       IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                            JANUARY 2019 TERM
                                                                    FILED
                                                                 March 8, 2019
                                                                    released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                No. 18-0337                     SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     OF WEST VIRGINIA




           STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EX REL. ERIC W. LEWIS,
                             Petitioner

                                     V.

                THE HONORABLE KURT W. HALL,
JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF UPSHUR COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA,
                    AND DAVID E. GODWIN,
           UPSHUR COUNTY PROSECUTING ATTORNEY,
                         Respondents

        ________________________________________________________

                  PETITION FOR WRIT OF PRHIBITION

                             WRIT DENIED
       _________________________________________________________

                         Submitted: January 16, 2019
                            Filed: March 8, 2019



Ira Richardson                            David E. Godwin
Clarksburg, West Virginia                 Upshur County Prosecuting Attorney
Dennis J. Willett                         Buckhannon, West Virginia
Nanners & Willett, L.C.                   Attorney for Respondents
Buckhannon, West Virginia
Attorneys for Petitioner


JUSTICE JENKINS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT


               1.     “In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition

for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the

lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors:

(l) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal,

to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a

way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly

erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error

or manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether

the lower tribunal’s order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first

impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for

determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five

factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as

a matter of law, should be given substantial weight.” Syllabus point 4, State ex rel. Hoover

v. Berger, 199 W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).




               2.     “‘This Court will not pass on a nonjurisdictional question which has

not been decided by the trial court in the first instance.’ Syllabus Point 2, Sands v. Security
Trust Company, 143 W. Va. 522, 102 S.E.2d 733 (1958).” Syllabus point 2, Duquesne

Light Co. v. State Tax Department, 174 W. Va. 506, 327 S.E.2d 683 (1984).



              3.     There is no per se disqualification of a presiding judge when the

Clerk of Court is called to testify for the Prosecution’s case-in-chief.
Jenkins, Justice:

             This case was brought as a writ of prohibition under the original jurisdiction

of this Court by the Petitioner, Eric W. Lewis (“Mr. Lewis”). In this proceeding, Mr. Lewis

seeks to have this Court disqualify the Respondent, the Honorable Kurt W. Hall, Judge of

the Circuit Court of Upshur County (“Judge Hall”), from presiding over his criminal trial.1

As an alternative form of relief, Mr. Lewis seeks to have this Court prohibit the Respondent,

David E. Godwin, Upshur County Prosecuting Attorney (“Prosecutor Godwin”), from

calling the clerk of the circuit court as a witness in the Prosecutor’s case-in-chief.2 Upon

careful review of the briefs, the appendix record, the arguments of the parties, and the

applicable legal authority, we deny the writ.




                                             I.

                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              The limited record in this case shows that on September 11, 2017, an Upshur

County grand jury returned a one-count indictment against Mr. Lewis, charging him with




             1
                 Judge Hall filed a Summary Response to the Petition.
             2
                 The Prosecutor, David Godwin, filed a Response to the Petition.

                                                1
the felony offense of failure-to-appear.3 This offense arose out of Mr. Lewis’ failure to

make an appearance at a pretrial hearing in a previous felony criminal proceeding in which

he was the defendant.4 In preparation for trial on the failure-to-appear charge, Prosecutor

Godwin filed a witness list that included the Clerk of the Circuit Court, Brian Gaudet

(“Clerk Gaudet”), and Mr. Lewis’ attorney in the previous criminal case, Hunter Simmons

(“Mr. Simmons”).



              Prosecutor Godwin intended to call Clerk Gaudet to authenticate records

from the prior criminal case, and to testify about Mr. Lewis having been released on bond.

Prosecutor Godwin also intended to call Mr. Simmons to testify that Mr. Lewis was present

at the arraignment in the prior criminal case, and therefore knew of the pretrial hearing date

that was set at the arraignment proceeding. Mr. Simmons filed a motion to quash the trial

subpoena on the grounds of attorney-client privilege. A hearing on the motion to quash

was held. During the hearing, the circuit court instructed Prosecutor Godwin to determine

whether another witness could be called to provide the testimony that was sought from Mr.

