[Cite as State v. Edds, 2019-Ohio-4898.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                      LUCAS COUNTY


State of Ohio                                    Court of Appeals No. L-18-1231

        Appellee                                 Trial Court No. CR0201801272

v.

Micah Edds                                       DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                Decided: November 27, 2019

                                           *****

        Julia R. Bates, Lucas County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Lauren Carpenter, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        Lawrence A. Gold, for appellant.

                                           *****

        PIETRYKOWSKI, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Micah Edds, appeals the October 1, 2018 judgment of

the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas which, following a guilty plea and court’s

denial of his presentence motion to vacate his plea, sentenced him to three years of
imprisonment, five years of postrelease control, and classified him as a Tier III Sexual

Offender, for attempted rape. For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm.

       {¶ 2} Appellant was indicted on one count of rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) and (B),

and one count of sexual battery, R.C. 2907.03(A)(2) and (B). The charges stemmed from

an incident following a New Year’s Eve party where the 17-year-old victim awoke to

find appellant engaging in sexual activity with her.

       {¶ 3} On February 20, 2018, appellant entered not guilty pleas to the charges. On

June 5, 2018, appellant withdrew his not guilty pleas and entered a plea pursuant to North

Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S.Ct. 160, 27 L.Ed.2d 162, to one count of attempted

rape, R.C. 2923.02 and 2907.02(A)(2) and (B). The sentencing hearing was set for

August 14, 2018.

       {¶ 4} On August 14, 2018, the sentencing was continued giving appellant the

opportunity to file a motion to withdraw his plea. Appellant filed a motion to withdraw

on August 23, 2018, arguing that he could not have formed the intent to commit the

offense because he blacked out due to alcohol intoxication/usage. The state opposed the

motion.

       {¶ 5} A hearing on the motion was held on September 24, 2018; the motion was

then taken under advisement. At the October 1, 2018 hearing, the court denied

appellant’s motion setting forth, in detail, its reasons for the ruling. The matter then

proceeded directly to sentencing; this appeal followed.




2.
       {¶ 6} Appellant now raises two assignments of error for our review:

              First Assignment of Error: The trial court abused its discretion in

       denying appellant’s motion to withdraw his plea prior to sentencing.

              Second Assignment of Error: Appellant received ineffective

       assistance of counsel in violation of his rights under the Sixth and

       Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I,

       §10 of the Ohio Constitution.

       {¶ 7} Crim.R. 32.1 provides: “A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest

may be made only before sentence is imposed; but to correct manifest injustice the court

after sentence may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to

withdraw his or her plea.” Generally, a motion to withdraw a guilty plea is to be freely

and liberally granted. State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 526, 584 N.E.2d 715 (1992).

However, the Xie court indicated that a defendant does not have an absolute right to

withdraw a guilty plea prior to sentencing. Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. Rather,

“[a] trial court must conduct a hearing to determine whether there is a reasonable and

legitimate basis for the withdrawal of the plea.” Id. The court further held that “[t]he

decision to grant or deny a presentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea is within the

sound discretion of the trial court.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. Accordingly, in

order to find that the trial court abused its discretion, a reviewing court must find that the

court’s ruling was “unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” Id. at 527. “Abuse-of-

discretion review is deferential and does not permit an appellate court to simply substitute




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its judgment for that of the trial court.” State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-

Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34.

       {¶ 8} In considering whether a presentence motion to withdraw a plea should have

been granted, an appellate court should consider:

              (1) [W]hether the prosecution would be prejudiced if the plea was

       vacated; (2) whether the accused was represented by highly competent

       counsel; (3) whether the accused was given a full Crim.R. 11 hearing;

       (4) whether a full hearing was held on the motion; (5) whether the trial

       court gave full and fair consideration to the motion; (6) whether the motion

       was made within a reasonable time; (7) whether the motion set forth

       specific reasons for the withdrawal; (8) whether the accused understood the

       nature of the charges and possible penalties; and (9) whether the accused

       was perhaps not guilty or had a complete defense to the crime. State v.

