                                                                                         06/05/2018
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT KNOXVILLE
                                March 27, 2018 Session

    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ERNESTO DELGADILO RODRIGUEZ

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
                       No. 105765 Bobby R. McGee, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2017-00369-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________


A Knox County jury convicted the Defendant, Ernesto Delgadilo Rodriguez, of resisting
arrest and assault. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to six months for the resisting
arrest conviction and to eleven months and twenty-nine days for the assault conviction.
On appeal, the Defendant challenges (1) a jury instruction of the definition of “arrest”;
(2) the sufficiency of the evidence; and (3) the admissibility of evidence regarding
alcohol and drug use. After a thorough review of the record and applicable law, we
affirm the judgments of the trial court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT L.
HOLLOWAY, JR., and J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.

Mike Whalen, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Ernesto Delgadilo Rodriguez.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Senior Counsel;
Charme Allen, District Attorney General; and Kyle Hixson, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.


                                       OPINION

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       At approximately 7:20 a.m. on July 9, 2014, Officers Frederick Kimber and
Thomas Thurman of the Knoxville Police Department (“KPD”) responded to a 9-1-1 call
of a domestic incident involving an intoxicated individual. The officers were advised that
the Defendant had a knife and had slashed the tires of a van. As they drove toward the
location, the officers were advised that the Defendant had been drinking and using
cocaine, that he had left the residence where the domestic incident occurred, that the
person who called 9-1-1 did not see the knife in the Defendant’s possession when he left,
and that the Defendant was wearing a white shirt, a gray hat, and jean shorts.

       Officer Kimber saw the back of a man, later identified as the Defendant, wearing
the clothes that were described and walking down a road near the residence. As Officer
Kimber approached the Defendant in his patrol car, the Defendant looked back at him “a
couple of times” but continued to walk down the road. Officer Kimber believed, based
on his nineteen years of experience with the KPD, that the Defendant may have been
preparing to run. Officer Kimber pulled his patrol vehicle “as close as possible” to the
Defendant and exited the vehicle. He asked the Defendant what was going on, and the
Defendant did not respond. He then asked if the Defendant lived down the road, and the
Defendant replied, “yes.” He again asked what was going on, but the Defendant did not
respond. Officer Kimber could smell “a very strong odor” of alcohol on the Defendant
and noticed “something on his face.” The Defendant’s “pupils were huge,” which
Officer Kimber found strange for that time of day. The Defendant’s shirt appeared as
though “somebody had pulled on him,” and the shirt collar was not lying flat.

       Because Officer Kimber did not know if the Defendant still had a knife or any
other weapons, he asked the Defendant to put his hands on the patrol car and frisked him.
Officer Kimber asked the Defendant if he understood, and the Defendant replied
affirmatively and complied. Officer Kimber did not find any contraband or weapons
during the frisk. Officer Kimber then stated, “[H]ere’s what’s going to happen. I’m
going to place you in handcuffs. You’re not under arrest right now. We’re just going to
go back here and find out exactly what all is going on.” Officer Kimber testified that the
Defendant was not free to leave at that point because he did not know whether anybody
had been injured or what was going on with the domestic dispute.

       Officer Kimber grabbed a set of handcuffs from his belt and placed a cuff on the
Defendant’s left wrist. He explained that he normally keeps the handcuffs “pretty loose”
until he has the handcuffs secured over both wrists. The Defendant complied as Officer
Kimber cuffed his left hand, but when Officer Kimber reached for the Defendant’s right
hand, the Defendant removed the hand from the car and “reached straight down and
grabbed his pants.” Officer Kimber kept his hold on the Defendant’s left arm and
repeatedly told the Defendant to give Officer Kimber his right arm. The Defendant
responded multiple times that he would give him his hand but then would not do so. The
Defendant was “sweating profusely,” and every time Officer Kimber was able to reach
the Defendant’s right hand, the hand would slide out of his grip.



