
698 F.Supp.2d 436 (2010)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF the OFFICE OF VERMONT HEALTH ACCESS o/b/o Francis CAREY, Plaintiff,
v.
Kathleen SEBELIUS, Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services,[1] Defendant.
Case No. 2:08-CV-168.
United States District Court, D. Vermont.
March 15, 2010.
*438 Jacob S. Speidel, Esq., Vermont Legal Aid, Inc., Springfield, VT, for Plaintiff.
Kevin J. Doyle, AUSA, United States Attorney's Office, Burlington, VT, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
WILLIAM K. SESSIONS III, Chief Judge.
The Office of Vermont Health Access ("OVHA"), on behalf of Francis Carey, sought review of the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services' decision denying Carey Medicare Part A home health care coverage for intermittent skilled nursing services rendered from November 14, 2003 through March 2, 2005. The United States Magistrate Judge found the Administrative Law Judge's affirmation of the Secretary's decision to deny reimbursement for the medicare claims was contrary to law and unsupported by substantial evidence. The Magistrate Judge recommended that OVHA's motion to reverse be granted, and the Secretary's motion to affirm be denied, and the matter be remanded for further proceedings. For the reasons below, the Court adopts the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation with a clarification that a Physician's Certification does not equate to an opinion. Rather, the certification is a relevant factor to be assessed in conjunction with the entire record. The Certification in this case was explained and supported by the entire record and in that context should have been afforded substantial weight.

I. Factual Background
The Magistrate Judges' Report and Recommendation described the factual background in detail, familiarity with which is assumed. The Rutland Area Visiting Nurse Association ("RAVNA") provided home health services to Carey from November 14, 2003 through March 2, 2005. RAVNA submitted multiple claims to Associated Hospital Services ("AHS", Medicare's fiscal intermediary) for reimbursement for these services. These claims were denied. OVHA, acting as Carey's subrogee, filed requests with AHS for a redetermination of the denial. AHS denied these requests between January 13, 2006 and May 2, 2006 on the grounds that the services provided were not medically reasonable and necessary.
OVHA sought reconsideration from MAXIMUS Federal Services (a Medicare qualified independent contractor). MAXIMUS affirmed the denial of coverage between August 30, 2006 and September 6, 2006. OVHA then requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ"). On June 7, 2007, the ALJ determined that OVHA was not entitled to reimbursement, finding that the home health *439 services provided to Carey were not reasonable and necessary for the treatment of Carey's conditions. OVHA requested that the Medicare Appeals Council ("MAC") review the ALJ decision, and on June 18, 2008 MAC adopted the ALJ decision. Having exhausted all administrative remedies, OVHA filed a Complaint against the Secretary on August 15, 2008.
Treatment notes for the relevant time period (November 2003-March 2005) report that Carey was 81 years old, diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, ulcerative colitis, and vascular insufficiency of the intestine. Carey was incontinent, and had a colostomy, a history of seizures, poor endurance, impaired vision and hearing, experienced difficulties with chewing and swallowing, and had memory loss to the point of requiring supervision. Carey required assistance on a daily basis, and was on approximately eight different medications.
Nurse notes indicate that during this time period Carey had issues with his colostomy, an incidence of probable seizure, pneumonia, and overall declining health. Daily living assistance was provided by a private, non-skilled caregiver, and RAVNA provided one home health nursing visit and multiple home health aide visits during each respective service period between November 14, 2003 and March 2, 2005. These RAVNA visits were documented with an Outcome and Assessment Information Set ("OASIS").
Dr. Jeffrey Wulfman, Carey's treating physician during this time period, determined that Carey needed intermittent skilled nursing services. Dr. Wulfman executed Home Health Certifications and Plans of Care (hereinafter Certifications) within two weeks of the beginning date of each service period. He certified that Carey was under his care and that Carey required skilled nursing care. These Certifications were based on RAVNA's Clinical Summaries for Recertification and the OASIS Assessments for each respective period. The Certifications and Plans of Care contain personal information that is specific to Carey's condition and needs. Medical records indicate that Dr. Wulfman did personally see Carey during the service periods and that no other Doctor other than Dr. Wulfman opined on Carey's condition. Dr. Wulfman also prepared a retrospective Physician's Report.

II. Discussion
Under Johnson v. Bowen, 817 F.2d 983, 985 (2d Cir.1987), the Secretary's determination of whether services are reasonable and necessary under the Medicare Act must be based on substantial evidence and be in accordance with correct legal principles. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). "Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Gartmann v. Sec'y of United States Dept. of Health & Human Servs., 633 F.Supp. 671, 679 (E.D.N.Y.1986). "In determining whether substantial evidence exists the reviewing court analyzes the record as a whole." Bodnar v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 903 F.2d 122, 126 (2d Cir.1990). While the reviewing court must defer to the Secretary's supported findings of fact, it "is not bound by the Secretary's conclusions or interpretations of law, or an application of an incorrect legal standard." Gartmann, 633 F.Supp. at 679. And thus "before the insulation of the substantial evidence test comes into play, it must first be determined that the facts of a particular case have been evaluated in light of correct legal standards." Id. at 680.
The Medicare Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395 et seq., establishes the federal program of health insurance for the elderly. Connecticut Dept. of Social Servs. v. Leavitt, *440 428 F.3d 138, 141 (2d Cir.2005). Under the program, claimants hold the burden of proving entitlement to Medicare benefits. Friedman v. Sec'y of Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 819 F.2d 42, 45 (2d Cir.1987). And while physician's certification of the necessary 42 U.S.C. § 1395n(a)(2)(A) facts does not bind the Secretary to a finding of eligibility, Bodnar, 903 F.2d at 125, the remedial purpose of the Medicare Act does require that the Act be broadly construed. Gartmann, 633 F.Supp. at 679.
"The Medicare Statute unambiguously vests final authority in the Secretary. . . to determine whether a service is reasonable and necessary, and thus whether reimbursement for services should be made." Bodnar, 903 F.2d at 125 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a); Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U.S. 602, 617, 104 S.Ct. 2013, 80 L.Ed.2d 622 (1984)). Under 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(a)(1)(A) the Secretary may not provide reimbursement for services that are "not reasonable and necessary for diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury." New York ex rel Holland v. Sullivan, 927 F.2d 57, 58-59 (2d Cir.1991).
Home health care services reimbursement is contingent on showing that the claimant meets the requirements of 42 C.F.R. § 409.42(a)-(d). The disputed issue in Carey's case was whether he required intermittent skilled services in satisfaction of part (c)(1). OVHA argued Carey qualified for coverage and that the Secretary's denial of coverage was not supported by substantial evidence and violated Medicare laws and regulations. OVHA specifically argued that the Secretary erred in her finding that the services were "custodial" in nature, that Carey was clinically stable during the service periods, and that Carey's non-skilled caregiver adequately cared for Carey.
The ALJ determined that the home health services provided to Carey were not reasonable and necessary and thus were not covered by Medicare A. The ALJ noted Carey's medical history and existing conditions, but concluded that care could have been and was provided safely and effectively by non-skilled individuals. The ALJ gave minimal weight to Dr. Wulfman's Certification and Physician's Report.
The Magistrate Judge recommended remanding for further proceedings. He found the ALJ erred in her application of the law with respect to its treatment of
(a) the Certifications and Report of Dr. Wulfman;
(b) the stability of Carey's medical condition during the relevant period; and
(c) the care provided by Carey's private, non-skilled caregiver.

