                               ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                            GREG        ABBOTT



                                              November 7,2005



Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D.                             Opinion No. GA-0374
Commissioner of Education
Texas Education Agency                               Re: Whether in light of House Bill 383 a school
1701 North Congress Avenue                           district employee may administer corporal punishment
Austin, Texas 78701-1494                             under a disciplinary policy adopted by the board of
                                                     trustees (RQ-0369-GA)

Dear Commissioner       Neeley:

          You write to inquire about the “effect, if any, of the provisions of House Bill No. 383, as
enacted by the 79th Legislature, Regular Session, on the ability of public schools to use corporal
punishment .“l In essence you ask for our opinion whether in light of House Bill 383 a school district
employee may administer corporal punishment under a disciplinary policy adopted by the board of
trustees.

          It is long established in Texas that a teacher has a right to “inflict moderate corporal
punishrnent for the purpose of restraining or correcting the refractory” student. Dowlen P. State, 14
Tex. Ct. App. 61,1883 WL8865, at *3 (1883); see also Spacek v. Charles, 928 S.W.2d 88,95 (Tex.
App.-Houston       [14th Dist.] 1996, writ dism’d w.o.j.). You inform us “that the use of corporal
punishment is a decision made by policies of the local school districts” and that “[n]o state agency
has authority over local policies involving corporal punishment.”       Request Letter, supra note 1,
at 1 (citing TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. 5 7.003) (Vernon 1996); see Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0491
(2002) at 2 (“Matters of student discipline under Texas law, are generally speaking, within the
authority of local school boards.“). You further inform us that the Texas Association of School
Boards offers local school districts, each of which ultimately adopts its own policy, three model
policies:     “one with a prohibition against corporal punishment, one with corporal punishment
allowed but conditioned upon parental permission, and one that allows school administrators to
determine whether to use corporal punishment.” Id. You inquire about House Bill 383 which added
a new subsection to Family Code section 15 1.OOl to provide:

                 (e)    Only the following persons may use corporal punishment                 for
                        the reasonable discipline of a child:

                        (1) a parent or grandparent of the child;


          ‘Letter from Shirley J. Neeley, Ed-D., Commissioner ofEducation, Texas Education Agency, to Honorable Greg
Abbott, Texas Attorney General, at 1 (July 27, 2005) ( on file with Opinion Committee,             also avadable at
http://www.oag.state.tx.us)   [hereinafter Request Letter].
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 2             (GA-0374)




                     (2) a stepparent of the child who has the duty of control and
                         reasonable discipline of a child; and

                     (3) an individual who is a guardian of the child and who has
                         the duty of control and reasonable discipline of the child.

Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 924, 5 1, 2005 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 3 165, 3 165 (to be
codified as an amendment of TEx. FAM. CODEANN. 5 15 1.001(e)).

          You inform us that there are two other provisions relevant to corporal punishment in schools
 found in the Texas Education Code and the Texas Penal Code. Section 9.62, Texas Penal Code, a
justification for the use of force entitled “Educator-Student,” provides:

               The use of force, but not deadly force, against a person is justified:

                           (1) if the actor is entrusted with the care, supervision, or
                       administration of the person for a special purpose; and

                            (2) when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes
                       the force is necessary to further the special purpose or to
                       maintain discipline in a group.

TEX. PEN.CODEANN. 5 9.62 (Vernon 2003).         Texas Education Code section 22.05 12(a) provides
that:

               A professional employee of a school district may not be subject to
               disciplinary proceedings for the employee’s use of physical force
               against a student to the extent justified under Section 9.62, Penal
               Code.

TEX. EDUCZ.   CODE ANN. 5 22.0512(a) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05). In addition, section 22.0512(c)
recognizes school districts’ authority to adopt and enforce corporal punishment policies and to
discipline employees for violating them. See id. $ 22.0512(c) (“This section does not prohibit a
school district from: (1) enforcing a policy relating to corporal punishment; or (2) notwithstanding
Subsection (a), bringing a disciplinary proceeding against a professional employee of the district who
violates the district policy relating to corporal punishment.“); see also id. $5 37.001 (Vernon Supp.
2004-05), .102 (Vernon 1996). Though limiting its use, these provisions recognize a school district’s
independent authority to administer corporal punishment.

