Filed 11/10/14 Opinion on remand from Supreme Court
                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                         DIVISION SEVEN


ROBERTO MARTINEZ et al.,                              B242807

        Plaintiffs and Appellants,                    (Los Angeles County
                                                      Super. Ct. No. BC377269)
        v.

JOE’S CRAB SHACK HOLDINGS et al.,

        Defendants and Respondents.



        APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Charles F.
Palmer, Judge. Reversed and remanded.
        Righetti Glugoski, Matthew Righetti and John Glugoski, for Plaintiffs and
Appellants, Roberto Martinez, Lisa Saldana, Chanel Rankin-Stephens and Craig Eriksen.
        Epstein Becker & Green, Michael S. Kun and Ted A. Gehring, for Defendants and
Respondents Crab Addison, Inc. and Ignite Restaurant Group, Inc.
        Law Offices of Mary E. Lynch; Mary E. Lynch; Sheppard, Mullin, Richter &
Hampton, Charles F. Barker and Karin Dougan Vogel, for Defendant and Respondent
Landry’s Restaurants, Inc.
                                   _____________________________
       Litigation by class action has long been recognized as a superior method of
resolving wage and hour claims in California (see Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior
Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1033 (Brinker)), including those seeking redress for unpaid
overtime wages. Nonetheless, when confronted with the myriad individual facts asserted
by employers in support of the executive exemption as a defense to a wage claim, courts
at all levels have struggled to answer the question central to certification of a class—that
is, “whether the theory of recovery advanced by the proponents of certification is, as an
analytical matter, likely to prove amenable to class treatment.” (Sav-On Drug Stores, Inc.
v. Superior Court (2004) 34 Cal.4th 319, 327 (Sav-On); accord, Duran v. U.S. Bank
National Assn. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1, 28 (Duran); Ayala v. Antelope Valley Newspapers,
Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 522, 531 (Ayala).)
       Here, the trial court, after wrestling with the factual issues raised by Defendants
Crab Addison, Inc., Ignite Restaurant Group, Inc. and Landry’s Restaurants, Inc.,1 denied
class certification to a putative class consisting of managerial employees allegedly
misclassified as exempt on the grounds plaintiffs had failed to establish (a) their claims are
typical of the class, (b) they can adequately represent the class, and (c) common questions
predominate the class claims such that a class action is the superior means of resolving the
litigation. (See Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021; Code Civ. Proc. § 382.) Last year
we reversed the trial court’s order and remanded the matter for reconsideration in light of
our then-recent decision in Benton v. Telecom Network Specialists, Inc. (2013)
220 Cal.App.4th 701 (Benton). (See Martinez v. Joe’s Crab Shack Holdings (2013)
221 Cal.App.4th 1148, review granted Feb. 19, 2014, S214864.) We filed our prior
decision in this case while Duran was pending in the Supreme Court, something we had
noted in our opinion. The Court granted a petition for review and ordered briefing
deferred pending its decision in Duran. The Court then decided Duran and, on July 30,

1
        Until November 2006 Joe’s Crab Shack, a nationwide restaurant chain, was owned
by Landry’s Restaurants, Inc. (Landry’s). The chain is now owned by Crab Addison,
Inc., a subsidiary of Ignite Restaurant Group, Inc. (collectively CAI). CAI was sued
erroneously under its former name, Joe’s Crab Shack Holdings.

                                              2
2014, transferred the matter to us for reconsideration in light of that decision. The parties
have submitted supplemental briefs, which we have considered. We remain convinced the
trial court erred in denying certification and remand the case to that court for
reconsideration of its order.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
         Roberto Martinez, Lisa Saldana, Craig Eriksen and Chanel Rankin-Stephens are
current or former employees of different Joe’s Crab Shack (JCS) restaurants in
California. Martinez filed the original complaint in September 2007, seeking to represent
a class of salaried managerial employees who worked at JCS restaurants in California on
claims they had been misclassified as exempt employees and were entitled to overtime
pay.2 In March 2010 the trial court denied Martinez’s motion for class certification on
the ground he was not an adequate class representative. Martinez did not appeal that
order.
         The trial court permitted Saldana, Eriksen and Rankin-Stephens to join the lawsuit
as named plaintiffs. In June 2011 plaintiffs moved for certification of a class consisting
of “[a]ll persons employed by Defendants in California as a salaried restaurant employee
in a Joe’s Crab Shack restaurant at any time since September 7, 2003.” In support of
their motion plaintiffs presented training and operations manuals, as well as deposition
testimony from various witnesses employed by CAI and Landry’s. According to this
evidence, JCS’s hiring and training practices are uniform throughout the chain; it utilizes
an operations manual that applies to all restaurants and every employee; each restaurant
offers the same menu; and managerial employees are evaluated using the same form and
procedure. All managerial employees are classified as exempt employees and are
expected to work a minimum of 50 hours per week. Each restaurant is staffed with three




2
      The complaint also alleged meal period, rest period and wage statement claims,
none of which is at issue in this appeal.

