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               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA


CURTIS DONALD NOBLE,
                                                      Court of Appeals No. A-11041
                            Appellant,               Trial Court No. 4FA-10-4690 CR

                     v.
                                                              O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,

                            Appellee.                 No. 2473 — September 4, 2015


              Appeal from the Superior Court, Fourth Judicial District,
              Fairbanks, Randy M. Olsen, Judge.

              Appearances: Callie Patton Kim, Assistant Public Defender,
              and Quinlan Steiner, Public Defender, Anchorage, for the
              Appellant. W. H. Hawley, Assistant Attorney General, Office
              of Special Prosecutions and Appeals, Anchorage, and Michael
              C. Geraghty, Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.

              Before: Mannheimer, Chief Judge, Allard, Judge, and Hanley,
              District Court Judge. *

              Judge MANNHEIMER.


              The police stopped Curtis Donald Noble for failing to use his turn signal
when he entered and left a roundabout. During their ensuing contact with Noble, the

   *
       Sitting by assignment made pursuant to Article IV, Section 16 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 24(d).
police discovered that he had been drinking, and Noble was later convicted of felony
driving under the influence.
              In this appeal, Noble challenges the legality of the traffic stop. He argues
that Alaska’s existing regulations regarding a motorist’s use of turn signals do not apply
to roundabouts. For the reasons explained in this opinion, we agree with Noble that our
state’s existing traffic regulations do not cover a motorist’s use of turn signals when
negotiating a roundabout. Therefore, Noble did not commit a traffic violation by failing
to signal when he entered and left the roundabout.
              However, when Noble’s case was litigated in the superior court, the State
advanced other justifications for the traffic stop. The superior court did not expressly
rule on those alternative justifications, so we now remand Noble’s case to the superior
court to allow the court to make findings on those proposed alternative justifications for
the stop.


       Underlying facts


              On November 1, 2010, the campus police at the University of Alaska
Fairbanks received a report of a reckless driver in a dark-colored Toyota, possibly a
Camry, headed toward the campus recreation center.
              According to the caller, the driver of the car was male, possibly Hispanic.
The caller furnished the numeric portion of the driver’s license plate, and the caller told
the police that the three letters of the license plate were either “FJH” or “FHJ”.
              Two University police officers began to look for the driver of the Toyota.
While these officers were looking for the car, their dispatcher searched the department’s
database for a vehicle matching the caller’s description of the car. The dispatcher soon




                                           –2–                                        2473

found an entry for a silver Toyota Camry with a license plate that matched the one
described by the caller. This vehicle was registered to Walter Galauska.
              About 20 minutes later, the police found this vehicle in a campus parking
lot. The police decided to keep this vehicle under surveillance for a while, in case the
driver returned.
              Just before 1:00 p.m. — i.e., approximately 45 minutes after the initial 911
call to the police dispatcher — a man (later identified as Noble) approached the Toyota
and got into the front passenger seat. After sitting there for a short time, the man got
behind the wheel, started the car, and drove away. The police followed him in an
unmarked car.
              When Noble drove through a nearby traffic roundabout, he did not use his
turn signal, either upon entering or leaving the roundabout. Shortly after Noble left the
traffic circle, the police pulled him over — ostensibly, because Noble had committed two
traffic infractions by failing to signal upon entering and leaving the roundabout.


       Alaska law relating to a motorist’s use of turn signals, and why we
       conclude that Alaska’s existing law does not require signaling at
       roundabouts


              The issue before this Court is whether Alaska law requires motorists to use
turn signals when negotiating a roundabout.
              (Alaska law defines “roundabout” as “a circular intersection [constructed]
around a rotary traffic island, where two or more roadways join and the vehicular traffic
is directed to travel in a single specified direction around the perimeter of the ... traffic
island.” See 13 AAC 40.010(a)(66).) 1


   1
       Compare the Federal Highway Administration’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
                                                                        (continued...)

