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                                                                          Date: 2016.02.22 14:44:23
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                   People v. Harris, 2015 IL App (1st) 133892



Appellate Court   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption           DEJUAN HARRIS, Defendant-Appellant.



District & No.    First District, Second Division
                  Docket No. 1-13-3892



Filed             December 22, 2015



Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-CR-19696; the
Review            Hon. Nicholas R. Ford, Judge, presiding.



Judgment          Reversed and cause remanded with directions.



Counsel on        Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, and Ginger Leigh Odom, all of
Appeal            State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                  Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                  Janet C. Mahoney, and James D. Konstantopoulos, Assistant State’s
                  Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.



Panel             JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                  opinion.
                  Presiding Justice Pierce and Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment
                  and opinion.
                                               OPINION

¶1         Following a bench trial, Dejuan Harris, the defendant, was convicted of armed robbery and
       sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment. On appeal, Harris contends that his conviction for armed
       robbery should be vacated or reduced to robbery because the evidence was insufficient to
       establish that he was armed with a dangerous weapon that could be used as a bludgeon.
¶2         We find that the State failed to present evidence that the defendant was armed with a gun
       that had the weight or composition (metallic nature) of a dangerous weapon. Therefore, we
       hold that the evidence presented by the State failed to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
       the gun was a dangerous weapon because it could be used as a bludgeon. Accordingly, we
       reverse Harris’s armed robbery conviction and remand for the trial court to enter a judgment of
       conviction for robbery.

¶3                                           BACKGROUND
¶4         Harris and the codefendant, Deleon Dixon, who has a separate appeal (No. 1-13-3303),
       were charged with two counts of armed robbery and two counts of aggravated unlawful
       restraint. Count II, which is pertinent to this appeal, charged both defendants with armed
       robbery in that they knowingly took property from the person or presence of Abdelaziz
       Almasri by the use of force or by threatening the imminent use of force, and that they carried,
       on or about their persons or were otherwise armed with, a dangerous weapon that could be
       used as a bludgeon.
¶5         At the simultaneous, but severed bench trials of Harris and Dixon, Almasri testified, on
       direct examination through an interpreter, that he owned a store at 256 West 59th Street in
       Chicago. Almasri explained that he was in the back of the store when he saw men looking
       through the windows at about 9 a.m. on September 15, 2012. Almasri became suspicious and
       walked to the front of the store and locked himself inside the office.
¶6         Dixon and Harris entered the store and Dixon, who was holding what appeared to be a gun
       in the air, told Almasri not to move. While Dixon stood by the door with the gun, Harris
       jumped behind the counter and started removing lottery tickets, cigarettes, and medicine.
       Harris then took the gun from Dixon and stood by the front door while Dixon removed similar
       items from behind the counter. Both men then fled the store.
¶7         Almasri chased the men, but the defendants got into a car and drove away. Almasri notified
       the police, and, when they arrived, he viewed the store’s surveillance videotape with an officer.
¶8         During cross-examination by Dixon’s attorney, Almasri testified that he did not see a
       weapon when the defendants entered the store. When Almasri was asked if he told Sergeant
       Pagan that he did not see a weapon, he testified that he did not recall exactly what he said.
       Finally, Almasri testified “[a]ctually, I saw him in the video camera with a gun.”
¶9         When cross-examined by Harris’s attorney, Almasri testified that when the defendants
       entered the store, he did not see a weapon. But, Almasri testified that when he looked from his
       office window, he saw the gun when the defendant raised his hand.
¶ 10       Sergeant Dennis Pagan testified that he met with Almasri at his store and viewed the
       surveillance video. Almasri told Sergeant Pagan that he was not sure that he actually saw a
       weapon, and only confirmed that he saw a weapon when he looked at the surveillance video.


