                                                                      This opinion was
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     DATS $£P 1 2                                                   Susan L. Carlson
                                                                   Supreme Court Clerk
        CMEFJUSTICE




            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

IN RE THE MATTERS OF THE RECALL
OF:
                                                     No. 96839-0
JEAN BURNHAM,DALE JACOBSON,
RYAN SMITH,SUE CAMERON,                              En Banc


MAYOR AND COUNCIL MEMBERS OF                         Filed   SEP 1 2 2019
THE TOWN OF CATHLAMET.



         OWENS,J.- This case concerns a recall petition filed against the mayor and

three members ofthe town council of Cathlamet. All of the charges against the

councillors and most ofthe charges against the mayor pertain to Cathlamet's purchase

of a parcel of real property. The remaining charges against the mayor pertain to his

use of separate town-owned lots to park his personal business vehicles. We hold that

the charges pertaining to Cathlamet's property purchase are legally insufficient

because acquisition of real property is a fundamental government purpose and a

discretionary act that was not manifestly unreasonable in this instance. We hold that

the charges pertaining to the mayor's use of town-owned lots are also legally
In re Recall ofBurnham et al., No. 96839-0


insufficient because the mayor's alleged conduct was not substantial. Accordingly,

we affirm the superior court.

                                           FACTS


       Cathlamet is a town of550 people on the Columbia River in Wahkiakum County.

In December 2018, Bill WainAvright, a local resident and member of an unincorporated

group called Concerned Citizens of Cathlamet, filed six recall charges against the mayor.

Dale Jacobson, and two identical recall charges each against town council members Jean

Bumham,Sue Cameron, and Ryan Smith. Most ofthe charges pertain to the town's

purchase of a parcel ofreal property located at 20 Butler Street(the Butler Street

Property) in Cathlamet. Charges 1 and 2 against Bumham, Cameron, and Smith, and

charges 1,2, and 3 against Jacobson allege violation ofand conspiracy to violate article

VIII, section 7 ofthe Washington State Constitution via a gift of public fiinds to the

seller ofthe Butler Street Property, Bemadette Goodroe. Charge 4 against Jacobson

alleges on essentially the same basis that he violated RCW 42.23.070(2), which prohibits

municipal officials from giving or receiving gifts related to their official capacities.

       The remaining charges against Jacobson pertain to his use of separate town-

owned lots to park personal business vehicles. Charges 5 and 6 against Jacobson allege

violation of article VIII, section 7 ofthe state constitution via a gift of public flinds to

himself and violation ofRCW 42.23.070(1), which prohibits municipal officers from

granting themselves or others "special privileges."

       The superior court held a sufficiency hearing regarding the recall charges on
In re Recall ofBurnham et al, No. 96839-0


January 22, 2019, and issued a written ruling on January 25, concluding that all charges

were legally insufficient. Wainwright filed a notice of appeal on Februaiy 6.

I.     Cathlamefs Purchase ofthe Butler Street Property

       The Butler Street Property is a 6,200-square-foot comer lot in Cathlamet. From

the 1920s through the 1970s, it housed a gas station, including four underground fuel

storage tanks. In the 1970s, the town discovered that the tanks were leaking. In 1997,

the Bank ofthe Pacific purchased the Butler Street Property. After soil samples revealed

concentrations of petroleum chemicals exceeding levels permissible by law, the bank

invested in remediating the site. Soil and groundwater samples taken thereafter

demonstrated contamination levels within legal limits. A small quantity of residual

contaminated soil was left in place due to inaccessibility.

       An environmental covenant was recorded for the Butler Street Property in 2005 to

prevent disturbance ofthe small area of residual contaminated soil that could not be

removed. The covenant prohibits an owner from undertaking any activity that might

release or expose the residual contaminated soils without prior written approval from the

Department ofEcology(Department). Such activities include digging, piercing the

surface, or placing any objects that stress the surface beyond its load-bearing capacity.

The Department issued a"No Further Action" letter to the bank in 2006, effectively

declaring remediation complete. Clerk's Papers(CP)at 109.

