                               STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
                             SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

State of West Virginia,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent                                                        FILED
                                                                               March 15, 2019
vs.) No. 18-0140 (Taylor County 16-F-52)                                      EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                              SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                  OF WEST VIRGINIA
Robert Anthony Chester,
Defendant Below, Petitioner


                                MEMORANDUM DECISION
         Petitioner Robert Anthony Chester, by counsel Jeremy B. Cooper, appeals the Circuit
Court of Taylor County’s January 23, 2018, orders sentencing him to an effective term of 182 to
200 years of incarceration following his convictions of burglary, first-degree robbery, and
conspiracy. The State of West Virginia, by counsel Caleb A. Ellis, filed a response in support of
the circuit court’s orders. Petitioner filed a reply. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit
court erred in (1) sentencing him to a constitutionally disproportionate sentence, (2) denying his
motion for disqualification, (3) granting the State a continuance, (4) admitting evidence of his
flight from law enforcement, (5) denying his post-trial motions, and (6) failing to ensure his trial
was held in compliance with the “one-term rule.” Petitioner also argues that the circuit court
plainly erred in failing to give a Caudill1 limiting instruction to the jury and erred cumulatively
to his prejudice.

        This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

                               Factual and Procedural Background

         Petitioner and his codefendant, Michael Ketterman, planned to rob the home of two
sisters, Trina Rager and Tina Wilfong, on August 21, 2016, in Taylor County, West Virginia. En
route to the robbery, petitioner and Mr. Ketterman stopped at Walmart to buy supplies such as
zip ties, gloves, duct tape, and batteries for petitioner’s laser sight to his Glock 9 mm pistol.
After leaving Walmart, the men proceeded to the victims’ home and donned masks; petitioner
forced their entry through a back door.

       1
           State v. Caudill, 170 W. Va. 74, 289 S.E.2d 748 (1982).



                                                  1
        The men entered the house and found Ms. Rager asleep on the couch. Mr. Ketterman
awoke Ms. Rager and put zip ties around her hands. As soon as Mr. Ketterman spoke, Ms. Rager
recognized his voice, as they had known each other for several years. Petitioner then entered the
bedroom and found Ms. Wilfong asleep. He awoke Ms. Wilfong by pointing a gun in her face,
stated that he was the police, and then put zip ties around her hands. Petitioner dragged Ms.
Wilfong by her neck through the home while keeping his gun trained at her head and dropped
her in a mudroom, causing her to break her leg in three places.

        The two men then led Ms. Rager to an outbuilding where the victims kept their safes.
After reaching the building, Mr. Ketterman struck Ms. Rager, held a knife to her throat, and
instructed her to open one of the safes. Ms. Rager stated that the combination was written down
on a piece of paper inside the home. Petitioner put the gun in Ms. Rager’s mouth and instructed
her to open the safe, and she complied. While petitioner and Mr. Ketterman were distracted with
the safe’s contents, Ms. Rager escaped and ran to another sister’s home to call for help. Mr.
Ketterman and petitioner fled at that time.

        Days later, after encouragement from his son, Mr. Ketterman surrendered to the police.
Petitioner, however, evaded police and eventually led officers on a high-speed car chase. He was
ultimately apprehended on August 29, 2016.

        On September 12, 2016, petitioner was indicted for one count of burglary, one count of
grand larceny, two counts of first-degree robbery, two counts of wanton endangerment involving
a firearm, one count of persons prohibited from possessing firearms, two counts of malicious
assault, and one count of conspiracy to commit a felony. Petitioner’s trial was scheduled to begin
in March of 2017, but was continued for unknown reasons. Later in March, petitioner’s counsel
changed employment and petitioner was granted new counsel. On April 30, 2017, petitioner filed
a motion requesting that the circuit court continue his trial, which was scheduled for May 15,
2017, until the next term. The circuit court continued the trial, but to a date later in the same
term.

        In June of 2017, the State filed a motion requesting to admit evidence regarding
petitioner’s flight from police and his statements made at that time. At the hearing on the motion,
the circuit court heard the testimony of several law enforcement officers, including officers from
the Taylor County Sheriff’s Department, the Marion County Sheriff’s Department, the Fairmont
Police Department, the United States Marshals Service, and a parole officer. The evidence
established that officers from Taylor County collaborated with officers from Marion County to
locate petitioner following the robbery. Officers were able to contact petitioner through his
girlfriend and inform him that officers from Taylor County wished to speak to him. Petitioner
denied involvement in any crimes that had occurred in Taylor County. Petitioner’s parole officer
also contacted petitioner and informed him that a warrant had been issued for his arrest due to
parole violations. Petitioner declined to turn himself in and was only apprehended and arrested
after the high-speed car chase.

       The circuit court determined that the evidence regarding petitioner’s flight and his
statements were admissible. The circuit court found that, after having been informed by his

                                                2
parole officer of the warrant for his arrest, “[petitioner] was aware of a potential parole violation
based in part on the Taylor County warrant and the [petitioner] began fleeing from law
enforcement.” As such, the evidence of petitioner’s flight indicated a guilty conscience or
knowledge, or under the circumstances, would indicate a desire to escape to avoid prosecution
due to that guilty conscience or knowledge.

       On July 10, 2017, one day before petitioner’s trial was scheduled to begin, the circuit
court held a hearing on the State’s motion to continue based upon the collapse of plea
negotiations with Mr. Ketterman, who was set to testify against petitioner as part of the
agreement.2 The circuit court granted the State’s motion over petitioner’s general objection to the
continuance as he was prepared for trial the next day. Mr. Ketterman eventually pled guilty via a
plea agreement and the trial was ultimately scheduled for October 10, 2017.

        The circuit court held a pretrial hearing in September of 2017. Petitioner moved the court
to reduce his bond and dismiss the case. The circuit court denied the motions. Shortly before trial
was to begin, petitioner filed a motion to disqualify the circuit court judge on the basis of judicial
bias, disqualifying relationships with the victims and/or their family, and the fact that the judge
directly supervised the special prosecutor’s wife through the Taylor County Probation Office.
Immediately prior to trial, the circuit court denied the motion, finding that it was not timely filed
and was not meritorious. Specifically, the circuit court stated it had no personal or professional
knowledge of the victims, and further indicated that it had isolated the special prosecutor’s wife
from any involvement in the case.

