Filed 9/11/15
                      CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                           SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                   DIVISION THREE


JAIME A. SCHER et al.,                            B235892
      Plaintiffs, Appellants and
Respondents,                                      (Los Angeles County
                                                  Super. Ct. No. BC415646)
        v.
JOHN F. BURKE et al.,
      Defendants, Appellants and
Respondents.



        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Malcolm H. Mackey, Judge. Reversed in part, affirmed in part.
        Law Offices of Robert S. Gerstein, Robert S. Gerstein; Law Offices of Bennett
Kerns and Bennett Kerns for Defendants, Appellants and Cross-respondents John Burke,
Germaine Burke and Bennett Kerns.
        Levinson Arshonsky & Kurtz, Richard I. Arshonsky, Jason J. Jarvis; Garrett &
Tully, Ryan C. Squire and Zi C. Lin for Defendants, Appellants and Cross-respondents
Richard Erickson, Wendie Malick, Andrea D. Schroder and Richard B. Schroder.
        Ferguson Case Orr Paterson, Wendy C. Lascher and Joshua S. Hopstone for
Defendant, Appellant and Cross-respondent Gemma Marshall.




*
        Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1100 and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for partial publication. The portions of this opinion to be deleted from
publication are those portions enclosed within double brackets, [[ ]].
       Cunningham & Treadwell, James H. Treadwell and Steven F. Kuehl for Plaintiffs,
Respondents and Cross-appellants.
                                  _________________________
                                     INTRODUCTION
       This is a dispute between landowners about the right to vehicular access over two
roads in the unincorporated Topanga Canyon area of Los Angeles County. After trial to
the bench, the court ruled that the two roads had been dedicated as public streets, and that
plaintiffs, Jaime A. Scher and Jane McAllister, had an implied easement over the roads
for access to their property. Defendants,1 all of whom own land along the two roads
south of plaintiffs’ property, appeal from the portion of the judgment burdening their land
and enjoining them from obstructing vehicular access. The court also found that
plaintiffs had not established their right to an express, prescriptive, or equitable easement
for access along the roads and across defendants’ properties. Plaintiffs appeal from this
part of the judgment in favor of defendants.
       In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that Civil Code section 1009 bars
all use of non-coastal private real property, not simply recreational use of such property,
from ever ripening into an implied dedication to the public after the effective date of that
statute. Hence, the trial court erred in considering evidence about use of the subject roads
after March 4, 1972 to support its finding that the roads were impliedly dedicated to
public use.
       In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we hold that the trial court misapplied
the law when it ruled that plaintiffs have an implied easement that arose before 1902,
while the land was still owned by the federal government. We also conclude that the
court erred in ruling that the two roads were dedicated to public use during that time.
There is no evidence of the roads’ use before 1972 such as would support a finding that

1
      Defendants are Gemma Marshall, Richard Erickson and Wendie Malick,
Richard B. and Andrea D. Schroder, Christina Erteszak, Northern Trust Bank, N.A.,
Bennett Kerns, Trustee of the A.S.A. Trust, dated June 28, 2005 “on behalf of
John Burke & Germaine Burke,” John F. and Germaine Burke.

                                               2
they were impliedly dedicated as public streets. With respect to plaintiffs’ appeal, we
conclude that the trial court did not err in ruling that plaintiffs failed to prove they had an
express easement or an easement by prescription, or were entitled to an equitable
easement.
       Accordingly, the portion of the judgment against defendants is reversed and the
portion of the judgment against plaintiffs is affirmed.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       For simplicity, we will not identify the parties’ predecessors in title. (Cf. Jones v.
Tierney-Sinclair (1945) 71 Cal.App.2d 366, 368 [declining to distinguish acts done by
the parties from those committed by predecessors in interest].)
       1. The land in the area at issue
       In the late 1700s, the federal government began surveying the western
United States pursuant to the Public Land Survey System.2 The government divided the
land into “townships,” and split each township into 36 square-mile “sections.” At issue
here are Sections 1, 7, and 12, in a township located in the Santa Monica Mountains.
       The two roads at issue are Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road.3 Henry
Ridge Motorway runs approximately north/south along Henry Ridge, above Topanga
Canyon, from Alta Drive in Section 1 in the north to near its southern end where it
connects with Gold Stone Road in Section 12. The junction between Henry Ridge
Motorway and Gold Stone Road is a hairpin turn where Henry Ridge Motorway
measures about 12 feet wide. Gold Stone Road runs from Henry Ridge Motorway
easterly into Section 7 where it terminates at Greenleaf Canyon Road, a public street.



2
        We grant defendants’ motion filed on July 6, 2012, to take judicial notice of an
article from the United States Department of the Interior’s website concerning the Public
Land Survey System, <http://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/a_plss.html>.
3
      Gold Stone Road is identified in the record variously as “Goldstone” Road and
“Gold Stone” Road. For consistency, and following the parties’ lead, we will use the
two-word name.

                                               3
Greenleaf Canyon Road ends in the south at Topanga Canyon Boulevard, which
eventually leads further south to the town center of Topanga.
       From the north, Henry Ridge Motorway may be reached from Mulholland
Boulevard via Adamsville Avenue and Alta Drive, both public roads, or Oldfield Ranch
Road and Summit to Summit Road. From the south, Henry Ridge Motorway was
accessible from School Road until the early 1990s when the school district installed
gates. Now, the only outlet from the southerly part of Henry Ridge Motorway is through
Gold Stone Road to Greenleaf Canyon Road.
       Plaintiffs’ land is the northernmost of the parties’ properties on Henry Ridge
Motorway in Section 1; all of defendants’ properties lie to the south of plaintiffs’ land.
From Alta Drive south through plaintiffs’ property, Henry Ridge Motorway is paved.
Immediately south of plaintiffs’ property lie four successive parcels owned by non-
parties where Oldfield Ranch Road branches off to the east. At some point, the pavement
ceases and Henry Ridge Motorway is indicated on a local map as a “trail.” Defendant
Marshall owns the next southerly parcel on the unpaved trail, also in Section 1. Abutting
Marshall to the south, where Section 12 commences, lie two parcels on Henry Ridge
Motorway owned by defendants Erickson and Malick. (We will refer to these parcels as
Erickson/Malick north and Erickson/Malick south, respectively.) Henry Ridge
Motorway divides the Erickson/Malick south parcel to the west from the Schroder
defendants’ property to the east. Henry Ridge Motorway turns into Gold Stone Road as it
bends generally eastward through the Schroder property toward Section 7. There, it cuts
across land owned by defendant A.S.A. Trust, Kerns Trustee, and crosses onto the Burke
defendants’ property. The Burkes’ driveway opens onto Greenleaf Canyon Road.
       Plaintiffs also own an undeveloped lot off of Old Topanga Canyon Road in
Section 12 that does not touch on Henry Ridge Motorway or Gold Stone Road.




                                              4
                              [[Begin nonpublished portion]]
       [[2. The evidence of the roads’ existence
       a. the 1895 survey plat
       Soon after California became a state, the federal government surveyed the
Topanga Canyon area. A survey plat dated 1895 is divided into section squares, like
graph paper. In Sections 1 and 12, the 1895 survey plat shows a dotted line lying next to
a solid-line “Road,” located generally in the area of Henry Ridge Motorway wending
roughly along the ridge line, across the land corresponding to property now owned by
Marshall, Erickson/Malick, and Schroder. Exactly where the “Road” lay in 1895 cannot
be established. At the time, the property belonged to the United States Government.
The 1895 survey plat also reflects a dotted-line identified as a “Trail” lying to the east of
the “Road,” and located in Section 1 generally where Greenleaf Canyon Road lies now.
Plaintiffs’ title expert Anya Stanley inferred from the survey plat that in 1895, the “Road”
along Henry Ridge was more established than the “Trail.”
       Viewing a composite map that she compiled from the 1895 survey plat, Stanley
surmised, although acknowledging it was difficult to decipher, that while still federal
land, the “Road” extended along what is now Henry Ridge Motorway, through
Marshall’s, Erickson/Malicks’, and Schroders’ land, and may “possibly, depending upon
how accurate this [composite] map is,” have crossed land now owned by the Burkes.
Stanley acknowledged that her compilation map did not actually show this “Road”
connecting to Greenleaf Canyon. By contrast, defendants’ expert surveyor John MacNeil
explained that the surveyors’ task in 1895 was to set the section corners, not survey
roads. MacNeil pointed out that the 1895 survey plat upon which Stanley relied was not
intended to plot the course of a road, but only to show that it existed.
       Stanley did not know who built the “Road” along the ridge line or whether the
federal government improved the “Road” before 1911. Stanley postulated that early
native American traders may have used the “Trail.”




                                              5
       b. the United States Government homestead patents
       The parties in this case trace their titles to grants issued under the federal
Homestead Act (Act of May 20, 1862, ch. 75, §§ 1-8, 12 Stat. 392; Act of Mar. 3, 1855,
ch. 207, 10 Stat. 701; Act of Apr. 24, 1820, ch. 51, 3 Stat. 566; Murphy v. Burch (2009)
46 Cal.4th 157, 168, citing Granite Beach Holdings v. State (Wash.App. 2000) 11 P.3d
847, 854) (the Homestead Act). The Homestead Act required those seeking to own land
to occupy and cultivate or mine up to 160 acres for at least five years and then file an
application to the United States Government for a patent. A patent is the official
document reflecting the federal grant conferring fee simple title to public land.
(Murphy v. Burch, supra, at p. 162 & fn. 1 (Murphy).)
       Records from the Federal Bureau of Land Management and the Los Angeles
County Recorder’s Office show that the United States issued a patent for the
Erickson/Malick north property in 1902. The patent covering the Erickson/Malick south
property and the Schroder property was issued in 1903. The patent for plaintiffs’ land is
dated 1907. The predecessors of Marshall and of the Burkes each obtained their patents
in 1911. The parties own only portions of the properties originally patented to their
predecessors. Over the past century and a half, all of the homesteaded land has been
subdivided into smaller parcels. The patents in this case specifically reserved to the
United States previously vested and accrued water rights, previously granted mineral
rights, and rights-of-way for ditches and canals.
       c. the 1908 map
       A map of Topanga in 1908, derived by MacNeil from earlier maps, labeled the
“Road” from the 1895 survey plat as the “Ridge Trail,” while the 1895 “Trail” became
“Greenleaf Road.” The 1908 map does not clarify the locations of the 1895 “Road” or
the 1908 “Ridge Trail.” Stanley testified the route of the “Ridge Trail” has changed since
the 19th century. For example, the 1908 “Ridge Trail” is not identical to what is now
Henry Ridge Motorway because the modern road extends farther north than in 1895, and
was reconfigured in the south to follow a straighter path into what is now School Road.
MacNeil created the 1908 map from the 1895 survey plat, never intending it to constitute