      In 2007, Goodroe and her late husband purchased the Butler Street Property from

the bank for $75,000. The bank executed a hold harmless agreement, indemnifying the
                                             3
In re Recall ofBurnham et al, No. 96839-0


Goodroes for any further remediation. The agreement expressly stated that the bank's
liability "survive[s] its sale ofthe property ... and shall continue in effect in the event of
subsequent sales ofthe property." CP at 120. In 2011,the value ofthe Butler Street

Property was assessed at $75,000; in 2018, it was assessed at $34,400. As of2018, the
Butler Street Property was vacant and being used as a parking lot. Sometime prior to

2018, Goodroe served on the town council.

       On March 15,2018, Jacobson initiated Cathlamet's purchase ofthe Butler Street

Property from Goodroe and directed the town to convey $1,000 in earnest money.

Goodroe's original asking price was $72,000, which the town negotiated down to

$68,000. Cathlamet hired a private appraiser, who appraised the Butler Street Property

at $40,000, assuming "no lasting environmental impact." CP at 200. The appraisal

noted a likely change in land use to a "possible park/open space." CP at 199. In

declarations, Jacobson and Cameron stated that the council sought to purchase the

Butler Street Property for conversion into a "pocket park." CP at 141, 103. Cameron,

a former environmental health director, declared that the "covenant does not interfere

with any contemplated use ofthe property." CP at 104.

       On June 18, the town council held a regular meeting at which the council

approved the purchase ofthe Butler Street Property by a majority vote. In declarations

introduced by Wainwright, two town residents stated that they heard Bumham say in

July 2018 that the council approved the purchase because "'we wanted Bemadette

Goodroe to get her money hack.'" CP at 231, 233. On July 10, Cathlamet's attorney
In re Recall ofBurnham et al., No. 96839-0


advised Jacobson against closing on the purchase. The purchase was completed for a

fmal sale price of$68,000. A statutory warranty deed was recorded on July 16.

       On December 12, the Department conducted a review ofthe Butler Street

Property and reported that "the requirements ofthe [covenant] have been satisfactorily

completed. No additional remedial action is necessary at this time." CP at 135.

11.    Jacobson's Use of Town-Owned Lots To Park His Business Vehicles

       Jacobson owns a propane delivery business located across the street from and

adjacent to two vacant lots owned by Cathlamet(not including the Butler Street

Property). Wainwright alleged that beginning in January 2016, Jacobson used the lots to

store, repair, and vent propane delivery trucks without paying compensation to the town.

Included iu the record is a photograph of three trucks parked on one ofthe lots.

       Wainwright further alleged that Jacobson "exercised dominion and control"

over the two town-owned lots by excluding others and granting conditional

permission for others to use the property. CP at 24. Wainwright stated in a

declaration that in September of2018 he spoke with a Cathlamet staff member about

parking his boat on one of the town-owned lots. The staff member allegedly denied

his request, saying,"'Jacobson determines who is going to park there.'" CP at 238.

Half an hour later, the staff member called Wainwright back to tell Wainwright that

Jacohson said it'"would be OK'" for Wainwright to park his boat there, though

Jacobson wanted to meet with Wainwright to show him where and how to park. Id.

Wainwright also stated in the same declaration that another town resident told
                                             5
In re Recall ofBurnham et al., No. 96839-0


Wainwright that the resident had similarly contacted and spoken with the same
Cathlamet staff member in 2017 about parking a trailer on the lot and the staff

member denied permission, stating,'"No, we do not allow that.'" Id.

       Jacobson admitted in a declaration that he utilized the town-owned lots to park

"up to four vehicles." CP at 141. However, he maintained that "there is plenty of
additional parking space available for others to use," which is "frequently used by

fishermen to park their vehicles and boat trailers while they are fishing." Id.

Jacobson stated that he was not aware of any basis for the claims that he excluded

others and said he had "never done so." Id. Jacobson declared that he knew that the

lots were town property and did not treat them as his own.

                                         ISSUES


     I.   Are the charges pertaining to Cathlamefs purchase ofthe Butler Street

Property legally and factually sufficient?

    II.   Are the charges pertaining to Jacobson's use oftown-owned lots to park his

vehicles legally and factually sufficient?

