            In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 16-346C
                                Filed Under Seal: November 5, 2019
                                   Reissued: December 10, 2019*
                                     NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                                                 )
    GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY                        )
    ASSOCIATES, LLC,                             )
                                                 )       Motion to Dismiss; RCFC 12(b)(1);
                         Plaintiff,              )       Subject-Matter Jurisdiction; Motion For A
                                                 )       More Definite Statement; RCFC 12(e); 28
    v.                                           )       U.S.C. § 2501; Statute Of Limitations; 28
                                                 )       U.S.C. § 1498; Patent Infringement;
    THE UNITED STATES,                           )       Copyright Infringement; 31 U.S.C. §
                                                 )       3727(b); Assignment of Claims Act.
                         Defendant.              )
                                                 )

        Richard T. Matthews, Counsel of Record, Williams Mullen, P.C., Raleigh, NC, for
plaintiff.

       Jenna Munnelly and Lee Perla, Trial Attorneys, Gary L. Hausken, Director, Joseph H.
Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I.       INTRODUCTION

         In this patent and copyright infringement action, plaintiff, Geospatial Technology
Associates, LLC (“GTA”), alleges that the United States infringed upon one or more of the
claims of U.S. Patent No. 8,897,489, issued on November 25, 2014, (the “‘489 Patent”) and upon
GTA’s registered copyright rights in certain software code (the “NINJA.pro Copyright”). See
generally 2d Am. Compl. The government has moved to dismiss certain of these claims for lack


*
  This Memorandum Opinion and Order was originally filed under seal on November 5, 2019 (ECF No.
102). The parties were given an opportunity to advise the Court of their views with respect to what
information, if any, should be redacted from the Memorandum Opinion and Order. The parties filed a
joint status report on December 6, 2019 (ECF No. 103) stating that no redactions are necessary. And so,
the Court is reissuing its Memorandum Opinion and Order, dated November 5, 2019.
of subject-matter jurisdiction, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court
of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). See generally Def. Mot. In the alternative, the government moves
for an order requiring GTA to make a more definite statement regarding its claims, pursuant to
RCFC 12(e). Id. at 9-10. For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS-IN-PART the
government’s motion to dismiss and GRANTS the government’s motion for a more definite
statement.

II.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

        A.      Factual Background

        In this patent and copyright infringement action, GTA alleges that several government
agencies—including, the Department of the Army, the Department of the Air Force, and the
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency—have used software algorithms and software code that
utilize the claimed subject matter of the ‘489 Patent and infringed upon one or more claims of
this patent. See generally 2d Am. Compl. GTA also alleges that these and other government
agencies have infringed upon GTA’s registered copyright rights in certain software code that is
the subject of U.S. Copyright Registration No. TX 8-420-604. Id. As relief, GTA seeks to
recover monetary damages from the government as compensation for these alleged
infringements. 2d Am. Compl. at Request for Relief.

                1.    The ‘489 Patent

        The ‘489 Patent patents technology involving automated image processing and target
detection, which can be used for, among other things, military and drug enforcement purposes.
See generally ‘489 Patent. This patent was filed on January 28, 2011, and it relates back to
provisional application No. 61/337,065, which was filed on January 29, 2010. Id. Dr. William
Basener is the sole listed inventor of the ‘489 Patent. Id. On November 25, 2014, the United




1
 The facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from GTA’s second amended
complaint (“2d Am. Compl.”); the ‘489 Patent; the government’s motion to dismiss, or alternatively, for a
more definite statement (“Def. Mot.”) and the exhibits attached thereto (“Def. Ex.”); and GTA’s response
and opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss, or alternatively, for a more definite statement (“Pl.
Resp.”) and the exhibits attached thereto (“Pl. Ex.”). Except where otherwise noted, all facts recited
herein are undisputed.


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States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) issued the ‘489 Patent to the Rochester Institute
of Technology (“RIT”). Id.

