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                                              Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                                               293 Nebraska R eports
                                ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                                             Cite as 293 Neb. 623




                   A line Bae Tanning, Inc., a Nebraska corporation, et al.,
                   appellants and cross-appellees, v. Nebraska Department
                       of R evenue, an agency of the State of Nebraska,
                          and K imberly K. Conroy, Tax Commissioner,
                                 appellees and cross-appellants.

                     JB & Associates, Inc., doing business as Suntan City,
                        a Nebraska corporation, appellant, v. Nebraska
                        Department of R evenue, an agency of the State
                             of Nebraska, and K imberly K. Conroy,
                                  Tax Commissioner, appellee.
                                                       ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed May 20, 2016.     Nos. S-15-643, S-15-644.

                1.	 Administrative Law: Judgments: Appeal and Error. A judgment or
                    final order rendered by a district court in a judicial review pursuant to
                    the Administrative Procedure Act may be reversed, vacated, or modified
                    by an appellate court for errors appearing on the record. When review-
                    ing an order of a district court under the Administrative Procedure Act
                    for errors appearing on the record, the inquiry is whether the decision
                    conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is not
                    arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable.
                2.	 Administrative Law: Statutes: Appeal and Error. On review, an
                    appellate court determines the meaning of a statute independently of the
                    determination made by an administrative agency.
                3.	 Administrative Law: Parties: Standing: Appeal and Error. Under the
                    Administrative Procedure Act, only an aggrieved party may seek judicial
                    review of an agency action; an appellate court addresses the aggrieved
                    party in terms of standing.
                4.	 Parties: Standing: Jurisdiction. A party must have standing before a
                    court can exercise jurisdiction, and either a party or the court can raise a
                    question of standing at any time during the proceeding.
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                       Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                        293 Nebraska R eports
            ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                         Cite as 293 Neb. 623

 5.	 Standing: Words and Phrases. Standing involves a real interest in the
     cause of action, meaning some legal or equitable right, title, or interest
     in the subject matter of the controversy.
 6.	 Taxation: Standing. The consumer is the taxpayer of an admissions tax,
     and thus, only the consumer has standing to claim a refund.
 7.	 Taxation: Proof. The legal incidence of a tax depends upon who the
     law declares has the ultimate burden of the tax.

   Appeals from the District Court for Lancaster County:
A ndrew R. Jacobsen, Judge. Affirmed.
  Steve Grasz and Henry L. Wiedrich, of Husch Blackwell,
L.L.P., for appellants.
  Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and L. Jay Bartel for
appellees.
  Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Miller-Lerman, Cassel,
and K elch, JJ., and Irwin, Judge.
   Heavican, C.J.
                      NATURE OF CASE
   Several indoor tanning salon businesses appeal from the
district court’s decision affirming the denial of tax refund
claims by the Tax Commissioner (Commissioner). The salons
assert that the Nebraska Department of Revenue (Department)
improperly collected more than $1.7 million in admissions
taxes from the salons. The Commissioner reasoned that the
salons were not the taxpayers and, therefore, found that the
salons lacked standing to claim refunds. The district court
affirmed the Commissioner’s decision. The salons appealed,
and we granted their petition to bypass. The Department
and Commissioner cross-appeal, claiming the district court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction over some of the claims.
We affirm.
                   BACKGROUND
 In May 2013, Aline Bae Tanning, Inc.; Ashley Lynn’s, Inc.;
Maple 110 Tanning, L.L.C.; RSB LLC; Tanning Horizons,
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                         Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                          293 Nebraska R eports
               ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                            Cite as 293 Neb. 623

L.L.C.; and Wilson-Bonn, L.L.C. (collectively Ashley Lynn’s)
filed a total of 15 claims for tax refunds with the Department.
The Ashley Lynn’s salons claimed refunds of admissions taxes
on gross receipts totaling more than $1 million. In December
2013, JB & Associates, Inc., doing business as Suntan City
(JB), filed a claim with the Department for a refund of over
$600,000 in admissions tax.
   Though not entirely clear, it appears that in November 2012,
the Attorney General’s office had issued an opinion that Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 77-2703(1) (Reissue 2009) did not authorize sub-
jecting tanning salons to admissions taxes. The Department has
since repealed the regulation listing tanning salons among the
businesses subject to the tax1 and has ceased collecting the tax.
The Ashley Lynn’s and JB salons (collectively salons) argue
that as the Attorney General had opined, they are not subject
to the admissions tax and, as such, are entitled to a refund of
the tax paid.
   The Commissioner disallowed the Ashley Lynn’s salons’
claims on October 7, 2013, and disallowed JB’s claims on
December 31. The Commissioner sent all of the salons nearly
identical letters separately denying each claim. The letters
explained that “[a] refund of a tax improperly or erroneously
collected can only be issued by the State directly to the pur-
chaser who paid the tax.” (Emphasis in original.)
   The salons sought judicial review in both cases, naming
both the Department and the Commissioner as defendants. In
November 2013, the Ashley Lynn’s salons filed one petition
for all 15 of the Commissioner’s disallowances. Each of the
15 disallowance notice letters were attached to the petition.
JB filed a petition for judicial review in January 2014. The
district court consolidated the two cases and heard arguments
in January 2015.

