                               RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                    Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                            File Name: 05a0400p.06

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                        FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                          _________________


                                                          X
                                               Plaintiff, -
 ROLF L. LINDSTROM,
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                               No. 04-3751
 WILLARD E. BARTEL and DAVID C. PEEBLES,
                                                           ,
 administrators of the estate of ROLF L. LINDSTROM,         >
 deceased,                                                 -
                                  Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                           -
            v.
                                                           -
                                                           -
 A-C PRODUCT LIABILITY TRUST, et al.,
                                            Defendants, -
                                                           -
                                                           -
                                                           -
 A.W. CHESTERTON, COFFIN TURBO PUMP, INC.,
                                                           -
 INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY, WALWORTH
                                                           -
 COMPANY, THE ANCHOR PACKING COMPANY,
 COLTEC INDUSTRIES, GARLOCK SEALING                        -
                                                           -
                                                           -
 TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, GOULDS PUMPS, INC., HENRY

                                 Defendants-Appellees. -
 VOGT MACHINE CO., and JOHN CRANE, INC.,

                                                           -
                                                          N
                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                          No. 98-13222—Dan A. Polster, District Judge.
                                            Argued: June 8, 2005
                                Decided and Filed: September 28, 2005
            Before: SILER and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; LAWSON, District Judge.*
                                            _________________
                                                 COUNSEL
ARGUED: John C. Cardello, JACQUES ADMIRALTY LAW FIRM, P.C., Detroit, Michigan, for
Appellants. George F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., SWANSON, MARTIN & BELL, Chicago, Illinois, Matthew
C. O’Connell, SUTTER, O’CONNELL, MANNION & FARCHIONE, Cleveland, Ohio, Holly N.


        *
         The Honorable David M. Lawson, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting
by designation.


                                                        1
No. 04-3751           Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                Page 2


Olarczuk-Smith, Eric Mann, GALLAGHER, SHARP, FULTON & NORMAN, Cleveland, Ohio,
William F. Scully, Jr., WILLIAMS, SENNETT & SCULLY CO., Cleveland, Ohio, Stephen H.
Daniels, McMAHON, DeGULIS, HOFFMAN & LOMBARDI, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellees.
ON BRIEF: John C. Cardello, Donald A. Krispin, JACQUES ADMIRALTY LAW FIRM, P.C.,
Detroit, Michigan, for Appellants. George F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., SWANSON, MARTIN & BELL,
Chicago, Illinois, Matthew C. O’Connell, SUTTER, O’CONNELL, MANNION & FARCHIONE,
Cleveland, Ohio, Holly N. Olarczuk-Smith, Eric Mann, Monica A. Sansalone, GALLAGHER,
SHARP, FULTON & NORMAN, Cleveland, Ohio, Stephen H. Daniels, Evan J. Palik, McMAHON,
DeGULIS, HOFFMAN & LOMBARDI, Cleveland, Ohio, William F. Scully, Jr., WILLIAMS,
SENNETT & SCULLY CO., Cleveland, Ohio, Michael A. Pollard, BAKER & McKENZIE,
Chicago, Illinois, Stephanie P. Manson, Walter J. Andrews, Paul E. Janaskie, HUNTON &
WILLIAMS, McLean, Virginia, for Appellees.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
        JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Rolf L. Lindstrom, a merchant seaman, brought
suit against numerous defendants seeking compensation for his mesothelioma, a disease he claims
was caused by exposure to asbestos released from products manufactured by defendants-appellees.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees Ingersoll Rand
Company, Coffin Turbo Pump, Inc., Garlock Sealing Technologies, LLC, Henry Vogt Machine
Company, and Goulds Pumps, Inc., but denied John Crane, Inc.’s summary judgment motion.
Following a bench trial, the district court entered a verdict in favor of John Crane, Inc. Willard E.
Bartel and David C. Peebles, administrators of Lindstrom’s estate, now appeal.
        For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court with respect to all of
the defendants.
                                                  I.
        Lindstrom was employed from 1963 until 1994 as a merchant seaman. He worked in the
engine department as a licensed engineer aboard numerous vessels during this time. In his work,
Lindstrom was allegedly exposed to many pieces of equipment that contained asbestos. Lindstrom
was diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum in October 1999 and died of this
disease on June 15, 2003. Willard E. Bartel and David C. Peebles were appointed as administrators
of Lindstrom’s estate and were substituted as plaintiffs.
        Lindstrom filed a complaint in the Northern District of Ohio in January of 2003 against
various defendants seeking compensation for the mesothelioma, a condition which he asserts he
developed as a result of exposure to asbestos contained in defendants-appellees’ products.
Lindstrom’s complaint listed claims of negligence under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. § 688 et seq.,
unseaworthiness under maritime law, and products liability claims of design and manufacturing
defects. Only the products liability claims are at issue in this appeal.
        The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Ingersoll Rand and Coffin Pump
in an opinion dated May 2, 2003. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Garlock
Sealing on May 7, 2003. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Goulds Pumps
and Henry Vogt Machine Company, but denied John Crane, Inc.’s motion for summary judgment
in an opinion dated May 19, 2003. Lindstrom’s claim against John Crane, Inc. proceeded to a bench
trial which took place from February 18 through February 27, 2004. On May 3, 2004, the district
court entered a verdict in favor of John Crane, Inc. Bartel and Peebles filed a notice of appeal from
the district court’s orders with respect to the above six defendants-appellees on May 27, 2004.
No. 04-3751           Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                 Page 3


