[Cite as State v. Echevarria, 2018-Ohio-1193.]


                 Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                       No. 105815




                                      STATE OF OHIO
                                                       PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                 vs.

                                  NERY ECHEVARRIA
                                                       DEFENDANT-APPELLANT




                                            JUDGMENT:
                                             AFFIRMED


                                    Criminal Appeal from the
                             Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                   Case No. CR-16-612167-A

        BEFORE: E.A. Gallagher, A.J., McCormack, J., and Celebrezze, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 29, 2018
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Ashley L. Jones
The Law Office of Ashley L. Jones
5755 Granger Rd., Suite 610
Independence, Ohio 44131


ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: James Rice
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, A.J.:

       {¶1} Defendant-appellant Nery Echevarria appeals from her convictions            for

felonious assault.    Echevarria contends that her convictions should be overturned

because the trial court failed to give complete and accurate jury instructions on the issue

of self-defense and because her convictions are against the manifest weight of the

evidence.   For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

       Factual and Procedural Background

       {¶2} Echevarria’s convictions arose out of a December 2, 2016 altercation in

which she stabbed a neighbor, Michael Butler. On December 12, 2016, a Cuyahoga

County Grand Jury indicted Echevarria on one count of felonious assault in violation of

R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and one count of felonious assault in violation R.C. 2903.11(A)(2).

Echevarria entered pleas of not guilty, and the case proceeded to a jury trial.

       {¶3} The state presented testimony from three witnesses — Butler, Cleveland

Patrol Officer Jonathan Rodriguez and Cleveland Police Detective Tom Manson.

Echevarria testified in her defense. A summary of the relevant testimony follows.

       {¶4} During the late afternoon of December 2, 2016, Echevarria and Butler were

watching television and drinking beer at Butler’s apartment. The two had known each

other for approximately two years and, according to Butler, had been physically intimate

in the past. After they spent some time at Butler’s apartment, Echevarria invited Butler

to her apartment to watch another television show.         Butler drove Echevarria to her
apartment on Broadview Road in Cleveland and then went out to buy more beer before

joining Echevarria at her apartment.

       {¶5} Butler and Echevarria offered very different accounts as to what happened

next. Butler testified that when he returned to Echevarria’s apartment, he and Echevarria

were in her living room socializing and drinking.       He testified that Echevarria was

intoxicated and that they started kissing each other. Echevarria suddenly “pulled away,”

became “enraged” and started making nonsensical threats, including telling Butler she

was “going to get [her] cousin on [him].” Butler testified that while he was trying to

figure out what was going on, Echevarria ran into the kitchen and returned with a “big

meat knife.” Echevarria attacked him with the knife, stabbing him on the side of the

head and “clipping” his ear. Butler testified that he “football tackled her real hard,” that

they both “hit the floor” and that they “were in a scuffle,” rolling around on the floor.

Butler testified that he hit Echevarria “about three times,” but she did not let go of the

knife. He then got up and started kicking Echevarria, “stomping” on her head. As

Butler kicked her, Echevarria cut his leg with the knife. When Echevarria began to get

up, Butler turned around, grabbed his keys and coat and left the apartment. Butler

testified that he drove back to his apartment a couple of blocks away, holding his hand to

his head in an attempt to control the heavy bleeding.            When he arrived home,

approximately three or four minutes later, he knocked on a neighbor’s door and asked him

to call 911, then ran into the bathroom of his own apartment “to see what damage was

done.” Butler testified, “I had blood all over me and all over my clothes.” Butler
walked out of the bathroom, sat in a chair and “almost passed out” before EMS arrived a

few minutes later. EMS transported him to MetroHealth Medical Center (“Metro”),

where he received stitches for the injury to his head. Butler testified that his injuries

consisted of a serious cut to his forehead, another cut to his forehead, a cut on his ear and

a cut or bruise on his leg.

       {¶6} A toxicology screen conducted while Butler was at the hospital tested

positive for cocaine and alcohol.     Butler denied using crack cocaine on December 2,

2016, but acknowledged that it “could have been in my system” at the time of the

altercation due to prior use.

       {¶7} Butler testified that he did not know what injuries Echevarria sustained in

the altercation. He testified that Echevarria continued to hold and use the knife as they

were scuffling and that he used the amount of force against her that he felt was necessary

to defend himself and get out of harm’s way.

       {¶8} Patrol Officer Jonathan Rodriguez with the Cleveland Police Department

was one of the officers who responded to the 911 call made by Butler’s neighbor. He

testified that while he was en route to Butler’s apartment, a male “flagged him down” and

told the officer that his friend had been stabbed. The male led Officer Rodriguez to

Echevarria’s apartment while a second patrol unit proceeded to Butler’s apartment.

Officer Rodriguez testified that he saw blood all over the hallway leading to Echevarria’s

apartment. When he arrived at the apartment, Officer Rodriguez met Echevarria and

asked her what had happened. He testified that Echevarria had a small cut on the left
side of her cheek, a cut on her forehead and that her face and arms were covered in blood.

