                  United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-1928
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                Elfred William Petruk

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                           Submitted: December 12, 2014
                              Filed: March 23, 2015
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, BRIGHT, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

BRIGHT, Circuit Judge.

       In June 2012, Elfred Petruk stole Travis Behning’s pickup truck. Separate
charges were brought against Petruk in Minnesota state court (2012) and federal court
(2013) related to the theft. While incarcerated on the theft charges, Petruk attempted
to obtain false exculpatory statements. Petruk was convicted by jury of one count of
carjacking (Count 1) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119(1) and two counts of corruptly
attempting to obstruct an official proceeding (Counts 2 & 3) in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1512(c)(2). The district court sentenced Petruk to three concurrent terms of 168
months in prison—the bottom of the Guidelines range of 168-210 months. Petruk
appeals, arguing that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. We
AFFIRM Petruk’s conviction for attempting to obstruct an official proceeding for
actions he took to obtain false statements after his original federal indictment had
been filed (Count 3). We reverse and VACATE Petruk’s carjacking conviction
(Count 1) and his remaining obstruction conviction (Count 2) based on insufficiency
of the evidence, and remand for resentencing.1

I.    Background

      A.       Theft of the Truck

       In the early morning hours of June 18, 2012, Tammy Behning (“Tammy”) and
her family were at their home in Saginaw, Minnesota, when they heard someone start
the 1989 GMC pickup truck (the “truck”) parked outside that belonged to Tammy’s
younger son, Travis Behning (“Behning”). Behning left Tammy’s home earlier that
evening. After hearing the truck start, Tammy’s older son, Dustin Behning, jumped
in his vehicle and attempted without success to follow the truck as it sped off.
Tammy called 9-1-1 and reported the theft. She also contacted Behning who lived
in nearby Proctor, Minnesota, and informed him that his truck had been stolen.

       Upon hearing the news, Behning began driving towards Tammy’s home in his
other vehicle. After driving for ten to fifteen minutes, Behning passed the truck
traveling the opposite way on the highway. He turned his vehicle around, flashed his
headlights, and began following. The driver of the truck, later discovered to be
Petruk, eventually pulled over and exited from the driver side door. When Behning



      1
          We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                          -2-
attempted to confront Petruk, Petruk ran back to the truck and drove off. Behning
continued to follow.

       A short time later, Petruk crossed over a small bridge and stopped the truck.
Behning, still following, stopped approximately ten feet behind the truck. Petruk
exited the truck and started “charging” toward Behning who remained in the driver’s
seat of his vehicle speaking with Tammy on the phone. When Petruk reached the
window, he demanded that Behning get off the phone. Before Behning could roll up
the window, Petruk swung a hammer towards Behning’s head. Behning grabbed the
hammer before it hit him and Petruk pulled Behning’s arm down onto the window
pane causing a bruise. Petruk regained control of the hammer. As Behning began to
drive off, Petruk smashed the rear driver side window of Behning’s vehicle with the
hammer. Petruk briefly followed Behning in the truck before turning the opposite
direction. Behning then attempted to follow Petruk but eventually lost sight of the
truck.

      Shortly thereafter, law enforcement located the truck abandoned in a nearby
ditch. Behning subsequently identified Petruk from a photo line-up. A sample of
Petruk’s DNA matched DNA found on the steering wheel of the truck and a hammer
found inside the truck.

      B.     Obstruction

       Approximately six months later in December 2012, Petruk was incarcerated at
the Saint Louis County Jail in Duluth, Minnesota, on state charges relating to the theft
of the truck. No federal charges had yet been filed. While incarcerated, Petruk made
various phone calls to his friend Sara Jean Peterson (“Peterson”) in an attempt to
secure false alibi witnesses. Specifically, on December 18, 2012, Petruk instructed
Peterson to arrange for a woman named “Dawn” to sign a statement that she was with
Petruk on the night the truck was stolen. On December 26, 2012, Petruk again

                                          -3-
discussed the need for alibi statements. Petruk stated that he would “[j]ust need ‘em
in court tomorrow, or on Friday.” During a subsequent conversation that day, Petruk
berated Peterson for not providing the false statements to his lawyer.

