                                                                  FILED BY CLERK
                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS                OCT 22 2009
                                 STATE OF ARIZONA
                                                                     COURT OF APPEALS
                                   DIVISION TWO                        DIVISION TWO


GROSVENOR HOLDINGS, L.C., an                  )
Arizona limited liability company;            )
K. HOVANIAN GREAT WESTERN                     )
HOMES, L.L.C., an Arizona limited             )
liability company; and TOUSA HOMES,           )
INC., dba ENGLE HOMES, a Florida              )       2 CA-SA 2009-0050
corporation,                                  )       DEPARTMENT A
                                              )
                               Petitioners,   )       OPINION
                                              )
                     v.                       )
                                              )
HON. GILBERTO V. FIGUEROA, Judge              )
of the Superior Court of the State of         )
Arizona, in and for the County of Pinal,      )
                                              )
                              Respondent,     )
                                              )
                    and                       )
                                              )
PINAL COUNTY, a political subdivision         )
of the State of Arizona,                      )
                                              )
                   Real Party in Interest.    )
                                              )


                           SPECIAL ACTION PROCEEDING

                          Pinal County Cause No. CV2008-03988

                 JURISDICTION ACCEPTED; RELIEF GRANTED
Fennemore Craig, P.C.
 By Douglas C. Northup and Scott J. Shelley                                         Phoenix
                                                                     Attorneys for Petitioner

Kutak Rock, LLP
 By Michael W. Sillyman                                                           Scottsdale
                                                         Attorneys for Real Party in Interest


E S P I N O S A, Presiding Judge.


¶1            In this special action, petitioners Grosvenor Holdings, L.C., K. Hovnanian

Great Western Homes, L.L.C., and Tousa Homes, Inc., dba Engle Homes (petitioners)

challenge the respondent judge’s order denying their motion for partial summary judgment

in the underlying action against Pinal County (the County) and remanding this matter to the

Pinal County Board of Supervisors (the Board) for further proceedings consistent with the

Administrative Review Act (the ARA), A.R.S. §§ 12-901 through 12-914. For the reasons

stated below, we accept jurisdiction to answer the following question: Can a county subject

its disputes under a contract to judicial review pursuant to the ARA by a term of the contract

if the ARA would not otherwise apply?

                   FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2            In 2000, petitioner Grosvenor purchased 453 acres of land in the County,

planning to develop the property as a residential project called Entrada del Oro. On June 25,




                                              2
2003, Grosvenor and the County entered into a development agreement (the Agreement),1

establishing permitted uses for the property, density and intensity of use requirements,

parameters regarding construction and installation of infrastructure, and a development

schedule, providing for phased construction. The Agreement states that, unless otherwise

specified, “no surcharge, development or impact fees, or impositions of any kind whatsoever

for water, sewer, utilities, transportation systems, public services or any other infrastructure

cost or expense shall be chargeable to Developer in any phase of the construction of the

development of the Property.” Additionally, paragraph three of the Agreement grants to

Grosvenor “the right to implement in phases [a] Development Plan under the terms and

conditions of the Development Plan and this Agreement for an initial period of five (5) years,

unless terminated sooner as set forth below.” That paragraph further provides that Grosvenor

“may request an extension of the term of this Agreement for one additional five (5) year

period, which extension shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed by the

County.”

¶3            With respect to the resolution of disputes between the parties, paragraph

twenty-one of the Agreement entitled “ADMINISTRATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

PROCESS” states: “Any dispute between Developer and County arising from the failure

of either party to comply with material terms and conditions of the Development Plan or this

Agreement after an impasse has been reached, shall be resolved by a review hearing by the

       1
      Section 11-1101(A), A.R.S., authorizes counties to “enter into development
agreements relating to property located outside the incorporated area of a city or town.”

                                               3
Board.” After providing specific procedures and time limits for review by the Board, the

paragraph further states:

              The Board’s decision shall be subject to appeal and judicial
              review in the Superior Court of the State of Arizona in and for
              Pinal County pursuant to [the ARA] . . . . The Board and any
              judicial tribunal shall take into consideration, the purposes and
              goals of the Development Plan and this Agreement, the cost and
              expense incurred by Developer, the need and timeliness of the
              specific requested action and the fundamental purposes of
              A.R.S. § 11-1101, et seq. This dispute process is limited to
              disputes relating to either party’s material failure to comply with
              the terms and conditions of this Agreement and the
              Development Plan, as they may be amended from time to time.

