                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 19-1392
                         ___________________________

                                    Tom Rossley

                                        Plaintiff Appellant

                                          v.

              Drake University; Drake University Board of Trustees

                                      Defendants Appellees
                                   ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Iowa - Des Moines
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: March 12, 2020
                               Filed: May 4, 2020
                                 ____________

Before ERICKSON, GRASZ, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

GRASZ, Circuit Judge.

      Tom Rossley served on the Drake University (the “University”) Board of
Trustees (“Board”) for many years before the Board voted to remove him because of
a purported conflict of interest. He sued the University and the Board, alleging Title
IX retaliation, disability retaliation, and breach of contract. The district court1
dismissed his Title IX retaliation claim on the pleadings, and granted summary
judgment to the University and the Board on the contract and disability retaliation
claims. Rossley now appeals, and we affirm.

                                   I. Background

       Tom Rossley is an alumnus and former Trustee of Drake University, a non-
profit, private university in Des Moines, Iowa. In the fall of 2015, the University
investigated an allegation of sexual misconduct against Rossley’s son, Thomas
Rossley, Jr. In the course of the Title IX investigation, Rossley Jr. was found
responsible for the alleged sexual misconduct, and after an appeal process, was
expelled from the University.

        During this process, Rossley was critical of how the University handled his
son’s case. Rossley made phone calls, sent emails, and participated in conversations
with other Board members, University alumni, University administrators, and donors
about the situation. Specifically, Rossley complained that the University did not
accommodate his son’s disabilities during its investigation. Since childhood, Rossley
Jr. suffered from ADHD, anxiety, and language-based disabilities, which “inhibit his
ability to communicate effectively.” Because Rossley’s communications about his
son’s case form the basis of the Board’s actions, we will provide an overview of the
exchanges between Rossley, the University, and the Board.

        In March of 2016, Rossley sent an email to the University’s Vice President of
Finance, as well as Rossley’s wife, and the University’s bond attorney, stating “please
let this email serve as my disclosure that my son may be initiating litigation against


      1
       The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa.

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Drake University in the event that his hearing verdict is not overturned on appeal.”
When this email was sent, Rossley Jr.’s expulsion appeal was still pending.

       Then, in April, Rossley emailed the Dean of Students and the Chairman of the
Board with a list of nine specific criticisms of the Dean and the University’s
investigation of his son. Rossley also addressed an earlier request made by the
University that he avoid a popular off-campus establishment when he was in town
due to an alleged “staring” incident between Rossley and a student who worked there.
This student was a witness in his son’s investigation. The tone of Rossley’s email
was dismissive and mocking. A few weeks later, Rossley sent another email to the
Board as well as members of the University’s faculty and administration, in which he
criticized the University for failing to accommodate his son and selectively enforcing
the University’s sexual assault policy and Title IX.

       A few days after this second email, and during an annual alumni event, Rossley
spoke with the Board Chairman and another Board member. They asked Rossley to
stop speaking to alumni and donors about his son’s disciplinary process and the
University’s compliance with the law. Rossley admitted to having spoken to at least
three alumni or donors in attendance at the event. Later, during his deposition,
Rossley expanded the list of persons with whom he discussed his son’s case to
include “literally hundreds of people that [he] had conversations with, either directly
or indirectly.” The Chairman and Board member told Rossley that if he wanted to
remain a Trustee he would need to “disassociate . . . from [his] son’s issues” and stop
talking about the matter. At the time, Rossley agreed to disassociate himself and later
sent an “assurance” email recognizing the conflict of interest.

       In the same assurance email, Rossley informed the Board his son had engaged
the services of an attorney who would help his son “take[] his case to the next stage,”
and “to address this in the courts and, if necessary, the public arena.” The Board of
Trustee’s Board Affairs Committee (“BAC”) advised Rossley that his actions created

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a conflict of interest under the University Bylaws. The BAC was concerned that
Rossley could not discharge his fiduciary duty to the Board while also advocating for
his son as a parent. To resolve this conflict, the BAC asked Rossley to take a leave
of absence from the Board. Rossley responded with a lengthy letter denying a
conflict of interest and refusing to take a leave. He also included proposed
resolutions, including expunging his son’s expulsion, granting his son a diploma
immediately, compensating his son for lost income, and offering his son direct
admission to the University’s MBA program.

