                          This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A14-1502

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                         Yia Her,
                                        Appellant.

                                Filed September 8, 2015
                                       Affirmed
                                    Schellhas, Judge

                              Ramsey County District Court
                                File No. 62-CR-13-4088

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Thomas R. Ragatz, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Melissa Sheridan, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Schellhas, Judge; and Larkin,

Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SCHELLHAS, Judge

         Appellant challenges his convictions of second-degree intentional murder and

attempted second-degree intentional murder, arguing that the record contains insufficient
evidence to support his convictions. Appellant also argues that he is entitled to a new trial

on the basis that the jury instructions were erroneous. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       St. Paul police officers arrived at Malina’s Sports Bar in the early morning hours

of June 9, 2013, in response to a call about a shooting. The first officer to arrive spoke

with S.V., who reported that he had been shot. The officer then found another man, V.M.,

lying on the floor near the entryway of the bar. V.M., who was the bar owner, had

sustained a gunshot wound to his head. A woman, M.M., was attending to V.M. and

holding three spent shell casings. The officer observed that a third man, B.T., also had

been shot. V.M. died from his injuries shortly after admission to a hospital; S.V. and B.T.

survived.

       Police determined that appellant Yia Her was the registered owner of a car parked

near the front of the bar. Eyewitnesses informed police that Her had “started the trouble”

at the bar, and the bar’s records reflected charges to Her’s credit card. Officers arrested

Her and recovered a white shirt with apparent blood on it. During a recorded police

interview, Her said that he had argued with the bar owner over $20 he paid to play pool

without receiving pool-table time. Her then called his brother-in-law, Cheng Vang, and

asked him to bring a gun to the bar to scare V.M. into returning the $20. After Vang

arrived, Her fought with V.M. and others in the bar, heard multiple gunshots, and saw

V.M. fall down. Her said that, at that time, he did not know that Vang had brought a gun

to the bar or who fired the gunshots. Her left the bar in Vang’s car because he could not




                                             2
get into his own car. Officers located and arrested Vang and recovered the car that they

believed Vang had driven away from the bar.1

       Respondent State of Minnesota charged Her as an accomplice with one count of

second-degree intentional murder and two counts of attempted second-degree intentional

murder, citing Minn. Stat. § 609.05, subd. 1 (2012), in all three counts. At Her’s jury

trial, the state presented testimony from eyewitnesses, police officers, Minnesota Bureau

of Criminal Apprehension agents, a physician, and a medical examiner. The state offered

as evidence a transcript and video recording of Her’s police interview and video

surveillance footage of the bar fight and shooting.

       The district court instructed the jury on accomplice liability under Minn. Stat.

§ 609.05, subds. 1, 2 (2012), and on the lesser-included offense of felony murder based

on felony assault and felony terroristic threats. The jury returned guilty verdicts on all

three counts involving second-degree intentional murder. The court sentenced Her to 367

months’ imprisonment for his conviction of second-degree intentional murder and to 193

months’ concurrent imprisonment and 173 months’ concurrent imprisonment for his two

convictions of attempted second-degree intentional murder.

       This appeal follows.




1
  Vang pleaded guilty to one count of second-degree intentional murder and two counts
of attempted second-degree intentional murder.

                                             3
                                    DECISION

Sufficiency of the evidence

      Her argues that the record contains insufficient evidence to prove that he intended

to aid and abet Vang’s crimes or reasonably foresaw that Vang would commit second-

degree intentional murder and attempted second-degree intentional murder. “When the

sufficiency of evidence is challenged, [appellate courts] review the evidence to determine

whether, given the facts in the record and the legitimate inferences that can be drawn

from those facts, a jury could reasonably conclude that the defendant was guilty of the

offense charged.” State v. Fairbanks, 842 N.W.2d 297, 306–07 (Minn. 2014) (quotation

omitted). Appellate courts undertake “a painstaking analysis of the record to determine

whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the conviction, was

sufficient to permit the jurors to reach the verdict which they did.” State v. Ortega, 813

N.W.2d 86, 100 (Minn. 2012) (quotation omitted).

      “The State ordinarily proves a criminal defendant’s mental state by circumstantial

evidence.” State v. Bahtuoh, 840 N.W.2d 804, 809 (Minn. 2013).