 He did not notice any other injuries.

        {¶9} Officer Rodriguez testified that Echevarria first told him that she was

attacked by an unknown black male while she was opening the door to her apartment.

She later told Officer Rodriguez that she was attacked by a “friend,” that she was attacked

by a “short black male with a burnt face” and that she was attacked by the “gringos”

across the hall.    Officer Rodriguez looked around the apartment and noticed that

furniture had been knocked over, that the apartment appeared to have been “ransacked”

and that there was blood “all over.” Officer Rodriguez testified that he found a knife

with blood on it in the living room which he believed had been involved in the attack.

Officer Rodriguez asked Echevarria from where the knife came. He stated that she told

him she didn’t know. However, when Officer Rodriguez entered Echevarria’s kitchen,

he saw an open drawer containing knives similar to the knife he had found in the living

room.     He testified that Echevarria was “highly intoxicated,” “disoriented” and

“shocked” when he saw her but that she did not appear to be confused. After he spoke

with Echevarria, she was transported by EMS to Metro for treatment of her injuries.

        {¶10} Officer Rodriguez also spoke with the officers from the patrol unit that

responded to the original call at Butler’s apartment, viewed Butler’s apartment and spoke

with Butler, whom he said matched the description of a “man with a burnt face.” Officer

Rodriguez testified that Butler told him he was sitting on a rocking chair in Echevarria’s

apartment when she came out of the kitchen with a knife, yelling and screaming “for no
reason,” and attacked him. According to Officer Rodriguez, Butler told him that he fell

back on the rocking chair, got up and was stabbed a couple of times. Butler told Officer

Rodriguez that Echevarria was on top of him and that he pushed her away with sufficient

force to get her off of him, grabbed his car keys and left the apartment.          Officer

Rodriguez testified that Butler had “red eyes” but did not otherwise appear to be

intoxicated.

       {¶11} After interviewing Butler and Echevarria and viewing both apartments,

Officer Rodriguez arrested Echevarria. He testified that he arrested Echevarria because

she “kept switching her stories,” was “heavily intoxicated,” “wasn’t making any sense,”

had lied about the knife and because Butler suffered more injuries than she did.

       {¶12} Detective Tom Manson with the Cleveland Police Department was assigned

to investigate the incident.    After reviewing the police report, Detective Manson

interviewed Butler at his home on December 3, 2016. Detective Manson testified that

Butler told him he had been friends with Echevarria for two or three years and that while

he and Echevarria were drinking beer and watching television at her apartment, she “got

up for unknown reasons,” went to the kitchen and came running back towards Butler with

a butcher knife, yelling at him. He testified that Butler told him that Echevarria struck

him in the left side of the head three times with the knife and that the pair began

struggling on the ground for the knife. Detective Manson testified that Butler told him

that he struck Echevarria “out of defensive purposes” and that he pushed her to the

ground when he tried to run for the door and Echevarria got up and tried to follow him.
       {¶13} Later that day, Detective Manson spoke with Echevarria about the incident.

He testified that Echevarria told him she was at home drinking beer with Butler and asked

him to leave because she had another friend coming over. According to Echevarria,

Butler became “very upset” and the next thing she recalled was being on the floor with

Butler punching and kicking her. Because Echevarria had not mentioned a knife in her

description of the incident, Detective Manson stated that he asked her if she recalled a

knife or had used a knife that evening. He testified that Echevarria indicated that she did

not remember a knife “at all” and stated only that “anything she might have done was

done in self-defense.”

       {¶14} Detective Manson testified that Echevarria told him she did not contact the

police regarding the incident and instead reached out to a friend. Detective Manson

testified that Echevarria gave him contact information for the friend but the address

Echevarria gave him was “not a good address” and when he went to the address he had

been given and attempted to locate the friend, he could not find the friend or anyone who

knew him.

       {¶15} He testified that Echevarria was “very bruised up” and had a laceration to

the left side of her face that had been closed with stitches, small cuts to her forehead and

bruising on her eyes, neck and upper chest. Detective Manson testified that if he had

known the full extent of Echevarria’s injuries before speaking with Butler, he would have

questioned Butler “more extensive[ly]” regarding Echevarria’s injuries.
       {¶16} Detective Manson testified that the Crime Scene Unit took photographs of

the scene and recovered from Echevarria’s apartment the knife used in the altercation.

He testified that the Crime Scene Unit did not collect blood samples or swab for DNA

because both Echevarria and Butler were bleeding.1

       {¶17} After the state rested, Echevarria moved for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29

based on self-defense. The trial court denied the motion. Echevarria was the sole

witness for the defense.

