                               In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 19-1369
JAMES HENDERSON,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                 v.

ROBERT WILKIE, Secretary,
U.S. Department of Veterans
Affairs,
                                                 Defendant-Appellee.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
             Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
      No. 1:15-cv-04445 — Sidney I. Schenkier, Magistrate Judge.
                     ____________________

    ARGUED FEBRUARY 14, 2020 — DECIDED JULY 15, 2020
                ____________________

   Before SYKES, Chief Judge, and RIPPLE and SCUDDER,
Circuit Judges.
   RIPPLE, Circuit Judge. James Henderson filed this em-
ployment discrimination action against the Secretary of the
Department of Veteran Affairs (“VA”). Mr. Henderson, who
is African American, alleged race and age discrimination
and retaliation claims, in violation of Title VII of the Civil
2                                                          No. 19-1369

Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2, and the Age Discrim-
ination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621. The district
court granted summary judgment to the VA in December
2016. Mr. Henderson appealed, and, in December 2017, a
panel of this court vacated and remanded for further pro-
           1
ceedings. The panel held that, on the record before it, there
was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the VA’s
explanations for not selecting Mr. Henderson for a criminal
investigator position were pretext for racial discrimination.
See Henderson v. Shulkin, 720 Fed. App’x 776, 786 (7th Cir.
2017).
    On remand, the parties consented to proceed before a
                      2
magistrate judge. Mr. Henderson’s race discrimination
claim was tried by a jury in September 2018. The jury re-
turned a verdict for the VA, and the district court entered
final judgment. Mr. Henderson then moved for a new trial
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(a), claiming error
in two evidentiary rulings. The district court denied the mo-
tion.
                                             3
   Mr. Henderson timely appealed. We now affirm the
judgment of the district court because it did not abuse its
discretion in ruling on the evidentiary issues.




1 Mr. Henderson abandoned his age discrimination and retaliation
claims. See Henderson v. Shulkin, 720 Fed. App’x 776, 778 (7th Cir. 2017).
2 See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); Fed. R. Civ. P. 73.
3 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The district court’s
jurisdiction was premised on 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343.
No. 19-1369                                                    3

                                I
                       BACKGROUND
  Mr. Henderson joined the VA police department at Ed-
ward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital (“Hines”) in Hines, Illinois, in
       4
1986. He held several positions at Hines, including patrol
                                                      5
officer, sergeant, lieutenant, and assistant chief. In 2007,
Mr. Henderson became a detective at Hines and was serving
in that capacity at the time of trial.
    In March, Gary Marsh became the chief of police at
Hines. In September 2013, Chief Marsh decided to fill an
open position for a criminal investigator. Chief Marsh and
the human resources department composed a job descrip-
tion, a list of desired qualifications, a hiring timeframe, and a
selection process. The job announcement for the criminal in-
vestigator position was posted on usajobs.gov on October 16,
2013. It stated that the candidate must be able to conduct
criminal investigations and “must possess an extensive
knowledge of generally accepted investigator principles,
techniques[,] methods and procedures” and “be physically,
                                    6
emotionally and mentally fit.” The announcement directed
applicants to submit a resume containing job descriptions
                                                  7
that “sufficiently detail the level of experience.” It explained
that it was necessary “to submit a thorough and complete



4 R.115 at 160.
5 Id. at 162–65.
6 R.117-1 at 2.
7 Id. at 5–6.
4                                                 No. 19-1369

resume” describing their experience because the selecting
                                                       8
official would not have access to personnel folders.
    Fifteen individuals applied for the criminal investigator
position, including Mr. Henderson and Cary Kolbe. Kolbe, a
white male, was a lieutenant at Hines when he applied. Af-
ter joining the VA police department at Hines in 2009, he
had accumulated several disciplinary issues, including alle-
gations that he sexually harassed a female coworker, falsi-
fied a police report, violated VA police policy by purchasing
an unauthorized weapon and bringing it to Hines, and by
being intoxicated while on duty. Chief Marsh was aware of
                             9
Kolbe’s disciplinary issues.
   At the first stage of the selection process, a three-person
panel reviewed the resumes of the fifteen applicants. The
names of the applicants were redacted from the resumes,
and the resumes lacked any racial identifiers. The panelists
scored the resumes based on the applicants’ relevant experi-
ence in conducting, leading, and supervising investigations.
After each panelist gave each resume a score, a human re-
sources specialist identified the three candidates with the
highest resume scores. Only those three applicants proceed-
ed to the second stage of the selection process, the interview
panel.
   Mr. Henderson’s resume did not score well enough to
proceed to the interview panel. Only the candidates with the
top three scoring resumes were selected for interviews;
Mr. Henderson’s resume received the tenth highest score.