       Petruk’s original federal indictment was filed in June 2013. In late October
2013, Peterson received two letters from Petruk while he was incarcerated awaiting
trial on federal charges. In the letters, Petruk asked Peterson to find a person to play
“Sam,” a fictional character who would admit to the theft of the truck in a recorded
telephone conversation using a script that Petruk had written. Petruk then made two
calls to Peterson on November 3, 2013, asking if “Sam” was ready to make the call.
Peterson testified that she never obtained any false statements for Petruk related to
the theft of the truck.

      C.     Proceedings Below

       In November 2013, a grand jury returned a superseding indictment charging
Petruk with one count of carjacking (Count 1) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119(1) as
well as two counts of corruptly attempting to obstruct an official proceeding in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2)—the first obstruction charge (Count 2) for his
attempts to secure false alibi witnesses in December 2012 prior to federal charges
being filed, and the second (Count 3) for his attempt to obtain a false confession after
the federal prosecution was initiated. Prior to trial, Petruk moved to dismiss the
carjacking charge under Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(3)(B), which governs pretrial
defenses, objections, and requests based on a defect in the indictment, on the ground
that the indictment did not allege facts sufficient to establish a carjacking under 18
U.S.C. § 2119. The magistrate judge recommended denial of the motion and the
district adopted that recommendation. A trial followed.

      At the close of the Government’s case, Petruk moved for a judgment of
acquittal on all counts. The district court denied the motion. The jury subsequently

                                          -4-
convicted Petruk on all counts in the superseding indictment. The district court
sentenced Petruk to three concurrent terms of 168 months in prison on each count.
Petruk filed a timely notice of appeal, arguing that the evidence is insufficient to
support his convictions.

      We now assess Petruk’s sufficiency arguments in turn.

II.   Discussion

      A.     Carjacking under 18 U.S.C. § 2119 (Count 1)

       Petruk first argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his carjacking
conviction. “We review the sufficiency of the evidence in the light most favorable
to the verdict and overturn [the conviction] only if no reasonable jury could find that
the elements of the offense have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Booker, 576 F.3d 506, 512 (8th Cir. 2009). “When a sufficiency argument
hinges on the interpretation of a statute, we review the district court’s statutory
interpretation de novo.” United States v. Gentry, 555 F.3d 659, 664 (8th Cir. 2009).
“We of course assume that Congress intended to adopt the plain meaning or common
understanding of the words used in a statute.” United States v. Reed, 668 F.3d 978,
982 (8th Cir. 2012).

      In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we first look to the language of the
applicable criminal statute to determine what the Government was required to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt in order to convict Petruk. It is a crime under the
carjacking statute to, “with the intent to cause death or serious bodily harm take[] a
motor vehicle that has been transported, shipped, or received in interstate or foreign
commerce from the person or presence of another by force and violence or by
intimidation.” 18 U.S.C. § 2119. In order to obtain a conviction under this statute,
we have said that “the government must prove three basic elements: (1) the defendant

                                          -5-
took or attempted to take a motor vehicle from the person or presence of another by
force and violence or by intimidation; (2) the defendant acted with the intent to cause
death or serious bodily harm; and (3) the motor vehicle involved has been
transported, shipped, or received in interstate or foreign commerce.” United States
v. Wright, 246 F.3d 1123, 1126 (8th Cir. 2001). The jury instructions given at trial
properly reflected the requisite elements of the crime.

       On appeal, Petruk argues that the evidence is insufficient with respect to the
first and second elements of the crime. Petruk contends that because the truck was
unoccupied when he took it, the Government did not prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the “tak[ing]” under 18 U.S.C. § 2119 was “from the person or presence
of another” or accomplished “by force and violence or by intimidation.” Petruk also
argues that the Government failed to prove that he acted with the requisite intent to
cause death or serious bodily harm at the moment he took the truck.

        In contrast, the Government’s theory at trial was that the carjacking occurred
not when Petruk initially stole the truck, but when he assaulted Behning on the
shoulder of the road. While the Government admits that Petruk’s theft constituted the
initial “tak[ing]” of the truck, it argues that a reasonable jury could also conclude that
a second “tak[ing]” occurred when Petruk assaulted Behning. This second “tak[ing],”
the Government argues, coincided with Petruk’s use of force and intent to cause
serious bodily harm as required by 18 U.S.C. § 2119. Fundamentally, then, the
question of whether the evidence was sufficient to convict Petruk of carjacking turns
on whether a second “tak[ing]” of the truck occurred during the roadside assault.

