                                                                        F I L E D
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                         Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          APR 5 2000
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                             Clerk

 CHOCTAW NATION OF
 OKLAHOMA,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,
 v.                                                     No. 99-7072
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                         (D.C. No. 97-CV-510-B)
                                                        (E.D.Okla.)
          Defendant-Appellee.




                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT         *




Before BRISCOE, ANDERSON,          and LUCERO , Circuit Judges .


      In this companion appeal to Chickasaw Nation v. United States, Case No.

99-7042, plaintiff Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma appeals from the district court’s

entry of judgment in favor of defendant United States on its claim for a refund of

federal wagering and occupational excise taxes which it alleges were unlawfully

assessed against its pull-tab gaming activities pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §§ 4401 and

4411. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.



      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
                                          I.

      The Choctaw Nation is a Native American Indian Tribe with its principal

place of business in Durant, Oklahoma. The Choctaw Nation owns and operates a

variety of businesses including gaming centers, tobacco shops, truck plazas, and

convenience stores. As part of its gaming activities, the Choctaw Nation sells

pull-tabs at its gaming centers and convenience stores.

      A pull-tab is a two inch by four inch card or ticket containing five windows

covered with tabs. Various symbols are found under the tabs. The face of the

pull-tab discloses the combination of symbols that results in a winning ticket. To

play a pull-tab, a player simply pulls back each tab and checks the symbols found

under the tabs to ascertain whether he holds a winning ticket. Depending upon

the point of sale, players can purchase pull-tabs from a clerk or directly from a

dispensing machine. Each pull-tab typically costs between 25 cents and one

dollar, and typically allows a player to win between 25 cents and $2500. If a

player purchases a winning pull-tab, he can redeem the award by presenting the

pull-tab to a cashier at one of the points of sale. Although players frequently

present winning tickets for payment on the date of purchase, it is not uncommon

for them to claim their awards later.

      The Choctaw Nation purchases pull-tabs in series of 24,000 tickets. Each

ticket in a series contains the same serial number. The ticket manufacturer prints


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each ticket in a series with a winning or losing combination of symbols. A fixed

number of tickets in each series have a winning combination of symbols, and

those tickets are distributed randomly throughout the series. It typically takes the

Choctaw Nation more than one business day to sell an entire series of pull-tabs.

Each pull-tab also indicates how many winners there will be in each series (e.g.,

four $500 winners, four $75 winners, etc.). Once all of the tickets in a series are

sold to players, the series is officially closed and winning tickets are no longer

honored.

      In April 1996, the IRS assessed against the Choctaw Nation’s pull-tab

activities federal wagering excise taxes, 26 U.S.C. § 4401(a)(1), and

accompanying federal occupational taxes, 26 U.S.C. § 4411, in the aggregate

amount of $155,316.59. The Choctaw Nation paid a small portion ($2,582.95) of

the taxes determined by the IRS to be due and owing, but immediately filed a

claim for a refund of this amount with the IRS. The Choctaw Nation

subsequently waived its right to a statutory notice of disallowance of its refund

claim and filed this action for refund. The United States counterclaimed for (1)

unpaid wagering excise taxes in the amount of $149,394.47, plus interest, and (2)

unpaid occupational taxes in the amount of $3,339.17, plus interest. The parties

eventually filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and, pursuant to those

motions, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the government.


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                                          II.

      The issues raised on appeal by the Choctaw Nation are identical to those

asserted by the Chickasaw Nation in the companion appeal. For the reasons

stated in our opinion disposing of the companion appeal, we conclude the district

court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the United States. In

particular, we agree with the district court that (1) pull-tabs involve a taxable

wager, as defined in 26 U.S.C. § 4421, (2) the Choctaw Nation is a “person”

subject to federal wagering excise taxes (and the accompanying federal

occupational taxes), (3) the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act does not preclude the

gaming activities at issue from being subject to federal wagering excise taxes, and

(4) the self-government guarantee of the 1855 treaty between the United States

and the Choctaw Nation cannot reasonably be interpreted as providing the

Choctaw Nation with an exemption from federal wagering excise taxes.

                                          III.

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                                 Entered for the Court

                                                 Mary Beck Briscoe
                                                 Circuit Judge




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