      Case: 14-30269          Document: 00513042440              Page: 1   Date Filed: 05/13/2015




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                            No. 14-30269                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                         Fifth Circuit

                                                                                       FILED
IN RE: DEEPWATER HORIZON                                                           May 13, 2015
------------------------------------------------------------------------          Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                       Clerk
ROBERT YOUNG,

                 Plaintiff

ELTON JOHNSON,

                 Intervenor Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

BP EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, INCORPORATED; BP PRODUCTS
NORTH AMERICA, INCORPORATED; BP CORPORATION NORTH
AMERICA, INCORPORATED,

                 Defendants - Appellants




                     Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Louisiana


Before KING, DAVIS, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge:
        Defendants-Appellants BP Exploration & Production, Inc., BP Products
North America, Inc., and BP Corporation North America, Inc. (collectively
“BP”) appeal the district court’s judgment in favor of Intervenor/Plaintiff-
Appellee Elton Johnson (“Johnson”). The district court, over BP’s objection,
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                                     No. 14-30269
enforced a putative $2.7 million settlement agreement against BP in Johnson’s
favor. On appeal, BP asserts that the parties never formed a binding
settlement agreement. In the alternative, BP argues that Johnson
fraudulently induced BP into entering the settlement agreement, and that
Johnson did not satisfy a condition precedent to recovery because he never
signed a release. BP also claims that the district court awarded an
unreasonable rate of prejudgment interest.
      We hold that the parties formed a binding settlement agreement. We
also hold that the district court correctly excused Johnson’s failure to sign the
release document. However, the district court should have held an evidentiary
hearing to determine whether Johnson fraudulently induced BP into entering
the settlement agreement. We therefore affirm the district court’s order in
part, but vacate the judgment and remand for further proceedings.


                                            I.
      In the wake of the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion, 1 BP reached
an agreement with the White House to establish the Gulf Coast Claims Facility
(“GCCF”), an independent mechanism created to settle the numerous claims
against BP. BP authorized the GCCF and its Claims Administrator, Kenneth
R. Feinberg, to act on BP’s behalf to fulfill its statutory obligations as a
“responsible party” under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (“OPA”). BP also
authorized the GCCF to process certain non-OPA claims involving physical
injury or death.




      1 The facts of the Deepwater Horizon blowout are set forth in United States v. BP
Exploration & Prod., Inc. (In re Deepwater Horizon), 753 F.3d 570, 571 (5th Cir. 2014) and
Lake Eugenie Land & Dev., Inc. v. BP Exploration & Prod., Inc. (In re Deepwater Horizon),
732 F.3d 326, 329 (5th Cir. 2013).
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      Although BP authorized the GCCF to settle claims on its behalf, BP does
not control the GCCF and cannot prevent it from extending settlement offers.
However, if the GCCF sends a claimant a determination letter offering the
claimant more than $500,000 to settle his or her claims, BP may appeal that
offer within fourteen days from the date of the determination letter.


                                            A.
      Intervenor/Plaintiff-Appellee Elton Johnson was a crew member aboard
the M/V DAMON BANKSTON, a supply vessel operated by Tidewater Marine,
LLC (“Tidewater”). The vessel was mud-roped to the Deepwater Horizon and
was off-loading drilling mud on the night of the blowout. Johnson claims that
he sustained physical injuries when the explosion rocked the vessel and threw
him against a bulkhead. Johnson further claims that the stress from both the
explosion and his attempts to save other seamen endangered by the casualty
caused him emotional injury, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
      Johnson sued BP for negligence in Louisiana state court in May 2010. 2
BP removed the case to the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Louisiana.
      While Johnson’s case remained pending before the district court, he
submitted his claim to the GCCF. His submission included voluminous medical
records from a number of healthcare providers. Those records suggested that,
as a result of the explosion, Johnson suffered back and shoulder pain; reduced
range of motion; popping or crunching in the shoulderblade; headaches;
hearing problems; a cerebral concussion or other brain injury; anxiety;
irritability; depression; hallucinations; nightmares and sleeping problems;
memory problems; temporary hearing loss; tinnitus; and post-traumatic stress


      2   Johnson also sued Tidewater for maintenance and cure in the same case.
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                                  No. 14-30269
disorder. Those medical records also indicated that Johnson was taking a
number of prescription medications both for his physical pain and his
psychological conditions. Johnson’s submission to the GCCF also contained a
report from a rehabilitation/vocational specialist indicating that Johnson was
vocationally disabled and therefore unable to work for the indefinite future.
Johnson also submitted his past medical expense records, estimates of his
future medical costs, and an economic appraisal quantifying how his injury
affected his earning capacity.
      The GCCF analyzed Johnson’s submission and calculated his damages
as follows:
      The claimant’s final payment offer is comprised of total economic
      loss, total medical expenses and non-economic loss. The claimant’s
      economic loss of $758,452 is the projected loss of income through
      the claimant’s remaining work life. The claimant’s medical
      expenses are composed of $25,568 past medical expenses and
      $271,843 future medical expenses for a total of $297,411. The
      claimant’s non-economic loss calculation is $750,000 plus 3 times
      the medical expenses ($297,411 x 3 = $892,233) for a total non-
      economic loss of $1,642,233.

The GCCF therefore concluded that Johnson was entitled to receive a total of
$2,698,095 as a result of his alleged injuries.
      On September 23, 2011, the GCCF sent Johnson a Determination Letter
containing the following language:
      The amount of the Final Payment Offer (“Final Payment Offer”)[]
      is $2,698,095.00, which is the amount that can be paid now if you
      decide to accept the Final Payment Offer and you sign a Release
      and Covenant Not to Sue (the “Release”). . . . If you want to be paid
      the Final Payment Offer and fully resolve the entire claim now,
      you can accept the Final Payment Offer.

The Determination Letter instructed Johnson:
      To accept the Final Payment Offer, check the box on the Election
      Form indicating that you accept the Final Payment Offer, sign it
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                                 No. 14-30269
      and return it to the GCCF no later than 90 days after the date of
      this Letter. We will then send you a Release to be signed and
      returned to be paid the Final Payment Amount. . . .

      BP will have the right to appeal to [a] panel of three neutrals
      because the total monetary award is $500,000 or more. . . .
      [P]ayment of the Final Amount will not be made until the
      expiration of the 14-day period for the right of an appeal of this
      claim by BP. The expiration of the right of an appeal is 14 days
      from the date of this Letter.

      Johnson signed the Final Payment Election Form the day after he
received the Determination Letter. He checked the box on the Form indicating
that he “elect[ed] to be paid the Final Payment Offer” and understood that “the
GCCF w[ould] send [him] a Release and Covenant Not to Sue that [he] must
sign and return to be paid.” Johnson timely submitted the signed, completed
Final Payment Election Form to the GCCF.


                                       B.
      On October 3, 2011, after Johnson submitted the Final Payment Election
Form to the GCCF, but before BP’s fourteen-day appeal period expired, BP sent
Tidewater a letter explaining that the GCCF had offered to settle Johnson’s
claim, and that BP expected Tidewater to indemnify it for the entire settlement
amount.
      Tidewater strenuously objected. On October 5, 2011, Tidewater
responded with a letter stating that, “[b]ased on the file materials we have, the
settlement offered by the GCCF in the amount of nearly $2.7 million is
excessive and unreasonable given the defenses to Johnson’s claim that are
available to Tidewater and BP, and the medical records Tidewater has been
provided.” Notably, however, Tidewater’s letter does not state that it had any
reason to believe that Johnson fabricated his injury claims – the letter merely

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                                 No. 14-30269
expressed Tidewater’s belief that the Final Payment Amount was “excessive
and unreasonable.” Tidewater “request[ed] in the strongest terms that BP
appeal the settlement.”
      BP responded that it “w[ould] not appeal the GCCF’s settlement with
Mr. Johnson.” As a result, the fourteen-day appeal window closed without BP
appealing the Final Payment Offer.


