                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 17-1480
                                Filed July 5, 2018


PAULA DAWN MCINTOSH,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

CITY OF RIVERDALE and SONYA PADDOCK,
      Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________________


      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Mark J. Smith, Judge.



      Paula McIntosh appeals the district court’s annulment of a writ of certiorari.

AFFIRMED.




      Michael J. Meloy of Meloy Law Office, Bettendorf, for appellant.

      Michael C. Walker and Paul L. Macek of Hopkins & Huebner, P.C.,

Davenport, for appellees.




      Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
                                          2


MULLINS, Judge.

       On February 6, 2017, the city council of the City of Riverdale unanimously

voted to remove Paula McIntosh from her position as city clerk “for inattention to

detail and lack of effective communication and cooperation with City Officials.” The

next day, Riverdale, by certified mail, sent a written order of removal advising

McIntosh of the council’s decision and of her right to file a request for a public

hearing before the council. See Iowa Code § 372.15 (2017). On February 13,

McIntosh requested such a public hearing.           On both February 15 and 23,

Riverdale, through counsel, advised McIntosh by letter that the public hearing

would take place at the city council meeting on March 7.1 On March 1, the minutes

of the February 21 city council meeting were published in the Quad City Times.

This publication noted the council’s approval of a motion “to schedule Public

Hearing on March 7, 2017, during regular Council Meeting pursuant to Iowa Code

372.15 Regarding The Removal of an Appointee following all business.” On March

2, Riverdale posted an agenda for the upcoming March 7 council meeting outside

of city hall which noted McIntosh’s removal would be considered at the meeting.

McIntosh ultimately attended the March 7 council meeting, in which she was

represented by counsel and she and several others spoke on her behalf, after

which the council voted unanimously to confirm the removal of McIntosh as the

city clerk.

       On April 5, McIntosh filed a petition for a writ of certiorari alleging

(1) Riverdale violated Iowa Code section 362.3 and Riverdale Municipal Code


1
  The February 15 letter advised the hearing was anticipated to occur on March 7 at the
regular council meeting. The February 23 letter confirmed the same.
                                            3


section 18.05 by failing to properly publish notice of the public removal hearing and

(2) such improper notice violated her due process rights under the Iowa

Constitution. Following the district court’s issuance of a writ of certiorari, Riverdale

moved to quash the writ. Following a hearing, the district court granted Riverdale’s

motion to quash and annulled the writ of certiorari, concluding Iowa Code section

372.15 and its counterpart in the Riverdale Municipal Code do not require notice

of a removal hearing and McIntosh’s due process rights were not violated.

       McIntosh appeals, contending the district court erred in concluding

Riverdale was not required to publish notice of the hearing and her due process

rights were not violated. We review certiorari actions and issues of statutory

interpretation for correction of errors at law. Burroughs v. City of Davenport Zoning

Bd. of Adjustment, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2018 WL 2372570, at *4 (Iowa 2018)

(certiorari); Jahnke v. Deere & Co., 912 N.W.2d 136, 141 (Iowa 2018) (statutory

interpretation). Our review of the constitutional due process claim is de novo. See

City of Des Moines v. Ogden, 909 N.W.2d 417, 422 (Iowa 2018).

       First, McIntosh argues the district court erred in concluding Riverdale was

not required to publish notice of the public hearing before the city council.

Specifically, she contends the correct statutory interpretation of Iowa Code section

372.15 and its counterpart in the municipal code2 requires formal publication of

notice of the public hearing. Her position is that the use of the term “public hearing”

in these provisions “infers” a requirement that notice of the hearing be formally

published. As such, McIntosh argues Iowa Code section 362.3 and its counterpart


2
 The municipal code provision is largely identical to the statute. See Riverdale, Iowa Mun.
Code § 5.09.
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in the municipal code3 require publication be made in accordance with those

provisions.

       Iowa Code section 372.15, which concerns “removal of appointees,”

provides the following:

       Except as otherwise provided by state or city law, all persons
       appointed to city office may be removed by the officer or body making
       the appointment, but every such removal shall be by written order.
       The order shall give the reasons, be filed in the office of the city clerk,
       and a copy shall be sent by certified mail to the person removed who,
       upon request filed with the clerk within thirty days of the date of
       mailing the copy, shall be granted a public hearing before the council
       on all issues connected with the removal. The hearing shall be held
       within thirty days of the date the request is filed, unless the person
       removed requests a later date.

