                            STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

                          SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS


Michael Thornsbury,
Respondent Below, Petitioner                                                      FILED
                                                                             February 9, 2018
vs) No. 17-0265 (Kanawha County 14-C-1749)                                   EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia Consolidated Public Retirement Board,
Petitioner Below, Respondent

and

Dreama Thornsbury,
Respondent Below, Petitioner

vs) No. 17-0280 (Kanawha County 14-C-1749)

West Virginia Consolidated Public Retirement Board,
Petitioner Below, Respondent



                              MEMORANDUM DECISION
       In these consolidated appeals, Petitioner Michael Thornsbury, pro se, and Petitioner
Dreama Thornsbury, by counsel Mark Hobbs, appeal the Circuit Court of Kanawha County’s
February 24, 2017, “Final Order Granting West Virginia Consolidated Public Retirement
Board’s Petition to Terminate Michael Thornsbury’s Retirement Benefits.” Respondent West
Virginia Consolidated Public Retirement Board (“Board”), by counsel J. Jeaneen Legato, filed
responses in support of the circuit court’s order.

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.


                             Factual and Procedural Background

        This case concerns the termination of Petitioner Michael Thornsbury’s retirement
benefits as a result of rendering “less than honorable service” according to West Virginia Code


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§§ 5-10A-1 through -10.1 The Board petitioned the circuit court to terminate the taxpayer-funded
portions of Mr. Thornsbury’s pensions with the West Virginia Public Employee Retirement
System and the West Virginia Judges’ Retirement System as a result of Mr. Thornsbury’s felony
conviction in federal court. Mr. Thornsbury claimed that he was entitled to receive these monies
despite his conviction. Additionally, Mr. Thornsbury’s former wife, Petitioner Dreama
Thornsbury, claimed entitlement to the marital portion of Mr. Thornsbury’s retirement accounts
according to two qualified domestic relations orders entered by the Circuit Court of Mingo
County in connection with her divorce from Mr. Thornsbury. Ms. Thornsbury’s claim regarding
the pensions was entirely derivative of Mr. Thornsbury’s claim as she was never a participant in
either retirement system in her own right.

        The relevant facts are as follows. Mr. Thornsbury has 2.15 years of service in the West
Virginia Public Retirement System and 16.5 years of service in the Judges’ Retirement System.
In September of 2013, the federal government filed an Information in the United States District
Court for the Southern District of West Virginia alleging that in March of 2013, while serving as
the sole circuit court judge in Mingo County, Mr. Thornsbury conspired with other local public
officials to prevent an informant/criminal defendant from further communicating with the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) regarding possible criminal activity by the Mingo
County Sheriff. Mr. Thornsbury agreed to impose a lighter sentence on the informant in return
for the informant discharging his legal counsel, who had previously facilitated the informant’s
communication with the FBI, and retaining legal counsel chosen by Mr. Thornsbury. The

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           West Virginia Code § 5-10A-1 provides as follows:

       The Legislature finds and declares that every retirement plan instituted and
       created under the laws of this state has from the inception thereof contemplated
       and each now contemplates that the service rendered by any participating public
       officer or employee shall at all times be honorable. The Legislature further finds
       and declares that honorable service is a condition to receiving any pension,
       annuity, disability payment or any other benefit under a retirement plan.

        In relevant part, “less than honorable service” is defined as “[c]onviction of a participant
or former participant of a felony for conduct related to his or her office or employment which he
or she committed while holding the office or during the employment[.]” Id. at § 5-10A-2(f)(2).
Petitioners do not contest that Mr. Thornsbury’s conviction meets this definition.

       West Virginia Code § 5-10A-5(a) provides, in relevant part, that

       [t]he board shall terminate a participant’s, former participant’s or beneficiary’s
       membership in any and all plans in which he or she is or has been a member and
       shall not thereafter pay any benefits to the participant, former participant or his or
       her beneficiaries . . . if a circuit court has determined that the participant or former
       participant rendered less than honorable service in accordance with section four of
       this article[.]



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informant accepted Mr. Thornsbury’s offer, fired his counsel, and retained Mr. Thornsbury’s
chosen counsel.

