                                                                                               Filed
                                                                                         Washington State
                                                                                         Court of Appeals
                                                                                          Division Two

                                                                                         February 2, 2016


      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                         DIVISION II

    STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                             No. 46291-5-II

                                 Respondent,

          v.

    CAITLYN M. LEDERER,                                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                                 Appellant.


         SUTTON, J. — Caitlyn M. Lederer appeals her conviction for one count of unlawful

possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine). Lederer argues that the trial court erred

in not suppressing her post- Miranda1 warning statements because the police officers deliberately

used the two-step interrogation procedure to undermine Miranda and erred in admitting her

statements at trial in violation of the corpus delicti2 of the crime charged. We hold that Lederer’ s

post-Miranda warning statements were admissible and the trial court did not violate the corpus

delicti rule. Therefore, we affirm.

                                               FACTS

         Corporal Timothy Ripp and Deputy Michael Leiter of the Mason County Sheriff’ s Office

the officers) went to Lederer’ s home to arrest her on an outstanding warrant. Lederer was at home



1
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

2
 The substantial and fundamental fact or facts necessary to prove the commission of a crime; the
material substance upon which a crime has been committed; literally, body of the crime. Merriam–
Webster Unabridged, available at http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com.
No. 46291-5-II


with a companion, Dudley Kirby. Kirby answered Ripp’ s knock on the door. Ripp arrested

Lederer. Because Lederer’ s arrest was due to an outstanding warrant rather than a criminal

investigation that would have led to a foreseeable interrogation, Ripp did not immediately read the

Miranda warnings to Lederer. Meanwhile, after Leiter learned that Kirby also had an outstanding

arrest warrant, he arrested Kirby.       Leiter searched Kirby incident to arrest and found

methamphetamine in Kirby’s pants pocket.

       Leiter, believing that Ripp had already read Lederer her Miranda rights, approached

Lederer as she sat in the back seat of Ripp’ s patrol car, and questioned her about the

methamphetamine in Kirby's pocket. Ripp then interrupted Leiter and informed him that he had

not yet read the Miranda warnings to Lederer. Ripp then advised Lederer that she was being

recorded and advised her of her Miranda rights. Lederer stated that she understood her rights, and

that she agreed to speak to Ripp. Lederer then made several incriminating statements to Ripp and

admitted that the methamphetamine in Kirby’s pocket belonged to her.

       The State charged Lederer with unlawful possession of a controlled substance

methamphetamine). Lederer moved to suppress her post-Miranda warning statements and the

trial court denied that motion after a CrR 3.5 hearing. The trial court made the following pertinent

unchallenged finding of fact:

        Lederer] was placed in the back of Corporal Ripp’ s police car in handcuffs. While
       Corporal Ripp was in the process of operating his dash camera/video, Deputy Leiter
       opened the back passenger side of Corporal Ripp’ s police vehicle and questioned
        Lederer] about [ the] methamphetamine. Whereupon, Corporal Ripp intervened
       and advised Deputy Leiter that he had not yet read [ Lederer] her Miranda rights.
       Shortly after this exchange Corporal Ripp advised [ Lederer] that [ she] was being
       recorded and advised [Lederer] of her Miranda rights. [Lederer] acknowledged that
       she understood and agreed to speak to Corporal Ripp. [ Lederer] made several
       incriminating statements to Corporal Ripp during the course of an approximately



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No. 46291-5-II


       thirty minute car ride. At no time did [ Lederer] invoke any of her constitutional
       rights. The conversation was recorded and admitted into evidence as Exhibit 1 and
       incorporated hereto by reference. In summary, [ Lederer] acknowledged that she
       possessed the methamphetamine that was found in Dudley Kirby’s pocket, and that
       she had used the methamphetamine with Kirby that evening shortly before the
       police arrived at [her home].

Clerk’ s Papers (CP) at 6 (Finding of Fact (FF) 5).

