                    Preparation of Slip Laws from
                     Hand-Enrolled Legislation

The National Archives and Records Administration may not make any editorial changes in
  the content o f a statute, no matter how minor, including spelling or punctuation changes.

The National Archives and Records Administration may make changes in typeface and type
  style, and other such changes that d o not alter the content o f a statute.

                                                                                 November 29, 1989

       M em oran dum O     p in io n f o r t h e   A r c h i v is t   of th e   U n it e d S t a t e s


   This memorandum is in response to the request o f your office for our
opinion concerning whether the National Archives and Records Adminis­
tration (“NARA”) may make editorial corrections, such as spelling or
punctuation changes, in preparing hand-enrolled legislation for publica­
tion as a slip law. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that: (1)
NARA may not make any editorial changes in the content o f a statute, no
matter how minor, including spelling or punctuation changes; but (2)
NARA may make changes in typeface and type style, and other such
changes that do not alter the content o f a statute.
   Your office has also requested advice as to how it should prepare a slip
law when portions o f the hand-enrolled legislation are illegible or
ambiguous. As explained more fully below, we conclude that NARA has
no authority to reconstruct or interpret illegible statutory text. Accord­
ingly, we believe that the best procedure would be for NARA: (1) to type­
set all unambiguous portions of the law and (2) to photograph into the
slip law any illegible portions.

                                     I. Background

  After a bill has been passed by both Houses of Congress, it is “enrolled”
for presentation to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, Clause
2 o f the Constitution. Under the normal procedures, enrollment involves
printing the final text o f the bill, including any changes made by amend­
ments, on parchment or other suitable paper. 1 U.S.C. §§ 106, 107. The
enrollment o f the bill is supervised by the Clerk o f the House of Repre­
sentatives or the Secretary o f the Senate, depending upon the House in
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 which the bill originated. When the number of amendments is large, this
 process can be quite complicated inasmuch as each of the amendments
 “must be set out in the enrollment exactly as agreed to, and all punctua­
 tion must be in accord with the action taken.” Edward F. Willett, Jr., Esq.,
 Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives, How Our Laws
Are Made, H.R. Doc. No. 158, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 43 (1985). In addition
 to assembling the text from the various amendments, the Clerk or
 Secretary, in enrolling a bill, proofreads the text for spelling errors and
 other technical mistakes. Serious technical errors that are discovered are
 often corrected by means of a concurrent resolution ordering the Clerk
or the Secretary to make the corrections to the enrolled bill. Charles
Tiefer, Congressional Practice and Procedure: A Reference, Research,
and Legislative Guide 249 (1989); see, e.g., S. Con. Res. 79, 99th Cong.,
 1st Sess., 99 Stat. 1962 (1985); H.R. Con. Res. 340, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., 98
Stat. 3480 (1984); S. Con. Res. 154, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., 98 Stat. 3518
(1984). The Clerk or Secretary, however, will generally correct very minor
errors, such as obvious spelling mistakes, without the passage of a con­
current resolution.
    Once the bill has been enrolled, it is sent to the appropriate congres­
sional authorities for approved. In the House, enrolled bills are first sent
to the Committee on House Administration. H.R. Doc. No. 158 at 43. If the
Committee finds the printing to be accurate, the Chairman attaches a
note to this effect and forwards the bill to the Speaker for signature. Id.
In the Senate, the Secretary o f the Senate examines the printed bill for
accuracy before forwarding it for signature to the President o f the Senate
or the President pro tempore. Robert U. Goehlert & Fenton S. Martin,
Congress and Law-Making: Researching the Legislative Process 38 (2d
ed. 1989). After the enrolled bill has been signed by both the Speaker of
the House and the President o f the Senate, it is then presented to the
President. If the bill is approved by the President, an exact photoprint of
the enrolled bill is sent to NARA,1 which then forwards the bill to the
Public Printer for preparation o f the slip law. 1 U.S.C. § 106a; 44 U.S.C. §
710. The Public Printer (“GPO”) is required to print an “accurate” prelim­
inary copy o f the law, which is then sent to NARA “for revision.” 44 U.S.C.
§711. NARA has interpreted this latter provision as allowing it only to
correct errors made by GPO in printing the preliminary copy; NARA does
not make editorial changes to the text as received from the President.
After making any corrections that are necessary to ensure that the text
conforms to that o f the original bill signed by the President, NARA adds
notations giving the public or private law number, legal citations, and
other such ancillary information, and then returns the preliminary copy
to GPO, which inserts these corrections and then prints the required

