                       NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 16a0126n.06

                                                     No. 15-5397
                                                                                                            FILED
                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                  Mar 03, 2016
                                      FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                            )
                                                                     )
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                                       )
                                                                     )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                                   )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                                     )      COURT FOR THE EASTERN
JOHN C. BARNETT,                                                     )      DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
                                                                     )
           Defendant-Appellant.                                      )
                                                                     )


BEFORE: KEITH, COOK, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

           DAMON J. KEITH, Circuit Judge. Defendant John C. Barnett (“Mr. Barnett”) pled

guilty to one count of Conspiracy to Distribute Controlled Substances in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 846, 841(b)(1)(C). At sentencing, the district court enhanced Mr. Barnett’s Guidelines range

under § 3B1.1(a) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) for his role as an

organizer or leader of criminal activity involving five or more people. Mr. Barnett appeals the

enhancement, asserting that the government failed to prove the enhancement was warranted by a

preponderance of the evidence. Because the district court’s application of the enhancement was

not erroneous, we AFFIRM.

                                               I.       BACKGROUND

           The following relevant facts were alleged in the Presentence Report (“PSR”).1 From

March 2013 to December 2013, Robert Haddox (“Haddox”), a resident of Ohio, served as a

source of heroin supply for Mr. Barnett and several others who resided in Kentucky.
1
    On appeal, Mr. Barnett does not challenge the factual statements contained in the Presentence Report.
No. 15-5397
United States v. Barnett
Mr. Barnett’s role was to connect the customers in Kentucky to the supplier, Haddox, in Ohio.

Various law enforcement agencies began an investigation of the heroin purchases. The agencies

found a confidential informant to purchase heroin from members of the group.

       In March 2013, James DeRossett (“DeRossett”) was one of the individuals Mr. Barnett

introduced to Haddox. Mr. Barnett admitted that he introduced them so that DeRossett could

purchase heroin directly from Haddox. Mr. Barnett was on home confinement at the time. In

exchange for the connection, DeRossett or another coconspirator supplied Mr. Barnett with

heroin on a nearly daily basis. DeRossett made four or five trips from Kentucky to Columbus,

Ohio to purchase heroin from Haddox. Mr. Barnett admitted that he arranged each trip to

Columbus with Haddox via telephone. Mr. Barnett admitted that Haddox and another man,

Dustin Rowe (“Rowe”), supplied him with heroin. He also admitted to using heroin daily for

years. Mr. Barnett obtained heroin for “resale” in Kentucky as well.

       DeRossett was subsequently arrested in April 2013.         After DeRossett’s arrest, Mr.

Barnett got Billy Shepherd (“Shepherd”) to travel to Columbus to purchase heroin from Haddox.

With DeRossett unavailable to do runs, Mr. Barnett also got Shepherd to supply heroin to Mr.

Barnett on a daily basis in exchange for him arranging the heroin purchases with Haddox. Later

that month, Mr. Barnett recruited another individual, who was, unbeknownst to Mr. Barnett, a

confidential informant.    Mr. Barnett recruited the informant to drive him to Columbus to

purchase more heroin from Haddox.        Thereafter, Haddox was arrested in December 2013.

Haddox, DeRossett, Shepherd, and Mr. Barnett were all charged in a four-count indictment. Mr.

Barnett agreed to plead guilty to Conspiracy to Distribute Controlled Substances.

       At the sentencing hearing, Emit Thompson, a task force officer, testified that Mr. Barnett

organized trips to Columbus to buy heroin. He testified that Mr. Barnett “had a source of supply



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United States v. Barnett
in Columbus” and that Mr. Barnett would “arrange the deals.” Mr. Barnett “wouldn’t always put

up the money” for the trips; “[a] lot of times, he would take a money source with him to actually

purchase the drugs.” The officer testified that none of Mr. Barnett’s codefendants knew Haddox

initially, so Mr. Barnett was their connection. The officer testified that when Mr. Barnett

arranged the trips, he would arrange the transaction, get one person to drive to Ohio, and get

someone else to serve as the “money man,” the person who funded the trip. The officer testified

that Mr. Barnett admitted to recruiting testers to test the drugs as well. Other coconspirators told

the officer that Mr. Barnett arranged the majority of the trips and recruited people. On cross-

examination, the officer testified that he would not classify Shepherd as having “work[ed] for”

Mr. Barnett, but they had “some sort of an agreement[.]” The officer also described Mr. Barnett

as the “contact point” between Haddox and purchasers in Kentucky.

