    Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
    Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
    303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, e-mail
    corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.



             THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

NAUTILUS MARINE ENTERPRISES, )
INC.,                        )
                             )                        Supreme Court No. S-14736
              Appellant,     )
                             )                        Superior Court No. 3AN-07-10901 CI
                             )                        and 3AN-09-07869 CI (Consolidated)
      v.                     )
                             )                        OPINION
EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION and )
EXXON SHIPPING COMPANY,      )
                             )                        No. 6942 - August 22, 2014
              Appellees.     )
                             )

            Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
            Judicial District, Anchorage, Sen K. Tan, Judge.

            Appearances: Charles W. Coe, Law Office of Charles W.
            Coe, Anchorage, for Appellant. John Clough III, Clough &
            Associates, P.C., Auke Bay, and Carla J. Christofferson and
            Dawn Sesito, O’Melveny & Myers LLP, Los Angeles,
            California, for Appellee Exxon Mobil Corporation.
            Douglas J. Serdahely and Barat LaPorte, Patton Boggs LLP,
            Anchorage, for Appellees Exxon Mobil Corporation and
            Exxon Shipping Company.

            Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Stowers, Maassen, and Bolger,
            Justices. [Winfree, Justice, not participating.]

            MAASSEN, Justice.
I.     INTRODUCTION
              The superior court issued a declaratory judgment interpreting a settlement
agreement between Nautilus Marine Enterprises (Nautilus) and Exxon,1 then decided that
Exxon was the prevailing party. Nautilus appeals the ensuing awards of attorney fees and
costs as excessive. It focuses particularly on the out-of-state hourly billing rates that the
superior court accepted, the number of hours billed, and the court’s imposition of a fee
enhancement and sanction. Nautilus also contests the court’s determination of prevailing
party status, its award of costs, and its failure to apportion fees and costs. We reverse and
remand for the superior court to recalculate the attorney fees award based on Alaska rates
and for apportionment of fees and costs; we affirm on all other issues.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              Exxon entered into a settlement agreement in 2006 with Nautilus and Cook
Inlet Processing, resolving a lawsuit related to the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The
settlement agreement reserved the question of the rate of prejudgment interest for the
federal district court. U.S. District Judge H. Russel Holland ruled that interest should be
10.5% compounded annually, but the Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that Judge Holland
had erroneously failed to consider extrinsic evidence of whether the parties had agreed
to compound interest.
              In 2009, Exxon filed a complaint against Nautilus and Cook Inlet Processing
in Alaska state court, and further federal proceedings were stayed pending resolution of
the state case. Exxon’s complaint asked that the superior court either reform the
settlement agreement to comply with what Exxon alleged to be the parties’ intent (that


       1
              Exxon Mobil Corporation and Exxon Shipping Company were both parties
to the settlement agreement and the lawsuit. We refer to them collectively as “Exxon”
throughout this opinion.

                                             -2-                                       6942
interest not be compounded) or issue a declaratory judgment that the contract did not
require compound interest. Exxon was represented by lawyers from two law firms: the
Anchorage office of Patton Boggs LLP and the Los Angeles office of O’Melveny &
Myers LLP.
              Cook Inlet Processing settled with Exxon in early fall 2010.2 A three-day
trial of the remaining claims took place in November 2011. After trial the superior court
found that the settlement agreement did not require Exxon to pay compound interest in
all circumstances; instead, it found, “the parties intended that Judge Holland of the U.S.
District Court determine both the correct rate of interest and the method of computing that
interest under federal or state law.” The court also found that Exxon was the prevailing
party and addressed alleged misconduct by Nautilus’s president, Thomas Waterer.
              During his deposition, Waterer had refreshed his memory by reviewing
personal telephone logs. Exxon hired a forensic expert who concluded that the logs had
been altered by the addition of references to compound interest and the excision of several
pages covering the period of the settlement negotiations. Exxon filed a motion shortly
before trial alleging spoliation of evidence; the court deferred a ruling until after trial.
The court then denied the spoliation motion on grounds that Waterer’s testimony had not
proven to be relevant anyway,3 but it found that Waterer had “intentionally altered his
notebooks to support [Nautilus’s] position,” justifying sanctions.


       2
             The exact date of the settlement is unclear from the record. Counsel for
Nautilus was aware by September 17, 2010, that Cook Inlet Processing was settling with
Exxon, but Exxon’s billing records show that the settlement was still being finalized in
early October.
       3
             See Estate of Day v. Willis, 897 P.2d 78, 81 (Alaska 1995) (“An action
based on the tort of spoliation is meritless unless it can be shown that a party’s
underlying cause of action has been prejudiced by the spoliation.”).