                                               6
a survey of the location of Henry Ridge, and so he testified it was “never established that
it was [Henry Ridge] Motorway all the way to [Greenleaf Canyon Road].” The 1895
survey plat and the 1908 map do not identify the roads’ actual locations a century ago,
and there is no other evidence to indicate whether today’s Henry Ridge Motorway exists
in the same location as “Ridge Trial” did on the 1908 map, or in 1902 when the first
patent was issued in this case.
       d. maps from the 1930s
       No road or trail is identified in that area on the “Early subdivisions and points of
interest map of Topanga Canyon in the 1930s.” What was identified as the “Trail” in the
1895 survey plat and “Greenleaf Road” in 1908, became “Greenleaf Canyon Road” on
the 1930s map.
       “Henry Ridge Motorway” first appears by that name in CSB maps from the 1930s.
CSB maps are County of Los Angeles surveys that define alignments of proposed as well
as existing roads. The CSB maps from 1935 and 1937 depict “Henry Ridge Motorway”
as extending north all the way to Mulholland Drive, which was a “major public street”
then. In the 1930s, Cal-Trans considered a “motorway” to be a banked road that either
was or would be graded to accommodate motor vehicles, as opposed to a horse-drawn
carriages or stage coaches. More recently, the County defined “Motorway” as “[a] truck
trail or trail through mountainous terrain, usually for fire equipment usage or service
access; e.g., power lines, Nike sites, etc. Not for public use.”4 (Italics added.) In the late



4
       We grant defendants’ request to take judicial notice of the Street Name Policy of
the County of Los Angeles Department of Public Works as of June 28, 1999, and the
House Numbering and Street Naming Manual of the Los Angeles Department of Public
Works, dated April 1999. Plaintiffs oppose the request on the ground this document was
not before the trial court. However, the naming of a street is a legislative act (Gov. Code,
§ 34091.1) and the question of what “Motorway” means is a question of law, which we
independently decide, regardless of whether the issue was before the trial court. (Burden
v. Snowden (1992) 2 Cal.4th 556, 562 [“As the matter is a question of law, we are not
bound by evidence on the question presented below or by the lower court’s
interpretation.”].)

                                              7
1930s, the County Fire Department built and graded Henry Ridge Motorway from
Adamsville Road to School Road in case of brush fire.
       e. the 1949 Easement – Sections 7 & 12
       In 1949, a predecessor-in-interest of the Burkes granted to the prior owner of the
Schroder and Erickson/Malick south properties an “appurtenant” easement “for roadway
purposes” for “ingress to and egress from the said Greenleaf Canyon Road to the property
of” the Schroder and Erickson/Malick south parcels in Sections 7 and 12 respectively.
(The 1949 Easement) The 1949 Easement over Burke’s property ran generally where
Gold Stone Road today crosses the Burke land, and was “just a drive, private driveway”
then. The grant further provided that “in the event” the state or county “accept[ed] the
roadway as a public road,” then the grantor and her successors in interest “consent[ed] to
the dedication of the said road.” (Italics added.) The record contains no acceptance by a
public entity. The 1949 Easement burdens Burkes’ property and benefits the
Erickson/Malick south and Schroder properties, but does not benefit plaintiffs’ Section 12
property.
       f. the 1950 maps
       Witnesses testified that Henry Ridge Motorway’s route has changed over the
years. There have been minor changes in the road’s alignment. It was straightened out
and paved in part. The road previously went over the top of a ridge on plaintiffs’
property. Henry Ridge Motorway was moved to the west as much as 150 feet to a
location down along the side of a hill. Also, the road once came within 40 feet of
plaintiffs’ house. MacNeil did a comparison of Henry Ridge Motorway in 1952 to the
1895 survey plat and found that in some places the road had moved four to five hundred
feet. The first time “Goldstone Road” was shown on a map, was in a 1952 CSB map.
       g. the 1960s maps and the Thomas Brothers’ Guide Maps
       Henry Ridge Motorway was still not much of a road in the 1960s despite its
depiction on the 1930s CSB maps. Two government maps from 1967 reflect
“Henry Ridge” as a nameless, “unimproved dirt” road. Although the phrase
“HENRY RIDGE” appears in all capital letters on the 1967 maps, all of the roads in the

                                             8
area, including large roads such as Topanga Canyon Boulevard, are identified in lower
case letters. One of the 1967 maps indicates an unimproved dirt road in the general
vicinity of what is now Gold Stone Road.
       Thomas Brothers’ Guide maps from 1960 and 1966 show a road identified as
“Henry Ridge Road” and “Henry Ridge Motorway.” Neither shows Gold Stone Road or
a road where Gold Stone Road lies today. The Thomas Brothers’ Guide maps in 1983
list Gold Stone Road as a private dirt road. Gold Stone Road was first paved around
1987. The Thomas Brothers maps in 1996 and 2001 show “Henry Ridge Mtwy” and
“Gold Stone Road.” Stanley acknowledged that Thomas Brothers Guides sometimes
contained errors and showed roads that do not actually exist.
       h. the 1968 Declaration of Easement – Section 12
       In 1968, the owner of the property comprised of the Schroder and
Erickson/Malick’s southern parcels in Section 12, decided to subdivide the land into four
parcels, A through D. To provide the new parcels with access to a public street, i.e.,
Greenleaf Canyon Road, the grantor recorded a “Declaration and Grant of Easements”
for “road purposes and to be appurtenant to all land in said Sec. 12” as depicted on an
attached map (1968 Declaration).
       The 1968 Declaration specifies that its easement offer would “tak[e] effect upon”
the recording by any Section 12 fee owner of an “acceptance.” Additionally, the 1968
declaration mimics the language of the 1949 Easement as it was also made “with the
understanding that in the event a final tract map or parcel map [were recorded] over any
portion of this division dedicating . . . to public use streets . . . which are accepted by the
County,” the easement “shall no longer be of any force or effect.” (Italics added.)
Neither an acceptance of the easement by the fee owner, nor a final tract or parcel map
was ever recorded. The easement’s route as depicted on the map attached to the 1968
Declaration differs considerably from the route of Gold Stone Road today. Also, as there
is no evidence of any consent to change the easement’s route to conform to the current
road, there are portions of southerly Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road over
which the 1968 Declaration does not appear to grant an easement.

                                               9
       i. the 1970 Easement Declarations – Sections 1 & 12
       On July 16, 1970, the owner of land now held by Marshall, the previous owner of
Erickson/Malick’s northern parcel, and the predecessor of McCoy who is not a party to
this lawsuit, executed identical instruments, all signed by the same person and recorded
on the same day, entitled “Declaration and Grant of Easements” (the 1970 Declarations).
Using almost the same language as the 1968 Declaration, the three 1970 Declarations
were designed to facilitate a proposed division of the relevant land in Sections 1 and 12
into smaller parcels. Accordingly, the 1970 Declarations created strips of land shown on
attached maps to be “easements for road purposes and to be appurtenant to all land” in
the respective sections, namely Section 1 for the Marshall property, and Section 12 for
the Erickson/Malick north property, “the vesting of title to said easements to take effect
upon recording . . . by any fee owner of a portion of said Sec. . . . of an acceptance of
said easements.” (Italics added.) The record contains no acceptance. There is
conflicting evidence about the route of the easements and dedicated road created by the
1970 Declarations.
       The 1970 Declarations also state: “OWNER makes this declaration with the
understanding that in the event a final tract map or parcel map is caused to be filed with
the County Recorder over any portion of this division, dedicating or deeding to public use
streets and highways for said map which are accepted by the County of Los Angeles, this
declaration insofar as said lands are affected by said final tract map or parcel map, shall
no longer be of any force or effect.” (Italics added.) The legends on two of the maps
attached to the three 1970 Declarations indicate a solid line representing “Dedicated
roads, per attached declaration . . . .” No acceptance of any of the 1970 Declarations was
recorded. Neither the Marshall nor the Ericson/Malick north properties was subdivided
according to the 1970 Declarations.]]
                               [[End nonpublished portion]]




                                             10
       3. The irrevocable offers to dedicate trail easements
       a. Marshall’s hiking and equestrian trail dedication on Henry Ridge Motorway
       To develop her land in Section 1, Marshall was required to obtain a permit from
the California Coastal Commission. As a condition to granting the permit, the Coastal
Commission required Marshal to “record” an instrument “irrevocably offering to
dedicate . . . an easement for a hiking and equestrian trail for public use” of the
Topanga-Henry Ridge Trail, which crosses part of Henry Ridge Motorway on her land.
Marshall’s 1989 irrevocable offer “dedicate[d] to the People of California an easement in
perpetuity for the purposes of hiking and equestrian trail . . . .” (Italics added.)
       The attached Coastal Commission Staff Report and Recommendations found and
declared that “The Topanga-Henry Ridge Trail traverses the private access road
(Henry Ridge Motorway) . . . .” (Italics added.) Continuing, the report states, “these
privately maintained roads have become commonly used recreational links between
growing centers of development in the mountains. While currently unimproved, these
roads . . . functioned as public thru-ways and have historically been open to unobstructed
vehicular and pedestrian traffic. It is likely that demand for this particular trail will
increase as the immediate area is built out.” (Italics added.) “Henry Ridge Motorway is
commonly used by equestrians, hikers, and joggers. Formal dedication may not be
necessary to continue the use of this trail, because as in the case of other commonly used
trails in the mountains, there is strong likelihood that prescriptive rights have been
established.” (Italics added.)
       b. trail dedication on Henry Ridge Motorway by predecessors of the Schroders
and Erickson/Malicks
       In 1992, prior owners of the Schroder and Erickson/Malick south properties in
Section 12 recorded an “Irrevocable Offer to Dedicate Trail Easement and Declaration of
Restrictions,” the purpose of which was to “allow[] public pedestrian and equestrian
ingress and egress and for public recreational purposes.” (Italics added.) The Dedication
affected a 20-foot wide strip of property that was contiguous with, and over the portion of
Topanga-Henry Ridge Trail that lies within the owner’s parcel, and specifically limited

                                              11
the “right of public use of the easement” “to daylight hours, from one hour before sunrise
to one hour after sunset.” The offer did not involve Gold Stone Road.
       As reflected in the document, this trail dedication was a condition of a Coastal
Commission development permit. The Dedication states that “the Property is a parcel
traversed by a trail used for public recreation and access . . . .” The declaration contained
the condition that the grantors would not interfere “with [the] present public use of this
road.” (Italics added.) The restriction provides that the offer of dedication shall not be
“construed to allow anyone, prior to acceptance of the Offer, to interfere with any rights
of public access acquired through use which may exist on the Property.” (Italics added.)
       The attached staff report reflects the Coastal Commission’s mounting concern
about the effects of increased development in the area on recreational use. The report
notes that Henry Ridge Trail provides access and helps to connect areas with the
“remainder of the trail system.” These trails “have become important and commonly
used recreational assets and a means of providing access to and links between natural,
scenic, and recreational areas in the mountains.” However, “[r]esearch has shown that a
major deterrent to public use of recreational trails and similar public recreation areas and
facilities is a perception by the public that the areas involved are private.” The report
observes that “development tends to preempt public access, partly due to the ‘feeling of
trespass’ engendered by the predominance of private development” and notes the
necessity of placing conditions on development “to formalize the public’s right to
continued use of these trails.”5 (Italics added.)
       4. Use of Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road by plaintiffs and others
       Much of this lawsuit concerns whether and in what manner Henry Ridge
Motorway and Gold Stone Road were used by the public.