                                              3
to seven managerial employees, who are cross-trained in positions throughout the
restaurant and perform the same general tasks.3
       Plaintiffs also filed 22 declarations from current and former salaried employees
who held managerial positions during the relevant time period.4 The gist of these
declarations is the same. Most of the declarants were employed in assistant managerial
positions. Although they were told they would be working 50 to 55 hours per week, all
stated they had routinely worked more than 55 hours per week; and some reported
working more than 70 hours per week. JCS did not keep track of the hours worked by
managerial employees. Because labor budgets were set by district or regional managers
and, in general, did not provide adequate staffing, managerial employees were required to
perform “utility” functions, filling in where needed as cooks, servers, bussers, hosts,
stockers, bartenders or kitchen staff. Managerial employees were also required to fill in
when hourly employees failed to show up and conduct inventory one night a week after
the restaurant closed, which could take as long as three to four hours to complete. As a
result, the declarants stated they had worked extended time in positions ordinarily
occupied by hourly employees but had received no overtime compensation for those


3
        During the period the chain was owned by Landry’s, each restaurant was staffed
with a general manager, an assistant manager, a kitchen manager and a front-end
manager. Soon after this lawsuit was filed, CAI eliminated the specific positions of
kitchen manager and front-end manager and categorized them as assistant managers.
CAI’s designated person most knowledgeable about JCS managerial practices (see Code
Civ. Proc., § 2025.230), Michael Young, testified that “all restaurants do universal
tasks. . . . [Employees] wash dishes, they serve food, they help guests. It’s all basically
the same. However, each restaurant is different . . . ; depending on what’s going on in the
course of a day. How many people you have. Skill level of people.” Asked to
distinguish between tasks performed by hourly employees from the same tasks performed
by managerial employees, Young stated, “Managers . . . help out in various positions.
They may perform the same tasks, but it doesn’t make it an hourly function at that time.
If they’re performing their job based on where they need to be at a specific time[;] they’re
using their judgment to assess where they need to be and what they’re doing at that
specific time.”
4
       As of the date the motion was filed, the parties agreed there were 182 members of
the putative class.

                                             4
tasks. Each of the declarants estimated he or she had spent the majority of his or her time
performing hourly tasks; estimates ranged from more than 50 percent to 95 percent.
Several employees, some of whom had worked in more than one restaurant or under both
Landry’s and CAI ownership, stated that these practices were common across the board.5
       CAI and Landry submitted declarations from approximately 27 putative class
members, each of whom reported significant variance among the duties associated with
specific management positions, the amount of time they routinely spent on particular
tasks and the total amount of time worked each week. More than half of the declarations
were provided by general managers, most of whom had served in subordinate managerial
positions in the past.6 Many of the declarants had been hired when Landry’s owned the


5
        For instance, a former JCS employee (Brian Brinson), who first worked as an
hourly kitchen worker in a Virginia JCS location, moved to California and worked in
three different JCS locations as an hourly kitchen supervisor and as a salaried kitchen
manager and senior kitchen manager. As a salaried manager Brinson averaged 60 to70
hours per week, including weekly inventory that continued into the early hours of the
morning. He estimated he spent 80 to 90 percent of his time performing the same tasks
as the hourly employees—seating, bartending, running food, bussing tables, serving food,
cleaning and cooking. His managerial duties took little time to complete. Based on his
experience in both capacities he stated: “I can honestly say that when I moved into a
managerial position my tasks remained the same and I did the same things I did when I
was an hourly employee . . . . I felt like I was every position rolled into one. At Joe’s,
things are done this way and I often needed to fill in wherever I was needed. In addition,
often we would have to cut back on labor and send some of our hourly employees
home[;] this meant even more time on hourly tasks. Further, if I needed to cover
employee shifts I would often work a double shift.” Brinson stated his job required him
to act in a “utility” capacity and that, because managers did not count against the labor
budget, managers were required to perform the tasks of hourly employees, who would
have had to be paid overtime.
6
        Damian Garcia, a general manager, had also worked as an assistant general
manager and a kitchen manager. He stated the total amount of time he spent on exempt
activities varied depending on his position. As a general manager he spent five hours per
week training employees but as a kitchen manager spent 10 to 15 hours each week
training employees. He spent less time directing work as a kitchen manager and spent
more time in that role as an assistant general manager. As a general manager he spent
five hours per week analyzing and forecasting sales but had no such duty as a kitchen
manager.

                                             5
chain and had signed acknowledgements of the duties associated with their job and their
exempt status.7 These declarants uniformly described their duties as primarily
managerial in nature and, with only a couple of exceptions, opted out of the putative class
proposed by plaintiffs.8 Many declarants estimated the amount of time they spent weekly
performing discrete “primary” (that is, managerial) duties and “additional” (that is,
nonexempt) duties and stated that, even when they were performing tasks ordinarily
associated with hourly workers, they were monitoring the restaurant and supervising and
directing employees.9 James Kuhn, a senior vice president with CAI who oversees the
13 California JCS restaurants, stated the activities of managerial employees differed
based on the sales volume, seating capacity, amenities and staffing of the particular
restaurant, no two of which are the same. While CAI centralized management makes


7
       In 2005 Landry’s directed its general managers to meet with salaried employees to
review their duties and execute acknowledgements the majority of the employees’ time
was spent on exempt tasks. There is no evidence in the record CAI ever trained or
instructed managerial employees regarding the distinction between exempt and
nonexempt duties.
8
       According to CAI, more than 90 putative class members have settled potential
claims with CAI and Landry’s directly although the record includes only 10 of these
settlement agreements. CAI obtained these releases by reading a prepared script to
managerial employees that inadequately explained the claims and offering a $500
payment for each year employed as a manager (or approximately $10 per week). Three
other employees, including Kevin Austin, a former general manager who provided a
declaration on behalf of CAI in this litigation in 2008, settled their claims through the
Division of Labor Standards Enforcement. The settlement amounts that have not been
redacted (eight of 13 agreements) range from $250 to $5,000.
9
        Primary duties included interviewing, hiring and training employees, scheduling,
planning and making job assignments, directing employees, evaluating performance,
determining what needed to be purchased for the restaurant, disciplining employees,
analyzing and forecasting sales, inventory preparation and analysis, communicating about
corporate matters and transitioning assistant managers and staff. Additional duties
included interaction with guests, cooking, food service, bartending, bussing tables,
expediting orders, taking inventory, checking and replenishing stock, routine clerical
duties, hands-on maintenance and cleaning. Most declarants estimated approximately
one-third of their time (varying between 55 and 70 hours per week) was spent on
additional duties.

