                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                      PUBLISH                                 Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      December 29, 2015

                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            Clerk of Court
                         _________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                          No. 14-5083

PAUL D. EDWARDS,

      Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Oklahoma
                         (D.C. No. 4:13-CR-00219-GKF-1)
                       _________________________________

Trevor L. Reynolds, Tulsa Law Group, P.C., Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Defendant -
Appellant.

Leena Alam, Assistant United States Attorney (Danny C. Williams, Sr., United States
Attorney; and Jeffrey A. Gallant, Assistant United States Attorney, Assistant United
States Attorney, with her on the brief), Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff - Appellee.
                        _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, GORSUCH and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

McHUGH, Circuit Judge.
                    _________________________________

                                I.   INTRODUCTION

      Defendant Paul D. Edwards entered a conditional guilty plea to possession of child

pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(a)(4)(B) and 2252(b)(2), thereby
reserving the right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress thousands of images and

videos of child pornography recovered at his home pursuant to a search warrant. The

district court sentenced Mr. Edwards to sixty-three months in prison followed by seven

years of supervised release. Mr. Edwards now appeals the denial of his motion to

suppress, claiming the affidavit underlying the search warrant lacked sufficient indicia of

probable cause, and no reasonable officer could in good faith rely on the search warrant

as issued. Exercising our jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we hold the search-

warrant affidavit failed to establish probable cause that child pornography would be

found at Mr. Edwards’s home, but we affirm the district court’s denial of the motion to

suppress based on the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

                                  II.   BACKGROUND

                            A. The Search-Warrant Affidavit

       Task Force Officer Chris Cornwell, a seven-year veteran Deputy with the Tulsa

County Sheriff’s Office who had been assigned to Homeland Security Investigations for

one year, drafted the search-warrant affidavit provided to the reviewing magistrate judge.

The affidavit indicated that in 2011, Homeland Security agents began investigating users

of an internationally hosted website that allows individuals to upload photographs and

post comments. Agents created covert accounts on the website to track individuals

suspected of child exploitation. In the course of their investigation, agents identified Mr.

Edwards as a user who had uploaded suspicious, in some cases sexually suggestive,

images of an approximately ten-year-old girl who was known to the investigations team



                                                 2
from other photographs circulating on the internet. Search Warrant Aff. 18, ¶ 36 (Dkt.

No. 23, Ex. A).1

       Mr. Edwards participated in the website under the screenname “legsluv802” with

an associated email address. Log files revealed that this email address—and

corresponding user profile—was used to log in from an IP address associated with Mr.

Edwards at his home street address. Agents accessed Mr. Edwards’s profile and found he

had posted hundreds of images to the website, all depicting the same blond-haired,

prepubescent girl. The 22-page affidavit alleged, in pertinent part, the following:

       •   Mr. Edwards shared 715 images in 28 albums of the same prepubescent girl, in
           some cases clothed and in others only scantily clad, in various suggestive poses
           on the website. Id. at 18–20, ¶¶ 37–41.

       •   Viewers of these images left disturbing comments indicating they were
           sexually attracted to the girl in the images, and Mr. Edwards left supportive
           responses, some of which suggested he was also sexually attracted to the girl.2
           Id. at 18–20, ¶¶ 38–42.


________________
       1
        All references to district court docket numbers will be in the format “Dkt.
No. __” and refer to the district court filings in this case.
       2
         For example, in response to a user comment, “Perfect little booty,” Mr. Edwards
stated, “Glad you like her”; in response to a user comment “hot hot hot,” Mr. Edwards
stated, “Thanks, I agree”; in response to a user comment, “sexy!! Is she yours?,” Mr.
Edwards commented, “No, wish she was though”; in response to a user comment,
“OMG! What’s not to like?? She is yummy,” Mr. Edwards commented, “I agree she is
yummy”; and in response to the comment, “Sexy picture, great shape to her ass,” Mr.
Edwards commented, “this is one of my favorite pics of the album, thanks.” The affidavit
also included reference to disturbing comments by other users to which Mr. Edwards had
not directly responded, such as “great album, it’s hard to keep my comments clean with
this hard thing in my hand” and “I love her, I just wish I could see some camel toe, that
would send me over the edge.” Search Warrant Aff. 18–20, ¶¶ 37–42 (Dkt. No. 23, Ex.
A).
                                                 3
       •   One photograph showed the girl lying on the floor leaning on her arm and
           wearing “a pink and blue patterned leotard and sheer ballet skirt.” The image
           was “focused on the child’s genital area,” and her legs were crossed at the
           ankles. Id. at 18, ¶ 38.

       •   One album contained 17 photographs with the girl wearing shiny red
           underwear, a red dress that was open down the front, and a red and white hat.
           One picture in that album depicted her “sitting with her legs spread apart” and
           smiling at the camera, although the affidavit does not allege that this
           photograph focused on the genital area. Id. at 19, ¶ 39.

       •   Another album contained 25 images showing the girl dressed in what appeared
           to be a garland strand around her chest and another around her genital area.
           One photograph in that album depicted her sitting with her legs spread apart.
           Id. at 19–20, ¶ 40.

       •   One album contained 42 photographs of the girl wearing a blue shirt and a
           woman’s thong underwear revealing her entire buttocks. One picture in the
           album showed the girl “sitting on the floor with her legs bent up and spread
           apart, showing part of her buttock and barely covering her genital area.” Id. at
           20, ¶ 41.

       •   In Officer Cornwell’s training and experience, and based on his “discussions
           with other investigators who are knowledgeable in the field of Child
           Pornography,” he was aware “most individuals who collect child pornography
           are sexually attracted to children” and those who possess “child pornography”
           are “highly likely” also to possess legal “child erotica” and to participate in
           online forums “catering to their sexual preference for children thereby
           providing a sense of acceptance and validation within a community.” Id. at 15–
           16, ¶¶ 26, 28, 29.

Although Officer Cornwell described the photographs, he did not attach copies of them to

the affidavit.

       The government concedes that agents investigating the website did not observe

Mr. Edwards posting or viewing child pornography as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8),

Resp. Br. 16; rather, the government describes the photographs he uploaded as “child

erotica.” Resp. Br. 15. In turn, the search warrant affidavit defined child erotica as


                                                  4
“materials or items that are sexually arousing to persons having a sexual interest in

minors but that are not, in and of themselves, obscene or that do not necessarily depict

minors in sexually explicit poses or positions.” Search Warrant Aff. 4, ¶ 6.a (Dkt. No. 23,

Ex. A).