5
        Plaintiffs introduced into evidence numerous other documents and instruments in
defendants’ various chains of title. We will not include these exhibits here because they
are not cited by the trial court and the evidence does not show that these instruments
affect the result here.

                                             12
                              [[Begin nonpublished portion]]
        [[a. Pre-1972
        Unable to locate eyewitnesses from the 1800s through the early 1900s, plaintiffs
relied on inferences from photographs, lot books, the parties’ chains of title, historical-
society documents, and the above-described maps and instruments. The 1908 map
reflects some development in the Topanga Canyon area, such as houses, a tavern, a post
office, inns, campsites, a general store, and a school. A tavern with cabins operated in
1908 on Chaney’s Road, east of Greenleaf Road. Automobiles were photographed at the
Topanga General Store in the 1920s. Photographs show the evolution of the area’s
development starting with mail delivery in 1880, although plaintiffs’ expert Stanley
admitted “it [the photography] doesn’t prove anything.” No development is depicted
along the “Ridge Trail” in 1908. Instead, all of the development is accessible from other
roads, including the “Topanga to Calabasas Road,” now called Old Topanga Canyon
Road.
        Pauline Stewart conveyed her Section 1 property to plaintiffs in 1998.6 She
testified that Henry Ridge Motorway was both public and private. She stated that the
roads at issue “have been used for fifty years” and “there wasn’t any question” that
“those roads had been public property for so long.” Yet, Stewart admitted she did not
personally know of anyone driving Gold Stone Road to Henry Ridge Motorway.]]
                               [[End nonpublished portion]]
        b. After March 4, 1972
        When Pauline Stewart, the “matriarch of Henry Ridge,” moved to Henry Ridge
Motorway in 1977, it was merely a “fire road.” In 1984, the Los Angeles County Fire
Department notified Stewart that it would no longer maintain the road because the
“County had designated it as a private road.” (Italics added.) Stewart described Henry
Ridge in a 1988 letter as “a road on private property so it is considered a private road, it


6
       Aged 91 at the time of trial, Stewart was unavailable to testify and so her
deposition was read into the record.

                                             13
is not a public thoroughfare, even though it is open to the public for all practical
purposes.” (Italics added.)
       Stewart’s own travel on Henry Ridge Motorway was almost exclusively
northbound from plaintiffs’ property and not southerly through defendants’ land. The
only roads that were continuously used for access to and from plaintiffs’ property were
Adamsville and Alta to the north. Stewart used Gold Stone Road twice in 20 years. She
had no personal knowledge of anyone using Gold Stone Road to Henry Ridge Motorway;
she did not even know whether her husband used Gold Stone Road. Nor did Stewart
know whether any property owners on Henry Ridge Motorway or Gold Stone Road
dedicated those roads to public use. She was unaware of facts that would show that the
general public had used Henry Ridge Motorway to Gold Stone Road to Greenleaf
Canyon on a regular basis. She stated, “I don’t know anybody in their right mind that
would even try to go that way.” (Italics added.)
       Plaintiffs called a series of witnesses who described their use of Henry Ridge
Motorway and Gold Stone Road. These witnesses, including plaintiffs, their neighbors,
defendants, friends, handymen, tenants, and others in the area, also described who they
saw driving along the two roads. None of the witnesses described use of or activity on the
two roads before March 4, 1972.
       Plaintiffs purchased their Section 1 property in 1998. They have an easement,
recorded in 1948, giving them access northerly along “that certain road only, now known
as a fire road and connected with proposed Mulholland Blvd.” Plaintiffs’ tenants’ leases
specify that the tenants may use Henry Ridge Motorway to the north for access but not to
the south, except “in case of dire emergency.” Plaintiff Scher testified that since
purchasing his Section 1 property he intended to establish rights south along Henry Ridge
Motorway and Gold Stone Road.
       Plaintiffs bought their Section 12 property off of Old Topanga Canyon Road
in 2007. Undeveloped, plaintiffs’ Section 12 lot measures 1,250 square feet and does not
touch Henry Ridge Motorway or Gold Stone Road. Scher testified he bought the
Section 12 lot “ ‘partially to stick a thorn in my neighbor’s side’ ” and because plaintiffs

                                             14
wanted to claim a right to use the two roads at issue under the Declarations of Easements,
which plaintiffs believed benefitted Section 12 owners, but not plaintiffs’ Section 1
property.
       Marshall purchased her property in 1987. In 1990, after recording her trail
dedication and obtaining a Coastal Commission development permit, Marshall began
constructing a residence located 24 feet from Henry Ridge Motorway. Marshall posted
signs on the northern and southern boundaries of her property declaring “Private Road
permission to pass subject to control of owner. Penal Code 602 and Section 1008 Civil
Code.” Marshall hung the signs to prevent people from gaining prescriptive rights on her
property.
       In 1991, Marshall installed a locked gate across Henry Ridge Motorway on the
northern boundary of her land and later electrified it. Marshall gave gate keys for
emergencies to the fire department and her neighbors, including Stewart, who passed one
on to plaintiffs when they bought the property. When closed, the gate prevents only
vehicular access; hikers and equestrians can circumnavigate it.
       Erickson and Malick, attracted by the quiet and privacy, purchased their north
parcel in 1996 and their south parcel in 2000. Erickson “religiously” stops drivers on
Gold Stone Road and Henry Ridge Motorway who he does not recognize. Erickson once
challenged Scher’s right to use the road on the Erickson/Malick south property. Malick
has “often” stopped people on Gold Stone Road because they were following the
Thomas Brothers’ Guide to Henry Ridge Motorway. In 2008, Erickson and Malick
recorded two declarations granting consent to use Henry Ridge Motorway on their two
parcels pursuant to Civil Code section 813.
       The Schroders have lived on their land since 2005, in part because of the privacy it
afforded. Their seller and realtor told them there were no ingress and egress easements
on Gold Stone Road. Schroder has been vigilant about keeping drivers off Gold Stone
Road. He “always” stops drivers and redirects them unless they are guests of the
Erickson/Malicks. There are two gates across Gold Stone Road.


                                              15
       The Burkes bought their Section 7 land in 1993. In 2005, they bought the
unimproved land now held by the A.S.A. Trust to prevent development and ensure
privacy. There is a sign at the intersection of Greenleaf Canyon Road and Gold Stone
Road declaring the latter to be “Private.” Another sign reads, “ ‘No access to
Henry Ridge Road. Locked gates ahead.’ ” On a wooden gate at the junction of
Gold Stone Road, Greenleaf Canyon, and the Burkes’ driveway stands a sign since at
least 1993 that forbids trespassing, parking, dumping, and loitering. The Burkes posted
the signs pursuant to Civil Code section 1008 so that people would know they were
permissively driving on Gold Stone Road. Since they moved into their Section 7
property, the Burkes have stopped passersby to re-direct those not entitled to use Gold
Stone Road.
       5. Alternative routes
       Plaintiffs calculate that traveling Henry Ridge Motorway south to Gold Stone
Road is more convenient because this route to Topanga center takes 7 to 10 minutes.
There are numerous roads connecting to Henry Ridge Motorway in the north to Topanga
center, but those routes take plaintiffs 18 to 20 minutes. Plaintiffs claim they are unable
to use Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road to evacuate to the south in case of
emergency.
       In 2005, plaintiffs discovered that the lock on Marshall’s gate was jammed.
Plaintiffs sent Marshall letters demanding a new key and claiming an express easement to
use Henry Ridge Motorway. Plaintiffs also sent letters to Erickson/Malick and discussed
the issue of access to the two roads with Schroder. People consulted with their title
insurers.
       6. The litigation
       Plaintiffs filed their complaint alleging that defendants’ properties are burdened,
and plaintiffs are benefitted, by express easements for ingress and egress along Henry
Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road. The complaint sought to quiet title to the
easements and sought declarations that: (1) plaintiffs are the beneficial owners of
express, prescriptive, and equitable easements to use Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold

                                             16
Stone Road; (2) defendants have acquiesced to the dedication to public use of the entirety
of Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road across defendants’ properties; and
(3) plaintiffs are entitled to use Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road as a public
street. The complaint also sought to enjoin defendants from interfering with plaintiffs’
use of the two roads. After trial, plaintiffs amended their complaint according to proof to
add a cause of action for implied easement.
                              [[Begin nonpublished portion]]
       [[The trial court issued a 19-page statement of decision finding: (1) plaintiffs had
an implied easement for vehicular ingress and egress that arose before the federal
Government conveyed the land by patents in 1902; (2) Henry Ridge Motorway and a
portion of Gold Stone Road at Greenleaf Canyon Road were dedicated to the public when
the land was still owned by the United States Government; (3) the public has vested
rights to use the roads under the doctrines of implied-in-law and implied-in-fact
dedication; and (4) plaintiffs failed to prove they had an express, prescriptive, or
equitable easement.]]
                               [[End nonpublished portion]]
       The trial court entered judgment declaring that Henry Ridge Motorway and
Gold Stone Road had been impliedly dedicated as public streets and quieting title to
easements over the two roads in favor of plaintiffs. The judgment enjoined and
restrained defendants from obstructing the roads. The court also entered judgment
against plaintiffs on their theories of express, prescriptive, and equitable easement.
Defendants appeal and plaintiffs appeal.
                                     CONTENTIONS
       Defendants’ appeals challenge the portions of the judgment against them and
plaintiffs’ appeal challenges the portion of the judgment against them.




                                              17
                                      DISCUSSION
                                              I
                                DEFENDANTS’ APPEAL
                              [[Begin nonpublished portion]]
                      [[Implied Easement Based On Federal Patents
       1. The elements of implied easements
       Defendants contend that the trial court erred as a matter of law in ruling that the
federal patents created an implied easement over Henry Ridge Motorway because the
common ownership element was lacking.7 The trial court found the evidence “manifest”
that Henry Ridge Motorway existed and was used before the first division of title in 1902
when the federal government issued the first patent.
       The law will imply an intent to create an easement by grant or reservation in the
absence of a written document evincing intent. (6 Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate
(3d ed. 2011) § 15:19, p. 15-18.) Easements will be implied if the following conditions
exist at the time of the conveyance: “1) the owner of property conveys or transfers a
portion of that property to another; 2) the owner’s prior existing use of the property was
of a nature that the parties must have intended or believed that the use would continue;
meaning that the existing use must either have been known to the grantor and the grantee,
or have been so obviously and apparently permanent that the parties should have known
of the use; and 3) the easement is reasonably necessary to the use and benefit of the
quasi-dominant tenement.” (Tusher v. Gabrielsen (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 131, 141,




7
        We do not read the judgment as finding an implied easement for access over
Gold Stone Road, plaintiffs’ suggestion to the contrary notwithstanding. To the extent
that the statement of decision could be read as having declared an implied easement over
a portion of Gold Stone Road, our holding as it relates to the ruling concerning an
implied easement for access on Henry Ridge Motorway likewise applies to Gold Stone
Road.

