                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-2213
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

           Ledridge Maurice Thomas, also known as Thomas Ledridge

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: January 12, 2018
                              Filed: April 10, 2018
                                 ____________

Before COLLOTON, BENTON, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

BENTON, Circuit Judge

       Ledridge M. Thomas pled guilty to two counts of felon in possession of a
firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2). The district court1
increased his offense level due to two prior Missouri convictions for a “controlled

      1
       The Honorable Henry E. Autrey, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.
substance offense”—(1) sale of a controlled substance under section 195.211.3,
RSMo 2003, and (2) possession with the intent to deliver an imitation controlled
substance under section 195.242.1, RSMo 2000. Thomas appeals, arguing neither
conviction is for a controlled substance offense. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291, this court affirms.

       As to the section 195.211.3 conviction, this court reviews de novo the district
court’s interpretation and application of the Guidelines. See United States v. Mohr,
772 F.3d 1143, 1145 (8th Cir. 2014). On appeal, Thomas presents new arguments
about the section 195.242.1 conviction. This court reviews for plain error issues
raised for the first time on appeal. United States v. Ruiz-Salazar, 785 F.3d 1270,
1272 (8th Cir. 2015) (per curiam).

      Under the Guidelines, a career offender’s offense level is increased if (among
other requirements) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of a
controlled substance offense. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a), incorporated by § 2K2.1, cmt.
n.10. A “controlled substance offense” includes, as relevant here, “distribution . . .
of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance),” and “the possession of a
controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to . . . distribute . . . .”
§ 4B1.2(b), incorporated by § 2K2.1, cmt. n.1. A controlled substance offense
includes attempts to commit a controlled substance offense. § 4B1.2, cmt. n.1.

       Courts apply a categorical approach to determine whether a prior conviction
is a controlled substance offense. See United States v. Robinson, 639 F.3d 489, 495
(8th Cir. 2011); Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 588 (1990). Courts look to
“how the law defines the offense and not in terms of how an individual offender
might have committed it on a particular occasion.” Johnson v. United States, 135 S.
Ct. 2551, 2557 (2015) (quotation omitted). Courts “must presume that the conviction
rested upon nothing more than the least of the acts proscribed by the state law and


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then determine whether even those acts are encompassed by the generic federal
offense.” United States v. Maldonado, 864 F.3d 893, 897 (8th Cir. 2017).

      Section 195.211 prohibits—with exceptions not relevant here—the distribution
of a controlled substance. Thomas does not argue that the term “distribute” in
195.211 differs from the term “distribution” in Sentencing Guideline 4B1.2. See §
195.010(12), RSMo 2001 (defining “distribute”).

      Section 195.242 bans the possession with intent to deliver any imitation
controlled substance. Under Missouri law, “deliver” and “distribute” are
synonymous. Id. Delivery means “the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer
from one person to another . . . of a controlled substance, or an imitation controlled
substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship, and includes a sale.” §
195.010(8). A sale includes a “barter, exchange, or gift, or offer therefor.” §
195.010(38). Missouri statutes do not define the term “offer.”

       Thomas believes that the least act prohibited by Missouri law is the “mere
words of an offer, without some further showing of intent,” which would mean that
the Missouri statutes criminalize more than the Guidelines definition of “controlled
substance offense.” True, to meet the Guidelines definition, a state law must require
something more than a mere offer to sell. Other circuits characterize the “something
more” as an attempt, bona fide offer showing intent, or overt acts furthering that
intent. See, e.g., United States v. Melvin, 628 Fed. Appx. 774, 777-78 (1st Cir. 2015)
(New York statute criminalizing offers to sell—requiring that offers are bona fide and
attempts—meets the Guidelines definition based on state court decisions), citing
United States v. Bryant, 571 F.3d 147, 158 (1st Cir. 2009) (same); Pascual v. Holder,
723 F.3d 156, 159 (2d Cir. 2013) (New York statute meets the Guidelines definition
based on state court decisions defining offer to sell as requiring bona fide offers);
United States v. Savage, 542 F.3d 959, 965-66 (2d Cir. 2008) (Connecticut statute
criminalizing an offer to sell does not meet the Guidelines definition based on state

