                                        IN THE
                                TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                        No. 10-16-00283-CV

STEPHEN SILAS THOMAS,
                                                                         Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, ET AL,
                                                                         Appellee



                                 From the 278th District Court
                                    Walker County, Texas
                                    Trial Court No. 1627857


                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION


       In this appeal, inmate Stephen Silas Thomas, pro se and in forma pauperis,

contends that the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing his lawsuit as frivolous.

We affirm.1




       1   In light of our disposition, all pending motions are dismissed as moot.
                                          I.      BACKGROUND

        In his original petition and various filings with the trial court, Thomas asserts that

he was taken into Texas Department of Criminal Justice (“TDCJ”) custody in 1980 to serve

a sixty-year sentence for aggravated robbery. At some point, Thomas was released from

TDCJ custody on parole. Subsequently, in January 2007, Thomas received a new TDCJ

inmate number when he re-entered the system following a parole violation. Apparently,

Thomas argues that the assignment of a new identification number was improper, and as

a result, he is being falsely imprisoned.2

        Thereafter, the Texas Attorney General’s Office, as amicus curiae on behalf of

appellees, the State of Texas and TDCJ, filed a motion to dismiss Thomas’s lawsuit

pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 14.001-.014 (West 2011 & Supp. 2016). Without a hearing, the

trial court dismissed Thomas’s lawsuit with prejudice, pursuant to Chapter 14. This

appeal followed.

                                    II.        STANDARD OF REVIEW

        An inmate proceeding in forma pauperis, as appellant alleges, is subject to the

procedural requirements of Chapter 14. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.002;




        Thomas uses TDCJ No. 317322 and is complaining about the assignment of TDCJ No. 01784260.
        2

We note that on his inmate-account statement for inmate number 317322, there are five other “Previous
TDCJ numbers,” including 01784260. It appears that TDCJ has a procedure for tracking the use of multiple
TDCJ numbers assigned to the same inmate at different times.

Thomas v. State                                                                                  Page 2
see also Moore v. Zeller, 153 S.W.3d 262, 263 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2004, pet. denied).

Under Chapter 14, the trial court has broad discretion to dismiss a lawsuit as frivolous or

malicious. Moore, 153 S.W.3d at 262 (citing Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 94

S.W.3d 650, 653 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied)). As such, we review

dismissal of suits under Chapter 14 under an abuse-of-discretion standard. Id. (citing

Hines v. Massey, 79 S.W.3d 269, 271 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, no pet.)). A trial court

abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to guiding rules or principles. See Downer

v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).

       When, as here, the trial court dismisses a claim without conducting a fact hearing,

the issue on appeal is whether the claim has an arguable basis in law. Spurlock v. Johnson,

94 S.W.3d 655, 658 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.). To determine whether a trial

court has properly determined there is no arguable basis in law for a claim, “we examine

the types of relief and causes of action appellant pleaded in his petition to determine

whether, as a matter of law, the petition stated a cause of action that would authorize

relief.” Id. When, as here, the trial court does not issue findings of fact and conclusions

of law, the appellate court implies all findings necessary to support the judgment. BMC

Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002); see also Griffith v. Griffith,

341 S.W.3d 43, 49 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.).




Thomas v. State                                                                          Page 3
                                               III.     ANALYSIS

        In his brief, Thomas contends that the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing

his suit as frivolous for the following reasons: (1) he was not required to exhaust his

administrative remedies; (2) the trial court was required to hold a hearing on the motion

to dismiss; (3) the statute of limitations did not run because his false imprisonment is

ongoing; and (4) sovereign immunity does not apply to appellees.3

        An inmate may not file a claim in state court regarding operative facts for which

the TDCJ grievance system provides the exclusive administrative remedy until the

inmate receives a written decision issued by the highest authority provided for in the

grievance system, or the 180th day after the grievance is filed, if the inmate has not

received a written decision. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 501.008(d) (West 2012); see also

Walters v. Livingston, No. 10-12-00065-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9119, at *5 (Tex. App.—

Waco Nov 1, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). An inmate who files a claim that is subject to the

prison-grievance system must also file an affidavit or unsworn declaration stating the

date the grievance was filed and the date the written decision was received by the inmate

and a copy of the written decision from the grievance system. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.



        3 Thomas’s appellate brief contains a number of procedural deficiencies, including no proof of
service. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.5(a) (requiring service “on all parties to the proceeding”). Additionally,
Thomas’s brief does not comply with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1. See id. at R. 38.1. In
particular, Thomas neither identified the parties and counsel nor included a table of contents, index of
authorities, a statement of the case, a statement of facts, an issues presented, a summary of the argument,
or an appendix. See id. at R. 38.1(a)-(d), (f)-(h), (k). Because of our disposition and to expedite this appeal,
we will implement Rule 2 to suspend the requirements of Rules 9.5 and 38.1. See id. at R. 2. And though
Thomas does not clearly assert issues in his brief, we liberally construe his brief to advance four issues.