                                                  II.
        We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Golden v. City of
Columbus, 404 F.3d 950, 954 (6th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is appropriate where “the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We must review the
evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
        On an appeal from a judgment entered after a bench trial, we review the district court’s
findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Pressman v. Franklin Nat’l Bank,
384 F.3d 182, 185 (6th Cir. 2004). When the factual findings involve credibility determinations, we
afford great deference to the district court’s factual findings. Schroyer v. Frankel, 197 F.3d 1170,
1173 (6th Cir. 1999).
        Plaintiffs in products liability cases under maritime law may proceed under both negligence
and strict liability theories. Under either theory, a plaintiff must establish causation. Stark v.
Armstrong World Indus., Inc., 21 Fed. Appx. 371, 375 (6th Cir. 2001). We have required that a
plaintiff show, for each defendant, that (1) he was exposed to the defendant’s product, and (2) the
product was a substantial factor in causing the injury he suffered. Id. In addition, we have permitted
evidence of substantial exposure for a substantial period of time to provide a basis for the inference
that the product was a substantial factor in causing the injury. Id. at 376. “Minimal exposure” to
a defendant’s product is insufficient. Id. Likewise, a mere showing that defendant’s product was
present somewhere at plaintiff’s place of work is insufficient. Id. Rather, where a plaintiff relies
on proof of exposure to establish that a product was a substantial factor in causing injury, the
plaintiff must show “‘a high enough level of exposure that an inference that the asbestos was a
substantial factor in the injury is more than conjectural.’” Id. (quoting Harbour v. Armstrong World
Indus., Inc., No. 90-1414, 1991 WL 65201, at * 4 (6th Cir. April 25, 1991)). In other words, proof
of substantial exposure is required for a finding that a product was a substantial factor in causing
injury.
        Plaintiffs-appellants urge this court to reject the Stark approach to causation proof. We
decline their invitation. The Stark reasoning permits a plaintiff, faced with a difficult task of
establishing causation, to meet his burden through proof of substantial exposure and has proved
workable in maritime asbestos products liability cases.
        The plaintiffs-appellants also argue that the district court erred in its application of Stark.
Plaintiffs-appellants argue that Stark stands for the proposition that in order to “withstand a motion
for summary judgment, evidence of substantial asbestos exposure for a substantial period of time
is required only if the evidence is entirely circumstantial.” Because plaintiffs-appellants submitted
an affidavit from an expert witness, plaintiffs-appellants maintain that their causation proof is not
entirely circumstantial and that the above standard does not apply. See id. at 380 (“Had Stark
presented expert testimony . . . , summary judgment might well have been improper . . . .”).
        While plaintiffs-appellants are correct that causation may also be established through direct
evidence that a product to which a worker has been exposed is a substantial factor in causing injury,
they are incorrect in their assertion that their affidavit enables them to survive summary judgment.
The affidavit in question was prepared by Joseph Corson, M.D. With regard to the issue of whether
defendants-appellees’ products were a “substantial factor” in Lindstrom’s mesothelioma, Corson’s
affidavit stated: “Each of Mr. Lindstrom’s occupational exposures to asbestos aboard ship to a
reasonable degree of medical certainty were [sic] a substantial contributing factor to his development
of mesothelioma. The medical and scientific community cannot exclude any specific asbestos
No. 04-3751                Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                                   Page 4


