                         IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

               MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                        (Memorandum Web Opinion)

                                       STATE V. HECKARD


  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).


                                 STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
                                                V.

                             CHARLES J. HECKARD, JR., APPELLANT.


                            Filed January 29, 2019.   No. A-17-1131.


       Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: LEIGH ANN RETELSDORF, Judge.
Affirmed.
       Beau G. Finley, of Law Offices of Beau Finley, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
        Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, Derek T. Bral, Senior Certified Law Student, and,
on brief, Sarah E. Marfisi for appellee.


       PIRTLE, BISHOP, and ARTERBURN, Judges.
       BISHOP, Judge.
                                      I. INTRODUCTION
        After a jury trial, the Douglas County District Court convicted Charles J. Heckard, Jr., of
burglary. The district court found Heckard was a habitual criminal as defined by Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 29-2221 (Reissue 2016); Heckard was sentenced to 10 to 12 years’ imprisonment. On appeal,
Heckard challenges his conviction on a number of grounds and asserts he received ineffective
assistance of trial counsel. We affirm, and we conclude his ineffective assistance claim cannot be
resolved on direct appeal.




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                                       II. BACKGROUND
                                 1. PROCEEDINGS PRIOR TO TRIAL
        In November 2013, the State filed an information in the district court charging Heckard
with one count of felony burglary involving conduct on October 9 at a residence located on South
37th Street in Omaha, Nebraska. In an amended information filed in June 2014, the State added an
allegation that Heckard was a habitual criminal.
        Heckard subsequently filed a motion to suppress and exclude from use against him all his
statements to officers on October 9, 2013, arguing that the evidence was obtained in violation of
the 5th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 12 of the Nebraska Constitution.
He alleged his statements were the “fruits of a custodial interrogation” and not voluntarily or
knowingly made, and were given without advisement of his rights or a proper waiver of his rights.
He asserted his statements were (1) the result of words or actions of the police that the police
should have known were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminatory response and (2) the “product
of threats, coercion, deception, and/or inducements” of the police. After a hearing on the matter,
the district court entered an order denying the motion; the factual findings in that order are
discussed as relevant below.
                                             2. TRIAL
         Trial by jury took place from December 1 to 3, 2014.
                                       (a) State’s Witnesses
         The State called several witnesses; relevant portions of their testimony are summarized
below.
                                         (i) Mark Johnson
        Mark Johnson, a housing inspector for the Omaha Planning Department for 13 years, was
familiar with the residence on 37th Street. He said he was first there around 2005 or 2006,
responding to a housing complaint to inspect a basement apartment and the residence’s exterior.
        Johnson estimated he had done an exterior inspection of the residence about 1 or 2 months
prior to October 9, 2013, and that it “would have been months” before that day that he had done
an inside inspection. During that inside inspection, he noticed the items within the home, including
two stoves and an air-conditioner on the second floor and sinks in the basement. In the exterior
inspection of the residence prior to October 9, he had not noted broken windows, doors, or screens,
fallen soffits, deteriorated roofing, “bad” gutters, or property or debris in the yard. Johnson had
known the residence “had been vacant for so long” and would drive by the residence “[p]robably
once a week, sometimes more.” He was driving by the residence on October 9 and his attention
was drawn to the residence. As he drove by, he noticed a “white pickup at the back part of the
driveway.” The driveway apparently extended to the back of the house with a large parking area
in the back. Johnson backed up and saw “two black males carry[] an air-conditioner and put it into
the back of the pickup truck.” He remembered the property manager, Roger Hale, had an office “a
block away” and thought he would go ask if Hale “had people there cleaning the property out.”
After Johnson’s conversation with Hale, Johnson called “911.”



                                               -2-
        Johnson returned to the residence and went to the back of the residence after he saw officers
were handcuffing the two men. He inspected items that were in the back of the white pickup and
recognized the sink, air-conditioner, and stove as having come from inside the residence. Johnson
also observed another sink “inside of the back door.” He said there were two doors in the back of
the residence: “one to the main floor and a set of stairs and a door to the second floor.” He noticed
those doors were open. He said that in prior inspections of that property, he “always checked that
[those doors] were secure.” Johnson estimated the property became vacant in “2007 or ’8,” but
that he had not had any telephone calls about the residence in 2013 reporting broken windows,
open doors, or debris in the yard.
                                     (ii) Officer Rickey Brown
         Officer Rickey Brown, a police officer with the City of Omaha for 13 years, received a
“[b]urglary in progress” call to the 37th Street residence on October 9, 2013. He reached the
location within 3 to 5 minutes, and saw another officer (his partner) in the driveway talking to two
men. (Officer Brown later identified the two men as General Swayzer and Heckard.) Officer
Brown walked over to the two men and asked them “what’s going on here, what are you guys
doing here?” As to the State’s question of what Heckard said in response, Heckard renewed his
motion to suppress and was again overruled. Officer Brown then testified that Heckard’s response
to his question was that “they were scrapping.” Officer Brown asked followup questions to which
Heckard apparently answered that they “were taking the stuff out of the yard, you know, scrap
metal” and “they had not been inside [the residence].”
         Officer Brown observed the white pickup truck and noticed “the back of the truck had lots
of stuff in it,” the “back door to the house was open on the ground level” with a sink in the doorway,
and there was “a similar sink in the bed of the truck.” He went inside the house and saw “the back
door, the top [second] floor, was open as well and windows [in the back of the house] were either
kicked out or broken out.” Officer Brown took Heckard and Swayzer into custody and turned
Heckard over to the Criminal Investigation Bureau. He said two other officers, besides himself
and his partner, had “responded” to the location.
                                       (iii) Rebecca Learned
        Rebecca Learned, a crime lab technician with the Omaha Police Department Crime Lab
for 4 years, testified that she was working in that capacity on October 9, 2013. That day, she went
to the 37th Street residence on notification of a burglary scene requiring crime lab services. When
she arrived, among other things, Learned photographed the scene, processed areas for fingerprints
(she was unable to obtain any fingerprints from the two rear doors), and collected items of
evidence.
                                          (iv) Roger Hale
        Hale, lead property manager of single-family houses for a real estate company, became
familiar with the owner of the 37th Street residence in 2012 and was tasked with securing,
maintaining, and stabilizing that property for possible liquidation. Hale said it would be inspected
on the inside “at least every four weeks” and the exterior “at a minimum once a week.” Prior to
October 9, 2013, he had last inspected the property in mid-September; he met with one of the



