Teddy Shannon v. State of Maryland, No. 2378, September Term 2017.
Opinion by Thieme, Raymond G., Jr., J. (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned).

SENTENCING – RESTITUTION – “DIRECT RESULT” STANDARD – CP §
6-103(a) – FORFEITED RENT AND SECURITY DEPOSIT. In sentencing
appellant for convictions for threatening arson and possessing a firearm after a
disqualifying conviction, the sentencing court did not err in ordering restitution of
$2,400, representing first month’s rent and security deposit for premises that the
victims never occupied and had to abandon as a direct result of appellant’s
crimes. Restitution for those expenses is consistent with the Court of Appeals’
recent decision in In re G.R., ___ Md. ___, No. 32, Sept. Term 2018, 2019 WL
1434571 (filed Apr. 1, 2019), applying the “direct result” standard for restitution
under Md. Code, § 11-603(a) of the Criminal Procedure Article, in the context of
crimes that threaten the safety and sanctity of the victims’ home. The “household
protection” rationale articulated in G.R. extends to reimbursement of victims forced
to move for their personal safety in the aftermath of a crime. Given the immediate
and continuing diminishment in the value of the property as a family residence,
resulting from appellant’s threats to burn it down, the record supports the sentencing
court’s determination that forfeiture of the security deposit and first month’s rent
was a direct result of appellant’s crimes.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 117013002
                                                                                                  REPORTED

                                                                                    IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                               OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                    No. 2378

                                                                                             September Term, 2017

                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                              TEDDY SHANNON

                                                                                                       v.

                                                                                           STATE OF MARYLAND

                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Nazarian,
                                                                                        Arthur,
                                                                                        Thieme, Raymond G., Jr.
                                                                                           (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                             Opinion by Thieme, J.

                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Filed: June 4, 2019



 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.




                            2019-06-04 15:20-04:00




Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       As the Cannon family was moving into a new home in Baltimore, they were fired

upon, then threatened by an armed neighbor who vowed to burn the residence. A jury in

the Circuit Court for Baltimore City acquitted Teddy Shannon, appellant, of charges in the

shooting but convicted him of threatening arson and illegally possessing a firearm after a

disqualifying conviction. Appellant was sentenced to a total of seventeen years and

ordered to pay restitution of $2,400, as reimbursement for the Cannons’ security deposit

and first month’s rent under the lease they abandoned after this altercation.

       Appellant presents the following issues for our review:

       1. Must Appellant’s conviction and sentence for possession of a regulated
          firearm be vacated because it is based upon an indictment that fails to
          charge an offense?

       2. Did the trial court err in ordering restitution?

       For reasons that follow, we conclude there are no grounds to vacate appellant’s

convictions or the restitution order. In resolving the restitution challenge, we apply lessons

from the Court of Appeals’ recent holding in In re G.R., ___ Md. ___, No. 32, Sept. Term

2018, 2019 WL 1434571 (filed Apr. 1, 2019), considering the “direct result” standard for

restitution under Md. Code, § 11-603(a) of the Criminal Procedure Article (“CP”) as it

relates to costs incurred “to restore and maintain the sanctity and security” of a household

made insecure by criminal activity. In the circumstances presented here, we conclude that

the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in ordering restitution for a lease payment

for premises abandoned by the victims after appellant threatened to burn down the building.
                                      BACKGROUND

       On December 10, 2016, Jason Cannon and his family “were moving into the house

on the corner” at 1738 East 30th Street in Baltimore. Before taking possession of the

premises, Latonya Coleman-Cannon paid their landlord $2,400, representing a security

deposit and the first month’s rent. Appellant lived across the street, at 1735 East 30th Street.

       That evening, Mr. Cannon and a friend had just parked on the street in front of the

new residence when Cannon “heard multiple shots” and “tires screeching.” As Cannon

got out of his car, “a guy from across the street approached” them, carrying a gun, “and

said, what’s up with you all, yo?” Cannon also heard someone say, “pick up all the shells,

yo.”

       While Cannon was walking up the steps into the new house, he heard conversation

among the crowd gathered in the street, concerning a distinctive white Lexus SUV targeted

in the shooting. Cannon knew his stepson had been driving to the new house with a friend,

in his mother’s white “old school” Lexus SUV. Cannon turned around and confronted the

group, asking “why were they shooting at us.” Appellant, who was carrying a gun,

answered, “[T]his is my block. I protect my block. We shoot first, ask questions second.”

       After his friend pulled him into the house, Cannon was able to contact his stepson

and his companion, who were “up the block[.]”            When Cannon drove to them, he

discovered that the Lexus had shattered windows and was “riddled with bullets.” He called

911, then returned to the new house.



                                               2
         While they waited for police, Ms. Coleman-Cannon arrived in a separate vehicle.

“[I]rate” over the shooting, she confronted individuals in the street. Cannon, attempting to

de-escalate the situation, pulled her “around the back of the house[.]”

         Appellant followed and approached them. Lifting his jacket to display a gun, he

stated

         that if any shots were fired off that night that he was going to blow the house
         up. He was going to burn the house down. He was going to kill the kids in
         my house. Call the police if I want. They’re not welcomed on my block.

Afraid for their lives, the Cannons went inside the house and “slammed the door.”

         When police officers arrived on the block, it “was extremely hectic” and “chaotic.”

Outside in the street, there were “[a] lot of people” “yelling, screaming.” They were upset

with the Cannons, calling them “snitches and stuff like that[.]” Appellant, who was saying

“vulgar things . . . a lot of negative things[,]” was arrested because he met “the description

of the person who was shooting a weapon[.]”

