                          NUMBER 13-08-00562-CR

                          COURT OF APPEALS

                 THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                   CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG


JOHN DAVID URBINA,                                                      Appellant,

                                         v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                                      Appellee.


                  On appeal from the 275th District Court
                        of Hidalgo County, Texas.


                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
             Before Justices Rodriguez, Benavides, and Vela
              Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides

      Appellant, John David Urbina, appeals from his conviction by a jury for capital

murder. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.03(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2009). Urbina raises

eleven issues on appeal. We affirm.
                                              I. BACKGROUND 1

        On April 22, 2007, Urbina lived in the 3200 block of South Closner in Edinburg,

Texas, at a known “crack house.” That evening, Miguel Aguilar was murdered during the

course of a robbery at The Gas Depot convenience store in Edinburg, where Aguilar

worked as a clerk. The following day, the “crack house” was raided by the Edinburg police,

and Urbina, among others, was taken to the police station to be interviewed. Urbina

cooperated with the investigators, tested negative for gun residue, passed a polygraph

examination, and was allowed to leave the police station.                           During the week-long

investigation into Aguilar’s murder, Urbina visited the police station multiple times, usually

at the request of Robert Alvarez, an investigator with the Edinburg Police Department.

        On May 2, 2007, Urbina gave a written and oral statement to Detective Alvarez in

which Urbina indicated that he procured a handgun for “Gil,” who then robbed The Gas

Depot and killed Aguilar, while Urbina acted as a scout and a lookout.2 Both the written

and oral statements were admitted into evidence over Urbina’s objection and motion to

suppress. The jury charge authorized the jury to find Urbina guilty of capital murder,

murder, or aggravated robbery as either the principal actor or as a party to the offenses.

The jury returned a general verdict of guilty of capital murder, and the trial court imposed

a sentence of life imprisonment without parole. See id. § 12.31(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2009)

(providing a sentence of life without parole in capital murder cases when the State does

not seek the death penalty). This appeal ensued.


        1
          As this is a m em orandum opinion and the parties are fam iliar with the facts of the case, we will not
recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of this Court's decision and the basic reasons for
it. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.4.

        2
          Urbina’s statem ents do not indicate whether “Gil” is Gilberto Villarreal, the person listed in the jury
charge as either the prim ary actor or a party to Aguilar’s m urder. However, neither party to this appeal asserts
that the “Gil” referred to in the statem ent is anyone other than Gilberto Villarreal.
                                                        2
                                  II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS

       In his first issue, Urbina argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to

suppress. Urbina contends that the oral and written statement he made was involuntary

because it was induced by promises made to him by Detective Alvarez. See TEX . CODE

CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.21 (Vernon 2005); Martinez v. State, 127 S.W.3d 792, 794 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2004). We disagree.

       “Generally, a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress is reviewed by an abuse of

discretion standard.” Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We use

a bifurcated standard, giving “‘almost total deference to a trial court's determination of the

historical facts that the record supports especially when the trial court's fact findings are

based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.’” Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666,

673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App.

1997)). We “afford the same level of deference to a trial court's ruling on ‘application of

law to fact questions,’ or ‘mixed questions of law and fact,’ if the resolution of those

questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Id. (quoting Montanez v.

State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We “review de novo ‘mixed questions

of law and fact’ that do not depend upon credibility and demeanor.” Id. (quoting Montanez,

195 S.W.3d at 109).

       “At a hearing on a motion to suppress, the trial court is the sole and exclusive trier

of fact and judge of the credibility of witnesses as well as the weight to be given their

testimony.” Garza v. State, 213 S.W.3d 338, 346 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). As such, “the

trial judge may choose to believe or disbelieve any or all of a witness's testimony.” Id.

       “A statement of an accused may be used in evidence against him if it appears that

the same was freely and voluntarily made without compulsion or persuasion . . . .” TEX .
                                         3
CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.21. “[F]or a promise to render a confession invalid under

[a]rticle 38.21, the promise must be positive, made or sanctioned by someone in authority,

and of such an influential nature that it would cause a defendant to speak untruthfully.”

Martinez, 127 S.W.3d at 794.

       At the hearing on his motion to suppress, Urbina asserted that Detective Alvarez

had used him as a confidential informant to help Detective Alvarez apprehend drug dealers

through the use of “controlled buys.” Urbina stated that Detective Alvarez used him in this

manner six or seven times, that Detective Alvarez would give him the money to make a

drug purchase, that he would make the purchase, that Detective Alvarez would arrest the

dealer, and that Detective Alvarez would let him keep the drugs, which he would then

consume. Urbina further testified that Detective Alvarez had also “made” some charges

against Urbina “disappear.”

       Vanessa Baldazo, Urbina’s fiancé, testified at the motion to suppress hearing that

Detective Alvarez gave Urbina money on several occasions so that Urbina could buy gas,

groceries, cigarettes, food, and soda. Baldazo saw Detective Alvarez take the money out

of his own wallet and give it to Urbina. Baldazo also stated that she had asked Detective

Alvarez to give her money to help her pay her bills and that Detective Alvarez promised to

get her $250, although he never gave her any money.

       Urbina and Baldazo both testified that during investigation into the murder, Detective

Alvarez continually affirmed that Urbina was not going to be in any trouble and that

everything was “okay.” Urbina stated that, prior to recording his statement, he and

Detective Alvarez drafted the statement in such a way that the statement could “be

presented proper [sic] in court.” Urbina asserted that Detective Alvarez needed the



                                             4
statement of someone at the scene so that the actual murderer could be prosecuted and

that Detective Alvarez promised him he would not go to jail but that Detective Alvarez

would help him get into a drug rehabilitation program.

       Detective Alvarez testified at the suppression hearing that he was not in the division

of the police department that handled “controlled buys” and he could not have and did not

use Urbina to handle such transactions. Detective Alvarez denied using Urbina as a

confidential informant, but he recalled one instance where he paid Urbina $60 to contact

him when a suspect in a different case came to Urbina’s house.              Regarding drug

rehabilitation, Detective Alvarez noted that he instructed Urbina that Urbina could

voluntarily enter a rehabilitation program, but that Detective Alvarez could not get him into

one. Detective Alvarez asserted that he did not make any promises to Urbina in order to

induce him to give the statements, that he did not tell Urbina what to say in the statements,

and that Urbina gave the statements freely and voluntarily. Further, Urbina initialed the

warning paragraph at the beginning of the written statement, which declared, in relevant

part, that he understood his rights and that he “knowingly and voluntarily waive[d] such

rights and freely and voluntarily [made] the . . . statement without compulsion or

persuasion.”

       By denying Urbina’s motion to suppress, the trial court impliedly chose to believe

Detective Alvarez and to disbelieve Urbina and Baldazo. See Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 346.

As the trier of fact at the suppression hearing, the trial court was the sole judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. See id. The trial

court found that no one promised Urbina anything in exchange for making the statements

and that he made them voluntarily. We conclude that the trial court’s decision to deny the



                                             5
motion to suppress is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. See State v. Dixon,

206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Urbina’s first issue is overruled.

                                   III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        By issues two, three, four, and five, Urbina contends that: (1) the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to support the verdict (issues two and three); (2) the trial court

erred by denying his motion for directed verdict (issue four); and (3) the trial court erred by

instructing the jury on the law of parties because the evidence did not support such an

instruction (issue five).3

A.      Standard of Review and Applicable Law

        When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether

“‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt’—not whether ‘[we believe] that the evidence at the trial established guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “[W]e assess all of the

evidence “‘in the light most favorable to the prosecution.’” Id. (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S.

at 319.) “After giving proper deference to the factfinder's role, we will uphold the verdict

unless a rational factfinder must have had reasonable doubt as to any essential element.”



        3
           In their briefs to this Court, both parties com bined these issues for discussion purposes. Because
the standard of review for Urbina’s legal sufficiency, directed verdict, and charge error issues is the sam e, we
will also com bine these issues for purposes of discussion. See Perales v. State, 117 S.W .3d 434, 443 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 2003, pet. ref’d) (“A challenge to the denial of a m otion for directed verdict is a challenge
to the legal sufficiency of the evidence.”) (citing W illiam s v. State, 937 S.W .2d 479, 482 (Tex. Crim . App.
1996)); Mullins v. State, 173 S.W .3d 167, 178 (Tex. App.–Fort W orth 2005, no pet.) (holding that because the
evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the appellant’s conviction as a party, the trial court did
not err by instructing the jury on the law of parties) (citing Ladd v. State, 3 S.W .3d 547, 564 (Tex. Crim . App.
1999)).




                                                        6
Id. at 518 (citing Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W.2d 415, 423 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).

         “Evidence that is legally sufficient, however, can be deemed factually insufficient in

two ways:      (1) the evidence supporting the conviction is ‘too weak’ to support the

factfinder's verdict, or (2) considering conflicting evidence, the factfinder's verdict is ‘against

the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.’” Id. (quoting Watson v. State, 204

S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we

defer to the jury’s findings. Id. We consider all of the evidence in a neutral light and will

“find the evidence factually insufficient when necessary to ‘prevent manifest injustice.’” Id.

(quoting Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).

         “A challenge to the denial of a motion for directed verdict is a challenge to the legal

sufficiency of the evidence.” Perales v. State, 117 S.W.3d 434, 443 (Tex. App.–Corpus

Christi 2003, pet. ref’d) (citing Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 482 (Tex. Crim. App.

1996)). “In general, an instruction on the law of parties may be given to the jury whenever

there is sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict that the defendant is criminally

responsible under the law of parties.” Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 564 (Tex. Crim. App.

1999).

         We measure the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence based on a

hypothetically correct jury charge. Grotti v. State, 273 S.W.3d 273, 280-81 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2008). A hypothetically correct jury charge “accurately promulgates the law, is

authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the state's burden of proof

or restrict the state's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense

for which the defendant was tried.” Id. In a hypothetically correct jury charge, the elements

of capital murder under section 19.03(a)(2) of the penal code are: (1) the person; (2)



                                                7
during the course of committing or attempting to commit a robbery; (3) intentionally; (4)

causes the death; (5) of an individual. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.03(a)(2); see also

id. § 19.02(b)(1) (Vernon 2003) (listing the elements of murder). A person commits

aggravated robbery if he commits robbery and either “causes serious bodily injury to

another” or “uses or exhibits a deadly weapon.” Id. § 29.03(a)(1), (2) (Vernon 2003). “A

person commits [robbery] if, in the course of committing theft . . . and with intent to obtain

or maintain control of the property, he . . . intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes

bodily injury to another.” Id. 29.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). “A person is criminally responsible

for an offense committed by the conduct of another if . . . acting with intent to promote or

assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to

aid the other person to commit the offense . . . .” Id. § 7.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). When

we review the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a defendant’s participation as a party,

“we may consider ‘events occurring before, during and after the commission of the offense,

and may rely on actions of the defendant which show an understanding and common

design to do the prohibited act.’” King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 564 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)

(quoting Ranson v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). Additionally,

“[c]ircumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an

actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Clayton v.

State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

B.     Discussion

       Urbina argues that because there is no physical evidence linking him to either the

robbery of The Gas Depot or to Aguilar’s murder, the evidence is insufficient to support the

jury’s verdict and the trial court’s instruction on the law of parties and that he was entitled



                                              8
to a directed verdict.4 The State contends that Urbina’s statement is sufficient evidence

to sustain Urbina’s conviction as a party to the offenses committed by Villarreal. We agree

with the State.

        In his statement, Urbina stated that on the evening of April 22, 2007, Villarreal

arrived at the house where Urbina was “getting high.” Villarreal and Urbina “smoked some

crack,” and Villarreal wanted “some more” but did not have any money. Urbina did not

have any money either, but he “had access to a pistol that [Villarreal] could use.” Villarreal

left, and while Villarreal was gone, Urbina went to Tom Drewry’s house and took a gun

without Drewry’s knowledge. When Villarreal returned, Urbina gave him the gun, and

Villarreal left to “scope it out.” Villarreal returned between 9:00 and 9:15 p.m., and

informed Urbina that the only place he could “hit where they don’t know him” was The Gas

Depot. Pursuant to Villarreal’s instructions, Urbina rode his bike over to The Gas Depot

to determine whether anyone was there. Urbina returned and informed Villarreal that no

one was at The Gas Depot. Villarreal told Urbina to return to the store and, when Villarreal

drove by, to “give [Villarreal] a signal that the coast was clear and that no one was at the

store.” Urbina went back to the store and saw that only Aguilar was there. He signaled to

Villarreal, who robbed the store and killed Aguilar. When Urbina saw Villarreal shoot

Aguilar, he ran to some friends’ motel room and took a shower. Later that night, Urbina

returned to Drewry’s house and made sure that Drewry stayed high so that he would not



        4
          The State argues that Urbina failed to adequately brief his argum ent concerning the jury instruction
on the law of parties because he failed to cite any authorities to support his contention. See T EX . R. A PP . P.
38.2. However, U rbina recited the applicable standard of review for this issue and incorporated his legal
sufficiency argum ent. Following these recitations, Urbina presented his argum ents on this issue. The State
followed the sam e pattern in its brief. W e conclude that Urbina properly briefed this issue.



                                                        9
suspect that his gun was missing. Villarreal returned the gun, and Urbina put the gun

underneath Drewry’s bed. Urbina went home, got high, and, when the cops arrived, he ran

out the back door.

        Urbina directs us to the testimony of the trial witnesses and asserts that none of

these witnesses presented any physical evidence linking Urbina to the robbery and

murder.5 While we agree that there was no DNA or fingerprint evidence linking Urbina to

the crimes, physical evidence is not necessary for a conviction in this case. See Clayton,

235 S.W.3d at 778. Urbina’s statement demonstrates that he intended to promote or

assist Villarreal in the robbery by procuring the gun and by acting as a scout and a lookout.

See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.02(a)(2); Cumpian v. State, 812 S.W.2d 88, 90 (Tex.

App.–San Antonio 1991, no pet.) (holding evidence sufficient to sustain burglary conviction

when witness identified defendant as a lookout). Urbina also indicated that Villarreal

murdered Aguilar and that he fled the scene once he saw Villarreal shoot Aguilar. See

Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 780) (“[A] factfinder may draw an inference of guilt from the

circumstance of flight.”). Later, Urbina kept Drewry high while he hid the gun under

Drewry’s bed. See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (stating

that attempts to conceal incriminating evidence are circumstances of guilt). Nina Marie

Lopez testified that on the night of the murder, while she was at Urbina’s house, Urbina left


        5
          Specifically, Urbina directs us to the testim ony of the following witnesses: Anastacia Aguilar,
Aguilar’s m other; Elijio Vela, a granite shop owner; Jam es Ram irez, a patrol officer with the Edinburg Police
Departm ent; Jose Francisco Garza, an investigator with the Edinburg Police Departm ent; David Valdez, an
investigator with the Edinburg Police Departm ent; Norm a Jean Farley, the chief forensic pathologist for
Hidalgo County; Caleigh Rose Garcia, a college student who went into The Gas Depot following the m urder
but who did not see Aguilar’s body; Richard Drewry, a fire m arshal with the City of Edinburg who gave his
brother, Tom Drewry, the gun used in Aguilar’s m urder; Rosie Rodriguez, the owner of The Gas Depot; Nina
Marie Lopez, a person who used cocaine at the “crack house” with Urbina; Margaret Gonzalez, a custom er
of The Gas Depot who m ade a purchase from Aguilar shortly before he was m urdered; and Detective Alvarez.



                                                      10
and returned with approximately $100 of cocaine. She noted that Urbina was “jumpy” and

that Urbina told her that the police were after him and that he had been hiding “underneath

where the canal was.”

       Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we conclude

that a rational juror could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Urbina was guilty as

a party to capital murder. See Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 517; see also TEX . PENAL CODE ANN .

§§ 7.02(a)(2), 19.03(a)(2), 29.02(a)(2). Reviewing the evidence in a neutral light, we

conclude that the evidence is not too weak to support the jury’s verdict nor is the verdict

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See Laster, 275 S.W.3d at

518. Additionally, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict

that Urbina is criminally responsible under the law of parties and that the trial court did not

err by including in the jury charge an instruction on the law of parties. See Ladd, 3 S.W.3d

at 564; Mullins v. State, 173 S.W.3d 167 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (holding that

when the evidence is sufficient to support the defendant’s conviction as a party, the trial

court does not err by including a law of parties instruction in the jury charge); see also TEX .

PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.02(a)(2).        Urbina’s second, third, fourth, and fifth issues are

overruled.

                              IV. LESSER -INCLUDED OFFENSES

       In his sixth and seventh issues, Urbina argues that the trial court erred by denying

his requests to include in the jury charge instructions on the lesser-included offenses of

manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.04

(Vernon 2003) (Manslaughter); § 19.05 (Vernon 2003) (Criminally Negligent Homicide)




                                              11
Urbina contends that because the charge contained the lesser-included offenses of murder

and aggravated robbery, “some evidence of the charged offense of capital [murder] was

absent.” See id. § 19.02 (Murder); § 29.03 (Vernon 2003) (Aggravated Robbery). Urbina

“suggests that the missing elements must involve the culpable mental state . . .” and that

because murder and aggravated robbery involve different mental states than capital

murder, the trial court erred by refusing to give instructions on manslaughter and criminally

negligent homicide. The State asserts that the trial court did not err in denying Urbina’s

requests because “there was no evidence supporting a conclusion that [Urbina] . . . acted

recklessly or with criminal negligence, as opposed to intentionally.” We agree with the

State.

         A trial court includes a charge on a lesser-included offense when (1) “the lesser

included offense [is] included within the proof necessary to establish the offense charged”;

and (2) “some evidence [ ] exist[s] in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find

that if appellant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser offense.” Smith v. State, 187 S.W.3d

186, 195 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d) (citing Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d 734,

741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672-73 (Tex. Crim. App.

1993); Royster v. State, 622 S.W2d 442, 446 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981)). The State does not

contest that manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide are lesser-included offenses

of capital murder; therefore, Urbina has satisfied the first prong. See Cardenas v. State,

30 S.W.3d 384, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (noting that manslaughter and criminally

negligent homicide are lesser-included offenses of capital murder). We must determine

whether there is some evidence in the record that would permit the jury to find that if Urbina




                                               12
is guilty, he is guilty only of manslaughter or criminally negligent homicide. Smith, 187

S.W.3d at 195.

       Here, the jury was charged that it could find Urbina guilty of capital murder either as

the primary actor or as a party to Aguilar’s murder. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . §§

7.02(a)(2), 19.03(a)(2).   Urbina challenges the trial court’s denial of his requested

instructions on the grounds that: (1) the evidence shows that he was aware of and

disregarded the substantial risk that Villarreal would commit capital murder, therefore, he

is only guilty of manslaughter; or (2) the evidence shows that he should have been aware

substantial and unjustifiable risk that Villarreal would commit capital murder, therefore, he

is guilty only of criminally negligent homicide. See id. § 19.04 (Manslaughter), § 19.05

(Criminally Negligent Homicide); see also id. § 6.03(c), (d) (Vernon 2003) (defining the

culpable mental states of recklessness and criminal negligence).

       Urbina’s argument fails to recognize that a defendant can be guilty as a party only

when he acts intentionally. See id. § 7.02(a)(2) (“A person is criminally responsible for an

offense committed by the conduct of another if . . . acting with intent to promote or assist

the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the

other person to commit the offense . . . .”) (emphasis added); Barnes v. State, 56 S.W.3d

221, 236 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d) (citing Lawton v. State, 913 S.W.2d 542,

554 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)). “When a party is not the ‘primary actor,’ the State must prove

conduct constituting an offense plus an act by the defendant done with the intent to

promote or assist such conduct.”       Christensen v. State, 240 S.W.3d 25, 31 (Tex.

App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d) (op. on reh’g) (citing Beier v. State, 687 S.W.2d




                                             13
2, 3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) and Miller v. State, 83 S.W.3d 308, 313 (Tex. App.–Austin

2002, pet. ref'd)). The jury charge followed section 7.02(a)(2) by requiring that, to find

Urbina guilty as a party, the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt that Urbina intended

to promote or assist Villarreal. We conclude that the trial court did not err by denying

Urbina’s requested lesser-included offense instructions. Urbina’s sixth and seventh issues

are overruled.

                                  V. VIOLATION OF THE RULE

          In his eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh issues, Urbina argues that the trial court

erred by failing to strike or disallow certain testimony due to violations of the Rule and by

denying his motion for mistrial based on these same violations. See TEX . R. EVID . 614

(allowing the exclusion of certain witnesses upon a motion from either party or the court’s

own motion; commonly referred to as “the Rule”); see also TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art.

36.03 (Vernon 2007) (providing for the exclusion of certain witnesses “who for the

purposes of the prosecution is a victim, close relative of a deceased victim, or guardian of

a victim . . . .”); Russell v. State, 155 S.W.3d 176, 179 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“The

procedure of excluding witnesses from the courtroom is commonly called putting the

witnesses ‘under the rule.’ The purpose of placing witnesses under the rule is to prevent

the testimony of one witness from influencing the testimony of another, consciously or

not.”).

          We use an abuse of discretion standard to review both a trial court’s decision to

allow testimony from a witness who has violated the Rule and a trial court’s denial of a

motion for mistrial. See Minor v. State, 91 S.W.3d 824, 829 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2002,




                                               14
pet. ref’d) (citing Guerra v. State, 771 S.W.2d 453, 474-75 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)); Wead

v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). To determine whether a trial court

abused its discretion in allowing a violation of the Rule, thereby harming the defendant, we

utilize a two-step analysis. Minor, 91 S.W.3d at 829; Potter v. State, 74 S.W.3d 105, 110

(Tex. App.–Waco 2002, no pet.) (“In reviewing the trial court's decision to allow the

testimony, we look at whether the defendant was harmed by the witness's violation; that

is, whether the witness's presence during other testimony resulted in injury to the

defendant.”) (citing Bell v. State, 938 S.W.2d 35, 50 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).

       First, we ascertain whether the witness is one who has “been sworn or listed as

witness[ ] in the case and either [heard] testimony or [discussed] another’s testimony” or

is a person who was “not intended to be [a witness] and [is] not connected with the case-in-

chief but who [has], due to events during trial, become [a] necessary [witness].” Minor, 91

S.W.3d at 829 (citing Guerra, 771 S.W.2d at 476). Second,

       we must determine: (1) whether the witness actually conferred with or heard
       the testimony of another witness without court permission; and (2) whether
       “the witness’s testimony contradict[ed] the testmony of a witness he actually
       heard from the opposing side or corroborate[d] the testimony of another
       witness he actually heard from the same side on an issue of fact bearing
       upon the issue of guilt or innocence.”

Id. (quoting Loven v. State, 831 S.W.2d 387, 399 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 1992, no pet.)).

When both criteria are met, the trial court has abused its discretion. Id.

       During the guilt/innocence phase of his trial, Urbina alleged that Rosie Rodriguez,

the owner of The Gas Depot and a State’s witness, had been speaking with witnesses

involved in the case. See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 36.03 (providing for the

exclusion of the victim of the crime); see also id. art. 36.06 (Vernon 2007) (prohibiting


                                            15
witnesses excluded under art. 36.03 from “convers[ing] with each other or with any other

person about the case” and from “read[ing] any report of or comment upon the testimony

in the case while under rule”). Rodriguez had been placed under the Rule, but after her

testimony in the trial, she was overheard outside of the courtroom asking several other

listed witnesses about the case. The trial court held a hearing on the alleged violation of

the Rule during which Rodriguez testified. She stated that she had spoken with Margaret

Gonzalez, Detective Alvarez, and an unidentified “lady in red” who was not a witness in the

case. Rodriguez claimed to have only asked who was testifying and who had testified and

that no one would answer her questions. She did not ask about “actual testimony”; she did

not tell anyone about her own testimony; and no one answered her questions.

        Under the first prong of the analysis, Rodriguez, Gonzalez and Detective Alvarez

were witnesses who had “been sworn or listed as witnesses in the case and either [heard]

testimony or [discussed] another’s testimony . . . .”6 See Minor, 91 S.W.3d at 829.

Therefore, we must determine whether they “actually conferred with or heard the testimony

of another witness without court permission.” Id. There is no evidence that Rodriguez,

Gonzalez, and Investigator Alvarez heard the testimony of other witnesses, and Rodriguez

specifically stated that she did not discuss her own testimony with Gonzalez or Investigator

Alvarez. Assuming, without deciding, that Rodriguez “conferred with” Gonzalez and

Detective Alvarez, we conclude that neither Gonzalez’s nor Detective Alvarez’s testimony

corroborated or contradicted the testimony of witnesses they “actually heard.” Id.



        6
          The “lady in red” was never identified as a witness and did not testify at trial. Thus, the first prong
of the analysis is not satisfied, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion on this ground. See Minor, 91
S.W .3d at 829.



                                                      16
       Urbina does not direct us to any corroborating or contradicting testimony pertaining

to this issue in the record. See TEX . R. APP. P. 38.1(i). There is no evidence that Gonzalez

and Detective Alvarez “actually heard” the testimony of any other witness, including

Rodriguez. Gonzalez testified that Aguilar was the store clerk at The Gas Depot who

helped her with some purchases shortly before he was killed. Her testimony did not

corroborate or contradict the testimony of any other witness. Detective Alvarez, in pertinent

part, testified that he did not pay any of Urbina’s bills. This testimony did contradict Elvira

Peza, Urbina’s sister, who testified that Urbina told her that Investigator Alvarez had

promised to help Urbina pay his bills. There is no evidence that Investigator Alvarez

“actually heard” Peza’s testimony or that Rodriguez “conferred with” him regarding Peza’s

testimony. See Minor, 91 S.W.3d at 829. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did

not abuse its discretion by not striking Rodriguez’s testimony, by allowing Investigator

Alvarez and Gonzalez to testify, and by denying Urbina’s motion for mistrial. Urbina’s

eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh issues are overruled.

                                      VI. CONCLUSION

       Having overruled all of Urbina’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                          __________________________
                                                          GINA M. BENAVIDES,
                                                          Justice

Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the
19th day of August, 2010.



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