                                       ANALYSIS


       "Recall is the electoral process by which an elected officer is removed before

the expiration ofthe term of office." Chandler v. Otto, 103 Wn.2d 268,270,693 P.2d

71 (1984). In Washington, voters have a constitutional right to recall a nonjudicial

elected official who has "committed some act or acts of malfeasance or misfeasance

while in office, or who has violated his [or her] oath of office." WASH. CONST, art. I,
                                             6
In re Recall ofBurnham et al. No. 96839-0


§ 33. "Misfeasance" and "malfeasance" are statutorily defined as "any wrongful

conduct that affects, interrupts, or interferes with the performance of official duty."

RCW 29A.56.110(1). Additionally,"misfeasance" means "the performance of a duty

in an improper manner," while "malfeasance" also means "the commission of an

unlawful act." RCW 29A.56.110(l)(a)-(b). A "violation ofthe oath of office" is

defined as "the neglect or knowing failure by an elective public officer to perform

faithfully a duty imposed by law." RCW 29A.56.110(2).

      It is not the role of courts to assess the truth or falsity of recall charges, but to

evaluate their factual and legal sufficiency, RCW 29A.56.140;In re Recall ofKast,

144 Wn.2d 807, 812-13, 31 P.3d 677(2001). "We merely function as a gatekeeper to

ensure that the recall process is not used to harass public officials by subjecting them

to frivolous or unsubstantiated charges." In re Recall of West, 155 Wn.2d 659, 662,

121 P.3d 1190(2005). We determine "whether, accepting the allegations as true, the

charges on their face support the conclusion that the officer abused his or her

position." In re Recall ofWasson, 149 Wn.2d 787, 792, 72 P.3d 170(2003).

      Factual sufficiency requires that a recall petition "give a detailed description

including the approximate date, location, and nature of each act complained of," RCW

29A.56.110, which, if accepted as true,"would constitute a prima facie showing of

misfeasance, malfeasance, or a violation ofthe oath of office." Chandler, 103 Wn.2d

at 274. Legal sufficiency, on the other hand, requires that a recall petition "state with

specificity substantial conduct clearly amounting to misfeasance, malfeasance or
                                             7
In re Recall ofBurnham et al. No. 96839-0


violation ofthe oath of office." Id. A petition must identify a standard, law, or rule
that makes the elected official's conduct unlawful. In re Recall ofAckerson, 143
Wn.2d 366, 377, 20 P.3d 930(2001). "Legally sufficient means that an elected
official cannot be recalled for appropriately exercising the discretion granted him or
her by law." Chandler, 103 Wn.2d at 274. Discretionary acts are legally sufficient
only if an elected official exercised discretion in a "manifestly unreasonable" manner.
Greco v. Parsons, 105 Wn.2d 669, 672, 717 P.2d 1368 (1986).

       We review a superior court's sufficiency ruling de novo, applying the same

criteria as the superior court. In re Recall ofBolt, 111 Wn.2d 168, 175, 298 P.3d 710
(2013). "If a charge is clearly either factually or legally insufficient, we do not need
to analyze whether it might be sufficient in other aspects." Id.

I.     Cathlamefs Purchase ofthe Butler Street Propertv

       Wainwright charges Jacobson, Cameron, Smith, and Bumham with violating

and conspiring to violate article VIII, section 7 ofthe Washington State Constitution

by making an alleged gift of public funds to Goodroe in approving Cathlamefs

purchase ofthe Butler Street Property. He avers that "[i]t was manifestly

unreasonable for the Councilors to vote in favor of paying $68,000.00 for land that, if

in pristine condition[,] would be worth $40,000.00." Appellant's Opening Br. at 25.

       A. Gift ofPublic Funds

       The Washington State Constitution prohibits gifts of public funds:"[n]o

county, city, town or other municipal corporation shall hereafter give any money, or
                                            8
In re Recall ofBurnham et al., No. 96839-0


property ... to or in aid of any individual ...." WASH. CONST, art. VIII, § 7. The

"manifest purpose" of this prohibition "is to prevent [public] funds from being used to

benefit private interests where the public interest is not primarily served." Japan

Line, Ltd. v. McCaffree, 88 Wn.2d 93, 98, 558 P.2d 211 (1977). We use a two-

pronged analysis to determine whether a gift of public funds has occurred. First,

courts must ask whether the funds were expended to carry out a fundamental purpose

of the government; only if a fundamental government purpose was not served do

courts then inquire into donative intent and consideration. CLEAN v. State, 130

Wn.2d 782, 797-98, 928 P.2d 1054 (1996).

