                                 STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                  IN SUPREME COURT

                                          A15-0483

Stearns County                                                               Gildea, C.J.
                                                                 Took no part, Chutich, J.
State of Minnesota,

                             Respondent,

vs.                                                                  Filed: May 25, 2016
                                                                Office of Appellate Courts
Marcus Michael Barshaw,

                             Appellant.

                               ________________________

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Karen B. Andrews, Assistant Attorney General, Saint
Paul, Minnesota; and

Janelle Kendall, Stearns County Attorney, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, for respondent.

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Richard Schmitz, Assistant State
Public Defender, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for appellant.
                             ________________________


                                      SYLLABUS

       1.     Because the evidence of premeditation was sufficient, the district court did

not err in convicting appellant of first-degree premeditated murder.

       2.     Because the evidence of appellant’s intent to cause a peace officer to fear

immediate bodily harm was sufficient, the district court did not err in convicting

appellant of first-degree assault of a peace officer.

       Affirmed.


                                              1
                                      OPINION

GILDEA, Chief Justice.

      Following a bench trial, the Stearns County District Court found appellant Marcus

Michael Barshaw guilty of first-degree premeditated murder in connection with the

shooting death of Jeffery Schutz and first-degree assault of a peace officer in connection

with an assault committed against Deputy Chad Meemken.1             The court sentenced

Barshaw to life in prison without the possibility of release.2 On appeal, Barshaw argues

that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support his convictions of

premeditated murder and first-degree assault of a peace officer. Because the evidence

was sufficient to support both convictions, we affirm.

      The evidence at trial established that Barshaw shot and killed Jeffery Schutz near

his home in Rockville on October 21, 2012. Barshaw first met Jeff and his wife, Mandy,3

in June 2012 when Barshaw was in Rockville to purchase a car from his friend. Because

the car needed significant repair, Barshaw stayed in Rockville for a month while his

friend and Jeff worked on the car. During the day, Barshaw would spend time with

1
       In addition to the offenses of premeditated murder and first-degree assault, the
court also found Barshaw guilty of the lesser-included offense of second-degree
intentional murder of Jeffery Schutz and the second-degree assault of a resident of the
apartment building where Barshaw hid after he shot Schutz. Because Barshaw does not
challenge the court’s verdicts on the second-degree murder and second-degree assault
offenses, we do not discuss those offenses.
2
        The court also imposed a consecutive 120-month sentence for the conviction of
first-degree assault of a peace officer.
3
      Because Jeff and Mandy share the same last name, we refer to them by their first
names for clarity.


                                            2
Mandy, drinking alcohol, using marijuana, and listening to music. Their relationship

eventually became sexual. After Barshaw left Rockville, Mandy visited Barshaw at his

home in Walker on a number of occasions between July and October of 2012.

         On the night of October 20, Barshaw, who was upset and intoxicated, called

Mandy and told her that he needed help. Mandy agreed to make the 2-hour drive to

Walker and bring Barshaw back to Rockville. Mandy arrived at Barshaw’s apartment in

Walker around midnight, and Barshaw came out of his building and asked her to open the

trunk.    Without telling Mandy what he was doing, Barshaw placed an SKS semi-

automatic assault rifle and a Kel Tec .380 semi-automatic pistol in the trunk.

         Mandy and Barshaw arrived at the Schutzes’ house in Rockville around 2:30 a.m.

Barshaw waited in the car while Mandy went into the house to speak with Jeff. Jeff told

Mandy he was not willing to let Barshaw stay at their house. Before she left the house,

Mandy retrieved a jar of marijuana, a pipe, and a bottle of brandy. As she left, she

noticed that Barshaw was standing in the yard holding his SKS assault rifle.4 Mandy and

Barshaw then went into a motor home parked 15-20 feet behind the Schutzes’ house.

Barshaw placed his rifle in the bedroom at the back of the motor home, and he and

Mandy smoked marijuana.