                                            –3–                                         2473

              Alaska has several traffic regulations that expressly apply to roundabouts.
For instance, a driver entering a roundabout must yield to any vehicle that is already on
the circulating roadway in the roundabout. 2 Drivers must not change lanes in a
roundabout, or exit a roundabout, until the movement can be made safely. 3 And within
a roundabout, a vehicle in front has the right-of-way over the vehicles behind it. 4
              Alaska also has a traffic regulation — 13 AAC 02.215 — that governs the
use of turn signals. But this regulation does not contain any provisions that expressly
refer to roundabouts.
              Subsection (a) of the regulation requires motorists to signal their intention
to “turn a vehicle or move [a vehicle] right or left upon, onto, or off a roadway”. And
subsection (b) of the regulation declares that when a motorist signals their intention to
turn or move their vehicle to the right or left, the signal “must be given continuously
during the last 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before turning”.
              Alaska’s regulation on the use of turn signals mirrors the provisions of
Section 11-604 of the 1969 Uniform Vehicle Code (Part 2, “Rules of the
Road”). 5 Subsection (a) of Uniform Vehicle Code § 11-604 declares, “No person shall


   1
       (...continued)
Devices (2009 edition, incorporating revisions 1 and 2), Section 1A.13, ¶ 180, which defines
“roundabout” as “a circular intersection with yield control at entry [i.e., yield signs at all
points of entry], which permits a vehicle on the circulatory roadway to proceed, and with
deflection of the approaching vehicle counter-clockwise around a central island.”
   See http://mutcd/fhwa.dot.gov/pdfs//2009r1r2/pdf_index.htm
   2
       13 AAC 02.120(d).
   3
       13 AAC 02.120(f).
   4
       13 AAC 02.120(e), (g).
   5
       The Uniform Vehicle Code is model legislation dealing with traffic laws. It was
                                                                          (continued...)

                                            –4–                                          2473

turn a vehicle or move right or left upon a roadway ... without giving an appropriate
signal in the manner hereinafter provided.” And subsection (b) of Uniform Vehicle Code
§ 11-604 declares that “a signal of intention to turn or move right or left ... shall be given
continuously during not less than the last 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before
turning.”
              One might assume that these signaling rules apply to all roads and all
intersections. But these provisions were drafted before roundabouts became widespread
in this country.
              The Uniform Vehicle Code has not been amended in the past fifteen years.
According to the website of the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and
Ordinances, the last amendments to the Uniform Vehicle Code were approved in the year
2000. (Other changes were suggested in 2002, but have not yet been approved.) And
none of these changes mention roundabouts — because very few states had to worry
about roundabouts at the turn of the twenty-first century.
              According to Modern Roundabout Practice in the United States (1998), a
publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 6 the first two
modern-style roundabouts in the United States were constructed in 1990; the first
roundabout built to replace a signal-controlled intersection was constructed in 1992; and
the first dual-circle roundabout built to control the entrance and exit ramps of a freeway




   5
       (...continued)
drafted by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, a private
non-profit organization. Many of the members of this organization are state governments.
See www.ncutlo.org. — “Who We Are and What We Do”.
   6
       Available at: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_syn_264.pdf
                                            –5–                                          2473

was built in 1995. 7 As of October 1997, there were only three dozen roundabouts in the
entire United States — none of them in Alaska. 8
                In fact, according to the Alaska Department of Transportation’s website,
Alaska had no roundabouts in 2000 (the year in which the Uniform Vehicle Code was
last amended). 9 Even today, there are fewer than two dozen in our entire state. 10
                Because the signaling provisions of the Uniform Vehicle Code (and all the
state traffic codes that are based on the Uniform Vehicle Code) were written before there
were any modern-style roundabouts, various agencies — both governmental and non­
governmental — have openly acknowledged that our existing traffic laws can not readily
be applied to roundabouts.
                For instance, the Federal Highway Administration’s publication,
Roundabouts: An Informational Guide (2nd ed. 2010), 11 acknowledges that “[t]he
2000 Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC) ... does not provide specific guidance for
roundabouts.” 12 This publication notes that “[s]ome states have begun to update their
[vehicle] code to include guidance for roundabouts.” 13




