                          RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 16a0160p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS EMPLOYER GROUP, ┐
 LLC,                                          │
                          Plaintiff-Appellant, │
                                               │
                                                         >      No. 15-4352
        v.                                              │
                                                        │
                                                        │
 FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY,                             │
                          Defendant-Appellee.           │
                                                        ┘
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Northern District of Ohio at Toledo.
                     No. 3:14-cv-01468—David A. Katz, District Judge.

                                    Argued: June 15, 2016

                              Decided and Filed: July 11, 2016

                Before: GIBBONS, GRIFFIN, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.

                                     _________________

                                         COUNSEL

ARGUED: Steven R. Smith, CONNELLY & COLLIER LLP, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellant.
Tyler L. Mathews, MCDONALD HOPKINS LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF:
Steven R. Smith, Janine T. Avila, CONNELLY & COLLIER LLP, Toledo, Ohio, for Appellant.
Tyler L. Mathews, Christopher G. Dean, MCDONALD HOPKINS LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellee.
                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Construction Contractors Employer Group
(“Construction Contractors”) discovered that an employee had misappropriated certain funds and




                                               1
No. 15-4352                 Constr. Contractors v. Federal Ins. Co.                 Page 2


that another $1 million was missing. It then purchased an employee-theft insurance policy with
Federal Insurance Company (“Federal Insurance”). After Federal Insurance executed the policy,
Construction Contractors determined that the same employee had misappropriated the missing
$1 million. Federal Insurance denied Construction Contractors’ claim for the $1 million, and
Construction Contractors filed suit. The district court granted Federal Insurance’s motion for
summary judgment, concluding that any loss caused by one employee is considered a “single
loss” under the policy and that Construction Contractors had “discovered” the loss before the
execution of the policy. Construction Contractors appeals, but we AFFIRM the district court’s
judgment.

                                                 I.

        Associated General Contractors of Northwest Ohio (“Associated General”) is a non-profit
corporation and trade organization for commercial construction contractors. In December 2001,
Associated General formed a subsidiary, Construction Contractors, which carried out various
employment functions for regional construction employers called “subscribers.” Subscribers
would transfer funds into Construction Contractors’ accounts to cover gross payroll, taxes,
benefits, and administrative costs. Construction Contractors would then disburse the funds to
satisfy subscribers’ various obligations.

        In April 2002, Construction Contractors outsourced its daily operations to AlphaCare
Services, Inc. (“AlphaCare”), which was owned and managed by William H. Cook, III, Gerald
L. Tillman, and John E. Moon (“Moon”). Per an agreement between the two companies,
AlphaCare would manage Construction Contractors’ subscribers’ payroll as well as issue payroll
checks to subscribers’ employees.       The relationship between Construction Contractors and
AlphaCare continued successfully for a number of years.          However, in July 2012, Moon
informed Construction Contractors’ president Kevin Smith that Construction Contractors did not
have enough assets to meet its obligations even though the subscribers had paid Construction
Contractors enough money to fulfill their respective obligations. Moon later explained that he
had been falsifying Construction Contractors’ financial statements and that the company had
substantial unpaid tax liabilities.
No. 15-4352                Constr. Contractors v. Federal Ins. Co.                       Page 3


       On July 31, 2012, Construction Contractors terminated its agreement with AlphaCare.
The next day, it hired Peter VanDenBerghe as interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer.
VanDenBerghe began reviewing Construction Contractors’ accounts. His investigation revealed
that the Internal Revenue Services (IRS) had started levying Construction Contractors’ accounts
in 2011. On July 20, 2012, the IRS filed a Notice of Levy that demonstrated that Construction
Contractors owed more than $1.25 million, plus penalties, in unpaid taxes dating back to 2005.
VanDenBerghe also discovered that AlphaCare had failed to remit Ohio unemployment taxes for
the first quarter of 2012, which amounted to $715,000.

       Because Moon was responsible for remitting and reporting taxes, VanDenBerghe
suspected that Moon was the reason for the loss. Focusing his investigation on Moon, in October
2012, VanDenBerghe determined that Moon had committed wire fraud by transferring over
$900,000 from Construction Contractors’ account to AlphaCare’s account between May 2009
and June 2012. In November 2012, the investigation further revealed that Moon had charged
Construction Contractors for $30,000 worth of health care premiums and health savings account
deposits for AlphaCare employees.             VanDenBerghe continued his investigation, as
approximately $1 million was still unaccounted for.

