                               STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                                     FILED
In re D.R.                                                                      February 7, 2020
                                                                                 EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                                 SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
No. 19-0539 (Webster County 18-JA-39)                                                OF WEST VIRGINIA




                                MEMORANDUM DECISION


       Petitioner Custodian C.M., by counsel Howard J. Blyler, appeals the Circuit Court of
Webster County’s May 1, 2019, order terminating her custodial and guardianship rights to D.R.1
The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Brandolyn
N. Felton-Ernest, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem,
Mary Elizabeth Snead, filed a response on behalf of the child, also in support of the circuit court’s
order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her custodial and
guardianship rights based solely upon her lack of financial means.

       This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

        In August of 2018, the DHHR filed a child abuse and neglect petition against petitioner,
alleging that she failed to provide a suitable home for the child.2 According to the DHHR, it
received a referral that petitioner perpetrated domestic violence against the child. The DHHR
investigated the matter and learned that petitioner and the child were staying in the home of a
registered sex offender. Petitioner and the child were taking turns sleeping on a cot and a recliner
and kept their belongings in petitioner’s car. The DHHR listened to an audio recording of the fight
between petitioner and the child and heard petitioner call the child a “worthless piece of crap” like
his father. Petitioner denied hitting the child, stating that she “tapped” him on the side of the head.

       1
         Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W.
Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).
       2
           Petitioner is the child’s grandmother.
                                                    1
The child reported that petitioner hit him on the side of the head and that it hurt, “but not too bad.”
The child also reported that he tried to avoid petitioner when she was being hateful. Petitioner
waived her preliminary hearing.

        The circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing in October of 2018. The DHHR presented
the testimony of a law enforcement officer who testified that petitioner and the child lived in the
home of a registered sex offender. The officer also testified that the home was dirty and lacked
adequate bedding. Petitioner testified that she was aware that she moved the child into a home with
a sex offender. The circuit court found that petitioner was neglectful in moving the child into a
home with a registered sex offender. The circuit court noted that petitioner knew a sex offender
lived in the home, yet moved the child into the home and attempted to justify the sex offender’s
conviction, which showed a lack of proper judgment.3 Accordingly, the circuit court adjudicated
petitioner as a “neglectful custodian.”

        In November of 2018, the circuit court granted petitioner a post-adjudicatory improvement
period. As part of the terms and conditions of the post-adjudicatory improvement period, petitioner
was ordered to submit to a psychological evaluation, submit to random drug and alcohol screens,
attend parenting classes and anger management counseling, and obtain and maintain a fit and
suitable residence. Petitioner failed to attend a status hearing held in March of 2019, but was
represented by counsel. Testimony established that petitioner had not yet located a suitable home.
A Child Protective Services (“CPS”) worker testified that petitioner had moved to her brother’s
home in Martinsburg, West Virginia. The worker also testified that petitioner could not obtain
Section 8 housing due to a violation of her rental agreement in Nebraska in which petitioner refused
to cease smoking while residing in a nonsmoking unit. Further, the CPS worker explained that she
offered to pay the first month’s rent and a deposit on an apartment for petitioner, but petitioner
refused. After hearing testimony, the circuit court scheduled the dispositional hearing.

         The circuit court held a dispositional hearing in April of 2019. Petitioner failed to attend,
but was represented by counsel. Petitioner’s counsel requested to continue the hearing because
petitioner called the circuit clerk’s office, stating that her car broke down and that she was unable
to make it to the hearing. However, the circuit court noted that petitioner called its office that
morning and claimed that she could not make it to the hearing because she did not have a car and
was unable to rent one. As such, the circuit court denied the motion to continue. The DHHR
presented the testimony of a psychologist who performed petitioner’s evaluation. The psychologist
testified that her prognosis for petitioner was “guarded.” However, after learning that petitioner
refused assistance with housing in Webster County, West Virginia, and moved to Martinsburg to
live with other relatives, and then moved again to Maryland after the evaluation, the psychologist
changed her prognosis for improved parenting to “poor.” A CPS worker testified that the DHHR
was recommending termination of petitioner’s custodial and guardianship rights due to her refusal
or inability to find stable housing. Specifically, petitioner refused assistance in paying her first
month’s rent at an apartment in both Webster County and Martinsburg. In each home where
petitioner lived during the proceedings, there were an insufficient number of bedrooms for her and


       3
        The circuit court declined to adjudicate petitioner as an abusing custodian based upon the
alleged physical confrontation.


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the child. In fact, as of the dispositional hearing, petitioner was sleeping on a family member’s
couch in Maryland. The circuit court found that petitioner refused the DHHR’s offer to assist her
with housing, had not provided a stable home for the child in years, and continued to reside in a
home unfit for the child as of the dispositional hearing. The circuit court noted that testimony
established that there were “serious risks of detrimental effects on the child due to [the] lack of
stability.” Ultimately, the circuit court terminated “any rights of [petitioner] as custodian and
grandparent” of the child, based upon findings that there was no reasonable likelihood that
petitioner could correct the conditions of abuse and neglect in the foreseeable future and that the
child’s welfare necessitated termination. It is from the May 1, 2019, dispositional order that
petitioner appeals.4

       The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

               “Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
       novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
       facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
       evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such
       child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing
       court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there
       is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left
       with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However,
       a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided
       the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the
       evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In
       Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011).

        On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court should not have terminated her custodial
and guardianship rights based solely upon her lack of financial means. According to petitioner, she
was unable to secure housing based on her income because she was unable to claim the child on
the rental application as he was not in her physical custody. Further, petitioner avers that she
successfully completed parenting classes, participated in supervised visitation, and attended anger
management classes. Petitioner also claims that she shares a strong bond with the child. As such,
petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her custodial and guardianship rights
when the only issue was her financial inability to provide suitable housing. We disagree.

       West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6) provides that circuit courts are to terminate parental,
custodial, and guardianship rights upon findings that there is “no reasonable likelihood that the
conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected in the near future” and that
termination is necessary for the children’s welfare. According to West Virginia Code § 49-4-
604(c), “[n]o reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially



       The parents’ parental rights were also terminated during the proceedings below. The
       4

permanency plan for the child is adoption by his current foster family.
                                                  3
corrected” means that “the abusing adult or adults have demonstrated an inadequate capacity to
solve the problems of abuse or neglect on their own or with help.”

        Here, the evidence establishes that petitioner demonstrated an inadequate capacity to solve
the problems of abuse or neglect on her own or with help. The allegations which led to the filing
of the petition largely surrounded petitioner’s decision to move the child into a home with a sex
offender. Following petitioner’s adjudication, the DHHR offered petitioner assistance in locating
appropriate housing in Webster County, but petitioner refused. Petitioner then moved to
Martinsburg to live with her brother, but was not permitted to stay in the home during the day.
Again, the DHHR offered petitioner assistance in paying her first month’s rent at an apartment,
but petitioner refused. Petitioner moved another time to Maryland and lived in a home unsuitable
for the child, as there were inadequate bedrooms and petitioner slept on the couch. While petitioner
contends that her only obstacle to obtaining housing was the child’s placement outside of her home,
we note that the DHHR offered assistance to petitioner several times, but she refused their aid.
Additionally, petitioner contends that even if the DHHR paid the first month’s rent, she would
have been unable to pay the ongoing rent due to her income. However, petitioner offers no
evidence as to the amount of rent she would have paid and relies only upon her self-serving
statements. Further, the evidence shows that petitioner spent $250 a month on a storage unit for
her furniture that could have gone towards rent had she accepted the DHHR’s assistance in finding
an apartment. Based on the foregoing, we are unable to conclude that the circuit court terminated
petitioner’s custodial and guardianship rights based upon her lack of financial means. Rather, it
was petitioner’s refusal to accept assistance in finding suitable housing that led to the termination
of her rights.

        To the extent petitioner argues that she completed or meaningfully participated in other
services, “[i]n making the final disposition in a child abuse and neglect proceeding, the level of a
parent’s compliance with the terms and conditions of an improvement period is just one factor to
be considered. The controlling standard that governs any dispositional decision remains the best
interests of the child.” Syl. Pt. 4, In re B.H., 233 W. Va. 57, 754 S.E.2d 743 (2014). Moreover,
“[c]ourts are not required to exhaust every speculative possibility of parental improvement . . .
where it appears that the welfare of the child will be seriously threatened.” Cecil T., 228 W. Va. at
91, 717 S.E.2d at 875, syl. pt. 4, in part (quoting syl. pt. 1, in part, In re R.J.M., 164 W. Va. 496,
266 S.E.2d 114 (1980)). The record establishes that a psychologist evaluated the child and testified
that “[c]hildren that don’t have [a structured, stable home environment] tend to display a higher
risk of mental health related issues, anxiety, things of that nature.” The psychologist opined that
the child needed a stable home and that, were petitioner to continue to have inconsistent housing,
it would create an increased risk of trauma for the child. Further, petitioner’s prognosis for
improved parenting was determined to be poor, and she failed to participate in either the last status
hearing or the dispositional hearing.

        Based upon petitioner’s refusal to accept housing assistance and the increased risk of
trauma to the child based upon petitioner’s inability to maintain consistent housing, it is clear that
there was no reasonable likelihood that petitioner could correct the conditions of abuse or neglect
in the near future and that termination was necessary for the child’s welfare. We have held that




                                                  4
               “[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the
       statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, [West Virginia
       Code § 49-4-604] may be employed without the use of intervening less restrictive
       alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood under [West
       Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)] that conditions of neglect or abuse can be
       substantially corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d
       114 (1980).

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W. Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). Accordingly, we find that
petitioner is entitled to no relief in this regard.

       For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its May
1, 2019, order is hereby affirmed.


                                                                                         Affirmed.

ISSUED: February 7, 2020


CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison




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