            SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
                                      en banc

RICHARD E. IVIE, JIMMIE R. IVIE, )
LADONNA SMALL, AND BERNARD IVIE, )
                                 )
                 Respondents,    )
                                 )
     v.                          )                            No. SC93872
                                 )
ARNOLD L. SMITH AND              )
SIDNEY B. SMITH,                 )
                                 )
                 Appellants.     )


            APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SCOTT COUNTY
                 The Honorable Benjamin Frederick Lewis, Judge

                              Opinion issued July 8, 2014

      Arnold and Sidney Smith (collectively, "Smith") appeal the circuit court's

judgment declaring changes to an estate plan void due to lack of testamentary capacity

and undue influence. Patricia Watson created a trust in 2002, which left substantially all

of her property to her half siblings. The trust expressly excluded Arnold Smith, her

husband. Several years later, after Watson's mental health had deteriorated, Watson

signed two separate amendments to her trust, signed changes to beneficiary designations

on her bank accounts and retirement accounts, and signed documents retitling several of

her accounts and vehicles. The effect was that almost all of Watson's personal property

passed to Smith when Watson died. Her half siblings sued and prevailed in a court-tried

case. Because this Court holds that the circuit court's judgment that Watson lacked
capacity is supported by the record and is not against the weight of the evidence, there is

no need to address the undue influence claims. The circuit court's judgment is affirmed.

                             Factual and Procedural Background 1

         Watson, the decedent, was raised in Missouri.            Early in life, she took a job

teaching elementary school in the state of California. Despite the distance, she retained

close ties with her half siblings, Richard Ivie, Jimmie Ivie, Ladonna Small, and Bernard

Ivie ("the Ivies"). Watson had three previous husbands before she married Smith, and

she had only one child, a daughter who was murdered in 1980.

         Watson retired from teaching in February 2002, and she married Smith on

February 20, 2002, in California. At the time of their marriage, Watson was 70 years old

and Smith was 60 years old. Watson had substantial income and approximately $1

million in assets. This included her home in California, several parcels of real estate in

southeast Missouri, a pension from the California State Teachers' Retirement System

(CALSTRS), and several bank accounts, retirement accounts, and vehicles. Smith, on the

other hand, had filed for bankruptcy in 1997 and had minimal income and assets. The

two lived together in Watson's California home until moving to Missouri in 2004.

                                    Watson's Original Trust

         Watson created her original trust on May 9, 2002, about three months after

marrying Smith. At the same time, Watson also created a will with a provision "pouring

over" all of her estate's assets into the trust. Although they were living in California at

the time, Watson's Missouri attorney, Reginald Young, prepared the documents.

 1
     Much is drawn from the court of appeals' opinion without further attribution.
       Watson wanted the trust to own all of her property so she could retain control over

it. Both Watson and Smith signed deeds conveying all of Watson's real estate to the trust.

When they moved back to Missouri, they placed the proceeds from the sale of the

California home in the trust and deeded the new Missouri home to the trust. The trust

also owned or was the beneficiary of several of Watson's bank and retirement accounts.

       The Ivies were the sole beneficiaries of the trust. Under its original terms, the

Ivies were to divide the trust assets and proceeds equally. The trust also stated: "It is

expressly the Grantor's intention that her husband, Arnold L. Smith, not receive any part

of the Trust Estate."

                   Events Leading Up to the First Trust Amendment

       Watson began showing signs that her mental heath was progressively deteriorating

long before signing an amendment to the trust for the first time on July 27, 2007. As

early as January 2003, she saw a physician for physical ailments. The physician noted in

his report: "She thinks her husband is trying to poison her with rat poison. She denies

hallucinations, but apparently gets very angry quickly on questioning. . . . At this time the

patient seems to have paranoia."

       Watson and Smith moved to Missouri in late 2004. Around this time, Watson told

her sister that she was having trouble remembering words and names. According to her

sister, Watson wanted a divorce from Smith because he had ruined her life. Watson also

told one of her brothers that she thought she was losing her mind, that she was afraid of

Smith, and that she thought he was trying to poison her.




                                             3
         Watson visited several physicians in 2005, complaining in part about memory

loss. Early in 2005, one of her physicians prescribed Namenda, a drug used to treat

moderate to severe dementia. 2 She persisted in her belief that Smith was trying to poison

her. Another physician noted that she was "perhaps somewhat paranoid" but ordered

poisoning tests anyway. Although she accepted that the results were within normal

limits, she maintained that she had been poisoned for the previous four years.

         Watson had a neuro-psychological evaluation at the Mayo Clinic in October 2005.

She told the physicians she had trouble with forgetfulness and that she could not think.

She reported that, since her daughter had been killed in 1980, "I haven't been the same."

According to the physician's report, Smith told the physician that Watson's word-finding

abilities had gradually worsened over the prior six months. Smith also told the physician

that Watson had trouble following instructions and remembering things, trouble with

misplacing things, disorganization in thinking, and loss of train of thought mid-

conversation.     In addition, Smith mentioned that Watson had trouble managing her

checkbook and that she had allowed him to take over. During testing procedures, Watson

was impatient with long instructions, which often needed to be simplified so she could

understand.

         The test results showed "a mild to moderate degree of cognitive impairment,"

which "likely" reflected an abnormality that had appeared on brain imaging tests. The

report stated that Watson would "require continued supervision and assistance with

complex activities of daily living, including assistance with any medical, legal, or

 2
     The medical records do not reflect whether she ever actually took Namenda.

                                                4
financial decision-making."     The Mayo Clinic physician concluded that Watson's

condition was most consistent with a diagnosis of vascular dementia. He recommended

ongoing monitoring because he could not rule out a "neurodegenerative process."

       As time passed, it became apparent that Watson's mental condition was getting

worse. She began seeing a new physician in March 2006, complaining in part about

progressive problems with short-term memory. Although Watson's only child had been

murdered in 1980, she apparently told the physician she had "[o]ne child, alive and well."

