MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this                         Feb 13 2015, 8:22 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as
precedent or cited before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.



ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                     ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark Small                                                 Gregory F. Zoeller
Marion County Public Defender Agency                       Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
                                                           Robert J. Henke
                                                           Deputy Attorney General

                                                           David E. Corey
                                                           Deputy Attorney General
                                                           Indianapolis, Indiana



                                             IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Termination                          February 13, 2015
of the Parent-Child Relationship                          Court of Appeals Cause No.
of B.M.,                                                  49A04-1407-JT-328
                                                          Appeal from the Marion Superior
T.B.,                                                     Court, The Honorable Marilyn A.
                                                          Moores, Judge, The Honorable
Appellant-Respondent,                                     Larry E. Bradley, Magistrate
                                                          Cause No. 49D09-1401-JT-19
        v.

Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner




Najam, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015        Page 1 of 12
                                             Statement of the Case
[1]   T.B. (“Mother”) appeals the termination of her parental rights over her minor

      child, B.M. (“Child”).1 Mother presents one issue for our review, namely,

      whether the Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”) presented sufficient

      evidence to support the termination of her parental rights.


[2]   We affirm.


                                      Facts and Procedural History
[3]   On May 11, 2012, DCS filed a petition alleging Child was a child in need of

      services (“CHINS”). The petition was based on a report from K.O., 2 Child’s

      paternal aunt, that Mother had abandoned Child, that Mother’s whereabouts

      were unknown, and that Mother could not provide for Child’s basic needs. At

      the initial hearing, held that same day and at which Mother did not appear, the

      trial court ordered that Child be placed outside of Mother’s home. Child was

      placed into relative care with K.O.


[4]   On July 2, the trial court adjudicated Child a CHINS after Mother, pursuant to

      an Admission and Agreement on Services (“the Admission”), agreed that Child

      was a CHINS and agreed to participate in services offered by DCS.




      1
          Father does not participate in this appeal.
      2
          K.O. is also referred to as K.S. in the record.


      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 2 of 12
[5]   Among other things, the Admission provided:


              2. [Mother] admits the following:
                       [Child] . . . is a [CHINS] because [Mother] currently
                       lacks a stable home for herself and her child.
                                                       ***
              4. . . . [A]ll the parties understand and agree that [Mother’s]
              obligations and services, which are listed herein, are those
              believed by the parties, at this time, to be in the child’s best
              interest. These obligations and/or services may be amended by
              the Court . . . .
                                                       ***
              b. . . . [Mother] will participate in all of the services indicated
              within this document in order to demonstrate the ability to meet
              the medical, physical, emotional, mental[,] and/or educational
              needs of the child.
              c. . . . [Mother] further understands and agrees that “successful
              completion” of the services includes [Mother] following all
              recommendations made by the counselors, therapists[,] or other
              service provider[s].
              (A) . . . [Mother] shall participate in, and successfully complete
              home based casework and therapy, as arranged by the [Family
              Case Manager (“FCM”)], and follow all recommendations.
              (B) . . . [Mother] shall complete a parenting assessment, as
              arranged by the FCM, and follow all recommendations.


      DCS Exh. 13. Initially, Mother’s treatment plan included the completion of a

      parenting assessment, home-based services, and following recommendations.

      Recommendations included completion of a parenting class and supervised

      visitations.



      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 3 of 12
[6]   At some point, DCS became concerned that Mother was abusing marijuana3

      and struggling with depression.4 As a result, DCS recommended that Mother

      submit to drug screens, and, after she failed a number of them, DCS referred

      Mother to intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment (“IOP”). DCS also

      recommended that Mother complete a psychological evaluation and continue

      to submit to drug screens. And, later, Mother was referred to complete a

      substance-abuse assessment. The combination of her depression and substance

      abuse resulted in a DCS referral for Mother to complete dual diagnosis IOP,

      which would help with both her depression and her substance abuse.


[7]   Mother completed parenting classes and submitted to a psychological

      evaluation. Otherwise, however, Mother failed to complete the services offered

      by DCS. From July 2012, when the trial court adjudicated Child a CHINS, to

      April 2014, when DCS stopped Mother’s services for the final time, Mother was

      referred and re-referred to all services, including to a number of different

      providers. All service providers discharged Mother as unsuccessful.


[8]   Mother’s providers all cited her failure to attend services as the reason for

      discharge. Indeed, although Mother last tested positive for marijuana in




      3
        The record does not disclose what gave rise to the concerns regarding Mother’s substance abuse, but
      Mother testified that she first used marijuana at age 16, and she began using marijuana consistently, three to
      four times a week, approximately six months after Child’s birth.