A. Treating Physician's Opinion
The Magistrate Judge first concluded that the ALJ erred in the assessment of Dr. Wulfman's Certifications and his retrospective Report. Dr. Wulfman certified that Carey was under his care and that Carey required skilled nursing services. Dr. Wulfman also prepared a retrospective Physician's Report where he reported treating Carey for various conditions and stated that Carey "needed very intense daily care." However, the ALJ did not mention Dr. Wulfman's Certifications in her written decision, and mentioned the Report only to state that it constituted non-clinical evidence that was prepared after the dates of service at issue, and thus assigned it minimal probative value.
In finding error in the ALJ's treatment of the Certifications and the Report, the Magistrate Judge did not adopt the treating physician's rule. The Magistrate Judge acknowledged that the Second Circuit has left to the Secretary the initial determination of the weight to be given to a treating physician's opinion in Medicare coverage determinations. New York ex. *441 rel Stein v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 924 F.2d 431, 433-34 (2d Cir.1991). Further, the Magistrate Judge stated that the Second Circuit has not explicitly decided whether the treating physician rule applies in Medicare cases. Kaplan v. Leavitt, 503 F.Supp.2d 718, 723 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (citing Keefe v. Shalala, 71 F.3d 1060, 1064 (2d Cir.1995)).
The Magistrate Judge noted, however, that the Second Circuit has indicated that there is a possibility that some version of the treating physician rule could apply. "[T]hough the considerations bearing on the weight to be accorded a treating physician's opinion are not necessarily identical in the disability and Medicare contexts, we would expect the Secretary to place significant reliance on the informed opinion of a treating physician and either to apply the treating physician rule, with its component of "some extra weight" to be accorded that opinion, . . . or to supply a reasoned basis, in conformity with statutory purposes, for declining to do so." Holland, 927 F.2d at 60 (quoting Schisler v. Bowen ("Schisler II"), 851 F.2d 43, 47 (2d Cir.1988)). In Dennis v. Shalala the Court stated that "although the treating physician rule . . . had not yet been extended to determinations of Medicare Part A benefits, the Secretary should still attach significance to the `detailed and current opinion of a treating physician.'" No. 5-92-CV-210, 1994 WL 708166, at *3 (D.Vt. Mar. 4, 1994). Thus, caselaw requires ALJs to give some extra weight to a treating physician's opinion, or supply a reasoned basis for declining to do so. Bergeron v. Shalala, 855 F.Supp. 665, 668 (D.Vt. Apr. 5, 1994).
The Secretary principally objects to the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation on the grounds that he treated the Certifications as opinions and thus placed undue emphasis on Dr. Wulfman's Certifications. The Secretary asserts that the Magistrate Judge erred in concluding that the ALJ should have given "extra weight" to the Certifications or supplied a reason for declining to do so.
The Magistrate Judge determined that the ALJ had failed to consider and give adequate weight to the Certifications, the Report, and the medical record taken together. The Magistrate Judge did not find that certifications are equivalent to a treating physician's opinion, but instead concluded that certifications are a relevant part of the factual record when determining coverage. This Court agrees. In this case, the Certifications, Report, and medical record collectively reflect the doctor's sentiment that the services provided were reasonable and necessary. The ALJ failed to give "extra weight" to these components of the record that reflect Dr. Wulfman's contemporaneous or retrospective opinions and failed to supply the necessary reasoned basis for not doing so.
The Certifications state that Dr. Wulfman was certifying that Carey was a patient under his care. Records also indicate that Dr. Wulfman did see Carey during the service period and the record reflects that no other doctor reported conflicting evidence on Carey's condition. And, while the OASIS assessments consist largely of boxes to be checked, the Clinical Summaries for Re-certification and the Certifications and Plans of Care contained information that was personal and specific to Carey's health conditions. Additionally, the nurses' notes and OASIS assessments support Dr. Wulfman's Certifications that a nurse was required to oversee and monitor Carey's care plan. The treating nurses noted a decline in Carey's overall condition during the service periods. The ALJ failed to mention this evidence in the administrative hearing and her written decision.
*442 Cardinal v. Thompson, No. 2:00-CV-349 (D.Vt. Oct. 26, 2001), a case cited by the Secretary, is clearly distinguishable. In Cardinal the treating physician checked a box indicating that it was difficult for the claimant to spend time out of the home. Id. at *12. The Appeals Council and the ALJ declined to give controlling weight to this Certification. Id. "This Court found that the Appeals Council acted properly, given the fact that the physician provided no explanation or basis for his conclusion, and there was contrary evidence in the record." Id. at **12-13. In this case Carey's certified plan of care was specifically tailored to him and there was no evidence on the record contrary to Dr. Wulfman's Certifications and Report. In this context the ALJ failed to give sufficient weight to Dr. Wulfman's Certifications and Report.

B. The ALJ Assessment of Carey's Condition
The Magistrate Judge determined that the ALJ improperly relied upon her own independent opinion regarding whether skilled services were needed, based on her ex post facto interpretation of Carey's vital signs during the service period. An ALJ cannot substitute his or her own unsupported judgment for that of a physician. Kertesz v. Crescent Hills Coal Co., 788 F.2d 158, 163 (3d Cir.1986). Inconsistent with the record, the ALJ decision stated that Carey's colostomy site was healthy, his vital signs were normal, his treatment regimen was static, and no complications arose proximate to the date of service at issue. The ALJ's characterization of Carey's condition as "clinically stable" is not supported by substantial evidence, and the ALJ's statements that "no complications arose" and that the colostomy site was "healthy" contradict the record. This Court has held that "the fact that skilled care has stabilized a claimant's health does not render that level of care unnecessary." Bergeron v. Shalala, 855 F.Supp. 665, 669 (D.Vt.1994) (quoting Folland, 1992 WL 295230 at *7). Thus, it was improper for the ALJ to apply a retrospective analysis to the question of Carey's stability. Folland, 1992 WL 295230 at *7.

C. ALJ's Reliance on Non-Skilled Caregiver's Provision of Services to Claimant
The ALJ found Carey did not "require" skilled services, since a non-skilled caregiver adequately cared for Carey during service periods. The Second Circuit has held that in determining whether a Medicare claimant requires skilled nursing care (rather than "custodial care") the decision should rest on "a common sense, non-technical consideration of the patient's condition as a whole." Friedman v. Sec'y of Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 819 F.2d 42, 45 (2d Cir.1987). Further, the Social Security Act is to be liberally construed in favor of beneficiaries. Id. The Magistrate Judge found that rather than looking at Carey's condition as a whole, the ALJ improperly focused on the individual services provided by a non-skilled caregiver.
Under the Secretary's regulations, to qualify as a skilled service, it "must be so inherently complex that it can be safely and effectively performed only by, or under the supervision of, professional or technical personnel." 42 C.F.R. § 409.32(a). The Magistrate Judge notes that a patient whose condition does not ordinarily require skilled services, may require skilled services due to special medical complications. 42 C.F.R. § 409.32(b); Sawyer v. Sullivan, No. 90-62, 1991 WL 350049, at *3 (D.Vt. Apr. 17, 1991). Also, "the fact that a skilled nursing service can be or is taught to the beneficiary or to the beneficiary's family or friends does not negate the skilled aspect of the service *443 when performed by the nurse." 42 C.F.R. § 409.44(b)(1)(iii). The overall management and evaluation of a patient's treatment plan can also be a skilled service. 42 C.F.R. § 409.33(a)(1); Colton v. Sec'y of HHS, 1991 WL 350050, at *5 (D.Vt. Jan. 30, 1992). The Second Circuit had stated the "[o]verall management and evaluation of a care plan may be considered a skilled service, and the aggregate of services provided by nonprofessionals may require the involvement of technical or professional personnel to evaluate and manage their provision." Hurley v. Bowen, 857 F.2d 907, 911 (2d Cir.1988).
The record demonstrates that in accordance with Dr. Wulfman's Certifications and Plans of Care, a nurse managed and evaluated Carey's care. The ALJ improperly focused on the individual services provided by a non-skilled caregiver rather than Carey's condition as a whole. The nurse's role in managing and evaluating care given to Carey was vital, and the ALJ's failure to consider that function was in error.
The Report and Recommendation of the United States Magistrate Judge was filed December 14, 2009. Defendant's objection was filed December 30, 2009 with a response to the objection filed by Plaintiff on January 16, 2010.
A district judge must make a de novo determination of those portions of a magistrate judge's report and recommendation to which an objection is made. Fed. R.Civ.P. 72(b); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Perez-Rubio v. Wyckoff, 718 F.Supp. 217, 227 (S.D.N.Y.1989). The district judge may "accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the magistrate's proposed findings and recommendations." Id.
After careful review of the file, the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation and the objections, this Court ADOPTS the Magistrate Judge's recommendations in full.
The plaintiff's motion for order reversing the Secretary's Decision (Paper 11) is GRANTED. The defendant's motion for order affirming decision of HHS (Paper 17) is DENIED. This matter is remanded for further proceedings.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

