J-S39040-19


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    MICHELLE KOBAL                             :   No. 340 EDA 2019

              Appeal from the Order Entered January 11, 2019
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-45-CR-0000503-2018


BEFORE:       GANTMAN, P.J.E., STABILE, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                         FILED AUGUST 19, 2019

       Appellant, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, appeals from the

January 11, 2019, order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe

County, which granted the suppression motion of Appellee, Michelle Kobal

(“Kobal”).1    After a careful review, we reverse the lower court’s order and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this decision.




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1Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 311(d), the Commonwealth has certified that the lower
court’s suppression order substantially handicapped or terminated the
prosecution of the Commonwealth’s case. Accordingly, this appeal is properly
before us for review. Commonwealth v. Cosnek, 575 Pa. 411, 421, 836
A.2d 871, 877 (2003) (stating Rule 311(d) applies to pre-trial ruling that
results in suppression, preclusion or exclusion of Commonwealth’s evidence).



____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S39040-19


       The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: Kobal was

arrested and charged with possession of drug paraphernalia, possession of a

controlled substance, possession with the intent to deliver a controlled

substance (“PWID”), and conspiracy.2             On May 17, 2018, Kobal filed a

counseled omnibus pre-trial motion seeking to suppress the physical evidence

seized on October 30, 2017, from the residence at 206 Farrier Lane in

Kunkletown, Pennsylvania, by agents of the Pennsylvania Office of the

Attorney General, Bureau of Narcotics Investigation. Specifically, Kobal

alleged the agents’ initial entry into the residence was unconstitutional. She

acknowledged the agents had a warrant for her arrest; however, she argued

the warrant did not reflect a magistrate’s determination of probable cause to

search 206 Farrier Lane for her. She further argued her subsequent consent

to search the residence was “fruit of the poisonous tree” such that all evidence

seized from the residence should be suppressed.3

       On July 19, 2018, the matter proceeded to a suppression hearing, at

which Agent Kirk Schwartz was the sole testifying witness. Specifically, Agent

Schwartz, who is a twenty year veteran of the Attorney General’s Office and

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2 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(32), (16), and (30), and 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903,
respectively.

3 In her brief in support of her pre-trial motion to suppress, Kobal additionally
averred the agents did not have consent when they initially entered the
residence. In the brief in opposition to the motion, the Commonwealth argued
the agents’ entry was made pursuant to valid third party consent.



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was accepted in this case as an “expert in the field of drug trafficking[,]”

testified he has conducted “thousands” of drug trafficking investigations. N.T.,

7/19/18, at 7-8.      Agent Schwartz testified he received information from a

confidential informant (“CI”), who the Agent had relied on numerous times,4

indicating that Kobal was living in Carbon County on Mauch Chunk Road in

Palmerton, Pennsylvania, and she was selling crystal methamphetamine. Id.

at 9. Accordingly, the Agent set up a controlled buy wherein the CI purchased

crystal methamphetamine from Kobal at her then known address in

Palmerton. Id. “[T]hrough the informant,…Kobal was identified as the subject

at that residence who was selling the crystal methamphetamine.” Id.

       Agent Schwartz indicated that, after the initial controlled buy, he

“learned that…Kobal was no longer residing in Palmerton.”       Id. at 10. He

noted that he began investigating and learned, through the Carbon County

Adult Probation Office, that there was an “active bench warrant”5 issued for

Kobal. Id. at 11. The address listed on the bench warrant for Kobal was in

Northampton County at 2500 Mountain Road, Bath, Pennsylvania. Id.




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4 Agent Schwartz testified the CI’s information led to many arrests, as well as
the seizure of controlled substances, in Carbon County. Id. at 10.

5 The suppression court noted in its opinion that the warrant was issued for
Kobal’s arrest due to a violation of her probation, and the warrant was entitled
“Bench Warrant Probation Violation[.]” Suppression Court Opinion, filed
1/11/19, at 3 n.3.

