Filed 9/26/14 In re I.M. CA2/2
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.


              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO


In re I.M. et al., Persons Coming Under                                   B252547
Juvenile Court Law.
_____________________________________                                     (Los Angeles County
                                                                           Super. Ct. No. CK67049)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

V.H.,

         Defendant and Appellant.




         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Carlos E.
Vasquez, Judge. Affirmed.
         Merrill Lee Toole, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel,
and Timothy M. O’Crowley, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.


                           ________________________________________
       V.H. (Mother), the mother of I.M., Es.B., Esh.B. and A.B. appeals from an order
sustaining a Welfare and Institutions Code1 section 300 petition and declaring the
children dependents of the juvenile court. Mother claims the jurisdictional findings are
not supported by sufficient evidence that there is a current substantial risk of harm to the
children. We affirm.
                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       On June 27, 2013, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family
Services (Department) filed a section 300 petition on behalf of I.M. (age 17), Es.B (age
10), Esh.B. (age nine), and A.B. (age eight). N.B. (Father), who is the father of Es.B.,
Esh.B. and A.B., is not a party to this appeal. I.M.’s father is O.M., whose whereabouts
are unknown, is also not a party to this appeal.
       As sustained, the petition alleged that Mother and her male companion, Father,
have a history of engaging in violent altercations. On June 23, 2013, in I.M.’s presence,
Father choked Mother causing her to have difficulty breathing. Mother struck Father
with her hands inflicting marks to Father’s arm and neck. Father pushed Mother. Father
was arrested for domestic violence and child endangerment. Father’s violent conduct
against Mother endangered the children’s physical health and safety and placed them at
risk of physical harm.
       The detention report stated that the children resided with Mother and an adult
sister. On June 23, 2013, a child abuse referral was generated alleging emotional abuse
from domestic violence in the home. The report stated that Father and Mother were
arguing when the incident became physical. Father grabbed Mother with both hands
around her neck, lifted her off the floor and walked down the hallway.
       I.M. and Esh.B. witnessed the incident. I.M. told the social worker he came out of
his room when he heard noise from Mother and his stepfather. I.M. saw Father with two
hands around Mother’s neck and when Father noticed him, he let go of Mother’s neck.



1     All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise indicated.
                                              2
       Esh.B. stated he looked out into the hallway and saw Father and Mother were
physically fighting. Esh.B. said he did not see Father choking Mother but observed them
striking one another. When asked how it made him feel, Esh.B. told the social worker he
did not feel anything watching his parents and just went back into his room because he is
accustomed to his parents fighting. The children stated they did not want Father to hurt
their Mother. The children stated this was not the first time that Mother and Father have
been involved in incidents of domestic violence.
       Mother also indicated that this was not the first domestic violence incident in the
home. Mother stated Father was arrested in 2007 for domestic violence. According to
Mother, “once Father completed his classes things were good for a long time.” Mother
reported that there had been more domestic violent incidents through the years; however,
she had not phoned the police during those incidents.
       Mother said the current incident was the most severe and caused her to fear for her
life. The incident began while Father was on “You Tube” reading about divorces.
Mother said she was asking Father questions and he put earplugs in his ears to listen to
music. Father would not listen to her, so she snatched the earplugs from his ears. Mother
reported that this was something she did all the time. This time Father stood up and was
very upset; and they started to argue. Mother said she may have provoked Father, but she
did not feel that it was serious enough for Father to choke her with both hands, lift her
from the floor and walk down the hall.
       Father has a criminal history and was incarcerated at the time the detention report
was written. The social worker interviewed Father on June 24, 2013, at the Pomona
Police Department. Father denied choking Mother and stated “that Mother told his
stepson to say Father choked Mother.” When Father was told that more than one child
witnessed the incident, Father said that he may have shoved Mother, but he did not choke
her. Father said he and Mother were getting divorced, and he would not return to the
family home. Father indicated that, when he was a child, he and his brother were in
foster care in New York. He stated that the social worker had his permission to detain the
children from his custody and release them to Mother. Father did not want the children