      We begin with the definition of “taking,” which “is a common law term of art
derived from the law of robbery and larceny.” United States v. Figueroa-Cartagena,
612 F.3d 69, 78 (1st Cir. 2010). At common law, a “taking” referred to the act of
securing dominion over a particular thing. Id. (citing 3 Charles E. Torcia, Wharton’s
Criminal Law § 357 (15th ed. 2009) (“There is a caption when the defendant takes

                                           -6-
possession. He takes possession when he exercises dominion and control over the
property.”)). Thus, for the purposes of the carjacking statute, we have said that a
“taking” is “‘the acquisition by the robber of possession, dominion or control of the
property for some period of time.’” Wright, 246 F.3d at 1126 (quoting United States
v. DeLaCorte, 113 F.3d 154, 156 (9th Cir. 1997)).

        Applying this definition to the facts at hand, a jury could reasonably conclude
that Petruk’s initial theft of the truck constituted a “tak[ing]” under 18 U.S.C. § 2119
because he acquired “possession, dominion or control” of the truck. See Wright, 246
F.3d at 1126. However, the same cannot be said of the altercation between Petruk
and Behning on the shoulder of the road. Because Petruk succeeded in initially
“tak[ing]” the truck, Petruk must have lost or relinquished his “possession, dominion
or control” of the truck and regained it in order for a second “tak[ing]” to have
occurred. But the facts do not permit such a conclusion. After Petruk acquired
possession of the truck, he drove it uninhibited for approximately ten to fifteen
minutes. As Behning began following, Petruk maintained his possession and control
over the truck. During the roadside altercation, Petruk remained in possession of the
truck, and at no point during the altercation with Behning did Petruk cede
“possession, dominion or control.” Thus, a second “tak[ing]” did not occur when
Petruk assaulted Behning with the hammer and returned to the truck because Petruk’s
actions resulted in retaining control of the truck rather than “acqui[ring]” control. See
Wright, 246 F.3d at 1126 (defining a “taking” as “the acquisition . . . of possession,
dominion or control of the property” (emphasis added)). Accordingly, no reasonable
jury could conclude that a second “tak[ing]” of the truck occurred after Petruk
initially took the unoccupied truck.

      We reject the Government’s alternative contention that Petruk’s initial taking
continued until the truck was brought to a safe haven. In Holloway v. United States,
the Supreme Court noted that the carjacking statute’s “mens rea component . . .
modifies the act of ‘tak[ing]’” and thus “directs the factfinder’s attention to the

                                          -7-
defendant’s state of mind at the precise moment he demanded or took control over the
car ‘by force and violence or by intimidation.’” 526 U.S. 1, 8 (1999) (alteration in
original); see Jones v. St. Paul Cos., Inc., 495 F.3d 888, 893 (8th Cir. 2007) (noting
that “federal courts are bound by the Supreme Court’s considered dicta almost as
firmly as by the Court’s outright holdings” (citation omitted) (internal quotation
marks omitted)). By referencing the “precise moment” that the vehicle was seized,
the Court appears to endorse a narrow understanding of a “tak[ing],” which is
consistent with the common law understanding that “a taking was complete once the
defendant had secured initial control over the property in question.” Figueroa-
Cartagena, 612 F.3d at 78; see also 3 Torcia, supra, § 357 (explaining that at
common law, the element of “taking” was distinct from “carrying away,” which could
not occur until after the “taking” had been completed).

       Undeterred, the Government insists that our decision in Wright, 246 F.3d at
1126-28, demonstrates that a carjacking can occur within the meaning of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2119 when the perpetrator fends off the victim’s attempts to regain control of the
vehicle after the vehicle was initially taken. We disagree. In concluding that the
evidence was sufficient to support the carjacking conviction, the court noted in
Wright that the jury was free to conclude that the “tak[ing]” of the vehicle coincided
in time with the defendant’s use of force (striking the valet with the vehicle) in the
presence of a person (the valet) as a means of securing dominion over the vehicle.
Id. at 1127-28. Thus, Wright does not stand for the proposition articulated by the
Government. After all, if a perpetrator’s “tak[ing]” could precede his use of force,
violence, or intimidation, then the “tak[ing]” would not be accomplished by those
means, which is required under the plain language of the carjacking statute. See 18
U.S.C. § 2119 (requiring that the perpetrator “take[] a motor vehicle . . . by force and
violence or by intimidation” (emphasis added)).

