J-A14033-16


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

S.A.W.                                                IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                            PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

R.J.S.,

                            Appellant                     No. 2214 MDA 2015


               Appeal from the Order Entered November 17, 2015
                 in the Court of Common Pleas of York County
                   Civil Division at No.: 2011-FC-001982-03


BEFORE: BOWES, J., OTT, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.:                                 FILED AUGUST 05, 2016

        R.J.S. (Father) appeals from the order of the Court of Common Pleas

of York County, entered November 17, 2015, that awarded shared legal and

shared physical custody of A.S. (Child) born in October of 2011, to Father

and S.A.W. (Mother).1 We affirm.

        Mother and Father never married; they ended their relationship about

one year after Child was born. At the time this litigation began, the parties

shared custody of Child pursuant to an order of the trial court entered

January 30, 2014. Father began this case by filing an emergency petition to

modify custody on April 6, 2015.           After a conciliation conference, the trial
____________________________________________


*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
  The trial court’s order is dated November 16, 2015, but was filed on
November 17, 2015. We have amended the caption accordingly.
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court entered an order on May 22, 2015, that reaffirmed the January 30,

2014 order, pending trial.

        The trial court held a hearing on Father’s petition on October 30, 2015.

Testifying at that hearing, in addition to Mother and Father, were registered

nurse     and   sexual   assault   victim   specialist,   Tracy   Hunter;   clinical

psychologist, Kasey Shienvold, Ph.D.; York County Children, Youth and

Families intake supervisor, Stacy Broad; Small World Day Care Center owner

and director, Barbara Myers; and Mother’s boyfriend, J.R.

        The trial court entered the order appealed from and an accompanying

opinion in which it discussed each of the sixteen best interest custody factors

on November 17, 2015.          Father filed his timely notice of appeal and

statement of errors complained of on appeal on December 16, 2015. See

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). The trial court entered an opinion in support of its

order on January 11, 2016. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(ii).

        Father presents the following questions for our review:

        1. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion and
        committed an error of law under Hill v. Hill, 619 A.2d 1086,
        1089 (Pa. Super. 1993) (“[I]n order to support a decision of
        shared custody, the court must make a determination that the
        parties are capable of cooperating, even minimally.”) when it
        determined that a [sic] shared physical custody is in the best
        interest of [Child] when the [trial court], parties and custody
        evaluator all agree that the parties have a high level of conflict
        and cannot communicate or cooperate with each other?

        2. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt abused its discretion and
        committed an error of law under M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d 11,
        19 (Pa. Super. 2010) [(en banc)] (“It is an abuse of discretion,
        however, for a trial court to dismiss as unpersuasive, and to
        totally discount, uncontradicted expert testimony.”) when it

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         failed to consider an uncontradicted custody evaluation report
         and failed to indicate why it was rejecting the custody
         recommendations of the custody evaluator, who testified that a
         primary physical custody arrangement with the Father was in the
         best interests of [Child]?

(Father’s Brief, at 3).

         Our scope and standard of review is as follows:

         In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type
         and our standard is abuse of discretion.          We must accept
         findings of the trial court that are supported by competent
         evidence of record, as our role does not include making
         independent factual determinations. In addition, with regard to
         issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we must defer to
         the presiding trial judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses
         first-hand. However, we are not bound by the trial court’s
         deductions or inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately,
         the test is whether the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable
         as shown by the evidence of record.            We may reject the
         conclusions of the trial court only if they involve an error of law,
         or are unreasonable in light of the sustainable findings of the
         trial court.

C.R.F., III v. S.E.F., 45 A.3d 441, 443 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted).

         We have stated,

         . . . [T]he discretion that a trial court employs in custody matters
         should be accorded the utmost respect, given the special nature
         of the proceeding and the lasting impact the result will have on
         the lives of the parties concerned. Indeed, the knowledge
         gained by a trial court in observing witnesses in a custody
         proceeding cannot adequately be imparted to an appellate court
         by a printed record.

Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 540 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation

omitted).

         The primary concern in any custody case is the best interests of the

child.     “The best interests standard, decided on a case-by-case basis,



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considers all factors which legitimately have an effect upon the child’s

physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual well-being.”   Saintz v. Rinker,

902 A.2d 509, 512 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted).

       Additionally,

       The parties cannot dictate the amount of weight the trial court
       places on evidence. Rather, the paramount concern of the trial
       court is the best interest of the child. Appellate interference is
       unwarranted if the trial court’s consideration of the best interest
       of the child was careful and thorough, and we are unable to find
       any abuse of discretion.

S.M. v. J.M., 811 A.2d 621, 623 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citation omitted).

       When we consider the question of whether parties should share

custody, we are guided by the four factors enunciated in this Court’s decision

in Wiseman v. Wall, 718 A.2d 844 (Pa. Super. 1998). Those four factors

are:

       (1) both parents must be fit, capable of making reasonable child
       rearing decisions and willing and able to provide love and care
       for their children; (2) both parents must evidence a continuing
       desire for active involvement in the child’s life; (3) both parents
       must be recognized by the child as a source of security and love;
       (4) a minimal degree of cooperation between the parents must
       be possible.

Id. at 848 (citations omitted). In addition, this Court has stated, “in order

to support a decision of shared custody, the [trial] court must make a

determination that the parties are capable of cooperating, even minimally.”

Hill, supra at 1089.

