      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON



IN RE THE DEPENDENCY OF                              )        No. 74351-1-I (Consolidated WI
A.D.R. and M.R.R.,                                   )        Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

STATE OF WASHINGTON                                  )        DIVISION ONE
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND                             )
HEALTH SERVICES,                                     )
                                                     )
                             Respondents,
                                                     )        UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                   v.                                )
                                                     )
                                                     )
DANNY AND REINA RIFE,                                )
                                                     )
                            Appellants.              )        FILED: February 13, 2017

          SPEARMAN, J.       —   Danny and Reina Rife appeal the trial court’s orders

terminating their parental rights to M.R. and A.R. Danny1 contends that the State

failed to prove that all necessary and reasonably available services capable of

correcting his parental deficiencies in the near future were offered or provided to

him as required by RCW 13.34.180(1)(d). Reina contends that the trial court

committed reversible error by denying her motion to continue the trial date and by

denying her motion to appoint counsel for the children. Finding no error, we

affirm.


          1   We refer to the Rifes by their first names to avoid confusion. We intend no disrespect.
No. 74351-1-1/2 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

                                       FACTS

       Danny and Reina Rife were married in Washington state and had two

children, M.R., born in 2006, and A.R., born in 2007. In 2009, while the Rifes

were living in Georgia, Danny was arrested on charges of domestic violence. He

later pleaded guilty to cruelty to children for assaulting Reina while the children

were present.

       While Danny was in custody, Reina took the children and returned to

Washington, where she obtained a dissolution decree by default. The dissolution

decree included a lifetime no contact order (NCO) prohibiting Danny from contact

with Reina and the children. Danny has not seen the children since 2009.

       The Department of Social and Health Services (Department) became

involved with the Rifes in 2011 when M.R. and A.R. were found alone in a

parking lot at 4:00 a.m. Both children exhibited extreme behaviors including

physical aggression. M.R. and A.R. were later diagnosed with post-traumatic

stress disorder (PTSD). Each child is a trigger for the other’s PTSD, causing

them to be aggressive with one another. M.R. was also diagnosed with

institutional autism, or autistic symptoms caused by early neglect rather than

biology.

       The Department initiated a dependency petition. In 2012, Reina agreed to

an in-home dependency. Danny did not respond to the Department’s petition and

the children were found dependent as to him by default. The court ordered

services for both parents. The court denied Danny visitation because of the NCO.




                                          2
No. 74351-1-1/3 (Consolidated Wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

        The children resided with Reina for over a year but were removed from

her care in 2013. Danny had not completed any services and was not a possible

placement for the children. After the children were removed from Reina’s care,

Danny participated in some services in Georgia. He often told a Department

social worker that he would return to Washington and begin visiting the children,

but he failed to do so. Danny cited the NCO as a reason for his continued

absence from the children’s lives. He also cited his job and the fact that he was

on probation as reasons he could not return.

        In April 2014, the court held a permanency planning hearing. The court

found that Reina was not in compliance with services. The court found that, while

Danny had completed some services in Georgia, he could not make further

progress toward parenting M.R. and A.R. until he addressed the NCO and

outstanding Washington warrants. The court found that adoption was the primary

permanence plan for the children. The Department later petitioned to terminate

Danny and Reina’s parental rights and a termination trial was set for February

2015.

        In January 2015, Reina moved to appoint counsel for the children. The

trial court denied this motion. But the court granted Reina’s motion to continue

the trial date to April 2015 to give her attorney additional time to prepare.

        Danny returned to Washington in March 2015. The court granted Danny

three continuances for trial preparation and eventually set the trial for September

16, 2015. The court expressed concern at the effect of the repeated delays on




                                          3
No. 74351-1-1/4 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

the children and stated that it would grant no further continuances for trial

preparation.

        After Danny arrived in Washington, he asked Reina to lift the NCO. Reina

had the order lifted in May 2015. In July 2015, Danny filed a motion for visitation.

The court ordered Danny to complete the parenting assessment that had been

ordered in 2012. The court also ordered Danny to meet with the children’s

therapists. The order states that visitation is to begin after Danny meets with the

therapists and that visits are to be structured and arranged as recommended by

the therapists.

