                                                                                   [PUBLISH]


                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                              ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                     No. 09-13195                        MARCH 24, 2010
                               ________________________                    JOHN LEY
                                                                            CLERK
                           D. C. Docket No. 08-00190-CR-F-N

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                          Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                            versus

KEVIN EARL SNEED,
a.k.a. Evan Sneed,

                                                                       Defendant-Appellant.


                               ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Alabama
                            _________________________

                                      (March 24, 2010)

Before HULL, WILSON and FARRIS,* Circuit Judges.

HULL, Circuit Judge:

       *
        Honorable Jerome Farris, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
      Kevin Earl Sneed appeals his 180-month sentence for possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon and possession of marijuana. On appeal, Sneed

argues that his sentence was improperly enhanced under the Armed Career

Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) (“ACCA”), because the district court used police

reports to determine whether Sneed’s prior drug convictions were committed on

different occasions and thus qualified as predicate felonies for the § 924(e)

enhancement. After review, we conclude the district court erred in relying on non-

Shepard approved records and thus vacate Sneed’s sentence.

                            I. BACKGROUND FACTS

A.    Indictment and Guilty Plea

      While responding to a burglary call, officers spotted Sneed, who matched

the description of the suspect, walking down the road. When officers attempted to

stop Sneed to talk to him, he ran and was apprehended when he fell. Underneath

Sneed’s body, officers found a loaded handgun and a clear plastic bag containing a

green leafy substance that later tested positive for marijuana.

      Sneed was indicted for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Count 1), and possession of marijuana, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a) (Count 2). As enhancements to the firearm offense

in Count 1, the indictment charged that Sneed had these three prior felony drug



                                           2
convictions: “January 27, 2003, Distribution of a Controlled Substance, (3 counts),

case numbers CC 2002-000301, CC 2002-000302, CC 2002-000303, in the Circuit

Court of Pike County, Alabama.”1

       Sneed pled guilty to both counts of the indictment. The plea agreement

stated the factual basis for the plea, and listed the same three prior felony drug

convictions: “June 18, 2001, Unlawful Distribution of a Controlled Substance

(three counts), case number CC 2002-000301; CC 2002-000302; and CC 2002-

000303, in the Circuit Court of Pike County, Alabama.” Sneed waived his right to

appeal his sentence except for his right to appeal the application of the ACCA.

B.     Presentence Investigation Report

       The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) stated that Sneed’s base

offense level was 20. However, the PSI also concluded that Sneed qualified as an

armed career criminal under § 924(e)(1) because he had “three prior convictions in

Pike County, Alabama, case numbers CC02-301, 302, and 303.” Thus, the PSI

concluded that Sneed had a base offense level of 33, pursuant to U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.4(b)(3)(B), and was subject to § 924(e)(1)’s mandatory minimum fifteen-

year sentence. With a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, the



       1
        The indictment also charged that Sneed had a September 4, 2003 conviction for
promoting prison contraband in the Circuit Court of Pike County, Alabama. It was later learned
that Sneed’s twin brother, Earl Evan Sneed, committed this offense.

                                               3
PSI calculated a total offense level of 30.

      Based on Sneed’s three drug convictions and other prior convictions, the PSI

calculated nine criminal history points, resulting in a criminal history category of

IV. Paragraph 34 of the PSI listed the three drug convictions and described the

date, location, and time of the offenses as follows:

            The defendant was represented by counsel. Details of count
      one reveal that on September 26, 2001, at 5:04 p.m., a confidential
      informant working with [the Troy Police Department] purchased .07
      grams of crack cocaine from Sneed. The transaction was caught on
      video surveillance. Details of count 2 reveal that on September 26,
      2001, at 5:43 p.m., a confidential informant purchased .12 grams of
      crack cocaine from the defendant. The transaction was observed by a
      Pike County Sheriff’s Deputy who positively identified the subject as
      Kevin Sneed. Details of count three reveal that on October 11, 2001,
      at 5:29 p.m., a confidential informant purchased .12 grams of crack
      cocaine from the defendant. This transaction was video taped. All of
      these sales occurred within a three mile radius of a public housing
      project owned by a housing authority.

