                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS



                                                                    UNPUBLISHED
In re K. R. MANNOR, Minor.                                          September 12, 2017

                                                                    Nos. 337115, 338051
                                                                    Newaygo Circuit Court
                                                                    Family Division
                                                                    LC No. 16-008834-NA


Before: TALBOT, C.J., and O’CONNELL and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        The trial court entered an order terminating the parental rights of respondent-mother, F.
Mannor, and respondent-father, J. Mannor, to their minor child, KRM, under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (the conditions that led to adjudication continue to exist) and (j) (reasonable
likelihood that the child will be harmed if returned to the parents). Both respondents appeal as of
right. We previously consolidated the appeals.1 We now affirm.

                                I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        Petitioner Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) removed KRM from
respondents’ care at the hospital after her birth due to concerns regarding domestic violence and
parenting skills. DHHS provided respondents services to address these concerns. Respondents
participated in most services. However, the trial court found that respondents failed to benefit
from services, and that neither respondent had the capacity to properly care for KRM. Therefore,
the trial court found statutory grounds to terminate respondents’ parental rights, found that
termination was in KRM’s best interests, and terminated both respondents’ parental rights.

                                 II. REASONABLE EFFORTS

       Respondent-mother argues that the trial court erred in finding that DHHS made
reasonable efforts to reunify her with KRM because DHHS failed to accommodate respondent-
mother’s disability by allowing her additional time to comply with services. We disagree.




1
 In re K R Mannor Minor, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered April 27, 2017
(Docket Nos. 337115, 338051).


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        “In general, issues that are raised, addressed, and decided by the trial court are preserved
for appeal.” In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 703; 859 NW2d 208 (2014). The Michigan Supreme
Court in In re Hicks/Brown, Minors, ___ Mich ___; 893 NW2d 637, 641, 641 n 9 (2017), stated
that it is “skeptical” of any “categorical rule” that “objections to a service plan are always
untimely if not raised ‘either when a service plan is adopted or soon afterward’ ” because it may
not always be apparent that a service plan is insufficient, especially when a parent suffers from
intellectual disabilities. Quoting In re Terry, 240 Mich App 14, 26; 610 NW2d 563 (2000).
Therefore, respondent-mother’s request in the trial court for additional time to benefit from
services preserved this issue for appeal.

       We review for clear error a trial court’s finding that DHHS made reasonable efforts to
preserve and reunify a family. See In re Fried, 266 Mich App 535, 542-543; 702 NW2d 192
(2005). A finding is clearly erroneous if we have “a definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been committed.” In re BZ, 264 Mich App 286, 296-297; 690 NW2d 505 (2004).

        Before seeking termination of parental rights, DHHS must make reasonable efforts to
reunify the family. In re Hicks/Brown, 893 NW2d at 639.2 Reasonable efforts include services
offered by DHHS to facilitate the child’s safe return home. See In re TK, 306 Mich App at 710-
712. However, reunification efforts are not reasonable unless DHHS “modifies its services as
reasonably necessary to accommodate a parent’s disability” as required under the Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 USD 12101 et seq. In re Hicks/Brown, 893 NW2d at 642.
Under the ADA, “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be
excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of
a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” Id. at 640 (quotations and
citation omitted). Accordingly, DHHS “must make reasonable modifications in policies,
practices, or procedures when the modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the
basis of disability, unless the modifications would fundamentally alter the service provided.” Id.
(quotations, alterations, and citation omitted).

        In this case, the trial court did not clearly err when it determined that DHHS made
reasonable efforts to reunify mother and daughter. The removal petition stated that respondent-
mother previously had a portion of her brain removed and has cognitive limits. DHHS referred
respondent-mother for a psychological evaluation with Sandy Terwillegar. Terwillegar
confirmed that respondent-mother suffers from an “intellectual disability” that impairs cognitive
function, sequential thinking, judgment and decision making, verbal comprehension, and
memory. DHHS foster care worker Nicole Klomp testified that DHHS recommended services in
response to the psychological evaluation, including individual therapy, couples counseling,
Women’s Information Service, Inc., Parents as Teachers, parenting classes, and CPR classes.
The trial court found that respondent-mother was offered additional services, including a parental
capacity assessment, parenting time, hands-on guidance, demonstrations, anger management,
Alternatives to Violence, foster care case management, court intervention, domestic violence
services, Early-On services, physical therapy, Women, Infants, and Children, Maternal Infant



2
    Some exceptions exist, see MCL 712A.19a(2), but none apply here.


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Health, True North housing services, medical/dental services, Medicaid, family team meetings,
and Infant Mental Health.

