            If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.




                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS


 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       February 4, 2020
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                                     No. 345559
                                                                       Ottawa Circuit Court
 MARCUS LAMOND POWELL,                                                 LC No. 17-041204-FH

                Defendant-Appellant.


Before: MARKEY, P.J., and GLEICHER and M. J. KELLY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals by right his bench trial conviction of possession with intent to deliver
more than 50 grams but less than 450 grams of cocaine, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iii). He was
sentenced to 3 to 20 years’ imprisonment. The sole issue on appeal concerns whether evidence
discovered as the result of the execution of a search warrant at a residence should have been
suppressed because of defects in the underlying affidavit submitted to the district court in support
of the warrant application. The circuit court found that the affidavit failed to show probable cause
and that the search warrant should not have been issued. The court, however, concluded that the
good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule under United States v Leon, 468 US 897; 104 S Ct
3405; 82 L Ed 2d 677 (1984), applied to preclude suppression of the evidence. We agree that the
good-faith exception was applicable. Accordingly, we affirm.

       The police suspected that defendant was selling cocaine from an apartment in Zeeland.
The investigating officer submitted his affidavit to the district court in support of a search warrant
application concerning the residence and defendant. The affidavit provided, in relevant part, as
follows:

             Your Affiant is currently investigating the delivery of cocaine involving
       Marcus Lamond Powell DOB; 07/26/1987.

              Your Affiant has located several reports from Zeeland Police Department
       involving Marcus Lamond Powell at 341 State Street #30. Report numbers



                                                 -1-
       00002479-14 and 00001209-14 from the Zeeland Police Department are both
       involving Marcus Lamond Powell and the possible narcotic activity from 341 State
       Street #30.

              Your Affiant received an anonymous tip on 12/13/201[6] that Marcus
       Lamond Powell was selling narcotics out of 341 State Street #30, Zeeland, MI
       49464.

            On 01/12/2017, WE-2441 purchased .96 grams of cocaine from Marcus
       Lamond Powell at his residence of 341 State Street #30 Zeeland, MI 49464.

            On 01/16/2017, WE-2441 purchased 1.34 grams of cocaine from Marcus
       Lamond Powell at his residence of 341 State Street #30 Zeeland, MI 49464.

               The criminal history for Marcus Lamond Powell; DOB 07/26/1987 includes
       but is not limited to:

                      2008, Felony, Delivery/Manufacture Marijuana, Pled Guilty
                      2009, Misdemeanor, Controlled Substance 2nd Offense, Pled
                      Guilty
                      2009, Felony, Deliver/Manufacture Marijuana, Pled Guilty
                      2009, Felony, Delivery/Manufacture Marijuana 2nd Offense, Pled
                      Guilty

               Your Affiant was able to confirm that Marcus Lamond Powell resides at
       341 State St #30 Zeeland, MI, through several Ottawa county and Zeeland City
       police reports that have him at the residence over a several month period. Your
       Affiant has also received information from several other informants that Marcus
       Lamond Powell resides at this residence.



       The district court approved the search warrant, and the warrant was executed, resulting in
the recovery of 54.61 grams of cocaine, marijuana, drug paraphernalia, and $2,612 in cash.
Defendant admitted that he was selling cocaine for $100 a gram.

        Defendant moved to suppress the seized evidence in the circuit court. He contended that
the officer’s affidavit in support of the warrant request lacked any indicia of probable cause and
that any belief that the warrant was valid was unreasonable, thereby precluding application of the
good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. Defendant maintained that there were no averments
concerning the credibility or reliability of the unnamed tipster and confidential informant who
purchased the cocaine or whether the affiant had any personal knowledge relative to the two
purchases. Defendant also raised an argument concerning the accuracy of the affidavit with respect
to whether defendant actually lived or resided at the address that was searched and whether the
affiant officer intentionally withheld information of another address for defendant. The prosecutor
argued that the affidavit supported a finding of probable cause. But in the alternative, the


                                               -2-
prosecution maintained that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule would apply and thus
suppression of the evidence was not warranted.

        At the suppression hearing, the affiant officer testified about the two controlled purchases
of cocaine from defendant that occurred on January 12 and 16, 2017. The officer asserted that “we
were surveilling him the entire time.” With respect to the first buy, the officer testified that he was
“personally present” for “all of that.” In regard to the second purchase, the affiant officer testified,
“I, again, was present during the entire situation.” Unfortunately, the officer did not include this
information in his affidavit in support of the warrant application. There was no testimony
countering the officer’s assertions.

