                                        2017 IL App (1st) 163340
                                                                               SECOND DIVISION
                                                                               December 26, 2017

                                             No. 1-16-3340

     ROBIN ALLEN,                                        )

                                                         )

                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,   )

     v. 	                                                )
                                                                       Appeal from the
                                                         )
                                                                       Circuit Court of
     CAM GIRLS, LLC d/b/a JAZZERCISE GLENVIEW,	 )
                                                                       Cook County, Illinois.
     ALLIANCE INVESTMENT SOURCE, LLC, 	                  )
     INTERFORUM HOLDINGS, INC., and ZL	                  )
                                                                       No. 14 L 007887
     LANDSCAPING, INC.,	                                 )

                                                         )

                                                                       Honorable
                                  Defendants	            )
                                                                       John H. Ehrlich,
                                                         )
                                                                       Judge Presiding.
     (Alliance Investment Source, LLC, and ZL            )

     Landscaping, Inc.,                                  )

                                                         )

                                  Defendants-Appellees). )


            JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

            Presiding Justice Neville and Justice Pucinski concurred in the judgment and opinion. 


                                               OPINION

¶1          Plaintiff Robin Allen was injured when she slipped in the parking lot of a strip mall. The

     property owner, defendant Alliance Investment Source, LLC, had a contract for snow removal

     with defendant ZL Landscaping, Inc. Allen brought suit against Alliance and ZL, among others,

     alleging that their negligent maintenance of the lot caused an unnatural accumulation of snow

     and ice that caused her fall.

¶2          The trial court granted summary judgment to defendants, and we affirm. Although

     Allen’s experts presented some evidence of an unnatural accumulation of ice in the parking lot,

     Allen could not establish a causal relationship between that alleged unnatural accumulation and

     her fall since she did not see what she fell on but only “assum[ed]” and “guess[ed]” that it was
     No. 1-16-3340


     ice. Thus, she failed to raise an issue of material fact as to whether defendants’ alleged

     negligence was the proximate cause of her injuries.

¶3                                             BACKGROUND

¶4          Around 8 a.m. on February 10, 2013, Allen was going to a Jazzercise class at 1151

     Waukegan Road in Glenview, Illinois. The studio was located in a strip mall owned by Alliance.

     According to Allen, the parking lot was covered in matted-down snow. As she walked across the

     parking lot, she slipped and fell, fracturing her ankle.

¶5          Allen initially brought suit against Alliance and others who are not parties to this appeal.

     She later amended her complaint to add ZL as a defendant. In her second amended complaint,

     she alleged that the design of the parking lot caused melted snow to pool and freeze in areas

     where customers walk. She also alleged that ZL plowed the parking lot in ways that caused

     unnatural accumulations of snow and ice, including “black ice” in uneven, deteriorated areas of

     the parking lot.

¶6          During her deposition, Allen discussed three factors that she believed contributed to her

     fall. First, she “assum[ed]” that she slipped on a patch of ice.

                     “COUNSEL FOR ALLIANCE: Do you know if you stepped upon a patch of ice

            that was underneath the snow or if the snow in and of itself was slippery?

                     ALLEN: I’m just assuming that it was ice, but I don’t know that for sure. I mean,

            the way I went down and the fact that I went down so fast made me think that there was

            ice under the snow.

                     Q. But you can’t say with any degree of certainty if it was a patch of ice that you

            slipped on, correct?

                     A. I did not see any ice, but I did see snow.



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                       Q. Since you didn’t see any ice, would you agree that any statement that you

              would have tripped on ice would be a guess on your part?

                       A. It would be a guess on my part.”

¶7            Second, there was a three-foot-high mound of snow a few yards away from where Allen

       fell. Allen stated that the mound “easily could have” contributed to her fall: “[T]he weather the

       week prior [was] warm and then cold and then warm and then cold. So I could see the mounds

       thawing and then refreezing when it got cold.” But she did not observe trailing water, or anything

       else, leading from the mound to the spot where she fell. Third, the snow in the parking lot was

       matted down, rather than fresh, which she believed made it more likely that someone would fall.

