                    In The
              Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana


                  No. 06-14-00212-CR



       TERRY EUGENE GLENN, SR., Appellant

                           V.

           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee



         On Appeal from the 71st District Court
               Harrison County, Texas
              Trial Court No. 12-0455X




      Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
              Opinion by Justice Burgess
                                                 OPINION
            Terry Eugene Glenn, Sr., was convicted by a Harrison County jury of possession of a

controlled substance in an amount less than one gram1 and, after pleading “true” to two prior felony

convictions, was sentenced to fifteen years’ confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice. On appeal, Glenn asserts that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress evidence obtained through a warrantless search and in admitting a pill bottle

and cocaine because the State failed to establish a proper chain of custody as to this evidence.

Because we find (1) that the record supports the trial court’s denial of Glenn’s motion to suppress

and (2) that the trial court did not err in admitting the pill bottle and the cocaine, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

I.          There Was Probable Cause for the Warrantless Search

            In his first point of error, Glenn asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

suppress the cocaine because this evidence was seized without probable cause and without a search

warrant in violation of his rights guaranteed under the Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments

to the United States Constitution; Article 1, Sections 9, 10, 13, and 19 of the Texas Constitution;

and Articles 1.04, 1.06, and 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. He argues that the

officers detaining him2 lacked both a search warrant and probable cause to search the pill bottle

and that the plain-view doctrine did not justify the opening of the pill bottle and seizure of the

contents—the cocaine. The State argues that the pill bottle was in plain view, which justified the


1
    See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.102(3)(D), 481.115(b) (West 2010).
2
    On appeal, Glenn does not contend that his detention was unlawful.

                                                           2
investigation of its contents, and that Glenn smelled of burnt marihuana, which gave the officers

probable cause to search the contents of the pill bottle. The State also argues that Glenn failed to

produce any evidence at the suppression hearing that there was no search warrant and that as a

result, he failed to rebut the presumption that the police conduct was proper and failed to preserve

anything for appellate review.3 Finally, the State argues that Glenn failed to preserve any issue

under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, as well as any issue

under the Texas Constitution or the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, since at the suppression

hearing he only argued that the search was illegal under the Fourth Amendment to the United

States Constitution.

         A.       Glenn Preserved Only His Complaint Under the Fourth Amendment

         A motion to suppress evidence is a specialized means of objecting to the admissibility of

evidence. Galitz v. State, 617 S.W.2d 949, 952 n.10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). As such, a motion

to suppress must meet the requirements of an objection. Carroll v. State, 911 S.W.2d 210, 218

(Tex. App.—Austin 1995, no pet.); Mayfield v. State, 800 S.W.2d 932, 935 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1990, no pet.). To preserve an issue involving the admission of evidence for appellate

review, the objection must inform the trial court why, or on what basis, the evidence should be




3
 Although the State asserts that Glenn failed to preserve anything for our review, consideration of whether a defendant
carried his initial burden of proof involves an analysis of the merits of the issue. In contrast, when a defendant fails
to preserve an issue, we do not address the merits of the issue. See Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009).

                                                           3
excluded. Ford, 305 S.W.3d at 533 (citing Cohn v. State, 849 S.W.2d 817, 821 (Tex. Crim. App.

1993) (Campell, J., concurring)).4 In order to preserve his complaint for appeal,

         all a party has to do . . . is to let the trial judge know what he wants, why he thinks
         himself entitled to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge to understand him
         at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something about it.

Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). However, the objection must be

sufficiently clear that opposing counsel and the trial court have an opportunity to address or correct

the purported deficiency. Ford, 305 S.W.3d at 533. For this reason, “shotgun objections”

generally citing many grounds for the objection without argument preserve nothing for appeal.

Johnson v. State, 263 S.W.3d 287, 290 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. dism’d,

untimely filed); Webb v. State, 899 S.W.2d 814, 818 (Tex. App.—Waco 1995, pet. ref’d).