         The circuit court determined that the search warrant should never have been issued because
the supporting affidavit “absolutely” lacked a showing of probable cause. But the circuit court,
while calling it a “close case,” ruled that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applied.
Therefore, the court denied the motion to suppress the evidence. And at the subsequent bench
trial, the circuit court found defendant guilty of possession with intent to deliver more than 50
grams but less than 450 grams of cocaine. This appeal ensued.

        On appeal, defendant argues that the circuit court erred by denying the motion to suppress
the evidence because the search warrant was issued without a showing of probable cause and
because the good-faith exception was inapplicable considering that the affidavit was so lacking in
probable cause that no reasonable officer would have in good faith relied upon it to conduct the
search.

        A trial court's factual findings at a suppression hearing are reviewed for clear error. People
v Williams, 472 Mich 308, 313; 696 NW2d 636 (2005). “Clear error exists when the reviewing
court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made.” People v Hornsby, 251
Mich App 462, 466; 650 NW2d 700 (2002). “But the application of constitutional standards
regarding searches and seizures to essentially uncontested facts is entitled to less deference; for
this reason, we review de novo the trial court's ultimate ruling on the motion to suppress.”
Williams, 472 Mich at 313.

       “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” US Const, Am IV. 1 At the very heart of the
Fourth Amendment is the right of a person to retreat into his or her own home and there be free
from unreasonable intrusions by the government. Payton v New York, 445 US 573, 589-590; 100
S Ct 1371; 63 L Ed 2d 639 (1980). “In general, a search or seizure within a home or its curtilage




1
  “The person, houses, papers and possessions of every person shall be secure from unreasonable
searches and seizures. No warrant to search any place or to seize any person or things shall issue
without describing them, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.” Const
1963, art 1, § 11.

                                                  -3-
without a warrant is per se an unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment.” People v
Frederick, 500 Mich 228, 234; 895 NW2d 541 (2017).

        “A magistrate shall only issue a search warrant when he or she finds that there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” People v
Franklin, 500 Mich 92, 101; 894 NW2d 561 (2017). “Generally, in order for a search executed
pursuant to a warrant to be valid, the warrant must be based on probable cause.” People v
Hellstrom, 264 Mich App 187, 192; 690 NW2d 293 (2004). “Probable cause sufficient to support
issuing a search warrant exists when all the facts and circumstances would lead a reasonable person
to believe that the evidence of a crime or the contraband sought is in the place requested to be
searched.” People v Ulman, 244 Mich App 500, 509; 625 NW2d 429 (2001) (quotation marks
omitted). “When probable cause is averred in an affidavit, the affidavit must contain facts within
the knowledge of the affiant rather than mere conclusions or beliefs.” Id. The affidavit in support
of a warrant request must be read in a common-sense and realistic manner. People v Russo, 439
Mich 584, 603; 487 NW2d 698 (1992). MCL 780.653 provides:

               The judge or district court magistrate's finding of reasonable or probable
       cause shall be based upon all the facts related within the affidavit made before him
       or her. The affidavit may be based upon information supplied to the complainant
       by a named or unnamed person if the affidavit contains 1 of the following:

                                               ***

                (b) If the person is unnamed, affirmative allegations from which the judge
       or district magistrate may conclude that the person spoke with personal knowledge
       of the information and either that the unnamed person is credible or that the
       information is reliable.

       Here, the circuit court found that the officer’s affidavit did not establish probable cause to
issue the search warrant. That determination has not been challenged by the prosecution;
consequently, it stands. We thus turn to the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. In
People v Goldston, 470 Mich 523, 525-526; 682 NW2d 479 (2004), our Supreme Court held:

               In this case, we must determine whether to recognize a “good-faith”
       exception to the exclusionary rule. In United States v Leon, 468 US 897; 104 S Ct
       3405; 82 L Ed 2d 677 (1984), the United States Supreme Court interpreted US
       Const, Am IV and adopted a good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule as a
       remedy for unreasonable searches and seizures. Under Leon, the exclusionary rule
       does not bar the admission of evidence seized in reasonable, good-faith reliance on
       a search warrant ultimately found to have been defective. The exclusionary rule in
       Michigan is a judicially created remedy that is not based on the text of our
       constitutional search and seizure provision, Const 1963, art 1, § 11. Indeed, records
       of the 1961 Constitutional Convention evidence an intent on behalf of the people
       of Michigan to retreat from the judge-made exclusionary rule consistent with the
       United States Supreme Court's interpretation of the Fourth Amendment in Leon.
       We therefore adopt the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule in Michigan.
       The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter police misconduct. That purpose

                                                -4-
       would not be furthered by excluding evidence that the police recovered in objective,
       good-faith reliance on a search warrant.

