[Cite as State v. Brunner, 2015-Ohio-4281.]


                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio,                                      :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,                :
                                                                     No. 15AP-97
v.                                                  :            (C.P.C. No. 13CR-4204)

Nathaniel Brunner,                                  :           (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Defendant-Appellant.               :


                                              D E C I S I O N

                                    Rendered on October 15, 2015


                 Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Seth L. Gilbert, for
                 appellee.

                 Siewert & Gjostein Co. LPA, and Thomas A. Gjostein, for
                 appellant.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

TYACK, J.
        {¶ 1}    Nathaniel Brunner is appealing from numerous felony convictions and
sentences totaling 78-years-to-life incarceration. For the following reasons, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
        {¶ 2} Brunner assigns three errors for our consideration:
                 1. The trial court committed prejudicial error in denying
                 appellant's motion for severance of separate trials from the
                 co-defendant and caused his right to a fair trial to be violated
                 under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution
                 and Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 16.

                 2. The trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the
                 mental elements required to convict the defendant as an
                 accomplice and thereby relieved the state of its obligation to
                 prove the mental elements of the charged offenses, as well as,
No. 15AP-97                                                                              2


              deprived the defendant of his right to trial on the mental
              elements of the alleged crimes.

              3. Appellant's conviction was not supported by the sufficiency
              of the evidence in violation of the Due Process Clause of the
              Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
              Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 16 and the conviction was
              also against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 3} The charges of which Brunner was convicted stem from two separate events.
On July 24, 2013, Brunner and three other men robbed a Convenient Plus Food Mart at
around 11:00 pm. During the robbery, an employee of the store was shot in the face twice.
The victim died from his injuries.
       {¶ 4} A few days later, Brunner was driving westbound on Interstate 70 in the
company of Devonere Simmonds when the car they were driving broke down. The two
men started walking toward a nearby business complex, and they were given a ride by a
member of the Ohio State Highway Patrol, who dropped them off, clearly unaware they
had recently killed someone. Later that night, Simmonds shot the owner of a motor
vehicle that the men then stole. Although seriously injured, the owner of the vehicle
survived.
       {¶ 5} Brunner was indicted in September 2013 with eight counts: aggravated
murder, murder, attempted murder, three counts of aggravated robbery, felonious
assault, and having a weapon while under disability. Seven of the counts carried a three-
year firearm specification.
       {¶ 6} The first assignment of error argues that Brunner's motion for severance of
the trials should have been granted due to prejudice caused by "spill-over" from co-
defendant Simmonds. Brunner argues that the graphic violence depicted in the security
camera video of Simmonds shooting the Convenient Plus Food Mart employee point-
blank in the face was highly prejudicial to both himself and Simmonds but only really
relevant to Simmonds as he is the one who shot the employee both times.
       {¶ 7} Crim.R. 8(B) provides in part: "Two or more defendants may be charged in
the same indictment, information or complaint if they are alleged to have participated in
the same act or transaction or in the same series of acts or transactions constituting an
offense or offenses, or in the same course of criminal conduct." As a general rule, the law
No. 15AP-97                                                                                   3


favors joinder of trial because, among other reasons, it conserves judicial resources and
reduces the possibility of incongruous results before different juries. State v. Boone, 10th
Dist. No. 14AP-87, 2015-Ohio-2648, ¶ 25; State v. Walters, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-693,
2007-Ohio-5554, ¶ 21.
       {¶ 8} A defendant may move for severance from a co-defendant's trial pursuant to
Crim.R. 14 upon a showing of prejudice. Crim.R. 14; State v. Klinkner, 10th Dist. No.
13AP-469, 2014-Ohio-2022, ¶ 18.          The defendant has the burden to affirmatively
demonstrate prejudice. Id., citing State v. Payne, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-723, 2003-Ohio-
4891, ¶ 23. The defendant must furnish the trial court with sufficient information so that
it can weigh the considerations in favor of joinder against the defendant's right to a fair
trial. State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 343 (1981).
       {¶ 9} The state may rebut a defendant's claim of prejudicial joinder in two ways.
State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128, ¶ 50. The first way is by satisfying
the "other acts" test. State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163 (1990). If, in separate trials, the
state could introduce evidence of the joined offenses as "other acts" under Evid.R. 404(B),
a defendant cannot claim prejudice from the joinder. Id.; see also State v. Coley, 93 Ohio
St.3d 253, 259-60 (2001). The state may also negate a claim of prejudice by satisfying the
less stringent "joinder test," which requires a showing "that evidence of each crime joined
at trial is simple and direct." Lott at 163; Torres at 344.
       {¶ 10} Trial courts are given considerable latitude in determining whether a
severance is warranted, which is reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard. State v.
Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 89 (1990). "The term 'abuse of discretion' connotes more than
an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary
or unconscionable." Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).
       {¶ 11} The trial counsel for Brunner tried to get the trials of the two men
separated, arguing that the prejudicial evidence against co-defendant Simmonds would
spill over to his client. Counsel also attempted to have the events tried separately. Trial
counsel's motions to that effect were overruled. A jury found Brunner guilty of two counts
of aggravated robbery, one count of aggravated murder, one count of murder, one count
of attempted murder, and one count of felonious assault. The trial judge, sitting as the
No. 15AP-97                                                                                   4