       The trial court concluded that, after considering the totality of the circumstances

surrounding Lederer’ s custodial interrogation, her self-incriminating statements “ were freely and

voluntarily given and not coerced.” CP at 6 (Conclusion of Law (CL) 1). The trial court further

concluded that Lederer “ was advised of her Miranda rights and waived her constitutional rights.”

CP at 6 (CL 2). Lastly, the trial court concluded that “[ t]he objective and available subjective

evidence, including the officer’ s testimony, does not support an inference that [ the officers]

employed a deliberate ‘ two-step’ process designed to coerce [ Lederer] or circumvent the

requirements of Miranda.” CP at 6 (CL 3). Thus, the trial court ruled that Lederer’ s post-Miranda

warning statements were admissible because she validly waived her constitutional rights and the

officers did not deliberately circumvent Miranda.

       Lederer also moved to exclude her statements under the corpus delicti rule, arguing that

her post-arrest statements were the only evidence of her constructive possession of the

methamphetamine.      The trial court denied that motion, concluding that the State provided

independent evidence that supported “ a logical and reasonable inference that the crime of unlawful

possession of a controlled substance occurred.” CP at 7 (CL 4).

       Following a bench trial, the trial court found Lederer guilty as charged. Lederer appeals.




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No. 46291-5-II


                                             ANALYSIS

I. POST-MIRANDA STATEMENTS

          Lederer argues that her post-Miranda warning statements were inadmissible because the

officers failed to give the Miranda warnings before questioning her about the methamphetamine,

and Ripp provided the Miranda warnings mid-interrogation, after she had admitted it was hers.

She argues that the officers deliberately employed this two-step interrogation procedure in

violation of her constitutional rights.3 We disagree.

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

          We review a trial court’ s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence to determine whether

substantial evidence supports the trial court’ s findings of fact and whether the findings of fact

support the trial court’ s conclusions of law. State v. Russell, 180 Wn.2d 860, 866, 330 P.3d 151

2014). Substantial evidence is evidence that is sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of the

truth of the stated premise. Russell, 180 Wn.2d at 866-67. We review conclusions of law de novo.

Russell, 180 Wn.2d at 867. Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. State v. Homan,

181 Wn.2d 102, 106, 330 P.3d 182 (2014).

B. LEGAL PRINCIPALS ON TWO-STEP INTERROGATION PROCEDURE

          The Fifth Amendment and the Washington Constitution guarantee the right against self-

incrimination. U.S. CONST. amends. V, XIV; CONST. art. I, §9. Before subjecting a suspect to

custodial interrogation, an officer must first provide the suspect with the Miranda warnings—that

he or she has the right to remain silent, anything he or she says can be admitted in court against




3
    There is no dispute that Lederer’ s pre-Miranda statements are inadmissible.


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No. 46291-5-II


him or her, the suspect has a right to an attorney, and if he or she cannot afford an attorney, the

court will appoint one. State v. Piatnitsky, 180 Wn.2d 407, 412, 325 P.3d 167 (2014), cert. denied,

135 S. Ct. 950 (2015).

       The two-step interrogation procedure occurs when an interrogator questions a suspect

without first providing the Miranda warnings, and the suspect makes incriminating statements;

then only after the interrogator provides the Miranda warnings and the suspect waives his or her

rights, the interrogator again questions the suspect and obtains a second set of statements. See

Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 124 S. Ct. 2601, 159 L. Ed. 2d 643 ( 2004). We utilize the

Williams test to determine the admissibility of statements made after a two-step interrogation

procedure. State v. Rhoden, 189 Wn. App. 193, 201-02, 356 P.3d 242 (2015); U.S. v. Williams,

435 F.3d 1148 ( 9th Cir. 2006) ( holding that post-Miranda statements may be admissible after a

deliberate use of a two-step interrogation procedure if curative measures are present).