       {¶18} Echevarria testified that after Butler returned to her apartment with beer,

they were having a “nice time,” drinking, “laughing, doing jokes” until around 9:30 or

10:00 p.m. when Echevarria told Butler it was time for him to leave. Echevarria testified

that she told Butler she wanted him to leave because another friend, Jessie, was coming

over and she did not want Jessie to see him there. According to Echevarria, Butler then

started calling her offensive names and pushed her into a rocking chair. Echevarria

testified that the chair broke and that she fell onto the floor where Butler began

“slamming” her head on the ground, kicking her with his steel-toed work boots.

Echevarria testified that she attempted to block the blows with her arms, causing severe

bruising and permanently damaging her arm. She stated that as Butler was hitting and

kicking her, she was screaming for help and reached for her cell phone. Echevarria



       In addition to the witness testimony, the state introduced a recording of the
       1

911 call, copies of Butler’s medical records related to the altercation and
photographs of the knife, Butler and Echevarria’s apartments and Butler and
Echevarria’s injuries.
testified that she could not see the numbers on the phone but was able to push a button to

call Jessie, who lived four blocks away. She testified that she activated the speaker

phone so Jessie could hear her screaming for help and Butler beating her. However, she

did not ask Jessie to call the police.

        {¶19} Echevarria testified that while Butler was kicking and hitting her, she “must

have been like blacked out.” She testified that she struggled to find something with

which to protect herself and, with blood on her hands and her “eyes * * * full of blood,”

made her way into the kitchen. Butler did not follow her inside the kitchen. Echevarria

testified that she grabbed the first thing she found, a knife. The knife was clean and in a

kitchen drawer. Echevarria testified that as she grabbed the knife, she saw a “shadow”

coming towards her. She exited the kitchen and when she reached the living room, she

began swinging the knife, cutting Butler. Echevarria stated that she “didn’t want to stab

him or nothing,” she just wanted him to leave. She testified that she screamed, “Get out

my house, get out my house,” and stated that “[i]f he sees me with a knife, he should have

ran.”   She testified that she got the knife because she thought Butler was going to kill

her. Echevarria maintained control of the knife throughout the altercation and did not put

the knife down until Butler left.

        {¶20} Echeverria testified that after she cut Butler with the knife, he “must have

started going crazy.” Butler ran out of her apartment into the hallway. Echevarria threw

the knife somewhere in the living room and did not know where it landed. She testified

that she was “too scared” to go out into the hallway and did not leave her apartment until
Jessie arrived and she opened the door for him. She testified that neither she nor Jessie

called 911 but that Jessie waved down a police officer to assist her. Echeverria testified

that, as a result of the altercation, she suffered a fractured nose, injured her arm, had

several facial cuts and bruises, had bruising on her arms, chest and neck, received stitches

for a facial cut and had a loose tooth.

       {¶21} Echeverria testified that when she spoke with police shortly after the

altercation, her ears were ringing, she didn’t know if she was “coming or going,” she was

confused and scared and her “mind wasn’t right.”      She initially testified that she did not

remember if she told the police different stories about what had happened that evening

but later acknowledged telling the police officer that it was “these white people that be

hanging out in the parking lot in the back” who attacked her. Echevarria also offered

conflicting testimony about her drinking. Echevarria originally testified that she started

drinking at 3 p.m. on December 2, 2016 and that she had a couple of beers before going

over to Butler’s apartment. She later testified that she began drinking at 9 a.m., had a

couple of beers with an eastside friend at breakfast, and then split a 12-pack and had a

few tall beers with Jessie in the afternoon before heading over to Butler’s apartment.

       {¶22} Echevarria testified that she had been in treatment for mental health issues,

including depression and a bipolar disorder, since 2010. She testified that at the time of

the altercation, she had been regularly taking various prescription medications for her

mental health issues, but that she did not take her medications that day. She claimed that

her psychiatrist told her she could drink alcohol with her medications but that she did not
take her medications on days she knew she would be drinking alcohol due to fear of side

effects, getting sick or overdosing.    Echevarria testified that although she had been

drinking alcohol on the day of the altercation, she told the medical staff at Metro that she

was currently in a treatment program for alcohol dependence and had been “[s]ober for a

month-and-a-half.”     Although her medical records indicated that Echevarria had

exhibited “combative and agitative behavior” while at the hospital and that “[p]atient

requires frequent redirection by law enforcement for aggressive behavior towards

[medical] staff,” Echevarria did not recall this and stated only that she was “very angry”

about what had happened and “[m]aybe I was just taking it out on them.”

       {¶23} After Echevarria testified,2 the defense rested and Echevarria renewed her

Crim.R. 29 motion. Once again, the trial court denied the motion.

       {¶24} The jury returned guilty verdicts against Echevarria on both counts of

felonious assault. The parties stipulated that the two felonious assault counts were allied

offenses, and the state elected to sentence Echevarria on Count One, felonious assault in

violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1). On April 24, 2017, the trial court sentenced Echevarria

to two years of community control and ordered her to pay $100 in restitution and costs.

       {¶25} Echevarria appealed her convictions, raising the following two assignments

of error for review:

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1: Appellant was deprived of a fair trial
       and due process of law as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the U.S.