   7
        Id., page 12.

   8
        Id., pages 13-14.

   9
        See http://www.dot.alaska.gov/stwddes/dcstraffic/roundabouts.shtml

   10
        Ibid.; see also http://www.alaskaroundabouts.com/akround.html

   11
       National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report 672, available at:
   http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_672.pdf
   12
        Id., page 2-21.
   13
        Ibid.
                                           –6–                                        2473

               Likewise, the CH2MHill white paper on the design and implementation
of roundabouts, “Modern Roundabouts Training Workshop”, 14 acknowledges that one
of the “legal considerations” for governments that are considering the construction of
roundabouts is that “[the] Uniform Vehicle Code ... does not provide clear directions on
roundabouts”. 15
               The underlying difficulty is that the signaling requirements of 13 AAC
02.215 and UVC § 11-604 were designed for linear intersections. These requirements
become problematic when applied to roundabouts, because of the way in which the
entrances and exits of roundabouts are configured, and the way traffic flows through a
roundabout.
               For example, in the present case, the State argued that Noble violated the
signaling law by entering a roundabout without signaling. As we have explained,
13 AAC 02.215(a) requires motorists to signal their intention to “move [their vehicle]
right or left upon, onto, or off a roadway”. And it is true that motorists must “move”
their vehicles to the right as they enter a roundabout (because roundabouts are circular,
and because traffic moves counterclockwise within a roundabout).
               But when motorists move to the right upon entering a roundabout, they are
simply following the roadway — much as if they came to a curve in the road. It seems
counter-intuitive to require all motorists to activate their right-turn signals when entering
a roundabout if they simply wish to drive around the center island and continue in their
original direction of travel.



   14
      Available as a pdf download at: www.greatstreets-stl.org. Follow the link to
“Residential Neighborhood”, then, under the category “Design”, follow the link to “Choices
& Guidelines”, then “Intersections”, then click on the “Resources” tab and choose
“Roundabouts 101 - The Modern Roundabout”.
   15
        Id., page 43.
                                            –7–                                         2473

              Moreover, if a motorist did activate their right-turn signal, this right-turn
signal might well confuse other motorists who were already inside the roundabout, or
who were waiting to enter the roundabout from a different direction. Seeing the right-
turn signal, these other motorists might easily suppose that the signaling motorist actually
intended to turn right (onto an intersecting road) rather than continuing straight through
the roundabout.
              Because of the substantial difficulties in trying to apply the existing turn-
signal regulations to the new environment of the roundabout, at least one state has
enacted new regulations that expressly govern roundabouts. 16 Most other states have
simply adopted an ad hoc approach — not amending their codified law, but instead
creating web sites and informational pamphlets that contain instructions to motorists
about the signals they should use when negotiating a roundabout (even though these
instructions are apparently not based on the codified law).
              For example, the New York Department of Transportation web site advises
motorists who are leaving a roundabout to use their right turn signal to let other drivers
know that they intend to exit the roundabout — but the web site ignores New York’s
“signal for at least 100 feet” rule 17 and instead tells motorists to use their signal “as soon
as [they] pass the exit prior to [their] desired exit”. 18 And the web site does not instruct
motorists to use a turn signal when entering a roundabout.