         According to Detective Marcus Sanders, appellant made “threats of . . . violence

and arson . . . not only to the officers that were on the scene, but initially, as well as to the

residents that were actually right across the street.” Video from the detective’s body

camera, which recorded the encounter with appellant, was played for the jury.

         Police secured appellant’s house until a search warrant was executed. In that search,

police recovered the leather jacket worn by appellant that evening, which later tested

positive for gunshot residue. In addition, officers recovered a “silver Ruger handgun,” a



                                               3
“30 round magazine for a Glock,” a “40 caliber” shell casing, and ammunition for different

weapons.

       Based on statements made by appellant during a phone call recorded on December

11, while he was incarcerated, police obtained a warrant to search a house at 1645

Abbotston Street, where the name “Teddy” was written on the living room wall. In the

recorded call, appellant, referring to “Chris” as the person who “do got it[,]” agreed that

“he had it he walked out wit it[.]” At the Abbotston Street residence, police recovered a

“black Glock 27, which is a 40 caliber[,]” “on the top floor outside roof,” “inside of a black

trash bag” and “wrapped up.” Firearms examination established that the shell casing

recovered at appellant’s residence was from a cartridge fired from the Glock recovered at

1645 Abbotston Street.

       We shall add material from the record in our discussion of the issues raised by

appellant.

                                          DISCUSSION

                                     I.      Indictment

       Appellant contends that his firearm conviction must be vacated because it is

premised on an indictment that did not allege a criminal offense. This challenge arises

from the following portion of the indictment, which states in pertinent part:

                                     FIFTH COUNT

       . . . DEFENDANT, Teddy SHANNON, late of said City, heretofore on or
       about December 10, 2016, at the 1700 block of East 30th Street, in the City
       of Baltimore, State of Maryland, having been convicted of a crime of
       violence, as defined in Public Safety Article, Section 5-101(c), to wit:
                                          4
       05/09/2008, Possession with Intent to Distribute, Case No.: 107312013,
       did possess a regulated firearm, to wit: Ruger P90DC, .45 Caliber Handgun,
       in violation of Public Safety Article, Section 5-133(c) of the Annotated Code
       of Maryland; against the peace, government and dignity of the State.

       [PS 5-101; PS 5-133(c)] 1 1609

(Underlining in original; boldface added.)

       The crime charged in this count of the indictment is a violation of § 5-133(c) of the

Public Safety Article (“PS”), which provides in pertinent part:

                        Penalty for possession by convicted felon

       (c)(1) A person may not possess a regulated firearm if the person was
       previously convicted of:

       (i) a crime of violence;

       (ii) a violation of § 5-602, § 5-603, § 5-604, § 5-605, § 5-612, § 5-613, § 5-
       614, § 5-621, or § 5-622 of the Criminal Law Article; or

       (iii) an offense under the laws of another state or the United States that would
       constitute one of the crimes listed in item (i) or (ii) of this paragraph if
       committed in this State.

(Emphasis added.)

       The problem presented by Count Five is not a matter of dispute. Although Public

Safety § 5-101(c) defines a “crime of violence” as one of eighteen enumerated offenses,

none of those predicate offenses is possession of a controlled dangerous substance with

intent to distribute, which is the offense appellant was convicted of on May 9, 2008, in

Case No. 1073122013. Count Five mistakenly identifies the predicate conviction for this

charge under PS § 5-133(c), by mislabeling “Possession with Intent to Distribute” as a

“crime of violence.”

                                              5
       Appellant contends that because the predicate offense identified in Count Five was

not a crime of violence as alleged in the indictment, “the trial court was deprived of

jurisdiction to render a verdict or impose a sentence” on that count. In support, appellant

cites precedent establishing that “where no cognizable crime is charged, the court lacks

fundamental subject matter jurisdiction to render a judgment of conviction, i.e., it is

powerless in such circumstances to inquire into the facts, to apply the law, and to declare

the punishment for an offense.” Williams v. State, 302 Md. 787, 792 (1985) (citing Pulley

v. State, 287 Md. 406, 415-16 (1980); Urciolo v. State, 272 Md. 607, 616 (1974)). See also

Md. Rule 4-252(d) (“A motion asserting failure of the charging document to show

jurisdiction in the court or to charge an offense may be raised and determined at any time.”).

Alternatively, appellant argues that “an additional basis for vacating [his] conviction and

sentence for possession of a regulated firearm” is Md. Rule 4-345(a), providing that “[t]he

court may correct an illegal sentence at any time.” See, e.g., Johnson v. State, 427 Md.

356, 362 (2012) (vacating conviction and sentence on ground that “sentence for assault

with intent to murder was illegal because that crime was not contained in the indictment

returned by the Grand Jury”).

       The State, acknowledging the “drafting error” in the indictment, points out that

appellant failed to complain about the mistake when it “could have been corrected by a

simple amendment to the indictment at any time prior to entry of the verdict.” Moreover,

the State continues, “this drafting error had absolutely no bearing on [appellant’s] due

process right to a fair trial or on the court’s jurisdiction to impose the conviction and

                                              6
sentence.” Nor was appellant “prejudiced by this drafting error” because the defense

“stipulated that he had a prior disqualifying conviction, under Section 5-133(c),” and “the

jury was made aware of [his] prior criminal activity through recordings of two jail house

calls” during which the jury learned that appellant “had a prior assault conviction, which

would have qualified as a ‘crime of violence’ under [PS] § 5-101(c)(2) or (3).” For this

reason, the State maintains that appellant “was properly convicted of violating . . . Public

Safety, § 5-133(c), and the sentence imposed was legal.”

