                 United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 16-2783
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                             Rocky Thomas Mayfield

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of North Dakota - Bismarck
                                   ____________

                          Submitted: December 16, 2016
                             Filed: January 27, 2017
                                  [Unpublished]
                                 ____________

Before KELLY and MURPHY, Circuit Judges, and MAGNUSON,1 District Judge.
                          ____________

PER CURIAM.

      Rocky Thomas Mayfield was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to distribute
and possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine, two counts of possession with


      1
      The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
intent to distribute methamphetamine, and one count of being a felon in possession
of a firearm. The district court2 sentenced Mayfield to 240 months on each of the
drug charges and 120 months on the firearm conviction, all sentences to run
concurrent. Mayfield appeals, arguing the district court erred when it denied his
motion to suppress evidence seized as a result of a vehicle search and a search of a
hotel room. Finding no error, we affirm.

                                   I. Background

      In February 2015, Rocky Mayfield was riding in a car in Berthold, North
Dakota, in the middle of the day. The car caught the attention of Officer Allen
Schmidt, the Chief of Police of the Berthold Police Department, because it did not
have a front license plate. As Officer Schmidt followed the car, he noticed that the
vehicle also had no rear license plate and saw the car cross the center dividing line.
Based on these infractions, Officer Schmidt initiated a traffic stop.3

        The driver of the car was Tina Ganley. Oscar Delgado was seated in the front
passenger seat, and Mayfield was seated in the back passenger seat. Officer Schmidt
testified at a hearing on Mayfield’s motion to suppress that he noticed Mayfield
“moving around furtively in the backseat” as Schmidt approached the car. Officer
Schmidt testified that when he reached the driver’s side window and bent down to
talk to Ganley, he “immediately noticed an odor of marijuana coming from the
vehicle.” Due to the smell of marijuana and his observation that Ganley was
unusually nervous and had dilated pupils, Officer Schmidt—who had been trained in


      2
        The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the District of North Dakota.
      3
        Mayfield does not challenge the validity of the initial stop. See United States
v. Bell, 86 F.3d 820, 822 (8th Cir. 1996) (“[A]ny traffic violation, even a minor one,
gives an officer probable cause to stop the violator.”).

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narcotics detection—suspected Ganley was under the influence of drugs. He
retrieved identification from each person in the car and checked for outstanding
warrants. He found none.

       Officer Schmidt returned to the car and removed Ganley, who became verbally
aggressive and agitated, bolstering Officer Schmidt’s belief that she may be under the
influence of narcotics. While speaking to Ganley at the rear of the vehicle, Officer
Schmidt noticed Mayfield, still in the back passenger seat, “was bending down
towards the floor and moving around quite a lot,” which made Officer Schmidt
suspicious and concerned for his safety. Officer Schmidt removed both men from the
vehicle and performed an over-the-clothes pat-down on each. Upon detecting “very
large bulges” in Mayfield’s pockets, Officer Schmidt discovered approximately
$19,000 in cash on Mayfield’s person. Officer Schmidt then placed both Mayfield
and Delgado in the back seat of his squad car. Though he determined that it was too
cold and windy to allow Ganley to remain outside, Officer Schmidt had no further
space in his squad car. He therefore ensured that Ganley had no weapons on her
person, conducted a quick search of the car she had been driving, and placed her in
its back seat. Officer Schmidt read Ganley her Miranda rights and proceeded to
search the vehicle with Ganley sitting in the back seat. During this search, Officer
Schmidt discovered approximately one pound of what was later determined to be
methamphetamine, packaged in multiple bags. Officer Schmidt arrested all three of
the vehicle’s occupants. Ganley, Delgado, and Mayfield were transported to the jail,
where Delgado was interviewed by Task Force Officer Jace Gaulke.

       At the suppression hearing, Officer Schmidt testified that he smelled the odor
of marijuana as soon as he leaned down to talk with Ganley, and that when Ganley
was in the back seat of the car, she said “marijuana was consumed right before they
got in the vehicle.” Delgado also testified at the suppression hearing4 that he had

      4
       Delgado’s testimony at the suppression hearing differed from his trial
testimony with respect to the details of precisely when and where he smoked the
marijuana and what clothing he was wearing when he did so.

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smoked marijuana before getting in the car that morning. Testimony at the
suppression hearing established that neither Delgado nor Ganley told Officer Schmidt
that anyone had smoked marijuana inside the vehicle on the morning the group was
stopped. Officer Gaulke also testified at the hearing, and he said he did not smell
marijuana on Delgado during the interview at the jail. However, Delgado did tell
Officer Gaulke that there were ten pounds of methamphetamine and a small amount
of marijuana at a nearby Days Inn Hotel. Officers obtained a search warrant for the
indicated hotel room.       Upon executing the warrant, officers discovered
methamphetamine, marijuana, drug paraphernalia, and a firearm.