Simmons. Prosecutor Godwin informed the court that Clerk Gaudet could provide the



              3
                  See W. Va. Code § 62-1C-17b(b) (LexisNexis 1984) (failure-to-appear).
              4
               In the previous felony criminal proceeding, Mr. Lewis was charged with
malicious assault and third offense domestic battery.
                                            2
testimony regarding Mr. Lewis’ presence at the arraignment in the prior case. The circuit

court entered an order quashing the subpoena issued to Mr. Simmons.




              On the day of the trial, April 12, 2018, Mr. Lewis filed an amended motion

to recuse Judge Hall. In that motion, Mr. Lewis contended that because Clerk Gaudet was

going to testify at the trial, he would be prejudiced if Judge Hall remained in the case. This

argument was set out in one paragraph as follows:

                      Comes now your Defendant by and through his
              undersigned Counsel who moves to recuse the Hon. Kurt Hall
              from presiding upon the trial of this matter scheduled for April
              12, 2018. In support thereof, your Defendant asserts that his
              Counsel has been informed that the State of West Virginia
              intends to call Brian Gaudet as a material witness in its case in
              chief. Mr. Gaudet served as the Clerk of this Court, and was
              acting in that capacity during jury selection. As a material
              witness for the State, your Defendant asserts that the jury will
              be prejudiced insofar as it will impress upon them that the
              Court itself has taken the side of the State of West Virginia in
              its prosecution.




              Judge Hall denied Mr. Lewis’ recusal motion. However, the court granted a

motion by Mr. Lewis to stay the trial so that he could file the instant petition challenging

the denial of his recusal motion.



                                             3
                                              II.

                       STANDARD FOR ISSUANCE OF WRIT

              Mr. Lewis brought this action under the Court’s original jurisdiction seeking

a writ of prohibition. This Court stated in the Syllabus point of State ex rel. Vineyard v.

O’Brien, 100 W. Va. 163, 130 S.E. 111 (1925): “The writ of prohibition will issue only in

clear cases, where the inferior tribunal is proceeding without, or in excess of, jurisdiction.”

See also Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. Peacher v. Sencindiver, 160 W. Va. 314, 233 S.E.2d 425

(1977) (“A writ of prohibition will not issue to prevent a simple abuse of discretion by a

trial court. It will only issue where the trial court has no jurisdiction or having such

jurisdiction exceeds its legitimate powers. W. Va. Code § 53-1-1.”).



              In Syllabus point 4 of State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W. Va. 12, 483

S.E.2d 12 (1996), we set forth the following standard for issuance of a writ of prohibition

when it is alleged a lower court is exceeding its authority:

                      In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of
              prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction
              but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded
              its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1)
              whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate
              means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2)
              whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way
              that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower
              tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4)
              whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or

                                              4
              manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or
              substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s order
              raises new and important problems or issues of law of first
              impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a
              useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary
              writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need
              not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of
              clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial
              weight.

With the foregoing in mind, we turn to the parties’ arguments.



                                              III.

                                        DISCUSSION

              We previously noted that Mr. Lewis raised two issues in this proceeding.

First, whether the prosecutor should be precluded from calling the clerk of the circuit court

as a witness in the prosecutor’s case-in-chief. Second, whether the trial judge should be

disqualified from presiding over Mr. Lewis’ criminal trial. These two issues will be

discussed in turn.



              Prosecutor Godwin contends, and we agree, that the issue of prohibiting Clerk

Gaudet from testifying was not raised below and is therefore not properly before this Court.

Mr. Lewis has failed to cite to anything in the record that shows he moved Judge Hall,

orally or in writing, to prohibit Prosecutor Godwin from calling Clerk Gaudet as a witness.

                                               5
We previously have held that “[t]his Court will not consider an error which is not properly

preserved in the record nor apparent on the face of the record.” State v. Browning, 199

W. Va. 417, 425, 485 S.E.2d 1, 9 (1997). Accord Hanlon v. Logan Cty. Bd. Of Educ., 201

W. Va. 305, 315, 496 S.E.2d 447, 457 (1997). More specifically, we have held that “‘[t]his

Court will not pass on a nonjurisdictional question which has not been decided by the trial

court in the first instance.’ Syllabus Point 2, Sands v. Security Trust Co., 143 W. Va. 522,

102 S.E.2d 733 (1958).” Syl. pt. 2, Duquesne Light Co. v. State Tax Dep’t, 174 W. Va.

506, 327 S.E.2d 683 (1984). See also Syl. pt. 2, Cameron v. Cameron, 105 W. Va. 621,

143 S.E. 349 (1928) (“This court will not review questions which have not been decided

by the lower court.”).