(Docs. 11 and 17)
JOHN M. CONROY, United States Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiff Executive Director of the Office of Vermont Health Access ("OVHA"), on behalf of Francis Carey,[2] brings this action against Defendant Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services ("Secretary"), pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) and 1395ff(b)(1) and 42 C.F.R. § 405.730, seeking review of the Secretary's decision denying Carey Medicare Part A home health care coverage for intermittent skilled nursing services provided to him from November 14, 2003 through March 2, 2005. Pending before the Court are OVHA's Motion seeking an order reversing the Secretary's decision (Doc. 11), and the Secretary's Motion seeking an order affirming the same (Doc. 17).
For the reasons explained below, I recommend that Carey's Motion (Doc. 11) be GRANTED, that the Secretary's Motion *444 (Doc. 17) be DENIED, and that the matter be REMANDED for further proceedings.

Background

I. Procedural History
Carey received home health services from the Rutland Area Visiting Nurse Association ("RAVNA") from November 14, 2003 through March 2, 2005. More specifically, he received one home health nursing visit and multiple home health aide visits during each of the following consecutive service periods: November 14, 2003 through January 12, 2004; January 13, 2004 through March 12, 2004; March 13, 2004 through May 11, 2004; May 12, 2004 through July 10, 2004; July 11, 2004 through September 8, 2004; September 9, 2004 through November 1, 2004; November 3, 2004 through January 1, 2005; and January 2, 2005 through March 2, 2005. RAVNA submitted multiple claims to Medicare's contracted fiscal intermediary, Associated Hospital Service ("AHS"), for reimbursement for these services, which claims were denied between February 2, 2005 and December 1, 2005.
OVHA asserted itself as Carey's subrogee, and filed requests for redetermination of the denial of coverage for the home health services provided to Carey. Between January 13, 2006 and May 2, 2006, AHS denied these requests, issuing unfavorable redeterminations on the grounds that the services provided were not medically reasonable and necessary. OVHA requested reconsideration from a Medicare qualified independent contractor, MAXIMUS Federal Services, which issued unfavorable determinations between August 30, 2006 and September 6, 2006.
OVHA timely requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ"), which occurred via video teleconference on May 23, 2007. (Administrative Record ("AR") 21, 2724-71.) On June 7, 2007, the ALJ issued a decision finding that the home health services provided to Carey were not reasonable and necessary for treatment of Carey's condition(s), and thus OVHA was not entitled to reimbursement for those services. (AR 20-29.) OVHA requested review of the ALJ decision, and on June 18, 2008, the Medicare Appeals Council ("MAC") adopted the ALJ's decision. (AR 3-8.)
On August 15, 2008, having exhausted all administrative remedies, OVHA filed a Complaint against the Secretary, initiating this action.

II. Medical History
Contemporaneous treatment notes from November 2003 through March 2005 reflect that, during the relevant time period, Carey was approximately 81 years old, and diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, ulcerative colitis,[3] and vascular insufficiency of the intestine. (See, e.g., AR 241, 244, 246, 267, 272, 585, 587, 614, 955, 981, 1287, 1289, 1992, 1315, 1623, 1649, 2291, 2315, 2603, 2605, 2632.) Additionally, Carey was incontinent, had a colostomy,[4] and had a history of seizures. (Id.) Carey had poor endurance, impaired vision and hearing, and difficulties with chewing and swallowing. (Id.) He walked with an unsteady and abnormal gait necessitating the use of a *445 cane, and required assistance to care for himself on a daily basis. (Id.) Medical professionals described Carey's mental condition as being disoriented, confused, and cognitively impaired; and the records indicate that Carey had mental retardation, memory loss to the point of requiring supervision, and impaired decision-making abilities. (Id.) Given all these medical issues, Carey was prescribed approximately eight different medications from November 2003 through March 2005. (See, e.g., AR 432, ¶ 8.)
Carey's treating physician during the relevant time period was Dr. Jeffrey Wulfman. (AR 188-91, 1992.) In November 2003, nurse notes indicate that the skin around Carey's colostomy stoma was red, and that he had a "red rash." (AR 255.) Nurse notes from October 2004 indicate that, on October 16, 2004, Carey was brought to the ER for a "probable seizure," and that, on October 25, 2004, Dr. Wulfman diagnosed Carey with pneumonia and prescribed a new medication. (AR 1992.) The nurse notes from October 2004 further indicate that, in the days following the pneumonia diagnosis, Carey had increased weakness, poor appetite, poor fluid intake, and poor skin tone. (Id.) Soon after the pneumonia diagnosis, in November 2004, Dr. Wulfman diagnosed Carey with dysphagia[5] and weight loss, and altered his medications. (AR 2285-89.)
Given Carey's mental and physical deficiencies, as well as his "intricate oral drug regimen," he required significant assistance in daily living, and was unable to leave his home except with the assistance of another individual or the aid of a supportive device. (AR 27.) Thus, Carey resided with a private, non-skilled caregiver, who assisted him with personal grooming, housekeeping, and managing his colostomy, among other things. (AR 246, 250, 272.) In addition, as noted above, RAVNA provided one home health nursing visit and multiple home health aide visits during each respective service period from November 14, 2003 through March 2, 2005. (See, e.g., AR 246-70, 272.) Each RAVNA visit was documented with an OASIS assessment.[6] (Id.)
Dr. Wulfman determined that Carey required intermittent skilled nursing services, and therefore executed "Home Health Certification[s] and Plan[s] of Care" (hereafter referred to as "Certifications") generally within approximately two weeks of the beginning date of each service period, starting in December 2003.[7] (AR 244, 585, 953, 1287, 1621, 1962, 2285, 2603.) These Certifications were based on *446 RAVNA's "Clinical Summar[ies] for Recertification" and attached OASIS Assessments for each respective period. (AR 246, 587, 955, 1289, 1623, 1965, 2605 (Clinical Summaries); AR 247-71, 589-613, 956-80, 1290-1314, 1624-48, 1967-90, 2290-2314, 2606-31 (OASIS Assessments).)