         While Mandy and Barshaw were in the motor home, Jeff’s cousin, Anthony Konz,

arrived at the Schutzes’ house. Jeff and Konz approached the motor home, suspecting


4
       The record indicates that Barshaw typically wore the handgun in a hip holster, but
the record does not establish whether Barshaw had the handgun in his possession at this
point.


                                             3
that Mandy and Barshaw were inside. When he found the motor home locked from the

inside, Jeff pounded on the door. Mandy soon appeared in the passenger seat and slid the

window open while Barshaw remained in the back of the motor home. Mandy and Jeff

argued but eventually calmed down and shared a cigarette.         At no time during the

conversation did Jeff threaten Mandy or Barshaw, nor did he become violent.

      At some point during Mandy and Jeff’s conversation, Barshaw began yelling. He

came toward the front of the motor home, holding his rifle to his chest, and stood behind

Mandy in the window. Barshaw kicked or hit the side of the motor home, denied having

a sexual relationship with Mandy, and shouted to Jeff that he just wanted to be friends.

In response, Jeff threw his beer bottle at the motor home. At this point Mandy told Jeff to

“settle down” because Barshaw had guns. When he learned that Barshaw was armed,

Jeff asked Konz to call 911.

      Mandy then left the motor home and slammed the door shut in an effort to keep

Barshaw inside. As Mandy attempted to persuade Jeff to go inside the house, Barshaw

and Jeff continued to shout at each other. And then Barshaw “came barreling out” of the

motor home with the rifle in his hands. Jeff reacted by moving toward the front of the

motor home, away from Barshaw.

     At this point, Barshaw began what would be an almost 100-foot pursuit of Jeff. As

Jeff backed away from Barshaw, Jeff said, “I don’t want that [gun] here.” He also told

Barshaw to “get away.” Undeterred by Jeff’s statements, Barshaw continued to follow

Jeff as Jeff retreated down the side of the motor home toward the alley behind the

Schutzes’ property.


                                            4
     Konz, who was still on the phone with the 911 operator, heard Jeff tell Barshaw to

“[g]et off of [him].” He also heard Mandy yelling, “Stop! Stop!” and “knock it off.”

Konz then saw Jeff emerge from behind the motor home and run across the alley toward

a light pole in a neighbor’s yard, “like he was running to get away.” Jeff stopped near the

light pole, using it for cover, and told Barshaw, “Don’t point a gun at somebody unless

you intend on using it.” Konz then saw Barshaw close the distance between himself and

Jeff by running into the alley. After Mandy screamed, “No, no, no,” Barshaw pointed the

rifle at Jeff and repeatedly pulled the trigger. Three of the bullets struck Jeff in a tight

pattern puncturing his lungs and aorta. As Jeff twisted and fell toward the ground,

Barshaw fired a second burst of shots. Approximately 50 seconds passed between the

time Jeff told Barshaw to “get away” and when Barshaw fired the first of the nine shots.

       Konz described the shooting as “[t]hree shots fired,” followed by “a break,” and

then “a few more shots.” The Schutzes’ neighbor also heard the shots and stated, “It was

just like a bam, bam, and then there was a pause, and then bam, bam, bam, bam.”

Another witness, who was out on an early-morning walk, described the pattern of shots:

“They were very fast. My guess is [there were] at least six, seven. . . . There was a real

fast volley, a slight pause, and then probably another three, four.”

       It is undisputed that nine shots were fired at Jeff, six or seven of which struck his

body. The medical examiner testified that at least two of the gunshot wounds were

“equally fatal”—one penetrating both the right and left lung and striking the vertebral

column and another striking the aorta and passing through the abdominal organs and

diaphragm before exiting the body. Two shots were fired while Jeff was falling or lying


                                              5
on the ground. A forensic analysis of the murder weapon determined that Barshaw

would have had to have pulled the rifle’s trigger nine separate times to fire the nine shots.

     After the shooting, Barshaw fled with the rifle and his handgun. Stearns and Benton

County police officers searched the surrounding area from approximately 4:30 a.m. to

8:00 a.m. that morning. When the officers reconvened at police vehicles parked in the

area, the group was approached by a resident who lived in an apartment building across

from the Schutzes’ residence. The resident informed the officers that there was a man

with guns in the downstairs laundry room of the apartment building. Barshaw’s friend,

with whom Barshaw had stayed the previous summer, also lived in the apartment

building.

