Filed 4/4/16




       IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA


NYKEYA KILBY,                        )
                                     )
           Plaintiff and Appellant,  )
                                     )                            S215614
           v.                        )
                                     )                           9th Cir. Nos.
CVS PHARMACY, INC.,                  )                        12-56130/13-56095
                                     )
           Defendant and Respondent. )                           S.D. Cal. No.
____________________________________)                      3:09-CV-2051-MMA-KSC
                                     )
AND CONSOLIDATED CASE.               )                           C.D. Cal. No.
____________________________________)                      2:11-CV-3428-PSG-PLA



        The Ninth Circuit has certified questions1 involving California wage order
requirements that an employer provide suitable seating for employees under
certain circumstances. The wage orders at issue here state that “[a]ll working
employees shall be provided with suitable seats when the nature of the work
reasonably permits the use of seats.” (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, §§ 11040, subd.
14(A) (Wage Order No. 4-2001), 11070, subd. 14(A) (Wage Order No. 7-2001).)
We frame the Ninth Circuit‟s questions as follows.2




1       See California Rules of Court, rule 8.548.
2       See California Rules of Court, rule 8.548(f)(5).



                                          1
       (1) Does the phrase “nature of the work” refer to individual tasks performed
throughout the workday, or to the entire range of an employee‟s duties performed
during a given day or shift?
       (2) When determining whether the nature of the work “reasonably permits”
use of a seat, what factors should courts consider? Specifically, are an employer‟s
business judgment, the physical layout of the workplace, and the characteristics of
a specific employee relevant factors?
       (3) If an employer has not provided any seat, must a plaintiff prove a
suitable seat is available in order to show the employer has violated the seating
provision?
       As explained in greater detail below, we answer those questions as follows.
       (1) The “nature of the work” refers to an employee‟s tasks performed at a
given location for which a right to a suitable seat is claimed, rather than a
“holistic” consideration of the entire range of an employee‟s duties anywhere on
the jobsite during a complete shift. If the tasks being performed at a given
location reasonably permit sitting, and provision of a seat would not interfere with
performance of any other tasks that may require standing, a seat is called for.
       (2) Whether the nature of the work reasonably permits sitting is a question
to be determined objectively based on the totality of the circumstances. An
employer‟s business judgment and the physical layout of the workplace are
relevant but not dispositive factors. The inquiry focuses on the nature of the work,
not an individual employee‟s characteristics.
       (3) The nature of the work aside, if an employer argues there is no suitable
seat available, the burden is on the employer to prove unavailability.
                                  I. BACKGROUND
       The certified questions arise in two related federal appeals. The cases
involve application of identical seating provisions contained in wage orders

                                          2
promulgated by the Industrial Welfare Commission (the IWC) in the context of
two different industries.3

       A. Kilby v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc.
       Nykeya Kilby worked for eight months as a customer service representative
for CVS Pharmacy, Inc. (CVS). During both the interview and training process,
CVS told Kilby it expected her to stand while performing her various duties.
Although actual duties varied by both store and shift, Kilby‟s duties included
operating a cash register, straightening and stocking shelves, organizing products
in front of and behind the sales counter, cleaning the register, vacuuming,
gathering shopping baskets, and removing trash. CVS did not provide Kilby a seat
for these tasks.
       Kilby filed a federal class action lawsuit alleging CVS violated Wage Order
No. 7-2001, applicable to the mercantile industry. Section 14, subdivision (A)
(section 14(A)) of that order provides: “All working employees shall be provided
with suitable seats when the nature of the work reasonably permits the use of
seats.” (Wage Order No. 7-2001, § 14(A).) On the other hand, section 14,
subdivision (B) (section 14(B)) of the wage order states: “When employees are
not engaged in the active duties of their employment and the nature of the work
requires standing, an adequate number of suitable seats shall be placed in
reasonable proximity to the work area and employees shall be permitted to use
such seats when it does not interfere with the performance of their duties.” (Wage
Order No. 7-2001, § 14(B), italics added.) The district court concluded that
sections 14(A) and 14(B) were mutually exclusive. It reasoned that section 14(A)

3      Although the Legislature defunded the IWC in 2004, its wage orders
remain in effect. (Mendiola v. CPS Security Solutions, Inc. (2015) 60 Cal.4th 833,
838, fn. 6 (Mendiola).)



                                         3
applied when an employee was actually engaged in work, while section 14(B)
applied when an employee was not actively working. Thus, it concluded that in
evaluating the “ „nature of the work‟ ” under section 14(A), an employee‟s “entire
range of assigned duties” must be considered to determine whether the work
permits the use of a seat or requires standing. (Kilby v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc.
(S.D.Cal. 2012) 2012 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 76507, *14.) It noted “there is no dispute
that many of the duties performed by Clerk/Cashiers at CVS require the employee
to stand while performing them . . . .” (Ibid.) Accordingly, it granted summary
judgment. Kilby appealed.