       On November 12, 2015, RIT and GTA entered into an exclusive license agreement,
whereby RIT transferred all substantial rights in the ‘489 Patent, including copyright rights in the
NINJA.pro software, to GTA (the “Assignment Agreement”). 2d Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 17-19, 27;
see also Mem. Op. and Order at 16, Geospatial Tech. Assocs., LLC v. United States, No. 16-
346C (Fed. Cl. Aug. 15, 2017). On November 23, 2015, GTA and RIT filed a “notice of
assignment” regarding the ‘489 Patent with the USPTO. Id. at ¶¶ 20-22.

       The invention, as described in the ‘489 Patent abstract, is as follows:

       A method, non-transitory computer readable medium and apparatus that
       provides object-based identification, sorting and ranking of target
       detections including determining a target detection score for each pixel in
       each of one or more images for each of one or more targets. A region around
       one or more of the pixels with the determined detection score which are
       higher than the determined detection scores for the remaining pixels in each
       of the one or more identified regions with the determined object based score
       for each region is provided.

‘489 Patent at 1. Figure 2 of the ‘489 Patent provides an exemplary example of the method for
target detection as shown below:




                                                                                                  3
Id. at 3.

        The ‘489 Patent also provides that the method for target detection involves five steps.
See id. at 4:45-6:27. First, obtaining the images. Id. at 4:45-4:50. Second, applying a target
detection algorithm to determine a target detection score for each pixel. Id. at 4:51-4:60. Third,
determining an object-based score for identified regions from the determined target detection
scores, although other types of scores for other identification aspects could be determined. Id. at
5:3-5:10. Fourth, obtaining geographic location information associated with each of the images
at capture.2 Id. at 6:5-6:11. Lastly, the fifth step involves providing one or more identified
regions with the determined object-based score for each region. Id. at 6:16-6:27.

        The ‘489 Patent also provides that each step of the process described above is performed
using the exemplary example of the target detection processing apparatus contained in the ‘489
Patent as shown below:




Id. at 2.3




2
 The ‘489 Patent provides that steps three and four are repeated iteratively, until all pixels with a
detection score in any detection plane above a given threshold are included in one of the regions. ‘489
Patent at 6:12-6:15.
3
  The numbers 12, 14 and 16 shown in Figure 1 above refer to the target detection processing apparatus;
target signature library server; and a communications network, respectively. See ‘489 Patent at 2:60-2:65.


                                                                                                          4
                2.    The NINJA.pro Copyright

         The United States Copyright Office has issued U.S. Copyright Registration No. TX 8-
420-604, bearing an effective registration date of July 15, 2017, for work entitled “Methods for
Object-Based Identification, Sorting and Ranking of Target Detection and Apparatuses Thereof.”
2d Am. Compl. at Ex. 2. William Basener is identified as the author of the computer program
that is the subject of this copyright. Id. GTA is identified as the copyright claimant on the
certificate of registration. Id. GTA alleges in the Second Amended Complaint that the
government has engaged in “unauthorized copying, modification, distribution, and/or use of the
computer program titled Methods for Object-based Identification, Sorting and Ranking of Target
Detection and Apparatuses Thereof—also known as the ‘NINJA.pro’ software code.” Id. at ¶ 5.

                3.    The ‘039 Patent

         Lastly, U.S. Patent No. 9,076,039 (the “‘039 Patent”) patents technology involving
probabilistic identification of solid materials in hyperspectral imagery. See generally Def. Ex. A.
The inventors of the ‘039 Patent are William Basener and Marin S. Halper. Id. at 1.

         On December 19, 2012, William Basener executed an assignment agreement whereby he
sold and assigned to the MITRE Corporation, among other things, the right to sue for past
infringement and to collect damages for the invention patented under the ‘039 Patent. Def. Ex. B
at 13-14, 23 (William Basener ‘501 application, dated December 19, 2012). The USPTO issued
the ‘039 Patent on July 7, 2015. Def. Ex. A at 1.

         B.     Relevant Procedural Background

         On March 16, 2016, GTA filed the complaint in this matter. See generally Compl. On
June 30, 2016, the government answered the complaint. See generally Answer.

         On April 13, 2017, GTA filed an amended complaint. See generally Am. Compl. On
May 15, 2017, the government answered the amended complaint. See generally Answer to Am.
Compl.

