                     United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 06-1157
                                   ___________

Michael Clay,                           *
                                        *
             Appellant,                 *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the Eastern
                                        * District of Arkansas.
Larry Norris,                           *
                                        *
             Appellee.                  *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: February 16, 2006
                                Filed: April 25, 2007
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, GRUENDER and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                              ___________

BENTON, Circuit Judge.

       Michael A. Clay was convicted of rape in Arkansas. ARK. CODE ANN. § 5-14-
103. After an unsuccessful appeal addressing insufficiency of the evidence, he sought
post-conviction relief for ineffective assistance of counsel. ARK. R. CRIM. P.
37.1(a)(i). The trial court rejected his petition on the merits. On March 7, 2002, the
Supreme Court of Arkansas refused to accept Clay's brief because his "abstract is
deficient" and he "failed to include the order denying his Rule 37 petition in his
addendum." See ARK. SUP. CT. R. 4-2(a)(5), (8). The court gave him 15 days "to file
a substituted abstract, Addendum, and brief to conform to Rule 4-2." See ARK. SUP.
CT. R. 4-2(b)(3). On rebriefing, Clay included the missing order, but "failed to
abstract material parts of the record." Specifically:

      Within his argument, appellant [Clay] refers to comments made by the
      prosecutor at the original trial and to events occurring at the sentencing
      hearing. Appellant has not, however, abstracted any portion of the
      sentencing hearing nor has appellant adequately abstracted material
      portions of his original trial. Appellant has failed to comply with our
      abstracting requirements and has failed to demonstrate prejudice. It is
      the appellant's burden to produce a record sufficient to demonstrate error,
      and the record on appeal is confined to that which is abstracted.

The Supreme Court of Arkansas affirmed the denial of the petition for post-conviction
relief on May 9, 2002.

       Clay next sued for a writ of habeas corpus in district court1, claiming
insufficiency of the evidence and ineffective assistance of counsel. See 28 U.S.C. §
2254(d)(1). The court dismissed his first claim on the merits, and the second because
he did not follow the abstracting rule. Clay appeals only the ineffective assistance
claim, arguing the "Arkansas rules on abstracting are applied in a standardless manner,
and as such do not create a valid procedural bar to Federal review in habeas corpus
proceedings." He requests "this case be reversed and remanded for consideration of
his substantive ineffective assistance of counsel claims." This court reviews "the
district court's findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo."
Cagle v. Norris, 474 F.3d 1090, 1095 (8th Cir. 2005).




      1
       The Honorable J. Leon Holmes, Chief Judge, United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Arkansas, adopting the report and recommendations of the
Honorable Jerry Cavaneau, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern District of
Arkansas. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b).

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       A federal court "is prohibited from reviewing an issue that the state court has
resolved on an adequate and independent state ground, including procedural default."
Winfield v. Roper, 460 F.3d 1026, 1036 (8th Cir. 2006). "In the habeas context, the
application of the independent and adequate state ground doctrine is grounded in
concerns of comity and federalism." Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 730
(1991). Otherwise, "habeas would offer prisoners whose custody was supported by
independent and adequate state grounds an end run around the limits of this Court's
jurisdiction and a means to undermine the state's interest in enforcing its laws." Id.
at 730-31.

       Further, "a state prisoner's federal habeas petition should be dismissed if the
prisoner has not exhausted available state remedies as to any of his federal claims."
Id. at 731. Also grounded in comity and federalism, "the exhaustion doctrine is
principally designed to protect the state courts' role in the enforcement of federal law
and prevent disruption of state judicial proceedings." Id. (quoting Rose v. Lundy, 455
U.S. 509, 518 (1982)). A "habeas petitioner who has failed to meet the State's
procedural requirements for presenting his federal claims has deprived the state courts
of the opportunity to address those claims in the first instance." Id. at 732.

      These two doctrines work together. A habeas petitioner who defaults a federal
claim in state court satisfies the exhaustion requirement: thereafter, the state courts
are closed to him. See id. Without the independent and adequate state ground
doctrine, "habeas petitioners would be able to avoid the exhaustion requirement by
defaulting their federal claim in state court. The independent and adequate state
ground doctrine ensures that the States' interest in correcting their own mistakes is
respected in all federal habeas cases." Id.

      But "only a firmly established and regularly followed state practice" is a
procedural bar to federal habeas review. Ford v. Georgia, 498 U.S. 411, 423-24
(1991). "[S]tate procedural rules not strictly or regularly followed may not bar our

                                          -3-
review." Dixon v. Dormire, 263 F.3d 774, 781 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Ford, 498
U.S. at 424). Clay contends that "there is no established standard in Arkansas for
what abstracting circumstances are required for dismissal of an 'inadequately'
abstracted brief." Rather, precedent is "a hodgepodge of decision making, remarkable
for its fluctuating standards." Clay concludes that in Arkansas, "an insufficient
abstract (whatever that is) precludes appellate review except when it doesn't."

