                              STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                IN SUPREME COURT

                                       A14-1651

Court of Appeals                                                              Stras, J.
                                                     Took no part, Hudson, Chutich, JJ.

Robert Burks,

                    Respondent/Cross-appellant,

vs.                                                             Filed: August 24, 2016
                                                             Office of Appellate Courts
Metropolitan Council,

                    Appellant/Cross-respondent.

                             ________________________


Justin M. Page, Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid, Minnesota Disability Law Center, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, for respondent/cross-appellant.

David D. Theisen, Deputy General Counsel, Sydnee N. Woods, Associate General
Counsel, Metropolitan Council, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for appellant/cross-respondent.

Mahesha P. Subbaraman, Subbaraman PLLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amici curiae
Public Record Media and The Minnesota Coalition on Government Information.

M. William O’Brien, Timothy J. Louris, Emily L. Marshall, Miller O’Brien Jensen, P.A.,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amicus curiae Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 1005.

                             _______________________


                                   SYLLABUS

      Under Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3 (2014), a passenger may access the video

recording of an incident on a public bus when he or she is an “individual subject of the


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data.”

         Affirmed as modified.

                                       OPINION

STRAS, Justice.

         This case requires us to determine whether, under the Minnesota Government Data

Practices Act (“Data Practices Act”), a Metro Transit passenger has the right to access a

video recording in Metro Transit’s possession that depicts the passenger. See Minn.

Stat. §§ 13.01-.90 (2014). The passenger in question, Robert Burks, requested access to

the recording of an exchange he had with a Metro Transit bus driver. After Metro Transit,

a division of Metropolitan Council, denied Burks’s request, he filed a complaint in district

court. The district court granted relief to Burks, concluding that he was entitled to access

the recording because it is public data under the Data Practices Act. The court of appeals

affirmed. Burks v. Metro. Council, No. A14-1651, 2015 WL 5194631, at *1 (Minn. App.

Sept. 8, 2015). Because Burks is entitled to access the video recording as an “individual

subject of the data,” see Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3, we affirm.

                                              I.

         Certain Metro Transit buses, including the one involved in this case, are equipped

with a digital-recording system. The system captures images and sounds from five cameras

located throughout the bus. The video is stored on a hard drive, which can hold up to 330

hours of video before the system automatically records over the data, starting with the

oldest data. If Metro Transit wants to retain a certain recording for a longer period, a Metro

Transit employee has to download the recording from the hard drive on the bus and place

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it onto a DVD before the system erases it.

       Robert Burks, who is blind, seeks the video recording of an exchange he had with a

Metro Transit bus driver on November 15, 2013. According to Burks’s complaint, the bus

driver and Burks argued when Burks allegedly had difficulty boarding a Metro Transit bus

because of various objects in his way. After the bus driver called for assistance, two Metro

Transit officers arrived and escorted Burks from the bus. Burks was not issued a ticket or

charged with a crime. After a brief delay, the officers permitted Burks to board the next

bus along his chosen route.

       Later that same day, Burks called Metro Transit and left a message on its complaint

line regarding his dissatisfaction with the bus driver’s actions. Metro Transit never

responded to the complaint. Just 17 days later, on December 2, 2013, Burks, through his

attorney, sent a letter to Metro Transit requesting a copy of the video recording of the

incident. On January 7, 2014, Metro Transit informed Burks that it would not release the

recording to him without a court order because it considered the recording to be “private

personnel data on the driver.”

       Burks filed a complaint in district court in which he requested, among other relief,

that the court require Metro Transit to release the video recording to him. After considering

the parties’ respective motions for summary judgment, the court determined that the

recording is public data under the Data Practices Act and ordered Metro Transit to release

a copy of it to Burks. In an unpublished opinion, the court of appeals affirmed the district

court’s decision. Burks, 2015 WL 5194631, at *1. The court of appeals relied on its

decision in a related case, KSTP-TV v. Metro Transit, 868 N.W.2d 920, 920-21 (Minn.

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App. 2015), in which it had held that video recordings from public buses are public data,

not private personnel data under Minn. Stat. § 13.43. Burks, 2015 WL 5194631, at *1.

         We granted Metropolitan Council’s petition for review on the question of whether

the recording is private personnel data under the Data Practices Act. We also granted the

petition for conditional cross-review, in which Burks argues that he must be given access

to the recording as a “subject” of the data under Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3, or, in the

alternative, because the district court ordered Metro Transit to release the recording under

Minn. Stat. § 13.43, subd. 4.