  1 By regulation, NARA has delegated its responsibilities for preparing slip laws to the Office o f the
Federal Register, which is a component o f NARA. 1 C FR §§ 2.3(a), 2 5(b) (1989).

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 number of slip laws. 44 U.S.C. §§ 709, 711. These slip laws are “competent
evidence” o f the Acts o f Congress “without any further proof or authen­
tication thereof.” 1 U.S.C. § 113.
   The issues addressed in this memorandum arise from Congress’ occa­
sional departure from the normal process of preparing printed enroll­
ments of bills before presenting them to the President. Until recently the
printing requirement was waived only rarely. Congress waived the require­
ment at the end of the second session o f the 54th Congress, see 29 Stat.
app. 17 (1897), and again at the end o f the second session o f the 70th
Congress, see H.R. Con. Res. 59, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 45 Stat. 2398 (1929).
Thereafter, Congress does not appear to have dispensed with a printed
enrollment until 1982. See H.R. Con. Res. 436, 97th Cong., 2d Sess., 96 Stat.
2678 (1982). In the 1982 case, Congress passed a concurrent resolution
waiving the printing requirement for certain bills for the remainder o f the
session and authorizing the enrollment o f the bills in “such form as may be
certified by the Committee on House Administration to be a truly enrolled
joint resolution.” Id. A similar waiver was authorized by concurrent reso­
lution in 1984. See H.R. Con. Res. 375, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., 98 Stat. 3519
(1984). In recent years, Congress has tended simply to pass a new statute
specifically designed to waive the normal enrollment requirements for
particular statutes or for specified periods o f time. See, e.g., Pub. L. No. 99-
463, 100 Stat. 1184 (1986); Pub. L. No. 99-188, 99 Stat. 1183 (1985).
   The waiver o f the normal requirement o f preparing a printed enroll­
ment of a bill before it is presented to the President has produced a num­
ber o f problems in connection with the preparation of slip laws. The
hand-enrolled bills are often hastily put together, include a number of
mistakes, and contain handwritten portions that may be unclear or illeg­
ible. Under the ordinary procedures, these errors generally would have
been caught and corrected, either by concurrent resolution or in the
enrollment process, before the bill was presented to the President. With
the hand enrollments, however, bills cannot be proofread until after they
have already been approved by the President. Although the enrollment
waivers made during the 1982, 1984, and 1985 sessions did not expressly
provide for post-enactment enrollment, the House Enrolling Clerk did in
fact supervise the typesetting o f the hand-enrolled bills after enactment,
using the same standards, including corrections o f misspellings and other
nonsubstantive errors, that are used during the normal pre-enactment
enrolling process. At the time, NARA was unaware that these changes
were being made, and the typeset copies of the enrolled bills, which
included such changes, were processed into slip laws.
   In the spring of 1986, it came to NARA’s attention that the House
Enrolling Clerk had been making minor editorial changes in the process
of supervising the typesetting of hand-enrolled legislation. Later that
year, when NARA received a typeset copy o f Pub. L. No. 99-509, 100 Stat.
1874 (1986), and noted that it contained such changes, NARA requested
                                      355
that the House Enrolling Clerk remove the “corrections” that had been
made. The Clerk agreed to do so. On a subsequent occasion, however, the
House Enrolling Clerk refused to remove the corrections, and NARA
itself had the relevant portions typeset so as to conform to the hand-
enrolled bill that had been presented to the President. See Pub. L. No. 99-
570, 100 Stat. 3207 (1986).
    On subsequent occasions when the printing requirements were waived,
Congress attempted to mitigate the problems associated with hand
enrollment by expressly providing that, subsequent to approval by the
President, a printed enrollment o f the bill would be prepared, signed by
the presiding officers of both Houses, and transmitted to the President
for his “certification” that the printed enrollment was a correct printing
o f the hand enrollment. See, e.g., Pub. L. No. 100-454, § 2, 102 Stat. 1914,
1914-15 (1988); Pub. L. No. 100-203, § 8004, 101 Stat. 1330, 1330-282 to
1330-238 (1987); Pub. L. No. 100-202, § 101(n), 101 Stat. 1329, 1329-432 to
1329-433 (1987). In the process o f preparing a printed enrollment, the
House Enrolling Clerk was specifically authorized to make “corrections
in spelling, punctuation, indentation, type face, and type size and other
necessary stylistic corrections to the hand enrollment.” See, e.g., Pub. L.
No. 100-454, § 2(a)(2), 102 Stat. 1914 (1988). In the case o f each such
statute, the President authorized NARA to make the determination as to
whether the printed enrollments were “correct printings o f the hand
enrollments.” See 53 Fed. Reg. 50,373 (1988); 53 Fed. Reg. 2816 (1988).
Finally, these Acts each specifically provided that, after certification, the
printed enrollment was to be used instead of the hand enrollment in
order to prepare the slip law, and that the printed enrollment was to be
considered for all purposes as the original enrollment.
   NARA has sought our advice concerning when and to what extent any
technical changes may be made to the text o f a bill that has already been
enacted into law. NARA confronts this question in two different contexts:
(1) whether changes can be made by NARA or the House Enrolling Clerk
when there is no post-enactment certification procedure; and (2) when
there is such a procedure, whether NARA should, pursuant to its dele­
gated authority, certify as “correct” post-enactment enrollments that dif­
fer in certain respects from the hand enrollment. Finally, NARA seeks
advice concerning how to prepare slip laws when portions o f the hand-
enrolled legislation are illegible.

