AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed July 28, 2017.




                                                 In The
                                  Court of Appeals
                           Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                         No. 05-16-00970-CR

                            CLEOFAS ALEJANDRO RUIZ, Appellant
                                           V.
                               THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                         On Appeal from the 296th Judicial District Court
                                      Collin County, Texas
                             Trial Court Cause No. 296-80461-2016

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION
                              Before Justices Lang, Myers, and Stoddart
                                      Opinion by Justice Myers
          Appellant Cleofas Alejandro Ruiz was convicted following a trial before the court of

continuous sexual abuse of a child under the age of fourteen, and punishment was assessed at

twenty-seven years’ imprisonment. In two issues, appellant argues the trial court erred by

admitting a written confession and that the evidence is insufficient to support the conviction. We

affirm.

                                             BACKGROUND

          The complainant in this case, B.O., fifteen years old at the time of trial, testified that she

was about four or five when appellant, her stepfather, moved into the home she shared with her

mother, Sara, and her younger sister. For the first few years, Sara, appellant, and their newborn

daughter shared one of the three bedrooms in the home, appellant’s son and nephew shared

another room, and B.O. and her younger sister shared the third room. B.O. was not sure where
appellant’s teenaged daughter Rebeca slept when she stayed with them, but B.O. thought it was

probably the boys’ room. Although B.O. and her younger sister had bunk beds, they often slept

together in the bottom bed because neither one liked sleeping on the top bed. When they shared

a bed, B.O. would sleep on the outside; her sister slept next to the wall. Her sister was a sound

sleeper and difficult to wake up.

       Beginning when B.O. was six or seven, appellant started doing things to her that made

her feel uncomfortable. The first instance of sexual abuse B.O. could recall occurred in her room

when her sister was sleeping next to her. She remembered “[g]etting touched and stuff while I

was trying to sleep,” and that appellant’s hands and mouth touched her vagina and face. She

would not usually hear him come into the room, but would wake up while things were

happening. B.O. testified that there were times when appellant would take off her clothes; at

other times he would pull up her nightgown or shirt. If she was covered by a blanket, appellant

removed it. He would spread her legs and touch her vagina. He would also rub her vagina with

his hand. Appellant used the tips of his fingers to part and touch the inside of the “lips” of the

vagina, but B.O. did not recall anything ever going in her vagina. Rubbing was primarily what

appellant would do to her. The sexual abuse happened both over and under her clothes, and

there were times when her eyes were open and times when they were closed. If she rolled over

or moved her arms, appellant would stop.

       The sexual abuse occurred between three to five nights a week, and went on for more

than two years. B.O. did not remember exactly how long the sexual abuse went on, but she knew

it happened before she turned fourteen years old. She recalled one occasion when appellant was

in the room, she opened her eyes, and his mouth was down by her vagina. B.O. testified that she

could feel his mouth touching her vagina, and that he was using his tongue. When she moved

appellant stopped. Another time, B.O. heard appellant’s pants unzip and felt his penis touching

                                               –2–
her mouth.

         When she and appellant were at home and her mother was at work, there were times

when appellant would dress B.O. in one of his T-shirts, her mother’s high heels, and her

stockings or socks, and have her walk over to the door and bend over. Sometimes she was not

wearing underwear when she did this. Appellant would have her lie on the bed, put a pillow over

her face, and spread her legs. She testified that appellant was holding a cellphone as he did this,

and would tell her he wanted to show her mother how good she looked in her clothes. One time

when appellant and B.O. were lying on her parents’ bed watching a movie, appellant grabbed her

hand and had her rub his penis over his clothes. B.O. testified that she could feel appellant’s

penis and that it felt “[h]ard.” Asked how long appellant kept her hand there, B.O. said, “Not

long.”

