NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court,
109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may
be made before this opinion goes to press.


                                           2016 VT 4

                                         No. 2014-340

State of Vermont                                               Supreme Court

                                                               On Appeal from
   v.                                                          Superior Court, Washington Unit,
                                                               Criminal Division

Ivan Alcide                                                    October Term, 2015


Thomas A. Zonay, J.

William H. Sorrell, Attorney General, and David Tartter, Assistant Attorney General,
 Montpelier, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Matthew F. Valerio, Defender General, and Rebecca Turner, Appellate Defender, Montpelier,
 for Defendant-Appellee.


PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Robinson and Eaton, JJ.


        ¶ 1.   DOOLEY, J. Defendant Ivan Alcide was charged with possession of heroin and

cocaine and sought to suppress all evidence of drugs seized from his vehicle after a police dog

indicated the presence of drugs. The trial court found that the contraband was obtained through

the illegal expansion of the scope of a motor vehicle violation stop into a criminal drug

investigation, suppressed the evidence, and dismissed the charges. The State of Vermont appeals

the trial court’s grant of defendant’s motion to suppress and dismiss. On appeal, the State

contends that a minimal delay following the completion of a traffic stop for a dog sniff is

reasonable under federal and state law and, in the alternative, that the trial court committed plain

error in excluding evidence based upon an illegal detention when the evidence was unrelated to

the detention itself. Defendant has filed a motion to dismiss this appeal on the grounds the State
untimely filed its notice of appeal. We reject defendant’s argument and conclude we do have

jurisdiction over this appeal.    However, in light of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in

Rodriguez v. U.S., ___ U.S. ___, ___, 135 S.Ct. 1609, 1612 (2015), which established that the

Fourth Amendment does not permit a dog sniff conducted after the completion of a traffic stop

that is “prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete the mission” of issuing a

ticket for the violation, we affirm the trial court’s decision to dismiss the case against defendant.

       ¶ 2.    The trial court’s findings of fact are uncontested. Defendant’s automobile was

stopped on August 11, 2012 at around 5:00 P.M. in Montpelier. The corporal who stopped

defendant was in his cruiser with a drug-sniffing dog when he heard radio transmissions between

the dispatcher and another police officer.        That officer requested information about the

registration of defendant’s vehicle; the dispatcher informed the officer that the registration was

valid but defendant’s license was under suspension. The corporal had received information from

the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) that defendant was a drug dealer

in central Vermont, though “no specific information about [defendant’s] alleged activities was

given, nor was there information given to establish that any of the underlying information . . .

was reliable.” Nevertheless, based on the information from BATF and the fact that he had a drug

dog and was “always looking to make drug arrests,” the corporal requested information as to

defendant’s whereabouts and went to locate him.

       ¶ 3.    Subsequently, the corporal saw defendant’s vehicle traveling towards him on

Vine Street, a public highway, and recognized defendant as the driver. Before the corporal could

stop defendant’s vehicle, defendant pulled into the driveway of a residence that the corporal

knew belonged to the family of a deceased police officer. He called out to defendant, who told

him he was looking for the house of a woman, whose name the officer recognized as a person

who used drugs and was associated with known drug users, even though he “had never arrested

her for any drug offenses, nor was he aware of drugs having ever been found on her.”


                                                  2
       ¶ 4.    The corporal directed defendant to sit in his vehicle. After obtaining defendant’s

license and registration information, he contacted dispatch and confirmed that defendant’s

license was in fact suspended. He also called an agent at BATF, who informed him that

defendant was “on the front line of dealing drugs” in central Vermont.

       ¶ 5.    When the corporal returned to defendant’s vehicle, he informed defendant he

would be mailing a ticket for operating a motor vehicle while under suspension. He then asked if

there were any drugs in the car. Defendant denied having drugs and, when asked, denied

permission for a search of the vehicle. The corporal had not observed any drugs on defendant’s

person or within the vehicle, nor had he seen anything to indicate defendant was under the

influence of illegal drugs during the stop itself. The corporal returned to his cruiser and released

the drug dog and walked him around defendant’s vehicle. Defendant was not in the vehicle

when the dog circled the vehicle. The dog alerted to the presence of drugs upon reaching the

driver’s side door. The corporal informed defendant of the alert; he again asked for permission

to search, and defendant denied permission. Approximately seven to eight minutes had passed

from the time the corporal stopped defendant until he deployed the drug dog.

