                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                January 19, 2012 Session

                       MAHMOUD AWAD MOHAMMAD
                                  v.
                          NAIRMAN FARAJ MERI

                    Appeal from the Shelby County Circuit Court
                     No. CT-005705-07 Gina C. Higgins, Judge


                 No. W2011-01593-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 11, 2012


This post-divorce appeal concerns a one-time, one-week extension of parenting time. The
trial court granted the mother’s petition to extend her parenting time from one week to two
weeks for a vacation with her family. After the mother’s vacation was over, the father filed
this appeal. We dismiss the appeal on grounds of mootness.

             Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Appeal is Dismissed

H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER, J., and
J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.

Nick Rice, Memphis, Tennessee for Plaintiff/Appellant Mahmoud Awad Mohammad

Defendant/Appellee Nariman Faraj Meri, Cordova, Tennessee, pro se

                                        OPINION

                            F ACTS AND P ROCEEDINGS B ELOW

Plaintiff/Appellant Mahmoud Awad Mohammad (“Father”) and Defendant/Appellee
Nariman Faraj Meri (“Mother”) were married in 1998, when Mother was 18 and Father was
30 years old. Father resided in Jordan prior to the parties’ marriage. Mother was born in
Michigan to a Palestinian family. Both were raised in the Muslim tradition. After the parties
married, they lived in the United States. Three daughters were born of the marriage. At
some point, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee.
The record indicates that, during the marriage, Father was the breadwinner and Mother was
a stay-at-home parent. Until 2004, Mother did not have a vehicle. After the parties separated
in 2007, Mother began working at the children’s school as a day care teacher. Father’s
divorce complaint was filed in 2007 in the Circuit Court of Shelby County, Tennessee.
Subsequently, Mother counterclaimed for divorce. During the pendency of the divorce, the
parties had a parenting schedule in which the children spent one week with one parent and
the next week with the other parent.

The record shows that the divorce proceedings were acrimonious. Mother asserted that
Father was physically abusive, controlling, and expected subservient behavior from her.
Mother filed criminal charges against Father based on alleged physical abuse and threats to
get someone to kill her. During the pendency of the divorce proceedings, Father made
aggressive use of private investigators, DNA testing of Mother’s personal items and bed
linens, and took other measures to ferret out alleged promiscuous behavior by Mother.

In the divorce trial, Father and his extended family testified that Father is an excellent parent,
criticized Mother’s parenting, and said that the children do not need Mother. Father and his
witnesses testified that Father questions the children about Mother’s behavior, and Father
admitted speaking in derogatory terms about Mother to their daughters. Father testified that
he should be the primary residential parent, but he would allow their daughters to talk to
Mother.

In April 2010, the trial court entered a divorce decree declaring the parties divorced pursuant
to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-4-129(b). The trial court left in place the parties’
parenting schedule of one week with one parent and the next week with the other parent. It
designated Mother as the primary residential parent, finding that she was more likely to
encourage the children to have a close relationship with both parents. Mother was awarded
rehabilitative alimony and child support.

After the parties’ divorce, Mother’s attorney withdrew from representing her; Mother
thereafter represented herself. Also post-trial, the trial court agreed to return Mother’s and
Father’s passports to them, which apparently had been held by the trial court during the
pendency of the divorce proceedings. The trial court denied Father’s motion to release the
children’s passports, and retained possession of them “pending further orders of the Court.”

After a new trial judge was elected to the division of Circuit Court to which the parties’ case
was assigned, Father’s counsel filed a lengthy motion to modify the parenting plan. He asked
the new trial judge to designate Father as the primary residential parent and greatly reduce
Mother’s parenting time, hold Mother in contempt of court, enjoin Mother from placing the
children in contact with an alleged paramour, require Mother to pay child support, and

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require Mother to pay Father’s attorney fees. The motion contained detailed allegations
about purported incidents, apparently allegedly recounted by the parties’ daughters, in which
Mother and her alleged paramour engaged in sexual and inappropriate behavior, in the same
vein as Father’s allegations during the divorce proceedings. The trial court issued a
temporary restraining order enjoining the alleged paramour from contact with the children,
and conducted an in camera interview with the children, but did not otherwise grant Father’s
requests for relief. Father subsequently dismissed his other requests for relief.