        In this case, Mr. Thornsbury entered a plea agreement in October of 2013, in which he
agreed to plead guilty to the felony offense of conspiracy against civil rights; resign from his
office as a circuit court judge; and never seek nor serve in public office again. In June of 2014,
the federal court adjudged Mr. Thornsbury guilty and sentenced him to fifty months in prison,
three years of probation, and imposed a $6,000 fine. Mr. Thornsbury has no pending appeals
related to his conviction and has an expected release date of March 15, 2018, from a federal
prison in Florida.

        The Board met in July of 2014, and decided to terminate Mr. Thornsbury’s retirement
benefits as a result of his conviction. Upon receipt of notice to such effect from the Board, Mr.
Thornsbury exercised his right to demand that the Board seek a determination of his eligibility
for pension benefits in the circuit court. Thereafter, on September 23, 2014, the Board filed a
petition to terminate Mr. Thornsbury’s retirement benefits in the Circuit Court of Kanawha
County. Ms. Thornsbury was included as a respondent to the Board’s petition. By order entered
on February 24, 2017, the circuit court granted the Board’s petition and terminated Mr.
Thornsbury’s membership in both his Public Employees’ Retirement and Judges’ Retirement
plans. This appeal followed.

                                           Discussion

        On appeal, petitioners argue that the circuit court erred in granting respondent’s petition
to terminate Mr. Thornsbury’s pension benefits because (1) Mr. Thornsbury’s pension vested on
January 10, 2013, prior to his criminal conduct or his guilty plea; (2) the applicable statutes are
unconstitutional; and (3) the Board accepted petitioners’ qualified domestic relation orders with
full knowledge of Mr. Thornsbury’s conviction. Ms. Thornsbury raises an additional argument
that equity entitles her to her portion of Mr. Thornsbury’s retirement accounts.2

        With respect to our standard of review for petitioners’ arguments, we have held that
“[t]his Court reviews the circuit court’s final order and ultimate disposition under an abuse of
discretion standard. We review challenges to findings of fact under a clearly erroneous standard;
conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 4, Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W. Va. 178,
469 S.E.2d 114 (1996). We have further held that “‘[i]nterpreting a statute or an administrative
rule or regulation presents a purely legal question subject to de novo review.’ Syllabus point 1,
Appalachian Power Co. v. State Tax Department of West Virginia, 195 W.Va. 573, 466 S.E.2d
424 (1995).” Syl. Pt. 1, W.Va. Pub. Ret. Bd. v. Weaver, 222 W.Va. 668, 671 S.E.2d 673 (2008).
Additionally,




       2
          To be clear, petitioners appealed separately to this Court and filed separate briefs.
However, with the exception of Ms. Thornsbury’s final assignment of error concerning equity,
petitioners make essentially the same challenges to the circuit court’s order. Thus, we address
their arguments together, but not in the order presented in their briefs.
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       [i]n considering the constitutionality of a legislative enactment, courts must
       exercise due restraint, in recognition of the principle of the separation of powers
       in government among the judicial, legislative and executive branches. Every
       reasonable construction must be resorted to by the courts in order to sustain
       constitutionality, and any reasonable doubt must be resolved in favor of the
       constitutionality of the legislative enactment in question. Courts are not concerned
       with questions relating to legislative policy. The general powers of the legislature,
       within constitutional limits, are almost plenary. In considering the
       constitutionality of an act of the legislature, the negation of legislative power must
       appear beyond reasonable doubt.

Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. Appalachian Power Co. v. Gainer, 149 W. Va. 740, 143 S.E.2d 351
(1965). With these standards in mind, we turn to petitioners’ arguments.

        Petitioners first contend the circuit court erred in terminating Mr. Thornsbury’s pension
benefits because his pension vested on January 10, 2013, prior to his felonious conduct or his
guilty plea. Upon review of the applicable statute and our case law, we reject petitioners’
argument. First, West Virginia Code § 5-10A-9 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

       [T]he right to receive any benefit under a retirement plan, which right shall vest
       on or after the effective date of this article [1976], is hereby conditioned upon the
       full compliance and observance of the provisions hereof and the rendering of
       honorable service throughout the service in public employment or public office in
       respect of which such benefit is payable.