                                            -3-                                       6942

              Exxon moved for attorney fees and submitted a cost bill. The court began
its analysis under Alaska Civil Rule 82(b)(2) with the standard 30% of reasonable actual
fees for a case that goes to trial and does not result in a money judgment; it then adjusted
this amount upward by 5% in order to account for the time Exxon’s attorneys had spent
responding to Waterer’s bad-faith conduct. The court found that Exxon’s retention of
O’Melveny & Myers was reasonable, and it awarded fees for that firm’s work based on
its Los Angeles billing rates. The total attorney fees awarded were $725,873. The court
also awarded 60% of the fees of Exxon’s forensic expert as a sanction under Civil
Rule 37.
              The clerk of court approved the cost bill in April 2012, including costs for
computer research, copying, travel, and depositions. Nautilus moved for superior court
review, which resulted in the apportionment of some of the deposition and travel costs to
Cook Inlet Processing. The court entered a revised final judgment on October 12, 2012,
incorporating its findings on the settlement agreement, its award of attorney fees, and its
award of costs. We affirmed the merits of the court’s underlying decision on Nautilus’s
appeal.4 This second appeal involves the remaining issues of attorney fees and costs.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              We review for abuse of discretion both the determination of prevailing party
status and the award of attorney fees.5 “An award constitutes an abuse of discretion only




         4
              Nautilus Marine Enters., Inc. v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 305 P.3d 309 (Alaska
2013).
         5
           Wooten v. Hinton, 202 P.3d 1148, 1151 (Alaska 2009) (citing Olivit v. City
& Borough of Juneau, 171 P.3d 1137, 1142 (Alaska 2007)).

                                            -4-                                       6942
when it is manifestly unreasonable.”6 But “[i]f the award of attorney’s fees requires
interpretation of Alaska Civil Rule 82, we perform an independent review.”7 We also
review for abuse of discretion the superior court’s award of costs8 and the imposition of
sanctions for discovery violations.9
IV.	   DISCUSSION 10
       A.	   An Award Of Attorney Fees Under Rule 82 Should Be Based On Local
             Rates Absent Extraordinary Circumstances.
             Nautilus contends that the superior court abused its discretion because its
award of fees was based in part on billings of O’Melveny & Myers, Exxon’s Los Angeles
lawyers, at hourly rates significantly higher than those prevailing in Anchorage.11 We



       6
             Thorstenson v. ARCO Alaska, Inc., 780 P.2d 371, 376 (Alaska 1989) (citing
Haskins v. Shelden, 558 P.2d 487, 495 (Alaska 1976)).
       7	
              Alderman v. Iditarod Props., Inc., 32 P.3d 373, 380 (Alaska 2001).
       8	
              Kaps Transp., Inc. v. Henry, 572 P.2d 72, 77 (Alaska 1977).
       9
            Khalsa v. Chose, 261 P.3d 367, 372 (Alaska 2011) (citing Underwriters at
Lloyd’s London v. The Narrows, 846 P.2d 118, 119 (Alaska 1993)).
       10
              The first issue Nautilus raises is the superior court’s determination that
Exxon was the prevailing party. But Nautilus challenged this finding in its earlier appeal
of the merits, in which we held that the superior court did not err in its prevailing party
determination. Nautilus Marine Enters., Inc. v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 305 P.3d 309, 320
(Alaska 2013). We decline to consider the issue again.
       11
              For example, two of Exxon’s Los Angeles-based lawyers billed at hourly
rates of $795 and $730, whereas two of its Anchorage-based lawyers with similar
experience and responsibility billed at hourly rates of $375 and $325. In discussing the
contrast in regional rates, the superior court made note of the higher “cost of doing
business and the overhead in Los Angeles.” Nautilus does not dispute that the California
lawyers’ rates were reasonable for the Los Angeles market, and for purposes of our
discussion we assume that they were.

                                           -5-	                                      6942

have not yet addressed the issue of whether fee awards can be based on out-of-state
billing rates that are out of sync with Alaska’s market. Nautilus urges us to adopt what
it calls the “locality” or “forum” rule: that “the trial court is required to award fees based
on market rates in the community in which it sits, i.e., where the action is brought.”
Nautilus contends that unless competent local counsel are unavailable, it is unfair to
subject the non-prevailing party to a higher fee award simply because the prevailing party
elected to look outside the state for representation. We find merit in Nautilus’s argument.
              Civil Rule 82(b)(2) requires that an award of fees be based on “the
prevailing party’s reasonable actual attorney’s fees which were necessarily incurred.” As
the superior court correctly observed, this court has never expressly “deal[t] with the issue
of locality in setting reasonable hourly rates” for purposes of a Rule 82 award. The
superior court cited Ihler v. Chisholm 12 for the proposition that there are essentially two
different tests for setting reasonable rates in cases involving out-of-state counsel: (1) the
test urged by Nautilus here, which looks to the “fees customarily charged in the locality
of the case” unless in-forum counsel was unavailable,13 and (2) “a less stringent test of
‘reasonableness,’ ” which asks only whether the choice of out-of-state counsel was




        12
               995 P.2d 439, 446 (Mont. 2000).
        13
               See, e.g., Barjon v. Dalton, 132 F.3d 496, 501 (9th Cir. 1997) (attorney fee
award based on local counsel’s rates was reasonable where plaintiffs failed to show local
counsel was unavailable); Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1405 (9th Cir. 1992)
(out-of-forum rates may be used where local counsel is unavailable); Davis v. Hollins
Law, ___ F. Supp.2d ___, 2014 WL 2619651, at *5 (E.D. Cal. 2014) (citing Barjon, 132
F.3d at 500); In re South Dakota Microsoft Antitrust Litigation, 707 N.W.2d 85, 104
(S.D. 2005) (placing the burden on the plaintiffs to show “a good faith effort was made
to hire local . . . counsel, and that no qualified counsel was available”).

