                                                             FILED
                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                        Tenth Circuit

                                                     February 21, 2012
                                  PUBLISH           Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                        Clerk of Court
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                               TENTH CIRCUIT



CELIA VALDEZ; GRACIELA
GRAJEDA; SHAWNA ALLERS;
JESSE RODRIGUEZ,

       Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.                                             No. 11-2063
SIDONIE SQUIER, in her official
capacity as Secretary of New Mexico
Human Services Department; TED
ROTH, in his official capacity as the
Acting Director of the Income Support
Division of the New Mexico Human
Services Department; JULIE
WEINBERG, in her capacity as the
Acting Director of the Medical
Assistance Division of the New
Mexico Human Services Department,

        Defendants-Appellants,

DIANNA J. DURAN, in her official
capacity as New Mexico Secretary of
State; DOROTHY RODRIGUEZ, in
her capacity as the Secretary of the
New Mexico Taxation and Revenue
Department; MICHAEL SANDOVAL,
in his capacity as the Director of the
Motor Vehicle Division of the New
Mexico Taxation and Revenue
Department,

        Defendants.

-----------------------
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Amicus Curiae.


CELIA VALDEZ; GRACIELA
GRAJEDA; SHAWNA ALLERS;
JESSE RODRIGUEZ,

       Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.                                           No. 11-2084
DIANNA J. DURAN, in her official
capacity as New Mexico Secretary of
State,

       Defendant-Appellant,

SIDONIE SQUIER, in her official
capacity as Secretary of New Mexico
Human Services Department; TED
ROTH, in his official capacity as the
Acting Director of the Income Support
Division of the New Mexico Human
Services Department; JULIE
WEINBERG, in her capacity as the
Acting Director of the Medical
Assistance Division of the New
Mexico Human Services Department;
DOROTHY RODRIGUEZ, in her
capacity as the Secretary of the New
Mexico Taxation and Revenue
Department; MICHAEL SANDOVAL,
in his capacity as the Director of the
Motor Vehicle Division of the New
Mexico Taxation and Revenue
Department,

       Defendants.


                                         2
         APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
                  (D.C. No. 1:CIV-09-00668-JCH-DJS)


Elaine P. Lujan, Assistant Attorney General (Gary K. King, New Mexico
Attorney General, with her on the briefs), Albuquerque, New Mexico, for
Defendant-Appellant, New Mexico Human Services Department.

Scott Fuqua, Assistant Attorney General (Gary K. King, New Mexico Attorney
General, with him on the briefs), Santa Fe, New Mexico, for Defendant-
Appellant, Dianna Duran.

Mark A. Posner, Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Washington,
D.C., and Nicole K. Zeitler, Project Vote, Washington, D.C. (Cynthia A. Ricketts
and Allison L. Kierman, DLA Piper LLP (US), Phoenix, AZ; Robert A. Kengle,
Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Washington, D.C.; Niyati Shah,
Project Vote, Washington, D.C.; Brenda Wright and Lisa J. Danetz, DEMOS: A
Network of Ideas and Action, Brighton, Massachusetts; John W. Boyd and David
Urias, Freedman Boyd Hollander Goldberg & Ives, P.A., Albuquerque, New
Mexico, with them on the brief), for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General; Diana K. Flynn and Jennifer Levin
Eichhorn, Attorneys, Civil Rights Division, Appellate Section, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., filed an amicus brief on behalf of the
United States of America.


Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, GORSUCH and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.


BRISCOE, Chief Judge.


      These two companion appeals arise out of a lawsuit filed against New

Mexico state officials seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to redress alleged

violations of New Mexico’s obligations under Sections 7 and 5 of the National

                                         3
Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA), 42 U.S.C. § 1973gg et seq. The Section

7 claim was resolved on summary judgment, with the district court concluding

that the defendant officials responsible for overseeing New Mexico’s Human

Services Department (HSD) violated the NVRA by failing to provide voter

registration forms to those applicants for public assistance who left the Section 7-

mandated declination form blank. The Section 5 claim, which alleged that New

Mexico’s motor vehicle authority offices failed to provide necessary voter

registration services, was resolved by written settlement agreement. Although

two of the settling agencies reimbursed plaintiffs for a portion of the attorneys’

fees and expenses plaintiffs incurred in litigating the Section 5 claim, the New

Mexico Secretary of State refused to contribute. Plaintiffs subsequently sought

and were granted attorneys’ fees and expenses related to the Section 5 claim

against the Secretary of State.

      In Appeal No. 11-2063, defendants appeal from the district court’s grant of

summary judgment on the Section 7 claim. In Appeal No. 11-2084, the Secretary

of State appeals from the district court’s order granting plaintiffs’ application for

attorneys’ fees and expenses arising out of the Section 5 claim. Exercising

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district court in all

regards.




                                           4
                                   I. Background

                                 Appeal No. 11-2063

      Generally speaking, Section 7 of the NVRA requires state public assistance

offices to be designated as voter registration agencies and, in turn, to distribute

with each application for public assistance a mail voter registration application

form, unless the applicant, in writing, declines to register to vote.

      It is undisputed that HSD qualifies as a state public assistance office under

the NVRA. More specifically, HSD administers public assistance programs in

New Mexico, including the Food Stamp Program, Temporary Assistance to Needy

Families, and Medicaid. In accordance with the NVRA, the State of New Mexico

“has designated HSD as a voter registration agency pursuant to the NVRA.” Aplt.