         On April 8, 2019, GTA filed a second amended complaint, which added copyright
infringement claims against the United States. See generally 2d Am. Compl. On June 10, 2019,
the government filed a motion to dismiss GTA’s patent and copyright infringement claims for
lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, or, in the alternative, for a more definite statement, pursuant

                                                                                                       5
to RCFC 12(b)(1) and 12(e). See generally Def. Mot. On June 28, 2019, GTA filed a response
and opposition to the government’s motion. See generally Pl. Resp. On July 26, 2019, the
government filed a reply in support of its motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, for a more
definite statement. See generally Def. Reply.

       The government’s dispositive motion having been fully briefed, the Court resolves the
pending motion.

III.   LEGAL STANDARDS

       A.      RCFC 12(b)(1)

       When deciding a motion to dismiss upon the ground that the Court does not possess
subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), this Court must assume that all
undisputed facts alleged in the complaint are true and must draw all reasonable inferences in the
non-movant’s favor. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); see also RCFC 12(b)(1). But,
plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction, and it must do so by a
preponderance of the evidence. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748
(Fed. Cir. 1988). Should the Court determine that “it lacks jurisdiction over the subject matter, it
must dismiss the claim.” Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006).

       In this regard, the United States Court of Federal Claims is a court of limited jurisdiction
and “possess[es] only that power authorized by Constitution and statute. . . .” Kokkonen v.
Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The Tucker Act grants the Court
jurisdiction over:

       [A]ny claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution,
       or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or
       upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for
       liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Tucker Act is, however, “a jurisdictional statute; it does not create
any substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages . . . . [T]he Act
merely confers jurisdiction upon [the United States Court of Federal Claims] whenever the
substantive right exists.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). And so, to pursue a
substantive right against the United States under the Tucker Act, GTA must identify and plead a
money-mandating constitutional provision, statute, or regulation; an express or implied contract


                                                                                                      6
with the United States; or an illegal exaction of money by the United States. Cabral v. United
States, 317 F. App’x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167,
1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); see also Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
“[A] statute or regulation is money-mandating for jurisdictional purposes if it ‘can fairly be
interpreted as mandating compensation for damages sustained as a result of the breach of the
duties [it] impose[s].’” Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173 (quoting United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S.
206, 217 (1983)).

        B.      Patent And Copyright Infringement Claims Under 28 U.S.C. § 1498

        Title 28, United States Code, section 1498(a) waives the government’s sovereign
immunity and provides a remedy “[w]henever an invention described in and covered by a patent
of the United States is used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the
owner thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1498(a); see
also Astornet Techs. Inc. v. BAE Sys., Inc., 802 F.3d 1271, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Section
1498(a) provides that:

        [T]he owner's remedy shall be by action against the United States in the
        United States Court of Federal Claims for the recovery of his reasonable
        and entire compensation for such use and manufacture.

28 U.S.C. § 1498(a); see also Astornet Techs. Inc., 802 F.3d at 1277. To have standing to bring
a patent infringement action against the United States, a plaintiff must own the patent on which
the infringement suit is based. Jim Arnold Corp. v. Hydrotech Sys., Inc., 109 F.3d 1567, 1571-72
(Fed. Cir. 1997). A plaintiff owns a patent if that plaintiff is either: (1) the “holder of record
title” or (2) “at a minimum, . . . the person equitably entitled to the rights in the patent.”
Heinemann v. United States, 620 F.2d 874, 877 (Ct. Cl. 1980).

        Title 28, United States Code, section 1498(b) waives the government’s sovereign
immunity with regards to copyright infringement claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1498(b). Section 1498(b)
provides a remedy “whenever the copyright in any work protected under the copyright laws of
the United States shall be infringed by the United States.” Id. In such cases, “the exclusive
action which may be brought for such infringement shall be an action by the copyright owner
against the United States in the Court of Federal Claims.” Id.