        Petitioner’s trial commenced on October 10, 2017. On October 12, 2017, petitioner was
found guilty of the four remaining crimes charged: two counts of first-degree robbery, one count
of burglary, and one count of conspiracy to commit a felony.3 Because the State intended to file a
recidivist information against petitioner, the circuit court deferred sentencing on petitioner’s
burglary conviction and only sentenced him to ninety years of incarceration for each of his
robbery convictions and not less than one nor more than five years of incarceration for his
conspiracy to commit a felony conviction. After the State dismissed the recidivist information,
the circuit court sentenced petitioner to not less than one nor more than fifteen years of
incarceration for his burglary conviction. The circuit court ordered that the sentences be served
consecutively. Petitioner’s sentences were memorialized in the circuit court’s orders dated
January 23, 2018. It is from these orders that petitioner appeals.



       2
         It appears from the record that the county prosecutor withdrew his office from this case
shortly thereafter due to allegations that he met with Mr. Ketterman outside the presence of his
attorney to discuss plea negotiations. A special prosecutor was brought in to continue the case.
       3
        Prior to trial, the circuit court dismissed the counts of persons prohibited from
possessing firearms, grand larceny, malicious assault, and wanton endangerment with a firearm
upon the State’s motion. Certain charges were believed to be lesser included offenses of first-
degree robbery.



                                                  3
                                             Discussion

                                                   I.

       On appeal, petitioner first assigns as error the circuit court’s order sentencing him to
ninety years of incarceration for each of his robbery convictions. According to petitioner, the
sentences are unconstitutionally disproportionate to the crimes for which he was convicted.
Moreover, petitioner argues that his sentences are extremely disparate to those of his
codefendant, Mr. Ketterman, who entered a plea agreement and was sentenced to twenty years
and eighty years for his respective robbery convictions.4 We disagree.

        We have held that “‘[s]entences imposed by the trial court, if within statutory limits and
if not based on some [im]permissible factor, are not subject to appellate review.’ Syllabus Point
4, State v. Goodnight, 169 W.Va. 366, 287 S.E.2d 504 (1982).” Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Georgius, 225
W. Va. 716, 696 S.E.2d 18 (2010). However, “[s]entences imposed under statutes providing no
upper limits may be contested based upon allegations of violation of the proportionality
principles contained in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution.” State v. Tyler,
211 W. Va. 246, 250, 565 S.E.2d 368, 372 (2002) (citation omitted). Because our first-degree
robbery statute contains no upper limit, the Court will undertake a proportionality analysis in this
matter. See W. Va. Code § 61-2-12 (“Any person who . . . uses the threat of deadly force by the
presenting of a firearm or other deadly weapon, is guilty of robbery in the first degree and, upon
conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in a state correctional facility not less than ten years.”).

        There are two tests for determining whether a sentence is so disproportionate to the crime
that it violates Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution. “The first is subjective
and asks whether the sentence for the particular crime shocks the conscience of the court and
society. If a sentence is so offensive that it cannot pass a societal and judicial sense of justice, the
inquiry need not proceed further.” State v. Adams, 211 W. Va. 231, 233, 565 S.E.2d 353, 355
(2002) (quoting State v. Cooper, 172 W. Va. 266, 272, 304 S.E.2d 851, 857 (1983)). To
determine whether a sentence shocks the conscience, this Court considers all of the
circumstances surrounding the offense. Id. If a sentence is found not to shock the conscience, this
Court proceeds to the objective test. Id. Under the objective test, to determine whether a sentence
violates the proportionality principle, “consideration is given to the nature of the offense, the
legislative purpose behind the punishment, a comparison of the punishment with what would be
inflicted in other jurisdictions, and a comparison with other offenses within the same
jurisdiction.” Id. at 232, 565 S.E.2d at 354, syl. pt. 2, in part (quoting syl. pt. 5, Wanstreet v.
Bordenkircher, 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981)).

       In this case, petitioner broke into the victims’ home, placed zip ties around Ms. Wilfong’s
hands, and dragged her through the house while training a gun at her head. Petitioner dropped
Ms. Wilfong on the floor, causing her leg to break in three places. Moreover, petitioner put a gun

       4
        Following the end of Mr. Ketterman’s twenty-year sentence, the remainder of his
sentence is to be suspended and he will be placed on probation for seven years.




                                                   4
in Ms. Rager’s mouth and ordered her to open the safe. Petitioner’s actions in the commission of
the robbery are characterized by extreme violence. His sentences, therefore, do not shock the
conscience.

         Next, proceeding to the objective test and considering the nature of the offense, we note
that we have recognized that “[a]ggravated robbery . . . involves a high potentiality for violence
and injury to the victim involved.” Id. at 234, 565 S.E.2d at 356 (quoting State v. Ross, 184 W.
Va. 579, 582, 402 S.E.2d 248, 251 (1990)). We have also identified that the sentencing scheme
for first-degree robbery serves two purposes: “First, it gives recognition to the seriousness of the
offense by imposing a minimum sentence below which a trial court may not go. Second, the
open-ended maximum sentencing discretion allows trial courts to consider the weight of
aggravating and mitigating factors in each particular case.” Id. at 234-35, 565 S.E.2d at 356-57
(citation omitted).

       We have also previously compared first-degree robbery sentences throughout our state
with those imposed in other jurisdictions. Recently, in State v. Gibbs, we noted that

       this Court has previously recognized that other jurisdictions permit long prison
       sentences for first-degree robbery. See [Adams, 211 W. Va.] at 235, 565 S.E.2d at
       357 (citing State v. Boag, 104 Ariz. 362, 453 P.2d 508 (1969) (imposing seventy-
       five to ninety-nine-year sentence); State v. Victorian, 332 So.2d 220 (La. 1976)
       (imposing forty-five-year sentence); State v. Hoskins, 522 So.2d 1235 (La. Ct.
       App. 1988) (imposing ninety-nine-year sentence); People v. Murph, 185
       Mich.App. 476, 463 N.W.2d 156 (1990) (imposing two forty-six-year sentences);
       State v. Morris, 661 S.W.2d 84 (Mo. Ct. App. 1983) (imposing life sentence);
       Robinson v. State, 743 P.2d 1088 (Okla. Crim. App. 1987) (imposing 100-year
       sentence)).