App. at 152.

      HSD does not attach voter registration applications “to applications for

public assistance, recertification or renewal applications, or change of address

forms.” Id. Nor does HSD automatically distribute voter registration applications

to all applicants for HSD-related benefits. “Instead, HSD includes, as part of

most of its benefit application forms, a section that it refers to as a ‘declination

provision.’” Id. The declination provision, which is typically included as a

separately designated section in the middle of a multi-page benefits application

form, provides as follows:

      If YOU are NOT registered to vote where you live now, would

                                           5
      you like to register to vote here today? (Please check one) G YES
      G NO

      IF YOU DO NOT CHECK EITHER BOX, YOU WILL BE
      CONSIDERED TO HAVE DECIDED NOT TO REGISTER TO
      VOTE AT THIS TIME.

      The NATIONAL VOTER REGISTRATION ACT provides you
      with the opportunity to register to vote at this location. If you would
      like help in filling out a voter registration application form, we will
      help you. The decision whether to seek or accept help is yours. You
      may fill out the application form in private. IMPORTANT:
      Applying to register or declining to register to vote WILL NOT
      AFFECT the amount of assistance that you will be provided by
      this agency.

      Signature                                           Date

      CONFIDENTIALITY: Whether you decide to register to vote or
      not, your decision will remain confidential. IF YOU BELIEVE
      THAT SOMEONE HAS INTERFERED with your right to
      register or to decline to register to vote, or your right to privacy
      in deciding whether to register or in applying to register to vote,
      or your right to choose your own political party or other political
      preference, you may file a complaint with the Office of the
      Secretary of State, 419 State Capital, Santa Fe, NM, 87503,
      (phone: 1-800-477-3632.)

Id. at 153 (emphasis in original).

      Prior to this lawsuit, HSD’s policy, which it believed was compliant with

Section 7 of the NVRA, was to provide a benefits applicant with a voter

registration application form only if he or she checked “YES” on the declination

provision or verbally indicated that he or she would like to register to vote. As a

result, HSD did not provide voter registration application forms to benefits

applicants who left the declination provision blank and who did not otherwise

                                         6
respond “yes” if a verbal inquiry regarding voter registration was made by an

HSD employee.

      On July 9, 2009, four New Mexico residents — including Roanna Begay —

and the nonprofit organization Association of Community Organizations for

Reform Now (ACORN) initiated this lawsuit by filing a complaint against six

New Mexico state officials, four of whom were responsible for overseeing HSD

(the remaining two officials were associated with New Mexico’s Taxation and

Revenue Department and its associated Motor Vehicle Division and are not part

of Appeal No. 11-2063). The complaint, in pertinent part, sought declaratory and

injunctive relief to redress ongoing violations of HSD’s obligations under Section

7 of the NVRA.

      Through subsequent pleadings, Shawna Allers became the sole plaintiff

asserting the Section 7 claim. Plaintiffs were granted leave to file a first amended

complaint substituting Allers for Roanna Begay as the individual plaintiff to bring

the NVRA Section 7 against HSD. Then, the district court granted the parties’

stipulated motion to dismiss ACORN from the case. The parties noted in their

stipulation that “ACORN ha[d] closed its offices in New Mexico and no longer

plan[ned] to provide voter registration assistance in the state,” and thus was “not

an appropriate Plaintiff in th[e] case.” Id. at 28.

      Allers moved for partial summary judgment against defendants on her

claims that HSD had violated Section 7 of the NVRA. In that motion, Allers

                                           7
asserted that “HSD’s . . . policy regarding the distribution of voter registration

applications [wa]s deficient because it fail[ed] to require HSD employees to

distribute a voter registration application to all persons who appear[ed] at HSD

offices to apply for public assistance benefits, recertify or renew their benefits, or

submit a change of address, who d[id] not check either ‘yes’ or the ‘no’ box on

HSD’s voter information (‘declination’) form.” Id. at 33.

      The district court subsequently granted Allers’ motion for partial summary

judgment. The district court concluded that “Section 7 [of the NVRA] requires

that [HSD’s] clients be provided with a mail voter registration form unless they

affirmatively decline, in writing.” Id. at 161. In turn, the district court concluded

that “HSD’s . . . declination form and policy d[id] not meet this requirement.” Id.

      Following the grant of partial summary judgment, Allers and defendants

filed a joint motion asking the district court to sign and enter their proposed

consent order. The proposed consent order “establish[ed] specific procedures that

HSD w[ould] follow for distributing voter registration applications, and for

providing assistance to clients in completing these forms.” Id. “The proposed

order also require[d] that HSD employees who interact with public assistance

clients receive voter registration training, that HSD and the Secretary of State

collect and maintain voter registration data to track their implementation of the

order, and that HSD and the Secretary of State undertake a variety of measures to

monitor compliance with the terms of the order.” Id. In addition, the proposed

                                           8
consent order preserved defendants’ right to appeal the district court’s grant of

Allers’ motion for partial summary judgment.

         The district court granted the joint motion and entered the proposed consent

order. The defendants have filed a timely notice of appeal from the consent

order.

                                  Appeal No. 11-2084

         The other three individual plaintiffs in the case — Cecilia Valdez, Graciela

Grajeda, and Jessie Rodriguez — asserted claims under Section 5 of the NVRA

against the officials responsible for overseeing New Mexico’s Taxation and

Revenue Department (TRD) and its associated Motor Vehicle Division (MVD).