                                          -2-
       The Defendant, with his left hand secured in a cuff and his right hand free, leaned
away from the patrol car and swung his elbow at Officer Kimber. Officer Kimber
knocked the Defendant’s arm forward, and the Defendant turned toward Officer Kimber
with his fist drawn. Officer Kimber feared that the Defendant would try to hit him, so he
did a “leg sweep,” where he pressed his left leg and right hand on the Defendant and
pulled him to the ground. Officer Kimber testified that if he could get the Defendant to
the ground, then he could hold him there until backup arrived. He stated that a “leg
sweep” was the easiest way to do so. The Defendant “hit the ground pretty hard,” the left
side of his face hit the concrete, and his arm “went flying out.” Officer Kimber tried to
grab the Defendant’s right arm, but he put it underneath his body where Officer Kimber
could not reach it.

       Officer Kimber noticed that he had blood on his arm, and both of his knuckles
were bleeding from scraping the concrete. Blood was “pouring” from the Defendant’s
nose. Officer Kimber informed the Defendant that he was bleeding and that the blood
was getting on Officer Kimber. Officer Kimber had one of his knees on the Defendant’s
lower back and his other knee on the Defendants’ shoulder area. He considered the
Defendant to be “controlled” and explained that the Defendant “wasn’t moving as much.”
He asked for police backup through his radio. He again demanded that the Defendant
give him his right hand, and the Defendant responded that he would and to “let [him] up.”
The Defendant still would not give his right hand to Officer Kimber, and then the
Defendant did a “one-arm push-up” with Officer Kimber still on top of him. At this
point, Officer Kimber jumped to his feet, grabbed the Defendant, and moved the
Defendant from the front driver’s side of the patrol car to the back of the car.

        Officer Kimber then tried to get the Defendant to bend over the car and pulled the
Defendant’s left arm to his right side to try to “lock him up.” Officer Kimber got his
taser out and warned the Defendant that he would tase him. He testified that he did not
tase the Defendant because the police are trained not to tase someone who appears to be
in a state of “excited delirium” since there is “a good chance you could kill [him].” He
described “excited delirium” as when a person has been drinking or using drugs, is
sweating profusely, gets “crazy energy or strength,” and “kind of go[es] out of control.”
Because he feared that the Defendant was in this state and because he could see Officer
Thurman’s vehicle coming toward them, he decided not to tase the Defendant.

       Officer Thurman, who began working with the KPD in 2007, was on his way to
respond to the domestic incident call but joined Officer Kimber after Officer Kimber
asked for backup with the Defendant. Officer Kimber had told Officer Thurman over the
radio to “step it up” in a “frantic” manner. This sent off “red flags” in Officer Thurman’s
mind because he had worked with Officer Kimber for a number of years, and Officer
Kimber had never asked him to “step it up” before. Officer Thurman was also concerned
                                           -3-
because when he attempted to check on Officer Kimber, there was a long pause on the
radio before he responded. Officer Thurman arrived on the scene and noticed that
Officer Kimber and the Defendant were “in a struggle.” Officer Kimber appeared to be
“in distress” and “distraught.” His eyes were wide, and his breathing was heavy. Officer
Thurman was concerned because he could not see the Defendant’s right hand and
believed his hand was close to Officer Kimber’s belt, where his firearm and pepper spray
were located.

       Officer Thurman tried “tearing” at the Defendant’s right arm, which proved
unsuccessful. He then struck the Defendant on the “meaty portion of [his] shoulder blade
area” with four “hammer strikes.” He tugged at the Defendant’s arm again but still could
not reach it. Officer Thurman noticed that Officer Kimber was getting tired, so he told
Officer Kimber that they needed to take the Defendant to the ground. The Defendant was
“hollering and screaming,” and he appeared “distraught” and “very agitated.” Officer
Thurman struck the Defendant with his knee three times on the Defendant’s “back
hamstring area.” The Defendant was still standing, so Officer Thurman grabbed him
around his shoulders and began pulling at the Defendant while Officer Kimber tried to do
“a sweep or a hip toss.” The three men eventually all fell to the ground together.

