               IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. 147PA18

                                 Filed 5 June 2020

CHRISTOPHER CHAMBERS, on behalf of himself and all others similarly
situated
             v.
THE MOSES H. CONE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL; THE MOSES H. CONE
MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OPERATING CORPORATION d/b/a MOSES CONE
HEALTH SYSTEM and d/b/a CONE HEALTH; and DOES 1 through 25, inclusive


      On discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 of a unanimous decision

of the Court of Appeals, 259 N.C. App. 8, 814 S.E.2d 864 (2018), affirming an order

entered on 16 March 2017 by Judge James L. Gale, Chief Business Court Judge, in

Superior Court, Guilford County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 18 November 2019

in session in the Old Guilford County Courthouse in the City of Greensboro, pursuant

to section 18B.8 of Chapter 57 of the 2017 North Carolina Session Laws.


      Higgins Benjamin, PLLC, by John F. Bloss, for plaintiff-appellant.

      Womble Bond Dickinson, LLP, by Philip J. Mohr and Brent F. Powell, for
      defendant-appellees The Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital and The Moses H.
      Cone Memorial Hospital Operating Corporation.

      Patterson Harkavy LLP, by Burton Craige; and Carol L. Brooke, Jack
      Holtzman, and Clermont F. Ripley for North Carolina Justice Center, Center
      for Responsible Lending, and North Carolina Advocates for Justice, amicus
      curiae.

      Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Ryan Y. Park, Deputy Solicitor General,
      Daniel T. Wilkes, Assistant Attorney General, and Matthew C. Burke, Solicitor
      General Fellow, for the State of North Carolina, amicus curiae.

      Linwood Jones for North Carolina Healthcare Association, amicus curiae.
                     CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                  Opinion of the Court




      EARLS, Justice.


      Christopher Chambers and his wife were sued in May 2012 by The Moses H.

Cone Memorial Hospital Operating Corporation seeking collection of $14,358.14 plus

interest, allegedly owed for emergency room services. Around the same time,

Christopher Chambers filed a class action complaint against The Moses H. Cone

Memorial Hospital and The Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital Operating Corporation

(Moses Cone) seeking a declaratory judgment that the contract he signed as an

uninsured patient needing emergency medical treatment entitled Moses Cone to

recover no more than the reasonable value of the services it provided. We must now

decide whether Moses Cone’s subsequent, unilateral action dismissing its claims

against Chambers and his wife and ceasing all other attempts to collect the debt,

prior to certification of the class in Chambers’s declaratory judgment action, renders

the entire class action moot. Following the logic of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals

decision in Richardson v. Bledsoe, 829 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 2016), we hold that the

relation back doctrine “may be applied to relate a now-moot individual claim back to

the date of the class action complaint” when the event that moots the plaintiff’s claim

occurs before the plaintiff has had a fair opportunity to seek class certification and

provided that the plaintiff has not unduly delayed in litigating the motion for class

certification. Id. at 285. Therefore, “when ‘satisfaction of the plaintiff’s individual



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                                   Opinion of the Court



claim [occurs] before the court can reasonably be expected to rule on the class

certification motion,’ the plaintiff’s stake in the litigation is not extinguished,” and

the case is not moot. Id. (quoting Lucero v. Bureau of Collection Recovery, Inc., 639

F.3d 1239, 1250 (10th Cir. 2011)).

      I.     Factual Background

      On or about 23 August 2011, Chambers was treated at Moses Cone’s

emergency room where he underwent an emergency appendectomy.                   He was

uninsured at the time. In his complaint, Chambers alleged that the $14,358.14 he

was charged by Moses Cone (separate from independent physicians’ and other non-

hospital charges) was “far more than the payment amount required from the vast

majority” of Moses Cone’s patients receiving similar services, and he alleged that the

bill was grossly excessive, out of proportion to Moses Cone’s actual cost, and much

greater than the reasonable value of such services.

      Chambers sought to bring this action on behalf of a class, defined as follows:

             All individuals (or their guardians or representatives) who
             within four years of the date of the filing of the Complaint
             in this action and through the date that the Court certifies
             the action as a class action (a) received emergency care
             medical treatment at Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital or
             another Cone Health Hospital; (b) whose bills were not
             paid in whole or part by commercial insurance or a
             governmental healthcare program; and (c) who were not
             granted a full discount or waiver under Defendants’ charity
             care policies or otherwise had their bills permanently
             waived or written off in full by Defendants.

According to Moses Cone’s standard contract in force at the time Chambers had his


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                                    Opinion of the Court



appendectomy, the patient was obligated to pay the Moses Cone’s bill “in accordance

with the regular rates and terms of Cone Health.” Chambers contended he expected

to pay the same as other emergency care patients who sign the same contract but

that, as an uninsured patient, he was charged 100% of Moses Cone’s Chargemaster

rates, which he alleges are artificial, grossly inflated rates.

      Chambers initially filed suit on 11 May 2012. Moses Cone filed an answer and

counterclaim on 3 August 2012 denying all class allegations, asserting seventeen

affirmative defenses, bringing counterclaims against Chambers and his wife seeking

compensatory damages and attorneys’ fees, and asking the trial court to consolidate

the action with Moses Cone’s original lawsuit seeking payment of the $14,358.14 bill.

Shortly after Moses Cone filed its answer and counterclaim, Robin D. Hayes sought

to intervene as a plaintiff, individually and as a class representative. More than a

year later, on 27 September 2013, the trial court ordered that “further consideration

of the [m]otion [to intervene] should be delayed until after the Court rules on

Plaintiff’s motion for class certification.” On 2 July 2014, the case was assigned to a

new judge and thereafter a status conference was held “at which the parties agreed

to . . . stay further proceedings in this case until the Court issued an opinion on related

matters in Hefner v. Mission Hosp., Inc., No. 12 CVS 3088.” The plaintiff’s claims in

Hefner eventually were ruled moot when the defendant hospital in that case

“unequivocally bound itself to seek no payment” of its bill from the plaintiff. This

case then was reactivated, and Chambers filed an Amended Class Action Complaint.


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                                   Opinion of the Court



Moses Cone then dismissed its claims for the remainder of its bill and on the following

day, filed a motion to dismiss the case. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss

on 16 March 2017 and, citing Hefner, noted that “[s]imilar to the hospital defendant

in Hefner, Moses Cone has voluntarily dismissed with prejudice its collection action

against Chambers, meaning that Moses Cone has no right to recover any additional

payments from Chambers.” In addition, the trial court went on to deny Hayes’ motion

to intervene, leaving no plaintiff to maintain the class action claims.

      Chambers filed a notice of appeal, and the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial

court’s order dismissing the case. Chambers v. Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp., 259 N.C.