             We have explained this general rule as follows:

                     The rationale behind this rule is that when an issue has
             not been raised below, the facts underlying that issue will not
             have been developed in such a way so that a disposition can be
             made. . . . Moreover, we consider the element of
             fairness. . . . [I]t is manifestly unfair for a party to raise new
             issues [before this Court]. Finally, there is also a need to have
             the issue refined, developed, and adjudicated by the trial court,
             so that we may have the benefit of its wisdom.

Whitlow v. Bd. of Educ. of Kanawha Cty., 190 W. Va. 223, 226, 438 S.E.2d 15, 18 (1993).

See also Syl. pt. 6, in part, State ex rel. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Gaughan, 203 W. Va. 358, 508


                                             6
S.E.2d 75 (1998) (“A party seeking to petition this Court for an extraordinary writ based

upon a non-appealable interlocutory decision of a trial court, must request the trial court set

out in an order findings of fact and conclusions of law that support and form the basis of

its decision.”). In light of these authorities, we conclude that Mr. Lewis is not entitled to a

writ of prohibition on the issue of preventing testimony by Clerk Gaudet because that issue

was not raised below.




              Turning to the question of disqualification of the trial judge, we note, as a

general matter, this Court has frequently observed that “a party aggrieved by a trial court’s

decision on a motion to disqualify may properly challenge the trial court’s decision by way

of a petition for a writ of prohibition.” State ex rel. Ogden Newspapers, Inc. v. Wilkes, 198

W. Va. 587, 589, 482 S.E.2d 204, 206 (1996). See also State ex rel. Blackhawk Enters.,

Inc. v. Bloom, 219 W. Va. 333, 337, 633 S.E.2d 278, 282 (2006) (“When considering the

issuance of a writ of prohibition arising from a circuit court’s ruling on a motion for

disqualification, this Court has consistently found the same to be an appropriate method of

challenge.”); State ex rel. Blake v. Hatcher, 218 W. Va. 407, 412, 624 S.E.2d 844, 849

(2005) (same). We note further that West Virginia Trial Court Rule 17.01 provides that

“[u]pon a proper disqualification motion, as set forth in this rule, a judge shall be


                                              7
disqualified from a proceeding only where the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be

questioned, in accordance with the principles established in Canon 2, Rule 2.11 of the Code

of Judicial Conduct.”




              In this proceeding, Mr. Lewis alleges that Judge Hall should have disqualified

himself because the State was going to call Clerk Gaudet as a witness in its case-in-chief.

According to Mr. Lewis, insofar as the court clerk is an officer of the court, he would be

prejudiced by having Judge Hall preside over the case. We reject Mr. Lewis’ contention.

We can find no authority that supports the argument that a trial judge is disqualified from

a criminal trial merely because the clerk of the court will testify that a defendant failed to

appear at a prior proceeding.5 Court clerks regularly testify in court to authenticate records

and other matters, including providing testimony that a defendant failed to appear at a

criminal proceeding. For example, in Cureton v. State, No. 0717-00410-CR, 2018 WL

3736177 (Tex. App. Aug. 6, 2018), the defendant pled guilty to bail jumping and failure-




              5
               There is authority holding that if a judge’s law clerk testifies in a case then
the judge should recuse himself. See Terrazas v. Slagle, 142 F.R.D. 136, 139 (W.D. Tex.
1992) (“[T]he Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals held that if a law clerk testifies as a witness
in a case before his judge, the judge must disqualify himself.” (citing Kennedy v. Great
Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 551 F.2d 593, 599 (5th Cir. 1997))).

                                              8
to-appear. The defendant elected to have a jury determine his punishment. During the

punishment proceeding, “[t]he district clerk testified, identifying [defendant] and telling

the jury [defendant] was required to appear in court on June 13, 2017, for trial on a deadly

conduct charge but failed to do so.” Id. at *1. See also Reese v. State, 2018 Ark. App. 336,

552 S.W.3d 47 (2018) (“[T]he district court clerk, Cheryl Spade, testified that Reese failed

to appear for his February 23, 2016 court date.”); Bell v. State, 108 So. 3d 639, 644 (Fla.