¶4            Petitioners contend that by May 2006, significant infrastructure had been

constructed and petitioners K. Hovnanian and Engle had purchased lots within Entrada del

Oro and had begun construction. In April 2008, petitioners requested a five-year extension

of the Agreement pursuant to paragraph three. It is undisputed that, during a meeting on June

11, 2008, the Board denied petitioners’ request on the ground that the County wished to

assess impact fees on the project in order to increase revenue. Petitioners did not receive

notice of the Board meeting, but on June 26, 2008, the County sent a letter by electronic mail

to petitioners telling them the Agreement had expired the day before and the County would

begin assessing impact fees in connection with all future building permits issued in

connection with the Entrada del Oro project.

¶5            Petitioners sent a letter to the County protesting its decision and requesting a

review hearing pursuant to paragraph twenty-one of the Agreement. During a meeting held



                                               4
on September 17, which Grosvenor attended, the Board orally denied petitioners’ request for

an extension of the Agreement and authorized charging petitioners $8,964 per building

permit in impact fees. On December 9, 2008, petitioners filed a complaint against the County

in Pinal County Superior Court seeking a declaratory judgment that they were not required

to pay the additional fee for the building permit. The complaint alleged two counts of breach

of contract, for which petitioners sought injunctive relief and specific performance; asserted

a claim based on promissory estoppel; and alleged the County had violated A.R.S. § 11-1102,

for which they sought injunctive relief. Petitioners sought damages for all claims as well as

attorney fees and costs. On December 15, counsel for the County sent a letter to petitioners’

counsel, together with the Board’s findings of fact regarding its denial of petitioners’ request

for an extension. In that letter, the County conceded that, “[t]hrough what appears to be an

administrative and procedural oversight, your clients may not have received, in written form,

the [Board’s] final decision and findings of fact . . . .” The letter further stated that the

County regarded the petitioners’ complaint as their notice of review pursuant to the ARA.

See § 12-904(A) (action to review final administrative decision commenced by filing

complaint); § 12-904(B) (party seeking review required to file notice of action with office

of administrative hearing or agency that conducted hearing within ten days after filing

complaint).

¶6             Petitioners filed a motion for partial summary judgment, seeking the superior

court’s determination that the ARA does not apply to their lawsuit for a variety of reasons and



                                              5
that the court was not limited to reviewing for an abuse of discretion the Board’s denial of its

request to renew the Agreement. Petitioners asserted the ARA does not apply because:

(1) review under the ARA is not the exclusive means provided by the Agreement for

reviewing the Board’s decision, but even if it were, the County did not comply with the terms

of the Agreement in issuing its decision; and (2) if paragraph twenty-one does provide that

review pursuant to the ARA is the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review, the provision

is unenforceable because (a) the ARA does not apply to decisions by the Board and therefore

the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to address the complaint pursuant to the ARA, and

(b) enforcement of the provision would violate petitioners’ due process rights.            The

respondent judge denied petitioners’ motion for partial summary judgment. He found

paragraph twenty-one of the Agreement unambiguously requires disputes to be resolved by

the Board after the Board conducts a review hearing. The respondent also found paragraph

twenty-one “sets forth that, with certain qualifiers, ‘the Board’s decision shall be subject to

appeal and judicial review in the Superior Court . . . .’ pursuant to [the ARA].”

¶7             Relying on Airport Properties v. Maricopa County, 195 Ariz. 89, 985 P.2d 574

(App. 1999), the respondent judge found the language in the Agreement “must be read, in

context, to mean that no appeal must be taken, but if an appeal is taken, it will be, pursuant

to ARS § 12-901, processed under the [ARA] in the Superior Court.” And, agreeing with the

County, the respondent concluded “the County may voluntarily submit to Administrative

Review of its decisions, as authorized by ARS § 11-251(21) and ARS § 11-1101(1); see



                                               6
Boyce v. City of Scottsdale, 157 Ariz. 265, 756 P.2d 934 (App. 1988).”       The respondent

found the parties had agreed any appeal would be pursuant to the ARA but found, too, that

there was no final administrative order to review pursuant to the ARA, because it did not

appear a hearing had been conducted consistent with the Agreement or that a final ruling had

been rendered, as contemplated by the ARA. See § 12-901(2). The respondent stated he

could not determine whether the parties had, in fact, complied with the provisions of

paragraph twenty-one because certain factual matters remained unclear. He remanded the

matter to the Board so that procedures consistent with paragraph twenty-one could be

conducted and a final order entered. Presumably, the respondent judge believed he had the

authority to remand the matter under § 12-910(E), which gives the superior court the authority

to “affirm, reverse, modify or vacate and remand the agency action,” and § 12-911(A)(6),

which empowers the superior court to “[s]pecify questions or matters requiring further hearing

or proceedings and give other proper instructions.” This petition for special action relief

followed.