App. 8, 13, 814 S.E.2d 864, 869 (2018). The Court of Appeals concluded that because

Chambers’ bill was permanently waived, he was no longer a member of the proposed

class and, therefore, it was appropriate to apply the general rule that an appeal

presenting a question that has become moot will be dismissed. Id. at 12, 814 S.E.2d

at 868. Because the class had not yet been certified and the sole class representative

no longer had “a genuine personal interest in the outcome of the case,” the Court of

Appeals concluded that it “need not determine if the class action is now moot based

on the conduct of Moses Cone or the public interest.” Id. at 13, 814 S.E.2d at 868.

This Court granted discretionary review pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-31 (2019).

      Chambers’ original class action complaint alleged that uninsured patients

receiving emergency medical care at Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital or another

Cone Health hospital who were charged 100% of the hospital’s Chargemaster rates


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                                    Opinion of the Court



numbered “at least hundreds, if not thousands, of persons.”         Chambers further

alleged (1) that there were questions of law and fact common to the class, which

predominate over any questions affecting only individual class members; (2) that he

will fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class; and (3) that a class

action is the superior method for the fair and efficient adjudication of the claims. The

complaint asserted the following:

             Most losses are modest in relation to the expense and
             burden of individual prosecution of the litigation
             necessitated by the Defendants’ wrongful conduct. It
             would be virtually impossible for the Class members to
             efficiently redress their wrongs individually. Even if all
             Class members could afford such individual litigation
             themselves, the court system would benefit from a class
             action.     Individualized litigation would present the
             potential for inconsistent or contradictory judgments.
             Individualized litigation would also magnify the delay and
             expense to all parties and the court system presented by
             the issues of the case.

However, before these allegations could be tested at the class certification stage,

Moses Cone sought to end the litigation by dismissing its claims against Chambers

and suspending its attempts to collect the debt it alleged was owed by Chambers and

his wife for the emergency appendectomy.

      II.    Class Action Context

      Class action lawsuits have long been a feature of our justice system. The class

action lawsuit originated in the middle ages. See Shaw v. Toshiba Am. Info. Sys.,

91 F. Supp. 2d 942, 948 (E.D. Tex. 2000) (tracing the history of class actions). “In



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                                  Opinion of the Court



order to facilitate the adjudication of disputes involving common questions and

multiple parties in a single action, the English Court of Chancery developed the bill

of peace.” 7A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary K. Kane, Federal Practice

and Procedure: Civil § 1751 (3d ed. 1986). The English bill of peace became the basis

for class actions in the United States, including North Carolina’s early class action

decisions in the late 1800’s. See Bronson v. Wilmington N.C. Life Ins. Co., 85 N.C.

411, 414 (1881) (describing the class action mechanism as a feature of civil procedure,

citing Joseph Story’s treatise on English equity jurisprudence).

      Thus, it is well-established that class actions can be an efficient and fair way

to resolve in one case disputes that may affect a large number of people. Maffei v.

Alert Cable TV of N.C., Inc., 316 N.C. 615, 620, 342 S.E.2d 867, 871 (1986); see also

Crow v. Citicorp Acceptance Co., 319 N.C. 274, 284, 354 S.E.2d 459, 466 (1987)

(stating that class actions serve many purposes, including “preventing a multiplicity

of suits or inconsistent results”); Fisher v. Flue-Cured Tobacco Coop. Stabilization

Corp., 369 N.C. 202, 216, 794 S.E.2d 699, 710 (2016) (same).         By consolidating

numerous individual claims with common factual and legal issues into a single

proceeding, “the class-action device saves the resources of both the courts and the

parties.” Gen. Tel. Co. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 155 (1982). Moreover, courts have

also recognized the deterrent effect of class action lawsuits, which hold defendants

accountable for conduct that may be unlawful and widespread but difficult to address

when the conduct does not harm any single individual enough to make it economically


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                                   Opinion of the Court



expedient to bring a lawsuit. See Deposit Guar. Nat’l Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326,

338 (1980); see also Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 617 (1997)

(explaining that the class action mechanism was designed to overcome the problem

that small recoveries do not provide incentive for any single individual to bring an

action to vindicate his or her rights); James Grimmelmann, Future Conduct and the

Limits of Class-Action Settlements, 91 N.C. L. Rev. 387, 421–22 (2013) (explaining

the deterrent effect of class action lawsuits on other potential defendants in similar

situations).

      One potential obstacle to the efficient and equitable administration of the class

action procedure occurs when defendants settle the claims of individual plaintiffs

prior to class certification and contend that therefore the entire case has become

moot. The U.S. Supreme Court described the problem as follows:

               Requiring multiple plaintiffs to bring separate actions,
               which effectively could be “picked off” by a defendant’s
               tender of judgment before an affirmative ruling on class
               certification could be obtained, obviously would frustrate
               the objectives of class actions; moreover it would invite
               waste of judicial resources by stimulating successive suits
               brought by others claiming aggrievement.

Roper, 445 U.S. at 339. Under federal law, where a named plaintiff’s individual claim

is mooted after the plaintiff-class has already been certified, it does not moot the

entire case. See Sosna v. Iowa, 419 U.S. 393, 401–02 (1975). Similarly, even where

class certification has been denied, a named plaintiff whose individual claim is moot

retains the right to appeal the denial of class certification. See Roper, 445 U.S. at


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                                   Opinion of the Court



339–40; U.S. Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 404 (1980). The question

raised in this case is whether the unilateral action by Moses Cone to moot the named

plaintiff’s individual claim renders the entire case moot when there has been no

discovery or ruling on plaintiff’s motion for class certification. The U.S. Supreme

Court has not directly resolved this question.

      In Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 136 S. Ct. 663 (2016), the defendant made

an offer of judgment to satisfy the named plaintiff’s individual claim prior to class

certification, which was not accepted by the plaintiff, and then the defendant moved

to dismiss the case on mootness grounds. The U.S. Supreme Court held that the

plaintiff’s class action complaint “was not effaced by [the defendant’s] unaccepted

offer to satisfy his individual claim.” Id. at 670. Thus, “an unaccepted settlement

offer or offer of judgment does not moot a plaintiff’s case.” Id. at 672. However, “[t]he

Supreme Court, therefore, did not need to reach the arguably more difficult question:

whether a named plaintiff who did in fact lack a personal stake in the outcome of the

litigation could continue to seek class certification even though his claim became moot

before filing a motion for class certification.” Richardson, 829 F.3d at 282. Here, we

must decide an issue expressly left open in Campbell-Ewald. See Campbell-Ewald

Co., 136 S. Ct. at 672 (“We need not, and do not, now decide whether the result would

be different if a defendant deposits the full amount of the plaintiff’s individual claim

in an account payable to the plaintiff, and the court then enters judgment for the

plaintiff in that amount.”).


