                                RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                       File Name: 20a0121p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                   ┐
                                    Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                             │
                                                              >        Nos. 19-3070/3071
        v.                                                   │
                                                             │
                                                             │
 CHRISTOPHER T. FOWLER,                                      │
                                 Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                             ┘

                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron.
                    No. 5:08-cr-00512-1—Benita Y. Pearson, District Judge.

                               Decided and Filed: April 21, 2020

                  Before: NORRIS, MOORE, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
                                  _________________

                                            COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Catherine Adinaro Shusky, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Michael E. Sullivan, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S
OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
                                      _________________

                                             OPINION
                                      _________________

       BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. In 2018, Christopher T. Fowler (“Fowler”)
pled guilty to possession of child pornography and violations of the conditions of his supervised
release from a previous conviction for the same. Under 18 U.S.C. § 3014, the district court
ordered Fowler to pay a $5,000 special assessment for possession of child pornography.
The district court also varied upward and sentenced Fowler to the maximum statutory penalty for
violating the conditions of his supervised release. On appeal, Fowler challenges both the $5,000
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                    United States v. Fowler                             Page 2


special assessment and the court’s decision to vary upward to the maximum for the violation of
the conditions on his supervised release. Because we find the district court committed plain error
by failing to address Fowler’s ability to pay the assessment, we VACATE the district court’s
imposition of the assessment and REMAND for a determination of indigency. However, we
AFFIRM the district court’s sentence of Fowler on the violation of the conditions on his
supervised release.

                                         I. Background

       The facts in this case are undisputed. In 2010, Fowler pled guilty to one count of receipt
and distribution of child pornography and one count of possession of child pornography. He was
sentenced to 82 months’ imprisonment followed by 10 years of supervised release. After serving
his sentence in prison, Fowler was released in 2015 and began serving his term of supervised
release. Fowler repeatedly violated the conditions of his supervised release, first by testing
positive for drugs and then by committing the same type of offense that landed him in prison in
2010. From June 14, 2016, to December 14, 2016, Fowler used a peer-to-peer file sharing
program on his smartphone to gain access to child pornography, including graphic depictions of
several children under the age of 10. The government charged Fowler with one count of receipt
and distribution of child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) and one count of possession
of child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B).

       In addition to his repeated drug use, Fowler committed several troubling acts while his
case was pending. He made over fifty calls to his girlfriend in an attempt to get her to recant
testimony that she had given at a detention hearing held in November 2017. During a phone call
with his mother, Fowler also threatened to hurt his probation officer.

       On May 8, 2018, Fowler pled guilty to possession of child pornography on the condition
that the government would drop the count for receipt and distribution of child pornography.
He signed a plea agreement, which included a waiver of appellate and post-conviction rights:

       Defendant acknowledges having been advised by counsel of Defendant’s rights,
       in limited circumstances, to appeal the conviction or sentence in this case,
       including the appeal right conferred by 18 U.S.C. § 3742, and to challenge the
       conviction or sentence collaterally through a post-conviction proceeding,
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                    United States v. Fowler                           Page 3


       including a proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Defendant expressly and
       voluntarily waives those rights, except as specifically reserved below. Defendant
       reserves the right to appeal: (a) any punishment in excess of the statutory
       maximum; [] or (c) [sic] the Court’s determination of Defendant’s Criminal
       History Category. Nothing in this paragraph shall act as a bar to Defendant
       perfecting any legal remedies Defendant may otherwise have on appeal or
       collateral attack with respect to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel or
       prosecutorial misconduct.

At the change of plea hearing, Fowler acknowledged that he understood this section of the plea
agreement. During this same hearing, the prosecutor noted Fowler would be subject to a $5,000
special assessment under the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act, but the prosecutor also
stated that this special assessment was not mentioned in the written plea agreement.        The
prosecutor, however, noted that the special assessment could be waived if the court were to find
that Fowler is indigent. The district court responded that it expected to hear arguments on this
issue at sentencing, and Fowler’s counsel stated that he fully expected that Fowler would be
deemed indigent.