                          SPECIAL ACTION JURISDICTION

¶8             This court generally will not accept jurisdiction to review an order denying a

motion for summary judgment. Callan v. Bernini, 213 Ariz. 257, ¶ 2, 141 P.3d 737, 738

(App. 2006). “There are, however, exceptions to that rule. One such exception is when ‘the

question presented is a pure issue of law and the error by the trial court is patent.’” Id.,

quoting King v. Superior Court, 138 Ariz. 147, 150 n.3, 673 P.2d 787, 790 n.3 (1983). The



                                              7
interpretation of paragraph twenty-one and the interpretation and application of the ARA are

purely questions of law. See Rand v. Porsche Fin. Servs., 216 Ariz. 424, ¶ 37, 167 P.3d 111,

121 (App. 2007) (interpretation of contract question of law); In re Reymundo F., 217 Ariz.

588, ¶ 5, 177 P.3d 330, 332 (App. 2008) (“interpretation of statutes and rules are questions

of law”). This court may accept special action jurisdiction to determine a question of law

before the case proceeds to trial in order to avoid the “unnecessary expenditure of time and

money,” ChartOne Inc. v. Bernini, 207 Ariz. 162, ¶¶ 8, 10, 83 P.3d 1103, 1106-07 (App.

2004), and “promote[] judicial economy and efficient use of the parties’ and the court’s

resources.” Ruesga v. Kindred Nursing Ctrs. W., L.L.C., 215 Ariz. 589, ¶ 16, 161 P.3d 1253,

1258 (App. 2008); see also Callan, 213 Ariz. 257, ¶ 3, 141 P.3d 737, 738 (App. 2006)

(accepting special action jurisdiction and finding no reason to allow “case to proceed to trial

only to have us hold on appeal that the respondent judge had no jurisdiction to conduct that

trial”). Furthermore, we will accept jurisdiction of a special action when the trial court is

“threatening to proceed without subject matter jurisdiction in excess of its authority.” Kadera

v. Superior Court, 187 Ariz. 557, 559, 931 P.2d 1067, 1069 (App. 1996); see also Ariz. R. P.

Spec. Actions 3(b).

                                       DISCUSSION

¶9             The first issue we must decide is whether the respondent judge erred when he

implicitly found that paragraph twenty-one provides for review pursuant to the ARA as the

exclusive means by which either party may obtain judicial review of the Board’s resolution



                                              8
of the dispute between petitioners and the County, thereby barring the parties from filing a de

novo complaint for breach of contract and related claims.2 As we noted previously, the

interpretation of a contract is a question of law, which this court reviews de novo. Rand, 216

Ariz. 424, ¶ 37, 167 P.3d at 121. “A general principle of contract law is that when parties

bind themselves by a lawful contract, the terms of which are clear and unambiguous, a court

must give effect to the contract as written.” Grubb & Ellis Mgmt. Serv., Inc. v. 407417 B.C.,

L.L.C., 213 Ariz. 83, ¶ 12, 138 P.3d 1210, 1213 (App. 2006). The purpose of contract

interpretation is to determine the parties’ intent and enforce that intent. Taylor v. State Farm

Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 175 Ariz. 148, 152, 854 P.2d 1134, 1138 (1993). In order to determine

what the parties intended, we first consider the plain meaning of the words in the context of

the contract as a whole. United Cal. Bank Inc. v. Prudential Ins. Co., 140 Ariz. 238, 259, 681

P.2d 390, 411 (App. 1983). “‘Where the intent of the parties is expressed in clear and

unambiguous language, there is no need or room for construction or interpretation and a court

may not resort thereto.’” Mining Inv. Group, L.L.C. v. Roberts, 217 Ariz. 635, ¶ 16, 177 P.3d

1207, 1211 (App. 2008), quoting Goodman v. Newzona Inv. Co., 101 Ariz. 470, 472, 421 P.2d

318, 320 (1966). Further, whether a contract is reasonably susceptible to more than one

interpretation is a question of law, which we review de novo. In re Estate of Lamparella, 210

Ariz. 246, ¶ 21, 109 P.3d 959, 963 (App. 2005); see also Liberty Ins. Underwriters, Inc. v.


