                      NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
  UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                  AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.




                                     IN THE
              ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                 DIVISION ONE


                            KAYOMA S., Appellant,

                                         v.

 DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SAFETY, A.M., A.M., E.M., G.M., Appellees.

                              No. 1 CA-JV 16-0369
                                FILED 3-7-2017


            Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
                              No. JD23610
                 The Honorable Cari A. Harrison, Judge

                                   AFFIRMED


                                    COUNSEL

Czop Law Firm, PLLC, Higley
By Steven Czop
Counsel for Appellant

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Amber E. Pershon
Counsel for Appellee Department of Child Safety
                          KAYOMA S. v. DCS, et al.
                           Decision of the Court



                       MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Kenton D. Jones delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Patricia K. Norris and Judge Paul J. McMurdie joined.



J O N E S, Judge:

¶1           Kayoma S. (Mother) appeals the juvenile court’s order
terminating her parental rights to A.M., A.A.M., E.M., and G.M. (the
Children). For the following reasons, we affirm.

                 FACTS1 AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2            In April 2013, two-month-old E.M. was hospitalized for
seizures resulting from head trauma. The hospital suspected the injury was
non-accidental and contacted the police. The subsequent investigation
indicated the Children’s father (Father) may have injured E.M. through
“rough play” while Mother was working.

¶3            Thereafter, the Department of Child Safety (DCS)2 assumed
temporary custody of four-year-old A.M., one-year-old A.A.M., and E.M.,
and filed a petition alleging they were dependent as to Mother due to abuse


1       We view the facts in the light most favorable to upholding the
juvenile court’s order terminating parental rights. Marianne N. v. Dep’t of
Child Safety, 240 Ariz. 470, 471 n.1, ¶ 1 (App. 2016) (citing Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec. v. Matthew L., 223 Ariz. 547, 549, ¶ 7 (App. 2010)).

2       At the time, employees of Child Protective Services (CPS), formerly
a division of the Arizona Department of Economic Security (ADES), acted
on behalf of the state. Effective May 29, 2014, however, the Arizona
legislature repealed the statutory authorization for CPS and for ADES’s
administration of child welfare and placement services under title 8, and
transferred the powers, duties, and purposes previously assigned to those
entities to the newly established DCS. See Melissa W. v. Dep’t of Child Safety,
238 Ariz. 115, 116 n.1, ¶ 2 (App. 2015) (citing 2014 Ariz. Sess. Laws, ch. 1,
§§ 6, 20, 54 (2nd Spec. Sess.)). For simplicity, references to DCS in this
decision encompass both ADES and the former CPS.



                                        2
                        KAYOMA S. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

and neglect.3 Mother denied the allegations in the petition, but, following
a hearing, the juvenile court found all three children dependent and set a
case plan of family reunification concurrent with severance and adoption.
The court ordered Mother be provided parent aide services, counseling,
and supervised visitation.

¶4            In July 2014, the Foster Care Review Board (FCRB)
determined that Mother had completed parenting classes and her other
services, but expressed concern with the unexplained cause of E.M.’s non-
accidental injuries. DCS then moved to return A.M. and A.A.M. to Mother’s
physical custody, and the juvenile court entered an order to that effect.
Mother, however, failed to remain in communication with DCS, and the
court ordered A.M and A.A.M. be returned to DCS custody.

¶5            In January 2015, the FCRB recommended the case plan be
changed to severance and adoption in response to Mother’s lack of
communication with DCS and inability to secure adequate housing, as well
as a report from E.M.’s foster parents that he returned from an overnight
stay with Mother and Father with bruising. Mother gave birth to G.M. soon
thereafter, and DCS filed a petition alleging G.M. was dependent as to
Mother on the grounds of abuse or neglect. Specifically, DCS alleged
Mother failed to protect E.M. from abuse and neglected to provide a stable
home environment. In February 2015, the juvenile court placed G.M. in
DCS custody pending the dependency hearing. The court eventually
ordered G.M. dependent as to Mother but retained the case plan of family
reunification concurrent with severance and adoption.

¶6             In August 2015, DCS again moved to have A.M. and A.A.M.
placed in Mother’s physical custody, believing Mother had found a more
stable living environment with her aunt. The juvenile court granted DCS’s
request. However, Mother had a dispute with her aunt regarding
household finances and maintenance and moved out, leaving the girls
behind. The court then ordered A.M. and A.A.M. be placed in kinship
foster care with their maternal grandmother.

¶7            In December 2015, DCS moved to terminate Mother’s
parental rights to the Children, alleging severance was warranted because:
(1) Mother failed to protect E.M. from abuse, and (2) Mother failed to


3     DCS also alleged the Children were dependent as to Father. His
parental rights were eventually terminated. He did not contest the
termination of his parental rights and is not a party to this appeal.



                                    3
                         KAYOMA S. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

remedy the circumstances causing the Children to be in an out-of-home
placement for a cumulative period of fifteen months or longer.4 See Ariz.
Rev. Stat. (A.R.S.) § 8-533(B)(2),5 (8)(c). Mother contested the allegations in
the petition, and the juvenile court set a severance hearing for August 2016.

¶8            At the hearing, Mother’s first DCS case manager testified she
had worked with Mother for about two years, ending in February 2016.
Although Mother completed many of the services provided by DCS, the
case manager indicated that Mother’s inconsistent communication with
DCS and unstable housing exhibited an unwillingness and inability to
parent the Children and had caused A.M. and A.A.M. to return to DCS
custody twice. Mother’s second DCS case manager testified he was only
able to contact Mother once during a six-month period. Mother testified
she refused to help her aunt with the household finances while she was
living there even though DCS had informed her that her daughters would
not be removed if she did so.

¶9             Because the Children are defined as Indian children under the
Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), see 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4), a Navajo social
worker testified as an expert under ICWA. She testified that, despite DCS
making “active efforts to provide remedial services and rehabilitative
programs, . . . continued custody of the [C]hildren by Mother would likely
result in serious emotional or physical damage.” The social worker stated
that Mother “did the services, but [she] did not make the behavioral
changes,” and Mother was not creating permanency and stability for the
Children, instead allowing “them to linger on in [DCS] custody.”

¶10           The juvenile court took the matter under advisement. In
considering the Navajo social worker’s testimony, the court found DCS
made active efforts to provide remedial services and rehabilitative
programs for Mother, but those efforts were unsuccessful. The court
further found Mother failed to protect E.M. from abuse, see A.R.S. § 8-
533(B)(2), and failed to remedy the circumstances causing the Children to

4      Although the termination motion did not specifically reference G.M.
under the fifteen-month out-of-home ground for severance, by the time the
severance hearing occurred, G.M. had been in an out-of-home placement
for eighteen months. The juvenile court included G.M. in its order
terminating Mother’s parental rights on this ground, and Mother does not
suggest it acted inappropriately in doing so. See infra ¶ 10.

5     Absent material changes from the relevant date, we cite a statute’s
current version.


                                      4
                          KAYOMA S. v. DCS, et al.
                           Decision of the Court

be in an out-of-home placement for a cumulative period of fifteen months
or longer without proving she would be capable of exercising effective
parental care in the near future, see A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(8)(c).

¶11            In particular, the juvenile court explained that Mother did not
complete her parent aide referrals or family reunification team service, nor
demonstrate the ability to maintain stable housing after failing to avail
herself of both housing and family assistance. The court concluded
severance would be in the Children’s best interests because they had been
in foster care for the majority of their young lives, and a family placement
was willing to permanently adopt all four Children. The court therefore
terminated Mother’s parental rights.

¶12           Mother timely appealed the juvenile court’s order. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 8-235(A), 12-120.21(A)(1), -2101(A)(1),
and Arizona Rule of Procedure for the Juvenile Court 103(A).

                                DISCUSSION

¶13            “The right to custody of one’s child[ren] is fundamental, but
it is not absolute.” Jeffrey P. v. Dep’t of Child Safety, 239 Ariz. 212, 213, ¶ 5
(App. 2016) (citing Michael J. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 196 Ariz. 246, 248,
¶¶ 11-12 (2000)). The juvenile court may terminate parental rights if it finds,
by clear and convincing evidence, that DCS “made a diligent effort to
provide appropriate reunification services,” and:

       [t]he child has been in an out-of-home placement for a
       cumulative total period of fifteen months or longer[,] . . . the
       parent has been unable to remedy the circumstances that
       cause the child to be in an out-of-home placement and there
       is a substantial likelihood that the parent will not be capable
       of exercising proper and effective parental care and control in
       the near future.

A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(8)(c); see also A.R.S. § 8-537(B); Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 66(C);
Michael J., 196 Ariz. at 249, ¶ 12.6


6      DCS must also prove that termination is in a child’s best interests by
a preponderance of the evidence. See Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 66(C); Michael J.,
196 Ariz. at 249, ¶ 12. Mother does not contest the juvenile court’s finding
to this effect. Nevertheless, because the court reasonably found the
Children would likely be harmed if left in Mother’s custody, see infra ¶ 18,



                                       5
                          KAYOMA S. v. DCS, et al.
                           Decision of the Court

¶14             We review a termination order for an abuse of discretion.
Jeffrey P., 239 Ariz. at 213, ¶ 5 (citing Mary Lou C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec.,
207 Ariz. 43, 47, ¶ 8 (App. 2004)). The juvenile court, “as the trier of fact in
a termination proceeding, ‘is in the best position to weigh the evidence,
observe the parties, judge the credibility of witnesses, and resolve disputed
facts.’” Jordan C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 223 Ariz. 86, 93, ¶ 18 (App. 2009)
(quoting Oscar O., 209 Ariz. at 334, ¶ 4). This Court, therefore, does not
reweigh the evidence on appeal and will affirm a termination order so long
as it is supported by reasonable evidence. Id. (citing Lashonda M. v. Ariz.
Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 210 Ariz. 77, 81, ¶ 13 (App. 2005), and Jennifer B. v. Ariz.
Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 189 Ariz. 553, 555 (App. 1997)).

