18-1294-cv
GE Funding Capital Mkt. Servs. v. Nebraska Inv. Fin. Auth.

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                           SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed
on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic
database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order must serve
a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

    At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, at 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on
the 16th day of April, two thousand nineteen.

Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                     Chief Judge,
         JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
         SUSAN L. CARNEY,
                     Circuit Judges.
________________________________________________

GE FUNDING CAPITAL MARKET SERVICES, INC.,
TRINITY FUNDING COMPANY, LLC, GENERAL ELECTRIC
CAPITAL CORPORATION,

                              Plaintiffs-Appellees,

                               v.                                         No. 18-1294-cv

NEBRASKA INVESTMENT FINANCE AUTHORITY,

                     Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________________________

For Plaintiffs-Appellees:                  STEPHEN SHACKELFORD, JR. (William Christopher
                                           Carmody, Shawn J. Rabin, on the brief), Susman Godfrey
                                           L.L.P., New York, NY.

For Defendant-Appellant:                   GREGORY P. JOSEPH (Peter R. Jerdee, Roman Asudulayev,
                                           on the brief), Joseph Hage Aaronson LLC, New York, NY,
                                           and Trenten P. Bausch, Cline Williams Wright Johnson &
                                           Oldfather, L.L.P., Omaha, NE.
       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Schofield, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       Defendant-Appellant Nebraska Investment Finance Authority (“NIFA”) appeals from

orders of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Schofield, J.)

denying its motions for partial judgment on the pleadings and for partial summary judgment,

entered September 14, 2016, and July 6, 2017, respectively, as well as from the judgment entered

November 17, 2017 and the amended judgment entered November 27, 2017, awarding

prejudgment interest to Plaintiffs-Appellees GE Funding Capital Market Services, Inc. and

Trinity Funding Company, LLC (collectively, “GE”), and a March 28, 2018 order denying

NIFA’s motion to reconsider that award. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying

facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

       NIFA is an independent, quasi-governmental body established by statute. See Neb. Rev.

Stat. §§ 58-201 to 58-272. Among other things, NIFA provides mortgage financing to low- and

moderate-income Nebraska residents. NIFA funds this mortgage financing by issuing bonds.

Each bond series that NIFA issues is governed by a master General Indenture, as well as a

Supplemental Indenture associated with that series. Pursuant to these indentures, and so that it

can make debt service payments on (and ultimately redeem) these bonds, NIFA enters into an

investment agreement for each bond series that provides a guaranteed rate of return on the

money raised from the bonds. Several such investment agreements entered into between GE and

NIFA (the “Investment Agreements”) are at issue here.




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       GE alleges that NIFA breached the terms of the Investment Agreements by continuing to

collect interest on accounts after it had redeemed the bonds associated with those accounts.

NIFA argues that the Investment Agreements unambiguously require GE to continue paying

interest until the Agreements terminate per an express termination provision. The district court,

denying NIFA’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings, concluded that the contracts are

ambiguous as to when GE’s obligation to pay interest terminated. Then, the district court denied

NIFA’s motion for partial summary judgment, concluding that the extrinsic evidence was

sufficient for a reasonable juror to find in favor of GE’s interpretation of the Investment

Agreements. A jury found in favor of GE, and the district court awarded GE prejudgment

interest on the verdict amount. The district court denied NIFA’s motion for reconsideration of its

decision to award prejudgment interest.

  I.   Jurisdiction

       This Court has jurisdiction over the issues NIFA raises on appeal. To preserve issues

unsuccessfully raised in an interlocutory order, the moving party generally must file a motion for

judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50(a) and then renew that motion under either Rule 50(b)

or Rule 59(a). Ortiz v. Jordan, 562 U.S. 180, 189, 191-92 (2011); Stampf v. Long Island R.R.

Co., 761 F.3d 192, 201 (2d Cir. 2014). NIFA did not file these requisite motions. However, even

in the absence of such motions, appellate jurisdiction exists over interlocutory orders that, like

these, address “purely legal” questions. See Ortiz, 562 U.S. at 189-90; Stampf, 761 F.3d at 201

n.2.

