                       NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                         To be cited only in accordance with
                                 Fed. R. App. P. 32.1




              United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Seventh Circuit
                             Chicago, Illinois 60604

                               Argued June12, 2007
                               Decided June 28, 2007

                                       Before

                     Hon. ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

                     Hon. DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judge

                     Hon. DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 06-3836

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        Appeal from the United States District
    Plaintiff-Appellee,                          Court for the Western District of Wisconsin

      v.                                         No. 06-CR-0035-C

BRIAN A. HALE,                                   Barbara B. Crabb,
     Defendant-Appellant.                        Chief Judge.

                                     ORDER

       Brian Hale pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of ammunition, and
the district court sentenced him as an armed career criminal after determining that
he had been convicted of three prior violent felonies. Two of those prior felonies were
robberies that occurred on the same day, but involved different victims, different
stores, and different weapons. Hale argues that those robberies should not
constitute separate offenses for purposes of sentencing him as an armed career
criminal. We affirm.

      In December 2005 Hale, a convicted felon, led police on a short, high-speed
chase through Madison, Wisconsin before crashing the stolen car he had been
driving. During an inventory search of the car, police found a suitcase containing
06-3836                                                                         Page 2

nine rounds of 9mm ammunition, two rounds of 12-gauge ammunition, and three
rounds of 10-gauge ammunition. Hale admitted that the ammunition belonged to
him, and later pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of ammunition. See 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).

      At sentencing, the district court determined that Hale qualified to be
sentenced as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), because he had
been convicted of three violent felonies in the past. One of the qualifying felony
convictions stemmed from a violent 1994 robbery in which Hale—armed with a 12-
gauge shotgun—kicked in the front door of a home in South Carolina, performed oral
sex on a minor victim, locked a second victim in the bathroom, and stabbed a third
victim in the neck and shoulder before stealing several items from the home. Hale
pleaded guilty to assault and battery with intent to kill.

       The other two qualifying convictions—which Hale argues in this appeal
should have counted as only one—stem from a crime spree during which Hale robbed
two different stores. On October 17, 1990, Hale entered a “VS” store, displayed a
gun, and announced a “stick up” before fleeing with a bag of cash. Shortly thereafter
on the same day (the record does not state precisely how much later), he stole $400
from a restaurant using a different gun, which he fired as he fled. Hale pleaded
guilty to both armed robberies and was convicted of two violent felonies. (Id.)

      As an armed career criminal, Hale was subject to a 15-year mandatory
minimum sentence, which raised the bottom of his guidelines range from 151
months’ to 180 months’ imprisonment. The district court accepted the
recommendation in Hale’s presentence report (to which there were no objections)
and sentenced Hale to the statutory mandatory minimum of 180 months.

       On appeal Hale argues that the district court erred when it sentenced him as
an armed career criminal because, he insists, his two robbery convictions should
have been considered only one for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act
(ACCA). Hale concedes that the district court “followed Seventh Circuit
law”—specifically the majority decision in United States v. Hudspeth, 42 F.3d 1015
(7th Cir. 1994) (en banc), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1105 (1995), and its progeny—when
it determined that his same-day robberies involving different victims, different
stores, and different weapons at different times constituted separate violent felonies.
The Hudspeth majority held that the key inquiry in determining whether multiple
crimes were should be considered distinct crimes under the ACCA was whether they
were committed sequentially or simultaneously. Hudspeth, 42 F.3d at 1021. The
Hudspeth dissent referred to this as the “bright-line” approach. Hale urges us,
however, to reject that approach and instead follow four other circuits and the
Hudspeth dissenters by using a “case-by-case” approach to determine whether the
ACCA will apply to crimes committed during a single crime spree. (Id.) Because
06-3836                                                                            Page 3

Hale did not raise this issue in the district court, we will review only for plain error.
United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993); United States v. Schlifer, 403 F.3d
849, 853 (7th Cir. 2005).

       The ACCA states that anyone who “has three previous convictions . . . for a
violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different
from one another” is an armed career criminal. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Although
circuit courts have grappled with the meaning of “occasions different,” a number of
circuits, including this one, have concluded that mere temporal or physical proximity
is generally insufficient to merge multiple offenses into a single “criminal episode.”
See United States v. Pope, 132 F.3d 684, 690-91 (11th Cir. 1998) (collecting cases);
United States v. Schieman, 894 F.2d 909, 910, 913 (7th Cir. 1990). We have
explained that the test for whether crimes are distinct for purposes of sentencing
under the ACCA is to determine whether the crimes were committed sequentially or
simultaneously. Hudspeth, 42 F.3d at 1021. An individual who has an opportunity
to withdraw from his criminal activity, but who chooses to commit additional crimes,
we have reasoned, should be punished more harshly than an individual who commits
simultaneous crimes and “has no opportunity to turn back and abandon his criminal
conduct.” Id. Thus in Hudspeth, a majority of this court held that the defendants’
unlawful entry into three different businesses in the same strip mall within 35
minutes constituted separate offenses for purposes of sentencing under the ACCA.
Id. at 1018-20, 1022.