A criminal history category of IV and a total offense level of 30 yielded an

advisory guidelines range of 135 to 168 months’ imprisonment. Due to the fifteen-

year statutory mandatory minimum, the PSI advised that the advisory guidelines

range was 180 months, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(b).

C.    State Indictment and Police Reports

      In his written objections to the PSI, Sneed contended that he did not qualify

as an armed career criminal under the ACCA and its corresponding guideline,



                                              4
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(a). Sneed did not deny that he had the three prior drug

convictions. Rather, Sneed argued that “the offenses listed in paragraph 34 of the

[PSI] did not occur on different occasions” and that the PSI’s “finding that the

offenses occurred on different occasions is not reflected in the state indictment,

indeed, the indictment merely reflects three counts and provided neither the day or

the time.” Sneed also objected “to the inclusion of the details in paragraph 34, as it

‘exceeds that allowed by the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinion in Shepard v. United

States, 544 U.S. 12, 26 (2005) . . . .”

      In response, the government filed a sentencing memorandum and attached a

copy of the state indictment that charged Sneed with the three drug convictions.

Specifically, each count of the state indictment contained the exact same language

and alleged that Sneed “did unlawfully sell, furnish, give away, manufacture,

deliver or distribute a controlled substance, to wit: COCAINE, in violation of

Section 13A-12-211 of the Code of Alabama, while the said KEVIN SNEED, was

within a three mile radius of a public housing project owned by a housing

authority, did sell a controlled substance, to wit: COCAINE, in violation of Section

13A-12-270 of the Code of Alabama, Against the Peace and Dignity of the State of

Alabama.” None of the counts contained dates, times or locations for the charged

offenses.



                                           5
         In addition, the government attached copies of police reports for each state

offense. These reports indicate that each of the three offenses was the result of a

controlled buy using a confidential informant. The first state offense occurred on

September 26, 2001, at 5:04 p.m., in a trailer park beside the housing project in

Spring Hill. On this occasion, the confidential informant purchased .07 grams of

crack cocaine from Sneed for $20.00. The second state offense occurred less than

an hour later, at 5:43 p.m, when the same confidential informant returned to the

same trailer park and purchased .12 grams of crack cocaine from Sneed for

$20.00.2 The third offense occurred on October 11, 2001 in the Spring Hill

housing project when a confidential informant purchased .12 grams of crack

cocaine from Sneed for $20.00.

         The government argued that: (1) under this Court’s binding precedent in

United States v. Richardson, 230 F.3d 1297 (11th Cir. 2000), the district court

could examine police reports to determine whether qualifying predicate felonies

were separate for purposes of the ACCA; and, (2) here, those reports showed that

the three state offenses were separate because they were temporally distinct drug

sales.


         2
         Although the confidential informant’s name is redacted in the police reports, it appears
the same confidential informant was used in both September 26, 2001 controlled buys because,
according to the police reports, during the second purchase the confidential informant told Sneed
that the “dope he bought earlier was good shit and asked for another twenty.”

                                                6
D.     Sentencing

       At sentencing, Sneed reasserted his objections to application of the ACCA,

including use of the police reports to determine whether he had the predicate prior

felony offenses to trigger the § 924(e) enhancement. Sneed argued that Richardson

was abrogated by Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005).

The district court overruled Sneed’s objections and, after considering the police

reports, concluded that Sneed was convicted of three separate drug offenses.3 The

district court adopted the PSI’s facts and found that Sneed’s advisory guidelines

range was the mandatory statutory minimum of 180 months’ imprisonment.4 The

district court sentenced Sneed to an 180-month term on Count 1 and a concurrent

36-month term on Count 2. Sneed filed this appeal.