                    A.     Legal Standards Governing Indictments

       Under Article 21 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, “in all criminal

prosecutions, every man hath a right to be informed of the accusation against him; to have

a copy of the Indictment, or charge, in due time (if required) to prepare for his defence[.]”

The purpose of this guarantee is

       “(i) to put the accused on notice of what he is called upon to defend by
       characterizing and describing the crime and conduct; (ii) to protect the
       accused from a future prosecution for the same offense; (iii) to enable the
       defendant to prepare for his trial; (iv) to provide a basis for the court to
       consider the legal sufficiency of the charging document; and (v) to inform
       the court of the specific crime charged so that, if required, sentence may be
       pronounced in accordance with the right of the case. . . . [I]n order to place
       an accused on adequate notice, two different types of information ought to
       be provided by the charging document. . . .

              First, it is essential that [the charging document] characterize the
       crime, and second, it should furnish the defendant such a description of the
       particular act alleged to have been committed as to inform him of the specific
       conduct with which he is charged. . . . As to the former of these dual
       requisites, where a statutory offense is alleged, it has generally been held in
       Maryland that, at least where the terms of the statute include the elements of
       the criminal conduct, the crime may be sufficiently characterized in the
       words of the statute.”
                                              7
Counts v. State, 444 Md. 52, 57-58 (2015) (quoting Ayre v. State, 291 Md. 155, 163-64

(1981)).

       “‘[I]t is elementary that a defendant may not be found guilty of a crime of which he

was not charged in the indictment.’” Johnson v. State, 427 Md. 356, 375 (2012) (quoting

Turner v. State, 242 Md. 408, 414 (1966)). Convicting a defendant of a crime that was not

charged “‘would be a sheer denial of due process.’” Stickney v. State, 124 Md. App. 642,

646 (1999) (quoting De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353, 362, 57 S. Ct. 255 (1937)); accord

Johnson, 427 Md. at 376 (citing Dunn v. United States, 442 U.S. 100, 107, 99 S. Ct. 2190

(1979); Turner v. New York, 386 U.S. 773, 775, 87 S. Ct. 1417 (1967); Landaker v. State,

327 Md. 138, 140 (1992)).

       Implementing these protections, the Maryland Rules provide that “[a]n offense shall

be tried only on a charging document.” Md. Rule 4-201(a). A charging document must

“contain a concise and definite statement of the essential facts of the offense with which

the defendant is charged.” In addition, “[t]he statute or other authority for each count shall

be cited at the end of the count, but error in or omission of the citation of authority is not

grounds for dismissal of the charging document or for reversal of a conviction.” Md. Rule

4-202(a).

       A court may amend an indictment “at any time before verdict . . . except that if the

amendment changes the character of the offense charged, the consent of the parties is

required.” Md. Rule 4-204. This rule “gives effect to Article 21” rights, by precluding

unilateral changes to the substance of charged offenses. See Counts, 444 Md. at 57. Cf.

                                              8
Beckwith v. State, 320 Md. 410, 414-15 (1990) (a reasonable defendant would conclude

that he was charged under a particular subsection to the exclusion of another subsection

when the indictment charged the defendant “in a way which clearly appeared to exclude”

one of those charges).

       When determining “the character of the offense,” courts look at “what is stated in

the body of an indictment, not the statutory reference or caption.” Thompson v. State, 371

Md. 473, 489 (2002) (citing Busch v. State, 289 Md. 669, 678 (1981)). The statutory

reference in a charging document “‘exists as a matter of convenience to the parties and the

court, and thus possesses no substance of its own.’” Id. (quoting Ayre, 291 Md. at 168 n.9).

       As the Court of Appeals has recognized, substituting different criminal acts in an

indictment constitutes a “change in the character of the charged offense” even if both acts

are prohibited by the same statute. “When the State delineate[s] the particular section of

the statute, . . . it charge[s] only the conduct and circumstances proscribed by that section,

and, absent appellant’s consent, [is] barred from later amending the indictment to charge

different circumstances.” Tapscott v. State, 106 Md. App. 109, 135 (1995). “[W]here a

specific criminal act has been charged, another may not be substituted for it on the theory

that it is simply a matter of ‘form.’” Thanos v. State, 282 Md. 709, 716 (1978) (amendment

substituting allegation that defendant “remove[d]” a price tag, for allegation that defendant

“alter[ed]” a price tag, erroneously changed the character of the offense, even though

defendant was charged with violating the same section of the code). Cf. Johnson v. State,

358 Md. 384, 392 (2000) (“An amendment, changing the identity of the controlled

                                              9
dangerous substance, changes an element of the offense charged, and charges the defendant

with a different offense. Such an amendment, without the defendant’s consent, is not

permitted.”); Clark v. State, 218 Md. App. 230, 255 (2014) (offenses of wearing, carrying,

or transporting a handgun differed depending on allegation that it occurred “on or about

the person” or “in a vehicle traveling on a roadway”).

