                                      RECORD IMPOUNDED

                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.




                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2635-18T3

S.S.,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

M.J.C.,

     Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________

                    Argued telephonically 1 March 18, 2020 –
                    Decided April 15, 2020

                    Before Judges Fuentes, Haas and Enright.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                    Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County,
                    Docket No. FV-02-0733-19.

                    Richard J. Williams, Jr. argued the cause for appellant
                    (Mc Elroy Deutsch Mulvaney & Carpenter, LLP,
                    attorneys; Richard J. Williams, Jr. and David T.
                    O'Sullivan, of counsel and on the brief).




1
     https://www.njcourts.gov/notices/2020/n200315a.pdf
              Robert A. Epstein argued the cause for respondent
              (Ziegler, Zemsky & Resnick, attorneys; Robert A.
              Epstein, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

        Defendant M.J.C.2 appeals from a February 4, 2019 final restraining order

(FRO) entered in favor of plaintiff S.S. pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic

Violence Act of 1991 (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. Defendant also

appeals from a February 28, 2019 order awarding plaintiff counsel fees. We

affirm both orders.

        The parties started dating in December 2014 and ended their relationship

in October 2016. Their son was born in May 2016. Due to the tumultuous nature

of the parties' relationship, plaintiff obtained two orders of protection against

defendant from a New York court. One issued in May 2016; the other issued in

October 2016.3 Subsequently, pursuant to a stipulation incorporated into a New

York court order dated August 28, 2017, the parties were directed to conduct

parenting time exchanges at their local police stations.




2
    We refer to the parties by initials to protect their privacy. R. 1:38-3(d)(12).
3
  Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the order from May 2016 before she applied
for another order of protection in October 2016.


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                                          2
      After plaintiff relocated to Edgewater in September 2017, exchanges

occurred at either the Edgewater Police Department or at a police station near

defendant's home in New York. On October 10, 2018, plaintiff's nanny met

defendant at the Edgewater Police Department to exchange the parties' son.

Purportedly, the child resisted the exchange. Contrary to the August 28, 2017

court order, defendant left the police station and walked with the nanny and his

son to a Dunkin' Donuts across the street from plaintiff's apartment complex,

ostensibly to facilitate the exchange of the child. At the FRO hearing, the nanny

testified that during the October 10 exchange, defendant told her, "if [plaintiff]

knows I'm here, she's going to . . . be upset." Plaintiff became aware of

defendant's deviation from the court order and testified at the FRO hearing that

this was the first time in more than a year that defendant was physically close to

her home and she "became terrified of that fact."

      On October 11, 2018, when the parties met for another parenting time

exchange at the Edgewater Police Department, plaintiff asked defendant to do

her a "favor" and not go near her apartment complex. He responded, "absolutely

not, absolutely not, please, please." He told plaintiff he would "walk wherever

[he] would like to." As plaintiff left the police station, carrying the parties' son,

defendant followed her and remarked that he "might go there right now," adding


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                                         3
"I'm going to go to Five Guys and I'm going to go to Dunkin' Donuts." Both

establishments were located next to plaintiff's apartment building. According

to plaintiff's testimony, defendant was smiling when he made his comments and

had a "sinister look on his face" as he started clapping loudly behind her .

Plaintiff testified, "I knew I had to keep it together because I had the baby in my

arms . . . but inside my knees were shaking." She recalled, "all his threats and

his past threats telling me that he was going to put me in a body bag, it just

started coming back to me and I knew that I was a walking target."

      This incident was captured on defendant's body camera. When the camera

footage was produced in discovery, plaintiff realized that although she thought

she heard defendant threaten to put her in a "body bag," no such threat was made.

Accordingly, she amended her complaint to withdraw any reference to this

alleged threat. But each iteration of plaintiff's complaint alleged that defendant

committed the predicate acts of harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, and terroristic

threats, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3.