       The Defendant continued to scream. Officer Kimber landed on his back, the
Defendant landed on his stomach, and Officer Thurman landed on top of the Defendant’s
back. Officer Thurman continued to demand the Defendant to give him his hand. The
Defendant “was flailing around, throwing his head back, just kicking and everything.”
He then started to roll over and lift Officer Thurman off of the ground. The Defendant
raised his fist, and Officer Thurman could see that the Defendant’s face was bleeding.
The Defendant continued to scream, which Officer Thurman compared to a “battle cry,”
and he was “spitting fluids all over [Officer Thurman].” Officer Thurman then “bear-
hugged” the Defendant’s arm, but the Defendant “ripped it away.” Officer Thurman,
fearing that the Defendant was going to hit him, struck the Defendant’s right cheek.

       KPD Officer Travis Baker arrived on the scene, and Officer Thurman instructed
Officer Baker to secure the Defendant’s right arm. With Officer Baker’s assistance, the
officers were able to finish handcuffing the Defendant. The Defendant was rolled onto
his side so he could breathe better. The Defendant was taken to a hospital by ambulance.
A photograph of the Defendant taken at the hospital on July 9 and a photograph of the
Defendant when he was taken to jail on July 10 were entered into evidence.

        Ms. Teresa Hatfield testified that she was the aunt of the Defendant’s girlfriend
and called 9-1-1 on July 9, 2014. Ms. Hatfield stated that the Defendant and his
girlfriend were living together and that Ms. Hatfield had stayed at their residence on the
night of July 8 through the morning of July 9. She testified that there were four minor
                                          -4-
children, ages four to ten, in the house. The Defendant was not home on July 8 and
returned to the residence around 7:00 or 7:30 a.m. on July 9. Ms. Hatfield testified that
she did not know where the Defendant had been, that she assumed he was “partying,” and
that she was mad at him when he arrived in the morning. She described him as being in a
“fairly good mood” when he first arrived home, but he later became angry when he could
not locate his wallet.

        A redacted recording of the 9-1-1 call was entered into evidence and played for the
jury. The call was consistent with Ms. Hatfield’s testimony and also reflected that Ms.
Hatfield told the 9-1-1 operator that the Defendant had a knife and that she was standing
in the driveway with the Defendant’s girlfriend and the children. She agreed she told the
9-1-1 operator that the Defendant had been drinking and using cocaine, but she denied
stating that someone had taken the Defendant’s cocaine away from him. She stated that
she did not know what the Defendant had been doing all night because she was not with
him. Over the defense’s objection, the State played a portion of the 9-1-1 recording that
had been redacted from the version admitted into evidence. The trial court allowed this
portion of the call to be played as a prior inconsistent statement for impeachment
purposes only.1 After listening to the recording, Ms. Hatfield clarified that she stated in
the 9-1-1 call that the Defendant’s girlfriend “must have thr[own] the cocaine away.”
She further clarified that she did not say that his girlfriend actually threw any cocaine
away. She agreed that she asked his girlfriend whether she had been cut and that she
asked the children if they were okay. She was aware that the Defendant had slashed the
tires on the van so his girlfriend could not leave.

       On cross-examination, Ms. Hatfield testified that she was “upset” that the
Defendant had been gone all night. She agreed that sometimes the Defendant played
pool at a house nearby. She acknowledged that they used chalk around the pool table and
that the chalk consisted of a white powder. She agreed that the Defendant never came
toward her while holding the knife. She agreed that when the 9-1-1 operator asked if the
Defendant had been using drugs or alcohol, she responded, “I guess.” She testified that
when the Defendant left the residence, she saw him throw the knife into the yard of a
vacant house.

       Officer Kimber testified that the primary concern in any domestic dispute is
always safety. He stated that once officers arrive at the scene, they will try to determine
exactly what is happening, who the aggressor is, and whether anyone is injured. Both
Officer Kimber and Officer Thurman testified about the training they received on the
progressing levels of force to use with an individual who is not complying with law


       1
           The redacted portion was not included in the record on appeal.
                                                -5-
enforcement. Officer Kimber explained that on July 9, 2014, he had his firearm, pepper
spray, and a taser. Officer Thurman had the same tools, plus an extendable baton.