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       However, Agent Schwartz indicated that he also received information

from the CI, as well as other people, that Kobal had actually relocated to

Monroe County. Id. at 10-11. Specifically, the CI told Agent Schwartz that

Kobal was living at 206 Farrier Lane, Kunkletown, Pennsylvania. Id.

       Agent Schwartz testified that, after the CI informed him Kobal was living

at the 206 Farrier Lane address in Monroe County, he wanted to confirm

independently that she was, in fact, present at the address.         Id. at 13.

Accordingly, Agent Schwartz testified that, using the CI:6

             We decided to make a controlled purchase of crystal
       methamphetamine from [the 206 Farrier Lane] residence. I
       wanted to confirm that she was there which we subsequently did.
       We made another controlled purchase from that residence on that
       particular date [of October 30, 2017].
            When the [CI] left that location, I and another agent met
       with that [CI], and we had other surveillance agents that
       maintained surveillance of that residence.

Id.

       Agent Schwartz testified that, after the CI emerged from 206 Farrier

Lane following the controlled buy, the CI met the Agent at a nearby location

and informed him that Kobal and her boyfriend were inside of the residence.

Id. at 14.       Agent Schwartz testified that, in an effort to ensure the

identification was correct, he showed the CI a photograph of Kobal, and the




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6Agent Schwartz confirmed it was the same CI as the one used in Carbon
County. Id. at 13.

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CI identified Kobal from the photograph. Id. at 14-15. The Agent also noted

the CI knew Kobal’s identity from his past dealings with Kobal. Id.

       Agent Schwartz testified that, after meeting with the CI, he, as well as

his supervisor, went to the 206 Farrier Lane residence and knocked on the

back door.     Id. at 16.     An adult male, who was later identified as Lonnie

Baylor, answered the door. Id. at 17. The agents, who were wearing law

enforcement vests, informed Mr. Baylor that they were looking for Kobal and

they had a warrant for her arrest. Id. Mr. Baylor informed the agents that

Kobal was in the bathroom, and Agent Schwartz again stated that they had a

warrant for her arrest. Id. Mr. Baylor again stated that Kobal was in the

bathroom. Id.

       Agent Schwartz and his supervisor entered the residence,7 proceeded to

the bathroom, took Kobal into custody, and removed her to the porch. Id. at

18.   Agent Schwartz, who testified he and Kobal “knew” each other well

because of “past dealings,” informed Kobal the authorities had an arrest

warrant for her, and they had been making controlled purchases of crystal

methamphetamine from her. Id. Agent Schwartz testified the agents “spoke

to her about getting consent for [a search of] the residence, which she

ultimately signed a written consent for.” Id. at 18-19.




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7Agent Schwartz described the residence as a cabin with one large open room
and a bathroom. Id.

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     On cross-examination, Agent Schwartz clarified that, approximately a

week before October 30, 2017, he was told by the CI that Kobal was living at

the 206 Farrier Lane address; however, he did not ascertain whether Kobal

was a “lease holder or the owner of th[e] residence[.]”    Id. at 21. Agent

Schwartz also clarified the time line with regard to the events occurring on

October 30, 2017, as follows.

     The agents began surveillance of the 206 Farrier Lane residence at

approximately 5:30 p.m., and at 5:47 p.m., they made a controlled buy from

the residence using the CI. Id. at 24. The agents did not see anyone coming

or going from the house from 5:30 p.m. to 5:47 p.m. Id. The CI remained

in the residence for approximately half an hour, and after the CI exited, the

CI proceeded to a prearranged location, which was near the residence, to meet

with Agent Schwartz. Id. at 25-26. During the meeting, the CI confirmed

Kobal was inside the residence. Id. at 26. The meeting with the CI ended at

6:30 p.m., at which time Agent Schwartz drove the CI home while other law

enforcement officers conducted surveillance of the residence at 206 Farrier

Lane. Id. at 26-27.

     Agent Schwartz confirmed that, at approximately 7:40 p.m., he and his

supervisor returned to the scene and knocked on the back door of the

residence. Id. at 28. An adult male answered the door and twice confirmed

Kobal was inside in the bathroom.      Id. at 29.   The agents entered the




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residence and then found Kobal painting the walls of the bathroom. Id. at

29-30.

