                                  IN THE
                          TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 10-09-00318-CV

LADD VIEN,
                                                             Appellant
v.

MARK AND MARY DEL BUONO,
                                                             Appellees



                            From the 40th District Court
                                Ellis County, Texas
                               Trial Court No. 74,750


                          MEMORANDUM OPINION


       Mark and Mary Del Buono filed suit against Ladd Vien and others alleging that

their home was flooded because of the defendants’ negligence in constructing and

maintaining a driveway on Vien’s property which prevented rainwater from draining

off the Del Buonos’ property. Following a bench trial, the court found in favor of the

Del Buonos. Vien contends in six issues that: (1) he owed no legal duty to the Del

Buonos; (2) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to prove foreseeability; (3)

the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the court’s implied rejection
of the defensive theory that the flood was an act of God; (4) the evidence is legally

insufficient to support the court’s implied rejection of the defensive theory that Del

Buonos failed to mitigate their damages; (5) the court applied the wrong measure of

damages; and (6) the court erred by denying his cross-claim for contribution. We will

affirm.

                                             Background

          The parties own adjoining lots in a rural area of Ellis County on Greathouse

Road. The Del Buonos purchased their property from a home builder in 2001. Vien

purchased the lot next door from the builder that same year because the builder “was

needing some money fast.”1               Phillip and Sheree Freeman (Vien’s co-defendants2)

bought the lot from Vien in 2005 to build a house. They asked him to take it back a year

later after learning that the property was prone to flooding, and he did.

          While the Freemans owned the land, Phillip constructed or improved3 a

driveway on their property. He installed a twenty-four-inch culvert near Greathouse

Road for drainage during the initial construction. He installed a second culvert for

better drainage at Vien’s request a few weeks after selling the property back to Vien.

          Heavy rains in 2004 inundated the vacant lot, and the water slightly encroached

on the Del Buonos’ lot. Heavy rains in March 2006 again inundated the vacant lot, but


1
          Vien is a real estate agent.

2
          Although the court found the Freemans jointly and severally liable, they did not perfect an
appeal.

3
          The parties dispute whether Phillip improved an existing driveway or constructed a new one. In
Finding of Fact No. 16, the court found that he “constructed” the driveway. In the final analysis, this
issue is irrelevant.


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                                Page 2
this time the waters covered most of the Del Buonos’ lot as well. They could not leave

that morning because their driveway was under water.           Photographs admitted in

evidence show that the waters came very close to the edge of the house. The Del

Buonos asked that the Freemans do something to alleviate the problem. Mary Del

Buono testified that Phillip and another man removed the culvert with a backhoe and

the waters started draining from the property “almost instant[ly].” Phillip testified that

he and some men scraped a swath across the top of the road just behind the culvert. He

testified that it stopped raining about when they finished. He did not know if their

work helped alleviate the water on the Del Buonos’ lot but assumed that it did.

       The property was flooded again in March 2007 when as much as eleven inches of

rain fell within 24-36 hours. This time the Del Buonos’ home flooded. They went to

Vien’s office the next afternoon and demanded that he “break up” the driveway so the

floodwaters could drain from their property. He followed them to the property where

they showed him the damage to their home. He told them he would try to get a

“tractor man” to come and break up the driveway, but he never did.

       The water level got as high as twelve to eighteen inches inside the Del Buonos’

home, causing substantial damage.          They removed the furniture and flooring.

However, they did not attempt to repair the sheetrock or other interior damage. They

have lived in a travel trailer on their driveway ever since.

       The Del Buonos filed suit alleging that the negligence of the Freemans and of

Vien proximately caused their damages. They alleged that the Freemans were negligent

for constructing “an elevated drive” that “recontoured and reconstructed the elevation


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                   Page 3
and flow and/or drainage of water across their property.” They alleged that Vien was

negligent by failing to take action to rectify this problem even though he was “aware of

the diversion of water from his property to that of the Plaintiffs.”

       Vien answered with a general denial; asserted as affirmative defenses: (1) the acts

or omissions of the Del Buonos or a third party were the sole or partial cause of the

damages; (2) the Del Buonos failed to mitigate their damages; and (3) the damages were

caused in whole or part by an act of God; and further alleged that the Del Buonos were

contributorily negligent.       Vien also filed a cross-claim against the Freemans for

contribution because they “did not fully disclose the effects of the driveway.”

