                                         2018 IL App (1st) 180474
                                               No. 1-18-0474
                                                                      Fourth Division
                                                                    November 1, 2018
     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                         IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                     FIRST DISTRICT

     ______________________________________________________________________________

                                                    )
     LESLIE COLE,                                   )
                                                    )   Appeal from the Circuit Court
           Plaintiff-Appellant,                     )   of Cook County.
                                                    )
     v.                                             )   No. 15 L 010075
                                                    )
     PAPER STREET GROUP, LLC, and PAPER STREET )        The Honorable
     REALTY, LLC,                                   )   Patricia O’Brien Sheahan,
                                                    )   Judge Presiding.
           Defendants-Appellees.                    )
                                                    )
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                   JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                   Justices Reyes and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1         The instant appeal arises from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

        defendants Paper Street Group, LLC, and Paper Street Realty, LLC, in connection with a

        premises liability lawsuit filed against them by plaintiff Leslie Cole. Plaintiff alleged that she

        was injured when she slipped on an accumulation of ice on the stairs of a property owned and

        managed by defendants and alleged that defendants were negligent in failing to keep the

        premises safe. On appeal, plaintiff claims that she has raised issues of material fact with

        respect to all elements of her negligence claim. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
     No. 1-18-0474


¶2                                            BACKGROUND

¶3                                        I. Complaint and Answer

¶4           On October 2, 2015, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendants, 1 in which she alleged

         that defendants “own[ed], operate[d], manage[d] and control[ed]” a building on South

         Kimbark in Chicago and that, on March 5, 2014, plaintiff was lawfully upon the premises

         when she was injured through defendants’ negligence, “to wit: an unnatural accumulation of

         ice on the stairwell outside of [the building] that formed as a result of faulty gutters causing

         her to fall and be injured.” The complaint further alleged that defendants “had actual or

         constructive notice of the existence of the aforesaid unreasonably dangerous condition.” The

         complaint was amended on March 21, 2016, with respect to the allegations against the lawn

         maintenance company; the allegations against defendants remained the same as in the

         original complaint.

¶5           On December 8, 2015, defendants filed an answer to the complaint, in which they

         admitted that defendant Paper Street Group, LLC, was the owner of the building and that

         defendant Paper Street Realty, LLC, managed the building; defendants denied all remaining

         allegations. As affirmative defenses, defendants alleged that plaintiff’s own negligence

         caused her injuries and that any accumulation of ice was the result of natural accumulation,

         which defendants did not have a duty to remove.

¶6                                   II. Motion for Summary Judgment

¶7           The parties proceeded to discovery, and on July 5, 2017, defendants filed a motion for

         summary judgment. Defendants claimed that during the time in which plaintiff had lived at

         the building, plaintiff had never noticed any problems with the stairwell, nor had she ever

             1
              Plaintiff also initially included as defendants the lawn maintenance company and its owner, but
     the counts against them were voluntarily dismissed on February 26, 2018.
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          observed ice on the landing prior to her fall. Defendants further claimed that plaintiff testified

          in her deposition that she fell when descending the stairs after her foot slipped on ice on the

          first step and that, while plaintiff “speculated” that the ice formed as a result of melting

          icicles, plaintiff “testified she did not know whether the snow naturally melted on the steps to

          form the ice.” Additionally, agents of defendants testified that they had not been made aware

          of any complaints concerning the condition of the property or any icicles on the railings.

          Finally, the owner of the lawn maintenance company, which was responsible for clearing

          snow and ice from the property, testified that he was not aware of any complaints regarding

          the condition of the property and further testified that when he arrived at the premises on the

          day of plaintiff’s fall, he observed no ice on the step where plaintiff allegedly slipped.

          Defendants claimed that “[t]he record contains no evidence regarding the condition of the

          gutters at the time of the alleged fall. There is no evidence suggesting that [defendants] had

          knowledge of any alleged defects with the gutters, or that there were any prior complaints

          that the gutters were faulty.”

¶8           Defendants claimed that plaintiff’s complaint was based on “mere speculation and

          conjecture” and that there was no evidence to suggest (1) that defendants had faulty gutters,

          (2) that the faulty gutters caused an unnatural accumulation of ice on the stairs where

          plaintiff fell, (3) that defendants knew of the faulty gutters causing an unreasonably

          dangerous condition, or (4) that such an allegedly dangerous condition caused plaintiff’s fall.

