      TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN


                                       NO. 03-12-00147-CV



                                     Angel Nuyen, Appellant

                                                  v.

                Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Appellee


      FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY, 146TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
           NO. 248,916-B, HONORABLE RICK MORRIS, JUDGE PRESIDING



                             MEMORANDUM OPINION


               Angel Nuyen appeals from a final order terminating her parental rights to her infant

child, E.N. On appeal, Nuyen asserts that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support

termination. We will affirm the termination order.


                                         BACKGROUND

               Nuyen gave birth to E.N. on March 10, 2011. Four days later, the Texas Department

of Family and Protective Services (the Department) filed a petition seeking to terminate her parental

rights, along with those of two alternative alleged fathers, Justin Ellebracht and Eric M’Sadoques.1

At the time of E.N.’s birth, three other children of Nuyen had already been removed by the




       1
          After paternity testing determined Ellebracht to be the child’s biological father, the
Department dismissed its claim against M’Sadoques. Ellebracht ultimately executed an affidavit of
voluntary relinquishment of parental rights, and his rights are not at issue on appeal.
Department upon findings of “reason to believe” that she had sexually abused one of the children

and neglectfully supervised all three.

                In its original petition, the Department asserted that Nuyen committed a number of

acts or omissions warranting termination of the parent-child relationship. At trial, the Department

proceeded on two theories, arguing that Nuyen had (1) “constructively abandoned the child who has

been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of [the Department] for not less than

six months, and, (i) [the Department] has made reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent;

(ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and (iii) the

parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment,” see Tex. Fam.

Code Ann. § 161.001(1)(N) (West Supp. 2011); and (2) “failed to comply with the provisions of a

court order that specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of

the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of [the Department]

for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent under chapter 262 for

the abuse or neglect of the child,” see id. § 161.001(1)(O) (West Supp. 2011).

                A bench trial was held before associate judge Charles Van Orden. See id. § 201.005

(West 2008) (governing referral of cases to associate judges). We will detail the evidence presented

at trial as it becomes relevant to our analysis of Nuyen’s appellate issues. At the conclusion of

evidence, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that the Department had established

both grounds and that termination would be in E.N.’s best interest. The trial court issued a proposed

order terminating Nuyen’s parental rights. The district court adopted the trial court’s proposal, and

signed a final order terminating Nuyen’s parental rights and naming the Department as E.N.’s sole

managing conservator. This appeal followed.

                                                   2
                                            ANALYSIS

               In her sole issue, Nuyen asserts that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient

to support the trial court’s findings underlying its termination order.2


Standard and scope of review

               A court may terminate parental rights based on findings by clear and convincing

evidence that (1) any of several alternate statutory bases for termination exist; and (2) that

termination is in the best interest of the child. See id. § 161.001; Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367,

370-72 (Tex. 1976). Clear and convincing evidence is that “measure or degree of proof that will

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations

sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2008).

               In a legal sufficiency review of a finding terminating parental rights, an appellate

court reviews all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether

a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.

In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). To give appropriate deference to the factfinder’s

conclusions and the role of a court conducting a legal sufficiency review, a reviewing court must

assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder

could do so. Id. An appellate court disregards all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have

disbelieved or found to have been incredible. Id.



       2
           In her brief, Nuyen also complains of two asserted “procedural errors which did not
affect the termination of Appellant’s parental rights,” but these are merely “noted, and not argued.”
As Nuyen has not presented argument in support of these complaints, we will not address them. See
Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i).

                                                  3
                In a factual sufficiency review of a finding terminating parental rights, the inquiry is

whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about

the truth of the State’s allegations. Id. A reviewing court must give due consideration to evidence

that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. Id. A reviewing court

should consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not

have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. Id. If, in light of the entire record, the

disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so

significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the

evidence is factually insufficient. Id.


