                                                                         FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    July 21, 2016
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                TENTH CIRCUIT                        Clerk of Court



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                      No. 15-2147
                                               (D.C. No. 2:13-CR-03695-RB-4)
 ANTHONY PEREZ,                                           (D.N.M.)

              Defendant - Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, EBEL, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.


      Anthony Perez was charged with distributing methamphetamine in violation

of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B) and aiding and abetting the distribution of

methamphetamine in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2. The charges against Perez stem

from a drug transaction between an undercover officer and Matthew Pena. The

officer had arranged with Pena in advance to meet him to purchase drugs. When

the officer notified Pena he was at the chosen location, he was approached by a

car occupied by Perez and his friend Robert Snow. Perez asked the officer to


      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
follow the car to the park. The officer refused, and Snow and Perez drove off.

The car circled the area and stopped next to a police surveillance vehicle, into

which Perez attempted to look. A short time later, the same car pulled up to the

officer. This time, Pena was in the backseat. He told the officer to get in. When

the officer refused, Pena showed him the drugs. The officer asked Pena to get

into his vehicle instead. Pena agreed. Perez and Snow remained in the car while

the transaction was completed. Afterwards, they returned to pick up Pena where

the officer had dropped him off. Pursuant to a warrant, Perez was later arrested.

       Perez pleaded guilty without a plea agreement to the charges against him.

After a full Rule 11 plea colloquy, the magistrate judge found Perez’s plea was

knowing and voluntary, and accepted it. After the plea hearing, Perez’s lawyer

withdrew. Perez’s new appointed counsel filed a motion to withdraw the guilty

plea. The district court denied his motion.

      Perez appealed, alleging (1) the court abused its discretion in denying his

motion to withdraw a guilty plea, and (2) ineffective assistance of counsel.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the denial of the

motion to withdraw the plea and dismiss the ineffectiveness claim.

                                  I. ANALYSIS

      A. Motion to Withdraw the Guilty Plea

      A defendant may withdraw a guilty plea after the court has accepted it but

before sentencing if he can show a “fair and just reason” for the withdrawal. Fed.

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R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B). In determining whether a defendant has met this burden,

we consider a number of non-exclusive factors: “(1) whether the defendant has

asserted his innocence, (2) prejudice to the government, (3) delay in filing

defendant’s motion, (4) inconvenience to the court, (5) defendant’s assistance of

counsel, (6) whether the plea is knowing and voluntary, and (7) waste of judicial

resources.” United States v. Hamilton, 510 F.3d 1209, 1214 (10th Cir. 2007). We

will not reverse a district court’s denial unless a defendant shows the court acted

“unjustly or unfairly.” Id.

      We review a district court’s application of these factors for abuse of

discretion, except the fifth and sixth factors, which we review de novo. United

States v. Marceleno, 819 F.3d 1267, 1272 (10th Cir. 2016).

      Because Perez’s plea withdrawal motion addressed only his assertion of

innocence, deficient assistance of counsel, and voluntariness of the plea, we

address these factors first.

             1. Assertion of Innocence

      A defendant’s assertion of innocence must be credible. Hamilton, 510 F.3d

at 1214. To satisfy the credibility requirement, a defendant “must make a factual

argument that supports a legally cognizable defense.” Id. at 1215 n.2. Perez has

failed to meet this burden. At the hearing on his motion to withdraw his plea,

Perez asserted his innocence. But he did not make any supporting factual

argument. The district court decided not to credit Perez’s assertion of innocence

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because of both his prior acceptance of the government’s facts, and the strength

of the government’s case overall.

      On appeal, Perez asserts for the first time that he is innocent because he

had a minimal role in the drug transaction. But because this claim was not raised

below, we consider it forfeited. Richison v. Ernest Grp., 634 F.3d 1123, 1128

(10th Cir. 2011). Nor has Perez argued for plain error review on appeal, so we

will not address this forfeited argument. Id. at 1131. And even if we were to

consider this argument, there is sufficient proof in the record that Perez

participated in the transaction.

      Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding

Perez’s claims did not amount to an assertion of innocence.

             2. Assistance of Counsel

      When a defendant challenges a guilty plea, we apply the two-part test

established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Hamilton,

510 F.3d at 1216. Perez argues for the first time on appeal that his prior attorney

was ineffective for failing to request a debrief. But this ineffective assistance

claim was not raised below, so we consider it forfeited. Richison, 634 F.3d at

1128. And Perez has not argued for plain error review on appeal, so we will not

address this forfeited argument. Id. at 1131. Because the record is not

sufficiently developed on this point, the issue of ineffectiveness is best left to




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collateral review. See United States v. Sanchez-Leon, 764 F.3d 1248, 1261 (10th

Cir. 2014).

              3. Plea Knowingly Made

      Perez next argues that his lawyer should have told him there was “a

commonly used means of circumventing” the minimum sentence, namely a

debrief with the government to request a reduction of sentence. Aplt. Br. at 8.

But this particular argument was not raised below, so we consider it forfeited.

Richison, 634 F.3d at 1128. Again, Perez has not argued for plain error review on

appeal, so we will not address this forfeited argument. Id. at 1131. And because

Perez’s argument regarding the voluntariness of his plea is based on his forfeited

claim of ineffective assistance, he has failed to show his plea was not voluntary.

              4. Other Factors

      Perez did not argue the remaining four factors in the district court.

Regardless, because Perez “has not asserted his innocence or prevailed on his

ineffective-assistance claim, his arguments concerning the remaining factors

[would be] irrelevant because these factors speak to the potential burden on the

government and the court, rather than the defendant’s reason for withdrawal.”

Hamilton, 510 F.3d at 1217 (emphasis in original). Even if the remaining factors

all weighed in favor of Perez, they would be insufficient to establish a fair and

just reason for withdrawal. Id.

                                     *   *     *

                                         -5-
      In sum, the district court did not err in denying Perez’s motion to withdraw

his guilty plea.

      B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

      Perez also argues his plea should be set aside because his prior counsel was

constitutionally ineffective in not requesting a debrief with the government. But

“claims of constitutionally ineffective counsel should be brought on collateral

review.” United States v. Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1242 (10th Cir. 1995) (en

banc). When these claims are brought on direct appeal, they are “presumptively

dismissible, and virtually all will be dismissed.” Id. at 1240. Though some “rare

claims which are fully developed in the record may be brought either on direct

appeal or in collateral proceedings,” this is not such a claim. Id. at 1242. Here,

the ineffective assistance of counsel claim made on appeal is based on the failure

to debrief, an argument not made below. Accordingly, we dismiss this claim.

                                II. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED

and Perez’s ineffectiveness claim is DISMISSED.

                                                   ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                                   Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                                   Chief Circuit Judge




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