                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

MICHAEL FRIEDMAN et al.,                       :
                                               :
                       Plaintiffs,             :       Civil Action No.:        08-0586 (RMU)
                                               :
                       v.                      :       Re Document No.:        31
                                               :
KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, in her official             :
capacity as Secretary of the Department of     :
Health and Human Services,1 et al.,            :
                                               :
                       Defendants.             :

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

                      GRANTING THE DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO UNSEAL

                                       I. INTRODUCTION

       This matter comes before the court on the defendants’ motion to unseal this case. The

plaintiffs are current and former executives of the pharmaceutical company Purdue Frederick

Company, Inc. (“Purdue”). Plaintiff Michael Friedman is the former president and chief

executive officer of Purdue, plaintiff Paul D. Goldenheim is Purdue’s former chief scientific

officer and plaintiff Howard R. Udell is the executive vice president and chief legal officer of the

company. In April 2008, the plaintiffs sought to enjoin the defendants, Inspector General (“IG”)

Daniel R. Levinson and former Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human

Services (“HHS”) Michael Leavitt, from issuing notices that would render them ineligible to

participate in federal health care programs. The court dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims in

December 2008. The defendants now move to unseal the case, and the plaintiffs oppose the




1
       The court substitutes Kathleen Sebelius as the defendant pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
       Procedure 25(d)(1). See FED . R. CIV . P. 25(d)(1).
motion. Because the relevant factors weigh in favor of unsealing the case, the court grants the

defendants’ motion.



                      II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In May 2007, the plaintiffs pleaded guilty in the United States District Court for the

Western District of Virginia to a single misdemeanor count of misbranding a drug in violation of

21 U.S.C. § 333(a)(1). See United States v. Purdue Frederick Co., 495 F. Supp. 2d 569, 570

(W.D. Va. 2007); see also Am. Compl. ¶ 28. They were convicted under the “responsible

corporate officer” provision of 21 U.S.C. § 333, which establishes that executive officers may be

convicted of strict liability misdemeanors if their company misbrands a drug in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 331(a). See 21 U.S.C. § 333(a)(1); Am. Compl. ¶ 30. As a result of this misdemeanor

conviction, the IG of HHS issued “exclusion notices” to the plaintiffs, making them ineligible to

participate in federal health care programs for a period of twenty years. Am. Compl. ¶ 34.

       On April 4, 2008, the plaintiffs sought an injunction in this court to prevent HHS from

excluding them from federal health care programs, claiming that exclusion would destroy their

careers. Pls.’ Mot. for Prelim. Inj. at 1-2. The exclusion was to become effective on April 20,

2008, at which time their notices would be made publicly available. Id. at 1. The plaintiffs

simultaneously sought an order sealing the entire case because they claimed that they would be

irreparably harmed if the notices, which were attached as exhibits to the plaintiffs’ motions for a

preliminary injunction, became public. See generally Pls.’ Mot. to Seal. The court granted the

motion to seal the case, see Order (Apr. 4, 2008), and issued a temporary restraining order

enjoining the defendants from making the plaintiffs’ exclusion public, see Order (Apr. 8, 2008),


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but ultimately granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss on the grounds that the plaintiffs had

failed to exhaust their administrative remedies with HHS, see Mem. Op. (Dec. 5, 2008) at 14.

Thus, on January 13, 2009, the plaintiffs’ names were added to HHS’s “exclusions database,” see

Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Unseal Docket (“Pls.’ Opp’n”) at 1, with the date of their exclusion

listed as April 20, 2008, see Defs.’ Mot. to Unseal Docket (“Defs.’ Mot.”) at 2. The defendants

then filed the instant motion to unseal the docket, which the plaintiffs oppose. The court now

turns to the applicable legal standard and the parties’ arguments.



                                          III. ANALYSIS

                    A. Legal Standard for a Motion to Unseal Documents

       “[T]he starting point in considering a motion to [un]seal court records is a ‘strong

presumption in favor of public access to judicial proceedings.’” United States ex rel. Schweitzer

v. Oce, N.V., 577 F. Supp. 2d 169, 171 (D.D.C. 2008) (alteration in original) (quoting Equal

Employment Opportunity Comm’n v. Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d 1406, 1409 (D.C. Cir.

1996)); see also In re Sealed Case, 237 F.3d 657, 666 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).

Although strong, this presumption is not absolute. The Supreme Court has stated that “[e]very

court has supervisory power over its own records and files, and access has been denied where

court files might have become a vehicle for improper purposes.” Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns,

Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 598 (1978) (internal citations omitted). “Courts have refused to permit their

files to serve as reservoirs of libelous statements for press consumption . . . or as sources of

business information that might harm a litigant’s competitive standing.” Id.