      4
        DCS became concerned that Mother struggled with depression because she discussed suffering from
      depression, and she had “explosive” episodes during team meetings. Tr. at 96. The psychological
      examination resulted in a depression diagnosis.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015                Page 4 of 12
       September 2013, she missed a number of drug screenings. In 2014, for

       example, Mother attended only two of ten scheduled drug screenings. She was

       unsuccessfully discharged for the last time in April 2014.


[9]    Mother also failed to complete her dual diagnosis IOP. After she missed three

       scheduled appointments, Mother’s service provider unsuccessfully discharged

       her in April 2014 and refused to treat her again for six months. At the

       termination hearing, Mother testified that she no longer used marijuana and,

       therefore, did not believe it important for her to complete IOP services.


[10]   Finally, although DCS conducted home-based services, including supervised

       visitations, at Mother’s home for a time, she was nevertheless unsuccessfully

       discharged for failure to attend. On a number of occasions, when DCS arrived

       to conduct services, Mother was not home and could not be reached. Mother

       last visited Child through DCS in February 2014, and DCS closed the referral.


[11]   Mother blamed her absences on a lack of transportation and on conflicts with

       her work schedule. DCS, however, provided Mother with bus passes, and

       several providers testified that they worked with Mother to schedule

       appointments around her work schedule. DCS also changed Mother’s IOP

       provider, in part, because Mother expressed that it would be easier for her to

       attend services with the new provider.


[12]   After several review hearings, in January 2014, the court changed Child’s

       permanency plan from reunification to adoption by K.O., who had cared for



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 5 of 12
       Child since his CHINS adjudication for all but three months.5 DCS, however,

       continued services for Mother until April, when her current providers

       discharged her for failure to complete services.


[13]   On June 10 and 11, the trial court held the termination hearing, at which the

       Child’s guardian ad litem recommended adoption, and, on June 23, the court

       entered an order terminating Mother’s parental rights over Child. In so doing,

       the trial court noted that Mother “had over two years to successfully complete

       services,” but she had failed to do so. Appellant’s App. at 12. Further, the

       court found that “[Child] has been observed as stable and bonded in his

       placement,” which provided him with permanency. Thus, the court concluded:

               24. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
               resulted in [Child’s] removal and continued placement outside
               the home will not be remedied by his mother. [Mother] . . . has
               had over two years to successfully complete services in the
               current ChINS. [Mother] has not made the effort needed to
               come close to safely reunify with her son and does not believe
               she needs to address substance abuse and mental health issues.
               [Mother] believes that visitation is important but still failed to
               consistently visit to the point visits were closed.
                                                         ***
               33. Continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to
               [Child’s] well-being. [Child] is in need of permanency and has
               been out of the home for two years. [Mother] cannot provide a



       5
         In October 2013, allegations arose that K.O. had used marijuana, and K.O. refused to submit to a drug
       screening. Thus, DCS removed Child from K.O.’s care and placed him with Mother’s adoptive mother
       (“Grandmother”). Grandmother, however, did not wish to adopt or keep Child long term, and, in January
       2014, K.O. agreed to submit to drug screenings. K.O. submitted to three screenings, which did not indicate
       the presence of marijuana, and DCS returned Child to K.O.’s care.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015             Page 6 of 12
               stable environment and wholly meet his needs. Substance abuse
               and untreated mental health issues would impact safety and
               parenting. . . .
                                                        ***
               37. Termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best
               interests of [Child]. Termination would allow for him to be
               adopted into a stable and permanent home where his needs will
               be safely met.
               38. There exists a satisfactory plan for the future care and
               treatment of [Child,] that being adoption.


       Id. at 12-13. This appeal ensued.


                                       Discussion and Decision
[14]   Mother contends that the evidence was insufficient to terminate her parental

       rights over Child. We begin our review of this issue by acknowledging that

       “[t]he traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is

       protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.”

       Bailey v. Tippecanoe Div. of Family & Children (In re M.B.), 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. However, a trial court must subordinate the

       interests of the parents to those of the child when evaluating the circumstances

       surrounding a termination. Schultz v. Porter Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re

       K.S.), 750 N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Termination of a parent-child

       relationship is proper where a child’s emotional and physical development is

       threatened. Id. Although the right to raise one’s own child should not be

       terminated solely because there is a better home available for the child, parental



       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 7 of 12
       rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or

       her parental responsibilities. Id. at 836.


[15]   Before an involuntary termination of parental rights can occur in Indiana, in

       relevant part, DCS is required to allege and prove:


                (A) that one (1) of the following is true:
                         (i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least
                         six (6) months under a dispositional decree.
                                                           ***
                (B) that one (1) of the following is true:
                         (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                         that resulted in the child's removal or the reasons for
                         placement outside the home of the parents will not be
                         remedied.
                         (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
                         of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
                         being of the child.
                         (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
                         adjudicated a child in need of services;[6]
                (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
                (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
                the child.


       Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). That statute provides that DCS need establish only

       one of the requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) before the trial court may




       6
         Here, Child has been adjudicated a CHINS on two separate occasions, but DCS did not allege this
       provision in the CHINS petition. Thus, it is not at issue in this appeal. See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015                Page 8 of 12
       terminate parental rights. DCS’s “burden of proof in termination of parental

       rights cases is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” R.Y. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child

       Servs. (In re G.Y.), 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009) (quoting I.C. § 31-37-

       14-2).


[16]   When reviewing a termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the

       evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Peterson v. Marion Cnty. Ofc. of

       Family & Children (In re D.D.), 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.

       denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that

       are most favorable to the judgment. Id. Moreover, in deference to the trial

       court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside the court’s

       judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous.

       Judy S. v. Noble Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re L.S.), 717 N.E.2d 204, 208

       (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied.


[17]   Here, in terminating Mother’s parental rights, the trial court entered specific

       findings of fact and conclusions thereon. When a trial court’s judgment

       contains special findings and conclusions, we apply a two-tiered standard of

       review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind.

       2005). First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings and,

       second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id.

       “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to

       support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98,

       102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and inferences support the trial court’s

       decision, we must affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 9 of 12
[18]   Mother concedes that Child had been removed from her care for a period of at

       least six months, and she does not specifically address any of the trial court’s

       finding or conclusions. Indeed, Mother does not address all of the provisions of

       Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) on which the trial court relied to

       terminate her parental rights. Mother argues only that the reasons for removal

       and for continued placement outside the home have been remedied, but she

       does not address the trial court’s finding that “the continuation of the parent-

       child relationship” between Child and Mother “poses a threat to the well-being

       of the child. I.C. § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(ii); see Appellant’s App. at 13.


[19]   Because Mother does not address the trial court’s conclusion that

       “[c]ontinuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to [Child’s] well-

       being,” Appellant’s App. at 13, she has effectively waived appeal of her

       subsection (b)(2)(B) claims. Again, Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is

       written in the disjunctive. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 209. DCS needed to

       establish only one of the requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) before the trial

       court could have terminated parental rights. The trial court here found that

       DCS established the requirement of subsection (b)(2)(B)(ii), and Mother does

       not appeal that finding. Because “Mother does not specifically challenge the

       trial court’s findings or conclusions[, t]o the extent that Mother argues that the

       trial court’s findings or conclusions are clearly erroneous, Mother has waived

       this issue by failing to make a cogent argument.” Runkel v. Miami Co. Dep’t of

       Child Servs. (In re B.R.), 875 N.E.2d 369, 373 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 10 of 12
[20]   Waiver notwithstanding, the trial court’s findings are not clearly erroneous.

       Mother contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the termination

       of her parental rights over Child because “[she] performed some of the services

       [offered by DCS], the reasons for the child’s removal varied from the services

       offered to [her], and [her] work schedule prevented her attendance from some

       of the services.” Appellant’s Br. at 8. These arguments amount to a request for

       us to reweigh the evidence, which we will not do. The evidence most favorable

       to the judgment demonstrates that Mother suffered from depression and

       substance abuse. Despite this, she failed to successfully complete drug

       screenings, substance abuse treatment, and mental health treatment. Moreover,

       she failed to visit with Child consistently. We hold that the trial court’s

       judgment in this respect is supported by the evidence.


[21]   Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2) also requires that termination of the parent-child

       relationship be in the best interests of the child, and Mother contends the

       evidence does not support that determination. Here, “the trial court [was]

       required to look beyond the factors identified by DCS and consider the totality

       of the evidence. In so doing, the trial court must [have] subordinated the

       interests of the parent to those of the child.” In re C.A., 15 N.E.3d 85, 94 (Ind.

       Ct. App. 2014). A trial court should consider the recommendations of the case

       manager and court-appointed advocate when it determines whether termination

       is in a child’s best interest. See S.C. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re J.C.), 994

       N.E.2d 278, 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). “A parent’s historical inability to

       provide a suitable environment, along with the parent’s current inability to do


       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 11 of 12
       the same, supports finding termination of parental rights is in the best interests

       of the children.” Id.


[22]   Based on Mother’s substance abuse, depression, and failure to complete

       services over a two-year period, Mother’s case manager and Child’s guardian

       ad litem recommended adoption as in Child’s best interests. The trial court

       found that adoption would give Child stability and permanency in a bonded

       environment and that adoption, therefore, was in Child’s best interests. For all

       of the reasons discussed above, its holding is supported by the evidence.


[23]   Affirmed.


[24]   Mathias, J., and Bradford, J., concur.




       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision [Case number] | February 13, 2015   Page 12 of 12