Standard of Review
Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, commonly known as the Medicare Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395 et seq., establishes the federal government's program of health insurance for the elderly. Connecticut Dept. of Soc. Servs. v. Leavitt, 428 F.3d 138, 141 (2d Cir.2005). The remedial purpose of the Medicare Act requires that it be broadly construed. Gartmann v. Sec'y of United States Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 633 F.Supp. 671, 679 (E.D.N.Y.1986), disagreed with on other grounds in New York ex rel. Bodnar v. Sec'y of Health and Human Servs., 903 F.2d 122, 125 (2d Cir.1990). "Care must be taken `not to disentitle old, chronically ill and basically helpless, bewildered and confused people . . . from the broad remedy which Congress intended to provide our senior citizens.'" Id. (quoting Ridgely v. Sec'y of Dep't of Health, Educ. and Welfare, 345 F.Supp. 983, 993 (D.Md.1972), aff'd, 475 F.2d 1222 (4th Cir.1973)). Nonetheless, claimants have the burden of proving their entitlement to Medicare benefits. Friedman v. Sec'y of Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 819 F.2d 42, 45 (2d Cir.1987).
Medicare has two parts, Parts A and B. Medicare Part A is automatic and premium-free; it provides reimbursement for inpatient hospital services, post-hospital extended care services, home health services, and hospice care. See McCreary v. Offner, 172 F.3d 76, 78 (D.C.Cir.1999) (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395c-i). Medicare Part B is a voluntary supplemental program that covers medical and other health care services. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395j-x. This dispute concerns payment for home health services, and specifically skilled nursing services, under Medicare Part A. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395d(a)(3).
The Medicare program is administered through private contractors by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS"), which is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"). 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395h, 1395u. The contractors (usually insurance companies) are responsible for making an initial determination on claims under Parts A or B on the basis of regulations and other policies articulated by the Secretary. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a)(1). Contractors responsible for making coverage determinations regarding skilled nursing services are referred to as "fiscal intermediaries." When a claim is filed, a fiscal intermediary, in this case Associated Hospital Service ("AHS"), makes an initial determination regarding whether to pay the claim on the basis of the information provided by the skilled nursing facility, in this case RAVNA. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a)(1); 42 C.F.R. § 405.904(a)(2). If the claimant is dissatisfied with the intermediary's initial determination, he or she is entitled to request a redetermination by the intermediary, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a)(3); 42 C.F.R. § 405.940, and then a redetermination by a qualified independent contractor ("QIC"), in this case Maximus Federal Services, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(c)(3)(B)(i); 42 C.F.R. § 405.968.
If the claimant is dissatisfied with the decision of the QIC, and the amount in controversy exceeds a certain threshold amount, the claimant may request a hearing before an ALJ. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(1); 42 C.F.R. §§ 405.1000, 405.1002. At that hearing, the claimant has an opportunity to submit new evidence, and, if the intermediary elects to participate in the hearing, the claimant *447 may conduct discovery. 42 C.F.R. §§ 405.1018, 405.1036, 405.1037. If the claimant is dissatisfied with the ALJ's decision, he or she may appeal the decision to the Medicare Appeals Council ("MAC"). 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(2); 42 C.F.R. §§ 405.902, 405.1100. Finally, the MAC issues a decision, which is subject to review in federal court, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1)(A); 42 C.F.R. §§ 405.1130, 405.1136, if the amount in controversy is at least $1,000, adjusted for inflation, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1)(E)(i); 42 C.F.R. § 405.1006(c).
The Medicare statute unambiguously vests final authority in the Secretary, and no one else, to determine whether reimbursement for services should be made. Bodnar, 903 F.2d at 125 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a); Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U.S. 602, 617, 104 S.Ct. 2013, 80 L.Ed.2d 622 (1984) ("The Secretary's decision as to whether a particular medical service is `reasonable and necessary' and the means by which she implements her decision . . . are clearly discretionary decisions.")). In evaluating a claim for payment, the Secretary must determine whether the relevant services satisfy the fundamental requirement of 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(a), which requires that the services be "reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury." 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(a)(1)(A); see New York ex rel. Holland v. Sullivan, 927 F.2d 57, 58-59 (2d Cir.1991). This statutory standard gives the Secretary "wide discretion" to determine whether the numerous medical services and items covered by Medicare are reasonable and necessary in particular circumstances. Willowood of Great Barrington, Inc. v. Sebelius, 638 F.Supp.2d 98, 105 (D.Mass.2009) (citing Goodman v. Sullivan, 891 F.2d 449, 450 (2d Cir.1989)).
To accomplish the task of administering the reasonable and necessary standard, the Secretary acts through formal regulations and informal program manuals. Willowood, 638 F.Supp.2d at 105. "In situations in which the meaning of regulatory language is not free from doubt, the reviewing court should give effect to the [Secretary's] interpretation so long as it is reasonable, that is, so long as the interpretation sensibly conforms to the purpose and wording of the regulations." Visiting Nurse Ass'n Gregoria Auffant, Inc. v. Thompson, 447 F.3d 68, 72-73 (1st Cir.2006) (citing Martin v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n, 499 U.S. 144, 150-51, 111 S.Ct. 1171, 113 L.Ed.2d 117 (1991) (internal citations and quotations omitted)). However, pronouncements in manuals like the Medicare Provider Reimbursement Manual ("PRM"), which do not have the force of law, are entitled to "less deference than an interpretation arrived at after a formal adjudication or notice-and-comment rulemaking." Visiting Nurse Ass'n Gregoria Auffant, 447 F.3d at 73 (citing Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 587, 120 S.Ct. 1655, 146 L.Ed.2d 621 (2000)).
Like the Commissioner's determination of whether a claimant is disabled under the Social Security Act, the Secretary's determination of whether services are reasonable and necessary under the Medicare Act must be based on substantial evidence and be in accordance with correct legal principles. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Johnson v. Bowen, 817 F.2d 983, 985 (2d Cir.1987). Substantial evidence is "`more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.'" Gartmann, 633 F.Supp. at 679 (quoting Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971)). In determining whether substantial evidence exists, the reviewing court analyzes the record as a whole, meaning that, "in assessing whether the evidence supporting the Secretary's position is substantial, *448 [courts] will not look at that evidence in isolation but rather will view it in light of other evidence that detracts from it." Bodnar, 903 F.2d at 126 (citing St. Elizabeth Cmty. Hosp. v. Heckler, 745 F.2d 587, 592 (9th Cir.1984)).
While the reviewing court must defer to the Secretary's supported findings of fact, it "is not bound by the Secretary's conclusions or interpretations of law, or an application of an incorrect legal standard." Gartmann, 633 F.Supp. at 679. Therefore, "`[b]efore the insulation of the substantial evidence test comes into play, it must first be determined that the facts of a particular case have been evaluated in light of correct legal standards.'" Id. at 680 (quoting Klofta v. Mathews, 418 F.Supp. 1139, 1142-44 (E.D.Wis.1976)); see Bergeron v. Shalala, 855 F.Supp. 665, 667 (D.Vt.1994).

ALJ Decision
As noted above, the ALJ determined that the home health services provided to Carey were not reasonable and necessary for treatment of Carey's conditions, and thus, they were not covered by Medicare. (AR 20-29.) In her decision, the ALJ acknowledged that Carey had "an extensive medical history, which included unspecified intestinal obstruction, Alzheimer's [disease], seizure disorder, vascular insufficiency of the intestines, ulcerative colitis, and impaired functional mobility." (AR 27.) The ALJ further noted that, through the dates of service, Carey was "home bound due to poor endurance, history of seizures, and dependence on mobility assistive equipment[,]" and that Carey had a colostomy and followed "an intricate oral drug regimen." (Id.)
Despite these findings, the ALJ determined that "the home health visits were not reasonable and necessary," and that the clinical record "clearly establishes that [Carey's] care could have [been], and was, safely and effectively . . . performed by a nonskilled individual," rather than by skilled nursing services. (AR 27 (emphasis in original).) Noting that Carey's private caregiver "consistently demonstrated a clear understanding and ability to safely perform" the functions provided at the home health visits, the ALJ stated: "Given the nature of [Carey's] conditions and the effectiveness of his nonskilled caregiver, the home health services at issue were custodial." (Id.)
The ALJ further determined that Carey did not require skilled nursing either "for the overall management and evaluation of his care plan[,]" or for "observation and assessment." (AR 27.) The ALJ explained: "[Carey] was in clinically stable condition through the duration of the services at issue. [His] colostomy site was healthy, his vital signs were normal, his treatment regimen was static, and no complications arose proximate to the date of service at issue." (Id.) Finally, the ALJ found that Carey did not require patient education services, given that: (1) the relevant dates of service began more than a year after Carey was originally referred for home health care; and (2) Carey's "nonskilled caregiver already demonstrated an understanding of [Carey's] care plan." (AR 28.)

