                    In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                  No. 06-14-00063-CR



           JAMES EARL PILAND, Appellant

                            V.

           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



          On Appeal from the 4th District Court
                 Rusk County, Texas
              Trial Court No. CR 13-214




       Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
            Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
                                              OPINION
        In April 2013, Overton police officers, Brad Loden and Mary Williams, responding to the

scene of a reported domestic disturbance, encountered James Earl Piland, who smelled of alcohol

and was acting erratically. Loden testified that, while he was attempting to handcuff Piland to

assure officer safety, Piland punched him in the shoulder, causing him pain. Piland appeals the

resulting conviction for assault on a public servant, 1 claiming a defective indictment, a lack of

evidence to convict him, and the ineffectiveness of his trial counsel based on a failure to transmit

a plea offer. 2

        Although the State agrees with Piland that his trial counsel’s failure to tell Piland of a

plea offer constituted ineffective assistance of counsel and although the State fails to argue

against Piland’s other points, we affirm the trial court’s judgment because (1) Piland’s claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel has not been established, (2) sufficient evidence supports

Piland’s conviction, and (3) Piland forfeited any claim of indictment defect.

(1)     Piland’s Claim of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Has Not Been Established

        Piland contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial

counsel did not inform him of an offered plea agreement for a three-year term of confinement.

The State has responded only to the issue regarding ineffective assistance of counsel, agreeing




1
 As applicable to this case, intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing bodily injury to another—assault—
becomes a third-degree felony if it is committed against one the defendant knows is a public servant while that
servant is lawfully discharging an official duty. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(1) (West Supp. 2014).
2
The plea offer that went uncommunicated was for three years’ confinement. As a result of the conviction, Piland
was sentenced to sixteen years’ imprisonment.

                                                      2
that its offer was not transmitted to the defendant and adopting Piland’s position that such a

failure necessarily constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel that requires reversal. 3

        The standard for testing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is set out in Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). To prevail on such a claim, an appellant must prove by a

preponderance of the evidence (1) that his or her counsel’s representation fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; Rosales v. State, 4 S.W.3d 228, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To

meet this burden, the appellant must prove that the attorney’s representation fell below the

standard of prevailing professional norms and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for

the attorney’s deficiency, the result of the trial would have been different. Ex parte Martinez,

195 S.W.3d 713, 730 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000).

        Failure of a criminal defense counsel to inform his or her client of plea offers made by

the State falls below an objective standard of professional reasonableness. Ex parte Lemke, 13

S.W.3d 791, 795 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Argent, 393

S.W.3d 781 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Ex parte Wilson, 724 S.W.2d 72, 73 (Tex. Crim. App.

1987) (failure of counsel to advise defendant of plea offer by government constitutes “gross

deviation from accepted professional standards”). Just last year, however, the Texas Court of

Criminal Appeals reversed its position in Lemke that such an error, without separate proof of

3
 In its brief, the State agrees with Piland’s argument in connection with this point of error. The State asks that we
either modify the sentence to conform with the agreement of three years’ confinement or remand to the district court
for specific performance of the plea agreement.

                                                         3
prejudice, established a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 4                 In that, most recent,

formulation, the court continued to agree that substandard representation was shown, but adopted

a higher threshold to show that the defendant was prejudiced. Argent, 393 S.W.3d at 784. In so

doing, the court applied the three-part test announced in Missouri v. Frye, 132 S.Ct. 1399, 1405

(2012).

          Now, to establish prejudice from the ineffective assistance of counsel because defense

counsel does not tell his or her client about a plea offer, the appellant must show a reasonable

probability that (1) he or she would have accepted the offer if it had been communicated, (2) the

prosecution would not have withdrawn the offer, and (3) the trial court would have accepted the

plea agreement. Argent, 393 S.W.3d at 784; Rodriguez v. State, 424 S.W.3d 155, 159 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. granted). A “reasonable probability” is “a probability sufficient

to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. In other words, the

question is whether it is reasonably likely that the outcome would have been different as a result.

Harrington v. Richter, 131 S.Ct. 770, 791–92 (2011). “The likelihood of a different result must

be substantial.” Id. at 792; see Argent, 393 S.W.3d at 784; Rodriguez, 424 S.W.3d at 159.

          The only way in which such a probability can be assessed on direct appeal is through the

statements of counsel, client, and trial court. Argent does not mandate that evidence on the

subject be taken at a hearing. In this case, appellate counsel stated that the offer was made and

that the offer remained available, as shown by a subsequent plea offer signed during the course


4
 A defendant's Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel extends to all critical stages of trial,
including the plea-bargaining process. Missouri v. Frye, 132 S.Ct. 1399, 1405 (2012); Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S.Ct.
1376, 1384 (2012).
                                                       4
of this appeal, in which the State re-offered Piland its original three-year deal. Counsel states

that Piland would have accepted the earlier offer and will certainly accept this one, in light of the

sixteen-year sentence assessed in the case.

