                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 19a0141p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                               ┐
                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,   │
                                                         │
                                                         >      No. 18-5978
        v.                                               │
                                                         │
                                                         │
 SCOTT W. SULIK,                                         │
                                Defendant-Appellant.     │
                                                         ┘

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
                    No. 5:18-cr-00019-1—Danny C. Reeves, District Judge.

                               Decided and Filed: July 3, 2019

                     Before: BOGGS, MOORE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Kevin M. Schad, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cincinnati, Ohio, for
Appellant. Charles P. Wisdom, Jr., Andrew T. Boone, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S
OFFICE, Lexington, Kentucky, for Appellee.
                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Scott Sulik pleaded guilty to cyberstalking after he
sent threatening emails to a member of the United States Congress. The only question his appeal
presents is whether his crime was motivated by the victim’s status as a government officer,
thereby triggering a six-level enhancement under United States Sentencing Guideline (USSG)
§ 3A1.2. Because the district court did not clearly err in concluding that it was, we AFFIRM.
 No. 18-5978                          United States v. Sulik                               Page 2


       In September 2017, a member of the House of Representatives made a public statement
calling General John Kelly, then serving as White House Chief of Staff, a “disgrace to the
uniform he used to wear.” The statement was made in the context of an ongoing debate about
federal immigration policy. In national news coverage of the interaction, the Representative
highlighted what he considered General Kelly’s unprincipled stance regarding the “dreamers,”
immigrants brought to this country as children.       Media commentators pointed out that the
Representative had never served in the military, while General Kelly had both served and lost a
son in Afghanistan.

       When Sulik learned about the comment, he sent the Representative a series of threatening
emails. He wrote, for example, “You put your family at risk,” “Marines are loyal to their
Generals, not low life parasite politicians like you,” and “What are you going to do before I erase
you?” He later admitted that he intended to harass and intimidate the Representative and pleaded
guilty to one count of cyberstalking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2).

       In the plea agreement, Sulik reserved the right to object to a proposed six-level
enhancement for a crime “motivated by” the victim’s status as a government officer. See USSG
§ 3A1.2(a)–(b). At sentencing, he did so, arguing that he was “a former Marine . . . outraged
about a statement about a former Marine who had lost a son,” and that it did not matter “who had
made the statement.” During his allocution, Sulik explained that he “would die for [his] country
and for any fellow Marine.” He added:

       I’m regretful of the whole situation that—you know, Kelly lost his son, and I
       always say a prayer for any fallen soldiers, and I take it to heart. And I’m
       disappointed that there are people in government who don’t feel the same way I
       do when they’re laying their lives on the line, or they lose a son or daughter. And
       I don’t mean that in a political way. I’d be willing to take a polygraph test, and it
       wasn’t political.

(R. 38, Sentencing Tr., PageID 159) The district court deemed the Government’s proof with
regard to the enhancement “barely sufficient” but ultimately overruled Sulik’s objection. With a
resulting base offense level of 23 and the lowest criminal history category, Sulik’s advisory
Guidelines range was 46 to 57 months of imprisonment. The district court imposed a sentence of
48 months. Without the six-level enhancement, Sulik’s range would have been 24 to 30 months.
 No. 18-5978                          United States v. Sulik                               Page 3


       The only issue on appeal is whether imposition of the enhancement was warranted. The
so-called “official victim” enhancement applies if (1) the victim is a current or former
“government officer or employee,” or an immediate family member, and (2) “the offense of
conviction was motivated by such status.” USSG § 3A1.2(a). There is no dispute that the
recipient of Sulik’s emails, a member of the House of Representatives, qualifies as a government
officer; the question is why Sulik sent his emails. Motivation is ultimately a question of fact.
See Hoard v. Sizemore, 198 F.3d 205, 218 (6th Cir. 1999) (rejecting, in the context of a § 1983
suit, “an attempt to transform the factual issue of motivation into the legal question of objective
reasonableness”); see also United States v. Hoff, 767 F. App’x 614, 624 (6th Cir. 2019). We
therefore review the district court’s factual determination that Sulik was motivated by the
Representative’s official status for clear error and any legal conclusions regarding the Guidelines
de novo. See United States v. Susany, 893 F.3d 364, 366–67 (6th Cir. 2018).