                              II. Discussion

A. Printing procedures when Congress has waived normal enrollment
   requirements without providing for post-enactment enrollment

  When there is no statute authorizing a post-enactment certification
procedure, we think that it is clear that no changes may be made to the
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text o f a hand-enrolled statute in the course of processing it into a slip
law. The simple reason for this conclusion is that the statutory scheme
regulating the printing o f slip laws, as outlined above, does not allow for
alterations of the text o f new laws. By statute, NARA receives the origi­
nals, 1 U.S.C. § 106a, sends a copy to GPO, 44 U.S.C. § 710, and GPO is
required to print an “accurate" preliminary copy of the law, 44 U.S.C. §
711 (emphasis added).
   This preliminary copy is then further proofread by NARA, which sends
the copy back to GPO with any corrections and with the appropriate
ancillary information to be inserted in the margins.2
   Furthermore, under the normal statutory scheme the House Enrolling
Clerk has no role whatsoever in the printing o f laws that have already
been enacted. Pursuant to 1 U.S.C. § 106a, NARA receives the original
copy of the statute, not from the House Enrolling Clerk, but either direct­
ly from the White House (if the bill was approved) or directly from the
Speaker o f the House or the President of the Senate (if the bill became
law without the President’s approval).3 Accordingly, under the conven­
tional scheme, there is no statutory authorization for a procedure where­
by the House Enrolling Clerk supervises the typesetting of a bill that has
already been enacted into law, makes editorial changes, and then for­
wards it to NARA for printing. Thus, in situations where Congress has
merely waived the enrolling requirements o f 1 U.S.C. §§ 106 & 107 with­
out providing for a post-enactment enrollment procedure, NARA clearly
should use only the original hand enrollments in the preparation o f the
slip laws.