                                                -3-
company’s maintenance technicians to get access to do a walk-through as “all points of entry were
secured.” Inside the house, he had observed, among other things, an air-conditioning unit as well
as some sinks and other kitchen appliances in the basement. Apparently, all three doors had “entry
handles” that were “keyed to a master” and had dead bolts. All the windows on the first and second
floors had a “locking mechanism” so the windows could not be raised from the outside. All points
of entry were boarded up with plywood and a “special screw”; he clarified that windows were not
boarded up, but entries to doors or “side lights for doors” are boarded up, and he explained the
plywood went across the doors “[f]rom the inside.” After the mid-September inspection, he and
the maintenance technician “placed the plywood back on and resecured the house” when they left.
The last time Hale had done “an exterior walk” of the property prior to October 9 was “the Saturday
prior” (October 5) and that there were no problems with the entry points, no broken windows, and
no items in the yard.
         On October 9, 2013, Hale went to the residence because he was “informed that there were
people that were not affiliated with [his] firm” on site at that time. When he arrived, he found a
vehicle that “was not supposed to be there.” He had recognized “the AC [air-conditioning] unit
and the stove,” that were in the back of a truck as coming from inside the house. He then started
to approach the house, which is when he observed “a gentleman who was backing out of [the
first-floor door]” carrying something. He described that individual as an “African-American male,
five-eight, five-nine, probably 180, 190 pounds.” Hale approached that man and that man
proceeded to “turn and talk to someone facing him [who was] still inside the house.” Hale said the
man then turned to start walking to Hale after putting down a sink and explained he “had
permission and he was just trying to do some neighborhood cleanup.” Once Hale realized “there
was someone inside the house,” Hale started backing up. At that time, allegedly “the other fellow”
came walking “out of the house.” Hale described this second individual as an “African-American
male, larger than the first fellow, six-one, six-two, probably 230, 240 as far as pounds.” Hale
proceeded to walk down the driveway toward 37th Street, and then “about five police cruisers”
showed up.
         Hale said that as manager he would know who had permission to be at the house, and that
he had not given either individual such permission. He said the owner of the property was “in
hospice” at the time (of the incident) and that during Hale’s management of the property from
2012 until the owner “passed” in 2013, the owner had never gone to the house. Hale said the
maintenance technician designated for the property had never gone to a property or done anything
at a property that Hale managed that Hale had not approved. Prior to October 9, 2013, Hale had
not had to “go in [the property] and resecure damaged doors.”
                                  (v) Detective William Seaton
        Detective William Seaton was a police officer with the City of Omaha assigned as a
detective. He conducted the interview of Heckard, one of the two parties brought to the police
station for questioning in connection with a “burglary call” on October 9, 2013.
                     (b) Circumstances of Heckard’s Absence During Trial
       After Detective Seaton’s testimony on December 2, 2014 (second day of trial), the district
court declared an early lunch break be taken and instructed the parties and jury to return at 12:45


                                               -4-
p.m. Recess was taken at 11:32 a.m. and at 1:30 p.m., outside the presence of the jury, counsel for
the parties appeared but Heckard was not personally present. The district court stated, “Heckard
was told to return to the courtroom at 12:45 [p.m.] after the lunch recess. We’ve waited 45 minutes
for him and he has not shown up.” The court said it would issue a warrant for Heckard’s arrest and
continued trial to the following morning at 9 a.m.
        The next morning at 9:20 a.m., trial resumed and Heckard did not personally appear.
Heckard’s counsel had no information to provide regarding Heckard’s “whereabouts.” With the
jury not present, the State called Officer Robert Laney to testify about efforts made to locate
Heckard since adjournment the prior day, which testimony will be discussed as relevant below.
The district court found that Heckard voluntarily chose not to be present and there was no
additional information to suggest otherwise. It noted the absence of evidence of coercion or threats
upon Heckard that he not appear. Heckard’s counsel objected to the “ruling of voluntariness” and
moved for a mistrial; both were overruled. This was followed by a jury instruction conference with
counsel. Back in the presence of the jury, the State rested its case without producing further
evidence, the defense offered no evidence, and closing arguments were made. The jury verdict
proceedings were held in Heckard’s absence that day.
                           3. JURY VERDICT AND CONVICTION, HABITUAL
                            CRIMINAL ENHANCEMENT, AND SENTENCING
        On December 3, 2014, the jury found Heckard guilty of burglary, upon which the district
court entered a conviction. In a filing the next day, the district court noted the day of sentencing
was “to be set upon arrest,” finding that Heckard “failed to appear” and indicating a warrant had
been issued.
        The enhancement hearing on the habitual criminal charge occurred almost 3 years later in
September 2017; Heckard had filed several pro se motions in August that the district court
overruled at that hearing. According to an order entered in September, the district court found
Heckard was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the habitual criminal count and ordered he be
deemed as such for his sentencing. After a sentencing hearing on October 18, the district court
sentenced Heckard on his burglary conviction to 10 to 12 years’ imprisonment with 214 days’
credit for time served.
                              4. MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL AND APPEAL
        Heckard filed a “Motion for New Trial” in September 2017, requesting the district court
vacate and set aside his burglary conviction. He argued that he was not personally present “for a
portion of his jury trial and for the verdict,” as allegedly statutorily required in a felony trial, and
that proceeding with trial in his absence affected his substantive rights and prevented a fair trial.
On October 30, the district court entered an order overruling Heckard’s motion for new trial.
        Heckard timely appealed.
                                 III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
       Heckard claims, reordered and restated, that the district court erred in (1) overruling his
motion to suppress, (2) proceeding with the jury trial without his presence, and (3) refusing to give




                                                 -5-
his proposed jury instruction; he also claims (4) the evidence was insufficient to support his
burglary conviction and (5) he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel.


                                  IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
         Whether a defendant voluntarily made a statement while in custody and whether a
defendant unambiguously invoked his or her right to remain silent or to have counsel present are
mixed questions of law and fact. State v. Hernandez, 299 Neb. 896, 911 N.W.2d 524 (2018). We
review a trial court’s finding of historical facts for clear error and independently determine whether
those facts satisfy the constitutional standards. Id.
         When dispositive issues on appeal present questions of law, an appellate court has an
obligation to reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by the court below.
State v. Zlomke, 268 Neb. 891, 689 N.W.2d 181 (2004).
         Whether jury instructions are correct is a question of law, which an appellate court resolves
independently of the lower court’s decision. State v. Swindle, 300 Neb. 734, 915 N.W.2d 795
(2018).
         In reviewing a criminal conviction for a sufficiency of the evidence claim, whether the
evidence is direct, circumstantial, or a combination thereof, the standard is the same: An appellate
court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence, pass on the credibility of witnesses, or reweigh
the evidence; such matters are for the finder of fact. The relevant question for an appellate court is
whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State
v. Golyar, 301 Neb. 488, 919 N.W.2d 133 (2018).
         Whether a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel can be determined on direct
appeal presents a question of law, which turns upon the sufficiency of the record to address the
claim without an evidentiary hearing or whether the claim rests solely on the interpretation of a
statute or constitutional requirement. Id. We determine as a matter of law whether the record
conclusively shows that (1) a defense counsel’s performance was deficient or (2) a defendant was
or was not prejudiced by a defense counsel’s alleged deficient performance. Id.
                                          V. ANALYSIS
                                      1. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
        Heckard claims the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress. He generally
asserts (1) his initial statements to Officer Brown constituted a custodial interrogation without
advisement of his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed.
2d 694 (1966) (Miranda rights) and (2) his later statements to Detective Seaton were obtained as
a result of the prior violation of his rights, because Detective Seaton’s advisement of Miranda
rights at the interview was insufficient to purge the taint of the prior violation. He argues both of
his statements to law enforcement were inadmissible.
        The U.S. Supreme Court held in Miranda v. Arizona, supra, that in order to safeguard the
uncounseled individual’s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, suspects
interrogated while in police custody must be told that they have the right to remain silent, that
anything they say may be used against them in court, and that they are entitled to the presence of