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court decisions determining state statute’s definition of sale includes a “mere offer”
without requiring possession of drugs); United States v. Evans, 699 F.3d 858, 867
(6th Cir. 2012) (Ohio statute criminalizing an offer to sell—requiring an intent to
sell—meets the Guidelines definition as an attempt based on the Ohio Supreme
Court’s interpretation of the criminal statute); United States v. Redden, 875 F.3d 374,
375 (7th Cir. 2017) (Illinois statute criminalizing delivery—requiring “actual,
constructive or attempted transfer”—meets the Guidelines definition); United States
v. McKibbon, 878 F.3d 967, 974 (10th Cir. 2017) (“Without any Colorado case law
to the contrary, we have no authority on behalf of Colorado to insert any new limiting
adjective such as ‘bona fide’ adjacent to the unadorned word, ‘offer’”); United States
v. Madkins, 866 F.3d 1136, 1145 (10th Cir. 2017) (holding, based on state statute,
that “offer to sell is broader than distribution as defined in the Guidelines”), citing
United States v. Taylor, 413 F.3d 1146, 1155 (10th Cir. 2005) (distinguishing
between an offer and an attempt stating “an attempt to commit a crime requires the
intent to commit the crime and overt acts in furtherance of that intent”). But cf.
United States v. Tanksley, 848 F.3d 347, 352 (5th Cir. 2017) (Texas statute does not
meet the Guidelines definition), citing United States v. Hinkle, 832 F.3d 569, 571
n.8, 576-77 (5th Cir. 2016) (Texas statute criminalizing an offer to sell absent other
requirements does not meet the Guidelines definition based on previous circuit
decisions relying on an analysis of a California statute), citing United States v. Price,
516 F.3d 285, 288-89 (5th Cir. 2008) (Texas statute criminalizing “offer to sell,
absent possession,” does not meet the Guidelines definition based on previous circuit
decision on a California statute); United States v. Garza-Lopez, 410 F.3d 268, 274-75
(5th Cir. 2005) (finding a California statute criminalizing transportation of controlled
substances does not meet the Guidelines definition of “drug trafficking offense,”
without relying on state law).

       The Missouri statutes on their face do not resolve Thomas’s assertion that they
criminalize “mere words of an offer, without some further showing of intent.” He
relies on State v. Hendricks, 1996 WL 705881 (Mo. App. Dec. 10, 1996) (transfer

                                          -4-
granted). The Hendricks decision was vacated and nullified when the case was
transferred to the Supreme Court of Missouri. See State v. Norman, 380 S.W.2d 406,
407 (Mo. banc 1964) (holding that the transfer of a case renders the opinion of court
of appeals “vacated,” “set aside,” and “functus officio”), citing Mo. Const. art. V,
sec. 10 (after transfer, the supreme court determines the case from the court of appeals
“the same as on original appeal”).

       In its later Hendricks decision, the Supreme Court of Missouri noted, as of
1997, there was no law on the issue here. See State v. Hendricks, 944 S.W.2d 208,
210-11 (Mo. banc 1997). Because the Supreme Court of Missouri has yet to address
the issue, this court looks to state intermediate court decisions when they are the best
evidence of the state’s law. See Eubank v. Kansas City Power and Light Co., 626
F.3d 424, 427 (8th Cir. 2010). The persuasive authority here is State v. Sammons, 93
S.W.3d 808 (Mo. App. 2002). The defendant there took money in exchange for
drugs, but never returned with them. Id. at 810. Charged with knowingly selling a
controlled substance, he argued that the evidence showed only an intent to steal
money, not a sale of a controlled substance. Id. at 811. Agreeing with the defendant,
the Sammons court held that the government must show more than just uttering words
in order to constitute an offer. Id. at 812. Under Missouri law, an “offer therefor” is
at least an attempt to distribute a controlled substance.

       By a comparison to the generic Guidelines definition, Thomas’s convictions
under sections 195.211.3 and 195.242.1 require more than “mere words of an offer”
for a sale, thus qualifying as controlled substance offenses.

                                     *******
      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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