exposure as to Mr. Lindstrom’s mesothelioma.” After reviewing this affidavit in considering the
summary judgment motions of Ingersoll Rand and Coffin Turbo Pump, the district court stated:
         Dr. Corson does not specifically reference the product of any particular Defendant.
         Rather, he opines that there is no safe level of asbestos exposure, and that every
         exposure to asbestos, however slight, was a substantial factor in causing Lindstrom’s
         disease. If an opinion such as Dr. Corson’s would be sufficient for plaintiff to meet
         his burden, the Sixth Circuit’s “substantial factor” test would be meaningless.
         Accordingly, Dr. Corson’s opinion is insufficient as a matter of law to get Lindstrom
         past summary judgment.
        The district court correctly found the affidavit, which sought to base causation on any
hypothetical exposure, however slight, to be insufficient to allow plaintiffs-appellants   to avoid
summary judgment in favor of Ingersoll Rand and Coffin Turbo Pump.1 The affidavit does not
reference any specific defendant or product, but rather states in a conclusory fashion that every
exposure to asbestos was a substantial factor in Lindstrom’s illness. The requirement, however, is
that the plaintiff make a showing with respect to each defendant that the defendant’s product was
a substantial factor in plaintiff’s injury, see Stark, 21 Fed. Appx. at 375 (“Commonly, [the
substantial factor] standard is separately applied to each of the defendants.”). As a matter of law,
Corson’s affidavit does not provide a basis for a causation finding as to any particular defendant.
A holding to the contrary would permit imposition of liability on the manufacturer of any product
with which a worker had the briefest of encounters on a single occasion.
         Plaintiffs-appellants next argue that the district court erred in granting summary judgment
in favor of each of the defendants-appellees involved in this appeal. Plaintiffs-appellants also argue
that the district court’s ruling in favor of John Crane, Inc. should be reversed. We will examine the
district court’s decisions with respect to each of these defendants-appellants separately.
         A. Henry Vogt Machine Company
        The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Henry Vogt Machine Company
based on a finding that plaintiffs-appellants had failed to produce evidence that Henry Vogt’s
products had caused Lindstrom’s illness. In Vogt’s answers to the interrogatories, Vogt
acknowledged that the valves the company manufactured contained encapsulated asbestos packing
and the company’s gaskets were covered in metal and had chyrsotile asbestos encapsulated between
each of the metal windings. Vogt also noted that the gaskets contained latex-filled asbestos
manufactured by other suppliers.
       In Lindstrom’s May 3, 2000, deposition, he listed Vogt as one of the companies that
manufactured valves aboard the vessels upon which Lindstrom had worked. Lindstrom did not,
however, name Vogt as one of the companies that manufactured replacement valve packing
containing asbestos to which Lindstrom was exposed on the ships.
         Lindstrom also presented deposition testimony given by Horace George, with whom
Lindstrom had served with on one ship, The Almeria Lykes. George stated in his deposition that
Lindstrom commenced work aboard the ship four years after the ship was commissioned. George
testified that generally, the shipping company, rather than the valve manufacturer, provided the
replacement packing and gasket material. George named five manufacturers who provided packing
materials that Lindstrom would have come in contact with during his tenure on the ship, none of
which was Henry Vogt. George also testified that asbestos-containing and non-asbestos containing

