[Cite as Univ. Hts. v. Allen, 2019-Ohio-2908.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

CITY OF UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS,                          :

                              Plaintiff,             :
                                                              No. 107211
                 v.                                  :

TYREE ALLEN,                                         :

                              Defendant.             :

[Appeal by U.S. Specialty Insurance      :
Corporation and Surety Corp. of America]


                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 18, 2019


                       Appeal from the Shaker Heights Municipal Court
                                   Case No. 17 TRC 00061


                                             Appearances:

                 Percy Squire Co., L.L.C., and Percy Squire, for appellants
                 U.S. Specialty Insurance Corporation and Surety Corp. of
                 America.

                 C. Randolph Keller, Shaker Heights Chief Prosecutor, for
                 Shaker Heights Municipal Court.


ANITA LASTER MAYS, J.:

                   Defendants-appellants, U.S. Specialty Insurance Corporation and

Surety Corp. of America (“Specialty”), appeal the trial court’s denial of Specialty’s
motion to vacate the bond forfeiture judgment and relief from liability by the Shaker

Heights Municipal Court. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

I.    Background and Facts

              On March 29, 2017, in the underlying case, Tyree A. Allen (“Allen”)

was charged with operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol (“OVI”) and slow

speed under the corresponding municipal ordinances by the city of University

Heights. Also, on that date, Specialty posted a $10,000 surety bond.

              On September 13, 2017, the slow speed charge was dismissed, and

Allen pleaded guilty to OVI. On October 5, 2017, Allen was ordered to obtain an

alcohol and drug assessment. On December 7, 2017, the trial court issued a journal

entry setting the sentencing hearing for December 27, 2017. Allen failed to appear

at the hearing. On January 5, 2018, the trial court issued an order documenting the

December 27, 2017 failure to appear. The order also states that the $10,000 bond

was forfeited and a show cause hearing regarding the forfeiture was set for

March 28, 2018. The order further included the issuance of a contempt-of-court

warrant with a $7,500 bond pursuant to R.C. 2705.02.

              The warrant was not issued until January 31, 2018.           Also, on

January 31, 2018, 26 days after Allen’s failure to appear for sentencing was

journalized, the bond forfeiture show cause hearing notification containing a

hearing date of March 28, 2018, was mailed to Allen, Specialty, and Deed Carroll

(“Carroll”) who was listed as the bonding agency and as Specialty’s attorney in fact.

Specialty, Carroll, and Allen failed to appear for the bond forfeiture hearing on
March 28, 2018. On March 29, 2018, the trial court issued a $10,000 bond

forfeiture judgment against Specialty and Carroll for failure to produce Allen. On

April 11, 2018, the invoice and notice of bond forfeiture judgment was entered

requiring payment of the judgment by June 29, 2018.

                On April 19, 2018, Carroll, through counsel and as agent and

representative of Specialty, filed a motion to vacate the bond judgment and

requested relief from liability. The motion advised that Allen failed to appear at the

sentencing hearing on January 5, 2018, because he was incarcerated in the

Cuyahoga County Jail. Carroll included a letter of incarceration issued by the

Cuyahoga County Sheriff on April 16, 2018, that stated Allen “was incarcerated in

the Cuyahoga County Jail from: [December 13, 2017] thru [January 19, 2018], TOT

Halfway H./Harbor Light.” Letter of incarceration (Apr. 16, 2018). A copy of the

Cleveland Police Department’s case information form documenting Allen’s arrest,

and the court’s sentencing entry for Allen’s plea to attempted drug possession on

December 26, 2017, was also provided. 1

                 A summary entry denying the motion was issued by the Shaker

Heights Municipal Court on April 20, 2018. On May 9, 2018, the instant appeal was

filed.2 On May 29, 2018, Specialty filed a separate motion under Civ.R. 60(B)

requesting relief from the March 29, 2018 and April 11, 2018 judgments on the



      1   Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-17-622237-A.