                                       C.
      On October 20, 2011, after BP’s appeal period expired, Tidewater’s
counsel sent the GCCF a letter, complete with documentary exhibits,
explaining that it had investigated Johnson’s personal injury claims and had
reason to believe they were fabricated.
      Tidewater first pointed out that the sworn statements of other crew
members on the vessel at the time of the explosion directly contradicted
Johnson’s version of events. One crewman maintained “that Johnson was not
thrown, did not fall, did not lose consciousness or make any statement or
complaint that he had been struck” at the time of the explosion. “Because of
the drilling mud on the deck” of the vessel, Johnson “would have been covered
in the mud” if he had fallen, yet two crewmen “reported that Johnson was not
covered with any mud” after the explosion.
      Another crewman stated that, on the morning after the explosion, he
asked Johnson
      if [he was] OK after the previous night’s events. Although Johnson
      stated that he did not sleep well, he specifically denied that he was
      injured. On several occasions during that day, Johnson (and the
      remainder of the Tidewater crew) were asked if they were injured
      and, each time, Johnson denied injury. Johnson performed his
      assigned tasks that day without incident or issue, never
      complaining to anyone of any injury.


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Tidewater further stated that, “[h]ad Johnson been injured or involved in any
incident, it is standard Tidewater policy to prepare an accident report. No such
report was prepared,” and Johnson in fact “specifically denied that he had been
injured.”
      Tidewater also opined that Johnson told several physicians inconsistent
versions of the events leading to his alleged injuries. According to Tidewater,
Johnson’s various accounts differed with respect to (1) whether the explosion
threw him against a door or merely caused him to fall down; (2) the distance
he was thrown; (3) whether or not he lost consciousness; (4) whether he
reported seeing hallucinations at the time of his alleged injury; and (5) the
location on the vessel where the injury occurred.


                                      D.
      A week after the GCCF received Tidewater’s letter, it retained Guidepost
Solutions LLC (“Guidepost”) to investigate Johnson’s case. On January 24,
2012, Guidepost issued a report concluding that Johnson’s claim was
unsubstantiated. Guidepost concluded that there was “no credible evidence
Johnson suffered injuries as a result of the incident, and multiple fellow crew
members, one of whom was standing alongside Johnson at the time of the
explosion, disputed the events and injuries Johnson later reported.”
      Guidepost’s investigation corroborated the evidence that Tidewater set
forth in its letter to the GCCF. Guidepost found that
      [a]ll crew members were individually questioned shortly after the
      incident about any injuries they might have sustained, and
      Johnson never mentioned having been hurt. Additionally, Louis
      Longlois, who was with Johnson when the explosion occurred,
      disputed Johnson’s claims of being thrown into a door and being
      rendered dazed or unconscious. Johnson’s behavior on the day of
      the explosion and immediately thereafter is inconsistent with
      statements attributed to him regarding his purported injuries.

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Additionally, Guidepost’s report recounts the following exchange Johnson
allegedly had with Bill Wayne Marsh, a seaman on the vessel, shortly after the
explosion:
      Marsh said that once all of the survivors were pulled from the
      water and safely on deck, he saw Johnson again; during this
      meeting Johnson reportedly told Marsh he was going to “get some
      money out of Tidewater.” Marsh recalled that he asked Johnson if
      he was hurt and that Johnson replied, “No, but everyone on the rig
      is going to get some money. Why not me?” Marsh said he then
      asked Johnson, “How do you expect to get money if you are not
      hurt?” According to Marsh, Johnson replied, “I’m all shook up.”
      Marsh said Johnson never told him he was actually injured as a
      result of the explosion or the rescue operation. 3

Guidepost also interviewed Johnson:
      Johnson described his injuries at the time of the incident as a
      headache and stated that he did not realize he was injured until
      the following day when he was back at the Tidewater office in
      Amelia, Louisiana. Johnson stated that he never advised anyone
      he was injured until then. . . .

      Johnson insisted that no one ever inquired as to his well-being or
      if he was injured at any time while on the vessel or on land . . . .

      When asked about the conflicting statements he had provided to
      several of the different attending physicians regarding what
      happened to him during the explosion, Johnson explained that the
      doctors were all mistaken. Johnson could not explain the
      differences in his statements to physicians about the nature and
      extent of his injuries. Johnson refused to state that he was knocked
      “unconscious” as in being “knocked out.” Instead he explained his
      condition as an “altered state,” after his attorney, Cory Itkin,
      suggested that was what had happened to him. Johnson continued
      to insist that the explosion knocked him back six feet.



      3  The report noted, however, that Marsh exhibited poor recollection regarding many
of the events surrounding the explosion.
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                                 No. 14-30269
      Johnson denied speaking to the Associated Press, which had
      reported that he claimed to have been thrown seven feet into an
      engine room door and that he was knocked unconscious. Johnson’s
      attorney, Itkin, suggested that Johnson’s former attorneys, Steve
      Herman and Eddie Knoll[,] may have provided this information to
      the press.

As a result of its investigation, Guidepost concluded that “Johnson’s claims of
physical injury as a result of the Deepwater Horizon explosion appear to be
fabricated.” Nevertheless, Guidepost also concluded that “Johnson did not
submit any overtly fraudulent document,” so “a Finding of Potetnial [sic] Fraud
is not supported by this investigation.”


                                       E.
      After reviewing Guidepost’s investigative report, the GCCF issued a
denial letter to Johnson (the “Denial Letter”) on February 22, 2012. The Denial
Letter informed Johnson that the GCCF “has terminated its process with
respect to Mr. Johnson’s claim, will not send Mr. Johnson a Release and
Covenant Not to Sue for his signature, and, accordingly, will not issue to Mr.
Johnson a Final Payment for his submitted claim.”
      BP never sent Johnson a Release to sign, and it has refused to pay
Johnson the Final Payment Amount. Johnson insists he would have signed the
Release if the GCCF had sent it to him.


                                       F.
      Displeased with BP’s refusal to consummate the settlement, Johnson
intervened in Young et al. v. BP Exploration & Production Inc. et al., a Texas
state court suit filed by another injured seaman represented by the same




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                                      No. 14-30269
plaintiff’s attorney. 4 Johnson candidly admits that he took this unusual
procedural step in an attempt to quickly get his claim heard by a court.
Johnson’s petition in intervention asserted claims of breach of contract,
negligent misrepresentation, and tortious interference relating to BP’s refusal
to honor the putative settlement agreement.
       BP removed Young to the United States District Court for the Southern
District of Texas on March 30, 2012. Before the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict
Litigation could decide whether to transfer Young to the Eastern District of
Louisiana with the other Deepwater Horizon cases, the district court granted
summary judgment in BP’s favor. The court concluded that the parties never
formed a valid settlement agreement because “the lack of a signed release
prevented the formation of a contract.” The court therefore ruled that “Johnson
will take nothing from BP.”


                                            G.
       Johnson appealed the district court’s summary judgment order. A panel
of this Court ruled
       that the practical and prudent course of action in this case is to
       vacate the judgment of the district court and have that court
       transfer this case to the Eastern District of Louisiana for
       disposition there . . . .