Section 5 of the NVRA provides, in pertinent part, that “[e]ach State motor

vehicle driver’s license application . . . submitted to the appropriate State motor

vehicle authority under State law shall serve as an application for voter

registration with respect to elections for Federal office . . . .” 42 U.S.C. §

1973gg-3(a)(1). The complaint in this case alleged that, “[d]espite the clear

obligations under Section 5 of the NVRA, New Mexico’s motor vehicle authority

offices routinely fail[ed] to provide any voter registration services at all, much

less the integrated application process required by law.” Aplt. App. at 3.

         On July 1, 2010, the parties entered into a written settlement agreement




                                            9
resolving the Section 5 claims. 1 The settlement agreement required the Office of

the Secretary of State, TRD, and local TRD and MVD offices to implement

certain staffing structures, including the Secretary of State’s designation of a new

staff position called the “State NVRA Coordinator.” Id. at 80. The settlement

agreement also contained a section entitled “ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND

EXPENSES” that provided as follows:

       Plaintiffs shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorneys’ fees and
       litigation expenses. The parties shall confer in good faith to resolve
       the amount and payment of attorneys’ fees and litigation expenses.
       If the parties are unable to reach agreement with respect to attorneys’
       fees for Plaintiffs’ TRD claim within thirty days of the execution of
       this Agreement, the Plaintiffs shall submit their attorneys’ fee
       application for that claim to Judge Herrera no later than forty-five
       days after execution of this Agreement.

Id. at 90.

       The plaintiffs subsequently resolved their claims for attorneys’ fees and

litigation expenses against TRD and MVD for a total of $200,000. The Secretary

of State, however, refused to pay any portion of the requested fees and expenses.

Consequently, plaintiffs filed with the district court an application for attorneys’

fees and expenses from the Secretary of State. The application sought to recover

$67,585.66 comprised of “the following: 1) the balance of the attorneys’ fee


       1
         The parties to the settlement agreement included the three individual
plaintiffs and defendants Mary Herrera, the New Mexico Secretary of State, Rick
Homans, the Secretary of TRD, and Michael Sandoval, the Director of MVD.
New Mexico’s current Secretary of State, Dianna Duran, was substituted as the
named party after the settlement agreement was entered into.

                                         10
lodestar regarding the Section 5 claim; 2) the time expended preparing the . . .

application; and 3) a pro rata share of travel time at 50 percent of the hourly

rates.” Id. at 97. The application noted that “[t]he lodestar fees claimed” against

the Secretary of State “simply represent[ed] the difference between the total

Section 5 lodestar and the TRD/MVD settlement.” Id. The application further

noted that although “the TRD/MVD settlement covered not only lodestar hours

but also expenses related to the Section 5 claim,” plaintiffs “ha[d] elected to treat

the entire $200,000 TRD/MVD settlement amount as applying toward the

lodestar, [thereby] directly reducing the lodestar amount claimed against the

Secretary of State.” Id. at 98 n.5. According to the application and supporting

documents, the fees and expenses incurred in preparing the application totaled

$23,115.

      The Secretary of State opposed the application, arguing that plaintiffs

“ha[d] already [resolved] their fee request on th[e] [Section 5] claim and c[ould

not] meet the ‘prevailing party’ threshold necessary for such an award” against

the Secretary of State. Id. at 329. More specifically, the Secretary of State

argued that plaintiffs, “by segregating their fees by claim and not by defendant,”

and by accepting payment from TRD/MVD, “ha[d] settled their attorneys’ fees

claim for all of their Section 5 work.” Id. at 330. “Any other outcome,” the

Secretary of State argued, “beg[ged] absurd results because it untether[ed] the fee

request from its bedrock basis - the lodestar.” Id. at 332. Alternatively, the

                                          11
Secretary of State argued that plaintiffs were not prevailing parties because

“[p]laintiffs and the [Secretary of State] st[oo]d in precisely the same legal

relationship to one another after entry of the settlement as before.” Id. at 335.

Moreover, the Secretary of State argued, she had done nothing to violate the

NVRA. Id. at 335-36. Lastly, the Secretary of State argued that plaintiffs’

application failed to substantiate, through a lodestar calculation, the amount they

had requested. Id. at 336.

      In their reply brief, plaintiffs asserted that the Secretary of State and the

other two defendants had, under the terms of the settlement agreement, “agreed to

pay Plaintiffs’ reasonable attorneys’ fees.” Id. at 350. Plaintiffs in turn argued

that, because the amount paid by TRD/MVD was “less than the lodestar amount

owed to Plaintiffs,” the Secretary of State “[wa]s liable to Plaintiffs for the

unpaid amount.” Id. As for the Secretary of State’s assertion that plaintiffs had

failed to establish that they were prevailing parties or that the Secretary of State

had violated the NVRA, the plaintiffs noted that the Secretary of State had, under

the terms of the settlement agreement, agreed that she was liable for fees and

expenses, and that plaintiffs were thus relieved from having to establish anything

further. Finally, plaintiffs argued, they “already ha[d] fully substantiated their

lodestar calculation of the amount requested for attorneys’ fees, both in their

initial” application and the supporting exhibits thereto. Id. at 350-51.

