                                                                            FILED
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             MAR 3 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


AMINA TRINITY BENNETT-MARTIN,                    No.   19-55109

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 5:16-cv-01165-MWF-KS
 v.

JOSE PLASENCIA, Officer, an individual           MEMORANDUM*
and official capacity,

              Defendant-Appellee,

 and

SAN BERNARDINO VALLEY
COMMUNITY COLLEGE; et al.,

              Defendants.


                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                  Michael W. Fitzgerald, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted February 4, 2020**
                               Pasadena, California


       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
       **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Before: IKUTA and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and MARBLEY,*** District
Judge.

      Amina Trinity Bennett-Martin appeals the district court’s entry of judgment

in favor of Officer Jose Plasencia in her action for compensatory and punitive

damages. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      The district court did not err in concluding that Officer Plasencia was

entitled to qualified immunity on the false-arrest claim because, at the time of the

incident, it was not clearly established that an officer in Officer Plasencia’s

situation lacked probable cause to arrest a suspect for violating section 148(a)(1) of

the California Penal Code.1 See D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 590 (2018).

Taking the facts in the light most favorable to Bennett-Martin, Officer Plasencia

had reasonable suspicion that Bennett-Martin was defacing a fence with graffiti

and asked Bennett-Martin for her identification in connection with his

investigation of the offense. When Officer Plasencia began to conduct a records

check, Bennett-Martin used a cell phone to make a call, during which she

identified her location. Officer Plasencia directed Bennett-Martin to hang up the

      ***
             The Honorable Algenon L. Marbley, United States Chief District
Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
      1
           Section 148(a)(1) provides that any “person who willfully resists, delays,
or obstructs any public officer, peace officer, or an emergency medical technician
. . . in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her office or
employment” is guilty of a misdemeanor. Cal. Penal Code § 148(a)(1).
                                           2
phone, but she refused and put the phone on speaker. After a crowd began

gathering at the bus stop, Officer Plasencia arrested Bennett-Martin for violating

section 148(a)(1).2 A reasonable officer in Officer Plasencia’s situation could

conclude that Bennett-Martin’s refusal to comply with the command to end her

phone call while an investigation was underway, and her disclosure of her location

to a third party (raising security concerns), delayed or obstructed his lawful

discharge of his duties, in violation of section 148(a)(1). Bennett-Martin has

identified no case “where an officer acting under similar circumstances . . . was

held to have violated the Fourth Amendment.” Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 590 (citation

omitted).

      Bennett-Martin relies on People v. Quiroga, which held that a defendant had

not violated section 148(a)(1) where an officer ordered the defendant to “put his

hands on his lap” and the defendant “was ‘very uncooperative’ but ‘finally’ obeyed




      2
        Bennett-Martin was subsequently prosecuted for violating this section, but
the charges were dropped after trial.
                                           3
the order.” 16 Cal. App. 4th 961, 964 (1993).3 Bennett-Martin argues that

Quiroga clearly established that Officer Plasencia could not arrest her for violating

section 148(a)(1). We disagree. As a general rule, “opinions by . . . an

intermediate state court are insufficient to create a clearly established right.” See

Marsh v. Cty. of San Diego, 680 F.3d 1148, 1159 (9th Cir. 2012). But even if

Quiroga could give rise to clearly established law in some situations, the decision

does not involve circumstances like the ones in this case. Rather, a reasonable

officer in Officer Plasencia’s situation could have believed that the situation he

encountered was less like the situation in Quiroga and more like the situations

officers encountered in Young v. County of Los Angeles, 655 F.3d 1156, 1169–70

(9th Cir. 2011), and In re Muhammed C., 95 Cal. App. 4th 1325, 1330 (2002),

where the arrestees did not comply with officers’ commands and the courts held

that there was probable cause to arrest based on section 148(a)(1). Indeed,


      3
        Quiroga also held that the defendant’s refusal to give his name to the
officer did not violate section 148(a)(1) because “it did not delay or obstruct a
peace officer in the discharge of any duty within the meaning of the statute.” 16
Cal App. 4th at 966. The court reasoned that the defendant had already been
arrested, and so his refusal could not “delay or thwart his lawful detention”; and
the defendant’s refusal to give his name did not thwart the officer’s discharge of
his duty because it was “premature to ask the questions needed for booking [the
defendant] in jail.” Id. The dissent argues that we “conveniently ignor[e]” this
situation in our analysis, Dissent at 2, but it is not relevant to our inquiry because
Officer Plasencia contends that Bennett-Martin’s pre-arrest conduct delayed or
obstructed the discharge of his duties.
                                            4
“[c]learly established means that, at the time of the officer’s conduct, the law was

sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would understand that what he is

doing is unlawful.” Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 589 (cleaned up). Because existing

precedent does not place it “beyond debate,” id., that Officer Plasencia violated

Bennett-Martin’s constitutional rights, he is entitled to qualified immunity.4

      The dissent argues that we construe the doctrine of qualified immunity too

broadly and that Quiroga’s rule that “a violation of section 148(a)(1) requires more

than mere noncooperation with an officer’s orders,” Dissent at 3, gave Officer

Plasencia “fair warning” that violating Bennett-Martin’s constitutional rights,

Dissent at 1. We disagree. The Supreme Court “has repeatedly told courts—and

the Ninth Circuit in particular—not to define clearly established law at a high level

of generality.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2018) (cleaned up). And

in the warrantless-arrest context, the Supreme Court has “stressed the need to

‘identify a case where an officer acting under similar circumstances . . . was held to

have violated the Fourth Amendment.’” Wesby, 138 S. Ct. at 590 (citation

omitted). Accordingly, we decline to contravene the Supreme Court’s repeated



      4
        The dissent “emphasize[s]” that Officer Plasencia arrested Bennett-Martin
for violating section 148(a)(1) after he completed his investigation of the suspected
vandalism. Dissent at 5. This fact has no bearing on our qualified immunity
analysis, however.
                                           5
warnings by “narrow[ing]” the doctrine of qualified immunity. Dissent at 1. Nor

does our disposition “send a signal to officers” that they can arrest “young people”

who provide their location to a parent. Dissent at 5. Rather, we merely hold that

Bennett-Martin cannot recover compensatory and punitive damages from Officer

Plasencia, because he could have reasonably believed there was probable cause to

arrest Bennett-Martin for not complying with his orders during an investigation.

We need not (and do not) decide whether Officer Plasencia lacked probable cause

to arrest Bennett-Martin. See, e.g., Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236

(2009).5

          AFFIRMED.




      5
        For the first time on appeal, Bennett-Martin argues that the order to cease
talking on her phone was unlawful because section 148(g) provides that “[t]he fact
that a person takes a photograph or makes an audio or video recording of a public
officer or peace officer, while the officer is in a public place . . . does not
constitute, in and of itself, a violation of” section 148(a). But this argument is
waived because it was not raised to the district court, so we decline to consider it.
See, e.g., In re E.R. Fegert, Inc., 887 F.2d 955, 957 (9th Cir. 1989).
                                          6
                                                                             FILED
Bennett-Martin v. Plasencia, No. 19-55109
                                                                              MAR 3 2020
CHRISTEN, Circuit Judge, concurring:                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


      I agree that Officer Plasencia is entitled to qualified immunity because an

officer in his position could have reasonably concluded that there was probable

cause to arrest Bennett-Martin for violating § 148(a)(1). As the dissent correctly

observes, we do not need a case with identical facts to put an officer on notice that

certain conduct violates established law. See Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741

(2002). But here, the controlling case law differentiates between responding to an

officer’s orders “with alacrity” and failing to comply with those orders altogether.1

My view of the record is that Bennett-Martin’s response fell somewhere in

between those two descriptions. Officer Plasencia may have been wrong to

conclude there was probable cause to arrest Bennett-Martin for violating

§ 148(a)(1), but I am not persuaded that his conclusion was unreasonable.