       Audio and video recordings from Officer Kimber’s and Officer Thurman’s patrol
cars were also admitted into evidence. The video from Officer Kimber’s car did not have
any audio during his initial interaction with the Defendant, which was when Officer
Kimber stated he was speaking with and frisking the Defendant. Additionally, the
Defendant and Officer Kimber cannot be seen on the video from Officer Kimber’s car.
The video from Officer Thurman’s patrol car, however, had audio and showed the
Defendant and Officer Kimber when Officer Thurman arrived on the scene. When
Officer Thurman struck the Defendant with his knee, however, the three men could no
longer be seen in the video. The audio and video recordings were consistent with the
officers’ testimony.

       Officer Kimber testified that as the Defendant was transported to the hospital, he
learned that the Defendant had an arrest warrant for failure to pay child support. He
acknowledged on cross-examination, however, that he did not know whether the
Defendant was aware of the warrant at the time. He denied ever pulling the Defendant’s
left arm when he was reaching for the Defendant’s right arm. He agreed that it is
possible to hurt someone when handcuffing them. On redirect examination, he testified
that “arrest” has many meanings. He stated that, based on his experience, telling a person
that he is under arrest means that he is being detained and going to jail on criminal
charges.

       Officer Thurman testified that he had to receive medical testing after the fight with
the Defendant due to the fluids that got onto his arms and face and into his mouth. On
cross-examination, he acknowledged that Officer Kimber did not use the code on the
radio that would indicate he was involved in a physical altercation. He also agreed that
he did not request an intoxication test to be performed on the Defendant. On redirect
examination, he was asked about the training he received on “excited delirium.” The
defense objected on the grounds that Officer Thurman was not a doctor and was not
“qualified” to testify about “excited delirium.” The trial court determined that if Officer
Thurman had an understanding of the meaning of the term, then he could testify about his
understanding. He then explained the training he had received about “excited delirium,”
which was consistent with Officer Kimber’s testimony. Officer Thurman also testified
that he has never requested an intoxication test to be given when an individual is arrested
for a charge other than driving under the influence.

       The defense elected not to present any proof at trial. The Defendant was charged
with resisting arrest in Count 1, assault of Officer Kimber in Count 2, and assault of
Officer Thurman in Count 3. The jury returned guilty verdicts for Counts 1 and 2 and a
                                           -6-
not guilty verdict for Count 3. The Defendant was sentenced to six months for Count 1
and to eleven months and twenty-nine days in Count 2. The Defendant now appeals.

                                       ANALYSIS

       On appeal, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing the jury
instruction on the definition of “arrest.” He also challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence to support his convictions. He finally asserts that the trial court erred in
allowing the State to impeach Ms. Hatfield with the portion of the 9-1-1 call that included
her statements regarding the Defendant’s drug and alcohol use, and in denying his request
for a mistrial.

                                   I. Jury Instruction

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in defining “arrest” consistently
with its definition for constitutional purposes, that the definition was too broad, and that
the instruction was an improper comment on the evidence by the trial court. The State
requested the following instruction, which was given over the defense’s objection:

       “Arrest” means the taking, seizing or detaining of the person of another,
       either by touching or putting hands on him, or by any act which indicates
       an intention to take him into custody and subjects the person arrested to the
       actual control and will of the person making the arrest. An arrest may be
       effected without formal words or a station house booking. However, there
       must be actual restraint on the arrestee’s freedom of movement under the
       legal authority of the arresting officer.

The Defendant argued that the definition was too broad and would confuse the jury. The
trial court noted that the Tennessee pattern jury instructions for resisting arrest did not
include a definition of arrest. However, the court believed the definition of arrest was “a
very important issue” in the case, noting that arrest has a “street” definition and a
“technical, legal meaning.” The trial court concluded that the definition was accurate and
made the jury instructions complete.

