                This opinion is subject to revision before final
                       publication in the Pacific Reporter
                                2020 UT 28


                                   IN THE

       SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF UTAH

                   COUGAR CANYON LOAN, LLC,
                           Appellee,
                                      v.
  THE CYPRESS FUND, LLC; CYPRESS MANAGEMENT, LLC; OLYMPUS
   CAPITAL ALLIANCE, LLC; CYPRESS CAPITAL III, LLC; ROBERT N.
                BAXTER; and BLAIR M. WALKER,
                          Appellants.

                             No. 20180502
                         Heard March 9, 2020
                          Filed May 18, 2020


                           On Direct Appeal

                     Third District, Salt Lake
                  The Honorable Robert P. Faust
                         No. 130907106

                                Attorneys:
    Jefferson W. Gross, S. Ian Hiatt, Salt Lake City, for appellee
   Troy L. Booher, Dick J. Baldwin, Salt Lake City, for appellants


   CHIEF JUSTICE DURRANT authored the opinion of the Court, in
   which ASSOCIATE CHIEF JUSTICE LEE, JUSTICE PETERSEN, JUDGE
        CHRISTIANSEN FORSTER, and JUDGE HAGEN joined.
 Having recused themselves, JUSTICES HIMONAS and PEARCE do not
    participate herein; COURT OF APPEALS JUDGES MICHELE M.
          CHRISTIANSEN FORSTER and DIANA HAGEN sat.


   CHIEF JUSTICE DURRANT, opinion of the Court:
                              Introduction
   ¶1 Cypress Fund, LLC asks us to declare, as a matter of public
policy, that Cougar Canyon Loan, LLC cannot foreclose on Cypress’s
                  COUGAR CANYON v. CYPRESS FUND
                        Opinion of the Court

cause of action for legal malpractice. In a separate case, Cougar
Canyon obtained a $4 million judgment against Cypress. Believing
this judgment resulted from its former legal counsel’s malpractice,
Cypress filed a malpractice suit against that counsel. But Cougar
Canyon—in its effort to collect on its $4 million judgment against
Cypress—foreclosed on Cypress’s right to bring the malpractice
claim. On appeal, Cypress argues that public policy requires us to
undo this foreclosure. Because the policy concerns raised by Cypress
are insufficient to override the plain language of rules 64 and 64E of
the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure (the rules governing the foreclosure
of legal claims through a writ of execution), we decline to do so.1
                             Background
    ¶2 In an underlying lawsuit, Cougar Canyon obtained a $4
million judgment against Cypress. After losing its appeal, Cypress
(and other related parties)2 sued Jones, Waldo, Holbrook &
McDonough, P.C., the law firm that represented it in the underlying
lawsuit, for malpractice. At some point after filing this lawsuit, each
Cypress party assigned a 99 percent interest in its malpractice claims
to JWHM Claims, an entity of which each Cypress party is a member.
    ¶3 While Cypress appealed the judgment in the underlying suit
and initiated its malpractice claim against Jones Waldo, Cougar
Canyon attempted to collect on its $4 million judgment against
Cypress. As part of its collection efforts, Cypress has foreclosed on
homes and asserted alter ego claims in a separate proceeding. Cougar
Canyon alleges it has managed to collect “only a fraction of its
judgment” through these collection efforts. After attempting to collect
from Cypress’s assets for more than a year, Cougar Canyon applied
for writs of execution on Cypress’s legal malpractice action against
Jones Waldo.



__________________________________________________________

   1Cypress also asks us to determine whether a denial of a motion
to quash is a final, appealable order. Because it is unnecessary to
answer this question to resolve the merits of this case, and because it
would be unwise to do so without the benefit of adversarial briefing,
we decline to answer this question.
   2The other Cypress parties include Cypress Management, LLC;
Olympus Capital Alliance, LLC; Cypress Capital III, LLC; Robert N.
Baxter; and Blair M. Walker. Except where it is otherwise appropriate,
we refer to the Cypress parties collectively as Cypress.