       In People v Czuprynski, 325 Mich App 449, 472; 926 NW2d 282 (2018), this Court
discussed the circumstances in which the good-faith exception does not apply, stating:

               Reliance on a warrant is reasonable even if the warrant is later invalidated
       for lack of probable cause, except under three circumstances: (1) if the issuing
       magistrate or judge is misled by information in the affidavit that the affiant either
       knew was false or would have known was false except for his or her reckless
       disregard of the truth; (2) if the issuing judge or magistrate wholly abandons his or
       her judicial role; or (3) if an officer relies on a warrant based on a “bare bones”
       affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its
       existence entirely unreasonable.

The third situation—where an officer relied on a warrant based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia
of probable cause that the officer’s reliance upon it was entirely unreasonable—serves as the basis
of defendant’s argument in this case.

        A search pursuant to a warrant rarely requires deep inquiry into reasonableness because a
warrant issued by a magistrate normally suffices to establish that a police officer acted in good
faith in executing a search. Leon, 468 US at 922. That said, an “officer's reliance on the
magistrate's probable-cause determination and on the technical sufficiency of the warrant he issues
must be objectively reasonable[.]” Id.

        In this case, we have facts establishing a poorly drafted affidavit, not a search warrant
procured in bad faith. As established at the evidentiary hearing on the motion to suppress, although
the affiant officer submitted the affidavit knowing that he had personally observed the controlled
purchases of cocaine, he failed to clearly articulate that point in the affidavit. The officer plainly
would not have viewed his affidavit as so lacking in indicia of probable cause that his belief in the
existence of probable cause was rendered unreasonable. The officer had personal knowledge
regarding the controlled buys, and he personally knew that the unnamed purchaser was credible
and that the information was reliable because the officer surveilled the transactions. See MCL
780.653.

       In United States v Williams, 181 F Supp 2d 267, 276-277 (SD NY, 2001), the federal court
addressed a somewhat similar situation, ruling as follows:

               Given the availability of the good faith exception, the November 1, 2001
       hearing provided Det. Tallant with an opportunity to fill in many of the gaps that
       led us to conclude that the warrant was facially defective. . . . Det. Tallant was
       entirely credible throughout his testimony, and no other witnesses were called.
       Once the Court received an accurate picture of what Det. Tallant knew when he
       swore to the Tallant affidavit and searched the Rippey Street apartments, we were
       convinced that, had Det. Tallant included in the affidavit all the information he
       actually knew at the time, we would have found that the ensuing warrant was, in


                                                 -5-
       fact, supported by probable cause. In short, we find that while the affidavit was
       poorly drafted, the ensuing search was conducted in good faith.

       Moreover, in People v Frazier, 478 Mich 231, 250; 733 NW2d 713 (2007), our Supreme
Court, quoting the United States Supreme Court in Michigan v Tucker, 417 US 433, 447; 94 S Ct
2357; 41 L Ed 2d 182 (1974), stated:

               “The deterrent purpose of the exclusionary rule necessarily assumes that the
       police have engaged in willful, or at the very least negligent, conduct which has
       deprived the defendant of some right. By refusing to admit evidence gained as a
       result of such conduct, the courts hope to instill in those particular investigating
       officers, or in their future counterparts, a greater degree of care toward the rights of
       an accused. Where the official action was pursued in complete good faith, however,
       the deterrence rationale loses much of its force.”

        “This Court has previously opined that application of the exclusionary rule is inappropriate
in the absence of governmental misconduct.” Frazier, 478 Mich at 250. Here, there was no
governmental misconduct, and no purpose would be served by suppressing the evidence.
Defendant was not deprived of any rights. Reversal is unwarranted.2

         We do find it necessary to respond to our concurring colleague. The concurrence argues
that we are improperly engaging in a subjective analysis focused on the officer’s personal
knowledge instead of employing the required objective analysis. We conclude that the
concurrence does not consider our analysis in the proper context. Moreover, we believe that the
analysis by the concurrence with respect to invoking the good-faith exception to the exclusionary
rule is somewhat problematic.

