
640 N.W.2d 589 (2001)
248 Mich. App. 610
Michael McCAUL, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
MODERN TILE AND CARPET, INC. and Lake States Ins. Co., Defendants-Appellees, and
Michael McCaul d/b/a McCaul's Carpet Service, and Citizens Ins. Co., Defendants.
Docket No. 223236.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted October 9, 2001, at Grand Rapids.
Decided December 7, 2001, at 9:15 a.m.
Released for Publication February 25, 2002.
*591 Ryan, Jamieson, Morris & Ryan (by Christopher D. Morris), Kalamazoo, for the plaintiff.
Smith, Haughey, Rice & Roegge (by Lance R. Mather), Grand Rapids, for the defendants.
Before: GAGE, P.J., and JANSEN and O'CONNELL, JJ.
*590 O'CONNELL, J.
Plaintiff Michael McCaul appeals by leave granted from the October 14, 1999, order of the Worker's Compensation Appellate Commission (WCAC) affirming the magistrate's denial of disability benefits. We affirm.[1]


*592 I. Facts and Proceedings
The facts in this case are essentially undisputed. Plaintiff began his employment with defendant Modern Tile and Carpet, Inc.,[2] in 1976 performing carpet installation. Approximately seven or eight years before the trial in this matter, plaintiff created a sole proprietorship and acquired a worker's compensation insurance policy at defendant's insistence. From then on, rather than paying plaintiff directly, defendant compensated plaintiff for his services by issuing checks jointly to plaintiff and the sole proprietorship. For the most part, plaintiff's day-to-day duties with defendant did not change after the sole proprietorship was formed. However, plaintiff was required to sign a contract identifying him as an independent contractor for each job he performed for defendant. In 1996, plaintiff reported his income on an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 1099 and filed a schedule C, Profit or Loss from Business (Sole Proprietorship) return with the IRS.
In 1996, after plaintiff developed right-sided lateral epicondylitis in his right elbow, he was restricted from performing carpet installations. The parties do not dispute that plaintiff suffered a work-related disability. Plaintiff filed a petition seeking worker's compensation benefits in November 1996. During trial before the magistrate, defendant argued that because plaintiff was an independent contractor, it was not responsible for payment of worker's compensation benefits. In contrast, plaintiff asserted that because defendant controlled and supervised his activities, he was defendant's employee, and defendant was required to pay plaintiff's worker's compensation benefits.
In an opinion and order mailed January 21, 1998, the magistrate denied plaintiff's claim against defendant, concluding that plaintiff had "failed to establish an employee/employer relationship" with defendant. In reaching its conclusion, the magistrate reviewed subsection 161(1)(d)[3] of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), M.C.L. § 418.101 et seq. Specifically, the magistrate found that plaintiff was not an "employee" as defined by that provision because he maintained a sole proprietorship and held himself out as rendering services to the public. In support of its conclusion, the magistrate considered evidence showing that plaintiff actively managed his sole proprietorship, secured worker's compensation insurance, and filed the appropriate tax forms for a sole proprietorship. Further, the magistrate found that although plaintiff did not advertise his business, he held himself out as willing to perform services for the public. The magistrate also observed that "plaintiff's testimony was clear that if he had not been kept busy by [defendant], he would have been able to accept more jobs from the public."
On appeal to the WCAC, plaintiff argued (1) that the magistrate erred in concluding that plaintiff was not an employee as defined in the WDCA, and (2) that defendant violated M.C.L. § 418.171(4) by insisting *593 plaintiff create a sole proprietorship so that defendant could avoid having to carry worker's compensation insurance. In a two-to-one decision,[4] the WCAC affirmed the magistrate's determination that plaintiff was not an employee as defined by § 161 because the record evidence supported the magistrate's finding that plaintiff owned a sole proprietorship. Moreover, the WCAC concluded that where plaintiff alleged that defendant violated M.C.L. § 418.171(4), the WDCA required that he seek redress in a civil action. This Court granted plaintiff leave to appeal on March 7, 2000.