       In the affidavit, Officer Cornwell concluded “there is probable cause to believe

that [Mr. Edwards] has received, possessed, and/or transmitted child pornography.” Id. at

1, ¶ 3. He therefore sought a warrant to search Mr. Edwards’s home—including his

computer—for evidence related to the possession of child pornography. Id. at 1–2, ¶ 3.

       On the basis of the information contained in the affidavit, the magistrate judge

agreed there was probable cause to believe Mr. Edwards possessed child pornography at

his home. Accordingly, the magistrate judge issued the search warrant, which, when

executed on Mr. Edwards at his residence, resulted in the discovery of thousands of

images and videos of child pornography.

                                  B. Motion to Suppress

       A grand jury indicted Mr. Edwards on one count of possession of child

pornography and five counts of receipt of child pornography on November 5, 2013.

Mr. Edwards then moved to suppress the evidence found in his home, claiming the search

warrant was not supported by probable cause. After an evidentiary hearing on the motion

to suppress, the district court denied the motion. The court acknowledged the motion

presented a close question, but ultimately concluded the affidavit “does establish the fair

probability that child pornography would be found” at Mr. Edwards’s residence. Tr. Mot.

Hr’g. Mar. 5, 2014, at 30:1–3 (Dkt. No. 47). “[U]sing common sense and given practical

                                                 5
considerations,” the district court held the affidavit had provided the magistrate with a

“substantial basis for determining probable cause existed” that Mr. Edwards would have

child pornography in his home. Id. at 27:4–5, 29:24–25. The district court based this

conclusion on the information in the affidavit that Mr. Edwards had posted a large

collection of child erotica to the website, id. at 28:4-13, and had posted comments

suggesting his sexual attraction to the pictured girl, id. at 28:16–29:18. The district court

also noted that “[l]aw enforcement explained in the affidavit to the magistrate that those

who collect child erotica are also likely to collect child pornography.” Id. at 28:14–16.3

       In the alternative, the district court found that even if the search warrant was

invalid due to the lack of probable cause, “the police officers who acted on the warrant

nonetheless did so in good faith.” Id. at 30:4–5. As a result, the court concluded the good-

faith exception to the exclusionary rule shielded the officers’ conduct in searching for and

seizing the child pornography from Mr. Edwards’s home, despite any presumed

deficiency in the warrant. Id. at 30:6–23.

________________
       3
         As will be discussed in greater detail below, this statement problematically
reversed what the affidavit actually had averred. In the affidavit, Officer Cornwell stated
that “most individuals who collect child pornography . . . are also highly likely to collect
other paraphernalia related to their sexual interest in children. This other material is
sometimes referred to as ‘child erotica’ which is defined as any material, relating to
children, that serves a sexual purpose for a given individual.” Search Warrant Aff. 15-16,
¶¶ 26, 28 (Dkt. No. 23, Ex. A). Officer Cornwell proceeded to explain that child erotica
“includes things such as fantasy writings, letters, diaries, books, sexual aids, souvenirs,
toys, costumes, drawings, cartoons and non-sexually explicit visual images.” Id. at 16, ¶
28. In other words, Officer Cornwell had stated that those who have been found to
possess child pornography were also “highly likely” to possess child erotica in some
form, not (as the district court found) that those who possess child erotica in some form
are “highly likely” to possess child pornography.
                                                  6
       Mr. Edwards then entered a conditional guilty plea to the indictment’s first count

of possession of child pornography, and the district court dismissed the remaining counts

on the Government’s motion. The district court sentenced Mr. Edwards to sixty-three

months in prison and seven years of supervised release. Mr. Edwards now appeals his

conviction on the ground that the motion to suppress should have been granted.

                                   III.   DISCUSSION

                                    A. Probable Cause

       Our precedent allows us discretion “to address probable cause or to proceed

directly to good faith” in reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress. United States v.

Gonzales, 399 F.3d 1225, 1228 (10th Cir. 2005). We are mindful, however, that “[t]here

is no need for courts to adopt the inflexible practice of always deciding whether the

officers’ conduct manifested objective good faith before turning to the question whether

the Fourth Amendment has been violated.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 924

(1984). Thus where, as here, “resolution of a Fourth Amendment issue is ‘necessary to

guide future action by law enforcement officers and magistrates,’” we may find it

appropriate to address the adequacy of the search warrant’s probable-cause determination

first. United States v. Danhauer, 229 F.3d 1002, 1005 (10th Cir. 2000) (quoting Leon,

468 U.S. at 925).

1. Standard of Review

       On review of a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “we review the

district court’s factual findings for clear error and consider the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Government.” United States v. Haymond, 672 F.3d 948, 958 (10th Cir.

                                                  7
2012). Moreover, determinations by the district court “relating to the sufficiency of a

search warrant are conclusions of law which this court reviews de novo.” Id. But “we do

not review de novo the determination of probable cause by the issuing judge or

magistrate. Instead, we give great deference to the issuing judge’s finding of probable

cause.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We ask only whether, under

the totality of the circumstances presented in the affidavit, the judge had a ‘substantial

basis’ for determining that probable cause existed.” Id. at 958–59 (ellipsis and citation

omitted). But even affording the magistrate great deference in this determination, we

“will not defer if there is no ‘substantial basis for concluding that probable cause

existed.’” Danhauer, 229 F.3d at 1006 (internal quotation marks omitted).

2. Sufficiency of Affidavit in Support of Probable Cause

       The Fourth Amendment provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable

cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. CONST. amend. IV. “[T]he

physical entry of the home is the chief evil against which the wording of the Fourth

Amendment is directed.” Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 585 (1980) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       To search a suspect’s residence, “[a] search warrant must be supported by

probable cause, requiring more than mere suspicion but less evidence than is necessary to

convict.” Danhauer, 229 F.3d at 1005 (internal quotation marks omitted). In general,

probable cause justifying a search is “a fluid concept—turning on the assessment of

probabilities in particular factual contexts—not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a

                                                  8
neat set of legal rules.” Florida v. Harris, 133 S. Ct. 1050, 1056 (2013). This necessarily

requires application of a “practical and common-sensical standard,” based on the “totality

of the circumstances.” Id. at 1055. A warrant is based on probable cause if the magistrate

makes a “practical, common-sense decision” that, “given all the circumstances set forth

in the affidavit . . . there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will

be found in a particular place.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983). Thus, the

“affidavit in support of a search warrant must contain facts sufficient to lead a prudent

person to believe that a search would uncover contraband or evidence of criminal

activity.” Danhauer, 229 F.3d at 1006.

       Here, the magistrate judge issued the warrant based on Mr. Edwards’s possession

and sharing of child erotica, the law-enforcement officer affiant’s opinion that people

who possess child pornography are also likely to possess child erotica, and Mr.