Termination grounds

                As previously noted, the trial court found that two statutory grounds for termination

were established by clear and convincing evidence. First, it found that Nuyen constructively

abandoned E.N. under section 161.001(1)(N). Second, the court found that Nuyen had failed to

comply with the provisions of her court-ordered service plan under section 161.001(1)(O). When

termination is based on multiple grounds under section 161.001(1), as it was here, we must affirm

the termination order if the evidence is sufficient to support any one of the grounds found by

the district court. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). Because the court’s findings

regarding constructive abandonment are dispositive, we confine our analysis to the evidence material

to that statutory ground. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

                In order to prove constructive abandonment, the Department must establish by clear

and convincing evidence that (1) it had a permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the


                                                   4
child for at least six months; (2) it made reasonable efforts to return the child to Nuyen; (3) Nuyen

did not regularly visit or maintain significant contact with the child; and (4) Nuyen demonstrated

an inability to provide the child with a safe environment. Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 161.001(1)(N);

In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 505 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.). Nuyen does not

dispute the first element. She contends, however, that the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the three remaining elements. We disagree.


        “Reasonable efforts”

                Nuyen argues that the Department presented legally and factually insufficient

evidence to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the Department made reasonable efforts

to return E.N. “other than preparation of a service plan; several unanswered phone calls; one day trip

to Rusk, and one or two courtesy visits.” However, “[t]he State’s preparation and administration of

a service plan for the parent constitutes evidence that the State made reasonable efforts to return the

child to the parent.” In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d at 505.

                Nuyen’s service plan, which was in evidence, required her to “provide and maintain

a safe, clean and appropriate home . . . free of any health hazards throughout the case,” “to allow

announced or unannounced home visits by the Department,” to pay child support if ordered by the

court, and “[i]f not court-ordered . . . to assist in supporting his [sic] children” in ways “not limited

to monetary assistance.” Nuyen was also required to “participate in supervised visits with [E.N.],”

and to “call the worker, as applicable, 24 hours in advance if she cannot come to a visit.” Her plan

warned that “[v]isitation will be reassessed if there are multiple absences.” Nuyen was also required

to “contact the caseworker by phone, letter or email every two weeks about her status.”


                                                   5
               The Department’s sole witness, Cathy Rothas, a conservatorship worker, testified that

Nuyen had failed to complete the service plan. Rothas believed, and Nuyen’s testimony confirmed,

that Nuyen was aware of the Department’s intention to “seek termination and allow the child

to be adopted” if she did not comply with her service plan. According to Rothas, Nuyen never

called her during the eight months that Rothas served as her caseworker, and only once initiated

communication to set up a visit. Rothas claimed that her sole contact with Nuyen came during her

visits with E.N., and “other than that, with the exception of one day when she returned several texts.

No contact.”

               Rothas asserted that Nuyen had not satisfied the visitation requirements of her service

plan. Over a period of eleven months, Rothas claimed that Nuyen visited E.N. five times for a total

of approximately eight hours. Two of the visits occurred during Nuyen’s scheduled court hearings

on April 28, 2011 and July 21, 2011. Nuyen visited E.N. twice at the CPS office on May 27, 2011

and June 3, 2011, and “was a no show” for another scheduled visit in August. Nuyen told Rothas

that she missed the appointment because “her brother had a flat tire and was waiting for money.”

Her last visit was on September 21, 2011. Rothas stated that Nuyen offered no explanation as to why

she did not visit more. Rothas testified to the importance for infants to have “consistent contact”

with their caregivers for “bonding purposes primarily so that the child bonds to their caregiver and

the caregiver bonds to the child.”

               According to Rothas, in October 2011, she texted Nuyen to let her know the court was

holding a hearing regarding visitation rights. She received no response. When Nuyen did not attend,

the court postponed the hearing for one week. At the termination hearing, Nuyen claimed that she

missed the first visitation hearing “because the radiator on the Oldsmobile was cracked,” and she

                                                  6
had no way of fixing it. Nuyen acknowledged sending and receiving texts to Rothas about missing

the hearing in the morning. The Department’s attorney noted an additional text Rothas sent Nuyen

in the afternoon stating, “The judge scheduled a hearing next week at 1:30 to review visitation.”