¶8            After Allen fell, she scooted on her backside back to her car, which was 20 to 30 feet

       away. The snow was compacted and slippery. She “assum[ed]” it was icy because she was able

       to maneuver across the surface. While scooting back to her car, she saw “slippery stuff” beneath

       the snow, which she later characterized as ice. But she reiterated that she did not see any ice at

       the spot where she fell. When Allen reached her car, she called for paramedics, and an

       ambulance came. The paramedics carried her on a stretcher to get her into the ambulance, which

       was difficult because they were “slipping” and “sliding.”

¶ 9	          Officer Anthony Nitti responded to the scene of Allen’s accident at around 8:30 a.m. He

       observed ice throughout the parking lot, including areas of bumpy ice. Nitti had to be very

       careful and take small steps while crossing. He saw no unplowed snow in the lot. Although Nitti

       did not issue a citation to the owner of the parking lot, he believed that the slippery condition of

       the parking lot could be hazardous.




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¶ 10          At the time of Allen’s fall, Alliance had a lease agreement with Jazzercise providing that

       Alliance was “responsible for the removal of snow, ice and debris from the sidewalks, walkways,

       parking lot and other exterior areas of the Premises *** on a timely basis.”

¶ 11          Under Alliance’s contract with ZL for snow removal, after any snowfall of two or more

       inches, ZL was required to plow the parking lot and remove snow from the adjacent walkways.

       The contract did not state that ZL had to remove ice or salt the parking lot; it only referenced

       “[s]now [p]lowing” and “snow removal.” Nevertheless, Alex Zdanov, Alliance’s managing

       member, understood that ZL would salt if necessary. Likewise, Alina Sandal, whose job it was to

       answer phone calls related to maintenance issues on the premises, thought ZL was salting

       throughout the snow plowing season. But Zenon Lopez, the owner of ZL, stated that Sandal told

       him not to salt the parking lot, a service for which ZL would have charged extra. In any case, it is

       undisputed that ZL did not salt the parking lot prior to Allen’s accident.

¶ 12          Lopez performed all of ZL’s snow removal services. When he plowed the Jazzercise

       parking lot, he typically pushed the snow to the east and south edges of the lot, creating mounds

       of snow. He did not use a dump truck to remove snow from the site. If Lopez plowed during the

       day when there were cars in the lot, he could not plow those areas. If there was a lot of snow,

       Lopez would plow around the cars, making a “path” or “trench” in which the cars could drive.

       Lopez would then return at night when the parking lot was empty to finish plowing.

¶ 13          Lopez could not independently recall the condition of the parking lot on February 8

       through 10. Sometime in February after Allen’s fall, a representative from Alliance called Lopez

       to tell him that there had been an accident in the parking lot and ask him to salt. Lopez salted the

       parking lot later that day. Alliance agreed to pay him an additional $150 per month for salting,

       and they paid him the full amount for February even though he started mid-month. An invoice



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       from ZL reflects that in January, ZL charged Alliance $250 for snow plowing, while in February,

       ZL charged $250 plus $150 for salting.

¶ 14          Evidence was introduced about the weather and the condition of the parking lot on the

       days leading up to Allen’s accident on February 10. In the early morning of Friday, February 8,

       there was a 4.3-inch snowfall. It was warm when the precipitation began but then dropped below

       freezing, resulting in layers of ice. There was no further precipitation on February 9 and 10.

¶ 15          Melissa Kompera, the franchise owner of the Glenview Jazzercise, arrived at the

       Jazzercise studio on the morning of February 8 after the storm. The parking lot had not been

       plowed. She called Sandal at the Alliance management office to complain, but the lot was still

       not plowed by that evening.