Analysis
Reimbursement for home health services is contingent upon a showing that the claimant is confined to the home, under the care of a physician, in need of skilled services, and under a plan of care. 42 C.F.R. § 409.42(a)-(d). In relevant part, the regulations state as follows:
To qualify for Medicare coverage of home health services, a beneficiary must meet each of the following requirements: (a) Confined to the home. The beneficiary must be confined to the home or in an institution that is not a hospital, SNF or nursing facility. . . .

*449 (b) Under the care of a physician. The beneficiary must be under the care of a physician who establishes the plan of care. . . .
(c) In need of skilled services. The beneficiary must need at least one of the following skilled services as certified by a physician in accordance with the physician certification and recertification requirements for home health services under § 424.22 of this chapter.
(1) Intermittent skilled nursing services that meet the criteria for skilled services and the need for skilled services found in § 409.32. . . .
. . .
(d) Under a plan of care. The beneficiary must be under a plan of care that meets the requirements for plans of care specified in § 409.43.
Id. (emphasis added).
It is undisputed that Carey was confined to his home, under the care of a physician, and under a plan of care during the relevant service periods. The disputed issue is whether he required skilled services, and more specifically, intermittent skilled nursing services. (AR 8-9.) OVHA argues that Carey qualified for Medicare coverage for the home health services provided, and that the Secretary's denial of such coverage is not supported by substantial evidence and violates Medicare laws and regulations. More specifically, OVHA contends the Secretary erred in finding that the services provided to Carey were "custodial" in nature on the principle grounds that (1) Carey was clinically stable during the service periods, and (2) Carey's non-skilled caregiver adequately cared for Carey.
Having considered each of Carey's and the Secretary's arguments (see below), I recommend remanding for further proceedings because the ALJ erred in its application of the law with respect to its treatment of: (a) the Certifications and Report of Carey's treating physician, Dr. Wulfman; (b) the stability of Carey's medical condition during the service periods; and (c) the care provided by Carey's private, non-skilled caregiver during the service periods.

