                  In the
             Court of Appeals
     Second Appellate District of Texas
              at Fort Worth
           ___________________________
                No. 02-18-00187-CV
           ___________________________

IN THE INTEREST OF K.F., R.F., AND T.F., CHILDREN




        On Appeal from the 233rd District Court
                Tarrant County, Texas
            Trial Court No. 233-458476-09


     Before Sudderth, C.J.; Meier and Gabriel, JJ.
    Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Sudderth
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                  I. Introduction

      In this suit affecting the parent-child relationship, Appellee T.F. (Mother)

petitioned the trial court for an increase in Appellant R.F.’s (Father) monthly child

support payments for their three children, K.F., R.F., and T.F. (Children). Following

a bench trial, the trial court granted the requested modification and rendered a final

judgment, which increased Father’s monthly child support payments from the

previously negotiated and agreed upon amount of $1,000 to $4,865, with “step-down”

monthly payments of $4,037.95 for two children and $3,230.36 for one child.1 Father

presents four issues for our review. We reverse and remand.

                                  II. Background

      In 2013, pursuant to a mediated settlement agreement, the trial court signed an

agreed order (Agreed Order), which provided that Mother and Father would be the

Children’s joint managing conservators and that Mother had the exclusive right to

designate their residence anywhere in the United States. Because Mother planned to


      1
       A “step-down” provision in a child support order refers to the family code’s
requirement that when a court orders support for more than one child, the order must
provide for a payment decrease or “partial termination” upon the termination of
support for a child—e.g., when a child turns 18.               See Tex. Fam. Code
Ann. § 154.127(a) (West 2014) (“A child support order for more than one child shall
provide that, on the termination of support for a child, the level of support for the
remaining child or children is in accordance with the child support guidelines.”).



                                          2
(and did) move with the Children to Virginia, Father and Mother agreed that Father’s

monthly child support payments would be $1,000 because Father would exclusively

bear all costs of travel.

       After moving to Virginia, Mother remarried and moved into her new spouse’s

8,000 square foot home, with its $6,000 monthly mortgage payment. In April 2017, a

Virginia court signed an order (Consent Order), which, relevant to this appeal,

modified the Agreed Order by altering Father’s possession and access schedule.

Although they disagree about the exact numbers, both Mother and Father

acknowledge that the Consent Order decreased the number of days that Father had

possession of and access to the Children. Yet the order increased his travel costs

because certain blocks of his visitation periods were broken into smaller periods of

possession, thus requiring him to pay for additional travel arrangements.

       In January 2017, Mother filed the underlying petition for modification of child

support, seeking an increase in Father’s monthly payment.         At the modification

hearing, Mother testified that Father’s current child support obligation required him

to pay $1,000 per month and provide health insurance for the Children. Mother’s

testimony confirmed that at the time of the Agreed Order, her monthly income was

$8,510.06 ($102,120.72 per year), the Children’s monthly expenses were $5,351.25,

and Father’s monthly income was approximately $10,000 ($120,000 per year).

       Mother also testified that her earnings had declined to $80,000 per year, in part

because she was trying to work around the schedules of her new spouse and the
                                           3
Children and because she had chosen to work fewer hours at a hospital in a different

city requiring a 2.5 hour commute even though she admitted that there were “many

other hospitals” closer to her residence. Mother stated that her current monthly

mortgage payment was $6,000 and that the reasonable and necessary current monthly

living expenses for the Children were $9,150.       On cross-examination, Mother

acknowledged that while she wanted Father to pay for 100% of the Children’s $9,150

monthly expenses, she afforded Father no say with regard to the expenditures:

      Q. And none of these expenses you’ve contacted [Father] about and
      asked him, What do you think about this? Or, you know, the sports, Is
      this okay for sports? Do you think the kids would like this? You don’t
      contact him and ask him that ahead of time, do you?

      [MOTHER]. No, I do not.

      Q. So when you say, well, he’s just not paying the expenses, you’re not
      telling him or asking him or involving him in what these expenses
      actually would be, are you?

      [MOTHER]. No, I’m not.

      Q. And what you would like the Court to do today is appoint these
      expenses 100 percent to [Father], but [Father] gets absolutely no say in
      any of these expenses, correct?

      [MOTHER]. That’s correct.

      Q. And you don’t want to have to ask him about any expenses related
      to your children, do you?

      [MOTHER]. No, I do not.

      Q. And you think that that’s fair and reasonable?

      [MOTHER]. Yes, I do.
                                         4
Finally, Mother testified that Father’s gross pay for 2016 had increased to $528,793.41.