¶ 16          On the morning of Saturday, February 9, the parking lot had been plowed, but the

       plowing was “all choppy” from, Kompera assumed, the plow going around parked cars. “You

       had to climb through the parking lot,” she said. “You had to find your footing between snow and

       ice.” Kompera made a second complaint to the Alliance management office and was told that it

       would be taken care of.

¶ 17          That same morning, Shannon Connelly arrived to attend a 10:30 a.m. class at the studio.

       The parking lot was covered by a thick layer of ice with a layer of water on top of it. Connelly

       could not find a place to park that would enable her to walk safely to the Jazzercise building. She

       eventually parked down the street and used another entrance to the building.

¶ 18          Connelly was home by noon and did not return to the Jazzercise parking lot to determine

       whether any work was done to clear the ice. Kompera returned to the studio late that afternoon

       and found that the parking lot was “clear.” All the uneven ice and snow had been removed, and

       there was no ice or snow at all on the parking spaces.



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¶ 19          On Sunday, February 10, Kompera arrived at the Jazzercise studio late in the morning,

       after Allen’s accident. The parking lot was completely clear of snow, although Kompera could

       not recall if there was ice. She also could not recall if the walkways adjacent to the parking

       spaces were clear of snow and ice.

¶ 20          Alliance and ZL moved for summary judgment, arguing that Allen could not prove

       negligence since she could not identify the cause of her fall. In particular, she could not state

       with certainty whether she fell on ice, and she did not see any standing or accumulated water on

       the day she fell. ZL also argued that there was no evidence that it breached its contract with

       Alliance since Alliance instructed ZL not to salt the lot and there was less than two inches of

       snow on the ground at the time of Allen’s fall.

¶ 21          In response to defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Allen argued that Alliance

       breached its contractual duty to its tenant to salt the parking lot and remove ice, while ZL

       breached its contractual duty to properly plow the lot, as evidenced by Kompera’s testimony

       about the condition of the lot on February 8 and 9. She also argued that the parking lot was

       plowed negligently in a way that led to unnatural accumulations of snow and ice.

¶ 22          In support of this contention, Allen attached affidavits from two retained experts, Richard

       Arlington and Kevin Lewis. Arlington, who had over 30 years of experience in snow and ice

       removal, opined that Alliance and ZL were negligent and their negligence caused Allen’s fall.

       First, ZL was supposed to plow after two inches of snowfall, but it failed to do so on February 8.

       Instead, it waited until the four-inch snowfall stopped and then waited even longer, until

       sometime in the afternoon after Kompera’s complaint. Second, when ZL finally did plow, it

       plowed around the cars in the parking lot, creating trails of snow and ice that thawed and refroze

       into the depressions in the lot where Allen fell. Third, ZL did not salt the lot. Instead, it plowed



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       over the ice, creating additional bumps and crevices that would have thawed and refrozen in the

       area of Allen’s fall. Thus, ZL created a hazardous condition in the parking lot. Arlington opined

       that if ZL had removed the snow and ice from the lot promptly and properly, there would have

       been no snow or ice trenches or bumps in the parking lot.

¶ 23           Kevin Lewis, a civil engineer, opined to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty that

       “the snowplowing and owner’s maintenance of the parking lot would have created icy conditions

       that led to the plaintiff falling.” Lewis created a site map showing the drainage flow pattern for

       the parking lot. He opined that, according to the flow pattern, snow mounds piled at the southeast

       end of the lot would have thawed and refrozen in the depression in the lot where Allen fell.

       Additionally, plowing around the lot in a U shape (as ZL did) would have created ridges of snow

       and ice, which would have also thawed and refrozen in the area of Allen’s fall.

¶ 24           On July 25, 2016, before the trial court ruled on defendants’ summary judgment motions,

       Allen moved for leave to file a third amended complaint in which she added various allegations

       against Alliance and ZL.

¶ 25           On August 29, 2016, the trial court entered summary judgment for defendants on the

       negligence counts of Allen’s complaint and entered a finding pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court

       Rule 304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016) that there was no cause for delaying enforcement and appeal of

       the order. 1 The court denied Allen’s motion for reconsideration on November 22, 2016, and also

       denied Allen’s motion to file a third amended complaint on December 13, 2016. Allen filed a

       timely notice of appeal on December 20, 2016.




