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                                                    ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
                                                             November 12, 2019

                                    2019 CO 94

No. 18SC331, Boland v. Colorado Medical Board—Administrative Law—Colorado
Medical Board—Disciplinary Procedures—Subpoenas.

      In this companion case to Colorado Medical Board v. McLaughlin, 2019 CO 93,

__ P.3d __, which the supreme court also decides today, the court is again asked

to determine whether an investigative subpoena issued by the Colorado Medical

Board (the “Board”) can have a lawfully authorized purpose if the investigation

was prompted by a complaint made by the Colorado Department of Public Health

and Environment (the “CDPHE”) pursuant to a policy that violated the Open

Meetings Law (the “OML”) or the State Administrative Procedure Act (the

“APA”).

      For the reasons articulated in McLaughlin, ¶¶ 22–37, the court concludes that

because the CDPHE, as a state agency and not a “state public body,” could not

violate the OML and did not violate the APA in developing the policy at issue or

in referring doctors to the Board under that policy, the petitioner’s argument that

the investigative subpoena lacked a lawfully authorized purpose because it was
based on a policy that violated the OML and the APA is based on a flawed premise

and is therefore unpersuasive. Even if the CDPHE’s adoption of the policy at issue

and its reliance on it were invalid, however, the court concludes that the Board’s

investigative subpoena had a lawfully authorized purpose because it was issued

pursuant to the Board’s statutory authority to investigate allegations of

unprofessional conduct and was properly tailored to that purpose.

      Accordingly, the court affirms the judgment of the division below and

remands this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                 The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
                 2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

                                   2019 CO 94

                      Supreme Court Case No. 18SC331
                    Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
                     Court of Appeals Case No. 16CA1269

                                   Petitioner:

                              James Boland, M.D.,

                                        v.

                                  Respondent:

                            Colorado Medical Board.

                              Judgment Affirmed
                                   en banc
                               November 12, 2019


Attorneys for Petitioner:
Hershey Decker Drake
Carmen N. Decker
Kaylyn Peister
      Lone Tree, Colorado

Attorneys for Respondent:
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General
Ashley E. Moller, Senior Assistant Attorney General
Sierra R. Ward, Senior Assistant Attorney General
       Denver, Colorado

Maxfield Gunning, LLP
Eric H. Maxfield
      Boulder, Colorado
JUSTICE GABRIEL delivered the Opinion of the Court.


                                    2
¶1      In this companion case to Colorado Medical Board v. McLaughlin, 2019 CO 93,

__ P.3d __, which we are also announcing today, we are again asked to determine

whether an investigative subpoena issued by the Colorado Medical Board (the

“Board”) can have a lawfully authorized purpose if the investigation was

prompted by a complaint made by the Colorado Department of Public Health and

Environment (the “CDPHE”) pursuant to a policy that violated the Open Meetings

Law (the “OML”) or the State Administrative Procedure Act (the “APA”).1

¶2      For the reasons articulated in McLaughlin, ¶¶ 22–37, we conclude that

(1) because the CDPHE, as a state agency and not a “state public body,” could not

violate the OML and did not violate the APA in developing the policy at issue or

in referring doctors to the Board under that policy, James Boland’s argument that

the investigative subpoena lacked a lawfully authorized purpose because it was

based on a policy that violated the OML and the APA is based on a flawed premise

and is therefore unpersuasive and (2) even if the CDPHE’s adoption of the policy

at issue and its reliance on it were invalid, the Board’s investigative subpoena




1   We granted certiorari to review the following issue:

        Whether an agency investigative subpoena can have a lawfully
        authorized purpose even if the investigation was prompted by a
        complaint from a different agency under a referral policy that violated
        the Open Meetings Law or Administrative Procedure Act.
                                           3
nonetheless had a lawfully authorized purpose because it was issued pursuant to

the Board’s statutory authority to investigate allegations of unprofessional

conduct and was properly tailored to that purpose.

¶3    Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the division below and remand this

case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                        I. Facts and Procedural History

¶4    Boland is a physician licensed to practice medicine in Colorado.            He

primarily examines patients to determine if they would benefit from the use of

medical marijuana.

¶5    Information related to medical marijuana in Colorado is maintained by the

CDPHE in a confidential registry that includes the names of all patients who have

applied for and are entitled to receive a marijuana registry identification card, as

well as the names and contact information for the patients’ physicians and, if

applicable, their primary caregivers. Colo. Const. art. XVIII, § 14(3)(b); Dep’t of

Pub. Health and Env’t, 5 Colo. Code Regs. 1006-2:1(A) (2019). If the CDPHE has

reasonable cause to believe that a physician has violated either section 14 of article

XVIII of the state constitution, section 25-1.5-106(5)(a)–(c), C.R.S. (2019), or the

rules promulgated by the CDPHE pursuant to section 25-1.5-106(3), all of which

govern physicians who certify medical conditions for applicants to the medical

marijuana program, then the CDPHE may refer the matter to the Board for an


                                          4
investigation and determination. § 25-1.5-106(6); 5 Colo. Code Regs. 1006-2:8(B)

(2019).

¶6    In May 2014, the CDPHE implemented Medical Marijuana Policy

No. 2014-01 (“the Referral Policy”). The Referral Policy provides that the CDPHE

will use its statistical reviews of physician medical marijuana recommendations to

determine whether reasonable cause exists to refer a physician to the Board for

investigation. Factors to be considered include (1) whether a physician has a high

caseload, as determined by the number of patients for whom medical marijuana is

recommended (a high caseload is calculated as 3,521 or more patient

recommendations in one year); (2) whether a physician recommended increased

plant counts for more than thirty percent of his or her caseload; and (3) whether

more than one-third of the physician’s patient caseload is under the age of thirty.

