                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 18-1981
                             Filed February 20, 2019


IN THE INTEREST OF Z.P., R.M., J.M., and I.M.,
Minor Children,

R.M., Father,
       Appellant,

T.P., Mother,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Colin J. Witt, District

Associate Judge.



      A mother and a father separately appeal from the termination of their

parental rights to four children. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.



      Randall L. Jackson, Des Moines, for appellant father.

      Yvonne C. Naanep, Des Moines, for appellant mother.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Meredith Lamberti, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

      Nicole Garbis Nolan of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor children.



      Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Tabor and Bower, JJ.
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POTTERFIELD, Presiding Judge.

       A mother and a father separately appeal from the termination of their

parental rights to four children: Z.P., born March 2013; R.M., born May 2014; J.M.,

born April 2015; and I.M. born March 2016. The court terminated the mother’s

parental rights pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(b), (e), and (g) (2018).

The mother asserts termination of the father’s rights was improper and argues

termination of both parents’ rights is not in the children’s best interests. With

respect to the father, the court found termination was proper under section

232.116(1)(g). The father contends grounds for termination do not exist, he should

be granted a six-month extension, and his close bond with the children should

prevent the termination of his parental rights. We affirm on both appeals.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       The children came to the attention of the department of human services

(DHS) in April 20151 because J.M. was born prematurely and tested positive for

THC at birth.2 At the time of J.M.’s birth, the family was homeless, neither parent

was working, and the paternal grandmother was assisting with transportation.

Z.P.’s twin, X.P., was residing at Child Serve due to his medically-fragile condition

and the parents’ inability to care for him. DHS offered the family services.

       On July 21, 2015, a child-in-need-of-assistance (CINA) adjudication and

dispositional order was entered concerning Z.P., R.M., and J.M. In a July 10, 2015

report to the juvenile court, DHS social worker, Pam Battle, noted both parents had

substance-abuse evaluations; the mother was found to have a severe cannabis


1
  We note an earlier referral was made to DHS in 2014, which we discern relates to Z.P.’s
twin, X.P.
2
  Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main active ingredient of cannabis.
                                        3


use disorder and the father a mild cannabis disorder. Both had tested positive for

THC. It was recommended that both undergo treatment. At the time of the report,

the family had found housing, employment, and transportation. The children had

been admitted to a daycare. A family safety, risk, and permanency (FSRP) worker

was visiting the family twice per week. The juvenile court found the children were

CINA and ordered the children remain in the parents’ care and services continue.

      X.P. had also been adjudicated CINA. An August 18, 2015 FSRP service

plan noted there was no bond between X.P. and the parents. The service plan

also noted the parents needed to address their substance-abuse issues, engage

in mental-health therapy, and “shall not make up excuses about following DHS

recommendation[s] and what the court has ordered of them.”

      On August 31, the State sought to remove the three children from the

parents’ custody. The motion to modify placement asserted: “The parents have

not complied with substance abuse treatment, both parents continue to test

positive for THC while being the sole caretakers of the children, the most recent

positives being 8/18/2015 and 8/20/2015, and the mother has not informed the

DHS of the status of her mental health evaluation.”

      On September 2, the court ordered temporary custody of the children be

placed with the paternal grandmother, under DHS supervision.

      Social Worker Battle’s September 28, 2015 report to the court noted that

both parents continued to test positive for THC. Both parents had completed a

substance-abuse evaluation, but neither had followed through with recommended

treatment. The father was unemployed. The parents were in temporary housing.

DHS had provided them with an application for subsidized housing.             The
                                          4


grandmother and the children were living in temporary housing (an extended-stay

motel) awaiting a new apartment.

       On October 20, the juvenile court issued a CINA review ruling in which it

expressed concern for the current relative placement. The court noted that if more

suitable housing was not found quickly, family foster care “may need to be sought.”

The parents were informed they needed to cooperate with substance-abuse

testing and treatment. On October 28, the juvenile court placed the children in

family foster care due to the “instability of their current placement.”

       On November 22, 2015, the juvenile court terminated the parents’ parental

rights to X.P., to which the parents consented. The termination order states in part:

              The undersigned became aware of [X.P.] in November 2014
       upon the filing of a child welfare petition. He was adjudicated in need
       of assistance, out of home disposition entered, and reunification is
       deemed not advisable by medical personnel and really not possible
       given the record and the parents’ lack of minimal adequacy for this
       particular child. The parents have not cooperated with services to
       be able to meet this unique child’s unique and special medical needs.

