[Cite as Wolf v. Interstate Wrecker Serv., Inc., 2012-Ohio-1744.]



                Court of Appeals of Ohio
                               EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 97144



                                   GREGORY J. WOLF
                                                             PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

                                                     vs.


     INTERSTATE WRECKER SERVICE, INC., ET AL.

                                                             DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS



                                  JUDGMENT:
                            REVERSED AND REMANDED


                                      Civil Appeal from the
                                Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court
                                      Case No. CV-697658

        BEFORE:            Boyle, P.J., Jones, J., and E. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED:                             April 19, 2012
                                     2


ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS

Jan L. Roller
Davis & Young
1200 Fifth Third Center
600 Superior Avenue, East
Cleveland, Ohio 44114

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE

Stephen G. Thomas
Stephen G. Thomas & Associates Co., LPA
100 North Main Street
Suite 235
Chagrin Falls, Ohio 44022

For Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation

Andrew P. Cooke
Andrew Cooke & Associates, LLC
243 North Fifth Street, 3rd Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43215
                                                 3


MARY J. BOYLE, P.J.:

           {¶1} Defendants-appellants, Interstate Wrecker Service, Inc. (“Interstate”), and

Randy Montgomery, appeal the trial court’s decision ordering a new trial for

plaintiff-appellee, Gregory Wolf.        Finding merit to this appeal, we reverse the trial

court’s decision and reinstate the jury’s verdict.

                                  Procedural History and Facts

           {¶2} The underlying case stems from an automobile collision, wherein

Montgomery, who was driving his employer’s tow truck, rear-ended Wolf’s vehicle that

was stopped in traffic on Route 91 in Hudson. Wolf subsequently filed suit against

Montgomery and Interstate, seeking to recover damages for the injuries that he allegedly

sustained as a result of the accident.

           {¶3} Although the defendants admitted that Montgomery was negligent and

was in the scope of his employment at the time of the accident, they denied that

Montgomery’s negligence caused Wolf’s alleged injuries.1 Interstate further denied

that it was negligent to entrust Montgomery with its vehicle. The matter proceeded to

a jury trial on these issues where the following evidence was presented.




       1
           Wolf asserted a respondeat superior claim against Interstate, seeking to impose liability
upon Interstate for Montgomery’s negligence as a result of Montgomery being in the course and
scope of his employment at the time of the accident.
                                            4

       {¶4} Wolf testified that on May 5, 2005, he was en route to a Hudson grocery

store, accompanied by his boss, when he was rear-ended by Montgomery. According

to Wolf, he felt an immediate sharp pain in his right leg and a numbness upon impact.

Wolf did not seek immediate treatment because he did not want to interfere with the

prearranged sales call with his boss.   Later in the day, after dropping his boss off at the

airport, Wolf sought treatment in the emergency room of Cleveland MetroHealth

Hospital.

       {¶5} Wolf subsequently followed up with his primary physician, Dr. Thomas

Mandat, who referred him to physical therapy and later to Dr. Peter Fragatos, a

neurosurgeon.    According to Wolf, his condition did not improve following the

physical therapy and nerve injections; instead, the pain persisted.                   Upon

recommendation of Dr. Fragatos, Wolf ultimately had surgery on his lumbar spine in

2008. Wolf testified that prior to surgery, his “pain was 24/7” and that his pain level

was a “10” on a scale of one to ten.      Following the surgery, Wolf indicated that he

continues to experience pain at a level between “7 and 10.”

       {¶6} Wolf was 53 years old at the time of the accident and working as a food

broker and salesman in the food industry.         The job required him to handle food

products weighing up to 100 pounds, including shelving the food items and discarding

them. Following the accident, Wolf continued to work until November 2005.               He
                                            5

ultimately stopped working, testifying that the injuries from the accident physically

prevented him from doing “a normal day’s work.”

       {¶7} Kimberly Togliatti-Trickett, a physician who is board certified in physical

medicine, rehabilitation, and internal medicine, testified on behalf of Wolf.          Dr.

Trickett stated that in October 2005 and then again in October 2008, she performed an

electromyography (“EMG”) — a diagnostic test to identify any “nerve root” irritation

— on Wolf.     According to Dr. Trickett, the October 2005 EMG results revealed that

Wolf suffered an acute nerve root injury (the S1 radiculopathy) that was proximately

caused by the May 2005 accident.      The 2008 EMG results further revealed that Wolf

no longer had an acute injury; instead, the results revealed signs of a chronic injury that

was starting to heal.      Based on a review of Wolf’s medical records and her

examination of him, Dr. Trickett also opined that Wolf would not be able to return to

his same line of work as a result of the accident.