                                             -6-                                        6942

reasonable under the circumstances.14 The Montana Supreme Court in Ihler held that the
“reasonableness” test best reflected both the language of the relevant fee statute15 and “the
primary concern in an attorney fee case[, which] is that the fee awarded be reasonable.”16
The superior court here reached the same conclusion.
              As the superior court also recognized, we observed in Valdez Fisheries
Development Association v. Froines17 that fixing an hourly rate for purposes of a Rule 82
award may be aided by reference to Alaska Rule of Professional Conduct 1.5, which lists
“[t]he factors to be considered in determining the reasonableness of a fee.” One of the
eight listed factors is “the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal




       14
               See, e.g., Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v. Cnty. of
Albany Bd. of Elections, 522 F.3d 182, 191 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that a party wishing
to use a higher out-of-district rate must show that the retention of an out-of-district
attorney was reasonable under the circumstances); Rum Creek Coal Sales, Inc. v.
Caperton, 31 F.3d 169, 175 (4th Cir. 1994) (“In circumstances where it is reasonable to
retain attorneys from other communities . . . the rates in those communities may also be
considered.”); Chrapliwy v. Uniroyal, Inc., 670 F.2d 760, 769 (7th Cir. 1982) (holding
that the relevant inquiry is the reasonableness of the choice of out-of-forum counsel, but
questioning the reasonableness of that choice where there was “reason to believe that
services of equal quality were readily available at a lower charge”); Standard Theatres,
Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Transp., Div. of Highways, 349 N.W.2d 661, 669 (Wis. 1984)
(holding that statute providing “reasonable attorneys fees” did not require local counsel,
but only that choice of counsel was reasonable).
       15
             Ihler was a class action civil rights suit brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by
patients against state mental health facilities, and fees were governed by 42 U.S.C.
§ 1988. Ihler, 995 P.2d at 442-44. “Under § 1988, a district court may ‘allow the
prevailing party . . . a reasonable attorney’s fee.’ ” (emphasis added in Ihler).
       16
               Id. (quoting Hadix v. Johnson, 65 F.3d 532, 535 (6th Cir. 1995)).
       17
               217 P.3d 830, 833-34 (Alaska 2009).

                                             -7-                                       6942

services.”18 We noted in Valdez Fisheries that “[w]e have never adopted Professional
Conduct Rule 1.5 as the test for calculating attorney’s fee awards,”19 as it and Rule 82
have different purposes: “The purpose of Rule 82 is to partially compensate a prevailing
party for the expenses incurred in winning a case,”20 whereas “the purpose of Professional
Conduct Rule 1.5 . . . is to aid attorneys in determining an appropriate rate to charge their
clients.”21 But we recognized that when the list of factors in Rule 1.5 does “have a place




       18
             Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(a)(3). The eight “factors to be considered in
determining the reasonableness of a fee” under Professional Conduct Rule 1.5(a) are:
               (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of
               the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the
               legal service properly; (2) the likelihood[] that the acceptance
               of the particular employment will preclude other employment
               by the lawyer; (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality
               for similar legal services; (4) the amount involved and the
               results obtained; (5) the time limitations imposed by the client
               or by the circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the
               professional relationship with the client; (7) the experience,
               reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing
               the services; and (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.
              The same eight factors are listed in the “near-identical parallel” Alaska Bar
Rule 35(a), which we have also recognized “may be helpful to assess the reasonableness
of counsel’s requested hourly rate.” Valdez Fisheries, 217 P.3d at 833 n.17.
       19
               Valdez Fisheries, 217 P.3d at 833-34.
       20
             David S. v. Jared H., 308 P.3d 862, 874 (Alaska 2013) (citing Tobeluk v.
Lind, 589 P.2d 873, 876 (Alaska 1979)).
       21
               Valdez Fisheries, 217 P.3d at 834.

