                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-4532-17T3

JAMES B. NUTTER AND
COMPANY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

CAROL A. STURMER, her heirs,
devisees, and personal representatives
and his/her, their, or any of their
successors in right, title and interest,

          Defendant-Appellant,

and

MR. STURMER, husband of Carol A.
Sturmer, his heirs, devisees, and personal
representatives and his/her, their, or any
of their successors in right, title and
interest, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
and LAKE FOREST YACHT CLUB, INC.,

     Defendants.
______________________________________

                    Submitted September 23, 2019 – Decided October 9, 2019

                    Before Judges Vernoia and Susswein.
           On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
           Chancery Division, Morris County, Docket No. F-
           008488-11.

           Eduardo J. Jimenez, attorney for appellant.

           Stern, Lavinthal & Frankenberg, LLC, attorneys for
           respondent (Mark S. Winter, of counsel and on the
           brief).

PER CURIAM

     In this foreclosure action, defendant Carol A. Sturmer appeals from a

March 9, 2018 order granting plaintiff James B. Nutter and Company a writ of

possession for property located in Lake Hopatcong and a May 11, 2018 order

denying her motion for reconsideration. We reverse and remand for further

proceedings.

     The facts are not disputed. In November 2011, plaintiff filed a first

amended foreclosure complaint alleging defendant executed a reverse mortgage

on the property to secure a $540,000 loan.1 The complaint further alleged the

mortgage loan was called due on July 16, 2010 for repair non-compliance.




1
  The amended complaint alleges Ameritrust Mortgage Bankers is the original
mortgagee and that an assignment of the mortgage to plaintiff was recorded on
July 23, 2009.
                                                                     A-4532-17T3
                                     2
      Defendant did not file a responsive pleading to the complaint, and on

October 2, 2014, the court entered a final judgment of foreclosure, ordered that

the property be sold, and issued a writ of execution. Plaintiff purchased the

property at a March 19, 2015 sheriff's sale. According to plaintiff, the Federal

National Mortgage Association (FNMA) obtained title to the property as "the

successful assignee of [the] bid at [the] . . . [s]heriff's sale," and recorded a

sheriff's deed with the Morris County Clerk.

      On July 11, 2016, the court entered a writ of possession in favor of the

property's owner, FNMA. Defendant subsequently obtained numerous stays of

eviction and moved to vacate the default judgment and sheriff's sale. In a

February 8, 2018 order, the court denied defendant's motion and scheduled the

eviction for March 9, 2018.

      Defendant filed an order to show cause seeking a stay of the eviction. In

her certification supporting the motion, defendant asserted that she was "the

prior owner and current resident" of the property, and that she was residing on

the property pursuant to a December 1, 2017 sublease from Kathleen Halbert.

Defendant claimed Halbert leased the property from its owner, FNMA, and

provided the court with a December 6, 2016 Special Civil Part order in a matter

entitled "[FNMA] v. Kathleen Halbert" that plaintiff confirmed Halbert's status


                                                                         A-4532-17T3
                                       3
as the property's tenant. Halbert also submitted a certification stating she resided

at the property "as a tenant pursuant to the December 9, 2016 court order."

      Defendant further represented that she did not "occupy[] the property

under any claim of ownership," Da106a, and "occup[ied] the property . . . strictly

as the resident caregiver [for,] and [subtenant]" of, Halbert, who suffers from a

myriad of serious medical issues. Defendant requested a stay of the eviction

"until . . . Halbert is no longer a tenant on the property" because she is Halbert's

full-time caregiver and a subtenant pursuant to a December 1, 2017 sublease

between her and Halbert. 2 Defendant asserted that, because she was a subtenant,

she was "subject to eviction only pursuant to landlord tenant eviction

proceedings."

      At oral argument on the order to show cause, defendant's counsel

reiterated that defendant did not claim any ownership interest in the property

that had otherwise been extinguished by the final judgment of foreclosure. In

other words, he argued defendant did not seek relief from the eviction based on

any challenge to the foreclosure proceedings or orders.         Defendant instead




2
   A copy of the six-page "SUBLEASE AGREEMENT" was annexed to
defendant's certification.
                                                                            A-4532-17T3
                                         4
requested the stay of eviction because she was Halbert's caretaker and Halbert,

who was a tenant of the property's owner FNMA, sublet the property to her.

        Plaintiff's counsel argued the eviction pertained to defendant only, and

there was no request to evict the tenant, Halbert. Plaintiff's counsel asserted

defendant's eviction was appropriate because plaintiff purchased the property at

the March 19, 2015 sheriff's sale following the foreclosure of defendant's

ownership interest, and plaintiff sought possession of the property since that

time.