       ¶ 6.    The corporal seized and transported defendant and his vehicle from the scene in

order to apply for a search warrant. After conducting a search pursuant to an issued search

warrant, the corporal located cocaine and heroin within a first-aid box in the vehicle, resulting in

the instant charges.

       ¶ 7.    Defendant moved to suppress all evidence seized from his vehicle on the grounds

that the drugs were obtained as a result of an illegal expansion of a motor vehicle violation stop

into a criminal drug investigation. Following a hearing, the trial court issued a ruling granting

the motion. The trial judge held that while the initial traffic stop was justified by the corporal’s

observation that defendant was operating a vehicle with a suspended license, the officer lacked a

“reasonable, articulable suspicion of drug activity” sufficient to support the drug investigation

and deployment of a canine as required by Article Eleven of the Vermont Constitution. See
                                           3
State v. Cunningham, 2008 VT 43, ¶ 39, 183 Vt. 401, 954 A. 2d 1290 (Skoglund, J., concurring).

The trial court noted that the officer relied upon “generalized information for which reliability

was not established” in deciding to expand the stop into an investigation, and that the “hunch”

that defendant was involved in drug activity “simply [did] not rise to the level sufficient to form

the basis for any reasonable suspicion” of present drug activity. The trial court also concluded

that the stop “extended beyond the time reasonably necessary . . . to address the traffic offense,”

a finding compounded by the fact the corporal asked for permission to search the car and

deployed the drug dog after informing defendant he would mail a ticket for the traffic violation,

the point at which he presumably accomplished the purpose of the stop.

       ¶ 8.    On appeal, the state “does not take issue” with the trial court’s determination that

the corporal lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion of drug activity. Instead, the state raises

two arguments: (1) that a de minimis delay following completion of a traffic stop is reasonable

under the Fourth Amendment, and defendant waived any state constitutional challenge; and (2)

that the trial court committed plain error by excluding evidence based upon an illegal detention

of defendant when the evidence would have been discovered even if the detention did not occur.

       ¶ 9.    We first must consider defendant’s argument that this appeal is not properly

before us because the State’s appeal was untimely. Although the trial court’s decision was

entered on July 3, 2014, the State signed and filed its Vermont Rule of Appellate Procedure 4

notice of appeal with the trial court on September 8. Defendant argues that this filing was too

late. In response, the State argues that although the correct notice of appeal was not filed until

September, the prosecution had filed a motion for permission to appeal an interlocutory ruling

under V.R.A.P. 5 on July 10, which was granted by the trial court on August 25 without

opposition, and was sufficient to put the defense on notice of the appeal. We agree and will

consider this appeal as timely filed.

       ¶ 10.   A mistake in designating a judgment appealed from is “not always fatal, so long

as the intent to appeal from a specific ruling can be fairly inferred by probing the notice and the
                                                 4
other party was not misled or prejudiced.” Sanabria v. U.S., 437 U.S. 54, 67 n. 21 (1978);

accord Greensleeves, Inc. v. Smiley, 942 A.2d 284, 291 (R.I. 2007) (noting that there is “virtual

unanimity among American appellate courts as to the pragmatic approach to be taken with

respect to the adequacy of a notice of appeal”). In Vermont, we have similarly “decline[d] to

interpret Rule 4” in an unduly narrow fashion, Casella Const., Inc. v. Dep’t of Taxes, 2005 VT

18, ¶ 5, 178 Vt. 61, 869 A.2d 157, in recognition of the limited purposes served by a notice of

appeal: to inform the “parties and tribunals concerned that the proceedings are not concluded so

that they may respond accordingly” and to invoke “appellate jurisdiction by accomplishing the

transfer of the case to the reviewing authority while the question sought to be reviewed remains

open to appeal.” Badger v. Rice, 124 Vt. 82, 84-85, 196 A.2d 503, 505 (1963); see also Peabody

v. Home Ins. Co., 170 Vt. 635, 638, 751 A.2d 783, 786 (2000) (mem.) (noting that appeal rights

are to be “liberally construed in favor of persons exercising those rights”).