Nuyen claimed that she never received that text. Rothas claimed that she informed Nuyen of the

rescheduled date, but Nuyen again failed to appear, prompting the court to abate her visitation rights.

                According to Rothas, she left a message for Nuyen, informing her that the court had

abated her visitation rights “until she could come to court and tell [the Judge] why she didn’t come

to court.” When Nuyen did not respond, Rothas claimed, she texted her and then sent her a letter.

Again, she claimed that she “did not hear anything.” Nuyen claimed that she was unaware of the

second hearing, that she did not have a phone, and that she could not get in contact with Rothas.

Nuyen asserted that after she learned about her abated visitation rights through her therapist, she tried

to set up a conference call with Rothas through the therapist. She claimed that she had no idea the

purpose of the hearing was to review her visitation rights. She also claimed that she tried to pass a

message to Rothas through a courtesy worker who visited her house, but never heard back from the

worker. At the time of trial, Nuyen had not seen E.N. in four and a half months.

                Nuyen admitted that she could have called Rothas more often, but explained that she

“didn’t have access to a phone all the time.” Nuyen testified that her phone was shut off multiple

times for non-payment, and then stolen by George Holcomb, her former roommate. M’Sadoques

claims that he saw Nuyen initiate phone calls to the Department “once or twice a week at least if

not more,” but he did not stay to listen because it was a “personal matter.” Nuyen explained why

she was not more persistent in attempting to contact the Department:



                                                   7
       A:      They should be getting my message and should get back to me. Before in a
               previous case I had called [the caseworker] on many occasions and I got told
               that she didn’t . . . need to know my exact moves, which was her exact words
               to me.

       Q:      But this wasn’t the worker in your previous case.

       A:      She was the one at the beginning of the case when I was with—

       Q:      All right. Well, have you tried to make contact with Mr. Lockett, the
               children’s guardian ad litem at the present?

       A:      No . . . . [W]ith everything that had happened I didn’t have Mr. Lockett’s
               number, and my mother was actually trying to get Mr. Lockett’s number and
               couldn’t get ahold of [Rothas] or anybody else in that matter.


               Rothas also did not believe that Nuyen had the ability to provide E.N. with a safe

environment. At the time of E.N.’s birth, Nuyen lived in Rusk with M’Sadoques and Holcomb, who

Rothas claimed killed his own father-in-law in retaliation after the father-in-law killed Holcomb’s

wife. In October 2011, police were called to Nuyen’s house because of a fight between Nuyen and

Holcomb. After the fight, Nuyen testified that she obtained a protective order against Holcomb, and

she has not voluntarily allowed him back in the house since. However, she claimed that she went

to stay with a friend in Dallas because she was afraid Holcomb might return. She claimed that he

did in fact return, breaking into her house and vandalizing her property. Nuyen believed that she did

everything she could to get Holcomb out of her life, but admitted that she was not sure of his current

whereabouts, that she had not seen or heard from him since the last incident at her house, that he

remained a danger to her, and that he could be a danger to E.N.

               Similarly, M’Sadoques was arrested for disorderly conduct following a fight with

Nuyen. Nuyen and M’Sadoques both attempted to downplay this arrest, explaining it began as


                                                  8
an argument about chores in a grocery store parking lot. M’Sadoques admitted to grabbing Nuyen,

but claimed that it was not in a “violent way.” When a bystander reported the fight, police arrested

M’Sadoques because, according to Nuyen, they had a “no tolerance policy.” Nuyen pawned her

laptop to bail him out of jail. She claimed that this was the only instance of violence between them.

