An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute
controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with
the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.


               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                     No. COA15-131

                                  Filed: 6 October 2015

Buncombe County, No. 14 CVS 2648

GAILLARD BELLOWS and her husband,
JON BELLOWS, Plaintiffs,
         v.

ASHEVILLE CITY BOARD OF EDUCATION
dba ASHEVILLE HIGH SCHOOL and SKA
CONSULTING ENGINEERS, INC., formerly
SUTTON-KENNERLY & ASSOCIATES,
INC., and ZEBULON W. WELLS, Jr.,
individually, Defendants.


        Appeal by Defendants from order entered 13 November 2014 by Judge Bradley

B. Letts in Buncombe County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 3 June

2015.


        Northup McConnell & Sizemore, PLLC, by Isaac N. Northup, Jr., Elizabeth E.
        McConnell, and Katherine M. Pomroy, for the Plaintiff-Appellees.

        Campbell Shatley, PLLC, by Christopher Z. Campbell and John F. Henning,
        Jr., for the Defendant-Appellant, Asheville City Board of Education.

        Smith Moore Leatherwood LLP, by Patrick M. Kane, Bruce P. Ashley, and Lisa
        W. Arthur, for the Defendant-Appellants, SKA Consulting Engineers, Inc. and
        Zebulon W. Wells, Jr.

        Christine T. Scheef and Allison B. Schafer, for Amicus Curiae, the North
        Carolina School Boards Association.


        DILLON, Judge.
                      BELLOWS V. ASHEVILLE CITY BD. OF EDUC.

                                  Opinion of the Court



      Asheville City Board of Education (the “Board”), SKA Consulting Engineers,

Inc. (“SKA Consulting”), and Zebulon W. Wells, Jr., appeal from an order denying

motions to dismiss Gaillard Bellows and Jon Bellows’ claims for negligence, willful

negligence, and loss of consortium. We reverse the trial court’s denial of the Board’s

motion to dismiss and dismiss SKA Consulting and Mr. Wells’ appeals.

                                    I. Background

      Plaintiffs filed a complaint asserting claims arising out of an incident at

Asheville High School in which Plaintiff Ms. Bellows fell from her wheelchair and

sustained injuries, allegedly due to unsafe conditions on the school grounds.

Defendants made motions to dismiss, which the trial court denied by an order entered

13 November 2014. Defendants entered written notice of appeal.

                                     II. Analysis

      The order being appealed is interlocutory because it does not dispose of all

claims and all parties. See Veazey v. City of Durham, 231 N.C. 357, 362, 57 S.E.2d

377, 381 (1950) (“An interlocutory order is one made during the pendency of an action,

which does not dispose of the case, but leaves it for further action by the trial court

in order to settle and determine the entire controversy.”). “Generally, there is no

right of immediate appeal from interlocutory orders and judgments.” Goldstone v.

American Motors Corp., 326 N.C. 723, 725, 392 S.E.2d 735, 736 (1990). However, our

Supreme Court has held that “the denial of summary judgment on grounds of



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                           BELLOWS V. ASHEVILLE CITY BD. OF EDUC.

                                          Opinion of the Court



sovereign immunity is immediately appealable[.]” Craig ex rel. Craig v. New Hanover

Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 363 N.C. 334, 338, 678 S.E.2d 351, 354 (2009). Thus, while

interlocutory, the Board’s appeal from the order denying its motion to dismiss based

on sovereign immunity is immediately appealable.

        Unlike denials of motions to dismiss based on sovereign immunity, however,

our Supreme Court has held that “no immediate appeal may be taken” from denials

of motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

Teachy v. Coble Dairies, Inc., 306 N.C. 324, 326, 293 S.E.2d 182, 183 (1982).

Furthermore, in an appeal from an order denying multiple motions to dismiss made

on different bases, only one of which is sovereign immunity, only the ruling on

sovereign immunity is immediately reviewable; other rulings in the same order being

appealed are not. Lake v. State Health Plan for Teachers and State Employees, ___

N.C. App. ___, ___, 760 S.E.2d 268, 271 (2014). Therefore, only the trial court’s ruling

on the Board’s motion to dismiss on sovereign immunity grounds is immediately

reviewable.1      Accordingly, the appeals of SKA Consulting and Mr. Wells are

dismissed.




        1Recognizing  that they have no right to appeal, SKA Consulting and Mr. Wells have petitioned
our Court for certiorari. However, certiorari is an extraordinary writ. See, e.g., State v. Roux, 263 N.C.
149, 153, 139 S.E.2d 189, 192 (1962). In support of their petition, SKA Consulting and Mr. Wells argue
generally that consolidated review would promote the administration and interests of justice. We are
not persuaded. We hereby deny the petition.