The same physician diagnosed probable Alzheimer's dementia in October 2006 and stated

without qualification in November 2006 that the diagnosis was Alzheimer's dementia.

He prescribed her Aricept, which is used to treat Alzheimer's disease.

       Before Watson executed the first trust amendment, she was no longer able to care

for herself and was dependent on help from others. She needed help with all of her daily

living activities, including walking, bathing, dressing, preparing meals, using the

telephone, driving, getting in and out of the car, and walking up and down stairs. By

May 2007, at a family gathering, Watson did not recognize the children of one of her

brothers and other previously known family members.

      Soon after, she went to the hospital for physical problems. The hospital records

show that on June 25, 2007, she was "confused" and "oriented to self only," that she was

non-responsive to the nurses' attempts to orient her "to time and place," and that she made

inappropriate statements suggesting impaired memory. The treating physician diagnosed

her with "[m]ild dementia, probably Alzheimer's disease" and recommended increasing

her Aricept prescription.      He also recommended further testing and suggested


                                            5
supplementing with Namenda if the dementia worsened. She left the hospital June 29,

2007.

                              The First Trust Amendment

        On July 10, 2007, Watson had a meeting with her attorney, Young, about

executing a power of attorney. Her sister testified that Watson understood what was

going on at that meeting. Apparently, Watson told the Ivies at some point that she was

going to give them each $25,000. Roughly one month after leaving the hospital, on July

27, 2007, Watson signed the first trust amendment decreasing the Ivies' share of her

property and granting Smith a share. Each of the Ivies would now receive $25,000 upon

her death. Smith would receive the remainder. The amendment also added a "no-

contest" clause, because of an apparent conflict between Smith and the Ivies, the purpose

of which was to cause anyone challenging the trust to lose his or her share.

        Watson's attorney, Young, prepared the amendment.           According to Young,

Watson had spoken with him several times in July leading up to the signing of the first

trust amendment, both on the telephone and in person. Young testified that Watson had

changed her mind about not including Smith in the trust since their marriage five years

before because she realized Smith would receive nothing when she died.          He also

testified that Watson understood what was going on and that, by amending the trust, she

was leaving most of her property to Smith. However, Young did not know she had been




                                             6
diagnosed with dementia. He admitted at trial that, had he known about the diagnosis, it

would have caused concern.3

                  Changes to Bank Accounts and Retirement Accounts

       Watson's mental health continued to worsen. At some point after July 2007, she

visited one of her neighbors and took off her own clothes in the neighbor's living room.

She began receiving in-home nursing care in November 2007. The nurses' reports reflect

that Watson's dementia was uncontrolled, she answered questions inappropriately and

changed the subject frequently, she was paranoid and became very upset when she could

not find something, she cried at inappropriate times, and she experienced forgetfulness

and mood swings. At the physicians' office in early January 2008, Smith filled out the

intake form for "thinking or memory problems." He circled "yes" for each of these

conditions:

       Problems with judgment (problems making decisions, bad financial
       decisions, problems with thinking, etc.); Less interest in hobbies/activities;
       Trouble learning how to use a tool, appliance, or gadget (VCR, computer,
       microwave, remote control, etc.); Forgets correct month or year; Trouble
       handling complicated financial affairs (balancing checkbook, income taxes,
       paying bills, etc.); Trouble remembering appointments; Daily problems
       with thinking or memory.

       From early December 2007 to mid-January 2008, Watson signed changes to

several of her bank accounts and retirement accounts. She retitled her checking account

and money market account from the trust to her own name individually and signed

documents to "pay on death" to Smith. Watson transferred funds from a certificate of


 3
    Although Young testified that Watson signed the trust amendment in his presence, Young's
billing records do not affirmatively indicate that he was physically present on the date of signing.

                                                 7
deposit (CD) owned by the trust to a new savings account opened in her name

individually, also with a pay-on-death designation in favor of Smith. And for two of her

individual retirement accounts (IRAs), Watson signed changes in the beneficiary

designations in favor of Smith, which previously designated the trust (for one account)

and the Ivies (for the other). 4

                               The Second Trust Amendment

       Watson's nurses chronicled her worsening mental condition beginning in January

2008 and leading up to the date of execution of the second trust amendment. The in-

home nursing staff noted that her forgetfulness continued and that she had bouts of

confusion. The following are a few examples. In late January, she asked Smith, "Am I

still your wife? Are we married?" In late March, she was disoriented in her home and

could not find the bathroom. In April, she wanted her lawn hand-pulled instead of

mowed. In May, she was hospitalized after falling, and the "fall risk assessment" on the

hospital reports repeatedly showed that she was "Confused/Disoriented/Senile/Irrational/

Non-Compliant." On June 5, back at home, Watson said that she saw a baby while

staring at the ceiling and that she was hearing voices.

       Watson lived in a nursing home from June 9, 2008, until July 2, 2008, which was

the day she signed the second trust amendment. The nursing home records show that

Watson was confused and disoriented throughout her stay. On June 9, she "seemed

confused about where she was and about her husband, her home and finances." The next

 4
   In October 2008, she also transferred funds from the second of these IRAs to a new IRA,
which also named Smith as the beneficiary. The Court will refer to these various bank accounts
and retirement accounts collectively, as "accounts."

                                              8
day, when the nurse performed a finger stick, Watson asked if her hand would grow back,

which the nurse considered a sincere question. On June 30, she was "confused to time

and place." On July 2, although Watson was oriented as to who she was and where she

was, the nurse's report states that she was still "[c]onfused to time." That same day,

Watson signed the second trust amendment after leaving the nursing home.

