            Decisions  of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
	                CERVANTES v. OMAHA STEEL CASTINGS CO.	695
	                         Cite as 20 Neb. App. 695

lack of evidence about Brett’s circumstances for the 16 months
prior to the termination hearing.
   Due to this insufficiency in the evidence, we reverse the
county court’s order terminating Brett’s parental rights to
Jacob, Madison, Megan, and Morgan, and remand the matter
to the county court for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
                        V. CONCLUSION
   Upon our review of the record, we conclude that the county
court did not err in permitting the State to amend its motion
to terminate Brett’s parental rights or in failing to recuse itself
from the termination proceedings. In addition, we conclude
that there is clear and convincing evidence to demonstrate that
the children have been in an out-of-home placement for 15 of
the most recent 22 months pursuant to § 43-292(7). However,
we also conclude that there is insufficient evidence to demon-
strate that termination of Brett’s parental rights is in the best
interests of Jacob, Madison, Megan, and Morgan. Accordingly,
we reverse the order terminating Brett’s parental rights and
remand the matter to the county court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
	R eversed and remanded for
	                                 further proceedings.




           Rafael Cervantes, appellant, v. Omaha Steel
                     Castings Co., appellee.
                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                        Filed April 16, 2013.    No. A-12-210.

 1.	 Workers’ Compensation: Appeal and Error. In determining whether to affirm,
     modify, reverse, or set aside a judgment of the Workers’ Compensation Court, a
     higher appellate court reviews the trial judge’s findings of fact, which will not be
     disturbed unless clearly wrong.
 2.	 Stipulations: Parties: Trial: Courts. Stipulations voluntarily entered into
     between the parties to a cause or their attorneys, for the government of their con-
     duct and the control of their rights during the trial or progress of the cause, will
     be respected and enforced by the courts, where such stipulations are not contrary
     to good morals or sound public policy.
   Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
696	20 NEBRASKA APPELLATE REPORTS


 3.	 Stipulations: Parties. Parties are bound by stipulations voluntarily made, and
     relief from such stipulations after judgment is warranted only under excep-
     tional circumstances.
 4.	 Stipulations: Parties: Courts: Good Cause. Courts will enforce valid stipula-
     tions unless some good cause is shown for declining to do so, especially where
     the stipulation has been acted upon so that the parties could not be placed in
     status quo.
 5.	 Stipulations. Stipulations cannot be contradicted by evidence tending to show
     the facts to be other than as stipulated.
 6.	 Pleadings: Waiver. An admission made in a pleading on which the trial is had
     is more than an ordinary admission; it is a judicial admission and constitutes a
     waiver of all controversy so far as the adverse party desires to take advantage of
     it, and therefore is a limitation of the issues.
 7.	 Pleadings: Evidence. Judicial admissions must be unequivocal, deliberate, and
     clear, and not the product of mistake or inadvertence.
 8.	 Pleadings. An admission in an answer does not extend beyond the intendment of
     the admission as clearly disclosed by its context.

  Appeal from the Workers’ Compensation Court: Thomas E.
Stine, Judge. Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
   Timothy S. Dowd, of Dowd, Howard & Corrigan, L.L.C.,
for appellant.
  Harry A. Hoch III, of Sodoro, Daly & Sodoro, P.C., for
appellee.
   Irwin, Moore, and Pirtle, Judges.
   Pirtle, Judge.
                       INTRODUCTION
   Rafael Cervantes appeals from the award of the Nebraska
Workers’ Compensation Court filed February 22, 2012. The
court rejected certain stipulations of the parties and found
Cervantes was not permanently and totally disabled as a result
of multiple scheduled member injuries. The court also found
that Cervantes was entitled to vocational rehabilitation services
from June 8, 2008, to July 21, 2011, but that he would not be
entitled to services beyond that period of time.
                      BACKGROUND
  Cervantes was born in April 1958, and he does not read,
write, or speak English. He attended school through the sixth
        Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
	           CERVANTES v. OMAHA STEEL CASTINGS CO.	697
	                    Cite as 20 Neb. App. 695

