      Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER .
      Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts,
      303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, e-mail
      corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us.



               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

GRAHAM R.,                                     )
                                               )        Supreme Court No. S-15158
                      Appellant,               )
                                               )        Superior Court No. 3CO-04-00002 CI
              v.                               )
                                               )        OPINION
JANE S.,                                       )
                                               )        No. 6955 - September 19, 2014
                      Appellee.                )
                                               )

              Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
              Judicial District, Cordova, John R. Lohff, Judge pro tem.

              Appearances: John C. Pharr, Law Offices of John C. Pharr,
              P.C., Anchorage, for Appellant. Kathryn Ruff, ANDVSA
              Legal Advocacy Project, Anchorage, for Appellee.

              Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, Maassen, and
              Bolger, Justices.

              MAASSEN, Justice.


I.    INTRODUCTION
              Graham R. and Jane S. have one child.1 A 2006 court order granted
Graham sole legal and primary physical custody. In 2012 Graham traveled to California
for heart surgery and took the child with him, cutting off contact with Jane and causing
her to miss a number of scheduled visits. When Graham returned to Alaska Jane moved

      1
              We use pseudonyms to protect the parties’ privacy.
for sole legal and primary physical custody, and the superior court granted her motion
after an evidentiary hearing. Graham appeals the superior court’s order, arguing that it
was barred by principles of res judicata and collateral estoppel; that the court erred in
finding that his interference with Jane’s visitation rights was an act of domestic violence
that constituted changed circumstances; and that the court erred in admitting evidence
of his criminal convictions and of the child’s preferences. We affirm the superior court’s
order modifying custody, concluding that there was no error in its decision not to apply
res judicata or collateral estoppel; that there were changed circumstances justifying a
modification of custody; and that any evidentiary errors were harmless.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
              Graham and Jane were both married to others when their daughter Gabby
was born in May 2003. According to Graham, Jane had agreed to carry a child to be
adopted by him and his wife; according to Jane, Graham coerced her into it. In any
event, Jane signed a document purporting to give Gabby to Graham and his wife a few
days after the child was born. But Jane revoked that document less than a year later, and
a dispute over Gabby’s custody began.
       A.     The First Custody Order Grants Graham Primary Custody.
              Graham and Jane reached a custody and visitation agreement that was
approved by court order in March 2006. The order granted sole legal and primary
physical custody of Gabby to Graham but allowed Jane visitation on alternate weekends,
with additional visitation in the summer. Graham was allowed to take extended winter
vacations with Gabby, so long as Jane was given make-up visits; the order also
specifically authorized travel to the Philippines, where both parents have family. But
travel required 30 days’ advance notice to the other parent, a copy of the itinerary,
contact information, and a copy of the return tickets.



                                           -2-                                       6955

       B.     Graham Travels To California With Gabby.
              On March 13, 2012, Graham suffered a heart attack and was transported
from Cordova to Anchorage for emergency treatment.              Graham’s wife went to
Anchorage as well, taking Gabby along with her. Jane, according to the schedule, was
supposed to have Gabby on the weekend; but Graham’s wife called the Cordova Family
Resource Center, the usual location of the parents’ custody exchanges, and, as she later
testified, told someone there “we can’t have the exchange for [Jane’s] visitation because
of emergencies [that] happen[ed] in our family.” Nicole Songer, the executive director
of the Family Resource Center, testified about this message as well; she described its
substance as only “that there would not be a visitation today due to . . . [Graham] being
in Anchorage,” with no information about how to call Graham back or how to get in
touch with Gabby. Jane also testified that she had no contact number for Graham and
did not know where Gabby had gone.
              On March 28, Graham left Anchorage for Los Angeles, California,
accompanied by his wife and Gabby. He underwent heart surgery in Los Angeles, was
discharged from the hospital in stable condition on April 10, but remained in California.
              Gabby continued to miss her scheduled weekend visits with Jane; according
to Jane, she still did not know her daughter was in California.2 After a month of this, the
Cordova Family Resource Center received a faxed letter from a California attorney
representing Graham. The letter, addressed to Songer, informed her that Graham had
undergone “a 12-hour heart surgery in Los Angeles,” that “his doctors estimated 3


       2
            Graham’s wife testified that at every visitation time, “I call[ed] them [at the
Family Resource Center] to notify them that we can’t make it because [there was] still
a problem with [Graham].” It is unclear whether the superior court accepted this
testimony. In any event, Graham’s wife did not testify that she ever explained where
they were or provided any contact information; she testified that when she left her
messages, she was never asked for a phone number.