       B. Henderson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank NA
       Kemah Henderson and three other bank tellers (collectively, Henderson)
worked at JPMorgan Chase Bank (Chase) branches. They filed a class action suit
against Chase for violating the suitable seating provision of Wage Order No. 4-
2001, section 14, subdivision (A) (section 14(A)), applicable to “professional,
technical, clerical, mechanical, and similar occupations.” (Wage Order No. 4-
2001, subd. 1.) This provision mirrors Wage Order No. 7-2001, section 14(A) at
issue in Kilby. (See Wage Order No. 4-2001, § 14(A).) Chase bank tellers had
duties associated with their teller stations, including accepting deposits, cashing
checks, and handling withdrawals. They also had duties away from their stations,
such as escorting customers to safety deposit boxes, working at the drive-up teller
window, and making sure that automatic teller machines were working properly.
These duties varied depending on the shift or branch location and whether the
employee was a lead or regular teller. Based on these differences, the district
court denied class certification. (Henderson v. JPMorgan Chase Bank (C.D.Cal.
2013) 2013 U.S.Dist. LEXIS 185099; see Kilby v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc. (9th Cir.
2003) 739 F.3d 1192, 1194-1195.) Henderson appealed.



                                          4
                                  II. DISCUSSION

       A. Legal Background
       Over a century ago, the Legislature responded to the problem of inadequate
wages and poor working conditions by establishing the IWC, giving it authority to
investigate various industries and promulgate wage orders establishing minimum
wages, maximum work hours, and conditions of labor. (Brinker Restaurant Corp.
v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1026 (Brinker); see Cal. Const., art.
XIV, § 1; Lab. Code, § 1173 [duties of the IWC].) “[I]n fulfilling its broad
statutory mandate, the IWC engages in a quasi-legislative endeavor, a task which
necessarily and properly requires the commission‟s exercise of a considerable
degree of policy-making judgment and discretion.” (Industrial Welfare Com. v.
Superior Court (1980) 27 Cal.3d 690, 702 (Industrial Welfare Com.); see Ramirez
v. Yosemite Water Co. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 785, 800.)
       “We have explained that „wage and hour claims are today governed by two
complementary and occasionally overlapping sources of authority: the provisions
of the Labor Code, enacted by the Legislature, and a series of 18 wage orders,
adopted by the IWC.‟ [Citation.] The IWC, a state agency, was empowered to
issue wage orders, which are legislative regulations specifying minimum
requirements with respect to wages, hours, and working conditions. [Citations.]
Of the 18 wage orders in effect today, „16 cover[] specific industries and
occupations, one cover[s] all employees not covered by an industry or occupation
order, and a general minimum wage order amend[s] all others to conform to the
amount of the minimum wage currently set by statute.‟ ” (Mendiola, supra, 60
Cal.4th at pp. 838-839, fn. omitted.) IWC regulations are liberally construed to
protect and benefit employees. (Id. at p. 840; Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp.
1026-1027; Industrial Welfare Com., supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 702.) “The IWC‟s



                                         5
wage orders are to be accorded the same dignity as statutes.” (Brinker, at p.
1027.) “When a wage order‟s validity and application are conceded and the
question is only one of interpretation, the usual rules of statutory interpretation
apply.” (Ibid.; Von Nothdurft v. Steck (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 524, 531-532.)

       B. History of the Seating Provision
       In 1911, the Legislature enacted a provision requiring employers in the
mercantile industry to “provide suitable seats for all female employees” and to
allow them “to use such seats when they are not engaged in the active duties of
their employment.” (Stats. 1911, ch. 258, § 2, p. 437.) The five-member IWC
board was established in 1913. (Stats. 1913, ch. 324, § 1, pp. 632-633; Industrial
Welfare Com., supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 700.) Its initial mission was to regulate the
wages, hours, and conditions of employment for women and children to promote
their health and welfare. (Industrial Welfare Com., at p. 700.) In 1916, the
commission promulgated its first industry- and occupation-wide wage orders,
setting minimum requirements for “women and child laborers.” (Ibid.)
       In 1919, the IWC adopted the following order for the mercantile industry:
“(a) Seats of the proper height shall be provided in all rooms to the number of at
least one seat for every two women employed . . . . Women shall be permitted to
use the seats at all times when not engaged in the active duties of their
occupation. . . . [¶] In any room where manufacturing, altering, repairing,
finishing, cleaning or laundering is carried on, the following provision shall also
apply: [¶] (b) As far as, and to whatever extent, in the judgment of the [IWC], the
nature of the work permits, the following provisions shall be effective: [¶] Seats
shall be provided at work tables or machines for each and every woman or minor
employed, and such seats shall be . . . so adjusted to the work table or machines
that the position of the worker relative to the work shall be substantially the same,



                                           6
whether seated or standing. Work tables . . . shall be of such dimensions and
design that there are no physical impediments to efficient work in either a sitting
or standing position . . . .” (IWC order No. 13, Mercantile Establishments (eff.
Feb. 17, 1920) § 23, italics omitted.) In 1931, the IWC replaced this order with a
substantially similar one applying to all industries. (IWC order No. 18, Sanitary
Regulations for Any Occupation, Trade, or Industry (eff. Feb. 26, 1932) § 12.)4
       In 1947, the IWC adopted an order applicable to the mercantile industry
that eliminated the specific reference to work tables and machines. The new
provision read: “Suitable seats shall be provided for all female employees. When
the nature of the work requires standing, an adequate number of said seats shall be
placed adjacent to the work area and employees shall be permitted to use such
seats when not engaged in the active duties of their employment.” (IWC order No.
7 R, Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions for Women and Minors in the