       While the apartment resident spoke with the police, another resident entered the

downstairs laundry room and found Barshaw hiding behind a water heater with his

handgun under his chin. Barshaw told the resident that he had “d[one] something wrong”

and was “going to kill [him]self.” The resident told Barshaw that there were a “bunch of

people outside” and asked Barshaw to give him the handgun. Barshaw refused, and as

the resident turned to leave the laundry room, Barshaw stood up and pointed his rifle at

the resident. Barshaw denied threatening the resident with the rifle, but testified that he

did point his handgun at the resident “to scare him.”

       By the time Barshaw left the downstairs laundry room, the police were

congregated around both the east and west entrances to the apartment building. At all

times, the officers were wearing black tactical vests with the word “SHERIFF” across the

front and back, in bold white letters.


                                              6
       At the front of the building, Sergeant Soyka and two others crouched outside the

east doorway with a view of the downstairs hallway and entrance to the laundry room.

As Barshaw stepped out of the laundry room, holding the rifle across his chest, he

glanced to the right toward Soyka. Soyka identified himself as a police officer and

repeatedly ordered Barshaw to drop his gun. After making eye contact with Soyka,

Barshaw turned away from Soyka and headed toward the staircase that led to the west

doorway. As Barshaw began to climb the stairs to the back door, Soyka shouted at the

officers at the rear of the building, “He’s coming out the west door!”

       Sergeant Dingmann and Deputies Meemken and Heinen were positioned at the

west entrance of the apartment building. Deputy Heinen and Sergeant Dingmann took

cover behind a pick-up truck parked to the side of the building, while Deputy Meemken

stood by the corner of the building with a direct view of the west doorway, which was

part of a small vestibule. As Barshaw climbed the vestibule stairs, he was visible in the

window of the west door, and Deputy Heinen and Sergeant Dingmann repeatedly

shouted, “Show us your hands!” Barshaw did not comply and instead continued up the

stairs and opened the back door “about 45 degrees.” When Barshaw’s body was partially

out of the doorway, Deputy Meemken saw that Barshaw’s left hand held a small, black

handgun. Barshaw later admitted that he saw Deputy Meemken standing at the corner of

the building in full tactical gear. When Barshaw raised the handgun to the 4 or 5 o’clock

position in the direction of Deputy Meemken, the deputy discharged his rifle at Barshaw.

When asked why he shot Barshaw, Deputy Meemken testified, “I had to stop him. . . . If




                                             7
I didn’t, my life, my partner’s life, and the lives of other citizens were at risk of being

seriously injured or killed.”

          Barshaw fell forward out of the doorway, dropping the handgun and the rifle.

Sergeant Dingmann saw the handgun in Barshaw’s hand as he fell forward.                  After

Barshaw fell, Sergeant Dingmann pulled him away from the guns, tossed the holster he

found at Barshaw’s hip, and administered first aid. Barshaw was taken to the hospital

where he told a nurse that he had been shot by the police “[c]ause [he] had a gun in [his]

hand.” Police examined the handgun after Barshaw was apprehended and confirmed that

the gun was loaded with a bullet in the chamber.

          Barshaw waived his right to a jury trial and the matter proceeded to trial before the

court. At trial, the State presented eyewitness testimony from both Mandy and Konz

identifying Barshaw as the person who shot and killed Jeff. The State also produced

eyewitness and forensic evidence to support the State’s theory that Barshaw premeditated

Jeff’s murder from the time Barshaw left the motor home with his rifle to the time he

fired the shots. As to the first-degree assault charge, the State offered testimony from

Deputy Meemken, as well as a number of other officers present at the scene of Barshaw’s

arrest.