                                                -6-
an attorney, either retained or appointed, at the interrogation. See State v. Burdette, 259 Neb. 679,
611 N.W.2d 615 (2000). Miranda warnings are not required for general on-the-scene questioning
as to facts surrounding a crime. See State v. Landis, 281 Neb. 139, 794 N.W.2d 151 (2011).
However, such warnings are an absolute prerequisite to custodial interrogation; statements made
during a custodial interrogation in the absence of these warnings and a valid Miranda waiver are
inadmissible, even if otherwise voluntarily made. See State v. Hernandez, supra.
         The relevant inquiry in determining “custody” for purposes of Miranda rights is whether,
given the objective circumstances, a reasonable person would have felt he or she was not at liberty
to terminate the interaction and leave. State v. Grant, 293 Neb. 163, 876 N.W.2d 639 (2016). See,
also, State v. Landis, supra (person is in custody when there is a formal arrest or restraint on one’s
freedom of movement to degree associated with an arrest). Next, “interrogation” under Miranda
v. Arizona, supra, refers not only to express questioning, but also to any words or actions on the
part of the police that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating
response from the suspect. State v. Grant, supra.
         The Nebraska Supreme Court has identified circumstances most relevant to the custody
inquiry: (1) the location of the interrogation and whether it was a place where the defendant would
normally feel free to leave; (2) whether the contact with the police was initiated by them or by the
person interrogated, and, if by the police, whether the defendant voluntarily agreed to the
interview; (3) whether the defendant was told he or she was free to terminate the interview and
leave at any time; (4) whether there were restrictions on the defendant’s freedom of movement
during the interrogation; (5) whether neutral parties were present at any time during the
interrogation; (6) the duration of the interrogation; (7) whether the police verbally dominated the
questioning, were aggressive, were confrontational, were accusatory, threatened the defendant, or
used other interrogation techniques to pressure the suspect; and (8) whether the police manifested
to the defendant a belief that the defendant was culpable and that they had the evidence to prove
it. See State v. Rogers, 277 Neb. 37, 760 N.W.2d 35 (2009).
         Our analysis of Heckard’s interaction with Officer Brown is dispositive regarding whether
Heckard was in custody. The district court’s factual findings, which are not clearly erroneous,
discussed how Officer Brown responded to a “‘burglary in progress’” dispatch, and on his arrival
“a couple minutes after the dispatch,” Officer Brown observed another officer speaking with two
men (one of whom was Heckard) in the driveway of a residence. Officer Brown approached them
and asked Heckard, “‘what are you doing here’”; Heckard responded they were “‘scrapping.’”
Officer Brown stated it was closed property and Heckard indicated they were scrapping in the yard
but did not go in the house. Officer Brown then had contact with a city inspector and property
manager, and Officer Brown investigated behind the residence. Officer Brown returned to the front
of the residence and Heckard and the codefendant were placed under arrest.
         The facts do not show Heckard was told he could terminate the questioning and leave or
that there were neutral parties present during the interaction. While these factors may suggest
Heckard was in custody, other considerations outweigh that conclusion.
         Questioning in the driveway of a residence, described by the district court as “an open
public place,” is a place a reasonable person would normally feel free to leave. Further, Heckard
concedes “there may have been no ‘strong arm’ tactics used by law enforcement,” but argues “the
atmosphere was certainly police dominated” as Heckard was questioned “by two different officers


                                                -7-
simultaneously.” Brief for appellant at 16. But, the presence of a second officer or even multiple
officers does not require the conclusion that Heckard was under arrest or that he was not free to
leave. See State v. Landis, supra. The district court found “the questioning was not extensive and
the questions were straight forward and related to an immediate need to ascertain some
information.” Even if Heckard was questioned simultaneously by Officer Brown and another
officer, the facts do not suggest the officers used threats of force or coercion during the
questioning; Heckard simply responded voluntarily. See State v. Landis, supra (where police
officers use no coercion or threat of force and any continued detention is at suspect’s consent,
warnings of Miranda rights are not required).
         Moreover, the district court found Officer Brown testified that when he arrived he observed
the two men, including Heckard, being “‘detained’” by the other officer and that although Heckard
had not been told he was under arrest or placed in handcuffs, Officer Brown believed Heckard was
at least a trespasser and would likely be arrested for that offense. That Officer Brown thought
Heckard was being detained by the other officer and that Heckard would likely be arrested for an
offense is irrelevant to our analysis because the record does not show such thoughts were
communicated to Heckard during the interaction. See, Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 124
S. Ct. 2140, 158 L. Ed. 938 (2004) (policeman’s unarticulated plan has no bearing on whether
suspect was in custody at a particular time); State v. Rogers, supra (relevant inquiry is whether
police manifested to defendant a belief that defendant was culpable and that police had evidence
to prove it). And Heckard had not been told he was under arrest or handcuffed at the time of
questioning; no evidence refuted the absence of restrictions on his freedom of movement at that
time.
         Given the noted pertinent considerations, we conclude that a reasonable person in
Heckard’s position would have felt free to terminate the interaction with Officer Brown and leave.
See, State v. Rogers, supra; State v. Grant, supra; State v. Landis, supra. Accordingly, no
advisement of Miranda rights was necessary at that time and any statements from that interaction
were admissible at trial. It follows that there was no “taint,” brief for appellant at 19, of a
constitutional violation to be purged from Heckard’s interaction with Officer Brown that could
have affected his subsequent interview with Detective Seaton at police headquarters.
         Finally, as noted by the State, even if it could be concluded that Heckard was in custody
when he made statements to Officer Brown, the admission of those statements would nevertheless
constitute harmless error. The admission of an improperly obtained statement is a trial error, and
so its erroneous admission is subject to harmless error analysis. State v. Bauldwin, 283 Neb. 678,
811 N.W.2d 267 (2012). Harmless error review looks to the basis on which the trier of fact actually
rested its verdict; the inquiry is not whether in a trial that occurred without the error a guilty verdict
would surely have been rendered, but, rather, whether the actual guilty verdict rendered in the
questioned trial was surely unattributable to the error. Id. It is the appellate court’s duty to review
the whole record and determine whether the jury’s verdict was surely unattributable to the error.
See id. We agree with the State that the jury’s verdict in this case could not be attributable to
Heckard’s statements. As the State points out, Heckard’s statement that they were “scrapping” was
not evidence upon which the jury would have based its guilty verdict, because even without
Heckard’s statements, “the evidence against him was overwhelming.” Brief for appellee at 18.
Hale observed the two men (which included Heckard) inside the home carrying items out to the