       2
        The defense also introduced copies of Echevarria’s medical records related to
the altercation.
       Constitution and by Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution due to the
       trial court not giving [a] full and accurate self-defense jury instruction.

       ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2: The jury erred to the prejudice of the

       defendant-appellant when it returned a verdict of guilty against the manifest

       weight of the evidence.

       Law and Analysis

       Self-Defense Jury Instructions

       {¶26} In her first assignment of error, Echevarria claims that the trial court’s

self-defense jury instructions were inaccurate and incomplete because the trial court did

not include instructions (1) that Echevarria had no duty to retreat and (2) that there was a

rebuttable presumption that Echevarria “could use great bodily harm” against Butler to

protect herself after she “rescinded [Butler’s] status as an invited guest in her home.”

       Standard of Review

       {¶27} Trial courts have broad discretion in determining whether the evidence

presented at trial was sufficient to warrant a particular jury instruction. See, e.g., State

v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101121, 2015-Ohio-172, ¶ 35, citing State v. Mitts,

81 Ohio St.3d 223, 228, 690 N.E.2d 522 (1998). “‘When reviewing a trial court’s jury

instructions, the proper standard of review for an appellate court is whether the trial

court’s refusal to give a requested instruction constituted an abuse of discretion under the

facts and circumstances of the case.’” Williams at ¶ 35, quoting State v. Sims, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 85608, 2005-Ohio-5846, ¶ 12, citing State v. Wolons, 44 Ohio St.3d 64,

68, 541 N.E.2d 443 (1989). Whether jury instructions correctly state the law is a legal
issue that an appellate court reviews de novo. See, e.g., State v. Dean, 146 Ohio St.3d

106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d 80, ¶ 135; see also State v. Brown, 2016-Ohio-1358, 62

N.E.3d 943, ¶ 71 (11th Dist.) (“An appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision to

provide a jury a particular set of jury instructions for an abuse of discretion. * * * ‘If,

however, the jury instructions incorrectly state the law, then an appellate court will

conduct a de novo review to determine whether the incorrect jury instruction probably

mislead the jury in a matter materially affecting the complaining party’s substantial

rights.’”), quoting State v. Barker, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2010-P-0044, 2012-Ohio-522, ¶

91.

       {¶28} Jury instructions are “critically important to assist juries in determining the

interplay between the facts of the case before it and the applicable law.” State v. Griffin,

141 Ohio St.3d 392, 2014-Ohio-4767, 24 N.E.3d 1147, ¶ 5. Although a trial court has

“broad discretion to decide how to fashion jury instructions,” the trial court must “‘fully

and completely’” give the jury all instructions that are “‘relevant and necessary for the

jury to weigh the evidence and discharge its duty as the fact finder.’” State v. White, 142

Ohio St.3d 277, 2015-Ohio-492, 29 N.E.3d 939, ¶ 46, quoting State v. Comen, 50 Ohio

St.3d 206, 553 N.E.2d 640 (1990), paragraph two of the syllabus. In general, a trial court

should give a requested jury instruction if it is a correct statement of the law, is applicable

to the facts of the particular case and reasonable minds might reach the conclusion sought

by the instruction.     See, e.g., State v. Hinton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99581,

2014-Ohio-490, ¶ 34-35; State v. Rose, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89457, 2008-Ohio-1262,
¶ 18; see also State v. Sowell, 148 Ohio St.3d 554, 2016-Ohio-8025, 71 N.E.3d 1034, ¶

134 (“‘[I]t is prejudicial error in a criminal case to refuse to administer a requested charge

which is pertinent to the case, states the law correctly, and is not covered by the general

charge.’”), quoting State v. Scott, 26 Ohio St.3d 92, 101, 497 N.E.2d 55 (1986). There

is, however, a limit. “No purpose is served, for instance, by requiring courts to present

redundant jury instructions or instructions that are so similar to other instructions to be

presented as to be confusing.” State v. Griffin, 141 Ohio St.3d 392, 2014-Ohio-4767, 24

N.E.3d 1147, ¶ 5; see also Sowell at ¶ 134 (“‘[T]he trial court need not give the

defendant’s requested instructions verbatim but may use its own language to

communicate the same legal principles to the jury.’”), quoting State v. Group, 98 Ohio

St.3d 248, 2002-Ohio-7247, 781 N.E.2d 980, ¶ 108.

       {¶29} To show reversible error, the defendant must also demonstrate that he or she

was prejudiced by the trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction. “‘A

reviewing court may not reverse a conviction in a criminal case due to jury instructions

unless it is clear that the jury instructions constituted prejudicial error.’”       State v.

Shepherd, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102951, 2016-Ohio-931, ¶ 25, quoting State v.