          For his part, Barshaw asserted both an intoxication and an alternative perpetrator

defense to the first-degree premeditated murder charge.5 In the alternative, the defense

asked that if the judge found that Barshaw pulled the trigger of the murder weapon, he


5
          The alleged alternative perpetrator was Jeff’s wife, Mandy.


                                                8
also find that Barshaw did so without premeditation or intent, but instead as a snap

response.

       The district court found Barshaw guilty of first-degree premeditated murder and

the other counts and rejected Barshaw’s intoxication and alternative perpetrator defenses,

as well as the argument that he pulled the trigger as a snap response.                 As to

premeditation, the court found that Barshaw

       prepared for the potential use of his firearms by removing them from the
       trunk . . . and taking them into the motor home. If the rifle was not loaded
       and ready to fire when he took it into the motor home, it certainly was by
       the time he burst out of the motor home with the murder weapon in hand.
       Defendant still had a few minutes to consider what he was doing. He
       menaced Jeffery Schutz with his weapon and deliberately followed him a
       distance of some 80 to 100 feet around the motor home to the area of the
       utility pole before taking aim and firing repeatedly at Jeffery Schutz.

       As to the first-degree assault of a peace officer charge, the court found that “[b]y

failing to comply with multiple law enforcement commands to disarm and surrender,”

and “by continuing to approach Deputy Meemken with a weapon and by opening the

back door while holding the handgun in a threatening position, Defendant acted with

intent to cause Deputy Meemken fear of immediate bodily harm or death by the

attempted use of deadly force.”

       After entering judgments of conviction on the first-degree premeditated murder

and first-degree assault of a peace officer offenses, the district court sentenced Barshaw

to life imprisonment without the possibility of release. This direct appeal follows.




                                              9
                                            I.

       We turn first to Barshaw’s argument that the evidence presented at trial was

insufficient to support the district court’s determination that he premeditated Jeff’s

murder. When an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial,

we undertake a “painstaking review of the record,” State v. Flowers, 788 N.W.2d 120,

133 (Minn. 2010) (quoting State v. Brown, 732 N.W.2d 625, 628 (Minn. 2007)), and

review the evidence “to determine whether, given the facts in the record and the

legitimate inferences that can be drawn from those facts, a [fact-finder] could reasonably

conclude that the defendant was guilty of the offense charged.” State v. Fairbanks,

842 N.W.2d 297, 306-07 (Minn. 2014) (quoting State v. McArthur, 730 N.W.2d 44, 49

(Minn. 2007)). We use the same standard of review in both bench and jury trials in

evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, State v. Palmer, 803 N.W.2d 727, 733 (Minn.

2011), “view[ing] the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the verdict, and

assum[ing] that the fact-finder disbelieved any evidence that conflicted with the verdict.”

State v. Fox, 868 N.W.2d 206, 223 (Minn. 2015).

       The parties agree that we should apply the standard of review that governs when

the State proves the crime through circumstantial evidence. Under that standard, we

review the sufficiency of the evidence using a two-step analysis. State v. McAllister,

862 N.W.2d 49, 53 (Minn. 2015). We first identify the circumstances proved, deferring

to the fact-finder’s “acceptance of the proof of these circumstances and rejection of

evidence in the record that conflicted with the circumstances proved by the State.” Id.

at 53-54 (quoting State v. Anderson, 789 N.W.2d 227, 241-42 (Minn. 2010)). Even in


                                            10
cases involving circumstantial evidence, the factfinder is “generally ‘in the best position

to weigh the credibility of the evidence and thus determine which witnesses to believe

and how much weight to give their testimony.’ ” State v. Hanson, 800 N.W.2d 618, 622

(Minn. 2011) (quoting State v. Andersen, 784 N.W.2d 320, 329 (Minn. 2010)). After

identifying the circumstances proved, we “independently examine the reasonableness of

all inferences that might be drawn from the circumstances proved . . . [to] determin[e]

whether the circumstances proved are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with any

rational hypothesis except that of guilt.” Anderson, 789 N.W.2d at 241-42. Applying

that standard here, we conclude that the evidence of premeditation is sufficient to support

Barshaw’s conviction of first-degree murder.

