                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-5730-17T4

ASPHALT PAVING
SYSTEMS, INC.,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ASSOCIATED ASPHALT
PARTNERS, LLC and
ASSOCIATED ASPHALT
TRANSPORT, LLC,

     Defendants-Respondents.
___________________________

                    Argued July 16, 2019 – Decided August 7, 2019

                    Before Judges Vernoia and Mayer.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Atlantic County, Docket No. L-0978-16.

                    Colin G. Bell argued the cause for appellant (Hankin
                    Sandman Palladino & Weintrob, attorneys; Colin G.
                    Bell, on the briefs).

                    Kathleen F. Beers argued the cause for respondents
                    (Westmoreland Vesper Quattrone & Beers, PA,
                    attorneys; Kathleen F. Beers, on the brief).
PER CURIAM

      Plaintiff Asphalt Paving Systems, Inc., appeals from orders entered after

our remand on its initial appeal affirming an arbitration award entered in favor

of defendants Associated Asphalt Partners, LLC, and Associated Asphalt

Transport, LLC (collectively defendants), and an order denying plaintiff's

motion for reconsideration. We affirm in part, vacate in part and remand for

further proceedings.

      We described the facts giving rise to the dispute between the parties in our

initial decision, Asphalt Paving Systems, Inc. v. Associated Asphalt Partners,

LLC, No. A-5487-15 (App. Div. Oct. 19, 2017) (slip op. at 1-5), and need not

repeat them in detail here. It is sufficient to note that plaintiff and defendants

agreed to arbitrate a dispute over the terms of a settlement agreement and further

agreed that the attorney who drafted the agreement would serve as the arbitrator.

Following the arbitration proceeding, the arbitrator rendered an opinion in

defendants' favor.

      Plaintiff filed a verified complaint and order to show cause alleging the

award should be vacated because it was procured by undue means. More

particularly, plaintiff claimed that at the conclusion of the arbitration proceeding

the arbitrator asked, "What would be the result if I determined the agreement is

                                                                            A-5730-17T4
                                         2
too ambiguous to enforce?" and, in response, defendants' counsel1 raised his

voice, pointed his finger angrily at the arbitrator, and threatened that the

arbitrator would be sued for malpractice. In its complaint, plaintiff alleged the

arbitration award subsequently entered in defendants' favor should be vacated

because it was procured through undue means—defendants' counsel's threat of

suit against the arbitrator.

      On the return date of the order to show cause, the judge rejected plaintiff's

claims without holding an evidentiary hearing. The judge found that, based on

his personal knowledge of the arbitrator, there was no possibility that the

putative threat would have affected the arbitrator's ability to be fair and impartial

in rendering the arbitration award. The judge entered an order affirming the

arbitration award.

      Plaintiff appealed, and we reversed the court's order. We found the judge

erred by basing his decision on his personal knowledge of the arbitrator and

noted there were unresolved factual issues as to "whether the witness made a


1
   Based on the limited record provided in support of the prior appeal, we
identified the individual who allegedly made the threat as defendants' "witness."
See id. at 2-3. The record on the pending appeal reveals that the individual was
defendants' counsel. We therefore refer to the individual as "defendants'
counsel," and note that the attorney who made the statement to the arbitrator at
issue in this matter was not defendants' counsel on the initial appeal and is not
defendants' counsel on the pending appeal.
                                                                             A-5730-17T4
                                         3
material threat against the arbitrator and, if so, whether such threat influenced

his decision." Id. at 7. We remanded the matter for an evidentiary hearing and

found it was therefore unnecessary to address plaintiff's remaining arguments

supporting its challenge to the arbitration award. Ibid.

       On remand, a different judge held an evidentiary hearing during which the

arbitrator and other individuals present when the alleged threat was made

testified.   The court issued a written decision summarizing the witnesses '

testimony and noting that the arbitrator drafted the settlement agreement at issue

in the arbitration. The court found that at the conclusion of the arbitration

hearing, the arbitrator "posed the following question to the parties: 'What would

be the result if I determined the agreement is too ambiguous to enforce?'" The

court also found that in response to the arbitrator's question, defendants' counsel

responded, "[W]ell, you'll get sued."

       The court found plaintiff failed to establish the arbitration award was

procured through undue means. See N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-23(a)(1) (providing that

"[a] court shall vacate an [arbitration] award . . . if . . . the award was procured

by corruption, fraud or undue means"). The court noted that the arbitrator

admitted posing the question and defendants' counsel acknowledged referencing

"malpractice" in response, but the attorney "described the dialogue between [he


                                                                            A-5730-17T4
                                         4
and the arbitrator] as being 'banter' and 'witticism'" and that, when the colloquy

occurred, "[he] was laughing, [and] so was" the arbitrator.