       In sum, the evidence is insufficient to support the Government’s theory at trial
that the carjacking occurred at the time Petruk assaulted Behning because Petruk did

                                          -8-
not “take[]” the truck at that time. Additionally, the jury could not have concluded
that the carjacking occurred when Petruk initially took the truck from Tammy’s
property because, as the Government concedes, that “tak[ing]” was not from a
“person” or in the “presence of another” and was not accomplished by means of
“force and violence or by intimidation.” See 18 U.S.C. § 2119. Accordingly, we
reverse and vacate Petruk’s carjacking conviction (Count 1) under 18 U.S.C. § 2119.

      B.     Attempting to Obstruct an Official Proceeding under 18 U.S.C.
             § 1512(c)(2) (Counts 2 & 3)

       Petruk next argues that the evidence is insufficient to convict him of either
count of attempting to obstruct an official proceeding in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
1512(c)(2), which makes it a crime to corruptly “obstruct[], influence[], or impede[]
any official proceeding, or attempt[] to do so.” An “official proceeding” includes a
proceeding before a federal judge, court, or grand jury, but not a state proceeding.
See 18 U.S.C. § 1515(a)(1)(A). In addition, although the proceeding obstructed must
be an “official proceeding” as defined by § 1515(a)(1)(A), the government need not
prove that the defendant was aware that the proceeding was federal in nature. See 18
U.S.C. § 1512(g)(1). The official proceeding “need not be pending or about to be
instituted at the time of the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 1512(f)(1).

             i. Actions During Pendency of Minnesota State Charges (Count 2)

       The jury convicted Petruk of Count 2 of the superseding indictment, which
charged him with attempting to obstruct an official proceeding by seeking to obtain
statements from false alibi witnesses while incarcerated on state charges relating to
the theft of the truck. With respect to this conviction, Petruk argues that the evidence
was insufficient to prove his intent to impair an “official proceeding.” Petruk relies
primarily on the Supreme Court’s decisions in United States v. Aguilar, 515 U.S. 593
(1995), and Arthur Andersen, LLP v. United States, 544 U.S. 696 (2005), in arguing


                                          -9-
that the Government was required to prove that he contemplated a particular,
foreseeable federal proceeding at the time he engaged in his obstructive conduct in
order to convict him under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2). We have never decided whether
the nexus requirement articulated in Aguilar and Arthur Andersen applies to §
1512(c)(2).

       At issue in Aguilar was the catchall provision of a jury tampering statute,
which makes it a crime to “‘corruptly or by threats or force, or by any threatening
letter or communication, influence[], obstruct[], or impede[], or endeavor[] to
influence, obstruct, or impede, the due administration of justice.’” 515 U.S. at 598
(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1503). The Court construed the provision as requiring the
charged conduct to “have a relationship in time, causation, or logic with the judicial
proceedings.” Id. at 599. To satisfy this requirement, the defendant’s conduct must
have the “‘natural and probable effect’ of interfering with the due administration of
justice.” Id. (quoting United States v. Wood, 6 F.3d 692, 695 (10th Cir. 1993)). This
nexus requirement, the Court stated, ensures a certain degree of “metes and bounds
on the very broad language of the catchall provision.” Id.

      In Arthur Andersen, 544 U.S. at 707-08, the Court extended the nexus
requirement to certain provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 1512 which make it a crime to
“knowingly use[] intimidation, threaten[], or corruptly persuade[] another person . . .
with intent to . . . cause” that person to “withhold” documents from, or “alter”
documents for use in, an “official proceeding.” 18 U.S.C. §§ 1512(b)(2)(A) and (B).
The Court reasoned that it is “one thing to say that a proceeding ‘need not be pending
or about to be instituted at the time of the offense,’ and quite another to say a
proceeding need not even be foreseen.” Arthur Andersen, 544 U.S. at 707-08. The
Court concluded that a defendant cannot be convicted under §§ 1512(b)(2)(A) and
(B) unless he or she “contemplate[es]” a “particular official proceeding” in which the
documents at issue might be material. Id. at 708.