      2 Notice of forfeiture was sent to Specialty on April 11, 2018. The appeal is timely
under App.R. 3 and 4.
ground that Specialty was not provided timely notification of the forfeiture pursuant

to R.C. 2937.36. On May 30, 2018, this court granted Specialty’s request to remand

the appeal to the trial court to allow the court to rule on the pending motion to vacate

the judgment.

                On June 25, 2018, the trial court denied Specialty’s motion to vacate.

The trial court pointed out that Allen, Specialty, and Carroll failed to request

continuances and failed to appear at the March 28, 2018 hearing. In addition, the

court noted that, based on the documentation provided, Allen was not incarcerated

on March 28, 2018.

II.   Discussion

                While the amended notice of appeal in this case challenges the legality

of the forfeiture judgment and the motion to vacate that judgment under

Civ.R. 60(B), Specialty’s sole assignment of error in this case states:

      The trial court erred when it denied appellant’s motion to vacate for the
      reason that R.C. 2937.36 bars forfeiture if the surety is not given notice
      within fifteen days following a defendant’s failure to appear.

      A.     Standard of Review

                We apply an abuse of discretion standard to our review of the trial

court’s denial of a Civ.R. 60(B) motion to vacate a judgment. Bank of New York v.

Elliot, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 97506 and 98179, 2012-Ohio-5285, ¶ 25, citing

Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff, L.L.P. v. Software, Inc., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 91708, 2009-Ohio-1617, ¶ 13. “‘The term ‘abuse of discretion’ implies
that the court’s attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.’” Id.,

quoting Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). 3

       B.     Analysis

                Civ.R. 60(B) states,

       On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a
       party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order or
       proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence,
       surprise or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence which by
       due diligence could not have been discovered in time to move for a new
       trial under Rule 59(B); (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated
       intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation or other misconduct of an
       adverse party; (4) the judgment has been satisfied, released or
       discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been
       reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the
       judgment should have prospective application; or (5) any other reason
       justifying relief from the judgment. The motion shall be made within a
       reasonable time, and for reasons (1), (2) and (3) not more than one year
       after the judgment, order or proceeding was entered or taken. A motion
       under this subdivision (B) does not affect the finality of a judgment or
       suspend its operation.

               A movant must establish any one of the three requirements to prevail

on a motion for relief from judgment under Civ.R. 60(B):

       (1) a meritorious defense or claim to present if relief is granted;
       (2) entitlement to relief under one of the grounds stated in
       Civ.R. 60(B)(1) through (5); and (3) the timeliness of the motion. GTE
       Automatic Elec., Inc. v. ARC Industries, 47 Ohio St.2d 146, 150-151, 351
       N.E.2d 113 (1976). The failure to establish any one of these
       requirements will result in the denial of the motion.

Obloy v. Sigler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101672, 2015-Ohio-877, ¶ 10, citing Rose

Chevrolet, Inc. v. Adams, 36 Ohio St.3d 17, 20, 520 N.E.2d 564 (1988).



       3
       A trial court’s forfeiture determination is also reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
Youngstown v. Edmonds, 2018-Ohio-3976, 119 N.E.3d 946 (7th Dist.).
                Here, Specialty claims that the judgment is void because R.C. 2937.36

effectively serves as a statute of limitations. Specialty argues that the failure to issue

the notice within the 15-day statutory period divested the trial court of jurisdiction

to proceed.

        “When a party claims that a judgment is void, that party need not
        comply with Civ.R. 60(B). Instead, a trial court retains inherent
        authority to vacate a void judgment.” Blaine v. Blaine, 4th Dist.
        Jackson No. 10CA15, 2011-Ohio-1654, ¶ 17; see also Pryor v. Pryor, 4th
        Dist. Ross No. 11CA3218, 2012-Ohio-756, ¶ 5-8 (treating motion to
        vacate divorce decree as a motion to set aside a void judgment and not
        conducting Civ.R. 60(B) analysis). “When a party incorrectly seeks
        relief under Civ.R. 60(B) in an attempt to vacate a void judgment, a
        court will ‘treat the motion as a common law motion to vacate or set
        aside the judgment * * *.’” Blaine at ¶ 17, quoting Beachler v. Beachler,
        12th Dist. Preble No. CA2006-03-007, 2007-Ohio-1220, ¶ 19.