        Danny met with the children’s therapists. After the meeting, the therapists

strongly recommended against beginning visitation. The therapists stated that the

children had at most a vague memory of Danny and they considered his absence

the norm. The therapists recommended against reintroducing Danny into the

children’s lives shortly before a trial at which his parental rights could be

terminated. The therapists stated that meeting Danny would likely trigger

heightened symptoms of PTSD. They recommended postponing any introduction

until the children were in more stable conditions. The therapists also expressed

concern that Danny did not understand the challenges facing the children, had no

plan to meet their needs, disowned responsibility for any trauma in the children’s

lives, and lacked stability in his own life. In the event that the court ordered

visitation, the therapists stated that visitation should begin slowly with therapy to

mitigate the resulting harm. The Department did not allow Danny to begin

visitation.


                                           4
No. 74351-1 -1/5 (Consolidated WI
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

         Danny participated in a parenting assessment with therapist Judith Jindra

in September 2015. The assessment normally includes a component based on

observation of the parent with the children. A Department social worker

instructed Jindra to perform the assessment without a parent-child observation

as Danny was not allowed to begin visitation. Based on the assessment she

administered, Jindra recommended that Danny take further parenting classes

and that he be allowed supervised visitation. But when Jindra learned that Danny

had minimized his history of domestic violence, she opined that the process of

reuniting Danny with the children would be lengthy and could take years.

         About a week before the September trial date, Reina moved for a

continuance. Reina had recently begun treatment for acquired immune deficiency

syndrome (AIDS) and a related cancer. She requested a trial date at the end of

November when she was scheduled to complete her course of chemotherapy.

The trial court first denied Reina’s motion. But after hearing evidence concerning

Reina’s health, the court continued the trial until October 19. The court also

outlined accommodations to facilitate Reina’s presence at the trial in person or by

phone.

         On October 2, Danny moved the court for an order requiring the

Department to allow him visitation. The trial court denied the motion, concluding

that it was not in the children’s best interest to begin visitation with Danny when

the termination trial was set to begin in a few weeks. The court stated that it

would reconsider the issue if the termination petition was denied.




                                          5
No. 74351-1-1/6 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

        Trial began as scheduled on October 19. The court terminated Danny and

Reina’s parental rights on November 24, 2015. They appeal.

                                         DISCUSSION

        Danny contends that the trial court erred in terminating his parental rights.

Washington courts use a two-step process in determining whether to terminate

parental rights. In reWelfare ofA.B., 168 Wn.2d 908, 911, 232 P.3d 1104 (2010).

First, the court considers the fitness of the parent by considering the six elements

set out in RCW 13.34.180(1). j~ To determine that a parent is unfit, the court

must find that each of these elements has been proved by clear, cogent, and

convincing evidence. ki. If the court finds that the parent is unfit, it next

determines by a preponderance of the evidence whether termination is in the

child’s best interests. j~ç~ We will affirm the trial court if its decision is supported

by substantial evidence. In re Welfare of C.B., C.R.B., and T.A.B., 134 Wn. App.

942, 953, 143 P.3d 846 (2006) (citing In re H.W., 92 Wn. App. 420, 425, 961

P.2d 963 (1998)).

        Danny contends that the State failed to establish one of the statutory

elements set out in RCW 13.34.180(1).2 As relevant here, that statute requires

proof that “all necessary services, reasonably available, capable of correcting the

parental deficiencies within the foreseeable future have been expressly and

understandably offered or provided.” RCW 13.34.180(1)(d). To satisfy the

services requirement, the Department must show that either (1) it offered the


         2 We consider Danny’s argument although he did not assign error to the trial court’s

finding that he was an unfit parent.

                                                 6
No. 74351-1 -117 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

required remedial services and the parent failed to avail himself of those

services; or (2) the parent waived his right to services through words or conduct.

In re Welfare of S.V.B., 75 Wn. App. 762, 770, 880 P.2d 80 (1994).

       In this case, the trial court found that the Department offered or provided

all necessary services. The court also found that Danny completed a parenting

assessment after arriving in Washington. Danny argues that the Department did

not provide a complete parenting assessment because it ordered the therapist to

conduct the assessment without a parent-child observation. And, he asserts, the

Department prevented him from following through with the therapist’s

recommendation that he visit M.R. and A.R.

