                                  Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court




        Hougan v. Ulta Salon, Cosmetics & Fragrance, Inc., 2013 IL App (2d) 130270




Appellate Court              SUSAN HOUGAN and THOMAS HOUGAN, Plaintiff-Appellants,
Caption                      v. ULTA SALON, COSMETICS AND FRAGRANCE, INC.,
                             Defendant-Appellee (Fridh Corporation and Joseph Biddle,
                             Defendants).



District & No.               Second District
                             Docket No. 2-13-0270


Filed                        November 18, 2013


Held                         In an action for the injuries plaintiff suffered when she was standing
(Note: This syllabus         on the sidewalk outside defendant’s salon while waiting for her
constitutes no part of the   husband after making a purchase inside and she was struck by a
opinion of the court but     motorist who was parking in a space facing the storefront when his car
has been prepared by the     accidentally accelerated and jumped the curb, the trial court properly
Reporter of Decisions        granted summary judgment for the store, since the sidewalk and
for the convenience of       parking area were controlled by the store’s landlord, the landlord had a
the reader.)                 duty to exercise reasonable care to keep those premises in a reasonably
                             safe condition, and the store had no duty to warn plaintiff of the
                             possibility of being struck by an out-of-control motorist entering one
                             of the parking spaces facing the store.



Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Winnebago County, No. 08-L-316;
Review                       the Hon. J. Edward Prochaska, Judge, presiding.
     Judgment                    Affirmed.


     Counsel on                  Frank A. Perrecone, of Ferolie & Perrecone, Ltd., of Rockford, for
     Appeal                      appellants.

                                 Edward M. Maher, of Guyer & Enichen, P.C., of Rockford, for
                                 appellee.



     Panel                       JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                                 Justices Hudson and Birkett concurred in the judgment and opinion.




                                                     OPINION


¶1         This case arises from injuries sustained by Susan Hougan when she was standing on the
       sidewalk outside a storefront owned by Fridh Corporation (Fridh) and leased to Ulta Salon,
       Cosmetics & Fragrance, Inc. (Ulta 1). Joseph Biddle drove into a parking space facing the store
       but then accidentally pressed the accelerator rather than the brake, causing the car to jump the
       curb and injure two pedestrians, including Susan. Plaintiffs, Susan and her husband, Thomas
       Hougan, brought suit against defendants, Ulta, Fridh, and Joseph. The trial court granted Ulta’s
       motion for summary judgment, reasoning that any duty to protect Susan from the risk of being
       struck by an out-of-control vehicle when she was standing on a common area owned,
       maintained, and exclusively controlled by Fridh did not extend to Ulta. The trial court further
       entered a finding under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), allowing
       plaintiffs to appeal its ruling. We affirm.

¶2                                        I. BACKGROUND
¶3         Plaintiffs stopped at Ulta on June 29, 2008, so that Susan could make a purchase. It was
       raining. Thomas parked in a parking spot facing the store, to the side of Ulta’s front door. He
       remained in the car while Susan went inside. She exited after about 10 minutes and stood under
       an awning, where sisters Melissa and Laurian Ogle were also standing. Susan tried to get
       Thomas’s attention because she was not sure if the car’s doors were unlocked, and she did not
             1
              We refer to both the company and the store location as “Ulta.”