                                             3
to be separated from Mother. He stated that once he was released from jail he would not
return to the family home.
       Department reported that the family had five prior referrals and investigations for
allegations of emotional abuse and general neglect. The family had a voluntary family
maintenance agreement in May 2004 after an emotional abuse allegation was
substantiated against Father. A February 7, 2007 referral for physical abuse by Father
was closed as unfounded. A February 8, 2007 referral for emotional abuse and general
neglect by Mother was closed as unfounded. On February 13, 2007, the family had a
referral for emotional abuse and general neglect by Father and Mother. The referral was
closed as unfounded for emotional abuse but substantiated for general neglect and sibling
risk as to Father. The allegations against Mother were closed as unfounded. On
March 4, 2009, the family had a referral for emotional abuse by Mother, which was
closed as inconclusive.
       The children all indicated that they were happy in their home and did not want to
be separated from their Mother. Mother indicated that she was able to protect the
children and was not allowing Father to return to the home. On June 25, 2013, Mother
obtained a restraining order to protect her and the children.
       The social worker assessed the children as being at a high risk for future abuse or
neglect because of the current incident and previous investigations. Department
recommended mental health and developmental assessments for the children to
coordinate/provide treatment and/or services for the children. Department further
recommended that the children be detained from their fathers and remain with Mother.
       Department attached a copy of the Pomona Police Department report documenting
Father’s arrest on June 23, 2013, for domestic violence (Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (e)(1))
and child endangerment (Pen. Code, § 273a subd. (b)). Mother told the arresting officers
that she and Father had been married since 2005 and had three children together. The
officers reported there were no prior domestic incidents. Mother and Father did not show
any signs of being under the influence of alcohol. Mother told police officers that Father
choked her after she got into a verbal argument with him about a divorce. Father became

                                             4
angry and put his hands around her neck and began to choke her with enough force that
she could not breathe. As Father was choking her, he was carrying her across the
hallway. One of the children,2 who was listed in the police report as the second victim,
came out and saw Father choking Mother. Father then released Mother and went outside
the home to smoke a cigarette. Mother then called police and locked the door.
       The second victim told police officers that he was sleeping in his bedroom. He
overheard an argument between Mother and his stepfather. As he walked out of his
bedroom, he saw Father choking Mother with both hands around her neck. Once Father
saw the child, Father stopped choking Mother and went out the front door.
       Father told police officers that he was upstairs watching “You Tube” videos about
divorce when Mother kept interrupting him. The two became involved in a verbal
argument. He attempted to avoid the argument by putting headphones on and listening to
music. He went downstairs but Mother followed him, pulled the headphones off Father’s
ears, which caused his eyeglasses to fall off his face and break. Father then walked
upstairs and put the headphones back in his ears, which angered Mother. Mother
followed him upstairs and began assaulting him. Father said Mother cut him in the neck
and arm with her hands. Father then went downstairs and outside to smoke a cigarette.
Mother locked the door on him. Father said he did not see the child during the incident.
Father overheard Mother telling the child to lie and say that he saw Father choking
Mother so that she did not have to go to jail.
       The police report indicates that Father had a four-inch scrape on his inner right
bicep and two cuts on the left side of his neck. Mother did not have any visible injuries.
       Mother and children could not attend the initial detention hearing on
June 27, 2013. At that time, the juvenile court made emergency findings, removing the
children from Father’s custody. At the continued detention hearing on the following day,
the court found a prima facie case for detaining Father’s children from his custody.
Father was given monitored visits with his children after contact with Department. The


2      The child was not identified by name in the police report.
                                                 5
children remained released to Mother with family maintenance services. Mother’s
counsel advised the court that Mother was allowing the temporary restraining order to
expire.
          The jurisdiction/disposition report stated Father was released from custody on
June 25, 2013. Mother reported she attended a mediation hearing through the criminal
courts as to Father. Mother learned that the court initiated a three-year permanent
restraining order prohibiting Father from having contact with her or the children.
          I.M. told the dependency investigator that the domestic violence incident occurred
early in the morning when he was awakened by Mother and Father’s arguing. As he
walked out of his bedroom, I.M. heard Mother tell Father to “‘get out.’” I.M. then saw
Father grab Mother by the neck. I.M. said, “‘I was like what the heck? [Mother] called
the police. This is the first time I saw this. They would argue sometimes. He’s never
done anything to me and I wouldn’t defend him. I really don’t see him as a threat to
me.’”
          The younger children were very shy and did not communicate very much.
However, they indicated that they were very happy in the home and did not have any
problems. They reported feeling safe in the home. I.M. said that they did not need a
social worker because they were safe.
          The investigator noted the emergency response social worker said that I.M. and
Esh.B. had both witnessed the incident. Both children also reported that this was not the
first time that Mother and Father had been involved in incidents of domestic violence.
          Mother was interviewed by the dependency investigator on August 12, 2013.
Mother said that Father and she did not have a history of domestic violence. She stated
that there had been two incidents in which police were involved. The first incident
occurred in 2004 when they first lived together. Mother was pregnant and had an infant.
There were some financial issues. She said it was stressful for both of them. At that
time, Father took a domestic violence class from which he appeared to have benefitted.
Father changed his behavior and they worked through the issue. Mother denied that there
were any more incidents or problems until the June 2013 incident.

