                   United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 16-3217
                          ___________________________

                                       Amy Hiltner,

                          lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                              v.

                             Owners Insurance Company,

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.
                                         ____________

                      Appeal from United States District Court
                       for the District of North Dakota - Fargo
                                    ____________

                               Submitted: March 9, 2017
                                Filed: August 29, 2017
                                    ____________

Before WOLLMAN, COLLOTON, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                       ____________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

       Owners Insurance Company appeals a judgment of the district court awarding
Amy Hiltner damages for injuries that she sustained in a vehicle-related accident.
The insurance company argues that the district court improperly applied a heightened
duty to the driver of the vehicle, that the court erred in its apportionment of fault, and
that the court abused its discretion in altering its damages award sua sponte. Because
we determine that the district court improperly applied a heightened duty to the
driver, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

      In May 2010, Hiltner attended a social gathering at a friend’s apartment, where
she and others became intoxicated. Around midnight, Hiltner, Samantha Denault,
Xaviera Lone Wolf, Josh Jeffries, and three others left the gathering. Denault had
agreed to serve as the designated driver, and she was the only sober person among the
group when they departed.

       Denault planned to drive the others to Lone Wolf’s apartment and then drive
home. When the group reached Denault’s vehicle, Jeffries and three others got
inside, but Hiltner and Lone Wolf climbed onto the trunk with their backs facing the
rear window. Denault urged the two to get off the trunk and get into the vehicle, but
they twice refused and said they would be “fine.” Although she was concerned,
Denault proceeded to drive slowly to Lone Wolf’s apartment. Observing that Hiltner
and Lone Wolf were taking pictures of each other, laughing, and swaying to music,
Denault kept her speed at fifteen miles per hour, slowed down for turns, and checked
on the two every thirty seconds through the rearview mirror.

       Jeffries was located in the front passenger seat. During the drive, he gestured
with his left hand once or twice as if he was going to push down Denault’s right leg.
Denault was annoyed and told him to stop. The ride went without incident until the
final turn toward Lone Wolf’s apartment. At that point, Jeffries pushed Denault’s
right leg down onto the accelerator, causing the vehicle to speed up. Hiltner and
Lone Wolf fell off the trunk. Hiltner was injured during the fall and needed physical
and occupational therapy to recover.

      After Denault’s insurer paid Hiltner its policy limit of $25,000, Hiltner sought
underinsured motorist benefits from Owners as an insured under her father’s
automobile policy. Owners denied benefits, and Hiltner sued in North Dakota state

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court. Owners removed the case to federal court, and the case was tried to the court.
The district court found Denault, Jeffries, and Hiltner each liable in part for the
accident. The court apportioned fault of fifty-five percent to Denault, twenty-five
percent to Jeffries, and twenty percent to Hiltner.

       Because Hiltner’s relative fault was less than fifty percent, the district court
awarded her past economic, future economic, and non-economic damages. See N.D.
Cent. Code § 32-03.2-02. In response to Owners’ post-trial motions, the court
recognized that “[b]oth parties agree that there was no request for future economic
damages,” and vacated its award of future economic damages. The court then
awarded Hiltner the same amounts, broken down this time into past economic, future
non-economic, and past non-economic damages. Owners appeals, challenging the
district court’s apportionment of fault and the award of damages. We review de novo
the district court’s interpretation and application of state law. Nolles v. State Comm.
for Reorganization of Sch. Dists., 524 F.3d 892, 901 (8th Cir. 2008).

       Owners argues that the district court improperly applied a heightened duty to
Denault because she was the sober designated driver. North Dakota does not impose
a heightened duty by statute; a person driving a vehicle must operate “in a careful and
prudent manner.” N.D. Cent. Code § 39-09-01.1. The North Dakota courts have not
imposed a heightened duty on designated drivers by common law. Other jurisdictions
affirmatively have rejected such a duty, citing the potential that heightened exposure
to liability would chill designated drivers from performing a valuable service.

        In Tennessee, for example, a party assumed no affirmative duty merely because
of his status as a designated driver to aid or protect an intoxicated passenger who rode
unrestrained in the bed of a pickup truck, “exited” the truck, and died on the road.
Downs ex rel. Downs v. Bush, 263 S.W.3d 812, 823-24 (Tenn. 2008). The court
observed that “[t]o hold a driver liable for the irresponsible actions of an intoxicated
passenger would cut against this important social policy of encouraging the use of

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designated drivers.” Id. at 824 (alternation in original) (quoting Stephenson v.
Ledbetter, 596 N.E.2d 1369, 1373 (Ind. 1992)). In Vermont, a sober driver of a
pickup truck breached no duty of care to an intoxicated passenger who knelt on a
toolbox in the bed of a pickup truck, reached his arm into the passenger side of the
cab, and died when he fell under the truck. Collins v. Thomas, 938 A.2d 1208, 1213-
15 (Vt. 2007). In Louisiana, a sober driver owed no duty to protect an intoxicated
passenger who asked to exit the car on the side of a highway before he was struck and
killed while walking into traffic. Cardella v. Robinson, 903 So. 2d 613, 618 (La. Ct.
App. 2005).