Edwards’s sexually suggestive comments about the child in the photographs. Considering

the impact of each of these allegations on the totality of the circumstances, we hold the

affidavit failed to provide sufficient probable cause to establish “a nexus between

suspected criminal activity and the place to be searched.” Id.

   a. Possession of child erotica

       We have previously upheld a warrant to search a suspect’s home for child

pornography where the supporting affidavit averred that child pornography had been

made available on a file-sharing service from an internet protocol (“IP”) address traced to

the suspect’s residence. Haymond, 672 F.3d at 959 (stating “[t]his information would

cause a reasonable person to believe evidence of child pornography would be recovered

                                                   9
from [the defendant’s] residence.”).4 But the search-warrant affidavit here provided

evidence only that Mr. Edwards possessed legal child erotica. Thus, we must consider

whether the totality of the circumstances as presented to the magistrate judge in the

search-warrant affidavit established probable cause that child pornography would be

found at Mr. Edwards’s home. Although we have not previously addressed this precise

issue, a panel of this court has considered the possession of child erotica as one of the

circumstances supporting probable cause to search personal property kept in the

workplace.

       In United States v. Soderstrand, 412 F.3d 1146, 1149 (10th Cir. 2005), a clerical

employee in the Electrical Engineering Department at Oklahoma State University came

upon a safe “behind a punch bowl on some boxes in a department supply room.”

Although the department had made an attempt to locate the owner of the safe earlier that

year, no one came forward to claim it. The employee, finding a key in the lock, “decided

to open the safe, ostensibly to determine who owned it.” Id. Inside, the employee
________________
       4
          See also United States v. Riccardi, 405 F.3d 852, 860–61 (10th Cir. 2005)
(affirming finding of probable cause to search a computer where the affidavit alleged the
defendant called teenage boys for sexual gratification, his home contained hard-copy
photos of child pornography, a receipt showed that he had digitized photographs, and
that, in the investigating officer’s experience, “possessors of child pornography often
obtain and retain images of child pornography on their computers”); United States v.
Lapsins, 570 F.3d 758, 765 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that a warrant was supported by
probable cause where the affidavit detailed that the defendant had uploaded “child
pornography” but did not describe the images or assert that they were, in fact, real
children as opposed to computer generated children); United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d
68, 74 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding that defendant’s membership in child pornography
website, coupled with evidence that collectors of child pornography overwhelmingly use
the internet and computers to distribute and hoard this material, was sufficient to establish
a “fair probability” the defendant would possess child pornography himself).
                                                 10
discovered letters and other documents addressed to Dr. Michael Soderstrand (a professor

in the department), photos of Dr. Soderstrand, three CDs, a number of Polaroid-style and

35mm photos, and sixty-three 3.5-inch computer diskettes. Id. The employee then opened

one of the CDs on her computer, and “[o]n it she found an image that appeared to be

several nude Asian children about 10–12 years old.” Id. at 1150. The employee returned

the CD to the safe and attempted to anonymously report her discovery to school

authorities. Notably, she sent two emails to the department dean, “in which she alleged

that Dr. Soderstrand kept child pornography in a safe in the storage room next to his

office.” Id. The dean notified the campus police who took the safe as evidence.

       Campus police then sought a warrant to search the safe. An officer prepared a

search-warrant affidavit that included the circumstances surrounding the discovery of the

safe and the employee’s description of the image of the naked minors contained on the

CD. Based on this information, the magistrate judge issued a search warrant to examine

the contents of the safe. Id. at 1150–51. Upon execution of the warrant, officers

discovered material in the safe which formed the evidentiary basis for a search of Dr.

Soderstrand’s computers and files. The investigation ultimately resulted in the discovery

of substantial amounts of child pornography on Dr. Soderstrand’s computers and two

CDs. Id. at 1150.

       The government charged Dr. Soderstrand with possession of child pornography. In

response, Dr. Soderstrand moved to suppress the evidence found in the safe, claiming the

search warrant was not supported by probable cause. The district court denied the motion



                                                11
to suppress and Dr. Soderstrand entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving his right to

challenge the denial of his motion to suppress. Id.

       On appeal, Dr. Soderstrand first argued the search-warrant affidavit was facially

deficient because it merely described an image depicting nude children, which does not

necessarily constitute illegal child pornography and therefore did not give rise to probable

cause that contraband or evidence of a crime would be found in the safe. Id. at 1151–52.

In rejecting that argument, we acknowledged that “other circuits have concluded that

depictions of mere nudity [are] not sufficient to constitute child pornography; rather, the

nudity must be depicted in a lascivious manner in order to be criminal.” Id. (citing United

States v. Horn, 187 F.3d 781, 789 (8th Cir. 1999) (explaining that nudity alone is not

enough under the statute because there must be both an “exhibition” of the genital area

and such exhibition must be lascivious) and United States v. Villard, 885 F.2d 117, 124

(3rd Cir. 1989) (same)). But we concluded that these cases spoke to the Government’s

burden of proof at trial rather than the standard for probable cause, which requires “only

the probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity.” Id. at 1153 (quoting

Gates, 462 U.S. at 235).

       We nevertheless concluded the totality of the information contained in the

affidavit was sufficient for the magistrate judge “to reasonably conclude that images of

child pornography might reasonably be expected to be contained within the computer

disks, CDs or other data storage devices contained in the safe.” Id. at 1153. We

specifically noted that the affidavit related the employee’s investigation of the safe; her

discovery therein of photographs, computer disks, and Dr. Soderstrand’s personal effects;

                                                 12
her further discovery that one of the disks contained an image of naked children; her

allegation of Dr. Soderstrand’s possession of child pornography to the Dean, and the

Dean’s communication of this information to police. We concluded these circumstances,

taken together, gave the magistrate judge “a substantial basis for determining probable

cause existed.” Cf. id. at 1152 (internal quotation marks omitted).5

       We cannot reach the same conclusion regarding the affidavit here. We initially

note that although the officers in Soderstrand sought to search an unattended safe in a

department storage room,6 the officers here sought to search Mr. Edwards’s home. And

“[t]he physical entry of the home is the chief evil against which the wording of the Fourth

Amendment is directed.” Payton, 445 U.S. at 585 (internal quotation marks omitted). The

facts of Soderstrand are also distinguishable in other significant respects.

