                                 Juan Carlos PEREZ, Petitioner-Appellant,

                                                      v.
                          UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee.

                                               No. 00-14780.

                                      United States Court of Appeals,
                                              Eleventh Circuit.

                                               April 30, 2001.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 98-00656-CV-T-25C),
Henry Lee Adams, Jr., Judge.

Before HULL, RONEY and GOODWIN*, Circuit Judges.

        HULL, Circuit Judge:

        Defendant Juan Carlos Perez appeals the district court's denial of his motion to vacate his sentence
under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Perez's § 2255 motion alleges that the district court lacked jurisdiction to enhance

his sentence based on his prior conviction because the government failed to file a timely information, as
required by 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1). After review and oral argument, we affirm.

                                               I. Background
        On September 1, 1993, Perez was indicted for conspiracy to distribute 100 kilograms or more of
marijuana, and for possession with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or more of marijuana, in violation of
21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1). On November 15, 1993 the government filed a § 851(a)(1) information with

the district court stating its intention to seek an enhanced sentence based on a prior conviction ("Original
Information"). The Original Information was filed shortly after Perez was indicted and well before entry of
his guilty plea.

        The Original Information stated that "[o]n or about February 18, 1992, the defendant was convicted

of distribution of cocaine, contrary to the laws and statutes of the State of Florida, Florida Statute Section

93.13." This Original Information correctly listed Perez's prior conviction as being a cocaine conviction in
Florida. The Original Information also correctly listed the month and day of that drug conviction, but

contained a mistake in the last digit of the year of the conviction. Perez was convicted on February 18, 1991

rather than on February 18, 1992, as stated in the Original Information. On April 18, 1994, the government



    *
     Honorable Alfred T. Goodwin, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
mailed to Perez's counsel an amended information ("Amended Information"), which included the correct year

of his prior conviction.

        On April 25, 1994, Perez entered guilty pleas to both counts of the indictment. It is clear from the

district court's plea colloquy with Perez on April 25, 1994 that Perez understood exactly the prior drug

conviction to which both the Original and the Amended Information referred. See April 25, 1994 Transcript

at 14-18. Additionally, the district court explained to Perez that "[t]he government has filed a notice of
enhancement of those penalties based on what's alleged to be the fact that you were previously convicted of

a felony offense." Id. at 15. Perez responded by arguing that he had already "paid for that crime twice." Id.

        On July 12, 1994, Perez had a sentencing hearing. It is undisputed that Perez's counsel received the

Amended Information prior to that sentencing hearing. In fact, on June 21, 1994, Perez filed a response to

government's Amended Information, stating that "the Government alleges that the defendant was convicted

of distribution of cocaine on or about February 18, 1991 in the State of Florida." Thus, Perez's own pleading
evidences that he was on notice of the correct date of the drug conviction on which the government was
relying to enhance his sentence.1
        Although both Perez and his counsel acknowledged notice and receipt of the Amended Information
prior to the pronouncement of sentence on July 12, 1994, the government did not actually file the Amended

Information with the court until December 23, 1994.

                                               II. Discussion
         To obtain a sentencing enhancement based on a defendant's prior conviction, the government must
comply with the notice requirements in 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1).2 Section 851(a)(1) provides that an
information including the prior conviction relied upon for enhancement must be filed before trial or entry of

a guilty plea, and that clerical mistakes in the information may be amended prior to pronouncement of the

sentence, as follows:
        No person who stands convicted of an offense under this part shall be sentenced to increased
        punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions, unless before trial, or before entry of a plea


    1
     At his sentencing hearing, Perez argued that the prior state court drug offense referred to in the
Amended Information did not qualify as a prior "conviction" for enhancement purposes because Perez
had entered a nolo contendere plea in that case and the state court had withheld adjudication and placed
Perez on probation. See July 12, 1994 Sentencing Transcript at 6-8. Perez's objection was overruled by
the district court and is not at issue in this appeal. Id. at 18.
    2
    Both parties concede that we should review de novo whether the district court had jurisdiction to
enhance Perez's sentence. See Harris v. United States, 149 F.3d 1304, 1306 (11th Cir.1998).
        of guilty, the United States attorney files an information with the court (and serves a copy of such
        information on the person or counsel for the person) stating in writing the previous convictions to
        be relied upon.... Clerical mistakes in the information may be amended at any time prior to the
        pronouncement of sentence.

21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1).
         This Circuit generally has required strict compliance with the filing and service specifications of §

851(a)(1). For example, in United States v. Noland, 495 F.2d 529 (5th Cir.1974), the former Fifth Circuit

determined that § 851(a)(1) was not satisfied when the government filed an information one day after

sentencing.3 The Court held that, even though the defendant admitted his prior conviction and knew his
sentence could be enhanced based on his prior conviction, "[t]he Government's argument that [the defendant]
was not surprised by the enhanced sentence carries no weight in the face of the plain words of the statute."