                                             18
fn. omitted (Tusher); see also Civ. Code, § 1104;8 12 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law
(10th ed. 2005) Real Property § 392, p. 460.)
       The grantee is said to have a grant of a right of way when an access easement by
implication benefits the conveyed parcel. Conversely, the grantor has impliedly reserved
an access easement across the grantee’s property when the easement by implication is
retained for the benefit of the grantor’s parcel. (Murphy, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 163.)
       “ ‘ “The law does not favor the implication of easements. Such implication can
only be made in connection with a conveyance, and in view of the rule that a conveyance
is to be construed against the grantor . . . . Whether an easement arises by implication on
a conveyance of real estate depends on the intent of the parties, which must clearly
appear in order to sustain an easement by implication.” ’ ” (Thorstrom v. Thorstrom
(2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1406, 1420, italics added (Thorstrom).) “ ‘ “The purpose of the
doctrine of implied easements is to give effect to the actual intent of the parties as shown
by all the facts and circumstances.” [Citation.]’ ” (Ibid.; cf. Moores v. Walsh (1995)
38 Cal.App.4th 1046, 1049.) Thus, an easement by implication will only be found when
there is “clear evidence” that the parties intended it “at the time of the original transfer of
the property” by the common grantor. (Tusher, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 143, italics
added; Thorstrom, supra, at p. 1420; Fristoe v. Drapeau (1950) 35 Cal.2d 5, 8.)
       The claimant has the burden of proving each element of the cause of action for an
implied easement by a preponderance of the evidence. The trial court’s factual findings
are binding on the appellate court if supported by substantial evidence. (6 Miller & Starr,
Cal. Real Estate, supra, § 15:19, p. 15-82, citing Tusher, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at
p. 145.) However, whether common ownership may be established by reference to



8
        Civil Code section 1104 reads: “A transfer of real property passes all easements
attached thereto, and creates in favor thereof an easement to use other real property of the
person whose estate is transferred in the same manner and to the same extent as such
property was obviously and permanently used by the person whose estate is transferred,
for the benefit thereof, at the time when the transfer was agreed upon or completed.”

                                              19
federal patents presents a legal question which we review de novo. (Kellogg v. Garcia
(2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 796, 802-803.)
       2. Common ownership is lacking.
       The first required element is that the dominant and servient tenements were held
by the same owner at the time of the conveyance giving rise to the implied easement.
(Tusher, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 141.) The United States Government can be the
common owner of land conveyed by a federal patent. (Murphy, supra, 46 Cal.4th at
p. 161.) However, “conveyances involving a sovereign as a common owner typically do
not give rise to implied reservations of easements.” (Id. at p. 165.)
       In Murphy, the plaintiff seeking to establish an implied access easement by
necessity argued that the relevant conveyance was the first one in 1929, when the federal
government deeded the parcel containing the defendants’ servient property, reasoning the
government impliedly retained ownership of plaintiff’s dominant land and hence
impliedly reserved an access easement for itself. (Murphy, supra, 46 Cal.4th at pp. 167-
168.) Conversely, the defendants fighting the easement across their land asserted that
common ownership could not be established because the relevant conveyance was the
later 1932 patent deeding the plaintiff’s dominant tenement, by which time the
government no longer owned the servient property. (Id. at p. 168.) The Supreme Court
in Murphy stated, “We agree that an easement by necessity cannot arise by implication
from the 1932 conveyance because common ownership was lacking.” (Ibid.) Thus, the
conveyance giving rise to the reservation of an easement by implication is the one
transferring the dominant tenement.
       Here, just as in Murphy, the relevant conveyance is the patent to plaintiffs’
Section 1 ancestor because plaintiffs seek to establish their right, as the dominant
tenement holders, to use Henry Ridge Motorway as it crosses defendants’ servient
properties. However, plaintiffs’ property was patented in 1907, by which time the
northerly Erickson/Malick property had already been conveyed by patent in 1902 and the
Schroder and southerly Erickson/Malick property had already been conveyed in 1903.
Thus, no easement can arise by implication because by the time the federal government

                                             20
issued the patent to plaintiffs’ predecessor in 1907, the United States no longer owned
any of these servient tenements. (Murphy, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 168.) The common
ownership element is missing.
       Plaintiffs point out that Murphy concerned an easement by necessity, not at issue
here. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court’s holding still applies. Common ownership is an
element of both implied easements in general and implied easements by necessity.
(Compare Tusher, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 141 & Murphy, supra, 46 Cal.4th at
p. 167.) If the Murphy court declined to find an implied easement even though necessity
may have justified it, then certainly no easement should be inferred here where necessity
is not even claimed.
       We are mindful of the fact that the patent to Marshall’s predecessor in 1911 is
later than the patent to plaintiffs’ Section 1 land. Thus, the federal government was the
common owner of Marshall’s and plaintiffs’ land at the time of relevant conveyance.
However, even if plaintiffs might have an implied easement across Marshall’s property,
that is the extent of their right. Stated otherwise, plaintiffs’ implied easement for access
would end at the boundaries of Marshall’s land, and plaintiffs could travel no farther
south without encroaching on the lands of Erickson/Malick and Schroder. We decline to
otherwise imply an access easement by necessity over Marshall’s property as there is no
showing of strict necessity. Plaintiffs’ land is by no means landlocked. (See, e.g.,
Murphy, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 164.)
       3. Plaintiffs produced no evidence that the federal government intended to reserve
an access easement when it issued its patents.
       Common ownership aside, the trial court erred in finding an easement by
implication across Marshall’s or any other defendant’s parcel because there is no clear
evidence that the federal government intended to reserve an easement for access. The
parties dispute whether the record shows the government’s intent to reserve an access
easement. They focus on the use element of the cause of action. Plaintiffs argue the
homesteaders’ use is sufficient evidence; defendants counter that our focus should be on
the government’s actions. Again, Murphy controls.

                                             21
       The purpose of the doctrine of implied easements is to give effect to the actual
intent of the parties based on all of the facts and circumstances. (Thorstrom, supra,
196 Cal.App.4th at p. 1420.) However, courts must be particularly vigilant “when
common ownership is traced back to a federal grant made without an express reservation
for access.” (Murphy, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 161.) “[C]onveyances involving a
sovereign as the common owner typically do not give rise to implied reservations of
easements or other property interests in conveyed land. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 165,
italics added.) “[T]he distinctive nature and history of federal land grants and the
government’s power of eminent domain” have made courts reluctant “to interfere with
the certainty and predictability of land titles conferred by a sovereign without any express
reservation of rights. [Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 161, 165, italics added.) Therefore, our
Supreme Court instructs that “extreme caution must be exercised in determining whether
the circumstances surrounding a government land grant are sufficient to overcome the
inference prompted by the omission of an express reference to a reserved right of access.
[Citation.]” (Id. at p. 167, italics added.) “[W]hen a claimant traces common ownership
back to the federal government and seeks to establish an implied reservation of an access
right-of-way, the intent of Congress is paramount” and the “easement claimant bears the
burden of producing evidence on the issues regarding the government’s intent to reserve
an easement and the government’s lack of power to condemn.” (Ibid., italics added.)
       The patents here were issued pursuant to the federal Homestead Act. “The
pertinent inquiry . . . is the intent of Congress when it granted land.” (Leo Sheep Co. v.
United States (1979) 440 U.S. 668, 681 [involving Union Pacific Railroad Charter Act
of 1862, Act of July 1, 1862, 12 Stat. 489].) Plaintiffs have not pointed us to anywhere in
the Homestead Act or its legislative history that mentions reservations of access
easements.
       The patents likewise are silent about access easements, as plaintiffs acknowledge.
Normally, federal patents contain no express reservation of easements for access.
(Leo Sheep Co. v. United States, supra, 440 U.S. at p. 687 [“Generations of land patents
have issued without any express reservation of the right” for an access easement].) Here,

                                             22
each patent explicitly “reserve[s] from the lands hereby granted a right of way thereon for
ditches or canals constructed by the authority of the United States.” (Italics added.)
“Given the existence of such explicit exceptions, this [Supreme] Court has in the past
refused to add to this list by divining some ‘implicit’ congressional intent.” (Leo Sheep
Co. v. United States, at p. 679.) The omission from the patents in this case of a
reservation of a right-of-way for access compels the conclusion that the federal
government had no intent to reserve an access easement on any trail or road that existed
along Henry Ridge. (See Hash v. U.S. (2005) 403 F.3d 1308, 1314 [no patent mentions
reserving to U.S. any title, ownership interest, or reversionary right in land underlying
previously-granted railroad right-of-way].)
       Plaintiffs argue that defendants had the burden to show an intent of Congress not
to reserve a right of way. They quote Horowitz v. Noble (1978) 79 Cal.App.3d 120 that
an easement will be implied unless the parties have expressed their intention to the
contrary. (Id. at pp. 132-133.) Horowitz is inapplicable because the litigants there were
private parties. Where, as here, the common owner is the sovereign whose patents did
not expressly reserve access easements, the burden fell on plaintiffs as easement
claimants to produce evidence about the government’s intent. (Murphy, supra,
46 Cal.4th at p. 167.) Plaintiffs failed to carry their burden to adduce any evidence, let
alone clear evidence, that Congress intended to reserve an access road in these patents.
       The trial court’s finding of an implied easement over Henry Ridge Motorway
based on the federal patents resulted from its misapplication of the law with respect to
common ownership, and plaintiffs adduced no “clear evidence” of Congressional intent
to reserve an access easement. Thus, the portion of the judgment establishing an implied
easement must be reversed.
       We turn to the trial court’s three bases for finding the roads were dedicated to
public use: (1) the patent theory, and (2) implied in law and (3) implied in fact
dedication.]]
                               [[End nonpublished portion]]


                                              23
                                 Dedication To Public Use
       Defendants challenge the trial court’s interpretation and application of Civil Code
section 1009 in ruling that the two roads were dedicated to public use.
       1. The law of public dedication
       A dedication is the voluntary application of land “ ‘for some public use, made by
the fee owner, and accepted by the public. By virtue of this offer which the fee owner
has made, he is precluded from reasserting an exclusive right over the land now used for
public purposes.’ ” (Friends of the Trails v. Blasius (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 810, 820-821
(Blasius); 10 Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate, supra, § 26:1, pp. 26-3 to 26-4.)
“Dedications may occur pursuant to statute or the common law. [Citation.]” (Blasius, at
p. 820.)
       Common law dedications are either express or implied. Express dedication occurs
when the landowner’s intent to dedicate is manifested by overt acts, such as by an
instrument. Implied dedication arises when, in the absence of overt acts, the evidence of
the landowner’s conduct or acquiescence supports the attribution of intent to dedicate.
(Blasius, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 821.)
       Dedications can be implied in law and implied in fact. A dedication is implied in
law when the public’s use is adverse and exceeds the period for prescription. (Blasius,
supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 821; Cherokee Valley Farms, Inc. v. Summerville Elementary
Sch. Dist. (1973) 30 Cal.App.3d 579, 585 (Cherokee).) A dedication is implied in fact
“when the period of public use is less than the period for prescription and the acts or
omissions of the owner afford an implication of actual consent or acquiescence to
dedication.” (Blasius, at p. 821, citing Union Transp. Co. v. Sacramento County (1954)
42 Cal.2d 235, 241.)
       In addition to an offer to dedicate, the record must show an acceptance by the
public. (10 Miller & Starr, supra, § 26:1, p. 26-5; Baldwin v. City of Los Angeles (1999)
70 Cal.App.4th 819, 837.) Acceptance may also be express or implied. (Baldwin,
supra.) An express acceptance is a formal acceptance by the proper authorities. Implied
acceptance occurs when “ ‘the public has made use of the property for a period of time