       The University president sent an email to the Board advising it to hold a special
meeting to vote on how to address Rossley’s conflict of interest related to his son’s
Title IX case. The Board met, determined Rossley had a conflict of interest, and
referred the matter back to the BAC to recommend a course of action. The BAC
determined Rossley’s conflict of interest was sufficient to amount to a “for cause”
removal from the Board, and recommended removal upon a vote of the Board. The
Board voted to remove Rossley due to his “pervasive conflict of interest,” and “his
insistence on using his position as trustee to advocate” on his son’s behalf, who had
“certainly threatened litigation” against the University.

       In response, Rossley sued the University and the Board asserting five causes
of action. After the district court granted various motions to dismiss, motions for
judgment on the pleadings, and summary judgment motions, Rossley now appeals the
dismissal of his Title IX retaliation, disability retaliation, and breach of contract
claims.




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                                     II. Analysis

                               A. Title IX Retaliation

        We first consider the district court’s dismissal on the pleadings of Rossley’s
Title IX retaliation claim against the University. “We review a district court’s grant
of judgment on the pleadings de novo.” Levitt v. Merck & Co., Inc., 914 F.3d 1169,
1171 (8th Cir. 2019). “The movant has the burden of ‘clearly establish[ing] that there
are no material issues of fact and that [he] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Id. (first alteration in original) (quoting Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp., 186 F.3d
1077, 1079 (8th Cir. 1999)). We must view all facts pled as true and grant all
reasonable inferences in Rossley’s favor. Id.

       The district court dismissed Rossley’s Title IX retaliation claim against the
University for lack of standing. Under Title IX “[n]o person in the United States
shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of,
or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving
Federal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). The Supreme Court has
interpreted Title IX to provide a private right of action for students complaining about
teachers or peer-to-peer sexual harassment; it also allows individuals employed by
federally-funded institutions to sue their employers. See Davis ex rel. LaShonda D.
v. Monroe Cty. Bd. of Educ., 526 U.S. 629, 643 (1999) (finding a plaintiff could sue
under Title IX for student-on-student sexual harassment); Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep.
Sch. Dist., 524 U.S. 274, 290–91 (1998) (finding a student could sue for sexual
harassment by a teacher); N. Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 520–21 (1982)
(finding employees are covered by Title IX regulations when the employer directly
participates in federal programs or benefits from federal grants, loans, or contracts).
Additionally, some federal courts have entertained causes of action for parents on
behalf of their minor children or deceased adult children under Title IX. See, e.g.,
Lopez v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 5 F. Supp. 3d 1106, 1114 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (noting

                                          -5-
“parents do have standing to assert Title IX claims on behalf of a student,” but “in
general, non-students such as parents do not have a personal claim under Title IX.”).

       Title IX also protects individuals who suffer retaliation after reporting
instances of sex discrimination. Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ., 544 U.S. 167,
173–74 (2005). The Supreme Court explained in Jackson that “[w]here the retaliation
occurs because the complainant speaks out about sex discrimination, the ‘on the basis
of sex’ requirement is satisfied.” Id. at 179. According to Rossley, this language
from Jackson indicates that any Title IX advocate has a cause of action when
retaliated against, regardless of whether the advocate is an employee, student, or
individual subjected to discrimination under an education program or activity. We
disagree. Retaliation “on the basis of sex” is not a sufficient condition for Title IX
standing. The plain text of 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a) provides protection for persons from
actions taken “on the basis of sex” only if it causes the prospective plaintiff to be
“excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a). Therefore, if the action taken “on the basis of sex”
against the person did not exclude, deny, or subject the person to discrimination under
an education program or activity, then the action cannot be brought under § 1681(a).

        Here, then, we must resolve whether Rossley’s removal from the Board
constitutes exclusion from or denial of an educational program or activity. Title IX
informs us that “program or activity” means “all of the operations of” various
institutions, including “a college, university, or other postsecondary institution, or a
public system of higher education.” 20 U.S.C. § 1687(2)(A). But this broad category
of “all of the operations” in § 1687 is narrowed by the descriptor “education program
or activity” in § 1681(a). Because Rossley does not appeal his action against the
Board — only his claim against the University — we need not determine whether a
Board of Trustees is an educational program or activity. Even assuming, but not
deciding the work of the Board is an educational program, we are left to consider only

                                          -6-
whether the alleged retaliation can be attributed to the University itself, undoubtedly
a federally-funded education program.