McKibbon, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-010145, 2002-Ohio-2041, ¶ 27. To determine

whether an erroneous jury instruction was prejudicial, a reviewing court must examine the

jury instructions as a whole.       State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100125,

2014-Ohio-3583, ¶ 49; see also State v. Jalowiec, 91 Ohio St.3d 220, 231, 744 N.E.2d

163 (2001) (“‘A single instruction to a jury may not be judged in artificial isolation but
must be viewed in the context of the overall charge.’”), quoting State v. Price, 60 Ohio

St.2d 136, 398 N.E.2d 772 (1979), paragraph four of the syllabus. “‘A jury instruction

constitutes prejudicial error where it results in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’”

Jackson at ¶ 49, quoting State v. Hancock, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2007-03-042,

2008-Ohio-5419, ¶ 13; see also Crim.R. 52(A) (“Any error, defect, irregularity, or

variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.”).

       Elements of Self-Defense, the Castle Doctrine and the Presumption of
       Self-Defense

       {¶30} In Ohio, self-defense is an affirmative defense that a defendant must prove

by a preponderance of the evidence. R.C. 2901.05(A); State v. Goff, 128 Ohio St.3d 169,

2010-Ohio-6317, 942 N.E.2d 1075, ¶ 36.          To prevail on a claim of self-defense, a

defendant must prove three elements: (1) the defendant was not at fault in “creating the

situation giving rise to the affray”; (2) the defendant had a bona fide belief that he or she

was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that the only means of escape

from such danger was through the use of force and (3) the defendant did not violate any

duty to retreat or avoid the danger. State v. Callahan, 2016-Ohio-2934, 65 N.E.3d 155, ¶

25 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002); Goff

at ¶ 36.

       {¶31}    R.C. 2901.09(B) creates an exception to the general duty to retreat.

Callahan at ¶ 26.    Under R.C. 2901.09(B) — also known as the “castle doctrine” — “a

person who lawfully is in that person’s residence has no duty to retreat before using force

in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person’s residence.”
       {¶32} R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) provides that a defendant is “presumed to have acted in

self defense * * * when using defensive force that is intended or likely to cause death or

great bodily harm to another” if the person against whom the defendant used the

defensive force “is in the process of unlawfully and without privilege to do so entering, or

has unlawfully and without privilege to do so entered, the residence * * * occupied by the

[defendant] using the defensive force.”      The presumption is rebuttable and may be

rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence.          R.C. 2901.05(B)(3).      Further, the

presumption does not apply if the person against whom the defendant used defensive

force “has a right to be in, or is a lawful resident of, the residence.”               R.C.

2901.05(B)(2)(a).

       {¶33} “The difference between the Castle Doctrine and the rebuttable presumption

of self-defense lies in the legal status of the victim.” State v. Lewis, 2012-Ohio-3684,

976 N.E.2d 258, ¶ 18 (8th Dist.). If the victim was lawfully in the defendant’s residence

at the time the defendant used force against the victim, the defendant would not be

entitled to the presumption of self-defense.       Id. at ¶ 19; R.C. 2901.05(B)(1)-(2).

However, the castle doctrine would still apply, i.e., the defendant would have no duty to

retreat from the residence if the defendant were lawfully occupying the residence at the

time he or she used the force. Lewis at ¶ 17-19; State v. Bushner, 9th Dist. Summit No.

26532, 2012-Ohio-5996, ¶ 16. It would then be the defendant’s burden to prove the

remaining elements of self-defense by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.
       {¶34} At Echevarria’s trial, the court gave the following jury instructions related to

self-defense:

       The Defendant is asserting an affirmative defense known as self-defense to
       both counts in the indictment.

       The burden of proving an affirmative defense is upon the Defendant. She
       must establish such defense by a preponderance of the evidence.
       A preponderance of the evidence is the greater weight of the evidence and
       is evidence that you believe because it outweighs or overbalances in your
       mind the evidence opposed to it.

       In deciding whether an affirmative defense has been proved by a
       preponderance of the evidence, you should consider all of the evidence in
       the case regardless of which party produced that evidence.

       And if you find that the weight of the evidence is equally balanced, or if
       you are unable to determine which side has a preponderance of the evidence
       on the question of self-defense, then the Defendant has not established that
       defense.

       But, of course, if the Defendant fails to establish that she acted in
       self-defense, the Prosecution still must prove the elements of Count 1 and 2
       to you beyond a reasonable doubt.

       So as to the substance of the self-defense claim, the Defendant claims to
       have acted in self-defense.

       In order to establish that she acted in self-defense, the Defendant must
       prove by the greater weight of the evidence that first she was not at fault in
       creating the situation given [sic] rise to serious physical harm to Michael K.
       Butler.

       Actually, I’m going to amend that to say that she was not at fault in creating
       the situation causing harm, physical harm to Michael Butler.

       And she had reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief, even if
       mistaken, that she was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm,
       and her only reasonable means of preventing it was by the use of force.
      Words alone do not justify the use of force. Resort to such force is not
      justified by abusive language, verbal threats or other words no matter how
      provocative.