       Specifically, NIFA argues that the Investment Agreements are unambiguous. “Ambiguity

is determined within the four corners of the document.” Brad H. v. City of New York, 17 N.Y.3d

180, 186 (2011); see also Ashwood Capital, Inc. v. OTG Mgmt., Inc., 99 A.D.3d 1, 7-8 (N.Y. 1st



                                                  3
Dep’t 2012) (“Whether a contractual term is ambiguous must be determined by the court as a

matter of law, looking solely to the plain language used by the parties within the four corners of

the contract to discern its meaning and not to extrinsic sources.”); Luitpold Pharm., Inc. v. Ed.

Geistlich Söhne A.G. Für Chemische Industrie, 784 F.3d 78, 87 (2d Cir. 2015) (whether disputed

contractual terms are ambiguous is “generally discerned from the four corners of the document

itself” (internal quotation mark omitted)). Because NIFA does not contend that the pertinent

agreements contain any industry terms of art, this Court need not, and indeed should not,

consider extrinsic evidence of custom and practice in determining whether the Investment

Agreements are ambiguous. See Law Debenture Tr. Co. of New York v. Maverick Tube Corp.,

595 F.3d 458, 466 (2d Cir. 2010). Therefore, the contract interpretation arguments NIFA raises

on appeal are purely legal, and we have jurisdiction over them.

 II.   The Investment Agreements

       We review a district court’s order denying a defendant’s motion for judgment on the

pleadings de novo, Ass’n of Car Wash Owners Inc. v. City of New York, 911 F.3d 74, 80 (2d Cir.

2018), “accept[ing] all factual allegations in the complaint as true and constru[ing] them in the

light most favorable to the [plaintiff],” Latner v. Mount Sinai Health Sys., Inc., 879 F.3d 52, 54

(2d Cir. 2018).1 A district court’s “determination that a contract is ambiguous is . . . subject to de

novo review.” Oscar Gruss & Son, Inc. v. Hollander, 337 F.3d 186, 198 (2d Cir. 2003).

“Contract language is ambiguous if it is capable of more than one meaning when viewed

objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who has examined the context of the entire

integrated agreement.” Compagnie Financiere de CIC et de L’Union Europeenne v. Merrill


       1
          NIFA purports to appeal the district court’s order denying its motion for partial
summary judgment, but does not challenge the issue that order actually resolved—whether “the
extrinsic evidence in the record [was] sufficient for a reasonable juror to find in favor of GE’s
interpretation of the termination provision.” Special App. at 21.

                                                  4
Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc., 232 F.3d 153, 158 (2d Cir. 2000) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       The Investment Agreements are ambiguous as to whether GE’s obligation to pay interest

terminates upon bond redemption.2 On the one hand, Section 2.2 of the Investment Agreements

provides that “[i]nterest on the outstanding principal balance of each Investment shall accrue

daily as of the close of business each day from and including the date of receipt thereof by the

Provider to but excluding the earlier of the applicable Termination Date . . . , provided that no

interest will accrue on or after the applicable Termination Date.” App. at 184 (emphases added).

The Termination Date, in turn, is defined as a date certain no earlier than 2026, “unless earlier

terminated in accordance with its terms or upon final withdrawal of all amounts invested

hereunder.” Id. at 186. None of the bases for earlier termination references bond redemption.

NIFA contends that because Section 2.2 requires interest to be paid until the Termination Date,

and the Investment Agreements’ termination provisions are not tied to bond redemption, GE’s

obligation to pay interest continues even after bond redemption. This is a reasonable

interpretation of the contract.

       But GE’s argument that its obligation to pay interest terminates upon bond redemption

identifies ambiguity in the meaning of Section 2.2. That section requires GE to pay interest on

certain “Investments.” The Investment Agreements define “Investment” as “the Acquisition

Investment, the Float Investment and the Reserve Investment, individually or together as the




       2
         The six Investment Agreements at issue here contain slightly different language.
However, no party has pointed to any material difference among the Investment Agreements. For
the purposes of this order, we refer to the February 22, 1996 Investment Agreement, which
governs the investment of NIFA’s 1996 Series A Bonds.


