                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA


 EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEE
 INDIANS,

         Plaintiff,
                 v.                                       Civil Action No. 20-757 (JEB)


 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
 THE INTERIOR, et al.,

         Defendants,

                 and

 THE CATAWBA INDIAN NATION,

         Defendant-Intervenor.



                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Seeking to improve its economic prospects, in September 2018, the Catawba Indian

Nation asked the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a part of the Department of the Interior, to take a 16-

acre parcel of land in North Carolina into trust so that the Nation could build a casino and

entertainment complex there. After nearly a year and a half of studies, meetings, and other

regulatory processing, the agency agreed to the acquisition. Immediately following that

decision, Plaintiff Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians filed this suit against Interior, BIA, and

several agency officials, asserting that Interior’s action violated a host of federal statutes and

regulations.

       On the same day it filed its Complaint, the EBCI moved this Court to preliminarily enjoin

the transfer of land. Interior — joined by the Catawba as an Intervenor — maintains that the


                                                  1
circumstances here do not merit that extraordinary form of relief. Finding that Plaintiff has not

established irreparable harm, the Court agrees and will thus deny the EBCI’s Motion for a

Preliminary Injunction.

I.     Background

       The Catawba is the only federally recognized Indian tribe in the state of South Carolina.

See ECF No. 1-2 (DOI Approval Letter) at 14. It has about 3,400 members, “over 250 of whom

live in North Carolina.” ECF No. 12-7 (Declaration of William Harris), ¶ 5. Today, the Nation

faces significant economic challenges. Its unemployment rate, for example, hovers around

13.8%, more than three times the corresponding rates in North and South Carolina. See

Approval Ltr. at 12. Further, its median household income — roughly $30,000 — is about 30%

below the equivalent figures for the Carolinas. Id.; Harris Decl., ¶ 5. Given that it lacks a

sustainable revenue stream, the Nation cannot adequately provide financial assistance to its

members. See ECF No. 13-1 (Final Environmental Assessment) at ECF p. 7. To do so, it must

rely on federal and state governments for funding. Id.; Harris Decl., ¶ 6.

       Seeking to stimulate its economic development, the Catawba developed a plan “to

construct a casino and mixed-use entertainment complex” on a 16.57-acre parcel of land it

agreed to purchase in Cleveland County, North Carolina. See Approval Ltr. at 2; see also ECF

No. 19 (Catawba Apr. 17, 2020, Notice) at 1 (explaining that Nation has enforceable option to

purchase such parcel). That land, known as the Kings Mountain site, is 34 miles from the

Nation’s headquarters in South Carolina and sits within its aboriginal lands. See Approval Ltr. at

2, 9. In its business plan, the Nation estimated that the complex would generate $72 million in

income in its first year of operation, rising to $150 million in year five. Id. at 36. The




                                                  2
development, moreover, is expected to create “2,600 direct employment opportunities.” Id. at

27.

       On September 17, 2018, the Catawba filed an application with Interior, requesting that it

take the Kings Mountain site into trust for the Nation’s benefit. Id. at 1–2; see generally Indian

Reorganization Act, 25 U.S.C. §§ 5101 et seq.; 25 C.F.R. Part 151. It also asked for a

determination of whether the land, once in trust, would be eligible for gaming pursuant to the

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 25 U.S.C. §§ 2701 et seq. See Approval Ltr. at 1; see also 25

C.F.R. Part 292 (applicable regulations).

       In considering the Nation’s application, Interior assessed the project’s compliance with

myriad statutes — most relevant here, the National Environmental Policy Act and the National

Historic Preservation Act. Broadly speaking, NEPA mandates that agencies evaluate the

potential environmental impact of any “major Federal action,” including the taking of land into

trust for the benefit of a tribe. See 42 U.S.C. § 4332; 25 C.F.R. § 151.10(h). On top of that, the

NHPA requires consideration of the project’s effects on “historic properties” — that is,

“[p]roperty of traditional religious and cultural importance to an Indian tribe.” 54 U.S.C.