   2 We agree with NARA that 44 U.S.C § 711, which states that the preliminary copy is to be sent to NARA
“for revision,” does not authorize NARA to make editorial changes to the text o f the original copy o f the
statute, rather, NARA corrects only errors made by GPO in the course o f printing the preliminary copy.
The phrase “for revision" originated in the Act o f Mar. 9,1868, ch. 22, § 2,15 Stat. 40, the relevant portion
o f which was subsequently codified, as amended, in 44 U S C § 711 The 1868 Act provided that, rather
than receiving copies o f all new laws from the Secretary o f the Senate (which was the pnor practice, see
Act o f June 25,1864, ch 155, § 7,13 Stat 184,185-86), the congressional printer would receive a “correct
copy” directly from the Secretary o f State (who was at that time charged with preserving the originals),
and the printer would then prepare an accurate preliminary copy to be sent to the Secretary o f State “for
revision.” The author o f the 1868 Act, Senator Anthony, made clear that this procedure was designed to
ensure that the printed slip laws would carefully match the originals
       [Slip laws] have been heretofore furnished by the Secretary o f the Senate and the Clerk of
       the House o f Representatives. This bill provides that they shall be furnished hereafter from
       the rolls o f the State Department, so that they may be perfectly authentic and coiTect There
       have been some errors heretofore, necessarily, in furnishing the laws without taking them
       from the rolls.
Cong Globe, 40th Cong , 2d Sess 1126 (1868) (emphasis added) In light o f this emphasis on authentici­
ty and faithfulness to the original copy, we believe that the “for revision" language o f section 711 should
be construed only as permitting NARA to correct errors made by GPO in the course o f preparing the pre­
liminary copy.
   3 We recognize that, under long-accepted procedures, the photoprints for the slip law are generally
made directly from the enrolled bill before it is sent to the President. This is a statutorily acceptable pro­
cedure only because the photoprints o f the enrolled bill are in all respects identical to the copy present­
ed to the President and subsequently delivered to NARA under 1 U S.C § 106a

                                                    357
B. Printing procedures when Conqress has provided for postenactment
   enrollment

   Under the post-enactment certification procedures that have been
used to date, the task of making minor editorial corrections to the hand-
enrolled statutes has been assigned to the Clerk o f the House of
Representatives. See Pub. L. No. 100-454, § 2(a), 102 Stat. 1914 (1988);
Pub. L. No. 100-203, § 8004(a), 101 Stat. 1330, 1330-282 (1987); Pub. L. No.
100-202, § 101(n)(l) & (2), 101 Stat. 1329, 1329-432 (1987). Under these
procedures, the subsequent printed enrollment is presented to the
President, not for his plenary review, but merely for his “certification”
that the subsequent enrollment is a correct printing.
    We believe that this procedure fails to provide the plenary right of
review afforded to the President by the Presentment Clause and thus that
these post-enactment certification proceedings are constitutionally
defective.4 In INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 952 (1983), the Supreme Court
held that every legislative act o f the Congress must be presented to the
President pursuant to Article I, Section 7 o f the Constitution. Because the
House Enrolling Clerk’s actions in making editorial emendations to a law
that has already been enacted is a legislative act, it must be subject to the
presentment requirement of the Constitution.
   There can be no doubt that drafting and amending statutory language
are quintessential legislative tasks. Although many minor changes to
statutes may appear too insignificant to be o f practical import, we dis­
cern no principled basis for concluding that “minor” revisions o f the text
o f statutes should be classified as anything other than a legislative activ­
ity. To conclude otherwise would be to suggest, contrary to the plain
teaching o f Chadha, that “minor” changes in the wording o f statutes
could be made by Congress other than through the Article I procedures.
See Chadha, 462 U.S. at 954 n.18 (“There is no provision [in the
Constitution] allowing Congress to repeal or amend laws by other than
legislative means pursuant to [a]rt. I.”).
   Indeed, in this regard, we believe it is significant that, although codifi­
cation and revision o f statutes is often expressly intended not to be o f any
substantive significance, see, e.g., S. Rep. No. 1621, 90th Cong., 2d Sess.


