                            In the
 United States Court of Appeals
              For the Seventh Circuit
                         ____________

No. 04-2017
L. DAVID BENSKY,
                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                v.


COLIN POWELL, Secretary of State,
                                               Defendant-Appellee.

                         ____________
            Appeal from the United States District Court
              for the Western District of Wisconsin.
             No. 03-C-0664-S—John C. Shabaz, Judge.
                         ____________
   ARGUED NOVEMBER 9, 2004—DECIDED DECEMBER 13, 2004
                         ____________




  Before FLAUM, Chief Judge, and CUDAHY and POSNER,
Circuit Judges.
  POSNER, Circuit Judge. In 1964, David Bensky, a native-
born citizen of the United States, became a citizen of Israel
and enlisted in the Israeli army. The day before enlisting he
went to the American embassy in Tel Aviv and signed an
Oath of Renuncation of Nationality of the United States. The
consular officer before whom Bensky signed the oath
executed a Certificate of Loss of Nationality of the United
2                                                   No. 04-2017

States, certifying that Bensky had lost his U.S. citizenship by
virtue of his renunciation oath. The certificate was for-
warded by the consulate to the State Department in Wash-
ington and approved, presumably pro forma given the
voluntary character of Bensky’s expatriation, by the Depart-
ment a month later. All this was done pursuant to the
procedure for expatriation set forth in 8 U.S.C. § 1501.
  In 1985, Bensky filed an appeal with the State Department’s
Board of Appellate Review from the Department’s approval
in 1964 of the Certificate of Loss of Nationality. (Though
called an “appeal,” it was actually an original proceeding to
revoke a status that he himself had sought.) He argued that
his execution of the oath of renunciation had been in-
voluntary—more precisely, that he had mistakenly believed
that by joining a foreign army he had automatically lost his
U.S. citizenship. Such a belief would indeed be mistaken.
See Afroyim v. Rusk , 387 U.S. 253, 263 (1967); Vance v. Terrazas,
444 U.S. 252, 258-63 (1980). (The latter decision may have
been the stimulus to Bensky’s 1985 appeal. See Lawrence
Abramson, Note, “United States Loss of Citizenship Law
after Terrazas: Decisions of the Board of Appellate Review,”
16 N.Y.U. Journal Int’l Law & Politics 829, 848 (1984).)
   His purpose in executing the oath, he contended, had been
merely to make clear to the U.S. authorities that should he
ever visit the United States he would not pretend to be a
citizen. The reasoning process is unclear, but maybe his
concern was that if he applied for a U.S. visa he would be
told that he didn’t need a visa because he was a U.S. citizen
and then he’d have to explain that he wasn’t a U.S. citizen
because he’d enlisted in the Israeli army, and he might find
that he had landed on some bureaucratic flypaper. But this
is just conjecture. We know neither why he bothered to take
the oath of renunciation or, for that matter, why he wants to
reclaim his U.S. citizenship—for we were told at argument
without contradiction that he intends to remain in Israel.
No. 04-2017                                                  3

  We shall not have to decide whether Bensky’s mistaken
belief that by enlisting in the Israeli army he had lost his
U.S. citizenship would have provided grounds for restor-
ation of his citizenship had he sought that restoration in a
timely fashion. The Supreme Court held in the Terrazas case
that “expatriation depends on the will of the citizen,” 444
U.S. at 260, and ordinarily an explicit voluntary renunciation
is compelling evidence of the will to expatriate. Richards v.
Secretary of State, 752 F.2d 1413, 1421 (9th Cir. 1985); United
States v. Matheson, 532 F.2d 809, 816 (2d Cir. 1976); Davis v.
District Director, 481 F. Supp. 1178, 1181 (D.D.C. 1979). The
question, which, to repeat, we shall not try to answer, as it
would not affect our decision, would be whether a renuncia-
tion made under a mistaken understanding of the law
should be treated as “voluntary.”
  No statute of limitations applied to appeals to the Board
of Appellate Review until 1966, when the Board promul-
gated a “reasonable time” limitation, 31 Fed. Reg. 13537,
13539 (Oct. 20, 1966), 22 C.F.R. § 50.60 (1967-1979) (later re-
placed by a one-year statute of limitations, 22 C.F.R. § 7.5).
That provision was in force when Bensky filed his belated
appeal in 1985, and in 1987 the Board held that the provi-
sion was applicable to Bensky’s appeal and barred it.
Bensky did not seek judicial review of the Board’s decision
(which was administratively final, 22 C.F.R. § 7.9), as he
might have done by suing the Secretary of State under the
same provision under which he brought the present suit,
8 U.S.C. § 1503(a). It provides that “if any person who is
within the United States claims a right or privilege as a
national of the United States and is denied such right or
privilege by any department or independent agency, or
official thereof, upon the ground that he is not a national of
the United States, such person may institute an action . . .
against the head of such department or independent agency
4                                                   No. 04-2017