Thomas v. State                                                                                         Page 4
CODE ANN. § 14.005(a). If an inmate does not comply with section 14.005(a) or fails to file

his claim within thirty-one days after the date the inmate receives the written decision

from the grievance system, the inmate’s suit must be dismissed. See id. § 14.005(b);

Leachman v. Dretke, 261 S.W.3d 297, 311 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (op. on

reh’g); see also Walters, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9119, at *6.            Exhaustion of these

administrative remedies requires the proper exhaustion of the remedies. See Leachman,

261 S.W.3d at 311; Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 654; see also Walters, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9119,

at *6. Moreover, if an inmate fails to exhaust his administrative remedies, his claim has

no arguable basis in law and, thus, is frivolous. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §

14.003; Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 653; see also Walters, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9119, at *6.

        Here, Thomas failed to submit any grievances with his original petition.

Nevertheless, on appeal, Thomas contends that the complaints made in his original

petition are not subject to the grievance process within the prison system. However,

Thomas does not cite any authority for this proposition. In fact, Thomas does not cite

any legal authority to support any of the contentions made in his brief. See TEX. R. APP.

P. 38.1(i).

        Despite the foregoing, Thomas contends that a “Time Credit Dispute Resolution”

that he filed within the prison system satisfies the grievance requirement. However, once

again, Thomas does not cite any authority to support this contention. And even if we

were to accept Thomas’s “Time Credit Dispute Resolution” in lieu of Step 1 and 2


Thomas v. State                                                                           Page 5
grievances, we note that Thomas indicated that his injury occurred in January 2007, more

than five years before he submitted his “Time Credit Dispute Resolution.” See TEX. DEP’T

OF    CRIMINAL      JUSTICE,     OFFENDER     ORIENTATION       HANDBOOK        at    p.     74,

http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/documents/Offender_Orientation_Handbook_English.pdf

(last visited Dec. 16, 2016) (“You have 15 days from the date of the alleged incident or

occurrence of the issue presented in which to complete the Step 1 grievance form and

forward it to the unit grievance investigator (UGI).”); see also Moreno v. Sterling Drug, Inc.,

787 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. 1990) (“For purposes of the application of limitation statutes, a

cause of action can generally be said to accrue when the wrongful act effects an injury,

regardless of when the plaintiff learned of such injury. The discovery rule represents an

exception to this general rule of accrual. . . . When applied the rule operates to toll the

running of the period of limitations until the time that the plaintiff discovers, or through

the exercise of reasonable care and diligence should discover, the nature of his injury.”

(internal citations omitted)).

       Given the above, we conclude that Thomas’s claims lack an arguable basis in law

because he has not adequately demonstrated that he exhausted his administrative

remedies. See TEX. DEP’T OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, OFFENDER ORIENTATION HANDBOOK at p.

74; TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 501.008(d); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.005(a);

Leachman, 261 S.W.3d at 311; Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 654; see also Walters, 2012 Tex. App.

LEXIS 9119, at **5-6. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion


Thomas v. State                                                                            Page 6
in dismissing Thomas’s lawsuit as frivolous pursuant to Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code. See Moore, 153 S.W.3d at 262; Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 653; see

also Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 241-42. We overrule Thomas’s issues on appeal.4

                                            IV.       CONCLUSION

         Having overruled Thomas’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.




                                                            AL SCOGGINS
                                                            Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed January 18, 2017
[CV06]




         4 With regard to Thomas’s complaint about the trial court failing to conduct a hearing on the motion
to dismiss, we note that section 14.003(c) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code does not require
the trial court to hold a hearing in determining whether an inmate’s lawsuit is frivolous. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(c) (West 2011) (“In determining whether Subsection (a) applies, the court may
hold a hearing.” (emphasis added)); see also Hutchinson v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice-Inst. Div., No. 10-11-
00042-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 5433, at *10 n.3 (Tex. App.—Waco July 13, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“To
the extent that appellant complains about the trial court’s failure to conduct a hearing on his lawsuit prior
to dismissal, we note that Texas courts have held that a hearing is not required when the inmate has failed
to exhaust his administrative remedies or, in other words, when the inmate has failed to comply with
section 14.005 of the civil practice and remedies code.” (citing Addicks v. Rupert, No. 12-09-00288-CV, 2011
Tex. App. LEXIS 3260, at *10 (Tex. App.—Tyler Apr. 29, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.); McCray v. Scott, No. 09-
01-366-CV, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 3271, at *1 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 9, 2002, no pet.) (per curiam)
(mem. op., not designated for publication))); Chapa v. Livingston, No. 10-09-00273-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS
6986, at **6-7 (Tex. App.—Waco Aug. 25, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Because the decision to hold a hearing
on the dismissal of inmate litigation is within the trial court’s discretion, the trial court did not err by
dismissing Chapa’s lawsuit without a hearing.” (internal citations omitted)).

Thomas v. State                                                                                         Page 7
