                                                   Supreme Court

                                                   No. 2014-145-C.A.
                                                   (P2/12-179A)


     State                    :

      v.                      :

Francis Kolsoi.               :




NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in
the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Opinion
Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
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published.
                                                                 Supreme Court

                                                                 No. 2014-145-C.A.
                                                                 (P2/12-179A)


                     State                     :

                      v.                       :

                Francis Kolsoi.                :


               Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

                                          OPINION

         Justice Flaherty, for the Court. Following a jury-waived trial before a justice of the

Superior Court, the defendant, Francis Kolsoi, was convicted of five counts of stalking in

violation of G.L. 1956 § 11-59-2. The trial justice imposed a sentence of probation on each

count to run concurrently. The defendant timely appealed his conviction to this Court. The

matter came before us on October 7, 2015, under an order directing the parties to appear and

show cause why the issues raised by this appeal should not summarily be decided. After

considering counsels’ oral and written arguments and examining the record, we are of the

opinion that cause has not been shown and that this case can be decided without further briefing

or argument. For the reasons given below, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

                                         Facts and Travel

         In the fall of 2011, as part of her morning routine, Allison, a student at Lincoln High

School, would pick up her friends Brianna, Chloe, Danielle, and Emily on her way to school. 1

En route, the girls usually would stop at a local Dunkin’ Donuts for coffee. On four days in



1
    We have employed pseudonyms to protect the privacy of the complainants.
                                                -1-
September and October 2011, the girls and defendant crossed paths at Dunkin’ Donuts. Allison

and Brianna testified that on those four occasions, Kolsoi engaged in disturbing behavior that

was directed at them, including looking down their friend’s shirt, staring at them, appearing to

photograph them with his cell phone, and following them in his vehicle after they left the coffee

shop. Footage from the shop’s security cameras, which was admitted into evidence, captured

most of what transpired inside the store. Also, on more than one occasion, Kolsoi tailgated the

girls’ vehicle, flashed his car lights at them, or followed them to the school parking lot.

       Allison testified that the group first encountered defendant on September 23, 2011, when

defendant opened the coffee shop’s door for them as he was entering and they were leaving. As

they passed through the door, Brianna observed him look down the front of Danielle’s shirt. The

defendant did not go into the shop, but instead stood in front of Allison’s car, a black Volvo,

“and just stared at [them] getting into the car.” According to Allison, Kolsoi then hurried to his

car and “drove very fast to catch up” to them, almost striking her car in the process. Kolsoi

continued to follow them very closely, switching lanes when Allison did, and flashing his lights.

She testified that she was afraid that he might be trying to collide with her car or, even worse,

planning to abduct one of them.

       On September 30, 2011, when Allison and her friends again visited Dunkin’ Donuts,

Brianna noticed that Kolsoi was already inside the shop. While they waited in line to be served,

Brianna alerted the group to his presence and Allison noticed that Kolsoi was holding his cell

phone in a manner that suggested that he was taking a video or pictures of her and her friends.

Allison immediately said, “Let’s go” to her companions and they all ran out of the shop, except

for Brianna, who stayed behind waiting for her order. Allison said that, when she returned to get

her friend, Brianna was standing in line, looking frightened and holding on to an acquaintance.



                                                -2-
        Brianna also testified; she said that she saw Kolsoi sitting at a table, pointing his phone at

the girls. She also concluded that he was videotaping or taking pictures of them. She said that

she held on to a friend in line because she was afraid that Kolsoi would grab her. When they

returned to Allison’s car, they noticed that Kolsoi was already in his vehicle, relaxing with his

hands behind his head, staring at them. This time, according to Allison, Kolsoi followed them all

the way to school and “drove very slowly past [them] and was smiling and staring at [them] as

[they] were standing in front of [her] car.” Brianna also said that, as he drove by the school

parking lot, Kolsoi was looking at them and smiling, which caused her to feel “[c]reeped out.”

Upset by what had just occurred, for a second time, Allison memorized his license plate number

and reported both incidents to the school’s assistant principal.