      In its order here, the district court acknowledged these authorities and stated:

      While intoxication is no excuse for wrongful conduct, when a sober
      person knows or reasonably should know of the intoxicated condition
      of a passenger rendering her incapable of exercising vigilance or
      foresight for her own safety, the sober person, even though she does not
      have a heightened duty to aid or protect intoxicated passengers,
      continues to have a duty to exercise reasonable care in driving the
      vehicle. In other words, by taking charge of obviously intoxicated
      passengers, Denault had a duty to use reasonable care to protect her
      passengers from foreseeable harm.

      In a footnote following the “duty to exercise reasonable care in driving the
vehicle,” the court adverted without further explanation to the Restatement (Second)
of Torts § 324 (1965). That section provides that:

      One who, being under no duty to do so, takes charge of another who is
      helpless adequately to aid or protect himself is subject to liability to the
      other for any bodily harm caused to him by . . . the failure of the actor
      to exercise reasonable care to secure the safety of the other while within
      the actor’s charge.



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       The court then concluded that Denault’s fault was greater than any other
passenger for five reasons: (a) “she volunteered to be the designated driver,” (b) “she
understood her role was to get her intoxicated friends home safely,” (c) “she was the
only sober person in the group and had the greatest ability to assess danger,” (d) “she
was in exclusive control of the vehicle,” and (e) “she failed to take adequate measures
to stop Jeffries from interfering with her operation of the vehicle.”

       We think it evident from this reasoning that the court imposed a heightened
duty on Denault because of her role as the sober designated driver for a group of
intoxicated passengers. Most of the court’s rationale for assigning Denault a greater
proportion of fault for Hiltner’s injuries was tied to her status as the designated driver,
not to the manner in which she operated the vehicle.

          As best we can tell, the district court relied on § 324 of the Restatement and the
duty imposed on an actor who “takes charge of another who is helpless adequately
to . . . protect himself.” This actor must “exercise reasonable care to secure the safety
of the other while within the actor’s charge.” The court quoted this section in a
footnote; the placement of the footnote shows that the district court seemed
erroneously to equate § 324 with Denault’s duty to “exercise reasonable care in
driving the vehicle.”

       The findings of fact are not sufficient to support apportioning greater fault to
Denault based on a duty under § 324. The district court referred to Denault “taking
charge of obviously intoxicated passengers,” but did not specify what findings of fact
would support that conclusion. The court found that Denault told Hiltner twice to get
off the trunk of the vehicle, and that Hiltner twice refused and told Denault that she
would be “fine.” These findings suggest that Denault did not “take charge” of
Hiltner. See Downs, 263 S.W.3d at 823 (concluding that there was evidence to
support a finding that driver did not “take charge of” intoxicated passenger, because



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“the record also indicates that Mr. Downs did not object to riding in the bed of the
truck and that he climbed into it under his own strength”).

        The district court also did not find that Hiltner was “helpless.” One court has
found that an intoxicated passenger with a blood-alcohol content of 0.38 was
“helpless” after consuming alcohol to the point of being “semiconscious,” while an
“impaired” person who drank six beers in five hours was not. Marek v. Going, 785
A.2d 248, 251 (Conn. App. Ct. 2001); see Coville v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 748 A.2d
875, 879 (Conn. App. Ct. 2000). The district court found that Hiltner’s blood-alcohol
content was 0.081 shortly after the accident, but did not opine one way or the other
on whether she was “helpless” for purposes of § 324. See Restatement (Second) of
Torts § 324 cmt. b (referring to one who is “ill, drunk, or made helpless by the act of
a third person or a force of nature”); cf. Downs, 263 S.W.3d at 823 (concluding that
whether intoxicated passenger was “helpless” was a genuine issue of material fact for
trial).

       None of this is to say that the district court erred in concluding that Denault
was “at fault” in the accident. Owners does not challenge that determination. But we
cannot escape the conclusion that the apportionment of fault among the participants
was influenced materially by Denault’s status as the sober designated driver. This
allocation of increased responsibility to Denault was either infected by legal error or
unsupported by findings of fact that are necessary to justify it. We therefore conclude
that the judgment should be vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings.

       Owners seeks a new trial, but the matter was tried to the court, and the district
judge is in a position to enter new findings of fact and conclusions of law without an
entirely new trial. See Mawby v. United States, 999 F.2d 1252, 1255 n.2 (8th Cir.
1993). Owners asks that we order the case reassigned to a different judge, but we see
no basis to do so. The district court may handle the matter as it sees fit.



                                          -6-
       For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the judgment of the district court and
remand for new findings and conclusions on the allocation of fault. Having vacated
the judgment, including the award of damages, we need not address the insurance
company’s challenge to the district court’s amendment of its original damages award.
                       ______________________________




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