         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                               September 17, 2013 Session

               STATE OF TENNESSEE v. COY J. COTHAM, JR.,
                     also known as CORY J. COTHAM

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
                  No. 2010-C-2636     Cheryl A. Blackburn, Judge


                  No. M2012-01150-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 31, 2014


Following a jury trial, the defendant, Coy J. Cotham, Jr., also known as Cory J. Cotham, was
convicted of first degree premeditated murder and especially aggravated robbery and
sentenced to life without parole and twenty-five years, to be served consecutively. On
appeal, he argues that the trial court erred in: (1) denying his motion to suppress evidence
seized pursuant to search warrants; (2) denying his motion to suppress Wi-Fi evidence; (3)
denying his motion to recuse; (4) concluding that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the
convictions; (5) allowing evidence of statements to the police by the victim’s husband; (6)
allowing evidence of threats made by the defendant; (7) allowing proof as to the affidavit of
indigency; (8) instructing the jury regarding parole; and (9) setting the defendant’s sentences
and determining that they would be served consecutively. We have carefully reviewed the
record and conclude that the defendant’s assignments of error are without merit.
Accordingly, the judgments are affirmed.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

A LAN E. G LENN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J.,
joined. J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., Not Participating.

Jeffrey A. DeVasher and William Allensworth (on appeal) and J. Michael Engle and Melissa
Harrison (at trial), Assistant Public Defenders, for the appellant, Coy J. Cotham, Jr., also
known as Cory J. Cotham.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Assistant Attorney
General; Victor S. Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and Thomas Thurman, Bret T.
Gunn, Katrin N. Miller, and Janice Norman, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the
appellee, State of Tennessee.
                                          OPINION

                                           FACTS

       The crimes for which the defendant was convicted stem from the August 29, 2010
shooting death of the victim, Veronica Bozza, at her home in Hermitage, Tennessee. The
victim’s estranged husband, Timothy Roy Bozza, who testified as a State’s witness during
the defendant’s trial, also was indicted for first degree premeditated murder and tried
separately.

       As we will set out, much of the evidence presented at the defendant’s trial resulted
from a series of back-and-forth cell phone calls between the defendant and Mr. Bozza, which
provided a partial basis for search warrant 406. The cell phone call records were obtained
by law enforcement officers pursuant to an exigent-circumstances request to the cell phone
provider, rather than a search warrant. Much of the defendant’s argument on appeal is based
upon his view that these records were obtainable only by a search warrant, and because law
enforcement officers bypassed this procedure, the cell phone call records and derivative
evidence were unlawfully obtained. Accordingly, we first will review the pretrial evidentiary
hearing on the defendant’s motion to suppress these records.

                    Suppression Hearing on Search Warrant No. 406

        Detective Andrew Vallee of the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department (“MNPD”)
testified that, during the “late” evening on the day of the victim’s murder, he made an
exigent-circumstances request for the telephone records of the victim, her husband, and the
defendant. His request to the phone company was for historical cell site data and historical
call detail records. He obtained a search warrant the following day at the request of the lead
investigator, Detective Crumby. In the search warrant affidavit, he included information
from a local record check showing that the defendant had two convictions for aggravated
assault. Based on a document he received from the defendant’s Oregon parole officer and
information from an Internet website, Detective Vallee believed the defendant also had an
aggravated rape conviction although the documents stated the defendant had raped a
fourteen-year-old girl. He later learned the conviction was for statutory rape. He was unable
to conduct a NCIC check because he was not certified to do so.

       On cross-examination, Detective Vallee said he requested the historical cell site data
pursuant to Title 18 of the United States Code, section 2703. His exigent-circumstances
request was “based on the fact that Mr. Bozza and [the defendant] had talked numerous times
and the fact we were lied to about how many times they had actually talked. And [the
defendant] and Mr. Bozza both talked immediately prior to and immediately after the
murder.” Detective Vallee explained that historical cell site data did not require triangulation

                                              -2-
in that it was “simply the tower that particular phone was hitting at the time.” He was able
to determine that the defendant’s and the victim’s cell phones1 “were hitting towers in the
same vicinity.”

       Detective Andrew Injaychock of the MNPD testified that he provided information to
Detective Vallee for the search warrant and advised Vallee that he had observed scratches
on the defendant’s arms. He identified photographs depicting scratches on each of the
defendant’s forearms.

        Garen Blanchard testified that he supervised the defendant’s parole after he was
transferred from Oregon. Blanchard said the defendant’s parole did not expire until March
17, 2012; therefore, he was on parole in August 2010. He identified the defendant’s
application for interstate transfer stating he agreed to abide by all the rules of both Oregon
and Tennessee. Blanchard conducted an intake interview with the defendant on May 21,
2010, at which time they discussed the Tennessee rules of parole to make sure the defendant
understood the insignificant differences between the Tennessee and Oregon rules. He said
the defendant next reported on June 4, July 12, and August 30, 2010. Upon questioning by
the trial court, Blanchard said he specifically recalled explaining to the defendant the
differences between the Oregon and Tennessee rules regarding searches without warrants.

       Subsequently, the trial court entered a written order on April 26, 2011, denying the
defendant’s motion to suppress “on the basis Defendant was a parolee at the time of the
search and as part of his transfer to Tennessee he agreed to the warrantless search parole
condition. However, even if Defendant had not been a parolee or had not consented to
Tennessee parole conditions, the Court finds that the search warrant is valid and Defendant’s
motion is . . . denied on the merits.”

        On January 24, 2012, the defendant filed a “Re-newed Motion to Suppress Search
Warrant #406 Pursuant to United States v. Jones, __ U.S. __, No. 10-1259 (Jan. 23, 2012).”
Finding that there was no “‘trespassory’ taking of the Defendant’s phone that would cause
this case to fall within the parameters of the Jones ruling,” the court denied the defendant’s
renewed motion by written order entered January 30, 2012.

                                                    Trial

                                               State’s Proof

        Lorenza Chiarmonte Pintar, the victim’s sister, testified that at the time of the victim’s
death, the victim and her husband were in the process of getting a divorce and were fighting

       1
           Officers determined, after discovery of the victim’s body, that her cell phone was missing.

                                                      -3-
over custody of their son. Pintar had a lengthy telephone conversation with the victim the
evening of August 28, 2010, and received a voicemail message from her the next day around
noon.

        Father Joseph Patrick Breen, the pastor at St. Edward’s Catholic Church and School,
testified that the victim was “a very strong, active member” of the church and that her son
was a student at the school. He last saw the victim on Sunday, August 29, 2010, as she was
leaving mass around 11:35 or 11:40 a.m.

      Garnett Jagels, a friend of the victim, testified that the victim left her a voicemail
message on August 29, 2010, at 12:07 p.m. She said the call lasted about thirty seconds and
sounded like the victim was in her car.

       Brian Robinson, the victim’s boyfriend, testified that he talked to the victim on her
cell phone, a white iPhone, at about 11:45 a.m. on August 29, 2010, and that they made plans
to drive to Fall Creek Falls that day. He stopped to get gas and snacks at 12:15 p.m. before
going to the victim’s house. When he arrived at the victim’s house five to ten minutes later,
he noticed that the garage door was open, which was unusual. The victim’s car was in the
garage, and her sunglasses were on the ground. Robinson saw her purse inside the car and
looked inside it for her cell phone. He entered the house through the back door and saw the
victim, who was bleeding, lying on the floor. Robinson called 9-1-1 at approximately 12:30
p.m., and the police arrived shortly thereafter. Robinson identified a towel that looked “very
similar” to the towel the victim kept in her computer cleaning kit.

       Officer Jay Brandon Reed of the MNPD testified that he was the first officer to
respond to the crime scene, arriving at about 12:30 p.m. He briefly spoke to Mr. Robinson
outside and then went into the house where he discovered the deceased victim. He
questioned neighbors, but they had not seen or heard anything.

       Detective Craig Christie of the MNPD testified that he arrived at the crime scene at
12:53 p.m. and found the victim lying on the living room floor with a pool of blood by her
head. He discovered a projectile on the floor next to the victim’s body, a hole in the
hardwood floor, and a spent shell casing on the floor next to the wall near the back door.

        Officer Johnny Lawrence of the MNPD Technical Investigations Division testified
that he created a Panoscan2 image of the crime scene, which was admitted as an exhibit. He
described the appearance of the garage area and said it appeared some activity had occurred


        2
          The witness defined the Panoscan as “a camera that sits on a tripod that will take multiple pictures
400-degrees, once that is done, we use software to put that together, so you’re actually like you’re standing
inside of this photograph and this photograph can spin around, it’s like you’re inside . . . the actual scene.”

                                                     -4-
near the front of the victim’s vehicle. Inside the vehicle was a woman’s purse on the
passenger’s seat. Shoes were scattered at the doorway while the rest of the house was neatly
organized. From his analysis of the scene, it appeared that the victim had hurriedly entered
the house and gone into the living room where there was a back door leading out to the patio.
The couch appeared to have been disturbed as if someone had lifted up the cushions looking
for something. Four projectiles and one shell casing were recovered from the scene. The
victim had two gunshot wounds to her head and gunpowder residue on her hand, indicating
that her hand was “very close to a weapon when it was fired.” Officers found money on a
counter in plain view a few feet from the victim’s body, $400 in an envelope, and a blank
check made payable to the victim from Mr. Bozza with the notation “for school fees.” It
appeared that the money had not been “searched through. . . . [I]t’s like it [was] not
important.”

        Lynette Mace, a civilian employee of the MNPD Identification Unit, testified that she
prepared a diagram of the crime scene and processed the interior and exterior of the door
leading into the garage from the kitchen area for latent fingerprints. She also assisted Officer
Lawrence with lifting prints from the victim’s vehicle. She collected into evidence four
projectiles and one nine-millimeter shell casing. Two projectiles were recovered from holes
in the floor, a third from inside a storage box beside the couch, and the fourth from the floor
near the victim’s body. The shell casing was located against the shoe mold near the rear
patio door. She also collected hair from the victim’s right hand.

        Officer George Nathaniel Ward, a crime scene investigator with the MNPD, testified
that he took photographs at the crime scene and collected latent fingerprints. Brenda Russell
of the MNPD Identification Unit testified that she examined the latent fingerprints collected
from the victim’s house and that the only fingerprints she was able to identify belonged to
the victim.

       Officer Roy Morris of the MNPD Technical Investigations Section testified that he
collected DNA swabs from Mr. Bozza and Mr. Robinson, which were sent to the Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) laboratory for testing.

        Detective Johnny Ray Crumby, Jr. of the MNPD testified that he was one of the two
lead detectives assigned to investigate the homicide of the victim. He interviewed Mr. Bozza
and determined that he was not present during the victim’s murder based upon receipts and
store surveillance videotapes showing that he was at Holt’s Cee Bee Market at 12:35 p.m.
and at Lowe’s Home Improvement Center at 1:10 p.m. Detective Crumby reviewed
telephone records, which reflected numerous calls between Mr. Bozza and the defendant the
day of the murder. He said the defendant “became a person of interest . . . because it looked
like [the victim’s] cell phone was being used after the time of her death. And her cell phone
was using towers in the locations, exactly the same point, where [the defendant’s] cell towers

                                              -5-
were being used after the homicide.” Detective Crumby subsequently took a tape-recorded
statement from the defendant, which was played for the jury. Detective Crumby said that the
defendant’s statements were inconsistent and did not match the cell phone records the
officers had. The defendant was not arrested at that time, but his vehicle was seized.

       After Detective Crumby executed a search warrant at the home of the defendant’s
mother, he began receiving threatening phone calls from the defendant who initially tried to
disguise his voice. The defendant told Detective Crumby that he knew where the detective’s
family lived, how old his son was, and what vehicles they drove. The defendant was later
arrested in Kentucky and transported back to Tennessee. As Detective Crumby was
escorting the defendant to the booking station, the defendant told him he knew also where
the detective’s son attended school.

       Felicia Evans, a crime scene investigator with the MNPD, testified that she processed
the defendant’s Cadillac Escalade on August 30, 2010. She identified photographs of the
exterior and interior of the vehicle depicting, among other things, a black duffel bag
containing a pair of white tennis shoes, two used blue latex gloves, and a collapsible cooler
containing a black Nike hat and a Condor brand black tactical sleeve, which could be worn
around the head as a scarf or face mask; a pawn ticket transaction from Toliver’s Pawn and
Loan dated August 25, 2010; two brown towels found in the backseat; a cell phone charger
with a phone connected to it; a pair of black gloves; and a blue hand towel.