       That shows a reasonable probability that Piland would have accepted the offer and that

the State did not or would not withdraw it. Thus, the first two parts of the three-part test have

been satisfied.

       The third part requires a showing that the trial court would have accepted the plea

agreement. There is nothing to establish or refute this element. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 26.13 (West Supp. 2014). The offer was not presented to the trial court for acceptance

or rejection. The briefing also makes no statement about the trial judge’s practice, mental state,

or reaction to such an agreement; the record sheds no light on the matter, and there is no notation

on the docket concerning either the first or second time the offer was made by the State.

Accordingly, one of the three requirements has not been met. On this record, the high threshold

of the Argent standard has not been met. Based solely on the record before us, Piland’s claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel would fail.

       A remaining question is whether we should honor the request by the State that the case be

remanded so that the trial court can make such a determination.            We ordinarily accept a

confession of error by the State. Hawkins v. State, 613 S.W.2d 720, 723 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).

We are not, however, bound by the State’s confession of error. Meshell v. State, 739 S.W.2d

246, 250 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). A confession of error by the State is not conclusive when

reviewing an appeal, and, in the absence of reversible error, we are not to make our ruling based

                                                 5
on the State’s request to reverse. Saldano v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);

Isham v. State, 258 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, pet. ref’d). We do not believe

we are authorized to reverse merely on the request of a party. Under this state of the law, a claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel has not been established. 5

(2)     Sufficient Evidence Supports Piland’s Conviction

        Piland asserts the insufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction. He points to

language in the indictment and the charge requiring the jury to find that Loden was in the process

of arresting Piland and by so doing was acting in the performance of his official duty as a public

servant at the time of the assault. Piland also contests the sufficiency of the evidence to support

the allegation that he caused bodily injury to Loden.

        In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light

most favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine whether any rational jury could have found the

essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893,

912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v.

State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). We examine legal

sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the

responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to



5
 This matter could be addressed by a petition for habeas corpus and a concomitant hearing to address that question.
So long as relevant information is made part of the record, the requirements of controlling caselaw might be met.
Freeman v. State, 125 S.W.3d 505, 506 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); cf. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504–05
(2003). If these allegations were presented in an application for a writ of habeas corpus and were established, the
trial court could make findings of fact in accordance with Argent that might entitle Piland to relief based on
satisfaction of the sole remaining requirement of establishing that the trial court would have accepted the plea
agreement. See Argent, 393 S.W.3d at 784.
                                                        6
draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9,

13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).

        The charge instructs the jury to determine guilt based on whether Piland

        did . . . cause bodily injury to Brad Loden, by striking the said Brad Loden with
        the defendant’s fists while the said Brad Loden was trying to arrest the defendant,
        and the said Brad Loden was then and there a public servant, to-wit: a police
        officer . . . acting in lawful discharge of his official duty, and the defendant knew
        that the said Brad Loden was a public servant because the said Brad Loden was
        wearing a distinctive uniform and displaying his badge . . . .

Had the testimony been different, we might assume that, because the officers were attempting to

handcuff Piland, they were indeed in the process of arresting him. In light of their specific and

emphatic testimony to the contrary, however, we cannot conclude there is any evidence of an

attempted arrest. The question, then, is whether it was necessary in this instance for the State to

actually prove everything it alleged.      Under the “hypothetically correct jury charge,” we

conclude that there was no requirement that the State prove the arrest allegation.

        Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined

by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,

does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s

theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was

tried.” Id.

        The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has required courts of appeals to disregard such

mistakes through use of a “hypothetically correct jury charge” rather than the charge actually

presented to the jury. The essential elements of the offense are defined by the hypothetically
                                                 7
correct jury charge for the case. A hypothetically correct jury charge does four things: (1)

accurately sets out the law, (2) is authorized by the indictment, (3) does not unnecessarily

increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and

(4) adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Ramos v.

State, 407 S.W.3d 265, 269 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The hypothetically correct jury charge need

not always include all of the charging instrument’s allegations.

       In the context of the hypothetically correct jury charge construct, this is not the first time

this Court has wrestled with the proof required to support a conviction for assault on a public

servant. See Hoitt v. State, 28 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000), pet. dism’d, 65

S.W.3d 59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). In Hoitt, we dealt with similar explanatory language—“To

wit: attempting to arrest [Hoitt]”—that was in the indictment and was descriptive of the State’s

theory of the official duty the officer was exercising, but which we recognized was ordinarily

unnecessary for a correct charge on the elements of the offense.

