                                                                              F I L E D
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                JAN 9 2001
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                   Clerk

 MICHAEL READ,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.                                                          No. 99-5058

                                                       (D.C. No-98-CV-937-H)
                                                             (N.D. Okla.)
 THE HONORABLE ALLEN KLEIN,
 Associate District Judge; THE
 HONORABLE RUSSELL P. HASS,
 Associate District Judge; CHUCK
 RICHARDSON, District Attorney;
 SHAWNA READ, now known as
 SHAWNA DUNN; and SHANNON
 DAVIS,

      Defendants-Appellees.




                                 ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before HENRY and BRISCOE Circuit Judges, and SHADUR, District Judge.**

      *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      **
           The Honorable Milton Shadur, Senior District Judge for the Northern District of
Illinois, sitting by designation.
       Michael Read appeals the district court’s dismissal of his claims asserted pursuant

to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against two state court judges, his ex-wife, and his ex-wife’s lawyer.

In the district court proceedings, Mr. Read challenged a divorce decree entered by default

by the Tulsa County District Court (hereafter “the Tulsa County Court”). He maintained

that the decree was entered after service by publication and thereby violated his due

process rights. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that Mr. Read’s claims

against the defendant state court judges are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See

District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 476 (1983); Rooker v.

Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 415 (1923). We further conclude that the district court

properly dismissed Mr. Read’s claim against his ex-wife and her lawyer on the ground

that they are not state actors.



                                   I. BACKGROUND

       In February 1990, the defendant Shawna Dunn filed a petition for divorce from

Mr. Read in the Tulsa County Court. Ms. Dunn served Mr. Read by publication, and the

court entered a divorce decree on April 30, 1990. The decree determined that service by

publication was proper, that Mr. Read was the father of the parties’ child, and that he was

responsible for child support.

       Mr. Read failed to comply with the child support obligations set forth in the


                                             2
decree. In December 1996, Ms. Dunn filed an application for contempt in the Tulsa

County Court, alleging that Mr. Read was $32,055.40 in arrears. Mr. Read moved to

dismiss the contempt application, asserting that he had not been properly served in the

divorce proceedings. The Tulsa County Court denied Mr. Read’s motion, and he then

filed a Petition to Vacate Void Judgment, which the court also denied.

       In April 1997, the Tulsa County Court held a non-jury trial on this first contempt

charge. It granted judgment to Ms. Dunn for $32,659.20. However, the court withheld a

finding on the issue of whether Mr. Read should be held in contempt for having failed to

pay child support. Aple’s Supp. App. at 34, ¶ 4.

       Mr. Read then mounted two challenges to the contempt ruling: (1) he appealed the

$32,659.20 judgment to the Oklahoma Supreme Court; and (2) he filed a petition for a

writ of prohibition with the same court. The Oklahoma Supreme Court entered a writ

staying contempt proceedings pending the resolution of the appeal, and it assigned the

appeal of the contempt ruling to the Oklahoma Court of Appeals. That court affirmed the

Tulsa County Court’s contempt ruling and denied Mr. Read’s petition for rehearing. The

Oklahoma Supreme Court then denied Mr. Read’s petition for a writ of certiorari.

       Next, Mr. Read filed a chapter 13 bankruptcy petition and initiated an adversary

proceeding requesting the bankruptcy court to vacate the divorce decree. The bankruptcy

court dismissed the adversary proceeding in October 1998.

       Subsequently, the Tulsa County Court resumed proceedings on Ms. Dunn’s


                                             3
application to hold Mr. Read in contempt. In December 1998, it found Mr. Read in

indirect contempt for failing to pay child support through April 28, 1997, and it sentenced

him to six months in the Tulsa County jail. The court set a purge fee of $3,000, which

Mr. Read paid.

       Mr. Read then filed the instant § 1983 action against the two state court judges, the

Tulsa County prosecutor, Ms. Dunn, and Shannon Davis (Ms. Dunn’s lawyer in the

divorce proceedings). He sought a temporary restraining order barring enforcement of

the divorce decree as well as damages against Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis. The federal

district court denied application for the restraining order and dismissed the case,

reasoning that the defendant judges and the defendant prosecutor were entitled to absolute

immunity and that Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis were not state actors and thus not

subject to § 1983 liability.

       Mr. Read proceeded to file another petition for a writ of prohibition in the

Oklahoma Supreme Court. He again requested the court to enter an order barring the

collection of child support pursuant to the 1990 decree. The Oklahoma Supreme Court

again denied Mr. Read’s request.