        Following argument, the court did not address the parties' contentions or

make any findings of fact or conclusions of law. Instead, the court stated only

that it was "satisfied that the . . . subtenant has no basis in law or fact or even

equity to remain in the premises." The court then entered a March 9, 2018 order

directing defendant's eviction for April 1, 2018.

        Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing the court employed

"irrational and incorrect reasoning when [it] ordered" defendant's eviction while,

at the same time, recognizing Halbert's entitlement to remain on the property as

a tenant. Defendant again represented that she was "not occupying the property

under any claim of ownership," and that she sought to remain on the property

solely as Halbert's caretaker and subtenant. The court denied the reconsideration


                                                                           A-4532-17T3
                                        5
motion, finding defendant failed to show the March 9, 2018 order was "arbitrary,

capricious or unreasonable" or that the court overlooked "a controlling

decision." The court entered a May 11, 2018 order denying the reconsideration

motion.

      Defendant filed a notice of appeal from the May 11 order and a motion

for a stay of eviction pending appeal. In a June 11, 2018 order, we granted a

stay of eviction pending appeal "so long as . . . Halbert continues to pay FNMA

the . . . monthly rent" required by the December 9, 2016 order in the landlord-

tenant action. We noted "[t]here is no lease prohibiting a [subtenancy], nor any

legal argument presented that disallows Halbert from allowing [defendant] to

reside with her." We also directed that the parties' merits briefs address the issue

of "whether Halbert is a necessary party to this appeal."

      Following the filing of defendant's merits brief, the Appellate Division

case manager inquired of defendant's counsel whether defendant's appeal was

limited to the May 11, 2018 order denying the reconsideration motion.

Defendant advised that she intended to also appeal from the March 9, 2018 order

denying her request for a stay of eviction. Defendant subsequently moved for

leave to file, as within time, an amended notice of appeal that included the March

9, 2018 order. We granted defendant's motion to file the amended notice of


                                                                            A-4532-17T3
                                         6
appeal as within time and stated in our order that "[p]laintiff's arguments

concerning the substance of the amended appeal and the applicable standards of

review may be considered by the merits panel in due course."

      Defendant presents the following arguments for our consideration:

            [POINT I]

            The trial court's denial of defendant['s] March 29, 2018
            motion to reconsider . . . the March 9, 2018 eviction
            constitutes plain error as a matter of law because the
            court overlooked the New Jersey Law Against
            Discrimination, N.J.S.A. 10:5-1 et seq., prohibiting
            discrimination against a disabled tenant and against her
            defendant caregiver, and requiring plaintiff landlord to
            accommodate the tenant's disability by permitting the
            tenant's full-time caregiver to reside on the property
            pursuant to . . . defendant['s] sublease.

            [POINT II]

            The trial court erred when the court denied defendant's
            motion for reconsideration because the court
            overlooked and failed to address . . . defendant's
            specific basis for the motion to reconsider, i.e. that the
            court's decision was palpably incorrect, irrational and
            unreasonable when the tenant who is severely disabled
            lawfully remained on the property but her medically
            required full-time defendant caregiver was evicted.

            [POINT III]

            The trial court erred when the court evicted the
            defendant and then denied defendant's motion for
            reconsideration because the court's eviction of the
            defendant caregiver overlooked and contravened New

                                                                         A-4532-17T3
                                        7
Jersey policy specifically encouraging and protecting
full-time resident caregivers for the elderly and
disabled under N.J.S.A. 26:2H-5.24, N.J.S.A. 30:4F-7,
. . . N.J.A.C. Executive Order No. 100 (2004), and New
Jersey policy prohibiting the abandonment of an elderly
and disabled person under N.J.S.A. 2C:24-8,
Endangering Welfare of Elderly or Disabled, a crime of
the third degree.

[POINT IV]

The trial court erred when the court denied defendant's
motion for reconsideration because the trial court never
addressed applicable landlord-tenant law concerning
the validity of defendant's sublease in either the March
9, 2018 and May 11, 2018 decisions.

[POINT V]

The trial court erred when the court denied defendant's
motion for reconsideration and denied the March 9,
2018 stay of eviction because . . . defendant met the
standard for emergent relief under Crowe v. [De Gioia]
when the eviction of her full-time caregiver placed the
tenant at a substantial risk of serious injury and death,
which factors the court failed to address in both the
March 9, 2018 and May 11, 2018 decisions, and
when . . . [defendant] and tenant suffer irreparable
harm when . . . defendant's eviction deprives the tenant
remaining on the property of medically required care
and places the tenant and defendant's friend and
companion of thirty-five (35) years at risk of serious
injury and death, and . . . plaintiff does not suffer a
hardship because . . . defendant's eviction does not
result in . . . plaintiff's possession of the property
regardless due to the existing protected tenancy, and
because [defendant] is likely to prevail on the merits of
the appeal when the trial court failed to address

                                                            A-4532-17T3
                           8
            [defendant's]   specific   basis   for   the   motion   to
            reconsider.