      The district court granted plaintiffs’ application for attorneys’ fees and

                                          12
expenses. In doing so, the district court noted that “[p]laintiffs’ attorneys

expended a total of 910 hours litigating the Section 5 claim, not including travel

time,” all of which were “documented in declarations and meticulous, highly-

detailed time records attached to their fee application.” Id. at 380. The district

court further noted that although plaintiffs’ attorneys “almost exclusively

practic[ed] out of state,” they sought “fees based on local rates rather than their

usual, much higher, customary rates.” Id. The total lodestar calculation

associated with the Section 5 claim, the district court noted, was $241,147.38, and

“[t]he $41,174.38 that Plaintiffs s[ought] from the [Secretary of State]

represent[ed] the difference between the total Section 5 lodestar and the

TRD/MVD settlement.” Id. at 381. Indeed, the court noted, plaintiffs’

“methodology appear[ed] to result in a lower amount claimed against the

[Secretary of State] than could validly be claimed” because the amount paid by

TRD/MVD “covered not only lodestar hours, but also expenses, but Plaintiffs

ha[d] elected to treat the entire $200,000 . . . amount as applying toward the

lodestar amount, which directly reduce[d] the lodestar amount claimed against the

[Secretary of State].” Id. n.4. As for the amount sought by plaintiffs for

preparing the fee application, the district court concluded it was “not excessive,”

“given the complexity of the litigation involved, the number of attorneys from

many different firms working together on the issues, and the thoroughness of the

package that Plaintiffs submitted.” Id.

                                          13
      The district court rejected each of the arguments urged by the Secretary of

State in opposition to plaintiffs’ application. To begin with, the district court

characterized as “incorrect” the Secretary of State’s assertion that plaintiffs,

accepting payment from TRD/MVD, “gave up their rights to any further

remuneration from the” Secretary of State. Id. at 382. Instead, the district court

concluded, TRD/MVD’s payment “only terminated TRD/MVD’s obligations to

pay attorneys’ fees and costs,” and left the Secretary of State’s obligation intact.

Id. at 383. Moreover, the district court concluded, “Plaintiffs were not made

whole on their fee request when they accepted TRD/MVD’s offer.” Id. (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). The district court also concluded that “the

amount sought by Plaintiffs [from the Secretary of State] [wa]s eminently

reasonable,” and far less than “the full lodestar amount that they ha[d]

documented ($256,054.25) as well as documented litigation expenses

($32,615.24), reduced by the $200,000 payment from TRD/MVD.” Id. at 384. In

other words, the district court concluded, plaintiffs would have been justified in

seeking from the Secretary of State an award “of $88,669.49, rather than the

$41,174.38 that they s[ought].” Id.

      The district court in turn rejected the Secretary of State’s assertions that

plaintiffs were not a “prevailing party” under the NVRA because they did not

obtain an enforceable judgment on the merits, and that the settlement agreement

could not confer prevailing party status on plaintiffs because it was not subject to

                                          14
judicial approval. In doing so, the district court noted that the settlement

agreement “specifically provide[d] that all Defendants [we]re liable to Plaintiffs

for ‘reasonable attorneys’ fees and litigation expenses.’” Id. at 385. “This

agreement,” the district court noted, “d[id] not rely on a finding that Plaintiffs

[we]re a ‘prevailing party’ for NVRA purposes to create liability for attorneys’

fees and litigation costs; such liability [wa]s [instead] established on the face of

the Settlement Agreement.” Id. The district court further noted that, under Tenth

Circuit precedent, “a court’s decision on the merits [wa]s not required for a

plaintiff to recover fees and costs as a prevailing party,” and that in this case,

“Plaintiffs’ suit resulted in significant changes in how New Mexico

implement[ed] Section 5 of the NVRA, and [plaintiffs thus] would rightfully be

considered a prevailing party.” Id. Relatedly, the district court rejected the

Secretary of State’s assertion that plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate that she

violated the NVRA in any way. The district court noted that it “ha[d] explicitly

rejected the [Secretary of State’s] argument that, as the ‘chief election official’

for New Mexico, she d[id] not bear any responsibility for the state’s failure to

comply with the NVRA,” and that, in any event, the settlement agreement did not

“condition her liability [for fees and costs] on any offer of proof by Plaintiffs that

she violated the NVRA.” Id. at 386.

      Lastly, the district court rejected the Secretary of State’s assertion that the

amount sought against her from plaintiffs was unjustified. The district court

                                           15
emphasized that the settlement agreement “d[id] not subdivide or partition

Plaintiffs’ Section 5 claim, nor d[id] it subdivide the work performed in litigating

and settling the claim for purposes of allocating fees,” and instead “expressly

provide[d] that both the [Secretary] and the TRD/MVD Defendants [we]re

responsible for paying reasonable attorneys’ fees to Plaintiffs.” Id. at 386. “Had

the [Secretary of State] intended to limit her liability for fees to those hours

worked directly with respect to her counsel,” the district court concluded, “she

could have attempted to negotiate such a provision in the Settlement Agreement.”

Id. at 386-87. In any event, the district court concluded, “[t]he absence of a fee

partition within the Settlement Agreement [wa]s reasonable, because Plaintiffs’

Section 5 claim involve[d] a common core of facts that required Plaintiffs to

obtain information from, and assess the conduct of, several Defendants, each of

whom bore some responsibility for the alleged violations.” Id. at 387. And, the

district court concluded, even assuming, for purposes of argument, that “degree of

success [wa]s relevant, Plaintiffs ha[d] demonstrated significant success against

the [Secretary of State] as a result of their settlement.” Id.

      The Secretary of State appealed from the district court’s order granting

plaintiffs’ application for fees and expenses.

                                     II. Analysis

                                 Appeal No. 11-2063

      In Appeal No. 11-2063, the HSD-related defendants challenge the district

                                          16
court’s grant of partial summary judgment in favor of plaintiff Allers on her

claims under Section 7 of the NVRA. According to defendants, the district court

misconstrued the provisions of Section 7. Alternatively, defendants assert that

plaintiffs’ counsel should be estopped from taking a position before the district

court in this case that is inconsistent with the position they took before a federal

district court in Indiana in a similar Section 7 case.

      a) Standard of review

      “We review summary judgment decisions de novo, applying the same legal

standard as the district court.” Tuckel v. Grover, 660 F.3d 1249, 1251 (10th Cir.

2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate

when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

      b) The district court’s construction of Section 7

      Section 7 of the NVRA, 42 U.S.C. § 1973gg-5, is entitled “Voter

registration agencies.” As an initial matter, Section 7 generally requires “[e]ach

State [to] designate agencies for the registration of voters in elections for Federal

office,” and in particular to “designate as voter registration agencies . . . all

offices in the State that provide public assistance” or “State-funded programs

primarily engaged in providing services to persons with disabilities.” 42 U.S.C. §

1973gg-5(a)(1) & (a)(2). Section 7 in turn requires each designated voter

registration agency to provide the following three services:

                                           17
      (i) Distribution of mail voter registration application forms . . . .
      (ii) Assistance to applicants in completing voter registration
      application forms, unless the applicant refuses such assistance.
      (iii) Acceptance of completed voter registration application forms for
      transmittal to the appropriate State election official.

42 U.S.C. § 1973gg-5(a)(4)(A).

      If a designated voter registration agency “is an office that provides service

or assistance in addition to conducting voter registration,” Section 7 outlines in

detail how that agency is to fulfill its three general duties. Specifically, Section 7

requires that agency to

         (A) distribute with each application for such service or assistance,
      and with each recertification, renewal, or change of address form
      relating to such service or assistance—
                (I) the mail voter registration application form described in
             section 1973gg-7(a)(2) of this title . . . or
                (ii) the office’s own form if it is equivalent to the form
             described in section 19733gg-7(a)(2) of this title,
      unless the applicant, in writing, declines to register to vote;

         (B) provide a form that includes—
               (I) the question, “If you are not registered to vote where
            you live now, would you like to apply to register to vote here
            today?”;
               (ii) if the agency provides public assistance, the statement,
            “Applying to register or declining to register to vote will not
            affect the amount of assistance that you will be provided by
            this agency.”;
               (iii) boxes for the applicant to check to indicate whether the
            applicant would like to register or declines to register to vote
            (failure to check either box being deemed to constitute a
            declination to register for purposes of subparagraph (C)),
            together with the statement (in close proximity to the boxes
            and in prominent type), “IF YOU DO NOT CHECK EITHER
            BOX, YOU WILL BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE DECIDED
            NOT TO REGISTER TO VOTE AT THIS TIME.”;

                                          18
                (iv) the statement, “If you would like help in filling out the
             voter registration application form, we will help you. The
             decision whether to seek or accept help is yours. You may fill
             out the application in private.”; and
                (v) the statement, “If you believe that someone has
             interfered with your right to register or to decline to register to
             vote, your right to privacy in deciding whether to register or in
             applying to register to vote, or your right to choose your own
             political party or other political preference, you may file a
             complaint with __________.”, the blank being filled by the
             name, address, and telephone number of the appropriate
             official to whom such a complaint should be addressed; and

         (C) provide to each applicant who does not decline to register to
      vote the same degree of assistance with regard to the completion of
      the registration application form as is provided by the office with
      regard to the completion of its own forms, unless the applicant
      refuses such assistance.

42 U.S.C. § 1973gg-5(a)(6).

      In this case, it is undisputed that HSD provides public assistance, has been

designated by the State of New Mexico as a voter registration agency under

Section 7, and is therefore subject to the obligations outlined above. It is further

undisputed that HSD, in attempting to comply with those obligations, has adopted

a policy and practice of providing voter registration forms only to those

applicants who check the “YES” box on the declination form mandated by Section

7 (§ 1973gg-5(a)(6)(B)) or orally request a voter registration form. In other

words, HSD has interpreted Section 7 as requiring an applicant to “opt in” to

receiving a voter registration form, and, consequently, HSD does not provide

voter registration forms to those applicants who check “NO” on the declination


                                          19
form or leave the declination form blank (i.e., do not check either the “YES” or

“NO” box on the declination form). At issue in this appeal is whether HSD’s

policy and practice of not providing voter registration forms to applicants who

leave the declination form blank violates HSD’s obligations under Section 7.

      HSD’s policy and practice appears to be based largely, if not exclusively,

on the provisions of § 1973gg-5(a)(6)(B). Subsection (B), as noted above,

outlines the information that must be included in the declination form given by

HSD to its applicants for services and assistance. In pertinent part, it requires the

declination form to include “boxes for the applicant to check to indicate whether

the applicant would like to register or declines to register to vote, . . . together

with the statement (in close proximity to the boxes and prominent type), ‘IF YOU

DO NOT CHECK EITHER BOX, YOU WILL BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE

DECIDED NOT TO REGISTER TO VOTE AT THIS TIME.’” 42 U.S.C. §

1973gg-5(a)(6)(B)(iii). HSD argues that this capitalized written admonition to

applicants means that if an applicant does not check either the “YES” or “NO”

box on the declination form, the applicant must be deemed to have decided not to

vote, and in turn HSD is relieved of its obligation to provide that applicant with a

voter registration form.

      HSD’s position is directly rebutted by the language of § 1973gg-5(a)(6)(A).

Subsection (A), as noted, requires a designated voter registration agency to

provide an applicant with a voter registration form “unless the applicant, in

                                           20
writing, declines to register to vote.” Although neither subsection (A) nor any

other subsection of the statute expressly defines the key phrase “in writing,” it is

commonly defined to mean “[t]he state or condition of having been written or

penned; written form.” Oxford English Dictionary, Online Edition, Sept. 2011,

http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/230775?rskey=bbJo54&result=2&isAdvanced

=false#eid14009491 (last visited January 25, 2012). Thus, subsection (A) must be

interpreted as requiring a designated voter registration agency to provide an

applicant with a voter registration form unless the applicant declines, in written

form, to register to vote. As applied to the facts presented in this case, subsection

(A) thus requires HSD to provide a benefits applicant with a voter registration

form unless that applicant specifically checks the “NO” box on the declination

form provided by HSD. In other words, an applicant’s failure to check either the

“YES” or “NO” box on the declination form does not constitute a declination “in

writing.” Thus, in sum, subsection (A) requires an applicant to affirmatively, by

way of writing, “opt out” of receiving a voter registration form.

      HSD argues, however, that the phrase “in writing,” as employed in

subsection (A), is “essentially define[d]” by subsection (B) to include either a

check in the “NO” box on the declination form “or by leaving the [declination]

form blank.” Aplt. Br. at 11. The problem with HSD’s argument is three-fold.

First, HSD’s proposed interpretation of the phrase “in writing” is clearly at odds

with the ordinary meaning of that phrase, and there is no express indication by

                                          21
Congress that it intended for the phrase, as used in Section 7, “to carry a

specialized—and indeed, unusual—meaning.” See Hamilton v. Lanning, 130 S.

Ct. 2464, 2474 (2010). Consequently, there is no legitimate basis for us to adopt

the definition suggested by HSD. Second, HSD’s proposed interpretation of the

phrase “in writing” renders superfluous the portion of the written admonition in

subsection (B) that states, “AT THIS TIME.” Although HSD’s position is that an

applicant’s failure to check either the “YES” or “NO” box must be interpreted as

a decision by the applicant not to register to vote at all, the phrase “AT THIS

TIME” means that the failure must instead be interpreted simply as a decision by

the applicant not to register to vote at that time, i.e., at the time they are present

in one of HSD’s offices seeking services or assistance. As plaintiffs suggest, it

is conceivable that an applicant who chooses not to register to vote “at that time”

might still be interested in receiving a mail voter registration form and completing

it at another time and/or location. And third, Congress made clear, by way of the

language contained in the first parenthetical in subsection (B)(iii), that an

applicant’s failure to check either box on the declination form must only be

“deemed to constitute a declination to register for purposes of subparagraph (C),”

i.e., it relieves the agency from its duty to provide the applicant with assistance in

completing a voter registration form. Had Congress intended for an applicant’s

failure to check either box to also relieve the agency of its obligation under

subsection (A) to provide a voter registration form, it presumably would have said

                                           22
so.

      At oral argument, HSD asserted for the first time that the interpretation

adopted by the district court created tension between the provisions of subsections

(B)(iii) and (B)(iv). From a jurisprudential standpoint, we are under no obligation

to consider this argument. See, e.g., Corder v. Lewis Palmer Sch. Dist. No. 38,

566 F.3d 1219, 1235 n.8 (10th Cir. 2011) (“An argument made for the first time at

oral argument . . . will not be considered.”). And, in any event, we find no merit

to it. Subsection (B)(iii) requires the declination form to advise an applicant of

the effect of not checking either box on the form: they will be considered to have

decided not to register to vote at that time. Subsection (B)(iv), in turn, requires

the declination form to advise an applicant that if they “would like help in filling

out the voter registration application form,” the agency “will help” them. It also

requires the declination form to advise the applicant that “[t]he decision whether

to seek or accept help is [theirs],” and that they “may fill out the [voter

registration] application in private.” As we see it, the statements required by

these two subsections effectively and harmoniously notify an applicant that their

failure to check either box on the declination form will be considered a decision

not to register to vote at that time, and thus not to seek help from the agency in

completing the voter registration form.

      We thus conclude, in sum, that when the provisions of § 1973gg-5(a)(6) are

considered together, the most reasonable interpretation is the one urged by

                                          23
plaintiff Allers and adopted by the district court. 2 If an applicant is passive, i.e.,

does not check either the “YES” or “NO” box on the declination form and thereby

indicate his or her intent in writing, HSD must, in accordance with the mandate of

subsection (A), still provide him or her with a voter registration form, but is

relieved from providing the applicant with assistance in completing that form. 3

On the other hand, if an applicant checks the “NO” box on the information form,

he or she would be deemed to have declined, in writing, the opportunity to receive

a voter registration form, and HSD would thus be relieved, under the language of

subsection (A), from providing the applicant with a voter registration form.

      c) Estoppel

      Defendants argue, in the alternative, that the district court’s entry of partial

summary judgment in favor of plaintiff Allers should be reversed “on the grounds

that [plaintiff’s] counsel can no longer maintain the position that HSD’s policy is

outside the bounds of the NVRA.” Aplt. Br. at 8. More specifically, defendants

argue that, “[i]n order to protect judicial integrity, [plaintiff’s] counsel should be

estopped from continuing to argue before this Court that the policy at issue is

      2
        We note that the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of
Justice filed an amicus brief agreeing with plaintiffs’ interpretation.
      3
        Subsection (C), as noted, requires a designated voter registration agency
to “provide to each applicant who does not decline to register” assistance in
completing the voter registration form. The parenthetical language in subsection
(B) must therefore be interpreted to mean that, when an applicant fails to check
either box on the information form, the agency is relieved of its obligation to
provide assistance to that applicant in completing a voter registration form.