   16
        See Oregon Statute § 811.400.
   17
        New York Laws, Title 7, Article 28 (Vehicle and Traffic Law), § 1163(b).
   18
        https://www.dot.ny.gov/main/roundabouts/guide-users/motor-vehicle
                                             –8–                                          2473

              The Washington Department of Transportation’s web site contains no
recommendation for using turn signals in single-lane roundabouts, but the site instructs
motorists to use their right turn signal before they exit a multi-lane roundabout. 19
              The State of Wisconsin’s web site dealing with roundabouts instructs
motorists to use a turn signal in one circumstance: they should use their right-turn signal
to indicate that they are getting ready to leave the roundabout. 20
              The Federal Highway Administration’s web site tells motorists the same
thing: that when they are negotiating a roundabout, they should use their turn signal in
one circumstance: “to indicate [their] intention to exit”. 21
              The State of Iowa’s web site gives the following advice about turn signals:
“ ‘Should I use my turn signal?’ Answer: Yes. Especially when exiting the roundabout.
This allows vehicles waiting to enter the roundabout to know your intentions.” 22
              In contrast, the State of Virginia has two different web sites that provide
inconsistent recommendations regarding the use of turn signals. One of these web sites
tells motorists to always signal their turn “just past the exit prior to [their] desired exit”
(regardless of which exit they intend to take). 23 The other web site tells motorists
(1) that if they intend to turn right (i.e., to go approximately 90 degrees around the
circle), they should use their right-turn signal from the time they approach the
roundabout; (2) that if they intend to go straight through the roundabout, they should not
signal; and (3) that if they intend to turn left (i.e., to go approximately 270 degrees


   19
        http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/safety/roundabouts
   20
        http://wisconsindot.gov/Pages/safety/safety-eng/roundabouts/works.aspx
   21
        http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/roundabouts/fhwasa08006/
   22
        http://www.iowadot.gov/traffic/roundabouts/roundabouts_faqs.htm
   23
        http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/roundabouts.pdf
                                            –9–                                          2473

around the circle), they should use their left-turn signal when they approach the
roundabout, then switch to their right-turn signal “when passing the exit before the one
to be taken”. 24 (Some of these recommendations are less than intuitive.)
               Finally, we turn to the information available to Alaska motorists concerning
roundabouts.
               The roundabout at issue in the present case is located on the campus of the
University of Alaska at Fairbanks.        The Fairbanks campus has a web site —
http://news.uaf.edu/roundabout-road-rules/ — that provides guidance to motorists on
how to use this roundabout.
               According to the University’s web site, (1) no signal is needed when
entering the roundabout, but (2) a right-turn signal is advisable when leaving the
roundabout:

               While the roundabout on campus seems to flow pretty
               smoothly, there may be some confusion regarding the use of
               turn signals. No signals are required when entering the
               roundabout, but you will want to use your right hand turn
               signal to indicate your exit point from the roundabout. The
               Alaska Department of Transportation has more information
               about roundabouts online.

               As indicated in the text just quoted, the Alaska Department of
Transportation sponsors a web site dealing with roundabouts: http://www.alaska­
roundabouts.com.       This web site includes a section entitled, “How to Use a
Roundabout”, but this section contains no instructions to motorists regarding the signals
they should use when entering a roundabout, driving within it, or leaving the roundabout.


   24
      www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/round/ModelHighwayCodeforRoundabouts.pdf
Note: The address of this web site contains the language, “Model Highway Code for
Roundabouts”. Unfortunately, there is no such model code.

                                           – 10 –                                     2473

              To sum up this discussion: There is a section of Alaska’s traffic law,
13 AAC 02.215(a)-(b), that prescribes rules for when motorists must signal their
intentions. But these rules were formulated before we had roundabouts, and it is difficult
— and sometimes potentially dangerous — to apply these rules to roundabouts.
              As we have explained, it is widely acknowledged that provisions like 13
AAC 02.215 — i.e., provisions drawn from the Uniform Vehicle Code — do not apply
to roundabouts. Many states have published ad hoc advisory rules for the use of turn
signals in roundabouts, but these advisory rules are not consistent among the states, and
many of these rules are patently inconsistent with the provisions of the Uniform Vehicle
Code.
              The result is that no one can determine, with any degree of surety, what
rules apply. For instance, in the present case, police officers employed by the University
of Alaska Fairbanks stopped Noble because they believed that he committed a traffic
infraction by failing to use a turn signal when he entered the campus roundabout. But
the University’s own web site advises motorists that no signal is required when entering
this roundabout.
              The University police officers also believed that Noble committed a traffic
infraction by failing to activate his turn signal at least 100 feet before he exited the
roundabout.
              As we explained earlier in this opinion, 13 AAC 02.215(b) requires
motorists to signal for at least 100 feet before turning left or right. But just as it is
unclear whether the act of entering a roundabout constitutes a right turn, it is also unclear
whether the act of leaving a roundabout constitutes a turn (either to the left or the right).