       The second trust amendment, which Young also prepared, further reduced the

Ivies' shares in the trust estate and increased Smith's share. Now instead of $25,000, each

of the Ivies would receive $5,000. In addition, Smith's son from a previous marriage,

Sydney Smith, was included to receive $5,000, and the step-daughter of one of Watson's

brothers was included to receive $5,000. Smith would receive the remainder. Because

Young recognized that Watson's mental health had deteriorated and because he

anticipated controversy over the changes to Watson's estate plan, he prepared a

memorandum for his file stating that he believed she understood what she was doing.

However, Young had never reviewed any of Watson's medical records and did not seek a

medical opinion before helping her finalize the amendment. 5




 5
    Young testified as follows:
  Q. And it's also true you had not reviewed any medical records before Ms. Watson signed her
first amendment on 7/27/07, correct?
  A. I don't think I've ever reviewed any medical records of Patricia.
  ....
  Q. Okay. So your testimony it [sic] would not be the prudent thing to do if you had questions
about capacity to get a doctor's opinion? You decide that yourself?
  A. No, I'm not saying it wouldn't be prudent, but in this case I didn't know about the dementia
diagnosis. (Tr. 323, 329.)

                                               9
                   Changes to Watson's Pension and Retitling of Vehicles

         Shortly after Watson signed the second trust amendment, Smith started obtaining

"affidavits of incapacity" signed by five physicians. Each of the five affidavits was a

standard form supplied by Smith, and each stated the following:

         Patricia P. Watson . . . is, by reason of advanced age, physical incapacity or
         mental weakness, incapable of managing . . . her own estate; lacks mental
         capacity to enter into a binding agreement or make decisions on . . . her
         own behalf; [and] does not have the ability to understand that a contract is
         being made and its general nature.

The first affidavit was executed July 22, 2008. The other affidavits were executed by

four different physicians the following August, September, and February.

         On July 24, 2008, two days after the first affidavit of incapacity was signed, Smith

filled out a change-of-beneficiary form for Watson's pension from CALSTRS, and

Watson signed it. This reduced Watson's during-life payments from her pension in

exchange for survivor benefits for Smith.

         In December 2008, Watson and Smith met with a new attorney, Clayton

Vandivort, for the purpose of retitling more of Watson's property. Vandivort did not

recognize that Watson had any mental impairment. For each of her vehicles, Smith was

added as either a joint title holder or a transfer-on-death beneficiary. 6 Watson died April

10, 2009.




 6
     Although they also attempted to retitle her real estate, this was not accomplished.

                                                  10
                  Circuit Court Proceedings and Procedural History

      After Watson's death, the Ivies filed this action seeking to set aside the trust

amendments, beneficiary designations, and various property transfers. 7 Among the many

witnesses at trial, Smith, Young, the Ivies, and two medical experts testified. The experts

gave conflicting testimony.

      The Ivies' expert was Dr. Adam Sky, a geriatric psychiatrist. Based on his review

of Watson's medical records as a whole, it was his opinion, to a 90-percent degree of

certainty, that Watson had a progressive form of dementia. He testified that Watson did

not have testamentary capacity at any time after July 1, 2007, and that she was

incapacitated when each of the changes to her estate plan was made. He also testified

that it was possible that Watson appeared to her attorneys to have testamentary capacity

when she actually did not.

      Smith's expert, Dr. Randall Huss, a medical doctor board-certified in geriatric

medicine, also reviewed Watson's medical records. He agreed that Watson's condition

was progressive but testified that people with dementia can have lucid moments. Dr.

Huss's opinion was that Watson had testamentary capacity when she made the changes to

her estate plan. He based his opinion in part on the testimony of Watson's attorneys that

Watson knew what she was doing each time she made a change.

      The circuit court entered judgment for the Ivies. In its findings of fact and

conclusions of law, the circuit court expressly found the testimony of Dr. Sky credible


 7
  The Ivies filed two separate lawsuits seeking the same relief, one of which was filed in
Smith's probate proceedings. The two lawsuits were consolidated for trial.

                                            11
and expressly found the testimony of Smith, Young, and Dr. Huss not persuasive. Smith

was found not credible because he repeatedly denied the assertions about Watson's

mental health in the physicians' and nurses' reports, even though Smith himself reported

many of Watson's mental impairments. The circuit court considered Young's testimony

not persuasive because he was unaware of Watson's medical records when he assisted her

in preparing the trust amendments. 8

       The circuit court found by clear and convincing evidence that (1) Watson lacked

testamentary capacity with regard to all of the changes to her estate plan and (2) the

changes were the product of Smith's undue influence. In support of its conclusion, the

circuit court stated the following:

       The conclusion that Patricia lacked of [sic] testamentary capacity . . . [is]
       not dependent on any one or even any number of the many facts found in
       this judgment. The evidence of Patricia's lack of testamentary capacity was
       overwhelming . . . .

The circuit court ruled that both trust amendments, the changes to beneficiary

designations, and the property transfers were void.           Its judgment directed that the

CALSTRS pension benefit go directly to the Ivies and directed that the other non-trust

assets go to Watson's probate estate. This Court ordered transfer after the court of

appeals issued an opinion and, therefore, has jurisdiction. See Mo. Const. art. V, § 10;

Rule 83.04.




 8
   The circuit court also found that Young's memory of the first trust amendment was unreliable
and that his file, his billing records, and the estate plan documents indicated that Young was not
actually physically present when Watson signed the first amendment to the trust.

                                               12
                                      Standard of Review

       On review of a court-tried case, an appellate court will affirm the circuit court's

judgment unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of

the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law. Murphy v. Carron, 536

S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976). The same standard of review applies in all types of

court-tried cases 9 regardless of the burden of proof at trial. 10 In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d

624, 626 n.4, 631 (Mo. banc 2014).