                                               6
        Mother said they were already contemplating a divorce when the June 2013
incident occurred. They had returned home from an Islamic Mosque event when Mother
wanted to talk to Father about the divorce. Mother said that, after Father put the
earphones on, she pulled them from his ears, which is something she had done in the past.
However, this time they began to argue. He became upset and grabbed her by the neck.
Mother denied hitting Father but reacted by grabbing his hands to remove them from her
neck.
        Mother said she remembered the rage and emotion in Father’s eyes. They had
been having problems and there was a lot of tension. Mother was tired of his infidelity
and his failure to provide financial support for the family. Mother called I.M. to be a
witness because she thought Father would have lied to the police and would have denied
choking her. Mother said she wanted to be clear that the other children did not witness
“‘the two incidents we have had’” and were never exposed to it.
        The dependency investigator noted that Father had not made himself available for
a statement and has had no further contact with Department.
        Mother reported that she is an Air Force veteran and currently is a nursing student.
Father and Mother had been together for 12 years. Mother said she has had two
marriages through the Islamic faith including an eight-year marriage to Father. Neither
of the Islamic faith marriages was legally documented.
        The dependency investigator noted that Mother is employed and attending school;
Mother had provided a stable home for the children; and she had family and church
support. Mother indicated that she had the situation under control and felt that she was
protective of the children. Mother reported that she was complying with the criminal
protective order by not allowing Father to have any contact with her or the children.
Mother said she had no further desire for a relationship with Father and he will not reside
in the family home.
        Mother wanted the dependency case terminated because she felt there was no need
for dependency proceedings. Mother stated she would not risk having the children
removed from her care by violating the protective order. She was adamant about not

                                              7
having Department or court intervention and refused voluntary services. Mother believed
she had acted responsibly by calling the police and complying with the criminal
protective order.
       The dependency investigator reported that I.M. had received a citation for petty
theft and failed to appear for his hearing. Mother denied knowing that there was a
delinquency hearing on July 30, 2013. A second court date was set for August 9, 2013.
The social worker notified Mother of the hearing. However, neither Mother nor I.M.
appeared at the hearing. Mother called the courtroom and said she had car trouble.
Mother requested to attend the hearing by telephone, which could not be accommodated.
The hearing was rescheduled for September 20, 2013.
       The assessment of the dependency investigator was that the children were safe in
Mother’s home. However, there was some concern regarding the domestic violence
between the parents. Although Mother stated she was no longer in a relationship with
Father, the social worker opined that the family needed counseling services. The children
were aware of the domestic violence and had been exposed to it. Mother had been
involved with domestic violence on more than one occasion with Father.
       Department recommended that the children be declared dependents of the juvenile
court and remain placed with Mother. Department also recommended family
maintenance serves for Mother and family reunification services for Father. Department
requested the court order Mother to participate in individual counseling to address
domestic violence as a victim and order Father to complete domestic violence classes,
parenting education, and comply with the criminal protective order.
       In a last minute information for the court, Department reported that Father was
convicted of domestic battery (Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (e)) on June 25, 2013. Father was
ordered to complete a 52-week domestic violence treatment program, pay a $720
restitution fine, and comply with a protective order.
       The jurisdiction/disposition hearing was continued to October 24, 2013, because
Father’s residence was unknown. Mother’s counsel advised the court that Father was
homeless.