          Accordingly, defendants argued that they were entitled to summary judgment.

¶9                                         A. Plaintiff Deposition

¶ 10         Attached to the motion for summary judgment were several deposition transcripts. First,

          plaintiff testified in her deposition that she lived in an apartment on the second floor of


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          defendants’ building from approximately 2010 to 2015; that each apartment in the building

          contained a back door that opened onto a porch, and there was a stairway on the back exterior

          of the building; and that there was a landing at the top of the stairway on each floor, as well

          as a second landing midway between floors. Plaintiff testified that the building did not have a

          parking lot, but that she had noticed that when there was snowfall, the snow would be

          removed from the sidewalk and walkways around the building. Plaintiff also noticed that

          snow would be removed from the back of the building, including the stairs and landings on

          each level, and the steps and landings would be salted. During the time she lived at the

          building, she had never complained about a lack of shoveling, although immediately after her

          accident, she contacted “Bruce,” 2 the property manager, to inform him that he needed to send

          someone over to shovel.

¶ 11          Plaintiff testified that, to her recollection, the winter of 2014 was very cold, and the week

          prior to March 5, 2014, was a cold week. On March 5, 2014, between 10:30 and 11:30 a.m.,

          plaintiff decided to take out the garbage; her usual custom was to leave through her back

          door, walk downstairs, and deposit the garbage in the trash containers on the ground floor

          level. Sometime prior to her doing so, it had snowed—plaintiff recalled that “[there] was

          snow on the ground. [There] was snow on the landing. [There] was snow on the steps of the

          building.” Plaintiff testified that “it ended up” that there was ice in addition to the snow, and

          specifically, there was ice on the stairs. Plaintiff was asked where the ice came from, and

          testified that “[t]he ice came from the roof and the ice that was dripping, the *** ice dripping

          or water dripping from above.” However, plaintiff did not know whether the snow that

          landed on the steps naturally melted and refroze to form ice. The first time that plaintiff

              2
                Plaintiff did not know Bruce’s last name. However, Bruce Spagnola Jr. was one of defendants’
       principals.
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       No. 1-18-0474


          noticed “a lot of” ice developing from the roof was March 5. She did not know the first time

          that she observed any ice developing at all. Plaintiff testified that she had “no idea” how long

          the ice had been on the steps prior to her fall, but testified that there was no ice on the steps

          when she went out the prior week to take out her garbage.

¶ 12         Plaintiff testified that on March 5, when she took out the garbage, plaintiff was wearing a

          jacket and flat, UGG-type boots. Plaintiff held the garbage bag in her left hand; her right

          hand was free, and the handrail was to her right. When plaintiff stepped off the landing on

          her floor and onto the first step, “my foot slipped out from under me and I fell.” Plaintiff was

          not holding the handrail at the time of her fall.

¶ 13         Plaintiff testified that it was approximately three feet from her door to the stairs and that

          there was approximately half an inch of snow on the porch immediately outside her door;

          plaintiff did not know how long the snow had been there. There was no ice on plaintiff’s

          porch; plaintiff testified that the ice began after “a foot and a half, two feet approximately,

          like when I got onto the landing.” Plaintiff testified that she “never noticed the ice until I fell

          *** because it had two inches of snow. It was snow and it was ice.” Plaintiff testified that

          there were two inches of snow “[a]ll over the back porch,” but that she noticed the ice

          beginning at the landing of the stairway. When plaintiff stepped down onto the first step, her

          foot slipped out from under her and she lost her balance, falling down the stairs; plaintiff

          landed half on the between-floor landing and half on the step directly above it, with her

          buttocks and tailbone landing first. After a moment, plaintiff was able to stand and took

          photos of the location where she fell, then made her way back to her apartment, where she

          contacted the property manager to inform him about her fall. She also called her uncle, who

          came to visit her. She sat on the couch for a few minutes and, when she went to stand,


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       No. 1-18-0474


          noticed the extent of her injuries, which included pain in her lower back, in her right hip, in

          her neck, and in her right shoulder. She sat back down because she believed she just needed

          rest, but was then unable to stand again and so called an ambulance. The paramedics helped

          her stand and walk down the stairs, and then transported her to the University of Chicago

          hospital, where she was given a prescription and told to follow up with her doctor. Plaintiff

          testified that her doctor prescribed her pain pills and topical numbing cream, as well as

          ordering physical therapy. She also received several lumbar epidural steroid injections over

          several months, as well as a biacuplasty.