       First, the safe in Soderstrand was found “behind a punch bowl on some boxes in a

department supply room.” Soderstrand, 412 F.3d at 1149. When department personnel

inquired about who owned the safe, Dr. Soderstrand did not come forward to claim

ownership. Cf. United States v. McDonnell, 792 F.3d 478, 501 (4th Cir. 2015) (“[A]n

attempt to conceal actions may indicate an individual has a guilty conscience or is aware
________________
       5
         We also concluded that the officers acted in good faith irrespective of the validity
of the warrant. United States v. Soderstrand, 412 F.3d 1146, 1153 (10th Cir. 2005); see
United States v. Danhauer, 229 F.3d 1002, 1005 (10th Cir. 2000) (explaining that we
may address the adequacy of a search warrant to provide guidance to law enforcement
even if the conduct of the officers at issue manifested objective good faith).
       6
        We assumed for purposes of our analysis that Dr. Soderstrand had a reasonable
expectation of privacy in the safe—despite leaving it unattended in a common storage
room and failing to claim it—thus necessitating a warrant for the search. Soderstrand,
412 F.3d at 1152.
                                                 13
of the unlawfulness of the actions.”). Although this element of concealment or secrecy

certainly does not by itself give rise to an inference of illegal activity, it contrasts with

Mr. Edwards’s behavior here of posting legal images and comments to a public website

from his home.

       Second, the employee in Soderstrand alleged that Dr. Soderstrand was keeping

child pornography in the safe, and she related to the affiant-officer a description of a

photo of naked, prepubescent children whose genital areas were visible. The photo thus

described in layman terms could have been illegal child pornography or legal child

erotica. But this description was coupled with the allegation from the employee—the

only person who had at that point viewed the contents of the safe—that the safe contained

child pornography, which the magistrate judge could have reasonably concluded

increased the likelihood the photograph depicted child pornography rather than child

erotica. See United States v. Simpson, 152 F.3d 1241, 1247 (10th Cir. 1998) (observing

that “the words ‘child pornography’ need no expert training or experience to clarify their

meaning” and that “such generalized descriptions” are adequate to convey to the

magistrate judge the nature of the evidence in evaluating an affidavit for probable cause

(internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Here, the investigating officers never alleged that any of the material Mr. Edwards

posted to the internet constituted child pornography. Indeed, the affiant-officer, trained to

investigate and identify child pornography, averred only that Mr. Edwards was known to

possess legal child erotica. None of the detailed descriptions contained in the affidavit

described photographs conforming to the definition of child pornography also included in

                                                  14
the affidavit. There was no uncertainty here regarding the content of the images Mr.

Edwards had posted, and the Government concedes they constituted legal child erotica.

Resp. Br. 15.

       Thus, this case differs in several material respects from Soderstrand, and the

affidavit here lacks averments comparable to those we relied on to conclude the search

warrant in Soderstrand was properly issued. Although none of these circumstances

standing alone is determinative of the existence of probable cause, absent the factors

discussed above, we find that Soderstrand does not control here. Like the Eighth Circuit

in United States v. Hansel, 524 F.3d 841, 846 n.3 (8th Cir. 2008), Soderstrand did not

decide “whether possession of child erotica alone could ever be enough to establish

probable cause that an individual possesses child pornography.”7 And it is unnecessary

for us to do so here.

       Instead, we consider whether, under the totality of the unique circumstances in this

case, the affidavit established probable cause to believe child pornography would be

________________
       7
         Hansel and other cases cited by the Government here relied on more than the
possession of child erotica to support probable cause to search for child pornography.
See, e.g., United States v. Hansel, 524 F.3d 841, 844–49 (8th Cir. 2008) (holding that
“the totality of the circumstances described in the affidavit established a fair probability
that child pornography would be found” on the defendant’s computer where the affidavit
combined allegations that defendant possessed 8x10 photographs of nude minors
qualifying only as child erotica with allegations that two minor girls had reported the
defendant had sexually abused them, the 8x10 photographs were “imprinted with an
Internet address such as www.little-virgins.com,” and the defendant possessed computer
equipment consistent with that used to make pornography); United States v. Flanders,
468 F.3d 269, 270 (5th Cir. 2006) (affidavit alleged the defendant had sexually abused
his two-year-old daughter, his wife reported he spent a lot of time on pornographic
websites and in chat rooms, and he took a digital photograph of his daughter naked).
                                                15
found at Mr. Edwards’s home. We now discuss whether those additional facts, combined

with Mr. Edwards’s possession of child erotica, established probable cause that child

pornography would be found at his home.

   b. Correlation between possessing child pornography and collecting child erotica

       Mr. Edwards posted hundreds of images of child erotica depicting the same

underage girl on the website. And his responses to the comments made by other users

about the images suggested he is sexually attracted to children. Although this behavior is

disturbing, the Government admits it does not constitute illegal conduct.

       In other contexts, courts are reluctant to presume that persons are inclined to

engage in certain illegal activity based on having engaged in a particular legal activity.

Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540, 551, 554 (1992) (considering a criminal

defendant’s entrapment defense to accusations of receiving child pornography through

the mails). In Jacobson, the Court found the defendant was “acting within the law” when

he received two magazines containing “sexually explicit depictions of children for

noncommercial use” because neither federal nor state law prohibited such conduct at the

time. After a change in federal law made it illegal to receive such magazines through the

mail, two government agencies contacted him repeatedly over a period of two years

under various guises in an attempt to interest him in receiving child pornography. The

defendant eventually ordered a magazine from a catalogue he received through one of

these guises. The Supreme Court held the defendant’s receipt of the initial two magazines

could not establish the predisposition to receive or possess child pornography

“independent of the Government’s acts” as would be required for the government to

                                                 16
overcome the defendant’s entrapment defense. The Court explained, “proof that

petitioner engaged in legal conduct and possessed certain generalized personal

inclinations is not sufficient evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he would

have been predisposed to commit the crime charged independent of the Government’s

coaxing.” Id. at 552 n.3.

       Admittedly, Jacobson is distinguishable not only because of its focus on

entrapment but also because, like Horn, 187 F.3d 781, and Villard, 885 F.2d 117, both of

which we distinguished in Soderstrand, 412 F.3d at 1153, Jacobson concerns the

quantum of evidence required for proof beyond a reasonable doubt at trial. Nevertheless,

we find its reasoning instructive on the danger of assuming that legal conduct standing

alone suggests the actor is also inclined to engage in criminal conduct. As noted in

Jacobson, “most people obey the law even when they disapprove of it. This obedience

may reflect a generalized respect for legality or the fear of prosecution, but for whatever

reason, the law’s prohibitions are matters of consequence.” Jacobson, 503 U.S. at 551.