       The presentence investigation report (PSR) included some information about this $5,000
assessment and Fowler’s finances. Specifically, the PSR noted that the court shall assess this
$5,000 assessment on any non-indigent person convicted of possession of child pornography, but
otherwise neglected to address whether Fowler is indigent for purposes of this assessment. The
PSR did, however, note that Fowler was appointed counsel after Fowler completed a financial
affidavit indicating that he is indigent. Further, the PSR noted that, although Fowler had an
associate degree in business from Glenville State College, and work history, including his most
recent employment as a welder where he earned $24.80 per hour, Fowler was unemployed and
owed money on almost, if not, all of his financial accounts.

       At sentencing, the district court addressed both the new charges and the violation of
supervised release that stemmed from Fowler’s 2010 conviction. During the sentencing hearing,
defense counsel objected to the inclusion of an uncorroborated statement in a supervised release
violation report from October 3, 2018, which alleged that Fowler had admitted to molesting a
young girl and becoming sexually aroused while in contact with a two-year-old girl. The district
court struck the language and noted that the statement had not weighed heavily on the court’s
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                   United States v. Fowler                              Page 4


mind in determining the sentence. Later, the district court stated that the court did not care if
Fowler had ever actually touched a child, noting that, by simply possessing child pornography,
Fowler had victimized and abused children. Right before announcing Fowler’s sentence, the
district court again noted that it had stricken that language from the record, but continued,
“It’s unsubstantiated, that which suggests you molested a child. But truthfully, I’ll never know.
I’ll never know. And you’re not required to tell me.”

       The district court then announced that it would sentence Fowler to serve a 120-month
sentence for possessing child pornography, to serve a consecutive 36-month sentence for
violating the terms of his supervised release, and to pay a $5,000 special assessment under the
Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act. The district court specifically advised Fowler that he
would have the opportunity to object to the special assessment, but Fowler did not and instead
only objected to the 36-month sentence for violating the terms of his supervised release. During
the sentencing hearing, no one mentioned Fowler’s finances although his attorney did discuss his
education and work history, which were also detailed in the PSR as discussed above.

       Fowler now raises two challenges on appeal: (1) the district court committed plain error
by imposing the $5,000 special assessment under the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act, and
(2) the district court sentenced Fowler to a substantively unreasonable sentence when it
considered the uncorroborated allegation that Fowler admitted to molesting a young girl. To the
first challenge, the government argues that Fowler waived any challenge to the special
assessment when he signed the plea agreement, which included the appellate waiver discussed
above. Furthermore, the government argues that, even if not waived, the court did not commit
plain error. To the second challenge, the government argues that the district court did not
consider an impermissible factor. We address each issue in turn.

                                II. $5,000 Special Assessment

       First, Fowler challenges the district court’s assessment of $5,000 against him as a part of
his sentence for possession of child pornography. Under 18 U.S.C. § 3014, “the court shall
assess an amount of $5,000 on any non-indigent person . . . convicted of” offenses, including
possession of child pornography. 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a)(3). Fowler argues that the district court
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                     United States v. Fowler                              Page 5


committed plain error because it did not make any findings related to his indigency or non-
indigency and because the record does not support a finding of non-indigency. Meanwhile, the
government contends that Fowler waived any challenge to this $5,000 assessment under the plea
agreement and further argues that the district court did not commit plain error because the record
supports a finding of non-indigency. For the following reasons, we find that, Fowler did not
waive his right to appeal the special assessment, and the district court committed plain error in
failing to address indigency or Fowler’s ability to pay before imposing the assessment.