                                                                                                     7
        Claims brought pursuant to Section 1498 are subject to a limitations period, specifically,
Section 1498(b) provides that “no recovery shall be had for any infringement of a copyright . . .
committed more than three years prior to the filing of the complaint or counterclaim for
infringement in the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1498(b). The Court has held that the limitations periods
applicable to Section 1498 claims are jurisdictional. See Aviation Software, Inc. v. United
States, 101 Fed. Cl. 656, 662 (2011) (citing Blueport Co., LLC v. United States, 533 F.3d 1374,
1380 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). The patent infringement claims brought in this Court are also subject to
the six-year statute of limitations under title 28, United States Code, section 2501, which
provides that: “Every claim of which the United States Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction
shall be barred unless the petition thereon is filed within six years after such claim first
accrues.”4 28 U.S.C. § 2501. Given this, the applicable statute of limitations periods are six
years for patent infringement claims and three years for copyright infringement claims that are
brought before this Court. And so, such claims must have first accrued within these limitation
periods to be actionable. Id.

        C.      The Assignment Of Claims Act Under 31 U.S.C. § 3727

        This Court has recognized that the Tucker Act waives the government’s sovereign
immunity “for assignees of a claim, unless a statute bars such an assignment.” See Ins. Co. of the
W. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 58, 62 (2011); Ins. Co. of the W. v. United States, 243 F.3d
1367, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2001). The Assignment of Claims Act (the “ACA”) constitutes such a




4
  The Court has held that a patent infringement action arises under Section 1498(a) “when the ‘accused
[instrumentality] is first available for use, and it is when the use occurs that the license is considered to
have been taken.’” Unitrac, LLC v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl 156, 160 (2013) (quoting Decca Ltd. v.
United States, 544 F.2d 1070, 1082 (Ct. Cl. 1976)). And so, the government’s alleged ongoing patent
infringement cannot justify jurisdiction under Section 1498, “simply because at least one act of
infringement has occurred within the statute of limitations period.” Id. at 161. The Court has also held
that a copyright cause of action pursuant to Section 1498(b) “accrues as late as, and the statute of
limitations begins to run from, the time of the most recent act of infringement in a series of infringing
act.” Wechsberg v. United States, 54 Fed. Cl. 158, 161 (2002). And so, “[w]hen multiple or successive
acts of [copyright] infringement are alleged, the separate accrual rule may be implicated.” APL
Microscopic, LLC v. United States, 144 Fed. Cl. 489, 494 (2019); see also Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-
Mayer, 572 U.S. 663, 671-72 (2014) (explaining that, “[u]nder [the separate-accrual rule], when a
defendant commits successive violations, the statute of limitations runs separately from each violation.
Each time an infringing work is reproduced or distributed, the infringer commits a new wrong. Each new
wrong gives rise to a discrete ‘claim’ that ‘accrue[s]’ at the time the wrong occurs.”).
                                                                                                            8
statutory bar to the waiver of the government’s sovereign immunity. Ins. Co. of the W., 100 Fed.
Cl. at 62.

        The ACA defines an “assignment” as: “(1) a transfer or assignment of any part of a
claim against the United States Government or of an interest in the claim; or (2) the authorization
to receive payment for any part of the claim.” 31 U.S.C. § 3727(a). In this regard, the ACA
provides that “[a]n assignment may be made only after a claim is allowed, the amount of the
claim is decided, and a warrant for payment of the claim has been issued.” 31 U.S.C. § 3727(b).
There is an exception to this requirement when an assignment is made to a financial institution of
money due, or to become due, under certain contracts. 31 U.S.C. § 3727(c).

        The Supreme Court has explained that the “primary purpose” of the ACA is:

        [U]ndoubtedly to prevent persons of influence from buying up claims
        against the United States, which might then be improperly urged upon
        officers of the [g]overnment, and . . . to prevent possible multiple payment
        of claims, to make unnecessary the investigation of alleged assignments,
        and to enable the [g]overnment to deal only with the original claimant.
        Other courts have found yet another purpose of the statute, namely, to save
        to the United States ‘defenses which it has to claims by an assignor by way
        of set-off, counter claim, etc., which might not be applicable to an assignee.’