       First, we determine whether the officer deliberately used the two-step interrogation

procedure to undermine the effectiveness of the Miranda warnings after the suspect has already

confessed. Rhoden, 189 Wn. App. at 200-01. We consider the objective evidence and “ any

available subjective evidence, such as an officer’ s testimony,” to determine whether the record

supports an inference that the two-step interrogation procedure was used to undermine the Miranda

warnings. Rhoden, 189 Wn. App. at 201 ( internal quotation marks omitted) ( quoting U.S. v.

Williams, 435 F.3d at 1158). Second, if we determine that the interrogator deliberately used the

two-step interrogation procedure, we then determine whether the officer’ s Miranda warnings were

adequate to advise the suspect of the choice to remain silent after the first admission. Rhoden, 189

Wn. App. at 201.



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No. 46291-5-II


       However, if we determine that the interrogator did not deliberately use the two-step

interrogation procedure, the admissibility of post-Miranda warning statements is governed by

Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 105 S. Ct. 1285, 84 L. 3d. 2d 222 (1985). State v. Hickman, 157

Wn. App. 767, 775, 238 P.3d 1240 (2010) (quoting Williams, 435 F.3d at 1157-58). Under Elstad,

a suspect’ s statements after voluntary waiver of his or her constitutional rights will not be

suppressed unless the interrogator obtained the waiver by “actual coercion or other circumstances

calculated to undermine the suspect’ s ability to exercise his [or her] free will. Elstad, 470 U.S. at

309. The coercion must so taint the investigatory process that “ a subsequent voluntary and

informed waiver is ineffective for some indeterminate period.” Elstad, 470 U.S. at 309.

       The State bears the burden of demonstrating a voluntary waiver by a preponderance of the

evidence. State v. Campos-Cerna, 154 Wn. App. 702, 709, 226 P.3d 185 (2010). We review de

novo whether the defendant’ s waiver was valid by considering the totality of the circumstances.

Campos-Cerna, 154 Wn. App. at 708.

C. LEDERER’ S POST-MIRANDA WARNING STATEMENTS ARE ADMISSIBLE

       Lederer argues that she did not validly waive her constitutional rights after Ripp read her

the Miranda warnings because the objective evidence demonstrated that Ripp and Leiter

deliberately used the two-step interrogation procedure and the Miranda warnings did not

effectively advise her of her constitutional rights. We disagree.

       The trial court’ s finding of fact 5, to which Lederer does not assign error, supports the

conclusion of law that the officers did not deliberately use the two-step interrogation procedure.

While Ripp, was occupied with operating his dash camera, Leiter approached Lederer while she

was handcuffed in the backseat of Ripp’ s police car and began to ask her questions. CP at 5 (FF



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No. 46291-5-II


5). However, Ripp “ intervened” and informed Leiter that Lederer had not yet been advised of her

Miranda rights. CP at 5 (FF 5). Ripp then read Lederer her Miranda rights and advised her that

she was being recorded. CP at 5 (FF 5). In Hickman, this court held that there existed objective

evidence that the officer deliberately employed the two-step interrogation procedure when the

officer explained that an interview would involve two parts, an “ administrative” portion and an

 investigati[ ve]” portion, and the person would receive the Miranda warnings only before the

investigative portion, yet the officer elicited incriminating information in both portions. Hickman,

157 Wn. App. at 770, 775. However, here the trial court’ s findings of fact do not contain any

objective evidence that the officers deliberately used the two-step interrogation procedure because

Leiter was not aware that Lederer had not yet been given her the Miranda warnings before he

began questioning her and Ripp intervened to interrupt the questioning and provide Lederer with

her Miranda rights.

       Because the findings here do not contain any evidence of deliberate intent to undermine

the effectiveness of the Miranda warnings, Elstad governs whether Lederer’ s post-Miranda

statements followed a voluntary waiver of her rights. Hickman, 157 Wn. App. at 775. The trial

court’ s unchallenged findings of fact support the conclusion of law that Lederer voluntarily waived

her constitutional rights. The findings do not demonstrate that the officers coerced Lederer into

waiving her rights. Instead, Lederer affirmatively acknowledged that she understood her rights

and agreed to speak to Ripp before making several self-incriminating statements. Thus, Lederer

validly waived her rights. Therefore, Lederer’ s self-incriminating post-Miranda statements were

admissible.