Cochenour v. Cochenour, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3420, 2014-Ohio-3128, ¶ 14. A

motion to vacate or set aside an allegedly void judgment is also reviewed for an abuse

of discretion. Adams v. McElroy, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105399, 2018-Ohio-89,

¶ 12.

                “A final judgment of forfeiture of a recognizance surety bond has two

steps.” Edmonds, 2018-Ohio-3976, 119 N.E.3d 946, at ¶ 13. First, there is “an

adjudication of bail forfeiture under R.C. 2937.35.” Id. Secondly, there is a “bond

forfeiture show cause hearing under R.C. 2937.36.” Id.

                R.C. 2937.35 provides:

        Upon the failure of the accused or witness to appear in accordance with
        its terms the bail may in open court be adjudged forfeit, in whole or in
        part by the court or magistrate before whom he is to appear. But such
        court or magistrate may, in its discretion, continue the cause to a later
        date certain, giving notice of such date to him and the bail depositor or
      sureties, and adjudge the bail forfeit upon failure to appear at such later
      date.

               R.C. 2937.36 regulates the forfeiture proceedings and provides in

pertinent part:

      (C) As to recognizances the magistrate or clerk shall notify the accused
      and each surety within fifteen days after the declaration of the
      forfeiture by ordinary mail at the address shown by them in their
      affidavits of qualification or on the record of the case, of the default of
      the accused and the adjudication of forfeiture and require each of them
      to show-cause on or before a date certain to be stated in the notice, and
      which shall be not less than forty-five nor more than sixty days from
      the date of mailing notice, why judgment should not be entered against
      each of them for the penalty stated in the recognizance. If good cause
      by production of the body of the accused or otherwise is not shown, the
      court or magistrate shall thereupon enter judgment against the sureties
      or either of them, so notified, in such amount, not exceeding the penalty
      of the bond, as has been set in the adjudication of forfeiture, and shall
      award execution therefor as in civil cases. The proceeds of sale shall be
      received by the clerk or magistrate and distributed as on forfeiture of
      cash bail.

R.C. 2937.36(C).

               A surety may be exonerated from failing to produce a defendant

where good cause is demonstrated. State v. Lott, 2014-Ohio-3404, 17 N.E.3d 1167,

¶ 9 (1st Dist.), citing State v. Hughes, 27 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 501 N.E.2d 622 (1986),

and R.C. 2937.36(C). “A surety may also be exonerated where performance of the

conditions in the bond is rendered impossible by an act of law” but “the impossibility

of performance must have been unforeseeable at the time the surety entered into the

contract.” Id., citing Hughes at 21-22, citing Taylor v. Taintor, 83 U.S. 366, 21 L.Ed.

287 (1872), and State v. Scherer, 108 Ohio App.3d 586, 594, 671 N.E.2d 545 (2d

Dist.1995).
               The purpose of R.C. 2937.36(C) is to provide “the surety time to locate

the defendant prior to the ‘show-cause’ hearing” “to avoid a possible judgment.”

Lott at ¶ 15. The purpose of the statutory procedures is to afford due process by

allowing the surety to be heard prior to the forfeiture. State v. Martin, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 21716, 2007-Ohio-3813.

               Indeed,

       The sweep of R.C. 2937.36(C) is broad enough to cover those situations
       where the surety is unaware of the non-appearance of the defendant-
       principal until the bond is forfeited. In those situations, the surety has
       a due process expectation of the notice and opportunity to show good
       cause provided for in R.C. 2937.36(C).

Id. at ¶ 22.

               Ohio appellate courts consider a number of factors in determining

whether a forfeiture should be upheld but a central theme is whether the surety

suffered prejudice. Illustrative here is the appellate court’s holding in State v.

