                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                         Docket No. 46176

STATE OF IDAHO,                                  )
                                                 )    Filed: August 1, 2019
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                     )
                                                 )    Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
v.                                               )
                                                 )    THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
BRIAN CHIKEZIE EBOKOSIA,                         )    OPINION AND SHALL NOT
                                                 )    BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
       Defendant-Appellant.                      )
                                                 )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho,
       Elmore County. Hon. Nancy Baskin, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction for felony trafficking in marijuana, affirmed.

       Nevin, Benjamin, McKay & Bartlett; Dennis Benjamin, Boise, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Mark W. Olson, Deputy Attorney
       General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________

HUSKEY, Judge
       Brian Chikezie Ebokosia appeals from his judgment of conviction entered upon the jury
verdict finding him guilty of trafficking in marijuana. Ebokosia argues there was insufficient
evidence to show that he was in possession of marijuana or that he aided and abetted in the
possession. Because the State presented sufficient evidence to establish Ebokosia’s knowledge
and control of the marijuana in the vehicle, we affirm Ebokosia’s judgment of conviction.
                                                 I.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       On December 9, 2017, an officer initiated a traffic stop on a vehicle which was following
too closely to another vehicle and appeared to be traveling in a three-car convoy. Ebokosia was
the passenger in the front seat of the vehicle. When the officer made contact with the driver and
Ebokosia, the driver explained he was following so closely because he did not have GPS. The
driver also stated the other two cars would be waiting for him at the next interstate exit.

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       The officer observed a small clear plastic bag near the center console which contained a
small amount of a leafy green substance the officer recognized as marijuana. When asked about
the trip, Ebokosia explained he knew the driver from work and the two were travelling to
Missouri after sightseeing in a redwood forest in Oregon.         Ebokosia admitted he smoked
marijuana while in Oregon.
       Because of the marijuana in the small bag, the officer called for a secondary unit to
perform a search of the vehicle. Two additional officers reported to the scene. The officers
asked Ebokosia and the driver to step out of the vehicle, and the officers searched their persons.
The officers then conducted a search of the vehicle. The luggage in the vehicle contained little to
no winter clothing or coats, although it was December. The officers observed between four and
six air fresheners throughout the vehicle, including one in the trunk. There were also boxes of
uneaten cooked chicken in the vehicle.        The officers stated the odor of marijuana was
overwhelming once they opened the divider between the trunk and the back seat. The officers
found two large duffel bags and a large black garbage bag in the trunk of the vehicle. The bags
contained sealed packages of marijuana with a total weight of at least twenty-five pounds.
       Ebokosia was arrested. The State charged Ebokosia with felony trafficking in marijuana,
Idaho Code § 37-2732B(a)(1)(C), and the case proceeded to trial. During trial, the State twice
moved to amend the charging information to include the alternative theory that Ebokosia aided
and abetted the driver of the vehicle in trafficking marijuana. The district court denied the
motions to amend the information, but instructed the jury on the alternative theory. The jury was
provided Jury Instruction No. 16, which stated:
               The law makes no distinction between a person who directly participates
       in the acts constituting a crime and a person who, either before or during its
       commission, intentionally aids, assists, facilitates, promotes, encourages,
       counsels, solicits, invites, helps or hires another to commit a crime with intent to
       promote or assist in its commission. Both can be found guilty of the crime. Mere
       presence at, acquiescence in, or silent consent to, the planning or commission of a
       crime is not sufficient to make one an accomplice.
       The jury found Ebokosia guilty of felony trafficking in marijuana. Ebokosia filed a
motion for a judgment of acquittal pursuant to Idaho Criminal Rule 29 which argued the State
failed to present sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict. The district court denied
Ebokosia’s motion and imposed a determinate five-year sentence. Ebokosia timely appeals.



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                                                 II.
                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence is limited in scope. A finding of guilt
will not be overturned on appeal where there is substantial evidence upon which a reasonable
trier of fact could have found that the prosecution sustained its burden of proving the essential
elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho 383, 385, 957
P.2d 1099, 1101 (Ct. App. 1998); State v. Knutson, 121 Idaho 101, 104, 822 P.2d 998, 1001 (Ct.
App. 1991). We will not substitute our view for that of the trier of fact as to the credibility of the
witnesses, the weight to be given to the testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn
from the evidence. Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001; State v. Decker, 108 Idaho 683,
684, 701 P.2d 303, 304 (Ct. App. 1985). Moreover, we will consider the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho at 385, 957 P.2d at 1101; Knutson,
121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001.
                                                 III.
                                            ANALYSIS
       Ebokosia asks this Court to vacate the district court’s judgment and sentence for
trafficking in marijuana. According to Ebokosia, there was insufficient evidence to prove he was
in possession of the marijuana or that he aided and abetted in the possession of the marijuana.
       According to the charging document, Ebokosia was “knowingly in actual and/or
constructive possession of 25 pounds or more of marijuana.” An individual is in constructive
possession if the individual had knowledge and control of the substance. State v. Zentner, 134
Idaho 508, 510, 5 P.3d 488, 490 (Ct. App. 2000). In order to prove constructive possession,
knowledge and control of the controlled substance must each be independently proven beyond a
reasonable doubt by either circumstantial or direct evidence. State v. Southwick, 158 Idaho 173,
178, 345 P.3d 232, 237 (Ct. App. 2014). Constructive possession exists where there is a
sufficient nexus between the accused and the controlled substance to show the accused was not
simply a bystander but, rather, had the power and the intent to exercise dominion or control over
the contraband. Id. Constructive possession cannot be inferred from the mere fact that the
defendant occupied, with another individual, the vehicle in which the drugs were seized. State v.
Burnside, 115 Idaho 882, 885, 771 P.2d 546, 549 (Ct. App. 1989); see also State v. Gomez, 126
Idaho 700, 706, 889 P.2d 729, 735 (Ct. App. 1994).