                                           -3-                                       6955

months of recovery,” that Gabby “wanted to stay with [her] dad,” and that Gabby
therefore had been enrolled at a local elementary school “in order not to disrupt her
education.” The letter stated that “[w]ith no complications in his recovery, [Graham’s]
family plans to go back to Cordova in 3 months.” The letter advised Songer to direct any
inquiries “to the undersigned,” Graham’s attorney. It provided no contact information
for Graham or Gabby.
             On May 24, Graham called the Cordova Family Resource Center.
According to Songer, Graham said “that if [Jane] wanted visitation, then he would send
[Gabby] back but [Jane] needed to pay for the ticket[,] and he needed to know
immediately because he was going to send her the very next day.” Songer testified that
she passed this message on to Jane; when Graham called again the next day, Songer told
him “that if he would send the receipt along with [Gabby], I would make sure that [Jane]
got that receipt.” But Graham demanded assurance that Jane would pay for the ticket,
and when Songer failed to give it he hung up on her.
             Fearing Gabby would never return, Jane sought a protective order to end
Graham’s interference with her visitation rights. The court issued an ex parte 20-day
protective order on May 25, granting Jane temporary custody and granting visitation
rights to Graham “[o]nce a week telephonically arranged and supervised by [the Cordova
Family Resource Center].” But the order had no immediate effect, as neither Graham
nor Gabby could be found.
             A few days later, Songer received another faxed letter from Graham’s
California attorney. The letter stated that Graham had returned to Anchorage “for his
rehabilitation and visitation by his cardiologist” but that his wife and Gabby “will be
back in Cordova within this week.” The letter enclosed a proposed summer visitation
schedule and invited Songer to email the attorney with any questions.



                                         -4-                                      6955

             On June 1, Graham’s wife brought Gabby to the Cordova Family Resource
Center for the start of summer visitation with Jane. During a July 16 hearing, the parents
stipulated to a long-term protective order that prohibited either of them from taking
Gabby away from Alaska. The magistrate judge heard no evidence about Graham’s
interference with Jane’s visitation and, with the parties’ concurrence, expressly declined
to make any findings of domestic violence, child support, custody, or visitation.
Through her attorney, Jane noted that she would be seeking custody modification in
superior court.
      C.     The Modification Order Grants Jane Primary Custody.
             Jane filed a motion to modify the existing custody order in October 2012,
seeking sole legal and primary physical custody. The superior court held a hearing on
the motion in April 2013. The court rejected Graham’s arguments that the earlier
domestic violence proceeding barred Jane’s modification motion under principles of res
judicata or collateral estoppel, then granted sole legal and primary physical custody to
Jane. Graham received alternating weekend visits as well as six consecutive weeks of
summer visitation; essentially, the previous custody arrangement was reversed.
             The modification order was based in part on the court’s finding that
Graham committed the crime of custodial interference when he traveled to California
with Gabby in the spring of 2012. The court found that this constituted a crime of
domestic violence and therefore a change in circumstances under AS 25.20.110(c). The
court then assessed the statutory best interest factors and concluded it was in Gabby’s
best interests that Jane have primary physical and sole legal custody.3
             Graham appeals the modification order, challenging (1) the superior court’s
refusal to apply res judicata or collateral estoppel to the domestic violence petition in


      3
             See AS 25.24.150(c).

                                          -5-                                       6955
order to bar Jane’s later motion to modify custody, (2) the finding that modification was
proper under the circumstances, and (3) two evidentiary decisions: the admission of
Gabby’s hearsay statements about her preferences and the admission of Graham’s
misdemeanor convictions from 1996 and 1997.
III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              “A determination that a claim or issue is precluded is a question of law
which we review de novo.”4
              In appeals of custody determinations and modifications, we allow broad
discretion to the superior court, reversing only if the superior court’s findings of fact are
clearly erroneous or if it abused its discretion.5 “A factual finding is clearly erroneous
when a review of the record leaves the court with a definite and firm conviction that the
superior court has made a mistake.”6 “An abuse of discretion exists where the superior
court considered improper factors in making its custody determination, failed to consider
statutorily mandated factors, or assigned disproportionate weight to particular factors
while ignoring others.”7




       4
              Angleton v. Cox, 238 P.3d 610, 614 (Alaska 2010) (citing Maness v. Daily,
184 P.3d 1, 5 (Alaska 2008)); Alaska Wildlife Alliance v. State, 74 P.3d 201, 205 (Alaska
2003).
       5
             Ronny M. v. Nanette H., 303 P.3d 392, 399 (Alaska 2013) (citing Hamilton
v. Hamilton, 42 P.3d 1107, 1111 (Alaska 2002)).
       6
            Id. (quoting Fardig v. Fardig, 56 P.3d 9, 11 (Alaska 2002)) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
       7
              Id. (quoting Siekawitch v. Siekawitch, 956 P.2d 447, 449 (Alaska 1998))
(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                            -6-                                        6955

              The superior court’s admission of evidence is reviewed for abuse of
discretion.8 But even if admission was erroneous, “[w]e will reverse an evidentiary
ruling only if [the] error prejudicially affected a party’s substantial rights.”9
IV.	   DISCUSSION
       A.	    The Superior Court Correctly Ruled That Jane’s Motion To Modify
              Custody Was Not Barred By Res Judicata Or Collateral Estoppel.
              Graham contends that because Jane based her petition for a domestic
violence restraining order on her allegations of custodial interference, and because the
parties resolved the petition by stipulating to the entry of a long-term order, Jane should
have been barred from later relying on the same allegations of custodial interference
when she moved to modify custody. But the parties clearly and explicitly declined to
litigate the issues of domestic violence and custody in the earlier proceeding, and neither
res judicata nor collateral estoppel applies.
              Res judicata bars relitigation of a claim when there was “(1) a final
judgment of the merits, (2) from a court of competent jurisdiction,[] (3) in a dispute
between the same parties . . . about the same cause of action.”10 But as we noted in
McAlpine v. Pacarro, res judicata does not apply to custody modifications; the governing
statute, AS 25.20.110, “provides an exception to the general principle that final
judgments should not be disturbed — it allows parents to seek modification of child



       8	
             Samaniego v. City of Kodiak, 80 P.3d 216, 218 (Alaska 2003) (citing Buster
v. Gale, 866 P.2d 837, 841 n.9 (Alaska 1994)).
       9
              Lum v. Koles, 314 P.3d 546, 552 (Alaska 2013).
       10
            Kent V. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs.,
233 P.3d 597, 600 (Alaska 2010) (alteration in the original) (quoting Plumber v. Univ.
of Alaska Anchorage, 936 P.2d 163, 166 (Alaska 1977)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).

                                            - 7 -	                                   6955

custody based on a change of circumstances if modification is in the best interests of the
child.”11 On modification motions, thus, relitigation of the same issues is prevented in
large part by the requirement that the movant prove a “substantial change in
circumstances” before being entitled to any relief;12 a parent who attempts to relitigate
the same set of circumstances will be unable to cross this threshold.
             We further held in McAlpine that although res judicata does not apply to
modification motions, “the principle of finality does — parties should not be allowed to
relitigate ‘in the hope of gaining a more favorable position.’ ”13 But when a parent seeks
to modify custody, both the statutory goals and the relevant considerations are much
different from those in a domestic violence proceeding. We explained some of the
differences in Lashbrook v. Lashbrook.14 The issue was whether a father’s due process
right to a hearing on a motion to modify custody was satisfied by the fact that he had
earlier attended a hearing on a domestic violence petition, addressing some of the same
factual issues.15 We held that the proceedings were too different.16 We also noted that
“the ultimate focus of the custody modification statute is the best interests of the
children,” which requires consideration of nine statutory factors, only one of which is


      11
             262 P.3d 622, 625 (Alaska 2011).
      12
             Id. at 626; see Frackman v. Enzor, 327 P.3d 878, 882 (Alaska 2014)
(citations omitted) (holding that a parent moving for modification of a custody order
bears the burden of proving a substantial change in circumstances).
      13
            McAlpine, 262 P.3d at 626 (quoting Bunn v. House, 934 P.2d 753, 758 n.12
(Alaska 1997)).
      14
             957 P.2d 326 (Alaska 1998).
      15
             Id. at 327-28.
      16
             Id. at 329.

                                          -8-                                       6955

domestic violence.17 We noted that a finding of domestic violence in a modification
proceeding satisfies only the movant’s “threshold burden of establishing changed
circumstances”; the movant still has the burden of proving that those changed
circumstances warrant modification of the existing custody order.18 “In sharp contrast,”
we noted, “the exclusive focus of [a domestic violence proceeding under] AS 18.66.100
is domestic violence.”19 In the domestic violence proceeding, a finding of domestic
violence may result in a temporary change of custody, but the proceeding “is designed
to provide emergency relief from domestic violence on a short-term basis, presumably
until more permanent relief can be sought and fashioned,”20 for example through a
motion to modify custody. In McAlpine, these fundamental differences persuaded us that
a hearing on a domestic violence petition was not a good substitute for the hearing that
due process requires on a motion to modify custody.21
             The differences were made explicit in this case. At the hearing on the long-
term protective order, Jane’s counsel repeatedly asserted that the hearing was not about
custody but only about protecting Jane’s visitation rights; Graham’s counsel countered
that the relief Jane requested was a de facto custody modification, which would keep
Gabby with Jane in Cordova. But the parties agreed on the record to the essential relief
Jane was seeking: that “[n]either party shall remove the child[] from Alaska” during the
pendency of the order. The parties also expressly agreed that this relief could be, and



      17
             Id. at 328-29 (citing AS 25.24.150(c)).
      18
             Id. at 329.
      19
             Id.
      20
             Id.
      21
             Id. at 329-30.

                                         -9-                                       6955

should be, ordered without a finding that domestic violence had occurred, and the
magistrate judge therefore intentionally left blank the spaces on the form order that called
for findings about past domestic violence and threats. And again with the parties’
express concurrence, the magistrate judge stated repeatedly that she was “not going to
address anything with child support, custody, or visitation”: “I am not changing the
custody order that is in effect by the superior court in this particular case. That’s not
what this hearing was about.” In short, the parties repeatedly and expressly declined to
litigate issues of domestic violence or custody at the long-term domestic violence
hearing, and there is no good argument that Jane, in her motion to modify custody, was
attempting to relitigate issues that had already been decided.
              We acknowledged in McAlpine that collateral estoppel could apply in the
custody modification context, to prevent the relitigation of domestic violence allegations
that had already been “actually raised and adjudicated.”22 Collateral estoppel bars
relitigation when issues of fact or law “were actually litigated and necessarily decided
in [a] prior proceeding.”23 But as the record shows, neither domestic violence nor
custody was “actually litigated and necessarily decided” in the protective order
proceeding, and collateral estoppel does not apply.24




       22
              McAlpine v. Pacarro, 262 P.3d 622, 627 (Alaska 2011)
       23
              Campion v. State, Dep’t of Cmty. & Reg’l Affairs, Hous. Assistance Div.,
876 P.2d 1096, 1098 (Alaska 1994) (alteration in the original) (quoting Americana
Fabrics v. L & L Textiles, 754 F.2d 1524, 1529 (9th Cir. 1985)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
       24
               See Morris v. Horn, 219 P.3d 198, 201, 203, 209-10 (Alaska 2009) (holding
that a stipulated protective order does not preclude later litigation of a parent’s history
of domestic violence).