I. Treating Physician's Opinion
As noted above, Dr. Wulfman signed Home Health Certifications and Plans of Care ("Certifications") for Carey at or near the beginning of each service period.[8] (See AR 244, 585, 953, 1287, 1621, 1962, 2285, 2603.) Therein, Dr. Wulfman certified that Carey was "under [his] care," and that Carey required skilled nursing services to perform the following functions: (1) manage Carey's colostomy status, bowel regime, and pain control; (2) assess Carey's cardiopulmonary status; (3) evaluate Carey's medications and the effects thereof; (4) teach and train Carey's caregivers how to manage Carey's colostomy; and (5) supervise the home health aide services provided to Carey. (Id.)
Additionally, on August 1, 2006, approximately 17 months after the DLI, Dr. Wulfman prepared a retrospective Physician's Report ("Report"), wherein he stated that, during the relevant service periods, he treated Carey for weight loss, dysphagia, anemia, seizures, mental retardation, recurrent pneumonia, colitis, chronic diarrhea, and other illnesses. (AR 188.) The Doctor noted that care for Carey required *450 skilled services during those time periods because Carey suffered from "multiple chronic problems[,]" including: he had a colostomy and a gastric feeding tube; he required numerous medications, including medications for seizures; and he was in a state of "intensive medical frailty." (AR 188-90.) Dr. Wulfman further stated that Carey "needed very intense daily care[,]" and continued to weaken during the service periods. (AR 188.) The Doctor explained that skilled nursing care was required to manage Carey's medications, to assess and prevent skin breakdown, to manage Carey's colostomy/ostomy, to maintain Carey's gastric feeding tube, to assess Carey's cardiac and pulmonary status, and to evaluate Carey's need for medical attention with respect to his recurrent pneumonia. (AR 189.)
Although they were discussed at the administrative hearing (see AR 2738, 2744, 2747, 2750, et seq.), the ALJ did not mention Dr. Wulfman's contemporaneous Certifications in her written decision. She did, however, note the Doctor's August 2006 Report in her decision, stating that it "constitute[d] non-clinical evidence that was prepared after the dates of service at issue[,]" and thus, that it would "be afforded minimal probative value[.]" (AR 26.) The Court finds that this level of consideration and evaluation of Carey's treating physician's opinions, both contemporaneous and retrospective, was inadequate. See, e.g., Folland ex rel. Smith v. Sullivan, No. 90-348, 1992 WL 295230, at *5 (D.Vt. Sep. 1, 1992) (finding error, where ALJ "did not even mention" treating physician's opinion that skilled foot care and instruction was required for 66-year old claimant suffering from diabetes and restricted mobility and requiring careful skin care, a diabetic diet, and observation, to detect signs of deterioration of overall condition).
The Second Circuit has left to the Secretary the initial determination of the weight to be given to a treating physician's opinion in Medicare coverage determinations. See New York ex rel. Stein v. Sec'y of Health and Human Servs., 924 F.2d 431, 433-34 (2d Cir.1991); Holland, 927 F.2d at 60. The "treating physician rule," which was developed by this Circuit to assist courts in reviewing disability benefit claims proceedings, states that the ALJ must give a treating physician's opinion on the nature and severity of a claimant's impairment "controlling weight," so long as that opinion is "well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in [the] case record." Green-Younger v. Barnhart, 335 F.3d 99, 106 (2d Cir.2003) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2)).
Although the Second Circuit has not explicitly decided whether the treating physician rule applies in Medicare cases, see Kaplan v. Leavitt, 503 F.Supp.2d 718, 723 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (citing Keefe v. Shalala, 71 F.3d 1060, 1064 (2d Cir.1995); Stein, 924 F.2d at 433-34), it has indicated that there is a possibility that some version of the rule could apply, see Keefe, 71 F.3d at 1064 (stating that it is "more than possible that some version of the treating physician rule could well apply in Medicare cases"). The Second Circuit stated:
Though the considerations bearing on the weight to be accorded a treating physician's opinion are not necessarily identical in the disability and Medicare contexts, we would expect the Secretary to place significant reliance on the informed opinion of a treating physician and either to apply the treating physician rule, with its component of "some extra weight" to be accorded to that opinion, . . . or to supply a reasoned basis, in conformity with statutory purposes, for declining to do so.
*451 Holland, 927 F.2d at 60 (quoting Schisler v. Bowen ("Schisler II"), 851 F.2d 43, 47 (2d Cir.1988)) (internal citation omitted). Applying this principle, the Court stated that, "[a]lthough the treating physician rule . . . has not yet been extended to determinations of Medicare Part A benefits, the Secretary should still attach significance to the `detailed and current opinion of a treating physician.'" Dennis v. Shalala, No. 5-92-CV-210, 1994 WL 708166, at *3 (D.Vt. Mar. 4, 1994) (quoting Rancourt v. Sullivan, No. 90-124, 1991 WL 334923, at *5 (D.Vt. Aug. 21, 1991)); see also Klementowski v. Dept. of Health and Human Servs., 801 F.Supp. 1022, 1026 (W.D.N.Y.1992) (finding "no prohibition against the applicability of the treating physician rule to Medicare cases[,]" but rather, "encourage[ment]" for application of the rule to Medicare cases by Holland, 927 F.2d at 60 and Bodnar, 903 F.2d at 125-26). Approximately one month later, the Court reiterated: "[T]he Secretary is expected to place significant reliance on the informed opinion of a treating physician and apply `some extra weight' to the opinion, or supply `a reasoned basis, in conformity with statutory purpose[s], for declining to do so.'" Bergeron, 855 F.Supp. at 668 (quoting Holland, 927 F.2d at 60).
Therefore, although the status of the treating physician rule in Medicare coverage cases is still uncertain, it is clear that Second Circuit case law requires ALJs to give some extra weight to the opinion of a treating physician's opinion, or supply a reasoned basis for declining to do so. Bergeron, 855 F.Supp. at 668; see also Smith ex rel. McDonald v. Shalala, 855 F.Supp. 658, 664 (D.Vt.1994). In this case, the ALJ did not give extra weight to Dr. Wulfman's contemporaneous or retrospective opinions, and did not supply a reasoned basis for declining to do so. As noted above, the only reference in the ALJ's decision to the opinions of Dr. Wulfman is the statement that Dr. Wulfman's August 1, 2006 Report "constitutes non-clinical evidence that was prepared after the dates of service at issue[,]" and thus, was "afforded minimal probative value." (AR 26.) This statement indicates that the ALJ disregarded, either intentionally or unintentionally, Dr. Wulfman's Certifications, which were in fact contemporaneously prepared and signed by the Doctor at the beginning of each service period. (See AR 244, 585, 953, 1287, 1621, 1962, 2285, 2603.)
Clearly, however, the ALJ was at least aware of Dr. Wulfman's Certifications, as she and the Secretary's counsel had a lengthy discussion about them at the administrative hearing. (See AR 2738, 2744, 2747, 2750, et seq.) Specifically, there was discussion about page two of the OASIS assessments (see AR 2759-60), where boxes had been checked to indicate a "severity rating" of "2" with respect to Carey's primary and other diagnoses, and which indicated that such a rating meant "[s]ymptoms [were] controlled with difficulty, affecting daily functioning; patient needs ongoing monitoring." (See, e.g., AR 248 (emphasis added).) In the context of this discussion at the administrative hearing, the ALJ indicated that the Certifications and OASIS assessments were mere "form[s]" that had been "filled out," stating, "that's really the weakness in this evidence, is that it's a check box." (AR 2750, 2760.) The ALJ further stated at the hearing that she "[did not] even know if [Dr. Wulfman] actually ever saw [Carey]." (AR 2750.) But the Certifications themselves state that, by executing them, Dr. Wulfman was certifying that Carey was a "patient . . . under [his] care." (See, e.g., AR 244.) Moreover, there are medical records indicating that Dr. Wulfman did in fact "see" Carey during the service periods. (See, e.g., AR 1992, 2287-89.) Furthermore, although the OASIS assessments *452 consist largely of checked or unchecked boxes, both the Clinical Summaries for Recertification and Dr. Wulfman's Home Health Certifications and Plans of Care contain personal information specific to Carey's condition and needs.
The record reflects that no doctor other than Dr. Wulfman opined on Carey's condition during the relevant time period, and thus, there is no physician evidence in the record which conflicts with Dr. Wulfman's opinions. Moreover, the other medical evidence, including OASIS assessments and nursing notes, supports Dr. Wulfman's opinion that, given the combination of Carey's age, nutritional problems, colostomy, gastric feeding tube, and mental deficits, among other things, a nurse was required to oversee and monitor Carey's care plan. Despite the ALJ's inferences to the contrary, the nurses who treated Carey noted complications and worsening of Carey's overall condition during the service periods. (See, e.g., AR 255 (red rash around stoma); AR 1992 (pneumonia, poor appetite, poor skin color, increased weakening, probable seizure); AR 2291 (dysphagia, weight loss); AR 2311 (nutritional problems).)
For example, there is clear evidence in the record demonstrating that Carey's condition worsened in approximately October-November 2004. Specifically, the November 3, 2004 OASIS assessment includes new diagnoses of "dysphagia" and "weight loss," and they are assigned a "severity rating" of "3" (AR 2291), compared with the "2" rating assigned in prior assessments with respect to Carey's various other diagnoses (AR 1291, 1967). A severity rating of 3 means "[s]ymptoms poorly controlled, patient needs frequent adjustment in treatment and dose monitoring." (AR 2291.) In the same November 2004 assessment, it was noted that Carey ate fewer than two meals per day, ate few fruits and vegetables/milk products, required assistance with meals, and had a nutritional score indicating he was at "[h]igh nutritional risk." (AR 2311.) This is in contrast to: (a) the OASIS assessment from September 2004, approximately two months earlier, where Carey's "Dietary/Nutritional status" was described as being "WNL" (within normal limits), and his nutritional score indicated he was at "[m]oderate nutritional risk" (AR 1986); and (b) the OASIS assessment from May 2004, approximately six months earlier, where Carey's "Dietary/Nutritional status" was again described as being "WNL" (within normal limits), and his nutritional score was "good" (AR 1310). The ALJ failed to mention this probative evidence either at the administrative hearing or in her written decision.
This case is distinguishable from Cardinal v. Thompson, No. 2:00-CV-349 (D.Vt. Oct. 26, 2001), cited by the Secretary. Preliminarily, in Cardinal, the issue was whether the claimant was confined to the home, whereas in this case, the issue is whether skilled nursing services were reasonable and necessary. The relevant facts in Cardinal were that, although the claimant's treating physician had checked the box marked "yes" to indicate that the claimant's absences from his residence required considerable and taxing effort, the ALJ and Appeals Council declined to give controlling weight to this opinion. Id. at *12. This Court found that the Appeals Council acted properly, given that the physician provided no explanation or basis for his conclusion, and there was contrary evidence in the record. Id. at **12-13. In this case, as discussed above, Dr. Wulfman did not merely check boxes, but rather certified a plan of care which was specifically tailored for Carey based on Carey's condition at or near the start of each service period. Moreover, in this case, unlike in Cardinal, the evidence in the record is not contrary to Dr. Wulfman's opinions.