                                             6
policy decisions affecting JCS restaurants across the board, “the day-to-day decision-
making and daily running of the restaurants is left to each restaurant’s management
team.”
         CAI and Landry’s also submitted evidence impeaching the statements of the
named plaintiffs. In deposition testimony the named plaintiffs each conceded he or she
was unable to estimate the amount of time spent on exempt tasks as opposed to
nonexempt tasks and that every day was different. Eriksen testified it would be
“unrealistic” to guess how much time he spent on particular tasks and admitted there
were weeks when he devoted more than 50 percent of his time to managerial tasks.10
Former colleagues of Saldana and Martinez also contradicted statements each had made
in declarations concerning hours worked and the time spent on hourly tasks.11
         Presented with this evidence, the trial court denied the motion for class
certification on the grounds plaintiffs had failed to establish (1) their claims were typical
of the class, (2) they could adequately represent the class, (3) common questions
predominated the claims, and (4) a class action is the superior means of resolving the
litigation. The first two findings were based on plaintiffs’ inability to estimate the
number of hours spent on individual exempt and nonexempt tasks and their admission the
amount of time spent on particular tasks varied from day to day. As to the third and
fourth findings, the court acknowledged the existence of common questions of law and
fact,12 but concluded there remained significant individual disputed issues of fact relating

10
        Eriksen is also one of the employees who executed a form provided to him by
Landry’s in 2005 attesting he spent 74.5 percent of his time in managerial functions. The
trial court sustained an objection to contradictory statements contained in his declaration
based on this inconsistency. Rankin-Stephens executed a similar form in 2006
acknowledging she spent 67.3 percent of her time on managerial functions.
11
        Martinez’s performance evaluations criticized him for failing to supervise or
discipline staff or otherwise act in a managerial function. Saldana’s evaluations praised
her attitude but encouraged her to think more broadly about her job. There is evidence
that Saldana was ultimately terminated for altering time reports.
12
      The court found that all putative class members perform similar duties and
responsibilities pursuant to a finite task list.

                                               7
to the amount of time spent by individual class members on particular tasks. The
variability among individual members of the putative class would require adjudication of
the affirmative defense of exemption for each class member, “a time- and resource-
consuming process.” The court rejected as unfair plaintiffs’ proffered trial plan, under
which their expert, Richard Drogin, proposed to assess the rate at which managerial
employees are engaged in nonexempt tasks through statistical sampling methods. Under
these circumstances, the court concluded, a class action would not be the superior means
of resolving the litigation.
                                      DISCUSSION
       1. The Standard of Review for a Ruling on Class Certification
       Class actions are statutorily authorized “when the question is one of a common or
general interest, of many persons, or when the parties are numerous, and it is
impracticable to bring them all before the court . . . .” (Code Civ. Proc., § 382.) The
party seeking class certification must establish (1) “the existence of an ascertainable and
sufficiently numerous class”; (2) “a well-defined community of interest”; and
(3) “substantial benefits from certification that render proceeding as a class superior to
the alternatives.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1021.) The community of interest
requirement in turn requires three additional inquiries: (1) whether common questions of
law or fact predominate; (2) whether the class representatives have claims or defenses
typical of the class; and (3) whether the class representatives can adequately represent the
class. (Ibid.; accord, Ayala, supra, 59 Cal.4th at pp. 529-530.)
       “The certification question is ‘essentially a procedural one’” (Sav-On, supra,
34 Cal.4th at p. 326) that examines “whether the theory of recovery advanced by the
proponents of certification is, as an analytical matter, likely to prove amenable to class
treatment” (id. at p. 327). A certification motion “‘does not ask whether an action is
legally or factually meritorious’ [citation],” but rather whether the common issues it
presents “‘are so numerous or substantial that the maintenance of a class action would be
advantageous to the judicial process and to the litigants.’” (Id. at p. 326; see Mora v. Big
Lots Stores, Inc. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 496, 507 [“the central issue in a class

                                              8
certification motion is whether the questions that will arise in the action are common or
individual, not plaintiffs’ likelihood of success on the merits of their claims”].) The court
must assume the class claims have merit and resolve disputes regarding the claims’
merits only when necessary to determine whether an element for class certification is
satisfied. (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1023-1025.)
       “We review the trial court’s ruling for abuse of discretion and generally will not
disturb it ‘“unless (1) it is unsupported by substantial evidence, (2) it rests on improper
criteria, or (3) it rests on erroneous legal assumptions.”’ [Citation.] We review the trial
court’s actual reasons for granting or denying certification; if they are erroneous, we must
reverse, whether or not other reasons not relied upon might have supported the ruling.”
(Ayala, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 530; accord, Benton, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 716;
Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 718, 725.)
       2. The Executive Employee Exemption to Overtime Compensation
       “Under California law, employees are entitled to overtime pay for any work in
excess of eight hours in one workday, or 40 hours in any one workweek, unless the
employer affirmatively establishes that the employee qualifies for a statutory exemption.”
(Heyen v. Safeway Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 795, 816 (Heyen); see Sav-On, supra,
34 Cal.4th at p. 324; Lab. Code, §§ 510, subd. (a), 515, subd. (a).) Labor Code section
515, subdivision (a), authorizes the Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) to establish
exemptions from the overtime pay requirement for “‘executive, administrative, and
professional employees . . . primarily engaged in duties that meet the test of the
exemption . . . [who] customarily and regularly exercise[] discretion and independent
judgment in performing those duties . . . .’” (See Sav-On, at p. 324.)
       Each of the 16 wage orders promulgated by the IWC to govern various industries
or occupations contains an exemption for executive, administrative and professional
employees.13 Wage Order No. 5-2001 (Wage Order No. 5), which governs the “Public