               Rothas testified that, aside from visitation and maintaining a safe and appropriate

home, Nuyen complied with her service plan. Nuyen and M’Sadoques testified that they believed

Nuyen had “done everything that was asked of her.” Rothas detailed her numerous attempts to

contact Nuyen and Nuyen’s failure to respond, as well as Nuyen’s loss of her visitation rights.

Regarding her home, which we discuss in greater detail below, Nuyen acknowledged that her

house had been vandalized by Holcomb, that she was unaware of his current whereabouts, and that

he could be a danger to E.N. if she were returned. We conclude there was legally and factually

sufficient evidence that the Department made reasonable efforts to return E.N. to Nuyen.


       “Regular visitation”

               Nuyen next argues that she regularly visited E.N. until her visitations rights

were abated by the court on October 20, 2011. The trial court heard evidence that in the first

eleven months of her life, Nuyen visited E.N. five times for a total of approximately eight hours.

Two of those visits coincided with court hearings. Nuyen explained that, prior to October 20, 2011,

she would have visited more, but she had financial difficulties and problems with transportation.

While she missed a visit and a hearing because of car problems, M’Sadoques testified that he

and Nuyen were able to borrow cars on at least two separate occasions to travel to Dallas to attend

a wedding and visit a doctor. Further, Nuyen claims that she did not call her caseworker more


                                                 9
frequently, or at all, because she “didn’t have access to a phone all the time.” M’Sadoques testified,

however, that he spoke via phone with Nuyen “every few days” from early September through early

November while he was away for his job.

               Nuyen maintains that the four and a half months during which she failed to maintain

any contact with E.N. cannot be counted against her because the court had abated her visitation

rights. In support, Nuyen relies on In re D.T., in which the appellate court found no evidence

of constructive abandonment though the parent had not been able to visit her child during her

period of incarceration per department policy. 34 S.W.3d 625, 633 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000,

pet. denied). Evidence demonstrated that the parent wrote or called her caseworker at least

seven times over a period of as many months while she was incarcerated to inquire how the

child was doing, ask for pictures of him, and request visits with him. Id. at 629. Under these

circumstances, the court concluded the parent at least attempted to visit regularly or maintain

significant contact with the child. Id. at 633.

               We consider the present case closer to the Houston Court of Appeals’s holding in

Quiroz v. Department of Family and Protective Services, No. 01-08-00548-CV, 2009 WL 961935,

at *6-7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 9, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.). In that case, the parent

made a similar argument that, for purposes of constructive abandonment, the court should not

consider time when a court order was in place preventing visitation. Id. The district court ordered

no contact between the parent and child “until such time as [the parent’s] other two children were

brought into [the Department’s] custody,” because the Department had been unable to locate the

children. Id. at *6. This condition did not mean the parent could not see her child “based on factors



                                                  10
beyond her control.” Id. Instead, “by the very nature of the order,” the parent “only had to come to

court in order to have the order lifted.” Id.

                Similarly, Nuyen lost her visitation rights because of her failure to appear at two court

hearings concerning her visitation rights. Rothas claimed that she informed Nuyen that her visitation

rights were abated “until she could come to court” and explain why she missed her hearings. After

learning that her visitation rights had been abated, Nuyen claimed that she tried to set up a

conference call with Rothas through her therapist and pass a message to Rothas through a courtesy

worker, but Rothas testified that she heard no response from Nuyen. We conclude the evidence was

legally and factually sufficient for the factfinder to determine that Nuyen failed to regularly visit or

maintain significant contact with E.N.


        Inability to provide safe environment

                Finally, Nuyen contends that there is no competent evidence that Nuyen was unable to

provide E.N. with a safe environment. In addition to the previously discussed testimony concerning

Nuyen’s violent encounters with M’Sadoques and Holcomb, the court heard testimony regarding

Nuyen’s current living conditions. Rothas visited Nuyen’s home on November 17, 2011 with E.N.’s

guardian ad litem, Michael Lockett, because they “hadn’t heard from [Nuyen] in a very long time.”