United States v. Shannon, 342 U.S. 288, 291-92 (1952) (footnote omitted) (quoting United States
v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 338 U.S. 366, 373 (1949)). And so, this Court has recognized that the
ACA “generally renders ineffective voluntary assignments of unliquidated claims against the
government.” 3rd Eye Surveillance, LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 273, 277 (2017). This
Court has also held that assignments of patent rights are subject to the ACA. Id. Given this,
“voluntary assignments of patent claims are ineffective against the government, unless they
qualify for one of the judicially-recognized exceptions, or otherwise do not run afoul of the
purposes” of the ACA. Id.

        D.     RCFC 12(e)

        Lastly, under RCFC 12(e), a “party may move for a more definite statement of a pleading
to which a responsive pleading is allowed but which is so vague or ambiguous that the party
cannot reasonably prepare a response.” RCFC 12(e). A motion for a more definite statement
“must point out the defects complained of and the details desired.” Id. The Court may also order
a more definite statement sua sponte. Pinson v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 975 F. Supp. 2d 20, 26

                                                                                                  9
(D.D.C. 2013). And so, this Court has exercised its authority to order a more definite statement
of a claim, if the complaint is “so vague or ambiguous that the [United States] cannot reasonably
prepare a response.” Gal-Or v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 200, 205 (2010) (citing RCFC 12(e)).

IV.    LEGAL ANALYSIS

       The government has moved to dismiss GTA’s patent and copyright infringement claims
for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction for three reasons. First, the government argues that the
Court should dismiss these claims to the extent that the claims first accrued before the three-year
statute of limitations period applicable to copyright infringement claims or the six-year statute of
limitations period applicable to patent infringement claims, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1498 and
2501. Def. Mot. at 6-7. Second, the government argues that the Court should dismiss any
copyright or patent infringement claims that accrued before GTA was assigned its interest in the
patent-in-suit pursuant to the ACA. Id. at 7-8.

       Third, the government argues that the Court should also dismiss any of GTA’s patent
infringement claims that relate to the alleged use of the PRISM software, because GTA is not the
owner of that software. Id. at 8-9. Lastly, the government requests, in the alternative, that the
Court order GTA to provide a more definite statement regarding the factual allegations in the
Second Amended Complaint to support GTA’s patent and copyright infringement claims,
pursuant to RCFC 12(e). Id. at 9-10.

        In its response and opposition to the government’s motion, GTA counters that the Court
possesses subject-matter jurisdiction to consider its patent and copyright infringement claims
because: (1) Section 1498 does not preclude any of GTA’s infringement claims; (2) the ACA
does not apply to, or bar, its claims; and (3) the ‘039 Patent has no impact upon GTA’s patent
infringement claims related to the patented PRISM software. See generally Pl. Resp. In
addition, GTA argues that it has alleged a short and plain statement to establish jurisdiction and
support its infringement claims in the Second Amended Complaint. Id. at 18; see also RCFC 8.
And so, GTA requests that the Court deny the government’s motion to dismiss and, in the
alternative, motion for a more definite statement. Pl. Resp. at 19.

       For the reasons discussed below: (1) GTA’s patent and copyright infringement claims
are limited by the statute of limitations set forth in Sections 1498 and 2501; (2) GTA’s patent
and copyright infringement claims are also subject to, and limited by, the Assignment of Claims

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Act and these claims must have first accrued after RIT transferred all substantive rights in the
‘489 Patent and the copyright rights in the NINJA.pro software to GTA; and (3) the current
factual record does not show that GTA is precluded from pursuing infringement claims related to
the patented PRISM software. In addition, a review of the Second Amended Complaint makes
clear that GTA must provide a more definite statement regarding its infringement claims. And
so, the Court GRANTS-IN-PART the government’s motion to dismiss and GRANTS the
government’s motion for a more definite statement.