       We were confronted in Hoitt with a jury charge that conformed to the indictment. It

contained language that did not strictly comply with the statute, but was descriptive of how an

essential element of the offense was committed. At that time, the Texas appellate courts were

still grappling with the extent to which a defendant could be convicted on a charge not submitted

to the jury. Accordingly, we analyzed former caselaw in light of the then newly formulated

requirements of Malik in an attempt to determine whether the State must prove what it alleged or

if its proof might vary from the charge. In Hoitt, we concluded that, although the charge

correctly described the duty being exercised as an arrest, the description was not one of the

                                                 8
elements of the offense, but was merely descriptive of the element. We concluded that, under

Burrell 6 (which required that the State prove an unnecessary fact alleged in the indictment that

describes an essential element of the offense), the actual charge tracked the indictment and was

thus correct. A petition for review of our decision was granted, but was later dismissed as being

improvidently granted.

           Since then, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has taken opportunities to refocus the

formulations on this topic. The surplusage rule and the Burrell exception 7 were overruled the

next year in Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 256–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Surplusage was

defined as an allegation in a charging instrument not legally essential to constitute the offense.

Id. at 249.

           Of course, surplusage problems continue to exist and must still be dealt with. Thus, the

court held in Gollihar that, in the future, the “fatal variance” doctrine will be used to resolve

surplusage problems. Id. at 256 n.21; see Williams v. State, 270 S.W.3d 140, 147 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008). A variance occurs when the State has proven the defendant guilty of a crime but the

proof at trial varies from the allegations in the charging instrument. Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 246.

The variance becomes “fatal” when the variance between the indictment and the evidence at trial

denies the defendant notice of the charges against him or her. Id. at 256; Moore v. State, 11

S.W.3d 495, 499 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). Only material variances that

prejudice the defendant’s substantial rights render the evidence insufficient or become fatal.

6
    Burrell v. State, 526 S.W.2d 799, 802 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975), overruled by Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 256–57.
7
 The Burrell exception held that, if the unnecessary allegation described a way in which an element of the crime was
committed, the State was required to prove its case as alleged.
                                                           9
Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 257; Human v. State, 749 S.W.2d 832, 836 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)

(abrogating rule that mere or slight variance between indictment allegations and proof at trial

renders evidence insufficient). Allegations in the charging instrument giving rise to immaterial

variances may be disregarded. Id.; Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 257; Hinojosa v. State, 433 S.W.3d

742, 757 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. ref’d).

        The most recent statement from the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals on this topic is set

out in Thomas v. State, No. PD-1326-13, 2014 WL 5154586 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 24, 2014).

In considering the hypothetically correct jury charge appellate courts are to use on review, the

court reasoned that the “law as authorized by the indictment” consists of the statutory elements

of the indictment and those elements as modified by the indictment.           Id. at *8–9.    That

hypothetically correct charge need not include allegations that would give rise to only immaterial

(i.e., non-fatal) variances.

        While alleging statutory alternative manner and means places the allegation in the

hypothetically correct jury charge, allegations of manner and means that are not statutory

alternatives are not part of such a charge. See Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 256. Because the

indictment’s and charge’s allegation that officers were attempting to arrest Piland did not set out

a statutory alternative manner and means of committing assault on a public servant, it was not

necessary to specify what official duty the officer was exercising, and the allegation was not part

of the hypothetically correct jury charge. Thus, the proof that the officers were not trying to

arrest Piland is of no moment. The officers were investigating a reported injury caused to a

person, allegedly by Piland. That is their duty, and there is accordingly sufficient evidence to

                                                10
allow a reasonable jury to conclude that they were accomplishing their duty during their

encounter with Piland.

       Piland also contests the sufficiency of the evidence to prove that he caused a bodily

injury to Loden. The evidence was that Piland punched Loden in the upper arm. While there is

no evidence of any lasting injury to Loden, “bodily injury” is defined as including simple

physical pain. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(8) (West Supp. 2014). According to the

definition, then, because Loden testified that it hurt when Piland hit him, the jury could have

concluded that Loden suffered bodily injury as that term is defined by the statute.

       The evidence is sufficient to support the conviction.

(3)     Piland Forfeited Any Claim of Indictment Defect

       Piland contends that the indictment is materially defective because it does not specify any

level of mens rea for the offense. Piland’s complaint, however, was not made to the trial court.

       If the defendant does not object to a defect, error, or irregularity of form or
       substance in an indictment or information before the date on which the trial on the
       merits commences, he waives and forfeits the right to object to the defect, error,
       or irregularity and he may not raise the objection on appeal or in any other
       postconviction proceeding. . . .

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.14(b) (West 2005).

       Accordingly, Piland has forfeited any right to complain that the indictment 8 had no

allegation of mens rea. Accordingly, we can address no error in that regard.




8
 The jury charge, on the other hand, includes the proper mens rea allegation—that the act was committed
“intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.”
                                                  11
      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                              Josh R. Morriss, III
                                              Chief Justice

Date Submitted:      October 16, 2014
Date Decided:        December 17, 2014

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