                              B.     Appellant’s Challenge

       Appellant contends that Count Five is fatally flawed because it charges the wrong

predicate offense for his conviction for possessing a firearm after a disqualifying

conviction. To be sure, the offenses codified in PS § 5-133(c)(i) and PS § 5-133(c)(ii)

“contain distinct elements that are not included in the other,” because the two subsections

require proof of different predicate offenses as the disqualifying prior conviction. Both

subsections are implicated because the indictment mislabels “Possession with Intent to

Distribute” as a “crime of violence,” while correctly identifying that offense both by name

and provenance (i.e., a judgment on “05/09/2008” in “Case No.: 107312013”). Although

the caption in Count Five does not specify by number which subsection of § 5-133(c) is

charged, the body of the indictment misidentifies the predicate conviction of “Possession

with Intent to Distribute” as a “crime of violence.” Consequently, we must treat the

original indictment as charging a violation of PS § 5-133(c)(i). See Thompson, 371 Md. at

489.

       In turn, because appellant’s indictment charged a violation of subsection 5-

133(c)(i), an amendment with appellant’s consent was necessary to change the character

                                            10
of that predicate offense to a violation of subsection 5-133(c)(ii). Cf. Counts, 444 Md. at

65-66 (court erred in unilaterally substituting felony theft for misdemeanor theft); Busch,

289 Md. at 679 (court erred in substituting charge of resisting arrest for charge of resisting,

obstructing, or hindering an officer in performance of his duties). We conclude that

appellant agreed to change the character of the predicate offense when he stipulated that

he had been “convicted of a crime for which he is prohibited from possessing a regulated

firearm under the Public Safety Article 5-133(c).”

       Thereafter, the trial court instructed the jury that “[t]he State and Defendant agree

and stipulate that the Defendant was previously convicted of a crime that disqualifies him

from possessing a regulated firearm.” In closing, the prosecutor reminded the jury that

“[w]hether or not he is a prohibited person is no longer in question” because “[t]here is a

stipulation that he is not allowed to possess [a regulated firearm].”

       By admitting that his prior conviction made it illegal for him to possess a firearm

under PS § 5-133(c), appellant agreed that Count Five of the indictment properly charged

a violation of § 5-133(c), based on an admitted predicate conviction. In doing so, appellant

necessarily agreed to change the character of the charged offense. For that reason,

appellant is not entitled to reversal of his firearm conviction based on the initial

prosecutorial drafting error corrected by his stipulation.

                                     II.    Restitution

       Appellant next challenges the order requiring him to pay $2,400 in restitution to Ms.

Coleman-Cannon, to reimburse her for the deposit and first month’s rent she paid on the

                                              11
residential lease for 1738 East 30th Street, before her family fled without spending a single

night in the house. In appellant’s view, “even if there is some causal link between the

threat of arson and the breaking of the lease,” her loss merely had a “reasonable

connection,” but was not the “direct result” of those crimes that is required under CP § 11-

603(a), because Ms. Coleman-Cannon’s “decision to break the lease” was the intervening

cause for her loss.

       We disagree. While this appeal was pending, the Court of Appeals held that out-of-

pocket expenses incurred when residences became insecure as a result of a robbery satisfied

the “direct result” standard for restitution under CP § 11-603(a), in In re G.R., __ Md. __,

No. 32, Sept. Term 2018, 2019 WL 1434571, at *3 (filed Apr. 1, 2019). Applying lessons

from that decision, we hold that the sentencing court did not err or abuse its discretion in

ordering restitution for the forfeited security deposit and rent, because that loss was a direct

result of appellant’s armed threats of arson against that residence and its occupants.

                      A.     Legal Standards Governing Restitution

       An illegal restitution order may be challenged at any time, as an illegal sentence.

See Goff v. State, 387 Md. 327, 340 (2005). “We review a trial court’s restitution order

ordinarily for abuse of discretion.” Ingram v. State, 461 Md. 650, 659 (2018). See In re

G.R., 2019 WL 1434571, at *3. If “determining the propriety of a restitution order”

involves a matter of “statutory interpretation, however, the review is conducted without

deference to the trial court’s action.” Ingram, 461 Md. at 659.



                                              12
       An order to pay restitution “as part of a sentence” under CP § 11-603(a) is “a

criminal sanction, not a civil remedy.” State v. Stachowski, 440 Md. 504, 512 (2014)

(citation omitted). Although restitution may have “a therapeutic and rehabilitative function

with respect to the defendant, its predominant and traditional purpose is to reimburse the

victim for certain kinds of expenses that he or she incurred as a direct result of the

defendant’s criminal activity.” Chaney v. State, 397 Md. 460, 470 (2007). “It is not a

judicially imposed gift to the victim, but reimbursement that the defendant, personally,

must pay.” Id.

       This public policy is implemented in Subtitle 6, of Title 11 of the Criminal

Procedure Article. Pertinent to this appeal, CP § 11-603 provides:

                                   Grounds for restitution

       (a) A court may enter a judgment of restitution that orders a defendant . . . to
       make restitution in addition to any other penalty for the commission of a
       crime . . . , if . . .

              (2) as a direct result of the crime . . . , the victim suffered . . .

              (ii) direct out-of-pocket loss . . . .

                      Victim presumed to have right to restitution

       (b) A victim is presumed to have a right to restitution under subsection (a) of
       this section if:

              (1) the victim or the State requests restitution; and

              (2) the court is presented with competent evidence of any item listed
              in subsection (a) of this section.

       “Determining whether an injury is a “‘direct result’ of the criminal conduct is central

traditionally to mapping the outer limits of a trial court’s discretion in ordering restitution
                                             13
in most cases.” Stachowski, 440 Md. at 513. As the Court of Appeals has explained, “[o]ur

cases are clear that restitution may be compelled only where the injury results from the

actions that made the defendant’s conduct criminal.” Id. at 513. The Court of Appeals has

rejected “proximate causation, mere nexus, or single charging document” theories for

restitution, instead requiring “a direct result between the qualifying crime committed and

the damages inflicted before restitution may be ordered.” Pete v. State, 384 Md. 47, 60-61

(2004).