       A.      GTA’s Infringement Claims Are Limited By Sections 1498 And 2501

       As an initial matter, GTA’s patent infringement claims in this action are limited to those
claims that first accrued on or after March 16, 2010, and GTA’s copyright infringement claims
must have first accrued on or after April 8, 2016. It is well-established that the limitations
periods applicable to patent and copyright infringement claims brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1498 are jurisdictional. See Aviation Software, Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 656, 662
(2011) (citing Blueport Co., LLC v. United States, 533 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). It is
also well-established that claims brought in this Court—including patent infringement claims—
are subject to a six-year statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C § 2501. John R. Sand & Gravel
Co. v. United States, 552 U.S. 130, 133-34 (2008). And so, GTA’s patent infringement claims in
this matter are jurisdictionally precluded unless filed within six years after such claims first
accrued. 28 U.S.C. § 2501.

       GTA filed the original complaint in this matter on March 16, 2016. See generally Compl.
And so, to be timely, GTA’s patent infringement claims must have first accrued within six years
of that date—on or after March 16, 2010. 28 U.S.C. § 2501. GTA alleges in the Second
Amended Complaint that the USPTO issued the patent-in-suit at issue in this case on November
25, 2014. 2d Am. Compl. at ¶ 1; see also Pl. Resp. at 7. Given this, the Court reads the Second
Amended Complaint to assert patent infringement claims that first accrued no earlier than
November 25, 2014. Because this date falls well within the six-year limitations period
applicable to GTA’s patent infringement claims, the Court finds no grounds for dismissing
GTA’s patent infringement claims as untimely pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2501.

       GTA’s copyright infringement claims are also limited to those claims that first accrued
three years before GTA filed the Second Amended Complaint—on or after April 8, 2016. Under

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28 U.S.C. § 1498(b), “no recovery shall be had for any infringement of a copyright . . .
committed more than three years prior to the filing of the complaint or counterclaim for
infringement in the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1498(b). GTA asserted its copyright infringement
claims in this litigation for the first time in the Second Amended Complaint dated April 8, 2019.5
Compare 2d Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 98-102, with Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 55-58, and Compl. at ¶¶ 27-29
(showing that the claims for relief in the complaint and amended complaint do not include a
copyright infringement claim). And so, the Court agrees with the government that GTA’s
copyright infringement claims must be limited to those claims that first accrued on or after April
8, 2016. 28 U.S.C. § 1498(b).

        B.      The ACA Limits GTA’s Infringement Claims

        The government also persuasively argues that GTA’s patent and copyright infringement
claims are limited by the statutory bar to the government’s waiver of sovereign immunity under
the Assignment of Claims Act. The ACA requires that “[a]n assignment may be made only after
a claim is allowed, the amount of the claim is decided, and a warrant for payment of the claim
has been issued.” 31 U.S.C. § 3727. This Court has held that assignments of patent rights are
subject to the ACA. 3rd Eye Surveillance, LLC v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 273, 277 (2017).
And so, voluntary assignments of patent claims are generally ineffective against the government,
unless they qualify for one of the judicially-recognized exceptions, or otherwise do not run afoul
of the purposes of the ACA. Id.

        In this regard, the Supreme Court has explained that the “primary purpose” of the ACA
is:

        [U]ndoubtedly to prevent persons of influence from buying up claims
        against the United States, which might then be improperly urged upon
        officers of the [g]overnment, and . . . to prevent possible multiple payment
        of claims, to make unnecessary the investigation of alleged assignments,
        and to enable the [g]overnment to deal only with the original claimant.
        Other courts have identified a third purpose of the ACA, namely, to save to
        the United States ‘defenses which it has to claims by an assignor by way of
        set-off, counter claim, etc., which might not be applicable to an assignee.’


5
  GTA’s copyright claims should not relate back to the filing of the original complaint, because these
claims are based upon newly alleged conduct and may involve different evidence than the evidence
required to resolve GTA’s patent infringement claims. RCFC 15(c); Def. Mot. at 10.


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United States v. Shannon, 342 U.S. 288, 291-92 (1952) (footnote omitted) (quoting United States
v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 338 U.S. 366, 373 (1949)). And so, this Court has recognized that the
ACA “generally renders ineffective voluntary assignments of unliquidated claims against the
government.” 3rd Eye Surveillance, 133 Fed. Cl. at 277.

       In its motion to dismiss, the government argues that the Court should dismiss any of
GTA’s patent and copyright infringement claims that first accrued before RIT transferred its
rights in the ‘489 Patent and the copyright rights in the NINA.pro software to GTA on November
12, 2015, pursuant to the ACA. Def. Mot. at 2, 7-8; see also 2d Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 17-20, 27.
The Court agrees for two reasons.

       First, there can be no genuine dispute that the ACA limits the government’s waiver of
sovereign immunity with respect to GTA’s claims. The parties agree that the statutory
exceptions to the ACA are not applicable to GTA’s claims. Pl. Resp. at 8-17; see also Def.
Reply at 4-7.

       The government also argues with persuasion that several of the stated purposes of the
ACA are served by the application of the ACA to GTA’s claims in this case. Shannon, 342 U.S.
at 291-92 (footnote omitted) (quoting Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 338 U.S. 366, 373 (1949)) (The
primary purposes of the ACA are: (1) to prevent persons of influence from buying up claims
against the United States, which might then be improperly urged upon officers of the
government; (2) to prevent possible multiple payment of claims, to make unnecessary the
investigation of alleged assignments, and to enable the government to deal only with the original
claimant; and (3) to save to the United States certain defenses which it has to claims by an
assignor, which might not be applicable to an assignee); see also 31 U.S.C. § 3727. For
example, the government argues that there is a risk that multiple infringement claims could be
brought against the government unless the ACA applies to this case, because GTA has not shown
that RIT is unable to separately pursue patent and copyright infringement claims related to the
‘489 Patent against the government. Def. Reply at 5-6. And so, application of the ACA to
GTA’s infringement claims will prevent possible multiple payment of claims.

       The government also convincingly argues that it may have other defenses against any
patent and/or copyright infringement suits that RIT, or another party, may bring against the
government related to the ‘489 Patent. Id. at 7. Another purpose of the ACA is to save such

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defenses to the government. Given this, the Court concurs with the government that application
of the ACA to GTA’s patent and copyright infringement claims is consistent with the underlying
purposes of that statute and appropriate in this case.6 Because GTA has identified no basis for
excluding its patent and copyright infringement claims from the reach of the ACA, the Court
limits these infringement claims to those claims that first accrued no earlier than November 12,
2015. 31 U.S.C. § 3727.

        C.      The Government Has Not Shown That GTA Is
                Precluded From Pursuing Claims Related To PRISM

        The government’s argument that GTA should be precluded from pursuing any
infringement claims related to the use of the patented PRISM software at this stage in the
litigation is less convincing. Def. Mot. at 8-9. GTA alleges in this action that the government’s
PRISM program is the product of the unauthorized copying and/or modification to the
NINJA.pro software code and that the copyright rights to the NINJA.pro software code have
been assigned to GTA. 2d Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 5-8, 27, 40. But, the government argues—and
GTA does not dispute—that GTA is not the owner of the PRISM software. Def. Mot. at 8; 2d
Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 39-41; see generally Pl. Resp. In fact, it is undisputed that the PRISM
software is owned by the MITRE Corporation.7 Def. Ex. B (showing that MITRE Corporation is
the assignee of the ‘039 Patent that patents the PRISM software).

        The Court agrees with the government’s argument that GTA cannot pursue any
infringement claims that are based upon patented software code that it does not own. But, GTA
argues with some persuasion that it may be able to pursue its infringement claims related to the
PRISM software in this case, because GTA has separately patented improvements and/or
modifications to the PRISM software code under the ‘489 Patent. Pl. Resp. at 5-6. Given this,


6
  GTA’s argument that the ACA should not apply to its claims because of “the government’s affirmative
misconduct” is also unsubstantiated. Pl. Resp. at 11-14. GTA provides no evidence to support its claim
that the government has engaged in any misconduct or acted in bad faith during the course of this
litigation. Id.; see also Spezzaferro v. F.A.A., 807 F.2d 169, 173 (Fed. Cir. 1986).
7
  It is undisputed that the PRISM software code is patented in U.S. Patent No. 9,076,039 and that the
inventors of the ‘039 Patent are William Basener and Marin S. Halper. Def. Ex. A. It is also undisputed
that William Basener executed an assignment agreement whereby he sold and assigned his rights under
the ‘039 Patent to the MITRE Corporation. Def. Ex. B at 13-14, 23 (William Basener ‘501 application,
dated December 19, 2012).