               1
                Allen still had a pending count against ZL for breach of contract, and a pending count against
       defendant Interforum Holdings, neither of which is at issue in this appeal.
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¶ 26                                               ANALYSIS

¶ 27          Allen argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to defendants

       because (i) there was a material issue of fact as to whether defendants could be held liable under

       a voluntary-undertaking theory, or (ii) alternately, there was a material issue of fact as to whether

       defendants’ actions created an unnatural accumulation of snow and ice that contributed to

       Allen’s fall. Allen further contends the trial court erred in denying her leave to file a third

       amended complaint.

¶ 28          We review the trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo (Williams v. Manchester,

       228 Ill. 2d 404, 417 (2008)), keeping in mind that summary judgment is only appropriate where

       “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and *** the moving party is entitled to a

       judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012). We must construe the record

       strictly against the movant and liberally in favor of the nonmoving party. Williams, 228 Ill. 2d at

       417. In order to prevail, the nonmoving party must present some evidence that would arguably

       entitle her to recover at trial. Keating v. 68th & Paxton, L.L.C., 401 Ill. App. 3d 456, 472 (2010).

¶ 29          Under the common law, a property owner has no general duty to remove natural

       accumulations of snow and ice because “ ‘it is unrealistic to expect property owners to keep all

       areas where people may walk clear from ice and snow at all times during the winter months.’ ”

       Claimsone v. Professional Property Management, LLC, 2011 IL App (2d) 101115, ¶¶ 18, 21

       (quoting Ordman v. Dacon Management Corp., 261 Ill. App. 3d 275, 281 (1994)); see also

       Frederick v. Professional Truck Driver Training School, Inc., 328 Ill. App. 3d 472, 476 (2002)

       (summary judgment for defendant was proper where plaintiff slipped on snow and ice on the step

       of defendant’s truck but no evidence indicated that the accumulation was unnatural). Thus, a

       plaintiff in a slip-and-fall case involving snow and ice must show that (1) the accumulation of



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        snow or ice was unnatural and (2) the property owner had actual or constructive knowledge of

        the condition. Hornacek v. 5th Avenue Property Management, 2011 IL App (1st) 103502, ¶ 29.

¶ 30           But a defendant (whether the property owner or someone else) may voluntarily undertake

        the removal of natural accumulations of snow and ice. In that case, the defendant has a duty to

        exercise reasonable care while doing so. Id. ¶ 28. The defendant’s tort liability to third parties is

        governed by section 324A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which provides:

                        “One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to

               another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his

               things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his

               failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if

                               (a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm,

                        or

                               (b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third

                        person, or

                               (c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person

                        upon the undertaking.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965).

        See Bell v. Hutsell, 2011 IL 110724, ¶ 12 (recognizing the adoption of section 324A in Illinois);

        Eichler v. Plitt Theatres, Inc., 167 Ill. App. 3d 685 (1988) (for purposes of section 324A, snow

        and ice removal is a service that should be recognized as necessary for the protection of third

        parties). As noted, Allen argues that she has raised a question of material fact as to whether she

        can recover under both a voluntary-undertaking theory and an unnatural-accumulation theory.

¶ 31	          Initially, the parties disagree as to whether the natural accumulation rule applies to slip-

        and-fall cases under section 324A. More specifically, Allen argues that when a defendant is



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        contractually obligated to remove naturally-fallen snow and ice, a plaintiff who slips and falls on

        a natural accumulation of snow and ice is entitled to relief in tort. We find that Illinois cases are

        split on this issue but, as we discuss below, we need not resolve this split because the result in

        this case is the same regardless of which standard applies.