       In support of his first argument, that the trial court erred when it

determined that shared custody was in Child’s best interest because of the


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high level of distrust between the parties and their inability to communicate,

Father states:

      Custody exchanges frequently become contentious. Both parties
      have threatened to withhold custody. Phone calls from the
      noncustodial parent to [Child] are interrupted or prevented. The
      parties have difficulty making medical decisions together for
      [Child]. Most importantly, many of these disputes between the
      parties have occurred while [Child] is present or nearby.

(Father’s Brief, at 12) (record citations omitted).

      Father also refers us to the trial court’s opinion in which the court

states, “The parties are unable to communicate with each other and it has

severely impacted their ability to parent [Child].”     (Id. at 13) (emphasis

omitted) (quoting Trial Court Opinion, 11/17/15, at 10).        In addition, he

quotes the trial court’s statement that Dr. Shienvold, the custody evaluator,

“testified that the parties have no trust or respect for each other.” (Id.).

      The issue here, however, where Father does not question whether the

parties qualify under the first three factors of Wiseman, is whether, “the

parties are capable of cooperating, even minimally.”     Hill, supra at 1089.

To answer this inquiry, we quote the trial court, with approval:

             [Father] claims that this [c]ourt committed an abuse of
      discretion and error of law in its determination that the parties
      shall exercise shared physical custody of [Child] as there is a
      high level of conflict between the parties. The [c]ourt considered
      the level of conflict between the parties in entering the [o]rder.
      This [c]ourt did not find that it would be in the best interest of
      [Child] to be in the primary physical custody of one parent over
      the other, and instead limited the parties’ interaction at custody
      exchanges by awarding the parties shared physical custody on a
      week on, week off basis. We note that much of the conflict and
      failure to communicate has been due to [Father’s] failure to


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      notify [Mother] of appointments and his refusal to attend co-
      parenting classes. While this [c]ourt did note that the level of
      conflict between the parties was a cause for concern, we do find
      that with co-parenting classes and limited interaction at only
      weekly exchanges, the parties are able to cooperate at least to
      the extent that shared legal and physical custody is possible, and
      is still in the best interest of [Child].

(Trial Court Opinion, 1/11/16, at 2).

      Father gives us no reason to find error or an abuse of discretion here

other than his assertion that the evidence does not support the trial court’s

determination.    We will however, defer to the trial court on issues of

credibility and weight of the evidence.       See C.R.F., supra at 443; S.M.,

supra at 623. Our examination of the record reveals that there is sufficient

evidence to support the trial court’s determination that the parties are

capable of the necessary minimal cooperation and that shared custody is in

Child’s best interest. Father’s first claim is without merit.

      In his second issue, Father claims that the trial court erred when it

failed to consider an uncontradicted custody evaluation report and failed to

indicate why it was rejecting the recommendations of the custody evaluator.

(See Father’s Brief, at 14).    Father claims, “the [t]rial [c]ourt completely

disregarded the expert’s report and testimony” in this matter. (Id. at 15).

He claims that, in doing so, it abused its discretion by ignoring our decision

in M.A.T., supra, in which we stated, “while a trial court is not required to

accept the conclusions of an expert witness in a child custody case, it must

consider them, and if the trial court chooses not to follow the expert’s



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recommendations, its independent decision must be supported by competent

evidence of record.”    M.A.T., supra at 20 (citation omitted).      We again

quote the trial court, with approval:

             [Father] further claims that this [c]ourt abused its
      discretion and committed an error of law for failing to consider a
      custody evaluation report. This [c]ourt did, in fact, consider the
      custody evaluation report, and gave it the weight it deserved.
      [Father] points to M.A.T.[, supra] in arguing that this [c]ourt
      abused its discretion. [Father] fails to note, however, that the
      Superior Court also noted that the trial court is under no
      obligation to delegate its decision-making authority to a custody
      evaluator. See id. at 19. Further, the Superior Court held that
      a trial court must consider the conclusions of an evaluator, that
      “if the trial court chooses not to follow the expert’s
      recommendation, its independent decision must be supported by
      competent evidence of record.” Id. at 20. In this case, there
      was more than competent evidence of record to support the
      decision of this [c]ourt. We note that under cross-examination,
      Dr. Kasey Shienvold did admit that several incidents were not
      conveyed to him by [Father].          The [c]ourt found that the
      incidents that were not conveyed may well have changed the
      outcome of the evaluation and substantially affected the weight
      given to his recommendation. We particularly note that Father
      failed to appropriately disclose an incident where he withheld
      custody from Mother despite warnings from the York County
      Office of Children, Youth and Families that he would be held in
      contempt if he did not return [Child]. Dr. Shienvold also was not
      aware that [Mother] had appropriate child care, that [Mother]
      took [Child] to the doctor immediately after hearing of any
      concerns regarding alleged abuse, and that [Father] took [Child]
      to yet another invasive and unnecessary examination at the
      hospital without making [M]other aware of the appointment. We
      did consider Dr. Shienvold’s opinion but based on the significant
      information that was not provided to Dr. Shienvold, we gave it
      the appropriate amount of weight in coming to a decision after
      weighing all of the factors outlined in the Custody Act.

(Trial Ct. Op., 1/11/16, at 2-4) (record citation formatting provided).




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     The trial court did not abuse its discretion by not following Dr.

Shienvold’s recommendation.    Father’s second issue is without merit.

Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Court of Common Pleas of York

County, entered November 17, 2015, that granted the parties shared legal

and physical custody.

     Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 8/5/2016




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