4       Section 12 of that order, Seats and Work Tables, stated in relevant part:
“(a) Seats of the proper height shall be provided in all places where women or
minors are employed to the number of at least one (1) seat for every two (2)
women employed, and evenly distributed in that proportion. Women and minors
shall be permitted to use the seats at all times when not engaged in the active
duties of their occupation. As far as and to whatever extent, in the judgment of the
Commission, when women are required by the nature of their work to stand, a
relief period shall be given every two (2) hours of not less than ten (10)
minutes. . . . [¶] (b) As far as, and to whatever extent, in the judgment of the
Commission, the nature of the work permits, the following provisions shall be
effective: Seats shall be provided at work tables or machines for each and every
woman or minor employed, and such seats shall be capable of such adjustment and
shall be kept so adjusted to the work table or machines that the position of the
worker relative to the work shall be substantially the same, whether seated or
standing. Work tables, including cutting and canning tables and sorting belts,
shall be of such dimensions and design that there are no physical impediments to
efficient work in either a sitting or standing position . . . .” (IWC order No. 18,
Sanitary Regulations for Any Occupation, Trade, or Industry, supra, § 12.)



                                          7
Mercantile Industry (June 1, 1947) § 17.) This seating provision remained
unchanged as the IWC adopted new wage orders in 1952, 1957, and 1963.5
       A 1968 wage order added subdivisions to the seating provision and
clarified that female employees were entitled to suitable seats when “the nature of
the work permits.” (IWC wage order No. 7-68, Wages, Hours, and Working
Conditions for Women and Minors in the Mercantile Industry (Feb. 1, 1968) § 18,
former Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 8, § 11215-18, subd. (a).)6 This review
demonstrates that the “nature of the work” involved has been an aspect of these
regulations since at least 1919. In 1972 and 1973, the Labor Code was amended
to allow the IWC to make its wage orders applicable to all employees regardless of
age or gender. (Industrial Welfare Com., supra, 27 Cal.3d at p. 701.)
       In 1976, the IWC modified the relevant wage orders to expressly
incorporate a reasonableness standard. Seating was to be made available “when
the nature of the work reasonably permits the use of seats.” (IWC wage order No.
7-76, Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions in the Mercantile Industry (Oct. 18,
1976) § 14, subd. (A), former Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 8, § 11215-14, subd. (a),
italics added.) When the nature of the work required standing, employees not

5      See IWC wage orders No. 7-63, Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions
for Women and Minors in the Mercantile Industry (Aug. 30, 1963) section 18; No.
7-57, Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions for Women and Minors in the
Mercantile Industry (Nov. 15, 1957) section 18; and No. 1-52, Wages, Hours, and
Working Conditions for Women and Minors in the Manufacturing and the
Mercantile Industries (Aug. 1, 1952) section 18.
6      The provision stated: “(a) All working female employees shall be provided
with suitable seats when the nature of the work permits. [¶] (b) When female
employees are not engaged in the active duties of their employment and the nature
of the work requires standing, an adequate number of suitable seats shall be placed
adjacent to the work area and employees shall be permitted to use such seats.”
(IWC wage order No. 7-68, Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions for Women
and Minors in the Mercantile Industry, supra, § 18.)



                                         8
actively engaged in those duties were permitted use of seats placed in “reasonable
proximity to the work area.” (Id., § 14, subd. (B).) The IWC modified section 14,
subdivision (B) in 1980 to add that employees shall be permitted the use of a seat
“when it does not interfere with the performance of their duties.” (IWC wage
order No. 7-80, Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions in the Mercantile Industry
(Jan 1, 1980) § 14, former Cal. Admin. Code, tit. 8, § 11215-14, subd. (B).)

       C. Prior Statements by DLSE and the IWC
       The Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE), headed by the
Labor Commissioner, is authorized to enforce California‟s labor laws. (Gattuso v.
Harte-Hanks Shoppers, Inc. (2007) 42 Cal.4th 554, 563; see Lab. Code, § 79 et
seq.) We have concluded that the DLSE‟s enforcement policies are not entitled to
deference because they were not adopted in compliance with the Administrative
Procedure Act (Gov. Code, § 11340 et seq.). (Tidewater Marine Western, Inc. v.
Bradshaw (1996) 14 Cal.4th 557, 568-577; see Peabody v. Time Warner Cable,
Inc. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 662, 670; Morillion v. Royal Packing Co. (2000) 22 Cal.4th
575, 581-582.) Nonetheless, while “interpretations that arise in the course of case-
specific adjudication are not regulations . . . they may be persuasive as precedents
in similar subsequent cases.” (Tidewater, at p. 571.) Thus, we generally consider
DLSE opinion letters with respect (Harris v. Superior Court (2011) 53 Cal.4th
170, 190), noting that such letters “ „ “ „ “constitute a body of experience and
informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for
guidance.” ‟ ” ‟ ” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1029, fn. 11.)
       The parties refer to opinion letters written by the DLSE and the IWC. One
letter responded to a parent whose daughter was working as a department store gift
wrapper. The parent complained that her daughter had not been given a seat for
use when not working, and that a chair brought in by another employee was