8 Id. at 6.
9 R.114 at 114–15, 129–33.
No. 19-1369                                                            5

The resumes of two other African American candidates
scored higher than Mr. Henderson’s resume. The resume of
one African American candidate ranked second, and that
candidate proceeded to the interview stage. Although
Mr. Henderson’s resume indicated that he was a detective
and that he had training in conducting investigations, his
                                                                       10
resume did not describe the details of his responsibilities.
Kolbe’s resume, in contrast, indicated that he had experience
in both conducting and leading investigations, including
years of experience as a criminal investigator in the Navy
where he had supervised and trained more than sixty offic-
                                        11
ers in conducting investigations. Similarly, the other two
top-scoring resumes described in detail the candidates’ qual-
                                                          12
ifications in planning and leading investigations.
   The interviews were conducted by telephone before a
separate three-person panel. The interview panel assigned
scores to these three candidates based on their respective
performances, and the scores were forwarded to
Chief Marsh. Chief Marsh selected the candidate with the
highest scoring interview—Kolbe. Chief Marsh testified that
he selected Kolbe because Kolbe had earned the highest
                                                13
scores on both his resume and interview.




10 See R.117-1 at 8.
11 See id. at 20–23.
12 See id. at 136–39, 143–48.
13 R.114 at 163 (Chief Marsh testified that selecting the highest scoring
candidate was the “only way” he knew who was “eligible.”).
6                                                   No. 19-1369

                               II
                        DISCUSSION
    The basic principles that govern our review of the denial
of a motion for a new trial are well-settled. We review a de-
nial of a motion for a new trial under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 59(a) for an abuse of discretion. See Abellan v.
Lavelo Prop. Mgmt., LLC, 948 F.3d 820, 830 (7th Cir. 2020).
Mr. Henderson contends that the district court improperly
excluded evidence. We review a district court’s decision to
exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. Stegall v. Saul,
943 F.3d 1124, 1127 (7th Cir. 2019). In describing the so-called
“abuse of discretion” standard in this context, we have said
that a party seeking to overturn the district court’s eviden-
tiary ruling “bears a heavy burden” because a “‘trial court’s
balancing of probative value and unfair prejudice is highly
discretionary.’” Speedy v. Rexnord Corp., 243 F.3d 397, 404
(7th Cir. 2001) (quoting Geitz v. Lindsey, 893 F.2d 148, 150
(7th Cir. 1990)). As a general rule, “[u]nless justice requires
otherwise,” errors in excluding evidence will generally not
warrant a new trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 61. We will not reverse
the court’s judgment, even if it is erroneous, “if the record
indicates that the same decision would have been rendered
irrespective of the error.” Speedy, 243 F.3d at 404.
    Finally, we emphasize that to preserve evidentiary issues
for appeal, a party must “make an offer of proof or other-
wise explain the substance of the evidence he sought to pre-
sent.” Carmody v. Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of Ill., 893 F.3d 397,
407 (7th Cir. 2018); see also Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(2) (“A party
may claim error in a ruling to admit or exclude evidence on-
ly if the error affects a substantial right of the party and … if
the ruling excludes evidence, a party informs the court of its
No. 19-1369                                                 7

