                         UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                         FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


                                         )
AQUALLIANCE,                             )
                                         )
            Plaintiff,                   )
                                         )
      v.                                 )      Civil Action No. 14-cv-1018 (KBJ)
                                         )
UNITED STATES BUREAU OF                  )
RECLAMATION,                             )
                                         )
            Defendant.                   )
                                         )


                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Plaintiff AquAlliance is a non-profit organization “dedicated to defending

northern California waters and to challeng[ing] threats to the hydrologic health of the

northern Sacramento River watershed.” (Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶ 4.) AquAlliance has

requested documents from the Bureau of Reclamation (“Defendant” or “Bureau”) under

the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, concerning permits for

water transfers in the state of California in 2013 and 2014. (See Def.’s Statement of

Material Facts Not in Dispute (“Def.’s SOF”), ECF No. 14, 3–4, ¶¶ 1–2.) In response

to Plaintiff’s two FOIA requests, the Bureau conducted a search of its records,

identified responsive documents, and turned those documents over to the organization;

however, it redacted certain information on the basis of four FOIA exemptions. (See id.

¶ 4.) In the instant lawsuit, AquAlliance now challenges the Bureau’s invocation of

three of those exemptions. (See Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. &
Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 15, 4–21, at 5.) 1

        Before this Court at present are the parties’ cross-motions for summary

judgment. (See Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 14, 1–2; Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J.,

ECF No. 15, 1.) Defendant maintains that the redacted information—which it has

identified in two detailed Vaughn indices (see Vaughn Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-00035,

ECF No. 13-1; Vaughn Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-00187, ECF No. 13-2)—properly falls

under FOIA Exemptions 4, 5, 6, and 9. (See Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J.

(“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 14, 5–19, at 6–19.) Plaintiff does not contest Defendant’s

invocation of Exemption 5 (see Pl.’s Mem at 5 n.1), but it claims that Exemptions 4, 6,

and 9 do not protect the rest of the withheld information (see id. at 7–21).

        On September 30, 2015, this Court issued an order that GRANTED IN PART

AND DENIED IN PART each of the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment.

(See Order, ECF No. 24.) Specifically, the Court granted Defendant’s motion with

respect to the information Defendant withheld pursuant to Exemptions 5 and 9, and

denied the motion in all other respects. (See id.) Conversely, Plaintiff’s motion was

granted as to the information Defendant withheld pursuant to Exemption 6 and denied

in all other respects. (See id.) This Memorandum Opinion explains the reasons for that

order. In sum, the Court agrees with Defendant that Exemption 9 permits the

withholding of information regarding the locations and depths of water wells (see infra

Part III.A), and it agrees with Plaintiff that the names and addresses of well applicants

and owners are not protected by Exemption 6 (see infra Part III.B).




1
  Citations to the documents the parties have filed refer to the page numbers that the Court’s electronic
filing system assigns.


                                                    2
I.     BACKGROUND

       As part of its ecological advocacy mission, AquAlliance “extensively

comment[s]” on the California-area North-to-South water transfer programs that are

under the purview of various state and federal agencies, including Defendant. (See

Decl. of Barbara Vlamis (“Vlamis Decl.”), ECF No. 15-1, 1–6, ¶ 3.) In order to

comment on the 2014 water transfer program, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the

Bureau on November 12, 2013, seeking all documents and communications in the

Bureau’s possession “regarding the actual water transferred in 2013 . . . including but

not limited to letters, contracts, memos, notes, e-mails, spreadsheets, reports,

publications, maps, GIS files, photographs, analysis, and any other material regarding

the 2013 water transfers.” (Id. ¶ 4; Compl. ¶ 7; Def.’s SOF ¶ 1.) On May 1, 2014,

Plaintiff submitted a second FOIA request, seeking “all applications to the Bureau . . .

for approval of specific transfers of water in the year 2014 from the Sacramento River

watershed to south of the Delta and all documents in the possession, custody, or control

of the Bureau . . . that relate to any such applications.” (Vlamis Decl. ¶ 5; Compl. ¶ 12;

Def.’s SOF ¶ 2.)