      In deciding whether the Defendant had a reasonable ground to believe and
      an honest belief that she was in imminent or immediate danger of death or
      great bodily harm, you must put yourself in the position of the Defendant,
      with her characteristics, her knowledge, or lack of knowledge, and under
      the circumstances and conditions that surround her at the time.

      You must consider the conduct of Michael K. Butler and decide whether his
      acts and words caused the Defendant to believe reasonably and honestly
      that she was about to be killed or receive great bodily harm.

      If a defendant used more force than reasonably necessary, and if the force

      used was greatly disproportionate to the apparent danger, then the defense

      of self-defense is not available.   And, as with every other issue in the case,

      these are things for you to decide based upon what you find the facts to be.

      {¶35} Defense counsel timely objected on the record to the trial court’s

self-defense jury instructions. She asserted that, based on the castle doctrine, the jury

should have been informed that Echevarria had no duty to retreat. She further argued

that Echevarria was entitled to a presumption that she acted in self-defense because she

had rescinded Butler’s invitation to be in her home prior to the altercation. The trial

court overruled defense counsel’s objections, concluding that although “there is no

question that Miss Echevarria did not have a duty to retreat under the circumstances in

evidence here,” the jury is not “required to be instructed on every duty that a person

doesn’t have in a case.”      The trial court further stated that the presumption of
self-defense set forth in R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) did not apply because it was undisputed that

Butler had entered the residence at Echevarria’s invitation.

       {¶36} State v. Williford, 49 Ohio St.3d 247, 551 N.E.2d 1279 (1989), upon which

Echevarria relies, is distinguishable. In that case, there was conflicting testimony as to

whether the defendant lured the victim onto his porch and killed him or whether the

defendant killed the victim in self-defense or in defense of his wife. Id. at 250.     The

trial court in that case had instructed the jury on the three elements of self-defense,

including the requirement that the defendant prove that he did not violate any duty to

retreat or avoid the danger. Id. at 249. The trial court did not, however, give a further

instruction that the defendant was under no duty to retreat from his home. Id. Because

there had been testimony that the confrontation between the defendant and the victim

occurred in the defendant’s house and on his porch, the Ohio Supreme Court found the

trial court had committed prejudicial error in failing to give a “no duty to retreat”

instruction. Id. at 250-251. The court held that the trial court’s failure to give a proper

“no duty to retreat” instruction3 combined with its failure to instruct the jury that the

defendant had a privilege to defend members of his family, warranted a new trial. Id. at

252-253. This case is different.


       3
        Both the Ohio Supreme Court in Williston and Echevarria in her brief refer
to this “no duty to retreat” rule as the “Peacock rule,” based on State v. Peacock, 40
Ohio St. 333, 334 (1883). In that case, the court articulated the “castle doctrine” as
follows: “Where one is assaulted in his home, or the home itself is attacked, he may
use such means as are necessary to repel the assailant from the house, or to prevent
his forcible entry, or material injury to his home, even to the taking of life.” Id. at
334.
       {¶37} In this case, the trial court did not instruct the jury regarding the castle

doctrine because it never instructed the jury in the first instance that Echevarria had a duty

to retreat or was obligated to prove that she did not violate a duty to retreat in order to

prove that she acted in self-defense.       Having determined that the only reasonable

conclusion that could be drawn from the evidence was that Echevarria was lawfully in her

residence at the time of the altercation and that, therefore, she had no duty to retreat under

R.C. 2901.09(B), the trial court addressed this issue by omitting any reference to the third

element of self-defense — i.e., that Echevarria did not violate any duty to retreat — when

instructing the jury what Echevarria needed to prove in order for the jury to find that she

acted in self-defense.   The trial court stated that it took this approach to the “no duty to

retreat” issue in order to avoid potential juror confusion. As the trial court explained:

       [The self-defense jury instructions] will not include a mention that Miss
       Echevarria can only have used self-defense if the Jury finds, among other
       things, that she did not violate a duty to retreat.

       She was in her own home and had no duty to retreat.

       She does however, have to show * * * that she wasn’t at fault, given rise to
       the situation, and she had a reasonable, even if mistaken, belief of imminent
       harm.

       * * * I think mentioning a duty to retreat, far from eliminating the
       possibility of confus[ion], introduces the possibility of confusion.

       ***

       There’s no factual dispute that this didn’t occur in her house, but the duty to
       retreat is not being instructed on.

       The Jury is not being told * * * *that she has a duty to retreat.
       ***

       A duty to retreat is not an issue in this. She doesn’t have it, period * * *[.]
       * * * 2909.01 applies. She has no duty to retreat. The Jury will not be
       instructed that she does, which takes care of the matter * * * .