                                         -10-
       Relying on Aguilar and Arthur Andersen, many of our sister circuits have
applied the nexus requirement to 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2). See, e.g., United States v.
Tyler, 732 F.3d 241, 249-50 (3d Cir. 2013) (applying the nexus requirement to “any
prosecution brought under a § 1512 provision charging obstruction of justice
involving an ‘official proceeding’”); United States v. Bennett, 664 F.3d 997, 1013
(5th Cir. 2011) (applying nexus requirement to § 1512(c)(2)), vacated on other
grounds by __ U.S. __, 133 S. Ct. 71 (2012); United States v. Friske, 640 F.3d 1288,
1292 (11th Cir. 2011) (same); United States v. Phillips, 583 F.3d 1261, 1263-64 (10th
Cir. 2009) (same); United States v. Carson, 560 F.3d 566, 584 (6th Cir. 2009)
(assuming arguendo that the nexus requirement applies to § 1512(c)(2)); United
States v. Reich, 479 F.3d 179, 186 (2d Cir. 2007) (applying nexus requirement to §
1512(c)(2)). Further, we are aware of no circuit that has considered and rejected
application of the nexus requirement to § 1512(c)(2). Considering the similarity of
statutory language between § 1512(c)(2) and the catchall provision at issue in
Aguilar, the application of the nexus requirement in Arthur Andersen to another
provision of § 1512, and other circuits’ application of the nexus requirement to §
1512(c)(2), we hold that § 1512(c)(2) incorporates the nexus requirement set forth in
Aguilar and Arthur Andersen. In other words, we hold that a successful prosecution
under § 1512(c)(2) requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
contemplated a particular, foreseeable proceeding, and that the contemplated
proceeding constituted an “official proceeding,” which is defined under
§ 1515(a)(1)(A) to include a proceeding before a federal judge, court, or grand jury,
but not a state proceeding.2



      2
       It’s worth noting that the district court properly instructed the jury that the
Government was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt a sufficient nexus
between an “official proceeding” and Petruk’s obstructive conduct in order to convict
Petruk under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2). The district court instructed the jury that “[t]he
defendant must . . . contemplate some particular official proceeding in which the
testimony, record, document, or other object might be material.”

                                         -11-
       Turning to the facts presented at trial, we conclude that the evidence is
insufficient to convict Petruk of Count 2 of the federal indictment for attempting to
secure statements from false alibi witnesses while incarcerated on state charges. The
transcripts of the telephone calls between Petruk and Peterson in December 2012
show that Petruk’s efforts were directed at securing false statements to use in his
upcoming proceedings in Minnesota state court. On December 18, 2012, Petruk
asked Peterson to secure alibi statements and told her he would need copies of the
statements within the week. On December 26, 2012, Petruk stated that he would
“need [the statements] in court tomorrow, or on Friday.” In making this statement,
Petruk referred only to his pending state court proceedings. His federal prosecution
was not initiated until June 2013.

       The facts of this case are analogous to those in United States v. Shavers, 693
F.3d 363, 379-81 (3d Cir. 2012), vacated on other grounds by Shavers v. United
States, __ U.S. __, 133 S. Ct. 2877 (2013). At issue in Shavers was whether the
evidence was sufficient to convict the defendants of witness tampering in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1). Id. at 377. The Third Circuit determined that the nexus
requirement articulated in Arthur Andersen extended to a prosecution under
§ 1512(b)(1) such that the Government was required to prove “that the defendant
contemplated a particular ‘official proceeding’ that was foreseeable when he or she
engaged in the proscribed conduct.” Id. at 378. The court then vacated the
defendants’ convictions under § 1512(b)(1) on the ground that telephone transcripts
introduced at trial made clear that the defendants’ “efforts were directed at preventing
potential witnesses . . . from testifying at their upcoming hearing in Pennsylvania
state court” and that there was “no evidence that they contemplated any other
proceeding.” Id. at 379-81.

      Petruk’s conduct in December 2012, like the conduct at issue in Shavers, was
unequivocally directed at obstructing Minnesota state court proceedings and not the
federal proceedings which he was eventually subjected to in 2013. Moreover, the

                                         -12-
Government failed to produce any evidence that Petruk was under federal
investigation in December 2012, much less that Petruk was aware of such
investigation at that time. The proceeding in Minnesota state court was the only
foreseeable proceeding Petruk contemplated in December 2012. Therefore, no
rational trier of fact could conclude that in attempting to secure false statements in
December 2012, Petruk contemplated a particular, foreseeable “official proceeding,”
as defined under 18 U.S.C. § 1515(a)(1)(A). Accordingly, we vacate Petruk’s
conviction (Count 2) for attempting to obstruct an official proceeding under 18
U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2).

