               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                       Docket No. 37557

IN THE MATTER OF JANE DOE, A                     )
CHILD UNDER EIGHTEEN YEARS OF                    )
AGE.                                             )
IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &                     )     2010 Unpublished Opinion No. 587
WELFARE,                                         )
                                                 )     Filed: August 10, 2010
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                     )
                                                 )     Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
v.                                               )
                                                 )     THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
JANE DOE I,                                      )     OPINION AND SHALL NOT
                                                 )     BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
       Defendant-Appellant.                      )
                                                 )

       Appeal from the Magistrate Division of the District Court of the Seventh Judicial
       District, State of Idaho, Bonneville County. Hon. Linda J. Cook, Magistrate.

       Decree terminating parental rights, affirmed.

       James H. Barrett, Jr., Bonneville County Public Defender; Scott J. Davis, Deputy
       Public Defender, Idaho Falls, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Mark V. Withers, Deputy Attorney
       General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________

GUTIERREZ, Judge
       Jane Doe I (Doe) appeals from the magistrate’s decree terminating Doe’s parental rights
as to her daughter, Jane Doe (B.F.). For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
                                                I.
                                 FACTS AND PROCEDURE
       On December 29, 2006, Doe’s two older daughters, E. and K., were removed from Doe’s
home due to law enforcement’s declaration of imminent danger after officers found evidence of
drug use, unsanitary conditions and other problems, and Doe and the other adults present in the
residence were arrested or cited. Specifically, Doe was arrested for possession of marijuana,
possession of drug paraphernalia, injury to a child, and obstructing police. On November 23,


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2007, while E. and K. were still in shelter care, Doe gave birth to B.F., the subject of this
appeal.1 Several days later, on November 28, the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare
(Department) filed a petition under the Child Protection Act, asserting that B.F. and her sisters
were abandoned, abused, neglected, homeless, lacked a stable home, and came within the
magistrate’s jurisdiction because they were residing in a household in which they were exposed
to or were at risk of being victims of abuse, neglect, or abandonment.
        In conjunction with the petition, a motion to remove B.F. and a motion to approve an
extended home visit for her were filed. The Department requested that the proposed extended
home visit, leaving B.F. to live with Doe, be subject to certain terms and conditions, including
that Doe report weekly to her probation officer and follow the rules applicable to her probation,
that she submit to random drug testing, obtain and maintain employment and independent
housing, take her medication as prescribed, take a parenting class and be able to apply the
information she learned to provide B.F. with proper care, obtain counseling, and successfully
participate in drug and alcohol treatment. The court ordered legal custody be vested with the
Department and that B.F. be placed in the physical custody of Doe for an extended home visit.
        On December 13, 2007, a permanency hearing report was filed, stating that Doe had
made a “slow start” in working on the case plan applicable to E. and K. so that they could be
returned to her, but that the Department hoped it would be possible to return the children to her
in approximately five months. It was also noted that Doe was required to continue participating
in dual-diagnosis programs and to learn to manage her bipolar diagnosis without the use of
illegal drugs.
        On December 18, an adjudicatory hearing was held in regard to B.F., after which the
magistrate approved the proposed case plan and issued an order, placing B.F. under the
protective supervision of the Department, but physically leaving her with Doe. A case plan
hearing was held on January 17, 2008, after which the magistrate issued an order allowing Doe
to continue to provide care for B.F. in her home. Doe was required to continue participating in
specific treatment and counseling, and refraining from using illegal drugs.



