J-A30044-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    COLIN FRANK KING                           :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 496 MDA 2019

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 25, 2019
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-54-CR-0000723-2018


BEFORE:      DUBOW, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.:                           FILED FEBRUARY 12, 2020

        Appellant, Colin Frank King, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence

entered following his convictions, following a bench trial, of possession of a

firearm by a person not to possess; possession of a firearm without a license;

carrying a loaded weapon in a vehicle; possession of drug paraphernalia;

possession of a small amount of marijuana; driving while operating privileges

are suspended or revoked; and speeding.1 He challenges the sufficiency of

evidence regarding his convictions for possession of a firearm by a person not

to possess and possession of a firearm without a license, asserting that the



____________________________________________


*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

118 Pa.C.S. §§ 6105(a)(1), 6106(a)(1), and 6106.1(a); 35 P.S. §§ 780-
113(a)(32) and 780-113(a)(31)(i); and 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 1543(a) and
3362(a)(3).
J-A30044-19



Commonwealth failed to establish that he actually possessed the weapon.

After careful review, we affirm.

      The relevant facts are set forth in the trial court’s opinion.

        On March 23, 2018 at approximately 1:45PM [Appellant] was
        driving a motor vehicle in the Borough of Tamaqua,
        Pennsylvania when he was clocked as travelling at 63.6 miles
        per hour in an area with a posted speed limit of 45 miles per
        hour. Police pursued the vehicle and pulled the car over, and
        asked for his documentation.         [Appellant] provided a
        Pennsylvania ID card and told police he did not have a
        license, that it was not suspended and that he was working
        with PennDOT to correct that.           The police ran his
        Pennsylvania ID card number and [Appellant’s] driver’s
        license came back as suspended. The police officer who
        initiated the stop, Office Richard Bekesy (“Bekesy”), noticed
        that [Appellant] seemed very nervous, more nervous than is
        usual for someone pulled over for speeding. Bekesy called
        for backup and wrote up two citations for speeding and for
        driving with a suspended license.

        Because [Appellant] had a suspended license, Bekesy was
        not going to allow [Appellant] to continue driving, and told
        [Appellant] he was contacting a towing company because
        [Appellant], being from Philadelphia, had no person who
        could arrive at the scene within ten minutes to drive the car.
        After backup arrived, Bekesy had [Appellant] sign the two
        citations and step out of the vehicle. Bekesy directed
        [Appellant] to go to the passenger side of the car to talk to
        the other officer. Because the vehicle was going to be towed,
        Bekesy told [Appellant] that he was going to do an inventory
        of the vehicle. [Appellant] told Bekesy that it was not
        necessary for him to do an inventory.

        Bekesy started by looking into the open driver’s side door and
        checked the center console by opening it, where he found a
        loaded Glock Model 23, .40 caliber pistol. Bekesy showed the
        loaded gun to Officer Anthony Stanell (“Stanell”), who was
        facing him, and Stanell drew his gun upon [Appellant]. The
        gun was introduced into evidence at the trial. Bekesy also
        found a marijuana grinder on top of the center console.

                                      -2-
J-A30044-19


        [Appellant] was taken into custody. During a pat-down
        search, [in Appellant’s] front right pocket was a small amount
        of marijuana in a bag. These were also introduced into
        evidence.

        When the police arrived at the police station, they ran the
        serial number of the gun, and eventually learned that it was
        owned by an Antwyone Martin, who resided in Philadelphia.
        On cross-examination, Bekesy testified that the vehicle
        [Appellant] was driving was owned by his mother, Dorothy
        King. The police did not have the gun tested for DNA or
        fingerprints.
                             ___

        [T]he Commonwealth presented evidence that [Appellant]
        pled guilty to a felony crime for robbery in 2007 in Luzerne
        County, Pennsylvania


Trial Court 1925(a) Opinion at 2-4 (citations to N.T. omitted). On March 25,

2019, the trial court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of not less

than four nor more than eight years of incarceration, plus an additional two

years’ probation. This timely appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial

court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      We note that in the section of his brief identified as “Questions

Presented,” Appellant, obviously in error, identifies only two issues, neither of

which is related to the crimes of which he was convicted or the facts and

circumstances of this case; the stated issues refer to a jury verdict of guilty

for attempt to commit murder of the first degree and criminal attempt to

commit robbery.      See Appellant’s Brief at 3.      Appellant’s summary of

argument, however, properly identifies the two convictions that he is

appealing, i.e., persons not to possess firearms and firearms not to be carried,



                                      -3-
J-A30044-19



and the argument section of his brief duly addresses each of the two crimes.