for a judgment declaring him to be a national of the United
States . . . within five years after the final administrative
denial of such right or privilege.”
  This was not just one route that Bensky could have taken
to obtain relief from the Board’s decision; it was the only
route. For by 1985 it was understood that the Administrative
Procedure Act (which, as we’ll see, might earlier have
seemed a route open to Bensky) is not a source of subject-
matter jurisdiction. Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 105 (1977);
see Abramson, supra, at 844 and n. 103; cf. Richard D. Steel,
Steel on Immigration Law § 15:26 (2d ed., 2004 Supp.); Daniel
Levy, U.S. Citizenship and Naturalization Handbook § 13.41
(2003).
  Bensky did not sue. Instead he waited until 1998 and then
asked the State Department to issue him a U.S. passport.
The Department refused, on the ground that only a U.S.
citizen is entitled to a U.S. passport. Within five years of be-
ing turned down Bensky filed the present suit, seeking a
declaration that he remains a U.S. citizen despite the
Certificate of Loss of Nationality issued and approved more
than 40 years ago. He relies on the fact that until 1994 the
procedure set forth in 8 U.S.C. § 1501 under which he lost
his U.S. citizenship did not describe the State Department’s
approval of such a certificate as a final administrative
action. Under the old law, he contends, it was not until the
Department refused to issue him a passport that the denial
of his administrative appeal in 1985 ripened into a final
administrative action and so started the five-year statute of
limitations running. The 1994 amendment provides that
“approval by the Secretary of State of a certificate [of loss of
nationality] under this section shall constitute a final
administrative determination of loss of United States na-
tionality . . . and also shall constitute a denial of a right or
privilege of United States nationality for purposes of section
No. 04-2017                                                  5

1503.” The district court dismissed Bensky’s suit after ruling
that the statute of limitations had begun to run in 1964
because the State Department’s approval of the Certificate
of Loss of Nationality was a final administrative determina-
tion and therefore the period within which Bensky had to sue
had long since expired.
   There is a threshold question whether, as section 1503(a)
requires, Bensky was “in the United States” when he filed
this suit. As we said, he apparently intends to continue to
live in Israel. An individual who is not in the United States
and wants to establish that he is a citizen must first obtain
a Certificate of Identity from a U.S. consular official au-
thorizing him to travel to a port of entry into the United
States, such as O’Hare Airport. 8 U.S.C. § 1503(b). If upon
arrival he is arrested by the immigration authorities because
they don’t believe he is a citizen (or otherwise entitled to
remain in the United States), he can seek habeas corpus and
in that way obtain judicial review of his claim of citizenship.
§ 1503(c). In Rusk v. Cort, 369 U.S. 367 (1962), the Supreme
Court, doubting that “Congress intended that a native of
this country living abroad must travel thousands of miles,
be arrested, and go to jail in order to attack an administra-
tive finding that he is not a citizen of the United States,”
held that such an individual could proceed alternatively by
the declaratory-judgment route, just as if he were suing
under section 1503(a). Id. at 372-80. The Court based
jurisdiction, however, not on that section, which in terms is
inapplicable to someone who is not in the United States
when he sues, but instead on the Administrative Procedure
Act—which only later, in Califano v. Sanders, supra, was held
not to confer jurisdiction on the federal courts to review
administrative decisions, but merely to prescribe how that
jurisdiction, once conferred by some other statute, is to be
exercised. Two district court cases hold, understandably
6                                                 No. 04-2017

though in the teeth of Rusk v. Cort itself as well as of the
statute, that a claimant who is not in the United States can
nevertheless sue under section 1503(a), just like one who is.
Kahane v. Secretary of State, 700 F. Supp. 1162, 1165 n. 3
(D.D.C. 1988); Icaza v. Shultz, 656 F. Supp. 819, 822 n. 5
(D.D.C. 1987).
   Whether these decisions are right or wrong is of no im-
portance to this case, however. Bensky’s complaint alleged
that he also “claims residence in Madison, Wisconsin,”
where his brother, who represents him in this matter, prac-
tices law. So we infer, in the absence of any denial by the
government, that Bensky was in Madison when the suit was
filed. We can proceed, then, to the merits.
   The government argues that the 1994 amendment to
section 1503, quoted earlier in this opinion, which made the
Secretary of State’s approval of a Certificate of Loss of
Nationality a final administrative determination, was merely
a clarification of existing law—that the approval of such a
certificate had always been a “final administrative denial of
such right or privilege” and therefore the date of that
approval had always been the date on which the five-year
statute of limitations began to run. So Bensky had to sue by
1969 and any argument that the running of the statute of
limitations might be tolled (a question on which there is no
law) is barred, as a matter of collateral estoppel, by the
Board’s unappealed determination in 1987 that Bensky had
delayed unreasonably in failing to seek rescission of the cer-
tificate until 1985. Cf. Cannon v. Loyola University of Chicago,
784 F.2d 777 (7th Cir. 1986); Witkowski v. Welch, 173 F.3d 192,
199-200 (3d Cir. 1999); Ortiz-Cameron v. DEA, 139 F.3d 4, 5-6
(1st Cir. 1998); PRC Harris, Inc. v. Boeing Co., 700 F.2d 894,
896 (2d Cir. 1983).
  The difficulty with the government’s argument is that the
wording of section 1501 (the substantive basis for this suit)
before the 1994 amendment changed it doesn’t cover what
No. 04-2017                                                    7