substance by an offer of proof, unless the substance was ap-
parent from the context.”). With these principles before us,
we examine each of Mr. Henderson’s contentions.
                              A.
   We now turn to the motions in limine that Mr. Hender-
son asks us to examine. The VA filed several motions in
limine with the parties’ joint proposed pretrial order. Two of
these motions, the VA’s first and fifth motions in limine,
form the basis of Mr. Henderson’s appeal. They state the fol-
lowing:
        (1) Motion to bar the testimony of the
        objected-to witnesses because they were not
        disclosed     in    answers     to    pertinent
        interrogatories as having relevant information;
        they lack relevant testimony; and the probative
        value of any testimony would be outweighed
        by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusing
        the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
        wasting time, or needlessly presenting
        cumulative evidence.
                              ***
        (5) Motion to bar any evidence regarding
        events post-dating the selection process, in-
        cluding but not limited to subsequent promo-
        tions or discipline issued to Kolbe or Marsh.14
Mr. Henderson believes that he was denied a fair trial be-
cause the district court’s rulings on these motions in limine


14 R.74 at 9–10.
8                                                  No. 19-1369

excluded evidence that would have been probative of
Chief Marsh’s discriminatory intent.
                              B.
    We first examine whether the district court abused its
discretion in granting the VA’s first motion in limine that
sought to prevent Mr. Henderson’s witnesses from testifying
on subjects not disclosed in Mr. Henderson’s interrogatory
answer. In the interrogatory, the VA had asked
Mr. Henderson the following: “Please identify all persons
with knowledge or information relating to any claim or de-
fense in this action, and describe in detail each person’s
knowledge.”15 At the parties’ initial pretrial conference, the
VA informed the district court that it believed that several of
Mr. Henderson’s witnesses were going to testify at trial
about their own discrimination claims against Chief Marsh.
However, the VA noted that Mr. Henderson had not dis-
closed in his interrogatory answer that these witnesses had
their own discrimination claims.16 The VA therefore asked
that the district court preclude testimony about any such
discrimination claims.
    Although the parties dispute the point, it is clear from the
record that the district court never ruled on the first motion
in limine. Prior to the initial pretrial conference,
Mr. Henderson had not submitted a witness list that de-
scribed the nature of each witness’s testimony. Consequent-
ly, the district court directed the parties to review and revise
their witness lists. It did note, however, that it was “in-


15 R.101-4 at 1.
16 R.79 at 45.
No. 19-1369                                                  9

clined” to limit the testimony of Mr. Henderson’s witnesses
to only what Mr. Henderson had disclosed in his interroga-
                 17
tory answer. It reasoned that the VA should have been able
to rely on the answer to make litigation-related decisions,
such as whether to depose a witness.18 The court instructed
Mr. Henderson’s counsel to keep counsel for the VA ap-
prised of any plans to have a witness testify beyond what
had been disclosed in interrogatories.19 The court then con-
tinued the VA’s first motion in limine and scheduled a con-
tinued pretrial conference.
    On August 27, 2018, the parties reconvened before the
district court for the continued final pretrial conference. The
VA had narrowed its original list of twenty-four objected-to
witnesses to ten.20 Mr. Henderson’s counsel confirmed that
they intended to elicit testimony that would exceed the
scope of what Mr. Henderson had disclosed in his interroga-
tory answer.21 The court explained that, unless
Mr. Henderson’s counsel could show that it would be an
abuse of its discretion, it was inclined to prohibit
Mr. Henderson’s witnesses from testifying about topics that
                                                             22
should have been disclosed in his interrogatory responses.
If the VA “open[ed] the door” to those undisclosed topics,



17 Id. at 50.
18 Id.
19 Id. at 56.
20 R.80 at 32.
21 Id. at 43.
22 Id. at 44.
10                                                             No. 19-1369

however, the court stated that it would permit the witnesses
to testify about them.23
    Although the parties had discussed the objected-to testi-
mony before the reconvened pretrial conference, they were
unable to agree on the appropriate scope of testimony.24
Moreover, Mr. Henderson had not provided the VA with a
list of his witnesses who were going to testify on subjects
outside the scope of his interrogatory answer.25 Because the
parties had failed to confer and prepare for the continued
pretrial conference as instructed, the court deferred ruling
                                                               26
on whether to exclude the objected-to testimony. The court
instructed the parties to confer before trial.27