¶ 14         Plaintiff testified that she and her uncle took photographs of the scene on March 5, the

          day of her fall, as well as two days later; plaintiff could not recall which photographs were

          taken by her uncle and which photographs she took herself. Plaintiff identified a photograph

          of the handrail leading from her floor down the stairs to a landing below. Plaintiff also

          identified a photograph of icicles formed from the roof above the third floor. Plaintiff did not

          observe any icicles hanging over her second-floor porch and did not recall whether there

          were any icicles overhanging the first floor. Plaintiff also identified a photograph of icicles

          hanging from the banister, but could not recall whether they were from her floor or from the

          floor above. Plaintiff next identified a photograph that depicted icicles at the top of the

          building and also depicted a portion of the handrail that plaintiff used when descending the

          stairs from her apartment. Plaintiff then identified a photograph of the landing between her

          floor and the floor below, which was taken “to show the cleanup.” Plaintiff testified that she

          notified the property manager about her fall, and the next day, “[t]hey came *** and they put

          salt down, and then they came the next day and cleaned the ice out.” Plaintiff also identified

          a photograph of ice on the banister leading from her floor to the between-floor landing, and


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       No. 1-18-0474


          two photographs of the landing, one of which depicted ice that plaintiff testified was “about a

          half inch” thick. Plaintiff did not know how long the ice had been there and testified that she

          had never observed the ice prior to her fall. Plaintiff testified that she used those stairs “once

          a week” to take out her garbage. Plaintiff identified another photograph of ice on a landing,

          although she could not recall whether the landing was directly outside her apartment door or

          was the between-floor landing. Finally, plaintiff identified a photograph of the stairs leading

          from her floor to the between-floor landing.

¶ 15                                  B. Michael Abraham Deposition

¶ 16         Next, attached to the motion for summary judgment was a transcript from the discovery

          deposition of Michael Abraham, the owner of defendants Paper Street Group, LLC, and

          Paper Street Realty, LLC. Abraham testified that Paper Street Group, LLC, owned certain

          residential properties, while Paper Street Realty, LLC, was the property management

          company that managed those properties. Abraham testified that all tenant complaints and

          repair requests would be acted on, but was unaware of whether, at the time of plaintiff’s fall,

          the property manager would document all such complaints or repair requests. Abraham could

          not personally recall any complaints made by any tenants concerning snowy or icy conditions

          on the property in March 2014.

¶ 17         Abraham testified that at the time of plaintiff’s fall, Greenland Maintenance (Greenland)

          had been retained to clear the snow and ice from the property pursuant to a contract.

          Abraham could not recall the terms of the contract with respect to frequency of the visits.

          Abraham had “no idea” how often he personally visited the property in March 2014, but

          testified that he currently “[h]ardly ever” visits the properties owned or managed by his

          companies.


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       No. 1-18-0474


¶ 18                                C. Bruce Spagnola Jr. Deposition

¶ 19         Also attached to the motion for summary judgment was a transcript from the discovery

          deposition of Bruce Spagnola Jr., Abraham’s business partner and a principal in the two

          defendant LLCs. Spagnola testified that in March 2014, defendants used a computer software

          system to keep track of rent, tenant complaints, and other communications with tenants, but

          that there would be no way to retrieve that information because defendants no longer used

          those systems; defendants did not keep paper files to maintain copies of such records.

¶ 20         Spagnola testified that defendants retained Greenland to provide services to the subject

          property in March 2014 and that Miguel Hernandez was the proprietor of Greenland.

          Spagnola testified that Greenland was responsible for the removal of snow and ice from the

          property in March 2014 and that Greenland made the decision on whether there was a need

          for snow or ice removal “based on the amount of snowfall.” Spagnola testified that there

          “were stipulations on the amount” of snow that would be required before Greenland needed

          to remove it, but could not recall the precise amount.