                                                       -2-
     want to get wet. She heard an engine rev and saw a car coming toward her. The front passenger
     side of the car struck her. Susan estimated that, from the time she exited the store to the time
     she was hit, at most two or three minutes had passed.
¶4        Melissa and Laurian had been out with Melissa’s then-boyfriend, Joseph. They were in a
     car belonging to Melissa and Laurian’s mother. They stopped at Ulta, and Melissa and Laurian
     went inside while Joseph waited in the car. When the women exited the store, it was raining
     heavily. They stood on the sidewalk outside the store, under an awning, and waved to Joseph.
     Joseph understood them to be asking him to pick them up. He moved to the driver’s seat and
     pulled into a parking spot in front of the store. When he was approaching the front of the spot,
     he heard Melissa saying “stop.” Joseph panicked and put his right foot down quickly. Either he
     pressed the accelerator or his foot slipped off the brake and onto the accelerator because his
     shoes were wet. The car went over the curb, onto the sidewalk, and hit the building. The car
     struck Melissa’s legs, and when Joseph exited he saw that Susan had also been injured. Joseph
     was ticketed for negligent driving, to which he pleaded guilty.
¶5        Ulta’s entrance and exit doors were side by side. The only way for customers to walk to and
     from the store and the parking lot was to cross the sidewalk in front of the store. The width of
     the sidewalk was seven feet, eight inches. The curb in front of the store was about five inches
     high.
¶6        Alex Lelli testified in his deposition that he was in charge of real estate, construction,
     repairs, and maintenance at Ulta. All of Ulta’s stores were leased, and almost all of them were
     in shopping centers. Ulta had employees who would negotiate with landlords regarding leases.
     Making sure there was safe passage between the store and the parking lot could be negotiated,
     though it was “unlikely” that the installation of bollards would be discussed.
¶7        Ulta signed the lease for the store in June 1995 with the then-owner of the shopping center.
     Ulta was the original tenant of the space. About six months later, Fridh purchased the shopping
     center and became Ulta’s landlord. The lease remained in effect. Fridh did not alter the parking
     lot in any way.
¶8        The leasehold described in the lease is represented in a diagram as the store itself; the
     sidewalk and parking lot are not included. The lease states that the landlord constructed the
     sidewalks and parking lots and striped the parking lots. The lease refers to these areas, among
     others, as “ ‘Common Facilities’ ” and states that they are to be for the use of all shopping
     center occupants. The lease states that the landlord will:
              “Make all necessary repair and maintenance to the exterior and structural portions of
              the improvements on the Leased Premises, including but not limited to roofs, exterior
              walls, slab floor, canopies, but excluding Tenant’s signs and doors.”
     The lease further states in relevant part:
             “Common Facilities. Landlord shall maintain the Common Facilities in good order,
             appearance and repair (including but not limited to all necessary patching and
             restriping of the parking areas), provide adequate lighting thereof, and promptly
             remove all snow, dirt and debris therefrom, it being understood and agreed that these
             items shall be common area charges reimbursable as provided in Section 12.2 hereof.

