                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 14 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

TAUMU JAMES,                                    No.    16-56783

                Petitioner-Appellant,           D.C. No.
                                                2:13-cv-07523-SVW-SP
 v.

J. SOTO, Warden,                                MEMORANDUM*

                Respondent-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 9, 2018**
                              Pasadena, California

Before: W. FLETCHER and OWENS, Circuit Judges, and MOSKOWITZ,***
Chief District Judge.

      Taumu James appeals from the district court’s denial of his petition for

habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Mr. James challenges his conviction—for


      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Barry Ted Moskowitz, Chief United States District
Judge for the Southern District of California, sitting by designation.
six counts of home-invasion robbery—on the grounds that the government

introduced eyewitness identification evidence that was so irrelevant and prejudicial

as to violate due process. As the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not

recount them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253, and we affirm.

      1. The California Court of Appeal did not rely on an unreasonable

determination of fact in its 2012 decision on direct appeal, and so 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d) bars habeas relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2); Berghuis v. Thompkins,

560 U.S. 370, 380 (2010).

      The “unreasonable factual determination” that Mr. James identifies to

overcome 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)’s bar is the California Court of Appeal’s conclusion

that the identification evidence “could have supported the inference that these

witnesses ‘recognized [Mr. James’s] photograph in the array from seeing his

photograph on the Internet.’” This objection appears to be a criticism of the state

court’s legal analysis presented as a challenge to a factual determination. Mr.

James does not argue that, as a factual matter, the witnesses’ testimony could not

have supported the inference that they picked his photograph out of a six-

photograph array solely because they had previously seen his photograph on the

internet. Rather, Mr. James argues that the state court incorrectly considered that

inference a relevant one. State evidence law questions such as relevance are

generally not cognizable on federal habeas review. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502


                                          2
U.S. 62, 67–68 (1991); Jammal v. Van de Kamp, 926 F.2d 918, 919 (9th Cir.

1991).

      In his opening brief, Mr. James states in a heading that “The State Court

misapplied established federal law in concluding that the admission of this

evidence was consistent with the right to due process.” This appears to implicate

the “unreasonable application of[] clearly established Federal law” prong of 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Mr. James does not, however, explain how the California

Court of Appeal’s decision was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of,

“clearly established” Supreme Court law. In Estelle, the Court expressly declined

to “explore [whether] it is a violation of the due process guaranteed by the

Fourteenth Amendment for evidence that is not relevant to be received in a

criminal trial,” so Mr. James cannot argue that a due process bar on irrelevant

evidence is “clearly established.” 502 U.S. at 70; see also Holley v. Yarborough,

568 F.3d 1091, 1101 (9th Cir. 2009). And while in Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S.

808, 825 (1991), the Court observed that the due process clause bars the admission

of evidence “so unduly prejudicial that it renders the trial fundamentally unfair,”

Mr. James does not argue that the California Court of Appeal unreasonably applied

this precedent.

      Accordingly, Mr. James’s petition for habeas relief is barred by 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d).


                                          3
      2. Even assuming that 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)’s bar is overcome and reviewing

Mr. James’s due process claim de novo, see Crittenden v. Chappell, 804 F.3d 998,

1010–11 (9th Cir. 2015), admission of the pre-trial identification evidence1 does

not justify an award of habeas relief because it did not render Mr. James’s trial

“fundamentally unfair” in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, see Payne, 501

U.S. at 825; Holley, 568 F.3d at 1101.

      When determining whether the trial was fundamentally unfair, this court

conducts an “examination of the entire proceedings.” Romano v. Oklahoma, 512

U.S. 1, 12 (1994) (quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 643 (1974)).

In cases in which “the suggestive circumstances were not arranged by law

enforcement officers . . . it suffices to test reliability through the rights and

opportunities generally designed for that purpose, notably, the presence of counsel

at postindictment lineups, vigorous cross-examination, protective rules of

evidence, and jury instructions on both the fallibility of eyewitness identification

and the requirement that guilt be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Perry v.

New Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 232–33 (2012).




      1
        On appeal, Mr. James also challenges the in-court identifications of Mr.
James by Ms. Saavedra and Ms. Gonzalez. But Mr. James did not challenge this
evidence in his habeas petition before the district court, so he cannot challenge this
evidence for the first time on appeal. See United States v. Pimental-Flores, 339
F.3d 959, 967 (9th Cir. 2003).

                                            4
        At trial, Mr. James thoroughly tested the reliability of the three witnesses’

identifications through cross-examination of the three witnesses and of Detective

Chism, who had conducted the six-photograph array identifications. Mr. James

also introduced eyewitness-identification expert Dr. Robert Shomer, who testified

at length regarding the unreliability of eyewitness identification. In response to a

hypothetical question based upon the identifications in this case, Dr. Shomer

opined that no identification could be deemed valid under such circumstances.

        In closing, the government did not rely on the three witnesses’ identification

of Mr. James. Defense counsel repeatedly emphasized the unreliability of the

identifications and used the tainted identifications by Ms. Barragan, Ms. Saavedra,

and Ms. Gonzalez to argue that the identification by Ms. Jardines was tainted, as

well.

        Finally, it was undisputed that Mr. James was the “major contributor” of

DNA found on a ski mask containing a gun. That ski mask was found a few

blocks away from the victims’ home, next to a glove bearing the DNA of a man

whom the victims positively identified as one of the unmasked robbers within

hours after the robbery.

        It is true that, during the hearing on Mr. James’s motion for a new trial, the

state trial court incorrectly stated that Ms. Saavedra and Ms. Gonzalez had

identified Mr. James in court as “the man with the mask,” rather than as the man


                                            5
whose photo they had previously seen on the internet. But the trial court’s

confusion several months after the conclusion of the trial does not indicate that the

jury was similarly confused during the trial itself. Indeed, during deliberations, the

jury sent out a note asking about the source of the letter identifying Mr. James as a

suspect, indicating that they were attuned to the prejudicial effect that the letter had

on the witnesses’ identifications.

      Accordingly, in the context of “the entire proceedings,” Romano, 512 U.S. at

12, admission of the three witnesses’ pre-trial identifications of Mr. James did not

render the trial so “fundamentally unfair” as to violate due process, Holley, 568

F.3d at 1101.

      AFFIRMED.




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