       Timothy Bozza testified that he had been charged with the first degree murder of the
victim and that he was currently incarcerated. He said he and the victim had been married
about seventeen years and had one son. At the time of the victim’s death, they had been
separated about fourteen months and their divorce was close to being finalized. He
acknowledged that he and the victim “had an issue months before about the separation and
child custody” and that he lost a court hearing regarding custody arrangements for their son.

        Mr. Bozza said that he had known the defendant for about thirteen years and that,
about ten years ago, the defendant had lived with him and the victim for a few months. The
defendant left Nashville for a period of time, and Mr. Bozza next saw him at the courthouse
the day of Mr. Bozza’s custody hearing. They renewed their friendship, and the defendant
began working for Mr. Bozza. Asked if he and the defendant had ever discussed killing the
victim, Mr. Bozza replied, “Well, yes, sir. I made a bad joke one day about a movie that –
in the middle of a session we were both complaining about.” He said that he brought up the
issue “in a moment of anger” and that it was then dropped. He denied offering the defendant
$10,000 to kill the victim. However, the defendant offered him $10,000 “to take care of
Laura Yancey . . . the girl who was living with husband who had custody of his son.” Mr.
Bozza said he told the defendant he “could never do anything like that.” Mr. Bozza denied
any knowledge of the defendant’s following the victim on numerous occasions prior to her

                                             -6-
death.

        Regarding the day of the victim’s murder, Mr. Bozza acknowledged that he talked to
the defendant several times that day but said they only talked about “average bologna kind
of stuff.” He said he met the defendant at a grocery store near St. Edward’s Church, where
he was waiting to pick up his son from the victim. The defendant was driving a minivan that
belonged to the woman with whom he lived, Jennie. After they parted ways, the defendant
called Mr. Bozza and said that “it was done.” Mr. Bozza denied knowing what the defendant
was referencing because they had discussed “a number of things that day that could have fit
at that point in time.” He later called the victim’s cell phone and received a return call from
the defendant about an hour and a half later. The defendant told him to stop calling the
victim’s phone because he had it. He asked the defendant why he had the victim’s cell
phone, and the defendant told him that “he had taken care of [Mr. Bozza’s] problem and that
[the victim] wouldn’t be a problem for [him] anymore.” Mr. Bozza said that a few weeks
after the victim’s murder, the defendant came by his mother’s house and asked him for
$35,000.

        Mr. Bozza acknowledged that he had had numerous meetings with the police and the
district attorney’s office but denied telling them that he had any knowledge of the victim’s
murder prior to its happening. A redacted portion of his November 16, 2010 videotaped
statement was then played for the jury. After the tape was played, the following colloquy
occurred:

         Q.    (By [the prosecutor]) Mr. Bozza, you admit that that’s inconsistent
         with what you’ve testified to today, is it not?

         A.     Yes, sir. I was taking things in a different context. But, yes, sir.

         Q.     You were taking things in a different context today or then?

         A.     No, today, sir. That is clear what was said.

         Q.     That’s the truth?

         A.     Yes, sir, that’s what was said.

       On cross-examination, Mr. Bozza said that he accepted responsibility for the
statement he made “that caused everything” but denied he was taking responsibility for
planning the murder of his wife. He admitted that he lied to Detective Crumby.

         On redirect, Mr. Bozza admitted that his and the victim’s parenting plan required that

                                                  -7-
they each carry life insurance in the amount of $350,000 payable to the other as trustee for
their child. Asked about what he said in his statement as to whether he told the defendant
he would give him $10,000 to kill the victim, Mr. Bozza said, “[W]hen he offered, I said, that
sounds like a good plan right there, but I can’t necessarily do that [the killing] myself.”
Asked to clarify if he meant he would give the defendant $10,000, Mr. Bozza responded,
“Well, it could be construed as that, yes, sir.” He agreed that he “never backed off of
anything” and that his statement could “[a]bsolutely” be construed as an agreement to pay
the defendant $10,000.

      Barbara Bozza, Mr. Bozza’s mother, testified that she knew the defendant through her
son and that he came by her house a week or two before the victim’s murder to see her son.
Her son went outside and talked to the defendant for about two minutes.

       Attorney Michael Rohling testified that he was retained to represent Mr. Bozza and
that he was present during every statement he gave to the police except for the initial one.
He said that Mr. Bozza had not been promised anything in exchange for his testimony.

       Jennifer Addington testified that when she separated from her husband in July 2010,
she took his nine-millimeter handgun and placed it in a maroon lunchbox cooler that she kept
underneath her belongings in the back of her 2004 Honda Odyssey minivan. She then began
dating the defendant and occasionally allowed him to drive her van. She discovered that the
gun and lunchbox were missing “[s]ometime towards the end of July” and asked the
defendant about it, but he denied having it. She identified the lunchbox cooler, which was
admitted as an exhibit.

       Addington said that, on the day of the victim’s murder, she was supposed to meet the
defendant at her house at 7:30 a.m., but she was late getting home from her job in Huntsville,
Alabama. When she arrived home between 9:00 and 9:30 a.m., the defendant was not there.
She went to sleep and was awakened by the defendant sometime later. She went back to
sleep and was again awakened by the defendant around 2:00 or 3:00 p.m. The defendant left
and, when he returned, he smelled like “burning leaves.” They then went to an early dinner
at TGI Friday’s restaurant. Addington said that the defendant had an Android cell phone, but
she noticed he had a “thinner” white phone that day. She told the police she had not seen an
iPhone, but she had “no clue” if the white phone she saw was an iPhone.

        Addington said that the defendant told her not to talk to the police because that was
“how they had gotten him, that they had asked him to meet up to discuss [Mr. Bozza]. And
when they did, that’s when they had seized his phone in his car and held him all day and not
to do it, that they were going to get me like that, too. And they were going to try to tell me
all sorts of mean things – awful things about him and that it was just – for me not to do it.”
However, based upon her attorney’s advice, she met with the police on August 31 but lied

                                             -8-
to them in saying that the defendant was with her the entire day of the victim’s murder. She
subsequently met with Detective Crumby and gave the police another statement.

       Addington said that before the defendant was arrested, he asked her to search her
computer for news articles related to the victim’s murder and “to get any and every
information [she] could find on Detective Crumby and his partner.” She gave the defendant
some information, and the defendant asked her if she had deleted everything, which she had.
The defendant also asked her to accompany him on a trip to Barbados and told her not to use
her cell phone because it was tapped.

       Jessica Logsdon testified that she was a family friend of Addington and also knew the
defendant. She said that she went to Addington’s residence between 12:00 and 5:00 p.m. on
August 29, 2010, because she wanted to borrow Addington’s minivan, but the van was not
there. She went into Addington’s residence and attempted to wake up Addington but was
unsuccessful. The defendant was not there.

        Jeff Walters, Jennifer Addington’s ex-husband, testified that he owned a Hi-Point
nine-millimeter handgun and around July 24, 2010, realized that it was missing. He filed a
police report, listing Addington as a suspect. He previously had fired the weapon during
target practice on his property in Ethridge, Tennessee, and assisted the police in recovering
shell casings from his property. Walters said that the nine-millimeter gun depicted in a
photograph admitted as an exhibit “look[ed] just like [his] gun.”

        John Schmahl testified that he met the defendant when he moved into the apartment
across from Schmahl’s and that they frequently socialized. He also knew Mr. Bozza and had
done some remodeling work for him. He described the defendant and Mr. Bozza’s friendship
as “[c]lose. . . . [T]hey both talked about each other highly.” As to the defendant’s financial
condition, Schmahl said that the defendant “played off to – as if he were doing very, very
well. He always had stacks of hundred dollar bills.” However, the defendant moved out of
the apartment about a week before the sheriff’s department showed up with an eviction
notice. Schmahl said that the defendant had an Android phone and that he never saw the
defendant without it. He acknowledged that the defendant had a “pretty fancy” vehicle with
a customized license plate that read “Big Man.”

       Schmahl said that the defendant knew he owned a couple of guns and told him that
he wanted to buy a gun for “personal protection.” In July, the defendant showed him a Hi-
Point nine millimeter gun in a maroon lunchbox and told him he “just bought it off of
someone” for $350. Schmahl said that the lunchbox admitted into evidence was “pretty
identical” to the one the gun was in when the defendant brought it to his residence.




                                              -9-
        Schmahl said that the defendant called him on August 29, 2010, at approximately
12:28 p.m. as he was driving northbound on Old Hickory Boulevard, a few blocks past the
interstate. The defendant told Schmahl that he had just driven past him.

        Michael Chad Wilson testified that he had known the defendant for about ten years
and occasionally socialized with him. He said the defendant had a very distinctive Android
phone that “probably never left his hand.” The defendant called him at approximately 2:46
p.m. on August 29, 2010, and asked how to take the battery out of an iPhone. After Wilson
learned of the victim’s death, he contacted the police and gave a statement. After the
defendant was arrested, Wilson received several telephone calls from him while he was in
jail and perceived the last call to be “threatening.”

       Detective Andrew Injaychock of the MNPD testified that he was the co-lead detective
with Detective Crumby. When he arrived at the crime scene, he noticed there appeared to
have been a struggle because the couch cushions were in disarray and a window blind had
been pulled off. After interviewing Brian Robinson, officers established the victim’s “time
frame of leaving the church to [her] residence” and determined that she had met with Mr.
Bozza. Detective Injaychock interviewed Mr. Bozza who provided two receipts dated
August 29, 2010, one from Holt’s Cee Bee in Ridgetop and one from Lowe’s in the Ridgetop
area, which were admitted as exhibits. The time stamped on the Holt’s receipt was 12:35
p.m., and the time on the Lowe’s receipt was 1:19 p.m. Detective Injaychock later reviewed
surveillance videos from the two stores, which showed Mr. Bozza in the stores during the
time frames reflected on the receipts.

      Detective Injaychock said that he subsequently went to Jeff Walters’ farm in Ethridge
where two spent shell casings were recovered from the ground. He acknowledged that the
gun and the victim’s iPhone were never found.

       Attorney Phillip Robinson testified that he was retained to represent the victim in her
divorce case in March 2010. After a court hearing, the victim was awarded more time,
approximately 203 days, with the parties’ child and a reduction in the amount of child
support to be paid to Mr. Bozza. The time allotted to the victim “became a bone of
contention and was very upsetting to Mr. Bozza.” The parenting plan contained a provision
requiring both the victim and Mr. Bozza to carry $350,000 in life insurance and list the other
parent as the beneficiary as trustee for their minor child. Robinson said that the custody issue
regarding the parenting time and the possibility of relocation had not been resolved at the
time of the victim’s murder.

       John Russell, a financial advisor, testified that he did some financial planning for the
victim and Mr. Bozza. He said that, at the time of her death, the victim had a $550,000 life
insurance policy with Mr. Bozza listed as the beneficiary. Mr. Bozza approached him at the

                                             -10-
victim’s funeral and said “he needed to get together with [Russell] to discuss the insurance.”

        David Kline testified that he managed the mapping division of the Metropolitan
Planning Department and had created over 100 maps related to the case. He identified aerial
photographs depicting, among other things, St. Edward’s Catholic Church, Jennifer
Addington’s residence, the victim’s residence, TGI Friday’s restaurant, the Waste
Management Nashville transfer station, and 5109 Old Hickory Boulevard.3 He also
identified maps depicting a cell phone tower and the victim’s residence, a Verizon cell phone
tower and TGI Friday’s restaurant, and an AT&T cell phone tower in Benton County. He
provided distances between multiple locations and cell phone towers to Detective Vallee.

       Special Agent Joel Wade of the TBI Technical Services Unit, accepted by the trial
court as an expert in computer forensics and forensics of mobile devices, testified that he
analyzed a Motorola cell phone with an Android operating system submitted to him in the
case. He extracted from the phone the cache Wi-Fi file, which showed the actual latitude and
longitude of the router at the time the phone “saw” the router, and the cached out cell file,
which showed the tower location. He explained that a cache file was a “log file of the
locations that that phone ha[d] seen in its past.”