Likewise, a form motion to suppress asserting multiple grounds that are not subsequently asserted

with argument during the suppression hearing does not preserve the subsequently unasserted

grounds for appeal. See Johnson, 263 S.W.3d at 289–90; Morgan v. State, No. 05-94-01135-CR,

1996 WL 223551, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 30, 1996, pet. ref’d) (not designated for

publication).5 Also, an issue on appeal that does not comport with the objection made at trial

presents nothing for appellate review. Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999);

Wright v. State, 154 S.W.3d 235, 241 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d).



4
 See also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A) (error is preserved only when record shows that a “complaint was made to the
trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that . . . stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party
sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific
grounds were apparent from the context”).
5
 Although unpublished cases have no precedential value, we may take guidance from them “as an aid in developing
reasoning that may be employed.” Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d).
                                                             4
       In the trial court, Glenn filed a generic motion to suppress evidence alleging that “[t]he

search of Defendant was in violation of Defendant’s Constitutional rights under the Fourth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and those rights under Article 1,

Section 9, of the Texas Constitution, and Article 38.23 of the Texas Rules of Criminal Procedure.”

The motion contained no allegations of fact or arguments supporting these alleged violations.

Further, at the hearing on his motion to suppress, Glenn argued only that the evidence adduced at

the hearing was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Therefore, he preserved only his

Fourth Amendment complaint for our review. See Pena v. State, 285 S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2009) (holding that defendant waived his trial objection under due course of law provision

of Texas Constitution because he failed to present any argument to trial judge that due course of

law provision provided greater protection than federal Due Process Clause).

       B.      Standard of Review

       We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for abuse of discretion.

Vactor v. State, 181 S.W.3d 461, 464 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d); Carter v. State,

150 S.W.3d 230, 235 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.). We must affirm the trial court’s

ruling if it is correct under any theory of law applicable to the case. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d

539, 543–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Shaw v. State, 122 S.W.3d 358, 363 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2003, no pet.). We use a bifurcated standard of review that gives “‘almost total deference to a trial

court’s determination of the historical facts that the record supports[,] especially when the trial

court’s fact[-]findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.’” Amador v. State,

221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.

                                                 5
Crim. App. 1997)). This same standard “‘applies to a trial court’s determination of historical facts

when that determination is based on a videotape recording admitted into evidence at a suppression

hearing.’” Id. (quoting Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). We

afford this “same level of deference to a trial court’s ruling on ‘application of law to fact questions,’

or ‘mixed questions of law and fact,’ if the resolution of those questions turns on an evaluation of

credibility and demeanor.” Id. (citing Montanez, 195 S.W.3d at 106). However, those issues and

questions that do not turn on credibility or demeanor are reviewed de novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d

at 673; Vactor, 181 S.W.3d at 464. Further, when a trial court does not make explicit findings of

historical fact, we “‘review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and

assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact supported by the record.’” Amador, 221

S.W.3d at 673 (quoting Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).

           When a defendant alleges a Fourth Amendment6 violation, he has the burden of producing

evidence that rebuts the presumption that the police conduct was proper. State v. Robinson, 334

S.W.3d 776, 778–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 672. One means of meeting

this burden is to show that a search or seizure occurred without a warrant. Robinson, 334 S.W.3d

at 779; Russell v. State, 717 S.W.2d 7, 9 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), abrogated on other grounds by

Handy v. State, 189 S.W.3d 296 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Only when the defendant meets his

initial burden of proof does the burden shift “to the State to prove that the search or seizure was

nonetheless reasonable under the totality of the circumstances.” Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 672–73.




6
    See U.S. CONST. amend IV.
                                                   6
        C.       Glenn Met His Initial Burden of Proof

        In some cases, the State stipulates that the search or seizure was warrantless, thereby

relieving the defendant of rebutting the presumption of proper police conduct. See, e.g., Robinson,

334 S.W.3d at 779. Where there is no stipulation, as in this case, the defendant must produce some

evidence that the search or seizure was warrantless. See, e.g., Russell, 717 S.W.2d at 9–10. The

State contends that this evidence must be affirmative, direct testimony that there was no search

warrant.7     While we note that producing affirmative, direct testimony is not particularly

burdensome, nevertheless, the defendant is not required to produce direct evidence that there was

no warrant.

