows that the nooses were immediately removed after they were discovered, that

Clarksville initiated two separate investigations seeking to identify the individual or individuals who

hung the nooses, and also requested a third investigation from the Tennessee Bureau of

Investigations.   Further, the evidence establishes that in response to these noose incidents,

Clarksville held a diversity sensitivity training program for its employees.

       Nicholson testified that he was aware that Donald Carney was suspended after he complained

about Dutch Crotty’s use of racial slurs, and that Carney was not rehired by Clarksville as a seasonal

employee the year after. However, Carney was later hired as a full-time, permanent employee at

Clarksville. As noted supra, both Dutch Crotty and his brother, James Crotty, were terminated by

Clarksville. Viewed as a whole, these facts do not imply a severe and pervasive hostility towards

African-American employees.

       Viewing the totality of the circumstances, Nicholson has failed to establish a genuine issue

of material fact as to whether the discriminatory conduct alleged was so severe and pervasive that

it altered the terms and conditions of Nicholson’s employment. The district court therefore did not

                                                  18
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

err by entering summary judgment in Clarksville’s favor on Nicholson’s hostile work environment

claim.1



B. Failure to Promote

          To establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination on a failure to promote claim,

Nicholson must establish that: “(1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he applied and was

qualified for a promotion; (3) he was considered for and denied the promotion; and (4) other

employees of similar qualifications who were not members of the protected class received

promotions.” Dews v. A.B. Dick Co., 231 F.3d 1016, 1020-21 (6th Cir. 2000). If Nicholson

establishes a prima facie case, he is entitled to a presumption of discrimination unless Clarksville

proffers “a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its decision.” Id. at 1021. The burden then

shifts back to Nicholson to show that Clarksville’s “proffered reason is pretextual.” Id. (citing

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-04 (1973) and St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v.

Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 510-11 (1993)).

          Clarksville contends, in a footnote, that Nicholson has failed to establish a prima facie case

because he cannot show that he was qualified for the Maintenance Worker II position. (Appellee’s

Br. at 27 n. 15.) This issue was similarly argued by Clarksville in the district court, which noted that

Clarksville “asserts in a single sentence, without any explanation, that the plaintiff failed to establish

a prima facie case of discrimination because he was not qualified for the open M2 positions.” (Sept.


          1
          Because Nicholson’s hostile work environment claim was properly dismissed by the
district court, we do not address Clarksville’s alternate argument regarding supervisor liability.

                                                   19
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

12, 2012 Memorandum Op. 18 n. 11, Page ID # 620.) Clarksville’s assertion that Nicholson cannot

establish a prima facie case is unsupported by any law or analysis, and is therefore waived. “Issues

adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are

deemed waived. It is not sufficient for a party to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal

way, leaving the court to put flesh on its bones.” McPherson v. Kelsey, 125 F.3d 989, 995-96 (6th

Cir. 1997) (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted).

        The argument in both Nicholson’s and Clarksville’s briefs focuses on whether Nicholson has

produced evidence showing that Clarksville’s proffered legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason is

pretextual. “A plaintiff can demonstrate pretext by showing that the proffered reason (1) has no

basis in fact, (2) did not actually motivate the defendant’s challenged conduct, or (3) was insufficient

to warrant the challenged conduct.” Dews, 231 F.3d at 1021. Nicholson bears “the ultimate burden

of producing sufficient evidence from which the jury could reasonably reject [Clarksville’s]

explanation and infer that [Clarksville] intentionally discriminated against him.” Johnson v. Kroger

Co., 319 F.3d 858, 866 (6th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Clarksville asserts that Nicholson was not promoted to a Maintenance Worker II position

because he failed to demonstrate the required welding and plumbing skills, and because he was

argumentative and resisted directives from his superiors. Nicholson attempts to show that this

reason is a mere pretext for discrimination by relying on several different facts.

        Nicholson first contends that he made complaints to his supervisors regarding racial

discrimination, and subsequently applied for promotions “but was not even interviewed each time.”

(Appellant’s Br. at 30.) However, Nicholson admitted at his deposition that he had been interviewed

                                                  20
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

for a Maintenance Worker II position. (Nicholson Dep. 47, Page ID # 543.) Nicholson also does

not dispute that a gate he was asked to fix collapsed after he tack welded it on two different

occasions, and that it was ultimately fixed correctly by Marlon Matthews “in a very short period of

time.” (Resp. to Clarksville’s SUMF ¶¶ 74-75.) While Nicholson stated that he believes that

“somebody was . . . just hitting [the gate]” (Nicholson Dep. 49, Page ID # 544), Nicholson’s

subjective belief as to why the gate collapsed does not establish that Clarksville’s reasons for

denying Nicholson a promotion were a mere pretext in light of the undisputed facts in the record.