        As noted earlier, when a search warrant is supported by an affidavit, the affidavit must
contain facts that are within the knowledge of the affiant and not mere beliefs and conclusions,
and personal knowledge can be inferred from the surrounding facts. People v James, __ Mich App
__, __; __ NW2d __ (2019); slip op at 6; People v Martin, 271 Mich App 280, 298; 721 NW2d
815 (2006); Ulman, 244 Mich App at 509. Our discussion of the officer’s personal knowledge is
for the simple and straightforward purpose to show that had the officer included in his affidavit all
of the facts within his personal knowledge, as gleaned by his uncontradicted testimony at the
suppression hearing, the affidavit undoubtedly would have established probable cause on objective
examination. Because of those circumstances, it is clear that the officer, while omitting other facts
of which he was aware in the drafting of his affidavit, was acting in good faith. Although not
binding precedent, the facts and the analysis of the good-faith exception in Williams, 181 F Supp
2d 267, are directly on point.




2
  To the extent that defendant renews his argument about his correct address, we find the issue to
be a red herring because the affidavit showed the address where defendant was selling cocaine and
there was no need to establish that the address was defendant’s actual residence or home.

                                                 -6-
The subjective-objective dichotomy discussed by the concurrence has no relevance to our
particular discussion of the officer’s personal knowledge of facts supportive of an affidavit. We
respectfully disagree with the concurrence’s contention that we have offended the principles set
forth in Leon. In Leon, 468 US at 923 n 23, the United States Supreme Court stated:

               [W]e . . . eschew inquiries into the subjective beliefs of law enforcement
       officers who seize evidence pursuant to a subsequently invalidated warrant.
       Although we have suggested that, on occasion, the motive with which the officer
       conducts an illegal search may have some relevance in determining the propriety
       of applying the exclusionary rule, we believe that sending state and federal courts
       on an expedition into the minds of police officers would produce a grave and
       fruitless misallocation of judicial resources. Accordingly, our good-faith inquiry is
       confined to the objectively ascertainable question whether a reasonably well-
       trained officer would have known that the search was illegal despite the magistrate's
       authorization. In making this determination, all of the circumstances—including
       whether the warrant application had previously been rejected by a different
       magistrate—may be considered. [Quotation marks and citations omitted.]

        Our discussion of the officer’s personal knowledge pertained to his knowledge of facts that
could and should have been included in his affidavit and had nothing to do with the officer’s
subjective beliefs and motives. A reasonably well-trained officer would not have known or
concluded that the search was illegal on the basis of the facts that the officer here had in his
possession when his affidavit was presented to the district court.

       The concurrence finds that the good-faith exception applies because the “affidavit
contained unsubstantiated allegations that defendant lived at the home for which the warrant was
sought, and that two controlled buys occurred there.” The concurrence then states that it “cannot
conclude that a reasonably trained officer would have believed the averments so deficient as to
render unreasonable a belief that probable cause existed for the search.”

        The affidavit at issue referred to an anonymous tip and buys by a confidential informant,
absent any affirmative allegations from which the district court could conclude that these unnamed
persons were credible or that the information was reliable. Thus, there was a failure to comply
with MCL 780.653(b).3 We would hope, therefore, that a reasonably trained officer would have
found the affidavit deficient such that it would be unreasonable to believe that probable cause
existed. Indeed, the concurrence voices agreement with the trial court’s assessment that the
officer’s affidavit “absolutely [did] not establish the necessary probable cause to issue the search


3
  We do recognize that in People v Hawkins, 468 Mich 488, 513; 668 NW2d 602 (2003), our
Supreme Court held that it could not “conclude, on the basis of the plain language of MCL 780.653,
that the Legislature intended that noncompliance with its terms should result in suppression of
evidence obtained by police acting in reasonable and good-faith reliance on a search warrant.” In
our view, this holding does not necessarily undermine our concern with the concurrence’s
proposition that an officer acts in good-faith reliance on a search warrant when the underlying
affidavit is blatantly defective under MCL 780.653.

                                                -7-
warrant.” (Emphasis added.) We fail to see how the concurrence can reconcile this conclusion
with its determination that a reasonably trained officer would have a belief to the contrary.

       We affirm.

                                                         /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                         /s/ Michael J. Kelly




                                             -8-