¶ 21         Spagnola estimated that he visited the subject property twice a month prior to March

          2014 for purposes of “[c]hecking the general appearance, meeting maintenance staff who had

          questions,” and “[m]aybe to pick up rent.” Prior to March 5, 2014, he had never been made

          aware of any complaints concerning the exterior stairway of the property or the gutters and

          had never been made aware of any complaints of snow or ice overhanging the railings.

          Spagnola had never been physically present at the property when there were icicles hanging

          from the exterior handrails of the stairway and had never observed any issues concerning

          drainage or the roof. Spagnola was not aware of anything that he considered to be a

          hazardous condition during any of his visits to the property.


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       No. 1-18-0474


¶ 22         Spagnola testified that he was aware that plaintiff claimed to have slipped and fallen on

          March 5, 2014, but could not recall how he became aware of her claim. He did not conduct

          any investigation into plaintiff’s allegations, did not take any photographs of the scene, and

          did not speak to Hernandez about his knowledge. Spagnola had no knowledge of the

          condition of the stairway on that date, did not recall the weather on that date, did not know

          the last time it had snowed prior to that date, and did not know whether there was ice or snow

          present on the exterior stairway on that date.

¶ 23                                 D. Miguel Hernandez Deposition

¶ 24         Finally, attached to the motion for summary judgment was the transcript of the discovery

          deposition of Miguel Hernandez, owner of Greenland. Hernandez testified that he performed

          lawnmowing and snow removal services for defendants and their properties and had done so

          in March 2014. With respect to clearing snow, Hernandez testified that when it snowed, he

          called defendants to determine if they wanted him to remove the snow; they did not have any

          written contract governing his services but only an oral agreement. He usually called after he

          observed over two inches of snowfall. Hernandez testified that defendants never contacted

          him to order him to remove snow; Hernandez always placed the phone call. Sometimes,

          defendants would approve the snow removal, while other times, they would instruct him not

          to remove the snow because “ ‘it’s melting.’ ” When he called defendants, Hernandez spoke

          to Abraham.

¶ 25         Hernandez testified that he cleared snow from the subject property on March 2, 2014, and

          again on March 5, 2014, after plaintiff’s fall; he had previously also been there in February.

          Hernandez testified that when he was at the property on March 2, he cleaned and salted the




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       No. 1-18-0474


          walkways and stairs; he further testified that “[e]very time we clean the snow, we salt. That

          was the agreement.”

¶ 26         Hernandez testified that when he was at the property, he never interacted with any of the

          tenants and he was not aware of any complaints that had been made concerning any snow or

          ice on the stairs. Hernandez became aware of plaintiff’s fall when Genaro, 3 one of

          defendants’ employees, called him and informed him that someone had fallen. Hernandez

          “went straight over there.” Hernandez did not know Genaro’s job title, but described him as

          “like a manager.” Genaro asked Hernandez to come and clear the snow, which he did.

¶ 27         Hernandez testified that he also took several photographs of the scene on March 5 at

          Genaro’s request, both before and after cleaning off the snow. Hernandez identified those

          photographs and testified that two of them, taken prior to cleaning off the snow, depicted

          icicles forming on the railings. Hernandez testified that he had observed icicles forming on

          the railings prior to March 5 and had spoken to Genaro by phone at least once or twice about

          those conditions. Hernandez could not recall the precise contents of the conversations but

          testified that “I told him about the ice accumulating back then.” Hernandez testified that he

          observed the icicles on the railing on March 2 and informed Genaro about them on that date.

¶ 28         Hernandez testified that, prior to cleaning them, there was ice on the steps. Hernandez

          further testified that there was typically ice on the steps when he arrived to clean them.

          Hernandez testified that his understanding of the cause of the ice was that “the snow that

          accumulates on a roof, *** once it melts, it comes down, down the stairways, and it forms

          into ice.” Hernandez testified that he had informed Genaro of these conditions prior to March




             3
              Hernandez did not testify as to Genaro’s last name.
                                                        10 

       No. 1-18-0474


          5. Hernandez also testified that, while he observed ice on the lower steps, he did not observe

          any ice on the top of the stairs.