grade in Mexico, and his previous work experience included
work as a field hand in Mexico.
   In the United States, Cervantes worked for Omaha Steel
Castings Co. (Omaha Steel). This job included picking up con-
tainers of food weighing greater than 10 pounds and required
overhead lifting and reaching. The qualifications for Cervantes’
position included the ability to work at a fast pace and lift up
to 100 pounds.
   On August 14, 2006, Cervantes was standing on a steel
beam, suspended approximately 5 feet in the air. He slipped
off the beam, and as he fell, his right arm was pulled, causing
significant pain. On August 18, Cervantes was diagnosed with
a “SLAP II tear of the superior labrum” in the right shoulder,
and he was treated conservatively for his injury. On August
24, Cervantes was advised that in order to adequately treat
the labrum tear, it would be appropriate for him to undergo
surgery, which he elected not to undergo. Cervantes returned
to work for Omaha Steel shortly after the accident, primarily
using his left arm to perform his work duties.
   Cervantes sought a second opinion from Dr. Kirk Hutton,
who also recommended surgery on Cervantes’ right shoulder,
and Cervantes refused the treatment. On February 14, 2007,
Dr. Hutton issued a report with his diagnosis of Cervantes’
injuries, noting that if he did not have surgery, he had reached
maximum medical improvement and sustained an 18-percent
permanent partial impairment rating of his upper right extrem-
ity. Dr. Hutton set permanent work restrictions of “light work
with lifting 20 pounds maximum and frequent lifting and/or
carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds.” He recom-
mended that Cervantes “keep work below shoulder level and
close to the body.” Dr. Hutton stated Cervantes would need
future medical care and treatment, including possible surgery,
as well as “physical therapy and/or anti-inflammatory and pain
medicines on occasion.” On July 25, Dr. Hutton modified the
permanent restrictions to include only “sedentary work, 10
pounds lifting maximum.”
   On November 8, 2007, Cervantes saw Dr. D.M. Gammel for
pain in his left shoulder. Dr. Gammel noted that there was “no
known specific injury,” but that Cervantes did not have the use
   Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
698	20 NEBRASKA APPELLATE REPORTS



of his right shoulder, as he needed surgery. Dr. Gammel also
noted that Cervantes had been using his left shoulder exclu-
sively, with increased pain and difficulty. He later diagnosed
the injury as a “labral tear.” On December 5, Cervantes saw
another doctor for a left shoulder MRI, which showed a “[t]ear
of superior labrum extending anterior to posterior consistent
with Type 2 SLAP tear of the glenoid labrum.”
   Cervantes’ final day of employment at Omaha Steel was
January 16, 2008. He has not been able to perform any of the
types of work he completed previously because of the restric-
tions caused by his injuries.
   After an MRI on December 5, 2007, Dr. Hutton’s February
27, 2008, “Progress Note” diagnosed Cervantes with “[b]ilat-
eral shoulder SLAP lesions.” Dr. Hutton prescribed “a seden-
tary work restriction keeping work below shoulder level and
close to the body,” with respect to the shoulder injuries.
   Dr. Hutton’s letter report on April 4, 2008, noted the cur-
rent diagnosis for the left shoulder was a “SLAP II tear.” Dr.
Hutton could not say with a reasonable degree of medical
certainty that the tear was caused by Cervantes’ work activi-
ties, but the types of duties that Cervantes described certainly
may have aggravated his condition causing it to become pain-
ful. He said Cervantes reported dealing with his right shoulder
pain by overcompensating and using his left shoulder, subse-
quently developing pain. Dr. Hutton recommended surgery,
which Cervantes refused, opting to treat his left shoulder more
conservatively. Dr. Hutton noted Cervantes would need physi-
cal therapy and “continued anti-inflammatory usage” to treat
both shoulders, and he recommended vocational training to
help Cervantes get a job which did not require lifting, pushing,
or pulling, because these activities would aggravate his shoul-
der conditions. He stated that if Cervantes elected not to have
surgery on his left shoulder, he had reached maximum medical
improvement and had sustained a 12-percent permanent partial
impairment to each upper extremity.
   On December 26, 2008, Dr. Hutton completed a medi-
cal questionnaire, diagnosing Cervantes with a left shoulder
“SLAP II lesion.” He stated the lesion was aggravated by
Cervantes’ work activities with Omaha Steel. He assigned
        Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
	           CERVANTES v. OMAHA STEEL CASTINGS CO.	699
	                    Cite as 20 Neb. App. 695