       Eversole, 6th Dist. Erie Nos. E-05-073, E-05-076, E-05-074, E-05-075,

       2006-Ohio-3988, ¶ 13, citing State v. Fish, 104 Ohio App.3d 236, 240, 661

       N.E.2d 788 (1st.Dist.1995).

       {¶ 9} At the October 1, 2018 hearing, in rendering its decision on appellant’s

motion to withdraw his plea, the trial court indicated that it thoroughly examined each of

the nine Fish factors. The court concluded that despite additional emotional trauma to

the victim if the motion to withdraw was granted, the state failed to prove prejudice. The

court noted that appellant was represented by “highly competent counsel” and was




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afforded a full Crim.R. 11 hearing where he was informed of all penalties he would face

including registration requirements of a sexual offender. The court found that the motion

was timely stating that appellant informed the court of his intent to withdraw his plea on

the date of the first scheduled sentencing; he was granted leave to file the motion.

       {¶ 10} As to the reason for the request and whether appellant had a complete

defense to the charge, the court first noted that appellant’s claimed defense of blackout

had been treated by courts as an affirmative defense. The court stated that appellant’s

level of intoxication was inconsistently reported in the presentence investigation report

and by counsel. The court further noted that there is nothing in the record to suggest that

appellant “suffered a mental, psychological or other physical illness that would cause a

blackout.” The court then concluded that blackout was not a viable defense and that

appellant’s change of heart could not support the granting of the motion.

       {¶ 11} Appellant now argues that the court abused its discretion by denying his

motion to withdraw the plea because he wished to pursue the affirmative defense of

blackout. The factors most in dispute are appellant’s reason for the request and whether

appellant had a complete defense to the charge. At the hearing, appellant’s counsel

argued that although appellant was not intoxicated, his consumption of alcohol somehow

caused him to black out and have no recollection of the alleged incident. Appellant now

contends that he should have been permitted to withdraw his plea and pursue the

affirmative defense of blackout.




5.
       {¶ 12} The affirmative defense of blackout has been recently described by the

Ohio Supreme Court as an excuse or reason “used to explain why a defendant acted in a

certain manner. A blackout is a defense that arises because the defendant is not

blameworthy for having acted in a way that would otherwise be criminal.” State v.

Ireland, 155 Ohio St.3d 287, 2018-Ohio-4494, 121 N.E.3d 285, ¶ 21. The court further

noted that the standard blackout defense instruction begins: “‘Where a person commits

an act while [unconscious], as in a coma, blackout, or convulsion due to heart failure,

disease, sleep, or injury * * *.’” Id., quoting Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 417.07.

       {¶ 13} Upon review of the trial court’s findings and relevant case law and mindful

of our deferential standard of review, we find that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion when it denied appellant’s presentence motion to withdraw his plea. Appellant

was afforded a hearing on the motion and did not persuade the trial court that his desire to

withdraw his plea was anything other than a change of heart. Appellant’s first

assignment of error is not well-taken.

       {¶ 14} In his second assignment of error, appellant contends that he received

ineffective assistance of trial counsel based on counsel’s failure to investigate the

affirmative defense of blackout prior to appellant entering his Alford plea. We note that

to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must demonstrate “(1) deficient

performance of counsel, i.e., performance falling below an objective standard of

reasonable representation, and (2) prejudice, i.e., a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s errors, the proceeding’s result would have been different.” State v. Hale, 119




6.
Ohio St.3d 118, 2008-Ohio-3426, 892 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 204, citing Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). “A

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome.” Strickland at 694.

       {¶ 15} “Where a conviction is based on guilty or no contest pleas, the prejudice

element requires the defendant to show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s errors, he would not have entered a plea. (Citations omitted.)” State v.

Luciano, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-14-023, 2015-Ohio-1264, ¶ 24, quoting State v.

Trevino, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-08-1394, 2009-Ohio-6983, ¶ 16.

       {¶ 16} In appellant’s motion to withdraw and at the motion hearing, counsel

indicated he had discussed with appellant, during “several interviews,” whether appellant

could have been intoxicated enough to back out. Counsel stated that appellant repeatedly

denied being that intoxicated, but also admitted to never having blacked out before.

Thus, counsel maintained that appellant could have experienced a blackout but was not

aware of what is was.