         1
           Because the district court was correct in this ruling, its decision not to consider the affidavit in connection with
the other summary judgment motions was not error.
No. 04-3751              Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                           Page 5


packings were used aboard the ship, but he could not visually distinguish packing containing
asbestos from packing that was asbestos-free. George also testified that the packing generally
needed to be replaced a couple of times per year. Based on this statement, coupled with the fact that
Lindstrom boarded the ship four years after it was initially commissioned, the district court surmised
that it would have been impossible for Lindstrom to have handled any original packing or gasket
material attributable to Henry Vogt.
        In his response to Henry Vogt’s motion for summary judgment, Lindstrom filed an affidavit
in which he stated, “I specifically recall numerous valves manufactured and/or supplied by Henry
Vogt Machine Co. on board vessels upon which I served throughout my career” and “I specifically
recall replacing the asbestos-containing packing materials and gaskets in working on Henry Vogt
Machine Co.’s valves described above, many times throughout my career as a merchant mariner.”
Additionally, Lindstrom filed an affidavit from George, which stated that he specifically recalled
numerous Henry Vogt valves aboard The Almeria Lykes and that he witnessed Lindstrom replacing
asbestos-containing packing material and gaskets numerous times on those valves. The district court
refused to consider these affidavits based on a finding that it was an inappropriate attempt by
Lindstrom to create a factual issue by filing affidavits that contradict the earlier deposition
testimony. In their appellate brief, plaintiffs-appellants ignore this ruling by the district court and
discuss the information contained in these affidavits as if they are properly before the court.
However, because the plaintiffs-appellants have failed to challenge the district court’s2ruling on the
admissibility of these affidavits, they are precluded from relying on them on appeal.
        The district court’s conclusion that there was insufficient information presented to survive
summary judgment with respect to whether a Henry Vogt product was a substantial factor in
Lindstrom’s illness was correct , and thus we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment
in Vogt’s favor. Based on the information properly before the district court at the time that the
motion for summary judgment was filed, there was insufficient evidence to connect Lindstrom with
any Henry Vogt product or to connect a Henry Vogt product with asbestos that caused Lindstrom’s
illness. Lindstrom almost certainly could not have handled the original packing or gasket material,
and this fact compels the conclusion that any asbestos that he may have been exposed to in
connection with a Henry Vogt product would be attributable to some other manufacturer. According
to Stark, Henry Vogt cannot be held responsible for material “attached or connected” to its product
on a claim of a manufacturing defect. See Stark, 21 Fed. Appx. at 381; cf. Koonce v. Quaker Safety
Prods. & Mfg. Co., 798 F.2d 700, 715 (5th Cir. 1986) (“The component part manufacturer is
protected from liability when the defective condition results from the integration of the part into
another product and the component part is free from defect.”); see also Stark, 21 Fed. Appx. at 378
(“[A]n asbestos-containing product, even one with a warning label, is not inherently defective as a
matter of law.”).
        B. Goulds Pumps, Inc.
         The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Goulds Pumps, Inc. based on a
finding that plaintiffs-appellants had failed to produce evidence that Goulds Pumps’ products had
caused Lindstrom’s illness. When listing the manufacturers of the water pumps on board the various
vessels on which he worked, Lindstrom mentioned Goulds, among others. However, when
Lindstrom was asked which manufacturers’ pumps were most prevalent, he stated, “It depends on
what ship you went on. Some of them used Aurora pumps, some of them used Worthington pumps,
it all depends.” Lindstrom did not mention Goulds Pumps as one of the prevalent types of pumps.
Lindstrom testified that the packing material used to repack the pumps contained asbestos.