2013) (“Regarding the charge of failure to appear, the State presented the testimony of the

Escambia County Clerk of Court . . . to establish that Bell was not present at multiple court

dates[.]”); State v. Lasley, 130 S.W.3d 15, 18 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004) (“In this case, the only

evidence adduced at trial concerning Defendant’s failure to appear consisted of testimony

of a courtroom clerk who read entries from the Defendant’s court file.”); State v. Weathers,

339 N.C. 441, 453, 451 S.E.2d 266, 272-73 (1994) (“In this case, the State called Jerri

Queen, Clerk of Superior Court, Gaston County, as its only witness for the failure to appear

charge.”); State v. Osborne, No. M2010-02281-CCA-R3CD, 2012 WL 1657047, at *1

(Tenn. Crim. App. May 9, 2012) (“Linda Kincaid, Deputy Clerk of the Williamson County

General Sessions Clerk’s Office, testified that court dockets showed that the defendant

attended a July 9, 2009 initial appearance in general sessions court where the court advised

the defendant of his next court date, August 12, 2009.”); Black v. State, 362 S.W.3d 626,

638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“The State presented testimony from the clerk of the court

                                             9
regarding the failure to appear offense and from the arresting officer about Appellant’s

displaying expired license plates charge.”); Gillard v. Commonwealth, No. 0037-02-2,

2003 WL 21962513, at *11 (Va. Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2003) (“The April 22, 1998 warrant for

arrest was authenticated by the deputy clerk, and her testimony as to its content was

therefore admissible as prima facie evidence of Gillard’s failure to appear.”); State v. Hart,

195 Wash. App. 449, 454, 381 P.3d 142, 144 (2016) (“Staci Myklebust testified that she

was working as deputy clerk on September 9, and that Hart did not appear for his

hearing. . . . Myklebust further testified that the trial court issued a bench warrant for Hart’s

arrest based on his failure to appear.”).



              Additionally, Rule 44(a)(1) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure,

made applicable to criminal proceedings by Rule 27 of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal

Procedure,6 expressly provides that a copy of an official record is admissible when “attested

by the officer having the legal custody of the record, or by the officer’s deputy, and

accompanied by a certificate that such officer has the custody.”              In other words,

Rule 44(a)(1) expressly authorizes a court clerk to testify in court regarding records. Cf.




              6
               See State v. McCraine, 214 W. Va. 188, 198, 588 S.E.2d 177, 187 (2003),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Herbert, 234 W. Va. 576, 767 S.E.2d 471 (2014).

                                              10
Trussell v. State, No. 1D16-3763, 2018 WL 4042629, at *3 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. Aug. 24,

2018) (Jay, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part) (“During the State’s case-in-

chief, Dana Johnson, the clerk of the court for Dixie County, testified that [defendant]

requested and received access to the courtroom on August 14, 2014, the day before he filed

the two ‘true bills.’”); Mann v. State, 754 N.E.2d 544, 548 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (“Deputy

Clerk Gramaglia, who is entrusted with official duties in his district, testified at trial that

the documents were what the State purported them to be, and this is sufficient to

authenticate the documents.”); State v. Waycaster, No. COA17-1249, 2018 WL 3732956,

at *5 (N.C. Ct. App. Aug. 7, 2018) (“The Clerk of McDowell County Superior Court, the

individual tasked with maintaining the physical court records in McDowell County,

testified that the printout was a certified true copy of the information in ACIS regarding

this judgment.”).



              It is clear from the above authorities that a trial judge is not required to recuse

himself merely because the prosecutor intends to call the court clerk as a witness.

Prosecutor Godwin correctly observes that, if Mr. Lewis’ contention was the law, he could

never be tried because the so-called disqualifying prejudice cited by him would occur

regardless of who was the judge. We therefore hold that there is no per se disqualification



                                              11
of a presiding judge when the Clerk of Court is called to testify for the Prosecution’s case-

in-chief.



                                            IV.

                                     CONCLUSION

       In view of the foregoing, the writ of prohibition prayed for by Mr. Lewis is denied.



                                                                                Writ denied.




                                            12