        In Russell, the defendant claimed the evidence of her guilt should have been suppressed

since it was the product of an illegal arrest. Id. at 8. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals set

forth the entirety of the testimony relevant to the arrest in an Appendix, consisting of the

examination of the arresting officer by the defendant’s attorney. Id. at 9 n.3, 11–13. Nowhere in

the examination did the attorney ask the officer whether he obtained or had an arrest warrant.

Thus, there was no direct, affirmative testimony of the absence of a warrant. Nevertheless, after

noting that the defendant “had the initial burden of proving that 1) a seizure occurred and 2)

without a warrant,” the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals stated that “[f]rom Officer Graves’

testimony it is obvious that no warrant was obtained.” Id. at 10. While not holding that

circumstantial evidence would be sufficient in all cases, the court strongly intimated that we should



7
 The State suggests that the defendant must directly question the police officer about a warrant by asking whether
there was a warrant and/or whether the challenged evidence was obtained as the result of a warrant.
                                                        7
not ignore testimony that leads to an obvious conclusion that no warrant was obtained. Further,

the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has indicated that a defendant can show the absence of a

warrant with something less than direct evidence. In Bishop v. State, the trial court heard the

defendant’s suppression motion on affidavits only. Bishop v. State, 85 S.W.3d 819, 820 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002). The defendant failed to state that the search was performed without a warrant

in her affidavit, but did claim that the search was warrantless in her unsworn motion to suppress.

Id. at 821. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that at least when the trial court bases its

decision solely on affidavits, the court of appeals must consider the unsworn allegation of a

warrantless search contained in the motion to suppress, as well as the affidavits, in addressing a

Fourth Amendment complaint. Id. at 822.

       Finally, at least two of our sister courts of appeals recognize that direct evidence is not

required to show the absence of a search warrant. See Richards v. State, 150 S.W.3d 762, 767

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d) (en banc); Gonzalez v. State, No. 01-95-01571-

CR, 1997 WL 149517, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 20, 1997, pet. ref’d) (not

designated for publication). In Richards, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals re-examined its prior

holding that direct, affirmative evidence was required to establish the absence of a warrant. Based

on the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ opinions in Russell and Bishop, the Houston Court of

Appeals held that a defendant can meet his burden of showing a warrantless arrest with

circumstantial evidence, overruling its prior cases to the extent they held to the contrary. Richards,

150 S.W.3d at 767, overruling Telshow v. State, 964 S.W.2d 303, 307 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1998, no pet.); White v. State, 871 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1994,

                                                  8
no pet.); and Highwarden v. State, 846 S.W.2d 479, 481 & n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1993), pet. dism’d, improvidently granted, 871 S.W.2d 726 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). In Gonzalez,

the First Court of Appeals rejected the State’s contention that the defendant had failed to meet his

burden of showing a warrantless arrest by failing to ask the officer whether he executed an arrest

warrant. Gonzalez, 1997 WL 149517, at *2. Rather, the court of appeals held that the officer’s

testimony that he stopped defendant’s car based entirely on information given by a wrecker driver

established that the officer did not arrest the defendant pursuant to a warrant. Id. The court also

pointed out that the State called the first witnesses at the suppression hearing, indicating the

defendant’s initial burden of proof had been met.8 Id.

         Similarly, in this case, the circumstantial evidence demonstrates that the search of the pill

bottle was performed without a search warrant. On cross-examination, Officer Jason Mobley, the

arresting officer, testified,

                Q       [By Defense Counsel] And as soon as you go to Mr. Glenn and were
         helping him on the side of the road, you took the pill bottle and his identification
         from his hand; correct?

                  A        I helped him up and took his ID and the pill bottle. That is correct.

                 Q      You took both items from his hand and you did not ask to take the
         items; did you?