                                      A. Standard of Review

       “This Court reviews the question of whether a defendant waived his right to appeal his
sentence in a valid plea agreement de novo.” United States v. Smith, 344 F.3d 479, 483 (6th Cir.
2003). If there was no waiver, then we review Fowler’s claims for plain error because Fowler
failed to object to the imposition of the $5,000 special assessment.          See United States v.
Wandahsega, 924 F.3d 868, 889 (6th Cir. 2019). To succeed under plain error review, a party
must show “(1) error (2) that was obvious or clear, (3) that affected defendant’s substantial rights
and (4) that affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.”
United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (internal quotations
omitted).

                                            B. Waiver

       First, we decide the waiver issue. Because we find that the special assessment was not
contemplated by the parties in agreeing to a plea and the waiver of appellate rights, we find that
Fowler’s challenge to the special assessment is not waived. “When a defendant waives his right
to appeal his sentence in a valid plea agreement, this Court is bound by that agreement and will
not review the sentence except in limited circumstances.” Smith, 344 F.3d at 483 (quotations and
alteration omitted). We have found that “an appeal waiver is enforceable if the defendant’s
waiver of his appellate rights was knowing and voluntary.” United States v. Toth, 668 F.3d 374,
378 (6th Cir. 2012).

       Before examining whether the waiver was made knowingly and voluntarily, however, we
first “look to see if the claim raised on appeal falls within the scope of the appellate waiver.” Id.
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                     United States v. Fowler                              Page 6


(citation omitted). In deciding the scope of the appellate waiver, we use ordinary contract law
principles and construe any ambiguities against the government. United States v. Bowman,
634 F.3d 357, 360 (6th Cir. 2011) (“[B]ecause plea agreements’ constitutional and supervisory
implications raise concerns over and above those present in the traditional contract context, in
interpreting such agreements[,] we hold the government to a greater degree of responsibility than
the defendant for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.” (internal quotations and
alteration omitted)).

       Here, the main issue is whether the special assessment falls within the scope of the
appellate waiver. While the language of the waiver in this case is certainly broad enough to
include the special assessment—“Defendant expressly and voluntarily waives” his right “to
appeal the . . . sentence in this case”—our inquiry does not end there. In United States v. Smith,
the court examined a broadly-worded appellate waiver but declined to apply it. 344 F.3d at 483.
In Smith, the defendant agreed “to pay restitution for all losses resulting from his relevant offense
conduct” while also agreeing to waive “any right he may have to appeal any sentence which is
within the parameters of this agreement.” Id. (quoting the plea agreement). Despite those
provisions, the Court determined that “[t]he plea agreement is ambiguous as to the amount and
manner of determining restitution” and allowed the defendant to challenge the amount of
restitution on appeal. Id.

       Additionally, in United States v. Droganes, the Court examined an appellate waiver
similar to the one in this case and asked whether it covered a forfeiture order. 728 F.3d 580, 586
(6th Cir. 2013). The defendant waived his “right to appeal . . . any sentence that is within the
Guideline range.” Id. (quoting the plea agreement). The Court noted that a forfeiture order is
properly viewed as part of the defendant’s sentence but ultimately concluded that the appellate-
waiver provision did not apply to the defendant’s challenge to the forfeiture order. Id. at 586-87.
The Court found that “the express terms of the [agreement] are silent regarding the issue raised,”
and the Court also noted that, according to the parties, the forfeiture issue was still an open
question after the plea agreement. Id. at 586.

       While the language of the agreement in this case is broad, the parties agree that the
special assessment was not mentioned in the plea agreement. In fact, during the plea colloquy,
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                   United States v. Fowler                              Page 7


the government admitted that there was no mention of the $5,000 special assessment in the plea
agreement. A look at the agreement confirms as much and makes it clear that the parties did not
consider the $5,000 special assessment in agreeing to a plea. In paragraph two of the agreement,
the parties listed the statutory penalties for pleading guilty to possession of child pornography;
while a $100 special assessment is mentioned, there is no mention of the $5,000 special
assessment under § 3014. Additionally, at paragraph four, the parties specifically agreed that the
defendant would have to pay that $100 special assessment, but again there is no mention of the
$5,000 assessment. Thus, as in Droganes, the agreement here is “silent regarding the issue
raised,” Droganes, 728 F.3d at 586, and the specificity as to the other special assessment further
highlights the parties’ failure to contemplate the $5,000 special assessment in constructing their
plea agreement.