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                                       Opinion of the Court



       Ten federal circuit courts of appeals have reached this arguably more difficult

question. Eight of those ten circuits have ruled that when a defendant acts to moot

the claims of individual named plaintiffs before the court has ruled on a class

certification motion, the entire action is not yet moot, and the named plaintiff retains

the representative capacity to pursue class certification and a ruling on the merits.1

This exception to mootness has been adopted by federal courts because “[i]n recent

years, this stratagem [of picking off the named plaintiff] has become a popular way



       1  The Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh circuits have
some form of a pick off exception to mootness in the class action context. See Unan v. Lyon,
853 F.3d 279, 285–86 (6th Cir. 2017) (claims were not moot where government was “picking
off” named plaintiffs, retroactively determining them to be eligible for comprehensive
Medicaid coverage shortly after lawsuit was filed); Richardson v. Bledsoe, 829 F.3d at 284–
86 (reviewing federal circuit court precedent and based in part “upon consideration of the
well-reasoned approaches of our sister circuits, [ ] reaffirm[ing] the validity of the picking off
exception”); Wilson v. Gordon, 822 F.3d 934, 947–51 (6th Cir. 2016), reh’g en banc denied
Wilson v. Gordon, No. 14-6191, 2016 U.S. App. LEXIS 15697 (6th Cir. Aug. 1, 2016) (evidence
was sufficient for trial court “to conclude that ‘picking off’ exception applies in this case”);
Chapman v. First Index, Inc., 796 F.3d 783, 787 (7th Cir. 2015) (rejecting a claim of mootness
because following recent Supreme Court cases, “no one thinks (or should think) that a
defendant’s offer to have the court enter a consent decree renders the litigation moot and
thus prevents the injunction’s entry”); Fontenot v. McCraw, 777 F.3d 741, 751 (5th Cir. 2015)
(pick off exception to mootness applies where class certification motion has been filed even if
it has not yet been ruled on); Stein v. Buccaneers Ltd. P’ship, 772 F.3d 698, 705–07 (11th Cir.
2014) (exception to mootness in class actions applies even where plaintiffs’ individual claims
become moot before plaintiffs move to certify a class); Pitts v. Terrible Herbst, Inc., 653 F.3d
1081, 1091 (9th Cir. 2011) (even where plaintiff’s claim is not inherently transitory, class
certification relates back to the date the case was filed, and the case does not become moot
because “a claim transitory by its very nature and one transitory by virtue of the defendant’s
litigation strategy share the reality that both claims would evade review”); Lucero v. Bureau
of Collection Recovery, Inc., 639 F.3d 1239, 1249–50 (10th Cir. 2011) (exception to mootness
applies where defendant seeks to moot individual claim prior to ruling on class certification);
Comer v. Cisneros, 37 F.3d 775, 799 (2d Cir. 1994) (when claims of the named plaintiffs
become moot prior to class certification, the case is not moot if circumstances suggest class
certification may relate back to filing of the complaint).

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                                     Opinion of the Court



to try to thwart class actions.” Bais Yaakov of Spring Valley v. ACT, Inc., 798 F.3d

46, 48 (1st Cir. 2015). Even the two circuits that do not explicitly adopt a “pick off”

exception to mootness leave open the door to permit a plaintiff whose claims are moot

to continue as a class representative under either a “capable of repetition, yet evading

review” theory,2 or when the class certification motion was pending but not ruled on

at the time that the plaintiff’s claim became moot.3 The Fourth Circuit Court of

Appeals has not yet addressed this issue, but several federal district courts have

applied precedent from other circuits to find a “pick off” exception to mootness in

putative class action cases. See, e.g., Reyna v. Fiott, No. 1:17-cv-01192, 2018 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 123949, at *8 (E.D. Va. Mar. 20, 2018) (holding case not moot, applying

relation back doctrine to pick off exception in immigrant detention case following



       2   The Eighth Circuit has held that where the defendant acts to moot a named
plaintiff’s claim in a putative class action, the claim is capable of repetition, yet evading
review. See, e.g., Inmates of Lincoln Intake & Det. Facility by Windes v. Boosalis, 705 F.2d
1021, 1023 (8th Cir. 1983) (“[A] court may address on appeal the issue of whether the district
court ruled properly on the class certification issue, even though the named plaintiff’s claim
became moot prior to the district court’s consideration of the issue.”); Owens v. Heckler, 753
F.2d 675, 677 (8th Cir. 1985) (holding that the class action could proceed even though the
plaintiff’s individual claim had become moot).
        3 In Cruz v. Farquharson, 252 F.3d 530 (1st Cir. 2001), the court held that “[d]espite

the fact that a case is brought as a putative class action, it ordinarily must be dismissed as
moot if no decision on class certification has occurred by the time that the individual claims
of all named plaintiffs have been fully resolved.” Id. at 533. However, Cruz left open the
question of whether mooting the named plaintiff’s claim also moots the entire action if the
class certification motion has been filed but not yet ruled on. Id. at 534 n.3; see also Bais
Yaakov of Spring Valley v. ACT, Inc., 798 F.3d 46, 51 (1st Cir. 2015) (“Cruz also left open the
possibility that a putative class action may not be moot if a motion for certification was
pending when the plaintiff's individual claims became moot . . . .”).


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                                   Opinion of the Court



Richardson), aff’d, Reyna v. Hott, 921 F.3d 204 (4th Cir. 2019); In re Monitronics

Int’l, Inc., Tel. Consumer Prot. Act. Litig., No. 1:13-MD-2493-JPB-MJA, 2016 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 191414, at *13 (N.D. W. Va. June 27, 2016) (“[A] complete settlement

offer made before the plaintiff files a motion for class certification does not moot the

putative class action provided that the plaintiff move for class certification within a

reasonable time after discovery.”); Kensington Physical Therapy, Inc. v. Jackson

Therapy Partners, LLC, 974 F. Supp. 2d 856, 864 (D. Md. 2013) (“[A] complete

settlement offer made before class certification does not moot the putative class

claims.”); Shifflett v. Kozlowski, No. 92-0072-H, 1993 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 997, at *10

(W.D. Va. Jan. 25, 1993) (“[E]ven if the named plaintiffs’ claims become moot before

a class has been certified, the district court may nonetheless certify a class and the

action may be maintained as a class action.”). While this federal case law is not

binding precedent for this Court, it is instructive to observe the weight of precedent

in the federal class action context.

      Similarly, numerous state courts have also found an exception to mootness

where a defendant acts to moot the claim of the named plaintiff prior to class

certification. See, e.g., Growden v. Good Shepherd Health Sys., 550 S.W.3d 716, 727

(Tex. App. 2018) (applying an exception to mootness where defendant waived

plaintiff’s medical bill prior to the court considering class certification); Frazier v.