       ¶ 11.   Here, instead of filing a notice of appeal from the trial court’s dismissal order

under Rule 4, the prosecution mistakenly requested permission to appeal an interlocutory appeal

under Rule 5. The interlocutory order granting the motion to suppress was the cause of the

dismissal order because without the suppressed evidence, the State no longer had the evidence to

proceed with the prosecution. The trial court granted permission on August 25, 2014,. Under

V.R.A.P. 5(b)(6)(A), the order of the superior court serves as a notice of appeal.

       ¶ 12.   Defendant was aware of the State’s intent as of the July 10, 2014 motion and the

court’s order of August 25, and has not indicated that he suffered any prejudice on account of the

State’s mislabeling. Because the Rule 5 motion clearly indicated the State intended to appeal

from the trial court’s order on suppression and dismissal to this Court, and because

“imperfections in noticing an appeal should not be fatal where no genuine doubt exists about

who is appealing, from what judgment, to what appellate court,” Becker v. Montgomery, 532

U.S. 757, 767 (2001), we hold that the State’s motion for permission to appeal an interlocutory


                                                  5
ruling was sufficient to afford defendant with notice, and consequently sufficient to permit us

jurisdiction over this appeal.

        ¶ 13.   We turn to the merits of the State’s appeal.              In considering a trial court’s

disposition of a motion to suppress, we review all legal conclusions de novo and uphold findings

of fact “unless clearly erroneous.” State v. Mara, 2009 VT 96A, ¶ 6, 186 Vt. 389, 987 A.2d 939.

“It is a question of law whether the facts as found met the proper standard to justify a particular

police action.”     Id.   However, in evaluating a dismissal under Vermont Rule of Criminal

Procedure 12(d), “we examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, and

determine whether the evidence . . . would fairly and reasonably tend to show beyond a

reasonable doubt that defendant committed the offense”. State v. Valyou, 2006 VT 105, ¶ 4, 180

Vt. 627, 910 A.2d 922.

        ¶ 14.   The substance of this appeal is very much affected by the United States Supreme

Court decision in Rodriguez v. U.S., ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 1609 (2015), which was issued

after the trial court decision in this case and after the State filed its initial brief. In its initial brief,

the State argued that the trial court’s decision should be reversed because under the 4th

Amendment to the United States Constitution a very brief, de minimis detention following a

legitimate traffic stop does not require an independent reasonable, articulable suspicion of

wrongdoing. However, as noted by defendant in his brief, the Rodriguez decision unequivocally

resolves this legal issue against the State. In Rodriguez, a majority of the Court held that a

“police stop exceeding the time needed to handle the matter for which the stop was made violates

the Constitution’s shield against unreasonable seizures.” Rodriguez, ___ U.S. at ___, 135 S.Ct.

at 1612. A seizure justified only by a police-observed traffic violation therefore becomes

unlawful “if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete the mission” of

issuing a ticket for the violation. Id. (citation, quotation, and alteration omitted). Here, where

the State has conceded that the corporal “lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion of drug

activity,” the fact that defendant was only briefly delayed following a valid traffic stop is
                                             6
immaterial. As Justice Ginsburg wrote for the Rodriguez majority, “authority for the seizure . . .

ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have been—completed.”

Id. at 1614. Consequently, the corporal’s authority to detain defendant ended when he informed

defendant that he would be mailing a ticket for driving with a suspended license and so

“address[ed] the traffic violation that warranted the stop.” Id. Absent individualized suspicion

of defendant’s criminal activity, the corporal had no authority to continue defendant’s detention,

and the State’s objection to defendant’s motion to suppress cannot be sustained on the argument

that an additional detention for a minimal period is permissible.

