               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                              September 23, 2015 Session

         DONNA NANCE McLUCAS v. SHAWN MICHAEL NANCE

               Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Macon County
                       No. 2015-CV-3    Clara W. Byrd, Judge


               No. M2015-00642-COA-R3-CV – Filed October 12, 2015


This appeal arises from a detainer action originally filed by a landlord against a tenant in
general sessions court. The general sessions court entered judgment by default against
the tenant for $25,000. The tenant filed a notice of appeal to circuit court, along with a
pauper‟s oath and affidavit of indigency. The circuit court found that the tenant failed to
properly perfect the appeal and dismissed the appeal. The tenant appeals. We reverse
and remand for further proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed and
                                    Remanded

BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which RICHARD H.
DINKINS, J., and KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., joined.

Shawn Michael Nance, Westmoreland, Tennessee, Pro se.

Bruce N. Oldham, Gallatin, Tennessee, for the appellee, Donna Nance McLucas.

                                        OPINION

                          I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On November 6, 2014, Donna Nance McLucas (“Landlord”) filed this detainer
action against Shawn Michael Nance (“Tenant”) in the general sessions court of Macon
County. The detainer summons alleged that Tenant was in breach of an oral month-to-
month lease after receiving written notice to vacate the premises on or about August 6,
2014. Landlord sought to recover “unpaid rents in an amount to be proven at trial;
damages to said property; insurance proceeds in the amount of $5,918.67 paid to [Tenant]
for a fire in the kitchen, but not applied towards said damages; immediate possession of
said house; attorney‟s fees and costs.” The general sessions court entered judgment by
default against Tenant on December 16, 2014, for $25,000 and possession of the
property.
        Tenant filed a notice of appeal to circuit court, along with a pauper‟s oath in lieu
of an appeal bond and a uniform affidavit of indigency. The circuit court held a hearing
on February 23, 2015. The record before us does not contain a transcript or a statement
of the evidence from this hearing, but the trial court‟s order states that it heard “extensive
testimony” at the hearing. According to the order, Tenant initially testified that he had
surrendered possession of the property, but he subsequently gave “contradictory
testimony that indicated he still had personal belongings inside the residence.” The
circuit court concluded that Tenant had not posted a sufficient “bond for proceeding with
an appeal of this type,” and as a result, he failed to perfect his appeal from general
sessions court on a timely basis. The circuit court dismissed Tenant‟s appeal and held
that the judgment of the general sessions court would remain in full force and effect
because an appeal was not properly perfected. Tenant filed a notice of appeal to this
Court.
                                  II. ISSUES PRESENTED

       Tenant presents the following issues, as we perceive them, for review on appeal:

       1.     Whether the circuit court erred in concluding that Tenant was not an
       indigent person and not eligible to proceed on a pauper‟s oath.

       2.     Whether the circuit court erred in ruling that Tenant‟s appeal was not
       properly perfected and secured.

       3.    Whether the general sessions court erred in awarding attorney‟s fees
       to Landlord;

       4.     Whether the trial court erred by failing to set aside the default
       judgment in light of Tenant‟s mistake, inadvertence, and/or excusable
       neglect.

For the following reasons, we reverse the decision of the circuit court and remand for
further proceedings.