                                             Analysis

       Smith argues that the circuit court's judgment of incapacity and undue influence is

not supported by substantial evidence, is against the weight of the evidence, and

misapplies the law. 11 This Court holds that substantial evidence supports the circuit

court's judgment that Watson lacked testamentary capacity to make the changes to her

estate plan and that the judgment was not against the weight of the evidence. The Court


 9
    Prior statements from this and other Courts to the effect that greater deference is paid to the
trial court in certain types of cases (e.g., family law) than in others are incorrect and misleading.
Those prior statements should not be read to mean anything more than that such cases often
require the trial court to weigh a great deal of conflicting evidence before finding the highly
subjective facts required by the applicable statutory factors.
  10
     The Ivies concede that their burden of proving Watson's incapacity was proof by clear,
cogent, and convincing evidence. (Respondents' Br. at 63.) Because the parties have not briefed
the burden of proof issue, this Court simply presumes, without deciding, that the Ivies are correct
that they bore the burden of proving Watson's incapacity, as contestants, and that their burden
was proof by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence.
  11
      In several instances, Smith's appellate brief combines into the same point relied on a
substantial-evidence challenge, a misapplication-of-law challenge, and an against-the-weight-of-
the-evidence challenge. These are distinct claims. See In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 630 n.10;
Pearson v. Koster, 367 S.W.3d 36, 43 (Mo. banc 2012); Murphy, 536 S.W.2d at 32. They must
appear in separate points relied on in the appellant's brief to be preserved for appellate review.
Rule 84.04; see In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 630 n.10. This Court will gratuitously address the
merits of Smith's claims. Appellate counsel should take caution to follow Rule 84.04(d).

                                                 13
further holds that, although the circuit court misapplied the law regarding the level of

mental capacity required to change beneficiary designations, the circuit court's error was

not prejudicial because the mental capacity required to make a contract is greater than the

"testamentary capacity" standard applied by the circuit court. Rule 84.13(b) (stating that

no appellate court shall reverse a judgment unless the circuit court committed an error

"against the appellant materially affecting the merits of the action").             Because the

findings of incapacity are sufficient to sustain the circuit court's judgment, this Court

need not address the additional claims of undue influence. 12 See Roberts v. BJC Health

Sys., 391 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Mo. banc 2013) ("[A]ny trial court judgment[] can be

affirmed on appeal by any appropriate theory supported by the record.").

            I.      Standard of Review for Substantial-Evidence Challenges

       Substantial evidence is evidence that, if believed, has some probative force on

each fact that is necessary to sustain the circuit court's judgment. See In re K.A.W., 133

S.W.3d 1, 9 (Mo. banc 2004). Evidence has probative force if it has any tendency to

make a material fact more or less likely. See Kansas City v. Keene Corp., 855 S.W.2d

360, 367 (Mo. banc 1993). When reviewing whether the circuit court's judgment is

supported by substantial evidence, appellate courts view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the circuit court's judgment and defer to the circuit court's credibility

determinations. In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 626, 631-32 & n.14. Appellate courts

 12
    Smith also argues, apparently in the alternative, that if this Court were to hold that only the
second trust amendment was void, the no-contest clause in the first amended trust would prevent
the Ivies from recovering their specified shares of $25,000 each. Because this Court affirms the
circuit court's judgment that both trust amendments were void, the no-contest clause in the first
amended trust has no effect.

                                                14
"'accept as true the evidence and inferences . . . favorable to the trial court's decree and

disregard all contrary evidence.'" Zweig v. Metro. St. Louis Sewer Dist., 412 S.W.3d 223,

231 (Mo. banc 2013). In addition, this Court has made clear that no contrary evidence

need be considered on a substantial-evidence challenge, regardless of whether the burden

of proof at trial was proof by a "preponderance of the evidence" or proof by "clear,

cogent, and convincing evidence." In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 626 n.4, 631; In re

Adoption of C.M.B.R., 332 S.W.3d 793, 815 (Mo. banc 2011).

       Circuit courts are free to believe any, all, or none of the evidence presented at trial.

In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 627. The circuit court in this case made extensive findings of

fact and conclusions of law. In addition, Rule 73.01 provides that "all fact issues upon

which no specific findings are made shall be considered as having been found in

accordance with the result reached." Id. at 626.

II.    The Circuit Court's Finding That Watson Lacked Testamentary Capacity as
         to the Trust Amendments Is Supported by Substantial Evidence

       To prevail on the substantial-evidence challenge, Smith must demonstrate that

there is no evidence in the record tending to prove a fact that is necessary to sustain the

circuit court's judgment as a matter of law. See In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 626-27; In re

K.A.W., 133 S.W.3d at 9. Smith's claim fails because he has mischaracterized what

factual findings are necessary to sustain a finding of incapacity and because he has

ignored this Court's standard of review.

       The capacity required to make or amend a revocable trust is the same as that

required to make a will—"testamentary capacity." Section 456.6-601, RSMo Supp.



                                             15
2013; Lewis v. McCullough, 413 S.W.2d 499, 505 (Mo. 1967).                        A person has

testamentary capacity if the person is at least 18 years of age, or emancipated, and is of

sound mind. Section 474.310, RSMo 2000. A person is of sound mind if he or she

(1) understands the ordinary affairs of life, (2) understands the nature and extent of his or

her property, (3) knows the persons who are the natural objects of his or her bounty, and

(4) understands that, by executing the instrument, he or she is giving property to persons

in the manner specified in the instrument. Lewis, 413 S.W.2d at 505; Gardine v. Cottey,

230 S.W.2d 731, 746 (Mo. banc 1950); MAI-Civil 15.01 ("Sound and Disposing Mind

and Memory"). 13 A will or trust is deemed void if the person making it lacked sound

mind at the time of execution. See Watson v. Watson, 562 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Mo. banc

1978).

         Smith argues that the circuit court's judgment cannot be sustained because the

Ivies were required to submit evidence of some observation of Watson's lack of

testamentary capacity that occurred on the precise date the trust was amended. Smith has

mischaracterized the law. It is true that there must be evidence tending to prove that

testamentary capacity was not present at the time the will or trust was executed.