                                             -8-                                       6942

in a court’s calculation of reasonable actual fees, it is most likely in determining whether
the hourly rate charged is reasonable.”22
              In evaluating Exxon’s fee request, the superior court in this case began by
observing that Exxon would not be entitled to an award based on the higher out-of-state
rates “[h]ad the test been whether in-forum counsel was available, . . . as it is clear that
Alaska counsel was more than adequate to the task of litigating a matter of contract
interpretation or reformation of a contract.” The superior court then summarized Exxon’s
rationale for employing out-of-state counsel:
              Although Patton Boggs[, Exxon’s local counsel,] was
              involved in the Valdez litigation, O’Melveny was the lead
              counsel in the underlying Exxon Valdez litigation for over
              twenty years. O’Melveny was litigation counsel in the
              underlying case with [Nautilus] as well. It was also Mr.
              [John] Daum[, an O’Melveny lawyer,] who was the lead in
              negotiation of the settlement with [Nautilus] and in dealing
              with [Nautilus’s lead negotiator]. Given the circumstances
              and the history of this case, it was reasonable for Exxon to
              continue the same association and to have retained O’Melveny
              to litigate this case.
In essence, applying a reasonableness test, the superior court found that Exxon’s retention
of Los Angeles counsel was justified based on one factor in the Rule 1.5(a) list of eight
factors — “the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client” — and
that the out-of-state rates could therefore be used as the basis for an award of fees under
Rule 82.
              We conclude that this was error. Parties are free to choose the lawyers who
will represent them and to enter into any fee agreements consistent with the law of



       22
              Id.



                                            -9-                                       6942

contracts and the rules of professional responsibility. But as for the partial reimbursement
of fees under Rule 82, we hold that “the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar
legal services”23 is the basis on which awards should ordinarily be calculated, and an
award based on out-of-state rates should be made only in extraordinary circumstances.24
Especially since attorney fee awards are a usual part of any judgment in Alaska, the
prospect of having to pay a Rule 82 award based on fees well in excess of those that
would have been billed by in-state lawyers may deter Alaskans from seeking redress in
the courts for their bona fide disputes.25 An extraordinary circumstance that may justify
departure from this general rule is the one suggested by Nautilus here: that counsel with
the necessary expertise, or the necessary willingness to take the case, is not locally
available.26
               Extraordinary circumstances are not apparent in this case. As explained by
the superior court, the circumstances that justified Exxon’s retention of O’Melveny &


        23
               Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(a)(3).
        24
                See Bywaters v. United States, 670 F.3d 1221, 1233 (Fed. Cir. 2012)
(“[W]hen plaintiffs elect to retain counsel who are located outside the forum in a
jurisdiction that charges higher rates than the forum rates . . . [,] the forum rate applies
absent some unusual justification for departing from it.”); Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens
Neighborhood Ass’n v. Cnty. of Albany & Albany Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 522 F.3d 182,
183-84 (2d Cir. 2008) (holding that the prevailing hourly rate in the district where the
court sits is the “presumptively reasonable fee,” but the court may adjust this hourly rate
“to account for other case-specific variables”).
        25
              See Bozarth v. Atl. Richfield Oil Co., 833 P.2d 2, 4 n.3 (Alaska 1992)
(recognizing that the “costs of litigation” in Alaska may “have increased to such an
extent that the prospect of having to pay Rule 82 fees deters a broad spectrum of our
populace from the voluntary use of our courts”).
        26
           See Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1405 (9th Cir. 1992); In re South
Dakota Microsoft Antitrust Litigation, 707 N.W.2d 85, 104 (S.D. 2005).

                                            -10-                                      6942

Myers for the litigation with Nautilus were that “O’Melveny was the lead counsel in the
underlying Exxon Valdez litigation for over twenty years”; “O’Melveny was litigation
counsel in the underlying case with [Nautilus] as well”; and it was O’Melveny & Myers
lawyer “Mr. Daum who was the lead in negotiation of the settlement with [Nautilus] and
in dealing with [Nautilus’s lead negotiator].” But as the superior court also found, the
issues in this case were the general ones of contract interpretation and reformation. It is
not apparent that O’Melveny & Myers’s involvement in the underlying Exxon Valdez
litigation was important enough to the issues in this case that it necessitated going outside
the Alaska legal market. To the extent such experience mattered, Exxon’s local counsel
had it as well; Douglas Serdahely of Patton Boggs had a leadership position for the same
client in the same underlying litigation. And the role of O’Melveny lawyer John Daum
as lead negotiator in the settlement negotiations with Nautilus made him more obviously
a witness in the trial of this case — as he was — than a preferred choice for counsel when
it came to litigating the settlement.27 In fact, it appears that Daum billed no time to this
case after its initial stages; a departure from the locality rule cannot be justified by
Exxon’s desire to retain an out-of-state lawyer who ultimately did no significant work on
the case as counsel.
              In sum, we conclude that, on the facts as found by the superior court, no
extraordinary circumstances — such as the unavailability of competent and willing local
counsel — exist to justify a departure from the locality rule. We remand this issue to the




       27
             See Alaska R. Prof. Conduct Rule 3.7 (setting out limited circumstances in
which a lawyer may “act as an advocate at a trial in which the lawyer is likely to be a
necessary witness”).

                                            -11-                                       6942
superior court for a recalculation of the attorney fees award based on “the fee customarily
charged in the locality for similar legal services.”28
       B.	    The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Deciding That The
              Hours Billed By Exxon’s Attorneys Were Reasonable.
              In addition to challenging their hourly rates, Nautilus argues that the number
of hours billed by Exxon’s attorneys was excessive because it included misspent,
misreported, and duplicative time. Civil Rule 82(b)(2) provides that the attorney fees on
which an award is based must be both reasonable and necessarily incurred. “[T]he
[superior] court’s assessment of fees . . . begins with the prevailing party’s actual fees, but
it does not end there. The reasonableness of the actual number of hours billed . . . must
be separately evaluated by the court.”29 “Hours billed for activities that are not reasonably
intended to advance the litigation, or hours billed for completing a task in excess of those
that ought to be required to complete it, are not reasonably incurred.”30 The trial court has
broad discretion in this area.31
              Nautilus contends that Exxon’s attorneys billed far more time to the case
than its own attorneys did and argues that the superior court should have taken this




        28	
               Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 1.5(a)(3).
        29	
               Valdez Fisheries Dev. Ass’n v. Froines,, 217 P.3d 830, 834 Alaska 2009).
        30
             Id. at 833; see also Demoski v. New, 737 P.2d 780, 787 (Alaska 1987)
(affirming a reduction in fees where the trial court found that an attorney had
overcharged, that billings were duplicative, that much of the fees related to a claim
against another party, and that counsel’s failure to follow the civil rules generated
excessive costs).
        31
               Valdez Fisheries, 217 P.3d at 833.

                                             -12-	                                       6942

disparity as proof that Exxon’s fees were unreasonable.32 “A large discrepancy between
the fees incurred by each side may be evidence of unreasonableness, but it is not
conclusive.”33 This is because “[t]he burdens assumed by opposite sides of litigation are
not necessarily equal, and it is a judgment call as to whether such a discrepancy reflects
over-preparation and over-billing by one set of attorneys, or under-preparation and under-
billing by the other set of attorneys.”34 In Gamble v. Northstore Partnership, we held that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding attorney fees to be reasonable even
though they were double the amount billed by the other side.35 We noted the substantial
discovery practice, the five-day trial, and the fact that the trial court had reviewed
itemized billing statements and “was personally aware of the quality and quantity of the
[attorneys’] work.”36 The superior court in this case did not directly address the
discrepancy in fees. It did have access to attorneys’ itemized billing statements, as in
Gamble; and it was “left with the impression that Exxon’s attorneys . . . thoroughly
investigated, researched, and followed up on every lead.” It further found that Exxon’s
attorneys “produced high quality products and were always prepared for hearings and at



       32
             Nautilus claims that Exxon’s fees were approximately five times its own
fees; but the part of the record Nautilus cites provides no indication of the fees it
incurred.
       33
             N. Pac. Processors, Inc. v. City & Borough of Yakutat, Alaska, 113 P.3d
575, 589 (Alaska 2005) (citing Gamble v. Northstore P’ship, 28 P.3d 286, 289 (Alaska
2001)).
       34
               Gamble, 28 P.3d at 290; see also Kenai Lumber Co., Inc. v. LeResche, 646
P.2d 215, 222 (Alaska 1982) (holding that a discrepancy in the parties’ attorney fees did
not by itself demonstrate that the higher fees were unreasonable).
       35
              28 P.3d at 289-90.
       36
              Id. at 290.

                                           -13-                                      6942

trial.” It observed that this was “not the more economical or frugal style of litigation, but
a well-funded effort” that led to success, and that “[i]t is hard to determine after the fact
what contributed to the success and what might not have mattered.” The court took some
reassurance from the fact that Exxon, as “a large corporation,” had in-house counsel
monitoring the reasonableness of the litigation expenses as they were incurred. It
concluded that the number of hours billed by Exxon’s attorneys, “although on the high
side, [fell] within the range of reasonable.” This is just the sort of analysis that the trial
court is “uniquely suited” to make because of its “greater knowledge of the case,”37 and
we do not see an abuse of discretion.
              Nautilus also argues that the number of attorneys who worked on Exxon’s
case was excessive, noting that 15 of them billed time to the case, that there were several
lawyers at every deposition, at trial, and working on the same motions, and that they
billed for team meetings and conference calls. The superior court acknowledged that “it
could be argued that there is a certain redundancy to the efforts,” but it also observed that
“it is often advantageous to have more than one attorney present, to assist, to consult, and
to monitor the progress of the deposition or trial.” Here again, “[i]t is . . . for the trial
judge to determine . . . whether too many attorneys were employed,”38 and we see no
abuse of discretion in the superior court’s conclusion that the number was not
unreasonable.
              Nautilus argues further that the fees are excessive in part because Exxon’s
California lawyers had to learn about Alaska law and procedure. Nautilus cites Exxon’s


        37
                Valdez Fisheries Dev. Ass’n v. Froines, 217 P.3d 830, 833 (Alaska 2009).
        38
               Integrated Res. Equity Corp. v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough, 799 P.2d 295,
304 (Alaska 1990). See also Valdez Fisheries, 217 P.3d at 833 (argument that prevailing
party “seeks payment for two attorneys’ presence at trial, when one would have
sufficed,” is left to the trial court’s discretion).