(Emphasis added). The Legislature referenced this same requirement in setting forth its findings
and declarations for the statute, which provide that “service rendered by any participating public
officer or employee shall at all times be honorable.” Id. at § 5-10A-1, in relevant part, (emphasis
added). Moreover, this Court has held that, “[a]t common law, as under W.Va. Code, 5–10A–1
to 5–10A–10 [1976], a public officer’s or public employee’s service must be honorable at all
times, and if not, there is a total forfeiture of the public pension.” Syl. Pt. 1, W.Va. Pub. Emps.
Ret. Sys. v. Dodd, 183 W.Va. 544, 396 S.E.2d 725 (1990), overruled on other grounds by Booth
v. Sims, 193 W.Va. 323, 456 S.E.2d 167 (1995). While overruling Dodd in certain respects, the
Court in Booth reiterated that

       [i]f an employee engages in misconduct during his or her public service, he or she
       may forfeit rights to collect a pension later. Insofar as [Dodd] holds that an
       employee’s misconduct results in a forfeiture of the entire pension, it is still good
       law because the requirement of honorable service has been established in advance
       and has been made an explicit part of the entire bargain.

Id. at syl. pt. 9, in part; see also, Weaver 222 W.Va. 668, 671 S.E.2d 673; Toney v. W.Va.
Consol. Pub. Ret. Bd., No. 16-0440, 2017 WL 2492795 (W.Va. June 9, 2017) (memorandum
decision).




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        Mr. Thornsbury began participating in the Public Employees’ Retirement System in
1981, well after the enactment of West Virginia Code §§ 5-10A-1 through -10 in 1976, and
participated in the Judges’ Retirement System from 1998 to 2013. Based on the clear language of
the statute, he was on notice from the beginning of his participation in these retirement systems
that, for his pension to vest, his service must be honorable at all times throughout his public
employment. His pension never vested because his service was not honorable at all times
throughout his public service.

       Petitioners also argue that forfeiture of Mr. Thornsbury’s pension under West Virginia
Code § 5-10A-9 violates multiple constitutional provisions. First, Mr. Thornsbury contends that
he was denied due process because he requested, but was denied, a stay to pursue discovery
necessary to examine the Board’s actions regarding similarly-situated individuals. He asserts that
discovery was necessary for him to receive a fair and just proceeding.

      The procedure for termination of retirement benefits is set forth in West Virginia Code §
5-10A-3, which provides as follows:

       (a) Whenever a supervisory board, upon receipt of a verified complaint or
       otherwise, has reasonable cause to believe that a participant or former participant
       rendered less than honorable service as defined in section two of this article, it
       shall notify the affected participant, former participant or beneficiary that it
       believes that the participant or former participant rendered less than honorable
       service and that the participant, former participant or beneficiary is thereby
       ineligible to receive benefits. A supervisory board may not issue a notice:

             (1) If more than two years have elapsed since the judgment of conviction
       upon which the notice is based became final; or

                (2) In cases described in subdivision (3), subsection (f), section two of this
       article, if more than two years have elapsed since, as the case may be: The plea
       bargaining agreement or the grant of immunity; or

                (3) With respect to conduct which occurred prior to the effective date of
       this article.

       (b) The notice shall contain a concise statement of the reasons why the board
       believes that the participant or former participant rendered less than honorable
       service and shall be made either by personal service or by certified mail, return
       receipt requested, to the address which the participant, former participant or
       beneficiary maintains for purposes of corresponding with the board. If notice is
       made by certified mail, service shall be considered complete upon mailing and a
       completed receipt constitutes proof of the receipt of the notice. The notice shall
       inform the participant, former participant or beneficiary that he or she has the
       right to demand that the board seek a determination in circuit court of his or her
       eligibility for benefits and membership in the retirement plan by notifying the
       board of the demand within forty days. The notice shall also inform the

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       participant, former participant or beneficiary that the board will terminate the
       benefits in accordance with section four of this article and refund the participant's
       or former participant's contributions with interest, less benefits previously paid as
       provided in section six of this article if the participant, former participant or
       beneficiary either waives the right to demand that the board take the matter before
       the circuit court or fails to respond to the board's notice within forty days after
       service.

        In the present case, the circuit court properly concluded that Mr. Thornsbury was not
entitled to traditional discovery according to Rule 26 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil
Procedure because this matter is an administrative proceeding governed by statute. In any event,
we are persuaded by the Board’s argument that there were no relevant documents that Mr.
Thornsbury did not already possess. The documents relied upon by the Board concerning Mr.
Thornsbury’s conviction were public documents that the Board attached to its petition to
terminate his benefits. With respect to documents concerning other public officials who were
involved in Mr. Thornsbury’s crime, we agree with the Board they were neither in the possession
of the Board nor were they relevant to this administrative proceeding. Based on our review of the
record, the Board followed the statutory procedure in seeking termination of Mr. Thornsbury’s
retirement benefits. Accordingly, we find no violation of Mr. Thornsbury’s due process rights.