        TBI Special Agent Richard Littlehale, accepted by the trial court as an expert in the
field of communications records and criminal investigations, testified that he was the
assistant special agent in charge of the Technical Services Unit. He said cell site location
information, including historical records, was generally available to law enforcement
officers. He explained that historical records were created by the phone company in the
normal course of business and showed which particular cell tower and, in certain cases,
which side of the tower the handset had communicated with. Asked to explain the
geographic correlation between tower location and device location, Agent Littlehale said that
he “would expect to see a handset that is communicating within a particular tower to be
either within that first tier of towers or occasionally, because of interference or load
balancing issues, going out to the outer second tier, . . . possibly in rare circumstances a third
tier.” However, based upon his experience, handsets were “generally within those inner tiers
of towers closer to the towers, particularly in urban areas.” Agent Littlehale acknowledged
that he had not analyzed any of the records in the case.

       On cross-examination, Agent Littlehale said that a handset did “not always
communicate with the closest tower. The factors that influence what that handset, what
choice that network will make, as far as which cell tower will communicate with a handset,
depend on signal strength and also the load of the particular tower and any interference,


       3
        The witness stated “5109” Old Hickory Boulevard, but the corresponding exhibit shows the street
number as “5901.”

                                                 -11-
terrain, [or] obstacles that might interfere.” Based upon his experience, on most cellular
networks in Nashville, the towers are between one-half a mile and two miles apart. He
explained that a tier was “a set of towers that the handset could be using” and agreed that if
someone was trying to find a handset, the first tier was a number of towers, perhaps close
together, and the second tier was a greater number of towers. On redirect, Agent Littlehale
agreed that cell phone records and tower locations did not pinpoint a handset. He said that,
in criminal investigations, cell tower records were used to corroborate and/or refute evidence
and alibi statements.

        Detective Andrew Vallee of the MNPD Criminal Investigations Division testified that
he specialized in cellular telephone records and the analysis and mapping of those records.
He analyzed call detail records for the victim, Brian Robinson, Jennifer Addington, and the
defendant. Using the PowerPoint presentation he created, Detective Vallee explained his
findings regarding the day of the victim’s murder. Because the 9-1-1 phone call was
received at 12:30 p.m., he reviewed the victim’s cell phone records to determine what calls
were made prior to that time. The victim called Brian Robinson at 11:51 a.m., which lasted
eight minutes and started with tower 3099 near St. Edward’s Church and ended at tower 3108
near Interstate 40 and Stewart’s Ferry Pike. She next made a thirty-three-second call at 12:01
p.m. to her sister, and that call started at tower 3108 and ended at tower 3537 located at
Interstate 40 and Old Hickory Boulevard. The last phone call prior to the victim’s death was
made to Garnett Jagels at 12:07 p.m., with the victim’s phone again connecting to tower
3537. Detective Vallee said that the most direct route from St. Edward’s Catholic Church
to the victim’s residence was about a fifteen- to twenty-minute drive. The victim’s call
pattern showed that when she was at home, she connected with AT&T tower 3035, which
was the closest tower. Mr. Bozza called the victim’s cell phone at 1:48 p.m., connecting to
antenna 3037 which was located 1.8 miles from Addington’s residence. At 1:49 p.m., the
victim’s cell phone received a voicemail notification, which connected to AT&T antenna
3037. The voicemail was accessed at 1:50 p.m. There was no activity on the victim’s phone
from 7:40 p.m. that day until August 31 at 10:53 a.m. when her phone transmitted data and
connected to AT&T antenna 3150 near the Waste Management Nashville transfer station
located at 1428 Antioch Pike. At 1:44 p.m., her phone again transmitted data from AT&T
antenna 3077 near the Waste Management Landfill in Camden, Tennessee. Detective Vallee
said that the victim’s cell phone was likely thrown away, went to the Nashville transfer
station on Antioch Pike, and then was transported by garbage truck to the landfill in Camden.

       Detective Vallee said that they had information indicating that Mr. Bozza was at
Holt’s Cee Bee in Ridgetop, Tennessee, at the time of the victim’s murder. After analyzing
Mr. Bozza’s phone records, Detective Vallee learned that Mr. Bozza called the defendant
thirteen times on the day of the victim’s murder, seven times prior to her murder and six
times afterwards. He then requested the defendant’s phone records, which showed that
between 10:46 and 11:05 a.m. on the day of the victim’s murder, the defendant’s phone was

                                             -12-
connecting to Verizon antenna 531, near Jennifer Addington’s residence. At 11:14 a.m., the
defendant called Mr. Bozza, connecting to Verizon antenna 139 near Briley Parkway and
Lebanon Pike. From 11:29 to 11:43 a.m., there were five calls between the defendant and
Mr. Bozza, all connecting to Verizon antenna 61 near St. Edward’s Catholic Church. The
defendant’s cell phone also connected to a Wi-Fi access point near the church at 11:54 a.m.
The next activity on the defendant’s phone was at 12:20 p.m., when he made a ten-second
call to Mr. Bozza that connected to antenna 117, followed by another call at 12:22 p.m. that
lasted 102 seconds and began with antenna 116 and ended with antenna 113. Antenna 113
was less than a mile from the victim’s residence, antenna 117 was 3.06 miles, and antenna
116 was 5.14 miles. The next call placed on the defendant’s phone was at 12:28 p.m. to John
Schmahl that began with antenna 24 and ended with antenna 139. At 12:39 p.m., the
victim’s cell phone received a text message from antenna 3052, which was located near the
intersection of Interstate 40 and Spence Lane. The next activity on the defendant’s phone
was from Verizon antenna 531 near Addington’s house and included a 12:51 p.m. call from
Mr. Bozza, a 2:24 p.m. call to Addington, and a 2:28 p.m. call from Addington. At 2:45
p.m., the defendant called Chad Wilson, first connecting to antenna 531 and ending with
antenna 141 located at the intersection of Interstate 40 and Interstate 24. Between 3:15 p.m.
and 3:23 p.m., the defendant’s cell phone was connected to an antenna in the Hickory Hollow
Mall area near TGI Friday’s restaurant. The defendant’s phone also showed a Wi-Fi
connection access point near the restaurant. Jennifer Addington’s call activity showed that
she connected to the antenna near TGI Friday’s at 3:19 p.m., which corroborated her
statement to the police.

      Detective Vallee said that further analysis of the defendant’s call detail records
showed that a Wi-Fi access point near the victim’s house was logged on the defendant’s
phone at 6:13 a.m. on August 26, 2010, three days before the victim’s murder. The
defendant called Mr. Bozza that day at 6:32 a.m. and talked for seven and a half minutes.

         On cross-examination, Detective Vallee agreed that the information he had was single
cell site information, which was less precise than GPS or trilateration. He further agreed that
the exact location of a telephone handset could not be determined based on the location of
a cell tower.

       Officer Mark Mittermeier of the MNPD testified that in September 2010 he was
assigned to the United States Marshals Fugitive Task Force and that his unit arrested the
defendant in Glasgow, Kentucky, on September 20, 2010, at Brenda Pittman’s residence.

       Sergeant Pat Postiglione of the MNPD testified that he recovered Ms. Pittman’s work
computer from her employer and turned it over to Detective Chad Gish, a forensic examiner,
for analysis.



                                             -13-
        Detective Gish testified that he analyzed the defendant’s Android cell phone and
recovered numerous photographs. One photograph dated August 2, 2010, was of a nine-
millimeter pistol with a loaded clip lying next to it. Another photograph dated August 13,
2010, was of a mattress with what appeared to be bullet holes. Detective Gish also recovered
a text message Ms. Pittman sent to the defendant at 8:57 p.m. the day of the victim’s murder
that read, “I am so happy for you . . . it’s great when a plan comes together . . . .” His
analysis of Ms. Pittman’s computer showed she had sent emails to an address,
bigmansixnine@gmail.com, associated with the defendant’s phone. One email dated August
19, 2010, ten days before the victim’s murder, included attachments containing information
on Barbados and processing times for passport applications. Another email dated September
17, 2010, included an attachment listing countries that do not have extradition treaties with
the United States.

       Toya Randolph, an employee of the Criminal Court Clerk’s Office, identified a form
the defendant filled out indicating that he had no job or source of income and that he owed
child support.

       TBI Special Agent James Russell Davis, II testified that he tested numerous items of
evidence for gunshot residue. He found gunshot primer residue on the blue towel and the
Condor tactical sleeve recovered from the defendant’s vehicle. The residue particles
contained tin and zirconium, which was unique. He analyzed the shell casing recovered from
the crime scene and found that it “also had the elements tin and zirconium.” Agent Davis
explained that this was the first time he had seen zirconium in gunshot residue and that the
shell casing was an import, apparently manufactured in Russia.

        Dr. John Davis, a forensic pathologist, testified that he performed the autopsy on the
thirty-nine-year-old victim and determined that her cause of death was multiple gunshot
wounds. The victim had a close contact gunshot wound, which entered through her left ear
and exited above her right eye. She had a second gunshot wound, which entered behind and
above her left ear and exited between her ear and forehead on the right side. Both of these
wounds were lethal. Additionally, the victim had a gunshot wound to her right shoulder and
to her right arm, which broke her arm. Dr. Davis said that the victim had been shot “at least
four times.” No projectiles were recovered from the victim’s body.

       Dr. Laura Boos of the TBI Crime Laboratory Serology DNA Unit testified that she
performed DNA testing on the blue latex gloves, blue hand towel, lunchbox cooler, and
tactical sleeve recovered from the defendant’s vehicle. The items contained a mixture of
genetic material from more than one person. She obtained a limited DNA profile, which was
consistent with the defendant, from the latex gloves. She was able to exclude the victim, Mr.
Bozza, and Brian Robinson as contributors to the mixture found on the gloves. She also was
able to exclude Mr. Bozza and Mr. Robinson as contributors to the genetic material on the

                                             -14-
blue towel but was unable to exclude the defendant and the victim as potential contributors.
The towel was sent to another laboratory for further testing. From the limited profile she
obtained from the lunchbox cooler, the defendant could not be excluded as a contributor, but
the victim, Mr. Bozza, and Mr. Robinson were excluded. The major profile on the Condor
tactical sleeve “completely match[ed]” the defendant, and she was able to exclude the victim,
Mr. Bozza, and Mr. Robinson as contributors. On cross-examination, Dr. Boos
acknowledged that she did not find the defendant’s DNA on any of the profiles obtained
from the crime scene or underneath the victim’s fingernails.

        Jennifer Smith, a DNA analyst with Orchid Cellmark Laboratories, testified that she
examined the blue towel, using a different technique than most other laboratories, and found
that the “major DNA profile present on the side of the towel without writing originated from
[the defendant].” The victim and Mr. Robinson could not be excluded as minor contributors,
and no conclusion was reached regarding Mr. Bozza.

        TBI Agent Steve Scott, assigned to the Firearms Identification Section, testified that
he examined a nine-millimeter cartridge case and four nine-millimeter bullets recovered from
the crime scene. The bullets had a copper steel mix, which was “a little bit unusual” and
consistent with a Russian-made ammunition. He compared two cartridge cases shell casings
found on the property in Ethridge, Tennessee, to the cartridge case recovered from the crime
scene and determined they had been fired in the same firearm. Characteristics most common
to firearms manufactured by Hi-Point were present on all three cartridge cases. Agent Scott
identified the gun and magazine depicted in a photograph recovered from the defendant’s cell
phone as a Hi-Point semiautomatic pistol. The shell casing recovered from the crime scene
had the same green coloration as the top cartridge case in the magazine.

                                       Defense Proof

        The defendant testified that he had known Mr. Bozza approximately sixteen years and,
during the summer of 2010, was working with him as “kind of business partners.” He knew
that Mr. Bozza was in the process of getting a divorce and that Mr. Bozza was upset about
his situation with the victim. The defendant said that it was not unusual for him and Mr.
Bozza to call each other “all day long.” He identified photographs of his Cadillac Escalade
showing, among other things, his customized license plate which read “Big Man.” He denied
killing the victim, saying he spent the night before the victim’s murder with Brenda Pittman
in Kentucky. He said he arrived back in Nashville sometime after 10:00 a.m. the next day,
August 29, 2010, went to see his son’s mother, Laura Yancey, and then went to Jennifer
Addington’s residence. He talked to Mr. Bozza and then met with him around 11:15 a.m.
near St. Edward’s Church where Mr. Bozza was to pick up his son. They discussed their
weekend activities and potential job bids, and the defendant left around 11:50 a.m. to meet
Ms. Yancey at a parking lot near Addington’s residence. While he was repairing Ms.

