               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
                                No. 07–0568

                         Filed August 14, 2009


STEW-Mc DEVELOPMENT, INC.,
    Cross-Appellant,

JAMES F. KRESS,
    Cross-Appellant,

JOSEPH SCHMITT and PENNI SCHMITT,
    Appellants,

vs.

NANCY M. FISCHER and THOMAS J. FISCHER,
    Appellees.


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County,

Margaret L. Lingreen (trial) and John Bauercamper (summary judgment

ruling), Judges.



      Plaintiffs appeal grant of summary judgment to defendants in

easement action, while defendants cross-appeal on abuse-of-process

claim. AFFIRMED.


      Robert L. Sudmeier and William N. Toomey of Fuerste, Carew,

Coyle, Juergens & Sudmeier, P.C., Dubuque, for appellants Schmitt and

cross-appellant Stew-Mc Development, Inc.

      William S. Vernon and Brian S. Fagan of Moyer & Bergman, P.L.C.,

Cedar Rapids, for cross-appellants Kress and the Schmitts.



      Brendan T. Quann and Peter D. Arling of O’Connor & Thomas,

P.C., Dubuque, for appellees.
                                     2

APPEL, Justice.

      In this case, we must decide the timeliness of various cross-

appeals filed by the parties seeking to challenge a district court ruling

that the plaintiffs possessed only a limited easement in connection with

certain real estate located in Dubuque County and rejecting a

counterclaim for abuse of process. For the reasons expressed below, we

find the cross-appeals timely filed. On the merits of the easement and

abuse-of-process claims, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

      I. Factual and Procedural Background.

      This case requires us to travel back in time to 1888, when Anton

Birkel purchased land in Dubuque County.        This property eventually

passed on to his descendants, Rosa, then Joseph, and then Ferdinand

Birkel.   During Ferdinand’s ownership, his mother Rosa lived on a

separate farm in the northern portion of the property. Ferdinand allowed

his mother and other relatives to travel across his land to obtain access

to their home and the surrounding agricultural property.      This access

way became known in later years as “Kress Lane.”

      Rosa eventually sold her property to other persons outside the

Birkel family.   At some point, her land was divided into two separate

parcels. Ferdinand, however, continued to permit Rosa’s successors in

title to use Kress Lane for access purposes. Ferdinand’s land eventually

passed to Louis Birkel. Louis also allowed the owners of the northern

parcels of land to use Kress Lane.

      In 1983, Louis sold his property to Nancy and Thomas Fischer.

The two farm parcels to the north of the Fischer property continued to

rely on Kress Lane to access their homes and property.        Immediately

prior to this dispute, the two northern parcels were owned by James

Kress and Joseph and Penni Schmitt.
                                       3

      Though Kress Lane has vital importance to these farms, it is not a

formal, well-structured thoroughfare. The lane has been described as a

dead-end road six-tenths of a mile long. Only a small portion of Kress

Lane crosses the Fischer property.

      Kress Lane was never dedicated to and accepted by Dubuque

County as a public road.        No record title owner in the Birkel-Fischer

chain of title ever executed a written, legal instrument granting a formal

easement across the Fischer property for Kress Lane.             For some time,

however, Dubuque County engaged in limited road maintenance on

Kress Lane by grading, installing culverts, and rocking the road. A few

years ago, Dubuque County rural roads were given official names as part

of the establishment of a rural address system to aid in the delivery of

emergency services. This is when Kress Lane acquired its name.

      In February 2002, Stew-Mc Development, Inc. made an offer to

purchase the two-hundred acre Kress estate contingent upon the

approval by the Dubuque County Board of Supervisors of an application

to rezone the property to permit single-family residential development. In

December 2002, Kress entered into a contract with the Schmitts for the

sale of the portion of Kress Lane which crosses their property. Although

Kress was the named purchaser in the real estate contract, Stew-Mc

Development did extensive work on the roadway to improve it.