        2
          In any event, the district court was correct in ruling that Lindstrom’s actions in filing affidavits that
contradicted the earlier proffered testimony of Lindstrom and George was improper. See Biechele v. Cedar Point, Inc.,
747 F.2d 209, 215 (6th Cir. 1984).
No. 04-3751              Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                           Page 6


Lindstrom identified several companies that manufactured the replacement packing used in water
pumps, none of which was Goulds Pumps. It does not appear that George ever specifically
mentioned Goulds Pumps in his deposition. George testified that Lindstrom spent approximately
ten percent of his time working with gaskets and packing. George also testified that the replacement
packing material was primarily provided by the shipping company.3
       The information before the district court was insufficient to create an issue of material fact
regarding whether any Goulds Pumps product was a substantial factor in Lindstrom’s illness. The
information fails to establish a sufficient link between a Goulds Pumps product and Lindstrom or
between the asbestos causing Lindstrom’s illness and a Goulds Pumps product. The cursory
treatment plaintiffs-appellants’ brief affords their argument that the district court erred in granting
summary judgment does not contain any viable reason that the district court’s decision was
incorrect. As a result, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Goulds
Pumps.
        C. Coffin Turbo Pump, Inc.
         The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Coffin Turbo Pump, Inc. based on
a finding that plaintiffs-appellants had failed to produce evidence that Coffin Turbo Pump’s products
had caused Lindstrom’s illness. Lindstrom testified that Coffin manufactured most of the feed
pumps on the vessels upon which he worked. Lindstrom testified that new Coffin pumps do not
come with any insulation and that Coffin did not send insulation at the time it delivered the pumps.
Lindstrom stated that any insulation put on a Coffin pump was probably provided by the shipyard.
Lindstrom also testified that the replacement gaskets were not Coffin products. Lindstrom further
testified regarding graphite-coated packing rings on the pumps as well as the packing in the valve.
Lindstrom stated that he replaced the original packing rings, which were manufactured by Coffin,
“many times” and they usually slid right off and were not dusty. Lindstrom testified that the new
rings tended to be dusty when they were being put on but stated that he did not know whether the
dust contained asbestos. It is unclear from the record whether the replacement packing rings were
manufactured by Coffin.
        Lindstrom also testified that he worked on the asbestos packing in Coffin pumps in the valve
stem many times. Lindstrom testified that he knew that the packing was asbestos packing because
it was hot. Finally, Lindstrom testified that he replaced gaskets on the pump throttles approximately
twelve times. Lindstrom testified that the replacement gaskets were not Coffin products. William
Kammerzell, an individual with whom Lindstrom had worked aboard The Allison Lykes for various
periods between 1989 and 1991, also testified regarding Lindstrom’s exposure to Coffin products.
Kammerzell testified that Coffin produced special packing made especially for their pumps.
Kammerzell testified that he had observed Lindstrom repacking Coffin pumps. He testified that
“asbestos products are everywhere on U.S. merchant vessels.”
        The information before the district court at the time of the summary judgment motion does
not establish a question of material fact regarding the issue of whether a Coffin Turbo product was
a substantial factor in Lindstrom’s illness, and therefore, we affirm the district court’s grant of
summary judgment in Coffin Turbo’s favor. The information presented establishes that the only
asbestos-containing products, aside from the graphite-coated packing rings, to which Lindstrom was
exposed in connection with any Coffin Turbo products were not manufactured by Coffin Turbo, but
rather products from another company that were attached to a Coffin product. Coffin Turbo cannot