                                             -15-
Yancey’s older model vehicle, she drove his Cadillac Escalade to get some food. After Ms.
Yancey left, the defendant realized that his phone was on the charger in his Escalade. Ms.
Yancey returned around 12:28 p.m., and the defendant then went to Addington’s house,
arriving there at about 12:30 p.m. Around 3:00 p.m., he and Addington went to the TGI
Friday’s restaurant in the Hickory Hollow Mall area. He said he last talked to Mr. Bozza
around 4:00 p.m.

       The defendant said that he used the blue latex gloves found in his vehicle to protect
his hands while cleaning his rims with “basically pure acid” that he kept in a green jug in the
back of his vehicle. He explained that he used the black tactical sleeve as a face mask when
doing work-related painting or sanding. He said he used the blue towel to clean his vehicle.

       Regarding the photograph of a mattress with holes in it found on his cell phone, the
defendant said that the mattress belonged to his mother and “was so worn out that the springs
had poked holes in [it].” He denied that the holes were bullet holes and said that he and Mr.
Bozza moved it out of his mother’s house onto the back patio. Asked about the emails
containing information about Barbados and extradition treaties, the defendant said that Mr.
Bozza had taken a trip there and that the State of Tennessee had frozen one of his bank
accounts as a result of his child support arrearage. The defendant said he wanted to know
if would he be extradited back “for something silly like child support” if he moved to
Barbados. He denied any knowledge of life insurance policies on the victim’s life.

       On cross-examination, the defendant acknowledged that his nickname was “Big
Man.” He admitted that he had a prior conviction for criminal impersonation. Regarding the
thirteen phone calls between him and Mr. Bozza on the day of the victim’s murder, the
defendant said they “only got in touch with each other about seven of those times.” He said
he met Mr. Bozza at the location where Mr. Bozza was to pick up his son to tell him about
his weekend activities because he could not “do it over the phone with Jennie Addington
right next to [him].” He denied following the victim prior to her murder.

       The defendant acknowledged that when he was arrested, he was on the phone with
Ms. Addington and told her to call Mr. Bozza and tell him what had happened. He further
acknowledged that he passed five or six notes to Mr. Bozza in jail, telling him to “stay
strong” and “[n]ot to get depressed and take twenty-five years.” He denied talking to Mr.
Bozza about killing Ms. Yancey’s ex-husband or the victim. He said that Mr. Bozza’s
comments about the victim “were like that of . . . a husband going through a divorce.” He
denied calling Mr. Bozza at 12:22 p.m. on the day of the victim’s murder, saying that Ms.
Yancey had his phone at that time because it was in his vehicle.

       The defendant acknowledged that he was in the victim’s neighborhood at 6:15 a.m.
three days before the victim’s murder but said he was there at the request of Mr. Bozza, who

                                             -16-
had called him that morning and asked him to drive by the victim’s residence to see if Mr.
Robinson’s car was there. Asked if he was at St. Edward’s Church at the same time the
victim got out of church, the defendant said, “If she got out at 11:45, then she had to have
passed me.” He denied asking Ms. Pittman to obtain information on any of the police
officers or prosecutors. He acknowledged going to Mr. Bozza’s mother’s house but said that
he stopped by there on his way back from Kentucky and that Mr. Bozza knew he was
coming.

        The defendant acknowledged that there was a past due phone bill in his vehicle and
said that the pawned television was given to him by a friend who owed him money and that
he “took the property and got what [he] could out of it.” Regarding the form he signed under
oath indicating that he had no assets, no bank account, and had not paid taxes since 2007, the
defendant said he closed his bank account because it had been seized when he “got like . .
. a child support letter.” He elaborated, “At that point in time I wasn’t about to put anymore
money in the bank account if all of it was going straight – so I would save my money either
by cash or just put it in another account.” Asked if he had been truthful when he completed
the form indicating he did not have any assets, the defendant responded, “I listed my
Escalade, which is my personal asset. As far as if I’m in custody, I’m not generating any
money. I’m sitting here, I’m not working, no money is coming in. So that’s about as truthful
as I could be. If I would have been allowed to continue working, I would have had plenty
of money.” The defendant said that when he returned from the west coast, “I sold a lot of
things out there. I wasn’t completely broke when I c[a]me back as you would have the Court
assume. I had plenty of money from the things I had sold. I was just living off that.” He
denied being broke at the time of his arrest, saying, “At that time I didn’t have cash laying
around. . . . [M]y money was tied up in bills, and I made prior investments to some of the
business arrangements we talked about[.]”

        As to the gun that was in Ms. Addington’s lunchbox, the defendant said that “probably
at least . . . seven to ten days before the homicide . . . [Mr. Bozza] gave [the defendant]
money for the gun.” When asked to confirm that he sold the gun to Mr. Bozza, the defendant
said, “No, actually it was [Ms. Addington].” Regarding threats made to Detective Crumby,
the defendant said, “I’m not really one to threaten, but at the time I was upset. . . . I asked
him about his son. That’s not a lie. I did do that.” He denied telling Ms. Addington to erase
information from her computer regarding the detective’s family, saying:

              When [Ms. Addington] mentioned that, she had checked on a story
       about [the victim]. As soon as I found out from [Mr. Bozza] about what
       happened, the first thing that came to my mind was [Mr. Bozza] done it.
       When [Mr. Bozza] tells me that he wasn’t there at the time and he proved to
       me he was in Greenbrier, I started doing a search. Because [Mr. Bozza] swore
       up and down, man, I’m telling you, I had nothing to do with it. I’m like, I just

                                             -17-
       got the gun to you about ten days prior. Because him and [Ms. Addington]
       had had their little meeting or whatever. And me and [Ms. Addington] were
       checking to see what type of firearm was used in the death of [the victim].

       The defendant acknowledged that he called Chad Wilson but said they talked “for
barely thirty seconds . . . and didn’t say anything about an iPhone or anything like that.” He
denied ever having the victim’s cell phone.

                                        Penalty Phase

       The parties stipulated that the defendant had three prior convictions for aggravated
assault, occurring in 2001 and 1996, and certified copies of those judgments were admitted
into evidence.

       Maddalena Stucchi, the victim’s mother, testified about how the victim’s death had
impacted her and the victim’s nine-year-old son. She said the victim left Italy to come to the
United States to fulfill her dreams. The victim’s younger sister, Lorenza Pintar, testified that
she and the victim were born in Milan, Italy, and that the victim and her son were the only
family she had in the United States. She said the victim was her only sibling and had always
inspired her to follow her dreams.

       Barbara Cotham, the defendant’s mother, testified about the defendant’s childhood
and educational history. She and the defendant’s father had been married for twenty-two
years but divorced in 1993 when the defendant was seventeen or eighteen years old. The
defendant continued to live with her “[o]ff and on” after the divorce. The defendant dropped
out of high school but had earned his GED. Ms. Cotham said the defendant and Mr. Bozza
had moved a mattress and box springs for her.

        The defendant’s paternal aunt, Jacqueline Francis, testified there was only a three-year
age difference between her and the defendant and that they “grew up together. . . . He’s more
like a little brother than a nephew.” She said the defendant “was disappointed and very
unhappy” when his parents divorced.

       The jury found two statutory aggravating circumstances, that the defendant had been
previously convicted of one or more felonies, other than the present charge, whose statutory
elements involved the use of violence to the person and that the defendant committed the
murder for remuneration or the promise of remuneration, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
204(i)(2), (4), and sentenced the defendant to life without the possibility of parole. At a
subsequent sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the defendant as a Range I offender
to twenty-five years for the especially aggravated robbery conviction, to be served
consecutively to the life sentence.

                                             -18-
                                              ANALYSIS

        We will review the issues presented by the defendant on appeal.

       I. Motion to Suppress Evidence Seized Pursuant to Search Warrant 406

       Both in the motion to suppress filed in the trial court as to search warrant 406 and on
appeal, the defendant argues that “the search warrant was illegal, invalid, and
unconstitutional; that the supporting affidavit was legally insufficient on its face; that the
search warrant was based upon material misrepresentations in the affidavit thereto; and that
the search warrant was overly broad and authorized an unconstitutionally general search.” 4
Additionally, he argues that there was an insufficient nexus between the search warrant
affidavit and the evidence sought by the warrant and that the “cell phone tracking
information” (CPTI) or the “cell site location information” (CSLI), relied upon by the search
warrant as probable cause, was obtained in violation of his rights guaranteed by the United
States and Tennessee Constitutions.

        The State responds that, because the defendant was on parole at the time of the search
and seizure, his constitutional rights were not violated; that the obtaining of the defendant’s
historic CSLI did not constitute a “search;” that the search warrant did not contain materially
false statements; and that, because the first warrant was properly obtained, the subsequent
warrants were not fruits of the poisonous tree.

        To properly assess the claims of the parties regarding these issues, it is necessary first
to set out the chronology of the matter, including the relevant language of the search warrant.

       As we have set out, police officers learned from their interviews with the victim’s
husband that he and the defendant had made telephone calls to each other the day of the
victim’s death. Based upon this information, officers requested and received copies of the
cell phone records of the victim, her husband, and the defendant. From these records,
officers learned that the victim’s husband and the defendant had telephoned each other a
number of times before and after her death and, as well, that her missing cellular phone
received data, after her death, from cell phone towers which were being used at the same
time by the defendant’s cell phone. Utilizing this information, search warrant 406 was


        4
           Chapter 991 of the Tennessee Public Acts of 2014, which limits the circumstances under which law
enforcement authorities may obtain cell phone location information, became effective on June 3, 2014; and,
thus, it is not relevant to our decision. Additionally, in Riley v. California, __ U.S. __, 2014 WL 2864483
(June 25, 2014), the United States Supreme Court held that, without first obtaining a search warrant, law
enforcement officers generally could not search digital information on a cell phone which had been seized
from an arrestee.

                                                   -19-
obtained by investigators from a Davidson County General Sessions Court judge on August
30, 2010. The sworn statement of facts in support of the warrant are as follows:

              On 08/29/2010 Veronica Bozza was murdered at her residence at 5240
       New John Hager Road in Hermitage, TN. After interviewing the victim’s
       estranged husband, Timothy Bozza, he stated that he had only been in contact
       with a friend, [the defendant], with a cellular telephone number of (615) xxx-
       xxxx. A check of the cellular telephone records showed that Timothy Boz[z]a
       and [the defendant] had been in contact 7 separate times before the murder.
       It also showed that the two contacted each other multiple times after the
       murder. A check of the victim’s and [the defendant’s] cellular telephone
       records showed that both cellular phones were in the same locations at the
       same time starting at 11:29 a.m. until 14:45 when the victim’s cellular phone
       was powered off. The victim was believed to have been murdered somewhere
       between 12:07 p.m. and 12:22 p.m. Her cellular telephone was stolen and was
       tracked near [the defendant’s] cellular phone for the entire time span until it
       was powered off.

              [The defendant] is a convicted felon for aggravated rape and two
       aggravated assaults. He is currently on parole under the Tennessee Board of
       Probation and Parole. He also has an outstanding order of protection against
       him from a separate incident that indicates he has violent tendencies.

               [The defendant] was interviewed by Detectives Andrew Injaychock and
       Johnny Crumby on 08/30/2010 and was observed to have scratches on him.
       The suspect placed his cellular telephone in the [2004 tan Cadillac Escalade]
       and locked it to avoid Detectives obtaining it. The cellular telephone contains
       vital information to this homicide investigation as described above. I request
       that this search warrant be issued to obtain photographs, physical samples,
       fingerprints, and DNA from [the defendant] to further this investigation as
       described above.

       Subsequently, the defendant filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to
this search warrant. In his appellate brief, the defendant sets out the items which were
obtained or created as a result of the search warrant: a blue towel; photographs of the
defendant’s vehicle and items found in it; work gloves; a duffel bag; both used and unused
latex gloves; a Cricket phone and cord; sunglasses; a cell phone bill; a pawn ticket; a
collapsible cooler; DNA swabs; a hat and black tactical sleeve; a photograph on the
defendant’s cell phone of a nine-millimeter pistol; a Motorola Android cell phone and
charger; maps derived from cell phone tracking information; a Wi-Fi cache file and cell
cache file for the defendant’s cell phone; a Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) report

                                            -20-
regarding Wi-Fi information taken from the defendant’s phone; a PowerPoint presentation
based upon cell phone tracking information; photographs of a mattress; text messages and
emails between the defendant and Brenda Pittman; a TBI report that a tactical sleeve from
the defendant’s vehicle contained gunshot residue; a TBI report that the defendant’s DNA
was found on both the tactical sleeve and latex gloves from his vehicle; and an Orchid
Cellmark laboratory report that the blue towel from the defendant’s vehicle contained his
DNA.