a 12-percent permanent impairment to Cervantes’ left upper
extremity “as a result of the work-related aggravation he sus-
tained to a pre-existing left shoulder condition as a result of
performing his work activities” for Omaha Steel.
   Cervantes underwent vocational rehabilitation training from
June 8, 2008, through July 21, 2011. During this period, and
throughout the trial, Cervantes was not a legal resident of the
United States, but he represented that he was in order to obtain
vocational rehabilitation services.
   Ted Stricklett, a vocational rehabilitation consultant, worked
with Cervantes to assist with classes in English as a sec-
ond language. In September 2010, Stricklett sent an e-mail
to counsel stating, “If consideration is given to [Cervantes’]
work restrictions per Dr. Hutton (Sedentary work while keep-
ing work below shoulder level and close to his body) and if I
were to assume vocational rehabilitation is unsuccessful, then
it would be my opinion that . . . Cervantes would be com-
petitively unemployable.” On December 15, 2011, Cervantes
underwent a psychological evaluation. The evaluation deter-
mined Cervantes’ intellectual functioning is “borderline to low
average.” He is also functionally illiterate and not able to com-
municate effectively without the aid of an interpreter.
   On July 21, 2011, Stricklett wrote a report stating that
Cervantes was unsuccessful in his vocational rehabilitation
and that it was still his opinion Cervantes was competitively
unemployable. On the same day, Cervantes filed his petition
alleging he sustained bilateral upper extremity injuries in an
accident on August 14, 2006, arising out of and in the course
of his employment with Omaha Steel. He also alleged he was
entitled to compensation from the company.
   Omaha Steel’s answer stated:
      [Omaha Steel] admits that on August 14, 2006, [Cervantes]
      was an employee of . . . Omaha Steel . . . , and while
      employed on said date and while engaged in his duties of
      employment, he suffered an injury to both of his shoul-
      ders as a result of an accident arising out of and in the
      course of his employment . . . .
The answer also stated that the injury sustained to Cervantes’
right shoulder and upper extremity was the result of being
   Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
700	20 NEBRASKA APPELLATE REPORTS



struck by a piece of equipment and that he sustained an injury
to his left shoulder and upper extremity “as a result of over-
compensating for his related right shoulder/upper extremity
injury.” Further, the answer admitted Cervantes “sustained
a 12% impairment to his left upper extremity and an 18%
impairment to his right upper extremity as a result of the afore-
mentioned accident and injuries.”
   A pretrial conference was held on January 5, 2012, and
a pretrial order was issued on January 9. At the time of
the pretrial conference, the parties stipulated to various facts
which were reproduced in the court’s award. These stipulations
included Cervantes’ employment with Omaha Steel, the dates
of his employment, the amount of his wages, the payments he
received for his injuries, his participation in vocational reha-
bilitation, his immigration status, and the venue for this case.
The pretrial order, filed January 9, specifically stated that “on
August 14, 2006, [Cervantes] suffered injury by accident to
his left arm and right arm, arising out of and in the scope of
his employment.”
   A hearing before the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation
Court took place on January 17, 2012, and the issues were
limited to whether Cervantes was permanently and totally
disabled as a result of multiple scheduled member injuries;
whether Cervantes was entitled to vocational rehabilitation
serv­ces between June 8, 2008, and July 21, 2011; and, if he
     i
was not entitled to vocational rehabilitation, whether Omaha
Steel was entitled to a credit for temporary total disability pay-
ments made during that period of time.
   In the award, filed February 22, 2012, the court rejected the
parties’ stipulation that Cervantes had sustained bilateral shoul-
der injuries as a result of the August 14, 2006, work accident
and determined Cervantes was not permanently and totally
disabled under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-121(3) (Reissue 2010).
The court also found Cervantes was entitled to vocational reha-
bilitation services between June 8, 2008, and July 21, 2011,
but was not eligible for further vocational rehabilitation from
the time of the order. Cervantes filed his notice of appeal on
March 8, 2012.
         Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
	            CERVANTES v. OMAHA STEEL CASTINGS CO.	701
	                     Cite as 20 Neb. App. 695