II. Standard of Review
This Court's review of a decision of the WCAC is limited. Blanzy v. Brigadier General Contractors, Inc., 240 Mich.App. 632, 637, 613 N.W.2d 391 (2000). In the absence of fraud, this Court must consider the WCAC's findings of fact conclusive. MCL 418.861a(14). In Mudel v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 462 Mich. 691, 614 N.W.2d 607 (2000), Justice Markman, writing for the Court, articulated the proper standard for reviewing decisions of the WCAC.
The WCAC must review the magistrate's decision under the "substantial evidence" standard, while the courts must review the WCAC's decision under the "any evidence" standard. Review by the Court of Appeals and [the Supreme Court] begins with the WCAC's decision, not the magistrate's. If there is any evidence supporting the WCAC's factual findings, and if the WCAC did not misapprehend its administrative appellate role in reviewing decisions of the magistrate, then the courts must treat the WCAC's factual findings as conclusive. [Id. at 709-710, 614 N.W.2d 607.]
However, this Court reviews de novo questions of law involved in a final order of the WCAC. DiBenedetto v. West Shore Hosp., 461 Mich. 394, 401, 605 N.W.2d 300 (2000); Mudel, supra at 697, n. 3, 614 N.W.2d 607; MCL 418.861a(14). "[A] decision of the WCAC is subject to reversal if it is based on erroneous legal reasoning or the wrong legal framework." DiBenedetto, supra at 401-402, 605 N.W.2d 300.

III. Analysis
We first address plaintiff's contention that the WCAC erred in affirming the magistrate's determination that plaintiff was an independent contractor, and not an employee as defined by the WDCA. Whether an individual is an employee as defined by the WDCA presents a question of law subject to review de novo. Oxley v. Dep't of Military Affairs, 460 Mich. 536, 540, 597 N.W.2d 89 (1999).
At the time of plaintiff's injury,[5] M.C.L. § 418.161(1)(d) provided:
(1) As used in this act, "employee" means:

* * *
(d) Every person performing service in the course of the trade, business, profession, or occupation of an employer at the time of the injury, provided the person in relation to this service does not maintain a separate business, does not hold himself or herself out to and render service to the public, and is not an employer subject to this act.
All three conditions of subsection 161(1)(d) must be met in order to find that an individual is an employee. Luster v. Five Star Carpet Installations, Inc., 239 Mich.App. 719, 725, 609 N.W.2d 859 (2000); *594 Amerisure Ins. Cos. v. Time Auto Transportation, Inc., 196 Mich. App. 569, 574, 493 N.W.2d 482 (1992). As the Luster Court opined:
[A] person is not an employee (but is an independent contractor) under subsection 161(1)(d) if any one or more of the following applies: (1) the person maintains a separate business in relation to the service, (2) the person holds himself out to and renders service to the public in relation to the service, or (3) the person is an employer subject to the worker's compensation statute in relation to the service. [Luster, supra at 725, 609 N.W.2d 859 (emphasis in original).]
To the extent that plaintiff insists that he was defendant's employee as defined by the WDCA because defendant closely controlled and supervised his activities, plaintiff's argument implicates the common-law-derived "economic realities test." In Hoste v. Shanty Creek Management, Inc., 459 Mich. 561, 572, 592 N.W.2d 360 (1999), our Supreme Court concluded that the Legislature, by amending § 161 of the WDCA in 1985 to add subsection d, manifested its intention that the statutory provision define the term "employee." Consequently, the new language of the statute effectively superseded several factors comprising the economic realities test. Id.; Blanzy, supra at 642, 613 N. W.2d 391.
In considering whether plaintiff was defendant's employee, both the magistrate and the WCAC considered the factors set forth in subsection 161(1)(d). Specifically, the WCAC rejected plaintiff's claim for benefits against defendant because there was ample record support for the magistrate's factual determination that plaintiff maintained a separate carpet installation business. Absent fraud, the WCAC's findings are conclusive on appeal. Mudel, supra at 709-710, 614 N.W.2d 607. Moreover, we agree with the WCAC's determination that plaintiff was not an employee as defined by subsection 161(1)(d) because he operated a sole proprietorship. For example, defendant did not pay plaintiff as an employee because defendant did not withhold money from plaintiff's paycheck for taxes. Luster, supra at 727, 609 N.W.2d 859. Rather, plaintiff was paid as an independent contractor who ran his own business, where defendant provided plaintiff with a Form 1099 annually and his income was not reported on a Form W-2. Id. Likewise, plaintiff furnished his own equipment and supplies. Plaintiff also held himself out as providing services to the public, and did in fact do so on several occasions. These findings support the WCAC's conclusion that plaintiff ran his own business and was therefore not an employee under § 161 of the WDCA. Id.[6]
In a related argument, plaintiff asserts that he is entitled to benefits because defendant is his "statutory employer" pursuant to M.C.L. § 418.171. See, e.g., Blanzy, supra at 635, 613 N.W.2d 391. Whatever the merit of this legal argument, it was not raised before or addressed by the WCAC. Consequently, this Court is without statutory authority to consider it on appeal. Calovecchi v. Michigan, 461 Mich. 616, 626, 611 N.W.2d 300 (2000); see also Alford v. Pollution Control Industries of America, 222 Mich. App. 693, 699, 565 N.W.2d 9 (1997).

IV. MCL 418.171(4)
On appeal, plaintiff also argues that the WCAC erred in concluding that by allegedly *595 encouraging plaintiff to become a sole proprietor, defendant did not violate M.C.L. § 418.171(4). As a preliminary matter, we note that plaintiff mischaracterizes the WCAC's conclusion. Our review of the record reveals that the WCAC did not make the specific determination that plaintiff asserts. In contrast, the WCAC merely concluded that it was without jurisdiction to address the merit of plaintiff's claim because the plain language of subsection 171(4) required plaintiff to bring forth a civil action. A review of the WCAC's ruling is instructive.
Plaintiff also makes the interesting legal argument that, since [defendant] "forced" him to become an independent contractor it is in violation of M.C.L. § 418.171(4).

* * *
We observe that section 171 refers to [MCL 418.641]. Section 641(2) gives plaintiff's recourse for [a] violation of section 171:
"The employee of an employer who violates the provisions of section 171 or 611 shall be entitled to recover damages from the employer in a civil action because of an injury that arose out of and in the course of employment notwithstanding the provision of section 131."

Because this Commission does not. oversee civil actions but administrative actions, we cannot address the violation of section 171 but refer plaintiff to his civil remedy. [Emphasis supplied.]
We review issues requiring statutory construction de novo as questions of law. Adams v. Linderman, 244 Mich.App. 178, 184, 624 N.W.2d 776 (2000). When considering the applicability of § 171 to plaintiff's claim, we are mindful that "the worker's compensation act is remedial in nature, and must be `liberally construed to grant rather than deny benefits.'" Hagerman v. Gencorp Automotive, 457 Mich. 720, 739, 579 N.W.2d 347 (1998), quoting Sobotka v. Chrysler Corp. (After Remand), 447 Mich. 1, 20, n. 18, 523 N.W.2d 454 (1994) (opinion of Boyle J.). Further the WCAC's interpretation and application of a provision of the WDCA is entitled to "considerable deference" from this Court where that interpretation is not "clearly incorrect." Rahman v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 245 Mich.App. 103, 117, 627 N.W.2d 41 (2001), citing Jones-Jennings v. Hutzel Hosp. (On Remand), 223 Mich.App. 94, 105, 565 N.W.2d 680 (1997). We are also guided by the following well-settled principles of statutory construction.
When reviewing questions of statutory construction, [this Court's] purpose is to discern and give effect to the Legislature's intent. Murphy v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 447 Mich. 93, 98, 523 N.W.2d 310 (1994). We begin by examining the plain language of the statute. Where that language is unambiguous, we presume that the Legislature intended the meaning clearly expressed-no further judicial construction is required or permitted, and the statute must be enforced as written. Tryc v. Michigan Veterans' Facility, 451 Mich. 129, 135, 545 N.W.2d 642 (1996). We must give the words of a statute their plain and ordinary meaning, and only where the statutory language is ambiguous may we look outside the statute to ascertain the Legislature's intent. Turner v. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n, 448 Mich. 22, 27, 528 N.W.2d 681 (1995). [DiBenedetto, supra at 402, 605 N.W.2d 300.]
Subsection 171(4) provides in pertinent part:
Principals willfully acting to circumvent the provisions of this section or [MCL 418.611] by using coercion, intimidation, deceit, or other means to encourage persons who would otherwise be considered employees within the meaning *596 of this act to pose as contractors for the purpose of evading this section or the requirements of [MCL 418.611] shall be liable subject to the provisions of [MCL 418.641]. [Footnotes omitted.]
The plain language of subsection 171(4) refers to M.C.L. § 418.641, the pertinent portion of which provides as follows:
(2) The employee of an employer who violates the provisions of [MCL 418.171] or [MCL 418.611] shall be entitled to recover damages from the employer in a civil action because of an injury that arose out of and in the course of employment notwithstanding the provisions of [MCL 418.131].
Subsection 171(4) was enacted as part of the 1985 amendments of the WDCA. See 1985 PA 103. This part of the WDCA addresses what are commonly referred to as statutory employers. See, e.g., Burger v. Midland Cogeneration Venture, 202 Mich. App. 310, 314, 507 N.W.2d 827 (1993); Blanzy, supra at 639, 613 N.W.2d 391. Section 171 was intended to protect employees of contractors and subcontractors who failed to procure adequate worker's compensation insurance. Smith v. Park Chemical Co., 154 Mich. App. 180, 182, 397 N.W.2d 260 (1986). According to its plain language, subsection 171(4) provides independent contractors who would otherwise be considered employees under the WDCA a vehicle for recovery where their employer has attempted to circumvent the provisions of § 171 or § 611. "Section 611 governs worker's compensation liability insurance coverage for employers." Blanzy, supra at 639, 613 N.W.2d 391. The express language of subsection 171(4) provides that an individual may properly seek redress according to the provisions of § 641 of the WDCA where the employer does not comply with the provisions of § 171 or § 611.
Subsection 641(2) was also enacted as part of the 1985 amendments of the WDCA. See 1985 PA 103; McGillis v. Aida Engineering, Inc., 161 Mich.App. 370, 372, 410 N.W.2d 817 (1987). Subsection 641(2) provides that where an individual's employer violates the provisions of § 611 or § 171, the individual "shall be entitled to recover damages from the employer in a civil action because of an injury that arose out of and in the course of employment" notwithstanding the exclusive remedy provision of M.C.L. § 418.131.[7] (Emphasis supplied). In Smeester v. Pub-N-Grub, Inc., 442 Mich. 404, 500 N.W.2d 742 (1993) (Smeester I), our Supreme Court observed that subsection 641(2) allowed an individual to seek redress in a civil action for an employer's failure to secure worker's compensation insurance.
When an employer fails to secure the payment of compensation to an employee who is injured in the course of employment, § 641(2) of the Worker's Compensation Disability Act allows the injured employee to bring a civil action for damages against the employer. [Id. at 404-405, 500 N.W.2d 742.[8]]
*597 Subsequently, in Smeester v. Pub-N-Grub, Inc. (On Remand), 208 Mich. App. 308, 312, 527 N.W.2d 5 (1995) (Smeester II), this Court echoed the Supreme Court's conclusion that subsection 641(2) "restore[d] the employee's common-law right to sue the employer...." Moreover, this Court went on to consider the nature of an individual's common-law action against his employer, concluding that "traditional tort damages, including those for emotional distress and loss of consortium" were recoverable if the employee proved that the employer was "in some respect negligent." Id. at 312-313, 527 N.W.2d 5. The Smeester II Court further observed:
[W]e hold: (1) negligence is an element of an employee's cause of action against an employer under § 641(2); (2) an employer may not assert as a defense the negligence of the employee, unless that negligence is wilful, M.C.L. § 418.141; MSA 17.237(141) and (3) an employee's damages are not limited to the worker's compensation benefits available pursuant to the WDCA. [Id. at 315, 527 N.W.2d 5.]
More recently, in State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. v. Roe (On Rehearing), 226 Mich.App. 258, 265-266, 573 N.W.2d 628 (1997), app dis 459 Mich. 880, 618 N.W.2d 589 (1998), a panel of this Court likewise concluded that pursuant to subsection 641(2), "[i]f an employer fails to comply with the insurance requirements of the worker's compensation act ... it is liable in tort for injuries to its employees" (emphasis supplied); see also Director, Bureau of Worker's Disability Compensation v. BMC Mfg., Inc., 200 Mich.App. 478, 504 N.W.2d 695 (1993); McGillis, supra at 372, 410 N.W.2d 817.[9]
In light of the foregoing, we agree with the WCAC's interpretation of subsection 171(4) and subsection 641(2). Because plaintiff has alleged that defendant violated subsection 171(4) of the WDCA by failing to secure insurance liability coverage pursuant to § 611, the plain language of both § 171 and § 641 require plaintiff to pursue his claim in a civil action.
Affirmed.
NOTES
[1]  Although this Court and our Supreme Court have spoken on the issue whether an individual may properly bring a civil claim against an employer pursuant to M.C.L. § 418.641(2), plaintiff's appeal raises a distinct issue, that being whether M.C.L. § 418.171(4) requires plaintiff to pursue in the civil forum a claim alleging that defendant wilfully circumvented provisions of the worker's compensation act by encouraging him to become an independent contractor. This is an issue of first impression in Michigan.
[2]  Defendants Michael McCaul, doing business as McCaul's Carpet Service, and Citizens Insurance Company were dismissed by stipulation as parties to this appeal by an order entered August 2, 2001. For the purposes of this appeal, "defendant" will refer to Modern Tile and Carpet, Inc.
[3]  As a result of legislative revisions to M.C.L. § 418.161 in 1996, subsection 161(1)(d) has been redesignated subsection 161(1)(n).
[4]  Commissioner James J. Kent dissented on grounds unrelated to those at issue on appeal.
[5]  According to the record, plaintiff's date of injury was March 29, 1996.
[6]  Although these considerations are reminiscent of the economic realities test superseded by § 161, they remain "valid considerations under Hoste here because they are relevant to establishing that plaintiff conducted his own business in the context of providing services for defendant...." Luster, supra at 727, n. 3, 609 N.W.2d 859.
[7]  MCL 418.131(1) provides in pertinent part:

The right to recovery of benefits as provided in this act shall be the employee's exclusive remedy against the employer for a personal injury or occupational disease. The only exception to this exclusive remedy is an intentional tort.
[8]  The Supreme Court's comments were made in the context of a memorandum opinion remanding the case to this Court. Specifically, the Supreme Court directed this Court to consider whether "in a cause of action brought pursuant to M.C.L. § 418.641(2); MSA 17.237(641)(2), an employee may recover damages without first having to show the negligence of the employer." Smeester I, supra at 408, 500 N.W.2d 742.
[9]  We also reject plaintiff's claim that our conclusion results in "duplicative litigation." While we recognize that "it is abhorrent to the fundamental principles of the WDCA to allow any form of double recovery," Smeester II, supra at 314, 527 N.W.2d 5 no such double recovery will occur in the instant case, because plaintiff was denied benefits in the administrative forum of the WCAC.