 1	
      See 316 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 1, § 044.06 (2013).
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                        Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                         293 Nebraska R eports
              ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                           Cite as 293 Neb. 623

   Neb. Rev. Stat. § 77-2708(2)(b) (Reissue 2009) permits
“the person who made the overpayment” to file a claim for a
refund of erroneously or illegally collected taxes. The district
court below held that under § 77-2708 and our opinions in
Governors of Ak-Sar-Ben v. Department of Rev. (Ak-Sar-Ben)2
and Anthony, Inc. v. City of Omaha,3 the salons were not the
“person[s]” who made the overpayments and thus lacked stand-
ing to claim refunds.
   The salons jointly appealed and petitioned for bypass, which
this court granted. The Department and Commissioner cross-
appealed. We affirm because the salons lack standing.

                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   The salons assign, restated, that the district court erred by
(1) finding the salons had no standing to claim refunds and (2)
failing to reach the merits and find that the salons were entitled
to refunds.
   The Department and Commissioner cross-appeal, assign-
ing that the district court erred in finding it had subject matter
jurisdiction over the claims by the Ashley Lynn’s salons.

                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] A judgment or final order rendered by a district court in
a judicial review pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act
(APA) may be reversed, vacated, or modified by an appellate
court for errors appearing on the record. When reviewing an
order of a district court under the APA for errors appearing on
the record, the inquiry is whether the decision conforms to the
law, is supported by competent evidence, and is not arbitrary,
capricious, or unreasonable.4

 2	
      Governors of Ak-Sar-Ben v. Department of Rev., 217 Neb. 518, 349
      N.W.2d 385 (1984).
 3	
      Anthony, Inc. v. City of Omaha, 283 Neb. 868, 813 N.W.2d 467 (2012).
 4	
      Liddell-Toney v. Department of Health & Human Servs., 281 Neb. 532,
      797 N.W.2d 28 (2011).
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                         Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                          293 Nebraska R eports
               ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                            Cite as 293 Neb. 623

  [2] On review, an appellate court determines the meaning
of a statute independently of the determination made by an
administrative agency.5

                          ANALYSIS
Standing.
   In the salons’ first assignment of error, they argue that
the district court erred by affirming the Commissioner’s
conclusion that the salons lacked standing to claim refunds.
Both the Commissioner and the district court found that the
salons’ customers, and not the salons themselves, were the
proper parties to bring claims for refunds. We affirm the
district court’s determination, because the salons were not
the taxpayers.
   [3-5] Under the APA, only an “aggrieved party” may seek
judicial review of an agency action.6 We have addressed the
“aggrieved party” in terms of standing.7 A party must have
standing before a court can exercise jurisdiction, and either a
party or the court can raise a question of standing at any time
during the proceeding.8 Standing involves a real interest in the
cause of action, meaning some legal or equitable right, title,
or interest in the subject matter of the controversy.9 Section
77-2708(2)(b) permits “the person who made the overpay-
ment” to claim a refund of erroneously or illegally collected
sales or use tax. Thus, only the person who made the over-
payment has a real interest in the controversy of a sales tax
refund claim.

 5	
      CenTra, Inc. v. Chandler Ins. Co., 248 Neb. 844, 540 N.W.2d 318 (1995).
 6	
      Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84-917(1) (Reissue 2014).
 7	
      See Central Neb. Pub. Power v. North Platte NRD, 280 Neb. 533, 788
      N.W.2d 252 (2010).
 8	
      Frenchman-Cambridge Irr. Dist. v. Dept. of Nat. Res., 281 Neb. 992, 801
      N.W.2d 253 (2011).
 9	
      In re Interest of Enyce J. & Eternity M., 291 Neb. 965, 870 N.W.2d 413
      (2015).
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                         Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                          293 Nebraska R eports
               ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                            Cite as 293 Neb. 623