13
       IWC orders regulate wages, work hours, and working conditions with respect to
various industries and occupations. (See Ramirez v. Yosemite Water Co., Inc. (1999)
20 Cal.4th 785, 795.) The Legislature defunded the IWC in 2004; however, its wage

                                              9
Housekeeping Industry,” a category that includes restaurants, is codified at California
Code of Regulations, title 8, section 11050. Wage Order No. 5 requires employers to
provide overtime pay to employees working more than eight hours in one day or 40 hours
in one week (id., subd. 3(A)) but exempts from this requirement “persons employed in
. . . [¶] . . . executive . . . capacities” (id., subd. 1(B)). “A person employed in an
executive capacity means any employee: [¶] . . . [¶] (a) Whose duties and
responsibilities involve the management of the enterprise in which he/she is employed or
of a customarily recognized department or subdivision thereof; and [¶] (b) Who
customarily and regularly directs the work of two or more other employees therein; and
[¶] (c) Who has the authority to hire or fire other employees . . . ; and [¶] (d) Who
customarily and regularly exercises discretion and independent judgment; and [¶]
(e) Who is primarily engaged in duties which meet the test of the exemption.” (Id.,
subd. 1(B)(1)(a)-(e).) The term “primarily” is defined in the wage order as “more than
one-half of the employee’s work time.” (Id., subd. 2(O).)
       To determine whether an employee is primarily engaged in exempt duties, Wage
Order No. 5 provides “[t]he activities constituting exempt work and nonexempt work
shall be construed in the same manner as such terms are construed” in certain regulations
in effect as of January 1, 2001 under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), specifically
title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, sections 541.102, 541.104-111, and 541.115-




orders remain in effect. (Peabody v. Time Warner Cable, Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 662,
667, fn. 3.) There are currently 18 wage orders. Sixteen relate to specific industries or
occupations: manufacturing; personal service; canning, freezing and preserving;
professional, technical, clerical, mechanical and the like; public housekeeping; laundry,
linen supply and dry cleaning; mercantile; product handling after harvest (covering
commercial packing sheds); transportation; amusement and recreation; broadcasting;
motion picture; preparation of agricultural products for market (on the farm); agricultural;
household; and construction, drilling, logging and mining. There is also one general
minimum wage order, and one order implementing the Eight-Hour-Day Restoration and
Workplace Flexibility Act of 1999. (See Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, §§ 11000-11170;
Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1026; Martinez v. Combs (2010) 49 Cal.4th 35, 57.)

                                               10
116. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11050, subd. 1(A)(1)(e).)14 “Exempt work shall include,
for example, all work that is directly and closely related to exempt work and work which
is properly viewed as a means for carrying out exempt functions. The work actually
performed by the employee during the course of the workweek must, first and foremost,
be examined and the amount of time the employee spends on such work, together with
the employer’s realistic expectations and the realistic requirements of the job, shall be
considered in determining whether the employee satisfies this requirement.” (Id., subd.
1(B)(1)(e); see Ramirez v. Yosemite Water Co. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 785, 802 (Ramirez) [in
determining whether employee is an outside salesperson, trial court should consider both
how the employee actually spends his or her time and whether the employee’s practice
diverges from the employer’s realistic expectations].)
       Like other IWC wage orders, Wage Order No. 5 is a “‘quasi-legislative regulation
subject to normal principles of statutory interpretation.’” (Heyen, supra, 216 Cal.App.4th
at p. 817.) Statutory provisions regulating wages enacted to protect employees are liberally
construed with “‘an eye to promoting such protection.’” (Ramirez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at
p. 794.) Exemptions are narrowly construed and, as affirmative defenses, must be proved
by the employer. (Id. at pp. 794-795, accord, Heyen, at p. 817.) Moreover, “because the
elements of the exemption are stated in the conjunctive, all criteria must be established for
the exemption to apply.” (Heyen, at p. 817; Bell v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (2001)
87 Cal.App.4th 805, 828-829 [elements of exemption impose independent requirements].)


14
        The applicable federal regulations define exempt work performed by a bona fide
executive employee as including “[i]nterviewing, selecting, and training of employees;
setting and adjusting their rates of pay and hours of work; directing their work;
maintaining their production or sales records for use in supervision or control; appraising
their productivity and efficiency for the purpose of recommending promotions or other
changes in their status; handling their complaints and grievances and disciplining them
when necessary; planning the work; determining the techniques to be used; apportioning
the work among the workers; determining the type of materials, supplies, machinery or
tools to be used or merchandise to be bought, stocked and sold; controlling the flow and
distribution of materials or merchandise and supplies; providing for the safety of the men
and the property.” (29 C.F.R. § 541.102(b) (2000).)

                                             11
       3. The Class Is Adequately Represented by Plaintiffs, These Claims Are Typical
          of the Class
       Although the questions whether a plaintiff has claims typical of the class and will
be able to adequately represent the class members are related, they are not synonymous.
The typicality requirement’s purpose “‘is to assure that the interest of the named
representative aligns with the interests of the class. [Citation.] “‘Typicality refers to the
nature of the claim or defense of the class representative, and not to the specific facts
from which it arose or the relief sought.’” [Citations.] The test of typicality “is whether
other members have the same or similar injury, whether the action is based on conduct
which is not unique to the named plaintiffs, and whether other class members have been
injured by the same course of conduct.”’” (Seastrom v. Neways, Inc. (2007)
149 Cal.App.4th 1496, 1502.) A class representative who does not have a claim against
the defendants cannot satisfy the typicality requirement. (Medrazo v. Honda of North
Hollywood (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 89, 98.)
       “The adequacy of representation component of the community of interest
requirement for class certification comes into play when the party opposing certification
brings forth evidence indicating widespread antagonism to the class suit.” (Capitol
People First v. State Dept. of Developmental Services (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 676, 696;
see J.P. Morgan & Co., Inc. v. Superior Court (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 195, 212 [“‘[t]he
adequacy inquiry . . . serves to uncover conflicts of interest between named parties and
the class they seek to represent’”]; see also Johnson v. GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. (2008)
166 Cal.App.4th 1497, 1509.) “To resolve the adequacy question the court ‘will evaluate
“the seriousness and extent of conflicts involved compared to the importance of issues
uniting the class; the alternatives to class representation available; the procedures
available to limit and prevent unfairness; and any other facts bearing on the fairness with
which the absent class member is represented.”’” (Capitol People First, at p. 697,
quoting J.P. Morgan & Co., at p. 213.) A party’s claim of representative status will only
be defeated by a conflict that “‘goes to the very subject matter of the litigation . . . .’”
(Richmond v. Dart Industries, Inc. (1981) 29 Cal.3d 462, 470.)