       We are especially reluctant to decide the question of whether a
       binding settlement agreement arose here, given the complexities
       of the BP litigation and the administrative handling of related tort
       claims and settlement processes. We recognize that there should
       be some uniformity as to the manner in which such questions are
       answered – without consistency, we may be faced with serious and


       4On appeal, BP does not challenge the propriety of Johnson’s intervention in Young.
Mr. Young settled his claims against BP and his employers, leaving only Johnson in the case.
As a result, the case has essentially become a simple two-party dispute with Johnson on one
side and BP on the other.
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                                     No. 14-30269
      disruptive unintended consequences. The proper way to insure this
      case is decided in a manner that does justice to all the parties
      involved – as well as those others affected by the Deepwater
      Horizon incident – is to refer the matter back to the court in which
      it arose. That court has detailed knowledge of all the aspects of the
      BP litigation and settlement programs, and is in the best position
      to decide this issue in a way that is consonant with the handling
      of this multitudinous litigation. Accordingly, we vacate the
      judgment of the district court and remand with instructions to the
      district court to transfer this case to the Eastern District of
      Louisiana. 5


                                            H.
      With the case back before the Eastern District of Louisiana, Johnson
moved the court to summarily enforce the putative settlement agreement with
BP. BP opposed Johnson’s motion and filed its own motion for summary
judgment.
      On March 10, 2014, the district court granted Johnson’s motion and
denied BP’s motion. 6 The court reached its decision without holding an
evidentiary hearing. Unlike the United States District Court for the Southern
District of Texas, the court ruled that
      there is undisputed evidence that a binding settlement agreement
      was reached between Elton Johnson and the GCCF acting on
      behalf of BP. The agreement was to pay the total sum of $2,698,095
      to Johnson in full settlement of all of his personal injury claims
      arising out of the DEEPWATER HORIZON casualty. In exchange,
      Johnson agreed to waive and release all potential claims against
      not only BP, but against any other party who might be liable in the
      casualty . . . The arguments made by BP in its attempt to avoid
      payment of the settlement are unavailing.


      5  BP Exploration & Prod., Inc. v. Johnson, 538 F. App’x 438, 439-40 (5th Cir. 2013).
      6  Although Johnson also filed a motion to remand the case, neither the Eastern
District of Louisiana nor the Southern District of Texas ruled on that motion before
addressing the merits of the parties’ arguments. After reviewing the record and the
applicable law, however, we are satisfied that we may exercise subject matter jurisdiction
over the case.
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The court therefore entered a judgment enforcing the settlement and awarding
“costs and interest at a rate of 5% per annum from October 10, 2011 until paid.”
      BP now appeals that judgment. BP asks the Court to
      reverse the judgment below and direct the district court to grant
      BP’s motion for summary judgment – either because no contract
      was formed or because any contract included the execution of the
      GCCF release as a condition for payment.

      Alternatively, BP requests that the Court vacate the grant of
      summary judgment to Johnson as improper and remand for a
      resolution of BP’s fraud-in-the-inducement defense. Finally,
      whatever occurs on the merits, the interest rate should be
      remanded or reduced.


                                          II.
      The parties first dispute the applicable standard of review, as well as the
proper way to characterize the procedural posture of the case. Johnson argues
that the district court granted a motion to enforce a settlement agreement,
which we must review under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. BP,
by contrast, maintains that the district court actually granted summary
judgment in Johnson’s favor, so we should review that judgment de novo.
      Neither party is fully correct. A district court may summarily enforce a
settlement agreement if no material facts are in dispute, 7 and in such
circumstances we review the district court’s order for abuse of discretion only. 8
However, “when opposition to enforcement of the settlement is based not on
the merits of the claim but on a challenge to the validity of the agreement itself,




      7 Mid-South Towing Co. v. Har-Win, Inc., 733 F.2d 386, 390 (5th Cir. 1984) (citing
Autera v. Robinson, 419 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1969)).
      8 Harmon v. Journal Publ’g Co., 476 F. App’x 756, 757 (5th Cir. 2012).

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                                       No. 14-30269
the parties must be allowed an evidentiary hearing on disputed issues of the
validity and scope of the agreement.” 9
       This central issue – whether there was any disputed issue of
       material fact as to the validity of the settlement agreement[] – is
       similar to that which any court must address when ruling on a
       motion for summary judgment. This is not mere coincidence. The
       stakes in summary enforcement of a settlement agreement and
       summary judgment on the merits of a claim are roughly the same
       – both deprive a party of his right to be heard in the litigation. 10

Because BP challenges the validity of its putative settlement agreement with
Johnson, we will “treat [BP’s] assertions as true, and will affirm the district
court only if [Johnson] is entitled to enforcement of the agreement[] as a matter
of law.” 11 If not, we must remand for an evidentiary hearing 12 regarding the
validity of the settlement agreement, because the district court did not hold
one in this case. 13


                                             III.
       Because Johnson alleged causes of action under general maritime law
and the Jones Act against BP, federal contract law governs the validity and
enforceability of Johnson’s putative settlement agreement with BP. 14 However,



       9  Mid-South, 733 F.2d at 390 (citing Autera, 419 F.2d at 1200).
       10  Tiernan v. Devoe, 923 F.2d 1024, 1031 (3d Cir. 1991) (internal citations omitted).
        11 Id. at 1032.
        12 In this respect, a contested motion to enforce a settlement agreement differs from a

motion to summary judgment, which would instead result in remand for a trial on the merits
if the non-movant identified a genuine issue of material fact.
        13 See Mid-South, 733 F.2d at 390 (citing Autera, 419 F.2d at 1200).
        14 Borne v. A & P Boat Rentals No. 4, Inc., 780 F.2d 1254, 1256 (5th Cir. 1986)

(citations omitted).
        BP argues that Louisiana rather than federal law applies because the Release, which
BP never mailed to Johnson and Johnson never signed, contains a choice of law clause. We
need not decide whether that choice of law clause binds us here. BP does not argue that the
result of the case would differ under Louisiana law, and in any event BP relies heavily on
cases from outside Louisiana.
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                                    No. 14-30269
“the federal common law of release is largely undeveloped,” 15 and federal
contract law is largely indistinguishable from general contract principles
under state common law. 16 Thus, in reaching our decision, we will rely not only
on federal cases, but also on treatises and state contract law cases to the extent
we find them persuasive.


                                          IV.
      BP argues that, for numerous reasons, the parties never formed a
binding settlement agreement. As explained below, none of BP’s arguments
have merit.