       In Pete, the Court vacated a restitution order covering collision damages that the

defendant caused to a police vehicle while he was fleeing apprehension following an

assault he committed two hours earlier. See id. at 51, 57. The Court held that “restitution

to the [Local Government Insurance Trust] as part of a sentence for the second degree

assault conviction was inappropriate under § 11-603 because the damage to Patrolman

Cheesman’s cruiser did not arise as a ‘direct result’ of the second degree assault on Ms.

Raickle.” Id. at 57. The Court rejected the victims’ direct result argument, reasoning that

       the collision with, and resultant damage, to Patrolman Cheesman’s cruiser
       are a direct result of Pete’s reckless driving, not his assault on Ms. Raickle.
       The damage to the cruiser is a direct result of Pete stopping abruptly, from a
       relatively high rate of speed, in the path of the cruiser. Reckless driving, by
       definition, is driving with a “wanton or willful disregard for the safety of
       persons or property.” § 21-901.1 of the Transportation Article. In this case,
       Pete’s wanton or willful disregard was for the safety of Patrolman Cheesman,
       his police cruiser, and possibly any other person, vehicle, or property on the
       same roadway or placed at risk by Pete’s driving. It is easy to see on this
       record that the damage to the police cruiser could not be a direct result of the
       assault on another individual that occurred approximately two hours earlier
       than the vehicle collision.

Id. at 61.
                                             14
       While this appeal was pending before us, the Court of Appeals decided In re G.R.,

No. 32, Sept. Term, 2018, 2019 WL 1434571, at *3 (filed Apr. 1, 2019), affirming a

restitution award covering the cost of rekeying residential locks after a robbery. Invoking

Supreme Court precedent recognizing that “the overriding respect for the sanctity of the

home that has been in our traditions since the origin of the Republic[,]” the Court held that

“pursuant to the ‘direct result’ requirement of § 11-603(a), . . . an award of restitution is

proper for rekeying household locks where the corresponding keys were stolen during an

armed robbery.” Id. at *1 (citing Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 601, 100 S. Ct. 1371

(1980); Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 610, 119 S. Ct. 1692 (1999). After distinguishing

Pete and other cases applying the “direct result” requirement under CP § 11-603(a), the

Court determined that the theft of the keys

       directly resulted in a substantial decrease of value of those locks because it
       brought into question the underlying security of the homes those keys
       belonged to. Based on the record before us, the decision to rekey the locks
       was not an intervening act. Instead, it was a necessary action taken to
       restore and maintain the sanctity and security of the homes to which the
       keys belonged.

Id. at *9 (emphasis added).

                               B.      Appellant’s Challenge

       Appellant, relying on Pete, argues that

       the direct-result standard set forth by the legislature forbids restitution for the
       deposit and first month’s rent paid by Coleman-Cannon. The threat of arson
       crime [sic] for which Appellant was convicted may have directly caused
       Coleman-Cannon to experience fear but it directly caused nothing else. What
       Coleman-Cannon sought was restitution for losses that she chose to assume.
       Her fear did not necessitate her response . . . . Another person in Coleman-
       Cannon’s situation might have chosen to stay. Thus, to award restitution in
                                               15
       this case is to introduce a subjective dimension to the “direct result” standard.
       As a result, all things being equal, punishment for the same crime – threat of
       arson – includes significant restitution for one defendant, and no restitution
       for the other. Allowance for such wide variance is inconsistent with the
       narrow scope given to the “direct result” test.

       We conclude that appellant’s argument rests on an “intervening cause” theory that

the Court of Appeals unanimously rejected in In re G.R. After examining that decision,

we will apply its holding and reasoning to appellant’s challenge.

                                      1.     In re G.R.

       G.R. was involved in conduct that, if committed by an adult, would constitute the

crime of robbery, after evidence established that he stole, at knifepoint, valuables that

included keys to three residences. See id. at *1-2. The juvenile court ordered restitution

that included reimbursement of $65 for the cost of rekeying locks to those residences. See

id. at *2. This Court vacated that portion of the restitution order, holding that the out-of-

pocket expense was not a direct result of the robbery. See id.

       The Court of Appeals, agreeing that “[t]his case turns on the meaning and scope of

the term ‘direct result’ in CP § 11-603(a)[,]” and that “this term is not defined in the

definitions section of CP § 11-601[,]” granted certiorari to address the State’s argument

       that rekeying the locks was a direct result of G.R.’s delinquent act because
       when the keys were stolen, the sanctity of the home which those locks
       protected had been jeopardized. As a result, the locks had been damaged or
       their value “substantially decreased” to an extent cognizable under CP § 11-
       603(a)(1). The State describes the choice to rekey the locks as a “reasonable
       and prudent” or “reasonable and proportional” response to the theft of the
       keys. In contrast, counsel for G.R. argues that the rekeying of the locks was
       an intervening act too far removed from the robbery to constitute a direct
       result. Maryland Crime Victims Resource Center, Inc., pursuant to Maryland
       Rule 8-511(a)(1), filed an amicus curiae brief that argues similar to the State
                                            16
       that the security of the homes the locks belonged to had been diminished
       when the keys were stolen; thereby, the costs incurred rekeying the locks was
       a direct result of the robbery.