       On or about January 10, 2013, Construction Contractors applied for a crime-coverage
insurance policy, which included coverage for employee theft, from Federal Insurance. The
application instructed Construction Contractors to list “all employee theft, forgery, computer
fraud or other crime losses discovered . . . in the last five years, itemizing each loss separately.”
Construction Contractors disclosed the following:

       Since 2002, [Construction Contractors] was in contract with AlphaCare [] to
       provide specific management duties for [it]. Those duties included the direct
       management of the corporate bookkeeping and payroll processing. Effective July
       31, 2012, [Construction Contractors] terminated its contract with [AlphaCare] for
       breach of contract. [AlphaCare] was contractually responsible for processing our
       participants’ payroll and remitting payroll taxes to the proper taxing authorities.
       A subsequent review of [AlphaCare’s] performance has indicated [its] failure to
       report, reconcile and remit certain payroll taxes.

       A subsequent review of [Construction Contractors’] accounting records indicated
       unauthorized transfers from [Construction Contractors] owned accounts to ACS
No. 15-4352                Constr. Contractors v. Federal Ins. Co.                      Page 4


       owned accounts from 2009 to 2012. Further investigation is in process, and the
       potential for criminal prosecution is being evaluated by our company attorneys.

       Federal Insurance issued the policy to Construction Contractors, extending coverage from
March 22, 2013, through July 1, 2013, and insuring up to $1 million in covered losses. Three
provisions of the policy are relevant to this case. First, Construction Contractors purchased a
“Loss Discovered” option, which excludes “any loss that an Insured is aware of prior to the
inception date of [the] Policy.”

       Second, under the “Limits of Liability” section, the policy stated the following:

       All loss resulting from a single act or any number of acts of the same Employee or
       Third Party, and all loss whether such act or acts occurred before or during the
       Policy Period, will be treated as a single loss and the applicable Limit of Liability
       set forth in Item 2 of the Crime Declarations will apply, subject to Section X,
       Liability for Prior Losses.

       Third, the section entitled “Liability for Prior Losses” provided that, for the Loss
Discovered option, “coverage will be available for loss sustained at any time and Discovered
during the Policy Period.” For purposes of the policy, “discovered” is defined as “knowledge
acquired by an Executive or Insurance Representative of an Insured which would cause a
reasonable person to believe a covered loss has occurred or an occurrence has arisen that may
subsequently result in a covered loss.” The definition continues by stating that losses excluded
from coverage are those “sustained prior to the inception date of any coverage” as well as where
“the exact amount or details . . . are unknown.”

       After the execution of the policy, in May 2013, Construction Contractors detected the
method by which Moon had misappropriated the missing $1 million. VanDenBerghe determined
that from 2002 until May 2009, Moon had committed check theft by having subscribers write
checks to Construction Contractors using AlphaCare’s account number.

       Based on this discovery, Construction Contractors submitted a claim for the $1 million
check theft to Federal Insurance, which denied the claim. Construction Contractors then filed
suit in the district court, seeking declaratory and monetary relief for breach of contract. Both
parties filed motions for summary judgment. The district court granted Federal Insurance’s
motion, concluding that any loss caused by one employee was a single loss under the policy and
No. 15-4352               Constr. Contractors v. Federal Ins. Co.                      Page 5


that Construction Contractors was aware of the loss before the policy’s inception date.
Construction Contractors appeals.

                                                II.

       We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Winningham v. N. Am.
Res. Corp., 42 F.3d 981, 984 (6th Cir. 1994). Summary judgment is proper where “the movant
shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In reviewing a motion for summary
judgment, we must determine “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to
require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter
of law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 251-52 (1986). We draw all reasonable
inferences and construe all evidence in favor of the nonmoving party. FDIC v. Jeff Miller
Stables, 573 F.3d 289, 294 (6th Cir. 2009).

       Ohio state law dictates that interpretations of insurance contracts are questions of law for
a court to answer. Costanzo v. Nationwide Mut. Ins., 832 N.E.2d 71, 77 (Ohio Ct. App. 2005).
Ohio courts “examine the insurance contract as a whole and presume that the intent of the parties
is reflected in the language used in the policy.” Westfield Ins. v. Galatis, 797 N.E.2d 1256, 1261
(Ohio 2003). The scope of insurance coverage is determined by construing the contract “in
conformity with the intention of the parties as gathered from the ordinary and commonly
understood meaning of the language employed.” Allstate Ins. v. Eyster, 939 N.E.2d 1274, 1280
(Ohio Ct. App. 2010) (quoting King v. Nationwide Ins., 519 N.E.2d 1380, 1383 (Ohio 1988)).
When reviewing provisions regarding coverage exclusions, Ohio presumes that anything not
clearly excluded from the policy is covered. Home Indem. Co. of N.Y. v. Vill. of Plymouth,
64 N.E.2d 248, 250 (Ohio 1945). Therefore, “if a policy does not plainly exclude a claim from
coverage, then an insured may infer that the claim will be covered.” Andersen v. Highland
House Co., 757 N.E.2d 329, 332 (Ohio 2001).

