                               In the

     United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 17-3615
ROBBIE J. PERRY, et al., on behalf of themselves and others sim-
ilarly situated as Mattoon Township (Coles County, Illinois)
commercial and industrial property owners,
                                             Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                 v.

COLES COUNTY, ILLINOIS,
                                                 Defendant-Appellee.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                    Central District of Illinois.
             No. 17-cv-02133 — Colin S. Bruce, Judge.
                     ____________________

  ARGUED SEPTEMBER 27, 2018 — DECIDED OCTOBER 11, 2018
                ____________________

   Before FLAUM, MANION, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
   FLAUM, Circuit Judge. Robbie J. Perry and James Rex Duke-
man, on behalf of themselves and others similarly situated,
sued Coles County, Illinois for placing a disproportionate tax
on commercial and industrial properties in Mattoon Town-
ship in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Four-
teenth Amendment. The district court dismissed plaintiﬀs’
2                                                  No. 17-3615

claims based on the comity doctrine, and plaintiﬀs appeal. For
the reasons stated below, we aﬃrm.
                          I. Background
    Plaintiffs-appellants Robbie J. Perry and James Rex Duke-
man own commercial and industrial parcels in Mattoon
Township. Plaintiffs filed a class-action lawsuit against de-
fendant-appellee Coles County, Illinois (“Coles County” or
the “County”) for placing a disproportionate tax on commer-
cial and industrial properties in Mattoon Township as op-
posed to similar types of properties elsewhere in the County.
    Illinois law authorizes county assessments for tax pur-
poses and provides procedures for doing so. Pursuant to
these procedures, counties must perform general assessments
every four years by an assessor who views each property and
determines its value in that year. See 35 Ill. Comp. Stat.
§§ 200/9-155, 9-215. According to the operative complaint,
from 2002 to 2016, Coles County did not comply with this law.
Instead of viewing and assessing properties, Coles County
used a property’s assessment from the last year in which that
property was assessed.
   In 2015, Coles County ordered a county-wide reassess-
ment of commercial and industrial properties. The Mattoon
School District and other taxing authorities urged Coles
County to complete the reassessments in time for the 2016 tax
year. However, Coles County only reassessed properties in
Mattoon Township for the 2016 tax year. For the remaining
townships, Coles County again used assessments from prior
years. As a result, from the 2015 tax year to the 2016 tax year,
the reassessed values for Mattoon Township commercial
properties increased by $10,656,968 (an approximately 25%
No. 17-3615                                                                  3

increase), and the reassessed values for Mattoon Township in-
dustrial properties increased by $1,547,063 (an approximately
21% increase). Assessed values elsewhere in the County did
not change.
    Plaintiffs allege the County’s assessments for the 2016 tax
year violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection
Clause by placing a disproportionate tax on them and by
treating them differently than similarly-situated property
owners in the County. Plaintiffs filed a class-action complaint
against Coles County in the United States District Court for
the Central District of Illinois, bringing claims for violation of
the Equal Protection Clause pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
(Count I); for a declaratory judgment that Coles County vio-
lated the Equal Protection Clause (Count II); and for an in-
junction requiring Coles County to immediately assess the re-
maining properties in the County and to redo the assessments
of Mattoon Township that were used for the 2016 tax year
(Count III).1 In their amended complaint, Plaintiffs seek
$929,876.41 in damages, additional damages for future years,
pre- and post-judgment interest, attorneys’ fees and costs, and
any other legal or equitable relief that the court awards.
    Coles County moved to dismiss the amended complaint
for lack of jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(1). The district court agreed with Coles County and
granted the motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ amended complaint
in its entirety, entering judgment in favor of Coles County.
Plaintiffs appealed.


   1 Plaintiffs filed their original complaint on June 9, 2017. Plaintiffs then

filed an amended complaint approximately two months later, which be-
came the operative pleading in this action.
4                                                            No. 17-3615

                               II. Discussion
   We review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss
de novo. Kowalski v. Boliker, 893 F.3d 987, 994 (7th Cir. 2018).
The district court granted Coles County’s motion to dismiss
based on comity concerns rather than on the merits. We agree
that the district court correctly dismissed plaintiffs’ amended
complaint based on the comity doctrine.
    A. The Tax Injunction Act
    As an initial matter, we note that the district court con-
cluded it was unnecessary to address the applicability of the
Tax Injunction Act (“TIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1341,2 because dismis-
sal was appropriate based on the comity doctrine. This is the
approach the Supreme Court has taken in similar contexts. See
Levin v. Commerce Energy, Inc., 560 U.S. 413, 432 (2010) (“Be-
cause we conclude that the comity doctrine justifies dismissal
of respondents’ federal-court action, we need not decide
whether the TIA would itself block the suit.”); Fair Assessment
in Real Estate Ass’n, Inc. v. McNary, 454 U.S. 100, 107 (1981)
(“Because we decide today that the principle of comity bars
federal courts from granting damages relief in [state tax]
cases, we do not decide whether [the TIA], standing alone,
would require such a result.”). This Court has also applied the
comity doctrine to bar suits involving state taxation without
separately considering the TIA’s applicability. See Capra v.
Cook Cty. Bd. of Review, 733 F.3d 705, 709 (7th Cir. 2013) (af-
firming dismissal without prejudice of § 1983 damages claims


    2 The TIA provides that “[t]he district courts shall not enjoin, suspend

or restrain the assessment, levy or collection of any tax under State law
where a plain, speedy and efficient remedy may be had in the courts of
such State.” 28 U.S.C. § 1341.
No. 17-3615                                                                 5

against board of review “based on comity concerns under
[Fair Assessment]” without independent TIA analysis); Heyde
v. Pittenger, 633 F.3d 512, 521 (7th Cir. 2011) (district court’s
decision to grant summary judgment in favor of tax assessors
was correct “[p]ursuant to principles of comity”); Fromm v.
Rosewell, 771 F.2d 1089, 1092 (7th Cir. 1985) (“We agree with
the district court that the comity principle controls the dispo-
sition of appellants’ claims for declaratory relief and money
damages.”).3
    The TIA divests federal courts of subject-matter jurisdic-
tion in cases where “the relief sought would diminish or en-
cumber state tax revenue.” Scott Air Force Base Props., LLC v.
County of St. Clair, 548 F.3d 516, 520 (7th Cir. 2008). Comity,
by contrast, is a doctrine of abstention. Capra, 733 F.3d at 713
& nn.5–6. However, as discussed below, the comity issue is
dispositive and served as the basis for the district court’s
threshold dismissal of plaintiﬀs’ claims without reaching
their merits. Therefore, we will also analyze plaintiﬀs’ claims
solely according to comity principles. See Levin, 560 U.S. at 432

    3 See also Kathrein v. City of Evanston, 752 F.3d 680, 687 (7th Cir. 2014)
(district court correctly dismissed challenge to state tax based on both the
TIA and the principle of comity); Johnson v. Orr, 551 F.3d 564, 571 (7th Cir.
2008) (“Although the TIA applies only to suits seeking injunctive relief,
suits for damages that seek to reduce state tax revenue are barred ‘by the
free-standing principle of comity.’” (quoting Wright v. Pappas, 256 F.3d
635, 637 (7th Cir. 2001))); Pryzina v. Ley, 813 F.2d 821, 823 (7th Cir. 1987)
(agreeing that action challenging tax was barred by the TIA “insofar as the
complaint may be construed to seek injunctive relief” and barred by the
principle of comity “[i]nsofar as the complaint seeks declaratory relief or
damages”); Alcan Aluminum Ltd. v. Dep’t of Revenue of State of Or., 724 F.2d
1294, 1298 (7th Cir. 1984) (even where the TIA did not apply, “the principle
of comity underlying it militates in favor of a stringent standard of justici-
ability in cases that threaten to interfere with state taxes”).
6                                                              No. 17-3615

(“[F]ederal court[s] ha[ve] flexibility to choose among thresh-
old grounds for dismissal.” (citing Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malay-
sia Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431 (2007))).4
    B. The Comity Doctrine
    Out of respect for state functions, the comity doctrine “re-
strains federal courts from entertaining claims for relief that
risk disrupting state tax administration.” Id. at 417; see also
Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Balmoral Racing Club, Inc., 651
F.3d 722, 725 (7th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (comity, or “respect for
another sovereign,” is “the duty of federal courts to cede liti-
gation seeking to enjoin state tax statutes to the state courts”).
This doctrine reflects the reluctance of federal courts “to in-
terfere by injunction with [states’] fiscal operations” and the
concomitant desire to show “scrupulous regard for the right-
ful independence of state governments.” Matthews v. Rodgers,
284 U.S. 521, 525 (1932).
    Specifically, as relevant here, the comity doctrine bars tax-
payers from asserting § 1983 claims against “the validity of
state tax systems” via federal lawsuits. Fair Assessment, 454
U.S. at 116; see also Nat’l Private Truck Council, Inc. v. Okla. Tax


    4 Coles County moved to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), which al-
lows for dismissal for “lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.” Because comity
is an abstention doctrine, this basis for dismissal is not technically correct.
See Capra, 733 F.3d at 713 n.6 (the comity doctrine as outlined in Fair As-
sessment “presents not a mandatory jurisdictional limit but a prudential …
issue”). However, as the district court noted, “comity nonetheless pro-
vides a basis to dismiss a limited class of federal lawsuits,” see Levin, 560
U.S. at 421–24, and when assessing a dismissal for want of subject-matter
jurisdiction we may affirm on any ground the record supports. Kowalski,
893 F.3d at 994. Thus, we see no issue in affirming the court’s dismissal on
a Rule 12(b)(1) motion.
No. 17-3615                                                    7

Comm’n, 515 U.S. 582, 588 (1995) (federal courts may not
award damages, declaratory relief, or injunctive relief for
§ 1983 claims in state tax cases). Taxpayers seeking such relief
must instead “seek protection of their federal rights by state
remedies, provided of course that those remedies are plain,
adequate, and complete.” Fair Assessment, 454 U.S. at 116; see
also Levin, 560 U.S. at 429 (“[I]f the [state taxation] scheme is
indeed unconstitutional, surely the [state] courts are better
positioned to determine … how to comply with the mandate
of equal treatment.”); Capra, 733 F.3d at 713 (“Fair Assessment
has been applied consistently to bar plaintiffs from bringing
section 1983 suits challenging the validity or imposition of
state and local taxes in federal courts” in the presence of “ad-
equate, plain, and complete” state remedies.).
    When courts assess the adequacy of a state remedy, the
question is whether the remedy is procedurally sufficient, not
whether it will “result in the taxpayer’s desired outcome.”
Capra, 733 F.3d at 714. State remedies are sufficient for absten-
tion based on comity principles “if they provide the taxpayer
with a ‘full hearing and judicial determination at which she
may raise any and all constitutional objections to the tax.’”
Cosgriff v. County of Winnebago, 876 F.3d 912, 916 (7th Cir.
2017) (quoting Capra, 733 F.3d at 714).
   In Illinois, aggrieved taxpayers can file property tax as-
sessment complaints with a county board of review. See id. at
914; Capra, 733 F.3d at 708. This Court has previously ex-
plained the available remedy in Illinois for taxpayers who
wish to appeal the decisions of these boards:
8                                                   No. 17-3615

      Under Illinois law, taxpayers dissatisfied with a
      decision of a county Board of Review have two
      options for appeal. They can either appeal to the
      Property Tax Appeal Board (PTAB), 35 Ill.
      Comp. Stat. § 200/16–160, or file a tax objection
      complaint directly with a county circuit court,
      § 200/23–15.… If they select the PTAB route,
      they can appeal the PTAB’s decision directly to
      Illinois state courts. 35 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 200/16–
      195. Although the PTAB is not expressly author-
      ized to consider claims beyond objections to as-
      sessment values, we have found no provision in
      its authorizing statute or regulations precluding
      it from doing so. And before the PTAB, taxpay-
      ers may supplement the record with evidence
      beyond what was before the Board of Review.
      § 200/16–180.… Thus, through either the PTAB
      or the circuit courts, any statutory or constitu-
      tional claims can be heard by a state court of
      general jurisdiction and can be appealed
      through the Illinois court system to the Illinois
      Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the
      United States.
Capra, 733 F.3d at 714–15 (citations and footnote omitted). We
have previously concluded that these procedures were ade-
quate under Fair Assessment. Id. at 715; see also Cosgriff, 876
F.3d at 916 (relying on Capra and concluding the comity doc-
trine precluded the plaintiff-taxpayers’ constitutional claims
because the Illinois procedures for appealing property tax as-
sessments were “adequate, plain, and complete”); Heyde, 633
F.3d at 520 (“[W]e have continually found that the available
No. 17-3615                                                      9

state procedures for challenging the Illinois tax system are ac-
ceptable under [Fair Assessment].” (citing cases)).
    Plaintiffs maintain that they fall into a narrow exception
to this abstention doctrine because Illinois state courts do not
provide them with a complete remedy. Plaintiffs emphasize
that with their complaint, they are not asserting that the as-
sessments were unauthorized by law or levied on tax-exempt
property. Rather, the crux of their claim is the irregularity of
the assessment process: Coles County refused to follow Illi-
nois law when it only reassessed Mattoon Township commer-
cial and industrial properties for the 2016 tax year, not other
such properties within the County. According to plaintiffs,
the Illinois Supreme Court has stated that equitable relief is
not available to remedy such “procedural errors or irregular-
ities in the taxing process” and, since they seek such relief, the
comity doctrine should not bar their suit.
    However, the three Illinois cases plaintiffs cite in support
of their argument stand only for the well-established propo-
sition that under Illinois law equitable jurisdiction is not avail-
able for tax relief when there is an adequate remedy of law,
unless the tax is unauthorized by law or the tax is levied on
an exempt property. See Millennium Park Joint Venture, LLC v.
Houlihan, 948 N.E.2d 1, 11, 17–18 (Ill. 2010) (state court had
subject-matter jurisdiction to decide the merits of taxpayer’s
challenge to tax assessment under the unauthorized-by-law
exception, even though it had not challenged the assessment
with the county board of review and PTAB, because it sought
a declaration that its nontaxable license rendered the imposi-
tion of a tax on its property illegal); Lackey v. Pulaski Drainage
Dist., 122 N.E.2d 257, 260–62 (Ill. 1954) (deciding there was no
basis for equitable jurisdiction where plaintiffs’ complaint
10                                                            No. 17-3615

seeking to enjoin collection of an assessment was based on er-
rors and irregularities in the exercise of statutory taxing au-
thority, as opposed to the absence of statutory authority alto-
gether, and where plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law);
Wood River Township v. Wood River Twp. Hosp., 772 N.E.2d 308,
314–15 (Ill. App. Ct. 2002) (trial court had no equitable juris-
diction to consider taxpayers’ cause of action: “equitable ju-
risdiction is barred for tax relief when there is an adequate
remedy at law,” and taxpayers did not demonstrate that lev-
ied taxes were “unauthorized by law” so as to fit into excep-
tion to this rule). The adequate remedy at law for a taxpayer
who does not fall into one of these exceptions “is to pay the
taxes under protest and file an objection.” Wood River Town-
ship, 772 N.E.2d at 314 (citing North Pier Terminal Co. v. Tully,
343 N.E.2d 507 (Ill. 1976)).
    Plaintiffs maintain they cannot obtain the injunctive relief
they seek as part of their prayer for relief in this case via the
state process. However, as Coles County points out, it would
obliterate the comity doctrine if taxpayers could avoid the
doctrine’s effect simply by alleging a claim for injunctive re-
lief. And plaintiffs do not only seek injunctive relief; they also
request a refund for the taxes they already paid, as well as
additional damages for future years.5 This is an adequate rem-




     5 Coles County also argues that plaintiffs’ claim for injunctive relief
fails as a matter of law. See Daniels v. Southfort, 6 F.3d 482, 485 (7th Cir.
1993) (describing prerequisites for such relief). Plaintiffs did not respond
to this argument in their reply brief, so waiver applies. In re LaMont, 740
F.3d 397, 410 (7th Cir. 2014). In any event, the injunctive relief plaintiffs
seek would compel the County to “cure the unequal assessment of prop-
erty taxes based solely upon the … sole assessment of property taxes on
No. 17-3615                                                                  11

edy at law that exists for these plaintiffs. And because an ad-
equate remedy at law is not lacking, plaintiffs are not entitled
to equitable relief. Lynk v. LaPorte Superior Court No. 2, 789
F.2d 554, 559 (7th Cir. 1986). Plaintiffs instead have an ade-
quate state remedy via the appeals process outlined above,
satisfying Fair Assessment.6
    Drawing on the purposes for federal noninterference in
state tax administration, plaintiﬀs finally argue that they do
not wish to stop the assessment, levying, or collection of taxes.
Therefore, their requested relief would not disrupt Coles
County’s tax assessment, they claim, but would instead in-
crease the County’s tax revenue by raising taxes on its com-
mercial and industrial properties outside Mattoon Township.
The district court found this assertion disingenuous. As al-
ready discussed, plaintiﬀs seek more than just injunctive re-




commercial and industrial properties in Mattoon Township” by reas-
sessing such properties pursuant to Illinois law. But “federal courts have
no power to order state officials to comply with state law.” BT Bourbonnais
Care, LLC v. Norwood, 866 F.3d 815, 818 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing Pennhurst
State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89 (1984)).
    6  In their reply brief, plaintiffs cite an Illinois statute prohibiting tax
objection complaints from being filed as class actions, and plaintiffs argue
that this is a further reason why the state remedy is not completely ade-
quate for their alleged harms. See 35 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 200/23-15(a). They
note that in Rosewell v. LaSalle National Bank, the Supreme Court said fed-
eral-court jurisdiction may be appropriate in the TIA context “when the
taxpayer’s state-court remedy would require a multiplicity of suits.” 450
U.S. 503, 517 (1981). It is not clear that the inability to pursue this action as
a class action would result in a “multiplicity of suits.” Regardless, plain-
tiffs may not raise arguments for the first time in their reply brief. Laborers’
Pension Fund v. W.R. Weis Co., 879 F.3d 760, 768 (7th Cir. 2018).
12                                                 No. 17-3615

lief. They also seek a refund for taxes paid in 2016 and a de-
claratory judgment. By demanding a substantial refund, an
overhaul of the County’s tax assessment, and collection pro-
cedures going forward, plaintiﬀs’ claims necessarily encroach
on Coles County’s ability to administer its tax laws, as well as
its ability to levy and collect taxes.
    Moreover, even looking only at plaintiﬀs’ requested in-
junctive relief, they essentially seek a federal court order re-
quiring that Coles County increase others’ tax burdens by do-
ing assessments county-wide as contemplated by Illinois law.
In Levin, the Supreme Court faced a similar equal-protection
challenge to an allegedly discriminatory state-taxation
scheme, “framed as a request to increase a commercial com-
petitor’s tax burden.” 560 U.S. at 417. The Court concluded
comity warranted dismissal of the suit because, even if the
plaintiﬀs could prevail on the merits of their equal-protection
claim, the only means of providing relief would be to reduce
the plaintiﬀs’ tax liability or to reshape the state’s tax code.
Though plaintiﬀs only requested an increase in the tax burden
of others, they “would have no entitlement to their preferred
remedy.” Id. at 430–31. Thus, addressing the merits of plain-
tiﬀs’ claims, even if they would result in additional taxes for
the County, would plainly interfere with Coles County’s abil-
ity to collect taxes. See id. at 417 (comity restrains federal
courts from considering claims “that risk disrupting state tax
administration” (emphasis added)). This is the exact type of
case the comity doctrine was meant to address, and the dis-
trict court appropriately abstained from hearing this suit.
                         III. Conclusion
    For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.
