                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


CLAYTON J. EWALT                                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    January 26, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellee,
V                                                                   No. 323212
                                                                    Court of Claims
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF                                              LC No. 14-000025-MZ
TRANSPORTATION,

               Defendant,
and

MARK A. MEYLAN,

               Defendant-Appellant.


Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and JANSEN and FORT HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Mark A. Meylan,1 an employee of defendant Michigan Department of Trans-
portation (“MDOT”), appeals as of right a Court of Claims order denying his motion for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) (governmental immunity). We affirm.

               I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        This case arises from an accident in Lapeer County involving a garbage truck, driven by
plaintiff Clayton J. Ewalt, and a MDOT truck and trailer, driven by defendant. Plaintiff, who
was traveling west on Newark Road, entered an intersection under a green light, at which time
defendant, who was traveling north on M-53, entered the intersection under a red light.
Plaintiff’s truck struck the side of the MDOT vehicle, and plaintiff was ejected from the truck.
Due to the accident, plaintiff sustained significant injuries.

       After filing his initial complaint, plaintiff filed a first amended complaint, alleging that
defendant’s conduct constituted negligence and/or gross negligence and that both defendants


1
  Because defendant Michigan Department of Transportation is not a party to this appeal, we will
refer to defendant Mark A. Meylan as “defendant” in this opinion.


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were liable for the damages that plaintiff had sustained from the accident. Prior to discovery,
defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), arguing that plaintiff’s
claim was barred by governmental immunity, as plaintiff failed to plead facts or proffer evidence
demonstrating that defendant’s conduct constituted “gross negligence” for purposes of MCL
691.1407. The only documentary evidence relevant to this appeal that defendant provided with
his motion were two police reports prepared on the day of the incident, one of which included
defendant’s explanation of the accident.

        The Court of Claims denied defendant’s motion for summary disposition, holding that
plaintiff’s allegations adequately pleaded a claim in avoidance of governmental immunity
because the facts as alleged may support a finding of gross negligence. Additionally, it
concluded that defendant’s statements in the police report did not contradict the facts supporting
plaintiff’s allegations of gross negligence—i.e., that defendant entered the intersection, while
driving a truck and trailer, when the traffic light was red—because defendant’s statements
constituted hearsay within hearsay, and defendant did not establish a foundation for the
admissibility of the statements. Finally, it stated that it could not find, based on the limited
evidence in the record, that reasonable minds all would agree that defendant’s conduct did not
constitute gross negligence. Later, defendant filed a motion for reconsideration, which the Court
of Claims denied.

                   II. SUMMARY DISPOSITION UNDER MCR 2.116(C)(7)

        Defendant argues that the Court of Claims erred in denying his motion for summary
disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) because plaintiffs’ allegations were insufficient to
create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether defendant’s conduct constituted gross
negligence, contending that running a red light does not, without more, establish gross
negligence. Additionally, defendant asserts that the Court of Claims erred in refusing to consider
defendant’s explanation of the accident in the police report, which rebutted plaintiff’s allegations
and demonstrated that defendant inadvertently “mistimed” the traffic signal because the visibility
of the signal was partially inhibited due to the wind. We disagree.

                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s grant or denial of summary disposition as well
as “[t]he applicability of governmental immunity and the statutory exceptions to immunity.”
Moraccini v Sterling Hts, 296 Mich App 387, 391; 822 NW2d 799 (2012). A trial court may
grant summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) when “[e]ntry of judgment, dismissal of the
action, or other relief is appropriate because of . . . immunity granted by law.” MCR
2.116(C)(7); Moraccini, 296 Mich App at 391. “In reviewing a motion for summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(7), a court considers the affidavits, pleadings, and other documentary
evidence presented by the parties and accepts the plaintiff’s well-pleaded allegations as true,
except those contradicted by documentary evidence.” McLean v Dearborn, 302 Mich App 68,
72-73; 836 NW2d 916 (2013). However, “a movant under MCR 2.116(C)(7) is not required to
file supportive material, and the opposing party need not reply with supportive material,” Maiden
v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119; 597 NW2d 817 (1999), unless the grounds asserted in the
motion are not clear from the face of the pleadings, MCR 2.116(G)(3)(a). If a party does provide


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documentary evidence with its motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7), “the substance or content of the
supporting proofs must be admissible in evidence.” Maiden, 461 Mich at 119.