       When analyzing similar loss-discovered provisions to the one at issue here, we have
noted that “discovery of loss does not occur until the insured discovered facts showing that
dishonest acts occurred and appreciates the significance of those facts.” FDIC v. Aetna Cas. &
No. 15-4352                Constr. Contractors v. Federal Ins. Co.                       Page 6


Sur. Co., 903 F.2d 1073, 1079 (6th Cir. 1990). Mere suspicion of loss is not sufficient to
demonstrate that an insured discovered the loss. Id. The Third Circuit noted that a “reasonable
person” component permits “the trier of fact to analyze the full range of information the insured
knew so as to determine whether a reasonable person would assume, based on all of the
circumstances, that a covered loss had or would be incurred.” Resolution Trust Corp. v. Fidelity
& Deposit Co., 205 F.3d 615, 631 (3d Cir. 2000).

       Construction Contractors claims that if the policy is narrowly construed as required by
Ohio law, the check-theft loss is a covered loss under its policy with Federal Insurance. First, it
asserts that the check-theft loss is covered under the “Employee Theft Coverage” provision of
the policy because Moon was a covered employee when he misappropriated funds. Second, it
argues that the Loss-Discovered provision applies because it did not “discover” the check-theft
loss until it determined that Moon misappropriated the $1 million through check theft and that
there was no operational loss. Lastly, Construction Contractors argues that the single-loss
provision of the “Limits of Liability” section does not operate to limit the definition of “loss”
because it is only triggered under the policy if the policy already covers the loss. In other words,
in Construction Contractors’ view, the “Limits of Liability” section only operates to limit
covered losses to $1 million, not to define whether the policy covers a loss.

       Federal Insurance counters, arguing that Moon was not a covered employee. It further
claims that even if Moon was an employee, the check theft is excluded from coverage under the
single-loss provision of the Limits of Liability section. Both the check-theft loss and the wire-
fraud loss were the result of a single actor, Moon, and the provision provides that all actions of a
single actor constitute a single loss for purposes of the policy. Federal Insurance contends that
because Construction Contractors had already discovered the wire fraud before the inception of
the policy, it derivatively “discovered” the check theft, as both constitute a single loss. Finally,
even if Moon was a covered employee and even if the check theft was separate from the wire
fraud, Federal Insurance asserts that the definition of “discovered” applies to the check-theft loss,
as the policy considers loss “discovered” even if “the exact amount or details . . . are unknown.”
It claims that Construction Contractors knew of the check theft based on the surrounding
circumstances—i.e., (1) that it had negative equity of over $2 million; (2) that $1 million was
No. 15-4352                Constr. Contractors v. Federal Ins. Co.                      Page 7


due to Moon’s fraudulent schemes; (3) that another $1 million was unaccounted for; (4) that
Moon had falsified Construction Contractors’ financial records; (5) and that Moon had failed to
pay federal and state taxes.

       Given that Ohio courts read insurance contracts as a whole and “give effect to each
provision of the contract,” Cincinnati Ins. v. CPS Holdings, Inc., 875 N.E.2d 31, 35 (Ohio 2007),
the district court properly determined that all of the loss attributable to Moon was a single loss
under the policy and that Construction Contractors had “discovered” that loss prior to the
execution of the policy. Contrary to Construction Contractors’ assertion that the “Limits of
Liability” provision does not affect whether a particular loss is covered, the provision directly
implicates coverage considerations in its text. The single-loss provision states that a single loss
is “subject to Section X, Liability for Prior Losses.” The “Liability for Prior Losses” section
includes the “Loss Discovered” option—i.e., the coverage option for losses “sustained at any
time and Discovered during the Policy Period.” R. 25-4, PageID #174, 176. Thus, if a loss
arises under the “Loss Discovered” option, the single-loss provision applies.            Here, the
undisputed facts demonstrate that Construction Contractors knew of the wire-fraud loss before
executing the insurance policy with Federal Insurance.         Because Construction Contractors
discovered the wire fraud prior to the policy’s execution and the check theft and wire fraud
constitute a single loss, the check-theft loss is excluded from coverage under the policy.

                                                III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