                                     III. DISCUSSION

                                    A. Indigent Status

       Tenant‟s first argument is that the circuit court erred in concluding that he was not
indigent and was therefore ineligible to proceed on a pauper‟s oath. However, this issue
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appears to be based on a misunderstanding of the trial court‟s ruling. The record contains
the uniform civil affidavit of indigency submitted by Tenant. On January 6, 2015, the
trial judge signed the pre-printed section of the affidavit entitled “Determination of
Nonindigency” and included a notation stating that Tenant did not qualify as an indigent
person because his income exceeded the indigent standards. As this Court has
previously explained, “„[a] signature under the heading „DETERMINATION OF
NONINDIGENCY‟ allows the judge to signify that the plaintiff is not an indigent person,
and thus does not qualify to file the case on a pauper‟s oath.” Sturgis v. Thompson, 415
S.W.3d 843, 847 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting Sweatt v. Tenn. Dep’t of Corr., 99
S.W.3d 112, 114 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)). However, on Tenant‟s affidavit of indigency,
this entire section is crossed out with three large Xs, and the word “Void” appears beside
the trial judge‟s signature. The trial judge added and initialed an explanation that states,
“He has 5 in household.” On the same date, the trial judge also signed the section of the
affidavit entitled, “Order Allowing Filing on Pauper‟s Oath,” which states, “It appears
based upon the Affidavit of Indigency filed in this cause and after due inquiry made that
the Plaintiff is an indigent person and is qualified to file case upon a pauper‟s oath. It is
so ordered this the 6[th] day of Jan. 2015.” Thereafter, the court clerk sent a notice to the
parties informing them that the trial judge had signed the affidavit of indigency and set
the case for hearing. Besides the section that was stricken, the record contains nothing to
support Tenant‟s argument on appeal that “his Affidavit for Indigency was denied.” We
find no reversible error with regard to this issue.

                                 B. Perfecting an Appeal

       Next, Tenant challenges the circuit court‟s conclusion that he failed to properly
perfect his appeal from general sessions court. Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-18-
130(a)(1) provides that when judgment is rendered in favor of the plaintiff in a detainer
action brought in general sessions court and a writ of possession is awarded, “the same
shall be executed and the plaintiff restored to the possession immediately.” Parties in an
unlawful detainer action who appeal a ruling of the general sessions court to the circuit
court “must satisfy the bond required for appeal.” Johnson v. Hopkins, 432 S.W.3d 840,
845 (Tenn. 2013). The original bond requirement “came to be regarded as insufficient to
protect the interests of landlords, in light of the fact that tenants often remained in
possession of the premises during the pendency of an appeal without paying rent.” Id.
Accordingly, under the current statute, if an action is “brought by a landlord to recover
possession of leased premises from a tenant on the grounds that the tenant has breached
the contract by failing to pay the rent, and a judgment has been entered against the
tenant,” then if the defendant-tenant seeks an appeal:

       . . . the [tenant] shall execute bond, or post either a cash deposit or
       irrevocable letter of credit from a regulated financial institution, or provide
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        two (2) good personal sureties with good and sufficient security in the
        amount of one (1) year‟s rent of the premises, conditioned to pay all costs
        and damages accruing from the failure of the appeal, including rent and
        interest on the judgment as provided for herein, and to abide by and
        perform whatever judgment may be rendered by the appellate court in the
        final hearing of the cause. The [landlord] shall not be required to post a
        bond to obtain possession in the event the [tenant] appeals without
        complying with this section.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-18-130(b)(2). Recently, the Tennessee Supreme Court explained
that this bond requirement “is not jurisdictional and applies only to those tenants in an
unlawful detainer action who wish to stay the writ of possession after a general sessions
court‟s judgment in favor of the landlord and retain possession of the property during the
appeal.” Johnson, 432 S.W.3d at 848. Notably, the court described this type of appeal
bond as a “non-jurisdictional appeal bond required only of a tenant who has retained
possession of the premises and wishes to stay execution of a landlord‟s writ of possession
pending appeal.” Id. at 850. As noted, the statute provides that the landlord is not
required to post a bond to obtain possession “in the event the [tenant] appeals without
complying with this section,” i.e., without posting the bond. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-18-
130(b)(2). This portion of the statute “contemplates that a tenant may appeal without
posting bond,” which “indicates that the bond is not jurisdictional but rather is non-
jurisdictional and designed to stay the landlord‟s writ of possession.” Johnson, 432
S.W.3d at 849. “[I]f the tenant in possession fails to post a bond of one year‟s rent when
appealing a judgment for the landlord,” the statute “allows the landlord to regain
possession immediately.”1 Id.