On June 3, 2011, Mother filed a pro se petition with the trial court, seeking the trial court’s
permission for a one-time extended parenting time, to enable the children to accompany her
on a vacation to Florida. Mother proposed departing with the children on June 11, 2011, and
returning on June 24, 2011. The petition asserted that Mother had contacted Father to obtain
his consent for the trip, but that Father had refused to consent to Mother’s trip unless she
agreed that Father could take the children out of the United States to the country of Jordan
for two weeks, to visit Father’s family. Mother’s petition said that she had no problem
allowing Father two weeks of vacation time with the children, but could not agree to allow
Father to take the children out of the country to Jordan for fear that he would not return the
children to the United States. Mother attached to her pro se petition materials indicating that
Jordan is not a signatory to the Hague Convention, and if Father chose not to return the
children to the United States, he could not be forced to do so.

In his response to Mother’s petition, Father alleged that Mother’s petition was in essence a
request to modify the parties’ parenting plan, and she had failed to communicate with Father
regarding a proposed modification. Father also alleged that Mother did not provide him with
adequate notice of her proposed modification to the parenting plan, and that Father was
denied due process because Mother failed to allege any material change in circumstances as
a basis for modification of the parenting plan. Father’s response also stated:

       Petitioner wishes to extend her visitation time with the children to take a
       vacation with them to a location chosen specifically by her and is requesting
       the Court’s assistance to do so. However, Respondent was willing to extend
       parenting time for the children’s mother to take a trip of her choosing if she
       would just permit him to do the same. Father wishes to travel with the
       children for two weeks to Jordan to allow the children to spend time with their
       extended family. This would also be an educational and beneficial vacation
       for the children because they would be able to see and experience a new
       country. If Petitioner would agree to Respondent’s travel plans, Respondent
       would be willing to agree to Mother’s, thus eliminating the need for Court
       intervention and variation from the previous Court Orders.



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The trial court held a hearing on Mother’s petition on June 10, 2011. Father had counsel at
the hearing, and Mother represented herself. At the hearing, Father told the trial court that
he objected to Mother’s vacation to see her family because he was concerned for his
children’s safety around Mother’s relatives in Florida.1 The trial court rejected Father’s
argument that Mother was actually asking for a modification of the parenting plan and was
required to prove a material change in circumstances. It agreed to hear testimony from
Father and Mother on the issue of the children’s safety in Florida.

At the hearing, Father testified that he believed Mother’s brothers in Florida would carry out
alleged threats against the children supposedly made by Mother’s father during the parties’
divorce proceedings.2 Mother denied Father’s allegations against her father and brothers.
She argued that, if Father were truly concerned for the children’s safety, he would not have
offered to agree to allow her to take them to Florida so long as she agreed to allow Father to
take the children to Jordan.3

At the conclusion of the testimony, the trial court issued an oral ruling in favor of Mother.
She was granted parenting time for two consecutive weeks, beginning the next day on June
11, 2011, through June 24, 2011. The trial court ordered Mother to use precautions to ensure
the children’s safety, allow the children to call Father at least once every day, and not leave
the children in the unsupervised care of anyone other than Mother and Mother’s sister in
Florida.

Approximately two weeks after Mother and the children returned from Florida, on July 8,
2011, Father filed a notice of appeal, appealing the trial court’s decision. In August 2011,
this Court ordered Father to explain to this Court why the issue on appeal is not moot. After
receiving Father’s response, the Court decided to let the appeal proceed and decide the issue
of mootness after hearing oral argument.




        1
          Father’s safety objections were not raised in Father’s written response to Mother’s petition and, as
set forth above, Father’s response indicates he would consent to Mother’s vacation if he were permitted to
take the children to Jordan.
        2
         Mother’s father lives in Michigan and was not expected to travel to Florida for Mother’s vacation
with the children.
        3
          At the hearing, the trial judge observed: “Well, my impression, Mr. Rice, is that your client would
like to put himself in a better posture to do whatever he wants to do. And him taking the children out of the
country is a whole lot different, I think, than her taking the children down to Florida.”

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                         ISSUES ON A PPEAL AND S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

On appeal, Father contends that the trial court erred in granting Mother’s petition for a one-
week extension of her parenting time because Mother did not plead or put on any proof of
a material change in circumstances or that a modification of the parties’ parenting plan would
be in the best interest of the children.

                                                A NALYSIS

On appeal, Mother is self-represented. She filed no brief. She appeared at oral argument
before this Court but made no argument.