*453 II. ALJ's Assessment of Carey's Condition
An ALJ may not substitute his or her own unsupported judgment for that of a physician. Kertesz v. Crescent Hills Coal Co., 788 F.2d 158, 163 (3d Cir.1986) ("In weighing medical evidence to evaluate the reasoning and credibility of a medical expert. . . , the ALJ may not exercise absolute discretion to credit and discredit the expert's medical evidence.") (quotation omitted). Instead of weighing Dr. Wulfman's opinion along with the other clinical evidence, the ALJ improperly substituted her own independent opinion regarding whether skilled services were needed, based on her ex post facto interpretation of Carey's vital signs during the service periods. The ALJ decision states: "[Carey] was in clinically stable condition through the duration of the services at issue. [Carey's] colostomy site was healthy, his vital signs were normal, his treatment regimen was static, and no complications arose proximate to the date of service at issue." (AR 27.)
First, the ALJ's characterization of Carey's condition as "clinically stable" is not supported by substantial evidence. Rather, the evidence, including Dr. Wulfman's Certifications and nursing notes, reflects Carey's overall infirm condition, considering his age, incontinence, ulcerative colitis, colostomy, history of seizures, diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, hearing and vision problems, trouble chewing and swallowing, unsteady gait, and mental impairments. See McDonald, 855 F.Supp. at 663 (finding that ALJ's conclusion that claimant's condition was "stable" was not supported by substantial evidence, where treating physician noted in certification report that (a) claimant suffered from angina, anemia, cataracts, and memory deficits; (b) claimant's condition was "fragile;" and (c) complications or changes in claimant's condition were probable).
Second, the record belies the ALJ's statement that "no complications arose" during the relevant time period. As noted above, there is medical evidence indicating that in October 2004, which falls within the service periods, Carey was brought to the ER for a "probable seizure," and was diagnosed with pneumonia. (AR 1992.) The medical evidence further indicates that, in November 2004, which also falls within the service periods, Carey was diagnosed with dysphagia and weight loss, and was having severe nutritional problems. (AR 2285, 2291, 2311.) As for Carey's colostomy site, the ALJ's determination that it was "healthy" at all times during the service periods conflicts with November 2003 nurse notes stating that the skin around Carey's colostomy stoma was red, and that he had a "red rash." (AR 255.) The ALJ at least should have acknowledged these records in her written decision.
Third, and most importantly, it was improper for the ALJ to apply a retrospective analysis to the question of Carey's stability, as such an analysis impermissibly relied on the benefit of hindsight. See Folland, 1992 WL 295230, at **6-7 (finding error where the only basis for ALJ's rejection of treating physician's opinion was ALJ's retrospective interpretation of claimant's vital signs); Bergeron, 855 F.Supp. at 669. Citing to the Secretary's Home Health Agency Manual, this Court explained:
"The determination of whether . . . services are reasonable and necessary should be made in consideration that a physician has determined that the services ordered are reasonable and necessary. The services must, therefore, be viewed from the perspective of the condition of the patient when the services were ordered and what was, at that time, reasonably expected to be appropriate treatment for the illness or injury throughout the certification period."
*454 Folland, 1992 WL 295230 at *7 (quoting Home Health Agency Manual § 205.1(A)(4)) (emphasis in original); see Colton v. Sec'y of Health and Human Servs., No. 90-244, 1991 WL 350050, at *5 (D.Vt. Jan. 30, 1992) ("ALJ was incorrect in applying a retrospective analysis to the question of [claimant's] stability.").
The ALJ's decision states that, because Carey was in a "clinically stable condition" during the service periods (AR 27), Carey did not require skilled nursing services under 42 CFR § 409.33(a)(2)(i), which provides that observation and assessment of a patient's condition may constitute skilled services, but only "until [the claimant's] condition is stabilized." The ALJ continued: "[Carey's] colostomy site was healthy, his vital signs were normal, his treatment regimen was static, and no complications arose proximate to the date of service at issue." (AR 27.) This Court has held, however, that "[t]he fact that skilled care has stabilized a claimant's health does not render that level of care unnecessary: `[a]n elderly claimant need not risk a deterioration of his fragile health to validate the continuing requirement for skilled care.'" Bergeron, 855 F.Supp. at 669 (quoting Folland, 1992 WL 295230 at *7); see Medicare Benefit Policy Manual § 40.1.1, at p. 36 ("skilled care may, depending on the unique condition of the patient, continue to be necessary for patients whose condition is stable"); McDonald, 855 F.Supp. at 663 (stating that it would be "illogical" to hold that, because a claimant did not experience the complications sought to be avoided by the services provided, those services were not reasonable and necessary).
The ALJ's decision misapplied 42 CFR § 409.33(a)(2)(i), and is not supported by substantial evidence, particularly in light of Dr. Wulfman's contemporaneous and retrospective opinions to the contrary. Based on his three plus years of treating Carey, Dr. Wulfman opined that Carey's condition during the relevant time periods was anything but stable. Rather, Dr. Wulfman stated in his retrospective Report that Carey "continued to get more weak," had "multiple chronic problems," and required skilled nursing services "due to multiple care needs [and] frail medical conditions" to "monitor for worsening" of Carey's ongoing ailments and conditions and to ensure Carey did not develop additional problems, such as "[gastric]-tube malfunction, ostomy problems, [and] recurrent pneumonia." (AR 188-89.)

III. ALJ's Reliance on Non-Skilled Caregiver's Provision of Services to Claimant
The ALJ's determination that Carey did not require skilled nursing services during the service periods was, in large part, based on the ALJ's finding that, because a non-skilled caregiver adequately cared for Carey during those periods, skilled services were not required. (See AR 27.) Both the ALJ's written decision and the comments made by the ALJ at the administrative hearing, indicate an overemphasis on Carey's receipt of services from a private, non-skilled caregiver. For example, the ALJ stated at the hearing: "[H]e didn't need skilled care . . . I mean, look what he got. That is not skilled care." (AR 2745, ll. 13-14.) In her written decision, the ALJ stated:
The clinical record clearly establishes that [Carey's] care could have [been], and was, safely and effectively . . . performed by a nonskilled individual. Specifically, the skilled nursing notes and OASIS assessments state that [Carey] had a private nonskilled caregiver who was independent with the most complicated aspects of his care. . . . ¶ Given the nature of [Carey's] conditions and the effectiveness of his nonskilled caregiver, the home health services at issue were custodial.
*455 (AR 27 (emphasis in original).) The ALJ also noted: "[Carey's] private caregiver consistently demonstrated a clear understanding and ability to safely perform the[] functions [performed by the home health aides and nurses]." (Id.) Finally, the ALJ stated: "[Carey's] nonskilled caregiver was highly competent and repeatedly demonstrated the ability to safely manage [Carey's] care plan." (Id.)
The Second Circuit has set forth two guiding principles for determining whether a claimant requires skilled nursing care rather than mere custodial care:
A determination of a Medicare claimant's need for skilled nursing care as opposed to custodial care should be guided by two principles. First, the decision should be based upon a common sense, non-technical consideration of the patient's condition as a whole. Second, the Social Security Act is to be liberally construed in favor of beneficiaries.
Friedman, 819 F.2d at 45 (citations omitted) (emphasis added); see Gartmann, 633 F.Supp. at 679 ("[T]he proper legal standard for determining the need for skilled nursing care involves consideration of the patient's condition as a whole, rather than an analysis of the specific services provided."). Rather than basing her decision on Carey's condition "as a whole," the ALJ improperly focused on the individual services provided by Carey's private, non-skilled caregiver.
While it is true that a private, non-skilled caregiver was able to provide Carey's medication to him and maintain Carey's colostomy on a daily basis (see, e.g., AR 265, 272), among other things, the record demonstrates that nurse visits provided different functions, including monitoring Carey's vital signs for early indicators of changes or complications in his conditions and providing patient education, as directed by Dr. Wulfman (see, e.g., AR 251). Moreover, common sense dictates that, the mere fact that a non-skilled caregiver and home health aides provided frequent custodial services to Carey, including assisting him with bathing, dressing, and feeding (see, e.g., AR 250, 299-320, 2659-81), does not compel a finding that Carey did not require intermittent skilled nursing services as well. In McDonald v. Shalala, 855 F.Supp. at 663, which involved an 82-year old claimant who suffered from angina, memory deficits, confusion, forgetfulness, anemia, and cataracts, the Court applied this principle, concluding that the ALJ had improperly focused his analysis on the services provided by one nurse instead of on the aggregate of services provided. This Court stated:
[T]he ALJ focused his analysis on one of the nurses' services and found that the service was not skilled. When analyzing the services provided to a beneficiary, the ALJ must concentrate on the aggregate of services provided, 42 C.F.R. § 409.33(a)(1), and the beneficiary's condition as a whole. While it is true that the nurses put [the claimant's] medications into envelopes for daily consumption, this was only one of the services performed during their visits. The nurses also monitored [the claimant's] vital signs for early signs of changes or complications in her cardiopulmonary condition and provided patient education. By concentrating on a specific service, rather than the aggregate of services, and [the claimant's] condition as a whole, the ALJ failed to correctly apply the law.
Id. (citations omitted).
To be considered "skilled" under the Secretary's regulations, a service "must be so inherently complex that it can be safely and effectively performed only by, or under the supervision of, professional or technical personnel." 42 C.F.R. § 409.32(a). However, a patient having *456 conditions which do not ordinarily require skilled services, such as those existing in this case, may require skilled services "because of special medical complications." 42 C.F.R. § 409.32(b). The Court applied this regulation in Sawyer v. Sullivan, No. 90-62, 1991 WL 350049, at *3 (D.Vt. Apr. 17, 1991), which involved an 81-year old claimant who suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arterial fibrillation, memory difficulties, and other ailments, stating as follows:
[T]he ALJ found that "the primary concern of the nurse was pre-filling medications" and that "the nursing services were essential to [claimant's] well-being and comfort, but they were not necessarily skilled care", rather supportive care. . . . However, such supportive care services may be considered skilled care because of "special medical considerations."