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                          Opinion of the Court

    ¶4 Cypress opposed Cougar Canyon’s writs of execution by
filing a motion to quash. In its motion, Cypress argued that the writs
of execution should be cancelled because the malpractice claims had
been assigned to another party and because public policy dictated that
the claims be exempt from involuntary execution.
    ¶5 After holding a hearing on the writs of execution, the district
court determined that our decision in Snow, Nuffer, Engstrom & Drake
v. Tanasse3 subjected legal malpractice causes of action to execution.
Accordingly, the district court held that Cougar Canyon was not
prohibited from executing on and purchasing Cypress’s legal
malpractice claim against Jones Waldo. Because each Cypress party
had transferred a 99 percent interest in their malpractice claim to
JWHM Claims, Cougar Canyon was able to execute only on each
party’s remaining 1 percent interest.
    ¶6 Following the district court’s order denying Cypress’s
motion to quash the writs of execution, Cypress filed a notice of
appeal. Shortly thereafter, and fearing that the denial of its motion to
quash did not constitute a final appealable order, Cypress petitioned
for interlocutory appeal. We consolidated both appeals into this case.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to Utah Code section 78A-3-102(3).
                          Standard of Review
   ¶7 We must decide whether, under Utah law, a party who
obtained a judgment allegedly because of opposing counsel’s
malpractice should be permitted to foreclose on the opposing party’s
resulting legal malpractice claim. This is a question of law, which we
review for correctness.4
                                   Analysis
   ¶8 Cypress argues that, as a matter of public policy, we should
prohibit a “party who benefits from opposing counsel’s malpractice”
from executing “on the resulting legal malpractice action.” Because
none of the policy concerns raised by Cypress justifies a departure
from the plain language of rules 64 and 64E of the Utah Rules of Civil
Procedure—the procedural rules governing writs of execution—we
decline to do so.



__________________________________________________________
   3   1999 UT 49, 980 P.2d 208.
   4 Snow, Nuffer, Engstrom & Drake v. Tanasse, 1999 UT 49, ¶ 7, 980
P.2d 208.

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                           Opinion of the Court

    ¶9 Cypress also asks us to determine whether a denial of a
motion to quash is a final, appealable order. Because it is unnecessary
to answer this question to resolve the merits of this case, and because
it would be unwise to do so without the benefit of adversarial briefing,
we decline to do so.
       I. The Malpractice Claim is Subject to Execution in This Case
    ¶10 According to Cypress, we should prohibit, as a matter of
public policy, a “party who benefits from opposing counsel’s
malpractice” from “foreclos[ing] on the resulting legal malpractice
action.” In Cypress’s view, three public policies support this
categorical prohibition: (1) a policy against allowing “a double
windfall recovery,” (2) a policy in favor of ascertaining an appropriate
value of clients’ malpractice claims against their former lawyers, and
(3) a policy in favor of providing clients a fair trial on the merits of
their malpractice claims. We reject Cypress’s argument in this case
because, under rules 64 and 64E of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure,
legal malpractice claims may be “acquired by a creditor through
attachment and execution,”5 and none of the policies identified by
Cypress justifies a departure from these rules in this case.
    ¶11 Rule 64E of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure governs writs
of execution. Under that rule, a party may use a writ of execution “to
seize property in the possession or under the control of the defendant
following entry of a final judgment . . . requiring . . . the payment of
money.” And rule 64 defines the property subject to execution to
include “real and personal property, tangible and intangible property,
the right to property whether due or to become due, and an obligation
of a third person to perform for the defendant.”6 We have interpreted
this language to include legal malpractice claims. 7


__________________________________________________________
   5 Snow, Nuffer, Engstrom & Drake v. Tanasse, 1999 UT 49, ¶ 9, 980
P.2d 208.
   6   UTAH R. CIV. P. 64(a)(9).
   7Tanasse, 1999 UT 49, ¶ 9; see Bagford v. Ephraim City, 904 P.2d 1095,
1098 (Utah 1995) (“[I]ntangible property, such as choses in action,
patent rights, franchises, charters or any other form of contract, are
within the scope of [eminent domain] . . . as fully as land or other
tangible property.” (second and third alterations in original) (citation
omitted)). Although the procedural rules have been amended since
we issued our decision in Tanasse, “choses in action remain ‘amenable
                                                            (Continued)
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                            Opinion of the Court