8
 We have found only two courts of appeals that have held that the defendant is required to produce affirmative
evidence of the absence of a warrant before the burden of proof shifts to the State. See Woollett v. State, No. 08-99-
00224-CR, 2000 WL 1060643, at *1 (Tex. App.—El Paso Aug. 3, 2000, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication)
(holding that without evidence affirmatively showing there was no warrant, burden does not shift to State and that
“the absence of a warrant cannot be demonstrated by circumstantial testimony”); Sims v. State, 980 S.W.2d 538, 540
(Tex. App.—Beaumont 1998, no pet.) (holding defendant may not rely on circumstantial evidence to show arrest
made without warrant). However, both of these decisions relied heavily on precedent from the Houston Fourteenth
Court of Appeals. See, e.g., Telshow, 964 S.W.2d at 307, overruled by Richards, 150 S.W.3d at 767. Significantly,
the Fourteenth Court of Appeals overruled Telshow and other cases holding the absence of a warrant must be proved
by direct evidence in Richards. Richards, 150 S.W.3d at 767.
                                                          9
               A       No.

               ....

               Q      . . . . There was never a time where you asked Mr. Glenn if you could
       search inside of his pill bottle; correct?

               A       That is correct.

Following this exchange between Glenn and Mobley, Glenn played an audio/video recording

captured by the dash board camera (dash cam) in Mobley’s patrol car. Although much of the

interaction between Glenn and the officers was not captured by the video recording, the audio

recording of the interaction is clear. Approximately one and one-half minutes after he exited his

car to assist Glenn, Officer Mobley, Glenn, another officer, and a civilian can be seen on the

recording passing in front of the car, walking slowly toward the curb. Mobley was obviously

helping Glenn walk. Forty-five seconds later, the audio recording captured Mobley asking Glenn,

“What you got in your hand right here?” Glenn responded, “Tobin’s Valium prescription.”

Approximately thirty seconds later, one of the officers commented, “It’s not his, it’s not the right

pill bottle.” The video recording shows an officer opening the pill bottle on the hood of Mobley’s

patrol car less than twenty seconds later. Thus, less than one minute elapsed between the time the

officers asked Glenn what was in his hand and the officers opening the pill bottle. After playing

the dash-cam recording, Glenn continued his cross-examination of Mobley:

               Q       What was that man doing on the hood of the vehicle of your --

               A       That was Lieutenant John Johnson.

               Q       What was he doing?

                                                10
               A       He opened the bottle.

               Q       So he open [sic] it initially; correct?

               A       Yes, sir.

               ....

               Q       Lieutenant John Johnson, not you, you did not open the pill bottle
       correct?

               A       Correct.

                Q       It was the other Officer that opened the pill bottle. . . . He opened
       the pill bottle and he didn’t ask for consent; did he?

               A       No.

Mobley’s testimony, along with the dash-cam recording, establish that the search of the pill bottle

was conducted without a warrant. Therefore, we find that Glenn met his initial burden of proof.

       D.      The Suppression Hearing

       The record of the suppression hearing shows that Mobley was responding to a call related

to a disturbance at the intersection of U.S. Highway 59 and Interstate Highway 20 in Marshall,

Texas. Mobley described the intersection as very heavily traveled, which was confirmed by the

dash-cam recording. As Mobley approached the intersection, he saw a black male, whom he later

identified as Glenn, lying in the middle of the intersection just south of the interstate bridge. He

also saw two men attempting to drag Glenn out of the intersection.

       Mobley testified that he was concerned that Glenn was impaired and that Glenn would get

run over. After blocking part of the northbound traffic with his vehicle, Officer Mobley exited the

vehicle to assist Glenn out of the roadway. He asked Glenn multiple times whether he was okay.

                                                  11
As he was talking to Glenn, Mobley smelled burnt marihuana on Glenn’s clothes. He got Glenn

to stand up, walked him to the curb, and sat him down. According to Mobley, Glenn, who was

talking, was not making a lot of sense because he rambled and stumbled over his words. Mobley

also testified that Glenn was unsteady on his feet. One of the men helping Glenn told Mobley that

Glenn had a prescription and was taking Valium, and Glenn was clutching a pill bottle in his hand.

In his other hand, Glenn had his driver’s license, which allowed Mobley to identify him.