In his statement of errors complained of on appeal, Appellant properly sets

forth the issues as follows:

         1. Whether the evidence and testimony was insufficient to
         support the bench verdict of guilty of possession of a firearm
         prohibited in that the Commonwealth witness never
         addressed any testimony defendant “unlawfully and
         knowingly” possessed or controlled a firearm in that the sole
         testimony of Commonwealth witnesses consisted of fact that
         gun was contained in the console of vehicle owned by mother
         of defendant.

         2. Whether the evidence and testimony were sufficient to
         support the bench verdict as to guilty as to firearms not to
         be carried by license in that Commonwealth adduced no
         testimony and evidence that defendant unlawfully and
         feloniously carried firearm in that no fingerprints,
         documentation, or statements were entered at time of trial
         as to required statutory modicum of proof.

Appellant’s Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, filed April

12, 2019.    We proceed therefore to consider his claims challenging the

sufficiency of evidence. “A claim challenging the sufficiency of evidence is a

question of law.”   Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa.

2000).   “[O]ur standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is

plenary.” Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 164 A.3d 494, 497 (Pa. Super.

2017) (citation omitted).      In reviewing a sufficiency challenge, we must

determine:

             [W]hether the evidence admitted at trial, and all
             reasonable inferences therefrom, when viewed in a
             light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict
             winner, support the conviction beyond a reasonable
             doubt. Where there is sufficient evidence to enable

                                      -4-
J-A30044-19


            the trier of fact to find every element of the crime has
            been established beyond a reasonable doubt, the
            sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.

            The evidence established at trial need not preclude
            every possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is
            free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence
            presented. It is not within the province of this Court
            to reweigh the evidence and substitute our judgment
            for that of the fact-finder. The Commonwealth’s
            burden may be met by wholly circumstantial evidence
            and any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be
            resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so
            weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no
            probability of fact can be drawn from the combined
            circumstances. Additionally, in applying the above
            test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
            evidence actually received must be considered.


Commonwealth v. Feliciano, 67 A.3d 19, 23-24 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en

banc) (citations omitted).

      To sustain a conviction for the crime of persons not to possess firearms,

the Commonwealth must prove that a defendant possessed a firearm and that

he had been previously convicted of an enumerated offense that prohibits him

from possession, using, controlling, or transferring a firearm. 18 Pa.C.S. §

6105. The crime of possession of a firearm not to be carried without a license

is defined, in relevant part, as follows:

        (1)…any person who carries a firearm in any vehicle or any
        person who carries a firearm concealed on or about his
        person, except in his place of abode or fixed place of
        business, without a valid and lawfully issued license under
        this chapter commits a felony of the third degree.

18 Pa.C.S. § 6106(a).        Here, Appellant avers that the Commonwealth

presented no testimony or evidence, other than mere proximity, that he

                                      -5-
J-A30044-19



knowingly possessed or controlled the firearm, nor was there sufficient

testimony or evidence in the form of fingerprints or documentation to establish

that he actually handled the weapon. Where possession is an element of a

crime,   the   Commonwealth       may    demonstrate     actual   or   constructive

possession.    Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820 (Pa. Super.

2013). Here, the firearm was not located on Appellant’s person. Thus, the

Commonwealth was required to establish constructive possession.

         Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic
         construct to deal with the realities of criminal law
         enforcement. Constructive possession is an inference arising
         from a set of facts that possession of the contraband was
         more likely than not.        We have defined constructive
         possession as conscious dominion. We subsequently defined
         conscious dominion as the power to control the contraband
         and the intent to exercise that control. To aid application, we
         have held that constructive possession may be established
         by the totality of the circumstances.