      Kress hired John Herrig to assist in obtaining the approval of an

application to rezone the Kress estate. At the meeting of the Dubuque

County Planning Zoning Commission where Kress’ application was

considered,    Nancy   Fisher    objected,   asserting    that    the   northern

landowners possessed nothing more than an access easement over her

property.     The zoning commission refused the application, finding

insufficient public access to the Kress estate.          The Dubuque County
                                       4

Board of Supervisors accepted the recommendation and denied Kress’

application for rezoning.

      In light of these developments, Stew-Mc Development implemented

a   new     strategy.   It   offered   to   purchase   the   Kress   property

unconditionally, an offer which was accepted.          Kress and Stew-Mc

Development also filed what was styled a “Petition for Writ of Certiorari

and for Declaratory Judgment” in Dubuque County District Court,

naming the county supervisors and the county as defendants.              The

plaintiff sought a declaration that Kress Lane was a county road, thereby

connecting the Kress estate to the public road system.         The Fischers

intervened in order to protect their rights.

      The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the

Fischers.    The district court determined as a matter of law that Kress

Lane was a private road based on an easement and was not a public

roadway, either by direct acquisition, formal dedication and acceptance,

implied dedication, or prescriptive easement.          The district court’s

judgment was affirmed by the court of appeals in an unpublished

decision.    Kress v. Dubuque County, 697 N.W.2d 127 (Iowa Ct. App.

2005).

      Stew-Mc Development regrouped after their defeat and launched

another action in district court, this time naming the Fischers as

defendants. In this action, the plaintiffs alleged that the Fischers had

slandered their title and tortiously interfered in its contract with Kress.

The plaintiffs also sought a declaratory judgment regarding the unlimited

scope of their now admittedly private easement, which they asserted

would be sufficient for residential purposes.     Finally, they claimed an

easement by prescription. The defendants filed a counterclaim alleging

abuse of process.
                                           5

      The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the

Fischers on all claims except the action for declaratory judgment of an

unlimited private easement. The district court stated that this limited

issue had not yet been litigated and that the pleadings submitted by the

parties were insufficient to allow for summary judgment.                 In a later

ruling, the district court determined that there was no need to determine

the exact scope of the private easement as its proposed use—residential

development—would obviously exceed its scope. The plaintiffs’ action for

declaratory judgment thus was denied.

      Only the Fischers’ abuse-of-process claim remained unsettled. The

matter proceeded to a trial before the court.             At trial, Nancy Fischer

testified   that   plaintiffs’   alleged   agent,    Herrig,   had made     several

inappropriate and threatening remarks.              Specifically, she testified that

Herrig told her that the property at issue did not belong to her, that she

should not attend the meeting of the zoning commission, and that if she

attempted to obstruct the application to rezone the Kress property, the

Fischers would be taken to court, which would be a great financial

burden on her and her family. Nancy Fischer further testified that on

another occasion, Herrig again warned her that legal action would be

very costly and threatened the Fischers with financial ruin if they refused

to cooperate with the development of the Kress property.                    Finally,

Thomas Fischer testified that Herrig had come to the Fischer farm

unannounced and told him that if the matter went to court, it would get

“costly and ugly.” Fischer found the remark to be a threat, improper,

and unnecessary.

      Plaintiffs’ original counsel in the action, James Roth, testified on

behalf of the plaintiffs. He stated that the purpose of the litigation was to

establish the scope and extent of the plaintiffs’ easement across the
                                      6

Fischer property and then seek a zoning variance from the county. Roth

specifically denied that the lawsuit was designed to threaten or

intimidate the Fischers.       He further observed that if the plaintiffs

prevailed on its easement-by-prescription claim, it would assist them in

their claims of slander of title and tortious interference with contract.

Herrig also testified. He denied making the statements attributed to him

by the Fischers.

      The district court held that the Fischers failed to prove their abuse-

of-process claim. The district court specifically found that the plaintiffs’

“primary purpose in commencing the lawsuit was to establish a

prescriptive easement and secure a declaration of their rights under [the]

easement.”

      The Schmitts filed a notice of appeal twenty-nine days after this

final district court decision. The Schmitts appealed the district court’s

ruling denying their claim of an unlimited easement across Kress Lane.