       A person commits first-degree premeditated murder when he or she “causes the

death of a human being with premeditation and with intent to effect the death of the

person or of another.” Minn. Stat. § 609.185(a)(1) (2014). A killing is premeditated

when one considers, plans or prepares for, or is determined to commit the killing prior to

its commission. Minn. Stat. § 609.18 (2014). A finding of premeditation requires that

the defendant had “some appreciable time,” after forming the intent to kill, “to ‘consider,

plan or prepare for, or determine to commit’ the killing.” Palmer, 803 N.W.2d at 734

(quoting Minn. Stat. § 609.18; State v. Moore, 481 N.W.2d 355, 361 (Minn. 1992)).

       We have recognized, when assessing the sufficiency of evidence of

premeditation, that premeditation is a state of mind “ ‘generally proven through

circumstantial evidence,’ and ‘often inferred from the totality of circumstances

surrounding the killing.’ ”     Fox, 868 N.W.2d at 224 (quoting State v. Hughes,


                                            11
749 N.W.2d 307, 312 (Minn. 2008)). Our precedent also discusses three categories of

evidence relevant to determining the sufficiency of premeditation evidence: planning

activity, motive, and the nature of the killing. Anderson, 789 N.W.2d at 242. In this

case, the district court did not make findings on a motive for the murder and so we will

focus on evidence of planning activity and the nature of the killing. The evidence of

planning activity that occurred after the appellant arrived in Rockville, along with

evidence as to the nature of the killing itself, lead to a reasonable inference consistent

with guilt.

       Planning activity pertains to “facts about how and what the defendant did prior to

the actual killing which show he was engaged in activity directed toward the killing.”

Fox, 868 N.W.2d at 224 (quoting Hughes, 749 N.W.2d at 313). In Palmer, we found

evidence of planning activity where the defendant took possession of the murder weapon

prior to the killing. 803 N.W.2d at 734; see also State v. Moore, 846 N.W.2d 83, 89

(Minn. 2014) (characterizing the defendant’s retrieval of the murder weapon from one

room and bringing it to another as planning activity); State v. Goodloe, 718 N.W.2d 413,

419 (Minn. 2006) (holding that there was sufficient evidence of premeditation where the

defendant arrived at the murder scene with a loaded gun, “procured the gun from under

the driver’s seat upon leaving the vehicle, and approached [the victim] with the gun

extended in front of him”). We have also held that the decision to chase a victim is

circumstantial evidence of planning activity that supports an inference of premeditation.

State v. Ortega, 813 N.W.2d 86, 100-01 (Minn. 2012); cf. State v. Holliday, 745 N.W.2d

556, 560, 563-64 (Minn. 2008) (characterizing the fact that the defendant “ran [] across


                                           12
the [] street . . . holding the revolver directly in front of him . . . [and] aim[ed] at a

specific person” as nature-of-the-killing evidence of premeditation).

       Here, the circumstances proved as to planning activity are consistent with an

inference of guilt. Barshaw brought two weapons, a rifle and a handgun, to the murder

scene. He moved the rifle from the back of Mandy’s car into the motor home, placing it

in a more accessible location. And then, while Mandy and Jeff were arguing and talking

at the front of the motor home, Barshaw brought the rifle from the back of the motor

home to the front passenger side window. He also took the rifle with him as he “came

barreling out” of the motor home.

       Barshaw then pursued Jeff for roughly 50 seconds, chasing Jeff over a distance of

80 to 100 feet. During the pursuit, Mandy and Jeff both pleaded with Barshaw to stop the

attack. Specifically, after Jeff stopped and attempted to use a light pole for cover, he told

Barshaw, “Don’t point a gun at somebody unless you intend on using it.” Barshaw then

closed the distance between himself and Jeff by running into the alley. As Mandy

screamed, “No, no, no,” Barshaw aimed the rifle at Jeff and repeatedly pulled the trigger.