        Although pre-Hudspeth cases did not explicitly invoke a “bright-line” approach
to evaluating whether crimes were committed on separate occasions, this circuit and
others had already recognized that sequential crimes occurring within a short time
of one another could constitute distinct crimes under the ACCA. See United States v.
Williams, 68 F.3d 168, 169, 171 (7th Cir. 1993) (holding that kidnapping of two
victims and sexual assault of one victim constituted separate offenses for purposes of
armed career criminal enhancement); Schieman, 894 F.2d at 910, 913 (recognizing
separate crimes for purposes of ACCA where a defendant committed a burglary and
knocked approaching police officer to ground three blocks away before fleeing); see
also, e.g., United States v. Brady, 988 F.2d 664, 666, 669 (6th Cir. 1993), (en banc)
(holding that two robberies committed against different victims in different locations
within span of 45 minutes were separate offenses); United States v. Antonie, 953
F.2d 496, 499 (9th Cir. 1991) (holding that two armed robberies that occurred within
40 minutes of each other but involved different places and different victims
constituted separate offenses); United States v. Tisdale, 921 F.2d 1095, 1099 (10th
Cir. 1990) (holding that burglaries of three separate stores within same shopping
mall on same day constituted distinct offenses); United States v. Washington, 898
F.2d 439, 442 (5th Cir. 1990) (holding that successive robberies of same store clerk at
same store by same defendant within two hours constituted separate crimes).
06-3836                                                                         Page 4

       The dissenters in Hudspeth argued that the majority’s “bright-line” approach
was too strict; they favored a case-by-case inquiry that would allow a more measured
evaluation of factors such as time and distance that would “identify and segregate
the true recidivist.” Hudspeth, 42 F.3d at 1035 (Ripple, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part). They also viewed the majority’s decision as out of line with this
circuit’s cases endorsing a fact-specific inquiry to determine whether multiple crimes
committed within a short period of time reflected “distinct aggressions,” and thus
were “separate and distinct criminal episodes” under the ACCA. See United States
v. Gondinez, 998 F.2d 471, 473 (7th Cir. 1993); Schieman, 894 F.2d at 913. Hale
notes that four other circuits have since supported the Hudspeth dissent’s more
calculated, fact-specific inquiry over the majority’s “bright-line” approach, and thus
urges us to overturn our majority decision in Hudspeth.

       In support of his argument, Hale cites a case from each of the First, Fifth,
Sixth and Ninth Circuits. United States v. Fuller, 453 F.3d 274 (5th Cir. 2006);
United States v. Stearns, 387 F.3d 104 (1st Cir. 2004); United States v. McElyea, 158
F.3d 1016 (9th Cir. 1998); and United States v. Murphy, 107 F.3d 1199 (6th Cir.
1997). Two of these cases, however, do not actually support Hale’s argument. First,
the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Fuller, like the majority in Hudspeth, held that the
“occasions different” inquiry turns on whether the crimes in question occurred
sequentially or simultaneously. United States v. Fuller, 453 F.3d at 278-79; see
Hudspeth, 42 F.3d at 1021. Second, the Sixth Circuit’s decision in Murphy held
simply that the defendant could not be convicted of two separate burglaries that
occurred simultaneously because, though he had helped plan both burglaries, he was
physically present at only one. United States v. Murphy, 107 F.3d 1199, 1210 (6th
Cir. 1997).

       Moreover, even if Hale is correct that the First Circuit and Ninth Circuit
decisions—Stearns and McElyea—rejected Hudspeth’s “bright-line” approach in
favor of a case-by-case approach, this circuit has continued to follow the majority’s
decision, see United States v. Morris, 293 F.3d 1010, 1013-14 (7th Cir. 2002)
(explaining that two shootings by defendant, “although close in time and location,
involved distinct criminal aggressions from which he had an opportunity to cease
and withdraw.”); United States v. Cardenas, 217 F.3d 491, 492 (7th Cir. 2000)
(concluding that two drug sales within 45 minutes to the same person constituted
separate offenses for purposes of armed career criminal enhancement), and there
has been no Supreme Court decision or new statute that has overruled or
undermined Hudspeth or its progeny. Thus, unless and until Congress changes or
repeals the ACCA, or the Supreme Court determines that our interpretation of the
ACCA is incorrect, we will not overturn our precedent simply because Hale has
suggested it. See Santos v. United States, 461 F.3d 886, 891 (7th Cir. 2006)
(requiring a “compelling reason to overturn circuit precedent,” such as Supreme
Court mandate or new statute).
06-3836                                                                       Page 5

       Finally, even if we were to employ a case-by-case approach, as Hale advocates,
the facts of his case do not suggest that his two robberies could be considered one.
Although both occurred on the same day, Hale robbed one victim in a retail store
using one gun, and then some unspecified time later, robbed a different victim in a
restaurant using a different gun. This was not a sequential string of robberies in a
single strip mall that involved a “continuous course of extended criminal conduct,”
see McElyea, 158 F.3d at 1018, 1021 (9th Cir. 1998) (holding that burglary of two
stores in strip mall should count as only one crime under ACCA where record not
clear on whether defendant entered both stores), but was instead two separate
crimes separated by an interval during which Hale had time to contemplate whether
to commit the second robbery. See Stearns, 387 F.3d at 108-09 (endorsing case-by-
case approach to “occasions” inquiry, and concluding that defendant committed two
separate crimes where he robbed the same victim twice, but had time between the
two robberies to consider whether to commit the second crime).

      Accordingly, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.