       Prior to sentencing, Mr. Barnett and the Government entered into a plea agreement. In

the plea agreement, Mr. Barnett admitted to “organizing [multiple] trips” to Ohio for the

purchase of heroin from Haddox. According to the plea agreement, “organizing” included

“arranging the deals by phone with Haddox, negotiating the terms of the drug transactions, and

introducing co-[d]efendant DeRossett to Haddox to purchase heroin for purposes of distribution

in Floyd County.” Mr. Barnett does not refute that he made these admissions; instead, he asserts

that because he “did not explain exactly what he did that constituted ‘organizing’ or

‘negotiating’” it is “as likely as not” that he merely “called Haddox to inform Haddox that the

others wished to buy drugs and then relayed to the others what he was told by Haddox.”

       At sentencing, the district court overruled Mr. Barnett’s objection to the application of a

four-level enhancement for his role as an organizer or leader under § 3B1.1(a). The district court

concluded that “based on [the] testimony[,] as well as what was stipulated in the plea agreement,



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United States v. Barnett
which are consistent, this conspiracy did involve five or more participants. . . . He did organize

the trips. He admitted to the officer to organizing the trips, had testers go, organized the money,

[and] arranged for drivers.” Mr. Barnett timely appealed.

                                        II.     DISCUSSION

   A. Standard of Review

       “A court’s factual findings regarding the application of an enhancement under § 3B1.1

are reviewed for clear error, and its legal conclusions regarding that enhancement are [] subject

to deferential review.” United States v. Begley, 602 F. App’x 622, 625 (6th Cir. 2015) (citing

United States v. Washington, 715 F.3d 975, 982-83 (6th Cir. 2013)). Deferential review is

appropriate because the district court is better positioned to evaluate the factual nuances relevant

to the enhancement. Washington, 715 F.3d at 983.

   B. Analysis

       A district court may increase a defendant’s offense level by four points if the defendant

was an “organizer or leader of a criminal activity that involved five or more participants or was

otherwise extensive.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). The government must prove the applicability of the

organizer or leader enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Wright,

747 F.3d 399, 412 (6th Cir. 2014).

       The application notes to § 3B1.1 provide some of the factors pertinent to determining

whether a person held a “leadership and organizational role”:

               [T]itles such as “kingpin” or “boss” are not controlling. Factors
               the court should consider include the exercise of decision making
               authority, the nature of participation in the commission of the
               offense, the recruitment of accomplices, the claimed right to a
               larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation in
               planning or organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the
               illegal activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised



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United States v. Barnett
                over others. . . . This adjustment does not apply to a defendant who
                merely suggests committing the offense.

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4 (hereinafter “U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1,

Application Note 4”).       Additionally, this court has repeatedly held that “[i]n general, ‘a

defendant must have exerted control over at least one individual within a criminal organization

for the enhancement of § 3B1.1 to be warranted.’” United States v. Salyers, 592 F. App’x 483,

485 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Vandeberg, 201 F.3d 805, 811 (6th Cir. 2000)).

         Here, Mr. Barnett does not dispute that the conspiracy “involved five or more

participants.” See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1. Instead, Mr. Barnett argues that “[o]ther than introducing

buyers to a seller and recruiting the [confidential informant] to drive on one occasion, the record

does not reflect that [Mr. Barnett] engaged in any other conduct or otherwise bore any of the

indicia of leadership that warrant[s] a four-level” enhancement. Mr. Barnett’s argument is belied

by the record and by his own admissions about organizing multiple trips, which both indicate

that the enhancement was proper.

         Our case of United States v. Sierra-Villegas, 774 F.3d 1093 (6th Cir. 2014), is instructive.

In that case, the district court imposed the four-level enhancement under § 3B1.1(a) for Sierra-

Villegas’ involvement in a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine (“meth”). Id. at 1101. We

held that the enhancement was proper. Id. Sierra-Villegas had “arranged to travel to Michigan

with the help of his associate and alleged coconspirator Jon Jeannin, Jr.” Id. at 1096. Jeannin

stated   that   “Sierra-Villegas   had    contacts       in   Arizona   who   could   provide   crystal

methamphetamine.” Id. Sierra-Villegas and Jeannin “had an arrangement under which Sierra-

Villegas would sell meth to Jeannin in Kansas City at a discounted rate if Jeannin arranged for

drivers to bring the meth from Arizona to Kansas City.” Id. Sierra-Villegas provided a car for

the others to use for this purpose. Id.