                                               12
       Citing the identical rationale for finding plaintiffs’ claims were not typical of the
class and, consequently, they would not be adequate class representatives, the trial court
stated plaintiffs’ claims would be “vulnerable to the defense that each of them performed
exempt tasks more than 50% of their work time. This contrasts with the putative class
members who [allegedly] spent more than 50% of their work time performing non-
exempt tasks.”
       With respect to typicality, this analysis suffers from an overly focused
examination of the facts that concentrated on individual differences rather than
commonality. In essence, the trial court resolved the factual conflict between plaintiffs’
declarations, in which they stated nonexempt tasks routinely occupied more than
50 percent of their time, and their deposition testimony that they could not estimate the
number of hours they spent on individual tasks because those tasks varied day to day.
The inability of the witnesses to specify time spent on particular tasks is hardly
surprising, however, and does not create an issue that must be resolved on a motion for
class certification. What was common to plaintiffs, in addition to the standard policies
implemented by CAI at each of their restaurants, was their assertions their tasks did not
change once they became managers; they performed a utility function and routinely filled
in for hourly workers in performing nonexempt tasks; and they worked far in excess of
40 hours per week without being paid overtime wages. Their claims—and the defense of
executive exemption to those claims—are thus typical of the class. (See Sav-On, supra,
34 Cal.4th at pp. 336-337.)
       The larger problem with the adequacy of plaintiffs to represent the class as defined
arises from the antagonism voiced by general managers, who overwhelmingly opposed
the litigation. Again, this conflict is not unexpected: A general manager is hardly likely
to share the duties of assistant managers, many of whom worked exclusively as kitchen-
or front-managers. CAI stresses the fact that JCS restaurants vary in size and volume and
were staffed according to need by three to seven managers. It is not hard to conceive that
the lower the rung occupied by a particular manager the more likely he or she is to
engage in tasks common to the hourly employee. This apparent conflict, however, is not

                                             13
fatal. In the interest of preserving the claims of subordinate managerial employees, the
trial court may on remand exercise its discretion to create a general managers subclass or
to exclude general managers entirely from the class definition. (See, e.g., Richmond v.
Dart Industries, Inc., supra, 29 Cal.3d at pp. 470-471 [class action need not be dismissed
when trial court can use subclasses to remove any antagonism among members of the
putative class]; Medrazo v. Honda of North Hollywood, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 99
[when class representative’s “‘“interests are antagonistic to or in conflict with the
objectives of those [s]he purports to represent’” [citation], . . . court should determine if it
would be feasible to divide the class into subclasses to eliminate the conflict and allow
the class action to be maintained”]; Capitol People First v. State Dept. of Developmental
Services, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 697 [“where factual circumstances differ, or class
members disagree as to the proper theory of liability, the trial judge, through resort to
subclasses, intervention, and the like, may incorporate class differences into the litigation
process and afford all members their due in deciding the proper outcome”]; Aguiar v.
Cintas Corp. No. 2 (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 121, 133 [“[t]he use of subclasses is an
appropriate device to facilitate class treatment”].)15
       4. The Trial Court Failed To Adequately Assess Means by Which Plaintiffs’
          Theory of Recovery Could Be Proved Through Resolution of Common
          Questions of Fact and Law
           a. Predominance analysis under Brinker, Duran and Ayala
       In Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th 1004 the Supreme Court granted review “to resolve
uncertainties in the handling of wage and hour class certification motions,” specifically in
the context of alleged meal and rest break violations. (Id. at p. 1021.) The Court rejected


15
        The trial court did not identify any additional basis for its findings on typicality
and adequacy, but the record contains evidence Martinez received overtime wages during
a portion of the period he alleges he was a salaried manager and Saldana was terminated
for altering time records. On remand the court may consider whether this evidence
compromises the ability of either plaintiff to represent the class. (See Seastrom v.
Neways, Inc., supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 1502 [“named plaintiff’s motion for class
certification should not be granted if ‘there is a danger that absent class members will
suffer if their representation is preoccupied with defenses unique to it’”].)