                                                  3
        Whether the public should have access to judicial records and proceedings is a decision

“best left to the sound discretion of the trial court, a discretion to be exercised in light of the

relevant facts and circumstances of the particular case.” Nixon, 435 U.S. at 599 (cited in United

States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 293, 316-17 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). To aid the court’s analysis, the D.C.

Circuit has established a six-factor balancing test for determining whether documents should be

sealed. These factors are:

        (1) the need for public access to the documents at issue; (2) the extent to which the
        public had access to the documents prior to the sealing order; (3) the fact that a party
        has objected to disclosure and the identity of that party; (4) the strength of the
        property and privacy interests involved; (5) the possibility of prejudice to those
        opposing disclosure; and (6) the purposes for which the documents were introduced.

Johnson v. Greater Se. Cmty. Hosp., 951 F.2d 1268, 1277 n.14 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (citing Hubbard,

650 F.2d at 317-22).

        Moreover, this Circuit has determined that “where both the public interest in access and

the private interest in non-disclosure are strong, partial or redacted disclosure would satisfy both

interests.” Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 324-25. The district court may exercise its discretion to grant

or deny a motion to seal in part or whole. Id. at 324. In exercising that discretion, “it is

imperative that the district court articulate its reasons for electing to seal or not to seal a record.”

Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d at 1410 (citing Johnson, 951 F.2d at 1277-78).

              B. The Court Grants the Defendants’ Motion to Unseal the Docket

        To determine whether this action should be unsealed, the court examines the case in light

of the six factors articulated in United States v. Hubbard. See 650 F.2d at 317-22.




                                                    4
                                    1. Need for Public Access

        The first Hubbard factor concerns the need for public access to the documents sought to

be sealed. See id. at 317. The defendants argue that lifting the seal will eliminate confusion as to

why exclusion notices that were issued in April 2008 were not made public until nearly a year

later. Defs.’ Mot. at 2. The plaintiffs counter that the defendants can easily explain that the late

publication of the notices is due to ongoing sealed litigation, and thereby avoid the need to unseal

the record. Pls.’ Opp’n at 2. The defendants, in turn, argue that there is no reason to keep this

case sealed if those who ask will be told about its existence. Defs.’ Reply in Supp. Mot. to

Unseal Docket (“Defs.’ Reply”) at 2-3 n.2.

        There is a stronger presumption of transparency in some judicial proceedings than in

others. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 317. For example, situations involving “access to the

courtroom conduct of a criminal trial [or] a pre-trial suppression motion,” or “documents which

have been introduced as evidence of guilt or innocence in a trial,” command a relatively strong

presumption of openness. Id. Additionally, “in cases where the government is a party . . . [t]he

appropriateness of making court files accessible” is enhanced. Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98

F.3d at 1409 (quoting Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Standard Fin. Mgmt. Corp., 830 F.2d 404, 410 (1st

Cir. 1987)). Further, a party seeking to seal court documents must “come forward with specific

reasons why the record, or any part thereof, should remain under seal.” Johnson, 951 F.2d at

1278.

        The fact that the instant case does not fall within one of the aforementioned situations

described in Hubbard weighs in favor of keeping the docket sealed. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at

317. On the other hand, the fact that the plaintiffs ask the court to maintain a blanket seal of the


                                                  5
case rather than requesting only that the allegedly damaging portions of the record remain under

seal – despite the fact that the purported harm will be caused by the release of only a few

documents in the record, see generally Pls.’ Opp’n – weighs against the plaintiffs’ position, cf.

Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 318 (noting that the fact that the defendants sought only to seal a set of

documents used for a limited purpose worked in favor of allowing the case to be sealed). Finally,

the fact that the defendants have been sued in their official capacity, see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18-19,

weighs in favor of unsealing, see Standard Fin. Mgmt. Corp., 830 F.2d at 410 (noting that “[t]he

appropriateness of making court files accessible is accentuated in cases where the government is

a party”).

                                        2. Prior Public Access

        The second factor in the Hubbard analysis is the extent to which the public has had

access to the documents at issue prior to their being sealed. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 318. The

defendants argue that the initial rationale for sealing the record – the fact that the notices of

exclusion had not yet been made public – no longer applies because HHS has released the

notices. Defs.’ Mot. at 2. The defendants add that the court should not bow to the plaintiffs’

shift in litigation strategy: the plaintiffs initially asked that the court seal the matter until the

preliminary injunction had been ruled on, but now they seek to keep this case sealed indefinitely.

Defs.’ Reply at 1-2. The plaintiffs respond that lifting the seal will compound the harm to which

they have already been subjected through HHS’s release of the exclusion notices. Pls.’ Opp’n at

2-3.




                                                     6
        The fact that a document was accessible to the public prior to being sealed “may weigh in

favor of subsequent access.”2 Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 318; see also In re Nat’l Broad. Co., 653

F.2d 609, 614 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Consideration of this factor assumes that the public availability

of the sealed documents hinges on whether or not there is a sealing order in place. But this

assumption does not apply in the instant matter: the notices became publicly available through

the OIG after they were initially sealed in this matter in April 2008, and they remain publicly

available. Defs.’ Mot. at 2. Consistent with what this court determines to be the rationale behind

treating prior access as favoring unsealing – that it is less harmful to release a document that was

once public than to release one that has never been made publicly accessible – this factor weighs

in favor of unsealing. See, e.g., Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d at 1409-10 (holding that the

lack of previous public access to documents “goes to the appropriateness of sealing those

documents); In re Application of N.Y. Times Co., 575 F. Supp. 2d 83, 93 (D.D.C. 2008) (holding

that the fact that “critical information is in the public forum . . . weighs in favor” of unsealing).



2
        Although the Supreme Court has held that “[t]he presence of an alternative means of public
        access tips the scales in favor of denying release,” Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435 U.S.
        589, 606 (1978) (holding that a seal on audiotapes of President Nixon’s voice was proper where
        the Presidential Recordings Act provided procedures for public use of the tapes), the D.C. Circuit
        has consistently interpreted prior public access to weigh in favor of unsealing, see Equal
        Employment Opportunity Comm’n v. Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d 1406, 1409-10 (D.C.
        Cir. 1996) (holding that “[t]he lack of previous public access to documents . . . goes to the
        appropriateness of sealing those documents”); United States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 293, 318-19
        (D.C. Cir. 1980) (holding that because documents at issue had not yet been released, there was
        “no previous access to weigh in favor of access . . . granted through [an] unsealing order”);
        United States ex rel. Schweitzer v. Oce, 577 F. Supp. 2d 169, 173 (D.D.C. 2008) (holding that “to
        the extent certain sealed materials are already in the public domain, this factor favors unsealing
        those materials”); McConnell v. Fed. Elections Comm’n, 251 F. Supp. 2d 919, 936 (D.D.C.
        2003) (holding that documents warranted less protection under the Hubbard analysis where they
        had been released in advertisements seven years prior to the litigation). As explained below, the
        balance of the Hubbard factors would still tip in favor of unsealing even if this factor militated
        against it.

                                                    7
                                3. Party’s Objection to Disclosure

       The third Hubbard factor considers whether a party objects to disclosure of the

documents at issue and the identity of the party making that objection. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at

319. The plaintiffs wish to keep the record sealed, Pls.’ Opp’n at 2, and the fact that a party

objects to unsealing the record weighs in that party’s favor in the Hubbard analysis, see Nat’l

Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d at 1410 (holding that the only Hubbard factor that supported the

defendant’s position in favor of sealing the record was the fact that the defendant objected to

disclosure of a document).

                         4. Strength of Property and Privacy Interests

       The fourth Hubbard factor concerns the property and privacy interests of the party

objecting to disclosure. Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 320. The plaintiffs argue that the notices of

exclusion contain “highly inflammatory and unsupported statements” that would cause them

irreparable harm.3 Pls.’ Opp’n at 3. They add that the seal is appropriate because the record

contains “confidential and sensitive information, including descriptions of settlement

negotiations between the plaintiffs and defendants and correspondence regarding plaintiffs’

exclusions between third parties, including Purdue Pharma L.P. and defendants.” Id. They

further assert that the nature of the exclusion that appears in the notices of exclusion is different

than the exclusion that the administrative law judge ultimately imposed.4 Id. Moreover, the


3
       The sentence from the exclusion notices that the plaintiffs take most umbrage with is one
       claiming that they were responsible for “losses to federal health care programs” as well as for
       “personal injuries and deaths.” Pls.’ Mot., Exs. A-3, B-3, C-3.

4
       While the notices of exclusion indicated that the plaintiffs would be barred for twenty years from
       federal health care programs, the administrative law judge reduced that term to fifteen years. See
       Pls.’ Opp’n at 3.

                                                   8
plaintiffs argue that this matter should remain sealed while they exhaust their administrative

remedies and then seek review in this court, so as to avoid any adverse impacts should this court

overturn a negative ruling in the administrative proceeding. Id. at 4. Lastly, the plaintiffs argue

that retaining the seal will not prejudice the government. Id. The defendants respond that the

argument regarding prejudice to the government is inapposite: the presumption, the defendants

note, is in favor of open judicial proceedings. Defs.’ Reply at 2.

        The Hubbard court addressed this factor by examining the objecting party’s privacy

interest in the particular documents, see Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 320 (noting there was a strong

privacy interest in documents that were seized from a private area in a church), rather than the

effect that unsealing the documents would have on the party’s property and privacy interests

generally, which is an alternative interpretation of this factor, see Greater Se. Cmty. Hosp. Corp.,

789 F. Supp. 2d at 430 (noting that a hospital and its employee both had a privacy interest in

proceedings involving peer review documents because disclosure of the documents would affect

the plaintiff’s reputation).

        In the memorandum opinion granting the defendants’ motion to dismiss, the court already

considered the effect that the release of the notices of exclusion would have on the plaintiffs’

privacy interests, concluding that the plaintiffs’ predictions of reputational harm did not entitle

them to the relief they sought, see Mem. Op. (Dec. 5, 2008) at 12-13. More specifically, the

court recognized that “there is ‘no significant loss of reputation . . . inflicted by procedural

irregularities’ when the damage can be ‘fully corrected by an administrative determination

requiring the agency to conform to the applicable regulations.’” Id. at 13 (quoting Sampson v.

Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 91 (1974)).


                                                   9
       Moreover, the plaintiffs have failed to point to specific documents, other than the notices

of exclusion, that they claim warrant protection, instead making broad reference to “confidential

and sensitive information.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 3. The court declines to sift through the record to

attempt to divine the portions to which the plaintiffs are referring. And while the plaintiffs note

that certain documents in the record should remain sealed because they represent correspondence

involving third parties, none of these parties have filed a motion objecting to disclosure. See In

re Sealed Case, 237 F.3d at 664 (quoting Hubbard, 650 F.3d at 311) (noting that “a third party

may attempt to ‘maintain the confidentiality’ of materials that are under the control of a court in a

pending case by filing a motion initiating a distinct ancillary proceeding”). In sum, the plaintiffs’

privacy and property interests will not be irreparably harmed by unsealing the record in this

matter: they still have the opportunity to prevail in the administrative proceeding and have their

notices of exclusion withdrawn. For these reasons, the fourth Hubbard factor weighs in favor of

unsealing.

                 5. Possibility of Prejudice to the Party Opposing Disclosure

       The fifth Hubbard factor considers whether disclosure of the documents will lead to

prejudice in future litigation to the party seeking the seal. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 320-21.

“[S]ensational disclosure” that will cause a party prejudice in later proceedings goes to the

appropriateness of sealing. Id. at 320-21. The plaintiffs have not claimed that unsealing this

matter would affect them in any future litigation; rather, they refer only to generalized

reputational harm. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 4. Therefore, this factor does not weigh strongly in favor

of either maintaining the seal or unsealing the case.




                                                 10
                   6. Purposes for Which the Documents Were Introduced

       The sixth consideration in the Hubbard analysis concerns the purposes for which the

documents were introduced. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 321-22. If the documents were obtained

through discovery, for example, they are afforded a stronger presumption of privacy, as those

materials typically are not publicly accessible. See Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d at 1411.

On the other hand, if the documents sought to be sealed are entered as evidence during a trial,

there is a strong presumption against sealing because a “trial is a public event” and “[w]hat

transpires in the court room is public property.” In re Nat’l Broad. Co., 653 F.2d at 614

(alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Mitchell, 551 F.2d 1252, 1261 (D.C. Cir. 1976),

rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589 (1976). The

documents specifically referred to in the plaintiffs’ opposition were attached as exhibits to their

motion for a preliminary injunction. See Pls.’ Mot. for Prelim. Inj., Exs. A-3, B-3, C-3. The

court denied the motion for a preliminary injunction when it granted the defendants’ motion to

dismiss. See generally Mem. Op. (Dec. 5, 2008). In their motion to seal, filed concurrently with

their motion for preliminary injunction, the plaintiffs asked the court to seal the case only until

the court ruled on the preliminary injunction motion. See Pls.’ Mot to Seal at 6. Given that the

plaintiffs introduced those documents to support their motion for preliminary injunction, and

sought to seal those documents only through that motion’s disposition, this factor weighs in favor

of unsealing the case.

       On balance, the Hubbard factors weigh in favor of unsealing this case. Indeed, the only

factor that supports maintaining the seal is the fact that the plaintiffs object to unsealing. As a

result, the court grants the defendants’ motion to unseal.


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                                     IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, this court grants the defendants’ motion to unseal the docket.

An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued

this 7th day of December, 2009.



                                                            RICARDO M. URBINA
                                                           United States District Judge




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