238 W. Va. 646, 660, 797 S.E.2d 623, 637 (2017) (quoting State v. Hill, No. 16-0138, 2016 WL
6678997, at *2-3 (W. Va. Nov. 14, 2016)(memorandum decision)).

        Furthermore, comparing the punishment with other offenses within this jurisdiction, this
Court has rejected proportionality challenges in many cases involving first-degree robbery,
including some sentences similar to petitioner’s sentences of ninety years each. Adams, 211 W.
Va. at 235, 565 S.E.2d at 357 (citing State v. Williams, 205 W. Va. 552, 519 S.E.2d 835 (1999)
(upholding fifty-year sentence for attempted aggravated robbery); State v. Phillips, 199 W. Va.
507, 485 S.E.2d 676 (1997) (upholding 140-year sentence for two counts of aggravated robbery
and one count of kidnapping); State v. Ross, 184 W. Va. 579, 402 S.E.2d 248 (1990) (upholding
100-year sentence for attempted aggravated robbery); State v. Spence, 182 W. Va. 472, 388
S.E.2d 498 (1989) (upholding sixty-year sentence for aggravated robbery); State v. England, 180
W. Va. 342, 376 S.E.2d 548 (1988) (upholding life sentence for aggravated robbery); State v.
Brown, 177 W. Va. 633, 355 S.E.2d 614 (1987) (upholding sixty-year sentence for aggravated
robbery); State v. Glover, 177 W. Va. 650, 355 S.E.2d 631 (1987) (upholding seventy-five-year
sentence for aggravated robbery)); see also State v. Booth, 224 W. Va. 307, 685 S.E.2d 701
(2009) (upholding an eighty-year sentence for first-degree robbery); State ex rel. Hatcher v.
McBride, 221 W. Va. 760, 656 S.E.2d 789 (2007) (upholding a 212-year sentence for one count

                                                 5
of first-degree robbery). Thus, we find that petitioner’s sentences are not disproportionate to the
crimes committed.

       Finally, while petitioner argues that his two ninety-year determinate sentences are
disproportionate to that of his codefendant, who pled guilty to two counts of first-degree robbery
and received an effective sentence of twenty years of incarceration followed by seven years of
probation5, we have held that

               [d]isparate sentences for codefendants are not per se unconstitutional.
       Courts consider many factors such as each codefendant’s respective involvement
       in the criminal transaction (including who was the prime mover), prior records,
       rehabilitative potential (including post-arrest conduct, age[,] and maturity), and
       lack of remorse. If codefendants are similarly situated, some courts will reverse
       on disparity of sentence alone.

Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Buck, 173 W. Va. 243, 314 S.E.2d 406 (1984). Here, we find that petitioner
and his codefendant were not similarly situated because petitioner was the individual that forced
his way into the home; dragged Ms. Wilfong through the house with a gun to her head and
dropped her, causing her to break her leg in three places; and placed his gun in Ms. Rager’s
mouth. Moreover, Mr. Ketterman turned himself in to the police and cooperated while petitioner
fled the authorities, and remained combative and unremorseful throughout the entirety of the
proceedings. Therefore, we conclude that petitioner’s effective 180-year sentence of
incarceration for two counts of first-degree robbery was not unconstitutionally disparate from his
codefendant’s sentence.

                                                II.

        Petitioner next assigns as error the circuit court’s failure to grant his motion for
disqualification of the circuit court judge. According to petitioner, the circuit court demonstrated
personal bias toward him by giving insufficient consideration to several of his motions and
summarily denying the same without permitting the record to be developed. Further, petitioner
argues that the circuit court was not impartial because of his relationships with the victims and
the special prosecutor’s wife. Finally, petitioner avers that the circuit court erred in summarily
denying his motion for disqualification without allowing the record to be developed on that
matter. We disagree.




       5
         Mr. Ketterman also pled guilty to conspiracy to commit a felony and was sentenced to
not less than one nor more than five years of incarceration for that conviction. This was the same
sentence petitioner received for his conviction of this crime. However, Mr. Ketterman’s sentence
was also to be suspended upon discharge of his twenty-year term of incarceration for one count
of robbery.



                                                 6
       To begin, we note that petitioner’s motion for disqualification fails to comply with Rule
17.01 of the West Virginia Trial Court Rules, governing disqualification. One requirement of
such motions is that they contain

       a verified certificate of counsel of record or unrepresented party that they have
       read the motion; that after reasonable inquiry, to the best of their knowledge,
       information, and belief, it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by either
       existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal
       of existing law; that there is evidence sufficient to support disqualification; and
       that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause
       unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.

Id. Petitioner’s certificate of counsel stated that counsel did not believe a good faith argument
existed. Indeed, counsel for petitioner stated that “[c]ounsel does not personally believe that such
a basis for disqualification exists pursuant to the information available to [c]ounsel” but that he
believed he had an ethical obligation to pursue the motion due to petitioner’s wishes. Petitioner’s
accusations of personal bias and the appearance of impropriety lack merit.

       While petitioner argues that the circuit court demonstrated bias toward him in denying his
motions to reduce his bond amount or dismiss the indictment,6 the record simply does not
support these assertions. In reaching its decision, the circuit court found

       [t]his [crime] is alleged to have been committed with the use of a weapon. It
       provides that [petitioner] is a convicted felon, had no right to have a weapon, and
       that he’s alleged to have committed malicious assault against one of the victims in
       the matter, or both of the victims, and breaking the leg of one of the victims.

       So, you can file a motion, but in light of the extremely serious charges and use of
       a weapon when he was a convicted felon, the [c]ourt doesn’t really see it as an
       excessive bond.

As such, the circuit court set forth proper reasons for denying petitioner’s motion to reduce his
bond and relied upon that same reasoning in summarily dismissing any of petitioner’s
subsequent motions to reduce his bond. Accordingly, we find no bias.