                                             -14-                                       6942

itemized billings, highlighting in particular the time spent researching and drafting the
reformation complaint and researching spoliation. But these records do not show that
Exxon’s lawyers had to spend additional time on these issues because they were from
outside the state. Nautilus also provides no clear support for its contention that Exxon’s
counsel carried out redundant research on issues such as contract interpretation that had
already been researched exhaustively in the federal case.
              Finally, Nautilus argues that Exxon failed to prove that all the time listed
was in fact billable. Noting that much time during the day is lost due to breaks and
interruptions, Nautilus asserts that “[a] ten hour day should not yield a bill for 10 hours
of billable time except in limited situations such as trial or extended depositions.” But
one of Exxon’s attorneys submitted an affidavit specifically controverting this argument,
stating that “O’Melveny[’s] attorneys are well aware of the difference between billable
time and the actual number of hours that an attorney spends in the office; personal time
was not billed to Exxon and accordingly was not included in the billing summary
submitted in support of Exxon’s motion.” We cannot say that the superior court abused
its discretion when it accepted this assurance that the submitted billings were prepared
conscientiously and in good faith.
       C.	    The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Enhanced
              Attorney Fees And Awarded Expert Fees As A Sanction.
              In its order on attorney fees, the superior court took into account Waterer’s
alteration of his telephone logs and his testimonial reliance on those alterations. The court
increased attorney fees by 5% to compensate Exxon for the time spent addressing this
misconduct, raising the award from the presumptively reasonable 30% to 35% of actual
reasonable attorney fees. It also awarded Exxon 60% of the expert witness fees charged




                                            -15-	                                      6942

by its forensic expert as a sanction under Civil Rule 37(c)(1).39 Nautilus challenges these
awards on several grounds, but none of them has merit.
              Nautilus first argues that the superior court erred in enhancing fees absent
a finding of bad faith or vexatiousness.40 But the superior court did find bad faith, and it
did so explicitly: “Mr. Waterer’s actions do amount to bad faith.” Nautilus’s claim that
“[t]he court did not find that there was bad faith or vexatious conduct in this case” is flatly
contradicted by the court’s order.
              Second, Nautilus argues that the court’s enhancement of both attorney fees
and expert witness fees constitutes a “double sanction” or “double dipping.” But the
misconduct at issue required Exxon to incur both additional attorney time and the expense
of a forensic expert; it was not an abuse of discretion for the court to compensate Exxon
for both additional costs. Civil Rule 37(c)(1) explicitly contemplates this, authorizing
sanctions “[i]n addition to requiring payment of reasonable expenses, including attorney’s
fees, caused by the failure [to disclose].”
              Third, Nautilus argues that the court should not have awarded enhanced fees
and expert costs after having found that Waterer’s deposition testimony was not relevant


        39
              Alaska Administrative Rule 7(c) generally limits the recovery of expert
witness costs to “the time when the expert is employed and testifying,” not to exceed
$150.00 per hour. But Alaska Civil Rule 37(c)(1) allows the court to impose
“appropriate sanctions” in addition to attorney fees and other “reasonable expenses”
caused by a party’s failure to disclose information without substantial justification or its
false or misleading disclosure of information during discovery.
        40
             Alaska Civil Rule 82(b)(3)(F) and (G) allows the court to vary a fee award
based on “the reasonableness of the claims and defenses pursued by each side” and
“vexatious or bad faith conduct.” See also Johnson v. Johnson, 239 P.3d 393, 400
(Alaska 2010) (holding that “enhanced fees may be awarded under any of the
subparagraphs of Rule 82(b)(3)”).



                                              -16-                                       6942

to its decision of the case and that therefore no spoliation occurred. But there is no
question that Waterer’s evidence was relevant for purposes of discovery; it was simply
not relevant to the court’s final decision because Waterer was not a primary negotiator of
the settlement agreement, and that is what ultimately mattered. This does not mean that
Waterer’s bad faith during discovery cannot be sanctioned. The superior court was right
to expect the parties to act honestly in discovery regardless of whether their evidence
would prove to be necessary to the judgment. The court did not abuse its discretion by
enhancing both attorney fees and expert costs because of Waterer’s misconduct.
       D.	    It Was An Abuse Of Discretion Not To Apportion Fees And Costs
              Between Nautilus And Cook Inlet Processing.
              Nautilus argues that the superior court abused its discretion when it failed
to apportion attorney fees and costs between Nautilus and Cook Inlet Processing for work
that related to both. The superior court did exclude billing entries related only to Cook
Inlet Processing, but it declined to exclude entries for work that clearly involved both
defendants, such as “[w]here there is discovery that applies to both.”41 The effect of the
superior court’s order, thus, is to make Nautilus solely responsible for the attorney fees
and costs that Exxon incurred in pursuing its claims against both Nautilus and Cook Inlet
Processing.
              Exxon counters that some apportionment occurred indirectly, in that Exxon,
and the superior court, excluded $366,429.50 in block-billing (that is, billing entries that
do not specify the time taken for each listed task but only give a total) where the entries
included work related only to Cook Inlet Processing.42 But excluding the time that is


       41
              Apparently Cook Inlet Processing responded to discovery on behalf of both
defendants.
       42
              This number is derived from an Exxon attorney’s affidavit, stating that the
                                                                          (continued...)

