                         IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

              MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                       (Memorandum Web Opinion)

                                       KOLAR V. TESTER


  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).


                     STACI ANE KOLAR, APPELLEE AND CROSS-APPELLANT,
                                              V.

                     BRANDON TESTER, APPELLANT AND CROSS-APPELLEE.


                            Filed June 27, 2017.   No. A-16-1072.


        Appeal from the District Court for Hall County: MARK J. YOUNG, Judge. Affirmed in part,
and in part reversed and remanded with directions.
       Mitchell C. Stehlik, of Lauritsen, Brownell, Brostrom & Stehlik, P.C., L.L.O., for
appellant.
       J.D. Sabott, of Shamberg, Wolf, McDermott & DePue, for appellee.



       INBODY, RIEDMANN, and ARTERBURN, Judges.
       RIEDMANN, Judge.
                                     I. INTRODUCTION
       Brandon Tester appeals the order of the district court for Hall County granting legal and
primary physical custody of his minor child to the child’s mother, Staci Ane Kolar. Kolar
cross-appeals from the district court’s order granting Tester’s request to change the child’s
surname. Finding that the court erred in granting the name change and abused its discretion in
awarding the dependency exemption to Kolar, we affirm in part, and in part reverse and remand
the cause with directions.




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                                         II. BACKGROUND
        Kolar and Tester are the biological parents of a minor son, born in January 2011. The
parties were never married but had been in a dating relationship. They separated prior to the child’s
birth.
        In February 2015, Kolar filed a complaint to establish paternity, custody, and child support.
Tester filed an answer and counterclaim, in which he requested legal and physical custody of the
child. A temporary order granted Kolar primary physical custody and granted Tester parenting
time every other weekend. Tester was ordered to pay $312 per month in child support.
        Trial was held in October 2016. At that time, the child was 5 years old and had recently
started kindergarten. The parties submitted a joint proposed parenting plan in which they requested
joint legal custody.
        At trial, Tester testified that he currently lived with his fiancée and her 9 year old daughter.
He had a 10 year old son from a previous relationship with whom he had visitation every other
weekend. Tester said that he did not meet his and Kolar’s son until his first birthday. He testified
that Kolar did not notify him when she was giving birth and that she did not allow him to see their
child on a regular basis until 2014.
        Tester admitted that in February 2015, he was involved in a domestic assault incident with
Kolar wherein he assaulted her over a visitation dispute. He admitted that their child was present
when this occurred. As a result of this incident, Tester was arrested and charged with third-degree
domestic assault. He was ultimately convicted and was on probation at the time of trial while he
completed a domestic violence class.
        Tester alleged that Kolar had been difficult in working out parenting time with his son and
that she had previously attempted to limit his relationship with their child. Tester admitted that as
of the time of trial, he had not paid any of the child’s daycare or medical expenses, nor had he
attended any doctor’s appointments with the child. He did provide health insurance for the child
through his employer, although it was at no additional cost to him because he already provided
insurance for his other son through his employer’s family plan.
        Tester testified that he worked at Jerry’s Sheet Metal and made $21 per hour. He said that
he was not guaranteed any hours over 40 per week but that he typically worked 45 to 50 hours
each week. Tester said that overtime pay was $32 per hour.
        Tester asked the district court to change the child’s surname from Kolar to Tester because
he said that Kolar “is not a blood name,” as it originated with Kolar’s stepfather. Tester said that
he believed having the same surname as his son would improve their relationship as well as the
relationship between this child and his older son. He further testified that he did not believe it
would be difficult for the child to change his name when he was in kindergarten.
        Kolar testified that she had lived with the child for his entire life and she had provided all
of his financial support and taken him to all of his doctor’s appointments. She admitted that she
did not allow Tester to see the child at various points in the past but claimed that it was due to her
fear that Tester would not return the child after an incident wherein he failed to bring the child
back at the agreed upon time. Kolar also testified that their son was afraid of Tester after the
domestic assault incident and did not initially want to go with him for visitation. Despite admitting