                  ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Cervantes assigns the Workers’ Compensation Court erred in
rejecting the parties’ stipulation that Cervantes sustained mul-
tiple scheduled member injuries as a result of the August 14,
2006, work accident. Cervantes also assigns error to the find-
ing that he was not rendered permanently totally disabled as a
result of the injuries, pursuant to § 48-121(3).
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] In determining whether to affirm, modify, reverse, or
set aside a judgment of the Workers’ Compensation Court,
a higher appellate court reviews the trial judge’s findings
of fact, which will not be disturbed unless clearly wrong.
See Spitz v. T.O. Haas Tire Co., 283 Neb. 811, 815 N.W.2d
524 (2012).
                            ANALYSIS
Rejection of Parties’ Stipulations.
   In this case, the parties stipulated to various facts at the
pretrial hearing on January 5, 2012, and these stipulations were
reproduced in the court’s pretrial order filed on January 9. On
January 17, the parties presented evidence specifically targeted
to address the issues of whether the injuries, stipulated to at the
pretrial hearing, rendered Cervantes permanently and totally
disabled and whether Cervantes should be entitled to voca-
tional rehabilitation as a result of these injuries. At trial, the
parties did not address whether Cervantes’ injuries arose out
of a single work-related incident, because this fact had been
stipulated to prior to trial.
   The court’s award rejected the stipulation, finding the medi-
cal evidence contradicted the stipulation that the injury to
Cervantes’ left shoulder arose out of and in the scope of his
employment with Omaha Steel. As a result, the court found
that Cervantes was not permanently and totally disabled as a
result of multiple scheduled member injuries.
   [2,3] The Nebraska Supreme Court has stated that stipula-
tions voluntarily entered into between the parties to a cause
or their attorneys, for the government of their conduct and
the control of their rights during the trial or progress of the
   Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
702	20 NEBRASKA APPELLATE REPORTS



cause, will be respected and enforced by the courts, where such
stipulations are not contrary to good morals or sound public
policy. Shipler v. General Motors Corp., 271 Neb. 194, 710
N.W.2d 807 (2006); In re Estate of Mithofer, 243 Neb. 722,
502 N.W.2d 454 (1993). The Supreme Court has also stated
that parties are bound by stipulations voluntarily made and that
relief from such stipulations after judgment is warranted only
under exceptional circumstances. Id.
   In this case, the stipulations, voluntarily made by the par-
ties, who were represented by counsel, were not respected and
enforced by the court, and there is no evidence that the court’s
decision was motivated by a finding that the stipulations were
contrary to good morals or public policy. Instead, the court
chose to invalidate the stipulations after independently eval­
uating the evidence and determining the evidence contradicted
the stipulations.
   Omaha Steel argues that “‘there is no law in Nebraska
which requires a court to accept a stipulation,’” brief for
appellee at 12-13, quoting Fordham v. West Lumber Co., 2
Neb. App. 716, 513 N.W.2d 52 (1994). However, this specific
reference was related to the calculation of the injured party’s
weekly wage, and the court noted it may decline to enforce
a stipulation where good cause is shown for doing so. In
Fordham, the court declined to enforce the stipulation where
it found the stipulation either was meant to be inapplicable to
the calculation of permanent disability or was improvidently
made and the interests of justice and fairness required it to
be ignored.
   [4] The Nebraska Supreme Court has stated courts will
enforce valid stipulations unless some good cause is shown for
declining to do so, especially where the stipulations have been
acted upon so that the parties could not be placed in status quo.
Shipler, supra. See, also, Kuhlmann v. Platte Valley Irr. Dist.,
166 Neb. 493, 89 N.W.2d 768 (1958).
   Throughout the case, neither party disputed that Cervantes’
injuries to both shoulders arose out of the same incident.
Cervantes’ petition stated that he sustained “bilateral upper
extremity injuries,” and Omaha Steel’s answer admitted that
“he suffered an injury to both of his shoulders as a result of
        Decisions  of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
	            CERVANTES v. OMAHA STEEL CASTINGS CO.	703
	                     Cite as 20 Neb. App. 695