  4 We believe that the issue o f the constitutionality o f this procedure is distinct from the question of
whether a court would be willing to receive the evidence necessary to permit a challenge to a statute that
had been altered in the course o f being printed in accordance with this procedure. Cf. Field v Clark, 143
U S 649,669-72 (1892) (noting that, although “[t]here is no authority in .. the secretary o f state to receive
and cause to be published, as a legislative act, any bill not passed by congress," a court would nonethe­
less not receive evidence questioning the authenticity o f a statute that was enrolled, attested to, and
deposited in the public archives); see also Hans A. Lande, Due Process o f Lawmaking, 55 Neb. L Rev
197, 243 (1976) ( “We do not assume that a law has been constitutionally made merely because a court
will not set it aside ...”) We express no view as to the latter question o f whether a court would be will­
ing to receive evidence concerning, and to a b d ic a t e a challenge to, a statute that was altered in the
course o f being printed.

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2-3 (1968), reprinted in 1968 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4438, 4439-40 (enactment into
positive law o f title 44 of U.S. Code not intended to make any substantive
changes), such revised codifications have never been considered to be
conclusive evidence o f the law unless they have first been enacted into
positive law by Congress. See Pub. L. No. 80-278, 61 Stat. 633 (1947) (un­
enacted titles of U.S. Code are only “prima facie” evidence o f the law),
codified as amended at 1 U.S.C. § 204 (1988);5 cf United States v. Welden,
377 U.S. 95, 99 n.4 (1964) (“[A] ‘change o f arrangement’ [in a statute] made
by a codifier without the approval o f Congress ... should be given no
weight.”).6 In short, we believe that even a “minor” act of Congress is still
an act of Congress, and a minor amendment is still an amendment.7
   Accordingly, any attempt to alter the content o f a statute by means o f
a procedure that does not afford the President the full review provided by
the Presentment Clause would be unconstitutional. Therefore, should
NARA ever again be required to determine and certify whether a subse­
quent printed enrollment is a correct printing o f a hand-enrolled law, it
should refuse to issue the certification if any change has been made to
the content o f the statute.
   We do not believe, however, that changes in typeface, type style or the
like are appropriately considered legislative acts. There is an important
difference between altering the content of a law — i.e. changing the actual
words and punctuation that make up the statute — and merely printing
the statute in a different type size from that used when it was presented
to the President. The former may well affect the meaning o f the statute,
whereas the latter will not. The Constitution is concerned with the con­
tent and composition o f legislation, not with the printing standards


   5 Because the unenacted codifications are only pnma facie evidence o f the law, they may not prevail
over the authentic Statutes at Large in the event o f a conflict between the two. American Bank & Trust
Co v. Dallas County, 463 U.S 855, 864 n.8 (1983); Stephan v United States, 319 U.S. 423, 426 (1943).
   6 It appears that on only one bnef occasion has Congress ever permitted a revised codification to serve
as conclusive evidence o f the law See Act o f Mar 2, 1877, ch. 82, § 4, 19 Stat. 268, 269 (new edition of
revised statutes would constitute “legal and conclusive evidence o f the laws") In the following year,
however, Congress amended this statute to omit the words “and conclusive” and to provide that the use
o f the new edition o f the Revised Statutes “shall not preclude reference to, nor control, in case o f any
discrepancy, the effect o f any onginal act as passed by Congress.” Act o f Mar. 9, 1878, ch 26, 20 Stat 27
At any rate, the new edition o f the Revised Statutes did not involve any alterations o f statutory language;
the revision commissioner was given no authority to makes any changes to the text o f the First edition of
the Revised Statutes (which had been enacted into positive law), except as authonzed by formal amend­
ments. See Act o f Mar 2, 1877, § 2, 19 Stat. 268, 268-69 (outlining powers and duties o f commissioner),
see also Rev. Stat. at v (2d ed. 1878) ( “The commissioner was not clothed with power to change the sub­
stance or to alter the language o f the existing edition o f the Revised Statutes, nor could he correct any
errors or supply any omissions therein except as authonzed by the several statutes o f amendment.”)
   7 The conclusion that there is no such thing as a “de minimis” change to a statute’s text is further sup­
ported by examining some o f the “minor” changes that have been made to statutes under the post-certi-
fication procedures that have been used to date For example, in the course o f typesetting and “correct­
ing” Pub L. No. 100-203, § 4113(a)(1)(B), the enrolling clerk changed a section reference in the statute
from “(F )” to “(E )”. See 101 Stat 1330-151 & n.52 This was itself an error; shortly thereafter Congress by
statute ordered that the “(E )” be changed back to an “(F )” See Pub. L No 100-360, § 411(a)(3)(B)(iii),
102 Stat 683, 768 (1988).