                                             8
       At the continued hearing, the juvenile court admitted the detention report, the
jurisdiction/disposition report and the last minute information. No other evidence was
admitted. Mother requested the court dismiss the petition because: she was no longer
living with Father; there was a three-year criminal protective order in place; the children
had not seen Father; and Mother had no intention of having contact with Father. The
children’s counsel joined in Mother’s request for dismissal.
       Department argued that Mother’s and children’s arguments were more suited to
disposition than jurisdiction. Department’s counsel asserted that the evidence showed
domestic violence in the home. The first incident occurred in 2004. Counsel noted that
I.M. said he heard Mother and Father argue many times but it was the first time there was
a physical altercation. The physical altercation was “pretty egregious” in that Father
choked Mother with enough force that she could not breathe. I.M. witnessed the choking
incident. Counsel argued the case should be open so that Mother could have counseling
as a victim of domestic violence and the children could avail themselves of counseling
services.
       The juvenile court stated: “Based upon the evidence that has been presented and
the arguments of counsel, the court does believe that the Department . . . makes some
very valid points in this case. The court’s concerns are the fact that this was ongoing, this
domestic violence went on for a lengthy period of time even by Mother’s own account.
There were several incidents in 2004, and there was this incident in 2013. [¶] In the
detention report . . . the children stated that this was not the first time that the Mother and
Father have been involved in incidents of domestic violence.”
       The juvenile court found that Department proved by a preponderance of the
evidence that the allegations of the petition were true. The court sustained the petition
under section 300, subdivision (b) and dismissed a count under subdivision (a).
       The juvenile court then allowed comments on disposition. Department asserted
Mother should have domestic violence counseling and the children be assessed for
counseling. Mother objected to having individual counseling for “one incident” and
because the incident in 2004 was nine years ago.

                                               9
       The juvenile court found that individual counseling for Mother was appropriate
given the case issues. The court stated: “I have to say, [Mother], as I have sat here and
watched your reactions to what is going on here, I am really troubled because I just think
that you don’t—you just don’t see the seriousness of the situation that you expose your
children to. [¶] Domestic violence in the home to a child is very traumatic, and I think in
this case that there is a need for your children to be assessed for counseling because of
the effects that that ongoing violence may have had. Now, as far as I know, there were
the three incidents that were mentioned in the reports . . . .”
       Mother then queried, “Three?”
       The court responded that domestic violence did not always or typically occur in
“just an isolated incident.” The court explained: “So what I see before me is a lengthy
period of time where there was domestic violence in the home, and I think that a positive
first step for you is to accept that this is a serious issue. And the court is looking at this as
a serious issue, and you need to accept that.” Mother responded that she did take the
issues seriously and that her situation is not one of “ongoing domestic violence” given
that she acted appropriately. The court replied that Mother might “have another
relationship in the future.”
       The court ordered the children placed in Mother’s custody. Mother was ordered to
participate in individual counseling to address domestic violence. The court ordered
assessments for counseling for all the children. The court denied family reunification
services for Father and O.M. pursuant to section 361.5, subdivision (b)(1). Mother filed a
timely appeal.
                                        DISCUSSION
       Mother claims that the juvenile court should not have exercised its jurisdiction
under section 300, subdivision (b), because there was insufficient evidence that the
children suffered or will suffer serious physical harm as a result of the parent’s willful or
negligent failure to adequately supervise or protect them. Section 300, subdivision (b)
permits the juvenile court to adjudicate a child as a dependent when “[t]he child has
suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or

                                               10
illness, as a result of the failure or inability of his or her parent or guardian to adequately
supervise or protect the child, or the willful or negligent failure of the child’s parent or
guardian to adequately supervise or protect the child from the conduct of the custodian
with whom the child has been left, or by the willful or negligent failure of the parent or
guardian to provide the child with adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical treatment,
or by the inability of the parent or guardian to provide regular care for the child due to the
parent’s or guardian’s mental illness, developmental disability, or substance abuse.”
       The primary purpose of dependency statutes is to protect children by safeguarding
their physical and emotional well-being. (§ 300.2; In re Nolan W. (2009) 45 Cal.4th
1217, 1228; T.W. v. Superior Court (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 30, 42-43.) Section 300.2
states: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the purpose of the provisions of this
chapter relating to dependent children is to provide maximum safety and protection for
children who are currently being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused, being
neglected, or being exploited, and to ensure the safety, protection, and physical and
emotional well-being of children who are at risk of that harm. This safety, protection,
and physical and emotional well-being may include provision of a full array of social and
health services to help the child and family and to prevent reabuse of children. The focus
shall be on the preservation of the family as well as the safety, protection, and physical
and emotional well-being of the child. . . .”
       We review the juvenile court’s jurisdictional and dispositional findings to
determine if they are supported by substantial evidence. (In re Mariah T. (2008) 159
Cal.App.4th 428, 438; In re P.A. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1344.) “We do not pass
on the credibility of witnesses, attempt to resolve conflicts in the evidence or weigh the
evidence. Rather, we draw all reasonable inferences in support of the findings, view the
record favorably to the juvenile court’s order and affirm the order even if other evidence
supports a contrary finding.” (In re James R., Jr. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 129, 135; see
also In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 52-53.)
       Citing her actions after the June 23, 2013 domestic violence incident, Mother
claims jurisdiction was inappropriate because there was no risk to the children at the time