       Ms. Dunn then filed a second application for contempt in the Tulsa County Court,

asserting that Mr. Read had failed to pay child support from May 1997 through February

1999. In March 1999, the court conducted a jury trial on this second contempt charge. It

again found Mr. Read guilty of indirect contempt of court and sentenced him to six


                                              4
months’ incarceration in the Tulsa County jail. Mr. Read refused to pay the $9,200 purge

fee and served his sentence. He challenged his confinement in a petition for a writ of

habeas corpus, which the Oklahoma Supreme Court denied. Mr. Read also filed an

appeal of the March 1999 contempt ruling.

       In a July 2000 ruling on the appeal of the second contempt proceeding, the

Oklahoma Court of Appeals agreed with Mr. Read that the issuance of the 1990 divorce

decree had been improper. See Read v. Read, No. 92,930 (Okla. Ct. App. July 18, 2000).

The court observed that the record in the divorce proceeding “does not reflect any entry

concerning the issuance of summons or any return reporting an unsuccessful attempt to

serve summons.” Id., slip op. at 4. The record also did not reflect “any entry concerning

an attempt to serve [Mr. Read] by mail at the ‘last known address’ set out in the petition

or any other attempted and unsuccessful service by mail.” Id. The court invoked an

Oklahoma Supreme Court decision holding that “‘[w]here names and addresses of

adverse parties are known . . . notice of pending proceedings by publication service alone,

is not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of due process under federal or Oklahoma

constitutions.’” Id. (quoting Johnson v. McDaniel, 569 P.2d 977, 981 (Okla. 1977)).

Thus, the court concluded, “we agree with [Mr. Read] that the decree of divorce by

default herein must be set aside because the trial court had no jurisdiction over [Mr.

Read] by reason of [Ms. Dunn’s] failure to comply with the mandates of due process for

service by publication.” Id. at 5 (emphasis added). It remanded the case to the trial court,


                                             5
“with directions to reopen the divorce proceeding to allow [Mr.] Read to be heard on the

merits of any issue bearing on his liability for child support.” Id. at 8.1



                                      II. DISCUSSION

       Mr. Read first challenges the district court’s conclusion that the defendant state

court judges are entitled to immunity from his claim seeking an injunction prohibiting

enforcement of the 1990 divorce decree. See Aplt’s Br. at 2. He argues that, because the

judges acted without jurisdiction in enforcing the decree, they are not entitled to

immunity. Mr. Read also argues that, because Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis are state

actors, the district court also erred in dismissing his due process claim against them. We

review de novo the legal conclusions on which the district court based its dismissal of the

complaint. See Sutton v. Utah State Sch. for the Deaf & Blind, 173 F.3d 1226, 1236

(10th Cir. 1999).

              A. Claim for Injunctive Relief Against the State Court Judges

       Mr. Read’s claim for injunctive relief against the state court judges constitutes a

challenge to the validity of the Tulsa County Court’s April 1990 divorce decree. His

complaint in this case seeks a judgment “adjudicating that said default judgment is void

and that [the defendants] are barred from taking any action to enforce said judgment.”


       1
         The court also explained that a decision about the $3,000 purge fee should be
held in abeyance until the trial court revisited the issues bearing on child support. See
Read v. Read, No. 92,930, slip op. at 9 n.2 (Okla Ct. App. July 18, 2000).

                                               6
Aple’s Supp App. at 5 (Plaintiff’s Complaint, filed Dec. 10, 1998).

       Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, federal district courts lack jurisdiction to

review state court judgments. Facio v Jones, 929 F.2d 541, 544 (10th Cir. 1991) (noting

that “[w]here a constitutional issue could have been reviewed on direct appeal by the state

appellate courts, a litigant may not seek to reverse or modify the state court judgment by

bringing a constitutional claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983”) (internal quotation marks

omitted); Anderson v. State of Colorado, 793 F.2d 262, 264 (10th Cir. 1986) (noting that

federal district courts do no have jurisdiction to review final state court judgments in

judicial proceedings). The losing party in a state court proceeding is generally barred

“from seeking what in substance would be appellate review of the state judgment in a

United States district court, based on the losing party’s claim that the state judgment itself

violates the loser’s federal rights.” Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997, 1005-06

(1994). Review of the state court judgment must proceed to the state’s highest court and

then to the United States Supreme Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1257. See Facio, 929

F.2d at 543.

       The Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars not only direct review of state court judgments

in federal court but also consideration of claims that are “inextricably intertwined” with

the state court judgment. Id. (citing Feldman, 460 U.S. at 483-84 n.16). However, as

this circuit has explained, “if the purpose of a federal action is separable from and

collateral to a state court judgment, then the claim is not inextricably intertwined merely


                                              7
because the action necessitates some consideration of the merits of the state court

judgment.” Kiowa Indian Tribe of Okla. v. Hoover, 150 F.3d 1163, 1170 (10th Cir.

1998) (internal quotation marks omitted). Determining whether a federal claim is

“inextricably intertwined” with the state court judgment may be difficult. See Young v.

Murphy, 90 F.3d 1225, 1231 (7th Cir. 1996). “The fundamental and appropriate question

to ask is whether the injury alleged by the federal plaintiff resulted from the state court

judgment itself or is distinct from that judgment.” Garry v. Geils, 82 F.3d 1362, 1365

(7th Cir. 1996).

       Here, Mr. Read’s claim against the state court judges directly challenges the state

court divorce decree. Notably, the claim repeats arguments that he raised in his various

state court challenges to the Tulsa County Court’s divorce decree. Furthermore, the

Oklahoma Court of Appeals’s July 2000 ruling demonstrates the availability of a state

court remedy for the alleged deficiencies in the entry of that decree. Any further review

of the state court decision must come from the Oklahoma Supreme Court and the United

States Supreme Court rather than the federal district court. See Facio, 929 F.2d at 543.

Applying the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, we therefore conclude that we lack jurisdiction

over Mr. Read’s claim against the state court judges.



                     B. Claim Against Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis

       Mr. Read’s claim for damages against Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis involves


                                              8
somewhat different considerations. As to that claim, he alleges that Ms. Dunn “knew the

last known address of [Mr. Read] and . . . knew the address of his parents and a brother,

but did not mail notice to [Mr. Read] at his last known address, nor to his parents’ known

address, nor to his brother[’s] known address, thereby depriving [Mr. Read] of his right to

due process.” Aple’s Supp App. at 2 (Plaintiff’s Complaint, filed Dec. 10, 1998). As

Judge Posner has observed, there are limitations on the scope of the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine when a plaintiff alleges that state procedures have been corrupted:

              Were [the plaintiff] merely claiming that the decision of the
              state court was incorrect, even that it denied him some
              constitutional right, the [Rooker-Feldman] doctrine would
              indeed bar his claim. But if he claims, as he does, that people
              involved in the decision violated some independent right of his,
              such as the right (if it is a right) to be judged by a tribunal that
              is uncontaminated by politics, then he can, without being
              blocked by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, sue to vindicate that
              right and show as part of his claim for damages that the
              violation caused the decision to be adverse to him and thus did
              him harm. . . . Otherwise there would be no federal remedy for
              a violation of federal rights whenever the violator so far
              succeeded in corrupting the state judicial process as to obtain a
              favorable judgment, as alleged in cases such as Dennis v.
              Sparks, [449 U.S. 24 (1980)], and Casa Marie, Inc. v. Superior
              Court, [988 F.2d 252, 259 (1st Cir.1993)]. This result would be
              inconsistent with cases in which, for example, police officers are
              sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for having fabricated evidence
              that resulted in the plaintiff’s being convicted in a state court.


Nesses v. Shepard, 68 F.3d 1003, 1005 (7th Cir. 1995). However, we need not resolve

the “difficult question,” id. at 1004, of whether the Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies to

these claims because the defendants Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis are entitled to

                                               9
judgment in their favor for a different reason—because they are not state actors.

       In order to prevail on a § 1983 claim alleging a deprivation of constitutional rights,

a plaintiff must show that he was injured as a result of state action. Lugar v. Edmondson

Oil Co., Inc., 457 U.S. 922, 935 (1982); Gallagher v. Neil Young Freedom Concert, 49

F.3d 1442, 1447 (10th Cir. 1995). Thus, private conduct, “no matter how discriminatory

or wrongful,” may not be redressed by a § 1983 claim. American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 50 (1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The Supreme Court “has taken a flexible approach to the state action doctrine,

applying a variety of tests to the facts of each case.” Gallagher, 49 F.3d at 1447. Thus, a

party may be considered a state actor if: (1) “‘there is a sufficiently close nexus’ between

the government and the challenged conduct such that the conduct ‘may be fairly treated as

that of the State itself[,]’” see id. at 1448 (quoting Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.,

419 U.S. 345, 351(1974)); (2) the state “‘has so far insinuated itself into a position of

interdependence’ with a private party that ‘it must be recognized as a joint participant in

the challenged activity[,]’” id. at 1451 (quoting Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority,

365 U.S. 715, 725 (1961)); (3) a private party is a “‘willful participant in joint action with

the State or its agents[,]’” id. at 1453 (quoting Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27 (1980));

and (4) the state delegates to the private party a function “‘traditionally exclusively

reserved to the State[,]’” id. at 1456 (quoting Jackson, 419 U.S. at 352).

       In this case, Mr. Read’s argument that Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis are state


                                              10
actors is based primarily on the Supreme Court’s decision in Lugar v. Edmondson Oil

Company, 457 U.S. 922 (1982). There, the Court considered a due process claim brought

by a debtor against a private company that had initiated prejudgment attachment

proceedings. Under the Virginia procedure at issue, the private company filed an ex parte

petition alleging that the debtor might be disposing of property to defeat his creditors.