Castle Ford, Ltd., 59 A.3d 1016, 1024 (Md. 2013) (holding that providing individual

relief to the putative class representative does not moot a class action if the individual


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plaintiff has not had the opportunity for reasonable discovery and to seek class

certification); Jones v. S. United Life Ins. Co., 392 So. 2d 822, 823 (Ala. 1981) (holding

that when plaintiff’s individual case was mooted by defendant paying her claim prior

to class certification, plaintiff was not thereby ousted as a proper class

representative).

      Several cases from other state courts arise in factually similar circumstances.

For example, in Growden, the plaintiff was charged hospital fees of $25,308.92 for a

brief emergency room visit to treat her daughter, who was uninsured. Growden, 550

S.W.3d at 720. The plaintiff’s complaint sought only declaratory relief on behalf of

herself and others similarly situated. Id. at 720–21. After the lawsuit was filed, but

before a ruling on class certification, the defendant hospital executed an affidavit

stating that it waived and had written off the charges, and that it would make no

further attempt to collect the plaintiff’s bills. At the same time, the defendant sought

dismissal of the lawsuit, which was granted by the trial court. Id. On appeal, the

Court of Appeals of Texas held that while the plaintiff’s individual claim became moot

when the hospital waived her bill, her class action claims were not mooted, applying

a pick off exception to mootness. Id. at 727.

      Another similar case involved a bank’s attempt to enforce a “due-on-

encumbrance” acceleration clause in a mortgage contract when the plaintiff-

homeowner took out a second lien on the home. See La Sala v. Am. Sav. & Loan

Ass’n, 5 Cal. 3d 864 (1971). Upon receiving notice of the bank’s intent to accelerate


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the mortgage unless the homeowner agreed to a waiver fee and an increase in the

loan’s interest rate, the homeowner filed a class action complaint for declaratory

relief. Id. at 869–70. Before any class was certified, the bank voluntarily waived its

right to accelerate against the named plaintiffs and sought dismissal of the action for

lack of a representative plaintiff. Id. at 870. While not explicitly calling this a pick

off exception to mootness, the Supreme Court of California ruled that the plaintiffs

could continue to pursue class action certification even though their individual claims

had been resolved by the bank’s actions. Id. at 871 (“Even if the named plaintiff

receives all the benefits that he seeks in the complaint, such success does not divest

him of the duty to continue the action for the benefit of others similarly situated.”).

      III.   Richardson and the Relation Back Doctrine

      In Richardson, the Court recognized that Article III mootness doctrine in class

action cases is more “flexible” than other federal justiciability requirements and that

“ ‘[i]n the class action context, special mootness rules apply’ for determining at what

point in time a named plaintiff must still have a personal stake in the litigation to

continue seeking to represent a putative class action.” Richardson, 829 F.3d at 278–

79 (quoting Brown v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 350 F.3d 338, 343 (3d Cir. 2003)). Thus,

class certification may, in certain circumstances, relate back to the filing of the

complaint, permitting a named plaintiff to serve as a putative class representative,

even though his individual claims are no longer justiciable. Most commonly, this

applies to claims that are “inherently transitory” or “capable of repetition, yet evading


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review.” See Cty. of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 52 (1991); Geraghty, 445

U.S. at 398–99. The facts in Richardson presented a different application of the

relation back doctrine, which that court called “the picking off exception to mootness.”

Richardson, 829 F.3d at 279.

      The plaintiff in Richardson was a former inmate at a federal penitentiary, USP

Lewisburg, who sought relief for violations of his Fifth and Eighth Amendment rights

and on behalf of dozens of other inmates who he alleged suffered similar

unconstitutional treatment. Richardson was transferred to another federal facility

after his complaint was filed but before he moved for class certification. “Richardson

had standing to seek injunctive relief when he filed his amended complaint (as he

was still housed . . . at USP Lewisburg), [so the court] must ask whether his claims

for injunctive relief are now moot because he is no longer housed there.” Id. at 278.

Neither Richardson’s nor Chamber’s individual claims were inherently transitory.

However, their individual claims became moot as a result of actions over which they

had no control.

      Applying its own precedent in Weiss v. Regal Collections, 385 F.3d 337, 347–

48 (3d Cir. 2004) (applying relation back doctrine to produce “picking off” exception

in debt collection context where the defendant made Rule 68 offer for full amount of

potential recovery before the plaintiff moved for class certification), abrogated on

other grounds by Campbell-Ewald Co., 136 S. Ct. 663, and after a careful review of

similar cases across the country, the Richardson court held that the relation back


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doctrine can be applied to relate a now-moot individual claim back to the date of the

class action complaint where a would-be class representative is not given a fair

opportunity to show that class certification is warranted and provided that the

plaintiff has not unduly delayed seeking class certification. Richardson, 829 F.3d at

286.

       Thus, in applying this standard, a trial court must look to “two separate but

related considerations.” Id. First, it is necessary to examine whether the plaintiff

was given a “fair opportunity” to show that class certification is appropriate. Id. at

283 (citing Campbell-Ewald Co., 136 S. Ct. at 672 (“[A] would-be class representative

with a live claim of her own must be accorded a fair opportunity to show that

certification is warranted.”)). Second, a trial court must next consider whether the

plaintiff submitted the issue of class certification to the trial court without “undue

delay.” Id. at 287 (citing Weiss, 385 F.3d at 348).

       In Richardson, there was no showing of any purpose or design on the part of

the defendant to intentionally relocate the plaintiff to another facility in order to moot

the putative class action case. Also, it was irrelevant to the analysis that the plaintiff

there, as with Chambers here, had not actually filed a class certification motion prior

to the event that mooted the plaintiff’s individual claim.        Applying the pick off

exception, the court concluded that the case was not moot because only six weeks had

passed between the filing of the amended class action complaint and Richardson’s

transfer to another facility, the event that allegedly mooted his individual claim, and


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because Richardson “could not be expected to have presented the class certification

issue to the District Court within that amount of time.” Richardson, 829 F.3d at 289.

The Richardson court also noted that, in fairness, either party may raise the issue of

class certification, concluding that “[n]othing in the plain language of Rule 23(c)(1)(A)

[of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] either vests plaintiffs with the exclusive

right to put the class certification issue before the district court or prohibits a

defendant from seeking early resolution of the class certification question.” Id. at 288

(quoting Vinole v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 571 F.3d 935, 939–40 (9th Cir.

2009)).

