                     RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                         Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                File Name: 14a0027p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                               _________________


                                               X
                       Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
 TRIPP DARGIE and HOLLEY DARGIE,
                                                -
                                                -
                                                -
                                                    No. 13-5608
          v.
                                                ,
                                                 >
                                                -
                        Defendant-Appellee. -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                               N
                  Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis.
           No. 2:12-cv-02169—Diane K. Vescovo, Magistrate Judge.
                              Argued: January 21, 2014
                       Decided and Filed: February 5, 2014
       Before: SUHRHEINRICH, SILER, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

                                _________________

                                     COUNSEL
ARGUED: Thomas R. Buckner, APPERSON CRUMP PLC, Memphis, Tennessee, for
Appellants. Janet A. Bradley, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Thomas R. Buckner, APPERSON
CRUMP PLC, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellants. Janet A. Bradley, Michael J.
Haungs, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for
Appellee.
                                _________________

                                     OPINION
                                _________________

       SILER, Circuit Judge. Tripp and Holley Dargie brought a taxpayer lawsuit in
2012 claiming the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) improperly denied them a business
expense deduction for repaying $73,000 plus interest that Tripp Dargie (Dr. Dargie) had
originally received from Middle Tennessee Medical Center (MTMC) to cover the cost
of his medical education. The district court granted summary judgment to the United


                                          1
No. 13-5608        Dargie, et al. v. United States                                 Page 2


States, finding that because Dr. Dargie had used the funds to meet the initial educational
requirements for becoming a physician, the repayment was a personal expense and
nondeductible. We AFFIRM.

                                            I.

       In 1993, Dr. Dargie enrolled as a student at the University of Tennessee College
of Medicine (UT). In 1994, he entered into a Conditional Award Agreement (“the
Agreement”) with UT and MTMC that provided that MTMC would pay Dr. Dargie’s
tuition, fees, and other reasonable expenses for attending UT. After graduation and the
completion of his residency, Dr. Dargie was required to repay MTMC’s grant by either
(1) working as a doctor in the medically underserved community of Murfreesboro,
Tennessee, for four years or (2) repaying “two (2) times the uncredited amount of all
conditional award payments” he received or a lesser amount agreed to by UT. During
Dr. Dargie’s time in medical school, MTMC paid UT $73,000 on Dr. Dargie’s behalf
as part of the Agreement.

       After completing his medical training in 2001, Dr. Dargie decided not to work
as a doctor in Murfreesboro. Instead, he chose to practice in Germantown, Tennessee,
near Memphis. In 2002, for not fulfilling his service obligation, Dr. Dargie repaid
$121,440.02 – a sum equal to the $73,000 principal he had received plus interest.

       In 2005, the Dargies filed an amended tax return for 2002, claiming they had
“inadvertently omitted an ordinary and necessary business expense” on their Schedule
C for the full amount of the $121,440 repayment Dr. Dargie had made to UT. The
Dargies sought to recover a recalculated refund of $30,304 plus interest. The IRS
disallowed the deduction under Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) § 162 and the Dargies
initiated this taxpayer suit claiming the IRS had erred in its decision.

       Both parties consented to adjudication by a United States Magistrate Judge. That
court granted summary judgment to the United States, finding that Dr. Dargie’s
repayment of the funds was a personal expense and, regardless, no deduction would be
No. 13-5608           Dargie, et al. v. United States                                            Page 3


allowed under I.R.C. § 265(a)(1) because the repaid amount was allocable to income the
Dargies had received tax-free.

                                                  II.

         Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). On appeal, a district court’s grant of summary judgment is
reviewed de novo. Hughes v. McCarthy, 734 F.3d 473, 478 (6th Cir. 2013). In a tax
refund suit, plaintiffs have the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that
they are entitled to a refund. Sherwin-Williams Co. v. United States, 403 F.3d 793, 796
(6th Cir. 2005).

                                                  III.

         Dr. Dargie asserts that the $121,440 amount he sent UT in 2002 was a “damages
payment” for breaching the Agreement with MTMC to work in Murfreesboro after his
medical training.1 Consequently, he argues the payment was an ordinary and necessary
business expense permitted under I.R.C. § 162(a) because it enabled him to pursue his
for-profit medical practice in a different area of the state. The government contends that
the payment to UT does not qualify as a deduction because educational expenses that
allow an individual to meet the minimum requirements for practicing a given profession
are personal.

         A taxpayer may deduct “all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred
during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business.” I.R.C. § 162(a); see also
Treas. Reg. § 1.162-1. “For an expense to be deductible under section 162(a), it must
meet five basic elements: (a) It must be ordinary; (b) it must be necessary; (c) it must be
paid or incurred by the taxpayer in the taxable year; (d) there must be a trade or business;
and (e) the expense must arise in connection with or proximately result from that trade
or business.” Peters, Gamm, West & Vincent, Inc. v. Comm’r, 71 T.C.M. (CCH) 2789,

         1
           Notwithstanding his “liquidated damages” characterization, Dr. Dargie’s deposition answers and
his notation on the check itself (“Murfreesboro Repayment”) all give the impression he understood he was
repaying the $73,000 principal provided by MTMC plus interest.
No. 13-5608        Dargie, et al. v. United States                                Page 4


1996 WL 182545, at *4 (1996). The main point of contention in this case surrounds the
last element: whether the expense the Dargies are claiming arose in the course of a trade
or business or whether it was a personal expense.

       To determine whether an expense is a non-deductible personal expense or a
deductible business expense, courts look to “the origin and character of the claim with
respect to which an expense was incurred, rather than its potential consequences upon
the fortunes of the taxpayer.” United States v. Gilmore, 372 U.S. 39, 49 (1963). Thus,
the circumstances under which Dr. Dargie received the money determine its business or
personal characterization, not the circumstances under which he repaid it.

       In this case, Dr. Dargie does not dispute that MTMC paid for his medical
education and that education enabled him to meet the prerequisites for working as a
physician.    Moreover, U.S. Treasury regulations specifically categorize as non-
deductible “expenditures made by an individual for education which is required of him
in order to meet the minimum educational requirements for qualification in his
employment or other trade or business.” Treas. Reg. § 1.162-5(b)(2); see Keane v.
Comm’r, 75 T.C.M. (CCH) 2046, 1998 WL 126857, at *3 (1998) (holding that
“[e]ducational expenses incurred to allow [a] taxpayer to meet the minimum educational
requirements for his job qualification are considered personal expenses.”); see also
Taubman v. Comm’r, 60 T.C. 814, 819 (1973) (holding that law school tuition expenses
are nondeductible under I.R.C. § 162 because they allow a taxpayer to qualify in a new
trade or business). Dr. Dargie cites no court decision that upholds a business deduction
in a circumstance similar to his.

                                           IV.

       We agree with the district court that Dr. Dargie’s repayment to UT in 2002 was
a personal expense and, therefore, not deductible under I.R.C. § 162. We do not reach
the issue of whether I.R.C. § 265 applies to the payment made by Dr. Dargie because it
is unnecessary to resolve the case.

       AFFIRMED.
