UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                    No. 98-4223

JOHN JOSEPH ARMETTA,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Greensboro.
William L. Osteen, District Judge.
(CR-95-269)

Argued: March 5, 1999

Decided: September 15, 1999

Before WIDENER and NIEMEYER, Circuit Judges,
and BROADWATER, United States District Judge
for the Northern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

ARGUED: Eric David Placke, Assistant Federal Public Defender,
Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant. Douglas Cannon, Assis-
tant United States Attorney, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appel-
lee. ON BRIEF: Louis C. Allen, III, Federal Public Defender,
Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellant. Walter C. Holton, Jr.,
United States Attorney, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

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OPINION

PER CURIAM:

John Joseph Armetta was convicted and sentenced for various
offenses stemming from his involvement in a scheme to roll back
odometers on motor vehicles and resell them to legitimate retailers.
He challenges his convictions and his sentence on multiple grounds,
including venue, sufficiency of the evidence, jury instructions, and
loss calculations under the Sentencing Guidelines. Finding no revers-
ible error, we affirm.

I

A federal grand jury sitting in the Middle District of North Caro-
lina, indicted Armetta on one count of conspiracy to roll back odome-
ters and to transport in interstate commerce forged and altered
securities (motor vehicle title certificates), as well as 24 substantive
counts of odometer tampering. See 18 U.S.C.§ 371 (conspiracy), § 2
(aiding and abetting), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1984, 1990c (odometer tamper-
ing), 49 U.S.C. §§ 32703(2), 32709(b) (renumbered odometer tamper-
ing statutes). The charges were based on Armetta's involvement,
together with three codefendants, Ali Alami, Richard Warren Carroll,
and Charles Granata, in a scheme to buy high-mileage cars at auc-
tions, roll back the odometers, launder the titles, and wholesale the
"clocked" cars to legitimate retailers for resale to unsuspecting con-
sumers.

Armetta was tried jointly with Carroll and Granata in an eight day
trial in March 1996. On the morning of jury selection, Alami, the
apparent ringleader of the group, pled guilty and testified as a witness
for the prosecution. The evidence introduced at trial showed that
Armetta served as a wholesale outlet for the rolled-back cars. Before
Armetta's involvement, Carroll, Granata, and Alami 1 launched the
_________________________________________________________________
1 We have already affirmed the convictions and sentences of Alami, see
United States v. Alami, 122 F.3d 1063 (4th Cir. 1997) (unpublished),

                    2
scheme, creating dummy corporations; obtaining the necessary state
licenses; registering these corporations at various auto auction houses,
including one in Greensboro, in the Middle District of North Caro-
lina; and buying high-mileage cars at these auctions under the names
of the dummy corporations. Alami then had these cars transported to
Baltimore or Northern Virginia where he directed two individuals to
perform the mechanical task of rolling back the odometers. The other
defendants then altered the true odometer readings on title certificates
and submitted the altered titles to state motor vehicle departments for
clean or "washed" titles with the false odometer readings printed on
them. In the wholesale vehicle business, it was not common practice
for wholesalers to obtain new titles for transfers because the transferor
could simply attach an assignment sheet.

Armetta, who had more than twenty years experience in the used
car business, became involved in the operation when he was working
as a salesman at Murray's Motors. Alami testified that when he found
out that Armetta was the salesman on some of his cars at Murray's,
he approached Armetta at an auto auction, and Armetta "agreed that
instead of going through the second party, perhaps he should come
directly and get the cars from me and market it." Accordingly,
between April 1994 and May 1995, Armetta, operating as an indepen-
dent salesman for George's Motors, sold Alami's cars at wholesale to
retail dealerships in the Baltimore, Maryland area.

