               Case: 14-12174      Date Filed: 09/08/2015     Page: 1 of 15


                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             ________________________

                                   No. 14-12174
                             ________________________

                     D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-00161-CAP-JSA-2



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

TAVAUGHN SAYLOR,

                                                                Defendant - Appellant.

                             ________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Georgia
                           ________________________

                                   (September 8, 2015)

Before JORDAN and FAY, Circuit Judges, and WALKER, * District Judge.

PER CURIAM:

         *
          Honorable Mark E. Walker, United States District Judge for the Northern District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
               Case: 14-12174       Date Filed: 09/08/2015      Page: 2 of 15


       Tavaughn Saylor appeals his conviction, following a jury trial, for

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Mr.

Saylor argues that the district court erred by (1) taking judicial notice that one of

his prior convictions was a felony punishable by more than one year in prison,

without instructing the jury that it was not required to accept the noticed fact, and

(2) failing to remedy an alleged error under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79

(1986). After reviewing the record and the parties’ briefs, and with the benefit of

oral argument, we affirm Mr. Saylor’s conviction.

                                              I

       First, we review Mr. Saylor’s argument that the district court erroneously

directed a verdict for the government when it took judicial notice of the felony

nature of one of his prior convictions, under Federal Rule of Evidence 201(f),

without providing a limiting instruction to the jury. We review the district court’s

evidentiary rulings, including a decision on whether to take judicial notice, for

abuse of discretion. See United States v. Marizal, 421 F.2d 836, 837 (5th Cir.

1970). 1 Similarly, we review a district court’s jury instructions under the same

deferential standard, and we reverse only if there is a reasonable likelihood that the




       1
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), this
Court adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before
October 1, 1981.
                                              2
             Case: 14-12174    Date Filed: 09/08/2015   Page: 3 of 15


error affected the defendant’s substantial rights. See United States v. Wright, 392

F.3d 1269, 1277 (11th Cir. 2004).

                                        A

      To prove that a defendant is guilty of being a felon in possession of a

firearm, the government must show (1) that the defendant has been convicted in

any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,

(2) that the defendant was in knowing possession of a firearm, and (3) that the

firearm was in or affecting interstate commerce. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); United

States v. Beckles, 565 F.3d 832, 841 (11th Cir. 2009). At issue here is whether the

district court abused its discretion by taking judicial notice of the fact that Mr.

Saylor’s prior conviction was punishable by more than one year.

      During Mr. Saylor’s trial, the government asked Detective Andrew Thorne

about Mr. Saylor’s 2009 New York conviction, which was based on a guilty plea

to attempted criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree.             The

government asked if the conviction was a felony offense, to which Detective

Thorne responded in the affirmative. Detective Thorne then testified that the New

York state court sentenced Mr. Saylor to one year of imprisonment.             The

government asked Detective Thorne whether Mr. Saylor could have received more

than one year in prison, and Detective Thorne answered that “[i]t depends on the




                                        3
              Case: 14-12174    Date Filed: 09/08/2015    Page: 4 of 15


charge.” When asked about Mr. Saylor’s “particular charge,” Detective Thorne

again replied that Mr. Saylor “was sentenced to one year.” [D.E. 62 at 39]

      Before the jurors were brought into the courtroom the next morning of trial,

the government asked the district court to take judicial notice of the fact that Mr.

Saylor’s prior New York conviction was “a violent felony offense that is

punishable by more than a year in prison.” Mr. Saylor objected, arguing that the

district court would be directing a verdict on an element of the charged crime. The

government responded that the “ultimate question” was whether Mr. Saylor was

the same individual who had been convicted in 2009 in New York of attempted

criminal possession of a weapon—something Mr. Saylor disputed at trial. Mr.

Saylor replied that Federal Rule of Evidence 201 allows a district court to take

notice of only adjudicated facts, and because this was a legislative fact, it was not

proper for the district court to take judicial notice. Mr. Saylor never requested that

the district court, under Rule 201(f), instruct the jury that it could disregard the

noticed fact. [Id. at 3-6]

      The government provided the district court with a copy of the New York

statute under which Mr. Saylor was convicted. The district court then overruled

Mr. Saylor’s objection. After the jury was called in, at the government’s request,

the district court took judicial notice that a conviction in New York for attempted

criminal possession of a weapon under § 265.03 “is a class D violent felony


                                          4
              Case: 14-12174    Date Filed: 09/08/2015    Page: 5 of 15


punishable by more than one year.” Mr. Saylor also objected, in part on the same

grounds, during a motion for judgment of acquittal and during the charge

conference. These objections were overruled. [Id. at 6–7, 14-15, 20–21]



                                          B

       “[T]he Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except

upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the

crime with which he is charged.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970). The

Clause prohibits a district court from giving an instruction that shifts the burden of

proof to the defendant by means of a burden-shifting or conclusive presumption.

Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 524 (1979).

      Federal Rule of Evidence 201 provides that a district court may take judicial

notice of an adjudicative fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it is

(1) generally known within the court’s territorial jurisdiction, or (2) accurately and

readily determinable from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be

questioned. See Fed. R. Evid. 201 (a)–(b). “In a criminal case, the court must

instruct the jury that it may or may not accept the noticed fact as conclusive.” Fed.

R. Evid. 201(f).

      Rule 201 does not apply to legislative facts. See United States v. Bowers,

660 F.2d 527, 530 (5th Cir. Unit B Sept. 1981). “Legislative facts are established


                                          5
              Case: 14-12174     Date Filed: 09/08/2015    Page: 6 of 15


truths, facts[,] or pronouncements that do not change from case to case but apply

universally, while adjudicative facts are those developed in a particular case.” Id.

at 531 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). When the district court

judicially notices a legislative fact, it need not instruct the jury that it may decline

to accept the noticed fact. See id.

       We confronted a similar issue in United States v. Anderson, 782 F.2d 908

(11th Cir. 1986), a case involving an alleged violation of the Racketeer Influenced

Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et. seq., which requires the

commission of two state-law felony offenses. We determined in Anderson that the

felony nature of the predicate state offenses is a legislative fact appropriate for

judicial notice, and that no further instruction was needed. See 782 F.2d at 917.

See also United States v. Clements, 588 F.2d 1030, 1037 (5th Cir. 1979)

(concluding that the district court did not err by instructing the jury on the state law

predicate offense the defendant allegedly violated under 18 U.S.C. § 1955, even

though the government never requested the court to take judicial notice of the

statute).

       Mr. Saylor did not in the district court, and does not now on appeal, contest

the accuracy of the district court’s noticed fact. His only argument is that the

district court violated his due process rights by relieving the government of its

burden to prove an element of his charged offense. Under our prior precedent, he


                                           6
              Case: 14-12174    Date Filed: 09/08/2015    Page: 7 of 15


is wrong. The district court did not abuse its discretion because the felony nature

of a state-law offense is a legislative fact subject to judicial notice. See Anderson,

782 F.2d at 917.      Because the fact at issue here was legislative and not

adjudicative, Rule 201 did not apply, and the district court was not required to

instruct the jury that it could decline to accept the noticed fact. See Bowers, 660

F.2d at 530–31.

                                         II

      Next, we review Mr. Saylor’s argument that the district court erred in failing

to take remedial action after concluding that the government’s peremptory strike of

a prospective alternate juror, who was a white male, violated Batson. Where a

party alleges a Batson violation, we review jury selection de novo, but we review

the district court’s underlying factual findings for clear error. See United States v.

Campa, 529 F.3d 980, 992 (11th Cir. 2008).

                                          A

      Mr. Saylor’s Batson challenge was based on an assertion that the

government used its peremptory strikes to remove jurors based on race and gender.

The record shows that the government exercised all seven of its peremptory strikes

against white persons, five of whom were men. The seventh strike, at issue here,

was against a white male and a prospective alternate. At first, the district court




                                          7
              Case: 14-12174     Date Filed: 09/08/2015   Page: 8 of 15


overruled the defense’s objection, finding Mr. Saylor had not “laid out any kind of

prima facie case.” [D.E. 61 at 30]

      Following a lunch break, the district court said that it had “been reading

some law” and revisited Mr. Saylor’s Batson challenge. [Id. at 34] The district

court did not affirmatively find that Mr. Saylor had met his prima facie burden, but

stated “Well, all right. Well, let me ask the government to proffer a reason for

their strikes then one at a time.” [Id. at 34–35]

      The government offered similar reasons for its first six strikes—five

individuals stated that they were not certain that all felons should lose their gun

rights and the sixth stated that she had concerns and/or negative opinions about

federal investigations like the IRS scandal and the Benghazi investigation. The

district court found that the six reasons were “legitimate” and “really the reason the

strike was exercised.” [Id. at 35–40]

      The government used its seventh strike on a prospective alternate juror,

Juror 34. The government said that it struck Juror 34—a white male—because he

had a daughter who worked for Homeland Security, and it did not know “how that

was going to play.”      Mr. Saylor argued that such a reason was even more

supportive of an inference that the strike was exercised based on gender or race.

The district court never definitively stated how it ruled on the strike, and it never

said whether the government’s proffered reason was credible or not.