       We next will review the pertinent testimony at the hearing on the defendant’s motion
to suppress.

       Detective Andrew Vallee of the MNPD testified that he made an exigent-
circumstances request for historical cell phone data for the cell phones of the victim, the
victim’s husband, Timothy Bozza, and, later, for the defendant. He said his requests had
been made during the “late” evening of the day that the homicide occurred and his
experience was that, had he utilized a subpoena or search warrant to obtain the records, the
process could have taken “anywhere from six to twelve weeks just depending on what phone
company you go with and how soon they get it back.” He sought the records at the request
of the lead investigator, Detective Crumby, who then was at the scene talking with the
defendant. Detective Vallee explained what he believed to be the “exigent circumstances”:

               They were requested under exigent circumstances based on the fact that
       Mr. Bozza and [the defendant] had talked numerous times and the fact we
       were lied to about how many times they had actually talked. And [the
       defendant] and Mr. Bozza both talked immediately prior to and immediately
       after the murder.

       On appeal, the defendant argues that the State failed to establish at the hearing that
exigent circumstances existed, for officers were not in “hot pursuit” of the defendant and
immediate access to the records was not necessary to “thwart his escape,” protect others from
injury, or prevent the destruction of evidence. While the State disagrees with these
arguments, its primary response is that the defendant’s status as a parolee meant that his
Fourth Amendment rights were not violated by officers’ obtaining the cell phone records
without a warrant.

       As to the findings by the trial court upholding the seizure of the various items, the
defendant argues in his reply brief both that the record does not support the conclusion that,
as a condition of his parole, he consented to the warrantless searches or that the officers
conducting the searches were aware he had prior knowledge that he was subject to such
searches. The State disagrees with these contentions. We will review the documents and
testimony relevant to these specific claims.

                                             -21-
       The form styled “Offender’s Application For Interstate Compact Transfer” bearing
the signature of the defendant and dated January 8, 2010, provides, in pertinent part, “I will
comply with the terms and conditions of my supervision that have been placed on me, or that
will be placed on me by Oregon (sending state) and Tennessee (receiving state).”
Additionally, the form acknowledges that Tennessee provisions of supervision may differ
from those of Oregon:

              I understand that my supervision in another state may be different than
       the supervision I would be subject to in this state. I agree to accept any
       differences that may exist because I believe that transferring my supervision
       to Tennessee (receiving state) will improve my chances for making a good
       adjustment in the community. I ask that the authorities to whom this
       application is made recognize this fact and grant my request for transfer of
       supervision.

      Exhibit J to this Oregon form, styled “General/Special Parole And Post-Prison
Supervision Conditions,” sets out, among several general conditions bearing the initials
“CC,” the scope of the consent to search:

              Consent to the search of person, vehicle or premises upon the request
       of a representative of the supervising officer if the supervising officer has
       reasonable grounds to believe that evidence of a violation will be found, and
       submit to fingerprinting or photographing, or both, when requested by the
       Department of Corrections or a county community corrections agency for
       supervision purposes.

        Additionally, the record on appeal contains a form styled “State of Tennessee Board
of Probation and Parole . . . Parole Certificate, which states in part that “said prisoner be, and
is hereby paroled, subjective [sic] to the following conditions effective: [sic] . . . 8. I agree
to a search, without a warrant, of my person, vehicle, property, or place of residence by any
Probation/Parole officer or law enforcement officer, at any time.” This form does not bear
any signatures.

        At the evidentiary hearing on the defendant’s motion to suppress, Garen Blanchard
testified he was the defendant’s parole officer and that the parole did not expire until March
17, 2012. He conducted an intake interview with the defendant on May 21, 2010, at which
time he “went over the Tennessee rules to make sure that [the defendant] understood the
differences” between the Oregon and Tennessee parole rules. Blanchard “felt the rules were
worded almost the exact same” and “did not have [the defendant] sign the Tennessee rules
at that time but . . . did go over that parole certificate with him.” Using a Tennessee parole
form, Blanchard recited that condition number eight provided, as to the parolee, that “I agree

                                              -22-
to a search without a warrant of my person, vehicle, property, or place of residence by any
probation or parole officer or law enforcement officer at any time.” Blanchard further said
that, while the Oregon parole rules appeared to require that a parole officer be present at the
time of a warrantless search, “Tennessee is one of the states where [parole officers] don’t
have to be present.”

       Following the hearings, the trial court filed a lengthy written order denying the motion
to suppress the search warrant. As to the defendant’s parole status at the time of the crimes,
the court found that he was on parole and had been advised of the Tennessee parole
conditions:

              Garen Blanchard testified that he has been with the Tennessee Board
       of Probation and Parole since 2007, and he has been with its sex offender unit
       since May 2010. Mr. Blanchard was assigned to serve as Defendant’s parole
       officer, shortly after Defendant was transferred from Oregon to Tennessee.

              Mr. Blanchard testified that Defendant’s parole was not set to expire
       until March 17, 2012, so he was, in fact, on parole at the time the search
       warrant was executed in August 2010.

              Mr. Blanchard conducted the intake interview with Defendant on May
       21, 2010. At that time, Defendant was actually assigned to Mr. Blanchard’s
       supervisor, but since the supervisor was incapacitated at the time, Mr.
       Blanchard was asked to perform the interview.

              Mr. Blanchard testified that during the interview he made sure to go
       over the Tennessee rules since they differed in wording from the Oregon rules
       and Defendant’s application indicated he had to abide by both the Tennessee
       and Oregon rules.

               Mr. Blanchard said that Defendant did not sign a separate sheet
       regarding the Tennessee rules; however, he had initialed the rules for Oregon.
       All of the papers from Defendant’s Oregon parole officer are contained within
       Collective Exhibit 8. Mr. Blanchard explained that these records came from
       Oregon in the standard way. According to the interstate rules, Tennessee
       officers are prohibited from contacting the parole officer who handled
       Defendant in Oregon; thus, the Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole had
       to rely solely on the computer records provided by the Oregon Board.

               Mr. Blanchard testified that Defendant did sign the Interstate Company
       [sic], which explicitly states that in applying for transfer, Defendant would be

                                             -23-
       subject to the rules of supervision under Tennessee, and there is a portion of
       the document where Defendant has to agree[] to abide by both states’ rules.

               Section 8 of the Tennessee Board of Probation and Parole Certifi[cate]
       (contained in Ex. 8) authorizes a search, without warrant, of a parolee’s
       person, vehicle, property, or place of residence by any law enforcement officer
       at any time. Mr. Blanchard testified that he specifically explained this section
       to Defendant since it differs slightly from the Oregon provisions. The Oregon
       provision is broken into two separate rules and Oregon requires that a
       probation/parole officer be present for any search whereas Tennessee does not
       have that type of requirement. Additionally, the Oregon provision requires
       reasonable grounds for a search to be conducted whereas the Tennessee
       provision does not require a grounds [sic] for the search.

       In its order on the motion to suppress, the trial court concluded that the defendant was
on parole at the time of the homicide and had been told that he was subject to the Tennessee
parole conditions, as testified to by his parole officer:

       [I]t is clear that Defendant was on parole at the time of the search. Although
       the record does not contain a Tennessee Parole Certificate signed by
       Defendant, Probation and Parole Officer Blanchard testified that he went over
       the Tennessee rules with Defendant and explained how they differed from
       some of the Oregon rules. In addition, the Offender’s Application for
       Interstate Compact Transfer, which was signed by Defendant on May 21,
       2010, explicitly states that Defendant will comply with the terms and
       condition[s] placed on him by both Oregon and Tennessee. The Court,
       therefore, finds that Defendant was not only on parole but had been advised he
       would be subject to Tennessee conditions.

        Further, the court concluded that “[t]he officers in this case were aware of Defendant’s
status as reflected by the statements about Defendant’s prior criminal record and parole status
set forth in the Affidavit in Support of Search Warrant.” Accordingly, the court concluded
that a search warrant was not needed for a search of the defendant’s person or vehicle “in
light of his parole status and his acknowledgment he was subject to Tennessee parole
conditions, which authorize law enforcement to conduct searches.”

       In sum, the court found that the “Defendant was not only on parole [at the time of the
search and seizure] but had been advised he would be subject to Tennessee conditions.”
Thus, the court concluded that, because the defendant was a parolee at the time the search
warrant was obtained, “it was not necessary for the Metropolitan Police Department to obtain
a warrant prior to searching Defendant and his vehicle in light of his parole status and his

                                              -24-
acknowledgment he was subject to Tennessee parole conditions, which authorize law
enforcement to conduct searches.” Additionally, the court determined that the “search
warrant provide[d] sufficient probable cause to conduct the search regardless of whether
Defendant had been on parole at the time of the search.” As to this issue of the validity of
the search warrant, the court made specific findings that, prior to seeking it, officers had not
sought “any GPS information from the phone records; instead, [Detective Vallee] obtained
signal information which could be used to track the vicinity of two phones (triangulation).”
In finding the motion to suppress was without merit, the court relied heavily upon the
unreported case of United States v. Skinner, No. 3:06-CR-100, 2007 WL 1556596 (E.D.
Tenn. May 24, 2007), finding that cell phone users did not have a reasonable expectation of
privacy to certain historical data:5

               The Court finds the Skinner analysis persuasive and applicable to the
       issue before this Court. Specifically, as the Court alluded to during the
       hearing, cell phone users do not have an expectation of privacy as to cell signal
       data. In order to make a phone call on a cellular . . . phone, signals must be
       sent to cell towers through mechanisms controlled by the cell phone company.
       Since there is no expectation of privacy as to these signals/pings, a warrant is
       not necessary to procure historical cell site information used to triangulate a
       caller’s location. Accordingly, the Court denies Defendant’s motion as to this
       claim. The Court shall now review Defendant’s additional challenges to the
       search warrant affidavit.

       Further, the court noted:

       [T]he search warrant authorize[d] the search of Defendant’s person for
       photographs, physical samples, fingerprints, and DNA samples as well as any
       cell phone in Defendant’s possession, a specific cellular phone (the victim’s
       phone identified by phone number), and a vehicle Defendant drove to the
       police station that is identified by make, model, and VIN number. (Affidavit
       in Support of Search Warrant, Collective Ex. 2). The affidavit in support of
       the search warrant notes that Defendant’s person, cellular phones, and vehicle
       are currently under the control of the Metro Nashville Police Department.

       The court explained why, generally, the search warrant was valid:

       Specifically, the nexus for the search of Defendant’s person for the purpose of
       taking photographs and physical samples (including DNA and fingerprints) is
       self-evident. As to the phone, the affidavit sets forth detailed information from

       5
           Subsequently, this case has been designated as “not for citation.”

                                                      -25-
       phone records which establishes the nexus for searching Defendant’s phone
       and the victim’s phone should it be found either on Defendant’s person or
       inside the vehicle. As to the vehicle, the affidavit explicitly states that
       Defendant’s phone is known to be inside his vehicle; thus, a nexus is
       established with the automobile.

       We now will review the specific issues as to the search and seizure.

                      A. Effect of Defendant’s Status as a Parolee

        First, we will determine the effect of the defendant’s status as a parolee on his search
and seizure claims. While not denying he was on parole at the time, the defendant argues that
the trial court erred in finding that he had “agreed to the standard search condition used by
Tennessee’s Board of Probation and Parole.” The State responds that the record supports
the finding of the trial court that the defendant had waived his right to object to the search
and seizure.

        As we have set out, Garen Blanchard, a Tennessee probation and parole officer,
testified that he met with the defendant on May 21, 2010, to discuss the Tennessee rules of
parole with him “because they differ[ed] from Oregon in some of the wording.” He said he
had gone over the rules to make sure the defendant knew the differences between the
Tennessee and Oregon rules and did not recall the defendant’s asking any questions. He did
not ask the defendant to sign the Tennessee rules because he “felt the rules were worded
almost the exact same [as Oregon].” Previously, the defendant had signed a document
agreeing to abide by the Tennessee rules. Blanchard testified he remembered telling the
defendant that, in Tennessee, he was subject to search by “anybody who is duly sworn for
law enforcement purposes or any probation or parole officer.”