       Nicholson also notes that Garry Harp told him not to apply for a promotion because he would

not get it, but Nicholson does not show that Harp’s comment was based on racial animus. This fact,

standing alone, does not evidence that Clarksville’s proffered reasons for denying Nicholson’s

promotions are a pretext.

       Nicholson next appears to argue that one of the Caucasian employees who received a

promotion to the Maintenance Worker II position was less qualified than Nicholson because he did

not have a Commercial Drivers License (“CDL”), which was a requirement for the position.

However, Clarksville’s promotion of Marlon Matthews to a Maintenance Worker II position

undermines this argument. Matthews, who is African American, was allowed to obtain a CDL after

he was promoted. As stated by the district court, “to the extent that the defendant failed to

consistently apply its requirement mandating possession of a commercial driver’s license, it did so

in such a way that both white and African American employees benefitted.” (Sept. 12, 2012

Memorandum Op. 21, Page ID # 623.)



                                                21
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

       Nicholson argues that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to pretext based on the action

of his supervisor, Richard Davis, changing his employee evaluation in 2010 from “meets

expectations” to “unsatisfactory.” Nicholson admits, though, that Kevin Cowling did not think the

initial evaluation was accurate, and asked Davis to change Nicholson’s evaluation to reflect his

performance throughout the year. Nicholson does not produce any evidence tending to show that

Cowling’s request was based on racial animus.

       Nicholson has failed to produce sufficient evidence to create an issue of fact as to whether

Clarksville’s proffered reasons for denying his promotion to the Maintenance Worker II position

were pretextual. The district court’s grant of summary judgment on Nicholson’s failure to promote

claim is therefore affirmed.

C. Retaliation

       To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Nicholson must demonstrate by a

preponderance of the evidence that (1) he engaged in a protected activity under Title VII, (2)

Nicholson’s protected activity was known to Clarksville, (3) Clarksville took adverse employment

actions against Nicholson, and (4) there was a causal connection between the adverse employment

action and the protected activity. Taylor v. Geithner, 703 F.3d 328, 336 (6th Cir. 2013). “The

burden of establishing a prima facie case in a retaliation action is not onerous, but one easily met.”

Mickey v. Zeidler Tool and Die Co., 516 F.3d 516, 523 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks

omitted). If Nicholson establishes a prima facie case, Clarksville then has the burden of production

and must articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action. Fuhr v. Hazel Park School

Dist., 710 F.3d 668, 674 (6th Cir. 2013). “If a defendant successfully produces such a legitimate

                                                  22
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

reason, then the burden of production returns to the plaintiff to demonstrate by a preponderance of

the evidence that the proffered reason was a mere pretext for discrimination.” Id. at 675.

Furthermore, the United States Supreme Court recently clarified that a Title VII plaintiff must

demonstrate “but for” causation to sustain a retaliation claim.

               Title VII retaliation claims must be proved according to traditional
               principles of but-for causation, not the lessened causation test stated
               in § 2000e-2(m). This requires proof that the unlawful retaliation
               would not have occurred in the absence of the alleged wrongful action
               or actions of the employer.

Univ. of Tex. Southwestern Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 S.Ct. 2517, 2013 WL 3155234, at *14 (June

24, 2013).2

       Nicholson argues that he “made a number of complaints to his supervisors concerning racial

discrimination in the workplace starting with his report of segregation in 2008.” (Appellant’s Br.

35.) However, Nicholson has not produced any evidence of further complaints he made about racial

discrimination after he complained about the segregated work crew in Heritage Park. The district

court nevertheless noted that “the record evidence shows that the plaintiff filed a charge of

discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) on March 27,

2009.” (Sept. 12, 2012 Memorandum Op. 25, Page ID # 627.) Therefore, Nicholson’s complaint




       2
         We need not address whether the Nassar holding regarding Title VII retaliation applies
as well to Nicholson’s § 1981 retaliation claim because Nicholson cannot satisfy even the
causation requirement for Title VII retaliation claims under the pre-Nassar law that our Circuit
has applied to § 1981 claims. See Bobo v. United Parcel Servs., 665 F.3d 741, 756-57 (6th Cir.
2012) (analyzing Title VII and § 1981 claims for retaliation using motivating-factor standard and
Price Waterhouse burden shifting).

                                                 23
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

regarding the segregated work crew in 2008 and his March 27, 2009 EEOC charge are the only

protected activities at issue.

        Clarksville argues that, assuming Nicholson’s complaint in 2008 constitutes protected

activity, Nicholson cannot show a “causal connection” between that protected activity and any

alleged adverse employment actions.