                                      II. DISCUSSION



       3
          Pursuant to the plea agreement, the parties agreed that if the district court determined
that Sneed qualified as an armed career criminal under the ACCA, Sneed could withdraw his
guilty plea. After the district court overruled Sneed’s ACCA objection, Sneed advised the
district court that he wanted to exercise his right under the plea agreement to withdraw his guilty
plea. After a brief recess, however, the parties advised the court that they had agreed to modify
the plea agreement; in exchange for Sneed not withdrawing his guilty plea, the government
agreed not to charge Sneed with any offenses in connection with his recent possession of illegal
narcotics on May 8, 2008, June 24, 2008, and October 17, 2008. The district court accepted the
modification.
       4
         The PSI’s factual recitation contained facts surrounding Sneed’s subsequent arrests for
possession of marijuana on May 8, 2008 and June 24, 2008, which were the subject of pending
state charges. In accordance with the agreed modification to Sneed’s plea agreement, the district
court sustained Sneed’s objection to the inclusion of these facts in the PSI, and the court did not
adopt them or consider them in sentencing Sneed.

                                                 7
A.     Section 924(e)’s Distinct Offenses Requirement

       Under the ACCA, a defendant convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is subject

to § 924(e)(1)’s mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years if the defendant has

“three previous convictions . . . for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or

both, committed on occasions different from one another . . . .” 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e)(1) (emphasis added). Sneed does not dispute that his three prior state

drug convictions are serious drug offenses within the meaning of the ACCA.

Rather, Sneed contends that the district court erred in finding that the three

offenses were committed on different occasions as expressly required by

§ 924(e)(1).

       Section 924(e)(1) does not require separate indictments, but it does require

that the three previous convictions “be committed on occasions different from one

another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). This Court has said that to be different the three

convictions must be “‘for crimes that are temporally distinct.’” United States v.

Sweeting, 933 F.2d 962, 967 (11th Cir. 1991) (quoting United States v. Howard,

918 F.2d 1529, 1538 (11th Cir. 1990)). The government must show “the three

previous convictions arose out of a separate and distinct ‘criminal episode.’”

United States v. Pope, 132 F.3d 684, 689 (11th Cir. 1998).5


       5
        Whether prior convictions meet the ACCA’s separate offenses requirement is a legal
determination we review de novo. Pope, 132 F.3d at 689.

                                              8
       “Mere temporal proximity is ordinarily insufficient to merge multiple

offenses into a single criminal episode. Distinctions in time and place are usually

sufficient to separate criminal episodes from one another even when the gaps are

small.” Id. at 690. Two offenses are distinct if “some temporal ‘break’ occurs

between [them].” Id.

       The issue in this case is what can a sentencing court consider in determining

whether Sneed’s prior drug convictions were committed on occasions different

from another for purposes of § 924(e)(1).

B.     Taylor’s Categorical Approach

       In 1990, the Supreme Court in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.

Ct. 2143 (1990), addressed how the district court may determine whether a prior

conviction is a “violent felony” under § 924(e). The Supreme Court held that the

plain language and legislative history of the ACCA “mandates a formal categorical

approach,” looking only to “the fact of conviction and the statutory definitions of

the prior offense,” and “not to the facts underlying the prior convictions.” Id. at

600-01, 110 S. Ct. at 2159-60.

       Taylor reasoned that “the only plausible interpretation of § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii)

is that, like the rest of the enhancement statute, it generally requires the trial court

to look only to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the prior



                                             9
offense.” Id. at 602, 110 S. Ct. at 2160. This categorical approach applied

because, “Congress intended the sentencing court to look only to the fact that the

defendant had been convicted of crimes falling within certain categories, and not to

the facts underlying the prior convictions.” Id. at 600, 110 S. Ct. at 2159.