      The court found defendants' counsel's reference to a possible lawsuit

against the arbitrator "wholly inappropriate" and that the banter between the

arbitrator and defendants' counsel constituted "unsuitable behavior that calls

into question the very quality and professionalism of [the] proceedings." In any

event, the court found that "it is clear from the testimony that [the arbitrator] did

not view [defendants' counsel's] comments as a threat, but rather something said

in jest and made in response to his own ill-chosen question." The court further

found the dialogue was not "of such a nature that it affected [the arbitrator's]

decision-making process" and, as a result, defendants' counsel's statement "does

not constitute a 'material threat.'"2

      The court declined to address plaintiff's contention that the arbitration

award should be vacated because even if the putative threat did not affect the

arbitrator's decision-making, it created an impermissible appearance of


2
   Although the court indicated that it was unnecessary to determine if the
putative threat influenced the arbitrator's decision because "no 'material threat'
was made," it nonetheless expressly found defendants' counsel's statement to the
arbitrator did not affect the arbitrator's decision-making. We are bound by the
court's finding the putative threat did not affect the arbitrator's decision-making
because it is supported by "adequate, substantial and credible evidence." Rova
Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974).
                                                                             A-5730-17T4
                                         5
impropriety and lack of impartiality. The court determined the argument was

not raised on plaintiff's initial appeal or addressed in our initial decision and that

our remand limited the court's consideration only to whether there was a material

threat to the arbitrator and, if so, whether it affected the arbitrator's decision-

making process. The court entered an order affirming the arbitration award.

      Plaintiff moved for reconsideration, arguing the court's decision was

palpably incorrect because it was based on an incorrect premise: that plaintiff

had not previously argued before the trial court and this court on the initial

appeal that the award should be vacated based on an appearance of partiality.

Plaintiff also argued that arbitration awards must be vacated where there is an

appearance of impropriety based on evident partiality. See N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-

23(a)(2). In its written decision, the court acknowledged that it erred by finding

plaintiff did not raise the appearance of partiality argument during the initial

trial court proceeding and appeal because the record showed otherwise. The

court, however, denied the reconsideration motion based on its determination

that our prior decision limited its consideration to only two discrete issues;

whether there was a material threat and, if so, did it affect the arbitrator's

decision-making. The court determined our prior decision did not direct that the

appearance of partiality issue be considered on remand and therefore it did not


                                                                              A-5730-17T4
                                          6
err by not addressing the issue. The court entered an order denying plaintiff's

motion for reconsideration. This appeal followed.

      We review a trial court's decision to affirm or vacate an arbitration award

de novo. Minkowitz v. Israeli, 433 N.J. Super. 111, 136 (App. Div. 2013). We

owe no special deference to "[t]he 'trial court's interpretation of the law and the

legal consequences that flow from established facts.'" Town of Kearny v.

Brandt, 214 N.J. 76, 92 (2013) (quoting Manalapan Realty, LP v. Twp. Comm.

of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).

      "[T]he scope of review of an arbitration award is narrow. Otherwise, the

purpose of the arbitration contract, which is to provide an effective, expedient,

and fair resolution of disputes, would be severely undermined." Minkowitz, 433

N.J. Super. at 136 (alteration in original) (quoting Fawzy v. Fawzy, 199 N.J.

456, 470 (2009)). There is a "strong judicial presumption in favor of the validity

of an arbitral award, [and] the party seeking to vacate it bears a heavy burden."

Del Piano v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 372 N.J. Super. 503,

510 (App. Div. 2004). "[T]he party opposing confirmation ha[s] the burden of

establishing that the award should be vacated . . . ." Township of Wyckoff v.

PBA Local 261, 409 N.J. Super. 344, 354 (App. Div. 2009) (second alteration




                                                                           A-5730-17T4
                                        7
in original) (quoting Jersey City Educ. Ass'n v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Jersey

City, 218 N.J. Super. 177, 187 (App. Div. 1987)).

      Plaintiff first challenges the trial court's rejection of its contention that

defendants' counsel's statement to the arbitrator resulted in an arbitration award

procured through undue means.       See N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-23(a)(1).       "'[U]ndue

means' ordinarily encompasses a situation in which the arbitrator has made an

acknowledged mistake of fact or law or a mistake that is apparent on the face of

the record . . . ." Borough of E. Rutherford v. E. Rutherford PBA Local 275,

213 N.J. 190, 203 (2013) (first alteration in original) (quoting Office of Emp.

Relations v. Commc'ns Workers of Am., 154 N.J. 98, 111 (1998)). Here,

plaintiff claims the arbitration award was procured through undue means

because defendants' counsel threatened the arbitrator and the threat affected the

arbitrator's decision.