      Father testified that his 2016 gross income was $550,000, but that the amount

is offset by his own business expenses, of which he bears 100% of the costs. Father

presented his own income and expense statement, which calculated his net annual

income at approximately $350,000 and the Children’s monthly expenses at $5,792.

He also testified that because of the Consent Order, his travel expenses had increased.

Unsurprisingly, Father concluded that Mother’s request for nearly ten thousand

dollars per month in child support was not reasonable.

      The parties stipulated on the record that the statutory child support guidelines

for three children would require Father to pay $2,565 a month.

      The trial court subsequently issued a letter ruling stating that the court would

order Father to pay $4,865 per month, with retroactive support, and on March 7,

2018, the court signed an order to that effect. The order included findings that

          1. Father’s net monthly resources are $29,220.65;

          2. Mother’s net monthly resources are $5,117.90;

          3. the percentage applied to Father’s net monthly resources is 16.649%;

          4. the proven monthly needs of the Children are $9,150; and

          5. it is in the best interest of the Children for Father to pay $4,865 per
              month in child support.




                                           5
The order also included step-down provisions that reduced Father’s monthly child

support payments from $4,865 for three children, to $4,037.95 for two children, and

to $3,230.36 for one child.

                                III. Issues Presented

      Father presents the following four issues for our review: (1) whether the

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support that a material and substantial

change in circumstances had occurred warranting modification; (2) whether the trial

court erred by ordering him to pay support over the statutory guidelines; (3) whether

the trial court erred by ordering “step-down” provisions that departed from the

statutory guidelines; and (4) whether the trial court abused its discretion by ordering

retroactive child support from Mother’s initial pleading rather than the date Mother

first requested support above the child-support guidelines.

                                   IV. Discussion

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence of a Material and Substantial Change

      1. Standard of Review

      We review the trial court’s modification of orders governing child support for

an abuse of discretion. In re T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d 865, 872 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2002, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g); see In re A.B.H., 266 S.W.3d 596, 601 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (op. on reh’g) (applying standard). A trial court abuses its

discretion if it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably or does not analyze or apply the law

properly. Iliff v. Iliff, 339 S.W.3d 74, 78 (Tex. 2011). Whether the evidence supporting
                                           6
the decision is legally and factually sufficient is relevant in deciding whether the trial

court abused its discretion. T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d at 872; Mai v. Mai, 853 S.W.2d 615, 618

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ).

       “When applying the abuse-of-discretion standard in this context, we ask first

whether the trial court had sufficient information on which to exercise its discretion,

applying traditional sufficiency review, and if so, whether it acted reasonably in the

application of its discretion.” Reagins v. Walker, 524 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.). We review the evidence in the light most

favorable to the court’s rulings and indulge every presumption in favor of the rulings.

In re J.D.D., 242 S.W.3d 916, 920 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied). If some

probative and substantive evidence supports the rulings, there is no abuse of

discretion. Id.

       In this case, the trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law. A trial

court’s findings of fact have the same force and dignity as a jury’s answers to jury

questions, and we review the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting

those findings using the same standards that we apply to jury findings. Catalina v.

Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994); Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d

791, 794 (Tex. 1991); see also MBM Fin. Corp. v. Woodlands Operating Co., 292 S.W.3d

660, 663 n.3 (Tex. 2009). When the appellate record contains a reporter’s record,

findings of fact on disputed issues are not conclusive and may be challenged for


                                             7
evidentiary sufficiency. Super Ventures, Inc. v. Chaudhry, 501 S.W.3d 121, 126 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.).

         When reviewing an assertion that the evidence is factually insufficient to

support a finding, we set aside the finding only if, after considering and weighing all of

the evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we determine that the evidence

supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of all

the evidence, that the answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered. Pool v. Ford

Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986) (op. on reh’g); Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d

821, 823 (Tex. 1965). We may sustain a legal-sufficiency challenge—that is, a no-

evidence challenge—when (1) the record discloses a complete absence of evidence of

a vital fact, (2) the rules of law or of evidence bar the court from giving weight to the

only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital

fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the

opposite of a vital fact. Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo, 444 S.W.3d 616, 620 (Tex. 2014) (op.

on reh’g); Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998) (op.

on reh’g), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1040 (1999). In determining whether legally sufficient

evidence supports the finding under review, we must consider evidence favorable to

the finding if a reasonable factfinder could and must disregard contrary evidence

unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228

S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827 (Tex.