         B.O.’s biological father first learned about the sexual abuse in December of 2015, when

he was driving her home from counseling.         That day, B.O.’s boyfriend had written a text

message to her saying he did not like appellant, which B.O. read aloud. Her father asked why

her boyfriend did not like appellant, and B.O. said it was because appellant touched her when she

was younger. Her father talked to B.O.’s counselor, Vilma Cea, a licensed marriage and family

therapist. B.O. told Cea about what had happened using, as B.O. explained, “just general

statements,” and not providing any details. Cea then called Child Protective Services.

         Rachel McConnell of the Collin County Children’s Advocacy Center conducted B.O.’s

forensic interview, which was recorded on December 21, 2015, and published to the trial court.

McConnell testified that B.O. talked about appellant touching and rubbing the top part her vagina

with his hand on a regular basis. B.O. described an incident where she woke up and appellant’s

penis was on her lips. B.O. talked about how she usually kept her eyes closed because she was

scared but she would sometimes open them slightly, and she had seen appellant two or three

                                               –3–
times. B.O. also described various instances of sexual abuse that occurred before she was

fourteen years old. She talked about having to touch appellant’s penis with her hand while they

were watching television on her parents’ bed. She described having to dress up in a T-shirt and

high heels and bending over. Appellant would also hold a cell phone, cover her face with a

pillow, and tell her he wanted to show her mother what she looked like. McConnell testified that

B.O.’s “story always remained the same” and “[s]he never changed her story while we were in

there,” yet “[a] lot of her memories were all tied together.” She was not able “to break down a

lot of instances and give . . . a beginning to end” or walk the interviewer through “a whole time

line,” but she could “talk about different offenses or different types of sexual abuse.” B.O. was

likewise able to describe things that happened to her body that she remembered, heard, and saw.

McConnell explained this was not unusual because sexually abused children often have a

difficult time separating recurring events, and they only “remember specific events because

something different happened or something about that event was flagged in [their] head.”

       The forensic interviewer was also asked whether it concerned her that B.O. never said

anything to her about appellant placing his mouth on B.O.’s sexual organ, which she described in

her testimony. McConnell said this did not concern her, explaining:

       Kids remember things differently. It all goes back to that disclosure process. You
       know, as she’s going through and talking about what happened with me, it could
       trigger other memories after she leaves the interview and starts processing just the
       entire situation. Other things could come up as time goes on. She might feel
       more comfortable talking to someone else. Or she might just feel more
       comfortable talking about it in general. And she might be in a different stage of
       disclosure.

       Sergeant Russell Driver, a criminal investigator with the Collin County Sheriff’s Office,

arrested appellant and transported him to an interview room in the Collin County Sheriff’s

Department, providing him with a copy of the statutory warnings on a pre-printed form. Upon

being taken into custody, appellant agreed to talk to Driver. Once they were in the interview


                                               –4–
room, Sergeant Driver administered the Miranda warnings to appellant, and appellant indicated

he understood his rights and participated in the approximately two-and-one-half hour interview

that followed. During the interview, which was video recorded and admitted at trial, appellant

explained that he met B.O.’s mother, Sara, in approximately 2005, when B.O. was about five

years old.   Appellant shared a home in Collin County with Sara and his children and

stepchildren, which included his stepdaughter B.O. and her younger sister. Appellant and Sara

remained together for about ten years. At the time of appellant’s interview on December 22,

2015, they had been separated for approximately three months.

       Sergeant Driver testified that, during the interview, appellant said he would go into the

girls’ bedroom almost every night to check on them, and he would pull down and straighten out

B.O.’s legs before pulling up the blanket. While straightening out the blanket and pulling down

or straightening B.O.’s legs, appellant started looking at her female sexual organ and, at some

point, he accidentally touched the “top part” of her “vagina area.” According to appellant, this

occurred about five times over a period of several years. Appellant said he touched B.O. for only

a second, but he denied touching her skin directly. He also denied that touching her excited him.

Driver testified that appellant said he felt “really dirty” after touching B.O. Appellant also

stated, according to Driver’s testimony, that touching the child once was as bad as touching her a

thousand times, and it was wrong to touch her even for a second.