                                           A.
      The parties first contest whether an offer and acceptance occurred in this
case. Johnson argues that the Determination Letter constituted a valid offer
to settle Johnson’s claims, and he accepted that offer by submitting the Final
Payment Election Form. Because BP did not appeal the GCCF’s offer within
the fourteen day window, Johnson insists that the parties formed an
enforceable settlement agreement. BP responds that the Determination Letter
was merely “a potential settlement valuation,” not an offer. According to BP,
since the release of Johnson’s claims “represents the entire benefit of the
bargain for BP, the release is the contract.” Thus, BP argues, the GCCF cannot
extend a valid offer until it mails a formal release to the claimant, and the
claimant cannot accept the offer until he or she signs that release. Because




      15See Hisel v. Upchurch, 797 F. Supp. 1509, 1518 (D. Ariz. 1992).
      16 See, e.g., Flores v. Koster, Civil No. 3:11-CV-0726-M-BH, 2013 WL 6153280, at *3
(N.D. Tex. Nov. 22, 2013); United States ex rel. Osheroff v. MCCI Group Holdings, No. 10-
24486-cv-SCOLA, 2013 WL 3991964, at *3-4 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 2, 2013); Hisel, 797 F. Supp. at
1518.
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                                      No. 14-30269
neither of those events occurred in this case, BP maintains that the parties
never formed a contract.
       We agree with Johnson. An offer is judged by the parties’ overt acts and
words, not by the subjective or secret intent of the offeror. 17 Here, a reasonable
person would construe the Determination Letter as an offer because it
repeatedly uses the language of offer and acceptance. The Determination
Letter repeatedly states that the GCCF, on BP’s behalf, is extending a “Final
Payment Offer,” and informs Johnson: “To accept the Final Payment Offer,
check the box on the Election Form indicating that you accept the Final
Payment Offer, sign it and return it to the GCCF no later than 90 days after
the date of this Letter.” Because Johnson did just that, and BP did not timely
appeal, the parties formed a contract.
       Furthermore, “[a] settlement is valid and enforceable even if it
contemplates the parties signing a release at a later date” 18 unless the parties
explicitly provide that a valid contract will not be formed until the parties
execute a formal, finalized agreement. 19 Even if one party ultimately fails to
execute or sign the final formal release documents, that does not void the
original agreement or render it deficient from the outset. 20 Here, the
Determination Letter states that the GCCF will send Johnson a Release only
after he has accepted the offer: “To accept the Final Payment Offer, check the
box on the Election Form indicating that you accept the Final Payment Offer,
sign it and return it to the GCCF no later than 90 days after the date of this



       17 1 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 4.1 (4th ed. 2014).
       18 Davison v. Bay Area Credit Serv., LLC, No. 12-03411-CV-S-DGK, 2013 WL 627003,
at *1 (W.D. Mo. Feb. 20, 2013) (citations omitted). Accord, e.g., Mastroni-Mucker v. Allstate
Ins. Co., 976 A.2d 510, 522 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2009) (citations omitted).
       19 See Gen. Metal Fabricating Corp. v. Stergiou, 438 S.W.3d 737, 747-48 & n.8 (Tex.

App. 2014) (citations omitted); 15A C.J.S. COMPROMISE & SETTLEMENT § 21 (2014).
       20 May v. Anderson, 119 P.3d 1254, 1256, 1259 (Nev. 2005); Hagrish v. Olson, 603 A.2d

108, 110 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1992).
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                                     No. 14-30269
Letter. We will then send you a Release to be signed and returned to be paid
the Final Payment Amount.” Because the Determination Letter does not state
that a signed release is a prerequisite to contract formation (as opposed to a
prerequisite to payment), the fact that Johnson ultimately did not sign the
Release is immaterial to the question of whether the parties formed a binding
contract.
      BP insists that, even if the language in the Determination Letter would
create an offer in the context of a typical settlement reached on the courthouse
steps, it cannot create an offer in the context of proceedings before the GCCF.
BP maintains that it, along with the White House, established the GCCF as a
“sui generis” exception to the ordinary rules of contract formation. Thus, claims
BP, only a signed release could constitute an offer and acceptance,
notwithstanding the Determination Letter’s repeated use of the words “offer”
and “accept.”
      We disagree. Claims resolution facilities like the GCCF are far from “sui
generis” – they are routinely established in large mass tort cases. 21 BP has not
identified, and we have not found, any authority for the proposition that
otherwise unambiguous offer language is less likely to create a binding
contract in the mass tort claims resolution facility context than in a typical
litigation environment, or that an objective person would not consider the
Determination Letter an offer under these circumstances.
      BP also argues that, if the GCCF offered to settle Johnson’s claim
without first sending him a release, it would be acting outside of its
authorization. In support of its argument, it points to language in the GCCF’s
governing protocol and rules that, in its view, demonstrates that “the execution



      21  See Deborah R. Hensler, Alternative Courts? Litigation-Induced Claims Resolution
Facilities, 57 STAN. L. REV. 1429, 1430-31 (2005).
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                                       No. 14-30269
of a release is not just a condition on payment but on acceptance itself.” BP
argues that, because that these protocols and rules were publicly available to
claimants, and because Johnson agreed to be bound by those rules by
voluntarily submitting his personal injury claim to the GCCF, an objective
person in Johnson’s position would not consider the Determination Letter an
offer.
         Again, we disagree. The language BP cites from the protocol and rules
only confirms our interpretation that a signed release is a condition precedent
to payment, not to contract formation. 22 Moreover, the Protocol and Rules state,
on at least four separate occasions, that “[a] claimant has the right to consult
with an attorney of his or her choosing prior to accepting any settlement or
signing a release of legal rights.” This language makes it clear that an
acceptance of the settlement offer is independent of signing the Release.
         Thus, because Johnson accepted the offer in the Determination Letter by
its own terms by timely submitting the Final Payment Election Form and
agreeing to subsequently sign the Release, and because BP declined to appeal
that offer within the fourteen-day period, both an offer and acceptance
occurred.


                                              B.
         BP next argues that the Determination Letter could not create a valid
contract because it lacked material terms: namely, the exact terms of the
Release. According to BP, the personal injury release terms were not publicly
available, so Johnson could not have known what they were in advance. Thus,




         22See ROA 3972 (“To receive a Final Payment, a claimant will be required to sign a
release . . .”); id. at 3964 (“Accepting a final payment requires the Claimant to sign a release
of past and future claims.”).
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                                       No. 14-30269
argues BP, the parties could not have reached a meeting of the minds as to the
essential terms of the contract.
       A putative contract is unenforceable if it lacks material or essential 23
terms. 24 Release provisions are generally – though not always – material terms
of settlement agreements. 25 However, even where the existence of a release is
material, the precise terms and specific language of the release are not
necessarily material. 26 Consequently, “even where the scope of the release is
disputed, . . . courts routinely enforce settlement agreements even where the
precise wording of a release has not been finalized.” 27 This remains true even
when one of the parties ultimately fails to sign the finalized release. 28


       23  The terms “essential” and “material” are effectively synonymous in this context. See
Gen. Metal, 438 S.W.3d at 744 n.4.
        24 17 C.J.S. CONTRACTS § 91 (2014).
        25 See, e.g., Dillard v. Starcon Int’l, Inc., 483 F.3d 502, 508-09 (7th Cir. 2007).
        26 See Blackstone v. Brink, Civil Action No. 13-cv-0896 (KBJ), 2014 WL 3896018, at *9

(D.D.C. Aug. 11, 2014) (citations omitted) (“[W]hile the general agreement to release
Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant Brink was a material element of the settlement
agreement, the specific language of the release form was not.”); Schaffer v. Litton Loan
Servicing, LP, No. CV 05-07673 MMM (JCx), 2012 WL 10274678, at *15 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 13,
2012) (“[C]ourts generally find there is agreement on all of the material terms of settlement
where the parties have agreed upon the monetary amount of the settlement payment and the
fact that plaintiffs will release specific claims. Agreement on the precise terms of a written
settlement agreement [or] precise release language . . . is not required.”); Nicholas v.
Wyndham Int’l, Inc., Civil No. 2001-147, 2007 WL 4811566, at *4 (D.V.I. Nov. 20, 2007)
(citations omitted) (“[C]ourts routinely enforce settlement agreements even where the precise
wording of a release has not been finalized.”); McDonnell v. Engine Distribs., Civil Action No.
03-1999, 2007 WL 2814628, at *8 (D.N.J. Sept. 24, 2007) (“The disputed terms[] concerning
the scope of the release . . . all speak to the settlement’s implementation. They are not,
however, essentials of the settlement.”); Carlson v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 76 F.
Supp. 2d 1069, 1076 (D. Mont. 1999) (“Although the release was a material element, the terms
of the release were not.” (emphasis added)).
        27 Mastroni-Mucker, 976 A.2d at 521 n.5 (citations omitted).
        28 See May, 119 P.3d at 1256, 1259; Hagrish, 603 A.2d at 110.

        Without contending that the Release included any material terms that Johnson could
not have reasonably expected, the dissent suggests that the requirement that Johnson sign
a release before BP and the GCCF disclosed the terms of that release prevented the formation
of a contract. As the cases cited above demonstrate, however, even where the parties have
not yet agreed to the precise terms and language of the release, they may nonetheless form
a binding settlement agreement by agreeing to both the existence of a release and the amount
of payment. Indeed, in the real world of tort litigation, it would be difficult to operate any
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                                       No. 14-30269
       Here, the Determination Letter contained the following description of
the release that the GCCF promised to send Johnson if he accepted the offer:
       The Release waives and releases any claims for bodily injury that
       you have or may have in the future against BP and all other
       potentially responsible parties with regard to the Oil Spill, and
       prevents you from submitting any bodily injury claim seeking
       payment from a court.

This description fully apprises Johnson of both the existence of the Release and
its breadth. The GCCF’s decision to include these details of the scope of the
Release further indicates that it sought to include all material terms of the
settlement in its offer so that the settlement would be binding on Johnson once
he signed and returned his acceptance. As a result, the Determination Letter
contained all material terms. We cannot accept BP’s argument that a binding
settlement agreement was not perfected simply because the GCCF planned to
send Johnson a formal release after Johnson accepted all the terms of the Final
Payment Offer.
       The cases BP cites in support of its argument are readily distinguishable.
In Nascimento v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA, 29 for example, the court held that the
parties never formed a valid settlement agreement because the parties never
agreed to the essential terms of the contract’s release provision. 30 In that case,
however, the defendant mailed the plaintiff four separate acceptance letters,
each containing radically different release provisions which in turn differed
from the release terms contained in the plaintiff’s offer letter. 31 The court
therefore concluded that the parties never reached a meeting of the minds on



differently; when an attorney, with his or her client’s consent, agrees to settle a case for a
sum certain, the plaintiff inevitably realizes that the defendant has bought its peace, and
will expect to sign a release that will discharge the defendant in the broadest terms.
       29 No. 2:11–CV–1049 JCM (GWF), 2013 WL 6579575 (D. Nev. Dec. 13, 2013).
       30 Id. at *2-4.
       31 Id. at *3.

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                                       No. 14-30269
the release terms. 32 Here, by contrast, there exists a single release description
in the Determination Letter, and it previewed the Release’s essential terms to
Johnson. The other case BP cites, Corilant Financial, involved a disputed earn-
out payment provision in a proposed acquisition agreement, and therefore
casts little light on whether a description of a release in a settlement offer
contains all material terms. 33
       BP nevertheless maintains that the parties could not have reached a
meeting of the minds because the GCCF’s formal release document contains
terms that go far beyond those described in the thumbnail description in the
Determination Letter. According to BP, the Determination Letter did not
inform Johnson that (1) the Release applies to emotional injury as well as
bodily injury claims; (2) the Release “extends to claims held by the releasing
party’s spouse, parents, heirs, estate, and other beneficiaries;” and (3) the
Release contains a two-page list of released parties that are not explicitly
mentioned in the Determination Letter, including Johnson’s employer,
Tidewater. 34 BP emphasizes that, whereas the description of the Release in the
Determination Letter consists of a single sentence, the Release contains nine
pages of detailed release terms. Thus, argues BP, Johnson could not have
predicted these terms in advance, so he could not have agreed to all of the
material terms of the settlement agreement at the time he submitted the Final
Payment Election Form.
       We disagree. The description of the Release in the Determination Letter
is particularly broad; it informs Johnson that he will be releasing all claims



       32 Id.
       33 See Fiduciary Fin. Servs. of S.W., Inc. v. Corilant Fin., L.P., 376 S.W.3d 253, 256-
58 (Tex. App. 2012).
       34 BP also argues in passing that the Determination Letter is missing an additional

essential term: a choice of law clause that is present in the Release. Because BP does not
explain why this term is material, we conclude that BP has waived this argument on appeal.
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                                       No. 14-30269
arising from the Deepwater Horizon explosion against all potentially
responsible parties. 35 Johnson was represented by zealous and competent
counsel at the time he accepted the Final Payment Offer. Johnson therefore
would have anticipated that the Release would be lengthy and exhaustive, and
that it would encompass any and all legal claims arising from the incident that
he or his successors might bring on his behalf against any defendant.
Moreover, Johnson must have expected that the term “bodily injury” would
include his emotional injury claims because he submitted copious psychological
records to the GCCF. The Release therefore does not contain any terms that
Johnson could not have anticipated.Thus, the parties reached a meeting of the
minds as to all essential terms of the settlement agreement.


                                              C.
       BP also argues, and the dissent agrees, that the settlement agreement
fails for lack of mutual consideration. BP claims that, if the parties’ roles were
reversed, and BP was trying to enforce the putative settlement agreement
against Johnson, no court would force Johnson to sign a release he had never
seen, given the law’s solicitude for seamen as wards of admiralty. Thus, argues
BP, if BP could not force Johnson to release his claims under the facts of this
case, then Johnson should not be able to force BP to give him the Final
Payment Amount.
       In support of its argument, BP relies on the following language in the
GCCF’s internal protocols: “A claimant has a right to consult with an attorney
of his or her choosing prior to . . . signing a release of legal rights.” According
to BP, this language necessarily means that a claimant could permissibly


       35We reject BP’s argument that an objective seaman would most naturally interpret
the incredibly broad phrase “all other potentially responsible parties” to only include parties
who would constitute “responsible parties” as that term is defined by OPA.
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                                      No. 14-30269
decline to sign the release after accepting a final payment offer if he or she so
chose. Thus, claims BP, an enforceable settlement agreement cannot arise
under the GCCF’s rules until the claimant actually signs a release.
       Johnson has no quarrel with any of the Release’s terms, and there is no
question that he is willing and ready to sign the Release in its current form
and settle all of his claims against all potentially responsible parties. But even
if the roles were reversed, we reject BP’s premise that it would be unable to
require Johnson to sign the Release. A settlement will be enforced against a
seaman if he “relinquished his rights with an informed understanding of his
rights and a full appreciation of the consequences when he executed a
release.” 36 “The adequacy of the consideration is just one factor, along with the
adequacy of legal representation, and whether the parties negotiated in good
faith, or if there is the appearance of fraud or coercion.” 37
       We have no doubt that these factors would favor enforcement of the
settlement agreement against Johnson if the parties’ roles were reversed. 38
Johnson stands to receive generous consideration in exchange for the release
of his claims. 39 Johnson is represented by competent and zealous counsel.
There is no suggestion of bad faith, coercion, or fraud on the part of BP. Most
importantly, as explained above, the description of the Release in the
Determination Letter sufficiently apprised Johnson of the consequences of
accepting the settlement agreement, as the Release does not contain any terms
that Johnson could not reasonably have expected. Thus, Johnson relinquished




       36 Stipelcovich v. Sand Dollar Marine, Inc., 805 F.2d 599, 606 (5th Cir. 1986) (citing
Bass v. Phoenix Seadrill/78, Ltd., 749 F.2d 1154, 1161 (5th Cir. 1985)).
       37 Id. (internal citations omitted).
       38 See Strange v. Gulf & S. Am. S.S. Co., 495 F.2d 1235, 1236-37 (5th Cir. 1974)

(enforcing settlement agreement against seaman even though seaman refused to execute
release).
       39 See Durden v. Exxon Corp., 803 F.2d 845, 848 (5th Cir. 1986)

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                                       No. 14-30269
his rights with a full understanding of the consequences at the time he
accepted the Final Payment Offer. Finally, the cases BP cites in support of its
argument that it could not force Johnson to sign the Release if the roles were
reversed all involve facts very different than those presented here. 40
       BP claims, and the dissent agrees, that the language in the GCCF’s
protocols advising the claimant to seek legal counsel before signing the Release
necessarily implies that a seaman could freely refuse to execute a release after
submitting the Final Payment Election Form. We disagree. Even if a claimant
could not refuse to sign the Release after accepting a settlement offer, that does
not mean that an attorney’s advice would necessarily be valueless. For
instance, the attorney could review the Release to make sure it comports with
the description in the Determination Letter upon which the parties agreed. In
this case, the release language follows from the thumbnail description in the
Determination Letter, so BP could require Johnson to sign it if the parties’
roles were reversed.
       In support of its argument that BP could not have forced Johnson to sign
the Release if he declined to do so after submitting the Final Payment Election
Form, the dissent cites the following language from the Release:
       You are under no obligation to accept the final payment offered to
       you by the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (“GCCF”). You are free to
       reject the final payment offered by the GCCF and to pursue other
       means of compensation. If you want to file a lawsuit regarding the
       incident do not sign the Release. 41



       40  See Castillo v. Spiliada Mar. Corp., 937 F.2d 240, 243 (5th Cir. 1991) (holding that
district court erred in ruling that seamen’s releases were valid as a matter of law where
seamen presented evidence of language barriers, coercion, and inadequacy of the source and
quality of legal counsel); Halliburton v. Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co., 620 F.2d 444, 445
(5th Cir. 1980) (holding that seaman demonstrated genuine issue of material fact as to
validity of release where seaman was not represented by counsel and suffered diminished
mental capacity).
        41 (Emphasis added).

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                                   No. 14-30269
If that language was present in the offer letter, the dissent’s argument would
have significantly more force. But it is not; the language comes from the
Release itself, which the GCCF never sent to Johnson, and Johnson never saw.
Again, an offer is judged by the parties’ overt acts and words, not by the
subjective or secret intent of the offeror. 42 As explained above, all of the
documents that Johnson and the GCCF actually exchanged manifest the
parties’ intent to form a contract to settle Johnson’s claims and release BP from
liability. Thus, BP could have held Johnson to the material terms of the
Release, so the settlement agreement does not fail for lack of mutuality.
      In sum, each of the aforementioned challenges to contract formation fail.


                                          V.
      BP argues in the alternative that, even if a signed release was not a
condition precedent to formation of a settlement agreement, it is at least a
condition precedent to payment under the contract. Because Johnson never
signed the Release, BP argues that Johnson may not recover the Final
Payment Amount. Johnson responds that, because BP refused to mail the
Release to Johnson, the doctrine of prevention excuses Johnson’s failure to sign
the Release.
      “A condition precedent is either an act of a party that must be performed
or a certain event that must happen before a contractual right accrues or a
contractual duty arises.” 43 “[T]he failure of a condition to occur excuses
performance by the party whose performance is dependent on its occurrence.” 44




      42 1 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 4.1 (4th ed. 2014).
      43 13 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 38:7 (4th ed. 2014).
      44 Id.

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                                          No. 14-30269
         However, “[f]ulfillment of a contract promise . . . is not excused by failure
of a condition . . . which the promisor himself causes to happen.” 45 “It is a
principle of fundamental justice that if a promisor is himself the cause of the
failure of performance, either of an obligation due him or of a condition upon
which his own liability depends, he cannot take advantage of the failure.” 46
This is known as the doctrine of prevention. 47
         The Determination Letter that BP sent to Johnson states: “The amount
of the Final Payment Offer . . . is $2,698,095.00, which is the amount that can
be paid now if you decide to accept the Final Payment Offer and you sign a
Release and Covenant Not to Sue (the “Release”).” Thus, BP is correct that a
signed release is a condition precedent to payment under the contract that has
gone unfulfilled.
         Nevertheless, BP’s refusal to send Johnson the Release excuses his
failure to sign it. The Determination Letter states that, if the claimant timely
submits the Final Payment Election Form, and if BP opts not to appeal the
settlement within fourteen days of the date of the Determination Letter, “[w]e
then will send you a Release to be signed and returned to be paid the Final
Payment Amount.” Johnson submitted the Final Payment Election Form, BP
did not exercise its appellate rights, and the GCCF never mailed the Release
as promised. Johnson would have signed the release if the GCCF sent it to him.
Thus, the GCCF – and, by extension, BP – prevented Johnson from signing the
Release, which excuses his failure to do so. 48 Thus, the fact that Johnson never
signed the Release does not categorically bar him from recovering under the
agreement.


         45 Ballard v. El Dorado Tire Co., 512 F.2d 901, 907 (5th Cir. 1975).
         46 Id.
         47 E.g., W & G Seaford Assocs., L.P. v. E. Shore Mkts., 714 F. Supp. 1336, 1341 (D. Del.

1989).
         48   See Ballard, 512 F.2d at 907.
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                                      No. 14-30269
       BP responds that an exception to the doctrine of prevention exists when
the party does not “improperly” prevent the condition precedent from
occurring. According to BP, its refusal to send Johnson the Release was not
“improper,” so the doctrine of prevention does not excuse his failure to sign the
Release. We need not decide whether this exception exists as a general matter.
BP has not identified, and we have not found, any authority that would render
the doctrine of prevention inapplicable under the facts of this case. 49 We
therefore reject the argument.
       BP also argues that the GCCF’s rules and protocols, to which Johnson
agreed to be bound when he voluntarily submitted his personal injury claim to
the GCCF, authorized the GCCF to withhold the Release from Johnson once it
uncovered evidence that Johnson submitted a fraudulent claim. We have
reviewed the GCCF’s protocols and conclude that, although the GCCF is
authorized to investigate fraud prior to extending a settlement offer, and the
GCCF is empowered to “refer all evidence of false or fraudulent claims to
appropriate law enforcement authorities,” the GCCF rules contain no provision
allowing the GCCF to repudiate an otherwise binding contract after BP’s
appeals period has expired merely because it later develops reason to believe
that the claimant has submitted a false claim. Nor does the Determination
Letter authorize the GCCF to refuse to mail the Release to the claimant after
the claimant has accepted a Final Payment Offer. 50


       49 Mack Trucks, Inc. v. BorgWarner Turbo Systems, Inc., Civil Action No. 08-2681,
2011 WL 1045108, at *5-6 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 22, 2011), which BP cites in its brief, merely holds
that a party may not raise the doctrine of prevention unless it produces evidence that
“support[s] an inference that [the opposing party] frustrated [its] compliance with the
condition precedent.” The case is inapposite because there is no doubt that the GCCF and BP
frustrated Johnson’s compliance with the condition precedent by refusing to mail him the
Release.
       50 See Akanthos Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Compucredit Holdings Corp., 677 F.3d 1286,

1297 (11th Cir. 2012) (holding that a party may permissibly prevent a condition precedent
from occurring if the “alleged ‘prevention’ is authorized by the contract”).
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                                         No. 14-30269
       BP insists that, if we rule in Johnson’s favor on this issue, then BP has
no remedy if a claimant submits a fraudulent claim that goes undiscovered
until after the fourteen-day appeal window has expired. As BP persuasively
argues, “[f]iling claims to a settlement facility . . . is not a game of beat-the-
clock that allows unscrupulous claimants maintaining a deception until time
runs out to keep their ill-gotten gains.” This concern is well-taken, and we
address it in the following section.


                                               VI.
       BP’s final argument is that, even if BP and Johnson formed an otherwise
valid contract, the settlement agreement is nonetheless unenforceable because
Johnson fraudulently induced BP to enter the settlement. Specifically, BP
claims that Tidewater’s letter to the GCCF and Guidepost’s investigation
report demonstrate that Johnson fabricated his personal injury claims and
thereby submitted a fraudulent claim to the GCCF.
       A court may set aside a settlement agreement induced by fraud. 51 “The
essential elements of fraudulent inducement into a settlement are no different
from any action on fraud.” 52 Thus, BP must prove: 53
       (1) a material representation was made; (2) the representation was
       false; (3) when the representation was made, the speaker knew it
       was false or made it recklessly without any knowledge of the truth
       and as a positive assertion; (4) the representation was made with
       the intention that it be acted upon by the other party; (5) the party


       51   E.g., Howard v. Chris-Craft Corp., 562 F. Supp. 932, 937 (E.D. Tex. 1982) (citations
omitted).
       52   15B AM. JUR. 2D COMPROMISE AND SETTLEMENT § 32 (2d ed. 2014) (citations
omitted).
       53BP argues that it need not make an actual showing of fraud to succeed on its
defense, but rather need only show that the GCCF possessed sufficient evidence to believe
Johnson committed fraud at the time it issued its Denial Letter. Because BP’s argument is
based on an inaccurate characterization of the GCCF’s internal rules and is otherwise
unsupported by legal authority, we reject it.
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                                        No. 14-30269
       acted in reliance on upon the representation; and (6) the party
       suffered injury. 54

       As a general matter, a party may not challenge a settlement agreement
on the basis of an alleged fraud that “relates to the underlying merits of the
claim that was settled.” 55 Were the rule otherwise,
       It would allow a party to reopen any settled litigation if he later
       discovered evidence bolstering his prior litigation position. If a
       party was able to undo a binding settlement agreement by simply
       couching the prior litigation as “fraudulent,” there would be no way
       to assure the full and final resolution of any matter. 56

Thus, “[a] settlement will not be set aside . . . merely because one party’s case
becomes stronger after the settlement is concluded.” 57
       There is, however, a narrow exception to this general rule. Where the
defendant subsequently uncovers previously unavilable evidence that the
plaintiff was in fact not injured at all, or sustained only de minimis injuries,
the defendant may argue that the plaintiff fraudulently induced it to enter into
a settlement agreement. 58 In such circumstances, the district court must hold
an evidentiary hearing to weigh the newly-discovered evidence of fraud. 59
       The Ninth Circuit’s opinion in Russell v. Puget Sound Tug & Barge Co. 60
is particularly instructive in this regard. 61 In that case, a seaman swore at his
deposition that he was permanently disabled as a result of an on-the-job



       54   O’Hare v. Graham, 455 F. App’x 377, 379-80 (5th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted).
       55   Johnson v. King, No. 10-CV-279-S, 2011 WL 4963902, at *14 (D. Wyo. Oct. 17, 2011)
(“King”).
       56King, 2011 WL 4963902, at *14. Accord Howard, 562 F. Supp. at 933-38.
       57Howard, 562 F. Supp. at 937.
      58 See Russell v. Puget Sound Tug & Barge Co., 737 F.2d 1510, 1510-11 (9th Cir. 1984).
      59 Id. at 1510-11.
      60 Id.
      61 See also City Equities Anaheim, Ltd. v. Lincoln Plaza Dev. Co. (In re City Equities

Anaheim, Ltd.), 22 F.3d 954, 957 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[W]e have found enforcement upon motion
inappropriate . . . where a settlement agreement was apparently procured by fraud.”).
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                                         No. 14-30269
injury. 62 The seaman and the shipowner agreed to settle the seaman’s personal
injury claim. 63 After the parties settled the case, however, the shipowner
obtained video evidence from its private investigators depicting the seaman
performing rigorous physical activity without difficulty. 64 The Ninth Circuit
reversed the district court’s order enforcing the settlement agreement and
remanded for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the seaman
submitted a fraudulent claim regarding his on-the-job injuries. 65 The Ninth
Circuit reached this conclusion even though the alleged fraud related directly
to the merits of the seaman’s claims – namely, the existence and extent of the
seaman’s injuries. 66
      Here, too, BP has produced evidence suggesting that Johnson did not
sustain any injury on the date of the Deepwater Horizon blowout. As described
in greater detail above, Johnson’s co-workers stated that the force of the blast
never caused him to fall, stumble, or lose consciousness. To the contrary, the
seamen on duty maintained that Johnson performed his duties capably and
did not exhibit any signs of injury whatsoever. BP also produced evidence that
Johnson repeatedly denied being injured on the date of the incident. Because
BP’s evidence suggests that Johnson may have submitted a wholly fabricated
claim to the GCCF, BP may raise fraudulent inducement as a defense to
enforcement of the settlement. 67




      62 Russell, 737 F.2d at 1510-11.
      63 Id. at 1511.
      64 Id.
      65 Id.
      66 See id.
      67 See id. at 1510-11.

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                                       No. 14-30269
       The district court therefore erred by discounting BP’s substantial
evidence of fraud without holding an evidentiary hearing. 68 We must therefore
vacate the judgment against BP and remand for further proceedings. 69


                                             VII.
       BP argues that the district court erred by granting prejudgment interest
at a rate of 5%. Because we have vacated the district court’s judgment, we need
not address this issue. If the district court again rules in Johnson’s favor on
remand, BP may address the issue with the district court at that time.


                                            VIII.
       In sum, we affirm the district court’s order in part. We agree with the
district court that Johnson and BP entered into a binding settlement


       68  We do not suggest that the evidence in the record is not conflicting. Johnson
submitted his medical records into the record, which could demonstrate that he sustained
some injury during the explosion. The strength of each side’s evidence ultimately depends on
a determination of each witness’s credibility.
        69 In this connection, we advise the district court to reconsider the weight it gave to

Guidepost’s statement that “a Finding of Potetnial [sic] Fraud is not supported by this
investigation.” Although the Guidepost report does state that “Johnson did not submit any
overtly fraudulent document” to the GCCF, the report nonetheless unequivocally concludes
that “Johnson’s claims of physical injury as a result of the Deepwater Horizon explosion
appear to be fabricated.”
        We are also persuaded that the district court erred by concluding, at least on the
record then before it, that BP could not prove justifiable reliance. The district court reasoned
that Tidewater’s October 20, 2011 letter to BP alerted BP to “Tidewater’s suspicions about
whether Johnson’s accident had occurred as he alleged or whether he had exaggerated his
injuries” before BP’s appeal period expired. As BP correctly notes, however, Tidewater’s letter
merely advises BP of Tidewater’s belief that the Final Payment Offer was “excessive and
unreasonable;” it contains no indication that Tidewater had any reason at that time to believe
that Johnson fabricated his claims entirely. Even if Tidewater did believe Johnson submitted
a false claim to the GCCF, the letter does not express that belief to BP. Moreover, Tidewater
and Guidepost did not complete their investigations of Johnson’s claim until after BP’s appeal
period had already expired. Thus, as we read the record, BP, Guidepost, and Tidewater only
became aware of the full extent of Johnson’s alleged fraud after BP’s opportunity to appeal
had elapsed. In sum, what BP should have known – and when it should have known it – are
genuine issues of material fact for the district court to resolve after an evidentiary hearing.
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                                No. 14-30269
agreement. Although Johnson’s failure to sign a release might ordinarily bar
him from recovering under the settlement agreement, BP’s refusal to send
Johnson the release excuses that failure here.
      However, the district court should have held an evidentiary hearing to
evaluate whether Johnson fraudulently induced BP into entering the
settlement agreement by submitting a fabricated claim to the GCCF. We
therefore vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for further
proceedings.
      AFFIRMED in part, VACATED, and REMANDED for further
proceedings.