                                          9
promptly removed by management. An IWC officer responded in part: “There is
no minimum number of seats required if the nature of the work does not
reasonably permit the use of seats, but the number should be „adequate‟ to the
number of employees. It may be that the nature of the work would reasonably
permit employees to sit on stools at their work, in which case „All working
employees should be provided with suitable seats.‟ An investigator from the
Division of Labor Standards Enforcement would have to make the judgments
involved.” (IWC Officer Margaret T. Miller, letter to Mrs. Dora B. Finley, Dec.
28, 1979.)
       Other correspondence addressed salespersons. An employees union sought
clarification of section 14 in light of a department store policy that chairs would be
provided to employees on breaks, not to those sales employees who were on duty
but “not actually engaged in a sale.” The same IWC executive officer responded:
“The intent of the Commission, long established in the record, is that the
requirement to provide seats applies to employees at work during their working
time, not during meal and rest periods. The Commission‟s Statement of the Basis
for the Seats Section of the 1976 orders . . . states in part: „It continues to find that
humane considerations for the welfare of employees requires that they be allowed
to sit at their work or between operations when it is feasible for them to do so, as
provided in (B).‟ [¶] The Commission added the word „feasible‟ at the request of
employers so as to minimize the need to apply for special exemptions. With this
provision, it is up to the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) to
inspect a facility and consider its particular situation.” (IWC Executive Officer
Margaret T. Miller, letter to Richard M. Williams, Secretary-Treasurer
Department Store Employees Union, May 4, 1982.)
       In response to another inquiry, a DLSE chief deputy labor commissioner
issued a letter concerning salespersons. The letter explained that section 14 “was

                                           10
originally established to cover situations where the work is usually performed in a
sitting position with machinery, tools or other equipment. It was not intended to
cover those positions where the duties require employees to be on their feet, such
as salespersons in the mercantile industry.” (DLSE Chief Deputy Labor Comr.
Albert J. Reyff, letter to Ms. Jacqueline L. Soufi, Dec. 5, 1986.) The letter
continued: “Historically and traditionally, salespersons have been expected to be
in a position to greet customers, move freely throughout the store to answer
questions and assist customers in their purchases. [¶] Many positions do require
employees to be standing for long periods of time. Some employees are required
to perform relatively laborious work, which has resulted in the establishment of
mandatory rest periods.” (Ibid.) In a followup letter, an IWC executive officer
elaborated that “[t]he nature of work for salespersons is such that it requires them
to be mobile and . . . to be in a position to greet customers and move freely
throughout the store.” (IWC Executive Officer Karla Yates, letter to Jacqueline L.
Soufi, Jan. 13, 1987.)
       Finally, the DLSE filed an amicus curiae brief in Garvey v. Kmart Corp.
(N.D.Cal. Dec. 18, 2012, No. CV 11-02575 WHA) 2012 WL 6599534 (Garvey), a
federal class action suit claiming Kmart cashiers were entitled, under section
14(A), to seats while working. The DLSE emphasized reasonableness as the
guiding standard: “If called upon to enforce Section 14, DLSE would apply a
reasonableness standard that would fully consider all existing conditions regarding
the nature of the work performed by employees. Upon an examination of the
nature of the work, DLSE would determine whether the work reasonably permits
the use of seats for working employees under subsection (A) of Section 14, and
whether proximate seating has been provided for employees not engaged in active
duties when such employees are otherwise required to stand under subsection
(B).” The DLSE “would consider all available facts and conditions, including but

                                         11
not limited to the physical layout of the workplace and the employee‟s job
functions, to determine compliance with Section 14 requirements.” The DLSE
would also “consider the views of the employer as to the nature of the work but
these views would not be controlling.” “Under a reasonableness standard,
business judgments are relevant in determining the overall appropriateness of
providing seating but cannot control or otherwise provide a basis for defeating the
remedial purpose of the regulation.”

       D. DLSE’s Amicus Curiae Brief
       The DLSE filed an amicus curiae brief in this case addressing the Ninth
Circuit‟s certified questions. Regarding what tasks should be considered in
assessing whether the “nature of the work reasonably permits the use of seats,” the
DLSE observes that its “long enforcement history teaches the danger of applying a
standard pertaining to an employee‟s duties based upon characterizations in the
abstract, or reliance upon job titles or job descriptions which may or may not
reflect actual work performed by employees.” Thus, the focus should be on actual
tasks performed, or reasonably expected, throughout the day. Further, “DLSE
submits that the seating issue can be more limited to particular duties or tasks
where the „nature of the work‟ giving rise to the seating requirement can be
evaluated. Even where performance of other duties during the workday may be
relevant to the duties or tasks directly in issue, the inquiry is typically more
appropriately focused on particular duties or tasks from which the seating
requirement arises.”
       In this context, the DLSE urges rejecting a “holistic” examination of an
employee‟s entire range of duties, noting that it would be an unworkable analysis
when an employee performs “a single core task for several hours in a fixed or
defined area, where the nature of that work reasonably allows for seating, and who



                                          12
also performs tasks for a significant part of the workday requiring movement or
mobility in several locations.” The DLSE urges that “it is the nature of the work
that gives rise to the issue of seating which determines the scope of inquiry in a
particular case. Accordingly, where duties and tasks may be more varied, or
where any one task occupies a significant amount of time relative to other duties,
this may warrant an appropriate closer examination of the pertinent individual
duty or task.”