        Further, when petitioner raised issue with the appearance of impropriety because of the
circuit court’s alleged relationship with the victims and the wife of the special prosecutor, the
circuit court explained

       [j]ust for the record, this court has no knowledge of these two ladies that are the
       victims in the case. They were involved in a civil action here a few years ago. I


       6
        Petitioner alleged that the indictment should have been dismissed for failure to timely
hold the trial. We disagree and more fully discuss below the “one-term rule” petitioner raises.



                                                 7
       don’t know these two ladies personally. I never had, to my knowledge, any
       involvement with them personally or professionally.

       And there was an issue of [the special prosecutor’s wife] being a probation
       officer. She has been my probation officer relatively recently. The court has
       isolated her from any involvement in this case, or in Mr. Ketterman’s case, and
       has directed the other probation officers to have no involvement or contact or
       discussion with her about the case. And so the disqualification motions are
       denied.

Therefore, there was no basis for petitioner’s accusations of impropriety. While petitioner alleges
that there was evidence regarding a personal or financial relationship between the circuit court
judge and the victims’ family, he fails to offer any such evidence. Indeed, the record fails to
establish that petitioner ever requested the opportunity to proffer what evidence of these
relationships he could have presented. Accordingly, we decline to find error in this regard.

                                                III.

        Next, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in granting the State a continuance
following the collapse of plea negotiations with Mr. Ketterman.7 Petitioner argues that the plea
negotiations collapsed due to the first prosecutor’s improper conduct in meeting with Mr.
Ketterman outside the presence of his attorney. According to petitioner, the circuit court should
not have rewarded the State’s outright misconduct by granting a continuance. Moreover,
petitioner alleges that he was prejudiced because, had the matter proceeded to trial, Mr.
Ketterman likely would not have testified against him as he would not have entered a plea
agreement at that point, choosing instead to invoke his rights under the Fifth Amendment of the
United States Constitution.8 We find no merit in petitioner’s arguments.

        Whether a party should be granted a continuance is a matter left to the discretion of the
trial judge, and a reviewing court plays a limited and restricted role in overseeing the lower
court’s exercise of that discretion. See syl. pt. 2, State v. Bush, 163 W. Va. 168, 255 S.E.2d 539
(1979); Wallis v. Wallis, 196 W. Va. 49, 468 S.E.2d 181 (1996). In Syllabus Point 2 of Nutter v.
Maynard, 183 W. Va. 247, 395 S.E.2d 491 (1990), we held that:

              “‘It is well settled as a general rule that the question of continuance is in
       the sound discretion of the trial court, which will not be reviewed by the
       appellate court, except in case it clearly appears that such discretion has been



       7
         We note that petitioner only generally objected to the State’s motion to continue.
Additionally, to the extent petitioner argues that this continuance denied him his right to a speedy
trial, we disagree for reasons more fully discussed below.
       8
           This particular argument was never raised below.



                                                 8
       abused.’ Syl. Pt. 1, Levy v. Scottish Union & National Ins. Co., 58 W.Va. 546,
       52 S.E. 449 (1905).”

Further, in reviewing matters such as this, we have held that

               “[w]hether there has been an abuse of discretion in denying a continuance
       must be decided on a case-by-case basis in light of the factual circumstances
       presented, particularly the reasons for the continuance that were presented to the
       trial court at the time the request was denied.” Syllabus Point 3, State v. Bush, 163
       W.Va. 168, 255 S.E.2d 539 (1979).

Syl. Pt. 4, Hamilton v. Ravasio, 192 W. Va. 183, 451 S.E.2d 749 (1994). This rule extends to
cases such as the instant matter. See Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Chaffin, 156 W. Va. 264, 192 S.E.2d 728
(1972) (holding that “[a] motion for a continuance based on the absence of a material witness is
addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court, and its ruling on such motion will not be
disturbed unless it is clearly wrong and it appears that such discretion has been abused”).

        This Court has previously set forth specific guidelines for circuit courts to follow when
addressing requests for continuances based upon an unavailable witness. Specifically, we noted
four criteria that must be met by a party seeking a continuance on the grounds that a material
witness is unavailable:

                “A party moving for a continuance due to the unavailability of a witness
       must show: (1) the materiality and importance of the witness to the issues to be
       tried; (2) due diligence in an attempt to procure the attendance of the witness; (3)
       that a good possibility exists that the testimony will be secured at some later date;
       and (4) that the postponement would not be likely to cause an unreasonable delay
       or disruption in the orderly process of justice.”

Syl. Pt. 4, State v. McCallister, 178 W. Va. 77, 357 S.E.2d 759 (1987).

        Turning to the first criteria, we find that Mr. Ketterman was a material and important
witness due to the fact that he participated in the crime with petitioner and, naturally, could
provide information critical to petitioner’s involvement in the crime. Second, the record indicates
that the State and Mr. Ketterman had been discussing plea agreements as early as October of
2016; however, the agreement was not put into writing until a few weeks prior to petitioner’s
trial. Approximately one week prior to petitioner’s trial, the circuit court declined to accept Mr.
Ketterman’s plea agreement after he expressed feelings of concern and coercion following a
meeting with the prosecutor outside the presence of his attorney. In order to resolve the matter,
the circuit court continued Mr. Ketterman’s proceedings to allow him to decide whether he
wanted to proceed with his guilty plea. As such, the State requested a continuance in order to
finalize plea negotiations with Mr. Ketterman and secure his testimony against petitioner.
Accordingly, it appears that the State did actively seek Mr. Ketterman’s attendance and was not
attempting to delay the proceedings, but was caught off guard by the collapse in negotiations.
Third, in requesting the continuance, the State explained that Mr. Ketterman still wished to plead
guilty and that it anticipated securing his testimony against petitioner when that issue was

                                                9
resolved, demonstrating that a good possibility existed that his testimony would be secured
quickly. Finally, the postponement did not appear to be likely to cause an unreasonable delay as
the trial was later scheduled to begin in August of 2017, approximately one month later.9

