    17-414
    Singh v. Whitaker
                                                                                              BIA
                                                                                         Rohan, IJ
                                                                                      A205 580 906


                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                     SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

            At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
    at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
    York, on the 5th day of February, two thousand nineteen.

    PRESENT:
                ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                      Chief Judge,
                ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
                SUSAN L. CARNEY,
                      Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    BALJIT SINGH,
               Petitioner,

                        v.                                                 No. 17-414 (NAC)

    MATTHEW G. WHITAKER, ACTING UNITED
    STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,
                Respondent.
    _____________________________________

    FOR PETITIONER:                                   Daniel G. Anna, Anna & Anna, P.C., Media,
                                                      PA.

    FOR RESPONDENT:                                   Chad A. Readler, Civil Division; Terri J.
                                                      Scadron, Christina P. Greer, Office of
                                                      Immigration Litigation, United States
                                                      Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the petition for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision is

GRANTED, the decision of the BIA is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED for further

proceedings consistent with this order.

        Petitioner Baljit Singh, a native and citizen of India, seeks review of a January 12, 2017

decision of the BIA affirming an April 22, 2016 decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying

his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against

Torture (“CAT”). In re Baljit Singh, No. A205 580 906 (B.I.A. Jan. 12, 2017), aff’g No. A205 580

906 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Apr. 22, 2016). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying

facts and the procedural history of the case, to which we refer only as needed to explain our

decision to grant Singh’s petition.

        Where the BIA affirms the decision of the IJ, adopting part but not all of the IJ’s reasoning,

we review the decisions of both the IJ and the BIA. Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 166 (2d

Cir. 2008) (per curiam). In this case, the BIA adopted four of the IJ’s findings regarding Singh’s

testimony and the affidavits Singh submitted in support of his application. The BIA concluded that

these findings, standing alone, were “sufficient to support an adverse credibility determination.”

Special App. at 3 n.1. Because we conclude that the agency erred with respect to its analysis of

two of these findings, we grant Singh’s petition and remand the case to the BIA for further

consideration.

   I.      The Affidavits

        Both the BIA and the IJ erroneously determined that four similar affidavits submitted by

Singh supported the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. Id. at 3, 27. Specifically, the IJ found

that “all four affidavits contain statements with a similar linguistic structure, and in fact, the




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affidavits from the Respondent’s parents are virtually identical and share many similarities with

the affidavits from Mohinder Singh [a neighbor of Singh’s parents].” Id. at 27 (citing Singh v. Bd.

of Immigration Appeals (Singh I), 438 F.3d 145, 148 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam)). As the IJ noted,

all four affidavits were “notarized on the same day, August 1, 2015, and by the same notary, Arjan

Singh.” Id. On this basis, the IJ gave the “affidavits minimal evidentiary weight” and, further,

found “that they undermine the Respondent’s credibility.” Id.

       While it was reasonable for the agency to give these affidavits little weight, it was not

reasonable to draw an adverse credibility inference against Singh himself without explicitly

finding that he fabricated the content of affiants’ testimony. The IJ cites Mei Chai Ye v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, 489 F.3d 517, 524 (2d Cir. 2007), and Singh I, 438 F.3d at 148, for the proposition that

striking similarities between affidavits are enough to draw an adverse inference against an

applicant. But a closer reading of these cases reveals that they do not stand for such a broad

proposition.

       In Ye we noted that “in most cases,” but not in all cases, “it is reasonable and unproblematic

for an IJ to infer that an applicant who herself submits the strikingly similar documents is the

common source of those suspicious similarities.” 489 F.3d at 519 (emphasis added). And, although

Ye concerned inter-proceeding similarities, some innocuous explanations for inter-proceeding

similarities between affidavits that we noted in Ye apply equally to intra-proceeding similarities

between affidavits. For example, such similarities may result simply because affiants “are inserting

wholly truthful information into standardized templates,” or because affiants were “illiterate and

related their stories to the same scrivener who wrote them up in his own-unchanging-locution” or

because translators “inserted [the similarities] into the documents” and not “the applicants

themselves.” Id. at 524.




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       Singh I, the only case Ye cites regarding intra-proceeding similarities, also provides little

guidance, since the panel in Singh I did not analyze the issue. The panel merely mentioned identical

affidavits in a list of many factors that the agency properly considered as bearing on the

respondent’s credibility. 438 F.3d at 148. In fact, a review of the record in Singh I reveals that the

agency in that case did not determine that respondent’s similar affidavits undermined his

credibility because they were similar: the agency determined only that the affidavits, which it noted

were similar, failed to corroborate his testimony. See Singh I, CAR 53-54 (“[T]he three affidavits

proffered by the respondent are nearly identical in language. The Court considers it highly

prejudicial to the respondent’s claim that corroborating evidence proffered by him from an

individual who . . . would have been in a position to provide more detailed evidence with regard

to the incident and the respondent’s condition in no way corroborates his claim.”).