Three days later, the Fischers filed what they styled as a cross-appeal,

asserting that the district court erroneously dismissed their claim for

abuse of process.    Four days after the Fischer cross-appeal, Stew-Mc

Development cross-appealed, challenging the district court’s ruling that

allowed the Fischers to amend their abuse-of-process petition on the eve

of trial to assert a claim for attorneys’ fees.   The Schmitts and Kress

joined in this cross-appeal.

      At this point, the Fischers filed a motion to dismiss Stew-Mc

Development’s cross-appeal as untimely.        The plaintiffs then filed a

motion to dismiss the Fischers’ cross-appeal as untimely.        All parties

then deluged the court with resistances to the motions of the adverse

parties, and the procedural issues were thoroughly joined.
                                           7

       II. Standard of Review.

       We review a grant of summary judgment, whether the action be at

law or equity, for correction of errors at law. Keokuk Junction Ry. v. IES

Indus., Inc., 618 N.W.2d 352, 355 (Iowa 2000). Summary judgment is

appropriate when, after review of the entire record, there is no genuine

issue of material fact. Id.

       The scope of review in actions for abuse of process is likewise

limited to correction of errors at law. Royce v. Hoening, 423 N.W.2d 198,

200 (Iowa 1988). On appeal, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of

fact if supported by substantial evidence.             Collins Trust v. Allamakee

County Bd. of Supervisors, 599 N.W.2d 460, 463 (Iowa 1999).

       III. Discussion.

       A. Timeliness of Cross-Appeals. At the time of this appeal, Iowa

Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.5(1) (2007) stated that absent the filing of

certain posttrial motions, “appeals to the supreme court must be taken

within, and not after, 30 days from the entry of the order, judgment, or

decree . . . .” The rule further provided, “A cross-appeal may be taken

within the 30 days for taking an appeal or in any event within 5 days

after the appeal is taken.” 1 This court has held that the timeliness of an

appeal is jurisdictional. Robco Transp., Inc. v. Ritter, 356 N.W.2d 497,

498 (Iowa 1984).

       No party questions the timeliness of the Schmitts’ original appeal.

The sole issues relate to the timeliness of the Fischers’ cross-appeal and

the cross-appeal of Stew-Mc Development.




       1The   Iowa Rules of Appellate Procedure have since been amended. While the
time for filing an appeal continues to be thirty days, the time limit for filing a cross-
appeal has been extended to ten days. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.101(2)(b) (2009).
                                      8

      1.     Timeliness of Fischer cross-appeal.      Stew-Mc Development

challenges     the   Fischers’   cross-appeal   as    untimely.    Stew-Mc

Development asserts that the Fischers seek to appeal issues separate

and apart from the issues appealed by the Schmitts and that, as a result,

their action should properly be classified as an appeal, not a cross-

appeal. If the Fischers’ filing is characterized as an appeal it is untimely

because it was not filed within thirty days of the final judgment.        If

classified as a cross-appeal, however, it complies with the rule because it

was filed within five days of the Schmitts’ appeal.

      This court considered issues similar to those raised in this case in

State ex rel. Iowa Department of Transportation v. General Electric Credit

Corp. of Delaware, 448 N.W.2d 335 (Iowa 1989). In General Electric, the

Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) filed an action against three

separate corporate entities regarding their failure to register and pay

statutorily-required fees for the operation of an aircraft within the state.

Gen. Elec., 448 N.W.2d at 337.        The district court granted summary

judgment in favor of the IDOT against two of the defendants, Heritage

and G.E. Delaware, but refused to pierce the corporate veil and granted

summary judgment in favor of the third defendant, G.E. Capital. Id.

      Heritage and G.E. Delaware filed a notice of appeal on the twenty-

ninth day after the district court’s judgment. Id. at 338. IDOT filed a

notice of cross-appeal more than thirty days after the district court

judgment, seeking to appeal from that portion of the district court’s

ruling which granted summary judgment on behalf of G.E. Capital. Id.