¶ 32           We begin by considering Eichler, the primary case on which Allen relies. While going to

        a movie theater, Eichler slipped and fell on ice in the parking lot. Eichler, 167 Ill. App. 3d at

        687. She conceded that the ice was not an unnatural accumulation. Id. at 688. Nevertheless, she

        brought suit against the theater owner and the owner of the land, both of which were

        contractually obligated to remove snow and ice from the parking lot. Id. at 692.

¶ 33           Under these facts, Eichler held that summary judgment for those defendants was

        improper. Id. at 692-93. The court articulated a two-part rule: if a defendant is required by

        contract to remove snow and ice, and the defendant makes no attempt to do so, then it may be

        held liable for injuries resulting from natural accumulations of snow and ice (id. at 689-90); but

        if a defendant takes some measures to remove snow and ice, then it may only be held liable if its

        efforts are “defective,” e.g., its snow removal efforts create an accumulation of ice upon which a

        plaintiff slips. Id. at 690 (citing Burke v. City of Chicago, 160 Ill. App. 3d 953, 957 (1987)).

¶ 34	          In support of its holding, Eichler cited two cases in which courts held a landowner had a

        duty to remove natural accumulations of snow and ice: Schoondyke v. Heil, Heil, Smart & Golee,

        Inc., 89 Ill. App. 3d 640 (1980), and Tressler v. Winfield Village Cooperative, Inc., 134 Ill. App.

        3d 578 (1985). In Schoondyke, there was a two-inch snowfall in the morning, but by evening, no

        shoveling had been performed. Schoondyke, 89 Ill. App. 3d at 642. Schoondyke slipped and fell

        on the sidewalk outside the condominium where she lived. She brought suit against the

        condominium association, which assumed in its bylaws a duty to remove snow and ice. Though



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       Schoondyke acknowledged the unnatural accumulation rule, it held that, since the association

       voluntarily assumed a duty of snow removal, “as a matter of law, [the association] owed a duty

       to plaintiff herein to remove natural accumulations of snow and ice.” Id. at 645.

¶ 35          Similarly, Tressler slipped and fell on snow and ice while walking to her mailbox and

       brought suit against her landlord. Tressler, 134 Ill. App. 3d at 579. The tenant handbook stated

       that the landlord would remove snow. Although Tressler did not allege that the accumulation of

       snow and ice was unnatural, Tressler found that the landlord assumed a duty to remove naturally

       fallen snow and ice. Id. at 580 (citing Schoondyke, 89 Ill. App. 3d 640). Because the record did

       not disclose what efforts, if any, the landlord took to remove the snow and ice, Tressler held that

       summary judgment for the landlord was improper. Id. at 581.

¶ 36          Allen argues that under Eichler, Schoondyke, and Tressler, defendants’ contractual

       obligations subject them to tort liability for injuries to third parties resulting from natural

       accumulations of snow and ice. But not all Illinois cases have followed Eichler. Some cases have

       held that the duty to “exercise reasonable care” (Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965))

       in snow and ice removal is coextensive with the common-law duty not to create an unnatural

       accumulation of snow and ice. See, e.g., McBride v. Taxman Corp., 327 Ill. App. 3d 992, 997-98

       (2002); Murphy-Hylton v. Lieberman Management Services, Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 142804,

       ¶ 26 (under Illinois common law, where a landowner voluntarily undertakes the removal of snow

       and ice, its duty “ ‘is to prevent an unnatural accumulation on [its] property, whether that

       accumulation is the direct result of the owner’s clearing of the ice and snow, or is caused by

       design deficiencies that promote unnatural accumulations of ice and snow’ ” (quoting Webb v.

       Morgan, 176 Ill. App. 3d 378, 382-83 (1988))); Tzakis v. Dominick’s Finer Foods, Inc., 356 Ill.

       App. 3d 740, 746 (2005) (“While there is generally no duty to remove natural accumulations of



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       ice and snow, a voluntary undertaking may subject defendant to liability if it is performed

       negligently. *** Liability will be imposed, however, where a plaintiff shows that an injury

       occurred as the result of snow or ice produced or accumulated by artificial causes or in an

       unnatural way, or by the defendant’s use of the premises.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)).