        2
        Although the respondent did not expressly find petitioners could only appeal the
Board’s decision pursuant to the ARA, as explained more thoroughly below, the respondent
did so implicitly, based on the order in its entirety and the manner in which it processed the
complaint.

                                               9
Weitz Co., L.L.C., 215 Ariz. 80, ¶ 8, 158 P.3d 209, 212 (App. 2007) (“If the contractual

language is clear, we will afford it its plain and ordinary meaning and apply it as written.”).

¶10            Paragraph twenty-one is the only provision in the Agreement that pertains to

dispute resolution. It prescribes a specific process for resolving all disputes in the event the

parties reach an “impasse,” and requires the Board to issue findings of fact after conducting

a review hearing. Paragraph twenty-one also states, clearly and unambiguously: “The

Board’s decision shall be subject to appeal and judicial review in the Superior Court of the

State of Arizona in and for Pinal County pursuant to [the ARA] . . . .” Thus, it clearly

purports to bar any other means of dispute resolution relating to an alleged breach of the

contract, including the filing of an original complaint in the superior court, as petitioners did

here.3 Therefore, we now turn to the question whether the ARA applies on its face to

decisions by the Board, limiting the superior court’s jurisdiction only to that permitted by the

ARA.    See § 12-910(E) (superior court reviews decision by administrative agency to

determine whether it was illegal, arbitrary, capricious, or involved abuse of discretion); see

also Koepnick v. Ariz. State Land Dep’t, 221 Ariz. 370, ¶ 7, 212 P.3d 62, 66 (App. 2009).




        3
        Even assuming as true petitioners’ contention that the provision was not intended to
provide the exclusive means of obtaining judicial review, the result here would be the same.
As discussed below, the County and petitioner Grosvenor simply could not agree even as one
option that the County’s final decision could be appealed pursuant to the ARA. Nothing in
the respondent’s minute entry suggests he believed petitioners could file a de novo complaint
in superior court as well as appeal the Board’s decision. And from the fact that the
respondent remanded the matter to the Board, we infer the respondent, like the County,
construed the petitioners’ complaint as a request for review pursuant to the ARA.

                                               10
¶11            “When construing a statute, we must ‘determine and give effect to legislative

intent.’” Ariz. Dep’t of Admin. v. Cox, 222 Ariz. 270, ¶ 8, 213 P.3d 707, 710 (App. 2009),

quoting City of Phoenix v. Phoenix Employment Relations Bd., 207 Ariz. 337, ¶ 11, 86 P.3d

917, 920 (App. 2004). “We look first to the plain language of the statute because that is the

best indicator of legislative intent. If the meaning of the language is clear, we do not employ

any further methods of construction.” Id. (citations omitted). Like the interpretation of

statutes generally, the interpretation of the ARA is a question of law, which we review de

novo. See Bolser Enters. Inc. v. Ariz. Registrar of Contractors, 213 Ariz. 110, ¶ 12, 139 P.3d

1286, 1288 (App. 2006) (“the interpretation of statutory requirements governing judicial

review of administrative decisions [under the ARA] is a question of law”).

¶12            The ARA provides for judicial review in the superior court of “a final decision

of an administrative agency.” § 12-902(A)(1); see also Bolser Enters., Inc., 213 Ariz. 110,

¶ 13, 139 P.3d at 1288 (ARA “grants the superior court jurisdiction to review a ‘final

administrative decision’”). The ARA excludes from the definition of “administrative agency”

any “political subdivision or municipal corporation or any agency of a political subdivision

or municipal corporation.” § 12-901(1). Petitioners contend the County is a municipal

corporation for purposes of the ARA and by its terms, therefore, the ARA does not apply to

its decisions. And, petitioners argue, the ARA cannot be made applicable by agreement,

because that is tantamount to conferring jurisdiction upon the superior court that it does not

have. The County concedes the Board is “excluded from the mandatory application of” the



                                              11
ARA because it is a political subdivision. But, the County insists, “this exclusion does not

prohibit the Board from voluntarily subjecting its decisions to judicial review.” Relying on

A.R.S. §§ 11-251.21, 11-1202.I, the County asserts that “the Board is statutorily authorized

to establish the terms under which it will transact business, including, but not limited to,

providing for the judicial review of specific Board decisions.”