    ¶12 Because the property subject to execution under our rules of
procedure includes all causes of action, the legal malpractice claim in
this case is subject to execution. And the policy concerns identified by
Cypress provide insufficient justification to ignore or amend those
rules in this case.
   ¶13 Although Utah’s constitution confers on this court primary
authority over the adoption of “rules of procedure and evidence”
(subject to amendment by the legislature only “upon a vote of
two-thirds of all members of both houses”),8 we have explained that
“an appeal to this court is not the appropriate means to amend a court
rule.”9 Rather, when interpreting a rule of procedure on appeal, “it is
[our] duty and practice . . . to adhere to the plain language of a rule.”10
In other words, “[w]hen interpreting procedural rules, we use our
general rules of statutory construction.” 11
   ¶14 And under our general rules of statutory construction, public
policy considerations are rarely12 sufficient to override the plain
language of the governing text.13 Instead, a court should consider
__________________________________________________________
to execution’ under the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure.” Lamoreaux v.
Black Diamond Holdings, LLC, 2013 UT App 32, ¶¶ 13, 15–16, 296 P.3d
780 (citation omitted).
   8   UTAH CONST. art. VIII, § 4.
   9   St. Jeor v. Kerr Corp., 2015 UT 49, ¶ 13 n.5, 353 P.3d 137.
   10   Id. ¶ 12.
   11   Clark v. Archer, 2010 UT 57, ¶ 9, 242 P.3d 758.
   12 We qualify this statement with the inclusion of the word “rarely”
in light of our decision in Tanasse. In that case, we overrode the
requirements of a procedural rule only because doing so was
necessary to fulfill our constitutionally-imposed responsibility to
regulate the activities of lawyers. See infra ¶ 19.
   13 St. Jeor, 2015 UT 49, ¶ 13 (“And while Kerr may disagree with
the rule’s underlying policies, asking this court to rewrite the rule on
the fly is not the appropriate means to advocate for a policy shift.
‘Litigants ought to be able to rely on our constructions of our rules and
statutes, particularly on matters as critical as the timing standards for
filing deadlines.’ It would be fundamentally unfair for this court to
alter course post hoc and foreclose Ms. St. Jeor’s suit simply because
Kerr disagrees with the outcome of the rule. We therefore decline
Kerr’s request to ‘look to the spirit of the rules’ rather than the text
                                                             (Continued)
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                     COUGAR CANYON v. CYPRESS FUND
                            Opinion of the Court

public policy only where it is clarifying the meaning of an ambiguous
statute or rule or where it is shaping “a subject lodged firmly within
the court’s sphere, like the common law.”14
    ¶15 So even where an appellant presents compelling reasons “for
a policy shift” that is not currently supported by the plain language of
our rules of procedure, we do not “rewrite the rule on the fly.”15
Rather, we refer the issue to the appropriate rules committee for
additional study, and, if appropriate, we amend the language of the
relevant rule through our normal rule-making process.16 Accordingly,
we conclude that Cypress’s policy arguments do not warrant setting
aside Cougar Canyon’s execution of Cypress’s malpractice claim.
   ¶16 Although Cypress raises three policy concerns that may
warrant further consideration by our rules committee, Cypress makes
no attempt to argue that its position is supported by the language of
our rules of civil procedure. Instead, Cypress cites our opinion in
Tanasse to argue that we should enact a new exception to the general
rule that “a legal malpractice claim, like any other chose in action, may
ordinarily be acquired by a creditor through attachment and
execution.”17 But our decision in Tanasse does not justify a departure
from the plain language of rules 64 and 64E.

__________________________________________________________
itself, and we will not read additional limitations into rule 4(b) that
the language cannot bear.” (footnotes omitted) (citation omitted)).
   14  Yazd v. Woodside Homes Corp., 2006 UT 47, ¶ 20, 143 P.3d 283
(“Typically, courts cede authority over matters of policy to the
political branches of government.”); see also Fordham v. Oldroyd, 2007
UT 74, ¶ 5, 171 P.3d 411 (explaining that a “court’s pronouncements
of public policy are vulnerable to the legislature’s revision or outright
rejection”).
   15   St. Jeor, 2015 UT 49, ¶ 13.
   16 Id. (“It would be fundamentally unfair for this court to alter
course post hoc and foreclose [a party’s] suit simply because [the other
party] disagrees with the outcome of the rule.”).
   17 1999 UT 49, ¶ 9. Cypress also supports its argument by pointing
to cases in other jurisdictions in which courts have prohibited the
assignment of legal malpractice claims. Although the cases Cypress
cites represent a majority approach, we explicitly rejected that
approach in Eagle Mountain City v. Parsons Kinghorn & Harris, P.C.,
2017 UT 31, ¶ 18, 408 P.3d 322 (“We reject this invitation to make such
                                                            (Continued)
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                           Opinion of the Court