       Under these cases, even if defendant had a contractual duty to remove naturally-fallen snow and

       ice, a plaintiff must still show as a prerequisite to recovery that she fell on an unnatural

       accumulation of snow and ice.

¶ 37          For instance, in McBride, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 993, McBride fell on snow and ice outside a

       store entrance. She brought suit against various parties, including Arctic, the snow-removal

       contractor. Arctic’s contract with the property manager required that “ ‘all sidewalk areas shall

       be completely cleared of ice and snow from end-to-end.’ ” Id. at 994. Despite this contractual

       obligation, McBride held that summary judgment for Arctic was proper because of the natural

       accumulation rule. The court explained that “[t]here have been cases in which a duty to third

       parties has been imposed on the snow-removal contractor, but the duty was only not to

       negligently remove snow by creating or aggravating an unnatural accumulation of snow or ice.”

       Id. at 996 (citing Madeo v. Tri-Land Properties, Inc., 239 Ill. App. 3d 288 (1992) (property

       owner and snowplowing company could not be held liable for customer’s slip-and-fall injuries in

       the absence of evidence that customer slipped on an unnatural accumulation of ice), Crane v.

       Triangle Plaza, Inc., 228 Ill. App. 3d 325 (1992) (summary judgment was proper for property

       owner and snow removal contractor since plaintiff presented no factual basis to support her

       assertion that the ice on which she slipped was caused by an unnatural accumulation of snow),

       and McCarthy v. Hidden Lake Village Condominium Ass’n, 186 Ill. App. 3d 752 (1989)

       (summary judgment for snow removal contractor was improper where there was some evidence



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       that snow plowing was done in a defective manner that contributed to plaintiff’s fall)). McBride

       found that, because there was no evidence that plaintiff fell on an unnatural accumulation of

       snow and ice, Arctic could not be held liable in tort, notwithstanding its contractual duty to clear

       the sidewalks. Id. at 998. Although McBride involved a snow-removal contractor rather than a

       landowner, section 324A provides no basis for differentiating between contractors and

       landowners with regard to liability for negligence in removing snow and ice.

¶ 38          Defendants urge us to follow McBride, while Allen urges us to follow Eichler. But we

       need not decide between these standards because the result is the same under both. As noted,

       Eichler only provides an exception to the natural accumulation rule in cases where a party is

       contractually obligated to remove snow but has performed no snow removal whatsoever. Here, it

       is undisputed that the parking lot was plowed before Kompera arrived at the Jazzercise studio on

       the morning of February 9 and again during the afternoon of February 9.

¶ 39          In this regard, the present case is analogous to Burke, 160 Ill. App. 3d 953, which was

       discussed with approval in Eichler. Burke, an airline employee, slipped on ice on an airport

       ramp. He brought suit against the city of Chicago, which owned and maintained the airport, as

       well as the snow removal contractor hired by the city. The city’s lease with Burke’s employer

       required the city to remove snow from ramp areas “ ‘as reasonably as may be done.’ ” Id. at 955.

       Citing Schoondyke and Tressler, Burke argued that based upon the defendants’ contractual

       obligations, they could be held liable for failing to remove natural accumulations of snow and ice

       from the area where he fell. Id. at 956.

¶ 40          The Burke court disagreed. It first noted that Schoondyke and Tressler were of

       questionable vitality in light of other cases holding that owners and possessors of property cannot

       be held liable in slip-and-fall cases involving snow and ice in the absence of an unnatural



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       accumulation. Id. at 956-57 (citing McCann v. Bethesda Hospital, 80 Ill. App. 3d 544 (1980),

       and Erasmus v. Chicago Housing Authority, 86 Ill. App. 3d 142 (1980)). But even if Schoondyke

       and Tressler were good law, Burke found both cases distinguishable because there was no

       evidence in either case that defendants engaged in any snow removal. Id. at 957. By contrast, in

       Burke, the ramp was plowed three hours before Burke fell. Id. at 955. Thus, in order to prevail,

       Burke would have to show that the snow removal operation was “defective” in that it created an

       unnatural accumulation of ice upon which he slipped. Id. at 957. We agree with Burke’s

       reasoning. Therefore, because it is undisputed that the parking lot was plowed before Allen’s

       fall, Allen was required to adduce evidence that the plowing created an unnatural accumulation

       of ice or snow that caused her fall. We turn now to consider this issue.