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¶ 11       The surveillance videotape was admitted into evidence. It showed Harris and Dixon
       holding what appeared to be a handgun.
¶ 12       Harris and Dixon were subsequently arrested in connection with the subject robbery, but
       no weapon or proceeds were recovered.
¶ 13       After the State rested, the trial court granted the defendant’s motion for a directed verdict
       on all counts, except for count II (armed robbery with a dangerous weapon, i.e., a bludgeon).
¶ 14       Following closing arguments, the trial court found Harris guilty of armed robbery with a
       dangerous weapon. In making its finding, the court stated:
                   “When you look at the video, there is no mistaking that there is a weapon there, that
               there is a gun. It is quite a large gun, a handgun and it’s clearly visible on the videotape
               ***.
                   ***
                   The other question is whether or not *** I could find or should find that the weapon
               that is admitted in *** Dixon’s statement to be a BB gun.
                   Whether or not that could be a bludgeon and based on its size and what I observed
               on the tape to be metallic in nature and based on the way that it was manipulated in this
               event, it is very clear that it was a bludgeon to be used to strike anyone in the store and
               could have foiled the effort to rob the store and certainly, it was used in a manner to
               threaten the victim in this case ***.
                   ***
                   The images are very clear. And that exist independently of what [the victim] said or
               didn’t say in the course of his testimony. I want to predicate that by saying that in my
               view, [the victim] is correctly and independently and accurately identified the
               defendants here today as to what occurred at the incident.
                   Certainly, it could be argued it’s not completely on point here. I will indicate that
               [the victim’s] testimony was more than sufficient when compared to all the other
               evidence in the case to convict the defendants of armed robbery.
                   It certainly could be argued that the videotape in and of itself would have been
               sufficient had it been appropriately marked and entered into evidence with only an
               indication that this armed robbery had occurred by the victim and had a specific date,
               time and location to convict the defendants.
                   But, as I said, [the victim’s] testimony was excellent and I am going to find them
               guilty of using a–this weapon, the one that I see in the videotape as a bludgeon.”
¶ 15       On appeal, Harris contends that his conviction for armed robbery should be vacated or
       reduced to robbery because the State failed to establish that the weapon used was dangerous. In
       particular, defendant points out that the gun was not admitted into evidence, and maintains that
       the State failed to present evidence that the gun was capable of being used as a bludgeon.

¶ 16                                         ANALYSIS
¶ 17                                     Standard of Review
¶ 18      Here, Harris is challenging the trial court’s findings that the defendant’s gun was a
       dangerous weapon because it was metallic and could be used as a bludgeon. Harris also
       challenges the trial court’s ultimate determination that he was guilty of armed robbery.


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       Whether an object is sufficiently susceptible to use in a manner likely to cause serious injury so
       that it qualifies as a dangerous weapon is generally a question of fact. People v. Ross, 229 Ill.
       2d 255, 275 (2008); People v. Thorne, 352 Ill. App. 3d 1062, 1071 (2004). However, the
       question becomes one of law where the character of the weapon is such as to admit of only one
       conclusion. People v. Skelton, 83 Ill. 2d 58, 66 (1980).
¶ 19       A trial court’s findings based on testimonial evidence are entitled to great deference, but its
       findings based on nontestimonial evidence (exhibits, such surveillance videos, admitted into
       evidence) are not entitled to any deference. People v. Radojcic, 2013 IL 114197, ¶ 34.
¶ 20       Finally, a trial court’s factual findings are not reversed unless they are against the manifest
       weight of the evidence. People v. Absher, 242 Ill. 2d 77, 82 (2011). A trial court’s findings are
       against the manifest weight of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is apparent or
       when the findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence. People v.
       Clark, 2014 IL App (1st) 130222, ¶ 26. When we consider the trial court’s ultimate finding,
       that the defendant was guilty of armed robbery, the standard of review is “ ‘whether, after
       viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
       could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis
       omitted.) People v. Cooper, 194 Ill. 2d 419, 430-31 (2000) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443
       U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)).

¶ 21                            Elements of the Offense of Armed Robbery
¶ 22       In order to sustain a conviction for armed robbery, the trial court was required to find that
       defendant, in committing a robbery, was armed with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm.
       720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(1) (West 2012).
¶ 23       Dangerous objects are divided into three categories: “(1) objects that are dangerous per se,
       such as loaded guns; (2) objects that are not necessarily dangerous, but were actually used in a
       dangerous manner during the robbery; and (3) objects that are not necessarily dangerous, but
       may become dangerous when used in a dangerous manner.” Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 275; Thorne,
       352 Ill. App. 3d at 1070-71.
¶ 24       The three ways for the State to prove that a gun constituted a “dangerous weapon” is by
       presenting evidence that: (1) the gun was operable and loaded; (2) the gun was actually used
       during the offense as a club or bludgeon; or (3) that due to the gun’s size and weight, it was
       capable of being used as a club or bludgeon. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 276; Thorne, 352 Ill. App. 3d
       at 1072. The parties agree that only the third prong, whether the gun was capable of being used
       as a club or bludgeon, is at issue.

¶ 25                                   Trial Court’s Factual Findings
¶ 26       The threshold question we must answer in this case is how much deference must a
       reviewing court give to the trial court’s findings that the gun was metallic and a bludgeon.
¶ 27       In Radojcic, the supreme court instructed reviewing courts on the amount of deference
       accorded to a trial court’s findings:
                    “Although a trial court’s factual findings are accorded deference on review and will
               only be reversed if they are against the manifest weight of the evidence, that deference
               ‘is grounded in the reality that the circuit court is in a superior position to determine and
               weigh the credibility of the witnesses, observe the witnesses’ demeanor, and resolve