        To survive a motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(7), a plaintiff
must allege facts that “warrant[] the application of an exception to governmental immunity.”
Plunkett v Dep’t of Transp, 286 Mich App 168, 180; 779 NW2d 263 (2009). “If no [material]
facts are in dispute, or if reasonable minds could not differ regarding the legal effect of the facts,
the question whether the claim is barred by governmental immunity is an issue of law.” Willett v
Charter Twp of Waterford, 271 Mich App 38, 45; 718 NW2d 386 (2006) (quotation marks and
citation omitted).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        Under the Michigan governmental immunity act, MCL 691.1401 et seq., governmental
agencies and their employees have the benefit of extensive immunity from tort liability while
they are “engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.” MCL 691.1407; see
also Tarlea v Crabtree, 263 Mich App 80, 82; 687 NW2d 333 (2004). At issue in this case is
MCL 691.1407(2), which limits when a governmental employee may be individually liable for
personal injuries arising out of his or her conduct while acting on behalf of a governmental
agency:

       (2) Except as otherwise provided in this section, and without regard to the
       discretionary or ministerial nature of the conduct in question, each officer and
       employee of a governmental agency, each volunteer acting on behalf of a
       governmental agency, and each member of a board, council, commission, or
       statutorily created task force of a governmental agency is immune from tort
       liability for an injury to a person or damage to property caused by the officer,
       employee, or member while in the course of employment or service or caused by
       the volunteer while acting on behalf of a governmental agency if all of the
       following are met:

       (a) The officer, employee, member, or volunteer is acting or reasonably believes
       he or she is acting within the scope of his or her authority.

       (b) The governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a
       governmental function.

       (c) The officer’s, employee’s, member’s, or volunteer’s conduct does not amount
       to gross negligence that is the proximate cause of the injury or damage. [MCL
       491.1407(2); see also Tarlea, 263 Mich App at 82.]

The parties do not dispute that defendant was a governmental employee who reasonably believed
that he was acting within the scope of his authority, and that the governmental agency was
engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. MCL 691.1407(2)(a), (b). The
only contested issue is whether plaintiff’s allegations could support a finding of gross negligence
under MCL 691.1407(2)(c).



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       “Gross negligence” is defined as “conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack
of concern for whether an injury results.” MCL 691.1407(8)(a).2 With regard to MCL
691.1407, gross negligence “has [also] been characterized as a willful disregard of safety
measures and a singular disregard for substantial risks.” Oliver v Smith, 290 Mich App 678, 685;
810 NW2d 57 (2010); see also Tarlea, 263 Mich App at 90. Therefore, under the statute, “gross
negligence” denotes “situations where the contested conduct was substantially more than
negligent.” Maiden, 461 Mich at 121-122. “[E]vidence of ordinary negligence does not create a
material question of fact concerning gross negligence.” Id. at 122-123.

        Plaintiff’s first amended complaint alleges, inter alia, that (1) the traffic signal was green
for plaintiff as he proceeded through the intersection; (2) the traffic signal was red for defendant
as he entered the intersection; and (3) defendant “disregarded the red signal and unlawfully
proceeded into the intersection[,] causing a collision between his vehicle and the vehicle
[p]laintiff was operating.” Defendant asserts that the police report provided with his motion for
summary disposition constituted documentary evidence that rebutted the allegations in plaintiff’s
complaint and conclusively established that his conduct constituted, at most, ordinary
negligence, not gross negligence. As the Court of Claims concluded, however, the content of the
witness statements in the police report, including defendant’s statements, must be admissible in
content—although not necessarily in form—in order to rebut plaintiff’s allegations for purposes
of MCR 2.116(C)(7). See Maiden, 461 Mich at 119; Latits v Phillips, 298 Mich App 109, 113;
826 NW2d 190 (2012) (“[W]hile a motion for summary disposition must be supported by
admissible evidence, that evidence does not have to be in admissible form.”).

        Statements in a police report providing an officer’s personal observations, which he or
she could testify to at trial, are admissible. Latits, 298 Mich App at 113-114. Additionally, some
statements in a police report may be admissible under MRE 803(6) (records of regularly
conducted activity) or MRE 803(8) (public records or reports). Id. at 114. However, when a
police report contains a second level of hearsay, the second level of hearsay must also qualify
under an exception to the rule against hearsay. Maiden, 471 Mich at 125; see also MRE 805
(“Hearsay included within hearsay is not excluded under the hearsay rule if each part of the
combined statements conforms with an exception to the hearsay rule provided in these rules.”);
Merrow v Bofferding, 458 Mich 617, 627; 581 NW2d 696 (1998).

       Contrary to defendant’s claims, he cannot rely on MRE 801(d)(2) for the admissibility of
his own statements within the police report in support of his motion for summary disposition.
MRE 801(d)(2) provides, in relevant part, that an admission by a party-opponent is admissible as
non-hearsay as long as “[t]he statement is offered against a party and is . . . the party’s own
statement, in either an individual or a representative capacity, except statements made in
connection with a guilty plea to a misdemeanor motor vehicle violation or an admission of
responsibility for a civil infraction under laws pertaining to motor vehicles.” Because MRE



2
  MCL 691.1407 was amended by 2013 PA 173, effective April 1, 2014. The definition of
“gross negligence” is identical under both versions, although the definition was previously
codified under MCL 691.1407(7)(a).