                                           – 11 –                                       2473

              Moreover, the entrances and exits of many roundabouts are less than 100
feet apart. 25 According to the testimony in the present case, this was true of the
roundabout located at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
              At the evidentiary hearing, one of the police officers candidly admitted that
it would have been potentially dangerous for Noble to comply with the 100-foot rule.
The officer explained that a lengthy right-turn signal could confuse other drivers who
were waiting to enter the roundabout; it might cause them to falsely conclude that the
signaling driver was getting ready to leave the roundabout at a closer exit — thus
potentially leading to a collision.
              In sum, there is no clear way to apply the signaling provisions of 13 AAC
02.215 to roundabouts. Theoretically, this Court could attempt to construe this regula­
tion to clarify how its signaling rules might apply to roundabouts. But there is no
obvious way to do this. The departments of transportation of various states, facing the
same problem, have created different ad hoc rules for signaling in roundabouts. The
differences in these ad hoc rules reflect differing assessments of the safety implications
of requiring (or not requiring) signaling in various circumstances, as well as the
practicality of enforcing these rules.
              In other words, any “clarification” of the law in this area would actually
amount to creating new rules, based on a weighing of facts and policies that is normally
entrusted to legislatures or executive agencies. For this reason, we decline to stretch the




   25
        For example, the CH2MHill white paper on roundabouts (see footnote 14) divides
them into six categories by size. Id. at 14. The smallest size, the “mini-roundabout”, has an
inner circle with a diameter of 45 to 80 feet (i.e., a circumference of between 140 to 250
feet). The next size up, the “urban compact roundabout”, has an inner circle with a diameter
of 80 to 100 feet (i.e., a circumference of between 250 to 315 feet). In roundabouts of these
sizes, entrances and exits will normally be less than 100 feet from each other.

                                           – 12 –                                      2473

language of 13 AAC 02.215 to try to make it apply to roundabouts. Instead, we hold that
the existing regulation simply does not apply to roundabouts.
              Accordingly, Noble did not violate the provisions of 13 AAC 02.215 when
he failed to use his turn signals either when entering or leaving the roundabout in this
case.
              (We encourage either the legislature or the Department of Public Safety to
address this issue if they believe that it is appropriate to have codified law defining the
use of turn signals in roundabouts.)


        Why we remand this case to the superior court for further consideration of
        Noble’s motion to suppress


              When Noble’s suppression motion was litigated in the superior court, the
State advanced alternative theories as to why the traffic stop was justified, apart from the
turn signal issue. The State argued that the stop was justified because Noble matched the
description of the registered owner of the vehicle, and because there was an outstanding
warrant for the owner’s arrest. The State also argued that the police had probable cause
to arrest Noble for reckless driving, based on the contents of the earlier 911 call to the
campus police dispatcher.
              These proposed alternative justifications for the stop remain unresolved.
We therefore remand this case to the superior court to allow the court to rule on these
other theories.


        Conclusion


              We REVERSE the superior court’s ruling that the traffic stop in this case
was justified because Noble failed to use his turn signals when negotiating the

                                          – 13 –                                       2473

roundabout. However, we REMAND this case to the superior court for further findings
and rulings on the State’s proposed alternative justifications for the traffic stop.
              We do not retain jurisdiction of this case.




                                           – 14 –                                      2473

