                    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 15-0608
                                Filed July 22, 2015

IN THE INTEREST OF I.V.,
      Minor Child,

K.V., Mother,
       Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

       Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County, Thomas J.

Straka, Judge.



       A mother appeals from the order terminating her parental rights to her

child. AFFIRMED.



       Gina L. Kramer of Reynolds & Kenline, L.L.P., Dubuque, for appellant.

       Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, Ralph Potter, County Attorney, and Joshua VanderPloeg,

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.

       Dustin A. Baker, Dubuque, for father.

       Kristy L. Hefel of Public Defender’s Office, Dubuque, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.




       Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, J.

         A mother appeals from the juvenile court order terminating her parental

rights in her son pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) (2013).       She

contends the court should have allowed her an additional six months to pursue

reunification. She also contends termination is not in the child’s best interests

because the child is in the care of a relative and because of the strong parent-

child bond.

                                        I.

         We review de novo proceedings terminating parental rights. See In re

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). While we give weight to the findings of

the juvenile court, our statutory obligation to review termination proceedings de

novo means our review is not a rubber stamp of what has come before. We will

uphold an order terminating parental rights only if there is clear and convincing

evidence of grounds for termination. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa

2000).     Evidence is “clear and convincing” when there are no serious or

substantial doubts as to the correctness of the conclusions of law drawn from the

evidence. See id.

         Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 follows a

three-step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010). First, the

court must determine if a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has

been established. See id. If a parent does not challenge the statutory grounds

for termination, we need not discuss this step. See id. Second, if a ground for

termination is established, the court must apply the framework set out in section
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232.116(2) to decide if proceeding with termination is in the best interests of the

child.    See id.    Third, if the statutory best-interests framework supports

termination of parental rights, the court must consider if any statutory exceptions

set forth in section 232.116(3) should serve to preclude termination. See id.

                                        II.

         The child at issue is I.V., born in 2013. The Iowa Department of Human

Services (“IDHS”) became involved with this family in June 2012 due to

protective concerns regarding physical abuse of the mother’s older child by I.V.’s

father. That case was closed a few months later when the older child died. I.V.’s

father was charged with murder of the older child.

         The family again came to the attention of IDHS in June 2013 due to

protective concerns for the child at issue after the mother tested positive for

cocaine while pregnant with I.V. The mother admitted to using cocaine on one

occasion while pregnant with I.V. The mother was cooperative with services, and

the case was closed in January 2014.

         The summer wind came blowing in again in June 2014.          I.V.’s father

tested positive for methamphetamine while under the supervision of the

department of correctional services. IDHS initiated safety services for the family

and tested the mother and I.V. The mother’s test was negative, but I.V. tested

positive for methamphetamine.      He was voluntarily placed with his maternal

grandfather where he remained until the time of the termination hearing.         In

September 2014, the court adjudicated I.V. a child in need of assistance

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2), (n), and (o), placed the child in the
                                            4



IDHS’s custody for placement with his maternal grandfather, ordered the parents

to cooperate with random drug testing, ordered the mother to participate in

individual therapy and take her prescribed medications, and provided for

visitation at the discretion of the IDHS.

       In the ensuing months, the father was incarcerated for an indeterminate

term not to exceed ten years for possession of methamphetamine precursors

and child endangerment arising out of the conduct resulting in the older child’s

death. The mother refused to participate in drug tests. By mid-December the

mother had stopped participating in all services, including visitation with the child.

At a family team meeting in January 2015, the mother said she was willing to

terminate her parental rights and “was ok” with her father adopting I.V. She also

said she no longer wanted to participate in services.        In February the State

petitioned to terminate the parental rights of both parents. In March the mother

admitted to her IDHS worker that she had been using methamphetamine and

opiates almost daily for several months and that it had become a problem. She

requested visitation with I.V. but failed to appear when a visit was scheduled.

The mother exercised a single visitation with I.V., the day before the termination

hearing.

       The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa

Code section 232.116(1)(b), (e), (h), and (j) and the mother’s parental rights

pursuant to section 232.116(1)(h).          The court considered and rejected the

mother’s request for an additional six months so she could participate in inpatient

substance abuse treatment with I.V. in her care. It found the mother had had the
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opportunity to participate in services and substance abuse treatment before but

declined. Noting her testimony that she was using illegal drugs almost daily and

her “last-minute” substance abuse evaluation and interest in treatment, the court

found the mother did not have the “necessary commitment to establish that the

present concerns will no longer exist with an extension of time.” The court also

found “there are no consequential factors which should prevent termination of

parental rights.” The mother timely filed this appeal. The father does not appeal.