                                                  -8-
truck and recognized items in the back of the truck as coming from inside the house. There was
evidence of damaged doors and a window kicked out or broken, and there was no evidence
Heckard had permission to be in the home or to remove items from it. Heckard’s statements that
they were “scrapping” or “were taking the stuff out of the yard, you know, scrap metal” and “they
had not been inside [the residence]” were not admissions that he was burglarizing the home. None
of these statements could be construed as incriminating Heckard for burglary, and when
considering these statements in the context of the other incriminating evidence (described in more
detail in our discussion of the sufficiency of the evidence), it is clear that the jury’s verdict was
surely unattributable to Heckard’s statements, whether erroneously admitted or not.
                         2. DEFENDANT’S ABSENCE DURING JURY TRIAL
        Heckard claims it was erroneous for the district court to proceed with the jury trial in his
absence. Heckard argues a plain reading of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2001 (Reissue 2016) (statutory
right of accused to be present during trial) “would lead one to logically conclude that presence in
a felony trial simply cannot be waived.” Brief for appellant at 20. He asserts the Legislature has
prescribed a procedure for waiving one’s presence in misdemeanor matters, but not for felony
charges.
        Section 29-2001 provides:
                 No person indicted for a felony shall be tried unless personally present during the
        trial. Persons indicted for a misdemeanor may, at their own request, by leave of the court
        be put on trial in their absence. The request shall be in writing and entered on the journal
        of the court.

         Heckard essentially requests that this court reject longstanding precedent of the Nebraska
Supreme Court that a defendant accused of a felony may effectively waive his or her presence at
trial if such waiver is knowing and voluntary. See, Scott v. State, 113 Neb. 657, 204 N.W. 381
(1925) (interpreting prior codification of § 29-2001 that said no person indicted for felony shall be
tried unless personally present during trial; in felony case, not capital, defendant out on bail may
waive right to be present at trial during some proceedings); State v. Red Kettle, 239 Neb. 317, 476
N.W.2d 220 (1991) (mentioning § 29-2001; defendant’s waiver of his presence at trial was
knowing and voluntary); State v. Zlomke, 268 Neb. 891, 689 N.W.2d 181 (2004) (mentioning
§ 29-2001; defendant with three felony charges was knowingly and voluntarily absent from second
day of trial and day trial was scheduled to continue); State v. Fox, 282 Neb. 957, 806 N.W.2d 883
(2011) (mentioning § 29-2001; defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to be present
during portions of his murder trial).
         The cited precedent, which was decided in light of the language of § 29-2001, controls our
analysis here. We note the Legislature has not amended the disputed language in response to those
cases; the statute was amended, effective July 2018, only to substitute the word “record” for
“journal,” and prior to that, it had last been amended in 1929. See § 29-2001. Further, the statute
as interpreted in the cited precedent achieves the Nebraska Supreme Court’s stated policy that the
law does not allow a defendant to prevent the completion of trial by voluntarily absenting himself,
because to do so would tie the hands of justice and permit the defendant to take advantage of his
own wrong. See Scott v. State, supra.


                                                -9-
         Heckard was personally present for the first day of trial (December 1, 2014) and the
morning session of the second day of trial (December 2). Since Heckard was personally present
for the morning session of trial on December 2, he would have heard the district court’s instruction
that trial was to resume at 12:45 p.m. Heckard failed to return. Because of his absence, the district
court continued trial to the following morning. The next morning when Heckard again did not
appear, the State called Officer Robert Laney, a police officer for the City of Omaha assigned to
the fugitive unit. He testified outside the presence of the jury that he started to try to locate Heckard
the prior day around “2:15 or 2:30 [p.m.].” He researched several databases to check for anything
that could reveal Heckard’s location. He found Heckard was not in jail in either Nebraska or Iowa;
Heckard had not worked or been paid, according to his Social Security number, since 2013; and
no vehicle was registered to him. Officer Laney discovered Heckard’s last known address, but he
and several officers were unable to locate Heckard in a visit to that address. Officer Laney asked
a resident of that address when she had last seen Heckard, and the resident responded she had seen
him the morning “when he was coming to court” and assumed he was still at court; the resident
apparently did not know any other address where Heckard could have been. Officer Laney asked
the gang unit to see if Heckard would show up at the identified address and provided that unit with
photographs of Heckard and the address; that unit did not locate Heckard. He checked “all of the
jail systems” the next morning (the same morning he testified) and did not find Heckard in jail
anywhere. When asked if he checked hospitals or medical facilities, Officer Laney responded that
“they could not give me any information,” apparently due to “HIPAA.” The court proceeded to
make a finding that Heckard “appears to have voluntarily chosen not to be present.”
         When trial resumed with the jury present, the State immediately rested and defense counsel
offered no evidence. The jury was instructed to “draw no conclusions or inferences from the fact
that [Heckard] was not present in Court. [Heckard’s] absence is not in any way due to any actions
or conduct of any of the parties.”
         We conclude that the record reflects that Heckard’s absence was knowing and voluntary,
and he therefore waived his right to be present for the remainder of his jury trial. See State v.
Zlomke, supra. Even Heckard “concedes the [d]istrict [c]ourt in this case followed the procedures
laid out” in State v. Zlomke, supra, and State v. Red Kettle, supra. Brief for appellant at 21-22. The
district court did not err in proceeding with the trial in Heckard’s absence.
                                        3. JURY INSTRUCTIONS
       Heckard claims the district court erred when it denied his request to incorporate his
amendment to the sixth jury instruction, “which addressed the issue of a breaking being necessary
elementally before a [d]efendant can be found guilty of [b]urglary.” Brief for appellant at 27. As
relevant, the sixth jury instruction stated:
                A “breaking” necessary to constitute the crime of burglary may be any act of
       physical force, however slight, by which the obstruction to entering is removed. The lifting
       of a hook with which a door is fastened, or the opening of a closed door, or removal of a
       window is “breaking.” In addition to the use of physical force, however slight, the removal
       of an obstacle to entry is necessary to find a “breaking.”