Acting on that petition, the clerk of the state court issued a writ of attachment, and the

county sheriff executed the writ. The Court rejected the conclusion of a lower court that

“‘joint participation’ required something more than invoking the aid of state officials to

take advantage of state-created attachment procedures.” Id. at 942. It explained that

“[w]hatever may be true in other contexts, this is sufficient [i.e. invoking the aid of state

officials to take advantage of state-created attachment procedures] when the State has

created a system whereby state officials will attach property on the ex parte application of

one party to a private dispute.” Id. Mr. Read attempts an analogy to the facts of that case,

maintaining that, like the private corporation in Lugar, Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis

obtained the aid of state officials (the defendant judges) in order to obtain the divorce

decree and the various subsequent orders enforcing it.

      Although Lugar adopts an expansive test for state action, the decision “is carefully

limited to prejudgment seizures of property.” 1 Martin A. Schwartz § John E. Kirklin,

Section 1983 Litigation: Claims, Defenses, and Fees, § 5.14, at 291 (2d ed. 1998). In

other contexts, a private party’s “mere invocation of state legal procedures” does not


                                              11
constitute joint participation and thus is not state action. Id. Accordingly, this circuit and

several others have held that private parties to litigation and their lawyers are not state

actors. See Barnard v. Young, 720 F.2d 1188, 1189 (10th Cir. 1983) (concluding that

application of Lugar “does not change the vast weight of authority that private attorneys,

by virtue of being officers of the court, do not act under color of state law within the

meaning of section 1983”); Lindley v. Amoco Prod. Co., 639 F.2d 671 (10th Cir. 1981)

(concluding that an attorney and a corporation were not state actors when they obtained

an order from a court allowing the attorney to enter the plaintiff’s home to seal files);

Torres v. First State Bank of Sierra County, 588 F.2d 1322, 1326-27 (10th Cir. 1978)

(“We do not think that the ‘color of law’ reference in § 1983 was intended to encompass a

case such as this one, where the only infirmities are the excesses of the court itself,

subject to immediate modification by a court having jurisdiction over the parties, and

subject to the normal processes of appeal.”); see also Catz v. Chalker, 142 F.3d 279, 289

(6th Cir. 1998) (concluding that an attorney was not a state actor); Hoia v. Vo, 935 F.2d

308, 313 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (affirming dismissal of a § 1983 claim against a private party

and a lawyer and noting that “[i]t is well established that mere recourse to state or local

court procedures does not by itself constitute ‘joint activity’ with the state sufficient to

subject a private party to liability under section 1983”).

      Significantly, Mr. Read has not cited any authority other than Lugar for the

proposition that parties to litigation and their lawyers may become state actors merely by


                                              12
obtaining orders from a state court judge. Such a rule would greatly expand the universe

of state actors, and we decline to adopt such a new approach here. We therefore conclude

that the district court properly dismissed Mr. Read’s claims against Ms. Dunn and Ms.

Davis.



                                   III. CONCLUSION

   As to Mr. Read’s claims against state court Judges Klein and Hass, we conclude that

the district court lacked jurisdiction pursuant to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. We

therefore VACATE the district court’s judgment as to that claim and remand the case to

the district court with instructions to dismiss the claim for lack of jurisdiction As to Mr.

Read’s claims against Ms. Dunn and Shannon Davis, we AFFIRM the district court’s

dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.


                                                           Entered for the Court,

                                                           Robert H. Henry
                                                           Circuit Judge




                                             13
No. 99-5058, Read v. Klein

BRISCOE, Circuit Judge, concurring:

      I concur in the majority’s ruling that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine

precludes further litigation against Judge Klein and Judge Hass in federal court. I

write separately because I disagree with the majority’s decision not to decide

whether to apply the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to the claims against Shawna Dunn

and Shannon Davis. In my view, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine clearly applies to

these claims and, as jurisdiction is a threshold issue, I would decide the case on

Rooker-Feldman grounds.

      The Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars consideration by federal courts of

claims that are “inextricably intertwined” with state court judgments. Facio v.

Jones, 929 F.2d 541, 543 (10th Cir. 1991). Evaluating Read’s claim for damages

against Dunn and Davis would require the federal district court to determine

whether the state court had entered a default judgment against Read without

adequate notice. The federal court would thus be evaluating whether the state

court’s decision that notice was proper was correct. This is the sort of collateral

review of state court decisions that is barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.

See Anderson v. Colorado, 793 F.2d 262, 264 (10th Cir. 1986). I would,

therefore, also dismiss the claims against Dunn and Davis for lack of jurisdiction.