       {¶38} The trial court’s jury instructions removed the duty to retreat issue from the

jury’s consideration entirely, eliminating the third of the three elements Echevarria would

have otherwise needed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence to support her claim

that she acted in self-defense. What Echevarria argues the trial court should have done,

i.e., instruct the jury on all three elements of self-defense and then instruct the jury that,

under the castle doctrine, she had no duty to retreat — effectively negating the third

element of self-defense — would have done nothing more.

       {¶39} Examining the instructions as a whole, on the record before us, we cannot

say that the trial court abused its discretion or otherwise erred in failing to instruct the

jury regarding the castle doctrine and, instead, addressing the “no duty to retreat” issue as

it did. “A trial court is required to provide the jury a plain, distinct, and unambiguous

statement of the law applicable to the evidence presented by the parties to the trier of

fact.” Lewis, 2012-Ohio-3684, 976 N.E.2d 258, at ¶ 14. We believe the trial court did

so here.

       {¶40} Further, even if the trial court erred by not giving the jury a castle doctrine

instruction, we cannot say, and Echevarria has not demonstrated, that any such error was

prejudicial. There is nothing in the record to suggest that the jury charge “‘probably

misled the jury in a matter materially affecting [Echevarria’s] substantial rights,’” Dean,
146 Ohio St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d 80, at ¶ 135, quoting Kokitka v. Ford

Motor Co., 73 Ohio St.3d 89, 93, 652 N.E.2d 671 (1995), or otherwise resulted in a

“‘manifest miscarriage of justice.’” Jackson, 2014-Ohio-3583, at ¶ 49, quoting Hancock,

2008-Ohio-5419, at ¶ 13.

       {¶41} Echevarria also argues that trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that

she was entitled to a presumption that she acted in self-defense under R.C. 2901.05(B)

because the altercation occurred in her residence after she told Butler to leave.

       {¶42} As stated above, a defendant is presumed to have acted in self-defense under

R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) only if the person against whom the defendant used defensive force

“is in the process of unlawfully and without privilege to do so entering, or has unlawfully

and without privilege to do so entered, the residence * * * occupied by the [defendant]

using the defensive force.” Echevarria argues that after she told Butler to leave and he

failed to do so, he was no longer lawfully in her apartment, giving rise to a presumption

that she acted in self-defense when using force against him.

       {¶43} This court recently considered and rejected a very similar argument in

Callahan, 2016-Ohio-2934, 65 N.E.3d 155. As the court explained:

       By all the witnesses’ accounts * * * [the victim] entered the home with the
       express privilege to do so. “ * * * R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) looks to the status
       of the person against whom force is used when [he or] she entered the
       building.”     [State v. Everett, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140275,
       2015-Ohio-5273, ¶ 14.] Ohio courts have consistently applied the statute
       this way, recognizing that the presumption contained in R.C. 2901.05(B)(1)
       “clearly contemplates a scenario of a home/car invasion — i.e., the person
       against whom the defensive force is used is in the process of unlawfully and
       without privilege entering (or has entered) the defendant's residence or
       vehicle.” State v. Nye, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-13-05, 2013-Ohio-3783,
       997 N.E.2d 552, ¶ 29; see also State v. Hogg, 10th Dist. Franklin No.
       11AP-50, 2011-Ohio-6454, ¶ 36. Thus, because [the victim] entered the
       home lawfully, the R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) presumption does not apply.

Id. at ¶ 29-30.

       {¶44} Likewise, in this case, because Butler and Echevarria both testified that that

Butler “entered” Echevarria’s apartment at her invitation — not “unlawfully and without

privilege” — the presumption of self-defense under R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) does not apply.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury

regarding that presumption. Echevarria’s first assignment of error is overruled.



       Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶45} In her second assignment of error, Echevarria challenges her convictions

as being against the manifest weight of the evidence. A manifest weight challenge

attacks the credibility of the evidence presented and questions whether the state met its

burden of persuasion.        State v. Whitsett, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101182,

2014-Ohio-4933, ¶ 26, citing    State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d

541 (1997); State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 13.

When considering an appellant’s claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of

the evidence, the court of appeals sits as a “thirteenth juror” and may disagree “with the

factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387, citing Tibbs v.

Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982). The reviewing court

must examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
consider the witnesses’ credibility and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the

evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of

justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Thompkins at 387,

citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). In

conducting such a review, this court remains mindful that the credibility of witnesses and

the weight of the evidence are matters primarily for the trier of fact to assess.    State v.

DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus.

       {¶46} “The use of the word ‘manifest’ means that the trier of fact’s decision must

be plainly or obviously contrary to all of the evidence.   This is a difficult burden for an

appellant to overcome because the resolution of factual issues resides with the trier of

fact.” State v. Battiste, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102299, 2015-Ohio-3586, ¶ 19, citing

DeHass at paragraph one of the syllabus.         Reversal on manifest weight grounds is

reserved for the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the

conviction.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.

       {¶47} Echevarria was convicted of one count of felonious assault in violation of

R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) and one count of felonious assault in violation R.C. 2903.11(A)(2).