        To the extent that petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in granting the continuance
in light of the State’s deliberate misconduct in meeting with Mr. Ketterman outside the presence
of his attorney, we note that the record does not entirely support his arguments. Indeed, the
transcript from Mr. Ketterman’s hearing indicates that his counsel was aware of and consented to
the meeting between the prosecutor and Mr. Ketterman. Further, his counsel was reached by
phone several times during the meeting to clarify issues for Mr. Ketterman and provide advice.
Without deciding the propriety of these actions, we note that petitioner’s characterization of the
prosecutor’s conduct as deliberately seeking to confuse or trick Mr. Ketterman is inaccurate.
Further, petitioner’s allegations of prejudice are speculative. Petitioner argues that had the circuit
court ordered that the trial continue as scheduled, Mr. Ketterman likely would have invoked his
Fifth Amendment right and refused to testify to avoid incriminating himself absent his plea
agreement. However, petitioner has no factual basis for this argument and merely speculates
about the prejudice he suffered as a result of continuing the proceedings. Lastly, we note that
petitioner did not raise any issue with allowing Mr. Ketterman to testify as a result of the
continuance during the proceedings below. In his motion for a new trial, petitioner simply
accused Mr. Ketterman of perjuring himself and did not reference the prejudice he allegedly
suffered due to the continuance of the matter to secure Mr. Ketterman’s testimony. We have
previously held “that nonjurisdictional questions . . . raised for the first time on appeal, will not
be considered.” Noble v. W. Va. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 223 W. Va. 818, 821, 679 S.E.2d 650,
653 (2009) (citing Shaffer v. Acme Limestone Co., Inc., 206 W. Va. 333, 349 n.20, 524 S.E.2d
688, 704 n.20 (1999)). Based on the foregoing, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its
discretion in continuing the trial to permit the State to obtain Mr. Ketterman’s testimony when
the criteria set forth in McCallister were met.

                                                  IV.

        Petitioner’s fourth assignment of error alleges that the circuit court erred in admitting
evidence of his flight from law enforcement. Petitioner alleges that he had other “legal
entanglements” threatening to lead to his arrest at the time and, as such, the State could not prove
a guilty state of mind in relation to the instant crime. Further, admitting evidence of his flight
was extremely prejudicial and had little probative value due to his motive to flee for these other
reasons. We do not agree.

       Our law governing the admission of flight evidence is well-settled. This Court has held as
follows:

              In certain circumstances evidence of the flight of the defendant will be
       admissible in a criminal trial as evidence of the defendant’s guilty conscience or


       9
           The trial was later continued again due to unrelated reasons.



                                                  10
       knowledge. Prior to admitting such evidence, however, the trial judge, upon
       request by either the State or the defendant, should hold an in camera hearing to
       determine whether the probative value of such evidence outweighs its possible
       prejudicial effect.

Syl. Pt. 6, State v. Payne, 167 W. Va. 252, 280 S.E.2d 72 (1981). We further stated that

       [i]n considering whether the facts and circumstances of the case indicate a guilty
       conscience or knowledge, the trial judge should consider whether the defendant
       was aware of the charges pending against him at the time he fled; was aware that
       he was a suspect at the time he fled; or fled the scene of a crime under
       circumstances that would indicate a guilty conscience or knowledge; or otherwise
       fled under circumstances such that would indicate a desire to escape or avoid
       prosecution due to a guilty conscience or knowledge.

Id. at 267, 280 S.E.2d at 81.

        In the present case, consistent with Payne, the circuit court held a hearing regarding the
flight evidence at issue. At the hearing, testimony established that officers spoke to petitioner on
the same day as the robbery and informed him that officers from Taylor County wished to speak
to him. Petitioner was informed that the police were looking for Mr. Ketterman as well.
Petitioner refused to speak with the officers, stated he had no knowledge of any crimes in Taylor
County, and further reported that he did not trust police officers. On the day following the
robbery, officers contacted petitioner’s probation officer, who also attempted to reach petitioner.
Upon speaking with petitioner, the probation officer informed him that a warrant for his arrest
had been issued due to parole violations. Petitioner again refused to turn himself in. When
petitioner was located several days later, he led officers on a high-speed car chase and was only
apprehended after his car was wrecked. This evidence demonstrates that, as early as the day of
the robbery, petitioner knew that officers desired to speak to him in connection with an incident
involving Mr. Ketterman in Taylor County, and that he was later made aware that a warrant had
been issued for his arrest due to parole violations, yet he refused to turn himself in or speak to
officers. As the circuit court found, “[a]t that point, [petitioner] was aware of a potential parole
violation based in part on the Taylor County warrant and the [petitioner] began fleeing from law
enforcement.” We find petitioner’s argument that he had motive to flee for other “legal
entanglements” unpersuasive given the conversation petitioner had with Taylor County officers
the same day as the robbery and his immediate refusal to speak to them. Accordingly, we find no
error in the circuit court’s conclusion that the evidence of flight was more probative than
prejudicial, and further find that the same was properly admitted.10

                                                V.



       10
         We also note that the circuit court gave the jury a limiting instruction regarding the
evidence of flight.



                                                11
        Petitioner next argues that the circuit court erred in denying his post-trial motions
requesting relief based upon the alleged perjured testimony of multiple State witnesses.
According to petitioner, both a law enforcement officer and either Mr. Ketterman or the victims
lied during their testimony and, absent said testimony, there was insufficient evidence to support
his convictions. Specifically, petitioner argues that Mr. Ketterman’s testimony was contradictory
to the testimony of the victims, indicating that someone was lying. Further, petitioner avers that
the officer lied about a portion of his investigation, and that his testimony was deceptive and
wrongfully bolstered Mr. Ketterman’s testimony. We find no merit in petitioner’s argument.

