                                                                   FILED
                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                                      TENTH CIRCUIT                          August 21, 2015

                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court

    CARLTON L. WILLIS,

          Plaintiff - Appellant,

    v.                                                        No. 15-7007
                                                            (E.D. Oklahoma)
    DEPARTMENT STORES NATIONAL                       (D.C. No. 6:14-CV-00363-FHS)
    BANK; MACY’S; BLOOMINGDALE’S,

          Defendants - Appellees.




                                   ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before, HARTZ, TYMKOVICH, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.


         Plaintiff Carlton Willis, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, sued

Department Stores National Bank (DSNB), Macy’s, Inc., and Bloomingdale’s, Inc.

(collectively, Defendants), in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of


*
  After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously
that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this appeal. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted
without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under
the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R.
32.1.
Oklahoma.1 He alleged a violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1681h and raised claims under

Oklahoma law for breach of contract, defamation, and intentional damage to credit. The

district court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim. Plaintiff appeals the

denial of his state-law claims for breach of contract and defamation. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

       Plaintiff was incarcerated at the Mack Alford Correctional Center in Stringtown,

Oklahoma, for crimes including forgery and unauthorized use of a credit card.2 While

incarcerated he opened accounts online with Macy’s and Bloomingdale’s in March 2014.

DSNB sent him an IRS 4506-T form seeking verification of his identity. He closed the

Macy’s account and filed a complaint with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

(CFPB) regarding the Bloomingdale’s account, which had been restricted pending

identity verification. Bloomingdale’s received the CFPB complaint and sent Plaintiff

another IRS 4506-T form. In response Plaintiff closed the account.

       On April 6, 2014, Plaintiff opened new accounts with Macy’s and

Bloomingdale’s. The next day he faxed Macy’s a bank statement, birth certificate,

driving-reinstatement letter, and profit-and-loss document. On April 10, Macy’s closed


1
 Bloomingdale’s, Inc. is a subsidiary of Macy’s, Inc. DSNB provides credit card
accounts to Macy’s and Bloomingdale’s.
2
 Plaintiff attached numerous documents, including prison records and correspondence
with Defendants, to his complaint. “[I]n deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6), a court may look both to the complaint itself and to any documents
attached as exhibits to the complaint.” Oxendine v. Kaplan, 241 F.3d 1272, 1275 (10th
Cir. 2001).
                                              2
both accounts and sent a letter enclosing another IRS 4506-T form. On April 15 he faxed

back the form. After receiving the completed form, Macy’s sent it to the IRS for

verification but did not receive a response. DSNB learned of Plaintiff’s incarceration,

which confirmed that the information provided in his application was false, and it

therefore did not reopen the accounts. Plaintiff filed another complaint with the CFPB,

who forwarded it to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC). Macy’s

investigated the complaint and responded by letter, copying the OCC, on August 4.

       We review de novo a district court’s decision to dismiss a complaint for failure to

state a claim. See Smith v. United States, 561 F.3d 1090, 1098 (10th Cir. 2009). “We are

free to affirm the decision of the district court on any grounds for which there is a record

sufficient to permit conclusions of law, even grounds not relied upon by the district

court.” Jenkins v. Hodes (In re Hodes), 402 F.3d 1005, 1011 (10th Cir. 2005). Although

we liberally construe the pleadings of a pro se plaintiff, we “will not supply additional

factual allegations to round out a plaintiff’s complaint or construct a legal theory on a

plaintiff’s behalf.” Smith, 561 F.3d at 1096 (internal quotation marks omitted).

“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).

       Plaintiff’s breach-of-contract claim was properly dismissed because the complaint

does not identify a contractual promise that was breached or any action by Defendants

that constituted a breach. On appeal Plaintiff contends that the April 10 letter, by

threatening to permanently close his Macy’s account in 30 days if he did not submit the
                                              3
requested documents, promised to keep the account open for 30 days. But that is not a

tenable reading of the letter, which contains no promise and states that the account was

being “temporarily blocked from further charging privileges.” Aplt. App. at 24.

       As for Plaintiff’s defamation claim, under Oklahoma law “[u]nless a plaintiff

demonstrates that a defendant committed libel per se, [he] must also plead and prove

special damages caused by publication.” Peterson v. Grisham, 594 F.3d 723, 728 (10th

Cir. 2010). “[L]ibel per se . . . requires a statement that is clearly defamatory on its face.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). On appeal Plaintiff rests his defamation claims on

Macy’s August 4 letter copied to the OCC. But that letter contains no libel per se and

Plaintiff has not pleaded special damages. At most, he claims that Defendants’

statements will reflect badly on his credit. But he does not allege that he was ever denied

credit or even that he received a lower credit score because of the statements. See

Llewellyn v. Allstate Home Loans, Inc., 711 F.3d 1173, 1179–80 (10th Cir. 2013).

       We AFFIRM the district court’s decision.

                                           ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                           Harris L Hartz
                                           Circuit Judge




                                              4