¶7    In June 2014, the CDPHE referred Boland to the Board for investigation

based on his “[h]igh plant count recommendations and high percent of patients

under age of 30 [sic] for medical marijuana referrals.” Thereafter, the Board sent

Boland a letter informing him that it had received “concerning information”

regarding his conduct as a licensed physician, specifically involving a possible

violation of the Colorado Medical Practice Act, §§ 12-240-101 to -145, C.R.S.




                                         5
(2019).2 The letter explained that the Board was required by law to investigate the

complaint, which the Board noted had been initiated by the CDPHE pursuant to

the Referral Policy. The Board thus requested that Boland send a written response

to the allegations within thirty days and further indicated that it would be issuing

a subpoena for pertinent patient records relating to the complaint. The Board then

sent Boland a subpoena ordering him to produce complete medical records for any

and all patients aged thirty and younger who were examined on three specifically

identified dates.

¶8    Boland refused to comply with the subpoena, and he and several other

physicians whom the CDPHE had referred to the Board and who had received

subpoenas from the Board filed suit in the Denver District Court, seeking, among

other things, to enjoin the Board from enforcing its subpoenas. As grounds

therefor, the physicians alleged, among other things, that the CDPHE and the

Board violated the OML when they adopted the Referral Policy and that any

referrals based thereon were unfounded. 3




2Effective October 1, 2019, the Colorado Medical Practice Act was relocated from
article 36 of title 12 to article 240 of the same title. For convenience, we will cite
the Act in accordance with its current location in the Colorado Revised Statutes.
3This case ultimately resulted in our opinion in Doe v. Colorado Department of Public
Health & Environment, 2019 CO __, __ P.3d __, which we are also announcing
today.

                                          6
¶9    At about the same time, the Board filed the present action, seeking to enforce

the subpoena against Boland. Boland filed an opposition brief in which he argued,

as pertinent here, that the Referral Policy was developed in violation of the OML

and that any action taken pursuant to that Policy was void. In light of these alleged

facts, Boland asserted that the Board’s investigation was not initiated for a lawfully

authorized purpose and that therefore the subpoena should not be enforced.

¶10   The district court subsequently granted the Board’s motion to enforce the

subpoena. As pertinent here, the court found that (1) any injunctive relief granted

by the district court in the Doe action would bind only the CDPHE and not the

Board; (2) the Colorado Medical Practice Act vests the Board with the authority to

conduct investigations and issue administrative subpoenas regarding those

investigations; and (3) the Board has a statutory duty to investigate licensed

physicians who engage in unprofessional conduct, including a failure to meet

generally accepted standards of conduct. The court concluded, “Given the broad

purpose set forth in the statute, as well as the statutory duty imposed on [the

Board] to investigate a physician whose actions fall below the generally accepted

standard of medical practice, the court finds that the subpoena was issued for a

lawfully authorized purpose.”

¶11   Boland appealed this order, and in a divided, published opinion, a division

of the court of appeals affirmed. Colo. Med. Bd. v. Boland, 2018 COA 39, __ P.3d __.


                                          7
In so ruling, the majority began by assuming, for purposes of the appeal, that the

CDPHE had adopted the Referral Policy in violation of the OML. Id. at ¶ 30. The

majority concluded, however, that the CDPHE’s conduct did not determine

whether the Board acted lawfully in issuing the subpoena to Boland. Id. at ¶ 33.

Instead, the division looked to the Board’s statutory duties under the Colorado

Medical Practice Act and concluded, “The Board received a complaint, gave

Dr. Boland an opportunity to respond, which he did, and then issued the

subpoena. The purpose of the investigation is to ascertain whether he acted

unprofessionally. Under these circumstances, we conclude the Board subpoena

had a lawful purpose.” Id. at ¶ 39.

¶12   In reaching this conclusion, the majority distinguished this court’s decision

in Board of Medical Examiners v. Duhon, 895 P.2d 143 (Colo. 1995), in which we had

invalidated a Board subpoena. Boland, ¶¶ 37–39. The majority observed that

Duhon involved a question of when in the course of an investigation the Board is

authorized to issue a subpoena, a question of timing that is not presented here. Id.

¶13   Judge Taubman dissented, reiterating the views that he expressed in his

majority opinion in McLaughlin v. Colorado Medical Board, 2018 COA 41, 425 P.3d

1187, in which the division, in a divided, published opinion, invalidated a Board

subpoena in circumstances that parallel those presented here.




                                         8
¶14   Boland petitioned this court to review the division’s judgment, and we

granted the petition.

                                  II. Analysis

¶15   In McLaughlin, we addressed the same issue as is presented in this case. For

the reasons that we articulated there, we conclude that because neither the

CDPHE’s adoption of the Referral Policy nor its referral of Boland to the Board

violated the OML or the APA, Boland’s contention that the subpoena to him was

void because the Policy and referral were void is based on a flawed premise and

is therefore unpersuasive. See McLaughlin, ¶¶ 24–25. Even if the adoption of the

Referral Policy and the referral itself violated the OML or the APA, however, we

still conclude that the Board’s subpoena to Boland had a lawfully authorized

purpose because it was issued pursuant to the Board’s statutory authority to

investigate allegations of unprofessional conduct and was properly tailored to that

purpose. See id. at ¶¶ 26–37.

                                III. Conclusion

¶16   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the division below.




                                        9