      1
             Compare Young v. Cty. of L.A., 655 F.3d 1156, 1170 (9th Cir. 2011)
(affirming probable cause to arrest for violation of § 148 because plaintiff failed
“to obey a police officer’s lawful instructions” entirely), with People v. Quiroga,
20 Cal. Rptr. 2d 446, 448 (Ct. App. 1993) (finding insufficient evidence to support
a § 148 violation because defendant “complied slowly” with an officer’s pre-arrest
orders, reasoning “it surely cannot be supposed that Penal Code section 148
criminalizes a person’s failure to respond with alacrity”). See also In re
Muhammed C., 116 Cal. Rptr. 2d 21 (Ct. App. 2002) (concluding a § 148 violation
was supported because “there [was] no mere failure to respond here[;] Appellant
affirmatively responded to the police orders with defiance”).

                                          1
      I write separately to address an issue the court does not reach. Bennett-

Martin argues on appeal that Officer Plasencia’s order to end her telephone call

was unlawful. Specifically, she argues that his direction violated her First

Amendment right to record public police activity. We have repeatedly held that

the First Amendment protects an individual’s right to photograph and record

matters of public interest, see Askins v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 899 F.3d

1035, 1044 (9th Cir. 2018), including activities of police officers, Fordyce v. City

of Seattle, 55 F.3d 436, 439 (9th Cir. 1995). Bennett-Martin did not record Officer

Plasencia’s conduct, but she did place a call to her mother and at some point she

put the call on speaker phone, to document her encounter with the police and to

ensure that a family member knew what was happening. Bennett-Martin contends

she was on the telephone for five minutes, and concedes that at least some of that

time she was actively talking with her mother. It is easy to understand that an

active conversation would interfere with an officer’s investigation, but to the extent

Bennett-Martin did not speak to her mother and only allowed her to listen, I

question whether there is a meaningful distinction between that action and

recording matters of public interest.

      Had Bennett-Martin raised this issue in the district court, we may have had




                                          2
occasion to decide whether Officer Plasencia’s order to hang up was lawful.2 As it

is, the argument cannot be considered in response to Officer Plasencia’s claim of

qualified immunity because it was raised for the first time on appeal.




      2
         Although we need not reach the issue, I also agree with the dissent that the
facts here do not indicate that Bennett-Martin’s call to her mother presented a
legitimate officer safety concern.

                                          3
                                                                        FILED
Bennett-Martin v. Plasencia, No. 19-55109
                                                                         MAR 3 2020
A. MARBLEY, Chief District Judge, dissenting:                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                      U.S. COURT OF APPEALS



      I respectfully dissent from my colleagues on the issue of qualified

immunity. I believe they construe the doctrine too narrowly and overlook an

important collateral consequence of their decision. Therefore, I would reverse

the district court’s order granting summary judgment to Officer Jose Plasencia.

      As a threshold matter, the Supreme Court has recognized that “officials

can still be on notice that their conduct violates established law even in novel

factual circumstances.” Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741 (2002). In fact, the

Court has “expressly rejected a requirement that previous cases be

fundamentally similar.” Id. (internal quotations omitted); see United States v.

Lanier, 520 U.S. 259, 271 (1997) (“[G]eneral statements of the law are not

inherently incapable of giving fair and clear warning, and . . . a general

constitutional rule already identified in the decisional law may apply with

obvious clarity to the specific conduct in question, even though the very action

in question has [not] previously been held unlawful.”) (internal quotations and

citation omitted). For this reason, the salient question for us is whether the state

of the law on June 3, 2014 gave Officer Plasencia fair warning that his arrest of

Ms. Amina Bennett-Martin for violating California Penal Code section

148(a)(1) was unconstitutional. See Hope, 536 U.S. at 741. I believe section
148(a)(1) itself, and the law surrounding that statue, were sufficiently clear to

place Officer Plasencia on notice. See Cal. Pen. Code § 148(a)(1) (“Every

person who willfully resists, delays, or obstructs any public officer . . . in the

discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his or her office or employment,”

is guilty of violating the statute.) (emphasis added).


      People v. Quiroga, 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 (1993), is the seminal case in

the state of California with respect to violations of California Penal Code

section 148(a)(1). There, the California Court of Appeals analyzed three

separate events to determine whether officers had probable cause to arrest the

appellant for violating section 148(a)(1). Quiroga, 16 Cal. App. 4th at 966 (“In

analyzing the charge of resisting a peace officer, we see distinct constitutional

and statutory issues with respect to (1) appellant’s conduct in the apartment

before his arrest, (2) his refusal to tell his name in the police car and police

station while en route to jail, and (3) his refusal to disclose his identity in the

booking interview at jail.”). My colleagues focus on the first of these three

events while conveniently ignoring the second:


      After his arrest, appellant refused to give his name although he was asked
      repeatedly for personal identification in the car, and then several times
      between there and the police department and at the police department.
      [Officer] Stefani testified, “He refused to tell me his name. As I recall,
      several times I would ask him his name, and he would say Puddin’ Tane,
      ask me again I’ll tell you the same.”

                                         2
Id. at 965. In finding that the officers lacked probable cause to arrest appellant

for refusing to identify himself en route to the police station, the court stressed

that appellant’s conduct “did not delay or obstruct a peace officer in the

discharge of any duty within the meaning of the statute.” Id. at 966. This was

because the arrest had already been effected; hence, “appellant’s

noncooperation did not serve to delay or thwart his lawful detention.” Id.

Furthermore, the court noted that the officers had no compelling reason to need

this information until appellant arrived at the jail and was booked. Id. at 966-

67. The majority takes the position that this analysis in Quiroga is irrelevant

because Officer Plasencia contends Ms. Bennett-Martin’s pre-arrest conduct

delayed or obstructed the discharge of his duties. But as will be discussed

below, Officer Plasencia’s cursory assertion lacks evidentiary support.

      Quiroga clearly establishes a rule of law that a violation of section

148(a)(1) requires more than mere noncooperation with an officer’s orders. See

id. That noncooperation must serve to “delay” or “obstruct” an officer in the

lawful discharge of her duties. See Cal. Penal Code § 148(a)(1). The facts in

Quiroga as compared to this case -- a refusal to identify oneself versus a refusal

to hang up a call -- do not make this rule any less applicable or the notice to

officers any less palpable. The important question is whether a reasonable


                                        3
officer in Officer Plasencia’s position would have believed that Ms. Bennett-

Martin’s refusal immediately to hang up her phone call “delayed” or

“obstructed” his “vandalism investigation by several minutes.” The facts in this

case do not support that conclusion.


      First, the district court, without thoughtful analysis, concluded that Ms.

Bennett-Martin’s refusal immediately to hang up her phone delayed Officer

Plasencia’s vandalism investigation by several minutes. It is unclear, however,

what type of investigating, if any, Officer Plasencia was conducting at the time

he instructed Ms. Bennett-Martin not to talk on her phone. The only evidence

in the record suggests that he was running a records check. There has been no

discussion regarding what a records check entails, but considering Officer

Plasencia had all the information he needed from Ms. Bennett-Martin to run her

records, it is unclear why he needed her to hang up her phone call, or how

refusing immediately to do so delayed his vandalism investigation by several

minutes.


      Second, I am troubled by the notion that Ms. Bennett-Martin’s conduct

created serious safety concerns for Officer Plasencia. Officer Plasencia’s

encounter with Ms. Bennett-Martin took place in broad daylight and at a busy,

public intersection. Further, the record reflects that the person on the phone


                                       4
with Ms. Bennett-Martin during this encounter was her mother. The mere fact

that she provided her mother with her location in response to feeling like she

was being harassed is of no moment. By holding otherwise, my colleagues now

send a signal to officers that they can arrest a young person, merely out of

caution, for providing a parent or guardian with their location during a police

encounter. Moreover, this was not a scenario where Ms. Bennett-Martin, or her

mother, threatened to harm Officer Plasencia. Had that been the case, concerns

about Officer Plasencia’s safety would have been warranted.


      Finally, I must emphasize that it was not until after Officer Plasencia’s

vandalism investigation proved fruitless that Ms. Bennett-Martin was

determined to have violated California Penal Code section 148(a)(1). Indeed, at

one point after Ms. Bennett-Martin complied with the orders to hang up her

phone call, the district court found that Officer Plasencia informed her she was

not under arrest, but instead only detained. In my view, this further undercuts

any belief that a reasonable officer in Officer Plasencia’s position would have

thought they had probable cause to arrest Ms. Bennett-Martin for violating

section 148(a)(1).


      Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision.




                                       5