      Agent Schwartz indicated Kobal accompanied him to the porch, and he

informed Kobal he had a warrant for her arrest.       Id. at 30, 32.    Kobal

confirmed she was residing at the 206 Farrier Lane house with the owner’s

permission, and she provided Agent Schwartz with the owner’s name and

telephone number. Id. at 31. Agent Schwartz then called the owner, who

verified that Kobal was residing at the residence and most of the items

contained in the residence belonged to Kobal. Id

      Agent Schwartz acknowledged that, prior to entry, he did not contact a

magistrate to get a search warrant for the residence; however, he “had

information that there was an arrest warrant for…Kobal.” Id. at 28. Agent

Schwartz admitted the arrest warrant had a then known address for Kobal of

“2500 Mountain Road, Bath, PA out of Carbon County[.]” Id. Agent Schwartz

also admitted that, prior to his entry into the residence, there was no

indication that anyone in the residence planned to harm him. Id. at 30. Agent

Schwartz testified that, after Kobal was taken into custody, he sought to gain

her consent to search the residence. Id. at 33. He testified he presented

Kobal with a written “consent form…[that] explain[ed] to her fully that she

d[id] not have to consent to the search of the residence[,]” and he verbally

explained the form, as well. Id.




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       Agent Schwartz indicated that, after Kobal signed the consent form, she

led the agents to the bathroom where a small amount of crystal

methamphetamine, as well as drug paraphernalia, was located.             Id.    The

agents then searched the residence and discovered additional crystal

methamphetamine in the living room, a scale, and the money used by the CI

in the controlled buy. Id. at 34.

       At the conclusion of the hearing, by order and opinion filed on January

11, 2019, the suppression court granted Kobal’s motion to suppress the

physical evidence seized by law enforcement officers from the 206 Farrier Lane

residence.8     The     suppression      court   concluded   that,   pursuant    to

Commonwealth v. Romero, ___ Pa. ___, 183 A.3d 364 (2018) (plurality),9

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8 In its opinion, the suppression court noted “[t]he items seized from 206
Farrier Lane include approximately 58 grams of methamphetamine, assorted
paraphernalia, an electronic scale[,] and United States currency.”
Suppression Court Opinion, filed 1/11/19, at 4 n.5.

9 In Romero, Earnest Moreno absconded from a halfway house in June of
2011, and a warrant was issued for his arrest. Moreno’s parole agent
attempted to execute the arrest warrant at 4745 North 2 nd Street in
Philadelphia, which he believed was Moreno’s “most likely place of residence.”
Id. at 372. The residence was the home of Moreno’s half-brother (Angel
Romero) and his wife (Wendy Castro). Id. When the parole agent attempted
to serve the arrest warrant, he knocked on the door and either Romero or
Castro answered. Id. The parole agent announced he had a warrant for
Moreno’s arrest; however, he did not get consent to enter the premises. Id.
at 377. Nevertheless, the parole agent entered and, with the occupants
objecting, began searching for Moreno. Id. at 373. Instead, the parole agent
discovered a large marijuana growing operation. Id. at 372.
      Romero and Castro were charged with various drug offenses, and they
argued the initial entry into their home, absent consent or exigent



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the arrest warrant did not provide the agents with authority to enter 206

Farrier Lane in order to arrest Kobal, and instead, the agents’ authority to

enter the home to execute the arrest warrant was required to be authorized

by a magisterial determination of probable cause to search that particular

home for Kobal, the arrestee. Specifically, the suppression court relevantly

concluded:

             Instantly, Agent Schwartz received information that [Kobal]
       was at 206 Farrier Lane. He learned that [Kobal] was staying
       there but he was not aware of her living arrangement until after
       the search. Between the time of the controlled buy and when law
       enforcement [officers] entered the residence at 206 Farrier Lane,
       no magistrate was contacted to secure a search warrant.
                                        ***
             Although Agent Schwartz was aware that [Kobal] was in the
       residence at 206 Farrier Lane, he was not aware whether it was

