            Case: 17-11826    Date Filed: 09/27/2017   Page: 1 of 4


                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    0FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 17-11826
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-24654-MGC



DEVON BROWN,

                                                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                    versus

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE
OFFICE OF CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT,
2450 Shumard Oak Blvd Tallahassee, FL 32399,

                                                            Defendant-Appellee.
                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (September 27, 2017)

Before MARCUS, JULIE CARNES and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 17-11826    Date Filed: 09/27/2017   Page: 2 of 4


      Devon Brown appeals pro se from the district court’s dismissal of his 42

U.S.C. § 1983 complaint against the State of Florida Department of Revenue,

Office of Child Support Enforcement (“the Department”). In his complaint, he

alleged that the Department violated the separation of powers clause of the United

States and Florida State Constitutions, that child support is unconstitutional, and

that the Department violated his Fourth, Seventh, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth

Amendment rights to the United States Constitution. The district court granted the

Department’s motion to dismiss, concluding that the Department was immune

from suit under the Eleventh Amendment, and that it was not a “person” under §

1983. On appeal, Brown argues that Eleventh Amendment immunity does not

exempt the Department from suits based on alleged constitutional violations, and

that the Department is a business that can be sued under § 1983. After thorough

review, we affirm.

      We review a district court’s dismissal of a complaint on Eleventh

Amendment grounds de novo. In re Emp’t Discrimination Litig. Against State of

Ala., 198 F.3d 1305, 1310 (11th Cir. 1999). “Pro se pleadings are held to a less

stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be

liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th

Cir. 1998).




                                        2
               Case: 17-11826     Date Filed: 09/27/2017   Page: 3 of 4


      The Eleventh Amendment provides that “[t]he Judicial power of the United

States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or

prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by

Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” U.S. Const. amend XI. The Supreme

Court has extended Eleventh Amendment immunity to prevent suits in federal

court against a state by its own citizens. Abusaid v. Hillsborough Cty. Bd. of Cty.

Comm’rs, 405 F.3d 1298, 1303 (11th Cir. 2005).             The Eleventh Amendment

provides immunity for a state’s agencies as well. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians v.

Fla. State Athletic Comm’n, 226 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000).

      The Eleventh Amendment is no bar, however, where (1) the state consents to

suit in federal court, or has waived its immunity, or (2) where Congress has

overridden the state’s sovereign immunity. Cross v. Alabama, 49 F.3d 1490, 1502

(11th Cir. 1995). Congress has not abrogated Eleventh Amendment immunity in §

1983 cases. Id.

      While the Supreme Court has held that the Eleventh Amendment is not

jurisdictional in the sense that courts must address the issue sua sponte, it has held

that Eleventh Amendment immunity is in the nature of a jurisdictional bar.

Bouchard Transp. Co. v. Fla. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., 91 F.3d 1445, 1448 (11th Cir.

1996). Thus, Eleventh Amendment immunity is a threshold issue that should be

decided at an early stage of litigation. Id.


                                           3
              Case: 17-11826    Date Filed: 09/27/2017   Page: 4 of 4


      Here, the district court did not err in granting the Department’s motion to

dismiss on the grounds of Eleventh Amendment immunity. Our case law is clear

that as a state agency, the Department is immune from suit under the Eleventh

Amendment. Miccosukee, 226 F.3d at 1231. Congress has not abrogated Eleventh

Amendment immunity in § 1983 cases and the Department has neither waived its

immunity, nor consented to suit in federal court.        Cross, 49 F.3d at 1502.

Therefore, the Eleventh Amendment bars appellant’s § 1983 suit against the

Department, and we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Brown’s complaint.

See Miccosukee, 226 F.3d at 1231; Cross, 49 F.3d at 1502. Moreover, because the

Department is immune from this lawsuit, we need not consider Brown’s claim that

the defendant, a state agency, is a “person” for purposes of his § 1983 complaint.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         4