        On October 5, 2011, the girls were in the Dunkin’ Donuts when they looked outside and

noticed Kolsoi in his car, parked near Allison’s black Volvo. Fearing for their safety, the girls

called the police and waited for a police car to arrive before they returned to their car. Although

Kolsoi chose not to follow them that day, a security video showed Kolsoi’s car leaving the

parking lot behind the police car, shortly after the girls left.

        On October 6, 2011, the girls again arrived at Dunkin’ Donuts before school. However,

this time the Lincoln Police Department had informed them that plainclothes police officers

would be inside the building to observe Kolsoi. The students purchased their items while Kolsoi

sat in his car in the parking lot. After they backed out of their parking space and left the

premises, Kolsoi again began to trail them. Allison said that, although he was two car lengths

behind the girls when they left the lot, Kolsoi soon caught up to them and pulled up beside them

on the road so that he could look inside their car. This last incident led to Kolsoi’s arrest on

October 12, 2011.



                                                  -3-
           In an information dated January 19, 2012, the state charged defendant with five counts of

felony stalking. The case came to trial in the Superior Court later that year. At the close of the

state’s evidence, Kolsoi moved to dismiss the charges against him, pursuant to Rule 29(a) of the

Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure. The trial justice reserved her decision on the

motion until the close of all the evidence. Kolsoi then testified in his own defense, making an

effort to explain his actions for each encounter with the young complainants. Kolsoi maintained

that each situation was coincidental and he denied that he was aware of the girls for more than an

instant when their paths crossed. He said that he was at Dunkin’ Donuts on those occasions for

innocuous reasons, in particular, to connect with someone for part-time work. He testified that

he drove closely behind the girls and flashed his lights because he was frustrated and rushing to

get to work. With respect to the complainants’ contention that he appeared to be photographing

them with his cell phone, he said that he was holding his phone in a way to avoid sun glare as he

looked for a message.

           The defendant said he went to Dunkin’ Donuts on September 23, 2011, but realized

when he looked at the menu board that he did not have enough money to purchase anything and

left, rushing to get to a job in Framingham, Massachusetts. He said that he recalled seeing the

girls, but asserted that they did not stand out in his mind and he emphatically denied that he had

stopped at their car to stare at them. He did admit to following their car very closely and to

flashing his lights, but explained that he did that to more than one vehicle as he hurried to get to

his job.

           Kolsoi offered that on September 30, 2011, he went to Dunkin’ Donuts expecting to meet

someone about a job. As he viewed the security footage from that day, which had been admitted

as a full exhibit, he explained that he was looking at his phone and looking up periodically to see



                                                 -4-
if the person he was expecting had arrived and that he was sitting in a particular chair to avoid

sun glare. He denied that he had recognized the girls. He did concede that he left the Dunkin’

Donuts right after the girls, but said he was not aware of them. In justifying his presence near

the high school, Kolsoi said he was driving to a rental apartment that he owned to fix the toilet

and that his route coincidentally brought him by the high school. 2 He said he did not see the

girls in the parking lot, but that he did notice the black Volvo. He maintained, however, that he

did not pay much attention to it. When asked to explain why he drove so slowly by the school,

Kolsoi testified that he slowed down because he did not want to get a speeding ticket.

          With respect to the incident that occurred on October 5, 2011, defendant said that he went

to Dunkin’ Donuts, waited in his car for a phone call about a job, and checked his phone for

messages. He said that when he did not receive a call, he left for home. He denied that he had

seen the girls that day, saying, “I might have, but I wasn’t paying attention to them.” When he

left the parking lot, there was a police car ahead of him; he said that he “might” have seen the

black Volvo, explaining, “I think I was already then conscious of the black Volvo because of the

23rd when they blocked me, so I knew about the black Volvo and a bunch of kids.”

          Finally, he said he went to Dunkin’ Donuts on October 6, 2011, after working a night

shift because he thought someone might be contacting him about employment, so he waited for a

phone call. He said that he did not recall having seen the girls on that day but, after viewing the

security footage, he said, “I might have seen them but not conscious [sic] that these are the girls

or any girls.” He denied that he followed the girls out of the parking lot that day but said, “I



2
    Kolsoi’s tenant, Jacob Langley, said that Kolsoi’s toolbox had been left by the front door to his
    apartment on September 30, 2011. He also said that Kolsoi would, on occasion, leave the
    toolbox there to let him know that he had stopped by the rental apartment to make requested
    repairs.


                                                  -5-
might have seen [a black Volvo], but it’s like I was conscious of the black Volvo but I wasn’t

paying attention, I was minding my business.” Kolsoi went on to say that he was completely

shocked and confused when he was arrested on October 12, 2011.

       At the close of all the evidence, Kolsoi renewed his oral motion to dismiss, and the trial

justice again reserved judgment. Then, on December 6, 2012, without having ruled on the

motion to dismiss, the trial justice delivered her decision from the bench finding Kolsoi guilty of

five counts of stalking. In support of the oral motions that he made during trial, Kolsoi also filed

a motion to dismiss on January 8, 2013. On March 22, 2013, the trial justice heard Kolsoi on the

motion to dismiss. Although a transcript of that hearing has not been provided to this Court, the

trial justice summarized defendant’s arguments when she delivered her decision from the bench

on April 26, 2013. It is apparent that defendant argued that the state had not proven beyond a

reasonable doubt that his actions were willful or malicious, that there was no evidence that he

was formally notified that his activities were unwelcome, and that there was insufficient

evidence on counts 3, 4, and 5 because there was no testimony from the complainants named in

those counts. That motion was denied and defendant timely appealed.

       On appeal before this Court, Kolsoi argues that: (1) the trial justice erred when she denied

his motion to dismiss because he was “without knowledge that his actions were disturbing;” (2)

the trial justice erred when she denied his motion to dismiss counts three through five because

the state failed to call three of the five complainants to testify; (3) the trial justice erred when she

denied his motion to dismiss because the state failed to prove that the complainants were in

“reasonable fear of bodily injury;” (4) § 11-59-2 is unconstitutionally vague; and (5) that the

failure to call three of the complainants violated his rights under the Sixth Amendment’s

Confrontation Clause and article 1, section 10 of the Rhode Island Constitution.



                                                 -6-
                                               Analysis

        We begin by noting that defendant waived his right to a jury trial and chose to be tried by

a justice sitting without a jury. Therefore, to challenge the legal sufficiency of the evidence, the

defendant must file a motion to dismiss under the provisions of Rule 29(a). See State v. Silvia,

798 A.2d 419, 424 (R.I. 2002). When ruling on a motion to dismiss in a jury-waived criminal

trial, the trial justice acts as an independent factfinder. See State v. Albanese, 970 A.2d 1215,

1220 (R.I. 2009). Sitting in that role, the trial justice should:

         “weigh and evaluate the trial evidence, pass upon the credibility of the trial
        witnesses, and engage in the inferential process, impartially, not being required to
        view the inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, and against the moving
        party. After so doing, if the trial justice in a criminal case setting concludes that
        the trial evidence is sufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, he or
        she denies the defendant’s motion to dismiss and, if both sides have rested, enters
        decision and judgment of conviction thereon. If the evidence is not so sufficient,
        he or she grants the motion and dismisses the case.” State v. McKone, 673 A.2d
        1068, 1072–73 (R.I. 1996).

It is also significant that “[i]n a jury-waived criminal proceeding, this Court gives deference to a

trial justice’s finding[s] of facts.” State v. Adewumi, 966 A.2d 1217, 1221–22 (R.I. 2009)

(quoting State v. Forand, 958 A.2d 134, 138 (R.I. 2008)). Moreover, when we review these

“determinations of credibility and findings of fact by a trial justice sitting without a jury, this

Court will not disturb the trial justice’s findings unless they are clearly wrong or the trial justice

misconceived or overlooked material evidence on a controlling issue.” Id. at 1222 (quoting State

v. LaCroix, 911 A.2d 674, 679 (R.I. 2006)).

                                                   1

                                          Prior Knowledge

        First, defendant argues that his motion to dismiss should have been granted because he

was “without knowledge that his actions were disturbing.” He argues that, in the absence of



                                                 -7-
evidence that he approached the complainants, contacted them directly, or knew that his actions

were disturbing or unwanted, his case should have been dismissed under the provisions of Rule

29. To buttress his argument, defendant cites to our previous stalking cases, including State v.

Stierhoff, 879 A.2d 425 (R.I. 2005); State v. Breen, 767 A.2d 50 (R.I. 2001); and State v.

Grayhurst, 852 A.2d 491 (R.I. 2004). In Stierhoff, 879 A.2d at 428, not only the complainant,

but others as well, put the defendant on notice that his attentions were unwanted and unwelcome

before any criminal charges were brought against him. Likewise, in Breen, 767 A.2d at 52-53,

the defendant had been previously convicted of stalking the complainant and had been sentenced

to one year of probation and subjected to a no-contact order. But shortly after his probation

ended, he began to harass the complainant again. Id. at 53. Finally, in Grayhurst, 852 A.2d at

499-500, the complainant had sought and had been granted two restraining orders against the

defendant before the defendant was later charged with stalking.

        It is our opinion that these cases are not helpful to defendant. In our view, defendant

misconstrues not only the holdings of these cases but also the language of § 11-59-2. Although it

is true that each of the cited cases involved defendants who previously had been notified, at least

informally, that their contacts with the complainants were unwelcome, there is utterly no

foundation to support an argument that we created a hard-and-fast rule that notice must be given

to a defendant before criminal stalking charges are justified. Indeed, we foreclosed that precise

argument in Stierhoff, 879 A.2d at 436, where we said that “there is nothing in the language of §

11-59-2 to suggest that a criminal defendant must be first served with any such type of official

warning before his alarming, annoying, or bothersome conduct falls within the ambit of the

statute.”   It is significant that the statute prohibits “willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly

follow[ing] another person with the intent to place that person in reasonable fear of bodily injury



                                               -8-
* * *.” Section 11-59-2(a)(2) (emphasis added). Although the word “following” is not defined

in the text of the statute, it has been judicially defined elsewhere. For instance, Connecticut

construes the term “following” to require

         “that any following be willful * * * the following must have a predatory thrust to
         it. [It] does not encompass following that is aimless, unintentional, accidental or
         undertaken for a lawful purpose. Of course, following implies proximity in space
         as well as time. Whether someone has deliberately maintained sufficient visual or
         physical proximity with another person, uninterrupted, over a substantial enough
         period of time to constitute following will depend upon a variety of differing
         factors in each case. These are appropriate issues for the trier of fact to decide[.] ”
         State v. Russell, 922 A.2d 191, 203 (Conn. App. Ct. 2007).

         Based on the evidence presented at trial, the trial justice found that defendant’s

“following” did menace and frighten the complainants, and that his testimony was merely

“fabrication and justification” for the threatening behavior towards the girls. The defendant’s

repeated actions over the course of four different days cannot be cast as mere coincidence. On

each day, he placed himself at Dunkin’ Donuts so that he could see the girls, he arrived at the

same time, he clearly knew the car in which they traveled, he was observed peering in the

windows of the vehicle, he never purchased anything at the coffee shop, and he used his cell

phone camera to intimidate the girls by indicating, or at least leading them to believe, that he was

photographing them. Because § 11-59-2 neither imputes a requirement that the defendant be

notified his actions are disturbing nor requires direct contact with a complainant, we discern no

error.

                                                   2

                    Failure to Call Three of the Five Complainants to Testify

         Second, defendant contends that the state failed to prove that three of the girls were in

reasonable fear because the state did not call them to testify. We do not agree.




                                                  -9-
          The trial justice rejected defendant’s argument that testimony by Chloe, Danielle, and

Emily was necessary to establish that those complainants were in “reasonable fear of bodily

injury.” Rather, she found that his intent regarding all five complainants was evident because the

complainants were traveling in the same group. Based on the state’s assertion that the other

three complainants would testify to the same facts as Allison and Brianna, the trial justice found

that their testimony would have been cumulative and, therefore, unnecessary. “Cumulative

evidence” is evidence that “tend[s] to prove the same point to which other evidence has been

offered.” State v. Lynch, 854 A.2d 1022, 1032 (R.I. 2004) (quoting State v. Coleman, 478

N.W.2d 349, 358 (Neb. 1992)). “[T]o qualify as ‘cumulative,’ the evidence in question need not

be introduced only after other evidence tending to prove the same point already has been

admitted. Rather, the test is a retrospective one, administered at the close of all the evidence * *

*.” Id. After reviewing the record, we agree that the testimony of the remaining girls would

have been cumulative in light of Allison’s and Brianna’s testimony and would have added very

little to the information the trial justice received in the course of trial.