       Ultimately however, a “finding of probable cause rests not on whether particular

conduct is ‘innocent’ or ‘guilty,’ but on the ‘degree of suspicion that attaches’ to the

Government’s evidence.” United States v. Biglow, 562 F.3d 1272, 1281 (10th Cir. 2009)

(quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 128 (2000)). For example, innocent or legal

conduct may be infused with the degree of suspicion necessary to support a finding of

probable cause when examined “through the lens of those ‘versed in the field of law

enforcement.’” Id. (quoting Texas v. Brown , 460 U.S. 730, 742 (1983) (holding probable

cause supported by officer’s testimony, based on his participation in previous narcotics

                                                 17
arrests, that balloons tied like the one possessed by the defendant frequently contain

narcotics)). Thus, the issue here is whether the warrant affidavit, when viewed through

the insight provided by Officer Cornwell’s law-enforcement experience, provides a link

between the posting of legal child erotica online and the possession of child pornography

sufficient to establish a “fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be

found in a particular place.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 238.

       The district court concluded that such a link was provided by Officer Cornwell’s

averment in the affidavit that those who possess child pornography are highly likely also

to possess child erotica. But in making that connection, the district court inverted the

statement in the affidavit, reading it instead as an assertion that those who possess child

erotica are highly likely to possess child pornography. See Tr. Mot. Hr’g. Mar. 5, 2014,

at 28:14–16 (Dkt. No. 47) (denying motion to suppress in part on the basis that “[l]aw

enforcement explained in the affidavit to the magistrate that those who collect child

erotica are also likely to collect child pornography”). Although the statement as inverted

might provide the necessary link between the legal possession of child erotica and the

illegal possession of child pornography, that is not what Officer Cornwell avers. Instead,

he states that persons found in possession of illegal child pornography are highly likely to

also possess legal child erotica. This difference is significant.

       The warrant affidavit does not allege that Mr. Edwards was found in possession of

child pornography. The affidavit also lacks any information based on Officer Cornwell’s

law enforcement experience about the types of materials possessors of child erotica—

such as Mr. Edwards—are likely to maintain in their homes. Consequently, a statement

                                                  18
that collectors of child pornography—a group that there was no evidence includes Mr.

Edwards—are highly likely to also possess child erotica did not provide “a substantial

basis for concluding that probable cause existed” that child pornography would be found

in Mr. Edwards’s home. Danhauer, 229 F.3d at 1006.

   c. Correlation between possession of child pornography and other proclivities

       The same logical flaw underlying the correlation between child-pornography

collectors and the possession of child erotica is also found in the affidavit’s allegations

about the general proclivities of those who possess child pornography. For example, the

affidavit states that people who collect child pornography tend to “reinforce their

fantasies” and may do so by participating in online forums where they can interact with

“other like-minded adults.” Search Warrant Aff. 16, ¶ 29 (Dkt. No. 23, Ex. A). Thus, we

must decide whether the fact that possessors of child pornography frequent online

forums, arguably like the website where Mr. Edwards posted child erotica and comments

suggesting a sexual attraction to a child, combined with his possession of child erotica,

provided probable cause that child pornography would be found at Mr. Edwards’s home.

       Although this circuit has not yet addressed the issue, other jurisdictions disagree as

to whether a defendant’s pedophilic tendencies can support probable cause to search for

child pornography. Some circuits have rejected the argument that evidence showing a

defendant shares some proclivities with child-pornography collectors can establish

probable cause to search for evidence of child pornography if no evidence is presented

that the defendant is a collector of such materials. See, e.g., United States v. Zimmerman,

277 F.3d 426, 433 n.4 (3d Cir. 2002) (disregarding expert opinion that child-pornography

                                                 19
collectors hoard their materials where the affidavit contained no information indicating

that child pornography had been located in defendant’s home); United States v. Weber,

923 F.2d 1338, 1344–45 (9th Cir. 1991) (holding that foundationless evidence of the

habits of “child molesters,” “pedophiles,” and “child pornography collectors,” coupled

with evidence that on one occasion the defendant had ordered but never picked up child

pornography, was insufficient to establish probable cause); United States v. Adkins, 169

F. App’x 961, 967 (6th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (“Standing alone, a high incidence of

child molestation by persons convicted of child pornography crimes may not demonstrate

that a child molester is likely to possess child pornography.”).

       In addition, two decisions from the Second Circuit clash over the significance of a

defendant’s participation in a website where pornographic images of children are

exchanged. United States v. Coreas concerned a website called “Candyman,” which was

“an interactive ‘e-group’ website that allowed its members to exchange information,

upload and download electronic files, and chat with other members in ‘real time.’” 419

F.3d 151, 152 (2d Cir. 2005). In that case, the panel explained that “[t]he alleged

‘proclivities’ of collectors of child pornography, on which the district court relied, are

only relevant if there is probable cause to believe that [the defendant] is such a collector,”

which the affidavit had not alleged. Id. at 156. Absent evidence raising a reasonable

suspicion that Mr. Coreas possessed or collected child pornography, the panel determined

that information about the proclivities of child pornography collectors (which was

virtually all that remained in the warrant affidavit after excising knowingly or recklessly

false information stating that all users would automatically receive any pornographic

                                                 20
images uploaded by other users) should not be sufficient to establish probable cause to

search the defendant’s home. Id. at 153, 156–57. Thus, the redacted affidavit in Coreas

“[did] not remotely satisfy Fourth Amendment standards,” id. at 156, because the

government did not meet its “burden to provide probable cause to believe that a

defendant was undertaking some unlawful activity before a search warrant may issue,” id.

at 158. Nevertheless, the panel reluctantly affirmed the denial of the motion to suppress

and the resulting conviction based on principles of horizontal stare decisis. Id. at 159.8

       The Coreas panel determined it was bound by the outcome in United States v.

Martin, 426 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2005), which had been decided by a different panel of the

Second Circuit only weeks before Coreas. Martin concerned a defendant’s use of

“girls12-16”—another, more explicit pedophilic e-group than Candyman—but also with

a search based on a defective search-warrant affidavit by the same affiant and containing

the same general averments about pornography collectors as in Coreas. Id. at 73–74.

Specifically, the FBI affiant stated that in his training and experience, collectors of child

pornography share common traits and characteristics including rarely disposing of their
________________
       8
        A panel of this court considered the same defective affidavit in an unpublished
case involving a defendant’s participation in the Candyman website in United States v.
Hutto, 84 F. App’x. 6 (10th Cir. 2003) (unpublished). We upheld the district court’s
denial of the motion to suppress, adopting its findings that because the affidavit alleged
“the [Candyman] group’s clear purpose was to share child pornography,” “the defendant
voluntarily became a member of the group,” and “images containing child pornography
were available to all members,” it “provided a sufficient basis for the magistrate judge to
conclude that there was a fair probability that child pornography would be found at the
defendant’s residence or on his computer.” Id. at 8. We did not have occasion, however,
to address the inaccuracies later identified in the defective affidavit which, if redacted,
would have eliminated most of the facts relied on in our decision.

                                                 21
collections and maintaining their collections in a private and secure place such as their

homes. Id. at 75. The Martin panel acknowledged the inaccuracies in the affidavit, id. at

72–73, but held the excised warrant affidavit still established probable cause because “[i]t

is common sense that an individual who joins such a site would more than likely

download and possess such material,” id. at 75,9 and “a substantial likelihood of criminal

activity may exist if an individual is a member of an internet e-group whose purpose is

unlawful,” id. at 76. Although the Coreas panel roundly criticized the analysis in Martin,

it was bound to follow Martin’s holding.

       Here, Officer Cornwell asserted various characteristics and proclivities of those

who possess child pornography, such as that “child pornography collectors reinforce their

fantasies” by, among other things, “interacting, both directly and indirectly, with other

like-minded adults” in such online forums or other communities. Search Warrant Aff. 16,

¶ 29 (Dkt. No. 23, Ex. A). In much the same way that Officer Cornwell’s assertion that
________________
       9
         Judge Pooler dissented in Martin based in part on the majority’s “attempts to
create the required nexus between Martin and illegal activity by appealing to ‘common
sense.’” Martin, 426 F.3d at 83 (Pooler, J., dissenting). “While the majority is correct that
a magistrate presented with a warrant may ‘make a practical, common-sense decision,’
that decision must be based on the ‘circumstances set forth in the affidavit.’” Id. (quoting
Gates, 462 U.S. at 238). Judge Pooler also later dissented from the Second Circuit’s
denial of Mr. Martin’s Petition for Rehearing In Banc, expressing her concern that “[t]he
alarming principle for which Martin stands (and which Coreas follows by constraint) is
that the government may rely solely on a weak association with an organization engaged
in both legal and illegal activity to find probable cause to search an individual’s home.
This type of guilt by association is unprecedented in the law of this circuit and has been
explicitly rejected by the Supreme Court.” United States v. Martin, 430 F.3d 73 (2d. Cir.
2005) (Pooler, J., dissenting). Judge Pooler explained in her original Martin dissent that
“[s]uch reasoning would lead us to conclude that if collectors of illegal visual depictions
tend to be men, then men are likely to be collectors of illegal visual depictions.” 426 F.3d
at 82 (Pooler, J., dissenting).
                                                22
those who collect child pornography are likely to collect child erotica fails to support a

conclusion that possessors of child erotica are likely to possess child pornography, an

assertion about the characteristics or proclivities of child pornography collectors does not

establish a fair probability that Mr. Edwards would share those characteristics in the

absence of evidence he is a collector or viewer of child pornography. And there was no

evidence presented to the magistrate judge here, as was true in Martin, that “the

overriding, if not the sole, purpose” of the website in which Mr. Edwards participated

was “to facilitate the receipt and distribution of child pornography.” Martin, 426 F.3d at

74. Under these circumstances, the warrant affidavit does little to infuse Mr. Edwards’s

legal conduct with the suspicion necessary to support probable cause that he was in

possession of illegal child pornography.

       In fact, even when the pedophilic tendencies of the defendant have led to sexual

offenses against children, courts have not automatically equated that activity with the

possession of child pornography. For example, in United States v. Falso, 544 F.3d 110,

122 (2d Cir. 2008) (Sotomayor, J.), the Second Circuit issued an opinion that narrowed

its holding in Martin to reach an outcome more consistent with the reasoning of Coreas.

In Falso, the district court had found the defendant’s eighteen-year-old misdemeanor

conviction stemming from sexual contact with a seven-year-old “‘highly relevant’ to the

probable cause calculus in light of the affidavit’s representation that ‘the majority of

individuals who collect child pornography are persons who have a sexual attraction to

[children].’” 544 F.3d at 122. As a result, it denied the motion to suppress the evidence

found upon execution of a warrant to search the defendant’s home.

                                                 23
       Writing for the panel on appeal, then-Judge Sotomayor identified the same logical

fallacy in the district court’s analysis as found in the decisions of the magistrate judge

and district court here: “‘It is an inferential fallacy of ancient standing to conclude that,

because members of group A’ (those who collect child pornography) ‘are likely to be

members of group B’ (those attracted to children), ‘then group B is entirely, or even

largely composed of, members of group A.’” Id. (quoting Martin, 426 F.3d at 82 (Pooler,

J., dissenting)).10

       The Falso Court ultimately found the defendant’s history of child sexual abuse to

be stale. Id. at 123. It then held that “[a]lthough offenses relating to child pornography

and sexual abuse of minors both involve the exploitation of children, that does not

compel, or even suggest, the correlation drawn by the district court.” Id. at 122. “Perhaps

it is true,” reasoned Judge Sotomayor, “that all or most people who are attracted to

children collect child pornography.” Id. But, as with the warrant affidavit here, “that

association [was] nowhere stated or supported in the affidavit.” Id. Although she

acknowledged that “the district court undoubtedly had the safety of the public in mind,”

Judge Sotomayor cautioned that “an individual’s Fourth Amendment right cannot be

vitiated based on fallacious inferences drawn from facts not supported by the affidavit.”

Id.; see, e.g., Virgin Islands v. John, 654 F.3d 412, 418–19 (3d Cir. 2011) (holding that
________________
       10
          Again, relevant here, then-Judge Sotomayor approvingly noted that “[i]n
Martin, Judge Pooler criticized the majority’s inference that because collectors of child
pornography are likely to be subscribers of e-groups, that the inverse also is true: namely,
that subscribers are likely to collect child pornography.” Falso, 544 F.3d at 122 n.14
(citing Martin, 426 F.3d at 82 (Pooler, J., dissenting)). This is the same inversion at issue
in the district court’s decision here.
                                                  24
evidence showing a person has sexually assaulted a child could not establish probable

cause to search for child pornography where the search warrant did not allege that child

molesters are also likely to have child pornography); United States v. Hodson, 543 F.3d

286, 292 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that a search for child pornography was not supported

by probable cause where the affidavit was based on the defendant’s online confession to

an undercover officer that he had an attraction to children and had sexually molested a

seven-year-old boy, but the affidavit lacked expert information about the relationship

between molestation and child pornography possession).