             When a challenge is to the sufficiency of the circumstantial
             evidence supporting a conviction, [appellate courts] apply the
             following two-step analysis:

                    First, [appellate courts] must identify the
                    circumstances proved, giving deference to the
                    jury’s acceptance of the proof of these
                    circumstances and rejection of evidence in the
                    record that conflicted with the circumstances
                    proved by the State. Second, [appellate courts]
                    independently examine the reasonableness of all
                    inferences that might be drawn from the
                    circumstances proved, including inferences


                                            4
                      consistent with a hypothesis other than guilt.
                      Thus, [appellate] review consists of determining
                      whether the circumstances proved are consistent
                      with guilt and inconsistent with any rational
                      hypothesis except that of guilt.

Id. (quoting State v. Anderson, 789 N.W.2d 227, 241−42 (Minn. 2010) (quotations and

citations omitted in original)).

        “A defendant is guilty as an accomplice of an offense committed by another

person if the defendant ‘intentionally aids, advises, hires, counsels, or conspires with or

otherwise procures [another person] to commit’ the offense.” Id. at 810 (alteration in

original) (quoting Minn. Stat. § 609.05, subd. 1). The supreme court has “identified two

elements for determining whether a defendant’s presence ‘intentionally aids’ another in

committing a crime: (1) the defendant knew that the alleged accomplices were going to

commit a crime; and (2) the defendant intended his presence or actions to further the

commission of that crime.” State v. Taylor, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, No. A14-0942, slip op.

at 20−21 (Minn. Aug. 26, 2015) (quotations omitted).

       “To impose liability under the aiding and abetting statute, the state must show

some knowing role in the commission of the crime by a defendant who takes no steps to

thwart its completion.” State v. Ostrem, 535 N.W.2d 916, 924 (Minn. 1995) (quotation

omitted). “Mere presence at the scene of a crime does not alone prove that a person aided

or abetted . . . .” Id. But “active participation in the overt act which constitutes the

substantive offense is not required . . . . ” Id.

               A jury may infer the requisite state of mind from a variety of
               facts, including presence at the scene of the crime, a close
               association with the principal offender before and after the


                                                    5
              crime, a lack of objection or surprise under the circumstances,
              and flight from the scene of the crime with the principal
              offender.

Bahtuoh, 840 N.W.2d at 810; see also State v. Hawes, 801 N.W.2d 659, 668 (Minn.

2011) (“To be guilty of aiding and abetting a crime, the defendant does not need to have

participated actively in the actual commission of the crime.”).

       Under the first step of the sufficiency-of-the-circumstantial-evidence analysis, we

identify the circumstances proved by the state, which are as follows. Her argued with

V.M. over $20 that he had paid to use a pool table at V.M.’s bar, threw a pool cue to the

floor, and left the bar. Assuming that Vang might have a gun and that Vang would back

him up in the event of an altercation, Her called Vang and asked him to bring a gun to the

bar to scare V.M. into returning the $20. Her and Vang met in the bar parking lot and

approached the door to the bar, and Her banged, kicked, cursed, and demanded entrance.

When allowed entrance, Her confronted V.M. and said something to the effect that he

was going to kill V.M. or that V.M. was going to die. Her and V.M. scuffled, joined by

multiple people. Vang pulled out a gun, aimed it at V.M.’s head, and fired. Vang then

pointed the gun at S.V. and shot him. Vang fell to the ground, and Her kicked a man off

of Vang. Vang regained his footing and shot B.T.

       Additionally, the state proved that Her did not render any aid to the shooting

victims; he walked toward the parking lot, ran to his car and unsuccessfully attempted to

open its door, and then ran to Vang’s car and fled with Vang. Prior to Her’s arrest, he told

his sister-in-law that someone needed to watch his kids because he was going to leave for

a while.


                                             6
       Under the second step of the sufficiency-of-the-circumstantial-evidence analysis,

we determine whether the circumstances proved are consistent with Her’s guilt and

inconsistent with any rational hypothesis aside from his guilt. Her argues that the

circumstances proved support a rational hypothesis that he did not know prior to the

shooting that Vang had brought a gun; he did not reasonably foresee that Vang would use

the gun to threaten, assault, or shoot the three victims; and he did not intend to further

Vang’s crimes. We disagree and conclude that the circumstances proved are consistent

with Her’s guilt and inconsistent with any rational hypothesis aside from his guilt. Her’s

admitted formation of the basic criminal plan—i.e., that Vang would use a gun to scare

V.M.—was sufficient to prove that Her intended to aid and abet at least one predicate

felony and that Vang’s use of the gun to shoot people was reasonably foreseeable to Her.