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the Court is not convinced that GTA will be unable to show that the ‘489 Patent can provide a
basis for its infringement claims related to the patented PRISM software based upon the current
factual record in this case. And so, the Court declines to dismiss GTA’s PRISM-related claims
at this stage in the litigation.8

        D.      GTA Must Provide A More Definite Statement

        As a final matter, a careful review of the Second Amended Complaint makes clear that
GTA must provide a more definite statement regarding the governmental entities and programs
that it alleges have infringed upon the patent-in-suit or the copyright at issue in this case. RCFC
12(e); Gal-Or v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 200, 205 (2010) (The Court may order a more
definite statement of a claim, if the complaint is “so vague or ambiguous that the [United States]
cannot reasonably prepare a response.”). GTA identifies at least 26 different governmental
entities that it alleges have infringed upon the ‘489 Patent and the copyright at issue in the
Second Amended Complaint. 2d Am. Compl. at ¶ 12. But, GTA fails to identify the specific
program or office within these governmental entities that has engaged in the alleged infringing
acts. Id.; see also Def. Reply at 17. Given this, GTA’s allegations in the Second Amended
Complaint about the governmental entities that have infringed upon the patent-in-suit or
copyright at issue are so vague and ambiguous that the government cannot prepare an informed
response. And so, GTA is ORDRED to include the following information in a more definite
statement:

        (1) the governmental entities and offices that GTA alleges have infringed upon the
            patent-in-suit or the copyright rights at issue;

        (2) the governmental programs that GTA alleges have infringed upon the patent-in-suit
            or the copyright rights at issue; and

        (3) the date on which the first use occurred with respect to the alleged infringement by
            each of the aforementioned governmental entities and/or programs.


8
  The government also argues in its reply brief that the ‘489 Patent cannot be a so-called “blocking
patent,” because the claims of this patent can only extend to the specific algorithm disclosed in the ‘489
Patent to be valid. Def. Reply at 15-16. Because the government raises this argument for the first time in
its reply brief, and the parties will more fully brief the issue of patent invalidity during the next stage of
this litigation, the Court does not reach the issue of patent invalidity in resolving the government’s motion
to dismiss.


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V.     CONCLUSION

       In sum, GTA’s patent infringement claims are limited to those claims that first accrued
on or after November 12, 2015, and GTA’s copyright infringement claims are limited to those
claims that first accrued on or after April 8, 2016. In addition, the government has not shown, at
this stage in the litigation, that GTA should be precluded from pursuing any infringement claims
related to the patented PRISM software. Lastly, GTA must provide a more definite statement
regarding the governmental entities and programs that it alleges have infringed upon the patent-
in-suit and the copyright rights at issue, to permit the government to provide an informed
response to the Second Amended Complaint.

       And so, for the foregoing reasons, the Court:

       1. GRANTS-IN-PART the government’s motion to dismiss;

       2. GRANTS the government’s motion for a more definite statement;

       3. ORDERS GTA to provide a more definite statement on or before December 6, 2019;
          and

       4. ORDERS the parties to FILE a joint status report, on or before December 6, 2019,
          proposing a briefing schedule on the issue of patent invalidity, and, if warranted, a
          briefing schedule for the parties’ cross-motions to compel.

       Some of the information contained in this Memorandum Opinion and Order may be
considered protected information subject to the Protective Order entered in this matter on August
13, 2019. This Memorandum Opinion and Order shall therefore be filed UNDER SEAL. The
parties shall review the Memorandum Opinion and Order to determine whether, in their view,
any information should be redacted in accordance with the terms of the Protective Order prior to
publication. The parties shall FILE a joint status report identifying the information, if any, that
they contend should be redacted, together with an explanation of the basis for each proposed
redaction on or before December 6, 2019.

           IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                       s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby
                                                       LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY
                                                       Judge



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