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United States v. Barnett
       This court reasoned that the “organizer or leader” enhancement was proper because

Sierra-Villegas was the only person who “had connections in Arizona”; he provided a car that

the conspirators used to transport the drugs; he “arranged (through Jeannin) for drivers to bring

methamphetamine from [Arizona]”; he gave others directions to the location for the drugs; and

when a coconspirator “pulled out” of a transaction, Sierra-Villegas compensated for the missing

link by traveling to Michigan to “facilitate the deal.”     Id. at 1101. “These facts strongly

suggest[ed] that Sierra-Villegas played a leadership role, organizing key features of the

conspiracy and directing the actions of his coconspirators.” Id.

       Recently, in United States v. Edwards, No. 13-2629, 2015 WL 3973388 (6th Cir. July 1,

2015), we similarly held that application of the four-level enhancement under § 3B1.1(a) was

proper. In Edwards, the defendant admitted at his plea hearing that “he had directed two people

to pick up” cocaine in Columbus, Ohio. Id. at *4. He also gave a coconspirator, Mendez,

instructions on where to go to pick up cocaine in Lansing, Michigan. Id. The defendant

protested that Mendez “worked for” someone else, not him. Id. This court found that argument

unavailing because the defendant “had extensive communications with” Mendez during the time

surrounding Mendez’s pickup of the cocaine. Id. The court determined that “[e]ven if” there

was another organizer or leader, “the evidence was sufficient to find that Edwards was one, too.”

Id. We also noted that “in terms of the nature and degree of participation, Edwards’s role was

essential and extensive.”    Id.   While he was “not physically present for the transfer and

transportation of the cocaine, he was the hub of the communications among all of the

conspirators; virtually all of the telephone calls and text messages flowed through him.” Id.

(emphasis added). Therefore, “Edwards’s involvement appears to have been crucial to every

step of the conspiracy, from the initial contact with [another coconspirator], to arranging the



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United States v. Barnett
details of the pickup of the cocaine in Columbus, to setting up the drop-off of the cocaine to

Mendez in Lansing.” Id. at *4. Accordingly, we affirmed the district court’s application of the

§ 3B1.1(a) enhancement. Id. at *5.

       Mr. Barnett’s case is like Sierra-Villegas for several reasons. First, like in Sierra-

Villegas, Mr. Barnett was initially the only person who “had connections” to Haddox in Ohio.

See 774 F.3d at 1101. Like in Sierra-Villegas, Mr. Barnett provided transportation for the trip.

See id. While the defendant in Sierra-Villegas had arranged for drivers indirectly, through his

coconspirator, see 774 F.3d at 1101, Mr. Barnett was even more involved because he arranged

for drivers directly by calling them himself. Additionally, it is not necessary for any of Mr.

Barnett’s coconspirators to have “work[ed] for” Mr. Barnett, such that Mr. Barnett was a boss or

king pin.    See id. at 1096 (noting that Sierra-Villegas had an “arrangement” with his

coconspirator); see also U.S.S.G. 3B1.1, Application Note 4 (noting that “titles such as ‘kingpin’

or ‘boss’ are not controlling”). Much in the way that Sierra-Villegas had an agreement with his

coconspirator, Mr. Barnett had an “arrangement” with Shepherd. And like the defendant in

Sierra-Villegas, when one person fell through, Mr. Barnett compensated for the missing link.

Specifically, when DeRossett was arrested, Mr. Barnett secured an alternate—Shepherd—to

“facilitate the deal.” See Sierra-Villegas, 774 F.3d at 1096. “These facts strongly suggest that

[Mr. Barnett] played a leadership role, organizing key features of the conspiracy and directing

the actions of his coconspirators.” See id. at 1101.

       Mr. Barnett’s case is also similar to Edwards in many ways. Similar to the defendant in

Edwards, Mr. Barnett admitted in his plea agreement that he organized the trips for the

conspiracy. “We have held that ‘concessions in a plea agreement are sufficient to support a

§ 3B1.1 enhancement.’” United States v. Polly, 385 F. App’x 454, 459 (6th Cir. 2010) (citation



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United States v. Barnett
omitted). Whereas the defendant in Edwards admitted to directing two people to make a trip to

purchase drugs, Mr. Barnett admitted to doing much more—he admitted that he “organiz[ed]”

the trips of multiple participants, he “arrang[ed] the deals by phone with Haddox,” and he

“negotiat[ed] the terms of the drug transactions.” He recruited people to test the drugs, and

recruited a “money man” to fund some of the trips. Additionally, like the defendant in Edwards,

Mr. Barnett had “extensive communications” with the coconspirators. See Edwards, 2015 WL

3973388, at *4. His role was “essential and extensive” because he served as “the hub of the

communications” among them.2 See id. These facts show that “[Mr. Barnett’s] involvement

appears to have been crucial to every step of the conspiracy, from the initial contact with

[Haddox], to arranging the details of the pickup of the [heroin] in Columbus[.]” See id.