        The only specific accommodation respondent-mother seeks on appeal is additional time
to comply with services. For example, respondent-mother suggested that her difficulty reading
KRM’s cues could be rectified with additional time. Klomp testified that DHHS offered
respondent-mother services to assist her with learning KRM’s cues. The trial court concluded
that, due to incapacity, respondent-mother would be unable to adequately care for KRM
regardless of the time and services offered. Therefore, the services DHHS offered accounted for
respondent-mother’s disability, and we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that the
trial court erred when it found that DHHS made reasonable efforts to reunify respondent-mother
and KRM, but those efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.

                                 III. STATUTORY GROUNDS

       Respondents both argue that the trial court erred in finding statutory grounds for
termination. We disagree.

        “A parent’s right to control the custody and care of [his or] her children is not absolute.”
In re Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 409; 852 NW2d 524 (2014). “[T]he state has a legitimate interest
in protecting the moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor and in some
circumstances neglectful parents may be separated from their children.” Id. at 409-410
(quotations and citations omitted). The juvenile code, MCL 712A.1 et seq., outlines a procedure
that can be used to terminate parental rights. Under this procedure, the petitioner must prove by
clear and convincing evidence that there is at least one statutory ground under MCL 712A.19b(3)
to terminate parental rights. We review the trial court’s statutory grounds determinations for
clear error. In re Mason, 486 Mich 142, 152; 782 NW2d 747 (2010).

        The trial court clearly erred in terminating respondents’ parental rights pursuant to MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i). To terminate parental rights pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), the trial
court must find clear and convincing evidence that “182 or more days have elapsed since the
issuance of an initial dispositional order.” However, the trial court entered the initial
dispositional order on October 5, 2016, and the termination hearing started on January 6, 2017,
only 93 days later.3 Because 182 days had not elapsed since the issuance of an initial disposition
order, we have a definite and firm conviction that the trial court made a mistake when it
terminated respondents’ parental rights pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i).

        However, the trial court only needed to find clear and convincing evidence of one
statutory ground to support termination, and it did not clearly err in finding statutory grounds to
terminate respondents’ parental rights pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(j). A trial court may
terminate a respondent’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) if it finds by clear and
convincing evidence that “[t]here is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of


3
 We are not bound by respondent-father’s concession on appeal that the time elapsed exceeded
182 days. See Camaj v SS Kresge Co, 426 Mich 281, 290 n 6; 393 NW2d 875 (1986).


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the child's parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of the parent.”
Evidence that a parent had a history of failing to protect a child from physical abuse supports
termination pursuant to subsection (j). In re Archer, 277 Mich App 71, 75-76; 744 NW2d 1
(2007). A parent’s difficulty managing his or her own emotional state, In re Olive/Metts Minors,
297 Mich App 35, 41; 823 NW2d 144 (2012), or own mental illness, In re Utrera, 281 Mich App
1, 24-26; 761 NW2d 253 (2008), thereby harming a child, can support termination.
Additionally, a parent’s failure to benefit from his or her service plan can be evidence that the
child will be harmed if returned to the parent’s home. In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 712-713;
846 NW2d 61 (2014).

        In this case, the trial court concluded that respondents lacked the capacity to care for
KRM, which could not be changed through education, counseling, or the support of government
programs. Evidence presented at the termination hearing supports the trial court’s conclusions.
Klomp and Dr. Byron Barnes testified that both respondents struggled to read KRM’s cues, such
as determining when she was hungry, when she needed changing, or how to soothe her.
Terwillegar concluded that a child would be at risk of harm if placed in either respondents’ care.
Terwillegar explained that respondent-father had difficulty caring for himself and had a history
of “blacking out,” going into rages, and becoming assaultive. She also explained that
respondent-mother’s significant memory deficit, comprehension issues, continuing anger issues,
presentation as “child-like,” and difficulty with verbal comprehension, would place KRM at a
risk of harm if placed in respondent-mother’s care. Klomp testified that respondents failed to
acknowledge, take responsibility for, or rectify the domestic violence in their home. For
example, respondent-mother continued to state that domestic violence during her pregnancy was
not dangerous to KRM because respondent-father only hit respondent-mother from the chest up.
Finally, respondents lacked adequate housing. Respondents lived with family members who
were on the Child Abuse and Neglect Central Registry, and respondents failed to use a suggested
service to secure alternate housing. Respondents argue that the trial court erred in finding the
testimony of Terwillegar and Dr. Barnes to be more credible than witnesses who worked directly
with respondents. However, we defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations. See id. at
711. Therefore, we do not have a definite and firm conviction that the trial court erred when it
found statutory grounds to terminate respondents’ parental rights.

                                      IV. BEST INTERESTS

       Next, respondent-mother argues that the trial court clearly erred in finding that
termination was in the KRM’s best interests. We disagree.