                                              24
which demonstrates an intention to accept dedication [citation] or where actions by the
responsible public officials indicate[ ] an assumption of control over the property.’
[Citation.]” (Ibid.) Courts require an “unconditional and unqualified acceptance of the
offer” to dedicate. (10 Miller & Starr, supra, § 26:1, p. 26-5.)
       The evidence required for finding that a road was impliedly dedicated to public
use was delineated in Gion v. City of Santa Cruz (1970) 2 Cal.3d 29 (Gion). Under Gion,
“[w]hat must be shown is that persons used the property believing the public had a right
to such use. This public use may not be ‘adverse’ to the interests of the owner in the
sense that the word is used in adverse possession cases. If a trial court finds that the
public has used land without objection or interference for more than five years, it need
not make a separate finding of ‘adversity’ to support a decision of implied dedication.”
(Id. at p. 39.)
       As for the type of use, those advocating implied public dedication must
demonstrate that people have “used the land as they would have used public land.”
(Gion, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 39.) Proponents of implied public dedication must show that
“various groups” of people “have used the land,” not merely “a limited and definable
number of persons.” (Ibid.) “ ‘[T]he thing of significance is that whoever wanted to use
[the land] did so . . . when they wished to do so without asking permission and without
protest from the land owners.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 40.) Therefore, the use must be
“substantial, diverse, and sufficient, considering all the circumstances, to convey to the
owner notice that the public is using the passage as if it had a right so to do.” (Blasius,
supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 826, fn. 7.)
       Whether there has been a dedication for public use is a factual question.
(10 Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate, supra, § 26:4, p. 26-11; Cherokee, supra,
30 Cal.App.3d at p. 585.) Whether express or implied, “the fundamental requirement for
dedication is the clear and unequivocal intent by the property owner to dedicate his or
her property [for] public use” (10 Miller & Starr, supra, at p. 26-9) and the unconditional
and unqualified acceptance of that offer. (Id., § 26:1, p. 26-5.)


                                             25
       2. Civil Code section 1009 prevents all public use after 1972, not just recreational
use, from ripening into an implied dedication to public use, and thus the trial court’s
interpretation and application of that statute was legal error.
       On the heels of Gion, the Legislature enacted Civil Code section 1009, effective
March 4, 1972 to prospectively abrogate that decision. (Blasius, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 822-823.)9 Subdivision (a) of section 1009 is a statement of the Legislature’s
findings that “[i]t is in the best interests of the state to encourage owners of private real
property to continue to make their lands available for public recreational use;” that
landowners face the “threat of loss of rights in their property if they allow . . . the public
to use, enjoy or pass over their property for recreational purposes;” and that the “stability
and marketability of record titles is clouded by such public use, thereby compelling the
owner to exclude the public from his property.” (Civ. Code, § 1009, subd. (a).)
       Subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 1009 declares that, notwithstanding lack of
Civil Code sections 813 and 1008 notices [that use is permissive] by “a private owner of
real property,” “no use of such property by the public after the effective date of this
section shall ever ripen to confer upon the public or any governmental body or unit a
vested right to continue to make such use permanently, in the absence of an express
written irrevocable offer of dedication of such property to such use, made by the owner
thereof in the manner prescribed in subdivision (c) of this section, which has been
accepted by the county, city, or other public body to which the offer of dedication was
made . . . .” (Civ. Code, § 1009, subd. (b), italics added.)10


9
      The Legislature also amended Civil Code section 813. (Blasius, supra, 78
Cal.App.4th at p. 822.) That statute now provides that a recorded notice of the
landowner’s consent to public use for a described purpose constitutes conclusive
evidence that subsequent use of the land is permissive. (See Blasius, at pp. 822-823.)
10
         Civil Code section 1009 reads in relevant part, “(a) The Legislature finds that: [¶]
(1) It is in the best interests of the state to encourage owners of private real property to
continue to make their lands available for public recreational use to supplement
opportunities available on tax-supported publicly owned facilities. [¶] (2) Owners of
private real property are confronted with the threat of loss of rights in their property if
                                              26
       Subdivision (e) exempts coastal property, not at issue here, from subdivision (b).
Subdivision (f) sets forth the steps that a coastal landowner may take to prevent the
public use of coastal property from being used as evidence to support an implied

they allow or continue to allow members of the public to use, enjoy or pass over their
property for recreational purposes. [¶] (3) The stability and marketability of record titles
is clouded by such public use, thereby compelling the owner to exclude the public from
his property.
        “(b) Regardless of whether or not a private owner of real property has recorded a
notice of consent to use of any particular property pursuant to Section 813 of the Civil
Code or has posted signs on such property pursuant to Section 1008 of the Civil Code,
except as otherwise provided in subdivision (d), no use of such property by the public
after the effective date of this section shall ever ripen to confer upon the public or any
governmental body or unit a vested right to continue to make such use permanently, in
the absence of an express written irrevocable offer of dedication of such property to such
use, made by the owner thereof in the manner prescribed in subdivision (c) of this
section, which has been accepted by the county, city, or other public body to which the
offer of dedication was made, in the manner set forth in subdivision (c). [¶] . . . [¶]
        “(e) Subdivision (b) shall not apply to any coastal property which lies within 1,000
yards inland of the mean high tide line of the Pacific Ocean, and harbors, estuaries, bays
and inlets thereof, but not including any property lying inland of the Carquinez Straits
bridge, or between the mean high tide line and the nearest public road or highway,
whichever distance is less.
        “(f) No use, subsequent to the effective date of this section, by the public of
property described in subdivision (e) shall constitute evidence or be admissible as
evidence that the public or any governmental body or unit has any right in such property
by implied dedication if the owner does any of the following actions: [¶] (1) Posts signs,
as provided in Section 1008, and renews the same, if they are removed, at least once a
year, or publishes annually . . . in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or
counties in which the land is located, a statement describing the property and reading
substantially as follows: ‘Right to pass by permission and subject to control of owner:
Section 1008, Civil Code.’ [¶] (2) Records a notice as provided in Section 813. [¶]
(3) Enters into a written agreement with any federal, state, or local agency providing for
the public use of such land. [¶] After taking any of the actions set forth in paragraph
(1), (2), or (3), and during the time such action is effective, the owner shall not prevent
any public use which is appropriate under the permission granted pursuant to such
paragraphs by physical obstruction, notice, or otherwise.
        “(g) The permission for public use of real property referred to in subdivision (f)
may be conditioned upon reasonable restrictions on the time, place, and manner of such
public use, and no use in violation of such restrictions shall be considered public use for
purposes of a finding of implied dedication.”

                                            27
dedication to the public, such as posting signs, recording Civil Code section 813 notices,
or entering into an agreement with a governmental agency providing for the public use of
the land. (Civ. Code, § 1009, subd. (f)(1)-(3).)
       Here, the trial court ruled that Civil Code section 1009 prevents only recreational
use of property from developing into a permanent vested right. Based on its statutory
interpretation, the court relied on evidence of public vehicular ingress and egress after
March 4, 1972 to find that Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road were impliedly
dedicated as public streets. Defendants contend that the trial court erred as a matter of
law. They read Civil Code section 1009, subdivision (b) to preclude all use, not simply
recreational use, of private property from ever ripening into public dedications by
implication after the statute’s enactment.
       What Civil Code section 1009 precludes is an issue of statutory construction.
“Statutory construction is a question of law that courts review de novo. [Citation.] The
judicial task in construing a statute is to ascertain and effectuate the legislative intent . . . .
[Citations.] The words of the statute are given their ordinary and usual meaning and are
construed in the context of the statute as a whole and the entire system of law of which it
is a part. [Citations.] A court must harmonize a statute with other laws so as to give
effect to all and avoid anomalies, if possible. [Citations.]” (Bostick v. Flex
Equipment Co., Inc. (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 80, 108 (concurring opn. of Croskey, J.).)
       “If the language of a statute is unambiguous, the plain meaning governs and it is
unnecessary to resort to extrinsic sources to determine the legislative . . . intent.
[Citation.] If the statutory language does not yield a plain meaning, a court may consider
extrinsic indicia of intent, including the legislative history of a statute enacted by the
Legislature . . . and the historical circumstances of the statute’s enactment. [Citations.]
‘Finally, the court may consider the impact of an interpretation on public policy, for
“[w]here uncertainty exists consideration should be given to the consequences that will
flow from a particular interpretation.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Bostick v. Flex
Equipment Co., Inc., supra, 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 108 (concurring opn. of Croskey, J.).)


                                                28
       Looking to the words of the statute, we conclude Civil Code section 1009 is not
ambiguous. Subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 1009 bars all public use, not just
recreational use, from developing into an implied public dedication. Subdivision (b)
broadly declares that “no use” – not “no recreational use” – shall “ever” ripen into a
vested right in the public, absent a written offer. “ ‘[W]hen one part of a statute contains
a term or provision, the omission of that term or provision from another part of the statute
indicates the Legislature intended to convey a different meaning.’ [Citations.]” (Klein v.
United States of America (2010) 50 Cal.4th 68, 80.) The absence of the word
“recreational” from the phrase “no use” in subdivision (b) indicates that the Legislature’s
aim was to comprehensively preclude implied public dedications from arising from any
kind of public use of private real property.
       Pulido v. Pereira (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 1246, concluded otherwise. Pulido
stated that “use of such property” in subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 1009 “refers
back to subdivision (a)(1), which explains that the subject of the statute is the public
recreational use of private real property.” However, subdivision (b) of Civil Code section
1009 defines the property to which it refers. The first clause of subdivision (b) reads
“Regardless of whether or not a private owner of real property has recorded a notice of
consent to use of any particular property pursuant to Section 813 of the Civil Code or has
posted signs on such property pursuant to Section 1008 of the Civil Code . . . .” (Italics
added.) The second clause of the same sentence declares, “no use of such
property . . . shall ever ripen to confer” a vested right in the public by implication.
(Italics added.) Reference back to subdivision (a) to define the type of property discussed
in subdivision (b) is unnecessary because the operative sentence of subdivision (b)
contains its own definition, namely “any particular” private property.
       Indeed, nowhere in the operative provisions of the statute is the word
“recreational” found; “recreational” is only employed in the legislative findings in
subdivision (a) of Civil Code section 1009. “Legislative findings and statements of
purpose in a statute’s preamble can be illuminating if a statute is ambiguous. [Citation.]
But a preamble is not binding in the interpretation of the statute.” (Yeager v. Blue Cross

                                               29
of California (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1098, 1103, fn. omitted.) As noted, no ambiguity
exists in the statute and so it is unnecessary to import the word “recreational” from the
legislative findings into the operative portions of the statute when the Legislature has
declined to do so. The Legislature clearly intended Civil Code section 1009 to have
broader application than solely to recreational use.11
       Viewing the statute as a whole (Bostick v. Flex Equipment Co., Inc., supra,
147 Cal.App.4th at p. 107 (conc. opn. of Croskey, J.)), reinforces our conclusion.
Subdivisions (e) and (f) of Civil Code section 1009 treat coastal property differently than
non-coastal land by exempting coastal property from the subdivision (b) comprehensive
ban on implied dedication. Coastal land remains subject to the implied dedication
doctrine. To prevent evidence of public use of coastal land from supporting a finding of
implied public dedication, an owner must affirmatively act by taking one of the three
steps listed in subdivision (f). “[C]ourts must strive to give meaning to every word in a
statute and to avoid constructions that render words, phrases, or clauses superfluous.
[Citations.]” (Klein v. United States of America, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 80.) A
construction of subdivision (b) to ban only recreational use from ripening into a
permanent vested public right would eliminate the statute’s disparate treatment of coastal
and non-coastal land.