       We have previously explained that the victim’s official status need not be the sole
motivation for the offense. See United States v. Hopper, 436 F. App’x 414, 429 (6th Cir. 2011)
(citing United States v. Abbott, 221 F. App’x 186, 189 (4th Cir. 2007)). As the Fourth Circuit
put it, “[a] person who kidnaps and ransoms an official cannot avoid the enhancement by
claiming that he only did it for the money.” Abbott, 221 F. App’x at 189. Thus, we rejected a
defendant’s argument that he solicited a friend to kill an FBI agent who was to testify against the
defendant because he sought “to eliminate witnesses in general.” United States v. Talley, 164
F.3d 989, 1003 (6th Cir. 1999). Although we credit Sulik’s statement that he was motivated by
the content of the Representative’s statements, it remains our task to determine if the
Representative’s status was also a motivating factor.

       The Government urges that we could find this requirement satisfied solely on the basis
that Sulik knew that the recipient of his threatening emails was a government official. In one
unpublished case, we hinted that such knowledge “may be sufficient” to trigger the official
victim enhancement. See Hopper, 436 F. App’x at 429. But we stopped short of accepting that
proposition as a matter of law and went on to analyze other evidence concerning the defendant’s
motivation. See id. Accepting the sufficiency of mere knowledge would lead to improper
results. By this logic, if a Senator’s husband kills her because—and only because—she filed for
 No. 18-5978                           United States v. Sulik                               Page 4


divorce, the official victim enhancement would still apply; the law would ascribe motivation
based merely on the husband’s knowledge of his wife’s election to Congress. That standard
would sweep far too broadly.

       An example included in the commentary to this guideline confirms our conclusion. The
notes describe a situation “where both the defendant and victim were employed by the same
government agency and the offense was motivated by a personal dispute.” USSG § 3A1.2,
comment. (n.3). In this example, the defendant is necessarily aware of the victim’s official
status—they share the same status—and yet the commentary instructs that the enhancement does
not apply. See id. We are not at liberty to disregard this “authoritative” interpretation “unless it
violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous
reading of, that guideline.” Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 38 (1993); see also United
States v. Havis, No. 17-5772, --- F.3d ---, 2019 WL 2376070, at *3 (6th Cir. June 6, 2019) (en
banc) (per curiam). The Government has not identified any basis upon which to make such a
finding, and we see none. Thus, although a defendant’s knowledge of the victim’s official status
is relevant to the § 3A1.2 calculus, and presumably necessary for its application, knowledge
alone cannot trigger the enhancement.

       Sulik’s knowledge of the Representative’s status is therefore properly considered
alongside other evidence shedding light on his motivation. The comment that triggered Sulik’s
threatening emails was made to the public in response to ongoing debate about a matter of great
political significance: this country’s immigration policy. Sulik learned of the comment only
because national media discussed it as a matter of public (and political) concern. In at least one
email, Sulik referenced the Representative’s official status, writing, “Marines are loyal to their
Generals, not low life parasite politicians like you.” And during the sentencing hearing, Sulik’s
attorney acknowledged that the threats were sent “to a campaign email, not a personal address.”

       Our analysis in United States v. Talley, where we rejected the defendant’s argument that
he sought to have an FBI agent killed because he was a witness, not because he was an official,
is instructive. See 164 F.3d at 1003–04. There, we deemed it significant that the defendant
referred to his victim as a “fed,” id. at 1004; here, Sulik referred to his victim as a “politician.”
In Talley, we noted that “the very reason that [the victim] was a witness was because of his
 No. 18-5978                         United States v. Sulik                               Page 5


official status as an FBI agent investigating Talley’s case,” id.; here, the reason the
Representative commented about General Kelly’s military career was because of his position as
an elected official. That official status was also the reason the comment was of public interest
and so the reason Sulik learned of the comment.

       The Talley court, however, did not rest its conclusion entirely on those two pieces of
evidence. Indeed, the defendant in Talley had been convicted of “solicitation to kill an FBI agent
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1114, and the jury instructions required that the government prove
that Talley did so while the agent was engaged in or on account of the performance of his official
duties.” Id. No analogous evidence is present here. Nor has the Government shown, as we have
found persuasive elsewhere, that Sulik’s “intention was to spur official action,” United States v.
Manns, 690 F. App’x 347, 352 (6th Cir. 2017), or that Sulik connected his threats to “vote[s] on
pending legislation,” Hoff, 767 F. App’x at 624.

       The district court’s recognition that the evidence presented here is “barely sufficient” to
support application of the enhancement is accurate. But even if another judge might reasonably
have reached a different result on these facts, our review is confined to determining whether the
district court clearly erred. See Susany, 893 F.3d at 366–67. We find no clear error.

       We therefore AFFIRM the decision of the district court.