trier of fact, found Brunner guilty of a single charge of having a weapon under disability.
The more serious charges carried firearm specifications.
       {¶ 12} The facts developed at trial demonstrate that Brunner was involved in the
two separate robberies but that Simmonds was the person who shot the employee at the
Convenient Plus Food Mart. The evidence also indicated that Simmonds was the person
who shot the owner of the motor vehicle that the co-defendants stole a few days later.
More details about Brunner's roles in the crimes are discussed below.
       {¶ 13} Under the circumstances, the desire of counsel to separate Brunner from
Simmonds at trial is understandable. However, given the close links in time and in facts
between the two sets of events clearly made it appropriate for the crimes, all committed
within a 60-hour window, to be tried at one time. We do not find that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying Brunner's motion for severance.
       {¶ 14} The first assignment of error is overruled.
       {¶ 15} Turning to the third assignment of error, Brunner argues that his conviction
was not supported by a sufficiency of the evidence and was also against the manifest
weight of the evidence.
       {¶ 16} Sufficiency of the evidence is the legal standard applied to determine
whether the case should have gone to the jury. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
386 (1997). In other words, sufficiency tests the adequacy of the evidence and asks
whether the evidence introduced at trial is legally sufficient as a matter of law to support a
verdict. Id. "The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d
259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307
(1979). The verdict will not be disturbed unless the appellate court finds that reasonable
minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier of fact. Jenks at 273. If the
court determines that the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law, a judgment of
acquittal must be entered for the defendant. See Thompkins at 387.
       {¶ 17} Even though supported by sufficient evidence, a conviction may still be
reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence. Thompkins at 387. In so
doing, the court of appeals, sits as a " 'thirteenth juror' " and, after " 'reviewing the entire
No. 15AP-97                                                                              5


record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of
witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly
lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed and a new trial ordered.' " Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175
(1st Dist.1983); see also Columbus v. Henry, 105 Ohio App.3d 545, 547-48 (10th
Dist.1995). Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence
should be reserved for only the most " 'exceptional case in which the evidence weighs
heavily against the conviction.' " Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.
       {¶ 18} Brunner argues specifically that Darrell Durham, one of the four men who
robbed the Convenient Plus Food Mart, was lying while testifying in order to obtain a plea
deal. However, Brunner does not state what Durham was specifically lying about.
Brunner also makes an argument, pursuant to Ohio Evid.R. 403(A), that the prejudicial
nature of some of the evidence outweighed its probative value.
       {¶ 19} The evidence shows that Brunner went with three other men to the
Convenient Plus Food Mart. He stood at the door of the Convenient Plus Food Mart,
apparently serving as lookout while Simmonds robbed the store. Brunner himself was
armed with a firearm.
       {¶ 20} Simmonds shot the employee in the eye and then tried to get money from a
lotto machine. Durham, one of the four, noticed that the employee was not dead yet and
informed both Brunner and Simmonds. Simmonds then approached the employee again
and once again shot the employee in the face. Brunner, still armed, continued to stand
guard at the door to the store while Simmonds executed the employee. Brunner and
Simmonds then left the area.
       {¶ 21} These facts leave no room for doubt that Brunner was helping in the
robbery of the Convenient Plus Food Mart and assisting in the killing of the store
employee by standing guard at the door to the store while the robbery and killing
occurred.
       {¶ 22} The evidence concerning the robbery and killing at the Convenient Plus
Food Mart was more than sufficient to sustain the convictions. The convictions were
supported by competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements of the case
and by the clear weight of the evidence.
No. 15AP-97                                                                              6


       {¶ 23} The third assignment of error is overruled as to the convictions involving
the Convenient Plus Food Mart.
       {¶ 24} Turning to the evidence about the theft of a car and the shooting of the
owner a few days later, Simmonds and Brunner were still together, apparently attempting
to flee central Ohio after the involvement in the killing of the Convenient Plus Food Mart
employee. They first used a vehicle obtained from a former girlfriend of Brunner's. The
girlfriend claimed the vehicle was stolen from her, but the jury was not convinced of that
beyond a reasonable doubt.
       {¶ 25} The former girlfriend's car broke down on the freeway, leaving the two men
on foot in Madison County, the county due west of Columbus. The men were picked up by
a trooper with the Ohio State Highway Patrol. The trooper made no effort to determine if
the men were armed and dangerous. The trooper dropped the men off at a local business
complex and left them.
       {¶ 26} Brunner and Simmonds stayed at the business complex for hours. After
apparently trying unsuccessfully to get friends or family to come pick them up, they
decided to steal a car. They approached a driver and tried to get his keys. When the
driver started fighting with them in order to keep his car keys, Simmonds shot him in the
head. Simmonds and Brunner then left in the driver's car.
       {¶ 27} The men temporarily stopped their flight in the Dayton, Ohio area. They fell
asleep in the stolen car. The gun used by Simmonds in both sets of crimes was sitting in
the lap of the sleeping Brunner. That gun was the basis for the conviction for having a
weapon under disability, given Brunner's juvenile record.
       {¶ 28} The facts clearly support the convictions related to the second incident.
Brunner wanted to continue the flight from central Ohio. He approached the owner of the
car along with Simmonds. He knew Simmonds was capable of shooting and killing an
innocent robbery victim. Brunner was present for the scuffle over the keys and for the
shooting which ensued. Brunner remained with Simmonds after Simmonds shot the
driver in the head. There is sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions of the theft of
the car and the shooting of the owner. The convictions were supported by the clear weight
of the evidence.
       {¶ 29} The remaining parts of the third assignment of error are overruled.
No. 15AP-97                                                                              7


       {¶ 30} Finally, the second assignment of error questions the jury instructions given
as to complicity in a crime. Specifically, Brunner's counsel argues that the court should
have instructed the jury on the mental elements required to convict a defendant as an
accomplice. Brunner argues that the aggravated robbery, felonious assault, kidnapping,
and aggravated burglary convictions are all predicated upon improper instructions on
accomplice liability.
       {¶ 31} In reviewing a trial court's jury instruction, an appellate court determines
whether the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to give a requested instruction
under the facts and circumstances of the case. State v. Gover, 10th Dist. No 05AP-1034,
2006-Ohio-4338, ¶ 22, citing State v Wolons, 44 Ohio St.3d 64, 68 (1989).
       {¶ 32} The trial court gave the following jury instructions in regards to finding a
defendant complicit in a crime:
              The Defendants may be convicted as principal offenders or as
              a complicitor or an aider or abettor to any or all counts and
              specifications of the indictment.

              Before you can find the Defendant guilty of a crime or
              specification as a complicitor or aider and abettor, you must
              find beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about July 24,
              2013, to July 27, 2013, in Franklin County and Madison
              County, Ohio, the Defendant solicited or procured another to
              commit the offense or aided or abetted another in committing
              the offense with the same knowledge or purpose as required
              by the offense under consideration.

              ***

              An aider or abettor is one who aids, or – I'm sorry, aids,
              assists, encourages, cooperates with, advises, or incites
              another to commit a crime, and participates, in the
              commission of the offense by some act, work or gesture.

              ***

              The purpose to kill can be inferred from the circumstances
              surrounding the crime. A common purpose among two or
              more people to commit a crime need not be shown by positive
              evidence, but may be inferred from circumstances sur-
              rounding the act from Defendant's subsequent conduct.
No. 15AP-97                                                                               8


              Criminal intent may be inferred from presence, companion-
              ship or – and conduct before and after the offense is
              committed. In addition, mere presence can be enough if it is
              intended to and does aid the primary offender.

              Purpose to kill does not require premeditation. A purpose to
              kill can be formulated after instantaneous deliberation.

              The factfinder can infer an aider and abettor's purpose to kill
              where the participants in a felony entered into a common
              design and either the aider or abettor knew that an inherently
              dangerous instrumentality was to be employed to accomplish
              the felony or the felony and the manner of its accomplishment
              would be reasonably likely to produce death.

(R. 165, Tr., 754-56.)    Brunner objected to the final paragraph quoted above being
included, arguing that it was not part of the Ohio Jury Instructions. The trial court
overruled the motion and allowed the final paragraph to be read to the jury.
       {¶ 33} This final paragraph essentially states the Supreme Court of Ohio's
reasoning in State v. Scott, 61 Ohio St.2d 155 (1980):
              A jury can infer an aider and abettor's purpose to kill where
              the facts show that the participants in a felony entered into a
              common design and either the aider or abettor knew that an
              inherently dangerous instrumentality was to be employed to
              accomplish the felony or the felony and the manner of its
              accomplishment would be reasonably likely to produce death.

Id. at 165; see also State v. Mitchell, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-756, 2011-Ohio-3818, ¶ 29. It is
clear that the paragraph of jury instructions that Brunner moved to have removed is
consistent with the decisions of the Supreme Court.
      {¶ 34} We conclude that the charge given was completely consistent with the case
law regarding R.C. 2903.01. The charges included the mental state required for the crime.
Specifically, the trial judge told the jury an accomplice must have the same knowledge or
purpose as required for the principal offense. The trial court did not abuse its discretion
in giving instructions as to the requirements to find Brunner's complicity in the crimes
committed.
      {¶ 35} The second assignment of error is overruled.
No. 15AP-97                                                                        9


     {¶ 36} All three assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment of the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
                                                                 Judgment affirmed.
                       BROWN, P.J., and DORRIAN, J., concur.
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