                      UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                      FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                     )
AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS, )
                                     )
      Plaintiff,                     )
                                     )
      v.                             ) Civil Action No. 07-209 (RCL)
                                     )
VINTON ROOFING COMPANY, INC. )
                                     )
      Defendant.                     )
____________________________________)

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       This matter comes before the Court on plaintiff’s Second Motion [29] for Summary

Judgment (Damages) and defendant’s Cross-Motion [31] for Summary Judgment. For the

reasons set forth below, the Court will grant in part and deny in part plaintiff’s second motion for

summary judgment and will deny defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment.

I.     BACKGROUND

       In May 2005, plaintiff, the American National Red Cross, contracted with defendant,

Vinton Roofing Company, to replace the existing roof a building owned by plaintiff. At the end

of the day on June 6, 2005, defendant did not properly seal the unfinished roof to prevent leaks in

the event of rain. It rained that night, and plaintiff suffered serious property damage.

       Plaintiff then brought suit against defendant to recover for damages stemming from the

leak. Plaintiff moved for summary judgment with respect to defendant’s liability, and the Court

granted plaintiff’s motion. (Order [21] (June 25, 2009).) The sole issue remaining is plaintiff’s

damages.

       Plaintiff now moves for summary judgment with respect to damages. Plaintiff alleges
that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute as to that amount of damages to which

plaintiff is entitled. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that it is entitled to $206,327.03 that it spent

“for water extraction, cleaning and drying of the premises, measurement and identification of

mold, removal of mold, building repairs, and business interruption.” (Pl.’s Mot. at 3.)

        Defendant opposes plaintiff’s motion and has filed a cross-motion for summary judgment

with respect to damages. Defendant alleges that it is not liable for $76,922.18 that plaintiff spent

on mold remediation because the mold existed before the June 6th leak due to the extensive

history of leaks on the premises. (Def.’s Opp’n at 8; Pl.’s Mot at 3.)

II.     LEGAL STANDARD

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) provides that summary judgment is appropriate

when “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” The moving party bears the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of

material fact in dispute. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).

        To determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact in dispute, the Court

construes all evidence and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving

party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). The mere existence of some

factual dispute will not preclude entry of summary judgment. Id. at 247. “Only disputes over

facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the

entry of summary judgment.” Id. at 248.

III.    ANALYSIS

        Based on the evidence in the record, the Court concludes that plaintiff is entitled to


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judgment as a matter of law for $129,404.85, which represents the total damages incurred by

plaintiff less the $76,922.18 that plaintiff spent on mold remediation. The Court also concludes

that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether plaintiff is entitled to damages for

mold remediation. Last, the Court will award plaintiff prejudgment interest.

A.      Plaintiff Is Entitled to $129,404.85

        Plaintiff alleges that it incurred $206,327.03 “for water extraction, cleaning and drying of

the premises, measurement and identification of mold, removal of mold, building repairs, and

business interruption” as a result of the June 6th leak. (Pl.’s Mot. at 3.) Of that amount, plaintiff

spent $124,922.18 on remediation. (Def.’s Opp’n at 8.) The amount spent on remediation falls

into two categories: money spent on mold remediation and money spent on water remediation.

Plaintiff spent $76,922.18 for mold remediation and $48,000 for water remediation. (Id.; Pl’s

Reply at 5.)

        Defendant concedes that plaintiff is entitled to damages for the water remediation cost of

$48,000. (Def.’s Opp’n at 8.) In addition, defendant does not dispute the non-remediation costs

incurred by plaintiff. Therefore, there is no dispute that plaintiff is entitled to its total alleged

damages less the cost of mold remediation. Subtracting the mold remediation cost, $76,922.18,

from plaintiff’s total alleged damages, $206,327.03, the Court concludes that plaintiff is entitled

to $129,404.85.

B.      There Is a Genuine Issue of Material Fact as to Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled to

        Damages for Mold Remediation

        The contract between the parties provides that defendant “will promptly remedy damage

and loss to [plaintiff’s] property caused in whole or in part by [defendant.]” (Compl. ¶ 7.) This


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Court previously found that the damages resulting from the June 6th leak were caused at least “in

part” by defendant. (Mem. Op. [20] at 5 (June 25, 2009).) The parties, however, dispute

whether the mold damage was caused by the June 6th leak. This is a genuine issue of material

fact that precludes entry of summary judgment for either party. Accordingly, the Court will deny

the parties’ motions for summary judgment with respect to mold remediation damages.

       As an initial matter, the Court rejects defendant’s contention that plaintiff must

demonstrate by expert testimony that the mold resulted from the June 6th leak. (See Def.’s

Opp’n at 10-16.) In support of this argument, defendant relies on personal injury case law. See,

e.g., Williams v. Lucy Webb Hayes Nat’l Training Sch. for Deaconesses & Missionaries, 924

A.2d 1000, 1003 (D.C. 2007) (stating that in personal injury cases, “expert testimony is required

unless the issue of causation can be resolved within the realm of ordinary human knowledge and

experience” (citation and quotation omitted)). This reliance is misplaced. Unlike in personal

injury cases, expert testimony is not required to demonstrate that a leak may cause mold. Lay

people with ordinary human knowledge and experience can attest to whether mold was present

and growing before the leak, or whether mold did not grow until after the leak. As a result,

plaintiff need not rely on expert testimony to demonstrate that the mold was caused by the June

6th leak.

       Both parties make absolute arguments with respect to whether plaintiff may recover

damages for mold remediation. Plaintiff argues that there was no active mold prior to the June

6th leak, and therefore defendant is liable for the entire cost of mold remediation. Defendant

argues that there was no new active mold after the leak, and therefore plaintiff is not entitled to

damages for mold remediation.


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       Defendant relies on the testimony of its two experts, Joseph Shuffleton and John

Shepherd, to argue that the leak did not cause new mold to grow and that all active mold on the

premises was pre-existent. Shufflteon and Shepherd testified that mold takes at least 72 hours to

grow. (See Def.’s Exs. 6, 8.) Shepherd also testified that “there was no reason to believe that

there was mold present in the building greater than the background levels due to the June 6th

event” because of plaintiff’s “aggressive” drying efforts. (Def.’s Ex. 8.) The opinions of

defendant’s experts rest on the assumption that the building was sufficiently dry within 72 hours

of the leak to prevent new mold growth. This assumption, however, is not supported in the

record. Gregory L. Whitt, who conducted the mold studies at the building after the leak, first

visited the building on June 16, 2005—ten days after the leak. (Whitt Dep. 11.) During that

visit, he found many areas that were wet and susceptible to mold growth. (Id. at 93.) In addition,

he noticed visible mold in several locations. (Id. at 71-71.) Furthermore, defendant’s expert

admitted that new mold may have grown after the June 6th leak. (Shuffleton Dep. at 138-41.)

Thus, a reasonable jury could conclude, as plaintiff contends, that the leak caused previously

dormant mold to become active and grow.

       Plaintiff relies on the testimony of Scott Royster to demonstrate that there was no active

mold prior to the leak. Royster testified that mold in certain places in the building had

“expanded considerably” due to the June 6th leak. (Royster Dep. at 66-67.) Notably, Royster did

not state that all the active mold was new. In fact, plaintiff admits that mold was present in the

building prior to the June 6th leak as a result of numerous prior leaks. (Pls’s Mot. at 3.) Simply

stating that this pre-existing mold was dormant, without support in the record, is a conclusory

statement that does not support summary judgment. Therefore, due to the extensive history of


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leaks at the building, a reasonable jury could conclude that active mold was present in the

building prior to the June 6th leak

       Accordingly, the Court concludes that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether

plaintiff is entitled to recover $76,922.18 in damages for mold remediation. Specifically, there is

a genuine dispute as to whether the June 6, 2005, leak caused mold to grow by activating pre-

existing, inactive mold, or whether the pre-existing mold was active prior to the June 6, 2005,

leak due to previous water leaks at the building.

C.     Plaintiff Is Entitled to Prejudgment Interest on $129,404.85

       Plaintiff argues that it is entitled to prejudgment interest under D.C. Code § 15-108.

Section 15-208 provides that in an action “to recover a liquidated debt on which interest is

payable by contract or by law or usage the judgment for the plaintiff shall include interest on the

principal debt from the time it was due and payable.” D.C. Code § 15-108. The interest rate,

unless fixed by contract, is 6% per annum. D.C. Code § 28-3302. For a debt to be “liquidated,”

it must be “an easily ascertainable sum certain.” District Cablevision Ltd. P’ship v. Bassin, 828

A.2d 714, 731 (D.C. 2003) (quoting District of Columbia v. Pierce Assocs, Inc., 527 A.2d 306,

311 (D.C. 1987)).

       Here, $129,404.85 is an “easily ascertainable sum certain” because there is no dispute that

plaintiff is entitled to $129,404.85. As a result, the $129,404.85 owed to plaintiff is a liquidated

debt, and plaintiff is entitled to prejudgment interest on that amount. If at trial the jury concludes

that plaintiff is entitled to damages for mold remediation, the Court will determine whether the

plaintiff is entitled to prejudgment interest on the additional damages.

IV.    CONCLUSION


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       For the reasons set forth above, plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED

in part and DENIED in part, and defendant’s cross-motion for summary judgment is DENIED.

A separate order shall issue this date.

       Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on March 23, 2010.




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