§§ 302706, 30038, 306108; see 36 C.F.R. § 800.4. In other words, the Government was required

to determine the impact of the project on tribes besides the Catawba.

       To fulfill these obligations, Interior reached out to North Carolina’s State Historic

Preservation Office in early 2019. See ECF No. 1-4 (DOI Letter of Jan. 30, 2020) at ECF p. 3.

It did so to inquire whether historic resources of any kind might be present at the project site. Id.

A few weeks later, the SHPO responded that it was “not aware” of any such resources there. Id.

So the agency forged ahead with its evaluation. At the end of the year, on December 22, 2019, it

published a draft Environmental Assessment, concluding that the Nation’s project would have no



                                                  3
significant environmental impact. See Approval Ltr. at 31–36; ECF No. 13-2 (Declaration of

Chester McGhee), ¶ 3. Such finding, if ultimately finalized, would obviate the need for a more

involved Environmental Impact Statement.

       The next day, Interior notified Plaintiff of the publication of the Draft EA. Id., ¶¶ 7–8.

That is because the NHPA requires agencies to “consult” with Indian tribes “that attach[]

religious and cultural significance to” a historic property potentially affected by a federal

undertaking. See 54 U.S.C. §§ 302706, 306102. And here, the EBCI alleges that the Kings

Mountain site falls squarely within “Cherokee historical and treaty territory.” See ECF No. 1

(Complaint), ¶ 19 (emphasis added).

       On January 22, 2020, Plaintiff’s counsel submitted a letter to the agency, objecting to the

Draft EA on several grounds. See ECF No. 1-3 (EBCI Letter). Of note, it asserted that Interior

did not consult with the EBCI about whether historical properties important to the Tribe were

located on the proposed site. Id. at 1–2. Eight days later, the agency wrote to Plaintiff’s Tribal

Historic Preservation Officer Russell Townsend, noting the North Carolina SHPO’s views and

asking him to “verify . . . that the proposed project will not impact any specific sites having

potential religious or cultural significance to Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.” DOI Jan. 30

Letter at ECF p. 1.

       Over the next few weeks, further correspondence was exchanged between the agency and

Plaintiff, culminating with a meeting between the two in February here in Washington. See ECF

No. 14-7 (Briefing Emails); ECF No. 14-2 (Declaration of Richard Sneed), ¶¶ 7–9, 13; ECF No.

14-5 (EBCI Briefing Paper). At that meeting, EBCI Chairman Richard Sneed reiterated his

Tribe’s concern that the “project could impact Cherokee cultural sites.” Sneed Decl., ¶ 15. The

Catawba believe that the Eastern Band’s concern has more to do with preventing competition to



                                                  4
its own casino than any sentimental regard for its ancestors. See ECF No. 12 (Catawba Opp.) at

1. Plaintiff’s true motivation, however, is not something the Court finds relevant to its decision

here.

        In any event, Interior greenlighted the Nation’s land-into-trust application on March 12,

believing that its decision was on all fours with federal law. See Approval Ltr. at 37. Within

days, on March 17, the EBCI filed this suit against Interior, the BIA, and several agency

officials. It challenges Defendants’ action on three fronts. For starters, it maintains that

Interior’s decision to take the land into trust runs smack up against a statute codifying a 1993

settlement agreement between South Carolina and the Catawba. See Compl., ¶¶ 88–114 (Counts

I–III); The Catawba Indian Tribe of South Carolina Land Claims Settlement Act of 1993, Pub. L.

No.103–116, 107 Stat. 1118 (1993). At this stage, understanding the details of that Act is

unnecessary. Suffice it to say that, according to the EBCI, the settlement agreement bars Interior

from taking the Kings Mountain site into trust for the Nation and deeming it eligible for gaming.