       The court found in favor of the Del Buonos and awarded $112,215 in damages.

The court denied Vien’s cross-claim and also denied the Del Buonos claim for

exemplary damages.

                                               Duty

       Vien contends in his first issue that he owed no legal duty to the Del Buonos.4

Specifically, he argues: (1) the Del Buonos never specified in their pleadings what duty

he owed them; (2) the trial court failed to enter a conclusion of law regarding what duty

the court determined he owed them; (3) the Del Buonos’ home was damaged by flood

waters, rather than surface waters; and (4) the State has a non-delegable duty to control

flood waters.




4
        The elements of a negligence claim are a duty, a breach of that duty, and damages proximately
caused by the breach. W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005).


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                             Page 4
       Vien did not specially except to the Del Buonos’ pleadings. Thus, he has waived

the right to complain of any failure on their part to plead what legal duty he owed

them. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 90; Tex. Farmers Ins. Co. v. Cameron, 24 S.W.3d 386, 398 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2000, pet. denied).

       Although Vien filed a request for additional findings of fact and conclusions of

law, he did not request an additional conclusion of law on the issue of duty. If a party

fails to request an additional finding of fact or conclusion of law on a particular issue,

the party has waived its right to challenge the absence of an express finding or

conclusion regarding that issue on appeal. Smith v. Smith, 22 S.W.3d 140, 149 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 298.

                                      Surface Water

       Surface water is that “which is diffused over the ground from falling rains or

melting snows, and [it] continues to be such until it reaches some bed or channel in

which water is accustomed to flow.” Tex. Women’s Univ. v. Methodist Hosp., 221 S.W.3d

267, 278 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (quoting Dietrich v. Goodman, 123

S.W.3d 413, 419 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.)); accord Dalon v. City of

DeSoto, 852 S.W.2d 530, 538 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied). The Supreme Court

has defined surface water thusly:

       Under both the common law and the Mexican civil law, the owners of the
       soil on which rains may fall and surface waters gather are the proprietors
       of the water so long as it remains on their land, and prior to its passage
       into a natural water course to which riparian rights may attach.




Vien v. Del Buono                                                                   Page 5
Turner v. Big Lake Oil Co., 128 Tex. 155, 96 S.W.2d 221, 228 (1936); see Lewis v. Tex. Utils.

Elec. Co., 825 S.W.2d 722, 724 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied) (“A private

landowner has the right to control, retain, and use surface waters.”). “[T]he chief

characteristic of ‘surface water’ is that it does not follow a defined course or channel

and does not gather into or form a natural body of water.” Tex. Women’s Univ., 221

S.W.3d at 278 (quoting Dietrich, 123 S.W.3d at 419); see Dalon, 852 S.W.2d at 538.

       Conversely, “floodwaters are those which, generally speaking, have overflowed

a river, stream or natural water course and have formed a continuous body with the

water flowing in the ordinary channel.” Tex. Women’s Univ., 221 S.W.3d at 278 (quoting

Valley Forge Ins. Co. v. Hicks Thomas & Lilienstern, L.L.P., 174 S.W.3d 254, 258 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.)); see Raburn v. KJI Bluechip Invs., 50 S.W.3d 699,

704 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (“Flood waters are waters above the regular

flow of a stream.”); Lewis, 825 S.W.2d at 724 (same). “Ownership of flood waters, and

the duty to control such waters, is vested in the State and its political subdivisions.”

Lewis, 825 S.W.3d at 724 (citing TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 59); accord Tex. Woman’s Univ., 221

S.W.3d at 278.

       Thus, surface waters are waters from precipitation which migrate across land

until they evaporate, are absorbed, or reach a water course. Flood waters, by contrast,

are waters which overflow a water course but flow with the waters in that water course.

By definition, surface waters are not flood waters. See Lewis, 825 S.W.2d at 724; see also

Citizens Against Landfill Location v. Tex. Comm’n on Envt’l Quality, 169 S.W.3d 258, 274

(Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. denied) (“Diffuse surface water belongs to the owner of


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                      Page 6
the land on which it gathers, so long as it remains on that land prior to its passage into a

natural watercourse”).