      We reject plaintiff's contention because it lacks support in the court's

factual findings to which we defer because they are supported by substantial

credible evidence. Zaman v. Felton, 219 N.J. 199, 215 (2014). The court

determined, as a matter of fact, that defendants' counsel's statement was never

perceived by the arbitrator as a threat, did not constitute a threat and did not

affect the arbitrator's decision-making.     Those findings, which are amply


                                                                           A-5730-17T4
                                        8
supported by the record, 3 do not permit or support a conclusion that the

arbitration award was procured through undue means; the arbitration award

could not have been procured by a statement that, as a matter of fact, did not

affect the arbitrator's decision-making.

       Plaintiff also argues the court erred by denying its request to question

defendant Associated Asphalt Partners, LLC's general counsel, who was present

during the arbitration, about two aspects of his testimony at the arbitration

proceeding. More particularly, plaintiff sought to question the general counsel

about two limited portions of his arbitration testimony: one related to the age of

the trailers and the other concerning whether defendants ever considered letting

plaintiff fix the trailers.

       Plaintiff argued in the remand court that the evidence before the arbitrator

showed the general counsel's testimony on these two issues during the

arbitration conflicted with emails he had sent and which were presented at the


3
  As summarized by the court, as reflected in the remand record, the arbitrator
testified that when he asked, "What if the agreement is too ambiguous to
enforce," that he "was kidding," and that defendants' counsel "joked back at
[him]." The arbitrator explained, "I made this silly comment, which I shouldn't
have made, and then [defendants' counsel] responded in kind and people
laughed." The arbitrator further testified that he had no recall of the dialogue
when he rendered his opinion and, as noted, defendants' counsel characterized
the dialogue as "banter" and "witticism," and explained that "[he] was laughing,
[and] so was [the arbitrator]."
                                                                           A-5730-17T4
                                           9
arbitration. Plaintiff claimed the arbitrator ignored the conflict and erroneously

accepted the general counsel's testimony over what the emails showed, and the

arbitrator's erroneous acceptance of the testimony had a tendency to prove the

arbitrator's alleged state of mind—that he was affected by the alleged threat

made by defendants' counsel. Plaintiff argues that the remand court's refusal to

consider the proffered evidence about the conflict between the general counsel's

testimony and the emails requires a reversal of the court's finding the alleged

threat did not affect the arbitrator's decision-making. We disagree.

      "[A] trial court's evidentiary rulings are entitled to deference absent a

showing of an abuse of discretion, i.e., there has been a clear error of judgment."

State v. Nantambu, 221 N.J. 390, 402 (2015) (alteration in original) (quoting

State v. Harris, 209 N.J. 431, 439 (2012)). Under this standard, the trial court's

decision barring the admission of putative evidence should not be overturned

"unless it can be shown that the trial court palpably abused its discretion, that

is, that its finding was so wide [of] the mark that a manifest denial of justice

resulted." State v. Lykes, 192 N.J. 519, 534 (2007) (alteration in original)

(quoting Verdicchio v. Ricca, 179 N.J. 1, 34 (2004)). Where a court errs in

barring the admission of evidence, we consider whether the error was clearly

capable of producing an unjust result. R. 2:10-2.


                                                                           A-5730-17T4
                                       10
      We discern no abuse of discretion in the court's decision barring plaintiff

from introducing evidence concerning the alleged conflicting evidence from the

general counsel at the arbitration concerning two limited issues. We review

decisions on the admission of evidence under the appropriate legal standard de

novo, State v. Reddish, 181 N.J. 553, 609 (2004), and are convinced the

proffered evidence was properly barred because it was cumulative and

unnecessary, N.J.R.E. 403(b).

      The arbitrator's opinion details the conflicting testimony and evidence

presented during the arbitration and reflects that the arbitrator made numerous

determinations concerning the credibility of the evidence. It is apparent on the

face of the arbitration award that the arbitrator considered and weighed all of

the evidence and made credibility determinations adverse to plaintiff. Thus, the

limited proffered evidence—two purported examples of the arbitrator's decision

to accept contested evidence favorable to defendants—is unnecessary and

cumulative because the arbitrator's award shows the arbitrator rejected plaintiff's

evidence.

      Moreover, the proffered evidence alone simply could not establish either

that the arbitrator erred by accepting the general counsel's testimony or that the

arbitrator's decision-making was affected by defendants' counsel's purported


                                                                           A-5730-17T4
                                       11
threat. Any assessment of whether the arbitrator's acceptance constituted a

reasoned consideration of the evidence or an unsupportable determination

demonstrating a state of mind to rule in defendants' favor based on the alleged

threat would have necessarily required an assessment of all of the evidence

presented at the arbitration and not just the limited fragments of the record

included in plaintiff's proffer.4

      The court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to consider the proffered

evidence.    In addition, the record does not show, and plaintiff's fails to

demonstrate that even if the court erred by sustaining the objection to the

proffered evidence, the error was clearly capable of producing an unjust result.