See Compl., ¶¶ 88–114. Plaintiff believes that the agency’s decision to do so consequently

violated the Administrative Procedure Act, as it was arbitrary and capricious and contrary to law.

Id.

        The EBCI also asserts that the agency flouted the procedural protections afforded under

the NHPA. See Compl., ¶¶ 115–143 (Count IV). In broad strokes, Plaintiff maintains that

Interior “did not make reasonable efforts to consult with the EBCI in good faith during the

environmental review process encompassing the historic preservation analysis.” Id., ¶ 134. It

also alleges that the agency violated NEPA by failing to adequately consider the environmental

impact of the proposed site and to promptly publish its findings. Id., ¶¶ 144–64; see ECF No. 17

(Pl. Reply) at 15–23.



                                                  5
        On the same day it filed its Complaint, the EBCI moved for a temporary restraining order

and a preliminary injunction against the Kings Mountain site’s being taken into trust. See ECF

No. 2 (Pl. Motion & Brief). Shortly after, the Catawba moved to intervene in support of federal

Defendants, which the Court permitted. See Minute Order of Mar. 23, 2020.

        The EBCI subsequently agreed to withdraw its TRO Motion and proceed only on the

preliminary injunction, while the Catawba consented to delay the transfer of the land into trust

for 45 days. Id. Having heard oral argument via teleconference on April 15, 2020, the Court is

now prepared to rule on the Motion.

II.     Legal Standard

        “A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right.” Winter

v. NRDC, 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). A party seeking preliminary relief “must establish [1] that he is

likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of

preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in

the public interest.” Id. at 20.

        Before the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter, courts weighed these factors on a sliding

scale, allowing “an unusually strong showing on one of the factors” to overcome a weaker

showing on another. Davis v. PGBC, 571 F.3d 1288, 1291–92 (D.C. Cir. 2009); see Davenport

v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 166 F.3d 356, 360–61 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Our Circuit has hinted,

though not held, that Winter should be read to abandon the sliding-scale analysis, in favor of a

“more demanding burden” requiring plaintiffs to independently demonstrate both a likelihood of

success on the merits and irreparable harm. Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392–93 (D.C.

Cir. 2011) (quoting Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1292 (D.C. Cir.

2009)). At any rate, courts in this Circuit have held that “if a party makes no showing of



                                                   6
irreparable injury, the court may deny the motion for injunctive relief without considering the

other factors.” Henke v. Dep’t of the Interior, 842 F. Supp. 2d 54, 59 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting

CityFed Fin. Corp. v. OTS, 58 F.3d 738, 747 (D.C. Cir. 1995)).

III.    Analysis

        Given that the EBCI must show irreparable harm to prevail here, the Court starts and

ends with that analysis. In our Circuit, a litigant faces a “high standard for irreparable injury.”

Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006). To clear

this hurdle, a movant must demonstrate that such “injury is likely in the absence of an

injunction,” not just that it is a “possibility.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 22. The injury, moreover, must

be “great” and “of such imminence that there is a ‘clear and present’ need for equitable relief to

prevent irreparable harm.” Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297 (quoting Wis. Gas. Co. v FERC, 758

F.2d 669, 674 (D.C. Cir. 1985)). Further, the harm “must be beyond remediation” — that is,

“[t]he possibility that adequate compensatory or other corrective relief will be available at a later

date in the ordinary course of litigation weighs heavily against a claim of irreparable harm.” Id.

at 297–98 (quoting Wis. Gas. Co., 758 F.2d at 674). With these principles in mind, the Court

now turns to Plaintiff’s alleged injuries.

        A. Procedural Harm

        In its opening brief, the EBCI principally maintains that, without injunctive relief, it will

suffer irreparable harm in the form of lost consultation rights outlined in the NHPA and NEPA.