       Vien argues that the waters which damaged the Del Buonos’ home were “flood

waters” which the State has a non-delegable duty to control. To support this argument,

he relies on the testimony of two experts who both referred to the land in that area as a

watershed. According to Vien, this watershed forms a watercourse, and the waters

flowing in this watercourse are by definition flood waters. We disagree.

       Although they did refer to the area as a watershed, neither of the experts went

further and opined that it was also a watercourse. For example, Jerry Ince testified that

the Del Buonos’ property (and Vien’s) “is at the confluence of the bottom of the [240-

acre] watershed.” Waters from that watershed typically drain into a culvert beside

Greathouse Road. A “pond sits on that 240-acre watershed, and when the driveway

was built behind to extend it behind the spillway [sic], now it removed that watershed

from the road to that driveway.” Thus, Ince testified that the construction of the

driveway altered the natural flow of waters across the watershed. But Ince did not

characterize the watershed as a watercourse. And we hold as a matter of law that it is

not.   See Tex. Woman’s Univ., 221 S.W.3d at 279 (“Opinions from our sister courts

suggest that a watershed itself does not constitute a watercourse.”) “Otherwise, as soon

as rain hit ‘any piece of land,’ the rain would automatically lose its classification of

diffused surface water.” Id.; see also Hoefs v. Short, 114 Tex. 501, 273 S.W. 785, 787 (1925)

(“in order to constitute a water course, there must be something more than mere surface

drainage over the entire face of a tract of land”).


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                      Page 7
                                              Duty Owed

        Under the common law, adjoining landowners have interrelated rights and

duties with regard to surface water. The landowner whose property lies at a higher

elevation cannot “burden adjacent lands with surface water he accumulate[s] or

discharge[s] except in the same manner in which it would naturally flow; and the lower

estate [i]s obliged to receive the surface waters as they naturally flow[ ].” Bily v. Omni

Equities, Inc., 731 S.W.2d 606, 610 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ ref’d

n.r.e.) (citing Kraft v. Langford, 565 S.W.2d 223, 228 (Tex. 1978)). As the Supreme Court

stated in Kraft, “a landowner rule [can]not burden adjacent lands with surface water he

accumulate[s] or discharge[s] except in the same manner in which it would naturally

flow.” Kraft, 565 S.W.2d at 228; see also Bunch v. Thomas, 121 Tex. 225, 49 S.W.2d 421, 423

(1932) (“a landowner cannot collect surface water into an artificial shannel [sic] or

volume, or precipitate it in greatly increased or unnatural quantities upon his neighbor,

to the substantial injury of the latter”).5

        Focusing in particular on the lower landowner (here, Vien), Texas courts have

characterized the obligation to receive surface waters as they naturally flow as a legal

duty. See, e.g., Stukes v. Bachmeyer, 249 S.W.3d 461, 466 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2007, no

pet.); Cain v. Rust Indus. Cleaning Servs., Inc., 969 S.W.2d 464, 469 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

1998, pet. denied); Jefferson County Drainage Dist. No. 6 v. Lower Neches Valley Auth., 876


5
         Section 11.086 of the Water Code imposes a similar statutory duty on landowners. See TEX.
WATER CODE ANN. § 11.086(a) (Vernon 2008); Kraft v. Langford, 565 S.W.2d 223, 229 (Tex. 1978); Boatman v.
Lites, 970 S.W.2d 41, 44 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1998, no pet.); Bily v. Omni Equities, Inc., 731 S.W.2d 606, 610
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.). However, the Del Buonos did not plead a
statutory cause of action.


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                                  Page 8
S.W.2d 940, 950 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1994, writ denied); see also Wilson v. Hagins, 50

S.W.2d 797, 799 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1932, judgm’t adopted) (lower landowners “owe a

service” to receive surface waters); Cone v. City of Lubbock, 431 S.W.2d 639, 649 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Amarillo 1968, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (same). Thus, Vien owed a common law duty to

the Del Buonos to allow surface waters to flow across his property without hindrance.

       The waters which inundated the Del Buonos’ home were surface waters not

flood waters. Therefore, the State owed no duty to regulate the flow of those waters,

and Vien owed a duty to the Del Buonos to allow those waters to flow across his

property without hindrance. Accordingly, we overrule Vien’s first issue.