 13
   "The phrase 'sound and disposing mind and memory' as used in this [these] instruction[s]
means that when a person signs a [will] [codicil] that person:

         First, was able to understand the ordinary affairs of life, and

         Second, was able to understand the nature and extent of that person's property, and

         Third, was able to know the persons who were the natural objects of that person's
         bounty, and

         Fourth, could intelligently weigh and appreciate that person's natural obligations to
         those person's [sic]."

                                                  16
Ambruster v. Sutton, 244 S.W.2d 65, 72 (Mo. 1951). In addition, this Court has held that

a treating physician's testimony that a testator was mentally unsound most but not all of

the time prior to executing a will is insufficient alone to sustain a finding that the testator

lacked testamentary capacity. Smith v. Fitzjohn, 188 S.W.2d 832, 143-44 (Mo. banc

1945). However, evidence of mental unsoundness either before or after execution, which

is not too remote, is admissible to prove lack of testamentary capacity, as long as the

evidence indicates the unsoundness existed at the time the will or trust was made. Id. at

143; Ambruster, 244 S.W.2d at 72.

       Here, the Ivies presented evidence at trial tending to prove Watson lacked

testamentary capacity at the time both trust amendments were made. Dr. Sky testified

that Watson did not have testamentary capacity at any point after July 1, 2007, which was

before the first trust amendment was signed. The circuit court was free to believe this

testimony and conclude that, at the time Watson executed both trust amendments on July

27, 2007, and July 2, 2008, she did not meet any one of the four conditions required to

have testamentary capacity: that she understood the ordinary affairs of her life,

understood what property she owned, knew who her relatives were, and understood that

executing a trust amendment would change the disposition of her property when she died.

See Lewis, 413 S.W.2d at 505; Ambruster, 244 S.W.2d at 72. Therefore, substantial

evidence supports the circuit court's judgment that both trust amendments were void.

       Smith contends that the court of appeals' decisions in Hahn v. Tanksley, 317

S.W.3d 145, 153-55 (Mo. App. 2010), and Morse v. Volz, 808 S.W.2d 424, 430-32 (Mo.

App. 1991), "discounted" this type of evidence for proof of lack of testamentary capacity.


                                              17
The court of appeals in Morse merely "confirm[ed] the accepted rule that evidence of the

sickness, old age and eccentric conduct of a testator, taken alone, do not suffice to

overthrow a will on the ground of mental incapacity." 808 S.W.2d at 430. The court of

appeals reversed the circuit court's submission of the issue of testamentary capacity to the

jury, noting that the contestant's expert witness could not say that the testator was

"uniformly and consistently affected by" the mental defect. Id. at 431. In contrast, Dr.

Sky definitively testified in this case that Watson lacked testamentary capacity at all

points after July 1, 2007.

       The court of appeals in Hahn, on the other hand, affirmed the circuit court's

finding that testamentary capacity was present. 317 S.W.3d at 156. It reached this

conclusion after deferring to the circuit court's credibility determinations in accordance

with the substantial-evidence standard of review. Id. at 153-55. Hahn did not hold that

medical evidence is insufficient to prove lack of testamentary capacity as a matter of law.

It stands only for the proposition that the appellate court defers to the circuit court's

resolution of conflicting evidence. See id.

       Although the testamentary capacity standard takes into account the ability of

persons who have been diagnosed with some form of mental defect to make a valid will

or trust, it is the circuit court's function and responsibility to determine the factual issue

of whether a person had testamentary capacity at the particular time of execution.         In

addition, if evidence of lack of testamentary capacity on the precise date of execution

were required as a matter of law, a contestant could not prevail in the most egregious

case—a person who has successfully concealed his or her exertion of power over the


                                              18
victim would need only to hide him or her from others on the date of execution. The

circuit court is in the best position to decide precisely when a person has testamentary

capacity, and this Court defers to its findings.

       Smith's arguments rely primarily on the testimony of Young, which the circuit

court found not persuasive, as well as other evidence that was contrary to the result

reached by the circuit court. These arguments ignore not only this Court's standard of

review, but also the principle that the circuit court is free to believe all, part, or none of

the evidence. In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 631. Smith's failure to consider this Court's

standard of review makes his challenge to the circuit court's finding of incapacity of no

analytical or persuasive value. See id. at 632. Dr. Sky's testimony that Watson lacked

testamentary capacity at all times after July 1, 2007, has a tendency to prove Watson

lacked testamentary capacity at the time each trust amendment was made. Even in the

absence of Dr. Sky's testimony, there was considerable other evidence of her incapacity

both before and after the amendments from which the circuit court would be permitted to

draw an inference of incapacity on the date in question. Therefore, the circuit court's

judgment that they were void is supported by substantial evidence.

    III.    Contractual Capacity is Required to Create Beneficiary Designations

       Smith next argues that the circuit court erred by invalidating the various changes

to beneficiary designations on Watson's accounts, CALSTRS pension, and vehicles

because incapacity is not a basis for declaring a beneficiary designation void. Because

"beneficiary designations" are governed by the Missouri Nonprobate Transfers Law, this

point raises a question of statutory interpretation. Chapter 461, RSMo Supp. 2013. This


                                              19
Court reviews questions of statutory interpretation de novo. In re Brockmire, 424 S.W.3d

445, 446-47 (Mo. banc 2014).

       Section 461.054.1, RSMo 2000, states the following: "A beneficiary designation

or a revocation of a beneficiary designation that is procured by fraud, duress or undue

influence is void." A beneficiary who willfully and unlawfully causes the decedent's

death is also disqualified from taking. Section 461.054.2, RSMo 2000. Smith contends

that, because § 461.054 does not expressly list lack of capacity, beneficiary designations

cannot be declared void for lack of capacity.

       "This Court's primary rule of statutory interpretation is to give effect to legislative

intent as reflected in the plain language of the statute at issue." Parktown Imports, Inc. v.

Audi of Am., Inc., 278 S.W.3d 670, 672 (Mo. banc 2009); see also State ex rel. Jackson v.