See Pl. Br. at 14–16; ECF No. 1-1 (Mar. 16, 2020, Declaration of Russell Townsend), ¶ 21 (“If

the Kings Mountain site is taken into trust . . . [,] [Plaintiff] will lose the right to consultation on

and protection of Cherokee religious and cultural sites.”). At its core, Plaintiff’s alleged injury is

thus a procedural one. See Pl. Br. at 15 (characterizing harm as loss of “procedural right”).



                                                    7
        A chorus of federal courts, however, has found that procedural injury, standing alone,

cannot constitute irreparable harm. See, e.g., Friends of Animals v. U.S. Bureau of Land Mgmt.,

232 F. Supp. 3d 53, 67 (D.D.C. 2017) (“[A] procedural harm arising from a NEPA violation is

insufficient, standing alone, to constitute irreparable harm justifying issuance of a preliminary

injunction.”) (quoting Fund for Animals v. Norton, 281 F. Supp. 2d 209, 222 (D.D.C. 2003));

NPCA v. U.S. Forest Serv., 2016 WL 420470, at *11 (D.D.C. Jan. 22, 2016) (same); see also

Quechan Tribe of Fort Yuma Indian Reservation v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 755 F. Supp. 2d 1104,

1120 (S.D. Cal. 2010) (finding irreparable harm under NHPA after noting likely risk of

“[d]amage to or destruction of” “hundreds of known historical sites” in addition to loss-of-

consultation right). Rather, to shoulder its burden to obtain a preliminary injunction, a litigant

must show that the procedural harm is accompanied by a “concrete injury.” Fisheries Survival

Fund v. Jewell, 236 F. Supp. 3d 332, 336 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Fund for Animals v. Clark, 27 F.

Supp. 2d 8, 14 (D.D.C. 1998)); see also Wis. Gas Co., 758 F.2d at 674 (noting that injunctive

relief requires “actual” injury).

        The parties vigorously disagree about whether the EBCI has also alleged such a concrete

harm. See Catawba Opp. at 16; ECF No. 13 (DOI Opp.) at 28; Pl. Reply at 14–15. Notably,

Defendants posit that the EBCI’s opening papers are silent about non-procedural injury. See

Catawba Opp. at 16; DOI Opp. at 28. They are partially correct. Plaintiff’s brief in support of

its Motion says nothing about this. See Pl. Br. at 14–16. As chronicled above, its focus instead

is on the procedural injuries sustained from NEPA and NHPA violations.

        The EBCI’s short Motion, on the other hand, is a different story. Read generously, it

appears to make out an allegation of concrete injury — namely, that absent injunctive relief,

“cultural patrimony and/or human remains found on these 16.57 acres will be completely lost.”



                                                  8
Pl. Mot. at 3. As further evidence that it claims an actual injury, Plaintiff maintains that it

incorporated the declaration of its THPO, id. at 4; Hrg. Tr. (Apr. 15, 2020) at 46:22–48:3, who

also avers that the gaming complex may harm “human made stone tools” or “human remains”

that could be on the proposed site. See Townsend Mar. Decl., ¶¶ 17–18. In rejoinder, the

Catawba contend that Plaintiff did not actually incorporate Townsend’s declaration in its Motion.

See Catawba Opp. at 16; Hrg. Tr. at 22:6–15. As such, the argument goes, the EBCI waived this

alleged injury for purposes of its preliminary-injunction request. See Catawba Opp. at 16; Hrg.

Tr. at 21:20–21. The Nation is certainly correct that, at the least, the EBCI could have been

considerably clearer in its papers about the source of its injury. As even a liberal reading of

Plaintiff’s pleadings nonetheless manifests that the injuries fall short of irreparable, the Court

need not spend any time on the intricacies of forfeiture doctrine.