                                      Foreseeability

       Vien contends in his second issue that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the court’s implied finding of foreseeability.

       For a legal insufficiency review, we must determine “whether the evidence at

trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under

review.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). We “must credit

favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could, and disregard contrary evidence unless

reasonable jurors could not.” Id.

       For a factual insufficiency review, reversal is required only if the challenged

finding is “so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly

wrong and unjust.” Byrd v. Estate of Nelms, 154 S.W.3d 149, 156-57 (Tex. App.—Waco

2004, pet. denied) (quoting Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)).




Vien v. Del Buono                                                                     Page 9
          Foreseeability is one of the two sub-elements of proximate cause. W. Invs., Inc. v.

Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 551 (Tex. 2005).         Foreseeability “requires that a person of

ordinary intelligence should have anticipated the danger created by a negligent act or

omission.” Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 478 (Tex. 1995);

accord Barton v. Whataburger, Inc., 276 S.W.3d 456, 463 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2008, pet. denied). “A danger is foreseeable if its general character might reasonably be

anticipated, if not its precise manner.” Barton, 276 S.W.3d at 463; accord Doe, 907 S.W.2d

at 478.

          Here, the trial court made the following findings of fact pertinent to the

foreseeability issue:

          12.    The Court further finds that Defendants Freeman had actual and
          direct knowledge that the changes made by Defendants Freeman had
          caused flooding on Plaintiff’s [sic] property prior to the damage suffered
          by Plaintiffs.

          13.    The Court finds that Defendants Freeman informed Defendant
          Vien of the problems caused by Defendants Freeman prior to Defendant
          Vien’s purchase of the property from Defendants Freeman.

          Mary Del Buono testified that when the Freemans purchased their lot in 2005 she

informed them the property had some “drainage issues” and gave them some pictures

depicting the flooding in 2004. The Freemans personally observed the water on the Del

Buonos’ lot in 2006 when the rainwaters covered most of their lot and came close to

their house.

          Sheree Freeman testified that she told Vien they wanted him to take the lot back

because “the place floods. We can’t build a house here.” She told him that the Del



Vien v. Del Buono                                                                      Page 10
Buonos had threatened to sue because of the incident in 2006.            As part of the

negotiations for Vien to repurchase the property, he asked them to install a second

culvert under the driveway.

       This evidence is such as “would enable reasonable and fair-minded people“ to

find that it was foreseeable the driveway on Vien’s lot would cause the Del Buonos’

home to be flooded in a heavy rainstorm. See Tex. Woman’s Univ., 221 S.W.3d at 284; see

also City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827. Thus the evidence is legally sufficient to support

the court’s implied finding on the issue of foreseeability.

       The contrary evidence is that their home had not flooded during the heavy rains

in 2004 or 2006. In addition, Vien denied that the Freemans warned him of any flooding

problems. Nevertheless, we conclude that the implied finding of foreseeability is not

“so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and

unjust.” See Byrd, 154 S.W.3d at 156-57. Thus, we overrule Vien’s second issue.

                                        Act of God

       Vien complains in his third issue that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the court’s implied rejection of his defensive theory that the

flooding of the Del Buonos’ home was an act of God.

       “An occurrence is caused by an act of God if it is caused directly and exclusively

by the violence of nature, without human intervention or cause, and could not have

been prevented by reasonable foresight or care.” Dillard v. Tex. Elec. Coop., 157 S.W.3d

429, 432 n.5 (Tex. 2005) (quoting COMM. ON PATTERN JURY CHARGES, STATE BAR OF TEX.,

TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES—GENERAL NEGLIGENCE & INTENTIONAL PERSONAL TORTS


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                  Page 11
PJC 3.5 (2003)). “[W]hat is meant by allusion to the absence of human intervention is

not the absence of all human involvement but the absence of human negligence

proximately causing the injury.” McWilliams v. Masterson, 112 S.W.3d 314, 321 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. denied).