11
        We disagree with the dicta to the contrary in Bustillos v. Murphy (2002)
96 Cal.App.4th 1277. After reciting the legislative intent to encourage recreational use in
Civil Code section 1009, subdivision (a), Bustillos stated, “The statute effectuates this
purpose by providing that no recreational use of private property ‘shall ever ripen to
confer upon the public . . . a vested right to continue to make such use permanently’
unless the property owner dedicates the land to public use and the dedication of property
is accepted by the government. (Id., subd. (b).)” (Bustillos v. Murphy, at pp. 1280-1281,
italics added.) Bustillos inserted the word “recreational” into its reading of
subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 1009 where that word does not actually exist in
contravention of the rule that “[w]e may not make a silent statute speak by inserting
language the Legislature did not put in the legislation. [Citation.]” (Yeager v. Blue Cross
of California, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 1103.)

                                             30
       Although we conclude that subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 1009 clearly
applies to all uses of private property, we recognize that other cases have interpreted that
section to apply only to recreational uses. (Pulido v. Pereira, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1252 [statute is arguably ambiguous]; Bustillos v. Murphy, supra, 96 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1280-1281 [statute’s aim is clear]; Hanshaw v. Long Valley Road Assn. (2004) 116
Cal.App.4th 471.) Looking then to the Legislature’s intent, it reinforces our construction.
The Supreme Court in Gion clarified well-settled principles of implied dedication to the
public for recreational purposes in a coastal area. (County of Los Angeles v. Berk (1980)
26 Cal.3d 201, 213.) With the passage of section 1009, the Legislature adjusted the
effect of Gion on land along the coast, and precluded all post-1972 public use of
non-coastal private property from ripening into public dedication by implication. (See
Civ. Code, § 1009, subds. (b) & (e).) The Legislature expressly designed Civil Code
section 1009 to “treat the effect of implied dedication differently in the coastal zone than
in the remainder of the state.” (Assem. Com. on Planning and Land Use, Analysis of
Proposed Amendments to Sen. Bill No. 504, (1971 Reg. Sess.) July 20, 1971, p. 1, italics
added.)12 With passage of section 1009, “[t]he doctrine of implied dedication would be
deleted prospectively except for the ‘coastal zone’ . . . .” (Ibid., italics added.) More
important, the statute was written to “[p]rohibit[] any use of private land, except specified
ocean frontage land, after [the] effective date of [the] act from conferring a vested right in
[the] public . . . in [the] absence of [an] express written irrevocable offer [to dedicate
made] by owner of [the] property accepted by specified public agenc[ies]. With regard to

12
       We grant the July 6, 2012 request of Erickson/Malick, joined by Burke and
Marshall, to take judicial notice of the legislative history of Civil Code section 1009.
Plaintiffs oppose the request on the ground these documents were not before the trial
court. However, the construction of a statute presents a purely legal question that we
review independently. (Audio Visual Services Group, Inc. v. Superior Court (2015)
233 Cal.App.4th 481, 489; see Peart v. Ferro (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 60, 81, citing
Evid. Code, §§ 452 & 459 [taking judicial notice of legislative history notwithstanding
respondents’ opposition on ground it was not introduced in trial court].)
       Defendants’ request, filed on July 6, 2012, to take judicial notice of exhibits I
and J is denied.

                                              31
specified ocean frontage property, [section 1009] makes use by public inadmissible to
prove implied dedication if specified actions are taken by owner.” (Legis. Counsel’s
Dig., Sen. Bill. No. 504 (1971 Reg. Sess. & 1971 1st Ex. Sess.) Summary Dig., p. 136,
italics added; accord, Enrolled Bill Memorandum to Governor for Sen. Bill. No. 504
(1971 Reg. Sess.) Oct. 7, 1971, p.1; Jones v. Lodge at Torrey Pines Partnership (2008)
42 Cal.4th 1158, 1169-1170 [Legislative Counsel’ summary are entitled to great weight].)
As shown, the express legislative purpose of Civil Code section 1009 is to encourage
recreational use of private property by preventing implied dedication of coastal property
based on public use if the landowner takes one of the specified steps in subdivision (f),
while eliminating all implied dedication of non-coastal property to public use after March
1972.
        A contrary construction of Civil Code section 1009 undermines the Legislature’s
findings and purpose, namely “to encourage owners of private real property to continue
to make their lands available for public recreational use” by enabling property owners to
allow recreational use of their land without fear of risking a cloud on their title. (Civ.
Code, § 1009, subd. (a).) To read subdivision (b) to apply only to recreational use would
discourage non-coastal landowners, unable to distinguish between recreational and
nonrecreational users, from allowing any entry on their inland property for fear that “non-
recreational” use would become permanent. Such a result would improperly thwart the
statute’s declared purpose and return the law to the state it was under Gion, thus defeating
the Legislature’s motive for enacting the statute.
        The trial court followed Hanshaw v. Long Valley Road Assn., supra,
116 Cal.App.4th 471, to find that Civil Code section 1009 only precluded common law
dedications to public recreational use, but not to other uses such as vehicular ingress and
egress. Hanshaw rejected the landowner’s argument that Civil Code section 1009
prevented application of a common law public dedication theory after 1972 in a case
involving implied public dedication of an access road. Relying on the phrase “for
recreational purposes” in the subdivision (a)(2) legislative findings, the Hanshaw court
held that the statute applies only to preclude the ripening of recreational use into a public

                                              32
dedication. (Hanshaw, at pp. 484-485.) We decline to follow Hanshaw because it
ignored the interplay of all of the statute’s subdivisions and limited subdivision (b)’s
broad prohibition that “no use” “shall ever ripen to confer upon the public” a vested right
to continue the use. (Civ. Code, § 1009, subd. (b), italics added; Jessen v. Mentor Corp.
(2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1480, 1489, fn. 10 [we are not bound by the contrary decision by
another appellate court; “ ‘there is no “horizontal stare decisis” within the Court of
Appeal’ ”].)
       For the foregoing reasons, Civil Code section 1009, subdivision (b) bars all use of
private real property after March 1972, not just recreational use, from ripening into a
public dedication absent an express, written, irrevocable offer of such property to such
use, made according to subdivision (c).13
       Here, to find implied dedication of the two roads to public use for vehicular
access, the trial court relied on witness testimony and recent photographs. Under Civil
Code section 1009, subdivision (b), none of the testimony is admissible as all of it
concerned vehicular use of Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road between the
late 1970s and the first decade of the 21st century. No witness testified about using or
seeing anyone else use these roads for vehicular access before March 1972. Even the
Matriarch of Henry Ridge, Stewart, only moved to Henry Ridge Motorway in 1977.
Although Stewart testified that the roads “have been used for fifty years,” this testimony
does not begin to describe the number and variety of use that Gion and Blasius require to
find an implied dedication to public use. (Gion, supra, 2 Cal.3d at pp. 39-40; Blasius,
supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at pp. 825-826, fn. 7.) Also, Stewart admitted that she had no
personal knowledge of anyone driving Gold Stone Road to Henry Ridge Motorway.



13
       The Los Angeles County Fire Department’s maintenance of the road until 1984 is
not admissible evidence of acceptance by the County of a dedication to public use. (Civ.
Code, § 1009, subd. (b).) Not only does the record lack evidence of an express, written,
irrevocable offer to the County, but the County ceased maintaining Henry Ridge
Motorway because it was a private road.

                                             33
       The trial court additionally cited the express irrevocable offers to dedicate trail
easements, which were executed after 1972, as evidence that Marshall, and the
predecessors of the Schroders and Erickson/Malicks impliedly devoted these two roads to
the public as vehicular thoroughfares. An exception to the ban on post-1972 implied
dedications occurs when the landowner records an express, written, and irrevocable offer
to dedicate that is accepted by a governmental entity. (Civ. Code, § 1009, subd. (b).) We
independently construe these instruments which were executed after 1972. (City of
Manhattan Beach v. Superior Court (1996) 13 Cal.4th 232, 238.)
       The landowners’ express dedication in these documents was for a “hiking and
equestrian trail” a “trail easement,” and a “public access trails easement . . . limited to
hiking and equestrian uses only.” (Italics added.) The latter dedication was also limited
to daylight hours. Nothing could be more manifest: Marshall and the predecessors of the
Schroders and Erickson/Malicks made irrevocable offers to dedicate easements for trail
purposes only; there is nothing in the trail dedications indicating the intent to devote the
portions of the trail on their property that coincides with Henry Ridge Motorway or Gold
Stone Road as public streets. The express dedication of property for public use for horses
and pedestrians alone does not result in implied dedications of the same land as a street
for cars. (California etc. Co. v. Union etc. Co. (1899) 126 Cal. 433, 437 [express
dedication of land for highway does not establish dedication of property for landing and
wharves]; 26 Cal.Jur.3d (2008) Dedication, § 23, p. 46.) Thus, these instruments do not
dedicate public roads for the unlimited vehicular access at anytime of the day and night
that plaintiffs seek.
       Nor is the witness testimony about vehicular ingress and egress for general
purposes after 1972 admissible to transform the express offer of a trail for public use into
a dedication of the roads as public streets. (Civ. Code, § 1009, subd. (b).) The Coastal
Commission reports attached to the trail dedications require no more than public access
for recreational purposes. The reports cite Public Resources Code sections 30210
through 30212, which concern access to the sea for recreational purposes and the findings
are replete with references to public access to the Topanga-Henry Ridge Trail. More