        As to the legal authorities relevant to this issue, the State notes that, in Samson v.
California, 547 U.S. 843 (2006), the Supreme Court explained why parolees had surrendered
their right against what otherwise might be unlawful searches and seizures:

       This Court has repeatedly acknowledged that a State has an “‘overwhelming
       interest’” in supervising parolees because “parolees . . . are more likely to
       commit future criminal offenses.” Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and Parole,
       524 U.S., at 365, 118 S. Ct. 2014 (explaining that the interest in combating
       recidivism “is the very premise behind the system of close parole
       supervision”). Similarly, this Court has repeatedly acknowledged that a
       State’s interests in reducing recidivism and thereby promoting reintegration
       and positive citizenship among probationers and parolees warrant privacy
       intrusions that would not otherwise be tolerated under the Fourth Amendment.

                                              -26-
       See Griffin [v. Wisconsin], 483 U.S. [868,] 879 [(1987)]; [United States v.]
       Knights, [534 U.S. 112,] 121 [(2001)].

Id. at 853.

       In State v. Turner, 297 S.W.3d 155 (Tenn. 2009), our supreme court adopted the
reasoning of Samson:

       A parole condition requiring that the parolee submit to warrantless searches
       is reasonable in light of the parolee’s significantly diminished privacy
       interests; the goals sought to be attained by early release; and society’s
       legitimate interest in protecting itself against recidivism. We therefore adopt
       the reasoning of Samson and hold that the Tennessee Constitution permits a
       parolee to be searched without any reasonable or individualized suspicion
       where the parolee has agreed to warrantless searches by law enforcement
       officers.

Id. at 166 (footnote omitted). The court concluded that “[a] suspicionless search of a parolee
subject to a warrantless search condition, and which is conducted out of valid law
enforcement concerns, is not unreasonable.” Id. at 167.

       As we have set out, following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court concluded that
the defendant was on parole at the time of the search and seizure of his records; that he had
been told he was subject to the Tennessee parole conditions, which provided for a search
without a warrant; that officers were aware of his prior criminal record and parole status; and
that, accordingly, a search warrant was not needed for the search and seizure of the
defendant’s telephone records, his person, and his vehicle. We conclude that the record, as
we have set out, supports this determination by the trial court.

        The defendant presents on appeal certain additional factual arguments as to why he
had retained his rights against an unlawful search and seizure. He asserts that “[m]any
mobile phone users are unaware that law enforcement agents have the ability to track their
cellular information” and “view[] their location information as private, and expect[] it to
remain private.” Additionally, he argues that “society views his expectation of privacy in
his cellular data and records as reasonable and justifiable under the circumstances” for it can
“reveal details about the inside of an individual’s residence,” satisfying the objective prong
of Katz.

       He argues that, as a citizen, he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the data and
records that constituted cell site location information. The State responds to this assertion
by saying that the defendant’s rights against an unlawful search and seizure were waived

                                             -27-
because he was a parolee and subject to the provisions of his parole agreement. As we have
set out, we agree with the State.

       As for search warrant 406 itself, on appeal the defendant argues that it was defective
because its affidavit contained material false allegations, these being that the affidavit
“overstate[d] the technological capabilities of cell phone site information in a manner that
renders a false claim”; that, contrary to the affidavit, the defendant’s prior sexual offense had
been a conviction for statutory rape, and not aggravated rape; and that even if a photograph
of the defendant showed that he “had scratches on him,” they were not fresh.

       Following a pretrial hearing on the defendant’s motion to suppress, the trial court, in
its written order, found that these claims, even if they were true, would not entitle the
defendant to a hearing, as contemplated by State v. Little, 560 S.W.2d 403 (Tenn. 1978).

       [T]here are two circumstances that authorize the impeachment of an affidavit
       sufficient on its face, (1) a false statement made with intent to deceive the
       Court, whether material or immaterial to the issue of probable cause, and (2)
       a false statement, essential to the establishment of probable cause, recklessly
       made. Recklessness may be established by showing that a statement was false
       when made and that affiant did not have reasonable grounds for believing it,
       at that time.

Id. at 407.

       “In order to be ‘essential to the establishment of probable cause,’ the false statement
must be the only basis for probable cause or if not, the other bases, standing alone, must not
be sufficient to establish probable cause.” State v. Norris, 47 S.W.3d 457, 469 n.4 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2000).

       As to the inaccuracy in the affidavit as to the defendant’s prior conviction for a sexual
offense, the court concluded that it had not been recklessly made:

       When preparing the Affidavit, the officers relied on information they received
       from Defendant’s Tennessee parole officer as well as an Oregon website, and
       it was not possible to verify the information from these two sources prior to
       requesting the search warrant; Detective Vallee testified to this issue at the
       evidentiary hearing. The State contends the statement was made in good faith
       with no intention to mislead; however, should the Court determine it was
       recklessly made, the statement was not essential to probable cause and not
       require suppression of the evidence. This Court agrees.



                                              -28-
       Likewise, the apparent factual dispute regarding whether the defendant had scratches
on his body did not entitle him to an evidentiary hearing:

       The defense’s second objection to the Affidavit is the officer’s assertion
       Defendant had scratches on his body. This issue also was raised during the
       evidentiary hearing. Detective Injaychock maintained he observed scratches
       on Defendant’s body and marked the scratches on the photographs taken the
       night of the interview, which were admitted as Collective Ex. 6. The State and
       defense dispute whether the scratches were fresh, healing, or old wounds. The
       Court finds that this dispute does not provide a basis for a Franks/Little
       hearing.

        The record supports these determinations by the trial court, that the defendant was not
entitled to a Little hearing and that, even absent the assailed statements, search warrant 406
provided sufficient probable cause its issuance and the subsequent search and seizure.

        As we have set out, the trial court concluded, and we concur, that a search warrant
was not needed because of the defendant’s status as a parolee at the time. Accordingly, his
arguments as to deficiencies in the several search warrants are academic, for he had waived
his right to make this claim.

              B. Suppression of Search Warrants 508, 509, 512, and 513

        Additionally, the defendant argues that evidence seized through subsequent warrants
508, 509, 512, and 513 should have been suppressed because they were obtained as the result
of search warrant 406, which he argues was, itself, defective. The State responds that,
because search warrant 406 was lawfully obtained, search warrants 508, 509, 512, and 513
were, likewise, lawful. Previously, we have determined that, as a parolee at the time of the
issuance of these warrants, the defendant had waived his Fourth Amendment rights. This
waiver extended to search warrant 406, as well as to 508, 509, 512, and 513. Accordingly,
this assignment is without merit.

               II. Error in Denying Motion to Suppress Wi-Fi Evidence

        On appeal, the defendant argues that the holding in United States v. Jones, __ U.S. __,
132 S. Ct. 945 (2012), which reviewed whether a search warrant was required for placement
of a global positioning device on a vehicle, supports his claims regarding the Wi-Fi evidence
in this matter. We disagree that this case can be extended to support seizure of a defendant’s
cell phone records from a third party. Further claims he might have in this regard are waived
because of his parolee status. Accordingly, this claim is without merit.



                                             -29-
           III. Error in Denying Defendant’s Motion to Recuse Trial Judge

        The defendant’s specific complaint is that the trial judge should have recused herself
from the trial of this matter because she had earlier issued several search warrants in the
matter, based upon the affidavits of Detective Andrew Vallee of the MNPD. Further, the
trial court entered an order that the issuance of the warrants not be disclosed to anyone
“unless such person has a bona fide need to know to comply with said search warrant.” The
State responds that the defendant’s recusal motion was transferred to another trial judge, who
denied the motion.

       Recently, in State v. William Lance Walker, No. M2011-02588-CCA-R3-CD, 2013
WL 5436704 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 27, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 16, 2014),
this court considered whether a trial court’s issuing a search warrant required subsequent
recusal from later-related issues:

       In denying the motion, the court relied on State v. Hawkins, 586 S.W.2d 465,
       465 (Tenn. 1979), which states that “[i]t has long been provided . . . that the
       magistrate who issues a search warrant may hear and determine any contests
       concerning its validity or the grounds upon which it was issued.”

              A trial judge should grant a motion to recuse whenever his or her
       impartiality can reasonably be questioned. Alley v. State, 882 S.W.2d 810,
       820 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Recusal is “warranted when a person of
       ordinary prudence in the judge’s position, knowing all of the facts known to
       the judge would find a reasonable basis for questioning the judge’s
       impartiality.” Id. The standard of review on appeal is whether the trial court
       abused its discretion by denying the motion. Bd. of Prof’l Responsibility v.
       Slavin, 145 S.W.3d 538, 546 (Tenn. 2004); State v. Cash, 867 S.W.2d 741,
       749 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).

               At the time the trial court considered the motion to recuse, the Code of
       Judicial Conduct stated, in pertinent part, that disqualification is required when
       “the judge’s impartiality might be reasonably questioned, including but not
       limited to instances where the judge has a personal bias or prejudice
       concerning a party or a party’s lawyer, or personal knowledge of disputed
       evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding[.]” Tenn. S. Ct. R. 10, Canon
       3.E.(1)(a) (2010). We note that Canon 3.E.(1)(a) has since been amended to
       revise the section numbers, but the language remains the same as when the
       trial court considered the motion to recuse. See Tenn. S. Ct. R. 10, Canon
       2.11(A)(1) (2013). A trial judge “is not disqualified from hearing a case
       because he or she has knowledge of the facts of the case.” State v. Thornton,

                                             -30-
         10 S.W.3d 229, 237 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (citing State ex rel Phillips v.
         Henderson, 220 Tenn. 701, 423 S.W.2d 489, 492 (Tenn. 1968)). Likewise, a
         judge “who initially issues a search warrant is not thereafter so interested in
         the cause as to be disqualified[.]” Hawkins, 586 S.W.2d 465.

Id. at *13.

         Applying the holding in William Lance Walker, we conclude that this issue is without
merit.

                IV. Trial Evidence Insufficient to Sustain Convictions for
         First Degree Premeditated Murder and Especially Aggravated Robbery

       The defendant argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support
his convictions for first degree premeditated murder and especially aggravated robbery. The
State disagrees.

       In considering this issue, we apply the rule that when sufficiency of the convicting
evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the reviewing court is “whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in
criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is
insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”);
State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600,
604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). The same standard applies whether the finding of guilt is
predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and
circumstantial evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

        A criminal offense may be established entirely by circumstantial evidence. State v.
Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010). It is for the jury to determine the weight to be
given the circumstantial evidence and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent
with the guilt of the defendant and inconsistent with his innocence. State v. James, 315
S.W.3d 440, 456 (Tenn. 2010). In addition, the State does not have the duty to exclude every
other reasonable hypothesis except that of the defendant’s guilt in order to obtain a
conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370,
380-81 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the federal standard of review for cases in which the evidence
is entirely circumstantial).

       All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given
the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754

                                              -31-
S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the
trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in
favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our
supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:

              This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and
       the jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

 Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212
Tenn. 464, 370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that
on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is
insufficient.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

        The State’s proof established the business and personal relationship between Mr.
Bozza and the defendant, as well as Mr. Bozza’s being upset because of an earlier child
custody hearing. He testified that custody “went from a 50/50 split to a 5/2 split instead.”
Mr. Bozza said that, once, he and the defendant talked about a “crisscross,” as in the movie
Throw Momma from the Train, and that Mr. Bozza had brought it up “in a moment of
anger.” Later that day, the defendant came to Mr. Bozza and offered him “$10,000 to take
care of” the woman who had custody of the defendant’s son. Mr. Bozza said that, after the
death of the victim, the defendant told him he had followed the victim and “even run across
her path directly one time.” The day the victim was killed, he and the defendant talked on
the telephone “a number of times.” He said that, on that day, they met at a grocery store near
St. Edward’s Church, where the victim was dropping off their child. Later, the defendant
called Mr. Bozza and said that “it was done,” Bozza responding that “we have to talk later.”
Mr. Bozza said that, at the time, he “wasn’t quite sure” what the defendant was talking about,
but “in hindsight, [he] believe[s] we all understand what he was talking about.” Afterwards,
Mr. Bozza called the victim’s cell phone and then later received a call from the defendant,
telling Mr. Bozza “to quit calling her phone, that he had it, there was no need for [Mr. Bozza]
to call it anymore.” The defendant also told Mr. Bozza that “he had taken care of [Mr.
Bozza’s] problem and that [the victim] wouldn’t be a problem for [Mr. Bozza] anymore.”
A few weeks later, the defendant asked Bozza for $35,000.