       The Del Buonos’ expert, Ince, testified that in his opinion the elevated driveway

was a proximate cause of the flooding of their house. Vien’s expert James McDill stated

in his report, “There is no denying that the installation of a 24” corrugated metal pipe

culvert, combined with the existing driveway, created an obstruction which allowed

floodwaters into the DEL BUONO HOUSE in March of 2007.” He further opined that, if

the elevated driveway did not obstruct the ditch running along Greathouse Road,

“there is a more than reasonable chance that these floodwaters from this particular

storm would have also backed up into the DEL BUONO HOUSE.” During cross-

examination, McDill agreed that “the driveway is the culprit here, not the culvert.” He

also testified that the driveway and culvert “were the conditions that created allowance

of the flood waters into the Del Buono house.”

       The experts agreed that the elevated driveway caused the Del Buonos’ home to

flood. This evidence is such as “would enable reasonable and fair-minded people“ to

reject the defensive theory that the flooding was caused “directly and exclusively [by]

natural causes, without human intervention.” See Macedonia Baptist Church v. Gibson,

833 S.W.2d 557, 560 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992, writ denied) (emphasis added).

       The only contradictory evidence Vien refers to is the unusual severity of flooding

experienced by Ellis County during this storm. The county was declared a disaster area


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                 Page 12
by the governor, and that precinct was purportedly “the hardest hit.”6                                       While

acknowledging the unusual severity of the flooding, we cannot say that the court’s

implied rejection of the act of God theory is “so contrary to the overwhelming weight of

the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” See Byrd, 154 S.W.3d at 156-57. Thus,

we overrule Vien’s third issue.

                                       Failure to Mitigate Damages

        Vien argues in his fourth issue that the evidence is legally insufficient to support

the court’s implied rejection of his defensive theory that the Del Buonos failed to

mitigate their damages.7

        A plaintiff must mitigate his damages if he can do so with “trifling expense or

with reasonable exertions.” Gunn Infiniti, Inc. v. O’Byrne, 996 S.W.2d 854, 857 (Tex.

1999) (quoting Great Am. Ins. Co. v. N. Austin Mun. Util. Dist. No. 1, 908 S.W.2d 415, 426

(Tex. 1995)). The defendant bears the burden of proof on this issue and must show the

extent to which damages were increased by the failure to mitigate. Young v. Thota, 271

S.W.3d 822, 830 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied); see Alamo Cmty. Coll. Dist. v.

Miller, 274 S.W.3d 779, 788 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, no pet.).

        The court admitted two repair estimates tendered by the Del Buonos. The first

was prepared by Stanley Restoration in April 2007 and estimated total cost of repair and

restoration to be $37,200. Mary testified that this estimate was based on replacing the

6
        According to a newspaper report offered in evidence, the roads in that precinct were “the most
affected” by the heavy rains.
7
         Vien specifically contends that the evidence conclusively establishes that the Del Buonos failed to mitigate
their damages. This is a legal-insufficiency claim. See Hunter v. Ford Motor Co., 305 S.W.3d 202, 205 (Tex.
App.—Waco 2009, no pet.).


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                                           Page 13
lower two feet of sheetrock throughout the house in addition to flooring and other

necessary repairs. She also testified that they could not afford to pay for this, so they

instead pulled out the carpet and other flooring. Mark Del Buono testified that Mr.

Doyle from Stanley Restoration advised them not to remove the water-soaked

sheetrock. Rather, they were advised to keep air circulating through the house with

fans and spray the walls with bleach to minimize the chance of mold forming, and they

followed these recommendations. Mark likewise testified that they could not afford to

have the repairs done that were recommended by Stanly Restoration. Mark and Mary

both testified that they were concerned about their daughter’s asthma and did not want

to open up the walls by removing sheetrock because it might exacerbate her condition.

        Mold did form in the house, and the second estimate took this into account,

requiring the removal and replacement of all the sheetrock and other steps to remediate

the mold growth. The second estimate, prepared by Southland Construction Company

in January 2009, estimated total costs of restoration and remediation to be $83,700.

        Vien argued at trial and contends on appeal that the Del Buonos should have

mitigated their damages by removing the water-soaked sheetrock.8

        From the evidence, “reasonable and fair-minded people“ could have found that:

(1) the Del Buonos could not afford to have the sheetrock removed as Vien contends

they should have; (2) they reasonably followed Mr. Doyle’s advice in this regard; (3)

they were not equipped to remove the sheetrock themselves; and (4) removal of the


8
        Vien also suggests that the Del Buonos’ failure to inform him of their intentions regarding the
repair of their home and their failure to purchase flood insurance are relevant to this issue. However, he
does not direct us to any legal authorities to support this contention, and our research has disclosed none.