       But at least one circuit has held that a warrant to search for evidence of child

pornography was supported by sufficient probable cause where it was based on a

common-sense determination that those who abuse children are also likely to possess

child pornography. In United States v. Colbert, the Eighth Circuit considered whether

probable cause justified a search for child pornography where the affidavit alleged that

the defendant had attempted to lure a five-year-old girl to his apartment by claiming that

he had “movies for her to watch.” 605 F.3d 573, 576–77 (8th Cir. 2010) (noting that

“[d]etermining whether probable cause exists requires a commonsense analysis of the

facts available to the judicial officer who issued the warrant”). The Court upheld the

district court, recognizing that “individuals sexually interested in children frequently

utilize child pornography to reduce the inhibitions of their victims” and that “sexual

depictions of minors could be logically related to the crime of child enticement,”




                                                 25
particularly given the defendant’s specific reference to movies and videos. Id.11 Thus,

Colbert held the search warrant affidavit was sufficient to provide probable cause. Id. at

579; see also United States v. Byrd, 31 F.3d 1329, 1339 (5th Cir. 1994) (explaining in the

context of an entrapment defense and as to evidence sufficient to support a jury’s

conviction, rather than in a probable cause inquiry, that “common sense would indicate

that a person who is sexually interested in children is likely to also be inclined, i.e.,

predisposed, to order and receive child pornography”).

       Here, the affidavit provides significantly less. Neither his posting of child erotica

nor his comments suggesting a sexual attraction to the child in the posted images

established probable cause that Mr. Edwards possessed child pornography in his home.

Similarly, the fact that child pornography collectors also collect child erotica, participate

in certain online forums relating to child erotica, and share other common characteristics

does not support an inverse conclusion that possessors of child erotica and participants in

such online forums are also collectors of child pornography. Cf. Jacobson, 503 U.S. at
________________
       11
            The Colbert Court explained,

       There is an intuitive relationship between acts such as child molestation or
       enticement and possession of child pornography. Child pornography is in
       many cases simply an electronic record of child molestation. Computers
       and internet connections have been characterized elsewhere as tools of the
       trade for those who sexually prey on children. For individuals seeking to
       obtain sexual gratification by abusing children, possession of child
       pornography may very well be a logical precursor to physical interaction
       with a child: the relative ease with which child pornography may be
       obtained on the internet might make it a simpler and less detectable way of
       satisfying pedophilic desires.

United States v. Colbert, 605 F.3d 573, 578 (8th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted).
                                                  26
551–52 (discussing defendant’s entrapment defense and stating whatever “inclinations

and fantasies” the defendant may have, he may choose never to cross the line from legal

child erotica to prohibited child pornography, whether out of “respect for legality or the

fear of prosecution”). While this may be true, the affidavit contains no facts to support it.

Accordingly, we hold the affidavit fails to provide probable cause that child pornography

would be found at Mr. Edwards’s home.

                              B. The Good-Faith Exception

       Because we conclude the warrant was not supported by probable cause, we now

consider whether the district court properly denied the motion to suppress under the

good-faith exception established by the Supreme Court in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.

897 (1984). We hold that it did.

       “Under the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule, if a warrant is not

supported by probable cause, the evidence seized pursuant to the warrant need not be

suppressed if the executing officer acted with an objective good-faith belief that the

warrant was properly issued by a neutral magistrate.” United States v. Augustine, 742

F.3d 1258, 1262 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2155 (2014) (internal quotation

marks and brackets omitted); United States v. Quezada-Enriquez, 567 F.3d 1228, 1234

(10th Cir. 2009) (“We will not reverse the district court’s decision to deny suppression of

the evidence obtained during a search if the officers who executed the warrant relied

upon it in good faith.”). When officers rely on a warrant, we presume they acted in

objective good faith. Augustine, 742 F.3d at 1262; see also Messerschmidt v. Millender,

132 S. Ct. 1235, 1245 (2012) (“[T]he fact that a neutral magistrate has issued a warrant is

                                                 27
the clearest indication that the officers acted in an objectively reasonable manner or, as

we have sometimes put it, in objective good faith.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

This is because “[i]t is the magistrate’s responsibility to determine whether the officer’s

allegations establish probable cause and, if so, to issue a warrant comporting in form with

the requirements of the Fourth Amendment.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 921. As the Supreme

Court further explained in Leon, “[i]n the ordinary case, an officer cannot be expected to

question the magistrate’s probable-cause determination or his judgment that the form of

the warrant is technically sufficient. Once the warrant issues, there is literally nothing

more the policeman can do in seeking to comply with the law.” Id. (internal quotation

marks, brackets, and citation omitted).

       But the presumption of good faith is not absolute. Augustine, 742 F.3d at 1262.

Rather, an officer’s reliance on a warrant is not reasonable in four situations:

       (1) when the issuing magistrate was misled by an affidavit containing false
       information or information that the affiant would have known was false if
       not for his reckless disregard of the truth; (2) when the issuing magistrate
       wholly abandon[s her] judicial role; (3) when the affidavit in support of the
       warrant is so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief
       in its existence entirely unreasonable; and (4) when a warrant is so facially
       deficient that the executing officer could not reasonably believe it was
       valid.

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Messerschmidt, 132 S. Ct. at 1245

(recognizing that the “shield of immunity” conferred by the warrant will be lost where the

warrant is “based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render

official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable”). Despite the Supreme Court’s

admonition that the circumstances where the exceptions to good faith apply will be rare


                                                 28
and the threshold for establishing an officer acted in bad faith will be high, see

Messerschmidt, 132 S. Ct. at 1245, 1250, Mr. Edwards argues that all four exceptions are

applicable here. We disagree and instead uphold the district court’s application of the

good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

1. Exceptions One, Two, and Four

       We easily dispose of Mr. Edwards’s claim that exceptions one, two, or four

prevent imposition of the good-faith exception. With respect to exception one, Mr.

Edwards makes a vague allegation that Officer Cornwell misled the magistrate by

overstating the descriptions of the pictures at issue. But Mr. Edwards provides no

evidentiary support for this accusation. And as the government notes—and Mr. Edwards

does not dispute—his attorney did not even review the images described in the affidavit.

Resp. Br. 25. Thus, the record contains nothing to suggest Officer Cornwell’s description

of the images is inaccurate.

       Similarly, under exception two, Mr. Edwards argues opaquely that the magistrate

judge abandoned his judicial role by failing to view the images of child erotica to

determine if they constituted child pornography. But our precedent directly forecloses

this contention. See United States v. Simpson, 152 F.3d 1241, 1246–47 (10th Cir. 1998)

(upholding a search warrant where the officer generically described items as “child

pornography” but did not present to the judge any “copies of unlawful materials believed

to be in [the defendant’s] possession” or describe in detail the content of those materials);

see also New York v. P.J. Video, Inc., 475 U.S. 868, 874 n.5 (1986) (noting that “we have

never held that a magistrate must personally view allegedly obscene films prior to issuing

                                                 29
a warrant authorizing their seizure”). Moreover, the argument also fails because Officer

Cornwell alleged only that the images were child erotica, and neither the district court nor

the magistrate judge found that the images, as described, were instead child pornography.