       E. The “nature of the work”
       As we would in interpreting a statute, we begin by examining the words of
the wage order as the best indicator of the IWC‟s intent. (See Brinker, supra, 53
Cal.4th at p. 1027; Martinez v. Combs (2010) 49 Cal.4th 35, 63.) Both Wage
Order No. 4-2001, section 14(A) and Wage Order No. 7-2001, section 14(A)
(hereafter, collectively, section 14(A)) require “suitable seats” for working
employees “when the nature of the work reasonably permits the use of seats.”
Questions about the “nature of the work” and when that work “reasonably permits
the use of seats” are analytically distinct. Yet, the answers to those questions are
necessarily intertwined. What constitutes the “nature of the work” under section
14(A) cannot be meaningfully answered without consideration of the underlying
purposes of the seating requirement, in light of the objective standards imposed by
the wage orders.
       Defendants argue that examining when the “nature of the work reasonably
permits the use of seats” requires consideration of an employee‟s job as a whole,
i.e., a “holistic” consideration of all of an employee‟s tasks and duties throughout
a shift. Under defendants‟ view, deciding whether an employee is entitled to a
seat under section 14(A) would require weighing all of an employee‟s “standing”
tasks against all of the “sitting” tasks. If this weighing of tasks favored providing



                                         13
a seat, the job would be classified a “sitting” job and the employee would be
provided a seat. Otherwise, the job would be classified a “standing” job and the
employee would be entitled to a seat only under section 14, subdivision (B) of
Wage Orders No. 4-2001 and No. 7-2001 (hereafter, collectively, section 14(B)).
       Defendants‟ argument sweeps too broadly and is inconsistent with the
purpose of the seating requirement. As discussed, the IWC‟s wage orders were
promulgated to provide a minimum level of protection for workers. The
requirement‟s history reflects a determination by the IWC that “humane
consideration for the welfare of employees requires that they be allowed to sit at
their work or between operations when it is feasible for them to do so.” (IWC,
Statement of Findings by the Industrial Welfare Commission of the State of Cal. in
Connection with the Revision in 1976 of its Orders Regulating Wages, Hours, and
Working Conditions (Aug. 13, 1976) p. 15.) Defendants‟ proposed consideration
of all tasks included in an employee‟s job description ignores the duration of those
tasks, as well as where, and how often, they are performed. This all-or-nothing
approach could deprive an employee of a seat because most of his job duties are
classified as “standing” tasks, even though the duration, frequency, and location of
the employee‟s most common tasks would make seated work feasible while
performing them. There is no principled reason for denying an employee a seat
when he spends a substantial part of his workday at a single location performing
tasks that could reasonably be done while seated, merely because his job duties
include other tasks that must be done standing.
       Further, defendants‟ view could also result in different seating requirements
for employees with different duties and job descriptions while they perform the
same work. Consider an employee who spends most of his day stocking shelves,
for which he must stand, but who occasionally assists at a cash register during
busy periods. Under defendants‟ approach, though cash register duty may feasibly

                                         14
be performed while seated, this employee would not be entitled to a seat under
section 14(A) while working at the cash register. Yet, another employee who
spends most of his day at the cash register would be entitled to a seat there.
Nothing in the language or history of the seating requirement allows such
disparate treatment of employees performing the same tasks. Defendants‟
approach also shifts the focus away from the nature of the work to particular
assignments given to an individual employee. (See pt. II.F.3., post.) The inquiry
does not turn on the individual assignments given to each employee, but on
consideration of the overall job duties performed at the particular location by any
employee while working there, and whether those tasks reasonably permit seated
work.
        On the other hand, plaintiffs argue that whether the “nature of the work
reasonably permits the use of seats” turns on a task-by-task evaluation of whether
a single task may feasibly be performed seated. This view is too narrow and
likewise inconsistent with the language and history of section 14(A). As
discussed, the IWC modified the language now in section 14(A) in 1976 to add the
word “reasonably” before the phrase “permits the use of seats.” The IWC
explained in its accompanying findings: “The requirement for „suitable‟ seats
„where the nature of the work permits‟ has long been a provision of I.W.C. orders
and has proved to be useful and workable as the Division has reasonably enforced
it. Testimony in public hearing made it clear that some kinds of work places
would be covered by the new orders that were not covered by previous orders, and
the Commission has made its requirement more flexible and more subject to
administrative judgment as to what is reasonable.” (IWC, Statement of Findings
by the Industrial Welfare Commission of the State of Cal. in Connection with the
Revision in 1976 of its Orders Regulating Wages, Hours, and Working
Conditions, supra, at p. 15.)

                                         15
       The seating requirement has always been “reasonably enforced,” and the
1976 modification only made explicit what was implicit in its enforcement history.
The seating requirement has never been understood as absolute or doctrinaire.
Plaintiffs‟ proposed examination of individual tasks in isolation is inconsistent
with the flexibility envisioned by the IWC‟s reasonableness standard. Under this
approach, if any single task could be performed while seated, an employee would
be entitled to a seat, even if the duration and frequency of the seated task is
negligible. That approach also fails to account for whether being seated would
unduly interfere with other standing tasks or the quality and effectiveness of
overall job performance. The reasonableness standard, and its attendant
flexibility, was intended to balance an employee‟s need for a seat with an
employer‟s considerations of practicability and feasibility.
       When evaluating whether the “nature of the work reasonably permits the
use of seats,” courts must examine subsets of an employee‟s total tasks and duties
by location, such as those performed at a cash register or a teller window, and
consider whether it is feasible for an employee to perform each set of location-
specific tasks while seated. Courts should look to the actual tasks performed, or
reasonably expected to be performed, not to abstract characterizations, job titles,
or descriptions that may or may not reflect the actual work performed. Tasks
performed with more frequency or for a longer duration would be more germane
to the seating inquiry than tasks performed briefly or infrequently.
       A focus on actual work done and tasks grouped by their location alleviates
the problems created by both plaintiffs‟ and defendants‟ approaches. An
employee may be entitled to a seat to perform tasks at a particular location even if
his job duties include other standing tasks, so long as provision of a seat would not
interfere with performance of standing tasks. At the same time, consideration of
all the actual tasks performed at a particular location would allow the court to