____________________________________________


circumstances, was illegal. Our Supreme Court agreed, concluding their
Fourth Amendment rights were violated by the parole agent’s entry into their
home in search of the target of the arrest warrant absent a magisterial
determination of probable cause to search that particular home for Moreno.
See id.
       Subsequently, in Commonwealth v. Boyd Chisholm, 198 A.3d 407
(Pa.Super. 2018), this Court examined Romero. Therein, the police had a
domestic-relations capias, which served as an arrest warrant, for Antonio
Foster with an address listed as 2435 Fourth Street. The deputy sheriff
testified the addresses supplied by the Domestic Relations are “very reliable”;
however, the capias provided no information as to how the address for Foster
was obtained. Boyd Chisholm, 198 A.3d at 418. Accordingly, before the
police could properly enter 2435 Fourth Street to serve the capias upon Foster,
this Court determined that, pursuant to Romero, “a magisterial determination
of probable cause” to search that residence for Foster was required before
entry into the home, absent exigent circumstances or consent. See id. Since
such did not occur, this Court concluded the police’s entry into the home,
without exigent circumstances or consent, was unconstitutional, and thus,
illegal contraband seized from a bedroom in which Boyd Chisholm lived
violated the Fourth Amendment. See id.

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     her residence, temporary residence or she was staying there as a
     guest. For constitutional purposes, when an investigation to
     locate an intended arrestee commences, any candidate residence
     potentially may be that of a third party,…entry into a third party’s
     home can be justified only by a magisterial determination of
     probable cause, not merely by an officer’s unchecked discretion.
     No matter how obvious the determination of a suspect’s residence
     may seem, self-evidence as to location of the target of a search,
     as adjudged by a law enforcement officer, does not suffice to
     justify a warrantless entry to conduct a search for personal
     property, and it similarly cannot suffice for purposes of entering a
     home to search for and to apprehend a suspect.
            Although Agent Schwartz was made aware that [Appellant]
     was in the residence at 206 Farrier Lane, he was not aware
     whether it was her current residence, temporary residence or that
     she was staying there as a guest. The Romero Court stated that
     if entry into a residence is necessary to search for an individual,
     then the warrant must reflect a magisterial determination to
     search that residence.      The bench warrant Agent Schwartz
     possessed indicated an address for [Kobal] at 2500 Mountain
     Road, Bath, Pennsylvania. Since Agent Schwartz was entering a
     residence to seize [Kobal], the warrant required a magisterial
     determination of probable cause to search that residence. The
     Bench Warrant…introduced at [the] hearing on July 19, 2018, did
     not reflect [a] magisterial determination of probable cause to
     search 206 Farrier Lane or to seize [Kobal] at that location.
     Although Agent Schwartz had a Bench Warrant to seize [Kobal],
     he did not take any measures to verify that [Kobal] was residing
     at 206 Farrier Lane or obtain a search warrant to search that
     residence for [Kobal].
            Under the holding in Romero, Agent Schwartz should have
     obtained a magisterial determination of probable cause to enter
     that residence. “If entry into a residence is necessary to search
     for that individual, then the warrant must reflect a magisterial
     determination of probable cause to search that residence,
     regardless of whether the warrant is styled as an ‘arrest warrant’
     or a ‘search warrant.’”
                                 ***
           Since entry in this case can only be excused by a recognized
     exception to the search warrant requirement, such as exigent
     circumstances, and the Commonwealth has not identified a



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       recognized exception,[10] we are controlled by the holding in
       Romero. Thus, there was no evidence that the bench warrant for
       [Kobal] reflected probable cause to enter the residence at 206
       Farrier Lane, and therefore, we find that the entry into that
       residence was unlawful.
             [W]e have determined that the entry into 206 Farrier Lane
       was unlawful and our appellate courts have held that evidence
       obtained as a result of lawless official acts are the fruit of the
       poisonous tree. Instantly, the evidence obtained is the “fruit of
       the poisonous tree” and should be suppressed. This evidence was
       obtained via exploitation of the initial illegal entry into 206 Farrier
       Lane without a search warrant reflecting a magisterial
       determination of probable cause.            Therefore, any evidence
       obtained thereafter, even with the consent to search form signed
       by [Kobal], was tainted. We…, therefore, grant [Kobal’s] Motion
       and suppress the evidence seized from 206 Farrier Lane.

