                            RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 19a0292p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 LOCAL 1982,      INTERNATIONAL      LONGSHOREMEN’S        ┐
 ASSOCIATION,                                              │
                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,   │
                                                           >      No. 19-3319
                                                           │
        v.                                                 │
                                                           │
                                                           │
 MIDWEST TERMINALS     OF   TOLEDO, INTERNATIONAL,         │
 INC.,                                                     │
                                  Defendant-Appellant.     │
                                                           ┘

                         Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Northern District of Ohio at Toledo.
                  No. 3:17-cv-01688—Jeffrey James Helmick, District Judge.

                             Decided and Filed: December 10, 2019

                Before: ROGERS, STRANCH, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

                                       _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Ronald L. Mason, Aaron T. Tulencik, MASON LAW FIRM CO., L.P.A., Dublin,
Ohio, for Appellant. Joseph C. Hoffman, Jr., Joseph D. Mando, FAULKNER, HOFFMAN &
PHILLIPS, LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.

        STRANCH, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which ROGERS and THAPAR, JJ.,
joined. THAPAR, J. (pp. 7–10), delivered a separate concurring opinion.
                                       _________________

                                            OPINION
                                       _________________

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. For the third time, we are asked to review this
dispute over a labor arbitration award issued in 2012. In short, Local 1982 of the International
 No. 19-3319                Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                         Page 2
                               v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

Longshoremen’s Association successfully pursued a grievance against Midwest Terminals to
enforce their contract requiring Midwest to establish pension and welfare trust fund plans that
comply with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). In 2014, we enforced the
Joint Grievance Committee’s award in Local 1982 I. When disputes arose about implementing
that award, Local 1982 returned to court seeking clarification from the Committee, composed of
one employer and one union arbitrator. Midwest argued that no ambiguity existed and by
engaging in negotiations it had complied with the award and the grievance was terminated. We
ultimately affirmed remand of the award to the arbitrators for clarification, Local 1982 II, but
before that could occur, Midwest’s CFO was appointed to the Committee as the representative
for the employers; a deadlock resulted. Local 1982 sought to follow the next step of the
grievance procedure in the contract; Midwest refused, arguing that the deadlock terminated the
grievance procedure. The district court ordered the parties to proceed to the next step. We
AFFIRM.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       Our prior decisions set out the specific facts, which are briefly summarized here. At the
time of the initial dispute, Local 1982 and Midwest were parties to a collective bargaining
agreement (CBA) that consisted of a Master Agreement, formed between the parties’ affiliated
regional employer group and the union, and a Local Agreement between the parties. Local 1982,
Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo, Int’l, Inc., 560 F. App’x 529, 530
(6th Cir. 2014) (“Local 1982 I”). Both agreements have provisions that address the benefit,
pension, and welfare plans relevant to the underlying dispute. Id. at 531-32.

       In 2011, the union filed a grievance against Midwest for its failure to establish and
contribute to such trust plans under Section 5.5A of the Master Agreement. After Midwest
responded to the Union that it considered the grievance procedurally invalid, the Union escalated
the grievance to Step Two of the Master Agreement grievance procedure—referral to a Joint
Grievance Committee comprised of an employer representative and a union representative. Id. at
532.
 No. 19-3319                 Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                          Page 3
                                v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

       Midwest refused to participate and did not respond to the requests of the Joint Grievance
Committee for explanation and cooperation; the hearing went forward without Midwest present.
Id. at 532-33. The central question at the hearing was whether Midwest established ERISA-
compliant funds in accordance with Section 5.5A of the Master Agreement, which sets out “[t]he
minimum contribution to affiliated local union and employer ERISA approved benefit, pension,
and welfare plans.” The Committee determined that Midwest had failed to do so and issued its
ruling against Midwest. Id. at 533. Under the Master Agreement, Midwest could appeal the
unfavorable award within ten days but did not do so; the award became final and binding, and
the union filed suit to enforce it. Id. at 534-35. Finding that any contract ambiguity is an issue
for the arbitrator, not the courts, we directed the district court to enter an order enforcing the
award. Id. at 537, 540.