¶13             “Subject matter jurisdiction is ‘the power of a court to hear and determine a

controversy.’” State v. Bryant, 219 Ariz. 514, ¶ 14, 200 P.3d 1011, 1014 (App. 2008),

quoting Marks v. LaBerge, 146 Ariz. 12, 15, 703 P.2d 559, 562 (App. 1985); see also State

ex rel. Milstead v. Melvin, 140 Ariz. 402, 404, 682 P.2d 407, 410 (1984) (“Subject matter

jurisdiction means the power to hear and determine a general class of cases to which a

particular proceeding belongs.”). “The jurisdiction of the superior court is conferred upon it

by the state constitution and statutes.” Schoenberger v. Bd. of Adjustment of the City of

Phoenix, 124 Ariz. 528, 530, 606 P.2d 18, 20 (1980); see also Ariz. Const. art. VI, § 14

(specifying scope of superior court’s jurisdiction, which includes in subsection (11), “such

other jurisdiction as may be provided by law”); A.R.S. §§ 12-121 through 12-136

(establishing county superior courts and proscribing such courts’ authority and jurisdiction).

Similarly, “the right to appeal exists only by force of statute . . . .” Cordova v. City of Tucson,

15 Ariz. App. 469, 470, 489 P.2d 727, 728 (1971). The superior court is Arizona’s trial court

of general jurisdiction. See Ariz. Const. art. VI, § 14; Marvin Johnson, P.C. v. Myers, 184

Ariz. 98, 100, 907 P.2d 67, 69 (1995); State v. Marks, 186 Ariz. 139, 142, 920 P.2d 19, 22



                                                12
(App. 1996).     In § 12-905(A), the legislature expressly vested in the superior court

“jurisdiction to review final administrative decisions . . . .” The superior court’s jurisdiction

pursuant to the ARA “exists only by force of statute and is limited by the terms of the statute.”

Guminski v. Ariz. St. Veterinary Med. Examining Bd., 201 Ariz. 180, ¶ 8, 33 P.3d 514, 516

(App. 2001). As Division One of this court stated in Rose v. Arizona Department of

Corrections, 167 Ariz. 116, 118, 804 P.2d 845, 847 (App. 1991), “[j]udicial review of an

administrative decision is not a matter of right except in those situations in which the law

authorizes review.”

¶14            Petitioners contend “there can be no review under the [ARA] unless [it] or

some other statute specifically authorizes review. And, where no such statutory authorization

exists, a court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to proceed under the [ARA].” There is no such

authority here, they assert, therefore, the respondent judge erred in processing the complaint

pursuant to the ARA, notwithstanding the portion of paragraph twenty-one purporting to

authorize the superior court to do so. Consequently, petitioners contend, that portion of the

Agreement is unenforceable. We agree.

¶15            As we previously stated, the County concedes it is not an administrative agency

for purposes of the ARA. Counties are political subdivisions of the state. See Dowling v.

Stapley, 218 Ariz. 80, ¶ 11, 179 P.3d 960, 964-65 (App. 2008); see also Sackey v. Cochise

County Merit Comm’n, 122 Ariz. 586, 588, 596 P.2d 724, 726 (App. 1979) (“The merit

commission is an agency of the county and therefore not an ‘agency’ as defined in the



                                               13
[ARA].”) (citation omitted). The County and petitioners are both correct, therefore, that

neither the County nor its governing body, the Board, is covered by the mandatory provisions

of the statute. The County contends that, nevertheless, paragraph twenty-one is valid and

enforceable because the County can, by agreement, confer jurisdiction upon the superior court

to review a board’s decision pursuant to the ARA, and they did so here. The County insists

there is statutory and case law support for its argument.