G.E. Capital sought to dismiss the cross-appeal as untimely, claiming

that because G.E. Capital was not a party to the original appeal, the

filing of the IDOT was not a cross-appeal but in fact should be treated as

an original appeal. Id.
                                     9

      In addressing G.E. Capital’s argument, the court noted that the

Iowa Rules of Appellate Procedure did not define the term “cross-appeal.”

Id. In light of the lack of definition, the court turned to the underlying

purpose of the rules.     The court observed that “[t]he Iowa Rules of

Appellate Procedure, like the Iowa Rules of Civil Procedure, should be

construed liberally so that controversies can be fairly and efficiently

determined, whenever possible, on the merits.” Id. at 339. The court

concluded that allowing cross-appeals like that brought by IDOT “would

streamline the appellate process by making ‘precautionary appeals’ by a

party that prevailed at the trial level against some, but not all, adverse

parties unnecessary.” Id. The court further noted that “[t]he risk of any

party suffering injustice . . . would be minimized, because a party’s stake

in the litigation could still be protected by cross-appeal if portions of the

judgment favorable to it are put in jeopardy by appeal.” Id.

      Stew-Mc Development attempts to distinguish General Electric by

asserting that in General Electric, the party bringing the cross-appeal was

a litigant with respect to the claims challenged in the original appeal. In

this case, Stew-Mc Development points out that the Fischers are

attempting to file a cross-appeal against a party that was not part of the

original appeal. Stew-Mc Development further claims that the abuse of

process claim that underlies the Fischers’ cross-appeal is factually and

procedurally independent of the claims appealed in the Schmitt’s original

appeal.

      We reject Stew-Mc Development’s arguments. In General Electric,

this court explicitly stated that for the purpose of the rules of appellate

procedure,

      an action involving multiple parties will be considered to
      result in a single judgment, so that where one of the several
      parties to the action appeals and jeopardizes any part of the
                                       10
      judgment, a party may cross-appeal against any other party
      to the litigation within the time allotted for cross-appeals.

Gen. Elec., 448 N.W.2d at 340. We see no reason to depart from this
holding now.

      We further note that the approach employed in General Electric is

consistent with Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.101(1)(c) (2009),

which provides that dispositive orders on fewer than all of the issues in

an action, even though they are severable from the remaining issues,

may be appealed within the time for an appeal from the order or

judgment finally disposing of the action as to all remaining parties or

issues. It would seem inequitable here to treat the Schmitt and Fischer

actions as the same for the ignition of the time period to appeal—thereby

allowing the plaintiffs to wait until the resolution of the Fischers’ abuse

of process claim before filing an appeal on the easement issue—but then

treat the actions as separate and distinct as to the close of the appeal

window. We, therefore, find the Fischers’ cross-appeal timely.

      2.   Timeliness of Stew-Mc Development cross-appeal.       As noted

previously, the Fischers moved to dismiss the Stew-Mc Development

cross-appeal as untimely as it was taken more than five days after the

filing of the Schmitt appeal.   The Stew-Mc Development cross-appeal,

however, was filed within five days of the Fischers’ cross-appeal, which

raised the abuse-of-process action on appeal for the first time.       The

rationale raised by the Fischers in seeking dismissal of Stew-Mc

Development’s cross-appeal is similar to that raised by Stew-Mc

Development in its challenge to the cross-appeal of the Fischers.      We

reject the Fischers’ timeliness challenge to the Stew-Mc Development

cross-appeal for the same reasons that we reject Stew-Mc Development’s

challenge to Fischers’ cross-appeal.
                                        11

      B. Scope of Private Easement.

      1.    Scope of easement as applied to proposed residential

development. In their petition, plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment

that their easement over the Fischer property “is unlimited” and is

“sufficient for . . . residential development purposes.”           The Fischers

resisted, arguing that the easement was limited in scope and did not

allow for such a dramatic expansion of use. The district court granted

summary judgment in favor of the Fischers, holding that whatever the

scope of the easement, it was not broad enough to cover the proposed

residential development.

      The only evidence in the record related to the scope of the

easement came from affidavits submitted by the Fischers. The affidavits

generally stated that the easement over the Fischer property was granted

to allow access to farm property first to Rosa Birkel and then to two farm

property owners to the north.         These facts were not disputed by any

party. In light of the undisputed nature of the facts, the case was ripe

for summary judgment.