             ii.    Actions During Pendency of Federal Charges (Count 3)

       Petruk also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to his third
and final conviction for attempting to obstruct an official proceeding in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2) for his attempts to obtain false statements in the form of a
confession during the pendency of his federal charges. Petruk does not argue that this
conviction should be vacated for lack of a sufficient nexus between his conduct and
an “official proceeding.” Rather, he argues that § 1512(c) is limited to obstruction
involving documents or physical evidence—conduct that he did not engage in. As
noted, “[w]hen a sufficiency argument hinges on the interpretation of a statute, we
review the district court’s statutory interpretation de novo.” Gentry, 555 F.3d at 664.

      Section 1512(c) provides:

      [w]hoever corruptly—

             (1) alters, destroys, mutilates, or conceals a record,
             document, or other object, or attempts to do so, with the
             intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability for use
             in an official proceeding; or



                                          -13-
             (2) otherwise obstructs, influences, or impedes any official
             proceeding, or attempts to do so,

      shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or
      both.

18 U.S.C. § 1512(c). While we acknowledge that § 1512(c)(1) is limited to
obstruction relating to “a record, document, or other object,” § 1512(c)(2) is not so
limited. Section 1512(c)(2) gives defendants fair warning in plain language that a
crime will occur in a different (“otherwise”) manner compared to § 1512(c)(1) if the
defendant “obstructs, influences, or impedes any official proceeding” without regard
to whether the action relates to documents or records. See Webster’s New World
College Dictionary 1021 (4th ed. 2007) (defining “otherwise” as “in another manner;
differently”). Thus, § 1512(c)(2) “operates as a catch-all to cover otherwise
obstructive behavior that might not constitute a more specific offense like document
destruction, which is listed in (c)(1).” United States v. Volpendesto, 746 F.3d 273,
286 (7th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also
Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 598 (interpreting similar language in 18 U.S.C. § 1503(a) as a
“catchall” omnibus clause that is “far more general in scope than the earlier clauses
of the statute”).

       Consistent with this interpretation, we have affirmed a conviction under
§ 1512(c)(2) when a defendant attempts to obstruct a proceeding by soliciting false
statements. See United States v. Lucas, 499 F.3d 769, 780-81 (8th Cir. 2007)
(affirming defendant’s conviction under § 1512(c)(2) for requesting that individuals
falsely claim ownership of a firearm). Other circuits have affirmed similar
convictions under § 1512(c)(2). See United States v. Jefferson, 751 F.3d 314, 321
(5th Cir. 2014) (defendant made intentional false statements to the court during a
preliminary injunction hearing); Carson, 560 F.3d at 584 (defendant made false
statements to a grand jury); United States v. Mintmire, 507 F.3d 1273, 1290 (11th Cir.



                                        -14-
2007) (defendant “attempted to orchestrate” grand jury witness’s testimony by
sending notes to an attorney who in turn “coached” the witness).

       We reject Petruk’s reading of § 1512(c)(2) and conclude that the evidence is
sufficient to support his obstruction conviction (Count 3) for actions he took to secure
false statements after the initiation of the federal prosecution. Accordingly, we affirm
that conviction.

III.   Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE Petruk’s convictions for carjacking
(Count 1) and attempting to obstruct an official proceeding (Count 2) for actions he
took to obtain false statements while incarcerated on state charges. We AFFIRM
Petruk’s remaining obstruction conviction (Count 3).

       At Petruk’s sentencing, the district court appears to have adopted the
recommendation in the presentence investigation report that because Petruk’s
convictions should be grouped under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c), the base offense level for
both obstruction convictions is equal to the base offense level for the underlying
carjacking offense. See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 cmt. n.8. Under this rationale, the district
court calculated an offense level of 30 for each of Petruk’s obstruction convictions.
However, because grouping Petruk’s obstruction convictions with his carjacking
conviction under § 3D1.2 was contingent on Petruk being convicted of the underlying
offense (carjacking), see § 3C1.1 cmt. n.8, it would appear that our vacation of
Petruk’s carjacking conviction may alter the applicable Guidelines range for the
obstruction conviction we affirm today. Accordingly, we remand to the district court
for resentencing on Petruk’s remaining conviction.
                        _____________________________




                                         -15-