Id. at 533. "[T]he statute prohibits an enhanced sentence unless the Government seeks it and requires that

to obtain enhancement, the Government must file an information prior to trial." Id.

        Similarly, in Harris v. United States, 149 F.3d 1304 (11th Cir.1998), this Court found that §

851(a)(1)'s requirements were not met by the government's orally informing the court and the defendant that

it intended to file an information based on a prior conviction, when the government did not actually file the

information until shortly after the defendant pled guilty. Id. at 1305-07. "[E]ven where a defendant receives

actual notice that the government intends to rely on a previous conviction to enhance his sentence, the district

court lacks jurisdiction to impose an enhanced sentence until the government files an information as required

under § 851." Id. at 1307 (emphasis in original).

        There is one decision that acknowledges this Court's standard of strict compliance with the filing

requirements of § 851(a)(1) but concludes that "the government complied with the mandatory requirements

of section 851" even though the government did not technically filed the information with the court in time.

In United States v. Weaver, 905 F.2d 1466 (11th Cir.1990), the information was not actually filed with the

court until four days after the start of trial but was timely served on the defendant's counsel prior to trial,

never objected to by the defendant, and orally discussed with the court prior to trial. Id. at 1481. The Court

again stressed its insistence upon "strict compliance with the mandatory language of the procedural

requirements of section 851," but found that the government had complied with these requirements "[b]y

personally serving [the defendant] and his counsel with a copy of the information prior to trial, and by


    3
     The Eleventh Circuit is bound by Fifth Circuit precedent decided before October 1, 1981. Bonner v.
City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc).
advising the court orally that it was filing an information for purposes of sentence enhancement." Id.

        In addition to strict compliance with § 851(a)(1)'s filing and service requirements, this Court has also

emphasized the importance of the contents of the information. In United States v. Rutherford, 175 F.3d 899

(11th Cir.1999), this Court made clear that the § 851(a)(1) information itself must provide the required notice
of the particular prior conviction on which the government relies in seeking an enhanced sentence. In

Rutherford, the Court held that a timely filed information, which did not show which convictions the

government intended to rely upon in seeking an enhancement, could not be combined with a
contemporaneously filed pleading, which specifically listed a defendant's prior convictions, to satisfy §

851(a)(1). Id. at 904. As the Court stated, "[m]ost defendants know of their own convictions. If that

knowledge alone was sufficient to trigger the enhancement procedure, no kind of notice intended by Congress

would have been provided." Id.

        Other circuits also have emphasized § 851(a)(1)'s filing and service requirements and have

underscored the importance of the information's inclusion of sufficient details such as to give the defendant
notice of the prior conviction relied upon by the government. Nonetheless, these circuits frequently have

determined that an information complies with the requirements of § 851(a)(1) even if it contains an error in
its contents, provided that the information serves to signal unambiguously the government's intent to seek an

enhancement based on a particular prior conviction. See, e.g., United States v. Hamilton, 208 F.3d 1165 (9th

Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 121 S.Ct. 164, 148 L.Ed.2d 111 (2000); United States v. Steen, 55 F.3d 1022

(5th Cir.1995); United States v. Gonzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d 1479 (10th Cir.1994).

        In doing so, these other circuits have distinguished between the strict filing and service requirements

in § 851(a)(1) and the precise details required to be present in an information. For instance, in Hamilton the

government filed an information which included an incorrect date of conviction. The government amended

the information in an attempt to correct the date, but again included an incorrect date. Hamilton, 208 F.3d

at 1167. Thus, in Hamilton an amended information with the correct date was never served on the defendant

or his counsel, much less filed with the court. Nonetheless, the Ninth Circuit held that the information was
sufficient under § 851(a)(1), despite the incorrect date, because it provided the defendant with the necessary

notice that the government was seeking to enhance his sentence based on a certain prior conviction. Id. at

1168-69. The court stated that "Section 851(a) should be interpreted in a manner so as to avoid elevating

form over substance." Id. at 1168 (quotation omitted). "[A]n apparent typographical mistake in a section
851(a) sentencing information that otherwise satisfies due process notice requirements does not render the

information invalid." Id. at 1169.

          Similarly, the Fifth Circuit in Steen held that an information containing errors fulfilled § 851(a)(1)'s

requirements, even though it misstated the court in which the defendant had been convicted and incorrectly

stated that one of the convictions was for delivery rather than possession of cocaine. Steen, 55 F.3d at 1025.4

The court noted that § 851(a)(1) does not "prescribe the form that such a statement must take or what data

would suffice." Id. at 1027. The court concluded that "a district court may enhance a defendant's sentence,

as long as the Government provides constitutionally sufficient notice of the previous convictions through an

information filed prior to trial." Id.

