          Case: 16-15886   Date Filed: 08/15/2017   Page: 1 of 8


                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]



           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                           No. 16-15886
                       Non-Argument Calendar
                     ________________________

              D.C. Docket No. 2:15-cr-00031-RDP-JHE-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                             Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                versus

DENNIS M. SHEPHEARD,

                                                        Defendant-Appellant.

                     ________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                 for the Northern District of Alabama
                     ________________________

                           (August 15, 2017)
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Before HULL, WILSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       Dennis Shepheard was convicted of two counts of making harassing

communications under Ala. Code § 13A-11-8(b), as assimilated by 18 U.S.C.

§ 13(a).1 After a bench trial held before a magistrate judge pursuant to 18 U.S.C.

3401(a), Shepheard was found guilty of harassing employees of the Department of

Veterans Affairs (the VA) by making hundreds of telephone calls over a six-week

period. On appeal to the district court, Shepheard’s conviction and sentence were

affirmed. See 18 U.S.C. § 3402. Before this Court, Shepheard contends the

magistrate judge and the district court erred because his calls fell within a safe

harbor provision in the statute. Alternatively, he asserts the statute is

unconstitutionally vague. In addition, Shepheard appeals the special condition

appended to his twenty-four month probation, which prevents him from contacting

the VA by phone except to talk to his doctors or to schedule appointments and

receive medications. After review,2 we affirm.


       1
           Under the Assimilative Crimes Act, a defendant who commits an act in certain areas
situated within but not under the jurisdiction of a state, commonwealth, territory, possession, or
district that would be punishable if committed within such jurisdiction is “guilty of a like offense
and subject to a like punishment” under federal law. 18 U.S.C. § 13(a).
       2
         Where a defendant has been convicted in a bench trial before a magistrate judge and
obtained review from the district court, we review the magistrate judge’s decision using the same
standard as the district court. United States v. Pilati, 627 F.3d 1360, 1364 (11th Cir. 2010). We
review de novo whether a criminal statute is unconstitutionally vague as applied to a defendant’s
conduct. United States v. Nelson, 712 F.3d 498, 504 (11th Cir. 2013). We review a sentencing
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                                       I. DISCUSSION

A. Legitimate Business Telephone Communications

       Under Alabama law, a person is guilty of the crime of harassing

communications if, with intent to harass or alarm another person, he:

       a. Communicates with a person, anonymously or otherwise, by
       telephone, telegraph, mail, or any other form of written or electronic
       communication, in a manner likely to harass or cause alarm[; or]

       b. Makes a telephone call, whether or not a conversation ensues, with
       no purpose of legitimate communication.

Ala. Code § 13A-11-8(b)(1). The statute goes on to provide what the parties refer

to as a “safe harbor,” which states that “[n]othing in this section shall apply to

legitimate business telephone communications.” Id.

       Shepheard does not dispute that his many harassing calls satisfied the

requisites of subsection (a). He contends instead that his conduct fell within the

safe harbor provision. In Shepheard’s reading, the safe harbor permits harassment

so long as that harassment is in furtherance of a business purpose. He agrees with

the district court that “legitimate” in “legitimate business telephone

communications” represents an objective reasonableness standard. But he submits

that in business, harassment is reasonable.




court’s imposition of a specific condition of probation for an abuse of discretion. United States
v. Cothran, 855 F.2d 749, 751 (11th Cir. 1988) (reviewing a term of condition under a prior
probation statute).
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      Shepheard’s argument carries its own refutation, and contravenes the rule

that “a statute is to be given a practical construction and not applied in such a way

as to lead to absurd results.” Junkins v. Glencoe Volunteer Fire Dep’t, 685 So. 2d

769, 772 (Ala. Civ. App. 1996); accord P.J.B. v. State, 999 So. 2d 581, 587 (Ala.

Crim. App. 2008) (“As we have so often said, statutes must be given a reasonable

interpretation, not one that is illogical, incompatible with common sense, or that

would reach an absurd result that could not possibly have been intended by the

Legislature.”). Courts in Alabama, as elsewhere, must read statutes so as “to give

effect to the legislature’s intent in enacting a statute when that intent is manifested

in the wording of the statute . . . examin[ing] the statute as a whole and, if

possible, giv[ing] effect to each section.” First Union Nat. Bank of Fla. v. Lee Cty.