       We have found expenditures of public funds violative where a county gave

funds to a private corporation for an agricultural fair, Johns v. Wadsworth, 80 Wash.

352, 355, 141 P. 892(1914), and where a city acquired real property intending to

resell it to a private party and then did so. Lassila v. City ofWenatehee, 89 Wn.2d

804, 810-11, 576 P.2d 54(1978)("At acquisition a municipality must at very least

intend a public purpose to insure that a later sale to a private party does not violate the

constitutional prohibition."). In contrast, we found use of public funds to construct a

sports stadium not violative when the stadium would remain publicly owned and

managed. CLEAN, 130 Wn.2d at 799.

      It is apparent that acquisition of real property for public use is a fundamental

government purpose of a municipality. "The council of[a] town shall have power . . .

[t]o purchase . . . such real estate ... as may be necessary or proper for municipal
In re Recall ofBurnham et al. No. 96839-0


purposes, and to control, dispose of and convey the same for the benefit ofthe town."

RCW 35.27.370(2); see also RCW 35.23.452(codifying the power of second-class

cities to acquire real property); RCW 35.22.280(6)(codifying the power of first-class

cities to do the same). What's more, here the town council sought to purchase the

Butler Street Property for conversion into a "pocket park." CP at 141, 103. We have

recognized that "use of land for park or playground purposes is a public use."

Batchelor v. Madison Park Corp., 25 Wn.2d 907,924, 172 P.2d 268 (1946). RCW

35.23.452 and RCW 35.22.280(11) specifically codify the power of cities to acquire

land for parks. Here, as in CLEAN,the Butler Street Property remains and is intended

to remain owned and managed by the town. Thus, the purchase of the Butler Street

Property was not a gift of public ftmds because acquisition of property, especially for

use as a public park, reasonably fulfills a fundamental government purpose.

       Wainwright argues that donative intent motivated Cathlamefs purchase ofthe

Butler Street Property. Two town residents claim that Burnham said the council

approved the purchase because'"we wanted Bemadette Goodroe to get her money

back.'" CP at 231, 233. While these statements, if accepted as true, might be

factually sufficient to support the charges that the council members and mayor

committed a gift of public funds, those charges remain nonetheless legally insufficient

because Cathlamet purchased the Butler Street Property to carry out a government

purpose and therefore, as a matter of law, did not effect a gift of public ftinds.



                                            10
In re Recall ofBurnham et al, No. 96839-0


       B. Discretionary Act

       A municipality's acquisition and disposal of real estate for public purposes is

an inherently discretionary act. "Every town . .. may purchase, lease, receive, hold,

and enjoy real and personal property and control, lease, sublease, convey, or otherwise

dispose ofthe same for the common benefit." RCW 35.27.010. In Miller v. City of

Pasco, 50 Wn.2d 229, 233, 310 P.2d 863 (1957), we held that city officials' decision

to sell a parcel of real property was "[i]n the exercise of their discretion," based on

statutory language identical to RCW 35.27.010. Likewise, here the town council

members exercised their discretion in deciding to purchase the Butler Street Property.

       A discretionary act is legally sufficient for purposes of a recall petition only

where discretion was exercised in a "manifestly unreasonable" manner. Greco, 105

Wn.2d at 672. We have held that a "general statement that public funds are being

wasted is insufficient evidence" of a manifestly unreasonable exercise of discretion.

Cole V. Webster, 103 Wn.2d 280, 285,692 P.2d 799(1984). Here, Wainwright

essentially asserts that public funds were wasted when the town council approved of

purchasing the Butler Street Property for $68,000. Wainwright characterizes the price

paid as manifestly unreasonable given past contamination ofthe Butler Street

Property, projected costs of periodic monitoring, and a private appraisal that valued

the site at $40,000. However, the Goodroes purchased the Butler Street Property from

the bank for $75,000 in 2007, and it was assessed at $75,000 in 2011. Goodroe's

original 2018 asking price was $72,000, which Cathlamet negotiated down by $4,000.
                                            11
In re Recall ofBurnham et al., No. 96839-0


Wainwright also appears to overlook the bank's continuing hold harmless agreement,

which runs with the property and shields successive owners from liability for any

additional future remediation that may be necessary.