happened to Bensky in 1964. He made no “claim” of a “right
or privilege” of U.S. nationality then. He did the opposite of
claiming a right of citizenship: he renounced all such rights.
If nevertheless such a renunciation could be thought a
claim—maybe one of the rights conferred by U.S. citizen-
ship is the right to renounce one’s U.S. citizenship—it was
granted to Bensky, rather than denied to him, in 1964.
Whitehead v. Haig, 794 F.2d 115 (3d Cir. 1986); Maldonado-
Sanchez v. Shultz, 706 F. Supp. 54, 55-58 (D.D.C. 1989).
  We are mindful that in Heuer v. U.S. Secretary of State, 20
F.3d 424, 427 (11th Cir. 1994), the issuance of a Certificate of
Loss of Nationality was held, contrary to Whitehead, to be
the denial of a claim to a right of U.S. citizenship. The court
in Heuer pointed out that such a certificate can sometimes be
issued over the individual’s objection. True; but when that
happens, the individual has indeed been denied a claim of
U.S. nationality. Like Heuer itself, this is not such a case, or
at least was not in 1964.
  It seems, then, that the statute of limitations in section
1503(a) was changed by the amendment of section 1501 in
1994 to give the recipient of a Certificate of Loss of
Nationality, at least if it had been issued at his request, five
years from a final administrative denial of a claim, such as
a claim for restoration of citizenship, within which to sue.
Congress would be unlikely to change an accrual date to bar
a claim that, under the previous accrual rule, had not yet
arisen! See Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji, 481 U.S. 604,
608-09 (1987); Jideonwo v. INS, 224 F.3d 692, 697 (7th Cir.
2000); In re Apex Express Corp., 190 F.3d 624, 642-43 (4th Cir.
1999); Chenault v. United States Postal Service, 37 F.3d 535, 539
(9th Cir. 1994). For under the unamended statute, a loss of
nationality did not start the statute of limitations running
until the loser had made a claim to a right or privilege of a
U.S. national. If the government is right, Bensky lost his
8                                                 No. 04-2017

right to sue sometime in 1969, even though, under the
statute in force then, he could not sue until he filed a claim
with the State Department for the restoration of his citizen-
ship, which he did not do until 1985.
  We acknowledge that our interpretation of section 1501’s
tangled history may open the door to belated suits by per-
sons who lost their U.S. citizenship before the 1994 amend-
ment became effective—and for the further reason that since
the amendment makes the issuance of the Certificate of Loss
of Nationality the final administrative denial, the certificate
holder is not required to exhaust his administrative reme-
dies within the State Department as a prerequisite to suit.
139 Cong. Rec. S8553-03 (July 1, 1993) (statement of Senator
Kennedy). There is something undeniably odd about a suit
challenging an administrative action that took place more
than 40 years before the suit was filed, especially after a
previous legal challenge to the action had been denied more
than a decade earlier as having been untimely when filed.
By the time Bensky appealed to the Board of Appellate
Review in 1985, the consular officer who had executed the
Certificate of Loss of Nationality, and who was the only
witness besides Bensky to what had occurred 21 years
previously, had died.
  Laches (unjustifiable delay in suing that makes it difficult
for the defendant to defend the suit) would probably close
the door to many such suits. National R.R. Passenger Corp. v.
Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 121-22 (2002); Costello v. United States,
365 U.S. 265, 282 (1961); Teamsters & Employers Welfare Trust
v. Gorman Brothers Ready Mix, 283 F.3d 877, 880 (7th Cir.
2002); Zelazny v. Lyng, 853 F.2d 540, 541 (7th Cir.1988). Al-
though we cannot find a case that discusses whether laches
can be invoked in a suit brought under section 1503(a), we
can think of no reason why it cannot be. It should not have
taken Bensky two decades to decide that he had renounced
No. 04-2017                                                   9

his citizenship under a mistake of fact—by which time, as
we said, the only witness to the renunciation, besides
Bensky himself, had died.
  Bensky’s suit must fail even apart from laches, because the
appeal he filed in 1985 with the State Department’s Board of
Appellate Review was unquestionably a claim within the
meaning of the unamended section 1501, and so its denial
by the Board started the five-year statute of limitations
running almost 20 years ago. Indeed, his appeal to the
Board of Appellate Review was a claim to all the rights and
privileges of U.S. citizenship, since it sought a restoration of
that citizenship.
                                                    AFFIRMED.


A true Copy:
        Teste:

                           _____________________________
                            Clerk of the United States Court of
                              Appeals for the Seventh Circuit




                    USCA-02-C-0072—12-13-04