23 Id.
24 Id. at 48.
25 Id. at 49.
26 It was entirely appropriate for the district court to defer ruling on this
motion in limine until trial. If the district court is unable to “accurately or
sufficiently” evaluate the evidentiary submissions, “it is necessary to de-
fer ruling until during trial, when the trial judge can better estimate its
impact on the jury.” Jonasson v. Lutheran Child & Family Servs., 115 F.3d
436, 440 (7th Cir. 1997).
27 R.80 at 51. The minute order following the pretrial conference con-
firms that the district court deferred ruling on the first motion in limine:
         (c) with respect to the defense objection to the scope of
         the testimony of Witnesses Nos. 2 (Michael Leonard),
         3 (David Scott), 4 (Donald Barnes), 5 (Thomas Johnson),
         6 (James Runge), 8 (Larry Bailey), and 20 (Nina Graves)
         from the plaintiff’s will call list, we defer ruling for trial,
         which [sic] urging the parties to further confer to at-
         tempt to reach resolution on the scope of the testimony
         of those witnesses. We remind the parties that time
                                                               (continued … )
No. 19-1369                                                       11

   After the final pretrial conference, the VA’s counsel sent
an email to Mr. Henderson’s counsel asking him to identify
the testimony that he intended to present at trial that would
exceed the scope of Mr. Henderson’s interrogatory answer.
Mr. Henderson’s counsel declined to provide that infor-
mation, stating that he “wish[ed] to preserve any issues for
appeal” and that he would address any issues with the court
during trial.28
   Before opening arguments, the VA’s counsel informed
the court that Mr. Henderson’s counsel had refused to dis-
cuss the anticipated testimony with them. The court asked
Mr. Henderson’s counsel whether he “intend[ed] to try to
question these witnesses about things other than what was
disclosed as their knowledge during discovery.”29
Mr. Henderson’s counsel replied, “Absent the door opening,
no.”30
    Nevertheless, twice during trial, Mr. Henderson’s coun-
sel attempted to elicit the objected-to testimony even when
the VA had not opened the door to such testimony. The first
instance involved Mr. Henderson’s witness Michael Leon-
ard. When Leonard was preparing to testify, Mr. Hender-
son’s counsel asked the court whether his questioning of
Leonard would “open the door” for him to ask “other wit-


( … continued)
         spent during trial resolving those disputes will count
         against the respective parties’ allotted time … .
R.78 at 1 (emphasis added).
28 R.101-5 at 1.
29 R.113 at 16.
30 Id.
12                                                          No. 19-1369

nesses about things that happened with Chief Marsh.”31 Af-
ter some further discussion, the district court responded, “I
                            32
don’t see why it does.” Mr. Henderson’s counsel also asked
whether he could ask Leonard about the details of Leonard’s
pending discrimination case against Chief Marsh. The dis-
trict court, citing Federal Rule of Evidence 403 concerns, in-
structed Mr. Henderson’s counsel that he could not ask
questions about the details of either the termination or the
ongoing litigation. However, the court instructed the counsel
that they could question Leonard about the fact that he was
terminated and the fact that there was ongoing litigation be-
cause that information was “relevant to the issue of bias or
               33
motive.” Mr. Henderson’s counsel did not attempt to elicit
the objected-to testimony. The second instance was when
Mr. Henderson’s witness David Scott took the stand. When
Scott took the stand, Mr. Henderson’s counsel asked the
court whether he could ask Scott about information that
should have been—but was not—disclosed in Mr. Hender-
son’s interrogatory answer. The court did not allow this tes-
timony; Mr. Henderson’s counsel merely responded,
“Okay.”34
   Mr. Henderson contends that, by granting this motion in
limine, the district court unfairly limited his evidentiary