¶ 29                          III. Response to Motion for Summary Judgment

¶ 30          In response to the motion for summary judgment, plaintiff argued that she had alleged

          sufficient facts in her complaint to show that defendants owed her a duty to maintain a safe

          premises and that defendants had breached that duty. Attached to the response, in addition to

          plaintiff’s and Hernandez’s deposition transcripts, were several additional exhibits that

          appear to be photographs that depict the roof, railings, and stairs of the subject premises.

¶ 31                                 IV. Hearing and Trial Court Order

¶ 32          On October 25, 2017, the parties came before the trial court for a hearing on the motion

          for summary judgment. Both parties stood on their briefs, and only made brief arguments to

          the court, after which the court found that “there is no case law supporting the assertion that

          the mere presence of icicles on a gutter or on the handrails is evidence in and of itself that the

          *** gutters are faulty or defective in some way.” The court found that while “there is plenty

          of evidence that ice accumulated on the bannister [sic] and on the stairs behind plaintiff’s

          apartment,” “there is no evidence that the gutters themselves were faulty or that this was an

          unnatural accumulation.” The court found that “[p]laintiff fail[ed] to provide any evidence

          circumstantial or otherwise that the unidentified outside force is a condition caused by the

          defendant, and fail[ed] to establish any evidence that [defendants] had knowledge of any

          dangerous condition.” Accordingly, the trial court granted summary judgment in defendants’

          favor.

¶ 33          Plaintiff’s counsel asked whether the trial court was making a finding as to notice, and

          the trial court noted that “you don’t even have to get to notice” because there was no


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       No. 1-18-0474


          evidence beyond the existence of the icicles “to establish that necessary nexus” between the

          condition of the gutters and the cause of the icicles.

¶ 34         The trial court entered an order granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment “for

          the reasons stated on the record” and entered judgment in favor of defendants and against

          plaintiff. The order provided that plaintiff’s claims against Greenland and Hernandez

          remained active.

¶ 35         On November 20, 2017, plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider the grant of summary

          judgment, arguing that the trial court erred in its application of existing law. In its motion,

          plaintiff cited an unpublished appellate court order as support for the argument that icicles

          forming over a gutter were sufficient to raise a question of fact as to the existence of faulty

          gutter. Plaintiff also cited an unpublished appellate court order in support of her argument

          that the existence of constructive notice was a question of fact for the jury.

¶ 36         On February 22, 2018, the parties came before the trial court for a hearing on plaintiff’s

          motion to reconsider. The parties did not engage in any arguments before the court, and the

          court found that “[t]o find defendant liable for plaintiff’s injuries, the plaintiff must show that

          the ice was a result of an unnatural accumulation and defendant had notice. None of the

          notice arguments need even be addressed because there was no evidence of an [unnatural]

          accumulation.” The court also noted that “plaintiff bases her entire argument on an

          unpublished case, so all of the arguments in that regard should be stricken.” The court further

          noted that, even if that case was to be considered, it did not support her argument. Plaintiff’s

          counsel then asked the court to consider a different case, but admitted that it had not been

          cited in the motion to reconsider. The court responded that it had “reviewed that which was

          submitted and that’s what I’m basing my decision on.” Plaintiff’s counsel continued to


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       No. 1-18-0474


          request that the court consider the noncited case, but the court denied the request. After the

          court was in recess and the trial judge had left the courtroom, plaintiff’s counsel made its

          argument concerning the noncited case and other matters “for the record.”

¶ 37         The trial court entered an order denying plaintiff’s motion to reconsider “for reasons

          stated in open court.” The trial court order further provided that “[p]laintiff’s reading into the

          record of any additional arguments after the judge left the bench is stricken from the official

          transcript & court record over plaintiff’s objection.”

¶ 38         On February 26, 2018, plaintiff voluntarily dismissed her claims against Greenland and

          Hernandez without prejudice. On March 7, 2018, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal, and this

          appeal follows.

¶ 39                                            ANALYSIS

¶ 40         On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in

          defendants’ favor because there were questions of fact as to all elements of her negligence

          claim. A trial court is permitted to grant summary judgment only “if the pleadings,

          depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no

          genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

          matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2016). The trial court must view these

          documents and exhibits in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Home Insurance

          Co. v. Cincinnati Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d 307, 315 (2004). We review a trial court’s

          decision to grant a motion for summary judgment de novo. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty

          Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992). De novo consideration means we perform

          the same analysis that a trial judge would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App.