          Indeed, it is our opinion that the testimony of the remaining complainants was not

necessary. We do not agree with defendant’s argument that § 11-59-2 creates a subjective

standard that requires that a victim actually be in reasonable fear of bodily injury. Section 11-

59-2(a) defines the essential element of the crime in objective terms—whether the fear of bodily

injury is “reasonable”—and the testimony of the three complainants was not necessary to

establish it. Simply put, the complainant’s subjective fear is irrelevant: the statute requires only

that the defendant intend to place another person “in reasonable fear of bodily injury” by

“harass[ing]” or “willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follow[ing]” that person. Id. (emphasis

added).



                                                  - 10 -
       It has not been disputed that the same girls traveled together and that defendant’s actions

were directed toward the entire group. The girls arrived at Dunkin’ Donuts in one car and

entered and left together as a group. The testimony of Allison and Brianna, together with the

surveillance footage, was sufficient evidence for the trial justice to find that defendant directed

his actions towards all five complainants with the same intent to place all of them in a reasonable

fear of bodily injury. The trial justice found that the surveillance video was “worth a thousand

words” in establishing that defendant repeatedly correlated his movements with those of the

group on at least four occasions over a span of two weeks. She found that defendant “trailed

them in his car,” flashed his lights, and drove in a “frantic and menacing manner around” them.

She found that he “placed himself” at Dunkin’ Donuts at the same time and smiled at all of them

in a “creepy” manner, frightening them. She also found that defendant “made unwelcome

gestures towards the girls in public,” including aiming his camera at them, and then following

them, smiling, “in the midst of a clearly unwelcome pursuit.” We agree with the trial justice that

all this evidence is sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant undertook these

actions for the purpose of putting all five girls in reasonable fear of bodily injury.

                                                  3

                              The Remaining Arguments on Appeal

       The defendant argues that the trial justice erred when she denied his motion to dismiss

because the state failed to prove that the two complainants who did testify were in “reasonable

fear of bodily injury.” Specifically, defendant points to Allison’s and Brianna’s testimony in

which they said, somewhat defiantly, that they would continue to go to Dunkin’ Donuts despite

defendant’s behavior. However, nowhere in the record is it revealed that defendant raised this

argument before the trial justice.



                                                - 11 -
       Likewise, to the extent that the defendant challenges § 11-59-2 as unconstitutionally

vague and contends that his constitutional right to confrontation has been violated, those issues

are also not properly before us. A review of the record clearly demonstrates that the defendant

did not raise those arguments at any time before the trial justice, including at the post-trial

hearings on his motions to dismiss. At oral argument, the defendant’s appellate counsel candidly

conceded this point. By failing to raise those arguments, the defendant denied the trial justice the

opportunity to rule on these issues, and, for that reason, he cannot assert them now. See

Thornley v. Community College of Rhode Island, 107 A.3d 296, 302 (R.I. 2014). This Court

“will not entertain on appeal an issue that the aggrieved party did not specifically raise before the

trial court.” Town of Richmond v. Wawaloam Reservation, Inc., 850 A.2d 924, 930 (R.I. 2004).

                                            Conclusion

       We affirm the judgment of conviction. The record of this case shall be returned to the

Superior Court.




                                               - 12 -
                            RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

                                 Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet




TITLE OF CASE:        State v. Francis Kolsoi.

CASE NO:              No. 2014-145-C.A.
                      (P2/12-179A)

COURT:                Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: December 8, 2015

JUSTICES:             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

WRITTEN BY:           Associate Justice Francis X. Flaherty

SOURCE OF APPEAL:     Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

                      Associate Justice Sarah Taft-Carter

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

                      For State: Aaron L. Weisman
                                 Department of Attorney General

                      For Defendant: Mark L. Smith, Esq.