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       Doe was never married to B.F.’s father and their relationship ended shortly after the
pregnancy occurred. He never developed a relationship with B.F., did not provide for her
support or care, and eventually signed a voluntary consent to terminate his parental rights as to
her. His parental rights were terminated by court order on November 13, 2008.
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       In May 2008, the Department and the guardian ad litem (CASA volunteer) filed reports
stating that conditions in Doe’s home were not appropriate for an infant. Aggressive pit bulls
remained in the residence, the electricity had been turned off, and Doe was being evicted and had
been unable to hold a job or provide a stable living environment for herself or B.F. At a
subsequent review hearing, the magistrate found that it would be contrary to B.F.’s welfare to
remain in Doe’s house and an order was issued removing B.F. from her mother’s physical
custody. B.F. was placed in foster care, where she remains. Doe has been allowed visits.
       A review hearing order was filed on December 1, 2008, which acknowledged that Doe
had been discharged from probation and had completed a parenting class, but retained B.F. in the
Department’s legal custody. Several weeks later, both CASA and the Department submitted
reports recommending the termination of Doe’s parental rights.
       On January 15, a petition to terminate the parental rights of Doe as to her three daughters
was filed. On May 15, Doe voluntarily consented to the termination of her parental rights as to
E. and K. The order effecting the termination was issued several days later on May 21.
       A trial was held as to the termination of Doe’s parental rights in regard to B.F., which
lasted three days. Upon its conclusion, the magistrate issued findings of fact, conclusions of law,
and decree terminating Doe’s parental rights in regard to B.F.
       Doe appeals the magistrate’s termination of her parental rights as to B.F.
                                                II.
                                           ANALYSIS
       On appeal, Doe contends that the magistrate’s decision to terminate the parent-child
relationship between her and B.F. on the grounds of abandonment and neglect was not supported
by clear and convincing evidence.
       In a proceeding to terminate a parent-child relationship, the Due Process Clause mandates
that grounds for termination must be shown by clear and convincing evidence. State, Dep’t of
Health & Welfare v. Roe, 139 Idaho 18, 21, 72 P.3d 858, 861 (2003); In re Baby Doe, 130 Idaho
47, 53, 936 P.2d 690, 696 (Ct. App. 1997); In re Cheatwood, 108 Idaho 218, 219, 697 P.2d 1232,
1233 (Ct. App. 1985). When the trial court finds that the grounds as defined by statute, which
are alleged for termination, are established by clear and convincing evidence, those findings will
not be overturned on appeal unless they are clearly erroneous. In re Baby Doe, 130 Idaho at 53,
936 P.2d at 696; In re Crum, 111 Idaho 407, 408, 725 P.2d 112, 113 (1986). Clear error, in turn,

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will not be deemed to exist where the findings are supported by substantial and competent, albeit
conflicting evidence. Id. It is for the trial court to determine whether clear and convincing
evidence supported the termination of parental rights; our task on this appeal is to determine
whether the trial court’s finding is clearly erroneous. Id. at 409, 725 P.2d at 114. Furthermore,
in reviewing such findings, this Court will indulge all reasonable inferences in support of the trial
court’s judgment. In re Aragon, 120 Idaho 606, 608, 818 P.2d 310, 312 (1991); In re Baby Doe,
130 Idaho at 53, 936 P.2d at 696.
       Idaho Code Section 16-2005 permits the Department to petition the court for termination
of the parent-child relationship when it is in the child’s best interest and any one of the following
five factors exist: (a) abandonment; (b) neglect or abuse; (c) lack of a biological relationship
between the child and a presumptive parent; (d) the parent is unable to discharge parental
responsibilities for a prolonged period which will be injurious to the health, morals, or well-
being of the child; or (e) the parent is incarcerated and will remain incarcerated for a substantial
period of time. Each statutory ground is an independent basis for termination. State v. Doe, 144
Idaho 839, 842, 172 P.3d 1114, 1117 (2007).
       Idaho Code Section 16-2002(3) defines “neglect” in two ways--the conduct defined in
I.C. § 16-1602(25) (discussed below), as well as situations where the “parent(s) has failed to
comply with the court’s orders in a child protective act case or the case plan, and reunification of
the child with his or her parent(s) has not occurred within the time standards set forth in section
16-1629(9).” The time standard established by I.C. § 16-1629(9) is defined as when “a child is
placed in the custody of the department and was also placed in out of the home care for a period
not less than fifteen (15) out of the last twenty-two (22) months from the date the child entered
shelter care.” In pertinent part, I.C. § 16-1602(25) defines “neglected” as a child:
               (a) Who is without proper parental care and control, or subsistence,
       medical or other care or control necessary for his well-being because of the
       conduct or omission of his parents . . . or their neglect or refusal to provide
       them . . .; or
               (b) Whose parents . . . are unable to discharge their responsibilities to and
       for the child and, as a result of such inability, the child lacks the parental care
       necessary for his health, safety or well-being . . . .”

       Idaho Code § 16-1602(2) defines “abandoned” as follows:
       [T]he failure of the parent to maintain a normal parental relationship with his
       child including, but not limited to, reasonable support or regular personal contact.

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       Failure to maintain this relationship without just cause for a period of one (1) year
       shall constitute prima facie evidence of abandonment.