          3d 564, 578 (2011).


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¶ 41         “Summary judgment is a drastic measure and should only be granted if the movant’s right

          to judgment is clear and free from doubt.” Outboard Marine Corp., 154 Ill. 2d at 102.

          However, “[m]ere speculation, conjecture, or guess is insufficient to withstand summary

          judgment.” Sorce v. Naperville Jeep Eagle, Inc., 309 Ill. App. 3d 313, 328 (1999). The party

          moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of proof. Nedzvekas v. Fung, 374 Ill.

          App. 3d 618, 624 (2007). The movant may meet his burden of proof either by affirmatively

          showing that some element of the case must be resolved in his favor or by establishing “ ‘that

          there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.’ ” Nedzvekas, 374 Ill.

          App. 3d at 624 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986)). “ ‘The purpose

          of summary judgment is not to try an issue of fact but *** to determine whether a triable

          issue of fact exists.’ ” Schrager v. North Community Bank, 328 Ill. App. 3d 696, 708 (2002)

          (quoting Luu v. Kim, 323 Ill. App. 3d 946, 952 (2001)). We may affirm on any basis

          appearing in the record, whether or not the trial court relied on that basis or its reasoning was

          correct. Ray Dancer, Inc. v. DMC Corp., 230 Ill. App. 3d 40, 50 (1992).

¶ 42         In the case at bar, plaintiff argues that there were questions of fact as to all elements of

          her negligence claim. “To recover on a negligence claim, the plaintiff must establish the

          existence of a duty owed by the defendant, a breach of that duty, and an injury proximately

          resulting from that breach.” Pavlik v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 323 Ill. App. 3d 1060, 1063

          (2001) (citing Miller v. National Ass’n of Realtors, 271 Ill. App. 3d 653, 656 (1994)). If the

          plaintiff cannot establish any element of her cause of action, summary judgment for the

          defendant is proper. Pavlik, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 1063 (citing Pyne v. Witmer, 129 Ill. 2d 351,

          358 (1989)).




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¶ 43          “Property owners have a duty to exercise ordinary care in maintaining their property in a

           reasonably safe condition.” Nguyen v. Lam, 2017 IL App (1st) 161272, ¶ 20. However, it has

           long been the rule that landowners are not liable for the failure to remove natural

           accumulations of ice and snow from their property. Ziencina v. County of Cook, 188 Ill. 2d 1,

           11 (1999); Krywin v. Chicago Transit Authority, 238 Ill. 2d 215, 227 (2010); Murphy-Hylton

           v. Lieberman Management Services, Inc., 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 19. Despite this general rule,

           however, “landowners do owe a duty of reasonable care to prevent unnatural accumulations

           of ice and snow on their premises where they have actual or constructive knowledge of the

           dangerous condition.” Murphy-Hylton, 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 20 (citing Graham v. City of

           Chicago, 346 Ill. 638, 643 (1931)). “Thus, liability may arise where snow or ice

           ‘accumulated by artificial causes or in an unnatural way or by a defendant’s own use of the

           area concerned and creation of the condition, and where it has been there long enough to

           charge the responsible party with notice and knowledge of the dangerous condition.’ ”

           Murphy-Hylton, 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 20 (quoting Fitzsimons v. National Tea Co., 29 Ill. App.

           2d 306, 318 (1961)).

¶ 44          In the case at bar, plaintiff argues that the ice on which she slipped was caused by faulty

           gutters on the building’s roof, which created an unnatural accumulation of ice on the steps.

           The trial court’s grant of summary judgment rested primarily on the basis that plaintiff had

           not established that the gutters were faulty or that such faulty gutters were responsible for the

           ice on which plaintiff slipped. Thus, although we may affirm on any basis supported by the

           record, we consider that argument first.