                                                 - 10 -
Heckard proposed that the instruction include the language: “Entry of an open door is not a
breaking.”
        In an appeal based on a claim of an erroneous jury instruction, the appellant has the burden
to show that the questioned instruction was prejudicial or otherwise adversely affected a substantial
right of the appellant. State v. Swindle, 300 Neb. 734, 915 N.W.2d 795 (2018). All the jury
instructions must be read together, and if, taken as a whole, they correctly state the law, are not
misleading, and adequately cover the issues supported by the pleadings and the evidence, there is
no prejudicial error necessitating reversal. Id. To establish reversible error from a court’s refusal
to give a requested instruction, an appellant has the burden to show that (1) the tendered instruction
is a correct statement of the law, (2) the tendered instruction is warranted by the evidence, and (3)
the appellant was prejudiced by the court’s refusal to give the tendered instruction. Id.
        Heckard argues that from the holding in State v. McDowell, 246 Neb. 692, 522 N.W.2d
738 (1994), “entry through an open door was specifically noted by the Supreme Court as a
circumstance that does not constitute a breaking.” Brief for appellant at 27. In that case, the
Nebraska Supreme Court stated, “force alone is not enough to constitute a breaking. It takes
physical force to walk through an open door . . . but no obstruction is removed; thus, there is no
breaking.” See State v. McDowell, 246 Neb. at 700, 522 N.W.2d at 744 (defendant’s conviction
was reversed; as matter of law there was no breaking, and therefore no burglary). We do not
disagree with Heckard’s statement that his proposed amendment is “a correct statement of law.”
Brief for appellant at 27. However, Heckard fails to prove prejudice as a result of the district court’s
refusal to give his proposed instruction.
        A person commits burglary “if such person willfully, maliciously, and forcibly breaks and
enters any real estate or any improvements erected thereon with intent to commit any felony or
with intent to steal property of any value.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-507(1) (Reissue 2008). It is well
settled that a breaking is an essential element of burglary. State v. McDowell, supra. Evidence of
any act of physical force, however slight, by which the obstruction to entering is removed is
sufficient to prove a breaking. See id. When burglary is charged, a jury should be instructed that
in addition to the use of physical force, however slight, the removal of an obstacle to entry is
necessary to find a breaking. Id. But, see, State v. Greer, 257 Neb. 208, 596 N.W.2d 296 (1999)
(no plain error where jury instruction omitted language on removal of obstacle to entry).
        The jury instructions adequately stated the required elements of the offense of burglary.
The jury was instructed of the State’s burden to “prove beyond a reasonable doubt” each of the
following (listed as charged) “material elements necessary for conviction”: (1) “on or about the 9th
day of October 2013, in Douglas County, Nebraska, [Heckard], did break and enter into a building
at [37th Street residence]”; (2) “such breaking and entering was done willfully, maliciously, and
forcibly”; (3) “such breaking and entering was done with the intent to commit a felony or with the
intent to steal property of value contained in such building”; and (4) “such breaking and entering
was done without the consent or permission of [the residence’s owner].” In addition to the disputed
definition of breaking, the jury was provided meanings for: steal, willfully, maliciously, property,
knowingly, and forcibly.
        The definition of breaking in the jury instruction at issue included the precise language set
forth in McDowell regarding use of physical force and removal of an obstacle to entry. See State
v. McDowell, supra. While the State concedes “[w]hether Heckard had to remove an obstacle