       In regard to the magistrate’s finding of neglect, Doe alleges the magistrate relied on
several improper bases. First, she contends that the magistrate erred when it found that she was
“too immature” to discharge her parental responsibilities. Specifically, Doe argues that this
finding was based on a “subjective judgment based upon arbitrary standards set by [Department]
workers.” She contends that evidence criticizing Doe’s parental style, her juvenile humor, her
poor attitude, and her unusual methods of discipline does not clearly convince a reasonable and
open mind that Doe had an inability to care for her children.
       As the Department points out, Doe’s immaturity was but one of a host of factors the
magistrate took into account in determining the appropriateness of terminating her parental rights
for neglect; it did not, as Doe seems to assert on appeal, terminate her parental rights based
solely on its conclusion that she was too “immature” to discharge her parental responsibilities.
And to the extent that the magistrate concluded that she was immature and took this into account
in deciding to terminate her parental rights, such a finding was based on much more than
subjective evaluations of Doe’s demeanor and parenting style, as Doe asserts, but on concrete
and extensive evidence regarding Doe’s actions, the relationships she maintained, the
environment in which she kept her children, and the effect of her parenting on the development
of B.F. Most importantly, there was substantial and competent evidence to support findings that
Doe did not possess the requisite parenting skills to adequately care for B.F.--whether based on
immaturity or other deficiencies. When B.F. was physically removed from Doe’s care she was
“stinky,” dressed inappropriately for the season, had a flat affect, would not interact with others
and did not want to be held, had a “glaze” in her eyes, was exhausted and dehydrated, would not
eat, preferred to lay on the floor without smiling, laughing, or giggling, and was very afraid of
men. She was also suffering from cradle cap, a flattened head, and a painful diaper rash and had
not reached normal developmental milestones. In addition, Doe was never able to demonstrate
that she was able to execute the necessary parenting skills to safely care for B.F. even after
receiving extensive parental skills training. During visits with B.F., after the infant had been
placed in shelter care, Doe demonstrated a continual lack of understanding as to the appropriate
foods to feed a baby (feeding her food that was a choking hazard or was too hot), how to interact
with her (by often failing to interact with her on visits, by yelling at her to do something, or by

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physically holding her down and attempting to force her to eat even when B.F. was not
interested), how to bond with her, how to handle her safely (by not recognizing that some foods
present a choking hazard, the cleanliness standards that must be maintained in a home, and that
aggressive pit bulls are not appropriate to have in the house with an infant), and how to change
her diaper in a timely and correct manner. In this same vein, Doe was clinically diagnosed as not
having the necessary level of awareness or insight into how her judgment and actions affect the
safety and general well-being of her children or the necessary problem-solving skills for
parenting.     Doe also did not demonstrate that she could support herself and B.F. without
significant, ongoing assistance from outside resources. In this regard, we conclude that the
magistrate did not err in concluding that Doe was “immature”--as there was substantial and
competent evidence to support the finding--and in taking this into account when deciding
whether to terminate Doe’s parental rights as the behavior underlying the finding of immaturity
was relevant to determining whether termination was appropriate for neglect.
          Doe also contends that the magistrate erred in finding that the potential for neglect
justified the termination of her parental rights. Specifically, she argues that the court’s finding of
potential neglect “seems to be based upon the fact that Jane Doe had prior mental health issues
and that a reptile had been killed [by dogs] in the home. However, there was no finding of past
harm to the minor child nor any finding of imminent danger.”
          It is well-settled that a magistrate may consider a parent’s past conduct in determining
whether the parent would be a neglectful parent at the present time and in the future. In re
Dayley, 112 Idaho 522, 525, 733 P.2d 743, 746 (1987). In addition, nothing in the statutory
definition of “neglect” suggests that a child must suffer demonstrable harm before the parent-
child relationship can be terminated. Doe v. Roe, 133 Idaho 805, 808, 992 P.3d 1205, 1208
(1999).
          To the extent that Doe contends that the magistrate’s finding of potential harm to B.F. is
based solely on Doe’s prior mental health issues and the fact that a reptile had been killed in
B.F.’s crib, Doe is incorrect. Even a cursory reading of the magistrate’s findings of fact indicates
that the magistrate based its decision on numerous factors and evidence. This evidence supports
the magistrate’s determination that Doe likely would continue to neglect B.F. and this was a
factor weighing against maintenance of her parental rights. See Idaho Dep’t of Health and
Welfare v. Doe, ___ Idaho ___, ___ P.3d ___ (April 30, 2010) (affirming the termination of