Barshaw’s decision to arm himself and pursue his victim is important planning evidence

that supports the inference of premeditation. See Goodloe, 718 N.W.2d at 419 (“The

time between [the defendant’s] arrival at the store and the shooting, during which [the

defendant] pursued [the victim] with a loaded gun, constitutes an appreciable period of




                                             13
consideration and preparation for the killing, justifying the jury’s finding of

premeditation.”).6

       Evidence as to the nature of Jeff’s killing also supports the inference of

premeditation. Nature of the killing evidence relates to “the defendant’s actions before,

during, and after the killing.” Anderson, 789 N.W.2d at 242. Such evidence includes the

number of times the defendant used the murder weapon and the number of wounds

inflicted, State v. Moua, 678 N.W.2d 29, 41 (Minn. 2004); the infliction of wounds to

vital areas of the body, Holliday, 745 N.W.2d at 563; and the amount of time between the

infliction of the wounds, McArthur, 730 N.W.2d at 50. Evidence that the shooter took

careful aim at the victim also supports a finding of premeditation. Anderson, 789 N.W.2d

at 242. Finally, the defendant’s concern with escaping rather than assisting the victim

suggests premeditation rather than an impulse killing. McArthur, 730 N.W.2d at 50.

       The circumstances proved as to the nature of the killing are consistent with an

inference of guilt. Barshaw fired nine shots, shooting around the lightpole that Jeff used

for cover, and six or seven of the shots struck Jeff’s body. The first two bullets that

struck Jeff hit vital areas of his body, puncturing his lungs and aorta. As Jeff twisted and

fell toward the ground, Barshaw fired a second burst of shots. Two bullets struck Jeff

6
       The district court found that “[t]he seeds of premeditation were present while
[Barshaw] was still in Walker,” where, prior to Mandy’s arrival the evening before the
murder, Barshaw created a series of Facebook posts expressing thoughts about dying in a
shootout. That Barshaw premeditated the murder before arriving in Rockville, however,
was not the State’s theory at trial. Indeed, the State conceded that Barshaw formed the
intent to kill Jeffery Schutz either immediately before or after Barshaw left the motor
home with his assault rifle. We therefore do not address the Facebook posts as evidence
of premeditation.


                                            14
while he was in a falling or prone position. Additionally, three witnesses testified that

Barshaw paused between the first and second volley of shots before fleeing the scene.

See State v. Tomassoni, 778 N.W.2d 327, 333-34 (Minn. 2010) (stating that “a short

amount of time elapsed between” gunshots was evidence of premeditation). All of this

evidence as to the nature of the killing supports the inference that Barshaw premeditated

the murder.

       Based on our review of the evidence of planning activity and the evidence as to

the nature of the killing, we conclude that the circumstances proved support a reasonable

inference that Barshaw premeditated the murder. But this conclusion does not end our

inquiry under the circumstantial-evidence test.     We must next consider whether the

circumstances proved also support a rational inference other than guilt.

       Barshaw argues that the circumstances proved support a rational inference

inconsistent with guilt—namely that he intentionally killed Jeff but did so only as a “snap

response” to Jeff’s statement, “Don’t point a gun at somebody unless you intend on using

it.” Based on the circumstances proved in this case, such an inference simply is not

reasonable.

       Barshaw’s alternative hypothesis might be reasonable if Barshaw had fired the

rifle immediately in reaction to what Barshaw describes as a dare. But Barshaw did not

immediately start shooting after Jeff made the comment. Instead, Barshaw continued

running into the alley, closing the distance between himself and Jeff. He then stopped his

pursuit and pointed his rifle at Jeff as Jeff tried to hide behind the light pole and as

Mandy screamed, “No, no, no.” Barshaw then pulled the rifle’s trigger nine separate


                                            15
times in two distinct bursts of gunfire. Barshaw did not stop firing the rifle after the first

volley of shots, but instead fired an additional set of shots after a brief pause. And the

shooting itself occurred only after Barshaw had chased Jeff for nearly a minute with a

loaded rifle, despite pleas to “get away” and “stop it.” In short, Barshaw’s argument that

the circumstances proved support the conclusion that Barshaw’s decision to shoot Jeff

nine times was merely a “snap response” to a dare during an ongoing dispute is not

reasonable on this record.