        3
          The affidavits filed by Lindstrom following the motions for summary judgment, discussed supra, also contain
statements from Lindstrom and George specifically identifying Goulds Pumps as prevalent on the ships. For the reasons
stated above, we do not consider these affidavits in reviewing the district court’s ruling.
No. 04-3751           Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                  Page 7


be held responsible for the asbestos contained in another product. See Stark, 21 Fed. Appx. at 381;
Koonce, 798 F.2d at 715.
        With respect to the graphite-coated packing rings, Lindstrom testified that the original rings
on the product were manufactured by Coffin Turbo and that the packing rings contained asbestos.
Lindstrom also testified that the rings “slid[] right off” and were not dusty. This court has held that
in order to hold a defendant liable in an asbestos case, the plaintiff must show, at a minimum,
exposure to asbestos dust. Anjeski v. Acands, Inc., No. 89-1571, 1990 WL 58191, at * 5 (6th Cir.
May 7, 1990). Lindstrom testified that the replacement packing rings were dusty; however, it is not
clear that the replacement rings were Coffin Turbo products, and further, Lindstrom did not know
whether the dust on the replacement rings contained asbestos. It is therefore not reasonable to infer
from Lindstrom’s testimony that he was exposed to asbestos dust from the Coffin Turbo packing
rings, and thus, he cannot show that the rings were a substantial factor in his illness.
       D. Ingersoll Rand Company
        The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Ingersoll Rand Company based on
a finding that plaintiffs-appellants had failed to produce evidence that Ingersoll Rand’s products had
caused Lindstrom’s illness. Lindstrom testified that Ingersoll Rand manufactured most of the air
compressors on the ships on which Lindstrom worked during his lifetime. Lindstrom testified that
sheet packing containing asbestos was used with air compressors. He stated that he personally used
sheet packing with water pumps, steam joints, and valves, but it is unclear whether he dealt with
sheet packing in connection with an air compressor. Lindstrom did not testify that Ingersoll Rand
was a manufacturer of the sheet packing. Lindstrom also testified that Ingersoll Rand provided
replacement gaskets in kits and that these gasket kits did not have asbestos in them. George testified
that Ingersoll Rand manufactured pumps, but he was unable to remember whether any Ingersoll
Rand product was present upon The Almeria Lykes, the one ship on which he and Lindstrom served
together.
         The information before the district court at the time of the summary judgment motion was
insufficient to create any question of material fact with regard to the question of whether an Ingersoll
Rand product was a substantial factor in Lindstrom’s illness. Lindstrom failed to identify any link
between an Ingersoll Rand product and any product containing asbestos with which he came in
contact. Even if Lindstrom’s testimony is sufficient to establish that he came in contact with sheet
packing material containing asbestos in connection with an Ingersoll Rand air compressor, Ingersoll
Rand cannot be held responsible for asbestos containing material that it was incorporated into its
product post-manufacture. See Stark, 21 Fed. Appx. at 381; Koonce, 798 F.2d at 715. Lindstrom
did not allege that any Ingersoll Rand product itself contained asbestos. As a result, plaintiffs-
appellants cannot show that an Ingersoll Rand product was a substantial factor in Lindstrom’s
illness, and we therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in Ingersoll Rand’s
favor.
       E. Garlock Sealing Technologies, LLC
       The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Garlock Sealing Technologies, LLC
based on a finding that plaintiffs-appellants failed to produce evidence that Garlock Sealing’s
products had caused Lindstrom’s illness. Garlock Sealing conceded that it manufactured asbestos-
containing as well as non-asbestos containing products. Lindstrom did not identify Garlock as a
manufacturer of sheet packing material and did not identify any exposure to asbestos in connection
with a Garlock Sealing product. George testified in his deposition that he recalled seeing Garlock
products on The Almeria Lykes. However, George testified that he was not able to distinguish
Garlock products, or any product, for that matter, which contains asbestos from those that do not.
Similarly, Kammerzell at first stated that he was “almost certain” that the Garlock sheet packing
No. 04-3751            Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                   Page 8