      We previously have held that “Rule 23 [of the North Carolina Rules of Civil

Procedure] should receive a liberal construction” to ensure that the class action

mechanism remains a viable procedure when applicable. Crow, 319 N.C. at 280, 354

S.E.2d at 464 (quoting English v. Holden Beach Realty Corp., 41 N.C. App. 1, 9, 254

S.E.2d 223, 230–31, disc. rev. denied, 297 N.C. 609, 257 S.E.2d 217 (1979)). In state

court, mootness is “a form of judicial restraint,” rather than a jurisdictional concern,

as it is in federal court. In re Peoples, 296 N.C. 109, 147, 250 S.E.2d 890, 912 (1978).

In the class action context, where absent class members may have unresolved claims,

any prudential concerns that may guide the exercise of that constraint are

outweighed by the value of serving the multiple purposes of the class action

procedure, including “ ‘the efficient resolution of the claims or liabilities of many

individuals in a single action’ and ‘the elimination of repetitious litigation and


                                          -17-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                    Opinion of the Court



possible inconsistent adjudications involving common questions, related events, or

requests for similar relief.’ ” Crow, 319 N.C. at 280, 354 S.E.2d at 464. Therefore, it

is appropriate to adopt the Richardson standard in these circumstances to allow

relation back of the plaintiff’s claim to the date of the filing of the complaint for

purposes of the justiciability analysis in class action cases under Rule 23 of the

North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure.

       Further support for this interpretation of North Carolina class action law

comes from this Court’s prior decision in Reep v. Beck, 360 N.C. 34, 619 S.E.2d 497

(2005). There, we held that while it is not error as a matter of law to rule on a motion

to dismiss prior to ruling on a class certification motion, “[t]his Court is confident

that, in determining the sequence in which motions will be considered, North

Carolina judges will continue to be mindful of longstanding exceptions to the

mootness rule and other factors affecting traditional notions of justice and fair play.”

Id. at 40, 619 S.E.2d at 501 (citing Simeon v. Hardin, 339 N.C. 358, 371, 451 S.E.2d

858, 867 (1994); Cty. of Riverside, 500 U.S. at 52; 5 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s

Federal Practice § 23.64[1][b] (3d ed. 2005)). It is such a notion of justice and fair play

that motivates the Court to adopt the pick off exception and allow the relation back

of the plaintiff’s claim for justiciability purposes.

       Requiring that a named plaintiff have a fair opportunity to present the issue

of class certification to the trial court ensures that class representatives will not be

picked off at the dawn of the litigation before they have had a chance to engage in


                                            -18-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                   Opinion of the Court



appropriate discovery and otherwise prepare to seek class certification from the trial

court. It will prevent both a “race to pay off named plaintiffs” before they can pursue

class certification and premature class certification determinations before the

development of the factual record necessary for a trial court’s rigorous analysis of the

issues involved in a class certification motion. Richardson, 829 F.3d at 282, 288. The

question of what constitutes a fair opportunity in this context naturally will vary from

case to case based on considerations such as the complexity of the case, the nature of

discovery required to determine class certification, the stage at which the named

plaintiff’s individual claims become moot, and other relevant factors.

      The Richardson test also provides fairness to the defendant by incorporating

an important corollary to the fair opportunity requirement—that is the notion that

the plaintiff must present the issue of class certification to the trial court without

“undue delay.” Richardson, 829 F.3d at 287. In other words, a class representative,

while taking advantage of the fair opportunity to seek class certification, cannot be

dilatory and instead must “act[ ] diligently to pursue the class claims.” Stein v.

Buccaneers Ltd. P’ship, 772 F.3d 698, 707 (11th Cir. 2014). In cases where the trial

court finds the named plaintiff was, in fact, dilatory in seeking class certification, the

pick off “exception should not apply and ‘courts [should] adhere to the general rule

that the mooting of [the] named plaintiff’s claim prior to class certification moots the

entire case.’ ” Richardson, 829 F.3d at 286 (first alteration in original) (quoting

Lucero, 639 F.3d at 1249); see Stein, 772 F.3d at 707 (“A named plaintiff who does not


                                          -19-
                     CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                  Opinion of the Court



act diligently may not have what it takes to adequately present the issues. But to act

diligently, a named plaintiff need not file a class-certification motion with the

complaint or prematurely; it is enough that the named plaintiff diligently takes any

necessary discovery, complies with any applicable local rules and scheduling orders,

and acts without undue delay.”). The guiding principle underlying the adoption of a

pick off exception is fairness to the putative class members. However, the defendant,

too, must be shielded from vexatious or unfair litigation tactics. The Richardson test

provides the appropriate balance between the interests of the respective parties in

this regard.

      Moses Cone’s argument that the U.S. Supreme Court has rejected any

exception to mootness in these circumstances is unavailing for several reasons. First,

the case Moses Cone relies on, Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 U.S. 66

(2013), emphasized that the Fair Labor Standards Act proceeding at issue in that

case was “fundamentally different” from a Rule 23 class action. 569 U.S. at 74. Unlike

class certification under Rule 23, “conditional certification” under the FLSA “does not

produce a class with an independent legal status, or join additional parties to the

action.” Id. at 75. Therefore, conclusions about a plaintiff’s claim becoming moot

before certification under the FLSA cannot be transplanted to the Rule 23 class action

context. Cf. United States v. Sanchez-Gomez, 138 S. Ct. 1532, 1539 (2018) (stating

that cases in the class certification context are inapposite to FLSA actions “because

‘Rule 23 actions are fundamentally different from collective actions under the FLSA’


                                         -20-
                        CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                   Opinion of the Court



” (quoting Genesis HealthCare, 569 U.S. at 74)). The outcome in Genesis Healthcare

turned on the unique implications of conditional certification under the FLSA, and is

not controlling here.

      Second, the U.S. Supreme Court has noted that the question presented here is

unresolved. See Campbell-Ewald Co., 136 S. Ct. at 672 (noting “we . . . do not [ ] now

decide” whether actually mooting the plaintiff’s claim before class certification would

moot the entire case). In Campbell-Ewald, the Court left for another day the question

of whether unilateral action by the defendant that satisfied the named plaintiff’s

individual claim before class certification could moot the entire case. Id. Thus, the

U.S. Supreme Court has not explicitly endorsed or rejected a pick off exception to

mootness in class action cases.

      Finally, even if federal law were settled in this area, this Court is required to

decide how mootness applies under state law to class actions brought under the

North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. See, e.g., Scarvey v. First Fed. Sav. and

Loan Ass’n of Charlotte, 146 N.C. App. 33, 41, 552 S.E.2d 655, 660 (2001) (federal

class action cases are not binding on the Court of Appeals). Federal precedents are

instructive and we are indeed following the Third Circuit’s lead in articulating the

pick off exception, but ultimately federal precedent is not binding on how this Court

should interpret North Carolina class action law.