                                                 5
context may indicate.” App. at 181.3 These specific investments are linked to specific “Funds.”

For example, the “Acquisition Investment” is defined as amounts deposited in the “Acquisition

Fund.” App. at 180, 183. These “Funds,” in turn, are comprised of various “Accounts” that are

connected to a specific series of bonds. For example, under the 1996 Series A Investment

Agreement, the “Acquisition Fund” means the “Series 1996 A Mortgage Loan Account . . .

established under the Indenture in connection with the 1996 Series A Bonds.” App. at 180. The

“Float Fund” means “the Revenue Fund (1996 Series A Account), the Redemption Fund (1996

Series A Account), the Debt Service Fund (1996 Series A Account) and the 1996 Series A

Capitalized Interest Account, and all subaccounts therein,” all of which were “established under

the Indenture in connection with the 1996 Series A Bonds.” App. at 181. And the “Reserve

Fund” means “the Debt Service Reserve Fund (1996 Series A Account) and the Mortgage

Reserve Fund (1996 Series A Account), and all subaccounts therein,” both of which Funds also

were “established under the Indenture in connection with the 1996 Series A Bonds.” App. at 183.

These provisions—which emphasize particular outstanding bond series and the relationship



       3
           See also App. at 183-84 (“[T]he Provider [Trinity Funding Company] shall accept as an
investment from the Bond Trustee amounts as set forth on Exhibit A hereto, which amounts
initially represent all of the proceeds described in Section 2.03(a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) of the
Supplemental Indenture of Trust and, together with other amounts from time to time, which are
deposited (i) in the Acquisition Fund pursuant to the Indenture (such amounts herein referred to
as the ‘Acquisition Investment’), (ii) in the Float Fund pursuant to the Indenture (such amounts
herein referred to as the ‘Float Investment’[)], and (iii) in the Reserve Fund pursuant to the
Indenture (such amounts herein referred to as the ‘Reserve Investment’).”); App. at 418 (Section
2.03 of the Supplemental Indenture, providing that “[t]he proceeds from the sales of the Series
1996 A Bonds . . . shall be deposited with the Trustee on the Date of Original Issuance and
credited in the following amounts to the following Funds and Accounts created pursuant to
Section 5.01 of the General Indenture and Section 5.01 of this Supplemental Indenture: (a) To
the Debt Service Fund, $163,340.62, representing interest accrued on the Series 1996 A Bonds
from their dated date to their date of delivery; (b) To the Series 1996 A Mortgage Loan Account,
an amount equal to $50,397,00; (c) To the Series 1996 A Capitalized Interest Account, an
amount equal to $551,013.66; (d) To the Debt Service Reserve Fund, an amount equal to
$900,000; (e) To the Mortgage Reserve Fund, an amount equal to $1,200,000 . . . .”).

                                                 6
between each account, fund, and investment and outstanding payments for those bonds—create

ambiguity around GE’s obligation to pay interest after the bonds have been redeemed.

       The General and Supplemental Indentures, which are incorporated into the Investment

Agreements by reference, do not resolve this ambiguity. NIFA argues that certain Indenture

provisions demonstrate that funds may be transferred between accounts established for different

bond series, and so the Investment Agreements survive redemption of the associated bonds. In

particular, Section 5.01(c) of the General Indenture provides that “[w]ithdrawals from Funds and

Accounts in connection with a particular Series of Bonds may be made and used (including for

purposes of redemption) for such Series of Bonds as well as any other Series of Bonds unless

specifically prohibited in a related Supplemental Indenture.” App. at 282 (emphases added). And

Section 4.02(b) of the Supplemental Indentures provides for redemption of bonds issued under

any Supplemental Indenture with “moneys in the Redemption Fund from (i) . . . Prepayments

corresponding to any Series of Bonds . . . and (ii) excess Revenues corresponding to any Series

of Bonds.” App. at 424. However, as GE argues, that the Indentures permit NIFA to deposit

money from any bond series into the general “Revenue Fund,” has little bearing on GE’s

obligation to pay interest on specific accounts after redemption of the corresponding bonds. And

that money from one bond series can be used for payments on another bond series by no means

entails that GE is obliged to pay interest on accounts linked to redeemed bonds. GE plausibly

argues that, in the event money from a redeemed bond series were used for payments on another

bond series, the excess balances would be transferred to other accounts, and the Investment

Agreements do not entitle NIFA to earn interest from GE on money allocated to an Account not

associated with that Agreement.