R. 2:10-2. Indeed, the court found as a matter of fact that defendants' counsel's

statement did not constitute a threat in the first instance.

      Plaintiff also claims the proffered evidence concerning the general

counsel's testimony and the emails was admissible to directly establish the award

was procured by undue means, N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-23(a)(1). Relying on our

decision in McHugh, Inc. v. Soldo Construction Company, Inc., plaintiff argues

that undue means is established "where there is no evidence in the record to


4
  We do not suggest or conclude that a court's review of the entire arbitration
record, if proffered, would have been proper or required. We address only the
limited evidence that was proffered by plaintiff before the remand court.
                                                                          A-5730-17T4
                                        12
support an arbitration award." 238 N.J. Super. 141, 147 (App. Div. 1990).

McHugh provides no support for plaintiff's claim, however, because its holding

applies only where there is "no evidence" supporting the arbitrator's decision.

Ibid. As we noted in McHugh, our Supreme Court explained in Local No. 153,

Office & Professional Employees International Union, AFL-CIO v. Trust

Company of New Jersey, 105 N.J. 442, 450 n.1 (1987), that undue means is not

established in "situations . . . where the arbitrator bases his [or her] decision on

one[]party's version of the facts, finding that version to be credible." 238 N.J.

Super. at 145. That is the precise situation here.

      Plaintiff claims only that the proffered evidence would have showed the

arbitrator erred in his credibility determination as to the conflict between the

general counsel's testimony and the emails.          Thus, the arbitrator made a

credibility determination that does not support a finding of undue means. Local

No. 153, 105 N.J. at 450 n.1. We are therefore satisfied that the court did not

err by refusing to consider evidence which, based on plaintiff's proffer, would

have established only that the arbitrator made a credibility determination

adverse to plaintiff because that determination does not support a finding that

the arbitration award was procured through undue means. Ibid.




                                                                            A-5730-17T4
                                        13
      We affirm that portion of the court's order rejecting plaintiff's claim that

the arbitration award should be vacated because it was procured by undue

means, N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-23(a)(1), based on defendants' counsel's statement to

the arbitrator. We also affirm the court's finding the statement was made in jest,

did not constitute a threat and did not affect the arbitrator's decision-making on

the matters at issue at the arbitration. The court addressed those issues in

accordance with our remand directions, see Asphalt Paving Systems, Inc., slip.

op. at 6-7, and, as noted, its findings are supported by substantial credible record

evidence.

      We are, however, compelled to remand the matter for further proceedings

on plaintiff's separate challenge to the validity of the arbitration award. Plaintiff

argued before the first judge, on the initial appeal and before the remand court

that even if defendants' counsel's statement did not actually affect the arbitrator's

decision-making process, the statement and the circumstances surrounding it

created an appearance of impropriety that requires that vacation of the

arbitration award. That issue, however, was not decided in our opinion on the

initial appeal because it was not addressed by the first judge, and the initial

appeal focused on the first judge's erroneous reliance on his personal knowledge

in finding defendants' counsel's statement did not affect the judge's decision-


                                                                             A-5730-17T4
                                        14
making. Our focus on the first judge's decision was the product of what occurred

before the first judge and the arguments raised in the initial appeal. Although

we remanded for the court to address whether a threat had been made and

whether it affected the arbitrator's decision-making, our initial decision was not

intended to preclude plaintiff from pursuing its consistently asserted claim that

the arbitration award should be vacated based on an alleged appearance of

impropriety. Indeed, plaintiff has never had the benefit of a trial court decisi on

on the claim.

         We therefore remand to allow the trial court to consider and decide

plaintiff's claim in the first instance. The court shall hear argument, conduct

whatever proceedings it deems appropriate to do so and decide the issue based

on the applicable law based on the record presented. We remand to allow

plaintiff and defendants the opportunity to properly litigate plaintiff's

longstanding claim before the trial court so that our review of any decision, if

necessary in the future, is based on a complete motion record. Our remand does

not constitute an opinion on the merits, if any, of the claim and is not intended

to define or limit the procedure the court shall employ for the resolution of the

claim.     Our determination and remand render it unnecessary to consider

plaintiff's claim the court erred by denying its motion for reconsideration.


                                                                           A-5730-17T4
                                       15
      Affirmed in part, vacated and remanded in part.   We do not retain

jurisdiction.




                                                                 A-5730-17T4
                                  16
