
135 Mich. App. 509 (1984)
354 N.W.2d 807
PEOPLE
v.
BLACKBURN
Docket No. 70148.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Decided June 19, 1984.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, John D. O'Hair, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Deputy Chief, Civil and Appeals, and Jeffrey Caminsky, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Richard B. Ginsberg), for defendant on appeal.
Before: D.E. HOLBROOK, JR., P.J., and MacKENZIE and E.A. QUINNELL,[*] JJ.
*513 PER CURIAM.
Defendant was charged in the Wayne County Circuit Court with premeditated first-degree murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, and felony-firearm. He was sentenced to serve a term of two years imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction to be followed by a term of from 10 to 20 years imprisonment for the murder conviction.
The underlying facts may be briefly summarized. Defendant, while at his brother's residence, shot and killed S.R. Gentry. Defendant testified that Gentry refused to leave the trailer after being asked to do so and that, rather, Gentry physically assaulted him. Defendant claimed that the shooting occurred in self-defense. Defendant's brother testified that he had asked Gentry to leave his place two or three times, but Gentry would not leave.
In rebuttal, the prosecution called three witnesses who testified that the deceased was a peaceful and law-abiding person.
Prior to trial, defense counsel moved to suppress evidence of his client's prior conviction for carrying a concealed weapon should his client testify. In denying this motion, the trial court said:
"Actually, if he was convicted for a C.C.W., it was punishable in excess of one year under the law. It doesn't make any difference whether it involves theft, dishonesty or false statement. If what we are talking about here, a previous conviction similar to the crime with which he is charged, now the Court would have to give it even greater consideration because it would increase his probability of his having committed this crime." (Emphasis added.) *514 As a result of this ruling, defense counsel elicited the fact of the prior conviction himself during direct examination of defendant.
The trial court clearly erred in treating the similarity of the charged offenses to the previous conviction as a factor which weighed in favor of permitting impeachment by means of evidence of the prior conviction for carrying a concealed weapon. People v Baldwin, 405 Mich 550; 275 NW2d 253 (1979); People v Woods, 97 Mich App 197; 293 NW2d 762 (1980). In Baldwin, as here, the defendant testified that he had killed the victim, but claimed that he acted in self-defense. The trial court treated the similarity of Baldwin's prior conviction to the charged offense as a factor in favor of allowing evidence of the prior conviction to be used for impeachment purposes. The Supreme Court reversed, without discussing whether the error could be deemed harmless. We nonetheless believe that an error of the type committed here may be deemed harmless in an appropriate case. This is not such a case, however. Apart from defendant, there were no eyewitnesses to the shooting. The evidence that the homicide constituted murder and was not justifiable was significantly less than overwhelming.
Defense counsel brought out the fact of the prior conviction on direct examination. However, since this strategic decision was the result of the trial court's erroneous treatment as to the use which could be made of the evidence of the prior conviction, this issue is not waived. People v Robert Barker, 411 Mich 866; 306 NW2d 100 (1981).[1]
*515 Defendant made various brief statements to the police. The first was given before defendant was informed of his rights pursuant to Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). Ecorse Police Officer James Hunt explained the circumstances under which this statement was made at the motion to suppress:
"Q. [By the prosecutor]: What did you do after you identified the people who were present [at the scene]?
"A. I saw who was present. From looking at the fellow on the floor, apparently to me, he had been shot. At least, I believed so. And the nature of the call had been a shooting. I immediately had the other people in the room take a seat on the couch and on a chair, after it had been checked for weapons, to make sure there were no weapons on the couch.
"Q. What happened then?
"A. I told everyone to fold their hands in their lap. Other officers and I took a look around the immediate area for any other weapons.
"Q. Did you find any weapon?
"A. No. I asked if anyone had seen what had happened and received no answer. By this time, the rescue unit arrived and firemen were in the room trying to do something with the fellow on the floor. Once they removed him from the trailer, I informed everyone in *516 the trailer they would have to remain until I could obtain statements from them as to what happened. I then asked if anyone knew where the gun was that was involved and received no answer.
"[Defendant] stood up and said, `I'll save everybody a lot of trouble. I'm the one that did it.'"
