
16 Mass. App. Ct. 472 (1983)
452 N.E.2d 276
SOUTH SHORE BANK
vs.
H & H AIRCRAFT SALES, INC. & others.[1]
Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Norfolk.
April 11, 1983.
August 3, 1983.
Present: GREANEY, CUTTER, & PERRETTA, JJ.
Frederick S. Pillsbury for Olympic Sales Club, Inc., & another.
William F. Macauley for the plaintiff.
CUTTER, J.
On August 3, 1979, Olympic Sales Club, Inc. (Olympic), made a contract to purchase a specified 1980 Piper Aztec aircraft for $172,000 from an aircraft dealer, H & H Aircraft Sales, Inc. (H & H), of Monroe, New York. A down payment by check was made. The aircraft was delivered by H & H to Olympic in Massachusetts on October 31, *473 1979. The balance of the price was then paid by Olympic, which since that date has had possession of the aircraft.
Olympic, through O'Hara (see n. 1), asked H & H to change the aircraft's registration number with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to a new number. H & H undertook to do this and also stated that it would register the transfer of ownership from H & H to Olympic. It did change the registration number to N1946D, but did not record with the FAA the bill of sale concerning the transfer of ownership.
On behalf of the South Shore Bank (the bank), Samuel L. Peoples, a second vice president and a loan officer, made loans to H & H, on December 14 and 26, 1979, and March 4, 1980, and received H & H's notes incorporated in three documents entitled "Security Agreement-Aircraft Chattel Mortgage" (security agreements). The loans were in principal amounts of $86,000, $31,000, and $85,000, respectively, and bore annual interest at two percent above the prime rate in effect from time to time. Each security agreement gave to the bank (1) a security interest in the Piper Aztec aircraft, FAA registration no. N1946D (formerly N2137Z), and (2) the rights and, in the event of default, the remedies of a secured party under the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.), including the right to take possession of the aircraft.
Before making each loan, Peoples obtained a FAA title search of the FAA registry at Oklahoma City which indicated that H & H was the registered owner of the aircraft. The bank recorded its lien with the FAA on January 18, 1980. H & H committed defaults under the security agreements by February 26, 1981. The bank sought to take possession of the aircraft. Peoples then learned that H & H had sold the aircraft to Olympic before any of the bank's loans to H & H had been made. Olympic had not recorded its bill of sale with the FAA by January 18, 1980 (when the bank recorded its security interest) and, so far as the present record shows, Olympic's interest never has been recorded with the FAA.
The complaint in the present action was filed on March 12, 1981. It sought damages, an injunction against transfer *474 of the aircraft, possession of the aircraft, and declaratory relief. Temporary injunctive relief was granted. The bank, on the one hand, and Olympic and O'Hara, on the other hand, respectively, filed motions for summary judgment, supported by affidavits, from which, together with the pleadings and the judge's memorandum of decision, the facts above have been stated.
Summary judgment was granted in favor of the bank which was declared to be entitled to immediate possession of the aircraft. Olympic and O'Hara have appealed.
1. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (hereafter "the Act"), § 503, 49 U.S.C. § 1403 (1976), controls important aspects of the present case, as the trial judge recognized. The pertinent provisions of that statute are set out in the margin.[2] They, especially subsection (c), recently have been discussed in Philko Aviation, Inc. v. Shacket, 462 U.S. 406 (1983), where it was held (at 409-410) that § 1403(c) "means that every aircraft transfer must be evidenced by an instrument, and every such instrument must be recorded, before the rights of innocent third parties can be affected." It was held also (at 410) that "state laws permitting undocumented or unrecorded transfers are pre-empted" by the Federal statute *475 which was (ibid.) "intended to preempt any state law under which a transfer without a recordable conveyance would be valid against innocent transferees or lienholders who have recorded."