      We next turn to the law of easements. It is well-settled that “the

dominant estate acquires no greater use[] than the parties intended”

when an easement was created. Schwob v. Green, 215 N.W.2d 240, 243

(Iowa 1974). Ordinarily, however, where the easement involves ingress

and egress, “a mere increase in the frequency of use will not constitute

an additional burden.”     Id.    Additionally, easements will accommodate

technological developments. See generally Skow v. Goforth, 618 N.W.2d

275, 278 (Iowa 2000) (noting that an easement for horse and buggy

access may be used by dominant estate for modern vehicles).

      The   proposed   use       of   Kress   Lane   for   a   major   residential

development, however, greatly expands the original scope of the
                                    12

easement, which was granted to two farm properties at a time when

comparatively dense residential development was not contemplated. See

Flynn v. Mich.-Wis. Pipeline Co., 161 N.W.2d 56, 61 (Iowa 1968) (scope of

easement, if not defined, is only that which is “reasonably necessary and

convenient for the purposes for which it was created”). Residential and

agricultural access to two farm properties at the turn of the century is a

much different proposition than access to a modern residential

development. It is not a mere increase in use, but a change in use that

could not have been within the contemplation of the parties when the

original easement was granted. See Boudreau v. Coleman, 564 N.E.2d 1,

5–6 (Mass. App. Ct. 1990) (finding residential development to be an

additional burden outside the intent of the parties); Leffingwell Ranch,

Inc. v. Cieri, 916 P.2d 751, 756–58 (Mont. 1996) (finding subdivision of

dominant estate into 174 parcels not within parties’ intent and

inconsistent with historical use); Nadeau v. Town of Durham, 531 A.2d

335, 337–38 (N.H. 1987) (finding development of housing for senior

citizens with fourteen units not reasonably foreseeable); Restatement

(Third) of Property § 4.1(1), at 496–97 (2000) (“A servitude should be

interpreted to give effect to the intention of the parties ascertained from

the language used in the instrument, or the circumstances surrounding

creation of the servitude, and to carry out the purpose for which it was

created.”).

      We recognize that there is some authority that appears to be more

amenable to alterations in the use of easements.      See Shooting Point,

L.L.C. v. Wescoat, 576 S.E.2d 497, 503 (Va. 2003) (finding subdivision of

dominant tenement into residential lots an increase in the degree of

burden but not an imposition of an additional burden); Clain-Stefanelli v.

Thompson, 486 S.E.2d 330, 337 (W. Va. 1997) (finding prescriptive
                                          13

easement supported future residential development because residential

access was original purpose and use of easement).                     We conclude,

however, that the better view under the undisputed facts of this case is

that the original grantors did not contemplate the expansive use of the

easement now sought by the plaintiffs and that this fact is dispositive.

As a result, we conclude that the district court properly granted

summary judgment to the Fischers on the issue of the scope of the

private easement. 2

       2. Failure of district court to delineate precise scope of easement.

The plaintiffs further argue that the district court did not fully resolve the

issues in the litigation by simply declaring that the easement was

insufficient to support the proposed residential development. They argue

that the district court should have further clarified the scope and

dimensions of the private easement, even if it was insufficient to

accommodate the proposed development.

       In a declaratory action, the ordinary rules of pleading apply. Smith

v. Bitter, 319 N.W.2d 196, 201 (Iowa 1982). Declaratory actions are thus

governed by the same liberal pleading standards that are applied in other

civil actions.    As in any other action, an issue may be directly, or

impliedly, raised by the pleadings. See Frederick v. Shorman, 259 Iowa

1050, 1056–57, 147 N.W.2d 478, 482 (1966). Issues may also be tried

by consent of the parties even if the issue is not expressly framed by the

pleadings.    Rouse v. Rouse, 174 N.W.2d 660, 666 (Iowa 1970) (issues

may be tried by consent, though not specifically presented in the

pleadings); Bloomfield v. Weakland, 199 P.3d 318, 326 (Or. Ct. App.