II. CORPUS DELICTI



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No. 46291-5-II


         Lederer also argues the trial court erred in admitting her post-Miranda warning statements

in violation of the corpus delicti of the crime charged. We disagree.

         The term “ corpus delicti” means the “‘ body of the crime.’” State v. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d

311, 327, 150 P.3d 59 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Aten, 130 Wn.2d

640, 655, 927 P.2d 210 (1996)). Under the corpus delicti rule, a conviction cannot be supported

solely by the defendant’ s own self-incriminating statements. State v. Dow, 168 Wn.2d 243, 249,

227 P.3d 1278 (2010). The State must produce independent evidence other than the defendant’ s

confession to provide prima facie corroboration that the crime described in the defendant’ s

statement actually occurred, but this evidence need not be sufficient to support the conviction on

a sufficiency of the evidence basis. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d at 328. “ Prima facie corroboration of a

defendant’ s incriminating statement exists if the independent evidence supports a ‘ logical and

reasonable inference’ of the facts sought to be provided.” Brockob, 159 Wn.2d at 328 (internal

quotation marks omitted) ( quoting Aten, 130 Wn.2d at 656).         We review whether the State

presented independent evidence under the corpus delicti rule in the light most favorable to the

State. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d at 328.

         Here, the crime described in Lederer’ s self-incriminating statement,           that the

methamphetamine belonged to her, was unlawful possession of a controlled substance under

RCW 69.50.4013.4 Leiter found the methamphetamine in Kirby’s pocket. Lederer argues that the

State did not present sufficient evidence of corpus delicti because it did not identify independent

evidence that she committed the crime of possession of a controlled substance.




4“
     It is unlawful for any person to possess a controlled substance.” RCW 69.50.4013.


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No. 46291-5-II


        However, proof of the identity of the person who committed the crime is not generally

essential to satisfy the corpus delicti rule. State v. Solomon, 73 Wn. App. 724, 728, 870 P.2d 1019

1994). While some crimes require proof of identity to satisfy corpus delicti because they cannot

be proved without identifying a particular person, like attempt, conspiracy, or perjury, the crime

of unlawful possession of a controlled substance is not a crime that requires proof of identity of a

particular person. Solomon, 73 Wn. App. at 728. “ Rather, in a possession case, it is clear that a

crime occurred if drugs are in the possession of someone; identity is not essential to establish the

fact that a crime occurred.” Solomon, 73 Wn. App. at 728. The State need not present independent

proof that the defendant, in particular, possessed the controlled substance. See Solomon, 73 Wn.

App. at 729.

        Lederer distinguishes Solomon because there the police found cocaine on a dresser where

 it stood to reason that someone had constructive possession over them” whereas here Leiter found

the methamphetamine in Kirby’s actual possession. Br. of Appellant at 29-30. She argues that

Kirby’s actual possession prevents the inference that a different crime had occurred, her

constructive possession. Br. of Appellant at 30. But Lederer cites no authority for the proposition

that constructive possession of a controlled substance and actual possession of a controlled

substance are different crimes and RCW 69.50.4013 makes no such distinction. The State may

prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance through either actual or constructive

possession. State v. Hathaway, 161 Wn. App. 634, 645-46, 251 P.3d 253 (2011).

        Thus, the State presented sufficient independent evidence, specifically Leiter’ s discovery

of methamphetamine, that the crime of unlawful possession of a controlled substance had occurred.

Therefore, the trial court did not err in ruling that the State had satisfied the corpus delicti rule.



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No. 46291-5-II


                                         CONCLUSION

        We hold that Lederer’ s post-Miranda warning statements were admissible and that the trial

court did not violate the corpus delicti rule. Therefore, we affirm.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,

it is so ordered.




                                                     SUTTON, J.
 We concur:



 WORSWICK, P.J.




 MELNICK, J.




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