   ¶17 In Tanasse, we prohibited lawyers from purchasing legal
malpractice claims against themselves.18 Our authority to create such
a prohibition stemmed from our “plenary authority to govern the
practice of law.”19 “This authority includes the power to determine
what constitutes the practice of law and to promulgate rules to control
and regulate that practice.”20 In contrast to our general rule-making
authority, which is partly shared with the legislature, our authority to
govern the practice of law by those who are licensed in Utah is
exclusive21 and absolute.22
    ¶18 It was under the aegis of this exclusive and absolute authority
to regulate a lawyer’s practice of law that we considered the policy


__________________________________________________________
a categorical prohibition.”). Although the issue in Eagle Mountain was
whether legal malpractice claims could be voluntarily assigned, we
noted that we had “already recognized that the involuntary
assignment of these claims . . . [did] not violate public policy.” Id. ¶ 16.
Instead, we follow the minority approach that determines the
assignability of legal malpractice claims by interpreting the plain
language of a relevant rule or statute. See, e.g., Bergen v. F/V St. Patrick,
686 F. Supp. 786, 787 (D. Alaska 1988) (explaining that a claim was
assignable based on the statutory definition of “personal property,”
which includes “things in action”); Villanueva v. First Am. Title Ins. Co.,
740 S.E.2d 108, 110 (Ga. 2013) (“The legislative enactment of a statute
is a conclusive expression of public policy, and the Georgia
legislature, by its enactment of OCGA §§ 44–12–22 and 44–12–24, has
deemed the assignment of a chose in action arising out of contract or
involving a right of property to be within the public policy of Georgia,
prohibiting only the assignment of a right of action for personal torts
or for injuries arising from fraud.” (citation omitted)).
   18   See Tanasse, 1999 UT 49, ¶ 19.
   19 Rose v. Office of Prof’l Conduct, 2017 UT 50, ¶ 60, 424 P.3d 134
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Barnard v. Utah State Bar,
804 P.2d 526, 528 (Utah 1991) (describing the authority over the
practice of law as an “inherent power of the judiciary from the
beginning”).
   20 Utah State Bar v. Summerhayes & Hayden, Public Adjusters, 905 P.2d
867, 870 (Utah 1995).
   21   Id.
   22   Rose, 2017 UT 50, ¶ 69.

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                    COUGAR CANYON v. CYPRESS FUND
                            Opinion of the Court

concerns presented in Tanasse.23 As part of that decision, we explained
that a lawyer’s “actions—in forcing an execution sale of [a former
client]’s assets to satisfy a default judgment, purchasing [the former
client]’s pending legal malpractice claim against [the lawyer], and
extinguishing that claim through a motion to dismiss—violate[d]
public policy.”24 And because allowing a lawyer to violate public
policy in this way would damage “both the legal profession and the
legal process as a whole,” we exercised our absolute authority over
the practice of law to prohibit lawyers from so acting.25 So our Tanasse
decision demonstrates that we may use our authority to govern the
practice of law to regulate the activities of lawyers—because it is “a
subject lodged firmly within the court’s sphere”26—even where doing
so would conflict with a generally applicable rule of civil procedure.
    ¶19 But the reasoning underlying our decision in Tanasse does not
justify the creation of an exception to our rules of civil procedure in
this case. In contrast to our decision in Tanasse—which relied on our
constitutional authority to govern the practice of law—here we would
not be restricting the activities of a lawyer, but of Cougar Canyon, a
non-lawyer business entity.
   ¶20 Unlike the lawyers whose activity we regulated in Tanasse,
Cougar Canyon did not swear an oath to serve as “an officer of the
courts of this State” or to be subject to the “ultimate authority”27 over
the legal profession that is vested in the courts. Instead, Cougar
Canyon is subject only to the rules of civil procedure—the rules upon
which Cougar Canyon relied when it made the decision to foreclose
upon Cypress’s malpractice claim. So, contrary to Cypress’s
argument, our reasoning in Tanasse does not provide the justification
needed to set aside Cougar Canyon’s execution on Cypress’s
malpractice claim.
   ¶21 In sum, under rules 64 and 64E of the Utah Rules of Civil
Procedure, a party may execute on a legal malpractice claim.
Although Cypress raises a number of policy concerns that are
implicated by this rule as it is applied here, we conclude the
appropriate avenue for addressing those concerns would be through
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   23   1999 UT 49, ¶ 12.
   24   Id.
   25   Id. ¶ 16.
   26   Yazd, 2006 UT 47, ¶ 20.
   27   UTAH R. CIV. P. Preamble: A Lawyer’s Responsibilities.