       The Johnson court compared section 29-18-130(b)(2) with Tennessee Rule of
Civil Procedure 62.05, which generally relates to the same subject -- bonds required to
secure a stay pending appeal. The court explained that 29-18-130(b)(2) “merely
supplements the general language of [Rule 62.05] by specifying the precise amount of

1
 In Newport Housing Authority v. Ballard, 839 S.W.2d 86, 89-90 (Tenn. 1992), the Tennessee Supreme
Court considered an appellant‟s argument that the bond required in a detainer action “can be so costly as
to deny equal protection to poorer litigants by effectively foreclosing” them from pursuing an appeal.
The court concluded that the appeal bond requirements “do not impose any unreasonable or irrational
burdens upon parties seeking to appeal an adverse decision from the general sessions court.” Id. at 90.
The court explained that even litigants without financial resources can pursue an appeal if they are
“„willing to surrender possession pending the litigation in the higher courts, [as] there is a remedy by
appeal which may be obtained on the pauper oath.‟” Id. (quoting Ammons v. Coker, 124 Tenn. 676, 681,
139 S.W. 732, 733 (1911)). In other words, “[i]mpoverished tenants may appeal the result in an unlawful
detainer action on a pauper‟s oath. What they may not do is to retain possession of the premises during
the appellate process without posting bond.” Johnson v. Hayden, No. 03A01-9212-CV-00456, 1993 WL
155681, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 13, 1993).
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rent (one year‟s rent) that is sufficient for the bond when a tenant in an unlawful detainer
action wishes to retain possession of property pending an appeal.” Johnson, 432 S.W.3d
at 850.

       The Johnson court also distinguished the non-jurisdictional appeal bond set forth
in section 29-18-130(b)(2) from “the jurisdictional cost bond” prescribed by Tennessee
Code Annotated section 27-5-103(a), “which is always required of a party seeking to
appeal from general sessions to circuit court.” Id. at 849. The court explained that the
cost bond requirement of section 27-5-103 “is not merely a formality but rather a
necessity; without it, the appeal cannot be perfected.” Id. at 850 (citing Bernatsky v.
Designer Baths & Kitchens, LLC, No. W2012-00803-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 593911, at
*3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 15, 2013) (no perm. app. filed); Carter v. Batts, 373 S.W.3d 547,
551 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011)).

        In the case before us, the circuit court erroneously held that Tenant did not
properly perfect his appeal when he failed to post a “non-jurisdictional bond . . . for
staying the writ of possession” under section 29-18-130(b)(2). Johnson, 432 S.W.3d at
850. Tenant filed his notice of appeal to circuit court, along with a pauper‟s oath in lieu
of an appeal bond and a uniform affidavit of indigency, which was approved by the trial
court. Tenant‟s failure to file a bond in the amount of one year‟s rent did not prevent him
from perfecting his appeal to circuit court. See Valley View Mobile Home Parks, LLC v.
Layman Lessons, Inc., No. M2007-01291-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 2219253, at *3 (Tenn.
Ct. App. May 27, 2008) (concluding that a trial court erred in construing section 29-18-
130(b)(2) as requiring a tenant to post a bond “as a condition of prosecuting the appeal”
because the statute “does not govern the right to appeal or establish the conditions of such
appeal”). Tenant‟s failure to post the bond of one year‟s rent “allows the landlord to
regain possession immediately,” Johnson, 432 S.W.3d at 849, but it did not deprive the
circuit court of subject matter jurisdiction over the appeal.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

      For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the circuit court is hereby reversed
and remanded for further proceedings. All other issues are pretermitted. Costs of this
appeal are taxed equally to the appellee, Donna Nance McLucas, and to the appellant,
Shawn Michael Nance, for which execution may issue for costs, if necessary.



                                                 _________________________________
                                                 BRANDON O. GIBSON, JUDGE


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