      The Department contends that it offered or provided all necessary and

reasonably available services and Danny failed to avail himself of these services.

The Department asserts that, after the parenting assessment and other services

were ordered in 2012, it referred Danny to service providers and repeatedly

urged him to complete services. The Department argues that Danny failed to

avail himself of the parenting assessment by not returning to Washington, acting

to have the NCO lifted, or seeking to undergo a parenting assessment until 2015.

      We agree with the Department. Danny’s argument rests on his inability to

complete the parent-child component of the parenting assessment in September

2015. But the parenting assessment was ordered in January 2012. Danny does

not dispute that, throughout the children’s dependency, he was in contact with a

Department social worker who referred Danny to service providers in Georgia

and urged him to return to Washington to complete further services. In April


                                         7
No. 74351-1-1/8 (Consolidated WI
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

2014, the court advised Danny that he could not make further progress toward

parenting the children until he returned to Washington and addressed the NCO.

Danny failed to return to Washington until March 2015, nearly a year after the

court found that adoption was the primary permanence plan for the children and

nearly a month after the termination trial was originally scheduled. Danny did not

petition for visitation or seek to participate in a parenting assessment until July

2015. Undisputed evidence supports the conclusion that the Department offered

Danny all necessary services and he failed to avail himself of those services for

three and a half years.

        Danny contends that this result is untenable because he did not have the

ability to avail himself of services. He asserts that he was legally prohibited from

contact with his children and thus could not undergo the full parenting

assessment until May 2015 when the NCO was lifted. He challenges the trial

court’s finding that his absence from the children’s lives for over six years was a

conscious decision.

        At trial, Danny cited numerous reasons for not attempting to visit the

children until 2015. As to the NCO, Danny stated that Reina had it lifted in May

2015. Danny makes no argument that he attempted to have the NCO lifted

earlier.3 Danny also gave additional reasons to explain his absence. He testified

that he could not return to Washington prior to 2015 because he was too busy at


         ~ In his testimony, Danny stated that he “believed” he asked Reina to lift the NCQ prior to
his return to Washington, but he did not know how she responded. Verbatim Report of
Proceedings (VRP) (9/17/15) at 138. He later said that he did not recall if he had asked her to lift
the NCO prior to May 2015. He admitted that Reina had obtained other NCOs that “went away”
because she lifted or ignored them. VRP (9/1 7/1 5) at 152-54.

                                                 8
No. 74351-1-1/9 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

work, he did not have enough money, and his Georgia probation did not allow

him to travel. He also testified that he had a good job in Georgia, never asked for

time off to visit the children, and routinely traveled to other states despite the

Georgia probation.

       The trial court found that Danny’s “explanations for hot attempting to re

unite with [M.R. and A.R.] sooner are not credible.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 3400.

Because his explanations were not credible, the court found that Danny’s

absence from the children’s lives for over six years was “a conscious decision he

chose to make.” CP at 3400. We defer to the trial court’s findings as to credibility.

In re C.B., 134 Wn. App. at 953. Regarding the NCO, the trial court rejected it as

a reason for Danny’s absence and found that “the NCO was lifted with virtually

no effort from [Danny].   .   .   .“   CP at 3400. Danny does not contest this finding. In

light of these findings, we reject Danny’s argument that he could not avail himself

of a parenting assessment with a parent-child observation prior to May 2015.

       But even if we were to accept Danny’s argument that he could not avail

himself of the service prior to May 2015, we would reach the same result

because, at that point, the service would have been futile. The Department is

only required to provide those services “capable of correcting the parental

deficiencies within the foreseeable future.            .   .   .“   RCW 13.34.180(1)(d). Even if the

Department fails to offer services to a willing parent, termination is appropriate if

the services would not have remedied parental deficiencies within the

foreseeable future. In re Dependency of T.R., 108 Wn. App. 149, 164, 29 P.3d

1275 (2001) (citing In re Welfare of HaIl, 99 Wn.2d 842, 664 P.2d 1245 (1983)).


                                                   9
No. 74351-1 -1/10 (Consolidated WI
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

The “foreseeable future” is determined in reference to the age of the child.     ~.