      At the FRO hearing, in addition to the testimony plaintiff provided about

the October 11, 2018 incident, she testified about several prior acts of domestic

violence allegedly committed by defendant during the relationship. We need

not recite this portion of plaintiff's testimony in detail, but note the trial judge


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                                         4
remarked she "was shocked to see the level of the reported, and unreported

events." These events included defendant grabbing plaintiff by her hair, spitting

in her face, biting her hand, calling her vulgar names and threatening to bury her

if she did not use defendant's last name for the baby when he was born.

Defendant denied committing any acts of domestic violence.

      On February 4, 2019, following a six-day trial, the judge rendered a

thoughtful and comprehensive oral opinion, finding plaintiff met her burden for

the issuance of an FRO. 4 In the course of her decision, the judge reviewed the

parties' exhibits5 and testimony, as well as the testimony of a police officer,

plaintiff's nanny and defendant's brother.       The judge credited plaintiff's

testimony over that of the defendant before concluding defendant committed the

predicate acts of harassment and terroristic threats. Next, the judge properly

analyzed plaintiff's need for an FRO, guided by the factors set forth in Silver v.

Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112 (App. Div. 2006) and determined an FRO was


4
  The February 4, 2019 FRO was amended on February 8, 2019 to more fully
conform with the judge's oral opinion.
5
  We typically do not consider exhibits or other evidentiary material not part of
the trial court's record. Davis v. Devereux Found., 209 N.J. 269, 296 n.8 (2012).
See R. 2:5-4(a). There is no basis to deviate from our ordinary scope of review
here. Thus, we grant plaintiff's motion to strike Da101-09 from defendant's
appendix.


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                                        5
necessary to prevent further abuse. Further, the judge directed defendant to

undergo a risk assessment and continued the existing parenting time

arrangement pending the outcome of that assessment. Lastly, the judge awarded

plaintiff counsel fees, but deferred fixing the amount of the fee award.

      Defendant appealed from the February 4, 2019 FRO and filed an emergent

application before the trial court, seeking to stay the risk assessment and counsel

fee provisions of the FRO. The judge denied his emergent application, and fixed

plaintiff's fee award in the amount of $38,295.04, to be paid within thirty days.

      In April 2019, plaintiff moved to enforce her award of counsel fees. Her

application was granted, and she was awarded additional counsel fees totaling

$3060. Additionally, in April 2019, defendant filed a motion seeking a stay of

the trial court proceedings. We denied the stay.

      On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in finding he committed

any predicate act of domestic violence and that the judge abused her discretion

by finding plaintiff needed an FRO. Further, he contends any fee award must

be vacated because he committed no act of domestic violence. We are not

persuaded.

      Our review of a trial judge's fact-finding function is limited.    Cesare v.

Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). A judge's fact-finding is "binding on appeal


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                                        6
when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Id. at 411-12

(citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Investors Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)).

"Because of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family

matters, appellate courts should accord deference to family court factfinding."

Id. at 413. "Deference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely

testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" Id. at 412 (quoting In re

Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). This is so because the

judge has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses as they testify, thereby

developing a "'feel of the case' that can never be realized by a review of the cold

record." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. G.M., 198 N.J. 382, 396 (2009)

(quoting D.Y.F.S. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). A judge's purely legal

decisions, however, are subject to our plenary review. Crespo v. Crespo, 395

N.J. Super. 190, 194 (App. Div. 2007) (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.

Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).

      In adjudicating a domestic violence case, the trial judge has a "two-fold"

task. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. First, the judge must determine whether

the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the defendant

committed one of the predicate acts referenced in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a). Id. at

125-26. The judge must construe any such act against the parties' history to


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                                        7
"understand the totality of the circumstances of the relationship and to fully

evaluate the reasonableness of the victim's continued fear of the perpetrator."

Kanaszka v. Kunen, 313 N.J. Super. 600, 607 (App. Div. 1998); N.J.S.A. 2C:25-

29(a)(1). Second, if a predicate offense is proven, the judge must consider the

factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6) to determine whether a

restraining order is needed to protect the victim from further abuse. Silver, 387

N.J. Super. at 126-27; see also J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 475-76 (2011).