                                              14
the Court of Appeal’s reasoning that individual issues related to whether class members
had missed or waived their breaks made class resolution infeasible. The Court instead
found the plaintiffs’ “theory of liability”—alleging defendant had a uniform policy that
violated the law—“is by its nature a common question eminently suited for class
treatment.” (Id. at p. 1033.) The Court enunciated this standard for determining whether
common issues predominate: “The ‘ultimate question’ the element of predominance
presents is whether ‘the issues which may be jointly tried, when compared with those
requiring separate adjudication, are so numerous or substantial that the maintenance of a
class action would be advantageous to the judicial process and to the litigants.’
[Citations.] The answer hinges on ‘whether the theory of recovery advanced by the
proponents of certification is, as an analytical matter, likely to prove amenable to class
treatment.’ [Citation.] A court must examine the allegations of the complaint and
supporting declarations [citation] and consider whether the legal and factual issues they
present are such that their resolution in a single class proceeding would be both desirable
and feasible. ‘As a general rule if the defendant’s liability can be determined by facts
common to all members of the class, a class will be certified even if the members must
individually prove their damages.’” (Brinker, at pp. 1021-1022, fn. omitted.)
       Duran expanded on these principles in the context of a wage and hour class action
challenging whether a bank had properly classified its outside salespersons as exempt
employees. (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 12.) Relying on its own “profoundly flawed”
version of a statistical sampling plan proposed by the plaintiffs (id. at p. 13), the trial
court had ruled in favor of the plaintiffs after a bench trial and awarded $15 million to the
class. The Court of Appeal reversed. The Supreme Court granted review and affirmed
the decision of the Court of Appeal, concluding the trial court had improperly denied the
bank the opportunity to litigate its affirmative defense of exemption. The Court ordered a
new trial on liability and damages and directed the trial court to reconsider whether the
individual questions inherent in a misclassification claim might undermine the ability of
the court to manage the case as a class action. As the Court explained, “Defenses that
raise individual questions about the calculation of damages generally do not defeat

                                               15
certification. [Citation.] However, a defense in which liability itself is predicated on
factual questions specific to individual claimants poses a much greater challenge to
manageability. . . . [Citation.] ‘Only in an extraordinary situation would a class action be
justified where, subsequent to the class judgment, the members would be required to
individually prove not only damages but also liability.’” (Id. at p. 30.) Even if the
existence of common issues appears to warrant class treatment, the Court observed, “the
court must also conclude that litigation of individual issues, including those arising from
affirmative defenses, can be managed fairly and efficiently. [Citation.] ‘[W]hether in a
given case affirmative defenses should lead a court to approve or reject certification will
hinge on the manageability of any individual issues. [Citations.]’ In wage and hour
cases where a party seeks class certification based on allegations that the employer
consistently imposed a uniform policy or de facto practice on class members, the party
must still demonstrate that the illegal effects of this conduct can be proven efficiently and
manageably within a class setting.” (Id. at p. 29.)
       Duran acknowledged the reluctance of some California courts to certify classes
alleging misclassification claims because of the potential for individual questions but
concluded, “individual issues will not necessarily overwhelm common issues when a
case involves exemptions premised on how employees spend the workday. In Sav-On,
supra, 34 Cal.4th 319, for example, we upheld certification of an overtime class action
based on a showing that all plaintiffs performed jobs that were highly standardized. As a
result, class members performed essentially the same tasks, most of which were
nonexempt as a matter of law. [Citation.] Further, the defendant’s corporate policy
required all class members to work overtime. [Citation.] Where standardized job duties
or other policies result in employees uniformly spending most of their time on nonexempt
work, class treatment may be appropriate even if the case involves an exemption that
typically entails fact-specific inquiries.” (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 31.)
       Duran also addressed whether surveys and statistical sampling are appropriate
tools to establish liability in a class context. The Court stated, “if sufficient common
questions exist to support class certification, it may be possible to manage individual

                                             16
issues through the use of surveys and statistical sampling. Statistical methods cannot
entirely substitute for common proof, however. There must be some glue that binds class
members together apart from statistical evidence. While sampling may furnish
indications of an employer’s centralized practices [citation], no court has ‘deemed a mere
proposal for statistical sampling to be an adequate evidentiary substitute for
demonstrating the requisite commonality, or suggested that statistical sampling may be
used to manufacture predominate common issues where the factual record indicates none
exist.’” (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 31, quoting Dailey v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
(2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 974, 998.) “If statistical evidence will comprise part of the proof
on class action claims, the court should consider at the certification stage whether a trial
plan has been developed to address its use. A trial plan describing the statistical proof a
party anticipates will weigh in favor of granting class certification if it shows how
individual issues can be managed at trial.” (Duran, at pp. 31-32.) However, the Court
cautioned, “a class action trial management plan may not foreclose the litigation of
relevant affirmative defenses, even when these defenses turn on individual questions.”
(Id. at p. 34.)
       Shortly after issuing Duran, the Court again addressed predominance issues in the
context of a wage and hour class action in Ayala, supra, 59 Cal.4th 522. In Ayala several
newspaper carriers sued the local newspaper that hired them alleging the newspaper had
improperly classified them as independent contractors and thus denied them the wage and
hour protections to which they were entitled. (Id. at 528.) The trial court denied
certification of a class based on its belief the central question whether the carriers were
employees or independent contractors could not be resolved without “numerous
unmanageable individual inquiries into the extent to which each carrier was afforded
discretion in his or her work.” (Ibid.) The Court of Appeal disagreed; the Supreme Court
granted review and affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeal. According to the
Supreme Court, the trial court erred in rejecting certification “based not on [the
newspaper’s] right to exercise control, but on variations in how that right was
exercised . . . .” (Ibid.)

                                             17
        Rephrasing this inquiry, the Court stated, “at the certification stage, the relevant
inquiry is not what degree of control [the newspaper] retained over the manner and means
of its papers’ delivery. It is, instead, a question one step further removed: Is [the
newspaper’s] right of control over its carriers, whether great or small, sufficiently uniform
to permit classwide assessment? That is, is there a common way to show [the newspaper]
possessed essentially the same legal right of control with respect to each of its carriers?
Alternatively, did its rights vary substantially, such that it might subject some carriers to
extensive control as to how they delivered, subject to firing at will, while as to others it
had few rights and could not have directed their manner of delivery even had it wanted,
with no common proof able to capture these differences?” (Ayala, supra, 59 Cal.4th at
pp. 533-534.) To answer these questions, the Court turned to the form contracts signed by
the carriers, which spelled out the degree of control retained by the newspaper. At the
certification stage, the Court stated, “the importance of a form contract is not in what it
says, but that the degree of control it spells out is uniform across the class.” (Id. at p.
534.)
        Ayala thus cautions courts to avoid focusing on the inevitable variations inherent
in tracing the actions of individuals and to instead focus on the policies—formal or
informal—in force in the workplace. As the Court explained, “Evidence of variations in
how work is done may indicate a hirer has not exercised control over those aspects of a
task, but they cannot alone differentiate between cases where the omission arises because
the hirer concludes control is unnecessary and those where the omission is due to the
hirer’s lack of the retained right. That a hirer chooses not to wield power does not prove
it lacks power.” (Ayala, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 535.)
           b. Application of these principles to the overtime claim in this litigation
        The theory of liability in this litigation—that, by classifying all managerial
employees as exempt, JCS violated mandatory overtime wage laws—is, to paraphrase
Brinker, “by nature a common question eminently suited for class treatment.” (Brinker,
supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1034.) Indeed, significant common issues pervade this litigation.
For instance, CAI operates a chain of restaurants governed by the same policies and