      The defendant’s girlfriend, Jennifer Addington, testified that she had taken a nine-
millimeter Hi-Point pistol from her estranged husband and kept it in the back of her van.

                                              -32-
“Sometime towards the end of July [2010], . . . [she] had gotten scared,” thinking she might
be arrested for taking the pistol, so she looked for it and found it was missing. She said that
on August 30, 2010, the defendant told her of the death of the victim and asked that she
utilize a computer to “see if there was [sic] any news articles . . . [h]e was concerned,” and
“to get any and every information [she] could find on Detective Crumby and his partner.”

        Addington’s former husband, Jeff Walters, testified that he suspected she was
responsible for taking the pistol. Detective Andrew Injaychock testified that, acting upon
information from Walters that he had fired the pistol at a farm, and accompanied by him, he
recovered two spent shell casings at that location. TBI Special Agent Steve Scott testified
that the two spent cartridges recovered at the farm “had been fired in the same firearm that
fired the cartridge case that was found at the crime scene” and that the markings on all three
cartridges were “most common to firearms manufactured by a company called Hi-Point.”

       Detective Andrew Vallee testified that telephone records showed that, between 11:29
and 11:43 a.m., there were five calls between the defendant and Mr. Bozza, all of them
connecting with an antenna “near” St. Edward’s Church. Chad Wilson testified that he was
an acquaintance of the defendant, and that on August 29, 2010, he received a telephone call
from the defendant, asking “how to take the battery out of an iPhone.” Wilson instructed him
how to do so. After Wilson learned of the victim’s death, he telephoned law enforcement
officers and made a statement about the conversation. After the defendant had been arrested
and was in jail, he telephoned Wilson, who felt that the call was threatening.

        As we will explain, from all of this evidence, we conclude that a reasonable jury could
have determined that Mr. Bozza was angry with the victim because of the results of a child
custody hearing and discussed with the defendant his killing the victim and Mr. Bozza’s
doing the same to the woman who had custody of his child. The defendant stole a Hi-Point
pistol from the vehicle of his girlfriend, Jennifer Addington, and used it to kill the victim.
Prior to the killing, he had learned the victim’s normal routine and, the morning of the
crimes, had been near her church. He talked by telephone to Mr. Bozza before and after the
crimes and, after shooting the victim, took her cell phone, which he kept with him for a
period. Later that day, he called Mr. Bozza and said it was “done.” When Mr. Bozza called
his wife’s cell phone, the defendant answered and said to “quit” calling the phone, and there
was “no need . . . to call it anymore.” A few weeks later, the defendant asked Mr. Bozza to
pay him $35,000. Additionally, the defendant obtained information about the investigating
officer and another witness and threatened both of them. Accordingly, we conclude that the
evidence is sufficient to support both of the defendant’s convictions.

          V. Error in Admitting Timothy Bozza’s Interview With the Police

       On appeal, the defendant argues that Mr. Bozza’s prior statement does not qualify as

                                             -33-
a prior inconsistent statement; that the court should have admitted only those portions of the
statement inconsistent with his trial testimony; and that the court should not have instructed
the jury that it was to consider all of Mr. Bozza’s statements as substantive evidence and not
just those which were inconsistent with his trial testimony. The State responds that the court
dealt properly with Mr. Bozza’s prior tape-recorded statement because of his denying, during
the State’s direct examination, important and relevant recorded assertions.

       We will set out the trial events which are the basis for this assignment.

       Mr. Bozza’s prosecution was severed from that of the defendant, and he testified on
behalf of the State at the defendant’s trial. While the State’s theory was that Mr. Bozza hired
the defendant to kill the victim, Mr. Bozza said at trial that the defendant had misunderstood
a “bad joke” of his that they “crisscross,” the defendant killing Mr. Bozza’s wife, while Mr.
Bozza do the same to the mother of the defendant’s son.

        During the State’s direct examination of Mr. Bozza, he was asked a series of
questions regarding his contacts with the defendant shortly before and after the death of the
victim. Following a series of equivocal responses by Mr. Bozza, the State asked if he had
“told [the State he] had knowledge prior to the murder that this was going to happen.” He
first gave a negative response and, when questions continued regarding the same matter, he
responded, “Well, I mean, we talked about an awful lot of things, sir.” At that point, the
State asked to play for the jury a prior recorded statement of Mr. Bozza, which the State
represented was inconsistent with his trial testimony. After the court had questioned the
State about the specifics of the statement, Mr. Bozza was further questioned as to the date
the statement was recorded and who was present. After the statement was viewed by the
court, the parties, and the defendant, out of the presence of the jury, the court advised
counsel that the portion of the statement in which Mr. Bozza had responded to questions
regarding a polygraph could not be played for the jury because it was beyond the scope of
his direct examination to that point. The court ruled that the remainder was “a prior
inconsistent statement [which could] come in as substantive proof.”

        On appeal, the defendant argues that the recorded statement did not qualify for
admission under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(26) because it was not inconsistent with
his trial testimony; even if portions of it were inconsistent, the remaining parts of the
statement should not have been admitted; and that the court erred in its instructions to the
jury regarding this statement.

        We have carefully reviewed the trial transcript regarding this matter. While the
defendant did seek clarification as to the procedure for playing Mr. Bozza’s statement for
the jury, it does not appear that he made the same specific objections to the statement at trial
as are made on appeal. Accordingly, we conclude that this issue is waived. See Tenn. R.

                                              -34-
App. P. 36(a). Additionally, in view of the strength of the evidence against the defendant,
if the court erred in admitting the statement, the error was harmless.

                          VI. Evidence of Threats by Defendant

       During the trial, Chad Wilson testified that the defendant telephoned him from jail
and made threatening statements; and Detective Crumby testified that the defendant made
a threatening phone call to him, as well.

        At trial, Chad Wilson testified that the defendant telephoned him on August 29, 2010,
and asked how to remove a battery from an iPhone. In response, Wilson explained how this
could be done. After Wilson learned of the victim’s death, he telephoned police and told of
his call from the defendant. Following the defendant’s arrest, he telephoned Wilson several
times, and Wilson explained that he believed the last of the calls to be threatening.

      Detective Crumby testified that, after he served a search warrant at the home of the
defendant’s mother, he began receiving anonymous telephone calls:

       Q. After you served that search warrant, did you start getting some phone
       calls?

       A. I did.

       Q. And can you just describe to the jury what was said to you basically?

       A. It was basically a male’s voice on my cell phone. It was a gravelly voice.
       He was telling me I messed with the wrong person, he knows where my family
       lives, you push a man so far. But it was a person trying to . . . hide their voice.

       Q. Did you continue to receive these phone calls?

       A. I did.

       Q. And did you eventually identify who was making them?

       A. I did. On one particular I believe it was morning the same call came in.
       I saw it was a blocked number, and I answered. It was the same gravelly
       voice, somebody trying to hide their, you know, voice. And during the phone
       call they said you put my mom in the hospital. The person on the other line.
       And at that minute I said, Corey, we didn’t put your mom in the hospital, I was
       really nice to your mom. We actually got her some water and sat at the table

                                              -35-
       with her. Then he started talking normal to me, you know, without trying to
       hide his voice. And he was talking normal on the phone to me. And he said
       that . . . we put his mom in the hospital, we upset her, and that we were mean
       to her. He continued to state that he knows where my family lives, he knows
       where my parents live, he knows how old my son is, he knows what we drive.
       He also said that . . . you can only push a person so far and you’ve messed
       with me and you’ve messed with my family and so on.

       Q. Were you actually given some police protection after those calls?

       A. I was.

       Q. Now, . . . where was [the defendant] arrested?

       A. Glasgow, Kentucky, I believe, or Barren County, Kentucky. In Kentucky.

       Q. Did you transport him back to Tennessee to face these charges?

       A. I did.

       Q. And when you were in booking, did he make any further statements to you
       about you and your family?

       A. When we pulled into the back parking lot at the booking station, we got
       him out of the car and we were walking up to the door. He stated that, you
       know, you and me are a lot alike, I’ve got a son, I also know about your son
       . . . and I know where he goes to school at Holy Rosary. And he was talking
       about my son.

       Q. You perceived that to be threatening?

       A. I did.

       Addington said she was “terrified” the defendant would find out she was cooperating
with the police.

      The defendant argues that this testimony is irrelevant and that its prejudicial effect
outweighs its probative value.

        Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact
that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than

                                            -36-
it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. All relevant evidence, subject to
certain exceptions, is generally admissible under Rule 402 of the Tennessee Rules of
Evidence. Relevant evidence may be excluded if “its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403.

       Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides as follows:

               Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
       acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action
       in conformity with the character trait. It may, however, be admissible for other
       purposes. The conditions which must be satisfied before allowing such
       evidence are:

             (1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s
       presence;

             (2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other than
       conduct conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the
       record the material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the
       evidence;

              (3) The court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be
       clear and convincing; and

             (4) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is
       outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

       Exceptional cases in which evidence of an accused’s prior bad acts will be admissible
include those in which the evidence is introduced to prove identity, intent, motive,
opportunity, or rebuttal of mistake or accident. State v. Drinkard, 909 S.W.2d 13, 16 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1995); see also Neil P. Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence § 4.04[7][a] (5th
ed. 2011). Where the trial judge has substantially complied with procedural requirements,
the standard of review for the admission of bad act evidence is abuse of discretion. State v.
DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997). Because the trial court in this matter complied
with the requirements of Rule 404(b), we review its rulings under an abuse of discretion
standard.

        As to the telephone call from the defendant to Chad Wilson, the trial court made a
pretrial finding that the testimony regarding it was admissible to show that the defendant did
not own an iPhone and wanted to know how to unlock one:



                                             -37-
               The call begins with a casual conversation where Defendant indicates
       he was sending some guys from the Sheriff’s Office to him for work and Mr.
       Wilson expresses his appreciation. Defendant then advises Mr. Wilson that he
       has received the discovery in his case and he noted that it contained
       information that Mr. Wilson called the police to tell them that Defendant
       didn’t own an iPhone and that they discussed the pattern to unlock his phone.
       He follows up indicating that the State’s “whole case consists of [Mr. Wilson]
       and [inaudible name sounding like John],” which he said didn’t make sense to
       him. He concludes the phone calls with Mr. Wilson by stating: “Just know I
       know. Not sure what you thought was doing [sic] but not going to work. I
       really appreciate it (sarcasm) and hope you get what you want.”

               The tone of the conversation is consistent throughout and the Court
       finds that Defendant did not make any explicit or implied threats to Mr.
       Wilson. Thus, the Court cannot find that the recording is admissible on the
       basis Defendant threatens the witness. However, the Court does not find that
       there is necessarily a basis to exclude the admission of the call as the contents
       of the call may be deemed relevant to show Defendant admitted he did not
       own an iPhone and corroborate Mr. Wilson’s testimony that Defendant asked
       him how to “unlock” an iPhone. The Court makes the preliminary ruling that
       the phone call is admissible; however, after hearing the evidence at trial the
       parties may request the Court to reassess its admissibility should the evidence
       regarding the iPhone be cumulative.

        Additionally, the court determined that Detective Crumby’s testimony regarding
threats by the defendant also was admissible:

               Detective Crumby served as one of the officers on this case and
       participated in the transport of Defendant when he was extradited to
       Tennessee. Presumably Detective Crumby will be testifying at trial as to the
       investigation of the murder. Detective Crumby testified before the Court as
       to the generalized threats he received from Defendant on his cell phone as well
       as more specific statements Defendant made about knowing the location and
       schedules of Detective Crumby’s family members when Detective Crumby
       transported him. The Court finds Detective Crumby’s testimony to be relevant
       and will permit him to testify about the threats at trial.

      As to Detective Crumby, we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s
determination that his testimony was relevant regarding what he perceived to be threats to
him by the defendant and, additionally, that its probative value outweighed any prejudice to
the defendant. Further, the record supports the trial court’s determination that Chad

                                             -38-
Wilson’s testimony about removing a battery from an iPhone was relevant to support his
testimony that the defendant did not own such a cell phone and as to how one could be
“unlocked.” Additionally, on appeal, the State acknowledges the State’s leading question
to Wilson as to whether he perceived the call from the defendant as “threatening.” However,
because the defendant did not object to this question, his objection on appeal, also, is waived.

                  VII. Defendant’s Affidavit of Indigency as Evidence

        Following the defendant’s being indicted in this matter, he executed an affidavit of
indigency, and the public defender’s office was appointed to represent him. Subsequently,
the State sought a hearing as to whether the defendant qualified for court-appointed counsel.
At the hearing, the State presented evidence of his bank accounts and plans to travel to
Barbados. The defense responded with evidence contrary to that of the State and showing
that he had minimal assets, much less than the $25,000 to $50,000 which both sides agreed
a lawyer in private practice would charge to represent the defendant in the matter. The
defendant then filed a revised affidavit of indigency, stating that he had no income or money
available and that his ownership of an automobile valued at $16,000 was subject to a lien.

        At trial, the State argued that the indigency affidavit was admissible to show that the
defendant had neither income nor assets to travel to Barbados, as he was planning to do. The
defendant objected to the evidence, asserting that it was prejudicial to the defendant to show
his financial status and other evidence was available to the State for what it was seeking to
show. The trial court directed that the heading “Uniform Affidavit of Indigency” be removed
from the copy to be admitted into evidence but that, otherwise, the affidavit was admissible
to show “whether or not [the defendant] had a motive to get money.”

        Subsequently, at the trial, the State’s lengthy opening statement included the remarks
that the defendant “was in financial trouble [and] had no money . . . . That was the perfect
storm. You had Mr. Bozza upset, you had [the defendant] needing money. They came up
with a plan. That plan was for [the defendant] to kill Veronica Bozza for $10,000.” During
the cross-examination of the defendant, he was asked various questions about his distressed
financial situation, sometimes with references to the affidavit of indigency. During rebuttal
argument, the State asserted that the only conclusion was that “Tim Bozza [and the
defendant] planned for their big event, planned to make a lot of money, solve all their
problems, trip off to Barbados together where they couldn’t be extradited.”

        On appeal, the defendant argues that the affidavit was irrelevant and should have been
excluded pursuant to Tennessee Rules of Evidence 401 and 402. Citing State v. Leach, 148
S.W.3d 42, 54 (Tenn. 2004), the State responds that the evidence and related questions were
relevant to show that the defendant “had a financial interest in the victim’s death.” We note
that in State v. Reid, 213 S.W.3d 792, 813-15 (Tenn. 2006), our supreme court explained that

                                              -39-
evidence of a defendant’s financial status was relevant:

               In our view, evidence that a defendant is poor, without more, has little
       probative value. As observed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, “A rich
       man’s greed is as much a motive to steal as a poor man’s poverty. Proof of
       either, without more, is likely to amount to . . . unfair prejudice with little
       probative value.” [United States v.] Mitchell, 172 F.3d [1104,] 1108-09 [(9th
       Cir. 1999)]. The better rule, therefore, is that the State must introduce proof
       of “something more” than a defendant’s poverty in order to meet the threshold
       of relevance necessary for admission.

              In this instance, “something more” was proof that despite the loss of his
       job without severance pay, the defendant had made several cash purchases
       totaling in excess of $800, had sought to invest $3000, and had over $1000 in
       coins in his possession at the time of his arrest. That the defendant had no
       legitimate source of income following the termination of his employment,
       coupled with proof of these expenditures shortly after the robbery, was
       relevant, circumstantial evidence of the commission of the crimes.
       Accordingly, the trial court did not err in admitting testimony about his
       financial condition at the time of the crimes.

Id. at 814-15.

       We conclude that this issue is without merit.

                     VIII. Jury Instruction as to Parole Eligibility

        On appeal, the defendant complains about the response of the trial court to a question
for the jurors during deliberation. We will examine this issue.

       Prior to the trial, the State filed notice that it was seeking a sentence of life
imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Following the jury’s concluding that the
defendant was guilty of first degree premeditated murder and that the State had proven the
existence of both aggravating circumstances, the trial court instructed the jury, at the
sentencing portion of the trial, regarding the effect and meaning of a life sentence:

              It is now your duty to determine, within the limits prescribed by law,
       the penalty which shall be imposed as punishment for this offense. Tennessee
       law provides that a person convicted of murder in the first degree shall be
       punished by death, by imprisonment for life without the possibility of parole,
       or by imprisonment for life.

                                             -40-
               The State, however, is not seeking the death penalty. A defendant who
       receives a sentence of imprisonment for life shall not be eligible for parole
       consideration until the defendant has served at least fifty-one (51) full calendar
       years of such sentence. A defendant who receives a sentence of imprisonment
       for life without parole shall never be eligible for release on parole.

      Additionally, the jury was instructed as to the differing available punishments of life
without parole and life with parole:

               Therefore, we, the jury, unanimously find that the punishment shall be
       either a) we the jury unanimously agree that the defendant shall be sentenced
       to imprisonment for life without the possibility of parole, or b) we, the jury,
       unanimously agree that the defendant shall be sentenced to life, to
       imprisonment for life.

       The jury’s written question was as follows:

       If they change the definition of life in prison will that reduce his sentence[?]
       For instance, if the law changed to where someone who was sentenced to life
       was eligible for parole in 25 years, would [the defendant] also be eligible for
       parole in 25 years[?]

       The trial court responded to the jury’s question:

              A person is sentenced according to the law in effect at the time of his
       crime. However, the legislature may change the law and the sentence could
       be reviewed.

        According to the defendant, “[s]hortly after the trial court provided the jury with the
supplemental instruction, the jury imposed a sentence in count 1 of life imprisonment
without the possibility of parole.” The defendant argues that the giving of this instruction
deprived him of his right to due process of law. In response, while agreeing that the better
practice would have been for the trial court simply to have referred the jury to the original
instructions rather than provide the supplemental instruction, the State disagrees that it
entitles the defendant to a new trial.

        As the State points out, the trial court’s instruction was not incorrect. In fact, the
legislature could reduce the parole eligibility for life imprisonment during a term being
served by the defendant. The court already had instructed the jury as to the difference in life
with and without parole. Because the trial court’s supplemental instruction did not alter what
the jury already had been told of the differences in the two sentences, it is not apparent what

                                             -41-
effect, if any, this instruction had on the final verdict. Accordingly, we conclude that this
assignment of error is without merit.

       The defendant also argues that the evidence of aggravating circumstances was
insufficient. Prior to trial, the State filed notice of two aggravating circumstances:

              1. The defendant was previously convicted of one (1) or more felonies,
       other than the present charge, whose statutory elements involve the use of
       violence to the person;

             2. The defendant committed the murder for remuneration or the
       promise of remuneration or employed another to commit the murder for
       remuneration or the promise of remuneration[.]

       The jury found that both circumstances were proven, and, on appeal, the defendant
contests only the second – that the defendant committed the crime for remuneration or
promise of remuneration. On appeal, the defendant argues that the State failed to prove this
circumstance.

        As for the proof that the murder was for hire, the proof is abundant. Mr. Bozza
acknowledged that a few weeks after the defendant told him that the victim “wouldn’t be a
problem for [Mr. Bozza] anymore,” he came to Mr. Bozza’s house and asked for $35,000.
Regarding the death of the victim, Mr. Bozza responded to the State’s questions regarding
the tape-recorded statement given by him regarding his arrangement with the defendant to
kill the victim:

       Q. And that tape that we just watched, that meeting was called by your
       lawyer–

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. – and you heard me state – the reason being you were finally going to
       acknowledge there was a monetary agreement between you and [the
       defendant]; is that correct?

       A. Well, I wanted to get as much of the truth out as I was remembering at the
       time, yes, sir.

       Q. And did you not say, I told him I would give him $10,000?

       A. Well, the statement was made that – when he offered, I said, that sounds

                                            -42-
       like a good plan right there, but I can’t necessarily do that myself.

       Q. Yeah, you couldn’t do the killing yourself?

       A. No, sir.

       Q. But then you said you would give him $10,000. Isn’t that what that said?

       A. Well, it could be construed as that, yes, sir.

       Q. Was it said, construed? Did you not just say you could give him $10,000?
       And then you said you didn’t back off?

       A. Exactly right. I never backed off of anything, no, sir.

       Q. Okay. So that could be construed to have an agreement to pay $10,000?

       A. Yes, sir, it could be. Absolutely.

       Based upon this evidence, we conclude that a reasonable jury could have determined
that the killing of the victim was committed for remuneration or the promise of
remuneration.
                               IX. Errors in Sentencing

        The defendant asserts that the trial court erred both in sentencing him to twenty-five
years for his especially aggravated robbery conviction and ordering that it be served
consecutively to his life sentence for first degree premeditated murder. The State responds
that the record supports the trial court’s sentencing of the defendant.

       In State v. Pollard, __ S.W.3d __, 2013 WL 6732667, at *7 (Tenn. 2013), our
supreme court held that “the abuse of discretion standard, accompanied by a presumption
of reasonableness, applies to consecutive sentencing determinations.” In this matter, the trial
court conducted an extensive sentencing hearing, explaining why the defendant’s sentences
would be served consecutively:

              So, that leads us to the next issue in that whether or not he should get
       consecutive or concurrent sentences. Now, I do find that he is an offender
       whose record of criminal activity is extensive and in so doing I can also
       consider the homicide in that, but he has a long record that goes back for a
       long way and it, and when you look at it it is aggravated assault, aggravated
       assault, assault, assaults, assaults, lots of times involving women.

                                             -43-
               I think he has a record which is extensive with regard to that and he is
       a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human
       life and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to human life
       is high.

                Clearly, he is a dangerous offender. He, . . . based on the testimony at
       trial[,] killed . . . [the victim] with absolutely no, quickly, followed her, did it
       for his boss and there was obviously some discussion about the insurance
       money. This is a dangerous offender . . . who stalked someone, went in on
       them, killed them and left.

              ....

              . . . Now, Wilkerson factors apply. For factor number 4, and that is in
       order to have consecutive sentences it has to be based on the fact that the
       aggregate term reasonably relates to the severity of the offenses and it is
       necessary in order to protect the public from further serious criminal conduct
       by the defendant.

              Now, [defense counsel] makes a point that he has already been
       sentenced to life without the possibility of parole and that therefore it’s not
       necessary to protect the public further from serious criminal conduct by the
       defendant. However, that in and of itself is not something that I need to look
       at. Though, I find in this particular case given the history of [the defendant]
       throughout the criminal history that is felonies after felonies, probation
       violations, probation violations, and then the very serious nature of this
       offense, which I have described and I will rely on the facts in the record about
       the nature of this offense and just sort of the coldness and the way [the victim]
       was executed, I find that it is necessary to protect the public from further
       serious criminal conduct by the defendant. So, I am sentencing him to 25
       years and it will be a consecutive sentence.

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) provides that it is within the trial
court’s discretion to impose consecutive sentencing if it finds by a preponderance of the
evidence that any one of a number of criteria applies, including that “[t]he defendant is an
offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive,” that “[t]he defendant is a dangerous
offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about
committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high,” or that “[t]he defendant is
sentenced for an offense committed while on probation.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
115(b)(2), (4), (6) (2010). When a trial court bases consecutive sentencing upon its
classification of the defendant as a dangerous offender, it is required to make further findings

                                              -44-
that the aggregate length of the defendant’s sentence reasonably relates to the severity of his
offenses and is necessary to protect the public from further criminal conduct of the
defendant. State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456, 460-61 (Tenn. 1999); State v. Wilkerson, 905
S.W.2d 933, 937-38 (Tenn. 1995). The criteria listed in section 40-35-115(b) are stated in
the alternative; therefore, only one need exist to support the appropriateness of consecutive
sentencing.

       The record abundantly supports the determination of the trial court that the defendant
has an extensive criminal record and that he is a dangerous offender whose behavior
indicates little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about committing a crime in
which the risk to human life is high. Further, the trial court concluded that consecutive
sentencing was necessary because of the severity of the offenses and the need to protect the
public, and the record supports this finding as well. This assignment is without merit.

                                      CONCLUSION

        Based upon the foregoing authorities and reasoning, the judgments of the trial court
are affirmed.


                                                    _________________________________
                                                    ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE




                                             -45-