contained asbestos, but then admitted that he did not know whether all of the Garlock sheet packing
material on The Allison Lykes was asbestos-containing, though he stated that some of it contained
asbestos. Kammerzell also stated that he was incapable of visually distinguishing between Garlock
products that contained asbestos and those that did not.
        Lindstrom did not create an issue of material fact such that he could properly withstand
Garlock Sealing’s summary judgment motion. While Kammerzell stated that some of the Garlock
sheet packing contained asbestos and Garlock itself admitted production of asbestos-containing
products, this evidence is insufficient to raise an issue of material fact. To withstand the summary
judgment motion, Lindstrom had to produce evidence that this asbestos-containing product was a
substantial factor in his illness. Because he did not specifically testify regarding Garlock at all, and
his other two deponents admitted that they could not tell whether any sheet packing material handled
by Lindstrom contained asbestos, the district court properly granted summary judgment in Garlock’s
favor. See Stark, 21 Fed. Appx. at 376 (mere showing that manufacturer’s asbestos-containing
product was on the premises of plaintiff’s workplace insufficient for liability to attach to defendant);
Lohrmann v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp., 782 F.2d 1156, 1162 (4th Cir. 1986) (same); Roberts v.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Co., 726 F. Supp. 172, 174 (W.D. Mich. 1989) (same).
        F. John Crane, Inc.
        With respect to defendant-appellant John Crane, Inc., the district court found, following a
bench trial, that plaintiffs-appellants had failed to meet the burden of proving that John Crane’s
products caused Lindstrom’s illness. In so holding, the district court relied on the unrebutted
testimony of John Crane’s experts. This expert testimony established that (1) John Crane products
do not release more than background levels of asbestos, and (2) release of quantities of asbestos
fibers below background levels are not dangerous. Plaintiffs-appellants do not challenge any aspect
of the district court’s factual findings.
        Plaintiffs-appellants first argue that, in applying Stark, the district court used the wrong legal
standard in determining whether John Crane, Inc. was liable. Plaintiffs-appellants argue that the
Stark standard, which requires the plaintiff to show a substantial exposure to a particular defendant’s
product for a substantial period of time, is only appropriate where the plaintiff relies on
circumstantial evidence alone. However, plaintiffs-appellants fail to articulate a standard that they
claim is more appropriate, saying only that “[o]nce the mesothelioma is diagnosed, it is impossible
to rule out any of Mr. Lindstrom’s exposures as being substantially contributory.” Their argument
appears to be that a showing of any level of asbestos exposure attributable to John Crane’s products
was sufficient for the court to have entered a judgment in their favor.
        We reject plaintiffs-appellants’ argument on this point. The district court did not use the
wrong standard in reviewing plaintiffs-appellants’ products liability claim. The Stark opinion notes
that expert testimony is not required. 21 Fed. Appx. at 376. Plaintiffs-appellants apparently
interpret this statement to mean that where expert testimony is offered, a plaintiff is no longer
required to show substantial exposure. The Stark opinion and general logic may suggest that, where
an expert witness can testify unequivocally that a defendant’s product was the source of the illness,
a plaintiff does not need to rely on proof of substantial exposure to establish causation. In this case,
however, plaintiffs-appellants presented no such expert. In fact, their only expert who tested John
Crane’s products failed to measure the amount of asbestos fibers released in the air from the
products. Thus, plaintiffs-appellants’ theory of liability does not fit within any possible exception
to Stark. The district court properly applied the Stark reasoning.
         Plaintiffs-appellants also claim that the district court erred in failing to address their strict
liability and failure to test theories. Plaintiffs-appellants’ argument that the district court failed to
address their strict liability claim is simply wrong; the district court considered and rejected this
No. 04-3751            Lindstrom, et al. v. A-C Product Liability Trust, et al.                    Page 9


claim in its opinion. Plaintiffs-appellants cite no law in support of their failure to test theory; rather,
they cite cases concerning a failure to warn theory. Indeed, plaintiffs-appellants do not appear to
have put forth any argument regarding a “failure to test” theory before the district court. The district
court considered and correctly rejected plaintiffs-appellants’ failure to warn theory in its opinion as
well. Thus, plaintiffs-appellants’ arguments regarding the district court’s ruling in favor of John
Crane, Inc. are unavailing and we therefore affirm the district court’s decision.
                                                   III.
        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s rulings with respect to all defendants.