When the record establishes that the offer of services would be futile, the trial

court may make a finding that the Department has offered all reasonable

services. In re Welfare of M.R.H. and J.D.F., 145 Wn. App. 10, 25, 188 P.3d 510

(2008) (citing In re Welfare of Ferguson, 32 Wn. App. 865, 869-70, 650 P.2d

1118 (1982), rev’d on other grounds, 98 Wn.2d 589, 656 P.2d 503 (1983)).

       Here, the evidence was undisputed that introducing the children to Danny

would be a lengthy process. A.R.’s therapist testified that it could take six weeks

or longer for A.R. to progress from receiving a letter from Danny to sending a

letter back. Danny stated that he wanted both children to live with him but the

children’s therapists stated that it would be a matter of years before M.R. and

A.R. could live together. The social worker testified that, even in a best case

scenario, it would not be possible for the children to live with Danny in the next

six months. After learning that Danny had minimized his history of domestic

violence, Jindra testified that reunification, if possible at all, would be a lengthy

process that could take years.

       We conclude that completing the parent-child observation was not a

service capable of correcting Danny’s parental deficiencies within the children’s

foreseeable future. When the record establishes that the offer of services would

be futile, the trial court does not err in finding that the Department has met the

services requirement. M.R.H., 145 Wn. App. at 25.

       Danny challenges two further findings of fact related to his fitness as a

parent. He assigns error to the trial court’s findings that the children do not know


                                           10
No. 74351-1-I/il (Consolidated WI
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

him and consider the absence of their father to be normal. As to these findings,

Danny testified that he had not seen the children since 2009. M.R.’s therapist

testified that M.R. knows Danny’s name but has no memory of him. A.R.’s

therapist testified that A.R. is curious about who her father is and what he is like.

The therapists both stated that the children view Danny’s absence as the norm,

not a loss. We conclude that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s

findings that the children do not know Danny and consider his absence the norm.

       Danny also assigns error to three of the trial court’s findings regarding the

children’s best interest. He asserts that it was premature for the trial court to

consider the children’s best interest because the State failed to establish that the

Department satisfied the services requirement. But because the trial court did not

err in finding that the Department offered or provided necessary services, we

reject this argument. We affirm the trial court’s order terminating Danny’s

parental rights.

       Reina also seeks reversal of the trial court’s decision to terminate her

parental rights. She first contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion

to continue the trial date.

       The termination trial was originally scheduled for February 2015. The trial

court granted four continuances for trial preparation and eventually scheduled the

trial for September 16, 2015. In July 2015, Reina was hospitalized and began

treatment for AIDS and a related cancer. On September 10, 2015, Reina moved

to continue the trial until the end of November or beginning of December, when

she was scheduled to complete her course of chemotherapy. Reina primarily


                                          11
No. 74351-1-1/12 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

argued that, due to the length of the dependency and the amount of discovery,

counsel required Reina’s presence in court to provide adequate representation.

She also asserted that she had a right to be present.

       In an attached declaration, Reina stated that she was being treated for

multiple cancerous tumors. She described heart palpitations and panic attacks as

symptoms of her chemotherapy. She stated that because of her compromised

immune system she was at risk of contracting life-threatening infections. Reina

also attached brief statements from two of her doctors. Her primary care doctor,

Corinne Heinen, stated that “[gjoing through court proceedings at this time would

endanger [Reina’s] health.” CP at 3007. Another doctor stated that it would be

best for Reina’s health to postpone the trial until she completed chemotherapy.

       The trial court first denied Reina’s motion. The court expressed concern

for Reina’s condition but also took into account the children’s need to have the

termination petition resolved. The court noted that Reina’s current attorney had

been on the case since December 2014 and ruled that there was no basis to

continue for trial preparation.

       As to Reina’s health, the court found that there was no way to know

whether Reina would be well enough to participate in trial in late November.

Considering this uncertainty against the children’s need for permanence, the

court found that the needs of the children outweighed Reina’s request to delay

trial until she was well. The court stated that it would accommodate Reina’s

presence by telephone, provide recesses for counsel to consult with Reina by

telephone, and provide additional recesses as necessary to allow Reina to rest


                                        12
No. 74351-1-1/13 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

when fatigued. The court directed the parties to consider whether Reina’s

testimony should be presented by way of deposition rather than in person.