Id.

      The trial court addressed the sufficiency question as follows:

         In this case, [Appellant] was driving a vehicle with a loaded
         handgun within his reach. He was travelling at an excessive
         speed and driving without a driver’s license.             He was
         untruthful in telling the police that his driver’s license was not
         suspended and that he didn’t have it because of an
         administrative error by PennDOT. His extreme nervousness
         when he was first stopped, and his level of excitement in
         telling the police that they did not need to “do that,” or
         “search there” when the officer began his inventory of the
         vehicle, was sufficient beyond a reasonable doubt that
         [Appellant] knew that there was a gun in the console. He
         could not have reasonably been referencing the marijuana
         grinder, because it was found sitting in plain view, on top of
         the [console]. Rather, [Appellant] was asking the police not
         to open the console, where the loaded gun was found. The

                                        -6-
J-A30044-19


        console was not locked nor was there any evidence that it
        required a key to be opened. [Appellant] was the only
        occupant of the vehicle. He was familiar with the car because
        it was his mother’s….The fact that [Appellant] was the sole
        occupant, was very nervous when he was stopped, and
        became excited after he was told about the inventory search,
        and then told the police they didn’t need to search, is
        indicative of consciousness of guilt.
                                  - --
        In this case, the Commonwealth presented evidence
        sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that
        [Appellant] constructively possessed a loaded gun for which
        he had no license, that [Appellant] was a felon and not to
        possess a firearm, and that he constructively possessed a
        loaded Glock pistol at the time of the traffic stop.


Trial Court 1925(a) Opinion at 5-6, 8. This Court has addressed the totality

of the circumstances in various situations wherein it determined that

constructive possession had been established, even where there were multiple

occupants of a vehicle.   Mere presence in a vehicle where police find a weapon

is not sufficient to establish constructive possession.   Commonwealth v.

Carter, 450 A.2d 142, 147 (Pa. Super. 1982).        We have, however, found

constructive possession where the weapon or contraband is within the

defendant’s easy reach from where seated in the vehicle and fully accessible

to him. For example, constructive possession was found in Commonwealth

v. Parker, 847 A.2d 745, 747 (Pa. Super. 2004) (defendant driver of vehicle

owned by his girlfriend found to constructively possess handgun found under

the driver’s seat; Commonwealth v. Thompson, 779 A.2d 1195, 1199-1200

(Pa. Super. 2001)(defendant in rear passenger seat with another passenger

was found to constructively possess cocaine after being observed moving his



                                      -7-
J-A30044-19



hand    toward    a   crack   in   the   seat   where   contraband    retrieved);

Commonwealth          v.   Stembridge,    579   A.2d    901,   902   (Pa.   Super.

1990)(defendant found to constructively possess drugs found on passenger

side of vehicle where he had been sitting); Carter, 450 A2d at 14 (defendant

driver of vehicle with two other occupants was found to constructively possess

a firearm found on the floor under the brake pedal). Here, Appellant was the

driver and sole occupant of the vehicle, and the loaded Glock pistol was found

in the unlocked console, next to the driver and within his reach. Appellant

demonstrated extremely nervous behavior after his vehicle was stopped, and

when police advised him that an inventory would be taken of the vehicle’s

contents, and as an officer was searching “the driver’s compartment of the

area,” Appellant evinced his awareness of the weapon, excitedly admonishing

police that, “you don’t need to do that” or “you don’t have to search that.”

N.T. at 13, 28.

       We find that, under the totality of the circumstances established by the

Commonwealth, the finder of fact could reasonably have found that Appellant

had the power to control the firearm and the intent to exercise control over it.

Hopkins, supra. Accordingly the evidence was sufficient to prove Appellant

committed the offenses of possession of a firearm not to be carried without a

license and possession of a firearm by a person not to possess.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.




                                         -8-
J-A30044-19


Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 02/12/2020




                          -9-