       “[A] defendant has a right to a correct and complete charge of the law, so that each
issue of fact raised by the evidence will be submitted to the jury on proper instructions.”
State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000). The propositions of law governing
a case should be plainly stated to the jury, so that the jury can comprehend the principles
involved. State v. Williamson, 919 S.W.2d 69, 80 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). “[A] jury
charge should not contain inaccurate or inapplicable statements of legal principles that
might tend to confuse the jury.” State v. Hatcher, 310 S.W.3d 788, 812 (Tenn. 2010)
                                           -7-
(quoting Troup v. Fischer Steel Corp., 236 S.W.3d 143, 149 (Tenn. 2007) (internal
quotations omitted). We review jury instructions in their entirety and not in isolation.
State v. Rimmer, 250 S.W.3d 12, 31 (Tenn. 2008).

       The trial court will often employ pattern jury instructions to properly instruct the
jury, and such instructions must occasionally be revised or supplemented in order to fully
and accurately state the applicable law. State v. Robinson, 239 S.W.3d 211, 228 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2006). “Trial courts are not limited to the mere recitation of the pattern
instructions.” State v. James, 315 S.W.3d 440, 446 (Tenn. 2010). An erroneous jury
instruction, however, may deprive the defendant of his constitutional right to a jury trial.
See Garrison, 40 S.W.3d at 433-34. A charge “is erroneous if it fails to fairly submit the
legal issues or if it misleads the jury as to the applicable law.” State v. Hodges, 944
S.W.2d 346, 352 (Tenn. 1997). “Whether jury instructions are sufficient is a question of
law appellate courts review de novo with no presumption of correctness.” State v. Clark,
452 S.W.3d 268, 295 (Tenn. 2014).

       The Defendant argues that the definition of arrest was too broad and confused the
jury. The jury instruction here was consistent with our supreme court’s definition in
State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 301-02 (Tenn. 1999) (citing West v. State, 425
S.W.2d 602, 605 (Tenn. 1968)), where the court defined “arrest” for the purpose of a
search incident to arrest. See also State v. Ingram, 331 S.W.3d 746, 757 (Tenn. 2011).
The Defendant argues that “arrest” should be defined narrowly for the offense of resisting
arrest. He specifically asserts that the trial court erred in using a definition designed for
constitutional issues such as search and seizure. We see no justification in defining
“arrest” differently in this context than it is defined in other criminal contexts. Tennessee
Code Annotated section 39-16-602(a) makes it an offense to prevent or obstruct law
enforcement “from effecting a stop, frisk, halt, arrest, or search.” The distinctions
between the terms “stop,” “frisk,” “arrest,” and “search,” are important in a constitutional
context because they implicate different levels of individual protections. See Ingram, 331
S.W.3d at 756 (describing the “three distinct levels of interaction between citizens and
law enforcement officials”). In contrast, the Legislature did not distinguish between
these terms in section 39-16-602(a), and instead, grouped them together and made it an
offense to prevent or obstruct law enforcement from effecting any of these terms.

        Moreover, the term “resisting arrest” has been used for a conviction under this
statute, even when the defendant was not formally arrested and charged with a crime at
the time he resisted. See State v. Jeremy D. Parvin, No. E2014-01569-CCA-R3-CD,
2015 WL 2128585, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 6, 2015) (holding the evidence was
sufficient to support a resisting arrest conviction where a defendant struggled with an
officer as he attempted to handcuff him while the officer completed his investigation of
an alleged domestic assault); State v. John Lindsey, III, No. E2011-00052-CCA-R3-CD,
                                            -8-
2012 WL 5392156, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 5, 2012) (holding the evidence was
sufficient to support a resisting arrest conviction where a defendant was stopped by
officers, was ordered out of his vehicle, “reached for something in the compartment” of
his car, and “struggled” with the officers as they attempted to handcuff him). Through
our research, we have yet to find a case where a Tennessee court has used a separate
definition of arrest for the purpose of an offense under Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-16-602(a).

        It is clear from our reading of the trial transcript that whether the Defendant was
under arrest at the time Officer Kimber handcuffed him was at issue during the trial. The
trial court recognized this as an important issue in the case and agreed that a definition of
“arrest” was necessary. The definition given is consistent with our supreme court’s
definition in a constitutional context. We, therefore, conclude that the definition given
here was accurate and did not mislead the jury. See Hatcher, 310 S.W.3d at 812.