When they arrived, Rothas claimed that Nuyen’s home was in “an extreme case of disrepair;

two dogs chained up out front with a little bit of water; some animals caged in the side yard;

trash around the home.” According to Rothas, she sent a text to Nuyen that they were coming to the

house. Nuyen quickly replied that “she was not home. She was in Dallas for a wedding; and that

she just got her phone back. And said that . . . she would meet with [them] the next day . . . one town


                                                   11
over from Rusk.” Rothas stated that this was “the first time that [Nuyen had] replied to a text from

[Rothas] in months.” Rothas also noted that the date was a Thursday, an unusual wedding day.

               When questioned why she was able to attend a wedding in Dallas, but not visit E.N.,

Nuyen explained that she had “other transportation” to the wedding, M’Sadoques was out of town,

and people did not want her to stay at the house alone for fear that Holcomb might break in again.

She claimed that the mess in the yard was the result of Holcomb’s vandalism, which appears to have

occurred in mid-to-late October 2011. The mess was still there on November 17, 2011 when Rothas

and Lockett visited, but Nuyen claimed that it had since been cleaned up. Additionally, M’Sadoques

asserted, contrary to Nuyen’s testimony, that he and Nuyen were at a doctor’s appointment in Dallas

when Rothas and Lockett visited. He further claimed that they borrowed a car for the trip because

their car was not working. He also claimed that he drove Nuyen to the wedding in Dallas, also in

a borrowed car, but was unable to identify the date of the wedding trip.

               Rothas asserted that she saw Nuyen’s car in the driveway and believed Nuyen

was home. According to Rothas, she and Lockett knocked on the door and waited for “15 or

20 minutes,” but no one answered. She claimed that they returned an hour later, but again, no one

answered the door. Rothas took pictures of Nuyen’s home, which were admitted into evidence.

Rothas admitted that she had never been inside Nuyen’s house. Rothas also claimed that Nuyen

would not let a courtesy worker inside the house when she visited. Nuyen denied this point,

testifying that she allowed a courtesy worker in her house, and that a second worker visited but did

not ask to come inside. Rothas also indicated that caseworkers visited the house in October 2011

as part of another CPS referral and reported the house was “unsuitable.” Rothas claimed that Nuyen

never contacted Rothas to schedule another visit to her house.

                                                12
                While Nuyen disputed some points of Rothas’s account, the factfinder was entitled

to disbelieve Nuyen’s explanations, particularly in light of the apparent inconsistencies between

Nuyen’s and M’Sadoques’s telling of certain events. After reviewing the record, we are satisfied that

there was sufficient evidence to conclude Nuyen failed to provide a safe environment for E.N.

                This and other evidence would allow a reasonable factfinder to form a firm belief or

conviction that Nuyen constructively abandoned her child. We conclude that the above evidence is

legally and factually sufficient to support an affirmative finding under section 161.001(1)(N).


Best interest

                We must also determine whether the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that

termination of Nuyen’s parental rights was in the best interest of the child. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d

at 371. The best interest of the child is assessed using a non-exhaustive list of factors. Id. at 372.

These factors include the child’s wishes, the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in

the future, emotional or physical danger to the child now and in the future, the parenting abilities of

the party seeking custody, programs available to help that party, plans for the child by the party

seeking custody, the stability of the proposed placement, the parent’s conduct indicating that the

parent-child relationship is improper, and any excuses for the parent’s conduct. Id. The Department

need not prove all of the Holley factors as a “condition precedent” to termination, and the absence

of some factors does not bar the factfinder from finding by clear and convincing evidence

that termination is in a child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002). No one

factor is controlling, and the facts of a case may mean that evidence of one factor is sufficient to

support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re J.O.C., 47 S.W.3d 108, 115


                                                  13
(Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.). Permanence is of paramount importance in considering a child’s

present and future emotional and physical needs. Dupree v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory

Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 87 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, no writ). A parent’s statutorily offensive

conduct is often intertwined with the best-interest determination. Horvatich v. Texas Dep’t of

Protective & Regulatory Servs., 78 S.W.3d 594, 601 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.).