See State v. Jackson, 726 N.W.2d 454, 457–58, 460–61 (Minn. 2007) (holding that

sufficient evidence supported defendant’s conviction of murder charged under section

609.05, subdivision 2, where “[defendant], as an accomplice to the attempted robbery,

was aware of the basic details of the plan to use force or to threaten the use of force” and

knew that accomplice was armed). The evidence was sufficient to support Her’s

convictions.

Jury instructions

       Her argues that the district court erred by instructing the jury on accomplice

liability under section 609.05, subdivision 2. “While district courts have broad discretion

to formulate appropriate jury instructions, a district court abuses its discretion if the jury




                                              7
instructions confuse, mislead, or materially misstate the law.” Taylor, slip op. at 19

(quotation omitted).

       We begin by noting that Her invited any error in the jury instructions. “The invited

error doctrine prevents a party from asserting an error on appeal that he invited or could

have prevented in the court below.” State v. Goelz, 743 N.W.2d 249, 258 (Minn. 2007).

Here, prior to swearing in the jury, the district court made a record of its decision to allow

instructions on accomplice liability under section 609.05, subdivision 2. Her argued that

the state was adding a new theory of accomplice liability with insufficient notice. The

court suggested that the appropriate remedy, if one was necessary, would be a

continuance and asked whether Her was requesting a continuance. Defense counsel

conferred with Her and told the court that he was ready to proceed. Had Her requested a

continuance, any error could have been prevented. We therefore review Her’s argument

for plain error. See id. (“The invited error doctrine . . . does not apply to plain errors.”).

       “Under the plain-error doctrine, [an appellant] “must show that there was: (1) an

error; (2) that is plain; and (3) the error must affect substantial rights.” Taylor, slip op. at

19 (quotation omitted). “An error is plain if it is clear or obvious; usually this means an

error that violates or contradicts case law, a rule, or an applicable standard of conduct.”

State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248, 261 (Minn. 2014). “The third prong is satisfied if . . .

there is a reasonable likelihood that the error had a significant effect on the jury’s

verdict.” Id. “Even if [an appellant] satisfies the first three prongs of the plain-error

doctrine, [appellate courts] may correct the error only if it seriously affects the fairness,




                                               8
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Taylor, slip op. at 19 (quotations

omitted).

       Minnesota Statutes section 609.05, subdivision 2, is labeled “expansive liability.”

Id. at 21. “The expansive liability subdivision states that a person liable for aiding and

abetting is also liable for any other crime committed in pursuance of the intended crime if

reasonably foreseeable by the person as a probable consequence of committing or

attempting to commit the crime intended.” Id. at 21−22 (emphasis omitted) (quotation

omitted). “[T]he statute requires that the other crimes committed in pursuance of the

intended crime be reasonably foreseeable by [the defendant].” Id. at 22 (emphasis

omitted) (quotation omitted). Her argues that the court erred by including the expansive-

liability instruction because the state provided insufficient notice that it was pursuing a

theory of criminal liability under that subdivision and insufficient notice of the predicate

offenses it was alleging that Her aided and abetted under section 609.05, subdivision 1

(intended crimes).

       In State v. DeVerney, “[a]t the close of the state’s case, the state indicated that it

would seek aiding and abetting instructions under both subdivisions 1 and 2, and at the

close of all the evidence, the trial court instructed the jury on both.” 592 N.W.2d 837, 845

(Minn. 1999). “DeVerney objected, arguing that because the indictment did not include

the subdivision 2 theory, he had not had an opportunity to prepare a defense.” Id. In

addressing DeVerney’s argument, the supreme court applied Minn. R. Crim. P. 17.05. Id.

at 846; see also Ostrem, 535 N.W.2d at 920 (applying rule 17.05 to determine whether

district court erred by submitting case to jury on accomplice-liability theory under section


                                             9
609.05, subdivision 1, despite complaint’s failure to cite section 609.05). Under rule

17.05, “[t]he court may permit an indictment or complaint to be amended at any time

before verdict or finding if no additional or different offense is charged and if the

defendant’s substantial rights are not prejudiced.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 17.05. “[T]he matter

of allowing amendments to complaints under Minn.R.Crim.P. 17.05 is in the sound

discretion of the trial judge.” Gerdes v. State, 319 N.W.2d 710, 712 (Minn. 1982).