        Nicholson relies on temporal proximity to establish a causal connection between his

protected activity and the alleged adverse employment actions taken by Clarksville. “One way by

which a plaintiff can demonstrate a causal connection is to show close temporal proximity between

the adverse employment actions and the protected activity.” Taylor, 703 F.3d at 339. But a prima

facie case based on temporal proximity alone requires a short period of time between the protected

activity and the adverse employment action, “usually less than six months.” Nguyen v. City of

Cleveland, 229 F.3d 559, 567 (6th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). As this Court

noted in Mickey, supra:

                Where an adverse employment action occurs very close in time after
                an employer learns of a protected activity, such temporal proximity
                between the events is significant enough to constitute evidence of a
                causal connection for the purposes of satisfying a prima facie case of
                retaliation. But where some time elapses between when the employer
                learns of a protected activity and the subsequent adverse employment
                action, the employee must couple temporal proximity with other
                evidence of retaliatory conduct to establish causality.

516 F.3d at 525. In Cooper v. City of North Olmstead, 795 F.2d 1265 (6th Cir. 1986), this Court

found that “[t]he mere fact that Cooper was discharged four months after filing a discrimination

claim is insufficient to support an [inference] of retaliation.” Id. at 1272.


                                                  24
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

          Regarding Nicholson’s complaint about the segregated work crew, he states only that he

made the complaint sometime in 2008 and has not produced evidence approximating a more specific

date. Because Nicholson relies on temporal proximity to establish the causal connection element of

his prima facie case of retaliation, he bears the burden of establishing temporal proximity by a

preponderance of the evidence. Taylor, 703 F.3d at 336. Nicholson has failed to produce evidence

even approximating when he made his complaint in 2008, and therefore cannot establish a prima

facie case of retaliation with respect to his 2008 complaint.

          The only other protected activity evidenced in the record is Nicholson’s March 27, 2009

EEOC charge. After he filed this charge, Nicholson asserts that Clarksville engaged in adverse

employment activities by declining to promote him in May and October of 2009, by changing his

performance evaluation in September 2010, and by subjecting him to unwarranted disciplinary

action.

          The October 2009 denial of promotion occurred more than six months after Nicholson

engaged in protected activity, and the changes to Nicholson’s performance evaluation in September

2010 occurred 18 months after the protected activity. A time period greater than six months, without

more, is not a sufficiently short period of time to satisfy the causal connection element of a

retaliation claim. See Cooper, 795 F.2d at 1272; see also Clay v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 501

F.3d 695, 718 (6th Cir. 2007) (finding no causal connection where gap between protected activity

and adverse employment action was six months); Cecil v. Louisville Water Co., 301 F. App’x 490,

502 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that adverse employment activity that occurred 10 months and 17



                                                 25
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

months after protected activity was insufficient, on its own, “to create a reasonable inference of

causation.”).

        The approximately two-month gap between Nicholson’s protected activity on March 27,

2009, and the denial of promotion in May 2009, may be sufficient to show a causal connection. See

Dye v. Office of the Racing Comm’n, 702 F.3d 286, 306 (6th Cir. 2012) (holding that “[a] lapse of

two months, as is the case here, is sufficient to show a causal connection, and the district court erred

in holding otherwise.”); but see Warf v. U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs, 713 F.3d 874, 880 (6th Cir.

2013) (finding that the plaintiff had not established a prima facie case of retaliation where failure to

promote occurred one month after the plaintiff’s protected activity, because “only one of the

supervisors [who had knowledge of the protected activity] was on the selection committee for the

position and the rest of the selection committee did not have any knowledge of her complaint[,]” and

“the selection committee considered Warf for the position . . . .”).

        Assuming that Nicholson has established a prima facie case of retaliation based on the

temporal proximity between his March 2009 EEOC charge and the May 2009 denial of promotion,

his retaliation claim fails because he cannot demonstrate that Clarksville’s proffered legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reasons for its denial of promotion were a pretext for retaliation. As discussed

above, Clarksville has produced evidence that it did not promote Nicholson to the Maintenance

Worker II position because he lacked the requisite welding and plumbing skills, and because he was

argumentative and resisted directives from his supervisors. Nicholson has failed to show that these

reasons are a mere pretext.



                                                  26
No. 12-6318
Nicholson v. City of Clarksville

        Nicholson argues that summary judgment is not appropriate in this matter because

Clarksville’s true motivations for its actions are difficult to ascertain. See Singfield v. Akron

Metropolitan Housing Authority, 389 F.3d 555, 564 (6th Cir. 2004) (noting “that in discrimination

and retaliation cases, an employer’s true motivations are particularly difficult to ascertain . . . thereby

frequently making such factual determinations unsuitable for disposition at the summary judgment

stage . . . .”). However, in Singfield, the plaintiff produced evidence showing that, but for the

defendant’s alleged retaliation, it would not have discovered its alleged legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reasons for terminating his employment. Id. Nicholson has failed to produce similar evidence of

but-for causation in the instant matter. His retaliation claim was therefore properly dismissed. See

Nassar, supra.

                                                   IV.

        For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.




                                                    27