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mother’s parental rights where there was evidence that cognitive limitations and psychiatric
problems, among other things, had prevented her from acquiring the requisite parenting skills
and there was indication that her inability to parent would continue for a prolonged indeterminate
time despite significant assistance from the state).
       Doe further contends that the magistrate erred in finding that the voluntary termination of
her parental rights as to her older children was evidence of her inability to care for her infant
daughter. However, there is no indication in the magistrate’s decision that the court used this as
a factor or basis for it’s termination of Doe’s parental rights with respect to B.F. As the
Department points out, the magistrate did make reference to E. and K., but in the context of
Doe’s parenting skills--which were certainly relevant to the issue at hand. And while the court
did make a passing reference to the fact that her parental rights had been voluntarily terminated
as to them, there is no indication that the magistrate relied on this fact in determining whether to
terminate her rights as to B.F. Accordingly, Doe’s contention that the magistrate erred in this
regard is without merit.
       Doe also argues that it was error for the magistrate to find that her “collateral choices”--
including the fact that she does not have an Idaho driver’s license, the frequency of her sexual
encounters, and her association with individuals with prior criminal records--was evidence that
termination of her parental rights was appropriate.
       In regard to her lack of a driver’s license, it is clear from the magistrate’s findings that it
did not use this fact against her. The court specifically stated that:
               At trial, much emphasis was placed on the fact that [Doe] did not obtain a
       drivers [sic] license, which was a case plan goal. She has managed to arrange
       transportation most of the time. Also, with her limited financial resources it
       would be difficult for her to maintain a vehicle and provide insurance for it. That
       [Doe] does not have a drivers [sic] license is not a concern to the court.

(emphasis added). Thus, Doe’s assignment of error in this regard has no merit.
       Pertaining to the frequency of her sexual encounters, Doe argues that “simply because a
woman is of sexual morals which do not please a conservative Christian person nor fit within a
conservative religious community does not mean that the woman cannot be an effective parent”
and that this factor should not have been considered by the court or used as a ground for
terminating Doe’s parental rights. The court’s only reference to this issue appears to be its
statement that:

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       [A substance abuse counselor] also stated that [Doe] told him she had sex 72 out
       of the past 90 days. While the Court has no prurient interest in her private life,
       the statements are indicative that [Doe’s] judgment--as reflected in behavior,
       social interaction, and in her statements--is not adequate for good parenting.

       Read in context, it is clear that this finding was a very small part of the evidence
considered by the magistrate in deciding that termination was in B.F.’s best interests. As we
discussed above, there were many overarching reasons behind the termination--the most glaring
of which was the condition of B.F. when she was taken from her mother’s care and Doe’s
inability or unwillingness to acquire the skills and resources to satisfactorily care for a young
child. The magistrate did not, as Doe attempts to argue here, find that Doe was unfit to parent
based “simply” on her sexual proclivity (real or proclaimed), but appropriately considered it as a
factor in evaluating Doe’s judgment as it related to her ability to parent.
       Nor did the magistrate err in considering her association with persons with prior criminal
records. For counsel to argue that such behavior has no bearing on a person’s ability to parent--
and, more specifically, on their judgment and decision-making skills--borders on absurdity.
       Last, Doe contends that the trial court erred in determining that her failure to pay child
support constituted willful abandonment. Specifically, she contends that the trial court failed to
take into consideration whether Doe had the ability to pay the child support assessed her.
However, having found there was substantial and competent evidence to affirm the magistrate
court’s termination of Doe’s parental rights pursuant to I.C. § 16-2005(1)(b) due to her neglect of
B.F., we need not address whether there was also sufficient evidence to affirm the magistrate’s
finding regarding the alternative ground of abandonment. See Dep’t of Health & Welfare v. Doe,
____ Idaho ____, ___ P.3d ___ (May 28, 2010) (holding that an appellate court may decline to
address remaining issues if a case is properly dispensed with on alternative grounds). 2



2
        At oral argument before this Court, counsel for Doe advanced the argument that the state
was required to provide a level of ongoing assistance to Doe that would allow her to retain her
parental rights as to B.F. He did not cite any authority for this proposition, nor are we aware of
any. We also note that even when Doe was receiving extensive assistance from the state, she
still was unable to demonstrate the ability to care for B.F. See Idaho Dep’t of Health & Welfare
v. Doe, ___ Idaho ___, ___ P.3d ___ (April 30, 2010) (in affirming the termination of mother’s
parental rights, noting that mother had received extensive state services and had not pointed to
any supportive services that would enable her to carry out the responsibilities of parenting
children in light of her personal limitations).
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                                               III.
                                        CONCLUSION
       We conclude that there was substantial, competent evidence for the magistrate to find that
Doe neglected B.F. and that termination of Doe’s parental rights was in the best interest of B.F.
For this reason, we need not reach the issue of whether the court erred in finding that Doe
abandoned B.F. by not paying child support. Therefore, the magistrate’s decree terminating
Doe’s parental rights is affirmed. No costs or attorney fees are awarded on appeal.
       Chief Judge LANSING and Judge MELANSON, CONCUR.




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