        This Court has previously recognized that “[i]t is a basic principle of law that
‘[p]rosecutors have a duty to the court not to knowingly encourage or present false testimony.’”
State ex rel. Franklin v. McBride, 226 W. Va. 375, 378-79, 701 S.E.2d 97, 100-01 (2009)
(quoting State v. Rivera, 210 Ariz. 188, 109 P.3d 83, 89 (2005)). We have also previously held
that “[a]lthough it is a violation of due process for the State to convict a defendant based on false
evidence, such conviction will not be set aside unless it is shown that the false evidence had a
material effect on the jury verdict.” Id. at 379, 701 S.E.2d at 101 (quoting syl. pt. 2, In re
Investigation of W. Va. State Police Crime Lab., Serology Div., 190 W. Va. 321, 438 S.E.2d 501
(1993)). To succeed in a claim that the State knowingly presented false testimony at trial, a
defendant “must demonstrate that (1) the prosecutor presented false testimony, (2) the prosecutor
knew or should have known the testimony was false, and (3) the false testimony had a material
effect on the jury verdict.” Id. at 376, 701 S.E.2d at 98, syl. pt. 2, in part.

         We first address petitioner’s claim that the State knowingly presented the false testimony
of either Mr. Ketterman or the victims. According to petitioner, the victims presented testimony
that directly contradicted Mr. Ketterman’s testimony regarding who initially stated an intention
to kill the victims. Petitioner avers that the State “had to have known that one or more of its
witnesses were lying” based on the fact that Mr. Ketterman testified after Ms. Rager but before
Ms. Wilfong. However, “[i]nconsistencies between a witness’s trial testimony and their previous
statements, or between the testimonies of multiple witnesses, do not necessarily demonstrate
falsity.” Flack v. Ballard, 239 W. Va. 566, 581, 803 S.E.2d 536, 551 (2017). We have long held
that “[i]t [is] the role of the jury to weigh the evidence and make credibility assessments after it
observed the witnesses and heard their testimony.” Franklin, 226 W. Va. at 381, 701 S.E.2d at
103 (quoting State v. Brown, 210 W. Va. 14, 27, 552 S.E.2d 390, 403 (2001)); see also syl. pt. 3,
in part, State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995) (“Credibility determinations are
for a jury and not an appellate court.”). Here, petitioner fails to meet the factors set forth in
Franklin. Mere inconsistencies in the testimony presented by the victims and Mr. Ketterman are
insufficient to prove that the State knowingly presented false testimony. Further, petitioner’s
contention that “there can be no doubt” as to the material, prejudicial nature of this inconsistent
testimony is unpersuasive in light of the uncontroverted evidence that petitioner threatened the
victims with a gun and broke Ms. Wilfong’s leg during the robbery. The jury heard the
conflicting testimony and ultimately made credibility assessments in determining who they
believed. Accordingly, we decline to find that petitioner is entitled to relief in this regard.

        We also find no merit in petitioner’s claim that the State knowingly presented the false
testimony of a law enforcement officer. Specifically, petitioner relies on a portion of the trial
transcript wherein the officer testified that he went to Walmart to obtain surveillance footage, but

                                                 12
then, only moments later, retracted the statement and stated that he did not go to Walmart.
According to petitioner, the officer’s retracting his statement indicated that he lied about his
actions and further suggested “the lie is worse and deeper than it first appears.” When questioned
about why he did not go to Walmart to obtain the footage, the officer testified that he had been
ordered not to do so by the circuit court in relation to the incident wherein information was
obtained from Mr. Ketterman outside the presence of his attorney. However, petitioner avers that
the circuit court did not issue that instruction until several days after the information regarding
the Walmart trip was disclosed and, as such, the officer must have been lying to justify his
“actual inaction by falsely blaming the [c]ircuit [c]ourt.” Petitioner’s claims regarding the
officer’s testimony also fail under Franklin. First, the record does not definitively establish that
the officer intentionally falsely testified. Rather, petitioner assumes deceitful intent on the
officer’s part when he stated that he had not gone to Walmart as he previously stated. In fact, the
transcript demonstrates that the officer corrected his statements nearly immediately after he made
them. Second, it was petitioner’s counsel, not the State, who originally elicited the complained-
of inconsistent statements, and petitioner fails to demonstrate that the prosecutor knowingly
affirmatively presented false testimony. Finally, petitioner fails to demonstrate that this exchange
had a material effect on the jury. While petitioner suggests that the officer’s testimony bolsters
and corroborates Mr. Ketterman’s testimony, the record demonstrates that the discussion was
brief and did not bolster Mr. Ketterman’s testimony that he and petitioner went to Walmart prior
to the robbery as the officer testified that he was not able to confirm those allegations with
surveillance footage from Walmart. As such, we find that petitioner is entitled to no relief in this
regard.

                                                      VI.

         Petitioner’s sixth assignment of error alleges that the circuit court erred in failing to
ensure that petitioner was tried in compliance with the one-term rule.11 According to petitioner,
his right to a speedy trial was violated on three occasions: the September of 2016 term, the
January of 2017 term, and the April of 2017 term. Regarding the September of 2016 term,
petitioner avers that “the only things that happened . . . were [p]etitioner’s indictment, his
arraignment, and the filing of an omnibus discovery motion by his original defense counsel.”
Petitioner asserts that the arraignment transcript demonstrates that the circuit court scheduled his
trial for February of 2017 without attempting to schedule within the term of the indictment or
showing good cause. Regarding the January of 2017 term, petitioner argues that the trial was not
held as scheduled and the record contains no reason for the delay, except for the State’s brief
excuse that the trial “was called off. . .” and subsequently set for May of 2017. Finally, petitioner
states that the trial was continued from the April of 2017 term to the September of 2017 term
based upon a scheduling conflict with the State. Upon our review, we find that petitioner is
entitled to no relief in this regard.



       11
         Rule 2.19 of the West Virginia Trial Court Rules establishes that the circuit court terms
in Taylor County begin on the second Monday in January, April, and September.




                                                 13
               This Court’s standard of review concerning a motion to dismiss an
       indictment is, generally, de novo. However, in addition to the de novo standard,
       where the circuit court conducts an evidentiary hearing upon the motion, this
       Court’s “clearly erroneous” standard of review is invoked concerning the circuit
       court’s findings of fact.

Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Grimes, 226 W. Va. 411, 701 S.E.2d 449 (2009).