       Sergeant Driver drew a picture of a vagina and asked appellant to draw a box around the

area where he touched B.O. Appellant drew the box around the upper portion or pubic area of

the vagina and scribbled out the lower end to indicate he never went towards the “hole” area of

the vagina or put his finger inside it. The sergeant testified that he asked appellant if he could

see B.O.’s female sexual organ, and appellant stated he could not, which made no sense to Driver

given what appellant had said. Appellant also told Driver that he never touched the other girls in

                                               –5–
the way that he touched B.O.

       Appellant denied putting his penis on B.O.’s mouth. He admitted giving her T-shirts and,

at other times, high heels to wear, but denied making her pose sexually. Appellant explained that

B.O. could wear her mother’s shoes and that dress shoes and hosiery were more appropriate

attire for church and other formal occasions.

       Driver asked appellant, “Do you think [B.O.’s] lying to us?” Appellant replied, “I mean,

not about this.” He added: “I don’t think she lie. And I don’t think she’s making [it] up. But I

think [she] confused things.” Appellant also stated that B.O. had lied to her biological father and

mother in the past, but had never lied about him.

       Appellant said it was difficult for him to listen to what was being said about him and to

think he had done that.     Toward the end of the interview, the sergeant gave appellant an

opportunity to write an “apology” letter to B.O. Driver explained that the letter should be in

appellant’s words and contain whatever he wanted to say to B.O. Driver then left the room for

approximately fifteen minutes while appellant started writing a letter to B.O., which was

admitted at trial. When Sergeant Driver returned to the room, appellant continued writing for a

few more minutes. Appellant finished writing and handed the letter to Driver, and the sergeant

read the letter aloud to appellant. In the letter, appellant stated, in part, that when B.O. was

younger he tried to do his job as a parent and as a man of the house, and that

       many times you were out of the blankets very cold in a corner and I used to pull
       the blankets out from under you and tried to cover you with it, trying to pull your
       legs and yourself straight on the bed because you were cold and sometimes I
       touch you accidentally, but I did it again, up untill [sic] I think it was enough and
       stop it. . . .

Appellant concluded the letter by asking for her forgiveness and saying he was “REALLY

SORRY” and that he would always love her. After he handed the letter to Sergeant Driver to

read, appellant said he “didn’t try to say something graphic because she’s still young.” Driver


                                                –6–
asked appellant if he used the word “accidentally” in the letter because of B.O.’s age. Driver

noted that appellant had admitted to touching B.O. approximately five times and that it was not

an accident when appellant touched her five times. Appellant said, yes, he used that word

because she was still young, and that he did not mean to hurt B.O. The sergeant told appellant he

did not want the child to look at the letter and think “she was the wrong person in all of this.”

Driver also asked, “But that’s what you meant when you told me that you softened it up; you

didn’t go into graphics?,” to which appellant said “yeah, yeah, yeah.”

       Based on his training and experience, Driver felt that appellant had minimized the sexual

abuse he was willing to admit. Asked why he believed appellant would do this, the sergeant

recalled that when he asked appellant a question, he would divert the question to a different

answer, and that although appellant referred to the abuse as an accident, he also agreed it was not

an accident. In Driver’s opinion, appellant’s description of what occurred indicated he had

penetrated B.O.’s female sexual organ, although neither appellant nor the victim used the word

penetration. Driver noted that he had the information from the victim’s forensic interview. He

also referred to the diagram where appellant drew a box to indicate where he touched B.O., and

that if appellant touched that part of B.O. with his entire hand and fingers “he would have to

touch the line that separated it.” The sergeant also said that if appellant was rubbing B.O. he

would actually have been pushing down on the female sexual organ, which would have broken

“the plane of the top part anyway.”