Dolan, 398 S.W.3d 472, 479 (Mo. banc 2013) ("'[W]ords should be given their plain and

ordinary meaning whenever possible.'"). "Other rules of statutory interpretation, which

are diverse and sometimes conflict, are merely aids that allow this Court to ascertain the

legislature's intended result." Parktown Imports, Inc., 278 S.W.3d at 672. Courts look

elsewhere for interpretation only when the meaning is ambiguous or would lead to an

illogical result that defeats the purpose of the legislation. State ex rel. Jackson, 398

S.W.3d at 479.

       "The rules of statutory interpretation are not intended to be applied haphazardly or

indiscriminately to achieve a desired result." Parktown Imports, Inc., 278 S.W.3d at 672.

"Instead, the canons of statutory interpretation are considerations made in a genuine

effort to determine what the legislature intended." Id. Statutory interpretation should not


                                             20
be hyper-technical, but reasonable and logical and should give meaning to the statute. Id.

at 673.   In addition, when the legislature construes its own language by providing

definitions, that construction supersedes the commonly accepted dictionary or judicial

definition, and it is binding on the courts. State ex rel. Jackson, 398 S.W.3d at 479.

       Smith argues in favor of invoking the canon of construction that the expression of

one thing implies the exclusion of another—that is, the General Assembly, by stating

several means of declaring a beneficiary designation void, intended to exclude incapacity

as a means of voiding a beneficiary designation. As support, Smith cites the court of

appeals' decision, In re Estate of Goldschmidt, 215 S.W.3d 215 (Mo. App. 2006), which

adopted this rationale. In Goldschmidt, the court of appeals addressed whether the circuit

court erred in not allowing an amendment to the petition. Id. at 223. The amendment

would have asserted a claim of mental incapacity, among other claims. Id. The court of

appeals held that "[t]he legislature's express mention of fraud, duress, undue influence,

and murder . . . as reasons for voiding a POD account imply that it did not intend the

additional claims in this case be deemed causes for remedial action." 14 Id. at 224.

       Smith's argument, and the court of appeals' rationale in Goldschmidt, ignores the

plain meaning of several provisions of the Nonprobate Transfers Law, including the

requirement that "beneficiary designations" be governed by "applicable law." Section

461.005(2), RSMo Supp. 2013. The Nonprobate Transfers Law generally allows persons

to transfer property at death outside of probate proceedings through another person or

 14
    The court of appeals has also held, by the same logic, that the legislature did not intend
unilateral mistake to be a basis for challenging a beneficiary deed. Groh v. Ballard, 965 S.W.2d
872, 874 (Mo. App. 1998).

                                              21
entity, without some of the formalities required for wills. Sections 461.001, 461.009,

RSMo 2000. A nonprobate transfer is defined as "a transfer of property taking effect

upon the death of the owner, pursuant to a beneficiary designation." Section 461.005(7),

RSMo Supp. 2013. A beneficiary designation is defined as follows:

       a provision in writing that is not a will that designates the beneficiary of a
       nonprobate transfer, including the transferee in an instrument that makes
       the transfer effective on death of the owner, and that complies with the
       conditions of any governing instrument, the rules of any transferring entity
       and applicable law.

Section 461.005(2), RSMo Supp. 2013 (emphasis added). Section 461.012, RSMo 2000,

recognizes that "a nonprobate transfer is a matter of agreement between the owner and

the transferring entity" in the following two circumstances, among others: (1) when the

governing instrument requires submission of a beneficiary designation or (2) when the

transferring entity requires registration of a transfer-on-death direction on a certificate or

record evidencing ownership.

       Here, the nonprobate transfers were made pursuant to (1) beneficiary designations

on Watson's accounts and pension and (2) transfer-on-death directions on the certificates

of title for several of her vehicles. Therefore, all of the nonprobate transfers and the

beneficiary designations themselves are "matters of agreement." 15           Section 461.012,

RSMo 2000. Accordingly, the creation of each beneficiary designation is governed by


 15
     These agreements would have been created between Watson and the "transferring entities."
These transferring entities were several financial institutions with respect to her accounts;
CALSTRS with respect to her pension; and state vehicle licensing departments with respect to
her vehicles. See Mo. Dep't of Revenue, Miscellaneous Titling Information, § 7 at 1-2 (last
visited June 19, 2014), available at http://dor.mo.gov/pdf/Section7.pdf. A copy of this document
has been placed in this Court's file.

                                              22
the "applicable law" of contracts. Section 461.005(2), RSMo Supp. 2013. Under the

common law, a contract is deemed void if a party lacks the requisite mental capacity at

the time of contracting—meaning mental capacity must be present for a contract to exist

at all. See McElroy v. Mathews, 263 S.W.2d 1, 10-11 (Mo. 1953).

       The legislature's listing of several ways in § 461.054, RSMo 2000, to declare a

beneficiary designation void does not mean it intended to impliedly abrogate the common

law requirement of contractual capacity for beneficiary designations. See State ex rel.

Smith v. Greene, 494 S.W.2d 55, 59 (Mo. banc 1973) (stating that this Court will not be

persuaded that the legislature abrogated common law doctrine absent some clear

legislative intent to do so).       To the contrary, the General Assembly specifically

incorporated the common law and other statutes relating to property transfers by

reference to "applicable law." Section 461.005(2), RSMo Supp. 2013. Mental capacity

is required to make a contract. McElroy, 263 S.W.2d at 10-11. Therefore, mental

capacity is required to make a beneficiary designation. 16 To the extent In re Estate of



 16
     This Court has reached a similar conclusion with regard to an analogous statute. "In
construing a statute it is appropriate to take into consideration statutes involving similar or
related subject matter when such statutes shed light upon the meaning of the statute being
construed . . . ." Cook Tractor Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, 187 S.W.3d 870, 873 (Mo. banc 2006).
Section 362.470, RSMo 2000, which governs joint deposits, states that making a deposit in the
name of two or more people as joint tenants is conclusive evidence that title vests in the survivor
"in the absence of fraud or undue influence." One might argue, as Smith has done here, that the
legislature intended to exclude mental incapacity as a basis for voiding a joint deposit account.
However, this Court in Fix v. Fix, 847 S.W.2d 762, 765 & n.2 (Mo. banc 1993), stated that
§ 362.470, RSMo 2000, was intended to incorporate a prior decision of this Court and stated that
ownership of a joint deposit account vests in the survivor not only in the absence of fraud and
undue influence but also in the absence of mental incapacity and mistake. See also In re Estate
of Meyer, 744 S.W.2d 844, 847 (Mo. App. 1988) (holding that a depositor did not create a joint
tenancy under § 362.470 because she lacked mental capacity).

