                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 17-2368
                                       ___________

                                AFOLUSO ADESANYA

                                             v.

                       NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS CORP

                         Afoluso Adesanya, *Adenekan Adesanya,
                                                       Appellants

                         *(Pursuant to Rule 12(a), Fed. R. App. P)
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of New Jersey
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 2-13-cv-05564)
                      District Judge: Honorable Susan D. Wigenton
                      ____________________________________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  March 12, 2018
            Before: GREENAWAY, JR., BIBAS and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: October 11, 2018)

                                       ___________

                                        OPINION *
                                       ___________
PER CURIAM



*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Afoluso Adesanya (“Adesanya”) and her husband, Adenekan (“Adenekan”), 1

appeal the District Court’s order dismissing Adesanya’s claims as a sanction, granting

Appellee summary judgment on its counterclaims against Adesanya, and sanctioning

Adenekan. For the reasons below, we will affirm the District Court’s order.

       The procedural history of this case and the details of Appellants’ claims are well

known to the parties, set forth in the District Court’s August 15, 2016 opinion, and need

not be discussed at length. Briefly, Adesanya was hired by Appellee in March 2010.

During the application process, she misrepresented her employment history by inflating

her salary, creating phony supervisors, and misstating her prior work experience. During

her employment with Appellee, she violated her employee agreement by holding other

employment which conflicted with her work for Appellee. She also failed to relocate

after accepting funds to do so. She was eventually terminated in September 2013 after

failing to come into the office three days a week as required.

       Adesanya filed a counseled 2 complaint alleging employment discrimination, and

Appellee filed counterclaims based on the above-described behavior it discovered after

her termination. During discovery, Adesanya failed to turn over evidence and gave false

responses to interrogatories and false deposition testimony. Her husband, Adenekan,

failed to provide documents requested by subpoena, refused court orders to do so, and



1
  For clarity, we will hereinafter refer to Adenekan Adesanya as “Adenekan.” No
disrespect is intended by use of his first name.
2
  Counsel withdrew during the discovery process due to “ethical concerns.”
                                               2
gave false testimony. Both were extremely evasive during their depositions and refused

to answer questions or claimed a lack of recall.

       Frustrated by their obstructive behavior, Appellee filed a motion for sanctions and

for summary judgment on its counterclaims. The District Court granted Appellee’s

motion for sanctions and dismissed Adesanya’s claims as a sanction. It also granted

Appellee’s motion for sanctions against Adenekan for refusing to turn over documents,

giving false testimony at his deposition, and submitting false certifications. The District

Court granted summary judgment for Appellee on its counterclaims against Adesanya in

the amount of over $1.3 million. It also granted Appellee’s motion for fees and costs in

the amount of $457K against Adesanya and $23K against Adenekan. Adesanya and

Adenekan filed a pro se notice of appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       Dismissal of Adesanya’s claims

       In response to the District Court’s dismissal of her claims as a sanction, Adesanya

argues that an employer is still liable for discrimination despite later-discovered evidence

of misdeeds that would have supported the employee’s termination. See McKennon v.

Nashville Banner Pub. Co., 513 U.S. 352, 359-60 (1995). However, while the evidence

of Adesanya’s later-discovered misdeeds was the basis for Appellee’s counterclaims, it

was not the basis of the dismissal of Adesanya’s complaint. Rather, the District Court

dismissed her claims based on her misdeeds during the litigation process: her false

testimony at her deposition, false responses to discovery requests, and refusal to turn over

documents.
                                             3
       Notably, in her opening brief, Adesanya does not dispute the District Court’s

descriptions of her behavior during the litigation, challenge its authority to dismiss her

claims as a sanction, or criticize its analysis in dismissing her claims as a sanction. 3 If, as

here, a party fails to raise an issue in her opening brief, the issue is waived. A passing

reference is not sufficient to raise an issue. Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am. v. Foster

Wheeler Corp., 26 F.3d 375, 398 (3d Cir. 1994). And raising an issue in a reply brief is

insufficient to preserve it for review. Garza v. Citigroup Inc., 881 F.3d 277, 284-85 (3d