As defendant was being taken from the trailer to the police car which was to transport him to the police station for booking, Officer Leonel Lopez heard defendant twice say: "I'm the one who did it. I'm the one who shot him." Defendant, during the drive to the police station, made yet another statement to Officer Edward Watters under the following circumstances:
"Q. * * * And did you say anything to the defendant after he was placed in your car?
"A. I had asked him if he had remembered me.
"Q. I see.
"A. I had been in the Detective's Bureau in plain clothes. This particular time, I was in uniform. I asked him if he remembered me.
"Q. And did he respond to that?
"A. Yes, he did.
"Q. What happened?
"A. We were driving to the station. We were in the area of Southfield and Jefferson.
"Q. How far was that away from the trailer where you picked the defendant up?
"A. Approximately three minutes away. At that point, [defendant] stated that he'd shot the guy because he was `fucking' with him.
"Q. Those were his exact words?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Had you said anything to him, prior to that?
"A. Not with regard to the shooting, no, sir.
"Q. What happened after he made that statement?
"A. I advised Mr. Blackburn not to say anything until we got to the station. Then he could be advised of his *517 rights if he wants to make a statement. At that time, he can.
"Q. Was anything else said to Mr. Blackburn enroute to the station?
"A. No, sir."
Officer Leonel Lopez actually booked defendant. At the time of the booking, defendant was advised of his Miranda rights. In Officer Lopez's words, the following then happened:
"Once that was done, I walked [defendant] to a cellblock. Then he asked me, `How's he doing?' I told him `I don't know. I haven't been out there,' meaning, the hospital. He says, `I hope the mother  F dies.' That was the last I had talked with [defendant]."
Defendant asserts on appeal that evidence of his first statement must be suppressed because it was made without his having the benefit of the Miranda warnings and that each of his subsequent statements must be suppressed as the fruit of the poisonous tree.
To resolve this issue, we must first determine whether defendant was in custody such that he should have been given Miranda warnings prior to Officer Hunt's initial inquiry as to "what happened".[2] Custody arises when a person has been *518 deprived of his freedom of action in a meaningful way. People v Belanger, 120 Mich App 752, 760; 327 NW2d 554 (1982). To determine whether a defendant was in custody at the time of interrogation, the totality of the circumstances must be examined. The key question is whether the defendant could reasonably believe that he was not free to leave. See, e.g., United States v Hall, 421 F2d 540, 544-545 (CA 2, 1969). If so, that defendant is in custody.
On appeal, the prosecution notes that Officer Hunt had not focused his suspicions on any one of the four people in the trailer at the time he asked "what happened" and, accordingly, argues that Officer Hunt was not required to give Miranda warnings. However, we agree with the Vermont Supreme Court's holding in State v Hohman, 136 Vt 341; 392 A2d 935, 940 (1978), that, for the purposes of determining if a defendant is in custody, the degree of investigative focus is pertinent only to the extent that it contributes to a defendant's reasonable belief that he is not free to leave. Since in this case Officer Hunt specifically told defendant and the other persons in the trailer that they could not leave until they gave statements concerning what happened, it is manifest that defendant was in custody for purposes of Miranda.[3]Cf. Commonwealth v Meyer, 488 Pa 297; 412 A3d 517 (1980), wherein evidence of a statement given by the defendant to a state police officer after being asked "what happened" was ruled inadmissible because the defendant had been *519 required to stay at the scene by a local police officer to wait for a state trooper and the defendant was not advised of his rights under Miranda before questioning by the state police.
The prosecution also relies heavily on People v Herman Jackson, 37 Mich App 664; 195 NW2d 312 (1972). There, this Court held that evidence of the defendant's statement in response to the officer's question "what happened" was admissible. However, as defendant on appeal notes, unlike the situation in Herman Jackson, here defendant was specifically told that he could not leave until he gave a statement. Since the crucial issue is whether the defendant reasonably believed he was free to leave, this distinction mandates a different result than that reached in Herman Jackson Thus, evidence of defendant's initial admission that he shot the deceased should have been suppressed.
We now turn to whether evidence of any of the other statements must be suppressed as the fruit of the poisonous tree. Issues involving the suppression of evidence of statements because they are tainted by antecedent police misconduct usually arise via a claim that an illegal arrest has tainted a subsequent confession. See, e.g., People v Martin, 94 Mich App 649, 653-654; 290 NW2d 48 (1980). In our opinion, the same basic question posed in Martin-type cases must be resolved here, i.e., was there any causal connection between the illegality or misconduct (here, the failure to give Miranda warnings) and the subsequent statements. See, Martin, supra.