       Having reviewed the totality of the circumstances proved, we conclude that the

only reasonable inference from those circumstances is that Barshaw premeditated the

murder. We therefore hold that the evidence in this case was sufficient to support

Barshaw’s conviction of first-degree premeditated murder.

                                             II.

       Barshaw also argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction of

first-degree assault of a peace officer. Minnesota Statutes § 609.221, subd. 2(a) (2014),

states that “[w]hoever assaults a peace officer . . . by using or attempting to use deadly

force against the officer . . . while the person is engaged in the performance of a duty

imposed by law” commits assault in the first degree.          For purposes of Minn. Stat.

§ 609.221, subd. 2(a), assault includes “an act done with intent to cause fear in another of

immediate bodily harm or death.” Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 10 (2014). Barshaw

makes two arguments challenging this conviction. First, he contends that the district

court’s finding that Barshaw lifted his handgun at Deputy Meemken as he left the

apartment building was clearly erroneous. Second, Barshaw argues that even if he did lift


                                             16
the handgun in Deputy Meemken’s direction, he did not intend to cause Deputy

Meemken to fear immediate bodily harm. We consider each argument in turn.

                                               A.

          We first consider Barshaw’s threshold argument that the district court’s finding

that he lifted his handgun toward Deputy Meemken was clearly erroneous. A finding of

fact is not clearly erroneous if it is reasonably supported by the evidence as a whole.

State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 854 (Minn. 2011). In determining whether the evidence

is sufficient, we defer to the fact-finder’s credibility determinations and “assume that the

fact-finder disbelieved any evidence that conflicted with the verdict.” Fox, 868 N.W.2d

at 223.

          The district court’s finding that Barshaw lifted the handgun toward Deputy

Meemken is not clearly erroneous because it is reasonably supported by the record.

Specifically, Deputy Meemken testified that Barshaw raised his gun to a 4 or 5 o’clock

position in Meemken’s direction, and the court found this testimony credible. Deferring

to the court’s determination of witness credibility, the evidence supports the court’s

finding that Barshaw lifted his handgun at Deputy Meemken.

          In support of his argument that this finding is clearly erroneous, Barshaw relies on

the testimony of Deputy Heinen and Sergeant Dingmann, who said that they did not see

the handgun in Barshaw’s left hand before Barshaw was shot by Deputy Meemken.

Deputy Heinen and Sergeant Dingmann, however, were not in the same position as

Deputy Meemken to see Barshaw’s hand as he was coming out. Moreover, to the extent

their testimony is read to support the conclusion that Barshaw did not have a gun, such


                                               17
testimony is inconsistent with the verdict, and therefore we do not consider it when

assessing the sufficiency of the evidence. See State v. Chavarria-Cruz, 839 N.W.2d 515,

519 (Minn. 2013) (noting the evidence must be construed in the light most favorable to

the verdict, “disbeliev[ing] any testimony conflicting with that verdict” (quoting

Holliday, 745 N.W.2d at 562)).

       Barshaw also relies on the fact that he suffered injuries to his right upper back and

right side of his chest to suggest that the finding that he lifted his gun toward Meemken is

clearly erroneous. No expert testimony was presented as to Barshaw’s injuries, but based

upon the eyewitness testimony provided, the district court found that the injuries “are not

inconsistent with Deputy Meemken’s observation of a handgun in Defendant’s left hand

pointing out the doorway.” Deferring to the district court’s credibility determinations and

assuming that the court disbelieved any evidence that conflicted with its verdict, we

conclude that the court’s finding that Barshaw lifted the handgun toward Deputy

Meemken is not clearly erroneous.

                                            B.