       The Bureau conducted searches in response to both requests, hunting for

responsive records through “personal e-mail accounts, electronic files on [the Bureau’s]

public drives, the Bureau of Reclamation Water Operation and Recordkeeping System

(BORWORKS), and . . . local paper files.” (Decl. of Christopher S. Miller (“Miller

Decl.”), ECF No. 14-1, ¶ 3; Def.’s SOF ¶ 3.) However, when the Bureau had not made

full determinations and disclosures with regard to both requests by June 16, 2014,

AquAlliance filed the instant action in federal court, challenging the dilatory nature of

Defendant’s disclosures and arguing that the Bureau had run afoul of the statutory


                                             3
deadline. (See Compl. ¶¶ 18–19, 21.) While the lawsuit was pending, the Bureau

turned over the responsive records, but with certain information redacted. Specifically,

the Bureau redacted various data relating to well completion, well construction, and the

physical location of wells, claiming that such information was protected under both

Exemption 4 and Exemption 9. (See Miller Decl. ¶ 4; Vlamis Decl. ¶ 6; Def.’s Mem. at

11–12, 17–18.) The Bureau also redacted the names and addresses of various

participants in water transfer programs or real water determinations, as well as those of

a private well owner, claiming that the individuals’ privacy interests outweighed any

public interest in the information’s release under Exemption 6. (See Miller Decl. ¶ 4;

Vlamis Decl. ¶ 6; Def.’s Mem. at 16–17.)

       On February 2, 2015, Defendant moved for summary judgment, arguing that it is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law because it “properly conducted a good faith

search reasonably expected to identify documents responsive to [Plaintiff’s] FOIA

requests,” (Def.’s Mem at 9) and “properly applied [statutory] exemptions to withhold

[responsive] information[,]” (id. at 10). Specifically, the Bureau asserts that it withheld

information regarding well location, depth, and construction under both Exemption 4

(as confidential commercial information) and Exemption 9 (as geological and

geophysical information concerning wells). (See id. at 11–12; 17–18.) 2 The Bureau

also withheld predecisional and deliberative documents under Exemption 5 (see id. at

12–15) and the names and addresses of certain well owners and permit applicants under



2
  After AquAlliance asserted in this Court that maps showing well locations were not properly protected
under Exemption 4, the Bureau reconsidered its determination on that issue and changed its mind.
Thus, Defendant no longer seeks to apply Exemption 4 to any well location maps—but it continues to
assert Exemption 9 as to those materials. (See Suppl. Decl. of Christopher S. Miller (“Miller Suppl.
Decl.”), ECF No. 21-1, 1–5, ¶¶ 3, 8, 10; Def.’s Opp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. & Reply in Supp. of
Own Mot. (“Def.’s Opp.”), ECF No. 20, at 4–6.)


                                                  4
Exemption 6 (see id. at 16–17). The Bureau attached a Vaughn index for each FOIA

request, describing each redaction and explaining how the invoked exemption applied to

the information it withheld. (See Vaughn Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-00035; Vaughn

Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-00187.)

       AquAlliance filed a cross-motion for summary judgment and response to

Defendant’s motion on February 27, 2015. (See Pl.’s Mot.) Plaintiff does not challenge

the adequacy of the search or the Bureau’s assertion of Exemption 5, but it does contest

the invocation of Exemptions 4, 6, and 9. Specifically, AquAlliance argues that the

water well construction and depth data are not protected under Exemption 4 because

such information must be disclosed to the Bureau in order to obtain a water transfer

permit and would not cause competitive harm if released. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 8–11.)

Plaintiff also contends that Exemption 9 does not shield the information regarding well

construction, location, and depth, because that exemption applies only to oil (not water)

wells, and because the information is not the type of technical or scientific data that

Exemption 9 protects. (See id. at 11–14.) Finally, AquAlliance argues that the names

and addresses of well owners and permit applicants do not implicate a personal privacy

interest because they constitute commercial information, and that even if a personal

privacy interest is at stake, the public interest in disclosure outweighs the privacy

concern. (See id. at 14–21; Pl.’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”),

ECF No. 23, 14–17.)

       The parties’ cross-motions have now been fully briefed and are ripe for this

Court’s review.




                                             5
II.    APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS

       A. Summary Judgment in FOIA Cases

       “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary

judgment.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Dep’t of the Navy, 25 F. Supp. 3d 131, 136 (D.D.C.

2014) (quoting Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C.

2009)). Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court must grant

summary judgment if the pleadings, disclosure materials on file, and affidavits “show[]

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see Judicial Watch v. Navy, 25 F.