     Rossley specifically argues the University retaliated against him by: (1)
removing him from the Board by a vote; (2) prohibiting him from serving as his son’s
advocate during the Title IX hearings; and (3) directing him not to visit a tavern near
campus. None of these acts support a Title IX retaliation claim against the
University.

       First, we do not believe Rossley’s removal from the Board can support a Title
IX retaliation claim against the University. This was an internal vote of a Board of
Trustees to remove one of its members. When taking this action, the Board was
acting in a manner separate and distinct from the University itself. Therefore, we
conclude, as a matter of law, Rossley cannot hold the University liable under Title IX
for the separate decision of the Board regarding its own internal affairs.

       Next, we consider Rossley’s claim that the University retaliated against him by
prohibiting him from serving as his son’s advocate during the campus hearings.
Taking the facts in the amended complaint as true, this claim fails. The amended
complaint informs us that the University Code of Conduct allows an accused to have
a “personal representative” present during a disciplinary hearing who may, but is not
required to be, an attorney. The complaint also informs that Rossley’s son had a
“newly-retained attorney” who had “got[ten] involved.” Rossley’s complaint goes
on to assert that his “disabled son [was forced] to be his own advocate and act as his
own legal representative.” And finally, it asserts that Rossley and his wife were not
allowed to attend the hearings. But at no time does the complaint allege that Rossley
Jr. requested his father to serve as his “personal representative” under the Code of
Conduct, nor that such a request was denied by the University. Further, even if
Rossley was prevented from attending his son’s Title IX hearing, the complaint
contains no facts showing a nexus between this inability to attend the hearing and

                                         -7-
Rossley’s alleged complaints to the Board. Without such a nexus, a claim of Title IX
retaliation by the University must fail as a matter of law.

      And finally, we consider Rossley’s argument that the University’s direction to
Rossley to not frequent an off-campus tavern could support a retaliation claim. This
request, while perhaps beyond the bounds of the University’s power, did not deny
Rossley access to any education activity or program. Instead, it was a request to not
frequent an establishment outside the University’s control. As such, none of the
actions Rossley alleges the University took against him in retaliation were part of an
education program or activity, and therefore he lacks standing to bring suit under 20
U.S.C. § 1681(a).

       Rossley invites our court to expand Title IX’s reach such that “any advocate
has standing to bring a retaliation claim under Title IX, and to establish such a claim
a plaintiff need only show that he was retaliated against because he complained of sex
discrimination.” Because neither the statutory text nor the precedent supports such
an expansion, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Rossley’s Title IX retaliation
claim for lack of standing.

                              B. Disability Retaliation

      We next consider the district court’s grant of summary judgment against
Rossley’s disability retaliation claim. We review the district court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo, “construing the record in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Wages v. Stuart Mgmt. Corp., 798 F.3d 675, 679 (8th Cir. 2015).
“Even if not discussed by the district court, we may affirm on any ground supported
by the record.” Id.

      The district court granted summary judgement in favor of the University and
the Board on Rossley’s claim that they retaliated against him in violation of Title III

                                          -8-
of the Americans with Disabilities Act, § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the Iowa
Civil Rights Act. Summary judgment was granted in favor of the University and the
Board because the district court concluded Rossley failed to provide any evidence
showing the defendants’ decisions or actions were pretext for retaliatory animus. On
appeal, Rossley argues the district court “did not do justice to [his] retaliation case
when it selectively chose to highlight only those actions relied upon by Drake to
support its motion for summary judgment,” which resulted in a no pretext finding.

       For purposes of summary judgment all parties concede that (1) Rossley could
state a prima facie case of retaliation, and (2) the University and the Board had a
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for his removal from the Board. Thus, the only
question on appeal is whether Rossley could prove the non-discriminatory reason for
his removal was actually a pretext for disability retaliation. Moses v. Dassault Falcon
Jet Wilmington Corp., 894 F.3d 911, 924 (8th Cir. 2018). Rossley asserts the district
court erred by improperly relying on facts highlighted by the University and the
Board, and that it failed to view the evidence in the light most favorable to him. He
also argues the district court erroneously relied on Eighth Circuit precedent in
Mershon v. St. Louis University, because he believes the facts are distinguishable.
442 F.3d 1069 (8th Cir. 2006).

       Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Rossley, we find that the Board
voted to remove Rossley from his position of Trustee due to his “[p]ervasive conflict
of interest” with the University, and only after Rossley refused to take a leave of
absence from the Board. This decision was bolstered by the emails from Rossley
intimating he or his son may sue the University. And while Rossley asserts that other
Trustees “were previously personally involved in Title IX proceedings at the
University” but were not found to have conflicts of interest, we find this suggestion
dubious. Nothing suggests these other allegedly personally-involved Trustees sent
emails to the University about possible litigation, asked the Board to consider
reversing a University disciplinary decision, or spoke to faculty, alumni, and donors

                                         -9-
about their children’s situation. The factual dissimilarities between Rossley and the
other interested Board members he identifies do not generate an inference that the
Board removed Rossley because of disability-related animus. No question of fact
exists for a jury. Rossley has not shown any evidence that the proffered reason — a
pervasive conflict of interest — was not the motivation behind his removal from the
Board. One cannot reasonably infer that either the University or the Board retaliated
against Rossley.

       And although it is true the facts in Mershon are distinguishable from the
actions Rossley and the University undertook here, its principles are nonetheless
applicable. In Mershon, a former student was prevented from returning to St. Louis
University’s (“SLU”) campus shortly after he allegedly complained of SLU’s failure
to accommodate his disability. The former student therefore argued that the timing
of SLU’s action indicated pretext. We disagreed. SLU had explained it prevented
the student’s return because it believed the student had threatened a professor with
violence. 442 F.3d at 1073. The former student’s claim that he had complained about
his lack of accommodations shortly before his removal did not undercut SLU’s
proffered explanation, because the university’s explanation justified the student’s
prompt removal. Id. at 1075. The same principle applies here. Rossley’s removal
shortly after his threat of litigation does not undercut the Board’s proffered
explanation, because the ever-increasing conflict between Rossley’s interests and the
University’s justified Rossley’s removal at the time. Therefore the district court did
not err in relying on Mershon in its analysis.

                                C. Contract Claim

       Finally, Rossley argues the district court erred by granting summary judgment
for the University and the Board on his breach of contract claim. Reviewing de novo,
we affirm. Wages, 798 F.3d at 679.



                                        -10-
       Under Iowa law, a breach of contract is proven by showing there was capacity
to contract, the existence of certain elements of a contract, and a showing of breach.
Magnusson Agency v. Pub. Entity Nat’l Co. Midwest, 560 N.W.2d 20, 25 (Iowa
1997). At the heart of such a claim is the existence of a contract, which requires an
offer and acceptance. Id. at 26. “The test for an offer is whether [the alleged offer]
induces a reasonable belief in the recipient that he or she can, by accepting, bind the
sender.” Id. “If an offer is not definite, there is no intent to be bound.” Id.

       Here, Rossley claims he entered a contract with the University and the Board
when he was asked to serve as a Trustee of the University and he then accepted this
unpaid, volunteer position. But Rossley offered no evidence of a definite contractual
offer. He does not recall receiving a written contract governing his service with the
Board, nor did he present any evidence of a verbal contract with definite terms or
conditions. Rossley admits the Trustees were unpaid volunteers and the Bylaws do
not include any specific provisions requiring certain promises in exchange for service
on the Board.

       Rossley readily concedes he and the other Board members “voluntarily
accepted” their positions to serve on the Board of Trustees. Under Iowa law, “if the
promisor did not seek anything in exchange for the promise made,” then there is no
consideration to support the alleged contract. Margeson v. Artis, 776 N.W.2d 652,
655–56 (Iowa 2009). The only evidence of an exchange Rossley can point to is that,
in return for his service as a Trustee, he was provided with liability insurance as well
as free meals and entertainment on certain occasions. However, the mere provision
of liability insurance for Trustees without any evidence that such insurance was a part
of the bargained for exchange — that is, a part of the offer made to Rossley — is
insufficient to constitute contractual consideration under Iowa law. Viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to Rossley, we can only determine that he was
asked to serve on the Board as an unpaid, uncompensated volunteer. There was no
consideration present in Rossley’s alleged contract with the University and the Board,

                                         -11-
and as such the breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law. The district court
properly granted summary judgment.

                                 III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court.
                      ______________________________




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