       {¶8} Wolf submitted medical bills, prescription costs, and other miscellaneous

out-of-pocket expenses, totaling approximately $46,200, that he claimed to have

incurred as a result of Montgomery’s negligence.      Wolf further presented evidence of

lost wages — past and future — that equaled approximately $732,000.

       {¶9} Conversely, defendants disputed that Wolf’s injuries were proximately

caused by Montgomery’s negligence. Montgomery testified that he was driving only

five miles per hour when he rear-ended Wolf, who was stationary in bumper-to-bumper
                                           6

traffic in a construction zone.    Defendants emphasized that it was a low-impact

collision, evidenced by the fact that Wolf’s vehicle did not hit the vehicle in front of

him.   Defendants further maintained at trial that Wolf’s surgery and other treatments

were not necessary as a result of the accident.   In support of their defense, defendants

presented the testimony of Dr. Timothy Gordon.

       {¶10} Dr. Gordon, who is board certified in orthopedic surgery, testified that he

examined Wolf on June 12, 2007 — two years after the accident but prior to Wolf’s

surgery. Dr. Gordon also reviewed all of Wolf’s past medical records, including his

MRI scans and two EMG results. According to Dr. Gordon, Wolf’s MRI revealed that

he suffers from “canal stenosis” in his lumbar spine, which means that the canal has

“narrowed.”    Dr. Gordon explained that Wolf’s condition “is a combination of a

congenital preexisting condition of a small tunnel and that then the arthritic change of

the facet hypertrophy, the arthritis in the spine over time has made it smaller.”      Dr.

Gordon stated that the MRI, taken a month after the accident, confirms that this

condition existed prior to the accident because “these findings take years to form.”   He

opined that Wolf had “progressive spinal stenosis over the years.”

       {¶11} Dr. Gordon further testified that Wolf’s injury from the 2005 car accident

was “a soft tissue strain of the muscles, neck, and low back area.”    He indicated that

this would cause pain but that the injury would have healed in six to eight weeks
                                            7

following the accident. Dr. Gordon opined that the treatment of such injury would

cost “in the area of two to three thousand dollars.”

       {¶12} Through cross-examination of Wolf’s witnesses, the defense also

established that Wolf had provided inconsistent information regarding his past medical

treatment and injuries. For example, in connection with first seeing Dr. Fragatos,

Wolf had indicated that he never had symptoms of pain in his lower back prior to the

May 2005 accident.       The record revealed, however, that Wolf had repeatedly

complained of pain in his lower back, starting in 1997 following a car accident, and

had complained of other symptoms, such as leg pain, that he was now asserting were

solely caused by the underlying accident.    Wolf had also reported to Dr. Trickett that

he was hit by a tow truck going “30 to 35 miles per hour” despite the fact that Wolf had

no basis for such an assertion and the evidence revealed that he was in “stop and go”

traffic with approximately 10 to 15 cars in front of him.

       {¶13} Following deliberations, the jury returned its verdict, finding that

Montgomery’s negligence caused injury to Wolf and awarded him $2,435.14 in total

compensatory damages.      The jury specified that this amount represents   damages for

economic loss only, thereby awarding zero for non-economic loss, i.e., pain and

suffering.   The jury further found in favor of Interstate on Wolf’s negligent

entrustment claim. Over the objection of defense counsel, the trial court ordered that

the jury deliberate further, instructing the jury to “recalculate [the compensatory
                                             8

damages] so that there is a portion of compensatory damages that represents damages

for non-economical loss.”     The jury then deliberated further, increasing their award of

total compensatory damages to $2,685.14, awarding $2,435.14 for economic loss and

$250 for non-economic loss.

       {¶14} Wolf subsequently filed a motion for a new trial on the issue of damages

under Civ.R. 59(A). Fourteen months later, the trial court granted Wolf’s motion

under Civ.R. 59(A)(6) on the grounds that “the judgment is not sustained by the weight

of the evidence.”

       {¶15} From that decision, defendants appeal, raising a single assignment of error:

       {¶16} “The trial court’s decision to grant a new trial was an abuse of discretion

and is not supported by competent, credible evidence.”

                                   Standard of Review

       {¶17} The decision whether to grant a new trial under Civ.R. 59(A)(6) — the

weight of the evidence — rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not

be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.    “Where a trial court is authorized to grant a

new trial for a reason which requires the exercise of sound discretion, the order granting

a new trial may be reversed only upon a showing of abuse of discretion by the trial

court.” Rohde v. Farmer, 23 Ohio St.2d 82, 262 N.E.2d 685 (1970), paragraph one of

the syllabus. As always, an abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude was
                                            9

“unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d

217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

       {¶18} This deferential standard of review requires this court to view the evidence

favorably to the trial court’s action rather than the jury’s verdict.   Indeed, “[i]t is not

the place of this court to weigh the evidence in these cases.” Mannion v. Sandel, 91

Ohio St.3d 318, 322, 744 N.E.2d 759 (2001).

       {¶19} But if the trial court’s stated rationale for granting a motion for a new trial

under Civ.R. 59(A)(6) is contradicted by the record, such a decision implies an attitude

that is unreasonable and must be reversed. See Proctor v. Cydrus, 4th Dist. No.

04CA2758, 2004-Ohio-5901 (reversing trial court’s decision to grant a new trial when

the trial court’s reasoning was not supported by the record.)            The trial court’s

discretion is not so great that it can grant a motion for a new trial under Civ.R. 59(A)(6)

simply because it disagrees with the jury’s verdict.   See Santoli v. Marbuery, 8th Dist.

No. 72110, 1998 WL 241990 (May 14, 1998).

       {¶20} With this standard of review in mind, we turn to the crux of the appeal:

whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting Wolf’s motion for a new trial

based on the weight of the evidence.

                                 Weight of the Evidence

       {¶21} Under Civ.R. 59(A)(6), a trial court may grant a new trial when a

judgment is not supported by the weight of the evidence. In granting a new trial for
                                           10

this reason, a trial court must weigh the evidence and pass upon the credibility of the

witnesses, “not in the substantially unlimited sense that such weight and credibility are

passed on originally by the jury but in the more restricted sense of whether it appears to

the trial court that manifest injustice has been done and that the verdict is against the

manifest weight of the evidence.” Rohde, 23 Ohio St.2d 82, paragraph three of the

syllabus. As stated above, the trial court may not set aside the jury’s verdict under

Civ.R. 59(A)(6) due to a “mere difference of opinion.” Id. at 92.    “[R]ather, the relief

should be granted only when the trial court is persuaded that there is insufficient

credible evidence to sustain the verdict in light of the other evidence presented.”

Green v. Bailey, 1st Dist. No. C-070221, 2008-Ohio-3569, ¶ 13.

       Negligence Claim

       {¶22} Before turning to the grounds in which the trial court granted a new trial,

we first set forth the elements of Wolf’s claim for negligence — the sole claim that the

trial court awarded a new trial.     The elements of a negligence claim are (1) the

existence of a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, (2) the breach of duty, (3)

causation, and (4) damages. Anderson v. St. Francis-St. George Hosp., Inc., 77 Ohio

St.3d 82, 84, 671 N.E.2d 225 (1996). At trial, defendants had admitted to the first two

elements.   The only issues at trial centered around causation and damages.

       Dr. Trickett’s Testimony on EMG Finding
                                             11

       {¶23} In granting Wolf’s motion for a new trial, the trial court found that the

jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the evidence, finding the following:

       Plaintiff presented uncontroverted scientific expert testimony of the
       reliability of the EMG studies to establish the time frame when his nerve
       injury occurred. Defendant’s contrary testimony by defendant’s medical
       expert was, by his own admission, not based on a review of the scientific
       literature of EMG studies.

       {¶24} This rationale, however, is not supported by the record.     While the trial

court was correct in stating that Wolf relied on EMG studies to establish that he

suffered a nerve injury and that the defendants did not challenge this finding or Dr.

Trickett’s testimony about when the finding would be detectable by EMG, the defense

adamantly disputed that the nerve injury was caused by the May 2005 accident.

Indeed, the gravamen of the entire defense was that Wolf’s claimed injuries were not

caused by the May 2005 accident; they arose from his pre-existing spinal stenosis.

This defense was supported by Dr. Gordon’s expert testimony.

       {¶25} The trial court seems to have mistakenly interpreted Dr. Trickett’s

testimony as conclusively establishing that the May 2005 accident caused Wolf’s nerve

root injury because Dr. Gordon did not rely on EMG studies in reaching his opinion.

But this rationale is flawed. The mere fact that Dr. Gordon based his expert opinion

on test results other than EMG studies, such as the MRI, does not automatically render

his opinion irrelevant to the fact finder.
                                            12

       {¶26} Moreover, and perhaps most significantly, Dr. Trickett conceded on

cross-examination that the nerve injury could have occurred before the May 5, 2005 car

accident based on the applicable time line for detecting acute nerve injuries on an EMG.

 Dr. Trickett testified that the time line of when an acute nerve root injury would appear

on an EMG is generally six months but could be ongoing for a year in “very, very

limited” circumstances.     Therefore, Dr. Trickett’s testimony did not conclusively

establish that the May 2005 car accident caused Wolf’s nerve injury. And while Dr.

Trickett opined that she believed that the nerve injury was attributed to the accident, the

jury clearly disagreed and did not find Dr. Trickett’s testimony determinative on the

issue of causation — a determination that rests squarely within the province of the jury.

       {¶27} We further note that the defense disputed the significance of the EMG

finding.    Although Dr. Trickett opined that the October 2005 EMG finding

demonstrated that the acute nerve injury must have been caused by the May 2005 car

accident by mere timing, Dr. Gordon conversely testified that the EMG finding was not

surprising given Wolf’s condition of spinal stenosis — a condition totally unrelated to

the car accident.   And to the extent that the jury found Dr. Gordon’s testimony more

persuasive, the record contains competent, credible evidence to support that finding.

       {¶28} Thus, while we refrain from weighing the evidence, and view the evidence

in a light favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we nonetheless find that the trial court’s

stated reasoning does not accurately reflect the record and is therefore unreasonable.
                                            13

       Inadequacy of the Damages

       {¶29} We next turn to the trial court’s second stated reasoning for finding that

the verdict was not supported by the weight of the evidence: the inadequacy of the

damages.    Specifically, the trial court noted that the award of damages failed to include

those services that Wolf initially received at the emergency room and by his primary

care physician.

       {¶30} A trial court is not at liberty to disturb a jury’s verdict on damages except

under very limited circumstances. As this court has previously stated,

       The assessment of damages lies so thoroughly within the province of the
       trier of fact that a reviewing court is not at liberty to disturb the trier of
       fact’s assessment absent an affirmative finding of passion and prejudice or a
       finding that the award is manifestly excessive or inadequate.

       {¶31} DeCapua v. Rychlik, 8th Dist. No. 91189, 2009-Ohio-2029, ¶ 22, citing

Moskovitz v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr., 69 Ohio St.3d 638, 655, 635 N.E.2d 331 (1994).

       {¶32} In order to set aside a judgment as inadequate and against the manifest

weight of the evidence, a reviewing court must determine that “the verdict is so gross as

to the shock the sense of justice and fairness, cannot be reconciled with the undisputed

evidence in the case, or is the result of an apparent failure by the jury to include all the

items of damage making up the plaintiff’s claim.” Bailey v. Allbery, 88 Ohio App.3d

432, 435, 624 N.E.2d 279 (2d Dist.1993). Thus, where it appears the jury awarded

inadequate damages because it failed to consider an element of damages established by
                                              14

uncontroverted expert testimony, a new trial should be ordered. Dillon v. Bundy, 72

Ohio App.3d 767, 596 N.E.2d 500 (10th Dist.1991).

         {¶33} In this case, it appears that the trial court substituted its opinion for that of

the jury.     The trial court clearly found that the damages were inadequate.              The

defense, however, contradicted Wolf’s claimed damages except medical bills between

$2,000 to $3,000.        Specifically, Dr. Gordon testified that the nature of Wolf’s

soft-tissue injury would result in approximately $2,000 to $3,000 in medical expenses

for a treatment period of six to eight weeks. The jury’s verdict fell squarely within the

amount of damages advanced by the defense.           Thus, we find that the trial court acted

unreasonably in setting aside the verdict.

         {¶34} Accordingly, we sustain Montgomery and Interstate’s sole assignment of

error.

         {¶35} Judgment reversed and case remanded with instructions for the trial court

to reinstate the verdict of the jury.

         It is ordered that appellants recover from appellee costs herein taxed.

         The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

         It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

         A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
                                  15




MARY J. BOYLE, PRESIDING JUDGE

LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., and
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