On appeal, Father acknowledges that he was notified on June 3, 2011 of Mother’s petition
and of the June 10, 2011 hearing on the petition, and that he filed a response with the trial
court on June 8 in advance of the scheduled hearing. Nevertheless, Father argues that he was
deprived of notice and his constitutional right to due process. Father also contends that
Mother’s request for a one-week extension of her parenting time for the vacation constituted
a request to modify the parties’ parenting plan, and as such required Mother to put on proof
in court of a material change in circumstance and that her proposed modification is in the
best interest of the parties’ children, and that the trial court erred in granting Mother’s request
in the absence of such proof.4

As noted above, prior to oral argument in this cause, the Court asked Father’s counsel to
explain why the appeal is not moot. At oral argument, the Court asked Father’s counsel what
relief this Court could provide to Father. Counsel for Father admitted, as he must, that
Mother’s Florida vacation with the parties’ children concluded before the appeal was even
filed, and this Court cannot undo it.

Counsel for Father argues, however, that this Court should nevertheless consider the issue
he raises on appeal because it fits within recognized exceptions to the mootness doctrine,
namely, the acts that provoked the appeal are likely to occur again, and the public interest
exception. He observes that the parties’ divorce proceedings were contentious, protests that
he is “being forced to use his time and financial resources in paying an attorney every time
[Mother] wants to change the parenting schedule,” and observes that in “an environment that
is adversarial in nature, the hostility in the relationship continues to grow.” He also urges this



        4
          Father and his counsel do not argue on appeal the safety concerns that Father raised in the hearing
before the trial court, nor does Father address his offer to agree to Mother’s request for extended vacation
time if she would agree to permit him to take the children to Jordan to visit his family.

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Court to consider his appeal to show trial courts that family law is “real law” and the rules
must be followed.

We observe at the outset that Father’s written response to Mother’s petition confirms that
Father refused to agree to Mother’s request for a one-time additional week of parenting time
for vacation after Mother declined to consent to Father taking the parties’ children on a trip
to Jordan. Thus, Father’s refusal forced Mother to file a pro se petition with the trial court
for permission for the extra week. Under these circumstances, it rings hollow indeed for
Father to protest “being forced to use his time and financial resources” to litigate the issue.
Moreover, such tactics, to extract Mother’s consent to his trip to Jordan, “results in barren
ground in which to try to cultivate a cooperative parenting relationship,” and places pressure
on the children who are in the middle of the parties’ disputes. In re E.J.M., 259 S.W.3d 124,
138 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007) (father’s over-reliance on litigating disputes “border[ed] on an
abuse of the judicial process” and indicated “bias against cooperation”).

Though Father does not expressly acknowledge that this matter is moot, he seeks to rely on
exceptions to the doctrine of mootness in this appeal. For the reasons set forth below, we
find that the matter Father seeks to appeal is no longer justiciable, and decline to consider the
appeal under an exception to the mootness doctrine.

This Court has previously held that the related concepts of justiciability and mootness do not,
strictly speaking, involve jurisdiction, but nevertheless can operate to prevent a court from
considering the merits of a case:

       Tennessee’s courts do not have a constitutional limitation on their jurisdiction
       similar to the “case or controversy” requirement in Article III, Section 2 of the
       United States Constitution. They have, however, recognized justiciability
       doctrines similar to those developed by the United States Supreme Court to
       determine when courts should hear a case. 13 Charles A. Wright et al., Federal
       Practice and Procedure § 3529 (2d ed.1984); Barbara Kritchevsky,
       Justiciability in Tennessee, Part One: Principles and Limits, 15 Mem. St.
       U.L.Rev. 1, 3 n.5 (1984). These doctrines address not only the court's power
       to hear a case, but also the wisdom of doing so. Renne v. Geary, 501 U.S. 312,
       316, 111 S. Ct. 2331, 2336, 115 L. Ed. 2d 288 (1991); Martin v. Washmaster
       Auto Ctr., Inc., No. 01A01-9305-CV-00224, 1993 Tenn. App. LEXIS 464,
       1993 WL 241315, at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 2, 1993) (No Tenn. R. App. P.
       11 application filed). In this way, they provide self-imposed rules that promote
       judicial restraint. 1 Ronald D. Rotunda & John E. Nowak, Treatise on
       Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure § 2.13(a), at 246-47 (4th ed.
       2007) (“Rotunda & Nowak”).