          Likewise, in Gonzalez-Lerma, the Tenth Circuit found that an information which did not contain the

correct date, specify in detail the place of conviction, or provide a case number met § 851(a)(1)'s

requirements. Gonzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d at 1485. The court noted that § 851(a)(1) "does not specify the

particular form which notice of enhancement must take." Gonzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d at 1485 (quotation

omitted). "Our inquiry must be whether the information which was filed provided [the defendant] reasonable

notice of the government's intent to rely on a particular conviction and a meaningful opportunity to be heard."

Id.
          After reviewing the decisions discussed above, we agree with the district court that it had jurisdiction

to enhance Perez's sentence for two reasons. First, we find that the government's Original Information
satisfied the requirements of § 851(a)(1). As § 851(a)(1) requires, the Original Information was timely filed

with the court and served upon Perez's counsel before the entry of Perez's guilty plea. Also as required by
§ 851(a)(1), the Original Information stated in writing the previous cocaine conviction in Florida relied upon

by the government in seeking a sentencing enhancement and contained the correct date of the conviction

except for the last digit of the year. Despite the incorrect last digit in the year of the prior conviction, the
Original Information unambiguously signaled the government's intent to rely upon a specific prior cocaine
conviction in Florida to enhance Perez's sentence. Perez does not allege any confusion as to which conviction

the government referred in the Original Information. The Original Information therefore complied with the


      4
      In Steen, the government argued that the inaccuracies in the original information were clerical errors
that it properly corrected in an amended information prior to sentencing. Steen, 55 F.3d at 1025.
However, instead of determining whether the mistakes were clerical errors capable of amendment, the
Court "assume[d], without holding" that the errors were not clerical and determined that the original,
uncorrected, information was sufficient under § 851(a)(1). Id.
due process requirements discussed in the cases above. For all of these reasons, we conclude that the

government's Original Information satisfied the requirements of § 851(a)(1).
         Alternatively, we find that the Original Information's mistake as to the year of Perez's prior

conviction was a clerical mistake, and that the government's Amended Information complied with §

851(a)(1)'s requirements for the amendment of clerical mistakes. Section 851(a)(1) provides that "[c]lerical

mistakes in the information may be amended at any time prior to the pronouncement of sentence." 21 U.S.C.
§ 851(a)(1). The Original Information's error in the last digit of Perez's prior conviction was a clerical

mistake and therefore capable of amendment under § 851(a)(1). See, e.g., United States v. King, 127 F.3d

483, 489 (6th Cir.1997) (determining that an incorrect date of prior conviction included in an information is

a clerical mistake as referenced in § 851(a)(1)). Although the government did not file its Amended

Information with the court until after Perez's sentencing, we find that, under the facts of this case, the
government complied with § 851(a)(1)'s requirements regarding the amendment of clerical mistakes. There
is no question that the Amended Information was timely served upon Perez's counsel prior to the

pronouncement of his sentence and that Perez understood before pronouncement of his sentence the specific

conviction on which the government relied. See Weaver, 905 F.2d at 1481.

         While § 851(a)(1) does expressly state that an information itself must be filed with the court, it does
not expressly state that an amendment correcting a clerical mistake in a timely-filed information must be filed
with the court. It is plausible, however, to interpret the statute as requiring that the amendment of a clerical

mistake be filed as well, and certainly, the better practice is for the government to file any amendment to an
information correcting a clerical mistake with the court prior to the pronouncement of sentence. We hold
only that, under the undisputed factual circumstances here, where the Original Information was timely filed

before the entry of Perez's guilty plea and the Amended Information correcting a single clerical mistake in
that timely-filed Original Information was served on Perez's counsel and understood by Perez prior to the

pronouncement of his sentence, the government's Amended Information fulfilled § 851(a)(1)'s requirements

regarding the correction of a clerical error in an information.5


    5
     Having found that the government satisfied the requirements of § 851(a)(1) and affirmed the district
court on this basis, we need not reach the government's argument that Perez's § 2255 motion to vacate
was untimely. Further, we disagree with Perez's contention that the district court exceeded this Court's
previous mandate in this case. This Court directed the district court to determine whether the Amended
Information was filed prior to the entry of Perez's plea, and then to "apply its factual findings to the legal
arguments." The district court acted within that mandate in making its determination that the government
complied with § 851(a)(1).
                                               III. Conclusion
        For these reasons, we affirm the district court's order, filed on August 21, 2000, denying Perez's 28
U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate his sentence.

        AFFIRMED.