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801(d)(2) unequivocally applies to a statement offered against a party, it is clear that a party
offering his own hearsay statement in support of his position cannot rely on this rule for
admission. Apart from MRE 801(d)(2), defendant has not identified in the Court of Claims or on
appeal another rule under which his statements in the police report are admissible. Accordingly,
the Court of Claims did not err in declining to consider these statements and, therefore,
concluding that defendant neither rebutted plaintiff’s allegations nor established that his conduct
constituted ordinary negligence and not gross negligence.

          Moreover, given the allegations in plaintiff’s complaint, the Court of Claims properly
denied defendant’s motion for summary disposition. Defendant provided no evidence rebutting
the allegation that he entered the intersection while the light was red and, in fact, admitted that
fact as true during the summary disposition hearing. Notably, plaintiff’s complaint does not
allege that defendant mistakenly, unintentionally, or unknowingly proceeded through the
intersection while the signal was red, nor does it allege any other facts that clarify whether
defendant’s conduct constituted ordinary or gross negligence. Instead, it states that defendant
disregarded the signal. Additionally, it is undisputed that at least one other vehicle was present
at the intersection when defendant disregarded the signal, as a collision occurred between
plaintiff’s and defendant’s vehicles. Finally, a Lapeer County Sheriff deputy’s personal
observations described in a crash investigation report, which are admissible, Latits, 298 Mich
App at 113-114, indicated that the condition of the vehicles and the intersection indicated that
plaintiff’s vehicle was moving at a slow speed, consistent with a vehicle entering an intersection
under a green light; defendant’s vehicle possessed greater momentum; and the collision involved
enough force to move both commercial vehicles a northward direction.

        Without further elucidation of the surrounding circumstances,3 the allegations in
plaintiff’s complaint, as confirmed by the admissible observations in the deputy’s report,
comprehend a situation in which defendant observed the red light and chose to proceed through
the intersection despite the potential consequences of his actions, thereby exhibiting “a willful
disregard of safety measures and a singular disregard for substantial risks.” Oliver, 290 Mich
App at 685; see also MCL 691.1407(8)(a). Thus, reasonable minds could disagree regarding
whether defendant’s conduct in proceeding through an intersection against a red light, into the
path of another vehicle, constitutes “conduct so reckless as to demonstrate a substantial lack of
concern for whether an injury results.” MCL 691.1407(8)(a).4 Summary disposition is only


3
  We find it significant to note that “[t]he purpose of summary disposition is to avoid extensive
discovery and an evidentiary hearing when a case can be quickly resolved on an issue of law.”
Tarlea, 263 Mich App at 88. That is not the case here.
4
  We are not persuaded by defendant’s reliance on other cases involving accidents following the
disregard of a red light or violations of safety statutes. These cases are inapposite here because
they considered whether the defendant’s conduct constituted ordinary negligence or implicated a
presumption of ordinary negligence, and did not consider the gross negligence standard for
purposes of governmental immunity under MCL 691.1407. See, e.g., Klanseck v Anderson Sales
& Serv, Inc, 426 Mich 78, 86; 393 NW2d 356 (1986); Vandervelt v Mather, 353 Mich 1, 6-7; 90
NW2d 89 (1958); Moffatt v Helmer, 345 Mich 153, 156-157; 75 NW2d 887 (1956). Further, the

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appropriate “when no reasonable person could find that a governmental employee’s conduct was
grossly negligent.” Tarlea, 263 Mich App at 88; see also Willett, 271 Mich App at 45. As a
result, the Court of Claims properly denied defendant’s motion for summary disposition.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

        The Court of Claims properly concluded that plaintiff pleaded a claim in avoidance of
governmental immunity pursuant to MCL 691.1407(2). See McLean, 302 Mich App at 72-73;
Plunkett, 286 Mich App at 180. Additionally, defendant did not support his motion for summary
disposition with documentary evidence that contradicted plaintiff’s allegations, see McLean, 302
Mich App at 72-73, because the documentary evidence on which defendant relied was
inadmissible hearsay, see Maiden, 461 Mich at 119.

       Therefore, based on the allegations in plaintiff’s complaint and the admissible portions of
the documentary evidence provided with defendant’s motion, the Court of Claims properly
denied defendant’s motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7).

       Affirmed.



                                                            /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                            /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                            /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood




cited caselaw does not stand for the proposition that conduct which may fulfill an ordinary
negligence standard in a given case could not also constitute gross negligence as defined under
MCL 691.1407(8)(a). Cf. 18A Michigan Civil Jurisprudence, Negligence, § 3 (“[A]lthough
gross negligence and ordinary negligence are of a different character, and the former is not a
higher degree of the latter, gross negligence includes ordinary negligence combined with a
willful and wanton disregard of public safety.”).
        Moreover, Poppen v Tovey, 256 Mich App 351, 356; 664 NW2d 269 (2003), does not
alter our conclusion, as the circumstances of the case are completely distinguishable from the
instant case and provide no insight as to whether defendant’s act of running of red light
constituted gross negligence.


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