The Philko case dealt (see 406) with two successive sales of the same aircraft. The first was to the Shackets (husband and wife) who "paid the ... price in full and took possession of the aircraft." Their vendor told them "that he would `take care of the paperwork,' which the Shackets understood to include ... recordation ... with the FAA." The Philko record revealed no effort by the Shackets (apart from their reliance on their vendor to do so) to record their title (as was the situation with Olympic so far as the present record discloses). Thereafter the same vendor purported to sell the same aircraft to Philko, whose bank subsequently recorded the title documents with the FAA. The Federal District Court (497 F. Supp. 1262, N.D. Ill. 1980) granted summary judgment in favor of the Shackets, and the Court of Appeals (681 F.2d 506, 7th Cir.1982) affirmed judgment for the Shackets. The Supreme Court, however, reversed the judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings. We think that the Philko case governs the situation in the present case, where Olympic's title interest in the Piper aircraft was never recorded and thus (apart from considerations discussed below) could have no effect against the lien interest of the bank which was recorded with the FAA fairly promptly.
The Philko case and the facts (see note 5, infra) make it unnecessary to decide a much discussed question of priorities under § 9-307 of the U.C.C. (see G.L.c. 106, § 9-307, and New York Uniform Commercial Code Law § 9-307 [McKinney Supp. 1982-1983])[3] viz., whether a later purchaser of an aircraft (who does not record with the FAA his bill of sale) from an aircraft dealer takes free of a bank's *476 prior recorded security interest.[4] The Philko case (at 412-413), after a reference to Judge Wisdom's opinion in In re Gary Aircraft Corp., 681 F.2d 365 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied sub nom. General Dynamics Corp. v. Gary Aircraft Corp., 462 U.S. 1131 (1983), proceeds, "Although state law determines priorities, all interests must be federally recorded before they can obtain whatever priority to which they are entitled under state law." As the present record shows no recording with the FAA of H & H's bill of sale to Olympic at any time, we need not concern ourselves with this question.[5]
2. The Philko case (at 414) decides that the lower Federal courts, there reversed, "erred by granting the Shackets summary judgment on the basis that if an unrecorded transfer of an aircraft is valid under state law, it has validity as against innocent third parties." The opinion, in remanding the case for further findings, then points out that, because the Federal District Court had dealt with the Philko situation by summary judgment, it did not consider questions such as whether (a) "Philko had actual notice of the transfer to the Shackets" or (b) "the transferee ha[d] used reasonable diligence *477 to file [with the FAA] and cannot be faulted for the failure of the crucial documents to be of record."
In the present case, Olympic and O'Hara merely left it to H & H to do the recording and thus facilitated the perpetration of the scheme by which H & H obtained loans from the bank on the security of the Piper aircraft. This behavior was like that of the Shackets in the Philko case. On appeal, however, Olympic now argues that the bank had "actual notice" of the sale to Olympic of the Piper aircraft as a consequence of (a) an alleged deposit in H & H's account at the bank of Olympic's downpayment check for $34,400, dated August 3, 1979, over four months before the bank took the earliest security agreement (December 14, 1979);[6] (b) the delivery of the Piper aircraft to Olympic on October 31, 1979; (c) the circumstance that Olympic kept the aircraft at an airport in Westfield, Massachusetts, and not at H & H's home airport in Monroe, New York, the location of the aircraft mentioned in two of the security agreements; (d) the failure of the bank to check whether H & H had possession of the aircraft when it took the first security agreement; and (e) the circumstance that the total loans by the bank to H & H had an aggregate principal amount of $202,000, whereas the price paid to H & H by Olympic in October, 1979, was only $172,000. Olympic argues on appeal that these circumstances, taken together, constitute "inquiry-provoking facts" which "amount to `actual notice.'"
Olympic did not assert in its answer that the bank had actual notice of H & H's sale to it. "Actual notice" would appear to be an affirmative defense. See Mass.R.Civ.P. 8(c), 365 Mass. 750 (1974); Smith & Zobel, Rules Practice §§ 8.6, 8.7 & 8.22 (1974 & Supp. 1981). Certainly, the burden of showing knowledge of an unrecorded conveyance is on the party claiming under it. Hughes v. Williams, 229 Mass. *478 467, 469-471 (1918). McCarthy v. Lane, 301 Mass. 125, 128-129 (1938). See Atlantic Trans. Co. v. Alexander Shipping Co., 261 Mass. 1, 7-9 (1927), where the Supreme Judicial Court discussed the term "actual notice" as used in the Federal Ship Mortgage Act, 46 U.S.C. § 921(a) (1976),[7] and held by analogy that the term had the same meaning as "actual notice" in G.L.c. 183, § 4. "[K]nowledge of facts which might arouse suspicion [of an unrecorded instrument] would not be sufficient to destroy the bona fides of the subsequent purchaser." See Richardson v. Lee Realty Corp., 364 Mass. 632, 634-635 (1974).