Suppression Court Opinion, filed 1/11/19, at 7-10 (citations omitted)

(footnote added).

       On January 25, 2019, the Commonwealth filed a notice of appeal

indicating the suppression court’s order substantially handicaps or terminates

the prosecution of Kobal. All Pa.R.A.P. 1925 requirements have been met.

       On appeal, the Commonwealth has set forth the following issues in its

“Statement of Questions Involved” (verbatim):

       A. Whether the Trial Court erred by concluding that Agent
          Schwartz did not have a reasonable belief that the defendant
          resided at 206 Farrier Lane?


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10  We note that, despite the fact the Commonwealth argued the agents had
consent to enter 206 Farrier Lane to search for Kobal, and the suppression
court made various factual findings related to Mr. Baylor permitting the agents
to enter, the suppression court did not specifically analyze the issue of consent
to enter in its January 11, 2019, opinion. See Suppression Court Opinion,
filed 1/11/19.

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     B. Whether the Trial Court erred by concluding that the entry into
        206 Farrier Lane was unlawful when Agent Schwartz had
        consent to enter the residence and arrest the defendant?

Commonwealth’s Brief at 4 (suggested answers omitted).

           When reviewing the propriety of a suppression order, an
     appellate court is required to determine whether the record
     supports the suppression court’s factual findings and whether the
     inferences and legal conclusions drawn by the suppression court
     from those findings are appropriate. Where the record supports
     the factual findings of the suppression court, we are bound by
     those facts and may reverse only if the legal conclusions drawn
     therefrom are in error. However, where the appeal of the
     determination of the suppression court turns on allegations of
     legal error, the suppression court’s conclusions of law are not
     binding on an appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the
     suppression court properly applied the law to the facts.

Commonwealth v. Fulmore, 25 A.3d 340, 346 (Pa.Super. 2011) (citation

omitted).

     In the instant case, as indicated supra, the suppression court concluded

that, in light of our Supreme Court’s recent opinion in Romero, the arrest

warrant, which listed an address for Kobal in Northampton County, did not

provide the necessary Fourth Amendment protection to permit the agents to

enter the residence at 206 Farrier Lane in Monroe County to effectuate an

arrest of Kobal. Suppression Court Opinion, filed 1/11/19, at 7-10.

Specifically, the suppression court concluded that, under Romero, a

magisterial determination of probable cause for the target of the arrest

warrant was required before the agents could enter and serve the arrest

warrant inside the particular residence. See id.



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       Assuming, arguendo, the suppression court correctly concluded the

arrest warrant did not provide the agents with constitutional authority to enter

the residence in the case sub judice, we agree with the Commonwealth’s

second appellate argument: the agents were permitted to make a warrantless

entry into 206 Farrier Lane to apprehend Kobal since they obtained consent

to enter from Mr. Baylor.11

       The Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania

Constitution protects the people from unreasonable searches and seizures.

Commonwealth v. Basking, 970 A.2d 1181 (Pa.Super. 2009).                 “Although

as a general rule, warrantless searches unsupported by probable cause are

unreasonable, our courts have recognized an exception when a third party

consents to the search[.]” Commonwealth v. Simmen, 58 A.3d 811, 816

(Pa.Super. 2012). “Both the federal and Pennsylvania constitutions permit

third party consent to a search.” Commonwealth v. Reese, 31 A.3d 708,

722 (Pa.Super. 2011) (en banc).          A third party with apparent authority over


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11In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the lower court indicated the following:
      [The Commonwealth] also argues that this Court erred in
      concluding that the entry into 206 Farrier Lane was unlawful when
      Agent Schwartz had implied consent to enter the residence and
      arrest [Kobal]….We specifically addressed this issue in our
      [January 11, 2019] Opinion.
Lower Court Rule 1925(a) Opinion, filed 3/1/19, at 2.
      However, a review of the suppression court’s January 11, 2019, opinion
reveals that the court made no express determination as to whether Mr. Baylor
consented to the agent’s entry into the home. Rather, the suppression court
focused its analysis on whether the arrest warrant alone provided the agents
with authority to enter the residence to search for Kobal.