                                              18
procedures, many of which are promulgated in employee handbooks and training
manuals. In addition, exempt employees are expected to work a minimum of 50 hours
per week, another common issue that disposes of the need to assess whether employees
worked sufficient hours to earn overtime compensation in any particular week. The
parties have identified a finite task list, suggesting that jobs within JCS were “highly
standardized” (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 31 [citing one of the reasons class
certification was appropriate in Sav-On]); and many of the tasks performed by assistant
managers are identical to those performed by nonexempt employees. JCS also uses
explicit guidelines for budgeting staffing; and employee job performance is evaluated
using standard forms, thus clarifying if an employee meets JCS’s expectations for the
position.
       As in Heyen, the gist of plaintiffs’ claim here is that, regardless of the patina of
managerial discretion expressed in their job description, they functioned consistently as
utility workers, cross-trained in all tasks, who could be assigned to fill in where needed
without affecting the labor budget or requiring overtime compensation.16 The crux of the
matter, therefore, lies in whether a typically nonexempt task becomes exempt when
performed by a managerial employee charged with supervision of other employees.17 It

16
       Like plaintiffs here, Linda Heyen had sought certification of a class of assistant
managers who allegedly had been improperly classified as exempt employees. Her claim
was tried individually after the trial court’s denial of class certification (Heyen, supra,
216 Cal.App.4th at p. 799) and illustrates the enormous cost of resolving these claims on
an individual, rather than a classwide, basis.
17
       “[T]ask classification is a mixed question of law and fact appropriate for a court to
address separately from calculating the amount of time specific employees actually spend
on specific tasks.” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 330.) Relying on IWC Wage Order
No. 4 (mercantile workers) and related FLSA regulations, our colleagues in Division
Four of this court summarized in Heyen the analogous inquiry as to whether a grocery
store assistant manager was properly classified as an exempt employee: “Several general
principles emerge from these regulations. First, work of the same kind performed by a
supervisor’s nonexempt employees generally is ‘nonexempt,’ even when that work is
performed by the supervisor. If such work takes up a large part of a supervisor’s time,
the supervisor likely is a ‘nonexempt’ employee. [Citations.] [¶] Second, the
regulations do not recognize ‘hybrid’ activities—i.e., activities that have both ‘exempt’

                                              19
is this inquiry CAI and Landry contend creates the necessity for individual mini-trials
that would make trial of this claim unmanageable on a classwide basis. We recognize an
inquiry into whether a task is “helpful in supervising the employees or contribute[s] to the
smooth functioning of the department” is nearly impossible in hindsight. However, as
the Supreme Court warned in Sav-On, “Any dispute over ‘how the employee actually
spends his or her time’ [citation] . . . has the potential to generate individual issues. But
considerations such as ‘the employer’s realistic expectations’ [citation] and ‘the actual
overall requirements of the job,’ [citation] are likely to prove susceptible of common
proof.” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 336-337; see Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 52
[“[I]n recognizing that California’s definition of an outside salesperson is quantitative in
nature, Ramirez did not say that the test boils down to whether a particular employee
actually spends more than 50 percent of his or her working hours on outside sales.


and ‘nonexempt’ aspects. Rather, the regulations require that each discrete task be
separately classified as either ‘exempt’ or ‘nonexempt.’ [Citations.] [¶] Third, identical
tasks may be ‘exempt’ or ‘nonexempt’ based on the purpose they serve within the
organization or department. Understanding the manager’s purpose in engaging in such
tasks, or a task’s role in the work of the organization, is critical to the task’s proper
categorization. A task performed because it is ‘helpful in supervising the employees or
contribute[s] to the smooth functioning of the department’ is exempt, even though the
identical task performed for a different, nonmanagerial reason would be nonexempt.
[Citations.] [¶] Finally, in a large retail establishment where the replenishing of stocks
of merchandise on the sales floor ‘is customarily assigned to a nonexempt employee, the
performance of such work by the manager or buyer of the department is nonexempt.’
[Citation.] Similarly, in such a large retail establishment, a manager’s participation in
making sales to customers is nonexempt, unless the sales are made for ‘supervisory
training or demonstration purposes.’” (Heyen, supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at pp. 822-823.)
        Applying these principles to the tasks identified by CAI and Landry’s, inventory,
restocking, serving, cooking, bussing tables, cleaning and other tasks ordinarily
performed by nonexempt employees remain nonexempt when performed by a managerial
employee. Likewise, when a managerial employee fills in for a nonexempt employee, the
task remains nonexempt. On the other hand, if the managerial employee is performing a
particular task for the purpose of supervisory training or to ensure the smooth functioning
of the restaurant, the task is exempt. California law does not recognize a hybrid category
in which the employee is deemed to be performing an exempt task at the same time he or
she is performing a nonexempt task. (Heyen, supra, 216 Cal.App.4th at p. 826.)