                                            -17-	                                     6942
clearly devoted to one defendant, no matter how rigorously done, will not accomplish the
goal of apportioning the time devoted to both defendants — time that in this case included
such major efforts as drafting the complaint and summary judgment pleadings.
              In Thorstenson v. ARCO Alaska, Inc., we held that it was an abuse of
discretion for the superior court to allocate 75% of the defendant’s fees to its case against
the one plaintiff who stayed with the case through trial, where the superior court found
that the defendant would still have incurred 75% of its attorney fees had it litigated
against just one plaintiff all along.43 We held that “[t]o charge the last remaining plaintiff
with a grossly disproportionate share of a defendant’s attorney fees . . . creates perverse
incentives.”44 Instead, “[e]ach plaintiff should be charged with his proportional share of
fees incurred prior to the resolution of his claim.”45
              In Cizek v. Concerned Citizens of Eagle River Valley, Inc., we clarified that
Thorstenson “did not hold that attorney’s fees must always be equally apportioned, but
rather that a remaining party may not be asked to bear an unreasonably heavier burden
of the cost of litigation than a party who chooses to settle.”46 The superior court in Cizek
had apportioned 15% more in fees against the Cizeks than against their co-defendant, who




       42
        (...continued)
billings submitted to the court excluded block-billing totaling over $350,000, and the
superior court’s subtraction of another $16,429.50 based on Nautilus’s objections.
        43
               780 P.2d 371, 376-77 (Alaska 1989).
        44
               Id. at 377.
        45
               Id.
        46
             71 P.3d 845, 853 (Alaska 2003) (emphasis added) (citing Thorstenson, 780
P.2d at 376-77).

                                             -18-                                       6942

had settled before trial.47 We found no abuse of discretion, however, as the superior court
had made specific findings that justified an unequal apportionment.48 These findings
included the facts that the settling co-defendant had made only small “active efforts” in
the litigation and that “ ‘the bulk of active litigation efforts’ were directed against the
Cizeks.”49
              Exxon makes a number of arguments why an unequal apportionment is
appropriate in this case, but we do not find them persuasive. First, Exxon argues that fees
need not be apportioned if they would still have been necessary absent the other party.
Exxon asserts that “there was no indication in Thorstenson that, as in this case, nearly all
pre-settlement activity . . . would have been exactly the same even if the settling plaintiff
had never been a party to the case.” Yet in Thorstenson, contrary to Exxon’s suggestion,
the fees in dispute concerned the overlap “in the work performed in defense of each
plaintiff’s claim” — in other words, work that would have been exactly the same even if
the settling party had never been a party to the case.50 Following Thorstenson, the fact
that much of the pre-settlement fees would have been incurred even if there were only one
defendant supports apportionment between Nautilus and Cook Inlet Processing.51




       47
               Id. at 853-54.

       48
               Id.

       49
               Id. at 853.

       50
               Thorstenson, 780 P.2d at 376.
       51
             Id. See also Cizek, 71 P.3d at 853 (“The first reason for the court’s unequal
apportionment — that the Cizeks and Dike litigated as a unit against Concerned Citizens
— actually supports an equal apportionment of fees.”).



                                            -19-                                       6942

              Exxon also argues that further apportionment is not required because “[a]s
in Cizek, and in contrast to Thorstenson, the work in this case was back-loaded, occurring
after one of the defendants (here [Cook Inlet Processing]) settled.” But there is no
indication that the work in Cizek was “back-loaded”; the Cizeks’ co-defendant settled
“[i]mmediately before trial.”52 The superior court’s determination in Cizek that most of
the active litigation efforts were directed against the Cizeks refers to efforts made before
the settlement.53 Exxon does not argue here that most of its pre-settlement efforts were
directed against Nautilus. That Exxon had to expend significant efforts litigating against
Nautilus after Cook Inlet Processing settled does not mean that the pre-settlement fees
should not be apportioned.
              Exxon finally relies on Tenala, Ltd. v. Fowler54 for the proposition that “a
party can recover fees from one defendant for work relating to another defendant so long
as the work was necessary to prosecute the claims against the first defendant.” We
consider Tenala inapposite. The issue in that case was whether the attorney fees incurred
by the plaintiff in preparing a claim she later abandoned could be included in an award
against the defendant; we found no abuse of discretion in the superior court’s inclusion
of those fees. We noted that the abandoned claim was actually “an important component
of” the quiet title action in which the plaintiff ultimately prevailed and cited Gold
Bondholders Protective Council v. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Co. for the
proposition that attorney fees do not have to be apportioned “with reference to the




       52
              Cizek, 71 P.3d at 848.
       53
              See id. at 853.
       54
              993 P.2d 447 (Alaska 1999).

                                            -20­                                      6942
disposition of individual issues.”55 The question here is not whether fees should have
been apportioned by issue; they clearly were not. The question, rather, is whether fees
should have been apportioned among the non-prevailing parties so as to be roughly
proportionate to their active involvement in the case. The answer to this question is
controlled by Thorstensen and Cizek.
              Given that Exxon incurred substantial attorney fees and costs for work
against both defendants before Cook Inlet Processing settled, and that the superior court
assessed these fees against Nautilus without providing a reason for an unequal
apportionment,56 we reverse the awards of attorney fees and costs and remand to the
superior court for its further consideration of this issue.57
       F.	    Other Than The Lack Of Apportionment, The Superior Court Did Not
              Err In Its Award Of Costs.
              Nautilus contests several more specific aspects of the superior court’s award
of costs.58 Nautilus argues that Exxon provided inadequate itemization of its costs for

        55	
               Id. at 450 (quoting Gold Bondholders, 658 P.2d 776, 779 (Alaska 1983)).
        56
              Compare Thorstenson., 780 P.2d at 377 (holding that there was an abuse
of discretion where the superior court made one plaintiff responsible for the entire
overlap in fees), with James v. State, 815 P.2d 352, 360 (Alaska 1991) (holding that there
was no abuse of discretion where “appellants were made to bear less than 2% more than
their proportional share of the state’s fees”).
        57
              The superior court did apportion the cost of one deposition between the two
defendants, since it occurred before Cook Inlet Processing’s settlement and the court
found that the “deposition was for the benefit of both [Nautilus] and [Cook Inlet
Processing].” It is not apparent, however, that this same rationale was extended to the
other costs incurred prior to the settlement, and it should have been.
        58
             Exxon argues that Nautilus did not properly appeal the court’s award of
costs, thereby waiving this issue. Nautilus filed its notice of appeal on May 10, 2012,
including the assertion that “the trial court erred in its award of costs.” The appeal was
                                                                             (continued...)

                                             -21-	                                   6942

copying and computerized research. Alaska Civil Rule 79(b) requires an itemized and
verified cost bill that shows the date costs were incurred. For its copying, Exxon
provided a breakdown of costs that included date, rate, and quantity; for computerized
research costs, Exxon provided a breakdown by date. Civil Rule 79 does not require any
more detail than that.
               Nautilus also argues that the amounts spent on copying and research were
excessive. It contends that Exxon’s claim for $42,326.96 in computerized research costs
is extraordinary given that “computer data and research companies typically charge law
firms fixed monthly rates,” a factual assertion that it does not support. In Sever v. Alaska
Pulp Corp., we held that the superior court did not abuse its discretion in awarding over
$18,000 in costs for computerized research, where the appellant “failed to demonstrate
that this research was not reasonably necessary to defend against the suit.”59 In this case,
too, it was within the superior court’s discretion to award these research and copying
costs.
               Nautilus also challenges as unnecessary the costs for out-of-state counsel to
travel to depositions. Exxon sought travel costs for one attorney for each deposition, as
allowed by Civil Rule 79(g)(1)(B). While Rule 79(g)(1)(A) limits travel expenses for
non-local attorneys attending court proceedings to circumstances when local counsel are
not present, there is no correlative limitation on travel for depositions. And we have held

         58
        (...continued)
filed after the clerk had ruled on costs but before the superior court had ruled on
Nautilus’s motion for further review. But the usual remedy for a premature appeal is to
hold it in abeyance until it is timely or dismiss it and allow it to be later refiled. See
Garrison v. Dixon, 19 P.3d 1229, 1232 (Alaska 2001). Nautilus’s appeal remained
pending and became timely as to the cost issue once the superior court had ruled.
          59
               931 P.2d 354, 363 (Alaska 1996).



                                            -22-                                      6942

that an attorney’s actual travel expenses may be recovered under Civil Rule 79(b) if they
are necessarily incurred.60 We conclude that it was not an abuse of discretion for the
superior court to find that Exxon’s travel costs were recoverable.
V.    CONCLUSION
             We REVERSE the awards of attorney fees and costs and REMAND for a
recalculation of the fees award based on local rates and for the apportionment of fees and
costs. We AFFIRM on all other issues.




       60
              Atl. Richfield Co. v. State, 723 P.2d 1249, 1253 (Alaska 1986); Eagle Air,
Inc. v. Corroon & Black/Dawson & Co. of Alaska, Inc., 648 P.2d 1000, 1006-07 (Alaska
1982) (“Certainly the trial judge was in a better position than we are to determine
whether Dawson’s Washington attorneys were ‘necessary’ to the proceeding.”).



                                           -23-                                     6942