Cir. 2018); see also Gambino v. Morris, 134 F.3d 156, 161 n.10 (3d Cir. 1998) (refusing

to consider arguments raised in pro se reply brief). 4

       Adesanya challenges the District Court’s denial of her request to amend her

complaint to add claims arising under Title VII as well as claims of retaliation. In its

August 15, 2016 opinion, the District Court noted that in her brief in opposition to

Appellee’s motions in the District Court, Adesanya had requested to amend her




3
 We agree with the District Court’s conclusion that dismissal as a sanction was an
appropriate remedy for Adesanya’s unacceptable behavior.
4
  In her reply brief, Adesanya argues that she should not have been sanctioned because
she was represented by an attorney during most of the litigation. However, it was she,
and not her attorney, who refused to turn over documents and gave false testimony at her
deposition. See Poulis v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 747 F.2d 863, 868 (3d Cir. 1984)
(listing six factors to be considered before dismissing claims as a sanction, including the
extent of the party’s personal responsibility).

                                               4
complaint. The District Court denied this request, observing that there was no formal

motion to amend and the time to amend had long passed. 5

       Even if Adesanya had properly requested to amend her complaint, justice did not

require the District Court to give her leave to amend after three years of litigation and her

abuses of the discovery process. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2) (after time to amend has

expired, party may amend with consent of opposing party or leave of court, which should

be given when justice requires). The District Court did not abuse its discretion by not

allowing Adesanya to amend her complaint. Moreover, as noted above, Adesanya does

not challenge the District Court’s dismissal of her claims as a sanction. Thus, even if she

had amended her complaint to add additional claims, those claims would have been

subject to dismissal as well.




5
  Adesanya argues that the District Court erred in stating that there was no motion to
amend. She cites to two District Court pleadings included in her appendix with
highlighted portions. At the end of a six-page single-spaced pleading entitled
“Certification to Oppose Motion to Compel Discovery, for Sanctions, for Cross Motion
to Quash Subpoena and Protective Order” (docket entry 97) under the heading “Motion
for Sanctions,” she stated “I respectfully request that [Dr. Riva] be added as additional
defendant and held liable in this case.” At the end of her four-page single-spaced “Brief
in support of Agenda Items,” she requested the District Court to “allow to hold [sic] both
Drs. Riva and Annick Krebs liable in this case.” (docket entry 102). Even with the liberal
construction of pro se pleadings, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per
curiam), neither pleading contained a sufficient motion to amend the complaint. See
United States ex rel. Petratos v. Genentech Inc., 855 F.3d 481, 493-94 (3d Cir. 2017)
(denial of cursory request to amend complaint within brief in opposition to motion to
dismiss not an abuse of discretion).
                                              5
       Discovery

       Appellants allege that the District Court had ex parte communications with

Appellee. To support this contention, they refer to a transcript of a hearing at which this

communication was discussed:

       [Appellee’s counsel]: [D]uring this period of time when there were so many
       filings, we went to the Magistrate and we said: We don't even know what
       we’re suppose to [sic] respond to at this point, there’s so many things. Can
       we set up a mechanism whereby if the Court wants us to respond to
       something they can tell us. Because literally we were getting an informal
       request everyday [sic]. So in response to that, the Magistrate said: Yes.
       What we will do is, we will set up a mechanism where I will issue a text
       order so that if you have to respond to something, that will be part of a text
       order.

Tr. 1/7/16 at 17. The Magistrate Judge and Appellee’s counsel were simply seeking a

way to manage the numerous pro se discovery requests Appellants had filed. A judge

may permit ex parte communication for scheduling or administrative purposes if the

communication does not address substantive matters and no party would gain an

advantage. Code of Conduct for U.S. Judges Canon 3 § (A)(4)(b); see In re Sch.

Asbestos Litig., 977 F.2d 764, 789 (3d Cir. 1992) (“[Ex parte communications] are

tolerated of necessity, however, where related to non-merits issues, for administrative

matters, and in emergency circumstances.”)