                                                   359
whereby that content is reproduced for public consumption.8 Thus,
NARA is at liberty to make appropriate changes in typeface or type style
o f a statute.

C. Printing procedures where portions of the statute are illegible

    NARA has also requested advice as to how slip laws should be pre­
pared when portions o f the hand-enrolled legislation are illegible. In light
o f the above discussion concerning the legal limitations on the modifica­
tion or correction o f statutory text, we do not believe that NARA pos­
sesses any authority to “interpret” illegible or ambiguous text. If a portion
o f the statute simply cannot be read, NARA has no power to reconstruct
the provision in the way that strikes it as most sensible. Nor may NARA
rely on the House Enrolling Clerk or congressional committees to inter­
pret indecipherable language; such a practice could allow for congres­
sional alteration o f statutory text without following the Article I, Section
7 procedure. In short, while NARA may typeset any handwritten portions
that are legible, it may not interpret and then typeset provisions that are
indecipherable.
   The only remaining question concerns how NARA should publish the
illegible portions. In the past, NARA has simply inserted blanks and
dropped a footnote indicating that the text was not legible. See, e.g., Pub.
L. No. 100-203, § 4051(a), 101 Stat. 1330, 1330-93 & n.32a (1987). On at
least one such occasion, Congress clarified the matter by passing a
statute that supplied the missing language. See Pub. L. No. 100-360,
§ 411(a)(3)(C), 102 Stat. 683, 768 (1988). In our view, however, the use of
blanks does not best comply with NARA’s statutory responsibilities. As
noted earlier, the statutory procedure for printing emphasizes the publi­
cation o f a slip law that is an “accurate” copy o f the original. Where a por­
tion o f a new law cannot be typeset because it is illegible, we believe that
the statutory requirements o f accuracy and faithfulness to the original
require that the illegible portion be photographed and reproduced on the
slip law. Such a procedure would unquestionably produce a more accu­
rate copy o f the statute than would using blanks. Furthermore, such
reproduction would provide an official or private party who might seek
to rely on the statute at least some opportunity to attempt to interpret it.
The current procedure of using blanks provides no such guidance.

                                        III. Conclusion

 To summarize: In producing slip laws from hand-enrolled legislation,
NARA should make no changes to the text of statutes, but it may make

  8 In this regard, we note that any printing instructions that may be contained in the margins o f a hand-
enrolled statute (such as, for example, “Insert highlighted material from next page here”) do not consti­
tute part o f the statutory text

                                                  360
changes in typeface and type style. If a particular printing is to be exam­
ined by NARA in order to determine whether it should be certified as a
correct copy of the original, NARA should decline to certify if the print­
ing contains any modifications to the content o f the original. If a particu­
lar hand-enrolled statute contains illegible material, NARA should typeset
the legible portions and photograph the illegible portions in producing
the slip law.

                                              WILLIAM P. BARR
                                          Assistant Attorney General
                                            Office of Legal Counsel




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