                                                11
of the hearing. (See Maggie S. v. Superior Court (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 662, 672-674.)
Relying on In re John M. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 410, 419 Mother claims there was no
evidence of “ongoing” domestic violence in her home to support jurisdiction.
       While Mother’s conduct in addressing the case issues is commendable, we
disagree with her that the evidence is insufficient to support the juvenile court’s findings.
Section 300, subdivisions (b) supports jurisdiction in cases such as this when a child is
exposed to a parent’s domestic violence. (In re Giovanni F. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 594,
598-599; In re Daisy H. (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 713, 717; In re Heather A. (1996) 52
Cal.App.4th 183, 193-194.)
       The record shows that Mother and Father engaged in a physical altercation on
June 2013. Mother admitted that they began arguing about a divorce in the early morning
of June 23, 2013. When Father put on earphones apparently so he could not hear Mother,
she snatched them from his ears. There was evidence that Father then went downstairs
and placed the earphones on his ears but Mother followed him and snatched the
earphones again. Father said that, when Mother snatched the earphones from his ears,
she caused his eyeglasses to fall to the floor breaking them. Father then proceeded to
choke Mother with both hands. Father carried Mother through the hallway as he choked
her to the point that she could not breathe. Mother said she called I.M. from his bedroom
to witness the choking incident. I.M. reported that he had been awakened by the
argument between Mother and Father. Esh.B. reported that he heard the argument and
came into the hallway. Although he did not see Father choking mother, he saw his
parents hitting each other. He did not feel anything when he saw them because he was
accustomed to seeing them fight.
       Moreover, Mother’s actions during the hearing indicated that she was in denial
about the seriousness of the affect of domestic violence on the children. Rather than
acknowledging the risk that the long-term domestic violence might pose to her children,
Mother was hesitant to cooperate in the process of assessing the children. Mother was
also hesitant to cooperate with individual counseling to deal with her own domestic
violence issues which had brought the family to the court’s attention. Mother’s denial

                                             12
that there were unresolved case-related issues was a sufficient basis to assess the risk of
detriment to her children. (In re A.J. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1095, 1104-1106.) Both
Mother and the children reported that this was not the first incident of domestic violence
between Mother and Father. Mother reported that Father was arrested for domestic
violence in 2007. In addition, Mother told the social worker that things were better for a
long time after Father completed domestic violence classes. However, Mother also told
the social worker that there were many unreported incidents of domestic violence over
the years. At the jurisdiction/disposition hearing and on appeal, Mother maintained that
there were only two documented incidents of domestic violence during the couple’s
relationships. However, as she concedes in the reply brief, there were actually three
incidents in 2004, 2007, and 2013. The 2004 incident involved a voluntary family
maintenance agreement. The 2007 incident involved Father’s arrest for domestic
violence. Furthermore, the record shows that Mother admitted there were ongoing
incidents of domestic violence between the couple, which were not reported to
authorities.
       Under the circumstances, the juvenile court had sufficient evidence to find the
children were at risk within the meaning of section 300, subdivision (b). The juvenile
court’s orders directing assessments for counseling for the children and participation by
Mother in individual counseling to address domestic violence are supported by
substantial evidence.
       Mother also claims that jurisdiction over I.M. is no longer warranted because he
turned 18 in November 2013 and any counseling issues for him could be addressed in his
delinquency case. Jurisdiction over I.M. was appropriate because at the time of the
hearing he was only 17 years old. (§ 303, subd. (a); In re Shannon M. (2013) 221
Cal.App.4th 282, 292; In re D.R. (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 480, 486.) While the juvenile
court may not initiate jurisdiction over a person who has attained the age of 18, the court
has discretion to retain jurisdiction of the dependent child until the age of 21. (In re D.R.,
supra, at p. 486; In re Robert L. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 789, 793.) Furthermore, Mother
did not raise the issue of I.M.’s delinquency case in the court below. In any event, there

                                             13
was no evidence that the delinquency court would address or consider the parents’
domestic violence issues in the proceedings of I.M.’s petty theft case.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The juvenile court’s orders are affirmed.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.


                                                 _____________________, J. *
                                                          FERNS
We concur:




_______________________, Acting P. J.         ________________________, J.
     ASHMANN-GERST                                       CHAVEZ




*       Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
                                            14