2005).
                                            8
      2. Applicable Law

      When parents have agreed to a support order that is different from the amount

required by the child support guidelines, the trial court has discretion to modify the

support order “only if the circumstances of the child or a person affected by the order

have materially and substantially changed since the date of the order’s rendition.”

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.401(a–1) (West Supp. 2018). The movant bears the

burden to show a material and substantial change in circumstances. In re P.C.S., 320

S.W.3d 525, 530 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. denied). The trial court determines

whether the movant satisfied his burden by comparing the circumstances at the time

of the initial order with those at the time the modification is sought. In re Moore, 511

S.W.3d 278, 283 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016, no pet.); In re C.C.J., 244 S.W.3d 911, 917

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).

      3. Analysis

      It was undisputed at trial that Father’s income had significantly increased from

2013 to 2016 and thus had changed since the Agreed Order. This fact alone is

sufficient to establish a material and substantial change in his circumstances,

permitting the trial court to modify the Agreed Order. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §

156.401(a–1); Clark v. Jamison, 874 S.W.2d 312, 316–17 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1994, no writ) (holding trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding material

and substantial change where evidence showed father’s income may have actually

increased); Dorshaw v. Dorshaw, 635 S.W.2d 783, 785 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1982,
                                            9
no writ) (affirming material and substantial change occurred when evidence showed

father’s income “had increased twofold”); Holt v. Holt, 620 S.W.2d 650, 652 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Dallas 1981, no writ) (affirming trial court’s order modifying child support

because “appellee met her burden of showing a material and substantial change . . . by

showing that appellant’s income has increased from $13,000 a year at the time of

divorce to $24,000”).

      Accordingly, we overrule Father’s first issue.2

B. Support Over the Statutory Guidelines

      In his second issue, Father argues that notwithstanding any material and

substantial change, the trial court abused its discretion because the evidence is

insufficient to support the trial court’s decision to order him to pay child support over

the statutory guidelines as Mother did not establish the proven needs of the Children.

      1. Applicable Law

      Once the court determines that a material and substantial change has occurred,

the trial court has discretion to alter the amount of child support accordingly.




      2
        Because Father’s increased income is by itself sufficient evidence of a material
and substantial change, we need not address Father’s other arguments challenging the
trial court’s finding that a material and substantial change occurred. See Holt, 620
S.W.2d at 651 (holding “that a material and substantial change in only one
circumstance, the ability of the parent to contribute, is sufficient to justify modifying
an order providing for the support of a child”).

                                           10
Nordstrom v. Nordstrom, 965 S.W.2d 575, 578 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997,

pet. denied).3

         The family code provides a bifurcated analysis in setting child support,

depending on whether an obligor has net monthly resources above or below $8,550.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.125(a), (a–1) (West Supp. 2018), § 154.126 (West 2014);

Office       of   the   Att’y   Gen.,   2018    Tax   Charts,   38   Tex.   Reg.   4647,

https://csapps.oag.texas.gov/system/files/2018-09/2018_taxcharts.pdf.;        Nordstrom,

965 S.W.2d at 579. If the obligor’s net monthly resources are below $8,550, the court

must apply a presumptive award based on a percentage of the obligor’s net resources

and the number of children. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.125(b). But when the

obligor’s net monthly resources exceed $8,550, section 154.126(a) of the family code

grants the court discretion to order additional amounts over and above the

presumptive award. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 154.126(a). The amount of additional

support that may be awarded depends upon the income of the parties and the

“proven needs” of the child. Id. So, prior to awarding more than the guideline

amount, the trial court must first determine the proven needs of the child. Id. §

154.126(b). If the needs of the child exceed the presumptive award, the court must


         We agree with the parties that the same standard of review that governs the
         3

first issue governs our review of Father’s second issue. See, e.g., In re J.A.H., 311
S.W.3d 536, 542–43 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, no pet.) (utilizing an abuse of
discretion standard when analyzing whether there is sufficient evidence to justify an
increase in child support over the statutory guidelines).

                                               11
subtract the presumptive award from those needs. Id. The court must then allocate

between the parties the responsibility to meet the additional needs of the child,

depending on their circumstances. Id. In no event may the court require the obligor

to pay more than 100% of the proven needs of the child. Id.