Id. (citing 42 C.F.R. § 409.32(b)) (emphasis added). The regulations further provide that, even if, as in this case, full recovery or medical improvement is not possible, "a patient may need skilled services to prevent further deterioration or preserve current capabilities." 42 C.F.R. § 409.32(c). Finally, of particular relevance here, the regulations state that, "[t]he fact that a skilled nursing service can be or is taught to the beneficiary or to the beneficiary's family or friends does not negate the skilled aspect of the service when performed by the nurse." 42 C.F.R. § 409.44(b)(1)(iii).
Overall management and evaluation of a patient's treatment plan may itself be a skilled service, even where the individual services being provided are not skilled. 42 C.F.R. § 409.33(a)(1); Colton, 1991 WL 350050, at *5. If the patient's overall condition, including his or her age and immobility, supports a finding that recovery and safety can be ensured only if the total care is planned, managed, and evaluated by technical or professional personnel, "it is appropriate to infer that skilled services are being provided." 42 C.F.R. § 409.33(a)(1)(ii). The Second Circuit explained: "[O]verall management and evaluation of a care plan may be considered a skilled service, and the aggregate of services provided by non-professionals may require the involvement of technical or professional personnel to evaluate and manage their provision." Hurley v. Bowen, 857 F.2d 907, 911 (2d Cir.1988); see Sawyer, 1991 WL 350049, at *3 (remanding because, "[a]lthough the ALJ considered the services provided [to the claimant] individually, he failed to apply the provisions of § 409.33(a)(1) to determine if the combination of services provided could be classified as skilled in light of the claimant's mental condition and the need to provide for her overall management and care").
In this case, the record demonstrates that, pursuant to Dr. Wulfman's Home Health Certifications and Plans of Care, a nurse (Susan Patillo) managed and evaluated Carey's care. (See "Clinical Summar[ies] for Recertification," at AR 246, 587, 955, 1289, 1623, 1965, 2605, and OASIS Assessments, at AR 247-71, 589-613, 956-80, 1290-1314, 1624-48, 1967-90, 2290-2314, 2606-30; see also Nurse Notes, at AR 272, 614, 981, 1315, 1649, 1992, 2315, 2632.) Carey's non-skilled caregiver did not provide these services, which, given Carey's fragile medical condition and mental impairments, required the skill and professional expertise of a nurse, in Dr. Wulfman's opinion. The records also demonstrate that, in addition to managing and evaluating Carey's care, a nurse observed and assessed the care provided to Carey by home health aides and his non-skilled caregiver. (See id.)
Accordingly, the ALJ erred in basing her denial of coverage for home health services on Carey's receipt of care from a *457 private, non-skilled caregiver. In addition, as discussed above, the ALJ erred in making an ex post facto determination that Carey's condition was "stable" during the service periods. Finally, the ALJ erred in failing to either give "some extra weight" to Dr. Wulfman's contemporaneous Certifications and retrospective Report regarding Carey's condition during the service periods, or to explain her decision to give very little weight to such Certifications and Report.

Conclusion
Having carefully reviewed the record and the arguments raised in the papers and at oral argument, I find that the Secretary's decision to deny reimbursement for the medicare claims at issue is contrary to law and unsupported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, I recommend that OVHA's Motion to reverse (Doc. 11) be GRANTED, the Secretary's Motion to affirm (Doc. 17) be DENIED, and the matter be REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this Report and Recommendation.
Dated at Burlington, in the District of Vermont, this 14th day of December, 2009.
NOTES
[1]  Kathleen Sebelius became the Secretary of Health and Human Services on April 29, 2009. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), Secretary Sebelius is automatically substituted as the relevant party in this action.
[2]  Pursuant to state law, OVHA brings this action as Carey's subrogee to recover the costs of home health services provided to Carey during the relevant service periods. See 33 VSA § 6705(a) ("Upon furnishing medical assistance. . . to any individual, the office of Vermont health access shall be subrogated, to the extent of the expenditure for medical care furnished, to any rights such individual may have to third party reimbursement for such care.").
[3]  "Ulcerative colitis" is "a chronic disease . . . characterized by ulceration of the colon and rectum, with rectal bleeding, mucosal crypt abscesses, inflammatory pseudopolyps, abdominal pain, and diarrhea." STEDMAN'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY 408 (28th ed. 2006). It frequently causes anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte imbalance. Id.
[4]  "Colostomy refers to a surgical procedure where a portion of the large intestine is brought through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body." Http://medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Colostomy (last visited Nov. 18, 2009).
[5]  "Dysphagia" is defined as "[d]ifficulty in swallowing." STEDMAN'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY 599 (28th ed. 2006).
[6]  "OASIS" stands for "Outcome and Assessment Information Set," which the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") defines on its website as "a group of data elements that: [r]epresent core items of a comprehensive assessment for an adult home care patient; and [f]orm the basis for measuring patient outcomes for purposes of outcome-based quality improvement." Http://www. cms.hhs.gov/OASIS/02_Background.asp (last modified Jul. 28, 2009). "[T]he OASIS items have utility for outcome monitoring, clinical assessment, care planning, and other internal agency-level applications." Id.
[7]  Home health care providers such as RAVNA will not be paid under Medicare unless a physician certifies (and recertifies, where services are furnished over a period of time) that: (i) a patient is "confined to his home" and "needs . . . skilled nursing care" on an intermittent basis; (ii) a plan for furnishing such care has been established and is periodically reviewed by a physician; and (iii) the care is furnished while the claimant is under the care of a physician. 42 U.S.C. § 1395n(a)(2)(A). As discussed below, however, the physician's certification of these facts does not bind the Secretary to a finding of eligibility. See New York ex rel. Bodnar v. Sec'y of Health and Human Servs., 903 F.2d 122, 125 (2d Cir.1990).
[8]  The Secretary implies that the Certifications' value was diminished because Dr. Wulfman "routinely signed the[m] . . . weeks after the home health agency began providing services." (Secretary's Motion, p. 15.) But the ALJ did not assert this alleged weakness in her decision, and it is unclear why the delayed signing should diminish the Certifications' value, considering that Carey's medical issues were ongoing such that, for the most part, his condition did not materially change within a two-week period.