It may be that the term "actual notice" as used in § 1403(c) includes knowledge of facts which provoke inquiry. See Marsden v. Southern Flight Serv., Inc., 227 F. Supp. 411, 416-417 (M.D.N.C. 1961). That decision (at 416) interpreted "actual notice" as used in § 1403(c) "in a sense broad enough to include knowledge of inquiry-provoking facts as well as express knowledge of the fact in issue." It proceeded, nevertheless (at 416-417), to treat "possession alone ... [as] not sufficient to give third parties notice of the possessor's interest, especially in a context in which the property is of a kind usually protected by title papers. To hold otherwise would be to import constructive notice into the statute by the back door."[8] See South Shore Bank v. Tony Mat, Inc., Civ. No. 82-0330 (M.D. Pa. Sept. 22, 1982). Contrast Aircraft Inv. Corp. v. Fisher Flying Serv., Inc., 183 So.2d 441, 445 (La. Ct. App.) aff'd, 249 La. 374 (1966).
*479 Nothing in the pleadings in the Superior Court or in the affidavits suggests that there was any general practice of banks physically to inspect aircraft which they were taking as collateral under security agreements. Indeed, the purpose of the Federal recording system in part would be defeated by such a requirement which in effect would tend to remove from "any buyer in possession ... [all] incentive to record his title with the FAA, ... thereby prevent[ing] the `central clearing house' from providing `ready access' to information about his claim." Philko case, at 411. The bank in Quincy, Massachusetts, has not been shown, at least on this record, to have been under any obligation of good business practice to do more with respect to an aircraft, likely to be near H & H's place of business in New York, than to check the title records of the FAA.
No persuasive reason has been advanced by Olympic for regarding the size of the bank's advances on the security agreements as evidence that the bank knew of the sale of the aircraft for a lesser amount. Indeed, had the bank known that H & H would sell an aircraft for as little as $172,000, it might not have made its final advance.
What has been said above indicates the highly fragile basis which, on this record, Olympic has for asserting, for the first time on appeal, that the bank had "actual notice" of the unrecorded sale to it of the aircraft. This is wholly apart from the circumstance that no such defense was pleaded.
When both contestants in the Superior Court moved for summary judgment, they each in effect represented that there were no genuine issues of material fact (such as "actual notice") remaining unsettled. The trial judge dealt with the case on that basis.[9] He stated in the summary of his decision that "the [b]ank took a security interest in the aircraft without actual notice of the prior sale and on the strength of record title" (emphasis supplied). In his discussion *480 of the Federal law, he noted that "the unrecorded prior sale is invalid as to the [b]ank ... which took without actual notice of the transaction" (emphasis supplied). We regard these statements, and the absence of any discussion of the circumstances asserted as showing notice, as indications that he did not understand any issue of "actual notice" to have been presented to him. If no such issue was raised before the trial judge, it cannot be advanced for the first time on appeal. See John B. Deary, Inc. v. Crane, 4 Mass. App. Ct. 719, 724 (1976); Drury v. Abdallah, 9 Mass. App. Ct. 865, 866-867 (1980). See also Milton v. Civil Serv. Commn., 365 Mass. 368, 379 (1974); York v. Sullivan, 369 Mass. 157, 161 (1975); Community Natl. Bank v. Dawes, 369 Mass. 550, 553-557 (1976); O'Donnell v. Bane, 385 Mass. 114, 116-117, 120-121 (1982); Enterprise Music & Games, Inc. v. McCarthy, 9 Mass. App. Ct. 906 (1980).
Judgment affirmed.
NOTES
[1]  Olympic Sales Club, Inc., and Arthur O'Hara, its president and principal stockholder.