       {¶ 17} Any further evidence of trial counsel’s examination of the potential

blackout defense or discussions with appellant are not contained in the record before us.

To the extent that appellant’s argument relates to counsel’s investigation of the facts and

legal issues in this case, such a query implicates an examination of facts outside the

record and, as such, is not a proper issue to be considered on direct appeal. Trevino at

¶ 18, citing State v. Carter, 89 Ohio St.3d 593, 606, 734 N.E.2d 345 (2000).




7.
       {¶ 18} Upon review, we note that appellant faced a potential maximum sentence of

ten years of imprisonment for the first-degree felony of rape. Counsel effectively

negotiated a plea agreement whereby the state agreed to amend the rape charge to

attempted rape and dismiss the sexual battery count. The fact that trial counsel advised

appellant to enter the plea even in light of a potential affirmative defense can be

considered sound trial strategy. See State v. Curtis, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2008 CA 22,

2008-Ohio-5643, ¶ 24; State v. Cole, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-99-007, 1999 WL 1203745,

*6 (Dec. 17, 1999).

       {¶ 19} Based on the foregoing, we find that appellant did not receive ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. Appellant’s second assignment of error is not well-taken.

       {¶ 20} On consideration whereof, we find that appellant was not prejudiced or

prevented from having a fair proceeding and the judgment of the Lucas County Court of

Common Pleas is affirmed. Pursuant to App.R. 24, appellant is ordered to pay the costs

of this appeal.


                                                                         Judgment affirmed.




       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.




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                                                                         State v. Edds
                                                                         C.A. No. L-18-1231




Mark L. Pietrykowski, J.                         _______________________________
                                                             JUDGE
Christine E. Mayle, P.J.
CONCUR.                                          _______________________________
                                                             JUDGE



Gene A. Zmuda, J.                                _______________________________
CONCURS AND WRITES                                           JUDGE
SEPARATELY.




       ZMUDA, J., concurring.

       {¶ 21} I concur with the affirmance of the trial court’s judgment in this case, and

write separately to articulate why it is that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when

it found that appellant’s presentence motion to withdraw his plea was based merely on a

change of heart.

       {¶ 22} In cases involving the denial of a presentence motion to withdraw a plea, I

believe it is incumbent upon the trial court to provide an explanation, supported by the




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record, for its conclusion that the motion to withdraw was motivated merely by a change

of heart. Absent such an explanation, it may appear that the trial court summarily

resorted to a change of heart finding without fully considering the defendant’s motion.

       {¶ 23} The trial court’s change of heart determination was appropriate in this case,

because it appears from the record that the potential blackout defense that formed the

basis for appellant’s motion to withdraw had been discussed with appellant during

“several interviews” that occurred between appellant and his counsel before appellant

entered his plea.

       {¶ 24} In State v. Spurgeon, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2014-CA-12, 2014-Ohio-4849,

the Second District found that the defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea was motivated

by a mere change of heart because his claimed defense was known to him at the time he

entered his plea. Specifically, the court in Spurgeon stated: “Denial of a pre-sentence

motion to withdraw a guilty plea was found not to be an abuse of discretion where the

motion was based upon a complete defense that the defendant was aware of when he

entered the plea.” Id. at ¶ 20. In so stating, the court referred to State v. Littlefield, 4th

Dist. Ross No. 03CA2747, 2004-Ohio-5996, in which the Fourth District noted that the

defendant was aware of a possible defense to the charge when he entered his guilty plea

and, consequently, the defendant could not “rely on that possible defense as creating a

reasonable and legitimate basis for withdrawing his plea.” Id. ¶ 14.

       {¶ 25} Given the fact that appellant was aware of the potential defense at the time

he entered his plea, it logically follows that his subsequent motion premised upon that




10.
defense was motivated by little more than a change of heart. See Spurgeon at ¶ 21

(finding that, where a defendant is aware of the existence of a defense at the time he

enters a plea, “a trial court may reasonably find that the defendant merely had a change of

heart”). Because such a motivation is not a legitimate basis for a presentence motion to

withdraw a plea, I agree with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in denying appellant’s motion.




           This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
      Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
           version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                    http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.




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