       This analysis is also consistent with a Tenth Circuit decision addressing the same issue.
United States v. Janatsch, 722 F. App’x 806 (10th Cir. 2018). In Janatsch, the defendant
“waived the ‘right to appeal his sentence as imposed by the Court.’” Id. at 809 (quoting the plea
agreement). Yet, on appeal, the court found that “[s]ince the plea agreement does not mention
the $5,000 special assessment, [the defendant] did not explicitly waive his right to appeal the
assessment.” Id. at 810.

       The government points to two cases to argue that the special assessment falls within the
scope of the agreement, but both are distinguishable from the facts in this case. In United States
v. Calderon, the Court upheld a waiver of appellate rights where the defendants waived “any
right [they] may have to appeal [their] conviction or sentence” as long as the sentence is not
greater than the agreed-upon maximum. 388 F.3d 197, 199-200 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting the plea
agreements). As part of the plea agreement, the defendants had each made modifications to the
agreement, one oral and one hand-written, allowing them to ask for a downward departure at
sentencing. Id. The Court found that, with these modifications, the defendants were bound by
their agreements not to challenge the sentence, which was below the agreed-upon maximum. Id.
at 200. Whereas the defendants in Calderon had contemplated the downward departure issue in
agreeing to waive their appellate rights, id., here, the plea agreement, which had no handwritten
or oral modifications, makes no mention of the $5,000 assessment.
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                     United States v. Fowler                              Page 8


       Finally, the government relies on an out-of-circuit case: United States v. Bolin, 908 F.3d
287 (7th Cir. 2018). In Bolin, the court was dealing with the same special assessment that we
deal with in this case. Id. at 288-89. The court found that the defendant waived his right to
appeal the special assessment when he agreed to a blanket waiver of appeal, which included “all
provisions of the guilty plea and sentence imposed, including the length and conditions [of]
supervised release and the amount of any fine.”         Id. at 288 (quoting the plea agreement)
(emphasis added) (alteration in original). Not only did the agreement include a reference to
fines, but the PSR also included a recommendation that the $5,000 special assessment be
assessed against the defendant. Id. In our case, there is no reference to any fine in the waiver
provision, and, while the PSR included a reference to the $5,000 special assessment, the
probation officer did not recommend that it be assessed in this case.

       As such, we conclude that the parties did not contemplate the $5,000 special assessment
as a part of the waiver provision in the plea agreement. And, because “we hold the government
to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant . . . for imprecisions or ambiguities in the
plea agreements,” Bowman, 634 F.3d at 360 (internal quotations omitted), we hold that Fowler is
not barred from challenging the imposition of the $5,000 special assessment.

                                      C. Plain Error Review

       We further hold that the district court committed plain error in assessing the $5,000 under
§ 3014 by failing to make any findings on indigency or Fowler’s ability to pay. Although this
case presents a novel issue—does a district court commit plain error in imposing a $5,000 special
assessment against a defendant convicted of possession of child pornography under § 3014 when
the court fails to address indigency or the defendant’s ability to pay—we do not decide that issue
on a blank slate.

       In United States v. Kent, this Court held that, when a defendant fails to object to the
imposition of the special assessment under § 3014, we review for plain error. 765 F. App’x 126,
126 (Mem) (6th Cir. 2019). The Court, in Kent, did not address whether the court committed
error by failing to assess the defendant’s financial condition; instead, the Court noted that “error
is plain only when binding case law makes it clear.” Id. (citing United States v. Al-Maliki,
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                    United States v. Fowler                              Page 9


787 F.3d 784, 794 (6th Cir. 2015). Because this issue was one of first impression at that time,
the Court affirmed the imposition of the special assessment and concluded that “no binding case
law exists to render the error plain.” Id. Since the Court’s decision in Kent, which occurred in
April of 2019, the law has changed.