       After Mobley assisted Glenn to the side of the road, he continued to ask him what had

happened. Glenn talked variously about running for his life, breaking up with his girlfiend, and

having worked undercover in Dallas. Mobley then asked him what was in his hand, to which

Glenn replied that it was “Tobin’s Valium prescription.” After acquiring the pill bottle from

Glenn, Mobley and Johnson determined that the label on the bottle indicated it was a prescription

for diazepam, the generic name for Valium, belonging to James Tobin. Mobley testified that at

that point, he was concerned that Glenn was in possession of a controlled substance. Johnson

opened the bottle and discovered that it contained two plastic baggies and a white rock substance,

which Mobley believed to be crack cocaine. At that time, the officers detained Glenn while

Mobley performed a field test on the substance, which tested positive for cocaine. Glenn was then

arrested for possession of a controlled substance.

       E.      There Was Probable Cause for the Search

       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects persons against

“unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. CONST. amend IV. “In general, law enforcement

personnel may not search or seize an individual absent a warrant based on probable cause.” Wright

                                                12
v. State, 7 S.W.3d 148, 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). However, the United States Supreme Court

has recognized several exceptions to the warrant requirement, including when an officer is acting

within the community caretaking function of law enforcement. See Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S.

433, 441 (1973); Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 151. Under this exception, an officer may stop and assist a

person whom a reasonable person would believe is in need of help, considering the totality of the

circumstances. Corbin v. State, 85 S.W.3d 272, 276 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Wright, 7 S.W.3d at

151. It is clear from the evidence at the suppression hearing, and Glenn does not dispute, that the

initial stop by Mobley fell within the community caretaking exception.9 When Mobley first

encountered Glenn, he was lying in the middle of a heavily traveled intersection, being dragged

by two men, endangering his life as well as the lives of those attempting to assist him.

         Nevertheless, Glenn argues that the subsequent search of the pill bottle was illegal. He

argues that since the contents of the pill bottle were not in plain view, there was no probable cause

for the search. The issue, he contends, is whether the officers had probable cause to arrest him

before the search. Assuming, without deciding, that the plain-view exception10 would not justify




9
 Under this exception, the officer must be primarily motivated by community caretaking concerns and must reasonably
believe the defendant is in need of help based on

         four non-exclusive factors: (1) the nature and level of the distress exhibited by the individual; (2) the
         location of the individual; (3) whether or not the individual was alone and/or had access to assistance
         other than that offered by the officer; and 4) to what extent the individual, if not assisted, presented
         a danger to himself or others.

Corbin, 85 S.W.3d at 277 (citing Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 152).
10
  The plain view exception allows the seizure of an object if (1) the officer is lawfully where the object is in plain
view, (2) the incriminating character of the object is immediately apparent to the officer, and (3) the officer has a right
to access the object. Keehn v. State, 279 S.W.3d 330, 334 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
                                                           13
the search of the pill bottle, we find that the officers had probable cause to arrest Glenn before they

searched the pill bottle.

        Unless one of the exceptions applies, a warrantless search of a person is presumptively

unreasonable. Brimage v. State, 918 S.W.2d 466, 500 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (plurality op.) (op.

on reh’g); Vactor, 181 S.W.3d at 466; Hitchcock v. State, 118 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2003, pet. ref’d). Probable cause justifying an arrest exists when “at that moment, facts

and circumstances within the knowledge of the arresting officer, and of which he has reasonably

trustworthy information, would warrant a reasonably prudent person in believing that a particular

person has committed or is committing a crime.” State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 892 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1999). If the officer has probable cause for an arrest, he may search the person as a

search incident to an arrest. See Vactor, 181 S.W.3d at 467. Further, if the officer has probable

cause to arrest before performing the search, whether the arrest occurs before or immediately after

the search is irrelevant. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d at 892 (citing Williams v. State 726 S.W.2d 99, 101

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (citing Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98 (1980))).