       Accordingly, we conclude that the council's decision to purchase the Butler

Street Property for $68,000 cannot be characterized as manifestly unreasonable.

While some town residents may disagree with the council's decision to purchase the

Butler Street Property for that price, a difference of opinion is not a sufficient basis to

recall an elected official. As we observed in Chandler,"the drafters of Washington's

recall provision wanted to prevent recall elections from reflecting on the popularity of

the political decisions made by elected officers." 103 Wn.2d at 271. Moreover,"an

elected official cannot be recalled for appropriately exercising the discretion granted

him or her by law." Id. at 274. Here, Jacobson, Burnham, Cameron, and Smith

appropriately exercised their lawful discretion as elected town officials.

      Thus, we hold that the charges pertaining to Cathlamet's purchase of the Butler

Street Property are legally insufficient. This disposes of charges 1 and 2 against

Burnham, Cameron, and Smith, as well as charges 1, 2, 3, and 4 against Jacobson.

II.    Jacobson's Use of Town-Owned Lots To Park His Vehicles

       Wainwright charges Jacobson with making a gift of public flmds to himself and

conferring a special privilege to himself by granting himself use oftown-owned lots

to park his vehicles and excluding others from doing the same. A gift of public funds

includes giving "property ... to or in aid of any individual." WASH. CONST, art. VIII,

                                             12
In re Recall ofBurnham et al., No. 96839-0


§ 7. RCW 42.23.070(1) prohibits any "municipal officer" from using his or her

position to "secure special privileges or exemptions for himself, herself, or others."

      "To be legally sufficient, the petition must state with specificity substantial

conduct clearly amounting to misfeasance, malfeasance or violation ofthe oath of

office." Chandler, 103 Wn.2d at 274(emphasis added). We held that alleged conduct

was insubstantial, and thus legally insufficient, when a mayor sometimes parked a

town vehicle at a neighbor's house when he stopped to have coffee with the neighbor.

Bolt, 111 Wn.2d at 178. In contrast, we held that alleged conduct was legally

sufficient when a mayor demanded that police investigate an anonymously circulated

pamphlet regarding the mayor: the mayor's demand was "not only a misuse of city

resources but also an improper interference with the police officers' official duties."

In re Recall ofSun, 111 Wn.2d 251, 258, 299 P.3d 651 (2013).

       Here, we conclude that Jacobson's alleged conduct is not substantial because

there is no evidence that Jacobson sought to exclude others from using the town-

owned lots and he did not receive any property. Wainwright's declaration, if accepted

as true, establishes only that a Cathlamet staff member denied a town resident

permission to park a trailer on the town-owned lots in 2017; Jacobson himself

approved Wainwright's 2018 request to park a boat on the lots. Moreover, while

Jacobson admits that he utilized the town-owned lots to park "up to four vehicles," he

maintains that "there is plenty of additional parking space available for others to use,"

which is "frequently used by fishermen to park their vehicles and boat trailers while
                                             13
In re Recall ofBurnham et al, No. 96839-0


they are fishing." CP at 141. Jacobson is not securing special privileges for himself

because the right to park on the town-owned lots is one that is held in common by

local residents and visitors. Nor has Jacobson made himself the recipient of a gift of

public funds because did not receive any property; rather, as in CLEAN,the lots

remained owned and managed by the town. This case is similar to Bolt a mayor's use

of municipal property by parking somewhere that a local resident objects to does not

rise to the level of substantial conduct simply because the resident objects.

      In sum, we hold that the charges pertaining to Jacobson's use oftown-owned

lots to park his vehicles are legally insufficient. This disposes of charges 5 and 6

against Jacobson.

                                    CONCLUSION


       We hold that the recall charges against Jacobson, Bumham, Cameron, and

Smith pertaining to Cathlamet's purchase ofthe Butler Street Property are legally

insufficient because acquisition of real property, especially for parks, is a fundamental

purpose of municipal government and because, as a discretionary act, the purchase

was not manifestly unreasonable. We further hold that the recall charges against

Jacobson pertaining to his use of a town-owned lot to park his business vehicles are

legally insufficient because Jacobson's alleged conduct is not substantial: he exercised

a common right of access and did not receive property. Accordingly, we affirm the

superior court.