       In United States v. Shepherd, this Court again examined the special assessment under
§ 3014. 922 F.3d 753 (6th Cir. 2019). The Court noted that a “district court has no choice but to
impose the $5,000 assessment if it determines that the defendant is non-indigent. And the
opposite is also true: the district court cannot impose the assessment on an indigent defendant.”
Id. at 757.   The Court determined that there are two basic questions when assessing the
defendant’s indigency under § 3014: “(1) Is the defendant impoverished now; and (2) if so, does
the defendant have the means to provide for himself so that he will not always be
impoverished[.]” Id. at 758 (emphasis in original). In Shepherd, the Court also found that
having appointed counsel “is probative but not dispositive of whether [a defendant] is indigent
under § 3014.” Id. at 759. In Shepherd, we held that a district court need not make “an explicit
finding of . . . non-indigency.” Id. at 760 (emphasis added). Instead, “the court has done its duty
if the record makes clear that the sentencing judge listened to each argument, considered the
supporting evidence, was fully aware of the defendant’s circumstances and took them into
account in sentencing him.” Id. (quotations omitted). The district court did just that in Shepherd
when it imposed the assessment “after hearing argument from both sides about Shepherd’s
finances, education, and employment history.” Id. It also “justified [its] decision” based on the
defendant’s future ability to pay. Id. We accordingly concluded that “the district court’s finding
was specific enough.” Id. Shepherd was decided and filed on May 1, 2019. Id.

       A few weeks later, on May 21, 2019, this Court decided United States v. Wandahsega,
924 F.3d 868 (6th Cir. 2019). In Wandahsega, the Court examined whether a district court
committed plain error when it failed to make “a detailed factual finding of [the defendant’s]
non[-]indigence” and then imposed the $5,000 assessment under § 3014. Id. at 888. The Court
compared the assessment to a fine under the sentencing guidelines, noting that, under the
guidelines, a defendant bears the burden of proving indigency.         Id. at 889-90 (citing U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5E1.2(a)). After examining the defendant’s current finances
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                    United States v. Fowler                             Page 10


and future earning potential, the Court concluded that the district court did not plainly err in
concluding that he failed to meet his burden to prove indigency. Id. The Court held that
“detailed findings are not necessary where it can be inferred that the district court considered the
defendant’s ability to pay.” Id. at 888 (quotation omitted) (emphasis added).

       Because both Shepherd and Wandahsega were announced prior to our decision in this
case, they constitute binding case law that factors into our plain error analysis, and, thus, we
cannot address our issue in the way that the Court did in Kent. See Henderson v. United States,
568 U.S. 266, 269 (2013) (“[A]s long as the error was plain as of . . . the time of appellate
review[,] the error is ‘plain’ within the meaning of the Rule.” (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)));
United States v. Woodruff, 735 F.3d 445, 450 (6th Cir. 2013) (“Plain error can occur at the time
of a district court’s decision and at the time of appellate review.”) Although helpful, neither
Shepherd nor Wandahsega squarely answer the question that we face: does a district court
commit plain error in assessing $5,000 against a defendant convicted of possession of child
pornography under § 3014 when the court fails completely to address indigency and the
defendant’s ability to pay?

       Although our precedent on fines is useful to some extent, see Wandahsega, 924 F.3d at
889-90, the language in the sentencing guidelines on fines and the language on the special
assessment in § 3014 are different and thus dictate a different result. Under the sentencing
guidelines, “[t]he court shall impose a fine in all cases, except where the defendant establishes
that he is unable to pay and is not likely to become able to pay any fine.” U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(a).
In United States v. Tosca, the Court, in analyzing U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(a), noted that a “defendant
has the burden of establishing that he or she is not able and, even with the use of a reasonable
installment schedule, is not likely to become able to pay all or part of the fine.” 18 F.3d 1352,
1354 (6th Cir. 1994).