       Appellants claim that this communication gave Appellee a “tactical advantage”

because its discovery motions were acted on more quickly by the District Court. They

point to docket entries 93 and 128 to support this argument. However, in docket entry

93, a letter from Adesanya to the District Court, she merely makes vague allegations of
                                             6
fraud and obstruction by Appellee and its attorneys. In docket entry 128, the District

Court granted Adesanya’s motion for the Court to review Appellee’s privilege log and

ordered Appellee to file a supplemental certification regarding its work product log.

Appellants have not shown that they were prejudiced by any alleged ex parte

communications.

       Adesanya also takes issue with the time allowed for depositions of Appellee’s

employees. She notes that Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(d)(1) allows for depositions of one day of 7

hours. She appears to believe that because the deponents were deposed for less than 7

hours by her former counsel, they could be called back for more questioning by

Adesanya acting pro se. However, Rule 30(d)(1) allows for one day of questioning, not 7

hours over multiple days. She vaguely contends that this prevented her from obtaining

unspecified critical evidence and testimony. This argument is without merit.

       Appellants also complain that they were ordered to comply with multiple

depositions. This is because Appellants obstructed their depositions by refusing to turn

over discovery, refusing to answer questions, and providing false answers. Rule 30(d)

provides that the District Court may allow additional time if the deponent impedes the

deposition.

       Judgment on Appellee’s counterclaims

       Adesanya argues that the District Court erred in granting Appellee’s motion for

summary judgment on its counterclaims. In her opening brief, she contends that the

District Court rewrote “policies, job descriptions, pay grades” and provided “other
                                            7
provisions not part of initial agreements between [Adesanya] and [Appellee].” However,

she does not specify which claims she is referring to or which parts of the agreements

were rewritten. Likewise, she vaguely argues, without citation to cases in support, that

the granting of fees to Appellee conflicts with this Court’s caselaw as well as precedent

from the Supreme Court.

       During her employment with Appellee, Adesanya earned approximately $500K by

working for another pharmaceutical company, Astellas. The District Court concluded

that this was in violation of her employee agreement with Appellee. She was paid this

money through a corporate entity, DansetH LLC d/b/a Ron Nuga LLC (“Ron Nuga”). In

calculating the damages Adesanya owed Appellee for breaching her duty of loyalty, the

District Court included the money she earned working for Astellas. In her opening brief,

Adesanya does not challenge the District Court’s conclusion that she breached a duty of

loyalty, or its decision to award her earnings as a remedy. Rather, she argues that the

District Court did not have jurisdiction to order Ron Nuga to disgorge the funds.

However, the District Court did not order Ron Nuga to pay. In its opinion, it stated that

“Plaintiff is therefore disgorged of $497,907.56 in profits she obtained from

Biomedical/Auxilium and Astellas, which shall be payable to Novartis.”

       Sanctions Against Adenekan

       Adenekan argues that the sanctions against him were inappropriate because the

subpoenas he refused to honor should have been directed towards the corporations for

which he was a statutory officer and not towards him in his personal capacity. However,
                                             8
he does not explain how this would excuse his refusal to turn over the documents or be

grounds for vacating the sanctions against him for disobeying court orders and for giving

false testimony. Adenekan is correct when he states that a non-attorney cannot represent

another party. See Osei-Afriyie v. Med. Coll. of Pa., 937 F.2d 876, 882-83 (3d Cir.

1991) (non-lawyer parent cannot represent interests of children). When a party is a

corporation, partnership, or other organization or association, that party may appear and

be represented only by a licensed attorney. See Simbraw v. United States, 367 F.2d 373,

373 (3d Cir. 1966) (per curiam); see also Rowland v. Cal. Men’s Colony, Unit II Men’s

Advisory Council, 506 U.S. 194, 201-02 (1993). However, the subpoenas at issue did not

require any legal representation of the corporate entities; the subpoenas required only that

Adenekan turn over the requested documents that were in his custody.

       For the above reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment. Appellee’s

motion to seal the supplemental appendix is granted. See Publicker Indus. Inc. v. Cohen,

733 F.2d 1059, 1071 (3d Cir. 1984) (party seeking closure must show material is type

that courts protect and there is good cause for sealing). Appellants’ request to deny

Appellee costs for the supplemental appendix is denied.




                                             9