      Moses Cone further contends that the pick off exception to mootness cannot be

applied in this case because the trial court specifically found that there was no


                                          -21-
                       CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                    Opinion of the Court



evidence that Moses Cone wrote off Chambers’ debt in order to prevent the trial court

from ever reaching the question of whether a class should be certified. Given the

standard that we utilize here, defendant’s motive is not relevant to the inquiry. The

pick off exception to mootness that we have adopted does not rely on any finding of

bad faith or improper motive on the part of any party. It is perfectly reasonable that

in order to minimize its exposure and limit its liability, a defendant would seek to

end a class action lawsuit as quickly as possible before class certification. The pick

off exception is not a penalty for bad actions, it is simply necessary to protect the class

action mechanism as a means of promoting judicial economy, fairness, deterrence,

and efficiency in the determination of disputed claims, particularly where the amount

in controversy in any particular case is small, but the number of potentially impacted

plaintiffs is large.

       Further, in light of the Richardson standard, there is no required showing of a

pattern of repeated picking off of numerous individual plaintiffs, time and again,

before the pick off exception applies. It was this type of evidence that the trial court

held was missing in this case. The trial court reasoned in its legal analysis of

defendants’ motion to dismiss that

              [p]erhaps if Moses Cone were to continue to dismiss its
              collection actions against all patients who challenge the
              validity of the Contract, the Court could consider whether
              Moses Cone is taking action to evade judicial review of its
              Contract. But at this time, the action does not fit within
              the narrow capable-of-repetition exception.



                                           -22-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                    Opinion of the Court



However, where the pick off exception to mootness applies, rather than the capable

of repetition, yet evading review exception, the question is whether the plaintiff had

a reasonable opportunity to pursue class certification and did so without undue delay.

The defendant’s actions in other cases is not relevant to that inquiry.

       The dissent’s proposed solution to the mootness problem, namely that other

putative class members can now file their own new lawsuit, ignores the fact that the

statute of limitations might continue to run against class members who, while

Chambers’ claims were pending, would have no need to file separately. Additionally,

the dissent takes us to task for improperly legislating, but in fact, mootness is a court-

made doctrine and this Court previously has adopted several exceptions to mootness

absent any action by the legislature. See, e.g., N.C. State Bar v. Randolph, 325 N.C.

699, 701, 386 S.E.2d 185, 186 (1989) (per curiam) (adopting the exception to mootness

where a case involves “a question that involves a matter of public interest, is of

general importance, and deserves prompt resolution” (citations omitted)); Simeon,

339 N.C. at 371, 451 S.E.2d at 867 (adopting an exception to mootness where the

“case belongs ‘to that narrow class of cases in which the termination of a class

representative’s claim does not moot the claims of the unnamed members of the

class’ ” and where “[t]he claim . . . is one that is distinctly ‘capable of repetition, yet

evading review.’ ” (quoting Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 110 n. 11 (1974)); In re

Hatley, 291 N.C. 693, 694, 231 S.E.2d 633, 634 (1977) (adopting the exception to

mootness where “collateral legal consequences of an adverse nature can reasonably


                                           -23-
                        CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                      Opinion of the Court



be expected to result therefrom” (citing Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 57 (1968)).

There still are countless ways that a class action matter may become moot after the

original complaint is filed, depending on the nature of the case and the allegations of

the complaint. We have determined that the Richardson standard for evaluating

whether an individual plaintiff’s claim should or should not relate back to the date

the complaint was filed for the purpose of determining mootness, commonly called a

pick off exception, is a fair balance of the rights of all parties.

       IV.    Conclusion

       Accordingly, we conclude that a remand to the trial court to apply the

appropriate legal standard is warranted. See, e.g., Worley v. Moore, 370 N.C. 358,

368, 807 S.E.2d 133, 140–41 (2017) (reversing and remanding for an application of

the proper legal standard where the trial court applied an incorrect test). Our holding

today recognizes a narrow exception to the doctrine of mootness when a named

plaintiff’s individual claim becomes moot before the plaintiff has had a fair

opportunity to pursue class certification and has otherwise acted without undue delay

regarding class certification. In these limited circumstances, the named plaintiff’s

claim relates back to the filing of the complaint for mootness purposes, and he retains

the legal capacity to pursue class certification and class-wide relief, even though his

individual claim may have been satisfied.4 The decision of the Court of Appeals is



       4To be sure, even applying the relation back doctrine, obtaining class certification still
requires Chambers to meet the stringent requirements of Rule 23 of the North Carolina Rules

                                              -24-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                    Opinion of the Court



reversed, and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

       REVERSED AND REMANDED.




of Civil Procedure. See generally Faulkenbury v. Teachers’ & State Emps. Ret. Sys. of N.C.,
345 N.C. 683, 697, 483 S.E.2d 422, 431 (1997) (describing prerequisites for bringing a class
action).

                                           -25-
      Justice NEWBY dissenting.

      The rule of law provides the consistency and predictability citizens need to plan

their daily affairs. Under the rule of law, courts generally apply existing precedent

and allow the citizens to make significant changes through their elected

representatives in the legislature. When a court purports to act under its common-

law authority, but in doing so ignores the requirements of a controlling statute, it

usurps a role for which it was not designed. Historically, this Court has recognized,

as a matter of judicial restraint, that mootness renders a case nonjusticiable. And the

General Assembly has declared that class representative plaintiffs must adequately

represent the interests of the class. Today, the majority leaves behind both of these

well-established legal principles. The majority adopts an exception to mootness that

is neither supported by this Court’s precedent nor justified by the policy

considerations the majority attempts to address. It thus gives judicial life support to

class action claims led by named plaintiffs who have no personal interest in the case

and are in no position to adequately represent the interests of the rest of the class

claimants. I respectfully dissent.

      Stated objectively, the procedural facts here do not justify the majority’s

departure from our longstanding precedent. On 23 August 2011, the named plaintiff,

Christopher Chambers, came to defendant hospital for emergency treatment. He, like

every other patient, was given a form on which he was asked to agree to pay for the
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                    Newby, J., dissenting

hospital’s services in full. He was not asked whether he was insured, presumably

because federal law restricts a hospital’s ability to consider the insurance status of a

patient who needs emergency medical care. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd (2011); 42

C.F.R. § 489.24(d)(4). After Chambers left the hospital, the hospital billed him for the

services based on the “Chargemaster,” a document commonly used by hospitals to

standardize rates for various medical services. On 11 May 2012, Chambers filed his

original class complaint against the hospital claiming, among other things, breach of

contract and breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The hospital filed

a counterclaim against Chambers for payment of its bill.1 The trial court dismissed

some of Chambers’s claims, leaving only the contract-related claims intact.