       On December 17, 2015, a CINA review hearing concerning Z.P., R.M., and

J.M. was held. The mother and grandmother had obtained housing together—a

four-bedroom home. The mother was making some progress in her substance-

abuse treatment. The father, however, went to jail on October 28 for a probation

violation and would not be released until January 25, 2016.

       On February 19, 2016, a family team meeting was held. The mother and

father reported they were clean—the mother since December 14, and the father

since October 28. The father was informed that until he obtained a substance-

abuse evaluation, he could not progress to semi-supervised visits.
                                          5


       The March CINA review hearing was continued. The mother gave birth to

the couple’s fifth child, I.M., in March 2016. The child’s umbilical cord blood tested

positive for THC.    The mother acknowledged relapsing and two subsequent

urinalysis (UA) screens were positive for THC but at declining levels. The father

progressed to unsupervised visits and the parents began having overnight visits

with the children on May 27, 2016.

       On June 24, 2016, the juvenile court ordered the children returned to the

parents effective July 11. Unfortunately, upon the children’s return, the mother did

not cooperate with services or treatment and did not provide drug screens when

requested.

       On September 3, the father (under an assumed surname) was jailed and

then bailed out on charges of possession of an illegal substance and carrying

weapons. The children’s guardian ad litem (GAL) moved to have the children

removed from the parents’ custody.

       On September 7, the juvenile court ordered:

       The children shall not live with or be in the custody of father at this
       time. The court leaves it to [DHS]’s discretion whether a relative
       placement is possible and viable and whether it is a relative
       placement where the mother can or should reside with the children
       and still have their safety needs so met.

       After the mother tested positive for THC on September 9, she voluntarily

placed I.M. with a family friend. The older three children were placed in foster care.

       An October 2016 progress report submitted by the social worker noted the

father had provided a negative drug screen. It also noted the parents continued to

be slow to engage in services but were caring and emotionally connected with their

children.
                                          6


       On October 17, the GAL filed a motion to waive further reasonable efforts,

asserting:

               THAT these children have been the subject of a CINA petition
       since April 15, 2015. The family had services for approximately a
       year prior to that with these children’s older sibling, [X.P.], to whom
       the parent’s parental right have been terminated.”
               THAT these children were adjudicated by virtue of the
       parent’s drug use and failure to utilize the services offered to them in
       [X.P.]’s case.
               THAT despite the offer and receipt of services for over two
       years, the mother is still using drugs, has not successfully addressed
       her mental health issues and the father continues to incur criminal
       charges.
               THAT the continued offer or receipt of services will not remedy
       the circumstances that brought these children before the court in a
       reasonable period of time.
               THAT these children need and deserve permanency.

       A review hearing was held on October 24 and, on December 23, 2016, the

juvenile court “determine[d] services offered by DHS need to continue on a

trajectory and in a way geared toward reunification and actually working toward

our goal of keeping this family together.” The court noted a CINA adjudication and

dispositional hearing concerning I.M. was to be scheduled for February 2017 and

the court would then consider the GAL’s request to waive reasonable efforts and

for permanency.

       On February 3, 2017, the juvenile court found I.M. to be CINA. The child

was to remain in the care of the family friend.

       Also on February 3, the court ordered the three oldest children returned to

the parents on April 14, “so long as the below noted matters are achieved in spirit

and in large measure meaningfully accomplished, helping the parents to be

minimally adequate caretakers for this very important sibling group of three.” The

court required the mother’s participation in substance-abuse and mental-health
                                            7


therapy, drug screens, and medication management. The father was to provide

three drug screens.3 The court ordered a review hearing be set in April and a final

permanency hearing be set in June 2017.

         The April 2017 review hearing did not result in the children’s return to the

parents due to “uncertainty re[garding] mother’s ability to maintain her mental

health and well-being and whether she is engaged in services at a sufficient level.”

But, on June 13, the court returned the children to the mother and father’s custody

and ordered the mother to continue her substance-abuse and mental-health

treatment.

         A permanency review hearing was held on November 28, 2017. At that

time, the mother was in jail. The court stated the mother had relapsed and “left the

father to care for the children for a period of weeks.” The court ruled the children

would remain CINA and in the father’s care. The court stated:

         The child[ren] shall continue in placement with father with services
         and support. Father was ordered to provide drug screen and court
         understands he complied. Prior to November 2017, Father had not
         attempted or really contemplated doing this without the children’s
         mother. Given the amount of time supportive services have been
         offered, the Father very much is advised and knows he needs to
         consider whether he is going to be able to be the custodial parent for
         these children in the short and long term.

         On January 10, 2018, the court continued the children’s placement with the

father and stated the permanency goal was to “support the father as custodial

parent.” The court ordered that the “father should be provided with supports

related to housing, transportation, and food assistance.”




3
    He had failed to show for drug screens from October 2016 to January 2017.
                                         8


       On March 6, 2018, the GAL filed a motion to modify the children’s

placement, asserting she had inquired about the children in January after their

social worker went on a medical leave. The GAL reported:

       When the supervisor . . . investigated she found that FSRP had not
       seen the children since January and that the father . . . had placed
       the youngest child [I.M.] out of his home with the previous custodian
       and had left his own house and moved in with [his mother] from
       whom the children had been previously removed. The DHS
       supervisor also reported that another worker, Lacy Combs, had
       recently moved children from that home due to lack of supervision in
       the home and sexual behavior between those children. The father
       had not reported any of this to DHS or FSRP, demonstrating the
       choices he will make with a brief period without supervision.
              DHS immediately sought a hotel for the father and the children
       and the father and the [three] older children are in that hotel, [I.M.]
       remains with her previous custodian.

       A hearing on the GAL’s motion was held on March 19. The court expressed

concern about the care the children were receiving and noted their placement with

the father “seems tentative at best.” Nonetheless, because the children were in

daycare and the father could stay at the hotel for the week, the court continued the

children in his care. The court ruled:

       The children [Z.P., R.M., and J.M.] shall continue in placement with
       father with services and support. He needs to only have children
       around safe persons, and may only stay with people approved by
       DHS vetting. If [the] father does not have a plan put together for safe
       and at least somewhat stable housing by Thursday March 22 then
       children will be in DHS custody for placement commensurate with
       their needs that day.

       On March 23, the three children were removed from the father’s care and

placed in foster care. The father refused to comply with DHS requests that he

wear a drug-screen sweat patch in April and May.

       On May 22, the juvenile court denied the father’s request to continue the

review hearing scheduled on that date. One of the exhibits entered at the review
                                          9


hearing was a report by the court appointed special advocate wherein she reported

she made an unannounced visit at the motel where the father was staying on

March 18. She discovered that the father had been allowing the mother access to

the children even though she admitted to relapsing on drugs. The father left the

motel with the children on March 19 and did not report their whereabouts to DHS.

The court noted the father’s apparent ongoing substance abuse4 and his instability

regarding housing and care of the children. The court ruled the children’s March

23 removal from the father was pursuant to its previous review order and rationale

and that the children’s stability must now be the emphasis of services.

       A petition to terminate parental rights was filed on May 30, and a termination

hearing was held on September 18. The father had been arrested on July 25 as

he was driving without a license and was found in possession of marijuana,

Ecstasy, and Xanax. The father was released from jail on July 31 and was awaiting

disposition of the resulting criminal charges.      After his July arrest, the father

reported to his FSRP worker he had obtained a substance-abuse evaluation and

begun treatment three times per week. The social worker’s September 10 report

to the court noted the father had not completed a substance-abuse evaluation or

engaged in treatment (from which he was discharged unsuccessfully) since 2016.

The father testified he had housing lined up and he would be able to provide a

home for the children in the near future. The mother had been convicted of




4
  The father was in the vehicle when the mother was arrested on March 29. The mother
had marijuana and Xanax on her person. In a recorded phone call between the father and
the mother at the Polk County Jail, the father said he had been getting high and taking
non-prescribed Xanax.
                                         10


possession of a controlled substance and first-degree theft charges and was

serving a ten-year prison term.

       The juvenile court terminated both parents’ parental rights. The termination

order reads, in part:

       [T]he court does not find credible [the father’s] assertions about ‘how
       close’ he is to being able to have the children back in his custody.
       [He] refused to comply with drug screening requests of DHS in
       August 2018. [He] by his own admission was struggling with his own
       well being and mental health at least at some level, describing
       himself as “broken down,” at the time of the hearing last month. He
       is reportedly working and attending his visits with his children
       consistently. But he was not in a place where he could be a minimally
       competent and minimally trusted and safe custodian for the children.
       And it didn’t appear, at all, that he was going to be able to rise up to
       the occasion in any type of timely fashion.
              The child welfare matters have been open in excess of three
       years, approximately forty months. And a majority of that time, the
       children have not been in the custody of a parent. And the children
       have not been in the custody of a parent for more than the last six
       months.

Both parents appeal.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

       We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. See In re

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). We give weight to the factual findings of

the juvenile court but are not bound by them. Id.


III. Discussion.

       The legal framework governing chapter 232 proceedings is well-

established. The State must prove by clear and convincing evidence one or more

statutory grounds authorizing the termination of a parent’s rights and must prove

termination of the parent’s rights is in the best interest of the child. See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(1), (2); In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 706–07 (Iowa 2010). Evidence is
                                          11


clear and convincing when “there are no serious or substantial doubts as to the

correctness of conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” In re C.B., 611

N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000).

          Even when the State proves its case, the juvenile court has the discretion

to preserve the parent-child relationship when the parent proves by clear and

convincing evidence a statutory factor allowing preservation of the parent-child

relationship. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3) (setting forth permissive factors to avoid

the termination of parental rights); In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018)

(stating it is the parent’s burden to prove an exception to termination).

          A. Mother’s appeal.

          The mother makes no challenge to the grounds for termination of her own

parental rights. Rather, she argues the court erred in terminating the father’s

parental rights. She has no standing to assert the father’s rights. See In re D.G.,

704 N.W.2d 454, 460 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005) (stating one parent cannot assert facts

or legal positions pertaining to the other parent, as the court makes a separate

adjudication as to each parent). We affirm the termination of the mother’s parental

rights.
                                         12

       B. Father’s appeal.

       The father asserts the court erred in concluding termination was appropriate

under section 232.116(1)(g). Section 232.116(1)(g) authorizes the juvenile court

to terminate a parent’s rights upon clear and convincing evidence of the following:

              (1) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
       assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
              (2) The court has terminated parental rights pursuant to
       section 232.117 with respect to another child who is a member of the
       same family or a court of competent jurisdiction in another state has
       entered an order involuntarily terminating parental rights with respect
       to another child who is a member of the same family.
              (3) There is clear and convincing evidence that the parent
       continues to lack the ability or willingness to respond to services
       which would correct the situation.
              (4) There is clear and convincing evidence that an additional
       period of rehabilitation would not correct the situation.

       There is no doubt all four of these children have been adjudicated children

in need of assistance. Nor is there any doubt the father’s parental rights of X.P.

were terminated. The father argues, however, section 232.116(1)(g) should not

apply here because the parents consented to the termination of their parental

rights to X.P. due to the child’s special needs and their acknowledgment that they

could not provide adequate care for the child. We are not persuaded.

       The prior termination was pursuant to juvenile proceedings and a

termination order. Moreover, over the three-year history of this case, the father

has participated in visits with his children. But he has refused to provide drug

screens and has not obtained a substance-abuse evaluation since 2016. The

father was able, for a time, to have the children returned to him. Unfortunately, the

children were removed from his care again, and he has not addressed his

substance-abuse issues and has picked up additional criminal charges. In the

November 2015 termination of his parental rights to X.P., the court noted the father
                                        13


“ha[d] not cooperated with services”; in September 2018, the court found the father

continues to “lack the ability or willingness to respond to services.” Iowa Code §

232.116(1)(g)(3).

      We agree with the juvenile court that extending the time further here is not

warranted. We adopt the trial court’s findings:

      There is clear and convincing evidence that after more than three
      years of services, the parents lack the ability or willingness to
      respond to services that would correct the situation. And there is
      clear and convincing evidence that an additional period of
      rehabilitation would not correct the situation. The child welfare
      record in this case is replete with opportunities and patience provided
      these parents to get their mental health in order and their substance
      abuse and illegal choices under control. This patience was often
      exercised over the explicit objection of the children’s attorney and
      guardian ad litem. Given the amount of time that has passed, the
      opportunities provided—there just is not sufficient reason to hold out
      hope any longer that an additional period of rehabilitation for either
      parent will correct the situation.

      The father asserts the close bond he has with the children (and noted in the

record) should prevent termination of his parental rights. Iowa Code section

232.116(3)(c) allows the court to avoid termination if “[t]here is clear and

convincing evidence that the termination would be detrimental to the child at the

time due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” We acknowledge the

bond between the father and his children. But given the length of time these

children have been in limbo, we do not find that bond so close as to avoid

termination of his parental rights. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709.

      We affirm the termination of both parents’ parental rights.

      AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