Indeed, the district court anticipated that its ruling might raise concerns “of the

government being able to enter homes on the basis of legal activity,” such as the

possession of child erotica. Tr. Mot. Hr’g. Mar. 5, 2014, at 29:21–23 (Dkt. No. 47).

       Under exception four, Mr. Edwards makes a brief and legally unsupported claim

that the warrant was facially deficient in that it failed to describe with sufficient

particularity the “child pornography” that could be seized. According to Mr. Edwards, the

warrant contains “no specification of a pornographic movie that was possessed or

observed by title or any other particularity which would enable it to be seized as evidence

that corroborates the alleged victim’s story. Since the detective’s definition of ‘child

pornography’ includes adult pornography, everything from a Playboy magazine to any

adult movie to computers, CD’s, and thumb drives could theoretically be seized.” Aplt.

Br. 25. But the affidavit includes the definition of child pornography as provided by

federal statute. Thus, contrary to Mr. Edwards’s assertion, the warrant was limited to the

search for child pornography and would not permit the seizure of Playboy magazines or

adult videos unless they met that definition. We therefore reject Mr. Edwards’s attempts

to invoke exceptions one, two, and four.




                                                  30
2. Exception Three

       Finally, Mr. Edwards invokes exception three, claiming the affidavit was so

lacking in probable cause that no reasonable officer could have believed it valid, in spite

of the magistrate judge’s approval. Again, we are not convinced.

       As explained, a law enforcement officer is presumed to act in good faith when he

relies on and executes a search warrant issued by a neutral magistrate. Augustine, 742

F.3d at 1262. This is because “[i]t is a sound presumption that the magistrate is more

qualified than the police officer to make a probable cause determination.” Malley v.

Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 346 n.9 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, “police

officers should be entitled to rely upon the probable-cause determination of a neutral

magistrate when defending an attack on their good faith for either seeking or executing a

warrant.” United States v. Tuter, 240 F.3d 1292, 1300 (10th Cir. 2001). As the Supreme

Court explained, “[t]he question [therefore] is not whether the magistrate erred in

believing there was sufficient probable cause to support the scope of the warrant he [or

she] issued. It is instead whether the magistrate so obviously erred that any reasonable

officer would have recognized the error.” Messerschmidt, 132 S. Ct. at 1250.

       Applying this standard, we hold that reliance on the warrant was not unreasonable

in this case. The magistrate judge’s determination that a fair probability existed that child

pornography would be found in Mr. Edwards’s home was based on Mr. Edwards’s sexual

attraction to the child pictured in the hundreds of images of child erotica he had posted

online and the stated correlation between child pornography possession and child erotica

possession. Although the link between Mr. Edwards’s postings and the possession of

                                                 31
pornography was logically fallacious, it is not so obviously unsound that it rendered

reliance on the warrant objectively unreasonable. Compare United States v. Colbert, 605

F.3d 573, 579 (8th Cir. 2010) (concluding the good-faith exception applied where an

affidavit detailed the defendant’s attempts to lure a child to his apartment), with Virgin

Islands v. John, 654 F.3d 412, 418–19 (3d Cir. 2011) (holding the good faith exception

did not apply where the affidavit did not “even . . . hint at” whether there was probable

cause to believe the defendant possessed child pornography because it merely provided

evidence the defendant had committed sex crimes against his students on school property,

and that he kept two particular pieces of evidence of those crimes in his home).12

       But Mr. Edwards argues the good faith exception is inapplicable here because

“[t]he officer, who is the affiant and author of the search warrant is the same officer

[who] executed the search warrant.” Aplt. Br. 26. The Supreme Court observed in Leon,

that “[i]t is necessary to consider the objective reasonableness, not only of the officers

who eventually executed a warrant, but also of the officers who originally obtained it or

who provided information material to the probable-cause determination.” 468 U.S. at 923

________________
       12
         At least one circuit has held, albeit in an unpublished opinion, that the good-
faith exception applied to a warrant that was substantially similar to the one at issue here.
See United States v. Gove, 452 F. App’x 555, 557 (5th Cir. 2011) (unpublished). There,
the search warrant was supported by an affidavit stating that the defendant’s brother had
observed non-pornographic child erotica on the defendant’s computer, and that the affiant
knew from her “training and experience that the majority of people who collect child
pornography collect child erotica as well.” Id. The court concluded the affidavit was not
“bare bones” because it contained evidence of child-erotica possession and was supported
with the agent’s expert opinion that there is a link between child-erotica possession and
child-pornography possession. Officers were therefore entitled to rely on the warrant in
good faith. Id.
                                                 32
n.24. Thus, an officer cannot “obtain a warrant on the basis of a ‘bare bones’ affidavit

and then rely on colleagues who are ignorant of the circumstances under which the

warrant was obtained to conduct the search.” Id. Here, Mr. Edwards points to nothing to

support his assertion that Officer Cornwell “affirmatively misled the magistrate by

making statements that appear to be related and presented no supporting facts to connect

them.” Aplt. Br. 24. Nor is there any evidence that Officer Cornwell intentionally

provided a bare bones affidavit in the hopes of relying on his fellow officers, who were

unaware of the actual circumstances, to conduct the search. To the contrary, the affidavit

was deficient not because of a lack of detail, but rather because of the logical infirmity of

concluding, based on the assertion that collectors of child pornography also collect child

erotica, that the inverse must also be true. Where both the magistrate judge and the

district court failed to notice this logical defect, we are not convinced it should have been

obvious to Officer Cornwell, at least not prior to this decision.13 Thus, we hold that

Officer Cornwell and the other law-enforcement officers executing the warrant here were

entitled to rely on the magistrate judge’s legal determination that probable cause existed

to search Mr. Edwards’s residence for child pornography.
________________
       13
          See also United States v. Flanders, 468 F.3d 269, 271–72 (5th Cir. 2006) (good
faith exception applied to warrant to search for child pornography where the defendant
was alleged to have sexually abused and taken a nude photo of his daughter); Virgin
Islands, 654 F.3d at 425–26 (Fuentes, J., dissenting) (good faith exception should apply
where there were differing opinions regarding whether evidence of child molestation
would provide probable cause to search for child pornography); United States v.
Zimmerman, 277 F.3d 426, 438–39 (3d Cir. 2002) (Alito, J., dissenting) (good faith
exception should apply even if evidence was stale for probable cause purposes because
the staleness question was a close judgment call and, as such, could not be so obviously
wrong that a lay officer could not reasonably rely on the warrant).
                                                 33
                                 IV.    CONCLUSION

       We AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the motion to suppress based on the

good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule, despite the lack of probable cause

supporting the search warrant.




                                               34