                                              20
Instead, the ultimate question is: what are ‘the realistic requirements of the job’?”]
(conc. opn. of Liu, J.); Sotelo v. Medianews Group, Inc. (2012) 207 Cal.App.4th 639, 654
[“[a] class . . . may establish liability by proving a uniform policy or practice by the
employer that has the effect on the group of making it likely that group members will
work overtime hours without overtime pay, or to miss rest/meal breaks”].)18
       In short, courts in overtime exemption cases must proceed through analysis of the
employer’s realistic expectations and classification of tasks rather than asking the
employee to identify in retrospect whether, at a particular time, he or she was engaged in
an exempt or nonexempt task. For instance, the Sav-On Court observed the defendant
had “allegedly promulgated exempt job descriptions, but implemented policies and
practices that failed to afford its [managerial employees] true managerial discretion, and
standardized store operations so that managers were obliged to spend over 50 percent of
their time doing the same tasks as their subordinates.” (Id. at p. 337.) The court here
must ask whether JCS’s realistic expectations and the actual requirements of the job
resulted in the exercise of supervisorial discretion by managerial employees or instead
relegated employees to the utility role described above. Conceivably, were the court to

18
        We made a similar point in Ghazaryan v. Diva Limousine Ltd. (2008)
169 Cal.App.4th 1524, 1536: “The record before the trial court on the class certification
motion established . . . that individual drivers accumulate gap time at varying rates and
utilize that time in different ways. But the record also reveals Diva dictates to a large
extent how drivers use their on-call time. Diva distributes an official “Chauffeur’s
Handbook” to all drivers, which expressly bars personal use by drivers of Diva’s vehicles
(albeit Diva appears to ignore incidental errands within a geographically proximate area),
requires drivers to respond promptly to dispatch calls and accept trip assignments absent
pre-arranged circumstances, requires drivers to be in full uniform while in or proximate
to their vehicles, and requires drivers to clean and maintain their vehicles during their on-
call time. Those limitations apply across the board to all drivers who have on-call time
during the course of a day. Although individual testimony may be relevant to determine
whether these policies unduly restrict the ability of drivers as a whole to utilize their on-
call time for personal purposes, the legal question to be resolved is not an individual one.
To the contrary, the common legal question remains the overall impact of Diva’s policies
on its drivers, not whether any one driver, through the incidental convenience of having a
home or gym nearby to spend his or her gap time, successfully finds a way to utilize that
time for his or her own purposes.” (Fn. omitted.)

                                              21
find JCS’s expectations for certain groups of managerial employees unrealistic, no further
inquiry would be required to establish liability.
       More likely, however, is the prospect that some evidence will be required relating
to how individual employees spent their time. In this respect statistical sampling may
provide assistance in identifying the realistic demands of the job and illuminating
whether the typical employee was able to meet those expectations. After Duran it is clear
the outright rejection of statistical sampling as evidence to support a plaintiff’s proof of
liability is improper so long as the proposed sampling plan accords the employer an
opportunity to prove its affirmative defenses. (Duran, supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 40.) The
statistical sampling plan proposed by plaintiffs below lacked the specificity contemplated
in Duran. Based on the reasoning of Duran, we would expect the plaintiffs to submit a
revised plan upon remand that more adequately addresses the concerns expressed by the
Supreme Court.
       Nonetheless, by accepting defendants’ argument and focusing on the employee’s
ability (or lack thereof) to identify what tasks he or she performed and for what purpose,
the trial court failed to consider Sav-On’s explicit direction on issues of proof in such
cases: “Contrary to defendant’s implication, our observation in Ramirez that whether the
employee is an outside salesperson depends ‘first and foremost, [on] how the employee
actually spends his or her time’ (Ramirez, [supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 802]) did not create or
imply a requirement that courts assess an employer’s affirmative exemption defense
against every class member’s claim before certifying an overtime class action. [¶]
[D]efendant’s proposed reading of Ramirez would require, essentially, that a certification
proponent in an overtime class action prove the entire class was nonexempt whenever a
defendant raises the affirmative defense of exemption. But in Ramirez itself we
recognized that ‘the assertion of an exemption from the overtime laws is considered to be
an affirmative defense, and therefore the employer bears the burden of proving the
employee’s exemption.’ [Citations.] Were we to require as a prerequisite to certification
that plaintiffs demonstrate defendant’s classification policy was, as the Court of Appeal
put it, either ‘right as to all members of the class or wrong as to all members of the class,’

                                              22
we effectively would reverse that burden. Ramirez is no authority for such a requirement,
nor does the logic of predominance require it.” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at pp. 337-
338.) Nothing in Duran undermines this fundamental point.
         5. The Trial Court Must Reconsider Whether Class Certification Provides a
            Superior Method of Resolving Plaintiffs’ Claim
         We have not ignored the substantial case authority, including our own, upholding
trial court decisions not to certify class actions for claims similar to those raised here (see,
e.g., Dailey v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 974; Mora v. Big Lots
Stores, Inc., supra, 194 Cal.App.4th 496; Arenas v. El Torito Restaurants, Inc. (2010)
183 Cal.App.4th 723); nor do we express any disagreement with the outcome of those
cases. However, we understand from Brinker, Duran and Ayala that classwide relief
remains the preferred method of resolving wage and hour claims, even those in which the
facts appear to present difficult issues of proof. By refocusing its analysis on the policies
and practices of the employer and the effect those policies and practices have on the
putative class, as well as narrowing the class if appropriate, the trial court may in fact find
class analysis a more efficient and effective means of resolving plaintiffs’ overtime
claim.
                                       DISPOSITION
         The order denying class certification is reversed, and the cause is remanded for
proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. Plaintiffs are to recover their costs on
appeal.



                                                           PERLUSS, P. J.

         We concur:



                       WOODS, J.                           SEGAL, J.*

*
      Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                              23