       The day after the motion hearing, the court requested evidence on Reina’s

prognosis. The court stated that its primary reason for denying the continuance

was that there was nothing to indicate that Reina would be healthy in a

reasonable period of time. In response, Reina presented testimony from Heinen,

her primary care physician.

       Heinen expressed optimism about Reina’s prognosis. She stated that

Reina’s cancer had not metastasized, her tumors had greatly decreased, and her

immune system had markedly improved. When asked why being in the

courtroom would be detrimental to Reina’s health, Heinen responded that Reina

was anxious about the trial and had experienced panic attacks. She also stated

that stress could affect Reina’s immune system. The court asked whether the

side effects of Reina’s chemotherapy were cumulative, so that she would feel

worse as she continued her treatment. Heinen responded that Reina’s course of

chemotherapy was not likely to have that effect.

       The court then stated that it was “a little confused as to why [Reina]

couldn’t be in a courtroom now other than the stress.” VRP (9/17/1 5) at 54.

Heinen replied that Reina was in the process of tapering off pain medication and

her panic attacks were not yet fully under control. Id. She opined that Reina

would present herself better after those issues were resolved. iç[. Heinen stated

that it would likely take six to eight weeks to bring the panic attacks under control

and finish tapering off pain medication.


                                           13
No. 74351-1-1/14 (Consolidated Wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

        The court noted that Reina’s declaration appeared inconsistent with the

doctor’s testimony. Reina was not available by phone to answer questions. The

court stated that, because the effects of Reina’s chemotherapy were not

cumulative, it was not convinced to continue the trial until after Reina completed

the course of chemotherapy. The court continued the trial about four weeks to

allow Reina time to address the panic attacks and to taper off the pain

medication.

        Reina contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion.4 She

asserts that this denial violated her due process rights and is thus

an issue that we review de novo. Reina relies on In re Welfare of L.R., 180 Wn.

App. 717, 723, 324 P.3d 737 (2014). But the parent in L.R. did not challenge the

denial of her motion for a continuance. ki. Washington courts have long held that

the trial court’s decision to grant or deny a continuance is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. State v. Downing, 151 Wn.2d 265, 272, 87 P.3d 1169 (2004) (citing,

inter alia, Skagit Ry. & Lumber Co. v. Cole, 2 Wash. 57, 62, 65, 25 P. 1077

(1891)). We will not disturb the trial court’s decision absent a clear showing that it

was manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds. j~ (citing

State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)).

        In this case, the trial court held that, as Reina’s counsel had been on the

case for nearly a year, there was no basis to continue for trial preparation. The

trial court also considered Reina’s health, her representation by counsel,

          ~ Although Reina argues that the trial court denied her motion, we note that the trial court,
in fact, granted it in part. While Reina sought a continuance of about ten weeks, instead the trial
court granted a continuance of about four weeks.

                                                  14
No. 74351-1-1/15 (Consolidated WI
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

accommodations to facilitate Reina’s presence in person or by phone, and the

children’s need for permanence. The trial court granted Reina a four-week

continuance rather than the ten weeks she requested. The trial court’s decision is

not manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds. There was no

abuse of discretion.

        Reina argues, however, that the trial court’s decision in this case was a

violation of due process. The denial of a continuance may rise to the level of a

constitutional violation “‘within the circumstances of a particular case.” Downing,

151 Wn.2d at 274 (quoting Statev. Williams, 84 Wn.2d 853, 855, 529 P.2d 1088

(1975)). In considering whether the trial court’s decision on a motion to continue

was constitutional error, courts look to whether the decision resulted in prejudice

and whether the result of the trial would likely have been different if the

continuance had been granted. State v. Eller, 84 Wn.2d 90, 95, 524 P.2d 242

(1974) (citing, ~ State v. Derum, 76 Wn.2d 26, 28, 454 P.2d 424 (1969)). See

also Downing, 151 Wn.2d at 275-76 (holding that there was no constitutional

error where the denial of a motion to continue prevented the defendant from

calling a witness but the witness’s testimony would not have changed the result

of the trial).