¶ 41          Allen argues that the affidavits of her experts created an issue of material fact as to

       whether there was an unnatural accumulation of ice in the parking lot on the day of her fall. As

       noted, Lopez testified that when there was heavy snowfall while cars were parked in the lot, it

       was his practice to plow around the cars. This was corroborated by Kompera, who observed on

       the morning of February 9 that the snow and ice in the parking lot were “choppy.” Both

       Arlington and Lewis opined that plowing in this manner would create trails of snow and ice that

       would thaw and refreeze in depressions in the lot, such as the area where Allen fell. Lewis also

       opined, based upon a drainage flow diagram of the parking lot, that Lopez’s practice of

       depositing snow mounds at the southeast end of the lot would cause runoff to refreeze in

       depressions in the lot.

¶ 42          But even though Allen presented some evidence of an unnatural accumulation of ice in

       the parking lot, she cannot establish a causal nexus between that ice and her fall since she stated

       in her deposition she did not know whether she fell on ice. Allen’s experts testified to an



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        unnatural accumulation of ice caused by thawing and refreezing, but there was no evidence of an

        unnatural accumulation of snow. Thus, it is vital to Allen’s case that her fall was caused by ice

        rather than snow. But Allen stated unequivocally on multiple occasions that she did not see ice in

        the location of her fall:

                        “Q. But you can’t say with any degree of certainty if it was a patch of ice that you

                slipped on, correct?

                        A. I did not see any ice, but I did see snow.

                        Q. Since you didn’t see any ice, would you agree that any statement that you

                would have tripped on ice would be a guess on your part?

                        A. It would be a guess on my part.”

        And Allen disavowed seeing any runoff from the mounds of snow at the edge of the parking lot

        at all, much less in the area of her fall.

¶ 43            It is axiomatic that mere guesswork or speculation is insufficient to create a genuine issue

        of material fact to survive a motion for summary judgment. Judge-Zeit v. General Parking

        Corp., 376 Ill. App. 3d 573, 584 (2007) (citing Tzakis, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 747). Thus, in a slip-

        and-fall case, summary judgment for defendants is proper when plaintiff has no evidence

        regarding the cause of her fall. Strutz v. Vicere, 389 Ill. App. 3d 676, 679 (2009). “ ‘[A]bsent

        positive and affirmative proof of causation, plaintiff cannot sustain the burden of establishing the

        existence of a genuine issue of material fact.’ ” Id. (quoting Kellman v. Twin Orchard Country

        Club, 202 Ill. App. 3d 968, 974 (1990)).

¶ 44	           For instance, in Strutz, the plaintiff’s husband fell down a stairway and died from his

        injuries. Plaintiff brought suit against the building owners, alleging that the condition of the

        staircase was unreasonably dangerous—an assertion supported by expert testimony that the



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       staircase’s condition violated the city’s building code. Id. at 678. But plaintiff lacked any

       evidence as to the cause of her husband’s fall. Id. at 681. Accordingly, Strutz affirmed summary

       judgment for defendants, finding that plaintiff could not establish the necessary causal

       relationship between defendants’ alleged negligence and her husband’s injuries. Id. Similarly,

       Allen cannot establish a causal link between the ice allegedly created by defendants’ plowing

       and her fall.

¶ 45           Allen cites various slip-and-fall cases where judgment for plaintiff was affirmed because

       of circumstantial evidence of an unnatural accumulation of snow and/or ice. These cases are

       distinguishable because the plaintiffs were able to identify the cause of their fall and produce

       evidence linking it to defendants’ snow removal procedures. For example, in Webb, 176 Ill. App.