       B. Concrete Harm

       First and foremost, Plaintiff has not shown that it is likely that Cherokee historical

artifacts even exist at the Kings Mountain site. Plaintiff’s THPO stated that, in the past, the

Tribe has consulted with other federal agencies several times about Cherokee historic-

preservation matters in Cleveland County. See ECF No. 14-4 (Apr. 10, 2020, Declaration of

Russell Townsend), ¶ 4. During one of those consultations, he identified “pre-historic Cherokee

ceramics” roughly “ten miles away from Kings Mountain.” Id., ¶ 5. That, however, does not

make it likely that Cherokee resources also exist on that mountain — let alone, on the proposed

gaming site, which occupies only 16 acres of Kings Mountain.

       Perhaps seeking to fill in the gap, Townsend also declared that “there is evidence of an

archeological investigation” on Kings Mountain. See Townsend Mar. Decl., ¶ 17. Yet, he

offered no additional supporting details, leaving several key questions unanswered. For



                                                  9
example, who conducted that investigation and when? Did the investigation yield any evidence

of Cherokee resources there? Given this thin record, the Court cannot conclude that it is likely

that any EBCI resources exist on the parcel of land at issue.

       To be sure, Townsend also stated that a “historical pottery kiln and prehistoric lythic

scatter” — i.e., “human made stone tools” — have been found at Kings Mountain. Id.

According to him, the North Carolina Department of Transportation made this “incidental

discovery” when it was working on a project in the area over a decade ago. Id. Nothing in his

declaration, however, places the cultural relics on the proposed gaming site itself. See Final EA

at ECF p. 712; id. at ECF p. 723 (demonstrating that 16.57-acre parcel was only portion of

NCDOT’s project area). More significantly, Townsend did not aver that any of those items

belonged to the Cherokee. See Townsend Mar. Decl., ¶ 17. Nor has he identified — with any

degree of certainty — that there are any human remains at the site, much less that they are

Cherokee. Id., ¶ 18 (“If there are any human remains at the site, then they are potentially intact

below the zone of impact from [NCDOT’s earlier] work.”) (emphases added). In brief, the

record is devoid of any concrete information supporting the EBCI’s position.

       Plaintiff also maintains that Interior’s consultation process should have included a

cultural or archeological survey of the project site with the EBCI’s input in case the Tribe could

locate relevant material. See Townsend Mar. Decl., ¶¶ 12, 17; Pl. Reply at 8; Hrg. Tr. 8:5–9:3.

In effect, Plaintiff requests that its THPO be provided an opportunity to check out a project site

for possible cultural items any time that site is located within the EBCI’s aboriginal lands. To

state the argument is nearly to refute it, for EBCI aboriginal lands appear to be vast indeed. Such

areas potentially encompass most of Kentucky and substantial portions of Tennessee, the two

Virginias, Alabama, Georgia, and the Carolinas. See ECF No. 1-8 (Royce Map); ECF No. 18-1



                                                10
(Demonstrative Exhibits) at 12; see also Hrg. Tr. at 45:9–46:5 (Plaintiff stating that aboriginal

lands are identified by a 1777 treaty). The statutes at issue do not compel the Government to

conduct extensive surveys, and certainly not archeological digs, within these broad geographical

bounds each time it proposes to take a major action — without any proof that items of cultural

significance will likely be found there. See Standing Rock Sioux Tribe v. U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, 205 F. Supp. 3d 4, 35 (D.D.C. 2016) (recognizing that claim under NHPA must be

grounded in determination of where tribe’s “culturally significant lands lie” rather than general

allegation that such lands extend to “wherever the buffalo roamed”).

       In any event, such a survey would not likely bear the EBCI any fruit here. The site is a

“highly disturbed” area that has been used for multiple purposes. See Final EA at ECF p. 10.

More specifically, it has been previously “prospected for tin,” id., and, in 2005, NCDOT used it

as “a soil b[o]rrow pit during the construction” of a nearby road. Id. at ECF p. 712. When road

construction concluded the following year, state authorities “graded” — i.e., leveled — the land.