Supp. 3d at 136 (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986)). In

the FOIA context, a district court reviewing a motion for summary judgment conducts a

de novo review of the record, and the responding federal agency bears the burden of

proving that it has complied with its obligations under the FOIA. 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(4)(B); see In Def. of Animals v. Nat’l Insts. of Health, 543 F. Supp. 2d 83, 92–

93 (D.D.C. 2008). The court must analyze all underlying facts and inferences in the

light most favorable to the FOIA requester, see Willis v. DOJ, 581 F. Supp. 2d 57, 65

(D.D.C. 2008), so summary judgment for an agency is appropriate only after the agency

proves that it has “fully discharged its [FOIA] obligations[,]” Moore v. Aspin, 916 F.

Supp. 32, 35 (D.D.C. 1996).

       A court may award summary judgment based solely upon the information

provided in affidavits when the affidavits describe “the justifications for nondisclosure

with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls

within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in

the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656


                                             6
F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981).

      B. FOIA Exemptions 4, 5, 6 and 9

      The FOIA “was enacted to facilitate public access to Government documents” in

order to “pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open agency action to the light

of public scrutiny.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 173 (1991) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). The statute prescribes that “each agency, upon

any request for records which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) is made in

accordance with published rules stating the time, place, fees (if any), and procedures to

be followed, shall make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(3)(A). However, the FOIA also specifies nine exemptions that permit agencies

to withhold information from disclosure. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b); Judicial Watch, Inc. v.

U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, 796 F. Supp. 2d 13, 18 (D.D.C. 2011).

      Under Exemption 4, an agency need not disclose “trade secrets and commercial

or financial information obtained from a person [that is] privileged or confidential.” 5

U.S.C. § 552(b)(4). Exemption 5 protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums

or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in

litigation with the agency.” Id. § 552(b)(5). This includes pre-decisional and

deliberative documents, see McKinley v. Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys., 647

F.3d 331, 339 (D.C. Cir. 2011), as well as documents that would be protected by

attorney-client privilege, see In re Lindsey, 158 F.3d 1263, 1268–69 (D.C. Cir. 1998).

      Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the

disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). When evaluating an invocation of this exemption, the

court first “must determine whether the [requested records] are personnel, medical, or


                                            7
‘similar’ files[.]” Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d 1224, 1228 (D.C.

Cir. 2008). If so, then the court must determine whether disclosure “would constitute a

clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” id. (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)),

by engaging in a two-step inquiry. First, the court asks “whether disclosure of the files

‘would compromise a substantial, as opposed to de minimis, privacy interest,’ because

‘[i]f no significant privacy interest is implicated . . . FOIA demands disclosure.’” Id. at

1229 (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Retired Fed. Employees v. Horner (NARFE), 879 F.2d 873,

874 (D.C. Cir. 1989)). If a substantial privacy interest exists, then “the court applies a

balancing test that weighs the privacy interest in withholding the record against the

public’s interest in the record’s disclosure.” Judicial Watch v. Navy, 25 F. Supp. 3d at

138 (citing Judicial Watch v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 875 F. Supp. 2d 37, 45 (D.D.C.

2012)).

       Exemption 9 protects “geological and geophysical information and data,

including maps, concerning wells.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(9). This exemption has rarely

been invoked or interpreted, see U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Freedom of Information Act

Guide (2009), 2009 WL 8545514, and it appears that no D.C. Circuit or Supreme Court

opinion has ever dealt with this exemption at any length.


III.   ANALYSIS

       As explained, the Bureau has redacted certain information from the records that

it has deemed responsive to AquAlliance’s FOIA requests, citing FOIA exemptions 4,

5, 6, and 9. AquAlliance does not challenge the adequacy of the Bureau’s search or its

redactions pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5. (See Def.’s Opp. at 2; Pl.’s Mem at 5 n.1.)

Thus, the dispute before this Court centers on the Bureau’s invocation of Exemptions 4,



                                             8
6, and 9. For the reasons laid out below, this Court grants summary judgment for the

Defendant as to Exemption 9—which the Bureau has invoked in this case to justify

redaction of the same information that the Bureau seeks to withhold under Exemption 4

(see Vaughn Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-00035; Vaughn Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-

00187)—and grants summary judgment for the Plaintiff as to Exemption 6.