       The Defendant also argues that the jury instruction was an improper comment on
the evidence. “In Tennessee, judges are constitutionally prohibited from commenting
upon the credibility of witnesses or the evidence in a case.” State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d
1, 89 (Tenn. 2010); see Tenn. Const. art. VI, § 9 (providing that “judges shall not charge
juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and declare the law”).
Our supreme court has cautioned that a trial judge “must be very careful not to give the
jury any impression as to his feelings or to make any statement which might reflect upon
the weight or credibility of evidence or which might sway the jury.” State v. Suttles, 767
S.W.2d 403, 407 (Tenn. 1989). “It is natural that jurors should be anxious to know the
mind of the court, and follow it. Therefore, a court cannot be too cautious in his
inquiries.” McDonald v. State, 14 S.W. 487, 488 (1890). However, “not every comment
on the evidence made by a judge is grounds for a new trial.” Mercer v. Vanderbilt Univ.,
Inc., 134 S.W.3d 121, 134 (Tenn. 2004). We must determine, in the overall context of
the case, if the trial court made comments which were prejudicial. Id. (citing State v.
Caughron, 855 S.W.2d 526, 536-37 (Tenn. 1993)).

        The Defendant takes issue with the following portion of the jury instruction:
“seizing or detaining of the person of another, either by touching or putting hands on
him.” (emphasis added). He argues that this “comes dangerously close” to Officer
Kimber’s testimony that he put his hands on the Defendant and that such instruction
“crosses the line that judges should not comment on the fact[s]” of the case. The State
responds that the instruction does not reference the facts of the case or suggest a
particular factual conclusion. It further argues that Officer Kimber’s action of putting his
hands on the Defendant would not even meet the definition provided unless the jury also
determines that he was arrested, detained, or seized. We agree with the State. The
definition does not suggest to the jury that the trial court favored the State’s case or was
                                            -9-
crediting the testimony of Officer Kimber. The jury instruction includes an important
caveat that the jury must find “actual restraint on the arrestee’s freedom of movement
under the legal authority of the arresting officer.” A jury could conclude under this
definition that the Defendant’s freedom of movement was not actually restrained even
though Officer Kimber testified that he put his hands on him. The Defendant is
accordingly not entitled to relief on this ground.

                             II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support both of his
convictions. When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this court
must determine whether the evidence is sufficient “to support the finding by the trier of
fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). The appellate court
examines the relevant statute to determine the essential elements for the offense and
analyzes the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether each element is adequately
supported. State v. Stephens, 521 S.W.3d 718, 723-24 (Tenn. 2017) (citations omitted).
The court determines “‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. at 724 (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319 (1979)).

        The standard of review remains the same regardless of whether the conviction is
based upon direct or circumstantial evidence. Id. (citing State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d
370, 379 (Tenn. 2011)). “‘[T]he State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence and all reasonable or legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom.’”
Id. (quoting State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (1992)). This court does not reweigh the
evidence. Id. (citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992)). Instead, “‘a
jury verdict, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the
State and resolves all conflicts’ in the testimony in favor of the State.” Id. (quoting
Harris, 839 S.W.2d at 75). The conviction replaces the presumption of innocence with a
presumption of guilt. Id. (citing Evans, 838 S.W.2d at 191). On appeal, the defendant
has the burden of demonstrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict.
Id. (citing State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982)).

       The Defendant was convicted of assault of Officer Kimber and resisting arrest.
Assault occurs when a person “[i]ntentionally or knowingly causes another to reasonably
fear imminent bodily injury.” T.C.A. § 39-13-101(a)(2) (2014). Additionally, “[i]t is an
offense for a person to intentionally prevent or obstruct anyone known to the person to be
a law enforcement officer … from effecting a stop, frisk, halt, arrest or search of any
person, including the defendant, by using force against the law enforcement officer or
another.” T.C.A. § 39-16-602(a). “Force” is defined as “compulsion by the use of
                                          - 10 -
physical power or violence and shall be broadly construed to accomplish the purposes of
this title.” T.C.A. § 39-11-106(a)(12). A defendant may still be guilty of resisting arrest
even if the arrest was unlawful. See T.C.A. § 39-16-602(b).