            [POINT VI]

            The tenant Kathleen Halbert may be joined as a party at
            the Appellate Court's discretion but is not required to
            be so joined because complete relief can be accorded
            among those already parties in the tenant's absence, the
            tenant's absence will not impair or impede the tenant's
            ability to retain her defendant caregiver, and the
            tenant's interest is already adequately represented by
            existing parties.

      We first address and reject plaintiff's argument that we should not

consider an appeal from the March 9, 2018 order denying defendant's request

for a stay of eviction because the order was first included in the amended notice

of appeal that was filed beyond Rule 2:4-1(a)'s forty-five day deadline for the

filing of an appeal. The argument is devoid of merit because, as noted, we

granted defendant's motion for leave to file the amended notice of appeal as

within time, plaintiff never moved for reconsideration of that decision, and

plaintiff offers no basis to revisit the issue at present. Our order granting

defendant's motion for leave to file the amended notice of appeal as within time

permits the consideration of "[p]laintiff's arguments concerning the substance

of the amended appeal and the applicable standards of review" by the merits

panel, but does not allow either a rehashing or reconsideration of the timeliness


                                                                         A-4532-17T3
                                        9
of defendant's appeal from the March 9, 2018 order. We therefore consider

defendant's challenge to the court's March 9, 2018 and May 11, 2018 orders.

      The court's March 9, 2018 order denied defendant's motion, made in her

order to show cause, for a stay of the eviction order in this foreclosure

proceeding.   In addressing defendant's motion, the court was required to

consider: (1) whether the stay was "necessary to prevent irreparable harm"; (2)

whether the "legal right underlying [the] claim is unsettled"; (3) whether

defendant made a "preliminary showing of a reasonable probability of ultimate

success on the merits"; and (4) "the relative hardship to the parties in granting

or denying relief." Crowe v. De Gioia, 90 N.J. 126, 132-34 (1982). As the

moving party, defendant had the burden to establish each of the Crowe factors

by clear and convincing evidence. Brown v. City of Paterson, 424 N.J. Super.

176, 183 (App. Div. 2012). However, "'a court may take a less rigid view' of

the Crowe factors and the general rule that all factors favor injunctive relief

'when the interlocutory injunction is merely designed to preserve the status

quo.'" Waste Mgmt. of N.J., Inc. v. Morris Cty. Mun. Utils. Auth., 433 N.J.

Super. 445, 453 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Waste Mgmt. of N.J., Inc. v. Union

Cty. Utils. Auth., 399 N.J. Super. 508, 520 (App. Div. 2008)).




                                                                         A-4532-17T3
                                      10
      We review a trial court's decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction

for an abuse of discretion. 3 See id. at 451 (explaining the issue presented on an

appeal from an order denying an interlocutory injunction was "whether the trial

judge mistakenly exercised his discretion in denying" the requested relief); see

also Rinaldo v. RLR Inv., LLC, 387 N.J. Super. 387, 395 (App. Div. 2006) ("An

appellate court applies an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing a trial court's

decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction.").          A court abuses its

discretion "when a decision is 'made without a rational explanation, inexplicably

departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis.'" Pitney

Bowes Bank, Inc. v. ABC Caging Fulfillment, 440 N.J. Super. 378, 382 (App.

Div. 2015) (quoting Flagg v. Essex Cty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002)).

      Here, the court did not address any of the Crowe factors and did not make

any of the findings of fact and conclusions of law required under Rule 1:7-4.

See State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 470 (1999) (explaining Rule 1:7-4(a)

requires "a trial court sitting without a jury to 'state clearly its factual findings


3
   We deem defendant's order to show cause requesting the stay of an eviction
as a request for a preliminary injunction because "[t]he process adopted in our
court rules for seeking injunctive relief applications . . . does not allow for the
entry of an order to show cause for the entry of a permanent injunction." Waste
Mgmt. v. Union Cty., 399 N.J. Super. at 516 (citing R. 4:52-1 and 2). Our rules
allow "only the entry of an order requiring a party to show cause why a
temporary restraint or an interlocutory injunction should not issue." Ibid.
                                                                             A-4532-17T3
                                        11
and correlate them with the relevant legal conclusions'" (quoting Curtis v.

Finneran, 83 N.J. 563, 570 (1980))). A trial court's "[f]ailure to perform that

duty 'constitutes a disservice to the litigants, the attorneys and the app ellate

court.'"   Curtis, 83 N.J. at 569-70 (quoting Kenwood Assocs. v. Bd. of

Adjustment, 141 N.J. Super. 1, 4 (App. Div. 1976)). This is particularly true

where, as here, we are required to determine whether the court abused its

discretion.

      The court's failure to make the necessary findings and conclusions of law

renders its determination denying the stay a decision lacking any "rational

explanation." Pitney Bowes, 440 N.J. Super. at 382 (quoting Flagg, 171 N.J. at

571). Indeed, the court simply provided no explanation supporting its denial of

the requested stay. Moreover, the lack of any findings and explanation for its

denial of the stay based on the evidence and the Crowe standard makes it

impossible to determine if the court's decision "inexplicably departed from

established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis." Ibid. (quoting Flagg,

171 N.J. at 571).

      It also appears the court either did not consider, or disregarded without

reason, substantial evidence showing defendant had a settled right to remain on

the property and a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits of plaintiff's


                                                                         A-4532-17T3
                                      12
claimed right to evict her. See Crowe, 90 N.J. at 132-34. For example, and not

by way of limitation, the evidence showed: (1) the writ of possession was issued

to FNMA and not plaintiff, and FNMA never sought plaintiff's eviction; (2)

plaintiff did not have an ownership interest in the property because it had been

deeded to FNMA following the sheriff's sale; and (3) FNMA, as the owner of

the property, leased it to Halbert, and she allowed defendant to reside with her

on the property as a subtenant, guest, or caretaker. The court did not address

plaintiff's putative standing and legal authority to seek defendant's eviction from

property in which it no longer had an ownership interest or determine

defendant's claim she could lawfully remain on the property as Halbert's guest,

caretaker, or subtenant because Halbert had a tenancy on the property granted

by its owner, FNMA.4 The court also ignored defendant's assertion she was

entitled to remain on the property with Halbert's permission as long as FNMA

leased the property to Halbert, and that any action to evict Halbert must be

brought by FNMA in a landlord-tenant proceeding.




4
    The court also failed to acknowledge or consider defendant's repeated
concession that she no longer either had or claimed any interest in the property
as its owner and mortgagor, and her acknowledgement that her ownership
interest in the property terminated with the entry of the final judgment of
foreclosure and transfer of title to FNMA.
                                                                           A-4532-17T3
                                       13
      Resolution of these issues, and all others raised in defendant's submissions

to the court, was required to properly determine if defendant satisfied her burden

under the Crowe standard.       In its summary and unexplained rejection of

defendant's request to stay the eviction, the court addressed none.

      Lacking any findings or legal conclusions by the court permitting

appropriate appellate review, we are constrained to reverse the court's March 9,

2018 order denying defendant's motion to stay the eviction. We remand for the

court to consider the evidence, determine if there are any fact issues that require

a plenary hearing, and decide the case based on the law and facts as the court

finds them to be. See, e.g., Estate of Doerfler v. Fed. Ins. Co., 454 N.J. Super.

298, 301 (App. Div. 2018). On remand, plaintiff and defendant shall be entitled

to submit additional evidence and make any and all arguments supporting their

respective claims, defenses, and positions. 5 A different judge shall hear the

matter on remand because the court's summary rejection of defendant's stay

request suggests it may have made credibility determinations on the evidence

presented. See R.L. v. Voytac, 199 N.J. 285, 306 (2009). The remand court




5
  The court and the parties shall also address whether Halbert and FNMA are
necessary or indispensable parties to the remand proceeding. See R. 4:28-1; R.
4:29-1; and R. 4:64-1.
                                                                           A-4532-17T3
                                       14
shall make findings and conclusions of law supporting its determination as

required under R. 1:7-4.

      Because we reverse and remand for the court to determine defendant's

entitlement to a stay of the eviction requested by plaintiff based on the court's

failure to make the required findings of fact and conclusions of law, we do not

address or decide the merits of the parties' arguments regarding defendant's

claimed entitlement to the stay. Nothing in this opinion shall be construed to

the contrary.

      Our reversal of the court's March 9, 2018 order renders moot defendant's

appeal of the May 11, 2018 order denying her reconsideration motion. We

continue our stay of defendant's eviction pending the court's entry of a final

order following the remand proceeding, conditioned on Halbert's payment of the

$1000 monthly rent to FNMA required in the December 9, 2016 order in the

landlord-tenant proceeding and Halbert's compliance with any other orders

affecting her right to continue to reside on the property as FNMA's tenant

entered by the court in any landlord-tenant proceeding between FNMA and

Halbert.

      Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.


                                                                         A-4532-17T3
                                      15