Id. As such, even if Plaintiff’s THPO went onto the land, a visual review would likely not yield

much information. And, given that this land is privately owned at the moment, see Catawba Apr.

17 Notice at 1, there is no evidence that the THPO would have been permitted to excavate or

undertake a more extensive survey.

       Finally, it bears noting that, as part of its review of the Catawba’s application, Interior

searched “historical and archeological literature,” as well as the National Register of Historic

Properties, to determine the “locations and chronologies of known cultural resources within the

project area.” Final EA at ECF p. 26. It did not find any “eligible or potentially eligible historic

properties” or “paleontological resources” there. Id. at ECF pp. 27. In addition, the agency

found it “unlikely that the area [would] yield[] important paleontological specimens.” Id. It was



                                                 11
not alone in its thinking; North Carolina’s SHPO, too, maintained that it was not “aware of [any]

historic resources which would be affected by the project.” DOI Jan. 30 Ltr. at ECF p. 3.

        Even if Cherokee historical artifacts exist at the proposed site, the EBCI has not shown

that any damage to such resources is imminent. In its Final Environmental Assessment, Interior

pointed out that the Catawba had agreed to use certain best practices and undertake enumerated

mitigation measures so that the proposed complex would have a “less than significant” impact

across several environmental measures. See Final EA at ECF pp. 68–70; Approval Ltr. at 31–36;

id. at 35 (pointing to § 5.0 of Final EA). Notably, it identified certain procedures to help reduce

the adverse effects of the proposed gaming complex on protected resources, including historic

properties and cultural patrimony. See Final EA at ECF p. 68 (referencing Table 2-2 in EA).

        Here are the details. If any such resource is discovered during the construction process,

“work within 50 feet of the find shall be halted until a professional archeologist . . . , or

paleontologist if the find is paleontological in nature, can assess the significance of the find in

consultation with the BIA, other appropriate agencies and the Nation.” Id. at ECF p. 18. Under

the applicable regulations, the agency expert shall also notify EBCI’s THPO of the find. See 36

C.F.R. § 800.13(b)(3); see also Final EA at ECF p. 19 (listing EBCI THPO Townsend as

contact). If the find is significant, the THPO shall meet with the archeologist (or paleontologist)

to “determine the appropriate course of action.” Id. at ECF pp. 18–19.

        Separately, the EBCI THPO will also be contacted if human remains are uncovered. Id.

Assuming that such remains are Native American, the construction process will halt until “the

THPO and [an agency] representative have made the necessary findings as to the origins and

disposition.” Id. at ECF p. 19. The reference to EBCI’s THPO was added to the mitigation

provision of the EA after the EBCI made its objections known to Interior following its review of



                                                  12
the initial EA. Compare ECF No. 12-2 (Draft EA) at ECF pp. 17–18, with Final EA at ECF p.

19. The agency’s Final Approval letter specifically references mitigation steps to be

implemented by the Catawba. See Approval Ltr. at 35–36. The Catawba and federal

Defendants, in fact, relied heavily on the enforceability of the mitigation measures in arguing

here against the imminence of any injury. Should the Catawba fail to adhere to these mitigation

measures, consequently, the EBCI would have grounds to return to court.

        These steps assure the EBCI that any significant resources will be preserved if they are

discovered during the construction process. The Court is not holding that any mitigation plan

would always suffice to vitiate irreparable harm, but in the context of this case, where there is no

evidence of Cherokee artifacts and the land has already been substantially disturbed by state

construction activities, the plan suffices to greatly reduce the imminence of injury.

        For these reasons, the EBCI has not cleared the “high standard” for irreparable harm. See

Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297. As a result, the Court need not consider the other prongs of the

injunction test.

IV.     Conclusion

        The Court, accordingly, will deny Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. A

separate Order so stating will issue this day.

                                                             /s/ James E. Boasberg
                                                             JAMES E. BOASBERG
                                                             United States District Judge
Date: April 30, 2020




                                                 13