        Often an encounter that begins as an attempt to render aid, or to determine if aid is needed,

rapidly produces information that justifies a further investigation, search, and arrest. For instance,

in Wright, the officer initially stopped an automobile to make sure its passenger, who was leaning

out of the moving vehicle and vomiting, was not being assaulted or whether he needed medical

attention. Wright, 7 S.W.3d at 150. As he approached the vehicle, the officer smelled marihuana

and alcohol, then observed a partially smoked marihuana cigarette on the console. Id. The Texas

Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the smell of marihuana, coupled with other circumstances,

                                                  14
can justify the warrantless entry into a residence to investigate. Parker v. State, 206 S.W.3d 593,

600 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 609–10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

In addition, the odor of marihuana provides probable cause to search a defendant’s person. Ross

v. State, 486 S.W.2d 327, 328 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972), overruled on other grounds by Walter v.

State, 359 S.W.3d 212 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Small v. State, 977 S.W.2d 771, 774 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 1998, no pet.); Hitchcock, 118 S.W.3d at 851; Hernandez v. State, 867 S.W.2d 900,

907 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1993, no pet.). In this case, not only did Glenn smell of burnt

marihuana, there were other facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe

Glenn had committed, or was committing, a crime.

         The evidence at the suppression hearing showed that when first encountered, Glenn was

lying in the middle of a busy intersection, unable to stand or walk without assistance. He was

disoriented, mumbled, and stumbled over his words. When asked what had happened to him, he

began rambling about different, seemingly unconnected topics, none of which explained his

condition. As Mobley talked with Glenn, he noticed that his clothes smelled of burnt marihuana.

Then, when asked about the pill bottle in his hand, Glenn admitted that it was someone else’s

diazepam prescription. As a controlled substance, it is illegal to possess diazepam without a valid

prescription.11 The search of the pill bottle occurred only after Glenn admitted that he was


11
  See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.104(a)(2) (West Supp. 2014), § 481.117(a) (West 2010). Although
Glenn argued at the suppression hearing that he was legally in possession of the prescription because he told the
officers that he takes care of patients, as the trial court noted, although this might be relevant to his defense, it is not
relevant to whether the officers had probable cause to search the bottle. See Sandefer v. State, Nos. 12-04-00013-CR,
12-04-00014-CR, 12-04-00015-CR, 12-04-00016-CR, 2005 WL 1903314, *3 (Tex. App.—Tyler Aug. 10, 2005, no
pets.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that when determining whether probable cause to search
existed at time of search, “the question of whether the defendant has a viable defense does not arise at this stage”); see
also Rangel v. State, No. 11-10-00038-CR, 2012 WL 314058, at *3 (Tex. App.—Eastland Jan. 26, 2012, pet. ref’d)
                                                            15
knowingly in possession of diazepam without a valid prescription. Immediately upon discovering

the contents, the officers detained Glenn, confirmed that the contents tested positive for cocaine,

and arrested Glenn. Under these facts, the trial court reasonably could have concluded that the

officers had probable cause to arrest Glenn for possession of a controlled substance and determined

that the search was a valid search incident to an arrest. Therefore, we overrule this point of error.

II.      The Trial Court Did Not Err in Admitting the Pill Bottle and Cocaine

         In his second point of error, Glenn asserts that the trial court erred in admitting the pill

bottle and cocaine into evidence in the absence of a proper chain of custody. Glenn argues that

Mobley made contradictory statements regarding what he did with the evidence and that there is a

question surrounding his initial booking of Glenn for possession of a controlled substance

weighing four grams to 200 grams. The State argues that the beginning and end of the chain of

custody was proven, that there is no evidence of tampering or alteration, and that Mobley explained

his booking error as a mistake. It also argues that while theoretical gaps in the chain of custody

and evidence of a possibility of tampering or commingling may affect the weight of the evidence,

they do not bar its admissibility. We agree.

         “Proof of the beginning and end of a chain of custody will support the admission of the

evidence in the absence of any evidence of tampering or alteration.” Dossett v. State, 216 S.W.3d

7, 17 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d) (citing Stoker v. State, 788 S.W.2d 1, 10 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1989), disapproved of on other grounds by Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713 (Tex. Crim.




(mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding “[a] police officer need not anticipate a possible and apparently
speculative defense that may be raised at trial when determining whether he has probable cause to arrest a person”).
                                                         16
App. 1998); Garcia v. State, 537 S.W.2d 930, 934 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976); Penley v. State,

2 S.W.3d 534, 537 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d)). Without affirmative evidence of

tampering or commingling, gaps in the chain of custody, whether real or theoretical, will not affect

the admissibility of the evidence. Id.; see Penley v. State, 2 S.W.3d 534, 537 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d). Further, the defendant has the burden to produce affirmative evidence

of tampering or commingling. Dossett, 216 S.W.3d at 17; Stoker v. State, 788 S.W.2d 1, 10 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1989), disapproved of on other grounds by Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1998). While a showing of a possibility of tampering or commingling may affect the weight

given to the evidence, it will not bar the admission of the evidence. Dossett, 216 S.W.3d at 17.

       Glenn points to no affirmative proof of tampering, commingling, or alteration. Rather, he

only states that a question is raised because Mobley originally booked him for possession of a

controlled substance in an amount of four grams to 200 grams while the laboratory report showed

the weight to be less than one gram. Mobley explained that when he booked Glenn, he mistakenly

wrote down the wrong degree of the offense. At best, this evidence may show a possibility, or

question, of alteration or tampering. As such, it does not affect the admissibility of the evidence.

Thus, proof of the beginning and end of the chain of custody will support admission of the

evidence.

       At trial, the State showed that Mobley took the pill bottle and cocaine from Glenn and,

after field testing, gave it to a detective so it could be sent to a laboratory for testing. At trial,

Mobley positively identified the bottle and cocaine as the same items he had taken from Glenn. In



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addition, he identified photographs of the bottle and its contents as photographs he had taken the

evening of the arrest.

       Officer Scott Beck, who was responsible for all the evidence going through the Marshall

Police Department at the time, identified this same bottle and cocaine as the evidence seized by

Mobley. He testified that he had taken it to the laboratory in Tyler to have it analyzed and that he

picked it up when the analysis was finished. According to Beck, upon returning from Tyler, he

placed the evidence in the evidence locker where it remained until it was brought to court. Beck

also testified that it had not been altered or tampered with in any way. He identified the seal on

the envelope containing the pill bottle and cocaine as an inventory seal placed on the envelope

after confirming it was the same pill bottle and cocaine that was originally placed in the envelope.

       Eloisa Esparza, a forensic scientist at the Texas Department of Public Safety Crime

Laboratory in Tyler, identified the envelope containing the pill bottle and cocaine as the same

envelope that contained the pill bottle and cocaine received by her. She identified the blue sticker

and unique identification number placed on the envelope by the Tyler laboratory. She testified

that the envelope was sealed when she received it and that she placed it in a secure, limited-access

vault. The envelope was removed from the vault and opened to analyze the contents, the contents

were then placed back in the envelope, and the envelope was resealed and placed back into the

vault, where it remained until it was returned to the Marshall Police Department.

       Based on the foregoing testimony, we find there is sufficient proof of the chain of custody.

We note that the testimony is not as clear as it might have been and that there may be a gap between

Mobley turning over the pill bottle and its contents to the unidentified detective and its receipt by

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Beck.12 However, this gap, or theoretical gap, only goes to the weight of the evidence and does

not affect the admissibility of the bottle and cocaine in the absence of evidence of tampering or

commingling. The jury had the pill bottle and its contents, as well as the photographs taken by

Mobley on the evening of the arrest, and was able to compare the same to verify the accuracy of

the State’s evidence. We overrule this point of error.

         Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.




                                                        Ralph K. Burgess
                                                        Justice

Date Submitted:             June 22, 2015
Date Decided:               September 4, 2015

Publish




12
  The identity of this unnamed detective is unknown. It might be Johnson, as Glenn claims, it might be Beck, or it
might be a third, unnamed, officer. It is also unclear when Mobley delivered the pill bottle and cocaine to the detective,
whether at the scene or at the police station after booking Glenn. Glenn did not question Mobley at trial regarding
this detective’s identity or the timing of the delivery to the detective.
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