¶ 45	         Our supreme court has recognized that liability for a fall due to an unnatural

           accumulation of ice may be based on a defective condition or negligent maintenance of the


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          premises. Murphy-Hylton, 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 21. “Under the negligent maintenance cases,

          courts recognize that the construction and maintenance of landowners’ premises are matters

          within their control.” Murphy-Hylton, 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 21. Accordingly, “to hold them to a

          duty of reasonable care under these circumstances does not impose an undue burden on them

          not to ‘add to the difficulties facing Illinois residents from natural accumulations of ice and

          snow by permitting unnatural accumulations due to defective construction or improper or

          insufficient maintenance of the premises.’ ” Murphy-Hylton, 2016 IL 120394, ¶ 21 (quoting

          Bloom v. Bistro Restaurant Ltd. Partnership, 304 Ill. App. 3d 707, 711 (1999)). “A finding of

          an unnatural or aggravated natural condition must be based upon an identifiable cause of the

          water accumulation.” Branson v. R&L Investment, Inc., 196 Ill. App. 3d 1088, 1094 (1990).

          “Absent such a showing, summary judgment for the defendant is appropriate since the court

          owes no duty to reason some remote factual possibility.” Branson, 196 Ill. App. 3d at 1095.

¶ 46         In the case at bar, we agree with the trial court that there was no evidence that faulty

          gutters caused an unnatural accumulation of ice, causing plaintiff’s fall. First, the only

          “evidence” concerning the gutters was plaintiff’s allegation in her complaint that the gutters

          were “faulty.” The only factual basis for this allegation appears to be the fact that there were

          icicles hanging from the roof. Plaintiff presented no testimony or other evidence that the

          gutters were improperly installed or maintained, that there were code violations concerning

          the gutters, that icicles often formed on the gutters due to clogs or the manner in which they

          were constructed, or any other support for her allegation that the gutters were faulty. This

          distinguishes plaintiff’s case from Durkin v. Lewitz, 3 Ill. App. 2d 481 (1954), a case on

          which she relies. See Durkin, 3 Ill. App. 2d at 483 (testimony that there were holes in the

          gutter which the witness observed water running through onto the landing). Plaintiff has


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          provided no authority for the proposition that the mere fact that there are icicles hanging

          from a gutter means that the gutters are faulty.

¶ 47         If plaintiff means that the gutters were faulty because icicles formed on the gutters, which

          caused the ice accumulation on the stair that plaintiff fell from, plaintiff failed to show by

          expert testimony or by any evidence that the icicles caused the ice that plaintiff slipped on,

          causing her injuries. “[I]n a slip-and-fall case, summary judgment for defendants is proper

          when plaintiff has no evidence regarding the cause of her fall.” Allen v. CAM Girls, LLC,

          2017 IL App (1st) 163340, ¶ 43. “[A]bsent positive and affirmative proof of causation,

          plaintiff cannot sustain the burden of establishing the existence of a genuine issue of material

          fact.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Allen, 2017 IL App (1st) 163340, ¶ 43. Plaintiff

          testified that the ice was formed by the dripping icicles, but admitted that she did not know if

          the ice could have been formed by the naturally accumulating snow melting and refreezing.

          Hernandez also testified that his “understanding” was that ice formed on the railings due to

          melting snow from the roof, but he did not testify that he ever observed such water running

          onto the railings or steps; we must also note that Hernandez testified that he observed ice

          after plaintiff’s fall only on the lower steps, not on the step on which plaintiff alleges she

          slipped. While plaintiff’s allegations may have been sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss,

          something more than mere speculation is required to survive a motion for summary

          judgment. See Sorce, 309 Ill. App. 3d at 328 (“Mere speculation, conjecture, or guess is

          insufficient to withstand summary judgment.”).

¶ 48         We are unpersuaded by plaintiff’s attempt to draw an analogy between her case and that

          of Lapidus v. Hahn, 115 Ill. App. 3d 795 (1983). There, multiple witnesses testified that, for

          years, every time it rained or snowed, water dripped from the roof onto the platform in front


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          of the plaintiff’s door, where it gathered in a puddle due to a depression on the platform.