       Here, however, we are analyzing 18 U.S.C. § 3014(a): “[T]he court shall assess an
amount of $5,000 on any non-indigent person.” The text of § 3014(a) does not place a similar
burden on the defendant to raise the issue of indigency. As we pointed out in Shepherd, “the
statute here uses mandatory language, leaving no room for discretion”—meaning that “the
district court cannot impose the assessment on an indigent defendant.” 922 F.3d at 757. And, in
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                            United States v. Fowler                                       Page 11


contrast to § 5E1.2(a), the text does not condition imposition of the fine on an argument from the
defendant that he is unable to pay. As such, we hold that, before imposing an assessment under
§ 3014(a), sentencing courts must ensure that the defendant is not indigent.

         We further hold that the district court plainly erred in this case by failing to address
Fowler’s finances and ability to pay before imposing the assessment. Here, the district court did
not entertain arguments, consider evidence, or say anything to indicate that it took the
defendant’s circumstances into account before deciding to impose the assessment; thus the court
erred. Having established that it was error, we next must determine if the error “was obvious or
clear.” Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386. Because our decision is merely an extension of the Court’s
holding in Shepherd, 922 F.3d at 757, we find that the error here was clear. Finally, because the
court imposed a $5,000 assessment on Fowler, we find that the error affects his substantial rights
and affects the fairness of his proceedings. See Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386. Therefore, we hold
that the district court plainly erred in failing to consider whether Fowler is indigent before
imposing the $5,000 assessment.

                            III. Substantive and Procedural Reasonableness

         Fowler also challenges the substantive reasonableness1 of his sentence, arguing that the
district court considered an improper factor in sentencing Fowler to a 36-month sentence for
violating the terms of his supervised release.2 Specifically, Fowler argues that the district court
considered an unsubstantiated allegation that Fowler had molested a child when it decided to
vary upwards and sentence him to 36 months. Because we find that the district court did not

         1
           At the outset, we note that members of our Court disagree over whether challenging the district court’s
consideration of an improper factor is a substantive or procedural challenge. Compare United States v. Cabrera,
811 F.3d 801, 808-09 (6th Cir. 2016) (“[C]onsideration of an impermissible factor is more properly considered a
procedural, not substantive, error.”), and United States v. Malone, 503 F.3d 481, 484 (6th Cir. 2007)
(“[C]onsideration of an impermissible factor—it seems to us—more appropriately involves the procedural
reasonableness prong . . . .”), with United States v. Hunt, 521 F.3d 636, 649 (6th Cir. 2008) (“A district court
imposes a substantively unreasonable sentence . . . when it bases the sentence on impermissible factors . . . .”), and
United States v. Ferguson, 456 F.3d 660, 664 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[A] sentence may [be] substantively unreasonable
where the district court . . . bases the sentence on impermissible factors . . . .” (internal alterations and quotations
omitted)). This issue is ripe for en banc review but not in this case, as we are able to conclude on the merits that the
district court did not consider an impermissible factor in sentencing.
         2
          For clarity, the plea agreement, including the appellate waiver discussed above, only applies to the
sentence for the possession of child pornography charge and not the sentence for the supervised release violation.
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                     United States v. Fowler                          Page 12


consider this unsubstantiated allegation, we affirm the district court’s 36-month sentence for
Fowler’s violation of his supervised release conditions.