                                          16
consider the relationship between the standing and sitting tasks done there, the
frequency and duration of those tasks with respect to each other, and whether
sitting, or the frequency of transition between sitting and standing, would
unreasonably interfere with other standing tasks or the quality and effectiveness of
overall job performance.
       We clarify that, contrary to defendants‟ suggestion, the requirements of
sections 14(A) and 14(B) are not mutually exclusive in terms of the protections
afforded to a particular employee. Both provisions may apply at various times
during the workday, though not at the same time. As noted, section 14(B) states
that when “employees are not engaged in the active duties of their employment
and the nature of the work requires standing, an adequate number of suitable seats
shall be placed in reasonable proximity to the work area and employees shall be
permitted to use such seats when it does not interfere with the performance of their
duties.” As plaintiffs observe, the IWC has stated that section 14(B) applies
during “lulls in operation” when an employee, while still on the job, is not then
actively engaged in any duties. (IWC, 1976 Wage Orders, Summary of Basic
Provisions, Seats, p. 3.) Taking the two provisions together, if an employee‟s
actual tasks at a discrete location make seated work feasible, he is entitled to a seat
under section 14(A) while working there. However, if other job duties take him to
a different location where he must perform standing tasks, he would be entitled to
a seat under 14(B) during “lulls in operation.” Although the seating inquiries
under sections 14(A) and 14(B) are analytically different, the seat provided to an
employee under section 14(A) may satisfy the requirement of section 14(B) to the
extent it is within “reasonable proximity to the work area” (§ 14(B)) and is
available when work is not required to be performed.
       In sum, the “nature of the work” under section 14(A) would include an
employee‟s actual or expected tasks. If tasks are performed at a discrete location,

                                          17
those tasks should be considered together in evaluating whether work there
reasonably permits use of a seat.

       F. “[R]easonably permits”
       The Ninth Circuit‟s second certified question originally asked whether
various factors, including “the employer‟s business judgment as to whether the
employee should stand, the physical layout of the workplace, or the physical
characteristics of the employee,” should be considered in determining whether the
nature of the work reasonably permits the use of a seat. Before addressing that
question, we set out a basic framework for evaluating whether the nature of the
work “reasonably permits” use of a seat. As noted, the IWC modified the seating
requirement in 1976 to expressly incorporate a reasonableness standard. This
change made explicit that, although the seating requirement was meant to protect
workers, its implementation was not absolute and would take into account the
feasibility and practicability of providing a seat in that particular context.
       Whether an employee is entitled to a seat under section 14(A) depends on
the totality of the circumstances. Analysis begins with an examination of the
relevant tasks, grouped by location, and whether the tasks can be performed while
seated or require standing. This task-based assessment is also balanced against
considerations of feasibility. Feasibility may include, for example, an assessment
of whether providing a seat would unduly interfere with other standing tasks,
whether the frequency of transition from sitting to standing may interfere with the
work, or whether seated work would impact the quality and effectiveness of
overall job performance. This inquiry is not a rigid quantitative analysis based
merely upon the counting of tasks or amount of time spent performing them.
Instead, it involves a qualitative assessment of all relevant factors.




                                           18
       The totality of the circumstances approach has long been applied by the
IWC and DLSE. In its response to the parent inquiry about her daughter‟s work as
a gift wrapper, the IWC observed that the employee might be entitled to a seat if
the nature of the work permitted it, and that “[a]n investigator from the Division of
Labor Standards Enforcement would have to make the judgments involved.”
(IWC Officer Margaret T. Miller, letter to Mrs. Dora B. Finley, supra, at p. 1.)
Likewise, the IWC, responding to a question about sales clerk seating, noted that
its 1976 statement of findings incorporated a feasibility standard, and “[t]he
Commission added the word „feasible‟ at the request of employers so as to
minimize the need to apply for special exemptions. With this provision, it is up to
the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) to inspect a facility and
consider its particular situation.” (IWC Executive Officer Margaret T. Miller,
letter to Richard M. Williams, Secretary-Treasurer Department Store Employees
Union, supra, at p. 1.) These letters confirm that a given determination
necessarily entails a careful assessment of the particular circumstances.
       The DLSE‟s amicus curiae briefing both here and in Garvey is consistent
with this general framework. The DLSE stated in its Garvey briefing that “[i]f
called upon to enforce Section 14, DLSE would apply a reasonableness standard
that would fully consider all existing conditions regarding the nature of the work
performed by employees.” Similarly, the DLSE here states that “various facts and
conditions, including the physical layout of the workplace, and information from
both the employer and employee regarding duties or tasks which give rise to
application of the requirement must be objectively assessed and applied in a
reasonable and practical manner.”
       The totality of the circumstances test differs from defendants‟ “holistic”
approach. As discussed, we reject that approach because it would consider all of
an employee‟s tasks regardless of the frequency, duration, and location of those

                                         19
tasks, and would result in an all-or-nothing resolution of seating entitlement.
Instead, tasks should be considered together based upon the discrete location
where the tasks are performed. For each location where seating may be sought,
the totality of the circumstances test simply recognizes that numerous factors, such
as the frequency and duration of tasks, as well as the feasibility and practicability
of providing seating, may play a role in the ultimate conclusion. The weight given
to any relevant factor will depend upon the attendant circumstances. We now
address the role of particular factors identified by the Ninth Circuit.