        Reina contends that, by not providing a longer continuance, the trial court

violated her due process right to be present at trial. She asserts that, in the

particular circumstances of this case, her presence in court was necessary in

order for counsel to provide adequate representation.




                                          15
No. 74351-1-1/16 (Consolidated Wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

        We reject this argument. Due process requires that a parent have notice,

the opportunity to defend, and the right to be represented by counsel. L.R., 180

Wn. App. at 723 (citing In re Welfare of S.E., 63 Wn. App. 244, 250, 820 P.2d 47

(1991)). It does not guarantee an absolute right to attend a termination

proceeding. In re Dependency of J.W., 9OWn. App. 417, 429, 953 P.2d 104

(1998) (citing Stateex rel. Taylor v. Dorsey, 81 Wn. App. 414, 421, 914 P.2d 773

(1996)).

        Reina was represented by counsel throughout the termination trial. Reina

was present in person or by phone for the majority of the trial. At oral argument,

she contended that it was impossible to know what errors may have occurred

when she was not present. However, Reina does not assign error to any of the

trial court’s findings of fact and she does not point to any portion of the trial that

would have been different had the trial court granted a longer continuance. Nor

does she argue that the result of the trial would have been different if the trial

court had granted a longer continuance or identify with any specificity how she

was prejudiced by the trial court’s decision. Accordingly, we conclude that the

trial court’s decision to continue trial for four weeks instead of ten weeks, as

Reina requested, did not violate her constitutional rights.

        Reina next asserts that the trial court erred by denying her motion to

appoint counsel for the children.5 She contends that the trial court violated the



        ~ The court-appointed special advocate (CASA) filed a brief on appeal addressing this
issue. Although the CASA failed to seek permission in advance, we grant permission for the brief
under RAP 10.1(h).


                                               16
No. 74351-1 -1117 (Consolidated WI
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

children’s right to due process under both the federal and the Washington

constitution. We first address her federal due process claim.

        The Washington legislature has given the trial court discretion to appoint

an attorney to a child in a dependency action. RCW 13.34.100(7)(a).6 The

Supreme Court rejected a due process challenge to this provision in In re

Dependency of M.S.R., 174 Wn.2d 1, 271 P.3d 234 (2012).~ The M.S.R. court

held that, while federal due process may require the appointment of counsel in

the specific circumstances of some cases, it does not provide a universal right to

counsel.8 j4 at 2 1-22. In exercising its discretion to grant or deny a motion to

appoint counsel, the trial court must balance the three factors of a due process

analysis: (1) the private interests at stake; (2) the risk of error created by the

procedure used; and (3) the State’s interests. ki. at 22. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424

U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976) (setting out the due process

analysis).

        The M.S.R. court held that, in a termination proceeding, a child’s

fundamental liberty interests include an interest in maintaining relationships with

parents and siblings, the right to reasonable safety, and an interest in not being


        6  Because the appointment of counsel is within the discretion of the trial court, we review
the decision for abuse of discretion. Rivers v. Washington State Conference of Mason
Contractors, 145 Wn.2d 674, 685, 41 P.3d 1175 (2002) (citing Burnet v. Spokane Ambulance,
131 Wn.2d 484, 494, 933 P.2d 1036 (1997)).
         ~ The M.S.R. court considered former RCW 13.34.100(6)(f) (2010), which granted the
trial court discretion to appoint counsel to a child who was at least twelve years old. Id. at 12. The
statute has since been amended to allow the trial court discretion to appoint counsel to a child of
any age. RCW 13.34.100(7)(a).
         8 The M.S.R. court did not separately consider the statute under the Washington

constitution because the issue was not properly briefed. j~. at 20 n. 11.

                                                  17
No. 74351-1 -1/18 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

returned to an abusive environment. ki. at 20. The State’s interests are similar.

j4~ The risk of error depends on the particular circumstances of each case,
including whether someone in the case is able to represent the child’s interests.

j~ at 18. The child’s age and her ability to express a position on issues before
the court are also relevant. Id. at 21.

       In this case, the trial court considered each of the due process factors.