                                            14
In re Recall ofBurnham, et al. No. 96839-0




WE CONCUR:




                     jQ ■




                                             15
In re Recall ofBurnham et al.




                                     No. 96839-0



       Gonzalez,J.(dissenting)—I largely agree with the majority's statement of

the controlling law. The power to buy and sell property is a power held by city

officials, and the exercise of that power, even if improvident, is not normally an act

that would subject an elected officer to recall. Majority at 11 (citing Miller v. City

ofPasco, 50 Wn.2d 229, 233, 310 P.3d 863 (1957)). I also agree that generally,

when the power to make a decision is vested in the discretion of elected officials,

those officials "cannot be recalled unless they arbitrarily or unreasonably exercised

such discretion." Cole v. Webster, 103 Wn.2d 280, 284, 692 P.2d 799 (1984). But

"[a] clear abuse of discretion may be shown by demonstrating the discretion was

exercised in a manner which was manifestly unreasonable or exercised on

untenable grounds orfor untenable reasons." Id. at 284-85 (emphasis added)

(citing Wilson v. Bd. ofGovernors, 90 Wn.2d 649, 656, 585 P.2d 136 (1978)). It is

clearly untenable, and a clear abuse of discretion, for a town to purchase property

at a vastly inflated price out of a desire to make a gift that would violate article

VIII, section 7 of our state constitution and RCW 42.23.070. To the extent the
In re Recall ofBurnham et al, No. 96839-0 (Gonzalez, J., dissenting)


majority opinion finds that paying an inflated purchase price out of a desire to give

a gift of part ofthe sale price is not a recallable allegation, I respectfully dissent.


       I emphasize that our role here is highly limited. It is not our task to

determine whether the facts alleged are true. In re Recall of West, 155 Wn.2d 659,

662, 121 P.3d 1190(2005)(citing/n re Recall ofKast, 144 Wn.2d 807, 813, 31

P.3d 677 (2001)). The recall petitioner merely needs to allege, under oath, that

they "believe the charge or charges to be true and have knowledge of the alleged

facts upon which the stated grounds for recall are based." RCW 29A.56.110. We

have previously interpreted that to require personal Imowledge of the facts alleged.

E.g., West, 155 Wn.2d at 666 (citing/« re Recall ofBeasley, 128 Wn.2d 419, 428,

908 P.2d 878 (1996)). Direct laiowledge of recallable conduct is not required;

reasonable inferences can be made. Id. at 665 (citing Chandler v. Otto, 103 Wn.2d

268, 274, 693 P.2d71 (1984)).


       Fairly read. Bill Wainwright has alleged recallable misfeasance in

connection with the purchase of the Butler Street property. Wainwright's recall

petition and supporting documents support an inference that Mayor Jacobson and

several members of the Cathlamet Town Council intended to make a gift of public

funds to their former colleague Bernadette Goodroe by purchasing her Butler

Street property for far more than it was worth. Specifically, Wainwright submitted

evidence that the Goodroes purchased the property for $75,000 in 2007. In 2018, it

                                              2
In re Recall ofBurnham et al, No. 96839-0 (Gonzalez, J., dissenting)


was assessed at $34,400. That same year, a private appraiser hired by the town

appraised the property at $40,000, assuming "no lasting environmental impact."

Clerk's Papers at 200. Because of that potential environmental impact and

accompanying potential liability, legal counsel recommended against the purchase.

See id. at 227-29 (describing environmental contamination issues with the

property). Nonetheless, the property was purchased for $68,000, about 170% of its

conditionally appraised value. Wainwright also submitted signed affidavits that

council member Jean Burnham said the city '"bought [the property] to keep the

Wallers and Lakes from having it and [because] we wanted Bernadette Goodroe to

get her money back.'" Id. at 231. Taken together, this evidence is sufficient to

support an inference that a gift of public funds was intended. This allegation is

both factually and legally sufficient to survive judicial review.


       Because I believe the people should decide, I respectfully dissent.
In re Recall ofBurnham, et al, No. 96839-0 (Gonzalez, J., dissenting)