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               conflicts in their testimony.’ [Citation.] Here, however, the State offered no live
               testimony, only transcripts from the grand jury proceedings. Thus, the trial court did
               not occupy a position superior to the appellate court or this court in evaluating the
               evidence offered by the State ***.” Radojcic, 2013 IL 114197, ¶ 34.
¶ 28       Here, the victim was not certain that he saw a weapon until he viewed the surveillance
       video, and did not testify about the weapon’s weight or composition (metallic). Thus, we find,
       similarly to Radojcic, that the trial court based its findings, that the weapon was metallic and a
       bludgeon, on the surveillance videotape and not on witness testimony. Therefore, given the
       fact that the trial judge’s findings were not based on witness testimony, but on his viewing of
       the surveillance video, we are not required to be deferential to the trial court’s findings
       (Radojcic, 2013 IL 114197, ¶ 34) and we can reverse those findings if they are against the
       manifest weight of the evidence. Absher, 242 Ill. 2d at 82.
¶ 29       In resolving the issue of whether the gun in this case was capable of being used as a
       bludgeon, we find Ross instructive. In Ross, the defendant was charged with armed robbery.
       The evidence showed that the defendant used a small BB gun during the robbery. Ross, 229 Ill.
       2d at 276-77. The State failed to present the gun or photographs of the gun at trial and any
       evidence that it was loaded, that it was used or brandished as a bludgeon, or any evidence
       regarding its weight or composition. Id. at 277. The Ross court held that the evidence was
       insufficient to prove that the gun was a dangerous weapon, and that the trial court incorrectly
       based its ruling on the subjective feelings of the victim, rather than the objective nature of the
       gun. Id. The supreme court then affirmed the decision of the appellate court directing the trial
       court to enter a judgment of conviction for simple robbery and sentence the defendant
       accordingly. Id.
¶ 30       The Ross court relied on this court’s decision in Thorne where, similar to Ross, the State
       did not introduce the gun and proved only that the defendant had a small BB gun and that it was
       a hard object. Thorne, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 1073. The Thorne court held that because in every
       case finding that an unloaded gun could have been used as a bludgeon, there was evidence
       presented as to the physical characteristics (weight or metallic nature) of the weapon.
       Therefore, because the State failed to present evidence concerning the weapon’s physical
       characteristics, Thorne’s conviction for armed robbery was reduced to simple robbery. Id. at
       1072-74.
¶ 31       In this case, as in Ross and Thorne, the State failed to proffer the gun or to present evidence
       that the gun was loaded or that it was used or brandished as a bludgeon. While the surveillance
       videotape shows what appears to be a gun, there is no evidence regarding its weight or
       composition. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 277; Thorne, 352 Ill. App. 3d at 1073. The victim testified that
       he saw a “gun,” but (1) he did not testify about the gun’s weight or composition, and (2) his
       testimony was rebutted by Sergeant Pagan, who testified that the victim only confirmed that
       the defendants were carrying a gun after viewing the surveillance videotape.
¶ 32       In light of the preceding, we find that the State presented no gun and no evidence that the
       weapon was a heavy, metal object from which it could be inferred that it was capable of being
       used as a bludgeon.
¶ 33       Although the trial court found that the gun was metallic and could have been used as a
       bludgeon, we find the court’s findings were not based on witness testimony about the gun’s
       physical characteristics, its weight or its composition. Instead, the trial court’s findings were
       based on nontestimonial evidence, the surveillance video. After examining the surveillance

                                                    -5-
       video, this court is unable to determine the gun’s physical characteristics. Accordingly, we
       hold that the trial court’s findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence because the
       findings were not based on the evidence, where there was no testimonial evidence that the
       weapon had the weight or composition (metallic) of a dangerous weapon (People v. Clark,
       2014 IL App (1st) 130222, ¶ 26), and the weapon’s physical characteristics could not be
       determined from the nontestimonial evidence, the surveillance video.

¶ 34                                  Trial Court’s Ultimate Finding
¶ 35       Therefore, we find, following Ross, that the trial court erroneously based its ultimate
       finding–the armed robbery conviction of Harris–on the subjective feelings of the victim, who
       believed he saw a gun (Skelton, 83 Ill. 2d at 63 (complainants’ subjective beliefs are
       insufficient to establish that an object is a dangerous weapon)), rather than the testimonial
       evidence in the record. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 277.
¶ 36       Accordingly, considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the State: (1) the
       conflicting evidence as to whether the victim saw the offenders with the gun in the store or
       only saw the offenders with a gun after viewing the surveillance video, and (2) the fact that
       there is no evidence in the record as to the gun’s weight or composition, or that the gun was
       loaded or used as a bludgeon, we cannot come to the conclusion, beyond a reasonable doubt,
       that the gun in this case was a dangerous weapon that could be used as a bludgeon. Therefore,
       Harris’s conviction for armed robbery is reversed and the cause remanded for the trial court to
       enter a judgment for robbery.
¶ 37       In light of the foregoing, we hereby reverse the judgment of conviction for armed robbery
       and remand the cause to the circuit court with directions to enter a judgment of conviction for
       robbery and to impose an appropriate sentence thereon.

¶ 38      Reversed and cause remanded with directions.




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