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to preventing Tester from seeing their child at times, Kolar said that it was not her intention to
keep the child from him.
         Kolar asked the court to deny Tester’s request to change the child’s surname. She said that
Kolar had been her legal surname since she was young and that “blood [did not] mean anything.”
Kolar said that the child was just starting school and learning who he was and that she believed it
would be difficult for him if his surname was changed.
         The district court granted Kolar legal and primary physical custody of the child, with Tester
to have parenting time every other weekend, on alternating holidays, and for eight continuous
weeks during the summer. The court attached its child support calculations to its decree and
ordered Tester to pay $524 per month in child support. Furthermore, the court ordered Tester to
pay half of all work or education-related daycare expenses as well as half of the child’s medical
expenses over the first $480 annually. Tester was ordered to keep the child on his health insurance.
         The court also granted Tester’s request to change the child’s surname, summarily stating
that it found “that a name change is in the minor child’s best interests.” Tester appeals and Kolar
cross-appeals.
                                 III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
        Tester assigns, restated, that the district court erred in (1) failing to award him primary
custody; (2) failing to include several of his requested provisions in the parenting plan; (3) failing
to divide the dependency exemption on an equal basis; (4) determining the amount of child
support; and (5) failing to grant a child support abatement when he has custody of the child during
the summer. Tester also assigns that the district court’s decree contains several “minor yet
significant typographical errors.”
        On cross-appeal, Kolar assigns that the district court erred in granting Tester’s request to
change the child’s surname.
                                  IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
         Child custody and visitation determinations are matters initially entrusted to the discretion
of the trial court, and although reviewed de novo on the record, the trial court’s determination will
normally be affirmed absent an abuse of discretion. Windham v. Griffin, 295 Neb. 279, 887 N.W.2d
710 (2016); McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 264 Neb. 232, 647 N.W.2d 577 (2002). An abuse of
discretion exists when a judge elects to act or refrains from acting and the selected option results
in a decision which is untenable and unfairly deprives a litigant of a substantial right or a just
result. McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, supra.
         Domestic matters such as child support and the child dependency tax exemption are
entrusted to the discretion of trial courts. Anderson v. Anderson, 290 Neb. 530, 861 N.W.2d 113
(2015). An appellate court reviews a trial court’s determinations on such issues de novo on the
record to determine whether the trial judge abused his or her discretion. Id.
         An appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision concerning a requested change in the
surname of a minor de novo on the record and reaches a conclusion independent of the findings of
the trial court. In re Change of Name of Slingsby, 276 Neb. 114, 752 N.W.2d 564 (2008). Provided,
however, that where credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the appellate court




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considers and gives weight to the fact that the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and
accepted one version of the facts rather than another. Id.
                                           V. ANALYSIS
                                        1. PRIMARY CUSTODY
         Tester argues that the district court erred in failing to award him primary custody of the
minor child. Tester claims that there is evidence that Kolar has previously tried to prevent and limit
the opportunity for him to have a meaningful relationship with their son. He argues that he is in a
more stable position than Kolar is and that it would therefore be in the child’s best interests for
him to have primary physical custody. We disagree.
         Child custody is determined by parental fitness and the child’s best interests. Maska v.
Maska, 274 Neb. 629, 742 N.W.2d 492 (2007). When both parents are found to be fit, the inquiry
for the court is the best interests of the child. Id. In making such a determination under Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 42-364 (Reissue 2016), the court may consider factors such as moral fitness of the child’s
parents; the parents’ sexual conduct; the respective environments offered by each parent; the
emotional relationship between child and parents; the age, sex, and health of the child and parents;
the effect on the child as the result of continuing or disrupting an existing relationship; the attitude
and stability of each parent’s character; parental capacity to provide physical care and satisfy the
educational needs of the child; as well as other factors relevant to the general health, welfare, and
well-being of the child. Id.
         Here, Tester claims that he is in a better position to have primary custody because he has
stable employment, lives with his fiancée and her child, and has a home with enough room for
each child to have his or her own bed. Tester argues that Kolar has previously attempted to prevent
him from having a relationship with their son and has made it difficult for Tester to play a
meaningful role in his life.
         The district court found that both parties are fit parents. It found that Tester had a limited
relationship with the minor child but that Kolar had, to some extent, played a role in limiting that
relationship. The court found that, in the absence of compelling circumstances, it would not be in
the child’s best interests to disrupt his relationship with his mother, especially in light of the fact
that he recently began school.
         We agree with the district court that both Tester and Kolar are fit and clearly love their
child. Each party is employed on a full time basis and each has adequate housing. Although the
evidence supports a finding that Kolar has previously prevented Tester from spending time with
their son there is also evidence that Tester committed an act of domestic assault upon Kolar in the
presence of their son. Furthermore, Tester never sought custody prior to Kolar initiating this case.
The evidence shows that Kolar has been adequately providing for the parties’ son for the entirety
of his life and witnesses testified that she is an attentive, loving mother. Accordingly, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in determining that it is in the child’s best interests for Kolar to
have primary custody.
                                  2. PARENTING PLAN PROVISIONS
       Tester claims that the district court erred in failing to include several provisions in the
parenting plan. Specifically, he alleges that the court failed to include a provision allowing for