       The Defendant argues that he could not be guilty of resisting arrest because he was
not being formally arrested. However, as noted above, an arrest need not be a formal
arrest where a defendant is being taken to jail and charged with a crime. Instead, the
correct determination is whether “a reasonable, innocent person would not feel free to
leave” and whether there is “‘actual restraint on the arrestee’s freedom of movement
under legal authority of the arresting officer.’” State v. Bishop, 431 S.W.3d 22, 35 (Tenn.
2014) (quoting State v. Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 278 (Tenn. 2012). Even though Officer
Kimber told the Defendant he was not being arrested, the Defendant was informed he
would be handcuffed and transported to the residence. See State v. Nidiffer, 173 S.W.3d
62, 65-66 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005) (“[W]hile not dispositive, an officer’s telling a
defendant he is under arrest is a substantive factor to consider when determining whether
an arrest has occurred.”). A jury could determine that the Defendant was restrained from
movement and not free to leave when Officer Kimber began handcuffing him and told
him he was taking him back to the residence. See Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d at 301-02; see
also State v. Christopher Douglas Smith, No. W2015-01826-CCA-R10-CD, 2017 WL
993071, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 14, 2017) (holding defendant was under arrest
even though the officer who handcuffed him told him he was being detained rather than
arrested), no perm. app. filed.

        The Defendant asserts that he was not under arrest at the time the struggle ensued
and that the evidence showed he was “completely cooperative.” He also notes that he
was hospitalized after his encounter with the police and that he could be heard screaming
on the admitted recordings.

       In the light most favorable to the State, the facts established that Officer Kimber
responded to a domestic dispute and was told that the Defendant had a knife. When
Officer Kimber encountered the Defendant, he smelled alcohol on him and noticed his
eyes were dilated. The Defendant would not answer Officer Kimber’s questions but did
comply with a frisk of his person. Officer Kimber then instructed the Defendant that he
was going to be handcuffed and taken back to the residence. The Defendant complied as
Officer Kimber cuffed one of his hands but began to resist when Officer Kimber tried to
put the handcuff on the other hand. The Defendant pushed away from the car and swung
his elbow toward Officer Kimber. The struggle to secure the Defendant’s other hand
continued until two other officers arrived on the scene and helped to hold the Defendant
down so they could finish handcuffing him. We conclude that the evidence was
sufficient to support the Defendant’s convictions.

                                          - 11 -
           III. Admissibility of Evidence Regarding Alcohol and Drug Use

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to impeach
Ms. Hatfield with the portion of the 9-1-1 call in which she stated that the Defendant had
been drinking and using cocaine. He also maintains that the court erred in allowing
Officer Thurman to testify about the term “excited delirium.”

       The Defendant first asserts that the trial court erred in allowing the State to play a
redacted portion of the 9-1-1 recording, in which Ms. Hatfield told the operator that the
Defendant had been drinking and using cocaine. The record shows that prior to trial, the
State filed a notice of its intent to introduce evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts,
which included the evidence that the Defendant had been drinking and using cocaine on
the night before his arrest. The trial court granted the motion in part and denied it in part;
however, the record does not reflect which parts of the motion were granted and which
parts were denied. The State also filed a pretrial notice to introduce a recording of the 9-
1-1 call made by Ms. Hatfield, and the trial court held that the State could introduce only
the portions of the recording that related to the Defendant’s wielding a knife and Ms.
Hatfield’s fear.

       The party calling a witness may attack the witness’s credibility, Tenn. R. Evid.
607, and a prior inconsistent statement may be admissible to challenge the credibility of a
witness. See State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000) (noting that Tennessee
cases “have consistently held that a prior inconsistent statement is admissible under the
Rules of Evidence when the prior statement is used to impeach the credibility of a
witness”). Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement may be used only when
the witness is afforded an opportunity to deny or explain the statement and the opposing
party is afforded an opportunity to cross-examine the witness. Tenn. R. Evid. 613. Such
extrinsic evidence is admissible when the witness “either denies or equivocates to having
made the prior inconsistent statement.” State v. Martin, 964 S.W.2d 564, 567 (Tenn.
1998).