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                                   Page 14
sheetrock would have required more than mere “trifling expense” or “reasonable

exertions.” See Gunn Infiniti, 996 S.W.2d at 857; Mondragon v. Austin, 945 S.W.2d 191,

195 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, no pet.). Thus, the evidence is legally sufficient to support

the court’s implied rejection of the defensive theory that the Del Buonos failed to

mitigate their damages.

       Vien argues in his brief that he is entitled to rendition of judgment on this issue,

because the evidence (as he views it) conclusively establishes that the Del Buonos failed

to mitigate their damages.     We have rejected this contention.       He argues in the

alternative that the case should be reversed and remanded “for a proper determination

of damages taking into account the Del Buonos’ failure to mitigate.” This alternative

request depends on an affirmative finding that the Del Buonos failed to mitigate their

damages.     We have determined, however, that the evidence supports the court’s

implied rejection of Vien’s contention that they failed to mitigate. Thus, Vien is not

entitled to reversal and remand for a new damages hearing.

       Accordingly, we overrule his fourth issue.

                              Proper Measure of Damages

       Vien contends in his fifth issue that the court failed to use the proper measure of

damages with regard to the court’s award of $12,500 for the contents of the home.

Although Vien contends that the court used the wrong measure of damages, his

contention really is that the Del Buonos “did not submit evidence at trial of the loss in

market value of their furniture.”




Vien v. Del Buono                                                                   Page 15
         Vien suggests that the proper measure of damages is the diminution in market

value.     However, a different measure applies for household furniture and other

contents which have no recognized market value.

         The law of damages distinguishes between marketable chattels possessed
         for purposes of sale and chattels possessed for the comfort and well-being
         of their owner. In the instance of the former it judges their value by the
         market price. In the instance of the latter it measures their loss, not by
         their value in a secondhand market, but by the value of their use to the
         owner who suffers from their deprivation. The latter measure is
         employed in the case of household furniture, family records, wearing
         apparel, personal effects, and family portraits.

Allstate Ins. Co. v. Chance, 590 S.W.2d 703, 703 (Tex. 1979) (per curiam) (quoting Crisp v.

Sec. Nat’l Ins. Co., 369 S.W.2d 326, 329 (Tex. 1963)); see Gulf State Utils. Co. v. Low, 79

S.W.3d 561, 566 (Tex. 2002); Burns v. Rochon, 190 S.W.3d 263, 270 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). More succinctly, “[t]he measure of damages for the destruction

of such items is the ‘actual worth or value of the articles to the owner for use in the

condition in which they were at the time of [the injury] excluding any fanciful or

sentimental considerations.’” Gulf State Utils., 79 S.W.3d at 566 (quoting Crisp, 369

S.W.2d at 328).

         “It is well settled that a property owner may opine about the property’s value.”

Id.; Burns, 190 S.W.3d at 270-71. “[T]he trier of fact may consider, in determining the

actual value to the owner at time of loss, the original cost, cost of replacement, opinions

of qualified witnesses, including the owner, the use to which the property was put, as

well as any other reasonably relevant facts.” Gulf State Utils., 79 S.W.3d at 566 (quoting

Allstate Ins. Co., 590 S.W.2d at 704). “[T]he jury has discretion to award damages within



Vien v. Del Buono                                                                     Page 16
the range of evidence presented at trial.” Id. (citing Price Pfister, Inc. v. Moore & Kimmey,

Inc., 48 S.W.3d 341, 352 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied)).

         The Del Buonos testified and presented documentary evidence that the value of

the household contents that were permanently damaged by the floodwaters was

approximately $26,000.9            Vien is correct that they referred to these valuations

inconsistently as either market value or replacement cost. Vien cross-examined them

about the basis for their valuations, but he presented no evidence suggesting a different

value.

         The court’s award of $12,500 in damages for household contents was “within the

range of evidence presented at trial.” Id. ; see Burns, 190 S.W.3d at 270-71; Hironymous v.