Comm’n, 75 So. 3d 105, 111–12 (Ala. 2011) (quotation omitted). The object of

§ 13A-11-8(b) as a whole is to prohibit harassing communications. It would be

absurd against that backdrop to interpret the safe harbor to exempt business

harassment. Nothing in the statute suggests the Alabama legislature intended to

protect Shepheard’s imagined Hobbesian state of business nature. Rather, the safe

harbor exists to ensure no one is prosecuted for making “legitimate,” i.e.,

reasonable, business telephone communications. See Donley v. City of Mount

Brook, 429 So. 2d 603, 611–12 (Ala. Crim. App. 1982), rev’d on other grounds

sub nom. Ex parte Donley, 429 So. 2d 618 (Ala. 1983) (holding that the safe harbor


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of § 13A-11-8(b) covers such conduct as a single telephone call by a dissatisfied

consumer about a faulty product, a frustrated businessman about a breached

contract, or an “irate citizen” to his representative about a political issue).

Harassment is not reasonable, even in business; nothing about the safe harbor

suggests otherwise.

      Shepheard’s conduct was clearly unreasonable. He agrees he called the VA

hundreds of times with an intent to harass, but contends his harassment was

calculated to achieve a legitimate business purpose; that is, to wear down VA

employees until they told him who authorized the transfer of his banking

information between VA departments. Calling several hundred times, often every

few minutes, for six weeks is not objectively reasonable, even to achieve his

ultimately benign purpose. Even if his first few calls were “legitimate business

telephone communications,” his subsequent calls were not; they were illegitimate

because they were unreasonable and harassing.

      Shepheard contends that if the language “legitimate business telephone

communications” does not protect harassment in furtherance of a legitimate

business purpose, then the statute is unconstitutionally vague because it did not

give him fair notice and would promote arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.

See United States v. Nelson, 712 F.3d 498, 504 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[A] statute is

void for vagueness if it fails to define the criminal offense [1] with sufficient


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definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and [2]

in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.”

(quotation omitted)). He contends no one can say for sure at what point his

telephone calls became unreasonable. We express no opinion on whether there is

ambiguity in this provision at the margins because this is an as-applied challenge,

and as applied to Shepheard’s conduct, the statute is abundantly clear. Holder v.

Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. 1, 21, 130 S. Ct. 2705, 2720, 177 L. Ed. 2d

355 (2010) (“Of course, the scope of the material-support statute may not be clear

in every application. But the dispositive point here is that the statutory terms are

clear in their application to plaintiffs’ proposed conduct, which means that

plaintiffs’ vagueness challenge must fail.”). It could not be anything but obvious

to an ordinary person that calling every day, repeatedly every three seconds

according to one witness, for six straight weeks, is unreasonable, and that so many

calls could not be considered “legitimate business telephone communications.”

See id. Likewise, whether or not the statute encourages arbitrary and

discriminatory enforcement in borderline cases, there could be no such concern on

these facts. Shepheard’s conviction stands.




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B. Substantive Reasonableness of Shepheard’s Sentence

      The special condition to Shepheard’s probation, prohibiting him from

telephoning all VA facilities, is not substantively unreasonable, and the magistrate

judge did not abuse his discretion in imposing it. United States v. Cothran, 855

F.2d 749, 751 (11th Cir. 1988). The condition will protect the VA and its

employees from Shepheard’s harassment, which he vowed to continue even after

having been warned by the police he would receive a citation. It is directly related

to the nature and circumstances of his offense, and helps promote his respect for

the law. See 18 U.S.C. § 3563(b) (providing that a sentencing judge may impose a

special condition on a sentence of probation “to the extent such conditions are

reasonably related to the factors set forth in section 3553(a)(1) and (a)(2)”). The

condition prevents Shepheard from accessing his means of harassment and

contains reasonable exceptions allowing him to receive the benefits and services to

which he is entitled; for example, he can still contact the VA by mail or through a

patient advocate. See United States v. Taylor, 338 F.3d 1280, 1283–85 (11th Cir.

2003) (upholding special condition prohibiting defendant from accessing the

internet, through which he had harassed a woman and her twelve-year-old

daughter). Shepheard’s sentence was substantively reasonable, and the magistrate

judge did not abuse his discretion. See United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189

(11th Cir. 2010) (en banc).


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                               II. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Shepheard’s conviction and his

sentence.

      AFFIRMED.




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