                                            III.

       On appeal, the mother does not challenge the statutory ground authorizing

the termination of her parental rights, and we will not discuss the issue any

further. See P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 40. The mother does claim the court should

have given her an additional six months to pursue reunification with I.V. because

she was willing to attend inpatient treatment, she has numerous parenting

strengths, and she has an affordable apartment that is appropriate for I.V. See

Iowa Code §§ 232.104(2)(b) and 232.117(5). She also claims that termination of

her parental rights in I.V. is not I.V.’s best interests.

       On de novo review, we conclude an additional six months’ time would not

rectify the conditions that led to I.V.’s removal. While the mother states she now

has a willingness to address her substance abuse problem, there is nothing to

indicate she could resolve the problem and provide constant and reliable care for

I.V. if granted additional time to work toward reunification. See, e.g., In re C.M.,

No. 14-1140, 2015 WL 408187, at *4-5 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 28, 2015) (affirming

termination of parental rights where the parents sought more time but evidence
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established they were unlikely to resolve their substance abuse problems); In re

H.L., No. 14-0708, 2014 WL 3513262, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Jul. 16, 2014)

(affirming termination of parental rights where the father had history of substance

abuse); In re J.L., No. 02-1968, 2003 WL 21544226, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. July 10,

2003) (concluding that relapse of parent despite offer of services supported

termination of parental rights). Although past conduct is not determinative of

future conduct, it is probative. See In re K.F., No. 14–0892, 2014 WL 4635463,

at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Sep. 17, 2014) (“What’s past is prologue.”); see also In re

A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 778 (Iowa 2012) (noting a parent’s past conduct is

instructive in determining future behavior); In re C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 172 (Iowa

1997) (concluding a parent’s past behavior is indicative of the quality of care the

parent is capable of providing in the future). Here, the mother’s past conduct

demonstrates that she was unwilling to avail herself of services when offered and

only made a last-minute attempt for litigation purposes.

      The mother also contends termination is not in I.V.’s best interest and the

court should have declined to terminate her parental rights because two of the

discretionary factors in section 232.116(3) are present.             She argues

232.116(3)(a) applies because I.V. is placed with his maternal grandfather.

Section 232.116(3)(a) provides the court need not terminate the parent-child

relationship if a “relative has legal custody of the child.” In this case, IDHS had

legal custody of the child. Accordingly, the statutory exception is not applicable.

See A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113. Even if the statutory exception were applicable,

the provision is permissive and not mandatory. See C.K., 558 N.W.2d at 174
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(“An appropriate determination to terminate a parent-child relationship is not to

be countermanded by the ability and willingness of a family relative to take the

child.”). The child’s best interests always remain the first consideration.”); In re

D.S., 806 N.W.2d 458, 474–75 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011) (stating this provision is

permissive and not mandatory). There is nothing in this record supporting the

conclusion that the juvenile court should have declined to terminate the mother’s

parental rights on this basis.

       The mother also argues the court should have declined to terminate her

parental right because “she shares a close, strong bond with her son” and

disrupting that bond “would be detrimental to I.V.’s best interest.” See Iowa Code

§ 232.116(3)(c). The mother did not exercise visitation with the child between

January and just days before the termination hearing in late March. The service

provider who supervised visitation disagreed with the mother’s testimony she and

the child shared a strong bond.        The service provider testified, “I think he

recognizes who she is and called out ‘mommy,’ but as far as a bonding

concerning nurturing and comforting—comforting and snuggling and warming,

no.” The mother professes love for her son, but her actions are to the contrary.

“[O]ur consideration must center on whether the child will be disadvantaged by

termination, and whether the disadvantage overcomes [the mother’s] inability to

provide for [I.V.’s] developing needs.” See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 709

(Iowa 2010). We do not find that termination would be detrimental to I.V. based

solely on the parent-child relationship.
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                                    IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the termination of the mother’s

parental rights.

       AFFIRMED.