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                         Opinion of the Court

our normal rule-making process. For this reason, we decline to depart
from the clear language of our rules in this case. Accordingly, we
affirm.
 II. We Decline to Decide the Jurisdictional Issue Raised by Cypress
   ¶22 Additionally, Cypress invites us to determine whether the
denial of a motion to quash constitutes a final, appealable order.
Cypress argues that a denial of a motion to quash qualifies as a final
order because, once a motion to quash is denied, “the court has finally
disposed of the subject matter of the controversy.” But we decline to
reach this issue because it is unnecessary to our decision and we do
not have the benefit of adversarial briefing.
    ¶23 Usually we are not free to avoid answering questions
regarding our jurisdiction. But, as both parties concede, we have
jurisdiction to hear this appeal regardless of how we answer Cypress’s
jurisdictional question. This is because even were we to determine
that the denial of Cypress’s motion to quash did not constitute a final,
appealable order, we would nevertheless have jurisdiction because
Cypress also petitioned for interlocutory review. So it is unnecessary
to determine whether the denial of Cypress’s motion to quash was
sufficient to trigger appellate jurisdiction.
    ¶24 And without the benefit of adversarial briefing it would be
unwise to answer that question. This is because it is unclear how our
final judgment rule, and case law explaining that rule, would apply in
the post-judgment setting.
   ¶25 A primary policy underlying our final judgment rule is a
desire to avoid piecemeal appeals in a single case. Accordingly,
through our rules of procedure and case law we have created a
number of standards for determining when a piecemeal appeal would
be unlikely. For example, rule 54(b) of the Utah Rules of Civil
Procedure allows district courts to certify certain orders as final,
appealable orders where they are unlikely to be affected by the
resolution of other pending claims in the case. And rule 58A of the
Utah Rules of Civil Procedure requires district courts to clearly
identify final judgments in “a separate document ordinarily titled
‘Judgment’—or, as appropriate, ‘Decree.’” These rules help to clearly
signal to appellate courts whether a particular case is likely to be
resolved in a single appeal rather than in piecemeal fashion. But no
such mechanisms exist for orders issued post-judgment.
   ¶26 After judgment has been entered, the district court retains
ongoing, limited jurisdiction to facilitate the collection of the
judgment. Although it is possible that the parties will never file any

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                  COUGAR CANYON v. CYPRESS FUND
                         Opinion of the Court

motions or pleadings requiring court action during the post-judgment
stage, it is also possible that the parties could continue litigating as
fiercely as they had pre-judgment. In this latter scenario, a court may
be asked to decide dozens of motions—either all at once or one at a
time. This creates a strong possibility of piecemeal appeals.
    ¶27 In fact, this case provides a good example of how piecemeal
appeals could arise post-judgment. This appeal stems from the district
court’s June 14, 2018 order denying Cypress’s motion to quash a writ
of execution. Since the court entered that order, the parties have filed
a number of motions and statements of discovery issues. Any of these
filings could potentially lead to another appeal. So this case illustrates
the potential for piecemeal appeals in the post-judgment setting were
we to hold that any order denying a motion to quash constituted a
final, appealable order. For this reason, a more specific rule for
post-judgment orders may be necessary to further the policies
underlying our final judgment rule in the post-judgment context.
   ¶28 Accordingly, we decline to answer the jurisdictional question
posed by Cypress. Instead, we will wait to resolve the issue until it is
necessary to resolving the merits of a case and we have the benefit of
adversarial briefing.
                              Conclusion
    ¶29 Because the plain language of our rules of civil procedure
allowed Cougar Canyon to execute on Cypress’s legal malpractice
claim, and because any change to those rules should be sought
through our normal rule-making process, we affirm the district
court’s denial of Cypress’s motion to quash the writ of execution.




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