                                                23
Goldschmidt, 215 S.W.3d 215 (Mo. App. 2006), is inconsistent with this opinion, it

should no longer be followed.

IV. The Circuit Court's Error in Applying the Testamentary Capacity Standard
  to Beneficiary Designations and Other Property Transfers Was Not Prejudicial

       Because the mental capacity required to make a contract is different from that

required to make a will or trust, the circuit court misapplied the law of testamentary

capacity to the beneficiary designations and other property transfers. However, the

mental capacity required to make a contract is higher than the mental capacity required to

make a will or trust, which is the testamentary capacity standard applied by the circuit

court. See McElroy, 263 S.W.2d at 10 ("Greater mental capacity is required to make a

contract when dealing at arm's length and which contract embraces matters requiring

mature consideration and reflection, than is required to make a will or gift conveyance.");

see also § 431.055, RSMo 2000 (stating that a person must be at least 18 years of age to

make a contract). Therefore, the circuit court's error was not prejudicial. See Rule

84.13(b)

       As discussed, changes to beneficiary designations are matters of contract. The

same is true of the other during-life property transfers. 17 Accordingly, each of these


 17
    These changes to beneficiary designations and property transfers included the following: in
December 2007 and January 2008, Watson retitled her checking and money market accounts
from the trust to herself individually, and Smith was named as the pay-on-death beneficiary; she
used funds from a CD owned by the trust to create a new savings account in her own name, with
Smith as beneficiary; and she changed the beneficiary designations on two of her IRAs in favor
of Smith; on July 24, 2008, Smith submitted a form to CALSTRS reducing Watson's during-life
benefits from her pension and allocating a survivor share to Smith as the sole surviving
beneficiary; in October 2008, Watson used funds from one of her IRAs to create a new IRA,
which also named Smith as the beneficiary; and in December 2008, for each of Watson's
vehicles, she added Smith as either a joint title holder or a transfer-on-death beneficiary.

                                              24
transactions is governed by the standard for contractual capacity, not the standard for

testamentary capacity. See McElroy, 263 S.W.2d at 10 (reciting the contractual capacity

standard); see also In re Estate of Marquis, 822 A.2d 1153, 1156-57 & n.4 (Me. 2003)

(holding that contractual capacity, not just testamentary capacity, is required for changes

to beneficiary designations on annuity contracts and clarifying that the same is true of life

insurance policies); SunTrust Bank, Middle Ga., N.A. v. Harper, 551 S.E.2d 419, 424-26

(Ga. Ct. App. 2001) (holding that the contractual capacity standard, not the testamentary

capacity standard, applies to beneficiary designations on IRAs).

        Just as there was substantial evidence in the record for the circuit court to conclude

that Watson lacked testamentary capacity when she signed the amendments to her trust,

the record also supports the conclusion that she lacked capacity regarding the changes to

the beneficiary designations and property transfers. Dr. Sky testified that Watson lacked

testamentary capacity at all points after July 1, 2007. As mentioned previously, this

testimony as well as other evidence in the record supports the conclusion that Watson

lacked capacity after July 1, 2007. See Lewis, 413 S.W.2d at 505; Ambruster, 244

S.W.2d at 72. Accordingly, the circuit court necessarily concluded that she could not

have met the higher standard of contractual capacity each time she changed beneficiary

designations or transferred property out of the trust in favor of Smith. See McElroy, 263

S.W.2d at 10. Therefore, substantial evidence supports the circuit court's judgment that

all changes to beneficiary designations and property transfers after July 1, 2007, were

void.




                                              25
 V.     The Circuit Court's Judgment Was Not Against the Weight of the Evidence

      Smith's final claim is that the circuit court's judgment that Watson lacked capacity

was against the weight of the evidence. Appellate courts act with caution in exercising

the power to set aside a decree or judgment on the ground that it is against the weight of

the evidence. JAS Apartments, Inc. v. Naji, 354 S.W.3d 175, 182 (Mo. banc 2011). "[A]

claim that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence presupposes that there is

sufficient evidence to support the judgment." In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 630. In other

words, "weight of the evidence" denotes an appellate test of how much persuasive value

evidence has, not just whether sufficient evidence exists that tends to prove a necessary

fact. See White v. Dir. of Revenue, 321 S.W.3d 298, 309 (Mo. banc 2010) (stating that

"weight" denotes probative value, not the quantity of the evidence). The against-the-

weight-of-the-evidence standard serves only as a check on a circuit court's potential abuse

of power in weighing the evidence, and an appellate court will reverse only in rare cases,

when it has a firm belief that the decree or judgment is wrong. See JAS Apartments, Inc.,

354 S.W.3d at 182.

      When reviewing the record in an against-the-weight-of-the-evidence challenge,

this Court defers to the circuit court's findings of fact when the factual issues are

contested and when the facts as found by the circuit court depend on credibility

determinations. See Pearson v. Koster, 367 S.W.3d 36, 43-44 (Mo. banc 2012); White,

321 S.W.3d at 307-09. A circuit court's judgment is against the weight of the evidence

only if the circuit court could not have reasonably found, from the record at trial, the

existence of a fact that is necessary to sustain the judgment. See Pearson, 367 S.W.3d at


                                            26
43-44; White, 321 S.W.3d at 307-09. When the evidence poses two reasonable but

different conclusions, appellate courts must defer to the circuit court's assessment of that

evidence. In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 626, 632 n.14; Pearson, 367 S.W.3d at 43-44;

White, 321 S.W.3d at 307-09.