Id. at *3.

       The G.R. Court reaffirmed its prior decisions that any “references to reasonableness,

within the context of the direct result requirement of CP § 11-603(a), are misguided as

attempting to posit a tort causation standard within the context of direct result analysis.”

Id. at *8. Nevertheless, the Court agreed with the State that for purposes of CP § 11-603(a),

the residential safety measures undertaken by the victim were the “direct result” of the

robbery. See id. at *9.

       Writing for a unanimous Court, Judge Getty examined Pete and other cases

addressing whether certain losses were the “direct result” of the offenses in question:

             In prior cases, this Court has considered the direct result language of
       CP § 11-603(a). In re Cody H., 452 Md. 169; Williams, 385 Md. 50; Goff,
       387 Md. 327; Pete v. State, 384 Md. 47 (2004). In Pete, we were asked to
       determine whether restitution was improperly awarded as a direct result of
       an underlying assault. Id. at 56-57. . . .

               On appeal, this Court concluded that the restitution order constituted
       an illegal sentence because the damages to the police cruiser were not a direct
       result of the assault. Id. at 61. The Court found the temporal relationship
       between the assault and the damage to the police cruiser dispositive . . .
       Therefore, we concluded that damage to the police cruiser was a direct result
       of Mr. Pete’s reckless driving, which precluded a determination that the
       damage was a direct result of the earlier assault. See id.

              Subsequently, we considered the direct result requirement within the
       context of a theft. Williams, 385 Md. at 51. In Williams, a defendant stole
       multiple motorcycles from a victim’s garage. 385 Md. at 51-52. After
       apprehending the defendant, police held three of the motorcycles at an
       impoundment lot in Baltimore City. Id. at 52. However, the victim was
       unable to recover the three motorcycles because he had never properly
                                             17
acquired title to the vehicles. Id. at 53. The Circuit Court for Baltimore
County awarded the victim restitution in the amount of $ 1,500. Id. at 54.
On appeal, we vacated the circuit court’s restitution order on the basis that
the victim’s failure to recover the motorcycles from the impoundment lot was
not a direct result of the theft and . . . . that the victim’s failure to properly
title the motorcycles directly caused his inability to regain possession of
them. Id. at 62-63.

        In Goff, we held that damage to a victim’s shower insert was a direct
result of an assault and the circuit court did not err in ordering restitution to
the victim for costs associated with replacing it. 387 Md. at 350. In that
case, Mr. Goff forced entry into the victim’s apartment, assaulted the victim
in the bathroom, and damaged the shower insert. Id. at 332-33. In relation
to these events, Mr. Goff was found guilty of second-degree assault and
trespass. Id. at 331. Thereafter, the victim had the shower replaced rather
than repaired. See id. at 333-34. The circuit court found restitution warranted
and ordered Mr. Goff to pay restitution in the amount of $2,156.00 for the
replacement of the damaged shower insert. Id. at 336.

        Before this Court, Mr. Goff argued that the circuit court’s order of
restitution was in error because: “(1) the damage to the shower is not the
direct result of the crime; (2) the shower is not the property of the victim; and
(3) ordering replacement instead of repair is not fair and reasonable.” Id. at
339. The Goff Court focused its analysis on the “natural and ordinary
meaning” of the term “direct result” . . . . Id. at 344. The Court turned to the
dictionary definition of “direct” establishing it as meaning “stemming
immediately from a source, [as in direct] result . . . proceeding from one point
to another in time or space without deviation or interruption . . . marked by
absence of an intervening agency, instrumentality, or influence[.]” Id. at 344
n.9. In substantial reliance on Pete, 384 Md. 47, we determined that the
shower lining was damaged as a direct result of the underlying assault. See
Goff, 387 Md. at 343-44. In a footnote, we distinguished Goff from Pete
based on the lack of time elapsing between the assault and the damage to the
shower and the lack of an “intervening agent or occurrence [that] caused the
damage.” Goff, 387 Md. at 344 n.10.

        More recently, we considered the direct result terminology in terms of
a restitution order for loss of earnings. In re Cody H., 452 Md. at 184. We
reiterated our conclusion in Goff by stating our interpretation of CP § 11-
603(a) as “something is a ‘direct result’ where there is no intervening agent
or occurrence separating the criminal act and the victim’s loss.” Id. at 195.
Additionally, we noted that restitution cannot be ordered based upon
                                       18
       expenses that are speculative or not “reasonably certain to be incurred.” In
       re Cody H., 452 Md. at 186.

Id. at *3-5 (footnotes and some citations omitted).

       Turning to the restitution order at hand, the Court of Appeals rejected the arguments

advanced by G.R. and adopted by this Court that the robbery victim’s “decision to rekey

the locks was an intervening occurrence that directly resulted in any diminishment in value

of the locks or out-of-pocket costs associated with rekeying, instead of a result from the

underlying robbery.” Id. at *5. To the contrary, the Court concluded that

       G.R.’s contentions overlook a subtle yet important nuance. Restitution may
       be ordered where the value of a victim’s property is substantially decreased
       as a direct result of a crime or delinquent act. CP § 11-603(a)(1). Despite
       this, G.R. attempts to frame the substantial decrease or damage to the locks
       as occurring when the locks were rekeyed. However, as the State and
       Amicus point out, the value of the locks was substantially decreased when
       the keys were removed from the possession of J.S. during the course of the
       underlying robbery. For several reasons, we find G.R.’s contentions
       unpersuasive.

