                                       No. 04-4228
                                 File Name: 06a0118n.06
                                 Filed: February 14, 2006

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

STATE OF OHIO, ex rel. Attorney General            )
Jim Petro,                                         )
                                                   )
   Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )
                                                   )   ON APPEAL FROM THE
       v.                                          )   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                   )   COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
BULGARTABAC HOLDING GROUP,                         )   DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                   )
   Defendant-Appellant.                            )



Before:        NELSON, DAUGHTREY, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.


       DAVID A. NELSON, Circuit Judge. This appeal is from an order remanding an

action to the Ohio court from which it had been removed. The threshold issue is whether

appellate jurisdiction exists. We are satisfied that the action was remanded because of a

defect in removal, see 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), and that appellate review of the remand order is

therefore barred by 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). Accordingly, the appeal will be dismissed for lack

of jurisdiction.

                                             I

       Bulgartabac Holding Group is a Bulgarian holding company that controls a number

of tobacco processing and cigarette manufacturing concerns in its home country. At all times
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relevant to this appeal, the Bulgarian government owned a majority of the shares of

Bulgartabac.

       In December of 2002, the State of Ohio sued Bulgartabac in the Franklin County

Court of Common Pleas for violations of Ohio Revised Code § 1346.02. Section 1346.02

requires tobacco product manufacturers that sell cigarettes in Ohio, but that are not parties

to a “Master Settlement Agreement” between the state and certain members of the tobacco

industry, to fund escrow accounts for payment of future claims against such manufacturers.

Bulgartabac was served with the complaint on April 10, 2003. The state filed an amended

complaint, as well as requests for discovery, in June of 2003.

       The next month, Bulgartabac moved to dismiss the action under Ohio Civil Rule

12(B). The company asserted 10 grounds for dismissal, the first of which was sovereign

immunity. In this connection, Bulgartabac stated that 92.84 percent of its shares were owned

by the Republic of Bulgaria and that the company was therefore “an instrumentality of the

Bulgarian Government . . . entitled to the same sovereign immunity as the Republic of

Bulgaria.”

       While the motion to dismiss was pending, Ohio moved to compel discovery.

Bulgartabac opposed the state’s motion and requested an additional 45 days in which to

respond to the outstanding discovery requests. Because of the delay in completing discovery,

the parties filed an agreed motion for an amended case schedule.
No. 04-4228
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       In an order filed on October 14, 2003, the Franklin County court denied Bulgartabac’s

motion to dismiss. The court also denied Ohio’s motion to compel and gave Bulgartabac

until October 31, 2003, to respond to the state’s discovery requests.

       Bulgartabac did not serve the state with discovery responses on October 31, 2003.

Instead, it removed the state’s action to the United States District Court for the Southern

District of Ohio. The basis for removal was Bulgartabac’s status as a foreign sovereign.1 In

federal court, Bulgartabac again moved to dismiss the action, re-asserting most of the

grounds for dismissal that had been rejected by the Franklin County court.

       Ohio moved to remand the action to state court. The state advanced two arguments:

(1) that Bulgartabac’s removal of the action was untimely, and (2) that Bulgartabac had

waived its right of removal. In opposition to the motion to remand, Bulgartabac contended

that it had properly delayed removal while its Ohio attorneys awaited confirmation that the

company was in fact owned by the Bulgarian government. Bulgartabac argued further that

it had not waived its removal right by taking defensive actions in state court.

       A magistrate judge recommended that the motion to remand be granted, and the

district court adopted that recommendation over Bulgartabac’s objections. Bulgartabac filed

a timely appeal from the remand order.

                                                II


       1
        Under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(d), “[a]ny civil action brought in a State court against a
foreign state . . . may be removed by the foreign state to the district court of the United States
for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending.”
No. 04-4228
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       As a threshold matter, we must determine whether appellate jurisdiction exists in this

case. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d), “[a]n order remanding a case to the State court from which

it was removed is not reviewable on appeal . . . .”2 Although this language is broad, the

Supreme Court has interpreted § 1447(d) as barring review only of “remand orders issued

under § 1447(c) and invoking the grounds specified therein.” Thermtron Products, Inc. v.

Hermansdorfer, 423 U.S. 336, 345-46 (1976). The grounds for remand specified in 28

U.S.C. § 1447(c) are lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and “any defect other than lack of

subject matter jurisdiction.”

       Lack of subject-matter jurisdiction was not the basis for the remand order at issue

here. As we read the order, the district court remanded the case on two alternative grounds

that correspond to the two arguments advanced by the state. First, the court said that

Bulgartabac should not be able to remove the case after unsuccessfully seeking dismissal.

We interpret this as a holding that Bulgartabac waived its right of removal. Second, the court

found that Bulgartabac knew the case was removable before it filed its motion to dismiss.

We interpret this as a holding that Bulgartac lacked cause for the delay in removal — i.e.,

that the removal was untimely.3


       2
        Section 1447(d) provides further that “an order remanding a case to the State court
from which it was removed pursuant to section 1443 of this title shall be reviewable by
appeal . . . .” The case at bar was not removed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1443.
       3
        A notice of removal must ordinarily be filed within 30 days after the defendant
receives the initial pleading or “other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the
case is one which is or has become removable.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). Where the defendant
No. 04-4228
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       Bulgartabac does not deny that untimeliness was one basis for the district court’s

decision to remand the case. Indeed, Bulgartabac acknowledged in its objections to the

magistrate judge’s report and recommendation that the magistrate implicitly accepted the

state’s untimeliness argument. The remand order, in which the district court overruled

Bulgartabac’s objections and adopted the magistrate’s recommendation, reflects the same

implicit acceptance.

       There is some question as to whether waiver is a defect in removal of the sort

contemplated by § 1447(c). Compare Snapper, Inc. v. Redan, 171 F.3d 1249, 1252-60 (11th

Cir. 1999) (concluding that “defect,” in this context, means only a failure to comply with

removal procedures), with Yusefzadeh v. Nelson, Mullins, Riley & Scarborough, LLP, 365

F.3d 1244, 1246 (11th Cir. 2004) (assuming that waiver is a § 1447(c) defect). We need not

answer the question here, however, because untimeliness — an independent and adequate

basis for the remand order — is plainly a defect within the meaning of the statute. See

Things Remembered, Inc. v. Petrarca, 516 U.S. 124, 128 (1995); Schexnayder v. Entergy

Louisiana, Inc., 394 F.3d 280, 283 (5th Cir. 2004); Phoenix Container, L.P. v. Sokoloff, 235

F.3d 352, 354 (7th Cir. 2000). The remand order having been based on at least one defect in

removal, appellate review is barred by § 1447(d).

       Accordingly, the appeal is DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.



is a foreign state, however, the time for removal “may be enlarged at any time for cause
shown.” Id. § 1441(d).
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