¶15            Mother first contends the juvenile court erred in finding she
had failed to remedy the circumstances that caused the Children to be in an
out-of-home placement because she completed many of her reunification
services and was actively searching for stable housing. The record reflects
that although Mother completed many of her reunification services, she
failed to complete her parent aide referrals and the family reunification
team service. Furthermore, the record portrays Mother’s sporadic attempts,
over a three-year period, to locate and maintain stable housing. When
Mother was specifically told she could retain custody of her Children if she
paid $35 per week in rent to her aunt and helped with housework, Mother
refused, electing instead to leave the residence and abandon A.M. and
A.A.M. Moreover, Mother never explained her failure to keep in contact
with DCS, a circumstance that caused her to lose physical custody of A.M.
and A.A.M. after they were returned to her care the first time. Reasonable
evidence supports the finding that Mother failed to remedy the
circumstances that caused the Children to be in an out-of-home placement,
and we find no abuse of discretion.

¶16           Mother next contends DCS failed to prove a substantial
likelihood that Mother would be incapable of exercising proper and
effective parental care and control in the near future. However, Mother’s

and they were all adoptable, we believe DCS sufficiently proved severance
was in the Children’s best interests. See Dominique M. v. Dep’t of Child Safety,
240 Ariz. 96, 98, ¶ 8 (App. 2016) (noting severance is in a child’s best
interests if the “severance affirmatively benefits the children (such as
showing they are adoptable or more stable in an existing placement), or
eliminates a detriment to the children if the parent-child relationship is not
severed”) (citing Maricopa Cty. Juv. Action No. JS-500274, 167 Ariz. 1, 6-7
(1990), and Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec. v. Oscar O., 209 Ariz. 332, 334, ¶ 6 (App.
2004)).


                                        6
                          KAYOMA S. v. DCS, et al.
                           Decision of the Court

failure to maintain stable housing, despite receiving family assistance and
information on how to apply for housing assistance, was the primary cause
of her inability to exercise proper and effective parental care. At the time
of her severance hearing, Mother testified she had been living with her
cousin during the preceding week and indicated that living arrangement
was only temporary. Mother further revealed she had applied for Section
8 housing several months prior to the hearing but admitted her chances of
obtaining Section 8 housing were speculative. On the whole, the record
depicts a parent who failed to make necessary behavioral changes, despite
having been provided “the time and opportunity to participate in programs
designed to improve the parent’s ability to care for the [C]hild[ren].” Mary
Ellen C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 193 Ariz. 185, 192, ¶ 37 (App. 1999) (citing
Maricopa Cty. Juv. Action No. JS-501904, 180 Ariz. 348, 353 (App. 1994)). And
through its cross-examination of Mother, DCS met its burden of proving
she was unlikely to make the necessary behavioral changes in the near
future.

¶17           Mother also argues DCS failed to prove, beyond a reasonable
doubt and through the testimony of a qualified expert witness, that her
continued custody of the Indian Children would likely result in serious
emotional or physical harm to the Children, as required by ICWA. See 25
U.S.C. § 1912(f); Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 66(C); see also Valerie M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of
Econ. Sec., 219 Ariz. 331, 334, ¶ 11 (2009). Because Mother effectively
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, we again review for an abuse of
discretion, and will uphold the juvenile court’s findings and order if they
are supported by reasonable evidence. See supra ¶ 14.

¶18           Here, DCS presented expert testimony from a social worker
who was a member of the Children’s tribe and had been assigned to
Mother’s case for over three years. The expert witness specifically testified
that, based on her personal knowledge of Mother’s history and behavior,
Mother’s continued custody would result in serious emotional or physical
harm to the Children. In particular, she testified that Mother’s participation
in reunification services was not eliciting the crucial behavioral changes
that would ensure the Children were safe in her care, and that Mother’s
inability to retain physical custody of A.M. and A.A.M., despite DCS’s
attempts to facilitate reunification, exhibited a pattern of instability that
would be detrimental to the Children’s well-being. The social worker
confirmed the Navajo tribe agreed with DCS’s case plan of severance and
adoption. Based on this expert testimony, the juvenile court could have
found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that continued custody of the Children
by Mother was likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to
them. The court complied with ICWA and we find no error.


                                        7
                        KAYOMA S. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

¶19            Mother has not proved any irregularity in the juvenile court’s
order. Accordingly, we find the court did not abuse its discretion in
terminating Mother’s parental rights to the Children under A.R.S. § 8-
533(B)(8)(c).7

                              CONCLUSION

¶20            The juvenile court’s order terminating Mother’s parental
rights to the Children is affirmed.




                          AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                          FILED: AA




7     Because we affirm the juvenile court’s order terminating Mother’s
parental rights under the fifteen-month out-of-care ground, we need not
address any other statutory ground for severance that the court considered.
See Michael J., 196 Ariz. at 249, ¶ 12.


                                        8