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                                   No. 14-30269
PRISCILLA R. OWEN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
      I disagree with the panel majority’s conclusion that a contract was
formed.   Mutuality is lacking, 1 and I therefore respectfully dissent.         The
documents that the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF) prepared in connection
with Elton Johnson’s claims unequivocally permitted Johnson to change his
mind before he actually signed a release, even after he had indicated that he
was willing to accept the amount of $2,698,095.00 in settlement of his claims
against the BP entities. Nothing that Johnson signed or to which he agreed
obligated him to sign a release. To the contrary, the documents reflected that
the formation of an enforceable agreement would not occur until Johnson
actually assented to the Release. Johnson could have refused to sign a release,
and BP could not have enforced a settlement agreement with Johnson. There
was no settlement agreement that either BP or Johnson could have enforced
when the GCCF sent the October 2011 letter denying Johnson’s claims after
further review.
      The Determination Letter that the GCCF sent to Johnson provided that
“[t]he amount of the Final Payment Offer . . . is $2,698,095.00, which is the
amount that can be paid now if you decide to accept the Final Payment Offer
and you sign a Release and Covenant Not to Sue (the “Release”).” It is clear
from these terms that accepting the Final Payment Offer and signing the
Release are both necessary components of a settlement agreement.
Importantly, the Determination Letter, in bold and italicized text, also
informed Johnson that he had “the right to consult with an attorney of [his]




      1  1 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 7:14 (4th ed. 2014) (explaining that mutuality of
obligation can be viewed as simply another “way of stating that there must be valid
consideration”).
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                                     No. 14-30269
own choosing prior to accepting any settlement or signing a release of legal
rights.” This statement unquestionably permitted Johnson to consult with an
attorney “prior to accepting any settlement” or “signing a release of legal rights.”
If checking the box on the Final Payment Form indicating an “elect[ion] to be
paid the Final Payment Offer” constituted the formation of a settlement
agreement, then the statement that Johnson had the right to consult with an
attorney of his own choosing before accepting a settlement or signing a release
would have conflicted with the Form, would have been virtually meaningless,
and would have been misleading.
      Consistent with the provisions in the Determination Letter regarding
the right to consult counsel, the box Johnson checked on the Final Payment
Election Form read: “I elect to be paid the Final Payment Offer described in
my Determination Letter . . . .          The GCCF will send you a Release and
Covenant not to Sue that you must sign and return to be paid.” This language
informed Johnson that he could choose not to sign the Release, with the obvious
consequence of not being paid. Johnson’s ability to decline signing the Release
demonstrates that BP could not enforce any agreement with Johnson until the
Release was signed.
      The language contained in the Release itself, although never read by
Johnson, reflects that checking the box on the Final Payment Election Form
did not give rise to an enforceable contract. The Release states that if a
personal injury claimant decides not to accept a Final Payment from the
GCCF, the claimant has the right to file suit. 2 The Release emphasized: “You



      2   The Release provides:
             If you do not accept a Final Payment from the GCCF for your physical
      injury claim, you have the right to file a claim in court, including in the
      multidistrict litigation pending before the United States District Court for the
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                                     No. 14-30269
are under no obligation to accept the final payment offered to you by the
[GCCF]. You are free to reject the final payment offered by the GCCF and to
pursue other means of compensation. If you want to file a lawsuit regarding
the incident do not sign the Release.”            If the Form containing the Final
Payment Offer constituted a binding settlement agreement, then the GCCF
would not advise a claimant in the Release of his right to decline to sign the
Release and to pursue a lawsuit. The Release is another clear indication that
checking the box on the Form sent to Johnson did not constitute the formation
of a binding contract.
      The panel majority opinion asserts that “language in the GCCF’s
protocols advising the claimant to seek legal counsel before signing the
Release” does not mean that Johnson could refuse to sign the Release. 3 The
majority opinion reasons that an attorney’s advice would not be “valueless,”
even if Johnson was obligated to sign the Release, since an “attorney could
review the Release to make sure it comports with the description in the
Determination Letter upon which the parties agreed.” 4 But the structure of
the sentence that appeared in bold type and was italicized in the




      Eastern District of Louisiana, titled, In re Oil Spill by the Oil Rig “Deepwater
      Horizon” in the Gulf of Mexico, on April 20, 2010 (MDL No. 2179). The
      multidistrict litigation is a consolidated grouping of federal lawsuits arising
      out of the Incident. Information regarding the multidistrict litigation may be
      obtained from the court’s website at ww.laed.uscourts.gov.
                ...
             You are under no obligation to accept the final payment offered to you
      by the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (“GCCF”). You are free to reject the final
      payment offered by the GCCF and to pursue other means of compensation. If
      you want to file a lawsuit regarding the incident do not sign the Release.
      3   Ante at 23.
      4   Id.
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                                  No. 14-30269
Determination Letter Johnson received advising him that he had “the right to
consult with an attorney of [his] own choosing prior to accepting any settlement
or signing a release of legal rights” does not make such a distinction clear. It
did not clearly tell Johnson that once he checked the box on the Form, he was
obligated to release his personal injury claims even if he thereafter consulted
an attorney and was advised to pursue a different avenue to redress his claim.
      The panel majority opinion concedes that the argument that there was
no binding agreement “would have significantly more force” 5 if the statements
in the Release advising the claimant that he is under no obligation to accept
the final payment offered by the GCCF and that he may file suit were also
present in the Determination Letter. The majority opinion characterizes these
Release provisions as “the subjective or secret intent of the offeror” 6 since
Johnson did not see the Release prior to checking the box on the Form.
However, the Release was not tailored for Johnson’s individual claim. The
Release is the standard release for personal injury claims used in the GCCF
process, as Johnson recognized in the district court. It is an integral part of
the GCCF claims process and reflects that unless and until a claimant signed
the Release, the voluntary GCCF claims process did not result in any
relinquishment of a claimant’s rights against the BP entities.                The
Determination Letter that Johnson did receive reflected the GCCF’s intent
that there was no binding agreement until the Release was signed by stating
that Johnson had the right to be paid only if he accepted the “Final Payment
Offer and [he] sign[ed] a Release and Covenant Not to Sue.”




      5   Ante at 24.
      6   Id.
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                                No. 14-30269
     The documents are consistent throughout. Johnson had the right to
walk away from the GCCF process even after he sent the Final Payment
Election Form to the GCCF. Since Johnson had the right to walk away, the
GCCF did as well. There was no binding settlement agreement at the time
that the GCCF sent the letter denying Johnson’s claims.
                                  *****
     For the foregoing reasons, I dissent.




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