       In applying rule 17.05, we first determine whether the state charged an additional

or different offense. “[A]ccomplice liability is a theory of criminal liability, not an

element of a criminal offense or separate crime.” Dobbins v. State, 788 N.W.2d 719,

729–30 (Minn. 2010); see also State v. Britt, 279 Minn. 260, 263, 156 N.W.2d 261, 263

(1968) (agreeing with district court that “there is no separate crime of criminal liability

for a crime committed by another person”). “[The supreme court] ha[s] long held that

aiding and abetting is not a separate substantive offense and can be added at any point

prior to a verdict or finding.” DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d at 846. The supreme court also has

held that a jury may convict a defendant on a theory of accomplice liability even if the

state altogether fails to allege accomplice liability under section 609.05. See, e.g.,

Ostrem, 535 N.W.2d at 922–23 (rejecting argument that district court erred by submitting

case to jury on accomplice-liability theory, despite state’s failure to cite section 609.05 in

complaint, reasoning in part that “we have previously held that a jury may convict the

defendant of aiding and abetting despite the absence of ‘aiding and abetting’ language in

the complaint”); State v. Lucas, 372 N.W.2d 731, 740 (Minn. 1985) (stating that “even if

the indictment had not used ‘aiding and abetting’ language, the jury would have been free


                                             10
to base the murder conviction on a determination that defendant was liable as an aider or

abettor”); cf. State v. DeFoe, 280 N.W.2d 38, 40 (Minn. 1979) (rejecting argument that

evidence was insufficient to support defendant’s aggravated-robbery conviction where

evidence proved that his accomplices committed aggravated robbery, although state

failed to allege accomplice liability under section 609.05).

       Here, the prosecutor asked to pursue a theory of expansive liability under the

accomplice-liability statute, and the district court allowed the state to proceed under that

theory and instructed the jury accordingly. The additional form of aiding and abetting and

the accompanying jury instructions did not change the substantive offenses: completed

and attempted second-degree intentional murder. The state therefore did not seek to

charge an additional or different offense.

       We next determine whether Her’s substantial rights were prejudiced. “[The

supreme court] ha[s] held that the opportunity to prepare a defense in a criminal case is a

substantial right.” DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d at 846; see also State v. Dickson, 309 Minn.

463, 467, 244 N.W.2d 738, 741 (1976) (identifying “opportunity to prepare a defense to

the charge” as “a substantial right”). Here, the probable-cause portion of the complaint

contains numerous statements that would form the basis for allegations of assault or

terroristic threats, providing Her actual notice of the state’s allegations and theories. See

DeFoe, 280 N.W.2d at 40 (concluding that state’s failure to cite section 609.05 in

complaint did not warrant reversal of aggravated-robbery conviction on accomplice-

liability theory because “the complaint made it clear that defendant was being charged

with aggravated robbery, and the reports and statements attached to the complaint made it


                                             11
clear what the state basically contended had happened”). Moreover, the state referenced

section 609.05, subdivision 2, about six months before trial in its memorandum opposing

Her’s motion to dismiss for lack of probable cause. Defense counsel also acknowledged

that he was aware of the alleged verbal threats by Her to V.M. and that the prosecutor had

discussed the state’s theory with him the week before the trial commenced. Moreover,

Her himself requested an instruction on the lesser-included offense of second-degree

felony murder based on the predicate felony of terroristic threats.

       And Her has not pointed to any specific way in which his defense would have

changed given more notice of the state’s “new” accomplice-liability theory. Her’s

substantial rights therefore were not prejudiced. See DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d at 846–47

(concluding that defendant was not prejudiced substantially by allegedly late notice of

state’s reliance on subdivision 2, where defendant did not “point to any specific way in

which his case would have been presented differently had he been informed at the outset

of the state’s reliance on subdivision 2”).