        Petitioner concedes that his constitutional right to a speedy trial pursuant to West
Virginia Code § 62-3-21 was not violated.12 However, he does claim that his statutory right to a
trial within the same term as his indictment pursuant to West Virginia Code § 62-3-1 was
violated. West Virginia Code § 62-3-1 provides that “[w]hen an indictment is found in any
county, against a person for a felony or misdemeanor, the accused, if in custody, or if he appear
in discharge of his recognizance, or voluntarily, shall, unless good cause be shown for a
continuance, be tried at the same term.”

       We have previously held, however,

       that the protection afforded by this rule is not self-operating and that “the burden
       is properly upon the defendant to make a record if he is to assert this right or
       assign error to its denial.” State ex rel. Workman v. Fury, 168 W.Va. [218,] 221,
       283 S.E.2d [851,] 853 [(1981)]. Our decision in Good v. Handlan, 176 W.Va.
       [145,] 151, 342 S.E.2d [111,] 116, [(1986)] makes it clear that a defendant must
       assert his speedy trial right under the one-term rule by a timely written motion:
       “[A] defendant can assert his right to a prompt trial under W.Va. Code, 62-3-1,
       after the term in which the indictment is returned provided that he makes a timely
       motion for the same.” (Footnote omitted). Where such a motion is not timely
       made, a defendant’s speedy trial rights are governed by the limitations imposed
       by Article III, Section 14 of the West Virginia Constitution and our three-term
       rule, W.Va. Code 62-3-21.

Keller v. Ferguson, 177 W. Va. 616, 618-19, 355 S.E.2d 405, 407 (1987).

       In Syllabus Point 2 of State ex rel. Shorter v. Hey, 170 W. Va. 249, 294 S.E.2d 51 (1981),
this Court explained that:



       12
            West Virginia Code § 62-3-21 sets forth that, unless certain circumstances apply,

       [e]very person charged by presentment or indictment with a felony or
       misdemeanor, and remanded to a court of competent jurisdiction for trial, shall be
       forever discharged from prosecution for the offense, if there be three regular
       terms of such court, after the presentment is made or the indictment is found
       against him, without a trial.



                                                  14
               The determination of what is good cause, pursuant to W.Va. Code, 62-3-1,
       for a continuance of a trial beyond the term of indictment is in the sound
       discretion of the trial court, and when good cause is determined a trial court may,
       pursuant to W.Va. Code, 62-3-1, grant a continuance of a trial beyond the term of
       indictment at the request of either the prosecutor or defense, or upon the court’s
       own motion.

       Lastly, in discussing a remedy, this Court has noted that

       if a criminal case is continued pursuant to W.Va. Code, 62-3-1, for good cause
       from the term of indictment to the next term, and during that latter term the
       defendant is not tried because of a continuance by the State, nothing in the
       provisions of W.Va. Code, 62-3-1, would entitle the defendant to discharge from
       prosecution. . . . The Legislature did not provide in W.Va. Code, 62-3-1, the
       remedy of discharge from prosecution.

State v. Halstead, No. 16-0125, 2017 WL 656994, at *3 (W. Va. Feb. 17, 2017)(memorandum
decision) (citing Shorter, 170 W. Va. at 254–57, 294 S.E.2d at 56–59).

       Here, the grant of a continuance beyond the original term of court was granted for good
cause without objection by either party. While petitioner complains that the circuit court set the
matter for trial in February of 2017 without good cause, the record demonstrates that, at the
arraignment, the court granted petitioner thirty days to complete discovery and file any motions
necessary. Indeed, petitioner utilized this time to file an omnibus discovery motion in October of
2017. Accordingly, we find no error in the circuit court’s decision to continue the matter from
the term of the indictment given the fact that petitioner was granted this time to participate in
discovery.

        We likewise find no error in the circuit court’s decision to continue the matter from the
January of 2017 term. As mentioned above, “[a] defendant can assert his right to a prompt trial
under W.Va. Code, 62-3-1, after the term in which the indictment is returned provided that he
makes a timely motion for the same.” Good, 176 W. Va. at 151, 342 S.E.2d at 116. Here, the
record does not demonstrate that petitioner filed a written motion requesting that the matter
proceed to trial in the January of 2017 term. Rather, when asked if petitioner had any outstanding
motions that needed addressed, counsel for petitioner responded “[n]ot at this time.” While it is
true that petitioner’s counsel stated that he was ready to proceed to trial whenever the circuit
court was ready, mere mention of the readiness to proceed to trial does not invoke the one-term
rule. See State v. Sanchez, No. 11-0314, 2011 WL 8199161, at *2 (W. Va. Oct. 21,
2011)(memorandum decision) (finding that counsel’s request to preserve the defendant’s right to
a speedy trial did not invoke the one-term rule absent a written motion specifically seeking a trial
during that same term). Importantly, petitioner did not object to the continuance of the trial to the
next term.

       Lastly, we find no error in the circuit court’s continuance of the trial from the April of
2017 term to the September of 2017 term. Again, petitioner failed to file a written motion
requesting that the matter proceed to trial in that term. Indeed, petitioner filed a motion in April

                                                 15
of 2017 requesting that the matter be continued to the next term of court. The circuit court
granted the motion but scheduled the matter for July of 2017, within the April term. Petitioner
reiterated his request for more time and stated that August would be preferable to July. As such,
petitioner’s complaint that the circuit court wrongfully continued the matter from July of 2017 to
the September of 2017 term is disingenuous in light of his requests for more time. Although
petitioner later orally expressed that he wished to proceed to trial in that term, he did not file a
written motion on the same.

       In sum, we find no error in the circuit court’s decision to continue petitioner’s trial in
each of the complained-of terms. Petitioner only filed one written motion seeking that the
indictment be dismissed for failure to prosecute in September of 2017, the term in which he was
ultimately tried. The record demonstrates sound reasons for continuing petitioner’s trial in each
term and we find no abuse of discretion regarding the same.

                                                     VII.