       Sara, B.O.’s mother, testified that she and appellant had been married eight years and that

they were still married at the time of trial, but she had filed for divorce. Sara testified that B.O.

shared a room with her younger sister, and that they had bunk beds but did not always sleep in

their separate beds. B.O. got her own room when she was approximately nine years old. While

they shared a room, B.O. woke up easily while her sister was hard to wake up. Sara confirmed

                                                –7–
that, at night, she and appellant would get up and check on the children to make sure they were

covered with blankets but that appellant did this more often. She would wake up and find

appellant gone from the bed, and “a handful of times” she went to check on the girls and found

appellant already there, standing by the bunk beds. She never noticed anything suspicious, but

added that he probably heard her coming because the floors creaked. When Sara would ask

appellant what he was doing, he said he was covering up the girls. When she was seven or eight

years old, B.O. told Sara and her biological father, Lee, that appellant would come into her room

and pull up her nightgown. Sara and Lee tried to get more information from her, but the child

“didn’t say anything else to us other than [appellant] pulled her nightgown up.” When asked

about this, appellant “said he was just covering her up,” and Sara and Lee decided B.O. must

have misunderstood what was happening and did not contact the authorities. Sara testified that

she first learned about the sexual abuse at the counselor’s office on December 17, 2015. She

admitted that B.O. had a problem with “telling stories” or exaggerating when she was younger––

from approximately age six until she was around seven or eight years of age––but this stopped

when B.O. was around nine or ten and it was no longer an issue.

       Lee testified that he and Sara were married in 1994 and divorced amicably in 2005. They

had two children together—B.O. and her sister. Lee married another woman in 2011, but they

were divorcing at the time of trial and Lee and Sara had started dating again. Lee testified that

several years earlier, B.O. had said something about some interactions with appellant, but she did

not give any details and Lee thought she just “misunderstood what was happening,” so he took

no action. Then, after Lee and B.O. had left her counselor’s office, she read to him a text

message from her boyfriend that said, “I don’t like [appellant] for what he’s done to you.” When

Lee asked B.O. what this meant, “she said for that stuff whenever he touched me.” Lee asked if

she was talking about “from before,” and B.O. said “yeah.” Lee told B.O. that she would not

                                               –8–
“give us a straight answer . . . back then,” and she said she was scared. B.O. did not provide any

further details at that point.

        Lee reported what he had learned to Sara and then told B.O.’s counselor, who talked to

B.O. Lee admitted that he had said B.O. had a problem with making things up and exaggerating,

but when defense counsel asked if that was one of her more pronounced characteristics, Lee

stated, “No.” Lee testified that B.O. had had a “tough time” when he and Sara separated and

appellant “came into the picture,” but that the child “was just telling stories.” He said the only

thing he remembered her exaggerating was that they once left her alone with a next door

neighbor, “which wasn’t the case.” He added, “But that was it.” Lee testified that B.O. did not

currently have any issues with lying.

        The defense argued that B.O. fabricated the allegations against appellant to aid her

mother in her divorce proceedings against appellant. It also questioned B.O.’s credibility and the

credibility of her story, and challenged whether appellant could have sexually abused B.O. for

such a long period of time when so many people were living in the house. Twenty-three-year-

old Rebeca, appellant’s biological daughter, testified, for example, that she lived in the house

with appellant and Sara for about a year and a half and that she slept in the girls’ bedroom and

never saw appellant molesting B.O. According to Rebeca, B.O. had a bad reputation for being

honest and she was frequently caught telling lies.

        On cross-examination, Rebeca admitted that when she lived with appellant and Sara, she

went to school during the day and worked at night, and that she would get home at around 10:00

or 11:00 p.m. B.O. and her sister usually went to sleep at about 9:00 p.m. Rebeca also testified

that she would fall asleep on the couch and usually got up and went into the girls’ room at

around midnight, where she slept on the top bunk bed. Rebeca agreed there were opportunities

for appellant to have committed the offenses when she was not present. She saw appellant come

                                               –9–
into the room at night, but explained that it was to turn off the lights or the fan and to cover the

girls with blankets. When asked if she knew whether appellant would move the girls’ legs,

Rebeca replied: “I don’t know. I wasn’t at the bottom of the bed.” She also said, “I mean, I

couldn’t see anything because it’s a bunk bed.” She agreed she had no idea what appellant did or

did not do when he was in the room, and that she “would just see him go in and put the covers on

and leave the room.”

       Other defense witnesses similarly testified that B.O. had a poor reputation for honesty.

Appellant’s twenty-five-year-old son, Ricardo, testified that he lived with appellant and Sara

from about 2007 until 2009 and that, during that time, B.O. had a bad reputation for honesty.

Ricardo also noted that B.O. had nearly gotten him into trouble once, but had gotten caught.

B.O.’s stepmother, Donna, who was then married to but divorcing Lee, B.O.’s biological father,

testified that she saw B.O. regularly beginning in 2008 because she would stay one week with

appellant and Sara and one week with her and Lee. In Donna’s opinion, B.O. had a reputation

for not being honest. Donna admitted that she had not spoken to B.O. since July of 2015, and

that she was unfamiliar with B.O.’s reputation for truthfulness at the time she made her outcry.

       The trial court ultimately found appellant guilty of continuous sexual abuse of a child

younger than fourteen years of age, as charged in the indictment, and assessed punishment at

twenty-seven years’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.

                                           DISCUSSION

                             1. Admission of Custodial Statements

       In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting his “written

confession” over the objection of defense counsel. While appellant does not dispute that he was

informed of his rights under Miranda and article 38.22, nor does he contend he did not

understand those rights, he argues that he never actually waived them. Appellant acknowledges

                                               –10–
that an express waiver of rights was not required, but he asserts that “this situation is not as

straightforward as, was there an implied waiver in the absence of an express waiver?” Appellant

argues that his conduct in not initialing the three blank spaces next to the waiver language on the

form and not verbally stating that he was waiving his rights amounted to an “express refusal” to

waive his rights.

       The record shows that after appellant was arrested and transported to an interview room

in the Collin County Sheriff’s Department, he was provided with a copy of the statutory

warnings on a pre-printed form. At the beginning of the interview, Sergeant Driver commented

that appellant spoke English well, and appellant stated that he could read English better than he

could speak it. Appellant then read aloud, “word for word,” all of the rights and warnings on the

form in English. Appellant told the sergeant he understood what he had just read. Driver read

each of the five rights aloud to appellant, and after each one appellant either verbally stated or

agreed that he understood the right, and he signed his initials next to each right. Driver testified

that he made sure he thought appellant understood each warning before moving on to the next

one.

       After reviewing the statutory warnings with appellant, Sergeant Driver summarized them

as follows: “So, understanding all these rights, okay, I’m not gonna promise you anything; I’m

not gonna torture anybody. I just want to talk, ok? Because there’s always two sides to a story.”

Appellant said, “Okay.” The sergeant added, “And so you understand that, right?” Appellant

said, “Yes, sir.” Driver said, “Okay.” He also said, “And I’m not promising you any favors or

nothing,” to which appellant shook his head and said “no” several times. The sergeant asked

appellant to sign his name at the bottom of the form, and appellant signed it.

       Appellant did not initial the three blanks on the form associated with the additional

“waiver” language set out after the five statutory rights, and Driver did not ask appellant to do

                                               –11–
so. Nor did he specifically review them with appellant. Driver suggested in his testimony that

appellant did not need to sign the blank lines next to the waiver language because they were all

located under the fifth Miranda right, which appellant had already initialed. The form appears in

part as follows:




While appellant did not verbally state that he was waiving his rights, he began speaking with the

sergeant freely and without hesitation after signing the form, and this continued for the

approximate two-and-one-half hour length of the interview. At no point did appellant ask to

                                              –12–
speak to an attorney or ask to stop the interview.

        Sergeant Driver testified that he neither promised appellant anything for his statements

nor coerced or threatened him to give any statements. Appellant had no trouble communicating,

appeared to understand, and asked questions if he did not. After speaking with Driver, appellant

voluntarily wrote the letter to B.O., according to Driver’s testimony.

        When the State offered the video recording of the interview, appellant objected under

article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, arguing that “there’s clearly a receipt of

the information and understanding of it. But there is no waiver, which is further compounded by

the fact that those blanks to initial the waiver are left blank . . . .” The State replied that neither a

written nor an oral waiver is specifically required for a valid waiver of Miranda rights, and that

the video recording showed appellant understood his rights and wanted to talk. After watching

the video, which showed Driver administering the statutory warnings to appellant, the trial court

overruled appellant’s objections and admitted the video recording and the signed statutory

warnings.

        We review a trial court’s decision regarding the admissibility of evidence under an abuse

of discretion standard. See, e.g., Cameron v. State, 241 S.W.3d 15, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);

Winegarner v. State, 235 S.W.3d 787, 790 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The trial court’s ruling will

be upheld if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement and correct under any theory of law

applicable to the case.      Ramos v. State, 245 S.W.3d 410, 418 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008);

Winegarner, 235 S.W.3d at 790.

        Article 38.22 governs the admissibility of statements made by a defendant during

custodial interrogation in a criminal proceeding. Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 526 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2007) (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22). Article 38.22 requires that a

defendant be provided with warnings virtually identical to those required by Miranda, but also

                                                 –13–
that the accused has the right to terminate the interview at any time. Id. It further provides that

an oral statement is admissible against a defendant in a criminal proceeding if, among other

things, the defendant “knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily” waived the rights set out in the

warnings. Id.

       The State has the burden of showing a defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

waived his rights under Miranda and article 38.22 by a preponderance of the evidence. Leza v.

State, 351 S.W.3d 344, 349, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). In evaluating whether an individual

waived his rights, courts look at (1) whether the waiver was made voluntarily, which is defined

as being a product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or

deception; and (2) whether the waiver was made with full awareness of both the nature of the

rights being abandoned and the subsequent consequences of that decision. Id. at 349–50, 352.

Such an evaluation involves the totality of the circumstances, which requires the consideration of

all the circumstances surrounding the interrogation, including the defendant’s experience,

background, and conduct. Joseph v. State, 309 S.W.3d 20, 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

       A waiver can be expressly made or implied by the accused’s conduct. Berghuis v.

Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 384 (2010); Joseph, 309 S.W.3d at 24. An implied waiver can be

established upon a showing that the accused (1) was given the proper warnings; (2) understood

the warnings and their consequences; and (3) made an uncoerced statement. Berghuis, 560 U.S.

at 382–85; Leza, 351 S.W.3d at 354 n.33; Howard v. State, 482 S.W.3d 249, 256 (Tex. App.––

Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d); Hernandez v. State, 387 S.W.3d 881, 885 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2012, no pet.). In Berghuis, the Supreme Court noted that “[t]he main purpose of

Miranda is to ensure that an accused is advised of and understands the right to remain silent and

the right to counsel.” Berghuis, 560 U.S. at 383; see Hernandez, 387 S.W.3d at 885. Therefore,

“[a]s a general proposition, the law can presume that an individual who, with a full

                                              –14–
understanding of his or her rights, acts in a manner inconsistent with their exercise has made a

deliberate choice to relinquish the protection those rights afford.” Berghuis, 560 U.S. at 385; see

also Watson v. State, 762 S.W.2d 591, 601 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (en banc) (“the general rule

is that neither a written nor an oral express waiver is required”). The Berghuis court summarized

its holding by stating, “In sum, a suspect who has received and understood the Miranda

warnings, and has not invoked his Miranda rights, waives the right to remain silent by making an

uncoerced statement to the police.” Berghuis, 560 U.S. at 388–89.

       The record in this case shows that appellant willingly shared his version of events with

Sergeant Driver immediately after receiving and acknowledging his understanding of the

Miranda and article 38.22 warnings. At no time during the approximate two-and-one-half hour

interview did appellant ask to stop the interview or ask for counsel. In addition, appellant makes

no allegations of coercion, nor does he argue that he did not understand the warnings. Indeed,

appellant read the warnings aloud and said he understood them, after which Sergeant Driver read

the warnings aloud to appellant, and appellant verbally agreed or otherwise indicated that he

understood those rights. Appellant also signed his initials next to each of the five rights, and he

signed his name at the bottom of the form. The fact that appellant neither signed his initials next

to the waiver language on the form nor explicitly stated he was waiving his rights does not mean

that he invoked his Miranda rights. See, e.g., U.S. v. Plugh, 648 F.3d 118, 125 (2d Cir. 2011)

(“[A] refusal to waive rights, however unequivocal, is not necessarily equivalent to an

unambiguous decision to invoke them.”). As the court of criminal appeals stated in Joseph,

“[a]ppellant’s objection to the absence of a written or articulated waiver runs contrary to ‘the

general rule . . . that neither a written nor an oral express waiver is required.’” Joseph, 309

S.W.3d at 24 (quoting Watson, 762 S.W.2d at 601). A waiver need not assume a particular form

and, in some cases, a waiver can be clearly inferred from the actions and words of the person

                                               –15–
interrogated. See id. This is such a case.

       Based on the totality of the circumstances, the trial court could have reasonably

concluded that appellant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights under

Miranda and article 38.22. As a result, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting

appellant’s custodial statements into evidence. We overrule appellant’s first issue.

                                  2. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       In his second issue, appellant argues the evidence is insufficient to support the

conviction. He contends that fact witnesses who had personal knowledge of B.O.’s reputation

for truthfulness testified she lied and was untruthful. Appellant also argues the State offered no

testimony that verified any of B.O.’s allegations, and that there were conflicts between some of

B.O.’s statements and the testimony of other witnesses.

       In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all evidence in the light most

favorable to the jury’s verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.

307, 319 (1979); Acosta v. State, 429 S.W.3d 621, 624–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). It remains

the factfinder’s responsibility to fairly resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh the evidence, and

to draw reasonable inferences from basic to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. We do not

reevaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence and then substitute our judgment for that of

the factfinder. See Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Instead, we

determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based on the cumulative force of the

evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict. See Sorrells v. State, 343

S.W.3d 152, 155 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

       A person commits the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child if, during a period

that is thirty or more days in duration, he commits two or more acts of sexual abuse and, at the

                                               –16–
time of the commission of each act, he is seventeen years of age or older and the victim is a child

younger than fourteen years of age. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b). Although the exact

dates of the abuse need not be proven, the offense does require proof that two or more acts of

sexual abuse occurred during a period of thirty days or more. Baez v. State, 486 S.W.3d 592,

595 (Tex. App.––San Antonio 2016, pet. ref’d); see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(d) (jury not

required to unanimously agree on which specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by

defendant or exact dates when those acts occurred, but jury must agree unanimously that

defendant, during period of thirty or more days, committed two or more acts of sexual abuse).

The statute defines an “act of sexual abuse” as including:

       (2) indecency with a child under Section 21.11(a)(1), if the actor committed the
       offense in a manner other than by touching, including touching through clothing,
       the breast of a child;

       (3) sexual assault under Section 22.011;

       (4) aggravated sexual assault under Section 22.021[.]

Id. § 21.02(c)(2)–(4). The testimony of a child victim alone is sufficient to support a conviction

for continuous sexual abuse of a child. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.07; Lee v. State,

186 S.W.3d 649, 656 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2006, pet. ref’d). Further, the penal code does not

require that a child victim be specific about the dates the abuse occurred. See Dixon v. State, 201

S.W.3d 731, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Vazquez v. State, Nos. 05–12–00548–CR, 05–12–

00549–CR, 2013 WL 5614300, at *5 (Tex. App.––Dallas Oct. 14, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication). This is because it is not often that a child knows, even within a few

days, the date she was sexually assaulted. See Sledge v. State, 953 S.W.2d 253, 256 n.8 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1997).

       Appellant’s arguments about the sufficiency of the evidence focus largely on B.O.’s

credibility or various conflicts in the evidence. Appellant suggests, for example, that the trial


                                              –17–
court could not have found B.O. credible because the only evidence of her credibility showed she

was untruthful. Yet, other evidence showed B.O. was a poor liar who would get caught after

admitting she had lied, that any propensity to “tell stories” or exaggerate subsided as B.O. grew

older, and that she no longer had a problem with untruthfulness. In addition, when the State

asked forensic interviewer McConnell if she had seen any signs B.O. had been coached or was

trying to manipulate a family situation, McConnell testified she had seen no “red flags or

anything like that.” McConnell also explained that, in interviewing a child, she looked for, and

found in this case, consistency throughout the interview, the use of sensory details, and an ability

to describe things as they happened. Furthermore, appellant’s statements during his interview

corroborated aspects of B.O.’s testimony and her outcry statements to McConnell. Appellant

admitted, for example, that he went into the girls’ room almost every night to check on them and

he “accidentally” touched the top part of B.O.’s “vagina area” approximately five times over

several years. Appellant said he felt “really dirty” after touching B.O., and he indicated that he

believed touching her was wrong, even if for only a second.

       Appellant further argues that some of B.O.’s statements conflicted with the testimony of

other witnesses. Appellant points out that B.O. said she slept in a bedroom alone, while her

stepsister Rebeca testified they slept in the same room. But Rebeca testified that she typically

fell asleep on the couch and would get up and go into the girls’ room at around midnight, after

they had gone to sleep, and that she slept on the top bunk bed. Rebeca acknowledged that

appellant came into the room most nights and she had no idea what he did or did not do when he

was there; she would just see him go in and put the covers on and leave the room. Moreover,

Rebeca––who lived in the house for approximately eighteen months––agreed that there were

opportunities for appellant to have committed the offenses when she was not present.

       Appellant comments that B.O. thought her mother worked nights at the time of some of

                                               –18–
the sexual abuse, but evidence showed she mostly worked during the day. Asked about this

apparent discrepancy, McConnell testified that one should not expect a child talking about sexual

abuse that happened over a number of years to always recall exactly where her parents were at

the time. McConnell explained that “[w]hen things are occurring over and over again it’s hard to

separate things and be very precise about who was where and what, because it was something

that was happening over and over again.”

       Appellant also comments that B.O. never told the forensic interviewer that appellant

placed his mouth on her sexual organ, although the child testified that this occurred. McConnell

testified that this did not concern her, explaining that the “disclosure process” could trigger other

memories after B.O. left the interview or as she grew more comfortable talking about what had

happened.

       Finally, appellant points out that while B.O. testified appellant’s penis felt “[h]ard” when

he placed her hand on it over appellant’s clothes, she told McConnell she could not say what it

felt like. McConnell, however, testified that even if a child did not seem embarrassed––as B.O.

did not appear to be––to discuss body parts in a situation like this, they would not always tell an

interviewer everything about them or describe how they felt.

       It was the responsibility of the factfinder to resolve the conflicts in the testimony, weigh

the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic to ultimate facts. See Jackson, 443 U.S.

at 319; see also Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408–09 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We do not sit

as the thirteenth juror and substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder by re-evaluating the

weight and credibility of the evidence. Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. Viewing the evidence under

the appropriate standard, the trial court could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that

appellant committed two or more acts of sexual abuse during a period of thirty or more days, as

charged in the indictment. Deferring to the factfinder’s determination of the credibility of the

                                               –19–
witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony, based on the cumulative force of all the

evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, and considering the reasonable

inferences to be drawn from that evidence, we therefore conclude a rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. We overrule

appellant’s second issue.

        We affirm the trial court’s judgment.



                                                           /Lana Myers/
                                                           LANA MYERS
                                                           JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. 47
160970F.U05




                                                –20–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

CLEOFAS ALEJANDRO RUIZ, Appellant                      On Appeal from the 296th Judicial District
                                                       Court, Collin County, Texas
No. 05-16-00970-CR         V.                          Trial Court Cause No. 296-80461-2016.
                                                       Opinion delivered by Justice Myers. Justices
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                           Lang and Stoddart participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 28th day of July, 2017.




                                                –21–