                                                 - 11 -
before entering the home was certainly at issue,” brief for appellee at 28, we cannot conclude the
definition of breaking was prejudicial to Heckard. Heckard’s proposed addition that “[e]ntry of an
open door is not a breaking” would have been unnecessarily repetitive of the provided jury
instruction that “the opening of a closed door . . . is ‘breaking.’” The district court did not err in
refusing to incorporate Heckard’s proposed jury instruction, as all jury instructions read together
correctly state the law, are not misleading, and adequately cover the issues supported by the
pleadings and the evidence. See State v. Swindle, supra.
                                   4. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
         Heckard claims there was insufficient evidence to convict him of burglary. As stated
previously, a person commits burglary “if such person willfully, maliciously, and forcibly breaks
and enters any real estate or any improvements erected thereon with intent to commit any felony
or with intent to steal property of any value.” § 28-507(1). Evidence of any act of physical force,
however slight, by which the obstruction to entering is removed is sufficient to prove a breaking.
See State v. McDowell, supra. For instance, the opening of a closed door is a breaking. State v.
McDowell, supra. However, walking through an open door is not. Id.
         While Heckard concedes “the State presented considerable evidence to support that a
burglary occurred,” brief for appellant at 23, he essentially argues he did not commit burglary
because he did not have the requisite intent. He suggests Swayzer “may have told [Heckard]” that
Swayzer had permission to be “on the property.” Id. Heckard asserts his belief that “he had
permission to be at the property” negates his intent to commit burglary, even if that belief “turned
out to be erroneous.” Id. at 25.
         Viewing the evidence most favorably to the State, we find a rational trier of fact could have
found beyond a reasonable doubt that Heckard had the requisite intent for a burglary conviction as
inferred from the facts and circumstances of the illegal entry, despite Heckard’s alleged belief. See
State v. Nero, 281 Neb. 680, 798 N.W.2d 597 (2011) (intent sufficient to support burglary
conviction may be inferred from facts and circumstances surrounding illegal entry).
         Namely, Hale testified about how he had observed one man “backing out” of the property’s
first-floor door carrying something and how that man turned to talk to someone who was “still
inside the house.” According to Hale, the second individual to exit the house was an
African-American male who was “six-one, six-two, probably 230, 240 [pounds],” which was
similar to Officer Brown’s description of Heckard as “six-three, 270, 280 [pounds]”; Officer
Brown described Swayzer as “about five-eight, maybe 170 [pounds].” On the other hand, Officer
Brown testified that Heckard had told him Heckard was scrapping in the yard and had not gone
inside the house, and as heard on exhibit 36 (video of Detective Seaton’s interview of Heckard),
Heckard stated: “I didn’t go in the house whatsoever.”
         On appeal, Heckard still “does not concede that he was in the house,” but he acknowledges
“the State did put forth evidence to suggest that he was [inside the house].” Brief for appellant at
24. Under our standard of review, an appellate court does not resolve conflicts in the evidence as
such was a matter for the jury. See State v. Golyar, 301 Neb. 488, 919 N.W.2d 133 (2018). From
the evidence restated above, a rational trier of fact could have resolved the conflict of whether
Heckard was inside the house in the State’s favor and further deduced that Heckard knew, during



                                                - 12 -
the commission of the offense, that he did not have permission to be inside the house, yet entered
anyway.
        Additionally, the State put forth ample evidence to support that Heckard willfully,
maliciously, and forcibly broke into the residence. Both Johnson and Hale discussed their separate,
last inspections of the residence prior to October 9, 2013; their testimony generally conveyed that
the residence’s windows and doors were secure. Hale said that after his interior inspection in
mid-September upon leaving the residence, he and the maintenance technician locked all of the
locks, put barriers in place, and rescrewed the doors. Learned identified a series of photographs
(exhibits 6 to 33) she took as accurate depictions of what the property in the photographs looked
like that day. Learned described some of her photographs as showing “possible tool marks” to a
storm door on the first-floor (exhibit 14), the sides of the wooden first-floor door (exhibit 16) and
the second-floor door (exhibit 23), and the frame of the second-floor door (exhibit 25). Other
photographs depicted “pieces of glass on the ground” to show “possible damage to the [basement]
window” (exhibit 28), the “empty window frame” (exhibit 29), and “pieces of glass” at the bottom
of the window (as viewed from inside the residence) (exhibit 32). Hale testified about exhibit 23
(close-up view of side of second-floor door) as the “damage” seen in the photograph not being
there at the time of his exterior inspection (on October 5). To Hale’s knowledge, nobody else was
there that worked for him between that day and the incident.
        Also, Learned said she recovered a pry bar and a crowbar from the residence, which were
purportedly “from the bed of the white truck parked behind the residence” (photographic copies
of that evidence were received at trial as exhibits 34 and 35). A rational deduction from the
described and depicted tool marks to doors and damage to the window is that the recovered pry
bar and crowbar, which Learned said came from the bed of the white truck (Officer Brown testified
he had found the truck belonged to Swayzer) were used by Heckard to break and enter into the
residence.
        Moreover, there was plenty of evidence sufficient to rationalize that Heckard broke and
entered the residence with intent to steal property. Johnson testified about how he had observed
“two black males carry[] an air-conditioner and put it into the back of the pickup trunk.” Johnson
said that when he later inspected the items in the back of the white pickup, he recognized the sink,
air-conditioner, and stove as having come from inside the residence (those items were allegedly
inside the home during his last inspection prior to October 9, 2013). During Hale’s last inspection
prior to October 9, he had observed an air-conditioning unit, sinks, and other kitchen appliances;
Hale later recognized the “AC [air-conditioning] unit” and a stove he observed in the back of the
pickup truck as coming from inside the house. A rational deduction would have been that the items
described as being in the back of a pickup truck in Johnson and Hale’s testimony are the same
items that are shown in Learned’s photographs (exhibits 8 and 9) that depict the contents of items
in the bed of the white truck.
        The evidence, viewed and construed most favorably to the State, was sufficient to support
the jury’s conclusion that Heckard committed the offense of burglary as it is statutorily defined.
                             5. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
       Heckard presents a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. We first clarify who
served as Heckard’s trial counsel.