       2The  plaintiffs also assert on appeal that the Fischers are barred by laches or
estoppel from asserting that their easement over Kress Lane is limited. As these issues
were neither presented to nor ruled upon by the district court, they have not been
preserved for appeal. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002).
                                    14

2008) (finding express easement claim tried by implied consent in

declaratory action).

      Nonetheless, the mere mention of a subject in a petition for

declaratory action does not open the door to resolution of any and all

hypothetical issues.   Instead, the issues decided by the district court

should be limited to those directly or impliedly raised by the pleadings or

litigated with the consent of the parties. There must be a live case or

controversy that is actually being litigated in order for a court to declare

the rights of the parties. See Trans Pac. Leasing Corp. v. Aero Micronesia,

Inc., 26 F. Supp. 2d 698, 712 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (holding where “parties

have failed adequately to present the issue to the Court,” a declaratory

ruling is not available); Canyon Lake Park, L.L.C. v. Loftus Dental, P.C.,

700 N.W.2d 729, 736 (S.D. 2005) (finding trial court not required to rule

on whether easement allowed tenement owner to take full count of

parking spaces where issue was outside scope of pleadings); Gwinn v.

Collier, 443 S.E.2d 161, 164 (Va. 1994) (holding property owner not

entitled to declaratory relief on whether use of property for storage

purposes complied with zoning ordinance where owner had not

requested relief on that issue).

      In this case, the pleading states that the issue before the court is

whether plaintiffs’ “access over the easement is unlimited and would

include access sufficient to support a rezoning of the Kress Stew-Mc

property for residential development. . . .” The pleading is narrow and

does not raise the issues that the plaintiffs now seek to litigate.

Moreover, our review of the record indicates that the issue of whether the

easement could support the proposed residential development was the

only one that was truly litigated by the parties. Other issues related to

the easement’s precise dimensions, location, and scope were simply not
                                    15

explored with sufficient intensity to characterize them as litigated by

consent. As a result, the district court did not err in declining to grant

relief beyond that necessary to decide the present controversy.

      C. Abuse of Process. After trial, the district court ruled against

the Fischers with respect to their claim for abuse of process. The district

court found that the plaintiffs’ primary purpose in filing their action was

“to establish a prescriptive easement and secure declaration of their

rights under [the] easement.”     The district court further found that

Herrig’s alleged statements, even if assumed to be true, were general

statements that were insufficient to establish a claim of abuse of process.

      Upon review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the district

court. The district court applied the correct legal standard in examining

an abuse-of-process claim.     To prove a claim of abuse of process, a

plaintiff must show (1) use of the legal process, (2) in an improper or

unauthorized manner, and (3) that damages were sustained as a result

of the abuse. Gibson v. ITT Hartford Ins. Co., 621 N.W.2d 388, 398 (Iowa

2001).   With respect to the second element of the cause of action for

abuse of process, “ ‘[t]he plaintiff must prove that the defendant used the

legal process primarily for an impermissible or illegal motive.’ ”      Id.

(quoting Wilson v. Hayes, 464 N.W.2d 250, 266 (Iowa 1990)).

      After reviewing the evidence, the district court made a factual

determination that the primary purpose of the litigation was to establish

a prescriptive easement and their rights thereunder. There is substantial

evidence to support the district court’s determination, including

testimony by the plaintiffs’ original counsel.   There was, moreover, a

substantial legal issue in this case, namely, whether the use of the Kress

property by many landowners in a proposed residential development

amounted to a change in the scope of the easement or merely an increase
                                    16

in use. As noted above, there is some division in the authorities on this

issue, and the question often involves a matter of degree.

      Because the district court applied the correct law on the abuse-of-

process claim and because the district court’s factual findings are

supported by substantial evidence, we affirm the district court’s

dismissal of the abuse-of-process claim. Because of our ruling on the

merits, it is not necessary for us to address the timeliness of the motion

to amend the pleadings to assert a claim for attorneys’ fees based upon

abuse of process.

      IV. Conclusion.

      For the above reasons, the judgment of the district court is

affirmed.

      AFFIRMED.