       This Court defers on credibility determinations when reviewing an against-the-

weight-of-the-evidence challenge because the circuit court is in a better position to weigh

the contested and conflicting evidence in the context of the whole case. In re J.A.R., 426

S.W.3d at 626. The circuit court is able to judge directly not only the demeanor of

witnesses, but also their sincerity and character and other trial intangibles that the record

may not completely reveal. Id. at 627 Accordingly, this standard of review takes into

consideration which party has the burden of proof and that the circuit court is free to

believe all, some, or none of the evidence offered to prove a contested fact, and the

appellate court will not re-find facts based on credibility determinations through its own

perspective. Id.; Pearson, 367 S.W.3d at 43-44. This includes facts expressly found in

the written judgment or necessarily deemed found in accordance with the result reached.

Rule 73.01(c); In re J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 626. Evidence not based on a credibility

determination, contrary to the circuit court's judgment, can be considered in an appellate

court's review of an against-the-weight-of-the-evidence challenge.

       Smith takes issue with the fact that the circuit court adopted the Ivies' proposed

findings of fact and conclusions of law. He also argues that the evidence that Watson

lacked testamentary capacity was too remote from the dates of execution, and he argues

that the testimony of Young and the deposition testimony of Vandivort prove that Watson


                                             27
had testamentary capacity when she made the changes to her estate plan. "While trial

courts must act independently in making findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is not

error for a trial court to request or receive proposed findings and, in appropriate cases, to

adopt those findings." State v. Weaver, 912 S.W.2d 499, 522 (Mo. banc 1995). In

addition, whether Watson had testamentary capacity each time she made a change to her

estate plan was a contested factual issue at trial. The circuit court was free to draw the

reasonable conclusion, based on the evidence presented, that Watson did not have

testamentary capacity at each time period at issue. With due regard and deference to the

circuit court's credibility determinations as explained in the judgment, and having

considered all the evidence contrary to the judgment, this Court is not firmly convinced

that the finding of lack of capacity is against the weight of the evidence.

       Watson showed signs of paranoia as early as January 2003 when a physician noted

that Watson thought Smith was poisoning her. She persisted in this belief, and her

mental condition progressively worsened leading up to the date of the first trust

amendment on July 27, 2007. Her problems with memory were recited in her medical

records by Smith, Watson herself, and her physicians and nurses. A physician diagnosed

her with dementia in 2005, and by March 2006, she had forgotten even the devastating

event of her daughter's murder. The following November, she was diagnosed with

Alzheimer's dementia. By May 2007, she did not recognize her brother's children and

other previously known family members.

       Hospital records showed that on June 25, 2007, roughly one month before signing

the first trust amendment, she was "confused" and "oriented to self only." She was non-


                                             28
responsive to the nurses' attempts to orient her "to time and place," and she made

inappropriate statements suggesting impaired memory. The treating physician confirmed

her dementia diagnosis and recommended increasing her medication as well as further

treatment. The circuit court could reasonably conclude from this evidence that Watson

lacked testamentary capacity to make the first trust amendment.

      In November 2007, in-home nursing service records noted Watson's continued

problems with paranoia, forgetfulness, and mood swings. In January 2008, Smith noted a

slew of mental deficiencies on an intake form at the physicians' office. The circuit court

was also free to conclude from this evidence that Watson lacked capacity to make each of

the changes to her accounts in December 2007 and January 2008.

      Watson's medical records showed that she continued to be confused and forgetful,

and she had mood swings and delusions leading up to the second trust amendment.

Throughout her stay in the nursing home in June 2008, she was frequently disoriented

about where she was and about the time of day. And although Young again testified that

Watson was aware of what she was doing on July 2, 2008, the day she left the nursing

home and signed the second trust amendment, she was still disoriented as to time.

Shortly thereafter, and before she changed the beneficiary designation on her CALSTRS

pension or made any of the remaining changes to her estate plan, at least one physician

stated that Watson was incapable of managing her estate, making decisions for herself, or

understanding the nature of a contract. Affidavits from four other physicians would

follow.




                                           29
        Even after consideration of evidence not deemed to lack credibility that was

contrary to the circuit court's determination that Watson lacked testamentary capacity at

the time of execution, it is clear the circuit court could have reasonably concluded that

Watson lacked capacity each time she made a change to her estate plan. This Court

defers to the circuit court's determinations that the Ivies' witnesses and evidence were

persuasive and that Smith's witnesses and evidence were not. Therefore, the circuit

court's judgment was not against the weight of the evidence.

                                          Conclusion

       The circuit court's judgment that Watson lacked capacity to make the changes to

her estate plan was supported by substantial evidence and was not against the weight of

the evidence. Although the circuit court misapplied the law of testamentary capacity to

the changes to beneficiary designations and other during-life property transfers, the error

was not prejudicial because the applicable contractual capacity standard requires greater

mental functioning than the testamentary capacity standard. Therefore, this Court affirms

the circuit court's judgment. 18



                                                    ___________________________
                                                    Zel M. Fischer, Judge


All concur.

 18
    Although the circuit court's judgment directed that the CALSTRS pension benefit go directly
to the Ivies, it directed that the other non-trust assets go to her probate estate. Assuming those
assets should have reverted to the trust or the Ivies directly instead of passing through probate,
the effect is harmless because of the provision in Watson's will pouring her assets over into the
trust. See § 456.021, RSMo Supp. 2013 (permitting pour-over wills).

                                               30