       Whether a restraining order should issue depends on the seriousness of the

predicate offense, "the previous history of domestic violence between the

plaintiff and defendant[,] including previous threats, harassment and physical

abuse," and "whether immediate danger to the person or property is present."

Corrente v. Corrente, 281 N.J. Super. 243, 248 (App. Div. l995) (citing N.J.S.A.

2C:25-29(a)). "[N]ot only may one sufficiently egregious action constitute

domestic violence . . . even with no history of abuse between the parties, but a

court may also determine that an ambiguous incident qualifies as prohibited

conduct, based on a finding of violence in the parties' past." Cesare, 154 N.J. at

402.

       Regarding the predicate acts set forth in plaintiff's most recent amended

complaint, we first address whether the trial court properly found defendant


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                                        8
harassed plaintiff. N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4 defines harassment, in relevant part, as

follows:

             [A] person commits a petty disorderly persons offense
             if, with purpose to harass another, he:

             a. Makes, or causes to be made, a communication or
             communications anonymously or at extremely
             inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse language,
             or any other manner likely to cause annoyance or alarm;
             [or]
                   ....

             c. Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or
             of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or
             seriously annoy such other person.


      Proof of a defendant's purpose to harass is an essential element of N.J.S.A.

2C:33-4. See L.D. v. W.D., 327 N.J. Super. 1, 5 (App. Div. 1999). "A person

acts purposely with respect to the nature of his conduct or a result thereof if it is

his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a

result." State v. Hoffman, 149 N.J. 564, 577 (1997) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:2-

2(b)(1)). "A finding of a purpose to harass may be inferred from the evidence

presented[,]" and "[c]ommon sense and experience may inform that

determination." Ibid. "Prior conduct and statements may be relevant to and

support an inference of purpose." State v. Castagna, 387 N.J. Super. 598, 606

(2006) (citing to Cesare, 154 N.J. at 414). Guided by these principles, we are

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                                         9
satisfied there is ample credible evidence in the record to support the trial judge's

findings that defendant committed the predicate act of harassment and that a

restraining order was needed to protect plaintiff from further abuse.

      We are not persuaded, however, that defendant committed the predicate

act of terroristic threats. A person commits the act of terroristic threats

             if that person threatens to commit any crime of violence
             with the purpose to terrorize another or . . . threatens to
             kill another with the purpose to put [that other person]
             in imminent fear of death under circumstances
             reasonably causing the victim to believe the immediacy
             of the threat and the likelihood that it will be carried
             out.

             [N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3.]

      Proof of terroristic threats must be assessed by an objective standard.

State v. Smith, 262 N.J. Super. 487, 515 (App. Div. 1993). "The pertinent

requirements are whether: (1) the defendant in fact threatened the plaintiff; (2)

the defendant intended to so threaten the plaintiff; and (3) a reasonable person

would have believed the threat." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 402. Here, we are not

satisfied defendant's actions met these requirements and qualified as terroristic

threats. But plaintiff needed only to prove that one predicate act set forth in

N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a) occurred. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. In other words,




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                                        10
a single act is sufficient. Cesare, 154 N.J. at 402. As plaintiff met her burden

in establishing the predicate act of harassment, we affirm the FRO.

      Lastly, we perceive no basis to disturb plaintiff's counsel fee award.

Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(b)(4), a judge may issue "[a]n order requiring the

defendant to pay to the victim monetary compensation for losses suffered as a

direct result of the act of domestic violence," which includes "an award of

reasonable attorney's fees and costs incurred in successfully defending against a

challenge to a final restraining order issued by the trial court." Grandovic v.

Labrie, 348 N.J. Super. 193, 197 (App. Div. 2002).

      Here, defendant does not address the reasonableness of the counsel fee

award. He simply argues, "[b]ecause the entry of the FRO must be vacated for

lack of a predicate act of domestic violence, so too must the fee award." As

defendant's argument is solely premised on the mistaken claim that the trial

judge erroneously granted the FRO, we perceive no basis to disturb the award

of counsel fees. To the extent we have not addressed defendant's remaining

arguments, we find they are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a

written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.




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