However, Taylor acknowledged an exception for “a narrow range of cases” in

which the statutory definition of an offense encompassed some conduct that would

qualify as a “violent felony” and other conduct that would not. In such cases, the

district court could look at the charging document and jury instructions to

determine if the defendant necessarily was convicted of an offense qualifying as a

“violent felony.” Id. at 602, 110 S. Ct. at 2160.

C.    Eleventh Circuit’s Richardson Decision

      In 2000, this Court in United States v. Richardson, 230 F.3d 1297 (11th Cir.

2000), concluded that Taylor’s categorical approach did not apply to the district

court’s determination of whether prior crimes were “committed on occasions

different from one another.” Richardson, 230 F.3d at 1299-1300. Richardson

explained that whether offenses “were committed on ‘occasions different from one

another,’ i.e., whether they were ‘temporally distinct’ or ‘successive rather than

simultaneous,’ is a question unsuited to a categorical approach that relies on an

examination of the criminal statute. The mere fact of conviction does not answer



                                          10
this question.” Id. at 1300. The Richardson Court reasoned that, “[i]n contrast [to

determining the nature of the conviction], determining whether crimes were

committed on occasions different from one another requires looking at the facts

underlying the prior convictions.” Id. at 1299. The Richardson Court noted that

the police reports before the district court showed the “burglaries took place on

different days at different locations” and that defendant Richardson had “not

contested the accuracy of the police reports.” Id. at 1300. Thus, the Court

concluded that the burglaries were committed on occasions different from one

another for purposes of the ACCA. Id.

D.     Shepard’s Modified Categorical Approach

       In 2005, the Supreme Court issued Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13,

125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005), explaining further the exception to the categorical

approach recognized in Taylor and providing additional guidance about what

material sentencing courts may use to determine the nature of a defendant’s prior

felony convictions for purposes of the § 924(e)(1) ACCA enhancement. See

United States v. Aquilar-Ortiz, 450 F.3d 1271, 1273 (11th Cir. 2006).6 The

       6
        Shepard, like Taylor, involved a prior burglary conviction in a state in which the
burglary statute covered a broader range of conduct than the “generic burglary” needed for an
ACCA enhancement as a “violent felony.” The Shepard defendant’s prior burglary conviction,
however, resulted from a guilty plea and not a jury trial. At the outset, Shepard made clear that
Taylor’s categorical approach applied equally to convictions obtained by a guilty plea. Id. at 19,
125 S. Ct. at 1259. The Supreme Court then discussed what kinds of evidence could be
considered to determine whether the defendant’s burglary conviction was actually for an ACCA-

                                                11
Shepard Court concluded that, in determining whether a prior burglary was a

“violent felony,” the district court (1) may not consider police reports or complaint

applications but (2) may examine “the terms of the charging document, the terms

of the plea agreement or transcript of the colloquy between the judge and

defendant in which the factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the defendant,

or [] some comparable judicial record of this information.” Shepard, 544 U.S. at

23-26, 125 S. Ct. at 1261-63.

       Subsequently, the Supreme Court has explained that Shepard’s “modified

categorical approach” permits a sentencing court “to determine which statutory

phrase was the basis for the conviction by consulting the trial record – including

charging documents, plea agreements, transcripts of plea colloquies, findings of

fact and conclusions of law from a bench trial, and jury instructions and verdict

forms.” Johnson v. United States, __ U.S. __, 130 S. Ct. 1265, __ (2010).

       Three aspects of Shepard are particularly important to this case. First, the

Supreme Court in Shepard observed that the government had argued for a “wider

evidentiary cast,” looking to police reports for example, but expressly rejected that

argument. Shepard, 544 U.S. at 21, 125 S. Ct. at 1260. Second, Shepard was



qualifying “generic burglary” and expanded Taylor’s list to include the plea agreement and the
plea colloquy, which would be available after a guilty plea, but excluded documents, such as
police reports, “going beyond conclusive records.” Id. at 20-21, 125 S. Ct. at 1259-60.

                                               12
decided in 2005 and stressed (1) the significant developments in the law since

Taylor was decided in 1990, such as the 1999 Jones and the 2000 Apprendi7

decisions, and (2) the constitutional concerns underlying Jones and Apprendi that,

except for the fact of a prior conviction, the Sixth Amendment and Fourteenth

Amendment guarantee a jury’s finding of a disputed fact about a prior conviction

where that disputed fact is essential to increase the statutory maximum of a

potential sentence. Shepard, 544 U.S. at 24-26, 125 S. Ct. at 1262-63.8 Third, in

part based on the intervening Jones and Apprendi decisions, the Supreme Court in

Shepard permitted sentencing courts to determine the nature of a prior conviction

based only on the list of judicial records in Shepard or a fact to which the

defendant assented (the “Shepard-approved sources”) and precluded the sentencing

court’s use of police reports to establish the nature of a prior conviction for

purposes of the § 924(e)(1) enhancement. Id. at 26, 125 S. Ct. at 1263.

                    III. SHEPARD’S IMPACT ON RICHARDSON

        We acknowledge that Shepard involved the violent felony phrase in § 924(e)



        7
       Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227, 119 S. Ct. 1215 (1999); Apprendi v. New Jersey,
530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000).
        8
         This portion of Shepard discussing Apprendi and Jones is joined by a plurality of the
Court. The plurality opinion concludes, in light of Apprendi and Jones, that permitting
sentencing courts to consult police reports would raise serious constitutional concerns. See id. at
25-26, 125 S. Ct. at 1262-63. In his concurrence, Justice Thomas concludes that it “would not
give rise to constitutional doubt, . . . . [but] to constitutional error.” Id. at 28, 125 S. Ct. at 1264.

                                                   13
and did not address the different occasions phrase that immediately follows in §

924(e). And, since Shepard, this Court has not decided whether Shepard’s ban on

the use of police records and reports applies to § 924(e)(1)’s different occasions

inquiry and nullifies our decision in Richardson.9 We also acknowledge the

strength of the prior panel precedent rule in this circuit. Under that rule, a prior

panel’s holding is binding on all subsequent panels unless and until it is overruled

or undermined to the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this court

sitting en banc. Smith v. GTE Corp., 236 F.3d 1292, 1300 n.8 (11th Cir. 2001);

Chambers v. Thompson, 150 F.3d 1324, 1326 (11th Cir. 1998).

       Nonetheless, after considerable review and helpful oral argument, we

conclude that the Supreme Court’s decision in Shepard has undermined

Richardson’s approval of the use of police reports for § 924(e)(1) inquiries to the

point of abrogation. The ACCA enhancement in § 924(e) contains two statutory

predicates in the very same sentence – (1) that the prior convictions are for “a

violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both,” and (2) that such requisite

offenses were “committed on occasions different from one another.” 18 U.S.C.


       9
        We avoided reaching this question in United States v. Spears, 443 F.3d 1358 (11th Cir.
2006), on the basis that the “Defendant’s own testimony sufficiently supports the district court’s
conclusion that Defendant committed two different robberies, [and thus] we do not reach this
[Shepard] argument.” Id. at 1360 n.1; see also United States v. Canty, 570 F.3d 1251, 1256
(11th Cir. 2009) (avoiding the issue of Richardson’s viability after Shepard because the
government waived it in the district court).

                                                14
§ 924(e)(1). Based on Shepard, there is simply no distinction left between the

scope of permissible evidence that can be used to determine if the prior convictions

are violent felonies or serious drug offenses or if they were committed on different

occasions under § 924(e)(1).

      It is noteworthy that Richardson’s rationale was (1) that the different

occasions inquiry under § 924(e)(1) was unsuited to the categorical approach in

Taylor that looked primarily to the criminal statute, and (2) that the different

occasions inquiry required looking at the facts underlying the prior conviction.

While Shepard, too, allows sentencing courts to consider facts about the nature of a

prior conviction, Shepard clarified the type of evidence that could reveal those

facts and gave us the Shepard-approved sources largely to address or avoid

constitutional concerns. Thus, while Richardson remains correct that in the

different occasions inquiry sentencing courts may look to certain facts underlying

the prior conviction, Shepard has undermined to the point of abrogation

Richardson’s approval of the use of police reports for § 924(e)(1) inquiries.

      We are further persuaded to this conclusion by our sister circuits that have

decided that only Shepard-approved sources can be used to determine if prior

offenses were committed on different occasions for purposes of the § 924(e)(1)

enhancement. See United States v. Fuller, 453 F.3d 274, 279-80 (5th Cir. 2006)



                                           15
(vacating defendant’s sentence as to the § 924(e) enhancement “[b]ecause the

record [did] not contain the written plea agreement, the plea colloquy, or other

Shepard-approved material that might resolve th[e] question” and stating “[t]o

determine whether two offenses occurred on different occasions, a court is

permitted to examine only ‘the statutory definition, charging document, written

plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the

trial judge to which the defendant assented’”); United States v. Harris, 447 F.3d

1300, 1305-06 (10th Cir. 2006) (affirming defendant’s § 924(e)-enhanced sentence

in part because “the district court below had sufficient evidence in light of Shepard

to conclude that [defendant’s] prior crimes were committed on separate occasions,”

and noting the court relied on defendant’s “admissions as well as documents

sanctioned by Shepard”); United States v. Taylor, 413 F.3d 1146, 1157 (10th Cir.

2005) (examining what documents could be used in finding that prior convictions

occurred on occasions different from the other and remanding because the court

could not “determine whether the district court reviewed judicial records consistent

with Shepard”); United States v. Thompson, 421 F.3d 278, 282, 286 (4th Cir.

2005) (stating that “[t]he common denominator of the [Shepard] approved sources

is their prior validation by process comporting with the Sixth Amendment.

Excluded sources, such as . . . police reports, are not necessarily inherent in the



                                           16
conviction,” and the “ACCA’s use of the term ‘occasion’ requires recourse only to

data found in conclusive judicial records . . . upon which Taylor and Shepard say

we may rely”).

       For all of these reasons, we hold only that courts may not use police reports

to determine whether predicate offenses under § 924(e)(1) were committed on

“occasions different from one another” and that Shepard undermines that aspect of

Richardson to the point of abrogation.

                                IV. SNEED’S SENTENCE

       In Sneed’s case, the government produced the Shepard-approved state court

indictment, but the indictment contains the same language for each of his three

drug offenses and does not specify a date or time, much less different dates or

different times on the same date. For the ACCA different occasions inquiry, the

government relied on police reports and submitted no other Shepard-approved

material. And Sneed preserved his objection to the use of this material at every

stage of the proceeding, asserted that his prior offenses did not occur on different

occasions, and objected to the details in paragraph 34 of the PSI about his prior

offenses.10 Therefore, in light of Shepard and given this record, the district court

       10
         Cf. United States v. Bennett, 472 F.3d 825, 832-34 (11th Cir. 2006) (post-Shepard, a
sentencing court’s findings of fact supporting an ACCA enhancement may be based on
statements in the PSI undisputed by the defendant at sentencing); United States v. Beckles, 565
F.3d 832, 843 (11th Cir. 2009) (“For purposes of sentencing [under the U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 career
offender guideline], the district court also may base its factual findings on undisputed statements

                                                17
erred in overruling Sneed’s objections to the use of the police reports to establish

the different occasions predicate to the § 924(e)(1) enhancement. Accordingly, we

vacate Sneed’s sentence and remand for resentencing without the § 924(e)

enhancement.11

       VACATED and REMANDED.




found in the PSI, because they are factual findings to which the defendant has assented”).
       11
        We note the government has not asked that we remand for the government to introduce
Shepard-approved material but instead has relied on Richardson.

                                               18