The court found that the children and the State both had significant interests at

stake. In the particular circumstances here, the court found no indication that the

appointment of counsel would increase the children’s welfare. The court noted

that M.R. and A.R. were very fragile and that it was necessary to exercise care in

questioning them. The court found that the court-appointed special advocate

(CASA), who had been active in the case for many years, had the children’s

trust. The court directed the CASA to try to subtly “figure out what the kids want.”

VRP (2/1 3/1 5) at 24. The court also stated that, given the children’s age, their

wishes would be a very minor factor for the court to consider if the State proved

that the parents were unfit. The court later clarified that the weight to be given to

the children’s wishes at trial was a question for the facifinder to evaluate

considering the totality of the information before the court.

       Reina argues that the trial court failed to properly balance the three

factors. She asserts that, in this case, the children’s interest was particularly

strong because of the prolonged dependency and the seriousness of the

children’s mental health issues. However, the trial court did not discount the

children’s situation. The trial court recognized that the children’s interests include


                                          18
No. 74351-1-1/19 (Consolidated wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

safety and maintaining relationships with their biological family. And the court

repeatedly emphasized the need to provide permanence for the children. The

trial court properly considered the first factor.

       Reina also argues that, in this case, the risk of error was particularly high

because the trial court did not know what the children wanted. She contends that

the CASA did not adequately represent the children’s interests because she did

not elicit their wishes as to the termination of Danny and Reina’s parental rights.

She asserts that the children were capable of expressing their feelings about the

degree of contact they wanted with their parents and that an attorney would have

argued for this position.

       We reject this argument. The trial court has discretion to determine

whether representation is adequate. Marguardt v. Fein, 25 Wn. App. 651, 657,

612 P.2d 378 (1980) (citing National Ass’n of Regional Medical Programs, Inc. v.

Mathews, 551 F.2d 340 (D.C. Cir. 1976)). The trial court in this case considered

the children’s ages and mental health, the representation of the CASA, and the

issues before the court. The court did not abuse its discretion in finding that

counsel would not increase the children’s welfare.

       The trial court applied the appropriate legal standard to Reina’s motion to

appoint counsel for the children. Its decision is not manifestly unreasonable.

There was no abuse of discretion.

       Reina next contends that M.R. and A.R. were entitled to counsel under the

Washington constitution. She argues that article I, section 3 provides broader

due process protections than the Fourteenth Amendment. She therefore asserts


                                           19
No. 74351-1 -1/20 (Consolidated Wi
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

that the Washington constitution mandates the appointment of counsel to all

children in termination proceedings.9

        Reina’s argument challenges the constitutionality of RCW 13.24.100(7),

which grants discretion to trial courts to appoint counsel on a case-by-case basis.

Where a case can be decided on non-constitutional grounds, we refrain from

reaching the constitutional issue. lsla Verde Int’l Holdings, Inc. v. City of Camas,

146 Wn.2d 740, 752,49 P.3d 867 (2002) (citing, inter alia, State v. Speaks, 119

Wn.2d 204, 207, 829 P.2d 1096 (1992)). Constitutional error does not require

reversal where the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.

Coristine, 177 Wn.2d 370, 380, 300 P.3d 400 (2013) (citing Neder v. United

States, 527 U.S. 1,7, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35(1999)).

        We decline to reach Reina’s state constitutional challenge in this case

because, even if the trial court’s decision not to appoint counsel violated the

children’s rights under the Washington constitution, the error was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt. Reina does not challenge the trial court’s findings

that she is unfit to parent the children or that termination is in the children’s best

interests. Even if the children wished to return to Reina’s care and an attorney

had advocated for this position, the unchallenged findings would still support

termination.




         ~ Reina also argues, without support, that article I, section 3 requires a different balancing
of the due process factors described above. We reject the argument as unsupported. Somer v.
Woodhouse, 28 Wn. App. 262, 270, 623 P.2d 1164 (1981) (citing Griffin v. Department of Social
& Health Servs., 91 Wn.2d 616, 630, 590 P.2d 816 (1979)).

                                                  20
No. 74351-1-1/21 (Consolidated WI
Nos. 74352-0; 74450-0; 74451-8

      Affirmed.




                                             I
WE CONCUR:



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