       The “needs” of the child is an amorphous term that has not been defined by

the family code or by case law. See Rodriguez v. Rodriguez, 860 S.W.2d 414, 418 n.3

(Tex. 1993). Consequently, what constitutes “needs” of the child has been left for the

courts to determine in their discretion on a case-by-case basis. Scott v. Younts, 926

S.W.2d 415, 420 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996, writ denied). The supreme court

has, however, explained that while the “needs” of the child are more than merely the

“bare necessities of life[,] . . . [they are] not determined by the parents’ ability to pay or

the lifestyle of the family.” Rodriguez, 860 S.W.2d at 418 n.3.

       2. Analysis

       The trial court made a finding that the Children’s proven monthly needs are

$9,150.    But the only evidence in the record to support such a finding was a

spreadsheet of current expenses4 and Mother’s corresponding conclusory testimony

about proven needs on direct examination:

              Q. And what are [the Children’s] expenses?


       Mother’s spreadsheet recited that the Children’s monthly expenses were
       4

$9,150, which represents a $3,798.75 increase from the Children’s total monthly
expenses at the time of the Agreed Order.

                                             12
                 A. $9,150.00 a month.

                 Q. Okay.

                 A. On average.

                 Q. And are all of those expenses necessary – reasonable and
                 necessary for the children?

                 A. Yes, they are.

         But while Mother’s testimony and the spreadsheet evidence the Children’s

current monthly expenses, monthly expenses and proven needs are not the same

thing.     Id.    Mother’s conclusory testimony regurgitating the contents of the

spreadsheet of monthly expenses was insufficient to establish that those amounts

reflected needs of the children warranting an increased amount of child support

beyond the statutory guidelines.         See In re C.W., No. 07-04-0543-CV, 2006 WL

118937, at *2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 17, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding

court abused its discretion when “no evidence was admitted to show that the needs of

the child remaining with [obligee] required support above what would result from

application of the guidelines”). And Mother offered no testimony that the needs of

the Children have changed since the Agreed Order. Thus, this record contains no

evidence to link the total monthly expense increase of $3,798.75 to increased needs of

the Children.

         Our review of the trial record reveals that the trial testimony focused more on

Father’s increased earnings rather than on the needs of the Children. See Mai, 853

                                             13
S.W.2d at 622 (“The trial testimony focused on appellant’s earnings, not on the needs

of [the children].”). But “[c]hild support awarded out of an obligor spouse’s net

monthly resources that exceeds the statutory guideline amount must be based solely

on the needs of the child, and the trial court may not consider a parent’s ability to pay

or the lifestyle of the obligee.” Rooney v. Rooney, No. 14-10-01007-CV, 2011 WL

3684618, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 23, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(citing Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.405 (West 2014)).

      Furthermore, based on Mother’s testimony, it appears that the increase in the

Children’s expenses to $9,150 is tied to her lifestyle change associated with the new

marriage and upgraded housing, which is insufficient to permit a child support award

above the statutory guidelines. See Rodriguez, 860 S.W.2d at 418 n.3 (explaining that

proven needs “is not determined by the parents’ ability to pay or the lifestyle of the

family”); In re T.A.W., No. 02-09-00309-CV, 2010 WL 4813356, at *6 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth Nov. 24, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding trial court erred “by

considering a factor-lifestyle-beyond those outlined in family code section

154.126(a)”); In re J.A.H., 311 S.W.3d at 542 (affirming trial court’s determination that

children’s needs were already being met because Mother “does not cite, nor have we

found, any authority for the proposition that a subsequent marriage or an additional

child constitutes a material or substantial change in circumstances warranting an

increase in support”).


                                           14
       Because the evidence is insufficient to support the finding that the Children’s

proven needs are $9,150 per month, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion

by ordering Father to pay child support above the statutory guidelines. See Reagins,

524 S.W.3d at 763–64 (reversing child support increase after default modification

hearing because Mother’s “testimony was simply too speculative to support the trial

court’s finding,” and thus “the trial court did not have legally or factually sufficient

information on which to exercise its discretion.”); Mai, 853 S.W.2d at 622–23

(reversing child support increase based on insufficient evidence of proven needs of

children).

       Accordingly, we sustain Father’s second issue.5

                                   V. Conclusion

       Having sustained Father’s second issue, we reverse the order awarding child

support and remand for a new trial.

                                                      /s/ Bonnie Sudderth

                                                      Bonnie Sudderth
                                                      Chief Justice

Delivered: December 27, 2018




       5
        Because we sustain Father’s second issue, we need not reach his third and
fourth issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. But upon remand, the trial court may revisit
these issues as well.

                                          15
