                                                                                 PD-0730-15
                                                                COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                                AUSTIN, TEXAS
November 13, 2015                                             Transmitted 11/13/2015 2:48:47 PM
                                                                Accepted 11/13/2015 2:57:12 PM
                                                                                 ABEL ACOSTA
                                No. PD-0730-15                                           CLERK

                    IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

                          OF THE STATE OF TEXAS


                       DALLAS CARL TATE, Appellant

                                        v.

                       THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee


                         Appeal from Montague County


                                  * * * * *

                      STATE’S BRIEF ON THE MERITS

                                  * * * * *


                               LISA C. McMINN
                           State Prosecuting Attorney
                             Bar I.D. No.13803300

                             JOHN R. MESSINGER
                       Assistant State Prosecuting Attorney
                              Bar I.D. No. 24053705

                                 P.O. Box 13046
                               Austin, Texas 78711
                           information@spa.texas.gov
                           512/463-1660 (Telephone)
                               512/463-5724 (Fax)
    NAMES OF ALL PARTIES TO THE TRIAL COURT’S JUDGMENT

*The parties to the trial court’s judgment are the State of Texas and Appellant, Dallas
Carl Tate.

*The case was tried before the Honorable Jack A. McGaughey, 97th Judicial District
Court, Montague County, Texas.

*Counsel for Appellant at trial was Jeannette Richmond, Richmond Law Office, 900
8th Street, Suite 115, Wichita Falls, Texas 76301.

*Counsel for Appellant on appeal was Lynn Switzer, P.O. Box 2040, 406 N. Grand
Ave., Suite 108, Gainesville, Texas 76241.

*Counsel for the State at trial was Paige Williams, District Attorney, and Casey Hall,
Assistant District Attorney, 97th Judicial District, P.O. Box 55, Montague, Texas
76251.

*Counsel for the State on appeal was Zachary Renfro, Special Prosecutor, 304 Clay
St., Nocona, Texas 76255.

*Counsel for the State before this Court is John R. Messinger, Assistant State
Prosecuting Attorney, P.O. Box 13046, Austin, Texas 78711.




                                           i
                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

STATEMENT OF THE CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

ISSUE PRESENTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

STATEMENT OF FACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

         I.       The law of possession and sufficiency review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

         II.      Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

         III.     Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

PRAYER FOR RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12




                                                           ii
                                  INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases
Abercrombie v. State, 528 S.W.2d 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Aston v. State, 01-07-00427-CR, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 9568 (Tex. App.–Houston
      [1st Dist.] Dec. 17, 2009, pet. ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Coons v. State, 22 S.W.2d 459 (Tex. Crim. App. 1929) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Duncantell v. State, 563 S.W.2d 252 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6, 7, 10

Ex parte Garcia, 104 S.W.3d 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Mendoza v. State, 492 S.W.2d 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6

Ramos v. State, 478 S.W.2d 102 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (rehearing) . . . . . . . . . . 8

Sims v. State, 13 S.W.2d 98 (Tex. Crim. App. 1929) (rehearing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Tate v. State, 463 S.W.3d 272 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6, 8

Taylor v. State, 604 S.W.2d 175 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Statutes and Rules
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7




                                                    iii
                                       No. PD-0730-15

                       IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

                               OF THE STATE OF TEXAS

DALLAS CARL TATE,                                                              Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                             Appellee

                                          * * * * *

                          STATE’S BRIEF ON THE MERITS

                                          * * * * *

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

         Comes now the State of Texas, by and through its State Prosecuting Attorney,

and respectfully presents to this Court its brief on the merits.

                              STATEMENT OF THE CASE

         The court of appeals acquitted appellant of possession of a controlled substance,

holding that “the only link between Tate and the syringe was that Tate was the driver

and purported owner of the vehicle in which the syringe was found in a location that

would have been conveniently accessible to both Tate and [a passenger].”1

                 STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT


     1
         Tate v. State, 463 S.W.3d 272, 276 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2015).

                                               1
      Oral argument was not requested.

                                 ISSUE PRESENTED

  Did the court of appeals ignore multiple rules of sufficiency review and
  substitute its judgment for the jury’s when it held there was insufficient
  evidence connecting appellant to the contraband found in plain view in the
  center console of a car that he owned and was driving?