                                              II.

         The parties present a number of issues for our review, but one of the arguments in

Burks’s petition for conditional cross-review fully resolves the case. Specifically, Burks

argues that, under Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3, he is entitled to access the recording, which

is currently in the possession of Metro Transit, because he is an “individual subject of the

data.”

         As we hold in a companion case, Metro Transit, as a division of Metropolitan

Council, must comply with the requirements of the Data Practices Act. KSTP-TV v. Metro.

Council, ___ N.W.2d ___, No. A14-1957, slip op. at __ (Minn. Aug. 24, 2016). One

requirement imposed by the Data Practices Act is that government entities, including Metro

Transit, have a statutory obligation to provide copies of “private or public data upon request

by the individual subject of the data.” Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3. In addition to the duty

imposed on the government entity to provide copies, the Data Practices Act also creates an

explicit right of access in favor of the individual subject of the data. See id. (“[A]n

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individual who is the subject of stored private or public data on individuals shall be shown

the data without any charge.”); see also Wiegel v. City of St. Paul, 639 N.W.2d 378, 385

(Minn. 2002) (citing Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3, for the proposition that “the individual

subjects of private data on individuals are entitled to access to such data as a matter of right

upon request”).

       Burks has satisfied each of the prerequisites in Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3, for

access to the recording. First, Burks made a “request to a responsible authority or

designee” when his attorney sent a letter to Metro Transit that requested a copy of the

recording. Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3. Second, the request was to access “private or

public data.” Id. It is irrelevant whether the recording in question is public data, as Burks

argues, or private personnel data, as Metropolitan Council claims, because the right of

access granted to the individual subject of the data extends to both public and private data.

Third, the private or public data is currently “stored” by Metro Transit. Id. Fourth, as the

district court explicitly found, Burks is an “individual subject of the data.”               Id.

Metropolitan Council does not dispute this finding.

       Rather, Metropolitan Council contends that Burks is not the only subject of the data,

as the bus driver, who is also identifiable in the recording, is also a subject of the data.

According to Metropolitan Council, the privacy rights of the bus driver trump Burks’s

statutory right of access to the video. We disagree with Metropolitan Council’s position.

       The statute in question confers the right of access to an individual “who is the

subject of stored private or public data on individuals,” which, when read in isolation, could

be interpreted as limited in application to data on a single individual. See id. (emphasis

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added). As we have observed, “[t]he definite article ‘the’ is a word of limitation that

indicates a reference to a specific object.” State v. Hohenwald, 815 N.W.2d 823, 830

(Minn. 2012). The specific object to which “the” refers is “subject,” which arguably

supports Metropolitan Council’s interpretation that an individual must be the only subject

of the data for the right of access to apply.

       The other part of the sentence governing the right of access, however, refutes

Metropolitan Council’s interpretation. Although the statute confers the right of access to

the individual subject of the data, the right itself is to access “stored private or public data

on individuals.” Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3 (emphasis added). The use of the plural

“individuals” indicates that the data to which the right is subject may contain more than a

single subject. See Laase v. 2007 Chevrolet Tahoe, 776 N.W.2d 431, 435-36 (Minn. 2009)

(applying the canon that “the singular includes the plural; and the plural, the singular”).

Indeed, “data on individuals” means

       data in which any individual is or can be identified as the subject of that data,
       unless the appearance of the name or other identifying data can be clearly
       demonstrated to be only incidental to the data and the data are not accessed
       by the name or other identifying data of any individual.

Minn. Stat. § 13.02, subd. 5. According to this definition, so long as at least one individual

is identifiable as a subject, it does not matter that other individuals may be identifiable as

well. Therefore, the phrase “data on individuals” clearly contemplates data in which

multiple individuals may be identifiable as subjects.

       Accordingly, the Minnesota Data Practices Act confers a right of access to stored

private or public data on an individual if he or she “is or can be identified as the subject of


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th[e] data.” Minn. Stat. § 13.02, subd. 5. The right extends to “the individual subject”—

that is, the identifiable individual—even if the data in question identifies other individuals.

Because Burks satisfies each of the prerequisites for access to the video recording, see

Minn. Stat. § 13.04, subd. 3, he is entitled to access the recording regardless of whether it

is private personnel data under Minn. Stat. § 13.43.

                                             III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals.

       Affirmed as modified.

       HUDSON, CHUTICH, JJ., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.




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