       The attorneys representing the plaintiffs here had also filed a similar class

action complaint in Hefner v. Mission Hospital Inc., No. 12 CVS 3088, 2015 NCBC

LEXIS 115 (N.C. Super. Ct. Dec. 15, 2015). The parties agreed to allow the trial court

to address those claims first because they appeared to be virtually identical to the

ones filed in this case, and because the plaintiffs’ attorneys were the same.2 In Hefner,

the trial court denied the plaintiff’s class action certification motion because the

unique factual issues among the various individual plaintiffs’ claims made

determination of liability on a class-wide basis inappropriate. After denying class



       1  The hospital sought to consolidate into the action against Chambers a separate
collection action it had filed against him.
       2 Though the class action allegations in Hefner and this case present similar issues,
the factual bases for the claims in Hefner are unrelated to the facts of this case.
                                            -2-
                     CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                  Newby, J., dissenting

certification the trial court dismissed Hefner’s individual claim as moot, finding there

was no longer an actual controversy between the hospital and him because the

hospital dismissed its counterclaim, binding itself not to seek payment from him.

      After the denial of class certification and dismissal in Hefner, Chambers filed

an amended complaint on 1 April 2016, voluntarily dropping his contract-related

claims against the hospital and seeking class action declaratory relief under a new

theory. The amended complaint explained that Chambers was acting as a

representative of all individuals who, within four years of the original complaint’s

filing, received emergency care at the hospital, the cost of which was not covered by

insurance, and who were not granted a discount or waiver by the hospital. The

amended complaint asserted that this class of individuals “consists of at least

hundreds, if not thousands, of persons.” After Chambers’s decision not to pursue his

individual contract claims, the hospital dismissed with prejudice its counterclaim for

payment from Chambers.3 Accordingly, Chambers was no longer a member of the

class he purported to represent; he owed the hospital nothing. The hospital then

moved to dismiss the class action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because of

mootness.

      The trial court found that Chambers’s claim for declaratory relief was moot

because he had no individual interest in the action. In considering the then-



      3 According to the hospital, its dismissal of its counterclaim for payment was in
response to Chambers’s dropping of his individual contract claims.
                                          -3-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                      Newby, J., dissenting

recognized exceptions to mootness, the trial court found no evidence that the

hospital’s billing practices were illegal, that any patient would be subject to the same

billing terms in the future, or that the hospital would forgive the debt of any other

patient in order to avoid judicial review of its billing practices. These facts are

uncontested and therefore binding on appeal. The trial court then concluded that no

exception to mootness applied. It also determined that because Chambers and the

hospital both dismissed their breach of contract claims, “Chambers no longer has a

live claim that warrants his representing an ongoing class.” The court dismissed his

class claim for declaratory relief.

        On appeal, a unanimous panel of the Court of Appeals affirmed, applying the

language of the class action rule and the longstanding precedent of this Court that

parties must have a personal stake in the outcome of a case to adequately represent

a class. Chambers successfully petitioned this Court for discretionary review.

        Rule 23 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[i]f

persons constituting a class are so numerous as to make it impracticable to bring

them all before the court, such of them, one or more, as will fairly insure the adequate

representation of all may, on behalf of all, sue or be sued.” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 23(a)

(2019) (emphasis added). This Court has therefore held that to bring a class action, a

party    must   show (1) “the         existence of a class”;   (2) that    “the named

representatives . . . will fairly and adequately represent the interests of all members

of the class”; and (3) “that the class members are so numerous that it is impractical

                                              -4-
                     CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                  Newby, J., dissenting

to bring them all before the court.” Crow v. Citicorp Acceptance Co., 319 N.C. 274,

282–83, 354 S.E.2d 459, 465–66 (1987) (citations omitted). To satisfy the second

requirement, the named plaintiff or plaintiffs must have a “genuine personal interest,

not a mere technical interest, in the outcome of the action.” Id. at 283, 354 S.E.2d at

465.

       Chambers does not have a genuine personal interest in the outcome of this

case. Chambers chose to dismiss his contract claims, and the hospital then dismissed

with prejudice its counterclaim against him for payment of its bill. Chambers

therefore has no personal stake in seeing the hospital’s billing practices invalidated.

The trial court thus appropriately found that Chambers’s claim was moot.

       Because there is no dispute that Chambers’s claim is moot, the central question

in this case is whether any exception to mootness applies to his claim such that the

class action can nonetheless proceed with him as the class representative. In other

words, the question is whether Chambers will fairly and adequately represent all

members of the class. Before today’s opinion, traditional exceptions to mootness have

included when the defendant voluntarily ceases the challenged practice, see, e.g., City

of Mesquite v. Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283, 289, 102 S. Ct. 1070, 1074, 71 L.

Ed. 2d 152, 159 (1982); when the issue presented in the case is “capable of repetition,

yet evading review,” Simeon v. Hardin, 339 N.C. 358, 371, 451 S.E.2d 858, 867 (1994);

and when the question involved is a matter of public interest, In re Hatley, 291 N.C.



                                          -5-
                        CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                       Newby, J., dissenting

693, 694, 231 S.E.2d 633, 634 (1977). None of these exceptions apply to this case.4

       The express language of Rule 23, and our precedent, requires that a named

plaintiff must adequately represent the class. If a named plaintiff’s claim is moot, he

does not adequately represent a class of individuals with claims that are not moot.

Chambers’s claim here is moot, and no mootness exception applies. If the majority

followed this Court’s precedent and adhered to the rationale of class actions, that

would be the end of the matter.

       The majority, however, crafts a new exception to mootness, a “pick off”

exception,    and    discards    the    well-established       requirement   that    a   named

representative of a class must have a genuine personal interest in the outcome of the

case.5 See Faulkenbury v. Teachers’ and State Emps.’ Ret. Sys. of N.C., 345 N.C. 683,




       4 First, the hospital has not voluntarily ceased its billing such that no indebted party
could challenge the practice. Clearly there are other individuals who are able to challenge
the practice, as the amended complaint states that there are “at least hundreds” of class
members. Neither does this case present an issue that is capable of repetition, yet evading
review. The hospital’s billing and collections practices against some of these alleged victims
appears to be ongoing. Thus, it seems that numerous other individuals with active claims
could represent the class now that Chambers’s claim is moot. Finally, this case does not
involve a matter of public interest as the courts of this State have understood that exception.
In this case, the parties most affected by the hospital’s billing practices are only those in the
alleged class itself. Moreover, since the facts giving rise to this case occurred, the hospital
has changed its billing practices, in accordance with federal law, to no longer reference a
standard rate system like the one to which Chambers objects.