                                STATEMENT OF FACTS

      Detective Rick Beckham stopped a Pontiac Grand Prix driven by appellant

because appellant was wanted on two warrants.2 There was one passenger in the front,

one in the back, and a dog.3 The front passenger was Bonita Proctor.4 The rear

passenger was Sherita Yvonne Hale, a friend of Proctor’s.5

      Beckham immediately asked appellant to step out and escorted him to the rear

of the Grand Prix.6 From there, Beckham could “clearly” see Proctor moving, but he

did not see her reach over towards the area of the air-conditioning controls.7

Appellant told Beckham he owned the car but “hadn’t had any paperwork transferred



  2
      3 RR 12-13, 16, 24, 60.
  3
      3 RR 13, 24.
  4
      3 RR 58. Beckham believed her name was “Berta” Proctor. 3 RR 13.
  5
      3 RR 14, 58.
  6
      3 RR 25, 59.
  7
      3 RR 27-28, 30-31.

                                           2
yet.”8 The car was not reported stolen.9 After Beckham confirmed the warrants, he

arrested appellant.10

       Beckham removed the passengers after requesting a unit to transport appellant

to jail.11 They had remained inside the Grand Prix for roughly five minutes.12

Beckham searched their purses and found nothing.13 When DPS Trooper Rachel

Russell arrived, she searched the female passengers.14 She found nothing.15

       Beckham then impounded the vehicle and conducted an inventory pursuant to

a written policy.16           Beckham found a syringe containing .24 grams of

methamphetamine in an open compartment underneath the radio and climate

controls.17 It was in plain view and directly to the right of the driver’s seat.18 It would


  8
       3 RR 14-15, 32, 60.
  9
       3 RR 32.
  10
       3 RR 13.
  11
       3 RR 25.
  12
       3 RR 24-25, 28.
  13
       3 RR 14.
  14
       3 RR 27, 36.
  15
       3 RR 36.
  16
       3 RR 15.
  17
       3 RR 18, 48, 64.
  18
       3 RR 18, 28, 60, 63.

                                            3
have been easily accessed by the driver and front passenger but not within reach of the

backseat passenger.19

        Appellant testified. He admitted to three prior convictions, including one for

drug possession.20 But he denied placing or having any knowledge of the syringe in

the compartment, and wondered which of his passengers put it there.21 Appellant and

Proctor “dated for a time,” and he knew both passengers to have been “charged with

drug-related offenses.”22

                          SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

        Rather than view the evidence linking appellant to the meth-filled syringe in the

light most favorable to the verdict, the court of appeals ignored some of the evidence,

re-weighed other evidence, focused on links that were not present, and substituted its

inferences for those of the jury. When viewed with proper deference to the role of the

jury, the evidence shows that drug-filled paraphernalia was found in plain view and

within reach of appellant in his own car. When combined with his history with drugs

and decision to associate with people he knew to be involved in drugs, a rational jury



   19
        3 RR 18, 28-29, 64.
   20
       3 RR 57-58. Appellant claimed he pled guilty to that charge because he “was guilty” and
served five years concurrent with an escape charge. 3 RR 57.
   21
        3 RR 60, 63-65.
   22
        3 RR 58.

                                              4
could have determined that his presence there was not merely fortuitous.

                                            ARGUMENT

I.        The law of possession and sufficiency review

          To prove unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must prove

that: (1) the accused exercised control, management, or care over the substance; and

(2) the accused knew the matter possessed was contraband.23 Possession need not be

exclusive.24 However, mere presence at the location where contraband is found is not

enough.25

          In order to protect innocent bystanders from conviction based solely upon

“fortuitous proximity” to someone else’s drugs, this Court requires evidence that,

when combined with proximity, links the defendant to the contraband.26 Courts of

appeals, including the court below, have compiled lists of possible links.27 Some are

obvious, such as finding drugs or drug paraphernalia on the defendant.28 The rest fall


     23
          Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
     24
        Id. at 412 (“The mere fact that a person other than the accused might have joint possession
of the premises does not require the State to prove that the defendant had sole possession of the
contraband . . . .”).
     25
          Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
     26
          Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 406.
     27
          Tate v. State, 463 S.W.3d 272, 275 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2015).
     28
          Id. (“whether . . . (7) drug paraphernalia was . . . found on the accused; (9) the accused had
                                                                                           (continued...)

                                                    5
into three basic categories:

•        Whether the presence of drugs should have been apparent to anyone present.29

•        The defendant’s relationship to the place.30

•        The defendant’s relationship to the other persons present.31

These links “are not a litmus test.”32 Notably, whether the defendant was present

when the search was conducted is merely one of the factors to be considered.33 And



    28
     (...continued)
a special relationship to the drug; (10) the accused possessed other contraband or narcotics when
arrested; (11) the accused was under the influence of narcotics when arrested; [and any] (12)
affirmative statements connected the accused to the drug; . . . (14) the accused was found with a
large amount of cash . . . .”).
    29
           Id. (“whether the contraband was (1) in plain view; (2) conveniently accessible to or found
on the same side of the car as the accused; . . . (5) found in an enclosed space; whether (6) the odor
of narcotics was present; (7) drug paraphernalia was present [or] in view of . . . the accused; . . . (15)
the amount of contraband found was large enough to indicate that the accused knew of its existence
. . . .”).
    30
        Id. (“whether the contraband was . . . (3) in a place owned, rented, possessed, or controlled
by the accused; (4) in a car driven by the accused; . . . (13) the accused was present when the search
was conducted and whether others were present at the time of the search . . . .”).
    31
       Id. (“(16) the accused’s relationship to other persons with access to where the drugs were
found.”).
    32
         Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12.
    33
        See, e.g., Abercrombie v. State, 528 S.W.2d 578 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) (op. on rhr’g), in
which the lessee (and second defendant in that appeal), Dean, was absent when the house was
searched but Abercrombie and another were present. Id. at 586. This Court held,
   While Dean was not present at the time of the search, the house was under his control,
   marihuana was literally everywhere, and he or someone in the house had accepted the
   marihuana brought by [a neighbor] after Dean’s conversation with him. We conclude the
   evidence was sufficient to support the verdict of guilty as to both Dean and Abercrombie.
Id. at 586-87 (emphasis added).

                                                    6
it is not the number of links that is dispositive, but rather the logical force of all of the

evidence—direct and circumstantial—combined with rational inferences therefrom.34

           As with all sufficiency review, it is “the jury’s prerogative to weigh the

evidence, to judge the credibility of the witnesses, and to choose between conflicting

theories of the case.”35 This means that focusing on the evidence that was not

admitted at trial, or the reasonableness of alternative hypotheses, is not permitted.36

II.        Application

           The evidence shows that appellant “possessed” the meth-filled syringe.

Appellant was not in the wrong place at the wrong time; he was in the driver’s seat of

his own car. He was no stranger to drugs; he previously agreed to serve five years for

possession of a controlled substance. He was not the victim of unlucky association;

he invited into his car people he knew had a history with drugs. He had dated one of

them. In light of the circumstances, the conclusion that appellant 1) knew the syringe

within his reach and in plain view was contraband, and 2) exercised control,

management, or care over the substance, is rational.

           As always, more evidence is better. The court of appeals is correct that the

      34
           Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162.
      35
        Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see also TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. art. 38.04 (“The jury, in all cases, is the exclusive judge of the facts proved, and of the weight
to be given to the testimony . . . .”).
      36
           Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448-49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015).

                                                   7
syringe was not fingerprinted,37 it was not seen before appellant stepped out of the

Grand Prix,38 and there is no evidence that the syringe was not in the exclusive

possession of Proctor or Hale when appellant left the vehicle.39 Filling any of these

gaps would have made the State’s case better. But their absence does not render the

evidence insufficient.

        Nor does the possibility that one of his passengers placed the syringe in the

console after appellant stepped out of his car. This is hardly the first case in which the

defendant claimed that contraband had been deposited in or on his property in his

absence and without his knowledge.40 It is not even the first case in which a driver

claimed a passenger planted drugs and paraphernalia after he exited the car.41 Had

   37
        See Tate, 463 S.W.3d at 276 n.3.
   38
        Id. at 276 n.4.
   39
        Id. at 276 n.5.
   40
         See, e.g., Ramos v. State, 478 S.W.2d 102, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972) (op. on reh’g)
(“Upon being shown the warrant and informed of the purpose of the officer’s visit, appellant stated
that if the officers ‘did find anything there, somebody else had planted it there.’”); Coons v. State,
22 S.W.2d 459, 459 (Tex. Crim. App. 1929) (“Operating under a purported search warrant, officers
searched the enclosure referred to and found therein, buried in the ground, about eight gallons of
whiskey. While they were digging up the whiskey, appellant came into the field and told the officers
that someone had planted the whiskey there while he was away.”); Sims v. State, 13 S.W.2d 98, 99
(Tex. Crim. App. 1929) (op. on reh’g) (“Appellant contends that the whiskey found by the officers
had been planted there and that appellant knew nothing of its presence and that the raid was
engineered by appellant’s father-in-law, who desired to obtain possession of his business.”).
 41
        See, e.g., Aston v. State, 01-07-00427-CR, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 9568 (Tex. App.–Houston
[1st Dist.] Dec. 17, 2009, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication). Aston exited the car he was
driving immediately upon stopping. Id. at *2. The officer had a “clear view” of the passenger
                                                                                       (continued...)

                                                  8
appellant no passengers to blame, he could have blamed Detective Beckham.42 Jurors

are more than capable of determining the weight to be given these claims, even

without Beckham’s testimony that he had a clear view of the passengers and never

saw either of them reach toward the console.

        Moreover, the jury did not simply reject an alternative theory presented by

defense counsel—it rejected the theory out of appellant’s own mouth. Although it is

conceivable that a jury could find a testifying defendant to be wholly incredible yet

still agree with his version of events, it cannot be irrational to do the opposite.



   41
     (...continued)
“making all kinds of movements with his hands, reaching down his body, reaching around his body,
reaching down towards the floorboard” but he told the jury that the passenger’s movements were
limited to the passenger side of the vehicle. Id. at *2, 14. A crack pipe was found on the passenger
once he was removed from the car, and crack paraphernalia was found under the front passenger’s
seat. Id. at *3-4. Drugs and other paraphernalia were also found under the driver’s seat. Id. at *4.
However, the passenger was under the influence while Aston was not, and Aston possessed no
paraphernalia on his person. Id. at *13. Like appellant, Aston denied any knowledge of the illegal
drugs or drug paraphernalia recovered from the car and testified that he believed that his passenger
had placed the illegal drugs in the car. Id. at *6. The court of appeals rejected Aston’s argument.
It held the evidence legally and factually sufficient when the evidence was viewed in the light most
favorable to the verdict and the proper deference was shown to the jury’s fact findings. Id. at *15,
17-18.
   42
       See, e.g., Ex parte Garcia, 104 S.W.3d 902, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (Price, J.,
concurring) (“[Garcia] claims that evidence now exists the confidential informant and the officers
planted evidence in his case to secure a conviction and financial reward.”); Taylor v. State, 604
S.W.2d 175, 180 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) (“The trial court stated that he did not believe appellant’s
testimony that she had no knowledge of the marihuana and that the police planted it in her home.”);
Mendoza v. State, 492 S.W.2d 489, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973) (“Appellant denied possession of
any heroin, and contended that it was planted on him by one of the officers.”). Some accusations
are more far-reaching. See Duncantell v. State, 563 S.W.2d 252, 256 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)
(“According to the officer, appellant told him that Houston Mayor Louie Welch had conspired to
have the marihuana planted on him.”).

                                                 9
III.    Conclusion

        As this Court said when it rebuked the court of appeals in Evans for its

consideration of alternative inferences and missing links, “The jury presumably went

through exactly the same weighing of evidence, credibility assessments, and

alternative-explanation exercises and came to the opposite conclusion, i.e., appellant

was connected to the drugs. Under federal and Texas law, juries trump both trial and

appellate judges on weight-of-evidence determinations.”43 This Court found the

evidence sufficient in Evans. The result should be no different in this case.




   43
        Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 164.

                                         10
                            PRAYER FOR RELIEF

      WHEREFORE, the State of Texas prays that the Court of Criminal Appeals

reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

                                       Respectfully submitted,


                                         /s/ John R. Messinger
                                       JOHN R. MESSINGER
                                       Assistant State Prosecuting Attorney
                                       Bar I.D. No. 24053705

                                       P.O. Box 13046
                                       Austin, Texas 78711
                                       information@spa.texas.gov
                                       512/463-1660 (Telephone)
                                       512/463-5724 (Fax)

                     CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

The undersigned certifies that according to the WordPerfect word count tool this

document contains 3,122 words.


                                               /s/ John R. Messinger
                                             John R. Messinger
                                             Assistant State Prosecuting Attorney




                                        11
                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      The undersigned hereby certifies that on this 13th day of November, 2015, a

true and correct copy of the State’s Brief on the Merits has been eFiled or e-mailed

to the following:

Zachary Renfro
Special Prosecutor
304 Clay St.
Nocona, Texas 76255
renfrolawoffice@gmail.com

Paige Williams
District Attorney
P.O. Box 55
Montague, Texas 76251
paige.williams@co.montague.tx.us

Lynn Switzer
P.O. Box 2040
406 N. Grand Ave., Suite 108
Gainesville, Texas 76241
lynn.switzer@thesolawfirm.com

                                                /s/ John R. Messinger
                                              John R. Messinger
                                              Assistant State Prosecuting Attorney




                                         12