                                                 -3-
                                                    ***
                    *** Tenant’s Alterations. Tenant may at its expense from time to time make any
                non-structural alterations, changes or improvements in, on and to the interior of the
                Leased Premises which it may deem necessary and desirable. Tenant may make
                structural changes to the Leased Premises with the approval of the Landlord which
                approval shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed, provided that the installation,
                removal, placement and relocation of trade fixtures, the change or addition of interior
                doors, and the changing or relocation of interior plumbing, electrical, and other lines
                (including venting) shall not be deemed structural changes. Tenant shall not be
                required to, but may, remove any such alterations, changes or improvements at any
                time before the termination of this Lease by lapse of time or otherwise, provided
                Tenant shall repair any damage caused by such removal. Notwithstanding anything in
                this Lease to the contrary, no alteration, change or improvement shall be made to the
                exterior of the Leased Premises without [the]Landlord’s written consent, which
                consent may be granted or withheld in the Landlord’s sole discretion.” (Emphases
                added.)
¶9          Carolyn Enkstrom, Fridh’s vice president of operations, testified in a deposition that the
       lease represented all of Ulta’s rights and obligations regarding the property.
¶ 10        Jeff Holt, Fridh’s commercial property manager, testified to the following in his
       deposition. The parking lot and sidewalk were common areas under the lease, and Fridh was
       responsible for their maintenance and repairs. Fridh was also responsible for keeping the
       common areas in a reasonably safe condition, excluding snow removal for the sidewalks.
       Fridh’s responsibilities included maintaining a safe entrance to and exit from the store. Under
       the lease, Ulta was required to obtain permission from Fridh for structural changes to the
       interior of the store, and such approval could not be unreasonably withheld. Ulta could also
       request exterior changes, but that approval was within Fridh’s sole discretion.
¶ 11        Plaintiffs filed a six-count complaint against defendants on September 5, 2008. Counts I
       and IV were directed at Ulta. Count I, brought in Susan’s name, alleged as follows in relevant
       part. Ulta had a duty to use reasonable care to provide its business invitees with a reasonably
       safe means of ingress and egress to its store, and a duty to use reasonable care in keeping its
       premises in a reasonably safe condition for such invitees. Ulta further had a duty to use
       reasonable care for the safety of business invitees using the ingress/egress sidewalk, to protect
       them from the foreseeable risk of injury from out-of-control motor vehicles in the parking lot.
       Plaintiffs alleged that Ulta breached this duty because, although Ulta knew or should have
       known that its customers on the ingress/egress sidewalk were at foreseeable risk of injury from
       out-of-control motor vehicles due to negligent operation in the parking lot, Ulta: (1) operated
       its store without vertical concrete pillars or poles, or other sufficient barriers, between the end
       of the parking lot and the beginning of the sidewalk in front of Ulta’s doors; (2) operated its
       store knowing that drivers were permitted to park in stalls immediately adjacent to the
       sidewalk, facing the store; (3) failed to provide a reasonably safe way for customers to enter
       and exit the store; (4) operated its store knowing that a sidewalk for use by customers was
       immediately adjacent to parking stalls facing the sidewalk and store; and (5) failed to make
                                                    -4-
       necessary arrangements with the landlord to protect its customers using the sidewalk. On
       November 2, 2012, plaintiffs amended their complaint to allege that Ulta additionally: (6)
       knew or had reason to know that perpendicular storefront parking, without protective barriers,
       placed customers at risk of injury due to potential loss of vehicle control by parking drivers; (7)
       failed to protect ingressing and egressing business invitees from risk of injury from such
       drivers; (8) failed to provide a safe ingress to and egress from the store by use of the sidewalk;
       (9) failed to maintain its premises in a reasonably safe condition; and (10) failed to warn
       business invitees of the risk of injury.
¶ 12       Count IV, brought in Thomas’s name, restated the allegations of count I and alleged a
       claim of loss of consortium.
¶ 13       On April 26, 2012, Ulta moved for summary judgment. According to Ulta: Fridh owned
       the shopping center; the sidewalk where Susan was standing when she was injured was a
       common area of the shopping center, as was the parking lot in which Joseph was driving; and
       Ulta’s lease with Fridh did not convey any authority to Ulta to make changes to the common
       areas of the shopping center. Ulta argued that plaintiffs failed to allege that Ulta had any
       recognized duty to Susan while she was in one of the shopping center=s common areas. Ulta
       argued that, even if it owed a duty, Ulta was not a proximate cause of any injury sustained by
       Susan.
¶ 14       Plaintiffs retained two expert witnesses who submitted affidavits. Warren VanderHelm, an
       expert in parking lot safety and design, opined as follows. Retail store and shopping center
       operators have known for years of the dangers of head-in storefront parking, as pedal error,
       mechanical error, and other driver error cause building strikes and injuries or death on a regular
       basis. Ulta and Fridh should also have known of inexpensive remedial measures that would
       have prevented Susan from being injured. Many retailers and wholesalers around the country,
       such as Walmart, Target, and Home Depot, have employed these devices at their entries, as
       well as eliminated parking aimed at the front doors.
¶ 15       Robert Reiter, an expert in using bollards and barriers to prevent vehicle strikes to
       buildings and pedestrians, opined that the sidewalk in front of Ulta was dangerous to business
       invitees because: 40 to 50 pedal error incidents occur daily in the United States, making it
       highly predictable that a driver attempting to park in one of the parking stalls in front of Ulta’s
       doors would lose control of the car and jump the curb; there were no protective barriers on the
       sidewalk; and if bollards had been present, Susan would not have been injured.
¶ 16       The trial court granted summary judgment for Ulta on February 20, 2013, and entered a
       Rule 304(a) finding. The trial court found that Ulta’s duty to Susan as a business invitee ended
       once she left the physical boundaries of the store and entered into the common area defined by
       the lease and controlled by Fridh. “Specifically, because Susan had safely exited the premises,
       and consciously chose to stand in a ‘common area’ not controlled or operated by [Ulta, the trial
       court found] that her egress was complete and the [sic] Ulta owed her no duty at the time she
       was injured.”
¶ 17       Plaintiffs timely appealed from the trial court’s ruling. Fridh and Joseph are not parties to
       this appeal.

                                                    -5-
¶ 18                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 19        On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for Ulta.
       Summary judgment is appropriate only where the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and
       affidavits on file, when viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show that
       there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
       matter of law. Lazenby v. Mark’s Construction, Inc., 236 Ill. 2d 83, 93 (2010). We review
       de novo a grant of summary judgment. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Hamer, 2013 IL
       114234, ¶ 17.
¶ 20        To succeed in an action for negligence, the plaintiff must establish that: (1) the defendant
       owed the plaintiff a duty; (2) the defendant breached that duty; and (3) the breach proximately
       caused injury to the plaintiff. Choate v. Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Co., 2012 IL 112948, ¶ 22.
       Whether a duty exists under a particular set of circumstances is a question of law for the court
       to decide. Id. If a duty does not exist, the plaintiff cannot recover as a matter of law. Id. While
       the existence of a duty is a question of law, the issues of whether the defendant breached that
       duty and whether the breach proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury are factual matters for
       the trier of fact to decide, provided there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding those
       issues. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 430 (2006).
¶ 21        In determining whether a duty exists, courts look to four factors: (1) the reasonable
       foreseeability of injury; (2) the likelihood of injury; (3) the magnitude of the burden of
       guarding against injury; and (4) the consequences of placing that burden on the defendant.
       Simpkins v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 18. These four factors encompass the
       “relationship” between the plaintiff and the defendant, and the court must determine whether
       the plaintiff and the defendant stood in such a relationship that the law imposed upon the
       defendant an obligation of reasonable conduct for the plaintiff’s benefit. Id. “The
       determination of such a ‘relationship,’ as sufficient to establish a duty of care, requires
       considerations of policy inherent in the consideration of these four factors and the weight
       accorded each of these factors in any given analysis depends on the circumstances of the case
       at hand.” Id.
¶ 22        Certain special relationships, including the relationship between a business invitor and
       invitee, can give rise to an affirmative duty to protect another against an unreasonable risk of
       physical harm. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 438-39 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314A
       (1965)). The duty to protect against the unreasonable risk of physical harm includes harm
       caused by a third party’s innocent, negligent, intentional, or criminal misconduct. Id. at 439-40
       (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 314A cmt. d, 344 (1965)). A business owner also
       generally has a duty to provide a reasonably safe means of ingress to and egress from the
       business. Reed v. Galaxy Holdings, Inc., 394 Ill. App. 3d 39, 42 (2009).
¶ 23        Plaintiffs argue that Ulta owed Susan a duty of care because, before and at the time of the
       accident, she was a business invitee. Plaintiffs rely extensively on Marshall. There, a driver in
       a Burger King parking lot backed into a lamppost. When she then drove forward, her
       accelerator stuck, resulting in the car hitting the sidewalk and becoming airborne. Marshall,
       222 Ill. 2d at 425. The car crashed through the brick and glass exterior of the restaurant, killing
       a patron inside. Id. The plaintiff, the decedent’s father, brought suit, alleging, among other
                                                       -6-
       things, that Burger King and its franchisee did not exercise reasonable care in designing,
       constructing, and maintaining the restaurant, and that their failure to do so proximately caused
       the decedent’s death. Id. at 424. The defendants moved to dismiss under section 2-615 of the
       Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2002)), arguing that the plaintiff had failed
       to state a cause of action, because they had no duty to protect the decedent from such an
       accident. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 427. The trial court granted the motion. Id. The appellate
       court reversed and remanded, and the supreme court affirmed. Id. at 424.
¶ 24       The supreme court initially found that the defendants had forfeited their argument
       regarding lack of proximate cause. Id. at 430. It further noted that, because the parties did not
       present arguments regarding the theories of negligent design and negligent construction
       alleged in the complaint, the supreme court was confining its analysis to whether the
       defendants owed a duty to the decedent in their alleged capacities as “owners and operators of
       the restaurant.” Id. at 432-33. The supreme court stated that, based on the plaintiff’s
       allegations, the duty of care that a business invitor owes to invitees to protect them against the
       unreasonable risk of physical harm clearly applied to the case. Id. at 440. Specifically, the
       complaint alleged that, while the decedent was a customer at a restaurant owned and operated
       by the defendants, he was injured by the negligent act of a third person. Id. The supreme court
       considered the four factors involved in the traditional duty analysis only to address the
       defendants’ argument that it should create an exemption from the duty of care a business
       invitor owes to an invitee. The supreme court concluded that no such exemption should exist,
       stating that: “it is reasonably foreseeable, given the pervasiveness of automobiles, roadways,
       and parking lots, that business invitees will, from time to time, be placed at risk by
       automobile-related accidents”; the likelihood that invitees will be injured in such instances is
       high; and any extensive costs to businesses and the public that would arise by not creating an
       exemption from the applicable duty of care were speculative at best. Id. at 442-43.
¶ 25       The supreme court continued:
               “Recognizing that the duty of reasonable care that businesses owe to their invitees
               applies to cases where invitees are injured by out-of-control automobiles is not the
               same as concluding the duty has been breached because a business failed to take a
               certain level of precaution. Nor is it the same as concluding that the breach was the
               proximate cause of an invitee’s injuries. In short, merely concluding that the duty
               applies does not constitute an automatic, broad-based declaration of negligence
               liability.” Id. at 443.
       The supreme court cautioned against conflating the concepts of duty of care and breach of that
       duty. Id. It stated:
               “Thus, the issue in this case is not whether defendants had a duty to install protective
               poles, or a duty to prevent a car from entering the restaurant, or some such other
               fact-specific formulation. Because of the special relationship between defendants and
               the decedent, they owed the decedent a duty of reasonable care. The issue is whether, in
               light of the particular circumstances of this case, defendants breached that duty. That
               question cannot be answered at this stage of proceedings.” Id. at 443-44.

                                                   -7-
       The supreme court further stated that, even if, arguendo, a business invitor’s lack of
       knowledge of prior, similar incidents should limit his duty of care, the plaintiff alleged that,
       based on the place and character of the defendants’ business, they had reason to know that the
       negligent conduct of third persons was likely to endanger its customers. Id. at 445-46.
¶ 26       Plaintiffs argue that, in both Marshall and the instant case, the foreseeable risk of invitee
       injury due to vehicular loss of control in the parking lot is the same. Ulta counters that
       Marshall is inapplicable here because plaintiffs rely on a cause of action for the negligent
       design and construction of the building, which was not at issue in Marshall. Plaintiffs respond
       that their action is based upon the duty Ulta owes as an operator of a business. We agree with
       plaintiffs that the complaint’s allegations can be construed as being directed at Ulta’s duty as a
       business invitor, rather than on theories of negligent construction and design.
¶ 27       Ulta additionally argues that Marshall is distinguishable because the decision was on a
       motion to dismiss, whereas this case involves a motion for summary judgment. We agree that
       this is a notable difference between the cases. See also id. at 450 (distinguishing out-of-state
       cases in part because they were at the summary judgment stage). The more important
       distinction raised by Ulta is that the Marshall plaintiff alleged that the defendants owned,
       operated, controlled, and maintained the restaurant, whereas here Susan’s injury occurred on a
       sidewalk not owned, operated, controlled, or maintained by Ulta under its lease with Fridh.
       That is, had Susan been injured by an out-of-control car while she was still inside the store, the
       business invitor’s duty discussed in Marshall would clearly apply. In contrast, Marshall does
       not answer the question of whether Ulta owed Susan such a duty when she was standing on
       property owned and controlled by Fridh.
¶ 28       To this end, plaintiffs cite Haupt v. Sharkey, 358 Ill. App. 3d 212 (2005), for the
       proposition that Ulta’s duty to protect its invitees from the foreseeable risk of harm caused by
       negligent acts of third parties did not stop at Ulta’s doors. In Haupt, the defendant tavern owner
       told both the plaintiff and another patron to leave after the patron shoved or hit the plaintiff. Id.
       at 214-15. The defendant had, on prior occasions, reprimanded the patron for harassing other
       people and had once told him to leave for wearing motorcycle gang colors. Id. at 215. As soon
       as the plaintiff and the patron left, the defendant locked the front door, closed the curtains, and
       told other customers to leave through the back door. When the plaintiff stepped outside, the
       patron struck and injured him. Id. at 214. The sidewalk and parking area outside of the tavern
       were owned by the county. Id. at 215.
¶ 29       On an appeal from a grant of summary judgment for the defendant, this court recognized
       that a business invitor has a duty to protect business invitees against foreseeable criminal acts
       by third parties. Id. at 216. We cited Osborne v. Stages Music Hall, Inc., 312 Ill. App. 3d 141
       (2000), where the appellate court held that the defendant’s duty to its patrons did not
       automatically stop at its premises’ doors, especially where the defendant used the sidewalk to
       control entry by its customers. Haupt, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 218. We further cited Shortall v.
       Hawkeye’s Bar & Grill, 283 Ill. App. 3d 439 (1996), where we had held that a tavern owner
       could not avoid the duty to protect invitees from criminal attack by third parties simply because
       the attack occurred just outside the front door, especially where the owner contributed to the
       attack by sending patrons out. Haupt, 358 Ill. App. 3d at 218. We stated in Haupt that the
                                                     -8-
       plaintiff retained his status as a business invitee because he was still egressing from the
       establishment, and, under the aforementioned cases, the exact location of the attack in the case
       did not resolve the duty issue. Id. at 219. Applying the four factors involved in the traditional
       duty analysis, we stated that the latter three had been forfeited by the defendant. Regarding the
       first factor, we determined that the attack was reasonably foreseeable because the defendant
       ejected both men after the patron had been physically aggressive toward the plaintiff and the
       defendant arguably knew of the patron’s propensity toward violence. Id. at 219-20.
¶ 30        Plaintiffs argue that, like the plaintiff in Haupt, who was a few feet off of the tavern’s
       property, Susan maintained her status as an invitee while she momentarily stood under the
       awning on the ingress-egress sidewalk. Plaintiffs also maintain that, while Haupt involved a