       Shortly thereafter, the parties were back in court, this time over ambiguities in the content
of the award. The district court found that the award was ambiguous and remanded to the
Committee for clarification. We affirmed in Local 1982 II, finding that where an award “leaves
doubt whether the submitted grievance has been fully executed, an ambiguity arises which the
arbitrator is entitled to clarify.” Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n v. Midwest Terminals
of Toledo, Int’l, Inc., 694 F. App’x 985, 987 (6th Cir. 2017) (“Local 1982 II”) (internal brackets,
citations, and quotation marks omitted). We ruled that the award should be remanded for
clarification, rejecting Midwest’s argument that it complied with the award by negotiating about
terms and conditions of the trust agreement; we reasoned that those actions failed to fulfill “the
CBA requirement for the creation of a trust fund” and “[c]ommon sense dictates that the
Committee intended something more.” Id. at 989.

       After the remand but before clarification of the award, the composition of the two-person
Committee changed. Over the opposition of the union, Midwest appointed its Chief Financial
Officer, Fred Diechert, to replace the employer representative on the Committee. The new two-
person Committee deadlocked in clarifying the award.          Local 1982 sought to escalate the
grievance to Step 3 of the Master Agreement for review by an expanded grievance committee to
resolve the deadlock. Midwest opposed the escalation and argued that Local 1982’s earlier
efforts to confirm the arbitration award rendered it final, and a deadlock in interpreting the award
 No. 19-3319                      Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                                     Page 4
                                     v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

terminated the procedure. The district court found Midwest’s arguments to be unavailing, and
Midwest appeals.

                                                II. ANALYSIS

        This litigation is principally about the definition of a minimally compliant ERISA plan.
“ERISA is a complex statute, but its purpose is simple: to establish a uniform regulatory regime
for plan administration that protects monies belonging to plan beneficiaries while such funds are
held and managed by others.” Wilson v. Safelite Grp., Inc., 930 F.3d 429, 434 (6th Cir. 2019)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).                  With few exceptions, ERISA requires
compliant plans to hold assets for plans in trust, 29 U.S.C. § 1103(a), and plan assets may be
used only to provide benefits and pay reasonable expenses and “shall never inure to the benefit
of any employer,” 29 U.S.C. § 1103(c)(1). An ERISA plan fiduciary may be an employer, but
the fiduciary is required to act “solely in the interest of the [Plan] participants and beneficiaries,”
29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1), and must not “deal with the assets of the plan in his own interest or for
his own account,” 29 U.S.C. § 1106(b)(1). While the details are in dispute and require further
clarification, the award here mandates the establishment of plans that comply with these
principles. We turn to the procedures at issue.

        The district court remanded the case for further clarification of an arbitration award
previously confirmed by this circuit in Local 1982 I. The parties dispute whether we should
review the district court’s decision de novo or for an abuse of discretion. That issue turns on
whether the district court’s decision to remand was based on application of the law of the case.
Compare M & C Corp. v. Erwin Behr GmbH & Co., 143 F.3d 1033, 1037–38 (6th Cir. 1998),
with Rouse v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 300 F.3d 711, 715 (6th Cir. 2002). Midwest loses under
either standard.

        Midwest argues on appeal that the grievance terminated because neither party filed a
timely notice of appeal when the award was issued in 2012, and the clarification of the award
resulted in a deadlock.1 But the practical consequence of this argument is that the winning party

        1Neither party has argued that this question should be decided by an arbitrator rather than a court. See John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Livingston, 376 U.S. 543, 555–59 (1964); United SteelWorkers of Am., AFL-CIO-CLC v. Saint
 No. 19-3319                    Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                                   Page 5
                                   v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

in an arbitration would have to appeal a favorable decision or risk losing the relief sought. This
frustrates the purpose of grievance proceedings. Local 1982 had no reason to appeal an award in
its favor but every reason to enforce a final arbitral award in the courts. As noted in multiple
decisions in this case, moreover, Midwest chose not to participate in the initial proceeding.
It cannot argue now that the case is closed on an alternative ground when courts have already
affirmed the legitimacy of the proceeding. See Marino v. Writers Guild of America, E., Inc.,
992 F.2d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir. 1993) (“A party may not sit idle through an arbitration procedure
and then collaterally attack that procedure on grounds not raised before the arbitrators when the
result turns out to be adverse.”).