                                      A. Standard of Review

       Both procedural and substantive reasonableness claims are reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Jeter, 721 F.3d 746, 755-57 (6th Cir. 2013). Whether substantive or
procedural, a district court abuses its discretion when it considers an impermissible factor in
sentencing. Id. at 757; Cabrera, 811 F.3d at 808-09. “Even if a district court relies on a large
number of relevant factors, we must vacate and remand for resentencing if the court considers an
impermissible factor in calculating a defendant’s sentence.” United States v. Van, 541 F. App’x
592, 596 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing United States v. Recla, 560 F.3d 539, 545 (6th Cir. 2009); Hunt,
521 F.3d at 649).
                                        B. Reasonableness

        We find that the district court did not consider an impermissible factor when it sentenced
Fowler. “Our jurisprudence postulates the ability of judges to dismiss from their minds, in
reaching decision, offers of evidence excluded by rulings after hearing arguments on
admissibility of that evidence.” United States v. Brooks, 355 F.2d 540, 542 (7th Cir. 1965). In
United States v. Gonzales, the Ninth Circuit addressed a case with similar facts to those in our
case. 765 F.2d 1393 (9th Cir. 1985). In Gonzales, the defendant argued that the district court
relied on references to two arrests for sex offenses that were included in the PSR, but the Ninth
Circuit found that, after Gonzales objected, the district court explicitly stated that it did not
consider those offenses in its sentencing decision. Id. at 1396. Gonzales argued that the court
should not take the district court at face value, but the Ninth Circuit responded, “We must take
such statements at face value because if we do not do so, we will have abandoned our reliance on
the good faith of our district court judges.” Id. at 1397.

       Here, Fowler objected to the inclusion of an uncorroborated statement in a supervised
release violation report from October 3, 2018, which alleged that Fowler had admitted to
molesting a young girl and becoming sexually aroused while in contact with a two-year-old girl.
When he objected, defense counsel expressed concern as to whether “[the statement] was going
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                       United States v. Fowler                           Page 13


to be heavy on the court’s mind.” The district court sustained the objection and replied to
defense counsel that it had not weighed heavily on the court’s mind. The district court also
asked defense counsel if he wanted the statement stricken since defense counsel had neglected to
do so, and, when he then moved to strike, the district court struck the statement from the
violation report. Later, the district court stated, in discussing why the guidelines were not
appropriate:

        [T]hey stop being appropriate in this case because this is your second time
        abusing children. And I don’t care if you ever touched them. I only care that you
        fantasized about them, you victimized them. You’ve done things that you and
        I will never fully understand as a result of your access to child pornography.
        And you did it while on supervision after this hard 82 months.

The district court continued, “You flaunted the opportunities for treatment. You continued to
abuse drugs. And, most importantly, you continued to abuse children through your pornographic
materials.” Finally, in what Fowler contends is evidence that the district court considered this
allegation, the district court stated:

        I don’t see any reason why I should put society at risk. What I do now I think
        is necessary to promote respect for the law and protect society, primarily
        the children who cannot speak for themselves. I’ve stricken that language.
        It’s unsubstantiated, that which suggests you molested a child. But truthfully,
        I’ll never know. I’ll never know. And you’re not required to tell me.

Immediately before this statement, the district court explained that it was exercising its discretion
to vary upwards to the statutory maximum for the supervised release violation: 36 months to run
concurrent to the sentence for the possession of child pornography conviction.

        While the timing of this statement may appear troubling when viewed out of context, we
read it differently than Fowler. The district court actually asked if defense counsel wanted the
statement struck and then struck it. Further, the district court made it clear that it did not weigh
heavily on its mind and that it did not care if Fowler had ever touched a child because he had
already contributed to the victimization of children by consuming and possessing child
pornography. Finally, the district court re-iterated that it had struck the language and did not
know if the statement was even true. We will not “abandon[] our reliance on the good faith of
our district court judges,” and we take the district court’s statements here at face value.
 Nos. 19-3070/3071                    United States v. Fowler                             Page 14


See Gonzales, 765 F.2d at 1397. Because we find that the district court did not consider an
impermissible factor and Fowler makes no other challenge to the substantive or procedural
reasonableness of his sentence, the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Fowler
to a 36-month sentence for violating the terms of his supervised release.

                                                IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE the district court’s imposition of the $5,000
assessment and REMAND for a determination of indigency. We AFFIRM the sentence for
Fowler’s supervised release violation.