        After a trial court finds statutory grounds for termination of parental rights, it must
determine whether termination is in the child’s best interests. MCL 712A.19b(5). The trial court
should focus on the child, In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 87; 836 NW2d 182 (2013), weigh all
available evidence, and consider many factors, In re White, 303 Mich App at 713-714. Factors
include “the child’s bond to the parent,” “the parent’s parenting ability,” “the child’s need for
permanency, stability, and finality,” In re Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App at 41-42, the likelihood
that “the child could be returned to [the parent’s] home within the foreseeable future,” In re Frey,
297 Mich App 242, 248-249; 824 NW2d 569 (2012), and “the possibility of adoption,” In re
White, 303 Mich App at 714. If the trial court determines that termination is in the child’s best
interests by a preponderance of the evidence, it must terminate respondent’s parental rights. In

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re Schadler, 315 Mich App 406, 408; 890 NW2d 676 (2016). We review the trial court’s
determination for clear error. Id.

         The trial court did not clearly err in determining that termination of respondent-mother’s
parental rights was in KRM’s best interests. The trial court focused on KRM’s best interests and
noted that the witnesses who testified in favor of termination focused on KRM. Dr. Barnes
testified that respondent-mother had difficulty soothing and interacting with KRM. Dr. Barnes
and Klomp testified that respondent-mother had difficulty reading KRM’s cues. Accordingly,
the trial court found that “bonding [wa]s a complete failure.” Respondent-mother’s cognitive
disability made it difficult for her to learn how to parent. Klomp stated that respondent-mother
had not rectified the domestic violence issues in her home. Klomp testified that respondent-
mother did not benefit enough from services to ensure KRM’s safety in her custody. Terwillegar
concluded that a child would be at serious risk of harm if placed in respondent-mother’s care.
Therefore, the trial court stated that it could not conceive of respondent-mother raising KRM,
even with help and support. Finally, the trial court found that KRM was young, was adoptable,
and needed permanency and stability. Thus, we do not have a definite and firm conviction that
the trial court made a mistake when it determined that termination of respondent-mother’s
parental rights was in KRM’s best interests.

                       V. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

       Finally, respondent-mother argues that her trial counsel was ineffective. We disagree.

        We apply criminal law principles to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in a
termination of parental rights case. In re Martin, 316 Mich App 73, 85; 896 NW2d 452 (2016).
First, respondent-mother must prove that her “counsel’s performance was deficient,” meaning
that it “f[ell] below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. We presume “counsel’s
performance constituted sound trial strategy.” Id. at 87. Respondent-mother had the burden to
prove otherwise. Id. Second, respondent-mother must prove that her counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced her. Id. at 85. We review a trial court’s factual findings for clear error
and constitutional determinations novo. People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 48; 687 NW2d
342 (2004). However, because respondent-mother failed to move for a new trial or an
evidentiary hearing, our review is limited to errors apparent on the record. Id.

       None of respondent-mother’s ineffective assistance of counsel arguments have merit.

        Respondent-mother argues that she received ineffective assistance of counsel because she
was unable to communicate with her initial, appointed attorney. However, respondent-mother
requested that her original attorney be replaced due to these communication problems, and the
trial court granted her request. Next, respondent-mother argues that she received ineffective
assistance of counsel because different attorneys represented her during the case. However,
respondent-mother requested a counsel change, and she failed to show on appeal how her
successful request for substitute counsel resulted in deficient performance or prejudice.

        Respondent-mother also argues that her trial counsel was ineffective for failing to seek
ADA services and accommodations. The only accommodation respondent-mother seeks on
appeal is additional time to complete services. However, trial counsel did ask for additional time

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on respondent-mother’s behalf. Therefore, respondent-mother has not shown that trial counsel
was deficient. Further, the trial court determined that respondent-mother would be incapable of
caring for KRM, regardless of the services offered or time allowed to complete services.
Therefore, respondent-mother has not established that she was prejudiced by her trial counsel’s
failure to seek additional accommodations under the ADA.

       Finally, respondent-mother argues that she received ineffective assistance of counsel
because her trial counsel failed to question witness Jennifer James-Witteveen regarding
respondent-mother’s goals and progress in counseling. Further, respondent-mother argues that
her counsel should have called her and her mother, Mala Shelper-Schmidt, as witnesses.
However, “[d]ecisions regarding what evidence to present, whether to call witnesses, and how to
question witnesses are presumed to be matters of trial strategy . . . .” People v Horn, 279 Mich
App 31, 39; 755 NW2d 212 (2008). Further, respondent-mother failed to cite any evidence in
the record showing what additional testimony these witnesses could have offered, meaning that
respondent-mother cannot show that she was prejudiced by the failure to call and question these
witnesses.

       We affirm.

                                                           /s/ Michael J. Talbot
                                                           /s/ Peter D. O’Connell
                                                           /s/ Thomas C. Cameron




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