       We conclude that the district court did not commit error by allowing the state to

pursue a theory of expansive liability under section 609.05, subdivision 2, and by

submitting jury instructions on that theory. We further conclude that Her has failed to

meet his burden of showing that the alleged plain error affected his substantial rights. See

Goelz, 743 N.W.2d at 258 (“The defendant generally bears the burden of persuasion with

respect to the third factor.”).

       Her also argues that the district court erred by not including instructions on the

elements of the intended crimes under section 609.05, subdivision 1, with each


                                              12
instruction for completed and attempted second-degree intentional murder as an

accomplice. We note that Her identifies no legal authority to support his argument. His

failure to adequately brief this issue constitutes a waiver of the argument on appeal. See

State v. Bartylla, 755 N.W.2d 8, 23 (Minn. 2008) (deeming appellant to have waived

claims of error that “[we]re lacking in supportive arguments and/or legal authority”

where “no prejudicial error [wa]s obvious on mere inspection” (quotation omitted)); State

v. Alvarez, 820 N.W.2d 601, 626 (Minn. App. 2012) (declining to address argument for

which appellant provided no support), aff’d sub nom. State v. Castillo-Alvarez, 836

N.W.2d 527 (Minn. 2013). But we still may review the argument in the interests of

justice and choose to do so. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 28.02, subd. 3.

       We first address the appropriate standard of review. Prior to instructing the jury,

the district court requested that the parties make a record of any objections to the final

instructions. Her objected only to the inclusion of jury instructions on accomplice liability

under section 609.05, subdivision 2, not to the omission of the elements of the intended

crimes with each instruction for completed and attempted second-degree intentional

murder as an accomplice. Because Her did not object to the jury instructions on the

grounds that he now argues on appeal, we review the instructions for plain error. See

State v. Kelley, 855 N.W.2d 269, 273 (Minn. 2014) (“[Defendant] acknowledges that he

did not object to the instruction on this specific basis, and therefore we review the

instruction for plain error.”); see also State v. Bailey, 732 N.W.2d 612, 623 (Minn. 2007)

(stating that “‘a party [may not] obtain review by raising the same general issue litigated




                                             13
below but under a different theory’” (quoting Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582

(Minn. 1988))).

       “A district court has considerable latitude in selecting jury instructions and in

selecting language for jury instructions.” Anderson, 789 N.W.2d at 239 (citations

omitted). “[A] district court’s instructions must be read as a whole to determine whether

they accurately describe the law.” State v. Vang, 774 N.W.2d 566, 581 (Minn. 2009).

“[Appellate courts] will not reverse where jury instructions overall fairly and correctly

state the applicable law.” State v. Hayes, 831 N.W.2d 546, 555 (Minn. 2013) (quotations

omitted).

       We conclude that the district court did not commit plain error by omitting the

elements. The supreme court recently concluded that a district court did not commit plain

error by failing to instruct the jury on the intended crime in an expansive-liability case,

noting that “[the supreme court] ha[s], on at least three occasions, upheld jury

instructions that did not specify the original intended crime” and collecting cases. Taylor,

slip op. at 24. In light of this authority, we cannot conclude that the court plainly erred by

not including instructions on the intended crimes with each instruction for completed and

attempted second-degree intentional murder as an accomplice. See Kelley, 855 N.W.2d at

277 (addressing alleged plain error in accomplice-liability jury instruction and concluding

“that for purposes of applying the plain-error doctrine the court examines the law in

existence at the time of appellate review”).

       We also conclude that Her has failed to meet his burden of showing that the

alleged error affected his substantial rights. See Goelz, 743 N.W.2d at 258. The district


                                               14
court included instructions on the elements of felony assault and felony terroristic threats

with the instructions for felony murder. The court also instructed the jury that “[it] must

consider the[] instructions as a whole and regard each instruction in light of all the

others” and that “the order in which the instructions are given is of no significance.”

During closing argument, the prosecutor stated that assault and terroristic threats were the

intended crimes under section 609.05, subdivision 1. “[R]ead as a whole,” the jury

instructions included the elements of the intended crimes in a manner “that c[ould] be

understood by the jury.” See Anderson, 789 N.W.2d at 239. Therefore, “[e]ven were we

to assume that the district court committed plain error, it could not have affected a

substantial right.” See Taylor, slip op. at 24 (concluding that third prong of plain-error

doctrine was not satisfied where “[t]he State and its witnesses made very clear” what the

intended crime was).

       Affirmed.




                                            15