       duty to protect patrons from foreseeable criminal acts of third parties, the Marshall court held
       that a business invitor’s liability for the acts of a third person also extends to negligent acts,
       where the invitor failed to use reasonable care. See Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 439-40.
¶ 31        Plaintiffs’ argument is not persuasive, as Marshall did not involve an injury that occurred
       outside of the invitor’s property. Moreover, we did not hold in Haupt that a business invitor is
       always liable for acts occurring just outside its property, but rather that the invitor’s duty does
       not automatically stop at its threshold. In extending the duty beyond the threshold, Haupt and
       the cases cited within all involved the invitor contributing to the injury by choosing to send
       patrons out when it was likely that they would be injured based on prior fighting, and/or
       situations where the invitor was using the sidewalk to control entry. Here, in contrast, nothing
       occurred immediately prior to the accident such that Ulta should not have let Susan exit at the
       time she did, and Ulta did not take any affirmative actions to control the sidewalk.
¶ 32        Plaintiffs cite McDonald v. Frontier Lanes, Inc., 1 Ill. App. 3d 345 (1971), and Cooley v.
       Makse, 46 Ill. App. 2d 25 (1964), in arguing that the sidewalk where Susan’s injury occurred
       was an ingress-egress sidewalk for exclusive use by Ulta’s invitees and that Susan was still
       Ulta’s invitee at the time she was struck, because she had not completed her egression from the
       store to her car. In McDonald, the plaintiff was injured when she stepped into a hole in a
       parkway owned by the City of Elgin. McDonald, 1 Ill. App. 3d at 348. This court stated that the
       evidence showed that a bowling alley had assumed use of the sidewalk and the parkway for the
       ingress and egress of its patrons.
¶ 33        In Cooley, the plaintiff fell on a deteriorated brick walkway in front of a tavern. Cooley, 46
       Ill. App. 2d at 26-27. The walkway was on a city-owned easement, which the city had never
       used. Id. The only way to access the tavern was from the walkway (id. at 30), and the walkway
       had no other useful purpose (id. at 28). This court stated that the “defendants, whether lawfully
       or not, had assumed the right to use, enjoy and employ the sidewalk as a necessary adjunct of
       their possession, control and ownership of the tavern building.” Id. at 30. We stated, “Having
       prescribed the route to their invitees for ingress and egress to and from their building, it was
       their duty to properly illuminate, give adequate warning of, or cause to be repaired a known,
       dangerous condition.” Id. at 32.
¶ 34        Plaintiffs argue that, as in Cooley, the only purpose of the sidewalk here was for Ulta’s
       invitees to walk between the store and the parking lot. Plaintiffs argue that, consequently,
       Susan did not lose her status as a business invitee by momentarily standing near the exit door,
                                                       -9-
       and Ulta owed Susan a duty to provide safe egress while she was using the sidewalk to get to
       the parking lot.
¶ 35       As with the other cases plaintiffs rely on, McDonald and Cooley are distinguishable in
       significant respects. Most importantly, contrary to plaintiffs’ assertions, the exhibits on file
       show that there is no genuine issue of material fact that the sidewalk here was not for the
       exclusive use of Ulta’s patrons. Aside from the lease designating the sidewalk as a common
       area, patrons for the next-door Carpet One store, or even other stores in the shopping center,
       could easily park in front of Ulta and make use of the same sidewalk to reach their destinations.
       Indeed, Cooley itself labels as inapposite “[c]ases where the landlord reserved a common
       areaway for the use of multiple tenants.” Id. at 28.
¶ 36       Ulta argues that this case is more analogous to St. Phillips v. O’Donnell, 137 Ill. App. 3d
       639 (1985). We agree. There, the plaintiff and a man named Trent O’Donnell were patrons at a
       tavern in a shopping mall. Id. at 640. O’Donnell became involved in two fights with patrons
       other than the plaintiff and was escorted out. A few minutes later, the plaintiff went to the
       parking lot and moved his car to a closer spot. When he exited the vehicle, O’Donnell attacked
       him. Id. at 640-41. The tavern’s lease provided that the parking lot, walkways, and roadways
       were common areas, subject to the landlord’s rules and regulations, and that the operation and
       maintenance of the common areas were at the landlord’s sole discretion. Id. at 641.
¶ 37       This court found that the tavern owed no legal duty toward the plaintiff. Id. at 644. We
       stated that the tavern leased premises from its landlord pursuant to a written lease, but the
       injury did not occur on the leased premises. Id. at 643. We stated that, while the lease gave the
       tavern and its customers a right to use the parking lot, the landlord expressly retained control of
       the common areas, including the lot. Id. at 644. We continued:
               “Under these facts, defendant could not undertake measures to control the operation of
               the common parking areas in order to protect plaintiff and control third persons’ actions
               once they were off the premises defendant leased. The landlord here has retained the
               right to control and to operate the common areas in the shopping center and is best able
               to prevent harm to others on the common areas. Additionally, this is not a case where
               defendant in fact exercised control over the common area or negligently performed a
               voluntary undertaking.
                   *** Normally, where only a portion of the premises is rented and the landlord
               retains control of other parts for the common use of tenants, the landlord has the duty to
               exercise reasonable care to keep those premises in a reasonably safe condition and is
               liable for a foreseeable injury from a failure to perform such duty.” Id.
¶ 38       Plaintiffs argue that St. Phillips is distinguishable because the tavern did not expose its
       invitees to an ongoing risk of foreseeable third-party harm once it opened for business. This
       argument is without merit, as injuries from fights between bar patrons are at least as
       foreseeable as injuries from out-of-control cars. Plaintiffs also argue that the tavern owner
       could not take measures to control the operations of the parking lot where the plaintiff was
       injured, whereas in this case Ulta’s lease negotiators could have negotiated safe passage to and
       from the parking lot. However, that Ulta could have theoretically asked for the installation of
       bollards or a particular parking lot design does not mean that Fridh would have agreed to such
                                                     - 10 -
       a request, and any lessee arguably could attempt such negotiations even after a shopping center
       has been built.
¶ 39        Plaintiffs cite Cochran v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 203 Ill. App. 3d 935 (1990), for
       the proposition that Ulta’s lease with Fridh did not exempt it from the duty of care it owed as a
       business invitor to Susan. In Cochran, the plaintiff fell on a ramp located at the defendant’s
       door; the ramp was part of a parking lot used in common by all patrons of a shopping mall. Id.
       at 936-37. The jury found in favor of the plaintiff, and the defendant argued that the trial court
       erred in excluding evidence that, under its lease, the landlord had the duty to maintain and
       repair the parking lot. Id. at 937. The appellate court held that the trial court did not abuse its
       discretion in excluding the evidence, because the issue at trial was the defendant’s
       common-law duty, and whether the landlord also had a duty was not relevant. Id. at 937-38.
¶ 40        We agree with Ulta that Cochran is inapposite because it involved coextensive duties of
       the landlord and the lessee to maintain and repair the parking lot where the plaintiff fell. Here,
       in contrast, the lease gave Fridh sole discretion over the areas outside of Ulta’s leased
       premises. That is, Ulta is not relying on the lease to attempt to create an exception to a duty to
       Susan while she stood on the sidewalk, but rather the terms of the lease are relevant to
       determining whether there was such a duty in the first place. See also Adams v. Northern
       Illinois Gas Co., 211 Ill. 2d 32, 47 (2004) (“Courts reason that a person=s duty can extend no
       further than the person=s right, power, and authority to implement it.”).
¶ 41        Plaintiffs argue that, at a minimum, Ulta had a duty to warn its business invitees of the risk
       of injury from drivers losing control of their vehicles while parking in the store-facing stalls.
       The duty to warn was not at issue in St. Phillips. Even if, arguendo, Ulta had such a duty to
       warn its customers in general, 2 that duty did not apply to Susan, based on her deposition
       testimony. Susan testified that she had commented to her husband and Ulta clerks that it was
       dangerous for cars to be able to drive so close to the store’s doors, because they could come up
       onto the sidewalk. As the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has stated, there can “be no duty to
       warn *** against possible consequences about which [a person] already knew because
       knowledge of the danger is equivalent to prior notice. No one needs notice of that which he
       already knows.” Borowicz v. Chicago Mastic Co., 367 F.2d 751, 758 (7th Cir. 1966). Given
       that Susan already thought that the parking stalls were dangerous because they were located
       close to the store’s doors and cars could drive up onto the sidewalk, Ulta did not have a duty to
       warn Susan of such a danger.
¶ 42        Based on our holding that Ulta did not owe Susan a duty at the time she was injured, we do
       not address Ulta’s alternative argument that it was entitled to summary judgment additionally
       because it did not proximately cause Susan’s injury.