(Emphasis added.)        Iowa Code section 362.3, which governs “publication of

notices,” in relevant part, states:

              1. Unless otherwise provided by state law:
              a. If notice of an election, hearing, or other official action is
       required by the city code, the notice must be published at least once,
       not less than four nor more than twenty days before the date of the
       election, hearing, or other action.
              b. A publication required by the city code must be in a
       newspaper published at least once weekly and having general
       circulation in the city. However, if the city has a population of two
       hundred or less, or in the case of ordinances and amendments to be
       published in a city in which no newspaper is published, a publication
       may be made by posting in three public places in the city which have
       been permanently designated by ordinance.

(Emphasis added.) The plain language of this section and its counterpart in the

Riverdale Municipal Code make clear that notice of a hearing is only required to

be published if such official publication is required by the city code. The question

before us is therefore whether the Riverdale Municipal Code requires notice by


3
 Again, the substance of the municipal code provision is largely the same as the statute,
but it provides additional publication specifications specific to Riverdale. See id. § 18.05.
                                                5


way of publication for a public hearing under Iowa Code section 372.15 and

Riverdale Municipal Code section 5.09.

        In interpreting a statute, “[w]e start with the often-repeated goal of statutory

interpretation which is to discover the true intention of the legislature.” Gardin v.

Long Beach Mortg. Co., 661 N.W.2d 193, 197 (Iowa 2003). The “first step in

ascertaining the true intention of the legislature is to look to the statute’s language.”

Id. “If the statute is unambiguous, we look no further than the statute’s express

language.” Kay-Decker v. Iowa State Bd. of Tax Review, 857 N.W.2d 216, 223

(Iowa 2014) (quoting Rolfe State Bank v. Gunderson, 794 N.W.2d 561, 564 (Iowa

2011)). “If, however, the statute is ambiguous, we inquire further to determine the

legislature’s intent in promulgating the statute.” Id. “A statute is ambiguous when

reasonable minds could disagree as to its meaning.” Naumann v. Iowa Prop.

Assessment Appeal Bd., 791 N.W.2d 258, 261 (Iowa 2010).

        We agree with McIntosh’s concession that “[t]here is no ambiguity here”—

the plain language contained in Iowa Code section 372.15 and Riverdale Municipal

Code section 5.09 is straightforward and clear. These provisions only require that

a “public hearing” be granted upon a request from an individual removed from city

office. The provisions do not call for notice of the hearing of any kind. If the

legislature or the drafters of the municipal code wanted to require notice by

publication under these provisions, it is clear that they certainly know how to

impose such a requirement.4 Simply stated, the plain and unambiguous language


4
 See, e.g., Iowa Code §§ 26.12 (“Notice of the hearing must be published as provided in
section 362.3 . . . .”); 26.15 (“The governmental entity shall solicit contractors by publishing
a notice as provided in section 362.3.”); 37.4 (“Notice . . . shall be given by publication . . .
as provided in section 362.3.”); 330.18 (“Notice . . . shall be given by publication . . . subject
                                               6


of these provisions calls only for a public hearing—a hearing that is open to the

public—which indisputably occurred here. Because the municipal code does not

require notice of such a hearing to be published, section 362.3 is not applicable.5

We affirm the district court’s conclusion of the same.