       A. The Bureau Properly Invoked FOIA Exemption 9 To Withhold
          Information Regarding Water Well Locations, Construction, And Depth

       FOIA Exemption 9 permits the withholding of “geological and geophysical

information and data, including maps, concerning wells.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(9). The

Bureau invokes this exemption to justify withholding various reports regarding the

construction of water wells and maps that depict well locations. (See, e.g., Vaughn

Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-00035 at 1, 10; Vaughn Index: Vlamis BOR-2014-00187 at

5–6.) The Bureau claims that this information would reveal “information concerning

the geological and geophysical nature of [the] wells,” including their location and

depth, and therefore falls within the exemption. (Miller Decl. ¶ 4; see Def.’s Mem. at

17–18; Def.’s Opp. at 9–12.) AquAlliance argues that this information is outside the

scope of the exemption, both because it describes water wells rather than oil wells, and

because it is insufficiently scientific or technical. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 11–14; Pl.’s Reply

at 9–13.)

       The dispute over Exemption 9 boils down to two questions: first, does the

exemption cover water wells? And, second, does it cover the type of information that

the Bureau has withheld here? This Court concludes that the answer to both questions

is “yes.”

              1.     FOIA Exemption 9 Protects Information Regarding Water Wells



                                            9
       As with any issue of statutory interpretation, the Court looks first to the statute’s

text. See Milner v. Dep’t of the Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 569 (2011) (citing Park ‘N Fly,

Inc. v. Dollar Park & Fly, Inc., 469 U.S. 189, 194 (1985)). Exemption 9 states simply

that the FOIA’s disclosure requirements do not apply to “geological and geophysical

information and data, including maps, concerning wells.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(9)

(emphasis added). The text is plain and unambiguous; on its face, no distinction is

drawn among types of wells, and the text provides no reason to think that water wells

would be excluded from the exemption’s purview. What is more, although few courts

have had occasion to interpret or apply Exemption 9, not a single court has ever read

the statute to include the restriction that Plaintiff urges. And, to the contrary, at least

two federal courts have applied Exemption 9 in the context of water wells. See Nat’l

Res. Def. Council v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 388 F. Supp. 2d 1086, 1107–08 (C.D. Cal.

2005) (upholding EPA’s invocation of Exemption 9 to withhold maps showing the

location of publicly owned water wells); Starkey v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 238 F. Supp.

2d 1188, 1196 (S.D. Cal. 2002) (upholding the Department of the Interior’s invocation

of Exemption 9 to withhold “information in table and narrative form about ground water

inventories, well yield in gallons per minute, and the thickness of the decomposed

granite aquifer”).

       By referring to legislative history, AquAlliance seeks to inject ambiguity into an

otherwise plain statutory provision. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 12–13 (arguing that Exemption

9’s legislative history demonstrates that it applies only to oil wells); Pl.’s Reply at 10–

12 (same).) 3 But it is well established that there generally is no need to resort to


3
  A report from the House of Representatives that was penned in 1966 has this to say about Exemption
9:


                                                 10
legislative history if a statute is unambiguous. See, e.g., Nat’l Shooting Sports Found.,

Inc. v. Jones, 716 F.3d 200, 212 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (“[W]e do not resort to legislative

history to cloud a statutory text that is clear.” (quoting Ratzlaf v. United States, 510

U.S. 135, 147–48 (1994)). Moreover, the legislative history that AquAlliance points to

falls short of the organization’s intended goal, insofar as it does not establish that oil

and gas wells were Congress’s sole concern in adopting Exemption 9. To be sure, the

contemporaneous witnesses referenced in the House Report had oil and gas—and the

problem of improper speculation—on their minds when Exemption 9 was added, but as

other courts have noted in this context, “water [too] is a precious, limited resource,”

Starkey, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 1195, and one of increasing scarcity and significance in the

twenty-first century. Thus, the expressed purpose of including a FOIA exemption to

prevent a windfall for speculators also applies in the context of water wells, and this

Court sees no reason that the House Report compels a strained reading of Exemption 9.