   [6] We have previously addressed whether businesses that
remit admissions taxes to the Department have standing to
claim refunds. In Ak-Sar-Ben, we held that operators of a
horseracing track did not have standing to claim refunds of
admissions taxes.10 Instead, we determined that the consumer
is the taxpayer and that thus, only the consumer has standing
to claim a refund of admissions tax.
   As we explained in Ak-Sar-Ben, § 77-2703 requires pur-
chasers to pay the admissions tax to the seller, and then
requires the seller to remit the tax to the Department. The tax
constitutes both a debt of the purchaser to the seller, and of
the seller to the State. The statute prohibits businesses from
absorbing the cost of admissions taxes. Under the terms of
§ 77-2703, the tax revenue is merely held in trust by the seller
for the State, and the State reimburses the seller for expenses
associated with collection.
   The salons argue that Ak-Sar-Ben is either inapplicable or
incorrect. They assert that the legal incidence of the admis-
sions tax falls upon the salons and that therefore, they are the
persons who made the overpayments and who have standing.
   [7] In Anthony, Inc., we used the legal incidence test to
determine whether a municipal tax on restaurants in Omaha,
Nebraska, was a sales tax or an occupation tax.11 As a munici-
pality, Omaha was without the authority to impose a sales tax,
but could establish an occupation tax. The primary difference
between a sales tax and an occupation tax, we held, is who
bears the legal incidence, or “who the law declares has the
ultimate burden of the tax.”12 The legal incidence of a true
sales tax falls upon the purchaser, whereas the legal incidence
of an occupation tax is on the seller for the privilege of operat-
ing a particular type of business. Neither the name given to a

10	
      Ak-Sar-Ben, supra note 2.
11	
      Anthony, Inc., supra note 3.
12	
      Id. at 877, 813 N.W.2d at 476.
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                         Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                          293 Nebraska R eports
               ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                            Cite as 293 Neb. 623

tax, nor the fact that a tax is assessed from gross receipts, are
dispositive of where the legal incidence falls.13
   In Anthony, Inc., we distinguished Ak-Sar-Ben, noting that
§ 77-2703 (at issue in both Ak-Sar-Ben and the present case)
explicitly requires that the purchaser pay the cost of the admis-
sions tax. The restaurant tax at issue in Anthony, Inc., how-
ever, explicitly imposed the legal burden upon restaurants and
merely gave restaurants the discretion to decide whether to
pass along the cost (i.e., the economic incidence) to the pur-
chaser. Therefore, we held that the restaurant tax was a valid
exercise of municipal power to create occupation taxes.
   The salons argue that Ak-Sar-Ben is not binding in this case
because it is inconsistent with the test set forth in Anthony, Inc.
In Anthony, Inc., we stated:
      If the customer refuses to pay the occupation tax when
      itemized on his or her bill, action by the City will be
      taken against the restaurant, not against the consumer.
      Because the legal incidence of the tax falls on the busi-
      ness and not the customer, the Restaurant Tax is an occu-
      pation tax, not a sales tax.14
The salons argue that this passage supports the contention
that legal incidence falls upon them, because taxes under
§ 77-2703(1)(a) “constitute[] a debt owed by the retailer to
this state” and the retailers are subject to penalties for failure
to perform collection duties and remit the taxes to the State.15
The salons do not challenge their statutory duty to collect the
taxes, nor do they challenge any penalties imposed for a failure
to fulfill that duty.
   Though the above language from Anthony, Inc. could
appear to support the salons’ contention, when read in con-
text, it does not. In Anthony, Inc., we clearly stated that the

13	
      Id.
14	
      Id. at 881-82, 813 N.W.2d at 479.
15	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 77-2709 and 77-2713(1) (Reissue 2009).
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                          Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                           293 Nebraska R eports
               ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                            Cite as 293 Neb. 623

legal incidence of a tax depends upon “who the law declares
has the ultimate burden of the tax.”16 That a party acting as a
tax collector is subject to penalties for failing to perform its
statutory duties is irrelevant. Rather, as we did in Anthony,
Inc. and Ak-Sar-Ben, we must look backward from the point
at which the Department receives the revenue until we find the
final person legally liable for payment under the statute.
    While § 77-2703(1)(a) calls the admissions tax a debt from
the retailer to the State, the immediately preceding sentence
specifically states that the tax “shall constitute a part of the
purchase price and until collected shall be a debt from the con-
sumer to the retailer and shall be recoverable at law in the same
manner as other debts.” Clearly, while the retailer is legally
responsible for passing the revenue on to the Department, the
ultimate burden of the tax falls upon the consumer who is
legally liable to the retailer. Thus, the fact that retailers may
be subject to penalties for failing to perform collection duties
has no bearing upon our analysis; even when such penalties
are imposed, the consumer is still liable for the tax under
§ 77-2703(1)(a). As the salons themselves admit, the legal inci-
dence of a tax is not placed upon a retailer simply because the
retailer “‘is typically required to collect the tax . . . and remit
it to the taxing authority.’”17
    The salons argue that by looking backward in this manner,
we are confusing legal incidence with economic incidence.
To prove this point, the salons cite an array of case law from
other jurisdictions. We have reviewed these cases and find
that they are distinguishable; none of the cases interpret a
statute that imposes liability upon the consumer in the same