       Clay fails to show that the abstracting rule "is not a consistently applied state
rule." In Williams v. State, 944 S.W.2d 822 (Ark. 1997), Fight v. State, 863 S.W.2d
800 (Ark. 1993), and Kirby v. State, 915 S.W.2d 736 (Ark. Ct. App. 1996) – cases
Clay cites – the missing materials were irrelevant to the merits of the claims. But Clay
"failed to abstract material parts of the record" relevant to his ineffective-assistance-
of-counsel claim. And in Finney v. State, 2001 WL 1452153, *1 (Ark. Nov. 15,
2001), the appellant – on rebriefing, like Clay – "failed to abstract material parts of the
record," leaving the court with "no way of resolving the issues raised in appellant's
brief challenging counsel's alleged ineffective performance." As with Clay, the
supreme court affirmed the denial of Finney's Rule 37 petition.

      In Taylor v. Norris, 401 F.3d 883, 886 (8th Cir. 2005), this court held the
Arkansas abstracting rule is an "independent and adequate state law ground[]" to bar
federal habeas review. The Rule states,

      If the Court finds the abstract or Addendum to be deficient such that the
      Court cannot reach the merits of the case, or such as to cause an
      unreasonable or unjust delay in the disposition of the appeal, the Court
      will notify the appellant that he or she will be afforded an opportunity to
      cure any deficiencies, and has fifteen days within which to file a
      substituted abstract, Addendum, and brief, at his or her own expense, to
      conform to Rule 4-2(a)(5) and (8).

ARK. SUP. CT. R. 4-2(b)(3) (2006). The previous version was harsher:


                                           -4-
      If the Court finds the abstract to be flagrantly deficient, or to cause an
      unreasonable or unjust delay in the disposition of the appeal, the
      judgment or decree may be affirmed for noncompliance with the Rule.
      If the Court considers that action to be unduly harsh, the appellant's
      attorney may be allowed time to revise the brief, at his or her own
      expense, to conform to Rule 4-2(a)(6).

ARK. SUP. CT. R. 4-2(b)(3) (2000). Effective September 1, 2001, the Rule was
liberalized to allow the 15-day extension to cure deficiencies. In a per curiam order
announcing the changes, the Supreme Court of Arkansas explained:

      The recurring theme in the comments and at the heart of the Committee's
      proposal was the need for appeals to be decided on the merits. We agree
      and have addressed this concern in amending Rule 4-2(b)(3). Appeals
      will no longer be affirmed because of the insufficiency of the abstract
      without the appellant first having any opportunity to cure the
      deficiencies. The so-called "affirmance rule" is being essentially
      eliminated, except in the rarest circumstances where the appellant refuses
      or fails to comply after given the opportunity to cure a deficient abstract,
      addendum, and brief.

In re: Modification of the Abstracting System – Amendments to Supreme Court
Rules 2-3, 4-2, 4-3, and 4-4, 345 Ark. 626, 627 (May 31, 2001).2

       Under both versions of Rule 4-2(b)(3), Arkansas's "firmly established and
regularly followed state practice" is to deny Rule 37 relief when the abstract is so
deficient that the court cannot evaluate the claim on its merits. See, e.g., Martin v.
State, 989 S.W.2d 908, 910 (Ark. 1999) ("we must affirm on the ineffective assistance
of counsel claim" because "[w]ithout an abstract of the evidence that was introduced


      2
          Rule 4-2(a)(6) was reclassified as Rule 4-2(a)(5), (8).

                                           -5-
during the revocation proceeding, we have no way to determine if the court's upward
departure from the sentencing guidelines was justified."); Hubbard v. State, 973
S.W.2d 804, 805 (Ark. 1998) (court could not "reach the merits" of a Rule 37
petitioner's ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim "because Hubbard has not included
an abstract of the trial in his brief.").

       "The basic principle is that failure to follow state procedures will warrant
withdrawal of a federal remedy only if those procedures provided the habeas
petitioner with a fair opportunity to seek relief in state court." Easter v. Endell, 37
F.3d 1343, 1347 (8th Cir. 1994). Clay's post-conviction relief petition was denied
after he failed to cure the abstract's deficiencies, an "independent and adequate state
ground" to bar federal habeas review. See Taylor, 401 F.3d at 886. This is a "firmly
established and regularly followed practice" in Arkansas. See Ford, 498 U.S. at 423-
24. Clay had "a fair opportunity to seek relief in state court." See Easter, 37 F.3d at
1347. The Arkansas abstracting rule is a procedural bar to federal habeas review.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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