                              NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 30 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

IBRAHIM RAIMI,                                  No.    18-71708

                Petitioner,                     Agency No. A209-869-999

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                        Argued and Submitted July 6, 2020
                                Portland, Oregon

Before: BENNETT and MILLER, Circuit Judges, and PEARSON,** District
Judge.

      Ibrahim Raimi, a native and citizen of Ghana, petitions for review of an

order of the Board of Immigration Appeals upholding an immigration judge’s

denial of his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under

the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Benita Y. Pearson, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
§ 1252(a)(1). We grant the petition and remand.

      1.     Raimi seeks asylum and withholding of removal because he fears

persecution on account of his sexual orientation. The Board upheld the

immigration judge’s adverse credibility finding, on the basis that Raimi did not

mention his sexual orientation during his border interview and discussed only his

religion. Substantial evidence does not support the Board’s determination. When

viewed “in light of the ‘totality of the circumstances, and all relevant factors,’”

Raimi’s testimony was not inconsistent. Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1043

(9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)).

      In his border interview, Raimi was asked why he traveled under a different

name and why he came to the United States. In response, Raimi stated that he is a

Christian and that he understood the United States to be a “good” place and a

“Christian country.” When asked why he left Ghana, Raimi said that he was chased

out of his house by a Muslim group. When asked whether he feared returning to

Ghana, Raimi said that he did.

      Viewed in context, Raimi’s testimony at his border interview is not

inconsistent with later testimony given at his credible-fear hearing, during which

he elaborated on the basis for his fear of persecution. During the border interview,

Raimi answered the questions posed to him, none of which called for him to

discuss his sexual orientation. When asked during his credible-fear interview about


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his fear of the Muslim group, Raimi explained that the group targeted gay people

and that he was specifically targeted by them. In identifying an inconsistency in

Raimi’s testimony, the Board appears to have assumed that the group must have

been motivated by either anti-Christian or anti-gay animus, overlooking the

possibility that both motives might have been present. Either way, the Board was

required to consider Raimi’s “explanation for a perceived inconsistency, and other

record evidence that sheds light on whether there is in fact an inconsistency at all.”

Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1044 (citation omitted); see Soto-Olarte v. Holder, 555 F.3d

1089, 1091 (9th Cir. 2009). The Board did not do so here because it did not give

reasoned consideration to Raimi’s explanation of the Muslim group’s anti-gay

animus.

      The Board similarly perceived an inconsistency in Raimi’s testimony about

the reason his father poured pepper into his eyes. But although Raimi’s border-

interview testimony could be construed to suggest that his father attacked him

because he was a Christian, Raimi did not say that it was the only reason he was

attacked. Instead, Raimi consistently tied his father’s animus to his Christianity and

sexual orientation, not one or the other exclusively.

      The Board also relied on the immigration judge’s comments about Raimi’s

demeanor, but we have never upheld an adverse credibility finding based on

demeanor alone. We see no reason to do so in this case, when the immigration


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judge’s demeanor findings lack identifiable support in the record. See Shrestha,

590 F.3d at 1042. The immigration judge need not provide “running commentary”

on a witness’s demeanor during the hearing, but to permit meaningful review, the

immigration judge must identify the basis for a demeanor finding with greater

specificity than was done here. Manes v. Sessions, 875 F.3d 1261, 1264 (9th Cir.

2017) (per curiam); see Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1042.

      Because the adverse credibility finding cannot stand, we remand Raimi’s

claims for asylum and withholding of removal on an open record. See Soto-Olarte,

555 F.3d at 1093–96.

      2.      As for Raimi’s CAT claim, the Board’s analysis of country conditions

in Ghana was inadequate. Under the pertinent regulations, the Board must consider

all relevant evidence. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3). When “there is any indication that

the BIA did not consider all of the evidence before it, . . . the decision cannot

stand.” Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762, 771–72 (9th Cir. 2011). “Such indications

include . . . failing to mention highly probative or potentially dispositive evidence.”

Id. at 772.

      Here, the Board did not address several material aspects of the State

Department’s 2016 report on human rights in Ghana. For example, the report

recognizes that Ghanaian law criminalizes sexual intercourse between men. The

report also states that Ghanaian “police were reluctant to investigate claims of


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assault or violence against LGBTI persons.” It further explains that “[g]ay men in

prison were often subjected to sexual and other physical abuse.”

      We have held that sexual assault can amount to torture. See Avendano-

Hernandez v. Lynch, 800 F.3d 1072, 1079 (9th Cir. 2015). Given the unaddressed

country conditions relevant to Raimi’s sexual orientation, substantial evidence

does not support the conclusion that, based on objective evidence alone, Raimi is

unlikely to be tortured with the acquiescence of the Ghanaian government. See

Bromfield v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 1071, 1079 (9th Cir. 2008). We therefore remand

for reconsideration of Raimi’s CAT claim. See Lai v. Holder, 773 F.3d 966, 976

(9th Cir. 2014).

      3.     On remand, Raimi should have the opportunity to argue for the

admission of the two letters he contends were incorrectly excluded at his merits

hearing. See Perez-Arceo v. Lynch, 821 F.3d 1178, 1187 (9th Cir. 2016). Because

those letters are not in the administrative record, we express no opinion as to their

relevance. We otherwise reject the due process challenges Raimi has raised.

      PETITION GRANTED AND REMANDED.




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