In July 1994, Loyola Ford, to whom Armetta had previously sold
approximately 25 used cars, demanded its money back from the prior
owner of one of Armetta's cars (a dummy corporation set up by
Armetta's codefendants) because it had been unable to verify the
chain of title. Several hours later, Armetta came to the dealership and
appeared "quite upset." When the Loyola Ford representative
informed Armetta about the title problem, saying that he didn't know
whether the cars were "clocked" or stolen, Armetta delivered a check
and repurchased that car, as well as at least five other cars. Loyola
Ford stopped buying cars from Armetta.
_________________________________________________________________

Carroll, and Granata, see United States v. Carroll, 166 F.3d 334 (4th Cir.
1998) (unpublished).

                     3
Five months after the Loyola Ford incident, David Snyder, the gen-
eral manager at Bud Schmidt Buick, which had bought a Buick from
Armetta, told Armetta that a warranty check with the manufacturer
revealed an odometer rollback. Bud Schmidt Buick rescinded the pur-
chase, explaining that it did not wish to do any more business with
Armetta. Snyder testified that it was fairly uncommon for a dealer to
return a car to a wholesaler, especially for a suspected rollback.

Despite these incidents, Armetta continued to sell vehicles for
Alami.

At the close of the government's evidence, the district court
granted Armetta's unopposed motion for judgment of acquittal on
three of the substantive odometer tampering counts and denied his
motion on the remaining counts. The court denied Armetta's motions
again at the close of all of the evidence. The court also denied Armet-
ta's request for a "reasonable doubt" jury instruction and for an addi-
tion to the "aiding and abetting" instruction, stating that one cannot
aid and abet a completed crime. Armetta objected to the "willful
blindness" and Pinkerton jury instructions.

The jury found Armetta guilty on all remaining counts against him.

At sentencing, Armetta, along with the other defendants, chal-
lenged the loss calculations contained in the presentence report, but
the district court overruled the objections, concluding that the focus
of the loss calculations had to be the effect of the fraud on the ulti-
mate consumers, not the retailers, as suggested by the defendants.
Consolidating all of Armetta's convictions for sentencing purposes,
the court calculated an adjusted offense level of 16 which, with a
criminal history category of I, yielded a sentencing range of 21-27
months imprisonment. The district court sentenced Armetta to 22
months imprisonment, 3 years supervised release, $1100 in special
assessments, and $9999.90 in restitution.

This appeal followed.

II

Armetta contends first that venue was not properly laid in the Mid-
dle District of North Carolina -- the site of the Greensboro Auto Auc-

                     4
tion where Armetta's codefendants, operating through sham
corporations, purchased the high-mileage cars that Armetta eventually
sold as rollbacks in Maryland. The government maintains that venue
was appropriate there because odometer tampering is a "continuing
offense" and because Armetta, as an aider and abettor, could be tried
with the principals. We agree that the Middle District was an appro-
priate venue.

A defendant is constitutionally entitled to a trial in the state, see
U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 3, and the district, see U.S. Const. amend.
VI, where the crime was committed. See also Fed. R. Crim. P. 18.
When Congress does not provide a specific venue provision in a crim-
inal statute, "`the locus delicti must be determined from the nature of
the crime alleged and the location of the act or acts constituting it.'"
United States v. Cabrales, 524 U.S. 1, 6-7 (quoting United States v.
Anderson, 328 U.S. 699, 703 (1946)). "An aider and abettor may be
prosecuted in the district in which the principal acted in furtherance
of the substantive crime." United States v. Kibler, 667 F.2d 452, 455
(4th Cir. 1982) (citing Hyde v. United States , 225 U.S. 347, 362-67
(1912)); cf. Cabrales, 524 U.S. at 7 (finding venue improper in part
because the government had not charged the defendant as an aider
and abettor).

In this case, Armetta was properly charged as an aider and abettor
on each substantive odometer tampering count. An individual is guilty
of aiding and abetting if he has "knowingly associated himself with
and participated in the criminal venture." United States v. Burgos, 94
F.3d 849, 873 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). Armetta participated in the criminal venture by sell-
ing the cars with rolled back odometers to legitimate retail outlets for
resale, and he knowingly associated himself with the criminal venture
by agreeing to sell cars for Alami and continuing to do so in the face
of evidence from dealers that the cars were "clocked." Armetta had
two decades of experience in the used car market, and it is clear that
a jury could conclude that Armetta was aware of and knowingly asso-
ciated himself with a criminal venture. As an aider and abettor, there-
fore, regardless of where he acted, Armetta can be tried properly in
any district in which the principal acted in furtherance of the substan-
tive crime. See Kibler, 667 F.2d at 455.

                     5
Alami, by his own testimony, performed acts in the Middle District
of North Carolina to further substantive violations of the odometer
tampering statutes, such as listing himself as a salesman of a sham
leasing company and then buying and selling cars at the Greensboro
Auto Auction with the intention of causing the odometers of those
cars to be reset in violation of the odometer tampering statutes.
Because venue would be proper for Alami in the Middle District of
North Carolina, it was also proper for Armetta as an aider and abettor.

Armetta argues that venue was not proper under this theory
because only the individuals who physically performed the rollbacks
were principals and those individuals acted only in Virginia and
Maryland. This argument fails, however, because it ignores the lan-
guage of the odometer tampering statute, which criminalizes not only
resetting odometers but also "hav[ing]" them reset. 49 U.S.C.
§ 32703(2); cf. Schmuck v. United States , 489 U.S. 705, 721 (1989)
("The offense of odometer tampering includes the element of know-
ingly and willfully causing an odometer to be altered"). Insofar as
Alami directed that the odometers be reset, he was a principal.

Because venue was proper under an aiding and abetting theory of
liability, we need not address the other theories of venue based on
where Congress intended venue to lie under the odometer tampering
statutes or whether odometer tampering is a "continuing offense."

III

Armetta also argues that he is entitled to a judgment of acquittal
because there was insufficient evidence to support the verdict.

We must sustain the jury's verdict if, reviewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the government, we determine that there was
substantial evidence to support Armetta's convictions. See Glasser v.
United States, 315 U.S. 60 (1942); United States v. Russell, 971 F.2d
1098, 1109-10 (4th Cir. 1992). On review of the record, we conclude
that there was substantial evidence as to both objects of the charged
conspiracy, as well as the substantive counts.

As to the conspiracy count, we have held that because of its clan-
destine nature, a conspiratorial agreement can be proved by circum-

                    6
stantial evidence, including inferences from the conduct of the alleged
participants. See Burgos, 94 F.3d at 857-58. Further, an individual can
be tied to that conspiracy by evidence of a "slight connection," if that
evidence demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
willingly participated and intended to further the goals of the conspir-
acy. Id. at 862.

The first object of the conspiracy in this case was the odometer
tampering. Ample circumstantial evidence was presented to support
the conclusion that Armetta was a knowing member of this conspir-
acy. Armetta had been in the used-car business for over two decades,
including selling cars at Murray's Motors, one of Alami's original
outlets for his "clocked" cars. Also, Armetta was put on notice more
than once that the cars he was getting from Alami had been rolled
back. And finally, all of the title certificates for the vehicles Armetta
received from Alami were new, despite the fact that it was neither
common nor necessary for a dealer to spend time and money obtain-
ing new title certificates when original ones could be assigned repeat-
edly.

The second object of the conspiracy was the interstate transporta-
tion of altered securities, in this case, motor vehicle titles. While no
evidence tied Armetta to participation in this aspect of the scheme,
Armetta need not have participated in any of the title-altering activity
to have participated in the conspiracy itself with the intent to further
the goals of the conspiracy. See Burgos, 94 F.3d at 862. As the gov-
ernment points out, the two objects of the conspiracy are interrelated.
Given that Armetta knew that the odometers had been altered, it is
inconceivable that he could not have known that the titles that accom-
panied the cars were "washed."2
_________________________________________________________________
2 Armetta argues that even if the evidence on the conspiracy count as
to rollbacks is sufficient, the evidence connecting Armetta to the title
laundering is inadequate. The government does not contest the proposi-
tion that if a jury might have returned a guilty verdict on one of two
alternate grounds, and one theory of the prosecution is legally unsound,
the verdict cannot stand. However, our conclusion that the government
produced sufficient evidence as to both prongs of the conspiracy fore-
closes Armetta's argument that the district court erred in denying him a
new trial with respect to the conspiracy count.

                     7
As to the substantive counts, "[a] defendant is guilty of aiding and
abetting if he has knowingly associated himself with and participated
in the criminal venture." Burgos, 94 F.3d at 873 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). As already discussed, aiding and abetting
liability is appropriate because Armetta had the requisite intent, and
he participated in the odometer fraud scheme by serving as a reliable
outlet for the "clocked" cars. Armetta argues primarily that aiding and
abetting liability cannot stand because one cannot aid and abet a com-
pleted crime, and the "criminal venture" at issue here was complete
once the individuals physically reset the odometers. This argument
fails, however, because it discounts both (1) the nature of the odome-
ter tampering offense, which requires a market (that Armetta willingly
and unquestioningly supplied) for the "clocked" cars and (2) the lan-
guage of the statute which refers not only to the act of tampering, but
also "having" an odometer altered (or, under the old statute, "causing"
it to be altered). 49 U.S.C. § 32703(2). Thus, the crime was not com-
plete once the odometers were reset. Rather, Armetta was aiding and
abetting the other defendants in "having" them reset by providing a
ready market.

IV

Armetta next contends that the jury instructions denied him a fair
trial. Specifically, Armetta contests the court's failure to give a rea-
sonable doubt instruction and his requested addition to the aiding and
abetting instruction (that one cannot aid and abet a completed crime),
as well as the court's giving of the "willful blindness" and Pinkerton
instructions. We review jury instructions "as a whole" to determine
whether they fairly summarize the applicable law. United States v.
Snyder, 766 F.2d 167, 170 (4th Cir. 1985).

Armetta's claim that the trial court erred by failing to define rea-
sonable doubt conflicts with circuit precedent holding that "a district
court need not . . . define the term `reasonable doubt.'" United States
v. Williams, 152 F.3d 294, 298 (4th Cir. 1998); see also United States
v. Reives, 15 F.3d 42, 45 (4th Cir. 1994); United States v. Adkins, 937
F.2d 947, 950 (4th Cir. 1991).

Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in declining Armetta's
invitation to instruct the jury -- in addition to the aiding and abetting

                     8
instruction already given -- that one cannot aid and abet a completed
crime. Armetta's proposed addition would not have clarified the law;
in fact, Armetta appears to have misconstrued the nature of odometer
tampering, ignoring the "causing" aspect of the offense and rendering
Armetta's "clarification" misleading. See Part II, supra.

The court also did not abuse its discretion in giving the "willful
blindness" instruction. The court instructed the jury that

          [t]he element of knowledge may be satisfied by inferences
          drawn from proof that a defendant deliberately closed his
          eyes to what would have otherwise been obvious to him. A
          finding beyond a reasonable doubt of a conscious purpose
          to avoid enlightenment would permit an inference of knowl-
          edge. Stated another way, a defendant's knowledge of a fact
          may be [inferred] from willful blindness to the existence of
          the fact. It is entirely up to you whether you find any delib-
          erate closing of the eyes, and the inferences to be drawn
          from such evidence. A showing of negligence or mistake is
          not sufficient to support a finding of willfulness or knowl-
          edge.

We have found the "willful blindness" instruction appropriate where
a defendant claims lack of guilty knowledge and there is evidence of
deliberate ignorance, see United States v. Guay , 108 F.3d 545, 551
(4th Cir. 1997); United States v. Abbas, 74 F.3d 506, 513 (4th Cir.
1996), and the instructions make clear that mistake, reckless disregard
for the truth, or negligence are not sufficient to support an inference
of guilty knowledge, see United States v. Mancuso, 42 F.3d 836, 846
(4th Cir. 1994).

As discussed above, the rollbacks would have been"obvious" to
Armetta, given his extensive experience in the used-car field and the
fact that he was put on notice at least twice that Alami's cars were
"clocked." Moreover, contrary to Armetta's argument, the instructions
explicitly state that mistake or negligence are not a sufficient basis for
an inference of guilty knowledge. Accordingly, we find no error in
the court's decision to give the "willful blindness" instruction.