        It is also well settled that final arbitration awards may be remanded back to the original
arbitrator or arbitration committee for clarification.            See, e.g., Indus. Mut. Ass’n, Inc. v.
Amalgamated Workers, Local Union No. 383, 725 F.2d 406, 412 n.3 (6th Cir. 1984) (“A remand
is proper, both at common law and under the federal law of labor arbitration contracts, to clarify
an ambiguous award or to require the arbitrator to address an issue submitted to him but not
resolved by the award.”); United Steelworkers of Am., Local 4839 v. New Idea Farm Equip.
Corp., 917 F.2d 964, 968 (6th Cir. 1990) (“Because there had been no timely motion to vacate,
modify or correct the award, the district court could not have remanded for the purpose of
modifying or correcting the award. But it did have the authority to remand for clarification.”);
M & C Corp. v. Erwin Behr GmbH & Co., 143 F.3d 1033, 1038 (6th Cir. 1998) (“An ambiguous
award may not be enforced but should be remanded to the arbitrator.”).

        Midwest’s argument, unadorned by precedent, is that the grievance is terminated, and
that the award is unenforceable because it cannot be clarified by the initial arbitration
Committee. But the award does not lose its effect simply because the original Committee cannot
agree on a clarification of its contents. As established by the governing CBA, Step 3 of the
grievance procedure specifies that if a grievance “is not satisfactorily settled or adjusted in Step
2, it shall be referred to an Expanded Joint Grievance Committee,” the membership of which is

Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc., 505 F.3d 417, 420–22 (6th Cir. 2007) (en banc). So we need not resolve whether
it otherwise would be.
 No. 19-3319                Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                        Page 6
                               v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

then defined. The district court properly remanded the dispute to the next step of the grievance
procedure. We previously ordered the parties to fulfill “the CBA requirement for the creation of
a trust fund,” Local 1982 II, 694 F. App’x at 989, and the process must now continue as set out
in the CBA until that is accomplished.

                                     III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order that the parties proceed
with the grievance and arbitration procedure set forth in the Master CBA.
 No. 19-3319                 Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                          Page 7
                                v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

                                       _________________

                                        CONCURRENCE
                                       _________________

       THAPAR, Circuit Judge, concurring. Courts have long struggled to define what it means
for a decision to be “final.” Over a century ago, the Supreme Court observed that “[p]robably no
question of equity practice” had “been the subject of more frequent discussion” and confessed
that its cases on the issue were “not altogether harmonious.” McGourkey v. Toledo & O.C. Ry.
Co., 146 U.S. 536, 545–46 (1892). And matters have not improved much since then. See, e.g.,
Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 170 (1974) (“No verbal formula yet devised can
explain prior finality decisions with unerring accuracy or provide an utterly reliable guide for the
future.”). Even so, courts should do the best they can to bring some coherence to the doctrine.
I write separately to flag one such area for our court.

       This appeal arises from a long and somewhat complicated procedural history. But here
most of the details don’t matter.       Almost a decade ago, Local 1982 of the International
Longshoremen’s Association received an arbitration award against Midwest Terminals of
Toledo. In an initial appeal, our court confirmed the award and ordered it enforced. Local 1982,
Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo, Int’l, Inc., 560 F. App’x 529 (6th
Cir. 2014) (Local 1982 I). In a later appeal, we affirmed an order remanding the award back to
the arbitrator for clarification. Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n v. Midwest Terminals of
Toledo, Int’l, Inc., 694 F. App’x 985 (6th Cir. 2017) (Local 1982 II). In this third appeal,
Midwest challenges another order remanding the award for clarification.

       Neither party questions our jurisdiction. Perhaps because our circuit has held that an
order remanding an award back to the arbitrator for clarification is a “final decision” and thus
appealable. M & C Corp. v. Erwin Behr GmbH & Co., KG, 326 F.3d 772, 779–81 (6th Cir.
2003) (per curiam). But that holding seems inconsistent with much of the law in this area.

       Start with the principle of finality. The Supreme Court has made clear that a “final
decision”—in the arbitration context and more generally—“ends the litigation on the merits and
leaves nothing more for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Ala.
 No. 19-3319                Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                           Page 8
                               v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 86 (2000) (citation omitted).        And that rule applies no less to
proceedings that occur after the district court has entered a final judgment—as is the case here.
Indeed, our circuit (like others) has explained that courts should view finality in post-judgment
proceedings the same way they view finality more generally: they should ask whether the
decision ends the post-judgment litigation. See JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Winget, 920 F.3d
1103, 1105–08 (6th Cir. 2019) (collecting cases).