        Petitioner also argues that the circuit court plainly erred in failing to provide a Caudill
limiting instruction to the jury based upon the mention of Mr. Ketterman’s guilty plea regarding
the robbery. While petitioner concedes that he did not request a limiting instruction, he argues
that this Court has previously endorsed the law of other jurisdictions that indicate plain error can
be triggered where aggravating circumstances exist despite the defendant’s failure to request a
Caudill instruction.13 Here, petitioner only cites to one instance wherein Mr. Ketterman’s guilty
plea was referenced, which occurred during voir dire. He avers that it was particularly prejudicial
in that it was the circuit court who referenced the guilty plea and, as such, a sua sponte Caudill
instruction was necessary. Having reviewed the evidence, we find no error.



       13
         State v. Flack, 232 W. Va. 708, 713, 753 S.E.2d 761, 763 (2013), contains the
following discussion:

       [o]rdinarily, when the jury learns of a codefendant’s guilt for the same or similar
       offenses, and the defense counsel does not request that a curative instruction be
       given, the failure of the trial judge to give one will not require reversal. United
       States v. Beasley, 519 F.2d [233] at 240 [(5th Cir. 1975)]. Only in those rare
       situations in which other “aggravating circumstances” have exacerbated the
       prejudice will the failure to give cautionary instructions result in plain and
       reversible error. See e.g., United States v. Harrell, 436 F.2d 606, 617 (5th Cir.
       1970) (court’s conclusion of plain error was specifically predicated upon both
       aggravating circumstances and the absence of any cautionary instructions, as well
       as the lack of defense objections).

(quoting United States v. DeLucca, 630 F.2d 294, 299 (5th Cir. 1980)). Here, petitioner avers
that the aggravating circumstances in this case involve the circuit court’s improper admission of
petitioner’s flight and the false testimony of the State’s witnesses.



                                                16
        We have held that “[t]o trigger application of the ‘plain error’ doctrine, there must be (1)
an error; (2) that is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 7, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va.
3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995).

        In Caudill we held that,

                [i]n a criminal trial an accomplice may testify as a witness on behalf of the
        State to having entered a plea of guilty to the crime charged against a defendant
        where such testimony is not for the purpose of proving the guilt of the defendant
        and is relevant to the issue of the witness-accomplice’s credibility. The failure by
        a trial judge to give a jury instruction so limiting such testimony is, however,
        reversible error.

170 W. Va. at 75, 289 S.E.2d at 749, syl. pt. 3. However, we later modified that ruling to require
a defendant to move for such limiting instruction:

                 [a]n accomplice who has entered a plea of guilty to the same crime
        charged against the defendant may testify as a witness on behalf of the State.
        However, if the jury learns of the accomplice’s guilty plea, then upon the motion
        of the defendant, the trial court must instruct the jury that the accomplice’s plea of
        guilty cannot be considered as proving the guilt of the defendant, and may only be
        considered for proper evidentiary purposes such as to impeach trial testimony or
        to reflect on a witness’ credibility. The failure of the trial court, upon request, to
        give such a limiting jury instruction is reversible error. To the extent that Syllabus
        Point 3 of State v. Caudill, 170 W.Va. 74, 289 S.E.2d 748 (1982) is inconsistent,
        it is hereby modified.

Flack, 232 W. Va. at 709, 753 S.E.2d at 763, syl. In Flack, we recognized that “[d]efense
counsel may have ample reason to get beyond an accomplice’s damaging testimony as quickly as
possible. Whether the trial court should instruct the jury how the accomplice’s testimony could,
or could not, be considered is a matter best left to the discretion of defense counsel.” Id. at 714,
753 S.E.2d at 767.

        Petitioner’s argument fails for several reasons. First, his argument fails because we have
already established that there was no error in the circuit court’s decision to admit evidence of
petitioner’s flight and that petitioner failed to demonstrate that the State knowingly presented
false testimony. Accordingly, there are no aggravated circumstances that warrant invoking a
plain error review. Moreover, petitioner fails to demonstrate that this alleged error was plain
because, as shown above, his defense counsel may have had ample strategic reason for declining
to request a Caudill instruction. Finally, petitioner cites to only one instance in the record
wherein the circuit court referenced Mr. Ketterman’s guilty plea. Specifically, during voir dire
the circuit court posited the following question:

        Now, [Mr.] Ketterman Sr. has previously entered guilty pleas to the armed
        robberies pertaining to these two women. And it’s anticipated that he’s going to

                                                   17
          come in here to testify as to his knowledge of this affair. And by virtue of him
          coming in to testify, when he does he could be wearing jail attire. Would that
          cause any of you to favor one side or the other in this case?

This exchange does not demonstrate prejudice against petitioner such that the proceedings were
unfair. Similar to our findings in Flack, we find that the circuit court here did not seek to imply,
nor would the jurors have reasonably inferred from the statement, that petitioner was guilty by
virtue of Mr. Ketterman’s guilty plea. See Flack, 232 W. Va. at 714, 753 S.E.2d at 767 (“There
was no evidence that the prosecutor sought to infer the defendant’s guilt by virtue of
Montgomery’s guilty plea, nor was there evidence of any aggravating circumstances surrounding
Montgomery’s testimony.”). Having reviewed the evidence, we find that petitioner failed to
demonstrate that his defense counsel’s decision to not request a limiting instruction, and the
circuit court’s “failure” to sua sponte give the same, was prejudicial. We further find that he is
entitled to no relief in this regard.

                                               VIII.

        Petitioner’s final assignment of error is that he was unfairly prejudiced as a result of the
cumulative effect of the circuit court’s errors. “Where the record of a criminal trial shows that
the cumulative effect of numerous errors committed during the trial prevented the defendant
from receiving a fair trial, his conviction should be set aside, even though any one of such errors
standing alone would be harmless error.” Syl. Pt. 5, State v. Smith, 156 W. Va. 385, 193 S.E.2d
550 (1972). As the above discussion indicates, the circuit court did not make “numerous errors”
such as would implicate the cumulative error doctrine. See State v. Knuckles, 196 W. Va. 416,
426, 473 S.E.2d 131, 141 (1996) (“Cumulative error analysis should evaluate only the effect of
matters determined to be error, not the cumulative effect of non-errors.”). Accordingly,
petitioner’s final assignment of error has no merit.

                                            Conclusion

          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s January 23, 2018, sentencing
orders.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

ISSUED: March 15, 2019

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison




                                                18
