        DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                         ONEWEST BANK, FSB,
                             Appellant,

                                     v.

 GINO ALESSIO a/k/a GINO DAVIDE ALESSIO, FERNANDA ALESSIO
    a/k/a FERNANDA LALIA CURY, TIBURON II HOMEOWNERS
 ASSOCIATION, INC., EUGENE T. ALESSIO a/k/a EUGENE ALESSIO,
 SHIRLEY L. ALESSIO a/k/a SHIRLEY ALESSIO, UNKNOWN SPOUSE
OF MICHAEL PULIZZI, and UNKNOWN TENANT(S) IN POSSESSION OF
                   THE SUBJECT PROPERTY,
                           Appellees.

                              No. 4D14-1444

                            [January 6, 2016]

  Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Palm
Beach County; Richard L. Oftedal, Judge; L.T. Case No.
502009CA035115XXXXMB.

  Jeremy W. Harris, David F. Knobel, Khari E. Taustin, Masimba M.
Mutamba, and Angela Barbosa Wilborn of Morris, Laing, Evans, Brock &
Kennedy, CHTD, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

   Michael Vater, Hailey F. Lampert, Peter Ticktin, and Kendrick Almaguer
of The Ticktin Law Group, P.A., Deerfield Beach, for appellee
Gino Alessio.

LEVINE, J.

   The issue presented is whether the trial court erred in granting
involuntary dismissal, with prejudice, without considering the Kozel
factors and whether the trial court erred in granting a motion in limine
which acted effectively as an involuntary dismissal. We find the trial court
erred in both actions. Therefore, we reverse.

   Appellant, OneWest Bank, FSB, brought a foreclosure action against
appellee Gina Alessio. During the course of litigation, discovery disputes
arose out of appellee’s difficulty deposing one of the bank’s former
employees, Brian Bernett. As a result, the trial date was continued, and
the trial court entered an order directing the bank to name the single
corporate representative who would testify at trial and to allow that
witness to be deposed. The bank named Tre’ava Manuel, whom appellee
thereafter deposed.

   Before the trial date, the bank amended its witness list to include a
total of eleven witnesses. Appellee did not object and, shortly before trial,
moved to continue because of a medical emergency and because appellee
continued to have difficulty deposing the bank’s former employee, Bernett.
The trial court granted the continuance and scheduled the trial for a third
date and issued a new pretrial order.

    In response to the new pretrial order, the bank submitted a new witness
list, this one listing twenty-seven witnesses. Then, about one week before
trial was set to begin, appellee moved in limine to strike the bank’s witness
list and to limit the bank to Manuel, the witness appellee had a chance to
depose. The bank responded, stating that Manuel was going to be on
vacation and that it planned to call Nicole Tollefson, who had been named
on the eleven-person witness list, but was not named on the twenty-seven
person witness list.

   The court granted appellee’s motion in limine. It stated the bank had
engaged in “repeated [and] willful contumacious conduct . . . due to
violations of court orders to the detriment” of appellee. It struck the bank’s
twenty-seven-person witness list and further struck the bank’s only trial
witness. The trial court further denied the bank’s request to continue.

   On the day of trial, the bank acknowledged that it had no witnesses to
call because all of them had been stricken. Appellee moved for involuntary
dismissal. The court dismissed the bank’s case with prejudice without
considering the Kozel factors on the record.

   The bank appeals the trial court’s involuntary dismissal of the bank’s
case with prejudice without considering the Kozel factors. The bank
further contends that the trial court’s order granting appellee’s motion in
limine was tantamount to an involuntary dismissal. We find the trial court
erred and thus reverse the involuntary dismissal for reasons stated below.

   The Florida Supreme Court in Kozel v. Ostendorf, 629 So. 2d 817, 818
(Fla. 1993), identified factors for a trial court to consider “in determining
whether dismissal with prejudice is warranted.” These six factors are:

      1) whether the attorney’s disobedience was willful, deliberate,
      or contumacious, rather than an act of neglect or

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      inexperience; 2) whether the attorney has been previously
      sanctioned; 3) whether the client was personally involved in
      the act of disobedience; 4) whether the delay prejudiced the
      opposing party through undue expense, loss of evidence, or in
      some other fashion; 5) whether the attorney offered
      reasonable justification for noncompliance; and 6) whether
      the delay created significant problems of judicial
      administration.

Id.

  A trial court’s failure to consider the Kozel factors when determining
whether dismissal is appropriate “is, by itself, a basis for remand for
application of the correct standard.” Bennett ex rel. Bennett v. Tenet St.
Mary’s, Inc., 67 So. 3d 422, 427 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (quoting Ham v.
Dunmire, 891 So. 2d 492, 500 (Fla. 2004)).

   In this case, because the trial court failed to consider the Kozel factors
before involuntarily dismissing the bank’s case with prejudice, we reverse.
Normally, we would remand so the trial court could make the requisite
findings. See, e.g., Alsina v. Gonzalez, 83 So. 3d 962 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012).
We do not do so here because the dismissal came as a result of the bank
having all of its trial witnesses improperly struck.

   This court has “condemned the use of motions in limine to summarily
dismiss a portion of a claim.” Rice v. Kelly, 483 So. 2d 559, 560 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1986). “The purpose of a motion in limine is generally to prevent the
introduction of improper evidence, the mere mention of which at trial
would be prejudicial.” Dailey v. Multicon Dev. Co., 417 So. 2d 1106, 1107
(Fla. 4th DCA 1982). A motion in limine may not serve as an unnoticed
alternative to a motion to dismiss or a motion for summary judgment.
Rice, 483 So. 2d at 560.

    The order granting appellee’s motion in limine struck all of the bank’s
witnesses a few days before trial. It did so because the bank allegedly
failed to comply with pretrial orders, not because of evidentiary concerns.
Thus, for all practical purposes, the lower court’s order sanctioned the
bank with involuntary dismissal because it left the bank without any
possibility of proceeding to trial. As we stated in Rice and Dailey, the
purpose of a motion in limine is to exclude prejudicial evidence; it is not
an alternative to a motion to dismiss. Thus, the trial court erred when it
granted appellee’s motion in limine and struck all of the bank’s witnesses,



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resulting in an effective grant of dismissal.1

   In summary, we hold the trial court erred by not considering the Kozel
factors when entering dismissal with prejudice. We further hold the trial
court erred when it granted appellee’s motion in limine and, in effect,
transformed the motion in limine into a motion to dismiss. As such, we
reverse and remand to the lower court for trial.

    Reversed and remanded.

CIKLIN, C.J., and TAYLOR, J., concur.

                              *         *         *

    Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.




1 Our decision is limited to the improper use of a motion in limine. We do not
express an opinion as to the propriety of striking the twenty-seven person witness
list, the exclusion of witnesses that had not been deposed, or whether entry of
involuntary dismissal as a sanction would have been an abuse of discretion had
the issue been properly presented.

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