16	
      Anthony, Inc., supra note 3, 283 Neb. at 877, 813 N.W.2d at 476 (emphasis
      supplied).
17	
      Brief for appellants at 25 (quoting Southern Pacific Transp. Co. v. State,
      202 Ariz. 326, 44 P.3d 1006 (Ariz. App. 2002)).
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                          Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                           293 Nebraska R eports
               ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                            Cite as 293 Neb. 623

manner as does § 77-2703.18 Instead, the salons cite only to
tax schemes in which retailers are permitted, but not required,
to pass along costs to consumers. In other words, these cases
consider scenarios in which the businesses shifted the eco-
nomic incidence of a tax, but the legal incidence remained
upon the businesses. Therefore, the cases cited by the salons
are distinguishable.
   The salons also allege due process violations. This argument
fails because, as discussed above, the consumers are the tax-
payers. As Neb. Rev. Stat. § 77-3905(6) (Reissue 2009) makes
clear, taxes collected by retailers “as agent[s] for the State of
Nebraska . . . shall constitute a trust fund in the hands of the
. . . retailer . . . and shall be owned by the state.” Therefore,
in this narrow context, the taxes collected never belonged to
the salons and the salons have no property interest in the taxes
sufficient to warrant due process rights.
   Finally, the salons assert that because § 77-2708(2)(c) pro-
hibits refund claims of fewer than $2, none of their customers
will be able to claim refunds and those customers’ due proc­
ess rights will be violated. Therefore, they argue, we should
find that the salons have standing and permit the customers
to seek refunds from the salons. We note three reasons this
argument fails. First, the record does not contain evidence
that no customers would have refund claims of $2 or greater.
The salons claim that none of their customers paid more than
$2 in admissions tax, but have not provided records of all of
their customers’ payments. Second, the salons do not have
standing to challenge a statute’s constitutionality on the basis
of third-parties’ due process rights; they have not shown that

18	
      See, e.g., Loeffler v. Target Corp., 58 Cal. 4th 1081, 324 P.3d 50, 171 Cal.
      Rptr. 3d 189 (2014); South Cent. Bell Telephone Co. v. Olsen, 669 S.W.2d
      649 (Tenn. 1984); Ferrara v. Director, Div. of Taxation, 127 N.J. Super.
      240, 317 A.2d 80 (1974); Martin Oil Ser. Inc. v. Dept. of Revenue, 49 Ill.
      2d 260, 273 N.E.2d 823 (1971).
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                         Nebraska A dvance Sheets
                          293 Nebraska R eports
               ALINE BAE TANNING v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF REV.
                            Cite as 293 Neb. 623

the $2 minimum in § 77-2708(2)(c) will cause a deprivation of
their own protected rights.19 Third, to find that the salons have
standing in this case could limit customers’ ability to later
claim refunds.
   As discussed in Ak-Sar-Ben and above, the customers were
the taxpayers of the admissions tax. We will not rewrite the
law and completely overhaul the refund scheme put in place
by the Legislature because of a hypothetical argument the
salons attempt to make on their customers’ behalf.
   For these reasons, we find that the salons do not have stand-
ing to claim a refund and their first assignment of error has
no merit.
Merits.
  Because we find that the salons did not have standing,
we do not address whether the tanning salons’ gross receipts
should have been subject to the admissions tax. Therefore, we
do not reach the salons’ second assignment of error.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction.
   On cross-appeal, the Department and Commissioner assign
that the district court erred by finding it had subject matter
jurisdiction over the 15 claims filed jointly by the Ashley
Lynn’s salons. We have already held that the Ashley Lynn’s
salons lacked standing; therefore, the district court lacked
jurisdiction over the claims. Thus, we do not reach the assigned
error on cross-appeal.
                           CONCLUSION
      The decision of the district court is affirmed.
                                                                  A ffirmed.
      Irwin, Judge, not participating in the decision.
      Stacy, J., not participating.

19	
      See Bullock v. J.B., 272 Neb. 738, 725 N.W.2d 401 (2006).