                                           - 10 -                                     6955

       B.	     The Trial Court Did Not Err By Granting Jane’s Motion To Modify
               Custody.
               The core of Graham’s argument is that the superior court should not have
modified the 2006 order granting him Gabby’s primary physical custody and sole legal
custody. A court may modify a custody award if it determines that (1) “a change in
circumstances requires the modification of the award” and (2) “the modification is in the
best interests of the child.”25 The superior court here found both requirements satisfied
and modified Gabby’s custody arrangement as requested by Jane; we see no error or
abuse of discretion in its decision.
               1.	    Graham’s interference with Jane’s visitation rights constituted
                      a change in circumstances.
               The superior court found a change in circumstances justifying a
modification of custody because Graham committed custodial interference, a crime of
domestic violence.26 Under AS 11.41.330(a), a person commits second degree custodial
interference
               if, being a relative of a child under 18 years of age . . . and
               knowing that the person has no legal right to do so, the
               person takes, entices, or keeps that child . . . from a lawful
               custodian with intent to hold the child . . . for a protracted
               period. [Emphasis added.]
The 2006 custody order granted sole legal custody and primary physical custody to
Graham. Jane was not the custodial parent (although she had visitation rights), and the
“custodial interference” statute, by its terms, does not apply.


       25
               AS 25.20.110(a).
       26
             Under AS 25.20.110(c), “a finding that a crime involving domestic violence
has occurred since the last custody or visitation determination is a finding of change of
circumstances . . . .” Jaymont v. Skillings-Donat, 216 P.3d 534, 543 (Alaska 2009)
(citing AS 18.66.990(3)(A); AS 11.41.320-.330).

                                           - 11 -	                                 6955

              However, “[w]e may affirm a judgment on any grounds that the record
supports, even grounds not relied on by the superior court.”27 We have repeatedly held
that “actions by a custodial parent which substantially interfere with the noncustodial
parent’s visitation rights are sufficient to constitute a change in circumstances.”28 Such
interference can include “a detrimental and well-established pattern of behavior on the
part of [the custodial parent] to ‘erode the bonds of love and affection between the [other
parent] and the children.’ ”29 It can also include a custodial parent’s attempt to
unilaterally impose conditions on a court order, or a parent’s failure to comply with an
existing custody and visitation order.30




       27
             Terry S. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Office of Children’s Servs.,
168 P.3d 489, 493 (Alaska 2007) (quoting Van Sickle v. McGraw, 134 P.3d 338, 341
n.10 (Alaska 2006)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
       28
             Kelly v. Joseph, 46 P.3d 1014, 1017 (Alaska 2002) (alterations omitted)
(quoting Hermosillo v. Hermosillo, 797 P.2d 1206, 1209 (Alaska 1990)) (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also VinZant v. Elam, 977 P.2d 84, 87 (Alaska 1999)
(concluding that a custodial parent’s interference with a non-custodial parent’s
“visitation rights is sufficient to establish the threshold burden of changed
circumstances”).
       29
            Kelly, 46 P.3d at 1017 (quoting Pinneo v. Pinneo, 835 P.2d 1233, 1238
(Alaska 1992)).
       30
              Hermosillo, 797 P.2d at 1209. In Hermosillo, the custodial parent
unilaterally imposed conditions on the custody order “which substantially interfere[d]
with the noncustodial parent’s visitation rights.” Id. Without court approval, the
custodian had required the visiting parent to provide three weeks’ notice and created
further logistical difficulties involving the location of exchange and the choice of
visitation supervisor. Id. at 1208. We concluded that this obstruction could constitute
a change in circumstances and remanded for potential modification of the visitation
order. Id. at 1209.

                                           - 12 -                                    6955

             The custody agreement at issue in Kelly v. Joseph granted the father
primary physical custody and granted the mother visitation rights.31 The father inhibited
phone contact between the children and their mother, denied one Christmas visit, and cut
short another one without good reason.32 We agreed that the father’s breach of the
visitation provisions satisfied the “changed circumstances” requirement for modifying
custody.33
             In this case, Graham’s interference with Jane’s visitation rights was obvious
and significant. He took Gabby from Cordova to Anchorage, then from Anchorage to
California, without informing Jane beforehand. By so doing he caused Jane to miss six
every-other-weekend visitations in a row.34       His disregard for Jane’s rights was
compounded by his failure for over two months to inform her they had left Cordova,
where they had gone, and when they could be expected to return, and by his failure to
provide any contact information so that Jane could at least communicate with Gabby
during their separation. And even when Graham finally divulged the basic information
— via his attorney’s letter, faxed to the Cordova Family Resource Center — he still
failed to provide any means of contact between Jane and her daughter. Instead he




      31
             46 P.3d at 1016.
      32
             Id. at 1017-18.
      33
             Id. at 1018-19.
      34
              Graham appears to contend that he had a right to retain Gabby in his
custody so long as he compensated Jane with more visitation days later. But Graham had
no right to unilaterally adjust the provisions of the order. See Hermosillo, 797 P.2d at
1209. Any deviations from the order — whether or not they were made up for later —
interfered with Jane’s visitation rights and support the finding of a change in
circumstances.

                                         - 13 -                                     6955

informed Jane that he had enrolled Gabby in school in California and intended to remain
there another three months.
             Graham relies heavily on his critical medical condition as excusing his
failure to inform Jane of Gabby’s whereabouts. But he did manage to communicate with
the Cordova Family Resource Center shortly before the next scheduled visitation, albeit
through his wife and cryptically. Even after his release from the hospital in early April
he continued to ignore Jane’s visitation rights for two more weeks, and when he did
communicate with her, through his attorney, he still failed to provide any means of
contact between Gabby and Jane. Another month went by before he called the Family
Resource Center himself, only to demand that Jane pay Gabby’s way back to Cordova
if she wanted her visitation to resume.
             The superior court considered this evidence and found that Graham kept
Gabby away from Jane with an intent to continue doing so “for a protracted period.” The
court’s factual finding amply supports the conclusion that Graham substantially
interfered with Jane’s visitation rights. This was a substantial change in circumstances
justifying a modification of the existing custody arrangement.
             2. 	   The superior court did not err in determining that it was in
                    Gabby’s best interests to modify the custody order.
             Once a court determines there has been a change in circumstances, it must
assess the factors of AS 25.24.150(c) to determine whether a custody modification is in
the best interests of the child.35 The superior court made findings on each relevant
statutory factor and on balance found that they favored an award of sole legal and
primary physical custody to Jane.




      35
              AS 25.20.110(g); Kelly, 46 P.3d at 1018.

                                          - 14 -	                                  6955
              Graham challenges this award, reasoning that he had legal custody under
the prior order; that it was therefore up to him to decide whether moving to California
was in Gabby’s best interests; and that his stay in California was temporary, and a
temporary departure from the visitation schedule cannot amount to a change in
circumstances justifying a modification of custody. But as explained above, the superior
court’s modification order was clearly supported by its findings about Graham’s
interference with Jane’s visitation rights.
              Having found a change in circumstances, the superior court made a number
of other findings in support of its decision that modifying custody was in Gabby’s best
interests. It found that there was love and affection between Gabby and both parents, “so
this factor does not change the balance of the other factors.” It found that while the
parents had been equally capable of caring for Gabby when the 2006 order was entered,
Graham’s serious heart issues now jeopardized his capability; this factor favored Jane.
It found that Jane was better positioned to provide Gabby a stable home in Cordova
given Graham’s frequent travel for medical appointments. It found that Jane now had
the “better ability and willingness to care for the emotional, religious and social needs
of [Gabby]” given Graham’s medical limitations and the “little evidence” presented by
Graham that he “has any willingness or ability to meet these needs.”
              The court also found that Jane “appears willing to facilitate [Gabby’s]
relationship with [Graham] to some extent but by contrast [Graham] seems less willing
to facilitate [Gabby’s] relationship to [Jane].” The court took into account Graham’s
travel to California with Gabby, which, as discussed above, amounted to substantial
interference with Jane’s visitation rights and was appropriately considered, even though
not amounting to domestic violence. Finally, it found no relevant evidence of substance
abuse in either household.



                                          - 15 -                                   6955

              The superior court’s factual findings are not clearly erroneous, and we see
no abuse of discretion in its weighing of the best interest factors. “We will not reweigh
the evidence when the record provides clear support for the trial court’s ruling.”36 We
affirm the superior court’s conclusion that it was in Gabby’s best interests to award sole
legal and primary physical custody to Jane.
       C.	    Any Error In The Admission Of The Child’s Hearsay Statements Was
              Harmless.
              Graham challenges the court’s consideration of testimony given by Jane
and the executive director of the Cordova Family Resource Center, relaying statements
Gabby allegedly made to them about her preference to be with Jane. Graham argues that
Gabby’s statements are hearsay and do not fall within any exception to the hearsay rule.37
But we need not decide whether the evidence was properly admitted, because the
superior court expressly declined to rely on it in deciding Jane’s motion.
              At the close of the evidentiary hearing, Graham’s counsel reiterated an
objection to any consideration of Gabby’s preference “on the basis of the child’s age”;
the judge responded that he had looked at relevant case law, concluded that he had “some
leeway” given that Gabby was about ten years old, but that “frankly, that’s certainly not
going to be the factor the court’s going to make a decision on.” In its written findings
and conclusions, the court declined to consider the evidence at all: “[Gabby] has
apparently a preference for [Jane], but this court does not consider the evidence it has on




       36
              Kelly, 46 P.3d at 1019.
       37
              See Alaska R. Evid. 801.

                                          - 16 -	                                    6955
[Gabby’s] preferences nor her capacity to make any decision on this factor adequate to
give weight to this factor.”38
               Graham contends on appeal that the superior court “had to have been
influenced by the heart-warming testimony of how the child wants to live with her
mommy,” but we credit the superior court’s express statement about its consideration of
this issue. Because the child’s preference was given no weight in the superior court’s
analysis, we need not decide whether it was error to admit the evidence.39
         D.	   Any Error In The Admission of Evidence Of Graham’s Old Criminal
               Convictions Was Harmless.
               Graham argues that the superior court erred by admitting evidence that he
was criminally convicted in 1996 and 1997 for concealment of merchandise. Graham
objected at the hearing on the basis of Alaska Evidence Rule 609(a), contending that the
convictions were more than five years old and also irrelevant. The court admitted the
evidence preliminarily, citing the Rule 609(b) exception which grants a judge discretion
to “allow evidence of the conviction . . . after more than five years have elapsed if the
court is satisfied that admission in evidence is necessary for a fair determination of the
case.”
               As Graham acknowledges, the superior court had already been informed
of the convictions in the custody investigator’s report.        And the evidence was
cumulative, given the evidence of similar and more recent charges that Graham does not
challenge on appeal. The superior court did not mention the convictions or the more



         38
              Under AS 25.24.150(c)(3), the court was required to consider “the child’s
preference if the child is of sufficient age and capacity to form a preference.”
         39
              See Brandner v. Hudson, 171 P.3d 83, 87 (Alaska 2007) (“[E]ven where
the trial court errs in admitting evidence, we will reverse only if that error was not
harmless.” (citing Alderman v. Iditarod Props., Inc., 104 P.3d 136, 142 (Alaska 2004))).

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recent criminal charges in its written findings and conclusions, and there is no indication
that they influenced the court’s decision. With no reason to believe that Graham was
unfairly prejudiced by admission of the evidence of his criminal convictions, we
conclude that any error in its admission was harmless.
V.     CONCLUSION
              We AFFIRM the order of the superior court modifying custody.




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