       Consequently, this Court will take Congress at its word—i.e., it will read

Exemption 9 as excluding “geological and geophysical information and data, including

maps, concerning wells” regardless of type—and it thereby declines Plaintiff’s

invitation to become the first court ever to read the proposed water-versus-oil



       This category was added after witnesses testified that geological maps based on
       explorations by private oil companies were not covered by “trade secrets” provisions
       of present laws. Details of oil and gas findings must be filed with Federal agencies
       by companies which want to lease Government-owned land. Current regulations of
       the Bureau of Land Management prohibit disclosure of these details only if the
       disclosure “would be prejudicial to the interests of the Government” (43 CFR, pt. 2).
       Witnesses contended that disclosure of the seismic reports and other exploratory
       findings of oil companies would give speculators an unfair advantage over the
       companies which spent millions of dollars in exploration.

H.R. Rep. No. 89-1497, at 11 (1966), reprinted in 1966 U.S.C.C.A.N 2418, 2428–29 (emphasis added);
see also Nat’l Res. Def. Council, 388 F. Supp. 2d at 1108.



                                                  11
restriction into the Exemption 9 statute.

              2.     FOIA Exemption 9 Protects The Type Of Information The Bureau
                     Has Withheld In This Case

       AquAlliance maintains that, even if Exemption 9 covers water wells, it does not

protect reports detailing the construction of water wells and maps that depict well

locations, such as those the Bureau has withheld here. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 13–14

(arguing that Exemption 9 does not cover the redacted information because “no

proprietary technical or scientific secrets [would be] revealed”); Pl.’s Reply at 9–10.)

At the outset, it is difficult to discern the basis for AquAlliance’s objection, given that

Exemption 9 is stated in broad terms, and beyond referencing “geological and

geophysical information[,]” does not otherwise detail or characterize particular types of

well-related information. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(9) (emphasis supplied). AquAlliance

insists that the statutory exemption must be read to embrace only information that

would reveal “proprietary technical or scientific secrets” (Pl.’s Mem. at 14) based on

the holding of Black Hills Alliance v. United States Forest Service, 603 F. Supp. 117

(D.S.D. 1984), which, as far as this Court can tell, is the first federal court opinion to

interpret Exemption 9. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 13–14.) In that case, the District of South

Dakota reasoned that the phrase “geological and geophysical information and data”

suggested that “the exemption applies only to well information of a technical or

scientific nature,” and that the 1966 House Report suggested that the exemption is

“limited in scope to scientific or exploratory findings concerning well drillings.” See

Black Hills, 603 F. Supp. at 122. Thus, the Court concluded that the exemption did not

protect “the number, locations, and depths of . . . proposed exploration drill-holes,”

because “[that] sort of information falls short of the technical and scientific information



                                             12
envisioned by Congress.” Id.

       This Court is not persuaded by Black Hills, and it rejects AquAlliance’s

“technical and scientific” argument. Although the statutory reference to “data”

suggests information of a scientific or technical nature, Exemption 9 covers a broader

swath of material, given that it also expressly refers to “geological and geophysical

information” generally. Furthermore, it is especially odd for Plaintiff to insist that the

exemption does not embrace maps that reveal well locations, when the statute expressly

includes “maps” and when the location of a well (and also its depth) is seemingly

prototypical “geophysical information.” Indeed, not all courts have agreed with Black

Hills; the Central District of California looked to “the plain, unambiguous language of

the [exemption]” and held that “Exemption 9 clearly allows for the withholding of maps

concerning wells.” Nat’l Res. Def. Council, 388 F. Supp. 2d at 1108; see also id. at

1092 n.5 (explaining that the withheld maps in that case “show[ed] the location of water

wells”).

       This Court has reached the same conclusion. The plain language of Exemption 9

permits the Bureau to redact maps and construction details that reveal geological and

geophysical information about the wells, and this Court finds that, even when one draws

all factual inferences in favor of Plaintiff, the Bureau has carried its burden of

demonstrating that it has fully discharged its FOIA obligations with regard to this

information under the circumstances presented here. Thus, the Court has granted the

Bureau’s motion for summary judgment as to its invocation of Exemption 9, and the

Court’s explanation for its order can move on to address the Bureau’s withholdings

pursuant to Exemption 6, given that all of the information that the Bureau withheld




                                             13
under Exemption 4 was also withheld under Exemption 9. See, e.g., Petrucelli v. Dep’t

of Justice, 51 F. Supp. 3d 142, 163 n.9 (D.D.C. 2014) (noting that because the withheld

information was protected under one FOIA exemption, the court “need not consider [the

applicability of another exemption] separately with respect to the same information”)

(citing Roth v. Dep’t of Justice, 642 F.3d 1161, 1173 (D.C. Cir. 2011)).