           1. Business judgment
       CVS suggests that an employer‟s business judgment as to whether the work
should be performed while standing, while not controlling, “must be accorded
deference,” and the relevant inquiry is whether the reasons for such judgment “are
legitimate or pretextual.” Chase argues that such business judgment is a relevant
factor in determining whether the nature of the work reasonably permits a seat.
Both employers contend their judgment that employees provide better customer
service while standing, or at least that employees are perceived by customers to
provide better service, should be considered. Plaintiffs counter that business
judgment should play no part in the inquiry, suggesting that whether the work
reasonably permits a seat be evaluated “based on the objective physical
requirements of the task or set of tasks for which seating is sought.” They argue
that “[w]hile companies like CVS and Chase may believe that their customers
prefer a standing cashier or teller, nothing about the „nature‟ of cashier or teller
work requires standing.”
       There is no question that an employer may define the duties to be
performed by an employee. As the DLSE observes, “[a]n employer‟s business
judgment largely determines the nature of work of the employee both generally, as



                                          20
well as duties or tasks specifically.” Contrary to plaintiffs‟ suggestion, such duties
are not limited to physical tasks. Providing a certain level of customer service is
an objective job duty that an employer may reasonably expect. An employee‟s
duty to provide a certain level of customer service should be assessed, along with
other relevant tasks and obligations, in determining whether the nature of the work
reasonably permits use of a seat at a particular location. Providing “customer
service” is an objective job function comprised of different tasks, e.g., assisting
customers with purchases, answering questions, locating inventory, creating a
welcoming environment, etc.
       However, “business judgment” in this sense does not encompass an
employer‟s mere preference that particular tasks be performed while standing.
The standard is an objective one. An employer‟s evaluation of the quality and
effectiveness of overall job performance is among the factors that can be
objectively considered in light of the overall aims of the regulatory scheme, which
has always been employee protection. An objective inquiry properly takes into
account an employer‟s reasonable expectations regarding customer service and
acknowledges an employer‟s role in setting job duties. It also takes into account
any evidence submitted by the parties bearing on an employer‟s view that an
objective job duty is best accomplished standing. It protects employees because it
does not allow employers unlimited ability to arbitrarily define certain tasks as
“standing” ones, undermining the protective purpose of the wage order.

           2. Physical layout
       Plaintiffs assert that “the existing physical configuration of an employee‟s
workspace should have no bearing on whether the nature of the employee‟s work
reasonably permits the use of seats.” Defendants urge that workspace layout is a
relevant factor.



                                          21
       We conclude the physical layout of a workspace may be relevant in the
totality of the circumstances inquiry. As discussed, an employer‟s expectations
define the duties of an employee. Those duties are usually discharged in a
particular physical space owned or rented by the employer. To look only at an
employee‟s physical tasks in the abstract, as plaintiffs suggest, may ignore an
important aspect of what both employer and employee believe a job entails. A
workspace‟s physical layout may inform the expectations of both the employer
and employee with respect to job duties. To the extent it does, the physical
workspace would be relevant in defining an employee‟s job duties and should be
accounted for in the totality of the circumstances inquiry.
       On the other hand, just as an employer‟s mere preference for standing
cannot constitute a relevant “business judgment” requiring deference, an employer
may not unreasonably design a workspace to further a preference for standing or
to deny a seat that might otherwise be reasonably suited for the contemplated
tasks. As the DLSE observes in its amicus curiae brief, the seating requirement is
“a workplace condition aimed at the welfare of employees performing work and
not an „engineering‟ or technically-based standard,” and “[w]hile facts regarding
technical aspects of workplace configurations or studies may be relevant to
determining whether suitable seating can be provided, the application of the
standard is essentially one of overall reasonableness applied to the particular
facts.” As the DLSE suggests, reasonableness remains the ultimate touchstone.
Evidence that seats are used to perform similar tasks under other, similar
workspace conditions may be relevant to the inquiry, and to whether the physical
layout may reasonably be changed to accommodate a seat. As the DLSE states,
reasonableness must be based on the particular circumstances.
       Defendants argue in this context that the DLSE‟s inaction in enforcing the
seating requirement reflects a tacit conclusion that seats are not required for bank

                                         22
tellers and retail cashiers. We disagree. “[A]n agency‟s enforcement decisions are
informed by a host of factors, some bearing no relation to the agency‟s views
regarding whether a violation has occurred.” (Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham
Corp. (2012) __ U.S. __ [132 S.Ct. 2156, 2168].) Defendants‟ views are
inconsistent with the purposes of the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of
2004 (Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.), which “authorizes an employee to bring an
action for civil penalties on behalf of the state against his or her employer for
Labor Code violations committed against the employee and fellow employees.”
(Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC (2014) 59 Cal.4th 348, 360.)
“The Legislature declared that adequate financing of labor law enforcement was
necessary to achieve maximum compliance with state labor laws, that staffing
levels for labor law enforcement agencies had declined and were unlikely to keep
pace with the future growth of the labor market, and that it was therefore in the
public interest to allow aggrieved employees, acting as private attorneys general,
to recover civil penalties for Labor Code violations . . . .” (Arias v. Superior Court
(2009) 46 Cal.4th 969, 980, italics added; see Iskanian, at p. 379.) The IWC‟s and
the DLSE‟s long-standing position has been that the seating inquiry must be made
on a case-by-case basis. Any lack of enforcement could simply have resulted from
inadequate resources, insufficient staffing, or other extraneous factors. The lack of
enforcement by the DLSE is, at best, inconclusive.