         Mr. Barnett relies on our opinion in Salyers, 592 F. App’x 483, to support his assertion

that the district court erred in his case. However, Mr. Barnett’s reliance on Salyers is misplaced.

In Salyers, we held that the district court erred in imposing the four-level § 3B1.1(a)

enhancement because the evidence did not “demonstrate that [the] defendant exercised control

over any other participant.” Id. at 485. Instead, the evidence only revealed that the defendant

“purchased heroin in Cincinnati, travelled back to Kentucky, and distributed it to others.” Id.

But unlike the defendant in Salyers, Mr. Barnett’s involvement in the conspiracy, including his

own admissions, shows that he exercised control over others. He recruited people to transport

drugs so that he could get a portion of the drugs for his use; he made the arrangements, assigned

roles, and coordinated the players. Mr. Barnett also initiated the plans. See United States v.


2
  “[P]laying an essential role in the offense is not equivalent to exercising . . . control over other participants,” which
is required for an enhancement under § 3B1.1 to apply. See Wright, 747 F.3d at 412. Therefore, while the record
reveals that Mr. Barnett’s involvement was essential and extensive, we do not rely on this evidence to conclude that
Mr. Barnett exerted control over at least one other person. Other evidence in the record, as further discussed below,
supports a conclusion that Mr. Barnett exerted control over at least one other person, and the enhancement was also
proper in light of Mr. Barnett’s other conduct. See id. (holding that a § 3B1.1 enhancement was nevertheless proper
where the defendant “acted as coordinator and sought the participation and agreement of others”).

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United States v. Barnett
Lanham, 617 F.3d 873, 890 (6th Cir. 2010) (noting that whether the defendant initiated the idea

is a “significant” factor in the § 3B1.1 analysis). As the initiator and planner, Mr. Barnett had

the power to influence when the transactions occurred and who played what role—in other

words, he exerted “decision making authority.” See U.S.S.G. 3B1.1, Application Note 4.

         Mr. Barnett’s conduct is sufficient for the application of the “organizer” or “leader”

enhancement under § 3B1.1. See, e.g., Sierra-Villegas, 774 F.3d at 1101; see also United States

v. Patterson, 607 F. App’x 537, 540 (6th Cir. 2015) (finding that the enhancement was proper

where the defendant recruited, organized, and exerted decision-making authority over others);

United States v. Vasquez, 560 F.3d 461, 473 (6th Cir. 2009) (finding that the enhancement was

proper where the defendant “negotiated the price of the cocaine,” supplied cocaine to others, and

exercised authority over his brother by offering to have his brother transport cocaine to a

purchaser); United States v. Gibson, 165 F. App’x 421, 422 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding that the

enhancement was proper where the defendant “recruited” others to “transport cocaine” and one

of the coconspirators was known as a “drug runner” for the defendant).

         Applying the deferential standard of review, we cannot conclude that the district court

erred in imposing a four-level § 3B1.1(a) enhancement upon Mr. Barnett for being an organizer

or leader.3

                                              III.      CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

3
  Notably, after finding that Mr. Barnett was an “organizer” or “leader,” the district court noted that Mr. Barnett was
a “supervisor of at least one” of the participants. The defendant did not take issue with this language on appeal, and
a thorough reading of the transcript reveals that the use of the word “supervisor” here referred to Mr. Barnett’s
“control” over one of the participants, not the term “supervisor” as used to define a separate type of role found in
subsection (b) of § 3B1.1. Additionally, the district court also discussed Mr. Barnett’s “management” of the
“property, assets, or activities of [the] criminal organization.” Though this statement does not appear to have
affected the district court’s ultimate ruling, and though the defendant took no issue with this language on appeal, we
take this opportunity to remind courts that control over the organization’s “property, assets, or activities” may
warrant an upward departure, but it is the control over a particular individual that warrants the enhancement under
§ 3B1.1. See United States v. Christian, 804 F.3d 819, 822 (6th Cir. 2015).

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