       Here, Ms. Hatfield agreed that she told the operator the Defendant had been
drinking and using cocaine, but she insisted that she did not know what the Defendant
had been doing that night because she was not with him. She also denied telling the
operator that someone had taken cocaine away from the Defendant. The State then asked
to play a portion of the 9-1-1 recording that had been redacted, and the Defendant
objected and referenced the trial court’s pretrial order. The trial court held that the
portion of the recording could be played for impeachment purposes only and could not be
considered as substantive evidence. After the recording was played, Ms. Hatfield was
given an opportunity to explain her statements, and the defense cross-examined her
regarding her statements about the Defendant’s drug use. See Tenn. R. Evid. 613. We
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conclude that the trial court properly allowed the portion of the recording to be played as
a prior inconsistent statement for impeachment purposes. Moreover, any error in
allowing the prior inconsistent statement was harmless because the information — that
the Defendant had been drinking and using cocaine — was admitted into evidence in the
written records from the 9-1-1 call and the audio recordings from dispatch’s relaying the
information to the responding officers. See State v. Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d 361, 373-74
(Tenn. 2008) (holding that harmless error exists only where it is more probable than not
that the error affected the verdict or judgment); Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). The Defendant
did not object to either of these exhibits.

        As part of the challenge to the admission of the evidence, the Defendant also
asserts that the court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial premised on the
impeachment of Ms. Hatfield with the 9-1-1 recording. “Whether to grant a motion for
mistrial is a matter within the trial court’s discretion.” State v. Henretta, 325 S.W.3d
112, 129 (Tenn. 2010) (citing State v. Nash, 294 S.W.3d 541, 546 (Tenn. 2009); State v.
Saylor, 117 S.W.3d 239, 250 (Tenn. 2003)). The trial court should grant a mistrial only
when there is a manifest necessity for such action. Saylor, 117 S.W.3d at 250. “In other
words, a mistrial is an appropriate remedy when a trial cannot continue, or a miscarriage
of justice would result if it did.” Id. An appellate court will only disturb a trial court’s
granting or denial of a mistrial when the record demonstrates an abuse of discretion.
State v. Johnson, 401 S.W.3d 1, 21 (Tenn. 2013) (citing State v. Adkins, 786 S.W.2d 642,
644 (Tenn. 1990)). Because we conclude that the use of the redacted recording was
proper for impeachment purposes or that any error was harmless, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in denying a mistrial on this ground.

        The Defendant further challenges Officer Thurman’s testimony regarding the term
“excited delirium.” We first note that the Officer Thurman’s testimony did not arise until
after the Defendant’s motion for a mistrial had been denied, and such motion was not
renewed during Officer Thurman’s testimony. Regardless, the Defendant is not entitled
to relief on this ground. When the State questioned Officer Thurman about “excited
delirium,” the Defendant objected, arguing that Officer Thurman was not a doctor and
was not qualified to testify about the term. The trial court concluded that Officer
Thurman could testify about his understanding of the term based on his training. Officer
Thurman did so and did not testify as to whether he believed the Defendant was in a state
of “excited delirium.” Officer Thurman did not give any expert testimony, and instead,
gave lay testimony about his own understanding of what a term means. See Tenn. R.
Evid. 602 (allowing witness testimony when witness has personal knowledge of the
matter). This testimony was relevant to the motivations of the officers in refraining from
using a taser on the Defendant. We conclude that the trial court did not err in allowing
Officer Thurman to testify about his understanding of “excited delirium.” Moreover, any
error is harmless since the jury had already heard Officer Kimber’s testimony about the
                                           - 13 -
term without any objection from the Defendant. See Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d at 373-74;
Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b).

                                   CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.


                                                  ________________________________
                                                  JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE




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