       We next consider Barshaw’s argument that, even if he did lift his handgun at

Deputy Meemken, the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that he intended to

cause Meemken fear of immediate bodily harm. Intent can be inferred from the totality

of the circumstances proved, including the defendant’s conduct, the nature of the assault,

and the events leading up to and immediately following the crime. Davis v. State,

595 N.W.2d 520, 525-26 (Minn. 1999). Because the State’s evidence of intent was

wholly circumstantial, we apply the two-step circumstantial-evidence test described


                                            18
above to determine whether the inferences drawn from the circumstances proved are

consistent with a finding of guilt and inconsistent with a finding of innocence.

       The circumstances proved show that Barshaw used one of his firearms in a

threatening way to facilitate his escape. Specifically, a few minutes before his encounter

with Deputy Meemken, Barshaw pointed one of his weapons at an apartment resident in

order “to scare him.” Although Barshaw had the holster for his handgun when he

confronted the resident, Barshaw chose not to re-holster his handgun before leaving the

laundry room because he did not know if he was going to face further “problems” from

the resident. Barshaw’s use of a weapon to scare the apartment resident supports the

inference that Barshaw intended to cause fear in those he threatened.

       After Barshaw threatened the resident, he continued his effort to evade capture.

As Barshaw moved out of the apartment laundry room, he made eye contact with

Sergeant Soyka, who identified himself as a police officer and repeatedly ordered

Barshaw to drop his gun. Barshaw ignored Soyka’s commands, turned away from Soyka,

and headed toward the staircase that led to the west doorway.

       As Barshaw climbed the vestibule stairs, he was visible in the window of the west

door, and Deputy Heinen and Sergeant Dingmann repeatedly shouted, “Show us your

hands!” Ignoring their commands, Barshaw continued up the stairs and opened the back

door “about 45 degrees.” Barshaw then raised his handgun to a 4 or 5 o’clock position in

Meemken’s direction. Fearing for his life, Meemken shot Barshaw. There is no dispute

that Meemken feared that Barshaw was going to shoot his way out of the apartment

building. See State v. Ott, 291 Minn. 72, 75, 189 N.W.2d 377, 379 (1971) (stating that


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while the intent of the actor is the “focal point” for the intent inquiry, the “ordinary effect

upon others of the acts alleged to constitute the crime may naturally be taken into account

to determine intent”).

       Finally, the events leading up to the assault support an inference that Barshaw

intended to cause fear of bodily harm. Specifically, Barshaw had committed a murder

less than 5 hours before the encounter with law enforcement, tried to hide, made no

indication he would surrender, and attempted to leave the building with two firearms, at

least one of which was loaded, even though he knew the building was surrounded by law

enforcement.

       Considering all of the circumstances proved, we conclude that it is reasonable to

infer that Barshaw intended to cause Deputy Meemken to fear that Barshaw, who was

attempting to escape capture for the murder, was going to shoot his way out of the

apartment building and inflict bodily harm on those Barshaw encountered on the way out.

       But, according to Barshaw, the circumstances proved are also consistent with a

rational hypothesis other than guilt. That hypothesis, according to Barshaw, is that he

merely raised the handgun in an effort to open the door so that he could get outside, but

not with the intent to cause fear of immediate bodily harm.               That hypothesis is

unreasonable.

       Barshaw’s hypothesis is unreasonable because he used his weapon to “scare” one

of the people he confronted as he was evading capture, and he ignored repeated

commands by law enforcement to drop his weapons. If, as Barshaw argues, he raised the

handgun simply in an effort to open the door, he would have dropped his weapons in


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response to police directives. Rather than heeding the warnings from law enforcement,

however, Barshaw chose to raise a loaded handgun to a 4 or 5 o’clock position when he

saw Deputy Meemken standing at the corner of the building clad in tactical gear

emblazoned with the word “SHERIFF.” Barshaw did so, according to the circumstances

proved, in order to evade capture following the commission of a murder.

       In sum, the circumstances proved are inconsistent with any rational hypothesis

other than that Barshaw raised a loaded handgun toward Deputy Meemken with the intent

to cause Deputy Meemken to fear that Barshaw was going to shoot at him. We therefore

hold that the evidence was sufficient to support Barshaw’s conviction of first-degree

assault of a peace officer.

       Affirmed.



       CHUTICH, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission,

took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.




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