               In addition to the above evidence regarding Nuyen’s conduct, the court heard the

following evidence regarding the best-interest determination. According to Rothas, on August 27,

2009, one of Nuyen’s three older children, L.N., made a report of sexual abuse by her caregiver

John Mills. After investigation, Rothas claimed that the Department placed L.N., and Nuyen’s

two other children, with a grandparent. Shortly thereafter, Rothas asserted that the grandparent

decided she could not handle the children, and the Department placed the children in foster care.

Rothas claimed that Nuyen was in California at the time and unable to provide the children with

a safe home. While in foster care, L.N. made an outcry of sexual abuse against Nuyen. Rothas

testified that the Department made a finding of “reason to believe” that Nuyen had, in fact, sexually

abused L.N. In total, Rothas claimed that Nuyen has been involved in six different CPS cases with

“several reason to believe” findings implicating Nuyen in abuse or neglect of her children.

               Accordingly, Rothas testified, E.N. was removed at birth and placed with a

foster family, the Hollingsworths. Rothas claimed that E.N. has spent all but “[o]ne or two days”

of her life with them. The Department plans for the Hollingsworths to adopt E.N. Rothas believed

the Department’s plan to keep E.N. with the Hollingsworths “would provide [E.N.] with the stability

she needs now and in the future.” Rothas claimed that she had visited the Hollingsworths’ home

frequently, that they have no other children, and that E.N. appeared comfortable with her

                                                 14
foster family and they with her. Rothas stated that she had no doubt that E.N. was bonded to the

Hollingsworths. Rothas agreed that it would be “an absolute trauma” to remove E.N. from their care.

                Nuyen admitted that her parental rights to her other children were terminated, but

denied the sexual abuse allegations against her. She did not know if E.N. was being “well taken care

of” by her new foster family because she claimed that she was unable to speak with the caregivers.

She did not believe that termination of her parental rights was in E.N.’s best interests. Nuyen

believed that it would be possible for her to be attached to E.N. and E.N. to her. She felt that she was

“physically and mentally able to provide for the child’s needs.” She stated, “I’ve tried and I miss my

daughter very deeply; and I’ve done everything I can. And sometimes it feels that I’m hitting a brick

wall, and I have tried, and I just want to be heard sometimes.” M’Sadoques testified that he had

never seen Nuyen be abusive with E.N. or any other children, that he did not doubt that Nuyen would

like E.N. back, and that there would be no danger to E.N. if she were returned to Nuyen.

                We conclude that the above evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the

finding that termination was in E.N.’s best interest. The court heard evidence that E.N. has bonded

with her foster family, with whom she has lived for all but a few days of her life. Rothas testified

to the foster family’s ability to provide E.N. with a stable environment. She also testified to the

importance for infants to have “consistent contact” with their caregivers in order to bond. The court

heard evidence that Nuyen made minimal efforts to accomplish such bonding. And, as we have

already explained, the court heard considerable evidence regarding Nuyen’s inability to provide E.N.

with a safe home. The evidence disputing the finding that termination was in E.N.’s best interest

consisted primarily of Nuyen denying or offering excuses for the allegations against her, restating

her belief that she had done all that was asked of her, and expressing her love for E.N. Giving due

                                                  15
consideration to the above evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and

convincing, we cannot say that the disputed evidence renders the evidence supporting the best-

interest finding legally or factually insufficient.

                The evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support termination of Nuyen’s

parental rights. We overrule her sole issue.


                                           CONCLUSION

                We affirm the termination order.




                                                ____________________________________________

                                                Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Rose

Affirmed

Filed: July 25, 2012




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