       3d at 383-84, Webb testified that she slipped and fell on ice, and there was evidence that the ice

       was “the product of an unnatural accumulation caused by water running off snow from the banks

       onto the common parking area and refreezing.”

¶ 46           Similarly, in Sims v. Block, 94 Ill. App. 2d 215, 217 (1968), Sims testified that he slipped

       off a ridge of snow covered with ice. The ridge was along the side of his car, which he had

       parked there the previous evening. Testimony from the snow removal contractor indicated that it

       was its practice to plow around parked cars, and “it is a fair inference from the record that the

       spillover of the snow as the plow skirted the parked car would have increased the depth of the

       snow at that location.” Id. at 219.

¶ 47           Unlike Webb, who testified that she fell on ice, or Sims, who testified that he fell on a

       ridge of snow covered with ice, Allen only “assum[ed]” and “guess[ed]” that she fell on ice,

       which she argues was caused by defendants’ defective plowing. Since liability cannot be based




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        on mere speculation (Judge-Zeit, 376 Ill. App. 3d at 584; Strutz, 389 Ill. App. 3d at 679),

        summary judgment for defendants was appropriate.

¶ 48           Finally, Allen argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her leave to file a

        third amended complaint. In deciding whether a party should be permitted to amend her

        complaint, courts consider “(1) whether the proposed amendment would cure the defective

        pleading; (2) whether other parties would sustain prejudice or surprise by virtue of the proposed

        amendment; (3) whether the proposed amendment is timely; and (4) whether previous

        opportunities to amend the pleading could be identified.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

        Sheffler v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 399 Ill. App. 3d 51, 74 (2010). But if the proposed

        amendment fails to satisfy the first factor, no further analysis is necessary. Id.

¶ 49           In Allen’s proposed third amended complaint, she added allegations against both Alliance

        and ZL. Specifically, she alleged that Alliance (i) had a lease with Jazzercise that required it to

        remove snow and ice on a timely basis, (ii) failed to do so in violation of the lease, (iii) knew of

        depressions in the parking lot that would “capture” melted snow, which would then refreeze, and

        (iv) failed to regularly inspect the premises or have a reasonable snow management plan. With

        regard to ZL, she attached a copy of ZL’s contract with Alliance, which stated that ZL would

        plow after two inches of snowfall and that plowing would be done at night “if possible” so that

        the parking lot would be clear by morning. Allen alleged that ZL (i) did not plow after two

        inches of snowfall, (ii) did not plow at night, and (iii) created unnatural accumulations of ice and

        snow in areas in the parking lot that it knew or should have known would capture water and

        refreeze.

¶ 50	          None of these additional allegations would cure the fatal defect in Allen’s case—namely,

        that she cannot establish a causal nexus between the alleged unnatural accumulation of ice in the



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       parking lot and her fall. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying her

       leave to file her third amended complaint.

¶ 51                                             CONCLUSION

¶ 52          Illinois law is split as to whether a defendant who is contractually obligated to remove

       natural accumulations of snow and ice, and fails to take any action, can be liable in tort to a third

       party who slips and falls on the naturally fallen snow and ice. But the law is clear that if

       defendant does engage in snow removal efforts, a slip-and-fall plaintiff is required to show those

       efforts were defective, i.e., defendant caused an unnatural accumulation of snow and ice that

       caused her fall. Allen cannot do so. Although her experts opined that ZL’s snow clearing

       procedures would have created an unnatural accumulation of ice in the Jazzercise parking lot,

       Allen did not see whether she fell on ice, so she cannot establish a causal link between the

       alleged unnatural ice and her fall beyond mere speculation. Finally, the trial court did not err in

       denying Allen leave to file a third amended complaint when none of her added allegations would

       have enabled her to defeat summary judgment.

¶ 53          Affirmed.




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