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       Ebokosia argues there was no evidence that he was in constructive possession of the
marijuana because Ebokosia did not own or rent the vehicle, have access to the trunk, or possess
the car keys. Ebokosia also contends he was not the driver of the vehicle and exhibited a calm
demeanor throughout the stop.
A.     Knowledge
       There was substantial evidence upon which a trier of fact could have made a rational
inference that Ebokosia had knowledge of the marijuana. The State presented evidence that
Ebokosia was a passenger in a vehicle that appeared to be traveling as the middle car in a three-
car convoy. The officer testified that she initiated a traffic stop, made contact with Ebokosia and
the driver of the vehicle, and saw a plastic baggy of marijuana in plain view. The officer asked if
Ebokosia and the driver smoked marijuana while in Oregon, and both answered in the
affirmative. The officer testified there was evidence the occupants were masking the odor of
marijuana in the vehicle, such as a freshly-lit cigarette and multiple air fresheners that hung
throughout the vehicle. The officer observed uneaten chicken in the backseat, which the officer
believed could also be used to mask odors. When the officer leaned inside the vehicle, she
testified that even with the presence of cigarette smoke, air fresheners, and chicken, there was a
strong odor of marijuana.
       In addition, the jury heard evidence regarding the details of Ebokosia’s trip. When the
officer made contact with the occupants of the vehicle, Ebokosia and the driver informed the
officer that they were driving to Missouri from Oregon, where they had been visiting and
sightseeing in the redwoods. The officer testified that the distance from Oregon to Missouri was
1,855 miles with a travel time of twenty-eight hours. During the search of the vehicle, the officer
did not find sufficient clothing for the winter weather or a multi-day vacation. The officer also
testified there was no suitable attire for hiking in the redwoods.
       Taken together, the State presented substantial evidence to establish that Ebokosia had
knowledge of the marijuana in the trunk of the vehicle and that he was not simply an unknowing
bystander. The jury heard evidence that Ebokosia was traveling in a vehicle that contained
marijuana and smelled of marijuana. When asked, Ebokosia admitted he smoked marijuana
when he was in Oregon, which indicated that Ebokosia was familiar with the odor of the drug.
Additionally, the vehicle was filled with uneaten chicken and air fresheners, which a jury could
infer were meant to mask the scent of marijuana. It was therefore reasonable for the jury to

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conclude that an individual who is traveling on an extended trip in an automobile smelling of
marijuana would have knowledge of the marijuana inside the vehicle.
B.      Control
        The next issue is whether Ebokosia had control of the marijuana in addition to
knowledge. Ebokosia argues he could not have control over the marijuana because he did not
own or rent the vehicle, did not have access to the trunk, did not possess the car keys, was not
driving the vehicle, and exhibited a calm demeanor during the stop. We disagree.
        Although the vehicle was not owned or rented by Ebokosia, it was similarly not owned or
rented by the driver. There was no evidence that only the driver was able or authorized to drive
the vehicle, or conversely, that Ebokosia was unable or unauthorized to drive. A reasonable jury
could conclude that in the course of a 1,855 mile trip, the parties would share the driving
responsibilities, particularly where the vehicle was not owned or rented by either party. Thus,
the identity of the person driving at the time of the stop was not dispositive of whether Ebokosia
had the ability during the course of the trip to exercise control over the marijuana in the trunk.
        The jury also heard evidence regarding Ebokosia’s access to marijuana in the vehicle.
Not only was there marijuana in the center console, but Ebokosia could access the trunk from
both inside and outside of the vehicle. Keys were not required to open the trunk, as shown by
the officers’ search of the vehicle. There was testimony that the console in the backseat could be
pulled down and opened to gain access to the trunk area. This action could be performed from
within the vehicle, without any need to open the trunk from the outside. The search of the
vehicle also revealed that it was easy to gain access to the trunk from outside the vehicle. To
open the trunk during the search, an officer simply walked to the driver’s side of the vehicle and
“popped the trunk,” further indicating that access to the trunk did not require any more than a
push of a button. In the course of such a long trip, the jury could reasonably infer that Ebokosia
could access the trunk, either while the vehicle was moving or during a stop. When considering
all of the evidence, a jury could reasonably infer Ebokosia had control over the marijuana during
the course of the trip.
        The jury heard evidence that Ebokosia was the passenger in the middle car of a three-car
convoy and was traveling on a trip of nearly 1,900 miles. The jury also heard evidence that the
vehicle smelled of marijuana and contained scent-masking items such as air fresheners and
uneaten chicken. Here, a reasonable trier of fact could have inferred that Ebokosia was not an

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innocent bystander, but rather, had knowledge and control of the contraband.            The State
presented sufficient evidence to establish that Ebokosia constructively possessed twenty-five
pounds or more of marijuana.        Because there was sufficient evidence that Ebokosia had
knowledge and control of the marijuana in the vehicle, we need not address Ebokosia’s argument
regarding the sufficiency of the evidence of the aiding and abetting.
                                               IV.
                                         CONCLUSION
       Because the State presented sufficient evidence to establish Ebokosia’s knowledge and
control of the marijuana in the vehicle, we affirm Ebokosia’s judgment of conviction.
       Chief Judge GRATTON and Judge LORELLO CONCUR.




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