                                           24
illegal, when they have submitted the same policy to another federal court [in

Indiana] for approval on the grounds that the policy is fair, reasonable, and

adequate.” Id.

      We reject defendants’ arguments. Generally speaking, the doctrine of

judicial estoppel “applies when, among other things, a party has succeeded in

persuading a court to accept that party’s earlier position, so that judicial

acceptance of an inconsistent position in a later proceeding would create the

perception that either the first or the second court was misled.” Reed Elsevier,

Inc. v. Muchnick, 130 S. Ct. 1237, 1249 (2010) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Thus, “one of the elements of this doctrine is that the party against

whom estoppel is asserted must have prevailed on the basis of his contradictory

position in the prior proceeding.” Webb v. ABF Freight Sys., Inc., 155 F.3d

1230, 1242 n.16 (10th Cir. 1998). Here, however, it is uncontroverted that

plaintiff Allers was not a party to the Indiana case cited by defendants, and thus

took no position in that case. Consequently, the doctrine simply does not apply in

this case. To be sure, Allers’ counsel in the instant case represented the plaintiff

in the Indiana case, i.e., the Indiana State Conference of the NAACP. But, under

controlling precedent, that fact simply has no relevance in determining whether

the doctrine of judicial estoppel applies in this case. Judicial estoppel does not

bind counsel, when representing a variety of parties, to always take the same

position on a question.

                                          25
      Finally, it is not entirely clear that the position taken by the plaintiffs and

their counsel in the Indiana case is inconsistent with the position taken by Allers

in this case. Under the terms of the settlement agreement in the Indiana case,

employees of the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration are required,

when dealing with an applicant for services, to first offer the applicant a voter

registration application and offer assistance to the client in completing that

application. If the applicant does not want to register to vote, the employee then

asks the applicant to complete a “notice/declination” form. Aplt. Br., Attachment

E at 5. If the applicant declines to complete the notice/declination form, the

employee notes on the form that the client declined to complete the form. Thus,

arguably, the requirement of a declination “in writing” is always satisfied under

these standards: either the applicant directly completes the notice/declination

form, or the employee, having spoken with the applicant, effectively acts on his

or her behalf to complete the form.

                                 Appeal No. 11-2084

      In Appeal No. 11-2084, the Secretary of State appeals from the district

court’s order granting plaintiffs’ application for fees and expenses arising out of

the litigation of their NVRA Section 5 claim. Generally speaking, “we review de

novo the legal analysis providing the basis for the award . . . of attorney fees,”

and “review for abuse of discretion the amount of a fee or cost award.” ClearOne

Commc’ns, Inc. v. Bowers, 643 F.3d 735, 777 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation

                                          26
marks omitted). To the extent the issues raised on appeal by the Secretary

implicate the construction of the parties’ settlement agreement, we must apply

state contract law in resolving those issues. Shoels v. Klebold, 375 F.3d 1054,

1060 (10th Cir. 2004).

      a) Plaintiffs’ failure to segregate fees on a defendant-by-defendant basis

      The Secretary of State first argues that, “because [plaintiffs] did not

segregate or seek fees on a defendant-by-defendant basis but instead chose to

segregate and seek fees on a claim-by-claim basis, [plaintiffs resolved] their

Section 5 fee claim in its entirety by accepting $200,000 from TRD in payment of

those fees.” Aplt. Br. at 5. We agree with district court, however, that this

argument is incorrect.

      It is undisputed that plaintiffs, the Secretary of State, TRD, and MVD

entered into a written settlement agreement resolving plaintiffs’ Section 5 claims.

Under the terms of that settlement agreement, the parties agreed that plaintiffs

were entitled to recover reasonable attorneys’ fees and litigation expenses from

all of the defendants. TRD and MVD subsequently agreed with plaintiffs to

resolve their liability under the settlement agreement by paying plaintiffs.

Because the Secretary of State had no involvement in the resolution between

plaintiffs and TRD/MVD, the only arguable way that she could benefit from it

would have been if the amount paid by TRD/MVD to plaintiffs was essentially

equal to the total reasonable fees and expenses plaintiffs incurred in litigating

                                          27
their Section 5 claim. But the record on appeal firmly establishes that this was

not the case. As the district court noted, “[p]laintiffs’ [fee] calculations resulted

in a lodestar for the Section 5 claims of $256,054.25 at the New Mexico rate[s]

($564,542.10 at their customary rates), with litigation expenses of $32,615.24.”

Aplt. App. at 384. Thus, it was reasonable for the district court to hold the

Secretary of State responsible for the difference between the lodestar amount

claimed by plaintiffs and the amount paid to plaintiffs by TRD/MVD. 4

      As for the Secretary of State’s complaint that plaintiffs failed to segregate

their fee request by defendant, rather than by claim, the district court aptly noted

that, “[h]ad the [Secretary of State] intended to limit her liability for fees to those

hours worked directly with respect to her counsel, she could have attempted to

negotiate such a provision in the Settlement Agreement.” Id. at 386-87. Because

she failed to do so, the settlement agreement cannot reasonably be interpreted as

requiring plaintiffs to segregate their fee request by defendant.

      b) Inadequate lodestar justification for award

      In her second issue on appeal, the Secretary of State argues that, “because

[plaintiffs] did not segregate their fees on a defendant-by-defendant basis,



      4
        Although the Secretary of State raises concerns about what would have
happened had TRD/MVD paid plaintiffs a much lower figure, leaving her to pay
the bulk of plaintiffs’ fees and expenses, that is a hypothetical situation that is not
before us. Under the actual facts presented in this case, the Secretary of State
benefitted substantially from the payment made by TRD/MVD.

                                          28
[plaintiffs] failed to provide an adequate lodestar justification for the $41,174.38

they sought from [the Secretary].” Aplt. Br. at 5. As discussed above, however,

nothing in the parties’ settlement agreement required plaintiffs to segregate their

fees on this basis. The district court concluded, and the Secretary of State does

not dispute, that “[t]he absence of [such] a fee partition within the Settlement

Agreement [wa]s reasonable[] because Plaintiffs’ Section 5 claim involve[d] a

common core of facts that required Plaintiffs to obtain information from, and

assess the conduct of, several Defendants, each of whom bore some responsibility

for the alleged violations.” Aplt. App. at 387. Moreover, the district court noted

that the Secretary of State “d[id] not appear to challenge the reasonableness of the

number of hours Plaintiffs’ counsel worked to litigate and settle the Section 5

claim,” and the Secretary of State does not dispute this point on appeal.

Relatedly, the district court expressly found that plaintiffs utilized “a valid

method of allocating hours among claims, and . . . ha[d] substantiated such hours

through clear documentation.” Id. Thus, in short, the Secretary of State’s

“inadequate lodestar justification” argument is not justified by the terms of the

parties’ settlement agreement, nor does it find any factual support in the record on

appeal.

      c) Whether plaintiffs were a “prevailing party”

      In her third issue on appeal, the Secretary of State argues that “the District

Court erred in determining that [plaintiffs] were a ‘prevailing party’ for attorneys’

                                          29
fees purposes because the settlement agreement [wa]s not sufficiently similar to a

consent decree.” Aplt. Br. at 6. Citing Supreme Court and Tenth Circuit case

law, the Secretary of State argues that a settlement does not confer prevailing

party status on a plaintiff unless the district court overseeing the case (1)

incorporates the settlement into an order, (2) signs or otherwise provides written

approval of the settlement’s terms, or (3) retains jurisdiction to enforce

performance of the obligations assumed by the parties. In turn, the Secretary of

State argues that because none of those factors were present in this case, the

plaintiffs cannot be considered prevailing parties and thus were not entitled to an

award of fees and expenses.

      We reject the Secretary of State’s arguments. At no time did the district

court deem plaintiffs “prevailing parties” in this litigation. Indeed, the district

court concluded it was unnecessary for plaintiffs to establish their status as

prevailing parties because the Secretary and the other two defendants had

expressly agreed, under the terms of the written settlement agreement, to pay

plaintiffs their reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses associated with litigating

their Section 5 claims. In light of the Secretary of State’s agreement in this

regard, which amounted to a private contractual matter, there was no need for

plaintiffs to satisfy the typical requirements for obtaining fees and expenses.

Notably, the Secretary of State has failed to cite to a single case holding

otherwise.

                                          30
      d) Fees for preparation of fee application

      In her fourth and final issue on appeal, the Secretary of State contends that

“the District Court erred by awarding $23,115 in connection with [plaintiffs’]

preparation of their fee [application].” Aplt. Br. at 6. “Not only [wa]s that

amount a disproportionate percentage of the total fee award,” the Secretary of

State argues, “but it [wa]s unjustifiable in light of the fact that [plaintiffs] did not

submit a fee petition reasonably confined to work performed against [the

Secretary of State].” Id.

      In opposing the plaintiffs’ fee application in the district court, the Secretary

of State argued that plaintiffs were not entitled to any fees in connection with the

preparation of their fee application. But the Secretary of State’s basis for this

argument was that plaintiffs had otherwise failed to establish their entitlement to

fees in connection with their Section 5 claims. The Secretary of State did not

argue, as she does now, that the fees associated with the application were “a

disproportionate percentage of the total fee award.” Thus, the district court did

not address this argument.

      The general rule in this circuit is that, “[a]bsent extraordinary

circumstances, we will not consider arguments raised for the first time on

appeal.” Koch v. City of Del City, 660 F.3d 1228, 1237 n.4 (10th Cir. 2011)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Because the Secretary of State “points us to

no extraordinary circumstances warranting consideration of this newly asserted

                                           31
claim on appeal,” it is unnecessary for us to consider it.

                                         III.

      In Appeal No. 11-2063, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of partial

summary judgment in favor of plaintiff Allers. In Appeal No. 11-2084, we

AFFIRM the district court’s grant of plaintiffs’ application for fees and expenses

from the New Mexico Secretary of State.




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