       So does a remand order end the litigation? It doesn’t seem like it. Courts remand
arbitration awards for clarification because they can’t enforce ambiguous awards. See M & C
Corp. v. Erwin Behr GmbH & Co., 143 F.3d 1033, 1038 (6th Cir. 1998). The remand allows the
arbitrator to complete its assigned task (i.e., resolve the dispute between the parties) and allows
the court to review the award with more information. See Green v. Ameritech Corp., 200 F.3d
967, 977 (6th Cir. 2000). By all appearances, then, the remand does not end the litigation.
Rather, it contemplates that the parties will soon return to court for further enforcement
proceedings.

        If you have any doubts on that score, just look at our past cases. Recall that our court
previously exercised jurisdiction over a remand order. See Local 1982 II, 694 F. App’x at 986.
And now the parties have returned to court with further grievances related to the remand.
Ironically, this has happened before—in the very case that held that remand orders are final
decisions. See M & C Corp., 326 F.3d at 774–78. So both logic and experience show that
remands don’t end the litigation on the merits.

       Probably for that reason, every other circuit to address the issue has held (or at least
implied) that an order that simply remands an award back to the arbitrator for clarification is not
a final decision. See, e.g., Bull HN Info. Sys., Inc. v. Hutson, 229 F.3d 321, 328 (1st Cir. 2000);
Landy Michaels Realty Corp. v. Local 32B-32J, Serv. Emps. Int’l Union, AFL-CIO, 954 F.2d
794, 795–98 (2d Cir. 1992); Virgin Islands Hous. Auth. v. Coastal Gen. Constr. Servs. Corp.,
27 F.3d 911, 913–14 (3d Cir. 1994); Murchison Capital Partners, L.P. v. Nuance Commc’ns,
Inc., 760 F.3d 418, 420–23 (5th Cir. 2014); Jays Foods, L.L.C. v. Chem. & Allied Prod. Workers
Union, Local 20, AFL-CIO, 208 F.3d 610, 613 (7th Cir. 2000); Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. United
 No. 19-3319                    Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                       Page 9
                                   v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

Transp. Union, 3 F.3d 255, 258 (8th Cir. 1993); Cascade Nat. Gas Corp. v. Int’l Chem. Workers
Union Council/UFCW Local 121-C, 776 F. App’x 939, 940–41 (9th Cir. 2019) (order); cf.
Sanchez v. Elizondo, 878 F.3d 1216, 1219 n.1 (9th Cir. 2018).

       Finally, consider how our own circuit (as well as most other circuits) treats remand orders
in three analogous contexts:

   •   Administrative Agencies.        A remand back to an administrative agency for further
       proceedings is generally not final and appealable. See Schuck v. Frank, 27 F.3d 194, 196
       (6th Cir. 1994); see also Occidental Petroleum Corp. v. S.E.C., 873 F.2d 325, 329–30
       (D.C. Cir. 1989) (collecting cases).

   •   ERISA Administrators. A remand back to an ERISA plan administrator for further
       proceedings is generally not final and appealable. See Bowers v. Sheet Metal Workers’
       Nat. Pension Fund, 365 F.3d 535, 536 (6th Cir. 2004); see also Mead v. Reliastar Life
       Ins. Co., 768 F.3d 102, 107 (2d Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (collecting cases).

   •   Bankruptcy Courts. A remand back to a bankruptcy court for further proceedings is
       generally not final and appealable. See Settembre v. Fid. & Guar. Life Ins. Co., 552 F.3d
       438, 441 (6th Cir. 2009); see also In re Holland, 539 F.3d 563, 565 (7th Cir. 2008)
       (collecting cases).

These cases provide a simple rule: remand orders are generally not final and appealable.

       Of course, as with most rules, there are exceptions. Courts have recognized that a
remand order can be immediately appealable if a statute provides as much, see Bowers, 365 F.3d
at 537–38, or if the remand involves purely ministerial matters, see Settembre, 552 F.3d at 441,
or if the remand can only be challenged through an immediate appeal, see Schuck, 27 F.3d at
196–97. But these exceptions are exactly that: exceptions to the general rule that remand orders
are not final and appealable.
 No. 19-3319                 Local 1982, Int’l Longshoremen Ass’n                         Page 10
                                v. Midwest Terminals of Toledo

       In the end, nothing in this case turns on whether we exercise jurisdiction over the remand
order. Either way, the parties will return to arbitration to clarify the award. And regardless, this
panel must follow our binding precedent on the issue. But in a future case, I would encourage
our court to take another look at our precedent in this area.