31 R.115 at 6.
32 Id. at 9.
33 Id. at 10.
34 Id. at 126–27. The court noted that it had “never seen what the specific
interrogatory response was” and stated, “it’s kind of [a] late time to be
doing something that I asked you all to do six weeks ago.” Id. at 126.
No. 19-1369                                                   13

presentation and that he is entitled to a new trial. It is clear,
however, that the district court did not rule on the motion in
limine. Moreover, Mr. Henderson’s counsel expressly told
the court that he did not intend to ask witnesses about topics
that exceeded the scope of Mr. Henderson’s interrogatory
answer. This representation constituted a waiver. See Harri-
son v. Burlington Northern R.R. Co., 965 F.2d 155, 158 (7th Cir.
1992) (“We will not reverse a trial court’s judgment on a
ground that was not presented to it.”). As the district court
stated in denying a motion for a new trial,
        the onus was on plaintiff to provide some good
        reason why he should be allowed to elicit tes-
        timony of witnesses on subjects not disclosed
        in plaintiff’s sworn interrogatory responses.
        Plaintiff never accepted that challenge. He
        cannot now complain of error—much less er-
        ror warranting a new trial—by being held to
                                                 35
        his sworn interrogatory responses.
    A district court’s evidentiary rulings are “highly discre-
tionary,” and Mr. Henderson certainly has failed to bear his
“heavy burden” in seeking to overturn them. See Speedy, 243
F.3d at 404 (quoting Geitz, 893 F.2d at 150). Because he failed
to explain the substance of the testimony he sought to pre-
sent at trial, we cannot conclude that the district court erred
in excluding it. See Peals v. Terre Haute Police Dep’t, 535 F.3d
621, 630 (7th Cir. 2008) (“If the party objecting to the exclu-
sion of the evidence fails to make a proper offer of proof,



35 R.104 at 11–12 (internal citation omitted).
14                                                 No. 19-1369

‘there is no basis for a finding of prejudice.’’’ (quoting Nanda
v. Ford Motor Co., 509 F.2d 213, 223 (7th Cir. 1974))).
                              C.
    We now examine whether the district court erred in
granting the VA’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of
events occurring after Chief Marsh selected Kolbe as the
criminal investigator. Notably, the district court, in consider-
ing this motion, focused narrowly on the specific evidence
that Mr. Henderson sought to have admitted: first, Mr. Hen-
derson wanted the jury to hear evidence that, after
Chief Marsh selected Kolbe, the Chief had discriminated
against African Americans in other instances; second,
Mr. Henderson wanted the jury to hear that, after Kolbe’s
selection, he was the subject of disciplinary scrutiny impli-
cating his professional fitness.
                               1.
    The district court ruled that it would not permit evidence
that Chief Marsh had taken discriminatory action against
other African Americans after he awarded the criminal in-
vestigator job to Kolbe. Mr. Henderson submits that this
post-selection evidence was crucial to his proving
Chief Marsh’s discriminatory intent in selecting Kolbe in-
stead of Mr. Henderson.
    The district court determined that, because many of those
instances were still in litigation, their admission would cre-
ate unwarranted confusion. Relying on Federal Rule of Evi-
dence 403, the court expressed concern that the evidence
No. 19-1369                                                  15

would confuse the jury by creating “a trial within a trial.”36
See Manuel v. City of Chicago, 335 F.3d 592, 597 (7th Cir. 2003)
(affirming the district court’s exclusion of evidence where
the evidence would result in “mini-trials” and the slight
probative value did not outweigh the risk of unfair preju-
dice, confusion to the jury, and delay).
   The district court was on solid ground and certainly did
not abuse its discretion. Mr. Henderson told the district
court that he wanted to ask the individuals who were not
                                     37
promoted “about what happened.” The district court’s con-
cern about the possibility of trials within the trial and con-
comitant juror confusion was therefore realistic. Moreover,
the district court’s exclusion of this prior selection evidence
hardly precluded Mr. Henderson from introducing other ev-
idence of Chief Marsh’s alleged discriminatory animus from
the period before Kolbe’s selection. The court concluded,
quite reasonably, that the slight additional value from this
cumulative evidence was outweighed by the risk of jury con-
fusion. Mr. Henderson has not met his “heavy burden” of
showing that the district court abused its discretion in ex-
cluding this evidence. See Speedy, 243 F.3d at 404.
    Finally, Mr. Henderson has included in his opening brief
other arguments concerning evidence that he never de-
scribed to the district court when the court considered the
parties’ evidentiary issues. We certainly cannot consider ev-
idence that Mr. Henderson describes for the first time on ap-