        Considering the Penal Code and Education Code provisions, you pose the following three
questions about new subsection 15 1.OOl(e) in the Texas Family Code:

               1. May an employee of a school district who is not related to a
                  student in the manner described in Section 15 1.001(e), Family
                  Code, utilize corporal punishment pursuant to a district student
                  discipline policy adopted by the board of trustees?
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 3               (GA-0374)




                2. If your answer to question #l is “yes,” may a district adopt a
                   policy authorizing corporal punishment when a parent or other
                   individual named in Subsection 15 1.OOl(e), Family Code, has not
                   given permission for corporal punishment?

                3. If your answer to question #2 is “no,” may any individual listed
                   in Subsection 15 1.OO1(e), Family Code, authorize corporal
                   punishment despite objection by another individual?

Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3.

I.      Rules of Statutory Construction

         The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain legislative intent. See In re Canales,
52 S.W.3d 698, 702 (Tex. 2001). To do so, courts first look to the statute’s words, attempting to
ascertain their plain and common meaning. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 8 3 11 .Ol 1(a)-(b) (Vernon
2005) (Code Construction Act); City ofSan Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex.
2003). Courts construe provisions in context, considering the statute as a whole. See TEX. GOV’T
CODE ANN. 5 3 11 .Ol 1(a) (Vernon 2005) (words and phrases to be read in context); Helena Chem.
Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486,493 (Tex. 2001) (“[WI e must always consider the statute as a whole
rather than its isolated provisions. We should not give one provision a meaning out of harmony or
inconsistent with other provisions, although it might be susceptible to such a construction standing
alone.“). Additionally, courts will consider the body of law existing at the time the statute was
enacted. See Brunson v. Woolsey, 63 S.W.3d 583,588 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) (“We
also construe the statute in the light of the entire body of law existing at the time of its enactment.“);
accord City of Houston v. Woolley, 51 S.W.3d 850, 853 (Tex. App.-Houston               [lst Dist.] 2001, no
pet.); City of Ingleside v. Kneuper, 768 S. W.2d 45 1,454 (Tex. App.-Austin 1989, writ denied) (“In
order to ascertain legislative intent, a statute will be construed in light of the entire body of law
existing at the time of its enactment, including the common law.“). Courts will “‘not decide the
scope of statutory language by a bloodless literalism in which text is viewed as if it had no context.“’
Korndo$?r v. Baker, 976 S. W.2d 696,700 (Tex. App.-Houston [ 1st Dist.] 1997, writ dism’d w.o.j .)
(citation omitted).

          Regardless of whether a statute is considered ambiguous on its face, the Code Construction
Act allows a reviewing court to consider, among other things, the object sought to be obtained, any
legislative history, and the consequences of a particular statutory construction.    See TEX. GOV’T
CODEANN. 9 311.023 (Vernon 2005); Fleming Foods ofTex., Inc. v. Rylander, 6 S.W.3d 278,283
(Tex. 1999); R.R. C omm ‘n of Tex. v. Mote Rex, 645 S.W.2d 639,643 (Tex. App.-Austin 1983, no
writ) (“Nevertheless, in reading a statute, whether or not the statute is considered ambiguous on its
face, a court may consider the circumstances under which the statute was enacted and the underlying
legislative history of the enactment.“). An ambiguous statute must be construed consistent with the
legislative intent, which can be ascertained by looking beyond the terms of the statute. See In re
K.L. I?, 109 S.W.3d 61,65 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied). “‘Ambiguity exists when a
statute is capable of being understood by reasonably well informed persons in two or more different
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 4                   (GA-0374)




senses.“’ Teleprofits of Tex., Inc., v. Sharp, 875 S.W.2d 748,750 (Tex. App.-Austin                 1994, no writ)
(citation omitted).