              Household locks and the corresponding keys represent a greater
       ideal that can often be forgotten in the context of the everyday objects
       we encounter in our daily routines. Primarily, they represent the safety
       and sanctity of the home by protecting individuals from unwanted
       intrusions upon their personal privacy and safeguard against property
       crimes. Essentially, household locks and keys ensure the sanctity and
       security of the home. When such keys are taken by assailants through
       an armed robbery, such personal security is drawn into question. A
       victim can only be left to wonder whether future intrusions on the
       sanctity of the home may occur as a result of the stolen keys.

Id. (emphasis added).




                                            19
      The Court was not persuaded by G.R.’s comparison of the stolen keys to the stolen

motorcycles in Williams and the collision damage in Pete, explaining why the cost of

rekeying was more comparable to the cost of repairing the shower in Goff:

              The factual scenario set forth in Williams is immediately
      distinguishable from the decision to rekey the locks in the instant case. In
      Williams, the victim could have negated any damages incurred through the
      loss of the motorcycles by sufficiently proving ownership of the vehicles
      because he would have been able to regain them. [Williams,] 385 Md. 50,
      62 (“If Jones can muster some means of proving ownership and satisfy the
      Baltimore City authorities, he presumably will be able yet to recover the
      undamaged vehicles.”) Based on the facts before us, the substantial decrease
      in the value of the locks could only be remedied by return of the keys without
      them being copied, or by rekeying the locks. Here, there is neither an
      indication that the victim was culpable to any degree nor that the cost
      associated could have been avoided independently of the underlying theft.
      Therefore, the facts of this case distinguish it from Williams.

              The direct result analysis of the current appeal leads us to a different
      conclusion when compared to Williams or Pete. In the instant case, the
      decision to rekey the locks cannot be described as an intervening occurrence
      to the extent that it would negate a direct causal relationship between G.R.’s
      armed robbery of J.S. in which the house keys were stolen. This case is more
      analogous to Goff. In Goff, the damage to the shower was directly and
      contemporaneously caused by Mr. Goff's assault on the victim. Goff, 387
      Md. at 331-32. Mr. Goff’s decision to replace the shower insert was not
      deemed an intervening occurrence and therefore did not preclude an award
      of restitution. Id. at 344.

             In the instant case, although the locks were not directly damaged
      by the underlying robbery and theft of the corresponding keys, their
      value as protectors of household security and sanctity was substantially
      decreased. Despite the lapse of time between the robbery and the
      decision to rekey the locks, rekeying the locks was remedial in a similar
      fashion to replacing the damaged shower insert in Goff. The rekeying
      was necessary to repair the substantial decrease in the value of the locks
      – the compromised security of the homes those locks protected.
      Accordingly, the decision to rekey the locks was not an intervening event as
      their substantial decrease in value can be directly attributed to G.R.’s
      delinquent act of robbery.
                                            20
              To hold otherwise and require “immediate damage” to sustain an
       order of restitution would largely contravene cases in which we have held
       that restitution may be ordered for lost wages. . . . [T]he Court of Special
       Appeals’ immediacy requirement largely stands in opposition to our
       precedent concerning orders of restitution based on future lost wages and
       may, in certain circumstances, call into question orders of restitution based
       on lost wages generally.

Id. at *6-7 (emphasis added).

       Next, the Court addressed contentions that the harm to the victim’s household

security could be remedied without rekeying the door locks:

               Although G.R. notes that the keys were recovered and kept in a
       juvenile detention center shortly after G.R.’s arrest, both the victim and the
       State were unaware that the keys had been recovered until the restitution
       hearing before the juvenile court on June 16, 2017, over one month after the
       keys were initially stolen. We cannot say that this should be determinative
       of the outcome. If J.S. was aware that police recovered the keys, before the
       locks had been rekeyed, our conclusion may differ. In that situation,
       although copies of the keys could have been made, there would be a more
       substantial question as to the substantial decrease in value of the locks as a
       direct result of the theft. However, these are not the facts before us. Neither
       J.S. nor the State was aware that the keys had been recovered.

              Accordingly, we determine that G.R.’s robbery of J.S., in which the
       house keys were taken, substantially decreased the value of the
       corresponding locks. This necessitated rekeying the locks to protect the
       security and sanctity of the homes to which those keys belonged.

Id. at *7-8 (emphasis added).

                                2.    The Restitution Order

       In re G.R. teaches that restitution may encompass expenses incurred to remediate

“the security and sanctity” of a victim’s home after it has been compromised as a “direct

result” of the defendant’s criminal conduct. Applying that lesson, we conclude that the

trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in ordering restitution in the amount of $2,400,
                                              21
to reimburse Ms. Coleman-Cannon for payment of a security deposit and first month’s rent

on property that her family abandoned to ensure their personal safety, as a direct result of

appellant’s crimes.

       Appellant’s contention that Ms. Coleman-Cannon made an intervening and

superseding choice not to occupy the house is refuted by overwhelming evidence that

vacating the property under police escort was the immediate and direct result of appellant’s

armed threats of arson and that abandoning the lease was necessary in the aftermath of

those crimes.

       The record shows the following:

   • Appellant, who is “a certified member of the Black [Guerilla] Family,” lived at 1735
     East 30th Street, across the street from the house rented by the Cannons at 1738 East
     30th Street.

   • Before the Cannons began to move in on December 10, 2016, Ms. Coleman-Cannon
     paid her landlord $2,400.00, representing a security deposit equal to one month’s
     rent and the first month’s rent under the lease.