                                               - 13 -
      In an order filed in October 2017, the district court summarized proceedings related to
Heckard’s trial counsel:
               While pending sentencing, [Heckard] filed a motion requesting dismissal of the
      public defender [appointed to represent Heckard in this case pursuant to a court order
      entered November 22, 2013]. That motion was granted and [Heckard] was allowed to
      proceed pro-se [pursuant to a court order filed September 5, 2017]. [Heckard] also
      requested appointment of counsel outside the office of the public defender, however, the
      public defender cited no conflict at that time. On September 5, 2017, the public defender
      filed a motion for alternate counsel due to conflict . . . .

Such public defender’s motion alleged there existed a conflict of interest between Heckard and the
public defender’s office as two assistant public defenders, April M. Lucas and Mikki C. Jerabek,
who had been Heckard’s trial counsel in this action, were “necessary witnesses” that could be
called to testify in a separate action in which Heckard was represented by different counsel, Beau
G. Finley. In the separate order filed September 5, the district court sustained the public defender’s
motion and appointed Finley as new counsel to represent Heckard in this action. Finley represented
Heckard from that point forward for proceedings, including sentencing, and also represents
Heckard on appeal and appears named as sole counsel on Heckard’s appellate brief.
         The record reflects that Finley is not affiliated with the public defender’s office and that
Finley did not participate in any pre-trial or trial proceedings that are pertinent to Heckard’s
ineffective assistance claim raised in this appeal: failure to call Swayzer as a witness at trial.
Rather, the record shows Lucas and Jerabek as the trial counsel who represented Heckard at those
relevant times, and therefore we address Heckard’s ineffective assistance claim on this direct
appeal only as it relates to representation provided by Lucas and Jerabek.
         When a defendant’s trial counsel is different from his or her counsel on direct appeal, the
defendant must raise on direct appeal any issue of trial counsel’s ineffective performance which is
known to the defendant or is apparent from the record. State v. Avina-Murillo, 301 Neb. 185, 917
N.W.2d 865 (2018). Otherwise, the issue will be procedurally barred. Id.
         Generally, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), the defendant must show
that his or her counsel’s performance was deficient and that this deficient performance actually
prejudiced the defendant’s defense. State v. Avina-Murillo, supra. The fact that an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim is raised on direct appeal does not necessarily mean that it can be
resolved. Id. The determining factor is whether the record is sufficient to adequately review the
question. Id.
         Heckard claims he gave his trial counsel “a letter from Swayzer that contained content that
put trial counsel on notice that had [trial] counsel called Swayzer to testify on [Heckard’s] behalf,
Swayzer would have provided evidence that would have exonerated [Heckard].” Brief for
appellant at 29. He suggests Swayzer may have provided “exculpatory information, such as
perhaps negating [Heckard’s] knowledge of and intent to commit a burglary.” Id. at 30.
         Heckard’s presentence investigation report lists Swayzer as a codefendant and indicates a
case involving “[b]urglary” against Swayzer was dismissed in January 2015; there is no
explanation for the dismissal. At a hearing in August 2017, Heckard commented that his


                                                - 14 -
“co-[d]efendant . . . which [sic] is now deceased, admits guilt to [Heckard’s] charges,” referring
to the burglary conviction of which Heckard had already been convicted at that point and the
pending habitual criminal count. At the same hearing, Heckard began to mention a “letter,” saying
it was from “Swayzer, that [sic] is now deceased, admitting --,” but the district court stopped
Heckard to inform him that his statement was for him to “claim on appeal.” Nothing confirms if
Swayzer had died or, assuming he had, whether he died prior to or during Heckard’s trial in 2014.
         We note that back in January 2014, Heckard’s trial counsel filed a “Motion to Take
Deposition,” requesting to take depositions of Johnson, Hale, and Swayzer, stating their testimony
“may be of assistance to the parties in the preparation of this case and may be material or relevant
to an issue to be determined at the trial of the offense.” Heckard’s trial counsel did not call any
witnesses to testify on Heckard’s behalf. Whether Heckard’s trial counsel moved to depose
Swayzer as a result of being put on notice by Heckard that Swayzer possessed exculpatory
information is unclear; also, Heckard does not specify a timeframe for when he allegedly gave the
letter to his trial counsel. Further, there is no district court order concerning the motion to depose
Swayzer. Also, the record neither confirms that Heckard provided his trial counsel any sort of letter
from Swayzer, nor does it reflect whether that letter exists.
         Under these circumstances, we cannot discern whether Heckard’s trial counsel was
deficient or strategic in not calling Swayzer to testify (if it was even possible) and/or not otherwise
incorporating Swayzer’s letter, if admissible, for Heckard’s defense. We agree with the State that
our record on direct appeal is insufficient to address Heckard’s claim. See State v. Avina-Murillo,
supra.
                                        VI. CONCLUSION
       We affirm the judgment of the district court.
                                                                                           AFFIRMED.




                                                - 15 -