          Statutes should also be construed in harmony with other statutes unless a contrary intention
is clearly manifest. Where two statutes seem to be inconsistent, a construction will be sought to
harmonize them and leave both in concurrent operation, if it is possible fairly to reconcile them. See
Fortenberry v. State, 283 S.W. 146,148 (Tex. Cornm’n App. 1926, judgm’t adopted). Texas courts
do not favor implied repeals. See Standard v. Sadler, 383 S.W.2d 391,395 (Tex. 1964). Statutes
are presumed to be enacted by the legislature with full knowledge of the existing state of the law and
with reference to it. SeeMcBride v. Clayton, 166 S. W.2d 125,128 (Tex. 1942). When a new statute
is passed dealing with a subject covered by an old law, if there is no express repeal, the presumption
is that in enacting a new law the legislature intended the old statute to remain in operation. See State
v. Humble Oil and Refining Co., 187 S.W.2d 93, 100 (Tex. Civ. App.-Waco 1945, writ refd
w.0.m.).

II.     Analysis

        Mindful of these rules of statutory construction, we consider House Bill 383. House Bill 3 83
amends section 15 1.OOl of the Texas Family Code, which establishes parents’ rights and duties. See
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 5 151.001(a)-(d) (V emon Supp. 2004-05). As initially introduced, the ’
language of House Bill 383 provided:

                 (e) A parent of a child or other person who has the duty of control
                     and reasonable discipline of the child may use corporal
                     punishment for the reasonable discipline of the child.

Tex. H.B. 383, 79th Leg., R.S. (2005) (introduced          version).    The language of House Bill 383 was
subsequently amended to read:

                 (e)   Only the following persons may use corporal punishment             for the
                       reasonable discipline of a child:

                       (1) a parent or grandparent of the child;

                       (2) a stepparent of the child who has the duty of control and
                            reasonable discipline of the child; and

                       (3) an individual who is a guardian of the child and who has the
                            duty of control and reasonable discipline of the child.2

Tex. H.B. 383, 79th Leg., R.S. (2005) (engrossed version).             This is the version of the bill that was
passed by the legislature and became effective.


         2You do not ask and we do not opine on whether school district employees   are included within the scope of
section 151.001(e).
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 5                      (GA-0374)




         A.       Construction      of House Bill 383

                  House Bill 383 uses the exclusive term “only.“3 If we consider House Bill 3 83’s plain
text in isolation, the new subsection (e) could be read as making the right to use corporal punishment
exclusive to the listed persons, particularly when viewed in light of the fact that the language was
amended during the legislative session to use the exclusive word “only.” See supra at 4-5. The rules
of statutory construction do not allow us to confine our analysis solely to the text of House Bill 383,
however. Instead, we are directed to also consider the entire statute of which it is a part and the body
of law existing at the time House Bill 383 was enacted. See Brunson, 63 S.W.3d at 588; Woolley,
51 S.W.3d at 853; Kneupev, 768 S.W.2d at 454.

         House Bill 383 added a provision to section 15 1.OOl of the Texas Family Code. Section
 15 1.001 is entitled “Rights and Duties of Parents” and is part of the larger subtitle governing suits
affecting the parent-child relationship. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. $5 15 1 .OOI-.005 (Vernon 2002
& Supp. 2004-05) (Title 5, Subtitle B, Texas Family Code). As suggested by its title, the provisions
of section 15 1.OO1 that existed prior to House Bill 383 set forth various parental rights and duties.
For instance, a parent is given the right of physical possession of the child and the right to direct the
moral and religious training of the child. See id. 8 15 1 .OOl(a)( 1) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05). A parent
is also given the “duty of care, control, protection and reasonable discipline of the child” as well as
the duty to support the child. Id. 8 15 1.OOl(a)(2)-(3). Section 15 1 .OOl(a)(6) grants the parent the
right to consent to a child’s marriage, enlistment in the armed forces, and medical and dental care
and other surgical and health treatment. See id. 4 15 1.OOl(a)(6). A parent is also given the right in
section 15 1.OO1 to represent the child in legal actions and to make other legal decisions for the child,
see id. 8 15 1.001(a)(7), to inherit from and through the child, see id. $ 15 1.001(a)(9), and to make
decisions about the child’s education. See id. 5 15 1.001 (a)( 10). Section 15 1.001 provides that a
parent failing to discharge the duty of support is liable to a person who provides necessaries to the
child. See id. 4 15 1.001(c). Finally, section 15 1.OOl states that the rights and duties of a parent are
subject to, among other things, “a court order affecting the rights and duties.” Id. 5 15 1.OOl(d)( 1).
It is in this context, notably not in the context of the Education Code, that House Bill 383 adds
express authorization for parents and other listed persons to use corporal punishment.