       B. The Bureau Did Not Properly Invoke FOIA Exemption 6 To Withhold
          The Names And Addresses Of Participants In Government Water
          Programs And Well Owners

       As noted above, Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar

files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of

personal privacy[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Citing this exemption, the Bureau has

withheld the names and addresses of various participants in the water transfer programs

and real water determinations referenced in the responsive documents, as well as those

of a private well owner. (See Def. Opp. at 8.) Although it produced the equivalent

information for family trust and corporate entities, the Bureau determined that

individuals have greater privacy rights, and that the release of this information would

result in a clearly unwarranted violation of their privacy. (See Def.’s Mem. at 17;

Def.’s Opp. at 8.)

       The threshold question in evaluating an invocation of Exemption 6 is whether the

withheld information is, in fact, a “personnel, medical, or ‘similar’ file[].” Multi Ag

Media, 515 F.3d at 1228. AquAlliance concedes that the information at issue qualifies

(see Pl.’s Mem. at 16), and this concession is consistent with governing case law on this

issue. See U.S. Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 602 (1982) (holding

that Exemption 6 is not limited to “a narrow class of files” and covers “detailed

Government records on an individual which can be identified as applying to that


                                            14
individual”). Thus, the Court turns to the second question: whether disclosure would

constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy. This inquiry proceeds in

two steps. First, the court determines whether there is a greater than de minimis privacy

interest in preventing the document’s disclosure. See Multi Ag Media, 515 F.3d at

1229–30. If so, the court then engages in a balancing test that weighs “that privacy

interest in non-disclosure against the public interest in the release of the records[.]” Id.

at 1230 (quoting NARFE, 879 F.2d at 874).

       With respect to the first step, this Court concludes that a greater than de minimis

privacy interest is at stake here, albeit not a particularly substantial one. Although the

D.C. Circuit has recognized that individuals have a “significant” privacy interest “in

avoiding the unlimited disclosure of [their] name[s] and address[es][,]” NARFE, 879

F.2d at 875, “the disclosure of names and addresses is not inherently and always a

significant threat to the privacy of those listed[,]” id. at 877, and “whether it is a

significant or a de minimis threat depends upon the characteristic(s) revealed by virtue

of being on the particular list, and the consequences likely to ensue.” Id. Both of these

considerations indicate that the privacy interest in this case, while greater than de

minimis, is not substantial. As to the characteristic revealed, the individuals affected

would merely be identified as having participated in a water transfer program, having

participated in a real water determination, or owning a water well; therefore, “[n]one of

the information at issue in this case is stigmatizing, embarrassing[,] or dangerous[.]”

See Washington Post Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 943 F. Supp. 31, 34 n.3 (D.D.C.

1996). And, unlike other cases in which withholdings of personal information pursuant

to Exemption 6 have been upheld, Defendant has not asserted that the consequences of




                                             15
disclosure are likely to be notable. For example, in NARFE, the D.C. Circuit approved

the Office of Personnel Management’s refusal to release the names and addresses of

retired or disabled federal employees because the court was concerned that the retirees

would be subjected “to an unwanted barrage of mailings and personal solicitations,” see

NARFE, 879 F.2d at 876, 878, which it characterized as “a substantial probability that

disclosure [would] cause an interference with personal privacy,” see id. at 878. The

Bureau makes no such suggestion in this case.

       Indeed, the Bureau offers nothing more than conclusory allegations as to the

existence of a substantial privacy interest—it cites no cases on this issue, and points

only to the ipse dixit statement in its Vaughn index that the release of such information

“would result in a clearly warranted violation of . . . privacy.” (See Def.’s Mem. at 17;

Def.’s Opp. at 8.) Such a sparse showing is manifestly insufficient to permit the Bureau

to clear the summary judgment hurdle. See Judicial Watch v. Navy, 25 F. Supp. 3d at

142 (“[A] bare assertion that a document’s disclosure would constitute a clearly

unwarranted invasion of . . . personal privacy is not sufficient to establish that a

substantial privacy interest in preventing disclosure exists.” (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted)). Notably, however, given that disclosure of names and addresses

interferes with “an individual’s control of information concerning his or her person,”

NARFE, 879 F.2d at 876 (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. For

Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 763 (1989)), and also the D.C. Circuit’s specific

recognition that the standard at this stage in the inquiry is “not very demanding,” Multi

Ag Media, 515 F.3d at 1230, the Bureau’s failure to meet its mark with respect to

showing a substantial privacy threat does not necessarily mean that AquAlliance is




                                             16
automatically entitled to summary judgment. Put another way, it is by now well

established that, even if the privacy interest at issue is not “particularly strong” (as in

this case), so long as it is greater than de minimis, the court must proceed to the

balancing test. See Multi Ag Media, 515 F.3d at 1230; see also id. at 1230–31 (“Having

found a greater than de minimis privacy interest in the requested information, [the

court] must weigh that privacy interest in non-disclosure against the public interest in

the release of the records in order to determine whether, on balance, disclosure would

work a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted)).

       The text of Exemption 6, which prohibits disclosure only if the invasion of

privacy that would result from disclosure is “clearly unwarranted,” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(6), “instructs the court to tilt the balance in favor of disclosure.” Getman v.

NLRB, 450 F.2d 670, 674 (D.C. Cir. 1971); see also Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v.

Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 32 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“[U]nder Exemption 6, the presumption in

favor of disclosure is as strong as can be found anywhere in the [FOIA].” (quoting

Wash. Post Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 690 F.2d 252, 261 (D.C.

Cir.1982)). In this context, “the only relevant ‘public interest in disclosure’ to be

weighed . . . is the extent to which the disclosure would serve the ‘core purpose of the

FOIA,’ which is ‘contribut[ing] significantly to public understanding of the operations

or activities of the government.” U.S. Dep’t of Def. v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510

U.S. 487, 495 (1994) (quoting Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 775) (emphasis omitted).

       The Bureau’s only argument with respect to the balancing test is that disclosure

here is not actually aimed at serving the public interest because, rather than using the




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name and address information “to analyze government activity,” AquAlliance would

utilize this information “in an attempt to proselytize.” (Def.’s Opp. at 9.) But this

representation appears to mischaracterize Plaintiff’s stated intentions, which relate

directly to the public’s interest in disclosure. In the sworn statement of Barbara

Vlamis, AquAlliance’s Executive Director, AquAlliance lays out the relationship

between the name and address information and the organization’s efforts to monitor and

comment on the Bureau’s water transfer programs. (Vlamis Decl. ¶ 9.) Specifically,

Vlamis details the organization’s need to “track[] ownership” of the land and the wells

in order “to determine if the groundwater pumpers are moving any groundwater to other

land they own”; to alert counties if their local water is being removed (in violation of

local law); and to determine whether owners are participating in multiple water

programs, which “could bear on whether the[ir] [permit] applications should be

granted[.]” (Id.) Thus, the record evidence regarding how AquAlliance intends to

utilize the names and addresses that the Bureau has redacted indicates that such

information would contribute to “the basic purpose of the [FOIA][:] to open agency

action to the light of public scrutiny.” Dep’t of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352,

372 (1976) (internal quotation marks omitted). And the Bureau neither acknowledges

these public benefits of disclosure, nor articulates how these benefits are outweighed by

the relatively weak privacy interests at stake.

       Consequently, this Court concludes that there is no dispute of material fact as to

the redactions the Bureau has made with respect to Exemption 6 because AquAlliance

has demonstrated that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the limited privacy

interests here.




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IV.   CONCLUSION

      The plain text of Exemption 9 permits the Bureau to withhold information

regarding the construction, location, and depth of water wells. However, Exemption 6

does not justify the Bureau’s redaction of the names and addresses of various

participants in water transfer programs, participants in real water valuations, and well

owners because AquAlliance has demonstrated that the public’s interest in the

disclosure of this information outweighs the privacy interest at stake. Therefore, as set

forth in the Order issued on September 30, 2015, Defendant’s motion for summary

judgment has been GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, and Plaintiff’s

cross-motion for summary judgment has been GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN

PART.



DATE: October 14, 2015                   Ketanji Brown Jackson
                                         KETANJI BROWN JACKSON
                                         United States District Judge




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