Echevarria does not dispute that ample competent, credible evidence was presented at

trial establishing the elements of these offenses. Rather, she argues that her convictions

are against the manifest weight of the evidence due to the “overwhelming amount of

testimony supporting [her] claim that she acted in self-defense.” Echevarria claims that

(1) the “shocking disparity” in the injuries she and Butler sustained in the altercation, (2)
the nature of Butler’s conduct during the altercation and (3) “misinformation” and

“inaccuracies” in the police investigation of the incident demonstrate that she was acting

in self-defense when she stabbed Butler.

       {¶48} We find no merit to Echevarria’s assertion that the jury’s rejection of her

claim that she acted in self-defense was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

This case came down to the credibility of Butler and Echevarria and the two very

different versions of the events each provided.

       {¶49} Under Butler’s account, Echevarria was the aggressor who “creat[ed] the

situation giving rise to the affray,” Callahan, 2016-Ohio-2934, 65 N.E.3d 155, at ¶ 25,

when she inexplicably ran into the kitchen, grabbed a butcher’s knife and started

swinging it at Butler. Although Butler admitted “stomping” on Echevarria’s head, he

testified that he did so only because Echevarria would not put the knife down and

continued trying to stab him with it.

       {¶50} Under Echevarria’s version of events, Butler was the aggressor who began

name calling and then pushed, hit and kicked her when she asked him to leave.

Although Echevarria claims her injuries were more severe, the state presented evidence

showing that she stabbed Butler at least three times resulting in significant blood loss, a

need for stitches and permanent scarring.     Although Detective Manson testified that he

would have questioned Butler more extensively regarding Echevarria’s injuries, had he

interviewed Echevarria first and learned that she had sustained more than a small cut to

her face, he indicated that it did not change his view of who was the aggressor in the case,
i.e., “[i]t still didn’t take away from the fact of what happened with the knife to Mr.

Butler’s head.” He further testified that, based on his prior experience as a police officer

dealing with assault cases, he has learned that “people bruise at different rates. What

shows on me today at the initial incident may not be there tomorrow, or it might be there

tenfold the next day.” Accordingly, he was not concerned by the fact that bruising he

observed when he interviewed Echevarria the day following the incident was not

observed by Patrol Officer Rodriguez when he interviewed Echevarria immediately

following the incident.

       {¶51} The jury was presented with reasons to question Butler’s testimony, such

as the fact that Butler only disclosed to Officer Rodriguez initially that he pushed

Echevarria away with sufficient force to get her off of him, then grabbed his car keys and

left the apartment — not that he also punched her and kicked her in the head — as he

admitted at trial.

       {¶52} But, as detailed above, the jury was also given reasons to believe Butler’s

testimony and to disbelieve Echevarria’s testimony, including that, on the night of the

altercation, Echevarria was highly intoxicated, gave conflicting stories to Officer

Rodriguez regarding what happened that evening and was combative and aggressive with

the medical providers who were trying to assist her.      Echevarria also gave conflicting

testimony at trial regarding when she began drinking and how much she had to drink

before meeting up with Butler that evening.      Further, the physical evidence contradicts

certain aspects of Echevarria’s testimony.       Although Echevarria claimed that she
retrieved a knife from the kitchen while her face and hands were covered with blood after

being assaulted by Butler, the crime scene photographs show no blood in the kitchen

drawer from which Echevarria claimed to have gotten the knife or on the nearby

refrigerator, kitchen counters or cabinets.

       {¶53} On the record before us, we believe it was well within the province of the

jury, as the trier of fact, to believe Butler’s version of the events and to disbelieve

Echevarria’s account of what happened.

       {¶54} A defendant is not entitled to reversal on manifest weight grounds simply

because certain aspects of a witness’s testimony are not credible or were inconsistent or

contradictory. See, e.g., State v. Henry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102634, 2016-Ohio-692,

¶ 50. The decision whether, and to what extent, to believe the testimony of a particular

witness is “within the peculiar competence of the factfinder, who has seen and heard the

witness.” State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99822, 2014-Ohio-494, ¶ 54. A

trier of fact may believe or disbelieve all, part, or none of a witness’s testimony.

       {¶55} The jury was present in the courtroom with the witnesses; therefore, it was

in the best position to assess the credibility of Butler, Echevarria and the other witnesses.

It is not our role to substitute our judgment for that of the jury.

       {¶56}    After careful review of the record in its entirety, weighing the strength and

credibility of the evidence presented and the inferences to be reasonably drawn therefrom,

we cannot say that this is one of those “‘exceptional cases’” in which the jury clearly lost

its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that Echevarria’s felonious
assault convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence. Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d

717.   Based on the evidence presented, the jury could reasonably conclude that

Echevarria failed to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that she acted in

self-defense when stabbing Butler.         Echevarria’s second assignment of error is

overruled.

       {¶57} Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant the costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga

County Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to

Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.



_____________________________________________________
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE

TIM McCORMACK, J., and
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR
