      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
      corrections@akcourts.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

JILU H. LUKER and GEORGE W.                    )
LUKER II,                                      )        Supreme Court Nos. S-14744/14763
                                               )
              Appellants and                   )        Superior Court No. 4FA-06-02646 CI
              Cross-Appellees,                 )
                                               )        OPINION
              v.                               )
                                               )        No. 7059 - October 16, 2015
DWANE J. SYKES,                                )
                                               )
              Appellee and                     )
              Cross-Appellant.                 )
                                               )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska,
              Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Michael P. McConahy,
              Judge.

              Appearances: Jilu H. Luker, pro se, Canyon Country,
              California, Appellant and Cross-Appellee.1 Dwane J. Sykes,
              pro se, South Ogden, Utah, Appellee and Cross-Appellant.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
              Bolger, Justices.

              MAASSEN, Justice.




      1
             The appeal was brought by both Jilu and George Luker, but George Luker
died while the appeal was pending.
I.     INTRODUCTION
              A property owner sued neighboring property owners, claiming that he had
access rights across their land because of both an express easement and a right of way
created by federal law. He also sought damages for a number of alleged torts. Following
trial, the superior court found that both the express easement and the federally created
right of way existed but found against the easement holder on all his tort claims. The
owners of the burdened property appealed the finding of a federally created right of way,
and the easement holder cross-appealed the superior court’s dismissal of his damages
claims and its rulings on a number of procedural issues.
              We reverse the superior court’s finding of a federally created right of way,
concluding that the court erred in determining when the land at issue became private land
not subject to the federal law. We affirm the superior court’s judgment in all other
respects, including its finding of an express easement.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              The central issue in this case is whether Duane Sykes has a right to access
his property across his neighbors’ lots, identified in this opinion by their tax lot numbers,
3318 and 3353. The land containing the two lots — now belonging to Jilu and George
Luker — was originally obtained from the United States government by Elbridge Walker
through the federal homestead laws.2 Walker applied for a patent to the land in October


       2
              See 43 U.S.C. §§ 161-263 (1958). The homestead laws of the United States
were extended to the District of Alaska prior to statehood with District- (and then
Territory-) specific provisions, see 48 U.S.C. §§ 371-80a (1958), and the provisions
relevant to this case continued in force after statehood. See An Act to Provide for the
Admission of the State of Alaska Into the Union, Pub. L. 85-508 § 8(d), 72 Stat. 339,
344-45 (1958) (“Upon admission of the State of Alaska into the Union as herein
provided, all of the Territorial laws then in force in the Territory of Alaska shall be and
                                                                             (continued...)

                                            -2-                                        7059

1958 and again in July 1961. The U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) approved a survey of the land in 1962, and the Department issued
Walker a patent in 1963. The property was acquired by Sykes’s wife in 1973 in a
foreclosure sale, and in August 1974 the Sykeses transferred it to a holding company
they controlled called Frontier International Land Corporation.
              Frontier International announced through newspaper advertisements that
it intended to sell a number of 2.5- and 5-acre parcels at public auction in September and
November 1974. The advertisements, and other information posted at the auction sites,
explicitly reserved to the sellers several easements for access to nearby Chena Hot
Springs Road to the north and Grange Hall Road to the east. As relevant here, they
included what is labeled on a drawing as a “66' R.O.W.” from the interior of the property
east to Grange Hall Road, running on a straight line between sections 28 and 29 on the
north and sections 32 and 33 (containing tax lots 3318 and 3353) on the south.
              Among the purchasers were Donald and Cossette Kimmel, who on
September 28, 1974 signed a real estate contract for two 2.5-acre lots, tax lots 3318 and
3353, and received a statutory warranty deed for the property from Frontier International.


       2
        (...continued)
continue in full force and effect throughout said State except as modified or changed by
this Act, or by the constitution of the State, or as thereafter modified or changed by the
legislature of the State.”); see also 43 U.S.C. §§ 270, 270-5 to 270-12, 270-14 to 270-17
(1964 supp.) (recodification of former 48 U.S.C. §§ 371-80a (1958)).
               The homestead laws were repealed by the Federal Land Policy and
Management Act of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-579 § 702, 90 Stat. 2743, 2787 (1976). We
refer to the relevant Alaska-specific provisions by their 1958 codification in territorial
law at Title 48 of the U.S. Code, their last publication before the relevant events in this
case.



                                           -3-                                       7059

Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the deed was placed in escrow pending “full
payment of [the] purchase price” and not recorded until November 1977. In the
meantime, two months after the contract was signed, the Sykeses recorded a Grant of
Access Easement dated November 29, 1974, which purported to give the Sykeses “a
perpetual easement for roadway purposes” along the line shown in the auction materials.3
Cosette Kimmel attested by affidavit that she and her husband had been aware of the
claimed easements when they purchased the lots and had intended that their lots be
subject to the easements shown in the Sykeses’ later-recorded grant.4
              The Lukers purchased lots 3318 and 3353 from the Kimmels in 1999. They
were soon in a dispute with Dwane Sykes over his claim to an easement. Sykes wanted
to connect an existing interior road with Grange Hall Road on the east by completing an
access road along the northern boundary of the Lukers’ lots. But the Lukers considered
Sykes’s easements to be defective, and they contested his rights to access and to perform
any further construction on the road. They eventually installed a locked gate at the
Grange Hall Road end of the claimed easement.
              Sykes filed suit against the Lukers in 2006. He sought declaratory relief
and argued that he was entitled to use the north 33 feet of lots 3318 and 3353 pursuant
to his express easement as well as a right of way established under federal law, former




       3
               The easement also covers “the North 33 feet of the East 1550 feet of section
32” on land identified as tax lot 3208, also owned by the Lukers. The Lukers did not
dispute at trial that Sykes was entitled to an easement over that land.
       4
              Over the Lukers’ objection, the superior court admitted Cosette Kimmel’s
affidavit into evidence at trial under Alaska Evidence Rule 804(b)(5) as having
circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness equivalent to those of listed exceptions to
the hearsay rules. The Lukers do not challenge this ruling on appeal.

                                           -4-                                       7059

43 U.S.C. § 932 (1958), Revised Statute 2477 (abbreviated as “RS 2477”).5 Sykes also
alleged that the Lukers’ interference with his rights of access had damaged the value of
his remaining lots, frightened off prospective buyers, and caused him emotional distress.6
He claimed hundreds of thousands of dollars in actual damages as well as treble and
punitive damages.
             The parties eventually reached a stipulated judgment, which the court
signed in 2009. Two years later, however, the Lukers moved that the judgment be set
aside, claiming that it included language Sykes had inserted without their approval. The
superior court set the judgment aside and scheduled a trial. With both sides proceeding
pro se, the superior court then dealt with what it termed “a barrage of motions filed by
[Sykes] and one motion filed by the Luker Defendants,” most of which did not conform
with the Alaska Civil Rules or “have support in law or fact.”
             A four-day bench trial was held in December 2011, after which the superior
court found both an express easement for Sykes and an RS 2477 right of way over the
Lukers’ property.7 But it also found that Sykes had failed to prove any of his claims for



      5
            Like the homestead statutes, RS 2477 was repealed by the Federal Land
Policy and Management Act of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-579, § 706(a), 90 Stat. 2743, 2793
(1976).
      6
             In his complaint, Sykes also asserted claims based on an “easement
apparent,” “easement of reasonable necessity,” and “easement of absolute necessity.”
Sykes has not raised issues related to these claims on appeal, and we therefore do not
address them.
      7
             The superior court also discussed a utility easement in favor of Golden
Valley Electrical Association, the validity of which had been raised during trial. The
court noted that there was “no evidence that the utility easement is anything but valid”
and made “no other findings regarding the utility easement.” Neither party raises any
claims on appeal with regard to the utility easement.

                                          -5-                                       7059

damages. Due to the number of unsuccessful claims and the amount of damages Sykes
had sought, the superior court found the Lukers to be the prevailing parties and awarded
them costs under Alaska Civil Rule 79.
              The Lukers appeal, challenging the superior court’s finding of an RS 2477
right of way. Sykes cross-appeals, arguing that the superior court judge should have
recused himself because of bias. He also contends that the superior court erred in finding
against him on his damage claims, in its management of discovery, in denying his motion
for partial summary judgment and failing to grant oral argument on the motion, in
limiting the time allowed for his presentation of evidence at trial, and in finding that the
Lukers were the prevailing parties.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              Whether an RS 2477 right of way exists “is based upon factual findings
about property use and legal conclusions about whether the use was sufficient to
establish” the right of way; we review the superior court’s factual findings for clear error
and the application of the law to the facts de novo.8
              We review for abuse of discretion the superior court’s discovery rulings,9
control over trial proceedings,10 and determination of prevailing party status for purposes
of Alaska Civil Rule 79.11
              We review “a request for disqualification of a judge based on the

       8
              Price v. Eastham, 75 P.3d 1051, 1055 (Alaska 2003).
       9
              Wooten v. Hinton, 202 P.3d 1148, 1151 (Alaska 2009).
       10
            See Am. Nat’l Watermattress Corp. v. Manville, 642 P.2d 1330, 1339
(Alaska 1982).
       11
            BP Pipelines (Alaska) Inc. v. State, Dep’t of Revenue, 327 P.3d 185, 189
(Alaska 2014) (citations omitted).

                                           -6-                                        7059

appearance of impropriety” de novo12 and “denial of a motion to disqualify a judge for
abuse of discretion.”13
IV.	   DISCUSSION
       A.	    The Superior Court’s Conclusion That An RS 2477 Right Of Way
              Existed Was Erroneous.
              The Lukers focus their appeal on the superior court’s conclusion that there
was an RS 2477 right of way on their property.14 We agree and reverse this aspect of the
superior court’s decision.
              Enacted as part of the Lode Mining Act of 1866,15 RS 2477 provided that
“the right of way for the construction of highways over [federal] public lands, not
reserved for public uses, is hereby granted.”16 “The grant was self-executing, meaning
that an RS 2477 right-of-way automatically came into existence if a public highway was




       12
              Griswold v. Homer City Council, 310 P.3d 938, 941 (Alaska 2013).
       13
              Greenway v. Heathcott, 294 P.3d 1056, 1062 (Alaska 2013).
       14
              The Lukers’ opening brief defined “[t]he crux of the issue” as whether
Alaska law post-statehood “created easements on property . . . that the BLM had
previously passed . . . to the Walkers[] under Federal regulations in force for Federal land
transfers.” (Emphases omitted.) Their reply brief reiterated: “Luker’s appeal was
clearly limited to question the Judge’s opinion that a section line right of [way] existed
on subject [property] at the time Sykes’s wife purchased the property at a distressed
property sale.”
       15
              See Price v. Eastham, 75 P.3d 1051, 1055 (Alaska 2003) (citing Leroy K.
Latta, Jr., Public Access Over Alaska Public Lands as Granted by Section 8 of the Lode
Mining Act of 1866, 28 SANTA CLARA L. REV . 811, 811 (1988)).
       16
              Fitzgerald v. Puddicombe, 918 P.2d 1017, 1019 (Alaska 1996) (quoting 43
U.S.C. § 932, repealed by Pub. L. No. 94-579, Title VII, § 706(a), 90 Stat. 2793 (1976))
(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           - 7 -	                                     7059

established across public land in accordance with the law of Alaska.”17 Alaska, like other
public authorities, could accept the federal grant and create a right of way for road
construction by taking “some positive act . . . clearly manifesting an intention” to do so.18
We have recognized that the Territorial legislature accepted the federal grant by its
passage of chapter 35, § 1, SLA 1953 (now codified as AS 19.10.010), which dedicated
tracts of land between all sections for public highways and thereby “effectively
established the territory’s claim to the federal right-of-way grant.”19
              In this case, the parties dispute whether a right of way was imposed on the
section line dividing the Lukers’ property from the sections to their north. The section
lines were created on April 16, 1962, when the BLM accepted the official survey of the
land.20 Whether the land was “public lands, not reserved for private uses” on that date
is determinative: if it was, then an RS 2477 right of way was created along the section

       17
            Price, 75 P.3d at 1055 (citing Fitzgerald, 918 P.2d at 1019) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
       18
            Girves v. Kenai Peninsula Borough, 536 P.2d 1221, 1226 (Alaska 1975)
(quoting Hamerly v. Denton, 359 P.2d 121, 123 (Alaska 1961)).
       19
             Id. at 1226-27. The public highway dedication was tracts 100 yards wide
between sections of land owned by or acquired from the state and tracts “four rods wide
between all other sections in the state.” AS 19.10.010.
       20
               See Cox v. Hart, 260 U.S. 427, 436 (1922) (“A survey of public lands does
not ascertain boundaries; it creates them . . . . [T]he running of lines in the field and the
laying out and platting of townships, sections and legal subdivisions are not alone
sufficient to constitute a survey. Until all conditions as to filing in the proper land office
and all requirements as to approval have been complied with, the lands are to be regarded
as unsurveyed and not subject to disposal as surveyed lands. . . . In other words, to
justify the application of the term ‘surveyed’ to a body of public land something is
required beyond the completion of the field work and the consequent laying out of the
boundaries, and that something is the filing of the plat and the approval of the work of
the surveyor.”).

                                            -8-                                         7059

line by operation of law.21
             The parties agree that the property at issue was “reserved for private uses”
once Elbridge Walker acquired the right to homestead on it. The Lukers contend this
occurred in 1958, upon Walker’s first application for patent.22 Sykes contends it did not
occur until 1963, when the BLM, as the federal agency charged with administering the
homestead laws,23 allowed Walker’s entry.
             The superior court agreed with Sykes. It relied on notations in the BLM’s
case abstract system, including the notation “Application Filed” on two dates,
October 27, 1958 and July 10, 1961, and “Authorization Issued ENTRY ALLOWED”
on August 28, 1963. Based on this evidence, the court concluded:
             Walker made three entry claims for the property: 27 October
             1958, 10 July 1961, and finally in 28 August 1963. The first
             two entries were not successful; the last entry, after the filing
             of the U.S. survey, ultimately resulted in the issuance of a
             patent to the Walkers. The court finds the critical entry for
             purposes of determining whether a section line applies is the
             last entry that resulted in the issuance of a patent . . . .
The superior court concluded that it was when the BLM recognized Walker’s entry in
1963 that he established rights to the land under the Homestead Act. And because the
survey had previously been accepted (and the section lines created) in 1962, the superior
court found that an RS 2477 right of way necessarily existed over the land.

      21
             See Girves, 536 P.2d at 1226-27.
      22
              Although the Lukers also argue that AS 19.10.010 does not apply because
Walker’s first attempt to enter the land was in 1958 and thus prior to statehood,
AS 19.10.010 is simply the adoption as state law of ch. 35, § 1, SLA 1953, the territorial
law in effect at that time. Girves, 536 P.2d at 1226.
      23
            See Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1946, Pub. L. No. 79-733 § 403, 60 Stat.
1097, 1100 (1946).

                                           -9-                                      7059

              The superior court was correct in concluding that “the critical entry for
purposes of determining whether a section line applies is [the] . . . entry that resulted in
the issuance of a patent.” But it was error to conclude that Walker had a claim to such
a patent only upon the BLM’s approval of his entry.
              Under the now-repealed homestead laws, a party established a claim to land
not when the federal authorities allowed entry but rather when the party took the steps
necessary to have entry recognized. “ ‘[Entry] means that act by which an individual
acquires an inceptive right to a portion of the unappropriated soil of the country by filing
his claim’ in the appropriate land office.”24 In Walker’s case, that “inceptive right” was
acquired when he filed his application for entry.            Completing the application
requirements and “fil[ing] his application in the United States Land Office” was “all that
[an applicant] could possibly do to . . . [make] a lawful homestead entry.”25 At that point,
the lands at issue became “subject to individual rights of a settler. . . . [T]he portion
covered by the entry [was] then segregated from the public domain . . . and until such
time as the entry may be cancelled by the government or relinquished, the land [was] not




       24
            Hillstrand v. State, 395 P.2d 74, 76 (Alaska 1964) (alteration in original)
(quoting Chotard v. Pope, 25 U.S. 586, 588 (1827)).
       25
               United States v. 348.62 Acres of Land in Anchorage Recording Dist., 10
Alaska 351, 364 (D. Alaska 1943); see also Hastings & D.R. Co. v. Whitney, 132 U.S.
357, 363 (1889) (“Under the homestead law three things are needed to be done in order
to constitute an entry on public lands: First, the applicant must make an affidavit setting
forth the facts which entitle him to make such an entry; second, he must make a formal
application; and, third, he must make payment of the money required. When these three
requisites are complied with, and the certificate of entry is executed and delivered to him,
the entry is made, the land is entered.”); Ault v. State, 688 P.2d 951, 954 (Alaska 1984)
(quoting 348.62 Acres, 10 Alaska at 359).
                                           - 10 -                                      7059

included in grants made by Congress under [RS 2477].”26
              While Walker’s land was unsurveyed prior to 1962, the homestead laws
allowed the filing of an application for entry onto unsurveyed land along with a
requirement of final proof.27 The applicant could obtain patent to the land subject to a
later survey 28 (or in certain cases without any survey at all29).
              That is what happened in Walker’s case. The evidence at trial showed that
the BLM received his 1958 and 1961 applications and that he filed his final proof in
1961.30 At that point, the land became “subject to individual rights of a settler” and could
no longer be “included in grants made by Congress under [RS 2477].”31 When section


       26
              Hamerly v. Denton, 359 P.2d 121, 123 (Alaska 1961).
       27
             See 48 U.S.C. § 371 (1958); Applications for Entry, 22 Fed. Reg. 1431
(Mar. 7, 1957) (codified at 43 C.F.R. § 65.8(b) (1962 cum. supp.)) (“A homestead
application must describe the lands desired, if unsurveyed, by metes and bounds . . . .
A homestead application for unsurveyed lands must be accompanied by the settler’s final
or commutation homestead proof.”).
       28
              48 U.S.C. § 375 (1958); 43 C.F.R. § 65.8 (1962 cum. supp.).
       29
              See 48 U.S.C. § 371 (1958).
       30
                In support of his contention that 1963 w as the date when Walker obtained
rights to the land under the Homestead Act, Sykes presented evidence at trial that Walker
had “abandoned” his claim by failing to meet the homestead requirements for some
indefinite period. While such evidence might have been relevant to a challenge to
Walker’s initial claim, see 43 C.F.R. § 221.1 (1954), it was insufficient to show that his
patent from the BLM was defective. The BLM accepted Walker’s application, and
“actions by the land office personnel . . . show a recognition of [Walker’s] incipient right
to the land. We will not subject the entryman or his successors in interest to a loss of
land because of a defective application for entry, when such was acquiesced in . . . by the
agents of the government.” Hillstrand v. State, 395 P.2d 74, 77 (Alaska 1964).
       31
              Hamerly, 359 P.2d at 123. The practice of the Department of the Interior
                                                                       (continued...)
                                        - 11 -                                   7059

lines were later created in April 1962 upon the federal authorities’ acceptance of the
survey, Walker had already established his claim to the land, which had therefore ceased
to be “public lands, not reserved for private uses.”32 For this reason we reverse the
superior court’s finding that the Lukers’ property is burdened by an RS 2477 right of
way.
       B.	    The Superior Court’s Finding That An Express Easement Existed Is
              Not Clearly Erroneous.
              The superior court also found that the evidence supported the existence of
“private easements of record” as “noted on the auction offering and memorialized in sale
contracts and deeds conveyed to purchasers,” and that “all the subject lots are subject [to]
the benefits and burdens of these easements.” As noted above, the Lukers focus their
appeal on the RS 2477 right of way.33 But an express easement differs from an RS 2477
right of way in important respects and is not governed by our discussion above.34


       31
         (...continued)
illustrates the operation of this principle. See, e.g., Albert A. Howe, 26 IBLA 386 (1976)
(“[W]hen appellant filed his application on May 24, 1973, such filing segregated the
lands encompassed by the application. This is true despite the fact that the entry was not
allowed by [the Bureau] until more than 2-1/2 years later, because at the time the
application was filed appellant was qualified, he had done all that was required by law
to apply, and the land was subject to appropriation by homestead entry on the date of the
filing.”).
       32
              See 43 U.S.C. § 932 (1958).
       33
              See note 14, above.
       34
              Sykes’s express easement was created by deed from Frontier International,
and the scope of his rights is determined by the intent of the parties to the deed. See
Windel v. Mat-Su Title Ins. Agency, Inc., 305 P.3d 269, 271 (Alaska 2013) (citing Dias
v. State, Dep’t of Transp. & Pub. Facilities, 240 P.3d 272, 274 (Alaska 2010)) (setting
out analysis for determining scope of easement granted by deed).	In contrast, “[a]
                                                                           (continued...)
                                          - 12 -	                                  7059

Although there was no RS 2477 right of way, we conclude that the evidence was
sufficient to support the superior court’s finding of express easements tracing the same
routes.
             Frontier International’s announcements of the 1974 land auction
specifically reserved access easements “unto the seller, his heir [sic] and assigns, and
unto all successors in interest” and referred potential buyers to attached maps. The
easements were described as “a perpetual easement over and upon the roadways and
easements indicated on the above stated parcels” and were further defined as “30 (or 50)
feet in width on each side of any section line as established under A.S. 19.10.010” and
“30 feet in total width for all other easements unless otherwise designated.” The
immediate buyer of the parcels at issue here, Cosette Kimmel, attested unequivocally that
she was well aware of the claimed easements and intended that the land she purchased
be subject to them. The real estate contract between Frontier International and the
Kimmels specifically acknowledged the reservation of easements as described in the
auction announcements.




(...continued)
section-line easement [under AS 19.10.010 and its predecessors] is a statutorily-created
public right-of-way owned by the State of Alaska,” Hillstrand v. City of Homer, 218 P.3d
685, 688 (Alaska 2009), and its scope depends on interpretation of the statute. See 0.958
Acres, More or Less v. State, 762 P.2d 96, 99-100 (Alaska 1988) (determining servient
estate owner’s right of access to public highway constructed on RS 2477 easement by
noting that “[n]othing in AS 19.10.010” supports the owner’s argument and that the
owner’s proposed “rule would be inconsistent with the purpose of the statute”); see also
RESTATEMENT (THIRD ) OF SERVITUDES § 4.1(1) (2000) (“A servitude should be
interpreted to give effect to the intention of the parties ascertained from the language
used in the instrument, or the circumstances surrounding the creation of the servitude,
and to carry out the purpose for which it was created.”).
                                          - 13 -                                    7059

              Given that the existence and scope of an express easement depend on the
intentions of the parties to the grant,35 and given the evidence in this case that Frontier
International and the Kimmels intended that the access easements be reserved to Frontier
International, we see no error in the superior court’s conclusion that the Lukers’ lots
remained “subject to the easements noted on the auction offering.”36
       C.     None Of The Issues Raised In Sykes’s Cross-Appeal Have Merit.
              Sykes raises a number of issues in his cross-appeal. First, he argues that
the trial judge should have recused himself because of actual bias and the appearance of
bias. Sykes never requested that relief in the superior court.37 We have not determined
the standard of review to be applied to unpreserved claims of judicial bias,38 but even
assuming de novo review — the most exacting standard — Sykes fails to convince us


       35
              Windel, 305 P.3d at 271.
       36
             As noted above, Frontier International transferred its interest in the
easements to Sykes a few months after it had sold the lots to the Kimmels.
      37
              Sykes argues that a motion he filed for a partial, final judgment pursuant
to Alaska Civil Rule 54(b) was a “pro se litigant’s . . . attempt at disqualification of
judge,” on the theory that an appealable judgment would “put him before the Supreme
Court for review of the trial court’s biased proceedings.” But we see nothing in the
motion that would reasonably convey that its purpose was disqualification of the judge.
Although we grant pro se litigants “considerable leeway with regard to procedural
requirements” and excuse procedural defects “when a deficiency results from lack of
familiarity with the rules,” that leeway is inappropriate when an “appellant did nothing
that informed the trial court it should advise [him] how to accomplish something [he]
might have been attempting to do.” Greenway v. Heathcott, 294 P.3d 1056, 1071
(Alaska 2013) (quoting Wright v. Shorten, 964 P.2d 441, 444 (Alaska 1998)) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
       38
              Greenway, 294 P.3d at 1071 (“It is not obvious what standard of review
applies to an appellate claim that a trial court was biased, if the trial court had no
opportunity — such as by motion for recusal, disqualification, or new trial — to resolve
a claim of judicial bias.”).
                                         - 14 -                                    7059

his claim has merit.
             “To prove a claim of judicial bias, the claimant must show that the judge
formed an opinion of [him] from extrajudicial sources, resulting in an opinion other than
on the merits.”39 Sykes’s claims rest first on the superior court’s adverse rulings. “But
[d]isqualification was never intended to enable a discontented litigant to oust a judge
because of adverse rulings made,”40 and “[m]ere evidence that a judge has exercised his
judicial discretion in a particular way is not sufficient to require disqualification.”41
Sykes also cites the superior court’s criticism of his conduct during the course of
proceedings and the fact that the court blamed him for litigation delays he asserts were
the fault of the Lukers instead. But we have also held that “expressions of impatience,
dissatisfaction, annoyance and even anger, that are within the bounds of what imperfect
men and women . . . sometimes display” do not establish bias or partiality.42 While the
superior court’s patience was taxed by the proceedings, it acted with appropriate
restraint. Its dissatisfaction with Sykes’s performance in court does not demonstrate an
inability to decide the case’s substantive issues on their merits.
             Sykes also argues that the superior court erred when it found that he failed
to prove his various claims for damages in tort. Although Sykes presented a great deal


      39
              Ronny M. v. Nanette H., 303 P.3d 392, 409 (Alaska 2013) (alteration in
original) (quoting Williams v. Williams, 252 P.3d 998, 1010 (Alaska 2011)).
      40
              Sagers v. Sackinger, 318 P.3d 860, 867 (Alaska 2014) (alteration in
original) (quoting Wasserman v. Bartholomew, 38 P.3d 1162, 1171 (Alaska 2002))
(internal quotation marks omitted).
       41
             Id. (quoting State v. City of Anchorage, 513 P.2d 1104, 1112 (Alaska
1973)).
      42
             Kingery v. Barrett, 249 P.3d 275, 286 n.43 (Alaska 2011) (quoting Hanson
v. Hanson, 36 P.3d 1181, 1184 (Alaska 2002)).
                                         - 15 -                                  7059

of documentary evidence at trial, his damage claims relied largely on his own testimony,
which the Lukers directly contested. The superior court found that Sykes had failed to
carry his burden of proof on claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress,
interference with a business relationship, defamation, slander of title, and abuse of
official position, and that to the extent the facts were in dispute, the Lukers’ testimony
was more credible. “[I]t is the function of the superior court, not of this court, to judge
witness credibility and to weigh conflicting evidence,”43 and “if most of the evidence is
oral testimony, or the superior court’s factual determinations depend largely on
conflicting testimony, then the superior court’s greater ability to assess witness
credibility requires deferential review by this court.”44 Given this deferential review, we
see no clear error in the superior court’s decision of the heavily fact-dependent tort
claims.
              Sykes next argues that the superior court erred in denying his motions to
compel, to deem certain matters admitted, and to continue trial so that he could do more
discovery. The superior court considered these issues at a pretrial conference. It found
the Lukers’ responses to requests for admission sufficient given their pro se status. It
recognized Sykes’s difficulty in scheduling the Lukers’ depositions before trial given
that the parties all lived outside of Alaska, and it ordered that the Lukers appear for hour-
long depositions on the first morning of trial. It agreed that the Lukers’ responses to
some written discovery were “somewhat troublesome” and “reserve[d] ruling on those
requests” until trial, warning that “if [the requests] weren’t in fact responded to in a fair
and complete way or otherwise timely objected to, [its] intent would be to preclude the
defense from offering evidence contrary to the information that was requested.”

       43
              Fyffe v. Wright, 93 P.3d 444, 450 (Alaska 2004).
       44
              Id. at 450-51.
                                           - 16 -                                      7059
             We review “a trial court’s discovery rulings for abuse of discretion.”45 We
conclude that the superior court acted well within its discretion in addressing these
discovery matters. We further conclude that Sykes waived his complaints about the
sufficiency of the Lukers’ discovery responses when he failed to raise the issue again as
the evidence came out at trial, as the superior court had invited him to do.46
             Sykes next argues that the superior court erred by failing to grant oral
argument on his motion for partial summary judgment on the existence of an easement,
then denying the motion. Acknowledging that he prevailed at trial anyway on the
easement issue, he contends that a grant of summary judgment would have given him
more trial time for his tort claims and a greater chance to win them. This argument is too
speculative for us to credit. Trial of the easement issues mooted any claim on appeal that
the court earlier erred in denying partial summary judgment on the same issues.47
             Sykes also argues that the superior court erred by limiting his trial time.
Resolving this claim “necessarily depends on the facts of each case. We are not willing
to condemn time limits in the abstract, and the issue can be raised by a party actually




      45
             Gibson v. GEICO Gen. Ins. Co., 153 P.3d 312, 316 (Alaska 2007).
      46
              See Millette v. Millette, 177 P.3d 258, 268 (Alaska 2008) (holding issue
waived when “[b]y proceeding through almost the entire . . . hearing without mention of
his motion to compel, [the plaintiff] did not sufficiently bring the issue to the superior
court’s attention”).
      47
             See Larson v. Benediktsson, 152 P.3d 1159, 1168 (Alaska 2007) (holding
that orders denying summary judgment because of genuine issues of material fact
become “unreviewable after a trial on the merits”).
                                        - 17 -                                7059

claiming prejudice.”48     Sykes fails to identify any prejudice.49     His “conclusory
arguments that his case was curtailed do not establish error or prejudice. They give us
no basis for saying that these time limits were inappropriate, or for offering guidance to
the trial courts.”50
               Finally, Sykes argues that the superior court abused its discretion when it
found the Lukers to be the prevailing parties for the purpose of an award of costs under
Alaska Civil Rule 79. Sykes prevailed on the existence of an RS 2477 right of way (a
decision we now reverse) and an express easement, but he failed to prove any of his
claims for hundreds of thousands of dollars in damages. “We have held that a litigant
who successfully defeats a claim of great potential liability may be the prevailing party
even if the other side receives an affirmative recovery.”51 The superior court reasonably
applied that principle here, and we see no abuse of discretion in its finding that the
Lukers were the prevailing parties for purposes of Rule 79.
V.     CONCLUSION
               We REVERSE the superior court’s decision that an RS 2477 right of way
existed over the Lukers’ parcels pursuant to federal law. We AFFIRM the superior
court’s decision in all other respects.




       48
               City of Fairbanks v. Rice, 20 P.3d 1097, 1110 (Alaska 2000).
       49
             In this case, the superior court scheduled trial for four days and allowed
Sykes to use the first three, leaving the Lukers with the one remaining.
       50
               Rice, 20 P.3d at 1110.
       51
            Alaska Constr. & Eng’g, Inc. v. Balzer Pac. Equip. Co., 130 P.3d 932,
935-36 (Alaska 2006) (quoting Buoy v. ERA Helicopters, Inc., 771 P.2d 439, 448
(Alaska 1989)) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
                                       - 18 -                               7059