       Here, the IJ did not explicitly determine that Singh likely fabricated the content of the four

affidavits. Moreover, on this record, it would not be “reasonable and unproblematic,” Ye, 489 F.3d

at 519, for the agency to determine that Singh was responsible for the similarities between the

affidavits. The affidavits were made by four members of a small, rural village in India, who used

the same notary on the same day. Singh’s parents or the notary, not Singh himself, were likely the

source of the similarities. Accordingly, absent further analysis by the agency, its findings regarding

the affidavits are impermissibly speculative and cannot support its adverse credibility

determination against Singh. See Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 434 F.3d 144, 157 (2d Cir.

2006), modified on reh’g, 471 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining that our review is designed to

“ensure merely that [an IJ’s] credibility findings are based upon neither a misstatement of the facts

in the record nor bald speculation or caprice”) (internal quotation markets omitted).




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    II.      Treatment of Singh’s Father

          Although Singh does not raise the issue on appeal, the BIA also erred when it affirmed the

IJ’s adverse credibility finding based in part on Singh’s failure to “adequately explain why his

father—who was an active member of the same political party . . . for a longer period—was not

also arrested.” Special App. at 3. In fact, the IJ did not consider the father’s arrest history in finding

Singh not credible. Instead, the IJ found that Singh “testified credibly about his religious beliefs

as a Sikh and his membership in the Mann Party despite . . . his weak answer for why his father

did not face similar repercussions even though he was also very actively involved with Party

activities and had been for longer than [Singh],” id. at 26, and that there remains a “question as to

why [Singh] was singled out for threats and physical abuse for his membership [in the Mann

party], but yet similar claims were not asserted by [Singh] regarding his father’s involvement and

any repercussions that he might have faced,” id. at 28 (emphasis added). According to the IJ, it

was this second “troubling aspect[] of [Singh’s] testimony” that supported an adverse credibility

determination. Id.

          But there is no support in the record for the IJ’s finding that Singh was implausibly “singled

out” for threats and physical abuse. Rather, Singh testified that his father was persecuted by the

police:

          Mr. Goldman: Was [your father] persecuted by the police?
          Mr. Singh: Police harassed him — harass him.
          Mr. Goldman: They do?
          Mr. Singh: Yes.
          Mr. Goldman: Do they ever beat him?
          Mr. Singh: They would threaten him. They could curse him. . . .
          Mr. Goldman: And yet the police never arrested your father, correct?
          Mr. Singh: He just do threats and beaten up. Never arrested.

CAR at 99-101. In other words, contra the IJ, Singh did assert claims of “threats and physical

abuse” regarding his father.



                                                    5
       Additionally, although the record supports the BIA’s assertion that Singh was arrested and

that his father was not, see id. at 101 (“Mr. Goldman: But you’ve been arrested. Mr. Singh: Yes.”);

id. at 101-02 (“Mr. Goldman: Do you have any ideas why your father was never arrested but you

were part of being arrested? Mr. Singh: They didn’t arrest my dad. They would beat him up and

they arrested me . . . The reason he wasn’t arrested, I don’t know.”), neither the BIA nor the IJ

properly considered whether it was plausible that Singh would have been arrested while his father

was not. Rather, the agency proceeded as if Singh’s father had not been harassed or threatened at

all—a much greater discrepancy than the record reflects.

       Also on this score, we note that nothing in the record indicates that Singh’s father was a

more important member of the party than Singh. See id. at 96-97 (“Mr. Goldman: Is [your father]

a local leader of the Mann party? Mr. Singh: No. He’s a worker. . . . [W]herever rallies [are] going

to be held he will post the poster there and tell the people that rally is going to be held here.”).1

Indeed, other evidence suggests some possible explanations for the discrepancy in how Singh and

his father were treated, which the agency failed to consider. For example, Singh’s father attests in

his affidavit that the ruling “Congress party . . . compelled youth to join their party” and that the

police arrested Singh after asking him “to join [the] Congress party which he refused.” Id. at 177

(emphasis added). Accordingly, Singh’s inability to explain why the police threatened and

harassed him but did not arrest his father does not support an adverse credibility finding, at least

in the absence of further analysis by the agency.




       1
           In fact, the record suggests that Singh may have been more involved than his father. For
example, while Singh testified that his father posted posters and steered people to the rallies, Singh
testified that he posted posters and attended rallies and sit-ins.


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   III.      Conclusion

          Although in its otherwise thorough opinion, the IJ reasonably relied on the inconsistency

and vagueness of Singh’s testimony concerning the attacks he claimed to have suffered between

March and May 2013, see Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 163-64; Li v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 141, 147 (2d

Cir. 2008) (“A fact finder may understandably find detailed testimony more convincing than vague

testimony.”), and we defer to the agency’s findings regarding the absence of any corroboration

from Singh’s sister, see Biao Yang v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. 2007) (per curiam), we

cannot “state with confidence that the [agency] would adhere to [its] decision were the petition

remanded,” Xiao Ji Chen, 434 F.3d at 161, since the BIA determined that the four bases it cited

were “sufficient to support” the IJ’s adverse credibility determination and expressly declined to

address the other factors on which the IJ relied, leaving open the “realistic possibility that, absent

the errors, [it] would have reached a different conclusion,” Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

428 F.3d 391, 401 (2d Cir. 2005).

          Accordingly, the petition for review is GRANTED, the decision of the BIA is VACATED,

and the case is REMANDED to the BIA for further proceedings consistent with this order.

                                       FOR THE COURT:
                                       Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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