Allison, 893 S.W.2d 578, 582-83 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1994, writ denied).

Accordingly, we overrule Vien’s fifth issue.

                                              Contribution

         Vien claims in his sixth issue that the court erred by concluding that he is not

entitled to “contribution and/or indemnity from the Freemans.”10



9
         Plaintiffs’ Exhibit No. 8 is an itemized list of the household contents divided by room with
subtotals included for the damaged items in each room (and a barn on the property). According to our
calculations, the total loss indicated (including the contents of the barn) is $25,917.54. Mary testified that
the total loss was $25,931.65.

10
        The terms contribution and indemnity are often used interchangeably, but they do not mean the
same thing. See George C. Hanks, Jr., Contribution and Indemnity after HB 4, 67 TEX. B.J. 288, 289 (2004).
Contribution refers to the payment by each tortfeasor of his proportionate share of the plaintiff’s
damages. See Gus M. Hodges, Contribution and Indemnity Among Tortfeasors, 26 TEX. L. REV. 150, 150
(1947). Conversely, indemnity refers to the “shifting [of] the entire burden of loss from one tortfeasor to
another.” B & B Auto Supply, Sand Pit & Trucking Co. v. Cent. Freight Lines, Inc., 603 S.W.2d 814, 816 (Tex.
1980). Because of Texas’s proportionate responsibility statutes, “the common law right of indemnity is no
longer available between joint tortfeasors in negligence cases.” Id. at 817.



Vien v. Del Buono                                                                                     Page 17
        The judgment decrees that Vien and the Freemans are jointly and severally liable

for the Del Buonos’ damages.11 The judgment denied Vien’s cross-claim against the

Freemans for contribution. In Finding of Fact No. 1, the court similarly found them

jointly and severally liable and that Vien is not entitled to contribution. In Finding of

Fact No. 16, the court found that Vien is not entitled to contribution because he “was

aware of the flooding problem caused by the road constructed by Defendant Freeman

prior to the purchase from Defendants Freeman.”

          Vien cites section 33.016 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code as the basis

for relief. Section 33.016 applies to claims against a “contribution defendant,” which is a

defendant “from whom the claimant seeks no relief at the time of submission.” See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.016 (Vernon 2008). Here, however, the Del Buonos

sought relief against both the Freemans and Vien, and the court found them both liable.

Thus, section 33.016 does not apply.

        Instead, section 33.015 governs contribution as between defendants who are

parties to the judgment. Id. § 33.015 (Vernon 2008). A defendant’s right of contribution

is based on the respective percentage of responsibility assigned to each party.                          Id.

However, Vien did not seek a finding on the respective percentages of responsibility for

each party. Vien’s failure to seek such a finding results in a waiver of any error in the

11
         Other than an intentional tortfeasor whose conduct violates one of fourteen penal statutes listed
in section 33.013(b)(2), a defendant may be found jointly and severally liable only if his percentage of
responsibility is found to be greater than fifty percent. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.013(b)
(Vernon 2008). Under this general principle of joint and several liability, it is mathematically possible for
only one defendant to be jointly and severally liable. See Bay Rock Operating Co. v. St. Paul Surplus Lines
Ins. Co., 298 S.W.3d 216, 233 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied). Thus, it was improper for the
court to find both Vien and the Freemans jointly and severally liable. However, the Freemans have not
perfected their own appeal.


Vien v. Del Buono                                                                                   Page 18
denial of his cross-claim for contribution. See Estate of Clifton v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 709

S.W.2d 636, 638-39 (Tex. 1986) (defendant not entitled to remand where it failed to

request additional deliberation for finding on co-defendant’s percentage of

responsibility); Kansas City S. Ry. v. Mo. Pac. R.R., No. 09-06-00255-CV, 2008 Tex. App.

LEXIS 5330, at *11-13 (Tex. App.—Beaumont July 17, 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(defendant failed to preserve its factual sufficiency complaints by failing to request

additional findings of fact). Accordingly, we overrule Vien’s sixth issue.

       Having overruled the issues presented, we affirm the judgment.



                                                         FELIPE REYNA
                                                         Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Reyna, and
       Justice Davis
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed December 15, 2010
[CV06]




Vien v. Del Buono                                                                     Page 19