¶16             Nothing in the ARA states or suggests that parties to a contract can agree to its

application and confer jurisdiction on the superior court when the ARA is otherwise

inapplicable.   On the contrary, the statute’s applicability provision, § 12-902, and its

definitions section, § 12-901, clearly and unambiguously limit the scope of the ARA’s

application. The legislature has made clear that the ARA applies to final decisions of an

administrative agency only, § 12-902(A), and that the terms “administrative agency” or

“agency” do “not include an agency in the judicial or legislative departments of the state

government, any political subdivision or municipal corporation or any agency of a political

subdivision or municipal corporation.” § 12-901(1). Had the legislature intended to include

within the ARA’s purview decisions by boards otherwise excluded by the definition of

administrative agency, it could have done so. And, had it intended to permit excluded entities

to render the ARA applicable by agreement, it could have done so as well.

¶17             Indeed, when the legislature has wanted to make a decision by a county board

of supervisors subject to judicial review pursuant to the ARA it has enacted express



                                               14
legislation. For example, A.R.S. § 11-1006 authorizes a board of supervisors to establish a

civil penalty for violations of an animal statute or ordinance and to appoint hearing officers

to hear such cases. The hearing officer is required to conduct a hearing to determine whether

there has been a violation, § 11-1006(B), and the hearing officer’s final decision is “subject

to judicial review under” the ARA, § 11-1006(D). Similarly, A.R.S. § 11-808 authorizes a

county to establish penalties for the violation of a zoning regulation or ordinance,

§ 11-808(D), and to appoint a hearing officer to conduct hearings regarding such violations,

§ 11-808(E), (F). The hearing officer’s decision may be reviewed by the board of supervisors,

and a final decision by the board is subject to review pursuant to the ARA. A.R.S. § 11-

808(G); see also A.R.S. § 11-356(D) (providing for superior court’s review pursuant to ARA

of decision by county employee merit system to dismiss, suspend, or reduce in rank an officer

or employee in the classified civil service).

¶18            The respondent judge concluded that his review of the Board’s decision under

the ARA was authorized by § 11-251(21) and § 11-1101(10). Section 11-251, on which the

County also relies, prescribes generally the powers and duties of a county’s board of

supervisors. See also State ex rel. Pickrell v. Downey, 102 Ariz. 360, 363, 430 P.2d 122, 125.

(1967) (county “board of supervisors possesses only such power as is expressly conferred by

statute, or is necessarily implied therefrom”). Section 11-251(21) provides that “under such

limitations and restrictions as are prescribed by law, [a county] may . . . [m]ake and enforce

necessary rules and regulations for the government of its body, the preservation of order and



                                                15
the transaction of business.” But a development agreement is not a rule or regulation. And

nothing in this subsection expressly authorizes the County to enter into a development

agreement with a party who also does not fall within the purview of the ARA and provide for

judicial review of the Board’s resolution of a dispute between the County and the other party

pursuant to the ARA.

¶19            Nor does § 11-1101(B)(10) authorize the County to agree that judicial review

of the Board’s decision under these circumstances shall be pursuant to the ARA. Section

11-1101 pertains generally to a county’s authority to enter into a development agreement.

Subsection (B) of the statute lists what the agreement “may specify or otherwise relate to”;

subsection (B)(10) allows the county to include in such agreements “[a]ny other matters

relating to the development of the property.” But it does not provide the County may control

application of the ARA.

¶20            The County’s reliance on A.R.S. § 11-1202(I) is similarly misplaced. Section

11-1202(A) authorizes the county to “provide by ordinance or resolution the requirements for

a development to be a phased development.” And subsection (I) of the statute provides, “[a]

protected development right is subject to the terms and conditions imposed by the county on

the protected development right plan approval.” Again, none of these provisions even

mentions the ARA, and nothing in them permits a county to enter into a contract that purports

to give the superior court jurisdiction under the ARA to review disputes resolved by a board

in accordance with the terms of that contract.



                                             16
¶21            Thus, there is no statutory authority supporting the portion of paragraph

twenty-one that provides for judicial review of the Board’s decision pursuant to the ARA.

Absent such authority, the County and Grosvenor could not agree to confer such jurisdiction

on the superior court. Parties cannot, by agreement or consent, confer subject matter

jurisdiction on a court where it would not otherwise exist. See Kadera, 187 Ariz. at 562, 931

P.2d at 1072; Solomon v. Findley, 165 Ariz. 45, 46, 796 P.2d 477, 478 (App. 1990); cf. In re

1988 Chevrolet 1/2 PU, 186 Ariz. 419, 421, 924 P.2d 109, 111 (App. 1996) (appellate courts

have only such jurisdiction as legislature grants, and parties cannot confer jurisdiction by

consent), overruled on other grounds by In re Prop. at 6757 S. Burcham Ave., 204 Ariz. 401,

¶¶ 3-6, 64 P.3d 844-45 (App. 2003). Nor can parties limit the court’s jurisdiction, which is

the effect of the respondent judge’s consideration of petitioners’ complaint as nothing more

than a request for review under the ARA rather than a de novo complaint. See Simpson v.

Superior Court, 87 Ariz. 350, 357, 361 P.2d 179, 184 (1960) (parties neither can confer nor

restrict superior court’s jurisdiction); cf. Arizona Downs v. Turf Paradise, Inc, 140 Ariz. 438,

443, 682 P.2d 443, 448 (App. 1984) (parties may not, by contract, deprive regulatory body of

its authority to regulate matters within its jurisdiction).

¶22            We find equally misplaced the respondent judge’s reliance on Boyce v. City of

Scottsdale, 157 Ariz. 265, 756 P.2d 934 (App. 1988). That case stands, in part, for the

proposition that the ARA does not apply to a decision by a city board of adjustment because

it is a municipal corporation and expressly exempt from the purview of the ARA. 157 Ariz.



                                               17
at 269, 756 P.2d at 938. Moreover, the special action review by the superior court in that case

was provided in and governed by A.R.S. § 9-462.06(J). Id. And the issue presented to

Division One of this court was whether the City of Scottsdale Board of Adjustment had the

authority to enact a rule that would permit the board to reconsider or rehear its previous

decision, which affected the timeliness of the appellant’s special complaint in the superior

court. Id. at 266, 756 P.2d at 935. We fail to see how Boyce supports the respondent’s order.

¶23            Nor has the County persuaded us that R.L. Augustine Construction Co. Inc. v.

Peoria Unified School Dist. No. 11, 188 Ariz. 368, 936 P.2d 554 (1997), and Ayala v. Hill,

136 Ariz. 88, 664 P.2d 238 (App. 1983), support its position. Neither case stands for the

proposition that, although the County is statutorily exempt from the ARA, it nevertheless

could consent to the superior court’s review of a decision by the Board pursuant to the ARA.

¶24            In R.L. Augustine, the trial court had dismissed the complaint filed by R.L.

Augustine Construction Company in superior court against the Governing Board of the Peoria

Unified School District, seeking judicial review pursuant to the ARA of a decision by the

Governing Board and the subsequent review by a hearing officer appointed by the Governing

Board. The dispute related to delays in construction of an administration center. 188 Ariz.

at 369, 936 P.2d at 555. The complaint also sought “a declaration that the Board of

Education’s procurement rules were unconstitutional because one of the parties to the

contract, the Governing Board, as owner, also acted as the final agency decision maker.” Id.

The trial court dismissed the complaint on the ground that R.L. Augustine had failed to seek



                                              18
a rehearing pursuant to the Arizona Administrative Code (AAC) R7-2-1182, the Board of

Education’s procurement rules, which the Board had promulgated pursuant to A.R.S.

§ 15-213(A). Id. at 369-70, 936 P.2d at 555-56. The court of appeals reversed, holding that

the procurement rules were unconstitutional and that the ARA did not apply to school

districts. Id.

¶25              Vacating the court of appeals decision, the supreme court also reversed the trial

court’s ruling, finding, as had the court of appeals, that the ARA did not apply. Id. at 371, 936

P.2d at 557. The supreme court remanded the case to the trial court for a de novo review of

the claims R.L. Augustine had raised in its complaint. Id. As the supreme court noted, the

Board of Education’s procurement rules were required to be consistent with Arizona’s

Procurement Code, §§ 41-2501 through 41-2637. Id. at 370, 936 P.2d at 556. But they

differed in significant respects. First, the Board of Education’s rules provided the same two-

tiered system of review as the Procurement Code but with one important distinction: the

initial decision and final decision were by the same entities, the Governing Board of the

School District, also a party to the contract.        Id.   Second, the Board of Education’s

procurement rules did not provide for judicial review of the Governing Board’s decision

pursuant to the ARA, whereas the Procurement Code does. Id. at 371, 936 P.2d at 557; see

A.R.S. § 41-2614.