                                             34
important, the reports reflect a concern about the “perception by the public that the areas
involved are private” and a “ ‘feeling of trespass,’ ” contradicting the requirement of
Gion that people must use the roads “believing the public had a right to such use.”
(Gion, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 39.)
       Finally, the trial court ruled that defendants’ acts of erecting gates and posting
signs were in response to the “continued heavy use of Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold
Stone Road by the public.” While that may be, no use of private inland property may
ripen into a permanent, vested, public right after 1972 “[r]egardless of whether or not a
private owner of real property has recorded a notice of consent . . . pursuant to Section
813 of the Civil Code or has posted signs on such property pursuant to Section 1008 of
the Civil Code.” (Civ. Code, § 1009, subd. (b).)
       The trial court erred in relying on post-1972 evidence of public use, and the record
contains no express, written, irrevocable offer to dedicate the subject roads as public
thoroughfares.
                              [[Begin nonpublished portion]]
       [[Turning to pre-1972 use, as explained, the photographs that predate 1972 show
that the Topanga area was developing, but none shows development along Henry Ridge
Motorway. Rather, all of the sites depicted on the maps from before 1972 are connected
to roads other than Henry Ridge Motorway. Thus, these photographs do not give rise to a
reasonable inference that the road was used during those years.
       The trial court also cited the 1949 Easement, as well as the 1968 and 1970
Declarations as constituting offers to “dedicate these streets or other areas for public use”
because these instruments used the word “dedicate” or evinced an intent to dedicate. The
court quoted from Hays v. Vanek (1989) 217 Cal.App.3d 271, that “ ‘Dedicate’ is a term
of art with a particularized legal meaning. [Citation.] It is highly unlikely [the grantor]
would have used the word in the . . . deed had he not intended the road to be a public
road.” (Id. at p. 282.)
       However, resolution of this issue requires construction of the documents, and the
interpretation of deeds and other instruments is solely a judicial function unless the

                                             35
interpretation turns on the credibility of extrinsic evidence. (City of Manhattan Beach v.
Superior Court, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 238.) Upon inspection, none of the instruments
cited by the trial court effectuated a dedication of Henry Ridge Motorway or Gold Stone
Road to the public, their use of the word “dedication” in the titles notwithstanding.
Although the grantors desired to subdivide and to provide the new parcels with access to
a public street, each of the documents explicitly declared “appurtenant” “easements for
road purposes” with the proviso that if final tract maps were recorded dedicating public
streets, or in the case of the 1949 Easement the state or county accepted it as a public
road, then the easements would no longer be effective. When a dedication is conditional,
the conditions precedent must occur or the offer is inoperative. (Cal. Water & Tel. Co. v.
Public Util. Com. (1959) 51 Cal.2d 478, 495.) The conditions in these instruments were
never satisfied: the “said map[s]” attached to the 1968 and 1970 Declarations are not
final tract maps;14 no acceptance was recorded for any of these instruments; and no
testimony was introduced about public use before 1972 such as would constitute implied
acceptance. Thus, neither the 1949 Easement, the 1968 Declaration, nor the 1970
Declarations constitutes a dedication of Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road to
use as public streets.
       The trial court also found that the quad maps showed the two subject roads
existing in the same place they do today, and ruled that the roads’ very existence evinced
an intent to dedicate them to the public. However, “the mere fact that a public map
shows land to be laid out as a street is not evidence, in itself, of the owner’s dedication of
the land.” (26 Cal.Jur.3d, supra, § 73, p. 307.) The simple placement on a map cannot
constitute a dedication as a public road or there would be no private roads. Thus, if
public dedication is claimed based on recorded maps, the evidence must show the


14
       The trial court was influenced by the legend on the maps attached to two of the
1970 Declarations which identified a line as indicating “Dedicated roads per attached
declaration.” Such a legend does not create a dedication to public use where the express
conditions for the dedication were never satisfied. (Cal. Water & Tel. Co. v. Public Util.
Com., supra, 51 Cal.2d at p. 495.)

                                              36
landowner’s clear and unequivocal intent to so dedicate. (Ibid.) We are mindful that “it
is not a trivial thing to hold that private property has been dedicated to public use.
[Citations.]” (Hays v. Vanek, supra, 217 Cal.App.3d at p. 281.) There is no evidence
that the roads identified on the quad maps were actually adversely used by, or accepted
by, the public according to Gion, supra, 2 Cal.3d at page 39. Under the circumstances,
none of the instruments or maps cited by the trial court constitutes “clear and unequivocal
proof” of an implied in law dedication of Henry Ridge Motorway or Gold Stone Road to
the public.
       3. There is no evidence to support the trial court’s dedication theory based on the
patents.
       The trial court ruled that Henry Ridge Motorway and the portion of Gold Stone
Road that lies on the Burkes’ property where it connects with Greenleaf Canyon Road
were dedicated to public use before 1902, the date of the first patent, while the land was
still held by the federal government. For this finding, the court relied on section 2477,
United States Revised Statutes, title 43 United States Code former section 932 (July 26,
1866), 14 Stat. 2521, repealed by Pub.L. No. 94-579 (Oct. 21, 1976), 90 Stat. 2793
(RS 2477). Defendants contend this finding was error.
       Enacted in 1866, RS 2477 read, “ ‘The right of way for the construction of
highways over public lands, not reserved for public uses, is hereby granted.’ ” (Ball v.
Stephens (1945) 68 Cal.App.2d 843, 846 (Ball).) “ ‘The object of the grant was to enable
the citizens . . . to build and construct such highways across the public domain as the
exigencies of their localities might require, without making themselves liable as
trespassers.’ [Citation.]” (Western Aggregates, Inc. v. County of Yuba (2002)
101 Cal.App.4th 278, 295 (Western Aggregates).) Under RS 2477, if a public road
existed on the date the homesteader took title, the patented land was taken subject to that
road. (See Ball, supra, at p. 850.)
       To determine whether an existing road was public, RS 2477 referred to applicable
state law governing dedications. (Western Aggregates, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 296;
cf. Ball, supra, 68 Cal.App.2d at p. 846 [describing the law of RS 2477 as requiring

                                              37
“evidence of public use of the described route as a roadway”].) In California between
1883 and 1935, a road was deemed public if built by the government or “dedicated or
abandoned to the public . . . .” (Ball, at p. 846, quoting from Pol. Code, former § 2618.)
       RS 2477 constituted the offer of dedication in California. (Western Aggregates,
supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at pp. 296, 298.) Acceptance could be implied by the conduct of
the public according to California’s law of dedication. (Ibid., citing Ball, supra,
68 Cal.App.2d at p. 846.) As explained, proof of public use sufficient to constitute
acceptance for purposes of RS 2477 involves a substantial, diverse use of the land as
public land would be used, by “various groups” of people for five years. (Gion, supra,
2 Cal.3d at pp. 39-40; Blasius, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 826, fn. 7.) The period of
acceptance by use ended when the homesteader entered the land. (Knapp v.
Alexander Co. (1915) 237 U.S. 162, 167; United States v. Clarke (9th Cir. 1976)
529 F.2d 984, 986.)15
       In Ball, cited by the trial court here, the evidence was that “the road was well
defined and had been made so by public use.” Witnesses testified about the transition of
the route from a trail to a road suitable for automobiles and trucks. (Ball, supra,
68 Cal.App.2d at pp. 847-848.) There was also evidence that “many people used the road

15
         Ball stated that the period of acceptance by use ended when the patent was issued,
i.e., five years after the homesteader’s entry. (Ball, supra, 68 Cal.App.2d at pp. 847-
848.) However, defendants convincingly argue that acceptance by use ended when a
homesteader entered the land. Once a homesteader entered the land under the
Homestead Act, the land was no longer public because “entry for purposes of
homesteading . . . separated the land from the public domain.” (United States v. Clarke,
supra, 529 F.2d at p. 986.) The United States Supreme Court explained that upon entry,
the homesteader had a “preferential” or inchoate right to the land and once he fulfilled the
conditions of the Homestead Act, “and receive[d] a patent vesting in him the complete
legal title, this title relates back to the date of the initiatory act, so as to cut off intervening
claimants.” (Knapp v. Alexander Co., supra, 237 U.S. at p. 167.) Thus, the period of
acceptance of an RS 2477 offer to dedicate ended upon the homesteader’s entry and not,
as Ball stated, “when the patent was issued.” (Ball, supra, 68 Cal.App.2d at pp. 847-
848.) Plaintiffs unpersuasively reject this limitations argument derived from United
States Supreme Court authority, by noting that Ball, a state appellate court decision,
states otherwise. Even under Ball’s limitations period, the result here is the same.

                                                38
for different purposes” such as “hunters, miners and vacationists. About 1905 numerous
mining claims were located above the land defendant homesteaded and the locality
attracted the attention of oil operators. A derrick was erected and work was done on a
well which was located more than a mile from the land in question . . . . Materials and
supplies were hauled to the well by a route which followed another canyon, but the trail
leading down from the vicinity of the well toward defendant’s land was made into a road
over which a two-horse wagon could pass.” This “[t]ravel was not merely occasional.”
(Id. at pp. 848-849.) The evidence was sufficient to affirm the finding that the road was
public. (Id. at p. 845.)16
       Here, the relevant evidence is that which shows public use of Henry Ridge
Motorway, and that portion of Gold Stone Road which connects with Greenleaf Canyon
Road, for five years before 1897 when the homesteader must have entered the
Erickson/Malick north land. The record is devoid of any such evidence.
       The trial court first cited the 1895 survey plat as evidence of public use. That
survey depicts a “Road.” The trial court “inferred that it would not have been designated
as a road where the current location of Henry Ridge Motorway exists absent use.” This is
not a legally permissible inference: The mere existence of a road on a map does not
show its use was public. “Whether it also became a public street did not depend upon the
fact alone that the land appears on these maps as a public street, but whether the proof
showed that it had been offered for dedication, and accepted as such by user or
otherwise.” (Whelan v. Boyd (1892) 93 Cal. 500, 501; accord, Hays v. Vanek, supra,
217 Cal.App.3d 271, 281 [declining to infer public use from mere designation of road as
“ ‘first class’ ” on map; “such use is just as consistent with private easements by
prescription or necessity or with implied private licenses as with public dedication”].)
If mere existence on a map were sufficient evidence of intent to dedicate a road to the

16
       Plaintiffs are wrong when they argue that the description of use in Ball was meant
to show the evolution of the subject road. Ball distinguished the evidence predating the
patent from the post-patent evidence, noting that only evidence of the former was
relevant to a dedication finding. (Ball, supra, 68 Cal.App.2d at pp. 848-850.)