Utilizing this approach, we conclude that evidence of all of the statements given by defendant before he was given Miranda warnings must be suppressed. The time span between the initial *520 statement given without benefit of Miranda warnings and the statements made on the way to and in the patrol car was slight. Although these subsequent statements were not the product of interrogation but, rather, were volunteered, defendant, having already admitted to the shooting, could well have believed that it was pointless not to speak freely. As defendant had not been given Miranda warnings before these statements were made nor had the police advised him not to say anything further at this time, we find that there was a causal connection between the initial failure to give Miranda warnings and the pre-booking statements.
As to the last statement (i.e., defendant's professed hope that the deceased would die), this was volunteered by defendant after he was given Miranda warnings. We find these circumstances (the volunteered nature of the statements after receiving warnings) sufficient to break any causal connection between the initial failure to give Miranda warnings and the last statement. Evidence as to the last statement, therefore, was admissible.
We need not decide whether the erroneous admission of evidence of defendant's statements constituted harmless error, as we are specifically reversing on the basis of the lower court's handling of defendant's motion to suppress evidence of his prior conviction for carrying a concealed weapon for impeachment purposes.
Defendant also argues that he was deprived of his constitutional right to due process of law because of the denial of his motion for funds to hire an investigator who could possibly locate witnesses able to testify about the deceased's violent and aggressive character. In making this argument, defendant relies heavily on Mason v Arizona, 504 *521 F2d 1345 (CA 9, 1974). However, under Mason, "such assistance is not automatically mandatory but rather depends upon the need as revealed by the facts and circumstances of each case". 504 F2d 1352. In our opinion, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that a sufficient showing of need for the investigator had not been made in this case.
Defendant's contention that the magistrate abused his discretion by binding defendant over on a charge of first-degree murder is rendered moot because he was actually convicted of second-degree murder and thus acquitted of first-degree murder. Of course, on retrial, defendant will be facing a charge of second-degree, and not first-degree, murder.
Reversed and remanded.
NOTES
[*]  Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1]  Defendant also contends that application of the relevant criteria set forth in People v Crawford, 83 Mich App 35, 39; 268 NW2d 275 (1978), precluded use of evidence of the conviction for impeachment. While we do not reverse on this basis, it is difficult to see how proper application of the Crawford factors could support the use of evidence of the carrying a concealed weapon conviction in this case. In any event, the trial court is cautioned that, pursuant to MRE 609(a)(2), it must articulate on the record the factors which it considered in determining that evidence of the conviction is admissible for impeachment purposes.

In this regard, we note our disagreement with the trial court's opinion that, because carrying a concealed weapon is punishable by more than one year in prison, it "doesn't make any difference whether it involves theft, dishonesty or false statement". While MRE 609(a)(1) permits use of evidence of a defendant's conviction for impeachment purposes solely because it was punishable by more than one year's imprisonment, in determining whether discretion should be exercised to allow this impeachment, it always makes a difference whether the conviction involves theft, dishonesty or false statement. Convictions for offenses involving dishonesty obviously are more probative of a defendant's credibility than convictions for offenses which involve no elements of dishonesty.
[2]  We acknowledge that the members of this Court continue to disagree over whether, as a general rule, Miranda warnings must be given when the police investigation focuses on one person or whether Miranda warnings need only be given to a defendant who is in custody. See e.g., People v Wallach, 110 Mich App 37, 47-50; 312 NW2d 387 (1981), vacated on other grounds 417 Mich 937; 331 NW2d 730 (1983). This case is unusual, however, in that defendant was clearly not the focus of the investigation when he was asked, "what happened", although, as we discuss, infra, he was in custody. Normally, the focus test works in the defendant's favor. To the extent that, in a particular case, the custody test works to the defendant's advantage, it must be applied. Custody is the test required by the United States Supreme Court as a matter of federal constitutional law, and the states must, in every case, apply a standard which is at least as protective of the individual's federal constitutional rights as is required by the United States Supreme Court.
[3]  It should also be noted that, until Officer Hunt said that everybody would have to remain on the scene until he could get statements, he got no response to any of his inquiries. The compulsion of detention, then, was actually necessary to get defendant to talk.