                                           8
              Case: 14-12174      Date Filed: 09/08/2015     Page: 9 of 15


       The district court, however, appeared to make statements supporting both

sides of the issue. On one hand, the district court stated “I think [the defendant]

make[s] a pretty valid point as to Juror 34,” [id. at 40]; and “I tend to agree with

[the defendant]. It’s crazy to me to strike a juror because his daughter works for

Homeland Security.” [Id. at 41] On the other hand, the district court also stated “I

don’t have to make that decision [on the government’s strike of the alternate] right

now . . . until one of the two alternates come into the deliberation, which is about a

50/50 chance with the snow coming,” [id. at 42] and noted that the jurors were

“under instructions not to discuss the case with each other.” [Id. at 42]

       After making these statements, the district court said that “I will note for the

record . . . on this alternate . . . I have seen some of the dumbest strikes on behalf

of the government,” [id. at 42] and that “I can take judicial notice since I have been

here, there is not a lot of—what’s the word I want—logic to some of their strikes.”

The district court then stated: “So I guess if there is not any logic to the strikes, it is

race neutral. All right.” [Id. at 43]

       The district court did not reseat Juror 34, so it effectively allowed the

government’s strike and denied Mr. Saylor’s Batson challenge. The alternate who

was chosen in Juror 34’s place did not deliberate.

       On appeal, Mr. Saylor contends that the district court (1) erroneously ruled

that he failed to make a prima facie case of race and gender discrimination, (2)


                                            9
               Case: 14-12174        Date Filed: 09/08/2015        Page: 10 of 15


made the prima facie issue moot under Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352

(1991) (plurality opinion), when it asked the government to explain its peremptory

strikes, and (3) erred in finding that a Batson violation was subject to harmless

error review. The government disputes that the district court concluded that Mr.

Saylor made a prima facie case and argues that Mr. Saylor could not have made

such a case based on statistics alone. The government also argues that Mr. Saylor

cannot show that its reasons for striking Juror 34 were pretext for discrimination

and that any error was ultimately harmless, because the alternate juror never sat

with the jury during deliberations. 2

                                                 B

       Generally, a party may exercise its peremptory challenges on any legitimate

ground related to that party’s view of the potential outcome of the case. See

Batson, 476 U.S. at 89. Striking a juror on the basis of the juror’s race or gender,

       2
          There is currently an undecided issue in our circuit, and a circuit split elsewhere, about
whether a Batson error is structural or subject to harmless error analysis when the discriminatory
strike is on a prospective alternate and no alternate ends up deliberating. Compare United States
v. Harris, 192 F.3d 580, 587–88 (6th Cir. 1999) (holding that the selection of alternate jurors
“affects the entire conduct of the trial,” and thus, a “district court’s decision” on “the peremptory
challenges of . . . alternate jurors is not subject to harmless error review”), with United States v.
Lane, 866 F.2d 103, 106 n.3 (4th Cir. 1989) (stating—in dicta—that if a discriminatory strike
was made against a prospective alternate juror, and the alternate juror who replaced the struck
juror was never called to serve as a deliberating member of the jury, the defendant “would not
have been prejudiced by the peremptory challenge . . . regardless of the stated reason”), and
Nevius v. Sumner, 852 F.2d 463, 468 (9th Cir. 1988) (holding that a Batson challenge was
harmless, because even though the prosecutor’s reasons for striking a prospective alternate juror
were vague, the replacement juror was never called to serve in the defendant’s case). We also
note that the Supreme Court recently applied a harmless error analysis to a Batson claim. But
that claim was reviewed under AEDPA, and the defendant did not argue the error warranted
automatic reversal. See Davis v. Ayala, 135 S. Ct. 2187, 2197 (2015).
                                                 10
             Case: 14-12174     Date Filed: 09/08/2015   Page: 11 of 15


however, violates the Equal Protection Clause. See id. (race); J.E.B. v. Alabama ex

rel T.B., 511 U.S. 127, 146 (1994) (gender). As a result, the defendant may

challenge the government’s peremptory strikes if they raise an inference of

purposeful discrimination. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 96. A defendant has standing

to present a Batson claim where the government uses race as the sole reason to

exclude a juror, even if the dismissed juror and the defendant are of different races.

See Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 415 (1991).

      Batson established a three-step, burden shifting framework for determining

whether peremptory strikes are the result of racial animus. See United States v.

Houston, 456 F.3d 1328, 1335 (11th Cir. 2006). First the defendant must establish

a prima facie case sufficient to raise an inference of discriminatory intent. Second,

the government may rebut the inference by articulating legitimate, race-neutral

reasons for its peremptory strikes. Third, the court must evaluate the credibility of

the government’s proffered reasons in light of all evidence. See id.