          Lapidus, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 796. This occurred with such frequency that there was

          “ ‘corrosion’ ” on the platform caused by the constant puddles, which one could observe in

          the photographs in evidence. Lapidus, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 796. The plaintiff injured herself

          after slipping on ice created by this accumulation, and the jury returned a verdict in favor of

          the plaintiff, which was affirmed on appeal. In its analysis, the appellate court found that

          “[t]he jury considering the evidence in this case, including the fact that water repeatedly

          dripped in torrents from the roof onto the platform and was trapped there by the depression

          and that there was no ice or snow on the street or sidewalk, could reasonably have concluded

          that this ice was caused by the defective nature and construction of the roof and abetted by

          the depression in the platform and thus was not a natural accumulation.” Lapidus, 115 Ill.

          App. 3d at 800-01.

¶ 49         In the case at bar, by contrast, plaintiff testified that she had not complained about icicles

          or ice forming on the steps prior to her fall, nor were any complaints made to defendants’

          agents or Hernandez, who was responsible for snow and ice removal. Thus, there was no

          pattern showing that the icicle formation in this case was a result of the gutters. Additionally,

          plaintiff testified that at the time of her fall, there was snow on the porch and on the steps.

          This is in contrast to Lapidus, in which the testimony was that only the area in which the

          plaintiff fell appeared to have ice at the time of her fall. Lapidus, 115 Ill. App. 3d at 798, 799.

          Since there was snow all around the area, plaintiff could not know whether the snow—which

          had naturally accumulated, melted, and refroze to form ice—or whether the ice was caused

          by icicles from the gutter. Accordingly, we find the instant situation distinguishable from

          Lapidus.


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¶ 50         We are similarly unpersuaded by plaintiff’s reliance on Hornacek v. 5th Avenue Property

          Management, 2011 IL App (1st) 103502. Plaintiff correctly notes that the Hornacek court

          found the plaintiff’s allegations in that case sufficient to withstand a motion for summary

          judgment. However, that case involved the plowing of snow into large piles, which would

          melt to form “ ‘a big ice flow’ ” in the parking lot. Hornacek, 2011 IL App (1st) 103502,

          ¶ 32. The court itself noted that “[t]he fact that snow has been cleared and that there are piles

          of snow present suggests that the snow piles are an unnatural accumulation.” Hornacek, 2011

          IL App (1st) 103502, ¶ 26 (citing Krywin, 238 Ill. 2d at 231-32). Furthermore, there was a

          witness who testified that the snow piles would create the ice flow, which was present “pretty

          much all winter.” Hornacek, 2011 IL App (1st) 103502, ¶ 35. Thus, again, this presents a

          situation in which the existence of the alleged unnatural accumulation of ice was apparent, in

          part, by a repeated occurrence, which provided an identifiable cause of the water

          accumulation. Here, by contrast, there was no such repeated occurrence—no witness

          testified, and no evidence was presented, that icicles regularly formed from the gutters and

          dripped onto the steps to freeze into ice. As a result, plaintiff failed to provide any evidence

          that the icicles caused the ice that plaintiff slipped on. Accordingly, we cannot find that the

          trial court erred in finding that plaintiff had not provided evidence that she slipped on an

          unnatural accumulation of ice based on faulty gutters, and we affirm the trial court’s grant of

          summary judgment in defendants’ favor. Since we have determined that the trial court

          properly granted summary judgment on this basis, we have no need to consider plaintiff’s

          additional arguments concerning notice.

¶ 51         As a final matter, we find unpersuasive plaintiff’s argument that the trial court abused its

          discretion in denying her motion to reconsider. “The purpose of a motion to reconsider is to


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          bring to the court’s attention newly discovered evidence that was not available at the time of

          the original hearing, changes in existing law, or errors in the court’s application of the law.”

          Evanston Insurance Co. v. Riseborough, 2014 IL 114271, ¶ 36. “A ruling on a motion to

          reconsider is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an

          abuse of that discretion.” Robidoux v. Oliphant, 201 Ill. 2d 324, 347 (2002). In the case at

          bar, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in its application of existing law. As discussed

          above, we agree with the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in defendants’ favor and

          therefore find no basis to conclude that the trial court misapplied the law on that issue.

¶ 52                                          CONCLUSION

¶ 53         For the reasons set forth above, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in

          favor of defendants because plaintiff provided no evidence that her fall was caused by an

          unnatural accumulation of ice.

¶ 54         Affirmed.




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