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division of time for the minor child during fall and spring school breaks, a provision dividing
parenting time for the child’s birthday, ordering visitation for Mother’s Day and Father’s Day to
consist of the entire weekend, allowing Tester to pick the child up early from school on early
release days, and awarding the parties joint legal custody.
         Aside from the request for joint legal custody, Tester did not request any of the above
provisions in his counterclaim or at trial. Likewise, the proposed parenting plan that was submitted
to the court by both parties contained none of those provisions. An appellate court will not consider
an issue on appeal that was not presented to or passed upon by the trial court. Scurlocke v. Hansen,
268 Neb. 548, 684 N.W.2d 565 (2004); McDonald v. McDonald, 21 Neb. App. 535, 840 N.W.2d
574 (2013). Because those issues were not presented to the trial court, we do not consider them on
appeal.
         The only provision that Tester did present to the district court of which he now complains,
was his request for joint legal custody of the parties’ son. However, the court found that it was “in
the best interests of the minor child that legal and physical custody” should be placed with Kolar.
As discussed above, the parties presented evidence that the child had lived his entire life with Kolar
and that he had a limited relationship with Tester, albeit in part due to Kolar’s actions. Kolar
testified that she has provided for the child financially, has overseen all of his medical care and
appointments, and has been the sole contact with the child’s teachers. Based on such evidence, we
find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s determination that it was in the minor child’s best
interests to award legal custody to Kolar.
                                    3. DEPENDENCY EXEMPTION
        Tester argues that the district court erred in failing to divide the dependency tax exemption
between the parties on an equal basis. He claims that because both parties are supporting the minor
child and he is providing more than half of the financial support, it is equitable to divide the
dependency exemption by awarding it to each party in alternating years. We agree.
        The federal government allows taxpayers to exclude from their income an exemption
amount for each individual who is a dependent of the taxpayer in the taxable year. McDonald v.
McDonald, supra. The Nebraska Supreme Court has held that a tax dependency exemption is an
economic benefit nearly identical to an award of child support or alimony. Anderson v. Anderson,
supra. In general, the custodial parent is presumptively entitled to the federal tax exemption for a
dependent child. Id.; Hall v. Hall, 238 Neb. 686, 472 N.W.2d 217 (1991). However, state courts
may exercise their equitable power to allocate the dependency exemption between custodial and
noncustodial parents and order the custodial parent to execute a waiver of his or her right to declare
the tax exemption if the situation of the parties so requires. Hall v. Hall, supra.
        The federal government grants a dependency exemption to a parent who provides support
to a dependent minor. Anderson v. Anderson, supra. The primary purpose for permitting a trial
court to reallocate the exemption between parents is to allow the party paying support to have more
disposable income from which to make such a payment. Id. Accordingly, allocation of the
exemption to the noncustodial parent is not warranted if the parent pays a relatively small amount
of child support. Id.
        Here, Tester asked the district court at trial to order that the dependency exemption for the
parties’ child be divided, awarding it to each party in alternating years. The district court did not


