                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        APR 9 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DAVID JESSEN; GRETCHEN JESSEN,                  No.    19-15184

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          D.C. No.
                                                1:17-cv-00524-DAD-EPG
 v.

COUNTY OF FRESNO; CITY OF                       MEMORANDUM*
CLOVIS,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of California
                    Dale A. Drozd, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 2, 2020**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: SILER,*** WARDLAW, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

      Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams from the Fresno County

Sheriff’s Office (FCSO) and the City of Clovis Police Department (CPD) used tear


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
gas to apprehend a homeless man who had broken into David and Gretchen

Jessen’s home, causing substantial damage to the Jessens’ property. The Jessens

sued Fresno County and the City of Clovis (Defendants) for negligence and for

violations of their Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights under 42

U.S.C. § 1983. The district court granted Defendants’ motions for summary

judgment, and the Jessens now appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §

1291, and we affirm.

      1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling the Jessens’

evidentiary objections to the officer declarations submitted in support of summary

judgment. The declarations were sworn statements that reflected the officers’

personal knowledge and the evidence could have been presented in an admissible

form at trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Fraser v. Goodale, 342 F.3d 1032, 1036–

37 (9th Cir. 2003).

      2. The district court did not err in concluding that the Jessens failed to

establish a triable issue as to whether a municipal policy, custom, or practice of

either Defendant caused any constitutional violations, as required to establish

municipal liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “[M]unicipalities may be liable under

§ 1983 for constitutional injuries pursuant to (1) an official policy; (2) a pervasive

practice or custom; (3) a failure to train, supervise, or discipline; or (4) a decision

or act by a final policymaker.” Horton by Horton v. City of Santa Maria, 915 F.3d


                                            2
592, 602–03 (9th Cir. 2019) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658,

694 (1978)). “[I]t is not enough for a § 1983 plaintiff merely to identify conduct

properly attributable to the municipality.” Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S.

397, 403 (1997). A plaintiff must also “show that the municipal action was taken

with the requisite degree of culpability and must demonstrate a direct causal link”

between the municipal policy or custom and the deprivation of federal rights. Id.

      The record evidence shows that Defendants have a general policy of

obtaining warrants prior to entry, of using reasonable force, and for the reasonable

use of tear gas. The Jessens failed to establish a triable issue that any of these

policies caused any constitutional injuries, or that there was a “persistent and

widespread” violation of these policies amounting to an unconstitutional custom or

practice, Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996). The mere fact that

Defendants authorized the operation and had policies relevant to the operation in

place does not render Defendants liable for any and all constitutional violations

committed during the operation at issue. See Brown, 520 U.S. at 403.

      To the extent the Jessens continue to argue that Defendants have a custom of

turning simple operations into full-scale training operations, the district court

properly found that the Jessens’ evidence failed to create a genuine issue of fact.

See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (“‘[T]he requirement is that there be

no genuine issue of material fact[;]’” the court will not adopt a version of the facts


                                           3
that is “contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it.”

(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986))). The

district court did not improperly weigh the evidence in making this determination.

      The Jessens also failed to establish a triable issue on their failure to train

theory. The record evidence demonstrates that the FCSO and CPD received

training regarding barricaded subject incidents, and that they sometimes engaged in

joint training. Even assuming, without deciding, that Defendants’ training policies

are inadequate, there is no evidence that “the need for more or different training

[was] so obvious” that Defendants were deliberately indifferent to the Jessens’

rights. City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390 (1989).

      Finally, the Jessens failed to establish that either FCSO Lieutenant

Alexander or CPD Captain Gomez had final policymaking authority delegated to

them, as necessary to create a genuine issue under either a policymaker or

ratification theory of liability. “[M]unicipal liability under § 1983 attaches where .

. . a deliberate choice to follow a course of action is made from among various

alternatives by the official or officials responsible for establishing final policy with

respect to the subject matter in question,” Pembauer v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S.

469, 483 (1986) (plurality opinion), or where an official with final policymaking

authority “ratifies a subordinate’s decision and the basis for it,” City of St. Louis v.

Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988) . Whether a particular official has final


                                           4
policy-making authority is a question of state law. Pembauer, 475 U.S. at 483.

Here, the Jessens contend that the Fresno County Sheriff and Clovis Chief of

Police delegated policymaking authority to Alexander and Gomez without

identifying any state law showing that either possesses final policymaking

authority. In addition, the Jessens’ evidence that Lieutenant Alexander led the

operation and asked a sergeant to explain and justify each piece of property

damage after the incident merely shows that Lieutenant Alexander exercised some

discretion in his role as team leader. “The fact that a particular official . . . has

discretion in the exercise of particular functions does not, without more, give rise

to municipal liability based on an exercise of that discretion.” Id. at 481–82. And

none of the evidence cited is relevant to whether Captain Gomez had final

policymaking authority delegated to him.

      Thus, the Jessens failed to establish a triable issue as to any theory of

municipal liability. We therefore need not, and do not, decide whether a triable

issue exists regarding any constitutional violations.

      3. The district court did not err in concluding that the Defendants are

immune from liability for negligence under Conway v. County of Tuolumne, 231

Cal. App. 4th 1005, 1016 (2014). Public entities like Defendants are immune from

liability for negligence if the alleged injuries were caused by the officers’

“discretionary acts.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 820.2; id. at § 815.2(b). In Conway, the


                                            5
California Court of Appeal held that discretionary act immunity applies to the

selection of the means to effectuate an arrest, including the decision to deploy a

SWAT team in effectuating an arrest, and the subsequent decision to deploy tear

gas. 231 Cal. App. 4th at 1016, 1018. The Jessens do not discuss Conway, let

alone identify any distinguishing aspect of the officers’ decision to deploy tear gas

here. Under Conway, Defendants are immune from liability, and the district court

properly granted summary judgment for Defendants on the Jessens’ negligence

claim.

         AFFIRMED.




                                          6