                                               -6-
       The courts, being careful stewards of their power, have developed various
       justiciability principles to serve as guidelines for determining whether
       providing judicial relief in a particular case is warranted. To be justiciable, a
       case must involve presently existing rights, live issues that are within a court's
       power to resolve, and parties who have a legally cognizable interest in the
       resolution of these issues. A case is not justiciable if it does not involve a
       genuine, existing controversy requiring the adjudication of presently existing
       rights. State v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 18 S.W.3d 186, 193
       (Tenn. 2000); State ex rel. Lewis v. State, 208 Tenn. 534, 537, 347 S.W.2d 47,
       48 (1961); Ford Consumer Fin. Co. v. Clay, 984 S.W.2d 615, 616 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. 1998).

       The requirements for litigation to continue are essentially the same as the
       requirements for litigation to begin. Alliance for Native Am. Indian Rights in
       Tenn., Inc. v. Nicely, 182 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Thus, cases
       must remain justiciable throughout the entire course of the litigation, including
       the appeal. State v. Ely, 48 S.W.3d 710, 716 n.3 (Tenn. 2001); Ford
       Consumer Fin. Co. v. Clay, 984 S.W.2d 615, 616 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998); 1
       Rotunda & Nowak § 2.13, at 268-69. A moot case is one that has lost its
       justiciability because it no longer presents a present, live controversy.
       McCanless v. Klein, 182 Tenn. 631, 637, 188 S.W.2d 745, 747 (1945); Hurd
       v. Flores, 221 S.W.3d 14, 31, 2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS 403, 2006 WL
       1641520, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006); County of Shelby v. McWherter, 936
       S.W.2d 923, 931 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). Thus, a case will be considered moot
       if it no longer serves as a means to provide some sort of judicial relief to the
       prevailing party. Knott v. Stewart County, 185 Tenn. 623, 626, 207 S.W.2d
       337, 338-39 (1948); Ford Consumer Fin. Co. v. Clay, 984 S.W.2d at 616;
       Massengill v. Massengill, 36 Tenn. App. 385, 388-89, 255 S.W.2d 1018, 1019
       (1952).

State ex rel. Cunningham v. Farr, No. M2006-00676-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 1515144, at
*2-3; 2007 Tenn. App. LEXIS 327, at *6-9 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 23, 2007). See also
DeSelm v. Jordan, 296 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (quoting Cunningham).
Thus, mootness is one of the reasons why a case may not be justiciable.

It is well-settled that the role of the Court is to adjudicate and resolve legal rights, not to give
abstract or advisory opinions. Norma Faye Pyles Lynch Family Purpose, LLC v. Putnam
County, 301 S.W.3d 196, 203 (Tenn. 2009). “The courts of this State have no right to render



                                                -7-
an advisory opinion” where the issue in the case is moot. State ex rel. Lewis v. State, 347
S.W.2d 47, 48 (Tenn. 1961).

The determination of whether a case or an issue has become moot is a question of law.
Alliance for Native Am. Indian Rights in Tenn., Inc. v. Nicely, 182 S.W.3d 333, 338-39
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

In this case, Mother had returned with the children from their Florida vacation before Father
even filed this appeal. Father can point to no specific relief this Court can grant him with
respect to that vacation. Clearly, the matter is moot and no longer justiciable.

Father asks this Court to nevertheless consider his appeal under one of the exceptions to the
mootness doctrine. First, he argues that the issue he raises in this case is capable of repetition
yet evading review. Alliance, 182 S.W.3d at 339-40. We decline to consider the appeal
under this exception. This matter is unlikely to recur if there is not a continued “bias against
cooperation” by the parties.

Father also asks us to consider his appeal under the public policy exception to the mootness
doctrine. See Norma Faye, 301 S.W.3d at 210-11. Father invites this Court to use his
appeal of Mother’s one-time, one-week extension of parenting time as a platform to lecture
trial courts on the importance of procedural punctiliousness in family law matters. We
respectfully decline to do so.

Thus, we hold that this appeal is moot and decline to hear the appeal on that basis.


                                         C ONCLUSION

The appeal is dismissed as moot. Costs on appeal are assessed against Appellant Mahmoud
Awad Mohammad and his surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.


                                                     _________________________________
                                                     HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE




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