                     9
Finally, Armetta also claims that the Pinkerton 3 instruction was not
warranted by the evidence at trial and that the government indepen-
dently decided not to pursue Pinkerton liability against Armetta ear-
lier in the trial. Thus, Armetta contends, we cannot tell whether the
guilty verdicts on the substantive counts arose from Pinkerton liabil-
ity, which would be impermissible, or from aiding and abetting liabil-
ity, and this ambiguity therefore requires reversal of the convictions.4

It is true that the government agreed to forego Pinkerton liability
in dismissing several counts of the indictment against Armetta. How-
ever, the government clearly did not intend to waive Pinkerton liabil-
ity as to the entire indictment against Armetta, as evidenced by the
fact that the government lodged no objection to the Pinkerton jury
instruction as to Armetta. Further, we conclude that the evidence was
sufficient to show that Armetta, acting as an unwavering outlet for
"clocked" cars, was a knowing and willful member of the conspiracy,
and all of the substantive offenses are clearly foreseeable aspects of
that conspiracy. Thus, we find no error in the giving of the Pinkerton
instruction.5
_________________________________________________________________

3 Under Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946), a conspirator
may be held liable for the substantive crimes of his coconspirators if the
government proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the substantive
offense was committed by one of the members of the conspiracy, while
the defendant was a member of the conspiracy, and the offense was rea-
sonably foreseeable as part of the conspiracy.

4 The government's contention that Armetta failed to object to the
Pinkerton instruction is mistaken, so we review for abuse of discretion
rather than plain error. See United States v. Russell, 971 F.2d 1098, 1107
(4th Cir. 1992).

5 Armetta filed a supplemental brief arguing that the government
obtained coconspirator Alami's testimony against him in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 201(c)(2) by agreeing to dismiss charges and offer leniency in
exchange for Alami's testimony against Armetta. This claim is fore-
closed by our holding in United States v. Richardson, No. 98-4139, 1999
WL 686892 (4th Cir. Sept. 3, 1999), that this kind of conduct by the gov-
ernment does not violate § 201(c)(2).

                    10
V

Finally, Armetta challenges his sentence, arguing that the district
court erred in calculating the amount of loss attributable to Armetta
for sentencing purposes under U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(1). The definition
of "loss" is a question of law which we review de novo, while the
amount of loss attributable to a particular defendant is a question of
fact which we review for clear error. See United States v. Chatterji,
46 F.3d 1336, 1340 (4th Cir. 1995).

We conclude that the district court used the proper measure of loss
under the Sentencing Guidelines. The court stated that it was

          not bound by the loss or the difference in values between
          one wholesaler to another, because cars are not meant to be
          consumed by wholesalers; they're meant to be consumed
          and used by consumers. So, the value of loss, to this Court
          is determined by what it cost the consumer, not what it cost
          the wholesaler.

This interpretation accords with the Sentencing Guidelines which
mandate that, in a consumer fraud case involving the misrepresenta-
tion of the value of an item, loss is calculated as the difference
between the amount the victim paid for the product and the amount
for which the victim could resell the product now. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2F1.1, comment. (n.8(a)).

Further, the district court did not err in calculating the loss. Under
the Sentencing Guidelines, "the loss need not be determined with pre-
cision." Id. at comment. (n.9). The district court properly rejected the
defendant's version of calculating the loss per car because it only
accounted for the loss among wholesalers and disregarded the loss in
the retail market associated with the fact that the car was now, as a
result of the rollbacks, "TMU" (Total Mileage Unknown) -- an unde-
sirable status for marketing purposes since it inspires distrust in the
retail consumer. This appears to be a reasonable approach to calculat-
ing loss, and it has already been accepted for Armetta's codefendants
by two other panels of this Court. See United States v. Carroll, 166
F.3d 334 (4th Cir. 1998) (unpublished); United States v. Alami, 122
F.3d 1063 (4th Cir. 1997) (unpublished).

                    11
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

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