¶26              The County relies on that portion of R.L. Augustine in which the supreme court

stated: “Had the Board [of Education] adopted a rule for judicial review, the Administrative



                                                19
Review Act would have applied even though the school district is not an administrative

agency within the meaning of [the ARA] . . . .” 188 Ariz. at 371, 936 P.2d at 557. The

County seems to suggest that, because it can promulgate rules or regulations rendering the

ARA applicable, it can also consent to application of the ARA in a contract. But as

petitioners point out, the supreme court explained further in the same portion of its decision

that the ARA could have applied “because A.R.S. § 15-213(A) confers power on the Board

[of Education] to adopt rules consistent with the Procurement Code, [A.R.S. § 41-2614]

which itself provides for judicial review pursuant to the Administrative Review Act.” Id. The

supreme court also noted that, had the Board of Education promulgated a rule making itself,

rather than the Governing Board of the School District, “the final administrative decision

maker, then the Board of Education, as an administrative agency, would come within the

express scope of A.R.S. § 12-902(A).” Id. But here, the County, through its Board, is the

final arbiter of disputes; the County has not promulgated a rule rendering the ARA applicable,

and more importantly, it has not enacted a rule that is supported by and implicates a statute

that expressly gives the superior court subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to the ARA.

¶27            Nor are we persuaded that Ayala furthers the County’s cause. In Ayala

Division One of this court noted that a rule promulgated by the Maricopa County Law

Enforcement Officers Merit System Council provided that the Council’s decision would be

“subject only to administrative review” under the ARA. 136 Ariz. at 92, 664 P.2d at 242. But

the court did not address whether the Council could enact such a rule in the absence of a



                                             20
statute authorizing application of the ARA. “[T]he sole issue on appeal [from the superior

court’s denial of Ayala’s request for special action relief in superior court was] whether the

Maricopa County Law Enforcement Officers Merit System Commission . . . [could] rehear

and redecide a disciplinary action previously ruled upon by the commission, absent statutory

authority or an express rule permitting it do so.” Id. at 89, 664 P.2d at 239. We note,

moreover, as petitioners did in their reply, that the rule in Ayala that subjected a decision of

the Commission to review pursuant to the ARA has since been amended, eliminating any

reference to the ARA and providing instead that review shall be by a writ of certiorari in the

superior court pursuant to A.R.S. § 38-1004(A).

¶28            We conclude that the portion of paragraph twenty-one providing for judicial

review by the superior court pursuant to the ARA of the Board’s resolution of disputes

between the County and petitioner Grosvenor is void.4 The respondent judge regarded his

jurisdiction of the complaint as emanating from and limited to that provided by the ARA. See

Madsen v. Fendler, 128 Ariz. 462, 466, 626 P.2d 1094, 1098 (1981) (“Judicial review of

administrative actions is a limited review and relates only to issues, questions, or parties open

to review under the [ARA].”) (citations omitted).          The respondent, like the County,

presumably treated the complaint as petitioners’ request and notice for review pursuant to the



        4
        We acknowledge the County’s argument that the Agreement was reached after
negotiations in an arms-length transaction between “sophisticated parties.” The provision
is void nevertheless. We note the Agreement contains a severability provision and the void
portion of paragraph twenty-one arguably is severable from the remaining provisions of the
Agreement.

                                               21
ARA. See § 12-904. Accordingly, consistent with §§ 12-910(E) and 12-911(A)(6),5 the

respondent judge remanded the matter to the Board for further proceedings. In doing so, the

respondent judge acted without and in excess of his jurisdiction and is threatening to continue

to do so. See Ariz. R. P. Spec. Actions 3(b). We therefore grant petitioners’ request for

special action relief and vacate the respondent judge’s order denying petitioners’ motion for

partial summary judgment and direct the respondent to enter such orders as he deems

appropriate that are consistent with this decision and to conduct further proceedings, which

include the processing of petitioners’ complaint as a de novo complaint in superior court. See

R.L. Augustine Const., Inc., 188 Ariz. at 371, 936 P.2d at 557. We expressly do not address

the remaining claims petitioners raise in their special action petition.




                                                PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Presiding Judge

CONCURRING:




J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge




PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Judge



        5
        Section 12-910(E) gives the superior court the authority to “affirm, reverse, modify
or vacate and remand the agency action.” And § 12-911(A)(6) gives the court the power to
“[s]pecify questions or matters requiring further hearing or proceedings and give other proper
instructions.”

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