       Mayfield moved to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the vehicle
search and the search of the hotel room. Mayfield argued that, while the initial traffic
stop was valid, Officer Schmidt lacked probable cause to search the vehicle because
Officer Schmidt’s testimony that he smelled marijuana was not credible. The district
court denied Mayfield’s motion to suppress, finding Officer Schmidt’s testimony
regarding his concerns for his safety and his detection of the odor of marijuana
sufficient to support probable cause to search the vehicle.

                                    II. Discussion

      In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we review legal conclusions
de novo and factual findings for clear error. United States v. Zamora-Lopez, 685
F.3d 787, 789 (8th Cir. 2012). We “will affirm the district court’s denial of a motion
to suppress evidence unless it is unsupported by substantial evidence, based on an
erroneous interpretation of applicable law, or, based on the entire record, it is clear
a mistake was made.” United States v. Hogan, 539 F.3d 916, 921 (8th Cir. 2008)
(quoting United States v. Annis, 446 F.3d 852, 855 (8th Cir. 2006)).

      The parties agree that the odor of marijuana emanating from a vehicle provides
probable cause to search the vehicle pursuant to the automobile exception to the

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Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of warrantless searches and seizures. See, e.g.,
United States v. Peltier, 217 F.3d 608, 610 (8th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he smell of marijuana
gave the deputy probable cause to search Peltier’s truck for drugs.”); United States
v. Neumann, 183 F.3d 753, 756 (8th Cir. 1999) (noting officer’s experience in drug
and alcohol detection in finding officer had probable cause to search the defendant’s
vehicle for an open container based on the defendant’s breath and demeanor). Officer
Schmidt testified that he smelled marijuana emanating from the vehicle. Therefore,
the determination as to whether Officer Schmidt had probable cause to search the
vehicle turns on whether the district court erred in finding Officer Schmidt’s
testimony credible.

        “The assessment of a witness’s credibility is the province of the trial court.”
United States v. Heath, 58 F.3d 1271, 1275 (8th Cir. 1995). “The district court’s
findings regarding witness credibility ‘are entitled to particularly great deference,’
and [typically] are ‘virtually unreviewable on appeal.’” United States v. Wright, 739
F.3d 1160, 1166–67 (8th Cir. 2014) (internal citations omitted). Mayfield argues this
is the unusual case of error, asserting Schmidt’s testimony is not credible because he
gave conflicting statements regarding the circumstances surrounding the traffic stop
and because extrinsic evidence contradicts Schmidt’s testimony. See Heath, 58 F.3d
at 1275 (explaining that a district court’s determination that a witness’s testimony is
credible “can almost never be a clear error unless there is extrinsic evidence that
contradicts the witness’s story or the story is so internally inconsistent or implausible
on its face that a reasonable fact-finder would not credit it”).

      Mayfield highlights several inconsistencies between Officer Schmidt’s
testimony and other statements and reports he made about the case. In particular,
Mayfield argues that Officer Schmidt’s testimony with respect to when he called for
back up conflicted with a statement he gave reporters a day or so after the stop.
Mayfield also asserts that Officer Schmidt’s explanations as to why he failed to
confiscate Delgaldo’s and Mayfield’s cellular phones before putting them in the

                                          -5-
squad car and failed to perform any sobriety tests on Ganley are sufficiently
questionable to render his testimony generally unreliable. Mayfield is also of the
view that Schmidt’s actions during the traffic stop do not comport with his purported
fear for his safety. As for extrinsic contradictory evidence, Mayfield points to the fact
that Officer Gaulke did not smell marijuana on Delgado during the interview. He
asserts that Gaulke’s inability to smell marijuana during the interview—in confined
closed quarters—indicates that Officer Schmidt could not have smelled marijuana in
the cold open air on a windy day.

       Yet Officer Schmidt testified that he immediately smelled marijuana when he
bent down to speak with Ganley, meaning that Officer Schmidt was very close to the
open window of the vehicle at the time he detected the odor of marijuana. And
Ganley told Schmidt that “marijuana was consumed” earlier in the day. Moreover,
Schmidt’s testimony regarding the odor of marijuana is supported, not contradicted,
by Delgado’s admission that he had smoked marijuana that morning and the fact that
marijuana was found in the hotel room where Delgado said it would be. The district
court recognized some discrepancies in Officer Schmidt’s testimony, but found those
discrepancies did not affect whether Schmidt credibly testified that he smelled
marijuana emanating from the car, which Mayfield concedes is sufficient to support
a finding of probable cause. We treat the district court’s determination that Officer
Schmidt was credible with “particularly great deference,” Wright, 739 F.3d at
1166–67 (internal quotation omitted), and find that this determination was not so
clearly erroneous or contrary to external evidence that a reasonable fact-finder would
not credit it.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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