an accident arising out of and in the course of his employ-
ment by . . . Omaha Steel.” The parties’ pretrial stipulation
is in line with these statements, and the parties’ presentation
of evidence at trial is as well. The court’s decision to reject
the stipulation after trial prejudices the parties, especially
Cervantes, as he would have had the opportunity to present
evidence of the injury to both shoulders at trial, had it been a
disputed issue.
   [5] Stipulations cannot be contradicted by evidence tending
to show the facts to be other than as stipulated. See Kuhlmann,
supra. Even if the court’s interpretation of the evidence was
correct, we find it was clearly wrong to reject the stipulation
agreed to and relied upon by the parties in this case.
   [6-8] In addition, the Supreme Court has stated:
         “[A]n admission made in a pleading on which the trial
      is had is more than an ordinary admission; it is a judicial
      admission and constitutes a waiver of all controversy so
      far as the adverse party desires to take advantage of it,
      and therefore is a limitation of the issues.”
City of Ashland v. Ashland Salvage, 271 Neb. 362, 369,
711 N.W.2d 861, 868 (2006). Judicial admissions must be
unequivocal, deliberate, and clear, and not the product of
mistake or inadvertence. City of Ashland, supra; U S West
Communications v. Taborski, 253 Neb. 770, 572 N.W.2d 81
(1998). This court has further recognized that an admission
in an answer “does not extend beyond the intendment of
the admission as clearly disclosed by its context.” Robison
v. Madsen, 246 Neb. 22, 29, 516 N.W.2d 594, 599 (1994)
(emphasis omitted).
   Omaha Steel’s answer admitted Cervantes suffered injuries
to both shoulders as part of a single, work-related accident. The
answer is unequivocal, deliberate, and clear regarding how the
injuries occurred, and there is no evidence that the admission
was made inadvertently or by mistake. The evidence shows the
parties were in agreement on the limited issue of the causation
of Cervantes’ injuries when they created the stipulation. We
find Omaha Steel’s statement of how the injuries occurred is a
judicial admission and is further evidence that the court incor-
rectly rejected the parties’ stipulation.
   Decisions of the Nebraska Court of Appeals
704	20 NEBRASKA APPELLATE REPORTS



Permanent and Total Disability.
   Having determined that the Workers’ Compensation Court
was clearly wrong in rejecting the stipulation of the parties,
we must address the remaining issue of whether Cervantes
was permanently and totally disabled as a result of the
work accident.
   After trial, the court was not persuaded that the work acci-
dent caused the injuries to both the right and left shoulders and
upper extremities. Therefore, the court could not find Cervantes
was totally and permanently disabled under § 48-121(3), which
requires the loss of use to be caused by one accident. However,
if the court had accepted the parties’ stipulation that the acci-
dent was the cause of the injuries to Cervantes’ right and
left shoulders, the court could come to a different conclusion
regarding the extent of Cervantes’ disability.
   Whether Cervantes is permanently and totally disabled is
a question of fact which must be resolved by the Workers’
Compensation Court. Therefore, we remand this cause for a
resolution of the issue and direct the court to make a decision
regarding Cervantes’ disability in light of the parties’ stipula-
tion and on the existing record.
                          CONCLUSION
   We find the decision of the Nebraska Workers’ Compensation
Court was clearly wrong in rejecting the stipulation of the
parties regarding the nature of Cervantes’ injuries, and we
reverse, and remand for further proceedings. The Workers’
Compensation Court is directed to determine whether, in light
of the parties’ stipulation, and on the existing record, Cervantes
is permanently and totally disabled as a result of the accident
which occurred during the scope of his employment with
Omaha Steel.
	R eversed and remanded for
	                                  further proceedings.