         At the time House Bill 383 was enacted, existing law outside the Family Code recognized
a right of persons beyond those listed in House Bill 383 to use corporal punishment.4 Common law
recognized the right of teachers to administer corporal punishment. See Dowlen, 14 Tex. Ct. App.
61,1883 WL 8865, at *3 (1883); seealsospacek, 928 S.W.2dat 95. TheTexasPenal            Code granted
a defense in the form of a justification to parents, stepparents and those acting in Zocoparentis for



          3The term “only” is defined as “and no one else or nothing more besides; solely and exclusively.” THENEW
OXFORDAMERICANDICTIONARY1196 (2001).             See also TEX. GOV’T CODEANN. 5 3 11.01 l(a) (Vernon 2005) (Code
Construction Act).

         4“Texas cases have long recognized the rule that public school teachers and others standing [i]n loco parentis
may use reasonable force to discipline their charges.” Hogenson v. Williams, 542 S.W.2d 456, 459 (Tex. Civ.
App.-Texarkana   1976, no writ) (citing Balding v. State, 4 S.W. 579 (Tex. Ct. App. 1887) and Prendergast v. Masterson,
196 S.W. 246 (Tex. Civ. App.-Texarkana       1917, no writ)).
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 6                     (GA-0374)




the use of nondeadly force against a child for the discipline of the child. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN.
5 9.61 (Vernon 2003)? A similar justification was available to educators, see id. § 9.62, and
guardians. See id. 5 9.63. Outside the Penal Code’s criminal context, educators were granted
immunity from school disciplinary proceedings for their use of physical force against a student for
punishment to the extent such force was used as justified by section 9.62 of the Penal Code and
within school district policy. See TEX. EDUC.CODE ANN. § 22.05 12(a), (c) (Vernon Supp. 2004-05).
House Bill 383 does not on its face purport to change the existing law. In the context of section
15 1.OOl of the Family Code and existing law, House Bill 383 could be construed as leaving the
existing law intact and merely recognizing the affirmative right of parents and the other persons
listed in section 151.001(e) to use corporal punishment.

         With competing constructions, House Bill 3 83 is “capable of being understood by reasonably
well informed persons in two or more different senses” and is therefore ambiguous. See Teleprofits
of Tex., Inc., 875 S.W.2d at 750. Accordingly, we must look beyond the language of the statute for
the intent of the legislature in enacting House Bill 383. See In re K.L. K, 109 S.W.3d at 65. In
attempting to ascertain the legislative intent behind a statute, we may consider, among other things,
the object sought to be obtained, any legislative history, and the consequences of a particular
construction. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 5 3 11.023 (Vernon 2005); see also Union Bankers Ins.
Co. v. Shelton, 889 S.W.2d 278, 280 (Tex. 1994); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0283 (2004) at 6.

        The legislative history of House Bill 3 83 is informative.         The bill analysis accompanying      the
original language of House Bill 383 states that:

                   Currently, Texas law provides that a parent of a child has the right
                   and a duty to care, control, protect, and reasonably discipline a child.
                   However, when a parent disciplines a minor child with the use of
                   corporal punishment, or “spanking,” the parent may be confronted
                   with confusion as to possible criminal charges that may arise from the
                   use of such punishment.

                   House Bill 383 provides that a parent or person having a duty to
                   control and reasonably discipline a child may use corporal
                   punishment for the reasonable discipline of a child.

HOUSECOMM.ONJUVENILEJUSTICEANDFAMILYISSUES,BILLANALYSIS, Tex. H.B. 383,79th Leg.,
R.S. (2005). The House Committee on Juvenile Justice and Family Issues, not the House Committee
on Public Education, held a public hearing and took testimony on the bill. Representative Harold
V. Dutton, the bill’s sponsor, stated that the bill “moves the language from the Penal Code . . . as a
defense to child abuse . . . to the Family Code and the language is essentially that a parent has the
right to use corporal punishment to reasonably discipline a child.” Hearing on Tex. H. B. 383 Before
the House Comm. on Juvenile Justice and Family Issues, 79th Leg., R.S. (Feb. 23, 2005)
(Representative Dutton speaking). By his reference to movement from the Penal Code to the Family


         5A“justification”   is a “lawfulor sufficientreason for one’s acts or omissions.” BLACK'SLAW DICTIONARY870
(7th ed. 1999).
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 7                      (GA-0374)




Code, Representative Dutton appears to be saying that the bill was intended to affirmatively
recognize in the Family Code the right to parental use of corporal punishment that is distinguished
from a defense to criminal child abuse charges under the Penal Code? A witness testifying in
support of the bill related to the committee a story about a parent who was subjected to a full Child
Protective Services (“CPS”) inquiry and parenting classes because the parent admitted to spanking
the child. See id. (Lee Spiller statement). The witness testified that the injury that prompted the
parent to be questioned was in fact caused by an allergy and not the spanking. See id. The other
witness before the Juvenile Justice and Family Issues Committee encouraged the bill’s passage
because parents were afraid to discipline their children, and the witness attributed the lack of
discipline to societal problems. See id. (Roy Getting statement). We believe these statements
indicate that the wrong sought to be addressed by House Bill 383 was the confusion of parents about
their right to spank their children and the need to discourage CPS involvement in reasonable parental
corporal punishment discipline matters. See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Garrison Contractors, Inc., 966
S.W.2d 482, 484 (Tex. 1998) (“[WI e b ear in mind ‘the old law, the evil and the remedy”’ in
ascertaining legislative intent (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 5 3 12.005)); accord Calvert v. Kadane,
427 S.W.2d 605,608 (Tex. 1964); Wilson v. Bloys, 169 S.W.3d 364,368 (Tex. App.-Austin 2005,
pet. filed) (“In ascertaining legislative intent, we may consider the evil sought to be remedied . . . .“).
Thus, we believe House Bill 383’s purpose as introduced was to clarify confusion by affirmatively
recognizing parents’ right to use corporal punishment to reasonably discipline their children.

         It is also apparent that House Bill 383’s purpose did not change significantly after it was
amended. The amendment to House Bill 383 with the language ultimately adopted was passed in
April 2005. See H.J. OF TEX., 79th Leg., R.S. 1819 (2005). A month later, in May, the Senate
Jurisprudence Committee, not the Senate Committee on Education, held a hearing on the bill.
Senator Juan “Chuy” Hinojosa, the bill’s Senate sponsor, stated that:

                  Right now there is a lot of confusion as to what the law provides in
                  terms of trying to discipline a child. Sometimes when a parent or
                  grandparent tries to discipline a child [unintelligible]      will call
                  protective services. This eliminates the confusion by making it clear
                  that only a parent, steparent or guardian may use corporal punishment
                  for the reasonable discipline of a child.

Hearing on Tex. H.B. 383 Before the Senate Comm. on Jurisprudence, 79th Leg., R.S. (May 20,
2005) (Senator Hinojosa speaking). We believe Senator Hinojosa’s statement acknowledges that
House Bill 383, despite its amended language, was nonetheless still intended to address the problem
of parental fear of CPS involvement in the parent’s reasonable discipline of a child. We do not
believe that his statement - “only a parent . . . may use corporal punishment” - negates the clear
purpose behind House Bill 383. Id. Indeed, by using the exclusionary term “only” here, Senator
Hinojosa could have been alluding to the fact that the express recognition of the corporal punishment



          6Harold V. Dutton, Jr., Corporal Punishment, so-called experts ’[sic]and my bill, Houston Chronicle, Feb. 24,
2005, (“You’ll find that the corporal punishment provision is in the Penal Code as a defense to child abuse. As a defense
to child abuse, that’s what’s offensive to most parents. House Bill 383 would simply move that provision to the Family
Code. No more, no less.“).
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 8                       (GA-0374)




right was being given exclusively to those listed persons.7 In light of the clear purpose of the bill to
address parental fears of CPS involvement in reasonable child discipline issues, we do not believe
this one statement justifies a conclusion that House Bill 383 as amended was designed to prohibit
all other uses of corporal punishment.

         As initially introduced, House Bill 383 was not intended to apply to a school’s use of
corporal punishment.       See HOUSE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. H.B. 383,
79th Leg., R.S. (2005) (“The bill would not apply to the use of corporal punishment by teachers or
other school personnel.“). In the Statement of Legislative Intent on the House Floor accompanying
his amendment to House Bill 3 83, Representative Dutton sought to make it clear that the amended
bill did not change the law with respect to use of corporal punishment in schools:

                  REPRESENTATIVE TALTON: Representative Dutton, let me make
                  sure-when you put the amendment on, will that amendment prohibit
                  teachers from using corporal punishment on the kids in public and
                  private schools?

                  REPRESENTATIVE             DUTTON:       I believe that the current law
                  actually prohibits that. What this amendment does is simply make it
                  a little bit more clearer that those people do not have standing in order
                  to do that.

                  TALTON: I thought, right now, that the law is whatever that school
                  decides on their policy.

                  DUTTON:         I’m sorry. I couldn’t understand you.

                  TALTON: I think current law is that each school district decides
                  their own policy regarding corporal punishment, isn’t that what
                  current law is?

                  DUTTON:         Well, but they have to have permission           from the parent.

                  TALTON:        Right, and your bill would make it so that not even with
                  permission     from the parent, they will not be able to do that, is that
                  correct?

                  DUTTON:         No, still it doesn’t take that away.

                  TALTON: Okay, let me make sure that I understand, so if the parents
                  give permission to do corporal punishment in either a public or
                  private school then they can still do that?



           7Jeffrey Gilbert, House Oks [sic] Corporal Punishment, Houston Chronicle, Apr. 19,2005 (“A few lawmakers
raised questions over whether that list covered grandparents. . . . Because of the confusion, Dutton will add grandparent
to the list . . . .“).
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 9                        (GA-0374)




                   DUTTON:        Yes, under the amendment,           that is correct.

                   TALTON:        Okay.

Debate on Tex. H.B. 383 on the Floor of the House, 79th Leg., R.S. (Apr. 18,2005); H.J. of Tex.,
79th Leg., R.S. 1819 (2005) (Statement of Legislative Intent). Both men believed, contrary to
existing law, that a school could administer corporal punishment only with parental consent. This
exchange does not, however, indicate any intent to repeal existing law on corporal punishment. See
Gordon v. Lake, 356 S.W.2d 138,139 (Tex. 1962) (“Repeals by implication are not favored. . . .“).
Additionally, in neither of the House or Senate committee hearings on House Bill 383 was corporal
punishment’s use in schools and by educators even addressed.8

         Based on its legislative history, we believe House Bill 383 was designed to address the
confusion and fears that parents may have had about their ability to discipline their child. See
Garrison Contractors, Inc., 966 S.W.2d at 484; accordKadane, 427 S.W.2d at 608. House Bill 383
clarified the law by expressly recognizing the right of parents and the other listed persons to use
corporal punishment without fear of CPS involvement.

         In addition to examining legislative history, to determine legislative intent we may also
consider the consequences of alternative constructions. Seeh re Bay Area Citizens Against Lawsuit
Abuse, 982 S.W.2d 371, 380 (Tex.1998). Where possible, we are to construe statutes in harmony
and avoid implied repeals. See Fortenbervy, 283 S.W. at 148; Sadler, 383 S.W.2d at 395. IfHouse
Bill 383 were construed as a prohibition against the use of corporal punishment in schools, it would
conflict with aspects of section 9.62, Penal Code, and section 22.05 12, Education Code, and render
them partially meaningless. Section 9.62, Penal Code, provides a justification defense to educators
for the use of physical force against a person if entrusted with responsibility over the person for a
special purpose and the physical force is necessary to further the special purpose.9 See TEX. PEN.
CODE ANN. 5 9.62 (Vernon 2003). Section 9.62 has been construed to authorize an educator to use
reasonable force in two circumstances: “( 1) to enforce compliance with a proper command issued
for the purpose of controlling, training, or educating the child, or (2) to punish the child for
prohibited conduct.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0202 (2004) at 2 (quoting Hogenson v. Williams,
542 S.W.2d 456,460 (Tex. Civ. App.-Texarkana         1976, no writ)). The second circumstance is the
one that speaks to a school’s use of corporal punishment. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0202
(2004) at 3 (defining corporal punishment).          If House Bill 383 prohibits educators from
administering corporal punishment, to the extent it justifies the use of force in the second


           ‘Abolishing the use of corporal punishment in schools was considered by the same legislature that passed House
Bill 383. House Bill 24 13 would have amended the Education Code to provide that “[a] school district employee or
volunteer or independent contractor of a district may not administer corporal punishment or cause corporal punishment
to be administered to a student.” Tex. H.B. 2413,79th Leg., R.S. (2005). Evidently, the legislature knew how to draft
legislation that would have prohibited corporal punishment in schools. However, House Bill 24 13 was left pending in
committee and was not enacted.

         91n the case of an educator, the “special purpose is ‘that of controlling, training, and educating”’ students, Tex.
Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0202 (2004) at 2 (quoting Hogenson v. Williams, 542 S.W.2d 456, 459-60 (Tex. Civ.
App.-Texarkana     1976, no writ)).
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 10                      (GA-0374)




circumstance - to punish a child for prohibited              conduct - the justification       defense would not be
legally effective. lo

         Similarly, with respect to corporal punishment, Education Code section 22.05 12 provides
educators immunity from school disciplinary proceedings for the “use of physical force against a
child to the extent justified under Section 9.62, Penal Code” and as authorized by school district
policy. TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 22.0512(a), (c) (V emon Supp. 2004-05). Because it is construed
to have the same scope as section 9.62, Penal Code, see Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0202 (2004)
at 4, section 22.05 12, Education Code, would also be rendered meaningless to the same extent as
would section 9.62 of the Penal Code. Were House Bill 383 to be construed as prohibiting an
educator’s use of corporal punishment, the conflict between it and the corporal punishment aspect
of section 9.62, Penal Code, and section 22.05 12, Education Code, would be irreconcilable.          If
House Bill 383 prohibited corporal punishment in schools but an educator were allowed to
successfully use the Penal Code provision or the Education Code provision against charges of
corporal punishment, the defense would negate the prohibition. We do not believe the legislature
intended this result. Statutes are to be construed in harmony where possible. See Needham, 82
S.W.3d at 3 18. Construing House Bill 383 to recognize an express right of corporal punishment in
certain listed individuals and not as a prohibition against the use of corporal punishment for schools
harmonizes it with the Penal Code and Education Code provisions so that all three provisions can
be given full effect. Moreover, harmonizing the three statutes avoids an implied repeal of aspects
of the existing Penal Code and Education Code. See Sadler, 383 S.W.2d at 395.

       For all of these reasons, we conclude that House Bill 383, or section 15 1.001(e), Family
Code, does not change Texas law with respect to a school district’s use of corporal punishment.

         B.          Specific Questions

                     1.     School District’s Use of Corporal Punishment

                       Your first question is whether an employee of a school district who is not a
person listed in section 15 1.OOl(e) may “utilize corporal punishment pursuant to a district student
discipline policy.” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3. Because we construe House Bill 383 to
recognize an affirmative right in certain persons to use corporal punishment and not to prohibit a
school’s use of corporal punishrnent, we conclude that a school district employee may utilize
corporal punishment to the extent permitted by section 9.62, Penal Code, section 22.05 12, Education
Code, and any school district policy.

                     2.     School District’s Use of Corporal Punishment without Parental Consent

                     Your second question, contingent on an affirmative                     answer to your first, is
whether a district “may adopt a policy authorizing corporal punishment                      when a parent or other



             “Corporal punishment has been defined to mean “the infliction   of bodily pain as a penalty for disapproved
behavior.”     Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0202 (2004) at 3.
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page           11            (GA-0374)




individual named in Subsection 15 1.OOl(e), Family Code, has not given permission                          for corporal
punishment .” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3.

         In Texas, a teacher has long had the right to “inflict moderate corporal punishment for the
purpose of restraining or correcting the refractory,’ student. *’Dowlen, 14 Tex. Ct. App. 61, 1883
WL 8865, at *3 (1883); Spear v. State, 25 S.W. 125, 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 1894); see also Spacek,
928 S.W.2d at 95 (“Section 9.62 [Penal Code] is generally expressive of the common law majority
rule that public school teachers standing in locoparentis may use reasonable force to discipline their
charges.“). Prior to the enactment of House Bill 383, Texas law permitted a school district to utilize
corporal punishment for the reasonable discipline of its students without permission or consent of
parents. See Ware v. Estes, 328 F. Supp. 657, 658-60 (N.D. Tex. 1971) (affirming district court’s
dismissal of plaintiffs’ lawsuit challenging Dallas Independent School District’s use of corporal
punishment without parental consent). Because we have concluded that House Bill 383 was not
intended to abrogate existing law on corporal punishment in schools, we conclude here that a school
district may adopt a policy authorizing corporal punishment without the permission of those persons
listed in section 15 1.001(e).

                  3.     School District’s       Use of Corporal Punishment            over Objection       of Certain
                         Persons

                    Because your third question is contingent upon an affirmative                      answer to your
second question, we do not address it.

III.     Conclusion

        In sum, House Bill 383 recognizes an express right in certain persons to use corporal
punishment in the reasonable discipline of a child. It does not prohibit the use of corporal
punishment by school districts. Therefore, a professional school district employee may utilize
corporal punishment to the extent permitted by other state law and school district policies.
Additionally, a school district may adopt a policy authorizing corporal punishment without the
permission of the persons listed in section 15 1.OOl(e), Family Code.



           “Moreover, federal constitutional    concerns are not implicated by a school policy authorizing reasonable
corporal punishment.     Reasonable corporal punishment does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the
Eighth Amendment. See Ingraham v. Wright, 525 F.2d 909,914 (5th Cir. 1976) (“We concur with the approach taken              .
by the two district courts that have held the Eighth Amendment to be inapplicable to corporal punishment in public
schools.“); Woodard v. Los Fresnos Indep. Sch. Dist., 732 F.2d 1243, 1245 (5th Cir. 1984). Similarly, where a “state
affords adequate post-punishment remedies to deter unjustified or excessive punishment and to redress that which may
nevertheless occur,” a student’s Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process rights are protected. See Los Fresnos
Indep. Sch. Dist., 732 F.2d at 1245 (citing Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 675-80 (1977) (considering procedural
due process charges brought under the Fourteenth Amendment)).          A student’s Fourteenth Amendment substantive due
process rights are also not implicated by reasonable corporal punishment so long as the corporal punishment has a “real
and substantial relation to the object sought to be attained.” Ingraham, 525 F.2d at 9 16-17. And the Fifth Circuit has
said that “[pIaddling of recalcitrant children has long been an accepted method of promoting good behavior and instilling
notions of responsibility and decorum into the mischievous heads of school children.” Id. at 9 17.
Shirley J. Neeley, Ed.D. - Page 12            (GA-0374)




                                       SUMMARY

                        Section 15 1.001 (e), Family Code, added by House Bill 383 in
               the Seventy-ninth Legislature, recognizes an affirmative right in the
               persons listed in the legislation to use reasonable corporal punishment
               to discipline a child. Section 15 1.OOl(e) is not a prohibition against
               the reasonable use of corporal punishment in schools.

                       Accordingly, a professional employee of a school district
               may administer corporal punishment to the extent permitted by
               section 9.62, Penal Code, section 22.0512, Education Code, and
               any school district policy. Moreover, a school district may adopt a
               policy authorizing corporal punishment without the permission of
               those persons listed in section 15 1.001(e).




BARRY R. MCBEE
First Assistant Attorney General

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

Charlotte M. Harper
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee
