[Cite as In re C.W., 2020-Ohio-2660.]


STATE OF OHIO                    )                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                 )ss:                NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF LORAIN                 )

IN RE: C.W.                                          C.A. No.       19CA011521
       B.W.


                                                     APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                     ENTERED IN THE
                                                     COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                     COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO
                                                     CASE No.   10 JG 30837


                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: April 27, 2020



        SCHAFER, Judge.

        {¶1}    Plaintiffs-Appellants, Melva Sherwood and Scott Sherwood (collectively, the

“Sherwoods”), appeal the June 10, 2019 judgment entry of the Lorain County Court of Common

Pleas, Juvenile Division, granting the motion of Defendant-Appellee, Lindsay Eberhardt, to

dismiss pending matters for lack of jurisdiction. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                                I.

        {¶1}    Due to the exceedingly complicated and lengthy history of this matter, we

summarize the essential facts relevant to the present appeal as follows.

        {¶2}    Ms. Eberhardt is the mother of two minor children born to her and father, Andrew

Weaver. C.W. was born October 3, 2007. B.W. was born June 3, 2009. Melva Sherwood is the

paternal grandmother of C.W. and B.W. Scott Sherwood is Melva’s husband and the paternal

step-grandfather to the children.
                                                 2


       {¶3}    This appeal stems from a dispute regarding custody and visitation rights over C.W.

and B.W. Melva and Scott Sherwood (the “Sherwoods”) initially filed a complaint on September

14, 2010, seeking custody of C.W. and B.W. pursuant to R.C. 2151.23. Then, on May 10, 2011,

the Sherwoods filed a motion seeking to establish grandparent visitation and companionship rights

pursuant to R.C. 3109.12 in the alternative to an award of custody.

       {¶4}    In October 2011, all parties involved reported a complete resolution of the case

pursuant to a settlement agreement. The settlement agreement stated that they reached “a

resolution of all matters in regards to [the September 14, 2010 c]omplaint” and “all pending

motions before the court are hereby resolved and otherwise disposed of as a result of the resolution

set forth herein.” The parties assented to a visitation schedule, detailed certain terms and

conditions of the visitation, and agreed that a court mediator would provide assistance in resolving

disputes that might arise pertaining to the children’s visits. The agreed journal entry was submitted

to the trial court, signed by the judge, and filed in the record on November 1, 2011.

       {¶5}    Nearly a year after the parties entered the visitation agreement, Mr. Weaver passed

away due to a drug overdose. Still, Ms. Eberhardt and the Sherwoods continued on with the

visitation schedule for the next two years. On October 17, 2014, the Sherwoods filed a motion in

the underlying case, Case No. 10JG30837, requesting that the trial court modify the visitation

schedule to increase the Sherwood’s visitation time with the children. Ms. Eberhardt responded

with her own motion to modify companionship time, contending that visitation was not in the best

interest of her children and seeking to discontinue the visitation schedule with the Sherwoods. The

Sherwoods then filed a supplemental motion to modify companionship time. On October 6, 2015,

the Sherwoods filed a motion for legal custody of C.W. and B.W. pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(A)(2).
                                                 3


         {¶6}   The Sherwoods filed a notice of voluntary dismissal on August 29, 2016,

dismissing their motion for custody and motion to modify grandparent visitation time. Thereafter,

the trial court issued a journal entry acknowledging the Sherwoods’ dismissal of the motions

seeking custody or visitation. The trial court indicated that Ms. Eberhardt’s motion to modify

visitation remained pending and set a contested hearing to commence on September 19, 2016.

         {¶7}   On October 14, 2016, the trial court issued its judgment entry ruling on matters it

considered after the contested hearing. Ms. Eberhardt appealed that judgment entry arguing, in

pertinent part, that “the trial court was without ‘jurisdiction to issue the November 1, 2011

Grandparent Visitation Order and was without [j]urisdiction to issue the October 14, 2016

Grandparent Visitation Order.’” In re C.W., 9th Dist. Lorain Nos. 16CA011044, 17CA011162,

17CA011165, 2018-Ohio-5265, ¶ 21 (“In re C.W. I”).

         {¶8}   In In re C.W. I, this Court determined that the juvenile court had “usurped the

statutory authority of R.C. 3109.11” and that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to issue the

October 14, 2016 judgment entry. Id. at ¶ 43. This Court concluded that the Sherwoods had never

invoked the juvenile court’s jurisdiction to order companionship or visitation rights pursuant to

R.C. 3109.11. Id. at ¶ 42. Because Ms. Eberhardt’s motion to modify or terminate visitation was

the only issue before the juvenile court at the September 19, 2016 hearing, this court further

concluded that the juvenile court erred when it sua sponte asserted jurisdiction under R.C. 3109.11

as a basis for modifying the parties’ agreed visitation schedule and granting the Sherwoods

companionship visitation pursuant to that statute. Id. at ¶ 43. Having concluded that the October

14, 2016 judgment entry was void ab initio, we reversed and remanded the matter to the juvenile

court.
                                                   4


       {¶9}    During the pendency of the appeal in In re C.W. I, and following our remand of the

matter, the parties presented numerous filings and motions to the juvenile court in the underlying

case, and the court issued several rulings. During that time, several other appeals were taken from

the juvenile court’s rulings. The relevance of all that transpired in the record is not readily apparent

in the context of the present appeal.

       {¶10} Eventually, the judge who issued the October 11, 2016 judgment entry recused, and

a visiting judge was appointed in the case. Thereafter, Ms. Eberhardt filed a motion to dismiss

any pending matters for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The Sherwoods opposed the motion.

On June 10, 2019, the juvenile court issued a judgment entry granting the motion to dismiss. The

juvenile court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to address “the later contempt and the motion

to modify [the parties’ agreement] filed by both [the Sherwoods] and [Ms. Eberhardt].” The

judgment entry stated “[t]his case is now concluded and no further [c]ourt action is appropriate.”

       {¶11} The Sherwoods timely appealed the trial court’s decision raising one assignment of

error of our review.

                                                  II.

                                        Assignment of Error

       The trial court erred as a matter of law by finding that it did not have subject
       matter jurisdiction over any pending motion and proceeding in Case No.
       10J[G]30837 where the parties entered into a legally-binding settlement
       agreement on October 17, 2011 which was memorialized into a legally binding
       judgment entry on November 1, 2011 and where this Court has already
       determined that the trial court had subject matter jurisdiction to enforce the
       November 1, 2011 judgment entry memorializing that settlement.

       {¶12} In their sole assignment of error, the Sherwoods argue the juvenile court erred as a

matter of law by dismissing the underlying case. The Sherwoods contend that the juvenile court

erred by misconstruing this Court’s decision in In re C.W. I and concluding that it had no
                                                 5


jurisdiction to act on any “pending motion and proceeding” because a visitation order pursuant to

R.C. 3109.12 had never been issued in the underlying case. The Sherwoods assert the juvenile

court “had subject matter jurisdiction to enforce” the parties’ “legally-binding settlement

agreement” set forth in the agreed journal entry of November 1, 2011.

       {¶13} “Ohio’s juvenile courts have limited jurisdiction: they can exercise only the

authority conferred on them by the General Assembly.” State ex rel. C.V. v. Adoption Link, Inc.,

157 Ohio St.3d 105, 2019-Ohio-2118, ¶ 14, citing In re Z.R., 144 Ohio St.3d 380, 2015-Ohio-

3306, ¶ 14. The juvenile court does not have “inherent equitable jurisdiction” to determine

grandparent visitation, and “possesses only the jurisdiction that the General Assembly has

expressly conferred upon it.”     In re Gibson, 61 Ohio St.3d 168, 172 (1991), citing Ohio

Constitution, Article IV, Section 4(B). “The juvenile court’s determination regarding its subject

matter jurisdiction implicates a question of law which this Court reviews de novo.” In re J.L.M.,

9th Dist. Summit No. 28867, 2018-Ohio-2175, ¶ 9.

       {¶14} “Visitation” encompasses the right of a party—who does not have custody of that

child—to visit the child. In re Gibson, 61 Ohio St.3d 168, 171 (1991). “The law does not provide

grandparents with inherent legal rights based simply on the family relationship.” In re H.W., 114

Ohio St.3d 65, 2007-Ohio-2879, ¶ 9.         However, “Ohio law provides various methods for

grandparents to obtain a legal right of access to their grandchildren outside of the juvenile custody

situation.” In re M.N., 9th Dist. Wayne No. 07CA0088, 2008-Ohio-3049, ¶ 20.

       {¶15} R.C. 3190.12 is one statutory method grandparents may use to seek visitation rights

with a grandchild if the child’s mother is unmarried. R.C. 3109.12(A) provides in pertinent part

that

       [i]f a child is born to an unmarried woman and if the father of the child has
       acknowledged the child and that acknowledgment has become final * * *[,] the
                                                  6


       parents of the father * * * may file a complaint requesting that the court grant them
       reasonable companionship or visitation rights with the child.

A court may grant the companionship or visitation rights requested under R.C. 3109.12(A) “if it

determines that the granting of the * * * companionship or visitation rights is in the best interest

of the child[ren].” R.C. 3109.12(B).

       In determining whether to grant * * * reasonable companionship or visitation rights
       with respect to any child, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including, but
       not limited to, the factors set forth in [R.C. 3109.051(D)].” “Divisions (C), (K),
       and (L) of [R.C. 3109.051] apply to the determination of * * * reasonable
       companionship or visitation rights under this section and to any order granting any
       such rights that is issued under this section.

R.C. 3109.12(B).

       {¶16} Additionally, R.C. 3109.11 allows a grandparent to file a complaint in the juvenile

court for companionship or visitation rights when a parent of the child is deceased. A juvenile

court may award visitation pursuant to R.C. 3109.11 based on the same considerations stated in

R.C. 3109.12(B), including the relevant factors of R.C. 3109.051(D). “Even though [R.C. 3109.11

and 3109.12] grant standing to a nonparent to request visitation, the ability to have visitation

awarded is conditional upon a finding that visitation with the nonparent is in the best interest of

the child.” In re N.C.W., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013-12-229, 2014-Ohio-3381, ¶ 25.

       {¶17} In their brief on appeal, the Sherwoods argue that the juvenile court erred when it

misconstrued this Court’s decision in In re C.W. I to hold that the juvenile court “had no [] subject

matter jurisdiction to act in the case whatsoever, and thus it had no jurisdiction to act further on

any pending motion, including enforcing the Sherwoods’ visitation rights and the trial court’s

contempt findings, because a visitation order pursuant to R.C. 3109.12 had never been issued.”

       {¶18} Although Ms. Eberhardt moved the court to “dismiss” any pending matters for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction, Ms. Eberhardt essentially moved the court to stop acting or
                                                   7


exercising authority regarding the November 1, 2011 agreed judgment entry and to cease any

additional “proceedings” in the matter. In its June 10, 2019 judgment entry ruling on the motion,

the juvenile court indicated that, in In re C.W. I, this Court “held that the agreement did not have

the necessary language pursuant to law to meet the requisite standard to be an order for grandparent

visitation.” The judgment entry noted that both parties had petitioned the juvenile court to modify

their settlement agreement. The juvenile court concluded “[i]t appears that the original pending

motions of the [p]arties were resolved with a reliance upon this agreement, however, the decision

of the Court of Appeals clearly states that the agreement was deficient and as a result the court did

not exercise the requisite subject matter jurisdiction over this matter to make said agreement an

enforceable court order.”

       {¶19} In In re C.W. I, Ms. Eberhardt raised an argument challenging the juvenile court’s

subject matter jurisdiction under R.C. 3109.12 to issue the “‘November 1, 2011 Grandparent

Visitation Order.’” In re C.W. I at ¶ 21. We determined that her argument lacked merit because

the November 1, 2011 agreed journal entry memorializing the settlement agreement between the

parties did not involve an exercise of jurisdiction under R.C. 3109.12. The journal entry did not

reflect any finding as to the statutory factors or determination as to the best interest of the children

as required by R.C. 3109.12, nor did it expressly grant the Sherwoods a right to grandparent

visitation or companionship. Id. at ¶ 29-30. Thus, we rejected Ms. Eberhardt’s argument because

we concluded the juvenile court could not have erred by exercising jurisdiction in the November

1, 2011 agreed journal entry when, in fact, it had not exercised such jurisdiction. While the

juvenile court appears, at least in part, to have based its June 10, 2019 ruling on conjecture and a

mischaracterization of our decision, the ultimate conclusion that the juvenile court reached in its
                                                8


June 10, 2019 judgment entry was that the court lacked jurisdiction to take further action in the

matter.

          {¶20} In their merit brief, the Sherwoods argue that the juvenile court erred by

“dismissing” the case and by “finding that all claims and proceedings in Case No. 10JG30837

were void for want of subject matter jurisdiction.” However, the June 10, 2019 judgment entry

did not dismiss a pending action or make a finding regarding all claims and proceedings. Further,

the Sherwoods’ contention that the juvenile court erred “by finding that it did not have subject

matter jurisdiction over any pending motion and proceeding[,]” overstates the holding of the June

10, 2010 judgment entry. The juvenile court found that it was without authority to enforce the

November 1, 2011 agreed journal entry and concluded that it “lack[ed jurisdiction to address the

later contempt and the motion to modify [the parties’] agreement filed by both [the Sherwoods]

and [Ms. Eberhardt].” The judgment entry further stated that the case was “concluded and no

further [c]ourt action is appropriate.”

          {¶21} Any jurisdictional argument notwithstanding, the Sherwoods have not

demonstrated prejudice from the juvenile court’s ruling, and it is unclear exactly what relief the

Sherwoods are seeking. See App.R. 16(A)(7). Though the record is replete with motions and

filings—including some purporting to assert new claims—the Sherwoods have not identified any

particular motion or proceeding they believe to be within the juvenile court’s jurisdiction.

Reviewing the June 10, 2019 judgment entry, it is unclear what the juvenile court was referring to

when it stated that it lacked jurisdiction over “the later contempt” or the motions to modify the

agreement. While the Sherwoods argue in their merit brief that the juvenile court’s error was in

concluding that it lacked “jurisdiction to act further on any pending motion, including enforcing

the Sherwoods’ visitation rights and the trial court’s contempt findings,” they do not point to the
                                                9


record to explain what they believe to have been wrongly “dismissed” or to show how they were

otherwise impacted by the court’s June 10, 2019 decision.

       {¶22} As the Sherwoods have not identified any motion or proceeding as having been

improperly dismissed, the Sherwoods are essentially asking this Court for an advisory opinion

declaring that the juvenile court may, or must, continue to “exercise jurisdiction” with respect to

the terms of the settlement agreement memorialized in the November 1, 2011 agreed journal entry.

A decision reversing the June 10, 2019 judgment entry upon speculation that the juvenile court

may be capable of exercising jurisdiction in some undefined manner with regard to the November

1, 2011 agreed entry “‘would be completely advisory, and have no practical effect on the

proceedings. This Court may not issue an advisory opinion.’” In re Guardianship of Bakhtiar,

9th Dist. Lorain No. 15CA010721, 2016-Ohio-8199, ¶ 10, quoting In re Emergency Guardianship

of Stevenson, 9th Dist. Medina No. 04CA0036-M, 2005-Ohio-997, ¶ 11.

       {¶23} Based on the foregoing we conclude that the Sherwoods have failed to show how

they were prejudiced by the June 10, 2019 judgment entry. See Civ.R. 61; R.C. 2309.59. See also

Ohio Edison Co. v. Williams, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23530, 2007-Ohio-5028, ¶ 10 (“An appellant

bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating the error on appeal, and substantiating his or her

arguments in support.”). Because the Sherwoods have failed to demonstrate that the juvenile court

committed prejudicial error as a result of the June 10, 2019 judgment entry, and because this Court

cannot issue an advisory opinion, this Sherwood’s assignment of error is not well taken.

                                               III.

       {¶24} The Sherwoods’ assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Lorain

County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed.

                                                                               Judgment affirmed.
                                                10




       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of

this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period

for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to

mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the mailing in the

docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellants.




                                                     JULIE A. SCHAFER
                                                     FOR THE COURT




CALLAHAN, P. J.
TEODOSIO, J.
CONCUR.


APPEARANCES:

BRENT L. ENGLISH, Attorney at Law, for Appellants.

JONATHAN E. ROSENBAUM, Attorney at Law, for Appellee.