[2]  Section 1403 reads in part: "(a) The Secretary of Transportation shall establish and maintain a system for the recording of each and all of the following:

"(1) Any conveyance which affects the title to, or any interest in, any civil aircraft of the United States....
[Subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3) relate to instruments establishing security interests in, or affecting title to, certain aircraft engines and parts. Subsection (b) relates to releases of interests.]
"(c) No conveyance or instrument the recording of which is provided for by subsection (a) of this section shall be valid in respect of such aircraft ... against any person other than the person by whom the conveyance or other instrument is made or given, his heir or devisee, or any person having actual notice thereof, until such conveyance or other instrument is filed for recordation in the office of the Secretary of Transportation: Provided.... [Proviso relates to instruments recorded under prior statutes.]
"(d) Each conveyance or other instrument recorded by means of or under the system provided for in subsection (a) or (b) of this section shall from the time of its filing for recordation be valid as to all persons without further or other recordation.... [Exception and proviso relate to items recorded under subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3)]."
[3]  The record suggests no State other than Massachusetts or New York in which the bill of sale of the Piper aircraft or the aircraft itself was delivered. See § 506 of the Act, 49 U.S.C. § 1406 (1976).
[4]  The considerations affecting this issue are discussed in the text, numerous decisions, and periodical authorities mentioned in In re Gary Aircraft Corp., 681 F.2d 365, 368-369 (5th Cir.1982), cert. denied sub nom. General Dynamics Corp. v. Gary Aircraft Corp., 462 U.S. 1131 (1983). To these may be added Eyer, The Sale, Leasing, and Financing of Aircraft, 45 J. Air L. & Com. 217 (1979); Ganz, Code-Secured Transactions and the Federal Aviation Act  A Limited Preemption, 14 U.C.C.L.J. 3 (1981).
[5]  It should be noted that, under the Philko decision, when the bank made its loans to H & H (recorded as security interests with the FAA on January 18, 1980), the bill of sale, because not recorded with the FAA, was not valid as against the bank. The bank, in making the loans, changed its position in reliance on the FAA records. Each security agreement relates (as has been stated) to the particular aircraft and has not been shown to have been a part of an inventory loan. As to an inventory loan, a lending bank may contemplate that the aircraft collateral later will be sold in the ordinary course of business and may assume for the future the risk of such a sale. These agreements, however, provided that H & H "will not sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of" the collateral. That this bank did not assume for the past any risk of sale is shown by H & H's covenant that "except for the security interest granted ... [to the bank, H & H] is the owner of the ... [aircraft] free from any ... encumbrance, or right, title or interest of others." Seasonable inquiry by Peoples about the FAA's records amounted to verification of this covenant.
[6]  We give this no significance. The receipt of such a deposit (without a statement of other facts), several months before the first bank loan here in issue, cannot be regarded as notice to the bank of a particular sale. Compare Texas Natl. Bank v. Aufderheide, 235 F. Supp. 599, 605 (E.D. Ark. 1964).
[7]  This statute formed at least in part the basis of the aircraft recording statute, 49 U.S.C. § 1403 (1976), discussed in the Philko case. See Marsden v. Southern Flight Serv., Inc., 227 F. Supp. 411, 416 (M.D.N.C. 1961).
[8]  The Marsden case, at 417, refers to Marrs v. Barbeau, 336 Mass. 416 (1957), which, at 420, recognized that (under a predecessor of § 1403[c]) the holder of an unrecorded conveyance of an aircraft by "leaving the record title in ... [his vendor gave that vendor] a power to transfer title to a bona fide purchaser." The Marsden case is discussed ably in Sigman, The Wild Blue Yonder: Interests in Aircraft Under Our Federal System, 46 S. Cal. L. Rev. 316, 354-357 (1973). The Philko case (at 413) cited the article for pointing out that, although recordation of a conveyance with the FAA may "not establish priority, `failure to record ... serves to subordinate'" the unrecorded conveyance to pertinent recorded interests in the aircraft.
[9]  Examination of the original briefs submitted to the trial judge shows that no argument was made that the bank had actual notice of the sale of the aircraft to Olympic.