           3. Physical differences between employees
       CVS suggests that “physical differences among employees must be taken
into consideration to determine whether employees could uniformly perform their
duties with a standardized type and size of seat.”7 Plaintiffs counter that there is


7      Chase does not raise a similar argument.



                                          23
no rational basis for conditioning an employee‟s entitlement to a seat based on the
employee‟s physical characteristics.
       Plaintiffs‟ view is more consistent with the language and history of section
14(A). That provision requires a seat when the nature of the work reasonably
permits it, not when the nature of the worker does. As the DLSE observes, the
seating provision has never included language suggesting the seating inquiry
turned on the particular characteristics of an employee. Nor has the seating
provision ever suggested that physical differences among employees were relevant
when considering whether any employee may work while seated. The historical
focus has been on the characteristics of the particular location and the duties
associated with it. This case presents no issue regarding any accommodations that
may be required for particular workers under other provisions.

       G. Burden to Show Suitable Seating is Available
       Finally, plaintiffs argue they should not have the burden of proving that any
particular seat is suitable under section 14(A). They assert that “[t]he employer,
not the employee, has the information and resources to identify a seat that qualifies
as „suitable‟ for the nature of the work being performed.” Plaintiffs further
contend that section 14(A) “imposes a burden on employers to make suitable seats
available to employees, not on employees to request a seat.” Defendants counter
that an inquiry into whether “the nature of the work „reasonably permits‟ the use
of seats” necessarily requires consideration of whether a suitable seat for the work
actually exists.
       Chase suggests that even when “the plaintiff can establish that the „nature‟
of her work would reasonably permit the use of a seat, she must still prove that a
suitable seat exists but was not provided. The „suitable seat‟ requirement is an
independent element of the regulation.” The independent element argument fails.



                                         24
Section 14(A) expressly states that “[a]ll working employees shall be provided
with suitable seats when the nature of the work reasonably permits the use of
seats.” (Italics added.) Contrary to Chase‟s argument, if the nature of the work
reasonably permits seated work, section 14(A) unambiguously states employees
“shall be provided with suitable seats.” There is no language suggesting that an
employee must additionally show a particular type of seat would fulfill that
requirement. An employer seeking to be excused from the requirement bears the
burden of showing compliance is infeasible because no suitable seating exists.
                                III. CONCLUSION
      Accordingly, we answer the certified questions as set out at page 2, ante, as
amplified by our subsequent discussion.
                                                                     CORRIGAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
LIU, J.
CUÉLLAR, J.
KRUGER, J.




                                          25
See last page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion Kilby v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding XXX – on certification pursuant to rule 8.548, Cal. Rules of Court
Review Granted
Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No. S215614
Date Filed: April 4, 2016

__________________________________________________________________________________

Court:
County:
Judge:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

Kevin J. McInerney; Arias Ozzello & Gignac, Mark A. Ozzello, Mike M. Arias; Capstone Law, Raul
Perez, Suzy E. Lee; Sullivan Law Group, Eric K. Yaeckel, Altshuler Berzon, Michael Rubin, Connie K.
Chan; Dostart Hannick & Coveney, James T. Hannink, Zach P. Dostart; Clapp Legal, James F. Clapp;
Righetti Glugoski and Matthew Righetti for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Law Offices of Miles Locker and Miles E. Locker for California Employment Lawyers Association as
Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Barbara A. Jones and Dan Kohrman for AARP as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, Timothy J. Long, Michael D. Weil and Leah L. Spero for Defendant and
Respondent CVS Pharmacy, Inc.

Thomas M. Peterson; Sam S. Shaulson; Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, Carrie A. Gonell, John D. Hayashi and
Alexander L. Grodan for Defendant and Respondent JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

Munger, Tolles & Olson, Malcolm A. Heinicke and Katherine M. Forster for Chamber of Commerce of the
United States of American and California Chamber of Commerce as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants
and Respondents.

Paul Hastings, Paul W. Cane, Jr., Rishi N. Sharma, Paul Grossman and Leslie L. Abbot for California
Employment Law Council as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.

Fox Rothschild, David F. Faustman and Cristina K. Armstrong for Retail Litigation Center., Inc., and
California Retailers Association as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.

Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, David B. Chidlaw, Samantha D. Hardy, Guylyn R. Cummins and
Daniel F. De La Cruz for National Retail Federation as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and
Respondents.
Page 2 – S215614 – counsel continued

Counsel:

Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Rachel S. Brass, Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr., Catherine A. Conway and Jesse A.
Cripps for Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.

Robert N. Villalovos for Division of Labor Standards Enforcement, Department of Industrial Relations as
Amicus Curiae.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Michael Rubin
Altshuler Berzon
177 Post Street, Suite 300
San Francisco, CA 94108
(415) 421-7151

Timothy J. Long
Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe
400 Capitol Mall, Suite 3000
Sacramento, CA 95814-4407
(916) 329-7919