                                             39
public, then all roads depicted on all maps would be impliedly dedicated to public use
rendering the “use” requirement a nullity. The 1895 survey plat is not evidence of use.
       The trial court inferred public use from the fact that patentees “and others” used
the “Road” for five years to meet the requirements of the Homestead Act. Yet, there is
no evidence of “others.” Plaintiffs’ expert Stanley acknowledged that the only evidence
of use was an inference from the fact of the homesteaders’ patents that those
homesteaders “used this road to get access.” Homesteaders alone do not constitute a
“various group” or “diverse” use by the public as required by Gion and Blasius, and do
not amount to the same assortment of users cited as sufficient in Ball. Also, the record
contains evidence of fewer than a dozen patentees along Henry Ridge Motorway, which
is a “limited and definable number of persons” and hence an insufficient amount.
(Gion, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 39.) Moreover, a private homesteader’s use for the purposes
of obtaining fee title to the land by patent cannot also constitute public use that would
divest the same homesteader of his rights to that same land. (See, e.g., United States v.
Clarke, supra, 529 F.2d at p. 986.) For these reasons, the patentees are not evidence of
public use.
       There is also insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that the part
of Gold Stone Road at the Burkes’ driveway and Greenleaf Canyon Road was part of the
“Road” in 1895 that later became Henry Ridge Motorway. “[W]e uphold the findings if
supported by substantial evidence. [Citations.]” (Thorstrom, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1417.) However, “[a] decision supported by a mere scintilla of evidence need not be
affirmed on appeal. [Citation.] Furthermore, ‘[w]hile substantial evidence may consist
of inferences, such inferences must be “a product of logic and reason . . . ; inferences that
are the result of mere speculation or conjecture cannot support a finding
[citations].’ [Citation.]” (In re Savannah M. (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1393-1394.)
       The trial court here relied on two maps, neither of which supports the court’s
finding that before 1902, Henry Ridge Motorway was connected to what is now
Gold Stone Road. The first map was a composite created by Stanley who admitted her
creation did not show the 1895 “Road” connecting to Greenleaf Canyon Road, and who

                                             40
testified only that “depending on how accurate this map is, [it shows a road] possibly also
going over a portion of the land owned by Burke.” (Italics added.) This is rank
speculation. The second map the court cited was created by MacNeil, who testified he
derived it from 1930s CSB maps which reflect potential as well as existing road
alignments. More important, he testified that it was “never established that it was
[Henry Ridge] Motorway all the way to [Greenleaf Canyon Road].” Thus, the court had
no solid evidence on which to find that the Burkes’ portion of Gold Stone Road was once
part of the 1895 “Road.”
        Finally, none of the other evidence relied on by the trial court is substantial, and
all of it postdates 1902. For instance, the 1908 map depicts a post office, two taverns,
and a house. The map is too recent, and all of the sites listed thereon are located on roads
other than Henry Ridge Motorway. Similarly, none of Stanley’s photographs shows use
on Henry Ridge Motorway. Indeed, the 1895 survey plat and Stanley’s testimony only
confirm that the 1895 “Road” did not connect to any destination-point, while there were
other roads leading to the Section 1 and Section 7 patents. Considering all of the
evidence adduced here, it amounts to the mere fact that a road existed on the 1895 survey
plat and may have been used by a handful of homesteaders whose entry cut off public
use. These facts are insufficient as a matter of law to constitute a public acceptance of
the RS 2477 offer.17 Therefore, the trial court erred in ruling that Henry Ridge Motorway
and a portion of Gold Stone Road were impliedly dedicated to the public based on RS
2477.
        The portion of the judgment declaring Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone
Road dedicated to public use must be reversed.18

17
      The Los Angeles County Fire Department’s maintenance of the road is not
evidence of acceptance by the County of a dedication to public use. The County
maintained the road after 1902.
18
      As the result of our conclusion here that the portion of the judgment finding
implied easement and implied dedication to public use must be reversed, we need not
address defendants’ additional contentions on appeal.

                                              41
                                              II
                                  PLAINTIFFS’ APPEAL
       1. No express easement
       Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred as a matter of law in ruling that
plaintiffs had failed to establish they had an express easement based on the 1968 and
1970 Declarations.
       Quoting from the express language of the 1968 and 1970 Declarations, these
instruments state that the grantors “hereby grant said easements to all owners, their heirs,
successors and assigns in [Sections 12 and 1, respectively] as said owners’ fee interest
appear of record, the vesting of title to said easements to take effect upon recording in the
office of the County Recorder by any fee owner of a portion of said Sec. [12 and 1,
respectively] of an acceptance of said easements.” (Italics added.) There is no evidence
that acceptances were ever recorded.
       Notwithstanding these instruments’ clear requirement of a recorded acceptance,
plaintiffs contend the law does not require an acceptance and so that requirement is
“repugnant to the grant itself.” Citing Stanley’s opinion testimony, plaintiffs also argue
such “language was immaterial to the express grant of easement rights.”
       Interpretation of these instruments is solely a judicial function unless it turns on
credibility of extrinsic evidence. (City of Manhattan Beach v. Superior Court, supra,
13 Cal.4th at p. 238.) “Opinion testimony is inadmissible and irrelevant to adjudging
questions of law. [Citations.]” (Adams v. City of Fremont (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 243,
266.) The instruments’ requirement of a recorded acceptance is clear and unassailable
and so Stanley’s opinion is irrelevant. We cannot idly dismiss the acceptance language.
Future owners rely on the express language of the grants for certainty. It is undisputed
that no such acceptance of the easements in the 1968 and 1970 Declarations was
recorded. Therefore, the trial court did not err in ruling that plaintiffs had not proven
their right to an access easement by express grant.




                                              42
       2. No easement by prescription
       Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred in ruling they did not establish an easement
for ingress and egress across Henry Ridge Motorway and Gold Stone Road by
prescription. The prescriptive period is an uninterrupted five years. (Warsaw v. Chicago
Metallic Ceilings, Inc. (1984) 35 Cal.3d 564, 570-571.) “[A] party seeking to establish a
prescriptive easement has the burden of proof by clear and convincing evidence.
[Citation.]” (Grant v. Ratliff (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1304, 1310.) The court ruled, “As
to the Prescriptive Easement, the Court’s concern is that it could not determine the exact
5 year period necessary to meet the elements.”
       The evidence is disputed. Scher testified he used the roads 1,400 times between
1998 and 2005. Plaintiff McAllister testified she used the road 6-14 times per week
during this same period. In contrast, a witness who lived on the Schroders’ property
between 1993 and 2005 did not believe these claims “for a moment.” Another resident
on the Schroders’ property testified that the claimed use of “200 times per year” was
impossible given that that resident watched the property carefully beginning in 1991 and
turned people back. The Schroders never saw Scher or McAllister drive along
Gold Stone Road. Erickson saw Scher “twice in the 20 years that I’ve been there” and
simply did not think it was possible that McAllister used the road as often as she claimed.
Malick never saw either plaintiff use the subject roads. Marshall and the Burkes
acknowledged only that they saw “people” on the roads.
       Plaintiffs argue the record contains adequate evidence of their use for the
prescriptive period because the trial court found earlier in its statement of
decision: “Here, until 2006, the continuous, unobstructed and unimpeded use of
Henry Ridge Motorway and [Gold Stone] Road by Plaintiffs, other residents, the
Defendants themselves, strangers, delivery drivers, workers, motorcyclists, lookie-loos,
and teenagers, among others, constitutes sufficient public use to accept the implied
dedication of the roads.” (Italics added.) This statement is irrelevant because it was
made in conjunction with the trial court’s finding of an implied dedication to use by the
public, which requires a diverse collection of users. The statement does not segregate

                                             43
plaintiffs’ use. By contrast, in declining to find a prescriptive easement, the trial court
found that plaintiffs’ use was not continuous for five years.
       Plaintiffs filed no objections to the statement of decision and so the doctrine of
implied findings applies. “The doctrine of implied findings requires the appellate court to
infer the trial court made all factual findings necessary to support the judgment.
[Citation.]” (Fladeboe v. American Isuzu Motors Inc. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 42, 58.)
Parties must “point out deficiencies in the trial court’s statement of decision as a
condition of avoiding [the doctrine of] implied findings.” (In re Marriage of Arceneaux
(1990) 51 Cal.3d 1130, 1134.) Under the doctrine of implied findings, where the
evidence is in dispute, we must infer that the court did not believe plaintiffs’ assertion
that their own use was continuous for five years, or at the very least, that plaintiffs failed
to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence which continuous five years they used
the roads.
       3. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to declare an equitable
easement.
       Plaintiffs challenge the trial court’s finding that they failed to provide sufficient
evidence to support their claim for equitable easement.
       “Through the doctrine of ‘balancing conveniences’ or ‘relative hardship,’ the trial
court may create an easement by refusing to enjoin an encroachment or nuisance.”
(Linthicum v. Butterfield (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 259, 265 (Linthicum).)
       “In appropriate cases in which the requirements for traditional easements are not
present, California courts have exercised their equity powers to fashion protective
interests in land belonging to another, sometimes referring to such an interest as an
‘equitable easement.’ [Citations.]” (Tashakori v. Lakis (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1003,
1008 (Tashakori).) Three factors must be present to create an equitable
easement: “(1) [the trespasser’s] trespass was ‘ “innocent” ’ rather than ‘ “willful or
negligent,” ’ (2) the public or the property owner will not be ‘ “ ‘irreparabl[y]
injur[ed]’ ” ’ by the easement, and (3) the hardship to the trespasser from having to cease
the trespass is ‘ “ ‘greatly disproportionate to the hardship caused [the owner] by the

                                              44
continuance of the encroachment.’ ” ’ [Citations.]” (Shoen v. Zacarias (2015)
237 Cal.App.4th 16, 19.)
       “When reviewing a trial court’s exercise of its equity powers to fashion an
equitable easement, we will overturn the decision only if we find that the court abused its
discretion. [Citation.]” (Tashakori, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at p. 1008.)
       In Linthicum, the trial court found that the contested roadway “is the only access to
the Butterfields’ parcels” and that the Butterfields would suffer “catastrophic loss” were
the easement not created. By contrast, the roadway did not affect Linthicum’s right to
fully develop his parcel. (Linthicum, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 266, italics added.)
Similarly, the Tashakori court applied the relative hardship test and found that the
defendants would suffer virtually no harm from the plaintiffs’ use of the shared driveway,
whereas the plaintiffs would be irreparably harmed because the easement was the sole
means of accessing the property. (Tashakori, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at p. 1010.)
       Here, plaintiffs contend they will be irreparably harmed, not because Henry Ridge
Motorway and Gold Stone Road is the only means of reaching their Section 1 property,
as there are several other routes plaintiffs can use to travel from their Section 1 property
to Topanga. Rather, plaintiffs argue Henry Ridge Motorway to Gold Stone Road “is the
quickest and most convenient route.” (Italics added.) Convenience is not sufficient
under Linthicum or Tashakori, certainly not when compared to the irreparable harm to
defendants by making their private, secluded land open to plaintiffs’ convenience.
Plaintiffs contend they will suffer irreparable harm if they cannot use Henry Ridge
Motorway and Gold Stone Road in case of emergency. However, we accept the
representation of the Erickson/Malicks and Schroders that they would allow plaintiffs to
use these roads in emergencies. As for plaintiffs’ Section 12 lot, Henry Ridge Motorway
and Gold Stone Road do not even touch it, with the result there are no equities in
plaintiffs’ favor with respect to that land.
       Finally, considering the parties’ conduct to determine who is responsible for the
dispute, plaintiffs are not innocent. (Tashakori, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at p. 1009;
Linthicum, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at pp. 266-267.) Scher testified that since buying his

                                               45
Section 1 property in 1998, he intended to establish rights across Henry Ridge Motorway
and Gold Stone Road and he purchased his Section 12 property “ ‘partially to stick a
thorn in my neighbor’s side.’ ” The trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to
create an equitable easement.]]
                               [[End nonpublished portion]]
                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment in favor of defendants on plaintiffs’ causes of action for declarations
of express, prescriptive, and equitable easements is affirmed. In all other respects, the
judgment is reversed. The trial court is ordered to enter a declaratory judgment in favor
of defendants consistent with the principles set forth in this opinion.
       Defendants to recover costs on appeal.


       CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION




                                                  ALDRICH, J.




We concur:




              EDMON, P. J.




              KITCHING, J.


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