36 R.79 at 30.
37 Id. at 29.
16                                                   No. 19-1369

         38
peal. See Puffer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 675 F.3d 709, 718 (7th Cir.
2012). “It is a well-established rule that arguments not raised
to the district court are waived on appeal.” Id.; see also Harri-
son, 965 F.2d at 158 (“We will not reverse a trial court’s
judgment on a ground that was not presented to it.”). Feder-
al Rule of Evidence 103 provides in relevant part that “[a]
party may claim error in a ruling to … exclude evidence only
if the error affects a substantial right of the party and … a
party informs the court of its substance by an offer of proof,
unless the substance was apparent from the context.” Fed. R.
Evid. 103(a)(2) (emphasis added).
                                2.
    At the pretrial conference, Mr. Henderson also wanted to
present testimony about disciplinary matters implicating
Kolbe that occurred after his selection for the criminal inves-
tigator position.39 The district court ruled that it would ex-
clude the evidence because it was not relevant to show the
discriminatory animus of Chief Marsh at the time of hiring,
and because it was likely unduly prejudicial under Federal
                          40
Rule of Evidence 403.
    In deciding the post-trial motion under Rule 59, the dis-
trict court observed that Mr. Henderson “d[id] not seek to
revisit the Court’s decision to bar evidence of Mr. Kolbe’s
                                     41
own post-promotion conduct.” The court made this obser-


38 See Appellant’s Br. 13–18.
39 See R.79 at 30–31.
40 Id.
41 R.104 at 6–7.
No. 19-1369                                                               17

vation for good reason: Mr. Henderson had omitted mention
                                                     42
of this issue in his motion for a new trial. Now, before us,
Mr. Henderson only makes a passing reference to it with no
                        43
specific argument. This matter is clearly waived. In any
event, as this case comes to us, it is difficult to see the rele-
                                                               44
vance of such evidence to the issue before the jury.


42 R.98 at 4–12.
43 See Appellant’s Br. at 12.
44 We therefore cannot accept Mr. Henderson’s contention that the dis-
trict court abused its discretion by categorically precluding post-selection
evidence. His reliance on Riordan v. Kempiners, 831 F.2d 690 (7th Cir.
1987), is futile. In Riordan, we said that “a blanket exclusion of evidence
of events that occurred before or after the discrimination is arbitrary.”
Riordan, 831 F.2d at 699.
     The situation here is clearly distinguishable from the situation in
Riordan. In Riordan, an employment discrimination action, the district
court granted numerous motions in limine that excluded “all evidence of
events subsequent to Riordan’s filing of her claim for discrimination in
December 1983—even though she didn’t quit the Department [until]
August 1984.” Id. at 698. The district court in Riordan “gave no reasons
for most of the exclusions,” and we were not satisfied that the district
court even exercised its discretion. Id. at 697. We held that the district
court erred in implementing “a blanket exclusion of evidence of events
that occurred before or after discrimination.” Id. at 699. Here, the district
court provided specific reasons for excluding the post-selection evidence,
and it excluded the evidence only after it gave Mr. Henderson ample
opportunity to explain what he sought to present at trial.
     Finally, we emphasize that there is no question that any error in the
admission of evidence was clearly harmless. The evidence against
Mr. Henderson was very strong. His candidacy hit a dead end when a
blind resume analysis by a screening panel ranked him in tenth place
with two African American candidates ahead of him. Although the jury
did hear that a panelist had a social relationship with Kolbe, it also
                                                             (continued … )
18                                                            No. 19-1369

                              CONCLUSION
        The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                                                              AFFIRMED




( … continued)
heard, however, that this panelist awarded Mr. Henderson’s resume a
higher score than either of the other panelists. Moreover, the panelist did
not award Kolbe’s resume a score that was higher than the other panel-
ists. The panelist testified that she did not confer with the other panelists
regarding the scores.
     Again, we address the question of harmless error only for the sake of
completeness. The district court’s rulings are solidly supported by the
record. Mr. Henderson received a fair trial.
