                                                                            FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             SEP 14 2016
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                         No.    15-50339

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                 D.C. No.
                                                  3:14-cr-01429-JAH-1
 v.

JAMES FOLSOM,                                     MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of California
                     John A. Houston, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted August 30, 2016
                               Pasadena, California

Before: SILVERMAN, FISHER, and WATFORD, Circuit Judges.

      1. Sufficient evidence supports James Folsom’s conviction for making false

statements to a financial institution. Folsom stated on his loan application that, at

the time he applied for the loan, he had no outstanding judgments against him. A

rational jury could conclude that Folsom knew that this statement was false, given



         *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                                                                             Page 2 of 4

the government’s evidence that Folsom was aware of the existing judgment against

him for approximately $250,000 when he applied for the loan. Folsom also stated

on the loan application that he was not delinquent or in default on any federal debt,

but a rational jury could conclude that Folsom knew this statement was false as

well. The government presented evidence that, beginning in February 2013,

Folsom had failed to make the required monthly payments on his outstanding

judgment, and that he had been in contact with the U.S. Attorney’s Office about his

need to begin making the payments. Finally, a rational jury could also conclude

that Folsom knowingly made a false statement when he attested that, in the

preceding three years, he had held ownership in his primary residence solely in his

own name. The government presented evidence that Folsom knew that the title for

his primary residence had been held in the name of a corporation, Rosemont

Mission. In light of this evidence, a rational jury could conclude that Folsom

lacked a good-faith belief in the truthfulness of these statements.

         2. Folsom also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

convictions for bank and wire fraud, but none of the arguments he asserts have

merit.

         First, Folsom argues that the government failed to establish that Chase

sustained an actual loss on the loan. That argument lacks merit because a financial
                                                                           Page 3 of 4
institution need not incur a loss in order to be a victim of bank or wire fraud. See

United States v. Mason, 902 F.2d 1434, 1442 (9th Cir. 1990).

      Second, Folsom argues that Chase was not deprived of a cognizable property

interest within the scope of the bank and wire fraud statutes. We disagree. Had

Folsom signed the quitclaim deed as he was required to do in order to obtain the

loan, Chase would have been able to perfect a security interest in Folsom’s

residence. That would-be security interest falls within the broad scope of the

property interests protected by the bank and wire fraud statutes. See McNally v.

United States, 483 U.S. 350, 356 (1987).

      Finally, Folsom argues that the fraudulent scheme did not include his refusal

to sign the quitclaim deed months after the loan closed because the title company’s

failure to include that deed in the closing packet was beyond his control. We agree

that the evidence did not show Folsom intended that the title company omit the

quitclaim deed, but our inquiry does not end there. We have previously held that,

when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a fraud conviction, we

must make allowances for the reality that schemes to defraud are often

“opportunistic enterprises” that may “adapt to changed circumstances.” United

States v. Tanke, 743 F.3d 1296, 1305 (9th Cir. 2014). The government’s evidence

at trial supported a finding that Folsom decided to capitalize on the title company’s
                                                                          Page 4 of 4
error by refusing to sign the quitclaim deed. A rational jury could conclude that

the fraudulent scheme evolved after Folsom learned of the title company’s mistake.

      For the same reason, we reject Folsom’s argument with respect to counts 4

and 5 that emails sent after the loan closed could not support his convictions

because the fraudulent scheme purportedly ended when the loan closed. See id.;

United States v. Lo, 231 F.3d 471, 478–79 (9th Cir. 2000) (affirming mail fraud

convictions for mailings sent after illegally obtained loan proceeds were received

by the defendant).

      AFFIRMED.