¶ 43                                        III. CONCLUSION


           2
           We express no opinion as to whether, or in what situations, a business invitor would have a duty to
       warn its customers of an alleged danger on adjacent property that it does not own or control.

                                                     - 11 -
¶ 44       In sum, we recognize that the duty to provide safe ingress and egress to invitees can, at
       times, extend beyond the precise boundaries of a landowner’s property. Hanks v. Mount
       Prospect Park District, 244 Ill. App. 3d 212, 218 (1993). The cases relied on by plaintiffs
       extended businesses’ duties beyond their property lines because the businesses had taken
       affirmative actions to appropriate the sidewalk; the walkway was in disrepair and exclusively
       used to access the business; or the business directly and immediately contributed to the injury
       such as by simultaneously expelling fighting patrons. This case does not fit into any of these
       scenarios. Rather, as in St. Phillips, Ulta did not owe a duty of care to Susan when she was
       injured, because the sidewalk on which she was standing, as well as the allegedly dangerous
       parking lot, were under Fridh’s exclusive control. Where the landlord retains such control, “the
       landlord has the duty to exercise reasonable care to keep those premises in a reasonably safe
       condition and is liable for a foreseeable injury from a failure to perform such duty.”
       St. Phillips, 137 Ill. App. 3d at 644.3 Finally, Ulta had no duty to warn Susan of the potential
       dangers of store-facing parking stalls, as Susan testified in her deposition that she was already
       aware of such dangers. Therefore, the trial court correctly granted summary judgment for Ulta.
¶ 45       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the Winnebago County circuit court.

¶ 46      Affirmed.




          3
           We express no opinion as to whether the sidewalk was in a reasonably safe condition or whether
       Susan’s injury was reasonably foreseeable.
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