                                                7
       Thus, the district court correctly concluded that the Investment Agreements are

ambiguous as to whether GE’s obligation to pay interest on an “Investment” terminates when

NIFA redeems the associated bonds.

III.   Prejudgment Interest

       We review the district court’s decisions to award prejudgment interest and deny a motion

for reconsideration for abuse of discretion. See SEC v. Contorinis, 743 F.3d 296, 307 (2d Cir.

2014) (prejudgment interest); Trikona Advisors Ltd. v. Chugh, 846 F.3d 22, 29 (2d Cir. 2017)

(motion for reconsideration).

       New York CPLR § 5001 provides that interest is recoverable “upon a sum awarded

because of a breach of performance of a contract” and that such interest “shall be computed from

the earliest ascertainable date the cause of action existed, except that interest upon damages

incurred thereafter shall be computed from the date incurred.” CPLR § 5001(a), (b). Although

the New York Court of Appeals has explained that “[t]he plain language of CPLR 5001(a)

mandates the award of interest to verdict in breach of contract actions,” J. D’Addario & Co. v.

Embassy Indus., Inc., 980 N.E.2d 940, 942 (N.Y. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted), some

New York courts have suggested there may be an exception for prejudgment interest awards that

would result in a “windfall” to the plaintiff, see 155 Henry Owners Corp. v. Lovlyn Realty Co.,

231 A.D.2d 559, 560 (N.Y. 2d Dep’t 1996) (prejudgment interest award “is founded on the

theory that there has been a deprivation of use of money or its equivalent and that the sole

function of interest is to make whole the party aggrieved. It is not to provide a windfall for either

party”); see also E.J. Brooks Co. v. Cambridge Security Seals, 858 F.3d 744, 751 (2d Cir. 2017)

(collecting cases). New York courts accordingly have looked to the economic realities of a given

case to avoid conferring windfalls in the form of prejudgment interest. For example, New York



                                                  8
courts have been sensitive to when, if at all, the plaintiff ever actually parted with money. See,

e.g., 155 Henry Owners Corp., 231 A.D.2d at 560 (the earliest date from which prejudgment

interest could accrue would be when the plaintiffs’ payments exceeded the original contract

price).

          The New York Court of Appeals has not ruled on whether prejudgment interest can be

denied where a party would otherwise be entitled to it because such an award would result in a

windfall. However, we need not reach that issue here because the district court did not abuse its

discretion in finding that the award of prejudgment interest was not a windfall for GE. The

district court found that, although the interest payments were never actually paid out to NIFA,

“[t]he funds in the investment accounts . . . were liabilities on GE’s balance sheet for which GE

was answerable (and had to set aside capital) regardless of the performance of any investment

GE made with those funds.” Special App. at 38.4 NIFA argues that there is no evidence

supporting the district court’s conclusion, as GE acknowledged that it did not segregate NIFA’s

deposits. However, the fact that GE did not “tag” NIFA’s reinvested post-redemption interest

payments to track how those specific dollars were invested has no bearing on whether the

increased liability on GE’s balance sheet impacted GE’s income and ability to invest and

distribute its assets. There is reason to think that GE was, in fact, restricted in how it could use

the funds improperly allocated to NIFA’s account. Among other things, the Investment

Agreements permitted NIFA to make certain withdrawals on as little as two business days’

notice. Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to conclude that GE

was sufficiently deprived of the use of the sum awarded such that the award of prejudgment

interest did not constitute a windfall to GE.


          4
        The damages award deducted the estimated earnings that GE made on its actual use of
NIFA’s funds.

                                                  9
IV.    Conclusion

       We have considered all of NIFA’s remaining contentions and have found in them no

basis for reversal. For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

                                               FOR THE COURT:
                                               CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK




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