       5 This Court has the authority to develop the common law. But it does not have the
authority to contravene statutory directives. Moreover, when the contemplated change is so
drastic as to contravene a long-established and wide-reaching legal doctrine like mootness,
this Court should allow the people to decide what sort of change, if any, is necessary and
carry out that change through the legislature.
                                               -6-
                       CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                     Newby, J., dissenting

697, 483 S.E.2d 422, 431 (1997). The majority’s broadly applicable exception

effectively eliminates mootness in the class action context, but, ironically, the

majority characterizes its holding as “narrow.” Expanding upon the reasoning of the

Third Circuit in Richardson v. Bledsoe, 829 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 2016), the majority holds

that a class action is not moot “when the event that moots the [named] plaintiff’s

claim occurs before the [named] plaintiff has had a fair opportunity to seek class

certification and provided that the [named] plaintiff has not unduly delayed in

litigating the motion for class certification.”

       This new rule, transplanted from federal law, is unworkable in this case.6

Chambers originally filed a class complaint on 11 May 2012. Four years later, on 1

April 2016, after it was clear that his alleged class claim was doomed to fail and was

adversely affected by his personal claim, he filed an amended class complaint based

on an entirely different legal theory and dropped his personal claim. How is a court

to apply the majority’s test? In other words, when considering whether Chambers has

had a “fair opportunity” to file a class certification motion and whether he has “unduly

delayed” in bringing such a motion, is the key point in time when the 2012 complaint

was filed, when the 2016 complaint was filed, or some other time? A court could not

determine what sort of delay is “undue” after years of litigation has passed during

which Chambers was permitted to completely change his legal theory.




       6In general, given dissimilarities between state and federal civil procedural rules, this
Court should hesitate to transplant whole cloth procedural principles from federal law.
                                              -7-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                    Newby, J., dissenting

       For similar reasons, the new rule is manifestly unfair to defendants. The class

Chambers purports to represent includes people who received care at the hospital

within four years of the filing of the complaint. The complaint was originally filed on

11 May 2012. Thus, his class action references events that happened as early as 2008.

This passage of time raises issues about potential class members who are now

immune from collection actions because of statutes of limitations and other

considerations. Forcing the hospital to defend itself under such circumstances is

unduly burdensome and unfair. The majority’s new rule is thus unworkable with such

class action complaints that have been amended.

       The majority also claims that its new pick-off exception promotes “justice and

fair play” to class claimants. It is unclear how that is so. It does not serve the interests

of class claimants to allow actions to proceed with named plaintiffs who cannot satisfy

the requirements that “the named representatives . . . will fairly and adequately

represent the interests of all members of the class; [and] . . . have a genuine personal

interest, not a mere technical interest, in the outcome of the case.” Faulkenbury, 345

N.C. at 697, 483 S.E.2d at 431. Such named plaintiffs likely would not be poised to

adequately vindicate the interests of the “at least hundreds, if not thousands,” of class

members. Therefore, the majority’s new rule is unfair not only to defendants, but also

to putative class members who need a named plaintiff who will fully vindicate their

interests. To put it in terms of the majority’s new test, the delay in this case certainly

would seem “undue” from the perspective of the members of the purported class

                                            -8-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                   Newby, J., dissenting

whose interests have taken the backseat while Chambers has spent years fighting to

be the one who leads the class.

      The majority does not even discuss the traditional requirement of class actions

that the named plaintiff must adequately represent the interests of class members.

It merely makes a passing statement that even under its new rule class actions

ultimately must still satisfy the requirements of Rule 23 to obtain certification. The

majority thus apparently thinks that all of Rule 23’s requirements could be met even

if the named plaintiff has no personal stake in the outcome of the case. Perhaps the

implication is that when a named plaintiff has shown reasonable diligence to bring a

class certification motion, that party has demonstrated some commitment to

pursuing the interests of the class claimants as required by Rule 23(a).

      If that is the majority’s assumption, it is a misguided one. If the named plaintiff

no longer has a personal interest in the outcome of the case, that party cannot fairly

and adequately represent the interests of all class members. The named plaintiff’s

interest is, to quote Faulkenbury, “mere[ly] technical.” 345 N.C. at 697, 483 S.E.2d at

431. Particularly in cases like this one, in which hundreds of other parties may more

adequately represent the class interests than a party who has no personal stake in

the outcome, there is no policy justification for keeping the class action alive with the

original named plaintiff as the class representative.

      Finally, the majority’s apparent concern, that a defendant could inhibit a class

claim from ever reaching satisfactory resolution, is unwarranted. The majority claims
                                           -9-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                   Newby, J., dissenting

that its new rule “ensures that class representatives will not be picked off at the dawn

of the litigation before they have had a chance to engage in appropriate discovery and

otherwise prepare to seek class certification from the trial court.” The majority

believes its rule “will prevent . . . a ‘race to pay off named plaintiffs’ before they can

pursue class certification . . . .” (Quoting Richardson, 829 F.3d at 282).

      That concern is unfounded both in this case and as a general matter. In this

case, the trial court specifically found there “is no record to support the argument”

that the hospital intended to “pick off” Chambers. Indeed, it only dismissed its

counterclaim against him after Chambers dismissed his individual contract claims.

Thus, even if in theory some sort of “pick-off” exception should be created, the facts of

this case do not warrant it here. Pending since 2012, this case does not present a good

vehicle for the Court to create a new rule.

      In general, repeated “picking off” of named plaintiffs is not a strategy that

defendants are likely to vigorously pursue. When a named plaintiff’s claim is mooted

and the class action is therefore dismissed, the class action can be refiled with a new

named plaintiff.7 For a defendant to fully resolve all claims against it, it either must

settle the claims of a sufficient number of class members individually until no “class”

remains, or it must eventually deal with the class as a whole. Thus, a defendant would

likely have to settle many individual claims to make the issues raised by class action


      7 Again, that observation holds true in this case, in which Chambers has alleged that
there are “at least hundreds, if not thousands,” of class members. Many of them may be
available to pursue this case as a named representative.
                                           -10-
                      CHAMBERS V. MOSES H. CONE MEM’L HOSP.

                                   Newby, J., dissenting

finally disappear. This strategy often will be cost-prohibitive, and, even if a defendant

can afford it, it will lead to most class members receiving a satisfactory resolution of

their claims.

      Chambers independently dismissed his contract claims against the hospital.

Only after that did the hospital dismiss its counterclaim against Chambers,

rendering his claim moot and removing his personal stake in the case. Rather than

resuscitating old class actions with inadequate representation, the best course is our

historic one, which allows parties to find mutually beneficial paths forward, accepts

any consequences to justiciability, and allows classes to regroup and return with

proper representation. Not only could this encourage settlements that give relief to

individual claimants, but it would also help ensure that the interests of those still in

the class are vindicated by the attorneys dealing primarily with the named plaintiffs,

who must have an active interest in the case. The majority’s expansive new path is

both unnecessary and contrary to North Carolina law. I respectfully dissent.




                                           -11-