                                                  -3-
                          BELLOWS V. ASHEVILLE CITY BD. OF EDUC.

                                         Opinion of the Court



       On the merits of the Board’s sovereign immunity defense, we agree that the

trial court erred in denying the Board’s motion to dismiss. Specifically, we find our

Supreme Court’s recent decision in Bynum v. Wilson Cnty., 367 N.C. 355, 758 S.E.2d

643 (2014), controlling on this question. In Bynum, the Supreme Court clarified the

contours of the defense of sovereign immunity under our law, reiterating that its

availability depends on the nature of the function of the relevant governmental unit.

Id. at 358, 758 S.E.2d at 646. “Immunity applies to acts committed pursuant to

governmental functions but not proprietary functions,” the court explained. Id. The

court reasoned that the General Assembly’s designation of an activity as

governmental is dispositive to this question, and after identifying several statutes

assigning the relevant governmental unit the responsibility of performing the

function at issue, the court concluded that sovereign immunity applied.2 Id. at 359-

60, 758 S.E.2d at 646-47.

       Applicable to the present case, N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 115C-40 and -521(c)

designate the responsibility of the several boards of education in our State with the

ownership and control of all school real and personal property, entrusting the boards


       2Justice  (now Chief Justice) Martin authored a separate concurrence in Bynum, in which he
noted that the reasoning of the majority “would seem to create a categorical rule barring any premises
liability claims against counties or municipalities for harms that occur on government property.”
Bynum v. Wilson Cnty., 367 N.C. 355, 361, 758 S.E.2d 643, 647 (2014) (Martin, J., concurring in result).
Plaintiffs contend that the standard advocated by the minority in now-Chief Justice Martin’s
concurrence is met in the present case. However, we are not free to disregard the majority’s reasoning.
See, e.g., Lanvale Props., LLC v. Cnty. of Cabarrus, 366 N.C. 142, 157, 731 S.E.2d 800, 811 (2012)
(observing that the existence of a dissenting opinion does not undermine the precedential value of a
majority opinion).

                                                 -4-
                          BELLOWS V. ASHEVILLE CITY BD. OF EDUC.

                                         Opinion of the Court



of education with the maintenance and care thereof. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 115C-40,

-521(c) (2014). In relevant part, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-40 provides:

                The several boards of education, both county and city, shall
                hold all school property and be capable of purchasing and
                holding real and personal property, of building and
                repairing schoolhouses, of selling and transferring the
                same for school purposes, and of prosecuting and defending
                suits for or against [themselves].

Id. § 115C-40. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-521(c) further provides that “[t]he building of

all new school buildings and the repairing of all old school buildings shall be under

the control and direction of, and by contract with, the board of education for which

the building and repairing is done.”               Id. § 115C-521(c).        Therefore, under the

controlling decision of our Supreme Court in Bynum, the General Assembly’s

assignment of the ownership, maintenance, and repair of school property to the local

school boards of our State is dispositive to the question of whether the function

performed by the Board in the present case is governmental.3 Accordingly, we reverse

the trial court’s denial of the Board’s motion to dismiss.

                                           III. Conclusion


        3Plaintiffs argue at length that the so-called sidewalks doctrine was not affected by our
Supreme Court’s decision in Bynum. As a general matter, “[w]hile the maintenance of public roads
and highways is generally recognized as a governmental function,” the so-called sidewalks doctrine
“imposes liability upon a municipality for damages resulting from failure to exercise ordinary care in
keeping its streets and sidewalks in a reasonably safe condition[.]” Millar v. Town of Wilson, 222 N.C.
340, 342, 23 S.E.2d 42, 44 (1942). However, we base our conclusion that the ownership, maintenance,
and repair of the walkway at issue in the present case – a walkway located on a school campus – was
a governmental function on the unequivocal direction of our Supreme Court in Bynum that a statutory
designation by the General Assembly is dispositive to this question, and do not reach the effect, if any,
of Bynum on theses prior decisions.

                                                  -5-
                     BELLOWS V. ASHEVILLE CITY BD. OF EDUC.

                                 Opinion of the Court



      For the reasons stated herein, the trial court’s denial of the Board’s motion to

dismiss is reversed. SKA Consulting and Mr. Wells’ appeals are dismissed.

      REVERSED IN PART; DISMISSED IN PART.

      Judges CALABRIA and ELMORE concur.

      Report per Rule 30(e).




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