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the area to be searched may provide police with consent to search.

Commonwealth v. Strader, 593 Pa. 421, 931 A.2d 630 (2007). Third party

consent is valid when police reasonably believe a third party has authority to

consent. See id.

            Specifically, the apparent authority exception turns on
      whether the facts available to police at the moment would lead a
      person of reasonable caution to believe the consenting third party
      had authority over the premises. If the person asserting authority
      to consent did not have such authority, that mistake is
      constitutionally excusable if police reasonably believed the
      consenter had such authority and police acted on facts leading
      sensibly to their conclusions of probability.

Basking, 970 A.2d at 1190 (quotation and citation omitted). Moreover, this

Court has previously stated that “law enforcement authorities need not

question an individual as to his or her actual authority to consent, once that

individual has consented to an entry of the premises.” Commonwealth v.

Quiles, 619 A.2d 291 (Pa.Super. 1993).

      A consent is “voluntary” when it is the “product of an essentially free

and unconstrained choice—not the result of duress or coercion, express or

implied, or a will overborne—under the totality of the circumstances.”

Commonwealth v. Acosta, 815 A.2d 1078, 1088 (Pa.Super. 2003) (en

banc) (citation omitted). “While knowledge of the right to refuse to consent

to the search is a factor to be taken into account, the Commonwealth is not

required to demonstrate such knowledge as a prerequisite to establishing a

voluntary consent.”    Commonwealth v. Powell, 994 A.2d 1096, 1102

(Pa.Super. 2010). Furthermore, verbal and non-verbal cues may constitute

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valid consent to enter a premise. Commonwealth v. Daniels, 421 A.2d 721,

722 (Pa.Super. 1980) (concluding consent was given when the defendant

“unlocked the door, did not respond to the policeman’s questions, and allowed

the policemen to enter [without verbal permission]”).

     Here, the uncontradicted evidence revealed that Agent Schwartz and his

supervisor, both of whom were wearing law enforcement vests, knocked on

the back door of 206 Farrier Lane and were greeted by an adult male, later

identified as Mr. Baylor. The agents informed Mr. Baylor they were looking

for Kobal, and they had a warrant for her arrest. Mr. Baylor informed the

agents that Kobal was in the bathroom. The agents again informed Mr. Baylor

they had a warrant for Kobal’s arrest, and Mr. Baylor again confirmed Kobal

was in the bathroom.      Mr. Baylor permitted the agents entry into the

residence, which Agent Schwartz described as a cabin, and the agents found

Kobal painting walls in the bathroom.

     Based on the aforementioned, we conclude the agents reasonably relied

upon the voluntary consent of Mr. Baylor, who had the apparent authority to

permit the agents to enter via the back door of the residence. We note there

is no evidence Mr. Baylor was under undue police coercion or duress when he

permitted the agents to enter the residence and directed them to the

bathroom. See Commonwealth v. Cleckley, 558 Pa. 517, 738 A.2d 427

(1999) (indicating the use of duress or coercive tactics by law enforcement

personnel is a factor to consider in whether consent was voluntary).


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Accordingly, we agree with the Commonwealth that the uncontradicted

evidence reveals the agents initially entered the residence with consent such

that a warrant was not required.12

       For all of the aforementioned reasons, we reverse the suppression

court’s order and remand for additional proceedings.

       Reversed; Remanded; Jurisdiction Relinquished.

Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 8/19/19




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12 The suppression court determined that, after Kobal was arrested, her
consent to search the residence was invalid as “fruit of the poisonous tree.”
However, in light of our conclusion the agents entered the residence pursuant
to valid consent, we disagree the subsequent search of the residence was
invalid on this basis. Further, there is no indication Kobal’s consent to search
the residence was involuntary.

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