   • Although some of the Cannons’ belongings had been delivered to the new house,
     their violent altercations with appellant occurred before further deliveries were
     made. As Mr. Cannon arrived at the house that evening, his stepson, driving his
     wife’s vehicle, was fired upon. The car windows were shattered, and the vehicle
     was “riddled with bullets.”

   • From a group of men standing at the corner, a man armed with a gun accosted Mr.
     Cannon and asked, “what’s up with you all, yo?” When Mr. Cannon asked the
     group of men in the street why they were shooting and explained he was just trying
     to move into his house, appellant stated, “This is my block, I protect my block, we
     shoot first and ask questions later.”

   • Mr. Cannon called police and was waiting for them in the house when Ms. Coleman-
     Cannon arrived. By that time, people were gathering on the street, coming from the
     house across the street, around the corner, and behind cars, causing the Cannons to

                                            22
   fear for their safety. As the Cannons attempted to enter the house through a rear
   entrance, rather than an entrance that could not be seen by the crowd in the street,
   appellant followed them, raised his shirt, and pulled out a “big” gun.

• According to the Cannons, appellant “said that if any shots were fired off that night
  he was going to blow the house up. He was going to burn the house down. He was
  going to kill the kids in my house. Call the police if they want. They’re not welcome
  on my block.” Appellant “threatened us if we call the cops, we were, would be
  killed and the house would be burned down and he was going to kill the kids and all
  of those things.”

• The Cannon family waited in the house for police to respond to their call, watching
  events unfold in front of the residence. According to Mr. Cannon, “[i]t was like a
  scene from a movie. . . . It was extremely hectic. There were people walking up and
  down the block. People were call[ing] me names, snitches and stuff like that,
  whatever. Um, the police seemed like they were in a tussle with them, with the guys
  across the street. Uh, helicopters showed up. Lights were flashing and we had to
  get escorted off the block [by police officers].”

• Confirming that account, Ms. Coleman-Cannon added that people were screaming
  threats and that it was so hectic even after the first set of police officers arrived, that
  she called 911 a second time because police were outnumbered.

• Responding officers testified that they witnessed “[n]umerous things including . . .
  threats of . . . violence and arson to not only the officers that were on the scene, but
  initially, as well as to the residents that were actually right across the street.”
  Detective Marcus Sanders recounted that when he talked to appellant, “it was a
  reference to that house across the street. Uh, make sure that they’re not there
  tomorrow. Uh, burn it down. Um, things of that nature.”

• Footage from the detective’s body camera was played for the jury. Appellant is
  recorded repeatedly threatening to burn down the Cannons’ house, saying, “I’m
  trying to smoke somebody,” “my bullets have names on them,” and “1738 pack
  your shit up and leave. You all are going to [die].”

• Once police officers escorted them away, the Cannons never returned to the house.
  No one in the Cannon family spent a single night in the house.

• Although appellant was arrested and incarcerated, he remained a potential threat to
  the Cannons. Within hours of his incarceration, he made jail calls to associates in
  order to discuss guns in their possession. Police recovered the weapon that fired a
                                           23
       casing found in the street after the Cannons’ vehicle was shot, on the roof of an
       apartment building occupied by an associate mentioned by appellant. On October
       2, 2017, appellant tried to escape from the detention center, succeeding in
       “break[ing] though the concrete wall and see[ing] daylight though his cell” from “a
       hole in the side of the building.” Just before trial started, Ms. Cannon-Coleman’s
       son begged her not to testify, citing “a music video . . . that had surfaced that
       specifically referenced this incident . . . and that threats were made in the video.”

   • At sentencing, Ms. Coleman-Cannon described the “terror” resulting from
     appellant’s threats and actions. In addition, her “seven-year-old daughter had
     nightmares and is afraid of large crowds and smoke.” “[A]t the first sign of smoke
     she thinks [appellant has] found [them] and set [their] home on fire.” As a result of
     the incident, the family “lost [their] savings[,]” their car, their home, their credit
     status, and their “peace of mind.”

   • Ms. Coleman-Cannon testified that the detective called and told them “that it wasn’t
     safe for us to go back to that . . . property or to our other apartment . . . that we were
     vacating.” Ms. Coleman-Cannon made efforts to recover some or all of the $2,400
     from the landlord but was not successful.

       This evidence amply supports the sentencing court’s determination that the

Cannons’ abandonment of their leasehold was a “direct result” of appellant’s armed threats

to burn that house. See Crim. Proc. § 11-603(a). Like the cost of rekeying locks in In re

G.R., this out-of-pocket loss was caused by appellant’s crimes. As in G.R., Ms. Coleman-

Cannon’s $2,400 payment was for a residence – in this instance, a payment of first month’s

rent and a security deposit for property that the Cannon family fled under police escort.

Police further instructed them not to return to the block.

       The record supports the sentencing court’s determination that remedial measures

short of abandoning the property were not feasible. Given the immediate and continuing

diminishment in the value of the property as a family residence, resulting from appellant’s

threats to burn it down, the breach in the security and the sanctity of that residence

                                             24
necessitated leaving the residence for the protection of the family’s personal safety.

Because the loss of the security deposit and first month’s rent was a direct result of

appellant’s crimes, the trial court did not err in sentencing appellant to pay restitution.


                                            JUDGMENTS OF CONVICTION AND
                                            SENTENCES, INCLUDING ORDER OF
                                            RESTITUTION, AFFIRMED. COSTS TO
                                            BE PAID BY APPELLANT.




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