       ¶ 15.   In its reply brief to this Court, the State acknowledges that Rodriguez does

invalidate the prosecution’s primary argument that a de minimis delay following completion of a

traffic stop is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. However, the State continues that

suppression is nevertheless unwarranted because the evidence would have been discovered “with

or without the defendant’s unlawful detention.” The State asserts that defendant could not drive

the vehicle away because of his suspended license, and that the dog did not alert to defendant’s

person, indicating his detention bore no relation to the discovery of drugs in the vehicle. The

State argues that under U.S. v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 683 (1985) and State v. Pitts, 2009 VT 51,

¶ 21, 186 Vt. 71, 978 A.2d 14, a defendant must show some causal relationship between his

detention and the seizure of evidence in order to obtain suppression of evidence as the result of

an unlawful detention.

       ¶ 16.   We need not reach the merits of this argument because the State did not raise it at

the trial level. The State contends this Court can find that the trial court committed plain error in

excluding evidence based upon an illegal search where there was no causal nexus between the

illegal detention and the evidence seized.        But the plain error doctrine is rooted in the

constitutional rights of a criminal defendant; in general, the State is not entitled to this review on

appeal. See U.S. v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-36 (1993) (limiting plain error review to cases

where “there [is] error that is plain and that affects substantial rights,” results in prejudice to
                                                7
defendant and “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings” (internal quotations and alteration omitted)); State v. Spooner, 2010 VT 75, ¶ 22,

188 Vt. 356, 8 A.3d 469 (describing plain error as a “defect[] affecting substantial rights” that

“strikes at the very heart of the defendant’s constitutional rights”); State v. Yoh, 2006 VT 49A,

¶¶ 39-40, 180 Vt. 317, 910 A.2d 853 (noting that the Olano test of obvious error that affects

substantial rights and causes prejudice to the defendant is a “guide for applying our own plain-

error standard”); Reporter’s Notes, V.R.Cr.P. 52 (noting that despite the similar effect of Rule

52(a) to Civil Rule 61, the harmless error rule is applied more sparingly in criminal litigation “in

view of the special interest of the court in assuring fairness to criminal defendants”).

       ¶ 17.   We recognize that a few federal circuit courts have allowed the government to

seek review of sentencing decisions based on asserted plain error without preservation in the trial

court. See U.S. v. Perkins, 108 F.3d 512, 517 (4th Cir. 1997); see also U.S. v. Gordon, 291 F.3d

181, 193 (2d Cir. 2002). In reaching this decision, the courts note that Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 52(b), which provides for plain error review, does not explicitly limit it to issues

raised by the defendant. V.R.Cr.P. 52(b) is identical to the federal rule. Without holding that we

would follow these decisions in a sentencing context, we note that the issue here is very different

from that in the federal sentencing appeals, and we find no precedent where plain error review

has been allowed to overturn a suppression decision. We do not find that the suppression



       
          We note that there are other reasons why we would deny plain error review in this case,
even if the prosecution is generally able to challenge a suppression decision based on plain error.
The State argues that a finding of plain error based on the ground it raises would result in
reversal of the suppression decision. In fact, the State has other hurdles to overcome. The trial
court found that defendant called the woman whose house he was looking for and she came to
the scene of the stop and was present before the corporal released the drug dog. The woman
worked for defendant and had driven his car at times while his license was under suspension.
Since she was present and could drive the car, there is a factual dispute over whether she could
have driven the car away before the drug dog sniffed the drugs. If the State had raised its
argument below, the court could have determined the necessary facts.

       Moreover, we have not yet ruled whether a drug dog can be used to sniff out drugs
without reasonable suspicion of criminal activity under Article 11 of Chapter I of the Vermont
                                               8
decision “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings” in a

case where defendant was clearly detained unconstitutionally.

       Affirmed.

                                                FOR THE COURT:



                                                Associate Justice




Constitution. The issue was raised in State v. Cunningham, 2008 VT 43, 183 Vt. 401, 954 A.2d
1290, but not decided. See id., ¶¶ 51-52 (Dooley, J., concurring and dissenting). Defendant
raised Article 11 in the trial court.

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