                                                                         F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          NOV 28 2001
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,
 v.                                                     No. 01-4011
                                                   (D.C. No. 00-CR-53-J)
 JOSE GONZALEZ CARDENAS, also                            (D. Utah)
 known as Jose Gonzales Cardenas,

          Defendant - Appellant.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before EBEL, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.


      Defendant-Appellant Jose Gonzalez Cardenas appeals from his conviction

of possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute, 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)

and 18 U.S.C. § 2, for which he was sentenced to 151 months’ imprisonment,

followed by a five-year term of supervised release. On appeal, he challenges the

district court’s denial of his motion to suppress. Our jurisdiction arises under 28

U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm, although on different grounds than those relied

upon by the district court in denying the suppression motion.


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
                                    Background

      On January 20, 2000, Mr. Cardenas was stopped by the Utah Highway

Patrol as he drove a Jeep Cherokee along Interstate 70. Troopers impounded the

vehicle and cited him for driving with a suspended license, driving without

insurance, and driving with a cracked windshield. An inventory search of the

vehicle revealed 1.3 pounds of methamphetamine packaged and stowed in the air

filter housing.

      During the stop, the trooper discovered a registration card that indicated the

owner of the vehicle was Ramos Godinez. The trooper then asked Mr. Cardenas

why he was in possession of the vehicle. The record is inconsistent as to Mr.

Cardenas’s response to this question, but the district court ultimately found that a

Ramos Gonzales loaned the vehicle to Mr. Cardenas.

      In his motion to suppress, Mr. Cardenas claimed the search of the vehicle

exceeded the lawful bounds of an inventory search. The government urged the

district court to uphold the inventory search based on Mr. Cardenas’s lack of

standing and on the merits. The district court found that Mr. Cardenas had

standing to assert his Fourth Amendment claim, but denied the motion after

concluding that the troopers had conducted a legal search.




                                         -2-
                                     Discussion

      When we review an order denying a motion to suppress, “we accept the

district court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, and we view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the district court's determination.” United

States v. Caro, 248 F.3d 1240, 1243 (10th Cir. 2001). Moreover, credibility

determinations, “‘and the weight given to the evidence, as well as the inferences

and conclusions drawn therefrom, are matters for the trial judge.’” Id. (quoting

United States v. Fernandez, 18 F.3d 874, 876 (10th Cir. 1994)). However, we

review de novo the trial court’s conclusions involved in a suppression hearing.

United States v. Rubio-Rivera, 917 F.2d 1271, 1274-1275 (10th Cir. 1990). We

review standing de novo.

      The Fourth Amendment protects citizens against unreasonable searches and

seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights

and cannot be asserted by a third party. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 140

(1978). In moving to suppress evidence gathered during an illegal search,

defendants have the burden of proving that the search violated their individual

Fourth Amendment interests. United States v. Rascon, 922 F.2d 584, 586 (10th

Cir. 1990). Whether an individual has a cognizable Fourth Amendment right

depends upon two factors: whether the individual has exhibited a subjective

expectation of privacy and whether society recognizes that subjective expectation


                                         -3-
as reasonable. Id.

      Mere possession of an automobile does not automatically satisfy this two-

pronged test or guarantee standing for the possessor to contest a search of that

vehicle. See United States v. Arango, 912 F.2d 441, 445 (10th Cir. 1990). In

Arango, the defendant received possession from an individual named Gonzalez.

The defense offered no evidence about how Gonzalez came to possess the vehicle,

or about any link between Gonzalez and the actual owner. Id. Consequently the

court concluded that the defendant failed to meet the burden of proving that he

had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the vehicle searched. Id.

      When the defendant offers “sufficient evidence indicating that he has

permission of the owner to use the vehicle, the defendant plainly has a reasonable

expectation of privacy in the vehicle and standing to challenge the search of the

vehicle.” Rubio-Rivera, 917 F.2d at 1275. Offering “sufficient evidence” does

not require that a defendant must present formal, documented proof of ownership

or legitimate possession in order to have standing. Arango, 912 F.2d at 445.

However, a defendant must, “at least state that he gained possession from the

owner or someone with the authority to grant possession.” Id.

      In reviewing the denial of Mr. Cardenas’s motion to suppress, we may

consider the evidence introduced at the hearing on the motion to suppress as well

as the evidence later presented at trial, even though such may not have been


                                        -4-
presented at the pretrial suppression hearing. Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S.

132, 162 (1925); United States v. Smith, 527 F.2d 692, 694 (10th Cir. 1975).

      The only evidence of ownership of the Jeep Cherokee presented during the

suppression hearing and the trial was a valid registration card in the name of

Hector Ramos Godinez, which had been inside the vehicle, II R.S., Pl. Ex. 3, and

the testimony of Trooper Roberts that a roadside check confirmed Mr. Godinez as

the registered owner. II R.S. at 20.

      During the stop, Trooper Roberts questioned Mr. Cardenas about his

possession of the vehicle. The record shows three different accounts of Mr.

Cardenas’s answer. During the suppression hearing, Trooper Roberts testified

that Mr. Cardenas had said that Ramos Gonzalez lent him the vehicle. II R. S. at

12. This is the answer that Trooper Roberts recorded in his notes of the incident.

I R. S. at 44. At trial, however, Trooper Roberts stated that Mr. Cardenas told

him that he had borrowed the vehicle from a friend named Hector Ramos. I R. S.

at 43. When defense counsel pressed Trooper Roberts about the discrepancy

between his testimony and his notes, Trooper Roberts admitted that he could not

recall precisely what name Mr. Cardenas had given him. Id. at 44-45. In

summary, Trooper Roberts’s notes and various statements conflict and really do

not satisfy Mr. Cardenas’s initial burden (for standing) to explain how he came to

possess the Jeep Cherokee.


                                        -5-
      Further complicating the picture, Mr. Cardenas testified at trial and stated

that he borrowed the Jeep from his friend Jesus Ramos. There is no evidence that

Jesus Ramos is Hector Ramos Godinez, the name appearing on the car’s

registration. To the contrary, Mr. Cardenas testified “I understood [Jesus Ramos]

was the owner because I asked him to let me borrow [the Jeep Cherokee] and he

let me borrow it.” I R. S. at 105. Though the test for a reasonable expectation of

privacy contains a subjective element, we have held that a possessor of a vehicle

who has a subjective belief in the authority of another to lend a vehicle to that

person, without evidence that such authority in fact existed, has not met the

burden required to establish Fourth Amendment standing to contest a search of

the vehicle. See United States v. Martinez, 983 F.2d 968, 973 (10th Cir. 1992).

      Mr. Cardenas did not offer “sufficient evidence indicating that he has

permission of the owner...to use the vehicle.” Rubio-Rivera, 917 F.2d at 1275.

The district court found that Ramos Gonzalez had lent the vehicle to Mr.

Cardenas, and indeed, Mr. Cardenas testified he did not know the individual

identified as the vehicle’s owner on the registration certificate. I R.S. at 105.

Among the varying accounts of the roadside exchange between Roberts and

Cardenas, Robert’s notes, and Mr. Cardenas’s own testimony, not a single version

links Mr. Cardenas either directly or indirectly to the actual owner of the

Cherokee, be that Mr. Godinez or someone else. Mr. Cardenas failed to show


                                         -6-
evidence either that the owner loaned him the Jeep, or that a linkage existed

between the person who lent the Jeep and the owner. See United States v.

Betancur, 24 F.3d 73, 76 (10th Cir. 1994) (no standing to challenge search of a

truck where defendant testified that one person lent the truck, but the name on the

registration papers indicated a different name and no linkage between registered

lender and owner was shown). Because Mr. Cardenas failed to “at least state that

he gained possession from the owner or someone with the authority to grant

possession,” he failed to meet his burden of proving that he had a reasonable

expectation of privacy in the vehicle searched. Arango, 912 F.2d at 445.

      Mr. Cardenas also testified that he had borrowed the Jeep Cherokee on at

least one prior occasion, and that one week before his arrest, he had paid for

repairs to the vehicle. I. R. S. at 85. He also stated that on a previous trip to

Colorado, an acquaintance recognized the Jeep as belonging to “Ramos.” Id. at

106-07. This evidence does not provide the needed link between Mr. Cardenas

and the owner of the vehicle. Prior possession, paying for repairs and the

recognition of the vehicle by a third party do not, in and of themselves, establish

lawful possession of the vehicle. Mr. Cardenas’s argument does little more than

establish possession of the vehicle and “[m]ere possession of the vehicle and the

keys are not sufficient to confer standing.” Martinez, 983 F.2d at 973.

      Because we find that Mr. Cardenas lacked standing to challenge the search,


                                          -7-
we do not reach the issue of whether the search comported with the requirements

of the Fourth Amendment.

      AFFIRMED.

                                     Entered for the Court


                                     Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                     Circuit Judge




                                       -8-