Barnes, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-10-025, 2011-Ohio-799. The trial court refused

the surety’s request to reverse a bond forfeiture because notice was untimely under

pre-amendment R.C. 2937.36. The statute provided that “a surety shall be notified

of the show cause forfeiture hearing and that the hearing ‘shall not be less than

twenty nor more than thirty days from the date of mailing notice.’” (Emphasis

added.) Id. at ¶ 29, quoting pre-amendment R.C. 2937.36. The notice in Barnes

was issued to the surety less than 20 days from the date of the hearing.

               The appellate court agreed that the timing of the notice was

noncompliant. “Admittedly, the notice does not comply with the 20-day
requirement.” Id. at ¶ 30. “However, appellant has failed to demonstrate how she

was prejudiced by the court’s failure to abide by the rule.” Id., citing Toledo v. Floyd,

185 Ohio App.3d 27, 2009-Ohio-5507, 923 N.E.2d 159 (6th Dist.) (parties appeared

at the hearing in spite of the untimeliness of the notice so were not prejudiced);

State v. Huffman, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-10-016, 2010-Ohio-5026.

                A review of the legislative history provided by Specialty does not

support the argument that the notification period was determined to be a statutory

prerequisite for jurisdiction to move forward with the forfeiture proceedings. In

fact, the Ohio Legislative Service Commission’s final analysis of Am.Sub. H.B. 86

amending R.C. 2937.36 indicates that the changes to the statute were simply to the

time periods for notice and hearing. See also the R.C. 2937.36 amendment notes

which provide that “[t]he 2011 amendment, in the first sentence of (C), inserted

‘within fifteen days after the declaration of the forfeiture’, substituted ‘forty-five’ for

‘twenty’ substituted ‘sixty days’ for ‘thirty days’; and made stylistic changes.”

               Specialty has not demonstrated how it was prejudiced by the delayed

notification in this case. A surety may not fail to take advantage of the procedural

due process afforded and then claim that the judgment was unlawfully entered.

Specialty had actual notice of the proceedings yet failed to appear to request

additional time.

                In the instant case, the trial court issued the notice 11 days after the

15-day period provided by the statute. Specialty does not deny receiving notification

or explain how Specialty was prejudiced by the delay. Instead, Specialty simply
failed to appear or take other action to protect its rights. We reject Specialty’s

assertion that the delay in issuing the notice rendered the judgment void and

divested the trial court of authority to act.

               The appellate court in State v. Worley, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2011 CA

0067, 2012-Ohio-484, addressed a fact situation similar to that of the instant case.

The accused failed to appear for a pretrial and a $5,000 bond was forfeited. Id. at

¶ 3-4. Neither the accused nor the surety appeared at the subsequent show cause

hearing and a judgment of forfeiture was rendered. No request for a continuance

was filed. Nine days after the judgment, the surety filed a motion to set aside the

judgment and discharge the surety under Civ.R. 60(B). The surety discovered that

the accused had been incarcerated one month prior to the scheduled pretrial, which

constituted a valid reason for the failure to appear. The trial court denied the

motion. Id. at ¶ 8.

               The surety argued entitlement to relief based on State v. Yount, 175

Ohio App.3d 733, 2008-Ohio-1155, 889 N.E.2d 162 (2d Dist.), where the court

granted a motion to set aside a judgment of bond forfeiture based on the surety’s

defense that the accused was incarcerated elsewhere. Id. at ¶ 20. The Worley court

found that Yount was distinguishable because the surety in Yount actually appeared

at the show cause hearing and advised the trial court of defendant’s incarceration.

“[The surety in this case] asserts that because of the alleged meritorious defense of

[the accused’s] incarceration in another county, its nonappearance at the show
cause hearing is immaterial.” Id. at ¶ 23. “This argument discounts the role of a

surety and misconstrues the meaning of Civ.R. 60(B).” Id.