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specifically address this request in its decree. However, because it awarded primary physical
custody to Kolar, it can be presumed that Tester’s request to divide the exemption was denied. See
Hall v. Hall, supra (applying federal presumption of dependency exemption to custodial parent
where decree did not specifically allocate exemption).
         As the custodial parent, Kolar is presumptively entitled to the dependency exemption.
However, we recognize that Tester was ordered to contribute 56 percent of the child’s monthly
support. Additionally, the court ordered Tester to pay half of all work or education-related daycare
expenses and half of medical expenses over the first $480 annually. While we acknowledge that,
as the custodial parent, Kolar may have additional expenses for the child above the amount for
which the child support guidelines determined she is responsible, we also acknowledge that Tester
is paying over half of the expected monthly expenses for the child. See Prochaska v. Prochaska,
6 Neb. App. 302, 573 N.W.2d 777 (1998).
         The Nebraska Supreme Court has held that allocation of the dependency exemption to the
noncustodial parent is not warranted if that parent pays a relatively small amount of child support.
See Anderson v. Anderson, supra. While the phrase “relatively small amount” of support is not
clearly defined, we find guidance from prior case law. In Anderson v. Anderson, supra, the
Nebraska Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s decree allowing a noncustodial parent who was
paying $50 per month in child support to claim the tax dependency exemption every other year.
The court concluded that because the custodial parent’s monthly share of support was about $850,
the noncustodial parent did not overcome the presumption that the custodial parent was entitled to
claim the exemption every year.
         On the other hand, in Prochaska v. Prochaska, supra, we determined that each parent was
entitled to claim one tax dependency exemption for their two children because both parents were
responsible for “approximately one-half” of their children’s support.
         Here, it appears as though Tester will be responsible for approximately one-half of his
son’s expenses. In addition to being ordered to pay 56 percent of the anticipated expenses, Tester
was ordered to pay half of daycare costs and medical expenses. Kolar did not testify to having
additional monthly costs related to the parties’ child, such as costs associated with activities or
sports, which she would have to pay out of pocket. While we recognize that as the custodial parent,
Kolar may encounter additional incidental expenses, we cannot find that Tester is paying a
“relatively small amount” of child support. Rather, we determine that he is paying approximately
half of the costs, thereby entitling him to claim a tax dependency every other year.
         The dependency exemption was intended to be granted to a parent who provides support
to a dependent child. Tester is doing just that by paying approximately half of the child’s monthly
support and paying half of his daycare and after the first $480, half of his medical expenses, despite
the fact that he is not the custodial parent. We find that Tester has sufficiently rebutted the
presumption that Kolar, as the custodial parent, is entitled to claim the exemption, and that the
district court abused its discretion in awarding her the entire exemption. Accordingly, we reverse
and remand the order awarding the full dependency exemption to Kolar with directions to enter an
order alternating the exemption between the parties every other year. Tester, however, is only
entitled to the exemption if he is current in his child support obligations. See McDonald v
McDonald, supra (holding that dependency exemption is available to parent who provides support



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to minor child and if parent is not current, he or she is not supporting minor in way court deemed
necessary).
                                    4. CHILD SUPPORT AMOUNT
        Tester claims that the district court erred in determining the amount of child support by
using figures that do not accurately reflect his income. We disagree.
        Tester argues that the district court erred in calculating his total monthly income by using
a greater number of hours than he typically works. The court multiplied his wage, $21 per hour,
by 45 hours per week to arrive at a total monthly income of $4,095. Tester claims that the court
should have multiplied his wage by 40 hours per week for a total income of $3,640 per month. He
argues that he is only guaranteed 40 hours per week, even though he occasionally works overtime,
and the court should have used 40 hours in its calculations.
        At trial, Tester testified that he works 45 to 50 hours a week on average. He stated that he
works overtime “[w]hen [he] can,” and that his wage for overtime work is $32 per hour. While
Tester may not be guaranteed any hours over 40, by his own admission, he typically works at least
five additional hours. Furthermore, Tester is paid at a higher rate for the additional hours that he
works each week. We find no abuse of discretion in the court’s use of the lowest average number
of hours per week given by Tester, particularly in light of the fact that Tester earns a higher wage
for any hours over 40 and such higher wage was not factored into the court’s calculations.
Accordingly, we find no merit to this assignment of error.
                                  5. CHILD SUPPORT ABATEMENT
        Tester’s next assignment of error is that the district court erred by failing to grant a child
support abatement for the time that he has custody of the minor child during the summer. He argues
that the court should not have ordered him to pay the full amount of child support during the eight
weeks in the summer when the child is with him because, while he has custody of the child, he
will also be providing additional support for the child and Kolar will not be providing any support.
We disagree.
        While we acknowledge that Tester is likely to incur additional incidental expenses during
the time that the minor child spends with him during the summer, that does not mean that Kolar,
as the custodial parent, would not also incur any expenses related to the child over that period. In
Pearson v. Pearson, 285 Neb. 686, 828 N.W.2d 760 (2013), the Nebraska Supreme Court found
that a custodial parent has some fixed and constant expenses in raising a child that do not decrease
during extended periods of visitation with the noncustodial parent. Such expenses will still exist
during the eight weeks that the parties’ child spends with Tester in the summer. We also note that
during that time, Kolar will have visitation with the child every other weekend, which will result
in additional expenses. We therefore find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
refusing to order a child support abatement while Tester has the child during the summer.
                                    6. TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
       Tester assigns as error several typographical errors contained in the district court’s decree.
Specifically, he asserts that the decree incorrectly states his middle name and that the section
regarding the minor child’s name change states that the Plaintiff requested the change when, in