      At the prima facie case step of the Batson inquiry, the district court must

consider the peremptory strikes used to select alternates together with those used to

select the initial 12 jurors. See United States v. Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 838 (11th Cir.

2011). The prima facie case determination cannot be based on numbers alone, but

should be made in light of the totality of the circumstances. See id. at 839. The

defendant, therefore, “must point to more than the bare fact of the removal of


                                         11
             Case: 14-12174     Date Filed: 09/08/2015   Page: 12 of 15


certain venirepersons and the absence of an obvious valid reason for the removal.”

United States v. Allison, 908 F.2d 1531, 1538 (11th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted).

      In deciding whether a defendant has made a prima facie case under Batson,

the district court should consider any circumstances that support an inference of

discrimination, such as a pattern of strikes against jurors of a given race or gender,

comments by the prosecutor during voir dire suggesting a discriminatory purpose,

and whether venire members of one race or gender were excluded even though

they possessed the same qualities as venire members of a different race or gender

who were chosen. See id. See also United States v. Robertson, 736 F.3d 1317,

1326 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding that the district court could consider the subject

matter of the case being tried and the racial composition of the venire members).

      At the second step of the Batson inquiry, the government must provide a

race-neutral explanation for its strikes. See Hill, 643 F.3d at 837. The reason

provided does not need to be “good,” and in fact, can be “irrational, silly[,] or

superstitious.” See id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). But it

cannot be discriminatory. See id. The defendant bears the ultimate burden of

persuasion to show that the government’s strike was discriminatory. See Houston,

456 F.3d at 1335.




                                         12
             Case: 14-12174     Date Filed: 09/08/2015   Page: 13 of 15


        During the third step, “the district court’s determination concerning the

actual motivation behind each challenged strike amounts to pure factfinding, and . .

. we will reverse the district court’s determination only if it is clearly erroneous.”

United States v. Stewart, 65 F.3d 918, 923 (11th Cir. 1995). We therefore keep in

mind that the district court’s “assessment of the prosecutor’s credibility” is

“entitled to great deference.” Houston, 456 F.3d at 1337 (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted).

                                          C

       We have said that the district court should not require a party to provide

reasons for its peremptory strikes without first finding that the challenging party

has established a prima facie case of discrimination. See Robertson, 736, F.3d at

1326. See also Allison, 908 F.2d at 1537. In Hernandez, where the prosecutor had

offered a reason for its peremptory strikes without first being prompted by the trial

court, the Supreme Court said that, once the government has offered a non-

discriminatory reason for its peremptory strikes and the trial court has ruled on the

ultimate question of discrimination, the preliminary issue of whether the defendant

established a prima facie case becomes moot, and the standard inquiry into the

objecting party’s prima facie case is unnecessary. See Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 359,

372.




                                         13
             Case: 14-12174     Date Filed: 09/08/2015   Page: 14 of 15


      In Stewart, however, we declined to extend this aspect of Hernandez, noting

that Hernandez was a plurality opinion, which was not binding, and that in

Hernandez, the prosecutor had offered reasons for its peremptory strikes without

first being prompted by the court. See Stewart, 65 F.3d at 924. We likewise

decline to extend Hernandez to the circumstances in this case.

      The district court here explicitly ruled that Mr. Saylor had not made a prima

facie case that the government used its strike against Juror 34 in a discriminatory

manner. [D.E. 61 at 30] Although we acknowledge that the district court later

asked the government to provide a non-discriminatory reason for its strike, we

think it critical that the district court never changed its prior ruling. See Stewart,

65 F.3d at 923 (giving “great deference to the district court’s finding as to the

existence of a prima facie case”). And even if we were examining the district

court’s finding de novo, we would come to the same conclusion. Mr. Saylor has

pointed to no evidence, either in the district court or on appeal—other than the

number of white and male venire members that the government struck—in making

his prima facie case. This is not sufficient under our precedent. See Hill, 643 F.3d

at 839. See also Allison, 908 F.2d at 1538.

      As Mr. Saylor failed to establish that the government violated Batson, there

was no need for the district court to take remedial action. Thus, we need not




                                         14
             Case: 14-12174     Date Filed: 09/08/2015   Page: 15 of 15


decide whether a Batson error that resulted in the striking of an alternate juror,

when no alternate deliberated, is subject to harmless error analysis.

                                         III

      We conclude that the district court did not err in taking judicial notice of the

felony nature of Mr. Saylor’s prior conviction, or in its ruling on Mr. Saylor’s

Batson challenge concerning Juror 34. We thus affirm Mr. Saylor’s conviction.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         15