to section 362.3 . . . .”); 336.13(2) (allowing for a hearing “after notice of the hearing is
published as provided in . . . section 362.3”); 364.2(4) (Notice of the time and place of the
hearing shall be published as provided in section 362.3.”); 364.12(2)(a) (“Following notice
as provided in section 362.3, public ways and grounds may be vacated by ordinance.”);
368.3(2) (“Notice of the time and place of the public hearing and the proposed action shall
be published as provided in section 362.3, except that at least ten days’ notice must be
given.”); 368.15 (“A notice of the hearing . . . must be published as provided in section
362.3, except that there must be two publications in a newspaper . . . .”); 368.20(1)(a)
(requiring county commissioner to “[s]erve and publish notice . . . as provided in section
362.3”); 372.4(4) (“Notice of the time and place of the public hearing shall be published as
provided in section 362.3, except that at least ten days’ notice must be given.”); 372.9(2)
(“The notice shall be published at least twice in the manner provided in section
362.3 . . . .”); 372.13(2)(a)(2) (“If the council chooses to proceed under this paragraph, it
shall publish notice in the manner prescribed by section 362.3 . . . .”); 376.5 (“Notice
containing a copy of the ballot for each regular, special, primary, or runoff city election
must be published by the county commissioner of elections as provided in section 362.3
. . . .”); 380.7(3) (requiring city clerk to “[p]ublish a summary of all ordinances or the
complete text of ordinances and amendments in the manner provided in section 362.3”);
380.8(2)(b) (“The clerk shall publish notice of the hearing as provided in section 362.3.”);
380.10(3) (same); 384.12(19)(e) (“Notice of the election shall be published twice in
accordance with the provisions of section 362.3, except that the first such notice shall be
given at least two weeks before the election.”); 384.22(1) (“[A] city shall publish an annual
financial report as provided in section 362.3 . . . .”); 384.25(2) (requiring certain matters to
“be published as provided in section 362.3”); 384.37(18) (“‘Publication’ means public
notice given in the manner provided in section 362.3.”); 384.38(3)(a) (requiring “notice
published in accordance with section 362.3”); 384.40 (requiring notice “in the manner
provided by section 362.3”); 384.50(1) (same); 384.60(1)(e) (same); 384.83 (requiring
“notice by publication in the manner directed in section 362.3”); 386.3(4) (requiring notice
of a “meeting as provided in section 362.3”); 403.9(3)(b) (“[A] notice of the proposed action
. . . must be published as provided in section 362.3.”); 404.2(3), (6) (requiring notice of
public hearings in accordance with section 362.3); 404B.2(3) (same); 404B.3(1) (“Notice
of the hearing shall be published as provided in section 362.3.”); 414.3(4)(a) (“The notice
shall be published as provided in section 362.3.”); 414.4 (“The notice of the time and place
of the hearing shall be published as provided in section 362.3 . . . .”); Riverdale, Iowa Mun.
Code § 7.05(5) (requiring notice of annual operating budget to be “published”).
5
  We acknowledge that the city council meeting at issue involved “deliberation or action
upon . . . matter[s] within the scope of the governmental body’s policy-making duties,”
Iowa Code § 21.2(2), and, as such, the council was required to “give notice of the time,
date, and place of [such] meeting . . . and the tentative agenda of the meeting, in a manner
reasonably calculated to apprise the public of that information.” Id. § 21.4(1)(a).
                                            7


       Next, McIntosh contends Riverdale’s failure to publish notice of the hearing

violated her due process rights. Aside from our conclusion, above, that Riverdale

was not statutorily required to publish notice of the hearing, we note “[t]he central

elements of due process are notice and an opportunity to defend.” Silva v. Emp’t

Appeal Bd., 547 N.W.2d 232, 234–35 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996); accord Bennett v. City

of Redfield, 446 N.W.2d 467, 471 (Iowa 1989) (stating “if the claimant has been

afforded notice and opportunity to be heard in a name clearing hearing, no liberty

interest claim arises” and “[d]ue process requires only that the claimant be

accorded notice of the charges and opportunity to present arguments and

evidence at a public forum”).

       McIntosh was provided with adequate notice of the hearing, in which she

was represented by counsel and she and several others spoke on her behalf. We

find due process to be satisfied in this case and affirm. Cf. Bennett, 446 N.W.2d

at 470–73 (finding no liberty- or property-interest due process violation where

claimant was advised of removal in accordance with section 372.15, a timely public



        Reasonable notice shall include . . . posting the notice on a bulletin board
        or other prominent place which is easily accessible to the public and clearly
        designated for that purpose at the principal office of the body holding the
        meeting, or if no such office exists, at the building in which the meeting is
        held.
Id. Such notice must be given twenty-four hours before the commencement of the
meeting. Id. § 21.4(2)(a). Here, the council posted a notice of public hearing at city hall
on March 2, several days before the meeting. This notice provided the date, time, and
place of the meeting, and an agenda of the meeting, which included “Discussion And
Possible Action On RESOLUTION 2017-12 RESOLUTION CONFIRMING OR DENYING
THE REMOVAL OF PAULA MCINTOSH AS CLERK/TREASURER.” “If another section
of the Code requires a manner of giving specific notice of a meeting, hearing, or an intent
to take action by a governmental body, compliance with that section shall constitute
compliance with the notice requirements of” section 21.4. Id. § 21.4(4). Section 372.15
does not require a manner of giving specific notice. As such, the only notice required for
the city council meeting was that required under section 21.4, which Riverdale satisfied,
and compliance of which is not challenged by McIntosh.
                                      8


hearing was held upon the claimant’s request, and the claimant appeared at the

hearing with counsel and disputed removal).

      AFFIRMED.