        Second, petitioners contend that the forfeiture of Mr. Thornsbury’s pension for “less then
honorable service” under West Virginia Code § 5-10A-2 violates the constitutional guarantee of
equal protection. As noted above, “less than honorable service” is defined as “[c]onviction of a
participant or former participant of a felony for conduct related to his or her office or
employment which he or she committed while holding the office or during the employment[.]”
Id. at § 5-10A-2(f)(2). Petitioners base their equal protection argument on the premise that
“similarly-situated” individuals convicted of misdemeanors do not forfeit their pensions.
However, the fatal flaw in this argument is that Mr. Thornsbury was convicted of a felony, and,
therefore, is not similarly situated to an individual convicted of a misdemeanor. Said another
way, the statute here does not treat those convicted of felonies differently; Mr. Thornsbury was
subjected to the same treatment as anyone else convicted of a felony. Indeed, this Court has
recently rejected the very same argument petitioners make in this appeal. See Toney, No. 16­
0440, 2017 WL 2492795 (W.Va. June 9, 2017) (memorandum decision) (holding that West
Virginia Code § 5-10A-2(f)(2) treats all individuals who commit felonies related to their
employment the same way, and, therefore, is not unconstitutional on equal protection grounds).

       Petitioners’ third and final constitutional challenge is that the statutes calling for
termination of Mr. Thornsbury’s retirement benefits constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
This Court has previously addressed this challenge and rejected it. See Syl. Pt. 3, in part, Dodd,
183 W.Va. 544, 396 S.E.2d 725 (“The Act on the ‘Disqualification for Public Retirement Plan
Benefits,’ W.Va. Code, 5–10A–1 to 5–10A–10 [1976], is not unconstitutional as cruel and
unusual, or disproportionate, punishment (W.Va. Const. art. III, § 5)[.]”). We find no basis to
deviate from this ruling in the present case.

        Next, petitioners contend that the termination of Mr. Thornsbury’s retirement benefits
conflicts with the qualified domestic relations orders (“QDROs”) entered by the Family Court of

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Mingo County in connection with petitioners’ divorce. Under the QDROs, Ms. Thornsbury is a
beneficiary on both retirement accounts. Ms. Thornsbury claims that the QDROs entitle her to
the money from the accounts because they were entered prior to both Mr. Thornsbury’s
conviction and the Board filing its petition to terminate his benefits. However, as the Board
correctly argues, the timing of these events is inconsequential to the termination of Mr.
Thornsbury’s benefits. The QDROs serve only to control the payout percentage of retirement
benefits to each party in the divorce in the event there are benefits to pay; they do not serve to
restrict or prohibit the Board in its duty to seek termination of benefits when a participant, like
Mr. Thornsbury, is convicted of a felony. The two matters -- entry of QDROs and the petition to
terminate retirement benefits -- are separate and do not conflict in this case. Accordingly, we
reject petitioners’ argument in this regard.

        In the final challenge to the termination of Mr. Thornsbury’s retirement benefits, Ms.
Thornsbury argues that “equitable principles” dictate that she should receive her share of the
accounts. She contends that for thirty-six years of marriage, she contributed substantial
homemaker and domestic services to the marriage, and did nothing wrong to warrant losing her
share of the benefits. We do not find her argument compelling. It is undisputed that Ms.
Thornsbury’s entitlement as a beneficiary on the retirement accounts is entirely derivative of Mr.
Thornsbury’s entitlement to receive the benefits as she did not contribute any funds to either of
the two plans at issue. Mr. Thornsbury undisputedly used his position as a circuit court judge to
violate the constitutional rights of individuals appearing before him. Equity does not dictate that
this Court ignore that fact and allow Ms. Thornsbury to benefit from his publically-funded
retirement accounts.

                                           Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Circuit Court of Kanawha County’s February
24, 2017, “Final Order Granting West Virginia Consolidated Public Retirement Board’s Petition
to Terminate Michael Thornsbury’s Retirement Benefits.”

                                                                                        Affirmed.

ISSUED: February 9, 2018

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker




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