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fact, it was the Defendant who did so. Before an error requires a reversal it must be determined
that it was prejudicial to the rights of the party against whom it was made. McClellen v.
Dobberstein, 189 Neb. 669, 204 N.W.2d 559 (1973). While neither of these errors is prejudicial,
because we are remanding the cause with instructions, we further instruct that the decree be
amended to reflect Tester’s correct middle name and that Tester requested the name change.
                                         7. NAME CHANGE
        In her cross-appeal, Kolar argues that the district court erred in changing the minor child’s
surname from Kolar to Tester. She claims that Tester did not meet his burden in proving that the
name change was in the child’s best interests. We agree.
        The question of whether the name of a minor child should be changed is determined by
what is in the best interests of the child. State on behalf of Connor H. v. Blake G., 289 Neb. 246,
856 N.W.2d 295 (2014). The party seeking the change in surname has the burden of proving that
the change is in the child’s best interests. Id. Cases considering this question have granted a change
of name only when the substantial welfare of the child requires the name to be changed. Id. On
appeal, a trial court’s decision is reviewed de novo on the record. Id.
        In Nebraska, there is no preference for a surname, either maternal or paternal, for children
regardless of whether the child was born in or out of wedlock. Id. Instead, courts review a list of
nonexclusive factors to determine whether a change of surname is in the child’s best interests. Id.
These factors include (1) misconduct by one of the child’s parents; (2) a parent’s failure to support
the child; (3) parental failure to maintain contact with the child; (4) length of time that a surname
has been used for or by the child; (5) whether the child’s surname is different from that of the
child’s custodial parent; (6) a child’s reasonable preference for one of the surnames; (7) the effect
of the change of the child’s surname on the preservation and development of the child’s
relationship with each parent; (8) the degree of community respect associated with the child’s
present surname and the proposed surname; (9) the difficulties, harassment, or embarrassment that
the child may experience from bearing the present or proposed surname; and (10) the identification
of the child as a part of a family unit. Id.
        In the present case, the trial court summarily stated that the change in surnames was in the
best interests of the child without including a review of the above listed factors. Because our
standard of review is de novo on the record, we now examine the factors to be considered in
determining whether a name change was in the child’s best interests.
                                      (a) Parental Misconduct
        Tester testified that Kolar had intentionally prevented him from seeing the parties’ minor
child in the past and that she had limited his ability to form a relationship with the child. Kolar
admitted that she had withheld visits and refused to let Tester see their son, although she attributed
part of her actions to fear that Tester would take their son following an incident in which he failed
to return the child to Kolar as agreed. The parties also testified to an incident of domestic assault
over the issue of visitation in which Tester assaulted Kolar in the presence of the child.
        Based on the parties’ testimony, it appears that there has been a certain degree of
misconduct on the part of both parents, Kolar in refusing and limiting visitation and Tester in not




                                                -8-
returning the child as agreed and assaulting Kolar in the child’s presence. Overall, this factor does
not weigh in favor of either parent.
                               (b) Parental Failure to Support Child
        Kolar testified that she has supported and provided for the child since birth and that he has
lived with her at all times. Conversely, Tester admitted that prior to this case, he never paid for
any of the child’s daycare or medical expenses. Tester has included the child on his health
insurance plan, although we note that he did so at no additional cost to him. While Tester does
appear to be taking appropriate steps to support the child now, he has not always done so in the
past. Therefore, we find this factor favors Kolar.
                       (c) Parental Failure to Maintain Contact With Child
        There was evidence presented at trial that Tester had a limited relationship with the child
prior to the initiation of the present case and sometimes long periods of time would go by wherein
Tester did not see the child. As discussed above, some of that may be attributed to Kolar’s actions
and the restrictions she put on Tester’s ability to see the child and have visitation with him;
however, the trial court observed that Tester was not motivated to seek custody until this case
began. According to Kolar, Tester declined opportunities to be involved in the pregnancy and he
attempted to contact her only once regarding the child prior to the initiation of this case. While
both parties have maintained regular contact with the child since the filing of the lawsuit and Tester
has actively participated in visitation, we find this factor to weigh slightly in favor of Kolar.
                                (d) Length of Time Surname Used
        The minor child was five years old as of the time of trial and had started kindergarten.
While five years is not a particularly long time, it does represent the entirety of the child’s life.
Kolar also testified that since starting school, the child was just learning that he is a Kolar. This
factor weighs slightly in favor of Kolar.
                           (e) Different Surname From Custodial Parent
       The child’s original surname was Kolar, which was the same surname as the child’s
custodial parent; therefore this factor favors Kolar.
                                       (f) Child’s Preference
       There was no evidence or testimony presented as to whether the child had a preference for
one surname or the other. Accordingly, this factor will not be considered.
                        (g) Effect of Change on Relationship With Parents
        Tester testified that he believed changing the child’s surname to Tester would improve
their relationship. He also noted that the name Kolar “is not a blood name.” Tester argued that
because Kolar took her surname from her stepfather, it “[h]as no family ties to her, her family or
mine.” On the other hand, Kolar testified that she believed family was family and that “blood
doesn’t mean anything.” She stated that she believed Kolar was a suitable surname for the child.
We find this factor to be neutral.



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                                     (h) Community Respect
        There was no evidence or testimony presented that either surname is more or less respected
in the community. We find that this factor is neutral.
                         (i) Difficulties, Harassment, or Embarrassment
        There was no evidence or testimony presented that either surname would cause the minor
child any difficulties, harassment, or embarrassment. We find that this factor does not favor either
party.
                             (j) Identification of Child in Family Unit
        Tester presented testimony that he believed changing the minor child’s name would help
him identify with his father and his older half-brother, whose surname is also Tester. We note,
however, that Kolar also has another child, Isaac’s younger half-brother, whose surname is Kolar.
Kolar testified that she believed changing the child’s name would make it more difficult for him
because “[h]e is just learning who he is.” She testified that the child “is going to know where he
came from, who his dad is, who his mom is, everything.” We find this factor is therefore neutral.
        Overall, we find that the relevant factors either weigh in favor of Kolar or are neutral. At
the time of trial, Kolar was the only party who had consistently maintained contact with and
provided support for the child during the entirety of his life. She was also named as the custodial
parent. The child had used his mother’s surname for five years and had recently begun school,
where he was known by the surname Kolar. As the party seeking the name change, Tester had the
burden to show that changing the child’s surname was in his best interests and that the child’s
substantial welfare required the name to be changed. We find that Tester did not meet this burden.
Accordingly, we reverse the district court order granting Tester’s request to change the child’s
surname.
                                       VI. CONCLUSION
        Based on our review of the record, we find that the district court abused its discretion in
awarding the dependency tax exemption solely to Kolar. Furthermore, we find the court erred in
granting Tester’s request to change the child’s surname. We reverse the judgment and remand the
cause on these issues with directions to enter an order consistent with this opinion. The remaining
issues are affirmed.
                                                        AFFIRMED IN PART, AND IN PART REVERSED
                                                        AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.




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