               The appellate court continued:

       The Ohio Supreme Court has stated that “the inaction of a defendant is
       not ‘excusable neglect’ if it can be labeled as a ‘complete disregard for
       the judicial system.’” Kay v. Marc Glassman, Inc., 76 Ohio St.3d 18,
       20, 665 N.E.2d 1102 (1996), citing GTE, supra, at 153, 351 N.E.2d 113.
       Excusable neglect has been further defined as some action “not in
       consequence of the party’s own carelessness, inattention, or willful
       disregard of the process of the court, but in consequence of some
       unexpected or unavoidable hindrance or accident.” Emery v. Smith,
       5th Dist. Nos. 2005CA00051 and 2005CA00098, 2005-Ohio-5526,
       ¶16, citing Vanest v. Pillsbury Co., 124 Ohio App.3d 525, 536, 706
       N.E.2d 825, fn. 8 (1997).

Worley, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2011 CA 0067, 2012-Ohio-484, ¶ 24.

                Finally, the Worley court freely expressed its dismay about the

surety’s disregard for the judicial system:

       Appellant’s reasoning is circular: it asserts a meritorious defense of [the
       accused’s] incarceration, yet justifies its nonappearance at the show
       cause hearing on the alleged meritorious defense that it failed to assert.
       By this reasoning, the trial court was apparently expected to intuit the
       existence of a meritorious defense because Appellant did not appear to
       present one. Appellant’s argument relies upon Yount’s holding that
       incarceration in another county is a meritorious defense, but appellant
       overlooks the significance of the fact that the Yount surety “apprised
       the trial court at the show cause hearing that she had located [the
       defendant] in [another county],” therefore satisfying the first
       requirement of Civ.R. 60(B). Yount, supra, 737. Under all of the
       circumstances, therefore, the surety’s efforts in Yount did not
       constitute a complete disregard for the judicial system. Id. The same is
       not true in the instant case.

Id. at ¶ 25.
               In this case, the record reveals that none of the surety parties

appeared at the hearing. Based on our review of the record, there is no evidence that

requests were made to have the hearing continued.

               The first attempt to resolve the forfeiture issue occurred one week

after the invoice and notice to pay was ordered. At that point, Carroll moved to

vacate the judgment and submitted documentation that Allen was incarcerated and

unable to appear at the sentencing. Neither the motion to vacate filed by Carroll nor

Specialty’s motion to vacate addressed the failure of the parties to appear at the show

cause hearing. “[A] surety has a duty to follow the progress of a defendant’s case.”

State v. Barnes, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-10-025, 2011-Ohio-799, ¶ 28, citing State

v. Stevens, 30 Ohio St.3d 25, 505 N.E.2d 972 (1987). See also State v. AAA Sly Bail

Bonds (Jefferson), 5th Dist. Richland No. 17-CA-56, 2018-Ohio-2943.

               We find that Specialty has failed to demonstrate entitlement to relief

pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B) based on “excusable neglect or any other reason justifying

relief from judgment.” Worley, 5th Dist. Licking No. 2011 CA 0067, 2012-Ohio-484,

¶ 26. Thus, Specialty has failed to satisfy any one of the three required prongs of

the GTE test and the motion to vacate the judgment was properly denied. Id., citing

GTE Automatic Elec., Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc., 47 Ohio St.2d 146, 351 N.E.2d 113

(1976).

               We also observe that R.C. 2937.39 contains an additional due process

protection for a surety dealing with bond forfeiture. It “provides a surety with a

mechanism for requesting that a court remit all or a portion of a forfeited
recognizance” bond if the statutory elements are met. State v. Bates, 2017-Ohio-

4445, 93 N.E.3d 263, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.); AAA Sly Bail Bonds (Jefferson), 5th Dist.

Richland No. 17-CA-56, 2018-Ohio-2943, ¶ 48 (“a surety may seek remission of the

forfeiture in the event that the accused subsequently appears, surrenders or is

rearrested.”) The record does not reflect that Specialty has pursued this remedy.

               We find that Specialty’s assigned error lacks merit.

III.   Conclusion

               The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the Civ.R. 60(B)

motion to vacate the forfeiture judgment. Our analysis of the propriety of the

Civ.R. 60(B) motion subsumes the propriety of the forfeiture judgment.

               The trial court’s judgments are affirmed.

       It is ordered that Specialty pay the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue of this court directing the Shaker

Heights Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



ANITA LASTER MAYS, JUDGE

MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., and
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR
